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A 1-l 



CYCLOPEDIA OF 
CLASSIFIED DATES 



CYCLOPEDIA OF 
CLASSIFIED DATES 

WITH AN EXHAUSTIVE INDEX 
BY CHARLES E. LITTLE 

COMPILER OF BIBLICAL LIGHTS, AND 
HISTORICAL LIGHTS AND SIDE-LIGHTS 



FOR THE USE OF STUDENTS OF HISTORY, AND 
FOR ALL PERSONS WHO DESIRE SPEEDY 
ACCESS TO THE FACTS AND EVENTS, WHICH 
RELATE TO THE HISTORIES OF THE VARI- 
OUS COUNTRIES OF THE WORLD, FROM THE 
EARLIEST RECORDED DATES ' 



FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 

NEW YORK AND LONDON, 

1900 



IT 



wl 



TWO COPIES RBCEr'e ,_ 

JA i 2- ignn 

Register of Copyrights, 



^ 



51023 

Copyright 1S99, by 
FUNK & WAGNALLS COMPANY 

[REGISTERED AT STATIONERS' HALL, LONDON] 
PRINTED IN THE UNITED STATES OF AMERICA 



SECOND COPY, 






INTRODUCTION. 

This book is designed for general use, as it possesses the essential features of a Universal 
History, a Biographical Dictionary, a Geographical Gazetteer, and, besides these specific uses, 
a general utility fitting it to become a companion to the Dictionary, both in the library of the 
scholar, and in the homes and schools where young people are pursuing their studies. 

It aims primarily to serve as a volume of historical annals for students and general readers, 
who may desire immediate access to historical facts relating to the persons or events referred to 
in any publication, or wish to obtain the historical setting of such facts, in the current of simul- 
taneous events. It also aims to serve as a digest of the history of every country; and yet further 
to show the trend of history almost at a glance, by noting the relative space allotted to each of 
the several topics, under which events are classified. 

The author has kept constantly in mind that accuracy of date and statement are of primary 
importance in a book of dated facts. No other excellence can atone for inaccuracy, because this is 
a fundamental feature. In pursuit of this purpose immense difficulties have been encountered, 
yet neither labor nor expense have been considered too great to make the information here given 
reliable. Many difficulties have been occasioned by the general terms so often used by authors in 
describing events, which by the plan of this book must be made specific, and by the frequent 
absence in one or several historical narratives of some of the essential facts which the plan of 
this work requires, hence much laborious research has often been required to obtain only a small 
part of a single item. 

More serious impediments have been found in the disagreeing statements of various authors. 
Some of these disagreements are quite surprising. Concerning such an important event as the 
landing of the Pilgrims at Plymouth Rock, historians are wide apart, respecting both the date, 
and the number of persons landing. The date celebrated in Plymouth, Mass., and that adopted by 
many historians, is the 22d of December; others, with satisfactory evidence, accept December 21st 
as the anniversary day. The error probably arises from an attempt made in the ISth century to 
fix the New Style date, by adding eleven days to December 11th, Old Style, whereas only ten should 
be added, as the landing occurred in the 17th century, when ten days were required to correct the 
calendar. Respecting the number of colonists who came over on the Mayflower, some historians 
give it as 100, others as 101, and yet others as 102 persons; the last being correct. 

Another familiar event illustrates the confusion in historical narratives. The famous Captain 
Wadsworth, who hid the charter of Connecticut in an ancient oak, is designated by some persons as 
William, by others, and more properly, as Joseph Wadsworth. If we could be misled by the Rev. 
Samuel Peters, the fabricator of the Blue Laws of Connecticut, we might conclude with him that 
Captain Wadsworth's Christian name was Samuel, and that the famous tree was an elm. 

Much confusion has been caused by the reluctance with which the Protestant countries accepted 
the reformation of the Calendar, made by Gregory XIII. in the year 1582, nearly one hundred and 
twenty years having elapsed before its adoption by the Protestant states of Germany, and one hun- 
dred and seventy years before it was adopted by Great Britain. Hence the same event would have 
a date ten or eleven days apart, according as it was given by a Catholic or a Protestant writer. 

Readers are aware that the dates of very ancient history have only an uncertain value. The 
fallibility of human testimony relating to simple events in modern times is well known ; but 
when its evidence consists entirely in a current tradition, its unreliability is evident. Here the 
commonly received chronology has been followed without indicating any suspicion of uncer- 
tainty ; but when a point is reached in the history of a country, after which dates may be accepted 
as authentic, the fact has been stated in the text. 

In the dates given to the earlier Biblical events, the order of Usher's Chronology has been fol- 
lowed, for the lack of something better; but these dates are placed a,\ the end instead of the begin- 
ning of the item, and are enclosed in parentheses with the chronologist's name, to indicate uncer- 
tainty. Differing authorities are often added in the same manner. When the chronology is com- 
monly accepted by modern scholarship the dates are placed in the style followed throughout the book. 

For the events of recent years which have not yet passed under the pen of the historian, the 
best digests of daily news have been consulted, and the books noted, are those which have been 
commended by the most seholarly reviews. 



VI CYCLOPEDIA OF CLASSIFIED DATES. 

Notable as well as important events have been included in this work. By notable is meant 
such events as excited widespread interest at the time of their occurence, and are often ignored by 
the historian; as the brief excitement respecting domestic silk-culture in some New England 
States, and the burning of Barnum's Museum in New York. By utilizing this class of events, it 
is hoped that these pages may in some sense reflect the current thought of each period. 

Special attention is directed to features of the book which are believed to be worthy of par- 
ticular mention. Besides the combination of the topical and chronological systems already men- 
tioned, the vast assemblage of historical facts may be noted; also, the locality of events which has 
been systematically indicated by a locality word; the simultaneous exhibit of concurrent events; 
the names of contemporaries under the heading Births and Deaths; the exhaustive Index, with 
numerals referring to the column, as well as the page; and finally the free use of several kinds of 
type, making it easy for the eye to search the pages. 

Ancient Greece, Rome, and the Bible Lands have been treated with much care and fulness, in 
order to meet the needs of students of Classical and Biblical history. The aid of experts has been 
enlisted in the compiling of the Greek and Assyrian events. 

Obviously the value of a work of this kind depends in great measure on its adaptation for 
practical use. It is believed that the arrangement and style of this book favors quick access to de- 
sired information; the grouping of iiems under a common subject, the use of bold face type, and the 
uniform use of a locality word, are all contributary to this end. But the most valuable feature is 
the unique combination of the two common methods of arranging events, so that both the chrono- 
logical and the topical orders may be seen at once, yet so that neither is impaired by the union. 
Throughout the book it will be found that the two opposite pages, that come under the 
eye, have dates relating to a common period; on these pages are all the events the book contains 
for that period, relating to the country there named, except as shown by cross-references in the 
Index, whenever events are common to two or more Countries; hence, there is no turning of pages 
after a period sought for is found. Seven classifications of items may also be seen; these are made 
by grouping them under comprehensive topics. Thus, without marring the important chronolog- 
ical order, the reader has the advantage of knowing where to look for a fact, under its proper topic. 
Thereby he avoids the loss of time involved" were one item to be selected from all the items on the 
page, instead of selected from only one group. If he chooses, he may now discard all the other 
classifications and read one topic continuously, from page to page, and thus obtain the record of a 
nation's activity in a single department from the beginning. Yet at any time, he may find the 
historical setting of an event amid the variety of concurrent events, all of which fall under his eye 
at the same time, as the item which engages his attention. The seven topical classifications are 
chiefly self-explanatory, yet additional explanation may aid the reader in all cases where subjects 
may seem to have relation to two or more topical classifications. 

Army and Navy includes the organization of military and naval expeditions; the equipment 
and movements of armies; sieges; and the great battles of history, whether on land or sea, with 
the strength of the forces engaged, the names of opposing commanders, and statistics of the 
casualties. Special attention has been given to important conflicts which have occurred in recent 
years, and an exceptionally full treatment is given to the Civil War in the United States. Here 
also are grouped items relating to the launching and testing of war- vessels with their subsequent 
movements, and the promotion of the higher officers of the army and navy. 

Art includes such events as relate to the fine and industrial arts, their progress, increase; 
fostering organizations; noted architecture; important engineering works; paintings; statuary; the 
drama; music; and the founding and meetings of societies for the promotion of art. Science 
includes discoveries; important inventions; the founding of scientific institutions; and organizations 
for the advancement of science. Nature includes such notable phenomena as the appearance of 
comets; eclipses; the occurrence of earthquakes; storms and various other meteorological events. 

Births and Deaths includes the names of many thousands of persons who have taken prominent 
part in the achievements of mankind; in addition, their vocation or official position is recorded. 

Church includes all items relating to religious and ecclesiastical aifairs; these are treated 
without sectarian prejudice, partiality, or editorial comment. Facts are grouped which relate 
to the beginnings and progress of all religions; especially the origin and development of Christian 
bodies; the general councils of the Church; general assemblies; general conferences; yearly 
meetings; and national and international gatheriags; various philanthropic, educational, and 
missionary organizations; young peoples' societies of many names; Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciations, and like organizations; reformations; revivals; heresies; disruptions; secessions; reunions; 
the founding of religious orders; the consecration of the higher clergy, and the changes in the 



CYCLOPEDIA OP CLASSIFIED DATES. Vll 

papacy. Biblical events and the history of Palestine may be found under Turkey; events 
relating to early Christianity are chiefly narrated under Italy ; here are also the names of all the 
popes, in the order given by the Roman Almanac Gerarchia Cattolica. 

Letters includes whatever relates to education and literature; such as the founding of institutions 
of learning and libraries; pioneer and important newspapers; appearance of magazines, together with 
popular and important books; the organization of educational societies; educational gatherings. 

Society includes events which have their chief value as exhibitions of humanity in the social 
relations, whether expressive of human brotherhood or of "man's inhumanity to man;" such as 
notable benefactions for human weal; congresses and conferences for the betterment of human con- 
ditions; the anti-slavery agitation; temperance reformation; organization of fraternal associations 
and brotherhoods; founding of asylums, hospitals, institutions of mercy and reform; also crimes; 
scandals; suicides; prize fights; lynchings; slavery; strikes, and all indications of social unrest. 

Under State are grouped the events relating to the government, whether administrative, legis- 
lative, or judicial; the founding and federation of states; political agitations; revolutions; arbitra- 
tions; alliances; conventions; treaties; ministries; ambassadorships; the opening and the closing of 
Parliament. In the United States it includes the organization of political parties and their national 
conventions; national elections, with both the popular and electoral votes for presidents; the sessions 
and acts of the Continental, Federal, and the United States Congresses; the speakers of the House 
of Representatives; cabinet, judiciary and diplomatic appointments; the inauguration of govern- 
ors; and statistics of national currency, revenue, and expenditure. 

Miscellaneous comprises all items not related to the seven classifications already mentioned; 
such as affairs concerning commerce; railroads; steamship lines; races; accidents; wrecks; fires; 
epidemics; panics; census returns, and many other subjects. 

Two stars (**) preceding an item in the text indicate that the year-date has not been found; 
three stars ( * * * ) indicate an indefinite period. 

The locality word, printed in italics at the beginning of an item, indicates the modern name of 
the country to which it relates; when given of ancient times these localities may be only approx- 
imately correct. 

The space given to the Index and the evidence of the labor applied to about 300 pages of con- 
densed references, indicate its estimated importance. A large volume for reference without 
direct reference guides is like a city without a directory, the larger the city the greater the 
confusion of the stranger. Here a stranger to the book may find an item sought by the use of 
the Index, as quickly as the author. It has not been deemed advisable to burden the Index with 
numerous cross-references to analogous subjects; the reader, however, may extend his information 
by turning to the names of such as are closely related. As the references are arranged chronolog- 
ically, the history of religious, reformatory, and other movements, as well as personal biographies 
may be traced; also the histories of important cities and federated states. For further explana- 
tions concerning the Index the reader is referred to page 1162, which immediately precedes it. 

The labor expended on this work can hardly be estimated by the average reader. The work 
was begun in 1890, and concluded in December, 1899 ; and from two to five persons have been 
continuously employed in collecting materials, verifying dates, spellings, and statements, or in 
critically revising copy and printer's proofs. 

It is a real pleasure to publicly acknowledge the valuable services of those persons who have 
shared the toil of the author. Sincere thanks are tendered to John D. Peince, Ph.D., Professor 
of Semitic Languages and Comparative Philology in the New York University, for assistance 
in revising "Babylon" and "Assyria;" to Horace C. Wait, B.A., late Principal of Hasbrouck 
Institute, of Jersey City, for revising "Greece;" to William Clarke, B,A,, author of 
school-books, for assistance in the preparation of "Great Britain;" to Thomas Cambell- 
Copeland, editor and statistician, for revising "France" and "Great Britain;" to Charles 
E. Little, Jr., and William Clarke Jr., for assistance in research and compilation; to 
Louis E. Van Norman, A.M., for assistance in matters relating to general literary form, and 
in seeing the book through the press; and to Frank H. Vizetelly, editor and critic, for valued 
suggestions on the plate-proofs and Index, and for assistance in securing general typographical 
accuracy. Acknowledgments are due to several legations at Washington for courteous coopera- 
tion in the revision of the proof-sheets of those portions of this work which relate specifically to 
the countries that they represent. 

Jersey City, N. J., Dec. 7, 1S99. C. E. L. 



TABLE OF ABBREVIATIONS. 

These auk Used Chiefly ix Items itndeb Births and Deaths and in the Index. 



Acad., 

A.D., 

adj., 



Academy, 
Anno Domini, 
adjutant, 
admiral, 
advocate. 
Afghanistan. 
Africa. 
| agncultur 



agr., 


1 rtfcl H.UIIUIC ui 

( agricultural. 


Arg. Rep., 


Argentine Republic. 


Ala., 


Alabama. 


Alas., 


Alaska. 


Alex., 


Alexander. 


Alf., 


Alfred. 


Alg., 


Algeria. 


Am., 


America or American. 


antiq., 


antiquary. 


Arab., 


Arabia. 


archbp., 


archbishop. 


Ariz., 


Arizona. 


Ark., 


Arkansas. 


asso., 


association. 


Assyr., 
Atty.-Gen., 


Assyria. 


Attorney-General. 


au. or autli. 


author. 


Aust., 


Austria. 


Austral., 


Australia. 


av. 




b., 


born. 


B., 


Baron. 


Bait., 


Baltimore. 


Bapt., 


Baptist. 


B.C., 


Before Christ. 


Belg., 


Belgium or Belgian. 


Benj., 


Benjamin. 


bp., 


bishop. 


brig., 


brigadier. 


Kr. or Brit. 


British. 


Bulg., 


Bulgarian or Bulgaria. 


Cal., 


California. 


Can., 


Canada. 


capt., 


captain. 


Card., 


Cardinal. 


Oath., 


Catholic. 


eel,, 


1 celebration or 


1 celebrates. 


•ch., 


church. 


clianc, 


chancellor. 


Chas., 


Charles. 


-chron., 


chronologist. 


cl., 


clergy. 


Colo., 


Colorado. 


Com., 


Commodore. 


conf., 


conference. 


Confed., 


( Confederacy or 


1 Confederate. 


Cong., 


Congress. 


Conn., 


Connecticut. 


■cons., 


consecrated. 


conven., 


convention. 


ct., 




■eye, 


cyclopedia. 


D., 


Duke. 


-d,, 


died. 


B.C., 


( District of Columbia 


\ or Washington. 


Del., 


Delaware. 


Dem., 


1 Democrat or 
\ Democratic. 


Den., 


Denmark. 


Depart., 


Department. 


■dio., 


diocese. 


Dis., 


(of Christ), Disciples. 


•dis., 


disco versor discoverer. 


Dom. Rep. 


Dominican Republic. 


dram., 


dramatist. 


E., 


Earl. 


Eben., 


Ebenezer. 


Ecua,, 


Ecuador. 


ed., 


editor. 


Egy., 


Egypt. 
Elizabeth. 


Eliz., 


emp., 


emperor. 


ency., 


encyclopedia. 


Eng., 


England. 


eng., 


engineer. 


engra., 


engraver. 


Epis., 


Episcopal. 


ethnol., 


ethnologist. 


Eur., 


Europe or European. 


Evan., 


Evangelical. 


Ezek., 


Ezek i el. 


Fla., 


Florida. 



fnd., 


found or founded. 


Fr., 


France or French. 


ft., 


tort. 


Ga., 


Georgia. 


G. A. R., 


( Grand Army 
) of the Republic. 


G. IS., 


Great Britain. 


Gen. Ass., 


General Assembly. 


genea., 


genealogist. 


Geo., 


George. 


geog. , 
geol., 


geographer. 


<j;eo]..<j;ist. 


geom., 


geometrician. 
German. 


Ger., 


Gr., 


Greek or Greece. 


Guat., 


Guatemala. 


H. C, 


House of Commons. 


Heb., 


Hebrew. 


H. L., 


House of Lords. 


Hoi., 


Holland. 


hort., 


horticulturist. 


hosp., 


hospital. 


Hung., 


Hungary. 


la., 


Iowa. 


Ice., 


Iceland. 


Ida., 


Idaho. 


incorp., 


incorporated. 


Ind., 


Indiana. 


inst., 


institute or instituted. 


Int., 


Interior. 


intro., 


introduced. 




inventor. 


Ire., 


Ireland. 


Is., 


Island or Islands. 


I. Ter., 


Indian Territory. 


Jap., 


Japan. 


Jer., 


Jeremiah. 


jour., 


journalist. 


Jos., 


Joseph. 


Jr., 


Junior. 


Justice, 


( Justice of the 
1 Supreme Court. 


k., 


killed. 


K., 


King. 


Kan., 


Kansas. 


Kath., 


Katharine. 


Ky., 


Kentucky. 


L., 


Lord. 


La., 


Louisiana. 


lexicog., 


lexicographer. 


Lond., 


London. 


Luth., 


Lutheran. 


Maj., 


Major. 


Maj.-Geu., 


Major-General. 


Mar., 


Margaret. 


Mass., 


Massachusetts. 


math., 


mathematician. 


Matt., 


Matthew. 


M. a, 


Member of Congress. 


Md., 


Maryland. 


Me., 


Maine. 


met., 


metaphysician. 


Meth.Epis. 


Methodist Episcopal. 


Mex., 


Mexico. 


mfg., 


manufacturing. 


mfd., 


manufactured. 


Mich., 


Michigan. 


Minn., 


Minnesota. 


Miss., 


Mississippi. 


Mo./' 


Missouri. 


Mont., 


Montana. 


M. P., 


Member of Parliament 


N., 


North. 


nat.. 


national. 


Nath., 


Nathaniel. 


nav., 


navigator. 


N. B., 


New Brunswick. 


N. C, 


North Carolina. 


N. Dak., 


North Dakota. 


Neb., 


Nebraska. 


Neth., 


Netherland. 


Nev., 


Nevada. 


N. F.. 


Newfoundland. 


N. H., 


New Hampshire. 


N. J., 


New Jersey. 


nom., 


nominated. 


Nor.,Norw 


, Norway. 


N. S., 


Nova Scotia. 


N.T., 


New Testament. 


N. Y., 


New York. 


0-, 


Ohio. 


Obad., 


Obadiah. 



obs., 

Okla., 

opd., opnd., 

Ore., 

ornith., 

O. T., 

Pa.. 

paint., 

Pal., 

Pari., 

path., 

P. J£. I., 

Pers., 

pbil., 

Phila., 

pbilau., 

pbilol., 

pbys., 

P. M. G., 

Pol., 

polit., 

Port., 

PP-- 

Pr., 

Pres., 

Pres., Presb 

print., 

Prof., 

Prot., 

Prus., 

Q., 

K. C. or 

Rom.Catb., 

Kef., 

Kef. Epis., 

Ref. Presb., 

Rep., 

Rev., 

R. I., 

Robt., 

Kus., 

S., 

Sam., 

Sax., 

S. C, 

scbol., 

Scot., 

sculp., 

S. Dak., 

Sera., 

Sen., 

serg., 

I?:; 

states., 

supt., 

surg., 

Swe., 

Switz., 

Tenn. , 

Ter., 

Tex., 

theo. , 

Thos., 

Tim., 

Tur., 

Tur. A., 

Tur. E., 

U.S., 



observatory. 

Oklahoma. 

opened. 

Oregon. 

ornitholoc 

Old Testament. 

Pennsylvania. 

painter. 

Palestine. 

Parliament. 

pathologist. 

Prince Edward Island. 

Persia. 

philosopher. 

Philadelphia. 

philanthropist, 

philologist. 

Post Master General. 

Poland. 

politician. 

Portugal. 

pages. 

Prince. 

President. 
„ Presbyterian. 

printer. 

Professor. 

Protestant. 

Prussia. 

Queen. 
| Roman Catholic. 

Reformed. 

Reformed Episcopal. 

Reformed Presbyterian. 

Republican. 

revenue or Reverend. 

Rhode Island. 

Robert. 

Russia. 

South. 

Samuel. 

Saxons or Saxony. 

South Carolina. 

scholar. 

Scotland or Scottish. 

sculptor. 

South Dakota. 

Seminary. 

Senator. 

sergeant. 

Spain. 

Senior. 

statesman. 

superintendent. 

surgeon. 

Sweden. 

Switzerland. 

Tennessee. 

Territory. 

Texas. 

theologian. 

Thomas. 

Timothy. 

Turkey. 

Turkey in Asia. 

Turkey in Europe. 

United States. 

United States Army, 

United States Navv. 
( United States 
) Volunteers. 



Yenez., 

vol., 

V. Pres., 

Yt., 

W., 

Wash., 

"Wash. City, 

(often D. C.) 

W. C. T. XT., 
"VVes. Methi, 
Wis., 
-Win., 
W. Va., 



^Universalis!. 

Venezuela, 
volunteers. 
Vice-President. 
Vermont. 

"Wales. 
■Washington (State>. 

j "Washington City. 
\ Woman's Christian 
Temperance TJl 



West Virginia. 

Wyoming. 

Zecharian. 



Cyclopedia of Classified Dates. 



ABYSSINIA. 



329-1842. 



Abyssinia is an extensive country of Northeastern Africa, and comprises a part of ancient Ethiopia ; estimated area, 
190,000 square miles ; estimated population, 5,000,000. The people are Indo-Caucasians ; the prevailing religion is Coptic. The 
empire comprises the kingdoms of Tigr£, Lasta, Amhara, Gogam, and Shoa, with, many outlying dependencies. 

The early history is very uncertain. In the first and second centuries the kingdom of the Auxumitie flourished. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

562 * * Expedition of Chosroes, king 
of Persia, against the Christian kingdom 
in Arabia, founded by Abyssinians. 

1520 * * A Portuguese fleet enters the 
Red Sea to aid the Abyssinians against 
the Turks. 

1528 * * Mohammed Gragn with armies 
of Mohammedans overruns the coun- 
try and drives the Emperor into the 
mountains. [The country disturbed for 
12 years.] 

1539 * * Another Portuguese fleet un- 
der Stephen de Gama arrives at Masso- 
wah to fight the Turks. 

1540 * * Christopher de Gama, brother 
of the admiral, is joined by the natives, 
and after some success is defeated and 
executed by the Turks. 

* * Mohammed Gragn is shot and his 
army routed. 

CHURCH. 

329 * * The Abyssinians are converted 
to Christianity by the Coptics. 

346 * * Prumentius, bishop of Auxuma 
(Axum), preaches in Abyssinia. 

350 * * The Bible is translated into 
Ethiopic, probably by Frumentius. 

* * Saints are excessively honored, re- 
ceiving almost divine reverence. 

470 * * Many monks enter the country 
and perpetuate monachism. 

520 * * Christians are persecuted by 
the king of the Homerites from the op- 
posite side of the Red Sea. 

1490 * * The Jesuits introduce Cathol- 
icism. 

* * * After being lost to the annals of the 
world for a thousand years, the Abys- 
sinian Christians are rediscovered by 
officers of the Portuguese navy, after 
sailing around the African continent. 

1520 * * Father Alvarez arrives from 
Portugal, with other Jesuits. 

1555 * * The Jesuits send out thirteen 
missionaries. 

1580 * * Bermudez, the Catholic pri- 
mate, quarrels with the Emperor, who 
refuses to publicly confess himself a 
convert. 

* * Bermudez is obliged to leave. 



1601 * * Father Paez arrives, and by 
his skill and tact soon wins the favor of 
the court. 

1603 * * Another Jesuit mission estab- 
lished, the former having been recalled 
by a papal bull. [Twenty years of in- 
trigue, civil war, and slaughter follow.] 

1621 * * An ineffectual attempt is made 
by the Jesuits to Install a patriarch, and 
the result is disastrous. 

1624 Dec. * The Abyssinian church for- 
mally submits to the See of Rome. 

1625 * * Mendez succeeds Father Paez. 
1633 * * Disheartened by failure, Mendez 

abandons the country. 

* * The Jesuits are expelled after labor- 
ing for a century and a half. 

1750 * *-54 * * The Jesuits reestablish 
themselves. 

1826 * * The first Protestants arrive ; 
Messrs. Gobat and Kugler, missionaries 
of the Church Missionary Society, are 
well received by the Ras of Tigre\ 

1828 * * The Roman Catholic mission 
renewed. 

1830 * * Bishop Gobat is favorably re- 
ceived at Gondar. 

Missionary Isenberg succeeds Chris- 
tian Kugler, deceased. 

* * Missionaries Charles Henry Blum- 
hardt and John Ludwig Krapf arrive. 

1833 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Europe. 

1834 * * Bishop Gobat returns to Tigre. 
1836 * * 111 health compels Bishop Gobat 

to return to Europe. 
1838 * * The missionaries are expelled 
through the opposition of the native 
priests against all foreigners. 

* * Missionaries Krapf and Isenberg go to 
Shoa and compile the Amharic dic- 
tionary, a geography, and prayer 
book. 

1840 * * The Amharic translation of the 
Bible is revised by the British and 
Foreign Bible Society. 

1841* * The Abuna appointed by; the 
government comes from the Church Mis- 
sion School at Cairo. 

1842 * * Missionary Krapf leaves Shoa 

because of intrigues against Protestants. 

1 



STATE. 

522 * * King Caleb, or Elesbaan, ex- 
tends his kingdom into Arabia, and 
a period of great prosperity begins. 

562 * * The Abyssinians are driven out 
of Arabia by the Persians. 

960 * * The Jewish Princess Judith 
secures the throne and most of the king- 
dom by murdering nearly all of the royal 
family. 

1268 * * The kingdom is restored to 
the former line, and Icon Imlac reigns. 

* * * Abyssinia is supposed to be ruled by 
Prester John. 

1507 * * The Emperor sends Matthew, an 
Armenian, to the King of Portugal to 
request his aid against the Turks. 

* * The intruding Portuguese are odious 
to the people and driven out. 

1535 * * The Emperor sends Bermudez 
to Portugal to again solicit aid against 
the Turks. 

1550+ * * The Galla tribes enter Abys- 
sinia from the South. [They gradually 
overrun the whole country]. 

+ * * The empire is broken up. 

1633 * * The Emperor dies, and his son 
Facilidas succeeds him. 

1838 * * Through suspicion of foreign in- 
terference, all foreigners are expelled. 

* * * The country is divided into four 



1841 Nov. 16. Major Harris, envoy 
from India, concludes a treaty of com- 
merce with the King of Shoa. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1490 * * Pedro de Covilham, with an 

exploring expedition , enters the country. 
1605+ * * Churches, palaces, and bridges 

are constructed under the direction of 

Father Paez. 
1768 * * James Bruce, the traveler, 

visits the country. 
1770 Feb. 16. Bruce enters Gondar, 

the capital, and visits the Emperor. 
1773 * * Bruce makes his second visit. 
1809* * Henry Salt explores the country 

by the order of the British government. 
1818+ * * Lij Kassa (subsequently King 

Theodore) horn in Kuara. 



1849-1894. 



ABYSSINIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1855 Feb. * King Theodore routs the 

governor of Tigre after defeating the 

chief of Godjarn. 
1860* * Theodore's army numbers 

from 100,000 to 150,000 fighting men. 

* * Theodore terribly avenges the death 
of two Englishmen, Plowden and Bell, 
by the slaughter or mutilation of nearly 
2,000 rebels. 

1867 * * Theodore's army reduced to a 
skeleton by rebellions and desertions. 

Sept. 7, 8. -68 * * "War with Eng- 
land. A pioneer force under Sir Rob- 
ert Napier sails from Bombay to rescue 
the British captives from Theodore. 

Oct. 21. A British force of more than 
32,000 men lands at Zoulla, and begins 
a journey of 400 miles into the moun- 
tainous interior. 

Oct. 26. Napier issues his proclamation 
to the Abyssinians. 

1863 Jan. 4. Arrives at AnnesleyBay. 

Apr. 2. He arrives below Magdala. 

Apr. 10. Battle of Arogie ; 3,000 Abys- 
sinians suddenly attack Napier, are re- 
pulsed, and driven back in good order. 

Apr. 11. Theodore sues for peace. 
Honorable treatment is promised on 
the surrender of the captives and the 
promise of Theodore to submit to Queen 
Victoria. 

Lieutenant Prideaux conveys the let- 
ter, which Theudure receives with scorn; 
an insulting reply follows. 

Apr. 12. Theodore sends an apology. 
He surrenders the captives and makes 
a present of 1,000 cows and 500 sheep ; 
the released European artisans and fam- 
ilies enter the British camp. Present 
rejected ; Theodore in despair. 

Apr. 13. Theodore attempts to escape. 

Part of the Abyssinian army mutinies; 

the British bombard and storm Mag- 
dala ; Theodore is defeated and commits 
suicide. 

Apr. 17. Theodore being dead, his troops 
are sent away, and the fortifications of 
Magdala destroyed and the town burned. 

May 2. The British force retires, after 
rewarding Prince Kassai of Tigr6, their 
valuable ally. 

* * Report of animals used by the British 
In the expedition : 45 elephants, 7,417 
camels, 12,920 mules and ponies, 7,033 
bullocks, 827 donkeys. 

* * Report of British expense in the war, 
$44,887,500. 

1871 June 21. Civil "War* between 
Gobazye, the king of Amhara, and Kas- 
sai, prince of Tigre, who successfully 
seeks independence. 

1871 July 11. Gobazye defeated and 
captured. 

1875* *-76* * "War with Egypt. [Is- 
mail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt 
to conquer Abyssinian territory.] 

* * The Khedive's army enters Abyssinia; 
the natives retiring. 

* * The Abyssinians surprise, defeat, and 
massacre the Egyptians at Kherad Iska. 

Oct. 16. The Abyssinians again defeat 
the Egyptians in a desperate battle nt 
Gonda Gouddi. 



1876 Feb. 19. After a three days' fight 
the Egyptians defeat the Abyssinians. 

1877 Junel5±. Civil War. Mene- 
lek, King of Shoa, is totally defeated by 
King John. 

1885 Sep. 23. Conflict at Kufeit near 
Amadib between Arabs and Abyssinians. 

1887 * * War with Italy. 

Jan. 18+. Abyssinians defeated in their 
attack upon Massowah and the Italian 
outposts. 

Jan. 25, 26. Abyssinians under Ras A lu- 
lu cut off about 500 Italians, proceeding 
with supplies to Sahati, at Dagoli, near 
Massowah. 

Mar. 27, 28. Italians have skirmishes 
with the Deber tribe. 

Nov. 10. Abyssinians besiege Masso- 
wah. 

1888 Aug. * By native treachery the 
Italians are defeated in a conflict at 
Sanganeiti on the border, and four offi- 
cers are killed. 

1SS9 Jan. 23. King John prepares for 
war with Menelek, King of Shoa. 

Mar. 7. King John besieges Kassala, 
Senoussis' army is marching on Khar- 
tum. 

Mar. 9. Civil War is declared against 
King John by King Menelek of Shoa. 

Mar. 10. King John attacks the der- 
vishes in their stronghold at Netemmeh, 
but is defeated and badly wounded. 

Mar. 12. The dervishes make a sortie, 
and rout "King John's army, killing 
the king and his officer, Ras Area, besides 
many others. 

Mar. 14. Menelek, proclaiming himself 
Negus, marches upon Adowa. 

June 6. Announcement made that Ital- 
ian troops occupy the Keren district. 

June 12. Italians capture and occupy 
Senalfe. 

Aug. 21. Ras Alulu is defeated at God- 
felassi by the Italian General Baldessara. 

Nov. S. General Baldessara resigns. 

Dervishes tight the Abyssinians. 

Nov. 9. General Orero succeeds General 
Baldessara in command of Italian troops. 

Dec* Menelek' s forces wholly defeat 
the dervishes. 

1890 Feb. 3. The ItaUan troops leave 
Adowa and recross the Mareb. 

Feb. 13. King Menelek defeats Has 
Alulu, severely wounding him. 

Mar. S. Menelek reported to have joined 
forces with the Italians in preparation 
for an advance on Adowa. 

1891 Oct. 5. Ras Alulu and another 
officer rout the forces of Debeb, an 
aspirant to the Abyssinian throne. 

1S93 Dec. 22. The Italian troops de- 
feat the dervishes near Massowah; sev- 
eral hundred dervishes are killed, the 
Italian loss being about one hundred. 

1894 Dec. 19. Italian (native) troops 
under Major Toselli defeat a party of 
Arabs near Halai. 

CHURCH. 
1849* *The Roman Catholic mission- 
aries are expelled. 



1855 * ♦ Bishop Gobat sends Protestant 
missionaries BLrapf and Fad to engage 

ii* secular as well as spiritual work. 

1858 • * The Society of Basle has six 
missionaries at w«>rk. 

1859 * * Xegussie, King of Tigre and Si- 
men, sends an embassy to Rome, to an- 
nouncesubmissiou to the Roman Church. 

* * The king gladly receives the vernacu- 
lar Scriptures furnished by the London 
Bible Society, and distributes them. 

* * King Theodore again expels the 
Jesuits from his kingdom. 

1860 * * Dr. Stern is sent by the London 
Society as a missionary to the Jews of 
Abyssinia; soon after, the Scotch So- 
ciety sends Mr. Staiger on a similar mis- 
sion. 

1863 * * Missionary Stern and Mr. and 
Mrs. Rosenthal arrive. 

Oct. * Missionary Stern is beaten and im- 
prisoned by King Theodore. 

1864 Jan. * All the missionaries are 
imprisoned for pretended insults. 

* * * Maricha, a Protestant, becomes 
chief minister of Prince Kassai of Tigr£, 
and the country enjoys peace. 

1869 * * The country is closed to mission- 
ary work. 

1871 * * Catholic missionaries are pun- 
ished for interference in politics. 

1884 * * The Gospel of Mark in Ethi- 
opic characters is published. 

1887 * * Swedish missionaries, having 
been expelled, return with the Italian 
army. 

1889 May 8. A treaty is made with 
Italy permitting missionary work. 

* * The Swedish Evangelical Society re- 
ports mission stations at Arkibo, at 
McKullo, and also at Djimma. 

* * Balli in the Shoa district is occupied 
by a missionary of the St. Chrischona 
Pilgrim mission. 

* * * [The native church is ruled by the 
Abuna; Christianity and Judaism are 
strangely mixed; its spirit is savage.] 

1891 Sept. 10. The new year begins. 

Sept. 26. The anniversary of the find- 
ing of the true cross is celebrated as 
usual, it being the greatest feast of the 
year. 

* * [Male and female babes are circum- 
cised when eight days old : 260 regular 
fast days are appointed for each year, 
requiring abstinence from both eating 
and drinking.] 

* * Russia seeks a religious alliance 
with the Negus, whereby the church shall 
be brought under the jurisdiction of the 
Holy Synod of St. Petersburg. 

* * The clergy are reported as the only 
educated people, and they hold all power 
in their hands. 

* * * In recent times the church is di- 
vided respecting "the unction of Jesus 
Christ," and two parties have excommu- 
nicated each other. 

SOCIETY. 

* * * Blacksmiths are hereditary sor- 
cerers. 

■* * * Matrimony is entered at the age of 
12 years, girls having their dowry in oxen. 



ABYSSINIA. 



1849-1894. 



1868 Apr. 9. Theodore massacres 
about 300 native captives. 

* * Henry M. Stanley accompanies the 
British expedition to Abyssinia as cor- 
respondent of the New York Herald. 

June 5. It is reported that the Mahdists 
in "Western Abyssinia have destroyed 
whole flocks and herds, sold into slavery 
thousands of Christians, while many 
others have been butchered without 
mercy, and hundreds of the noblest in- 
habitants have been taken to Mecca and 
sold for slaves, in violation of treaties. 

1889 Oct. 7. Abyssinia agrees to help 
suppress the slave-trade. 

Dec. 1. Greeting of explorer Henry M. 
Stanley at Massowah by newspaper cor- 
respondents. 

1890 Apr. 7. King Menelek asks Italy 
to represent him in the Brussels anti- 
slavery congress. 

STATE. 

1855 Feb.* Has All is deposed by his 
son-in-law, Lij Kassa [Theodore III.], 
who takes the throne. 

1862 Feb. 9. British Consul Cam- 
eron arrives at Massowah. 

Oct. 7. Consul Cameron is received by 
Theodore, to whom he presents the 
Queen's gifts and letter. 

Oct. * He is dismissed with a letter to 
the Queen of England desiring alliance 
against the Turks. [No reply given.] 

1863 Aug. * Consul Cameron returns. 
Oct. * Missionary Stern beaten and 

imprisoned for alleged intrusion upon 
Theodore. 
Nov. * Despatches are received from Eng- 
land, but no reply to Theodore's letter. 

1864 Jan. * Consul Cameron, his 
suite, and missionaries Stem and Ro- 
senthal are imprisoned for pretended 
insults. 

July 24, A British messenger, Hormuzd 
Kassam, arrives at Massowah with a let- 
ter from the Queen. 

July * Kassam asks permission to present 
the Queen's letter, and receives no reply. 

1865 Aug. 12. Kassam is informed by 
note that Consul Cameron is released, 
and that he may come to the King. 

Nov. 21. Hormuzd Kassam, Lieut. Prid- 
eaux, and Dr. Blanc arrive at Metemeh. 

1866 Jan. 25. The party reaches the 
camp uxDaniot, and is well received. 

Mar. 12. The captives are all released 
and the mission progresses favorably. 

Apr. 13. ± After starting for the coast, 
the entire party is compelled to return, 
and is placed in gentle confinement. 

* * Theodore sends Mr. Flad to England 
with a second letter to the Queen, ask- 
ing for workmen and machinery. 

July * The prisoners are put in chains 
and severely treated. 

Oct. 29. Mr. Flad arrives at Massowah 
with the Queen's letter and workmen. 

Dec. 19. ± Theodore receives the Queen's 
letter, in which machinery and workmen 
are promised when the English prisoners 
are surrendered ; it has no effect. 



1867 + Jan. * Rebellions against the 
burdensome exactions of Theodore break 
out ; his power is waning. 

* * Shoa has shaken off the yoke of 
Theodore, and Godjam has become vir- 
tually independent. Tigre continues in 
the hands of his enemies. 

* * The peasantry leave the fertile 
plains and escape to the mountains to 
avoid the demands of Theodore's army. 

Apr. 16. Lord Stanley's ultimatum 
sent to Theodore, demanding the release 
of the captives in three months. [It was 
not received.] 

May * Mr. Flad is received by Theodore, 
and forced to join his family in prison. 

July * The British government decides 
to send an armed force into the coun- 
try under Sir Robert Napier. 

Sept. 9. A formal letter sent bythe Brit- 
ish government to Theodore. [It was 
not received.] 

Sept. * ± Tigr€ revolts against the rule 
of the rebel chief "Wagsham Gobazye, 
and becomes independent under Dejach 
Kassai. 

Nov. 11. The captives reported well. 

Nov. 25. The Gallas reported to he in 
rebellion against Theodore. 

Nov. 26, 27. Eng. Parliament appro- 
priates $10,000,000 for the prosecu- 
tion of the war. 

1868 * * A third ultimatum sent by 
Napier; it was suppressed by Kassam as 
endangering the lives of the captives, 
he having received it through a rebel 
chief. 

Apr. 12. The captives and foreigners 
are released. Terunish, Theodore's 
queen, accompanies the British troops 
in returning to her own country. 

July 14. Eng. Theodore's son Alama- 
you (aged 7) arrives at Plymouth. 

1869 Jan. 26. Eng. Alamayou sails 
for India to be educated. 

July* Kassai punishes the Catholic 
missionaries for partisanship, and en- 
ters an alliance with Egypt. 

1872 Jan. 12. Kassai is crowned 
with much ceremony at Axum, as King 
John II. 

1879 Oct. * Colonel Charles George 
Gordon, of the Egyptian service, con- 
cludes a peace, granting a seaport to 
Abyssinia. 

1884 May 26. ± King John receives 
Admiral Hewett from Suakin, and en- 
ters a treaty respecting Massowah, etc. 

Aug. 19. Two envoys from Abyssinia ar- 
rive in England. 

1885 Feb. 6. The Italian flag hoisted 
by the side of the Egyptian at Massowah. 

Dec. 2. The government of Massowah 

assumed by the Italians. 
1S87 May 2. Proclamation issued by 

Italy announcing war and blockade of 

ports of Massowah and its dependencies. 
Oct. 18. The Chief Kantibay submits to 

the authority of Italy. 
1888 May8+. King John makes a 

treaty placing the country under an 

Italian protectorate. 



July 1. Italy notifies the powers that she 
has annexed Massowah. 

Aug. 3. The Italian protectorate is pro- 
claimed at Zulla. 

1889 Feb. 14. The Cossack expedi- 
tion at Taljarah, on the Gulf of Aden, 
organizes a large caravan with the in- 
tention of proceeding to Ankolvar. 

Mar. 12. King John killed ; Menelek, 
king of Shoa, proclaims himself Ne- 
gus, and marches on Adowa. 

Apr. 10. Dagiac Maugascia, the succes- 
sor of King John, is his nephew. 

± King Menelek ignores Maugas- 

cia's claim and assumes authority. 

± Many of the most important chiefs, 

including Ras Michael, have recognized 
Menelek as Negus. 

* * The king despatches a mission of 
twenty persons, including several im- 
portant chiefs, to the King of Italy. 

June 2. The Italians occupy and annex 
Keren without resistance. 

Aug. 5. Massaval and the whole of Abys- 
sinia, except the Province of Tigr£, have 
submitted to Menelek. 

Oct. 14. Italian Government declares a 
protectorate over Abyssinia. 

Nov. 3. Menelek II. and Queen Taitri 
are crowned at Aretoto. 

Dec. 9. Menelek orders a suspension of 
trade relations between his country and 
Italy. War is imminent. 

Dec. * Menelek having overcome the reb- 
els in the province of Tigre, establishes 
his reign over the whole of Abyssinia. 

1890 Mar. 5. Menelek agrees to ac- 
cept Italy's assistance in all negotia- 
tions with foreign powers, and to give it 
preference in all industrial and commer- 
cial concessions. 

Mar. 11. The Abyssinian territory ceded 
to Italy extends to Mareb. 

Apr. 7. Menelek asks a free passage 
through Italian territory for arms to be 
used in fighting the dervishes. 

1891 Apr. * Russia sends an expedi- 
tion of six or seven men to Abyssinia, 
which purports to be " scientific," but 
is, presumably, political. 

Oct. 5. Debeb, an aspirant for power, is 
routed by Kas Alulu. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855 * * Theodore HI. is " the best shot, 
the best spearman, the best runner, and 
the best horseman in Abyssinia." 

1868 Apr. 13. King Theodore commits 
suicide. A48. 

May 10. Queen Terunish, who accom- 
panied the British, dies on the march to 
the interior. 

1879 Dec. 14. Eng. Prince Alamayou 
dies at Leeds. 

1S90 Feb. 14. Reported death of Ras 
Alulu from wounds. [False report.] 

* * Population about 6,000,000, and much 
superior in every respect to their Afri- 
can neighbors. 



979-1878. 



AFGHANISTAN. 



Afghanistan is an inland country of Asia, lying east of India, and having Ell-defined boundaries. It is ruled liy an absolute 
sovereign called the Ameer. Kabul is the capital. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Estimated area, 279,000 square 
miles ; estimated population, 4,000,000. 



ARMY. 

1213 * * Ghengbis Khan with three ar- 
mies overruns northern China. [1219. 
Conquests in Western Asia.] 

1358 * * Tamerlane begins his con- 
quests. [1398. Enters India.] (See India.) 

1504* *Baber takes Kabul. [1521. He 
invades India. 1525. Again conquers 
Kabul.] 

1715* * Afghans conquer Herat. 

1731 * * Nadir Shah takes Herat. 

1737 * * -38 * * Nadir Shah takes Ka- 
bul and recovers Kandahar. He gains 
the good will of the Afghans, and enrolls 
many of them in his army. 

1747* * Ahmed Shah resolves to throw 
off the Persian yoke; he seizes the 
booty taken from India by Nadir. 

1761 June 6. Ahmed Shah wins great 
victory over Mahrattas at Panipat. 

1823 * * The Afghans defeated by the 
Sikhs at Naoshera. 

1838 * * The Persians, influenced by 
Russia, lay siege to Herat, the key of 
Afghanistan and India. 

Dec. * Shuja Shah, with an army led 
by British officers and paid by British 
money, marches toward Sind. 

1839 * * First war with the British. 
Feb. 20. A British army passes the 

Indus about 12,000 strong, and having 
40,000 camp-followers, besides the new 
levies of the Shah. 

Mar. * The Bolan Pass is traversed ; most 
of the baggage is lost. 

Apr. 7. The Kojuk Pass is traversed. 

Apr. 25. Kandahar, abandoned by 
the Afghan princes, is entered by the 
British under Sir John Keane. 

July 22. Ghunzee, a great stronghold, 
is taken by storm, and Dost Moham- 
med's army disbands. The war ends. 

1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed sur- 
renders to British, and is sent to India. 

1841 Nov. * -4.2 Apr. * Famous de- 
fense of Jelalabad, by Sir Robert Sale, 
against the revolting Afghans. 

Nov. 2. The Afghans, led by Akbar 
Khan, revolt and expel the British 
from Kabul; 24 British are killed. 

Nov. 3. The forts at Kabul close to the 
British camp are occupied. 

Nov. 5. General Elphinstono talks of 
buying a free passage out of the country. 

Nov. 9. The commissariat fort has its 
garrison of SO men overpowered, and is 
taken by the Afghans. The British 
menaced with starvation. 

Nov. 15. The British force demor- 
alized by the incapacity of its com- 
mander, who negotiates for a cessation 
of hostilities. 

X)ec. 23. Akbar Khan treacherously as- 
sassinates Sir "William Macnaghten 
and others. 

Dec. (?) * Shuja Shah assassinated. 



1842 Jan. 1. The British capitulate. 
They agree to pay the Afghans S950.000 
in coin and sign bills lor £700.000 more ; 
to leave nearly all their artillery and 
ammunition, and evacuate the country. 
The chiefs promise safe conduct, pro- 
visions, and baggage-cattle. 

Jan. 6. The British, with 4,500 combat- 
ants and 12,000 camp-followers, begin 
their march for India. 

* * Cold, snow, disease, and want, with 
utter disorder, reduce their number. 

Jan. 6-13. Annihilation of the Brit- 
ish army. 

Terrible massacre of about 3,849 sol- 
diers and 12,000 camp-followers at Khai- 
bar Pass, by the Ghilzais. Dr. Brydone 
and a few natives escape. [Later ninety- 
five prisoners are recovered.] 

Mar. * General Pollock is reenforced at 
Peshawur and begins his march to re- 
lieve the troops in Afghanistan, via the 
Khaibar Pass. 

July * Lord Ellenborough, Governor-gen- 
eral of India, orders a general advance 
on Kabul from Kandahar by General 
Nott, and Jelalabad by General Pollock. 

Aug. 20. General Pollock arrives at 
Gundamuck. 

Aug. 23. He defeats a body of Afghans. 

Aug. 30. General Nott takes possession 
of Ghuznee. 

Sept. 6. General Nott defeats the Af- 
ghans at Alydan. 

Sept. 8. General Pollock carries the 
Jugduluk Pass. 

Sept. 13. He defeats the main body of 
the Afghans at Tezeen. 

Sept. 15. The British occupy Kabul, 
and release Lady Sale and others. 

Sept. 17. The two armies joined at 
Kabul. 

Sept. 29. General M'Caskill storms Is- 
talif and destroys the town in revenging 
the massacre of the garrison at Char- 
ikar, and the harboring of the murderers 
of Burnes. 

* * Captain Cragie and a Sepoy garrison 
brilliantly repulse the Afghans in an at- 
tack on the fortress of Kala't-i-Ghilzai. 

Dec. * British evacuate Afghanistan. 

1850 * * Balkh reconquered by Afghans. 

1S56 Oct. 25. Persians take Herat. 

1858 * * Dost Mohammed forms a regu- 
lar army, containing 1G infantry regi- 
ments (nominally) of 800 men, 3 of cav- 
alry, of 300 men, and about SO field 
pieces, and a few heavy guns. 

1563 May 26. Dost takes Herat from 
Ahmed. Ahmed is a vassal of the Per- 
sians, who are under the influence of 
Russia; Herat is regarded as the "Key 
of India." 

1564 June 6. Shere Ali, the Ameer, 
defeats his brother Azim and confeder- 
ates at Kujhbaz. 

June 14. Shere Ali enters Kandahar. 
1S66 Mar. 2. Kabul is surrendered 
to Azim by Ibrahim, a son of the Ameer. 



May 10. Shere Ali defeated at Sheik- 
habad ; he flies for Kandahar. 

1867 Jan. 17. Shere Ali defeated by 
Azim and Abder-Rahman at Kujbbaz. 

Sept. 17. Shere Ali is again defeated 
and his general killed. 

1868 Apr. * Azim's army defeated 
and Yakoob, son of the Ameer, enters 
Kandahar. 

Sept. * Azim's army dissolved by deser- 
tion. 

Nov. * -Dec. * Shere Ali resists Abder- 
Rahman. 

1869 Jan. * Shere Ali routs Abder- 
Rahman and Azim. 

1870 May 6. Yakoob takes Herat 
from his father. 

1878 Sept. 22. ABritishmissionwith 
an armed escort are threatened at a fort 
in the Khaibar Pass, if they advance; 
they retire. 

* * -81 * * Second war with the 
British. 

Oct. * A religious war against the Brit- 
ish is proposed by Shere Ali. 

Nov. 21. The British army (34,730 na- 
tives and 12,740 Europeans) advances. 

Nov. 22. The British shell AH Masjid, 
and take 21 guns, losing 2 officers and 35 

Nov. 23. Dakka and Pisheen occupied. 

Nov. 25. Kuram fort occupied. 

Dec. 2. The British, under General Rob- 
erts, defeat the Gocrkhas at Peiwar 
Pass, losing 2 officers and 80 men killed 
and wounded. 

Dec. 20. Jellalabad occupied. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1162 * * Genghis Khan, emperor and con- 
queror, born. 
1227 * * Genghis Khan dies in Mongolia. 
1336 * * Tamerlane is born at Kesh. 
1405 Feb. 17. Tamerlane dies at Atrar. 
1483 Feb. 14. Baber. founder of dynasty 



and < 



1530 Dec. 2G. Baber dies, A 48. 

1715 * * Mir Wais, sovereign of Kandahar, d. 

1724 * * Mahmud, son of Mir Wais, dies. 

1747 * * Kadir Shah, sovereign, assassinated. 

1773* * Ahmed Shah, Ameer, dies. 

1793* * Timor Shah, Ameer, dies. 

1798± * * Dost Mohammed. Ameer, born, 

1829 * * Mohammed Shah dies. 

1830 Abder-Rahman Khan, Ameer, born. 
1642 * * Kamran, Ameer at Herat, dies. 
1863 June 9. Dost Mohammed. Ameer, 

dies, A ± 85. 
1867 Oct. * rfzel, rival Ameer, dies. 
1869± Jan. * Azim, rival Ameer, dies. 
1878 Aug. 17. Abdoola Jan, the Ameer's 

heir, dies. 

STATE. 

979 * * Mahud, Sultan of Ghazni, ex- 
tends his dominions by adding Trans- 
oxiania, also Kabul and a part of India. 

1350+: * * A native dynasty called Kurt3 
springs up in Western Afghanistan. 



AFGHANISTAN. 



979-1878. 



1369 * * Tamerlane proclaimed sov- 
ereign at Balkh. 

1495 * * Baber enthroned at 12 years of 
age. 

1526 Apr. 21. By tlie victory of Pani- 
pat, Kabul and Kandahar become a part 
of the empire of Delhi, under the so- 
called Mogul dynasty which Baber 
founded. 

1530+ * * Afghanistan divided be- 
tween Persia and Hindustan. 

1715 * * Herat taken by conquest. 

1720 * * The Afghans revolt. 

1731 * * Herat is taken by Nadir Shah. 

1737 * * Nadir Shah invades the coun- 
try, and subdues and rules the Afghans. 

1747 * * Nadir Shah assassinated. 

* *-73* * Ahmed Shah, an Afghan, be- 
comes the successful ruler and warrior. 
He resolves to throw off the Persian 
yoke. Under his rule Afghanistan first 
takes a place among the kingdoms of 
the earth. 

1748 * * He expels the Mogul governor 
from Kabul and Peshawur, and overruns 
the Punjab. 

1749 * * Herat recovered by the Af- 
ghans. 

1773 * * -93 * * Timur Shah (son) en- 
throned; he becomes a tyrant. 

1774 * * The seat of government is re- 
moved from Kandahar to Kabul. 

1793 * * Timur dies; his 23 sons struggle 
for the crown, and Zaman gets it. 

He conceives the idea of consolidating 
the Mohammedan power of India. 

1800 * * Zaman is dethroned, and his son, 
Mahmoud Shah, succeeds as Ameer. 

1803 * * Mahmoud is dethroned, and 
Shuja Shah (his brother) succeeds him. 

1808 * * Afghans lose Sind. 

1809 * * Mahmoud is restored to be 
Ameer by Fatteh Khan. 

1816 * * The jealous Mahmoud brutally 
tortures and murders Fatteh Khan. 

1818 * * The Barakzai brothers drive 
Mahmoud from Kabul, and he gains 
Herat, where he becomes ruler. 

1819 * * Afghans lose Kashmir. 

1826 * * Dost Mohammed Khan, one 
of the Barakzais, becomes Ameer. 

1829* * MohammedShahdies,andKam- 
ran, his son, rules at Herat. 

1837 * * Captain Alexander Burnes 
sent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as am- 
bassador of the British government, to 
offset the intrigues of Russia. 

1838 * * Persians vainly attempt to wrest 
Herat from the Afghans. 

The British find the Ameer is not sub- 
servient to their interests, and they at- 
tempt to restore Shuja Shah, a pen- 
sioner of India, to the throne; war follows. 

1839 Aug. 6. Kabul opens its gates to 
the British. 

Aug. 7. Shuja Shah enthroned at the 
capital; Mohammed a fugitive; the real 
government in the hands of William 
Macnaghten, the British envoy. 

Nov. * Akbar Khan attempts to re- 
store his father by expelling the British. 



1840 Nov. 3. Dost Mohammed, having 
surrendered to the British, is sent to 
India. 

* * Penjdeh is assured to Afghanistan by 
Lord Auckland. 

* * -41 * * Insurrections succeed each 
other. 

1841 * * British occupation costs the In- 
dian treasury $6,250,000 yearly. 

KTov. 2. An insurrection against the 

British breaks out in Kabul; envoy 

Burnes and others slain. 
Dec. * Semi-anarchy follows the death 

of the Ameer, who falls at the hands of 

an assassin. 
Dec. 23. At a conference with Dost's 

son, Akbar Khan, this chief murders 

Sir W. Macnaghten, the chief British 

envoy, with his own hand. 

1842 * * British power broken. Akbar 
Khan rules in place of his father. 

Jan. * The British enter a convention to 

evacuate the country. 
Jan. * The convention disregarded by the 

Afghans and the army massacred. 

* * Dr. Brydone is the only European 
who reaches Jelalabad and he is wounded 
and nearly dead. 

Oct. 12. The British leave Kabul and 

march for India. 
Oct.± * Dost Mohammed restored to 

the throne. 

1855 Jan. * Afghans and British make 
a treaty of peace. Dost Mohammed 
becomes an ally. 

1856 Oct. 25. Persians seize Herat. 

1857 July 27. Persians restore Herat. 

* * The revenues of Dost Mohammed are 
estimated at 4,000,000 rupees, or about 
§2,000,000, exclusive of the revenue from 
Herat, which he does not hold. 

1863 May 26. After ten months' siege 
Dost Mohammed captures Herat from 
Ahmed. 

June 9. Shere Ali (3d son) enthroned as 
Ameer ; his 15 rival brothers oppose him. 

1864 * * Unsuccessful insurrection of 
the Ameer's brothers, Ufzul and Azim. 

May 16. Azim a fugitive. 

June 2. Ufzul acquiesces in the de- 
mands of the British. 

Aug. * Insurrection of Abder-Rahman ; 
Ufzul in prison. 

* * Shere Ali enters Kabul. 

1866 * * Kabul has two rulers, the sen- 
sual Ufzul and the cruel Azim. 

1867 * * Azim rules alone, on the death 
of Ufzul. 

* * Shere Ali holds only Balkh and 
Herat. 

1868 Mar. * Azim quarrels with Ab- 
der-Rahman, who deserts him. 

July * Azim abandons Kabul. 
Sept. 8. Shere Ali again occupies Kabul. 
Nov. * -Dec. * The British help Shere 
Ali with arms and money. 

1869 Mar. 27- Shere Ali receives a 
subsidy from the British. 

1870 May 6. Yakoob, his son, rebels 
and takes Herat. 

1871 June* Feramoz Khan, Shere 
Ali's general, assassinated. 



July * Yakoob reconciled with his 
father through British influence, and 
made governor of Herat. 

Sept. * Yakoob again rebels. 

Oct. * Shere Ali makes new boundaries; 
British pay him another subsidy. 

1873 Dec. * Shere Ali names Abdoola 
Jan, his youngest sou, as his successor, 
and thus angers Yakoob, his oldest son. 

1874 Dec. * Yakoob confined by his 
father. 

1878 Aug. * Stolietoff , a Russian 
envoy, signs a treaty; Russia to be 
the guardian of the Ameer. 

Sept. * The Ameer dismisses the envoy 
from the viceroy of India with presents, 
and declines intercourse with the 
British, 

Sept. 22. A British mission with mili- 
tary escort is stopped at the Khaibar 
Pass ; they retire toward Peshawur. 

Oct. 20. The British send an ultima- 
tum to be answered before Nov. 20. 

Nov. 19. The Ameer sends an evasive 
reply. 

Nov. 23. The viceroy of India issues a 
proclamation to the Afghans. 

Dec. 13. Shere Ah flees from Kabul; 
the Russian mission retires, and Ya- 
koob Khan ass um es authority. 

Dec. 26. General Roberts annexes the 
Kuram district to India by proclama- 
tion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
997* * Mahmoud patronizes literature. 
1150+ * * Ghazni is one of the most 

splendid cities of Asia. 
1413* * -24 * * History of the conquest 

of Swat by Shakh Mali, written by a 

chief of the Yusufzais and a leader in 

the conquest. 
17th Century * * Abdarrahman, the poet, 

flourishes. 
1750+ * * Ahmed Shah writes poetry. 
* * In a single night Ahmed Shah's army 

loses 18,000 men from cold, near 

Herat, while retreating from Persia. 
1754 * * Modern Kandahar is founded. 
1809 * * .First visit of an English envoy 

(Elphinstone). 
1832 * * Visit of Lieut. Alex. Burnes from 



1837 * * The remaining population of de- 
clining Farrah is carried off to Kandahar. 

1841 * * Massacre at Kabul. 

1842 * * Sir G. Pollock's expedition visits 
Jelalabad and destroys the town walls. 

1855 * * The Church Missionary Society 
starts a mission for the Afghans at 
Peshawur. 

1857 * * -58 * * Major Lumsden's party 
explores the Kurram Valley. 

1857 Jan. * Sir John Lawrence has 
an interview with Dost Mohammed at 
Peshawur in the Punjab. [A treaty fa- 
vorable to British influence is entered 
into, promising arms and a subsidy ; 
Maj. Lumsden enters Kandahar, and the 
Indian mutiny follows.l 



1879-1894. 



AFGHANISTAN. 



ARMY. 

1879 Jan 6. Afghans leave Kandahar. 
Jan 7. Roberts defeats the Mangals 

near Matoon ; occupies Kandahar. 
Feb. 16. The Alizais attack the British 

and retire. 
Apr. 2. Action near Futtehabad, 5,000 

Khugianis defeated by the British. 
June 8, The British retire. 
Sept. 5. Mutiny at Herat and many of- 
ficials killed. 
Sept. 6. The British commence a march 

toward Kabul. 
Sept. 19. Natives defeated at Shutar- 

gardan. 
Sept. 24. General Baker at Kushi. 
Sept. 28. Baker at Kabul. 
Sept. 29. Baker occupies Dakka. 
Oct. 2. The British repulse an attack at 

Shutargardan. 
Oct. 6. Battle of Char-asiab ; 70 killed 

or wounded on the British side. 
Oct. 8. The Afghans retire. 
Oct. 12. Gen. Roberts occupies Kabul. 
Oct. 14. Gen. Gough occupies Jelalabad. 
Oct. * -Nov. * Many Afghan mutineers 

tried, and S7 executed as murderers. 
Dec. 1 1-14. Frequent fighting and heavy 

losses. 
Dec. 14. The British army concentrated 

in the Sherpur cantonments. 
Dec. 23. Roberts and Gough defeat 

25,000 Afghans near the Sherpur 

cantonments. 
Dec. 24. The Afghans retire from Kabul. 
Dec. 26. The British reoccupy Kabul. 
Dec. 29. Colonel Norman repulses an at- 
tack at Jagdalak. 

1880 Jan. 10. Mohammed Jan seizes 
Ghazni and holds it for Musa Khan. 

Apr. 3. Mohammed Jan killed in battle. 

Apr. 16. Pathans attack a camp at Du- 
wai and kill the garrison. 

Apr. 19. The Ghilzais in force attack 
General Stewart at Ahmad Khel and 
are repulsed. 

Apr. 25. Col. Jenkins checks 4,000 Loga- 
ris, till reenforced by Gen. Macpherson 
at Char-asiab, then they are routed. 

May 2. Gen. Sir Donald Stewart as- 
sumes command at Kabul. 

July 14±. Shere Ali's troops at Kan- 
dahar revolt and join Ayoob Khan, the 
governor of Herat. 

July 27. General J. Burrows attacks 
Ayoob Khan, who has an intrenched 
force of about 20,000 men at Maiwand, 
on the river Helmud, with about 12,000 
men, and is defeated with severe loss. 

July 28. The British, about 4,000 strong, 
hold the citadel at Kandahar. 

Aug. 9. Ayoob at Kokaran. 

General Sir F. Roberts starts from 
Kabul to relieve General Burrows at 
Kandahar. 

Aug. 1 1 . The British troops withdraw 
from Kabul after an interview with 
Abder-Rahman, the Ameer. 

Aug. 16. Unsuccessful sortie by British 



from Kandahar, 180 men and several 
officers killed. 

Aug. 25. Ayoob reenforced by the 
Ghilzais, making an army of about 
20,000 men. 

Aug. 30. Ayoob retires from Kandahar. 

Aug. 3 1 . Roberts, with about 10,000 men, 
arrives at Kandahar. 

Sept. 1. Roberts defeats Ayoob at 
Mazra and captures his camp. 

1881 July 26. Ayoob defeats the Am- 
eer's army at Karez-i-atta, G holam 
Hyder commanding it. 

July 30. Ayoob occupies Kandahar. 

Aug. 21. GholamHyderatKhelat-i-Gliil- 
zai receives reenforcements from Kabul. 

Sept. 22. Ayoob defeated at Old Kan- 
dahar, chiefly by the desertion of his 
troops ; he flees to Herat. 

Sept. 30. The Ameer occupies Kanda- 
har. 

Oct. 2. Ayoob's adherents defeated. 

Oct. 4. The Ameer enters Herat; Ayoob 
flees to Persia. 

1883 Apr. 27. ± The Shinwarris de- 
feated by the Ameer. 

1887 Apr. 19. The Ghilzais reported to 
have defeated the Ameer's troops. 

Apr. 25 ±. Again defeated at Khelat-i- 
Ghilzai. 

June 9. A mutiny of Ghilzais at Herat 
is violently suppressed. 

June 13-16. Reported defeat of the 
Ghilzais by Gholam. 

July 15. Disastrous defeat of the reb- 
els at Mashakai reported. 

July 26. Conflicting reports of victory at 
Kotaldab by Gholam Khan. 

Aug. 31. Hot fighting with the insur- 
gents at Mashakai. 

Sept. * Ayoob, having entered Afghan- 
istan with a few followers, is driven out. 

Sept. 7. The Ameer's troops fight the in- 
surgents near Mukur ; their leader, Ja- 
lander Khan, taken prisoner. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Occasional fighting re- 
ported. 

Nov. 15. Another fight with the insur- 
gents reported ; 60 killed.. 

1888 May 9. The Afghans defeat the 
Turcomans in a fight. 

Sept. 29. Ishak Khan defeated by the 
Ameer's troops at Tash Kurgan. 

Sept. 30. Ishak again defeated at Mazari 
Sherif. 

1889 Jan. 19. Ishak Khan and follow- 
ers, and Sultan Murad Khan with 3,000 
families of Afghan "Wynegs, cross the 
frontier and enter the Bokharan service. 

Feb. 3. The Shinwarris defeated by 
the Ameer's troops under Gholam Hy- 
der. 

Feb. 12. Russian troops on a hurried 
march to reenforce frontier posts. Gen- 
eral Komaroff and Russian staff arrive 
at Chardjin on the Amu Darya. 

Feb. 14. Komaroff, with a strong force 
of Russians, arrives at Bokhara. 

Feb. 22. Russian troops are ordered to 
attack the Ameer if he approaches the 
Russian frontier. 



Feb. 27. Th-- Ameer crosses tho Rus- 
sian frontier, committing cruelties. 

Feb. 28. Reported thai 18,000 Russian 
troops are massed on the frontier. 

Mar. 1. Afghans advancing from Herat, 
and the Emir of Bokhara preparing to 
attack them. 

1890 Mar. 20. Reported that Ishak 
Khan has a large force at Bokhara, and 
is preparing to invade Afghanistan. 

Aug. 7. Troops are sent to quell a revolt 
among the Alehayaras in Kandahar. 

1892 Apr. 29. Afghans rise against 
soldiery between Herat and lianiian. 

Aug. 4. The Afghans skirmish with both 
Russians and Chinese on the Alichur 
Pamir and take a number of Kirghiz 
prisoners. 

Aug. 11. More tigh ti n g reported between 
the Afghans and Russians at Pamir. 

Aug. 22. Afghan troops defeated by 
Hazara tribesmen. 

Aug. 30. The Ameer, Abder-Rahman 
Khan, is preparing to resist a Russian 
advance. 

Aug. 31. The Ameer's troops capture 
Kamsan from the revolting Hazaras. 

Sept. 2. Punjab infantry and cavalry, 
with a mountain battery, to be sent to the 
Wana Comul Valley, unless the Ameer 
of Afghanistan recalls the agents dis- 
turbing the peace on the Indian frontier. 

Sept. 12. The Ameer is supporting the 
mountain tribes in their resistance to 
British authority. 

A British force is on its way to the 
Valley of the Indus to destroy the town 
of Balo. in which Haskim All has been 
harbored. 

1894 * * The Ameer has a regular army 
of 50,000 troops, and the tribal levies 
are incorporated with these as irregular 
auxiliaries, with the exception of the 
horsemen who follow feudal chiefs. 

* * An arsenal established at Kabul 
manufactures powder. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1879 Feb. 20. Shere Alidies (announced). 

STATE. 

1879 May 26. Treaty of Peace 
signed with Yakoob Khan, son of the 
deceased Ameer, at Gandamak. 

The British to occupy certain territory, 
have a resident at Kabul, and pay an 
annual subsidy uf S30U.000 t<> the Ameer. 
Ayoob the governor of Herat for his 
brother. 

Sept. 3, 4. Revolt of Afghans, who mas- 
sacre British residents and their 
guards. 

Sept. 5. Mutiny in Herat; both mili- 
tary and civil governors killed. 

Oct. 14. Gen. Roberts proclaims martial 
law and Gen. Hills and Gholab Hussein 
Khan to be military governors. 

Oct. * Yakoob TOian abdicates. 

Oct. 30. Roberts announces the occupa- 
tion of Kabul, etc. 

Dec. * Mohammed Jan Wardak combines 
tribes against the British. 

Dec. 17. Musa Khan, son of Yakoob. 
reported to be Ameer. 



AFGHANISTAN. 



1879-1894. 



18S0 Jan. 6. Gen. Roberts proclaims 

an almost universal amnesty. 
Mar. 21. The new Ameer, Musa Khan, 

and the chiefs at Ghazni submit to the 

British. 
* * The British make Shere Ali, cousin of 

the late Ameer, Governor of Kandahar. 
July 22. The British proclaim Abder- 

Kahman, Ameer at Kabul. 
Dec. * Shere Ali resigns ; retires to India. 
1S31 Oct. * Abder-Rahman becomes 

sole ruler. 
1SS2 Feb. * Afzul Khan is chosen by 

the Ameer as British resident at Kabul. 
1333 June 21. Shinwarris accept peace. 
July 21. The Ameer accepts a subsidy 

from India. 

1884 Apr. 2. The Ameer meets Lord 
Duiferin, the viceroy, at Rawalpindi. 

Aug. * The Ameer accepts the proposal 
of the Afghan frontier commission. 

1885 July* England and Kussia dif- 
fer respecting the Zultikar Pass. 

July * Strong Russian force posted at 

Askabad. 
July * The Penjdeh surrendered to 

Russia. 
Aug. 22. It is announced that the Rus- 
sians give up their contention respecting 

the Zultikar Pass. 
Sept. * The dispute between Russia and 

England is closed by signing a Protocol 

at London. 
Nov. 12. First boundary pillar set by the 

joint commission. 

1886 Feb. 13. Russia occupies Penjdeh. 
Sept. 6. Joint commission having con- 
cluded its work is dissolved. 

Oct. 30+. Revolt against taxation. 

1887 July 8. Proclamation of peace, 
amnesty, and remission of taxes for 
two years issued by the Ameer. 

July 13. Execution of Taimar Shah, 
chief of the Herat mutineers. 

July 20. The Afghan Frontier Com- 
mission meet at St. Petersburg and set- 
tle the boundary question. 

Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan escapes from 
Teheran ; he raises his standard against 
the Ameer. 

Aug. 29+. Rebellion reported at an end, 
and several tribes return home. 

Nov. 9. Reported that Ayoob Khan has 
surrendered to the viceroy of India. 

Nov. 13. Peace reported in Southern 
Afghanistan. 

Dec. 10. The Ameer issues an amnesty 
proclamation. 

1888 Sept. * Revolt of Ishak Khan, 
the governor of Afghan-Turkestan. 

1889 Feb. 13. The insurrectionary 
leader, Ishak Khan, is treated with great 
honor at Samareand, Russia. 

Feb. 20. The Ameer has appointed Gho- 
lam Hyder Khan Governor of Afghan- 
Turkestan. 

Aug. 7. The Alehayaras in Kandahar re- 
volt ; troops sent to quell disturbance. 

1890 Aug. 6. The new Ameer sends an 
embassy to Russia to conclude a com- 
mercial treaty. 



Summer. Abder-Rahman, the Ameer, 
continues at Mezar, the chief place in 
Afghan-Turkestan, for the purpose of 
crushing hostilities and reorganizing 
the administration. 

* * The Ameer has given the Russians 
important trade concessions which are 
denied to the English. 

* * The Ameer seeks to replace pillage 
and violence with commerce and 
peaceful industries. 

Aug. 11. The Ameer arrives at Kabul 
and is given an enthusiastic reception. 

1891 Sept. 7. Reported arrest of Gen- 
eral Alikhanoff , charged with being a 
Russian spy. 

* * The Russians send out an expedi- 
tion for political purposes, which has a 
strong Cossack support, and starting 
from Osh, in the Russian province of 
Ferghana, it enters the Pamir region, 
and claims a great part of it. 

1892 Apr. 11. The Ameer issues a State 
paper to the "Noble Chiefs of Afghan- 
istan," advising their adherence to 
Great Britain rather than to Russia. 

Apr. 15. The Ameer gains possession of 
one of the two passes leading through 
the Pamir country to India, the British 
having possession of the other. 

July 8. Reported that the Russians are 
encroaching on Afghan territory on the 
Murghab River and in the Pamirs. 

[The Afghans make an effort to pro- 
tect their frontier against the advances 
of the Russians. (See Army.) 

Aug. 9. The revolt of the Hazara tribes 
grows more serious daily. 

Aug. 14. Owing to increased complica- 
tions the Ameer negotiates with the 
rebels. 

Aug. 23. Reported that the Ameer has 
asked the Government of India to in- 
tervene to prevent Russian aggression 
in the Pamir country. 

Sept. 12. The Ameer is said to be sup- 
porting the mountain tribes in their re- 
sistance to British authority. 

Dec. 16. Sher AfzulKhan.murdererand 
usurper, is driven from Chitral. 

Dec. 22. The Ameer is recognized as 
Suzerain of Chitral. 

1893 Feb. 4. Overtures made for a con- 
ference between Russia, England, and 
China to consider the frontiers of Russia, 
China, and Afghanistan. 

Mar. 13. The Ameer declines to meet 
Lord Roberts to confer concerning the 
trouble among Indian frontier tribes. 

Oct. 2. Arrival at Kabul of Sir Mortimer 
Durand's Mission. 

!N"ov. 15. The Ameer announces, at a 
military review, that the frontier ques- 
tion and other matters long pending be- 
tween Afghanistan and India have been 
satisfactorily adjusted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879 Sept. * Commencement of the 
Quetta Railway. 

Oct. 16. The British lose arms, ammuni- 
tion, and about 20 men by an explosion. 



* * The British use a portable heliograph 
in their campaign. 

* * The Ameer secures a regular sub- 
sidy of about $25,000 a month from the 
Indian treasury. 

1880 Jan. * The joint Anglo-Russian 
Boundary Commission complete the 
boundary delimitation. 

Oct. * The work on the Railway is stopped. 

1884 Apr. * Work on the Railway is re- 
sumed. 

1885 Oct. 28. Opening of the Lower 
Bolan Railway, connecting with India. 

1887 Mar. 14. The rails are joined of 
the Sibi and Quetta sections of the Sind- 
Pishin Railroad via the Harrai route. 

May * Russians, under General Ozan 
Tora, occupy the town of Kerki, on the 
left bank of the Oxus, between Bokhara 
and Herat. 

Aug. 14. Ayoob Khan, the cousin and 
rival of Abder-Rahman, escapes from 
Teheran, where he was kept interned 
by the British. 

1888 July * The opening of the rail- 
road through Bokhara to Samareand 
is celebrated with festivities. General 
Annenkoff, who directed its construc- 
tion, is appointed its chief director for 
two years. 

Oct. * Ishak Khan a fugitive in Russian 
territory. 

Dec. 26. The Ameer barely escapes as- 
sassination. 

* * Railroad connection is completed to 
the Caspian Sea, a distance of 900 miles. 

1889 Feb. 16. Exportation of goods 
resumed ; no obstacle against the impor- 
tation of Russian goods. 

Apr, 9. Tranquillity prevails along the 

frontier. 
Dec. 26. The Ameer is fired at by a sepoy 

of the Herat Infantry, who is executed 

on the spot. 

* * The railroad is dependent upon the 
supply of naphtha, the only fuel 
available. 

1890 * * Kabul supposed to have 100,000 
inhabitants. 

* * The tomb of Shah Ahmed at Ka- 
bul is so sacred that the king may not 
remove a criminal who has taken refuge 
within its walls. 

* * The Ameer demands a tax of from 
10 to 30 per cent of the produce of the 
land, according to the amount of irriga- 
tion. 

1891 * * The Ameer is endeavoring to 
extend new manufactures. 

1893 * * Manufactures are chiefly silk, 
felts, carpets, and postins. 

* * Exports consist chiefly of fruits and 
nuts and large quantities of asafetida. 

* * The population exceeds 4,000,000. 

* * The Ghilzai, Durani, and other tribes 
inhabit the central parts of the coun- 
try ; the Tajiks cultivate the soil and 
ply peaceful trades ; the Aimaks, Haza- 
ras, and Uzbecks dwell in the northern 
part of the country. 

* * A large number of the Hazaras and 
the Kizilbashis are Shiite Mohamme- 
dans. 



lllB.C-1866 A.D. 



ALGERIA. 



Algeria is a country of Northern Africa, organized as a colonial possession of France, and divided into three departments, 
Algiers, Oran, and Constantine ; capital, Algiers. The government is vested in a governor-general, appointed by France, and a 
Superior Council ; the prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. Area (Algeria proper), 1*22,870 square miles ; imputation in 1801, 
3,910,399. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
Ill * * b. c. War between Rome and 

Numidia begins. (See Italy.) 
46* * b. c. Juba, the last king of Nu- 

midia, is killed at the battle of Thapsus. 
42* * b. c. Suetonius suppresses a revolt 

in Mauritania. 

533 * * -35 * * A. D. Justinian's great 
general, Belisarius, conducts the Ro- 
mans successfully against the Vandals. 

637 * * -709 * * The Saracens subdue 
the country. 

1248 * * William, Prince of Achaia, con- 
quers the Moors. 

1492 * * The Moors are driven out of 
Spain into Algiers. 

1505* * Ferdinand, King of Spain, 
sends a powerful fleet under the Count 
of Navarre against the country ; he soon 
captures Oran, Bugia, and other towns. 

1509 * * Algiers is taken by the Span- 
iards. 

1516 * * The Turks aid in expelling the 
Spaniards, under Horush Barbarossa. 

1516* *-20* * Algiers is retaken by 
Horush and Hadher-ed-Din Barbarossa, 
and made the capital of a Mohammedan 
state. 

1518* * The Spaniards capture Horush 
Barbarossa and put him to death. 

1541 Oct. 28+. The Spanish Emperor 
Charles V. loses the greater part of a 
fleet of 370 vessels and an army of 30,000 
men, in an expedition against Algiers ; 
Charles himself escapes with difficulty. 
(See Miscellaneous.) 

* * The Spaniards are driven out. 

1616 * * The Algerine fleet consists of 
40 sail, of ships of between 200 and 400 
tons, and a flag-ship of 500 tons. 

1617 * * A French fleet is sent against 
the Algerines, and captures two ves- 
sels. 

1620 * * The English send out an un- 
successful fleet under Sir Robert Manscl . 

* * * The Venetians send out a fleet un- 
der Admiral Capello, which captures IS 
galleys. 

1655* * Cromwell sends Admiral Blake 
with a fleet, which soon subdues the 
Algerines. 

1680 * * The French send out a fleet 
under Vice-Admiral Duquesne, which 
destroys 14 Algerine ships. 

1683 May * Duquesne appears before 
Algiers, and threatens to bombard the 
town. 

The pacific Bev is murdered, and also 
all the French in the town. The French 
Consul is fired at the French fleet from 
the mouth of a mortar. Duquesne de- 
stroys the fortifications, the shipping, 
and the chief part of the town. 

1792 * * The Spaniards surrender Oran. 

1815 * * Commodore Decatur of the 
United States navy encounters the 



Algerine squadron, captures a frigate 
and a brig, and forces the surrender of 
American prisoners. 

1816 Aug. 27. The city of Algiers is 
successfully bombarded by the Brit- 
ish fleet, under Lord Exmouth, who 
also burns its fleet. 

1817+ * * The Algerines more strongly 
fortify their city than ever before. 

1826* * Algerine pirates openly seize 
Italian vessels in the Mediterranean and 
extend their incursions to the North Sea. 

1830 * * War with France. Caused by 
insults given to ambassadors, and to 
great restlessness in France. 

May * The French prepare a fleet at 
Toulon, for war on a large scale. 

June 14. Rout of the Algerines after a 
fierce attack in strong force. 

July 4. The French begin the bombard- 
ment of Algiers, and subdue the town. 

July 5. Algiers surrendered to the 
French under General Bourmont and 
Admiral Duperre, after severe conflicts. 
The French force consists of 37,000 in- 
fantry, and 4,000 cavalry, and a good sup- 
ply of artillery; Hussan Bey's army 
numbers 60,000. The spoil consists of 
12ships, 1,500 bronze cannon, and nearly 
$10,000,000 in specie. 

* * General Clausel succeeds General 
Bourmont. 

1831 Feb.* General Berthezene is ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 

* * He makes unsuccessful attempts to 
chastise the hostile tribes of the interior. 

* * Revolt of the natives against the 
tyranny of the French. 

Oct. * The Kabyles capture Bona. 
Nov. * General Savary, Due de Rovigo, 

reenforces the French with 16.000 men. 

He exasperates the natives by cruelty 

and treachery. 

1832 * * The Arab chief Abd-el-Ka- 
der preaches a holy war, and collects 
an army of 11,000 men. 

May * He attacks the French at Oran, 
and, after bravely fighting three days, 
is repulsed with considerable loss. 

1835 * * Jealousy inspires war with Abd- 
el-Kader. 

June 28. At the Makta River the French 
are defeated with great slaughter. 

The French under Marshal Clausel 

with 11,000 men invade Mascara. 

Dec. 5. The French take Mascara and 
fire the city. 

1836 Jan. * Marshal Clausel undertakes 
an expedition against Tlemcen; he 
captures and garrisons the town. 

* * Abd-el-Kader defeats 3,000 men un- 
der Count d'Arlanges on the Tafna. 

July 6. General Bugeaudeompletelyde- 
f eats the Arabs on the Sikak River. 

Nov. * Marshal Clausel conducts an un- 
successful expedition of S.OOO men 
against the Bey of Constantine. 



1837 May 30. Abd-el-Kader thor- 
oughly defeated. ' 

Oct. * A French army of 20,000 men 
marches against the Bey of Constantine. 

Oct. 12. The French storm and capture 
Constantine, losing General Danr£- 
mont. General Valee succeeds him. 

1839 Oct. * Boundary disputes and 
intrusion lead to war. 

* * Reenforcements of 20,000 men are sent 
out from France. 

Dec. * Abd-el-Kader suddenly attacks 
the French in the plain of Metidja, and 
routs them with great slaughter. 

1840* * The French garrison of 123 
men defends Fort Masagran against 
the attack of 12,000 to 15,000 Arabs, 
for three days. 

1841 * * General Eugeaud, with from 
80,000 to 100,000 men, subdues 
raiding Arabs by use of flying columns. 

1842 Jan. * Tlemcen is taken by the 
French. 

Fort of Tafna captured and destroyed. 

1843 * * Sprint/. The French under the 
Duke of Aumale surprise Abd-el- 
Kader ; they take several thousand 
prisoners and much booty. 

1844 Aug. 14. The Arabs from Mo- 
rocco, under Abd-el-Kader, are defeat- 
ed by General Bugeaud, on the river Isly. 

1845 June 18. General Pelissier suf- 
focates about 500 Arab men, -women, 
and children in a cave after they re- 
fused to surrender. 

1847 Dec. 23. Abd-el-Kader finally 
surrenders to Lamoriciere. 

1849 * * General Pelissier marches 
against several of the rebellious tribes 
and subdues them. 

1850 * * Several revolts are subdued. 

1851 * * Kabyle insurrection subdued by 
the French under Geueral St. Arnaud, 
after several sharp engagements. 

1852 * * General Macmahon is sent 
out against Kabylia. 

* * General Pelissier takes Laghouat by 
storm. 

1854 * * An expedition subdues the 
Arabs in the south. 

1857 Oct. * General Randon subdues 
the tribes of Great Kabylia, and the au- 
thority of France is undisputed. 

1859 Oct. 31. The Arab tribes rebel, 
attack the French, and are defeated. 

Nov. 6. They rebel again with like result, 

1864 Apr.* The Arabs of the south rise 
in formidable insurrection; rebellion 
provoked by an insult. 

June * After defeat the Arabs submit. 
Oct. 2. Fresh revolts ; insurgents de- 
feated by Jolivet. 

1865 Oct.* Fresh insurrection in Oran; 
subdued by Colonel de Colomb. 

1866 Mar. 16. 'Anotherinsurreetion in 
Oran is subdued by the same officer. 



ALGERIA. 



Ill b.c. -1866 ad. 9 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 
260± * * Arnobius. Rhetorician of Numidia. 
354* * Augustine. Saint. (Numidian bishop 

of Hippo), born, 
4th Ce/itury. Donatus, Numidian schismatic. 
430 * * Augustine, Saint, Numidian bishop, 

A76. 
1059 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Yasin, founder of 

the empire of the Almoravides, dies. 
1546 * * Barbarossa, Hadher, (Jreek-Alge- 

1718 * * Baba-Ali, Dey of Algiers, dies. 
1773i * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha (Dey) 

1607 * * Abd-el-Kader (Emir) born. 
1825* * Allemand-Lavig-erie (Fr. Cardi- 
nal) born in Bayonne. 
1838 * * Hussein or Houssein Pasha, last 
Dey of Algiers, dies, A ± 65. 

1864 May 22. Marshal Pelissier, governor- 
general, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1050+ * * Abdulla-ben Yazim forms the 
prosperous sect of Moabites. 

1540+ * *Pope Paul III. issues a bull 
offering the remission of sins and the 
crown of martyrdom to those lost in 
fighting the Algerians. 

1828 * * Abd-el-Kader makes his sec- 
ond pilgrimage to Mecca, and receives 
the title Iladji. 

1832 * * Abd-el-Kader preaches a holy 
war. 

SOCIETY. 

1520+ * * Thirty thousand Christian 
slaves are employed in constructing a 
mole in the harbor of Algiers. [Finished 
in three years.] 

* * The Algerine pirates are dreaded 
and subsidized by all the commercial 
nations. 

1816 Aug.* Under British pressure the 
Dey liberates 1,211 Christian slaves, and 
promises that piracy and the enslave- 
ment of Christians shall cease forever. 

1832 * * A Holy "War excitement pre- 
vails. 

1860 Sept. * Algiers is visited by the 
French Emperor Napoleon HI. 

1865 May 3-June * Napoleon is -wel- 
comed with enthusiasm. 

STATE. 

46 * * b. c. A part of Mauritania (Alge- 
ria) is conquered by the Romans. 

45* * B. c. Mauritania becomes aEoman 
province, with Sallust for proconsul. 

42 * * B. c. Mauritania is divided into 
two parts. 

439 * * a. d. Mauritania is conquered 
in part by the Vandals. 

533 * * The Vandals are expelled by 
the Romans, and the territory is reunited 
to the empire. 

690 ± * * The Saracens subdue this prov- 
ince. [It becomes divided among many 
petty chiefs, and relapses into barbar- 
ism.] 

935+ * * The town of Algiers is founded 
by the Arabs near the site of ancient 
Icosium. 



1075+ * * The sect called Moabites sub- 
due rival chiefs and lay the foundation 
of the dynasty of the Almoravides. 

1147 * * -1231 * * The dynasty of the 
Almohades follows. 

1273 * * Change of dynasty; the country 
is divided into small states. 

1509 * * Spain acquires dominion. 

1516 * * The Algerians revolt and seek 
aid of the famous Turkish pirate, Horush 
Barbarossa. 

* * The invaders being expelled, Barba- 
rossa murders the prince, Selim Cut- 
smi, and mounts the throne. 

* * He extends his dominions by force 
and treachery. 

* * Algiers becomes nominally a prov- 
ince of Turkey. 

1518 * * Hadher Barbarossa, as Pasha 
of Algiers, succeeds his brother, who is 
slain by the Spaniards. 

+ * * He solicits aid from Selim I., and 
acknowledges his sovereignty. 

+ * * The Moors establish the pirati- 
cal states of Algiers and Tunis. 

* * * Viceroys, or pashas, ap"pointed 
by Turkey, continue to govern the coun- 
try till the 17th century. 

1600+ * * Turkey permits the janizaries 
to choose their own dey or governor. 

1609 * * Many Moors flock to Algiers 
after their expulsion from Spain, and as 
able sailors raise the power of the state. 

1686 * * The English conclude a favor- 
able treaty with Algiers. [It is only par- 
tially enforced for a long time.] 

1705 * * The last Turkish pasha is ex- 
pelled by Dey Ibrahim. 

1710+ * * The office of pasha is united 
with that of dey. 

The janizaries control the appoint- 
ment of chiefs, and they declare inde- 
pendence of the Turks ; all regular 
tribute is withdrawn. 

1795 * * The Americans refuse any 
longer to subsidize the Dey of Algiers. 

1S16 * * A new treaty with England is 
made, and Christian slavery is abolished. 

1818 * * Hussein Bey succeeds to the 
government. 

1823 * * The French demand reparations 
for insults to their consul and for out- 
rages committed on French vessels, but 
without success, and an army follows. 

1830 July 5. The French depose the 
Dey, and overthrow the barbarian gov- 
ernment. The Dey retires to Naples. 

* * General Bourmont is superseded by 
General Clausel, who makes little effort 
to conciliate the natives. 

1833 * * The French ministry declares its 
purpose to retain the government and to 
colonize the country, in opposition to its 
agreement with England. 

Mar. * General Avizard is appointed 
interim Governor on the retirement of 
Rovigo. [He dies soon after.] 

* * General Voirol is nominated Gov- 
ernor. 



1834 * * Abd-el-Kader enters a treaty 
acknowledging the supremacy of France, 
and is recognized as the Emir of the 
province of Mascara. 

May 20. The French ministry announces 
its intention to retain Algiers perma- 
nently. 

* * France is displeased with the treaty, 
and General Desmichels, Governor of 
Oran, is recalled. 

July * General Drouet d'Erlon he- 
comes Governor-general of the colony. 

1835 * * Marshal Clausel supersedes 
Count d'Erlon as Governor-general. 

1837 May 30. The French sign a 
treaty of peace with Abd-el-Kader on 
the banks of the Tafua ; he recognizes 
French supremacy. 

Dec.+ * General Vale'e is appointed 
Governor-General of the colony. 

1841 Feb. 22. General Bugeaud suc- 
ceeds Valee. 

1842 Feb. * Algeria annexed to 
France, and the Emir declared a rebel. 

1848 * * General Cavaignac appointed 
Governor-general of the Colony. 

Jan. 29. Abd-el-Kader is taken a pris- 
oner to France, contrary to the agree- 
ment of the French. 

1852 * * Louis Napoleon releases him 
from prison on the condition that he 
retires to Asia Minor. 

1857 * * French authority undisputed. 

1858 * * The government entrusted to 
Prince Napoleon as special minister. 
[The special ministry is soon abolished.] 

1860 Nov. * Marshal Pelissier, Duke 
of Malakhoff, is appointed Governor- 
general, with a council of thirty mem- 
bers. 

1863 Feb. * The emperor promises a 
constitution, with a representative as- 
sembly, securing the rights of the Arabs, 
saying, " I am as much emperor of the 
Arabs as of the French." 

1864 May 22. Death of Marshal Pelis- 
sier. Marshal Macmahon, Duke of 
Magenta, succeeds him. 

1865 July * More rights and privileges 
are promised by the French to the na- 
tives. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1520 * * Under Barbarossa, Algeria be- 
comes famous for its pirates. [They 
infest the seas till 1S30.] 

1541 Oct. 28. A fearful storm at- 
tended by an earthquake nearly destroys 
the fleet of the Spaniards in the port of 
Algiers. 

1670 * * The city of Tlemcen is destroyed 
by fire. 

1716 May* -June* Earthquakes de- 
stroy 20,000 people. 

1866 * * Population by census returns 
'2,921,146. 

* * The crops are almost entirely de- 
stroyed by locusts. 



10 



1867-1894. 



ALGERIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1867 Jan. * A new expedition subdues 
the refractory Arabs of the south. 

1868 Jan. * Si-Hamed leads a revolt 
and is killed by the French ; his follow- 
ers are routed. 

1869 Jan. * Several large bodies of in- 
surgents in the extreme south move 
northward and surprise Tagguin. 

Feb. 2. Colonel Sonis defeats about 4,000 

Arabs, and routs them. 
June * The insurrection is quelled. 

1870 Aug. 15. Algeria proclaimed 
in a state of siege. 

1871 * * "Widespread insurrection of 
the Arab and Kabyle tribes, prompted 
by the weakened oondition of France. 

June 24. State of siege raised after the 
fall of the Commune at Paris ; [a contri- 
bution of $0,000,000 imposed upon the 
rebels]. 

1879 June* Another insurrection j it 
is soon subdued. 

1881 Apr.* Dispute between the 
French government and Tunis respect- 
ing the sheltering of insurgents. The 
French land an army in Tunis. 

June * Arab insurrection headed by Bou 
Ameema. 

July 13. Bou Ameema is said to be de- 
feated by the French, and a fugitive. 

Aug. 1. Reported preparation for a fresh 
revolt ; a strong force marches against 
Bou Ameema. 

Aug. * Indecisive actions with the rebels. 

1882 Apr.* A topographical expedi- 
tion is attacked, and more than 40 per- 
sons are reported killed. 

1883 June* Announcement of the sub- 
mission of revolting tribes. 

1891 Dec. 23. The Amours tribe re- 
bels against French authority, and fight- 
ing begins. 

* * Each of the three military depart- 
ments in Algeria is under the direc- 
tion of the commandant of the 19th 
corps of the French army. 

1892 * * An insufficient military expedi- 
tion sent by the Sultan of Morocco to 
punish the people of the oases for de- 
claring their freedom from tribute and 
their sympathy with France, fails in its 
purpose. 

1894 Jan. 25. Timbuctu occupied 
by French Troops. 

Feb. 9. Colonel Bonnier, commanding 
the French force which took Timbuctu, 
is killed by the Tuaregs, together with 
seventy-eight officers and soldiers. 

Aug. 28, The Tuaregs, after three days' 
fighting, defeat the French troops at 
Timbuctu, and compel them to retire. 

DEATHS. 

1883* * Abd-el-Kader, Algerian chieftain, 



1889 * * Algiers has synagogues, a hand- 
some cathedral, and three other Catholic 



churches, a Protestant chapel, six col- 
leges, an Episcopal seminary, and bish- 
op's palace. 

* * The London Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel among the Jews 
reports a mission station at Algiers. 

SOCIETY. 

1870 * * Native Jews are admitted to 
French citizenship. 

1890 May 19. Arabs pillage a Jew's 
store at Quelma, and are dispersed by 
troops. 

1893 * * The French colonists and officials 
discourage any attempt to elevate the 
natives, and persistently oppose the 
proposition to establish schools. 

STATE. 

187 1 * * A war contribution imposed on 
the rebels by the French. 

Oct. * The military rule abolished and a 
civil government established, [which 
brings peace and prosperity.] 

1873 * * General Chanzy is appointed 
governor. 

1878 July* General Chanzy accused of 
governing despotically ; his resignation 
not accepted by Marshal Macmahon. 

* * He is replaced by Albert Gre"vy. 

1879 June * An insurrection, which is 
soon quelled. 

1881 Apr. * Dispute between Algeria 
and Tunis respecting incursions of the 
Kroumirs into Algerian territory. 

May 12. The French force the Bey of 

Tunis to cede territory and become 

the vassal of France. 
Nov. 6. Resignation of the governor, A. 

Gr^vy, announced. 
Nov. 26. * Louis Tirman appointed 

governor. 

1882 Dec. * Announcement of the an- 
nexation of the province Mzab. 

1883 * * The French government has 
proposed to expropriate tribal lands of 
the nomadic Arabs and a part of those 
of the sheep-raising Kabyles of the 
mountains, in order to advance coloniz- 
ation by Europeans, whose presence will 
give security to the French dominion. 

1891 * * Governor-general Tirman re- 
tires from office. 

Apr. * Jules Camborn is appointed gov- 
ernor-general. 

(There are three departments, each of 
which elects one senator in Algeria and 
two deputies.) 

1892 Jan. 23. The sherif of Wazen is 
forcibly detained in Algeria by the 
French. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1867 Jan. * Several villages destroyed 
by an earthquake ; a prolonged drought 
and famine follow. 

* * The cholera destroys 50,000 persons. 

1871 * * The French government grants 
land and means to start in agriculture 
to 10,500 refugees from Alsace-Lorraine. 

1872 * * Population 2,146,225. 



1875* * Population 2.448,091. 

1876 * * The most prosperous year of the 
I k>lony, 

1880 Mar. * M. Mouchot, by a mirror, 
collects solar rays, and boils water, 
drives an engine, etc. 

1881 Oct. * Reported death of 61 per- 
sons killed by a waterspout. 

* * There are 2,328,636 persons engaged 
in agriculture. 

1883 * * A project fur making the Sahara 
desert an inland sea Is entertained. 

1884 * * Railroads completed, 903 miles. 

1886 * * Population 3.910,399. 

1887 * * Railroads completed, 1,290 miles. 

* * A plague of grasshoppers damages 
the growing crops. 

1888 July * Another plague of lo- 
custs. 

* * Swarms of crickets devastate vegeta- 
tion in many localities. 

* * The first section of the Trans-Sahara 
Railroad is opened. 

1889 Jan. 5. The Governor orders the 
expulsion from the country of two editors 
of a Spanish newspaper published at 
Oran. 

1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid 
pilgrimages to Mecca on account of the 
prevalence of cholera in Arabia. 

June 25. Cardinal Lavigerie favors a 

Trans-Saharan railway. 
Aug. 26. Fire rages in the Soukari's 

forest ; two villages destroyed. 
Sept. 26. Destructive storm and cyclone. 

1891 Jan. 15. Three violent shocks of 
earthquake occur. 

Aug. 19. A forest fire destroys 35,000 
acres of trees. 

* * Population by last census returns. 
3,G3G,967 in the civil departments, and in 
the interior military departments, 487,765. 

* * Locusts destroy the pastures. 

* * There are 3,262,478 persons engaged in 
agriculture, 187,000 of whom are Euro- 
peans. 

* * Value of imports, 652,609,645 ; ex- 
ports, $45,494,950. 

* * The Trans-Sahara Railroad, starting 
from El Guerrah, has been carried 
across the mountains up to the edge of 
the Tuareg country, and extends from 
oasis to oasis, to Biscara, 390 miles. It 
is projected to Lake Chad, 1,887 miles. 

1892 Aug. 2. Astrongsiroccoprevails. 

* * Roads to the interior, with wells sunk 
along them, have been established be- 
tween the military posts. 

* * Railroads completed cover 1,910 miles ; 
telegraphs, 7,000 miles. 

1S93 * *The Trans -Sahara Railroad 
reaches within SO miles of the oasis of 
Fignig. 

1894 * * Fr. The annihilation of the 
French advance column at Timbuctu 
causes deep feeling in France. 



AMERICA. 



955 B.C. -1121 a. d. 



11 



includes both North and South America and the adjacent islands. 
Estimated area, 15,700,000 square miles ; estimated population in 



America is a name applied to the Western Continent, i 
Greatest length, 10,500 1 miles ; greatest breadth, 3,000± mil 
1891, 121,713,000. 

Explanatory Note. — The early history of each American country is given in fuller detail under its proper title, except that of the United 
States, which appears under the title of America only until the Declaration of Independence in 177G. 

Mexican, Central and Soutli American dates are of uncertain value until the sixteenth century. All items relating to the No 
America can hardly be considered well-established historical records. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

4th Century b. c. The spherical shape 

of the earth is taught by the Greeks. 

4th Century a. t». The compass is used 
by mariners on the Indian Ocean. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

945 ± Mex. Nauhyotl, king, dies. 

1007 Mass. (?) Sonorri, son of Thorflnn, 

born in Vinland. 
1054± Peru. Manco Capac, founder of the 

state, dies. 
1070t Mex. Huemac Ateopanecatl, last Tol- 

tec king, dies at (.'apultepec. 

CHURCH. 

999 * * Scan. Leif, son of Eric the Bed, 
becomes a convert to Christianity [and 
in the year 1000 takes Roman mission- 
ary priests to Iceland, by whom many 
are converted.] 

1000± * * Peru. MancoCa pac (from 
China?), accompanied by his wife, and 
sister Mama Ocello, appears. 

They announce themselves "children 
of the sun," sent by deity to civilize the 
people by teaching agriculture and the 
arts, publishing laws, and by introdu- 
cing religious rites. {Peruvian Annals.) 

1056 * * Iceland. A bishop's see is 
erected in the east and southwest. 

1106* * Iceland. A bishop's see of 
175 parishes is erected in the north. 

1121* * Eric Gnupsson is appointed 
" bishop of Greenland and Vinland 
in partibus infidelium," by Paschal II. 

DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 

635* * Mex. The Chichimecs leave 
Chicomoztoc in their progress toward 
Mexico. 

648* * Mex. Toltecs invade Mexico. 

8th Century. Greenland is visited by 
Northmen. 

860* * Iceland is discovered: Nad- 
doddr, a Norse pirate, is driven to the 
coast by adverse winds. 

865* * Iceland is visited by Floki, the 
viking. 

876 * * Greenland discovered : Gunn- 
bjorn, a Norwegian, driven by adverse 
winds beyond Iceland, views its coast. 

985-1- * * Greenland. Eric Raude, with 
a number of Icelanders, is said to have 
spent three years in exploring the coun- 
try. (Its name is suggested by its abun- 
dant verdure.) 

986* *Ameriea discovered: Her- 
julfson, a Norse navigator, sailing from 
Iceland, is caught in a storm and driven 
southwestward to the coasts of New- 
foundland and Labrador, but does not 
land. 

1000 * * New England is visited by 
Leif Ericsson with a crew of about 35 



Icelanders. He arrives at Labrador, 
and explores the coast as far as Massa- 
chusetts, where he remains more than a 
year at Vinland. 

1002 * * Me. Thorwald, a brother of 
Leif Ericsson, accompanied by his wife 
and a crew of 30 men, visits Maine and 
Massachusetts. 

1003 Summer. Thorwald extends his 
explorations, to the southward. 

1004 * * Mass. Leif explores the coast 
northward [reaching the present site of 
Boston], where he is slain by the na- 
tives. 

1005 * * New Eng. Thorstien, another 
brother of Leif Ericsson, explores the 
New England coast. 

1006 * * Mass. — Pi. I. Thorflnn Karl- 
sefne, with three ships, containing 1G0 
men, and a number of women and cattle, 
explores the coast of Massachusetts and 
Rhode Island, and possibly sails as far 
south as Virginia, but is driven away by 
the natives. 

1011 * * Mass. Freydis visits Vinland, 
accompanied by 30 men. 

* * Greenland. Helgi and Finnbogi, 
with 35 men, sail from Greenland to 
cut timber in Massachusetts. (?) 

1012 * * Mass. (?) The Northmen, under 
Thorwald, having murdered Helgi and 
Finnbogi, with their followers, sail for 
Greenland. 

11th, 12th Centuries. The Arabs explore 
the Atlantic, seeking to find its limits. 

1116 (P)* * Mex. The Aztecs' migra- 
tion from the north reaches Chico- 
moztoc. 

1120 (?)** Mex. The Chichimecs, a 
half-savage tribe, invade Mexico. 

LETTERS. 

* * * Mexican annals of a remote pe- 
riod are recorded by picture-writing. 
[Their value is uncertain.] 

4th Century e. c. The story of the Island 
of Atlantis is mentioned by Plato. 

SOCIETY. 

686 (?) * * Mex. The Toltecs evince an 
advanced civilization in weaving, 
building, jeweling, and making orna- 
ments of feathers ; among them are as- 
trologers, poets, sorcerers, philosophers, 
and orators. 

1011 Winter. Mass. (?) The North- 
men's games cause dissension. 

Thorwald, the husband of Freydis, 
avenges an insult by the massacre of the 
35 men and five women of a neighboring 
expedition of the brothers Helgi and 
Finnbogi. 

* * Peru. Communism prevails in ag- 
ricultural labor and products. 



* * Mex. and Peru. The masses of the 
people are serfs or slaves. 

* * * Peru. Manco Capac, with his 
■wife, and sister Mama Ocello, arrives 
from China (?), claiming to be sent by 
deity to reclaim the tribes from savage 
life ; civilized society begins. [This 
account is received with some incredu- 
lity by scholars.] 

STATE — SETTLEMENT. 

955 * * b. c. Mexican history begins 
[according to Brasseur de Bourbourg]. 

470 i * *B. c. Peru. The Pirua dynasty 
begins [as some allege]. 

4th to 7th Century A. d. Mex. The 
Wahuas dwell in the Mexican plateau. 

503* * Mex. "With the appearance of the 
Toltecs on the tableland authentic his- 
tory begins [according to Ixtlilxocliitl]. 
(Clavigero, 69G, Vetia, 697.) 

686+ * * Mex. The Toltec empire is 
finally established. The Toltecs are the 
true founders of civilization in this pert 
of North America. 

714 * * Antillia, or the Island of the 
Seven Cities, is settled from Spain. (?) 

830 * * Peru. Fall of the Pirua dy- 
nasty. (?) 

835 * * Greenland is inhabited. (?) 

875 i* * Iceland. The Icelandic com- 
monwealth is founded by Norsemen, 
under Ingolf, the son of Orn. 

9th Century. The Irish visit Iceland. 

895(?)* * Mex. Topiltzin Ceacatl 
Quetzalcoatl, the most famous of the 
Toltec sovereigns, founds a new seat of 
government on the plain of Huitzilapan. 
[La Puebla?] 

930 * * Iceland. First meeting of the 
Althing, a general assembly secured by 
the influence of Ulfljot, a leader among 
the Icelanders. 

983 * * -985 * * Greenland. Eric Raude 
returns, and founds two settlements 
on the west coast. 

* * * Peru. Manco Capac arrives and 
reforms the people. (13th Century, 



Wi 



1007 * * Can, Colonies are planted [in 

Newfoundland and Nova Scotia], which 

are soon abandoned. 
1041 * * -47 (?) * * Mex. Irruption of 

the Chichimecs-Teotenancas into the 

valley of Mexico. 
11th Century. Mex. The fall of the 

Toltec power. 
Tho Toltecs. greatly redn 

bers, leave 

America. 
11th Century. Mex. After the fall of the 

Toltec empire, a great migration cf 

Northern tribes southward begins. [It 

continues for three centuries.] 



"and enter Central 



12 1121-1492, Oct. 12. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

13th Century. Mex. The ferocity of the 

Aztecs causes their neighbors to band 

together against them. Many forays and 

bloody wars follow. 
1415 * * Mex. The Tepanecs invade 

the territory of the Tezcucans and are 

invaded in turn. 
I425± * * Mex. The Tepanecs subdue 

the Tezcucans. 
1433* * Peru. Peruvians invade 

Chile, conquering the southern part. 
1450± * * Mex. Montezuma I. subdues 

the country to the Gulf of Mexico. 

1469 * * Mex. A military expedition 
tinder Axayacatl moves down the Isth- 
nius of Mexico as far as Tehuantepec. 
He ravages the Totonac region, securing 
immense plunder and many captives. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

12th Century. The Catalans and Basques 

use the compass. 
1267 * * Eny. The OpusMajor*by Roger 

Bacon appears, teaching the sphericity 

of the globe. 
1306 * * It. Map of Marino Sanuto, the 

beginning of Atlantic cartography, ap- 
pears. 
1367 * * -73 * * Pizigana's map of the 

Atlantic appears. 
1439 * * Valsequa's chart of the Atlantic 

appears. 
1436 * * Variation of the needle shown 

on maps. 
1446* * Mex. Earthenware pipes used 

for conducting water to the capital from 

Chapultepec. 

1470 * * Nicholas Donis's map appears — 
the earliest engraved map in which 
Greenland is shown. 

1472 * * Mex. Art and culture center 

1484 * * Regimontanus adapts the astro- 
labe for use on the sea. 

1486 * * Sp. The Laon Globe appears. 
[Dated 1493.] 

1486 * * Sp. The project of Colum- 
bus is referred by the king to Ferdinand 
de Talavera, who summons astronomers 
and cosmographers to confer with Co- 
lumbus before a jury of ecclesiastics, 
where his theories are overturned with 
biblical texts and extracts from the great 
divines. 

1491 * * Talavera denounces the pro- 
ject to the king as impracticable. 

1492 * * Somewhere 200 leagues west of 
the Canaries, lay on ancient maps the 
Lost Island of the Seven Cities. 

* * Columbus, after long study and 
much conference with the best authori- 
ties, concludes the globe to be only ten 
or twelve thousand miles in circumfer- 
ence ; he also overestimates the size of 
the Asiatic continent. 

Sept. 13. Columbus is startled to find 
the needle moving westward and no 
longer pointing to the pole. 

Sept. 15. A meteor falls five lengths 
from Columbus's ship. 



* * Cuba. Columbus concludes that fee 

has reached Cipango. Afterward he 
changes his mind, and decides it to be 
the mainland of India. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1357 Mex. Techotl, ruler of the Chichl- 

1435-56 It. Columbus. Christopher, 
born. [1445i Uarri&se: 145G l'ayne.J 

1451 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, Mar. 9. b. 

1466 Mex. .Montezuma II., emperor, b. 

1469 Afex. Montezuma I., emperor of the 
Aztecs, dies. 

1472 Mex. Nezabualroyll, king of Tez- 
cuco, dies. 

1474 Sp. Casas. Eartolome de Las. 
"The Apostle of the Indies," born. 

1481 Mex:. Axayacatl, emperor of the Az- 
tecs, dies. 

1486 (?) Mex. Tizoc, king qf Tezcucans, d. 

CHURCH. 

1121 * * Greenland. Bishop Eric Gnups- 
son goes in search of Vinland. (Massa- 
chusetts and Rhode Island.) 

1124* * Greenland. Bishop Arnold is 
consecrated. 

1325 * * Mex. Mexicans adopt the prac- 
tise of offering human sacrifices in 
worship. 

1450 * * Mex. Mexicans recognize a Su- 
preme Creator, and also worship a 
plurality of deities. 

* * Mex. Fully 5000 priests are at- 
tached to the principal temple of the 
city of Mexico. 

1487 * * Mex. Ahuizotl celebrates the 
dedication of the great temple of Huitz- 
ilopochtli by slaughtering 7'2,344 human 
victims. (Probably an exaggeration.) 

1489 Dec. * Sp. Columbus, learning 
that the Sultan of Egypt has threatened 
to raze the tomb of Christ, makes a vow 
to devote the proceeds of his discovery 
to the defense of the holy sepulcher. 
1492 * * Sp. Juan Perez, prior of the 
monastery of La Rabida, writes a letter 
to Isabella, Queen of Castile, which se- 
cures an interview for Columbus. 

Columbus asks powers which the arch- 
bishop declares " arrogant and presump- 
tuous ; " therefore his mission fails. 
Apr. 17. Through the influence of Perez 
and others, Columbus is recalled to the 
Spanish Court and receives his commis- 
sion. 

Columbus bears a letter to. the grand 
Khan of Cipango, whom he hopes to con- 
vert to Christianity. 

Before sailing, Columbus, with most of 
his officers and crew, confesses to Juan 
Perez, and receives the holy sacrament. 
Oct. 12. W. I. The first procedure by- 
Europeans in the New World is an 
act of devotion to God, while over them 
is unfurled a flag bearing a green cross. 
The natives conclude that the gods have 
come from their celestial abode. 

DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 
1135 Apr. * Greenland visited by- 
Scandinavians, who sail as far north 
as latitude 73°. 



* The Northmen visit an island In 
Baffin's Bay, where they erect a mon- 
ment. [Discovered In 1821] 

1153 * * Cfer. Indians said to have been 
cast upon the German coast. 

1170 * * Welshmen under Madoc dis~ 

12th Century. Guatemala occupied by 
the Quiches and CakcfcL 

Peru supposed to have been visited by 

Kublai Khan. 

1347 * * The coasts of Labrador and New 
England visited by Norwegian sailors, 
who bring the last tidings concerning 
Vinland. 

1393(1394?) July * Greenland visited 
by three ships under Nicolo Zeno, a 
Venetian, who had sailed from the Faroe 
Islands. 

1396± * * Greenland. Antonio, a broth- 
er of Nicolo Zeno, explores the coasts. (?) 

1424* *Antillia first found on the maps. 

1444* * America. Biscayans said to 
have discovered western land. 

1463 * * -64 * * Newfoundland. Cor- 
treal, a Portuguese navigator, said to 
have visited the coast. 

* * * Newfoundland visited by the 
Dutch. (?) 

1470± * * Columbus concludes that 
much of the world is still undiscovered, 
and that Asia may be reached by sail- 
ing westward. 

1470 * * -84 * * Portugal visited by Co- 
lumbus. 

1474 * * Columbus explains his views to 
Paola Toscanelli, a Florentine navi- 
gator, from whom he receives hearty 
encouragement. 

1476 * * Skolno coasts along Labra- 
dor. (?) 

1477 Feb. * Iceland visited by Colum- 
bus. 

15th Century. Greenland ceases to com- 
municate with Europe. 

1480 * * -92 * * Sp. Columbus, impov- 
erished and disheartened by many rejec- 
tions, finds a sympathetic friend in 
Isabella, Queen of Castile. 

14S4 * * Port. Columbus, having vain- 
ly appealed to John H. for three ships 
with provisions for one year, leaves the 
Portuguese service. 

Columbus, having been deceived by 
John II., goes to Spain. 

1485 * * It. Columbus lays his project 
before the Genoese, who reject it. 

± * * It. Columbus appeals to the Ve- 
netians for aid without success. 

* * ± Columbus sends proposals to 
Henry VU. of England, offering to 
sail under the English flag. (14SS?) 

* * Fr. Columbus iu the French pirati- 
cal service. 

± * * Sp. Fernando de Talavera, the 
confessor of Isabella, fearing hetero- 
doxy in the ideas of Columbus, pre- 
vents his access to the king. 

* * * Cardinal Mendoza, "the third 
king of Spain," presents Columbus to 
Ferdinand. (14S5 or 14SG.) 



AMERICA. 



1121-1492, Oct. 12. IS 



I486 * * jfijjjp. Columbus enters the Cas- 
tilian service. 

148S * * -89 * * Cousin visits the South 
American coast. (?) 

1491* * Sp. A clerical committee ap- 
pointed by the King to investigate the 
project of Columbus report adversely. 
"The project in question is vain and 
impossible, and not becoming great 
princes to engage in, on such slender 
grounds as had been adduced ; " a con- 
clusion reached chiefly by controverting 
Scripture texts. 

1492* * Sp. Columbus states his lofty- 
terms, and his proposal is declined by 
the King. 

He demands the office of admiral, with 
the vice-royalty of the lands he may dis- 
cover, and one-tenth of the gains to be 
received from them : the King declines 
the conditions. 

Apr. 17. Sp. Columbus is recalled, 

and articles of agreement are drawn and 
signed at Santa Fe\ 
Aug. 3. Friday. Sp. Columbus sails 
from the port of Palos, with 119 men in 
three ships. (90 men ?) 

The Santa Maria, of 90 feet keel, is 
decked over from stem to stern ; the 
Pinta and Nina are undecked caravels. 
Some of the crew are obtained by offer- 
ing advanced pay and two months' ex- 
emption from arrest after their return, 
while others are sec iired by impressment. 

Aug. 6. The Pinta loses her rudder. 

Aug. 9. Canary Islands. The expedi- 
tion puts in at Teneriff e to refit the Pinta. 

Sept. 6. Columbus resumes his voyage. 

Sept. 16. The expedition enters the 
region of the trade winds. 

" The air was so mild that it only 
wanted the song of the nightingales to 
make it like the" month of April in An- 
dalusia." (Columbus.) 

Sept. * The vessels enter the Sargasso 
Sea ; immense quantities of floating sea- 
weed are observed. 

Sept. 17. Columbus calms his alarmed 
sailors with a fictitious explanation of 
the variation of the compass. 

Sept. 18. Many birds are seen, and they 
awaken expectations of land. 

Sept. 20. Two pelicans appear. 

All are sure of the nearness of land. 
The wind shifts to the southwest, and the 
crews are glad that they will not ever be 
urged forward by an east wind, against 
which it would be impossible to return. 

Sept. 23 . A storm prevails, and the crews 
insist that Providence should be tempted 
no further. 

Sept. 25. Alonzo Pinzo, deceived by a 
cloud, raises the false cry of ' c land ; " 
" Gloria in excelsis " is sung. 

Oct. 1. Columbus predicts his entrance 
into an Asiatic port within forty days. 

Oct. 7. Sailors on the Nina, under the 
illusion of land in view, raise a flag and 
fire a gun. 

Oct. * The crew approach a condition of 
mutiny, and despairingly threaten to 
throw Columbus overboard. 

Oct. 11. The Pinta fishes up a cane, a 
log of wood, and a stick with a piece of 
iron attached. The Nina sights a stake 
covered with dog-roses ; " all of them 
breathed and were glad." 



Oct. 11. At 10 o'clock at night Columbus 
perceives a distant light ; " no one sleeps 
this night." 

Oct. 12. If. I. Land discovered on 
Friday at two o'clock in the morning. 

Rodrigo de Triana, a sailor on board 
the Nina, is the first to see it; all the 
vessels lay to, and the voyage of 36 days 
is ended, (it is Guanahani, or Watling 
Island, one of the Bahamas.) 

LETTERS. 

12th Century. Iceland has an intelligent 
people and nourishes learning by many 
schools, four of which have the character 
of universities. 

1195+ * * Mex. The Aztecs celebrate 
the festival of tying up the * ( bundle of 
years," and begin a new cycle. 

1215+ * * Iceland. The Ileimskringla, 
or Chronicle of Snorro Sturleson, [one 
of the greatest historical books in the 
world,] is written. 

1264* * Iceland has well- developed 
literature, consisting of poems, his- 
tories, and legends. 

14th Century. Mex. The civil year of 
365 days is divided into 18 months of 20 
days, and 5 supplementary days, the 
month into 4 weeks of 5 days each. 

1442 * * Ger. Johann Faust opens the 
first printing place ; the art of print- 
ing facilitates the work of discovery 
and exploration in the New World. 

SOCIETY. 

1241 Sept. 22. Iceland. Snorro Stur- 
leson, " the good," a warrior, states- 
man, and poet, is murdered. 

* * * Iceland. The people are remarkable 
for their moral qualities. 

1469 * * Mex. Axayacatl ascends the 
throne, and follows the usual custom of 
raiding the south country to get thou- 
sands of prisoners whose sacrifice should 
grace his coronation. 

1480+ * * Mex. The King of Tezcucohas 
2,000 concubines in his palace. 

1486 * * Mex. King Tizoe is assassi- 
nated. 

STATE. 

12th Century. (?) Mex. The Aztecs mi- 
grate from place to place. 

1170 (?) * * Mex. The rude Chichimecs 
enter Anahuac (Mexico). 

1177± * * Mex. The Aztecs, or Mexi- 
cans, arrive in Anahuac, leading a mi- 
gratory and precarious life. 

1184 (?)* * or 1186 (P) * * Mex. The 
Aztecs establish themselves at Cha- 
pultepec. 

1240+ * * Peru. Rule of the Incas be- 
gins with Manco Capac. (Or 1021+.) 

1260+ * * Peru. Reign of Sinchi Rocca. 

1262 * * Iceland loses its republican in- 
dependence, and becomes subject to 
Hakon, King of Norway. 

1280+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Lloque 
Yupanqui. 

1300+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Mayta 



1325 * * Mex. The Aztecs, under the- 
reign of Tenuch, found the city of Ten- 
ochtitlan (Mexico), probably at first only 
a cluster of huts, on a low island in a 
great lake. It is the earliest established 
date in Mexican history. 

1340+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Rocca. 

1349 * * Greenland. The Eskimos ap- 
pear. 

1350 * * New Eng. A great plague, 
which depopulates Iceland and Green- 
land, also destroys the Norsemen in Vin- 
land, thus cutting off communication 
with the New World. (?) 

* * Greenland. Hostile Eskimos dis- 
tress the settlers. 

* * * Mex. Toltecs convert the- hunting 
Chichimecs into an agricultural people. 

* * * Peru. The Incas exercise a pater- 
nal authority in government, which is, 
in fact, a despotism. 

These unwarlike kings have domin- 
ion founded on policy, superstition, and 
the arts. 

1357 * * Mex. Techotl, a great Chichi- 
mec ruler, dies and is succeeded by 
Ixtlilxochitl. 

1360+ * * Peru. Reign of the Inca Ta- 
huar-Huaccac. 

1380+ * * The commerce of Iceland 
and Greenland being restricted by Den- 
mark, these islands begin to decline. 

* * Peru. Reign of Inca Uira-Cocha. 
1400+ * * Peru. Reign of Inca Pachaeu- 

tec Yupanqui. 
1415 * * Mex. Invasion of the Tepanecs 

in Tezcuco. 
1418* * Greenland. Settlements of 

Norsemen are destroyed by natives, and 

the foreigners reduced to slavery. 
1430+ * * Mex. The Acolhua, Aztec, and 

Tepanec Kings form a triple alliance. 

(The Aztecs soon become predominant.) 
1440* *-69* * Mex. Montezuma I.,. 

the soldier king, reigns. 

* * Peru. Reign of Inca Tupac Capac. 
1450 (?) * * Mex. The government be- 
comes an elective monarchy. 

1464 (?) * * Mex. Overthrow of the 
empire of the Tutul-Xius. [The new 
empire continues till the arrival of the- 
Spaniards.] 

1469 * * Mex. Axayacatl succeeds Mon- 
tezuma I. 

1472 (?) * * Mex. Nezahualcoyotl, 
King of Tezcuco, dies, and is succeeded 
by his son Nezahuapilli. 

1481 * * Mex. A-xayacatl dies, and is- 
succeeded by his brother Tizoc. 

1492 Oct. 12. W.I. Columbus, vice- 
roy of the New World, assumes authority 
as its first European ruler. 
A part of the expedition lands at sun- 
Columbus, richly clad in official dress, 
leads, and all, kneeling down, kiss the 
ground and give thanks to God with tears- 
of joy. Columbus rises, draws his sword, 
shakes out the royal banner, and takes 
possession of the land for his sovereigns,, 
and names it San Salvador. 



1492± * * Peru. Huayna Capac begins 
his reign. (Or 1483.) 



14 1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. * 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1494 * * Mex, Military force is first 
used in the New World to subdue the 
outraged natives to the rule of Spain. 

By a brilliant coup de main the cacique 
Caonabo is captured and his people sub- 
mit to the Spaniards ; not one of the 3IX) 
soldiers is lost. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

* * * Peru. Many of the useful arts, 
as agriculture, architecture, pottery, 
spinning, and navigation, are developed. 
Peruvians know how to give hardness to 
copper, for making edge tools, by melt- 
ing it with tin. 

* * * Central America. The Spaniards 
find semi-civilized nations, wearing 
woven clothes, and constructing works 
of art, as temples, grottoes, and fortifi- 
cations. 

* * * Chileans practise weaving and 
agriculture. 

1493 Jan.* Haiti. Columbus completes 
the first European structure in the 
New "World at San Domingo. It is a fort 
made out of the timbers of the Santa 
Maria, which has been wrecked by had 
steering. 

* * * Peruvians far surpass the Mexi- 
cans in both the practical and elegant 
arts of life. They excel in masonry, 
using hard chisels, and they ornament 
their work with carvings, 

1496 * * Haiti. Columbus discovers 
gold mines, and concludes he is in the 
Land of Ophir. 

1497 * * Sebastian Cabot sails within 
twenty degrees of the North Pole, while 
seeking a northwest passage to the 
Pacific. 

CHURCH. 
1493 Feb. * Terrified by a storm the 

sailors, and probably Columbus also, 

vow to attend mass in their shirts at 

their first opportunity. 
Feb. 1S±. Azores. The sailors keep 

the vow made in their distress, by going 

to the church at Santa Maria. 

* * Sp. Columbus presents nine Ameri- 
can Indians for baptism. 

May 3, 4. It. Pope Alexander VI. (a 
Spaniard) issues bulls "out of our pure 
liberality, certain knowledge, and pleni- 
tude of Apostolic power," " and by vir- 
tue of the authority of omnipotent God," 
granting to Spain all newly acquired 
lands west of an imaginary line running 
north and south 300 miles west of the 
Azores ; Portugal receives dominion 
east of this line. He divides the 
world between two men. 

Sept. * Sp. Columbus renews his vow to 
rescue the Holy Sepulcher, and prom- 
ises within the next seven years to equip 
at his own expense a crusading army of 
50,000 foot and 4,000 horse, and in five 
years thereafter to follow this with a 
second army of like dimensions. 

Sept. 25. Sp. Christianity is formally 
introduced. Twelve missionaries 
sail for the New World. 



* * Haiti. Religion consists of simple 
fetishism and ancestor worship. 

* * W. I. Bernardo Boyle is appointed 

by the Pope to the office of Apostolic 
Vicar for the Indies, probably the first 
clergyman sent to America. 

1498* * Eitfj. Henry "VTI., being a good 
Catholic, is deterred from claiming the 
benefits of Cabot's discoveries, because 
of the Pope's inconsiderate grant to the 
crowns of Castile and Leon in 1493. 

1500 Apr. 26. Easter. Brazil. Cabral 
takes possession for Portugal, and erects 
an altar and plants a stone cross, and 
calls the country the Iiand of the Holy 
Cross. 

DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 

1492 Oct. 14. Watting Island. Colum- 
bus coasts along the shore northward. 

Oct. 19. The Island Isabella is discov- 
ered. 

Oct. 28. Cuba is visited. 

Oct. * — Jan. * Columbus discovers Ex- 
uma, Bahia, and Santa Catalina. 

Dec. 6. Haiti. He discovers Hispan- 
iola [later called San Domingo and 
Haiti]. 

Dec. 25. Haiti. "Wreck of the Santa. 
Maria. 

1493 Jan. * Haiti. Columbus erects a 
fort from the wreckage of the vessel, and 
calls it La Navidad. 

Jan. 4. Columbus sails for Spain in 
the Nina. 

Feb. 12. In a terrifying storm Columbus 
places a record of the voyage in a cask, 
and commits it to the deep. 

Feb. 18. Azores. Columbus arrives at 
Santa Maria. 

The Portuguese governor disallows his 
commission, and threatens to seize him. 

Feb. 24. Azores. Columbus renews his 
voyage. 

Mar. 4. Port. The Nina, under stress of 
weather, drops anchor near Lisbon. Ad- 
miral Columbus is received with highest 
honors by the King. 

Mar. 15. Friday. Sp. Columbus com- 
pletes his voyage amid great rejoi- 
cings. 

The gold, cotton, parrots, curious arms, 
mysterious plants, strange birds and 
beasts, and, above all, nine captured In- 
dians, greatly interest the Court and the 
people. 

Sept. 25. Sp. Columbus's second voy- 
age. 

He sails from Cadiz with a fleet of sev- 
enteen ships, carrying 1,500 people, with 
animals and implements for starting a 
colony. Many of his company are worth- 
less adventurers. 

Nov. 3+. Carihbee Inlands. Discovery of 
Dominica and several others of the 
"Windward Group : also Porto Rico. 

Nov. 4. jr. /. Guadaloupe is discov- 
ered. 

Nov. 10. W. /. Antigua is discovered. 

Nov. 22. Haiti. Columbus arrives at 
La Navidad, finds the fort burned, and 
learns that the colony has perished. 



Dec. * Haiti. The eltj -.i Isabella, the 
first settlement by Europeans in the 
New World, is founded. 

The fortone-eeeken are disappointed 
and censure Columbus; they are Igno- 
rant, proud, contentious, and" insubordi- 
nate. 

1494 May 3. if. I. Jamaica is dis- 
covered. 

June 12. Cuba. Columbus signs a doc- 
ument, drawn by a notary, attesting the 
discovery of continuous land — the coast 
of Cuba. 

June 13. W. I. Evangelista Island (Isle 
of Pines) is discovered. 

Sept. 29. Haiti. Columbus returns from 
his voyage of discovery to Isabella, and 
lies sick for five months. 

* * -1507 * * Alleged improbable voyage 
of Behaim to the South American coast. 

1496 Mar. 5. Eng. Henry VTL signs 
the commission of John Cabot, a Ve- 
netian, to make discoveries and take 
possession of lands for the English flag. 
"No day in the history of the New World 
was more important." (Ridpath.) 

Mar. 10. Haiti. Columbus leaves in the 

Nina for Spain to meet the malicious 

charges of his enemies. 
June 11. Sp. Columbus returns to 

Cadiz, lands in great dejection, wearing 

the costume of a Franciscan. 

1497 May* Eng. John Cabot sails 
from Bristol, on a voyage of discovery, 
accompanied by his son Sebastian. 

May 10. Sp. Amerigo Vespucci, an 
educated Italian, sails on bis first voy- 
age, with Tanez Pinzon and Juan Diaz 
de Solis, who visit the north coast of 
Honduras, Gulf of Mexico, Florida, and 
the Bermudas. [Disputed.] 

June 24. Can . First discovery of the 
American continent, at Cape Breton 
(or Labrador), by John Cabot; he calls 
it Prima Vista. 

He raises two banners, one the flag 
of the Kingdom of Great Britain, and 
the other the flag of the Republic of 
Venice. The private enterprise of John 
Cabot and Sebastian, his son, leads to the 
discovery of the American continent, and 
its annexation to the British realm, the 
prudent King not sharing the risk of the 
voyage. 

1498 Apr. * Sebastian Cabot sails on 
his second voyage to the Atlantic coast 
of North America. 

He has five or_ six ships. 300 men, and 
explores the coast line from the Gulf of 
St. Lawrence to the Chesapeake Bay, 
and probably as far as Cape Hatteras, 
claiming all* the territory for England. 
(Ridpath.) 

May 30. Sp. Columbus sails on his 
third voyage, from St. Lucar. 

He has a fleet of six ships : three bound 
for San Domingo, and three others to 
continue his discoveries. 

July 31. JT. I. Trinidad Islam! is dis- 
covered by Columbus. 

Aug. 1. T'enez. Columbus beholds the 
continent for the first time, and mis- 
takes it for an insignificant island ; he 
enters the mouth of the Orinoco River. 

Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus returns to 
Isabella. 



AMERICA. 



1492, Oct. 14-1500, Dec. * 15 



* * Eng. Thomas Bradley and Lance- 
lot Tbirkill sail for discoveries iii the 
" New Isle." 

1 499 * * Brazil is discovered by Vincent 
Pinzon, a Spanish navigator, who fol- 
lows the coast from 30° northwestward. 

May 16. Sp. Vespucci sails on an 
important voyage in the expedition of 
Alonzo de Ojeda and Juan de La Cosa. 

They coast from some point in North- 
ern Brazil to Paria, and westward to 
Maricabo and to Cape de La Vela. On 
his return be gives an exciting report. 

June * Guiana —Colombia. Ojeda discov- 
ers Surinam, the Gulf of Venezuela, and 
New Granada. 

1500 Jan. * Brazil. Diego de Lepe ex- 
plores the coast to about 10° south. 

Feb. 28. Brazil. Discovery of the 
Amazon River by Pinzon. 

Apr. 24. Brazil. Pedro Alvarez Cabral, 
a Portuguese, bound for India, is driven 
by adverse winds from his track, and 
anchors in Port Seguro. [He follows the 
coast from about 12° to 16° 30' south.] 

May 3. Brazil. Cabral discovers the 
mouth of the Amazon, and names the 
country Terra Sanctse Crucis. 

* * Can. Labrador is visited by Gas- 
paro Cortereal, a Portuguese, who also 
explores the shores of Canada for 600 
or 700 miles, and discovers and names 
Conception Bay. 

Oct. * -02 Sept. * Veiiez. Voyage of Rod- 
rigo Bastidas and La Cosa, who trace the 
Pearl Coast westward to Point Manza- 
nilla. 

Nov. 25. Sp. Columbus returns from 
his third voyage. 

LETTERS. 
1493 Feb. * -Mar. * Columbus writes 
the narrative of his discoveries. 

* * * Mex. Books are made of long strips 
or webs of cotton cloth, leaves of aloe 
after preparation, and skins of animals ; 
they are neatly joined, with pages folded 
in a zigzag manner, and they are pro- 
tected by covers of wood. 

* * * The Aztec language is copious and 
polished ; some of its words have twelve 
or fifteen syllables. 

The written language is essentially 
picture-writing, with few symbols or 
real hieroglyphs. 

SOCIETY. 

1492 Oct. * Cuba. Columbus finds the 
natives enjoy the smoking of tobacco. 

±* * The aborigines of America differ. 
They speak from 400 to 500 different 
languages, vary in size from the semi- 
dwarf of the Arctic regions to the Pata- 
gonian giants of the South, and embrace 
a. variety of shades of brown in their 
color ; they cultivate the soil and pro- 
duce maize, beans, pumpkins, and to- 
bacco. The universal vice is indolence. 

1493 Mar. * Sp. Columbus is made a 
grandee. 

May 4. Sp. Columbus receives a mag- 
nificent scutcheon, having the royal 
castle and lion of Castile and Leon 
blazoned in combination with the four 
anchors of his old coat of arms. 



* * W. I. Discords and mutinies pre- 
vail among the fortune-seekers who 
come to the New World. 

1494* * W. I. Columbus enslaves 500 
Indians, and sends them to Spain to be 
publicly sold. 

1495 June 24. W.I. Five ship-loads 
of Indians are embarked for Seville by 
Columbus, to be sold as slaves. 

1496 * * W. I. Bartholomew Columbus 
ships 300 natives to Spain to be sold as 
slaves. 

[A third of the gentle Indians are said 
to have perished within two or three 
years after the arrival of the Spaniards.] 

1499 June 20. Sp. Isabella, moved 
with indignation at the enslavement of 
Indians, procures the instant libera- 
tion and speedy return of the last gang 
brought into Spain. 

* * Haiti. Indians are assigned to labor, 
in support of certain Spaniards, by a 
kind of villenage. 

* * * North America. The Indians prac- 
tise polygamy, treat their wives with 
cruelty and their children with indiffer- 
ence. The women raise maize, beans, 
and pumpkins for the support of their 
families. 

* * * Chile. Chileans make a fermented 
drink of maize, and drunkenness is a 
common vice. 

* * * Civilized nations of the Toltecan 
family occupy Mexico, Peru, and Bogota. 

* * * Civilization is found to follow 
closely the chain of the Andes, and is 
specially developed in Mexico and Peru, 
the latter being the most highly civi- 
lized empire in America. 

* * * Mex. Beggars abound, and are 
decimated by frequent famines. 

Immutable custom regulates society, 
and chains the wheels of progress. 

Chicha, a fermented infusion of maize, 
and pulque, made from the sap of the 
great aloe plant, are intoxicants drunk 
by the people ; public festivals are pro- 
longed drinking bouts. To maintain the 
occupations, one part of the population 
abstains while the other part indulges. 

The masses are attached to the soil, 
allotments of which are cultivated in 
common by the slaves of nobles for their 
own subsistence. 

" The excessive use of pulque appears 
to have occasioned the decay of the Tol- 
tecs." (Payne.) 

* * * Pent. An intoxicating beverage 
is made from the quinoa bean. 

The mass of the people are in a state of 
mild servitude, under a kind of nobil- 
ity, who are ruled by Incas. 

Harems are maintained by the Incas. 

" The excessive use of chicha appears 
to have been nearly connected with the 
ruin of the Peruvians." (Payne.) 

1500 May* Haiti. Columbus is im- 
prisoned and put in chains by Bobadilla, 
who has been sent out to investigate his 
conduct. 

* * While returning to Spain, Villejo, cap- 
tain of the caravel, proposes to remove 
the chains. Columbus replies, " I will 



wear them as a memento of the grati- 
tude of princes." 

STATE. 

1493 Jan. 16. Haiti. Columbus leaves 
43 men at the fort called Navidad (Isa- 
bella), and sails for Spain. 

May 3, 4. //. Bull of demarcation. 
Pope Alexander VI. draws a line from 
the North to the South Pole, 100 leagues 
west of the Azores, and gives to Spain 
the dominion of the hinds westward, and 
to Portugal those lying eastward, includ- 
ing Western Africa. 

* * -1527 * * Sp. Bishop Fonseca is 
all-powerful in Indian affairs at the 
Spanish court. 

1494 Apr. 24. Haiti. Columbus leaves 
his colony in the care of a council of 
regency, under his brother Diego, with 
Pedro de Margarite for captain-general, 
while he pursues a voyage of discovery. 

June 4-7. Sp. Convention at Torde- 
sillas, which moves the meridian line, 
dividing Spanish from Portuguese pos- 
sessions, 370 leagues west of the Cape 
Verde Islands. 

1495 Oct. * W. I. Juan Aguado ar- 
rives at Isabella, commissioned to 
investigate the complaints against 
Columbus' rule. 

1496* * Haiti. Columbus founds the 

city of San Domingo. 
May* Columbus again leaves Diego in 

charge of the colony, and sails for Spain. 

He fails as a planter of colonies and as a 

ruler of men. 

1497 June 24+. The discoveries of 
John Cabot along the Atlantic coast 
form the basis of English claims to the 
territory of North America. 

1498 Aug. 30. Haiti. Columbus is 
compelled to compromise with Roldan, 
who leads a revolt. 

* * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned. 

1499 May 21. Haiti. Bobadilla, the 
enemy of Columbus, is made governor 
of the Spanish colony, and given charge 
of all fortresses and arms. 

1500 Aug. 23. Haiti. Bobadilla ar- 
rives, and confusion and disaster follow. 

[He entertains accusations agains Co- 
lumbus of injustice, severity, and venal- 
ity, and sends him and his two brothers 
to Spain, wearing chains.] 
Oct. * Haiti. Prosperity begins to favor 
the colonists in the opening of success- 
ful gold mines. 

Indians are settled in villages and 
Christianized ; Columbus estimates the 
royal revenues may average (Ml ,000.000 
reals ($7,500,000) in three years. [The 
new governor reverses the prosperity.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1492 Oct. * -Dec. * Haiti. Columbus 
concludes that San Salvador is the Land 
of Ophir, from whence Solomon ob- 
tained his gold. 

1495 * * W. I. Columbus still believes 
that he has discovered the Indies ; hence 
the islands are called the "West Indies. 

1498 Aug. * Venez. Columbus enters 
the mouth of the Orinoco, and he ima- 
gines it to be the great river Gihon, 
having its rise in the Garden of Eden. 



16 1500, Dec. 17-1518. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY - NAVY. 
1503 * * Mex. Montezuma's expedi- 
tion against the Tlascalans, to get vic- 
tims for sacrifices, is disastrously de- 
feated. 

1509 * * Porto Rico is subjugated by 
Ponce de Leon. 

1511 * * Cuba is conquered by Diego 
Velasquez. 

CONQUEST OF MEXICO. 
1519 Feb. 10. Cuba. Hernando Cor- 
tez sails for the invasion of Mexico. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1508* *-12 * * Sp. Amerigo Ves- 
pucci renders important service to sci- 
ence, in his position of royal pilot. 

* * * Mex. The Spaniards find the na- 
tives skilled in the arts. 

Pyramids, temples, grottoes, bas-re- 
liefs, and arabesques slunv their skill in 
the fine arts ; roads, aqueducts, fortifi- 
cations, and mining operations exhibit 
their practical arts. Buildings with 
vaulted roofs, obelisks covered with 
mythical figures, pictorial and hiero- 
graphical inscriptions, evince their intel- 
ligence and skill. 

* * * Mex. The calendar of the civil 
year is composed of 365 days divided into 
18 months of 20 days, and having five 
supplementary days. 

The Mexicans spin thread, weave 
cloth, build stone houses, cultivate 
maize, potatoes, plantains, and raise 
cotton. 

* * * Peruvians have admirable pub- 
lic roads, one extending 1,500 miles; 
rivers are crossed by suspension bridges. 

They excel other nations in navigation, 
using sails on rafts, which they tack and 
veer ; other races having only the canoe 
and paddle. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1503 Mex. Ahuitzotl, Aztec king, dies. 

1504 Sp. Isabella of Castile, patron of 
Columbus, Nov. 12 dies. 

1506 -Sp. Columbus. Christopher. May 
20, A61±. 

1512 It. Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, d. 

1515 Mex. Nezahualpilli, Aztec king, dies. 

1516 Sp. Ferdinand V., king, dies. 

Arg. Rep. Sobs, Juan Diaz de, navigator, 

1516 Peru. Manco Capac [2d], inca, born. 

CHURCH. 

1502 * * Sp. Bartolome' de Las Casas 
sails with Columbus. 

* * Haiti. Franciscans enter Hispan- 
iola. 

1503 * * It. Pius III., later Julius II., 
is elected pope. 

1508 * * Fr. North American Indians 
are baptized in France. 

1510 * * Haiti. Las Casas is ordained a 
priest, probably the first ordination in 
the New "World. 

* * Haiti. Dominican monks arrive, 
and rebuke the avarice and cruelty of 
the Spaniards. 

1513 * * It. Leo X. is elected pope. 
1514* * Haiti. Las Casas, "the pro- 
tector of the Indians." is converted to 



anti-slavery work by a Bible text. He 
arrays the authority of the church 
against oppression, after first freeing 
his own slaves. 
1517* * Ger. The Reformation under 
Luther begins. [It ultimately affects 
the religious development of North Am- 

1518* * Mex. Numerous prisoners are 
immolated in honor of the dedication of 
the temple of Coatlan, the last slaughter 
of this kind in Mexico. 

DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 

1501 Mar. 19. Eng. Henry VII. grants 
a patent to a company of discoverers. 
[They probably reach America.] 

May 14. Port. Vespucci sails on his 
third voyage with Nuno Manuel (?) 
along the coast of Brazil. 

He recognizes the discoveries in the 
New World as no part of India. [He 
afterward publishes a narrative which 
omits all reference to Columbus, and so 
gives his name to the continent.] 

* * Cortereal sails again, seeking a passage 
to the East Indies, and is lost on the voy- 
age. 

* * Colombia. Bastidas visits the coasts 
of New Granada. 

1502 Jan. 1. Brazil. Vespucci dis- 
covers the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. 

May 9. Sp. Columbus, 57 years (?) 
old, sails on his fourth voyage, with 
four caravels and 150 men, seeking for a 
western passage to Asia. [He coasts 
fromCape Honduras eastward andsouth- 
ward to the Gulf of Darien.] 

May 10. Port. Gasparo Cortereal being 
lost, his brother Miguel sails in search 
of him [and never returns]. 

* * Haiti. Columbus is refused permis- 
sion to refit his largest ship in his own 
colony. 

June 13. Columbus discovers Marti- 
nique. 

July * + Darien — Mex. Columbus dis- 
covers various islands along the coast 
of Honduras, and explores the coast of 
Darien. 

Aug. 14. Honduras. Columbus first 
lands on the American Continent at 
Punta de Cassinas [Cabo de Honduras] ; 
he claims the country for Spain. 

Oct. 5 + . JT. /. Columbus discovers Costa 
Rica and later Nicaragua; he also visits 
the coast of New Granada [Colombia]. 

Nov. 2. Panama. Columbus discovers 
and names Porto Bello. 

* * Sp. Ojeda's second voyage to Terra 
Firraa (Brazil). 

1503 May 10. W. I. Columbus discov- 
ers the Tortugas Islands. 

May * Port. Vespucci sails with Gon- 
calo Coelho from Lisbon, with six ships, 
for the Brazilian coast, and meets with 
disasters. 

June 23. Jamaica. Columbus's vessel 
runs aground in Santa Gloria (St. Ann's 
Bay), [and waits more than a year for 
relief.] 



* * Brazil. Christovao Jaques coasts 
southward to about 52* south on the 
coast of Patagonia. 

* * Colombia. Coluinbusdhjcovers Darien. 
1504 Sept. 12. Haiti. Columbus takes 

final leave of the New World, and sails 
for Spain. 
Nov. 7. Sp. Columbus returns from 
his last voyage. 

* * Guiana. VasCO NuiiLV.de Balboa lands 
on the coast of Guiana. 

* * Newfoundland visited by Breton 
fishermen. 

* * Sp. Juan de la Cosa sails on his 
third voyage for South America in a 
[successful] search for gold. [1.007 and 
1500. He sails again.] 

1506* * Can. The Gulf of St. Law- 
rence is examined and sketched by 
Jean Denys of Honfieur and Cauiart 
of Rouen. 

* * Mex. Yucatan is discovered by Juan 
Diaz Solis and Vincent Yanez Pinzon, 
of Portugal. 

1507 * * -08 * * Panama. Las Casas and 
Vespucci explore the Gulf of Darien. 

1508 June 29. Brazil. Pinzon and 
Solis sail from Portugal, and follow the 
coast of South America to about 50* 
south. 

* * Pinzon said to have discovered the Rio 
de la Plata. 

* * Can. Thomas Aubert touches at 
Newfoundland, and thence carries the 
French flag up the St. Lawrence 
River. He takes Indians with him on 
his return to France. 

* * Cuba circumnavigated by Ocampo, 
and foxmd to be an island. 

* * Newfoundland is visited by the 
Normans. 

* * Sp. Sebastian Cabot enters the ser- 
vice of Spain. [1516. He prepares to 
sail to seek a northwest passage, but is 
prevented by the king's death.] 

1513 Mar. 3. Panama. Juan Pence 
de Leon sails from Porto Rico for the 
fabled Fountain of Perpetual Youth. 

Mar. 27. Fla. De Leon rediscovers 
Florida, the land of flowers, and claims 
it for Spain. 

Apr. 8. Fla. De Leon lands [a few 
miles north of St. Augustine]. 

Sept. 25. Panama. Vasco Nunez de 
Balboa, having led an expedition of 290 
men across the isthmus, discovers the 
Pacific Ocean. 

Sept. 29. Panama. Balboa wades into 
the ocean, draws his sword, and takes 
possession in the name of the King of 
Spain. 

1514 ** -16 ** Panama. BartolomS 
Hurtado, Espinoza, and Herman Ponce 
are sent to explore the Pacific coast; 
they prepare the way for settlements in 
Costa Rica. ' 

1515* * Uruguay. Solis again arrives. 
1516 Jan.* Solis enters the La Plata 

River, searching for a strait leading 

westward. 



AMERICA. 



1500. Dee. 17-1518. 17 



* * -17 * * Can. Alleged voyage of Cabot 
to New France. 

* * Fla. Voyage of Diego Miruelo from 
Spain to Florida. 

1517 * * Yucatan rediscovered by Fer- 
nando de Cordova, and tbe gulf coast 
explored as far as Florida. 

* * Panama. Balboa is beheaded for 
treason, when about to lead an expedi- 
tion to Peru. 

1518 May* -June* Mex. The im- 
portant expedition of Juan de Gri- 
jalva discovers the east coast of Mexico 
and visits Florida. 

With 240 Spaniards he enters Mexico ; 
the Aztees first behold the white man, 
and give him tidings of the great empire 
of the Montezumas. Yucatan is visited 
and named New Spain. He explores 
the Gulf of Mexico, and returns with 
masses of gold. 

* * Can. Baron de Leri attempts to 
plant a colony on Sable Island, but 
only succeeds in introducing cattle. 

LETTERS. 

1500 * * Sp. Juan de la Cosca, a Bis- 
cayan pilot, makes his remarkable map. 

1504 * * Sp. Vespucci publishes an ac- 
count of his voyage. 

1507 * * Fr. Martin Waltzemuller from 
Freiburg in Breisgau, professor at St. 
Die in Lorraine, originates the name 
America. 

In his Introduction to Geography, 
published at the college press, he says : 
*' And the fourth part of the world hav- 
ing been discovered by Amerigo, or 
Americus, we may call it America." 

1509 * * Eng. Sebastian Brant's Ship 
of Fools is the first English publication 
to mention America. 

1510 * * Sp. The learning and intelli- 
gence of Spain admit there is a Fountain 
of Perpetual Youth somewhere in the 
Bahamas ; Ponce de Leon seeks for it. 

16th Century. Mex. Dated records of 
Mexican events are preserved, and by 
many scholars received as the begin- 
ning of accepted history. 

SOCIETY. 

1500 Dec. 17. Sp. Columbus ar- 
rives as a prisoner in Spain. 

Dec. * Columbus, richly dressed, is re- 
ceived by their majesties ; the Queen is 
moved to tears by bis recital of suffer- 
ings and wrongs. Great indignation 
at his dishonorable treatment is aroused 
throughout Spain. 

* * Sp. Queen Isabella commands the 
liberation of the enslaved Indians in 
her European possessions. 

1501 * * Haiti. A few negroes are im- 
ported as slaves. 

* * Can. Cortereal captures 57 Indians 
and takes them to Portugal to be sold as 
slaves. 

1502 * * Can. Cortereal sails again for a 
cargo of slaves. [Not returning tbe fol- 
lowing year, his brother sails to find him ; 
what became of the two slave-ships is an 
unsolved mystery.] 

1503 * * Haiti. There are so many Af- 
rican slaves on the island that the gov- 



ernor entreats for the restraint of the 
traffic. 
1504 * * Haiti. Hernando Cortez ar- 
rives in San Domingo, 19 years of age, 
and seeking adventures. 

1506 May 20. Sp. Columbus dies in 
neglect at Valladolid. 

* * W. I. The more important islands 
are colonized, and the natives murdered 
or reduced to slavery. 

1507 * * Mex. To mark the beginning of 
a new cycle of years, fire is kindled for 

, the last time on a human breast by 
Mexicans. 

* * * Nicaragua suffers under five Span- 
ish rulers. 

"The first had been a murderer, the 
second a murderer and a rebel, the 
third murdered the second, the fourth 
was a forger, and the fifth a murderer." 
(Boyle.) 

1508 * * Haiti. The native Indians be- 
ing too weak to labor in the Spanish gold 
mines, negroes are imported from 
Africa. 

Thus was " laid the foundation of a 
traffic which continued to disgrace the 
civilization of Europe for three centu- 
ries." (Ency. Brit.) 

1510 * * Haiti. The Spaniards revolt 
against the Dominicans for calling 
them no better than Mohammedans, be- 
cause of their cruelty to the natives. 

1511* * Haiti. A royal ordinance en- 
joins the direct transportation of slaves 
from Guinea, as one negro can do tbe 
work of four Indians. 

1517 * * Cuba. The Spaniards fit up an 
expedition of three ships for catching 
slaves ; Cordova is in command. 

STATE. 

1500 Dec. * Sp. Great indignation 
throughout Spain because of the treat- 
ment given Columbus ; the Crown disap- 
proves of the proceedings against him. 

± * * Mex. The Aztecs spread by force 
of arms from the Pacific to the Gulf 
of Mexico. 

1502 Feb. 18. W. I. Nicolas de Ovan- 
do succeeds to the governorship of the 
colonies, and sails with a fleet of thirty 
ships and 2,500 people from San 
Lucar, Spain. 

* * Mex. Ahuitzotl, the Aztec emperor, 
dies, and Montezuma II. is elected. 

* * W. I. Columbus ceases to be 
viceroy. 

± * * Costa Rica. Spanish adventurers ar- 
rive. 

1503 Mar. * Bethlehem is abandoned. 
Columbus resolves to leave SO men at 

the colony of Bethlehem, where gold was 
found, arid return to Spain for supplies ; 
but needless quarrels with the natives 
break up the settlement before he sails. 

1504 June * Jamaica. After being re- 
fused assistance from shipwreck, and 
waiting one year, Columbus is at last 
rescued by Ovando. 

* * Brazil. The Portuguese, led by Amer- 
igo Vespucci, establish a small colony 
at All Saints. The name Brazil is fre- 
quently given to South America. 



* * W. I. Hernando Cortez comes to 
the New World. 

1509 * * Colombia. Alonzo de Ojeda at- 
tempts to colonize New Andalusia and 
conquer the natives ; he calls his colony 
San Sebastian ; it is soon abandoned. 

* * Haiti. Arrival of Diego Columbus as 
governor of the Indies. 

* * Eng. Henry VIE. is enthroned. 

* * Panama. Arrival of Francisco Pi- 
zarro. 

* * W. I. Ponce de Leon is appointed 
governor of Porto Rico. 

1510 * * Brazil. Diego Alvarez at Bahia. 

* * Darien. The colony of Santa Ma- 
ria del Darien is planted by Enciso ; it 
is the first permanent settlement on 
the continent of America. 

* * Panama. Nombre de Dios is founded, 
by Nicuessa. 

1511* * Cuba. Diego Velasquez and Cor- 
tez, with 300 Europeans, settle at Ba- 
racoa. Velasquez subdues the Cubans. 

* * Brazil. The Portuguese appear in Rio 
de Janeiro Bay. 

* * _17 * * Darien. The Spaniards hear 
reports of the wealth of the Incas. 

1512 Apr. 2. Sp, Ponce de Leon is 
empowered to settle Bimeni, the great 
unknown land to the north, which is re- 
puted to have a fountain of youth. 

* * Sp. Ferdinand V. is enthroned. 

1513 * * Fla. Spain claims Florida by 
the right of discovery made by Ponce de 
Leon ; England lays a claim to the 
whole continent by the original discovery 
of Cabot. 

1514* * W.I. Santiago becomes tbe 

capital of Cuba. 
Trinidad is settled. 

1515 * * Brazil is colonized by the Portu- 
guese ; it is the first agricultural col- 
ony. 

* * Cuba. San Cristoval de la Havana, 
on the south coast, is settled. 

* * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned. 

* * Mex. King Nezahualpilli dies. 

1516 * * Sp. Charles I. is enthroned. 
Las Casas is made " Universal Pro- 
tector of the Indians." 

1517* * Panama. Nata is founded by 
Spaniards. 

Unfortunate Balboa is beheaded as 
a traitor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1500 * * Sp. Columbus preserves his 
fetters in his cabinet, and desires that 
they may be buried with him. 

1501 * * -02 * * Newfoundland. Portu- 
guese fisheries are established. 

1504 * * Can. Cape Breton fisheries are 
visited by Bretons, Normans, and Basque 
sailors. 

1509 June * Domestic animals, in- 
cluding fowls, are first sent to America. 

1513 Mar 3. W. I. Ponce de Leon 
sails with three ships from Porto Rico 
for the Bahamas, to find the Fountain 
of Youth. 



18 



1519-1529. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1519 Mar. 4. Mex. Cortez, with 11 
ships and 550 men, lands at Tabasco, 
and begins the conquest of Mexico. 

Apr. * Mex. Cortez negotiates with 
Montezuma, who orders the invaders 
to depart. 

* * * Mex. Cortez is elected general 
by the troops. 

Cortez scuttles his vessels to cut off 
retreat. 

Aug. * Cortez leaves Vera Cruz, and 
marches for the city of Mexico with 
450 men, beside his Tlascalan allies. 

Sept. 18. Mex. Cortez enters the con- 
quered city of Tlascala. 

Nov. 8. Mex. Cortez arrives at the 
city of Mexico, and is received with 
great distinction. 

Dec. * Mex. Cortez seizes Montezuma 
in his own house for a hostage. 

He compels the king to acknowledge 
himself a vassal of the King of Spain, 
and to agree to pay an annual tribute, 
besides an immediate payment of a sum 
amounting to $6,300,000. 

1520 * * Mex. Velasquez, the jealous 
Governor of Cuba, sends Pamfilo de 
Narvaez with a military force to chas- 
tise Cortez. 

May 26. Mex. Cortez, with about 225 
men, surprises and captures Warvaez, 
his rival, near Vera Cruz. He gains 10 
or 12 cannon, 80 horses, and about 900 
soldiers. 

June 24. Mex. Cortez returns to tbe 
capital, and enters the city without mo- 
lestation. 

June 30. Mex. The Mexicans revolt 
and kill Montezuma, in indignation at 
his capitulation. 

July 1. Mex. The retreating Spaniards 
are furiously attacked on one of the 
causeways, while leaving the city, and 
suffer terrible loss. 

July 7. Mex. On the Plain of Otumba 
Cortez decides the fate of Mexico by de- 
feating the great army which had driven 
his forces out of the city, after a gallant 
defense of 75 days. 

Dec. * Cortez, reenforced and re-sup- 
plied, assumes the aggressive, and 
marches again into the interior. 

Dec. 31. Mex. Cortez occupies Tescuco. 

1521 * * Mex. Conquest of Iztapala- 
pan. 

Apr. 28. Mex. Cortez begins the siege 
of Mexico. 

May* -Aug. 13. Mex. Cortez, having 
built and transported a fleet, launches 
it en the Lake of Mexico [and takes 
the city after a long siege]. 

Aug. * Mex. The empire of the Mon- 
tezumas is overthrown, and its cap- 
tured king, Guatemozin, executed, after 
suffering torture. 

Mexico submits to Cortez, who governs 
it with unlimited power, as a province 
of Spain. 

* * Fla. The Caribbee Indians drive 
Ponce de Leon and his men back to 
their ships. 



1523 * * Guatemala invaded by Pedro 
de Alvarado, under orders of Cortez. 

1524 * * Honduras. Cortez sends Chris- 
toval de Olid, one of his captains, from 
Mexico to assume authority. 

* * Guatemala. Alvarado, the conqueror, 
is also governor [for 17 years]. 

Oct. * Honduras entered by Cortez. 

Nov. 14. Colombia. Francisco Pizarro 
with 100 foot-soldiers and G7 horsemen, 
sails from Panama for Peru. [He 
makes observations, and returns.] 

1525 * * S. C. The Indians of Chicora 
drive off De Ayllon, tbe treacherous 
slave -catcher. 

* * -26 * * San Salvador is conquered 
for Spain by Alvarado. 

1526 Mar. 10. Peru. Almagro and 
Luque sign a contract for the conquest 
of Peru, Gaspar de Espinosa supplying 
the funds. [It is an attempt at private 
conquest]. 

May * Mex. Cortez returns to Mexico 
in great splendor. 

* * Colombia. Pizarro sails from Pan- 
ama on his second expedition to Peru, 
and lands most of his men at San Juan, 
when Almagro returns for supplies. 

1527+ * * Colombia. Pizarro makes his 
third start from San Juan, and again 
halts at the Island of Gallo and sends 
back to Panama for supplies ; here the 
Spaniards suffer incredible hardships. 

* * Colombia. Pizarro makes his fourth 
start from near the Island of Gallo, and 
discovers Peru. He then returns to 
Panama for reenforcements. 

* * Mex. Conquest of Yucatan is begun. 

1528 Apr. 12. Fla. Pamfilo de Nar- 
vaez lands at Tampa Bay an army of 
conquest. 

It consists of 260 foot and 40 horsemen. 
[Unparalleled sufferings and perils by 
land and sea await them ; the four survi- 
vors are finally rescued at San Miguel on 
the Pacific coast.] 

* * Cuba. The buccaneers burn Havana. 

* * Peru. Pizarro returns to Spain for 
aid and volunteers, after the Governor 
of Panama has refused them. 

1529 July 26. Sp. Pizarro arranges 
a capitulation with the Spanish crown 
for the conquest of Peru. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
152 1 ± * * Peru. The Spaniards discover 

the potato. 
1522 Sept. 7. Sp. Magellan's ship 

completes the circumnavigation of the 

globe. 

1524 Mar. * Verrazano, a Florentine, 
is supposed to be the first to sail di- 
rectly west in crossing the Atlantic. 

* * The Cabots notice the immense shoals 
of fish which throng the waters of New- 
foundland. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1530 Mex. Montezuma II., last Aztec king, 
dies. 

1525 Peru. Capac, Huayna, inca, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1519 Mar.* Mex. Tbe Mexicans believe 
tbe Spaniards to be gods, and nend to 
Cortez human beings for sacrifice. 

1521* * Fenez. LasCasasprosecuteshhj 
humanitarian work on tbe Pearl Coast. 

* * The Dominicans are driven from the 
Pearl Coast by natives who have been 
exasperated by slave-catchers. 

1522 * * Las Casas becomes a Dominican. 

* * It. Adrian VT. is elected pope. 

* * Mex. Franciscan missionaries ar- 

1523 * * //. Clement VTXL is elected 
pope. 

1526 : " * Fa. Dominican missionaries 
arrive, and erect a chapel on tbe James 
River. Antonio Montesino is tbe mis- 
sionary preacher. They are the first re- 
ligious teachers sent to this country. 

* * Mex. Dominican missionaries ar- 
rive. 

* * * Chile. Chileans believe in a 
supreme being, and good and bad 
spirits, but have neither temples, idols, 
nor religious rites. They believe in a 
future state, hold vague traditions of a 
deluge, and of persons saved on a high 
mountain. 

* * * Mex. Religion is savage in spirit 
and more degrading than that of the un- 
civilized Indians, their deities being hid- 
eous creatures to whom human sacrifices 
are yearly offered in great numbers. 

***Peru. The Incas are regarded as a 
sacred race, possessing divinity derived 
from the great deity, the sun. They are 
supreme pontiffs as well as sovereigns. 

The sun, moon, evening star, the spirit 
of thunder, and the rainbow, are all wor- 
shiped, and temples are erected in their 
honor ; sacrifices are chiefly the edible 
fruits or grain, and are always bloodless. 

1528 Apr. 16. U.S. Franciscan 
monks accompany Pamfilo de Xarvaez 
in his conquest of Florida. [They perish 
of starvation.] 

* * Mex. Pedro de Musa, a lay-brother, 
reports 200,000 converts in six years. 

DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 

1519 Aug. 10. Sp. Fernando Magel- 
lan, a Portuguese navigator, sails on 
his eventful voyage. [He enters the 
Plata River and later the Pacific Ocean.] 

* * Fla. Alvarez de Pineda, seeking a 
strait leading westward, coasts from 
Cape Florida to the River ranuco in 
Mexico. 

Aug. * Pineda enters the mouth of the 
Mississippi. 

* * Yucatan, Cortez arrives on -the 
coast and proceeds to Mexico. 

* * Pa7iama. Espinoza coasts westward 
on the Pacific as far as Cape Blanco 
(Costa Rica>. 

* * Francis de Garay explores the Gulf 
of Mexico. 

1520 Oct. 21. Chile. Magellan en- 
ters the Strait of Magellan. 

Nov. 2S. Chile Magellan enters the 
Pacific Ocean. 



AMERICA. 



1519-1529. 



19 



* * JT. T. The Spaniards visit the 
shores of New York, and leave the 
Pompey stone. (?) 

* * S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon brings 
an expedition consisting of two vessels 
to American shores in search of Indians 
to be taken as slaves. 

A storm drives him northward, and he 
enters St. Helena Sound (South Caro- 
lina), and names the country Chicora, 
and the river he calls the Jordan (Cam- 
bahee). 

1521 * * Fla. Ponce de Leon lands in 
Florida the second time, is mortally 
wounded by the Indians, and taken back 
to Cuba, where he dies. 

1522 Sept. 7. Sp. The circumnavi- 
gation of the globe is completed by the 
return of Magellan's ship. 

* * Discovery of the Bermudas. 

* * Nicaragua is regularly explored 
by an expedition sent out from Panama, 
under Gil Gonzalez Davila. 

1524 Mar. * + Giovanni Verrazano, 
a Florentine, sailing under the French 
flag, explores the coast of North Caro- 
lina, Virginia, Maryland, New Jersey, 
New York Bay, and onward to Acadia 
(Nova Scotia). 

The country between the 28th and 
50th degrees of latitude he calls New 
France. This voyage lays the basis of 
the claims of France to this territory. 
(He is the fourth Italian of great dis- 
tinction in the discovery of the New 
"World, — Columbus, Vespucius, John 
Cabot, and Verrazano.) 

Apr. * ± Verrazano enters New York 
Bay. (?) 

Nov. 14. Panama. Francisco Pizarro 
sails on an unsuccessful voyage for Peru, 
reaching only one-third the distance. 

* * R. I. Verrazano carefully inspects 
the spacious harbor of Newport. (?) 

1525 * *Estevan Gomez sails from Spain 
and follows the east coast from Labra- 
dor to Florida. 

June 13. N. Y. Gomez discovers the 
Saint Anthony (Hudson) River. 

* * California discovered by Cortez 
while seeking an eastward passage. 

1526 * * Voyage of Sebastian Cabot 
under the Spanish flag ; he explores the 
country about Buenos Ayres, and enters 
the La Plata and Parana Rivers. 

* * Paraguay and Uruguay are explored. 

* * N. F. Nicolas Don visits Newfound- 
land. 

* * Lucas Vasques de Ayllon, a Span- 
iard, follows the Atlantic coast as far as 
the Chesapeake Bay. 

1527 * * John Rut, an Englishman, 
coasts north to 53° north, and on his re- 
turn visits Newfoundland, Cape Breton, 
and the coast of Maine. 

* * Pamfilo de Narvaez, a Spanish ad- 
venturer, visits the coast of the upper 
Gulf of Mexico. 

* * Mex. Cortez despatches an explor- 
ing fleet to the Pacific coast. 

1528 Apr. 14-1- . Fta. Pamfilo deNar- 
vaez with four ships, carrying 400 men 
and 80 horses, lands in Appalaehe Bay, 
and thence explores westward ; four 
persons survive many disasters, and 



wandering 2,000 miles, they finally arrive 

at Culiacan, Mexico. 
May 1. Narvaez, with 300 men, of whom 

40 are mounted, strikes for the interior. 
Aug. * Narvaez reaches the shore (St. 

Mark's Bay) without finding his ships. 

* * Cabeza de Vaca, a surviving compan- 
ion of Narvaez, crosses the mouth of the 
Mississippi, and discovers fresh water. 

* * Panama. Pizarro sails for Spain, 
and reports his success. 

LETTERS. 

1519 July 10. Mex. Cortez writes his 
first letter concerning his explorations. 

1520 Oct. 30. Mex. Cortez writes a 
second letter. 

1522 * * Mex. Cortez writes a third 
letter. 

1524 * * Mex. Cortez writes a fourth 
letter. 

1526 Sept. * Mex. Cortez writes his 
fifth letter. 

1529 * * Mex. Earliest phonetic render- 
ing of Mexican tongues. 

SOCIETY. 

1520* * S. C. Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon, 
with six others, entices the natives of 
Chicora aboard his ships, and when the 
decks are crowded, sails for San Domin- 
go, loaded with slaves ; one vessel sank 
and most of the natives died en route. 

* * S. C. De Ayllon returns for more 
slaves, but is driven off by the natives. 

* * * Chileans are a brave- spirited 
people, without ferocity ; they are the 
most manly and energetic of all Ameri- 
cans. 

STATE. 

1519 Aug.* Panama. The seat of gov- 
ernment is transferred by Pedro Arias 
from Darien to Panama. 

* * Cuba. The name Havana is given to 
the capital. 

* * Mex. The golden riches of Mex- 
ico inflame the avarice of the Spaniards. 

Cortez founds the colony of Vera 
Cruz, and causes himself to be elected 
its captain-general. 

1520 June 30. Mex. MontezumaH., 
the last of the Aztec kings, dies. 

* * Venez. The first settlement is made 
at Cumana by Spaniards. 

1521 Aug. 13. Mex. By the capture 
of the capital, Mexico becomes a Span- 
ish province. 

* * * Mex. The native government is 
a perfect feudal monarchy, in which 
the nobility and the priests monopolize 
all the power. 

The government has a system of cou- 
riers for conveying intelligence, and a 
kind of police for cleaning and watch- 
ing the city. 

The first visitors find notame animals, 
no roads, and no money for interchange 
of commerce. 

* * * Chile. The Spaniards find fifteen 
independent tribes, who maintain them- 
selves chiefly by agriculture. 



* * * Peru. Government is a theoc- 
racy and paternal in character ; it is 
administered and tithes are collected by 
officers placed over the people, who are 
arranged in parties of ten families. 
Others rule over five or ten tithings, and 
others fifty or a hundred ; the Inca is 
both pontiff and sovereign. 

The Peruvians, having the least warlike 
spirit, maintain the largest empire; it 
covers 2,500 miles of territory. 
± * * Colombia. Hernandez de Cordova 
is beheaded as a rebel by Pedro Arias, 
the bloody governor of Panama. 

* * Fla. Ponce de Leon, with two ships, 
attempts to find a site for a colony, but 
is driven away by the Indians. 

* * Port. John III. is enthroned. 

1522 * * Nicaragua. The city of Granada 
is founded by Gil Gonzalez Davila. 

1523 * * Peru. Huascar becomes Inca. 

1524 July * Giovanni Verrazano claims 
for France the coast from the latitude 
of Wilmington to Nova Scotia, and 
calls it New France. 

± * * S. C. Charles V. of Spain appoints 
Lucas Vasquez de Ayllon governor of 
Chicora, with a grant of territory as a 
reward for his success in stealing slaves. 

1525 Nov. * Peru. The great Inca, 
Huayna Capac, the twelfth king in suc- 
cession from Manco, dies. 

* * Can. A [short-lived] Portuguese 
colony is planted at Cape Breton Island. 

1526 Mar. 10. Panama. Francisco 
Pizarro, Almagro, and Luque formally 
renew their compact to conquer Peru, 
and divide the revenue between them- 
selves. 

May * Mex. Cortez returns from Yuca- 
tan. 

* * Fla. Charles V. appoints the un- 
scrupulous Pamfilo de Narvaez gover- 
nor of Florida, with the privilege of con- 
quest. 

* * Va. De Ayllon begins a settlement 
called San Miguel, and is aided in the 
work by negro slaves. [It is on the site 
of Jamestown of 81 years later, and is 
soon abandoned.] 

1528 * * Mex. Cortez goes to Spain, 
where he is made Marquis del Valle de 
Oajaca. 

* * Venez. Germans settle at Caro, be- 
tween St. Martha and Maracapana. 

* * Paraguay. Sebastian Cabot arrives 
and builds a fort called Santo Espiritu. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1519± * * Cuba. City of Havana is re- 
moved [to its present site]. 

* * Panama is founded by Pedrarias. 
[1521. It becomes a city.] 

1524 * * The French prosecute the New- 
foundland fisheries vigorously, while the 
English continue to fish in the Icelandic 
Seas. 

May* Sp. An important congress is 
held at Badajos. 

1527 * * A r . F. Normans and Bretons 
arrive. 



20 1530-1541, Feb. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1530 * * Sp. Francisco Pizarro, with 
his four brothers and a band of enthu- 
siastic followers, sails for Panama en 
route for Peru. 

Dec. 28. Colombia. Pizarro makes his 
fifth start from Panama for Peru, hav- 
ing three vessels, about 200 men, and 50 
horses. 

CONQUEST OF PERU. 

[Pizarro, with an army of 1,000 men, 
conquers Peru in little more than a 
year. "The easy conquest of this 
country has not its parallel in history."] 

1531 Jan. 14. Peru. Pizarro plunders 
a town in the province of Caque. [Re- 
enforced by 130 men, he proceeds to 
build the town of San Miguel.] 

* * * Peru. "War between the Inca and 
the usurper, Atahualpa ; the Inca is 
taken prisoner. 

1532 * * Peru. Pizarro again arrives 
at Turubez. 

Sept. 25±. Peru. Pizarro, with two- 
thirds of his army, starts for the interior. 

Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with his little 
army, enters Caxamarca. 

Nov. 16. Peru. Pizarro treacherously 
captures the dominant Inca, Ata- 
hualpa, and massacres a host of Indians, 
without loss to his army of 177 men. 

1533 Feb. * Peru. Pizarro's colleague, 
Almagro, arrives with reenforce- 
ments. 

Spring. Peru. Francisco Pizarro, with 
20 horsemen and half a dozen arquebus- 
iers, makes a journey of 400 miles and 
desecrates the famous temple of Pacha- 
camac. 

Aug. 29. Peru. After raising a ransom 
valued at $17,500,000, Pizarro puts 
Atabualpa, the captive Inca, to death. 

* * Peru. Hernando Pizarro is sent 
to Spain with the royal share of the 
plunder. 

Nov. 15. Peru. Pizarro, with 500 men, 
enters the city of Cuzco, after a fierce 
battle, and proclaims as Inca, Manco 
Inca Yupanqui, the legitimate succes- 
sor. 

1534 * * Eucador. Alvarado marches 
from Puerto Viego to Quito. 

* * Peru. Spaniards occupy [Lima, the 
capital city]. 

1535 * * Arg. Hep. Mendoza, having 
founded Buenos Ayres, conquers the 
adjacent country with a force of about 
2,000 men. 

Autumn. Peru. Unsuccessful inva- 
sion of Chile by Almagro with 200 
Spaniards and many Indian allies. 

* * -36 * * Peru. Rebellion of the na- 
tives against the Spaniards. 

The Peruvian allies desert Almagro 
and return ; the natives in many parts 
of the country revolt and cut off com- 
munication between Lima and Cuzco. 
The Spaniards send to Panama, Guate- 
mala, and Mexico for succor. 

1536 * * 1537 * * Colombia. Spaniards 
under Ximenes de Quesada conquer 
New Granada. 



Feb. * -Aug. * Peru. The Spaniards are 
besieged in Cuzco by the Peruvians, 
who make frequent and vigorous as- 
saults. 

Sept. * The Inca attacks Almagro in 
the valley of Yucay, and is defeated wit h 
much slaughter. 

1537 Apr. 8. Peru. Almagro seizes 
Cuzco as a rival of Pizarro, after having 
returned from Chile. He places the 
brothers Hernando and Gonzalo Pizar- 
ro in confinement. [They soon escape.] 

* *-48** Peru. Civil disturbance and 
bloodshed among the Spaniards. 

* * Peru. Decisive defeat of Manco 
Capac by Rodrigo de Orgonez, Alma- 
gro's lieutenant ; the natives retire to 
the Andes. 

1538 Apr. * Sp. Ferdinand de Soto 
sails for the conquest of Florida with 
a fleet of seven large and three small 
vessels. 

Apr. 26. Peru. Almagro is defeated in 
the battle of Las Salinas by Pizarro. 

The victorious army is commanded by 
Hernando Pizarro, a brother of Fran- 
cisco Pizarro. 

July 10. Peru. Almagro executed by 
Hernando Pizarro. 

* * Cuba. French destroy Havana. 

1539 May 18. Cuba. De Soto sails for 
the conquest of unknown cities and the 
discovery of mines of gold. 

May 30. Fla. De Soto, with his selected 
cavaliers, 900fc strong, all gaily dressed 
and bountifully furnished, lands at 
Tampa Bay. 

1540 Mar. * Peru. Valdivia marches 
to Chile. 

1540-41 * * Louisiana is conquered by 
De Soto. 

* * Can. Jacques Cartier erects the 
fortress of Charlesburg. 

Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto has a terrible 
battle with the Mobile Indians. (See 
Discovery — Exploration.) 

* * -42 * * New Mex. Coronado with an 
army visits the Zuni. (See Exploration.) 

1541 Feb. * The Spaniards under De 
Soto are attacked by the Indians and 
lose 170 men and the remainder of their 
baggage. (See Discovery —Exploration.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1530* * Col. First information concern- 
ing the Pueblo Indians. 

1540+ * * Venez. Indications of gold 
are discovered at several points along 
the coast. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1533 Peru. Altahualpa, usurper, executed. 
1538 Peru. Almagro, Diego, invader, exe- 
cuted. 



CHURCH. 
1531* * Can. Cartier consecrates New 
France to Christianity by the erection 
of a great wooden cross on an eminence, 
as if to signify a religious mission in his 
discovery. 



* * Eng. Henry YI11. declares the Eng- 
lish Church independent of Koine; he 
is recognized as its head. 

* * It. Pius m. i* elected pope. 

1534* * Peru, Pizarro converts a hea- 
then temple into a Dominican monas- 
tery at Cuzco. 

1536* * Haiti. Las Casas goes to Gua- 
temala to protect the Indians. 

1537 May 2. Guatemala, Las Casas is 
prepared for his mission " in the land of 
war." [He wins a complete and peace- 
ful victory.] 

* * ft. The Pope issues a brief forbidding 
the further enslavement of the Indians. 

1539 * * Fla. Missionaries accompany 
De Soto's expedition ; all perish. 

* * Father Mark, a Spanish monk, at- 
tempts to establish a mission to the Zuni 
in the city of Cibola ; he plants a large 
cross, but fails in his mission. 

DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 

1530 * * Mex. An Indian slave tells the 
Spaniards of the wonders of the seven 
cities of Cibola, the land of the Buffa- 
loes. 

* * Venez. A mbrosio de Alfinger leads 
an expedition into the interior, to find 
the Eldorado. 

1531 Jan. 1. Brazil. Martino Alf on- 
zo de Sousa, a Portuguese adventurer, 
discovers Rio de Janeiro, and examines 
the coast southward. 

* * Venez. Diego Ordaz seeks the fa- 
bled Land of Wealth, by sailing up the 
Orinoco. 

1532 May* Cal. Hurtaldo de Men- 
doza sails up the Pacific coast by order 
of Cortez, with two vessels, both of which 
are lost. 

1533* * Mex. Cortez builds two vessels, 
and sends Diego Becarra on an explor- 
ing expedition ; he discovers a part of 
Lower California. 

1534* *-38* * Venez. George of 
Spires searches for the Eldorado. 

June * -Aug. * Can. Jacques Cartier, 
a French navigator, with 2 vessels and 
61 men, surveys the coast of Newfound- 
land, and enters the mouth of the St. 
Lawrence, on the banks of which he 
plants a cross surmounted with the lilies 
of France. 

1535 Oct. 3. Can. Cartier arrives at 
Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex- 
plored the great river to this point. In- 
formation is received of the Great Lakes. 
* * Cal. Grijalvas' expedition, equip- 
ped by Cortez, discovers California. 

1536* * Can. Cartier explores the 
upper St. Lawrence country, and takes 
possession of it for France. 

May * Mex. Cabeza de Yaca, and three 
other survivors of the Narvaez expe- 
dition, after nearly six years of eaptivitj , 
approach the Pacific at San Miguel. 

July 6. Fr. Cartier arrives at St. Malo. 

1537 * * Mex. Cortez discovers the pe- 
ninsula of California. (Or Cabrillo in 
1542.) 



AMERICA. 



1530-1541, Feb. 



21 



1538 * * Chile. Dom Pedro de Valdivia, 
an officer of Pizarro, explores the west 
coast of South America to 40° south. 

1539 Mar. * -Aug. * Mex. A Spanish 
expedition, under Fra Marcos, search- 
ing for the seven cities, discovers the 
Zunis. 

May 30. Fla. Ferdinand de Soto, 
with over 900 men, lands on the west 
coast in search of gold. 

The Spaniards hope to repeat the suc- 
cess of Cortez in Mexico, and of Pizarro 
in Peru. 

Dec. 25. Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro 
begins the exploration of the interior 
forests [builds a vessel on the Napo 
River, and descends it. Part of the com- 
pany sail 4,000 miles down the Am *, 
zon to the sea.] 

* * Peru. Alonzo de Camargo, a Span- 
iard, completes the exploration of the 
west coast of South America by sailing 
from the Straits of Magellan to Peru. 

* * Mex. Francisco de Ulloa explores 
the Gulf of California «for Cortez. 

1540 Mar. 3. Ga. De Soto resumes 
his march for a country governed by a 
woman and abounding in gold. 

Apr. * Ga. De Soto arrives on the Oge- 
ch.ee River. 

* * Mex. Mendoza, the Spanish viceroy, 
sends Francisco Vasquez Coronado 
in search of the seven opulent cities 
of Cibola, reported by the Indians. He 
discovers the Grand Cafion of the Col- 
orado. 

May 1. S. C. De Soto turns from near 

the coast westward. 
May 11. AT. Mex. Coronado arrives at 

Zuni. 
Sept. 30. AHz.-Cal. Hernando de 

Alarcon sent out by Mendoza ; having 

explored the coast of California as far as 

36° north, he discovers and ascends the 

Colorado River. 
Oct. 18. Ala. De Soto fights a terrible 

battle with the Mobile Indians. 
In it '2,500 Indians are shot or burned ; 

De Soto's loss is IS killed and 150 

wounded, besides 80 horses and nearly 

all the baggage lost. 

"Nov. 18. Ala. De Soto leaves the coast 
and marches inland. 

Dec. * Miss. De Soto arrives in the coun- 
try of the Chickasaws (Northern Missis- 
sippi). 

The expedition crosses the Yazoo, and 
winters in a deserted Indian village, 
subsisting on plantations of ungathered 

* * Can. Jacques Cartier's French 
expedition of five ships explores the 
St. Lawrence. 

1541 Feb. * Miss. The Spaniards are 
fiercely but vainly attacked by the Indi- 
ans at night. 

The small remainder of their baggage 
is burned, so they are henceforth com- 
pelled to clothe themselves in skins and 
mats of ivy. 

Apr. 26. Miss. De Soto leaves winter 
quarters and resumes his march. 

May 6. Brazil. Francisco Orellana, 
having crossed the Andes from Quito, 



and sailed down the Napo and the Ama- 
zon, he arrives at the sea, thus crossing 
the continent. 

LETTERS. 
1531* * Mexico has a printing-press. 
Shagun, the Dominican, arrives. 

SOCIETY. 

1530 * * W. I. Las Casas goes to Spain 
and obtains a decree from Charles V. 
prohibiting the enslavement of Indians 
in Peru and Chile. 

1531 June 12. Mex. Zumarraga, the 
first bishop, writes that 20,000 victims 
perished at the annual saturnalia. 
[Probably an exaggerated number.] 

1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the 
King of Spain for "7,000 negroes, that 
they might become inured to labor be- 
fore the Indians ceased to exist." 

* * *Peru. Pizarro employs great cru- 
elty in extracting unbounded wealth 
from the helpless natives, who are driven 
to exhaustive labors in the mines. 

1536 May 10. Can. Jacques Cartier 
decoys nine Indian Chiefs on board 
his vessel, and sails away for France. 

1539 * * De Soto takes for his expedition 
a dozen priests, that the festivals of 
the church may be kept, and chains for 
the captive Indians, and bloodhounds 
to hunt those who attempt to escape. 

1540* * De Soto burns an Indian guide 
for honestly confessing that he does not 
know where there are any regions of gold. 

* * * De Soto treats the Indians with 
great barbarity. 

He pillages their provisions, cuts off 
the hands <>f etiptivt'S, burns them at the 
stake, suffers bloodhounds to tear them 
to pieces, chains them together with iron 
collars, and compels them to carry the 
baggage of their tormentors. 

STATE. 
1530 * * Spam. Pizarro returns to 

America. 
July 15. Mex. Cortez arrives at Vera 

Cruz. 

* * Costa Rica. George de Alvarado sub- 
dues the Indian tribes and founds a 
colony. 

* * Brazil is divided into captaincies by 
the Portuguese, and is first perma- 
nently occupied. 

1531* * Brazil. Alfonzo de Sousa, a Por- 
tuguese, founds San Vincente. 

1532 * * Pent. The conquests of Pizarro 
make Peru a Spanish province. 

Atahualpa usurps the throne of the 
Incas. 

1533 * * Chile. The Peruvian domin- 
ion ceases. 

1534 Mar. 24. Peru. Pizarro allows 
Manco, a son of Huayna Capac, and the 
rightful heir, to be crowned Inca. 

* * Spain. Don Pedro de Mendoza, 
with the largest and wealthiest expedi- 
tion that has ever left Europe, sails from 
Cadiz, Spain, for the Plata River. 



* * Mex. Cortez marches up the Pacific 
coast, and settles Lower California. 

1535 Jan. 6. Peru. Pizarro founds 
the city of Lima. 

Jan. * Chile. Almagro receives his com- 
mission as governor of New Castile 
(Chile). 

Feb. 2. Ara, Pep. Mendoza founds 
Buenos Ayres. 

May 29. Fr. Jacques Cartier sails again 
with three vessels to colonize New 
France. 

* * Peru. Arrival of Pedro de Valdivia, 
Spain's first viceroy, in America. 

1537 Aug. 15. Paraguay. Juan de 
Ayolas founds Asuncion on the Para- 
guay River. 

Nov. 13. Peru — Chile. Pizarro and Al- 
magro make a fruitless effort to settle 
their disputed boundaries. 

+ * *Arg. Pep. Buenos Ayres is burnt 
by the Indians; the colony is broken up. 

* * * Peru. Spanish adventurers arrive 
by the ship-load, seize estates, despoil 
temples, and make themselves odious 
as masters. 

* * Colombia. Spaniards under Quesada 
subdue New Granada. 

* * Cuba. Ferdinand de Soto becomes gov- 
ernor. 

1538 July* Peru. Hernando Pizarro 
executes Diego Almagro for rebellion. 

* * Colombia. Belalcazar is at Bogota. 

1539 * * Ecuador. Gonzalo Pizarro ap- 
pointed to command the province of 
Quito. [He is absent on an exploring 
expedition for two and a half years.] 

* * Colombia. Federmann is at Bogota. 

1540 * * Fr. Jean Francois de la 
Roque, Sieur de Roberval, receives 
from the king the empty title of " Lord 
Lieutenant-General and viceroy of all 
American countries discovered, either 
by the French or English." 

Mar. * Peru. Pedro de Valdivia leads an 
expedition to Chile. 

* * W. I. Cortez again returns to Spain. 

* * Spain. Vaca de Castro is sent to in- 
spect the cruel work of Pizarro in Peru. 

1541 * * Chile. The conquests of Alma- 
gro make Chile a Spanish province. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1533 June 17. Peru. The Incas' ran- 
som is divided. 

Pizarro receives 2,350 marks of silver 
and 57,220 pieces of gold : his brother 
Hernando,2,2(i7 marks of silver and 31,080 
pieces of gold ; the church deducts as 
tithes 90 marks of silver and 2,220 pieces 
of gold. 

1535+ * * Panama. It is estimated that 
30,000 or 40,000 people perish in 
transit across the Isthmus of Panama, 
seeking the wealth of Peru. 

* * * Peru. Tillable lands are divided 
into three shares. 

One share is consecrated to the service 
of religion, the erection of temples, and 
the maintenance of priests ; the sec- 
ond is set apart for the support of the 
government ; the third and largest share, 
for the support of the people ; the divi- 
sion is revised every year. 



22 1541, May 22-1563. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1541 June 26. Peru. Francisco Pi- 
zarro is assasinated by conspirators. 

* * Chile. Don Pedro de Valdivia, with 
Indian allien, conquers nearly all of 
Chile, under orders of Pizarro. 

1542 Sept. 16. Peru. Castro, the gov- 
ernor, defeats the army of Almagro the 
lad, in the battle of Chupas. [He be- 
heads the boy at Cuzco.] 

1543 Sept. 10. Mex. Arrival of 311 
men, the remains of Be Soto's expedi- 
tion, at Panuco. 

1546 Jan. 18. Peru. The viceroy "Vela 
is defeated and killed at the battle of 
Anaquito by the Spanish rebels. 

Nov. * Colombia. Pedro de la Gasca 
gains possession of the fleet at Panama, 
in the interest of the Spanish crown. 

1547 Apr.* Colombia. Gasca sails from 
Panama with a considerable force to 
maintain royal authority in Peru. 

Oct. 20. Peru. The loyal Spaniards 
under Diego de Centeno are defeated in 
a bloody battle near Lake Titicaca by 
Pizarro. 

1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca defeats 
the Spanish rebels ; Gonzalo Pizarro, 
the brother of Francisco, is executed on 
the field. 

Apr. 12. Peru. Gasca enters Cuzco. 

1549 * * Chile. The assaults of the 
Araucanians imperil the very existence 
of the Spaniards. 

1550 * * Nicaragua. The Spanish col- 
onists rebel against the mother country. 

1554 May * Peru. Rebels under Fran- 
cisco Hernandez Giron defeat the army 
of the judges at Chuquingua. 

Oct. 11. Peru. Giron is routed by the 
army of the judges at Pucara. 

Dec. 6. Peru. Giron is defeated and ex- 
ecuted at Lima. 

* * Cuba. The French again destroy 
Havana. 

1555 * * Cuba. Jacob Sores, the pirate, 
plunders Havana. 

1560* * Brazil. The Portuguese destroy 
the French settlement at Rio. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1549± * * Brazil. Gold is discovered 
at Bahia. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1541 Peru. Pizarro, Francisco, conqueror, 
assassinated. 

1542 La. De Soto, Ferdinand, adventurer, 
dies. 

1544 Peru. Manco Capac, inca, assassi- 
nated, A 21. 

1547 Sp. Cortez, Hernando, conqueror 
of Mexico, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1541 * * Dakota Indians come to worship 
De Soto and his wobegone cavaliers as 
children of the gods, but the Catholics 
refuse their consent to such idolatry. 

1542 * * -60 * * Paraguay. Christian 
missions are established by the Fran- 



Armenta, Lebron, and Solano. 
[The latter is canonized later as the 
apostle of Paragnay.] 

* * Peru. Loaysa becomes bishop of Lima. 

1544 * * Guatemala. Las Casas be- 
comes bishop of Chiapa. 

1545 * * Fla. Louis Cancer de Barbas- 
tro, a Dominican Father, with three as- 
sociates, lands at Tampa Bay, where two 
of his associates are murdered. 

1547 * * Gautemala. Las Casas resigns 
his bishopric, and returns to Spain. 

* * Mex. Archbishopric of Mexico and 
New Spain created. 

* * Paraguay. Bishopric of Paraguay 
established. 

1548 * * Brazil. Jews banished from 
Portugal come to Brazil. 

* * Peru. Loaysa is made archbishop. 

1549 Apr. * Brazil. Six Jesuits arrive 
at Bahia with colonists, and undertake 
the moral culture of natives and colo- 
nists. 

1550 * * Fla. A number of Dominicans 
make another attempt to establish a 
mission, but are shipwrecked, and all 
perish. 

* * It. Julius IH. is elected pope. 

1551 * * Iceland. Protestantism intro- 
duced. 

1552 * * Brazil. The first bishop arrives, 
and checks the vices of abandoned 
priests. 

1555 * * Brazil. First Protestant mis- 
sion in the world. 

The church of Geneva sends fourteen 
missionaries to Brazil, who land on an 
island in the harbor of Rio de Janeiro. 

* * It. Marcellus H., later Paul IV., 
is elected pope. 

* * Peru. Catholic priests are pro- 
vided for the conquered natives. 

1556+ * * Brazil. Vallegagnon, the 
leader of the Protestant colony at Rio, 
joins the Catholics and dissension fol- 
lows. 

* * _70 * * Fla. A French Jesuit 
mission is planted on the coast (near 
Augustine). 

1558 * * Eng. Dissenters begin to be 
persecuted by Henry for not admitting 
his authority in spiritual matters. [And 
later yet more severely during the reign 
of Mary, an ardent Catholic — Puritan- 
ism is developed.] 

1559* * Ala. Dominicans labor among 
the Mobilians. 

* * It. Pius rV. is elected pope. 

1560+ * * Paraguay. The Jesuit mis- 
sionaries, Salonio, Field, and Ortega, la- 
bor with small success. 

1562 * * Fr. Coligni, the high admiral, 
proposes a refuge colony in America for 
his brethren, the persecuted Huguenots. 

May * S. C. The First Protestant set- 
tlement in America is made by Hugue- 
nots at Port Royal. 

DISCOVERY -EXPLORATION. 
1541 May * De Soto discovers the Mis- 
sissippi River. 



May 30. Miss. (?) Transports are built 
for the horses, and the expedition 
crosses the Mississippi River in search 
Of Cities and gold. 

May* Can. Cartier sails on a third 
voyage, which is devoid of important 
results. 

* * Coronado's expedition reaches 40' 
north, and turns back for Mexico. 

* * Ark. De Soto's expedition crosses 
the St. Francis River, and visits the Hot 
Springs. 

* * -42 * * I. T. De Soto passes the 
winter on the banks of the Washita 
River. 

* * Venez. Philip Van Huten search- 
es for the Eldorado. 

1542 Spring. Mex. Return of Corona- 
do's expedition from the land of the 
Zunis. 

May* La. The De Soto expedition, 

greatly distressed, follows the Red River 

to a point near Natchez. 
May 21. La. De Soto dies, and is 

buried in the waters of the Mississippi ; 

Luis de Moscoso becomes leader. 

* * La. The De Soto expedition turns 
to the west, hoping to reach Mexico. 

Dec. * La. The Spaniards return to the 
Mississippi, above the Red River. 

1543 July 2. La. The De Soto expe- 
dition sails down the Mississippi in 
vessels rudely built, aiming to reach the 
Gulf of Mexico. 

* * Ore. Juan Cabrillo and Bartolome 
Perelo, two Spaniards, explore the Pa- 
cific coast as far as Oregon. 

Sept. 10. Mex. The 311 survivors of 
the De Soto expedition reach Pa- 
nuco. 

In 17 days they have sailed 500 miles to 
the sea, and for 55 days have followed 
the coast to the River of Palms. " Thus 
ends the most marvellous expedition in 
the history of our country." (Ridpath.) 

1549* * Fr. Hoberval, the French col- 
onizer, sails on a voyage of discovery, 
with a great company of emigrants ; 
their fate is unknown. 

* * Venez. Pedro d'TJrsua, a Portuguese, 
seeks the Eldorado. 

1553 May * Unfortunate expedition of 
Sir Hugh "SVilloughby to the Arctic Seas, 
seeking a northwest passage. 

1560 * * Ga. The Spaniards arrive. 

* *-61 * * Colombia. Pedro de Ursua 
sails in search of the Empire of Orma- 
guas, and Lope de Aguirre sails in search 
of the Eldorado. 

1562 * * Fla. John Bibault, at the 
head of a French expedition, discovers 
the River of May (St. John). 

LETTERS. 
1551 * * Peru. The University of San 
Marcos is established at Lima. [The 
most ancient in the Xew World.] 

* * Mex. A University is founded in 
the City of Mexico. [It now remains, 
but is nearly deserted.] 

1554+ * * Brazil. The Jesuits establish 
a college, named St. Paulo. [It greatly 
benefits the rising state.] 



AMERICA. 



1541, May 22-1563. 23 



SOCIETY. 

1542 * * Sp. The " New Laws," for- 
bidding the enslavement of the Indians 
for any cause, are promulgated, chiefly 
through the influence of Las Casas. 

1553 * * Cuba. Not an Indian is left. 
Pestilence, cruelty, and suicide have 
decimated them ; the remainder escaped 
in boats to Florida. 

1562 * * The English make their first 
slave voyage to America ; John Haw- 
kins brings 300 negroes, in three 
ships, to the West Indies. 

STATE. 

1541 May 22. Can. Cartier sails from 
St. Malo with five ships belonging to the 
expedition of De la Koque ; visits the St. 
Lawrence ; also founds the fortress at 
Charlesbourg ; the colonists are chiefly 
noblemen and amateurs. 

On his arrival he builds a fort near the 
present site of Quebec, to repel the hos- 
tile natives. 
June * Peru. Almagro the lad, a natural 
son of Almagro, is proclaimed governor. 

* * Chile. Santiago de Chile founded. 
June 26. Peru. Pizarro is assassinated 

at Lima. 

1542 June * Can. Cartier returns with 
his ships to France. 

iV. F. Sieur de Roberval builds a 

fort, which is soon abandoned. 

* *-43 * * Can. Roberval, with a fresh 
colony, consisting chiefly of criminals, 
passes the winter [near the present site 
of Quebec], and then returns to France. 

Sept. * Peru. Almagro the lad, being de- 
feated in battle, is beheaded by Castro, 
the royal judge at Cuzco. 

* * Arg. Rep. A new colony reestablishes 
Buenos Ayres. 

* * Peru. The "New Laws" enacted 
by Charles V. to restrain the oppression 
of the natives. [Civil war follows.] 

* * A court of chancery and royal 
andiencia, with authority over Guate- 
mala and Honduras, are established. 

1543 Feb. 3. Arg. Rep. Hostile In- 
dians again break up the settlement at 
Buenos Ayres. 

* * Peru. Blasco Nunez de Vela is sent 
out as viceroy to enforce the "New 
Laws." 

1544 Sept. 3. Chile. Valparaiso is 
founded by Pedro de Valdivia. 

* * Peru. Arrival of Vela as viceroy ; he 
is charged to enforce the "New Laws," 
aiming at the abolition of slavery and 
the protection of the natives. 

Oct. 28. Peru. Gonzalo Pizarro rebels 
against the violence of the viceroy and 
the "New Laws." 

1545 * * Bolivia. The mines of Potosi 
are claimed by Spain. 

Oct. 20. Peru. The " New Laws " are 
revoked. 

* * -20 * * Venez. Spaniards found To- 
cuyo. 

1546 Jan. 18. Peru. Gonzalo, having 
defeated and killed the viceroy in battle, 
becomes the master of Peru. 



July * Peru. Gonzalo enters Lima. 

* * _49 * * ]?i at Luis de Barbastro leads 
a party of Dominican friars in an at- 
tempt to form a settlement ; the Span- 
iards are massacred by the Indians. 

1547 June 13. Peru. After repealing 
part of the " New Laws," Pedro de la 
Gasca succeeds, as viceroy, in securing 
pacification and organization. 

* * F r. Henry LT. is enthroned. 

* * Eng. Edward VI. is enthroned. 

1548 Apr. 9. Peru. Gasca receives the 
submission of Gonzalo Pizarro. 

* * Brazil becomes important, and at- 
tracts the attention of the mother state. 

* * Eng. First act of Parliament relat- 
ing to America is one concerning the 
fisheries of Newfoundland. 

* * Peru. The Spanish crown assumes 
the gover nm ent of the country. 

1549 Apr. * Brazil. Thome de Souza 
arrives at San Salvador (Bahia) to estab- 
lish a city and as the first captain-general. 

He brings 1220 persons in the king's pay, 
and 300 free colonists and 400 convicts. 

* * Can. Roberval again attempts to 
colonize Canada. 

* * Brazil. The languishing Portuguese 
colonies become prosperous by the dis- 
covery of gold. 

1550 Jan. * Peru. Gascasails forSpain. 

* * Cuba. The seat of Spanish govern- 
ment in the West Indies is removed from 
Santiago de Cuba to Havana. 

* * Iceland. Bishop Jon Aaronson fails 
to achieve the independence of Ice- 
land, and is executed by the Danes. 
All power is removed, and exercised by 
a foreign government. 

* * Peru is under the rule of the royal 
audiencia. 

* * Venez. The territory is erected in- 
to the captain-generalcy of Caracas by 
the Spaniards. 

1551 Sept. 23. Peru. Don Antonio de 
Mendoza, the second viceroy, arrives. 

* * Peru. An insurrection against the 
judges is led by Francisco Hernandez 
Giron. 

1552 * * Venez. Barquisimeto is founded. 
1553* * Brazil. Duarte da Costa arrives, 

and assumes the captain-generalcy. 

* * Peru. The Inoa Sayri Tupac reigns. 

1554 Dec. 6. Peru. Giron, the rebel, 
is executed. 

Mar. 30. Peru. Alonzo de Alvarado 
enters Cuzco. 

1555 July 6. Peru. The third viceroy, 
Don Andrez Hurdato de Mendoza, enters 
Lima. [He soon stamps out anarchy.] 

* * Peru. The Inca Manco, with his family 
and nobles, is put to death by the Span- 
iards, and his son, Sayri Tupac, is his 
successor. 

* * Brazil. Coligni sends a Protestant 
colony from France under Nicolas de 
Villegagnon, in two ships, to the Bay of 
Rio de Janeiro. 

1556 * * Peru. Mendoza is the first vice- 
roy to establish a secure government. 

* * Sp. Philip II. is enthroned. 



1557* * Peru. Hurdato de Mendoza be- 
comes viceroy in Chile. 

* * Brazil. Large reenforcements of colo- 
nists arrive from France and Geneva. 

Villegagnon, having joined the Cath- 
olics and become oppressive, many colo- 
nists leave Rio and return to France. 

* * Port. Sebastian is enthroned. 

1558 * * Brazil. Mem de Sa is sent out 
as captain-general by Portugal. 

The Portuguese murder some of the 
French colonists at Rio Janeiro. 
Jan. 6. Peru. The Inca Sayri Tupac and 
his people return from the mountains to 
Lima. 

* * Venez. The last Spanish expedition 
to Carolina fails to settle. 

* * Eng. Elizabeth is enthroned. 

1559 Aug. 14. Mex. The expedition 
of Don Tristan de Luna, with an army 
of 1,500 men, and a colony including 
women and children and many friars, 
leaves Vera Cruz for the conquest and 
settlement of Florida. [It is wrecked 
on its coast.] 

* * Arg* Rep. Mendoza crosses the Andes 
from Chile, and founds Mendoza. 

* * Fr. Francis H. is enthroned. 

* * Venez. The audiencia in Caracas. 

1560 * * Brazil. Coligni's Protestant 
colony at Rio is entirely broken up 
by the Portuguese. 

* * Peru. Reign of the Inca Titu Cusi 
Yupanqui. 

* * Fr. Charles IX. is enthroned. 
1561* *Peru. The fourth viceroy, Conde 

de Nieva, arrives. 

1562 Feb. 18. Fr. Admiral Cohgni 
despatches a squadron with colonists 
under Jean Ribault, for Florida; it is 
his second [unsuccessful] attempt to 
found a Huguenot colony. 

May * S. C. Ribault forms a French set- 
tlement at Port Royal ; Fort Charles is 
erected. 

July * S. C. Ribault leaves his colony, 
and sails for France. 

* * Chile. Kodrigo de Quiroza is governor. 

* * Peru. The second Council of Lima is 
formed. 

* * Mex. Yucatan is separated from Mex- 
ico. 

1563 Spring. S. C. The French at Port 
Royal become discouraged, and sail 
for France in a rude brigantine of their 
own construction. They are rescued 
from famine by an English vessel. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1540 * * Honduras has large and flour- 
ishing cities. 

* * Costa Rica. The colony is renamed 
New Carthage. 

1549 * * Brazil. The discovery of gold 

attracts emigrants to Bahia. 
1555 * * Peru. Wheat is first reaped in 

the valley of Caiiete by a lady named 

Maria de Escobar. 



24 1564, June 25-1598. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1565 Aug. 28. Fla. Pedro Menen- 
dez, a ferocious Spaniard, arrives with an 
expedition to extirpate the Huguenots 
and colonize the country. 

Sept. 4. S. C. The fleet of Menendez ap- 
pears at Port Royal ; but he [retires for a 
time and begins to build St. Augustine]. 

Sept. 10. S. C. The French sail from 
Fort Royal to capture St. Augustine. 
[They are dispersed by a gale the next 
day.] 

Sept. 17. Fla. Menendez assumes the 
offensive, and starts overland for Port 
Royal with 500 men. 

Sept. 20. 8. C. Menendez storms Fort 
Carolina, and slaughters 142 men, wo- 
men, and children who are taken with it. 
Only a few persons are spared. " I do 
this not as to Frenchmen, but as to 
Lutherans." 

Sept. 28. Fla. Menendez murders in 
cold blood 200 of the French, who, 
having been shipwrecked, vainly appeal 
to his clemency. 

Sept. 30±. S. C. Menendez finds another 
party of 150 French, who surrender on 
the promise of safety ; he then butchers 
them. [Philip II. commends his zeal.] 

* * Fla. Castle of St. Augustine con- 
structed by the Spaniards. 

1567 Apr. * Fla. Dominic de Gour- 
gues appears on the St. Johns River 
with three ships fitted out for ven- 
geance against the murderers of the 
French Colony. He successively sur- 
prises three forts on the St. Johns 
River, and hangs the leaders with this 
inscription affixed : " Not Spaniards, 
but liars and murderers." 

1570 * * -88 * * Great struggle be- 
tween England and Spain for naval 
supremacy of the "world. 

1572* * Mex., etc. Francis Drake 
makes his first marauding voyage to 
South America, in which he attacks the 
Spanish settlements at Nombre de Dios, 
Carthagena, etc. 

1585 * * Fla. The Spaniards are plun- 
dered by the English under Drake. 

1586 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony at 
Bahia is plundered by the English 
under Witherington. 

* * W . I. Admiral Drake sacks Porto 
Bello, Panama, St. Domingo, and Car- 
thagena. 

1588* * Eng. Great struggle of England 

with the "Invincible Armada" — the 

Roanoke colonists are overlooked and 

perish. 
1591 * * Brazil. The Spanish colony of 

St. Vincent is burned by the English 

under Cavendish. 
1595 * * Brazil. James Lancaster, an 

English buccaneer, captures Pernam- 

buco from the Spaniards. 
1595 * * Porto Rico repulses the attacks 

of Admirals Drake and Hawkins. 

* * Brazil. The Spanish colony of 
Olinda is taken by Lancaster. 

* * W. I. Sir Walter Raleigh takes 
Trinidad from the Spaniards. 



1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la 1597 ■ * U. S. Franciscan monks estab- 
Roehe obtains from the King of France lish the second successful mission in 
a commission to conquer New France. New Mexico. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1570 * * Chile. An earthquake de- 
stroys 2,000 lives at Concepcion. 

1577 May* Can. Martin Frobisher, an 
English navigator, approaches Meta In- 
cognita in the extreme northwest, and 
thinks it a part of Asia. 

1578 Spring. Eng. A" mineral man" 
of London pronounces a stone brought 
from Meta Incognita to be gold, and fif- 
teen vessels sail with gold-seekers. 
[They return with worthless cargoes.l 

1585 * * N.'C. The English colonists for 
the first time see the corn, the sweet 
potato, and the tobacco plant. 

1586 June 9. Peru. A great earth- 
quake at Lima. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1566 Sp. Casas. Bartolome, de Las 
(Miss.), dies. 

1568+ Mex. Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Al- 
va, historian, born. 



CHURCH. 
1566* * It. St. Pius V. is elected pope. 

* * Peru. Arrival of the Jesuits. 

* * Brazil. John Boles, a Huguenot mis- 
sionary, is put to death by the Portu- 
guese after an imprisonment of eight 
years, in order to terrify his country- 
men. 

1571 * * Mex. The Inquisition estab- 
lished. 

1572 Aug. 24. Fr. Massacre of St. 
Bartholomew. [It quickens the spirit 
of emigration among the Huguenots.] 

* * It. Gregory XII. is elected pope. 

* * Mex. Jesuit missionaries arrive. 

1573 Nov. 19. Peru. First auto da 
fe at Lima. 

* * U. S. The first successful mission 
to the Indians is planted at St. Augus- 
tine by Spanish Franciscans. 

* * Mex. A gothic cathedral is built 
on the sight of the ancient temple at 
Mexico. 

1574 * * Mex. First auto da fe in 
Mexico. 

1578 * * Can. Master Wolfall, an Eng- 
lishman, celebrates a communion on 
the shores of Frobisher's Strait, the first 
recorded in America. 

1581 * * Peru. Archbishop Torebio 
reaches Lima. 

* *~1776* * Peru suffers from the In- 
quisition. [59 Europeans are burned, 
and 29 " autos " occur at Lima.] 

1585 * * //. Sixtus V. is elected pope. 

1586 * * Paraguay. Jesuits establish 
their famous mission. 

1590 * * It. Urban VTL, later Greg- 
ory XIV., is elected pope. 

1591 * * It. Innocent IX. is elected 
pope. 

1592 * * //. Clement VTLI. is elected 
pope. 



DISCOVERY — EXPLORATION. 

1573 * * Va. Pedro Menendez Mar- 

quez coasts northward from Florida, 

and enters the Chesapeake Hay. 

1576 June * -Aug. * Can. Martin Fro- 
bisher sails from England oil his first 
voyage to find a northwest passage . 
he discovers Frobisher's Strait and 
Meta Incognita. 

1577 May '-Sept.* Can. Second voy- 
age of Frobisher in the northwest ; 
his ship is loaded with worthless sand, 
which is supposed to be gold. 

1578 May * -Sept. * Can. Third voy- 
age of Frobisher, having a fleet of 1G 
sail and 100 colonists. 

* * Unsuccessful voyage of Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert. He takes possession of 
Newfoundland for England, but plants 
no colony. 

1579 * * Cal. Sir Francis Drake traces 
the western coast of America as far 
north as New Albion (Oregon), seeking a 
strait connecting the two oceans. 

1580* * X. Mex. Augustin Ruys, 
a Spanish missionary, discovers New 
Mexico. 

1583 * * Newfoundland visited by Sir 
Humphrey Gilbert. 

1584 July 13. X. C. Sir "Walter Ra- 
leigh's expedition lands on the Island 
of Wocokon, and takes possession, nam- 
ing it Virginia after the Virgin Queen. 

* * Can. Gasca discovers Davis's Strait. 

John Davis explores Davis's Strait 
to 66° 40', visits Gilbert Sound and Cum- 
berland Strait. 

1586* * Can. Davis makes his second 
voyage, and visits Labrador. 

1587 * * Can. Davis discovers the Cum- 
berland Islands, London coast, Lumley's 
Inlet (Frobisher's Strait), on his third 
voyage. 

1592 * * Davis discovers the Falkland 
Islands. 

* * Can. Spaniards, under Juna de 
Fuea, visit the northwest coast of the 
American Continent. (?) 

1594 * * Willem Barentz explores 
Nova Zembla. 

1595 * * Guiana. Sir "Walter Raleigh 
explores the coast, and ascends the Ori- 
noco 400 miles from its mouth. 

LETTERS. 

1598 * * Peru. The University of San 

Antonio Abad is founded at Cuzco. 

SOCIETY. 
1565 Sept. 20. Fla. Pedro Menendez 
massacres the Huguenots on the 
St. Johns River, sparing neither men, 
women, nor children — except a few 
reserved as slaves. 

* * Fr. Great resentment against the 
Spaniards because of the massacre of 
the Huguenots in Florida. 



AMERICA. 



1564, June 25-1598. 25 



1565 * * Fla. Part of the French colony 
on the St. Johns Kiver embark on a 
piratical expedition against the Span- 
iards. 

1567* * Fla. Dominic de Gourgues, 
with 150 men, comes from France, and 
avenges the Huguenots by hanging 200 
Spaniards on trees. 

STATE. 

1564 June 25. Fla. A French expe- 
dition, sent out by Cdligni and led by 
Rene de Laudonniere, arrives at the 
mouth of the St. Johns River, and builds 
Fort Carolina. 

Dec. * Fla. Some of the French colonists 
depart, ostensibly for France, but en- 
gage in piracy against Spain. 

* * -69 * * Peril. Lope Garcia de Castro 
rules only as governor. 

1565 Aug.* S. C. Sir John Hawkins, 
the slave merchant, relieves the needs of 
the colony at Port Royal. 

Aug. 28. Fla. Jean Ribault arrives at 
the French colony with 300 men and am- 
ple supplies. 

Fla. Pedro Menendez, the agent 

of Philip II., arrives in Florida, with a 
commission to exterminate the Prot- 
estants and establish a colony. 

Sept. 8. Fla. St. Augustine is founded 
by Pedro Menendez. 

It is the first permanent European 
settlement in [the existing United 
States of] North America. He comes 
to conquer and colonize, and brings 2,500 
persons with him. [The period of Span- 
ish discovery and adventure in the New 
World practically ends.] 

Sept. 20±. Fla. Menendez annihilates 
the Huguenot colony on the St. Johns 
River. (See Society.) 

Arg. Rep. Spaniards cross from Peru 

and found Tucuman. 

* * Chile is under the royal audiehcia. 

1567 * * Brazil. The Portuguese, having 
broken up the French settlement at Rio 
de Janeiro, now found a colony there, 
and name it San Salvador. 

* * Can. The French, having failed 
with two colonies, abandon the colo- 
nization of the southern coast, and 
turn northward. The Marquis de la 
Roche obtains a commission to establish 
a colony on the St. Lawrence. [A colony 
of criminals is sent out and fails.] 

* * Venez. Caracas is founded by the 
Dutch. 

* * Brazil. Sebastian is founded. 

1568 May * S. C. Having driven out 
the French, the Spaniards hold the 
country. 

* * Chile. The audiencia established at 
Santiago. 

1569 Nov. 26. Peru. Don Francisco 
de Toledo enters Lima as viceroy. 

1570 * * Arg. Rep. Spain cripples the 
colonists by restricting navigation 
and commerce. 

* * * England and Spain contest the 
maritime supremacy of the world. 



1571* * Peru. Inca Tupac Amaru reigns. 
The viceroy unjustly beheads Tupac 
Amaru, the last of the Incas, on the 
square of Cuzco. 

1572 * * Brazil. An attempt is made to 
divide the colony. 

* * Va. The colony of Pedro Menendez 
lands on the banks of the Potomac. 

1573 * * Arg. Rep. Spaniards from Peru 
found Cordova. 

Don Juan de Garay leads an expedition 
to found Santa Fe\ 

* * Costa Rica. New Carthage receives its 
third governor from Madrid, and the 
colony is well established. 

1574 * * Fr. Henry III. is enthroned. 

* * Brazil. The colony is divided. 
1577 * * Brazil. Many of the Protestant 

colonists return to France. 
1578* * Greenland. Frobisher takes 
possession of the.west coast in the name 
of Queen Elizabeth, and calls it West 
England. 

* * Brazil. Diego Laurenco da Veiga is 
appointed governor-general of the flour- 
ishing colonies. 

Brazil becomes an appendage of 
Spain, and is again united under one 
government. 
Nov. 19. Fug. SirHumphreyGilbert's 
first expedition sails to found a colony 
in America. 

* * Port. Henry "the Cardinal "is en- 
throned. 

1579 May * Eng. Gilbert's unsuccess- 
ful expedition returns from Newfound- 
land. 

1580 June 11. Arg. Rep. Another 
Spanish expedition under Garay recolo- 
nizes Buenos Ayres and prospers. 

* * Guiana. The Dutch begin a settle- 
ment on the coast. 

* * Port. Anthony is enthroned. 

* * -1640 * * Portugal and her colo- 
nies are under the dominion of 
Spain. 

1581 * * Hoi. The republic of the United 
Netherlands is established. 

* * Peru. Don Martin Henriquez becomes 
viceroy. 

1582 * * New Mex. Santa F6" is visited 
by De Espejio. 

* * Peru. Second council of Lima. 

1583 June * N. F. An expedition of 
genuine colonists, led by Sir Hum- 
phrey Gilbert, and patronized by Sir 
Walter Raleigh, sails for America. [It 
utterly fails.] 

Aug. 5. Newfoundland. Gilbert lands at 
St. Johns, and takes possession of the 
island in the name of his queen. 

Aug. 27. Gilbert's largest ship is wrecked 
through carelessness, and 100 perish ; the 
survivors return to England. 

* * Chile. Sotomayor is governor. 

1584 * * Sir "Walter Raleigh receives 
his first patent. 

July 13. N. C. An exploring expedition 
is sent out by Raleigh, which lands on 
Roanoke Island, and takes possession 
of the country in the name of the virgin 
queen, and calls it Virginia. 



1585 Apr. Eng. Raleigh sends out his 
first colony of 1 10 persons under Gren- 
ville. Many persons are eager to sail for 
America. 

June 26. N. C. Raleigh's colony ar- 
rives at Roanoke Island and is left 
in charge of Ralph Lane. It is the first 
English settlement in the New World. 

Aug. 25. N. C. Grenville sails for Eng- 
land. 

* * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres advances in 
prosperity. 

* * Guiana is visited by Raleigh. 

1586 June 19. N. C. The English in 
less than a year abandon the settlement 
on Roanoke Island and leave with Sir 
Francis Drake. They carry back tobac- 
co and the potato. [A supply-ship ar- 
rives a few days later and departs.] 

July * N. C. Fifteen days later, Gren- 
ville also arrives at Roanoke with sup- 
plies, and leaves 15 men to hold possession 
of the country. [Their fate is unknown.] 

1587 July* N. C. Raleigh's second 
colonizing expedition of 117 men and 
women, under Captain John White, ar- 
rives at Roanoke, but finding no colony 
it returns. 

* * Guiana. The Spaniards found St. 
Thomas Island. 

1589 Mar. 7. Eng. Raleigh sells his 
proprietary rights to a company of 
merchants. 

* * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned. 

1590 Aug. 17. Gov. John White re- 
turns to the Roanoke settlement, and 
finds " it desert, tenantless, and silent." 

* * Peru. Herdato de Mendoza is viceroy. 
1592 * * Peru. Martin Gracia Onez de 

Loyola is viceroy. 

1594 * * Brazil. French Catholics estab- 
lish a colony on the Island of Maranhao. 

1595 * * Venez. Raleigh visits Guiana, 
and ascends the Orinoco River 400 miles, 
in quest of the El Dorado. 

1597 * * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres is 
firmly established. 

1598 * * Can. The Marquis de la Roche 
secures a patent for a colony in New 
France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV. 

La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly 
taken from the prisons of France, on 
Sable Island. 

* * Sp. Philip m. is enthroned. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1583 Sept. * Wreck of Sir Humphrey 
Gilbert's ship ; all perish. 

1584+ * * Privateering and coloniza- 
tion go hand in hand. Sir Richard 
Grenville, on his return voyage, takes a 
Spanish merchantman. 

By a process scarcely differing from 
piracy, and with little regard for the 
law of nations, great wealth was speed- 
ily acquired by many English adven- 
turers. 

1587. Aug. 18. N. C. Virginia Dare, 
the first child of English parentage, 
is born at Roanoke. 



26 



1600-1609. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1603 * * Uruguay, The Charruas Indi- 
ans defeat the Spaniards in a pitched 
battle. 

1607 * * Va. John Smith ia taken pris- 
oner by the Indians, and condemned to 
death ; but is set at liberty after a cap- 
tivity of seven weeks. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
EXPLORATION. 

1602 May 14. Mass, Arrival of Bar- 
tholomew Gosnold, who is the first to 
sail directly across the Atlantic, from 
the Azores, instead of by the Canary Is- 
land route. 

May 15. Mass. Gosnold visits Cape 
Cod. 

* * Va. Voyage of Samuel Mace to Vir- 



gin 



de- 



* * W. T. Port Royal, Jamaica, 
stroyed by an earthquake. 

1603 Apr. 10. Eng. Martin Pring 
sails on a voyage of commerce and ex- 
ploration to New England [where he 
enters Plymouth Harbor]. 

* * Can. Samuel Champlain is commis- 
sioned by a company of French mer- 
chants of Rouen to explore the country 
of the St. Lawrence, and establish a 
trading-post. 

1605 May 17+. Me. George "Wey- 
mouth of England explores part of the 
coast and some of the rivers. 

1607 May * Eng. Henry Hudson 
starts on his first voyage, instructed to 
sail northwest and directly across the 
pole. 

May * Va. Newport and twenty others 
return to Jamestown after exploring 
the James River as far as the falls [near 
Richmond]. 

* * Va. Jamestown colonists send an 
expedition of six men up the Chicka- 
hominy River expecting to find the 
Pacific Ocean. 

1608 July 21. Va. John Smith re- 
turns to Jamestown from the first ex- 
ploration of the Chesapeake Bay and its 
tributaries. 

July 24. Va. Smith sails on an. ex- 
ploring expedition for the Susque- 
hanna River. 

Sept. 7. Va. Smith returns to James- 
town, having explored 3,000 miles of 
coast. 

* * Eng. Sir Henry Hudson makes a 
second attempt to reach India by a 
northwest passage. 

* * Va. Capt. Newport sails up the 
James River to find the Pacific Ocean. 

1609 Apr. 4. Hoi. Sir Henry Hud- 
son sails on his important third voyage, 
under the auspices of the Dutch East 
India Company. 

His vessel is a small yacht called the 
Halve. Moon, having a crew of 18 or 20 
men; the icebergs baffle his endeavors 
in the north, and he follows the coast 
southward. 
July * N. Y. Samuel Champlain, the 
French navigator, enters the lake which 



bears his name, and is the first white 
man to set his foot on the soil of the 
Empire State. 

Aug. 28. N. J. Hudson anchors in 
Delaware Bay. [Soon after he explores 
the coast of New Jersey.] 

Sept. 3. N. Y, Hudson anchors in the 
Lower Bay of New York, behind Sandy 
Hook, and is refreshed with green corn, 
wild fruits, and oysters. 

Sept. 5. N. J. Hudson lands. 

Sept. 6. N. J. Hudson sounds the Nar- 
rows, and passes through the Kill Van 
Kull to Newark Bay. 

Sept. 9. New York. Hudson passes 
from the Lower Bay into the Narrows. 

Sept. 11. N. Y. Hudson enters the 
Great River of the north (Hudson). 

Sept. 14. Hudson visits the Highlands. 

Sept. 19. N. Y. The Halve Moon tarries 
[at Kinderhook] white a small boat as- 
cends the river [above Albany]. 

Sept. * Hudson abandons the pursuit of 
a northwest passage via the Hudson 
River. 

* * Va. The colonists of Jamestown be- 
gin the manufacture of glass beads, 
for traffic with the Indians. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1600 Corton, -Samuel, pioneer, born. 
Honkins, Edward, covernor, born, 
ilason, .Jolin, captain, born. 

1601 Coddington, William, founder of R. I., 
born. 

1602 Stuyvesant. Peter. Gov. of N.Y., b. 

1603 Bra.lstreet, Simon, Gov. of Mass., born. 
± Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., b. 

1604 Eliot. John, Apostle to Indians, born. 

1606 Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of 31d., born. 
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn., born. 

1607 Gosnold, Bartholomew, colonizer, d. 
Harvard, John, founder, born. 

1609 Clarlre, John, Baptist founder, born. 
Clap, Roger, author, born. 

CHURCH. 

1605 Aug. 19. Me. The English colo- 
nists at St. George, an island [in the 
Androscoggin River], all leave their 
ships and go ashore, where they have 
located their plantation, and listen to a 
sermon by their preacher, after which 
the laws of the colony are read. 

* * Paraguay. A second band of Jesuit 
missionaries — Cataldino, Mazeta, and 
Lorenzana — begin a successful work. 

* * It. Leo SI. and later Paul V., pope. 

1606 Apr. 10. Va. The charter is 
issued ; it makes the Church of Eng- 
land the religion of the colony, and all 
the people taxable for its support ; the 
aborigines are to be converted to Chris- 
tianity if possible. 

1607 June 21. Va. The Holy Sac- 
rament is administered in a chapel 
having sail-cloth for a covering, rails 
for walls, and logs for benches ; Rev. 
R. Hunt, minister at Jamestown. 

* * Me. Rev. Richard Seymour accom- 
panies a colony, for the service of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church. 

* * JR. I. A Baptist Church (according 
to some authorities^ formed at Tiverton. 



1608 * * Eng. Rev. John Robinson 

and other Puritans thrown into jail for 
dissenting, when about to flee from Eng- 
land. 

* * Paraguay. Jesuits are zealous in 
civilizing natives. 

* * Hoi. Part of the fleeing Puritans 
reach HoUand. 

1609 * * Mat*. William Brewster is 
chosen elder of the Plymouth colony, 
and becomes a religious leader. 

* * * Can. The Jesuit missionaries- 
commence the work of converting the 
Indian tribes, and exhibit unparalleled 
fortitude and great perseverance. 

LETTERS. 
1608 * * The True Itetafion, by Captain 
John Smith, is printed in London. 

* * Va. Smith sends to England his com- 
pleted Map of the Chesapeake Bay. 

SOCIETY. 

1606 Apr. * The London Company is 
required by a clause in its patent to* 
hold all property of its settlement in 
common for the first five years. 

1607* * Va. The colony at Jamestown 
consists of 12 laborers, 10 or 12 mechan- 
ics, and 48 gentlemen, and no women. 

* * Va. Suspicion, dissension, and ras- 
cality prevail among the colonists. 

Dec. * Va. Capt. John Smith is taken 
prisoner by the Indians, and sentenced 
to die, but his life is spared by the in- 
tercession of Pocahontas, daughter of 
Powhatan. 

1608* * Va. A conspiracy is formed to 
kill John Smith, and abandon the colony. 

* * Va. Gov. John Smith's first law: 
" He who would not work should not 
eat ; " the second, " Each man for six 
days in the week should work six hours 
each day." 

Apr. * Va. Capt. Newport arrives with 
a company of 34 gentlemen and an as- 
sortment of gold hunters, adventur- 
ers, and vagabonds. 

1609* *-10 Winter. Va. Vicious- 
ness and profligacy on the part of the 
greater number of the colonists bring 
about dearth ; only 60 persons out of 490 
survive till spring. 

* * Va. Thirty colonists seize one of 
the vessels and sail away as pirates ; 
riot and idleness prevail, domestic ani- 
mals are killed, and firearms traded 
away. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

* * * The Cherokee, Catawba, and 
Tuscarora Indians hold the Southern 
mountain country, and approach within 
about 100 miles of the Atlantic coast. 

* * * The Dakotas are in the great West 
and Northwest ; the Mobilians are in 
the South. 

* * * The Seminoles are in the Florida 
peninsula ; the Shoshones between the 
Rio Grande and lower Mississippi, and 
in the Great Salt Lake region and north- 
ward ; the Comanches are east of the 
Rio Grande and near the Shoshones; 



AMERICA. 



1600-1609. 



27 



the Klamaths are along the Pacific 
slope south of the Columbia River ; the 
Californians are south of the Kla- 
maths ; and the Athapascans, between 
the Colorado River and the Rocky 
Mountains. 

* * * North American Indian tribes are 
governed by a chief and council who 
are elective. Captive warriors are 
treated with great cruelty; women, 
boys, and girls are made slaves. 

* * * The Huron family of Indian tribes 
dwell north of Lake Erie and Lake 
Ontario. 

* * * The great Algonkian family rule 
both forest and prairie, extending along 
the Atlantic seaboard from the St. Law- 
rence to Cape Hatteras, and along the 
Ohio River westward to the Mississippi, 
and northward to Lakes Superior and 
Huron. 

The powerful Iroquois Indian fam- 
ily, including many tribes, extend south 
of Lakes Erie and Ontario and the St. 
Lawrence River for one or two hundred 
miles, and to the east as far as Lake 
Champlain. 

1602 * * Arg. Rep. Spain permits col- 
onists to export two ship-loads of pro- 
duce each year with 50 per cent customs 
duties. 

* * Holl. The Dutch East India Com- 
pany is foamed. 

* * Mass. The first Hew England set- 
tlement is made on an island in Buz- 
zard's Bay, by Bartholomew Gosnold, for 
the Association of London Merchants. 
[It is short-lived.] 

1603 Mar. 24. Eng. James I. en- 
throned. 

Apr. * Me. Martin Pring leads an Eng- 
glish expedition to the coast. [It returns 
after an absence of six months.] 

Nov. * Sieur de Monts, a French Hu- 
guenot, receives a grant of the country 
from one degree north of Montreal to 
the latitude of Philadelphia. 

1605. Aug. 9. Me. An English colony 
is planted at the mouth of the Sagada- 
hoc (Androscoggin) River, on an island 
called St. George. 

Nov. 14. N. S. De Monts establishes 
the first French settlement in the 
country at Port Royal (Annapolis) in 
Acadia. 

* * Maine is visited by an expedition 
under George Weymouth. 

* * N. S. Acadia is the only active set- 
tlement except those in Central and. 
South America, after 100 years of explo- 
ration. 

1606 Apr. 10. Great Virginia. The 
first charter is granted. 

A great joint-stock company is formed 
in England for the establishment of two 
colonies in America. The London or 
Virginia Company, having jurisdiction 
from 34° to 3S° north latitude, and the 
Plymouth or North Virginia Company, 
with headquarters at Plymouth, having 
jurisdiction from 45° to 41°; and the in- 
tervening territory (33° to 41°) to go to the 
company establishing the first self-sus- 
taining colony. 



Aug. * Eng. The Plymouth Company 
of " knights, gentlemen, and merchants " 
sends out its pioneer ship for explo- 
ration, and it is taken by the Spaniards. 

Autumn. Eng. The second ship of the 
Plymouth Company goes out, and re- 
turns with glowing accounts. 

Dec. 19. Eng. The London Company 
of " noblemen, gentlemen, and mer- 
chants" sends out three ships. A Su- 
perior Council in England and an In- 
ferior Council in America are to manage 
its affairs. 

* * * France claims all the territory 
north of Florida by right of the dis- 
coveries of Verrazano. 

* * * England claims the territory from 
the Cape Fear in North Carolina to New- 
foundland, and westward indefinitely, 
by the discoveries of John Cabot. 

* * Mass. The French attempt to settle 
Cape Cod, but are driven off by the In- 
dians. 

1607 May * Va. John Smith is placed 
in confinement during the latter part of 
the voyage to Virginia, on the absurd 
charge of designing to murder the Coun- 
cil, and make himself its monarch. 

May 13. Va. Commander Newport lands 
105 colonists at Jamestown, on the 
north bank of the James River, about 
32 miles from its mouth. 

Only 12 are laborers, and 10 or 12 are 
mechanics, while 48 are gentlemen, and 
there are no women. 

* * -10 Spring. N. S. Port Royal is de- 
serted. 

May * Va. The Inferior Council elect 
Edward Wingfield the first governor. 

* * Va. John Smith is at first jealously 
excluded from his seat in the Council. 

June 2. Va. Capt. Newport sails for 
England, leaving the colonists in a 
wretched condition. 

Aug. 8. Me. The second English Col- 
ony is planted. 

George Popham and Raleigh Gilbert 
plant 120 colonists in a fort at the mouth 
of the Kennebec River. [It is abandoned 
the next year.] 

Aug. * Va. General sickness at James- 
town ; only five men able to do sentinel 
duty. 

Sept. 10. Va. Gov. Wingfield and his 
confederate, George Kendall, a mem- 
ber of the governing council, are detected 
in embezzling the stores of the colony. 
[They are impeached and deprived of 
office.] 

Sept. 15. Va. One half of the colonists 
have been swept away by disease. 

Sept. * Va. John Ratcliffe is chosen 
president of the council and governor 
of the colony. [He is detected in an 
attempt to abandon the colony, and is 
deposed.] 

Dec. * * Va. Jamestown improves un- 
der the management of John Smith ; by 
strategy corn is secured from the Indians 
for winter. 

* * Va. Only two of the seven members 
of the council remain, Martin and 
Smith; Martin elects Smith, not yet 



30 years old, President of Virginia. [He 
becomes the most noted man in the 
early history of America.] 
"Winter. Va. Smith is held in captiv- 
ity by the Indians. 

1608 Jan. * Va. Smith returns from 
captivity. 

Apr. * Va. Newport returns to James- 
town with a second company, con- 
sisting of 120 emigrants, like the first, 
"vagabond gentlemen," idlers, and gold- 
hunters ; only 33 remain of the original 
105 colonists. 

Newport sails for England with a lot 
of worthless earth, supposed to contain 
gold. 

July 3. Can. Champlain returns from 
France to New France with a colony 
sent out by De Monts, and lays the foun- 
dation of Quebec. 

* * Va. The colonists waste the planting 
season in cold-seeking. 

Autumn. Va. Arrival of 20 colonists 
with Capt. Newport, which increases 
the number to a total of 200 persons. 

Sept. 10±. Va. John Smith is formally 
elected President ; he enforces law ; 
gold-hunting becomes unpopular, and 
prosperity increases. 

* * Va. Smith, Martin, and Newport 
constitute the Inferior Council. 

1609 May 23. Va. A second charter 
is issued, having enlarged privileges. 

King James revokes the constitution 
without consulting the wishes of the 
colonists, and grants the London Com- 
pany a new charter, extending from 
Cape Fear to Sandy Hook, and westward 
to the Pacific. 

May * Eng. Lord Delaware is elected 
governor of Virginia for life. 

He is the first one elected by the stock- 
holders of the London Company; Sir 
George Somers is admiral ; Sir Thomas 
Dale is high marshal ; Sir Ferdinand 
Wainman master of horse, etc. 

June * Eng. Many noblemen with 20 
women and children sail in a company 
of 500 emigrants for Virginia. 

One vessel is wrecked, and one run 
ashore in the Bermudas, and seven ar- 
rive in Jamestown. The governing 
commissioners being stranded in Ber- 
muda, John Smith continues in office, 
and greets the worst emigrants yet sent 
out. 

Sept. 15. Va. Smith sails for England, 
to recover his health. 

Sept. * Va. Sir George Percy governs 
Jamestown as Smith's delegate ; it con- 
tains between 50 and 60 houses. 

"Winter. Va. The 450 colonists suffer 
hunger because of profligacy and ill 
government. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1604 * * Eng. The Muscovy Company 
sends the first English ship to Green- 
land. 

1605 * * Me. George Weymouth sails on 
a trading expedition for furs to the 
coast of Maine. 

* * Va. Captain John Smith is sick, 
and so near to death that his comrades 
dig his grave. 



28 



1610-1620. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1613 Spring, Me. Captain Argall of 
Jamestown pillages and b urns the 
French settlement at Mount Desert 
Island, it being in the territory of the 
London Company. 

* * Can. Smith destroys every building 
of a French colony at the mouth of the 
St. Croix River. 

* * Can. Smith burns the deserted ham- 
let of Port Royal in Acadia (Nova 
Scotia). 

* * A r . Y. Smith destroys the cabins of 
the Dutch on Manhattan Island, and 
compels Ihem to acknowledge the sover- 
eignty of James I. of England. 

1614 * * N. Y. The Dutch build a fort 
on the southern extremity of Manhattan 
Island. 

* * iV. r. Fort Nassau is built by the 
Dutch [near Albany]. 

1615 Oct. 10. N. Y. Battle between 
Champlain and the Iroquois Indians in 
western New York. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
EXPLORATION. 

1610* * Eng. Hudson sails on a north- 
ern voyage of discovery, seeking a pas- 
sage westward to the Indies. 

■* * Spring. Va. Smith introduces the 
cultivation of maize, and plants 30 or 
40 acres. 

July 27. Sir Thomas Smythe discovers 
Delaware Bay. 

Aug*. 2. Can. Hudson enters the straits 
which bear his name, and thinks he dis- 
covers the Pacific [Hudson Bay]. 

1612 * * Va. The colonists begin to 
manufacture bricks. 

* * Va. John Eolfe [the husband of 
Pocahontas] begins the systematic cul- 
tivation of tobacco. 

1614 * * N. Y. Adriaen Block of New 
Amsterdam builds the first colonial ship, 
the Onrust (Restless). 

-* * Conn. Block, in the Onrust, explores 

Long Island Sound, and discovers the 

Connecticut River. 
June + * Captain John Smith explores 

the New England coast, and gives it this 

name. 

1615 * * Can. Champlain visits Lake 
Huron. 

1616 * * Can. Bylot and Baffin are 
sent in search of the northwest pas- 
sage ; Wolstenholme's Sound, Lancaster 
Sound, and Baftin Bay are discovered. 

1617 * * Guiana. Sir Walter Raleigh 
explores the coast. 

1618* * Can. Baffin reaches the 78° of 
latitude in the bay which bears his 
name. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1610 ? Berkeley, Sir "William, Gov. of Va., b. 
? Newport, Christopher, commander, dies. 

1611 Day, Stephen, first printer, born. 

1613 Bradstreet, Anne, poet, born. 

1613 Morton, Nathaniel, historian, born. 

1614 Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, born. 
1616 Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., born. 

Mereloza,de Juan Gonzales, Mex. vicar, A77. 



1617 Pocahontas dies in Knrope A22- 

1618 West, Thomas Lord Delaware, Gov. 
of Va., A41. 

Powhatan, Indian chief, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1610 June * Va. A day given to reli- 
gious services on the return of the 
colonists to their homes. (See State.) 

1611 June 10. Va. Many godly emi- 
grants arrive ; they commence the labors 
of the day by offering prayers in their 
little church, and order and comfort 

June 12. N. S. Two Jesuit mission- 
aries arrive at Port Royal, but their 
work among the Micmacs is frustrated 
by the government. 

* * Va. Gov. Dale requires every man 
and woman to give an account of his 
faith to the minister for the test of 
orthodoxy ; he orders them to be 
whipped if they refuse, and to be 
whipped daily till they acknowledge 
their faith. 

1614 * * Va. Pocahontas becomes the 
first Christian convert, and is bap- 
tized in the Episcopal church, under 
the name of Rebecca. 

1615 * * Can. Le Caron, a Franciscan, 
carries the Roman Catholic religion to 
the Indians of eastern Maine, and west- 
ward to the Hurons. 

1617 * * Eng. The refugee Puritans 
in Holland apply to the London Com- 
pany for permission to emigrate to their 
territory in America, and their request 
is granted. 

1619 July* Va. The House of Bur- 
gesses confirms the Church of Eng- 
land as the Church of Virginia, and 
intends that the first four ministers 
shall each receive £200 a year, and all 
persons whatsoever shall attend church 
on the Sabbath, both forenoon and 
afternoon. 

* * Eng. Another request signed by the 
greater part of the Puritans is sent to 
the Company. [Dissensions in the Com- 
pany delay success.] 

**2f. S. Reformed Franciscans be- 
gin mission work in Acadia. 

1620 Dec. 21. * Afass. Only the Plym- 
outh people come over as separatists, 
the other colonists remain in the 
Church of England seeking to reform 
her corruptions. The Congregational 
service is introduced by the Pilgrims. 

* * Arg. Rep. Buenos Ayres becomes a 
bishopric by creation of Pope Paul V. 

* * Eng. A company of London mer- 
chants is formed that agrees to loan 
money to the poor Puritans so they 
may emigrate ; each is to give his ser- 
vices for seven years to the company. 

LETTERS. 

1610* *The True Repertory of the Wrack 

and Redemption of Sir Thomas Gates, 

written at Jamestown by William Stra- 

chey. 



1613 * * Good Xftrs from Virginia, by- 
Alexander Whitaker. "The Apostle of 
Virginia." 

1614 * * Captain John Smith makes a 
map of the New England coast and 
country ; names it New England. 

1616* * Pern. The coUege of San 
Carlos is founded. 

1619 * * Va. An effort is made to estab- 
lish a college at Henrico (Richmond). 

An endowment of £1,500 and 10,000 
acres of land is procured ; the massacre 
of its friends defeats the project. 

SOCIETY. 

1611 June 21. Can. Henry Hudson, 
his sons, and five others are sent adrift 
by his mutinous crew, and perish in 
Hudson Bay. 

* * Va. The land hitherto held in com- 
mon is now divided, and each of the 700 
colonists receives three acres. 

Sept. 1. Henry Hudson's mutinous crew 
is picked up in a wretched condition. 

1612 June 29. Eng. A lottery is 
drawn in London for the benefit of 
the Virginia plantations ; profit nearly 
£30,000. 

1613 * * Va. Pocahontas is stolen and 
held for a ransom by the colonists. [In- 
dian troubles follow.] 

1614 * * Va. Capt. Hunt, the deputy 
governor, treacherously entices the In- 
dian chief, Santo, with 27 others, on 
board of his ship, and sails for Spain, 
where he sells them into slavery. 

Apr. * Va. Pocahontas is married to 
John Rolfe, a worthy young Englishman. 
[King James is scandalized that one not 
of royal blood should marry a princess.] 

1616 * * Pocahontas visits England 
and is received at Court. 

1619 * * Va. Laws are made against the 
playing of dice and cards, drunken- 
ness, and idleness; excess in apparel 
is restrained by a tax. 

* * Va. The colony is reenforced by the 
arrival of 1,200 emigrants, including 100 
felons sent by the king to he sold as 
servants among the planters. 

* * Eng. Bad management of the treas- 
urer of the London Company. 

About $400,000 have been spent and 
only 600 men, chiefly rovers, are found 
in the colony ; it is discovered that 
women must be introduced to make 
the enterprise succeed. 

Aug. * Va. A Dutch man-of-war brings 
20 African negroes to Jamestown, and 
sells them to the colonists at auction, 
thus introducing African slavery. 

1620 Dec. 21. Mass. The "Pilgrim 
Fathers " land at Plymouth Rock, and 
their colony consists of 73 males, 29 fe- 
males ; 34 adult males, IS adult females ; 
20 boys and S girls ; also 3 maid servants 
and 19 men servants, etc. (Winsor.) 

* * Eng. Ninety young women of good 
breeding and modest manners are per- 
suaded to emigrate to Virginia. 

Men who become husbands pay 120 lbs. 
of tobacco to repay the almost bankrupt 
company the expense of the voyage. 



AMERICA. 



1610-1620. 



29 



SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1610 May 24. Va. Capt.-gen. Gates 
and about 150 others arrive from Ber- 
muda, where they were shipwrecked. 

June* Va. " The starving time." 
Vice and famine have reduced the 
colonists from 490 to only 60 ; they are dis- 
heartened, and abandoning Jamestown, 
set sail for the fishermen's fleet at New- 
foundland. 

June 10. Va. The departing colonists 
meet a fleet of 3 vessels with reenforce- 
ments and supplies, and then return to 
Jamestown. 

Lord Delaware, the acting governor, 
brings peace, plenty, and prosperity to 
Jamestown. 

New York. The first Dutch emi- 
grants arrive at Manhattan. 

* * Brazil. Jesuit settlements are 
formed ; communism prevails. 

* * Ft. Louis XI 1 1. enthroned. 

* * Nicaragua. The foundation of Leon 
[the future rival of Granada] is laid. 

* * N. F. Mr. Gay, of Bristol, founds a 
colony at Conception Bay. 

± * * Paraguay . Jesuit settlements of 
natives are begun ; civilization follows. 

* * Va. Delaware returns to England for 
his health. 

1611 May 10. Va. Sir Thomas Dale 
arrives in the Chesapeake with stores 
and emigrants ; he assumes the govern- 
ment as high marshal. 

Aug.* Va. Sir Thomas Gates arrives 
with 300 colonists, 12 cows, 20 goats, and 
supplies ; he enters office as deputy 
governor. 

* * Va. Colonists receive individual al- 
lotments of three acres of land. 

1612 Mar. * Va. James I. grants a 
third charter to the London Company. 

It includes the Bermudas ; because of 
the financial failure of the venture the 
stockholders are given control, and with- 
out intention, a democratic government 
is encouraged. 

* * Brazil. A French colony is founded 
on the island of Marajo. [Maintained 
six years.] 

* * Eng. Sir "Walter Raleigh, having 
spent $200,000 to found a colony, without 
success, gives up the undertaking. 

* * Fr. The Protestants being in power, 
the great Conde becomes viceroy of 
the French empire in America. 

* * New York. The Dutch send the Tiger 
and the Fortune to trade with the Indians 
on the Hudson River. Huts are erected 
on Manhattan Island. (About 45 
Broadway.) 

1613 May * Me. Madame de Guerche- 
ville, having secured DeMonts' patent 
and a new one from the crown, for all 
lands between Florida and the St. Law- 
rence River, Fort Royal excepted, sends 
Saussage and two Jesuits, who settle a 
small colony on Mount Desert Island. 
[It is soon broken up.] 

* * Guiana. A colony of Dutchmen ar- 
rives. 

* * New York. The Dutch establish a 
trading-post on Manhattan Island. 



* * Va. Captain Samuel Argall of 
Jamestown breaks up the French settle- 
ments in Maine and Acadia, also the 
Dutch trading-station (?) at New Nether- 
land. 

1614 Oct. 11. N. T. A charter is 
granted by the States-General to the 
New Netherland Company, includ- 
ing territory from 40" north to 45° north, 
with a monopoly of the fur trade for 
three years. 

* * Conn. Settlement of Connecticut. 

The Dutch, led by Adriaen Block, ex- 
plore the coast, also the chief river, and 
build a fort [near Hartford]. 

* * Guiana. The States of Holland en- 
courage settlements by offering mono- 
polies for four years. 

* * Mass. An expedition is sent to New 
England by Sir Ferdinando Gorges 
and the Earl of Southampton. 

* * N. Y. The Dutch form a settlement 
on Manhattan Island, also erect a fort ; 
they build another [Fort Nassau] 150 
miles up the river. 

* * New York. Jean Yigne, the first white 
child, born on Manhattan Island. 

* * Va. Gov. Gates returns to England, 
and leaves the government to Sir Thomas 
Dale [for two years]. 

The cultivation of tobacco brings 
prosperity to the colony ; the streets 
of Jamestown are planted with it, and 
it becomes the accepted currency. 

1615 May± * New Eng. John Smith 
vainly attempts to form a settlement. 

* * Brazil. Belem is founded by Calderia. 

* * Can. Cham plain leads an expedition 
to Lake Huron. 

* * N. F. Captain Richard Whitborne 
is sent to establish order among the 
fishermen at Newfoundland. 

* * Va. Private ownership of land 
begins, each colonist receiving 50 acres 
for himself and heirs. 

1616 May * Va. Sir Thomas Dale re- 
signs the governorship, and returns to 
England, leaving George Yeardley as 
deputy governor. Pocahontas goes to 
England. 

* * New Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gor- 
ges makes persistent effort for the set- 
tlement of New England. 

1617 Jan. * Va. Captain Samuel Ar- 
gall is elected deputy governor. 

[Fraud, oppression, violence, greed, 
and tyranny on the part of the govern- 
ment check immigration, and the col- 
ony becomes reduced to 600 persons.] 
May 15. Va. Argal I arrives in Jamestown. 

* * N.J. The Dutch from New Am- 
sterdam start a settlement at Bergen. 
[The first in New Jersey.] 

* * N. Y. Fort Nassau [Albany] is de- 
stroyed by a flood. 

1618 * * New Eng. Ferdinando Gorges 
sends Captain Rocroft from England to 
New England ; he spoils a French bark 
on the way, and goes to Virginia, where 
he is killed. 

1619 Jan. 1. N. Y. Expiration of the 
first New Netherland charter. 



* * Va. Lord Delaware sails with sup- 
plies, and dies on the voyage. Ope- 
chancanough succeeds Powhatan. 

Apr. 19. Va. Sir George Yeardley is 
appointed deputy governor. [The col- 
ony grows and prospers.] 

* * Sol. The Pilgrims get a patent from 
the London (South Virginia) Company. 

July * Va. Popular government in- 
troduced. 

Yeardley divides the plantation into 
11 boroughs, and issues a proclamation 
requesting the election of two citizens 
from each to assist in the government. 

July 30. Va. The House of Burgesses 
meets at Jamestown, the first colonial 
legislature in the New "World. 

It is an elective assembly for discus- 
sion only, and has no power without the 
approval of the London Company. 

1620 July 22. Hoi. The Pilgrims de- 
part from Delfshaven in the Speedwell, 
having spent the preceding night in 
prayer and religious conversation. 

The Pilgrims purchase the Speedwell., 
and hire the Mayflower. 

Aug. 5. Eng. The Pilgrims set sail 
from Southampton for Virginia in the 
Mayflower of ISO tons burden, and the 
Speedwell, 60 tons. [The Speedwell proves 
leaky, and compels their return to Dartr- 
mouth.] 

Aug. 20±. The repairs on the Speedwell 
being completed, the Pilgrims reem- 
bark. [The Speedwell proves unseawor- 
thy, and they return to Plymouth.] 

Sept. 6. Eng. The Pilgrims finally 
leave Plymouth in the Mayfloiver, 
and number 102 persons. 

Nov. 3. Eng. The Plymouth Com- 
pany reorganized. 

King James incorporates forty of his 
subjects as " the Council established at 
Plymouth for the planting, ruling, or- 
dering, and governing of New England 
in America." 

Nov. 9. Mass. The Pilgrims come in 
sight of Cape Cod after a voyage of 63 
days. 

Nov. 11. Mass. Pilgrims on the May- 
flower sign an instrument of republican 
government, and elect John Carver 
governor. (Nov. 21, N. S.) 

Being denied a patent by the king, they 
proceed to discharge all the functions of 
an organized state. 

Dee. 11. Mass. The Pilgrim Fathers 
disembark at Plymouth Rock, and 
found a colony numbering 102 persons. 
New Style, Dec. 21. (Winsor.) 

Dec. 23. Mass. The Pilgrims begin 
building a settlement at Plymouth. 

* * Arg. Rep. The Spaniards erect a new 
government for Buenos Ayres — the 
Rio de la Plata, with Buenos Ayres 
for its capital ; cities and settlements 
abound. 

* * Paraguay is separated from Bue- 
nos Ayres. 

* * Mass. The whole body of the male 
inhabitants constitute the legislature. 
[Continuing thus for 18 years.] 

* * Va. The 1,000 inhabitants receive an 
accession of 1,200 more. 



30 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1621 * * Va. The settlers scour the 
wilderness, burn Indian villages, and 
kill some savages; the remainder are 
driven into the interior. 

* * Mass. Capt. Miles Standish, with a 
force of six men, explores the country to 
learn the disposition and number of the 
Indians. 

Aug. 14. Mass. The Plymouth colony 
sends 14 armed men to awe the 
Indians. 

1622 Mar. 22. Va. Indians attempt 
to annihilate the settlements by an un- 
expected attack, in which 3-17 colonists 
are killed, and 72 settlements destroyed. 
Only 1,600 men survive in the 8 remain- 
ing settlements. 

1623 * * Mass. Miles Standish with 
eight men goes to the rescue of Wey- 
mouth, and defeats the Indians. 

June± * X. Y. The Dutch build Fort 

Orange (Albany). 
X. J. The Dutch build Fort Nassau 

on the east shore of the Delaware [a 

little below Philadelphia]. 
.July* Va. Parties of settlers attack 

the savages and drive them inland. 

1624 July* Va. The Assembly orders 
another attack on the Indians. 

* * Brazil. The Dutch take Bahia with- 
out a struggle. 

1628* * Can. Champlain repulses 
David Kirk in his attempt to capture 
Quebec ; Port Royal falls into the hands 
of the English. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1621 * * Va. Workmen skilled in mak- 
ing iron arrive, bees are introduced, 
and cotton is planted as an experiment. 

1622 * * Va. First grist-mill erected. 
Twenty-five shipwrights arrive. 

1625 * * Mass. Plymouth has already 
built a little vessel. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1621 Carver, John, Gov. of Plymouth col- 
ony, A31. 

fllayhew, Thomas, clergyman of Mass., born. 
Hubbard, William, clergyman of JIass.,born. 

1 623 Laval- Montmorency, Bp. of Que- 
bec, born. 

1625 Cushman, Robert, of Plymouth colony, 

A45. ? 
1627 Yeardley, Sir George, Gov. of Va., d. 

CHURCH. 
1621* * X. Y. Lutherans settle in New 
Amsterdam. 

* * It. Gregory XV., pope. 

1623* * Mass. Protestant Episcopal 
service is first regularly established 
here by Rev. William Morrell of Eng- 
land. 

* * X. H. The colonists are tolerant to- 
ward all religious faiths. 

* * It. Urban VIII., pope. 

* * X. Y. The "Walloons are driven to 
America by persecution. 

** * Va. The General Assembly ordains 
.the suppression " of all teaching or 
preaching, public or private," of all 



non-Episcopal ministers, and the expul- 
sion of non-conformists from the colony. 

± * * Mass. The London Company vexes 
the Plymouth colony by its efforts to 
thrust on the Pilgrims a minister of the 
Established Church ; they had come 
to the western wilderness to escape such 
oppression. 

1626* * Can. Fathers Brebeuf and 
Daniel, Recollects, begin work among 
the Hurons. 

* * New • York. Public worship by the 
Reformed Dutch at New Amsterdam 
begins, in the absence of ministers, by 
the weekly reading of the Scriptures 
and the creeds in a room over a horse- 
mill, by two men (Huyck and Krol) sent 
over as " Comforters of the Sick." 

1627 * * X. M. The Franciscan mis- 
sionaries report 27 new missions, sev- 
eral large churches, 10 convents, thou- 
sands of Indians baptized, and over 8,000 
converts to Christianity. 

1628 Apr. 7. X. Y. Jonas Michaelius, 
the first Dutch minister, arrives; the 
Reformed Dutch Church is organized 
in New Amsterdam. 

* * X. Y. The first Presbyterian 
church in America is organized in New 
Amsterdam. 
July 20. Mass. The ballot first used 
in America in the election of John Wil- 
son as pastor and teacher at Salem after 
a day of humiliation. The church or- 
ganized. 

1629 Aug. 6. Mass. Organization of 
the second Congregational church at 
Salem. 

John and Samuel Brown set up 
Episcopal worship in Salem : ap- 
parently the first to resist the politico- 
religious law of the colony. 

LETTERS. 
1622 * * Va. The Bishop of London 

raises £1,000 toward a imiversity for 

this colony. 
1624 * * General History of Virginia, by 

Captain John Smith, is printed in 

London. 
1626 * *A Translation of Ovid,hy Sandys, 

appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1621 Mar. 22. Va. Jamestown and 
other settlements are saved from gen- 
eral massacre by the warning given by 
a converted red man, who reveals 
the plot on the previous night. 

Mar. * Mass. Massasoit, the great 
sachem of the Wampanoags, is received 
by the Plymouth colony with much 
parade. A treaty of peace follows. [It 
is faithfully kept for fifty years-l 

May 12. The first marriage in the 
Plymouth colony takes place between 
Edward Winslow and Susanna White. 

June 18. The first duel in New Eng- 
land brings disgrace on the duelists. 

It is fought by two servants with sword 
and dagger, and both are wounded. The 
authorities sentence them to lie 24 hours 
with their heads and feet tied together. 



* * Va. Sixty more young women 
arrive; 150 lbs. of tobacco are charged 
each man who becomes a husband, to 
pay expenses incurred in bringing bis 
bride to Virginia. 

Aug. 21. Va. One widow and eleven 
maids consigned to the colony from 
London, to be sold for tobacco at the 
rate of 120 lbs. of the best leaf for each. 

1622* * Mass. The English settlers at 
Weymouth seek their subsistence by 
defrauding the Indians, instead of 
laboring in useful employment ; conflict 
follows. 

1625 June 9. X. Y. The first white 
child born in Brooklyn. 

1626 * * X. Y. The Dutch introduce 
negro slaves. 

1628 * * X. Y. The Dutch on Manhat- 
tan Island live hi houses thatched with 
straw and having wooden chimneys, 
while creaking windmills extend their 
ungainly sails against the sky. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1621 Mar. 21. Mass. Massasoit visits 
Plymouth, and makes a treaty. 

The Pilgrims enter a treaty with the 
Wampanoags. [It is kept inviolate for 
50 years.] 

Spring. Mass. Of the 102 Pilgrims, only 
about 50 survive the winter. 

June 1. Eng. John Pierce receives his 
first patent for the Pilgrims. 

June 3. X. Y. The States-General grant 
to the Dutch "West India Company a 
charter, with full powers over NewNeth- 
erland for 24 years. 

July 24. Va. Sir Francis Wyatt, the 
governor, brings a new constitution 
for the colony. 

It vests the government in a governor, 
a council of state, and a general assem- 
bly, for which two burgesses are to be 
chosen by each town, hundred, and plan- 
tation. Thegovernorhas the veto power, 
and every enactment of the assembly re- 
quires the company's sanction ; on" the 
other hand, the assembly may veto the 
acts of the company. 

Sept. 10. Can. Sir William Alexan- 
der obtains from the crown of Scotland 
a patent for all Acadia, under the title 
of Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful at- 
tempt is made at colonizing.] 

Nov. 19. Mass. Another company of 
emigrants arrives with scant provisions 
for the winter. 

Nov. *-Dec. * Va. First session of the 
Assembly under the new constitution. 

* * .Ifass. "William Bradford is elected 
governor, on the decease of Carver. 

Pestilence had swept away about one- 
half of the Indians prior to the arrival 
of the Pilgrims. 
"Winter. Mass. Starvation threatens the 
colonists, and they subsist on half ra- 
tions for six months. 

* * Mass. The supply vessel Fortune is 
sent back from Plymouth, laden with 
beaver skins and clapboards valued at 
§2,500, the first returns from the colony. 

* * X. F. Sir George Calvert plants 
a colony in Newfoundland [and resides 
there for several years]. 



AMERICA. 1621, Mar. 21-1629, Aug. 29. 31 



* * Sp. Philip IV. enthroned. 

■* * Va. Jamestown exports 55,000 lbs. 
of tobacco this year. 

The cultivation of cotton is intro- 
duced. 

* * -22 * * Va. Great increase in im- 
migration. 

1622 Aug. 10. N.H. Sir Ferdinando 
Gorges and John Mason obtain a pa- 
tent for lands between the Merrimac 
and Kennebec Rivers, called Lacouia. 

Settlements made on the sites of Dover 
and Portsmouth. 
Nov. 6. The king's proclamation prohib- 
its " interloping and disorderly trading 
to New England." 

[This hastens the dissolution of the 
Plymouth company.] 

* * Can. Samuel Champlain is gover- 
nor of Canada [including Michigan]. 

* * Eng. The London Company is bank- 
rupt, and the numerous stockholders 
are divided by dissensions. 

* * Mass. English fishing vessels arrive 
and sell food to the starving Pilgrims 
at double price. 

Emigrants sent out by Thomas Weston 
of London begin a new settlement [near 
Boston] called Weymouth. 

* * Me. The first permanent settlement 
in Maine is made at Saco. (Or in 1623.) 

* * Spring. N. Y. The great West In- 
dia Company take possession of New 
Netherland under their charter. 

* * Va. A massacre of a part of the 
colonists reduces the plantations from 
SO to less than eight. 

The census shows a population of 2,500 
people. 

1623 Apr. * Eng. Lord Baltimore's 
patent is granted. [Dies. Patent not 
sealed.] 

Apr.* The whole of Long Island is 
granted to the Earl of Stirling. 

Apr. * N. Y. Thirty families, called 
Walloons, arrive from Flanders ; they 
seek civil and religious freedom, and to 
escape the persecutions of their own 
country. 

•June 25. Va. King James contends 
with the London Company and en- 
deavors to annul its charter. 

-June ± * N. Y. Eighteen of the emigrant 
families of Walloons ascend the Hud- 
con, and build Fort Orange (Albany). 

* * N. J. Walloons, under Cornelia Ja- 
cobson May, ascend the South River 
(Delaware) and build Fort Nassau [be- 
low Camden]. 

* * Can. Scotch colonists sent out by 
Sir William Alexander arrive in Nova 
Scotia, but return when they find French 
adventurers already established there. 

July 20. New England is divided 
among the original patentees. 

* * Mass. Weymouth [near Boston] is 
abandoned ; the majority of colonists re- 
turn to England. 

John Pierce's second patent issued on 
his own account, making the Plymouth 
people his tenants. [He sells it to the 
Pilgrims for S2.500 — cost price $250.] 



John Lyford and John Oldham 
conspire against the -welfare of the 
colony, and both are banished. 

The Pilgrims no longer labor in com- 
mon, but receive allotments of land to 
individuals for one year. 

* * Me.-N. U. Settlements are made in 
New Hampshire and Maine, including 
Portsmouth and Dover. 

1624* * Spring. Mass. Land is no 
longer held in common ; every person 
receives a little land in perpetual tee. 
Edward Winslow returns from England, 
bringing the Cape Ann patent. 

Cattle are first brought to Plymouth 
— three heifers and one bull. 

June 16. Virginia becomes a royal 
colony. 

James I. arbitrarily annuls the liberal 
charter of the London Company, after 
it has spent $750,000 above its receipts, 
and Virginia becomes a royal colony, 
having Sir Francis Wyatt for governor, 
with 12 councilors. 

Dec. * New Eng. After four years of 
labor and expense, only 180 persons 
remain; there is no hope of future 
profit. 

* * Brazil is invaded by the Dutch. 

* * Mass. John White, a Puritan minis- 
ter from Dorchester, England, plants a 
small colony en Cape Cod. 

The governor's power is restricted by 
a council of five. 

Cape Ann is settled by a few Puri- 
tans. [Later the colony removes to 
Naumkeag.] 

* * N. Y. The Butch ship New Nether- 
land brings over a colony of 110 Wal- 
loons of French origin, to the Hudson 
River region. They bring farm-stock, 
seed, and implements. 

The Dutch begin civil govern- 
ment; Captain Cornelius May is the 
first governor, and his duties chiefly re- 
late to the management of a trading- 



* * Va. About 2,000 colonists 
the 9,000 sent out. 

1625 Mar. 27. Eng. Charles I. en- 
throned. 

May 13. Va. Charles I. issues a proc- 
lamation inimical to the Jamestown 
colony. 

* * Mass. Mount Wollaston [near Bos- 
ton] settled by Captain Wollaston. 

* * New York. Sarah Rapaelje is born, 
the first white girl born on Manhattan 
Island. 

Three ships and a yacht bring many 
settlers from Holland and 100 cattle. 

* * N. Y. "William Verhulst is governor 
of New Netherland. Walloons settle at 
Fort Orange (Albany). 

1626 Jan. * N. Y. The Dutch West 
India Company appoint Peter Min n it 
governor of New Netherland. 

May 4. N. Y. Gov. Minuit arrives ; 
also four shiploads of colonists with 
300 cattle ; population of New Amster- 
dam two hundred. 

* * Guiana. The French settle on the 
Sinamary River. 



May * New York. Minuit buys the en- 
tire Manhattan Island, comprising 
more than '20,000 acres, for §24 worth 
of scarlet cloth, brass buttons, etc. 

* * N. If. A feeble settlement is made on 
the Piscataqua Kiver (Dover). 

* * Va. Sir George Yeardley, benefac- 
tor of Virginia, reappointed governor. 

1627 Aug. * Va. The King proposes a 
royal monopoly of the tobacco trade. 

* * Summer. Va. One thousand emi- 
grants arrive. 

Nov. * Mass. Eight of the Plymouth 
colonists purchase the entire interest 
of the London Company in Lhe Plym- 
outh colony for §9,000. 

Nov. * Va. The colonists elect Francis 
"West to fill the vacancy in the gover- 
norship. [He is soon excluded.] 

* * Can. The colony of Q,uebec is 
transferred to the company of 100 mer- 
chants under Cardinal Kichelieu. 

* * Guiana. Dutch settlements are es- 
tablished. 

* * Mass. The Plymouth colony intro- 
duce the use of ■wampum as currency. 

* * Mass.~N. Y. The Dutch and the Puri- 
tans are fast friends. Dutch embassy is 
sent to Plymouth with expressions of 
good will. 

1628 Mar. 19. Mass. The founda- 
tion of the Massachusetts colony is 
laid by 6 Englishmen. 

They purchase a belt of land ex- 
tending from ocean to ocean, and from 
3 miles north of the Merrimac Kiver to 
3 miles south of the Kiver Charles and 
the Massachusetts Bay. 

Mar. * Va. The colonists assent to the 
royal monopoly of the tobacco trade. 

Sept. 16. Mass. Arrival of a colony at 
Salem, led by John Endicott. 

* * Mass. Endicott suppresses the settle- 
ment at Wollaston. 

* * New York Manhattan has a popu- 
lation of 270 ; the fur trade flourishes. 

* * Va. John Potts is governor. 

1629 Mar. 4. Mass. Charles I. issues 
a charter to the company which had 
settled Salem, incorporating the pro- 
prietors as the Governor and Company 
of Massachusetts Bay in New Eng- 
land ; M. Cradoclt governor. [Declines.] 

June 6. N. Y. The Dutch "West In- 
dia Company created a charter of 
privileges corporation. 

Under it certain patroons may each 
hold in fee simple, as do the hereditary 
lords of Europe, a tract of land not 
more than 10 miles long and 8 miles 
"wide, or other width determined by the 
position. 

June 30 ±. Mass. Two hundred addi- 
tional immigrants arrive ; one-half go to 
the Plymouth Colony and the other 
half lay the foundation of Charles- 
town, dividing the land into two-acre 
lots, one for each settler. [More than 
one-half die in a year.] 

Aug. 29. Mass. The charter and gov- 
ernment of the Massachusetts Company 
is transferred to the colony by the 
Company; John Winthrop is chosen 
governor. 



32 1629-1634, Oct. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1629 * * Can. Conquest of Quebec by 
the English, who are led by three refu- 
gee French Calvinists. 

1630* * Brazil. The Dutch take Olinda. 

1633 * * Conn. The Indians commit 
their first act of violence in this col- 
ony by murdering the crew of a trading 
vessel on the Connecticut Kiver; they 
apologize, and sign a treaty of peace. 

* * New York. Fort Amsterdam is be- 
gun. [Number 4 Bowling Green.] 

1634 Oct. * Conn. Plymouth colonists 
ascend the Connecticut River, and build 
a fort at "Windsor. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1629 * * Mass. The colonists at Salem 
commence to make bricks. 

1630 * * Peru. Destructive earthquake 
at Lima. 

1631 * * Can. Searching for the north- 
west passage, Fox discovers Pox Chan- 
nel; touches Cape Peregrine. James, 
on the same errand, discovers James's 
Bay. 

* * Mass. The little vessel Blessing of 
the Bay is built. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1630 Johnson, (Lady) Arabella, PilgTim, d. 
1633 Smith, John, leader in "Va., A53. 

CHURCH. 

1629 * * Mass. Gov. Endicott sends away 
the Episcopal brothers Brown, who de- 
sire services in their own house, as " fac- 
tious and evil-conditioned." 

1630 Feb. 22. Mass. Fast day 
changed into a day of thanksgiving, be- 
cause of the arrival of a ship from Eng- 
land with provisions. 

* * Conn. Presbyterian worship, con- 
ducted by Richard Denton, pastor, com- 
mences at Wethersfield. 

* * Mass. John Winthrop, an Epis- 
copalian, chooses affliction with the 
Puritans. 

* * N. Y. A colony of Dutch establish 
the Reformed Dutch worship at Fort 
Orange (Albany). 

1631 Feb. 5. Boston. Roger "Wil- 
liams arrives from England 

Apr. 12. Mass. Williams becomes 
teacher for the Salem church. 

May 18. Mass. The General Court of 
the Massachusetts Bay colony decrees, 
" No man shall be admitted to the body 
politic, but such as are members of some 
of the churches within the limits " of the 
colony. 

Nov. 3. Boston. Rev. John Eliot ar- 
rives. 

* * Mass. Taxes are levied for the sup- 
port of the gospel ; attendance at 
church is required by law ; only church 
members can be elected to offices of 
trust ; intolerance and bigotry, the vice 
of the age, is also the vice of the Pu- 
ritans. 



The Plymouth colony is more toler- 
ant than the Massachusetts colony. 

Roger Williams, aministerof Salem, 
denounces the intolerant laws. 

He is the " first in America or Europe 
to proclaim the doctrine of full religious 
toleration;" he holds that the state 
should leave matters of religious opinion 
and worship to the conscience of the 
individual, and confine government to 
secular affairs. 

1632 * * Can. The conversion of the 
heathen is committed solely to the 
Jesuits. 

The missionaries are employed to 
confirm the alliance made with the 
Hurons, by establishing missions among 
them. 

* * Mass. The erection of the first 
church in Boston is commenced. 

1633 Mar. 25. Va. The services of 
the Roman Catholic church are be- 
gun on St. Clement's Island, on the 
Potomac, by Revs. Andrew White and 
John Altham. 

Oct. * A 7 ". H. The first Congregational 
minister preaches in the State. 

* * Can. Jesuit missionaries resume 
work in the St. Lawrence Valley. 

* * Spring. N. Y. A second Dutch 
minister arrives at New Amsterdam. 

* * Md. The Society of Jesus begins its 
labors. 

* * N. Y. The records of the Re- 
formed (Dutch) church begin. 

The first church on Manhattan 
Island is erected by the Dutch (on Pearl 
Street, between Broad and Whitehall). 

1634 Mar. 3. Md. ' The first colony of 
200 Catholics arrives on the Potomac, 
for the settlement of Maryland under 
Lord Baltimore. 

Mar. 25. Md. The English Catholic 
families land from the two ships, the 
Arc and the Dove. 

Mar. 27. Md. Lord Baltimore, a Cath- 
olic, plants the first colony, composed 
of both Puritans and Catholics, but 
chiefly Catholics, near the mouth of the 
Potomac, and some are men of fortune. 

* * * Mass. The opposition to the 
Quakers rests on semi-political grounds 
chiefly, because they annoy congrega- 
tions in their worship. 

May 24. Mass. Commencement of the 
custom of preaching election-day ser- 
mons, by Rev. John Cotton. 

Sept. ± * Mass. Roger "Williams be- 
comes pastor of the Salem church. 

LETTERS. 
1630 * * The Golden Fleece, by Vaughn, 
appears. 

* * A Model of Christian Charity is writ- 
ten by John "Winthrop while on his 
voyage to Massachusetts. 

* * * The Puritans are an educated 
people. 

1633 * * New York. The Dutch estab- 
lish a school at New Amsterdam. 

SOCIETY. 

1629* * Brazil. Commencement of 

raids into the interior to capture In- 



dians for slavery ; the converted Indians 

in Paraguay are not spared. 
' * Eng. The Massachusetts colony in 
London, directing Gov. Endicott, says: — 
, though there 



■ -;,!■■ 



yel 



I to 



order it as that tL-- >\w.vj.<- may not, for 
our lucre Bake, be induced to the exces- 
sive use, or rather abuse of it : and at 
any time take care our people gixe no 

ill example : and if any shall exceed in 
the inordinate kind of drinking as to be- 
come drunk, we hope you will take care 
his punishment be made exemplary for 
all others.*' 

* * Paraguay. Spanish colonists raid the 
Indian tribes of the interior, to secure 
slaves, repeatedly attacking the Indian 
settlements of the Jesuits. 

* * -35 * * Va. Gov. John Hervey sides 
with certain speculators and land mo- 
nopolists in wronging the people. 

1630 * * Brazil. The Dutch send an ex- 
pedition to Africa to capture slaves 
from a Portuguese settlement for the 
colony at Olinda. 

* * Mass. About 300 of the best kind 
of Puritans families emigrate to New- 
England. 

" Not adventurers, not vagabonds, 
were these brave people, but virtuous, 
well-educated, courageous men and 
women, who, for conscience's sake, left 
comfortable homes with no thought of 
returning." 

The court fixes the prices of labor ; 
mechanics to receive no more than 2s. a 
day, under a penalty of 10s. 

1631 * * Del. The entire colony of 30 
persons at Lewiston is massacred by the 
Indians in revenge of one murder. 

* * Mass. Roger "Williams arrives. 

1633 * * Mass. One of the laws of the 
colony directs that " No man shall sell 
or (being in the course of trade) give any 
strong water to any Indian." 

* * * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov- 
ernor, promotes the amalgamation of 
the natives and colonists by marriage. 

The colony grants partial toleration. 

It enacts that provision be made for 
all refugees from religious persecution 
on their arrival, except Jesuits and 
priests ; blasphemy, idolatry, and witch- 
craft are made punishable "with death ; 
immoralities are severely punished ; 
money is not to be loaned for inter- 
est ; extravagance in dress is a crime; 
and the Bible is accepted as the ultimate 
tribunal when the laws are defective. 

* * Mich. The Iroquois Indians drive the 
Hurons on St. Joseph's Island, where 
many starve during the winter. 

1634 * * Mass. Mrs. Hutchinson organ- 
izes a meeting of "women, they being 
excluded from speaking in the weekly 
meetings for social worship. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 
1629 Sept. 13. Mass. Nine sachems 
come to Plymouth and offer their alle- 
giance. (J. Endicott, acting governor.) 

* * Cayi. Quebec and all Canada is sur- 
rendered to the English. 

* * Mass. The name of the Bay Colony is 
changed from Naumkeag to Salem. 

* * JV". H. — Me. Mason and Gorges, the 
proprietors of New Hampshire and 
Maine, dissolve their union, and each 



AMERICA. 



1629-1634. 



receives a new grant ; Mason from the 
Merrimac to the Piscataway River, 
Gorges from the latter to the Kennebec, 
and it is called New Somersetshire. 

* *X.J. Godyn and Blomaert, two Dutch 
patroons, obtain a grant of the lower 
part of New Jersey, bordering the Del- 
aware Bay. 

* * Vet. Gov. John Harvey arrives at 
Jamestown, bearing a commission from 
Charles I. [His presence vexes the col- 
onists for six years.] 

Lord Baltimore visits Virginia, and 
is promised citizenship if he will take an 
oath, which his Catholic conscience for- 
bids. He is not permitted to plant a 
colony here. 

* * Del. Samuel Godyn, a Dutch direc- 
tor, purchases from the Indians all their 
lands from Cape Henlopen to the mouth 
of the Delaware. 

1630 Midwinter. Mass. Two hundred 
Puritans have perished from the 
severity of the climate and their inferior 
shelter. 

Apr. IS. X. Y. Manors are created. 

May * X. H. The province of Laconia 
has its name changed to New Hamp- 
shire. It is first settled. 

June 12. Mass. John "Winthrop arrives 
at Salem with the charter of Massachu- 
setts Colony. The government is re- 
moved from England to America. 

(John "Winthrop is elected the first 
governor of the Massachusetts Colony.) 
He is a Christian patriot and states- 
man, of the Episcopal religion, and of 
republican principles. [He becomes the 
controlling spirit of the colony.] 

July 6. Mass. Fourteen vessels arrive 
with 1,500 colonists for Massachusetts 
Bay. [They found Watertown, Dor- 
chester, and Roxbury.] 

July* X. Y. The Council ratify the pur- 
chase from the natives of all land be- 
tween Cape Henlopen and the mouth of 
the Delaware by Samuel Godyn. 

Aug. 9. X. Y. Staten Island is pur- 
chased from the Indians by Michael 
Pauw, a Dutch director. [They sell it 
twice afterwards.] 

Aug. 23. Mass. The first court of as- 
sistants is held at Charlestown ; it settles 
the price of mechanical labor : mechan- 
ics are to receive no more than 2s. a 
day, under a penalty of 10s. to giver 
and taker. 

Aug. * Mass. Trimountain (Boston) is 
founded by John Winthrop and a few 
leading families. 

Sept. 17. Mass. The court of Charles- 
town changes the name of the settle- 
ment at Trimountain to Boston. 

Oct. 19. Boston. The first General 
Court in America is held; 110 freemen 
in the colony. 

Oct. * Mass. It is found impracticable 
to transact public business by a primary 
assembly of all freemen meeting four 
times in a year ; a Board of Assistants 
is appointed. 

Nov. * X. J. Michael Pauw becomes the 
patroon of Hoboken Hacking (Hoboken). 



* * Guiana. The first settlement is made 
at Surinam. 

* * Brazil. The Dutch seize the coast, 
and establish a colony at Olinda in Per- 
nambuco ; Count Maurice comes, and 
prosperity follows. 

Regular government is established and 
a supply of slaves provided. 

* * Conn. The Council of Plymouth grant 
to the Earl of Warwick the land 120 miles 
southeast from the Narragansett River, 
and extending from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific. [Not settled for five years.] 

* * Mass. A third and last patent given 
to the Plymouth Colony, grants lands 
between the Cohasset River and the 
Narragansett, and westward to the limits 
of Pokenakut (or Sowamset). 

The great emigration begins. 

Over 1,000 persons brought over in 
17 vessels, besides horses, cattle, and 
goats, also necessaries for planting, fish- 
ing, and ship-building. Many persons 
of importance are among the emigrants. 

* * Me. Settlements are made on the 
Saco by Biehard Vines and John 
Oldham. 

* * X. C. Charles I. grants Sir Robert 
Heath a patent to Carolina, an im- 
mense tract south of Virginia. [After 
33 years of useless existence, it is re- 
voked.] 

* * X. S. St. Etienne, a Huguenot of La 
Tour, buys the patent for Nova Scotia, 
of Sir William Alexander, with a con- 
dition requiring its continued subjection 
to Scotland. 

* * X. Y. Kiliaen van Rensselaer, one 
of the colonial directors, appropriates 
lands bought of the Indians, north and 
south of Fort Orange (Albany), 24 
miles along the river, and 48 miles in- 
land. Dutch colonists settle Rensse- 
laer wyck. 

* * Va. Virginians are vexed with the 
rash imposition of frequent fines, which 
now become the perquisites of Governor 
Harvey. 

1631 Feb. 5. Mass. Arrival of the 
Lyon from Bristol, laden with much 
needed food. 

Mar. 29. Conn. Warwick transfers his 
claim to Lord Say and Seal, Lord 
Brooke, John Hampden, and others. 

Spring. Del. De Vries, with 30 Dutch 
colonists, lays the foundation of Lewis- 
town, the oldest settlement in Delaware. 
[All are massacred by Indians.] 

May 5. X. J. The Dutch purchase Cape 
May of the Indians. 

Oct. 18. Mass. The Puritans limit the 
suffrage to members of the church, 
thus putting the government in the 
hands of a minority, excluding from 
their rights nearly three-fourths of the 



: * Mass. A fortified town is begun on 
the Charles River, and called "Newtown 
(Cambridge). 

1 * Me. A division line is drawn by the 
proprietors, Gorges and Mason, be- 
tween Maine and New Hampshire, 
separating the colonies. 



* * Md. William Clayborne, with other 
Virginians, makes the first settlement, 
on Kent Island. 

1632 Mar. 29. Fr. Treaty of St. 
Germain between France and England ; 
New France, Acadia, and Canada go to 
the dominion of France ; all British in- 
terests are surrendered. 

June 20. Md. Cecil Calvert, second 
Lord Baltimore, receives from Charles 
I. the grant of a new province, which he 
calls Maryland, in honor of the queen. 
[The severing of their territory vexes 
the Virginians, but they remonstrate in 
vain.] 

Oct. * Mass. Governor Winthrop and 
Pastor Wilson, of the Massachusetts 
Colony, visit the Plymouth settlement 
to show good will. 

* * Conn. Dutch traders visit the Con- 
necticut. 

* * Mass. The Connecticut valley be- 
ing more fertile, emigration is urged 
thither by Winthrop. 

* * X. Y. Charles I. reasserts the title of 
England to New Netherland, by " first 
discovery, occupation, and possession." 

1633 Jan. 8. Conn. The Dutch buy 
land of the Indians on both sides of the 
river. 

Apr. * X. Y. Wouter van Twiller su- 
persedes Minuet as governor. 

Oct.* Conn. A trading-post is estab- 
lished by the Pilgrims, and settlers lo- 
cate at Windsor in disregard of the 
claims of the Dutch. 

Nov. 22. Md. Leonard Calvert, 
brother of the second Lord Baltimore, 
sails with a colony of 201 persons, chiefly 
Roman Catholics and their servants. 

* * Mass. Men who become eminent ar- 
rive ; among them are John Haynes, 
John Cotton, Thomas Hooker, and Sam- 
uel Stone. 

* * Mass. Charles I. becomes alarmed 
at the growing popularity of the liberal 
Massachusetts government. The Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury is offended. 

The governor's power is restricted 
by a council which is now increasedf rom 
five to ten. (E. Winslow, governor.) 

* * Pa. The Dutch buy lands on the 
Schuylkill. 

1634 Mar. 25. Md. Lord Baltimore's 
first colony lands on St. Clement's 
Island. 

Apr. * Eng. Superin tendency of the 
colonies is removed from the privy 
council to a special commission led by 
the Archbishop of Canterbury. 

May * Mass. The ballot is substituted 
for a show of hands at a public election. 

* * Mass. Thos. Prince, Gov. of Plym- 
outh ; Thos. Dudley, of Mass. Bay. 

* * Guiana. The French settle at Cay- 
enne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1630 * * Greenland. Eight men belong- 
ing to the Muscovy Company are left 
here by accident till the next season, 
and yet survive their terrible sufferings. 



34 



1634-1639. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1635 Apr. 25. Md. Fight between tlie 
armed boats of "William Clayborne 
and the colonists. 

* * Me. The French seize the Penobscot 
trading-post established by Plymouth 
colonists, who fail to retake it. 

* * Conn. The English send over men, 
ordnance, and ammunition, with $10,000 
to build a fort at the mouth of the 
Connecticut Elver (at Saybrook). 

A colony led by the younger John 
Winthrop drives the Dutch from the 
mouth of the Connecticut River, settles 
Saybrook, and builds a fort, under a pa- 
tent given by Lord Say and Seal and 
Lord Brooke. 
1636* *-37* * Conn. The Indians com- 
mit many ravages near Saybrook. 
General alarm is felt. 

THE PEQTJOT WAR. 

1636 July+72.7. The Indians of Block 
Island plunder a trading- vessel and kill 
its captain. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Mass. Capt. Endicott 
ravages the territory of the Pequots in 
revenge. 

1637 Apr.* Conn. Indians massacre 
nine soldiers at "Wethersfield. 

* * Spring. Conn. The Pequots seek 
the alliance of the Narragansetts, with 
whom they had long been at enmity, but 
are frustrated by Roger "Williams. 

May 10. Conn. The colonists in conven- 
tion declare war against the Pequots. 

May 26. Conn. Defeat of the Pe- 
quots in their fort by a force of 80 
men, commanded by Captain James 
Mason, and aided by several hundred 
doubtful Indian allies. 

July 13. Conn. Complete overthrow of 
the Pequots. 

* * Md. The colonists have a bloody 
skirmish with William Clayborne at 
Kent Island, and dispossess him. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 

EXPLORATION. 

1635 A\ig. 15. New Eng. Terrible 

storm and great tide 20 feet high ; lives 

and property destroyed. 

1638 June 1. New Eng. An earth- 
quake alarms the people. 

* * N T. The Dutch on Staten Island 
are the first of the colonists to distil 
brandy. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1634 Dongan, Thomas, Gov. of !N".Y.,born. 

1635 IVIuson, John, founder in N. H-, dies. 

1636 Oldham, John, colonizer, murdered. 

1637 Andros, Edmund, Gov. of New. Eng.,b. 

1638 Harvard. John, founder of Harvard 
College, A31. 

1 639 Alarcon v Mendoza, de Don Jan, 
Mex. poet, A39. ? 

Church, Benjamin, soldier, born. 

Mather, Increase, Pres. of Harvard, born. 

CHURCH. 

1634 * * Can. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and 

Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on 

their returning from Quebec to their 

OWtt country, 



* * Mass. Irreligion, as well as her- 
esy, punishable. 

Mr. Lathrop and his flock, fleeing from 
England, settle at Scituate." 

Roger "Williams writes a paper declar- 
ing the grants of land by the King of 
England are invalid until the natives 
are justly recompensed. 
*■ * MfJ. The colonists, with Father White 
for their priest, worship in an immense 
wigwam of the departed Indian chief, 
which is the first English Catholic 
church in America. 

* * Va. A band of non- conformists 
are driven out because of their religious 
opinion. 

1635 Jan. 19. Mass. The governor 
convenes the clergy to decide " whether 
it be lawful for us to carry the cross 
[of England] in our banners?" They 
divide, and defer their answer. 

May * Mass. The clergy favor changing 
the red cross of the English banner to 
the red and white rose. 

* * Mass. Roger "Williams and John 
Smyth, a miller, are banished from 
the colony because of heresy. 

Arrival of Rev. Thomas Hooker, the 
"Light of the Western Churches." 

Mrs. Anne Hutchinson becomes the 
champion of her sex against the clergy, 
whom she charges with defrauding the 
women of the gospel, also declaring that 
they were no better than Pharisees ; she 
advocates Antinomian doctrines. 

1636 Mar. 30. Mass. The Council 
sends a constable to Salem, to suppress 
those who do not submit to the Estab- 
lished Church. 

* * Can. Fifteen Jesuit Missionaries 
are among the Indians. 

* * Del. Swedes establish Lutheran 
worship. 

* * Mass. The first Congregational 
organization at Cambridge formed. 

1637 Aug. 30. Mass. The Synod of 
!N"ew England meets for the first time 
at Newtown, and Anne Hutchinson and 
her friends are deemed unworthy of the 
society of Christians, and are banished. 
[They join the colony under Koger 
Williams (Khode Island).] 

± * * Mass. The Puritans and others are 
annoyed by the erratic Samuel Gorton, 
who is rated a heretic. 

Rev. Francis Doughty, a Presbyte- 
rian, is driven from Taunton because 
he favors the baptism of the infants of 
believers. 

General Synod of the Congregational 
church is held at Cambridge ; it con- 
demns Antinomianism. 

1638 May * Ji. I. A citizen of Provi- 
dence is disfranchised for striking his 
wife, disturbing her conscience, and 
preventing her from attending church. 

Dec* N.H. The First Congregational 
church organized at Dover. 

* * Can. Eminent French Catholics 
endow a public hospital for Indians, and 
three nuns are sent to serve it. 



* * Del. First Episcopal service held 
within the Swedish Fort Christina 
(Wilmington). 

Lutherans from Sweden bring a min- 
ister with them, and settle on the Dela- 
ware (Wilmington). 

* * Mass. Arrival of John Davenport, 
a clergyman, from London. 

John Wheelwright is banished for 
expressing sympathy with the teachings 
of Anne Hutchinson. 

* * New York. At New Amsterdam Dom- 
inie Bogardus writes Van Twiller, 
the incompetent governor, threatening 
to give him " such a shake from the pul- 
pit on the following Sunday as would 
make him shudder." 

1639 Mar. * /,'. I. The first Baptist 
church in America formed at Provi- 
dence. [Questioned by some.] 

Mar. 16. li. I. Roger Williams's 
views of baptism change. 

Having been baptized in infancy, he 
meekly submits to be baptized again by 
Kzekiel Holliman, a layman, and then 
Williams baptizes Holliinan "and some 
ten more;" thus rejecting the doctrine 
of infant baptism. 

June* Conn. The leading men of New 
Haven hold a convention in a barn, and 
adopt the Bible as the constitution of 
the State. None but church members 
to have the rights of citizens. They 
have no government for the first year. 

* * Conn. Religious toleration enacted 
in New Haven. 

* * Md. The Assembly make the Roman 
Catholic religion the church of the 
State. 

* * Mich. St. Mary's becomes the center 
of mission work among the Hurons. 

* * It. I. Roger Williams withdraws 
from the Baptists because of their non- 
apostolical succession. 

LETTERS. 

1635 * * Boston. Provision is made for 
the establishment of a public school. 

* * Can. The foundation of a seminary 
is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits. 

1636 Oct. 28. Mass. The General 
Court makes provision for the erec- 
tion of a college. 

The Colony Court " agreed to give £400 
towards a sehoole or collidge, whereof 
£200 is to be paid the next yeare, and 
£200 when the work is finished, and the 
next court to appoint where, and what 
building." Tlie act doubles the taxes 
for this year. 

1637 * * Mass. A college is ordered to 
be erected at "Newetowne." 

1638 * * Mass. The name of the college 
is changed from Cambridge to Har- 
vard College, because of the bequest 
of £779 17s. 2d., and his library, by 
Rev. John Harvard ; the object being 
"the education of the English and In- 
dian youth of this country in knowledge 
and godliness." 

* * Boston. Stephen Day imports the 
first font of types. 

1639 * * Boston. Day sets up his print- 
ing-press at Cambridge. 

The first American almanac appears. 



AMERICA. 



1634-1639. 



35 



" An Almanac Calculated for New Eng- 
land, by Mr. Pierce, Mariner." Stephen 
Day, printer at Cambridge. 

* * Can. An Ursuline convent for the 
education of girls established at Quebec. 

SOCIETY. 

1637 Nov. 2. Mass. Rev. John Har- 
vard is made a freeman of the colony, 
soon after his arrival. 

* * Mass. Negro slaves are imported. 

* * Mass. Ordinary-keepers are ordered 
not to sell either sack or strong water 
to the Indians. 

* * Rhode Island colonists are protected 
from the dangerous Pequot Indians by 
the powerful Narragansetts. 

1638 May 1. Eng. The King forbids 
the sailing of S vessels, ready to depart 
for America, and said to have John 
Hampden, Oliver Cromwell, and 
other noted Puritans on board. 

* * Mass. One person in each of 21 named 
towns is authorized to retail sack or 
strong water. 

1638 * * N. Y. The Dutch on Staten 
Island are the first colonists to distil 
brandy. 

SETTLEMENT— STATE. 

1634 * * Eng. An anti- emigration 
edict issued, "without the effect desired. 

* * Massachusetts changes its form of 
government from a pure to. a repre- 
sentative democracy ; deputies chosen 
by the people assume the powers of gov- 
ernment, while the clergy oppose the 
change. 

The Massachusetts Company has some 
20 or 30 villages, and nearly 4,000 English- 
men have come over to dwell in them. 

* * N. J. Sir Edmund Ployden obtains a 
grant of the country on the Delaware 
(New Jersey) from the king of Eng- 
land, and calls it New Albion. 

1635 Feb. * The hostility of the king 
and church causes the Plymouth Coun- 
cil for New England to surrender its 
charter and rights in America, on con- 
dition that the king disregard various 
grants, and divide up the territory in 
severalty among its members. 

* * Mass. John Haynes, who arrived in 
1633, is elected governor of the Massa- 
chusetts Bay Colony. 

* * Mass. William Bradford, who ar- 
rived in 1620, is elected governor of the 
Plymouth Colony. 

Feb. 26. Md. The first general assem- 
bly meets, and enacts laws. 

Apr. * Md. Hostilities between Mary- 
land and Virginia. 

"William Clayhorne's pinnace is seized 
by a party from St. Mary's. He refuses 
to recognize the authority of Lord 
Baltimore. 

Oct. 8. Conn. John Winthrop, son of 
the governor of Massachusetts, arrives 
from England as governor of Connecti- 
cut. 

Oct. * New Eng. A colony of 60 persons 
leaves Boston and settles in the valley 
Of the Connecticut River ; Windsor, 



Hartford, and Wethersfield are 
founded ; many nearly perish for lack 
of food. 
Dee. * Va. Sir John Harvey re-ap- 
pointed governor by King Charles I. 

* * Va. The House of Burgesses depose 
Governor Harvey, whom Charles I. 
commissioned. 

Because of his partisanship with un- 
principled speculators, and they appoint 
Captain John West in his place " until 
the king's pleasure be known in the 
matter." A majority of the councilors 
favoring, the governor is constrained to 
go to England for a trial. 

* * Conn. A Puritan colony having ob- 
tained a charter, drives the Dutch from 
the mouth of the Connecticut and settle 
Saybrook. 

* * Guiana. A French colony established. 

* * Mass. Roger Williams is banished 
into the wilderness. 

Political troubles in England stimu- 
late emigration. 

Three thousand emigrants arrive, and 
Henry Vane, the younger, and Hugh 
Peters, are among them. 

Musket bullets are made lawful cur- 
rency by enactment. 

Twelve families of immigrants found 
Concord, 16 miles from Boston. 

* * New Eng. Selectmen are first ap- 
pointed as the officers of townships. 

* * N. E. Permission is given to the 
French to cure and dry fish 3 for a 
consideration. 

* * Eng. A Quo Warranto issued 
against the Massachusetts Company. 

1636 Apr. * Mass. Springfield i s 
settled by William Pynchon and others 
from Roxbury. 

June * R. I. Roger Williams having 
bought the land of the Indians, with 
five others lays the foundation of the 
city of Providence. 

June * -July * Conn. Ministers Hooker 
and Stone, with their congregations, 
migrate from Newtown (Cambridge), 
Massachusetts, and buy land of the In- 
dians on the Connecticut River. 

* * Can. Quebec has 100 inhabitants. 

* * Mass. The General Fundamen- 
tals, a code of laws, is established at 
Plymouth. 

An unsuccessful attempt is made to 
rescind the charter [and again the next 
year]. 

The [afterward distinguished] Henry 
Vane, a young man of great talent and 
much piety, is elected governor. Wins- 
low is reelected governor of Plymouth. 

* * N. J. New Albion (including New 
Jersey) granted to Sir Edward Plowden, 
the viceroy of Ireland. 

1637 Spring. Mass. John Winthrop re- 
elected governor. Also Wm. Bradford. 

May 10. Conn. The first General Court 
declares war against the Pequots. 

July * Eng. Sir Ferdinando Gorges 
appointed Governor of New England by 
the king. [He did not leave England.] 

Summer. N. Y. The Dutch Company 
buy back the lands in Pavonia and 
Staten Island. Price [$10,000j. 



Aug. * Mass. Henry Vane returns to 
England. 

* * Conn. Windsor, Wethersfield, and 
Hartford become the colony of Con« 
necticut. 

1638 Mar. * Bel. Swedes settle in 
Northern Delaware, after buying the 
land of the Indians ; they call their col- 
ony New Sweden, and greatly prosper. 
Peter Minuet, governor. 

Jan. * Md. An act of attainder is car- 
ried against William Clayborne, as one 
indicted for piracy and murder ; he flees 
from justice to England. 

Mar. 7. R. I. Civil government is es- 
tablished at Newport by John Clarke, 
M.D., and 17 others, who left Massa- 
chusetts for religious freedom, the Jew- 
ish Nation furnishing their model of 
government. 

Mar. 29. New York. William Kieft, 
the governor, arrives at New Amster- 
dam. 

Mar. 30. Conn. A colony of Puritans, 
led by Rev. John Davenport and The- 
ophilus Eaton, sails from Boston, [and 
settle New Haven.] 

May 1. Charles I. restrains emigration 
by detaining a squadron of eight vessels 
about to sail from London, in which 
John Hampden and Oliver Cromwell are 
said to have embarked. 

Nov. 24. Conn. New Haven is pur- 
chased from the Indians. 

* * Mass. Thomas Prince, governor. 

* * N. Y. New Netherland is opened for 
general trade and settlement. 

* * R. I. William Coddington of Mas- 
sachusetts, with Mrs. Anne Hutchin- 
son and a few others, buys Rhode Is- 
land, and then founds the colony of 
Portsmouth [later Newport], and Cod- 
dington is elected the first magistrate. 

* * * Eng. Persecution hastens emigra- 
tion to New England. 

1639 Jan. 14. Conn. Civil govern- 
ment organized. 

Delegates from three towns, Windsor, 
Hartford, and Wethersfield, draw up a 
simple and liberal instrument at Hart- 
ford. Saybrook and New Haven decline 
to sign it. 

Apr. * Va. Charles I. treats the colo- 
nists with contempt ; he restores Gov- 
ernor Harvey. 

June 4. Mass. First General Assem- 
bly of the deputies of each town in the 
Plymouth Colony. 

Aug. * Conn. The leading men of New 
Haven adopt the Bible as the consti- 
tution of the State ; they exclude from 
rights of citizenship non-church mem- 
bers. [They so administer the govern- 
ment for twenty years.] 

3STov. * Va. Sir Francis Wyatt reap- 
pointed governor. 

* * Conn. John Haynes chosen govern- 
or of the Connecticut Colony, and The- 
ophilus Eaton of the New Haven Col- 
ony- 

* * Mass. William Bradford is reelected 
governor of Plymouth Colony. 



36 1639-1646, Aug-. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1640 * *N. Y. The Dutch, » the bloody 
men," abuse the Indians, and war fol- 
lows in New Netherland. 

1641 * * N. Y. The Raritan Indiana 
from New Jersey avenge their wrongs by 
destroying the Dutch settlements on 
Staten Island. 

1642* *-43* * Maryland colonists con- 
tend with the Susquehannock Indians. 

1643 Feb. 25, 26. N. Y. Massacre 
of friendly Indians by the Dutch, at 
Pavonia, under orders of Gov. Kieft. 
A war of revenge follows. 

Sept. * N Y. Anne Hutchinson and 

nearly all her family are massacred [near 

New Bochelle]. 
Sept. * N. Y. A temporary truce with 

Indians on Long Island is secured by 

Roger Williams. 

* * Conn. Miantonomoh, chief of the 
Narragansetts, is murdered with the ap- 
proval of the colony. 

1644 Feb.+ * N. Y. Captain John Un- 
derbill of Long Island leads a force 
which subdues the Delaware Indians 
in New Jersey, and also the Indians of 
Long Island and Connecticut. 

Apr. 18+. Va. The Indians suddenly 
attack the colonists, kill 300, and are 
then chastised in turn. 

Apr. * -46 * * Conn. Border warfare 
with the Indians prevails. 

1645 Aug. 30. N.Y. Treaty of peace 
between the Dutch of New Amsterdam, 
under William Kieft, and the Lndians of 
the vicinity. 

New Eng. Treaty of peace between 

the New England colonies and the Nar- 
ragansett Indians. 

* * Brazil. Insurrection against tyranny 
led by Joao Fernandez Vieira. 

Spring. -46 Aug. * Md. Rebellion of 
William Clayborne and Captain Rich- 
ard Ingle; the latter is practically a 
pirate. (Or 1644.) 

1646 Aug.* Md. Gov. Calvert organ- 
izes a force, which makes a descent 
on St. Mary's, and recovers the prov- 
ince from the insurgents. 

ART— SCIENCE —NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1642 * * N. Y. A stone tavern is built 
in New Amsterdam. 

* * Mass. Iron castings are first made 
at the Sagus Iron "Works. 

* * Mass. Bostonians are the first colo- 
nists to manufacture ropes. 

1644 Feb. 4. Disappearance of a 
strange comet of prodigious tail which 
had distressed the people of New Eng- 
land. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1640 Hennepin, Louis, Fr. missionary, born. 

1641 Minuit, Peter, Gov. of N. Y., A61±. , 
1642± Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot ofYa.,b. 

1643 Hutchinson, Anne, rel. enthusiast, A52. 

1644 Penn, "William, founder of Quakers,!). 

1645 Jolietj Louis, explorer, born. 



CHURCH. 

1640 Mar. 16. X.J/. An investigating 
committee of the Boston church declares 
the New church of Portsmouth irregu- 
lar in taking the Lord's Supper with ex- 
communicated persons. 

Oct. 21. N. Y. John Young organizes 
a Puritan church at Southold, Long 
Island, 

* * Can. The Sulpicians make Montreal 
a rendezvous for converted Indians. 

Charles Raymbault and Claude Pi- 
cart labor in the Huron Missions, and 
carry the gospel to the Indians of Mich- 
igan. 

* * Mass. Stevenson Reek is labeled for 
his religious opinions, placed in the pil- 
lory two hours, and fined §250. 

* * JV. Y. The Presbyterian church of 
Southold, Long Island, formed. 

1641 June 6. N. Y. The Director and 
Council of New Netherland grant the 
"free exercise of religion" to the 
Church of England. 

Oct. 4. Can. Two French Jesuits, Fa- 
ther Charles Raymbault with Father 
Isaac Jogues, are sent to convert the 
Cliippeways on the Great Lakes. 

Starting from Sault St. Marie, for sev- 
enteen days they sail westward, and on 
landing, they are met by two thousand 
Chippeways, who welcome them. 

* * -44 * * Can. The missionaries re- 
ceive no supplies, and their clothes fall 
to pieces. 

* * R. I. A church is formed at Newport. 

* * Mass. Samuel Gorton, an Anti- 
nomian, is driven out of Plymouth. 

* * Va. The Episcopal Churchis estab- 
lished by law, and dissenting is declared 
to be a crime. 

1642 Aug. 16. Can. The site destined 
for the city of Montreal is formally con- 
secrated. 

Aug. * N. Y. Father Jogues is cap- 
tured and tormented by the Mohawks. 

[The Indians make him their slave, yet 
he opens a mission, in which he has 70 
converts when rescued. In 1646, having 
recovered from his wounds, he returns 
to his converts.] (See 1646.) 

Sept. * Mass. It is enacted that neither 
freeman nor deputies of New Hampshire 
are required to be church members. 

Oct. 22. Can. Death of Charles Raym- 
bault, the illustrious missionary to the 
Indians. 

* * Del. Swedes begin to preach to the 
Delaware Indians. 

* * Md. Lord Baltimore, a Catholic, in- 
vites the Puritans of Massachusetts to 
settle in his colony. 

* * * Md. The administration is in the 
hands of Catholics, while the very great 
majority of the people are Protestants. 

* * N. B. The Episcopal minister is 
banished from Portsmouth by the Puri- 
tans. 

* * N. Y. Johannis Megapolensis be- 
comes the first pastor of the Reformed 
Putch church at Fort Orange. [§3S0.] 



* * New York. A stone church is built 
at New Amsterdam, on the Battery, by 

the Dutch. 

* * Va. The Act of Uniformity is made 
very stringent. 

1643 Feb. 28. Mass. Roger Scott is 
tried by the Court " for common sleeping 
at the public exercise on the Lord's Day, 
and for striking him that waked him." 
[He was severely whipped in December.] 

Mar. * Va. The colony enacts that dis- 
believers of the doctrine of the English 
Episcopal church shall not be allowed 
to teach, publicly or privately, or preach 
the gospel in the colony, and non-con- 
formists are to be banished. 

* * Mass. The Protestant Episcopal 
church begins its mission work in New 
England, on the island of Martha's Vine- 
yard; Thomas Mayhew, Jr., becomes 
pastor of the whites, and missionary to 
the Indians. 

* * N, Y. Ministers of the Reformed 
Dutch church labor among the Mo- 
hawk Indians. 

Francis Doughty preaches in New 
York — the first English Presbyterian. 

Lady Deborah Moody, owner of 400 
acres at Swampscott, is obliged to move 
to Gravesend, Long Island, for denying 
infant baptism. 

* * Ji. I. The plantations at Providence, 
and the English on the Piscataqna, are 
rejected in forming the New England 
confederacy, because of their heterodox 
religion. 

Freedom of worship is the chief objec- 
tion raised against granting the request 
of Rhode Island, 

1644 Nov. 13. Mass. Thomas Painter 
of Hlnghani is whipped for refusing to 
have his child christened. 

The General Court orders the banish- 
ment of rejecters of infant baptism. 

* * Can. Father Francis Joseph Bres- 
sani, a French Jesuit, is captured and 
tortured by the Iroquois, when en route 
to the Hurons. 

* * Can. The entire Island of Montreal 
becomes the property of the Sulpicians 
of Paris by royal grant. 

* * It. Innocent X., pope. 

* * Md. Clayborne and Ingle, having 
overturned the government, ship Father 
"White and other Jesuits to England. 

* * N. Y. German Lutherans arrive. 

Richard Doughty becomes pastor 
of Presbyterians at Hempstead, Long 
Island. 

* * B.I. The first Baptist church 
formed at Providence. 

A Baptist church formed at Newport. 

1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. General thanks- 
giving ordained by Gov. Kieft, through 
New Amsterdam, for the restoration of 
peace with the Indians. 

Oct. 10. N. Y. The Director and Coun- 
cil of New Netherland grant to Flushing 
by charter the free exercise of rehgion. 

± * * Mass. Hiaccomes is the first In- 
dian convert engaged in New England 
fork. 



AMERICA. 



1639-1646, Aug. 



37 



1646 Feb.* Mass. Wm. Witter of Lynn 
is arraigned before tlie Court for saying, 
" They who stayed while a child is bap- 
tized do worship the devil," 

LETTERS. 

1640* * Mass. The Bay State Psalm 
Book is published at Cambridge ; it is the 
first book published in America north 
of Mexico. 

* * -64 * * Mass. Rev. Henry Dunster 
is president of Harvard College. 

1642 Oct. 9. Mass. First Commence- 
ment at Harvard College. 

1643 * * A Key into the Language of 
America, by Roger Williams, appears. 

* * _44 * * The Bloody Tenet, a treatise 
against persecution, by Roger Williams, 



1645 * * Mass. Every family in New 
England is required to give either a 
peck of corn or twelve pence, toward 
the support of the college. 

* * Massachusetts passes a law for the 
establishment of public schools. 

SOCIETY. 
1640* * Brazil. Numerous Southern 
tribes are reduced to slavery by the 
Portuguese. 

1641 Sept. 1. N. J. Raritan Indians 
murder colonists on Staten Island, in 
retaliation of an attack by the Dutch 
of New Amsterdam. 

1642 ± * * Md. The kidnapping of 
Indians is made a capital offense. 

* * Md. Drunkenness is to be fined by 
the payment of 100 lbs. of tobacco ; and 
if the offender is a servant and unable 
to pay, he is to be set in the bilboes and 
compelled to fast for 24 hours, or be 
imprisoned. 

1643 Feb. 25. N. J. Indians who 
seek protection from the Mohawks are 
barbarously massacred by the Dutch 
at Pavonia, opposite New Amsterdam ; 
80 are killed, and great indignation is 
expressed in New Amsterdam at the 
heartless Governor Kieft. 

* * Va. Puritans are held in contempt 
in loyal Virginia, as disturbers of the 
peace of England. (See State.) 

1644 * * Pennsylvania abandons pro- 
hibition. 

"The Court, apprehending that it is 
not fit to deprive the Indians of any 
lawful comforts which God alloweth to 
all men by the use of wine, orders that 
it shall be lawful for all who are licensed 
to retail wines, to sell also to Indians." 

1645 Sept. 6. N. Y. Thanksgiving 
Day observed, in gratitude for the close 
of the Indian hostilities. 

* * Boston. A party sails for Guinea to 
secure a cargo of slaves. 

* * Conn. Selling intoxicating liquors to 
the Indians is prohibited, under a pen- 
alty of 40 shillings to 5 pounds. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 
1639 * * Md. A regular representative 
government is established. 

* * New Eng. An ineffectual attempt is 
made to unite the New England colonies. 



* * N. Y. De Vries colonizes Staten 
Island. 

* *R. L Newport is settled by colonists 
from the other end of the island. 

1640 July 7. B. I. Providence has a 
government formed by 40 citizens after 
their own model. 

* * Brazil is restored to the possession 
of the Portuguese by the Spaniards. 

* * Conn. Edmund Hopkins is governor. 

* * Del. Peter Hollander is governor. 

* * Mass. Thos. Dudley is governor. 

* * New England advances rapidly. 

Nearly a million dollars have been 
spent in development, and more than 
fifty towns and villages are established ; 
298 emigrant ships have anchored in 
Massachusetts Bay, and 21,200 people 
have joined the Puritan colonies. 

* * N. Y. Increased emigration from 
HoUand. About forty families from 
Lynn, Massachusetts, migrate, andfound 
Southampton on Long Island. 

* * Port. John TV. enthroned. 

1641 Mar. 16. It. I. William Codding- 
ton's Israelite form of government hav- 
ing failed, a new constitution is adopt- 
ed at a public meeting of citizens ; civil 
and religious liberty, justice and equal- 
ity, are secured to all citizens. Here 
the first declaration of democracy in 
the New World was formulated. 

Dec. * Mass. The Assembly of the Gen- 
eral Court adopts a code of 100 laws, 
called The Body of Liberties, as the 
Constitution of the State. 

* * Brazil makes a feeble attempt for in- 
dependence. 

* * Can. Maisonneuve becomes governor 
of Montreal. 

* * Richard Bellingham is governor 
. of the Mass. Bay Colony ; Peter Hol- 
lander of the Swedes [in Pa.] ; and Sir 
William Berkeley in Virginia. 

* * Eng. Oppressive restriction of colo- 
nial commerce ; colonial commodities 
must be sold in English ports. 

1642 Feb.* Va. Sir 'William Berke- 
ley assumes office as governor ; [pros- 
perity follows]. 

April 14. N. EC. By the action of its 
own people, New Hampshire is united 
to Massachusetts ; it is the only colony 
east of the Hudson not founded by the 
Puritans. John Winthrop, governor. 

* * Md. A company of Puritans, who 
had been expelled from Virginia, settle 
in Maryland, and become turbulent. 

* * New Eng. About fifty towns and vil- 
lages are reported. 

Aug. 29. N. Y. The First Represen- 
tative Assembly meets. 

Governor Kieft permits a meeting at 
New Amsterdam of the heads of fam- 
ilies, who choose 12 of their number to 
investigate the- affairs of the colony. 
They soon pass from Indian difficulties 
to governmental abuses, and they review 
the despotic acts of the governor, [and 
resist his control, so he dissolves the 
Assembly.] 

* * Va. The trade of the colony is crip- 
pled, as England claims it for herself. 
[The restrictions of commerce vex the 
colonies until the Revolution.] 



* * Conn. Geo. Wyllys is governor. 

* * W. I. Tobago is settled by the Dutch. 

1643 Jan. * By Act of Parliament the 
Earl of Warwick is made Governor- 
in-chief and Lord High-admiral of the 
American colonies ; he has a council of 
five peers and 12 commoners, and is to 
have supreme power over governors and 
officers. 

Mar. 14. B. I. Roger Williams ob- 
tains a patent from the Earl of War- 
wick for the union of the towns of Prov- 
idence, Newport, and Portsmouth, under 
one charter (Rhode Island). 

May 14. Fr. Louis XIV. enthroned. 

May 19. New Eng. The first confed- 
erated government in the New 
World. 

A measure for uniting the New Eng- 
land colonies for mutual defense is 
adopted; Massachusetts, Plymouth, Con- 
necticut, and New Haven combine into 
a loose confederacy called The United 
Colonies of New England. 

* * Conn. New Haven, Milford, Stamford, 
and Guilford united in the Republic of 
New Haven. [Later Southold on Long 
Island and Branford are added.] 

Sept. 7. New Eng. The commissioners 
of the Confederacy open their first meet- 
ing, and elect John Winthrop presi- 
dent of the United Colonies of New 
England. 

* * -64 * * New Eng. Period of pros- 
perity. [Civil War in England.] 

* * Conn. John Haynes and Ed. Hopkins, 
governors. {Del. J. Printz.) 

* * Pa. The Swedes establish a colony 
on the Delaware, within six miles of the 
mouth of the Schuylkill. 

1644 * * Conn. Saybrook is purchased 
by George Fenwick, one of the proprie- 
tors, and permanently annexed to Con- 
necticut, and the union of eight towns 
called by the latter name. 

* * Mass. The colony divides its legis- 
lative assembly into two bodies, the 
legislature and the governor's council. 

* * Neio York. A city hall is built in 
New Amsterdam (Coenties Slip.) 

* * B. I. Roger Williams returns w T ith a 
charter for Rhode Island. 

1645 Aug. 30. N. t. The Butch of 
New Amsterdam and the Iroquois In- 
dians sign Articles of Peace. 

* * Governors inaugurated : Wm. Brad- 
ford of Plymouth ; Thos. Dudley of Mas- 
sachusetts Bay ; Richard Kemp (Lieut.), 
and later Sir Wm. Berkeley, of Virginia. 

* * Mass. Boston offers 3,000 acres of 
land as a bounty for setting up iron- 
works, also a monopoly for 21 years. 

* * Md. A rebellion, led by Clayborne 
and Ingle, overthrows the government ; 
the governor flees to Virginia. 

* * N. Y. Only 100 persons left at 
Manhattan, and 1,500 in the province. 

1646 Aug. * Md. Governor Calvert 
regains the government; a general 
amnesty is granted. 

* * Mass. Edward Winslow, governor of 
Plymouth; J. Endicott, Bay Colony. 



38 



1646-1654. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1646* *The Dutch are defeated at 

Guarapari. 
1647 Apr. * Mil. Calvert in person 

reduces Kent Island. 
1649 * * Can. The Huron Indians 

are massacred at St. Ignatius by the 

Iroquois. 

* * Brazil. "War between the Dutch and 
Portuguese colonists ; the Brazil Com- 
pany aids its people with a fleet. 

1651* * Del, The Dutch of New Am- 
sterdam build and garrison Fort Casi- 
mir on the Delaware River, five miles 
below Fort Christiana, to menace the 
Swedes, who are regarded as intruders. 

1652 Mar. * Va. Parliament sends a 
naval force to subdue the Virginians, 
who favor Charles I. 

1653 Sept. 19. New England colonies 
declare war against the Niantick In- 
dians. 

* * New York. A wall is built across 
Manhattan Island (Wall Street) for de- 
fense against the Indians and the ex- 
pected troops of Oliver Cromwell ; it 
has breastwork, ditch, and palisades, 
and extends 2,340 feet. 

* * Rhode Island declares war against 
New Netherland. 

1654 * * Md. A civil war between 
Catholics and Protestants rages. 

* * Del. The Swedes under Gov. Rising 
drive the Dutch from Port Casimir 
(New Castle^. 

* * Brazil. The insurrection against the 
Dutch is successful. 

* * Can. Oliver Cromwell sends a 
strong force against the French in 
Nova Scotia. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1652 * * Mass. First iron forge set up 
in Raynham, a town of the Plymouth 
colony. 

1654 Aug. 16. N. Y. The Onondaga 
salt springs discovered by the Jesuits. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1647 Bogardus, Everardus, Dutch pastor in 
N. J., dies. 

Calvert, Leonard, Gov. of Md., A41. 
Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass., born. 
Hooker, Thomas, founder of Conn., A61. 

1648 P Ixtlilxochitl, Fernando de Alva, Mex. 
historian, A80. ? 

1649 Winthrop. John, Gov. of Mass., A63. 
Yale, Elihu, patron of Yale, born. 

1650± Kidd, William, pirate, born. 
1651 Cruz, Juana Ine's de la, Mex. poet, b. 
Phips, Sir William, Gov. of Mass., born. 

1653 Cotton, John, Puritan minister, A66. 
Sewall, Samuel, jurist, born. 

Haynes, John, statesman, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1646 Aug. ± * Me. Father Gabriel 
Dreuillettes descends the Kennebec 
to its mouth, and builds a mission 
chapel for the Indians. 

Sept. * Mass. The Second General 
Synod meets at Cambridge, and frames 
a " Platform of church discipline gath- 
ered out of the Word of God." 



It approves the "Westminster Assem- 
bly's Confession of Faith, as slightly 
modified by the Savoy Synod. 

Oct. * N. Y. The Mohawks secure Fa- 
ther Jogues as a prisoner, kill him, and 
throw his body into the Mohawk River. 

Oct. 28. Mass. John Eliot, "the Apos- 
tle to the Indians," preaches his first ser- 
mon to the Indians in a wigwam at No- 
nantum — the first sermon ever preached 
in North America in the native tongue. 

* * Mass. Episcopalians in Boston peti- 
tion for the use of the Prayer-Book. 

It is enacted that the elders of the 
church shall choose two persons yearly 
to spread the gospel among the Indians. 

Eliot begins his missionary work. 

He gathers Christian Indians into 
" praying Indian towns," governed by 
native magistrates chosen by the people. 
The first was located at Nat'ick ; the sec- 
ond, Pakemitt, at Stoughton ; the third, 
Hassanamesit, at Grafton ; the fourth, 
Okommakamesit, at Marlborough; the 
fifth, Waniesit, at Tewksbury ; the sixth, 
Nashobah, at Littleton; and the seventh, 
Magunkaquog, at Hopkinton. 

1647 * * Can. The wilderness has al- 
ready been visited by 42 Jesuit mission- 
aries and 18 assistants. 

* * JR. I. A law is passed tolerating all 
religious opinions, whether Christian 
or infidel. 

1648 July4. Mich. Father Anthony 
Daniel of St. Joseph's, with many Hu- 
ron converts, is killed by the Mohawks. 

* * Mass. A Synod of churches at Cam- 
bridge completes the organization of 
Congregationalism, and issues the 
"Cambridge Platform." 

* * N. J. Richard Stout and other Bap- 
tists settle at Middletown, the govern- 
ment being preeminent in granting reli- 
gious liberty. 

1649 Mar. 16. A thousand Iroquois 
Indians surprise the mission town of St. 
Ignatius, and only three persons escape 
the general massacre. 

Mar. * Fathers Jean de Brebeuf and 
Gabriel Lallemand of St. Joseph's 
Mission suffer terrible and fatal tortures 
after the taking of St. Louis by the Iro- 
quois. 

* * Del. The Assembly decrees that no 
person professing faith in Christ shall 
be molested in his religion or its free 
exercise. 

* * Eng. Organization by Parliament of 
the Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel in New England, through 
the example and success of Eliot. 

* * Mass. Thomas Cushnian is chosen 
elder. 

The General Court lays the Cambridge 
Platform before the congregations. 

* * Md. The legislature declares for tol- 
eration. 

No person believing in the fundamental 
doctrines of Christianity to be distressed 
because of his opinions or practises, and 
it is a finable offense to use opprobrious 
epithets in religious controversy. The 
province becomes known as the " Land 
of the Sanctuary." 
; * Va. Twenty churches are estab- 
lished, the livings of the ministers being 
worth on an average " at least £100." 



1650* * Mass. Many Indians on Mar- 
tha's Vim-yard abandon heathenism and 
accept Christianity. 

The opinion gains ground that all bap- 
tized persons of upright and decorous 
lives shall for all practical purposes be 
considered members of the church. The 
theory is .stigmatized as the " Half -way 
Covenant." 

* * X. C. Presbyterians settle in this 
province. 

1651 July 13. Boston. John Spur is 
expelled from the Boston church " be- 
cause he ceased to commune with them, 
on the belief that their baptism, singing 
of psalms, and covenant were human 
inventions." 

Sept. 6. Boston. Obadiah Holmes is 
whipped ; he receives 30 stripes for be- 
ing a Baptist. While the blood is flow- 
ing, he says, " Tou have struck me with 
roses." [Thirteen persons afterwards 
suffer for showing him sympathy, great 
public indignation follows.] 

* * Mass. John Clarke is persecuted for 
holding Baptist doctrines. Absence 
from preaching is punishable with a fine. 

The Cambridge platform is adopted 
by the congregations ; provides a plan 
of Church discipline. 

Thomas May hew reports 190 conver- 
sions among the Indians of Martha's 
Vineyard. 

1652 Oct. * Mass. The first native 
church in New England is organized, 
having 282 members. 

* * X. Y. A church is built at Flat- 
bush, the first on Long Island. 

* * -53 * * B. I. A division occurs in 
the Baptist church at Providence, a part 
seceding on the question of the laying 
on of hands. 

1653* * X. C. Dissenting Presbyteri- 
ans, oppressed by the collection of tithes 
for the Church of England, leave Vir- 
ginia, and settle on the Chowan River. 

1654 Oct. * Md. The colony is dis- 
tracted by the dissensions of the Cath- 
olic and Protestant parties. The 
Protestant party call an assembly at 
Patuxent, and disfranchise the Cath- 
olics, prohibit their worship, and de- 
prive them of the protection of the laws 
of their own province. 

* * Del. A Dutch Reformed church 
is established at New Amstel (New 
Castle). 

* * X. T. Father Le Moyne joins the 
Mohawks on the Mohawk River. A 
mission is opened for the Indians of 
Onondaga, and a chapel built by the 
Roman Catholics. 

A Keformed Dutch- church is es- 
tablished at Midwout (Flatbush), Long 
Island. 

LETTERS. 
1647 * * Mass. It is enacted that every 
town or district having fifty household- 
ers should have a public school ; and 
one hundred families should have a 
grammar school. 

* * The Simple Cobbler of Agaicam, by 
Nathaniel Ward, appears. 



AMERICA. 



1646-1654. 



39 



1650 + * * The Poems of Anne Bradstreet 
and Benjamin Thompson appear. 

1651 Jan. 11. Mass. Mr. Experience 
Mayhew opens the first school in New 
England for the instruction of Indian 
children. 

1652 * * Experiments of Spiritual Life, 
and Health and Their Preservatives, by 
Roger Williams, appears. 

* * Hireling Ministry and Bloody Tenet 
Yet More Bloody, by Roger "Williams, 
appears. 

1654 * * -72 * * Mass. Rev. Charles 
Chauney is President of Harvard Col- 
lege. 

SOCIETY. 

1647 * * R. I. Drunkenness is forbid- 
den under penalty of 5s., or G hours in 
the stocks if unable to pay. Selling to 
Indians is forbidden under penalty of 
5 pounds. 

1648* * Boston. It is ordered " that only 
one person be allowed to sell wine to 
the Indians." 

1649 * * Va. There are 6 public brew 
houses, 4 windmills, together with 5, 
watermills to grind corn. 

1650 * * Conn. No licensed dealer is 
to suffer any one to be drunk or to, 
drink excessively (viz., above half a pint 
at a time), or to tipple above the space of 
half an hour, or at unreasonable times. 

The penalty for drunkenness appear- 
ing in speech or gesture only is 10s. ; for 
excessive drinking, 3s. 4rf. ; for tippling 
over half an hour, 2s. 6d., for tippling 
at unreasonable hours, or after nine 
o'clock, 5s. Second offenses have a 
double penalty. 

± * * New York. Negro slaves brought 
to New Amsterdam. •»■ 

1652 May 18. R. I. The representa- 
tives of Providence and Warwick pro- 
hibit perpetual slavery, and limit 
bondage to ten years. 

1654 * * Mass. Licensed persons, allow- 
ing tippling and excessive drinking, are 
fined 20s. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1646* *Eng. Parliament frees colonial 

merchandise from all duty for three 

years, on condition that all productions 

be carried in English vessels. 

* * Mass. Gov. "Winthrop is reelected. 

* * N. Y. "Bruecklyn" (Brooklyn) re- 
ceives a village charter. 

1647 May 11. N. Y. Peter Stuyve- 
sant assumes the governorship ; he is 
the last and greatest of the governors of 
New Netherland. [In office 17 years.] 

* * Md. Calvert, having recovered author- 
ity, establishes Robert Vaughn, a Pro- 
testant, as governor. 

* * Mich. A settlement is made at Detroit 
by the French. 

* *\_U. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
Md. Thomas Greene. 

May * R. J. John Coggeshall governor 
of Providence, Warwick, Portsmouth, 
and Newport. 

Governor Stuyvesant claims all the 
region between Cape Henlopeu and Cape 



Cod. He restores prosperity to the col- 
ony, which had been nearly ruined by 
Kieft, his predecessor. 

* * R. T. The first general assembly of 
the province meets, and frames a code of 
laws. 

1648 Aug. * Md. Lord Baltimore dis- 
misses the Catholic governor, Green, and 
appoints a Protestant, "William Stone, 
in his place. 

* * Conn. The settlement of New Lon- 
don is commenced. 

Rhode Island petitions to be admitted 
into the confederacy of New England 
Colonies, and is refused, after declining 
to submit itself to the jurisdiction of 
Plymouth. W. Coddington, governor. 
Eng. THE COMMONWEALTH. 

1649 Jan. 30. Charles I. is executed. 

* * R. I. John Smith, governor. (Mass. 
Bay. J. Endicott.) 

* * Mass. A definite code of laws is 
finally secured. 

* * Md. The Assembly passes a law of 
perfect toleration for all Christian 
sects. Many exiled Puritans received 
from Virginia and settle Annapolis. 

* * Fa. The Virginians reject Crom- 
well, and proclaim Charles II. as right- 
ful sovereign of the British realm. 

The Northern Neck (between the Rap- 
pahannock and the Potomac) is granted 
to Lord Culpepper and a company of 
Cavaliers, as a refuge for their partisans. 

1650 June * Fa. Berkeley receives a 
new commission from the exiled 
English king, Charles II. 

Oct. 3. Eng. The Long Parliament as- 
serts its supremacy over the colonies. 

* * Eng. Foreign ships are forbidden 
to trade with the rebellious (royalist) 
colony of Virginia. 

* * Md. The legislature is divided into 
two houses. 

To appease the Protestants their settle- 
ment is erected into a separate county 
— Anne Arundel. [Charles County is 
erected later.] 

* * Governors elected : Thomas Dudley 
(Mass.) ; Nicholas Easton (R. I.). 

* * N. Y. An amicable adjustment of 
the boundary line between the Dutch 
and New England colonies (near the 
present line) is treated with contempt 
by the English government. 

1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Parliament passes 
the first navigation act, forbidding 
the importation of goods into England 
except in English vessels. (It is aimed 
against the Dutch, and designed to pun- 
ish the royalists of Virginia.) 

* *[U. S.] Governors elected : 

* * Mass. Bay. John Endicott. 

* * R. I. Sam. Gorton (Prov. and "War). 

* * Eng. Parliament appoints commis- 
sioners to visit America and assume 
control of the colonies bordering on the 
Chesapeake. Stone, the deputy of Lord 
Baltimore, is deposed by them. 

* * The war between England and Hol- 
land somewhat strains the relation be- 



tween tho English and Dutch colonies, 
but no rupture occurs. 
± * * JSf. C. The first actual settlement 
made near the mouth of the Chowan 
River. 

1652 Mar. 12. Fa. The loyalists 
surrender to Parliament when a war- 
vessel appears with commissioners 
from Cromwell. It is agreed that " the 
People of Virginia" ought to have all 
the liberties of the free-born people of 
England. 

Oct. 2. Eng. Roger Williams secures the 
confirmation of the charter and the 
union of Providence and Rhode Island. 

* * Eng. Parliament assumes control of 
Maryland, and nominally suspends the 
government in Rhode Island. 

* * Guiana. The English colony on the 
Surinam River returns to Paramaribo. 

* * Massachusetts purchases Maine 
for $5,334. 

A mint is erected, and silver coined 
into shilling, sixpenny, and threepenny 
pieces. 

N. Y. Newtown and Flatbush on 
Long Island are settled under Dutch 
patents. 

Fa. Richard Bennett, a Puritan, is 
elected governor. (R. I. John Smith.) 

1653 * * N. C. Oppressed colonists 
emigrate from Virginia, and settle on 
the Chowan River. Governor Berkeley 
assumes jurisdiction, and appoints Wil- 
liam Drummond governor. 

Feb. 2. New York. New Amsterdam 
incorporated, and an elective munici- 
pal government established. 

Dec. 16. Eng. Oliver Cromwell be- 
comes Lord Protector of the British 
realm. 

Dec. 10. N. Y. First General assembly 
of the people, consisting of two deputies 
from each village ; Stuyvesant is un- 
willing to sanction it, but is unable to 
prevent it. 

* * [C. £.] Governors inaugurated : 

* * Del. Johan C. Rising. 

* * Mass. Richard Bellingham. 

* * R. I. Roger Williams. 

Feb. * Md. Governor Stone's proclama- 
tion to make oath of fidelity to the pro- 
prietary (a Catholic) is resisted. 

July 15±. Md. Bennett and Clayborne, 
the governor and secretary of Virginia, 
come and take the government out of 
the hands of Stone, and hold it for the 
Lord Protector. 

July ± * Md. William Fuller and nine 
others are appointed commissioners 
to execute government. 

Oct. * Md. A factional assembly at 
Patuxent acknowledges the authority 
of Cromwell, but disfranchises the 
whole Catholic party. 

* * Brazil. The colonies unite under 
the royal authority of Portugal. 

* * Mass. Emigration nearly ceases 
during the commonwealth ; many Puri- 
tans return to assist in the struggle in 
England. 



40 



1655-1662. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1655 Mar. 25. Md. The Catholic pro- 
prietary attacks the Puritans at Provi- 
dence, but is defeated and captured. 

May 3. W. I Jamaica is taken from 
the Spaniards by the British under Ad- 
miral Penn and troops under Venables. 

Sept. 5. N. Y. Peter Stuyvesant with 
600 men sails from New York against 
the Swedes of Delaware, and subdues 
them. 

Sept. * N. Y. The Algonkian Indians 
vainly rise in rebellion against the 
Dutch at and near New Amsterdam. 
[They sue for peace on the return of 
Stuyvesant and his force from Dela- 
ware.] 

1661 * * Brazil. An uprising occurs 
against the missionaries. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 
1659* * N. Y. Bricks made at New 
Amsterdam ; previously they were im- 
ported from Holland, and only used for 
ovens and chimneys, etc. 

1662 * * N. Y. A windmill is erected 
at New Amsterdam. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1655 Winslow. Edward, Gov. of Mass., 
A60. 
Standieh, Miles, Puritan soldier, A72. ? 

1657 Carrtillac, Antoine «ie la Motte, f'dr,b. 
Maybe w, Thomas, minister, A36. 
Hopkins, Edward, Gov. of Conn., A57. 
Fenwick, George, proprietor in Conn., A54. 

1658 De Peyster, Abraham, mayor of N. Y.,b. 

1659 Dunster, Henry, pres. of Harvard, d. 

1660 Dyer. Mary, Quaker martyr, banged. 
Dustin, Hannah, heroine, born. 
Mathews, Samuel, Gov. of Va., dies. 

1661 Iberville, Pierre le Moyne, Sieur, foun- 
der, born. 

1663 Leverett, John, pres. of Harvard, b. 

CHURCH. 

1655 Nov. * N. Y. Father Chaumo- 
not and Claude Dablon join the Onon- 
daga Indians. 

* * It. Alexander VII., pope. 

* * Md. Several persons killed in a con- 
flict between Catholics and Protestants. 

* * New York. By special act of the Com- 
pany at Amsterdam the Jews are per- 
mitted to live in New Amsterdam, 
provided they agree to support their 
own poor. 

1656 Feb. 1. New York. Tyranny of 
the Dutch. The authorities of New 
Netherland decree all meetings illegal 
except those of the Reformed divine 
service. 

Mar. 13. New York. Jews are permitted 
to worship in their own houses at New 
Amsterdam, but not publicly in syna- 



June 2. N. Y. Corner-stone of the 
Dutch church laid in the center of 
State Street at Albany. 

Oct. 14. Mass. Act passed prohibiting 
the immigration of Quakers, and ap- 
pointing 20 lashes and imprisonment to 
such as should arrive, and death to such 
as return after transportation. 



Nov. 8. N. Y. Baptists are perse- 
cuted ; Wm. Hallet of Flushing fined 
$250 for permitting meetings to be held 
in his house. [Afterwards banished for 
non-payment.] 

* * Can. Two French missionaries be- 
gin work among the Ottawas by request 
of the chiefs. One is mortally wounded 
in an attack by the Iroquois, and both 
are captured. 

Father Mesnard goes to the Cayugas 
and Father Chaumonot to theSenecas. 

* * Mass. A day of solemn prayer and 
fasting observed because of reports from 
England concerning Quakers who would 
destroy all churches and governments. 
Two weeks later two female Quaker 
missionaries arrive. 

* * N. Y. Baptist converts are baptized 
at Flushing. 

* * E.I. Secession from the Baptist 
church to form a Six-Principle Baptist 
church. 

1657 Apr. 7. Mass. Henry Dunster, 
late president of Cambridge college, is 
arraigned before the Court for refusing 
to have his infant child baptized. 

June 4. Mass. A Congregational minis- 
ters' meeting at Boston adopts "the 
Half-Way Covenant." 

It declares " that all persons of sober 
life and correct sentiments, without 
being examined as to a change of heart, 
might profess religion or become mem- 
bers of the church, and have their chil- 
dren baptized, though they did not come 
to the Lord's table." 

* * Conn. John Eliot is the first to preach 
the gospel to the Indians at Hartford, 
in an assembly of Podunks. 

The Podunk Indians were asked by 
Eliot to accept Christ ; they answered 
emphatically, "No," adding, the Eng- 
lish had taken their lands, and would 
now make them servants. 

* * New Eng. The four united colonies 
prohibit the landing of Quakers. 

Persecution of the Quakers. "A 
motley tribe — half fanatic, half insane, 
and without definite purposes." (Ban- 
croft.) The penalty for attending a 
Quaker meeting is ten shillings, and 
for speaking in such a meeting ten 
pounds. 

* * Mass. Faunce is chosen elder of the 
colony. 

* * New York. John E. Goetwater, a 
Lutheran minister, arrives in New Am- 
sterdam. 

1658 Mar. 26. New York. The New 
Netherland authorities annul the right 
of Flushing to hold town or heretical 
meetings, and require all to pay taxes 
for the support of the minister, or lose 
their goods and take themselves "out 
of this government." 

* * N. C. Presbyterians settle on the 
Chowan Paver. (See page 38.) 

* * New Eng. The commissioners of the 
four United Colonies advise the Court 
of Massachusetts to execute Quakers 
returning from banishment ; the law is 
enacted by a majority of one vote. 

* * B. I. A Jewish congregation is or- 
ganized at Providence. 



* * Va. Religious liberty is universal, 
except for tbe Quakers, who are ban- 
ished by law and their return proscribed 
as a felony. 

1659 * * Mass. Two Quakers executed 
for returning from banishment. 

1660 June 1. Mass. Mary Dyer, a 
Quakeress returning from banishment, 
is executed. 

Aug. * Can. Father Bene" Mesnard, 
an aged man, responds to the request of 
the Indians, and opens a mission near 
Kneweenaw, where he is neglected, per- 
secuted, and finally dies. 

* * Mass. John Eliot forms a church of 
converted Indians at Natiek. 

Prisons are full of Quakers ready 
for martyrdom. 

* * * Maryland is an asylum for the per- 
secuted. 

1661 Mar. 14. Mass. "William Ledra, 
a Quaker, is hanged by tbe Puritans. 

* * Mass. The death penalty against the 
Quakers is removed from the statute- 
book. 

John Eliot prints the New Testa- 
ment in the Indian language. 

* * Conn. Abraham Pierson begins 
preaching to the Indians about Weth- 
ersfield. 

* *R. I. First yearly meeting of Qua- 
kers established. 

1662 Apr. 4, Va. Many Quakers ar- 
raigned before the Court as recusants. 

Dec. * Va. Enactments passed to op- 
press the Baptists. 

* * Boston. A partial Synod approves 
the Half -"Way Covenant. 

A few French Protestant refugees are 
granted leave to reside in the colony. 
Ejectment of non-conformist ministers. 

* * Va. Stringent laws passed against 
Quakers and all sectarians. 

* * Va. The Royalists' General Assem- 
bly provides for a church, parsonage, 
and minister for every parish. 

His salary to be £S0, all to be raised 
in tax levies. [The salary was after- 
wards changed to 1,600 pounds of tobac- 
co.] Absence from church for one Sun- 
day punishable bv fine of 50 pounds of 
tobacco ; non-conformists to pay £20 for 
a month's absence ; all non-Episcopal 
ministers are forbidden to preach. 

LETTERS. 

1661* *-63 Dec* John Eliot com- 
pletes his translation of the Old Testa- 
ment into the Indian vernacular. 

1662* * Mass. Two licensers of the press 
are appointed. 

* * The Day of Doo7n,hy Michael "Wiggles- 
worth, appears. 

S0CD2TY. 

1655 * * Md. Hostilities between Prot- 
estants and Catholics. 

1656 * * New Eng. Quakers are per- 
secuted. {See Church.) 

1657 * * Mass. Selling liquor to In- 
dians is absolutely prohibited; penalty 
40s. 

* * Mass. A return is made to the origi- 
nal prohibitory law of 1639. 



AMERICA. 



1655-1662. 



41 



It is decreed that "All persons are 
wholly prohibited to sell, truck, barter, 
or give any strong liquors to any Indian, 
directly or indirectly, whether known 
by the name of rum, strong waters, 
wine, strong beer, brandy, eider, or 
perry, or any other strong liquor going 
under any other name whatsoever." 

1658 * * Md. Drunkenness is punished 
by confinement in the stocks for 6 hours 
or a fine of 100 lbs. of tobacco (half to 
the informer) ; for a second offense, by 
public whipping or a fine of 300 lbs. of 
tobacco ; for the third offense the of- 
fender is adjudged infamous, and dis- 
franchised three years. 

* * Va. One convicted of drunkenness 
three times is accounted a common 
drunkard. 

1659 July 26. Can. Indians mas- 
sacre more than one thousand people 
at Montreal. 

* * Conn, Any person found drunk at 
any private house is to be fined 20s. and 
the owner of the house 10s. Distillation 
of corn or malt into liquor is prohibited. 

1660 July 27. Boston. Two of the 
fugitive judges of Charles I., Edward 
Whalley and William Goff e, are wel- 
comed, and concealed from royal officers. 

1662 June 20. Conn. Three women 
condemned at Hartford as witches ; 
one is hanged. 

* * * Brazil. A hardy race of men is 
produced at San Paulo, from the inter- 
marriage of colonists with natives. 

* * Mass. Adultery is punished with 
death. 

* * Va. It is enacted that offspring shall 
follow the condition of the mother, mak- 
ing the children of white men by 
negro women slaves from birth. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1655 Jan. ± * Md. Deputy - governor 
Stone vainly seeks to regain authority 
by revolution. 

* * Conn. Thomas Welles, governor. 
(Mass. Bay. John Endicott.) 

Sept. * N. Y. Gov. Stuyvesant compels 
the Swedes of Delaware to acknowledge 
the supremacy of New Netherland ; the 
little State of New Sweden ceases 
to exist, and the territory is annexed 
to New Netherland. 

* * Md. Conflict between the Puritans 
and Roman Catholics. 

* * Va. Edward Diggs elected gov- 
ernor. 

1656 July* Md. Josias Fendall, a 
weak and impetuous man, commissioned 
as Lord Baltimore's lieutenant. [The 
council of ten holds him under arrest as 
a dangerous person. There are two gov- 
ernments for two years-1 

Sept. 11. Conn. Stuyvesant concludes a 
boundary treaty, limiting New Neth- 
erland by Oyster Bay on Long Island, 
and the neighborhood of Greenwich on 
the mainland. 

* * Conn. John "Webster, governor. (Va. 
Samuel Matthews.) 

* * Del. The city of Amsterdam pur- 
chases the proprietary of Delaware 



from the Brandy wine to Bombay Hook, 
and by purchase from the natives extends 
its lands to Cape Henlopen. The Dutch 
own from New England to Maryland. 

* * Port, Alfonso VI. enthroned. 

* * -58 * * N. r. A short-lived French 
colony in western New York. 

* * * Va. Charles II., now in exile, is 
invited to join the colony and be 
"King of Virginia." This incident 
suggested the title of "The Old Do- 
minion." 

1657* * IU. 5.] Governors inaugu- 
rated. 

* * Conn. John Winthrop. 

* * Plym. Thomas Prince. 

* * R. I. Benedict Arnold. [1662-63.] 
1658 Mar.* Md. The revolt is settled 

by compromise, Fendall is acknowledged 
governor, and the Protestant assemblies 
accepted as valid ; a general amnesty is 
announced. 
Sept. 3. Eng. Kichard Cromwell, 
Lord Protector. 

* * Conn. Settlement of Southerton 
(Stonington) commenced. 

* * N. J. Purchasers obtain a large grant 
called Bergen, and the station becomes 
a permanent settlement. 

* * Conn. T. "Welles and Francis New- 
man, governors. 

* * Va. Samuel Matthews elected gov- 
ernor ; the legislature grants a fixed sal- 
ary to the office [and repeals the act in 
the following year]. 

1659* * Mass. Settlement of Nan- 
tucket by Thomas Macy. 

* * Conn. John Winthrop, governor. (Pa. 
Alex. D'Hinoyossa (Dutch). [1663. Re- 
appointed. 1660. R.I. Wm. Brenton.]) 

1660 Mar. 12. Md. Popular sov- 
eignty is exercised by the representa- 
tives, who vote themselves a lawful as- 
sembly , without dependence on any other 
power in the province, thus ignoring the 
rights of Lord Baltimore. 

May 8. Eng. Charles II. enthroned 
as sovereign over the British realm ; 
" the worst monarch of modern times.'* 
(Ridpath.) [He oppresses the commerce 
of Virginia, and sneers at complaints.] 

Nov. 10. Mass. It becomes well known 
that the monarchy is restored in England. 

Dec. 19. Mass. The General Court con- 
vened, and addresses are prepared for 
the king and parliament. 

* *-70* * Eng. Enactment of naviga- 
tion, trade, excise, and other laws 
inimical to the colonies in America. 

* * Costa Rica. Spaniards reappear, and 
subdue the rebellious Indians again. 

* * Mass. The government persecutes 
the Quakers. 

* * Md. Philip Calvert, governor. (R. I. 
Wm. Brenton.) 

* * N. F. The French found a colony at 
Placentia Bay. 

* * New Eng. Population, 38,000; Md., 
12,000. 

Arrival of the English regicides. 

* * Va. Sir William Berkeley is elect- 
ed governor by the House of Burgesses. 



He surpasses the tyranny of the king; 
Baptists and Quakers are persecuted ; 
personal property is heavily taxed; large 
estates are exempted ; the biennial elec- 
tion of burgesses is abolished. [This 
continues for 16 years.] 

The people contend against a rising 
aristocracy for the control of the polit- 
ical life. 

The population is estimated by Gov- 
ernor Berkeley at "40,000, including 
2,000 black slaves, 6,000 Christian ser- 
vants, of whom about 1,500 are imported 
yearly, principally English." The Chris- 
tian servants are chiefly ex-convicts. 

1661 Mar. 12. Va. The first session 
of the royalist assembly marks a polit- 
ical revolution. F. Moryson governor. 

June 10. Mass. Foreboding collision 
with the Crown, the General Court makes 
a declaration of the natural and char- 
tered rights of the colonists. 

July 27. N. Y. Schenectady pur- 
chased from the Indians. 

Aug. 7. Mass. Charles H. is pro- 
claimed. 

Aug. * Conn. John "Winthrop sent to 
England to obtain a charter. "Wm. 
Leete, governor of New Haven. 

* * Eng. By Act of Parliament, sugar, 
tobacco, indigo, and other " enumerated 
articles," are not to be shipped from 
the colonies to any country but Eng- 
land. 

* * Mass. Penal laws against the Qua- 
kers suspended by the king. 

Indian wampum a legal tender in small 
transactions. [Continued for 50 years.] 

* * N. C. A company of New England 
Puritans establishes a colony on Old- 
town Creek. 

* * New Eng. "Warrants arrive for the 
arrest of the regicides of Charles I., Ed- 
ward "Whalley, William Goff, and John 
LMxwell, who have escaped to New Eng- 
land, and are effectually concealed. 

* * * Va. The loyal "Virginians are 
oppressed. 

Charles II. treats Virginia as personal 
property, and grants large tracts of both 
tilled and wild lands to the most worth- 
less profligates that court his favor, pro- 
ducing great uncertainty and distress 
among the planters. The planters also 
suffer religious oppression. (See Church.) 

1662 Apr. 23. Conn. A Liberal char- 
ter for Connecticut is granted. 

Charles II. signs the charter prepared 
by the colonists without the alteration 
of a word or letter. [It is character- 
ized as the most liberal charter ever 
granted by an English monarch ; for 14 
years the younger Winthrop is annually 
elected governor.] 

* * Guiana. Charles II. grants the en- 
tire English colony to Lord Willoughby. 

* * Md. Charles Calvert (Lord Balti- 
more) is confirmed in the government. 

An Act is passed to establish a mint. 

* * Va. The Koyalist Legislature enacts 
a permanent imposition on all ex- 
ported tobacco, to provide a perpetual 
revenue for royal officers, and make 
them independent of colonial legislation. 

The Assembly for 14 years denies to 
the people the right of choosing their 
own legislators, by assuming to be a 
perpetual body. 



42 1663-1669, Feb. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1663 June 7. N. Y. The Indians at- 
tack the settlers at Esopus (Kingston; 
on the Hudson, and are subdued after 
killing 65 whites. Rondout is almost 
annihilated by them about this time. 

1664 * * Guiana. Cayenne is taken by 
the French. 

Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland 
is taken. 

A small English fleet takes New Am- 
sterdam without a struggle ; Peter Stuy- 
vesant proposes resistance, but is forced 
by bis council to sign the capitulation. 

Sept. 24. N. Y. Fort Orange (Albany) 
surrenders to the British. 

Oct. 1. Del. The Swedish and Dutch 
colonists on the Delaware submit to 
the British, who thus complete their 
conquest. 

Dec. * N. Y. Truce with the Indians. 

* * W, I. Buccaneers, led by [Sir] 
Henry Morgan, begin their depredations 
on the colonies of Spain. 

1665 May * N. Y. Treaty of peace 
entered with the Indians. 

* * Fla. The town of St. Augustine is 
captured and plundered by a company 
of buccaneers under Capt. John Davis, 
an Englishman. 

* * Cuba. The wall around Havana is 
commenced. 

1666 Jan. 29. Fr, France declares 
war against England. 

Jan.+* Can. The French expedition of 
Courcelles and Tracy goes against the 
Mohawk Indians. 

* * Guiana. The Dutch take the English 
settlement by storm, and a heavy ran- 
som is exacted. 

1667 * * Guiana. Surinam is taken by 
the English. 

* * Mass. Ravages are committed by 
the Mohawks near Northampton. 

1668 * * Can. Peace is made between 
the French and Five Nations. 

* * Maine yields to the authority of 
Massachusetts by force of arms. 

* * Panama. Morgan's 1,200 bucca- 
neers take Porto Bello and immense 
spoils. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1663 Feb. 5. Can. Severe earth- 
quakes. 

[They continue with short intermis- 
sions for over 6 months, and change the 
surface of the earth.] 

1664 Nov. 17. New Eng. Abearded 
comet becomes visible. 

[It exhibits a tail when it departs.] 
1666 Aug. 4. JY. I. Terrific hurri- 
cane ; Lord Francis Willoughby, with his 
fleet of 15 sail, perishes in it. 
1667+ * * Painters ply their art making 
portraits of dignitaries. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1663 Mather. Cotton, clergyman and au- 
thor, born. 
Bradford, William, printer in Pa., born. 



1665 Einllcott, John, Gov. of Mass., A76. 

1667 Carr, Sir Robert, English officer, dleB. 

1668 Wilson, .John, clergyman of IJoston, d. 
I)ay, Stephen, first printer in New Eng., A57. 

CHURCH. 

1663 Sept. * Va. Oppression of Sep- 
aratists, who are fined fur holding meet- 
ings, and the more affluent are compelled 
to pay the fines of the poor. Baptists 
are proscribed, Quakers are fined, per- 
secuted, and imprisoned. 

* * Mass. The first Baptist Church 
formed in Swansea. 

John Eliot completes the printing of 
the O. T. in the Indian language. 

The King's commissioners vex the 
Puritans by using the Episcopal ser- 
vice in Boston. The Puritans observed 
Saturday evening as part of the Sabbath, 
the commissioners spend it in carousals. 

1664 May* It. I. The Assembly estab- 
lishes religious freedom. 

* * Boston. Episcopalians petition for the 
use of the Prayer-Book. (Second time.) 

* *Mass. Rev. John Cotton preaches to 
the Indians of Martha's Vineyard. 

1665 Mar. 28. Boston. The first re- 
corded meeting of Baptists (falsely 
called Anabaptists). 

Sept. * Can. Claude Allouez goes to 
Montreal, intending to return to the 
mission left vacant by the death of 
Mesnard. He opens a mission on the 
shores of Lake Superior. 

* * It. I. The Seventh-day Baptists or- 
ganize a church at Newport. 

1666 June 14. At New Netherland 
the Lutherans are permitted to worship 
in their own houses. 

* * N. Y. First church erected in 
Brooklyn (site on Fulton Ave., near 
Lawrence St.). 

* * Mich. Allouez, the Jesuit, founds 
the mission of St. Espiritu, south of Lake 
Superior. 

1667+ Aug.* Can. Father Lewis 
Nicols goes to the Indians of the north- 
west. 

* * The Jesuit missions among the Iro- 
quois reopened. 

* * It. Clement LX., pope. 

* * N. J. A Presbyterian church 
formed in Newark under pastor Abra- 
ham Pierson. 

1668 Spring. Can. The celebrated 
Father Marquette leaves Quebec, in 
company with Father Le Bcesme, to 
join the Ottawa mission. 

* * N. J. A Presbyterian church is 
formed in Elizabeth. 

1669 Feb. * New York. Jacob Fabri- 
cilis reaches New Amsterdam as the 
pioneer preacher to the German Luther- 
ans. He preaches in their own ver- 
nacular. 

LETTERS. 

1663 * * Mass. Eliot's Indian Bible is 
the first one printed in America. 

1664 * * Mass. Act passed prohibiting 
printing-presses elsewhere than at Cam- 
bridge. 



1665 Sept. 5. Mass. Tbe printing of 
the New Testament in the Indian ver- 
nacular is completed. 

SOCIETY. 

1664* * Va. Tbe Virginia assembly re- 
strains tbe clergy. " Ministers shall not 
give themselves to excess in drinking or 
riot, spending their time idly by day or 
night, in playing at dice, cards, and 
other unlawful games." 

1665 * * N. Y. Dealers required not to 
sell beer above 2d. a quart, or any other 
liquor above 12s. a gallon, under penalty 
of 20s. a gallon, so sold. Selling liquor 
to Indians is prohibited. 

1668 * * N. J. Persons found drinking 
after nine o'clock are apprehended 
and punished at discretion ; drunken- 
ness is fined Is., 2s., and 2s. Gd., for the 
first, second, and third offenses respec- 
tively. 

* * Va. It is enacted that "The death 
of a slave from extremity of correction 
was not accounted a felony; since it 
cannot be presumed that prepensed 
malice should induce any man to de- 
stroy his own estate." (Or 1667.) 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1663 Feb. 14. Can. The hundred as- 
sociates surrender their charter, and 
New France becomes a royal province. 

Feb. * -July * N. Y. Tbe Dutch West 
India Company sells the whole country 
on the Delaware to the city of Amster- 
dam. 

Mar. 24. Charles II. issues a patent to 
Lord Clarendon, General Monk, and 
six other noblemen who had assisted in 
his restoration, to lands between the 
St. Johns River and the 36th parallel of 
latitude, extending from the Atlantic 
to the Pacific, with jurisdiction over the 
same ; it is called Carolina. 

July 8. It. I. Charles II. renews the 
charter of Rhode Island and Provi- 
dence plantations, to the surprise and 
joy of the colonists. 

* * M. de Mesey becomes (Fr.) governor 
of Mich. (Can. ), and Alex. D'Hinoyossa 
(Dutch) governorof Pennsylvania. [1664. 
Robert Carr, governor of Pennsylvania. 
1665. Richard Bellingham, of Massa- 
chusetts Bay Colony, and M. de Cour- 
celles (Fr.), of Mich. (Can.).] 

* * N. C. The settlers at Puritan on the 
Chowan River organize a civil gov- 
ernment, and elect William Drummond 
governor of the Albemarle Colony. 

* * Conn. "Whalley and G-offe, two of 
the regicide judges who voted to put 
Charles I. to death, flee to New Haven 
and find protection from the officers 
sent to arrest them. 

* * Eng. An act is passed to monopolize 
the colonial trade; European goods 
for the colonies to pass through British 
ports. 

* * N. J. A company of Long Island 
Puritans obtain permission to settle 



AMERICA. 



1663-1669, Feb. 43 



on the banks of the Raritan, but they 
delay to migrate. 

* * Miss. Mississippi is included in the 
charter of South Carolina. 

1664 Mar. 12. New York becomes 
a Duchy. 

Charles II., deeming the Dutch in Ne-\v 
Netherland usurpers, totally regardless 
of prior grants, arbitrarily grants the 
entire territory between the Connecticut 
and Delaware Rivers to his brother, the 
Duke of York ; he also gives him the 
territory between the Kennebec and St. 
Croix Rivers (Maine). 

May 29. N. C. Sir John Yeamans 
lands several hundred English colonists 
at Cape Fear River in Clarendon. 

May * Ft. Louis XIV. grants to a new 
company of the West Indies the mo- 
nopoly of all French commerce in North 
and South America, except the fisheries. 

June 10. Va. The navigation acts en- 
forced. 

June 23. NY. The Duke of York sells 
his claim to lands between the Dela- 
ware and the Hudson (in part) to "Lord 
Berkeley and Sir George Carteret ; 
Sir George having been governor of the 
island of Jersey, it is called New Jer- 
sey ; and it becomes a proprietary state, 
owned by the owners of Carolina. New 
Jersey is separated from New York. 

* * Eng. The king appoints four com- 
missioners, Nicolls, Carr, Cartwright, 
and Maverick, to hear complaints and 
appeals in New England, and settle the 
peace of the country. 

July 23. Boston. The king's commis- 
sioners arrive, and are opposed as hos- 
tile to colonial liberties. [They leave 
for New Netherland.] 

* * N. Y. After much controversy with 
Holland concerning the title of New 
Netherland (New York), the English 
proceed to settle the matter by taking 
forcible possession. 

Sept. 8. New York. New Netherland 
ceases to exist. The Dutch surrender 
New Amsterdam. (O. S. Aug. 29.) 

Colonel Richard Nicolls assumes office 
as English governor, and the name of 
the city is changed to New York. [The 
English government lasts nine years.] 

Sept. 20. N Y. Fort Orange sur- 
renders to the English, and its name 
changed to Albany. 

Oct. 1. The Dutch and Swedes on the 
Delaware capitulate to the English, and 
for the first time every mile of the 
American coast from the N.E. corner 
of Maine to the southern limits of 
Georgia is under the British flag. 

Oct. 25. Mass. A remonstrance 
against the royal menace of tyranny is 
issued, and addressed to the king. 

Oct. * N. J. A village is begun, and 
named Elizabethtown in honor of 
Lady Carteret. (Philip Carteret, gov.) 

Oct. 28. N. J. Governor Nicolls ratines 
the sale of the Elizabethtown tract by 
the Indians to Long Island Puritans, 
while ignorant of the sale of New Jer- 
sey by the Duke of York. 

Dec. 1. Connecticut surrenders all claim 
to Long Island, and obtains a favorable 
boundary on the coast. 



Dec. * New York has an estimated popu- 
lation of 10,000. 

* * Mass. Act passed prohibiting print- 
ing-presses elsewhere than in Cam- 
bridge. 

* * N. J. Governor Nicolls grants an ex- 
tensive tract of land on Newark Bay to 
a company of Puritans. 

Elizabethtown, Newark, Middletown, 
and Shrewsbury begun by settlers from 
New England and Long Island. 

The lands of New Jersey are dis- 
tributed to settlers for a quit-rent of a 
half-penny an acre, payable in the year 
1670. 

* * N. Y. Governor Nicolls makes a 
treaty with the Five Nations, they 
ceding their land, and submitting to 
the authority of Charles II. 

First settlement [in Central New 
York] made at Schenectady. (See 1661.) 

* * W. I. The French occupy San Do- 
mingo. 

1665 Feb. 10. N. J. The earliest 
constitution, " Concessions and Agree- 
ments," is adopted. (See 1677, Mar. 3.) 

Feb. 24. Mass, Deerfieldis purchased 
of the Indians. (R. Bellingham, gov.) 

Feb. * N. J. The royalist proprietors 
offer special inducements of a liberal 
character to emigrants. 

Apr. * N. J. "William Goulding and 
others receive a patent for a grant, ex- 
tending from Sandy Hook to the mouth 
of the Raritan. East New Jersey is 
called Albania. 

May 26. Mass. The royal commission- 
ers depart. The General Court refuses 
to recognize them, and they leave the 
province in anger. 

June 12. N. Y. City of New York is 
incorporated by Governor Nicolls ; a 
mayor, 5 aldermen, and a sheriff ap- 
pointed. Thomas "Willet is the first 
mayor. 

June * The Carolina grant is extended 
northward to 36° 30', so as to include the 
Chowan settlement [in North Carolina]. 

* * Arg. Rep. Spain relaxes her restric- 
tions on commerce. 

* * Can. Courcelles governor of New 
France. Much emigration and rapid 
growth. 

* * Conn. Connecticut and New Haven 
unite, 

* * Conn. John "Winthrop is elected gov- 

* * Maine is taken by .royal authority 
from Massachusetts, and restored to the 
heirs of Gorges. 

* * N. C. A little Puritan colony on 
the Cape Fear River is broken up by 
the Indians. 

The same site is purchased, with 32 
square miles of territory, by a company 
of planters from Barbados, led by Sir 
John Yeamans. Eight hundred people 
settle along the river during the first 
year. 

* * New Hampshire is officially named. 

* * IT. J. The English plant a colony 
under Philip Carteret, the first gover- 
nor, with Klizabethtown for the capital ; 
his administration not popular. 



* * Sp. Charles II. enthroned. 

* * IT. Y. Governor Nicolls, the deputy 
of the Duke of York, enacts a code 
called the " Duke's Laws." (Feb. 28.) 

* * _67 * * IT. Y. The English oppress 
the Dutch. 

Representative government is denied ; 
old titles to land are annulled, and new 
titles are obtained at a cost which pro- 
vides an immense revenue. 

1666 May 21. IT. J. An association 
of Puritans from Connecticut sails up 
the Passaic, and extinguishes the Indian 
title to Newark, after holding a council 
with them. 

* * Governors chosen : "William Bren- 
ton (R. I.); Edward Diggs (Va.) for 
the English Commonwealth. 

* * Can. Robert Cavalier de la Salle ar- 
rives from France. 

* * Conn. Hartford, New Haven, New 
London, and Fairfield are the four 
counties, and each has its court. 

* * IT. J. Colonists from Connecticut 
settle in Elizabethtown, Newark, and 
in Hackensack. 

* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 
2d mayor. 

* * W ■ I. Great depredations by buc- 
caneers. 

* * Guiana. Surinam, occupied by the 
English. . 

1667 May* N.Y. The governor, Fran- 
cis Lovelace, an outrageous and incu- 
rable tyrant ; the people groan under 
excessive taxation. 

July 31. Hoi. The Treaty of Breda, 
between England, Holland, France, and 
Denmark, provides the cession of (l)Nova 
Scotia to France by England, (2) Antigua 
Monserrat and St. Christopher to Eng- 
land by France. England retains New 
Netherland, and Holland Surinam. 

* * N. C. The Clarendon colony is aban- 
doned. Sam. Stephens, governor. 

* * New York. Thomas Willet the 3d 
mayor. 

* * W.I. The Bahamas granted to the 
proprietors of South Carolina. 

1668 May 2. Fr. The treaty of Aix- 
la-Chapelle ends the war between Eng- 
land and Spain, and the colonists begin 
to discuss the right of arbitrary govern- 
ment. 

May 26. N. J. The first legislative 
assembly meets at Elizabethtown, and 
assigns the punishment of death to 
twelve offenses ; all penalties are made 
severe. 

* * Can. Sault Ste. Marie founded by 
Father Marquette at the entrance of 
Lake Superior. 

* * Maine again put under the govern- 
ment of Massachusetts, upon applica- 
tion of some of its people. 

* * Mass. Daniel Gookin and others 
granted a tract eight miles square, to he 
called "Worcester. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1669 * * Ga. Spaniards still work the 
gold mines. 



44 1669, July-1675, July 8. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1669 * * Mohawk and Mohegan "War. 

1670 * * Panama. Morgan reduces the 
castle of San Lorenzo at Chagres. 

1671 Feb. 24. Panama is burned by 
Morgan's buccaneers. 

Sept. 7, 8. Mass. Great training-days 
in Boston ; 1,200 men in the field. 

1672 May 28. Mass. First declara- 
tion of "war in the colonies ; Boston 
declares war against the Dutch. 

* * Del. A force of Marylanders invades 
Lewis ton. 

* * Pa. The Susquehannock tribe is an- 
nihilated by the resistless league of the 
Five Nations. 

* * S. C. Spaniards from St. Augustine 
endeavor to drive away the settlers in 
Carolina, but are repulsed. 

* * W. I. The English take Tobago from 
the Dutch. 

1673 Feb. 21. Mass. Medfield is 
surprised by Indians, principally Nar- 
ragansetts. Eighteen men, women, and 
children are killed, and half the town 
is burnt. 

July * Can. Fort Frontenac is built. 
Va.-N. J. "War between England 

and Holland; the Dutch ravage the 

Virginia coast, and subdue New Jersey. 
Aug. 8. New York is taken by the 

Dutch without a shot being fired ; they 

rename it New Orange. 

1674 Feb. 9. New York. According to 
the terms of peace between England 
and Holland, the Dutch governor An- 
thony Colve is to surrender the city 
to the British. 

Oct. 31. New York. The Dutch forces 
evacuate the city. 

* * Mass. An Indian plot is formed 
against the colonies ; a friendly Indian 
missionary reveals it and is murdered. 

* * W. I. The Dutch retake Tobago 
from the English. 

* * Me. A Boston ship captures Castine. 

1675 June 24-78 Apr. 12. New Eng. 
King Philip's "War. Causes : Indian 
jealousy of the growth of the English set- 
tlements, and the almost complete alien- 
ation of hunting-grounds by treaties. 

June 24. Mass. _ King Philip's "War be- 
gins at Swanzey, in the Plymouth 
colony, where eight or nine English are 
slain. Nearly all of the Indians of New 
England from Maine to Connecticut 
combine against the foreign invaders. 

June 28. Mass. Plymouth colonists at- 
tack King Philip, routing the Indians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 
1669" * Can. Hobertde la Salle leaves 
Montreal and begins his explorations. 
Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes. 
1670 * * Mass. Bees are introduced. 
1673 June 17. Wis. Jacques Mar- 
quette and Louis Joliet discover the 
Mississippi River at its confluence with 
the Wisconsin. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1672 Hradstreet, Amu-, [lor-teas, A 60. 
Chauncy, Charles, Pree. of Harvard Col- 
lege, A 80. 

Mason, John, conqueror of the Pequotn, A72. 

1673 Puendo, Padre, the great preacher of 
Peru, dies. 

1674 Logan, James, statesman, author, b. 



CHURCH. 

1669 Aug. 24. 7?. /. Roger Williams 
writes of some who deny punishment 
for sin in a future life. 

* * Can. A mission for the Iroquois is 
begun opposite Montreal by French 
Jesuits. 

Advent of Claudius Dablon, Superior 
of the western missions. 

A new mission is started on the south 
shore of the Falls of St. Marie, under 
I#ablon. Marquette enters the mission 
until now occupied by Allouez, at La- 
pointe, and there spends the winter 
studying with an Illinois captive the 
dialect of his tribe. Allouez proceeds to 
Green Bay, where he founds the mission 
of St. Francis Xavier, and spends the 
wintei and spring in ministering to the 
needs of the Sacs and Foxes, the Potta- 
wattomies, and the "\Vinnebagos. 

* * Boston. Secession from the First 
Church. 

The advocates of the Half-Way Cove- 
nant organize themselves as the Third 
Church of Boston (Old South Church), 
and an edifice of wood is first erected. 

* * Wis. The western shores of Lake 
Michigan are visited by the Jesuits. 

1670 Mar. * Carolina. Locke's consti- 
tution is modified to tolerate every re- 
ligion, and yet make the Church of 
England the State church. 

* * Can. Father .Andre" is in charge of 
the Ottawa tribes on islands and shores 
of Lake Huron, and Father Druillettes 
enters the work at Sault St. Marie. 

* * It. Clement X., pope. 

* * Mass. The first Indian church, 
with native pastor, is organized on 
Martha's Vineyard ; 3,000 native Chris- 
tians on the island. 

* *-73* *Mass. Eliot organizes seven 
other "praying-towns" among the 
Indians. 

The first Manchage (Oxford) ; the second 
Chabanakongkoum.of Dudley; the third, 
Maanexit, was the northeast part of 
"Woodstock; the fourth, Quantisset, the 
southeast part of Woodstock ; the fifth, 
Wabquissit, the southwest part of Wood- 
stock ; the sixth, Pakaehoog, partly in 
Worcester and partly in Ward ; and the 
seventh, Waeuntug, is now Uxbridge. 

* * S. C. Presbyterian and Independ- 
ents jointly settle in this Province. 

1671 June 4. Mich. Saint Lasson 
holds a grand conference with many 
Indian tribes at St. Mary's. 

* * Can. Father Henry Nouvel enters 
the mission work at the Falls of St. 
Marie. 

Marquette establishes the mission of 
St. Ignatius among the HuronsatMichil- 
imackinac. 

Dablon is recalled to Quebec to be- 
come Superior of all the Canada mis- 
sions. 



± * * Carolina. Quaker preachers are 
the first to visit the colonists. 

* * New York. The German Luther- 
ans erect a church. 

* * R. I. Secession from the Baptist 
church forms a Seventh-day Baptist 
church. 

* * Va. The colonists report 4S parishes, 
and the ministers well paid. 

1672 * * Can. Many of the Ottawas 
settle at Marquette mission. 

Father Allouez preaches to the Illi- 
nois, Kickapoos, Mascoutens, Miamis, 
and Weas Indians. 

A little church is organized and chapel 
built at Sault St. Marie. 

Allouez and Dablon visit Catholic 
missions in Wisconsin and Illinois. 

* * N. C. A Society of Friends settles 
in Pequimans county, and is visited by 
William Edmundson, who establishes 
a quarterly meeting. 

* * George Fox visits the Quakers of 
America in all the settlements along the 
coast. 

1673 June* Louis Joliet and Jacques 
Marquette, Jesuit missionaries, with 
five other Frenchmen, leave Green Bay 
and explore the Mississippi and cer- 
tain tributaries, traveling 2,500 miles. 

* * New York. The Dutch deprive the 
German Lutherans of their only 
church edifice. 

* * Pern. Padre Puendo, the great 
preacher, dies. 

1674 * * Can. Bishop Laval becomes 
the first Roman Catholic bishop of 
Quebec, his see extending from Maine 
to Louisiana. 

* * Mass. Eliot reports two churches 
and 1,150 church members in his Indian 
" praying- town." 

1675 June 24. Mass. This day ob- 
served by fasting and prayer, in antici- 
pation of an Indian war. 

LETTERS. 

1669* * The New England Memorial is 
published by Nathaniel Morton. 

1671* * Va. Gov. Berkeley opposes edu- 
cation. 

" There are no free schools nor print- 
ing, and I hope we shall not have these 
hundred years ; for learning has brought 
disobedience and heresy and sects into 
the world, and printing has divulged 
them, and libels against the best govern- 
ment. God keep us from both." 

1672 * * Mass. Harvard College receives 
a valuable library by the bequest of 
Theophilus Gale. 

1674 * * Boston. John Foster is author- 
ized to set up a printing-press. 

S0CD2TY. 
1670 Apr. 20. Va. The importation 
of convicted felons is prohibited. 

* * Mass. The selectmen are required to 
post drunkards' names in public 
houses and prohibit sales to them, or 
their frequenting such places. 

* * Md. Importation of convicted felons 
prohibited. 



AMERICA. 



16G9, July-1675, July 8. 45 



: * New York. Merchants of Manhattan 
meet every Friday at noon on tlie bridge 
over the Broad Street canal for barter. 

: * Va. It is enacted that "all servants 
not being Christians, imported into this 
country by shipping, shall be slaves.'* 
Under Gov. Berkeley the council lays 
burdensome taxes on the poorer peo- 
ple, and exempts the holders of large 



1671 * * Carolina. Governor Sir John 
Yeamans introduces slavery* by bring- 
ing nearly 200 negroes from Barbados to 
this colony. (1G72. Winsor.) 

* * Md. Act passed encouraging the im- 
portation of slaves. 

* * * W. /. Great depredations by buc- 
caneers. 

1672 * * Va. It is made lawful for " per- 
sons pursuing fugitive colored slaves 
to wound or even kill them." 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1669 July 21. S.C. The absurd Fun- 
damental Constitutions drawn up by 
John Locke are nominally operative. 

May * R. I. Benedict Arnold, governor. 

* * Guiana. The Dutch hold the entire 
territory. 

* * N. C. The first legislative assem- 
bly meets at Albemarle, and organizes 
a remarkably liberal government; Sam- 
uel Stevens governor. 

* * -70 * * New York. Cornells Steen- 
wyck the 4th mayor. 

* * Virginia is dismembered by lavish 
grants. 

1670 Feb. ± * S. C. An English col- 
ony, led by Joseph West and William 
Sayle, is planted on the Ashley River. 

May 2. Can. The Hudson Bay Com- 
pany is chartered. 

* * N. J. The colonists refuse to pay 
the quit-rent for their land, having 
already paid for the same twice to other 
claimants. (See N. J. 1664.) 

* * N. Y. Eight towns on Long Island 
protest against paying a tax of 10 per 
cent on all imports and exports, on the 
sole authority of the governor and coun- 
cil. Protest burned. 

Oct. * N. Y. Annual assemblies are 
demanded, and the government refuses 
to yield them. 

Va. The right of suffrage is lim- 
ited to freeholders and householders, 
and the majority of the people are dis- 
franchised. 

* * Maine, east of the Penobscot, sur- 
rendered to France. 

* * S. C. The colonists ignore Locke's 
Grand Model, and show a fine capacity 
to govern themselves. 

The Model made strange provisions 
for a state in the wilderness, "where a 
few colonists lived on venison and 
potatoes, and paid their debts with 
tobacco ; " it provided for " dukes, earls, 
and marquises ; knights, lords, and 
squires ; baronial courts, heraldic cere- 
mony, and every sort of feudal non- 
sense." (Ridpath.) [It was nominally 
the law of the colony for about 25 years.] 

Foundation of (old) Charlestown laid 
by English settlers on the Ashley River. 



* * Treaty of Madrid, between England 
and Spain, settles boundaries of their 
respective possessions in America on tbe 
basis of possession. 

1671 * * Can. The region of Lakes Hu- 
ron and Superior taken for France. 

Courcelles establishes a trading-post 
on Lake Ontario. 
Aug. 28. S. C. Joseph "West is ap- 
pointed governor by the proprietors. 
[Also 1674.] [Dec. 26. Sir John Yea- 
mans succeeds him. A revised copy of 
the Model arrives.] 

* * N. C. The colonists refuse to pay 
royal taxes in any form, and seize the 
records of tbe province, imprison the 
governor's secretary, and boldly defy 
his authority. 

* * Massachusetts is " almost on the 
brink of renouncing any depend- 
ence upon the Crown." 

* * Maryland has a population of 20,000 
people. 

Act passed encouraging the impor- 
tation of slaves. 

* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 5th 
mayor. 

* * S. C. Dutch emigrants from New 
York and others from Holland arrive. 

* * Va. Population 40,000, including 2,000 
slaves. 

1672 Apr. 19. S. C. The colony de- 
mands a new government for itself ; all 
previous parliamentary conventions are 
dissolved. 

May 14. N. J. The anti-rent colonists 
meet in assembly at Elizabethtown, and 
depose Philip Carteret, the governor. 

May 31. Mass. Union of the colonies 
of Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Ply- 
mouth. 

* * Can. Count de Frontenac, having 
been appointed governor, arrives at 
Quebec. 

* * Del. Maryland colonists attempt to 
absorb Lewistown by force. 

* *JEng. Third Navigation Law. Par- 
liament imposes customs upon the col- 
onies, to be collected by the revenue 
officers of the Crown. 

* * New York. Matthias Nicolls the 6th 
mayor. 

* * It. I. Nicholas Easton, governor. 

1673 Feb. 25. Virginiais given away 
by Charles II. 

Charles II. changes his former grant of 
Virginia, and leases the entire State for 
thirty-one years to a pair of ignoble 
gentlemen, 'Lord Culpepper and the Earl 
of Arlington. 
Mar. 18. N. J. John Fenwick, in trust 
for Edward Byllinge, buys Berkeley's in- 
terest in New Jersey for £1,000. 

* * Mass. Josiah Winslow is governor of 
Plymouth ; John Leverett of Mass. Bay. 

May * N. J. The authority of Captain 
Berry, Philip Carteret's deputy, is ac- 
knowledged. 

Aug. 8. N. Y. The Dutch recapture 
and rule New York, also New Jersey, 
which they name Achter Kol ; the au- 
thority of HoUand is restored [for 



three months] from the Connecticut to 
Maryland. 

New Amsterdam is called New Orange, 
and Anthony Clove is made governor. 

* * Eng. Parliament excludes New Eng- 
land merchants from competing with 
English merchants in the Southern plan- 
tations ; free traffic abolished. 

* * New York. John Lawrence the 7th 
mayor. 

* * 0. French Settlers establish them- 
selves in "Western Ohio. 

1674 Feb. 9. New York. New Am- 
sterdam is surrendered to the English 
in making peace between England and 
Holland, by the Treaty of Westminster. 

June 29. N. Y. The Duke of York's 
patent enlarged. 

July 28, 29. N. J. Sir George Car- 
teret receives a confirmatory grant from 
the Duke of York. 

July 31. If. J. Philip Carteret returns. 

Sept. 21. Va. Agents are appointed to 
remonstrate with the King against the 
grant to Culpepper, and the invasion of 
popular liberties. 

Oct. 30. N. Y. Sir Edmund Andros 
assumes the government. [Misrule and 
arbitrary government follow.] 

Nov. 10. N. Y. New York is restored 
to the English authorities. 

* * Guiana. The New Butch West India 
Company is founded ; Guiana conveyed 
to it by charter. 

The French Colony passes under the 
control of the Crown after a series of 
failures through incompetence and mis- 
management. 

* * R. I. William Coddington is ap- 
pointed governor. [1678. Reappointed.] 

* * N. C. Population about 4,000 ; com- 
merce is impeded by duties which yield 
the proprietors $12,000 from New Eng- 
land trade alone. G. Cartwright, pres. 

* * N. Y. Gov. Andros advises the pro- 
prietor, the Duke of York, to grant the 
clamorous people the right of electing a 
legislature. 

The Duke replies that popular assem- 
blies are seditious and dangerous; that 
they only foster discontent, and disturb 
the peace of government; and finally 
that he did not see any use for them. 

Treaty at Albany with Indians. 

* * Va. The common peoj>le, made desper- 
ate by taxes, make the first movement 
for reform ; it is easily suppressed. 

1675 May 13. Can. Louis IV. grants 
La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac 
(Kingston). 

July 8. Va. Lord Culpepper is ap- 
pointed governor of Virginia for life. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1670± * * N. Y. Gov. Lovelace orders 

May races at Hempstead, Long Island. 
1672 Dec. 10. A monthly post is 

established between New York and 

Boston. 

* * Mass. The business of whale-fishery 
is commenced at Nantucket. 

1675 Mar. 21. Boston. The castle at 
the entrance of the harbor is accident- 
ally destroyed by fire. 



46 1675, July 9-1680, May 10. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY -NAVY. 

1675 July 14. Mass. Mendon is at- 
tacked by Indians ; several persons 
killed. 

July 15. Mass. The Narragansetts en- 
ter into a treaty of peace with the col- 
onists. 

+ The Nipmuck Indians become allies 
of Philip. 

July * Va. Indians pillage a plantation 
in revenging a fraud, and are beaten or 
killed by the settlers. General hos- 
tilities follow. 

Conn. Andros, with armed sloops, 

attempts to establish Ids authority as 
far as the Connecticut River. 

Aug. 2. Mass. Captain Hutchinson 
and 20 men are sent to win back the 
Nipmucks ; they are waylaid and slain 
at Brookfield. 

Aug. 25. Mass. Deerfield is attacked 
by 180 Indians ; the colonists lose eleven 
men, and the Indians twenty-six. 

Sept. 1. Mass. The greater part of Deer- 
field is burnt by the Indians ; Hadley 
is attacked, but successfully defended 
by William Goffe. 

Sept. 18. Mass. Battle with Indians at 
Bloody Brook; 700± Indians surround 
80 men, killing nearly all of them. Cap- 
tain Mosley, by hard fighting, drives 
them away from Deerfield. 

Sept. * -Oct. * New Eng. The United 
Colonies assume the burden of the war, 
and raise 2,000 troops. 

Oct. 5. Mass. Springfield is attacked 
by the Indians, and saved by reenforce- 
ments. 

Oct. 19. Mass. Philip, with seven or 
eight hundred Indians, attacks Hat- 
field, but is driven off. 

Dec. * Mass. The colonists, fearing the 
Narragansetts, prepare to attack them, 
although they have not sided with Philip 
during the war. 

Dec. 19. R. I. The numerous and pow- 
erful Wampanoags are defeated in a 
decisive battle near Narragansett Bay. 
The New England army consists of 13 
companies of infantry (1, 500) and one of 
cavalry; Indians kise 1,000 killed and 
captured, colonists from '200 to 400 ; [the 
widespread vengeance of the Indians 
rests upon all white men alike; burn- 
ings and blood-shedding abound]. 

* * Va. Six hostile Indian chiefs present 
themselves to treat for peace, and are put 
to death ; a war for vengeance follows. 

1676 Feb. 10. Mass. Indians attack 
Lancaster, and nearly destroy it. 

Feb. 24. Indians surprise Deerfield; 
many people are killed, and 50 buildings 
burnt. (Feb. 21, Holmes.) 

Feb. 25. Mass. "Weymouth is as- 
saulted by Indians ; houses and barns 
are burnt. 

Mar. 14. Mass. Indians attack North- 
ampton, but are repulsed after six per- 
sons are killed. 

Mar. 26. Mass. Marlborough de- 
stroyed by the Indians. 



Mar. 28. Mass. Rehoboth ie partly 
burnt by Indians. [Mar. 20. Providence.] 

Mar. * Va. Three hundred persons have 
been killed by Indians in the last twelve 
months. 

Apr. 18. Mass. Sudbury is attacked 
by the Narragansett Indians; several 
houses and barns are burnt; the pursu- 
ers are ambushed and slain. 

Apr. 20. Va, Rebellion begins; 500 
men in arms, with Bacon us leader, 
against the Indians. (See State.) 

May 8. Mass. Bridgewater is attacked 
by Indians ; 17 buildings are burnt. 

May 11. Mass. Plymouth is assault- 
ed; 11 houses and 5 barns are burnt. 

May 19. Mass. A camp of Indians near 
Turner Falls is surprised and destroyed 
by a company of volunteers. 

May 30. Mass. Hatfield is burnt by 
Indians. 

June 2. Mass. Great battle with the 
Indians near Mount Hope. 

June 12. Mass. About 700 Indians at- 
tack Hadley, and are driven off. 

June * Mass. The Nipmucks submit to 
the colonists and abandon the war. 

Va. Nathaniel Bacon subdues the 

Indians without permission from the 
jealous governor. 

Civil war. Bacon leads a rebellion 
against the outrages of Gov. Berkeley. 

July+ * Va. Indians massacre the 
whites, and are punished by volunteer 
expeditions. 

July 3. JR. I. Indian battle near Nar- 
ragansett. 

Aug. 12. Mass. The King Philip's 
war ends with the death of Philip. 

One-tenth of the private dwellings are 
burnt, 000 men have been slain in battle, 
many women and children massacred, 
and nearly every family is in mourning. 
The Indi;ni rare is nearly swept out of 
New England. [The tribe's of Maine and 
New Hampshire continue hostilities un- 
til 1678.] 

Sept. * Va. Jamestown, the only town 
in the colony, is burnt by its own citi- 
zens as an act of patriotism. 

Sept. 6. Me. A Massachusetts force sur- 
prises and subdues the Indians at 
Cocheco. 

Oct. 1. Va. Bacon dies, and the rebel- 
lion ends. 

* * Me. A Dutch frigate captures 
Castine. 

* * W. J. The French take Trinidad 
from the English. 

Dec. 21. Guiana. The French attack 
Cayenne. 

1677 Sept. 9. Conn. Hatfield is at- 
tacked by Indians ; 20 persons are killed 
or captured. 

1678 Apr. 12. Mass. A treaty of peace 
is made with the Indians. 

* * San Domingo. A negro insurrec- 
tion arises. 

1679 * * Colombia. Buccaneers attack 
Porto Bello. 

1680 Jan. * III. La Salle builds Fort 
Crevecoeur in the Illinois country. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 

EXPLORATION. 

1676 Jan.26. Laying of the keel of the 

Griffin, the first vessel in the western 

waters, built by La Salle, 6 miles west of 

Niagara. Falls. 

1679 * * French exploration of the Great 
Lakes and the Mississippi. 

May* Can. The Griffin ib launched on 
Lake Erie. 

Aug. 7. La Salle sails in the Griffin from 
Niagara on his remarkable tour of dis- 
covery through three of the Great Lakes. 

rfov.ir * A great comet becomes visible. 

1680 Feb. 10. The great comet dis- 
appears. 

[It terrorized New England, while it 
enabled Newton to ascertain the para- 
bolic form of the trajectory of comets.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1675 Marquette. Jacques, explorer of 
Miss. River, A38. 

Dudley, Paul, colonial jurist, born. 

1676 Bacon, Nathaniel, patriot of Va., 
"rebel," A34. 

Calvert, Cecil, 2d Lord Baltimore, dies. 
Clarke, John, founder of Bap. ch., ACT. 
Winthrop, John, Gov. of Conn.. ATM. 
Berkeley, Sir William, Gov. of Va.. ACT. 
Gorton, .Samuel, pioneer settler K. I., A77. ? 
1678 Coddington, William, founder of R. I., 
A77. 
Conant. Kcz-t. settler in Mass., A *h. 
Leverett, Sir John, Gov. of Mass., A63. 
Wheelright, John, Puritan clergyman, A85. 
Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., born. 

CHURCH. 
1675 * * Can. The Recollects are ac- 
tive, and Hennepin is among them. 

* * Del. The first Quaker meetings 
are held. 

* * Mass. Indians are abused. 

Fifteen Christian Indians, who had 
rendered the colonists most faithful 
service as scouts, and are living peace- 
fully in their own towns, are taken and 
with their hands bound behind them, 
are fastened together by ropes round 
their necks, marched down to Boston, 
and thrown into prison. [Finally they 
are expelled and remove to Deer's island, 
where hunger, exposure, and disease 
reduce their number.] 
1676* * Can. Rivalry between the 
Jesuits and other orders. 

* * It. Innocent XI., pope. 

1677 * * Mass. Laws passed for the pun- 
ishment of persons attending a Quaker 
meeting. 

1678 * * .Y. Y. First record of Protes- 
tant Episcopal services in New York. 

1679* * Boston. Charles II. causes the 
first Episcopal church to he built. 

* * -80 * * Boston. The Congregational 
" Reformed Synod " approves the Savoy 
confession. 

* * Hoi. Labadists send Danckers and 
Sluyter to New York. 

SOCIETY. 
1675 * * Mass. The colonists are terri- 
fied by an impending Indian war. 

Superstition adds its terrors : some 
have seen an Indian bow drawn across 
the heavens ; others see a scalp on the 
face of the eclipsed moon ; others see 
phantom horsemen gallop through the 
air, or hear the whistling of bullets, etc. 



AMERICA. 



1675, July 9-1680, May 10. 47 



Oppression of the Indiana during 
King Philip's War. 

"The governor and council issue an 
order disbanding all Christian Indians, 
expelling them from white towns, im- 
prisoning them within live of their own 
towns, and forbidding them to leave 
these towns on penalty of death. [Later 
a reward of §100 was "offered for every 
Christian Indian killed, if found more 
than one mile from his town.] Prevent- 
ed from hunting, not allowed to gather 
their crops, forbidden to work or buy 
food in white towns, they are reduced to 

f;reat suffering, and starvation seems to 
ace them ; and yet they uttered no com- 
plaint, but continued steadfast in the 
faith." (Cyc. of Missions.) 

1676 June * Va. The new reform As- 
sembly absolutely prohibits the sale 
of wines and ardent spirits; if not at 
Jamestown, yet elsewhere through the 
whole country. 

* * Md. The importation of convicted 
felons is prohibited. 

1677 * * N.J. Selling liquor to Indi- 
ans is a finable offense ; penalty, $100, 
and this is doubled at each subsequent 
offense, with 20 stripes if the offender is 
unable to pay. 

1678 * * N. Y. West Indian or Guinea 
slaves are valued at about §150 at Man- 
hattan. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1675 July 9. N. Y. A force under 
Gov. Andros sails to the Connecticut 
to claim the territory westward for 
the Duke of York. 

July 11. Conn. The Puritans at Say- 
brooke intimidate Andros, and he re- 
turns. Connecticut protests against the 
invasion. 

* * Md. Sir Charles Calvert becomes 
proprietor by the death of Cecil, his 
father, on November 30. 

Nov. 6. N. J. Carteret resumes the 
government from which he had been 
expelled in East Jersey. 

John Fenwick plants a colony at Sa- 
lem. Commissioners rule W. Jersey. 

* * New York. William Darvall the 8th 
mayor. 

1676 Apr. * Va. Bacon's rebellion 
distracts the colony. Civil war is brought 
on by the corruption, tyranny, and in- 
efficiency of Governor Berkeley. 

Virginians are divided into an aris- 
tocratic and a people's party. [The lat- 
ter is suppressed after the death of 
Bacon, its leader. The rebellion cost 
the colony £100,000.] 

The particular causes of the rebellion 
chiefly lay in the low price of tobacco 
and wrongs committed in exchanging 
goods for it, with a dislike for proprie- 
taries unknown to the charter and bur- 
densome taxes occasioned thereby; the 
burdening of trade by parliamentary 
restraints also excited opposition. 
Apr. 19. Eng. Charles II. orders that 
a liberal charter be prepared for Vir- 
ginia, in response to protests. [May 31. 
Order reversed.] 
May 29. Va. Berkeley proclaims Bacon 
a traitor. 

* * R. I. Walter Clarke, governor. 
June 24. Va. Meeting of the New As- 
sembly that enacts the "Baecn 



Laws," a series of reform measures. 
Bacon appointed commander-in-chief 
against the Indians. 

July 1. N.J. By a" quintipartite deed," 
New Jersey is divided into East and 
"West Jersey; the former is granted to 
George Carteret, the latter to the Quaker 
assignees of BylUnge. 

July 4. Va. Completion of the reform 
legislation of the new assembly, and 
momentary joy of the colony. (Date by 
New Style.) It is the first revolution. 

July * Boston. Arrival of Edward 
Randolph as king's messenger, to coL 
lect evidence against Massachusetts. 

Aug. 3. Va. A popular convention 
meets at Middle Plantations (Williams- 
burg), and votes to sustain Bacon against 
the Indians, and if possible prevent civil 
war. 

Oct. 1. Va. Bacon suddenly sickens and 
dies. 

Nov. ± * Va. Thomas Hanford, a pa- 
triot, is condemned and hanged by 
Berkeley. He is the first native Amer- 
ican to perish on the gallows, a martyr 
to the right of the people to govern 
themselves. 

* * Can. La Salle returns as proprietor 
of a large tract near Fort Frontenac. 

* * Eng. The king commands the royal 
governors to strictly enforce the navi- 
gation laws, as well as those imposing 
duties (1672) on colonial trade. 

* * New York. Nicholas de Meyer thie 
9th mayor. 

* * Va. The patriotic citizens of James- 
town burn their own houses and the 
entire town to ashes, rather than have 
it the capital of a tyrant. 

1677 Jan. 20. Va. The vindictive gov- 
ernor Berkeley hangs the patriot, "Wil- 
liam Drummond, three hours after 
his trial. 

Jan 31. Va. Arrival of royal commis- 
sioners to investigate the causes of the 
rebellion. [Sir H. Jeffreys, governor.] 

* * Va. Disastrous consequences fol- 
low the rebellion. 

Berkeley hangs 22 of the leading pa- 
triots, and distresses the people with 
fines and confiscations ; speaking or 
writing against the government is made 
punishable by fine or whipping, when 
thrice repeated, with death ; arbitrary, 
tyrannical government ensues. 

Mar. 3. N.J. The fundamental laws of 
West New Jersey perfected and pub- 
lished (Concessions and Agreements) — 
democratic equality conspicuous ; social 
government is established. 

May. * Maine is bought by Massachu- 
setts for £1,250, after the dispute with 
the heirs of Ferdinando Gorges is de- 
cided against them. It becomes a part 
of their colony. 

Aug. 25. Va. Lord Culpepper ob- 
tains the control of the government, as 
proprietor and governor. 

* * N. C. An English collector of cus- 
toms provokes an insurrection in the 
district of Pasquotank, which over- 
turns the government ; it is practically 
an independent state [for two years]. 



President Miller is imprisoned, and John 
Culpepper elected to his place. 

* * New Eng. A postal system is in- 
augurated, which substitutes the custom 
of leaving letters at the Town House, to 
be forwarded at the pleasure of persons 
who visit that place. 

* * N. If. The king secures a decision 
from the judges that the revived Mason 
claims had always been worthless. 

* * Md. Thomas Notley, governor. {R.I. 
Benedict Arnold.) [1678. John Crans- 
ton. Pa. Sir Henry Chicheley.] 

* * New York. S. van Cortlandt the 10th 
mayor. 

1678 Apr. 12. Mass. Governor Wins- 
low makes peace with the Indians, 
each English family to pay them a peck 
of corn, annually, as quit-rent. 

May 12. La Salle receives a grant for 
the construction of forts, taking lands, 
and holding a monopoly of trade in 
the West. 

June 10. Boston. Arrival of Edward 
Randolph, collector and surveyor of 
customs, with specific instruction to en- 
force the Navigation Act. The people 
treat him as an enemy invading their 
rights. 

Oct. 10. N. Y. Governor Andros de- 
mands that the ships of New Jersey 
should pay tribute to New York. 

* * N. J. Many Quakers arrive. 

* * New York. Thomas Delavall the 11th 
mayor. The city contains 343 houses. 

1679 July 24. N. II. By a decree of 
Charles II., New Hampshire is sepa- 
rated from Massachusetts, and organ- 
ized as a royal province, and Edward 
Cranfield is its first governor. 

* * N. C. Governor Miller escapes from 
prison, goes to England, and seeks re- 
dress. {N.J. Sam. Jennings, dep. gov.) 

* * Mass. The British government as- 
sails Massachusetts. 

The General Court opposes the 
king. (Simon Bradstreet, governor.) 

It votes " that the acts of navigation 
are an invasion of the rights and privi- 
leges of the subjects of his majesty in 
this colony, they not being represented 
in Parliament." 

* * New York. Francis Rombouts the 
12th mayor. 

1680 Mar. 16. N. H. The first Pro- 
vincial Assembly convened at Ports- 
mouth ; John Cutts the royal governor. 

Apr. 30. N. J. Gov. Philip Carteret 
is arrested for interference with the 
authority of the governor of the prov- 
ince of New York, Sir Edmund Andros, 
and is taken to New York City. 

May 10. Va. Lord Culpepper arrives 
and assumes the office of governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1676 Nov. * Boston. Forty-six dwell- 
ings, a church, and other buildings are 
burned. 

1679 * * Boston. A great fire occurs ; 
80 dwellings and 70 warehouses are 
burned. Estimated loss £200,000. 



1680, June-1685. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1680 * * Panama. Morgan's buccaneers 
cross the isthmus, and take the city of 
Santa Maria from the Spaniards. 

1681 * * III. Fort St. Louis, on the Illi- 
nois Jtiver, is founded by La Salle. 

1682 i * * The Carolina colonists main- 
tain war wi th the savages for a year, not 
so much to punish as to capture them, 
in order to sell them as slaves in the 
West Indies. 

* * Can. The French attack the Hudson 
Bay Company's posts. 

1684 * * A long war begins between the 
Five Nations and the French, chiefly on 
the upper lakes. 

The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to 
persuade the Five Nations to break their 
peace with the Dutch and English. 

The French erect a fort at the Falls of 
Niagara. Under De la Barre they in- 
vade the country of the Iroquois, but the 
mighty Mohawks and the brave Oneidas 
drive them back with much slaughter. 

1685 * * Nicaragua. Leon is sacked by 
William Dampier. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1680 * * Hennepin, a French priest, 
with La Salle, discovers the Mississippi 
River and the " Falls of Saint Anthony 
of Padua." 

1681 Feb. 6. La Salle is on the Mis- 
sissippi. 

Mar. 14. La Salle is near the Arkansas 

River. 
Aug. 17. First appearance of a comet 

having a tail 15° long. [It continues in 

the view of New Englanders for several 

weeks.] 

1682 Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the 
Mississippi River, and sets up a cross 
and the arms of France, having de- 
scended from the confluence of the Illi- 
nois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he 
calls the great valley Louisiana. [One 
of the most remarkable exploits in the 
history of the country.] 

16S3 Nov. * Can. La Salle returns 
from his explorations. 

1685 Oct. 31. La Salle,- with four 
armed French vessels, leaves the Lavaca 
River on the Gulf coast to find the Mis- 
sissippi, without success. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1680 Bienville, de. Jean Eaptiste L., 
Sieur, born. 
Boylston, Zalxliel, physician, born. 

1682 Charlevoix, Pierre Francois Xavier, de, 
Jesuit, born. 

Stuyvesant. Peter, Gov. of K". Y., A80. 

1683 "Williams. Roger, founder in R. I., 
A84. 

1685 Morton, Nathaniel, historian in New 
Eng., A73. 

CHURCH. 
1680* * Can. Father Hennepin is cap- 
tured by the Sioux, and attempts mission 
work among them, hut without success. 

* * The Society of Friends (Quakers) 
begins to spread rapidly in America. 

* * N. J, Presbyterian church organ- 
ized in Woodbridge and Fairfield. 



* * S. C. The first Episcopal clergyman 
is Rev. Atkin Williamson. 

' Boston. A Baptist church edifice 
erected. 

* * Va. Four of Cromwell's soldiers are 
hanged by a mob for religious opinions 
" as a warning to the remainder." 

1681 June 28. N. J. First General 
Yearly Meeting of the Quakers at 
Burlington. 

1682 Sept. 25. Me. The first Baptist 
church in Maine organized at Kittery. 
[Bitter opposition from the " Standing 
Order" follows.] 

* * Boston. The quarrel between the 
First and Third churches ends. 

* * -90 * * jV. J. Persecuted Quakers 
and Presbyterians arrive in great 
numbers. 

Many Scotch Presbyterians arrive. 

* * S. C. The first Baptist church is 
formed in this colony at Charleston. 
The Episcopal church is also estab- 
lished there. 

1683 Oct.* N. Y. The first General 
Assembly of the royal province enacts 
that no person should be in any wise dis- 
tressed or persecuted who accepts the 
general doctrines of religion. 

* * Can. Mission of St. Francis de Sales 
established at the Falls of the Chaudiere; 
their work spreads into Maine. 

* * Mich. French priests plant the cross 
and the flag of France in the wilderness 
in the present site of Detroit. 

* * Boston. John Emblem of England 
becomes pastor of the Baptist church. 

* * Md. A Presbyterian church at 
Rehoboth formed. 

Francis Makemie, a Presbyterian, 
sent out from Ireland, arrives. [A 
new era in Presbyterianism follows.] 

* * N. J. Many Covenanter Presby- 
terians arrive in East Jersey, whither 
they flee from the persecutions in Scot- 
land on the reestablishment of Episco- 
pacy. 

* * N. Y. A Huguenot Presbyterian 
church established. 

* * New York. A Catholic, Thomas Don- 
gau, appointed governor of New York by 
the Catholic Duke of York. 

Jesuit Fathers arrive, and com- 
mence the services of the Catholic 
church. 

* * Pa. Mennonites arrive at German- 
town. 

1684 July * Mass. Joseph Gatchell of 
Marblehead is brought before the Gen- 
eral Court for discoursing " that all men 
should be saved." 

* * Mtl. Francis Makemie organizes 
the Presbyterian church at Snow Hill. 

1685 * * Fr. Blind and bigoted Louis 
XIV. of France, hoping to make Catholi- 
cism universal, revokes the edict of 
Nantes, which protected Protestants 
in their worship ; he thus exiles 500,000 
of the best people of France [many of 
whom settle in America, chiefly in 
(South) Carolina, during the following 
years]. 



' • A. ) '. A Huguenot Presbyterian 
church formed on Staten Island. 

* ♦ New Jersey becomes the refuge of 
persecuted Scotch Presbyterians. 

* * 8. C. First Baptist church organ- 
i/.'-ii near Cooper River. 

* * Va. Dr. James Blair i.> sent as the 
commissary of the Bishop <•( London. 

[The American Protestant Episco- 
pal churchis without abishop 100 years.] 

LETTERS. 

1680 Oct. * Mass. The Court grants 
the ferry between Boston and Charles- 
town to Harvard College. 

* * MOSS. A new edition of Eliot's Bible 
published. 

1684* * Va. The first printing-press 
south of Boston is set up, and soon sup- 
pressed by the governor. 

1685 * * -1701 * * Mass. Increase 
Mather is president of Harvard College. 

* * Phifa. William Bradford sets up 
the first printing-press in the colony, 
and issues an almanac. 

SOCIETY. 
1680± * * Carolina. Two opposing par- 
ties contend, the Cavaliers and " Hi- 
livers," having morals fashioned after 
those of the profligate court of Charles, 
and the Presbyterians. Quakers, and 
Huguenots. 

1681 Mar. 5. Pa. William Perni pro- 
poses a commonwealth founded on free- 
dom, without respect to color, race, or 
religion, to subdue the savages by the 
weapons of love and justice, and to es- 
tablish a refuge for persecuted Quakers. 

* * Pa. Penn writes the Swedes who have 
already settled in Pennsylvania to be 
of good cheer, keep their homes, make 
their own laws, and fear no oppression. 

"Nov. * JV. J. The "West Jersey Assem- 
bly prohibits the sale of ardent spir- 
its to red men, and permits criminals, 
other than murderers, to be pardoned by 
the persons injured. 

* * Va. Six Susquehannoek chieftains 
sue for peace, and are foully murdered. 
[This shameful atrocity leads to war.] 

1682 * * Va. It is enacted that the con- 
version of servants to the Christian faith 
does not make them free. 

1683 * * Pa. To prevent lawsuits, three 
peacemakers are appointed for each 
county. 

1635** Pa. The yearly Meeting of 
Friends, for Pennsylvania and New Jer- 
sey, declares against intemperance. 

" This meeting doth unanimously agree 
and give as their judgment that it is not 
consistent with the honor of truth, for 
any that make profession thereof, to sell 
rum or any strong liquors to the Indians, 
because they use them not to modera- 
tion, but to excess and drunkenness." 

* * Va. Many persons Implicated in the 
Monmouth rebellion, in England, are 
sent to this colony, by Jeffries, as ser- 
vants for'a term of years. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

16S0 June * Va. A royal revenue 

from a perpetual export duty on to- 



AMERICA. 



1680, June -1685. 49 



bacco is voted by the Assembly ; and 
thus the only check on the administra- 
tion is dissolved. 
Aug. * N. J. The Duke of York relin- 
quishes every claim to the territory of 
New Jersey. 

* * III. La Salle is among the Illinois 
Indians. 

* * Maine organized as a province of 
Massachusetts by the governor and Gen- 
eral Court. 

* * N. C. John Harvey, president. [John 
Jenkins.] B. /. Peleg Sandford. 

* * New Mex. Revolts begin. 

* * -81 * * New York. "William Dyer the 
13th mayor. 

* * S. C. The colony on the Ashley River 
at (old) Charleston, move to [the present 
site of] Charleston, and make it the 
seat of government. 

1681 * * Mass. T. Hinckley, governor of 
Plymouth. (N. C. Henry Wilkinson.) 

Mar. 4. Pennsylvania is granted to 
"William Penn (41° and 43° N.), who be- 
comes the proprietor of a great state at 
the cost of £16,000 sterling. 

Mar. * N. J. The Duke of York confirms 
Perm's purchase in New Jersey. 

Mar. 14. Ark. La Salle, near the Ar- 
kansas River, takes possession of the 
country for France. 

June 27 ±. Md. Lord Baltimore, by proc- 
lamation, arbitrarily annuls the liberal 
elective franchise, and limits it to 
freeholders possessing 50 acres, or free- 
men having a visible estate of 40 pounds, 
and making no distinction respecting 
color. 

July 11. Eng. Penn agrees to the 
"Conditions and Concessions." 

Three immigrant vessels are sent out 
for Pennsylvania. 

Nov. * N. J. The first General Sessions 
of the province of West Jersey meets 
at the call of Jennings, the deputy-gov- 

* * Md. The opposition to Lord Balti- 
more as a feudal sovereign and a Catho- 
lic increases. [In England he is accused 
of favoring papists.] 

* * Pa. The first colony arrives, and 
settles above the confluence of the 
Schuylkill and the Delaware. 

1682 Feb. 1, 2. N. J. William Penn 
and eleven other Quakers buy the re- 
mainder of New Jersey from the heirs 
of Carteret. 

Feb. * Mass. The General Court ap- 
points Joseph Dudley and John Rich- 
ards as its agents in defending its 
charter before the king. 

Mar. * N. Y. An attempt to levy cus- 
toms without a colonial assembly is de- 
feated by the grand jury, and trade 
becomes free. 

Apr. 9. La Salle, having descended the 
St. Joseph, the Illinois, and the Missis- 
sippi Rivers to the sea, takes possession 
of the great valley for Louis XXV., 
and calls it Louisiana. 

Apr. 25. Penn, by proclamation, pro- 
poses that the colonists make their 



own laws, and pledges not to interfere, 
or leave it in the power of his successors 
to do so, " that the will of no one man 
may hinder the good of a whole coun- 
try." 

July 10. Phila. [Walnut Street] sur- 
veyed by David Hammon. 

Aug. 24. Del. The Duke of York 
grants the territories beyond the 
Delaware (Newcastle) to Penn. 

Oct. 27. Pa. Penn,with 100 immigrants, 
first lands at Newcastle. Witnin one 
year 80 houses and cottages are built. 

Dec. 4+. Pa. Penn holds a general con- 
vention of colonists at Chester to or- 
ganize the territory. 

* * Can. Frontenac recalled to France. 

* * III. First English settlement made 
near the Mississippi River (near Alton). 

* * N. H. The people revolt against 
arbitrary government, and the governor 
abandons the colony. 

* * N.J. Perth Amboy founded. 

Newark has about 100 families. Set- 
tlements commenced on the Jersey shore 
of the Delaware by 360 emigrants. 

The Friends, having control of both 
East and West Jersey, elect Robert 
Barclay, a Scotch Quaker, governor of 
the province for life. 

* * -87 * * N.J. Period of Scotch emi- 
gration, pressed by persecution. 

* * -83 * * New York. Cornells Steen- 
wyck the 14th mayor. 

* * Pa. Welsh immigrants arrive. 

* * S. C. Jos. Morton is governor. 
1683 Jan. * Pa. Penn buys out the 

possessions of the Swedes near the 

Schuylkill. 
Feb. * Pa. Penn completes the laying 

out of the city of Philadelphia by 

blazing the trees. 
Mar. 12. Phila. The first Assembly 

is held. [Apr. 2. New charter given.] 

* * Conn. R. Treat, gov. [N. J. Gawen 
Lawrie. R. I. Win. Coddington, Jr.] 

May 23. Fa. Appeals to the king, un- 
der the value of one hundred pounds 
sterling, prohibited. 

June 23. Pa. Penn enters a treaty of 
peace and friendship with the Indians 
under an elm-tree at Shackamoxon 
(Kensington). "The only treaty never 
sworn to, and never broken." (Voltaire.) 

July 26. Mass. A writ of quo war- 
ranto issued against the charter by the 
Crown. 

The king will regulate the charter for 
his service and their good, if submission 
is made before prosecution. The colony 
sends a letter of attorney to an agent in 
England to act in their behalf. 

Aug. 28. N. Y. Thomas Dongan ar- 
rives, and succeeds Andros as governor. 

Aug. * Va. Lord Howard of Effing- 
ham is appointed governor. 

Oct. 17. N. Y. First session of the 
Assembly. 

Representatives of the freeholders first 
meet in an assembly of two houses, under 
Dongan, the Roman Catholic governor. 
[Oct. 30. It passes the Charter of Liber- 
ties, enlarging rights, with toleration 
for all Christians.] 



Nov. 23. N. Y, Partition line agreed 
to between New York and Connecticut. 

* * N. C. Seth Sothel is sent out as gov- 
ernor ; he oppresses the people and de- 
frauds the proprietors. 

* * S. C. A company of dissenters 
leaves England and settles in Charleston. 

An Irish company settles in the same 
province, on the Ashley River. The best 
blood of Europe, English, Irish, Scotch, 
and French, combines in these settle- 
ments. 

* * Pa. Germantown settled by about 
20 families of Germans, chiefly Mennon- 
ites. 

* * Port. Peter H. enthroned. 

* * Va. Arlington surrenders his interest 
in Virginia to Culpepper. 

* * * Va. Poverty, misgovernment, 
and general distress prevail. 

1684 June 21. Mass. On a suit of 
scire facias, the English Court of Chan- 
cery gives judgment against the colony, 
declares its charter is forfeited, and 
its liberties seized by the king. 

July 25. Virginia becomes a royal 
province. Lord Howard, governor. 

Charles II. revokes the grant of Vir- 
ginia to Lord Culpepper on the ground of 
his dishonesty, frauds, and many vices. 

Aug. 2. N. Y. The agent of Massachu- 
setts, the governors of New York and 
Virginia, and the sachems of the Iro- 

. quois Indians meet at Albany, and set- 
tle on the terms of a lasting peace. 

Aug.* Pa. Penn sails for England, 
and appoints Thomas Lloyd president 
in his absence ; five commissioners are 
chosen to assist him. 

Aug. * La. La Salle is sent from France 
to settle a colony at the mouth of the 
Mississippi ; [the entrance is missed, and 
St. Louis is settled and abandoned.] 

* * -88 * * Mass. The darkest period 
in the history of this colony. The 
mother country exasperates the colo- 
nists by tyrannical government. Jos. 
Dudley, president Massachusetts Bay. 

* * New York. Gabriel Minviellethe 15th 
mayor. 

* * Philadelphia has about 2,000 inhab- 
itants. 

* * S. C. Lord Cardross, with ten families 
of persecuted Presbyterians, arrives at 
Port Royal. [Expelled by Spaniards.] 
Rich. Kirk [Robert Quarry], governors. 

* * N.J. Thos. Olive, gov. (West Jersey). 

1685 Feb. 6. Eng. The Duke of York 
enthroned as James II. 

Apr. 20. Boston. JamesII. proclaimed. 
July 2. Boston. A copy of the judgment 

of the Court of Chancery received, and 

the charter expires. 
July * Tex. La Salle, with four French 

ships, lands a colony on the coast ; the 

country becomes a part of Louisiana. 
Oct. 22. Fr. The edict of Nantes is 

revoked, and emigration to America 

quickened. 

* * [U. S.] Governors appointed: 

* * N. J. John Skeine (W. Jersey). 

* *B.I. Henry Bull. 

* * S. C. Joseph Norton. 



50 1685-1691, June. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1686 * * ^V. Y. The French attack the 
Senecas. 

* * S. C. The Scotch colonists at Port 
Koyal are driven away by Spaniards, 
who lay waste their plantation. 

1687 June 13. Can. Denonville leaves 
Montreal to attack the Senecas. 

* * N. Y. The invading French under 
Denonville are again driven back by 
the Mohawks and Oneidas. 

1688 June 17. Guiana. Mutiny of 
soldiers in Dutch Guiana ; the Gov- 
ernor is killed. 

* * Me. Fort Andros is built. 

1689 * * -97 * * King William's "War 
with the French, — a part of the gen- 
eral war against Louis XIV. 

June 25. France declares war against 

England. 
June 27. N. H. Indians are allies of 

the French, and they surprise Dover ; 

23 persons are killed and 29 captured ; 

the houses are burned, and the place 

left desolate. 
Aug. 4, 5. Can. The Iroquois attack 

Lachine. 
Aug. 25. Can. The Isle of Montreal is 

surprised by l t 500 Iroquois, and its 200 

inhabitants are massacred. 
The war-like Iroquois spread terror 

throughout Canada as far as Quebec, 

until peace is finally made. 

* * Can. Frontenac decides to make a 
triple descent upon the English colonies. 

* * -90 * * N. H. Indians commit many 
depredations. 

1690 Feb. 8. N. Y. Surprise and mas- 
sacre of the English at Schenectady 
by 300 French and Indians ; 60 persons 
are killed, 30 captives taken, and the 
village is burned. 

Mar. 27. N. H. The Indians surprise 
and destroy Salmon Falls on the Pis- 
cataqua River. 

Apr. * Can. The English under Sir Wil- 
liam Phips seize Port Royal (Annapo- 
lis). 

May 17. Me. The French and Indians 
take and destroy Casco. 

Aug. * N. Y. The land-attack on Can- 
ada fails, through the division and 
mutual criminations of Leisler and 
Winthrop, after reaching Lake Cham- 
plain. 

Oct. 16. Can. A Massachusetts fleet of 
32 vessels, under the incompetent Phips, 
arrives before Quebec. 

Oct. 21. Can. The invaders reembark 
for Boston without making an attack. 

Oct. * Can. "Wreck of a part of the re- 
turning New England fleet. 

Nov. * The exhausted and debt-burdened 
colonies content themselves with the 
defense of their frontiers against the 
French. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
16S6 Apr. 26. La Salle again starts to 
ascend the Mississippi to Canada. 



1687 Jan. 12. Tea;. La Salle and 10 
companions set out to walk from the 
Texas coast to Canada. [He is assassi- 
nated by one of his men.] 

* * Peru. Terrible earthquake at Lima. 
City of Callao also destroyed by an 
earthquake followed by a tidal wave. 

1690 * * Phila. Wm. Bradford estab- 
lishes the first paper-mill in America 
at Germantown. 

* * S. C. Rice is first planted, the seed 
being given by the captain of a vessel. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1686 Alden, John, Pilgrim settler, A88. 

1687 La Salle, de, Robert. Cavalier, ex- 
plorer, A44. 

Prince, Thomas, clergyman, born. 

1688 Dickinson, Jonathan, clergyman, horn. 
IWayhew, John, missionary to Indians, dies. 
Vincennes, Jean de, founder, born. 

1690 Allouez, Claude Jean, Jesuit Miss., A70. 
Barclay, Robert, Scottish writer, A52. 
Beissel, Johann Conrad, Ger.-Am. mystic, b. 
Eliot, John, Apostle to the Indians, A86. 

1691 Leisler, Jacob, usurper in N.Y., hanged. 

CHURCH. 

1686 * * Boston. Andros, the President 
of New England, forcibly seizes the Old 
South Church for Episcopal service. 

* * New Eng. The Episcopal clergy- 
man is the only person in all New Eng- 
land who is authorized to unite persons 
in marriage. 

* * Mass. Episcopacy is fully intro- 
duced by Governor Andros, and the 
people required to furnish funds to build 
a church for its service. A tax of the 
same amount is levied upon each person, 
poor or rich. Some towns refuse to pay it. 

Huguenots arrive. 

* * 5. C. A Huguenot Presbyterian 
church formed in Charleston. 

1687 Mar. 27. Boston. The Old South 
Meeting-house opened on Good Fri- 
day, by Andros, for Episcopal service. 

* * Boston. A Huguenot Presbyterian 
church formed in Boston. 

1688* * Boston. Governor Andros causes 
the erection of King's Chapel. 

"Worship after the form of the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church becomes regular 
and permanent among the Puritans. 

* * Me. Mission work among the Abnaki 
Indians is renewed by the Jesuits. 

1689 * * It. Alexander VIII., pope. 

* * iV. J. A Baptist church is organized 
at Piscataqua called "Anabaptist Town." 

* * Pa. Presbyterians begin to arrive 
from Scotland and the north of Ireland. 
A Presbyterian church formed in Phil- 
adelphia. 

1690 May 20. Mass. John Eliot, 
nearly GO years a pastor and missionary 
to the Indians, dies, aged 86. 

* * Ind. French priests establish a mis- 
sion on the Wabash River at Vincennes 
(Indiana). 

* * Md. A Presbyterian organization is 
formed in Upper Marlborough. 

LETTERS. 

1688 * * XT. Y. Printing - presses are 
forbidden in the province by royal 
authority. 



1690 Sept. 25. Boston. The first 
newspaper, called Public Occurrences, 
issued ; the government suppresses it 
after the first issue. 

SOCIETY. 

1691 May 16. A*. )'. Governor Slough- 
ter is made drunk by Royalists, who 
thereby secure his signature U) the death 
warrants of the patriots Leisler and Mil- 
borne. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1685 * * Brazil. Insurrection at 
Maranham. 

* * Can. Denonville becomes governor. 

* *-87* * James II. makes strenuous 
efforts to take away all the New Eng- 
land charters. 

He consolidates all the American colo- 
nies from Maine to the Delaware, with 
Sir Edmund Andros as temporary royal 
governor. 

* * 2f. T. The Duchy of New York be- 
comes a royal province. 

* *XeivYork. Nicholas Bayard the 16th 
mayor. 

* * S. C. Great numbers of persecuted 
Huguenots arrive. 

A collector of customs for the Crown 
is established at Charleston. 

* * Va. Despotism attempted by James 
II. and resisted by the colonists. 

* * * Rivalry between France and Great 
Britain in America. 

1686 April 27. N. Y. Governor Don- 
gan grants a charter to the city of New 
York. [It remains the basis of its muni- 
cipal rights for 200 years.] 

May 14. Mass. Joseph Dudley, a late 
convert to kingly prerogative, is ap- 
pointed the royal president of Massa- 
chusetts by James II. [He is regarded 
as the betrayer of his country's liberties.] 

May 25. Mass, The charter govern- 
ment is displaced. 

July 22. N. Y. City of Albany incor- 
porated. 

Nov. 16. Eng. Treaty of neutrality 
between England and France, for Amer- 
ica. 

Nov. * S. C. James Colleton becomes 
governor. 

He foolishlv attempts to establish 
Philosopher Locke's absurd constitu- 
tion, hence the colony rebels. 

Dec. 19. Nev>Eng. Sir Edmund An- 
dros, vicegerent of New England and 
the first royal governor, arrives at Bos- 
ton ; two companies of soldiers are sent 
to support his authority. 

Connecticut and [S.] Carolina have 
writs quo warranto issued against 
them. 

* * Eng. James II. resolves to reduce 
all colonies to a direct dependence on 
the Crown, 

* * Mass, Arrival of Huguenots. 

* * A r . J. Lord Neill Campbell is gover- 
nor (E. Jersey). (R.I. W.Clarke.) 

* * X. Y. James II. abolishes the rep- 
resentative assembly, and resumes ar- 
bitrary and oppressive government. 



AMERICA. 



1685-1691, June. 51 



* * -87 * * New York. S. van Cortlandt 
the 17th mayor. 

16S7 * * Conn.—R. L Charters are re- 
scinded in England. 

Jan. 12. Ii. /. Andros dissolves the gov- 
ernment, and breaks the seal. 

Five citizens are appointed members 
of his council, and a commission substi- 
tutes representative government. 

Oct. 31. Conn. Gov. Andros visits 
Hartford to establish his authority. 

He enters the Assembly, writes FINIS 
at the bottom of the record, and demands 
the immediate surrender of their liberal 
charter; Governor Treat pleads and ar- 
gues till darkness falls, when Joseph 
Wadsworth secretly takes the charter 
away and hides it in the famous oak, and 
so saves the liberties of Connecticut. 
Andros assumes the government. 

* * Can. French diplomacy aims to per- 
vade the West, and concerts an alliance 
with all Indians to the Mississippi. 

About 11,000 persons in New France, 
one-twentieth of the population in the 
English settlements. 

* * Md. A writ quo warranto issued 
against Maryland. 

* * N. C. Gov. Colleton attempts to collect 
quit-rents on cultivated fields and wild 
lands, and arouses insubordination; 
the secretary of the province is impris- 
oned, the records seized, and the gov- 
ernor and his patrons defied. 

* * N.J. Daniel Coxe receives Byllynge's 
interest in "West Jersey. Coxe becomes 
governor ; Andrew Hamilton is gover- 
nor of East Jersey. 

* * N. Y. Got. Dongan is ordered, from 
England, to protect the Five Nations 
from the French. 

1688 * * New Eng. Continued tyr- 
anny of Andros ; the colonists send an 
agent to England to present their griev- 
ances to the king. 

* * New York is made a dependency of 
New England by annexation to the vice- 
royalty of Andros, its governor-general. 

Apr. * N. J. Proprietors of East New 
Jersey submit to Andros, the royal 
usurper of authority. 

July * iVeto Eng. The seaboard from 
the St. Croix to Maryland is under one 
dominion, having Boston for its capital. 

Aug. 11. Andros is made governor-gen- 
eral of British America. 

Oct. * N J. The proprietors of "West 
New Jersey vote to surrender their 
government to New England. 

Nov. 5. Eng. "William of Orange 
lands in Devonshire. 

Dec. 11. Eng. James II. flees for France. 

* * N. Y. Francis Nicholson appointed 
lieutenant-governor. (Pa. John Black- 
well, deputy. Va. Nathaniel Bacon.) 

± * * Carolina. Many Huguenots, flee- 
ing from the persecutions of Louis XIV., 
join this colony. 

* * N.C. An insurrection against Seth 
Sothel; the infamous governor is over- 
thrown, disfranchised, and banished by 
the colonists. 

1689 Jan. 4. Eng. Col. Henry 
Sloughter appointed governor of N. Y. 



Feb. 13. Eng. William and Mary en- 
throned. 

Mar. 14. Mass. The king concedes the 
recall of Governor Andros. 

Apr. 4. Boston. The Revolution in 
England known. 

A messenger announces the invasion 
of England by William III., and is 
thrown into prison. 

Apr. 18. Boston. Tidings received of 
the accession of William and Mary, 
the royal government is overthrown [and 
the despotic Andros is sent to prison]. 

Apr. 20. Boston. The general court 
again assembles, and Simon Bradstreet 
is restored to power. 

Apr.* Md. An armed force, led by John 
Coode, is organized against the adher- 
ents of Baltimore, in the interest of 
"William III. 

Apr, * New York. A tumult of gladness 
over the Revolution in England takes 
place. 

May 1. Rhode Island resumes its char- 
ter privileges which Andros annulled. 

May 9. -Conn. James II. being dethroned 
and Andros deposed, the old govern- 
ment, under Treat, is resumed by the 
colonists, under the charter so saga- 
ciously preserved in the oak-tree. 

May 26. Mass. News of the accession 
of William and Mary received with 
great joy. 

May * N. Y. Bitter feud between fac- 
tions in New York, each seeking to con- 
trol the colony for or against William 
and Mary. 

June* -92 Aug.* N.J. Owing to many 
conflicting claims of authority, there is 
no recognized government ; the peo- 
ple are vexed by a superfluity of rulers. 

June 1. New York. The military com- 
panies persuade Jacob Leisler, their 
senior captain, to possess the fort and 
assume the temporary government 
for William HI. 

June 5. Mass. The House of Repre- 
sentatives meets, and refusea to act till 
the old charter officers of 1686 assume 
their power as of right. 

June 8. A r . 1". A committee of safety 
of ten is appointed, and they attempt 
to reorganize the government on liberal 
principles. 

Aug. 1. Md. John Coode, at the head 
of "the Association in arms for the de- 
fense of the Protestant religion," usurps 
the government, forces the adherents 
of Baltimore to capitulate, and consent 
to exclude Catholics from office. 

Aug. * N. Y. Lieut.-Gov. Nicholson 
goes to Albany to escape the hostile peo- 
ple, and denounces Leisler as a rebel. 

Sept. * N. Y. Commissioners from New 
England hold a conference with the 
Mohawks at Albany. 

Dec* N. Y. A royal letter received, com- 
missioning Nicholson as governor. 

* * N. C. Gov. Philip Ludwell conducts 
an excellent administration [continuing 
six years]. 
Huguenots arrive. 



* * N. Y. New Rochelle is settled by 
Huguenots. 

* * -90 * * New York. Peter de la Noy, 
the 18th mayor. 

* * S. C. Governor Ludwell comes to 
South Carolina, and attempts to en- 
force the absurd constitution of 
Locke, and confusion, approaching an- 
archy, prevails. 

Gov. Colleton pretends to fear danger 
from Indians or Spaniards, and pro- 
claims martial law, but can find no 
force to execute it. 

* * Conn. Robt.Treat.gov. (Mass. Thos. 
Hinckley, Plymouth ; Thos. Danforth, 
acting governor Mass. Bay Colony.) 

1690 May 1 . New York. First Amer- 
ican Congress. A conference of colo- 
nial governors, respecting the safety of 
the colonies, is held. 

They decide to attempt the conquest 
of Canada, by a force descending Lake 
Champlain, and another sailing from 
Boston for Quebec. 
Mar. 12. N.H. On the downfall of Gov. 
Andros, the Assembly reannex the 
province to Massachusetts. 

* * Car. — Va. Many French Protestant 
refugees migrate to America, and settle 
chiefly in Carolina and Virginia. 

* * Massachusetts issues paper money to 

* meet her war debt. 

* * N. Y. Jacob Leisler is recognized 
throughout the province as temporary 
governor. 

* * N. C. Governor Ludwell leaves the 
colony, despairing of its government. 

* * S. C. Gov. Colleton is impeached by 
the colonists for arbitrary government 
and banished. 

Seth Sothel, the candidate of the 
popular party, becomes their vexatious 
governor [for two years]. 
+_* * Germany. The ravages of war in 
their native land drive many Germans 
to America; Germantown, near Phila- 
delphia, is settled by them. 

* * JR. I, Henry Bull, governor. Later, 
John Easton. 

1691 Mar. 19. New York. The new 
governor, Col. Sloughter, arrives from 
England. 

Captain Jacob Leisler resigns his 
trust, and is immediately arrested on 
the charge of treason. 

Apr. 1. Pa. Delaware secedes from 
Pennsylvania. Penn reluctantly con- 
sents to the desire of the " lower coun- 
ties" (Del.) to govern themselves. [They 
are two years under Markham.] 

May 16. New York. Leisler and Mil- 
borne, his son-in-law, are hanged for 
treason, by the authority of a drunkard, 
Governor Sloughter. The act considered 
judicial murder. 

June 1. Md. King William revolution- 
izes the government, and takes it as a 
royal province ; Sir Lionel Copley is 
sent out as governor. 

[He establishes the Church of England, 
and taxes the Catholics to maintain it. 
He finally disfranchises the Catholics, 
who established the colony.] 



52 1691, Aug.-1697, Mar. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1691 * * Can. Major Schuyler makes a 
raid, on the French settlements on the 
Sorel. 

1692 * * -94 * * Me. Indian depreda- 
tions occur. 

Jan. 25. Me, The town of York is 
surprised and nearly destroyed by the 
French and Indians ; about 75 people 
are massacred, and as many taken into 
captivity. 

Feb. * Can. The French send a force 
against the Mohawks. 

Frontenac sends 300 French with In- 
dians against the hunting parties of 
Senecas in Upper Canada, and under- 
takes to subdue the Five Nations. 

Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher is com- 
missioned to take command of the mi- 
litia of Connecticut ; but the Puritans 
of Hartford successfully resist him, and 
he returns to New York. 

Nov. 26. Can, Port Royal (Annapolis) 
surrenders to a French ship. 

* * N. Y. Major Schuyler, of Albany, 
makes great efforts to pacify the terri- 
fied settlers, and protect them from the 
Indians. 

* * Me. Sir William Phips, the governor, 
erects Fort William Henry at Pemaquid. 

* *-1700* * Mexico is reconquered, 
by Diego de Vergas. 

* * Newfoundland. The English destroy 
the French settlement. 

1693 Jan. * -Feb. * N. T. A strong 
French force invades the country of the 
Mohawks, bent on their extermination. 

Feb. 6. N. Y. Mohawks are attacked 
by the French and Indians ; 300 prison- 
ers are taken. 

Feb. * N. Y. Major Schuyler leaves 
Albany with 200 men, pursues the 
French, and liberates the captive Mo- 
hawks. 

Aug. 11. Me. The Abnaki Indians sue 
for peace after a long and bloody war. 

* * Can. Frontenac leads a French ex- 
pedition against the Iroquois, 

* * England resolves to conquer Can- 
ada. A British fleet arrived at Boston. 

1694 July 18. N. H. About 250 In- 
dians attack a village on Oyster River ; 

. 94 persons are killed or captured. 
. * * Can. Frontenac conducts his last 
campaign against the Iroquois. 
1696 * * Eng. King William gives Cap- 
tain Kidd a commission and a galley of 
30 guns to suppress piracy. [He turns 
pirate himself.] 

* * New England suffers from French 
incursions. 

June 26. N. H. Indians attack Ports- 
mouth Plain ; 14 persons are killed. 

* * Me. The French under Iberville and 
Castin capture the fort at Pemaquid 
(Bremen). 

* * Fla. Spaniards build a fort at Pen- 
sacola. 

July 28. Can. The French under 
Frontenac for the last time invade 
northern New York. [They are defeated 
by the colonists and their Iroquois allies.] 



1697 Mar. 15. Mass. Indians attack 
Haverhill; 40 persons are killed or 
taken captive ; among the latter is 
Hannah Dustin, the heroine, who kills 
her sleeping captors. (See Society.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1692 June 7. W. I. Great earthquake 
in Jamaica ; nine-tenths of Port Koyal 
buried under water ; 2,000 perish in the 
convulsion, and 3,000 whites by a follow- 
ing pestilence. 

1693 * * S. 0. The cultivation of rice 
begins, and with it the prosperity of the 
colony. (1694?; 1695?; 1698?) 

1694 * * Can. A company of amateur 
actors give a theatrical performance at 
Quebec. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1692 Bravo, Lonardo, Mex. patriot, born. 
Dinwiddie, Kobert, Limit. -gov. of Va., born. 

1695 Phips, Sir Wm,, Gov. of Mass., A44. 

1696 Johnson, Samuel, Pres. of Col. Coll.,b. 
Pepperell, Sir William, general, born. 
"Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. H., born. 

CHURCH. 

1691 * * It. Innocent XII., pope. 

* * Md. The colony being made a Royal 
Province, the Church of England is 
established by law, and the Catholic col- 
onists are taxed to maintain it. 

* * Mass. A Baptist church is organ- 
ized at Cohansey. 

* * Va. Francis Makemie goes to Lon- 
don, and appeals to the Presbyterian 
ministers for missionaries ; [two young 
men, John Hampton and George Mc- 
Nish, are sent out.] (Briggs, 1704.) 

1692* *N. J. The "Scotch Meet- 
ing-house," Presbyterian church, or- 
ganized at Freehold. 

* * N. Y. Governor Fletcher attempts 
to force the Episcopal church on the 
colonists; but the General Assembly de- 
crees equality and toleration, and places 
the Episcopal church on a level with 
other churches, and permits vestrymen 
to call non-Episcopal pastors. About 
one-tenth of the population are Episco- 
palians. 

The provisions of the English Test Act 
are enforced against Catholics. 

* * Phila. First Presbyterian con- 
gregation in Philadelphia meets in the 
*' Barbadoes Company's warehouse." 

1693 * * Mass. The General Court pro- 
vides for common schools and the sup- 
port of Congregational ministers. 

* * N. Y. The Assembly provides for the 
settlement and support of ministers by 
levying a tax on all the people. 

Episcopacy is established by law. 

* * S. C. The Baptist church is moved 
from Cooper River to Charleston. 

* * Va. The colonists establish a col- 
lege (William and Mary) " to educate a 
domestic succession of Church of Eng- 
land ministers," as well as to teach the 
children of Indians to read. 

1694 Aug.* R.I. Jews first establish 
public worship at Newport, and find 
protection, 



1695 Apr. 10. N. Y. The House de- 
cides that non-Episcopal rninisters 
may be called in New York. 

* * X. ('. Churches are erected, and 
provisions made lor sustaining public 
worship. 

* * Phila. First record of Protestant 
Episcopal services in Pennsylvania; a 
church is erected in Philadelphia. 

1696 May 11. X. Y. The Reformed 
Protestant Dutch church formed in 
America incorporated. 

* * Fla. Spaniards build a Roman Cath- 
olic church at Pensacola. 

* * New York. The first Jewish syn- 
agogue in America is erected. 

The first Trinity church (Prot. Epis.) 
is built and endowed ; Kev. W. Vesey 
pastor. 

* * Phila. The nucleus of a Baptist 
church appears in the persons of John 
Farmer and wife from London. 

1697 Feb. 6. New York. The first 
Trinity church (Prot. Epis.) is opened 
for worship. 

LETTERS. 

1692 * * Va. William and Mary Col- 
lege (Prot. Epis.) chartered at Williams- 
burg, through the efforts of Kev. James 
Blair and Lieut.-gov. Nicholson. 

* * Mass. The degree of D.D. is first 
conferred by Harvard College ; it is 
given to its president. Increase Mather. 

* * Phila. A public high school, char- 
tered by Penn, is established. 

1693 Mar. 25. Xew York. Printing is 
ordered to be introduced. 

* * Xew York. William Bradford moves 
to New York, sets up the first printing- 
press, and is appointed State-printer. 
[He is called the '"Father of Printing" 
in the middle colonies.l 

Aug. 23. Xeio York. The first printing 
is a proclamation by the governor. 

* * Va. Rev. James Blair is appointed 
the first president of William and Mary 
College. [1729. Active.] 

* * The Wonders of the Invisible World, 
by Cotton Mather, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

* * * X. Y. The colony is protected from 
French invasions and hostile Indians, for 
many years, by the friendly Five Na- 
tions. 

1691* *-17l5* *X.H. Land specu- 
lators vex the people by buying ancient 
claims to their lands, and trying to dis- 
possess them or secure rents, but no 
judgments are obtained in the courts. 

1692 Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft 
delusion breaks out at Danvers, a part 
of Salem. 

A niece of the minister is the subject, 
and an old Indian servant, Tituba, the 
victim, whose confession is obtained un- 
der the rod. 

Apr. 22. Mass. Edward Bishop, having 
cured one of the afflicted by flogging 
him, and proposed that others be cured 
in the same way, is sent to prison for 
expressing his opinion. 



AMERICA. 



1691, Aug.-1697, Mar. 53 



June 10. Mass. Bridget Bishop is 
hanged for witchcraft at Salem. 

June 30. Mass. The General Court con- 
demns to death five women, all of 
blameless lives, and all declaring them- 
selves innocent of witchcraft. 

July 19. Mass. Rebecca Nurse, a wo- 
man of blameless life, is taken to church 
in chains, and publicly excommunicated 
as a witch ; [later she is hanged]. 

Aug. 3. Mass. The Court condemns six 
others as witches. 

* * Mass. The children of Martha Car- 
ter witness against their mother, who is 
accused of witchcraft ; the two sons re- 
fuse to perjure themselves till tied neck 
and heels, and the little daughter, seven 
years old, is made a witness. 

Aug. 19. Mass. Five witches (?) 
hanged for witchcraft at Salem. 

Aug. * Mass. The delusion affects the 
higher classes, and a clergyman of the 
highest respectability is executed. 

* * Mass. Giles Cory, an octogenarian, 
refuses to plead to the charge of witch- 
craft, and is pressed to death. 

Sept. 9. Mass. Six women condemned 

for witchcraft. 
Sept. 22. Mass. Two men and seven 

women are executed at Salem for 

witchcraft ; one is pressed to death for 

standing mute. 
Sept. 28. Mass. Eight persons are 

hanged as witches. 

* * Autumn. Mass. Twenty persons have 
been put to death, fifty-five tortured, and 
the jails are full of victims. 

Oct. 18. Mass. Protest made by the 
people of Andover to the General Court 
against the witch tribunals. 

Oct. * Mass. The delusion of witchcraft 
is rapidly disappearing. 

* * New York. The whipping- post, pil- 
lory, and ducking-stool are set up. 

* * -98 * * N. Y. Gov. Fletcher receives 
large gifts from the pirates. 

1693 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. It becomes 
difficult to convict accused witches. 

* * Mass. Great popular indignation 
against the prosecutors for witchcraft. 

1695 * * Carolina. Gov. John Archdale 
(a Quaker) protects the Indians from 
the kidnapping colonists. Some native 
Catholics are ransomed from slavery, 
and sent to their homes in Florida. 

1696 Apr. 1. John Briggs, the her- 
■ mit, dies, aged 97. 

His figure has become grotesque he- 
cause of the numerous pieces of leather 
nailed to his clothes ; one of his shoes 
is made of about 1,000 pieces of leather. 
Apr. * Eug. Capt. "William Kidd, a 
hold, successful American shipmaster, 
is commissioned to suppress piracy. [He 
becomes a pirate himself.] 

1697 Jan. 14. Mass. Samuel Sewall 
makes a public confession of his com- 
plicity in the witchcraft trials. 

Mar. * Mass. Hannah Dustin, her ser- 
vant, and a boy kill ten of twelve Indians 
while they sleep, and then escape from 
captivity. 



SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1691 Aug. * New York. Capt. Richard 
Ingoldsby is acting governor ; Governor 
Sloughter deceased (July 23). 

Summer. N. Y. The treaty with the 
Iroquois Indians (Five Nations) is re- 
newed at Albany. 

Oct. 7. Eng. King William grants a 
new and less liberal charter to Massa- 
chusetts. [He permits Rhode Island and 
Connecticut to resume their charters.] 

* * Mass. Increase Mather is permitted 
to nominate the first officers under the 
new charter ; he proposes Sir William 
Phipps for governor. 

* * New York. John Lawrence,10th mayor. 

1692 Jan. 26. Can. Acadia (Nova 
Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts. 

Feb. * Mass. The witchcraft frenzy 
breaks out. (See Society.) 

May 14. Mass. Gov. Phipps arrives 
with the new charter. Phipps is also 
governor of Plymouth Colony and the 
provinces of Maine, Nova Scotia, and 
the country north of the St. Lawrence ; 
also, the Elizabeth Islands, Nantasket, 
and Martha's Vineyard ; unites Plym- 
outh with Massachusetts. 

Aug. 13. N. H. The English govern- 
ment separates New Hampshire from 
Massachusetts the second time, not- 
withstanding the protests of the people. 

Sept. * New York. Benjamin Fletcher, 
a man of bad passions and poor abilities, 
arrives, and assumes office as governor. 

Oct. 21. Pa. The British government 
takes away Perm's proprietary rights 
and transfers the government to Fletcher 
of New York. [Penn is restored in 1694.] 

Nov. 26. Can. Nova Scotia again un- 
der the French flag. 

* * Conn. The Crown claims the control 
of the militia. 

* * Md. Sir L.Copley, the first royal gover- 
nor, assumes office. (N.J. A.Hamilton.) 

* * New York. The assembly passes a 
resolution against arbitrary govern- 
ment, and claiming that the people are 
a part of the governing power. 

* * -95 * * Neiv York. Abraham de Peys- 
ter the 20th mayor. 

* * S. C. The proprietaries reject all the 
acts of the democratic legislature. 

* * Rhode Island and Connecticut retain 
their charters. 

* * Va. [and Md.] Sir Edmund Andros, 
governor. (S. C. Philip Ludwell.) 

1693 Apr. * Carolina. Proprietors at 
length abandon the John Locke 
scheme of government ; thus the paper 
Empire of the "West vanishes. 

S. C. Thomas Smith appointed gov- 
ernor. (N. C. Alex. Lillington, deputy.) 

Apr. 26. Pa. Governor Fletcher again 
unites Maryland to Pennsylvania, and 
assumes authority. 

Oct. 26. Conn. Gov. Fletcher of New 
York goes to Hartford to assume com- 
mand of the militia. 

"While reading his commission, Capt. 
Wadsworth orders the drums beaten, 
and intimidates the royally commis- 



sioned officer from intruding on an inde- 
pendent people. 

* * Delaware is placed under the rule of 
the governor of New York. 

1694 Mar. 26. Pa. Penn sends Mark- 
ham to be his deputy-governor, who calls 
an Assembly of the people to form for 
themselves a liberal constitution. 

Aug. 20. Pa. Penn is reinstated in 
his province, which had been taken from 
him and annexed to New York. 

* * S. C. John Archdale, an upright 
Quaker, is elected governor. 

He mitigates the hostility existing be- 
tween the profligate "Cavalier" party 
and the Presbyterians, etc., who oppose 
them. 

* * Md. The capital is removed from St. 
Mary's to [Annapolis] by the Protes- 
tants. 

1695 Apr. 12. N Y. Votes of the As- 
sembly first published. 

Aug. 17. S. C. Gov. Archdale selects 
for his council two men of the moderate 
party to one High Churchman. 

* * Colombia. A company for colonizing 
Darien is formed. 

* * Md. A public post is established, 
and letters conveyed eight times a year 
from the Potomac to Philadelphia. 

\ * N. Y. Lord Bellamont is appointed 
governor. (See 1698.) 

* * -98 * * New York. William Merritt 
the 21st mayor. 

1696 May * Eng. The affairs of the 
plantations are permanantly entrusted 
to the commissioners who form the Board 
of Trade, and all questions of colonial 
liberties and affairs are decided from the 
standpoint of English commerce. 

Summer. Me. By Iberville's capture of 
Pemaquid (Bremen) the French fron- 
tier is extended into the heart of Maine. 

Nov. 7. Pa. Third frame of govern- 
ment passed by Gov. Markham on a 
purely democratic basis. 

* * Fla. Spaniards build a fort, a church, 
and a few houses at Pensacola. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-02 * * Md. Nathaniel Blackstone. 
-97 * * P. I. Walter Clarke. 

S. C. Joseph Blake. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

* * * N. C. Carolina is noted for its pro- 
duction of naval stores. 

* * Va. For many years voluntary im- 
migration almost ceases, there being 
such restrictions on commerce as to 
cause all forms of industry to languish. 

1693 June 11. Mass. A terribly ma- 
lignant disease is brought to Boston 
by an English military expedition ; 3,100 
out of 4,500 members die while crossing 
from England. 

* * Brazil. Gold mining commenced. 

1695 * * A post route is established be- 
tween the Potomac, through Annapolis 
to Philadelphia, the mail-carrier to make 
eight trips in a year for £50. 

1696 * * Neio Eng. Population is about 
one hundred thousand. 

* * N. Y. Population of the city six 
thousand. 



54 1697, Sept. -1703. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1697 Sept. 20. The King "William's 
"War ends by the peace of Ryswick. 

Sept. 21. N.Y. An impending invasion 
of the French into the province of New 
York is averted by the peace of Ryswick. 

* * Colombia. Cartagena is taken by buc- 
caneers. 

1699* * Miss. Biloxi is fortified by 

the French. 
1700* * S. C.-k The Creek Indians 

muster about 5,000 warriors. 

1701 June * Mich. Be la Motte Car- 
dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100 
French, is sent from Canada to occupy 
Detroit. 

1702 * *-13 * * Queen Anne's "War, 
between French and English; it is known 
in Europe as the War of the Spanish 
Succession. 

Sept. * Fla. The colonists of Carolina, 
led by Gov. Moore, send an unsuccessful 
expedition against the Spaniards of 
Florida for plunder. 

* * III. The French vacate their post on 
the Illinois. 

1703 Apr.* N. Y. The Assembly 
grants $7,500 to fortify the Marrows, 
" and for no other use whatever." [The 
money disappeared, and the Narrows 
were neglected.] 

June 20. Me. The Abnakis promise 
peace. 

Aug. 10. Me. Irruption of French 
and Indians. [They desolate the coun- 
try from Casco to Wells, and massacre 
or enslave 150 persons.] 

Aug. * Massachusetts is at war with the 
Abnakis. [Frontier war for several 
years.] 

Dec. * S. C. Indian towns between the 
Altamaha and Savannah are laid in ashes 
because of the alliance of their people 
with the Spaniards. 

* * Ga. Colonel Moore invades the Apa- 
lache country. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 

EXPLORATION. 

1699 * * U. S. The Mississippi River 

is explored. 
1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy- 
age to the Gulf of Mexico. 
Cal. Father Kino makes his explo- 
rations in California. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1700* * 

Faneuil, Peter, founder, born. 

Joliet, Louis, explorer of the iliss., A55. ? 
1701 * * 

liartram, John, botanist, born. 

Hennepin, I,., Finnish missionary, A61. 

Kidd, William, pirate, hanged, A51. 

Sanvolle, Le Movne, colonial Oov. of La., A50, 
1702* * 

Fitch, James, divine and missionary, A 80. 
1703* * 

Clap, Thomas, pres. of Yale, born. 

l)e Laneey, James, Gov. of N.Y., born. 

Edwards. Jonathan, clergyman, born. 

Isla, Jost- Francisco, dc, Jesuit, born. 

Pynchon, John, N. Eng. colonist, A 66. 

Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, born. 



CHURCH. 

1697* * Cat. Tbe Spaniards having been 
expelled by the ill-used natives, Upper 
California is granted by Charles XI. 
of Spain to the Jesuits. 

* * Phila. John "Watts immerses four 
Baptists. 

± * * S. C. All Christians except Cath- 
olics are enfranchised. 

1698 Dec. 13. Phila. The first Bap- 
tist church formed in a storehouse ; 
Jedediah Andrews, minister. 

* * Cal. The Spanish establish mission- 
ary stations. Father Kino arrives. 

* * Carolina. Two-thirds of the colo- 
nists are Dissenters, yet they consent 
that one minister of the Church of 
England shall be maintained at public 
expense. 

1699* * Boston. Ellis Callender becomes 
pastor of the Baptist church. 

The Manifesto church is a protest 
against Matberism. 

* * Del. Consecration of Trinity Epis- 
copal church near Wilmington. 

* * R. I. A (first) Protestant Episco- 
pal parish is formed at Newport. 

* * S. C. Baptists at Charleston build 
a brick church and parsonage. 

* * Va. A Presbyterian church is or- 
ganized, and Francis Makemie is li- 
censed to preach. 

1700 * * 7?. /. The Yearly Meeting is 
established by the Friends, at Newport. 

Nov. 23. It, Clement XI. pope. 

* * Mass. The province enacts the ban- 
ishment of all Roman Catholics and 
Jesuits. 

* *N . Y. Because of their hostile influ- 
ence among the Indians, the Legislature 
provides for the hanging; of every 
" popish priest " who shall voluntarily 
enter the province. 

1701 * * Can. Jesuits try to live with 
the Iroquois [remaining 8 years]. 

* * Eng. The Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 
has for its object the conversion of the 
Indians, but is diverted by politicians to 
promote the Church of England in all 
the American colonies. 

* * N. Y. J. N. Kurtz is the first Lu- 
theran minister ordained in this coun- 
try. 

* * Pa. Religious liberty is estab- 
lished. 

* * Phila. J. Andrews is ordained (?) and 
installed pastor of the first Presby- 
terian church in this city. 

1702 * * Conn. The Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel sends Messrs. 
Keith and Talbot as (Prot. Epis.) mis- 
sionaries to New London. 

* * Md. The Anglican Church is estab- 
lished. 

Catholics alone subject to intolerance ; 
no priest or bishop may seek to make a 
proselyte or teach the young. Not one- 
tenth of the people adhere to the es- 
tablished church, 

* * N J. Liberty of conscience granted 
to all, except the Papists. 



The first Episcopal Church in New 
Jersey is organized. 

* * .V. J'. Got. Cornbury forges a clause 
in his commission that he may foster 
the Episcopal church. 

1703 May 6. S. C. Orthodoxy pro- 
tected by the menace of disfranchise- 
ment and prisons. 

* * Carolina. The first minister (Prot. 
Epis.) arrives. 

* * New York. The Lutherans rebuild 
their church (southwest corner of Broad- 
way and Rector Streets). 

The " King's Farm " is granted to 
Trinity Church by Queen Anne. 

* * Va. A legal opinion is received from 
London, that a minister is an incum- 
bent for life, and cannot be removed by 
his parishioners. Church revenue is paid 
in tobacco. 

LETTERS. 
1700* * Conn. Tale College is com- 
menced. 

" I give these books for the founding of 
a College in this colony." "Words of ten 
Congregational ministers, assembled at 
the village of Branford, a few miles east 
of Hartford, used in donating books 
hereby lale Col- 

* * New York. The first public library 
is established in America. 

* * Va. The college of William and 
Mary graduates its first class. 

* * The Selling of Joseph, by Samuel Sew- 
all, appears. 

1701* * Conn. Rev. Abraham Pierson 
the first rector of Tale College. 

Oct. 9. Conn. Yale College receives 
its charter, and is formally opened as a 
school at Saybrook. 

1702 * * Jacob Hemmingway the first 
and only student of Yale until Septem- 
ber, when seven others enter. 

* * Mass. Magnalia Christi Americana, 
by Cotton Mather, appears. 

Apr. * N. J. Queen Anne prohibits the 
keeping of a printing-press, and for- 
bids the publication of any book or pam- 
phlet without a license. 

1703* * New York. The rector and war- 
dens of Trinity Church are directed to 
take steps toward the erection of a col- 
lege. [King's College (Columbia) was 
the result.] 

SOCIETY. 
1697 * * New York. A night watch is 

instituted. 
1699* * New York. Capt. William 
Kidd returns from a long piratical 
voyage, bringing an immense booty. 
[With great audacity he visits Boston, 
is arrested, sent to Eugland for trial, and 
finally hanged.] 

* * Pa. William Perm, accompanied 
by his wife, returns to America, purpos- 
ing to abide there. [1701. He is recalled 
to preserve his imperiled charter from 
appropriation by the crown.] 

1700 * * N. H. Innkeepers permitting 
townspeople to remain in their houses 
drinking on Saturday night or Sunday 



AMERICA. 



1697, Sept.-1703. 55 



are fined 5s. ; tlie same fine is to be paid 
by tbe drinker. 

* * Carolina. Pestilence and strong 
drink have reduced the savages to a 
small number; out of a thousand war- 
riors, but a dozen weak men remain. 

* * Pa. Penn legislates for the sanctity 
of marriage among negro slaves, and 
also frees his own slaves. 

1701 * * Boston instructs its representa- 
tives " to encourage the bringing of 
white servants, and to put a period to 
negroes being slaves." 

* * N. H. A fine of 5s. is imposed for 
dr unk enness. 

STATE. 

1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Ryswick ; 
France and England are each to restore 
their recent conquests ; Acadia restored 
to France. 

* * Massachusetts and New Hamp- 
shire recognize the authority of Bella- 
mont, governor of New York, but Con- 
necticut, and Rhode Island remain inde- 
pendent. (N. J. Jer. Basse, governor.) 

* * N. Y. On complaint of the Lords of 
Trade, Bellamont is instructed to re- 
strict the liberties of the courts and 
assemblies in New York, and to increase 
the prerogatives of the governor and 
council ; a political struggle thenceforth 
ensues. 

* * S. C. The English remove all dis- 
criminations against French emigrants. 

* * Pa. Penn proposes an annual con- 
gress of all the American provinces 
with power to regulate commerce. 

1698 Apr. 2. New York. The Earl of 
Bellamont arrives with a commission 
including New York, New Jersey, and 
all New England except Connecticut 
and Rhode Island. 

Oct. * Conn. The Assembly divides, and 
forms an Upper House. 

* * [U. S.} Governors inaugurated : 
-07 * * Conn. Fitz-John Winthrop. 

R. I. Samuel Cranston. 
-05 * * Va. Francis Nicholson. 

* * -99 * * New York. Johannes de Pey- 
ster the 22d mayor. 

1699 Mar. 2. La. A French colony 
enters the Mississippi, under Lemoine 
d' Iberville. 

May * Miss. Iberville erects a fort on 
Biloxi Bay, and lays the foundation of 
the State of Mississippi by the French. 

Sept. 16. La. An English colony under 
Bienville follows Iberville, but retires 
on discovering the French. 

Nov. 30. Pa. William Penn arrives. 

* * Eng. Parliament oppresses manu- 
factures. 

It enacts that no wool or woolen 
manufactures shall be shipped from 
any of the colonies, under penalty of 
forfeiture of ship and cases. 

* * Me. France claims the coast from 
Kennebec eastward, and the fisheries of 
the north coast. 

* * Mass. — N. II. Massachusetts and 
New Hampshire are placed under Gov. 
Bellamont. (May 26.) 



* *[U. £.] Governors inaugurated : 
-1700* * Mass. Richard Coote. [1700- 

01, Win. Stoughton.] 
-01 * * N. J. Andrew Hamilton. 
-05* *N.C. H. Walker (Pres.). [1700- 

02, 19. 5. C. James Moore.] 

* *-1700* * New York. David Provoost 
the 23d mayor. 

1700 Jan. 17. Lemoine d'lberville 
takes possession of the Mississippi 
River for France, and plants a colony 
at Poverty Point. [It languishes.] 

Mar. 30. Darien. The Scotch settle- 
ments surrendered to the Spaniards. 

June 7. Pa. The old constitution is 
surrendered with the consent of the 
assembly and governor's council. 

Sept. 8. Can. A treaty made with the 
Iroquois. 

Nov. 1. Sp. Philip V. king. 

* * La. Bienville reaches the Red River. 

* * French missionaries occupy various 
points on the Mississippi, and take pos- 
session for France. 

* * 01 * * New York. Isaac de Riemer 
the 24th mayor. 

* * Va. Huguenots arrive. 

1701 May* Conn. It is decided that 
the government meet alternately in 
Hartford and New Haven, 

June 24. Mich. Sieur de la Motte Ca- 
dillac, with 100 men, makes the first per- 
manent settlement in Michigan (De- 
troit). 

July 19. N. Y. Alleged treaty with the 
Iroquois at Albany, surrendering beaver 
grounds to the English. 

Aug. 4. Can. The French make a treaty 
with the Iroquois. 

Sept. 2. N. Y. A Court of Chancery for 
the State is organized. 

Oct. 28. Philadelphia is first char- 
tered by William Penn. 

* * La. Bienville is in command of the 
French settlements. 

* *-02* * Mass. Government as- 
sumed by the Council. 

* * -02 * * New York. Thomas Noell the 
25th mayor. John Wanfan, governor. 

* * Pa. Andrew Hamilton and John 
Evans are appointed deputy-governors 
by Penn. 

* * N. J. The Jerseys become a royal 
province. 

Lord Cornbury arrives. 

1702 Jan. * Ala. The first settle- 
ment in the state is made by the French 
from Biloxi, on the western bank of the 
Mobile River. (Mobile.) 

Mar. S. Eng. Queen Anne en- 
throned. 

Apr. 17. New Jersey a royal province. 
The proprietors of East and West 
Jersey surrender their rights to the 
Crown. One government is formed and 
called New Jersey ; by mutual agree- 
ment all the various claimants surrender 
the right of government, but retain 
their rights to the soil. 

May3. -08* * N. Y. Lord Corn- 
bury succeeds Bellamont as governor. 

He unites in one government New 
York and New Jersey. [The union con- 



tinues thirty-six years with a single 
executive, but two separate assemblies.] 

May 28. Boston. News received of Queen 
Anne's accession. 

June 1. Boston. Queen Anne is pro- 
claimed. 

* *-15* * Mass. Joseph Dudley 
governor. 

Sept. 1. Carolina, by vote of tbe provin- 
cial assembly, refuses an hereditary 
nobility, or the dominion of wealth. 

* * Carolina. The colony is burdened 
with a debt of £6,000 by its unsuccessful 
military expedition against the Span- 
iards at St. Augustine. (The assembly 
enacts the issuing of bills of credit.) 

* * Del. — Pa. The two legislatures 
convened apart [and never again re- 
united]. 

* * Ind. Vincennes founded. The 
French vacate their posts on the Il- 
linois. 

* * La. Only 30 French families have 
been settled. 

* * -03 * * New York. Philip French the 
26th mayor. 

i703 * *[U.S.] Governors inaugu- 
rated : 

-04 * * Md. Thomas Trench. 
-08 * * ,$'. C. Sir Nathaniel Johnson. 

* * Mass. Joseph Dudley, governor, 
quarrels with the General Court over 
the salaries of State officers. 

* * N. J. The General Assembly meets 
at Perth Amboy. 

N. Y. Gov. Cornbury denies the 

right of the assembly to ask questions 
of the governor until the queen has 
given them permission. 

* * Pa. The province is set apart from 
the territories ; Pennsylvania and Dela- 
are have separate assemblies. Edward 
Shippen (pres. of council). 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1697* * N. Y. The Common Council or- 
ders the city to be lighted by lanterns 
suspended from poles, which are to pro- 
ject from every seventh house. 

1699* * Pa. The yellow fever appears 
at Philadelphia, where it commits great 



1700* * Miss. A gold-seeking expedition 
from Biloxi ascends to the Falls of 
St. Anthony. 

* * English imports from the North 
American Colonies amount to §1,975,000. 

* * Boston. Population about 7,000. 

* * New York has about 750 dwellings, 
4,500 whites, and 750 blacks. 

* * About 300,000 negroes imported 
into America by the English in the last 
20 years. 

1701 * * Population of the American col- 
onies estimated at two hundred and 
sixty-two thousand. 

1702 * * New York. A pestilence is 
brought from St. Thomas, and nearly 
GOO people (one in ten) die. 



56 



1703-1712. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1704 Mar. 1. Mass. Deerfield is sur- 
prised and burnt. 

It is the work of 200 French and 142 
Indians under Hertel de Kouville ; 47 
are .slain! and 147 captives, among whom 
is Eunice Williams, are taken through 
the snow to Canada. 

Dec. * S. C. Gov. James Moore leads a 
f reebooting expedition of 50 whites and 
1,000 Indians against the Indians south- 
west of Savannah ; five important towns 
are carried, and the English flag is borne 
to the Gulf of Mexico. [The only crime 
of the Indians is their willingness to be 
taught agriculture and religion by the 
Spaniards.] 

1705 Dec. 14. Fla. Moore defeats the 
Indians near St. Marks. 

Dec. 15. Fla. Moore defeats the 
Spanish commander on Apalachee Bay. 

* * Mass. Prowling Indians terrorize the 
country. Death hangs on the frontier. 

* * Me. A war party burns the Indian 
church and village at Norridgewock. 

1706 * * S. C. A French expedition 
from Havana, to enforce French claims 
for the country, is repulsed at Charles- 
ton by William Rhett and the Governor. 

1707 * * Massachusetts attempts the 
conquest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] 
by a costly expedition. 

May * Mass. Two regiments leave Nan- 
tasket to attack the French at Port 
Royal. [The attempt to bombard the 
fort fails.] 

1708* * Can. Awar-council at Montreal 
resolves to invade "New England with 
an expedition of Indians and 100 picked 
Canadians led by French officers. 

Aug. 30. JST. H. The French and Indi- 
ans surprise Haverhill, on the Merri- 
mac, killing 40 and carrying away 100 
prisoners. 

* * Massachusetts offers a bounty for 
Indian scalps. 

1709 ** Costa Rica. A second massacre 
of the Spaniards is accomplished by 
the Indians whom they had conquered. 

* * The English colonies prepare to aid 
a British fleet in the conquest of Can- 
ada ; the fleet fails to arrive. 

1710* *JST. Y.-N.J. The colonists of 
New York and New Jersey raise 1,800 
volunteers to aid in the conquest of 
Canada. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Conquest of Acadia 
[Nova Scotia] 

Sept. 18. Boston. A second expedition 
against the French sails for Port Royal. 

Oct. 16. N. S. Port Royal is taken by 
a fleet from England aided by a colonial 
army ; its name changed to Annapolis 
in honor of Queen Anne. 

* * Brazil. One thousand French led by 
Duclerc attack Rio, but are defeated 
and captured. 

1711 July 30. Boston. A large colo- 
nial army and a British armament, un- 
der Sir Hovenden Walker, sail to take 
Quebec. [The wreck of 8 vessels de- 
feats the expedition.] 



Aug. 28. N. Y. A second expedition 
leaves Albany to march against the 
French. [It returns on hearing of the 
failure of the first one.] 

Sept. 12. Brazil. AnotherFrenchsquad- 
ron with 0,000 troops, under Admiral 
Duguay-Trouin, attack Rio and take 
the town after a battle of 4 days. 

Sept. * N. C. Capture and torture of 
Surveyor Lawson by Indians. 

Sept. 22. N. C. The Indian "War. 
The Tuscaroras and Cores massacre 130 
persons between the Roanoke River and 
Pamlico Sound. 

Oct. 10. Brazil. To prevent the burning 
of Rio by the French, the governor signs 
a capitulation to pay 010,000 crusados, 
500 cases of sugar, and to provision the 
fleet. 

1712 May * Mich. Detroit, the center 
of New France, is besieged by the Fox 
Indians, and delivered by its various 
Indian allies. 

Aug. * Truce between England and 
France. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1704* * 

Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, born. 

Hubbard, William, ck-rt;yman, A83. 

Spangenberg. August G., founder of Mo- 
ravians in Am., born. 
1705* * 

Chauncy, Charles, elenryman, born. 

Loudoun, .luhn i.'ampbfll, Brit, pen., born. 

Tennent, William. I'resb. clergyman, b. 
1706* * 

Abererombic, James, Brit, gen., born. 

Jan. 17. Franklin, Benjamin, printer, 
philosopher, statesman, born in Boston. 

Iberville, d', P. Lemoine, Canadian com- 
mander, A 45. 

Oliver, Andrew, Lieut.-Gov. of Mass., born. 
1707* * 

Byles, Mather, rlerpyman, born. 

Hopkins, Stephen, signer of Declaration, b. 
1708* * 

Cheever, Ezekiel, teacher, A93. 

Laval-Montmoieney, Francois Xavler, R. C. 
Bp. of Que., A86. 
1710* * 

Cruger, John, Mayor of N.Y., born. 

Hamilton, James, governor, born. 

Lovell, John, educator, born. 

Trnmbull, Jonathan, statesman, born. 
1711 * * 

Brailstreel, .John, general, born. 

Cridley, liirliaiil, general, born. 

Hutchinson, Thomas, nov. of Mass., born. 

Wheelock, Eleazer, clergyman, born. 
1713* * 

± Bernard, Sir Francis, Gov. of N. J., born. 

Ingraham, Benjamin, bishop, born. 

Lawson, John, surveyor, dies. 

± Pontiae, Ottawa Indian chief, born. 

CHURCH. 

1704 * * Md. An Act passed to prevent 

the growth of Roman Catholicism. 

Catholic priests prohibited from mak- 
ing; converts or teaching the young. 
Children becoming Catholics forfeit 
their share in the estate of their 
parents. 

* * N. C. The Church of England made 
the established church, and officials 
required to take an oath to sustain it. 

* * A 1 ". Y. Protestants send Mr. Moore, a 
missionary, to the Indians of New 
York, who returns in one year dis- 
couraged. 

* * R. I. A (Prot. Epis.) missionary is 
sent to Newport. 

* * S. C. The Church of England made 
the established church and dissenters 



disfranchised ; two-thirds of the people 

are dissenters. 

* * X. J. First Episcopal church 
erected in New Jersey at Burlington. 

1705 * * Conn. The first Baptist church 
in this state is organized in Groton. 

± * * Fla. The Apalache Indians are 
Spanish converts to Catholicism ; they 
live in villages and construct churches. 

* * Carolina. The first church is built. 

* * Phila. First American Presbytery 
organized, having 7 members present. 
(Briggs, 1706.) 

1706 Jan. 17. Boston. Benjamin 
Franklin is born and baptized on the 
same day, according to the Boston 
register. 

June 10. S. C. Parliament decides that 
the disfranchising act, because of 
religion, is contrary to the laws of Eng- 
land. 

Nov. 30. Carolina. The colonial Assem- 
bly repeals the act3 of intolerance, 
after being declared null by royal au- 
thority. 

Dec. 29. K. J. First meeting of the 
general Presbytery, of which record 
now remains at Freehold. 

John Boyd is the first Presbyterian 
ordained in America. 

+ * * Conn. Absentees from the law- 
ful church are liable to a fine of 20s. 
Meetings in private houses are forbid- 
den. A fine of £10, with whipping for 
each offense, is imposed on unlawful 
ministers who administer the sacra- 
ments. 

Episcopacy is introduced. 
The persons, families, and estates of 
ministers are exempt from taxation. 

* * Mich. The Jesuit mission at Mack- 
inaw is abandoned. 

1707 Jan.* Kew York. Two Presby- 
terian ministers are arrested by Gover- 
nor Cornbury for preac hing without 
his permission. (Or 1706.) 

Mar. 22. Pa. Meeting of the general 
Presbytery at Philadelphia. 

Apr.* Conn. Organization of the parish 
of Christ's Church (Prot. Epis.), Strat- 
ford, the first in the state. 

First Episcopal society is formed at 
New Haven. 

* Kew York. Francis Makemie is tried 
and imprisoned by Lord Cornbury for 
the crime of preaching to dissenters. 

* * Phila. The Philadelphia Association 
of Baptists formed, including delegates 
from Pennepek, Middletown, Piscata- 
way, Cohansey, and Welsh Tract. 

1708 Dec. 9. Mass. John Higginson, 
the first minister at Salem, dies. 

Sept. 9. Conn. Congregational Synod 
meets at Saybrook and forms the " Say- 
brook Platform " of discipline. Pres- 
byterians and Congregationalists unite 
on it. [Oct. * General Court approves.] 
The custom introduced of preaching 
a sermon on the day appointed by law 
for the election of civil rulers, proper 
for the direction of the towns. [Later 
it becomes a law.] 



AMERICA. 



1703-1712. 



57 



The General Assembly passes an act 
removing the penalty from "sober dis- 
senters " who do not worship with the 
" standing order." 

* * Del. The first Episcopal church in 
Dover is erected. 

1709 May 18. Conn. The General 
Association of Congregational min- 
isters organized; the first state organ- 
ization. 

1710 June 14. New York. Gov. Hun- 
ter arrives from England with 3,000 
Palatines fleeing from persecution ; [a 
Lutheran church is soon formed]. 

* * Can. The Jesuits have become the 
protectors of the natives against the 
colonists. 

* * N. Car. The whole country has hut 
one clergyman; he is of the Church 
of England. 

* * * From New England to Carolina it 
is commonly believed that baptism is 
inconsistent with a state of slavery, 
and that Christian slaves should be set 
free. 

* * Conn. A Baptist church is organized 
at Waterford. 

* * * Many forms of religion among 
the colonists. 

Calvinism predominates in New Eng- 
land, Quakerism in Pennsylvania, Ro- 
man Catholicism in Maryland, Florida, 
and among the French along the St. 
Lawrence, and Episropalinnism in South 
Carolina, Virginia, and New York. 

1711 May 25. N.J. Important coun- 
cil of the Baptist church consigning 
the record of past quarrels to " ob- 
livion." Vote 42-26. [Prosperity fol- 
lows.] 

* * New York. Baptist preaching intro- 
duced in the house of Nicholas Eyers, 
by Valentine Wightman. (Or 1712.) 

* * Eng. The Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel send Rev. Mr. Andrews to 
the Indians of New York ; he arrives at 
Albany. 

* * N. C. The population is described by 
royalists as made up of " Presbyterians, 
Independents, Quakers, and other evil- 
disposed persons." The proprietors de- 
termine to establish the Church of 
England ; the people resist. 

* * S. C. It is enacted that baptism 
does not entitle slaves to freedom. 

LETTERS. 

1704 Apr. 24. Boston. The News-Let- 
ter, the first continuous American news- 
paper, appears. (Continues till 1744.) 
Edited, apparently, by John Campbell, 
and printed on a half sheet, eight by 
twelve inches in size. 

1705 * * History of Virginia, by Robert 
Beverly, appears. 

* * Conn. The first printing-press in 
this colony is set up at New London. 

1710 * * Essays to do Good, by Cotton 
Mather, appears. 

* * New York. Trinity School estab- 
lished in connection with the Anglican 
church. 



SOCIETY. 

1705 * * Va. By the fifth colonial re- 
vision of the code, a slave is declared 
real estate and attached to the soil, 
like a Russian serf. 

1709* *New York has a regular 
slave-market at the foot of Wall 
Street. 

1710± * * The popular belief that Chris- 
tianity should enfranchise her con- 
verts proves an obstacle to the " con- 
version of these poor people." 

1711 * * N. C. The colony is called the 
" Sanctuary of Runaways," as it has 
hardly any government. 

1712 * * N. C. John Lawson, surveyor- 
general, is burned to death by Indians. 

STATE. 

1703 * * -07 * * New York. William 
Peartree the 27th mayor. 

* * Parliament condemns to the navy 
every pitch-pine tree that is not with- 
in an enclosure, 

* * Rice and molasses are added to the 
list of commodities which are only to 
be sold in the English colonies. 

* *[U.S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-08 Md. John Seymour. 

N. C. Robert Daniel (deputy). 
[1705-08. Thomas Carey.] 

1705 Dec* Fla. England gains anew 
claim to the territory of northern 
Florida by the conquests of James 
Moore of South Cai*olina. 

* * Nf C. Anarchy prevails after the 
death of the governor. 

* * Neto Eng. Joseph Dudley, Gov- 
ernor of Massachusetts and a native of 
New England, takes the lead in the 
conspiracy against its liberties. 

* *-06* * Va. Edward Nott, lieuten- 
ant-governor. 

1706 Nov. * S. C. Repeal of the law 
which disfranchises dissenters. 

* * -10 * * N. C. The royalists and pop- 
ular party each has a governor and 
legislature ; the former lacks popular 
favor, and the latter lacks legal sanc- 
tion. 

* * Port. John V. king. 

S. C. Governor Johnson becomes the 
executive. 

Invasion by the French and Span- 
ish, who claim the country as a part of 
Florida. 

* *_io* * Va. Edmund Jennings 
lieutenant-governor. 

1707 Apr. 7. New York. Samuel Jen- 
nings reads to Lord Cornbury a sharp 
remonstrance, passed by the New 
Jersey assembly, against his acceptance 
of bribes and " his new methods of gov- 
ernment." 

Dec. 17. Conn. Rev. Gurdon Salton- 
stall, of New London, is elected 
governor. 

* *N. C. A band of French Huguenots 
settle here. 

* * -10 * * New York. Ebenezer Wilson 
the 2Sth mayor. 



1708 June 26. N. Y. The act vacat- 
ing extravagant grants of land in New 
York confirmed. 

Dec. 18. N. Y. Arrival of John Love- 
lace, the new governor of the province. 
(1708-1709.) New Jersey included. 

* * Can. The French press forward 
their great design of uniting the region 
of the Great Lakes with the Valley of 
the Mississippi by means of trading- 
posts and missions. 

* * N. Y. Governor Cornbury stub- 
bornly curtails the liberties of the 
colonists, and they stubbornly curtail 
the revenue of the governor, and peti- 
tion for his removal. He is dismissed 
from office, and imprisoned for debt till 
the death of his father, when he be- 
comes a peer. 

1709 Apr. * N. Y. The assembly meets, 
and proceeds to contest the governor's 
claim for a permanent revenue, and de- 
cides on an annual revenue instead. 

June 8. N. Y. Paper money is first 
authorized and issued here. 

* * -10 * * N. C. "William Grover, gov- 
ernor. (1709. C. S. Edward Tynte.) 

* * N.J. Paper money is first issued. 

* * -10 * * N. Y. Richard Ingoldsby, 
governor. (1709. N. J.) 

* * Pa. Charles Gookin becomes deputy- 
governor. (-1713. Md. Edward Lloyd.) 

1710 * * Eng. Parliament provides for 
a post-office establishment in the col- 
onies, with New York as the chief office. 

* * -12 * * N. C. Edward Hyde, gov- 
ernor. (-1711. S. C. Robert Gibbes.) 

* * N. Y. GerardusBeekman governor. 

* * -19 * * N. Y. Robert Hunter, gov- 
ernor. (1710. N. J.) 

* *-22* * Va. Alexander Spotswood, 
lieutenant-governor. 

He builds iron furnaces, and fosters 
schools, trade, and peace. The colony 
flourishes under his administration. 

* *-ll* * New York. Jacobus van Cort- 
landt the 29th mayor. 

1711**^.0. Thomas Carey, the 
deputy-governor, being deposed, leads a 
rebellion against the Assembly and Ed- 
ward Hyde, the president of the Coun- 
cil, and proclaims himself governor. 
Governor Spotswood of Virginia sends 
an armed force to aid Hyde, and Carey 
flees. [He is sent to England for trial.] 

* * -14 * * New York. Caleb Heathcote 
is the 30th mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1710 Apr. 18. Eng. Four Indian 
chiefs arrive in London, and are carried 
in the royal coaches to their audience 
with the queen. 

±* * Brazil. Diamonds discovered. 

1711 Oct. 2. Boston. Great fire ; lives 
lost and 100 buildings destroyed. 

1712* * N. C. Yellow fever decimates 
the colonists. 

* * N. Y. Albany has a /population of 
four thousand. 



1712-1721, Feb. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1712* * Guiana. The French attack 
the Dutch, and exact a contribution. 

Jan. 28. N. C. Above New Berne, S. 
Carolinians under Col. Barnwell re- 
venge a massacre of settlers on Sept. 
22)-, by attacking the Tuscarora In- 
dians, killing 300 and capturing 100. 

1713 Mar. 20. N. C. Col. James Moore 
of S. C. defeats the fortified Tuscaroras 
on Cotentnea Creek [Snow Hill], killing 
many and capturing 800. The tribe mi- 
grates north, and joins the Iroquois Con- 
federation as the Sixth Nation. 

Mar. 31. Can. The Peace of Utrecht 
ends the hostilities with Canada. 

1715 Apr. 26. S. C. Massacre of the 
English by the Yamasis begins, and 
.Charleston itself is in peril. [After kill- 
ing 400 whites, and a struggle of two 
years, they are finally driven into Flor- 
ida by Gov. Craven.] 

1718 ± * * W. I. The buccaneers are 
suppressed by Wood Rogers, the gover- 
nor of New Providence. 

* * S. C. Pirates on the coast are sup- 
pressed by the Governor. 

1719 * * Me. Fort St. George is built. 

* * Panama. The Indians destroy several 
towns which the Catholic missionaries 
had established. 

* * "War between France and Spain. 
1720* * N. S. The French begin the 

defenses of Louisburg. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
EXPLORATION. 

1715 * *N. J. John Watson, born in 
Scotland, commences painting por- 
traits at Perth Amboy, and is the first 
artist to attain celebrity in America. 

* * Va. Commencement of the manu- 
facture of pig-iron in Virginia. 

1716 Feb. 8. Peru is shaken by an 
earthquake. 

1717 Feb. 22. Boston. Snowissixfeet 
deep. 

1720 * * Pa. S. Nutt erects a forge in 
Coventry, and manufactures iron. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1713* * 

Lewis, Francis, signer of Declaration, born. 
1714* * 

Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, born. 

Andros, Sir Edmund, Gov. of N. Eng., A77. 

Henry, Matthew, author, A52. 
1715* * 

Dongan, Thomas, Governor of New York, 
A81. 

Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton coll., b. 

Herkimer, Nicholas, general, born. 

Johnson, Sir William, colonist, horn. 

Pomeroy, Seth, patriot, born. 

Williams, Ephraim, founder, born. 
1716* * 

Boylston, .Nicholas, philanthropist, born. 

Livingston, Philip, signer of Declaration,!). 

Patch, Elizabeth, the first female born in 
Massachusetts, dies. 
1717* * 

Collins, John, Governor, born. 

Cooke, Nicholas, deputy-governor, born. 

Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, born. 
1718* * 

Brainerd, David, missionary, born. 

Church, Benjamin, American officer, A79. 

Hopkins. Esek, first commodore I'. S. N., 
born. 



Penn. "William, founder of Pa., A7-J. 

Prideaux, .John, soldier, born. 

Putnam, Israel, general, patriot, born. 
1719* * 

Bellamy, Joseph, clergyman, writer, born. 

Culpepper, Thomas, Lord, Gov. of Va., dies. 

Phillips, John, philanthropist, born. 
1720* * 

Dudley, Joseph, Gov. of Mass,, A73. 

Gates, Thomas, Brit, gen., born. 

Lennox, Charlotte, novelist, born. 

Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, born. 



CHURCH. ■ 

1713 * * N. Y. About 150 families of 
Lutherans settle in Schoharie County. 

+ U . S. Large accessions of Irish Pres- 
byterians, who are driven to America 
by the Test Act. 

1714* * ya. First Baptist church in 
this province formed at Burleigh. 

1715 * * Md. It is enacted that bap- 
tism does not entitle slaves to freedom. 

Benedict Charles Calvert, the pro- 
prietary, renounces his Catholic faith 
to receive his inheritance. 

* * N. Y. A third Reformed Dutch 
church is built at Albany. 

* * 7?. /. Roman Catholics are disfran- 
chised. 

1716 Sept. 22. Phila. Presbyterians 
divide into three Presbyteries, and 
thus constitute the first, synod, called 
the Synod of Philadelphia. 

* * New York. William Tennent ar- 
rives [and leaves the Episcopal church 
for the Presbyterian]. 

1717 Sept. 17. Phila. The Presby- 
terian Synod first meets. It " founds 
a fund for pious uses." 

* * Can. French priests have flanked 
the English colonies with more than 60 
missions, between Montreal and New 
Orleans on the great lakes and rivers. 

* * La. French priests plant the cross 
and the flag of France on the lower 
Mississippi, at New Orleans. 

* * Mass. Dr. Ebenezer Gay, of Hingham, 
is [supposed to be] the first Unitarian 
preacher in America. 

* * Me. Flourishing Catholic mission 
of Sebastian Kasles, on the Kennebec 
River. 

Massachusetts founds an anti-Catho- 
lic mission among the Indians on the 
Kennebec. 

* * New York. A Presbyterian church 
is organized in this city. 

* * N. Y. Many more Lutherans come 
over. 

* * Tex. Franciscan missionaries begin 
their labors among the Indians. 

1718 May 21. Mass. Increase Math- 
er preaches the ordination sermon of 
Elisha Callender, pastor of the Baptist 
church ; subject, " Good Men United." 

±**-30** Pa. The German Baptists, 
called Dunkers, come to this country. 

1719* * Scot. The Synod of Glasgow 
and Ayr orders one-tenth of a collection 
to be taken up in aid of Presbyterian 
worship in New York City. 

* * New York. The first Presbyterian 
church in this city is built (Wall Street). 



1720* *-23* * Greenland. Hans 
Egede, a Danish missionary, founds a 
mission at Good Hope. 

* * N. H. Mrs. Rachel Scammon moves to 
Statharn, and i* the first Baptist in the 
colony. 

* * N.J. T. J. Frelinghuysen preaches in 
Raritan and vicinity. 

May* Pa. William Tennent removes 
to Neshaminy, where he establishes 
" Log College." 

* * S. C. A Presbytery in connection 
with the kirk is formed. 

1721 Jan. 23. New York. Nicholas 
Eyers, a brewer, is licensed to preach 
to a Baptist flock by the authorities of 
New Amsterdam. 

LETTERS. 

1714 * * W . I. The Codrington Col- 
lege at Bridgetown, Barbados, is 
founded by the Moravians. 

1716* * Conn. The College is moved 

from Sayhrook to New Haven, and 

called Yale. 
1717 * * Boston has its first auction sale 

of books. 
1718* * Mass. Psalterium Amerieanum, 

by Cotton Mather, appears. 
1719 * * Boston. Mother Goose's Tales 

are published. 
The Boston Gazette is first published. 

* * Phila. The American Weekly Messen- 
ger (the third newspaper) is published 
by Andrew Bradford. 

* * _22 * * Conn. Rev. Timothy Cutler 
is rector of Yale College. 

SOCIETY. 

1712 * * New York. Negro plot to burn 
the town ; nineteen negroes convicted 
and executed. 

* * Pa. The legislature receives a peti- 
tion for the " enlargement " of negro 
slaves by law ; it replies that it is 
" neither just nor convenient to set 
them at liberty." 

* * S. C. Special enactment denying that 
baptism confers freedom to negroes. 

1713 Mar. 31. By the 12th article of 
the Treaty of Utrecht, an English com- 
pany secures the exclusive right to 
carry African slaves into American 
ports; this defeats the colonial legisla- 
tures that seek- to stop the slave-trade. 

* * Pa. The introduction of negroes and 
slaves is prohibited " as exciting the 
suspicions and dissatisfaction of the 
Indians." 

* * Va. Gov. Spots wood writes to the 
Board of Trade of London that "the 
Indians never break with the English 
without gross provocation from persons 
trading with them." 

1715 * * Md. Two fines are imposed : 
(1) for carrying liquor to Indian towns, 
5.000 lbs. of tobacco ; (2) for selling over 
one gallon of liquor a day to an Indian, 
3,000 lbs. 

Special enactment denying that bap- 
tism confers freedom to negroes. 



AMERICA. 



17121721, Feb. 59 



1719 * * La. Negroes arrive from 
Guinea. 

* * N. if. The names of drunkards aro 
posted in public houses; the sale of 
liquor to them is forbidden. 

STATE. 

1712 * * Ghiiana. The French compel 
the Dutch in Surinam to pay a ran- 
som to save their city. 

Sept. 14. Fr. Antony Crozat is granted 
a monopoly of trade and §10,000 an- 
nually for settling the Southwest (Loui- 
siana). 

* * Mass. Province bills are made legal 
tender. 

* * North Carolina is the refuge of many 
fugitives from justice, and has scarcely 
any government. 

* *-13* *N.C. Thos. Pollock, president. 

* * S.C. Issue on interest of new bills for 
£50,000. (1715. Chas. Craven, governor.) 

1713 Mar. 31. Treaty of Utrecht, be- 
tween Great Britain and France. 

By this treaty Hudson Bay and Straits, 
Nova Scotia, 'Newfoundland, and St. 
"Christopher of the West Indies become 
subject to Great Britain. The Five 
Nations become subject to England with 
Acadia. The French have certain re- 
served rights on the "French shores" 
of Newfoundland. Brazil is confirmed 
to Portugal. 

* * Mass. Rectification of the bound- 
ary line by ceding 100,000 acres of land 
to Connecticut. 

"Worcester settled. 

* * Miss. A trading-post established at 
Natchez. 

* * N. Y. The Five Nations and the 
Tuscaroras of Carolina send their sa- 
chems to Albany to meet the governors 
of New York, Pennsylvania, and Vir- 
ginia. 

A treaty is made with these six nations, 
by which the valuable fur trade of the 
Indians is to be diverted from the French 
to the English. 

The English establish a trading-post 
at Oswego, with a garrison ; the French 
have strong forts at Niagara and at 
Crown Point on Lake Champlain. 

1714 Aug. 1. Eng. George I. en- 
throned. 

* * Mass. Emission of £50,000 in bills, to 
be let out at five per cent on safe mort- 
gages of real estate, and to be paid back 
in five annual instalments. [Not paid ; 
more issues demanded.] 

* * Md. Benedict Charles Calvert suc- 
ceeds to his father's hereditary rights, 
and he soon restores the authority of 
the proprietary, after a suspension of 
24 years. 

John Hart rules for [the Dth] Lord 
Baltimore. 

* *-21* * N. C. Chas. Eden, governor. 

* * -19 * * New York. John Johnson the 
31st mayor.. 

* * Term. A trading-post started on the 
Tennessee River [at Nashville]. 

1715 Sept. 1. Fr. Louis XV. en- 
throned. 

* * jV. C. Edonton founded. 



* * Mass. The Council governs. Jo- 
seph Dudley, royal governor. 

* *-16* * Mass. "William Taller, gov- 
ernor. 

1716* * Me. English settlements estab- 
lished on the Kennebec. 

* * Miss. Natchez is settled, and trade 
with England begins. 

* * Fr. Law's- Mississippi scheme be- 
gins in France. 

* * Va. Gov. Spotswood crosses the 
Blue Ridge and is the first to enter the 
great valley beyond ; he opens a road, 
and emigration soon follows to the Ohio 
lands. 

* * -23 * * Mass. Samuel Shute, gov- 
ernor. 

* * S. C. Robert Daniel, governor. 

* * 0. Route from the Miami River to 
the "Wabash is opened. 

* * The French are in the Ohio val- 
ley. 

1717 Sept. * Fr. The "Western Louisi- 
ana Company obtains its grant. Illi- 
nois is annexed. 

* * La. Crogat transfers his interest in 
this province to a chartered company, 
headed by John Law, whose national 
bank and Mississippi speculation (Law's 
Bubble) involve the ruin of half the 
French nobility. 

Bienville appointed governor-gen- 
eral. 

* * Pa. Sir "William Keith becomes 
governor [the last appointed by Penn 
himself]. 

1718 May* Massachusetts imposes a 
duty on English manufactures, and 
makes a small discrimination in favor 
of its commerce. [It is negatived by the 
king.] 

July 30. Eng. William Penn dies. 
Pa. The government is administered 
for his three sons (minors) by deputies 
[till the Revolution, when their claims 
are purchased by the Commonwealth], 

Aug. 25. La. Arrival of 800 French 
emigrants at Dauphine Island. They 
found New Orle ans . Bienville is com- 
mandant-general. 

* * Colombia. New Granada becomes 
a Spanish vice-royalty. 

* * Ecuador. The province of Quito 
is detached from Peru and annexed to 
New Granada. 

* * * Eng. Period of official corrup- 
tion. 

Ofiices in the colonies are used by men 
in power to provide for their relatives, 
dependents, and partisans, or sold out- 
right for cash, or by setting apart a pro- 
portion of the emoluments for the 
patron. 

* * Fa. Parliament extends the post- 
office establishment to Virginia. 

* * 0. French settlements made in 
the Ohio Valley. 

* * Tex. La Harpe arrives. 

* * New Eng. Arrival of the Scotch- 
Irish, who introduce potatoes. 

* * La. Land grants are issued by the 
Mississippi Company for settlements on 
the Bay of St. Louis. 



1719 July 31. N. Y. The chief com- 
mand of the province comes to Peter 
Schuyler, in the absence of Colonel 
Hunter. [To 1720.] 

Dec. 21. S. C. The government of Car- 
olina is revolutionized. 

James Moore, having been elected gov- 
ernor by the people, is inaugurated with 
military display, notwithstanding the 
opposition of Governor Johnson in be- 
half of the proprietors. 

* * Eng. Parliament first prohibits the 
manufacture of iron in the colonies. 

The Mother Country enacts a law pro- 
hibiting the working of iron or steel in 
the colonies, and also declaring that no 
sugar, tobacco, ginger, indigo, cotton, 
fustic, or dyeing woods shall be trans- 
ported to any other th;ui Knglish markets 
under penalty of forfeiture, and requir- 
ing all goods to be imported in .English 
vessels, and therefore from English 
markets ; because "erecting any manu- 
factories in the colonies tended to lessen 
their dependence on Great Britain.'* 

± * * England restricts American 
manufactures. 
"The inhabitants worked up their 

* wool and flax, and made a coarse cloth 
for their own use. . . . Hatters were in 
the marine towns. . . . Six furnaces 
and nineteen forges were set up for 
making iron." 

* * La. Eleven French vessels arrive; 
500 negroes imported from Guinea. 

* * -20 * * New York. Jacobus van Cort- 
landt the 32d mayor. 

* * S. C. Arthur Middleton, governor. 
1720* * -Brazil. The district of Minas is 

separated from San Paulo, having 5 prin- 
cipal settlements with royal charters. 

* * -26 * * Md. Chas. Calvert, governor. 

* + Eng. Royal orders forbid the Eng- 
lish colonies to issue paper money. 

* *N. Y. "William Burnet, governor [till 
1728] ; trade between the French and In- 
dians prohibited. New Jersey included. 

* * -25 * * New York. Robert "Walters 
the 33d mayor. 

1721 Feb. ± * S.C. Francis Nichol- 
son, governor of Carolina, arrives. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1713 Mar.* N. Y. A part of the de- 
feated Tuscaroras leave Carolina, and 
migrate to northern New York, and be- 
come the sixth nation of the Iroquois 
confederacy. 

1714 * * Boston has a project for a bank 
of credit. 

* * -17 * * New Eng. Period of great 
commercial activity. The trade with 
the "West Indies is extensive. 

1716 May 2. Fr. Law's bank estab- 
lished in Paris. 

1717 * * Carolina. Population has in- 
creased but 600 in 41 years. 

* * Fr. The Company of the "West 
chartered, with John Law director. 

* * New Eng. The whale - fishery is 
begun. 

1719* * Mass. Colonists begin to use 
tea. 

1720* * U. S. Clocks introduced 
about this date, and substitute hour- 
glasses. 



<I0 1721, May-1730, Feb. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1721**5. C. Gov. Nicholson confirms 
peace with the Indians. 

1722 July 25. New England declares 
war against the Indians. 

1723 Mar. 9. Me. An expedition 
from Massachusetts burns an Abnaki 
village on the Penobscot. 

* * Miss. Second Natchez War. 

1724 Aug. 23. Me. An expedition 
from Massachusetts again burns Nor- 
ritlgewock, an Abnaki village on the 
Penobscot. 

* * La. France sends out 1,000 soldiers 
to protect the colonists. 

1725 Dec. 15. Me. The Eastern In- 
dians sign a peace with the English. 

* * Carolina is invaded by the Yamasis 
of Florida. 

* * Love-well's fight occurs at Pegwacket. 

* * O. The English are disturbed by the 
French, who establish themselves on the 
Ohio. 

1726 * * The French retake Fort Denon- 
ville near Niagara River. 

* * N. Y. The French build Fort Niag- 
ara [at Lewiston]. 

1729 * * Uruguay. The Spaniards com- 
plete the conquest begun by the Portu- 
guese at Montevideo, under General 
Zarala. 

Nov. 29. Miss. The Indians attack 
the French settlement at Natchez; 200 
colonists slain, 150 children, 80 women, 
and as many negroes taken into cap- 
tivity ; only 20 whites and 6 negroes 
escape. 

1730 Feb. 8. La. An expedition of 
revenge captures nearly the whole tribe 
of Natchezan Indians, that massacred 
the French. [They are sent to St. Do- 
mingo as slaves.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 
1722+** R.I. Hemp -duck is first 
manufactured. 

* * W. I. Destructive cyclone at Ja- 
maica. The town of Port Royal is over- 
whelmed with an inundation of the sea. 

1727 Oct. 29. New Eng. An alarming 
earthquake occurs. 

1729 i * * Brazil. Diamond mines discov- 
ered in Seria Frio (1710.) are announced. 

* * Mass. First paper-mill is erected at 
Charlestown. 

* * Peru. A piece of gold weighing 90 
marks is found near La Paz. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1721* * 

Ashe, John, patriot, born. 

De Kalb, Baron John, general, born. 

Hopkins, Samuel, clergyman, born. 

Pendleton, Krimunri, judge, born. 

Sherman. Roger, statesman, born. 

Yale, Elihu, patron of Yale College, A73. 

Zeisberger, David, missionary, born. 
1722* * 

Adams, Samuel, statesman, born. 

Auchmuty, Samuel, loyalist, born. 

Humphrey, Marshall, botanist, born. 

Lowndes, Rawlins, statesman, born. 

Witherspoon, John, clergyman, patriot, born. 
1733* * 

i Calef, Robert, anii-perseeuiionist, dies. 

Cornbury, Lord Edward Hyde,t;ov. of N.Y., 
dies. 



Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, born. 

Landon, Samuel, i'n-s. of Harvard, horn. 

Livingston, William, ( ;ov. of X. J., poet, A67. 

Mather, Increase, clergy man, author, AH4. 

ltandolph, Peyton, ilrst I'res. of Congress, b. 
1724* * 

Backus, Isaac, clergyman, born. 

Carleton, Sir (;uy,<;uv. of gucbec, born. 

Lavies, Samuel, I'res. of Princeton, born. 

Laurens, Henry, statesman, born. 

Rivington, James, printer, horn. 
1725 * * 

Cooper, Samuel, clergyman', born. 

dishing, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., born. 

Hall, Lyman, statesman, born. 

Mason, George, statesman, born. 

Mixon, John, general, born. 

OtlB, James, patriot, born. 

Prdvost, Augustine, major-general, born. 

Thomas, John, general, born. 
1726* * 

Alexander, William, major-general, born. 

Lass, Edward, P. K. bishop, horn. 

Folsom, N., brigadier-general, born. 

Otterbem, Philip William, founder, horn. 

l'reseott, William, colonel, born. 

Wythe, George, jurist, born. 
1727* * 

Lowdoin, James, statesman, born. 

Ellery, William, signer of declaration, born. 

Mcintosh, Lachian, general, born. 

Stiles, Ezra, Pres. of Yale College, born. 

"Ward, ArtemaB, general, born. . 
1728* * 

De Peyster, Abraham, artmg Gov. of N.Y., 
A70. 

Gates. Horatio, general V. S. A., born. 

Holyoke, Edward Augustus, physician, born. 

Mather. Cotton, theologian, A65. 

Stark, John, general, born. 

Warren, Mercy, authoress, born. 
1729 * * 

Bartlett, Josiah, signer of Declaration, born. 

Luddington, William Ives, clergyman, A62. 

Embury. Philip, Methodist preacher, born. 

Franklin, William, Governor of N. J., born. 

Howe, Sir William, Lug. general, born. ■ 

Seabury, Samuel, p. E. bishop, born. 

Thomson, Charles, Sec. of Congress, born. 

Williams, John, The Redeemed Captive, A85. 



CHURCH. 

1721 May 8. It. Innocent XUL pope. 

* * Mich. The Mackinaw mission is re- 
opened. 

1722 * * Conn. The Protestant Epis- 
copal church has its effective begin- 
ning at Stratford. 

1723 * * Miss. The Jesuits are in the 
Mississippi Valley, north of Natchez. 

* * Conn. First Episcopal church in this 
province built at Stratford, under Dr. 
Johnson. 

Sept. 20. Pkila. The Synod of Philadel- 
phia appoints a Committee of Confer- 
ence with the ministers of Connecticut, 
with regard to their affairs. 

* * * Miss. The Natchez tribe of Indi- 
ans worships the sun, and keeps an un- 
dying fire in its great wigwam. 

1724 May 29. It. Benedict XIII. pope. 
Aug. 23 . Me. Father Sebastian Rasles, 

the most noted Catholic missionary in 
New England, is killed in battle, after a 
service of thirty-seven years ; he dies 
standing by the cross, at Norridgewock. 
Sept. * New York. The first Baptist 
church is organized, with Nicholas 
Eyers pastor. 

1725 Jan. 1. Greenland. Fred. Chris- 
tian, the first convert of the Danish 
missionaries, is baptized, 

* * Mass. The ministers desire a synod 
" to recover and establish the faith and 
order of the gospel." [They are repri- 
manded by the Bishop of London for 
setting a bad precedent for dissenters.] 



1726 * * R. J. The Baptists of Newport 
v.te to take "a weekly contribution for 
the support of the ministry." 

1727 May 19. Bng. The Bishop of 
London declares that " Christianity and 
the embracing of the gospel does not 
make the least alteration in civil prop- 
erty " (slaves,. 

* * La. Ursuline nuns established at 
New Orleans. 

* * N. C. Paul Palmer forms the Shiloh 
Baptish church in Camden Corner. 

* * Pa. Rev. George Michael "Weiss, 
the pioneer minister of the German 
Reformed church, arrives and organizes 
the first church. 

"William Tennent, a Presbyterian, es- 
tablishes the first theological school 
in America, at Neshaminy ; it is com- 
monly called "Log College." 

* * Phila. It is proposed in the Presby- 
terian Synod to require all ministers to 
subscribe to the confession of faith. 
[New Englanders object.] 

A great number of German Luther- 
ans arrive. 

1728 * * G-reenland. Godthaab becomes 
a Danish mission station. 

1729* * Boston. The Old South 
Church is erected [now standing], 

* * Mass. The Baptists and Quakers ex- 
empted from paying the parish minis- 
terial taxes when it offends their con- 
sciences. 

* * N. C. A second Baptist church formed 
at Meherrin, by Joseph Parker. 

* * Neiv York. Many Jews arrive and 
settle in this city. 

* * Pkila. The Presbyterian Synod, by an 
" Adopting Act," makes the Westmin- 
ster Confession of Faith its standard. 

* * R. I. General or Arminian Baptists 
form an association at Newport. 

LETTERS. 
1721 Aug. 21. Boston, TheXeicEnq- 
land Courant is published by James 
Franklin. 

* * Mass. The Christian Philosopher, by 
Cotton Mather, appears. 

1723 Jan. * Boston . The legislature ap- 
points a committee of inquiry respect- 
ing the libels of the press, and James 
Franklin is imprisoned. 

TheA>?r England Courant is continued 
with Benjamin Franklin, the younger 
brother and apprentice to James, as 
nominal publisher. 

1725 Oct. 16. A". Y. The New York 

Gazette, the first newspaper in the 
city and the fifth newspaper established 
in the colonies, issued by "William Brad- 
ford. [Continued till 1741.] 
1726* *-39* * Conn. Rev. Ehsha "Wil- 
liams rector of Yale College. 

1727 * * The Maryland Gazette, the first 
in this colony, issued at Annapolis. 

1728 Feb. 13. Mass. Cotton Mather, 
the most learned man in America, dies. 

1729* * Pa. Modern Chivalry, or the 
Adventures of Captain Farrago, by 
Brackenridge, appears. 



AMERICA. 



1721, May-1730, Feb. 61 



* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Gazette, 
with a circulation of ninety, is bought 
by Benjamin Franklin. 

1730 Apr. 22. New York. A public 
library founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1721 * * Boston has an inoculation con- 
troversy. 

* * Va. Free negroes, mulattoes, and 
Indians are disfranchised " for the 
better government of negroes." 

1723 * * New York. Benjamin Frank- 
lin arrives in a penniless condition. 

* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, 17 years 
of age, arrives and works at the prin- 
ter's trade. 

1724 * * Phila, Benjamin Franklin 
sails for Europe to buy printer's ma- 
terials. 

[Dec. * He arrives in London, but is 
disappointed in his expectations. 172G. 
July 23. He sails for Philadelphia, in- 
tending to become a merchant. Oct. 11. 
He arrives.] 

* * Va. Strong opposition to the slave 
trade. 

* * * Eng. The government opposes ef- 
forts of colonists to suppress the slave 
trade. 

STATE. 

1721 May* Mass. Dispute with the 
governor. The House of Representa- 
tives declines to ask the governor to ap- 
prove its choice of speaker, and it also 
refuses grants of money till the governor 
shall accept its acts, resolves, and elec- 
tions. 

June * La. News of John Law's flight 
arrives. 

Sept.* Eng. The Board of Trade presents 
a plan for consolidating the government 
of the American colouies, and getting a 
revenue from them, which endangers 
the charter governments. 

Jeremiah Dummer defends the New 
England charters. 

* * La. Nearly 1,000 immigrants and 
1,367 slaves arrive. 

* * N. Y. The English hold a conference 
with the Five Nations at Conestoga. 

* * Portugal. The Brazil Company is 
abolished by John V. 

* * R. I. Notes issued for £40,000, inter- 
est on which is payable in hemp and 
flax. 

* * S. C. Proprietary government is 
overthrown. 

* * Va. Free negroes are first disfran- 
chised. 

1722 July * Mass. The legislature de- 
clares the Abnakis to be traitors and 
robbers, and offers a bounty for scalps. 

* * Chile. After a struggle of 180 years 
the Chileans make a treaty with the 
Spaniards, separating a part of the 
country to form Spanish Chile. 

* * La. German settlers remove from 
Arkansas, and settle 20 miles above New 
Orleans. 

* * Md. Marylanders declare themselves 
the inheritors of English common 
law. 



* * Mex. Don Juan de Acuna becomes 
viceroy, and evinces ability and in- 
tegrity. 

* * N. C. Thomas Pollock, president of 
council. 

* * _24 * * N.C. "William Peed, presi- 
dent of council. 

* * N. Y. The authorities of New York, 
Pennsylvania, and Virginia hold a con- 
ference with the Iroquois. 

Burnet builds a trading-house at 
Oswego. 

* * -26 * * Va. Hugh Drysdale is lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1723 Aug. * La. New Orleans made 
the center of French authority in the 
South. 

* * Mass. Gov. Samuel Shute flees to 
England to arraign the colony for in- 
subordination. 

* * -28 * * Mass. William Dummer 
governor. [1729-30. Again.] 

* * Pa. Paper money amounting to 
£45,000 has been issued in the last two 
years. 

Franklin assists in introducing paper 

money. [Afterwards he perceives its 

evil tendencies.] 
*• * Va. The negro, mulatto, and Indian 

are disfranchised. 
1724* *-41* * Conn. Joseph Talcott 

governor. 

* * -25 * * N. C. George Burrington 
governor. 

± * * 0. The Delawares migrate to 
branches of the Ohio for convenience in 
getting game. 

* * Sp. Louis I. king. 

Philip V. again king. 

* *-31* * Vt. French settlements 
made. 

* * Vt. Fort Dummer built, the first 
English settlement. 

1725 * * Mass. "Western Massachusetts 

is settled. 
Dec. 15. Mass. Dummer makes a treaty 

with the Indians. 

* * The rivalry between France and 
England for the possession of Oswego 
and Niagara begins. 

* *N. C. Sir Richard Everard gover- 
nor. <_S. ('. Arthur Middleton.) 

* * -26 * * New York. Johannes Jansen 
the 34th mayor. 

1726* * Can. Beauharnois is appointed 
governor. (To 1747.) 

* * Mass. Gov. Shute receives an ex- 
planatory charter from the Crown, giv- 
ing him more power over the General 
Court. 

Treaty of peace made [and long kept] 
with Eastern Indians. 

* * N. Y. By treaty, the Senecas, Cayu- 
gas, and Onondagas place their lands 
under English protection, with that of 
the Mohawks and Oneida Indians. 

* * -35 * * New York. Robert Imrting 
the 35th mayor. 

-f- * * England and France dispute re- 
specting the boundaries along the 
Lakes and St. Lawrence — the avenue 



of western communication. The In- 
dians surrender a strip six miles wide, 
along the southern shore of Lake On- 
tario, to the English. 

* * Pa. Patrick Gordon governor. 

* * -27 * * Va. Robert Carter is lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1727 July 11. Eng. George II. en- 
throned. 

July * Me. Further treaty made with 
the Indians at Falmouth (Portsmouth). 

* * N. Y. Oswego is founded as a for- 
tress. 

* * Va. Fredericksburg founded. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 
-30* * Md. Benedict L, Calvert. 
-32 * * R. 1. Joseph Jenckes. 
-49 * * Va. William Gooch. 

1728 * * Conn. England strives to alter 
the laws of Connecticut. 

The English law in regard to intestate 
estates, favoring the eldest-born, is de- 
clared in force by the English govern- 
ment, and the colonial law annulled. 

* * Eng. Sir "William Keith proposes a 
Stamp Act. 

* * New Jersey colonists petition the 
king to separate their colony from 
New York ; he refuses their request. 

* * N. Y. Gov. Burnet is transferred to 
Massachusetts to make way for John 
Montgomerie, the groom of the chamber 
of George II. while he was Prince of 
"Wales. (To 1731). Governor of N. J. 

* * The Shawnees migrate to branches 
of the Ohio. 

1729 July 29. Carolina becomes a 
royal government, the king having 
hought a seven-eighths interest of the 
proprietors for the sum of £17,500, with 
£5,000 added for quit-rents. 

Sept. * Carolina is divided into North 
and South Carolina, and a governor ap- 
pointed for North Carolina. 

* * -30 * * Mass. William Dummer is 
governor agaiu. 

* * R.I. George Berkeley arrives. 

* * S. C. German Palatines arrive. 

1730 Jan. 15. New York. Gov. Mont- 
gomerie grants a new charter to the 
city. It provides for the annual election 
of aldermen and other local officers by 
the people. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1721 * * Mass. A scourge of small-pox 
attacks about 6,000 people in and near 
Boston ; vaccination is introduced 
and much opposed. 

1722 * * Mass. Population is about 
ninety-four thousand. 

1724 * * Eng. English ship -carpenters 

complain of the competition of Ameni- 

cans. 
1727 * * English imports from the 

North American Colonies amount to 

$2,870,000 ; exports, $2,G85,000. 
1730 * * Boston. Small - pox ravages 

the town ; loss, 500 lives. 

* * Port. The discovery of diamonds in 
Brazil being announced, the govern- 
ment declares them crown property. 



62 1730, Aug. -1736. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1731* * N. Y. The French construct 
Fort Frederick at Crown Point on the 
west shore of Lake Champlain [and 
make it a strong fortress], commanding 
the natural waterway between the Hud- 
son and the St. Lawrence rivers. 

* * La. The last of the Natchez war- 
riors are defeated by the French [near 
Natchitoches]. 

1735 Apr.± * Ala. The French send 
one expedition from the South and an- 
other from the North against the brave 
Chickasaws. [Both of them are de- 
feated.] 

1736 May 20. Miss. The Chicka- 
saws defeat the French force from Illi- 
nois under D'Artaguette, and burn him 
and others at the stake. 

May 29. Miss. The Chickasaws de- 
feat a large body of French and their 
Indian allies under Gov. Bienville. 

1736 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe builds a 
fort on the Savannah River at Augusta, 
in anticipation of a Spanish war ; various 
other forts are also erected. [In Eng- 
land, Parliament appropriates $50,000 
for expenses.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1731 May* Phila. Thomas Godfrey 

obtains a patent for his reflecting 

quadrant, used in taking altitudes of 

the sun or stars. 

* * Bishop Berkeley and his family are 
painted by John Symbert. 

1734 * * W. I. A destructive cyclone 

visits Jamaica. 
1736 Feb. 6. New England is shaken 

by an earthquake. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1730* * 

Cardillac, Antoine de la Motte, founder, d. 

Fairfax, Bryan L., loyalist, born. 

Hewes, Joseph, signer of l>erkiration, born. 

Rodney, I'resar, patriot, born, ? 

Ross, George, statesman, born. 

Sewall, Samuel, jurist, A78. 

Steuben. Baron Frederick, I'rus, gen., b. 

Stockton, Richard, signer of declaration, b. 
1731* * 

Banneker, Benjamin, negro mathematician, 
born. 

Clavigero, Francis X., Mexican historian, b. 

Craik, James, physician, born. 

Hollis, Thomas, benefactor of Harvard, A72. 

Huntington, Samuel, signer of Declaration, b. 

Landiver, Rafael, Jesuit poet, born. 

Lee, Charles, general, born. 

McDougall, Alexander, general, born. 

Moultrie, William, general, born. 

Treat, Robert, lawyer and patriot, born. 

"Williams, William, signer of Declaration, b. 
1733* * 

Abbott, Benjamin, Methodist preacher, born. 

Abbott, Samuel, founder, born. 

Blair. John, justice, born in Va. 

Carver, Jonathan, traveler, born. 

Dickinson, John, political writer, born. 

Dunmore, John Murray, governor, born. 

Edes, Benjamin, journalist, born. 

Erving, John, clergyman, born. 

Johnson, Thomas, justice, born in Md. 

Johnston, Samuel, governor, born. 

Lee. Richard Henry, patriot, born. 

Marion, Francis, patriot, born. 

Rittenhouse, David, astronomer, born. 

Washing-ton, George. Father of his coun- 
try, born. Feb. 32. 
1733* * 

Conway, Thomas, Count de, general, born. 

dishing, "William, justice, born in Mass. 

Deane, Samuel, clergyman, born, 

Duane, James, statesman, born. 

Fellows, John, general, born. 



Law, Richard, jurist, born. 

Lincoln, Benjamin, general, horn. 

Whipple, Abraham, naval officer, born. 
1734* * 

Caldwell, James, patriot, I'res. ci., born. 

Floyd, William, patimi, born. 

Goodrich, Klizur, cl.-rgvman. horn. 

Heck, Barbara, Methodist, born. 

Lee, Francis Liphtfoot. patriot, born. 

Manly, John, naval commander, born. 

Mclveau, Thomas, jurist, born. 

Morris. Robert, statesman, born. 

Saint Clair. Arthur, general, born. 

Sumter, Thomas, general, sen. for S. C.,born. 
1735* * 

Oct. 19. Adams, John. 2d President, b. 

Boone, Daniel, pioneer, born. 

CarroU, John D.. Archbp. of Baltimore, b. 

Clayton, Aimer, general, born. 

Cooper, Miles, i'res. of Columbia Coll., born. 

Morgan, John, physician, born. 

Revere, Paul, patriot, born. 

Trumbull, Benjamin, historian, born. 

Williamson, Hugh, physician, born. 
1736* * 

Clinton, James, general, born. 

Henry, Patrick, orator, born. 

Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born. 

Montgomery. Richard, general, born. 

Morcan, Daniel, general, born. 

Vincennes Sieur, de, Jean, < 'an. founder, A48. 

Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of K. H., born. 



CHURCH. 
1730* * Boston. The Presbyterian 

church is organized. 
July 12. It. Clement XIII. pope. 

* * Conn. — B.J. Thirteen Baptist 
churches hold yearly meetings upon 
the " Six Principles." 

* * Me. The Jesuits send a missionary 
from Quebec, and Norridgewock is re- 
built. 

1731 Dec. 13. W. I. The first Mora- 
vian missionaries arrive at St. Thomas. 

1732 Dec. 13. W.I. O'Leonard Dober 
and Kitschman, Danish missionaries, 
arrive at St. Thomas. 

* *2?.H. Its first Protestant Episcopal 
church erected at Portsmouth. 

* * Pa. Catholics come under the min- 
istrations of English Jesuits. 

* * W. I. Nassau becomes a mission sta- 
tion of the Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel. 

1733 May 20. Greenland. Moravian 
missionaries first arrive. 

May * Pa. The Seventh Day (German) 
Baptists establish a monastic society at 
Ephrata. 

* * Ga. Lutherans settle at Ebenezer. 

The Jews at Savannah organize. 

* * Eng. The Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel sends Jonathan Barber, a 
missionary, to the Mohicans. 

* * Pa. The first German Lutheran 
church in America is organized. 

* * Phila. The only Homan Catholic 
church north of Maryland, erected 
before the Revolution, is built. 

* * W. I. St. Croix becomes a mission 
station of the Moravians. 

1734 Oct. * Conn. Rev. John Sargent, 
of Yale College, opens a mission station 
among the Housatonics, receiving £500 
annually from the Society for the Prop- 
agation of the Gospel. 

* * Ga. The German Lutherans settle 
in Georgia, with Pastors Bolzius and 
Gronau. 



* * -35 * * Mass. The great awaken- 
ing at Northampton, under the minis- 
try of Jonathan Edwards. 

1735 Oct. 14. Eng. The two Wes- 

leys sail for America. 

John Wesley, having declined a quiet 
rectory,. sets out with his brother Charles 
for Georgia, to become missionaries to 
the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to 
be secretary to the governor. 

* * John Wesley observes the Mora- 
vians. 

A terrible storm convinces Wesley that 
the German Moravians on board the ves- 
sel have a fellowship with God, to which 
he is a stranger. 

* * Conn. A Baptist church is organized 
at Wallingford. 

* * Guinea. The first Moravian mission- 
aries land at Surinam. 

* * Mass. The General Assembly orders 
anew meeting-house built for the Indi- 
ans, which should be thirty feet wide 
and forty feet long. 

* * N. Y. The Church of England mis- 
sion among the Mohawks reports marked 
success. 

* * Va. Lutherans settle Spottsylvania. 

1736 * * Ga. The Wesleys change 
their plan. 

They abandon the project of establish- 
ing missions among the Indians, and 
engage in religious work among the col- 
onists, but they enforce the forms of 
the church with a rigor and frequency of 
repetition which soon tires the people, 
and provokes resentment and persecu- 
tion. 

* * Ga. The Moravians begin mission- 
work among the Indians. 

A colony of pious men from Herrnhut 
and neighborhood arrives, seeking that 
religious liberty which was denied at 
home. Some brethren resolved to go 
with it, in order to preach the gospel to 
the Creek, Chickasaw, and Cherokee 
Indians. 

The two "Wesleys become ascetics. 

They deny themselves many of the 
common conveniences of life, sleep on 
the ground, eat only bread and water, 
and John Wesley goes barefoot that he 
may encourage the poor boys of his 
school. 

* * Conn. Mr. Sargent's church among 
the Housatonics reports 52 members. 
[Later two hundred and fifty.] 

* * S. C. Ashley River Baptist church is 
formed. 

LETTERS. 

1730 * * S. C. A printing-press set up 
at Charleston. 

1731 Jan. 8. The South Carolina Ga- 
zette issued at Charleston. 

* * Phila. Franklin establishes the first 
circulating library in this city. The 
Library Company and Loganian Library 
founded. 

1732 * * Phila. Benjamin Franklin's 
Poor Richard's Almanac, the first of any 
note in the United States, appears. 

1733 * * New York. John Peter Zenger 
issues the Weekly Journal, and criticizes 
the arbitrary acts of the governor and 
Assembly in imposing illegal taxes — 
the first attempt to criticize political 
measures in a newspaper. 



AMERICA. 



1730- Aug., 1736. 63 



Great agitation respecting the free- 
dom of the press. 

The aristocratic party denies its right 
to criticize the government ; the demo- 
cratic party maintains that right. 

* * Phila. Benjamin Franklin, at the 
age of twenty-seven, begins the study of 
the French, Italian, Spanish, and Latin 
languages. 

* * It. I. The first Rhode Island Gazette 
appears at Newport. (Or Sept. 7, 1732.) 

1734 Nov. 17. New York. Zenger 
imprisoned for defending popular gov- 
ernment in the Weekly Journal. 

Zenger is the editor, and is put in 
prison for criticizing the administra- 
tion ; the people are clamorous for his 
release. [He is acquitted shortly after.] 

1735 * * Pa. The first newspaper in a 
foreign tongue is issued in German, at 
Germ an town. 

1736 Aug. 6. Va. The Virginia Ga- 
zette appears at "Williamsburg. 

* * Mass. Mr. Hollis of London pledges 
to support twelve Indian scholars in the 
Housatonic School at $100 per annum, 
and Mr. Holden five more on the same 
terms. 

SOCIETY. 

1732 * * Georgia Colony is planned as a 
benevolent enterprise. 

James Oglethorpe, a High Churchman, 
a cavalier, a soldier, a member of Parlia- 
ment, and an Oxford man, organizes this, 
the last of thirteen colonies, in pure 
benevolence as a refuge for the poor, es- 
pecially for the thousands of poor debtors 
who are thrown, annually,' into the 
prisons of England for no other offense 
than impecuniosity. 
Nov. 17. Eng. Oglethorpe sails with. 
120 poor people to plant a colony in 
the wilderness of Georgia. 

1733 Jan. 26. N.J. Anegrois burnt 
alive for an assault on a white woman. 

May 21±. Ga. Oglethorpe secures a 
general council with many Indian 
chiefs ; this spreads his fame for justice 
and goodness far and wide. 

Tomo-chichi, chief of the Yamacraws, 
meets his new neighbor, Gov. Ogle- 
thorpe, and presents him with a buffalo 
robe painted on the inside with the head 
and feathers of an eagle. " Here is a 
present for you," said the donor. "The 
feathers are soft and signify love, the 
buffalo skin is an emblem of protection, 
therefore protect us." The request was 
not lost on the philanthropist. 

July 30. Boston. The first lodge of 
Freemasons is opened. 

* * Ga. On the second day after his ar- 
rival, Governor Oglethorpe declares that 
" the importation of ardent spirit is 
illegal." 

1734 * * Ga. The councilors of Georgia 
prohibit the importation of rum into 
the colony ; slavery is positively for- 
bidden ; traffic with the Indians is regu- 
lated by license. 

* * Phila. The second Freemasons' 
lodge in the colonies is opened. 

1735 July* New York. Alexander 
Hamilton, a noted lawyer of Philadel- 
phia, argues for the acquittal of Editor 
Zenger, who is charged with libel for 
criticizing the government ; he gains 
the verdict, and receives a gold bos as a 
testimonial from the citizens. 



1 * Eng. Parliament prohibits the im- 
portation of liquors into Georgia. 

Slaves run away to Florida, where the 
Spaniards welcome them and give them 
lands; this irritates the colonists and 
provokes war, as the authorities refuse 
to surrender such slaves. 



STATE. 

1730* * Brazil. The Government de- 
clares diamond mines regalia. 

* * [IT. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
June-July. Mass. "William Tailer. 
-41* * J. Belcher. Aug. 10. Arrives. 
-35 * * S. C. Robert Johnson. 

* * Kg. Settlers straggle into this country. 

* * Md. Baltimore founded. 

* * P. I. "Wild issues of paper money. 

1731 May 14. Conn.~N Y. Final 
settlement of the boundary line be- 
tween New York and Connecticut. 

* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
-33 * * Md. Samuel Ogle. 

N. C. George Burnington. 
-32 * * N. Y. Rip van Dam. 

* * N. C. It is a royal province again. 

1732 Apr. 10. La. The Mississippi 
Company surrenders its unprofitable 
charter to the French crown. 

June 9. Eng. George II, grants [Geor- 
gia] to James Edward Oglethorpe, the 
philanthropist, " to be held in trust for 
the poor ; " 40,000 hopeless debtors lie in 
English prisons. 

* * Eng. Parliament prohibits the in- 
troduction from one colony into another 
of hats and woolens of domestic man- 
ufacture, and makes it illegal for hatters 
to have more than two apprentices. 

* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-33 * * Md. Charles Lord Baltimore. 
-36* * N. Y. Wm. Crosby. Aug. 1. 

Arrives. 
-36 * * N. J. John Anderson (pres.). 
-34 * * R.I. William Wanton. 

* * Md. Tobacco is made a legal ten- 
der at one penny a pound. 

* * N. Y. Two parties struggle for 
supremacy, the democratic party main- 
tains the freedom of the press to criticize 
the government, and the aristocratic 
party, which opposes its freedom. 

* *-33* * R. I. "Wm. "Wanton gov- 
ernor. 

1733 Feb. 1. Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe 
lays out the streets of his settlement 
(Savannah) and lands his colony. 

Feb. 12. Ga. The colony of Savannah 
is begun. 

He designs it as a home for the poor, 
and a reformatory for prisoners ; 35 
families, numbering about 150 persons, 
settle here. 

May 21±. Ga. Oglethorpe holds an im- 
portant council with the Indians. 

* * Eng. Parliament passes the odious 
Importation Act, laying exorbitant 
duties on all the sugar, molasses, and 
rum imported into the colonies. [This 
excites resentment, and evasion, and 
leads to revolution.] 



* * La. Bienville returns from France 
with a commission from the king as 
governor. 

* * Mass. The province of Massachu- 
setts Bay petitions Parliament against 
the grievance of a royal instruction to 
support the Crown officers by a general 
instead of an annual grant. [The peti- 
tion is voted to be frivolous and ground- 
less — a high insult.] 

1734 Mar. * Ga. Germans found Eb- 
enezer, above Savannah. 

Nov. 17. Neio York. Zenger, printer 
of the Weekly Journal, is arrested for 
libeling Governor Crosby. [Ac- 
quitted in 1735.] This is the first attack 
upon freedom of speech. 

* *[U. £.] Governors inaugurated : 
-41 * * Md. Samuel Ogle. 

N. C. Nathaniel Rice (pres.). 
-52 * * N. C. Gabriel Johnson. 
% -52 * * R.I. John Wanton. 

* * Costa Rica. The port of Caldera is 
opened, and prosperity revives. 

* * Ga. Augusta founded. 

1735 May* Ga. Nine Moravians, or 
United Brethren, begin a settlement 
south of Savannah. 

* * -39 * * New York. Paul Richards 
36th mayor. 

* * _37 * * S. C. T. Brougbton, gov. 
1736* * Ga. A party of 100 Scotch 

Highlanders, with John M'Leod their 
minister, arrive and [found Inverness on 
the Altamaha]. 
Feb. 6. Ga. Governor Oglethorpe re- 
turns from England, bringing 300 im- 
migrants, including 25 Moravians and 
the two "Wesleys. 

* * [U. 5.] Governors inaugurated. 
-43 * * N. Y. George Clarke. 

N. J. John Anderson (pres.). 
-38 * * N. J. John Hamilton (pres.). 
-38* * Pa. James Logan (pres.). 

* * Pa. Benjamin Franklin is chosen 
clerk of the general assembly. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1731* * New York. First fire engines 
introduced ; a department is organized. 

* * Philadelphia has 12,500 population. 

* * Rhode Island has about 18,000 inhab- 
itants. 

1732 * * N. Y. A stage route opened 
from New York to Boston, a journey of 
fourteen days. 

* * S. C. Prevalence of yellow fever ; 
business nearly suspended. 

* * W. I. The yellow fever appears in 
several islands of the West Indies. 

* * New York province has a population 
of about 65,000 ; Pennsylvania, about 
30,000 ; and Virginia, about sixty thou- 
sand. 

1733 * * Maryland has a population of 
thirty-sis thousand. 

1734 * * Can. Quebec and its suburbs 
have 4,603 inhabitants. 

1735 * * Boston has a population of 
about sixteen thousand. 

1736* * Mass. A regular line of stages 
runs from Boston to Newport. 



64 



1737-1744. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1737 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe returns 
from England with a military commis- 
sion and a British regiment of GOO men, 
to protect the colony from the Spaniards. 

1739 Oct. 23-48* * England is at" 
war with Spain to open the ports of 
Spanish America to English merchants. 

Nov. 22. Colombia. Admiral Edward 
Vernon, with six English men-of-war, 
takes Portobello from Spain. 

1740 Jan. 4±, Ga. Governor Ogle- 
thorpe with 1,200 troops and 1,000 Indi- 
ans invades Florida as ordered from 
England. [May 10. Takes Fort St. Di- 
ego, near St. Augustine.] 

Mar. * Ala. The French send another 
expedition against the Chickasaws. 

June * -July * Fla. Oglethorpe leads a 
strong expedition to capture St. Augus- 
tine ; after a siege of five weeks he 
withdraws. 

Oct. * W. I. New England troops join 
Admiral Vernon in an expedition sent to 
break Spanish power in the West Indies. 

Nov. * Ala. The Chickasaws promise 
peace to the French. 

1741 Mar. * Colombia. Admiral Ver- 
non's expedition of 27,000 men against 
Cartagena is frustrated by disease. 

* * Cuba. The English colonies partici- 
pate in an attack upon this island. 

1742 July 5. Ga. A Spanish fleet 
of 51 vessels, with 5,000+: men, carries 
the war northward into Georgia. [It 
is foiled by the stratagem of Ogle- 
thorpe and his small army ; the Span- 
ish commander is dismissed from the 
service.] 

July 15. Ga. The Spaniards retire 
from the attack on Savannah County. 

July 18. Ga. The Spaniards attack 
Fort William and are repulsed. 

1744* *-48* *King George's War 

between Great Britain and France. 
Mar. 15. France declares war against 

Great Britain. 
May * Me. A French force, from Cape 

Breton surprises the English garrison at 

Canso and destroys the fort. 
June 2. Boston receives information 

that France has declared war against 

England. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1741 * * Vitus Bering discovers north- 
western America. 

1742 * * Boston. Faneuil Hall is built 
by Peter Faneuil, and presented to the 
town. 

* * Cam,. Middleton and Moore make 
their discoveries in Hudson Bay, 

* * Md. Copper-works are in operation. 

1743 * * Pa. John Bartram engages in 
botanical explorations. 

* * Phil a. Benjamin Franklin estab- 
lishes the American Philosophical So- 
ciety. [1753±. Expires. 1769. Revived.] 

* * S. C. The cultivation of indigo 
begins. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1737* * 

Allen. Ethan, colonel, born. 
Carroll. Charles, patriot, born*. 
Copley, .liibn SinfiU-ton, painter, bom. 
Deane. Silas, diplomatist, born. 
Hancock. John, statesman, born. 
Heath, William, general, born. 
Hopkinson, Francis, author, born. 
Nicholson, James, commodore, born. 
Paine, Thomas, author, born. 
1738* * 

Boardman, Richard, clergyman, born. 
Hobart, John i... senator, born. 
Nelson. Thomas, statesman, born. 
Palmer, Rotas, general, born. 



r, born. 



West, Benjemi] 
1739* * 
liartram, William, botanist, born. 
Clinton, George, vice-president, Gov. of N. 

Clymer, (Jeorpe, statesman, born. 

Duche. Jacob, first chaplain of Cong., born. 

Dupont, Pierre Samuel, economist, born. 

JarviB, Abraham, bishop, born. 

Langilon, John, statesman, born. 

Pickens, Andrew, general, born. 

Rutledge. John, justice, born in S. C. 
1740* * 

Harrison, Benjamin, signer of Decl'n, b. 

Lathrop, John, clergyman, born. 

Lee, Arthur, statesman, born. 

Meigs. Return Jonathan, officer, born. 

O'lirien, Jeremiah, privateer, born. 

( His, Samuel A., senator, born. 

Sullivan. John, general, born. 
1741* * 

Arnold, Benedict, gen., traitor, born. 

Chase, Samuel, justice, born in Md. 

Fitzstmmons, Thomas, patriot, born. 

Kirklami, Samuel, founder, born. 

Murray, John, clergyman, born. 

Peabody, Nathaniel, general, born. 

Peale, Charles Wilson, painter, born. 

Perkins, Elisha, physician, born. 

Reed, Joseph, patriot, born. 

Warren, Joseph, patriot, born. 
1742* * 

Hard, Samuel, physician, born. 

Bradford, Andrew, journalist, A55. 

Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, born. ? 

Cadwallader. John, general, born. 

Clagget, J. Thomas, bishop, born. 

iMayton, William Henry, statesman, born. 

Greene, Nathaniel, general, born. 

Hooper, William, patriot, born. 

Hagar, Isaac, general, born, 

lenrd, Ralph, statesman, born. 

Middleton, Arthur, statesman, born. 

I'rovoost, Samuel, bishop, born. 

Robertson, -lames, pioneer, born. 

Wilson. James, justice, born in Pa. 
1743* * 

Allen, Thomas, chaplain, born. 

Blair, James, William and Mary College, d. 

Dana, Francis, jurist, born. 

Dexter, Timothy, eccentric citizen, born. 

Elbert, Samuel, (iovernor of Ga., born. 

Faneuil, Peter, donor of Faneuil Hall, A43. 

Fitch, John, inventor, born. 

Heckewelder, John, missionary, born. 

Jackson, Jonathan, congressman, born. 

Jefferson, Thomas, President, born Apr. 2. 

Porter, Andrew, general, born. 

Rand, Isaac, physician, born. 

Rumsey. James, inventor, born. 

Warner, Seth, officer, born. 



CHURCH. 

1737 Sept. 23. N. Y. Hebrews dis- 
franchised by the Legislature. 

* * Ga. Charles Wesley leaves the colony 
for England via Boston. 

John Wesley sails for England later 
in the year, having failed as a mission- 
ary, and thoroughly cured of mysticism. 

1738 Jan. * George Whiteneld, pul- 
pit orator and consecrated Methodist 
evangelist, sails for Georgia on his first 
visit to America. [He projects an or- 
phan asylum, and soon returns to Eng- 
land in its interests.] 

May * Ga. Whiteneld arrives, and es- 
tablishes an asylum for orphans. 



Sept. * .S". C. Whiteneld sails from 
Charleston for England. 

* * Greenland. Kajaruak, the first Eski- 
mo convert, is awakened by the Moravian 
preaching. 

* * S.C. Peedee Baptist church formed. 

1739 Sept. * Bng. George "White- 
neld Bails from England to visit Amer- 
ica the second time. 

[He lands in Philadelphia early in 
November. He visits New York, preach- 
ing thrice daily for a week ; goes to 
Georgia and visits his Orphan House; 
visits most of the important cities, 
preaching incessantly, and greatly hon- 
ored by clergy and people, and power- 
fully moving the masses of the people by 
his zeal and eloquence. Twenty thou- 
sand persons listen to his farewell ad- 
dress on the Common in Boston ; he 
raises much money for his Orphan 
House.] 

* * Mass. The meeting-house (and school 
house), built by the Assembly for the 
Indians, is first occupied. 

* * Md. Baltimore has its first Protestant 
Episcopal church. 

* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod divided 
into friends and foes of the revival 
connected with Whiteneld. 

1740 Aug. 17. It. Benedict XTV. 
pope. 

* * Conn. Conversion of the Indian, Sam- 
son Occum, afterward Indian mission- 
ary. 

* Mass. Arian views of Christ cher- 
ished in New England. 

* * N. Y. Henry Kaueh, the first Mora- 
vian missionary to the New York In- 
dians, begins work at Shekosniko. 

Missionary Henry Rauch is bitterly 
opposed by the white people. 

Their large income in trading with the 
Indians is due to the ignorance of the 
latter. In proportion to the success of 
the mission, opposition increases Mis- 
sionaries and Christian Indians are ar- 
rested upon absurd and false charges, 
and the work of Rauch and his co- 
laborers is obstructed in every possible 
way. 

* * Pa. The Moravians begin mission 
work among the Indians at Bethlehem. 

* * _47 * * p a . Between these dates 
Ludweek Hacker set up a Sabbath- 
school at Ephrata, among the German 
Seventh-day Baptists there. (Haydn.) 
[The school-room was used as a hos- 
pital after the battle of Brandywine, 
(1777), thus breaking up the school.] 

* * Phila. Friction in the Presby- 
terian Synod; cause, revivals. 

* * S. C. George "Whiteneld is called 
before the commissary to answer for 
"certain articles," touching irregulari- 
ties and breach of pledges made in 
ordination. 

1741 Jan. 16. S. C. TThitefield em- 
barks at Charleston for England. 

* * Phila. Schism in the Presbyterian 
Synod ; the New Brunswick Presbytery 
is excluded. 

June 2. Phila. The Presbytery of New 
Brunswick meets, with others who are 
excluded from the synod, and organizes 
the Presbytery of Londonderry. [A 
synod is called for August, 1742.] 



AMERICA. 



1737-1744. 



65 



* * New Eng. Whitefield's revival. 

Between thirty and forty thousand 
persons have professed conversion dur- 
ing the last two years, under the preach- 
ing of Whiteneld. 

* * N.Y. The Church of England Mo- 
hawk Mission reports 500 Indians in 2 
towns, and 58 communicants. 

* * Pa. Count Zinzendorf visits 
America and preaches to the Moravians. 

It is claimed that Dr. George de Benne- 
ville first preaches Universalism in 
America. 

The Moravians found Bethlehem. 
1742 Feb. 11. Pa. Count Zinzendorf 
ordains two missionaries at Oly.to labor 
among the Indians. 

* * Conn. The General Assembly repeals 
the law exempting " sober dissent- 
ers" from worshiping with the "stand- 
ing order." 

Severe laws enacted against the 
"New Lights," who favor a more 
spiritual life in religion — bitter conten- 
tion with the " Old Lights." 

Harvard and Yale arrayed against 
Whitefield ; the General Assembly 
makes it illegal for any unsettled min- 
ister to preach at all. 

* * Md. The first Baptist church formed 
at Chestnut Ridge, near Baltimore. 

* *JV. Y. A great revival prevails 
among the Mohican and other Indian 
tribes. 

Aug. * Pa. The Presbytery of New Lon- 
donderry holds its first meeting ; it con- 
sists of members who were excluded from 
the Presbyterian Synod. 

* * Pa. Arrival of Henry M. Muhlen- 
berg, the founder of the Lutheran 
church in America. A new epoch opens 
for the Lutherans in his organizing work. 

1743* * Boston. A second Baptist 
church formed. 

May 30. Pkila. The Presbyterian Synod 
meets, and rejects overtures of peace 
from the Synod of New York. 

* * N. Y. The Mohawk mission of the 
Church of England reports only two or 
three of the tribe uubaptized. 

LETTERS. 
1739 * * -66 * * Conn. Rev. Thomas 

Clap is president of Yale College. 
1741* * Pkila. The American Magazine, 

conducted by John Webbe, appears. It 

is the earliest magazine in America ; 

but two numbers issued. 
The General Magazine and Historical 

Chronicle, the first literary journal iu 

America, is issued by Benj. Franklin. 

(Six numbers.) 

1742 * * Pa. The first public library in 
Pennsylvania is instituted by the effort 
of Franklin. 

1743 * * -47 * * Boston. The American 
Magazine appears. 

* * Boston. The Boston Weekly Museum 
appears. (Four numbers.) 

* * -45 * * Boston. The Christian History 
appears. 

* * Mass. The education of Housatonic 
Indian girls is begun with poor success. 



* * Neio York. The Neio York Gazette or 
Weekly Post-£ov issued by Jas. Parker. 

* * Pa. A German edition of the Bible is 
published at Germantown. 

SOCIETY. 
173S* * S. C. Desolating insurrection 
of negroes, inspired by Spanish influ- 
ence ; leaders are executed. 

1740 * * S. C. Teaching negroes to 
write is prohibited by law. 

1741 * * Neio York. Negroes conspire 
to murder their masters, and burn the 
city ; a panic ensues, and a public fast 
is observed. 

Four whites and IS negroes are sud- 
denly hanged, 14 negroes are burned, 71 
transported, and many imprisoned; the 
existence of a plot is doubted. [Later it 
is proved that none existed.] 

1743 * * Ga. Gov. Oglethorpe closes 
ten years of office with the colonists, not 
having taken for himself an acre of 
ground, nor even owned a house. 

The poor colonists clamor for the 
introduction of slaves; the prohibitory 
laws are first evaded and then defied. 

± * * Ga. Improvident English settlers 
contend that rum is necessary to resist 
the climate, and that none but slaves 
can till the soil. 

1744+ * * Va. Mobs persecute the 
Baptists here and elsewhere ; ministers 
are frequently imprisoned for preaching. 

STATE. 

1737 * * La. A royal edict permits ten 
years' freedom of commerce between 
Louisiana and the West Indies. 

Mar. * N. C. The Assembly imprisons 
the king's officers for distraining rent ; 
because of this it is dissolved, leaving 
the colony without revenue and the 
officers without pay. 

* * -43 * * S. C. Wm. Bull, governor. 

1738 * * Jamaica. The Maroons (run- 
away slaves) are permitted to form set- 
tlements in the north part of the island. 

* * New Jersey becomes a separate 
colony. 

Colonists again petition for separation 
from New York, and the king yields, and 
appoints Lewis Morris governor. 

* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-46 * *N.J. Lewis Morris. 

-47* * Pa. George Thomas (deputy). 

1739 * * Colombia. The new kingdom 
of Granada is established under a 
viceroy. 

* * Me. A few Germans settle in "Waldo- 
borough. 

* * -44 * * jsfew York. John Cruger 
the 37th mayor. 

1740 * * Ga. The Moravians are op- 
posed to war, and emigrate as a body 
to Pennsylvania, where they found Beth- 
lehem and Nazareth. 

* * -43 * * P. I. Richard Ward gover- 
nor. 

* * S. C. Act passed forbidding to 
teach negroes how to write. 



* * The jurisdiction of the French north 
of Baton Rouge, in the Mississippi Val- 
ley, is only in name ; its expensive colo- 
nization is a failure. 

* * Tennessee first explored. 

* * * Period of colonial prosperity. 

1741 * * Eng. Parliament interferes to 
restrain the issue of paper currency 
in the colonies. 

* * New Hampshire is finally separated 
from Massachusetts, and becomes the 
only royal government in New England. 

* * [ U. 5.] Governors inaugurated : 
-50 * * Conn. Jonathan Law. 
May 6-49 * * Mass. Wm. Shirley. 

1742 * * Va. Richmond is established 
by legislative enactment. 

* * Md. Thos. Bladen, governor. 
17*43* *[U. £.] Governors inaugu- 
rated : 

Sept. 22-53 * * N. Y. Gen. Clinton. 
-44 * * R. I. W. Greene. [1746, 48-54.] 
-55 * * S. C. James Glen. 

Sept. 27. N. Y. Gov. Clinton's first offi- 
cial act is to dissolve the Legislature, 
and issue writs calling another. 

1744 July 4±. Pa. Commissioners from 
Pennsylvania, Maryland, and Virginia 
meet envoys of the Iroquois at Lan- 
caster, and for $2,000 purchase their 
claim to the region between the Blue 
Ridge and the Alleghany Mountains. 
[Later the English claims extend to the 
Mississippi.] 

* * Eng. Parliament provides for the 
government of the province of Quebec, 
empowering the king to appoint a coun- 
cil of administration. 

* * O. The English seek to occupy the 
Ohio Valley in competition with the 
French. [The struggle continues for 
thirty years.] 

* * _47 * * iVew; York. Stephen Bayard 
the 38th mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1738 * * Paper currency depreciated; 
gold is at a premium. 

One hundred English sovereigns are 
worth £500 in New England notes, £160 
or more in the notes of New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania and Maryland, 
£1,000 in notes of North Carolina or 
£1,400 if offered in London. 

1739 Aug.* Ga. Governor Oglethorpe, 
with only three or four attendants, jour- 
neys through the unbroken wilderness 
for a month, suffering great hardships, 
in order to meet Tomo Chichi and other 
chiefs in a great council at the Indian 
town of Choweta, 300 miles northwest of 
Savannah. 

* * W. I. The yellow fever rages. 

1740 * * S. C. Great fire ; best build- 
ings burned. [Parliament appropriates 
$100,000 for the sufferers.] 

1741 Mar. IS. New York. The chapel 
and buildings in the fort are burned. 

1743 * * Ga. Settlers not permitted to 
hold their lands in fee simple previous 
to this date. 



66 1744-1751, Nov. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1745 June 17- N. S. Louisburg, the 
chief stronghold of the French in 
America, is taken hy 4,000 colonists 
from New England, led hy William 
Pepperell, a wealthy merchant of Maine, 
aided by a few English vessels. 

Nov. 16. N. Y. The French and In- 
dians surprise the village of Saratoga. 

* * Can. The projected conquest of Can- 
ada by the united colonists is abandoned 
on the arrival of a French, fleet. 

* * Boston becomes apprehensive of an 
attack from D'Anville's fleet. 

1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and 
Indians take Fort Massachusetts ; 
part of the prisoners are massacred. 

1747 Feb. 4. N. S. Colonel Noble is 
surprised at Grand Pre\ 

Jan. 31. N. S. Battle of Minas. 
June * Can. Montreal is raided by the 
British. 

1748 June 26. Vt. A battle with In- 
dians is fought at Marlborough; the 
Indians retire. 

1749 * * Can. Fort Rouill£ [Toronto] 
is built. 

1750 Apr. * Can. Hostilities occur in 
Acadia [Nova Scotia] between French 
and English respecting boundaries. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1745 * * Benjamin "West, seven years 
of age, executes his infant sister's por- 
trait in black and red inks. 

* * W. I. A theatrical representation 
given by a company of amateur actors, 
including the famous Moody, in the 
Island of Jamaica. 

1746 Oct. 28. Peru. An earthquake 
destroys Lima and Callao. 

Eighteen thousand persons are buried 
in ruins; every inhabitant but one, of 
Callao, is destroyed by the earthquake 
or the tidal wave attending it. 

* * Pa. The first iron rolling and slit- 
ting mill is erected in Thornbury. 

* * Phila. Franklin experiments with 
electricity. 

1748 * * Phila. Franklin makes an ex- 
hibition of electricity. 

At a picnic he " killed a turkey by the 
electric spark, and roasted it by an elec- 
tric jack before a tire kindled by the 
electric bottle." 

1749* * Boston. The King's Chapel is 
built. (1689. First built.) 

* * Phila. A company of amateurs at- 
tempt to open a theater. 

* * Aid. Eight furnaces and nine forges 
are at work. 

1750 Mar. 5. New York. Bichard IXE. 
is performed at a theater on Nassau 
Street. 

* * Boston. Otway's Orphan is acted at 
the coffee-house in State Street. It is 
the first theatrical performance in 
the country, and is immediately pro- 
hibited. 

* * Mex. Burns of Palenque" are first 
discovered. 

± ** * Phila. Robert Feke paints por- 
traits. 



± * * Patience Wright models miniature 

heads in relief, with wax. 
± * * Beacon Shem Browne makes some 

elaborate weather-vanes. 
1751 Nov. 21. W.I. Port-au-Prince, 

St. Bomingo, is ruined by an earthquake. 
* * La, Sugar-cane is introduced. 



BIRTHS - DEATHS. 



Ada 



s, Al 



lJelkiiap, Jeremy, historian, born. 

Bradstreet, John, major-general, dies. 

Gerry. Elbridge, vice-president, born. 

jMifflin, Thomas, genera!, born. 

Parker, Samuel, bishop of .Mass., born. 

Quincy. Josiah. patriot, born. 

Romeyn, Theodorie D., theologian, born. 

Sevier, .John, pioneer, born. 

Sullivan, James, statesman, born. 
1745 * * 

Asbury. Francis, bishop, born. 

Avery, Waighlstill, lawyer, born. 

Bacbe, Sarah, nurse, born. 

Barry, John, naval officer, born. 

Edwards, Jonathan, theologian, born. 

Ellsworth. Oliver, chief-justice, b. in Conn. 

Harrison, Robert H.. justice, born in Md. 

Hayne, Isaac, officer, born. 

Jay. John, chief-justice, born in N.Y. 

Kitteridge, Thomas, surgeon, born. 

L'Ouvertnre, Toussaint, liberator, bom. 

Murray, Lindley, grammarian, born. 

Paterson, William, justice, born in K. J. 

Patterson, Robert, senator, born. 

Pickering, Timothy, statesman, born. 

Rush. Benjamin, physician, born. 

Rutgers. Henry, patriot, born. 

Wayne, Anthony, general, born. 
1746* * 

Allen, John, patriot, born. 

Andrew, John, clergyman, born. 

Benson, Egbert, judge, born. 

Billings, William, composer, born. 

Livingston, Robert R., statesman, born. 

Muhlenberg, John P. G., general, born. 

Neale, Leonard, bishop, born. 

Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, states- 

1747* * 
Brainerd. David, missionary, A29. 
Coke, Thomas, bishop, born. 

Dickinson. Jonathan, clergyman, A59. 

Farrar, Timothy, judge, born. 

Fitson, John, explorer, born. 

Howell, David, judge, born. 

Jones, John Paul, naval officer, born. 

Moody, Samuel, minister, A7I. 

Shays, Daniel, insurrectionist, born. 
1748* * 

Deane, James, missionary, born. 

Few, William, colonel, born. 

Hicks, Elias. Friend preacher, born. 

Martin, Luther, lawyer, born. 

Moore, Benjamin, bishop, born. 

Williams, Otho H., general, born. 
1749* * 

Backus, Charles, clergyman, born. 

Baynan, William, surgeon, born. 

(iansevoort, 1'eter, officer, born. 

Godfrey, Thomas, mathematician, dies. 

Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, born. 

Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, born. 

Lincoln. Levi, statesman, born. 

Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Declaration, b. 

Palmer, Anthony, statesman, dies. 

Ramsav, David, physician, born. 

Rutledg-e. Edward, statesman, born. 

Sargent, John, missionary, A49. 

Stevens, John L., inventor, born. 

Thomas, Isaiah, journalist, born. 
1750* * 

Biddle, Nicholas, navy, born. 

Daboll, Nathan, teacher, born, 
■ Francisco, Miranda. Venezuelan, born. 

Girard. Stephen, founder, born. 

Iredell. James, justice, born in N. C. 

Jasper. William, patriot, born. 

Knox, Henry, general, born. 

Lawrence, John, statesman, born. 

Parsons. Theophilus, judge, born. 

Pinckney. Thomas, general, born. 

Taliaferro, Benjamin, officer, born. 

Trumbull, John, poet, born. 



CHURCH. 
1744 * * N. 5'. The governor opposes 
the missionaries. 



Influenced by white opposition, he 
issues orders " that the several Moravian 
and vagrant teachers among the Indians 
of New York should desist from further 
teaching and preaching to the Indian.-, 
and depart the province." These orders 
were executed hy the sheriff.] 

Rev. David Brainerd is sent by the 
Presbytery of New York a missionary to 
the Indians. 

* * Pa. The " Old Side " or strict Pres- 
byterians open an academy at New Lon- 
don. 

* * George Whitefield makes his third 
evangelistic visit to America. 

* * Va. Mobs of persecutors torment 
the Baptists. 

1745 May 25. Phila. Commissioners 
from the Presbvtery of New York de- 
cline to accept the report of a Synodical 
Commission appointed to remove differ- 
ences ; it proposes to the Synod a mutual 
agreement to erect another synod, to be 
called the Synod of New York. 

Sept. 19. N.J. The Presbyteries of New 
York, New Brunswick, and New London- 
derry unite at Elizabethtown and er.-.-i 
the Synod of New York, thus dividing 
the Presbyterian church. 

The division is chiefly caused by differ- 
ences in opinions respecting ministerial 
education. The " Old Side" constitute 
the Synod of Philadelphia ; the " »w 
Side," the Synod of New York : the 
latter urge a more spiritual ministry. 

1746 May 15. Phila. Fifty-sbc Bap- 
tists form a Baptist church entirely in- 
dependent of that at Pennepeck (Lower 
Dublin). 

* * N. J. The " New Side " Presbyterians 
get a charter for the college of New 
Jersey (Princeton College) ; first locate 
it at Elizabethtown. 

1747* * Mass., etc. John Brainerd suc- 
ceeds his brother as missionary to the 
Indians. 

* * Md. Controversy on baptism by 
Samuel Finley and Abel Morgan 
through the press. 

Sept. 12. New York. A sub-governing 
body, called the Coetus, is formed in 
the Dutch Reformed church. 

Sept. 29. Pa. The first Reformed Ger- 
man Coetus is formed. 

1748 Aug. 14. Phila. Convention 
of Lutherans meets and organizes the 
first Lutheran Synod in America ; J. N. 
Kurtz is ordained for the ministry, 
the first of this denomination in the 
colonies. 

1749 * * Boston.' The corner-stone of the 
[present] King's Chapel is laid. [1754, 
Aug. 21. Reopened.] 

* * X. Y. A new missionary resumes the 
work among the Mohawks, which was 
abandoned during the recent war. 

1750 Jan. * Boston. Jonathan May- 
hew preaches against tyranny and priest- 
craft. 

June 22. Mass. Contention drives Jon- 
athan Edwards from his church at 
Northampton, " the largest Protestant 
society in the world " ; he becomes a 
missionary to the Stockbridge Indians. 

* * or 1755 * *N. H. The first Baptist 
church is formed at Newtown (Kewton). 



AMERICA. 



1744-1751, Nov. 



67 



LETTERS. 
1744* * p a . Benjamin Franklin be- 
comes the projector of the University 
of Pennsylvania, 

* * Franklin becomes the founder of the 
American Philosophical Society. 

1745 * * Boston. The American Monthly 
Magazine is established by Jeremy 
Gri'dley. 

* * Md. The Maryland Gazette, the first 
newspaper printed in this province, is 
revived at Annapolis, the capital. 

1746 Oct. 22. N. Y. Bill introduced 
in the assembly to raise §11,250 by lot- 
tery, for the erection of a college 
(Columbia). 

* * N. J. The (Presbyterian) Presbytery 
of New York, in session at Elizabeth- 
town, New Jersey, founds Nassau Hall 
(Princeton). 

* * -47 * * New York. The Evening Post 
issued by Henry de Forrest. 

* *A Treatise Concerning the Religious 
Affections, by Jonathan Edwards, 
appears. 

1747 * * History of the First Discovery 
and Settlement of Virginia, by William 
Stith, appears. 

* * Philosophic Solitude, by William Liv- 
ingston, appears. 

* * N. J. The College of New Jersey 
(Princeton) is removed to Newark. 

1748 Oct. 28. N. Y. Governor Clin- 
ton signs the bill revising an act to 
raise $9,000 by lottery, to build a col- 
lege (Columbia). 

* * S.C. The Library Society is organized. 

1749 * * An Inquiry into the Qua! idea- 
tions for Full Communion in the Church, 
by Jonathan Edwards, appears. 

* * N. C. Printing is introduced. 

* * Pa. The University of Pennsyl- 
vania (non-sect.) is founded. (Or 1740.) 

* * Va. ["Washington and Lee Uni- 
versity] (non-sect.) is founded as a school 
at Greenville. 

1750 * * Mass. Ninety Mohawks come 
from New York, and put their children 
in the Stockbridge Indian School. 

SOCIETY. 

1745 Feb. 2. W. I. A conspiracy of 
negroes in Jamaica to murder their 
masters, exposed by a negress to her mis- 
tress. [Severely punished.] 

1747 K"ov. 17. Boston. The British 
impress seamen. An indignant mob 
expresses the public resentment against 
Commander Knowles ; the governor 
withdraws to Castle William. 

1750 * * Boston. An amateur theatrical 
play leads the legislature to prohibit 
theatrical exhibitions in the province. 

STATE. 
1744 * * Virginia purchases of the Indi- 
ans the right to extend settlements to the 
Ohio, and build a fort [where Pittsburg 
now stands]. 

* * Wis. Charles de Langlade becomes a 
settler. 



1745* * Md. Frederick City is founded. 

* * P. I. Gideon "Wanton governor. 
[1747.] 

* * Va. Lord Halifax settles beyond the 
mountains. 

1746 * * Sp. Ferdinand VI,, king. 

* * [CT. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-51 * * Md. Samuel Ogle. 

N. J. John Hamilton (pres.). 
-47* *N.J. John Reading. 

1747 Nov. 17. Boston. Commander 
Knowles impresses seamen, and his 
officers are imprisoned by a mob until 
the release of the men impressed. 

* *-57* * New York. Edward Holland 
the 39th mayor. 

* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-57 * * N. J. Jonathan Belcher. 
-48 * * Pa. Anthony Palmer (pres.). 

1748 July * N. Y. A colonial con- 
gress held at Albany is attended by 
representatives of New England and of 
the Six Nations. 

Oct. 7. Fr. Treaty of Aix-la-Chapelle 
between England, France, and Spain, 
by which each surrenders its conquests, 
and Cape Breton is restored to the 
French. [1749. May 10. It is proclaimed 
at Boston.] 

Oct. * N. Y. Gov. Clinton meets an as- 
sembly at Albany, and demands a rev- 
enue for the king. The assembly 
insists on naming the incumbent of 
each office, and is prorogued. 

* * Persons in England and Virginia unite 
to form the Ohio Company. 

* * Pa. James Hamilton, governor. 

* * W. I. Tobago is declared a neutral 
island. 

1749 Mar. 3. Eng. Under the pretext 
of suppressing the flagrant evils of co- 
lonial paper money, Walpole reports a 
bill to overrule all charters, and to 
make the orders by the king, or under 
his authority, the highest law of 
America. 

June 5. N. S. The British government 
sends emigrants to Nova Scotia at its 
own expense ; Halifax is founded. 

Oct. 16. Massachusetts makes a treaty 
with the eastern Indians. 

* * Eng. A Stamp Act proposed. 

* * Massachusetts becomes a hard money 
colony. 

* * [CT. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
-53 * * Mass. Spencer Pliips. 

-70 * * Va. Lord Albemarle, Thomas 
Lee, and later, Lewis Bur- 
well (acting). 

* * New England is reimbursed by 
England in specie for her outlay in the 
Louisburg expedition, and thus enabled 
to redeem her paper currency. 

* * N. H. Disputes over the New Hamp- 
shire grants [continuing for forty years]. 

* * * The struggle between the French 
and English for possession of Ohio 
Valley begins. The French are the 
first occupants. 

1750 * * The Ohio Company obtains a 



grant of about 600,000,000 acres ahout 
the Ohio River in territory claimed by 
France. [War follows for eight years.] 

* * Arg. Rep. Montevideo enjoys a pro- 
vincial government separate from that 
of Buenos Ay res. 

* * Boston. Jonathan Mayhew makes 
his bold utterances against England. 

* * Eng. Parliament attempts to sup- 
press the development of the colo- 
nies, to prevent competition in similar 
productions. 

It forbids, under penalties, the main- 
taining of iron-mills, slitting or rolling 
mills, plaiting-furges, ;uid especially the 
manufacture of steel ; it also prohibits 
the felling of pine-trees outside of cer- 
tain enclosures. 

* * Md. — Pa. Mason and Dixon are 
appointed to survey the division line 
between Maryland and Pennsylvania. 
[It afterwards becomes the notable 
boundary between freedom and slavery.] 

* * N. Y. The colony grows slowly, 
being outstrix>ped by Massachusetts, 
Connecticut, Pennsylvania, Maryland, 
and Virginia. 

* * N. S. Conflicting claims are made 
by the French and English. 

* * 0. Christopher Gist, G. Crogan, and 
A. Mentour are in the Ohio country. 

The Shawnees enter the Ohio country. 

* * Paraguay. The Jesuits resist the 
transfer of a part of Paraguay to the 
Spaniards, till they are subdued by com- 
bined Spaniards and Portuguese troops. 
It is in the interest of their missions. 

* * Port. Joseph Immanuel king. 

* * J 'a. George "Washington, nineteen 
years of age, is appointed surveyor-gen- 
eral of the Northern District. 

The Ohio Company send Christopher 
Gist into the west on an exploring ex- 
pedition. 

* * - 54 * * Conn. Roger "Wolcott is gov- 
ernor. 

1751 July* N. Y. A colonial con- 
gress at Albany in which South Caro- 
lina joins for the first time. Subject, 
the protection of the colonies from the 
French. Peace concluded between the 
English colonies and the Six Nations. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1745 * * N. J. A census taken ; popu- 
lation sixty-one thousand four hundred 
and three. 

* * W. I. The yellow fever rages. 

1748 * * Md. The population is esti- 
mated at 94,000 whites and 36,000 blacks ; 
total, 130,000. 

* * Colombia. Porto Bello is the great 
commercial mart for the rich commerce 
of Chile and Peru. [Now a small village 
20 miles northeast of Colon.] 

1750 * * New Eng. Popoulation about 
three hundred and fifty-four thousand. 

* * W. I. Fire consumes a part of Port 
Royal, Jamaica. 

* * Pennsylvania receives 5,317 emi- 
grants. 

* * Since 1607 there has been very little 
emigration to the colonies to this date. 



68 1751-1755, Sept. 8. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1751 * * Va. George "Washington, 19 
years of age, is appointed Adjt.-Gen. for 
the Northern District of Virginia. 

1752* * Pa, Virginians delay building 
the fort at the forks of the Ohio. 

* * O. The French destroy the English 
trading-post at Pickawillany. 

1754* * Lieut.- Col. "Washington, 22 
years old, becomes colonel on the illness 
of Col. Fry. ["Without experience in war 
he soon strikes the first blow in the final 
struggle between the French and Eng- 
lish for supremacy in the New World.] 

Mar. * Pa. Thirty-three Virginians 
forestall the French and build a stock- 
ade in the "West. [On the present site 
of Pittsburg.] 

Apr. 17. Pa. The French capture the 
Virginians, erect a stronger fortress and 
call it Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg). 

May 28. Pa. Near the Great Meadows 
at the confluence of the Monongahela 
and the Alleghany Rivers, "Washington 
surprises and defeats a French force 
under M. Jumonville, who is killed with 
10 of his men ; 22 survivors are captured, 
while only one Virginian is killed and 
two or three wounded. 

July 4. Pa. Col. George "Washington 
has his first defeat in the defense of 
Fort Necessity (S. "W. Pennsylvania), 
where he capitulates to a superior force 
of the French. 

Aug. 27. JSf. Y. The French and In- 
dians break up all settlements at Hoo- 
sick and Sehaghticoke. 

* * Me. Fort Halifax is built on the Ken- 
nebec. 

* * The English establish forts west of 
tbe Alleghanies. 

1755 Feb. * Va. Gen. Braddock, com- 
mander of British forces, arrives from 
Ireland. 

OLD FRENCH AND INDIAN ^VAR. 

* * -63 * * The French and Indian 
"War between England and France — 
a part of the Seven Years' "War in Eu- 
rope. It is a struggle to acquire su- 
premacy in the New World. 

Tbe French have Indians as their 
allies. 

Apr. ± * Three expeditions are planned 
against the French in a council of colo- 
nial governors : (1) against Fort Du 
Quesne ; (2) against Fort Niagara; (3) 
against the fort at Crown Point. 

May 20. N. S. Two thousand troops 
sail from Boston to subdue the French 
in Acadia. [In less than a month, with 
a loss of only 20 men, the English take 
the entire country.] 

May 30. Va. Gen. Braddock advances 
to drive the French intruders out of the 
Ohio Valley. 

June 8. The British fleet off Cape Race 
attacks a part of a French fleet, and 
captures two vessels. (June 10 ?). 

June 7. Md. Gen. Braddock sets out 
on his disastrous march from Fort Cum- 
berland. 



June 16. X. S. Fort Beau Sejour sur- 
renders to Col. Monckton after a siege 
of four days. 

Fort Gaspereau surrenders to 
Monckton. 

June * Va. Braddock refuses the aid of 
Indian scouts and frontier men, having 
"experienced troops on whom he could 
rely for all purposes." 

June * -July * A r . Y. Fort Edward, 
on the Hudson, is erected against tbe 
French by General Phineas Lyman, with 
about G,000 troops ; they also fortify Ti- 
conderoga. 

July 7. Pa. Braddock's defeat. 

Near Fort Du Quesne (Pittsburg), Gen. 
Braddock is surprised by a party of 
French and Indians, his 1,200 troops are 
routed, and he is mortally wounded. 

The enemy consist of 220 French, led 
by Beaujeu and Dumas, with 637 In- 
dians ; of Braddock's 85 officers, 26 are 
killed and 37 wounded, and 714 privates 
killed or wounded. Colonel George 
"Washington saves the remnant of the 
army ; he has two horses shot under 
him, and, though his coat is shot 
through, he escapes unscathed. 

+ * * England and France struggle for 
possession of the Ohio Valley and 
Acadia. 

* * Mass. Governor Shirley of Mas- 
sachusetts is appointed commander-in- 
chief of the British forces in America. 

* * Summer. Pa. The disaster attend- 
ing Braddock's expedition fills the colo- 
nies with gloom and consternation; 
it shakes the colonists' confidence in the 
British soldiers. 

Aug. 2. Pa. Col. Dunbar leaves a few 
troops at Fort Cumberland, and retires 
with tbe rest of his army to Philadelphia. 

Aug.* N. r. Gen. "William Johnson 
erects a fort at the head of Lake George. 

Aug. 30±. A r . Y. Gen. "William John- 
son with 3,400 men is sent to drive the 
French from the Lake Champlain region. 

Sept. 5. N. S. Exile of the Acadians 
announced. 

The British, having subdued the 
French in Acadia, proceed to banish 
more than 4,000 hapless men, women, 
and children among the British colonies, 
and burn their property. "The history 
of civilized nations furnishes no parallel 
to this wanton and wicked destruction 
of an inoffensive colony." (Ridpath.) 

Sept. 8. N. Y. Col. Ephraim "Wil- 
liams, with a thousand men, leaves Lake 
George, and marches for the defense of 
Fort Edward. He is soon surprised by 
French and Indians under Baron Dies- 
kau, and driven back. The English lose 
among the killed Col. Williams and tbe 
Indian Chief Hendrick. 

The French follow the returning fu- 
gitives to Lake George, where they are 
repulsed by the New England militia. 
American loss, 216 killed and 96 wound- 
ed ; tbe French loss is greater. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1751 + * * PMla. David Kittenhouse 
(19 years old) discovers the method of 
fluxions. 

1752 Sept. 25. Va. The first play 
performed in America by a regular 
company of comedians is acted. 



The Merchant of Venice and Garrick's 
Let)n' are performed by William Hal- 
lam's Company pi English acton at Wil- 
liamsburg, the capital city. 

* * Phita. Benjamin Franklin makes 
remarkable electrical discoveries. 

Franklin brings electricity down from 
a cloud, and proves that it is identical 
with lightning. 
± * * Lightning conductors are set up 
for the protection of buildings by Ben- 
jamin Franklin. 

* * S. C. St. Michael's Church at 
Charleston is built. 

1753 Sept. 17- Xew York, Thesecond 
theater in this city is opened in Nassau 
Street, by Hallam's Company, with 
Steele's Conscious Lovers. 

* * Phila. An Arctic expedition is sent 
out under the instigation of Franklin. 

* * Pa. Benjamin "West paints the 
Death of Socrates at Lancaster. 

* * * It is commonly believed, even by 
educated people, in the Old World, that 
plants and animals degenerate in size 
and quality when transplanted into the 
New World. 

1754 Apr. 15. Phila. The first thea- 
ter is opened at the corner of Cedar and 
Vernon Streets, with the Fair Penitent, 
by Hallam's Company, at " the store- 
house " of Wm. Plumstead. 

1755 Apr. * Ecuador. An earthquake 
destroys Quito. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1751 * * 

Allen, Ira, founder, born. 

Allen, Solomon, clercvinan, born. 

Barber, Francis, officer, born. 

Cabot, George, agitator, born. 

Dearborn. Henry, general, born. 

Decatur. Stephen, commodore U. S. N., b. 

Dudley. Paul, jurist, dies. 

Ledyard, John, traveler, born. 

Madison, James. 4th l'resident, born Mar. 16. 

Phillips, Samuel, bent- fact or, born. 

Red Jacket, Seneca Indian, born. 

Smybert, John, painter, A67. 
1752* * 

Bleecker, Ann Eliza, poetess, born. 

Bowdoin, James, diplomat, born. 

Bradford. William, printer, A92. 

Burton, Asa, clergyman, born. 

Champe, John, soldier, bom. 

Chijunan, Nathaniel, jurist, born. 

Clarke, George Rogers, general, born. 

Duval. Gabriel, justice, born in Jld. 

Dwight. Timothy. Pres. of Yale Coll., b. 

Freneau, Philip, poet, born. 

Garrettson. Freeborn, Jleth. cl., born. 

Howard, John Kagt-r. soldier, born. 

Humphreys, David, soldier, born. 

Linn, William, chaplain, born. 

Logan, Benjamin, pioneer, bom. 

Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, born. 
1753* * 

Baldwin, Thomas, theologian, born. 

Eustis, William, physician, born. 

HaniKir, Josiali, general, born. 

Hull, William, general, bora. 

JlcCrea, Jane, killed by Indians, born. 

Rumford, Count (Benjamin Thompson), 
philosopher, bom. 

Warren, John, physician, born. 

Wheat-ley, Phillis, negro poetess, born. 

Wilkinson, Jemima, impostor, born. 
1754* * 

Barlow, Joel, poet-patriot, born. 

Burbeck, Henry, army officer, born. 

Ellieotr.Andrew, astronomer, bom, 

Hampton. Wade, general, born. 

Tallmadge, Benjamin, army officer, bora. 

Thatcher, James, physician, born. 

CHURCH. 

1751 * * Mass. Tuscarora and Oneida 

Indians join the Christian Indians of 

StocUbridge, and put their children in 

the Indian schools. 



AMERICA. 



1751-1755, Sept. 8. G9 



Jonathan Edwards becomes pastor 
of the church at Stockbridge, and mis- 
sionary to the Stockbridge Indians. 
Salary, £6 13s. 4c/. 

* * S. C. Charleston Baptist Association 
formed. 

1752 * * Can. Moravian missionaries 
land in Labrador. 

* * Pa. Arrival of Mr. Cuthbertson, a 
Presbyterian (Reformed) minister sent 
from Scotland. 

Arrival of Philip 'William Otter- 
bein (Ger.), founder of the United 
Brethren in Christ. 
1754 * * N. V. The Coetus of the Re- 
formed Dutch church takes steps for 
the formation of a Classis. 

* * Jamaica. Moravian missionaries be- 
gin labor among the natives. 

* * Va. By the laws of this colony, every 
settlement is to have " a house for the 
worship of God " ; absence therefrom is 
punishable with a fine ; traveling or 
shooting on the Sabbath is interdicted. 

* * W. I. Friedensthal becomes a mis- 
sion station of tbe Moravians, at St. 
Croix. 

* * Catholic vs. Protestant. 

The religious future of the New World 
is in the issue of the French and Indian 
war ; the success of the French signifies 
the dominance of»Catholicism ; of the 
English, thesupreinaeyof Protestantism. 

LETTERS. 

1751 * * N.J. "Woodbridge has the first 
printing-press in the province. 

* * N. Y. The sum of £3,443 has been 
raised to found King's College (Colum- 
bia). 

1752* * New York. The Independent Re- 
flector issued by James Parker. 

The Mercury issued by Hugh Gaine. 

± * * Struggle in the legislature and 
through the press to prevent the estab- 
lishment of seminaries of learning 
having connection with any religious 
society; William Livingston leader. 

1753 * * Nero York. The Pacquet issued 
by William Wenman. 

New York. Rev. Dr. Samuel Johnson, 
of Connecticut, is invited to the presi- 
dency of King's (Columbia) College ; 
salary, £250. 

* * P. I. The Athenseum Library at 
Providence is founded. 

1754 July 17. New York. King's (Co- 
lumbia) College, under the presidency 
of Dr. Johnson, opens with a class of 
ten students, in the vestry room of 
Trinity Church. 

Oct. 31. New York. A royal charter 
for King's (Columbia) College (Prot. 
Epis.) passes the seals. 

Governors, the Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, the principal clergy of five re- 
ligious denominations in New York, 
and twenty private gentlemen. Money 
is raised in England, ami Joseph Murray 
gives S40.000 and his library. 

The Society Library is founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1752 Feb. 2. Pennsylvania hospital 
admits its first patient. 



* * * New Eng. It becomes fashionable 
as well as honorable to wear home- 
spun, because of British oppression in 
restricting manufactures and commerce. 
Harvard students make it a point to 
be graduated in homespun. 

* * * Ga. The Colony is a financial 
failure. 

After nearly 20 years of benevolent ef- 
fort and the expenditure of more than 
Siiun.noit in Parliamentary grants, and 
of private contributions amounting to 
nearly $90,000, Georgia has only 1,700 
whites, and 40O negroes, and a discoura- 
ging future. The failure of the colony is 
charged to its benevolent scheme, and 
lack of wisdom in the proprietary regu- 
lations. 

1753 Oct. 31. Va. George Wash- 
ington, a surveyor, 22 years old, with 
four comrades and an interpreter, sets 
out for the shores of Lake Erie, bearing 
an important remonstrance from the 
Governor of Virginia to the commander 
of the French. 

Dec. 16. Pa. Washington starts on 
his return journey, in great peril from 
Indians. 

STATE. 

1751 * * D.C. Georgetown is laid out at 
the head of navigation on the Potomac ; 
it grows rapidly. 

* * * America refuses to be ruled by ar- 
bitrary instruction. 

* * Eng. The colonies are regarded by 
the mother country as depots for the 
distribution of home products on a new 
soil. 

1752 Jan. 1. Eng. The calendar is 
changed. 

Parliament enacts that the beginning 
of the new year shall be changed from 
the 25th of March to January 1 in Eng- 
land and her colonies. Eleven days to 
be omitted after September 3d. 

Mar. * Pa. A plan of American union 
is proposed. 

June 13. Virginia treats with the Indi- 
ans at Logstown, and is permitted to 
build a fort at the forks of the Ohio. 
[Delayed.] 

June 23. Ga. The trustees of this un- 
successful colony surrender the char- 
ter to the king, and it becomes a royal 
province. 

Sept. 3. Eng. New Style introduced. 
The CALENDAR CHANGED ; 
Sept. 3 changed to Sept. 14 in England 
and her colonies. 

* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-54 * * Ga. Capt. J.Reynolds (Prov.). 

Md. Benjamin Tasker. 
N. C. Nathaniel Bice (pres.). 
-58 * * Va. Robert Dinwiddie. 

1753 May + * O. A large body of 
French and Indian allies enter the val- 
ley of the Ohio. 

Oct. 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborn 
supersedes Governor Clinton. 

Oct. 31. The English colonies are irri- 
tated by the erection of French forts in 
the interior, at their rear. George Wash- 
ington commissioned by the governor of 
Virginia to remonstrate. 



Nov. 14. Va. Washington starts from 
Williamsburg on his perilous journey 
through the forest, to inquire the pur- 
poses of the invading French at Fort Le 
Bceuf [Pittsburg]. 

Dec. 12. N. Y. The Assembly passes 
an act for the registry of mortgages, 
to prevent fraud. 

* * Connecticut colonizes lands in Penn- 
sylvania. 

* * [ U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-56 * * Mass. William Shirley. 
-56 * * Md. Horatio Sharpe. 

-54 * * A r . C. Matthew Rowan (pres.). 
Oct- 10. N. Y. Sir Danvers Osborne. 
-55 * * N. Y. James de Lancey. 

* * Pa. The first settlement in the Ohio 
Valley is made by "Virginians on the 
banks of the Youghiogheny. 

1754 Jan 16. Va. George Washing- 
ton brings a letter from the French 
commander refusing to vacate the terri- 
tory held by the French in the West. 

June 19. N. Y. Congress of seven 
colonies at Albany ; a union for de- 
fense is proposed. 

July 4. N. Y. Benjamin Franklin 
lays before the Congress at Albany a 
plan for a federal constitution, aim- 
ing to provide by union for a common 
defense against French encroachment ; 
it is adopted [but afterward rejected by 
some of the colonies, and by the British 
government]. 

Dec. * Boston. Gov. Shirley lays before 
Franklin a scheme of colonial union, 
which provides for a colonial congress 
and British taxation. 

* * Kentucky is settled by Col. Daniel 
Boone of Bucks County, Pennsylvania. 

* *tU. £.] Governors inaugurated: 
-66 * * Conn. Thomas Fitch. 

-56 * * Ga. John Reynolds. 
-63 * * N. C, Arthur Dobbs. 
-55 * * Pa. Robert H. Morris (dep.). 

* * Va. The French continue to en- 
croach upon the territory of "Virginia, 
west of the Alleghanies. 

1755 Apr. 14. Va. In a colonial con- 
gress at Alexandria, Gen. Braddock 
and five colonial governors recommend 
taxation of America by Parliament. 

July * Eng. Halifax proposes to ease 
the mother country by taxing the colo- 
nies. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1751* * La. Sugar-cane is introduced. 

* * Pa. Franklin estimates the popula- 
tion of the colonies at " nearly a mil- 
lion English souls," about 20,000 of them 
to be native born. 

* * Philadelphia has about 17,000 people, 
including 6,000 negroes. 

1752 * * Boston loses about 550 people by 
a small-pox scourge. The population 
is 17,574. 

* * N. Y. The first house is erected in 
[the city of Troy]. 

* * -54 * * Iceland. Great famine be- 
cause of the failure of crops ; thousands 
perish. 



70 1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY- NAVY. 

1755 Sept. 10. Can. Seven thousand 
Acadians are forced to embark for 
banishment. [Fisher's estimate, 7,000 ; 
"Winsor'B, 4,000.] 

Sept. * N. Y. Fort "William Henry, a 
useless wooden defense, is erected at 
Lake George by Gen. Johnson. 

Oct. 24. Gov. Shirley, commander of the 
expedition against Fort Niagara, grows 
weak-hearted, and abandons the move- 
ment after learning of Braddock's defeat. 

* * N. Y. The French fortify Ticon- 
deroga. 

* * Va. Indian warfare on the fron- 
tier [continuing several years]. 

1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the 
French for two years, Great Britain 
makes an open declaration of war. 

June 9. France formally declares war 
against Great Britain. 

June 15. New York. Gen. Abercrom- 
bie, the second in command under the 
Earl of Loudoun, arrives with several 
British regiments. 

Forty German officers arrive to re- 
cruit a loyal American regiment of 4,000 

June 27. If. Y. Abercrombie, at Al- 
bany, billets his soldiers upon private 
houses, and proceeds to while away the 
summer. 

June * Gov. Shirley resigns the com- 
mand of the British troops in America. 

Aug.± * Can. The Marquis Louis Joseph 
Montcalm supersedes Baron Dies- 
kau in command of the French. 

Aug. 12. Can. Montcalm, with a mixed 
force of over 5,000 men, and 30 pieces of 
cannon, commences the siege of Fort 
Ontario, on the Oswego Kiver. 

Aug. 13. If. Y. The garrison of Fort 
Ontario retires to the old fort on the 
opposite side of the river. 

Aug. 14. N. Y. Surrender of Oswe- 
go. Montcalm obtains an immense 
amount of military stores, also 1,400 pris- 
oners, and 134 cannon. 

Sept. 8. Pa. Col. John Armstrong, 
with 300 volunteers, surprises and de- 
stroys the hostile Indians in Western 
Pennsylvania, with a loss of only 1G men. 

* * III. The French construct a system 
of forts in the interior, westward, near 
the Illinois River. 

* * Rhode Island sends 50 privateers, 
with 1,500 men, against the French. 

* * Va. George "Washington drives the 
the Indians out of the Valley of the 
Shenandoah. 

1757 Jan.* Can. General Stark goes 
down Lake George with 70 rangers, and 
turns the strong post of Carillon. 

June 20. Can. Loudoun sails with a 
splendid army for Halifax. [He is reen- 
forced later by additional troops, mak- 
ing 11,000 men and 16 men of war.] 

Aug. 3. If. Y. The French and Indians 
under Montcalm besiege Fort Wil- 
liam Henry; Col. Monroe sends to 
Fort Edward 15 miles distant for aid, of 
Gen. Webb, who has 4,000 men at com- 



mand; he declines the request, and coun- 
sels a surrender. 

Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Loudoun is in- 
formed that a large French fleet and a 
garrison of 0,000 men await him at Louis- 
burg, so he abandons the expedition 
against it. 

Aug. 9. If. Y. Col. Monroe with about 
2,000 men surrenders Fort William 
Henry to Gen. Montcalm who has 
11,500 men ; the Indian allies, maddened 
with rum, cruelly massacre the pris- 
oners at Bloody Pond. 

* * The French seem triumphant every- 
where. 

The campaigns of the last two years 
have been disgraceful to the British 
flag ; imbecility and cowardice in the 
management is the cause. France pos- 
sesses twenty times as much American 
territory as England. 

* * Eng. Lord Jeffrey Amherst is ap- 
pointed commander of a division of 
the British army in America ; James 
"Wolfe is his talented lieutenant. 

1758 Jan.± * The imbecile Lord Lou- 
doun is retired and Gen. Abercrombie 
succeeds him in command of the 
British army in America. Lord 
Howe is next in rank. 

Mar. * Rogers is defeated on Lake Cham- 
plain. 

Apr. 30. N. Y. German Flats are at- 
tacked by the Indians. 

May 28 -July 26. if. S. Successful 
expedition of the British against 
Louisburg. 

Gen. Amherst, with nearly 12,000 men, 
and Admiral Boscawen, with nearly 40 
vessels, capture the fortress and destroy 
the shipping. 

June 8. If. S. General Amherst lands 
his forces near Louisburg. 

July 5. If. Y. Abercrombie and Lord 
Howe embark on Lake George against 
Ticonderoga and Crown Point, having 
nearly 16,000 men and much artillery 
with them. 

July 6. If. Y. The French ambuscade 
the British advance near Fort Ticon- 
deroga; Lord Howe, " the soul of the 
army," is killed, and the soldiers are 
dispirited, having no confidence in Aber- 
crombie. 

July 8. If. Y. Battle of Ticonderoga 
won by the French. 

The British attack the fort, which is 
successfully defended by about one- 
fourth their number. "In no battle of 
the Revolution did the British have so 
large a force engaged or meet so terrible 
a loss." (Ridpath.) 

July 9. If. Y. Abercrombie retreats 
from Ticonderoga to Fort George. 

July 26. N. S. England takes Nova 
Scotia. 

After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg 
capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst: 
Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and 
nearly 6,000 prisoners fall to the British. 

July * Fort Stanwix is built. 

Aug. 27. Can. The British, under Col. 
Bradstreet, take Fort Frontenac 
(Kingston), also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of 
war, and a large military store. 

Sept. 15. Pennsylvania troops and 800 
Highlanders under Gen. Bouquet ap- 



proach the French position at Fort Du 
Quesne, arc surprised and routed. 

Nov. 24. Pa. The French abandon 
and burn Fort Du Quesne at the 
approach of Gens. Forbes, Washington, 
and Armstrong, with 9,000 men. 

Nov. 25. Pa. The English flag is raised 
over the ruins, and the place is called 
Pittsburg after the great Commoner. 

* * Can. Montreal is surrounded by 
walls. 

1759 Jan.± * Va. "Washington (aged 
26; resigns his command after the de- 
parture of the French from Fort Du 
Quesne. 

Jan. 23. W.I. The British attack 
Guadeloupe. ' 

Jan. * Eng. General Amherst (Lord 
Jeffrey) is promoted to the chief com- 
mand of the army in America ; par- 
liament votes $60,000,000, to carry on the 
war ; William Pitt proposes to con- 
quer all Canada. 

June 21. Can. The English fleet ap- 
proaches Quebec. 

June 27. Can. Gen. "Wolfe lands an 
army of about 8,000 a few miles below 
Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in 
the city. 

June 30. Can. "Wolfe takes possession 
of Point Levi, where he proceeds to 
erect batteries. 

July 18. Can. Some of Wolfe's vessels 
pass above Quebec. 

July 25, Can. Fort Niagara capitu- 
lates to the British under Sir William 
Johnson after a bloody battle. 

French communication between Can- 
ada and Louisiana is forever broken off. 
Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting 
of a gun during the siege. 

July 26. If. Y. The French garrison re- 
treats from Fort Ticonderoga to Crown 
Point at the approach of Gen. Amherst. 

Summer. Pa. Stanwix builds Fort Pitt 
near Du Quesne. 

July 31. Can. "Wolfe is checked in 
an impetuous assault on the French at 
Quebec, in which he loses 400 men. 

If. Y. The French abandon the 

important fortress at Crown'Point, and 
surrender the valley of the Champlain 
without a battle. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1755 Nov. 18. New England is shaken 
by an earthquake. 

* * Phi-la. Franklin makes experiments 
in electricity with a kite. 

"Nov. 18. An earthquake extends from 
New England to the West Indies. 

1756 Feb. 14. if. Y. The Hudson 
River is free from ice ; recruits sail from 
New York for Albany. 

* * Piiila, Benjamin "West is estab- 
lished as a portrait painter. 

1758 * * Co7in. The first paper-mill is 
erected at Norwich. 

* * New York: A sail-loft is used for the- 
atrical purposes by a strolling company. 

A new theater is built at Cruger's 
wharf by Mr. Douglas. 



AMERICA. 



1755, Sept. 10-1759, July. 71 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1755* * 

Adams, Hannah, authoress, horn. 

Bancroft, Aaron, theologian, horn. 

Evans, Oliver, engineer, horn. 

Gray, Kohert, discoverer, born. 

Hale, Nathan, patriot, horn. 

Kenton, Simon, pioneer, horn, 

King. Ruius. statesman, horn. 

Marshall, John, chief justice, horn in Va. 

Moore. Alfred, justice, born in N. C. 

Truxtun, Thomas, naval officer, horn. 

"Williams, Ephraim, colonel, founder, A40. 
1756* * 

Burr, Aaron, slayer of Hamilton, horn. 

Dale, Kichanl, commodore, born. 

Laurens, John, officer, born. 

Lee, Henry, general, born. 

Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, born. 

Tilghman, William, jurist, born. 

Trumbull, John, painter, born. 
1757* * 

Badger, Joseph, missionary, born. 

Hamilton. Alexander, statesman, horn. 

Hammond, Samuel, statesman, born. 

Laiayette, Marquis de, born in France, 
Sept. 6. 

Macon, Nathaniel, sen. for N. C. born. 

Paine, Elijah, jurist, born. 

Robbins, Ashur, statesman, born. 

Wilkinson, James, general, born. 
1758* * 

Ames, Fisher, statesman, born. 

Armstrong, John, author, horn. 

Edwards. Jonathan, theologian, A55. 

Messerve, Nathaniel, colonel, patriot, A43. 

Monroe, James. 5th President, born Apr. 
28 in Va. 

Paulding:. John, patriot, born. 

Pinckney, Charles, statesman, born. 

Prince, Thomas, historian, A71. 

"Webster. Noah, lexicographer, horn. 

"Worcester, Noah, clergyman, born. 

CHURCH. 

1755 Sept. 30. N. T. Assembling of 
the Conferentie of theReformed Dutch 
in New York. [Much strife and fre- 
quently some violence in the churches 
on governmental questions.] 

* * Can. In Nova Scotia 7,000 Catholic 
Acadians are banished and scattered 
for refusing to take the oath of suprem- 
acy. 

* * N. Y. The Presbytery organizes a 
mission presbytery in Hanover County, 
Virginia. 

1756 Apr. 1. Jamaica. The first Mo- 
ravian missionary lands at St. Johns. 

Oct. 5. N. J. The Philadelphia Baptist 
Association decides to raise money for 
the establishment of a school at Hope- 
well. 

* * Mass. Isaac Backus becomes a Bap- 
tist, and forms the first Baptist church 
at Middleborough. 

1757 Jan. 12. Jamaica. The first Mo- 
ravian convert is baptized. 

Sept. 10. N. J. G. Du Bois, the first 
pastor of the Reformed Dutch Church 

* of Bergen, is installed. 

1758 Jan. 11. Ga. The General As- 
sembly, meeting at Savannah, legalizes 
the Church of England as the church 
of the province. 

May 22. Pa. The two Presbyterian 
Synods reunite after a separation of 
thirteen years, and form "the Synod of 
New York and Philadelphia" with 94 
members. 

* * Greenland. Lichtenfels becomes a 
mission station of the Moravians. 

* * St. Clement XXU. pope. 

* * N. C. A Baptist Association formed. 

* * O. Christian Frederic Post first opens 
a Moravian mission in the Ohio country. 



LETTERS. 

1755 * * Mass. John Adams graduates 
at Harvard. 

* * Mass. An Inquiry into the Modern 
Prevailing Notion respecting that Free- 
dom of Will which is supposed to be 
essential to Moral Agency, etc., by Jon- 
athan Edwards, appears. [Or 1754.] 

Dec. * N. C. Its first newspaper, the 
North Carolina Gazette, is issued at 
New Berne. 

* * Conn. The first newspaper, the Con- 
necticut Gazette, is issued at New Haven. 

* * New York. Sir Charles Hurdy, the 
new governor, subscribes .$'.2,500 for the 
founding of a college ; this settles the 
controversy in favor of the church party. 

1756 Aug. 23. New York. Thecorner- 
stone of King's (Columbia) College is 
laid. 

* * N. H. Its first newspaper, the Neiv 
Hampshire Gazette, is issued at Ports- 
mouth. 

1757 ±. The Great Christian Doctrine of 
Original Sin Defended, by Jonathan 
Edwards, appears. 

* * N. J. The College of New Jersey 
is removed from Newark to Princeton. 

* * Phila. The American Magazine ap- 
pears. 

1758 * * Boston. The New England 
Magazine appears. 

* * N. J. Jonathan Edwards is called 
to the presidency of Princeton College. 

* * -6Q * * N. J. North American Mag- 
azine appears at "Woodbridge. 

SOCIETY. 
1757 * * Ga. It is enacted that no liq- 
uor license shall be granted to any 
joiner, bricklayer, plasterer, shipwright, 
silversmith, goldsmith, shoemaker, 
smith, tailor, tanner, cabinet maker, or 
cooper, who should be capable of getting 
a livelihood by honest labor and indus- 
try. 

1759 Jan. 6. Va. George Washing- 
ton marries Martha Custis. 

STATE. 
1755 Sept. 10. Can. The Acadians, 
occupying territory claimed by England, 
are forced to embark for transporta- 
tion, leaving their homes behind them 
for the English Crown. 

* * America's first discontent arises 
from duties levied upon goods imported 
from foreign countries. 

* * S. C. The governor induces the Cher- 
okee Indians to cede a large territory 
to Great Britain, and to agree to move 
inland away from the British settle- 
ments. 

* * -63 * * The French and Indian 
"War unites the colonies, and schools 
them in the art of war. 

* * Port. A second Brazil company is 
chartered. 

* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
-57 * *N. Y. Sir Charles Hardy. 

-56 * * E.I. Stephen Hopkins. [Also 
in 1758, 1763, 1767.] 



1756 May* Can. Montcalm arrives 
in Quebec. [He becomes the greatest of 
the governors.] 

* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
-57 * * Mass. Spencer Phips. 

-58* * Pa. W. Denny; J. Hamilton, 
deputy. [Also in 1759-62, 1777.] 
-59 * * S. C. William H. Littleton. 

* * -63 * * The colonists begin to discuss 
the political questions involved in the 
policy of the Home Government, and its 
endeavor to interfere with their civil 
rights and industries ; the people are 
intensely aroused. 

* * Tenn. The first settlement is made 
on the Tennessee River (30 miles from 
Knoxville). 

1757 Jan.* Boston. A congress of 
governors meets and agrees to raise 
4,000 men against the French. Another 
congress of Southern governors meets 
at Philadelphia. 

June * Eng. "William Pitt enters the 
Newcastle ministry, and soon recovers 
British military prestige in America. 
[He rejects a stamp-tax.] 

Pa. A controversy occurs between 
the governor and the Assembly respect- 
ing a scheme of taxation. 

July 27. Benjamin Franklin again ar- 
rives in London, as ambassador to the 
king, from the colony of Pennsylvania. 

* *\_U. £.] Governors inaugurated: 
-59 * * Del. Henry Ellis. 
Apr.-Aug. Mass. The Council. 
-60* * Mass. Thomas Pownall. 
-60 * * N. Y. James de Lancey. 

N. J. John Reading (pres.). 
R. I, William Greene. 

* * Mass. The General Court and Lord 
Loudoun have a controversy respecting 
the quartering of troops. 

* * -66 * * New York. John Cruger the 
40th mayor. 

1758 Nov. 26. Thanksgiving Day is 
observed by the colonists because the 
French are driven out of Fort Duquesne, 
and the valley of the Ohio and the great 
West are opened for the advance of Eng- 
lish settlers. 

* * N. S. A constitution is granted to 
this province. 

* * Georgia is divided into eight parishes. 

* *[U.S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-58 * * N. J. Francis Bernard. 

-61 * * P.I. Stephen Hopkins. [1767.] 
-68 * * Va. Francis Fauquier ; John 
Blair, lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1755 * * New Eng. Population about 

435,000. 
1757 * * La. The French population is 

about 10,000 

* * New York City. Population about 
12,000. 

* * Philadelphia. Population about 
13,000. 

1758** Va: About 70,000 hogsheads 
of tobacco exported. 



72 1759, Aug.-1763. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1759 Aug. 4. JV. Y. Crown Point is 
occupied by 11,000 British under Gen. 
Amherst on the retreat of the French. 

Aug. 11. N. Y. The British embark at 
Crown Point to follow the French, but 
soon abandon the effort. 

Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the 
Plains of Abraham. 

After a siege of 69 days, Quebec is as- 
saulted and the French defeated. Gen. 
James Wolfe falls with his third wound, 
and the equally brave French general, 
Montcalm, is mortally wounded. Great 
Britain wins a vast empire by a single 
battle, "one of the most momentous 
victories in the annals of mankind." 
(Bancroft.) 

Sept. 18. Quebec capitulates to the 

English. 
Sept. 26. Tenn. Col. Montgomery, with 

a force from Carolina, attacks the Chero- 

kees [burning many of their towns]. 
Oct. * Va. Gov. Lyttleton, by perfidious 

conduct and insolence, provokes a war 

with the Cherokees. 

* * Me. Fort Pownall is built on the 
Penobscot. 

1760 Mar. 3. S. C. Unsuccessful at- 
tack of 300 Cherokees on Fort Ninety- 
Apr. 28. Can. The French (tempo- 
rarily) defeat the English in a second 
battle on the Plains of Abraham. 

May 16. Can. English reenforcements 
arrive, and the French retire from 
Quebec. 

June * Tenn. Carolinians, under Colonel 
Montgomery, invade and ravage the 
valley of the Tennessee, to punish the 
Cherokees. They enrage the Indiana 
without subduing them. 

July 1. S. C. Arrival of Montgomery 
on his retreat from the Tennessee coun- 
try. 

Aug. 7. Tenn. The garrison of Fort 
Loudoun capitulates to the Chero- 
kees [and is foully massacred or taken 
into captivity.] 

ALL CANADA TAKEN BY THE 
BRITISH. 

Sept. 8. Montreal falls into the hands 
of General Amherst, at the head of 
three powerful armies. 

Amherst approached the city from up 
the river, white Murray ascended from 
below, and Haviland marched from the 
Lake Champ lain region. 

Nov. 29. Mich. Belfetre surrenders at 
Detroit. 

1761 June 10 +. Tenn. The Chero- 
kees are defeated by the British under 
Lieut. Col. James Grant ; their town, 
magazines, and cornfields destroyed. 

Summer. Mich. The garrison of De- 
troit barely escapes a conspiracy to 
massacre the force by the Seneca and 
"Wyandot Indians. 

1762 Jan. 1. "War between England 
and Spain. 

* * N. B. The French gain [temporary] 
possession of St. John. 

June 6. Cuba. An English squadron of 
32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with 



20,000 men, under the command of the 
Duke of Albemarle and Admiral Pocock, 
appears off Havana. 

July 30. Cuba. The Morro Castle is 
taken by storm. 

Aug. 13. Cuba. The governor of Ha- 
vana capitulates. 

The English gain ships of the line and 
4 frigates, and 14,000 prisoners, besides 
spoil valued at § 10,000,000. 

Autumn. Fontiac plans his conspiracy. 

* * W. I. The English take Martinique, 
St. Lucia, and St. Vincent. 

The French "West Indian Islands 
surrender to an expedition of royal and 
provincial troops. 

1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris 
closes the French and Indian "War, one 
of the most important and far-reaching 
in its results. 

May 7. -Nov. * Mich. Pontiac, chief of 
the Ottawas, instigates a conspiracy. 

It aims to surprise every English post 
between the Alleghanies and the Missis- 
sippi by a confederacy of all the tribes, 
and thus exterminate the English in the 
"West; an Indian maiden at Detroit ex- 
poses and defeats the scheme at that 
garrison. 

May 16. O. The "Wyandots take Fort 
Sandusky, and butcher the garrison. 

May 29. Mich. The Chippeways take 
Fort Mackinaw, and murder nearly all 
of its defenders. 

May-f * Mich. Siege of Detroit. 

July 15. All the English forts of the 
"West captured by the Indians "except 
Niagara, Fort Pitt, and Detroit. 

Sept. 3. Mich. Detroit is relieved from 
a long siege, conducted by Pontiac, by a 
vessel from Niagara. 

Nov. * General Gage succeeds Am- 
herst as commander-in-chief of the 
British forces. 

Dec. 14-27. Pa. The" Paxton Boys'* 
massacre the Conestogas, who were con- 
verted Indians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1760 * * Mass. John Singleton Cop- 
ley first paints. 

* * Benjamin "West goes abroad to study 



1761 - • 
AlRop, Richard, poet, born. 
* harlevolx, Pierre Francois Xavier, miBsIon- 

Davie's, Samuel, pres. of Princeton C'olL A37. 



Murray, William Vans. btat.-Muan, bora. 

Preble. Edward, commodore, born. 

Spauldim.', Solomon. Hook of Mormon, born. 

Wistar, Casper, pbvsician, born. 
1782' • 

Abbot, Benjamin, teacher, born. 

Karle. I'liny, inventor, born. 

Giles, William liran.-h. statesman, born. 

Moore, Uichard i harming, bp. of Va., born. 

Washington, Bushrod,'justice,born in Va. 
1763* * 

Astor, John Jacob, capitalist, born. 

Breckinridge. James, congressman, born. 

Delano, Amasa, traveler, born. 

Holmes. Abiel, clergyman, born. 

Kent. James, jurist, born. 

Slaclure, William, geologist, born. 



art. 

* * Boy and Tame Squirrel is sent by John 
Singleton Copley to the Royal Academy. 

1761 Mar. 12. Mass. An earthquake 
shocks this and adjoining states. 

* * JR. T. Performance of The Provoked 
Husband at Newport. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1759* * 

Adair, John, general, born. 
Barney, Joshua, commodore, born. 
Cooper, Thomas, scientist, born. 
Dallas. Alex. James, statesman, born. 
Gilman, John, Gov. of N. H., horn. 
Pepperell, Sir William, general, A63. ? 
Plumer, William, statesman, born. 
Prideaux, John, officer, A41. 
Read, Nathan, inventor, born. 
"Wolfe, James, general, dies. 
1760* * 
Carey, Matthew, philanthropist, born. 
Dayton. Jonathan, patriot, born. 
Dessalines, Jean .bn-qnes. Haitian emp., b. 
Duane, William, politician, born. 
Duponceau, Peter S., lawyer, born. 
Van Wort, Isaac, patriot, born. 
Wolcott, Oliver, statesman, born. 



CHURCH. 

1759 * * N. Y. Samson Occ am , an In- 
dian convert, is ordained by the Suffolk 
Presbytery. 

1760 Aug. 10. New York. Arrival of 
Philip Embury, the first Methodist 
preacher in America. 

* * Brazil. On the pretext of influencing 
a native revolt the Jesuits are expelled 
with great severity. 

1761 * * New York. The American peo- 
ple are alarmed at Episcopacy because 
of its connection with politics, the clergy 
of the Colony having, in concealed cor- 
respondence, urged the Archbishop of 
Canterbury to promote the abrogation 
of provincial charters. 

1762 June 10. New York. The [pres- 
ent] First Baptist church is organized. 

Dec. 9. Mass. Dr. Jonathan May-hew 
avows Universalism in a Thanksgiving 
sermon. 

1763 * * Can. First Baptist church 
formed in [British America,] at New 
Brunswick. 

* * Fla. The Franciscan Mission in 
Florida reports at this date 25 stations, 
81 missionaries, and over 600 converts. 

* *N. r. The Synod of New York or- 
ders a collection to be taken in all its 
churches for the support of Indian 
missions. 

The Presbytery of Dutchess County is 
organized. 

* * Pa. The Christian Indians in Beth- 
lehem and vicinity are persecuted by 
the whites during the Pontiac War. 

LETTERS. 

1759 * * Mass. Joseph "Warren grad- 
uates at Harvard. 

1760 * * New England surpasses all 
the other colonies in education. 

" There was not to be found, in all 
New England, an adult, born in the 
country, who could not read and write." 
(Ridpath.) 

* * Virginia leads the Southern colonies 
in diffusing education, and Maryland, 
Carolina, and Georgia bring up the rear 
of the column. 

1761* *-62* * The American Chronicle 
issued by Samuel Farley. 



AMERICA. 



1759, Aug. -1763. 73 



* * Del. The first newspaper, the Wil- 
mington Gazette, appears. 

* * Mass. Speech of James Otis, the 
orator, against the " writs of assistance." 

1762 * * R. I. Providence has its first 
newspaper, the Providence Gazette. ' 

* *A Vindication of the Conduct of the 
House of Representatives, by Patrick 
Henry, appears. 

* * Va. Thomas Jefferson graduates 
at William and Mary College. 

1763 Apr. 17. Ga. The Georgia Ga- 
zette issued at Savannah on its first and 
recently arrived printing-press. 

* * Aid. Frederick College (non-sect.) 
organized. 

* * New York. Rev. Myles Cooper be- 
comes president of King's (Columbia) 
College. 

SOCIETY. 

1760 * * Various social customs in the 
colonies. 

Manners and customs of the Puritans 
prevail in New England ; those of the 
Dutch on the banks of the Hudson ; 
those of the Quakers along the Delay- 
ware ; those of the Huguenots along the 
rivers of South Carolina. 

* * * New Eng. Laws prohibit many 
things. 

Among them, the defrauding of credit- 
ors, in order to live in luxury ; " drink- 
ing of healths, as a bad habit'; " wearing 
embroidered garments and laces, also 
sleeves that do not reach the wrist, these 
must not be more than an ell wide ; the 
use of tobacco by such as are under 20 
years of age, those who use it publicly are 
finedsixpenee ; all persons are restrained 
from " swimming in the waters on the 
Sabbath day , or unreasonably walking in 
the fields or streets." Those who refuse 
to vote, or serve when elected to office, 
are fined for want of patriotism. 

Thomas Hutchinson is the most con- 
spicuous man in New England. (Win- 
sor). 

* * * Pa. Laws prohibit "stage plays, 
playing of cards, dice, May-games, 
masques, and revels." 

* * * Va. Rigorous laws regulate con- 
duct. 

Absence from church is punishable by 
fine ; the wardens are sworn to report 
cases of " drunkenness, swearing, and 
other vices," offenders are liable to 
punishment by fines, at the rate of "a 
shilling an oath " for swearers ; minis- 
ters are to abstain from excess of drink- 
ing and riot, and are not to play cards 
or dice. 

* * * Car. Laws similar to the preceding 
are enacted in the Carolinas. 

1763 * * Ohio. The English introduce 
the rum traffic (which the Erench had 
prohibited) among the Indians along the 
lakes and the Valley of the Ohio ; their 
demoralization follows. 

* * Guiana. A formidable insurrection 
of negro slaves. 

STATE. 
1759 Sept. 18. Can. Ramezay is gov- 
ernor at Quebec. 

* * Sp. Charles m. king. 

* * Massachusetts has self-imposedtaxes. 

* * Pa. James Hamilton governor. 



1760 Sept. 8. Canada, having been sur- 
rendered to General Amherst, is united 
to Great Britain [ceded in 1763]. 

Oct. 25. Eng. George II. dies. 
Nov. 20. Eng. George TU. enthroned. 
Dec. 27. Boston receives tidings of the 
death of George II. 

* * Eng. The king and aristocracy strug- 
gle against the people. 

* * Eng. Franklin denies that Ameri- 
cans desire independence, or ever will, 
except they suffer gross abuse. 

* * Ga. This province issues $37,050 this 
year in paper money. 

* * Gviiana. Peace is made with the Au- 
kan negroes in Dutch Guiana. 

* * Estimated population of the 13 colo- 
nies, 1,695,000 people, of which number 
310,000 were negroes. 

* * English imports from the North Amer- 
ican colonies amount to $3,805,000; ex- 
ports, $13,060,000. 

* * [ U. £.] Governors inaugurated : 
-75 * * Ga. James Wright. 
June-Aug. Mass. Thos. Hutchinson. 

[1769-74.] 
-69 * * Mass. Sir Francis Bernard. 

N. J. Thomas Boone. 
-61* * N. Y. Cadwallader Colden. 

[1761-65; 1769-70.] 
-61 * * S. C William Bull. [1763-69.] 

1761 Jan. 27. Mass. Joseph Hutch- 
inson is appointed chief-justice. 

[John Adams considered this date the 
beginning of the American Kevolu- 
tion.] 
Feb. * Boston. James Otis becomes the 
champion of the colonies in opposing the 
Acts of Trade before the subservient 
Chief-Justice Hutchinson. 

He produces a sensation throughout 
the colonies by his masterly address, 
showing the unconstitutionality of the 
Parliamentary acts, and advocating the 
rights of the colonies. 

* * Eng. The British ministry endeavor 
to strictly enforce the Importation 
Act. 

* * Mass. Disputes and bitterness pre- 
vail over the arbitrary methods of col- 
lecting customs. 

Great excitement follows the unjust 
and tyrannical action of the king's offi- 
cers in Salem and Boston, who are given 
" Writs of Assistance " for entering and 
searching any place for goods suspected 
of evading the import duty. 

* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
-62 * * N. J. Josiah Hardy. 

Oct. 26. N. Y. Robert Monckton. 

1762 Nov. 1. Phila. Franklin again 
returns from England. 

Nov. 3. La. France, by a secret treaty, 
cedes to Spain the whole of Louisi- 
ana west of the Mississippi, and also the 
island of New Orleans. 

* * Guiana. Peace is made with the 
Saramaccan negroes in Dutch Guiana. 

* *[U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
R. I. Sam. Ward. [1765. Reappointed.] 
S. C. Thomas Boone. 



1763 Jan. * Pa. The English govern- 
ment orders Connecticut to cease colo- 
nizing the Wyoming "Valley. 

Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris, between 
Great Britain, France, Spain, and Por- 
tugal. 

The Mississippi becomes the western 
boundary of Virginia ; Spain cedes Flor- 
ida to Great Britain ; France cedes to 
Spain all the vast territory of Louisiana 
lying west of the Mississippi Uiver, and 
the isles of St. Pierre and Miquelon are 
confirmed to her. England restores 
Havana, receives Nova Scotia, Canada, 
and Cape Breton. The French power 
disappears from the New World. 

* * -65 Apr. * Eng. George Gren- 
ville prime minister. 

Oct. 7. Eng. The king by a proclama- 
tion defines the respective boundaries of 
Quebec, East Florida, West Florida, and 
Granada, but the regions north of the 
Great Lakes and west of the Alleghanies 
remain Crown lands, closed to settlers. 

Nov. 3. Treaty of Fontainebleau be- 
tween England, Prance, and Spain. 

Nov. 15. Pa. Charles Mason and Jere- 
miah Dixon begin the running of 
the "Mason and Dixon line." [It 
forms the southern boundary of the 
free State of Pennsylvania in later 
times.] 

Dec. 28. N. Y. The governor issues a 
proclamation claiming the territory 
(Vermont) west of the Connecticut River 
under the grants of Charles II. to the 
Duke of York. 

Dec. * Va. First collision in Virginia 
between the prerogative of the king and 
the authority of the Legislature occurs. 
The king refuses to sign the law au- 
thorizing debtors to pay their public 
dues in money instead of tobacco — the 
legalized currency. Patrick Henry 
pleads the rights of the colonists, and 
denies the king's right to make laws for 
the colonies. 

* * Brazil. The capital transferred 
from Bahia to Rio Janeiro. 

* * The English occupy all the posts es- 
tablished by the French along the lakes 
^and the Ohio Valley. 

* * It is believed that England intends to 
tax the colonies to relieve her financial 
burdens. 

* *[U. 5,] Governors inaugurated : 
-75 * * N. C. William Franklin. 
-72* * Pa. JohnPenn. [1773-76.] 
-64 * * R. I. Stephen Hopkins. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1759 * * Port. A third Brazil company 
is formed. 

1760 Mar. 20. Boston. One-tenth of 
the city destroyed by fire. 

* * Cuba. Yellow fever first appears at 
Havana. 

* * 72. 7. Newport has about 650 slaves. 

1762 Oct. * Phila. The yellow fever 
rages with unparalleled violence. 

1763 * *N. Y. A ferry established be- 
tween New York and Paulus Hook (Jer- 
sey City). 



74 1763-1768, June 10. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1764 June* Col. Bradstreet conducts a 

campaign along the Great Lakes. 
Aug. 5, 6. Battle of Bushy Run. 

* * Major Loftus, with British troops, 
ascends the Mississippi from New 
Orleans. 

Oct. * -Nov, * 0. Col. Henry Bouquet 
marches against the Ohio Indians. 

1765 * * Fort Chartres is turned over to 
English troops. 

* * III. English, troops first enter the 
Illinois country. 

1766 Mar. 5. Ulloa takes possession of 
New Orleans for Spain. 

* * Boston. The royal artillery arrives. 

1767 * * Boston. Irritation caused by 
the appearance of a man-of-war, the 
Iiomney ; the colony having broken no 
laws, and only appealed for redress. 

ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 
1765 * * Thomas Godfrey writes Prince 

of Parthia, the first play written by an 

American. 
1767 Aug. * IF. I. About 16,000 perish 

by an earthquake at Martinique. 

* * New York. A theater is built in John 
Street. 

* * Pa. David Rittenhouse projects a 
large orrery on a new and improved plan. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1764* * 

Iiiigget.t, l);ivid, si'iiMfor, born. 

Eaton, William, soldier, born. 

Emmet, Thomas, lawyer, born. 

Livingston, lirockholst, V. x. Supreme Court, 
born. 

Livingston, Edward, statesman, born. 

Mitchell, Samuel Latham, physician, born. 

Perkins, Thomas, philanthropist, born. 

Pinkney, William, lawyer, born. 

Tennent, Gilbert, clergyman, dies. 

Van Rensselaer, Stephen, statesman, born. 

Ware, Henry, clergyman, born. 
1765* * 

Andrada, Sylvae, d', Brazilian statesman, b. 

Backus, A /.el, college president, born. 

Pulton. Robert, engineer, born. 

Gardiner, John S., clergyman, born, 

Harper, Robert (loodloe, lawyer, born. 

Meigs, Ketui'ii Jonathan, Gov. of 0., born. 

Pitkin, Timothy, historian, born. 

Sinithson, James L. M., physicist, born. 

Stanwix, John, general, dies. 

Todd, Thomas, justice, born in.Ky. 

"Whitney, Eli, inventor, born. 
1766* * 

Appleton, Samuel, philanthropist, born. 

Barton, Benjamin Smith, naturalist, born. 

Boylston, Zabdiel, physician, A86. 

Dunlap, William, painter, born. 

Finley, Samuel, pres. Princeton Coll., A51. 

Irving, William, author, born. 

Mayhew, Jonathan, clergyman, A46. 

Perkins, Jacob, inventor, born. 

Wilson, Alexander, ornithologist, born. 
1767* * 

Adams, John Q., 6th President, horn in 
Mass.. July 11. 

Bayard, James Asheton. statesman, born. 

Black Hawk, Indian chief, born. 

Brooks, Peter ('., philanthropist, born. 

Clap, Thomas, Pres. Yale Coll., A64. 

George, Enoch, bishop, born. 

Granger, Gideon, statesman, born. 

Jackson, Andrew, general, statesman, 7th 
President, born. 

Thompson, Smith, justice, born in N.Y. 

Wolcott, Roger, Gov. of Conn., A88. 

CHURCH. 
1764 Apr. 15. New York. The Re- 
formed Dutch church has preaching in 
English by an English pastor lately 



called. (Much opposition to the lan- 
guage follows.) 

1765 May 9. Mass. The Baptist church 
of Haverhill is constituted; Hezekiah 
Smith, pastor. 

* * Boston. Samuel Stillman becomes 
pastor of the Baptist Church. [He 
preaches against the Stamp Act.] 

* * Mick. Only two Jesuit missionaries 
remain in the Northwest ; both are at 
Mackinaw. 

* * N. C. The Kehukee Baptist Associa- 
tion is formed. 

* * Tenn. Two Baptist churches formed 
in East Tennessee. 

* * S. C. Jews have a congregation at 
Charleston. 

* * Pa. (?) Lutherans start a private the- 
ological Seminary. 

* * W. I. Two Moravian missionaries are 
sent to the Barbados. 

1766 * * New York. Methodism is in- 
troduced. 

The first Methodist sermon in the New 
World is preached by Philip Embury at 
his residence in New York. 

* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod unites 
with the General (Cong'l) Associa- 
tion of Connecticut to defeat the pro- 
posed establishment of an Episcopal 
church for the colonies, to be supported 
by a common tax ; they also agree to 
meet in annual conventions. 

1767 * * New Eng. Some of the Baptist 
churches are Seventh-day, some Ar- 
minian, and a majority maintain the im- 
position of hands on the immersed as a 
divine ordinance. 

* * New York. The Methodists worship 
in a rigging-loft. 

* * Pa. Capt. Thomas "Webb introduces 
Methodism into Philadelphia. 

A general missionary collection is 
ordered among Presbyterians by the 
Synod, to maintain preaching on the 
frontier. 

* * Paraguay. The Jesuits are expelled. 

* * R. I. "Warren Baptist Association 
formed. 

* * W . I. Moravian mission work pros- 
pers in Barbados. 

* * Expulsion of the Jesuits from Span- 
ish South America. 

LETTERS. 

1764 Mar. 24. Pa. The New Castle 

Chronicle first issued. 
Oct. 29. Conn. Hartford has its first 

newspaper, the Connecticut Courant. 

* * Can. The first newspaper in Que- 
bec is issued, the Quebec Gazette, pub- 
lished in two languages. 

* * Mass. The Harvard Library is de- 
stroyed by fire; about 6,000 books are 
burned. 

* * Phila. The first medical school in 
America is founded. 

* * B. I. Brown University (Baptist) 
established at Warren. 

* * Bights of Britisk Colonies, by Otis, 
appears. 



1765 * * N. Y. Samson Ocum visits Eu- 
rope, and secures §50,000 for his Indian 
schools on Long Island. 

1766 Nov. 10. N. J. The Reformed 
Dutch obtain a charter for Queen's 
(Rutgers) College. (Unsatisfactory 
and inoperative.) 

* * Conn. Rev. Eleazer Wheelock estab- 
lishes a school for training Indian hoys 
to be teachers of their own race. 

* *_77* *Conn. Rev. Naphtali Dag- 
gett is president of Yale College. 

* * New York. The Chronicle issued by 
A. and J. Robertson. 

The New York Journal, or General 
Advertiser, issued by John Holt. 

1767 Oct. * Conn. The Connecticut Jour- 
nal and New Haven Post-Boy is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1764 * * Mass, John Adams marries 
Abigail Smith. 

1765* * Conn. Indignation of colo- 
nists against the Stamp Act. 

The Connecticut stamp-officer rode 
into Hartford on his white horse to de- 
posit his resignation, with a thousand 
armed farmers riding after him, and 
said he "felt like death on the pale 
horse with all hell following him." — 
Ency. Brit. 

* * Eng. Parliament authorizes the min- 
istry to send troops to enforce the Stamp 
Act; the colonies are to find "quar- 
ters, fuel, cider or rum, candles, and 
other necessaries " for them. 

Merchants resolve to purchase no 
more goods in England, and the people 
pledge themselves to buy nothing of 
English manufacture. 

* * Stamp Act agitation prevails. 

Muffled bells toll the fimeral peal of 
liberty in Boston and Philadelphia ; in 
New York a copy of the Stamp Act is 
carried through the streets, having a 
death's-head nailed to it, and this in- 
scription attached, The FoUy of England 
and the Ruin of America. 
1766 Oct. * Boston. The Daniel Mal- 
colm riot ; writ forcibly resisted. 

1768 June 10. Boston. Riot against 
the action of the commissioners of the 
king's customs, in seizing the sloop Lib- 
erty belonging to John Hancock. 

STATE. 

1763 * * -64 * * Eng. The ministry 
seeks to enforce the Importation Act 
by seizing and confiscating colonial ves- 
sels in unlawful trade. 

* * Guiana. A French company sends 
out 12,000 colonists without provision 
for tbeir labor or support ; very many 
suffer and perish. 

* * Mass. Samuel Adams shows that ac- 
cording to English common law the peo- 
ple alone have the right of voting taxes 
by tbeir representatives ; and the colo- 
nists have the full right of Englishmen. 

1764 Mar. 10. Eng. The House of 
Commons adopts a resolution affirming 
the propriety of charging certain stamp 
duties on the American colonies. [The 
report soon crosses the sea and produces 
universal indignation.] 



AMERICA. 



1763-1768, June 10. 75 



Apr. 6. Eng. Passage of Grenville's 
Act, modifying the Sugar Act of 1732, to 
take effect Sept. 30th. 

May 24. Boston takes action against 
taxation by Parliament. 

Dec. 17. N. H. The governor issues a 
proclamation declaring the claims of 
New York to Vermont are obsolete. 

Dec. * Eng. Franklin returns to Lon- 
don. 

* * Mass. Colonists resolve not to use 
British manufactures. 

11 The Rights of British Colonists as- 
serted and proved" by James Otis, aids 
the movement for liberty. 

* * Mo. The French settle the town of 
St. Louis, making it a trading-post. 

* * The enforcement of the Importation 
Act nearly destroys the colonial trade 
with the West Indies. 

* * S. C. The Legislature offers large 
bounties of land to settlers; many im- 
migrants arrive from Germany, France, 
England, and Scotland, chiefly poor 
people. 

Oct. 27-71 July 1. N. C. Wm, Tyron 
is governor. 

* * Fontleroy is sent by the French 
government to observe the American 
colonies. 

1765 Feb. 6. Eng. George Grenville 
introduces the resolutions for a 
Stamp Act, and a favoring vote is 
taken by the Committee of the House 
of Commons. Vote 245 — 49. 

Feb. 27. Eng. The Stamp Act passes 
the House of Commons without a formal 
division. 

Mar. 8. Eng. The Lords pass the 
Stamp Act without debate, protest, 
amendment, division, or a single oppos- 
ing vote. 

Mar. 22. Eng. Commissioners, acting 
on behalf of King George III., sign the 
obnoxious Stamp Act, and it becomes 
law. 

After the first of November every 
legal document is to be executed on 
paper bearing an English stamp, each 
sheet costing the colonist from three- 
pence to six pounds sterling; news- 
papers, pamphlets, and almanacs to be 
on paper stamped to the value of one 
half-penny and increasing to t'onrpence; 
each advertisement two shillings. 

Apr. * Eng. The Mutiny Act is ex- 
tended to the English colonies. 

May 30. Va. The right of taxation 
denied. 

Patrick Henry (29 years of age) makes 
his famous fiery speech in the House of 
Burgesses, and the assembly passes reso- 
lutions in expression of colonial rights ; 
its effect on the colonies is electrical. 
[New York and Massachusetts assem- 
blies pass similar resolutions.] 

June 6. Mass. The assembly issues a 
call for a congress of deputies from 
the several colonies to meet in New 
York on October 7th. 

July 13. -66 Aug. 2. Eng. The Rock- 
ingham ministry. 

* * Boston. The mob compels Andrew 
Oliver, the stamp-agent, to resign, and 
promise he will not aid in the distribu- 



tion of the stamps. He is hanged in 
effigy. 

Aug. 26. Boston. The chief justice, 
Joseph Hutchinson, is assailed, and his 
house is sacked. 

Oct. 7-25. N. Y. An Anti-Stamp Act 
Congress meets in New York City. 

Twenty-eight delegates are present 
from nine colonies. New Hampshire, 
Virginia, North Carolina, and Georgia 
being representatively absent, but quies- 
cent. It promises loyalty, and sends a 
petition to Parliament. 

Oct. 19. New York. The Stamp Act 
Congress, having drawn up petitions and 
memorials to the King and Parliament, 
adopts a "Declaration of Rights." 

Oct. 31. New York. All the governors 
of colonies, Rhode Island excepted, take 
oath to execute the Stamp Act. 

* * The "Sons of Liberty" are organ- 
ized to oppose arbitrary government and 
defend colonial rights. The right of 
taxation by Parliament is much dis- 
cussed. 

* * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out and set- 
tled. 

Nov. 1. The Stamp Act comes into 
force on this day and is universally con- 
temned ; flags fly at half-mast, bells are 
tolled, and business suspended. 

In New York ten boxes of stamps are 
forcibly seized and destroyed; in Con- 
necticut the stamp-officer is threatened 
with hanging; in Boston houses are de- 
stroyed and the stamps given to the 
winds and flames ; every stamp-officer 
in America is obliged to resign or leave 
the country. 

Merchants of the principal cities en- 
ter into engagements with each other 
to import no more goods from Great 
Britain till the Stamp Act shall be 
repealed. 

Nov. 7. Massachusetts appoints Dennis 
Deberdt its agent in London. 

* * French Guiana. Only 918 colonists 
remain alive out of 12,000 sent out. 

Nov. * R- I. Governor Ward refuses to 
take an oath to sustain the Stamp Act ; 
other governors acquiesce. 

* *-69* * N. Y. SirH, Moore, governor. 
1766 Jan. 14. Eng. Pitt advocates the 

repeal of the Stamp Act in Parliament. 
He says, " I rejoice that the Americans 
have resisted ; if they had submitted, 
they would voluntarily have become 
slaves. They have been driven to mad- 
ness by injustice." (See p. 917.) 

Jan. 2S. Eng. Benj. Franklin is ex- 
amined in the House of Commons 
respecting the Stamp Act. He testifies 
as to the temper of his countrymen. 

Mar. 7. Eng. The Declaratory Act is 
passed by Parliament, asserting that 
" Parliament has power to bind the col- 
onies in all cases whatsoever." 

Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act is re- 
pealed ; great joy among the friends of 
America ; bonfires, flags, and illumina- 
tions in London. The act had brought 
in no revenue. 

May 6. Eng. Lord Howe and Gen. 
Howe appointed commissioners for re- 
storing peace in the British colonies. 

* * News of the repeal occasions great 
rejoicing in the colonies ; bells are rung 



and bonfires lighted and importations 
encouraged ; a great calm follows, while 
another storm is brewing. (May 19.) 

Aug. 10. Neio York. At night soldiers 
cut down a citizen's flagstaff. Replaced. 

Dec. * New York. Soldiers again cut 
down the flagstaff. Great excitement 
follows. 

* *_76* * New York. Whitehead Hicks 
the 41st mayor. 

* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated : 
-69 * * Conn. William Pitkins. 
-66* *R.I. Samuel Ward. 

-68 * * S. C. Charles Montague. 

1767 June 20. Eng. Parliament en- 
acts duties on tea, etc. 

June 29. The irritation of the colo- 
nies renewed. 

Royal assent is given to an act impos- 
ing colonial duties on imported glass, 
paper, painters' colors, and tea; it also 
suspends the powers of the General 
Assembly of New York until it votes 
supplies for the King's troops in that 

Erovince. [The flames of resentment 
urst out afresh.] 

* * Mass. Non - importation associa- 
tions again come into vigorous exist- 
ence. 

* * Eng. Custom House and Hoard of 
Commissioners created for America. 

Nov. 20. The Act taxing colonial im- 
ports goes into effect. 

Dec. 26. Pa.—Md. Mason and Dixon 
complete their important survey as far 
as a war-path, thirty-six miles from the 
end of the line, where the Indians com- 
pel them to stop. 

Dec. * -70 Jan. * Eng. Duke of Graf- 
ton prime minister. Hillsborough 
succeeds Shelburne in the ministry as 
colonial secretary. 

1768 Feb. 11. Mass. The Assembly, 
by a circular letter, calls upon other 
colonies to unite in an effort to obtain 
redress for grievances. 

June * Eng. The ministry perempto- 
rily orders the Assembly of Massachu- 
setts to rescind its circular. 

June 10. Boston. The commissioners 
of customs seize John Hancock's sloop 
Liberty, and the enraged citizens drive 
them to the fort for safety. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1764 June 18. N J. The lighthouse 
at Sandy Hook first put in operation. 

1765 Aug;. 14. Boston. Consecration 
of the Liberty-tree ; copper-plate af- 
fixed with the words, " The Tree of Lib- 
erty. Aug. 14, 1765." 

* * * The British Board of Trade has 
checked all manufacturing enter- 
prise, by means of restrictions which 
make success impossible. 

1766 * * N. Y.—Pa. An express wag- 
on runs from New York to Philadelphia 
in two days, and the enterprise is con- 
sidered remarkable. 

1767 * * The colonists again form non- 
importation associations to destroy 
the market for British goods ; importa- 
tions of dutiable articles nearly cease. 



76 1768, July-1772. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1768 Sept. * Boston. Two British re- 
giments arrive, having been sent by 
request of the royal officers in the 
colony. (Sept. 28.) 

Oct.* Mass. General Gage, commander- 
in-chief, is sent from Halifax to subdue 
" the insolent town of Boston." 

He marches through the streets with 
700 regulars having fixed bayonets ; the 
people are enraged at the invasion. 

* *-71* * X. C. "War of the Regulators. 
1770 Mar. 5. Boston. "The Boston 

Massacre." The citizens exasperate 
Captain Prescott's company of soldiers, 
and they fire, killing three citizens and 
wounding eight. 

Soon after several thousand colonists 
appear under arms, and demand that 
the governor withdraw the troops from 
the city, and he is forced to yield. 
1772 June 10. P. I. The armed ves- 
sel, Gaspee, is grounded and burned 
for enforcing customs. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1768 Oct. 5. Cuba. A great cyclone 
strikes Havana; 4,048 houses and 1,000 
lives are destroyed. 

1769 July 3. X.'Y. The first theatri- 
cal performance at Albany is the play, 
Venice Preserved. 

* * Cal. San Francisco Bay is discov- 
ered. 

* * Eng. Samuel Hearne seeks a north- 
west passage in the Arctic seas. [He is 
absent 3 years.] 

* * Ky. Daniel Boone explores the Ken- 
tucky region. 

* * Phila. The American Philosoph- 
ical Society begins its publications. 

1770 * * Conn. The first manufacture 
of tinware in the colonies begins at 
Berlin. 

± * * W. Billings and others write music 
for the singing-schools hi New England. 

± * * A portrait of Washington, in the uni- 
form of a Virginia colonel, is painted by 
C. W. Peale. 

1771* * Boston. John Ramage paints 
miniatures. 

* * Matthew Prat paints the portrait of 
Cadieallader Golden for the New York 
Chamber of Commerce. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1768* * 

Beissel, Johann, Conrad, mystic, A78. 

Boyd, John Parker, neutral, born. 

Dennie, .Joseph, journalist, born. 

Harris, Thaddeits. clcriryman, born. 

Jones, Jacob, naval oilicer, born. 

Mason, Jeremiah, senator, born. 

Teeumseh, Shawnee chief, born. ? 

Wadsworth, James, philanthropist, born. 
1769* * 

Barron, James, commodore, born. 

Brown, Nicholas, patron of Brown Univer- 
sity, born. 

Clinton, De "Witt, Gov. of K. T., born. 

Crancli, William, jurist, born. 



Messer, Asa, pres. of Brown Univ., born. 
Miller, Samuel, clergyman, born. 
Plessants, .lames, senator, born. 
Pontiac, Ottawa chief, A57- 
1770* * 
Attucks, Crispns, Boston massacre, dies. 
Blunt, Edmund March, writer, born. 



Burpress, Tristam. jurist, born. 

Cahlas, Kraneiseo Jos.-, >,,. Am. savant, b. 

Clarke. William, explorer, born. 

IHnwkhlie, Itobert, <■<■'.. ..1 \'a., \T-.. 

Guess, George— Se-qiioy-ah, Indian inventor 
— born. 

Ilopkinson, Joseph, jurist, born. 

Kirkland, John T., pres. Harvard Univ., b. 

Mason, John Mitchell, clergyman, born. 

Moore, Zeph. Swift, pres. of Williams C'oll.,b. 

Wentworth, Benning, Gov. of N. II., A74. 

Whltefleld. George, revivalist. A5fi. 

Zea, Francisco Antonia, statesman, born. 
1771 * * 

Alden, Timothy, college president, born. 

Ballou, Hoeea. Universalis! clergyman, b. 

Bovlston, Nicholas, henetaetor. A55. 

Brown, Charles Brockden, author, born. 

Fessenden, Thomas Green, author, born. 

Hopper. Isaac Tatem, philanthropist, b. 

Irving, Peter, author, born. 

Johnson, William, justice, born. 

Morrow, Jeremiah, statesman, born. 
1772* * 

Alexander, Archibald, elergyman, born. 

Appleton, Jesse, pies, of Bowdoin Coll., born. 

Burrill, James, lawyer, born. 

Caldwell, Charles, physician, born. 

Chauncey, Isaac, navy, born. 

Crawford, William Harris, statesman, born. 

Dooly, John Mitchell, jurist, born. 

Dowse, Thomas, book collector, born. 

Finley, liobert, elergyman, born. 

Mae Arthur, Dunean, Gov. Of O., born. 

Porter, Ebenezer, seholar, born. 

Quincy. Josiah, statesman, born, 

Wirt, William, orator, born. 

Woolinan, John, author, A53. 



CHURCH. 

1768 Aug. 17. X. J. John Wither- 
spoon is inaugurated president of the 
college of New Jersey. 

Oct. 30. N. Y. John Street Methodist 
church in New York is dedicated by 
Philip Embury. 

* * Phila. First organization of Metho- 
dists ; meetings held in a sail-loft by a 
class of 7 members. 

* * Vt. The first Baptist church is 
founded in Shaftsbury. 

1769 May 19. It. Clement XIV. 
pope. 

* * Cal. Father Junipero Serra, a Fran- 
ciscan monk, founds a mission at San 
Diego. Many of his associates die dur- 
ing the first months of hardship. 

Jesuit missions are established in New 
California. 

* * Can. The Burgher Presbytery of 
Truro, Nova Scotia, is formed. 

* * Phila. First Methodist church (St. 
George) obtained by purchase. 

Arrival of Bichard Boardman and 
Joseph Pilmoor, "Wesleyan Methodist 
missionaries. 

* * Va. Methodism is planted by Bobert 
Williams, a local preacher. 

1770 Mar. 20. X. Y. The Reformed 
Dutch obtain a new charter for a col- 
lege (Rutgers). 

Sept. 30. X. J. John Murray, founder 
of the Universalist church in America, 
arrives from England, and preaches his 
first sermon in America at Good Luck. 

* * Cal. A mission station is founded at 
Monterey on the Pacific coast, by Fran- 

* * S. C. Presbytery of Orange is organ- 
ized. 

* * There are about 97 Baptist churches 
in the 13 colonies. 



1771 Feb. 27. Ji. I. The Six-PriiiH- 
ple Baptists secede from the Baptist 
cburch at Providence, because their 
president (Manning) did not make impo- 
sition of hands a bar to conun union, and 
probably because of his holding to sing- 
ing in public worship, " which was highly 
disgustful." 

July 31. Mass. George UX disallows 
and rejects the act of the colony in op- 
pressing Baptists at Ashfield. 

Oct. 15. 2feto York. General conven- 
tion of Reformed Dutch ministers 
and laymen, to plan for union. 

Oct. 27. Phila. Arrival of Francis As- 
bury and Richard Wright, being sent by 
John Wesley to preach Methodism in 
America. 

* * Labrador made a Moravian mission 
station. 

* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod approves 
a scheme for the support of candidates 
for the ministry. 

* * W. I. Friedensberg, St. Croix, be- 
comes a mission station of the Mora- 
vians, who work among the slaves. 

1772 May * ^V. Y. English Shakers 
emigrate to America. 

Oct. * New York. The General Conven- 
tion of the Reformed Dutch church 
meets and consummates the union of 
the churches. 

* * O. Moravians and their converts 
removed from Pennsylvania, open an 
Indian mission at Schonbrann, in the 
Muskingum Valley. 

* * Xew York. The Classis of Amsterdam 
gives full approbation to the formation 
of a Dutch Synod in America, (Jan. 14.) 

* * Francis Asbury is temporarily ap- 
pointed " general assistant in America," 
by John "Wesley. 

LETTERS. 

1768 July 4. Boston. Dickinson's 
Liberty Song is published. 

* * X. J. John Witherspoon made 
president of Princeton College. 

* * Phila. Phonography suggested by 
Franklin. 

* * Circular Letter to Each Colonial Legis- 
lature, by Adams and Otis, appears. 

1769 * * The Croakers, by J. R. Drake, 
appears. 

* * X. H. Dartmouth College (Cong.) 
founded at Hanover. 

* * Phila. The American Magazine ap- 
pears. 

1770 May* Jt.T. The Baptist CoDege 
removed from Warren to Providence, 
James Manning, president. 

July * Mass. The Massachusetts Spy first 
appears. 

* * Peru. The College of San Carlos 
established. 

± * * Poems on Various Subjects, JReligious 
and Moral, by Phillis Wheatley, a ne- 
gress, born in Africa appears. 



AMERICA. 



1768, July-1772. 77 



1771 Nov. 3. N. Y. First newspaper 
printed in Albany, the Albany Gazette. 

* * N. J. James Madison graduates at 
Princeton. 

* * The Royal Spiritual Magazine issued. 

1772 * * The Progress of Dullness, by 
John Trumbull, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1768 Sept. * Boston. The newly arrived 
British officers are fretted with legal im- 
pediments, and denounce " this country 
where every man studies law." 

1770 Feb. 22. Boston. A patriotic 
crowd of men and boys resents the Con- 
travention Act and is fired on by sol- 
diers ; a Mr. Richardson and Christo- 
pher Snider, a boy 11 years old, are 
killed ; the newspapers announce the 
boy as the first martyr to American 
liberty. 

Mar. 5. Boston. " The Boston Massa- 
cre." Three persons are killed and 
eight wounded by the fire of the soldiers. 

* * Md. Umbrellas first introduced, 
having been landed at Baltimore, and 
commonly scouted as evidences of effem- 
inacy. 

* * The Indians become civilized. 

Themissionamong the Onoidas is placed 
under the care of the London Board of 
Correspondence in Boston. With their 
aid, a meeting-house, schoolhouse, saw- 
mill, grist-mill, and blacksmith's shop 
are erected. Drunkenness is almost un- 
known, and the people become " sober, 
regular, industrious, praying Indians." 
1772 Jan. 1. Va. Thomas Jeff erson 
marries Martha Skelton. 

* * Founding of the Improved Order of 
Red Men. 

STATE. 

1768 July 8. Boston. Thirty Bostoni- 
ans board a schooner seized by custom of- 
ficers for having 30 hogsheads of molasses 
onboard; they confine the officers, and 
remove the molasses. 

Sept. * Boston. The ministers of the col- 
ony, in the King's name, require the As- 
sembly to " express regrets," and 
rescind their action, but it reaffirms the 
former action in a circular letter by a 
nearly unanimous vote. 

Sept. 24. N. Y. A treaty entered into 
by the English colonists with the Indians 
at Fort Stanwix, defining a line between 
the English colonies and the Indians 
[later known as the " property line "]. 

Sept. 27-29. Mass. Convention of the 
towns to consider the coining of the 
troops. 

Sept. * N. C. The " Regulators" bind 
themselves to resist the payment of 
taxes, except such as were levied and 
were to be applied according to law. 

Oct.* Boston. Troops arrive to sustain 
the officers. 

The selectmen of Boston flatly refuse 
to provide quarters for General Gage's 
troops ; so they are quartered in 'the 
State House. 

* * Baron De Kalb is sent by Choiseul to 
observe the spirit of the Americans. 



* * Eng. The term American begins 
to be used in connection with the sup- 
porters of colonial privileges, "who adopt 
the name of " American Whigs." 

* * La. A temporary French republic 
established. 

* * Tenn. Parties from North Carolina 
settle in Tennessee. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 
-77 * * Mich. Guy Carleton. 
-69 * * R. I. Josiah Lyndon. 

Va. John Blair lieutenant-governor. 
-70 * * Va. Norborne Berkeley, Lord 
de Botetourt. 

1769 Feb. * Eng. Parliament cen- 
sures the people of Massachusetts, ap- 
proves the use of force against them, and 
urges the trial of leaders for treason in 
the courts of England. 

May * Ky. Daniel Boone and a party 
of Virginians settle in Kentucky. 

May 16. Va. The Assembly passes 
resolutions "as bad as those of Massa- 
chusetts." 

May 17. Va. The Governor, Lord Bote- 
tourt, dissolves the Assembly for pass- 
ing obnoxious resolutions. 

May 18. Virginia enters into the non- 
importation agreement. 

The members of the Assembly hold a 
meeting in which "Washington presents 
the resolutions against importing Brit- 
ish merchandise. The members make a 
special covenant not to import any more 
slaves, nor to purchase any that others 
import. 

July 15. Mass. Gov. Bernard pro- 
rogues the General Court, because it 
refuses to make provision for the support 
of British soldiers, sent to take away 
the liberties of the people. 

* * Mass. Lieut.-Gov. Thomas Hutch- 
inson assumes authority. 

Aug.* N. Y. Bernard sails for England. 

* * Cal. Spaniards occupy the coast. 
Monterey is founded. 

* * Ky. Daniel Boone makes explora- 
tions beyond the mountains. 

* * Mass. The General Court refuses to 
do business while a guard is stationed 
at the door, and adjourns to Cambridge. 

* * Tenn. The "Watauga Association 
makes settlements. 

* *[U. £.] Governors inaugurated: 
-84 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull. 
-74 * * Md. Robert Eden. 

-74 * * R. I. Joseph Wanton. 

1770 Jan. * Eng. Lord North be- 
comes prime minister. 

Jan. * Neio York. Soldiers cut down the 
liberty pole and the people retaliate. 

Mar. 5. Eng. The non-importation as- 
sociations cripple the English colo- 
nial trade. 

All duties are now removed except 
threepence a pound on tea, retained at 
the express command of the King, who 
said, "There should always be one tax, 
at least, to keep up the right of taxing ; " 
the non-importatiiui agreement is soon 
relaxed, except with regard to tea. 

Mass. Public excitement is intensi- 
fied throughout the colonies by the Bos- 
ton Massacre. (See Army.) 



Apr. * Eng. The Townshend Act re- 
pealed, except that relating to the 
duty on tea. 

Aug. 21. New York. An equestrian 
statue of George III. is erected in Bowl- 
ing Green by loyalists. 

Sept. 22. Boston. Covention of dele- 
gates at Faneuil Hall, from 96 towns, to 
consider the grievance of a standing 
army. 

* * -73 * * There is scarcely any gov- 
ernment in the colonies, the royal gov- 
ernment having practically gone to 
pieces. 

* * Boston. The King's soldiers cut down 
a liberty pole which had stood in the park 
for several years. 

* * Eng. Edmund Burke becomes agent 
for New York. [He continues for five 
years.] 

* * 0. The Zane family settle on the Ohio, 
near the mouth of Wheeling Creek. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 

-71 * * N. Y. John, Lord Dunmore. 
-72* * Va. William Nelson, lieutenant- 
governor. 

1771 Mar. 28. N.T. A Mr. McDougal, 
some time imprisoned as the author of 
a newspaper article signed "A Son of 
Liberty," is discharged by the Supreme 
Court. 

* * Cuba. The port of Havana is no 
longer monopolized by Seville and Cadiz, 
but open to all nations for certain arti- 
cles of trade. 

* * N. C. The Regulators attempt to 
overthrow the government and courts 
by force. 

* * \U. .5.] Governors inaugurated : 
July 1. N. C. James Hasell (pres.). 
Aug. * -76 * * N. C. Josiah Martin. 
-77 * * N. Y. William Tryon. 

-72 * * Pa. Richard Penn. 

1772 June 10. R. I. The Americans 
burn the revenue schooner Gaspee in 
Narragansett Bay. 

Aug. 4. Eng. D art mouth succeeds 
Hillsborough in the Ministry. 

Nov. 2. Boston. Town-meeting held ; 
committees of correspondence ap- 
pointed by the " Sons of Liberty" [out 
of it grows the Colonial Congress] , 
Samuel Adams the leader. 

* * Eng. Parliament orders that the 
burners of the Gaspee be arrested, and 
taken to England for trial. 

* * Guiana. The revolt of the Maroons 
at Surinam [lasts five years]. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1768 * * New York. The Chamber of 
Commerce founded. 

1770* *New York. The Chamber of 
Commerce incorporated by Act of Legis- 
lature. 

Sept. 10. Boston. The governor delivers 
Castle William over to the king's 
troops. 

1772* *Mass.—R. I. A stage-coach 
runs between Boston and Providence. 



78 1772-1775, Mar, 8. 



AMHRICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1774* * Indian war; caused by the 
atrocities of the whites and by the mur- 
der (Apr. 30) of the family of Logan. 

Oct. 10. W. Va. Battle of Point Pleas- 
ant, on the Ohio; 1,500 Shawnees under 
Chiefs Cornstalk and Logan are defeated 
by 1,200 Virginians under Gen. A. Lewis, 
who lose 75 killed and 140 wounded. 

Sept. 5±. Boston. Gen. Gage erects for- 
tifications on " the Neck." 

Dec. 13. Mass, The people take posses- 
sion of the arsenal at Charlestown, 
from which the powder had been re- 
moved by Gen. Gage. 

Dec. 13±. X. H. A company of men led 
by John Sullivan [afterward major- 
general] capture the fort at Ports- 
mouth, and remove 100 barrels of pow- 
der and some cannon. 

1775 Jan.* Boston. Gage sends troops 
to Marshfield. 

* * R. I. At Newport the patriots seize 
44 pieces of artillery and convey them 
to Providence. (Dec. 6.) 

Feb. 26. Mass. Gen. Gage orders 140 
soldiers to go to Salem and seize the 
military stores; the militia under Col. 
Pickering raise the drawbridge and 
otherwise oppose the attempt. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1773 Dec. * Guatemala. An earth- 
quake swallows up 80,000 inhabitants. 

* * Phil a. The first steam-engine built 
in America is set up. 

* * S. C. A theater is opened at Charles- 
ton. 

1774 Oct. 24. Phila. The Continental 
Congress recommends a suspension of 
all public amusements. 

* * W. I. Port Royal, Jamaica, is de- 
stroyed by a cyclone. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1773* * 

Biglow, "William, teacher ami poet, born, 
liowditvh, Nathaniel, mathematician, born. 
Caldwell, .Joseph, college president, born. 
Clayton, John, physician and botanist, dies. 
Day, Jeremiah, pres. of Yale (.'oil., born. 
Harrison. William Henry, 9th President, 

born in Va. Feb. 9. 
Hull, Isaac, commodore, born. 
Nott, Elipbalet, pres. of Union Coll., born. 
Paine, Robert Treat, Jr., author, horn. 
Randolph. John, statesman, born. 
1774* * 
Bainbridge, "William, commodore, born. 
Daviess, Joseph Hamilton, lawyer, born. 
Griscom, John, educator, born. 
Oliver, Andrew, Lieut. -Gov. of Mass., AGS. 
Tompkins, Daniel D., statesman, born. 
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, general, born. 
Wood, Leonard, clergyman, born. 

CHURCH. 

1773 July 14-16. Phila. The first 
American conference of Methodist 
preachers in session at St. George's 
church ; American membership 1,160. 

* * Md. The Catholics are left without 
priests by the complete suppression of 
the order of Jesuits, by Pope Clement 
XIV- 

* * Pa. The Presbyterian Synod appoints 
a committee on religious publications. 



* * Eng. Mr. Wesley appoints T/hos. 
Rankin general superintendent of 
Methodist societies in America. 

1774 Mar. 10. The Presbytery of the 
Reformed Presbyterian Church of 
America is formed. 

May 25. Phila. Second Methodist Con- 
ference is held. 

Aug. 16. Xew York. Ann Lee and nine 
(Shaker) followers arrive in New York. 

Sept. 7. Phila. Rev. J. Puche, an as- 
sistant minister of Christ's (Episcopal) 
church, reads prayers and Psalm xxxv. 
for the First Continental Congress, 
in Carpenter's Hall. "It seems as if 
heaven had ordained that psalm to he 
read that morning." (John Adams.) 

Nov. 29. Boston. The Old South 
Meeting-house is used by the patriots 
for the purpose of a town meeting, to 
discuss the tea question, the Dartmouth 
having arrived with a cargo of tea. Its 
frequent use for such purposes, when 
Faneuil Hall was not large enough for 
the meeting, led the governor to desig- 
nate this church as the " seed-bed of 
rebellion." 

* * Can. Religious liberty is granted to 
Roman Catholics. 

* * Eng. During the discussion of the 
Boston Port Bill in Parliament, Ex-gov. 
Johnston said : " If you ask an Amer- 
ican who is his master, he will tell 
you he has none ; nor any governor 
but Jesus Christ." 

* * Greenland. Lichtenan becomes a mis- 
sion station of the Moravians. 

* * X. Y. The English Shakers settle 
near Albany. 

* * Va. The first Baptist church in Vir- 
ginia (Simpson Creek) is formed. 

1775 Feb. 15. It. Pius VI. pope. 
Feb. * Mass. The ministers of Salem 

prevent an outbreak against General 
Gage, who comes on Sunday to search 
for powder. 

LETTERS. 

1774 * * Observations on the Boston Port 
Bill, by Josiah Quincy, appears. 

* * The Journal of John "Woolman ap- 
pears. 

* * History of Redemption, by Jonathan 
Edwards, appears. 

* *-75 * * Boston. The Royal American 
Magazine appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1773 Dec. 16. Boston. The Boston 
Tea Party. 

Seven thousand people assemble in 
town-meeting ; Adams and Quincy ad- 
dress them ; in the evening come about 
fifty men disguised as Indians, who, with 
war-whoops, lead the crowd to the 
wharves, and then empty 342 chests of 
taxed tea into the harbor. 

1774 June 1. Xew Eng. Thepatriotic 
colonists make this a day of fasting 
and mourning, because of the Port Bill. 

Sept. * Phila. Asserting the rights of 
British America, Thomas Jefferson laid 



before the Colonial Congress an anti- 
shivery paper : — 

" The abolition of domestic Slavery is 
the greatest object of desire in these 
Colonies, where it was unhappily intro- 
duced in their infant Stat''. But pre- 
vious to the enfranchisement of the 
slaves, it is necessarj to exclude further 
importations from Africa. Y«t our re- 
peated attempts to effect this have bi en 
defeated by his majesty's negative." 

* * Mass, The people of all the colonies 
send money and provisions for the 
poor of the proscribed town of Boston, 
even the settlements beyond the Al- 
leghanies remember them, and $150,000 
are subscribed in London. 

1775 Mar. 8. A citizen of Billerica is 
tarred and feathered by the British ; the 
Americans adopt it as the mode of pun- 
ishing Tories. 

STATE. 

1772 * * Mass. Parliament enacts that 
the salaries of the colonial governors and 
judges shall be paid out of the colonial 
revenues without authorization by the 
General Assembly. (The Assembly soon 
declares the act of Parliament void.] 

* * X. C. — S. C. Settlement of the 
boundary between North and South 
Carolina. 

* * Eng. The tea tax produces from the 
American eolonies a revenue of only 
S400 a year, at an annual expense of 
§1,500,000 for collection. 

* * -76 * * Va. John, Lord Dunmore, gov- 
ernor. 

1773 Jan. * -Feb. * Mass. A contro- 
versy exists between Governor Hutch- 
inson and the General Court. 

* * Mass. Ships loaded with tea arrive 
at Charlestown. 

The tea is landed, but its sale is forbid- 
den ; at New York and Philadelphia the 
ports are declared closed and the ships 
are forbidden to enter ; at Boston the 
town authorities refuse to permit the 
tea to be landed, although it is consigned 
to Gov. Hutchinson and his friends. 

* * The colonial assemblies meet, and be- 
fore the governors can prorogue them, 
appoint "committees of correspon- 
dence," in order to secure unity of 
action among the colonies. 

Mar. * Va. Intercolonial committees of 
correspondence established. 

May * Eng. The ministry applies strata- 
gem to dispose of the accumulated tea 
of British merchants. 

It removes the export tax, so that 
with the import tax paid, tea can be 
bought in Boston cheaper than in Lon- 
don ; the Americans respond by order- 
ing captains to take their cargoes back 
to England. 

June -July. Miss. About 400 English 
families emigrate to the vicinity of 
Natchez. 

Dec. 16. Mass. The Boston Tea Party. 
Destruction of tea in Boston Harbor by 
citizens disguised as Indians ; 342 chests 
of tea are emptied into the sea. (See 
Society.) 

Dec. 25. Xetc York. A tea ship is sent 
back with her cargo. 

The captain is escorted out of town 
with banners flying and the band playing 



AMERICA. 



1772-1775, Mar. 8. 79 



God Save the King. Eighteen chests of 
tea concealed mi board another ship are 
thrown into the dock. 

* * Cal. Presidios established in Upper 
California. 

* * Can. Celtic settlers arrive in Nova 
Scotia. 

* * Eng. Franklin is called before the 
Privy Council. 

* * Kentucky is settled by colonists led 
by Daniel Boone. 

* * Philadelphians denounce as an en- 
emy to his country " whosoever shall 
abet in unloading, receiving, or vending 
the tea," Charleston and New York 
adopt similar resolutions. 

* * S. C. About 300 families of Germans 
leave Maine, and settle in southwestern 
South Carolina. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 

-82 * * Cal. Felippe de Neve (Spanish). 

Mass. General Thomas Gage. 
-75 * * Mass. A Provincial Congress 
governs. 
1774 Jan. 29. Eng. Franklin appears 
before the Privy Council of George III., 
to present a petition from Massachu- 
setts. 

* * Conventions, to agitate the public 
mind in favor of liberty, are held in all 
the colonies. 

Jan. 31. Eng. Parliament votes to dis- 
miss Benjamin Franklin from his 
office of postmaster-general in America 
because of his patriotic sympathies. 

Mar. 31. Eng. Parliament passes the 
Boston Port Bill. 

It closes that port to all commerce, 
except food and fuel, and transfers 
the seat of government to Salem, which 
declines the honor, and refuses to profit 
by the band of tyranny. The bill is to 
take effect on June 1. 

Apr. 19. Eng. Edmund Burke makes 
bis famous speech on American taxa- 
tion. 

Apr. * Ky. Emigrants arrive ; Harrods- 
burg is soon settled. 

* * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parlia- 
ment, which grants unusual concessions 
to the Catholics of Canada, to secure 
their fidelity. 

May 13. Mass. Gov. Hutchinson is 
superseded by Gen. Gage, who vainly 
strives to repress the ferment of liberty 
among the people. 

May 17. Rhode Island proposes a 
general congress. 

May 20. Eng. Parliament subverts 
the charter of Massachusetts by au- 
thorizing the removal of certain persons, 
charged with crime, beyond its limits 
for trial. 

* * The colonists are divided into two 
parties; the patriots, called Whigs, and 
the Royalists, called Tories. 

May 20. Ft. Louis XVI. en- 
throned. 

June 1. Mass. The Boston Port Bill 
goes into operation, closing the har- 
bor against commerce ; business is sus- 
pended; the day observed in many parts 
with fasting and mourning. General 
sympathy for Boston. 



Boston. Ex-Gov. Hutchinson de- 
parts. 
June 17. Boston. A Port Act meeting 

is convened. 
Aug. * -Sept. * Mass. County conven- 
tions held to protest against the Parlia- 
ment. 
Aug. ± * S. C. Generous Carolinians 
send Bostonians 200 barrels of rice and 
promise 800 more, but urge them " not 
to pay for an ounce of tea." 
* * North Carolina raises by subscription 

§1,000 for the relief of Boston. 
Sept 5. Phila. The First Continental 
Congress and second Colonial Con- 
gress meets in Carpenter's Hall ; 56 del- 
egates represent 11 colonies. [Later, 
68.] Peyton Randolph of Virginia, pres- 
ident. [Oct. 22. Henry Middleton of 
South Carolina.] Charles Thomson, 
secretary. 

Georgia, having a royalist governor, 
has no delegate. Congress proceeds to as- 
sume control of all military movements 
in all the colonies ; it acknowledges the 
authority of the king, but opposes the 
Acts of Parliament. No delegate is in- 
structed to ask for independence. [Sept. 

6. Each colony is given one vote. Sept. 

7. Rev. J. Duche elected chaplain. 
Sept. 10. Approval of Suffolk (Mass.) 
Resolutions of Sept. 6, " No obedience is 
due to any part of the recent Acts of 
Parliament." Sept. 28. Rejects Joseph 
Galloway's plan of union aiming at per- 
petual dependence. Oct. 14. Adopts 
Declaration of Rights. Oct. 20. The 
American Association is formed by 52 
members; it pledges itself for non-inter- 
course with Great Britain until the of- 
fensive Acts are repealed. Oct. 21. The 
Address to the People of Great Britain, 
prepared by John Jay, approved. A 
memorial to the several Anglo-Ameri- 
can Colonies adopted. Oct. 22. Letters 
despatched to unrepresented colonies at 
St. John's (now Prince Edward Island), 



dered. Oct. 26. An Address to the Peo- 
ple of Quebec, drawn by Dickinson, 
adopted. Dissol v ed. ] 

Sept. 28. Mass. The royalist governor 
dissolves the Assembly. 

Oct. 5±. Mass. The Assembly meets 
at Salem, notwithstanding the action of 
Governor Gage in countermanding the 
summons which convoked it. 

[The members of the Assembly, having 
adjourned to Concord, resolve them- 
selves into a Provincial Congress, 
with John Hancock, president, and Ben- 
jamin Lincoln, secretary.] 

Oct. * Mass. The colonists are further 
incensedby the arrival of British troops, 
and by the measures adopted by General 
Gage. 

Oct. 26. Mass. The Provincial Congress 
proceeds to organize the militia as 
** minute-men," and collect stores and 
ammunition for public defense. 

Nov. 4. Congress, by its committee, 
makes a Declaration of Rights. 

It claims the right of participating 
in the making of the laws of the land, 
and in the ordering of the taxes ; of 
having trial by jury in the vicinage ; 
of holding, public meetings ; of seeking 
redress for grievances. It protests 
against a standing army imposed with- 
out its consent ; and against eleven 
governmental acts violating colonial 
rights and privileges. It proposes peace- 



able redress by funning an American 
association pledged not to trade with 
Great Britain, or the West Indies, nor 
with those engaged in the slave-trade, 
and not to buy British goods or tea; 
a non-importation, non-consumption, 
and non-exportation agreement is 
adopted. 

Nov. ± * Provincial legislatures pass 
resolutions for obtaining military 
stores and arming the inhabitants. 

Nov. 5. Va. The militia assembled at 
Fort Gower resolve to support their 
countrymen rather than the tyranny of 
their King. 

Dec. * The king, having prohibited the 
exportation of military stores to 
America, patriots in Rhode Island take 
about 40 cannon from the public battery ; 
in New Hampshire they seize over 100 
barrels of gunpowder lying in the fort 
at Portsmouth. 

* * Can. A legislative council is es- 
tablished ; the laws made by the French 
are confirmed, and the Catholics secured 
in their religious freedom. 

* * Connecticut issues paper money, 
the first of the Revolution. 

* * Ga. Several millions of acres of land 
ceded to the King, by the Creek and 
Cherokee Indians. 

* * Ky. George R. Clark arrives. 

* * Mass. A great commotion arises 
against Gov. Hutchinson and Lieut.-gov. 
Oliver, whose letters to the British 
government against the liberties of 
the colony become known. These offi- 
cials propose the introduction of troops, 
and one of them suggests the establish- 
ment of a "patrician order." The 
governor advises the abridgement of 
" English liberties," as he doubted if 
the people of a colony could enjoy all 
the liberty of the parent State. 

* * Spain permits free-trade with several 
of her South American settlements. 

* * Newspapers are divided, for and 
against the government. 

1775 * * Eng. Parliament is occupied 
with American affairs. 

Jan. 20. Eng. Chatham presents his 
motion to Parliament for conciliation 
with America. 

Feb. 1. Mass. The second Provincial 
Congress meets at Cambridge. 

Feb. 10. Eng. Lord North introduces 
a bill to restrain the trade and com- 
merce of New England [which soon 
after passes Parliament]. 

Feb. * Franklin is in London, conferring 
with the Howes. 

Mar. 5. New York. A town-meeting 
favors a congress ; hoop-poles from a 
neighboring cooper's yard are used to 
enforce a favoring vote. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1773 * * Conn. An old copper-mine at 
Simsbury is used as a prison. 

1774 * * Boston. The streets are first 
lighted. 

* * Conn. Only 1,363 Indians are reported 
in this colony. 



80 1775, Mar. 18-1775. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1775 Mar. 18. Mass. Gen. Gage seizes 
13,425 musket cartridges and 3,000 
lbs. of ball belonging to private Ameri- 
cans and stored on Boston Neck. 

He strengthens the fortifications on 
Boston Week, and accumulates mili- 
tary stores. 
Apr. 18. Boston. Gen. Gage issues 
orders forbidding any one to leave the 
town after dark. 

Paul Revere rides to Concord to 
arouse the patriots. 

WAR OF INDEPENDENCE. 
Apr. 19. Mass. Lexington, the First 
Battle of the War for American In- 
dependence. 

Gen. Gage secretly sends a regiment 
of 800 men to Concord, 16 miles from 
Boston, to destroy the military stores of 
the colonists. They attack the patriots 
at Lexington and partially succeed in 
their mission, when they are in turn at- 
tacked by the " minute-men," and driven 
back to Boston. American loss 49 killed, 
34 wounded, and five missing; British 
loss 273. " This is the world-renowned 
battle of Concord, more eventful than 
Agincourt and Blenheim." 

Apr. 20. Mass. Gen. Putnam arrives 
at Concord, having ridden his horse 
about 100 miles in 18 hours. 

Apr. 20 + -76, Mar. 17,1776. 
SIEGE OF BOSTON. 

Apr. 20. Boston under siege by about 
20,000 Americans. 

The isthmus connecting the town of 
Boston with the main land is blockaded 
and the siege of the city begins. 

Va. Gov. Dunmore sends marines in 

the night, to remove about 20 barrels 
of gunpowder from the arsenal at Wil- 
liamsburg, the capital; some of the ex- 
asperated inhabitants fly to arms. 

Apr. 25. Md. Baltimoreans seize the 
provincial magazines, containing 1,500 
stand of arms, on receiving the war-news 
from Lexington. 

Apr. 27. Mass. Bos tonians deliver up to 
Gen. Gage a large quantity of guns, etc. 

May 2. fa. Patrick Henry and 700 
patriots force the governor to pay for 
the powder removed from Williamsburg. 

May 5. Mass. A naval skirmish takes 
place at Martha's Vineyard. 

May 10. N. Y. Surrender of Ticon- 
deroga ; the gateway to Canada is 
taken. 

Ethan Allen of Vermont, with 83 
"Green Mountain Boys," surprises the 

garrison, and demands its surrender of 
ommander Delaplace, " In the name 
of the Great Jehovah and the Conti- 
nental Congress." Thirty-eight prison- 
ers and a fortress costing $40,000,000, 
with 120 cannons and vast military stores 
are taken by these extempunzed troops 
in ten minutes. [The military supplies 
are soon hurried to the besiegers of Bos- 
ton, where they are much needed.] 

May 12. A'. }". Crown Point is taken 
by Seth Warner without loss of life. 

* * Eng. British officers resign their 
commissions rather than fight the colo- 
nists. 

May 25. Boston. Gens. Howe, Clin- 
ton, and Burgoyne arrive, and com- 



mand an army of more than 10,000 
disciplined soldiers. 

May 27. Bos/on. Israel Putnam defeats 
a few British raiders oil Hog Island. 

May * Boston. Artemas "Ward com- 
mander-in-chief of the American forces. 
Conflicts occur in the harbor. 

Phila. Congress adopts the army 

before Boston as the Continental army. 

* * A'. 1". Sir John Johnson flees from 
the Mohawk Valley to Canada. 

June 9. Mass. The American army 
at Cambridge; officers 1,581, privates 
6,063 ; total 7,644. 

June 12. Me. The Margarelta seized at 
Mac hi as. 

June 16. Mass. The Americans throw 
up entrenchments near Bunker Hill 
during the night, and command Boston 
with their cannons. 

June 17. Phila. Continental Congress 
elects George "Washington com- 
mander-in-chief of the American 
army ; he accepts the appointment, re- 
fusing all compensation. (June 15?) 

* * Massachusetts authorizes priva- 
teering. 

* * Rhode Island commissions two 
cruisers, and sends Abraham Whipple 
to Bermuda to seize powder. 

Mass. Battle of Bunker Hill 

(Breed's Hill). 

About 3.000 British troops under Gen- 
erals Howe and Pigot, aided by the fleet, 
carry the entrenchments on the third 
assault, the Americans having consumed 
their ammunition. British loss, 1.054 
killed and wounded; Americans lose 
150 killed (among them the brave Gen. 
Joseph Warren), 270 wounded, and 32 

Charlestown is burnt by the British. 

June 21. Phila. Washington leaves 
to take command of the American army. 

June * Ky. Daniel Boone builds his 
fort. 

July 2. Mass. "Washington arrives at 
Cambridge. 

July 3. Mass. Washington assumes 
command of the army, consisting of 
14,500 men. 

July 27. Phila. Congress establishes a 
hospital for 20,000 men. 

July * Can. Col. Guy Johnson holds a 
conference with the Indians at Mon- 
treal. Many Indian chiefs agree to 
support the King's cause, against the 
colonists, but accomplish very little. 

Boston. The army in three divisions 

invests the city. 

Aug. 21. X. Y. Continental army un- 
der Gen. Montgomery arrives at Fort 
Ticonderoga. 

Aug. 26. Mass. The Americans open 
their entrenchments on a hill near 
Boston. 

Aug. 30. Conn. Stonington is at- 
tacked by the British. 

Sept. 2. Mass. Washington begins to 
commission war-vessels. 

Sept. * A'. Y. Schuyler from Ticonde- 
roga moves toward Canada, but yields 



the command to Montgomery, who 
captures Chambly. 

* * Me. Benedict Arnold moves up tbo 
Kennebec to invade Canada. 

Sept. * -Dec. * Pa. Hostilities in the 
Susquehanna country between the Con- 
necticut and Pennsylvania settlers. 

Sept. 25. Can. Col. Ethan Allen, with 
83 men, attempts to take Montreal ; all 
are made prisoners. 

Sept. * S. C. Col. Moultrie, with the 
militia, takes possession of Fort John- 
son on St. James Island. 

Oct. 7. B. I. British vessels sail into the 
harbor of Bristol and fire upon the town ; 
Newport is threatened with destruction. 

Oct. 10. Boston. Lord William Howe 
succeeds General Gage in command 
at Boston. 

Oct. 13. The United States Wavy 
originated by an order of Congress for 
the construction of 2 cruisers, mounting 
respectively 10 and 14 guns. 

Oct. 18. Me. Falmouth (Portland) is 
burned by the British under Lieutenant 
Mowatt. 

Oct. * -Dec. * The American vessels, 
Lynch and Franklin, cruise in the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence. 

Nov. 2. A r . B. The garrison at St. John 
surrenders to Americans under Gen- 
eral Montgomery. 

Nov. 9. Can. General Arnold, with 
1.000 men, arrives before Quebec; they 
are deterred from taking the city by the 
want of boats. 

Nov. 12. Can. The Americans under 
Montgomery, having invaded Canada, 
attempt to surprise the British and 
take Montreal. 

* * Ger. British efforts to secure Ger- 
man mercenaries begin. 

Nov. 22. Mass. Americans take Cobble 
or Miller's Hill near Boston and for- 
tify it. 

Nov. 23. British despatch-bearer Con- 
nelly captured near Hagerstown. while 
on his way to Detroit, with papers of 
great consequence. 

Nov. 25. Phila. Congress declares Brit- 
ish vessels open to capture by Amer- 
icans, in retaliation for ordering the 
attack on American seaport towns by 
British vessels. 

Nov. 29. An American privateer cap- 
tures three British ships containing 
military stores. 

Nov. * Eng. Parliament votes to in- 
crease the British army in America 
to 40,000 men, requiring an addition of 
25,000 men. British subjects decline to 
enlist, and 17,000 Hessians are hired of 
Brunswick and Hesse-Cassel, at §36 a 
head. 

Dec. 1. Can. Arnold and Montgom- 
ery unite their forces on the St. Law- 
Dec. 8. Can. The siege of Quebec 



Dec. 9. Fa. A slight action takes place 
at Cedar Bridge. 



AMERICA. 



1775, Mar. 18 1775. 81 



Dec. 10. British vessels destroy the 
buildings on Canonicut Island. 

Dec. 13. Phila. The germ of the navy 
department. Congress first determines 
to build a navy of 13 frigates. 

Dec. 22. Phila. Congress appoints a 
corps of naval officers, Esek Hopkins 
commander, and John PaulJones lieu- 
tenant, naval affairs being in charge of 
a " Marine Committee." 

* * Boston. Admiral Shuldam relieves 
Admiral Graves as commander of the 
British fleet. 

Dee. 30. Can. Gen. Montgomery de- 
feated and killed before Quebec. 
Gen. Arnold coutinues the fruitless 
siege. 

Dec* Phila. Congress authorizes Wash- 
ington to push the attack upon Boston, 
to the destruction of the town if neces- 
sary. 

CHURCH. 

1775 May 28. B. I. Dedication of a 
new Baptist church at Providence ; 
steeple 196 ft. high; bell, 2,515 lbs.; 
cost, §35,000. 

May 20. N. C. Presbyterians form the 
Mecklenburgh Convention, which 
anticipates the Declaration of Indepen- 
dence made at Philadelphia. 

May * Va. Baptist churches issue a 
patriotic address. 

LETTERS. 
1775 May 10. New York. A mob com- 
pels President Cooper of King's (Co- 
lumbia) College to flee for his life 
because of his Tory sentiments. 

* *Nov. * Xew York. Kivington's Ga- 
zetteer office is destroyed by Connecticut 
marauders. 

* * Eng. Appeals and addresses, or- 
dered by the Colonial Congress, arrive in 
England. 

William Pitt commends the patriots. 
" For myself I must avow, that, in all 
my reading, — and I have read Thucyd- 
ides, and I have studied and admired 
the master states of the world,— for 
solidity of reason, force of sagacity, and 
wisdom of conclusion, under a compli- 
cation of difficult circumstances, no 
nation or body of men can stand in 
preference to the general congress at 
Philadelphia. The histories of Greece 
and Rome give us nothing equal to it, 
and all attempts to impose servitude 
upon such a mighty continental nation 
must be in vain." 

SOCIETY. 

1775 Apr. 14. Phila. The first Aboli- 
tion Society is formed, with Benjamin 
Franklin as president, and Benjamin 
Rush as secretary. 

Apr. 19. The patriots' victory at the 

battle of Lexington fires the country. 

Public sentiment quickly changes from 

loyalty to an almost universal desire to 

separate from England. 

May* Eng. The people are divided in 
their allegiance. 

English privilege and officialism are 
with the kings ; the popular heart and 
conscience are with the colonists, by a 
great majority. 



June 17. The Battle of Bunker Hill, 
though a defeat, inspires the war 
spirit in the colonies ; it is discovered 
that British troops are not invincible. 

* * Boston. The people suffer because of 
the rigorous siege. 

* * Boston. Dr. Benj. Church, director of 
the hospital, is the first American traitor. 

Nov. 4. Phila. The Continental Con- 
gress directs that there should be issued 
daily to each soldier a pint of milk and 
a quart "of spruce beer or cider. 

STATE. 

1775 Mar. * Eng. Franklin leaves Lon- 
don. 

Mar. * Mass. The movement develops 
a struggle for liberty. 

John Adams says, " That there are any 
who pant after i ndependenee is the 
greatest slander on the province." [A 
sudden change soon follows.] 

Apr. 3. A 7 ". Y. The Colonial Assembly 
holds its last session, and adjourns. 

Apr. 19. The political existence of the 
United States dates from the Battle of 
Lexington ; its legal existence from 
the adoption of the Declaration of Inde- 
pendence on July 4, 1776. 

* * W. Y. Richmond and Queens Counties 
side with the Tories, and send no dele- 
gates to the Provincial Congress. The 
wealth and influence of New York 
City are hostile to the patriots. 

Apr. 22. Mass. The Provincial Congress 
resolves to raise an army of 30,000 
men, of which the quota of Massachu- 
setts will be 13,600. 

May 5. Phila. Benjamin Franklin 
returns from England after an absence 
of more than ten years. 

May 10. Phila. The Second Conti- 
nental Congress opens in Independence 
Hall. [Peyton Randolph, president; 
Charles Thomson, secretary.] Colonies 
represented, 13 ; delegates present, 55. 

May 15. Phila. Congress resolves to 
issue paper money as a substitute for 
taxation. 

* * Phila. Congress votes to establish a 
line of posts from Maine to Georgia. 

May 20. Phila. Articles of confed- 
eration and perpetual union agreed 
upon in the Congress. 

A 7 ". C. The colonists begin to speak 

of the United Colonies of America: 
at Charlotte the citizens assemble has- 
tily to startle the country by adopting 
the Mecklenburg Declaration of Inde- 
pendence, [two months before that 
written by Jefferson. Winsor = May 20 ; 
some others = May 31]. 

May 24. Phila. John Hancock is 
elected president of Congress. 

June 7. Mass. The General Court con- 
siders the creation of a naval force, and 
authorizes privateers. 

Its action is anticipated by the people 
of Buzzard's Bay. [.Jeremiah O'Brien 
is made a naval captain, commanding 
the prize sloop Margaretta.] 

June 12. Mass. Gen. Gage by procla- 
mation arrogantly offers pardon to all 
" rebels " and " traitors " who may sur- 



render, but excepts Samuel Adams and 
John Hancock. 

June 14. Phila. Congress votes to raise 
an army of 20,000 men. [June 15. Wash- 
ington elected commander.] 

June 15. Phila. Congress makes a 
last appeal to George III. for justice and 
liberty. [July 8. Second petition.] 

June 22. Phila. Congress resolves to 
emit $2,000,000 in bills of credit. 

July 6. Phila. Congress issues a man- 
ifesto, justifying its resistance to 
England. 

July 26. Md. The Maryland Convention 
meets at Annapolis, and resolves to sup- 
port the measures of Congress ; orders 
$266,666 bills of credit struck, and 
decides to raise 40 companies of min- 
ute-men. 

Phila. Congress first establishes a 

post-office; Benjamin Franklin, post- 
master. 

Summer. Franklin proposes a plan for 
confederating the English colonies. 

Aug. * Georgia joins the other colonies. 

Summer. The King's authority ia 
overthrown in all the colonies ; the 
governors either join the popular cause, 
or are driven away by the people. 

Aug 23. Eng. King George III. pro- 
claims the existence of open rebellion 
in the colonies, and calls on loyal per- 
sons to give information against the dis- 
loyal colonists. 

* * Phila. Congress passes a Pension 
Act. 

Oct. 6. Phila. Congress urges the arrest 
of Tories. 

* * Phila. Congress appoints a Naval 
Committee. 

Oct. 13. Phila. Congress orders war- 
vessels to be built. 

Nov. * Can. Commissioners from Con- 
gress go to Canada. 

* * Phila. Bonvouloir sounds Congress 
by direction of the French government. 

Nov. 13. Massachusetts authorizes pri- 
vate armed vessels to cruise. 

Nov. 29. Phila. Congress first seeks ad- 
mission into the family of nations by 
appointing Franklin, Jay, and three 
others, a committee to confer with 
friends of the colonies " in Great Britain, 
Ireland, and elsewhere." 

* * [U. S.] Governors inaugurated: 
Nov. * -78 * * R. I. Nicolas Cooke. 
S. C. William Campbell. 

Dec. 2. Phila. Congress votes to em- 
ploy foreign engineers. 

Dec. 21. Eng. Act of Parliament for 
confiscating all American vessels 
and impressing their crews into the 
British navy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1775 * * Can. Quebec has 5,000 inhab- 
itants. 

Dec. 14. Boston. Gen. Howe orders 
about 100 wooden buildings to be taken 
down and used for fuel, 



82 1775-1776, July 3. 



AMERICA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1775 * * Both the English and Americans 
seek the aid of the Indians. 

1776 Jan. 1. Mass. The Union flag 
is first unfurled in the camp at Cam- 
bridge. 

Va. Norfolk, the principal shipping 

port of Virginia, is partly burned by 
the Americans to deprive the British 
of shelter, and in part by the British 
Tories under Gov. Lord Dunmore, who 
had been driven from office by the 
patriots. 

* * Washington commissions Samuel 
Tucker as naval captain. 

Jan. 20. Sir John Johnson is forced 
by Gen. Schuyler to disband his High- 
landers and Mohawks, and give his 
parole not to fight the patriots. 

Feb. 4. New York. The Americans 
take possession; Gen. Charles Lee 
enters the city and encamps in the 
suburb on The Fields (City Hall Park). 

Feb. * The first American fleet of armed 
vessels begins its cruise. 

The British seek to transfer the seat 
of war to the southern colonies. 

The American regular army num- 
bers a little more than 14,000 men ; 6,000 
Massachusetts militia are available. 

Feb. 10. Mass. "Washington, at Charles- 
town, writes: "Without men, without 
arms, without ammunition, little is to 
be done." 

Feb. 27. A 7 . C. Tories and Highlanders 
under McDonald defeated at Moore's 
Creek Bridge by the patriots, who 
take the British general, 350 guns, 1,500 
rifles, 13 wagons, 150 swords. 

* * Mass. The cannons taken at Fort 
Ticonderoga, having been hauled 
thither on sleds, are placed along the 
American line around Boston. 

Mar. 2. Mass. Americans bombard 
the British in Boston. 
An action occurs at Morris Creek. 

Mar. 3. Ga. Col. Bull and Americans 
burn British ship Inverness, and 6 other 
vessels laden for England, near Savan- 
nah. 

Mar. 4. W. I. Com. Esek Hopkins 
takes New Providence from the Brit- 
ish with its military stores. 

Mar. 5. Mass. A detachment of Amer- 
icans under Gen. Thomas takes posses- 
sion of Dorchester Heights in the 
night, thus beginning the long-expected 
attempt to take Boston. 

Boston. A severe storm delays the 

storming of the American works by the 
British, and the works are strengthened. 

Mar. * Can. The Americans are ex- 
pelled from Canada by Sir Guy Carle- 
ton. 

Mar. 17. Boston is evacuated by the 
British under Howe without molesta- 
tion, there being an informal agreement 
that the city would not be burned if no 
attack was made. [Eleven days re- 
quired.] 



Mar. 18. Boston. Washington enters 
the city, and finds 250 cannon and 25,000 
bushels of wheat. 

Mar. 23. Philu. Congress issuesletters 
of marque and reprisal against Eng- 
land, and declares all British vessels to 
be lawful prizes. 

Mar. * -Apr. * Ger. The troops of 
Hesse-Cassel are first mustered in by 
the British. 

Apr. 4. Mass. Washington leaves Cam- 
bridge for New York. 

Apr. 6. British ship Glasgow, 20 guns, 
and her tender, under Captain Howe, 
attack the brigantine Cabot, 30 guns, 
Columbus, 28 guns, brig Annodinc, G 
guns, and sloop Providence, 12 guns, 
under Commodore Hopkins, and escapes 
with the loss of her tender. 

* * Washington ceases to supervise naval 
affairs. 

Apr. 13. New York. "Washington and 
the main'part of the army arrive from 
Cambridge ; he has about 8,000 effective 

May 17. Boston. Capt. Mugford, having 
captured the British ship Nope, with 
1,500 barrels of powder, brings tbe prize 
to port. 

New York. Washington first learns 

that 17,000 German troops have been 
hired by the British, who are landing 
in Canada. 

May 19. Can. Gen. Benedict Arnold, 
with 900 Americans, captures the British 
post at the Cedars, releasing 500 Amer- 
ican prisoners. 

May 25. Phila. Congress resolves to 
engage the Indians for military ser- 

May* Can. The Americans are de- 
feated at Three Rivers. 

Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec 
in command of the Northern army. 

June 2. Can. Gen. John Thomas dies 
of smallpox. 

June 4. S. C. The British fleet appears 
off Charleston. 

Gen. Lee arrives at Charleston, for 
its defense, as Gen. Clinton arrives 
to destroy it ; both parties proceed to 
erect defenses. 

June 15. Can. The British retake 
Montreal from the Americans. 

June * ± Can. Gen. Howe leaves Halifax, 
and sails with his army for New York 
Bay. 

June 16. Can. The Americans abandon 
the province of Canada. 

June 17, 18. English transports hound 
for Boston are captured by American 
cruisers. 

June 18. Canada is entirely evacu- 
ated by the Americans, "defeated, dis- 
contented, dispirited, diseased." 

June 25. N. 1". Gen. Howe arrives 
at Sandy Hook with his forces. 

June 28. New York. Gen. Howe, with 
the garrison of Boston, on board a 
British fleet of 40 vessels, enters the 
harbor, 



June * Gen. Horatio Grates takes com- 
mand of the Northern army of 
Americans. 

June 27. The British underGen. Clinton 
and Sir Peter Parker bombard the fort 
on Sullivan's Island for 10 hours and 
retire; British loss, 210 killed and 
wounded ; Americans, 32. [The name 
of the fort is changed to Fort Moultrie, 
in honor of its commander.] 

Incident of bravery: Sergeant Jasper 
leaps outside the fort and seizes the 
fallen flag, which he ties to a pole on 
the parapet amid " iron hail.** 

June 30. -V. Y. Gen. Howe lands a 
strong British force on Staten Island, 
where he is welcomed by the Tories. 

* * Gen. Ward commissions Capt. Mug- 
ford to cruise near Boston. 

* * Paul Jones wit 1, the privateer Provi- 
dence takes 1G prizes. 

June* New York. Washington discovers 
a Tory conspiracy, in which some of 
the patriot soldiers are involved, and 
one of the guard, Thomas Hickey, is 
hanged "for mutiny, sedition, and 
treachery." Tories take warning. 

ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1775 * * Boston. Tbe Blockade of Boston 

is written by General Burgoyne, and 

performed in Boston by British officers. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Barbour. James, statesman, horn, 
Beecber, Lyman, theologian, horn. 
Bolder, Peter, Moravian bishop, AtS3. 
Brown, Jaroh, major-general, horn. 
Chase. Philander, bishop, born. 
Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, born. 
Embury. Philip, rirst .Meth. preacher. A -16. 
Hobart, John Henry, Prot.-Epis. bishop of 

N.Y., author, born. 
Lviuaii, 1'hineas, general, A 59. 
Jlillnloler, Philip, pres. of Kutgers Coll., b. 
Montgomerv, Richard, general, A39. 
Morgan, William, abducted, born. 
Quincy. Josiah. Jr.. patriot and orator, A 31. 
Randolph. Peyton, rirst American Con 

gress, A52. 
Spalding, Lyman, physician, born. 
Warren, Joseph, gen., phys., patriot, A34. 

CHURCH. 

1775 * * Boston. The Old South 
Church used as a riding-school for 
Burgoy ne's light-horse. 

* * Co7in. Discomfort in the churches. 

Stoves are not yet introduced into Con- 
necticut churches, though the climate is 
more severe than in recent years, and 
the communion bread freezes on the 
tables, yet new-born infants are taken 
to the churches to be baptized, accord- 
ing to the custom. 

* * Eng. The religious sympathies of the 
dissenters especially favor the colonists. 

* * New Eng, The Presbyterian Synod 
of New England is formed (London- 
derry, Salem, and Palmer). 

* * Va. The General Association of Bap- 
tists appoints 3 bishops; one is elected 
an apostle by ballot. 

1776 May 4. B. I. The Baptists re- 
pudiate all allegiance to George III. 

* * All the colonies, with the exception of 
Rhode Island, New Jersey, and Pennsyl- 



AMERICA. 



1775-1776, July 3. 83 



vania, Lave a church established by 
law, or custom, as the rightful custo- 
dian of the spiritual interests of the 
people. 
June * Francis Asbury, a distinguished 
Methodist, is arrested and fined £5 for 
preaching without first taking the oath 
of loyalty. 



LETTERS. 
1775 Mar. 6. Boston. Joseph War- 
ren repeats his massacre oration. 

* * New York. Rev. Benjamin Moore 
hecomes president of King's (Columbia) 
College. 

The Constitutional Gazette issued by 
John Anderson. (Dies the same year.) 

* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Magazine 
appears. 

* * T'a. Patrick Henry, the greatest 
orator in America, makes his famous 
patriotic speech before the House of 
Burgesses. 

MeMngal, by John Trumbull, appears 
in part. 

1776 Jan. 8. Thomas Paine issues his 
Common Sense, which is -widely circu- 
lated, and greatly aids the Eevolution 
by showing the importance and necessity 
of seeking independence. 

SOCIETY. 

1776 Mar. 18. Boston. Washington 
enters the city at the head of his army ; 
the whole country is wild with de- 
light. [Congress orders a gold medal 
to be struck for General Washington.] 

Apr. 6. Phila. Congress prohibits the 
importation of slaves. 

STATE. 
1775* * Governors inaugurated : 
* * S. C. William Campbell governor, 
later, John Rutledge, the first governor 
under the Federal Constitution. 
1776. Jan. 1. Mass. The flag of the 
13 United Colonies is first raised ; it re- 
tains the crosses of St. George and St. 
Andrew on a blue ground, and adds red 
and white stripes. It is first used by 
Washington at Cambridge. . 
* * * Neio York. Gov. Tryon prudently 
retires on board of a British man-of-war. 
Jan. 2. Phila. Congress urges strenu- 
ous measures against the Tories. 
Jan. * Eng. Pitt makes a speech on 

the Americans in Parliament. 
Feb. 1. Eng. Gen. Howe is directed 
not to use the King's name in the ex- 
change of prisoners. 
Feb. 17. Phila. Congress is obliged to 
issue $4,000,000 additional bills of 
Continental paper to meet the expenses 
of the war. 

Mar. 2. Phila. Congress appoints Silas 
Deane, of Ct., commissioner to France. 

Mar.* Phila. Congress commissions 
Carroll, Franklin, and Chase to go 
to Canada to effect a union. 



Mar. 23. Phila. Congress authorizes 
privateers to prey upon British com- 
merce. 

Mar. 14. Phila. Congress urges the dis- 
arming of disaffected citizens. 
Mar.* -June* V. S. Notable increase 

of the spirit of independence. 
Mar. 26. S. C. The General Assembly 
adopts a Constitution for the govern- 
ment of the Province. It is to continue 
till October 21, " and no longer." 
* * Phila. Congress issues instructions 

to privateers. 
Apr. 6. Congress declares American 
ports open to the trade of all nations 
except Great Britain, but prohibits the 
slave-trade. 
Apr. 22. Worth Carolina authorizes her 
delegates to subscribe to a declaration 
of independence. 
Apr. * Phila. A finance committee, 
the germ of the Treasury Department, 
is appointed by Congress. 
May 4. H. I. The Assembly repeals the 
" Act for the more effectually securing 
to his Majesty the allegiance of Rhode 
Island and Providence plantations," and 
provides that in legal papers, the name 
and authority of the King shall be 
omitted, and those of " the Governor 
and Company of this Colony" be sub- 
stituted. 
May 10. Pa. The colonial charter is 
overthrown. 

Mass. The General Assembly calls 

upon the people to assemble in town- 
meetings, and instruct their represen- 
tatives, "Whether, if the Honorable 
Congress should, for the safety of said 
Colonies, declare them independent 
of the Kingdom of Great Britain, they, 
the said inhabitants, will solemnly en- 
gage, with their lives and fortunes, 
to support them in the measure." 
[Barnstable is the only town in the 
Commonwealth that hesitates.] 
May 15. Phila. Congress calls upon 
the States to provide independent gov- 
ernments, and totally suppress every 
kind of authority under the Crown. 

Va. The Convention instructs the 

delegates of Virginia in Congress to 
urge it " to declare the United Colo- 
nies free and independent States, 
absolved from allegiance to, or depend- 
ence upon, the Crown or Parliament of 
Great Britain." 
May* Fr.-Sp. France and Spain se- 
cretly resolve to aid the Americans 
with money. 
May 24. Phila. The Continental Con- 
gress elects John Hancock of Massa- 
chusetts as its president. 
June 7. Phila. Congress changes its 
demand, and asks for independence 
instead of constitutional liberties. 

Phila. Richard Henry Lee, in obe- 
dience to the instructions of the Assem- 
bly of Virginia, offers a resolution in 
Congress "that the united colonies 
are, and of right ought to be, free 



and independent States." John 
Adams of Massachusetts seconds the 
motion, and a great debate follows. New 
York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania, Mary- 
land, and South Carolina are conserva- 
tive,- and hesitate to support such a 
radical step. The resolution is post- 
poned till July first. 

June 10 and Aug. 11. Phila. Beau- 
marchais, as agent, receives from the 
French and Spanish governments mon- 
eys, and conducts his business under the 
style " Hortalez et Compagnie." 

June 11. Phila. Congress appoints T. 
Jefferson, John Adams, Benj. Franklin, 
Roger Sherman, and Robert R. Living- 
ston a committee to prepare a decla- 
ration of independence. 

June 12. Va. A Declaration of Rights. 
is adopted. 

June * Va. Gov. Dunmore prudently re- 
tires on board a British man-of-war. 



June 20. Conn. The General Assembly 
issues a declaration of independence 
and absolution from all allegiance to the 
King of Great Britain. 

June* A 7 ™ York. Discovery of the 
"Hiekey Plot," to assassinate Wash- 
ington. 

* * Fr. Silas Deane reaches France as 
the first agent of the United States. 

* * Phila. The United States solicits 
money of France. 

* * Phila. Congress proposes a loan. 

June 28. Phila. Congress. The reso- 
lution of Independence drafted by 
Thomas Jefferson of Virginia, having 
been accepted by the committee, is re- 
ported to the delegates. 

July 1. Phila. Congress. Debate com- 
mences on the resolution for Independ- 
ence. 

July 2. Phila. Congress. Delegates of 
all the colonies adopt the resolution of 
Independence except New York, whose 
delegates have not been instructed to 
take such an important step. 

July 3. Phila. Congress debates the 
Declaration of Independence with 
great earnestness, but the discussion is 
not completed. 

Note — The Resolution of Independence, the 
important event, passes on the 2d of July. 
The reasons for so doing are passed by Con- 
gress two days later. John Adams predicted 
the •■ 2d day of July " would be long cele- 
brated. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

* * * Wealth abounds in many South- 
ern families ; it is chiefly produced by 
growing tobacco, indigo, and rice. 

1776 Jan. 1. Va. Norfolk is de- 
stroyed by Are and the cannon balls of 
the British ; loss, $1,500,000. 

Spring. Neio York. Hydrant water in- 
troduced ; reservoir on the east side of 
Broad Street, near Pearl. 



8-1 1776, July 4-1777, Jan. 1. 



AMERICA 



The United States of America is a federal republic, extending from the Atlantic to the Pacific Oceans, and occupying 
most of the southern half of the Continent of North America. It comprises 45 States and three Territories, besides the District 
of Columbia, Washington is the federal capital. 

The government is a representative democracy. The Federal executive authority is vested in a President, elected for four 
years, aided by a Cabinet having eight members ; the legislative authority, in a Congress having two houses, the Senate com- 
prising two members for each State, and a Ilouse of Representatives having 350 members who are elected by the direct vote of 
th# people. Batio of representation, one Representative to 173,901 of the population. The Senators are elected by the State Le- 
gislatures ; the Representatives are elected for two years by the direct vote of the people of the different States. The Federal 
authority is limited to national affairs. Each State has a Governor and a Legislature of two houses, having extensive inde- 
pendent power reserved to it under the Federal Constitution, for controlling its local affairs. The Federal judiciary system is 
distinct from that of the States ; the highest court being the Supreme Court of the United States. All religions are tolerated, 
and English is the common language. Area, 3,025,600 square miles ; including Alaska, 3,557,000. Population, 1800, G2.C22,250. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1776 July 5. Conn. New Haven is 
plundered and pillaged by the British. 

July 12. N.Y. Sir William Howe lands 
9,000 British soldiers on Staten Island. 

July 15-Oet. 11. S. C. War with the 
Cherokee Indians. Their settlements 
are destroyed, and they are driven be- 
yond the mountains by a force under 
Col. Andrew Williamson. 

July * X. Y. General Sullivan is driven 
from Canada by the British ; he rests at 
Crown Point. 

Aug. 1. X. Y. Sir Henry Clinton's 
army arrives from Charleston, South 
Carolina. 

Aug. 8. Northern army under Washing- 
ton reports 10,514 fit for duty ; 3,668 sick ; 
2,946 on command ; 97onfurlough ; total, 
17,225. 

Lieut. Paul Jones receives a captain's 

commission. [Nov. 2. B. I. He sails in 
command of the ship Alfred, having 30 
guns and 300 men, and the sloop Provi- 
dence, having 12 guns and 70 men. He 
soon breaks up the fishery at Cape 
Breton.] 

Aug. 14. N. Y. Lords Dunmore and 
Campbell and Sir Peter Parker, after 
taking from the Virginians about 1,000 
negroes, join Lord Howe on Staten 
Island, making his entire force about 
35,000 men. 

Aug. 20. X. Y. Gen. Sullivan suc- 
ceeds Gen. Greene in command of the 
Americans on Long Island. [Aug. 24. 
He is succeeded by Gen. Putnam.] 

Aug. 22. X. Y. Gen. Howe lands 10,000 
British soldiers on Long Island near 
the Narrows. (The British fleet num- 
bers 437 vessels.) 

Aug. 27. JV. Y. BattleofLonglsland. 
Disastrous defeat of 5,000 Americans 
by 16,000 British and Hessians in Brook- 
lyn [Greenwood Cemetery]. The Amer- 
icans under Putnam, Sullivan, and Stir- 
ling lose 2,000 killed and taken prisoners, 
including three generals captured ; Brit- 
ish loss, about 400 men. 

Aug. 28. X. Y. The British on Long 
Island make no assault on the Amer- 
ican lines, but prepare for a regular 
siege ; the Americans are reenforced. 

* * * Successive disasters fall to the 
Americans. 

Aug. 30. N. Y. Washington, favored 
by a dense fog, secretly retreats during 
the night from Brooklyn to New York, 



Sept. * Pkita. Congress establishes uni- 
forms for the army and navy. 

X. Y. Great numbers of the militia 

desert after the defeat on Long Island ; 
Washington's army is reduced to less 
than 20,000 men. 

Sept. 14. AT. Y. The British enter 
New York City, and the Americans 
retire to Harlem. Washington narrowly 
escapes capture in his reluctant retreat. 

Sept. 16- A 7 . T. The British make an un- 
successful attack at Harlem Heights, 
near New York, losing 20 killed and 100 
wounded. 

Sept. 22. A r . r. Captain Nathan Hale 
is captured while reconnoitering the 
British force on Long Island ; he is de- 
nied the attendance of a clergyman, and 
speedily hanged by Sir William Howe; 
his letters to his mother and friends are 
destroyed. 

* * Xew York. Oliver de Lancey raises 
a royalist corps. 

Sept.-f- * X. Y. The two armies watch 
each other for several weeks. 

Oct. 10. Pkila. Congress creates cap- 
tains in the navy, which comprises 26 
vessels carrying 536 guns. 

Oct. 11-13. Brig.-Gen. Benedict Ar- 
nold, in command of a small fleet on 
Lake Champlain, heroically fights a su- 
perior force under Sir Guy Carleton, 
Governor of Canada ; the enemy retire?, 
but afterward returns and defeats Ar- 
nold, who runs some of his vessels ashore 
and fires them, while others escape. 
[Oct. 14. A 7 ". Y. Carleton occupies Crown 
Point.] 

Arnold destroys the buildings at 
Crown Point [and retreats to Fort 
Ticonderoga]. 

Oct. 23. New York. Manhattan Island 
is abandoned by the Americans, while 
Gen. Howe attempts to gain their rear. 

Oct. 28. X. Y. Gen. Howe defeats 
Washington at the Battle of White 
Plains, near New York; losses, about 
400 men on each side. 

Oct.* X. Y. Finding Ticonderoga 
strengthened by Gen. Gates, Carleton 
retires to Canada, and postpones the 
proposed division of the colonies by con- 
necting with Howe at New York. 

* * Capt. Lambert Wickes, of the Re- 
prisal, takes Dr. Franklin to Europe ; 
Wickes is the first American to cruise 
in European waters. 



* * Esek Hopkins, commander-in-chief 
of the navy, captures the English hip- 
of-war Glasgow. [1777. Jan. 2. Dis- 
missed the service for neglect.] 

Nov. 4. JV r . Y. Washington withdraws 
to North Castle, about five miles distant. 

Nov. * A*. }'. The two armies watch each 
other. 

Nov. * X. J. Washington crosses the 
Hudson to Fort Lee, near New York, on 
the west bank ; he leaves 7,000 men with 
Gen. Charles Lee. 

Nov. 16. A r . Y. The British under Howe 
attack Fort Washington, and Col. 
ZUagaw capitulates after a stubborn re- 
sistance; the British take more than 
2,000 prisoners. 

Nov. 18. X. Y. Gen. Cornwallis, with 
6,000 British soldiers, crosses the Hudson 
to attack Fort Lee in New Jersey. 

Nov. 20. N. J. Washington, hastily 
abandoning his artillery, withdraws 
with his little army of 3,000 men to 
Hackensack. [Nov. * He retreats to 
Newark, New Brunswick, and Prince- 
ton.] 

Nov. * Gen. Charles Lee is virtually in- 
subordinate, and refuses to cooperate 
with and reenforce Washington. 

Nov. 30. X. J. Washington's army oc- 
cupies Trenton. 

Dec. 2-4. X. J. Gen. Lee crosses the 
Hudson at Haverstraw. [Dec. 11. He 
finally reaches IVIorristown.] 

Dec. 8. Pa. Washington, having re- 
treated across the State of New Jersey, 
crosses the Delaware into Pennsylva- 
nia : he destroys all the boats within 70 
miles, and is not pursued farther. 

II. I. The British take Rhode 

Island, and blockade its ports ; Provi- 
dence and Canonicut Islands are also 
subdued. [Held for 3 years.] 

* * *The militia, especially that of New 
Jersey, refuses to take the field in be- 
half of a ruined enterprise. 

Dec. 13. X. J. A squad of British cav- 
alry captures Gen. Lee at Basking 
Bidge. [Taken to New York.] 

Dec. 14. X. J. The British go into win- 
ter quarters. 

Dec. * X. J. Gen. Schuyler, with part 
of the army from Lake Champlain, re- 
enforces Washington at Morristown, 
augmenting his force to 6,000 men. 

Dec. 20. Pa. Gen. Sullivan with Lee's 
army arrives at headquarters. 



UNITED STATES. 1776, JulyJl-1777, Jan. L 85 



ARMY — WAVY. 
Dec. 25. The tide of fortune turns in 

favor of tlie Americans. ■Washington 

reerosses the Delaware in the night 

amid the floating ice with '2,400 men. 
Dec. 26. X.J. Battle of Trenton. 
"Washington surprises and surrounds 

the 1,500 liritisli at Trenton under Col. 

Kahl ; he captures 1,000 Hessians, losing 

only two men. [This victory rouses the 

nation from despondency.] 
Dec. 27. N. J. The British abandon all 

their posts on the Delaware River. 
Dec* Robert Rogers recruits the 

Queen's Rangers [afterward led by 

John Graves, Lord Simcoe]. 

* * Eng. John the Painter fires the Eng- 
lish dockyards. 

* * Marshal Broglie makes movements to 
supersede "Washington. 

1777 Jan. 1. N. J. Col. Reed, with 
six horsemen, makes a dash ziear Prince- 
ton, captures 12 dragoons, and brings 
them to the American camp at Trenton. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS 
1776* * 

Bates, Joshua, cl., college president, born. 
Boyer, Jean Pierre, Haiti, born. 
Cheves, Langdon, statesman, born. 
Eaton, Amos, naturalist, born. 
Hale. Capt. Nathan, patriot, A21. 
Morris, Thomas, statesman, born. 
Murdock, James, theologian, born. 
Thomas, John, general, A51. 
Troost, Gerard, rheinist, born. 
Vanderlyn, John, painter, bora. 

CHURCH. 

1776* * Boston. The churches suffer ; 
the British have used one church as a 
riding-school, three as barracks, and one 
for firewood. 

* * Cat. Catholic missionaries settle at 
Verba Buena [San Francisco]. 

* * Del. All the Methodist preachers 
sent by Mr. Wesley return to England, 
except Francis Asbury. 

LETTERS. 

1776 Dee. 3. N. J. First issue of the 
New Jersey Gazette at Burlington ; it is 
the first newspaper in the State. 

* * The American Crisis, by Thomas Paine, 
appears. 

* * * New York. Rivington's Gazetteer, 
the most influential Tory journal in the 
country. 

* * New York. John Englishman in De- 
fence of the English Constitution , issued 
(for.threejnonths) by Parker and Wyman. 

* * The New York Pacquet and the Ameri- 
can Advertizer issued by Samuel Loudon. 

The Committee of Safety take King's 
(Columbia) College for a military hos- 
pital. 

* * Phila. The Declaration of Inde- 
pendence is drafted by Thomas JefTer- 

* * P. I. Dialogue against Slavery, by 
Samuel Hopkins, appears. 

* * Va. James Monroe graduates at Wil- 
liam and Mary College. 

Hampden-Sidney College (non- 
sect.) is organized. 



SOCIETY. 

1776 Sept.* Phila. Alexander Ham- 
ilton, 20 years of age, attracts the atten- 
tion and wins the long friendship of 
Washington by his skill in planning 
the defenses of Fort Washington, New 
York. 

Sept. -Dec. General despondency 
prevails because of the military disas- 
ters and the loss of hope. 

Nov. IS. Phila. Congress approves of 
a lottery bill to defray military ex- 
penses. 

* * Phila. Kobert Morris offers his 
princely fortune for the support of the 
distressed army. 

* * Slavery exists in every one of the 
colonies that enters the struggle for lib- 
erty. 

* * "Washington issues orders forbidding 
" all playing at cards or other games of 
chance " in the army. 



STATE. 

1776 July 4. Phila. Continental Con- 
gress : At 2 o'clock in the afternoon the 
Declaration of American Indepen- 
dence is adopted by the delegates of 
13 colonies. 

"Resolved that these united colonies 
are and of right ought to be, free and 
independent States ; that they are ab- 
soh ed from all allegiance to the British 
crown ; and that all political connection 
between them and the State of Great 
Britain is and ought to be totally dis- 
solved." [Aug. 2. Signed by the last 



July * The colonists accept the Declara- 
tion with great enthusiasm ; they ex- 
press their delight with bonfires, bells, 
and speeches ; the New Yorkers (July 9) 
pull down the leaden statue of George 
III. and cast it into bullets. 

July 8. Phila. The Declaration of In- 
dependence is read from the steps of 
the State House, and to the American 
army 

July 9. N. Y. The Provincial Congress 
assembles at White Plains and formally 
takes the name of the Representatives 
of New York, and proclaims its adhe- 
sion to the Declaration of Independence. 
[July 10. New York is declared an in- 
dependent State] 

July 12. Phila. Dickinson's proposed 
plan for confederation is presented to 
Congress. 

July 14. Gen. Washington refuses to re- 
ceive a letter from Adm. Lord Howe, 
addressed to "George Washington, 
Esq." (And later another to " George 
Washington, etc., etc., etc." He finally 
accepts one properly addressed.) 

Aug. 23. New York. Sir William Howe 
issues a proclamation of pardon to 
all who return to the allegiance of the 
King. 

Sept. 5. Phila. A report on treason 
is made to Congress. 



Sept. 9. Phila. The Colonies are first 
called the United States of America, 
by Congress. 

Sept. 11. N. Y. Adm. Howe, having so- 
licited a conference respecting rec- 
onciliation, meets John Adams, Benj, 
Franklin, and Edward Rutledge, at a 
house on Staten Island opposite Amboy ; 
the Americans disdain submission. 

Dec. * Kentucky is made a county of 
Virginia. [1791. Feb.* Separated.] 

Oct. 13. Phila. Congress lays the foun- 
dation of the American navy by ap- 
pointing a committee to build 13 frigates. 

Nov. 2. Phila. Congress establishes a 
cannon-foundry. 

Nov. * Phila. Congress appoints Ar- 
thur Lee and Benjamin Frankhn am- 
bassadors to negotiate a treaty with 
France. [Dec. 7. They arrive at Nantes, 
France.] 

Nov. 30. N. Y. Adm. Lord and Gen. 
Sir William Howe issue a proclamation 
of pardon. 

It calls upon all insurgents to lay down 
their arms, and offers pardon for 60 days. 
[Many persons, especially the wealthy 
people, comply ; among whom are two 
delegates of the Continental Congress, 
and the president of the New Jersey 
Convention whicb approved the Decla- 
ration of Independence. For 10 days 
after its issue from 200 to 300 come daily 
to take the oath.] 

* * Phila. Congress orders that persons 
refusing to take Continental money be 
arrested. 

Dec. 12. Phila. Owing to the proximity 
of the British army, the Continental 
Congress adjourns to Baltimore. 

Dec. 20. Aid. Third session of the 
Colonial Congress at Baltimore. 

[Dec. 27. It clothes Washington with 
dictatorial powers to direct all mili- 
tary operations for six months.] 

* * -84 * * New York. David Matthews 
(Tory), the 42d mayor. 

* * The hiring of Hessian troops to sub- 
jugate the colonists causes disloyalty 
to become rampant. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 
-77 * * Del. John McKinley. 

Ga. Archibald Bullock (acting). 
-79 * * N. C. Richard Caswell. 
-89 * * N. J. Win. Livingston. 
_77 * * p a . Benj. Franklin (Committee 

of Safety). 
-79 * * Va. Patrick Henry. 

* * U. S. The States adopt new consti- 
tutions. (July 2, N. J. ; July 5, Va. ; 
July 15, Pa.; Aug. 14, Bid. ; Sept. 20, Del.; 
Dec. 18, N. C.) [1777, Feb. 5, Ga. ; Apr. 
20 ; 1778, Mar. 19, S. C. ; 1780, Mar. 2, 
Mass.] 

1777 Jan. 1. Md. Congress authorizes 
Franklin to negotiate a treaty with 
Spain. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1776 Sept. 21. New York. Trinity 
Church and 492 buildings are de- 
stroyed by fire after the evacuation. 



86 1777, Jan. 2 -Oct. 16. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1777 Jan. 3. N.J. Battle of Princeton. 
Washington again surprises and defeats 
a part of Cornwallis's army and takes 
several hundred prisoners. British loss, 
100 slain, 300 prisoners ; American loss, 
very slight, includes Gen. Mercer. 

Jan. * The army is in very bad con- 
dition, owing to the lack of money, the 
paper currency having little value. 

Jan. 5. N. J. Washington withdraws 
his troops to a strong position at Morris- 
town, the right wing under Putnam is 
at Princeton, and his left wing under 
Gen. Heath in the Highlands on the 
Hudson. 

The militia rises in arms and vexes the 
British, until their lines are contracted 
about New Brunswick and Amboy. 
[Washington's headquarters continue 
here during nearly all of the remainder 
of the war.] 

* * Fr. The first vessels leave France 
with supplies for the American army. 

Jan. 7. — May 28. N. J. Washington's 
force is encamped at Morristown. 

Jan. 7. N J. British troops evacuate 
Elizabethtown ; Gen. Maxwell attacks 
their rear, takes 70 prisoners and a 
schooner loaded with baggage. 

Feb. 6. Great Britain grants letters 
of marque and reprisal against the 
United States. 

Feb. 13. Fr. Franklin and Deane en- 
gage Du Portail and other engineers. 

Feb. 18. N. J. Col. Neilson, with a 
party of American militia, defeats 
British troops under Major Stockton, 
kills 4 and captures the commander and 
59 men. 

Feb. 19. Baltimore. Congress commis- 
sions five major-generals. 

They are Stirling, St. Clair, Mifflin, 
Stephen, and Lincoln. (Benedict Arnold 
is overlooked.) Eighteen brigadier-gen- 
erals are also commissioned. They in- 
clude Glover, George Clinton , Woodford, 
Muhlenberg (Ger. Lutheran clergyman), 
Hand, Anthony Wayne, and Conway, 
the Irish adventurer. 

* * H. I. The entire American fleet 
under Adm. Hopkins is blockaded at 
Providence. 

Feb. 27. S. C The militia defeats a 
large force of American royalists, and 
captures much ammunition and other 
military stores. 

Mar. 23. N. Y. British, under Bird, 
land at Peekskill to seize military 
stores ; some are burned by Gen. Mc- 
Dougall, who retires. The British secure 
much provision, forage, and burn valu- 
able property. 

Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee 
writes treasonable negotiations for Gen. 
Howe. [Discovered after his death.] 

May 6. Can. Gen. Burgoyne arrives 
at Quebec to take command of the 
British forces in Canada. 

He proposes to cut the colonies in two 
by an expedition moving through Lake 
Champlain and down the Hudson River. 

Mar. * Fr. Three ship-loads of mili- 
tary supplies sail for America. [Only 
one escapes the British cruisers, and it 



brings great relief to the army at Mor- 
ristown, in April.] 

* * Spring. Capt. Conyngham is sent out 
by Silas Deane from Dunkirk, to prey 
on British commerce. 

Apr. 13. N. J. The British under Corn- 
wallis surprise Gen. Lincoln with 500 
Americans at Boundbrook ; he retreats 
with the loss of GO men. 

Apr. 15. Ky. Indians attack Boones- 
boro; 4 of Col. Boone's men are killed. 

Phila. Congress resolves to abolish 

distinctions between troops, as " Cong- 
ress' Own Regiment," " Washington's 
Life Guards." 

Apr. 17. Capt. John Barry captures the 
British vessel Edward, the first Amer- 
ican prize. 

Apr. * N. J. Washington's force is in- 
creased to about 7,000 men. 

Apr. 25. S. C. Marquis de Lafayette, 
but 19 years old, with 11 officers, lands at 
Charleston, having raised a corps at his 
own expense, this forms one of the prom- 
inent events of the war. 

27. Conn. Gen. Tryon, with 2,000 

British soldiers, makes a raid on Dan- 
bury and burns 18 houses and military 
stores ; the patriotic militia attacks their 
flank and rear wbile they retreat to the 
coast. 

Spring. N. H. A vessel arrives at Ports- 
mouth from France with more than 
11,000 stand of arms and 1,000 barrels 
of gunpowder; 10,000 stand of arms are 
received at another port. 

May 22. Phila. Gen. Schuyler is con- 
firmed in the command of the Northern 
army. 

May 24. NT. Col. Meigs, with 200 Con- 
necticut militia-men, surprises the Brit- 
ish post at Sag Harbor, Long Island, 
and captures 90 prisoners, a gun-ship, 
30 loaded transports and vast military 
stores, and all without the loss of a single 
man. [Congress afterward voted the gal- 
lant colonel a sword.] 

May* Benedict Arnold commissioned 
major-general and presented by Con- 
gress with a horse richly caparisoned ; 
he is yet below the 5 other major- 
generals. 

May 28. N.J. Washington removes his 
headquarters to the heights of Middle- 
brook. 

* * Capt. John Mauley sails on a cruise. 

* * Captain Johnson of the Lexington 
cruises in European waters. 

June 1. N. Y. Burgoyne, the suc- 
cessor of Sir Guy Carleton,' invades 
Northern New York with an army 
from Canada. 

June 19. N. J. Sir Wm. Howe, hav- 
ing received large reenforcements and 
supplies, establishes his headquarters 
at New Brunswick, about ten miles 
from Washington's army. 

± N. Y. Burgoyne lands at Crown Point. 

June 20+. N. Y. Howe makes various 
attempts, but fails to draw Washington 
apart from his strong position into a 
general engagement. 



June* X. V. Burgoyne meete the chiefs 

of the Six Nations in council and induces 
400 <>l their warriors to join his army. 
June* N, Y. Burgoyne^byproclamatiOD, 

calls on the patriots i>> submit, or to be 
ravaged by his Indian allies. 

June 25. X. J. Cornwallis being reen- 
forced by Howe, maneuvers for position, 
but dares not attack Washington at 
Boundbrook. 

June 30. N. Y. After six months' ma- 
neuvering and little lighting, the Brit- 
ish abandon New Jersey, and encamp 
on Staten Island. [The national spirits 
revive, and the British are dismayed at 
the unexpected turn of affairs.] 

July 4. Kg. Boonesboro attacked by 
Indians. 

July 5. N. Y. Gen. St. Clair and 3,000 
Americans abandon Fort Ticonder- 
oga in the night, and retreat through 
Vermont toward Fort Edward. 

July 6. X. Y. Gen. Burgoyne takes 
possession of Ticonderoga, with about 
7,000 troops and 7,000 Indians. 

Burgoyne captures a large quantity 
of military stores near "Whitehall. 

July 7. N. Y. The Americans burn Fort 
Ann , 

Vt. Burgoyne defeats the Americans 

under St. Clair at Hubbardton, while 
on their retreat. 

July 8. N. y. Battle of Fort Ann; 
Americans under Livingston defeated ; 
they retire to Fort Edward, losing 128 
cannons, and stores. 



Col. William Barton of Providence by 
stratagem surprises and captures Gen. 
Prescott while in bed at a farmhouse 
near Newport. [The Americans after- 
ward exchanged him for Gen. Lee.] 

July 12. X. Y. Gen. St. Clair arrives 
at Fort Edward, having in late re- 
verses lost nearly 200 pieces of artillery 
and large quantities of military stores. 

July 19. Ky. About 200 Indians besiege 
Logan's Fort ; 16 men repel them. 

* * Pa. Leading Quakers are arrested 
and sent South. 

July 23. Gen. Howe leaves a garrison 
at Staten Island and takes 1S.000 men to 
sea in transports ; destination unknown 
to Americans. 

July 24. N. J. "Washington marches 
South. [Lafayette, DeKalb, and Pu- 
laski soon join his army.] 

July 27. X. Y. Jane McCrea is slain. 
The Indian allies of the British toma- 
hawk her while she is being conveyed 
to her lover in the camp at Fort Edward. 
[Public horror intensities the hatred of 
British oppression.] 

July 30. Burgoyne arrives at Fort 
Edward, recently deserted by the Amer- 
icans under Gen. Schuyler (an unsuc- 
cessful commander), who retire to 
Saratoga. 

N J. "Washington crosses the Del- 
aware to Germantown with his army. 

July 31. Lafayette, 20 years old, made 
Major- General in the army by Con- 
gress (without command). 



UNITED STATES. 



17 7 7,- Jan. 2 -Oct. 16. 87 



Aug. 3-23. N.Y. Barry St. Ledger, with 
a British force, attacks Fort Stanwix. 

Aug. 3. N. Y. Battle of Fort Schuy- 
ler on the Mohawk River (Fort Stanwix). 
The garrison of 600 Continentals, under 
Cols. Gansevoort and Willet, successfully 
resists 1,800 Tories, Canadians, and In- 
dians under Gen. St. Ledger and Indian 
Chief Brant. 

Phila. Congress accepts the service 

of Count Pulaski of Poland ; his fel- 
low countryman, Thaddeus Kosciusko, 
21 years of age, is already serving with 
General Schuyler. 

Aug. 6. N. Y. Battle of Oriskany. 
Gen. Herkimer is defeated and mortally 
wounded in an ambuscade while march- 
ing to the relief of Fort Schuyler with 
the militia of the vicinity. 

Aug. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne sends a de- 
tachment under Col. Baum to seize the 
provisions and military stores at Ben- 
nington, Vermont. 

Aug. 15. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne leaves 
Fort Edward. 

Aug. 16. Ft. Battle of Bennington. 
Col. John Stark, with the militia, 
defeats the British force under Col. 
Baum, which loses 200 killed and 700 
prisoners ; American loss, 14 killed and 
40 wounded. [The country is fired with 
enthusiasm.] 

Aug. 17. N. F. Gen. Schuyler is re- 
enforced ; he now has 13,000 men. 

Aug. 19. Gen. Schuyler is super- 
seded by Gen. Gates in the Northern 
Department. 

Aug. 22. N. Y. Gen. Sullivan and Col. 
Ogden raid the British on Staten 
Island, capture 130 prisoners, a few 
officers, destroy stores, etc. 

Gen. Benedict Arnold marches to 
the relief of Fort Schuyler. St. Ledger 
and his panic-stricken army leave in 
haste with tents standing. 

Aug. 24. Pkila. "Washington's army 
passes through Philadelphia for the 
Chesapeake. 

Aug. 25. Md. Gen. Howe, with 16,000 
. men, enters the Chesapeake Bay, lands 
at Head of Elk, and, advancing in two 
columns, threatens Philadelphia. 

Sept. 1. W. Va. An attack is made on 
Fort "William Henry (Wheeling). 

Sept. 8. N.Y. The Northern army, 6,000 
strong, under Gen. Gates, establishes 
a fortified camp at Bemis Heights, 
near Stillwater, in Saratoga county. 

Sept. 9. N. Y. Col. Brown, with a de- 
tachment of men, seizes the posts at the 
outlet of Lake George, and a fleet of 
bateaux laden with provisions for Bur- 
goyne. 

Sept. 11. Pa. Battle of Brandywine. 
Washington is severely defeated by 
superior numbers under Howe, aided by 
Cornwallis and Knyphausen ; American 
loss, 1,000; British loss, 584. Lafayette 
is wounded in this, his first American 
battle. Alexander Hamilton is aide to 
Washington. 

* * Gen. Arnold is quarrelsome, and de- 
nied a command under Gen. Gates. 

Sept. 12. Phila. "Washington reenters 
with the remnant of his army. 



N. Y. Gen. Gates, with the Northern 

Army, encamps at the mouth of the 
Mohawk River. 

Sept. 13. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne crosses 
the Hudson and encamps on the heights 
and plains of Saratoga. 

Sept. 18. N. Y. Burgoyne advances 
within two miles of Gen. Gates's camp. 

N. Y. Americans under Col. Brown 

seize the British posts at the outlet of 
Lake George and at Ticonderoga, taking 
293 prisoners and releasing 100 Amer- 
icans ; they cut off Burgoyne's re- 
treat. 

Sept. 19. Pa. The Americans cross 
the Schuylkill and encamp on the 
eastern hank. 

N. Y. Battle of Stillwater (Sar- 
atoga). 

Burgoyne attacks Gates ; the action is 
indecisive ; the British hold the field 
with a loss of GOO men, and the Amer- 
icans retire with a loss of 319. The 
British are distressed for supplies, and 
the army is put on half-rations. 

Sept. 20. 4- N. Y. Burgoyne fortifies his 
camp. 

Pa. Gen. Wayne, with 1,500 Amer- 
icans, surprised at Paoli, or Truduffin, 
by the British ; loss 300. 

Sept. 23. Pa. Howe crosses the 
Schuylkill with the entire British army. 

Sept. 24. Alight at Diamond Island. 

Sept. 25. Pa. The British encamp at 
German town. 

Sept. 27. Phila. The British under Howe 
enter the capital of the Republic, 
"the rebel city," while the main army 
remains at Germantown^y 

Oct. 3. New York. Gen. Clinton em- 
barks his troops to ascend the Hudson 
so as to cooperate with Burgoyne. 

Oct. 4. Phila. Battle of German- 
town. Washington, with 1,100 men, 
suddenly falls on the British under 
Howe, is successful at first, hut soon 
retreats ; British loss 535 ; American 
loss 152 killed and 521 wounded. 

Oct. 6. A*. Y. Sir Henry Clinton cap- 
tures Forts Clinton and Montgomery 
on the Hudson, from Gov. George Clin- 
ton supported by the New York militia. 

Oct. 7. N.Y. Battle of Saratoga (Still- 
water). 

Terrible conflict at Bemis Heights, in 
which Gqn. Benedict Arnold nghts(with- 
out authority) with great bravery, and 
is the inspiring spirit of battle. The 
British general, Fraser, is mortally 
wounded. Burgoyne is again defeated. 

Oct. 8. N. Y. Burgoyne encamps on 
heights one mile from his late battle- 
field. 

Oct. 9. N. Y. Burgoyne retreats to 
Saratoga, where he finds the Americans 
entrenched. 

Oct. 10. N. Y. Burgoyne's army re- 
turns to its former camp, which it pro- 
ceeds to strengthen, and waits for Sir 
Henry Clinton and much needed sup- 
plies. 

Oct. 13. N. Y. Burgoyne's retreat being 
cut off and provisions nearly exhausted, 
he proposes a cessation of hostilities, 



and rejects the demand for an uncon- 
ditional surrender. 

The British wantonly burn the village 
of Kingston. 
Oct. 16. N. Y. British loss in Bur- 
goyne's army, since July G, in killed, 
wounded, and desertions, nearly 3,000 

SOCIETY. 

1777 Mar. 7. N.Jf. James Aitken, con- 
victed of arson, is hanged on a gallows 
60 feet high at Portsmouth. 

July 27. N. Y. Murder of Jane Me- 
Crea at Fort Edward by Indians. 

STATE. 

1777 Jan. 5. Fr. Franklin arrives in 
Paris as ambassador, seeking to negoti- 
ate a treaty. 

Franklin's wisdom and sagacity, united 
with great simplicity, captivate the gay 
court of Louis XVI. [The American Am- 
bassadors are lionized ; after Burgoyne's 
surrender a treaty is made.] 

Jan. * Md. Congress pays the army in 
paper money having but little value. 

* * Md. Congress advises the States to 
cease the issue of paper money. 

Jan. 15. Vt. The people of the New 
Hampshire grants make a declaration of 
independence, and call their territory 
Vermont. 

Feb. * Eng. Parliament votes supplies 
and men for the prosecution of the war. 

Mar. 4. Baltimore, Md. The Conti- 
nental Congress adjourns. 

Phila. The Fourth session of the 

Continental Congress. 

Mar. 29. New York. Gen. Charles Lee, 
a prisoner and traitor, writes " Mr. Lee's 
Plan," of destroying the " Congress gov- 
ernment." 

Apr. 17. Phila. Congress appoints a 
Committee on Foreign Affairs. 

June 14. Phila. Congress adopts a 
flag ; 13 stripes alternate red and white ; 
13 stars, white on a blue canton, which 
replace the crosses of St. George and 
St. Andrew. 

June 26. Ger. Arthur Lee's State papers 
are stolen in Berlin. 

Lee suspects the British envoy, states 
his suspicions to the minister, and his 
papers are secretly returned. 

Aug. 25. Pa. Sir "William Howe again 
by proclamation offers pardon to those 
rebels who submit. (Aug. 27?) 

Sept. 18. Phila. Congress adjourns to 
Lancaster because of the approach of 
the British. 

Sept. 27. Pa. Fifth session of the 
Continental Congress at Lancaster. 
It immediately adjourns to York. 

Sept. 30. Pa. Sixth session of the 
Continental Congress at York. [Its 
session continues until the British evac- 
uate Philadelphia.] 

Oct. * Jacob Duche" attempts to seduce 
"Washington from the American cause. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1777 Oct. * U. S. The Continental 
bills advance 20 per cent in value after 
the surrender of Burgoyne. 



88 1777, Oct. 17- 1778, Nov. 3. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1777 Oct. 17. N. Y. Gen. Burgoyne 
surrenders his army to Gen. Gates at 
Saratoga. 

Burgoyne surrenders his army on con- 
dition that it march out of camp with 
honors of war, and the soldiers be taken 
from Boston to England. The prisoners 
number 5,791, and include G members 
of Parliament. Forty-two pieces of brass 
artillery and immense military stores are 
taken. Active American force about 
11,000. [Congress refuses to ratify the 
terms.] 

Oct. 22. N.J. Twelve hundred Hessians 
under Count Donop attack Fort Mer- 
cer, at Red Bank, 7 miles below Phila- 
delphia, on the Delaware River ; the 
garrison of 400 men, under Col. Chris- 
topher Greene of Rhode Island, makes 
a successful resistance. British loss, 
about 400 ; American, 8 killed and 29 
wounded. 

Oct. 29. Pa. The army under Washing- 
ton numbers 12,480 men, of whom 8,963 
are Regulars or Continentals. 

Oct. * Philadelphia still occupied by the 
British army. 

Autumn. Ger. Frederick the Great 
stops the German mercenaries from 
crossing his dominions on their march 
to embark for America. 

Oct. 29. Pa. Washington retires to 
White Marsh, below Philadelphia. 

* * Pa. Washington is reenforced by 
about 4,000 victorious troops from the 
North. 

Nov. 6. Mass. The "Convention" 
troops (Burgoyne's from Saratoga) 
reach the neighborhood of Boston for 
embarkation. 

Nov. 10-16. Pa. Admiral Howe's fleet 
and a land force attack Fort Mifflin, on 
Mud Island, in the Delaware, and a siege 
continues till the Americans burn the 
fort and retreat to Fort Mercer. Gen. 
Howe thus gains control of the Delaware. 

Nov. 16. Pa. The British occupy Fort 
Mifflin. 

Nov. IS. A r . J. Fort Mercer is aban- 
doned to the British. 

Nov. 25. N. J. Lafayette is at 
Gloucester. 

* * Paul Jones is cruising in the Ranger. 
Dec. 1. Me. Baron Steuben arrives at 

Portland, and tenders his services to 
America as a volunteer. 

York, Pa. Congress resolves "that 

Gen. Washington be informed that it is 
highly agreeable to Congress that the 
Marquis de Lafayette be appointed to 
the command of a division in the Conti- 
nental army." [Antedated July 31.] 

Dec. 4. Lafayette is appointed to the 
command of Gen. Stephen's division of 
the army, whose intemperate habits had 
caused his dismissal. 

Pa. Gen. Howe vainly attempts to 

surprise Washington at "White Marsh, 
near Philadelphia, but he receives 
timely information by Lydia Darrah ; 
Howe maneuvers four days, and then 
retires to the city. 



Dec. 8. Phila. Howe's army goes into 
winter quarters. 

Dec. 11 +. Pa. Sufferings at Valley 
Forge. 

Washington's army goes into dreary 
winter quarters on the Schuylkill River, 
20 miles north of Philadelphia, where, 
amid his half-clad and half-led army, he 
spends the darkest days of his life, Con- 
gress having partly abandoned him, and 
the people being doubtful of his success. 

Dec. 23. Pa. Washington's army num- 
bers 8,200, with 2,898 of them unfit for 
duty, being barefooted, or otherwise 
naked and suffering. 

Dec. * A conspiracy exists to remove 
"Washington from the chief command, 
and place Gen. Gates or Gen. Lee (the 
traitor) at the head of the American 
forces. 

1778 Feb. 3. Boston. Burgoyne's army 
is denied embarkation. 

Feb. 7. Ky. Daniel Boone is captured 
by French and Indians [who hold him a 
few days]. 

* * Va. Henry Lee, "Light Horse 
Harry," raises an independent body of 
horse. 

Mar. 4. The British ships Ariadne and 
Ceres take the American frigate Alfred, 
having 20 guns. 

Mar. * "War between England and 
France, caused by a French alliance 
and treaty with the Americans. 

Mar. 7. The American frigate Randolph, 
Capt. Nicholas Biddle, having 36 guns 
and 305 men, is blown up by the British 
ship Yarmouth of 64 guns ; only 4 of the 
crew are saved. 

Mar. 18. N. th An action takes place at 
Quintin's Bridge. 

Mar. 23 . Nathaniel Greene made quar- 
termaster-general. 

Apr. * Eng. Paul Jones makes a de- 
scent on Whitehaven. 

May.* Gen. Charles Lee is exchanged 
for the British Gen. Prescott. 

Apr. * An address in German is scattered 
among the Hessians, inviting them to 
desert. 

Apr. * PaulJones cruises on the Scottish 
coast. 

May 6. Pa. The French alliance is 
celebrated at Valley Forge. 

May 12. Baron Steuben enters the 
American service, Congress having ap- 
pointed him inspector-general, with 
the rank of major-general [he improves 
discipline]. 

May 20. Pa. Gen. Grant, with 5,000 
British, surprises Lafayette at Barren 
Hill, near Valley Forge, who falls back 
in good order to the main army. 

May 24. Phila. Gen. Howe embarks 
for England. 

Sir Henry Clinton assumes com- 
mand of the British army, Gen. Howe 
being recalled at his own request. 

June IS. Phila. France having become 
an ally, the British evacuate Phila- 
delphia on the approach of the French 
fleet, to concentrate their force in New 
York. They retreat across New Jersey. 
[Washington is soon in pursuit.] 



June 19. I'tula. Maj.-Gen. Benedict 
Arnold appointed to command this city. 

June 28. X. ./. Battle of Monmouth. 
Gen. Washington turns the retreat un- 
der Gen. Charles Lee into a victory; severe 
lighting continue till night, when tbe 

- British retire and abandon New Jersey, 
Losses, American, G7 killed. 170 wounded; 
the British leave nearly 300 dead on the 
field. [On march, 2,000 Hes lans desert. 
June29. " Molly Pitcher " l sergeant.] 

July 4. Gen. Charles Lee is brought to 
trial for insubordination. [Guilty.] 

July 4, 5. Pa. Terrible massacre in 
the Wyoming Valley during the ab- 
sence of many of the men in the army. 

/ Tories, Canadians, and Indians, under 
Maj. John Butler, a Tory of Niagara, are 
responsible for the slaughter of about 
300 aged people, women, and children ; 
Brant, a Mohawk chief, assists Butler. 

July 8. A French fleet of 18 vessels, 
with about 4,000 men under Count 
D'Estaing, arrives at the mouth of the 
Delaware. He proposes to surprise the 
smaller British fleet, but finds it has 
sailed northward ; he seeks it in New 
York Bay, but the bar prevents his deep 
frigates entering. 

* * Washington advises Count D'Estaing 
to sail for Newport, and aid the Amer- 
icans in an attempt on Rhode Island. 

* * -81 * * O. George Kogers Clark, a 
Kentuckian, under authority of the 
State of Virginia, leads a band of fron- 
tiersmen to the capture of the British 
posts north of the Ohio River covering 
the country as far as Detroit. 

July 29. R. I. The French fleet ar- 
rives at Newport. 

July * N. Y. Washington conducts his 
army to "White Plains to cooperate 
with the expected French fleet against 
New York. 

R.I. Lafayette is employed in 

Rhode Island. 

The British army, 33,000 strong at its 

maximum, now holds possession of but 
two cities, New York and Newport, R. I. 

* * Admiral Byron succeeds Admiral 
Lord (Richard) Howe in command of 
the British fleet in America. 

* * N. Y. Indian Chief Brant raids the 
Mohawk Yalley, and burns houses in the 
Cobbleskill Yalley at Springfield. 

Aug.* X.Y. Brant burns German Flats. 

Aug. 5. R. I. D'Estaing enters the Nar- 
ragansett Bay. 

Aug. 12. R. I. The French and Brit- 
ish fleets maneuver to give battle, when 
a terrible storm separates them. 

Aug. 15. Sullivan advances on Rhod^ 
Island (but the French fleet leaving him 
without support, his expedition returns]. 

Aug. 8. Ky. Daniel Boone successfully 
defends his fort against the Indians. 

Aug. 23. R. I. The French fleet s;uls 
for Boston to refit, by strict orders. 

Aug. 29. R. I. Americans under Sulli- 
van are victorious at Quaker Hill, but 
soon retire. 

Lafayette rides from Rhode Island 

to Boston, 70 miles, in 6£ hours, to beg 
Count D'Kstaing to return and assist in 
an attack upon the British. 

* * The British decide to make a demon- 
stration upon the Southern States, and 
invade Georgia from the north and the 
south. 



UNITED STATES. 1777, Oct. 17-1778, Nov. 3. 89 



* * * The war degenerates into maraud- 
ing expeditions against helpless 
villages. 

Sept. * Mass. The towns of New Bed- 
ford and Fair Haven are wantonly 
burned with 70 vessels in their ports. 

S. C. Gen. Benjamin Lincoln ap- 
pointed to the command of the Southern 
(American) army at Charleston. 

Oct. * N. J. The American vessels at 
Little Egg Harbor are burned by a 
band of incendiaries led by Ferguson. 

Pa. An expedition punishes the sav- 
ages for the massacres committed in the 
"Wyoming Valley. 

Nov. 1. New Yor/c. Departure of 5,000 
British troops for the West Indies. 

Boston. D'Estaing sails for the 

West Indies. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1777 * * li.l. Cold-cut nails are manu- 
factured at Cumberland. 

* * Aid. The first theater is opened at 



Baltimore. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1777* * 

Auchmuty, Samuel, clergyman, A55. 
Bartram, .John, botanist, A7(i. 
Beasley, Frederick, clergyman, born. 
Chandler, Abiel, philanthropist, born. 
Chauncy, Charles, lawyer, born. 
Clay, Henry, orator, born. 
Dow, Lorenzo, eccentric Jletli. preacher, b. 
Fraser, Simon, Brit, gen., dies. 
Gaines. Edward Pendleton, general, horn. 
Grundy, Felix, jurist, senator for Va., born. 
Herkimer, Nicholas, general, dies. 
Jackson, James, physician, born. 
Malbone, Edward (J., painter, born. 
Niles, Hezekiah, journalist, born. 
Pickering, John, philologist, born, 
Taney, Roger Brooke, jurist, born. 
Tennent, "William, clergyman, A72. 
Trimble, Robert, justice, born in Ky. 
Wooster, David, general, A67. 

CHURCH. 

1778 Spring. Del. Francis Asbury is 

compelled to desist from preaching [for 

about two years], because of his English 

connections. 

LETTERS. 
1777 * * -95 * * Conn. Rev. Ezra Stiles 
is President of Yale College. 

* * New York. The New York Gazetteer, 
etc., changed to Rivington's New York 
Royal Gazette. 

* * The Pretty Story } by Francis Hopkin- 
son, concluded. 

SOCIETY. 

1777 * * Gen. Stephen, one of Wash- 
ington's division commanders, is dis- 
missed because of intemperance. 

* * Phila. The following resolution pass- 
es the Continental Congress : — 

" Resolved, That it be recommended 
to the several legislatures in the United 
States immediately to pass laws the 
most effectual for putting an immediate 
stop to the pernicious practise of distil- 
ling grain, by which the most extensive 
evils are likely to be derived, if not 
quickly prevented." 

1778 Jan. 19. N. J. Francis Furgler, 
a recluse, dies after living 25 years 
without fire in an oven-like cell, near 
Burlington. 



May * Eng. Nearly $20,000 raised for 
the benefit of American prisoners, 
(about 924) in England. 

May 31. New York. After two and a 
half years of captivity, Col. Ethan Al- 
len arrives in the army ; he is received 
with a military salute. 

June 28. Gen. Charles Lee and Col. John 
Laurens fight a duel, occasioned by 
Lee's disrespect to Washington; Lee is 
shot in the side. 

June 29. Having been passionately re- 
proved at the battle of Monmouth, 
Gen. Lee demands an apology from 
"Washington, shows insubordination 
[and is suspended from the service for a 
year]. 

July 4. Gen. CadwalladerandHaj.-Gen. 
Thomas Conway fight a duel. 

STATE. 

1777 Oct. 29. Alass. John Hancock, 
the President of Congress, resigns. [Nov. 
1. Henry Laurens (S. C.) his successor.] 

Nov. 15. York, Pa. Congress adopts the 
Articles of Confederation and Per- 
petual Union prepared by its committee 
(Dickinson's plan) ; the confederacy is 
to be called the United States of Amer- 
ica. [Nov. 17. Sent to the separate 
States for ratification.] 

* * Fr. Lee and Deane quarrel in Paris. 
Nov. 21. York, Pa. Congress recalls 

Silas Deane from London, and appoints 
John Adams his successor. 

Paris. The United States commission- 
ers issue instructions to privateers. 
Nov. * Pa. Congress creates a Board of 
"War. 

* * York, Pa. Congress becomes more 
and more the mere agent of the States 
in issuing paper and borrowing money ; 
its national character grows less, while 
the State jealousies and ambitions in- 
crease. 

* * Governors inaugurated: 

-85 * * Mich. Frederick Haldimand. 

-79 * * N. C. Kichard Caswell. 

-95 * * N. Y. George Clinton. 

Pa. Thomas "Wharton, Jr., President 

of the Supreme Executive Council. 

1778 Jan. ± * York, Pa. The " Con- 
way Cabal" is exposed. 

It includes some members of Congress. 
A few officers, led by an Irish adven- 
turer, endeavor to undermine the popu- 
larity of Washington and advance 
General Gates. [The cabal cowers be- 
fore the storm of indignation which 
arises.] 

Jan. * The military success of the past 
year facilitates the efforts of the colon- 
ists in securing foreign aid and influence. 

Jan. 30. — Feb. 6. France acknowl- 
edges the independence of the United 
States, and enters into treaty rela- 
tions; [America rejoices; England is 
enraged.] France agrees to send 16 ves- 
sels and 4,000 men to America. 

* * Questions relating to the Western ter- 
ritory delay the adoption of Articles. 

Feb.* Eng. Parliament renounces the 
right of taxing the American colonies, 
except for the regulation of trade, and 



appoints commissioners to negotiate for 
their submission. 

* * Articles of Confederation signed : 
[Feb. 5. S. C. ; Feb. 6, N. Y. ; Feb. 9, 
R. I. ; Feb. 12, Conn. ; Feb. 26, Ga. ; Mar. 
4. N. H. ; Mar. 5, Pa. ; Mar. 10, Mass. ; 
Apr. 5, N. C. ; Nov. 19, N. J.: Dec. 15, 
Va.; 1779, Feb. 1, Del.; 1781, Jan. 30, Md.] 

Feb. 12. Fr. John Adams is sent to 
France in Silas Deane's place [where he 
remains only a short time]. 

Feb. 17. Eng. Lord North's concilia- 
tory bills are presented in Parliament. 

Mar. 9. N. Y. A Great Council is held 
at Johnstown, between the Six Nations 
Indians and the New York company. 

Mar. 11. Eng. Parliament, alarmed at 
the loss of an army at Saratoga, and at 
the French alliance, repeals the ob- 
noxious bills, to placate Americans. 

Mar. 13. Eng. The treaty of France 
with the United States is officially an- 
nounced. 

Vermont is constituted a State. 

Apr. 7. Eng. Chatham's last appear- 
ance in Parliament. [Apr. 11. Dies.] 

Apr. 30. America receives information 
of Lord North's .conciliatory bills, of- 
fered in Parliament Feb. 17th. 

May 5. Eng. Sensation produced by 
the treaty of France with the United 
States. 

May * Eng. Gen. Burgoyne defends 
himself in Parliament. 

May * York f Pa. Congress ratifies the 
treaty with France. George III. is wil- 
ling to treat with the Americans. 

June 4. York, Pa. Commissioners of 
Parliament arrive with proposals for 
reconciliation, which are submitted to 
Congress. 

[Congress demands independence ; the 
British Commissioners resort to bribery 
and intrigue, and Congress declines to 
have any further conference with them.] 

June 17. York, Pa. Congress rejects 
the proposals of the commissioners ap- 
pointed by Parliament, until independ- 
ence is acknowledged. 

June 18. Phila. Three thousand Tories 
leave with the British troops. 

June * New York passes a banish- 
ment act against the Tories. 

June 27. York, Pa, Congress ad- 
journs to Philadelphia. 

July 2. Phila. The 7th session of the 
Continental Congress opens. 

July 9. The delegates of eight states 
sign the Articles of Confederation. 
[Later in the month Georgia and North 
Carolina sign them.] 

July 26. Convention of the United 
States and France concerning the 
" Droit d'Aubaine." 

Aug. 6. Phila. Monsieur Gerard, am- 
bassador from France, is introduced to 
Congress ; the first from any nation. 

Sept. * Massachusetts passes an act 
against the Tories. 

Sept. 14. Franklin is sent to France as 
minister plenipotentiary. 

Oct. * ///. The Illinois Country is 
made a county of Virginia. 



90 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1778 Nov. 11, 12. X. Y. Massacre 
in Cherry Valley, Otsego County, by 
Tories and Indians with terrible cruelty, 
every house in the village being burned, 
many persons are murdered, and 40 are 
dragged into captivity. 

Nov. 21 £. New York. Departure of 
3,000 British troops by transports for 
Georgia. 

Nov. 27. N. J. Washington goes into 
winter quarters at Middlebrook. 

Dec. 17. Jnd. Gen. Hamilton recaptures 
Vincennes from the Americans. 

Dec. 23. Ga. The British troops attack 
Savannah. 

Dec. 29. The British capture Savan- 
nah. 

Gen. Robert Howe in command of 850 
men is driven out of the city by Col. 
Campbell commanding 2,000 invading 
British. [This is claimed to be the only 
real conquest of the British during this 
entire year; the thinly populated State 
is easily subjugated.] 

* * Pa. Col. David Rogers takes stores 
from New Orleans up the river to Fort 
Pitt. 

* * Several vessels of considerable force 
are purchased or built and added to the 
navy, including the celebrated Alliance, 
a frigate of 32 guns. 

1779 Jan. 1. Boston. Burgoyne's 
(Saratoga) army is removed to 
Virginia. 

Jan. 7. Mass. France being at war with 
England, Lafayette sails from Boston 
in the Alliance to aid his native land, 
carrying honorable scars, and a sword 
given by Congress. [Feb. 11. Arrives.] 

Jan. 9. Ga. Fort Sunbury on St. Cath- 
erine's Sound, below Savannah, is cap- 
tured by Gen. Prevost with British 
troops from Florida. 

Jan. 29. Ga. Two thousand British 
under Col. Campbell take Augusta. 

Feb. 3. First organized mutiny in the 
American service occurs on board the 
United States frigate Alliance, bound 
to France with Lafayette on hoard. 

S. C. Gen. Moultrie defeats 200 Brit- 
ish at Port Royal, and drives them off 
the Island. 

Feb. 14. Ga. Col. Pickens, with a 
force of Carolina militia, annihilates a 
force of Tories west of Broad River, 
killing Col. Boyd, their commander, and 
70 men, hanging five of the ringleaders 
for treason ; this secures western Georgia 
to the patriots. 

Feb. * Charges are made against Gen. 
Arnold. (See Dec. * 1779.) 

Feb, 25. Jnd. Col. G. R. Clark cap- 
tures Gov. Hamilton, and reoccupies 
Vincennes. 

* * Ky. St. Vincent, with stores, taken 
by Americans under Col. Clark; 79 Brit- 
ish captured. 

* * S. C. Capt. Anderson defeats the 
Tories in Carolina. 

Mar. * Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York, 
with 1,500 regulars and Tories, goes to 
Horse Neck to destroy the salt-works. 



Israel Putnam and the militia resist, 
but are flanked and defeated ; Gen. 
Putnam makes his famous ride down 
the steep declivity. 

Gov. Tryon burns the village of West 
Greenwich. 

Mar 3. Ga. Gen. Ashe, with about CO 
Continental troops and 1,500 militia, is 
surrounded and utterly defeated by a 
British force at Brier Creek below 
Augusta; he loses 150 killed and 160 
prisoners. Georgia is now entirely 
subjugated. 

Mar. 19. Phila. Gen. Arnold resigns 
his command. 

Apr. 5. Mass. Refugees plunder Nan- 
tucket and carry off with them two 
loaded brigs and several other vessels. 

Apr. 18 -24. X. Y. Gen. Van Shaick 
destroys the Onondaga towns, killing 
12 Indians and capturing thirty-four. 

Apr. 23. S. C. Gen. Lincoln, with 5,000 
men, attempts to enter Georgia via 
Augusta. 

Apr. * 1'enn. An expedition is sent 
against the Tennessee Indians. 

* * Arnold opens treasonable corre- 
spondence with Clinton, commander- 
in-chief of the British forces. 

Spring. British incursions are made in 
the Chesapeake. 

May 8 -June 16. Spain declares war 
against Great Britain. 

May 12. S. C. Gen. Prevost demands 
the surrender of Charleston; being re- 
fused by Gen. Moultrie [he soon retires 
at the approach of Gen. Lincoln]. 

May 14+. Va. Portsmouth and Nor- 
folk are taken by 2,500 British under 
Gen. Matthews ; stores, houses, and ves- 
sels are burned with many small towns 
in the vicinity. 

May * Va. The British burn the navy- 
yard at Gosport, destroying 130 mer- 
chant ships and several war-vessels on 
the stocks. 

May 31. X. Y. Stony Point is aban- 
doned at the approach of the British 
under Gen. Clinton. 

June 1. N. Y. Stony Point is used to 
subdue Verplanck's Point on the oppo- 
site side ; both forts are soon strongly 
fortified and garrisoned by the British. 

* * Naval war between England and 
France. 

June 20. S. C. Americans are repulsed 
in an attack on the British at Stono 
Ferry. 

* * Me. The British occupy Castine. 
July 5. Conn. Gov. Tryon of New York, 

with 2,G00 Hessians and Tories, sails for 
New Haven, and takes the town. 

July 7. Conn. Fairfield is plundered 
and burnt by 2,500 British under Gov. 
Tryon. 

July 11. Conn. The British under Tryon 
plunder and burn Norwalk. 

July 15. 8 p.m. X. Y. Stony Point 
retaken. 

Gen. "Wayne, having raised a force of 
light infantry, suddenly assaults Stony 
Point on the Hudson, and with a loss of 
1." killed and S:J wounded, he captures 



the garrison (515; and its vast stores ; he 
destroys the fort; G3 of the British are 
killed in the attack. [Congress votes 
Gen. Wayne a gold medal.] 

July 19. X. Y, AmericfUB fortify 
West Point. 

i Boston. The New England fleet de- 
stroyed. 

An expedition of 24 transports and 20 
armed transports and privateers leaves 
to subdue the British at Penobscot, 
Maine. 

X. Y. Indians under Brant attack 

Minnisink settlements. 

July 25. Me. After a useless delay at 
Penobscot [the vessels of the New Eng- 
land fleet are all taken or destroyed by 
the British ; the men escape]. 

July 31. X. Y. Sullivan begins bis 
march through the Indian country. 

Aug. 19. X.J. "Light Horse Harry" 
(Lee), with a company of militia, sur- 
prises the garrison at Paulus Hook 
(Jersey City), takes 150 prisoners, with 
the loss of only two men. [Congress 
votes him a gold medal.] 

Aug. 22 +-. X. Y. Military expedition, 
under Col. Brodhead, into the Indian 
country ; about 50,000 bushels of corn 
burned in 8 Indians towns. 

Aug. 29 -. X.Y.—Pa. The expedition 
under Gens. Sullivan and James Clinton 
defeats the Tories and Indians at Tioga, 
and the whole country, including 40 In- 
dian villages, is wasted by the patriots 
in retaliatory massacres. 

Sept. 3. Ga. The French fleet under 
D'Estaing arrives on the Savannah 
River. He captures a British fleet. 

Sept. 10. X. Y. The Indian village of 
Canandaigua burnt. 

Sept. 15. X. Y. Sullivan begins his re- 
turn march from the Indian country. 

Sept. ± * Ga. Gen. Lincoln marches on 
Augusta, but retires before determined 
resistance. 

Sept. 23. Naval battle with the Ser- 
apis. 

Paul Jones with the Bon horn me Rich- 
ard has a battle off the coast of Scotland 
with the British frigate Serapis, carry- 
ing 44 guns ; the battle lasts one and" a 
half hours. The vessels are lashed to- 
gether, and at last the Serapis surren- 
ders, and the Bonhnmme Richard sinks; 
the companion of the Serapis is also 
taken ; out of 375 Americans, 300 were 
either killed or wounded. 

Ga. The siege of Gen. Prevost's 

army begins at Savannah. 

Sept. * -Oct. * 5. C. Prevost makes 
an unsuccessful attempt to capture 
Charleston. 

Sept. 27 t. Ga. The French fleet and a 
part of the southern army besiege 
Savannah. 

Sept. * The Spaniards capture British 
posts on the Lower Mississippi. 

Oct. 4. Hoi. Paul Jones enters Texel, 
North Holland, in the Serapis. 

Oct. 11-25. X. I. Sir H. Clinton with- 
draws the British forces from Rhode 
Island, in anticipation of the arrival of 
a French fleet, leaving his heavy guns 
and large military stores behind him. 



UNITED STATES. 1778, Nov. 11-1780, Apr. 18. 91 



Oct. 9. Ga. The Americans and French 
together attempt the reduction of Sa- 
vannah; their assault is repulsed by 
the British, and Count Pulaski is mor- 
tally wounded. 

[The fleet now sails for the West In- 
dies ; great excitement through the coun- 
try because of the inefficient cooperation 
of the French fleet.] 

Oct. 25. N. J. Washington goes into 
winter quarters near Morristown. 

Dec* Phila. Benedict Arnold istried 
by court martial on various charges, 
chiefly for tyranny and mercenary cor- 
ruption. (See Jan. 26, 1730.) 

Great discouragement prevails in 

the colonies, the French alliance hav- 
ing brought little help to America; the 
credit of Congress is almost worthless, 
the treasury bankrupt, and the army 
chiefly fed with unkept promises, while 
freedom is yet out of sight. 

Dec. 26. New York. Gen. Clinton, with 
8,500 men, sails for Savannah, leaving 
a powerful garrison under Knyphauseu. 

* * Fort Mcintosh is built. 

* * The British winter in New York. 
1780 * * The British are successful in 

the South. 

Jan. 10. Gen. Charles Lee is dismissed 
from the army for insolence. 

Jan. 26. Phila. The court martial ac- 
quits Benedict Arnold of criminal 
intent, but condemns him to be repri- 
manded by "Washington. 

Feb. 2. N. C. A skirmish occurs at 
Cowan's Ford. 

Feb. 11. S. C. The British, under Sir 
Henry Clinton , land on St. John's Island, 
about 30 miles from Charleston, and 
begin their attack. 

* * Military operations are nearly sus- 
pended at the North during this year, 
owing largely to the destitution of Wash- 
ington's army. 

Mar. * The British propose to subjugate 
the entire South, beginning atCharleston. 

Mar. 14. Ala. Spaniards take Mo- 
bile. Capt. Darnford, with the British 
garrison of 284 regulars and 51 armed 
Indians, capitulates to Don Bernardo de 
Galvez. 

Apr. * Lafayette returns to America, 
and brings good news — arms, clothing, 
and an army are on the way from France. 

Apr. 9. S. C. Charleston is invaded by 
British land and naval forces under Sir 
Henry Clinton. 

Apr. 12-20. S. C. The British fire on 
the batteries at Charleston. 

Apr. 14. S. C. Tarleton surprises and 
defeats the American cavalry at Monk's 
Corner, capturing a large quantity of 
arms, clothing, and ammunition. 

Apr. 18. S. C. Lord Cornwallis arrives 
at Charleston with 3,000 fresh troops. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1779* * New York. Stereotyping is in- 
troduced by Mr. Colden. (?) See p. 121. 



17SO Jan. 29. Phila. This is the 

coldest day in 25 years. 
Feb. 22. Phila. Ice is 17 inches 

thick ; an ox is roasted on the river. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



llanos. Nulhan, clergyman, born. 
Kid. lie, Nicholas, naval commander, A28. 
Buel, Jesse, journalist, born. 
Gaston. William, jurist, born. 
Gruber, .Jacob, clergyman, born. 
Hammond, Jabez 1>., judge, born. 
Kingsley. .James Luce, scholar, born. 
Ladcl, William, peace advocate, born. 
Livingston, Philip, signer of Decl'n, A 62, 
Peale, Rembrandt, painter, born. 
Ilitchie, Thomas, journalist, born. 
Stewart, Charles, rear-admiral, born. 
Tallmadge, James, jurist and statesman, b. 
Warren, John Collins, anatomist, born. 
1779* * 
Allston. Washington, painter, born. 
Baldwin, Ilenrv, justice, born in Pa. 
Bernard, sir Pram-is, (iov. of N. H., A65. 
Bowen, Nathaniel, bishop, born. 
Brownell, Thomas Church, college pres., b. 
Brute, Simon W. C, bishop, born. 
Decatur, Stephen, Jr., commodore, born. 
Drayton. William Henry, patriot, A37- 
Farrar, John, mathematician, born. 
Hartsborne, Joseph, physician, born. 
Humphrey, lleman, Pres. of Amherst, born. 
Jasper, William, brave soldier, A29. 
Jay, William, philanthropist,' born. 
Lynch, Thomas, Jr., signer of Decl'n, A 30. 
Moore, Clement Clarke, poet, born. 
Parrisli, Josepli, physician, born. 
Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, born. 
Pike. Zebulon Montgomery, general, b. 
Poindexter, Ceorge, statesman, born. 
Poinsett, Joel Roberts, statesman, born. 
Ross, (ieorge, statesman, A49. 
Sergeant, John, jurist, born. 
Siliiman. Benjamin, physicist, born. 
Story. Joseph, justice, born in Mass. 
Tudor, William, author, born. 
Watson, John Panning, author, born. 
Wheelock, Eleazer, pres. of Dartmouth, A68. 



CHURCH. 

1778 * * Massachusetts relaxes her 
severity against the Baptists. 

1779 May 18. Fa. On the question of 
ordinance, more than one-half of the 
Methodist preachers secede tempo- 
rarily, and hold a separate conference 
at Fluvanna. 

LETTERS. 

1778 * * Yankee Doodle sung by the 
troops. 

SOCIETY. 

1779 * * Ft. Drunkenness is liable to 
a penalty of $2, if noticeable in speech, 
gesture, or behavior. 

Apr. * Md. The Methodist Conference 
at Baltimore proposes to disown " all 
persons who should engage in the prac- 
tise of distilling grain into liquor." 

STATE. 

1778 Nov. * New Jersey signs the Ar- 
ticles of Confederation. 

* * Eng. Complications with France, and 
approaching hostility of Spain and Hol- 
land, with paucity of military results, 
alarm the British government. 

Dec. 10. Phila. John Jay, of New 
York, is elected president of Congress. 

Dec. 15. Maryland refuses to vote for 
the Confederation until the rights for 
the lands in the Northwest are settled. 



Dec. * Holland. C. W. F. Dumas he- 
comes agent for the United States. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 

Pa. Joseph Reed, President of the 
Supreme Executive Council. 
-86 * * R.I. Wni. Greene, Jr. 
-89 * * Ft. Thomas Chittenden. 

1779 Jan. 2. Phila. Congress calls for 
a contribution from the States of six 
millions annually for 18 years, to form a 
sinking fund. 

Feb. * -Mar. * Phila. Congress for- 
mulates its conditions of peace with 
Great Britain. 

Mar. 3. Ga. By the utter defeat of the 
Americans at Brier Creek, the royal 
government is soon reestablished. 

Mar. * -July * Phila. A struggle in 
Congress over the fishing demands of 
France. Common rights maintained. 

Apr. * Spain by a secret treaty makes 
common cause with France against 
Great Britain. 

Apr.* Massachusetts passes a Conspir- 
acy Act against the Tories. 

June * Eng. Joseph Galloway is ex- 
amined before Parliament. 

Aug. 17. La. Independence of the 
United States declared at New Orleans 
with beating of drums, etc. 

Sept. 27. John Adams is appointed 
commissioner to negotiate a treaty with 
Great Britain. 

Sept. 28. John Jay is chosen commis^ 
sioner to Spain. 

Sept. * Phila. Luzerne arrives as min- 
ister from France. 

* * Pa. Extension westward of Mason 
and Dixon's line. 

* * Eng. Controversy in Parliament over 
the generalship of Sir William Howe 
and of General Burgoyne. [It continues 
more than two years.] 

* * Fa. The seat of government is re- 
moved from "Williamsburg to Rich- 
mond. 

* * Governors inaugurated : 

N. C. Abner Nast. 
-81 * * Fa. Thomas Jefferson. 

1780 Feb. 19. New York cedes her 
right in "Western lands to the United 
States. [1781. Mar. * Congress accepts.] 

Feb. 28-Mar. 10. Russia issues a dec- 
laration of armed neutrality. 

Mar. 1. Bank of Philadelphia chartered. 

Spring. Ky. Louisville settled by 
about 600 people. 

Mar. 18. Phila. Congress resolves to 
call in by taxes all the Continental 
money and burn it, and to issue 
$10,000,000 new money, redeemable 
in specie within six years. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1778 * * * The British and Tories flood 
the country with counterfeit money. 

* * * Business is paralyzed for want of 
currency, and the distress is extreme 
and widespread. 



92 1780, Apr. 24.-1781, Mar. 2. AMERICA : 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1780 May 6. S.C. Fort Moultrie sur- 
renders to tlio British. 

May 9. S, C. The British begin to can- 
nonade Charleston. 

May 11. X. J. Lafayette rejoins Wash- 
ington, after an absence of 15 months, 
and announces the approach of French 
succor. 

May 12. S. C. Charleston is taken. 
Gen. Lincoln with an army of 3,000 
men capitulates to Sir Henry Clinton 
with 5,000 British soldiers, and Charles- 
ton is surrendered after a siege in which 
the fortifications were beaten down by 
200 cannons ; 6,000 Americans become 
prisoners of war. 

May * S. C. Clinton sends off three ex- 
peditions ; one to intercept approaching 
reenforcements under Col. Buford, one 
toward Augusta, and the third toward 
Camden. 

May 21. X. Y. Johnstown is burned by 
Tories. 

May * S. C. The British take Ninety- 
Six, an American post 150 miles north- 
west of Charleston. 

May 25. X. J. Two regiments of Wash- . 
ington's troops mutiny ; they are soon 
persuaded to return to duty. 

May 26. Mo. The Spaniards at St. 
Louis are attacked by the English. 

May 29. S. C. Col. Buford with 400 
Americans is pursued by Col. Tarleton 
and massacred at Waxhaw Creek, 
while negotiations for surrender are 
pending. 

May * Failure of the English plans to 
capture posts on the Mississippi. 

June 5. X. J. Knyphausen leads an 
expedition into New Jersey, visiting 
Elizabethtown and burning Connecti- 
cut Farms. He is harassed by the mili- 
tia and makes an inglorious retreat. 

S. C. The Americans being subdued, 

Gen. Clinton, with a large part of his 
troops, embarks for the North. 

June 13. Phi/a. Gen. Gates, the most 
popular American general, is ordered 
by Congress to take command of the 
army in the South. 

June * Fort Jefferson, on the Mississippi 
below the Ohio, is built. 

June 23. X.J. Gen. Greene defeats the 
British at Springfield. 

July 10. R. I. A French fleet arrives 
at Newport, bringing the Count de 
Rochambeau and 6,000 soldiers to aid 
the Americans. [They soon join Wash- 
ington in New Jersey. The British 
fleet blockades the French vessels at 
Newport.] (Winsor, July 12.) 

July 21. Va. Gen. Wayne has a skirmish 
at Bull's Ferry. 

July 25. Gen. Horatio Gates takes 
command of the Southern army. 

July 30. S. C. Col. Sumter attempts 
to surprise a British post at Eocky 
Mount, but a Tory apprises the com- 
mander and Sumter is repulsed. 

Aug. 1. X. I . Indians burn the village 
of Canajoharie. 

Aug. 3. X. 1'. Maj.-gen. Benedict 



Arnold, by his own request, takes 
command of the fortress at "West Point, 
on the Hudson ; it contains the most 
valuable collection of military stores in 
America. 

Aug. 6. S. C. Col. Sumter attacks a 
large detachment of British regulars 
and Tories at Hanging Rock, and then 
retires. Here Andrew Jackson, nut 
14 years of age, begins his career as a 
soldier. 

Aug. 15. S. C. By coincidence, Gen. 
Gates and Lord Cornwallis set out in 
the night to surprise each other, at 
Sanders* Creek. 

Aug. 16. S. C. Nearly 3,000 Americans 
defeated in the battle of Sanders 1 
Creek near Camden. Gates loses all 
his artillery, ammunition, wagons, and 
much of the baggage. Here Baron De 
Kalb is mortally wounded, and 1,000 men 
are killed or taken prisoners. [It is one 
of the worst defeats suffered by any 
American army.] British loss 325. 

Aug. 18. S. C. Col. Sumter's force is 
dispersed by Col. Tarleton at Fishing- 
Creek ; Gen. Marion retreats toward 
North Carolina. 

Autumn and "Winter. S. C. — Ga. An 
audacious partizan warfare is success- 
fully conducted in the South by the 
famous Col. Thomas Sumter and Col. 
Francis Marion, great leaders of the 
militia. 

Sept. 8. X. C. The British at the South 
advancing northward enter North Caro- 
lina. 

Sept. 21. X. Y. Maj. Andre" lands in 
the night from the British sloop-of-war 
Vulture, and proceeds to meet Arnold. 
Treason of Maj. -Gen. Arnold. 
About midnight, Benedict Arnold 
meets Maj. John Andre, two miles he- 
low Haverstraw, on the Hudson, to per- 
fect the scheme of treason. Arnold 
bargains to betray his country for 
:?50,()ou ;ll id ;i commission as brigadier 
in the British army ; he surrenders to 
the British descriptive papers of the 
fortress and directions for approach. 

Sept. 23. X. Y. Maj. Andr§, the 
British spy, is arrested near Tarrytown 
by John Paulding, David Williams, and 
Isaac Wirt, who refuse his bribes. 

Sept. 26. X. Y. Benedict Arnold flees 
to the British sloop-of-war Vulture, and 
is taken to New York. 

Sept. * Conn. Washington and Rocham- 
beau confer at Hartford. 

Sept. 26. .#". C. The British on their 
northward march enter Charlotte ; the 
Americans falling back without a battle. 

Sept. 29. X. Y. A court martial at 
Tappan, consisting of six major-generals 
and eight brigadiers, finds Maj. Andre" 
guilty and condemns him to death. 

Oct. 2. X. Y. Maj. Andre" is hanged 
as a spy at Tappan. 

Oct. 7. X. C. Battle of King's Moun- 
tain. 

Col. Ferguson with 1,100 regulars and 
Tories is defeated on the top of King's 
Mountain by 1,000 militia men under 
Col. Campbell. Ferguson and 300 men 
are killed, SOO are taken prisoners, and 



10 Tories are hanged. [Druopiug pa- 
triotism begins to revive.] 

Oct. 14. Gen. Nathaniel Greene, next 
to Washington the ablest of the Ameri- 
can officers, supersedes Gen. Gates in 
the South. 

Oct. 16. Ft. Koyalton \s attacked by 
300 Indians ; many houses are burned. 

Oct. * X. Y. The Americans raid Staten 
Island. 

Nov. 18. X. C. An action occurs at Fish 
Dam Ford. 

Nov. 20. X. C. Col. Sumter defeats CoL 
Tarleton at BlackstockB. 

Dec. 2. Gen. Nathaniel Greene assumes 
command of the Southern army. 

* * X. C. Col. Jolin Sevier conducts an 
expedition against the Indians west of 
North Carolina. 

Dec. * N. Y. Indians make attacks 
along the Mohawk Biver and through S 
the Champlain country. 

* * X. J. Washington enters winter 
quarters at Totowa and Preakness. 

17S1 Jan. 1. X. J. Kevolt in the 
army. 

Washington's army is in a desperate 
condition— no food, ho pav, no clothing. 
The whole Pennsylvania line, 1,300 
strong, mutiny, and'leaving their camp 
at Morristown, they start tor Philadei- 

ghia to lay their complaints before 
ongress. 

Jan 3 ±. Va. Benedict Arnold is ap- 
pointed Brig.-Gen. in the British army. 
[He conducts a ravaging expedition into 
Virginia, along the James River.] 

Jan. * X. J. Emissaries from Gen. Clin- 
ton meet the mutinous Pennsylvanians 
at Princeton with bribes to desert the 
service, which are indignantly declined, 
and the agents delivered to be hanged 
as spies. [Concessions from Congress 
quiet the mutiny.] 

Jan. 5. Fa. Benedict Arnold, with 
1,G00 British troops, burns the stores 
near Richmond. 

* *X.J. The New Jersey brigade 
mutinies at Pompton. 

It is quelled by force ; 12 of the prin- 
cipal mutineers are compelled to shoot 
the two ringleaders. [The insurrections 
have a good effect on Congress.] 

Jan. 17. £. C. Battle of Cowpens. 
Gen. Morgan, with 1.000 men. utterly 
defeats Gen. Tarleton with 1.100 British 
troops. Losses, British, 300 killed and 
wounded, more than 500 made prisoners ; 
Americans, 12 killed, GO wounded. 

Jan. * S. 0. The great military race 
begins by Gen. Greene ordering both 
divisions of his army to fall back — re- 
treating northward from the approach 
of Lord Cornwallis's advance. 

Jan. 28. S. C. Gen. Morgan's division 
crosses the Catawba River to the north- 
ern banks ; Cornwallis arrives late in 
the day on the opposite side, but floods 
of rain during the night compel his de- 
lay for many days, before crossing. 

Jan. 31. X. C. Gen. Greene takes 
command of Morgan's army. 

Jan. *-Mar. * Mich. The Spaniards in- 
vade Michigan. 



UNITED STATES. 1780, Apr. 24-1781, Mar. 2. 93 



Feb. 1. .V. C. Lieut.-Col.'Wm. Davidson 

is defeated and killed at Cowan's Ford, 
on the Catawba, by Lord Cornwallis, 
whose horse is killed under him. 

Feb. 7. N. C. Gen. Greene arrives at 
Guilford Court House, and there joins 
the remainder of his army. 

Feb. 15. N. C. Greene, with great tact, 
completes his retreat by crossing the 
Ban into Virginia, narrowly escaping his 
pursuers, but abandoning to them the 
entire State of North Carolina. 

Feb. 21, 22. N. C. Greene re-crosses 
the Dan ; he sends Lieut.-Col. Lee after 
a troop of Tarleton's dragoons under 
Capt. Miller. 

Feb. 23. N. C. Greene's rear guard is 
attacked by the van of the British while 
crossing the Yadkin. 

Feb. 25. N. C. Col. Pyle and a body of 
royalists defeated near Haw River by 
Pickens and Lee, without losing a man. 

Mar. 2. N. C. Cols. Lee and Pickens, 
with their cavalry, cut to pieces three 
or four hundred mounted Tories enlisted 
by Tarleton. 

ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1780 May 19. New Eng. The dark 
day occasioned by a thin cloud, or 
vapor. 

* * Boston. The American Academy of 
Arts and Sciences founded. 

* * N. H. The first American glass-fac- 
tory is erected in Temple township. 

* * New Eng. The making of wrought 
iron nails is an important home indus- 
try during the winter months, and in 
stormy weather, among the thrifty, in- 
dustrious rural people. 

1781 * * John Trumbull paints the 
Death of Montgomery. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1780* * 
Anderson, Isaac, pioneer clergyman, born. 
Andre, John, Iirit. miijor mid spy, hanged. 
Audubon, John James, ornithologist, born. 
Binney. Horace, statesman, born. 
Carver, Jonathan, traveler, A48. 
Channing-. William Ellery, clergyman, b. 
Chapman, Nathaniel, physician, born. 
Cleaveland, Parker, inincraluiiist, born. 
Le Kalb, John, Baron, gen., k. at Camden, 

A59. 
Duane, William John, Sec. of Treasury, b. 
Dudley, Charles Edward, senator, born. 
Duer, William Alexander, jurist, born. 
Featberstonaugh, George William, geologist, 



Forsyth, John, statesman, born, 
Redding, Elijah, bishop, born. 
Hitchcock, 1'etcr, jurist, born. 
Hutchinson, Thomas, Gov. of Mass., A69. 
Key, Francis Scott, poet, born. 
Logan, Indian chief, dies. 
McKinley, John, justice, born in Ala. 
Mussey, Reuben Diamond, surgeon, born. 
Porter. David. euLiimudure, burn. 
Rush, Richard, diplomatist, born. 
Sehweinitz, von, Lewis David, botanist, b. 
Stuart. Moses, theologian, born. 
1781* * 
Abercrombie, James, general, A75. 
Ashe, John, patriot, A60. 
Iierrien, John Mcl'herson, senator, born. 
Drown, John A., financier, born. 
Greene, Christopher, col., dies. 
Hare, Robert, physicist, born. 
Harnett, Cornelius, statesman, A58. 
Hayne, Isaac, officer, A 36. 
Holley, Horace, clergyman, born. 
Lawrence, .lames, naval otlicer, born. 
Leigh, lienjamin, statesman, born. 
Miller, William, Advent preacher, born. 
Stockton, Richard, signer of Declaration, A51, 



CHURCH. 
1780 Apr. 24. Md. The Methodist 
preachers of the North hold a Conference 
at Baltimore. 
May 8. Va. The separated Methodist 
bodies unite in the Conference held at 
Manakintown, in Powhatan county. 

The southern seceders bring slavery 
as asocial institution among Methodists. 

* * Mass. First Universalist church 
formed, in Gloucester. 

* * Miss. First Baptist church in Missis- 
sippi formed near Natchez. 

* * A 7- . H. The Freewill Baptists organ- 
ize their first society, at Dover. 

* * N. J. The independent Presbytery of 
Morris County is formed. 

* *Pa.~ Va. Christ's Church, Phila- 
delphia, is the only Protestant Episcopal 
church left in the State after the war ; 
2S Episcopal clergymen remain in Vir- 
ginia ; 91 (loyalists) leave the State. 

* * Francis Asbury becomes the de facto 
Superintendent of Methodism in Amer- 
ica, the war having detached Methodists 
from "Wesley. 

* * -1800 * * Great revival of religion 
among the colored people. 

SOCIETY. 

1780 Apr. * Md . The Methodist Confer- 
ence at Baltimore proposes to disown 
"all persons who should engage in 
distilling." 

The first measures are taken for extir- 
pating slavery among Methodists by 
declaring " That slavery is contrary 
to the Jaws of God, man, and nature, 
and hurtful to society, contrary to the 
dictates of conscience and pure religion, 
and doing that which we would not 
others should do to us and ours." 

* * Gloom settles over the country. 
The treason of Benedict Arnold intensi- 
fies the general depression. 

June 13. Phila. Women organize the 

"American Daughters of Liberty," 

an association to provide clothing for 

the suffering soldiers. 
June 17. Phila. A bank is opened for 

supplying the army with provisions, 

and §945,000 subscribed. 
Sept. 23. NY. Maj. Andre", a British 

spy, is arrested near Tarry town. 
Oct. 2. N. Y. Maj. Andre* is hanged 

as a spy at Tappan. 

* * Pennsylvania abolishes slavery. 

* * Massachusetts adopts a constitution 
which abolishes slavery. 

* * The mothers of America send sup- 
plies of food and clothing to the camps 
of the patriots. 

* * Va. James Monroe marries Eliza 
Kortright. 

* * S. C. Negroes in great numbers 
desert their masters and flee to the 
British. 

1781 Feb. * Lafayette's force of 1,200 
men is in a state of extreme destitution. 
Congress has neither money nor credit ; 
Lafayette purchases a full outfit from 
his private purse. 



STATE. 

1780 May 11. Lafayette brings "Wash- 
ington the appointment of lieutenant- 
general in the army of France and vice- 
admiral in its navy, in order to remove 
vexmg questions of etiquette from the 
minds of French officers in American 
service. 

May* Kg. The Legislature of Virginia 
incorporates the town of Louisville. 

Summer. S. C. Bf the capture of 
Charleston and other American ports, 
royal authority is re-established 
over the territory of South Carolina, 
but not over the people. 

Aug. 2. Boston. The Massachusetts 
Constitutional Convention meets. 

Oct. 5. Phila. The "United States ac- 
cedes to the armed neutrality at sea. 

Oct. 7-20. New York. Benedict Ar- 
nold issues an address and proclamation 
from the British headquarters. 

Oct. 10. Conn. The State offers its 
western lands to the Federal Union 
with [unsatisfactory] conditions. 

Oct. 25. Mass. John Hancock is 
chosen first governor under the New 
Constitution. 

* * Henry Laurens, IT. S. minister to 
The Netherlands, is captured at sea by 
the British. 

Dec. * The Hollanders sympathize with 
the Americans ; they declare war 
against England. 

* * Massachusetts adopts a constitution 
with a bill of rights, which abolishes 
slavery. 

Dec. 18. Phila. Congress appoints 
Francis Dana minister to Russia. 

* * New York. A Board of Associated 
Loyalists is formed to aid the British. 

1781 Jan. * Virginia offers to condi- 
tionally give up its lands northwest of 
the Ohio. (See Mar. 1, 17S4.) 

Feb. 20. Phila. Congress appoints 
Robert Morris Superintendent of Fi- 
nance. 

Mar. 1. N. Y. The delegates of New 
York facilitate the completion of the 
Union by the transfer to the Federal 
Congress of the vague claims of that 
State to western territory. 

Maryland, the last of the 13 States, 

signs the Articles of Confederation. 

The Confederation is accepted by 

all the States as a loose union of inde- 
pendent commonwealths. 

Phila. The old Congress of the 

Revolution closes. 

Mar. 2. Phila. The new Congress of 
the Confederation opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1780 July* U.S. Continental cur- 
rency notes are worth two cents on 
a dollar. " It takes a wagon load of 
currency to buy a wagon load of provis- 
ions." 

Aug. * O. Two block-houses are built on 
the Ohio River (Cincinnati) by Ameri- 
can troops. 



94 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. 



AMERICA 



ARMY -WAVY. 
1781 Mar. 6. X. C. The British are 
worsted in an engagement at Reedy 
Fort Creek. 
Mar. 8. Va. "Washington sends Lafay- 
ette with 1,200 men [and the French fleet 
from Rhode Island] to Virginia to cap- 
ture Benedict Arnold. 
Mar. 15. X. C. Battle at Guilford 
Court House (Greensborough). 

Gen. Greene is attacked by Lord Corn- 
wallis ; American force, 4,400, mostly 
raw militia; British force, 2,400, chiefly 
veteran soldiers. Losses ; American, 
2,309 killed, wounded, and missing; 
British, over 532 men. The Americans 
retire in good order after a bloody bat- 
tle, with Cornwallis unable to pursue. 
Mar. 16. Va. The British Admiral Ar- 
buthnot compels the French fleet to 
return to Rhode Island. 
Mar. 18. N. C. Cornwallis retreats 
from Guilford Court House, leaving 
the wounded Americans and 70 wounded 
British. 
Mar. 25. Va. A British force of 2,000 
men under Gen. Phillips reenforces 
Arnold. 

The British under Phillips spare the 
buildings at Mount Vernon on con- 
dition that supplies are furnished. 
Mar. 30. The mutiny on board the 
United States frigate Alliance is fully 
disclosed on her return from France to 
Boston. 
Apr. 7. X.C. Cornwallis at WHmington. 
Apr. * Va. Steuben is active in Vir- 
ginia. 
Apr. 18. S. C. The British evacuate 
Charleston after firing buildings, and 
leave their badly wounded behind them. 
Gen. Greene approaches Camden. 
Apr. 23. S. C. Col. Lee takes Fort 

"Watson from the British. 
Apr. 25. S. C. Battle at Hobkirk's 
Hill, near Camden ; Lord Rawdon de- 
feats Gen. Greene, who saves his artil- 
lery and carries off his wounded. 

Va. The British under Arnold and 

Phillips take Petersburg, burn 400 
hogsheads of tobacco, a ship, and several 
small craft. 
Apr.H- X. H. The first American man- 
of-war is built at Portsmouth, under 
the superintendence of Paul Jones ; it is 
a line-of-battle ship and named America. 
Apr. 25. Va. Lord Cornwallis under- 
takes the conquest of Virginia; La- 
fayette undertakes its defense. 
May 8. Count De Barras arrives from 
France, and announces that 20 ships of 
the line are coming in a few months. 
May 9. Fla. The Spaniards take Pen- 

sacola. 
May 10. S. C. The British under Lord 
Rawdon evacuate Camden and retire 
beyond the Santee. 
May 11. X. Y. Ogdensburg surren- 
ders to Americans under Gen. Sumter. 
May 13. Va. On the death of Gen. Phil- 
lips, Benedict Arnold becomes com- 
mander-in-chief of the British forces 
in Virginia for 7 days — the summit of 
the traitor's glory ! 



May 14.+ S. C. The British posts at 
Fort Granby, Orangeburg, and Fort 
Motte successively fall into the hands 
of the Americans under Col. Leo. 
* * Ga. Augusta is besieged. 
May 20. Va. Cornwallis arrives at 
Petersburg, and joins the forces lately 
commanded by Gen. Phillips. 
May2l. Cann. "Washington and 
Gen. Jean Roehambeau confer at 
Wethersfield. 
June 5. Ga. Americans capture Au- 
gusta. 
June 21. Va. Cornwallis evacuates 

Richmond. 
June 19. S. C. After maintaining the 
siege of Hinety-Six for 27 days, Gen. 
Greene is obliged to retire on the ap- 
proach of an army under Lord Rawdon. 
July 4. Va. "Williamsburg is evacu- 
ated by Cornwallis. 
July* S. C. Gen. Greene is forced to 

retire to the mountains. 
July 6. Va. Lafayette orders an attack 
on Cornwallis ; Gen. "Wayne makes an 
assault and retires in good order. 

X. Y. After 11 months of inactivity 

at Newport, R.I., the French army 
joins "Washington on the Hudson. 
July* Cornwallis refuses to serve with 
Maj.-Gen. Benedict Arnold in A r irginia; 
Arnold is sent North. 
Aug. 1. Va. The British forces are 
concentrated at Yorktown and Glou- 
cester, and entrench. 
Aug. 4. S. C. Col. Isaac Hayne, a 
patriot soldier, is hanged by the British 
at Charleston. 
Aug. 14. X. Y. Washington decides to 
transfer his army from New York to 
Virginia. 
Aug. 28. It. I. De Barras; commanding 
the French fleet at Newport, suddenly 
puts to sea, steering toward Chesapeake 
Bay. 
Aug. 30. Va. Count De Grasse ar- 
rives iu the Chesapeake Bay, from the 
"West Indies, with a French fleet of 23 
saihof-the-line. 
± X. Y. The British Adm. Graves is re- 
enforced by nearly 20 ships-of-the-line, 
from the West Indies. 
Sept. 5. Va. Adm. Graves arrives in 
the Chesapeake, and a fight of two hours 
ensues, off the Capes. 
Sept. 6-10. De Grasse maneuvers four 
days, as if for battle, and thus secures a 
passage for the approaching fleet under 
De Barras to enter the bay, where they 
unite to blockade Cornwallis. 
Sept. 6. Conn. An expedition under 
Benedict Arnold burns New London, 
his native town, after capturing Fort 
Griswold, and killing most of the garri- 
son after they have surrendered. 
Sept. 7. Va. Lafayette,withS,000 men, 
cuts off Cornwallis from retreating into 
North Carolina. 
Sept. 8. S. C. Battle of FJutaw 
Springs, the last important conflict 
in the South. 



battles of the war ensues. British loss, 
nearly 700 killed and woumlcd, and 600 
prisoners; American lass. . r ^j men. By 

thi.s battle tin; British p.-w.-r i- br.ik.-n 

in the South. [Though defeated in every 

buttle, Greene finally drives the Briti.-li 
out of the country.]" 

Sept. 14. Fa. "Washington arrives at 
"Williamsburg and assumes command. 

Sept. 28. Va. The siege of Yorktown 
begins. 

The Army of the North, under Wash- 
ington, 9,000 strong, and the French 
army under Kuchambeau, 7,000 strong, 
arrive at Yorktown. 

Oct. 19. Va. Lord Cornwallis sur- 
renders his army of 7,247 men, besides 
S40 seamen, at Yorktown ; this victory 
practically concludes the "War of 
Independence. 

Oct. 20. X. Y. The Mohawk Valley is 
invaded by Indians. 

New York. Clinton sails to reenforce 

Cornwallis in Virginia with 7,000 men. 

Oct. * Ga. Col. Andrew Pickens invades 
the Cherokee country- 

!N"ov. 13. Phila. John Moody is hanged 
as a British spy. 

Dec. * The British in the South are 
confined to the cities of Charleston and 
Savannah. 

* * George R. Clark fails in his plans for 
the capture of Detroit. 

1782 Feb.* Xew York. Benjamin 
Thompson (Count Rumford) is an officer 
of the King's Dragoons, but takes no 
part in the war. 

Mar. * O. Col. "Williamson massacres 
90 inoffensive Indians, — men, women, 
and children, on the Muskingum, — to 
take vengeance on suspected murderers. 

Mar. 24. .V. J. A blockhouse on Toms 
River is captured by royalists, and its 
commander summarily executed with- 
out trial. 

Apr. * A*. Y. Washington's headquarters 
is located at!N"ewburgh, on the Hudson. 

May * -June * Col. "William Crawford 
leads an expedition against the "Wyan- 
dot Indians. 

May* New York. Sir Guy Carleton 
arrives, and relieves Gen. Clinton of 
his command. 

June 6. 0. An expedition against the 
remnant of the Christian Indians from 
western Pennsylvania is ambushed and 
defeated, with the loss of many prisoners. 

July 11. Ga. Savannah is evacuated 
by the British. 

Aug. 15. Ky. Indians attack Bryant's 
Station, and are repulsed. 

Aug. 27. S. C. The last battle of the 
Revolution is fought on the Combahee. 
near Charleston ; the younger Laurens 
is killed — much lamented. 
Nov. 5. X. H. The America, a 74-gun 
ship, is launched at Portsmouth ; it is 
the first line-of-battle ship. 
Nov. * O. George R. Clark conaucts an 

expedition against the Miami Indians. 
Nov. 30. Paris. A preliminary treaty 

of peace with Great Britain is signed. 
Dec. 14. S. C. The British evacuate 
Charleston. 



UNITED STATES. 1781, Mar. 6-1783, Mar. 95 



1783 Feb. 4. Final cessation of hos- 
tilities with Great Britain. 

Feb. * N. Y. Col. Marinus "Willett at- 
tempts to surprise the British at Os- 
wego on Lake Erie, because they retain 
the post after the treaty. 

Mar. * N. F. A plausible address is pri- 
vately circulated in camp at Newburg, 
proposing the intimidation of Con- 
gress for the redress of soldiers' griev- 
ances. 

ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 
1782 * * Pkila. Oliver Evans patents a 
steam-wagon. 

* * Pkila. The manufacture of fustians 
and jeans begins. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1782* * 

Benton, Thomas Hart, senator for Mo., b. 

Bond, Thomas E., editor, born. 

Calhoun. John Caldwell, Sec. of State, 

senator for S. C, born. 
Cass, Lewis. Sec. of State, sen. for Mich., b. 
Darlington, William, botanist, born. 
Duer, John, jurist, born. 
Elliott, Jesse Duncan, commodore, born. 
Fraser, (..'buries, painter, born. 
Grimshaw, William, author, born. 
Guthrie, Samuel, chemist, born. 
Ingersoll, Charles Jared, author, born. 
Laurens, John, officer, A26. 
Lee, Charles, general, A51. 
Lincoln, Levi, governor of Mass., born. 
Longworth, Nicholas, horticulturist, born. 
Loudoun, John Campbell, earl of, gen., A77. 
Macomb, Alexander, general, born. 
Ripley, Elea/.er Wlieelock, general, born. 
Warrington, Lewis, naval othcer, born. 
Webster, Daniel, sen. for Mass., Sec. of 

State, born in N. H. 

CHURCH. 

1781 Apr. 24. Md. The United 
Methodist preachers of the North and 
the South meet in Conference at Balti- 
more. 

June * Ky. The first Baptist church is 
organized at Elizabethtown. 

* * Phila. Elhanan Winchester, a Bap- 
tist minister, joins the Universalists. 

1782 Mar. * O. Moravian converts 
are massacred. Over ninety inoffensive 
Christian Indians, men and women, of 
the Moravian missions, are gathered by 
the whites into two slaughter-pens, and 
butchered in cold blood. 

Apr. 17. Va. The Methodist preachers 
hold a Conference at Ellis's Chapel, 
Sussex County. 

May 21. Md. The Methodist preachers 
hold a Conference at Baltimore. 

Sept. 12. New Eng. The Presbyterian 
Synod of New England, being very 
weak, dissolves. 

Oct. 13. The Reformed Presbytery is 
disorganized by its union with the Pres- 
bytery of the Associate Church. [Dis- 
satisfaction follows, and there are three 
organizations instead of one.] 

Nov. 1. Phila. "The Synod of the 
Associate Reformed Church" is or- 
ganized by the union of two Associate 
Presbyteries with the Reformed Pres- 
bytery. 

* * Pa. Dr. William "White [afterward 
bishop] recommends the bishopless Epis- 
copalians to adopt temporarily a Pres- 
hyterian form of government. 



LETTERS. 

1781 * * Ft. First issue of the Vermont 
Gazette or Green Mountain Post-Hoy at 
Westminster, the first newspaper in 
the State. 

1782 * * Md. Washington College 
(non-sect.) organized at Chestertown. 

* * McFingal, by John Trumbull, ap- 
pears complete. 

* * Phila. The first English Bible pub- 
lished in America appears. 

June 8. N. Y. First issue of the Brook- 
lyn Hall Super-Extra Gazette, the first 
paper in the city. 

SOCIETY. 
1781 Oct. 23. Phila. A messenger from 
Washington arrives at the capital city, 
bringing tidings of the victory at 
Yorktown ; the night watchmen call 
the hour and often add, " and Corn- 
wallis is taken.'" 

* * Eng. The fictitious story of the Blue 
Laws of Connecticut is published by 
Rev. Samuel Peters, a Tory refugee. 

* * U. S. The people pursue the avoca- 
tions of peace, except in the vicinity of 
military conflict, for some time before 
the close of the war ; independence is 
practically a fact except near the camps 
of the enemy. 

STATE. 

1781 Apr. 19. Massachusetts cedes 
her claims to western lands to the 
Union. 

May 26. Phila. Congress resolves to 
establish the Bank of North America. 

May 9. Ft a. Pensacola is taken by the 
Spaniards. 

* * Phila. Robert Morris is appointed 
treasurer by Congress. 

He and his friends pledge their private 
fortunes for the payment of the future 
obligations of Congress, and so improve 
the credit of the Government. 
June 15. Phila. Congress appoints five 
commissioners to conclude a treaty 
with Great Britain, — John Adams, Ben- 
jamin Franklin, John Jay, Henry Lau- 
rens, and Thomas Jefferson. 

* * An Austro-Russian offer of media- 
tion between the United States and 
Great Britain is made. 

July 9. Phila. Congress ratifies the 
Articles of Confederation. 

Aug. 10. Phila. R.R.Livingston is made 
the first Secretary of Foreign Affairs. 

Oct. 24. Phila. Congress assembles 
and listens to Washington's despatch 
announcing the victory at Yorktown ; 
the weeping and exulting members, with 
many citizens, go to the Dutch church, 
where thanks are rendered to Almighty 
God. 

* * Eng. The capture of a second army 
(Cornwallis's) by the Americans makes 
the war unpopular in England. 

Dec. 31. Plula. Congress charters the 
Bank of North America. 

1782 Jan. * Eng. An Act of Parlia- 
ment is passed to enable George TTT , 
to make peace with the United States. 



Mar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons 
favors peace. 

Gen. Conway's motion approved, say- 
ing "the House would consider as ene- 
mies to his Majesty and the country, all 
those who should advise or attempt the 
further prosecution of offensive war on 
th.e American continent." 

Mar. 20. Eng. Resignation of the hos- 
tile ministry of Lord North, and acces- 
sion of that of the Marquis of Rock- 
ingham. 

Apr. 6. Eng. Lord Shelburne sends 
Oswald to Franklin. 

Apr. 19. Holland acknowledges the In- 
dependence of the United States, and 
receives John Adams as its minister. 

Apr. 23. Eng. The British Ministry de- 
cide to send separate negotiators to 
A'ergennes and to Franklin. 

May 4-7. Fr. Oswald and Grenville are 
in Paris, 

May 23. Eng. The Ministry agree to 
propose American Independence. 

May * New York. Sir Guy Carleton 
arrives, empowered to make proposi- 
tions of peace. He proposes the cessa- 
tion of hostilities to Washington. 

June 20. Phila. Congress adopts the 
great seal of the United States. 

June 23. Fr. John Jay arrives in 
Paris. 

July 1 K Eng. The Earl of Shel- 
burne's Administration follows that of 
Rockingham. 

Sept. 13. Phila. Congress agrees to ac- 
cept the offer of Virginia's western 
lands. 

Oct. 8. John Adams concludes a treaty 
with Holland. 

Oct. 26. Fr. John Adams reaches 
Paris. 

Oct. 29. Phila. Congress accepts the 
lands ceded to it by New York. 

Nov. 20. Va. Delegates are authorized 
to complete the transfer of western 
lands to Congress. 

Nov. 30. Paris. Adams, Franklin, Jay, 
and Laurens sign a preliminary treaty 
of peace with Great Britain. 

Dec. * Loyalists leave the Atlantic 
ports in large numbers. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-90 * * Cat. Pedro Fajes (Spanish). 
Pa. John Dickinson is president of 
the Supreme Executive Council. 

1783 Jan. 20. Fr. England on one 
hand, and France, the ally of America 
and Spain on the other, being desirous 
of peace, suspend hostilities, and sign 
preliminary articles at Versailles. 

Feb. 5. Sweden acknowledges the Inde- 
pendence of the United States. 

Feb. 16. Pelatiah Webster makes a prop- 
osition to remodel the Government. 

Feb. 25. Denmark acknowledges the 
Independence of the United States. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1782 Jan. 7. Phila. The Bank of 

North America opens for business. 
Jan. * U. S. The war debt at the close 

of the struggle is £42,000,000. 



96 



1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1783 Apr. 11. Phil a. Congress pro- 
claims the cessation of arms. 

Apr. 19. Cessation of hostilities is 
proclaimed in the American army, just 
8 years from the commencement of the 
war. Troops engaged, — regulars, 130,- 
711; militia and volunteers, 164,080 j total, 
309,781. Great Britian sent to America, 
during the war, 112,5S4 soldiers and 22,000 
seamen. Estimated loss of life to the 
Americans, 70,000 men, vast numbers of 
whom died on prison-ships ; 11,000 alone 
on the prison-ship Jersey. Estimated 
cost of the war to the Americans, $135,- 
000,000 in specie. 

June 2. "Washington furloughs the sol- 
diers of the war. 

June 8. Washington announces his in- 
tended resignation, as commander of 
the army, to the governors of the vari- 
ous States. 

June 21. Phila. About 300 American 
troops with fixed bayonets surround 
the house in which Congress is sitting, 
and demand a redress of grievances. 

Oct. 18. Princeton, N. J. Congress is- 
sues a proclamation that the army will 
be disbanded from and after Nov. 3. 

Nov. 2. Washington issues his farewell 
address to the army. 

Nov. 3. N. Y. The army disbands. 

Nov. 25. New York. The British evac- 
uate the city and Washington enters. 

Dec. 4. Neiv York. Washington takes 
leave of the officers of the army. 

Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. Washington 
surrenders his commission to Con- 
gress. 

Dee. * Ga. Chief M'Gillivray leads the 
Creeks in the Oconee War. 

* * Maj.-Gen. Henry Knox is appoint- 
ed (second) to command the army. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1784 * * Franklin is appointed by the 
French Academy one of a commission to 
investigate mesmerism. 

Sept. * James Kumsey experiments in 
steam navigation on the Potomac. 

1785 Mar. 11. Phila. The Southwark 
Theater is opened by Hallam's Com- 
pany. 

* * Pa. John Fitch makes experiments 
in steam navigation on the Delaware. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1783* * 

Alexander, William, general, A57. 

Barber, Francis, oihcer in the war, A32. 

Barbour, Philip P., justice, born in Va. 

Kiddle, James, roimundore TJ. S. N., born. 

Churchill, Sylvester, general, born. 

Cooper, Samuel, patriot, A58. 

Dorsey, John Svug, surgeon, born. 

Greenleal, simon, author, born. 

Irving, Washington . author, born. 

Macdonough, Thomas, commodore, born. 

Osborn, Selliek, journalist, born. 

Otis. James, orator, A58. 

Reid, Samuel Chester, naval officer, born. 

Rodney, Oresar, signer of Declaration, A53. 

Sully, Thomas, painter, born. 
1784* * 

Allen, William Henry, naval officer, born. 

Allen, William, writer, born. 

Buckminster, Joseph S., clergyman, born. 

Cobb, Thomas W., senator for Ga., born. 

Dewey, Chester, naturalist, born. 



Gammere, John, mathematician, born. 

Ha],., Niuhaii, journalist, horn. 

Hoffman. David, author, bom. 



Morris, < barh-s. .-oihjii<>.|..iv. horn. 

Morton, Marcus, Gov. of Maes., bom. 
Etanneeque, Constantine S., botanist, born. 
Stevenson, Andrew, statesman, horn. 
Taylor. Zachary. 1'Jih ITr-M-nt, born. 
Walsh, Kohert, journalist, horn. 
Warner. Seth. general I'. S. A., A41. 
Wool, John E., general, born. 
"Worcester. Joseph Emerson, lexicogra- 
pher, born. 
1785* * 
Appleton, Daniel, publisher, horn. 
Beman, Nathaniel S., clergyman, born. 
Cartwright, Peter, piou<'<*r preacher, born. 
Daniel, Peter, V.. Justice, born in Va. 
Drake, Daniel, physician, born. 
Dudley, Benjamin Winsluw, surgeon, born. 
Espy, James P., meteorologist, born. 
± Finn, Henry J., actor. '.' 
Gadsden, Christopher !■:., hishop, born. 
Havens, Nathaniel Appleton, philanthropist, 

Hopkins, Stephen, signer of 1 teclaration, A78. 
McLean. John, justice, born in Ohio. 
Merrill, Joseph A., clergyman, born. 
Morgan, Abel, clergyman, A72. 
Mott, Valentine, surgeon, born. 
Noah, Mordecai M., journalist, born. 
Perry. Oliver Hazzard, commodore, born. 
Pierpont, John, poet, born. 
Reed, Joseph, statesman, A44. 
Seaton, William W., journalist, born. 
Spring-, Gardiner, clergyman, born. 
Tally, William, physician, born. 
Wheaton, Henry, puhlirist, born. 
"Woodworth, Samuel, poet, born. 

CHURCH. 

1783 Mar. 25. Conn. The Episcopal 
ministers of Connecticut meet at Wood- 
bury, and elect Samuel Seabury 
bishop. 

May 7. Va. A Methodist Conference 
opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex county. 

May 27. Md. A second Methodist Con- 
ference opens in Baltimore. 

May* Md. The Methodist Conference 
at Baltimore forbids members to " man- 
ufacture, sell, or drink intoxicating 
liquors." 

Nov. 26. Neto York. Dr. Rodgers re- 
turns, and begins to restore the Pres- 
byterian churches ; they having been 
badly used and some of them partly 
destroyed during the war. 

* * Boston. James Freeman of King's 
Chapel changes the Book of Common 
Prayer to harmonize with Unitarianism. 

* * Conn. A Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese is organized. 

* * Ky. David Rice establishes Presby- 
terian worship in Kentucky. 

* * Md. A Protestant Episcopal Diocese 
is organized. 

* * Methodism, which has hitherto been 
almost entirely confined to the country 
south of New Jersey, begins to advance 
northward. 

1784 Apr. 17. N. F. A law is passed 
enacting religious equality. 

Apr. 30. Va. A Methodist Conference 
opens at Ellis's Chapel, in Sussex County. 

May 24+. Pa. The- appointment of a 
Standing Committee of the Episco- 
pal church is the first step in the forma- 
tion of a union of the Episcopal churches 
of America. 

May 25. Md. A second Methodist Con- 
ference opens in Baltimore. 



Sept. 2. Eng. Thomas Coke is conse- 
crated a bishop for the Methodists of 

Sept. 7. N.Y. Arm Lee, "Elect Lady" 
of the Shakers, dies near Albany. 

Oct. 6. New York. First Protestant 
Episcopal Convention; 13 clergymen 
are present. 

Nov. 3. New York. Thomas Coke ar- 
rives, the first Protestant bishop in 
the New World. 

Nov. 14. Scot. Preparatory steps are 
taken for the organization of the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Church of America. 
Dr. Samuel Seabury is consecrated 
first American bishop at Aberdeen, by 
three non-juring bishops — Kilgour, 
Petre, and Skinner. 

Dee. 24 - . Md. Organization of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church at the 
" Christmas Conference " held in Lovely 
Lane Chapel, Baltimore, 

Sixty preachers are present ; Bishop 
Thomas Coke presides ; Francis Asbury 
is elected "superintendent" (bishop), 
after having been ordained deacon and 
elder; John Wesley's authority over the 
American churches ends. Total preach- 
ers, 83 ; total members, 14,000. 

Methodist preachers are first author- 
ized to administer the sacraments by 
the Conference at Baltimore. 

Origination of the Chartered Fund for 
Needy (Methodist) Ministers. 

Dec. 27. Md. Francis Asbury is or- 
dained bishop of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church. 

* * Cal. Nine missions have already been 
founded along the Pacific coast. 

* * Mass. A Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese is organized. 

* * Md. Dr. John CarroU of Baltimore 
appointed (Roman Catholic) Prefect 
Apostolic of the United States. 

* * Me. A Jesuit missionary arrives at 
Oldtown, to work among the Abnakis. 

* * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Pennsylvania is organized. 

* * About 35,000 Baptists are reported in 
the 13 colonies. 

* * Eng. Two young men from America 
are refused ordination, unless they take 
the oath of uniformity ; Franklin ad- 
vises them to act as though England 
and Ireland were sunk in the sea. 

1785 Jan. 2. AW. Close of the first 
Methodist General Conference at Balti- 
more. 

June 22. N. Y. First Convention of the 
Episcopal Diocese of New York. 

June * Arrival iu America of Bishop 
Seabury of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church. 

Aug. 3. Bishop Seabury (Protestant 
Episcopal) ordains (four deacons) for the 
first time in America. 

LETTERS. 

1783* *Cohh, The American Spelling 
Book, by Noah "Webster, is published. 

* * Pa. Dickinson College (Meth.-Epis.) 
is founded at Carlisle. 

17S4 Mar. 24. Boston. The Massa- 
chusetts Sentinel and the Republican 
Journal first issued. 



UNITED STATES. 1783, Mar. 24-1785, Sept. 14. 97 



* * The Massachusetts Magazine is first 
published [and continues to be issued 
till 1705]. 

* * New York. The regents of a state 
university are appointed, who demand 
what property belongs to King's Col- 
lege and change its name to Colum- 
bia. 

* * Phila. The first American daily- 
newspaper is issued, The Pennsyl- 
vania Packet or the General Advertiser, 
formerly a weekly. 

* * Notes on Virginia, by Thomas Jef- 
ferson, appears in Paris. 

SOCIETY. 

1783 Apr. * The Society of the Cin- 
cinnati is established, chiefly by Gen- 
eral Knox ; it is restricted to officers of 
the regular army, who have served in 
the Revolutionary War. 

1784 Dec. * Md. The extraordinary 
session of the Methodist Conference at 
Baltimore declares, that members who 
■■ buy and sell slaves," if "they buy 
with no other design than to hold them 
as slaves, and have been previously 
warned, shall be expelled, and be per- 
mitted to sell on no consideration." 

* * Conn. The Legislature enacts a law 
for the gradual abolition of slavery- 

* * There is a strong feeling against the 
Society of the Cincinnati. 

* * Laf ayette travels through the States. 

STATE. 

1783 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges the 
Independence of the United States. 

Apr. 3. Treaty of amity and peace 
for 15 years is concluded by Franklin 
between Sweden and the United States. 

Apr. 11. Phila. Congress proclaims 
the cessation of arms on land and sea. 

Apr. 18. Phila. Congress appeals to 
the States for power to levy duties, and 
for other taxation by which to raise 
annually for the expenses of the Gov- 
ernment $2,500,000. [The States with- 
hold consent.] 

June 18. Washington issues his last 
circular to the States. 

June 21. Phila. Congress, insulted 
by an uncontrollable mutiny of unpaid 
soldiers, adjourns to Princeton. 

June 30. Princeton, N. J. The 8th 
session of the Continental Congress 
opens under the Confederation. 

July * Russia recognizes the Indepen- 
dence of the United States. 

Sept. 3. Paris. A definitive treaty with 
Great Britain is signed. 

The treaty (1) recognizes the Indepen- 
dence and establishes the boundaries 
of the United States ; (2) secures the 
right of fishery on the Grand Banks, etc. ; 
(3) binds the payment of good outstand- 
ing debts; (4) provides that Congress shall 
recommend the restoration of confis- 
cated estates ; (5) provides open naviga- 
tion of the Mississippi River to both 
parties. 

Florida is ceded to Spain by Great 

Britain, by the Treaty of Paris. 

Oct. 18. Phila. Congress direets that 



the army shall he disbanded on Nov. 3. 
(Winsor, Nov. 2.) 
Oct. 20. Virginia agrees to the terms of 
Congress, and ce"des its claim to terri- 
tory north of the Ohio. 

* * Boston. The Supreme Court de- 
clares that the statement, " All men are 
born free and equal," in the Massachu- 
setts Bill of Rights, is a bar to slave- 
holding in that State. 

Nov. 4. Princeton. Congress adjourns. 

Nov. 26. Annapolis, Md. The 9th ses- 
sion of the Continental Congress 
opens ; it is under the Confederation. 

Nov. * Md. Congress makes repeated 
and urgent attempts to get a quorum 
to ratify the treaty of peace with Great 
Britain. 

Dec. 23. Annapolis, Md. "Washington 
is introduced to Congress; he deliv- 
ers a fitting address, and resigns his 
commission. 

* * Many American Tories accompany 
the retiring British armies to England. 

* * The public debt of the United States 
is about $42,000,000; $8,000,000 of this 
amount is owed abroad. 

1784 Jan. 14. Annapolis, Md. Con- 
gress ratifies the treaty with Great 
Britain. Vote, 20-10. 

Feb. 20. Annapolis, Md. Congress ap- 
points Robert Morris Superintendent 
of Finance. 

Mar. 1. Annapolis, Md. A part of Vir- 
ginia's western lands is transferred 
to the Federal Union. They lie north- 
west of the Ohio. Congress accepts the 
transfer. 

Mar. 24. Massachusetts resolves to ex- 
pel dangerous aliens. 

Apr. 9. Eng. George m. ratines the 
definitive treaty. (See Sept. 3, 1783.) 

Apr. 23. Annapolis, Md. Congress con- 
siders a plan for Federal division of the 
vast, unoccupied northwest territory. 
A preliminary plan of adjusting the 
question of unoccupied territory is pre- 
sented by a committee, of which Thomas 
Jefferson is chairman ; it provides for 
the erection of seventeen oddly named 
States north and south of the Ohio, and 
for the exclusion of slavery after the year 
1800. [Seven States disapprove and the 
plan is dropped.] 

May 12. Annapolis, Md. Congress 
authorizes Franklin, Adams, and Jef- 
ferson to make treaties of commerce. 

June 3. Annapolis, Md. Congress ad- 
journs. 

June * North Carolina cedes her west- 
ern lands to the Federal Government. 
[In November it annuls the cession.] 

Oct. 22. N. Y. At Fort Stanwix the 
Indians surrender their lands west of 
Pennsylvania. 

Nov. 1. Trenton, N J. The 10th ses- 
sion of the Continental Congress 
opens. 

Dec. * Tenn. Revolt in western North 
Carolina against the Government ; the 
settlers secede and form a State which 
they call Frankland or Franklin [till 
the State Government interposes]. 



* * -89 * * New York. James Duane is 
the 43d mayor. 

* * The territory north and west of the 
Ohio is provided with a temporary gov- 
ernment by Act of Congress. 

Dec. 24. Trenton, N. J. Congress 
adjourns. 

* * U, S. Governors inaugurated: 
-87 * * N. C. Richard Caswell. 
-86 * * Va. Patrick Henry. 

1785 Jan. 11. New York. The 11th 
session of the Continental Congress 
opens. 

Jan. 21. A treaty is made with the "Wyan- 
dots at Fort Mcintosh. 

Feb. 25. New York. John Adams is ap- 
pointed the first minister to England. 

Mar. 10. New York. Thomas Jeffer- 
son is commissioned minister to France. 

Mar. 17. Meeting of the boundary com- 
missioners of Maryland and Virginia. 
[The Annapolis Convention of 1786 is its 
successor.] 

Apr. 18. Phila. Congress votes to ac- 
cept the offer of western land by 
Massachusetts. 

The territory lies west of New York, 
and extends to the Mississippi Kiver. 

Apr. 19. N. Y. The State executes a 
deed renewing the grant of its western 
lands to the Federal Government. 

Massachusetts cedes her western ter- 
ritory to the Federal Government. 

May 20. New York. Congress passes itB 
first act relative to western lands. 

May 31. Mass. Gov. James Bowdoin 
attempts to start a movement to revise 
the articles of Confederation. 

June 1. Eng. John Adams, first Ameri- 
can ambassador to England, is presented 
to King George III. 

July 6. New York. Congress establishes 
the standard of the American dollar. 

Sept. 10. A treaty of amity and com- 
merce is entered with Prussia. 

Sept. 14. Phila. Franklin again 
returns. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1783 June 27. Eng. Parliament votes 
half-pay to loyalist officers of 
America. 

July 2. Eng. An order in council ut- 
terly forbids American ships to engage 
in the British West-Indian trade. 

1784* * Boston. The Empress of China 
sails as the first American ship hound 
for China. 

The second bank in the United States 
is established. 

* * Pa. Pittsburg is laid out in town 
lots. 

* * Conn. Incorporation of Hartford, New 
Haven, New London, Norwich, and Mid- 
dletown as cities. 

* * Eng. Eight bags of cotton from an 
American ship are seized at Liverpool, 
on the ground that America could not 
produce so much cottou. 

* * O. "Washington inspects the Ohio 
Valley, preliminary to the forming of 
the Potomac Company. 



98 1785, Sept. 14-1787, Nov. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1785 * * O. Fort Harmar is built. 

* * The Algerine pirates seize American 
vessels. 

1786 Dec. 25. Mass. Shays' s Rebel- 
lion. 

A thousand men, under the leadership 
of Daniel Shays, force the Supreme 
Court to adjourn, to prevent its issuing 
writs for the collection of debts. 

1787 Jan. 25 K Mass. Shays's rebel- 
lion is suppressed by the State militia 
under Gen. Lincoln at Springfield ; 3 
killed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE* 

1785 Nov. 19. New York. The John- 
street Theater is opened by the " Old 
American Company" with The Gamester. 

* * Jean Antoine Houdon comes from 
Paris to America to execute the statue 
of Washington. 

1786 Apr. 16. New York. Contrast, by 
Royal Taylor, is performed by the " Old 
American Company" at the John-street 
Theater. " The first play written in 
America by an American and performed 
by a professional company." (Ency. 
Brit.) 

Aug. * The first playhouse in Baltimore 
is opened. (Or 1773.) 

* * Conn. John Trumbull paints The 
Battle of Bunker mil. 

* * Joseph "Wright paints the portrait 
of John Jay. 

* * S. C. A theater is built in Charleston. 
1787* * Mass. The first cotton-mill is 

put in operation at Beverly. [Very im- 
perfect and soon closed.] 

* * N.Y. The manufacture of salt at 
Syracuse begins. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1786* * 

Barton, "William P. C, botanist, born. 

Biddle, Nicholas, financier, born. 

Breckenrid^e, Henry M., jurist, born. 

Cadwallader, .John, oilicer in the war, A44. 

Cambreleng, Churchill (/., politician, born. 

Catron. John, justice, born in Tenn. 

Cogswell, Joseph (liven, scholar, born. 

Crockett. David, pioneer, born. 

Dwight, Sereno E.. clergyman, born. 

England, John, R. C. Bishop of Charleston, 
born in Cork. 

Gales, Joseph, journalist, born. 

Gardiner, Sylvester, physician, A79. 

Grayson, William, politician, born. 

Greene, Nathaniel, general, A44. 

Greelileaf, Benjamin, author, born. 

Grimkie, Thomas Smith, philanthropist, b. 

King, William Ruius. statesman, born. 

Lawrence, Amos, philanthropist, born. 

MacLane, Lewis, statesman, born. 

Marcy, "William L., statesman, born. 

McDongall, Alexander, general, A55. 

Norton, Andrews, theologian, born. 

Nuttall, Thomas, naturalist, born. 

Porter, Alexander, statesman, born. 

Rusb, James, physician, born. 

Sargent, Lucius Manlms, writer, born. 

Scott, Winfleld. general, born. 

Tappan, Arthur, philanthropist, bom. 

Vaux, Robert, philanthropist, born. 

Verplanck, G Lilian Crommelin, author, born. 
1787* * 

Andrews, Ethan Allen, philologist, born. 

Bedel, Timothy, patriot, dies. 

Bouvier, John, jurist, writer, born. 

Chauncy, Charles, clergyman, dies. 

Crittenden, John Jordan, statesman, b. 

Dana, Richard Henry, poet, born. 

Davis, John, statesman, born. 

Durand, Cyrus, engraver, born. 

Frelmghuysen, Theodore, statesman, b. 

Gallandet, Thomas 1L, teacher of deaf mutes, 
born. 

Gould, Benjamin Apthorp, educator, born. 



Hensen, Joslab, Uncle Tom, born, 

MacYicar, John, professor, born. 
Middh-ton, Arthur, patriot, A44. 
Muhlenberg. Henry M.. founder of Am. 

Lutheran eh., A76. 
Say, Thomas, naturalist, born. 
Southard, Samuel L., senator for N.Y., b. 
Williams, Elea/.er, clergyman, born. 
Wilbard, Emma 11., educator, born. 



CHURCH. 

1785 Sept. 14. Mass. The first Con- 
vention of Universalist ministers and 
parishes in America is held at Oxford. 

Sept. 27. Phila. The first General 
Convention of the Protestant- Epis- 
copal Church is held ; Bishop Seabury 
and his clergy decline to attend ; 1G cler- 
gymen and 2G laymen are present. 

Oct. 7. Phila. The Protestant Episco- 
pal Convention adjourns. 

* * Boston. An organ is set up in the 
First Church, introducing instrumental 
music in the Congregational Church. 

Organic Unitarian ism begins in 
this city. 

James Freeman, " lay reader " of 
King's (Epis.) Chapel (Stone Chapel), 
secures an alteration in the liturgy 
eliminating Trinitarianism, and the con- 
gregation secedes from the Protestant 
Episcopal Church. 

* * Mass. Free-Corn munion Baptists or- 
ganize the Groton Conference. 

± * * Me. John Cheverus of Boston 
makes an annual missionary visit to 
the Abnakis and other Indians. A 
church is erected among them. 

± * * Me. Mr. Ciquard of St. Sulpice, Bal- 
timore, is sent as a Jesuit missionary to 
the Abnakis and other Indians. 

* * Md. The first Baptist church in Bal- 
timore is formed. 

* *N. Y. The Lutheran Synod (min- 
isterium) is formed. 

The first Shaker house of -worship 
erected at New Lebanon. 

* * S. C. A Protestant Episcopal Con- 
vention is held at Charleston. 

* * Va. The first Protestant Episco- 
pal Convention in Virginia is held 
after the war ; meets at Richmond. 

The Abingdon Presbytery is formed. 

* * The Synod of the Presbyterian 
Church draws up a plan of govern- 
ment and discipline, and also takes 
steps to revise the standards. 

* * Organization of Protestant Episcopal 
dioceses in New York, Virginia, South 
Carolina, and New Jersey. 

1786* * Del. Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Delaware is organized. 

An adjourned meeting of the (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) General Convention 
is held at "Wilmington. 

* * Ky. The Presbytery of Transylvania 
is formed. 

* * New York. Erection of the first 
Roman Catholic church (St. Peter's). 

Rev. John Stanford arrives in Amer-' 
ica, and soon publishes and circulates 
tracts as formerly in England. 
Sept. 14. Phila. Meeting of the Sec- 
ond General Convention (Protestant 



Episcopal); 10 clergymen and 11 laymen 
present. 

* * .S. C. Organization of the " Associ- 
ated Churches" (Protestant Episco- 
pal) of South Carolina. 

* * Va. David Griffith is elected bishop 
by the Protestant Episcopal Convention. 

A Sunday-school is taught in Hano- 
ver County. 

1787 Feb. 4. Bng. Bishop White 
of Pennsylvania and Bishop Provoost 
of New York are consecrated in Lam- 
beth Chapel ; bishops of Bath and Wells 
and of Peterborough giving the apos- 
tolic succession to the American Church. 

Apr. * New York. The American Epis- 
copal Church separates from the 
Church of England. 

The Protestant Episcopal Church of 
the United States has its organization 
as a national Church made complete by 
the arrival of Bishops White and Pro- 
vost; it is no longer attached to the 
diocese of London. 

May 1 +. Md. A General Conference 
of Methodist preachers is held at 
Baltimore, called by Bishop Coke ; few 
of the Southern preachers attend, as 
they had not authorized the call. The 
Book of Discipline is revised. 

Sept. 17. U. S. Separation of Church 
and State is established by the Federal 
Constitution. 

" No religious tests shall ever be re- 
quired as a qualification to any office or 
public trust under the United States." 
(Art. vi. § 3.) 

Oct. 7. Pa. The Lutherans deplore the 
death of their founder, Henry M. 
Muhlenberg. 

* * N. Y. The Shakers first gather into 
a community at New Lebanon. 

The Reformed Dutch Church 
adopts domestic mission work. 

* * U. S. The Presbyterian General 
Synod sends down the Report on Gov- 
ernment and Discipline to the presbyte- 
ries and churches for consideration. 

* * Va. The Separate and Kegular Bap- 
tists unite to form " the United Bap- 
tist Churches of Christ." 

LETTERS. 

1785 * * Ga. The University of Geor- 
gia (non-sect.) organized. 

* * Me. The Falmouth Gazette, the first 
newspaper in Maine, is issued. 

* * New York. The Manumission Society 
establishes free schools for the poor 
colored children of the city. 

The Daily Advertiser is first issued by 
Francis Childs and Company ; the first 
daily in tne city. 

* * N. Y. Schenectady Academy, the pio- 
neer of Union College, is founded. 

* * Phila. The Philadelphia Directory is 
published ; the first city directory in the 
Union. 

* * Tenn. The University of Nashville 
(non-sect.) organized at Nashville as the 
Davidson Academy. [It becomes Cum- 
berland College in 1806.] 

* * Sketches of American Policy, by Noah 
Webster, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1785, Sept. 27-1787, Nov. 99 



* * Conquest of Canaan, by Timothy 
Dwight, appears. 

1786 * * Pa. The Pittsburg Gazette, the 
first newspaper west of the Alleghauies, 
is issued. 

* * _89 * * Phila. The Columbian Maga- 
zine appears. 

* * The Anarchiad papers, by Trumbull, 
Hopkins, Barlow, and Humphreys, ap- 
pear in the New Haven Gazette. 

1787 Apr. 13. X. Y. The Board of 
Regents of the University of the State 
is established. 

May 21. Neio York. Samuel Johnson 
is elected President of Columbia Col- 
lege. 

Sept. 17. Del. Cokesbury College, 
the first literary institution of the Meth- 
odists in America, is opened at Abing- 
don. 

* * Ky. First issue of the Lexington Ga- 
zette — the first paper in Kentucky, 

SOCIETY. 

1785 * * Nezo York. The Manumission 
Society, John Jay president, is formed 
to secure the freedom of slaves. 

The gradual abolition of slavery is 
determined by the State. 

* * Pa. Benjamin Rush puts forth his 
famous tract, An Inquiry into the Effects 
of Ardent Spirits upon the Human Mind 
and Body, which creates a profound sen- 
sation. 

1786 * * Massachusetts. The (undenomi- 
national) Charity Society is organized. 

* * New York. The Tammany Society 
is organized. (See 17SS.) 

1787 July 13. New York. The Federal 
Government perpetually prohibits sla- 
very in the territory north of the Ohio, 
— the first territory coming under its 
control. 

STATE. 

1785 Nov. 4. New York. Congress ad- 
journs. 

Nov. 7. New Y&rk. The 12th session 
of the Continental Congress opens. 

Nov. 30. Eng. John Adams, the Amer- 
ican Minister to St. James, demands 
the surrender of the frontier posts to 
the United States. 

* * Ga. Treaty with the Creeks at Gal- 
phinton. 

* * Noah "Webster publishes a project for 
an American policy. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-96 * * Conn. Samuel Huntington. 
-88 * * " State of Franklin," (Tennes- 
see) John Sevier. 

-87 * * Mass. James Bowdoin. 
-86 * * Mich. Henry Hamilton. 
Pa. Benjamin Franklin is president 
of the Supreme Executive Council. 

1786 Jan. 16. A treaty is made with 
the Chickasaws at Hopewell. 

Jan. 21. Virginia invites the States to 
a general conference for forming a less 
restricted Constitution. 

Jan. 31. A treaty is made with the 
Shawnees. 



May 11. Connecticut again offers to 
cede a part of its western lands. 

May 26. Phila. Congress declares its 
willingness to receive the Connecticut 
lands in the West. 

July 16. A treaty of peace is entered 
with the Emperor of Morocco. 

Sept. 11. Mi. A convention of some 
of the States is held at Annapolis to 

" regulate commerce on the Chesapeake 
Bay ; five States send delegates to it. [It 
is the germ of the Constitutional Con- 
vention.] 

Sept. 14. Conn. The deed for western 
lands is given to Congress. The lands 
lie east of the Mississippi, between lati- 
tude 41° and 41° 2', and west of a meridian 
120 miles west of the [present] western 
limit of Pennsylvania. 

Nov. 3. New York. The Congress of the 
Confederation adjourns. 

Nov. 6. New York The 13th session 
of the Continental Congress opens. 

Dec. 16. Massachusetts yields the juris- 
diction over her lands in New York to 
that State. 

Dec. 25 ±. Mass. Shays's rebellion 
arises in the western part of the State ; 
caused by financial complications. The 
insurrection infects New Hampshire. 
(See Army.) 

* * Ga. A treaty is made with the Creeks 
at Shoulderbone. 

* * Massachusetts sells the " Phelps and 
Gorham Purchase," in New York, — 
6,000,000 acres for $1,000,000. 

* * Portugal orders her fleet in the 
Mediterranean to protect American 
vessels from pirates. 

* * Requisitions of Congress on the 
States for the last four years amount 
to $10,000,000; receipts one-fourth of 
that amount. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-96 * * Mich. Lord Dorchester. 
-90 * *R.I. John Collins. 

-88* * Va. Edmund Randolph. 

1787 Apr. 13. New York. General St. 
Clair makes his report to Congress on 
the British infraction of the treaty on 
the northwestern frontier. 

May 14. Phila. A National Consti- 
tutional Convention for framing (in 
part) a less restricted Constitution as- 
sembles, [and Washington is unani- 
mously elected its President. It does 
not begin its work till May 25. All of 
the States (9) except Rhode Island are 
represented before its close.] 

May 29. Phila. Edmund Randolph 
moves the Convention to set aside the 
Articles of Confederation and adopt a 
new Constitution ; a committee is ap- 
pointed. 

July 5. Phila. New York retires 
. from the Convention. 

July 13. New York. Passage of the 
Ordinance of 1787 by the Congress of 
the Confederation. 

It is unanimously passed " for the 
government of the territory to the 
northwest of the Ohio ; " it contains an 



" unalterable " article, forbidding sla- 
very or involuntary servitude. The or- 
dinance was drawn up by Nathan Dane, 
a member of Congress from Massachu- 
setts. 

Congress adopts St. Clair's report of 
Apr. 13th. 

July 18. New York. Congress ratifies 
the treaty with Morocco. 

July * Phila. It is rumored that the 
Federal Convention in secret session 
considers the advisability of offering to a 
foreign prince the Crown of America. 

July 24. Phila. The Committee on the 
details of the Federal Constitution be- 
gins work. 

Aug. 6. Phila. A draft of a Federal 
Constitution, in twenty-three articles, 
is reported to the Convention. 

It permits the slave trade for twenty 
years, and concedes that three-fifths of 
the slaves shall be counted in the appor- 
tionment of Congressional representa- 
tives, and that fugitive slaves shall be 
returned to their masters. These con- 
cessions are made to secure union. 

Aug. 9. South Carolina cedes her west- 
ern lands to the Federal Government. 

Aug. 19. S. C. The delegates in Con- 
gress execute a deed to Congress for the 
western lands of the State. [They 
partly comprise the area of Tennessee.] 

A Federal Democratic Govern- 
ment is established. 
Sept. 17. Phila. The Federal Consti- 
tution is signed by the Convention ; the 
Articles of Confederation are set aside, 
and the Constitution is to be submitted 
to Congress. The Convention adjourns. 

* * U. S. The first political agitation 
occurs. Federalists favor and Republi- 
cans or Anti-Federalists oppose the ap- 
proval of the Constitution by the States. 

Sept. 28. New York. The Congress of 
the Confederation sends the new Con- 
stitution to the several States for their 
action. 

* * N. C. The attempt to form the State 
of Franklin j in the western lands, 
collapses. 

Oct. 5. New York. Congress recalls 
Minister Adams from London. 

Oct. 30. New York. The Continental 
Congress adjourns. 

Nov. 5. New York. The 14th and last 
session of the old Continental Con- 
gress opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1785 * * Pa. Harrisburg is laid out 
in town lots. 

* * The regular exportation of cotton 
begins ; one bag is sent from Charleston 
to Liverpool, 12 from Philadelphia, and 
one from New York. 

* * The Lombardy poplar is introduced. 

17S6 Mar. 6. Boston. The Ohio Com- 
pany is formed by Putnam, Cutler, and 
others. 

Apr. 24. Boston. About 100 houses are 

burned. 
1787 Sept. 30. Departure of the first 

American vessel making a voyage 

around the world. 



100 1787, Dec. -1789. 



AMERICA 



ARMY -NAVY. 

1787 Dec* Ga. The Creeks are de- 
feated at Jack'B Creek. 

1788 Sept. * IT. S. Lieut.-Col. Josiah 
Harmar is general-in- chief by brevet. 

1789 * * The maximum strength of the 
army is one regiment of infantry, one 
battery of artillery, — 840 men. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1788 Apr. 12. Phila. The first pow- 
er-loom is set up. 

* * New York. The first dentist's office 
is established by John Greenwood. 

* * B. I. A company is formed in Provi- 
dence for the manufacture of "home- 
spun cloth." 

1789 * * Conn. The Sortie of the Garri- 
son from Gibraltar is exhibited by John 
Trumbull at the Royal Academy. 

± * * William Rush executes ideal figures 
and portrait busts in wood and clay. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1788* * 

Blake, John L., clergyman, born. 
Blanchard, Thomas, inventor, born. 
Boyden, Setli, inventor, born. 
Byles, Mather, wit and divine, A82. 
Campbell. Alexander, founder, born. 
CiisliliiL,', Thomas, statesman, A60. 
Elbert, Samuel, Gov. of Ga., A55. 
Gadsden, .lames, statesman, born. 
Grayson, William J., senator for S. C, born. 
Hill, Isaac, senator, editor, born. 
Judson, Adoniram. missionary, born. 
Lovell, John, selinnlniaster, A78. 
Bobbins, Koyal, historian, born. 
Stevens, Hubert Livingston, born. 
Totten, Joseph G., military engineer, born. 
1789* * 
Allen, Ethan, colonel in Revolution, A52. 
Bond, William ('ranch, astronomer, born. 
Clay, Clement C, ex-senator, born. 
Comstock, John Lee, author, born. 
Cooper, James Fenimore, novelist, born. 
Deane. Silas, diplomatist, A52. 
Emory, John, bishop, born in fad. 
Farmer, John, genealogist, born. 
Felt, Joseph l-'arluw, historian, born. 
Francis, John Wakeiield, physician, born. 
Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, born. 
Hillbouse, James Abraham, poet, born. 
Kearny, Lawrence, commodore, born. 
Kendall, Amos, statesman, born. 
Ledyard, John, traveler. A38. 
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist, born. 
Meade, William, bishop of Va., born. 
Nelson, Thomas, patriot, A51. 
Petigru, James Lewis, lawyer, born. 
Sedgwick, Catherine Maria, novelist, b. 
Sparks, .Tared, hisorian, born. 
St. Leger, Barry, Brit, colonel, A52. 
Winslow, Miron, missionary, born. 
"Woodbury, Levi, justice, born in N. H. 



CHURCH. 

1788 May 28. Phila. The Presby- 
terian Synod meets. 

It adopts the amended Report on Gov- 
ernment and Discipline and the amended 
Confession of Faith as the constitution 
of the Church. 

May 29. Phila. The "Westminster 
Larger and Shorter Catechisms and 
the Directory for "Worship are ap- 
proved as a part of the constitution of 
the Presbyterian Church. 

Four Synods comprise the Presbyte- 
rian Church : New York, Philadelphia, 

■ Virginia, and the Carolinas. 

* * Boston. Mass is first celebrated 
in New England, and the first Roman 
Catholic Church is erected. 



1789 May 21. Phila. The General 
Synod meets and resolves itself into the 
first General Assembly of the Pres- 
byterian Church. 

The Synod resolves to send mission- 
aries to the frontiers. 

* * The Confession of Faith and the Cate- 
chisms issued by the Presbyterian Synod 
of New York and New Jersey. 

* * Phila. The "Book Concern" of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church is estab- 
lished. Capital, $600. 

* * U. S. The several Annual Confer- 
ences concur in the formation of a 
Methodist Council, of bishop and pre- 
siding elders. 

July 28. Phila. Meeting of the Gen- 
eral Convention of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church, Bishop White pre- 
siding. 

Bishops "White and Seabury constitute 
the House of Bishops. 

Aug. 8. Phila. The General Convention 
decides on a constitution for the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Church in America. 

Sept. 25. U. S. The Constitution of the 
United States is amended by Congress 
to prohibit an established religion or 
interference with freedom in the 
exercise of religion. (See Dec. 15, 1791.) 

Oct. 2. Phila. Union of the several 
dioceses of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church in one Convention. 

Oct. 16. Phila. The Book of Prayer is 
Americanized and formally ratified by 
the (Protestant Episcopal) Convention. 

* * Aid. The See of Baltimore is erected, 
[and John Carroll created its first 
bishop] ; the diocese includes the entire 
Republic. 

* * Va. David Griffith relinquishes the 
bishopric of Virginia, as the Church 
fails to pay the expenses of consecration 
in England. 

* * Va. The General Committee of the 
Baptist churches resolves against 
slavery. 

" Resolved, That slavery is a violent 
deprivation of the rights of nature, and 
inconsistent with republican govern- 
ment, and therefore (we) recommend it 
to our brethren to make use of every 
measure to extirpate this horrid evil 
from the land, and pray Almighty God 
that our honorable Legislature may have 
it in their power to proclaim the great 
jubilee." 

LETTERS. 

1787 * * New York. The Independent 
Journal is issued. 

The New York Journal is sold to 
Thomas Greenleaf, and the name 
changed to the Argus or Greenleaf s 
New Daily Advertizer. 

Columbia College is incorporated. 

The New York Magazine and Literary 
Repository issued. [Stopped 1792.] 

* *.88* * Neio York. A series of eighty- 
five papers, entitled the Federalist, by 
Alexander Hamilton, John Jay, and 
James Madison, appear. 



* * Phila. The American Museum is pub- 
lished by Matthew Carey. [Stopped 1792.] 

College of Physicians is established. 

* * Pa. Franklin College ("Lutheran) ia 
established by the legislature in recog- 
nition of services and virtues of Ger- 

* * Power of Religion on the Mind ,byLind- 
ley Murray, appears. 

* * TJie Vision of Columbus, by Joel Bar- 
low, appears. 

1788 * * A Dissertation concerning the 
True Nature of Christian Virtue, by 
Jonathan Edwards, appears. 

1789 July 28. Pa. The Pittsburg Ga- 
zette is published. 

* * -96 * * Boston. The Massachusetts 
Magazine appears. 

* * D. C. The Georgetown Academy 
(College) (Rom. Cath.) is organized. 

* * Md. St. John's College (non-sect.) 
is organized at Annapolis. 

* * New York. United States Gazette is 
issued by John Fenno. 

* * A Dissertation Concerning the End for 
which God created the World, by Jona- 
than Edwards, appears. 

*- * Dissertations on the English Language, 
by Noah "Webster, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1788 Jan. 1. Phila. The Quakers 
emancipate their slaves. 

May 13. New York. First meeting of 
the Tammany Society, having a Grand 
Sachem (chosen from thirteen sachems), 
a Sagamore, and a "Wiskinskie ; " found- 
ed on principles of patriotism, and hav- 
ing for its motives charity and brotherly 
love." 

June 8. Eng. On motion of "William 
Pitt, Parliament votes S6,70O,0O0 for the 
benefit of loyalists in America. 

July 26. New York. A mob favorable 
to the Federal Constitution destroys the 
Anti-Federal printing-office of Thomas 
Greenleaf. 

1789 * * The slave trade, no longer a 
Spanish monopoly, becomes free, and 
rapidly increases. 

* * Conn. A number of farmers of Litch- 
field County combine, to do their agri- 
cultural work without recourse to 
spirituous liquors. 

STATE. 

17S7 Dec. 7. Delaware is the first 
State to ratify the Federation Con- 
stitution, with a unanimous vote in a 
State Convention. (Fiske, Dec. 6.) 

Dec. 12. Pennsylvania is the second 
to ratify the Constitution. Vote, 46 to 
23. 

Dec. 18. New Jersey ratifies the Con- 
stitution with a unanimous vote. 

* * New York. The Congress of the 
Confederation decides to make Philadel- 
phia the Capital for ten years, and 
then to select a site on the Potomac. 



UNITED STATES. 



1787, Dec. -17 8 9. 101 



* * U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-93 * * Mass. John Hancock. 
-89 * * N. C. Samuel Johnston. 

1788 Jan. 2. Georgia, the 4th State, 
ratifies the Constitution by a unanimous 
vote. 

Jan. 9. Connecticut, the 5th State, 
ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 128 to 
40. 

Feb. 6. Massachusetts, the 6th State, 
ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 187 to 
168. 

Apr. 28. Maryland, the 7th State, rati- 
fies the Constitution. Vote, 63 to 12. 

May 23. South Carolina, the 8th State, 
ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 149 to 
73. 

June 17. N. Y- A Convention meets 
at Poughkeepsie to consider the Federal 
Constitution. 

June 21. New Hampshire, the 9th 
State, ratifies the Constitution. Vote, 
57 to 46 ; two-thirds of the States favoring 
the Federal Constitution, it becomes 
valid. 

June 25. Virginia, the 10th State, rati- 
fies the Constitution. Vote, 89 to 79. 

June 26. New York, the 11th State, 
ratifies the Constitution and adds pro- 
posed amendments. Vote, 30 to 27. 
(Bryant, June 25.) 

July 14. New York. The old Congress 
ratifies the Constitution framed by 
the Convention of the States. 

July 15. Georgia cedes her -western 
lands to the Federal Government. 

Sept. 13. New York. Congress makes 
New York the Capital City. 

The old Continental Congress appoints 
the first Wednesday in January for Fed- 
eral elections in the several States. 

Nov. 1. New York. The last Conti- 
nental Congress dies of inanition, 
its records cease [and for six months 
there is no National Government]. 

* * New York makes a treaty with the 
Onondagas. 

* * A Consular Convention is held be- 
tween France and the United States. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : 

* *-1802 * * 0. Ter. Arthur St. Clair. 
Pa. Thomas Mifflin is president of the 

Supreme Executive Council. 
-91 * * Va. Beverly Randolph 

* * Iowa is first settled. 

1789 Jan. * St. Clair makes treaties 
with the Indians at Fort Harmar. 

Jan. 7. XT. S. "Wednesday, the first Na- 
tional election is held. 

Feb. 4. XT. S. The electoral votes are 
cast by the electors. 

Feb. 26. N. Y. The Cayuga Indians 
sell their lands to the State. 

Mar. 4. XT. S. The Constitution goes 
into force as the law of the land. 

New York. The First Federal Con- 
gress assembles in the hall at the corner 
of "Wall and Broad Streets. 

Mar. 30. New York. After a delay of 
many days Congress secures a quorum 



(30 members present), and proceeds to 
organize the House. F. A. Muhlenbnrg 
of Pa. is elected the first Speaker. 
(Moore, House, Apr. 1 ; Senate, Apr. 6.) 
Apr. 6. New York. George "Washing- 
ton of Va. is chosen President by the 
electors. 

Tbe electoral vote is counted : George 
Washington, G9 ; John Adams, 34 ; John 
.Jay, 9; K.H.Harrison, 6; John Rut- 
ledge, 6; John Hancock, 4; George Clin- 
ton, 3 ; Samuel Huntington, 2 ; John 
Milton, 2; James Armstrong, Benjamin 
Lincoln, and Edward Telfair, each one 
vote. Each elector votes for two candi- 
dates. The person receiving the next 
largest vote is declared Vice-President. 

New York. The Senate organizes. 

John Langdon of N. H. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

Apr. 21. New York. John Adams of 
Mass. is seated in the Senate as Vice- 
President. 

First Administration; Federalist. 

Apr. 30. New York. George "Wash- 
ington of Va. is inaugurated, the first 
President. John Adams of Mass. is 
Vice-President, he being the next in the 
number of votes. 

July 4. New York. President "Washing- 
ton approves the first Tariff Act — 
a declaration of financial independence ; 
the duties average about 8£ per cent. 

Aug. 7. New York. Congress organizes 
tbe "War Department. 

Sept. 10. New York. Congress orders 
the organization of three executive 
Departments. 

* * New York. A President's Cabinet 
is formed. 

Thomas Jefferson, Secretary of State ; 
Alexander Hamilton, Secretary of the 
Treasury ; Henry Knox, Secretary of 
"War; Edmund Randolph, Attorney- 
General. 

Sept. 15. New York. The Depart- 
ment of State is made the depository 
of the archives of the United States. 

Sept. * New York. A National judi- 
ciary is established. 

Justices appointed to the Supreme 
Court of the United States : John Jay 



of N. Y. Chief Justice ; John Bla 
Va. ; William Cushing of I 



of 



Rob- 
ert H. Harrison of Md. ; John Rutledge 
of S. C. ; James Wilson of Pa. 

Sept. 25. New York. Congress passes 
12 Constitutional Amendment Bills. 
[Ten are soon approved by three-fourths 
of the States.] 

1st Amendment of the Constitution : 
" Congress shall make no law respecting 
an establishment of religion, or pro- 
hibiting the free exercise thereof, or 
abridging the freedom of speech, or of 
the press, or the rights of the people 
peaceably to assemble and to petition 
the Government for the redress of 
grievances." 

2d Amendment, respecting the right 
to bear arms. 

3d Amendment, forbidding the quar- 
tering of soldiers on the people. 

4th Amendment, respecting searches 
and seizures of persons, property, etc. 



5th Amendment, respecting indict- 
ment, martial law, legal process, and 
eminent domain. 

6th Amendment, providing for privi- 
leges of accused persons and speedy 
trials. 

7th Amendment, guaranteeing jury 
trial for anything over $20 in common 
law suits. 

8th Amendment, respecting bail, fines, 
cruelty, and unusual punishment. 

9th Amendment, declaring that the 
enumeration of rights in the Constitu- 
tion does not impair other rights. 

10th Amendment, respecting State 
rights. 
Sept. 29. New York. Congress estab- 
lishes a regular army. 

1st Congress : the first session closes. 
Nov. 21. North Carolina, the 12th 
State, accepts the Constitution. Vote, 
193 to 75. 
Dec. 22. North Carolina cedes its 
western lands to Congress. [They 
partly comprise the area of Tennessee.] 

It makes the condition that no regula- 
tion of Congress shall tend to the 
emancipation of slaves in this terri- 
tory. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-96 * * Del. Joshua Clayton. 
-90 * * Ga. George "Walton. 

-92 * * N. C. Alex. Martin. 
-94 * * N. J. Win. Livingston. 
-92 * * S. C. Thos. Pinckney. 
-90 * * Vt. Moses Robinson. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1788 Mar. 21. La. Seven-eighths of 
New Orleans is burned to ashes. 

Apr. 7. O. Commencement of Mari- 
etta, tbe first permanent settlement, by 
the Ohio Company. 

* * New York. Questions of official cere- 
mony and etiquette vex the Govern- 
ment. 

Adams desires much ceremony ; Jef- 
ferson will have none ; Hamilton advises 
simple formality ; Washington coincides. 

* * XT. S. The National debt exceeds 
$80,000,000. 

July 4. Pliila. Magnificent and varied 
celebration of National Indepen- 
dence. 

In recognition of the Federal Union, 
the new Constitution is personified by a 
lofty ornamental car, in the form of an 
eagle, drawn by six horses ; the Chief- 
Justice and two of his associates are 
seated within it, bearing the Constitu- 
tion upon a staff. 

Oct. 15. New York. "Washington sets 
out in his carriage to make a tour of the 
Northern States. 

Oct. 24. Boston. "Washington arrives. 

* * Indiana is first settled. 

1789 Jan. * O. Cincinnati is laid out. 
Mar. 4. Neio Yoi-k. Citizens celebrate 

the assembling of Congress by the 
ringing of bells and firing of cannon, at 
early morn, at noon, and at sunset. 

* * Tenn. Knoxville is settled. [Named 
in honor of Gen. Knox.] 



102 1789-1792, Nov. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1790 Sept. 19.-1795 Aug. 3. North- 
western Indian wars; 8,983 men en- 
gaged ; cause, the Indians claim the 
territory. 

Oct. * O. War with the Miami In- 
dians in the Ohio Valley; Gen. Harmar 
is defeated. 

* * Xew York. Castle William (Castle 
Garden) is erected. 

* * U. S. The army consists of 1,316 
men for service on the Indian frontier. 

1791 U. S. Maj.-Gen. Arthur St. 
Clair is appointed (fourth) commander 
of the army. 

June 1. O. Kickapoo Indians are sur- 
prised on the Wabash ; many are killed 
and taken prisoners. 

Sept. 9. O. Gen. St. Clair, with 2,000 
men, sets out to subdue the Miami con- 
federacy. 

Nov. 4. O. Gen. St. Clair is surprised 
and routed by the Indians on the Wa- 
bash, losing half his men. 

* * General Knox formulates a plan for 
organizing the militia. 

1792 Apr. 11. U.S. Maj.-Gen. An- 
thony "Wayne is appointed (fifth) com- 
mander of the army. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1790 June 5. Pa. The steamboat con- 
structed by John Fitch makes a trip from 
Philadelphia to Trenton and return. It 
is propelled by 12 oars. 

Dec. * li. I. Samuel Slater, an English- 
man, starts the first successful Amer- 
ican cotton-factory at Pawtucket, near 
Providence. 

±* * Phila. A statue of Was hingto7i [now 
in Independence Hall] is executed by 
William Rush. 

1791 * * Ky. The first American fur- 
nace is erected by Government troops 
on Slate Creek. 

* * La. The first dramatic representation 
in New Orleans is presented. 

* * Pa. Accidental discovery of An- 
thracite coal in Carbon and other 
counties. 

Broom-corn brooms are first made in 



Giuseppe Ceracchi executes busts of 
Washington, Alexander Hamilton, and 
others. 

David Rittenhouse succeeds Benja- 
min Franklin as president of the Amer- 
ican Philosophical Society. 

1792 May 7. Ore. Capt. Robert Gray, 
of the merchant ship Columbia, discovers 
and enters the Columbia Kiver. 

Aug. 16. Boston. The first theater is 
opened in the new Exhibition Room ; 
to evade the law, the first play is called 
the Moral Lecture of Douglas (p. 104). 

* * _94 * * Qre.^ George Vancouver, of 
England, explores the Pacific coast. 

* * John Trumbull paints a Portrait of 
Washington. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



];;irtl.-it, John Shcrri'ii, editor, born. 

iiellainy, Joseph, cliTirymmi, writer, ATI. 

liowdoin, .James, philosopher, statesman, 
A 63. 

Capers, William, Meth. Kpis. bishop, South, b. 

burfee, Job, jurist, M. C. fur K. I., born. 

Force, Peter, historian, horn in N. J. 

Franklin, Benjamin, printer, philosopher, 
patriot, and statesman, A 84. 

Gibbs, Josiali Willard, philologist, born. 

Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, clergyman, au- 
thor, born. 

Gray, Francis f.'ulley, lawyer, scholar, born. 

Grayson, William, soldier of Revolution, d. 

Harper, William, senator for S. C, born. 

Hooper, William, lawyer and patriot of N. C, 
A48. 

Livingston, William, Gov. of N. J., M. C, 
A 67. 

Longstreet, Augustus B., Meth. Epis. clergy- 
man of S. C, born. 

Putnam, Israel, general in Revolution, A72. 

Shubrick, William P.ranford, admiral, born. 

Turner, Samuel Hulbeart, Prot. Epis. clergy- 
man, professor, born. 

Twiggs, David Emanuel, Secessionist gen., b. 

Tyler. John. 10th president, born in Va. 
1791 * * 

Beck, Theodric Romeyn, physician, born. 

Blair, Francis Preston, journalist, born. 

Buchanan, James, 15th president, born in 
Pa., Apr. 22. 

Bullions, Peter, author, born. 

Burden, Henry, manufacturer, born. 

Butler, Richard, major-general, killed by In- 
dians. 

Cooper. Peter, philanthropist, horn in Xew 
York. 

Hall, Lyman, statesman, A90. 

Harrison, Benjamin, general, signer of 
Decl., ex-governor, A51. ? 

Hayne, Robert Young, orator, born. 

Hopkinsmi, Kranns, author, signer of Dec- 
laration, A54. 

Morse, Samuel Finley Breese, artist, in- 
ventor, born. 

Olmsted, Denison, natural philosopher, b. 

Pond, Enoeh, theologian, born. 

Sigourney. Lydia Huntley, poet, born. 

Sprague, Charles, poet, born. 

Ticknor, < leorge, scholar, -writer, born. 

Tread well, Daniel, mechanician, born. 
1792* * 

Ainslie, Hew, poet, born. 

Astor, William B., capitalist, born. 

Birney, James Gillespie, statesman, aboli- 
tionist, born. 

Collamer, Jacob, senator for Vt., born. 

Cruger, John, mayor of New York, A82. 

Dallas. George Mifflin, statesman, born. 

De Kay, James Ellsworth, naturalist, born. 

Everett, Alexander Hill, diplomatist, b. 

Fairbanks, Erastus, Gov. of Vt., born. 

Finney, Charles Grandison, college presi- 
dent, born. 

Fisk, Pliny, missionary, born. 

Fisk, Wilbur, pres. of Wesleyan Univ., born. 

Harding, Chester, painter, born. 

Jones, John Paul, naval officer, A45. 

Laurens, Henry, statesman, A68. 

Lawrence, Abbott, benefactor, born. 

Lea, Isaac, naturalist, born. 

JIason, George, statesman, A67. 

Mason, Lowell, musical composer, born. 

Nelson, Samuel, justice, born in N. T. 

Payne, John Howard, actor, born. 

Renwick. James, physicist, born. 

Richards, William, missionary, born. 

Kumsey, James, inventor, A4B. 

Sartwell, Henry Parker, botanist, born. 

Smith, Seba, author, born. 

Spangenburg, August, founder, A 88. 

Stevens. Thaddeus. senator for Pa., born. 

Stone, William Leete, journalist, born. 

Vassar, Matthew, philanthropist, born. 



CHURCH. 

1790 Sept. 19. Va. James Madison 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop at Lambeth, England. 

Oct. 1. U.S. The modified Prayer-Book 
comes into use in all Protestant Episco- 
pal churches. 

Nov. 18. P.I. Organization of the (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) Diocese of Rhode Is- 
land. 



* * Xew York. The second Methodist 
church in this city is formed. 

* * Pa. Jacob Albright begins his work 
of reform among the German Christians 
of Eastern Pennsylvania. [The Evan- 
gelical Association is developed later.] 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert 
Smith, moderator. 

* * Vt. The ("Protestant Episcopal) Dio- 
cese of Vermont is organized, and the 
first Episcopal Convention in Ver- 
mont is held. 

* * The Methodist Council becomes un- 
popular and holds its last session. 

* * The Methodist Conference omits the 
words " buying and selling" from John 
Wesley's rules on intemperance. 

* * The Methodist Conferences order the 
organization of Sunday-schools for 
the instruction of " poor children, white 
and black." Sessions to be from 6 to 10 
A. M-, and 2 to 6 p. M. 

1791 Sept. 14. Mass. The presbytery 
of Salem is dissolved. 

* * Md. First legislation in the Catholic 
Church by the Synod of Baltimore*. 

* * A 7 ". Y. The Xew York Baptist Associ- 
ation is formed. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets ; John 
"Woodhull, moderator. 

* * Pa. Lutherans receive a grant of 
5,000 acres of land from the Legislature. 

1792 Sept. 11. New York. The (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) Convention meets. 

Sept. 17. Md. Consecration of Thos. J. 

Claggett (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 

for Maryland. 
Nov. 1-15. Md. The First Regular 

General Conference of the Methodist 

Episcopal Church is held at Baltimore. 

LETTERS. 

1790 May 31. First Copyright Act 
in the United States passed, chiefly 
through the influence of Noah Webster 

[the lexicographer]. 

* * X. Y. A proposition in the Assembly 
to establish public schools is hardly 
noticed. 

* * -97 * * New York Magazine appears. 

* * Va. "William Henry Harrison 
graduates at Hampden-Sidney College. 

1791 Oct. 24. Md. First issue of the 
Baltimore Daily Repository. 

* * Con 71. The First Geography is pub- 
lished by Jedediah Morse. 

* * Md. St. Mary's Seminary (Rom. 
Cath.) founded at Baltimore. 

* * Vt. University of Vermont (non- 
sect.) founded at Burlington. 

SOCIETY. 

1789 * * "Washington makes a tour of 
the Northern States, and is greeted with 
great enthusiasm. 

1790 Apr. 30. Xew York. Congress en- 
acts that every soldier shall have half 
a gill of rum, brandy, or whisky daily. 



UNITED STATES. 



1789-1792, Nov. 103 



Dec. 29. New York. Presentation of tlio 
" Memorial of the College of Physicians 
to tlie Senate of the United States Con- 
gress," deprecating the use of ardent 
spirits, and recommending the imposi- 
tion of high duties upon their impor- 
tation. 

* * Phila. The Pennsylvania Anti- 
Slavery Society (Benjamin Franklin 
Pres.) petitions Congress " to devise 
means for removing the inconsistency of 
slavery from the American people." 

* * New York. A bill is introduced in 
Congress for taxing distilled liquors. 

* * Slavery is already prohibited in 
six of the States. 

* * U. S. Total number of slaves, 
697,897. 

1791 July 4. George Buchanan makes 
his address on slavery. 

STATE. 

1789 * * New York. Jefferson and Ham- 
ilton representing opposite parties in 
the Cabinet, Washington is vexed by 
many disagreements. 

1790 Jan. 4. New York. The' 1st 
Congress: 2d session opens. Presi- 
dent Washington orally addresses the 
two Houses assembled to hear him. 

Mar. 25. Eng. The plan of the British 
Government for compensating Ameri- 
can loyalists for losses is suspended. 

Apr. 2. North Carolina finally cedes 
its western lands. (See 1789.) 

New York. Congress accepts the 

lands ceded by North Carolina. 

* * Kentucky is organized as a Territory. 
May 29. Rhode Island, the 13th State, 

and the last of all, approves the Federal 
Constitution. Vote, 34 to 32. 
June * S. C. Meeting of State Conven- 
tion to frame a new Constitution. 

* * New York. Congress is urged to as- 
sume the debts of the several States 
incurred in the prosecution of the Revo- 
lutionary War. (§18,271,786.) 

Southern members oppose and North- 
ern members favor the plan. [The mat- 
ter is finally settled by a compromise ; 
the Northern members consenting to the 
location of the Capital on the Potomac 
River.] 

July 10. New York. Congress resolves 
to hold its sessions in Philadelphia 
for ten years, and thereafter on the 
Potomac. Vote, 32-29. 

July 16. New York. Congress passes an 
act locating the future seat of Govern- 
ment in the District of Columbia. 
Sixty square miles of territory are ceded 
to the United States by Maryland and 
Virginia. 

Aug. 4. New York. Congress finally 
passes the bill for funding the debts 
of the States, which it has assumed, 
thus putting the finances of the country 
on a firm basis. 

Kentucky applies for admission into 
the Union. 

Aug. 7. N. Y. The Creek Indian 
chiefs sign a treaty in the Hall of 



Representatives, in which the territory 
south and west of the Oconee is solemn- 
ly guaranteed to them, they resigning 
lands north and east of that river. 

Aug. 12. New York. The 1st Con- 
gress : the second session closes. 

Sept. 2. Pa. A new State Constitution 
is adopted. 

* * U.S. Philadelphia the Capital City. 

The seat of the Federal Government 
is removed from New York. 
Dec. 6. Phila. The 1st Congress : the 
third session opens. 

* * U. S. James Iredell of N. C. is 
made Justice of the Supreme Court. 

The Federal Revenue is $4,000,000 ; 
the expenditure of the Government, 
including interest on the public debt, 
is §1,000,000. 

* * Vt. The jurisdiction of New York 
in the Province of Vermont is purchased 
by the latter for S30.000. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-92 * * Cat. Jose" A. Roman (Spanish). 
-93 * * Ga. Edward Telfair. 

Pa. Thomas Mifflin. 
-05 * * P. I. Arthur Fenner. 

Term. Ter. Wm. Blount. 
-97 * * Vt. Thomas Chittenden. 

1791 Jan. 1. The National debt is 
375,463,476. 

Jan. 10. Vermont adopts the Federal 
Constitution. 

Feb. 25. Phila. The Bill to establish a 
National Bank becomes a law ; it is 
generally favored by Northern members, 
and generally opposed by those from the 
South. 

Mar. 3. The District of Columbia is 
fully organized. 

Mar. 4. Vermont is admitted into the 
Union as the 14th State. 

Phila. The 1st Congress ends. 

June 7. Phila. The Bank of the United 
States is instituted ; capital $10,000,000 ; 
it is opposed by Jefferson and the Anti- 
Federal party. 

Aug. * Phila. George Hammond, the 
first minister from Great Britain, is re- 
ceived. 

Oct. 24. Phila. The 2d Congress 
opens. 

Oct. * Phila. Congress ; Senate : John 
Langdon of N. H. is reelected President 
pro tempore. House : Jonathan Trum- 
bull of Conn, is elected Speaker. 

* * Phila. Thomas Johnson of Md. is 
appointed Justice of the Supreme Court. 

Dec. 15. U. S. The first ten Amend- 
ments of the Constitution come in force. 

Dec. * U. S. Thomas Pinckney of 
S. C. is appointed minister to England. 

* * O. Gen. St. Clair appointed governor 
of the Northwestern Territory, with in- 
structions to drive out the Indians. 

* * -94 * * Va. Henry Lee governor. 

1792 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$77,227,924.66. 

Mar. 1. Phila. Congress provides by 
enactment for the Presidential suc- 
cession in certain contingencies. 
In case of inability of the Vice-Presi- 



dent, the office devolves on the president 
pro tempore of the Senate ; and if he 
cannot assume the office it goes to the 
Speaker of the House of Representatives. 

Apr. 2. Phila. The National Mint is 
established. 

Apr. 17. Phila. Congress; Senate: 
It. H. Lee of Va. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

May 8. Phila. The 2d Congress: the 
first session closes. 

June 1. Kentucky is admitted into the 
Union as the 15th State. 

June 4. Ky. The first legislature 
meets ; Isaac Shelby governor. 

June * Rumors circulate of a conspiracy 
to change the Government into a mon- 
archy. 

June * N. Y. Chief Justice John Jay 
(Federalist) is elected Governor of New 
York over George Clinton by about 400 
votes. 

Clinton's friends in the canvassing 
committee throw out three counties on 
technicalities, and award the office to 
him. 

Nov. 5. Phila. The 2d Congress: 
second session opens. Senate ; John 
Langdon of N. H. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

* * U. S. Second Presidential elec- 
tion ; "Washington is unanimously re- 
elected President, and John Adams 
is reelected Vice-President. The Anti- 
Federalists, now called Republicans, are 
led by Jefferson, the Federalists by 
Hamilton and Adams. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1789 * * New York. It is proposed to lay 
out a park bordering the drainage canal 
(Canal Street), but the project is aban- 
doned because of the remoteness of the 
locality. 

1790 * * U. S. The first census is ta- 
ken. Philadelphia lias a population of 
43,000; New York, 33,000; Boston, 18,000; 
Baltimore, 13,000; the whole country, 
3,929,214, including 697,681 slaves. 

* * U. S. The center of population is 23 
miles east of Baltimore. 

July 17. N. Y. The first bank of Al- 
bany begins to discount. 

Aug. 1. Nero York. The yellow fever , 
rages. 

Dec. 20. Phila. The Bank of the 
United States commences to discount. 
Its notes are payable in specie, and re- 
ceivable in all payments to the United 
States. 

* * JD. C. The city of 'Washington is 
founded. 

* * Mass. First American whaling ship 
for tbe Pacific sails from Nantucket. 

* * N.C. An Act of Legislature is passed 
for laying out the town of Raleigh. 

* * New York. The first bank in this city- 
is established — The Bank of New York. 

1792 June 4. N. Y. The survey of a 
route from Pennsylvania through the 
Genesee country is completed. 

June 11. N. H. The first bank in this 
State begins discounting at Portsmouth. 



104 



1792-1794. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1792 * * The army consists of 5,120 men. 

1793**0. Gen. Wayne ("Mad An- 
thony") leads 3,000 men against the 
Indians. 

Dec. * 0. Fort Greenville is built by 
Gen. "Wayne. 

* * The war between Portugal and Algiers 
closes, and American vessels are again 
seized by the pirates. 

1794 Mar. 27. Phila. Congress 
authorizes the construction of 6 frigates, 
3 of them to be of the very heavy class, 
thus beginning the navy. 

* * O. Fort Recovery is built by Gen. 
Wayne. 

Aug. 20. O. Gen. "Wayne defeats the 
Miami Indians at the Maumee Rapids, 
and then desolates their country. 

* * 0. Fort Defiance is built. 

May 7. D. C. Congress establishes a 
combined corps of engineers and artil- 
lery, with a military school for cadets. 

Sept.* - Nov. + * Pa. The 'Whisky 
Rebellion. 

Washington sends a force of militia 
into western Pennsylvania to put down 
the Whisky Rebellion, the distillers hav- 
ing refused to pay the Government tax 
and fired on its officers. 

* * Gen. Wayne is victorious in breaking 
the Miami confederacy. 

* * U. S. The maximum strength of the 
army is 3,629. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1792 * * D. C. The Federal Commis- 
sioners advertise in the newspapers of 
all the principal cities for designs for 
a Federal Capitol building and a 
President's House. 

* * Ga. The cotton-gin is invented by 
Eli "Whitney, a Connecticut school- 
teacher residing in Georgia. 

[It gives an immense impetus to the 
cultivation of cotton, and adds many 
millions of wealth to the South : it has 
given direction to the politics and history 
of the country.] 

* * Dr. S. U. Johnston is painted by Gil- 
bert Stuart. 

1793 Jan. 9. Phi/a. The first balloon 
ascension in America is made by Fran- 
cois Blanchard, in the presence of 
Washington. 

Sept. 18. D. C. The corner-stone, at 
the southeast corner of the Capitol at 
Washington, is laid by Washington in 
connection with Masonic ceremonies. 

* * C. "W. Peale paints a portrait of 
Washington. 

* * Conn. Eli Terry of Plymouth is the 
first to manufacture clocks as a busi- 
ness. 

* * R. I. Samuel Slater of North Provi- 
dence erects the first mill for the manu- 
facture of cotton-yarns. 

* * Wash. Alexander Mackenzie, trav- 
eling overland, touches the coast above 
the Columbia River. 

1794 Feb. 4. Boston's first theater 
building is opened, and called the Fed- 
eral-street Theater. (See 1775, 1792.) 



Feb. 17. Phila. A new theater is opened 
in Chestnut Street by "Wignel. 

* * Mass. Newburyport has the first fac- 
tory for the manufacture of woolen 
goods. 

* * N. Y. Samuel Morey builds a stern- 
wheel steamboat, which runs from 
Hartford to New York. 

* * Ft. I. Cotton sewing - thread is 
manufactured at Pawtucket. 

* * " From this time forward the United 
States bad two stock [theatrical] com- 
panies of extraordinary merit, surpassed 
only by the companies at the three patent 
houses in London." (Ency. Brit.) 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1793* * 

Bates, Edward, statesman, born. 

Bedell, (Jreyory Tow nsend, clergyman, bcrn. 

Butler, William <)., statesman, born- 
Carey, Henry Charles, political economist, b. 

Chase, Irali, clergyman, born. 

Colburn, "Warren, mathematician, born. 

Cox, Samuel Hanson, clergyman, born. 

Doughty, Thomas, painter, born. 

Forest i, l-viice, educator, born. 

Frothingliam, Nathaniel L., clergyman, b. 

Goodrich, Samuel Griswold, author, born. 

Guthrie, .lames, statesman, born. 

Hall, James, author, born. 

Hancock. John, statesman. A56. 

Hitchcock, Edward, pies, of Amherst Coll., b. 

Houston. Sam, general, born. 

Manly, John, naval officer, A59. 

MeKeever, Isaac, commodore, born. 

.Mitchell, Klisha, chemist, born. 

Mott, Lucretia, philanthropist, born. 

Neal, John, poet, born. 

Phelps, Almira Hart L., teacher, born. 

Rives, William Cabell, statesman, born. 

Schoolcraft, Henry Howe, ethnologist, born. 

Sherman, Roger, statesman, A72. 

Slidell, John, lawyer, born. 
1794* * 

Andrew, James Osgood, bishop, born. 

Angell, Joseph Kinnicut, lawyer, born. 

Armstrong, -lames, general, dies. 

Ashmun, Jebiub. philanthropist, horn. 

Beck, John Brodheud, physician, born. 

Belknap, William <;., general, horn. 

Bryant, William Cullen, poet, born. 

Butler, John, Tory leader, dies. 

Chase, Carlton, bishop, born. 

Corwin, Thomas, statesman, born. 

Dempster, John, educator, horn. 

Dewey, Orville, clergyman, born. 

Everett. Edward, orator, born. 

Graham, Sylvester, reformer, born. 

Grier. Robert C. justice, born in Pa. 

Holbrook, John Edwards, naturalist, born. 

Kearney, Stephen Wttts, general, born. 

Leavitt, Joshua, journalist, born. 

Lee, Richard II., senator for Va., A62. 

Marsh, James, theologian, born. 

lUeriam, Eben, meteorologist, born. 

Morris, Thomas A., bishop, born. 

Paine, Mariyn, physician, born. 

Perry, ■Matthew Calbraith, commodore, b. 

Preston, William C. senator, born. 

Robinson, Edward, scholar, born. 

Stueben. Baron Frederick William A., 
general, A 64. 

Tappan, William Bingham, poet, born. 

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, capitalist, born. 

Walker, James, pres. of Harvard Coll., born. 

"Ware, Henry, Jr., clergyman, born. 

Witherspoon. John, clergyman, A72. 

Worth, William J., general, born. 

CHURCH. 
1792 Nov. * Md. The Baltimore Confer- 
ence of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
is organized. 

* * N. H. First Annual Meeting of the 
Free-will Baptists. 

* * N. Y. The Reformed Dutch Church 
publish their Standards of Doctrine, 
etc., in English. 

The Associated Presbytery of the Pres- 
byterian Church is formed for "West- 
chester. 



* * Pa. The General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church meets at Carlisle ; 
John King, moderator. 

It enters into correspondence with the 
General Association of Churches of Con- 
necticut by the appointment of a Stand- 
ing Committee, and both agree to be 
represented in each other's annual meet- 
ing, by three commissioners. 

* * Va. James O'Kelley secedes from 
the Methodist Episcopal Church, and 
forms the Republican Methodist Church.. 

1793 Oct. * N. Y. The Synod of the 

Reformed Dutch Church adopts the 
volume containing (in English) the Stand- 
ards, Liturgy, Rules, etc., and it becomes 
the Constitution of the Church. 

* * La. The Roman Catholic Arch- 
diocese of New Orleans is established. 

* * Louisiana and the Floridas are 
placed under separate Roman Catholic 
bishops. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets ; James 
Latta, moderator. 

Delegates from the General Association 
of Connecticut take seats in the (Presby- 
terian) General Assembly. 

* * P. I. Samuel Slater establishes the 
first Sunday-school in New England. 

* * Vt. Edward Bass is elected Protes- 
tant Episcopal Bishop of Vermont at the 
annual Convention. 

* * The Associated Northern Presbytery 
of the Presbyterian Church is formed. 

1794 * * New York. The Reformed 
Dutch General Synod is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1792 * * D. C. Georgetown College 
(Rom. Cath.) is founded ; controlled by 
the Society of Jesus. , 

* * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Latham Mitchill 
gives the first course of chemical lec- 
tures ever listened to in the United 
States. 

1793 Nov. 9. O. First issue of the 
Sentinel of the Xorthicestern Territory, 
at Cincinnati, the earliest Western news- 
paper. 

* * Mass. "Williams College (non-sect.) 
incorporated at Williamstown. [It was 
founded by bequest of Col. Ephraim 
Williams, who died in 1755.] 

* * Tenn. First printing-press set up 
in Tennessee, at Knoxville, and the 
Knoxville Gazette issued. 

* * N. H. Farmer's Museum appears at 
Walpole. 

* * New York. The Minerva [which is 
soon changed to the Commercial Adver- 
tiser] is issued by Noah Webster. 

* * Mass. The essays under the signature 
of Marcel lus, by John Quincy Adams, 
appear. 

* * System of Doctrines contained in Divine 
Revelation Explained and Defender!, by 
Samuel Hopkins, appears. 

1794 Sept. 5. Boston Prices-Current 
and Marine Intelligencer, Commercial 
and Mercantile, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1792-1794. 



105 



SOCIETY. 

1792 * * "Washington makes 1 a tour of 
the Southern States, ami is enthusias- 
tically welcomed. 

* * Viscount Chateaubriand visits the 
United States. 

1793 * * Phila. Congress gives sum- 
mary power to slave-masters, or their 
agents, to seize and return fugitive 
slaves which have fled to other States. 

* * Phila. "William Cobbett, the En- 
glish political writer, editsa paper in this 
city. 

1794 Feb. 4. Mass. The Legislature, 
having repealed the law against the- 
atrical amusements, the Federal-street 
Theater opens. 

STATE. 

1792 Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue 
S'20S,942. 

* * Ind. A treaty is made with the In- 
dians at Vincennes. 

* * Phila. Congress fixes the postage 
rate on letters at G\ cents for 30 miles, 
and the rate to increase "with the dis- 
tance beyond that limit. 

* * U.S. Governors inaugurated : 
-94* * Cal. Jose J.de Arrillaga(Span.). 
-96* *Ky. Isaac Shelby. 

-95 * * N. C. Richard D. Spaight. 

-94 * * N. H. Josiah Bartlett. 

-94 * * S. C. Arnoldus Vanderhorst. 

* * Connecticut conveys 500,000 acres of 
""Western Reserve lands "[in Ohio] to 
certain citizens, as compensation for 
property destroyed by fire and pillage 
during the Revolution. 

1793 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
§80,352,634. 

Feb. 13. Phila* Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

For President : George "Washington, 
Federalist, 132 votes ; John Adams, Fed- 
eralist, 77 ; George Clinton of N. Y., Re- 
publican, 50 ; Thomas Jefferson of Va., 
Republican, 4; Aaron Burr of N. Y., 
Republican, one vote. "Vacancies, 3. 

Feb. * Phila. Congress passes the Fu- 
gitive Slave Act, for the rendition of 
slaves to owners when found in other 
States or Territories. Vote, House, 48-7 ; 
Senate, no opposition. [It becomes a 
dead letter till 1850.] 

Mar. 2. Phila. The 2d Congress: the 
second session closes. 

Mar. 4. Phila. George "Washington 
of Va., the first President, enters his 
second term; John Adams of Mass. 
is Vice-President. 

Mar. 9. Phila. Congress passes the act 
organizing the militia; all male white 
citizens between the ages of IS and 45 to 
be enrolled. 

Apr. 8. S. C. Edmond C. Genet, min- 
ister of France, arrives at Charleston. 

France having declared war against 
Great Britain, Genet proceeds to fit out 
privateers, etc. 

Apr. 22. Phila. "Washington issues a 
proclamation of neutrality in the war 



between France and England [Genet ap- 
peals from the President to the people]. 

May 9. France orders the seizure of 
neutral vessels carrying supplies to an 
enemy's port. 

May 16. Phila. Genet is received with 
great enthusiasm. 

May 17. Phila. Genet, as minister 
from France, presents his papers to the 
President. (McMaster, May 18.) 

July* Phila. The President asks France 
to recall Genet because of his audacity 
in attempting to controltheGovernment. 

Nov. 6. Eng. George III. issues secret 
instructions to British privateers to 
seize all neutral vessels found trading 
in the French West Indies. [Americans 
lose many millions of dollars, and the 
war spirit prevails among the people.] 

Dec. 2. Phila. The 3d Congress 
opens. 

Dec* Phila. Congress; Senate: Ralph 
Izard of S. C. is elected President pro 
tempore. House : F. A. Muhlenburg 
of Pa. is elected Speaker. 

Dec. 31. Phila. Jefferson resigns as 
Secretary of State because, the Govern- 
ment adopts the policy of neutrality in- 
stead of aiding France against England. 

U. S. Internal revenue $337,705. 

* * U. S. Jefferson's followers become 
known as Republicans, and Hamil- 
ton's followers as Federalists. 

* * U. S. The first Republican party 
appears. 

* * U. S. "William Faterson of N. J. 
is appointed Justice of the United States 
Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-96 * * Ga. George Matthews. 
-97 * * Mass. Samuel Adams. 

1794 Jan. 1. U. S. Total National debt 
$78,427,404, with $26,000,000 applicable to 
the sinking fund. 

Jan. 2. Phila. Congress resolves to 
buy peace with Algiers. 

Jan. 13. Phila. Congress adds two 
more stars to the Federal flag. 

Jan. * Phila. Edmund Randolph suc- 
ceeds Jefferson as Secretary of State. 

Feb. 3. Phila. Congress: the House 
favors Madison's bill, asserting the 
policy of discriminating duties on the 
products of nations not in treaty with 
the United States. Vote, 51-46. 

Feb. 20. Phila. Congress: The Sen- 
ate ceases to sit with closed doors. 

Mar. 5. U. S. Ratification of the 11th 
Amendment to the Constitution re- 
specting the judicial power of the 
United States as against the States, as- 
serting the non-suability of the States. 

Mar. 6. Phila. Congress passes an 
embargo law for a period of sixty 
days. 

Mar. 27. Phila. Congress provides for 
a navy. (See Army — Navy.) 

Apr. 19. Phila. Congress; Senate: 
John Jay is confirmed as special envoy 
to England. 



May* The Treaty of Paris being unexe- 
cuted, and certain military posts still 
held by the British, American seamen 
impressed, trading vessels captured, and 
other irritating grievances existing, 
Chief Justice Jay goes to England to 
secure redress and negotiate a treaty 
of amity, commerce, and navigation. 

May 27. Phila. "Washington recalls 
Gouverneur Morris from France and 
appoints James Monroe as minister. 

June 9. Phila. The 3d Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Sept. * Pa. A whisky insurrection 
breaks out in western Pennsylvania, 
because of the tax laid on -whisky for 
revenue. (See Army, and Society.) 

Nov. 3. Phila. The 3d Congress: 
second session opens. [The Senate lacks 
a quorum, and delays opening for two 
weeks.] 

Nov. 19. Jay's Treaty concluded. 
It provides for the delivery of the 
posts on the northern frontier (Treaty 
of Paris) before June, 1796 ; for a com- 
mission to define the " St. Croix " River ; 
for commissioners to determine com- 
pensation due to British subjects and 
American citizens, in certain cases; for 
the regulation of trade, the extradition 
of criminals, etc. [It is received by the 

' country with great displeasure.] 

* * Phila. Congress passes the Neu- 
trality Act. 

It makes it a misdemeanor for Ameri- 
cans to augment any hostile force that 
may be directed against any nation with 
which the United States is at peace. 

* * Irritation is caused by the continued 
occupation of western forts on Lake 
Erie by the British, contrary to treaty 

* agreement. 

* * A despatch is received from Fauchet, 
the French envoy, which is supposed to 
compromise Edmund Randolph, Secre- 
tary of State, in an intrigue attended 
with bribery. [Later disproved.] 

Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $274,089. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-00 * * Cal. Diego de Borica (Span.). 
-01 * * N.J. Richard Howell. 

-05 * * N. H. John T. Gilman. 

N. J. Wm. Paterson. 
-96 * * S. C. "Wm. Moultrie. 
-96 * * Va. Robert Brooke. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1793 July* Phila. The yellow fever 

again spreads devastation, carrying off 
several thousand persons. 

1794 Dec. 24. Mass. South Hadley 
canal is opened. 

* * O. Dayton is laid out in lots, which 
are disposed of by lottery. 

* * Phila. Incorporation of the Insur- 
ance Company of North America, 
also the Insurance Company of Penn- 
sylvania. 

* * Pa. The first turnpike road is con- 
structed by a company, extending G2 
miles, and connecting Lancaster with 
Philadelphia. 



106 1794-1797, June. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1796 July 14. X. Y. British troops 
evacuate Oswego, and Americans 
occupy the post. 

Dec. 15. U. S. Maj.-Gen. James "Wil- 
kinson appointed (sixth) commander of 
the army. 

1797 Mar. 10. Fr. The Directory 
order the French men-of-war to prey 
upon American commerce, aiming to 
force Americans to join France 
against England. 

* * U. S. A provisional army is raised ; 
"Washington is lieutenant-general. 

* * The frigate Constitution islnunched 
at Boston, and the Constellation at Bal- 
timore. 

May * The United States begins to send 
a fleet to sea against France. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1795 Aug. * Conn. A theater is opened 
in Hartford by Hodgkinson and a part 
of the " Old American Company." 

* * The portrait of Washington is painted 
by Gilbert C. Stuart. 

1796 Dec. 9. Phila. T. C. Cooper first 
appears in America as Macbeth,. 

* * Mass. Newburyport has a factory for 
printing calico. 

* * Martha Washington is painted by Gil- 
bert C. Stuart. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

lufacturer.li. 
Bartlett/Josiah, patriot, A66. 
Bennett. James Gordon, founder, born. 
Bonneville, Benjamin L. E., traveler, born. 
Bradford, William, U. S. attorney, A40. 
Brooks, Maria, poetess, born. 
Dana, Samuel L., agricultural chemist, born. 
Drake, Joseph Hodman, poet, born. 
Giddings. Joshua Reed, statesman, born. 
Hall, Hiland. jurist, born. 
Harper, James, publisher, born. 
Harris, Thaddeus William, entomologist, b. 
Hopkins. Johns, philanthropist, born. 
Kennedy, John Pendleton, novelist, born. 
IWattitt, John Newland, Metli. preacher, b. 
Marion, Fram-is, general, A 63. 
Tarker, Joel, jurist, born. 
Peabody, George, philanthropist, born. 
Percival, James Hates, poet, born. 
Phillips, John, founder, A76. 
Polk, James K.. 11th president, born. 
Preseott, William, col. at Hunker Hill, A 69. 
Robertson, Jacob, clergyman, born. 
Stevens, Edwin Augustus, inventor, born. 
Stiles, Ezra, college president, A68. 
Sullivan. John, general, A55. 
Thompson, Daniel Pence, novelist, born. 

1796* * 
Abbott, Benjamin, clergyman, A64. 
Anderson, Kufus, clergyman, bom. 
Ballou. Hosea, college president, born. 
Bascom. Henry B.. bishop, born. 
Beaumont, William, physiologist, born. 
Brainard, John G. C, poet, born. 
Brigss, George N.. gov. of Mass., born. 
Bush, George, author, born. 
Catlin, George, artist, born. 
Clayton, John Middleton, statesman, born. 
Durand, A slier Brown, painter, born. 
Harlan, Richard, naturalist, born. 
Huntington, Samuel, signer of Decl'n, A65. 
Ingham, Charles ('., painter, born. 
JohnBon, Reverdy. statesman, born in Md. 
Lick, James, philanthropist, born. 
Mann, Horace, educationist, born. 
Muhlenberg, William A., poet, born. 
Palfrey, John tlorham, historian, born. 
Preseott, William Hickllng-. historian, b. 
Rives, John C, journalist, born. 
Seabury, Samuel, first I'rot. Epis. bp., A 67. 
Sumner, Edwin Vose, general, born. 
Wayland, Francis, philosopher, horn. 
"Wayne, Anthony, gen. of Revolution, A51. 



1797* • 
Anthon, Charles, scholar, born, 
Baraga, Frederick, bishop, born. 

Barnard, Daniel Dewy, diplomatist, born. 
Bell, John, senator (or Tenn., horn. 
Chlckerlng. Jonas, piano-maker, born. 
Colton, Walter, writer, born. 
De Lancev, William llejuheote, bishop, born. 
Dowler, Bennet, physician, born. 
Emerson, George r... educationist, born. 
Hale, Benjamin, eduraior, horn. 
Hamline, Leonidas Lent, bishop, born. 
Henry, Joseph, physieist, born. 

Hodge, Charles, theologian, born. 
Huger, Isaac, general, A5o. 

Hughes, John, arHihishop, born. 
Kenriek, Francis Patrick, prelate, born. 
Langdon, Samuel, college president, A74. 
Lee, Francis Lightfoot, army officer, A63. 
Lyon, Mary, founder, born. 
May, Samuel Joseph, clergyman, born. 
Olin, Stephen. Meth. Ejus, clergyman, b. 
Paulding, Hiram, naval officer, born. 
Smith, Gerrit. philanthropist, born. 
Ware, William, author, born. 
Weed, Thurlow. journalist, born. 
Wmebrenner, John, clergyman, born. 
Wood, George, B., physician and author, b. 



CHURCH. 

1794 * * X. Y. The minutes of the Gen- 
eral Synod of the Reformed Dutch 
Church are first written in English. 

The Sands-street Methodist Episcopal 
church is organized in Brooklyn, the 
first in this city. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets; 
Alex. McWhorter, moderator. 

It is agreed that commissioners visit- 
ing either the General Assembly (Presby- 
terian) or the Association of Connecticut, 
(Congregational) be allowed to vote. 

* * Vt. The lands belonging to the 
Church of England and the Society for 
the Propagation of the Gospel are se- 
questered and applied to the school 
fund. 

1795 Sept. 13. S. C. Consecration of 
Robert Smith (Protestant Episcopal) 
Bishop for South Carolina. 

* * Mass. Hosea Ballou avows Unita- 
rian views of God and Christ. 

* * X. Y. Shakers sign a written cove- 
nant, making a full consecration to God 
of life, services, and treasure. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church meets at Car- 
lisle; John McKnight, moderator. 

* * Phila. A special General Conven- 
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church 
meets. 

* * The Society of (Orthodox) Friends 
begins mission-work among the Indians. 

1796 May 15. Boston. The first Metho- 
dist church is opened. 

June 21. The Vermont (Congrega- 
tional) Convention is organized. 

Oct. 20. Md. The Second General 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
church meets at Baltimore ; Bishop Coke 
and 120 preachers present. 

Oct. * The New England and Philadel- 
phia (Methodist Episcopal) Conferences 
formed. 

Dec. 6. 0. The first Congregational 
church in Ohio formed. 

* *///. The first Baptist church in Illi- 
nois formed at New Design. 



* * Mass. Unitarian doctrines spread 
among the Congregationalists. 

The "New York Missionary Soci- 
ety" is organized, principally by Pres- 
byterians. 

* * Xew York. The first colored Metho- 
dist church in this city is formed. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Robert 
Davidson, moderator. 

1797 May 7. Mass. Consecration of 

Edward Bass (Protestant Episcopal) 

Bishop for Massachusetts. 
June * New York: The General Synod 

of the Reformed Church meets; Dirck 

Romeyn, president. 

LETTERS. 

1794 * * Greenfield Hill, by Timothy 
Dwight, appears. 

* * La. First issue of the Moniteur, the 
first paper published west of the Mis- 
sissippi. 

* * Me. Bowdoin CoUege (Cong.), 
founded at Brunswick. 

* * Tenn. Greenville and Tusculum 
College (non-sect.) organized. 

1795 Apr. 9. X. Y. The legislature 
passes an enactment for the encourage- 
ment of common schools. 

* * Conn. The reserve lands of the State 
are sold for $1,200,000 ; this sum is 
appropriated for the support of schools 
in the State. 

* * X. C. University of North Caro- 
lina (non-sect.) is organized at Chapel 
Hill. 

* * X. Y. Union College (non-sect.) is 
organized at Schenectady. 

* *-1817* * Conn. Rev. Timothy 
Dwight is President of Tale College. 

* * XT, Y. The assembly appropriates 
S50,000 annually for five years for the 
establishment of public schools. 

* * Grammar of the English Language, by 
Lindley Murray, appears. 

* * Essays of Camillas s by Alexander 
Hamilton, appears. 

1796 June 11. D. C. The Washington 
Gazette first issued. 

Oct. 6. Mass. The Polar Star and 
Boston Daily Advertiser first issued. 

* * Phila. The Literary Magazine and 
American Register, by C. Brockden 
Brown, is published. [Continues till 
1810.] 

1797 May 3. X. Y. Union College 
holds its first commencement for con- 
ferring degrees in the arts and sciences. 

SOCIETY. 
1794 Sept.*- Nov.* Pa. The Wnis- 
ky Rebellion in western Pennsylvania. 
Occasioned by an excise tax of II cents 
per gallon on spirits distilled from for- 
eign materials, and 9 cents when distilled 
from domestic materials. It cost the 
Federal Government SI. 500,000 to quell 
it, or 32 per cent of the average annual 
cost of the Government. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church adds the following 
note to the Catechism, 



UNITED STATES. 



1794-1797, June. 107 



" ' Stealers of men are those who bring off 
slaves or freemen, and keep, sell, or buy 
them.' To steal a freeman, says Grotius, is 
the highest kind of theft. In other instances 
we steal only human property, but when we 
steal or retain men in slavery, we seize those 
who, in common with ourselves, are consti- 
tuted by the original grant lords of the 
earth." 

U. S. The President is authorized by 
Congress to increase the quantity of 
liquor to a gill, for troops on the fron- 
tiers. 

The Quakers present to Congress the 
first anti-slavery petition. 

* * Tenn. Andrew Jackson marries 
Rachel Robards. 

* * In the navy, a half-pint of spirits, or 
a quart of beer, constitutes part of a 
daily ration, by order of Congress. 

* * Va. James Madison marries Dolly 
Todd. 

1795 * * Phila. A uniform ration of 
half a gill of liquor is ordered by Con- 
gress for each soldier. 

* * O. William Henry Harrison mar- 
ries Anna Symmes. 

1796 * * U. S. "Washington continues 
his ascendency over the minds of the 
people, securing in favor of his measures 
the votes of those elected to oppose them. 

Jefferson writes, " Congress has ad- 
journed. . . . One man outweighs them 
all in influence over the people, who 
support his judgment against their own 
and that of their representatives. Re- 
publicanism resigns the vessel to its 
pilot." 

STATE. 

1795 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of Na- 
tional debt 880,7-47,587. 

Feb. 20. Phila. Congress; Senate: 
Henry Tazewell of Va. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

Mar. 4. Phila. The 3d Congress: 
the second session closes. 

June 8. Phila. Congress: the Senate 
convenes in special session to consider 
the Jay Treaty. 

June 24. Phila. Congress; Senate : 
The Jay treaty is ratified. (Article 
XII. excepted.) 

June* +. U. S. Very great excite- 
ment arises over the treaty with Eng- 
land. 

Aug. 3. 0. Gen. "Wayne makes a treaty 
with 11,000 Indian warriors, at Fort 
Greenville on the Miami. 

Sept. 5. Phila. David Humphries makes 
a shameful treaty of peace (like that 
of other nations) with the dey of Algiers, 
by which the pirate ships are bought 
off by the payment of an annual tribute 
of S24,000 in stores. 

Sept. 9. Connecticut alienates the re- 
mainder of the "Western Reserve" 
for the sum of "31,200,000. 

Oct. * Jay's Treaty is finally ratified by 
both countries. 

Oct. 27. Treaty of San Lorenzo. 

Between the United States and Spain 
by Charles C. Piuckney, settling the 
boundary between Louisiana and the 
United States, and securing the free 
navigation of the Mississippi. 



Dec. 7. Phila. The 4th Congress 

opens. 

Dec* Phila. Congress; House: Jona- 
than Dayton of N. J. is elected Speaker. 

Dec. 10. Phila. Timothy Pickering 
of Mass. becomes Secretary of State. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $337,755. 

* * The Yazoo land grants occasion a con- 
troversy [continuing till 1814]. 

* * The Indians begin to cede land to the 
United States. 

* * Mich. The British plot to buy up the 
lower peninsula of Michigan is disclosed. 

* * John Rutledge of S. C. is appointed 
Chief Justice of the United States Su- 
preme Court. 

* * -98 * *2f.C. Samuel Ashe, governor. 
1796 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the 
""National debt $83,762,172. 

Jan. 4. Phila. Congress receives the 

message of "Washington. 
Jan. 14. Tennessee adopts a Constitu- 
tion. 
Feb. 6. Vermont adopts a Constitution. 
Mar. 1. Phila. Proclamation of the 

ratification of the Jay Treaty. 
Apr. 20. Phila. Congress: The House 

agrees to sustain Jay's Treaty. Vote, 

51-48. 
Apr. 28. Phila. Congress ; House: 

Speech by Fisher Ames, Federal 

leader, in support of Jay's Treaty. 

Money is at last voted to execute it. 
May 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 

Samuel Livermore of N. H. is elected 

President pro tempore. 
June 1. Tennessee is admitted into 

the Union as the sixteenth State. 
Phila. The 4th Congress: first ses- 
sion closes. 
June * A treaty with the Creek Indians 

is made by the Government at Colraine. 
July 12. Redemption of 94 American 

prisoners from the Algerines, by the 

United States consul. 
July 14. O. The Connecticut "Western 

Reserve is first occupied. 

* * The Government makes a treaty with 
the Cherokees at Holston. 

Sept. 17. Phila. "Washington, having 
declined a third term in the presidency, 
issues his farewell address to the 
country, and proposes to retire to pri- 
vate life. 

Sept. * Phila. C. C. Pinckney of S. C. 
succeeds Monroe as minister to France. 

* * Third Presidential Election. John 
Adams of Mass. is the candidate for 
the Federal party and those opposed to 
close relations with France, and Thomas 
Jefferson of Va. for the Anti-Federalists 
or Republicans. 

•Nov. * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is 
elected to the House of Representatives. 

Dec. 5. Phila. The 4th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

* * Mass. Disunion sentiments are as- 
serted. 

* * Phila. The custom arises of holding 
Congressional Caucuses to nominate 
candidates for the Presidency. 



Dec. 7. Phila. Congress: Washing- 
ton meets both Houses for the last time 
as President. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue $475,289. 

* * U. S. Oliver Ellsworth of Conn, is 
appointed Chief Justice, and Samuel 
Chase of Md. a Justice of the Supreme 
Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-98 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott. 
-97 * * Del. Gunning Bedford. 
-98 * * Ga. Jared Irwin. 

-1804 * * Ky. James Garrard. 
-1800 * * Mich. Arthur St. Clair (of 

N. W. Ter.). 
-01 * * N. Y. John Jay. 
-98 * * S.C. Chas. Pinckney. 
-01 * * Tenn. John Sevier. 
-99 * * Va. James Wood. 

1797 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the 
National debt $82,064,479. 

Feb. 8. Phila. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

For President : John Adams, Federal- 
ist, 71 ; Thomas Jefferson, Republican, 
68; Thomas Pinckney, Federalist, 59; 
Aaron Burr, Republican, 30; Samuel 
Adams, Republican, 15; Oliver Ells- 
worth, Independent, 11; George Clinton, 
Republican, 7 ; John Jay, Federalist, 5 ; 
James Iredell, Federalist, 3; George 
Washington, John Henry, and S. John- 
son, all Federalists, two votes each; 
Charles Cotesworth Pinckney, Federal- 
ist, one vote. 

Feb. 16. Phila. Congress ; Senate : 
"William Bingham of Pa. is re- 
elected President pro tempore. 

Mar. 8. Phila. The 4th Congress 
ends. 

Second Administration ; Federalist. 

Mar. 4. Phila. John Adams of Mass. 
is inaugurated the second President, 
in the third term of the presidency. 
Thomas Jefferson of Va. is Vice-Presi- 
dent. The cabinet is continued. 

Mar. 10. N. Y. The capital is changed 
from New York to Albany. 

May 6. Phila. Congress ; House : Jon- 
athan Dayton of N. J. is reelected 
Speaker. 

May 15. Phila. The 5th Congress 
opens in special session to consider 
relations with France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1795 Feb. 28. N. Y. About 500 emi- 
grants' sleighs pass through Albany 
on their way to the Genesee country, 
the Genesee Valley being the Far West. 

* * New York. Yellow fever rages, and 
700 deaths occur. 

* * U.S. Exports for 1795, $47,000,000. 

1796 Feb. 4. American ship Sedgley 
rescues 160 men from the sinking British 
ship Aurora. 

June 20. S. C. Three hundred houses 

are burned at Charleston. 
Nov. 25. Ga. Fire; 350 houses are 

burned at Savannah ; loss, $1,000,000. 

* * O. Chillicothe is founded. 

* * O. Many settlers emigrate to Ohio ; 
Cleveland is founded. 



108 1797, July-1800, June 15. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1798 Apr. 30. Phila. The Wavy De- 
partment is formally created, and Ben- 
jamin Stoddert of Md. is appointed its 
first secretary. [Cabot declined.] 

May * Va. Harper's Ferry is selected 
for a Government armory and manu- 
factory. 

July 7. U.S. "Washington is appointed 
lieutenant-general of the armies of the 
United States. [Enthusiastic prepara- 
tions are made for war with France.] 

July 9 -1800 Sept. 30. The third 
war. A quasi-war with France; 4,593 
men including naval forces are enrolled. 
It commences without a declaration by 
either Government. 

Dec. 29. Commanders of American ves- 
sels are ordered to resist by force the 
mustering and searching of their vessels, 
and then to strike colors and surrender 
to superior forces only. 

* * U. S. George Was hin gton is ai>- 
pointed the first general (seventh) in com- 
mand of the army. 

* * U. S. The navy consists of 42 vessels 
carrying 950 guns. The marine corps is 
created by Congress. 

1799 Feb. 9. W. I. The frigate Con- 
stellation, Commodore Truxtun, of 38 
guns, captures the French frigate ISIn- 
surgente of 48 guns and more than 400 
seamen, after a battle of one hour ; loss, 
1 killed and 2 wounded; French loss 29 
killed and 44 wounded. 

1800 Feb. 1. Commodore Truxtun 
has a severe battle with the French 
man-of-war Vengeance, which escapes 
defeat by sailing away in the darkness ; 
the flag of the Union wins renown. 
[The war proceeds no farther.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1797 * * New York. Chancellor Living- 
ston builds a steamer on the Hudson. 

* * Cast-iron plows are introduced, su- 
perseding those with mold-boards of 
wood. 

1798 Jan. * New York. The Park Thea- 
ter is built. 

* * Mass. Hats and bonnets are first 
manufactured from straw braid at Ded- 
ham. 

1799* * Conn. The Connecticut Acad- 
emy of Arts and Sciences is founded. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1798+ * 

Alcott, William Andrews, educationist, b. 
Barber, John Warner, historian, born. 
Barnes, Albert, commentator, born. 
Beck, Lewis C, naturalist, born. 
Belknap, Jeremy, historian, A54. 
Borden, Simeon, engineer, born. 
Butler, Pierce SI., (iov. of S. C, born. 
Champe, John, soldier, A46. ? 
Crawford, George, Gov. of Ga., born. 
Davies, Charles, mathematician, horn. 
Dlx, John Adams, general, Gov. of N.Y., b. 
Drake, Samuel Gardner, historian, born. 
Duche^, Jacob, chaplain, A59. 
Dnnglison, Robley, medical writer,b.in Eng. 
Evans, Thomas, Friend, born. 
Fitch, John, inventor, A55. 
HicUok, Laurens Perseus, metaphysician, b. 
Mason, James Murray, statesman, born. 
Morris, Lewis, signer of Declaration, A72. 
Noyes, George Kapall, hiblieal scholar, horn. 



Read, (.jeorpe, signet of Declaration, A65. 
Roe, A^el Stevens, novelist, born. 
Russell, William, elocutionist, born. 
Stewart, Charles S., author, horn. 
Stringham, Silas Morton, rear-admiral, horn. 
Sumrherfleld, John, Metn. Kpls. clergyman 

and orator, born. 
Wilson, James, signer of Declaration, A56. 
1799* * 
Alcott, Amos Bronson, philosopher, born. 
Buckland, Cyrus, inventor, born. 
Cameron, Simon, senator for Pa., born. 
Caswell, AUxis, pres. of Brown Univ., born. 
Choate, Rurus, senator for Mass., advocate, 

born. 
Colquitt. Walter T.. senator for Ga., born. 
Doane, George Washington, bishop, born. 
Edmonds, John W., jurist, born. 
Henry, Patrick, orator and patriot of Va., 

June 6, A63. 
Rollins, George X., naval officer, born. 
Iredell, James, jurist, A 48. 
Knapp, Jacob, revivalist, born. 
Lathrop, John II., college president, born. 
Lewis, Samuel, philanthropist, born. 
Lowell. John, founder, born. 
Mason, Francis, missionary, born. 

Mellen, Grenville, poet, born. 

Meredith, William Morris, statesman, born. 

Jlorton, Samuel G., naturalist, born. 

Poey, Felepe, scholar, scientist, b. in Cuba. 

Quitman, John Anthony, general, born. 

Rutledge, Francis H., bishop, born. 

Sands, Robert Charles, author, born. 

Saxton, Joseph, mechanician, born. 

Upham, Thomas Cogswell, metaphysician, b. 

Walker, Amasa, economist, born. 

Washing-ton, George, 1st President, Fa- 
ther of his Country, Dec. 14, A67. 
1800* * 

Acrelius, Israel, Swedish missionary, A86. 

Allen, David O., Cong, missionary, born. 

Bancroft. George, historian, b. Mass., Oct. 3. 

Peecher, Catherine, writer, born in N. Y. 

Billings, William, musical composer, A54. 

Bogardus, James, inventor, born in N. Y. 

Bowman, Samuel, Asst. P. E. bp. of Pa., 
born in Pa. 

Breckinridge, Robert J., Pres. clergyman, 
born in Ky. 

Brown, John, abolitionist, born in Conn. 

Durbin, John P., M. E. clergyman, orator, 
born in Ky. 

Fillmore, Millard, 13th President, born in 
H\ Y. Jan. 7. 

Foote, Henry Stuart, sen. for Miss., b. Va. 

Goodyear, Charles, inventor (rubber), born 

Raekett, James Henry, actor, born in N. Y. 

llallock, Gerard, journalist, born in Mass. 

Harney, William Selby, general, b. in Tenn. 

Hentz, Caroline Lee, novelist, born in Mass. 

Hering, Coustantine, physician, author, born 
in Ger. 

Lawrence, Wm. Beach, jurist, born in 3ST. Y. 

Lee, Eliza P., miscellaneous writer, b. in N.H. 

Lee, Luther, theologian, anti-slavery advo- 
cate, born in N. Y. 

Lenox, James, founder of library, b. inN.Y. 

Lieber, Francis, political philos., b. in Ger. 

Lowndes, Rawlins, lawyer, statesman, A78. 

Mifflin, Thomas, major-general in Revolution, 



Owen, Robert Dale, spiritualist, b. in Scot. 

Parker, Willard, surgeon, born in N. H. 

Potter, Alonzo, Prot. Epis. bishop of Pa., 
horn in N. Y. 

Rutledge, Edward, statesman of S. C, A51. 

Rutledge, John, Gov. of S. C, M. C., A61. 

Todd, John, Cong, clergyman, author, born 
in Vt. 

Tyng, Stephen H., Epis. clergyman, au- 
thor, born in Mass. 

Wade, Benj. F., senator for O., b. in Mass. 

Ward, Artemas, general, in Mass., A73. 

Whitiunrr, Thomas, clergyman, author, b. 

WUltams, Otlio 11., general, dies. 



Olney, Jesse, geographer, born. 



CHURCH. 

1797 Sept. 18. Conn. Consecration of. 
Abraham Jarvis (Protestant Episcopal) 
Bishop of Connecticut. 

* * New York. The third Methodist 
church in this city is formed in Duane 
Street. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets ; Wm, 
M. Tennant, moderator. 



* * Organization of the "Northern 
Missionary Society " by various 
Christians. 

1798 * * Cat. Eighteen missions are es- 
tablished in Upper California. 

* * Ind. Baptists form the Charlestown 
church in Indiana. 

Autumn. Mass. Hosea Ballou an- 
nounces his new views respecting Christ 
and the atonement, and this event marks 
a new departure in Universaliflt 
theology. 

* * N. Y. Lyman Beeeher is ordained 
pastor of the Congregational church of 
East Hampton, Long Island, with a sal- 
ary of $300 a year. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly of 
the Presbyterian Church meets ; John 
B. Smith, moderator. 

4- * * Period of spiritual depression in 
Presbyterian and other churches ; in- 
fidelity, irreligion, and immorality 
abound. 

* * New Eng. Founding of the Mission- 
ary Society of Connecticut, and the 
Berkshire and Columbia Missionary 
Society. 

* * Pa. No Episcopal Convention is held 
in Philadelphia because of the prevalent 
yellow fever. 

* * Phila. The Reformed Presbytery 
of,North America is constituted. 

1799 June 11. Richard Allen, the first 
clergyman among the colored people, is 
ordained by the Methodists. 

Phila. A special (Protestant Epis- 
copal) Convention held. 

* * Mass. Organization of the Massa- 
chusetts Missionary Society. 

* * Middle States. Great revivals pre- 
vail among the Presbyterians, who hold 
the first camp-meeting in America, on 
the Red River, in Kentucky. 

* * Fa. The General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church meets at "Winches- 
ter; S. S. Smith, moderator. 

1800 Mar. 13. It. Pius VII. is elected 
pope. 

May 6-20. Md. The Third General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) 
meets in Baltimore. 

May IS. Md. Richard "Whatcoat is 
elected bishop of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church. 

May * N. Y. The New York (Methodist 
Episcopal) Conference is formed. 

LETTERS. 
1797 * * Conn. Lyman Beeeher gradu- 
ates from the theological school of Yale 
College. 

* * New York. The Medical Repository is 
first issued ; conducted by Dr. S. L. 
Mitchill. 

The Commercial Advertiser (formerly 
the Minerva) is published; Noah "Web- 
ster, first editor. 

* * Phila. American Universal Magazine 
appears. 

The United States Magazine appears. 
The Methodist Magazine appears. 
+ * * "Wieland's Oberon, translated by 
John Quincy Adams, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1797, July-1800, June 15. 109 



1798* * Phila. "Hail Columbia" is 
written by Judge Joseph Hopkinson. 

* * Ky. Transylvania College is founded 
at Lexington. 

* * Wieland, by C. B. Brown, appears. 

* * Laocoon, by Fisher Ames, appears. 
1799 June 26. N. Y. The first news- 
paper in Brooklyn is issued. 

* *-1800* * New York. The Monthly 
Magazine and American Revieio appears. 

* * U. S. The licentiousness of the 
press, chiefly directed by adventurers 
from Great Britain, provokes Congress 
to issue the unpopular sedition laws 
restraining its liberty. 

* * Ormond, by C. B. Brown, appears. 

* * The Ladies' Magazine appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1797 Oct. ±* N. H. Daniel "Webster 
enters Dartmouth College. 

* * Mass. John Quincy Adams mar- 
ries Louisa Catherine Johnson. 

1799 Mar. 28. N. Y. The legislature 
passes a law for the gradual abolition 
of slavery- Every child born of a slave 
after July 4 shall be free. 

Dec. 14. "Washington dies at Mount 
Vernon after a sickness of only one day ; 
universal sorrow prevails. 

[The civilized world honors the great 
dead with appropriate ceremonies. Bo- 
naparte announces to his legions, the 
death and virtues of " the warrior, the 
legislator, and the citizen without re- 
proach."] 

STATE. 

1797 July 6. Phila. Congress; Sen- 
ate: William Bradford of R. I. is 
elected President pro tempore, 

July 10. Phila. The 5th Congress: 
first session closes. 

Oct. * Connecticut authorizes the re- 
lease to the United States of her juris- 
diction over lands immediately westward 
of Pennsylvania. 

Oct. * Fr. John Adams's new Commis- 
sion meets in Paris, and the Directory 
makes an indirect demand for a 
bribe. 

The Commission consists of Minister 
Pinckney, and two others as special 
ambassadors of peace to France. The 
Directory refuses to receive them unless 
they will enter an alliance against Great 
Britain and pledge the payment of a 
quarter of a million of dollars ; Pinck- 
ney replies, " Mil /ions for defense, but not 
a cent for tribute!" They' are ordered 
out of the country. [X, Y, and Z des- 
patches to the American envoys.] 

* * John Q. Adams is sent to Prussia as 
minister. 

Nov. 13. The 5th Congress: second 

session opens. 
Nov. 22. Phila. Congress ; Senate : 

Jacob Read of S. C. is elected President 

pro tempore. 
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue §575,491. 

* * Tenn. Andrew Jackson is elected a 
Senator. 

[He attends the Senate a year without 
making a speech or casting a vote ; he 
then resigns and goes home.] 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-98 * * Del. Daniel Rogers. 

-99 * * Mass. Increase Sumner. 
-07 * * Vt. Isaac Tichenor. 



1798 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the 

National debt $79,223,529. 
Jan. 5. Phila. Congress: the House 

appropriates $12,000 to pay Kosciusko. 
Mar. * Phila. Congress organizes the 

Mississippi Territory. 
Apr. 20. Phila. Congress; House: 

George Dent of Pa. is elected Speaker. 

(Also, on May 28.) 
Apr. 27. Phila. Congress orders the 

fitting out of cruisers for war. 
Apr. 30. U. S. The navy department 

of the Government is separated from the 

war department and organized. 

* * Phila. George Cabot appointed 
Secretary of the Navy, but declines. 

June 18. Phila. Congress amends the 
naturalization laws so as to require 
a residence of 14 years to become a 
citizen. 

June 25. Phila. Congress passes the 
Act concerning aliens. 

June 27. Phila. Congress; Senate : 
Theodore Sedgwick of Mass. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

July 6. Phila. Congress .passes the 
Act concerning alien enemies. 

July 7. Phila. Congress declares the 
French treaties annulled. 

July 14. Phila. Provoked by the vio- 
lence of the French sympathizers, Con- 
gress passes the last of the Alien and 
Sedition Laws. The latter is called the 
gag law. 

July 16. Phila. The 5th Congress : 
the second session closes. 

* * Phila. Congress suspends inter- 
course with France. 

Oct. 17. Me. The St. Croix River is iden- 
tified by commissioners as the northeast 
boundary of theUnited States. 

U. S. The Federalists lose their pop- 
ularity in passing the Alien law for the 
expulsion of odious foreigners by the 
President, and a Sedition law restrict- 
ing freedom of speech and the press. 

Nov. 10. Ky. Passage of the Ken- 
tucky resolutions asserting the right 
of each State to determine the extent of 
National authority. 

Dec. 3. Phila. The 5th Congress : the 
third session opens. 

Dec. 6. Phila. Congress ; Senate : John 
Laurence of N. Y. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Dec. 21. Va. Passage of the Virginia 
resolutions denouncing the action of 
Congress for the " infraction of the 
Constitution " by passing the Alien and 
Sedition laws. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue S644,357. 

* * A British committee discovers that 
the source of the Mississippi is at least 
one degree south of the 49th parallel ; the 
boundary line claimed by Great Britain. 

* * Miss. Spain finally evacuates the 
Yazoo country. 

* * U. S. Bushrod "Washington of Va. 
is appointed Justice of the Supreme 
Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-06 * * Conn. Jonathan Trumbull. 



-01 * * Del. Richard Bassett. 

-01 * * Ga. James Jackson. 

-02 * * Miss. Ter. Wintbrop Sargent. 

-99 * * N. C. "Wm. R. Davie. 

-00 * * S. C. Edward Rutledge. 

1799 Jan. 1. U. S. Principal of the 
National debt $78,408,669. 

Mar. 1. Phila. Senate ; James Ross of 
Pa. is elected President pro tempore. 

Mar. 4. Phila. The 5th Congress ends. 

Mar. 30. Fr. John Q. Adams serves on 
a second embassy to France ; he is 
received by Napoleon I. 

Spring. Pa. John Fries leads an insur- 
rection against the window tax. 

Sept. 30. Fr. A convention is con- 
cluded with France by which the treaty 
of 1788 is annulled, and the United States 
assumes the claims of its citizens for 
French spoliations. 

* * Ind. The Territory of Indiana is 
erected. 

* * U. S. Movements are organized both 
for and against legislation to secure in- 
ternal improvements. 

Dee. 2. Phila. The 6th Congress 
opens. 

Phila. Congress ; Senate : Samuel 
Livermore of N. H. is elected President 
pro tempore. House : Theodore Sedg- 
wick of Mass. is elected Speaker. 

John Randolph of Va. enters Con- 
gress. 
Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue .'5779,136. 

* * Pa. The Legislature locates the capi- 
tal at Lancaster. 

* * U. S. Alfred Moore of N. C. is ap- 
pointed Justice of the Supreme Court. 

* * France welcomes minister Van Mur- 
ray. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-00 * * Mass. Moses Gill. 

-02 * * N. C. Benj. Williams. 
Pa. Thomas M'Kean. 
-02 * * Va. James Monroe. 

1S00 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
382,976,294. 

May 14. Phila. Congress ; Senate : 
Uriah Tracy of Conn, is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

The 6th Congress ; the first session 
closes. 

May 30. The transfer of the last cession 
of Connecticut lands to the United 
States is completed. The State retains 
her claim to the soil of " The "Western 
Reserve" in Ohio. 

June 15. D. C. The National Capi- 
tal is transferred to "Washington. 
The north wing of the Capitol is ready 
for use, and the public offices are 
moved thence from Philadelphia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1797 Oct. * U. S. The yellow fever 

again appears. 

1798 Sept; i The yellow fever rages ; 
3,645 persons die in Philadelphia, and 
2,086 in New York. 

1799 Dec. 18. Va. Burial of "Wash- 
ington. 



110 1800-1803, June 29. 

ARMY — NAVY. 

1800 * * Brig. -Gen. James "Wilkinson 
is appointed (8th) commander of the 
army. 

THE FOURTH WAR. 

1801 June 10 -05 June 4. "War with 
Tripoli. 

It is occasioned by the Bey of Tripoli, 
who demanded of Capt. Bainbridge the 
use of the U. S. frigate George Washing- 
ton to convey an ambassador to Con- 
stantinople. He was obliged to comply 
or submit to destruction by the guns o'f 
the Castle of Tripoli ; 3,330 men are en- 
rolled. 

* * N. Y. Congress establishes a U. S. 
navy yard at Brooklyn. 

* * On the accession of Pres. Jefferson 
the navy is reduced. 

1802 Mar. 16. N. Y. The Govern- 
ment establishes a military academy 
at West Point. (Lossing, 1801.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1800 * * Mary Kies takes out a patent 
for straw-weaving, with silk or thread, 
the first patent issued to a -woman in 
this country. 

1801 * * Pa. The compound blowpipe 
is invented by Professor Robert Hare 
of Philadelphia. 

1802 * * Mass. Sheet copper first man- 
ufactured at Boston. 

* * Phila. A Museum of Natural History 
is opened by E. "W. Peale. 

* * French Soldier Telling a Story is 
painted by "Washington Allston. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1801 * * 
Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. C, born 

in S. C. 
Arnold. Benedict, traitor, dies in Eng. A60. 
Bacon, Joel S-, clergyman, born in N. Y. 
l'.oanhnan, George bana, missionary, born 

in Me. 
Church, Pharcellus, Bapt. clergyman, born 

in N. Y. 
Coan, Titus, missionary, born in Hawaii. 
Cole, Thomas, painter, born in Eng. 
Deane, James, physician, born in Mass. 
Eastburn, Manton, Prot. Epis. bishop of 

Mass., born in Eng. 
Edwards. Jonathan, Cong, theologian, 

metaphysician, A56. 
Farragut, David Glascoe, admiral U. S. N., 

born in Tenn. 
Francis, Joseph, inventor of life-boat. born. 
Harper, Joseph Wesley, publisher, born. 
Howe, Samuel G., philanthropist, b. in Mass. 
Inman, Henry, painter, born in N. Y. 
Janney, Samuel M., author, born in Va. 
Kirkland, Carolina Matilda, author, born in 

N.Y. 
Lane, Joseph, senator for Ore., born in Ind. 
Marsh. George P.. philologist, diplomatist, 

born in Vt. 
Marshall Humphrey, botanist, A79. 
Means, Alexander, prof. Emery College, 

born in N. C. 
Rnss, John D-, inventor of phonetic alpha- 
bet, born in Mass. 
Seward. William H.. Secretary of State, 

born in N.Y., May 16. 
Woolsey, Theodore liwight, scholar, born in 

N. Y. 
"Young, Brig-ham. Mormon leader, b. in Vt. 
1802* * 
Bacon, Leonard, lecturer in Yale, editor, 

born in Mich. 
Bela, B. Edward, author, born. 
Botts, John Minor, M. C. for Va., b. in Va. 
Bushnell. Horace, Cong. tbeol.,b. in Conn. 
Child. Lydia Maria, philanthropist, born 

Cleveland, Charles Dexter, author,!), in Mass. 
Conant, Thomas Jefferson, biblical scholar, 



AMERICA: 



Eurnes«, William Henrv, religions writer, 

burn In Mass. 
Hopkins, Esek, first commander of the 

navy, AM. 
Hopkins. Mark. Prea. of Williams College, 

born in Mass. 
Hunter, David, general T*. s. A., b. In T), C. 
Kavanuucji, Hubbard H-, Meth. Epis., South, 

bp., born, in Ire. 
Kirk, Edward Norris, clergyman, author, 



Pre 



■ Revol'n. A66. 



e, George Dennison. journalist, 



1' itzpatrick, Benj., senator for Ala., b. in Ala. 



Ripley, George, journalist, writer, b. in Mass. 

Kogers, James lilylhe, chemist, born in Pa. 

Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, scholar, 
born in Mass. 

Soule. Pierre, senator for La., diplomatist, 
born in Fr. 

Stowe, Calvm Ellis, Cong, clergyman, author, 
born in Mass. 

Cpham, Charles Wentworth, Unit, clergy- 
man, born in N. B. 

"Washington. Martha, widow of George 
Washington, A70. 

Webb, James Watson, journalist, b. in N.Y. 

Wells, Gideon, Sec. of Navy, born in Conn. 
1803* * 

Abbott, Jacob, author, born in Me. 

Adams. Samuel, senator for Mass., patriot, 
A81. 

Backus, Charles, Cong, clergyman, A54. 

Barry, John, commodore, born in Ire., A58. 

Bass, Edward, Prot. Epis. bp. of Mass., A77. 

Beecner, Edward, Cong, clergyman.!). N. Y. 

Binney, Amos, naturalist, born in Mass. 

Bird, Robert M., author, born in Del. 

Bonaparte, Cbas. L. J. L., ornithologist, born 
in Fr. 

Brownson. Orestes Augustus. R. C. theo- 
logian, editor, born in Vt. 

Calvert, (ieorge Henrv, author, born in Md. 

Clifford. Nathan. V. S. S. Court, b: in Me. 

Coit, Thomas Winthrop, Prot. Epis. theolo- 
gian, born in Conn. 

Dupont, Samuel Francis, admiral, b. in N. J. 

Edes, Benjamin, journalist, patriot, A7I. 

Emerson, Ralph Waldo, philosopher, au- 
thor, born in Mass. 

Ericsson. John, designer of Monitor., born 
in Sweden. 

Field, Richard S., senator, born. 

Galloway, Joseph, lawyer, loyalist of Phda., 
A74. 

Grinell, Moses H., collector for N.Y., A74. 

Hopkins. Samuel. Congregational clergy- 
man, founder of school of theulogy, A82. 

Johnston, Albert Sidney. Confederate 
major-general, born in Ky. 

Leveret, Frederick P., scholar, b. in Mass. 

Mackenzie, Alex. S., naval officer, author, 
born in N.Y. 

Memminger. Charles G., politician, b. in Ger. 

Morrill, Anson P.. Gov., 31. C. for 31e., born 
in Me. 

Nevin, John Williamson, theologian, b. in Fa. 

Norris, John <;., scholar, born in Eng. 

Pendleton. Edmund, patriot, judge, A82. 

Rusk, Thomas J. senator for Tex., b. in S. C. 

Stewart, Alex. T., merchant of N.Y., born 
in Ireland. 

Weir, Robert Walter, painter, born in N.Y. 

CHURCH. 

1800 June * N~. Y. The General Synod 
of the Reformed Church meets at Al- 
bany ; S. Ira Condict, president. 

* * Mass. The Boston Female Society, for 
Missionary Purposes, is organized. (Bap- 
tist and Congregational.) 

The highest court of the State decides 
that a Catholic must pay taxes for the 
support of a Protestant minister. 

* * Great revivals continue among the 
Presbyterians in the YVest. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Joseph Clark, 
moderator. 

The first Roman Catholic Church 
is erected. 



- * Md. The United Brethren in 
Christ organize. 

' *The Pacific Coast (Roman Catholic) 
Missions become wealthy to an almost 
incredible degree. 

' * Pa. The Evangelical (Methodist) As- 
sociation organizes under Jacob Al- 
bright. 

* * U. S. Communicants in churches 
3G4,872, about one in 14 of the popu- 
lation. 

1801 Sept. 8. -Y. J. The General 
Convention (Protestant Episcopal) 
meets at Trenton. 

Sept. 11. S'lf York. Consecration of 
Benj. Moore (Protestant Episcopal), as- 
sistant bishop. 

* * A*. Y. The Xew York Missionary 
Society starts a mission among the Sen- 
eca Indians. 

* * The Mennonites open a mission among 
the Cherokees. 

* * Mass. The Boston Female Society 
(Congregational) for Promoting the Dif- 
fusion of Christian Knowledge is or- 
ganized. 

The Plymouth Congregational 
Church declares itself Unitarian in 
faith. (Mayflower Church of 1620.) 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets; Xathaniel Irwin, 
moderator. 

The Assembly and the Connecticut 
General Association of Congregational- 
ists adopt a formal Plan" of Union. 
[Abrogated in 1852 by Congregation- 
al! sts.j 

1802 Aug. 25. X. H. First meeting 
of the Episcopal Diocesan Convention, 
at Concord. * 

* * Ky. The (Presbyterian) Synod of Ken- 
tucky is formed. 

* * Mass. Dr. Jedediah Morse publishes 
tracts and circulates them in Maine, 
Kentucky, and Tennessee. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Azel Roe, moder- 
ator. It organizes the Standing Com- 
mittee on Missions. 

1803 June 29. Mass. The General 
Association (Congregational) is organ- 
ized. 

June * A" Y. The General Synod of 
the Reformed Church meets at Pough- 
keepsie ; John H. Livingstone, presi- 
dent. 

LETTERS. 
1800 * * />. C. The Library of Con- 
gress is founded [1,000,000 ± vols.]. 

* * Arthur Mervgn, by C. B. Brown, ap- 
pears. 

* * Hasty Pudding, by Joel Barlow, ap- 
pears. 

* * A'eto York. James Cheetham buys 
Greenlea/'s New York Journal and 
Patriotic Register, and changes its name 
to the American Watchman. 

* * New York. James Cheetham buys 
The Argus or Greenleaf's Netc Daily 
Advertiser, and changes its name to The 
American Citizen. 



UNITED STATES. 



1800-1803, June 29. Ill 



* * New York. Dr. Wharton is elected 
President of Columbia College. 

* * Vt. Middlebury College (non-sect.) 
is founded at Middlebury. 

1801 Nov. 16. Sew York. The Even- 
ing Post, Federal in politics, is first 
issued. 

* * D. C. The Intelligencer is first issued. 

* * Nev) York, Bishop Benjamin Moore 
becomes President of Columbia 
College. 

* * S. C. The South Carolina College 
(non-sect.) is organized at Columbia. 

* * Phila. The Port/olio is published 
monthly by Jos. Dennie. 

* * Clara Howard, by C. B. Brown, ap- 
pears. 

* * U. S. The total number of news- 
papers published is 200 ; this includes 
17 dailies, 

* * -02 * * The Monthly Magazine is car- 
ried on as the American Review and 
Literary Journal. 

1802 * * N. Y. The "West Point Mili- 
tary Academy is organized. 

* * Me. The Bowdoin College Library 
is founded [40,000 vols.]. 

* * Pa. The "Washington and Jeffer- 
son College (non-sect.) is organized. 

* * Tenn. The first newspaper published 
in the Mississippi Valley is called the 
Natchez Gazette. 

* * The Practical Navigator, by Nathaniel 
Bowditeh, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1800 * * Conn. — R. I. Only 400 Indiana 
remain in Connecticut and 500 Narra- 
gansetts in Rhode Island. 

1801 Nov. 22. Boston. The pillory is 
used for the last time. 

* * D. C. Congress withdraws the option 
of a quart of beer, in the navy ration, 
instead of half a pint of spirits. 

1802 * * D. C. Congress enacts that the 
President take steps to prevent the 
traffic in liquor with the Indians. 

* * N. Y. De "Witt Clinton exchanges 
five shots with John Swartwout in a 
duel. 

STATE. 
1800 Oct. 18. La, The treaty of Ilde- 
fonso is signed ; Spain again cedes the 
Territory of Louisiana to Prance. 

* *■ U. S. The 4th presidential elec- 
tion. Anti-Federalists are elected. 

Nov. 17. B.C. The 6th Congress: 

the second session opens. 
Nov. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: 

John E. Howard of Md. is elected 

President pro tempore. 
Dec. 19. D. C. John Jay of N.Y. is 

appointed Chief Justice, but declines. 
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue 

§809,396. 

* * U.S. Governors inaugurated : 
-14 * * Cat. Jose" J. de Arrillaga 

<Span.). 
-11 * * [Indiana Ter.]. Wm. H. Harri- 
son. 



-07 * * Mass. Caleb Strong. 

[Mich. Ter.}. Wm. H. Ha 
-05 * * [Mich, Ter.]. Wm. H. Ha 
-02 * * S. C. John Drayton. 

1801 Jan. 1. U. S. The National 
debt $83,038,050. 

Feb. 11. D. C. The electoral vote is 
counted. Vote for President: Thomas 
Jefferson of Va. (Republican), 73 ; 
Aaron Burr of N. Y. (Republican), 73 ; 
John Adams of Mass. (Federalist), 65 ; 
Charles C. Pinckney of S. C. (Feder- 
alist), 64 ; John Jay of N. Y. (Feder- 
alist), one. 

Feb. 17. D. C. The House of Represen- 
tatives breaks the tie between Jeffer- 
son and Burr on the thirty-sixth ballot, 
which elects Jefferson, he having ten 
States and Burr only four. Burr, having 
the next largest number, is elected Vice- 
President. 

Feb. 22. Congress ; Senate : James 
HUlhouse of Conn, is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 6th Congress ends. 

Fourth Administration : Democrat- 
ic-Republican. 

Thomas Jefferson of "Va. is inaugu- 
rated the third President, in the fourth 
term of the presidency. Aaron Burr 
of N. Y. is Vice-President. 

Jefferson introduces the system of 
excluding from the President's cabinet 
persons who are in opposition to his 
party. 

Cabinet : James Madison of Va. 
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.), 
Henry Dearborn of Mass. (War), 
Robert Smith of Md. (Navy), Levi Lin- 
coln of Mass. (Attorney-General), and 
Gideon Granger of Conn. (Postmaster- 
General). 

Mar. 30. j/. Y. Jail liberties are es- 
tablished for the first time. 

June 10. Tripoli declares war against 
the United States. (Winsor, May 14.) 

Dee. 7. D.C. The 7th Congress opens. 

Dec* D. C. Congress; House: Na- 
thaniel Macon of N. C. is elected 
Speaker. 

Dec. 7. L>. C. Congress ; Senate : Abra- 
ham Baldwin of Ga. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue 
$1,048,033. 

1 * D. C. John Marshall of Va. is ap- 
' pointed Chief Justice of the TJ. S. 



Supreme Court. 

* * New York. Edward Livingston is 
elected the 45th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-02 * * Del. James Sykes. 

Ga. David Emanuel. 

-02 * * Ga. Josiah Tattnall. 

-04* * N. Y. George Clinton. 
1802 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 

$86,712,632. 
Mar. 16. D. C. Congress establishes a 

military academy at "West Point, 

New York. 
Apr. 6. D. C. Congress abolishes the 



internal revenue system on the rec- 
ommendation of Jefferson. 

Apr. 24. Georgia cedes its western 
territory (Alabama and Mississippi) to 
the United States on condition that slav- 
ery shall never be prohibited. 

May 3. D. C. The 7th Congress : the 
first session closes. 

Nov. 29. Ohio, the 17th State, comes 
into the Union by authority of Congress. 
Population 75,000. (See Feb. 19, *03.) 

Dec. 6. D. C. The 7th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Stephen R. Bradley of Vt. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Internal revenue 
§621,898. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-05 * * Del. David Hall. 

-06 * * Ga. John Milledge. 

-05 * * Miss. Wm. C. C. Clayhourne. 

-05 * * N. C. James Turner. 

-03 * * 0. Charles W. Bird (Territory). 

-04 * * S. C. James B. Richardson. 

-05 * * Va. John Page. 

1803 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$77,054,686. 

Feb. 19. Ohio is admitted by the act 
of Congress conceding the stipulations 
of the Ohio convention, relative to 
school lands. (See 1802.) 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Stephen K. Bradley of Vt. is reelected 
President pro tempore. [Also on Mar. 2.] 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 7th Congress ends. 

Apr. 30. The Louisiana purchase is 
made, doubling theoriginalnational area. 
The vast Territory of Louisiana, ex- 
tending from the Gulf of Mexico to Can- 
ada, and from the Mississippi to the 
Rocky Mountains, is purchased of France 
without authority, by Pres. Jefferson, 
for $15,000,000, less than $12 a square 
mile. Napoleon's fear of English con- 
quest and occupation facilitated the 
sale at a low price. Some people declare 
this purchase to be fatal to the Consti- 
tution. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1800 * * Boston. Aqueduct water is 
first introduced from Jamaica pond. 

* * Md. More than 1,000 deaths from 
yellow fever occur in Baltimore. 

* * U. S. There are 903 post-offices. 

* * People begin to talk of " the "West," 
meaning western New York, Ohio, or 
Kentucky ; emigration becomes active. 

* * U.S. Second census: 16 States, 4,306,- 
464 white and 1 ,002,037 colored population 
(10S,435 free colored, 893,602 slaves); total 
population, 5,303,433. Increase, 35.11 per 
cent. Center of population 18 miles west 
of Baltimore ; westward movement in 10 
years, 41 miles. 

* * Population of large cities: New 
York, 60,000 ; Philadelphia, about 40,- 
000 ; Boston, 24,937 ; Baltimore, 23,971 ; 
Charleston, 1S.712 ; Providence, 7,614 ; 
"Washington, 3,210. 

1801 June 27. Philadelphia is first 
supplied with aqueduct water. 

* * S. T. Buffalo is laid out. 

1802 * * Phila. The yellow fever re- 
appears. 



112 1803, Sept.-1806, June 16. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1803 Oct. 31. Commodore Preble 
is sent against the Moors. 

He loses the frigate Phil add pitta by 
running on a reef ; the officers are made 
prisoners and the crew (300 men) en- 
slaved. 

* * The gunboat system is inaugurated 
in the navy. 

1804 Feb. 16. Tripoli. Lieut. Stephen 
Decatur burns the captured United 
States frigate Philadelphia, in the har- 
bor of Tripoli, with the loss of one man, 
in an action lasting fifteen minutes. 

July * Tripoli. Preble blockades the 
port, and begins the siege of Tripoli 
[which lasts till the following spring]. 

Aug. 3. Africa. Preble captures sev- 
eral gunboats. 

1805 Mar.5+. Africa. Gen. "William 
Eaton forms an alliance with Hamet, 
in Egypt, and hastens to Derna. 

Apr. 27. Tripoli. Aided by the navy, 
Eaton carries the town of Tripoli. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1803 * * N. H. The first cotton-mill in 
this State is opened at New Ipswich. 

* * New York. The City Hall is begun. 

1804 Sept. 8. Ga. Savannah is greatly 
damaged by a storm. 

* * New York. The Academy of the 
Fine Arts and a Botanical Garden are 
established. 

+ * * The Murder of Jane McCrea by the 
Indians is painted by John Vanderlyn. 

* * Capt. Meriwether Lewis and Capt. Wil- 
liam Clarke, with 35 men, are sent by the 
Government to explore a path to the Pa- 
cific Ocean ; they leave the falls of the 
Missouri, and cross overland to the Ore- 
gon country on the Pacific coast, losing 
only one man. 

* * Robert Fulton invents a submarine 
torpedo. 

1805 * * Mass. A Botanical Garden 
and Chair of Natural History are es- 
tablished at Harvard. 

± * * Ariadne is painted by John Van- 
derlyn. 

1806 * * Captains Lewis and Clarke re- 
turn from their exploring expedition 
across the continent to the Pacific. 

June 16. A total eclipse of the sun is 
observed. 

BIRTHS -DEATHS. 

1804* * 

Abeel, David, author, missionary, b. in N. J. 

Alexander, James W., Pres. el., b. in Va. 

Clark. Alvan, telescope-maker, b. in Mass. 

Colburn, Zerah, mathenialiral prodigy, born 
in Vt. 

Dow, Neal, prohibitionist, born in Me. 

Eaton, George W., Bap. clergyman, profes- 
sor, born in Pa. 

Farnham, Thomas Jeff., traveler, b. in Vt. 

Garrison, Wm. Lloyd, abolitionist, born in 
Mass. 

Graham, William A., gov., sen. forN. C. sec. 
of navy, b. in N. C. 

Hamilton, Alex., general, lawyer, leader of 
Federalists, sec. of Ireas., July 12, A47. 

Havemeyer, William F., mayor, b. in N.Y. 

Hawthorne, Nathaniel, author, b. in Mass. 

Heck, Barbara, foun. of Am. Methodism, A70. 

Henrv. Caleb $., I'rot. Epis. clergyman, pro- 
fessur, born in Mass. 



i Ind. 
.ACT. 



O'Conor. Charles, law yer, born in N.Y. 
Osceola, Seminole chief, bom in Fla. 
Parker, Samuel, I'rot. Epis. Up. of Mass., A 60. 
Parrott, Robert I'arker, inventor, b. in N. H. 
Peabo.lv, Eliza P., educator, b. in Mass. 
Pierce. Franklin. 14th President, b. in X. II. 
Priestley, Joseph, chemist, A71. 
RedUeld, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, born in Vt. 
Richmond, I lean, tinaucier, born in Vt. 
Rogers, Win. Barton, physicist, born in Pa. 
Romeyn, Theo. D., theologian of N.V., A60. 
Schuyler. Philip, ucm-ni "l !:• ■v..; , n. ATI. 
Shepani, CharU-s I'.. mineralou'ist. h. in K. I. 
Swavne, Noah 11.. 1'. S. justice, bom m O. 
Walter, Thomas Ustiefe, ar. hit! i :. b. m Pa. 
Walton, George, signer of I >erlarar<iii. A C4. 
"Wright. Elizur, publicist, born in Conn. 
1805 * * 
Abbott, John Stevens, historian, born in Me. 
Allan, John, patriot of Revolution, A59. 
Anderson. Robert, general U. S. A., born. 
Bailey, Theudunis. admiral, born in N.Y. 
Bartlett, John Russell, author, born in R. I. 
Bethune, Geo. W., Ref'd Dutch clergyman, 

poet, born in N.Y. 
Blake, William Ruins, actor, born in N. S. 
Dodge, "William E., philanthropist of >\Y., 

Dorr, Thomas Wilson, rebel leader, b. in R. I. 
Field, David Dudley, jurist, born in Conn. 
Flaeg, Wilson, naturalist, born in Mass. 
Gadsden, Christopher, Gov. of S. C, A7D. 
Gayarre, Chas. E. A., historian, born in La. 
Goldsborough, Lewis M., admiral, b. in D. C. 
Gould, Augustus A., naturalist, b. in N. H. 
Greenougb, Horatio, sculptor, born in Mass. 
Gross, Samuel !»., surgeon, horn in Pa. 
Hedge, Fred. Henry, Unit, clergyman, author, 

born in Mass. 
Hetntzelman, Samuel P., general U. S. A., 

born in Pa. 
Jackson, ( lias. Thomas, physicist, b. in Mass. 
Moultrie, William, general of Revol'n. ATI. 
Palmer, William Pitt, author, born in Mass. 
Powers, Hiram, sculptor, born in Vt. 
Pownall, Thomas, statesman, A62. 
Rantoul, Robert J., senator for Mass., born 

in Mass. 
Smith, Joseph, founder of Mormonism, 

born in Vt. 
Stephens, John L., traveler, author, b. in N.J. 
Tappan, Henry Philip, clergyman, professor, 

author, horn in N.Y. 
Walker, Sears ('., mathematician, b. in Mass. 
Wittingham, Wm. R., P. E. bp. of Wd., horn. 
1806* * 
Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman of 

Boston, born in Mass. s 

Aiken, William, Gov. of S. C, born in S. C. 
Alexander, Stephen, astronomer, b. in N.Y. 
Ames, Edward R., Meth. Epis. bp. b. in 0. 
Bache, Alexander D., philosopher, b. in Pa. 
Backus, Isaac, historian, Bapt. ch, A82. 
Banneker, 1'ienj.. ne-ro mathematician, A75. 
Brace, Julia, deaf, blind mute, b. in Conn. 
Fessenden, "Wm. Pitt, senator for Me., b. 

in N. H. 
Foote, Andrew Hull, rear-admiral U. S. N., 

born in Conn. 
Forrest, Edwin, actor, born in Pa. 
Gates, Horatio, major-gen. of Revol'n, A78. 
Gray, Robert, discoverer Columbia Riv.,A51. 
Grigsby, Hu'_'h P.hiir, scholar, born. 
Hale. John Parker, sen. forN. H., b. in N. H. 
Harper. Fletcher, publisher, born in N.Y. 
Hart, Solomon Alexander, artist, born. 
Haven, Samuel F.. areheologist, b. in Mass. 
Hayes. Augustus Allen, chemist, b. in Vt. 
Hohnian. Charles Fenno. author, b. in N.Y. 
Hooker, Worthimjtoii, phvsician, author, b. 

in Mass. 
Hudson, Erasmus D., surgeon, lecturer, born 

Hughes, Robert Ball, sculptor, born. 

King, Preston, senator for N.Y'., b. in N.Y. 

Knox, Henry, general of Revolution, slates- 
man, A56. 

Maury, Matthew Fontaine, bydrographer 
V. S. N., born in Va. 

Mcintosh, Lachlan, general of Revol'n, A79. 

Morris, Robert, financier of Revol'n, A72. 

Packer, Asa. philanthropist, born in Conn. 

Patterson, Robert M., senator, A61. 

Polk, Leomdas, Prot. Epis. bp., Confederate 
general, born in N. C. 

Ranch, Frederick Aug., theologian, b. Ger. 

Robinson, Horatio N., mathematician, horn 
in N.Y. 

Roebling, John Angus., engineer Brooklyn 
bridge, born in Ger. 

Simms, Wm. Gilmore, novelist, born in 
S. C. 



Willis. Nath. Parker, poet, journalist, born 

in Me. 
Wise. Henry A., gov. of Va., Confederate 

K'-ueral. boril in Va. 
Wythe, George, signer of Declaration, A80. 



CHURCH. 

1803 Mass. Sept. * The Massachusetts 
Society for Promoting Christian Knowl- 
edge is founded by Dr. Morse and others. 

* * Ky. A bitter controversy rages 
among Presbyterians respecting re- 
vivals. 

* * N. C. Lutherans form a Synod. 

* * N. H. The General Convention 
(Universalis!) at "Winchester adopts a 
Profession of Belief called the "Win- 
chester Confession. 

* * X. Y. The Presbyterian Synod of Al- 
bany is formed. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presb3'terian) meets ; James Hall, mod- 
erator. 

* * Great revivals prevail among the 
Presbyterians. 

1804 May 6-23. Md. The Fourth 
General Conference (Methodist Epis- 
copal) meets at Baltimore; the non- 
limit plan is changed to one for a lim- 
ited pastorate of two years. 

May * New York. The General Synod 
(Keformed) meets ; J. H . Livingstone, 
president. 

Sept. 14. Mass. Samuel Parker (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) is consecrated a bishop. 

* * Cat. Nineteen Dominican Missions 
have been established. 

They occupy the entire coast-line from 
San Francisco to San Diego, and are 
separated from one another only by an 
easy day's journey ; 20,000 Indians are 
connected with these stations, and lead 
industrious lives. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; James F. Arm- 
strong, moderator. 

* * Sunday-schools begin to be estab- 
lished in various parts of the country ; 
they increase rapidly. 

1805 * * Ky. A Committee of the Pres- 
byterian Synod witholds its authority 
from the licentiates of the Cumberland 
Presbytery, because of their unsound- 
ness in doctrine, and illiteracy. [A great 
controversy follows.] 

* * Mass. Henry "Ware, a Unitarian, is 
made professor in Harvard against much 
opposition. 

* * Miss. The first Baptist church in this 
State, the Tywappity, is formed. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets; J. Richards, moderator. 

1S06 June* N. Y. The General 
Synod (Keformed) meets at Albany; 
J. V. C. Komeyn, president. 

LETTERS. 

1803 * * Letters of a British Spy, by 
William Wirt, appears. 

* *_ii* * Boston. The Monthly Anthol- 
ogy appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1803, Sept. -1806, June 16. 113 



* *or05* * Pkila. The Literary Maya- to be rati tied by the States; it relates 

zine and American Register is issued by to the election of President, and reme- 

Charles Brockden Brown. dies a defect in the electoral system. 

1804 May 9. Va. The Richmond hi- Dec. 20. La. The United States takes 



quirer is first issued. 
Dec. 10. New York. The New York 
Historical Society is instituted. 

* * O. The Ohio University (non-sect.) 
is organized at Athens. 

* * -05 * * Mass. The Literary Miscel- 
lany appears at Cambridge. 

* * Jane Talbot, by C. B. Brown, appears. 

* * Md. St. Charles College (Rom. 
Cath.) is founded at Elliott's Mills. 

* * The New York Historical Society Li- 
brary is founded [75,000 vols.]. 

1805 * * S. C. The Monthly Register ap- 
pears at Charleston. 

* * History of the American Revolution, by 
Mercy Warren, appears. 



SOCIETY. 
1803 Dec. * New York has its first 
labor strike. 

A number of sailors demand a rise 
from $10 to $14 a month, and march 



possession of Louisiana. 
*New York. De "Witt Clinton, the 
46th mayor, is elected. 
* U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-07 * * O. Edward Tiffin. 
-09 * * Tenn. John Sevier. 
-"1804: Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$86,427,120. 

Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John Brown of Ky. is reelected Presi- 
dent pro tempore* 

Mar. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Jesse Franklin of N. C. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

Mar. 27. D. C. The 8th Congress : 
the first session closes. 
-Sept. 25. D. C. The 12th amendment 
to the Constitution being ratified, is de- 
clared in force ; it relieves each of the 
State electors from voting for two candi- 
dates for President, as required previous 
to this date. 



about the city compelling 'other sailurs Nov. 5. D. C. The 8th Congress : the 
to join them, till the leaders are jailed second session opens, 
by constables. * * U. S. The fifth Presidential elec- 

1804 Feb. 15. N.J. The Legislature tion ; Jefferson reelected, 
passes an act for the gradual abolition De c. 31. Um St internal revenue 
of slavery. 

All born after the next 4th of July to 
be free ; male children to be free at 25, 
and females at 21 years of age. 



July 11. N. J. Vice-President Aaron 
Burr challenges Alexander Hamil- 
ton to fight a duel. 

Hamilton appears, but refuses to fire ; 
Burr deliberately fires and mortally 
wounds him : cause, Hamilton's sup- 
posed interference with Burr's election 
to the governorship of New York. 

July 17. Boston. Daniel "Webster of 



$50,941. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-08 * * Ky. Christopher Greenup. 
-12* * La. (Tor.). "Wm. C. C. Claiborne. 
-07 * * N. T. Morgan Lewis. 

-06 * * S.C. Paul Hamilton. 

* * "William Johnson of S. C. is ap- 
pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme 
Court. 

1805 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$S2,312,150. 



New Hampshire, 22 years of age, arrives Jan. 11. Congress: Michigan Terri- 



and pursues his legal studies 

* * D. C. Congress provides that an 
equivalent of malt liquors or wine 
may be substituted for spirits at such 
seasons of the year as, in the opinion of 
the President, it may be advisable to 
make the change, in order to promote 
the health of the soldiers. 

* * Abolition Societies begin to dwindle 
as the value of the cotton-gin becomes 
known ;* slavery is advocated as a posi- 
tive good. 

1805 * * N. J. At Allentow 
"Sober Society" is founded. 

* * New York. The tailors form the first 
organization having the character of a 
trade- union. 



STATE. 

1803 Oct. 17. D. C. The 8th Con- 
gress: the first session opens. It as- 
sembles to act on the treaty with 
France, by which Louisiana is ceded. 

Congress ; Senate : John Brown of 
Ky. is elected President pro tempore. 
House : Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is 
re-elected Speaker. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Congress submits the 
12th amendment to the Constitution 



tory is formed from a portion of Indiana. 

Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo- 
seph Anderson of Tenn. is elected 
President pro tempore. [Also, on Feb. 
28th and Mar. 2d.] 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President: Thomas Jefferson 
of Va. (Republican), 1&2 ; Charles C. 
Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 14. For 
Vice-President: George Clinton of N.Y. 
(Republican), 1G2 ; Rufus King of N.Y. 
(Federalist), 14. 

The Mar. 4. D. C. The 8th Congress ends. 
Thomas Jefferson of Va., the 3d 
President, enters his 2d term in the 5th 
term of the Presidency. George Clin- 
ton of N. Y. is Vice-President. 

Cabinet changes : Jacob Crownin- 
shield of Mass. becomes Secretary of 
the Navy, and Robert Smith of Md., 
[followed by John Breckinridge of 
Ky.], becomes Attorney-General. 

Mar. 5. B.C. Congress: The Senate, 
sitting as a High Court, fails to impeach 
Samuel Chase, a Justice of the U. S. 
Supreme Court. (Moore, Mar. 1.) 

June 4. Atreaty of peace is concluded 
with Tripoli, and no more tribute is 
paid to pirates. 



Dec. 2. D. C, The 9th Congress 

opens. 
Congress ; Senate : Samuel Smith 

of Md. is again elected President pro 

tempore. House : Nathaniel Macon of 

N. C. is reelected Speaker. 
Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue $21,747. 

* * The An ti- Federalists change their 
name from Republicans to Democrats. 

* * England revives an old edict for- 
bidding neutrals from trading with 
France and her dependencies, or other 
nations with which England may he at 
war, aiming to crush the prosperous 
American commerce. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-08 * * Del. Nathaniel Mitchell. 
-13* * Mich. (Ter.). William Hull. 
-09 * * Miss. Robert Williams. 
-07 * * N. C. Nathaniel Alexander. 
-09 * * N. H. John Langdon. 

R. I. Paul Mumford. 
-06 * * R.I. Henry Smith. 
-08 * * Va. Wm. H. Cabell. 

1806 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt 
875,723,270. 

Mar. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

Apr. 15. B.C. Congress prohibits the 
importation of specific articles of Brit- 
ish growth or manufacture, the act to 
take effect the 11th of November. 

Apr. 21. D. C. The 9th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Apr. * The British ship Leander is or- 
dered out of American waters after 
firing on an American sloop and killing 
John Pierce, the owner. 

Apr. * Tenn. Colonel Aaron Burr is 
detected in a treasonable conspiracy. 

May 16. Eng. Orders in Council are 
issued. 

The British Ministry declares the 
whole coast of Europe, from the Elbe to 
Brest, to be under blockade — thus, ac- 
cording to its theory, excluding Amer- 
ican commerce, while not invested by 
British fleets. ("Paper blockade.") 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1803 * * O. The Miami Exporting Com- 
pany opens the first bank in Cincinnati. 

1804 July 4. Pa. A weekly mail- 
stage commences to run between Pitts- 
burg and Philadelphia. 

* * Chicago. Fort Dearborn is erected. 

* * Mass. The Middlesex Canal, the 
first in the Union, is completed. It con- 
nects Boston harbor with the Concord 
River. 

1805 June 1. Mich. Detroit is de- 
stroyed by fire. 

June 4. Tripoli. The American pris- 
oners at Tripoli are liberated. 

* * Boston. Frederick Tudor begins the 
ice-trade of America, by shipping a 
cargo of 130 tons to Martinique. 

* * New York. Yellow fever prevails. 

* * Phila. The first dry-goods com- 
mission-house in this country opens for 
the sale of the cotton yarns and threads 
manufactured in Rhode Island. 



114 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1807 June 22. The British man-of-war 
Leopard demands the right to search 
the United States frigate Chesapeake for 
deserters, and, heing refused, attacks 
and captures the ship and carries away 
four men as deserters, three of whom 
are American citizens. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1807 * * The Pennsylvania Academy 
of Fine Arts is established. 

Aug. 11(?)+. N. Y. Robert Fulton's 
steamboat, the Clermont, sails from New 
York to Albany on her first trip ; 150 
miles in 33 hours. (Engine made by 
Boulton and Watt, of England.) 

Dec. 14. Conn. An extraordinary and 
brilliant meteor is seen ; it explodes 
three times. 

1808 * * Marius Sitting Among the Ruins 
of Carthage, painted by Vanderlyn, re- 
ceives the gold medal at the Paris Ex- 
hibition. 

* * N. J. The steamboat Phamix, built 
by John Stevens, makes the first ocean 
trip from Hoboken to Philadelphia. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1807* * 

Abbot, Gorham D„ educator, horn in Me. 

Adams, Charles Francis, minister to Eng.; 
arbitrator of Alabama claims, b. in Muss. 

Adams, Willntiii, 1'ivs. <_-Itu'^yiiiaii,b. in Conn. 

Agassiz, Louis John R., teacher, natural- 
ist, born May 28, in Switz. 

Alden, Joseph, educittiunist, born in N.Y. 

Bailey, Gamaliel, journalist, born in K. J. 

Brant, Joseph, Mohawk chief, A65. 

Buford, Nap. B., brig.-gen., engineer, b. Ky. 

Casey, Silas, brevet, niaj.-gen., born in R. I. 

Cheever, George B., Cong, cl., b. in Me. 

Dayton, Win. Lewis, senator for N.Y., b. N. J. 

Ellsworth, Oliver, chief justice, A62. 

Fay, Theodore Sedgwiek, author, b. in N.Y. 

Felton, Cornelius Conway, author, I'res. of 
Harvard University, b. in Mass. 

Floyd, John 1!., Sec. of War, b. in Va. 

Forbes, John M., Prot. Epis. clergyman, b. 

Guyot, Arnold H., geographical writer, born 

Hammond, James II., senator for S. C, born 

in S. -C. 
Herbert, Henry William, author, b. in Eng. 
llitdreth, Hichard, historian, born in Mass. 
Holt, Joseph, secretary of war, born in Ky. 
Janes, Edmund storer, M. E. bp., b. in Mass. 
Lee, Alfred, P. E. bp. of Col., U.S.A., Del., 

b. in Mass. 
Lee. Robert Edward, col. U.S.A., Confed- 
erate general, born in Va., Jan. 19. 
Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth. poet, b. 

in Me., Feb. 27- 
Malboue, Edward G., miniature painter, A30. 
McMicharl, Morton, editor, orator, b. in N.J. 
Mount, William Sidney, painter, b. in N.Y. 
Muhlenberg, Jo! in Pel it (lubriel, Ken., A til. 
N/eal, Joseph Clay, humorist, born in N. H. 
Owen, David Dale, lieolo.uist, born in Scot. 
Packer, Wm. F., journalist, Gov. of Pa., 

horn in Pa, 
Palmer, Pbtcbe, evangelist, horn in N.Y. 
Parker, Amasa J., lawyer, born in Coun. 
Pickens, Francis W., Gov., senator for S. C, 

born in S. C. 
Preble, Edward, commodore U. S. N., A46. 
Ridgelv, .lames I,., lawyer, 0. F., b. in Md. 
Rusehenberger, Win. S. W., author, b. in N. J. 
Schaeffer, Charles Fred., Luth. clergyman, 

born in Pa. 
Stillman, Samuel, Bapt. clergyman, A70. 
Whittier, John Greenleai, poet, born in 

Mass., Dec. 17- 
"Woods, Leonard, Jr., president of Bowdoin 

College, born in Mass. 
1808* * 
Alexander, Natb., Gov. of N. C, officer in 

Revolution, A52. 
Ames. Fisher, M. C. for Mass., orator, 

July 4, A58. 
Bache, Sarah, nurse in Am. Revol'n, A64. 
Bartine, David W., M. E. clergyman, orator ,b. 
Beardsley, E. Edwards, P. E. clergyman, b. 

in Conn. 



Chase, Salmon P.. Chief Justice, h. In K. II. 
Craven, Thomas T., rear-admiral, b. In D. C. 
Davidson, Lucretia Maria, poet, b. in N.Y. 
Davis, Jefferson, sec. of war., B'-n. for Miss., 

Pres. of Confcd. States, b. June 3, In Ky. 
Decatur. Stephen, Sr., naval oilher, A 57. 
Dickinson, John, M. C. for Del., A76. 
Evans, Fred Win., Shaker elder, b. in Eng. 
Fasquelle, Jean Louis, author, horn. 
Fish. Hamilton. Gov. of N.Y., secretary of 

state, born In N.Y. 
Gage, Francis D., orator, horn In 0. 
(lallaKher, William D., poet, born in Pa. 
Hactett, Horatio Balch, biblical scholar, 

born in Mass. 
Henderson, .James P., sen. for Tex., b. N. C. 
Ilillard, George S., author, journalist, b. Me. 
Ililliard, Henry W., lawyer, horn in N. C. 
Johnson. Andrew, 17th President, senator 

for Tenn., born Dec. 29, in N. C. 
Kirkland, Samuel, founderof Hamilton Col- 
lege, A 64. 
Lee, Leroy M., M. E. clergyman, theologian, 

born in Va. 
Linn,Wdliam, chaplain in Revol'n army, A .">«. 
Palmer, Ray, Cong, clergyman, hymnolo- 

gist, born in R. I. 
Park, Edwards A., clergvman, author, critic, 

born in R. I. / 
Patterson, John, general, A64. 
Prentiss, Seargent Smith, M. C. for Miss., 

horn in Me. 
Reed, Henry, scholar, author, born in Pa. 
Rockwell, James O., poet, born in Conn. 
Rogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, b. in Pa. 
Sartin, John, engraver, born in London. 
Strong, William, justice S. Court, b. in Pa. 
Sullivan, .lames, Cov. of Mass, writer, A64. 
Van Rensselaer, Cortland, Pres. clergyman, 

born in N.Y. 
Washington, Samuel A tier, writer, born. 
Zeisberger, David, Moravian missionary, A87. 

CHURCH. 
1806* *Ky. The Presbytery of Ken- 
tucky is dissolved by the Synod, because 
of the lack of ministerial learning and 
sound doctrine. 

* * Mass. The .American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Mis- 
sions germinates. 

At a gathering of four students of 
Williams College, under the lee of a 
haystack, where they take refuge from 
a thunder-storm, Samuel J. Mills pro- 
poses that they attempt to send the gos- 
pel to the heathen, and says, "We can 
do it if we will." 

The Massachusetts Evangelic Mis- 
sionary Society is instituted. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Miller, 
moderator. 

1807 Sept.* iV. Y. The General 
Synod (Reformed) meets at Harlem ; 
J. V. C. Komeyn, president. 

* * Conn. The Connecticut Religious 
Tract Society is organized at New 
Haven by Timothy Dwight and others. 

* * The Lake Baptist Missionary Society 
is formed. 

* * The Society of Friends opens a mission 
among the Brotherton Indians. 

* * Mass. The Baptist Missionary So- 
ciety is formed. 

* * JV. Y. The Associated Saratoga Pres- 
bytery is formed. 

The first Baptist mission to the In- 
dians is opened among the Tuscaroras. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; A. Alexander, 
moderator. 

1808 May 6-26. Md. The General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is 
held in Baltimore. 

A delegated General Conference is 
provided for ; restrictive rules adopted; 
Wm. McKendree ordained bishop. 



Sept. 28. Mass. Andover Theological 
Seminary (Congregational) is opened. 

Oct. 2. Ala. The fir<t Baptist church is 
organized (Flint River). 

* * Kg. The Roman Catholic diocese of 
Louisville is established. 

* * Mass. Organization of the Baptist 
Female Mite Society at Beverly. 

* * Md. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meete in Balti- 
more ; it consents to the organization 
of the Western country into a separate 
diocese. 

* * New York. The Methodist Publishing 
House is removed from Philadelphia to 
New York. 

* * -V. }". The first church edifice in 
Williamsburg is built by the Methodists. 

** Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Philip Miledoler, 
moderator. 

Thomas CampbeH of Ireland he- 
comes pastor of the Seceders (Disciples 
of Christ). 

* * Va. The Accomack Baptist Associa- 
tion is formed. 

* * Roman Catholic Sees are erected at 
New York, Boston, Philadelphia, and 
Bards town. 

LETTERS. 

1806 * * Mass. John Quincy Adams 
becomes professor of belles-lettres in 
Harvard University. 

* * JV. Y. The Young Misses' Magazine 
appears in Brooklyn. 

* * Phila. The American Register ap- 
pears. 

±* * The Foresters, by Alexander Wilson, 
appears. 

1807 * * Mass*. The Andover Theologi- 
cal Seminary (Cong.) is organized. 

* * Tenn. The University of Tennes- 
see (non-sect.) is organized at Knoxville. 
It has previously been known as Blount 
College. 

* * The Salmagundi papers, by "Washing- 
ton Irving and J. K. Paulding, appear. 

* * Xew York. The Ladies' Weekly 
Miscellany appears. 

* * Mass. The Theological Seminary 
Library is founded at Andover [43,000 
vols.]. 

The Boston Athenaeum Library is 
founded [1-49,910 vols.]. (Whitcombe, 
1S06.) 

* * Md. Mount St. Mary's College 
(Rom. Cath.) is founded at Emmittsburg. 

1808 July * Mo. First issue of the 
Missouri Gazette at St. Louis ; the first 
newspaper in this city. 

* * The Columbiad, by Joel Barlow, ap- 
pears. 

* * The first volume of Ornithology, by 
Alexander Wilson, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1807 * * 2V. Y. Martin Van Buren mar- 
ries Hannah Hoes. 

1S0S Jan. 1. U. S. The importation 
of slaves is prohibited by Act of 
Congress after this date. 



UNITED STATES. 1806, Nov. 21-1809, Mar. 4. 115 



Apr. 30. 27. Y. Organization of the 
First Temperance Society, " The 
Union Temperance Society of Moreau 
and Northumberland," by Billy J. Clark, 
in Saratoga county. 

It declares that "no member shall 
drink rum, gin, whisky, wine, or any 
distilled spirits, or compositions of the 
same or any of them, except by advice 
of a physician, or in case of actual dis- 
ease, also excepting at public dinners, 
under the penalty of 25 cents, provided 
that this article shall not infringe on 
any religious rite ; no member shall be 
intoxicated under penalty of 50 cents," 
and that " no member shall offer any of 
the above liquors to any person to drink 
thereof under the penalty ol 25 cents for 
each offense." 

STATE. 

1806 Nov. 21. Fr. Napoleon retali- 
ates by issuing the Berlin Decree, 
and declares all the British Islands 
blockaded. [Both the French and En- 
glish capture American vessels.! 

Dec. 1. D. C. The 9th Congress: the 
second session opens. 

* * D. C. Congress grants pensions to 
disabled soldiers and sailors. 

Dec. 31. Monroe and Pinckney procure 
a treaty with Great Britain regarding 
the protection of the rights of neutrals. 
[It is suppressed by the President.] 

* *D.C. Brockholst Livingston of New 
York is appointed Justice of the U. S. 
Supreme Court. 

* *England persists in searching 
American vessels for deserters, and 
impressing American seamen. 

, * * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-09 * * Ga. Jared Irwin. 
-OS* * Mass. James Sullivan. 
-07 * * B. I. Isaac Wilbur. 
-08 * * S. C. Chas. Pinckney. 

1807 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
S69,218,39S. 

Jan. 7. Eng. Orders in Council are 
issued. 

England forbids all coast trade with 
France. [Many American vessels are 
seized.] 

Jan. 22. Z>. C. Congress is officially 
informed of Aaron Burr's conspiracy. 

Feb. * Tenn. Aaron Burr is arrested 
on the charge of treason, having ar- 
ranged for the invasion of Mexico, to 
detach the Western and Southern States 
from the Union, and to set up a western 
empire. [No overt act is proven.] 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sam- 
uel Smith of Md. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 9th Congress ends. 

June 22. The British man-of-war Leop- 
ard fires upon the frigate Chesapeake, be- 
cause of the refusal to deliver up four 
men claimed as deserters ; after three 
men are killed, the frigate's colors are 
struck. 

July 2. D. C. Jefferson, by proclama- 
tion, forbids all intercourse with Brit- 
ish ships-of-war, and orders all that are 
in American waters to withdraw. 

Oct. 26. D. C. The 10th Congress 
opens. 

Congress; House: Joseph B. Var- 
num of Mass. is elected Speaker. 



* * Controversy between England and 
the United States respecting the rights 
of neutrals; England claims the right 
to search American ships, and to take 
naturalized American citizens. 

Nov. 11. Eng. Orders in Council is- 
sued, which vex American commerce, by 
prohibiting all trade with France or her 
allies. 

Dec. 17. Fr. The Milan Decree is- 
sued by Napoleon supplements the Ber- 
lin Decree, and extinguishes the most 
profitable portion of the commerce of 
the United States. 

Dec. 22. D. C. Congress passes the 
Second Embargo Act. 

This [celebrated and much ridiculed] 
Act detains all American vessels in 
American ports, and cuts off commercial 
intercourse with England and France, to 
compel their recognition of the rights of 
neutrals. [The Americans fail to starve 
their enemies.] 

* * New York. Marinus "Willett is elected 
the 47th mayor. 

* * Thomas Todd of Ky. is appointed 
Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

La. (Ter.). Meriwether Lewis. 
-OS * * N. C. Benjamin- Williams. 
-17 * * N. Y. Daniel D. Tompkins. 
-08 * * 0. Thomas Kirker. 
-11* * JR. I. James Fenner. 
-08 * * Ft. Israel Smith. 

1808 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$65,196,317. 

D. C. Congress prohibits the impor- 
tation of slaves after this date. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Congress requires coast- 
ing and fishing vessels to give bonds to 
reland their cargoes in the United 
States (Embargo Act), 

Feb. 4. N. Y. The first legislative pro- 
ceedings relative to the canals appear. 

Mar. 12. D. C. Congress subjects ves- 
sels and boats of all kinds, and land car- 
riages, to the Embargo. 

Mar. 17. D. C. Kupture of the nego- 
tiations between the British minister 
and the Government. 

Apr. 16. B.C. Congress : Senate ; Sam- 
uel Smith of Md. is reelected President 
pro tempore. 

Apr. 17. France, by the Bayonne 
Decree, directs the seizure of all Ameri- 
can vessels in French ports. 

Apr. 25. D. C. Congress forbids for- 
eign vessels to engage in the coasting 
trade, and requires all others to come 
under stringent rules. 

The 10th Congress: the first session 
closes. 

May 30. X>. C. The new House of 
Representatives is first occupied. 

Aug. 9. D. C. Jefferson suspends in- 
tercourse with Great Britain because of 
the non-ratification of the British treaty. 

* * <<Free Trade and Sailors' Rights" 
is a political war-cry of the times. 

* * Va. Jefferson declines' the nomi- 
nation for a third term in the presidency, 

Nov. 7. B.C. The 10th Congress: 
the second session opens. 



* * New Englanders talk of rebellion, 
as their ships are rotting at their docks 
because of the Embargo. 

Dec. 28. Z>. C. Congress; Senate: Ste- 
phen It. Bradley of Vt. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

* * U. S. Sixth Presidential election ; 
Democratic-Republicans are elected. 

The national election sweeps away the 
Administration majority in Congress 
(84 to 30), and prepares the way for the 
repeal of the Embargo Act. 

* * _10 * * New York. DeWitt Clinton 
is elected the 48th mayor. 

* * V. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-11 * * Del. George Truett. 

-12 * * Ky. Charles Scott. 
-09 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln. 
-10 * * N. C. David Stone. 
-10 * * O. Samuel Huntington. 

Pa. Simon Snyder. 
-10 * * S. C. John Drayton. 
-11* * Va. John Tyler. 
-09 * * 17. Isaac Tichenor. 

1809 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$57,023,192. 

Jan. 9. Congress proceeds to drastic 
measures ; attempting to avoid the Em- 
bargo Act forfeits the vessel or carriage, 
and involves a fine of four times the 
value of the merchandise, one-half of it 
to go to the informer. 

Jan. 30. B. C. Congress ; Senate : John 
Milledge of Ga. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Feb. 3. Illinois Territory (Illinois and 
"Wisconsin) is formed. 

Feb. 8. B. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : James Madison 
of "Va. (Republican), 122 ; Charles C. 
Pinckney of S. C. (Federalist), 47; 
George Clinton of N. Y. (Republican), 
6. Vote for Vice-President: George 
Clinton (Republican), 113 ; Ruf us King 
of N. Y. (Federalist), 47 ; John Langdon 
of N. H., 9 ; James Madison of Va., 3 ; 
James Monroe of Va., 3; vacancy, 1. 

Feb. 27. L>. C. Congress; The Em- 
bargo Act of 1807 is repealed, to take 
effect Mar. 15th. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 10th Congress ends. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1806 * * Pa. Coal is first mined in the 
United States, at Mauch Chunk. 

* * 27. Y. A log cabin is erected on the 
present site of Rochester. 

* * Commerce, which had become very 
prosperous during the French and En- 
glish "wars, suiters greatly by the unan- 
nounced blockades which override the 
rights of neutrals. 

* * The principal maritime towns suf- 
fer because of the restrictions of com- 
merce, and their citizens send numerous 
petitions to the President and to Con- 
gress, praying for the removal of the 
Embargo. 

1808 May 28. N. Y. Solemn re- 
burial of the bones of Revolutionary 
prisoners in a vault at Wallabout. 



116 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 



1811 Jan. 9. La. The entire militia 
of New Orleans is called out to suppress 
a negro insurrection. 

Apr. 6. Va. French privateer Revanche 
du Cerf is burnt at Norfolk, hy 15 meu 
'm 2 boats, about 2 a.m. 

May 16. Va. The British sloop-of-war 
Little Belt fires a shot at the United 
States frigate President; the latter 
retaliates with, a broadside that kills 
10 and wounds 30 men. [This action 
creates great excitement throughout 
the country.] 

Sept. + * Ind. The Shawanese In- 
dians make incursions among the set- 
tlers, whom they outrage and murder. 

Nov. 7. Ind. Battle of Tippecanoe; 
the Indians conspire to surprise Gov. 
"William H. Harrison at Burnet Creek, 
and are effectively subdued after a ter- 
rific battle. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1809 Nov. 21. New York. George F. 
Cook first appears in America in Richard 
III., at the Park Theater. 

± * * Boston. Sails are made from cotton 
duck. 

1810 Dec. 31. Boston. Mrs. Duff first 
appears in America as Juliet. 

* * Boston. The Park Street Church 
is erected. 

1811 * * New York. Steamboat Paragon 
is built. 

Sept. 17. Va. A beautiful annular 
eclipse of the sun is observed at 
Richmond. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1809* * 

Albright, Jacob, foun. Evang. Ass'n, A 49. 

Alexander, Joseph Addison, theologian, ori- 
entalist, born in Pa. 

Arthur, Timothy S-, author, born in N.Y. 

Bailey, Silas, [ires. Cranville cull., O., born 
in Mass. 

Baldwin, John Denison, author, b. in Conn. 

Barnard, Fred. A. P., instructor, b. in Blass. 

Bartlett, Wm. H. C, scientific writer, b. Pa. 

Benjamin, Park, poet, born in Guiana. 

Bledsoe, Albert T., ('unfed, officer, b. in Ky. 

Buckley, Samuel liotsford, botanist, b. N.Y. 
■ Burgess, George, P. E. bp. of Me., b. in K. I. 

Burns, Francis, M. K. missionary bp.,b. N.Y. 

Carson, Christopher, ( Kit Carson), b. in Ky. 

Chapman, Alvan W-, botanist, b. in Mass. 

Curry, Daniel, M. E. cl., editor, born in N.Y. 

Curtis, Benj. Hot. bins, justice S. Ct.,b. Mass. 

Dahlgren, John Adolf, rear-admiral, b. in Pa. 

Edwards, Tryon, Cong, clergyman, writer, 
born in Conn. 

Fowler,' Orson Squire, phrenologist, b. N.Y. 

Gibbes, Robert W., pby., author, b. in S. C. 

Giles, Henry, essayist, born in Ireland. 

Gliddon, George R., Egyptologist, b. in Eng. 

Glisson, Oliver S., rear-admiral, bora in 0. 

Greene, William, Gov. of K. I., dies. 

Griffiths, John Willis, architect, b. in N.Y. 

Hamlin, Hannibal, Vice-President, sen- 
ator for Me., born in Me. 

Haswell, Charles Havnes, engineer, b. N.Y. 

Heyward, Thomas, patriot of S. C, A63. 

Holmes, Oliver Wendell, poet, b. in Mass. 

Houghton, Douglas, naturalist, h. in N.Y. 

Hunter, Robert M. T., senator for Va., b. Va. 

Ingraham, Joseph 11., author, burn in Me. 

Johnston, Joseph E., Confed. gen., b. in Va. 

Johnson, Oliver, editor, abolitionist, born, 

Jones, James (.'., Gov. Tenn., sen.,b. in Tenn. 

Kendn.-k, Asahel ('., scholar, author, b. in Vt. 

Kirkbride, Thos. S., phy. to insane, b. in Pa. 

Lewis, Meriwether, explorer, A55. 

Lincoln, Abraham, ltitb President, b. Feb. 
12, near Hodgonsville, Hardin Co., Ky. 

Little, George, rapt, in Revol'ii army, A55. 

Little, It. M., pres. Ins. Co., b. Mass. 

Mackenzie, Robt. S., Brit. Am. journalist, b. 

Mayer, Branz, lawyer, hist'l writer, b. inMd. 



McCormlck. Cryus H.. Inventor of reapers, 

born in Va. 
McGill, John !>., It C. bp. of Va., b. in Pa. 

Mitchel, Ormflby M., astronomer, gen., b. Ky. 

Paine. Thomas, patriot, writer, AT.'. 
Pike, Albert, poet, born in Mass. 
Price, Sterling, Gov., M. C. for Mo.,n. In Va. 
Semmes, -Raphael, Confederate naval officer, 

born in Ma. 
Schenek, Robert C.,M. C. for 0., gen., b. in O. 
Thompson, Cephas I iiovaniu, artist, b. Mass. 
Trumbull, Jonathan. Gov., sen. for Conn., 

A69. 
WInthrop, Robt. C, M. C, senator for Mass., 

born in Mass. 






Cat, b. In >'.Y. 
st, born in N.Y. 
Ii'n, b. In Conii- 



1810* * 

Ablridge, Ira, colored actor, horn in Md. 

Allen, Thomas, chaplain, A77. 

Backus, Jay S., sec. Rapt. Home Miss. So.,b. 

Barnum, Phineas T., showman, b. in Conn. 

Black. Jeremiah S.. jurist, secretary of 
state, born in Pa. 

Brooks, James, journalist, politician, b. Me. 

Brougham, John, actor, born in Ireland. 

Brown, Charles Brockden, novelist, A39. 

Burritt, Elihu, linguist, writer, b. in Conn. 

Clark, Willis Gay lord, poet, author, b. N.Y. 

Clarke, James Freeman, Unit, clergyman, 
author, born in N. H. 

Clay, Cassias M., minister to Rus., b. in Ky. 

Cooper, James, lawyer, born in Md. 

Crosbv, A lpiir us, educationist, born in N. II. 

Hoggett, David S., bp. M. E. Ch. South, b. 

Du l'.ois, Wm. Ewing, numismatist, b. in Pa. 

ICllet, Charles, Jr., engineer, born in Pa. 

Fuller, Sarah Margaret, author, b. in Mass. 

Garland, Landon C, educator, mathemati- 
cal writer, born in Va. 

Gray. Asa, botanist, born in N.Y. 

Green, Samuel S., educator, born. 

Griffin, Cyrus, statesman, judge, A6I. 

Hart, Joel 'P., sculptor, born in Ky. 

Hart, John S., educationist, author, b. in 
Mass. 

Humphreys, Andrew A., general, b. in Pa. 

Jackson, Jonathan, of Mass, A67. 

Langstroth, L., inventor of beehive, dies. 

Lawrance, John, jurist, statesman, A 60. 

Lincoln, Benj., maj.-gen. in Revolution, A77. 

Loomis, Justin R., educator, author, b. N.Y. 

bord, John, historical lecturer, b. in N. II. 

Macanally, David Rice. M. E. clergyman, ed- 
itor, born in Tenn. 

Magoon, Klias L., Baj)t. clergyman, author, 
born in N. H. 

McCloskey. John, first American cardinal, 
born Mar. 20, in N.Y. 

McKay, Donald, shipbuilder, born. 

Morrill, Justin S., senator for Vt., b. in Vt. 

Notman, John, architect, born in Scot. 

Palmer, James S., rear-admiral, b. in N. J. 

Parker, Theodore, Unit, cl., b. in Mass. 

Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician, b. in N.Y. 

Putnam, Mary Lowell, author, b. in Mass. 

Riggs, Elias, missionary, linguist, b. hi N. J. 

Sears, Edmund II., Unit, clergyman, author, 
born in Mass. 

Seymour, Horatio.Gov. of N. Y.,b.inN. Y. 

Sharswood, George, jurist, born in Pa. 

Skene, Philip, Brit, officer in Am., A85. 

Spalding 1 . Martin John, K. C. archbishop, 
born in Ky. 

Toombs, Rob. , sen. for Ga. , Confed. sec. state, 
b. Ga. 

Trautwine, John Cresson, engineer, b. in Pa. 

Turner, Wm. Wadden, philologist, b. in Eng. 

Tyler, William Seymour, scholar, b. in Va. 

Van Buren, John, politician, born in N.Y. 

Washington, Wm. A., officer in Revol'n, A58. 

Wood, Alphonso, botanist, born in N. H. 
1811* * 

Asbotb, Alex. S., brig. -gen., b. in Hungary. 

Bailey, Jacob Witman, scientist, b. in Mass. 

Baker, Edward Dickinson, senator for Cal., 
born in Eng. 

Barnard, Henry, educator, b. in Conn. 

Hoggs, Charles S., rear-admiral, b. in N.J. 

Rouvier, Hannah M., writer on astronomy, b. 

Bowen, Francis, prof., author, b. in Mass. 

Campbell, Jolm A., justice, born in Ga. 

Chase, Samuel, jurist of Md., A70. 

Crawford, Nathaniel M., Rapt, cl., b. Ga. 

Dana, Francis, jurist of Mass., A68. 

Daviess, Joseph H., att'y-gen. of Ky., A 37. 

Draper, John William, chemist, b. in Eng. 

Eaton, William, soldier, consul, A 47. 

Emory, William II., major-general, b. in Md. 

Foster, A blue Iv., reformer, born in Mass. 

Gilliss, James M-, astronomer, born in D. C. 

Greeley, Horace, editor, b. Feb. 3, in N. H. 

Greene, George Washington, author, b. It. I. 

Hall, James, geologist, burn in Mass. 

Hunt, Ward, justice, S. Ct., b. in N.Y. 

James. Henry, philosophical writer, b. N.Y. 

Jenkins, Thornton A., U. S. navy, b. in Va. 

Johnson, James, Gov. of Ga., born in N.C. 

Kennedy, Anthony, senator for Va., b. in Md. 



. fn Mans. 

Murdoch. J a. 1 1- - I w. ard. :t«'tnr. born III Pa 

Noyea. Job,, u., commojust ol Oneida, b. Vt. 
Page, Win., painter, born in N.Y. 
Panic, Robert Treat. Jr., author. ' 
Parton, Sara P. Willis, (Fanny Fern), b. 

in Me. 
I'eahudv, Andrew P., prof., cl., b. Mass. 
Peck, Jesse Truesdell, M. E. bp., b. In N.Y. 
Phillips, "Wendell, orator, reformer, bum 

Nov. 29, in Mass. 
Pierce, George Foster, M. E. bp., b. In cu. 
Porter, Noah, psychologist, b. in Conn. 
Pratt, Orson, Mormon leader, born m N.Y. 
Simpson. Matthew, SI. K. bp., orator, born 

June 20, in 0. 
Btowe. Harriet Eliza [Reedier], author, 

born In Conn. 
Street, Alfred Billings, poet, horn in N.Y'. 
Sumner, Charles, senator lor Mass., orator, 

born in Mass. 
Thomas, Jos., physician, biographer, b. N.Y. 
Williams, Win., signer of Declaration, A80. 
Winslow, John A., rear-admiral, b. in N. C. 

CHURCH. 

1809 May 3. R. I. The Itliode Island 
Congregational Conference is organized. 

June 8. N. H. The General Association 
(Congregational) of New Hampshire is 
organganized. 

June * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; Nicolas Lansing, 
president. 

Autumn. Mass. Samuel J. Mills be- 
comes interested in the natives of the 
Pacific Islands by the simple story of 
Henry Obookiah, a native boy. (He 
becomes one of the founders of the 
American Missionary Society.) 

* * New York. English is first exclu- 
sively used in the Lutheran Church. 

* * N. Y. Organization of the New YTork 
Bible and Common Prayer-Book So- 
ciety of the Episcopal Church. 

* * Phifa. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Drury Lacy, mod- 
erator. 

The first Synod of the Reformed Pres- 
byterians is formed. 

* * Pa. The first (?) church Sunday-school 
is formed at Pittsburg; the transfer of 
Sunday-schools to church control be- 
gins, and schools rapidly increase. 

* * Vt. The General Association of Ver- 
mont Congregationalists is allowed del- 
egates in the (Presbyterian) General 
Assembly. 

1810 Feb. * Ky. The Cumberland 
Presbyterian Church is finally organ- 
ized, as a separate church, because of 
the high educational standard de- 
manded for the Presbyterian ministry. 

June 29. Mass. The plan for the or- 
ganization of the American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Missions is 
devised by Samuel Spring and Samuel 
Worcester, and is adopted by the Gen- 
eral Association of Congregational 
Churches, at Bradford. 

Sept. 5. Conn. The American Board 
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 
is formally constituted at Farmington. 

Sept. 10. Pa. The Brush Run (Disciples) 
church is organized. 

* * Conn. Lyman Beecher is installed 
pastor of the Congregational church at 
Litchfield. [He remains 1G years.] 



UNITED STATES. 1809, Mar. 4-1811, Nov. 18. 117 



* * Mass. A remarkable missionary move- 
ment begins. 

Four students of Andover Theological 
Seminary — Messrs. Mills, Judson, New- 
ell, and Nott — meet a number of minis- 
ters in the parlors of Professor Stuart, to 
receive a reply to their request to be sent 
with the Gospel to the heathen. The an- 
swer is, " Go in the name of the Lord, 
and we will help you." 

* * New Eng. Congregational churches 
are disrupted by the withdrawal of 
Unitarians. 

* * N. H. The General Association of 
Congregationalists is allowed delegates 
in the (Presbyterian) General Assembly. 

* * New York. The Protestant Episco- 
pal Tract Society is organized. 

* * N. Y. Genesee Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church is formed. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; John B. Homey n, 
moderator. 

* * Regulations and rules are adopted 
by the Roman Catholic bishops. 

1811 May 29. N. Y. John Henry Ho- 
bart (Protestant Episcopal) assistant 
bishop of New York, and A. V. Gris- 
wold, presiding bishop of the Easton 
•diocese, are consecrated. 

LETTERS. 

1809 Apr. 4. Pa. The Legislature di- 
rects that the poor be sent to the most 
convenient school, and their tuition 
be paid. 

■* * A History of New York by Diedrich 
Knickerbocker, by "Washington Irving, 



■* * Solomon Spaulding writes a religious 
romance, The Manuscript Found (The 
Book of Mormon). 

1810 * * N.J. Queen's College (Rut- 
gers) and the (Reformed) Theological 
professorate are united ; Dr. Livingston 
is professor and president. 

* *_n* * phila. The Mirror of Taste 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1810 Jan. 15. New York. Masquerades 

and masked balls are prohibited. 
Jan. 17. Phila. Masquerades and 

masked balls are prohibited. 

* * U, S. A total of 1,191,363 slaves is 
reported. 

* * La. Zachary Taylor marries Mar- 
garet Smith. 

STATE. 

Fourth Adm i n istration. Democratic- 
Republican. 

1809 Mar. 4. D. C. James Madison 
of Va. is inaugurated the fourth Presi- 
dent in the sixth term of the Presidency, 
and George Clinton of N. Y. continues 
Vice-President. 

Cabinet : Robert Smith of Md. 
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas.), 
"William Eustis of Mass. (War), Paul 
Hamilton of S. C. (Navy), Gideon 
Granger of Conn. (Postmaster-General), 
Caesar A. Rodney of Del. (Attorney- 
General). 



Mar. 15. U. S. The Embargo is re- 
moved, hut commercial intercourse 
with England and France interdicted. 

Mar. * Fr. Napoleon ignores his prom- 
ise to the Americans by again en- 
forcing the obnoxious decrees, and 
declares that " the decrees of Berlin and 
Milan were fundamental laws of the 
Empire." By a diplomatic fiction he 
has succeeded in his purpose to array 
the United States and Great Britain 
against each other in mutual hostility. 

Apr. 23. D. C. David M. Erskine, Brit- 
ish minister, pledges the Court to re- 
peal the anti-neutral decrees by June 10. 
Trade will then he resumed between 
the United States and Great Britain. 
[The announcement of the agreement 
is received with great joy by the country, 
as an assurance of peace.] 

May 22. It. C. The 11th Congress 
meets in extra session [and continues 
the controversy with Great Britain], 

May* I). C. Congress; House : Joseph 
B. Varnum of Mass. is elected Speaker. 

June 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An- 
drew Gregg of Pa. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

June 28. D.C. 11th Congress: the first 
session closes. 

Sept. * Gov. William Henry Harrison 
meets the Indians of the Northwest, and 
buys the title to 3,000,000 acres of land. 

"Nov. 8. D. C. The President denies 
the British minister farther inter- 
course with the Cabinet, because his 
pledges have been disavowed by the 
British Government. Erskine's func- 
tions cease. 

Nov. 27. D.C. The 11th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-11 * * Conn. John Treadwell. 
-13 * * Ga David B. Mitchell. 
-18* *Ill.(Ter.) Ninian Edwards. 
-10 * * Mass. Christopher Gore. 
-17 * * Miss. David Holmes. 

-10 * * N. H. Jeremiah Smith. 

15 * * Tenn. Wm. Blount. 
-13 * * Vt. Jonas Galusha. 

* * Indiana is constituted a Territory. 
1810 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 

$53,173,217.52. 

Feb. 28. I). C. Congress ; Senate : 
John Gaillard of S. C. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. [Reelected Apr. 17.] 

Mar. 23. Fr. The Rambouillet Decree 
is issued. 

Napoleon decrees that all American 
vessels entering French ports shall he 
seized and condemned. 

May 1. D. C. Congress passes the 
Macon's No. 2 Act, pledging to pro- 
hibit American trade with the other 
country if either France or England 
shall revoke its offensive edicts. 

The 11th Congress: the second ses- 
sion closes. 

July 13. N. Y. The British minister, 
Augustus J. Foster, is burned in effigy 
before the door of his lodgings in 
Albany. 



July 19. Ger. The king of Prussia, by 
decree, forbids American vessels enter- 
ing his ports. 

Aug. 5. France revokes some of its 
edicts — revocation to take effect Nov. 
1 — as to American vessels. 

Nov. 2. D. C. President Madison pro- 
claims all restrictions removed from 
the commerce of France. 

Dec. 3. T>. C. The 11th Congress: 
the third session opens. 

* *_11* * New York. Jacob Radcliff is 
elected the 49th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-12 * * Mass. Elbridge Gerry. 

-11 * * N. C. Benj. Smith. 
-12 * * N. H. John Langdon. 
-12 * * O. Jonathan Meigs. 
-12 * * S.C. Henry Middleton. 

1811 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
^48,005,587. 

Feb. 2. D. C. The President announces 
the revival of the Won -importation 
Act against Great Britain. 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John Pope of Ivy. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Mar. 4. D.C. The 11th Congressends. 

Apr. 8. N Y. The first law is passed 
respecting the Erie Canal. 

July 3. Fla. The Government resolves 
to occupy "West Florida, against the re- 
monstrance of the British Government. 

Nov. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress opens. 

Nov. * D. C. Congress ; House : Henry 
Clay of Ky. is chosen Speaker ; he with 
John C. Calhoun of S. C. and Wil- 
liam H. Crawford of Ga. leads the 
two Houses. 

The majority force Madison to declare 
war against Great Britain as a condition 
of his reelection. New England is re- 
luctant to engage in war. 

Nov. 18. Differences are settled respect- 
ing the attack on the frigate Chesa- 
peake; Great Britain makes reparation. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1809 June 28. Vt. The first steam- 
boat appears on Lake Champlain. 

1810 June * IX. S. Third Census ; 17 
States: 5,863,073 white ; 1,377,808 colored 
population (186,446 free colored, 1,191,363 
slaves); total population, 7,239,822. In- 
crease, 36.38 per cent. Center of popula- 
tion, 40 miles northwest of Washington ; 
westward movement in 10 years, 36 miles. 

Oct. 6. Pa. A mill near Philadelphia 
makes the first cotton print goods 
printed from cylinders (superseding 
block-printing). 

* * D. C. The first agricultural exhi- 
bition is held at Georgetown. 

* * Ore. Astoria is founded by the Pa- 
cific Fur Company, John Jacob Astor 
president. 

* * Kags are first imported to supply ISO 
paper-mills. 

1811 May 19. New York. A great 
fire consumes 100 buildings. 

Oct. 29. Pa. The first steamboat on 
Western waters leaves Pittsburg for New 
Orleans. 



118 1811, Bee. 16-1812. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1812 Jan. 27. Maj.-Gen. Henry 
Dearborn is appointed (9th) com- 
mander of the army. 

Apr. 11. Fa. Four British barges 
are taken in Hampton Roads by the 
U. S. frigate Constellation and revenue 
cutter Jefferson ; 80 prisoners. 

Apr. 25. Capt. Cothell of the privateer 
schooner Surprise, 10 guns, captures 
the British brig Kutous, 12 guns, laden 
■with coffee, and brings her into port. 

THE FIFTH WAR. 

June 18-1815 Feb 17. The "War of 
1812, with Great Britain. 

[Two generals win renown : Gen. Wil- 
liam Henry Harrison, as commander of 
the army in Canada, and Gen. Andrew 
Jackson as a fighter of Indians in the 
South and later as the hero at New 
Orleans. Men enrolled, S5,000 regulars, 
471,622 militia and volunteers.] 

July 2. The American embargo expires 
by its own limitation ; Capt. David Porter 
of the U. S. ship Essex sails on a cruise 
against the British ; motto on his flag, 
"Free Trade and Sailors' Rights." 

July 12. "William Hull, governor of 
Michigan, crosses the Detroit River with 
1,500 men to capture Fort Maiden, 
hut fails through incompetence. 

July 17. Mich. The important Ameri- 
can post at Mackinaw is surprised 
and surrendered to the British. 

Aug. 5. Mich. Maj. Thomas B. Van 
Home, with 200 Americans, is de- 
feated in a skirmish with 600 Indians 
and British at Brownstown, 

Aug. 7. Mich. Gen. Hull returns from 
Canada without attempting anything. 

Aug. 9. Mich. The British, with In- 
dians (900) under Tecumseh, are defeated 
by Col. Miller (600) at Maguaga, near 
Brownstown. 

Aug. 13. The Essex, Capt. David Porter, 
in a fight of eight minutes, forces the 
British sloop Alert to strike her flag. 

Aug. 15. III. The Indians treacher- 
ously turn on the retreating garrison 
and refugees, near Fort Dearborn 
(Chicago), and murder 52 persons, in- 
cluding 12 children ; the women and 
other prisoners are distributed among 
the savages. 

Aug. 16. Mich. Gen. Hull, with 2,500 
Americans, surrenders Detroit to Gen. 
Brock with 1 ,300 British. [The surrender 
is made without firing a gun, and is 
characterized as the most shameful of 
any in the history of the country ; and 
a court-martial decides that Hull is a 
patriot and yet a coward.] 

Aug. 19. A naval battle and great 
American victory occurs off the coast of 
Massachusetts. 

Captain Dacres surrenders the British 
ship-of-war Gxierr'uri' to Capt. Isaac Hull 
of the frigate Constitution, after receiv- 
ing a territie broadside. Losses: British, 
15 killed and G3 wounded; American, 7 
killed and 7 wounded. 

Oct. 4. JV. Y. A British force under 
Lieut.-Col. Jjethbridge embarks in 25 
boats and two gunboats, to capture 



Ogdensburg; they are driven back by 
Gen. Brown without effecting a landing. 

Oct. 8. Capt. Elliott captures two British 
frigates on Lake Erie. 

Oct. 13. Can. British batteries at 
Qjieenstown are captured by the 
Americans ; retaken through disgraceful 
conduct of the New York militia, who 
refuse to leave the State ; 2,200 Ameri- 
cans under Van Rensselaer surrender to 
2,500 British under Brock ; American 
loss, 99 killed, 900 wounded. 

Oct. 18. Naval battle off the coast of 
Virginia. 

Capt. Jacob Jones, in the sloop-of-war 
Wasp, 18 guns, after an engagement 
lasting three-quarters of an hour, takes 
Capt. Whinyates with the British brig 
Frolic of 22 guns ; immediately after the 
capture, the British seventy-four gun 
ship Poictiers arrives and captures the 
Wasp and the wreck of the Frolic. 

Oct. 25. Naval battle west of the Ca- 
nary Isles ; Commodore Decatur, with the 
frigate United States, of 44 guns, attacks 
the British frigate Macedonia, of 49 
guns, and after fighting two hours the 
latter surrenders, with a loss of 100 
killed and wounded. 

Nov. 23. X. Y. The Northern army, 
under Gen. Dearborn, goes into winter 
quarters at Plattsburg, Burlington, and 
Greenbush. 

Dec. 12. Capt. Porter, with the ship 
Essex, captures the British packet 
Nocton, having on board S55,000 in specie. 

Dec. 29. Naval Battle off the coast of 
Brazil. 

Commodore Bainbridge, with the Con- 
stitution, captures the British frigate 
Java after a battle of 2 hours, in which 
200 men are killed or wounded, and 
every mast is torn out. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1811 Dec. 16. An earthquake is felt 
from Pittsburg and Ohio to Savannah. 

* * Mass. Manufacture of chemicals 
is begun in New England at Salem. 

1812 Feb. 7. Phila. An earthquake 
at Philadelphia and elsewhere for 30 



* *New York. The City HaH is com- 
pleted. 

English workmen commence the 
manufacture of pins with imported 
machines ; price one dollar a paper. 

The steamboat Richmond is built. 

* * Pa. The first rolling-mill at Pitts- 
burg is erected. 

* * Phila. The Academy of Natural 
Sciences is organized. 

* * The Dead Man Revived by Touch of 
Elisha's Bones is painted by "Washing- 
ton Allston. 

* * Mass. The first cotton-mill at Fall 
River is in operation. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1812* * 

Abbot, Samuel, founder of Andover Semi- 
nary, A 80. 
Alexander, John Henry, scientist, b. in Md. 
Appleton, Thomas Hold, author, b. in Mass. 
Andrews, Stephen P., lawyer, writer, b. Mass. 
Ball, Eph 'in, inventor of "Buckeye "mower, 



Bannister, Henry, theological professor, b. 

I'.arlow, Joel, statesman, poet, A 56. 
linekmirist'-r. Joseph, (.'one 'lert'vman, A61. 
Chirk, HaviK H'a^atf, M. K. bp., b. in Me. 
(lark, Thomas Mareli, I*, h. ho. of R. I., b. 
in Mass. 

Clinton, George, 4th Vice-Pres. of U. s., a?3. 

Clinton. James, K'*n. in Kevol'n War. A76. 
Elliott, Charles L., portrait painter, D. N.Y. 

Flint, Austin, physician, medical writer, 

Flor.-na. Thomas p... M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

Gammel, William, author, born in Mass. 

«.ari>.-.....rt. p. t- r. officer m Involution, A63. 

Gardner, logos! E., physician, b. in Mass. 

Gilder, William II.. <■!.. .-Iitur. I,, in Phila. 

Haldeman, Samuel S., naturalist, philolo- 
gist, born in Pa. 

Hawks, Cicero s.. P. E. bp. of Mo., b. N. C. 

Hill, Joshua, senator for Ca., horn in 8. ' . 

Hoe. Richard M.. inventor of printing- 
press, born in N.Y. 

Klngsley, Calvin, M. E. bp.* born in N.Y. 

Marshall. Humphrey, Coufed.gen., M. C. for 
Ky., born in Ky. 

Mayo, Wni. Starbuck, novelist, physician, 
born in N.Y. 

Osgood, Frances Sarcent. poet, b. in Mass. 

Perkins, Geo. Roberts, mathematician, born 
in N.Y. 

Prime. Sam. Irenseus. N.Y. Observer, born 
in N.Y. 

Reynolds, Wm. M., P. E. clergyman, author, 

Rogers, John, rear-admiral XT. S. N., born. 
Sargent, Epes, author, born in .Mass. 
Stephens. Alex. H.. Confed. Vice-Pres.; 

sen. for Ga., b. in Ga. 
Trail, Russell Thacher, hydropathist, born in 

Warren, Wm., Jr., comedian, born in Pa, 
"Waters, Horace, philanthropist, born. 
Williams, Sam. Wells, Chinese scholar, born 

in N.Y. 
■Wilson. Henry, Vice-Pres.; senator for 

Mass., born in N. H., Feb. 26. 



CHURCH. 

1811 * * Boston. The Evangelical 
Tract Society is organized. 

* * Conn. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in New 
Haven ; only two bishops present. 

* * The Protestant Episcopal Church 
in America is declared to be the church 
formerly known as the Church of Eng- 
land in America. 

* * Mass. Organization of the " Salem 
Female Cent Society " (Baptist). 

* * Mass. The General Association of 
Congregationalists is allowed delegates 
to the Presbyterian General Assembly. 

* * &'. Y. The Kelig^ous Tract Society 
is organized at Albany. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Eliphalet Nott, 
moderator. 

1812 Feb. 6. Mass. Messrs. Judson, 
Hall, Xewell, Nott, and Kice are or- 
dained at Salem for service in foreign 
missions (Congregationalist). 

Feb. 19. Mass. Messrs. Judson and 
NeweU, with their wives, sail from Sa- 
lem for Calcutta ; Bombay being selected 
as the first mission of the American 
Board. 

Feb. 22. Phila. Messrs. Hall, Kice, 
and Nott, with Mrs. Nott, sail for Cal- 
cutta as missionaries. 

May 1-22. X?w York. The sixth (first 
delegated) General Conference (.Meth- 
odist Episcopal) meets. 

June 2. Pa. Thomas and Alexander 
CampbeU (Disciples of Christ) are im- 
mersed by a Baptist minister. 



UNITED STATES. 



1811, Dec. 16-1812. 119 



June * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Andrew Flinn, 
moderator. 

June 12. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) approves the suggestion of the 
American Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions respecting the organi- 
zation for cooperation of a similar board 
by the Presbyterian Church. 

June 17. India. Missionaries Judson 
and Newell and their wives arrive at 
Calcutta. 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany ; Jacob Sickles, 
president. 

Oct. 15. S. C. Consecration of Theo. 
Dehon (Protestant Episcopal) bishop for 
South Carolina. 

* * Conn. Organization of the Female 
Foreign Missionary Society of New 
Haven. (Contributes §177.09 to the 
American Board.) 

* * La. The first Baptist church is organ- 
ized in Louisiana on Bayou Chico. 

* * N. J. Princeton is selected by the 
Presbyterians as the location for a theo- 
logical school ; a board of directors is 
chosen, and Dr. Archibald Alexander 
is elected professor. 

LETTERS. 
1811* * Mass. The Amherst College 
Library is founded [47,000 vols.]. 

* * New York. Rev. William Harris is 
elected president of Columbia College. 

* * New York. The Literary Miscellany 
appears. 

* * Phila. Select Views of Literature ap- 
pears. 

* * -13 * * The American Review of His- 
tory and Politics appears. 

1812* * Mass. The General Repertory 
and Revieio, the first American quar- 
terly, is issued at Cambridge, by An- 
drews Norton. 

The American Antiquarian Society 
Library is founded at Worcester 
[85,000 vols.]. 

* * N. J. The Presbyterian Theological 
Seminary Library is founded at Prince- 
ton [50,000 vols.]. 

* * N. Y. Hamilton College (Pres.) is 
organized at Clinton. 

The U. S. Military Academy Library 
is founded at West Point [30,000 vols.]. 

* * Phila. The library of the Academy 
of Natural Science is founded [35,000 
vols.]. 

* * Judgment : A Vision, by Hillhouse, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1812 May* New York. The (Meth. 
Epis.) General Conference votes down 
the resolution, " That no stationed or 
local preacher shall retail spirituous 
or malt liquors, without forfeiting his 
ministerial character among us." 

July 27. Md. A mob in Baltimore at- 
tacks some of the anti-war party and 
is repulsed j 2 are killed and others 



wounded. [Later it attacks the jail and 
kills General Lingan and eleven others.] 
Nov. * N. H. Daniel "Webster enters 
political life as representative in Con- 
gress from his native State. 

* * U. S. A. A gill of rum, whisky, or 
brandy is made a part of the regular 
daily ration of each soldier. 

STATE. 

1811 * * D. C. Congress authorizes an 
additional army of 25,000 men. 

* *New York. De "Witt Clinton, is 
elected the 50th mayor. 

* * D. C. Joseph Story of Mass. and 
Gabriel Duval of Md. are appointed 
Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court. 

* * B. C. Congress has its first agita- 
tion over the admission of a slave State 
on the application of Louisiana. 

It results in the plan of a twin-birth 
of States, one free and the other slave, 
after the admission of Louisiana [which 
enters the Union alone]. 

* * Phila. The charter of the First 
National Bank expires. It fails of 
renewal by the casting vote of the Presi- 
dent of the Senate. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-13 * * Conn. Roger Griswold. 
-14 * * Del. Joseph Haslett. 

-13 * * Ind. Ter. John Gibson. 
-14 * * N. C. Wm. Hawkins. 
-17 * * R. I. William Jones. 

Va. James Monroe. 
-12 * * Va. George W. Smith. 

* * Ore. Astoria is settled as a trading- 
post. 

1812 Jan. 1. U.S. The National debt 
$45,209,737. 

Feb. 2. John Henry, an Irish-American, 
exposes a conspiracy of the British 
Ministry and the Governor of Canada to 
sow discontent in New England, with a 
view to its secession and union with 
Canada, for which Henry was promised 
$5,000 per annum. 

Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The British 
plot to dismember the Union is dis- 
closed. Its exposure solidifies public 
sentiment against the English ; Henry 
receives $50,000 public money for disclos- 
ing it, and immediately sails for France. 

Mar. 24. I). C. Congress ; Senate : 
"William H. Crawford of Ga. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

Apr. 4. D. C. A third Embargo Act 
is passed by Congress. 

It is a retaliatory measure, caused by 
the impressment of 6,000 American sea- 
men, and it lays an embargo for 90 days 
on all British vessels within the juris- 
diction of the United States. 

Apr. 30. D. C. Congress admits Loui- 
siana into the Union as the 18th State. 

June 1. D. C. Congress receives a war 
message from the President. 

June 18. B.C. Congress declares 
war against England and votes to raise 
an army of 35,000 men. Vote — Senate, 
19-13 ; House, 79-10. 

June 19. B.C. The President pro- 
claims war against Great Britain ; 



25,000 enlistments for the regular army, 
50,000 volunteers, and 100,000 militia are 
called for. 

Causes of the war : impressment of 
American seamen, seizure of Americans 
on the high seas while sailing under 
their country's Mag ; offensive action of 
British cruisers ; Orders in Council 
affecting the rights of neutrals, etc. 

* * Massachusetts, Connecticut, and 
Rhode Island oppose the war, refuse 
to furnish the levies of troops, and 
threaten to secede. 

June 23. Eng. The British Government 
repeals its Orders in Council, but it is 
too late to stop the war. 

June 30. Algeria. The Dey of Algiers 
is forced to sign a treaty of peace, re- 
leasing all American prisoners and relin- 
quishing all claim to tribute. 

July 6. D. C. The 12th Congress : the 
first session closes. 

July * The Dey of Algiers believes the 
Americans unable to defend themselves 
against Great Britain, so commences a 
piratical warfare on their shipping, 
and also extorts a large sum of money 
from Mr, Lear, the American consul, as 
the price of his freedom. 

Nov. 2. D. a The 12th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

* * Seventh Presidential election. The 
Democrat-Republicans defeat the Feder- 
alists and reelect Madison. 

Dec. 26. Great Britain proclaims the 
blockade of the Chesapeake and the 
Delaware. 

* * Pa. The State capital is removed 
from Lancaster to Harrisburg. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-16 * * Ky. Isaac Shelby. 

-16 * * la. Wm. C. C. Clayborne. 

-16 * * Mass. Caleb Strong. 

-13 * * N.H. William Plumer. 

N. J. Joseph Bloomfield. 

-13 * *N.J. Aaron Ogden. 

-14 * * S. C Joseph Alston. 

-14 * * Va. James Barbour. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1811 Dec. 26. Va. A theater at 
Richmond, containing about 600 people, 
burns, and 75 lives are lost. 

Dec. 31. Mass. At Newburyport 200 
buildings burn ; loss, $600,000. 

* * New York. Five steamboats are now 
running between New York and Albany, 
and one between New York and New 
Brunswick, N. J. (Philadelphia route). 

* *JV. Y. A ferry-boat propelled by 
steam runs between New York and Ho- 
boken ; the first in the country. 

* * N. Y. The mails pass through Long 
Island weekly. 

1812 * * U. S. The naval victories of 
Americans over the greatest of naval 
powers raise intense excitement. 

* * N. Y. The first house in Rochester is 
erected. 

* * O. Columbus is laid out and made 
the capital of the State. 



120 



1812-1813. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1812 * * Five naval duels occur during 
this year, in which the American frig- 
ates either capture or sink their British 
adversaries. 

* * During the year American privateers 
capture over 300 British vessels. 

1813 Jan. 18. Mich. Frenchtown is 
taken from an invading force of British 
and Indians by Americans under Gen. 
Winchester, who encamp in the town. 

Jan. 22. Mich. The British (1,500) under 
Gen. Proctor retake Frenchtown, and 
Gen. Winchester and his 800 troops are 
made prisoners of war ; 2G0 wounded 
Americans are massacred by the Indians. 

Jan. * The army of the West is com- 
manded by Gen. W. H, Harrison ; the 
army of the Center, near Niagara River, 
by Gen. Dearborn, and the army of 
the North, near Lake Champlain, by 
Gen. Hampton. 

Feb. 1. The American privateer schooner 
Hazzard, of 3 guns and 38 men, captures 
the British merchant ship Albion, of 12 
guns and 15 men. 

Feb. 4. Va. The frigate Constellation is 
chased into Norfolk by a British squad- 

Feb. 5. The British Admiral Warren 
declares Chesapeake Bay to be in a 
state of blockade. 

Feb. 7. Can. Capt. Forsyth, with 200 
volunteers, crosses from Morristown to 
Elizabeth, and surprises the British ; 
he takes 52 prisoners, 140 muskets, with 
ammunition, and liberates from jail 16 
British deserters. 

Feb. 22. N. Y. Ogdensburg is taken 
by the British under Col. McDonell. 

Feb. 23. The Albion is recaptured by 
the British cutter Caledonia, of 8 guns 
and 38 men. 

Feb. 24. The sloop-of-war Hornet, com- 
manded by Capt. Lawrence, attacks and 
in 15 minutes defeats the British man- 
of-war Peacock; the latter soon sinks. 

Feb. 26. The Hazard captures the 
British frigate Albion and the cutter 
Caledonia. 

Mar. 10. The schooner Adeline sinks the 
British schooner Lottery in Chesapeake 
Bay. 

Mar. 11. The privateer schooner General 
Armstrong, 18 guns, escapes from a Brit- 
ish frigate, 24 guns, off Surinam River, 
with the loss of 6 killed and 16 wounded. 

Mar. 14. British vessels blockade the 
Delaware River. 

Mar. 16. Del. Capt. Beresford, of the 
British ship Poictiers, 74 guns, at Lewis- 
ton, demands 25 oxen, vegetables, etc. ; 
he threatens to destroy the town ; the 
people refuse his demand. 

Mar. 26. N. Y. American batteries at 
Black Rock silence the lower battery of 
the British. 

Mar. 30 ±. Miss. Gen. Andrew Jack- 
son's army of 2,070 men disbands, by 
order of the Government. 

Apr. 3. Md. Action near Urbana, on the 
Chesapeake, between 17 British barges 



and 4 American vessels ; one of the latter 
is taken by the British. 

Apr. 6. Del. Lewiston is bombarded 
for about 20 hours, with little damage, 
by the British frigate Belvidere. 

Apr. 9. Mass. The frigate Chesapeake. 
returns from her cruise to Boston, hav- 
ing captured two British brigs, one ship, 
one American brig with a British license, 
and a schooner. 

Apr. 16. Md. Part of the British squad- 
ron anchors off Patapsco River, in sight 
of Baltimore. 

Apr. 20. O. The advance of the British 
and Indians appears at Fort Meigs. 

Apr. 27. Can. Americans (1,700), under 
Gen. Pike, assault and capture York 
(Toronto), the capital of Upper Canada, 
with property valued at $500,000. Brit- 
ish force under Sheaffe, 1,500; American 
loss, 300. 

Apr. 28. The American privateer York- 
town captures the British brig Avery, 
with a valuable cargo, and brings her 
into port. 

Apr. 29. British ships Montezuma and 
Policy, each 10 guns, and Georgiana, 6 
guns and 4 swivels, capture the frigate 
Essex near Albemarle Island. 

British Admiral Cockburn burns the 

storehouses of Frenchtown on the Ches- 
apeake Bay ; he also burns two ships 
and plunders private houses. 

May 1-5. O. Gen. W. H. Harrison is 
besieged at Fort Meigs by 2,000 British 
and savages under Gen. Proctor and 
Chief Tecumseh ; Gen. Henry Clay, 
with 1,200 Kentuckians, reenforces Har- 
rison. American loss, 800. 

May 3. Md. HavTe de Grace is burned 
by the British under Admiral Cockburn. 

May 9. O. Proctor abandons the siege 
of Fort Meigs after the desertion of his 
Indian allies. 

May 27. Can. Fort George, near the 
Niagara River, is taken from Gen. Vin- 
cent by the Americans under Gen. Dear- 
born ; loss, 72 killed and wounded. 

A British squadron appears before 

Sackett's Harbor. 

May 29. N. Y. The British (1.000) under 
Sir George Prevost are repulsed in an 
attack on Sackett's Harbor by (1,000) 
Americans under Gen. Jacob Brown, 
who lose 100 killed and wounded; Brit- 
ish loss, 260 killed and wounded. 

May 30. The privateer Yankee captures 
the British brig Thames. (Cargo sold 
for §180,000.) 

June 1. Naval battle eastward of Cape 
Ann, 

The British frigate Shannon, Capt. 
Broke, defeats and captures the frigate 
Chesapeake, Capt. Lawrence, who dies 
crying, " Don't give up the ship ! " The 
action lasts only fifteen minutes. 

June 6. Can. At Burlington Heights the 
Americans under Gen."Winder repulse an 
attack of the British under Gen. Vincent. 

July 8. Can. Outposts of Americans at 
Fort George are attacked by British 
and Indians ; cruelties of the Indians 
lead to the employment of Indians by 
Americans in retaliation. 



July 17. Can. British and Indians at- 
tack an outwork at Fort George and are 
repulsed. 

July 21. O. Gen. Proctor, with about 
4,000 troops, again besieges Fort Meigs 
[for a few days and retires]. 

THE SIXTH WAR. 

July 27 -1814 Aug. 9. "War with 
Creek Indians concurrent with the 
fifth war. 13,781 men enrolled. 

July 31. A". Y. Plattsburg is taken 
by the British without opposition. 

Aug. 2. 0. Gen. Proctor (1,300) assaults 
Fort Stephenson on the Lower San- 
dusky River; he is repulsed by Col. 
George Croghan (100) and retires. 

Aug. 14. The American brig Argus, after 
a successful cruise, is captured by the 
British brig Pelican of about equal force. 

Aug. 30. Ala. The Creek Indians sur- 
prise Fort Mims, north of Mobile; a 
massacre follows. 

Sept. 5. The British brig Boxer surren- 
ders to the American brig Enterprise, 
after an engagement of forty minutes, 
off the coast of Maine ; the commanders 
of both vessels fall, and are buried side 
by side. 

Sept. 10. Naval Battle and American 
victory on Lake Erie, near Put-in-Bay. 

Commodore O. H. Perry, who had 
never seen a naval battle, with an Amer- 
ican fleet of nine vessels, carrying 54 
guns, captures the British fleet of 6 
vessels, carrying 63 guns, under Com- 
modore Barclav. This battle gives the 
Americans control of the lake. 

Sept. 27. Gen. W. H. Harrison in- 
vades Canada from Detroit. 

Oct. 5. Can. Gen. Harrison, with 2,500 
Americans, defeats Gen. Proctor with 
2,000 British, on the River Thames , 
Tecumseh, the Shawnee chief, is slain. 
American loss 50 killed and wounded. 

Nov. 3. Ala. Gen. Coffee, with 900 
men, surrounds a body of Indians at 
TaUushatches and kills about 200 of 
them. 

Nov. 5. Can. Aforceof 7,000 Americans 
embarks at French Creek and de- 
scends the St. Lawrence River to take 
Montreal. 

Nov. 8. Ala. Battle of Talladega; 
Creek Indians are defeated by Gen. 
Jackson. 

Nov. 11. Can. Severe skirmish at "Wil- 
liamsburg ; the Americans, led by Gen- 
eral Brown, lose 300, and the British 200 
men. 

An indecisive action at Chrystler's 
Field ; 1,500 Americans under John P. 
Boyd, engage 2,000 British under Morri- 
son ; reenforcements not arriving, the 
expedition against Montreal is aban- 
doned; 200 Americans are killed or 
wounded. 

Nov. 29. Ala. Battle of Autosse; the 
Creeks defeated by Gen. A. Jackson, the 
hero of this war. 

Dec. 12. Can. On the approach of the 
British, Gen. McClure abandons Fort 
George after burning Newark. 



UNITED STATES. 



1812-1813. 



121 



Dec. 19. i\ r . Y. The British take pos- 
session of Fort Niagara, and proceed 
to retaliate for the burning of Newark, 
by burning Youngstown, Lewiston, 
Manchester, and the Indian Tuscarora 
village. 

Dec. 30. N. r. The British burn Black 
Bock and Buffalo. 

* * Depredations of British marines and 
soldiers in the Chesapeake and Delaware 
Bays ; Lewiston is bombarded. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 
1813 * * New York. The first stereo- 
typing is done. (See p. 91.) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1813* * 
Allen, William Henry, naval officer, A29. 
Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, Unit, clergyman, 

born in Me. 
Beecher, Henry "Ward, Cong, clergyman, 

orator, born in Conn. June 24. 
Blair, Montgomery, l'.M.G., b. in Ky. 
Bradley, Joseph P., U. S. Ct., born in N. J. 
Cassin, John, urnithulogist, born in Pa. 
Clymer, George, M. C. for Pa., A74. 
Crancb, Christopher P., artist, poet,b. in Va. 
Crawford, Thunms, sculptor, born in N.Y. 
Dana, James Dwig'ht, geologist, b. in N.Y. 
Douglas, Stephen Arnold, Sen. for 111., 

born in Vt. 
Dwight, John S., musical critic, b. in Mass. 
Franklin, William, <;ov. of N. J., A84. 
Tremont, John Charles, explorer, general 

U. S. A., born in Ga. 
GUes, Chauncey, Swedcnborgian clergyman, 

born in Mass. 
Hamilton, Prank, surgeon, born in Vt. 
Harmar, Josiah, general U. S. A., A60. 
Healy, George Peter Alex., painter, b. Mass. 
Jarvis, Abraham, P. E. bp. of Conn., A74. 
Lawrence, James, naval captain, A32. 
Livingston, Kobt. K., minister to Fr., jurist, 

A66. 
Loseing-, Benson J., historian, b. in N.Y. 
Otterbein, Philip Wm., Ger. Am. f der of 

Church of United Brethren in Christ, A87. 
Parsons, Theoplnlits, jurist of Mass., A63. 
Peters, Christian Henry F., astronomer, born 

Pike, Zebulon M., brig.-gen., explorer, A34. 
Porter, Andrew, general C. S. A., A70. 
Porter, David Dixon, admiral, b. in Pa. 
Randolph, Edmund, Gov. of Va., A60. 
Sedgwick, John, ma j. -gen. U. S. A., b. Conn. 
Sedgwick, Theo., Gov. of Conn., M. C., 

speaker, A 67. 
Stephens, Anna Sophia, author, b. in Conn. 
Still6, Alfred, phvs., medical writer, b. in Pa. 
Tecumseh, Chief of the Sliawnees, A43. (?) 
Thurman, Allen. G., sen. for O., b. W. Va. 
Trumbull, Lyman, sen. for 111., b. in Conn. 
Tuckerman, Henry Theo., art-critic, born 

in Mass. 
Whiting, William, lawyer, born in Mass. 
Wilson, Alex., Scottish ornithologist in Am., 

A47. 

CHURCH. 
1812 * * N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod 
of Geneva is formed. 

* * New York. The New York Tract 
Society is organized. 

* * Pa. A religious romance, written in 
imitation of Scripture style, by Rev. 
Solomon Spaulding appears in a print- 
ing-office at Pittsburg. Book of Mor- 
mon (?) 

* * The Ohio (Methodist Episcopal) Con- 
ference is formed. 

* * The Baptists commence their mis- 
sionary work by forwarding to the 
English Baptist Society S4,650 in aid of 
the translation of the Scriptures into 
the languages of India. 

* * The Methodist Episcopal Church 
begins home mission work ; Bishop 
Asbury solicits funds for it. 



1813 June* The Union American 
Methodist Episcopal Church is organ- 
ized. 

Oct. * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; James S. Cannon, 
president. 

* * The first legacy for missions is granted 
to the American Board. 

The sum of $345.83 out of an estate of 
$500, left by Sally Thomas of Cornish, 
a domestic, whose highest, wages were 50 
cents a week. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets; Samuel Batchford, 
moderator. 

* * The Presbyterian synods of North 
Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia 
are formed. 

LETTERS. 

1812 * * The Diverting History of John 
Bull and Brother Jonathan, by J. K. 
Paulding, appears. 

* * Boston. The Christian Disciple ap- 
pears. 

1813 Jan. 13. N. Y. First issue of 
the Albany Argus. 

Mar. 3. Boston. First issue of the Bos- 
ton Daily Advertiser, the first success- 
ful daily paper in this city. 

* * Me. A charter is obtained for the 
Maine Literary and Theological Institu- 
tion by Baptists. 

* * Phila. The Analytical Magazine ap- 
pears. 

* * Demetria is written by Hillhouse. 

* * Six additional volumes of Ornithology, 
by Wilson, appear. 

* * Grammar of the Hebrew Language, 
without Points , by Moses Stuart, appears. 

* * Sylphs of the Seasons, by Washington 
AUston, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1812 Jan. 9. N. J. A society is formed 
at Trenton for organizing a colony of 
colored people. 

Aug. * Ala. The Creek Indians mas- 
sacre 400 persons at Fort Mims ; not 
a woman or child is spared. 

* * Mich. The British Gen. Proctor leaves 
the wounded Americans at Frenchtown 
to the merciless brutalities of the In- 
dians, who use the scalp-knife, toma- 
hawk, and the torch to destroy many ; 
others are taken into captivity. 

* * Va. John Tyler marries Letitia 
Christian. 

STATE. 

1813 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 

§55,962,827. 

Feb. 6. D. C. The Government orders 
all alien enemies to report themselves 
to the marshals of the districts in which 
they reside. 

Feb. 12. X>. C. Congress counts the 
Electoral vote. 

Vote for President: James Madison, 
of Va. (Republican), 1L!S ; De Witt Clin- 
ton, of N. V. (Federalist), 80. For Vice- 
President : Elbridge Gerry of Mass. 
(Republican), 131 ; Jared Ingersoll of Pa. 



(Federalist), 86. Vacancy, 1. 



Mar. 4. D.C. The 12th Congress ends. 
Second term of the 4th Adminis- 
tration; Democratic-Republican. 

James Madison of Va., the 4th 
President, enters his second term — 
the seventh term of the Presidency; El- 
bridge Gerry of Mass. is Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet : James Monroe of Va. 
(State), Albert Gallatin of Pa. (Treas- 
ury), John Armstrong of Pa. (War), 
"William Jones of Pa. (Navy), also 
"William Pinkney of Md. Attorney- 
General for a time [and later Richard 
Rush of Pa.]. 

Mar. 20. Great Britain proclaims the 
whole Atlantic Coast under a block- 
ade, with the exception of the New 
England (anti-war, Federal) States. 

May 24. D. C. The 13th Congress 
opens. 

Va. Thomas Jefferson writes indig- 
nantly of English outrages. . 

"They have impressed two nephews 
of General Washington returning from 
Europe, and put them as common sea- 
men under the ordinary discipline of 
their ships-of-war." 

Aug. 2. D. C. The 13th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Dec. 6. D. C. The 13th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

* * D. C. Congress; Senate : Joseph B. 
Varnum of Mass. is again elected 
President pro tempore. 

Dec. 19. D. C. Congress passes an 
Embargo Act (the fourth) against all 
exports whatever. 

* * D. C. Congress establishes a system 
of internal revenue from direct tax 
and excise. 

* * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-18 * * Conn. John Cotton Smith. 
-15 * * Ga. Peter Early. 

-16 * *Ind. (Ter.). Thomas Posey. -+ 
-31* * Mich. (Ter.). Lewis Cass. 
-16 * * N. H. John T. Gilman. 
-15 * * N. J. Wm. S. Pennington. 
-15 * * Vt. Martin Chittenden. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1812 * * Pa. Nine wagons loaded with 
anthracite coal are hauled 106 miles to 
Philadelphia ; two loads are sold at cost 
of transportation, and seven given away, 
and the sale is denounced as a fraud. 

* * The first steamboat navigates the 
Ohio. 

* * Phila. A steam-ferry first connects 
Philadelphia and Camden. 

* * New Eng. The large foreign com- 
merce of the Eastern States is wholly 
destroyed. 

1813 May 10. N. V. A steam-ferry 
first connects Brooklyn and New York. 

Nov. 22. N. H. A great fire occurs at 
Portsmouth ; over 300 buildings are con- 
sumed. 

* * Ore. Astoria is sold to the North 
West Company. 



122 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1814 Jan. 22. Ala. Battle of Emuc- 
fau ; the Creeks are defeated by Gen. 
Jackson. 

Feb. 5. 0. Seventeen British officers are 
put in close confinement at Chillicothe 
by way of retaliation. 

Feb. 13-K Gen. "Wilkinson burns his 
boats in Salmon River, and breaks up 
cantonment at French Mills ; Gen. 
Brown goes to Sackett's Harbor, and 
Gen. Macomb, with the Army of the 
North, marches for Plattsburg through 
snow three feet deep. 

Feb. 21. K. T, Col. Scott and 2,000 Brit- 
ish arrive at French Mills, burn the 
arsenal at Malone, and pillage the town. 

Mar. 4. The British are defeated at 
Longwood, about 100 miles from De- 
troit, losing 80 men ; American loss, 8 
men. 

Mar. 27. Ala. Gen. Jackson defeats 
the Creek Indians at Horse-shoe ; Jack- 
son's loss 91 killed, Indian loss 800. 

Mar. 28. British ship Phoebe and sloop-of- 
war Cherub, in all 81 guns and 500 men, 
capture in the neutral port of Valparaiso 
the United States frigate Essex, 52 guns, 
255 men, Capt. Porter. 

Mar. * JT. Y. The Army of the North 
leaves Plattsburg and invades Canada. 

Mar. 30. Can. Gen. Wilkinson, -with 
4,000 Americans, is repulsed at La Colle 
Mills by Gen. Hancock with 2,000 British 
and falls back on Plattsburg ; American 
loss, 13 killed and 123 wounded ; British, 
13 killed, 45 wounded. 

Apr. 7- Conn. Saybrookeis surprised 
by a force of 200 British marines, who 
burn the shipping, spike the cannon, 
and safely retreat to their ships. 

Apr. 14. Europe. Napoleon having ab- 
dicated, the British are free to rein- 
force their armies in America; they 
aim at the conquest of Louisiana. 

Apr. 21. Com. Bainbridge, sloop Erotic, 
is taken by the British frigate Orpheus. 

Apr. 29. The sloop-of-war Peacock, 20 
guns, 1G0 men, captures the British brig 
E,peroier, 18 guns and 128 men, with 
$118,000 on board. 

May * Wis. Prairie du Chien is taken 
by an American force of 200 men. 

June 28. Near the British Channel the 
sloop Wasp, Capt. Blakely, captures the 
British brig Reindeer, Capt. Manners. 

July 3. Can. Gens. Brown, Winfield 
Scott and Bipley cross the Niagara 
River, and 200 British at Fort Erie sur- 
render without a battle. 

July 5. Can. Battle of Chippewa. 
The Americans under Gen. Brown de- 
feat the British under Gen. Kiall, in a 
battle south of the Chippewa River. 
Losses: American, 33S; British, 500. 

July 11. Me. A British fleet takes East- 
port. 

July 20. The privateer General Arm- 
strong arrives at New York, having 
captured 11 British vessels. 



* * Can. Large reinforcements arrive i<>r 

the British. Many of these are veterans 

who served under Wellington in Spain. 
July 25. Can. Battle of Lundy's 

Lane, fought at night, near Niagara. 

[Both sides claim the victory.] 
Gen. Brown (2,000) defeats the British 

(4,500) under Gen. Drummond. Gens. 

Brown and Scott are wounded. Losses : 

British, 878, Americans, 858. 

Aug. 4. Can. Gen. Drummond, with a 
British force, besieges Gen. Gaines at 
Fort Erie. 

Mich. Col. Crogan assaults the for- 
tifications of Mackinaw, in the North- 
west, and is repulsed. 

Aug. 9+. Conn. The British, under Com- 
modore Hardy, bombard Stonington, 
and make several ineffectual attempts 
to land. 

Aug. 15. Can. The British unsuccess- 
fully assault Fort Erie, and lose nearly 
1,000 men ; American loss, 84. 

Aug. 19. Md. A British fleet in the 
Chesapeake ascends the Pawtuxet, for an 
advance on "Washington. Gen. Ross 
lands 5,000 British soldiers at Benedict. 

Aug. 24. Md. Battle of Bladensburg, 
six miles from Washington. 

Gen. "Winder is defeated ; the British 
march on Washington and burn the 
Capitol, and all the public buildings, 
except the Patent Office and the jail. 

Aug. 29. J'a. Alexandria is ransomed 
from burning by the payment of 21 ships, 
16,000 barrels flour, and 1,000 hogsheads 
of tobacco. 

Aug. * Ela. The Spaniards permit a 
British fleet to use Pensacola, to fit 
out an expedition against Fort Boyer, at 
the entrance of Mobile Bay. 

Sept. 6. A r . Y. Gen. Macomb retires 
with the Army of the North from Platts- 
burg to the south bank of the Saranac 
River. 

Sept. 9. JST. Y. Bold attack on the Brit- 
ish near Plattsburg, by Capt. JIcGlassin 
and 50 Americans. 

Sept. 11. JV~. Y. An important land and 
naval battle at Plattsburg. 

The British, under Gen. Prevost and 
Admiral Downie, are defeated bv Gen. 
Macomb and Admiral MeDonough; the 
British retreat with a loss of 1,500. 

Sept. 12. Md. The British attack Bal- 
timore ; the British Gen. Ross is killed, 
and the Americans under Gen. Smith 
fall back. 

Sept. 13. Md. The British squadron 
bombards Fort McHenry, near Balti- 
more, from sunrise till near midnight. 

Sept. 14. Md. The British abandon the 
expedition against Baltimore, after mak- 
ing demonstrations of attack. 

Sept. 15. Ala. The British attack Fort 
Boyer, commanding the entrance to 
Mobile Bay, and are repulsed. 

Sept. 17. Can. The British retire from 
the siege of Fort Erie, after a success-, 
ful sortie by the Americans, and the ap- 
proach of reinforcements. 

Oct. 29. New York. The first steam 
frigate, the Fulton, is launched. 



Nov. 5. Com. Xhe Americans evacuate 
and destroy Fort Erie, and retire to the 
American sid«*of the Niagara River; this 
ends the war in that region. 

Nov. 6. Ela. Gen. Jackson, without 
authority, at the head of 3,000 men, 
appears before the Spanish town of 
Pensacola to drive out the British, who 
blow up the fort, and in their seven 
vessels retire from the Bay. This neu- 
tral (?) port is no longer a British port 
of outfit. 

Dec. 2. La. Gen. Jackson arrives at 
New Orleans and takes command. 

Dec. 10. La. The British fleet enters 
Lake Borgne, and defeats a small squad- 
ron under Lieut. Jones, but suffers 
severely in killed and wounded. 

Dec. 14. La. The British capture a 
small American fleet; this gives them 
the command of the route to New 
Orleans, but they fail to use their 
opportunity. 

Dec. 15. La. Gen. Jackson declares 
martial law in Xew Orleans. 

Dec. 23. La Gen. Jackson attacks 
with success the British camp of 2,400 
men, nine miles below New Orleans, 
but falls back to his intrenchments, 
within 4 miles of the city. Loss on each 
side, about 200. 

Dec. 24. Belgium. The war ends — on 
paper — by the signing of the treaty of 
Peace at Ghent. (See State.) 

Dec. 28. La. The British, under Sir E. 
Pakenham, attack Gen. Jackson, and 
are repulsed. 

1815 Jan. 1. La. The British again 
attack Gen. Jackson, and are signally 
beaten. 

Jan. 4. La. Gen. Jackson is reinforced 
by 2,250 Kentuekians, mostly unarmed. 

Jan. 6. La. The English are reinforced 
at New Orleans, and have an army vari- 
ously estimated from 8.000 to 14,000. 

Jan. 8. La. Battle of New Orleans. 
The British make a desperate attack on 
Gen. Jackson, who is protected by 
breastworks of cotton bales. 

They are repulsed, with small loss 
to the Americans — S killed and 13 
wounded; British loss about 700 killed 
and 1.400 wounded. Sir E. Pakenham, 
their commanding general, and Gen. 
Gibbs, second in command, both lose 
their lives, and Gen. Keane is disabled. 

Jan. 15. The British ship Endi/mion 
captures the American frigate President. 

Jan. 18. La. The British retire from 
New Orleans. 

* * Commodore Decatur captures an 
Algerian frigate and brig, and sailing 
into the Bay of Tunis, forces the Bey 
to surrender American prisoners and re- 
linquish all claims to American tribute. 

Feb. 5. The privateer brig George Little, 
S guns, 5S men, is captured by the British 
ship Granicits. 

Feb. 11. Ala. Col. Lawrence, with 375 
men, surrenders Fort Boyer, Mobile, 
to 5,000 British, with a large fleet, under 
Gen. Lambert. 



UNITED STATES. 1814, Jan. 1-1815, Apr. 6. 123 



Feb. 20. Naval Battle off Cape St. 
Vincent. 

The frigate Constitution, after a severe 
fight, captures the British brigs Cyane, 
30 guns, and the Levant, IS guns. 

Mar. 4. The privateer brig Aspasia, 3 
guns, 25 men, is captured by the British 
brig Volontaire. 

Mar. 8. The British ship Tiber, Capt. 
Dacres, captures the privateer Leo, Capt. 
Hemes, with seven guns and 93 men. 

Mar. 19. U. S. Military operations on 
land entirely cease. 

Mar. 24. Naval battle off the coast of 
Brazil. 

In 22 minutes the brig Hornet, 16 guns, 
Capt. Biddle, captures the British brig 
Penguin, IS guns and a 12-pound car- 
ronade, having 132 men under Capt. 
Dickinson ; British loss, 14 killed, 28 
wounded ; American loss, one killed, 11 
wounded. 

Apr. 6. Eng. American prisoners in 
Dartmoor prison are fired upon by 
their guard, and many of them killed 
and wounded ; [the Prince-regent cen- 
sures the officers.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1814* * Boston. The Linnasan Society 
is organized. [Disbanded.] 

* *Mass. The first power cotton-mill in 
the United States is erected at Waltham. 

* * N. Y. — Conn. Carriages are first 
manufactured at Albany and New 
Haven. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1814* * 

Adams, Chas. Baker, naturalist, b. in Mass. 

Allen, Ira, one of the founders of Vt., A63. 

Bailey. James Roosevelt, R.C. archbishop, 
born Aug. 23 in N.Y. 

Baynan,Wm., surgeon, anatomist of Va.,A65. 

Bellows, Henry "Whitney, Unit, clergy- 
man, born in Mass. ""^ 

Bigelow, Erastus B., inventor, b. in Mass. 

Brown, Henry Kirk, sculptor, born in Mass. 

Chapin, Edwin H., Univ. cl., oxator. b. N.Y. 

Clemens, Jeremiah, sen. for Ala., b. in Ala. 

Coke, Thomas, first M. £. bp., A67. 

Colt. Samuel, inventor of revolver, b. Conn. 

Colton, Gardner Q., physician, dentist, b.Vt. 

Craik, James, plivsirian, surgeon, A83. 

Davenport, Edward L., actor, born in Mass. 

Deane, Samuel, (.'on.tr. clergyman, poet, A71. 

Donaldson, James L., maj.-gen., b. in Md. 

Ellis. Geo. Edw., Unit, clergyman, writer, 
b. in Mass. 

Everts, Win, W., Bapt. cl., author, b. in N.Y. 

Gay, Sydney Howard, author, born in Mass. 

Gerry. Elbridge, patriot, Vice-Pr. U. S., A70. 

Gilman, Nicholas, senator for N. H., A52. 

Gregg, Maxey.Oont'ed. Brig-Gen., b. in S. C. 

Harris, Samuel, Cong, clergyman, b. in Me. 

Headley, Joel T., historical writer, b. in N.Y. 

Heath, "William, maj.-gen. in Itevol'n, A77. 

Hooker. Joseph, gen. U. S. A.,b. in Mass. 
"* - Howe, Sir William, gen. at Bunker Hill, A8.5. 

Hudson, Henry Norman, essayist, b. in Vt. 

Kirkwood, Daniel, mathematician, b. in Md. 

Lang, Louis, painter, horn in Ger. 

Lapham, Eldridge G., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. 

Maynard, Horace, P. M. general, b. in Mass. 

McClintock, John, M. E. clergyman, author, 
born in Ire. 

Meek, Alexander B., editor, born in S. C. 

Mell, Patrick Hues, Bapt. clergyman, b. Ga. 

Miller, Morns S., brig. -gen. U. S. Vol., b. 

Miner, Alonzo A., cl., educator, b. in N. H. 

Motley. John Lothrop. historian, b. Mass. 

Otis, Samuel A., senator for Mass., A74. 

Paine, Robert T., lawyer, signer of Declara- 
tion of Independence, A83. 

Prime, Edward D. G., N. Y. Observer, b. N.Y. 

Robertson, -lames, pioneer in Tenn., A72. 

Robinson, Wm. E., journalist, editor, b. Ire. 

Rumford. Benjamin Thompson, count, 
Brit, officer, philosopher, A61. 

Stanton, Edwin McMasters, sec. of war, 
born in O. 



Thompson, Jerome, painler, born in Mass. 
Tilden. Samuel J., Gov. of N. Y., lawyer, 

born in N.Y. 
Wilmot, David, sen. for Pa., born in Pa. 
Wynian, Jeffries, anatomist, prof., b. Mass. 
Yancey, William L., M. C. for Ala.,b. inS. C. 

CHURCH. 

1814 Apr. 11. New York. A woman's 
missionary society is organized in the 
Fayette Street Baptist Church. 

May 18. Va. R. C. Moore is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. 

Phila. An assembly of 26 ministers 

and 7 laymen, representing 11 different 
States and the District of Columbia, or- 
ganizes the Triennial Convention of 
the Baptist Church, in the interest of 
foreign mission work. 

June * New York. The General Synod 
of the Reformed Church meets ; John 
N. Bradford, president. 

Sept. 1. Md. James Kemp is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) suffragan 
bishop. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel Inglis, 
moderator. 

* * O. — Tenn. The Presbyterian synods 
of Ohio and Tennessee are formed. 

* * The National Foreign Missionary 
Society (Baptist) is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1814 Aug. 24. B.C. The British burn 

the National Library at "Washington. 

* * New York. The New York Weekly 
Museum appears. 

Sept. 13. Md. Francis S. Key composes 
the Star-spangled Banner, during the 
bombardment of Fort McHenry, near 
Baltimore, while detained on board a 
British ship. 

* * The first religious newspaper, The 
Recorder, is issued at Chillicothe, Ohio. 

SOCIETY. 

1S15 Jan. 23. La. Thanksgiving 
Day is observed in New Orleans for 
General Jackson's victory. 

Apr. 6. Eng. Massacre of 64 Ameri- 
cans at Dartmoor Prison. 

STATE. 
1814 Jan. 1. U.S. National debt 

$81,487,846. 

Jan. 19. X>. C. Congress; House: 
Langdon Cheves of S. C. is elected 
Speaker. [Re-elected Nov. 25.] 

Apr. 14. Congress repeals the Em- 
bargo Act of December, 1813. 

Apr. 18. ' D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
John Gaillard of S. C. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

The 13th Congress: the second ses- 
sion closes. 

Aug. 22. Mass. The people of Nan- 
tucket declare themselves neutral and 
under the protection of England. 



Aug. 24. D. C. The President and 
Cabinet flee from "Washington at 
the approach of the British. 

Sept. 19. D. C. The 13th Congress: 
the third session opens. 

Dec. 15. Conn. Delegates assemble 
from the New England States and orga- 
nize the Hartford Convention as an 
anti-war movement, and also to oppose 
the administration of President Madison. 
It urges certain amendments to the 
Constitution and a defining of the power 
of the General Government over State 
troops, but accomplishes nothing. [The 
Democrats allege that it is a disloyal 
assembly. Its chief effect is the ruin 
of the Federal party, which called it ; 
no political preferments await its mem- 
bers in after years.] 

Dec. 24. Belgium. Peace comes by the 
Treaty of Ghent, which is negotiated 
by John Q. Adams, Albert Gallatin, 
Henry Clay, James A. Bayard, and 
Jonathan Russell. 

The treaty provides for commissions to 
run boundaries, which previous treaties 
had provided for, but it settles none of 
the questions which brought on the 
war ; [yet its effect was essentially that 
desired by the Americans.] 

* * D. C. Congress orders the first war- 
tax, on hats, caps, umbrellas, leather 
boots, plate, beer, ale, playing-cards, 
harness, household furniture, and gold 
and silver watches. 

* * D. C. Henry Clay is the leader of 
the new Democracy ; the Federalist 
party has been nearly annihilated by its 
unpopular conduct during the war. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Internalrevenue$l,662,0S4. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

Cal. Jose" Arguello (Spanish). 

-17 * * Del. Daniel Rodney. 

-17 * * N.C. William Miller. 
O. Othniel Looker. 

-18 * * O. Thomas Worthington. 

-16 * * S. C. David R. Williams. 

-16 * * Va. Wilson C. Nicolas. 
1815 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 

$99,833,660. 
Jan. 12. U. S. A National fast-day is 
i observed. 

Jan. 15. D. C. President Madison ve- 
toes the bills to recharter the National 

Bank. 
Feb. 18. D. C. Congress: the Senate 

ratifies the Treaty of Ghent. 
Mar. 4. B.C. The 13th Congress ends. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814 Feb. 1. New rates of postage. 
Letters, for 40 miles, 12 cents; between 40 
and 90 miles, 15 cents ; between 90 and 
150 miles, 18| cents : between 150 and 300 
miles, 25 cents; between 300 and 500 
miles, 30 cents ; over 500 miles, 37£ cents ; 
double letters at double price. 

Apr.* La. New Orleans banks suspend 

specie payments. 
Aug. * Philadelphia banks suspend 

specie payments. (Also banks in D. C.) 
Sept.* U.S. Nearly all other banks in 

the country suspend. 
Dec. * The National debt is increased 

by the war of 1S12 to 



124 1815, Apr. 13- 1817 * *. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
THE SEVENTH WAR. 

1815 May 19. New York. An expe- 
dition, consisting of nine vessels, under 
Commodore Decatur, sails for Algiers 
to punish, piracies, war having been de- 
clared by the United States. 

June 17. Decatur, after a fight of 20 
minutes, captures the principal Al- 
gerine frigate off Gibraltar. 

June 18. Hostilities cease between the 
United States and England. 

June 19. Decatur captures another 
Algerine vessel. 

June 28. Algeria. The American squad- 
ron arrives in the Bay of Algiers. 

June 30. Algiers. The Americans dic- 
tate terms of peace. 

June * D. C. Maj.-Gen. Jacob Brown 
is appointed (10th) commander of the 
army. 

1816 May 8. The Washington is the 
first ship-of-t he-line ; she puts to sea and 
carries 74 guns. 

THE EIGHTH WAR. 

1817 Nov. 20 — 18 Oct. 21. The 
Seminole Indian "War. 

[Troops engaged : 1,000 regulars, 6,911 
militia and volunteers ; total, 7,911 men. 
Georgia and Alabama are the seat of the 
war.] 
Dec. 26. Gen. Andrew Jackson is or- 
dered to take the field against the 
Seminole and Creek Indians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1815* * Boston,. The Handel and 

Haydn Society is founded. 
* * Mary Brush takes out a patent for a 

corset, the second patent issued to a 



* * Pa. Iron-workers have begun to use 
anthracite coal, but their cold blast 
causes a failure. 

1516* *-17* * Pa. The first rolling- 
mill to puddle iron and roll iron bars is 
built on Redstone Creek. 

Apr. 30.* Phila. A spot on the sun 
is visible to the naked eye for several 
days. 

1817 Jan. 7. S. C. Two shocks of 
earthquake occur at Charleston. 

* * Ky. The Kentucky River overflows, 
causing damage to the extent of a million 
dollars. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1815 * * 

Anthony, Henry B., Gov., sen. for R. 1., born 
in It. I. 

Alsop, Richard, poet, linguist, A74. 
Appleton, Juhn, lawyer, born in Mass. 
Barnard, John C..,mil. eng. U. S. A.,b. Mass. 
Barton, Benjamin Smith, plivs., butanist, 

A49. 
Bayard, -lame? Assheton, sen. for Del., A 48. 
Beecber, Charles, Cong, clergyman, writer, 

born in Conn. 
Bonham, Milledge L., Confed. Gen., b. S. C. 
Bradford, Alex. Warrlrhl, jurist, b. in N.Y. 
Brady, .lames T., lawyer of N.Y., b. in N.Y. 
Brooks, Krastus, journalist, politician, b. Me. 
BiuUniiton, Win. Ives, Cong, el., b. in Conn. 
Campbell, Jab../. P., A f r. M. E. bp.,b. In Del. 
Carroll. John D., first R. C. bp., A80. 



Cobb. Howell. M. C. for Ga., sec. treas., b. Ga. 
Copley. John s.. painter, A78. 

Dana, Richard Menrv, Jr., lawyer, b. In Mass. 

Davis, David, V. S. S. Ct., born in 111. 

Doolittle, Jas. It., senator for Wis., b. in N.Y. 

Downing, Andrew J., ruralist economist. 
born In N.Y. 

Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen., M. C. for Ind., 
born in Ind. 

Farnham, Eliza W., philanthropist, b. N.Y. 

Flagg, Edmund, journalist, author, b. in Me. 

Foster, John Wells, geologist, horn in Mass. 

Fry, William H., editor, born in Pa. 

Fulton. Robert steamboat-builder, A 50. 

Gnswold, Stanley, senator, A '>-'. 

HaUeck, Henry W., maj.-gen., military 
writer, born in N.Y. 

Hurlbut, Stephen A., maj.-gen., b. in S. C. 

Kearny. Philip, maj.-gen., born in N.Y. 

Lester, Cbas. E., author, born in Conn. 

Lyman, Theodore B., V. E. bp. of N. C, born 
in Mass. 

Meade. Georg-e G.. maj.-gen., commander 
of the Army of the Potomac at Gettysburg, 
born in Spain. 

Mills, Clarke, sculptor, born in N.Y. 

Murray. John, founder of L'mversalist 
Church in America, A74. 

Nadal, B. II., M. E. clergyman, b. in Md. 

Nixon, John, general in Revolution, A90. 

Pakenham, Sir Edward, Brit, gen., A37. 

Phelps, Elizabeth Stuart, writer, b. in Mass. 

Poland, Luke P., senator for Vt., b. in Vt. 

Provoost, Samuel P. E. bp. of N.Y., A73. 

Ramsay, Alex., sec. of war, Gov. of Minn., b. 

Ramsay, David, physician, historian, A66. 

Robinson, Ezekiel G-, Bapt. cl.,b. in Mass. 

Rodman, Thomas J., brig.-gen., inventor, 
born in Ind. 

Sevier, John, gov. of Tenn., A7L 

Shubrick, John T., naval officer, A37. 

± Van Ainburg, Isaac, showman, b. in N.Y. 

Warren, John C, physician, A62. 

Wells, Horace, anesthetics, born in Vt. 
1816* * 

AUibone, Samuel Austin, author, b. in Pa. 

Alston, Joseph, Gov. of S. C, A38. 

Asbury. Francis, first Metli. bp., A71. 

Backus, Azel, Pres. of Hamilton Coll., A51. 

Banks, Nathaniel P., general, M. C. for 

Mass., speaker, b. in Mass. 
Belmont, August, financier, born in Ger. 

Brantly, Win. T., Bapt. clergyman, b. S. C. 

Crane, Wm. C, Bapt. cl., writer, b. in Va. 
Cushman. Charlotte S.. actress, b. in Mass. 
Dexter, Samuel, jurist, A55. 

Donaldson, Edward, commodore U. S. N., b. 
Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, writer, b. N.Y. 
Early, Jubal A.. Confederate gen., b. in Va. 
Field, Stephen J., associate justice U. S., 

born in Conn. 
Gerstacker, Fried., novelist, traveler, b. Ger. 
Godwin, Parke, author, born in N.Y. 
Haven, Joseph, Cong, cl., philo., b. in Mass. 
Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, jurist, statesman, 

born in Mass. 
Hooper, Lucy, poetess, born in Mass. 
Howe, Timothy O., U. S. senator, b. in Me. 
Huntington, Daniel, painter, born in N.Y. 
Jacobus, Melanctbon W., Pres. theologian, 

author, born in N. J. 
Johnston, Samuel, Gov. of N. C, A89. 
K ernan, Frniieis, senator for N.Y., b. in N.Y. 
Kimball, Uicliard Burleigh, author, b. iuN.H. 
Lear, Tobias, sec. to Washington, A66. 
Leutze. Emanuel, painter, born in Ger. 
Lowell, Robert T. S., P. E. cl., b. in Mass. 
Meigs, Montgomery C, Q. M. gen., b. in Ga. 
Miller, Samuel F., justice S. Ct.. born in Kv. 
Moure, Benjamin, P. E. bp. of N.Y., A68. 
Morris, Gouverneur, statesman, A64. 
Proctor, Joseph, actor, born in Mass. 
Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, b. in Ire. 
Sawyer, Plnletus, senator for Wis., b. in Vt. 
Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, born in Vt. 
Sillinian, Benj., Jr., physicist, born in Conn. 
Spalding. Solomon, clergyman, reputed au- 
thor of Bin>k of Murmou, A55. 
Stanton. Elizabeth Cady, reformer, born 
in N.Y. 



i Va., July 31. 
Wade, Morrison R., chief justice S. Ct., born 

in Conn. 
Wilson, William Dexter, scholar, b. in N. H. 



CHURCH. 

1815 June. * N. Y. The General 
Synod of the Reformed Church meets 
at Albany, John Sehureman, president. 
[At New York in Sept., Jacob Brodhead, 
president.] 



Nov. 19. X. ./. John Croes is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. 

* * Ind. The Harmonists, having emi- 
grated from WUrtemberg, found New 
Harmony. They hold their property in 
common, and consider marriage a civil 
contract. 

* * Ga. The American Board sends Cyrus 
Kingsbury as missionary to the Chero- 
kee Indians. 

* * Mass. Open rupture and hot con- 
troversy separate Trinitarian and Uni- 
tarian Congregationalists. 

* * Mass. A legacy from Mrs. Norris of 
Salem is realized to the American Board 
— S30,000, the largest yet received. 

* * N. Y. The Episcopalians begin mis- 
sion work among the Oneida Indians. 

* * PHta. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets; William NeiU, 
moderator. 

1816 Mar. 24. Va. Bishop Francis 
Asbury, the organizer of American 
Methodism, preaches his last sermon, at 
Richmond. 

Apr. 14. La. The first Protestant Epis- 
copal church is opened at New Orleans. 

May 1-24. Md. The General Confer- 
ence (Methodist Episcopal) is held at 
Baltimore. 

Enoch George and Robert R. Morris 
are ordained bishops ; the Mississippi 
Conference is formed. 

May 8. New York: The American 
Bible Society is organized in the Re- 
formed Dutch church, in Garden Street. 

June.* New York. The General 
Synod of the Reformed Church meets : 
Jacob Brodhead, president. 

Oct. * The Bangor Theological Sem- 
inary (Congregational! is opened. 

* * Episcopalians form a Common 
Prayer-Book and a Tract Society. 

* * The Reformed Dutch Church practi- 
cally co-operates with the American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions. 

* * Boston. The Unitarian Society for 
the Promotion of Theological Edu- 
cation is organized. 

The Divinity School of Harvard is 
established by Unitarians. 

The Boston Society for the Moral 
and Religious Instruction of the 
Poor is organized. 

* * New York: The first religious meet- 
ing in behalf of sailors is held at the 
corner of Front Street and Old Slip. 

* * N. Y. Lutherans establish a theo- 
logical seminary at Hartwick. 

k * Cyrus Kingsbury, the first missionary 
of the American Board to the Indians, 
is sent to the Cherokees. 

fc * 0. The Female Charitable Society 
of Tallmadge contributes S20 to tlie 
American Board, the first received from 
west of the Alleghanies, save one dollar 
from a pastor's pocket. 

fc * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Blythe, 
moderator. It organizes the Board of 
Missions. 



UNITED STATES. 1815, Apr. 13-1817 * *. 125 



* * Tract societies are organized in Phila- 
delphia, Baltimore, and Hartford. 

* * Richard Allen is elected bishop of the 
African Methodist Episcopal Church. 

1817 Mar. 14. New York. The Ma- 
rine Bible Society for supplying 
sailors with Bibles is organized. 

Apr. 2. N. C. The (Protestant Episco- 
pal) Diocese of North Carolina is orga- 
nized. 

LETTERS. 

1815 * * Pa. Allegheny College (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Meadville. 

* * The North American Review is issued. 

* * Moral Pieces in Prose and Verse, by 
Mrs. Sigourney, appears. 

* * Md. The Portico appears at Balti- 
more. 

1816 * * N. J. Queen's College (Rutgers 
Reformed) suspends work [till 1S25]. 

* * Pa. The Pennsylvania State Library 
is founded at Harrisburg. [53,000 vols.] 

* * O. The Appeal is issued. (See Society.) 
1817* * Boston. The Methodist Maga- 
zine appears ; it is the first Methodist 
periodical. 

* * Ohio State Library is founded at 
Columbus. [51,439 vols.] 

Apr. 7. Conn. An institution for deaf 
mutes is opened at Hartford by T. H. 
Gallaudet, with seven pupils. 

Apr. 21. Neio York. The New York 
State Library is established. 

Sept. 24. N. Y. Thirteen Baptists meet 
in Hamilton and lay the foundation of 
[the present] Madison University. 

SOCIETY. 

1815 Aug.* New York. The first 
Peace Society in the world is founded. 

* * D. C. Congress enacts that any one 
establishing a still in the Indian country 
shall be fined $500 and forfeit the still. 

1816 * * New York. Authorities forbid 
chimney-sweeps to cry their trade in 
the streets. 

* * O. The Appeal is started at St. Clairs- 
ville, to champion the anti- slavery 
cause. 

1817 Jan. 19. ^V. J. Riot and rebel- 
lion is engaged in by Princeton students. 

Feb. 25 . Isaac Roget, a merchant in high 
standing, with others, is convicted of 
loading the lost schooner Ocean with 97 
boxes of stone, in an effort to defraud the 
insurance companies of $58,000. 

* * Ky. Abraham Lincoln, nine years 
of age, removes with his parents to In- 
diana, crossing the Ohio on a raft. 

Dec. 28. I). C. An American Colo- 
nization Society is formed at Washing- 
ton ; object, to return negroes to Africa ; 
Henry Clay is its prime 



STATE. 

1815 Apr. 13. N. Y. Bill for the con- 
struction of the Erie Canal, from 
Albany on the Hudson to Lake Erie, 
passes the Assembly. Vote, 84-15. 

June 30. Algiers. Commodore Deca- 
tur negotiates a treaty. 



The Dey renounces all claims to tribute 
for the pi'otection of American com- 
merce from pirates, and yields the right 
to enslave prisoners of war. 

July 3. Eng. A commercial treaty 
between the United States and England 
is signed at London. 

Dec. 4. The 14th Congress opens. 
Congress ; House : Henry Clay of 
Ky. is elected Speaker. 

Dec.31. U.S. Internal revenue $4,678,059. 

* * New York. John Ferguson is elected 
the 51st mayor. 

* * -18 * * New York. Jacob Badcliff 
is elected the 52d mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

Cat. Pablo V. de Sola (Span.). 
-17 * * Ga. David B. Mitchell. 
-17 * * N. J. Mahlon Dickerson. 
-21 * * Term. Joseph M'Minn. 
-20 * * Vt. Jonas Galusha. 

1816 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$127,334,933. 

Apr. 10. D. C. Congress charters a 
second national bank for twenty 
years, with a capital of $35,000,000. 

Apr. 27. D. C. Congress imposes a 
protective tariff of about 25 per cent 
on imported cotton and woolen goods, 
and specific duties on iron. The South 
opposes, and the North favors it. Vote : 
Senate, 25-7 ; House, 88-54. 

Apr. 30. D. C. The 14th Congress : 
the first session closes. 

Sept. * The Government makes a treaty 
with the Choctaw and Cherokee Indians. 

Nov. (?) * U. S. Eighth Presidential 
election. Democrat-Republicans defeat 
the Federalists and elect James Monroe. 

Dec. 2. D. C. The 14th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

Dec. 11. D. C. Congress admits Indi- 
ana into the Union as the 19th State. 

* * New Eng. The necessity of protec- 
tion for manufacturing industries 
draws New England toward the Repub- 
lican party. 

Dec.31. U.S. Internal Revenue $5,124,- 
708. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-22 * * Ind. Jonathan Jennings. 

Ky. George Madison. 
-20 * * Ky. Gabriel Slaughter. 
-20 * * La. Jacques Villere. 
-23 * * Mass. John Brooks. 
-19 * * N H. William Plumer. 
-IS *" * S. C. Andrew Pickens. 
-19 * * Va. James P. Preston. 

1817 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$123,491,965. 

Phila. The New Bank of the United 

States opens at Carpenter's Hall. 

* * U. S. The policy of internal im- 
provements is approved by the Repub- 
licans and opposed by the Democrats. 

Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : James Monroe 
of Va. (Dem.-Rep.), 183 ; Rufus King of 
N. Y. (Federalist), 34. Vote for Vice- 
President: Daniel D. Tompkins of 
N. Y. (Republican), 183 ; John E. How- 
ard of Md. (Federalist), 22 ; James Ross 
of Pa., 5; John Marshall of Va. } 4; 



Robert G. Harper of Md., 3. Vacan- 
cies, 4. 
Mar. 4. B.C. The 14th Congress ends. 

Fifth Administration ; Democratic- 
Republican. 
Mar. 4, D. C. James Monroe of Va. 
is inaugurated the fifth President, in the 
eighth term of the presidency. Daniel 
D. Tompkins of N. Y. is Vice-President. 

The Capitol having been burned by 
the British, the inauguration ceremonies 
take place in Congress Hall. 

Cabinet : John Q,. Adams of Mass. 
(State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga. 
(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C. 
(War), Benj. W. Crown in shield of 
Mass. (Navy), and "Wm. "Wirt of Va. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

* * U.S. The Democratic-Republican 
party is dominant. " Era of good feel- 
ing'* in politics; party distinctions are 
nearly obliterated. 

May 3 14-. D. C. President Monroe per- 
sonally inspects the military posts. 

Dec. 1. I). C. The 15th Congress 
opens. 

Dec. 10. B.C. Congress admits Missis- 
sippi into the Union as the 20th State, 
after dividing the Territory ; the eastern 
portion is called the Territory of Ala- 
bama. 

Dec. 23. D. C. Congress abolishes the 
internal taxes. [They are next levied in 
1861, to meet the expenses of another 

Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue 
$2,678,100. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-20* * Del. John Clarke. 

-19 * * Ga. "William Rabun. 
-20 * * N. C. John Branch. 
-29 * * N. J. Isaac H. Williamson. 
-22 * * N. Y. De "Witt Clinton. 

Pa. Wm. Findlay. 
-21 * * R. I. Nehemiah R. Knight. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815 * * 0. Cincinnati has a popula- 
tion of 11,600. 

* * Pa. The Fairmount "Water- works 
for supplying Philadelphia are com- 
pleted. [The present system was com- 
pleted in 1827.] 

1816 * *Md. Baltimore is the first 
city lighted by gas. 

Nov. 25. Phila. A theater is lighted 

by gas. 
Dec. 2. U. S. The first savings-bank 

is opened at Philadelphia. 

* * New York. More than 7,000 immi- 
grants arrive this year. 

* * N. Y.—Pa. Travelers pass from New 
York to Philadelphia between sunrise 
and sunset. 

1817 Mar. 4. Phila. The rechartered 
National Bank goes into operation, 
and business, long languishing, now re- 
vives. 

July 4. N. Y. The construction of the 
Erie Canal is commenced by breaking 
ground near Rome. 

Aug. 2. Mb. A steamboat first arrives 
at St. Louis. 



126 1817 



1819 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1818 Apr. * Florida, the refuge of the 
Creeks, is invaded by Gen. Jackson, 
without express authority. 

[Congress refused to censure him, and 
Spain accepted money for Florida, rather 
than spend it in a doubtful defense.] 

Apr. 7. Fla. Gen. Jackson captures St. 
Marks, a Spanish, post. 

Apr. 30. Fla. He hangs Alexander 
Arbuthnot and an Englishman named 
Robert C. Ambrister, for inciting the 
Creeks to war. 

May 24. Fla. He takes Penaacola from 
the Spaniards. 

May 27. Fla. He reduces the Spanish 
fortress of the Barancas [and sends the 
authorities and troops to Havana]. 

May * Ga. — Ala. Gen. Jackson subdues 
the Seminole Indians. [Cost of the war, 
$40,000,000.] 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1817* * John Trumbull receives a com- 
mission from Congress for four historical 
pictures : Declaration of Independence ; 
Surrender of Burgoyne; Surrender of 
Cornwallis; Resignation of Washington. 

,1818 Aug. 13. Mass. Gelatinous mat- 
ter falls near Amherst soon after the 
passage of a brilliant meteor. 

* * Boston. Handel's Messiah is produced. 

* * Adams and Dodge are said to have in- 
vented a sewing-machine. 

* * Boston. The Creation, by Haydn, is 
produced. 

* * Mo. N. M. Ludlow gives the first 
dramatic performance in St. Louis. 

* * N.J. Seth Boyden, by an experiment 
at Newark, produces the first patent 
leather made in this country. 

* * N. Y. A large part of Table Eock, at 
Niagara Falls, gives way and drops. 

* * New York. The Lyceum of Natural 
History is inaugurated. 

* * Pa. An unsuccessful attempt is made 
at Mauch Chunk to use anthracite coal 
in making iron. 

* * Phila. The Academy of Natural 
Science is founded. 

Jacob Perkins invents engraving on 
soft steel, which, when hardened, will 
multiply copper plates indefinitely. 

1819 May 26. Ga. The steamship 
Savannah, of 350 tons, sails from Savan- 
nah for Liverpool, arriving June 20 : the 
first steamship to cross the Atlantic. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1817* * 

Barnes, Joseph, bri^.-grn., surgeon, b. in Pa. 
Bedell, Gregory T., P. E. bp. of O., b. N.Y. 
Bigelow, .John, author, editor, horn in N.Y. 
Bowman, Thomas, M. E. bishop, b. in Pa. 
Bragg-, Braxton, Confed. gen., b. in N. C. 
Byford, Win. Heath, physn-ian, horn in 0. 
Carnochan, John M., surgeon, born in Ga. 
Champney, Benjamin, painter, b. in N. H, 
Dallas, Alex, .lames, see. of treas., A58. 
Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for Md., b. Md. 
Douglass. Fred'fe, orator, b. a slave in Hid. 
Dupont, Pierre Sam., of Del., economist, A78. 
D wight, Timothv, Pres. of Yale Col., A65. 
Ewell, Kit-hard s., Confed. lieut.-gen.,b. D.C. 
Fairehild, .lames It., Presh. el., b. in Mass. 
Fields, James Thomas, editor, b. N. H. 
Finley,Rohert,l*ivsh.elev.gvnuinof N. J.,A45. 
Forney, John "Weiss, journalist, b. in Pa. 
Frelinghuysen. Frederick T., senator for 
N. J., sec. of state, born in K. J. 



Qough. John B.. twiiperanee orator, b. Eng. 
Green, Seth, llsh euUtinsl, horn In N.Y. 
Hager, I>avjd Albert, gfologist, horn in Vt. 
Hale, Horatio, ethnologist, horn in N. II. 
Harbaugh, Henry, author, born In Pa. 
Harris, Win. L., . E. bishop, born in O. 
Hit.hro.k, Roswell Dwight, prof., h. in Me. 
lloliister, Gideon Hiram, author, horn. 
Huntington, Samuel, judge, A42. 
Jones, Wm. A., librarian, born in N.Y. 
Judson, Emily (Fanny Forester), b. in N.Y. 
Lincoln, -John L., edueator, horn in Mass. 
McKeau, Thomas, patriot, jurist, A83. 
Meek, Kielding 1'.., palei.ui..]., gist. h. in Ind. 
Neale, Leonard, R. C. bp. of Baltimore, ATI. 
Odenlieimer.Win. H., P. E. bp.of N. J.,b. Pa. 
Palmer, Erastus How, sculptor, b. in N.Y. 
Palmer. John MeCauley. sen. for 111., h. Ky. 
Pickens, Andrew, Revolutionary gen., A78. 
I'ierrepont, Edwards, att'y-gen., b. in Conn. 
Iiicketls, .lames P., gen. U. S. A., b. in N.Y. 
Riddle, George R., senator for Md., b. in Del. 
Robinson, John C, major-general, b. in N. Y. 
Kuthermel, 1'eter F., painter, horn in Pa. 
Saulshury, Eli, senator for Del., b. in Del. 
Thoreau. Henry D., naturalist, b. in Mass. 
Wallace, Horace Binney, lawyer, b. in Pa. 



Agnew. D. Hayes, phys., surgeon, b. Pa. 

Andrew, John A lhion, gov. of Mass., b. Me. 

Baker, Ilarnette N. Woods, author, h. Mass. 

Barnev. .Joshua, commodore U. S. N-, A59. 

Barrvl William F., brevet maj.-gen., b. N.Y. 

Beauregard. Pierre Gustave T., Confed- 
erate general, horn in La. 

Blackwell, Lucy Stone, woman suffragist, 
born in Mass. 

Boutwell, Geo. Sewall, M. C. for Mass., sec. 
of treas., born in Mass. 

Browne, J. Ross, writer, born in Ire. 

Buell, Hon < 'alios, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. O. 

Burr, Enoch Fitch, Cong, cl., b. in Conn. 

Butler, Benjamin Franklin, lawyer, M.C., 
general, born in N. H. 

Clarke, Ceo. Rogers, gen., frontiersman, A66. 

Corbit, Win. P., M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa. 

Coxe,ArthurC.,P.E. bp. of N.Y.,poet,b.N.J. 

Cozzens, Fred. S., writer, born in N.Y. 

Cuff ee, Paul, philanthropist, A59. 

Daboll. Nathan. teacher, mathematician, A68. 

Davis, Noah, jurist of N.Y., born in N. H. 

Denver, .James W., Gov. of Kan., b. in Va. 

Dorsev, John Syng, surgeon, A35. 

+ Eastman. Mary II., author, born in Ya. 

Ellet, Flizaheth F., author, born In N.Y. 

Evarts, Wm. Maxwell, lawyer, sec. of 
state, born in Mass. 

Fav, Jonas, surgeon, A81. 

Fuilerton, Wm., lawyer, jurist, born. 

Catling, Richard J. , inventor of gun, b. N. C. 

Gorgas. .Tosiah, vice-chancellor, born in Pa. 

Green, Norvin, pres. of tel. CO., born in Ind. 

Hampton, Wade, Confed. lie ut. -gen., senator 
for S. C M gov., born in S. C. 

Hardee, Wm. J., Confed. gen., born in Ga. 

Harris, Caleb F., book collector, b. in R. I. 

Harris, Ishaui C, sen. for Tenn., b. in Tenn. 

Ilaitslionie, Fdward, plivs. of Phila., b. Pa. 

Hill, Thomas, Unit, cl., pres. of Harvard 
University, born in N. J. 

Horsford, Eben Norton, chemist, b. in N.Y. 

Humphreys, David, soldier, poet, A65. 

Irwin, .Tared, Gov. of Ga., A68. 

James, Horace, Cong, clergyman, born. 

Jarves, James J., traveler, author, b. Mass. 

Kensett, .John F-, painter, born in Conn. 

LeClear, Thomas, portrait painter, b. in N.Y. 

LeConte, John, physicist, horn in Ga. 

Lee, Henry, general, M. 0., A62. 

Lee, Henry, Confed. gen. b. 

Loring, William W., Confed., Egyptian gen- 
eral, born in N.C. 

MaeI>owell, lrvin,mai.-gen. XT. S. A., b. in O. 

Mathews, William, author, born in Me. 

Milledge, John, gov., founder of Georgia 
University, A61. 

Mitchell. Maria, astronomer, b. in Mass. 

Morgan, Lewis II., ethnologist, b. in N. J. 

O'Brien. Jeremiah, privateer in Revol'n, A78. 

Ord, Fdward O. C, maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Md. 

Paulding, John, a captor of Andr<5, A60. 

Pope, Clias. A., surgeon of Mo,, b. in Ala. 

Prentiss, F.lizabeth, religious writer, b. in Me. 

Reid, Mavne, Capt., novelist, born in Ire. 

Renwiek. .James, architect, horn in N.Y. 

Revere, Raul, engraver, patriot of .Mass., A S3. 

Rice, Alex. II., statesman, scholar, b. Mass. 

Richardson. Israel B.. major-gen., b. in Vt. 

Robinson, Wm. S., editor, writer, b. in Ind. 

Saint Clair. Arthur, general V. S. A., A84. 

Shaw, Henry W. (Josh Uilliiifjs), humorist, 
writer, born in Mass. 

Smith, .John L., mineral., chemist, b. in S. C 

Stevens. Isaac Ingalls, maj.-gen., b. in Mass. 

Wistar, Caspar, physieian, anatomist, AS". 

Worden, John L,.. com. U. S. N., b. N. Y. 



CHURCH. 

1817 June * X. Y. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets at Albany; 0. D. 
"Westbrook, president. [At Kingston in 
Oct.] 

* * Conn. The American Board organizes 
a foreign mission school at New 
Haven, with five Hawaiian lads, among 
others, as its first pupils. 

* * Missions are established among the 
Choctaw Indians by the American 
Board. 

* * N. J. The Theological School Build- 
ing at Princeton is opened. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * Phila. The Philadelphia Sunday 
and Adult School Union is orga- 
nized. 

The Baptist Triennial Meeting as- 
sembles. 

The American Baptist Mission Union 
modifies its constitution so as to include 
domestic mission work. 

The General Assembly (Presby- 
terian) meets ; James Coe, moderator. 

* * Tenn. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Tennessee is organized. 

1818 Jan.* O. The (Protestant Epis- 
copal) Diocese of Ohio is organized. 

June 5. New York. The Society for 
Promoting the Gospel among Sea- 
men in the port of New York is orga- 
nized. 

June * Neic York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets; "Wm. Mc. Murray, 
president. [In August it meets again at 
Albany ; J. M. Bradford, president.] 

Sept. 23. Boston* The American Board 
appoints Pliny Fisk and Levi Parsons the 
first American missionaries to the Orient. 

Oct. 8. S. C. Nathaniel Bowen is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of South Carolina. 

* * N. C. The Baptists begin work among 
the Cherokees. The General Conference 
sends a missionary to the Miamis, Kicka- 
poos, Pottawattamies, and Shawanoes. 

* * Pa. The Woman's Missionary So- 
ciety (Presbyterian) is formed in Derry. 

* * The Cumberland Presbyterian Church 
sends evangelists among the Chiekasaws. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; J. J. Janeway, 
moderator. It forms the Board of 
Missions. Dr. Ashbel Green's paper 
against slavery is passed. 

1819 Feb. 11. O. Philander Chase, 
the first western bishop (Protestant 
Episcopal), is consecrated. 

Apr. 5. New York. The Missionary 
Society of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church is organized at the preachers' 
meeting. 

July 5. New York. A woman's Mis- 
sionary Society is formed in the Wes- 
leyan Seminary, on Forsyth Street. 

* * 0. The Joint Synod (Evangelical Lu- 
theran) of Ohio is organized. 

Oct. 23. Hiram Bingham, Asa Thurston, 
and others of the American Board sail 



UNITED STATES. 



1817** -1819 



127 



for the Sandwich Islands to open a 
mission. 
Oct. 27. Conn. T. C. Brownell is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) presiding 
bishop for Connecticut. 

LETTERS. 

1817 * * Conn. The Hartford Times is 
first issued. 

Rev. Jeremiah Day is President of 
Yale College [till 1846]. 

* * Mass. The Divinity School (Unit.) 
of Harvard University is established. 

* * New York. The General Theological 
Seminary (Prot. Epis.) is organized. 

* * The American Monthly Magazine ap- 
pears. 

* * Phila. The American Register ap- 
pears. 

* * Thanatopsis, by W. C. Bryant, 
appears. 

* * Keep Cool, by John Neal, appears. 

* * Life and Character of Patrick Henry, 
by William "Wirt, appears. 

1818 * * Boston. Christian Examiner 
is issued quarterly by Charming, Dewey, 
Ware, and others. 

* *N. Y. The New York State Library- 
is founded at Albany. [128,529 vols.] ' 

* * The American Journal of Science and 
Arts, a quarterly, by Benjamin Silliman, 
is issued. 

* * Early European Friends of America, 
by Julian C. Verplanck, appears. 

* * The Battle of Niagara, by John Neal, 
appears. 

**The Methodist Magazine [later the 
Methodist Quarterly Review} appears. 

* * The Backiooodsman, by J. K. Paulding, 
appears. 

* * Theology Explained and Defended in 
One Hundred and Seventy-three Sermons, 
by Timothy Dwight, appears. 

1819 Apr. 2. Md. The American 
Farmer is first issued at Baltimore ; it is 
the first agricultural paper in the 
country. 

May * Baptists begin the publication of 
the weekly Christian Watchman. 

* * Ky. Center CoUege (Pres.) is or- 
ganized at Danville. 

SOCIETY. 

1818 * * U. S. Great agitation of the 
slavery question is occasioned by the 
petition of Missouri for admission to 
the Union as a slave State. 

* * In order to counteract the habitual 
use of ardent spirits among the people, 
Secretary Calhoun prohibits the use of 
liquor altogether in the U. S. Army. 

1819 Apr. 26. Md. The first society 
of Odd Fellows, in the United States is 
instituted as Washington Lodge No. 1. 

* * Ga. Expulsion of the Cherokees. 

Greedy white men wjxnt their land, 
and a great body of Indians are " per- 
suaded " to go over the Mississippi. The 
Cherokees, the Creeks, the Choctaws, 
and the Chickasaws are " greatly agi- 
tated and distressed " at the prospect of 
a removal from lain Is guaranteed to them 
by treaty with the United States. 



* * Ind. Abraham Tun coin (nearly 11 
years old) mourns the death of his 
mother. 

* * New York. Hatters form a union. 

STATE. 

1818 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$103,466,633. 

Mar. 18. U. S. Congress grants pen- 
sions to veterans of the war of the 
Revolution who are in needy circum- 
stances. 

Mar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

Apr. 4. D. C. Congress adopts the 
United States flag ; it has 13 stars on a 
blue canton, and 13 stripes alternate red 
and white — one for each original State. 

Apr. 20. D. C. The 15th Congress : the 
first session closes. 

Sept. 1. N. Y. Auburn prison is opened. 

Oct. 20. A Convention is signed with 
Great Britain respecting boundaries 
and the fisheries. 

The 49th parallel of north latitude 
shall be established as the boundary 
line between United States and British 
America in the west, and the joint occu- 
pation of Oregon shall take place for 
ten years. The convention of 1S15 is 
renewed. 

Nov. 16. D. C. The 16th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

Dee. 3. D. C. Congress admits Illinois 
as the 21st State. 

Dee. 31. U. S. Internal revenue 
$955,270. 

* * U. s. Governors inaugurated : 
-27 * * Conn. Oliver Wolcott. 
-22 * * III. Shadrach Bond. 

-25 * * Ind. William Hendricks. 
-22 * * 0. Ethan A. Brown. 
-20 * * S.C. John Geddes. 

* * _2l * * New York. Cadwallader D. 
Colden is elected the 53d mayor. 

1819 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$95,529,648. 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress ; House : vig- 
orous resistance is made to a bill in- 
troduced to organize the Territory of 
Missouri into a State. Of the 22 States, 
11 are free and 11 are slave States. 

James Tallmadge of N. T. moves the 
bill be so amended as to forbid the 
further introduction of slaves, and 
grant freedom to the offspring^ of 
slaves at 25 years of age. [Passed, Feb. 
16. Vote, 87-76. It is defeated in the 
Senate. Vote, 31-7.] 

Feb. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
James Barbour of Va. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

Feb. 22. D.C. Treaty with Spain. 
Spain surrenders all claim to "West Flor- 
ida, and cedes East Florida. The United 
States surrenders all claim to Texas, and 
agrees to pay an indemnity of $5,o<h".uW) 
to satisfy the claims of American citi- 
zens against Spain. 

Mar. 4. D.C. The 15th Congress 
ends. 

Mar. * D. C. President Monroe approves 
the act of Congress, by which all Afri- 
cans recaptured from slavers shall be 
returned to Africa, and cared for. 

June 19. Maine is separated from Mass. 



Dec. 6. D. C. The 16th Congress 
opens. House : Henry Clay of Ky. is 
reelected Speaker. Vote, 147-8. 

Dec. 14. D.C. Alabama is admitted into 
the Union as the 22d State. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue 
$229,593. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-20 * * Ala. Wm. W. Bibb. 

-25 * * Ark. (Ter.) James Miller. 

Ga. Matthew Talbot. 
-23 * * Ga. John Clarke. 
-21 * * Miss. George Poindexter. 
-23 * * N. H. Samuel Bell. 
-22 * * Va. Thomas M. Randolph. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1817 * * Ala. Montgomery is founded. 

* *N Y. The Black Ball Line (the 
first line of packets) of 4 ships is estab- 
lished, to run to Liverpool. 

* * Vermont has its first bank at Wind- 
sor, and receives a bonus from the insti- 
tution. 

* * XI. S. Flour sells at $10 to $15 a 
barrel. 

The country is flooded with foreign 
goods at low prices, which ruin many 
manufacturing establishments fostered 
by high prices during the war. 

1818 Mar. 19. Del. A powder-mill 
explodes near Wilmington ; 35 persons 
are killed. 

May 28. N. Y. The Walk-in-the- Water, 
the first steamboat on Lake Erie, is 
launched at Black Rock. 

July 8. New York. Gen. Montgom- 
ery's remains are removed from 
Canada, and deposited with military 
honors in the mural tomb in St. Paul's 
churchyard. 

Aug. 23. N. Y. The first steamboat 
trip on Lake Erie begins at Buffalo. 

* * D. C. The center foundation of the 
Capitol at Washington is laid. 

* * Md. The first savings-bank at Bal- 
timore is established. 

±* * Shoe-pegs are introduced. 

1819 Oct. 24. N. Y. The Erie Canal 
is opened from Utica to Rome. 

Nov. 24. N Y. The Champlain Ca- 
nal is declared to be navigable. 

Dec. * Ind. Fifteen families are settled 
at Indianapolis. 

* * Ky. John J. Crittenden resigns his 
seat in the Federal Senate, at $900 a 
year, " to get bread for bis family." 

* * N. C. A great fire occurs at Wil- 
mington ; loss over $1,000,000. 

* * Nl J. Forest fires near Springfield 
burn 3,000 acres of timber. 

* * Yellow fever prevails in Southern 
cities ; in New Orleans there are 1,200 
deaths ; many more occur in Mobile, 
Savannah, Charleston, and Baltimore. 

* * The first national financial crisis 
occurs. 

It is occasioned by extravagant spec- 
ulations following the reorganization 
of the National Bank ; §2,000,000 are 
withdrawn from the bank, beyond its 
securities ; the bank barely escapes 
insolvency. 



128 



1819 



1821 



AMERICA 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1820 Nov. 29. New York. Edmund 
Kean first appears in America in Richard 
III. at the Anthony Street Theater. 

* * Vt. Carpenters' steel squares are first 
manufactured, at Bennington. 

* * Jeremiah is painted by "Washington 
Allston. 

±* * John Frazee executes busts in 

marble. 
±* * Hezekiah Augur practises the art of 

sculpture. 

* * India-rubber shoes are first seen in 
America. 

1821 Jan.* N. Y. The Hudson 
River is frozen over, and loaded sleighs 
cross on the ice from Cortlandt Street to 
Jersey City. 

July 13. Va. Junius Brutus Booth 
first appears in America in Picliard III. 
at Richmond. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1819* * 

Abbott, Ezra, scholar, born in Me. 

Alexander, Barton L., brig.-gen., born. 

Appleton, Jesse, Cong, clergyman, President 
Of Bowdoin, A47. 

Armitage, Thomas, Bapt cl., born in Eng. 

Ball, Thomas, sculptor, born in Mass. 

Barker, Fonlyce, physician, born in Me. 

Blackmail, <iei>rge Curtis, surgeon, b. Conn. 

Brannan, John Si., major-general, b. in D. C. 

Canby, Edward R. S., brig.-gen., b. in Ky. 

Crane, Jonathan T., M. E. cl., b. in N. J. 

Dana, Chas. Anderson. X. Y. Sun, b. N. H. 

English, Thomas Dunn, Ben Bolt, b. in Pa. 

Evans, Oliver, inventor of engines, A64.,Md. 

Fenton, Reuben E., senator, Gov. of N. Y., 
born in N.Y. 

Field, Cyrus "West, merchant of K. Y. ( 
promoter of Atlantic cable, b. Mass. 

Fishburn, William, ma j. -gen. of Revol'n, A59. 

Geary, John \\\, brig.-gen., Gov. of Pa.,b. Pa. 

Getty, Geo. W., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. D. C. 

Greenough, Richard s., sculptor, b. in Mass. 

Hecker, Isaac Thomas, Paulist, b. in N.Y. 

Hendricks. Thomas A., Vice-Pres., sen. 
for Ind., b. in O. 

Hinrnan, Clark T., founder of N. W. Univer- 
sity, born in N."\. 

Holland. Josiah. Gilbert, poet, b. in Mass. 

Howe, Elias. inv. sewing-machine, b. Mass. 

Howe, Julia Ward, poet, born in N.Y. 

Hudson, Frederick, journalist, b. in Mass. 

Huntington, Frederick !>., P. E. bp. of Cen- 
tral N. Y., born in Mass. 

Jeffries, John, physician, aeronaut, A74. ? 

Johnson, Win. Sam., M. C. for Conn., F. R. 
S., A 92. 

Kedney, John Steinfort, P. E. cl., b. in N. J. 

Keener, John Christian, M. E. S. bp., b. Md. 

Langdon, John, senator for N. H.,£OV., A80. 

Lanman, Charles, author, painter, b. Mich. 

Lesley, John Peter, geologist, born in Pa. 

Lowell. James Russell, poet, professor in 
Harvard, minister to England, born in Mass. 

Lyon, Nathaniel, general, born in Conn. 

Melville, Herman, novelist, born in N.Y. 

Morton. Wm. Thomas Green, dentist, phy- 
sician, discoverer of the use of ether as an 
anesthetic, born in Mass. 

Mowatt, Anna Cora (Uitchiel, actor, b. Fr. 

Painter, Gamaliel, jurist, founder of Middle- 
bury College, Vt., A66. 

Parsons, Thomas Wm., poet, b. in Boston. 

Perry. Oliver Hazard, com. U. S. navy, A34. 

Rodgers, Christopher R. P., rear-admiral, 
born in N.Y. 

Rosecrans, William S., brig.-gen. U. S. A., 
born in 0. 

Scbaff, Philip, Swiss-Am. Pres. cl., b. Switz. 

Soutliworth, Emma D. E., novelist, b. I). C. 

Story, "Wm, Wetmore, sculptor, poet, born 



1820* " 

Anthony, KtiBan B., woman's rights' advo- 
cate, born in Mass. 

Blatchford, Samuel, Q. s. S. Ct., b. fn Ga. 

Boone, Dan., explorer, colonizer of Ky., AW. 

P.righam, Charles II., Cong, clergyman, edu- 
cator, born in Mass. 

Brlsted, Charles A., author, born In N.Y. 

Broderlck, David C, sen. for Ga., b. r>. C. 

Brooks, William T. II., brig.-ccn. vol., b. O. 

Brownell, Henry Howard, author, b. In R. I. 

Burrill, James, atty.-gen. of R. I., A 48. 

Gary, Alice, poet, born in O. 

Cbauvenet, Win., mathematician, b. in Pa. 

Crawford, Martin J., diplomat, b. in Ga. 

Davie, Win. Richardson, (iov. of N. C, A64. 

De Bow, James D. B., statistician, b. S. C. 

Deems, Charles F., Meth. Epis. South clergy- 
man, author, born in Md. 

Decatur, Stephen. Jr., Com. V. S. N., 
killed in a duel, A41. 

De Vere, Maximilian Scheie, philologist, es- 
sayist, born in Sweden. 

Devens, Charles, jurist, born in Mass. 

Moubledav, Aimer, gen. of vol., col. U. S. A., 
born in N.Y. 

Drake, Joseph Rodman, poet, A25. 

Eads, James II., engineer, born in Ind. 

Ellicott, Andrew, astronomer, A 66. 

Foster, Randolph S., M. E. bishop, b. in O. 

Gaston, William, Gov. of Mass., b. in Conn. 

Gayler, Chas., journalist, dramatist, b. N.Y. 

Greatorex, Eliza, artist, born in Ire. 

Hall, Chas. H., clergyman, born in Ga. 

Harlan, James, senator tor la., born in 111. 

Haven, Erastus, M. E. bishop, b. in Boston. 

Hewit, Augustine Francis, clergyman, Paul- 
ist, born in Conn. 

Holmes, George F., educator, b. in Guiana. 

Hopkins, John H., P. E. clergyman, b. Ire. 

Honchton, George F., jurist, born in Vt. 

Hoyt, I'.enjamm T., educator, born in Mass. 

Kane, Elisha Kent, explorer, born in Phila. 

Keene, Laura, actress, born in Eng. 

Ketchum, Winthrop W., judge, born in Pa. 

Le Vert, Octavia YV., author, born in Ga. 

Lincoln, Levi, M. C. for Mass., A71. 

Lornt, Campbell, chemist, author, b. in Mo. 

Nesmith, Jas. W-, senator for Ore., b. Can. 

Poore, Benjamin l'erley, journalist, b. Mass. 

Pursh, Frederick, botanist, A46. 

Raymond, Henry Jarvis, journalist, b. N.Y. . 

Reynolds, John Fulton, gen. U. S. A., b. Pa. 

Root, George F., musical composer, b. Mass. 

Rousseau, Lovell II., hrig.-cen. F.S.A.,b. Ky. 

Shedd, Wm. <;. T., Pres. cl., an., b. in Mass. 

Sherman, "William Tecumseh, 15th Gen- 
eral of V. S. A., born in 0. 

Trumbull, lienj., Cong, cl., historian, A85. 

Vallaiidiu'haiu, clement L.,M. C.forO.,b. 0. 

Wells, Samuel Roberts, phrenologist, b. Ct. 

Wentworth, Sir John, Gov. of N. H., A83. 

"West, Benjamin, painter in Eng., A82. 

Wharton, Francis, jurist, P. E. clergyman, 
bora in Phila. 



iMa 
Thompson, Joseph P., Cong, cl., 



i Pa. 



thor, born In N.Y. 
"Wheeler. Wm.A.,19th Vice-Pres., b. in N.Y. 
Whipple, Edwin I'crcv, essayist, critic, born 

in Mass. 
"Whitman, "Walt, poet, born in N.Y. 
Whitney. Josiah Itwight, geologist, b. Mass. 
Wilkinson. Jemima, religious impostor, Ati(i. 
Willianisuii, Hugh, ]ibysician, scholar, A84. 



CHURCH. 

1819* *Md. Dr. William ElleryChan- 
•nin g preaches at Baltimore, and gives 
what is called the Unitarian Declara- 
tion of Independence, and becomes 
the leader of bis church. 

* * The Hamilton Baptist Missionary 
Society sends a missionary to the 
Oneidas. 

The Ohio Conference (Methodist Epis- 
copal) appoints James B. Finley superin- 
tendent of its Indian mission among the 
Wyandots. 

** Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Holt Rice, 
moderator. 

1S20 May 1-27. Md. The General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) 
meets in Baltimore. 

May 3. Me. The Protestant Episcopal 
diocese of Maine is organized. 

June 4. New Yo7'k. The first mariners' 
church in the United States is dedi- 
cated, in Roosevelt Street. 

June* New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets; James S. Cameron, 



president. [In Oct. it meets at Al- 
bany.] 
Oct. 22. Lutherans form a General 
Synod, with 150 ministers and 35,000 
communicants. 

* * Md. — Va. Each of these States orga- 
nizes a Lutheran Synod. 

* * New York. The African Methodist 
Episcopal Zion Church is organized. 

Methodists are divided respecting the 
Episcopacy, and Methodist Protestant 
Churches are formed. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. It orga- 
nizes the Domestic and Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society. 

The General Assembly (Presby- 
terian) meets ; John McDowell, mod- 
erator. 

Presbyterians enter a Plan of Corre- 
spondence with the Reformed Church. 

The Baptist Triennial Meeting is 
held. The Meeting decides to again 
restrict its Baptist mission work to 
foreign fields. 

* * S. C. The Roman Catholic Diocese 
of Charleston is established. 

* *The United Synod, South (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) of Tennessee, is orga- 
nized. 

* *A mission is established among the 
Choctaws by the American Board. 

* * The United Foreign Missionary Soci- 
ety commences work among the Osage 
Indians. 

* * The Southern General Synod of 
Lutherans organizes. 

* * U. S. Methodists are agitated con- 
cerning the election of presiding 
elders. 

1821 June 3. New York. The Bethel 
Union is organized. [It soon expires.] 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany ; S. S. "Wood- 
hull, president. 

LETTERS. 
1819 * * N. Y. Auburn Theological Sem- 
inary (Pres.) is established. 

* * Pa. The Western University of 
Pennsylvania (non-sect.), at Pittsburg, 
is organized. 

* * Tenn. Maryville CoHege (Pres.) is 
founded. 

* * The Presbyterian Board of Education 
begins its work. 

* * Fanny, by Fitz-Greene Halleck, ap- 
pears. 

* * Voyage to South America, by Henry 
M. Brackenridge, appears. 

* * The Sketch Book, by "Washington 
Irving, appears. 

* * The American Flag, by J. R. Drake, 
appears. 

* * Vieioof the Lead Mints of Missouri, by 
Henry R. Schoolcraft, appears. 

* * The State Triumvirate : A Political 
Tale, by Verplanck, appears. 

* * Percy's Masque, by James A. Hill- 
house, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1819 



1821 



129 



1S20 May 1. A r . Y. The Hamilton Lit- 
erary and Theological Institution (Bapt.) 
is opened. 

* * Ark. The Arkansas Gazette, at Ar- 
kansas Village, is first issued. 

* * Me. Colby University (Bapt.) is 
founded at Waterville. 

* * N. Y. The Colgate University 
(Bapt.) is organized at Hamilton as the 
Madison University. 

* * Mass. Jacob Bigelow and others start 
the American Pharmacopeia. 

The Literary and Scientific Repository 
appears. [Expires in 1821.] 

The Apprentice Library is founded. 
[63,000 vols.] 

The Mercantile Library Association's 
Library is founded. ['207,128 vols.] 

* * Precaution, by James Fenimore 
Cooper, appears. 

* * Judith, Esther and Other Poems, by 
Maria Brooks, appears. 

* * -44 * * The Ladies' Companion ap- 
pears. 

1821 Apr. 20. Boston. The Christian 
Register (Unit.) is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1820 Mar. 22. Commodore Barron 
THllsi Commodore Decatur in a duel. 

May 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the 
slave-trade to be piracy, and prohibits 
citizens from engaging in it under pen- 
alty of death. 

± * * Miss. A lottery is established at 
Natchez, to build a church. 

* * U. S. Total slaves, 2,009,031. 

+ * * Webster, Calhoun, and Clay with 
masterly eloquence denounce agitators 
who constantly declare the iniquity of 
the slave system. 

1821 * * Africa. Liberia is secured for 
the colonization scheme of the American 
Colonization Society, and a new town is 
commenced, called Monrovia. 

* * Me. The selectmen are required to 
post up, in all places where liquor is 
sold, the names of all persons reported 
to be drunkards or tipplers. 

STATE. 

1820 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
S91 ,015,560. 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John 
Gaillard of S. C. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Feb. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Missouri Compromise Bill passes. 
Vote, 24-20. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress; House: The 
Missouri Compromise Bill passes. 

It admits Missouri as a slave State, but 
forever prohibits slavery from the bal- 
ance of the territory west of the Missis- 
sippi, north of 36* 30'* north latitude — the 
latitude of the southern border of Mis- 
souri. Vote : House, 134-42. 

Mar. 3. D.C. Congress admits Maine 
into the Union as the 23d State, to take 
effect Mar. 15. 

Congress lim its the tenure of office 
of Governmental appointees to four 
years, or the pleasure of the Govern- 
ment. 



May 15. D.C. The 16th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Oct. 20. Spain ratifies the treaty ceding 
Florida. 

Nov. 13. D.C. The 16th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

Nov. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : John 
W. Taylor of N. Y. is elected Speaker.' 

Nov. ? * U.S. Ninth Presidential Elec- 
tion ; Democratic-liepublicans elected. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Internal revenue 
$106,260. 

* * U. S. The Missouri Compromise 
quells the slavery agitation for a 
time, and it is deemed settled forever. 

* * U. S. Old issues in politics are 
abandoned ; the new issues are protec- 
tion for manufactures, internal improve- 
ments by the General Government, and 
the recognition of the South American 
republics. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-21 * * Ala. Thomas Bibb. 

-21 * * Del. Jacob Stout. 
-24 * * Ky. John Adair. 
-22 * * La. Thos. B. Robertson. 
-21* * Me. William King. 
-24 * * Mo. Alexander M'Nair. 
-21 * * N. C. Jesse Franklin. 

* * Pa. Joseph Heister. 
-22 * * S. C. Thomas Bennett. 
-23 * * Vt. Richard Skinner. 

1821 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$89,987,427. 

Feb. 14. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President, James Monroe of 
Va., Republican, 231 ; John Q. Adams of 
Mass., Opposition, 1. For Vice-Presi- 
dent, Daniel I). Tompkins of N. Y., Re- 
publican, 218 ; Richard Stockton of N. J., 
8; Daniel Rodney of Del., 4; Robert G. 
Harper of Md.,1 ; Richard Rush of Pa., 1. 
Vacancies, 3. 

Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The House 

votes to admit Missouri conditionally. 

Vote, 87-81. 
Feb. 27. D.C. Congress: The Senate 

votes to admit Missouri conditionally. 

Vote, 26-15. 
Mar. 4. D.C. The 16th Congress ends. 

The 2d term of the fifth adminis- 
tration; Democratic-Republican. 

Mar. 4. D. C. James Monroe of Va., 
the fifth President, enters his second 
term, in the ninth term of the presi- 
dency. Daniel D. Tompkins of N. Y. 
is Vice-President. 

Cabinet: John Q,. Adams of Mass. 
(State), Wm. H. Crawford of Ga. 
(Treas.), John C. Calhoun of S. C. 
(War), Smith Thompson of N. Y. 
(Navy), "Wm. "Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.). 

July 1. Spain is constrained to sur- 
render Florida to the United States. 

Aug. 10. D. C. The President proclaims 
Missouri admitted into the Union as 
the 24th State, amid a tempest of po- 
litical excitement, occasioned by the 
existence of slavery therein. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 17th Congress 
opens. 



Congress; House: Philip P. Bar- 
bour of Va. is elected Speaker. 

* * -24 * * New York. Stephen Allen is 
elected the 54th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-25 * * Ala. Israel Pickens. 

-22 * * Del. John Collins. 

-22 * * Fla. (Ter.). Andrew Jackson. 

-22 * * Me. W. D. Williamson. 

-25 * * Miss. "Walter Leake. 

-24 * * 2T. C. Gabriel Holmes. 

-24 * * R. I. William C. Gibbs. 

_27 * * Tenn. William Carroll. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1820 Jan. 11. Ga. One-half of Sa- 
vannah is burned ; loss, $4,000,000. 

June* U.S. Fourth census : States, 23; 
whites, 7,S62,1G6; colored, 1,771,656 (free 
colored 233,634, slaves 1,538,022); total 
population, 9,633,822. Increase, 33.0S 
per cent. Center of population 16 miles 
north of Woodstock, Md. ; westward 
movement in 10 years, 50 miles. 

June 20. X. Y. A Great fire occurs 
in Troy; 120 of the best buildings are 
burned; loss nearly $1,000,000. 

June * The first steamship line be- 
tween New York and New Orleans com- 
mences its trips. 

July 1. .V. Y. Toll is first collected on 
the Erie Canal. 

July * The first steamboat on Lake 
Michigan arrives at Green Bay, with 200 
passengers and a large cargo. 

* * Summer. Ga. About 700 people die 
of yellow fever in Savannah ; 343 
bouses are left vacant by fugitive 
owners. 

Dec. * Phila. Anthracite coal begins 
to find a market ; 365 tons are sold dur- 
ing the year. 

± * * Conn. The whale fishery business 
commences at New London. 

* * Tenn.— Ark. Memphis is laid out; 
also Little Rock. 

* * Flour has fallen from §10 and $17 a 
barrel in 1817, to $5 or §6 a barrel ; many 
manufactories are closed, and workmen 
are idle. 

* * Md. — TV. Va. Completion of the great 
National road from Cumberland to 
Wheeling, costing $1,700,000 and 14 years 
of labor (connecting the Ohio Kiver with 
the seaports ; it was originally intended 
to continue to the Mississippi). 

* * U. S. Immigrants and other aliens in 
1820, 8,385. 

1821 Aug. 10. -V. Y. The remains of 
Major Andre are exhumed, and placed 
on board of a British frigate for inter- 
ment in Westminster Abbey. 

Dec* Phila. Sales are made of 1,073 
tons of anthracite coal during the 
year. 

* * Mass. Lowell is founded by the 
Merrimac Manufacturing Company. 

* * Tex. Colonization from the "United 
States begins. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1821, 9,127. 



130 1821 * *-182 4, May 22. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1822 * * A small naval force subdues the 

pirates of the Cuban coast, capturing 

more than 20 vessels. 
1824 * * W.I. Commodore David 

Porter subdues the pirates. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1821 * * Christ Rejected is painted by 
"William Dunlap. 

* * Portrait of Thomas Jefferson is painted 
by Thomas Sully. 

1822 * * Charles Mathews, the actor, 
first appears in America. 

* * Mass. The first cotton mill is 
erected. 

1823 June* New York. The first 
steam-power printing- press is set up ; 
its first work is an abridgment of Mur- 
ray's Grammar. 

* * O. The manufacture of wine is 
commenced in Cincinnati. 



Durant, Henry Fowle, philan., bom in N. H. 
Dwight, Thco." W.. prof. -.1 law. .-.I., 1,. N.Y. 
Field, Henrv Martvn, < 'turn. -1., an., b, 1 



f'llllr 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1621 * * 

Adler, Georg J., prof., author, born in Ger. 

Allen, Solomon, Cong, cl., major in Kev., A70. 

Arnold, Samuel Green, historian, b. in R. I. 

Augur, Christopher C, maj.-gen., b. in N.Y. 

Avery, Waitstill, attv.-gen. of Conn., A76. 

Balch, Geo. B., com. I'. S. N\, b. in Tenn. 

Bankhead, John P., officer U. S. N., b. S. C. 

Bard, Samuel, physirian, A79. 

Beaumont, John (;., naval officer, b. in Pa. 

Blackwell, Elizabeth, first woman in U. S. 
made M. D., born in Eng. 

Blair, Francis P., Jr., sen. for Mo., b. in Ky. 

Boudinot, Elias, patriot, philanthropist, A8I. 

Breckinridge, John C.,Confed. general, 14th 
Vice-President, horn in Ky. 

Calhoun, Edmund R,., officer U. S. N., born. 

Chester, Joseph L., antiquary, horn in Conn. 

Coffin, Charles Carleton, author, b. in N. H. 

Cooke, Jay, financier, born in O. 

Coppee, Henry, officer U. S. N., editor, au- 
thor, Pres. Lehigh Univ.. horn in Ga. 

De Peyster, John W., military critic, b. N.Y. 

Dexter, Henry Martyn, Cong, el., b. in Mass. 

Diaz, Abby Morton, author, horn in Mass. 

Dawson, Henry Barton, historian, b. in Eng. 

Eliot, Samuel, educator, b. Boston. 

Febiger, John, capt. U. S. N., horn in Pa. 

Floyd, Win., gen., sec of \var,( 'out. Cong., A87. 

Forrest, Nathan II., routed, gen., b. Tenn. 

Garnett, Robert Selden, (.'unfed, gen., b.Va. 

Hadlev, .lames, philologist, prof, of Greek, 
born in N.Y. 

Hall, Charles F., Arctic explorer, b. in N. H. 

Harris, Tucker, physician, A74. 

Haven, Gilbert, -M- E. bishop, horn in Mass. 

Hill, Daniel II., routed, lieut. -gen., b.inS. C. 

Irving, William, author, A55. 

Jordan, Thomas, Confed. brig.-gen., b. in Va. 

Kneeland, Samtiel, phys., naturalist, b. Mass. 

Leslie, Frank ( Henry Carter J , publisher, 
born in England. 

Lilly, William, M. C. for N.Y., born in N. Y. 

IiOngstreet. James, U. S. A., Confed. maj.- 
gen., b. in S. C. 

Macleod, Xavier Donald, mis. writer, b. N.Y. 

O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

Parker, Foxhall, com. U. S. N.,born in N.Y. 

Phelps, Austin, Cong, clergyman, b. Mass. 

Kichardson, Win. A., jurist, author, b. Mass. 

Short, Charles, scholar, born in Mass. 

Spalding, Lyman, physician, author, A46. 

Squier, Ephraim <;., archaeologist, b. in N.Y. 

Storrs. Richard Salter, Cong, clergyman 
of Brooklyn, born in Mass. 

Taliaferro, Benj., Revolutionary officer, A71. 

Trumbull, James llannuond, philol., b.Conn. 

Wayman, Alex.W., bp. Af. M. E. Ch., b. Mil. 

Welby, Amelia 11., poet, born in Md. 

White, Richard Grant, author, born in N.Y. 

Youmans, Edward L., chemist, ed., b. N.Y. 
1822* * 

Adams, Wm. Taylor (Oliver Optic), writer, 
born in Mass. 

Bancroft, John Chandler, diplomatist, born. 

Bartholomew, Edward S., sculptor, b. Conn. 

Burlingatne, Anson, diplomatist, b. in N.Y. 

Cummins, George David, Reformed Epis. 
bishop, born in Del. 

Dana, Napoleon J. T., maj.-gen. vols., b. Me. 

Darley, Felix O. C, artist, born in Phila. 



fii. lor 111., horn in 0. 

■Orge, artiHt, born in Mass. 

am, Octavius B-, I'nit. cl.,b. Mass. 
Galaudet, T.. P. E, cL (deaf mutest, born. 
Garrard, J., soldier in Kev.. Gov. of Ky.,A73. 

t.arrettson, Freeborn, M. E. clergyman, A7«. 
Gihbs, Oliver Wolcott, chemist, b. in N.Y. 
Girard, Charles, naturalist, horn in Fr. 
Granger, Gideon, 1'. M. Gen. U. S., A55. 
Grant. Ulysses Simpson. 14th Gen. of V. 3. 

A., iHth President of r. s., b. inO., Apr. 27. 
Hale. Edward Everett, Cmt. clergyman, 

author, horn in Mass. 
Hayes, Rutherford Birchard, brig.-yen. 

vols., Gov. O., lHtli President of C. S., b. O. 
Hewitt, Abraui S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. 
Ilolman, William S., M. C. for Ind., b. lnd. 
Hough, Franklin Benj., writer, b. in N.Y. 
Ingersoll, Jared, jurist, uf Pa., A73. 
Johnson, Samuel, Unit clergyman, b. Mass. 
Johnston, Itich'd M., author, educator, b. (ia. 
Judd, Orange, agricultural editor, b. in N.Y. 
Kane, Thomas L., lawyer, born in Pa. 
Kasson, John Adams, M. C. lor la., b. in Vt 
Lyon, Caleb, M. C. for N.Y., born in N.Y. 
Mitchell, iKuiald Grant, author, b. in Conn. 
Olmsted, Fred. L., landscape gardener, b. Ct. 
Orr, James L., M. C. for S. C, gov., b. S. C. 
Osgood, David, Cong, cl., Federalist, A75. 
Parton, .lames, biographer, born in Eng. 
Phelps, William Franklin, educator, b. N.Y'. 
Pinkney. WiHiam, sen. for Md., atty.-gen., 

minister to Eng., A58. 
Pope, John, brig.-gen. U. S. A., b. in Ky. 
Porter, Fit/. John, general, born in N. H. 
Porter, Moses, V. S. officer, A47. 
Pugh, George E., sen. for O., born in O. 
Rand, Isaac, physician, A79. 
Read, Thomas Buchanan, poet, b. in Pa. 
Runkle, John I)., astronomer, born. 
Stark, John, general in Revolution, A94. 
Stewart, John, Apostle to the Wyandots, d. 
Strong, James, scholar, author, b. in N.Y. 
Taylor, Benjamin Franklin, poet, b. in N. Y. 
Truxtun, Thomas, com. U. S. N., A67. 
Van Dyke, H. J., Pres. clergyman, b. in Pa. 
Vasey, George, botanist, born in Eng. 

1823* * 

Alger, William Rouiiseville,Cnit. cl.,b. Mass. 

Badger, Oscar C, officer U. S. N.. b. Conn. 

Baird, Spencer Fullerton. naturalist, b. Pa. 

Bartraui, William, botanist, A84. 

Beers, W. H., pres. of Insurance Co., born. 

Berg-h. Henry, philan., f'der of Society for 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, b. N.Y. 

Bloomtield, Jos., Revolutionary officer, A57. 

Boker, George Henry, poet, born in Pa, 

Bozman, John Leeds, historian, jurist, A66. 

± Buckner, Simon B., U. S. A., Confed. gen., 
born in Ky. 

Chadhourne, Paul Ansel, educator, b. Me. 

Clinton, Jos. J., Af. M. E. bishop, b. Phila. 

Collyer, Robert, I'nit. clergyman, b. in Eng. 

Craven, Braxton, Pres. Trinity College, N. 
C, born in N. C. 

Colfax. Schuyler. M. C. for Ind., Speaker, 
17th Vice-Pres.,b. N. Y. 

Cropsey, Jasper Frank, artist, born in N.Y. 

Davidson, Margaret Miller, poetess, b. N.Y. 

Deane, James, missionary to Indians, A75. 

Delano, Capt. Amasa, traveler, A60. 

Dent, John Herbert, capt. U. S. N., A4L 

Derby, George H., U. S. N., born. 

Dod, Daniel, mechanical engineer, A35. 

Duvckinck, George Long, writer, b. in N.Y. 

Eddy, Thomas M., M. E. cl., editor, b. in O. 

Elliott, Ezekiel B., scientist, born in N. Y. 

Ferry, Orris Sanford, sen. for Conn., brig.- 
gen. volunteers, born in Conn. 

Francis, John B., sen. for R. I., gov., A39. 

Franklin, William B., U. S. A., maj.-gen. U. S. 
vol., born in Pa. 

Gifford, Sanford Robinson, painter, b. N.Y. 

Gilmore, James Roberts, author, b. in Mass. 

Hardin, Martin D., U. S. senator, A43. 

Harris, Thomas Lake. Spiritualist, b. Eng. 

Hart, William, landscape painter, b. in Scot. 

Hartsborne, Henry, physician, horn in Pa. 

Hawkins. W. G., P. E. clergyman, b. in Md. 

Heckewelder, John, Moravian mis'ry, A80. 

Heilprin, Michael, scholar, born in Poland. 

Higginsou, Thomas Wentworth, an., b. Mass. 

Hill, Benjamin H., sen. for Ga., born in Ga. 

Houghton, Henry Oscar, publisher, b. in Vt. 

Hubbard, Joseph S.. astronomer, b. in Conn. 

Hunt on, Eppa, sen. for Va., born in Va. 

Joy, Cbas. A., chemist, born in N.Y. 

Kfauth, Chas. P., Luth. cl., author, b. Va. 

Lay, Henry C, miss, of Southwest, b. Va. 

Le Conte, Joseph, naturalist, born in Ga. 

Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, born in Phila. 

Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, b. in N.Y". 

Lippincott, Sarah J., author, born in N.Y*. 

Mayo, Amory Dwight, Unit, cl., au.,b. Mass. 



Medill, Joseph, editor, born in Can. 
M'-iggs, It. J., sen. for O., governor, A59. 
Milburn, William Henry. M«th. Epis. clergy- 
man, chaplain, born in I 'a. 
Morton, Oliver l'erry,sen. for lnd., governor, 



Ind. 



Moore, Zephanlab Swift, scholar, A53. 

Newton, John, military engineer, b. in Va. 

Patterson, James w., sen, for K. B.,b.H. H. 

Parkman. Francis, historian, b. at Boston. 

1'cahody. Nathaniel, gen.. A h.'. 

Perkins, Charles Callahan, art critic, b. Mass. 

Roger, w. c, jurist, born. 

>ciss, Joseph A., Luth. clergyman, b. in Md. 

Sherman. John. sen. for O., sec of treas., 

.sickles, Daniel E., gen. of vols., M. C. for 
N. Y., born in N.Y. 

Tweed. Wm. M., "Tammany Boss," em- 
bezzler, born in N. Y. 

Van Dorn. Earl. Confed. gen., bora m Miss. 

Wood, Thomas Waterman, painter, b. m Vt. 

Wright, Horatio G., maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ct. 



CHURCH. 

1821* *Md. The first General Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred- 
erick. 

* * The Methodists begin work among the 
Creeks. 

* * -V. Y. The (S. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Genesee is formed. 

* * 0. The Protestant Episcopal Diocese 
of Cincinnati is established. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets; "Wm. Hill, 
moderator. 

A special meeting is held of the 
(Protestant Episcopal) General Con- 
vention. 

* * S. C. The Synod of this State com- 
mences mission work among the Chiek- 
asaws. 

* * The American Board has 250 contrib- 
uting societies ; many of them composed 
exclusively of women. 

* * The mission for the Seneca and Tusca- 
rora Indians is transferred to the United 
Foreign Missionary Society. 

* * Va. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Richmond is established. 

1822 June * New York. The General 
Synod (Reformed) meets ; Philip Mille- 
doler, president. 

* * Mich. Baptists begin work among 
the Ottawas. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets; O. Jennings, 
moderator. 

* * The union of the Presbyterians and 
Reformed Church is effected. 

* * The Society of Friends engages in 
mission work among the Onondagas. 

* * The Methodists begin work among the 
Cherokees. 

* * The "Western Missionary Society 
commences work among the Maumees, 
or Ottawas. 

* * O. The "Wyandot mission-house is 
completed, schools prosper, and over 
'200 Indians are converts. 

* * The United Domestic Missionary 
Society (undenominational) is founded. 

* * D. C. The Triennial Meeting of 
Baptists is held in "Washington. 

1S23 Feb. 24. Ga. The Protestant 
Episcopal Diocese of Georgia is orga- 
nized. 



UNITED STATES. 1821 * *-1824, May 22. 131 



Feb. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany ; P. Milledoler, 
president. [And again in June, Jesse 
Fonda, president.] 

May 22. N. C. John S. Ravenscroft 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop. 

Sept. 28. It. Leo XTT. is elected pope. 

* * Md. The Jews form a congregation. 

The second General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Frederick. 

* * N. T. Joseph Smith [The Mormon] 
announces a vision at Palmyra of the 
Angel Moroni. 

* * The New England Tract Society 
changes its name to the American 
Tract Society. 

* * N. J. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 

* *The United Domestic Missionary 
Society commences work among the 
Mackinaws. 

** Phi/a. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; John Chester, 
moderator. 

A Presbyterian Society for the Sup- 
port of Heathen Youth is organized. 
[Existed until 1874.] 

* * The General Convention (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) meets. 

* * Baptist missionaries commence work 
among the Creeks. 

* * Mrs. Judson having returned to 
America, stirs the churches to mission- 
ary zeal. [Her influence is felt for 40 
years.] 

1824 Feb. 20. The American Bap- 
tist Publication Society is formed. 
[Receipts the first year, §373.] 

LETTERS. 

1821 * * D. C. Columbian University 
(non-sect.), of Washington, is organized. 

* * Ky. Gonzago College (Rom. Cath.) 
is organized. 

The Kentucky State Library is 
founded at Frankfort. [33,900 vols.] 

* * Mass. Amherst College (Cong.) is 
founded. 

* * N. Y. Auburn Theological Seminary 
(Presb.) is opened. 

* * Phil a. Atkinson's Casket appears. 

The Saturday Magazine appears. 
The Mercantile Library Company Li- 
brary is founded. [152,741 vols.] 

* * The Spy, by Cooper, appears. 

* * The Dying Raven, by Richard H. 
Dana, appears. 

* * Travels in New England and New 
York, by Timothy Dwight, appears. 

* * The Ages, by W. C. Bryant, appears. 

* * The Idle Man, by R. H. Dana, appears. 

1822 * * Neto York. The Albion is issued. 
The Literary Review is established. 

* * Phila. The Museum of Foreign Litera- 
ture appears. [Expires in 1839.] 

* * Va. The Virginia State Library is 
founded at Richmond. [44,000 vols.] 

* * Ree's Cyclopedia is republished in the 
United States. 

* * A New England Tale, by Catherine 
M. Sedgwick, appears. 



* * The Aborigines of America, by Lydia 
H. Sigourney, appears. 

* * Prometheus ,\>y J. G.Percival, appears. 

* * Seventy-six, by John Neal, appears. 

* * Logan, by John Neal, appears. 

* * Bracebrldge Hall, by "Washington 
Irving, appears. 

* * Conn. Trinity College (Prot. Epis.) 
is organized at Hartford. 

1823 * * New York. The New York Mir- 
ror appears. 

May 17. The New York Observer is 
founded by Sidney E. and Richard C. 
Morse, and the first number issued. 

* * Alexander Campbell establishes the 
Christian Baptist. 

* * The Pioneers and The Pilot, by 
Cooper, appear. 

± * * Marco Bozzaris, by Halleck, appears. 

1824 Mar. 2. Boston. The Boston 
Courier is first issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1821 * * S. C. The city council of 
Charleston prohibits the opening of 
night or Sunday-schools for the in- 
struction of negro slaves. 

* * XT, S. The anti-slavery agitation 
becomes violent. [It continues, with 
more or less vehemence, to vex the 
nation for forty years, till "every yoke 
is broken " by the bloody hand of war.] 

18224- * * W.I. Piracy in the "West 
Indies having become common, a fleet 
sent to break it up captures more than 
twenty vessels. 

STATE. 

1822 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt 
$93,546,676. 

Feb. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: John 
Gaillard of S. C. is reelected President 
pro tempore. 

Mar. 28. D. C. Congress ; the House 
passes a bill to recognize the inde- 
pendence of the Spanish provinces in 
South America. Vote ; 167-1. 

Mar. 30. D. C. Congress provides for 
a territorial government in Florida. 

Mar. * D. C. President Monroe gives ut- 
terance to the famous Monroe Doc- 
trine. (See Dec. 2, 1823.) 

May 4. £>. C. The President communi- 
cates to Congress his objections to na- 
tional appropriations for internal im- 
provements. [It arrests public attention 
and legislative action.] 

May 8. D. C. The 17th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Dec. 2. T). C. Congress: the second 
session opens. 

* * D. C. Congress recognizes the South 
American Republics. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-23 * * Cal. Pablo V. de Sola (Mex.). 
-23 * * Del. Caleb Rodney. 

-34* * Fla. (Ter.) William P. Duval. 
-26 * * III. Edward Coles. 
-25 * * Ind. William Hendricks. 
-24 * * La. H. S. Thibodeaux, 
-24* * N. Y. Joseph Tates. 
O. Allen Trimble. 



-26 * * O. Jeremiah Morrow. 
-24 * * S.C. John L. Wilson. 
-25 * * Va. James Pleasants. 

1823 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt 
$90,875,877. 

Feb. 19. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

Feb. * Tex. Mexico grants Stephen F. 
Austin of Va., founder of Texas, a grant 
of territory for a colony. 

Mar. 4. B. C. The 17th Congress 
ends. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The 18th Congress 
opens. 

Congress ; House : Henry Clay of 
Ky. is again elected Speaker. 

Dec. 2. D. C. Declaration of the 
Monroe doctrine. 

It is enunciated by the President in his 
message to Congress, "That the Ameri- 
can Continents, by the free and inde- 
pendent position which they have as- 
sumed and maintained, are henceforth 
not to be considered as subjects for future 
colonization by any European power;" 
he also declares that t lie extension of the 
system of the Holy Alliance to these con- 
tinents would not be regarded "in any 
other light than as the manifestation 
of an unfriendly disposition toward the 
United States." 

* * B. C. Smith Thompson of N. T. 
is appointed Justice of the U. S. Su- 
preme Court. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-25 * * Cal. Luis Arguello (Mexican). 
-24 * * Bel. Joseph Haslett. 

-27 * * Ga. George M. Troup. 
-25 * * Mass. Wm. Eustis. 
-24 * *N.&. Levi Woodbury. 

Pa. John Andrew Shulze. 
-26 * * Vt. C. P. Van Ness. 

1824 Jan. 1. XT. S. National debt 
$90,269,777. 

Jan. 9. B. C. Congress ; House : a 
protective tariff bill is introduced. It 
is opposed by the South and New Eng- 
land. 

May 22. D. C. Congress enacts a 
new tariff which is more highly pro- 
tective than the old law. Average rate 
37 per cent. It has a slender majority 
in its favor ; only five in the House and 
four in the Senate. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1822 * * Autumn. The first regular 
steamer sails between New York and 
Norfolk, Va. 

* * Boston becomes an incorporated city. 
Dec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other 

aliens in 1822, 6,911. 

1823 Oct. 8. N. Y. The first boat 
passes from Rochester to Albany through 
the Erie Canal. 

± * * Boston. Gas is used. The first 
mayor under the city charter is elected. 

* * Miss. Natchez is scourged with yel- 
low fever; most of the citizens flee. 

* * N. Y. The first three-story brick 
house in Brooklyn is erected ; the 
houses are first numbered, and some of 
the streets paved ; population about 7,000. 

Dec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1823, 6,354. 



132 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. 



AMERICA 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1824 * * Wis. The Colorado Beetle 
(potato-bug) is first found in Wisconsin ; 
it is described by Thomas Say, and named 
Doryphora decemlineata. 

* * Mass. The manufacture of flannel 
by water-power is commenced at Ames- 
bury. 

1825 June 17. Mass. The venerable 
Marquis de Lafayette lays the corner- 
stone of Bunker Trill Monument ; 
Daniel "Webster delivers the oration. 

Nov. 29. New Tori:. Rossini's II Bar- 
bier is produced by the Manuel Garcia 
Company, including Maria Felicita Ma- 
libran. The first genuine Italian opera 
in America. 

* * New York. Dr. Gram, educated in 
Denmark, introduces the homeo- 
pathic practice of medicine. 

* * Phila. Queen ? s-ware is first manu- 
factured. 

* *U.S. Anthracite coal is used in 
dwellings and factories. 

* * Va. A small observatory is erected 
by Thomas Jefferson for the University 
of Virginia. 

* * U. S. A bottle containing acid and 
cotton surmounted with phosphorized 
pine sticks substitutes the tinder-box, 
flint, and steel, in starting a fire. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1834* * 

Ashby, Turner, Confed. gen., born in Va. 

Baird, Absalom, maj.-^i-n. vols., born in Pa. 

Baker, William M uint'ord, author, b. in D. C. 

Beard, William II., animal painter, b. in O. 

Bee, Bernard !■:., (.'on fed. gen., b. in S. C. 

Beecher, Thomas K., Cong, el., born in Conn. 

Bonner, Robert, journalist of N. Y., b. Ire. 

Bradford, .Joseph M., naval orlicer, b. Tenn. 

Broome, John L-, officer U. S. N., b. in N. Y. 

Burnside, Ambrose E., inaj.-gen. of vols., 
sen. for R.I., gov., born in Ind. 

Cary, Phoebe, poet, born in 0. ? 

Colquitt, Alfred H., sen. for Ga., b. in Ga. 

Cooley, Thomas M., jurist, b. in N. Y. 

Cox. Samuel Sullivan, M.C. for N.Y., b. 0. 

Curtis, George "William, author, editor 
Harper's Weekly, born in K. I. 

Dayton, Jonathan, Kevl'n. patriot, A64. 

Doremus, Robert Og.len, chemist, b. N.Y. 

Duncan, William <'., Bap. cl., editor, b. N.Y. 

Flemmmg, William, M. C, A70. 

Fry, Benj. St. .lames, M. E. cl., b. in Tenn. 

Gould, Benjamin A., Jr., astronomer, born 

in Mass. 
Graham, Chas. K., officer IT. S. N., b. N.Y. 
Grow, Galusha Aaron, M.C. for Pa., Speaker, 

born in Conn. 
Hancock, Winfleld Scott, maj.-gen. TT. S. 

A., born in Pa. 
Haven, Harriet jr., reformer, born. 
Howell, David, judge, A77. 
Hunt, William Morns, painter, born in Vt. 
Jackson, Thomas Jonathan, " Stonewall," 
U. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen., b. Va., Jan. 21. 
Jeffers, William, U. S. N., born. 
Johnson. Eastman, painter, born in Me. 
King, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl., born in N. Y. 
Lelaiul, Charles t;., essayist, humorist, b. Pa. 
Lewis, Estelle Anna 1'.., author, born in Md. 
Littlejobn, Abram N., P. E. bp. b. N.Y. 
Matthews, Stanley, U. S. S. Ct., born in 0. 
Morgan, John T., sen. for Ala., born in Tenn. 
Ogden, John, founder I'isk Univ., born. 
Oglesby, Richard J., gov., sen. for 111., gen., 

born in Ky. 
Palmer, Tunis, army officer, born. 
Pleasonton, Alfred, brig. -gen. vol., b. D. C. 
Putnam, Unfits, gen., pioneer of O., A86. 
Quintard, Chas. T., P. E. bishop, b. Conn. 
Rodney, Crcsar A., atty.-gen., of Pa., A42. 
Randall, Charles S.,M. C. for Mass., born in 

Mass. 
Seelye, Julius Hawlev, educator, b. Conn. 
Shea, John 1>. Cilmary, scholar, b. N.Y.City. 
Sigel, Franz, brig.-gen. of vols., b. in Ger. 
Stanford, Leland, sen. for Cab, b. in N.Y. 
Thompson, Chas., pres. of Congress, A95. 



"Walker. William, filibuster, b. in Tenn. 
Whitney, Adeline D. Train, au., b. in Muss. 
Wight, Orlando Williams, author, b. N.Y. 

Winchell, Alexander, geologist, b. in N.Y. 
Woods, William P., I". S. S. Ct., b. in Ga. 
1825 * • 
Akers, Penj. Paul, sculptor, born in Me. 
Andrews, Edward Gayer, M. E. bp., b. N.Y. 

P.aldwm, Thomas, I'.apt. cl. m Postun, A7.'. 

lielden, James J., M. C. forN.Y., b. in N.Y. 

lierg, Albert W., composer, organist, born. 

P.irney, David Bell, maj.-gen. of vols., b. Ala. 

lilaekwell, Antoinette Drown, Congrega- 
tional preacher, philanthropist, b. in N.Y. 

Bliss, Willard, physician, born. 

Boyd, Andrew K. II., P. E. cl., born in Scot. 

Bristow, <;eo. P., com] oser, musician, b. N.Y. 

Brooks, John, t.ov. of Mass., A73. 

Butler, Win. Allen, poet, born in N.Y. 

Child, Francis James, scholar, b. in BoBton. 

Cook, John, brig.-gen. vols., born in 111. 

Curry, Jabez L. M., P.apt. clergyman, b. Ga. 

Dalton, John ('all, physiologist, b. in Mass. 

Davnlson, Lu.retia ."Maria, poetess, A17. 

Eustis, William, physician, M. C, Gov. of 
Mass., sec. of war, minister, A 72. 

Dorr, J alia C. R., author, born in S. C. 

Fanning, David, Tory leader in Hev., A69. 

Fiske, Pliny, missionary m Palestine, A33. 

Fischer, <;eo. Jackson, phvsirjaii, surgeon, b. 

Gear, John H., M. C, born in N.Y. 

George, Win. S., journalist, editor, born. 

Gillmore, Quincy A., gen., engineer, b. in O. 

Gordon, Geo. Henry, brig.-gen. vols., b. Mass. 

Gordon, Granger, maj.-gen. vols., b. in N.Y. 
Green, William Henry, Pres. cl., b. in N. J. 
(Jueriisey, Alfred Hudson, editor, b. in Vt. 
Haight, Henry Huntley, jurist, born in N. Y. 

Harper, Robert !■'., lawyer, statesman, A60. 
Hill, Ambrose P., U. S. A., Confed. maj.- 
gen., born in Va. 
Honk, <;eorge W., M. C. for 0.. born in Pa. 
Hull, William, gen. in war of 1812, A62. 
Hunt, Thomas Sterry, chemist, b. in Conn. 
Inness, George, landscape painter, b. N.Y. 
Jewell, Marshall, Gov. of Conn., b. in N. H. 
Lamar, Lucius Q. C, U. S. S. Ct., b. in Miss. 
Lea, Henry C, author, born in Pa. 
Le Conte, John L., entomologist, b. in N.Y. 
Livingston, John H., father of Reformed 

Dutch Church in Am., A79. 
Macdonough, Tbos., com. U. S. N., A42. 
March, Francis Andrew, philologist, b. Mass. 
Merrill, Stephen M., M. E. bishop, b. in O. 
Palmer, John Williamson, editor, b. in Md. 
Parker, Edward G., journalist, an., b. Mass. 
Pickett, Geo. E., U.S.A., Confed. gen.,b. Va. 
Pinckney, Charles Cotesworth, maj.-gen., 

minister to Fr., A79. 
Porcher, Francis i'eyrc, physician, b. S. C. 
Preston, Tbos. Scott, R. C. primate, b. Conn. 
Prime, William C, editor, born in N.Y. 
Rarey, John S., horse-tamer, born in O. 
Reno, Jesse L., general, born in W. Va. 
Requier, Augustus J., jurist, poet, b. S. C. 
Rinehart, William H., sculptor, born in Md. 
Rogers, Randolph, sculptor, born in N.Y. 
Sehweinitz, Edmund Alex, de, Moravian 

bishop, born in Pa. 
Shays, Daniel, rebel of Mass., A85. 
Stevens, Moses T., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass. 
Stoddard, Richard Henry, poet, b. in Mass. 
Summerfleld, John, M. E. cl., orator, A27. 
Taylor, Bayard, traveler, poet, born in Pa. 
Thomas, Cyrus, entomologist, born in Tenn. 
Tompkins, Daniel D. . statesman, M, C. for 

N.Y., 6th Vice- Pres., governor, A51. 
Underwood, Francis Henry, author, b. Mass. 
Weems, Mason L., author, born in Va. 
Whitney, Eli, inventor of cotton gin, AGO. 
Wilkinson, -lames, general U. S. A., A68. 

CHURCH. 

1824 May 1-28. Md. The General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is 
held in Baltimore ; reports from the An- 
nual Conferences condemn the plan for 
electing presiding elders. 

It establishes the Upper, Middle, and 
Cherokee Missions. 

It organizes the Maine, Illinois, Pitts- 
burg, and Holston Conferences, and or- 
dains as bishops Joshua Soule and 
Elijah Hedding. 

May 21. Md. A Convention of Metho- 
dist Reformers is held at Baltimore. 

June * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; Thomas Be'Witt, 
president. 



* * N. Y. The Baptist* work among the 
Tusearoras and Tunawandus of western 
New York. 

* * Phila. The American Sunday- 
school Union is organized. 

* * The General Assembly (Presby- 
teriauj meets ; Ashbel Green, moderator. 

* * S. C. The United Synod, South 
(Evangelical Lutheran), of South Caro- 
lina, ifi organized. 

1825 Feb. * X. Y. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets at Albany : T. I>e\Yitt. 
president. [Also, at Xew Brunswick, in 
June, Jacob Broadhead, president, and 
again in Sept.] 

May 24. Boston. The American Uni- 
tarian Association is formed. 

* * There are 95 Unitarians and 310 Con- 
gregational churches. 

May 25. Boston. The Unitarian Mis- 
sionary Association is founded. 

* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Frederick. 

* * N. Y. The Universalist State Con- 
vention is organized. 

* * New York. The [present] American 
Tract Society is organized. 

* * O. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of 
the \Vestern Reserve is formed. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; S. N. Rowan, mod- 
erator. 

* * Pa. A Protestant Episcopal bishop is 
first seen west of the Alleghanies. 

The Reformed (German) Church estab- 
lishes a theological school at Carlisle. 

* * Wis. The Episcopalians open an In- 
dian mission at Green Bay. 

LETTERS. 
1824 * * Boston. The Christian Exam- 
iner is issued. 

* * New York. The Atlantic Magazine is 
issued [and afterwards changed to the 
New York Monthly Review], 

* * N. Y. The Rensselaer Polytechnic In- 
stitute (non-sect.) is organized at Troy. 

* * 0. The Miami University (non- 
sect.) is organized at Oxford. 

* * Va. The Union Theological Seminary 
(Presb.)-is established. 

* * The Mutual Bights (Meth. Protestant) 
is issued. 

* * John Bull in America, by Paulding, 
appears. 

* * Tales of a Traveller, by Irving, 
appears. 

* * Reflections on the Politics of Ancient 
Greece, by George Bancroft, appears. 

* * Uses and Various Evidences of Re- 
vealed Religion, by A'erplanck, appears. 

1825* * Conn. The Connecticut Histori 
cal Society Library is founded at Hart- 
ford. [20,000 vols.] 

* * La. The Centenary College 
(Meth. Epis.) is established. 

* * Mass. Xewton Theological Institute 
(Bapt.) is founded at Xewton Centre. 

* * A'. J. Queen's College (Reformed) 
is revived, and called Rutgers College. 



UNITED STATES. 1824, Apr. 19-1826, Jan. 3. 133 



* * New York. The Sunday Courier is is- 
sued. It is the first Sunday newspaper. 

* * N. Y. Hobart Free College (Prot. 
Epis.) is founded at Geneva. 

* * O, Franklin College (non-sect.), at 
New Athens, is organized. 

Kenyon College (Prot. Epis.) is orga- 
nized at Gambier. 

* * Fa. The University of Virginia 
(non-sect.) is organized. Its Library 
[4S.000 vols.] is founded. 

* * The Biblical Repertory and Princeton 
Review, founded by Hodge, appears. 

* * The Religious Messenger (Meth. Epis.) 
is issued. [Later merged into the Chris- 
tian Advocate.] 

* * George Guess (or Sequoyah), a half- 
breed Cherokee about 50 years old, in- 
vents the Cherokee alphabet. 

* * ZophieVe; or the Bride of Seven, by 
Maria Brooks, appears. 

* * The Southern Literary Gazette appears. 

* * Iladad, by Hillhouse, appears. 

* * -26 * * Observations on Cornine, a 
New Alkaloid, by Samuel G. Morton, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1824 Aug. 15. New York. Lafay- 
ette, aged and gray, revisits America 
by invitation of Congress ; and as the 
natron's guest, he is received with tre- 
mendous enthusiasm [in all his tour of 
5,000 miles through the States]. - 

* * Ind. Robert Dale Owen of Scotland 
establishes a philanthropic settlement, 
called New Harmony, at his own ex- 
pense. 

* * Tenn. James K. Polk marries Sarah 
Childress. 

1825 Sept. 8. D. C. Gen. Lafayette, 
" the Nation's guest," bids farewell to 
America, and sails from Washington for 
France in an American frigate. 

Nov. 29. N. Y. The completion of the 
Erie and Champlain canals is cele- 
brated. 

Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay- 
ette $200,000 and 24,000 acres of fertile 
land in Florida, as a reward for services 
and remuneration of expenses, incurred 
during the Revolution. 

* * Ind. Abraham Lincoln, sixteen 
years old, is working a ferry on the 
Ohio for sis dollars a month. 

* * New York. The Sunday Courier is 
issued, but soon suspends for lack of 



* * U.S. "Working people begin to dis- 
cuss the questions of shorter hours, 
higher wages, and greater safety. 

* *-30* *The Columbia Charitable As- 
sociation of Shipwrights and Calkers 
organizes. 

1S26 Jan. 3. New York. Veterans or- 
ganize the Society of the War of 
1812. 

STATE. 

1824 Apr. 19. D. C. Congress: 

House : The "A.B. Plot" culminates. 

Charges are presented against William 

H. Crawford, Secretary of the Treasury 



and candidate for the presidency, which 
reflect on his integrity; they are made 
by Ninian Edwards, ex-senator for Illi- 
nois, but not sustained. 

May 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John Gaillard of S. C. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

May 27. D. C. The 18th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

* * D. C. President Monroe declines to 
be a candidate for reelection. 

Dec. 10. Congress; House: Henry 
Clay welcomes Lafayette in an address. 

* * U. S. Great public excitement pre- 
vails in the election, owing to the number 
(4) of candidates ; Adams in the East, 
Crawford in the South, Jackson and 
Clay in the West. 

* * U. S. The custom of making nomi- 
nations for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent by caucuses of members of 
Congress becomes unpopular, and is 
abandoned. 

Nov. (?) * U. S. The 10th Presidential 
election; coalition candidates are 
elected. Popular vote for President : 
Andrew Jackson (Dem.-Rep.) of Tenn., 
155,S72 ; John Q,. Adams (Opposition) 
of Mass., 105,321 ; Henry Clay (Rep.) of 
Ky., 46,5S7; "William H. Crawford 
(Rep.) of Ga., 44,282. 

Tenn. James K. Polk of Tenn. is 

first elected to Congress, aged 29. [He 
is reelected continuously for 14 years.] 

Dec. 6. L>. C. The 18th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 22. D. C. Congress votes Lafay- 
ette remuneration. (See Society.) 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-27 * * Del. Samuel Paynter. 
-28 * * Ky. Joseph Desha. 

-28 * * La. Henry Johnson. 

-26 * * Mo. Frederick Bates. 

-27 * * N. C. Hutchins G. Burton. 

-27 * * N. H. David L. Morrill. 

-28* * N. Y. De Witt Clinton. 

-31 * * R. I- James C. Fenner. 

-26 * * S. C. Richard J. Manning. 
1825 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 

§S3,788,432. 
Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: the senate 

ratifies a boundary treaty with Russia. 

It establishes the boundary line at 54° 40'. 
Feb. 12. Ga.-Ala. A treaty is made 

with the Indians. 

* * D. C. President Adams recommends 
internal improvements, but Congress 
does not approve. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President: Andrew Jackson 
of Tenn., 99 ; John Q. Adams of Mass., 84 ; 
Henry Clay ot Ky.. 37 ; Wm. H. Craw- 
ford of Ga., 41. Vote for Vice-Presi- 
dent: John C Calhoun (Dem.-Rep.) of 
S. C, 182; Nathan Sanford of N. Y., 30; 
Nathanial Macon of N. C, 24 ; Andrew 
Jackson of Tenn. (Rep.), 13 ; Martin Van 
Buren of N. Y. (Rep.), 9; Henry Clay 
of Ky. (Rep.), 2. 

No candidate having a majority of the 
total electoral vote (261), the House of 
Representatives elects Adams on the 
first ballot, by the votes of 13 States. 

Vote of the House of Representatives : 
Jackson, 00; Adams, 84; Crawford, 41 ; 



Mar. 4. D. C. The 18th 

ends. 
Sixth Administration ; Coalition. 

Mar. 4. D. C. John Quincy Adams of 
Mass. is inaugurated the Gth President, 
in the 10th term of the presidency. John 
C. Calhoun of S. C. is Vice-President. 
Cabinet : Henry Clay of Ky. (State), 
Richard Rush of Pa. (Treas.), James 
Barbour of Ya. (War), Samuel L. 
Southard of N. J. (Navy), "William 
"Wirt of Va. (Atty.-Gen.), John Mc- 
Lean of O. (P. M.-Gen.). 

Mar. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate : John 
Gaillard of S. C. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 19th Congress 
opens. 

Dec. * House : John W. Taylor of N. Y. 
is elected Speaker. 

* * Ga. A Controversy concer nin g 
Creek (Indian) lands in Georgia oc- 
curs ; the State ignores the Federal au- 
thority ; the Indians sell their lands, and 
remove to the West. 

* * A treaty of commerce is made with the 
Republic of Colombia. 

* * The opponents of President Jackson's 
administration become known as 
"Whigs, and their number increases 
rapidly. 

* *-26* * New York. William Paulding, 
the 05th mayor, is elected. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-29 * * Ala. John Murphy. 

-29 * * Ark. (Ter.) George Izzard. 
-31 * * Cal. J. M. de Echeandia(Mex-). 
-31 * * Ind. James B. Ray. 

Mass. Marcus Morton. 
-34 * * Mass. Levi Lincoln. 
-27 * * Miss. David Holmes. 
_27 * * Va. John Tyler. 
1826 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$81,054,059. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1824 * * N. Y. Steam ferries are first 
run between New York and Brooklyn. 

* * New York. Anthracite coal is first 
used. 

* * Summer. La. The yellow fever 
rages in New Orleans. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1824, 7,912. 

1825 Oct. 26. N. Y. The great Erie 
Canal, 363 miles long, is completed, 
chiefly through the influence of De Witt 
Clinton. It costs $7,500,000, and connects 
the Great Lakes with the seaboard at 
New York. The Champlain Canal is 
also completed. 

Nov. 2. N. Y. The opening of the 
Erie Canal is celebrated with great 
ceremony by the city of Albany-. 

Nov. 4. New York. The first boat via 
the Erie Canal arrives. 

* * N. J. The Morris Canal, to connect 
Newark and Phillipsburg, is commenced. 

* * N. Y. The State treasurer has paid 
nearly §90,000 in the last ten years for 
the extermination of wolves. 



134 1826, Jan. 10.-1828, July 4. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1828 May 24. Maj.-Gen. Alexander 

Macomb is appointed (11th) commander 

of the army. 
July 1. N. Y. Jefferson Davis, 20 years 

of age, graduates at West Point Military 

Academy. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1826 June 23. New York. Edwin 
Forrest appears as Othello at the Park 
Theater. 

Oct. 2. New York. W. C. Macready 
first appears in America as Virginius at 
the Park Theater. 

* * Conn. The manufacture of axes 
and other edge-tools is commenced at 
Hartford. 

* * Mass. The manufacture of palm-leaf 
hats commences. 

* *New York. The Academy of Design 
is founded. 

* * N. J. Thomas Seir Cummings of 
Hackensack is elected member of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * Pa. The manufacture of school- 
slates is commenced in this country. 

* * Patrick Lyon, the Blacksmith, is 
painted by John Neagle. 

* * James H. Hackett, a merchant, turns 
to the stage, and becomes the foremost of 
American comedians. 

1827 * * Md. The manufacture of fire- 
brick is commenced at Baltimore. 

* * D. C. The Capitol at Washington is 
completed. 

* * Portrait of Jared Sparks is painted by 
Gilbert Stuart. 



Morse, Jedidiab, yotfraphi-r, _\i..".. 
Murray, Lindley. ^rainiiianan, AMI. 
N>filev, James S.. inaj.-Kt-n. vols., 1>. in l*a. 
Newman, .John P., M. K. bishop, b. in N.Y. 

i Jake*, .lames, l.ri-v. hriL'.-een., horn in J'a, 
orton, William, pre*. W. I . Tel. Co., b. N. Y. 



A 43. 



i in O. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1836* * 

Adams, John, of Mass., diplomatist, 2d 

Pres. of V. .S., dies July 4, A91. 
Abbot, .Joel, M. ('. for Oa., A60. 
Blake, William I'., mineralogist, b. in N.Y. 
Bond, George Phillips, astronomer, b. Mass. 
Bowles, Samuel, journalist, born in Mass. 
Brace, Charles l., author, philan., b. Conn. 
Braden, .John, coll. pres. Nashville, b. N.Y. 
Brown, Benj. iiraU, editor, teacher, born. 
Buford, John, U. S. N., born in Ky. 
Church. Frederick Edwin, landscape 

painter, born in Conn. 
Crosby, Howard. Pres. clergyman, Greek 

scholar, born in N.Y. 
Dale, Richard, commodore, A70. 
Daniels, Charles, M. C, born in N.Y. 
Dasbiel, Robert L., M. E. el., born in Md. 
Davis, Andrew .J., clairvoyant, writer on 

spiritualism, born in N.Y. 
Davis, John, M. C, born in 111. 
De Forest, John William, author, b. Conn. 
Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwriglit, P. E. clergy- 
man, author, born in Mass. 
Foster, Stephen ('., ballad composer, b. Pa. 
George, James Z., sen. for Miss., born in Ga. 
± Gibbon, John, maj.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa. 
Gregg, John I., br9«. brig. -gen., born in Pa. 
Hall, Gordon, tirst Am. miss, in Bombay, A 44. 
Hawley, Joseph K., sen. for Conn, born N. C. 
Hoar, George F., U. S. sen. for Mass.,b. Mass. 
Jefferson. Thomas, of Va., minister to Fr., 

sec. of state, 3d Pres., dies July 4, A83. 
Larcom, Lucy, author, poet, born in Mass. 
Logan, John A., maj.-gen. vols., sen. for 

111., candidate for Vic'e-Pres., b. 111., Feb. 9. 
Long, Armistead L., Confed. gen., b. in Va. 
MacClellan. George Brinton. Gen. of U. S. 

A., Dein. candidate for Pres., Gov. of N. J., 

born in Pa., Dec. 3. 
Mabone, Win., Confed. gen., sen. for Va., b. 

in Va, 
Macconnel, John L., novelist, born in 111. 
Martin, Luther, lawyer, A78. 
Mehan, Thomas, botanist, horn in Eng. 
Morgan. John II., Confed. guerrilla, b. Ky. 
Morgan, William, mechanic, abducted, A51. 



(juaekenbos, * .eorgc 1'ayn, educator, b. N.Y. 

Ransom, Matt. W., Confed. -gen., sen. for 
N. C, b. in N. C. 

RobinBon, Lucius B., Gov. of N.Y., b. N.Y. 

Seney. George I., philanthropist, b. N.Y. 
X Stoekbrtdge, Francis 11., sen. for Mich., bom 
in Me. 
1827* * 

Addison, David, author, born. 

Atkinson, Edward, writer, born in Mass. 

Bascom, John, author, M. E. cl., b. in N.Y. 

Bates, Samuel Penuiinan, historian, b. Mass. 

Iletts, Beverly R., P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. 

Boyce, Jas. P., Bap. cl., theologian, b. S. C. 

Bradford, William, painter, born in Mass. 

Hroadus, J. A., Bap. theol. prof., born in Va. 

('attell, Win. C, Pres. Lafayette, b. N. J. 

Cooke, .Josiah Parsons, chemist, b. in Mass. 

Cooke, Rose Terry, writer, poet, b. in Conn. 

Corcoran, Michael, brig. -gen., born in Ire. 

Cummins, .Maria S., novelist, born in Mass. 

Dix. Morgan, P. E. clergyman, b. N.Y. City. 

Dooly, John Mitchell, wit, jurist, A55. ? 

Emrriit, Thomas A., lawyer of N.Y., A63. 

Ferry, Thomas W., I*. S. sen., born in Mich. 

Fink, Albert, engineer, born in Ger. 

Fisher, George Park, prof, in Yale, b. Mass. 

Fry, James B., general, born in 111. 

Gaillard, Edwin S., phvs., educator, b. S. C. 

Hendricken, Thos. F., R. C. bishop, b. Ire. 

Holcombe, Win. F., surgeon, prof., b. Mass. 

Holley, Horace, Unit, clergyman, A46. 

Howard, John E.,gen., sen. for Md.,gov.,A75. 

Hurlbut, Wm. Henry, journalist, b. in S. C. 

King. Rufus. M. Cont'l Cong, from Me., 
sen. for N.Y., minister to Eng., A72. 

Latham, Milton S., statesman, born in O. 

Murphy, John McLeod, naval engineer, born. 

Newhall, Fales H., prof. Wesleyan t'niv., b. 

Palmer. Frank W., editor, born in Ind. 

Parke, John G., mag.-gen. of vols., b. in Pa. 

Payson, Edward, Cong, clergyman, A44. 

Peale, Chas. Wilson, painter, naturalist, A86. 

Pickens, Israel, senator, dies. 

Pike, Mary II. Greene, author, born in Me. 

Piatt, Orville II., senator for Conn., born. 

Pratt, Daniel J., scholar, writer, b. in N.Y. 

Rains, J., Confed. gen., born. 

Robeson, George M., sec. of navy, b. in N. J. 

Rosecrans, Sylvester H., K. C. bishop, b. O. 

Schermerhorn, Simon J., M. C.,born in N.Y. 

Slocum, Henry Warner, maj.-gen. vols., law- 
yer, born in N. Y. 

Stewart, William M., sen. for. Nev., b. N.Y. 

Terrv, Alfred Ilowe.bng.-gen. vols., b. Conn. 

Tilghman, Wm., jurist, A71. 

Trowbridge, John Townsend, novelist, born. 

Venable, ciiarles S., mathematician, b. Va. 

Voorhees, Daniel W., sen. for Ind., born in O. 

"Whitney, "WiUiam Dwight. comparative 
philologist, born in Mass. 

Windom. William, sen. for Minn., sec. of 
treas., born in O. 



CHURCH. 

1826 Jan. 10. Me. The General Con- 
ference (Congregational) of Maine is or- 
ganized. 

Mar. * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; Thomas DeWitt, 
president. [And again in June, John 
Ludlow, president.] 

May 10. New York. The United Do- 
mestic Missionary Society is changed to 
the American Home Missionary So- 
ciety at New York. 

Its object is to assist congregations 
that are unable to support the Gospel 
ministry, and to send the Gospel to the 
destitute within the United States. 

May 17. Miss. The Protestant Episco- 
pal Diocese of Mississippi is organized. 

* * Boston. Lyman Beecher becomes 
pastor of the Hanover Street church. 

* * Ind. Both the (N. S. and the O. S.) 
Presbyterian Synods of Indiana are 
organized. 



* * Mo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
St. Louis is erected. 

* * The American Board receives from the 
United Foreign Missionary Board cer- 
tain Indian missions. 

The Osages ; the < Isaacs of Missouri; 
the mixed tribes at Mackinaw; the Ot- 
tawas at Maumee : the Senecafl at Alle- 
gheny ; Cattarauiine and S.-necas, and 
also the Tuscaroras, in New York. - Cy- 
clopedia of Missions. 

* * New York. A congregation of the 
African Union Methodist Church is 
formed. 

The Baptist Triennial Meeting is 
held. 

* * O. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

The General Assembly (Presbyte- 
rian) meets; Francis McCauley, mod- 
erator. 

* * Tenn. The (X. S.) Presbyterian Syn- 
ods of "West Tennessee and the (O. S.) 
Synod of Nashville are formed. 

* *The American Board has 7 mission 
stations among the Cherokee Indians of 
Georgia, 10 among the Choctaws of Mis- 
sissippi, and one among the Cherokees 
of Arkansas. 

* * The Baptists commence missions 
among the Ottawas ; also among the 
Choctaws. 

1827 June* Phila. The General 
Synod (Reformed) meets ^ Cornelius C. 
Cuyler, president. 

Sept. 22. N. Y. Joseph Smith an- 
nounces the discovery of the Book of 
Mormon, written on plates of gold, in 
Egypt* 3 - 11 (?) characters. (See 1812.) 

Oct. 25. Pa. H. U. Onderdonk is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant 
bishop for Pennsylvania. 

Nov. * Md. A General Convention of 
Methodist Reformers is held at Balti- 
more. 

* * Mass. The Unitarian Sunday- 
school Society is organized. 

* * Mich. The first Congregational Church 
in Michigan is formed. 

* * N. H. A General Conference of 
Free-will Baptists is formed. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Gettysburg. 

The Church of Christ (Disciples of 
Christ) is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Francis Ilcrron, 
moderator. Congregational delegates 
have their right to vote taken away. 

An extensive secession divides the 
Society of Friends ; the names Ortho- 
dox and Eicksite are given to the 
two branches. 

* * Tex. The Franciscan missionaries 
on the Rio Grande teach a great number 
of Jndians to read and write. 

* * Va. The Dover Association (Baptist) 
decrees excommunication from fellow- 
ship of those holding the views of Alex- 
ander Campbell. 



UNITED STATES. 1826, Jan. 10-1828, July 4. 135 



* * The Sunday- school Union (Metho- 
dist Episcopal) is formed. 

* * The Methodists begin work among the 
Choc taws and Chiekasaws. 

The Synods of Georgia and South Car- 
olina transfer their mission among the 
Chiekasaws to the American Board. 

* * The Baptists begin work among the 
Chippewas. 

1828 Jan. * Md. The Associate Metho- 
dist Reformers meet at Baltimore. 

Apr. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany ; Cornelius C. 
Cuyler, president. [And again in June, 
Jacob Schoonmaker, president.] 

May 1-24. Pa. The General Confer- 
ence (Methodist Episcopal) meets in 
Pittsburg ; connection with the Cana- 
dian Conference is practically dissolved. 

May* Pa. A memorial of grievances 
from Methodist Reformers is presented 
to the General Conference at Pitts- 
burg; unsatisfactory proposals are made. 

May 5. New York. The New York 
American Seaman's Friend Society 
is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1826 Sept. 9. New York. First issue 
of the Christian Advocate (Meth. Epis.). 

Oct. 25. N. Y. The Rochester Daily 
Advertiser appears. 

* * Boston. The State Library of Massa- 
chusetts is founded. [60,000 vols.] 

* * La. The New Orleans Bee appears. 

* * Md. The Maryland State Library is 
founded at Annapolis. [70,000 vols.] 

* * 0. "Western Reserve College 
(Pres). is founded at Hudson. 

The Cincinnati Commercial Register 
appears. 

* * Va. The Richmond Whig appears. 

* * -30 * * Commentaries an- American 
Law, by James Kent, appears. 

* * Lionet Lincoln, by Cooper, appears. 

* * Merry Tales of the Three Wise Men of 
Gotham, by Paulding, appears. 

* * Last of the Mohicans, by Cooper, ap- 
pears. 

1827 May * New York. The Morning 
Enquirer is started. 

Sept. 1. New York. The Journal of 
Commerce issues its first number ; it is 
hostile to slavery. 

* * III. Shurtleff College is founded by 
Baptists at Upper Alton. 

* * Pa. The "Western Theological Semi- 
nary (Pres.) is established in Allegheny. 

* * Phila. The American Quarterly Re- 
view, by Robert "Walsh, is published 
[till 1837]. 

* * The Prairie, hy Cooper, appears. 

* * Biography of the Signers of tlie Dec- 
laration of Independence, by John San- 
derson, appears. 

* * The Red Rover, by Cooper, appears. 

* * The Buccaneer, by Richard H. Dana, 
appears. 

* * Commentary on the Epistle to the 
Hebrews, by Moses Stuart, appears. 

1828 Feb. 28. ///. McKendree Col- 
lege (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lebanon. 



SOCIETY. 

1826 Feb. 13. Boston. The "American 
Society for the Promotion of Temper- 
ance," on the basis of abstinence from 
strong drink, organizes. 

Apr. 4. Henry Clay and John Ran- 
dolph fight a duel. The latter had stig- 
matized the coalition of Adams and 
Clay as a union of " the Puritan and 
the black-leg." 

Sept. 11. N.Y. The alleged abduction 
of William Morgan, by Freemasons 
for revealing secrets, causes intense 
and widespread excitement. 

* *N. Y. Millard Fillmore marries 
Abigail Powers. 

1827* * Tenn. Andrew Johnson mar- 
ries Eliza McCardle. 

STATE. 

1826 Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; ap- 
points Richard C. Anderson and John 
Sargeant as delegates to the General 
Congress of South American States, 
to meet in Panama, in June. 

* * Phila. The [present] system of the 
Fairmount "Water-works is completed. 
May 14. N. Y. Sing Sing prison is com- 
menced. 

May 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Nathaniel Macon of N. C. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

May 22. D. C. The 19th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

June * The Panama Congress of South 
American States fails to meet and put 
the Monroe doctrine into practice. 
(See Mar. 14, 1S26.) 

July 4. The death of two ex-Presidents, 
John Adams and Thomas Jefferson, on 
the 50th anniversary of American In- 
dependence, arrests attention. 

Oct. * N. Y. The Morgan anti-Mason 
excitement is taken into politics, and 
many members suffer in their reputa- 
tion ; among them is De "Witt Clinton. 
(See Society.) 

Nov. 13. A convention is entered by 
the United States and Great Britain, 
whereby American citizens receive in- 
demnification for British spoliations 
during the war with Napoleon. 

Dec. 4. D. C. The 19th Congress: the 
second session opens. 

* * Tenn. Seat of the State government 
is changed from Murfreesboro to Nash- 
ville. 

* * _27 * * New York. Philip Hone is 
elected the 56th mayor. 

* * D. C. Robert Trimble of Ky. is ap- 
pointed Justice of U. S. Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-30 * * III. Ninian Edwards. 

-32 * * Mo. John Miller. 
-30 * * O. Allen Trimble. 
-28 * * S. C. John Taylor. 
-28* * Ft. Ezra Butler. 

1827 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
§73,987,357. 

Jan. 2. Congress; Senate: Nathaniel 
Macon of N. C. is re-elected President 
pro tempore. [Reelected Mar. 2.] 



Mar. 4. D. C. The 19th Congress 
ends. 

Aug. 6. Ore, The joint occupation of 
Oregon by American and British sub- 
jects is extended indefinitely by a treaty 
agreement. 

Sept. 29. XI. S. The difference exist- 
ing between the United States and Great 
Britain respecting boundaries is re- 
ferred to an arbiter for settlement. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 20th Congress 
opens. 

House: Andrew Stevenson of Va. is 
elected Speaker. 

* * -29 * * New York. William Paulding 
is elected the 57th mayor. 

* * II. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-31 * * Conn. Gideon Tomlinson.* 
-30 * * Del. George Poindexter. 
-29 * * Ga. John Forsyth. 

-29 * * Me. Enoch Lincoln. 
-31 * * Miss. Gerard C. Brandon. 
-28 * *N. C. James Iredell. 
-29 * * N. H. Benjamin Pierce. 
-29 * * Tenn. Sam Houston. 
-30 * * Va. Wm. B. Giles. 

1828 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$67,475,043. 

Apr. * N. Y. Martin Van Buren be- 
comes governor. 

May 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Samuel Smith of Md. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

May 19. D. C. Congress: A heavy 
protective tariff bill passes, by which 
the sliding scale is advanced from 33£ to 
an average of 40 to 45 per cent. It com- 
mences a serious division between the 
North and the South. Called " the tariff 
of abominations." (House: Vote, 105-74.) 

May 26. D. C. The 20th Congress : 
the first session closes. 

* * U. S. Intense excitement, surpass- 
ing that of previous years, attends the 
Presidential < 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1826 Oct. 7. Mass. A railway for 
horse-power, 3 miles long, is completed 
at Quincy, for conveying granite rock to 
tide-water. It is the first railroad in 
the United States. 

* * Kerosene is first used for illuminate 
ing purposes. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1826, 10,837. 

1827 May * Pa. A gravity railroad 
for transporting coal is completed at 
Mauch Chunk ; the empty cars are to be 
drawn back by mules. 

* * Boston. The first lithograph estab- 
lishment is completed ; it uses imported 
materials. 

* * American cotton manufactures are 
first exported to any considerable extent. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1827, 18,875. 

1828 July 4. Md. The corner-stone of 
the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is 
laid with great ceremony at Baltimore ; 
the rails of wood are covered with iron 
bars. 



136 1828, Sept 26-1830, July. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1829 * * N. Y. Robert E. Lee, 22 years 
of age, graduates at West Point. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1828 Sept. 26. Mass. A monument is 
erected at Charlestown to the memory 
of John Howard. 

Oct. * N. J. The Franklin Institute in 
Philadelphia awards Seth Boyden of 
Newark a premium for malleable cast- 
ings. 

* * New York. The manufacture of var- 
nish for commercial use is commenced. 

* * N. Y. The Albany Institute is or- 
ganized. 

* * Pa. Damask table-linen is first 
made at Pittsburg. 

Paper is first made of straw and 
hay at Meadville. 

* * William Woodworth's planing-ma- 
chine is introduced. 

* * The Garden of Eden is painted by 
Thomas Cole. 

* * The Portrait of Fitz-Greene Hailed: is 
painted by Henry Inman. 

± * * The Chanting Cherubs is executed 
by Horatio Greenough. " The first group 
executed in marble by an American." 

* * Calvary is painted by William Dunlap. 

1829 Mar. 27. New York. John W. 
Revere explains his invention of gal- 
vanized iron at the Lyceum of Natural 
History. 

* * Conn. The manufacture of sewing- 
silk by machinery is commenced at 
Mansfield. 

* * Mass. The manufacture of pen- 
knives and pocket-knives is com- 
menced in this country at Worcester. 

The Massachusetts Horticultural So- 
ciety is organized. 

* * New York. Bricks are first made by 
machinery. 

* * It. I. Figured muslin is first woven 
in this country on a power-loom at Cen- 
tral Palls. 

* * U.S. Friction matches are first used. 

1830 May 31. Tenn. A destructive 
storm prevails ; Carthage is laid in ruins. 

July 24. Boston. The mercury at noon 
stands at 95° ; at sundown, at GO*. 

July * N. Y. Terrific rains and floods 
in the Champlain region ; mill-dams, 
iron-works, bridges, and crops are de- 
stroyed. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1828* * 
Ashmun, Jelniili, philanthropist-, A34, 
Baird, Chas. W., Presb. el., author, b. N.J. 
Bayard, Thomas Francis, sen. for l>el.,sec. 

of state, minister to Kng., b. Del., Oct. 29. 
Beatty, John, brig.-gen. V. S. vols., b. in 0. 
Bennett, Clitis. \\\, educator, horn in N.Y. 
Brainard, John G. C, poet, editor, A32. 
Brown, Jacob, maj.-gen. Mb cum. of U. S. 

Army, A53. 
Camden, Johnson N., sen. W. Va., b. W. Va. 
Chamberlain, Joshua, ni;ij. -gen. vols., b, Me. 
± Chesebio", Caroline, author, horn in N.Y. 
Clinton, De 'Witt, gov., sen. for N.Y., A59. 
Cook, Clareme, critic, born in Mass. 
Cookman, Alfred, M. E. clergyman, b. N. J. 
Crook. Geo., maj.-gen. V. S. A., born in O. 
Drake, Francis Samuel, author, b. in N. H. 
D wight, Timothy, pres. of Yale, b. Conn. 
Edmunds. Geo. F.. sen. for Vt., b. in Vt. 



Few, William, senator for <ia,, A80. 

Fisk, Clinton B., Prohibition candidate for 

Pres., philanthropist, born In N.Y. 
Fisk, Samuel, clergyman, rapt., b. in JIass. 
Foster, Charles, Gov. of O., born in O. 
Fulton, Justin L)., Bapt cl., lecturer, b. N.Y. 
George, Enoch, 11. E. bishop, Atil. 
Gilman, John T., Gov. of N. 11., A69. 
Grate, Albrecht, naturalist, born In Berlin. 
Gray, Horace, L*. S. S, Ct., born in Mass. 
Hammond, "William Alex., physician, sur- 
geon, author, born in Md. 
Hart, James llcDougal, painter, b. in Scot. 
Hoppln, Augustus, artist, born in R. I. 
MacPherson, .las. B., brig.-gen. U. s. A., b. 0. 
JSlcEntee, Jcrvis, painter, born in N.Y. 
Marvin, Francis, M. C, born in N.Y. 
Slyer, Albert Joseph, scientist, born in N.Y. 
Paddock, Benjamin H., P. E. bp., b. Conn. 
Pinckney. Thomas, gen. of Revolution, 

gov. of S. C.j minister to Eng., A78. 
Porter, James Lewis, statesman, born. 
Randall, Samuel J., M. C. for Pa., speaker, 

born in Pa. 
Savage, John, author, born In Ire. 
Stuart, Gilbert Charles, painter, A73. 
Trowbridge, William Petit, engineer, b. Mich. 
VanWart^ Isaac, a captor of Andre\ A68. 
"Wells, David Ames, economist, born in O. 
"Wilson, James F., sen. for la., born in O. 
Winthrop, Theodore, author, born in Ct. 
Wurtz, Henry, chemist, born in Pa. 
1839* * 
Allison, William B., sen. for la., born in 0. 
Belknap, W. W., maj.-gen. of vols., sec. of 

war, born in Io. 
Brackett, Albert G., col. V. S. A., b. in N.Y. 
Bridgman, Laura, blind deaf-mute, b. N. H. 
Childs, George Wra.. journalist, b. Md. 
Clark, William Travis, editor, born. 
Coke, Kichard, sen. for Tex., born in Va. 
Conkling, Roscoe, sen. for N.Y., b. N.Y. ' 
Crawford, Samuel W., brig.-gen. vols.,b. Pa. 
Cullom, Shelby M., senator for 111., b. in Ky. 
Dearborn, Henry, maj.-gen., sec. of war, 

8th com. U.S.A., minister to Portugal, A78. 
Failey, Noah L., U. S. A., born. 
Goodell, Wm., physician, author, b. Malta. 
Gottschalk. Louis Moreau, pianist, b. La. 
Halpine, Charles G., journalist (Miles O'lii- 

ley), born in Ire. 
Halstead. Murat, journalist of O., b. in 0. 
Hanaford. PI ire be ('., author, preacher, born 

in Mass. 
Hayden, Ferdinand V., geologist, b. Mass. 
Helper, Hinton Rowan, author, b. in N. C. 
Holyoke, Edwd. A ug. , phys., nat uralist, A 101. 
Jay. John, of N.Y., Pres. of Continental 

Congress, tirst chief justice, sec. of foreign 

affairs, A 84. 
Jefferson, Joseph, actor, born in Phila. 
Jones, John, surgeon, born. 
Kynett, Alpha, M. E. clergyman, b. in Pa. 
Lansing, John, statesman, Rev. soldier, A65. 
Lincoln, Enoch, Gov. of Me., poet, historian, 

A41. 
Mason, John Mitchel, Pres. clergyman, A59. 
Mitchell, S. Weir, physiologist, born in Pa. 
Piatt, Donn, journalist, born. 
Pickering-, Timothy, colonel, sec. of state, 

senator for Mass., A84. 
Rawson, Albert L., explorer, journalist, b. Vt, 
Rogers, John, sculptor, statuette groups, 

born in Mass. 
Schurz, Carl, brig.-gen., sen. for Mo., sec. of 

interior, born in Ger. 
Seymour, George Franklin, P. E. bp., b. N.Y. 
Sbreve, Samuel Ilenrv. engineer, b. in N. J. 
Smith, Roswell, founder of Century Maga- 

Smithson. James Lewis Macie. founder 

of Smithsonian Institution, A75. 
Taylor, William M., Pres. el., b. in Scot, 
Turpie, David, sen. for Ind., born in O. 
Van Elton, Hendrik D. K., painter, b. Hoi. 
Vezin, Hermann, actor, born in Pa. 
Walker, Joseph H., M. C, editor, b. Mass. 
Wiirner, Charles Imdlev, author, b. Mass. 
Washington, Bushrod, t T . S. S. Ct., A70. 



CHURCH. 

1828 Aug. 14. Boston Meeting of Gen- 
eral Convention of the New Jerusalem. 

Nov. 12. Md. A General Convention of 
Methodist Reformers meets in Balti- 
more, and organizes "The Associated 
Methodist Churches." 

* * Boston. The Boston Seaman's 
Friend Society is organized. 

* * Me. The TJniversalist State Conven- 
tion is held. 



* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian; meets; Ezra Stiles Ely, 
moderator. ' 

* * Tenn. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Tennessee Is organized. 

* * Morris Brown is elected bishop of the 
African Methodist Episcopal Church. 

* * The American Board starts a mission 
among the Stockbridge Indians. 

* * The Methodist Episcopal Church trans- 
fers its mission to the O jib was to the 
Canadian Conference. 

* * Missionary Adoniram Judson gives 
$6,000 to the Baptist Mission Board. 

1829 Mar. 31. //. Pius VTH. is elected 
pope. 

June * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets; John Knox, presi- 
dent. 

July 8. Ky. The Protestant Episcopal 
diocese of Kentucky is organized. 

July 22. The Brooklyn Mission and 
Tract Society is organized. 

Aug. 19. Fa. "William Meade (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) is consecrated bishop of 
Virginia. 

Oct. * Elijah C. Bridgman and David 
Abeel are sent out by the American 
Seaman's Friend Society to labor among 
seamen. 

* * Md. The first Provincial Council 
(Roman Catholic) of Baltimore is con- 
vened by Archbishop James Whitfield. 

The Fifth General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Hagerstown. 

* * Phila. The first Methodist Protestant 
church in this city is formed byseceders 
from the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

The General Assembly (Presby- 
terian) meets; B. H. Rice, moderator. 

The General Convention (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) meets. 

The Baptist Triennial Meeting is 
held. 

* * Presbyterians form the Synods of 
Utica (N. S.), Mississippi (O. S.), South 
Alabama (O. S.), and Cincinnati (X. S. 
and O. S.). 

* * The Protestant Episcopal Church sends 
out its first foreign missionaries to 
Greece. 

1S30 Jan. 25. Ala. Friends of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church in Mobile 
meet preliminary to the organization of 
the Diocese of Alabama. 

Apr. 6. N. Y. The first Mormon 
church is organized by Joseph Smith at 
Manchester, Ontario County. 

June * N. J. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at New Brunswick ; "VY. 
Ellinge, president. 

LETTERS. 

1828 * * Boston. The Ladies' Magazine, 

the first periodical for women, appears. 

* * Conn. A Dictionary of the English 
Language, by Noah "Webster, appears 
at New Haven. 

* * Ind. The Indiana University (non- 
sect.) is organized at Bloomington. 

* * Me. Baptists start the Ziotfs Advo- 
cate at Portland. 



UNITED STATES. 1828, Sept. 26-1830, July * 137 



* * Mich. The Michigan State Library 
is founded at Lansing. [54,000 vols.] 

* * New York. The Quarterly Review 
(Meth. Epis.), formerly the Methodist , 
(Monthly) Magazine, is first issued. 

* * New York. Courrier des Stats- Unis is 
founded by Charles Laselle and others. 

* * O. The Western Review appears at 
Cincinnati. 

* * S. C. The Southern Agriculturist ap- 
pears at Charleston. 

The Southern Review appears at 
Charleston. [Expires 1832.] 

* * Remarks on the Life and Character of 
Napoleon Bonaparte, by W. E. Chan- 
ning, appears. 

* * Rachel Dyer, by John Neal, appears. 

* * History of the Life and Voyages of 
Christopher Columbus, by "Washington 
Irving, appears. 

1829 Sept. 21. Md. The first public 
school in Baltimore is established. 

Oct 13. Me. The first daily newspaper 
in this State — the Daily Courier — ap- 
pears. 

* * Ky. The first public school in this 
State is opened. 

* * Mo. St. Louis University is orga- 
nized. 

* * New York. Noah* s New York Nation- 
al Advocate appears. 

* * O. Lane Theological Seminary (Pres.) 
is established in Cincinnati.. 

* * -43 * * The American Quarterly Re- 
gister appears. 

* * The Offering of Sympathy, by Francis 
Parkman, appears. 

* * Al Aaraaff, Tamerlane, and Minor 
Poems, by E. A. Poe, appears. 

* * The Conquest of Granada, by "Wash- 
ington Irving, appears. 

* * M&canique Celeste, is translated by 
Nathaniel Bowditch, with copious 
commentaries. 

* * The Wept of WisJirton-Wish, by 
Cooper, appears. 

* * The Life of John Ledyard, by Jared 
Sparks, appears. 

1830 July* Boston. The Globe appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1829 Dee. 20. Ga. The Legislature 
enacts that " no Indian or descendant 
of an Indian, residing within the Creek 
or Cherokee nations, should be deemed 
a competent witness to any suit where 
a white man is a defendant." 

* * Boston. The first asylum in the 
United States for the blind is incor- 
porated. 

STATE. 

1828 Nov. (?).* U.S. The 11th Presi- 
dential election; Democrats elected. 
Popular vote for President : Andrew 
Jackson of Tenn. (Democrat), 647,231 ; 
John Q,. Adams of Mass. (National Re- 
publican), 509,097. 

Dec. 1. D.C. The 20th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

* * N. Y. Van Buren becomes the leader 
of New York Democracy [for 20 years]. 



* * U. S. The political party known as 
the Workingmen's Organization ap- 
pears in the principal cities. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-32 * * Ky. Thomas Metcalfe. 
-29 * * La. Peter Derbigny. 

-30 * * N. C. John Owen. 
-29 * *N. Y. Nathaniel Pitcher. 
Martin Van Buren. 
-30 * * S. C. Stephen D. Miller. 
-31 * * Vt. Samuel C. Crafts. 

1829 Jan. 1. V. S. National debt 
§58,421,413. 

Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: the House 
counts the electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Jackson, 178 ; 
Adams, 83. Vote for Vice-President : 
John C. Calhoun (Democrat) of S. C, 
171; Richard Rush (National Republi- 
can) of Pa.. S3; William Smith (Demo- 
crat) of S. C, 7. 

Mar. 4. D.C. The 20th Congress ends. 
Seventh Administration ; Demo- 
cratic. 

Mar. 4. • D. C. Andrew Jackson of 
Tenn. is inaugurated the seventh Presi- 
dent, in the 11th term of the Presidency. 
John C. Calhoun of S. C.is Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet: Martin Van Buren of 
N. Y. (State), Samuel D. Ingham of 
Pa. (Treas.), John H. Eaton of Tenn. 
(War), John Branch of N. C. (Navy), 
John M'P. Berrien of Ga. (Atty.-Gen.), 
and "William T. Barry of Ky. (P. M.- 
Gen.). 

"The reign of Andrew Jackson" 
begins. [It lasts eight years.] 

Mar. 9. D. C. The Postmaster- Gen- 
eral becomes a recognized member of 
the President's cabinet. 

Mar. 28. A treaty is signed with Den- 
mark for the adjustment of indemnity 
claims. 

Apr. 14. D. C. Congress: the House 
rejects a bill for building a national 
road, extending from Buffalo, N. Y., to 
New Orleans, La. Vote, 88-105. 

Dee. 7. D. C. The 21st Congress 
opens. 

* * D. C. John McLean of Ohio is ap- 
pointed Justice of the IT. S. Supreme 
Court. 

* * D. C. Inauguration of the Spoils 
System. 

The President makes 176 appointments 
of political adherents to office. [A total 
of only 74 removals of office-holders 
under all preceding Presidents ; about 
190 by Jackson during his first year]. 

* * N. Y. A workingmen's ticket ap- 
pears, and an assemblyman is elected 

* by it. 

* * The high tariff acts bring protests 
from the merchants of Boston, and later 
from the Legislatures of South Carolina, 
Virginia, Alabama, and North Carolina. 

From this period begins the office-seek- 
ers' struggle with each new administra- 
tion. 
Dec. * President Jackson takes strong 
ground against the National bank in 
his message to Congress. 

* * -33 * * New York. Walter Bowne is 
elected the 58th mayor. 



* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-31 * * Ala. Gabriel Moore. 

-35 * * Ark. (Ter.). John Pope. 
-31 * * Ga. George R. Gilmer. 
-30 * * La. A. Bauvais. 
-30 *' * Me. Nathan Cutler. 
-30 * * N. H. John Bell. 
-32 * * N. J. Peter D. Vroom. 

N. Y. Martin Van Buren. 
-33 * *N. Y. Enos T. Throop. 

Pa. George Wolf.' 
-35 * * Tenn. Wm. Carroll. 

1830 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$48,565,406. 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Robert Y. Hayne makes a great 
speech in defense of State rights. 

Jan. 27. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
Daniel Webster makes his great 
speech for the Union in reply to Rob- 
ert Y. Hayne of South Carolina, who 
is a radical upholder of State rights. 

May 7. D. C. A treaty with Turkey is 
made. 

May* 1). C. President Jackson and 
John C. Calhoun become political ene- 
mies. 

May 31. D. C. The 21st Congress: 
the first session closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1828 Nov. 15. N. Y. The Cayuga 
and Seneca Canal is completed. 

* * Mass. The first steamboat in Boston 
harbor — the Benjamin Franklin — is 
used as an excursion boat. 

* * New Eng. The first boat passes 
through the entire length of the Black- 
stone Canal, 45 miles Jong, connect- 
ing Providence and Worcester. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1S2S, 27,382. 

1829 Apr. 3. Ga. A great fire occurs 
in Augusta ; 300 buildings are burned. 

June 4. The steam frigate Fulton blows 
up ; 26 persons are killed. 

July 4. Phila. U.S. Mintcornerstone laid. 

Aug. 8. Pa. The first trip of a loco- 
motive is made on the Carbondale and 
Honesdale Kailroadl 

Oct. 17. Del. The Delaware and Ches- 
apeake Canal is opened. 

Nov. 13. N. Y. Sam Patch kills him- 
self by jumping the Genesee Falls 
at Rochester, in the presence of a great 
assembly. 

Dec. 31. V. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1829, 22,520. 

* * Many canals are completed, including 
the Cumberland and Oxford (Me.), the 
Farmington (Conn.), the Oswego (N. 
Y.), and the Delaware and Hudson. 

1830 May 24. Md. The Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad has 24 miles of 
track opened for use. 

June* U. S. Fifth Census: States, 24; 
whites, 10,537,378; colored, 2,328,642 (free 
colored 319,599, slaves 2,009,043) ; total 
population, 12,866,020. Increase, 33.5. r > 
percept. Center of population 19 miles 
west southwest of Moorefield, W. Va. ; 
westward movement in 10 years, 39 



138 1830, Aug. 3-1831. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
THE NINTH "WAR. 
1831 Apr. 21—1832. Sept. 31. Wis. 
The Black Hawk Indian War, with 
the Sac and Fox Indians. Men en- 
rolled, G,4G5. 

* * III. Abraham Lincoln volunteers 
in the Black Hawk War, and is chosen 
captain of his company. 

* * -32 * * Wis. Jefferson Davis serves 
in the Black Hawk War as brevet 2d 
lieutenant. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1830 Sept. 1. New Tori:. Charles 
John Kean commences an engagement 
at the Park Theater. 

* * Boston. The Boston Society of Natu- 
ral History is organized. 

The Fourdrinier machine, used in 
the manufacture of paper, is first made 
in this country at Windham ; importa- 
tions of it nearly cease. 

* * Md. The first locomotive {Tom 
Thumb) built in the United States is 
constructed by Peter Cooper, at the 
Canton Iron Works, near Baltimore ; a 
small tractor engine, of little use. 

* * Conn. The Observatory of Yale Uni- 
versity is erected at New Haven. The 
first telescope in this country is set up. 

* * Tomb of General Brock is painted by 
Thomas Cole. . 

1831 Feb. 12. U. S. A great solar 
eclipse (annular) is generally visible. 

Dec. * Pa. Dr. F. W. Geisenhainer ob- 
tains a patent for the application of a 
hot-air blast to anthracite coal in mak- 
ing iron ; this invention begins a new 
era in producing iron. 

* * Conn. The Groton monument, oppo- 
site New London, is completed. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

\830* * 

Agnew, Cornelius "Rea, surgeon, b. in N.Y. 
Arthur. Chester Alan. 20th Vice-President, 

21st President, born in Vt. 
Bacon, Leonard Woulsey, Cong, clergyman, 

author, born in Conn. 
Bierstadt, Albert, painter, born in Ger. 
Blaine, James Gillespie. M. C. from Me., 

speaker, senator, candidate for Pres., sec. 

of state, born in Pa., .Jan. 31. 
Bowers, Sirs. 1>. P., actor, born in Conn. 
Cobb, Thomas W.. senator for (la., A46. 
Compton, Barnes, M. C. for Md., b. in Md. 
Cooke, John ksten, author, poet, b. in Va. 
Culberson, David 11., M. C. for <;a., b. Ga. 
Dodge, Mary Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b. 

in Mass. 
Buncombe, Parmelee Dubois, chemist, born. 
Garrard, Kenuer, brcv. brig. -gen., b. in O. 
Giles, William IS., statesman, A68. 
Godman, .John D., physician, naturalist, A36. 
Hayne, Hamilton, poet, born in S. C. 
Hazen, William ISabeock, soldier, b. in Vt. 
Hobart, John Henry, P. E. bp. of N. Y., A55. 
Hicks, Elias, Quaker preacher, A82. 
Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue, sculptor in It., 

born in Mass. 
Howard. Oliver O., maj.-gen.U. S. A.,b. Me. 
Hoyt, A. M., Gov. of Pa., born. 
Johnson, Samuel Win., chemist, an., b. N.Y. 
Jones, John P., sen. for Nev., born in Eng. 
Murray, David, educator, born in N.Y. 
Neely, Henry A., P. E. bp. of Me., b. N.Y. 
Nordhoff, Charles, an., journalist, b. Ger. 
Orton, James, naturalist, born in N.Y. 
Otis, George A., surgeon, horn in Mass. 
Paddock, Algernon S., sen. for Neb., b. N.Y. 
Perry, Arthur Latham, economist, b. N. H. 
Pratt, Charles, philanthropist, born in Mass. 
Pugh, James L., sen. for Ala., born in Ga, 



Red Jacket, chief of the Seneeas, A 79. 

Rutgers, Henry, patriot, philanthropist, A 85. 

Sothern. Edward ABkew. actor, b. Eng. 

Teller, Henry M., sen. for Col., born in N.Y. 

Terhune, Mary Virginia (Marion Borland), 
author, born in Va. 

Trumbull, Henry ' lav, Cong. cl., b. in Conn. 

Tudor, William, author, A51. 

Vance, Zebulon B-, sen. for N. C, b. in N.C. 

Vest, George C, sen. for Mo., born in Ky. 

"Ward. John Quincy A., sculptor, b. in O. 

Warren, Gouverneur Kemble, gen., b. N.Y. 

Yenell, George Henry, artist, born in Md. 
1831* * 

Abbott, Henrv L., engineer V. S. A., b. Mass. 

Allen, Richard, tirst bp. of Afr. M. E. Ch., 
A71. 

Baker, William, M. C. for Kan., born in Pa. 

Uartholow, Huberts, phvsician, born in Md. 

Barton, William, gen. in Rev'n of R. I., A84. 

lioardman, (ieorge Dana, m!s. to India, A30. 

Booth, Mary L., author, editor Harper's Ba- 
zar, born'in N.Y. 

Breese, Kidder Randolph, capt.U. R. N., b. Pa. 

Burbridge, Stephen c, gen. of vols., b. Ky. 

Case, Augustus I.., rcar-adm. V. S. N., b. a'.Y. 

De Koven, James, P. E. cl. of N.Y., b. Conn. 

Dinnan, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong, cl., b. R. I. 

Donnelly, Ignatius, M. C, author, b. Phila. 

Evarts, Jeremiah, editor, A50. 

Fairchild, Lucius, brig.-gen. of vols., born. 

Frye, William P., sen. for Me., born in Me. 

Garfield. James A., ma j. -gen. of vols., M. 
C. forO., sen., 20th Pres.. of the U. S.,b. O. 

Gihlersleeve, Basil Launeau, scholar, b. S. C. 

Gilman, Daniel Coit, educator, b. in Conn. 

Girard, Stephen, Franco-Am. merchant, 
founder of college, A8L 

Godkin, Edwin Laurence, journalist, b. Ire. 

Coodwin, Win. Watson, scholar, b. in Mass. 

Grady, Benjamin F., M. C. for N. C, b. N. C. 

Hodge, Casper W., prof, at Princeton, born. 

Hunter, A. J., M. C, born in lnd. 

Jackson, Helen Hunt, poet, horn in Mass. 

Livingston, Henry B., gen in Rev'n, A8l. 

Marsh. OthnielC. paleontologist, b. N.Y. 

McCook, Alex. McD., niaj.-gen. vols., born. 

McLaren, Edw. W., P. E. bishop, born in O. 

Mitcbill, Sarn. Latham, physician, natural- 
ist, A 67. 

Monroe, James, sen. for Va., minister to 
Fr., gov. of Va., sec. of state, sec. of war, 
! doctrine," 5th Pres. U. S., A73. 



Rawlins, John A., sec. of war, born in 1U. 
Rockwell, James O., poet, A24. 
Schofleld, John M., niaj.-gen., 17th com- 
mander U. S. A., b. in N.Y. 

Shell, ceorge W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. 
Sheridan, Philip Henry, General, 16th 

commander of U. S. Army, born in N.Y. 
Stephenson, Samuel M., M. C. for 111., born 

in Can. 
Thomas, Theodore G., physician, b. in S. C. 
Thomas, Isaiah, printer, journalist, A82. 
Trumbull, John, poet, satirist, A81. 
Walthall, Edward C, sen. for Miss., b. Va. 
Washburn, Wm. D., sen. for Minn., b. Me. 



CHURCH. 

1830 Oct. 21. N. Y. W. M. Stone 
(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated 
bishop for New York. 

Oct. * Pa. German Reformed Baptists 
meet at Harrisburg and form The 
Church of God. John Winebrenner is 
their leader. 

Nov. 2. Md. A General Convention 
of An ti- episcopal Methodist reform- 
ers meets in Baltimore, and assumes the 
title Methodist Protestant Church. 

* * Ala. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Alabama is organized. 

* * Ga. Indian Missions are successful. 

Two hundred and fifty Chickasaws 
unite with the church connected with 
the mission. One-fifth of the Stock- 
bridges are church members. Three- 
fourths of all the church members of 
the missions of the American Board are 
Indians. Half the Cherokees can read ; 
and they have eleven churches, also 
schools, courts, a legislature, and strin- 
gent laws against intemperance. 



* * ///. The First Congregational church 
is formed. 

* * Pa. The East Pennsylvania eldership 
of the Church of God is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets; Ezra Fisk, mode- 
rator. 

* * The Bible Association of Friends in 
America is organized. 

* * New York. A Primitive Methodist 
church is formed. 

* * O. The Mormons organize a church 
at Kirtland. 

* * Va. The United Synod, South 
(Evangelical Lutheran), of Virginia, is 
organized. 

* * The Methodists begin work among the 
emigrant Creek and Cherokee Indians. 

1831 Jan. 3. Ala. The Protestant Epis- 
copal Convention invites Bishop Brown- 
ell to take charge of the parishes in Ala- 
bama. 

Feb. 2. It. Gregory XVT. is elected 
pope. 

* * Ga. Opposition is made to mission- 
aries. 

Two missionaries, Revs. Butler and 
Worcester, receive notification of a law 
of Georgia, requiring all white men on 
Cherokee land to take the oath of alle- 
giance to the State of Georgia. Remain- 
ing at their posts, they refuse to do so, 
claiming their rights under the Consti- 
tution, laws, and treaties of the general 
Government. — Cyclopedia of Missions. 

Mar. 12. Missionaries to the Indians 
are persecuted. 

The Georgia guard arrest three of the 
missionaries to the Cherokee Indians, 
and take them before the County Court, 
where they are released on the ground 
that they are agents of the general 
Government. [The President of the 
United States then declared them not 
to be agents of the general Government. 
Again they were warned to leave, and, 
refusing to do so, were, with a Methodist 
minister, Mr. Trott, and a Cherokee 
named Proctor, arrested. Mr. Trott and 
Proctor were chained by the neck to a 
wagon and made to march in this way 
for two days. After eleven days' im- 
prisonment in a tilthv log prison, Mr. 
Worcester and Mr. Butler were sen- 
tenced to four years' imprisonment at 
hard labor. The court of Georgia re- 
fused to discharge the prisoners when 
so ordered by the Supreme Court of the 
United States.] — Cyclopedia of Mis- 

June* New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; John Gasman, presi- 
dent. [And again in June at Albany ; 
John Gasman, president.] 

Sept. 22. A. C. Levi S. Ives is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop. 

Oct. * Me. Freewill Baptists hold their 
Fifth General Conference at Wilton. 

* * III. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Illinois is formed. 

* * Md. The Sixth General Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Fred- 
erick. 

LETTERS. 
1830 * * Ala. Spring Hill College 

(Rom. Cath.) is founded. 

* * Chicago. The McCormick Theological 
Seminary (Pres.) is established. 



UNITED STATES. 



1830, Aug. 3-1831. 139 



* * III. The Illinois Monthly Magazine 
appears. 

* * III. The Illinois College (Pres. and 
Cong.) is organized at Jacksonville. 

* * Ky. Georgetown College (Bapt.) is 
organized at Georgetown. 

* * Mississippi College (Bapt.) is orga- 
nized at Clinton. 

* * The Christian Intelligencer (Reformed) 
appears. 

* * N. Y. The Albany Evening Journal 
appears. 

* * Philadelphia has a penny paper, The 
Cent, which has a brief existence. 

* * U.S. There are 852 newspapers 
in the United States. 

* * The Booh of Mormon is translated and 
published. 

* * An edition of Horace, translated by 
Anthon, appears. 

* * -39 * * The Birds of America, by 
Audubon, appears. [He obtained nu- 
merous subscribers at $1,000 per copy.] 

1831 Jan. 1. Boston. The Liberator 
(Abolition) is first issued by "William 
Lloyd Garrison. 

Jan. 7. The Methodist Protestant is is- 
sued. 

Nov. 9. Boston. The Daily Morning 
Post is first issued. 

* * Ala. The University of Alabama 
(non-sect.) is organized at Tuscaloosa. 

* * Cmin. The Wesleyan University 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded. 

* * Ky. The Louisville Journal is first 
issued. 

* * N. C. The North Carolina State Li- 
brary is founded at Raleigh. [42,000 
vols.] 

* * New York. The Spirit of the Times, 
the first sporting paper, is issued. 

The University of the City of New 
York (non-sect.) is organized. 

SOCIETY. 

1830* * 111. Abraham Lincoln, 21 
years old, becomes a resident of Illinois. 

* * Ga. Half the Cherokee Indians 
read ; they have eleven churches, also 
schools, courts, a legislature, and strin- 
gent laws against intemperance. 

1831 Jan. 1. Boston. William Lloyd 
Garrison's Liberator puts new life into 
the anti-slavery cause. 

It advocates the immediate and uncon- 
ditional emancipation of the negroes, 
and hastens the organization of the 
abolition party. 

Apr. 26. N. Y. Imprisonment for 
debt is abolished. 

Aug. 21. Va. A negro insurrection 
is led by Nat Turner. 

It is started by three white men and 
four slaves ; they secure about 200 fol- 
lowers, who desohite the country ; troops 
are called out in Virginia and North 
Carolina, and 55 white persons are killed 
before the insurrection is quelled. 

Sept. 24. /?.- /. Four persons are killed 
by the military in a riot at Providence. 



STATE. 

1830 Dec. 6. D. C. The 21st Con- 
gress: the second session opens. 

* * U, S. Governors inaugurated : 
-33 * * Del. David Hazzard. 
-34* * III. John Reynolds. 

La. Jacques Dupre\ 
-34 * * La. Andre B. Roman. 
-31 * * Me. Jonathan D. Hunton. 
-32 * *N. C. Montford Stokes. 
-31 * * N. H. Matthew Harvey. 
-32 * * O. Duncan M' Arthur. 
-32 * * S. C. James Hamilton. 
-34 * * Va. John Floyd. 

1831 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$39,123,191. 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Samuel Smith of Md. is reelected 
President pro tempore. [Later L. W. 
Tazewell of Va.] 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 21st Congress 
ends. 

Apr. 5. D. C. A boundary and commer- 
cial treaty is made with Mexico. 

Apr. * D. C. A quarrel occurs in the 
President's cabinet, and many changes 
are made. 

Cabinet : Edward Livingston of 
La. (State), Louis McLane of Del. 
(Treas.), Lewis Cass of O. (War), Levi 
"Woodbury of N.H. (Navy), and Roger 
B. Taney of Md. (Atty-Gen.). 

July 4. A convention is made with 
France. 

In a mutual settlement of claims, 
France agrees to pay the United States 
25.000,000 francs, and: to accept 1,300,000 
francs ; these sums are for distribution 
to claimants in either country. 

Aug. 21 ■+-. Va. The Southampton 
negro insurrection, led by Nat Turner, 
is suppressed in 4S hours. 

Sept. 26. Md. The Anti-Masons nomi- 
nate a National ticket at Baltimore ; it is 
supported by National Republicans. 

Oct. 5. Phila. A free-trade conven- 
tion opens. 

Oct. 26. New York. A high-tariff con- 
vention opens. 

Dec. 5. D.C. The 22d Congress opens. 

Dec.* D. C. Ex-President John Q. 
Adams enters Congress after two years 
of retirement from office. [He here 
continues for the remainder of his life, 
a period of 17 years.] 

Dec. 12. Md. The National Republi- 
can Party, in convention at Baltimore, 
nominates Henry Clay of Ky. for the 
presidency. Leading issue — high tariff 
and internal improvements. 

* * New York. The Common Council is 
divided into two boards. 

Dec. * D. C. Benjamin F. Butler of 
N. Y. becomes Attorney-General. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-35 * * Ala. John Gayle. 

-31* * Cal. Manuel Victoria (Mexican). 

-33 * * Conn. John S. Peters. 

-35 * * Ga. Wilson Lumpkin. 

-37 * * Ind. Noah Noble. 

-34 * * Me. Samuel E. Smith. 

-34 * * Mich. (Ter.). George B. Porter. 



-33 * * Miss. Abraham M. Scott. 
JV. H. Joseph M. Harper. 
-34 * * N. II. Samuel Dinsmoore. 
-33 * * R. I. Lemuel H. Arnold. 
-35 * * Vt. Wm. A. Palmer. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1830 Aug. 3. N.Y. The first vessel via 
the Welland Canal arrives at Oswego. 

Aug. 12. N. Y. The first American 
railroad is completed; it connects Al- 
bany and Schenectady. 

* * Summer. S.C. The first steam rail- 
road for the transportation of both 
passengers and merchandise, com- 
mences operations over six miles of its 
tracks. 

It connects Charleston with Ham- 
burg, opposite Savannah; the track is 
built upon piles. The locomotive was 
made in New York. 
Oct. 5. XI. S. American ports are re- 
opened to British commerce. 

* * New York. A vehicle with the word 
Omnibus painted on both sides com- 
mences to run ; many suppose the name 
to be that of the owner. 

* * IT. S. The nation flourishes. 

A most remarkable period of develop- 
ment in wealth and natural resources, 
with intellectual quickening, begins- 
throughout the Northern and AVestern 
States; the labor system of the South 
retards its progress. 

1831 Apr. 23. La. The first rail- 
road in this State is opened between 
New Orleans and Lake Pontchartrain — 
4£ miles across a swamp. 

May 29. N. C. Fayetteville is destroyed 
by fire. 

July 4. Md. The Baltimore and Sus- 
quehanna Railroad is opened for six 
miles ; it uses horse-power. 

N. Y. Ex-President James Monroe, fifth 
President of the United States, dies in 
New York City. 

Aug. 4. Chicago is surveyed, laid out, 
and the map recorded on this date. 

Autumn. Chicago. The first sale of lots 
in this new town takes place. 

Sept. 1. N. Y. The Hudson and Mo- 
hawk Railroad is opened from Albany 
to Schenectady, and a trip of 16 miles is 
made in 46 minutes. 

Sept. 24. Mass. Mount Auburn Cem- 
etery, near Boston, is dedicated. 

Nov. * JV. J. Canal boats first pass from 
the Hudson to the Delaware via the 
Morris Canal. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens for 1831, 22,633. 

* * The Lexington and Ohio Railroad 
is commenced. 

* * N. Y. Commencement of the Har- 
lem Railroad, also the Ithaca and 
Oswego road. 

* * Pa. The great line of improvements 
connecting Philadelphia with Pitts- 
burg, and costing the State more than 
§12,000,000, is completed. 

There are S2 miles of railroad, includ- 
ing 36 miles over the Alleghames, with 
inclined planes worked by stationary 



engir, 



, and 177 miles of canals. 



140 1831 * *-1833, Feb. 20. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1832 Feb. 6. The crew of the United 

States frigate Potomac attacks Qualla 
Batto, in Sumatra, killing 150 Malaya, 
and destroying the town ; losing two 
men killed and 14 wounded. 

Apr. 1. War arises between the Winne- 
bago Indians and other tribes. 

Aug. 2. Wis. The Indians, led by Black 
Hawk, are subdued by an expedition un- 
der Gen. Atkinson at Bad-axe River. 

* * S. C, The Nullifiers make military 
preparations to resist the Government. 

■* * D. C. President Jackson orders the 
available army and a ship-of-war to 
Charleston, S. C. 

ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1831 * * N. C. The University of North 
Carolina has its first observatory. [It 
is used only a few years.] 

* * N. Y. Dr. Samuel Guthrie of Sack- 
ett's Harbor disoovers chloroform; 
it is used only as a medicine. 

1832 Jan.* Conn. Chloroform is first 
used by inhalation at New Haven. 

Feb. 19. O. The Ohio River, at Cin- 
cinnati, rises 63 feet above low-water 
mark ; a great loss of property occurs. 

July 13. Minn. Henry R. Schoolcraft 
discovers the source of the Mississippi 
River. 

July 16. New York. The Ravel family 
of gymnasts appear at the Park Theater. 

Sept. 17. Neio York, Charles Kemble 
and his daughter, Fanny Kemble, 
make their first appearance. 

Oct. * N. Y. Hosiery is first manufac- 
tured by power at Cohoes. 

* * Portrait of Washington is painted by 
Rembrandt Peale. 

± * * The Course of Empire is painted by 
Thomas Cole. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1832* * 

Adams, Hannah, writer, A77. 
Baird, Henry Martin, author, born in Pa. 
Bancroft. Hubert Howe, historian, b. 0. 
Belknapp, Geo. E., com'der navy, b. N. H. 
Boniface, George C-, actor, born in N.Y. 
Bowers, Theo. S., brig. -gen. U. S. A., b. Pa. 
Bristow, Benj. II., see. of treas., born in Ky. 
Carroll, Charles, last signer of Declaration 

of Independence, A 95. 
Cesnola, di, Lugii P., brig.-gen., antiquarv, 

b. in It. 
Conway, Moncure Daniel, Unit, clergyman, 

author, born in Va. 
Cornell, Alonzo B., Gov. of N.Y., b. in N.Y. 
De Haas, Maurice F., painter, b. Rotterdam. 
Dingley, Nelson, Jr., M. C. for Me., b. Me. 
Earle, Pliny, inventor, of R. I., A 70. 
Eckford, Henry, shipbuilder, A57. 
Kgleston, Thomas, mining engineer, b. N.Y. 
Fellows, -John k\, M. C. for N. Y., b. in N.Y. 
Freneau, Philip, poet of Revolution, journal- 



ist. 



A80\ 



Garland. Augustus Hill, attv.-gen., born 

in Tenn. 
Gatschet, Albert Sam., philologist, b. Switz. 
Gibson, Randall L., sen. for La., b. in Ky. 
Gordon, John B., sen. for Ga., born in Ga. 
Hayes, Isaac I., arctic explorer, b. in Pa. 
Holley, Alexander L., metallurgist, b. Conn. 
Jackson, Howell E., V. S. S. Ct., b. in Tenn. 
Knapp, Hermann, surgeon of N.Y., b. Ger. 
Lewis, Morgan, maj. gen., jurist, A90. 
Livingston, l.eoniilas !■'., M. C. for Ga.,b. Ga. 
MeCormiek, Richard C, Jr., Gov. or Ariz. 

Ter., born in N.Y. 
Mills, Roger Q.., sen. for Tex., born in Ky. 
Mitchell, Maggie, actor, born in N. Y. 



Nimle, Win. X., M. E. bishop, horn In N.Y. 

Osborne, Thomas <)., general, born in O. 

Perry, Win. S., 1'. E. bishop of la., b. K. I. 

Phelps, Benjamin K., lawyer, born. 

Poe, Orlando M., military engineer, b, in O. 

Sands, Hubert (_'., author, Journalist, ASS. 

Shiras, George, Jr., I!. S. S. < 't., Imrn in J 'a, 

Stimpson, William, naturalist, born in Mass. 

Studley, John B., actor, born In Mass. 

Sumter, Thomas, Revolutionary gen., AH8. 

Talmage. Thomas De Witt, Pres. clergy- 
man, born in N. J. 

Vincent. John H., M. E. bishop, b. In Ala. 

White, Andrew Dickson. Pres. Cornell Univ., 
born in N.Y. 

Wood, De Volson, engineer, born in N.Y. 



CHURCH. 

1831 * * III. The (O. S.J Presbyterian 
Synod of Illinois is organized. 

* * Me. Father Demilier becomes resi- 
dent missionary to the Penobscot In- 
dians, who soon exchange log cabins for 
painted cottages. 

* * O. The Mormons, under Joseph 
Smith, remove from western New York 
to Kirtland. 

* * Mo. The Mormons found Zion, in 
Jackson County. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Nathan S. S. Be- 
man, moderator. 

* * 33 * * Baptist missions are sustained 
among the Delaware Indians, also begun 
among the Shawanoes. 

* * The American Board starts a mission 
for the Ojibwa Indians. 

1832 Apr. 27, 28. New York. The 
American Baptist Home Missionary 
Society is organized. 

May 1-28. Phila. The General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. 

James O. Andrew and John Emory are 
ordained bishops. 

The Alabama, Indiana, New Hamp- 
shire, and Troy Conferences are orga- 
nized. 
June * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; Isaac Ferris, presi- 
dent. [And at Albany in Oct.] 

The Mission Board of the Re- 
formed (Dutch) Church in America 
is organized by the election of the Gen- 
eral Synod. ' 

The Board of Education of the Re- 
formed [Dutch] Church is established. 
Sept. 10. Mich. The Protestant Epis- 
copal Diocese of Michigan is organized. 
Oct. 31. Protestant Episcopal bishops 
are consecrated. John H. Hopkins for 
Vermont, Benjamin B. Smith for Ken- 
tucky (presiding bishops), Charles P. Mc- 
Ilvaine for Ohio, and George W. Doane 
for New Jersey. 

* * Conn. N. H. Pa. The Universalist 
State Convention is organized. 

* * Ga. The American Board starts a 

* * Me. The Freewill Baptist Foreign 
Missionary Society is organized at 
North Parsonsfield. 

* * Mo. The (N. S. and the O. S.) Presby- 
terian Synods of Missouri are organized. 

* * Netv York. The Baptist Triennial 
Meeting is held. 

The General Convention (Protest- 
ant Episcopal) meets. 



* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Jamea Hoge, 
moderator. 

* * Ft. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Vermont is organized. (1790?) 

* * Richard Waters is elected bishop of 
the African Methodist Episcopal Church. 

LETTERS. 

1831 * * Me. The Maine State Library 
is founded at Augusta. [40,000 vols.] 

* * O. St. Xavier College (Rom. Cath.) 

of Cincinnati is chartered. 

Denison University (Bapt.) is orga- 
nized at Granville. 

* * S. C. Columbia Theological Seminary 
(Pres.) is established. (1S2S 7) 

* * Baptists start the Baptist Weekly 
Journal [it becomes the Journal and 
Messenger]. 

* * -35 * * Buckingham's Nero England 
Magazine appears. 

* * The Bravo, by Cooper, appears. 

* * The Dutchman's Eireside, by Paulding, 
appears. 

* * Legends of New England, by Whittier, 
appears. 

* * -39 * * Ornithological Biography t by 
Audubon, appears. 

* * TJie Causes and Evils of Contentions 
Among Christia7is, by Noah Worcester, 
appears. 

1832 * * Conn. The alumni add $100,000 
to the endowment of Yale College. 

* * Ind. "Wabash College (Pres. and 
Cong.) is founded at Crawfordsville. 

* * Mo. St. Louis University (Rom. 
Cath.) is founded. 

* * 0. Baptists found the Ladies' Insti- 
tute at Granville. 

Lyman Beecher is chosen President 
of Lane Seminary, near Cincinnati. 

[He holds this position for twenty 
years, and during one-half that time 
adds to his other duties the pastorate of 
the Second Presbyterian Church of Cin- 
cinnati.] 

* * Pa. Lafayette College (Pres.) at 
Easton is organized. 

Pennsylvania College (Evang. Luth.) 
of Gettysburg is organized. 

St. Charles Borromeo Seminary 
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Overbrook. 

* * Va. Randolph-Macon College 
(Meth. Epis.) at Ashland, is organized. 

* * Mass. "My Country, 'tis of 
Thee," is written by Samuel Francis 
Smith, a Baptist miuister of Newton 
Centre. 

* * New York. The Knickerbocker Maga- 
zine is established by C. F. Hoffman, 
later by L. G. Clark. 

* * Commentary on the Epistle to the lio- 
mans, by Moses Stuart, appears. 

The Neio York Globe is issued by James 
Gordon Bennett. 

* * The Heidenmauer, by Cooper, appears. 

* * Westward, Ho! by Paulding, appears. 

* * Moll Pitcher, by Whittier, appears. 

* * The Western Christian Advocate (Meth. 
Epis.) is authorized by the General 
Conference. 



UNITED STATES. 



1831 * *-1833, Feb. 20. 141 



* * The Alhambra, by Irving, appears. 

* * The Life of Gmivemeur Morris, by 
Jared Sparks, appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1831* * New York. The first local unions 
of printers are formed. 

* * S. C. The Vigilance Association of 
Columbia offers a reward of $1,000 for 
the apprehension of any persons distrib- 
uting Garrison's Liberator, or any other 
publication of seditious tendency. 

* * The New England Association of Far- 
mers, Mechanics, and "Workingmen is 
organized. 

1832 Jan. 1. Mass. The first Aboli- 
tion Society on the basis of immediate 
and unconditional emancipation is or- 
ganized, with 12 members ; Arnold Buf- 
fum (a Quaker), president. 

* * V. S. Soldiers are given the right to 
draw coffee and sugar instead of the 
epirit ration. 

* * The ten-hour movement among the 
shipwrights and calkers of New England 
cities is sustained by strikes. 

* * -33 * * Anti-slavery Societies are 
formed by Arthur Tappan and others. 

They are moral and religious, not 
political, organizations ; persecution 
spreads, instead of extinguishing, the 
fire. 

STATE. 

1832 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$24,322,235. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress is memorialized 
in each House to renew the charter 
of the National Bank. 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate : W. 
L. Marcy of N. Y., declares, " To the 
victors belong the spoils." [This 
saying becomes a political proverb.] 

May 31. Md. The First Democratic 
National Convention, assembled at 
Baltimore, nominates Gen. Jackson and 
Martin Van Buren. It adopts the " two- 
thirds rule." [It succeeds the Republi- 
can or Anti-Federalist party.] 

June 11. D. C. Congress: the Senate 
passes the bill to recharter the Na- 
tional Bank. Vote, 28-20. 

July 3. D. C. Congress : the House 
passes the bill to recharter the Na- 
tional Bank. Vote, 107-85. 

July 9. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
L. W. Tazewell of Va. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

July 10. V. C. President Jackson 
vetoes the bill to recharter the Bank. 

July 14. D. C. Congress passes new 
tariff laws, which reduce the duties on 
iron, but increase them on woolens, yet 
they retain the protective principle; 
SouthCarolina, in opposition, approaches 
a condition of rebellion. 

July 16. D. C. The 22d Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Aug.* III. Abraham Lincoln (23 years 
of age) zealously supports the cause of 
Henry Clay, and is a candidate for the 
Legislature. 

Oct. 14. D. C. An indemnity treaty is 
made with Naples. 



Nov. (?) * U. S. 12th presidential elec- 
tion ; Democrats elected. Popular vote : 
Andrew Jackson (Dem.) of Tenn., 
687,502 ; Henry Clay (Nat. Rep.) of Ky., 
530,189 ; John Floyd (Ind.) of Va. and 
"William Wirt of Md. (Anti-Mason), 
together 33,108. 

Nov. 19. S. C. A State Convention 
meets at Columbia by the call of the 
Legislature; Gov. Hamilton, president. 

Nov. 24. S. C. The State Convention 
reports a nullification ordinance, de- 
claring the tariff laws of 1828 and 1832 to 
be unconstitutional, "and are null and 
void, and no law, nor binding upon this 
State." It threatens to secede from the 
Union if force is used. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 22d Congress : the 
second session opens. 
Congress ; Senate : Hugh L. "White 
of Tenn. is elected President pro tem- 
pore. 

Dec. 10. D. C. President Jackson issues 
a proclamation against nullifiers, warn- 
ing and threatening them with trial for 
treason, setting forth the National 
theory, and combating the States rights 
doctrine. 

Dec. 18. D. C. A commercial treaty 
is made with Russia. 

Dec. 20. S. C. The Legislature provides 
judicial remedies for the recovery of 
goods seized or held for the payment of 
duties imposed by the Act of Congress. 

Dec. 21. S. C. Governor Hamilton is- 
sues a proclamation, warning the citi- 
zens of the State not to be diverted 
from their aUegiance by the anti- 
nullification proclamation of President 
Jackson. 

Dec 28. D. C. John C. Calhoun resigns 
the office of Vice-President because of 
President Jackson's proclamation 
against nullifiers. 

Dec. * S. C. Colonel Hayne (Senator) is 
elected governor, and J. C. Calhoun is 
elected Senator. 

Dec. * D. C. The President's message 
recommends Congress to remove the 
public funds from the National 
Bank [it refuses by a decisive vote ; 
the President removes them without 
the sanction of Congress ; Clay, Web- 
ster, and Calhoun lead the opposition 
in the Senate ; the House sustains the 
President]. 

* * S. C. President Jackson sends a part 
of the army to Charleston, and a ship- 
of-war to collect the revenue. 

* * D. C. Franklin Pierce, 28 years old, 
is elected to Congress from New Hamp- 
shire. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-33 * * Cal. Pio Pico (Mex.). 
-34* * Ky. John Breathitt. 

-36 * * Mo. Daniel Dunklin. 
-35 * * N. C. David L. Swain. 
-33 * * N.J. Samuel L. Southard. 
-36 * * O. Robert Lucas. 
-34 * * S. C. Robert Y. Hayne. 
1833 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
S7,001,698. 



Jan. 16. D. C. President Jackson issues 
his anti-nullification message, which 
electrifies the country. 

Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: Introduc- 
tion of Henry Clay's Compromise 
Tariff Act, which aims to harmonize 
Congress. It provides for a gradual re- 
duction of duties until 1843, when they 
are to drop to 20 per cent. 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Jackson, 219 ; Clay, 
49 ; Floyd, 11 ; "Wirt, 7. Vote for Vice- 
President : M. Van Buren (Dem.) of N. 
Y., 189; John Sergeant (Nat. Rep.) of 
Pa., 49; Henry Lee (Ind.) of Mass., 11; 
Amos Ellmaker (Anti-Mason) of Pa., 7 ; 
William Wilkins (Dem.) of Pa., 30. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : In 
a debate with John C. Calhoun, Dan- 
iel "Webster makes a speech against 
the right of nullification. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : the Senate 
passes the ** Force Bill." Vote, 32-1. 

It authorizes the President to remove 
to another place any custom-house 
where the collection of the revenue is 
obstructed, and to use military force, 
when necessary, to secure the collection 
of the duties. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1831* * S. C. Four-wheeled trucks are 

first used on the South Carolina railroad. 

* * Va. The first railroad in Virginia is 
opened 13 miles, for carrying coal to 
Manchester. 

* * Estimated miles of completed canals, 
1,343; partly completed, 1,800; projected, 
408 more. 

1832 Apr. 9. Tenn. The steamboat 
Brandyicine burns near Memphis ; 125 
lives are lost. 

June 21. New York. The Asiatic chol- 
era first appears ; it spreads rapidly 
and with appalling results. 

July * Cholera appears in Philadelphia, 
Albany, and Rochester. 

July lOf III. The first steamboat ar- 
riving at Chicago brings Gen. Scott and 
his troops. 

Aug.* Mass. The Boston and "Worces- 
ter Railroad is commenced. 

Oct. * La. Cholera rages in New Or- 
leans. 

Nov. 15. Pa. Philadelphia and Har- 
risburg are connected by rail. 

Nov.* Nevj York. The first street rail- 
road in the U. S. is opened between the 
City Hall and Fourteenth Street. 

* * Chicago is yet a frontier town. 

* * la. The first house in Iowa is erected 
[near Davenport], 

* * N.J. The Paterson and Jersey 
City Railroad is opened. 

* * N. Y. The Schenectady and Sara- 
toga Railroad is opened. 

* * Pa. The "West Chester Kailroad 
is opened ; also, the Philadelphia, Ger- 
mantown, and Norristown roads. 

**U.S. ""Wild Cat" banks issue 
currency which soon becomes worthless. 
A commercial panic ensues. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens received in 15 months, 60,482. 



142 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Oct. 20. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1833 * * Tex. Texans begin a war 

against Mexico for independence. 

* * -35 * * Jefferson Davis serves in the 
war against the Pawnee Indians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1833 July 2. N. T. The first public 
trial of reaping-machines is made be- 
fore the Hamilton County Agricultural 
Society; Obed Hussey, patentee. 

Nov. 13. A remarkable display of mete- 
oric stars is seen over a large part of 
North America. 

Nov. 18. New York. The first theater 
for operatic purposes in the United 
States is erected. [A failure.] 

* * Mass. The Essex County Natural 
History Society [Essex Institute] is 
organized. 

* * The Court of Death, by Rembrandt 
Peale, is exhibited at the Royal Acad- 
emy. 

* * Titian's Goblet is painted by Thomas 
Cole. 

* * New York. The Mechanics' Insti- 
tute is formed. 

1834 Jan. * Mass. The first American 
table cutlery is made at Greenfield. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1833* * 

Alcott, Louisa May, author, horn in Pa. 

Ashmun, John Honker, jurist, A33. 

Bainbridge, William, coin. U. S. N., A59. 

Benson, Egbert, jurist, A87. 

Booth, Edwin, actor, born in JMd. 

Breckenridge, James, M. C. for Va., A70. 

Bromley, Isaac II., editor, born in Conn. 
■■Cameron, J. Donald, sen. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

Cockrell, Jer. V-, M. C. for Tex., b. in Mo. 

Coffee, John, general, A51. 

Colburn, Warren, mathematician, A 40. 
■ Comfort, (Jeo. Fisk, educator, born in N.Y. 

Coombs, William J., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. 

Edwards, Xinian, senator for 111., gov., A58. 

Evans, Edward I*., scholar, born in N.Y. 

Fish, Nicholas, lietit.-col. of Ilev. war, A75. 

Fletcher, Loren, M. C. for Minn., b. in Me. 

Fuller. Melville Weston , chief justice 



<lregg, David M., maj.-gen. U. S. A., b. Pa. 
Crosvenor, Charles H., M. C. for O., b. Conn. 
Harrison. Benjamin, brig.-gen. vols., sen. 



Hatch, William II., M. C. for M( 

Hepburn. William P., M. C. for la., b. in 6. 

Ilerrick, Stephen S., .Inn., physician, b. in Vt. 

Hulick, George W., M. C. for O., born In O. 

Ing-ersoll, Robert Green, lawyer, orator, 
born in N.Y. 

Lacroix, John C, clergyman, born. 

Locke, David R. (Petroleum V. Nasby). 
humorous and satirical writer, b. in N.Y. 

Martin, John, sen. for Kan., born in Ky. 

McLean, Alex., see. Bible Society, born. 

M-rherson, .John II., sen. for N.J., b. N.Y. 

Neekeve, de, Leo R., R. C. bp. of N. 0., A33. 

Norlhway, Stephen A., M. C. for O., b. N.Y. 

Phillips, Adelaide, singer, born in Eng. 

Piatt, Thomas, C. sen. for N.Y., politician, 
born in N.Y. 

Torter, Thomas, officer TJ. S. A., A99. 

Post, Philip S., M. C. for 111., born in N.Y. 

tjuay, Matthew S., sen. for Pa., born in Pa. 

Randolph, John, orator, sen. for Va., AtiU. 

Kedpath, James, journalist, born in Eng. 

Ivoticrs, Kainnau, physicist, born in Pa. 

Kuger, Thonms II., brig.-gen., born in N. Y. 

Stedman, Ednmnd Clarence, poet, b. in Conn. 

St. John, John P., gov. of Kan., prohibition- 
ist, born in Ind. 

Thompson, Denman, actor, born in Pa. 

Thompson. I.annt, sculptor, b. in Ireland. 

Wheeler, William A., lexicographer, b. Mass. 

Wolcott, Oliver, sec. of treas., gov. of 
Conn., A73. 

Woodward, Joseph J., histologist, b. in Pa. 



1834* * 
Barlow, Francis Channing, brig gen., b. N.Y. 
Bedell, Gregory Townsend. I'. E. cl., A41. 
Blackie, George S., physician, born. 
Bnnton, Garrison, aivhcuLomst, b. in Pa. 
Blair, Henry \V., M. « ., b. S -V 11. 
Blodgett, RafQS, sen. for N. J. 
Bowers, William W.,M. C. for CaL, b. N. Y. 
Browne, Charles Farrar (Artemus Ward), 

writer, humorist, born in Me. 
Brickner, George 11., M. C. for Wis., b. Ga. 
Call, Wilkinson, sen. for Fla., b. in Ky. 
CockreU, Francis M., sen. for Mo., b. in Mo. 
Condict, John, surgeon, A79. 
Cannon, Marion, M. C. for CaL, b. in W. Va. 
Crawford, William Harris, sec. of treas., 

sen. for Va., A52. 
Depew, Chauncey M., orator, M. C. for 

N. Y., R. R. officer, born in N. Y. 
Dick, James T., artist, born in N. Y. 
Dow, Lorenzo, eccentric Meth. preacher, A57. 
Eaton, Daniel Cady, prof, in Yale, b. in Mich. 
Emmerton, James A., genealogist, b. in Mass. 
Eliot, CharleB William, pres. of Harvard, 

born in Mass. 
Foss, Cyrus D-, M. E. bp., b. in N. Y. 
Gibbons. James, cardinal, born in Md. 
Gorgas, Ferd., editor, born. 
Grimke, Thomas Smith, scholar, philan., A48. 
Henderson, Tlios. J., 51. C, born In Tenn. 
Hilborn, Samuel G-, M. C, born in Me. 
Hiscoek, David, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y. 
Hitt, Robert R., M. C. for CaL, born in O. 
Hurst, John F., M. E. bp., chancellor of 

Wash. Univer., born in Md. 
Jones, Galuslia, soldier in Revolution, A83. 
I.anglev, Samuel P., astronomer, b. in Mass. 
McCook, Edward M., gov. of Col., b. in O. 
Owen, Elias K., naval commander, born. 
Porter, Ebenezer IX, pres. Andover Semi- 
nary, A 62. 
Porter, George B., statesman, A 44. 
Phillips, Philip, composer, singer, b. N.Y. 
Powell, John W., ethnologist, geologist, 

born in N. Y. 
Ransom, Thomas Edward G., brig.-gen., 

born in Vt. 
Sanders, Wilbur F., sen. for Mont., born 

in N. Y. 
Say, Thomas, zoologist, A47. 
Schweinitz, von, Lewis I 'avid, botanist, A54. 
Updegraff, Thomas, M. C. for la., b. in Pa. 
Wirt, William, lawyer, author. A62. 
Young-. "Charles Augustus, astronomer, 

born in N. H. 

CHURCH. 

1833 June 6. Boston. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 26. Clucago. The first Presby- 
terian Church is organized. 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Schenectady ; Jacob 
J. Janeway, president. 

Aug. 16. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

Oct. 19. Chicago. The Baptists orga- 
nize a church. 

* * Massachusetts amends her constitu- 
tion, making contributions for the sup- 
port of the minis try voluntary in- 
stead of obligatory. 

* * Mich. The Diocese of Detroit (Roman 
Catholic) is established. 

* *Md. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. 

* * N. Y. \Villiam Miller of East White- 
hall lectures on the End of the "World, 
which he predicts will occur in 1S43 ; his 
disciples are called Millerites. 

* * Ore. The Methodists begin work 
among the Indians in Oregon. 

* * 0. The Archbishopric of Cincinnati 
(Roman Catholic) is created. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; "William A. Mc- 
Dowell, moderator. 

* * A secession from the General Synod 
of the Reformed Presbyterian Church 
occurs. 



The division is caused by diverse opin- 
ions respecting the civil institutions of 
the country; some declaring that the 
Constitution and the Government are 
essentially inlidel and immoral. 

* * The Mormons are opposed and 
driven from the settled parts of the 
country, because of their teachings and 
alleged deceptions. 

* * The Presbyterians begin mission-work 
among the Chippewas at Lac Court 
d'Oreilles. 

* * The Baptists begin work among the 
Otoe, Omaha, Delaware, andStockbridge 
Indians. 

1834 Jan. 14. Tenn. James H. Otey 
(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated 
bishop of Tennessee. 

Feb. 6. The Bishop White Prayer- 
book Society is organized. 

May 21. N. Y. The General Associa- 
tion ("Congregational) is organized. 

June * NeicYork. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; Sam. A. Van Vran- 
ken, president. 

LETTERS. 

1833 July 16. New York. The corner- 
stone of New York University is laid. 

Sept. 8. New York. The Sun is first 
published ; a penny paper. 

Nov. 26. HI. The first newspaper of 
Chicago, The Democrat, is issued. 

Dec. 11. Wis. The first newspaper in 
the State, The Green Bay Intelligencer, 
is issued. 

* * Boston. The New England Magazine 
Is established by Buckingham. 

* * Boston. The Boston Daily Journal is 
first issued. 

* * -34 * * Boston. The Select Journal of 
Foreign Periodical Literature appears. 

* * Conn. The Wesleyan University 
Library is founded at Middletown. 
[35,000 vols.] 

* * Ga. Mercer University (Bapt.) is 
organized at Macon. 

* * Ind, Hanover College (Pres.) is or- 
ganized. 

* * Mich. Kalamazoo College (Bapt.) is 
founded. 

* * N. C. "Wake Forest College is 
chartered by Baptists at Wake Forest. 

* * New York. The Journal of Commerce 
establishes relays of horses between New 
York and Philadelphia, and secures news 
from "Washington one day earlier than 
other papers. [Later, its relays are 
extended to Washington.] 

* *-3S* * NevJ York. The American 
Monthly Magazine appears. 

* * O. St. Xavier's College (Rom. 
Cath.), Cincinnati, is founded. 

* * Pa. Haverford College (Orthodox 
Friends) is organized at Haverford. 

* *-36* *The Western Monthly Maga- 
zine supersedes the Illinois Monthly 
Magazine. 

* * Atalantis : A Story of the Sea, by W. G. 
Simrus, appears. 

* * The Down-Easters, by John Neal, 
appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1833, Feb. 26-1834, Aug. 12. 143 



* * ZHscourses and Addresses on Subjects 
of American History, Art and Literature, 
by Verplanck, appears. 

* * _40 * * The Life and Writings of 
George Washington, by Jared Sparks, 
appears. 

* * Commentaries on the Constitution of 
the United States, by Joseph Story, 
appears. 

* * An Edition of the Iliad, by Cornelius 
C. Felton, appears. 

* * An edition of tlie Alcestis of Euripi- 
des, by Theodore D. Woolsey, appears. 

* * A translation of Malte-BruiVs Geog- 
raphy, by J. G. Percival, appears. 

1834* * Conn. Hartford Theological 
Seminary (Cong.) is founded. 

* * Ind. Franklin College (Bapt.) is or- 
ganized at Franklin. 

* * La. Tulane University (non-sect.) 
is organized at New Orleans. 

* * New York. The New -Yorker Staats- 
Zeitung is founded. 

* * O. Oberlin College (Cong.) is 
founded at Oberlin. 

* * Life of George Washington, by J. K. 
Paulding, appears. 

* * Va. The Southern Literary Messen- 
ger, by T. W. White, is published at 
Richmond. 

SOCIETY. 

1833 Feb. 26. D. C. The Congres- 
sional Temperance Society, under a 
call of 25 members of Congress, is or- 
ganized. 

Its object : " By example and kind 
moral influence to discountenance the 
use of ardent spirit and the traffic in it 
throughout the community." 

May* Phila. The first National Tem- 
perance Society meets. 

" The traffic in ardent spirits as a drink 
is morally wrong, and ought to be aban- 
doned throughout the world." 

Oct. 2. New York. An anti-slavery 
society is organized ; Arthur Tappan, 
president. 

Dec. 6. Phila. The American Anti-Sla- 
very Society is formed; Beriah Green, 
president. 

* * Ga. The first local option law 
for the suppression of intemperance is 
granted by the Legislature to the in- 
ferior courts of Liberty and Camden 
counties. 

* * N. Y.-Pa. Laws for the suppression 
of lotteries are passed. 

* * -36 * * III. Abraham Lincoln is a 
merchant, drifting into bankruptcy. 

* * O. James A. Garfield, two years of 
age, is bereaved of his father; his wid- 
owed mother has a log cabin and 20 
acres of cleared land. 

* * Philadelphia has a "Whig barbecue, 
celebrating its victory at the polls; 
50,000 people are present. 

1834 Jan. 30. Bichard Lawrence at- 
tempts to assassinate President 
Jackson. 

Apr. 8-10. New York City has an 
election riot. 

It is between Jackson Democrats and 
a new party called Whigs ; political 



meetings are broken up, business in 
Wall Street is suspended, and citizens 
are under arms all night, fearing the 
banks would be sacked. 

July 4. Neio York. A meeting of the 
American Anti-Slavery Society is 
broken up by a mob. 

July 10-12. N. Y. Abolition riots agi- 
tate New York ; abolitionists are perse- 
cuted. 

The house of Lewis Tappan is sacked 
by a mob; other houses, enure lies, school- 
houses, and homes of colored families 
are also assaulted. 

July 11. N.J. Pro-slavery violence 
and persecution are rampant. 

A mob takes a colored man from the 
pulpit, to which he has been invited by 
the minister, and conveys him to jail, 
threatening to tear down the jail unless 
the jailer receives him; they then re- 
turn and demolish the interior of the 
church. 

Aug. 11. Mass. Catholics are perse- 
cuted. 

A Charlestown mob burns the Ursuline 
Convent, driving 70 females into the 
night, and plundering the property, it 
being alleged that a girl is confined 
there against her will. 

Aug. 12. Boston. An indignation 
meeting is held in Faneuil Hall, be- 
cause of the Charlestown outrage. 

STATE. 
1833 Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The 
House passes the Compromise Tariff 
Bill. Vote, 119-35. 

It scales down all duties over 20 per 
cent by one-tenth of the surplus of each 
year, so as to make the uniform rate of 
20 per cent in the year 1842. 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Compromise Tariff Bill. 
Vote, 29-16. The House passes the 
Force Bill, empowering the President 
to execute the revenue laws in South 
Carolina. Vote, 149-48. 

Mar. 2. D. C. President Jackson signs 
the Tariff and Force bills, and they 
become laws. 

Mar. 2. D. C. The 22d Congress ends. 
7th Administration; Democratic. 

Andrew Jackson of Tenn., the sev- 
enth President, enters his second term, 
the 12th term of the presidency. Mar- 
tin Van Buren is Vice-President. 

Mar. 15. S. C. The State Convention, 
being reconvened, repeals the ordi- 
nance of nullification and secession. 

Mar. 18. S. C. The State Convention 
adopts an ordinance declaring null the 
Force Act passed by Congress. 

Sept. 16. N Y. - N. J. The boundary 
between New York and New Jersey is 
settled. 

Sept. 23. D. C. President Jackson or- 
ders the " removal of deposits" of 
the United States Government from the 
United States Bank to certain State 
banks (" Pet Banks "), causing great agi- 
tation. [The Senate declared the act 
unconstitutional ; the fluids were not 
removed to the State banks.] 

W. J. Duane, Secretary of the Treas- 
ury, refuses to remove the public fimds, 



is dismissed from office by the President, 
and Roger B. Taney of Md. succeeds 
him. 

Dec. 2. B.C. The 23d Congress opens. 

Dec. 20. /;. C. Congress: The Senate 
resolution censuring President Jack- 
son is introduced by Henry Clay. 

* * U. S. Political nominating con- 
ventions take the place of caucuses of 
the State Legislature. 

* * U. S. The political machine, under 
Jacksonian favor, rapidly develops. 

Political " workers " are to be re- 
warded with political offices, and politi- 
cal parties are to be held together by 
the " cohesive power of public plunder." 

* * New York. Gideon Lee is elected the 
59th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-35 * * Cat. Jose - Figueroa (Mex.). 
-34 * * Conn. Henry W. Edwards. 
-37 * * Del. Caleb P. Bennett. 
-35* * Miss. Hiram G. Runnels. 

N J. Elias P. Seeley. 
-36 * * N.J. Peter D. Vroom. 
-38 * * N. Y. Wm. L. Marcy. 
-38 * * li. I. John B. Francis. 

1834 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$4,760,082. [It is paid off during the 
year.] 

Jan. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Hugh L. "White of Tenn. is elected 
President pro tempore. [Later George 
Poindexter of Miss, is elected.] 

Feb. 17. D. C. An indemnity treaty is 
made with Spain. 

Mar. 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
adopts Henry Clay's resolution censur- 
ing the President for the removal of 
Government deposits. Vote, 26-20. 

Apr. 4. D. C. Congress : The House re- 
solves that the National Bank shall 
not he rechartered, and forbids the re- 
moval of deposits. 

June 3. D. C. Congress: Joint resolu- 
tions censuring the President pass 
the Senate. Vote, 29-10. 

June 20. Z>. C. Congress; House: 
John Bell of Tenn. is elected Speaker. 

June 30. T). C. The Indian Territory 
is set apart exclusively for Indians. 

■ The 23d Congress: the first session 

closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S33 Mar. 31. D. C. The Treasury 
Building at Washington is destroyed by 
fire. 

June 1. Ky. Cholera breaks out at 
Lexington. 

Sept. * JV. J. The Camden and Amboy 
Railroad is opened to Bordentown. 

Oct. 8. N J. The first severe rail- 
road accident occurs on the Amboy 
and Bordentown road ; several persons 
are killed. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1S33, 5S.640. 

1834 May* N.J. The railroad from 
Jersey City to New Brunswick is 
opened. 

Boston. Ice is first exported to the 
East Indies [arriving there in the au- 
tumn]. 



144 1834, Aug. 13 -1835 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

THE TENTH WAR. 

1835 Dec. 23—43 Aug. 14. The 

Florida Indian "War. 

[Men enrolled, 11,1G9 regulars, 29.053 
militia and volunteers. Total, 41,122.] 

Dec. * Fla. The Seminole Indians be- 
gin hostilities, and continue the struggle 
for 4 years. [The war was caused by the 
attempt of the Government to remove 
the Indians beyond the Mississippi.] 

Dec. 28. Fla. The Seminole Indians 
surprise a detachment of 117 men un- 
der Major Francis L. Dade, and kill all 
but one man, who is covered by the dead. 
The Seminoles, led by Osceola, — a 
half-breed, who displays great talents 
and audacity, — surprise Gen. Thomp- 
son, commanding the forces near Fort 
King, riddle his body with 15 bullets, 
and escape. 

Dec. 31. Fla. Gen. Duncan L. Clinch 
defeats the Seminoles on the banks of 
the "Withlacooch.ee. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1834+ * * Conn. Kettles of hammered 
brass are first made at Wolcottville. 

* * D. C. Hiram Powers executes the 
busts of the President and others, at 
"Washington. 

* * Mass. A gun is rifled at South Bos- 
ton — the first in the United States. 

* * Cyrus Hall McCormick patents his 
reaper for harvesting grain — an inven- 
tion which nearly equals the locomotive 
in its value to America. 

1835 Apr. 8. Boston. Charlotte 
Cushman first appears, at the Tremont 
Theater. 

Nov. 17. An aurora borealis of surpass- 
ing grandeur is observed. 

Dec. * New York. The Howe Company 
manufacture pins. 

* * Conn. Samuel Colt patents his 
revolving pistol. 

* * N. Y. Horseshoes are made by 
machinery at Troy. 

* * Pa. A small stack is erected near 
Pottsville for making iron by the use 
of anthracite coal and the hot blast. 
Frederic TV. Geisenhainer is the inventor 
and pioneer. 

± * * Phila. The manufacture of false 
teeth from minerals is commenced by 
D. "W. Stockton. 

* * Hosiery goods are first made by knit- 
ting a circular web. 

* * Audubon publishes his remarkable 
work on the Birds of America, which 
is engraved and printed in four huge 
folios in Edinburgh, Scotland, and sold 
by subscription for $800. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1835* * 
Abbott, Lyman. Cong, cl., editor, b. Mass. 

Adams, Charles Kendall, author, b. In Vt. 
Ames, Adelbert, maj.-Ren., sen. for Miss., b. 
Barker, George r redone, chemist, b. Mass. 
Barnard, Charles, author, born in Mass. 
Bayard, George 1>., brig.-gen., b. in N. Y. 
Bavard, Tnuiiiiii II., sculptor, born in Vt. 
Bland, Richard P., M. C. for Mo., b. in Ky. 
Brooks. Phillips. P. E. bishop, b. Dec. 13, 
in Mass. 



Caffery, Donelson. sen. for La., born in La. 
('haillii. Paul «lu, traveler, born in France. 

Caldwell, Joseph, Pres. clergyman, A52. 

Carlisle. John G.,sec. of treas., sen. for Ky., 
born in Kv. 

Chandler, Win. E,, sen. for N. H., b. N. II. 

Clarke, John s., actor, born in Md. 

Clemens, Samuel L. fMark Twain), hu- 
morist, author, born in Mo. 

Cobb, .lames i;., M. C. for Ala., born in Ala. 

Curtis, Newton M.. M. C fur N. Y., b. >\ Y. 

Dana, Nathan, lawyer, A83. 
Dolph, Joseph N., sen. for Ore., b. in N. Y. 
Draper, John < 'hrislopher, scientist, b. in \'a. 
Duane, William, author and novelist. A 75. 
Dinsmoor, Samuel, gov. of N. H., A69. 
Evans, Augusta, novelist, born in Ga. 
Fallows, Samuel, Kef. E. hp., born in Eng. 
Findlev, James, statesman, ABO. 
Fitch, LeRoy, u, S. N., born in Ind. 
Foster, Stephen, cl. and educator, A37. 
Frothingham, Ellen, scholar, b. in Ger. 
Fuller, Timothy, lawyer, orator, A57. 
Garside, William P... Iiouieopalhist, born. 
Graham, John H., M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire. 
Gregg, Andrew, U. S. senator, A 80. 
Hallowed, Kirhard Price, merchant, b. in Pa. 
Hampton. "Wade, of S. C, brig.-gen., A81. 
Harris, Win. Torrey, educationist, b. in Conn. 
Hnsack, David, physician, author, A66. 
Kilgore. Buckley, M. C. for Tex., born in Ga. 
Lander, Louisa, sculptor, horn in Mass. 
Lawson, Thos. G., M. C. for Ga., born in Ga. 
Lmdsav, William, sen. for Kv., horn in Kv. 
Lucas, William V., M. C. for S. D.,b. in Ind. 
Marshall, John, chief justice, A80. 
McCrarv, George W., sec. of war, b. Ind. 
McKendree, William, H. E. bp., A78. 
Mead, Larkin G., sculptor, b. in N. H. 
Mitchell, John H., sen. for Ore., born in Pa. 
Mitchell, Samuel Mix, statesman, A 92. 
Neweomb, Simon, astronomer, b. in N. S. 
Norton, Andrews, t'nit. cl., author, A45. 
Oates, William C, M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala. 
O'Rourke, Patrick II., colonel, born in Ire. 
Osgood, Helen L. ( i., armv nurse, b. in Mass. 
Phillips, Thomas W., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa. 
Pratt, John James, poet, born in Ind. 
Polk. William, patriot, A76. 
Potter, Henry ('., P. E. bp. of N, Y"., b. N. Y. 
Powers, 11. iienrv, M. C. for Vt., born in Vt. 
Robertson, I has. F., P. E. bp., born in N. Y. 
Shepard, Elliot F., lawyer, journalist, born 

in N. Y. 
Spofford, Harriet Prescott, born in Me. 
Stone, William Leete, Jr., author, b. in N. Y". 
Thomas. Theodore, musician, b. in (ier. 
Wise, George D., M. C. for Va., b. in Va. 



CHURCH. 

1834 Oct. 20. la. The first Baptist 
church is organized at Danville. 

* * Boston. The Benevolent Frater- 
nity of (Unitarian) churches in Boston 
is organized. 

* * The American Board begins mission- 
work among the Dakota and Pawnee 
Indians. 

* * Ind. The Diocese of Vincennes (Ro- 
man Catholic) is established. 

* * Mass. The Universalist State Con- 
vention is organized. 

* * Mich. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Michigan is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Philip Lindsley, 
moderator. 

* * The Mormon Twelve Apostles are 
organized. 

1835 Mar. 8. III. The Diocese of Illi- 
nois (Protestant Episcopal) is organized. 

June * Phila. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets ; Robert Bronk, presi- 
dent. 

June 11. N. Y. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

Sept. 25. Jackson Kemper is conse- 
crated first (Protestant Episcopal) mis- 
sionary bishop of the Northwest. 

* * Ala. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Alabama is organized. 



* * 111. Three clergymen organize 
a (Protestant Episcopal) convention in 
Illinois, and appoint Philander Chase 
to the episcopate "f Qlinols. 

The Protestant Episcopal Diocese of 

Chicago is organized. 

* * N. J. A Society for the Evangeli- 
zation of the "World is organized in 
the First Presbyterian chur-jh of New- 
ark. 

* * New York. Twelve city missionaries 
are employed by the City Tract Society. 

* * Ore. The American Board starts a 
mission among the Oregon Indians, also 
among the Abnakis and the Sioux or 
Dakota Indians. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal; meets. 

It changes the organization of its Mis- 
sionary Society so as to comprehend all 
members of the Church. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at York. 

LETTERS. 
1834* * 17. Norwich University (Prot. 
Epis.) is founded. 

* *-44* * His tori/ of the United States, 
by George Bancroft, appears. 

* * Narrative of an Expedition to Itasca 
Lake, by H. R. Schoolcraft, appears. 

* * Writings of George Washington, etc., 
by Jared Sparks, appears. 

* * Calavar: A Romance of Mexico, by K. 
M. Bird, appears. 

* * The Yemassee, by \Y. G. Simms, ap- 
pears. 

* * Guy Rivers, by "W. G. Simms, appears. 

* * Anatomical Character, Causes, Symp- 
toms, and Treatment of Pulmonary Con- 
sumption, by Morton, appears. 

* * Commentaries on the Conflict of Laws, 
by Joseph Story, appears. 

1835 May 6. New York. The New York 
Herald is first issued. 

Aug. *-Sept. * "The Moon Hoax," 
by Richard Adams Locke, is published 
in the Sun. 

"Great Astronomical Discoveries 
Lately Made bv Sir John Herschel at 
the Cape of Good Hope." [The article 
is copied by the most sober journals.] 

* * Boston. The Christian Review, a Bap- 
tist quarterly, is issued. 

The Culprit Fay, by J. R. Drake, ap- 
pears. 

* * New York. The American Monthly 
Magazine is published [till 1S3S] — 
by Herbert, Hoffman, and Benjamin. 

* * O. The Toung Men's Mercantile 
Library is founded at Cincinnati. 
[47,039 vols.] 

The Oberlin Theological Seminary 
(Cong.) is opened. 

The Marietta College (Pres. and 
Cong.) is founded. 

* * Tenn. The Baptist is first issued 
[later called The Tennessee Baptist, and 
afterwards The Baptist]. 

* * Va. Southern Literary Messenger ap- 
pears at Richmond. 



UNITED STATES. 1834, Aug. 13-1835 



145 



* * Baptists start the Baptist Banner [The 
Western Recorder]. 

* * The Infidel, by It. M. Bird, appears. 

* * Italian Sketch Book, by Tuckerman, 
appears. 

* * The Manikins, by Cooper, appears. 

* * Outre-Mer, by Longfellow, appears. 

* * The Partisan, by "W. G. Simms, ap- 

* * Pencillings by the Way, by "Willis, ap- 
pears. 

* * Tmir of the Prairies, by "Washington 
Irving, appears. 

* * Winter in the West, by C. F. Hoffman, 
appears. 

* * An edition of The Antigone of Sopho- 
cles, by Woolsey, appears. 

* * Elements of Moral Science, by Francis 
Wayland, appears. 

* * -39 * * Tbe first series of The Library 
of American Biography, edited by Jared 
Sparks, appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1834 Aug. 13+. Phila. An anti-abo- 
lition riot continues three nights ; 54 
houses occupied by colored people are 
assaulted, and some of them wrecked. 

* * Conn. A mob with a brass band inter- 
rupts a lecturer on the abolition of sla- 
very, and marches him out of Norwich, 
to tbe tune of the " Rogue's March." 

* * D. C. Congress enacts a penalty of 
$500 for the offense of selling liquor or 
■wine to Indians in tbe Indian country ; 
setting up a still, $1,000 fine. 

* * D.C. President Jackson recommends 
Congress to pass an act for the suppres- 
sion of anti-slavery literature. 

* * N. H. Franklin Pierce marries 
Jane Means Appleton. 

* * N. Y. A convention of mechanics 
meets at Utica ; it protests against con- 
vict labor. 

* * Great opposition is made to the 
anti-slavery movement ; it is ridi- 
culed, scorned, stormed with abuse and 
violence, but augmented. 

Tbe Legislatures of several Southern 
States call upon tbe Northern States to 
prohibit the printing of anti-slavery 
publications. 

* *JV. Y. Delavan's declaration ar- 
rests attention. 

Edward C. Delavan, ex-wine merchant 
of Albany, draws up the following decla- 
ration, and secures the signatures of 
• Presidents Jackson, Madison, John Q. 
Adams, Van Buren, Tyler, Polk, Taylor, 
Fillmore, Pierce, Buchanan, Lincoln, 
and Johnson. 

" Being satisfied from observation and ex- 
perience, as well as from medical testimony, 
that ardent spirit, as a drink, is not only 
needless, but liurti.il, and that the entire dis- 
use of it would tend to promote the health, 
the virtue, and the happiness of the commu- 
nity, we hereby express our conviction that 
should the citizens of the United States, and 
especially the young men, discontinue en- 
tirely the use of it, they would not only pro- 
mote their own personal benefit, hut the 
good of our country and of the world." 

* * Phila. The Presbyterian General 
Assembly declares that "The traffic 
in ardent spirits, to be used as a drink 



by any people, is, in our judgment, mor- 
ally wrong, and ought to be viewed as 
such by the churches of Jesus Christ 
universally." 

1835 June 30, Kg. Lieut. Jeff erson 
Davis resigns his commission in the 
army, and soon after elopes with Sally 
Knox Taylor, daughter of Gen. Zach- 
ary Taylor. 

July 29. S. C. A mob forces the post- 
office at Charleston, and rifles the mails 
to destroy anti-slavery publications. 

Aug. 8. Md. A riot occurs at Balti- 
more, about the Bank of Maryland ; sev- 
eral persons are killed or wounded. 

Aug. * S. C. The U. S. mail is opened 
and anti-slavery documents are removed 
and burned by citizens of Charleston. 

* * New York. The publication of the 
" Moon Hoax" in the Neio York Sun 
deceives many credulous people. (See 
Letters.) 

* * Opposition to friends of freedom. 

Churches and public halls are as- 
saulted when opened for anti-slavery 
speakers, in many Northern sections. 
Great indignation is felt in the Soiith 
because of the circulation of anti-slavery 
pamphlets by various societies. 

STATE. 

1834 Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln is 
elected to the Legislature as a member 
of the Assembly. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The 23d Congress: the 
second session opens. 

* * New York. The mayor is no longer 
appointed by the Common Council, but 
elected by the voters of the city. 

Dec. * D. C. President Jackson recom- 
mends reprisals on French com- 
merce, in satisfaction of a claim of 
$5,000,000 against France long overdue. 
[France settles the claim ; Portugal is 
brought to terms in the same way.] 

**-37**Ncw York. Cornelius W. 
Lawrence is elected the 60th mayor. 

* * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-35* * Conn. Samuel A. Foote. 
-36* * Fta. (Ter.). John H. Eaton. 
-38 * * III. Joseph Duncan. 

-36 * * Ky. James T. Morehead. 

-38 * * La. Edward D. White. 

-35 * * Mass, John Davis. 

-38 * * Me. Robert P. Dunlap. 

-35 * * Mich. (Ter.). Stevens T. Mason. 

-36 * * N. II. William Badger. 

-36 * * S. C. George McDuffie. 

-36 * * Va. Littleton W. Tazewell. 

1835 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$37,513. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Congress; Senate: John 

Tyler of Va. is elected President pro 

tempore. 
Congress establishes three branch 

mints — New Orleans, Charlotte, N. C, 

and Dablonega, Ga. 
Mar. 4. D. C. The 23d Congress 

ends. 
Oct. * N. Y. The anti-monopolist branch 

of the Democratic party is called Loco- 

focos by tbe other branch. 
Dee. 7. D. C. The 24th Congress 

opens. 



Congress ; House : James K. Polk 
of Teim. is elected Speaker. 
Dec. * D. C. President Jackson recom- 
mends Congress to prohibit the circula- 
tion of anti-slavery papers through 



thei 



ils. 



Dec. * D. C. James M. "Wayne of 
Ga. is apx>ointed Justice of the U. S. 
Supreme Court. 

Dec. 20. Tex. Texans declare their 
mdependence of Mexico, and Ameri- 
cans rally to help them. 

Dec. 29. Ga. The Seminoles cede all 
their territory east of the Mississippi 
for $5,000,000. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Revenue in 1835, from 
the sales of public lands, $24,877,179. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-37 * * Ala. Clement C. Clay. 

-36 * * Ark. (Ter.). Wm. S. Fulton. 
-38 * * Conn. Henry W. Edwards. 
-37 * * Ga. William Schley. 
-36 * * Mass. Samuel Armstrong. 
-40 * * Mich. Stevens T. Mason. 
-37* * Miss. Charles Lynch. 
-37 * * N. O. Richard D. Spaight. 

Pa. Joseph Ritner. 
-39 * * Tenn. Newton Cannon. 
-36 * * Tex. Henry Smith (Provisional 

President). 
-41 * * Vt. Silas A. Jenison. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1834 Nov. 1. N. J. The railroad from 
New Brunswick to Trenton is opened. 

* * Chicago receives one mail a week ; 
it is carried on horseback from Niles, 
Mich. 

* * New York. Cholera again prevails. 

* * O. The Ohio Canal is opened for 
307 miles, connecting the Ohio River with 
Lake Erie. 

* * Va. The Petersburg and Roanoke 
Railroad is opened — 60 miles in length. 

* * S. C. The South Carolina Railroad 
is opened 136 miles. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1834, 65,365. 

* * Ore. The first emigrants arrive. 

1835 June 2. Mass. The Boston and 
Providence Railroad is opened. 

June 27. Mass. The Boston and Low- 
ell Railroad is opened. 
July 6. Mass. The Boston and "Wor- 
cester Railroad is opened. 
Aug. 25. Md. The Baltimore and 

"Washington Railroad is opened. 
Nov. 7. The New York and Erie Rail- 
Dec. 9. Boston. The President's mes- 
sage arrives from Washington in 26 
hours and 50 minutes. 
Dec. 16. New York suffers from a 
great fire. 

It sweeps over 30 acres, destroying 520 
buildings and property worth $18,000,000. 
Dec. * Chicago's first bank is opened. 
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1835, 45,374. 

* * New Eng. In a rage for silk culture 
many mulberry trees are planted, and 
fortunes are made and lost. 



146 1835 * *-1837, May 30. 



AMERICA 



ARMY -NAVY. 

1836 Feb. 29. Fla. Gen. Gaines, 
with 1,000 men, is attacked by the Semi- 
nole Indians on the Withlacoochee. [Gen. 
Clinch comes to his relief.] 

Feb. * Fla. Gen. Winfield Scott as- 
sumes command of the army in the 
Indian War. 

Mar. 6. Fla. Some of the Seminole 
chiefs come to Gen. Jessup, and sign a 
treaty of peace [which is soon broken]. 

Apr. 21. Tex. Sam Houston, an Ameri- 
can, at the head of 800 Texans, defeats 
Santa Anna at San Jacinto, and drives 
the Mexicans across the Rio Grande ; 
Santa Anna is taken prisoner, and inde- 
pendence secured. 

THE ELEVENTH WAR. 

* * -37 * * The Cherokee Indian dis- 
turbance. Men enrolled, 9,494 militia 
and volunteers. Caused by the enforced 
removal of the Indians to the West. 

THE TWELFTH WAR. 
May 5-1837 Sept. 30. The Creek In- 
dian "War. Caused by the unwilling- 
ness of the Indians to surrender their 
lands to the whites. Men enrolled, 935 
regulars, and 12,483 volunteers and mi- 
litia. Total, 13,418. 

THE THIRTEENTH WAR. 

* * -1839 * * Me. The Aroostook dis- 
turbance, respecting the northeast boun- 
dary of the U. S. , arises among the people 
contiguous to the territory in dispute. 
Men enrolled, 1,500 militia and volun- 
teers. 

Oct. * Fla. Gov. Call leads 2,000 men 
into the interior of the State, and has a 
fight at "Wahoo Swamp with the In- 
dians, and a second engagement a few 
days later, without decisive results. 

Dec. 25. Fla. Col. Zachary Taylor's 
force defeats the Indians near Big Water 
Lake. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1836 Dec. 12. New York. Miss Ellen 
Tree makes her first appearance at the 
Park Theater. 

* * Conn. Felt cloth is first successfully 
manufactured at Norwalk. 

* * Eng. Edwin Forrest appears in 
Spartacus at the Drury Lane Theater, 
London. 

* * Mass. Williamstown has the first (con- 
tinuous) astronomical observatory. 

* * Mich. Fine-cut chewing tobacco 
is first manufactured at Centerville. 

* * Phila. Wrought-iron tubing and fit- 
tings are first made. 

* * U. S. Anthracite coal is first used 
on steamboats and locomotives. (1837?) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1836* * 
Aldrich, Thns. Bailev, poet, writer, b. N". H. 
Austin, Stephen K., founder of Tex., dies. 
Avery, John, M. C. for Mich., born in N. Y. 
Bangs, Frank (\, actor, born in Va. 
lieanislev. Lester A., lieut. V. S. N., born. 
Bunce, Francis M., com. U. S. N., born. 
Burr. Aaron, Vice-Pres. TJ. S-, A60. 
Brown, Henry B., U. S. Justice, b. in Mich. 



Burton, Asa. Cong, cl., controveraionabst, 
A74. 

Butler. Matlhfw(*.,sen. for S. (\, h. in S. ( \ 

(.'annon, Joseph G., M. C. for 111., b. N. C. 

(handler, (_'has. F., cb.-n.ist, born in Mass. 

Cheney, Charles E.. Iter. k. bp., b. in N. Y. 

Crockett. David, b:i..-kwi*oiJsiiiuii, M. < '. for 
Tenn., A50. 

Iiavies, Henry E., lawyer, born in X. Y. 

Edmunds, l'aul C, M. C. for Va., b. in Va. 

Fayne, Frank L., aetor, born in Kv. 

Flint. Austin. Jr.. physician, medical wri- 
ter, born in Mass. 

Funston, Edward H., Member of Congress, 
born in Ohio. 

<;iadd<-!i, Washington, cl., writer, b. in Pa. 

Gould. Jay. llnaneier, born in N. Y. 

Grout, William W M. C. for Vt., b. in Can. 

Grubbs, John (.'., editor, born in Ore. 

Hackley, Ohas. E., surgeon, b. in N. Y. 

Hale, Eugene, sen. for Me., born in Me. 

Hansard, .John it. <i., author, editor, born. 

Henry, William, rbi-mist, A74. 

Hitchcock, Chas. II., geologist, b. In Mass. 

Hodge, H. Lenox, surgeon, b. in Pa. 

Homer, Winslow, artist, burn in Mass. 

House, Edward Howard, author, b. Mass. 

Kenton, Simon, pioneer, A8I. 

Kflpatrick, Judson, cavalry general, b. N. J. 

Livingston, Edward, M. (_'. for X. Y. and La., 
A72. 

Leverett, Frederick Percival, scholar, A33. 

Lowell, John F., of Lowell Inst., A37. 

Madison, James, M. C. for Va,, sec. of 
state, 4th Pres. of TJ. S., A85. 

Mayer, Alfred Marshall, physicist, b. in Md. 

Met'abe, Charles ('., chaplain, M. E. cl.,b. O. 

Messer, Asa, Pres. of Brown I'niv., A67. 

Moon, John W., M. C. for Mich., b. in Mich. 

Morton, Henrv, scholar, born in N. Y. 

Murphy, Edward, Jr., sen. for N. Y.,b. X.Y. 

Packard. Luiiis P., philologist, born in Pa. 

Pleasants, James, sen. for Va., Gov., A67. 

Robson, Stuart, actor, born in Md. 

Safford, Henry Truman, astronomer, b. Yt. 

Slioup, Genrge L., sen. for Ida., born in Pa. 

Springer, William M., M. C. for 111., b. Ind. 

Townsend, Luther Tracv, M. E. cl., b. in Me. 

Toy, Crawford Howell, Hebraist, b. in Va. 

Vedder, Elihu, painter, born in N. Y. 

Vaux, Robert, philanthropist, A50. 

"Wheeler, .Joseph, M. C. for Ala., born in Ga. 

"Winter, William, poet, critic, b. in Mass. 

"Wright, Arthur Williams, physicist, b. Conn. 



CHURCH. 
1835 * * Pa. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets in Pittsburg; YV. W. 
Phillips, moderator. 

* * The Presbyterian Church establishes 
its first mission among the Indians. 

* * Va. The Eighth Baptist Triennial 
Meeting is held at Richmond. 

1S36 May 2. 0. The General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal) meets in 
Cincinnati. 

Beverly Waugh and Thomas A. Morris 
are consecrated bishops. 

The Arkansas, Erie, Liberia, Michigan, 
New Jersey, and North Carolina Con- 
ferences are formed. 

May 13. New Tor 7c. The Baptists with- 
draw from the American Bible Society. 

June 16. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June * N. T. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany ; Thomas M. 
Strong, president. 

July 7. Mich. Samuel A. McCoskry 
(Protestant Episcopal) is consecrated 
bishop of Michigan. 

* * O. The Ohio Eldership of the Church 
of God is organized. 

* * O. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of East Ohio is organized. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets in Pittsburg; John 
"Witherspoon, moderator. 

* * The Reformed Dutch Church sends a 
missionary to the Nez Perce's Indians. 



* * Mission-work is undertaken by the 

Reformed Presbyterian Church. 
1837 May* Phila. The General As- 
sembly (Presbyterian) meets; David 
Elliott, moderator. 
May 23. Phila. The Plan of Union 
with Congregational Churches is abro- 
gated on constitutional grounds by the 
Presbyterian General Assembly. Vote, 
143-110. 
May 30. Md. The German Foreign 
Missionary Society is organized by 
the Lutheran Church in Hagerstown. 
May* Phila. The Old School party ex- 
scind four presbyteries and offend the 
New School party; Presbyterians are 
greatly agitated. 
May* Phila. The American and For- 
eign Bible Society is organized by 
Baptists. 

LETTERS. 

1836 Mar. 10. Md. The Baltimore 

Transcript is issued as a penny paper. 

Mar. 25. Phila. The Public Ledger is 



York. The Xc 



York 



June 20. 
Express is issued. 

July 29. O. The Philanthropist, an abo- 
lition newspaper of Cincinnati, is de- 
stroyed by a mob, the office pillaged, the 
types scattered, and the press thrown 
into the river. 

* * Conn. The Yale Literary Magazine 
appears. 

* *Ky. The Kentucky University 
(Disciples) is organized at Lexing- 
ton. 

Students of both sexes are received. 

* * New York. Union Theological Semi- 
nary (Pres.) is organized and a Library 
is founded. [50,000 vols.] The Legisla- 
ture grants a charter, two years later. 

* * N. Y. Alfred University (Seventh- 
day Baptist) is organized. 

* * N. Y. The Buffalo Library is founded. 
[53,638 vols.] 

* * Pa. Franklin and Marshall College 
(Reformed) is organized at Lancaster. 

The Reformed (German) Church estab- 
lishes a college at Mercersburg. 

* * P. I. The Providence Athenaeum 
Library is founded. [44,502 vols.] 

* * Mogg Megone, by J. G. Whittier, ap- 
pears. 

* * Astoria, by "Washington Irving, 
appears. 

* * Inklings of Adventure, by N. P. ^Villis, 
appears. 

* * The Poor Pich Man, by Catherine 
Maria Sedgwick, appears. 

* * Mellichampe, by AY. G. S 



ap- 



pea 



' * Nature, by B. "W.Emerson, appears. 

■ * Twenty-seven Orations, by Edward 
Everett, appears. 

: * Commentaries on Equity of Jurispru- 
dence, by Joseph Story, appears. 

r * Elements of International Law, by 
Henry TVheaton, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1835 * *-1837, May 30. 147 



1837 Jan. 25. La. The New Orleans 

Picayune is first issued. 
Feb. 1. The memorial of 56 British 

authors, praying for the exclusive right 

to their respective writings, is presented 

to Congress. 
Feb. 6. Ga. Emory College (Meth. 

Epis.) is chartered [and soon organized]. 
May 17. Md. The Baltimore Sun 

appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1836 Jan. 11. D. C. A petition is pre- 
sented to Congress praying that the in- 
stitution of slavery may be abolished 
in the District of Columbia. 

July 29. O. A riot breaks out in Cin- 
cinnati ; the printing-press of James G. 
Birney's " Abolition " paper is destroyed. 

Aug. * N. T. The Second National 
Temperance Convention is held at 
Saratoga. 

* * Boston. The Transcendental Club 
is formed. 

* * D. C. The right of petition de- 
nied. 

The House of Representatives adopts 
as a rule, " that all petitions, memorials, 
and resolutions," relating to slavery 
" shall be laid on the table, and no 
further action whatever shall be had 
thereon." (See State.) 

* * Ga.-Ala. Thousands of settlers leave 
their homes through fear of the Indians. 

* * III. Abraham Lincoln, 27 years 
old, begins the study of law. 

* * The Ancient Order of Hibernians 
of America is founded. 

1837 Feb. 13. New York. A riot is 
occasioned by the high price of flour, 
and hundreds of barrels are destroyed. 

Apr. * III. Abraham Lincoln com- 
mences the practice of law in Spring- 
field. 

STATE. 

1836 Jan. 1. IT. S. National debt 
$336,957. 

Feb. 5. D. C. Congress; House: Henry 
L. Pinckney introduces a bill providing 
that all memorials praying for the 
abolition of slavery in the District of 
Columbia be referred to a select com- 
mittee, with instructions to report that 
Congress has no power to interfere with 
slavery in the States, and that, in the 
opinion of the House, it would be a viola- 
tion of public faith to interfere with the 
institution in the District. [Adopted. 
Vote, 117-68. Called a Gag-Law.] 
(Die. of Am. Politics.) 

Mar. 2. Texas again proclaims her 
independence of Mexico, and adopts 
a republican form of government. 

May 26. D. C. Congress : The select 
committee reports that Congress cannot 
constitutionally interfere with slavery 
in any State, and it ought not to do so ; 
it recommends that all petitions and 
papers relating to slavery or its aboli- 
tion " shall, without being printed or 
referred, be laid upon the table." Ap- 
proved. Vote, 117-68. 

May 29. "Wisconsin Territory is orga- 
nized out of the Northwest Territory. 



June 15. D. C. Congress admits Ar- 
kansas into the Union as the 25th State. 

July 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
"William R, King of Ala. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

July 4. D. C. The 24th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

July 11. -D.C. The President's Specie 
Circular is issued, ordering payments 
to be made to the Government in gold or 
silver [causing the contraction of the 
currency ; a scarcity of money follows]. 

* * IT. S. The 13th presidential elec- 
tion ; Democrats elected. Popular 
vote ; Martin Van Buren (Dem.) of 
N. T., 761,549 ; Wm. Henry Harrison 
(Whig) of Ohio, Hugh L. "White (Whig) 
of Tenn., Daniel "Webster (Whig) of 
Mass., and ■Willie P. Mangum (Whig) 
of N. C, all combined, 736,656. 

!Nov. * HI. Abraham Lincoln is re- 
elected to the Legislature. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 24th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

* * Cal. After a bloodless revolution 
California disclaims all dependence on 
Mexico. 

* * D. C. Roger B. Taney of Md. is ap- 
pointed Chief Justice, and P hili p P. 
Barbour of Va. Justice, of the United 
States Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. The Democratic party begins 
to favor the annexation of Texas. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-40* * Ark. James S. Conway. 

Cal. Nicolas Gutierrez ; later, 
Mariana Chico ; yet later, Nico- 
las Gutierrez (Mexicans). 
-42* * Cal. Juan B. Alvarado (Mex.). 
-39 * * Fla. Richard K. Call. 
-37 * * Ky. James Clark. 
-40 * * Mo. Liburn N. Boggs. 
-40 * * Mass. Edward Everett. 
-39 * * N. H. Isaac Hill. 
-37 * * N. J. Philemon Dickerson. 
-38 * * O. Joseph Vance. 
-38 * * S. C. Pierce M. Butler. 

Tex. David G. Burnet (Pres.). 
-38 * * Tex. Sam Houston (President). 
-37 * * Va. Windham Robertson. 
-41 * * Wis. (Ter.). Henry Dodge. 

1837 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$3,308,124. 

Jan. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : It 
is ordered that the vote of censure 
condemning President Jackson's policy 
respecting the National Bank be ex- 
punged. Vote, 24-19. 

Jan. 26. D. C. Congress admits Mich- 

, igan into the Union as the 26th State. 

Jan. 28. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
Wm. R. King of Ala. is reelected 
President pro tempore. [He is reelected 
March 7, and again on Oct. 13.] 

Feb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the 
Electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Van Buren, 172 ; 
Harrison, 73; "White, 26; "Webster, 
14; Mangum, 11. Vote for Vice-Pres- 
ident : R. M. Johnson (Dem.) of Ky., 
147 ; Francis Granger (Whig) of N. Y„ 
77 ; John Tyler (Whig) of Va. 47 ; "Wil- 
liam Smith (Dem.) of Ala., 23. 



[Tbere being no majority for Vice- 
President, Richard M. Johnson is 
elected by the Senate, against F. 
Granger. Vote, 33-16.] 

Mar. 3. D.C. The 24th Congress: 
the second session closes. 

Eighth Administration ; Democratic. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Martin Van Buren of 
N. Y. is inaugurated the eighth Presi- 
dent, in the 13th term of the presidency. 
Richard M. Johnson of Ky. is Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet : John Forsyth of Ga. (State), 
Levi "Woodbury of N. H. (Treas.), 
Joel R. Poinsett of S. C. (War), Mahlon 
Dickerson of N. J. (Navyj, Benj. F. 
Butler of N. Y. (Atty.-Gen.), Amos 
Kendall of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.). 

Mar. * III. Abraham Lincoln has his 
protest against the pro-slavery action 
of the majority in the Legislature en- 
tered on the journal of the Assembly. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1835 * * The national debt is extin- 
guished by duties on imports and the 
sale of public lands. 

Feb. 10. Philadelphia is first lighted 
with gas. 

Mar. 29. Phila. The United States 
Bank is newly incorporated by the State 
of Pennsylvania. [Suspended Feb. 5, 
1841.] 

Apr. 18. N. Y. The Brooklyn and 
Jamaica Railroad is completed. 

May 15. Ga. Roanoke is burned by 
Indians. 

July 10. Pa. It is discovered that lo- 
comotives can make ascents without 
the aid of stationary engines and ropes. 

Aug. 1. N. Y. The Utica and Sche- 
nectady Railroad (7S miles) is opened. 

Dec. 15. D. C. The patent office and 
the post-office at "Washington are 
burned. 

* * IT. S. It is discovered that anthra- 
cite coal is superior to wood for loco- 
motive fuel. Its use on railroads 
begins. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1836, 76,242. 

* * IT. S. Great financial prosperity- 
prevails throughout the country. 

* * Pa. Laurel Hill Cemetery, near Phil- 
adelphia, is laid out. 

1837 Mar. 4. Chicago is incorpo- 
rated as a city ; population, 4,170. 

May 8. The steam-packet Ben Sherrod, 
while racing above Fort Adams on the 
Mississippi, burns at night ; 200 lives 
are lost. 

May * IT. S. A financial panic follows 
over speculation and the sudden con- 
traction of the currency. 

Vast issues of irredeemable ("wild 
cat") paper money are accepted in busi- 
ness transactions. 

May 10±. U. S. The banks of all the 
large cities in the North suspend 
specie payments. [Other banks soon 
follow.] 



148 1837, June 1-1838 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1837 Oct. 23. Fla. Gen. Jessup se- 
cures as prisoners Osceola and other 
Indians by violating a flag of truce. 

Oct.* -Dec* Many Americans assist the 
Canadians in their revolt for independ- 
ence. 

Dec. 19. Fla. Col. Taylor leads a body 
of troops against the Seminoles. 

Dec. 25. Fla. Col. Taylor defeats the 
Seminoles at Lake Macaco. 

Dec. 29. Canadians attack and set on 
fire the American steamboat Caroline, 
and send her over the Niagara Falls ; 
22 Americans are lost with her. 

* * Fla. The Seminole Indian war contin- 
ues at great cost and with small results. 

1838 Apr. * Col. Taylor is brevetted 
brigadier-general for his services against 
the Seminoles. 

May * Ga. The State troops begin to take 
the Cherokee Indians from their 
houses and gather them into camps 
preparatory to their removal beyond 
the Mississippi. 

July* Lieut. Robert E. Lee is pro- 
moted to the raDk of captain U. S. A. 

Oct. 28. Mo. Mormons at Far West sur- 
render to militia under Gen. Atchison. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1837 * * Conn. One-day clocks with 
brass movements are invented, and 
clock-making is revolutionized. 

* * Eng. The screw is introduced in 
steam navigation by John Ericsson and 
F. P. Smith on the steamer Thames. 

* * Mass. An induction coil is made 
by G. C. Page of Salem. 

* * New York. Samuel F. B. Morse firBt 
publicly e xhi bits his telegraph. 

* * New York. Charlotte Cushman is 
engaged at the Park Theater. 

* * The dynamometer is first used to 
determine the power employed in driv- 
ing machinery. 

* * A remarkable aurora borealis is ob- 
served. 

* *The Long Story is painted by "W. S. 
Mount. 

1838 Apr. 20. Tenn. A shower of me- 
teors is observed. 

Aug. 19. The United States exploring 
expedition of six vessels ( Vincennes, 
Peacock, Porpoise, Relief, Flying Fish, 
and Sea Gull) under Lieutenant Wilkes, 
U. S. N., sails for the Antarctic region. 

Sept. 18. U. S. A remarkable eclipse of 
the sun is observed. 

* * Boston. Regularly set elementary 
singing lessons are given in a number 
of the public schools. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1837* * 

Albaugh, John W., actor, born in Md. 
Alden, Timolliv, Coii£. el., educator, A66. 
Barwitr, Charles, M. ('. lor Wis.,b. inGer. 
Breckinridge, W. C. P., M. C.forKy.,b. Ky. 



Brewer, David J., Justice Supreme Court, 

horn in Kan. 
I'.uchanan,Thos. McKean, Lieut.-Com.. U. .S. 

N., b. in Pa. 
Burroughs, John, author, born in N. V. 
Burrows, Julius C-, M. C. for Mich., h. Mich. 
Casey, Lyman L., sen. for N. Dak., born 

in N. Y. 
Chanfrau, F. S M actor, born in Pa. 
Clancy, John M, M. C. for N.T., b. in Ire. 
Cleveland, Grover., Gov. of N. Y., 22d 

and 24th Pres. of U. S., h. in N. J. 
Cox, Nicholas >'., M. C. for Tenn., born 

in Tenn. 
Dolbear, Amos Emerson, physicist, b. Conn. 
Draper. Henry, scientist, born in Va. 
Eytintfc, U<>se, actor, horn in Pa. 
Fanning, John Thomas, engineer, b. in Conn. 
Fessemien, Tlios. Green, author, journalist, 

A 66. 
Floyd, John, M. C. and Gov. for Va., dies. 
Fowler, Charles Henry, M. E. bp., b. Can. 
GaUaudet, Edw. M., Pres. Deaf Mute Col- 
lege, born in Conn. 
Gilman, Arthur, philanthropist, born. 
GUI, Theodore N-, scientist, naturalist, born 

inN. Y. 
Hall, Louisa Jane, poet, A35. 
Harkness, William, prof., U. S. Navy, born 

in Scot. 
Hinsdale, Burke A., educator, born in O. 
Holmes, Abiel, author, A74. 
Hopkins, Albert C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y. 
Howells, William Dean, author, b. in 0. 
Kent, Joseph, Gov. of Md., A58. 
Lapham. Oscar, M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I. 
Lester, Kufus E., M. C, born in Ga. 
Long, Eli, general, born. 
Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, abolitionist of 111., 

A35. 
Macon, Nathaniel, speaker, sen. for N. C, 

A80. 
Manderson, Charles F., sen. for Neb., born 

in Pa. 
McCook, Hubert L., bri^.-gen., born in 0. 
Mitchell, David B., Gov. of Ga., A51. 
Moody, Dwight Lyman, Cong, evangelist, 

born in Mass. 
Montgomery, Alexander B., M. A. for Ky., 

born in Ky. 
Moran, Thomas, painter, born in Eng. 
Morphy, Paul C. champion chess-player, 

born in La. 
New, John C, sec. of treas., horn in Ind. 
Newton, Isaac, naval engineer for Tenn., 

born in N. Y. 
Patterson, Josiah, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ala. 
Parker, Francis W., educator, b. in N. H. 
Physick, Philip Syim, surgeon, A69. 
Porter, Horace, mil. sec. to Gen. Grant, 

born. 
Reid, Whitelaw. journalist, b. 0. 
Wolvertun, Simon P., M. C. for Pa., born 

in Pa. 
Scudder, Samuel Hubbard, naturalist, born 

in Boston. 
Shirlaw, Walter, painter, born in Scot. 
Worcester, Noah, Cong, cl., A79. 
1838* * 
Abbe, Cleveland, meteorologist, b. in N. Y. 
Baldwin, Melvin H-, M. C. for Minn., b. Vt. 
Barrett, Lawrence, actor, born in N. J. 
Bird, Frederick M., P. E. cl., hymn col- 



inKy. 

Black Hawk, Indian chief, A71. 
Bowditeh, Nathaniel, mathematician, A65. 
Clark, William, general explorer of Rocky 

Mountains, A 68. 
Cobb, Seth W., M. C. for Mo., born in Va. 
Cogswell, William, M. C. for Mass., born 

in Mass. 
Cohen, Jacob Sulis, phvsieian, b. in N. Y. 
Cook, Joseph, Cong, cl., lecturer, b. N. Y. 
Daly, Augustin, dramatist, born. 
Davidson, Margaret Miller, poet, A15. 
Davis, Cushman K., sen. for Minn., b. N. Y. 
Dodge, Mary Mapes, author, burn in N. Y. 
Ecclcston, James C, P. E. bp. of la., born. 
Farmer, John, genealogist, A49. 
Farrer, Thomas Charles, painter, b. in Eng. 
Flemming, Walter M., physician, surgeon, 

born. 
Funk, r.eniamin F., M. C. for III., b. HI. 
Gilder, William Henry, explorer, b. in Pa. 
Cilmor, Harry, soldier, author, born in Md. 



CHURCH. 

1S37 June 1. Phila. The General As- 
sembly declares the Synod of the 
"Western Eeserve to be no part of 
the Presbyterian Church. 



June* Phila. The General Assembly 
appoints a Presbyterian Board of 

Foreign Missions. 
June * New York. The General Synod 

(Reformed) meets ; Isaac N. Wycoii, 

president. 
July 28. Miss. The Roman Catholic 

See of Natchez is erected, 
Aug.* A". }'. A convention of aggrieved 

Presbyterians meets at Auburn. 
Dec. 10. la. Mathias Loras (Roman 

Catholic) is conserated bishop of Du- 
buque. 

* * la. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Dubuque is established. 

* * la. The Presbyterians open a mission- 
station among the Iowa Indians. 

* * la. The first Congregational church 
in Iowa is organized at Green Mountain. 

* * III. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Md. The Seventh General Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Hagers- 
town. 

* * N. Y. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) of Franckean is or- 
ganized. 

* * Tenn. The Roman Catholic Diocese 
of Nashville is established. 

* * Wis. The first Baptist Church in the 
state is organized in Milwaukee. 

183S Apr. 28. La. The Protestant 
Episcopal Diocese of Louisiana is or- 
ganized at New Orleans. 

June 14. Neio York. The General Con- 
vention of the Wew Jerusalem meets. 

June.* X. Y. The General Synod of toe 
Reformed Church meets at Albany ; 
Benj. C. Taylor, president. 

Sept. 29. The Missionary Board of the 
Reformed (German) Lutheran Church 
is Organized. 

* * Roman Catholic missionaries begin 
work among the Nez Perce Indians. 

Dee. 9. Ark. Xeonidas Polk is conse- 
crated Protestant Episcopal missionary 
bishop. 

* *Fla.,N. Y.,La. The Protestant Epis- 
copal dioceses of Florida, Western New 
York, and Louisiana are organized. 

* *New York. The Baptist Triennial 
Meeting is held. 

* * Ga. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Ore. Methodists open an Indian mis- 
sion at Dalles. 

LETTERS. 
1837 June 5. Ind. Anbury TJniversity 
(Meth. Epis.i is founded at Greencastle 
[later called De Pauw University]. 

* * Boston. The Boston Quarterly Beview 
is established by O. A. Brownson. 

* * D. C. The Democratic Beriew is 
established. 

* *Tlt. Knox College (Pres. and Cong.) 
is founded at Galesburg. 

* * La. St. Charles College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Grand Coteau. 

* * Mich. University of Michigan (non- 
sect.) is organized at Ann Arbor. 



UNITED STATES. 1837, June 1-1838 * 



149 



* * N. C. Davidson College (Presbyte- 
rian — colored) is organized at Davidson. 

* * New York. The New York Review, a 
quarterly, is published by J. G. Cogswell. 

* * O. Muskingum College (United 
Pres.) is organized in New Concord. 

* * _40 * * Phila. The Gentleman's Mag- 
azine appears. 

* * Va. Emory and Henry College 
(Meth. Epis.) is organized at Emory. 

* * Adventures of Captain Bonneville, by 
"Washington Irving, appears. 

* * Bianco. Visconti, by N. P. Willis, 
appears. 

* * Briercliff, by G. P. Morris, appears. 

* * Charcoal Sketches, by Joseph Neal, 
appears. 

* * An edition of The Electro, of Sophocles, 
and another of The Prometheus of JEs- 
chylus, by Woolsey, appear. 

* * Reign of Ferdinand and Isabella, by 
Prescott, appears. 

-* * Twice-told Tales, by Nathaniel Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

■* * Evidences of the Genuineness of the 
Four Gospels, by Andrews Norton, ap- 

■* *+ Elements of Political Economy, by 

Francis Wayland, appears. 
1838 * * Boston. The Boston Quarterly 

Review appears. 

* * Homeward Bound, by Cooper, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Little Frenchman and His Water- 
Lots, by G. P. Morris, appears. 

* * The Narrative of Arthur Gordon Pym, 
by E. A. Poe, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1837 July 14. R. I. A horse-thief is 
publicly whipped on the court-house 
parade in Providence. [The law autho- 
rizing whipping is soon after repealed.} 

Nov. 7. III. A pro-slavery mob at 
Alton murders Rev. E. P. Lovejoy, 
the editor of an abolition paper, breaks 
his press, throws it into the river, and 
fires the building. 

* * Boston. "Wendell Phillips makes 
his debut as an anti-slavery advocate 
in Faneuil Hall ; he champions a most 
unpopular cause. 

1838 Feb. 24. D. C. Congressman 
"Wm. J. Graves of Kentucky kills Con- 
gressman Jonathan Cilley of Maine in 
a duel. 

May 17. Phila. A mob opposed to anti- 
slavery discussions destroys Pennsylva- 
nia Hall. 

Aug. * The cruel and iniquitous re- 
moval of 16,000 Cherokees begins. 

" Sick and well, old men and infants, 
mothers and mothers to be," were forced 
to march on through the cold winter 
months. The suffering was terrible, the 
death-rate fearful. Fifteen deaths a 
day was the average, and 4,500— more 
than one-fourth of the whole nation — 
perished before they reached their West- 
ern home. Yet through all this terrible 
ordeal witnesses testify that " the de- 
portment of the Cherokees was worthy 
of a Christian people." —Cyclopedia of 
Missions. 



* * R. I.-N. H. Rhode Island and New- 
Hampshire leave the license of the 
liquor traffic optional with the towns. 

STATE. 

1837 Sept. 4. D. C. The 25th Con- 
gress opens its special session ; it assem- 
bles to relieve the financial distress of 
the country. 

House : James K. Polk of Tenn. is 
reelected Speaker. 

* * D. C. Congress attempts to relieve 
the financial distress by authorizing the 
issue of Treasury notes, not exceed- 
ing $10,000,000. 

Oct. 4. D.C. Congress: The first Sub- 
treasury BUI passes the Senate. [It is 
defeated in the House.] 

Oct. 16. D. C. The 25th Congress : 
the first session closes. 

Dee. 4. D. C. The 25th Congress : 
the second session opens. 

Dec. 21. D. C. Congress; House : An- 
other "gag-law" is passed, on mo- 
tion of John M. Patton of Va. Vote, 
122-74. It aims to suppress debate on 
the slavery question. (See 1S36, Feb. 5.) 

* * -38 * * Ga. The Government forcibly 
removes the Cherokee Indians be- 
yond the Mississippi. 

* * -39 * * New York. Aaron Clark is 
elected the 61st mayor. 

* * E>. C. John Catron of Tenn. and 
John McKinley of Ala. are appointed 
Justices of the U. S. Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-41 * * Ala. Arthur P. Bagby. 
-40 * * Del. Cornelius P. Comegys. 
-39 * * Ga. George R. Gilmer. 
-40 * * Ind. David "Wallace. 

-41 * * Miss. Alex. G. M'Nutt. 
-41 * * N. C. Edward B. Dudley. 
-43 * * N.J. Wm. Pennington. 
-40 * * Va. David Campbell. 

1838 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$10,434,221. 

Jan. 5. I). C. President Van Buren 
issues a proclamation warning Ameri- 
can citizens not to aid the Canadian 
revolt. [It was devised by disloyal Eng- 
lishmen and sympathizing Americans.] 

Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Sub-treasury Bill. Vote, 
27-25. [The House rejects it.J 

Apr. 18. N. Y. The Legislature enacts 
a general banking law. 

June * D. C. Mr. Dickerson, Secretary 
of the Navy, resigns, and James K. 
Paulding of N. Y. is appointed in his 
place. 

June 12. D. C. Congress organizes 
Iowa as a Territory. 

July 2. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Wm. 
R. King is reelected President pro 



Dec. 8. Pa. After a four days' struggle 
the militia are called out to settle the 
fight in the Legislature, which is 
organized by two opposing bodies, and 
the Senate is expelled by a mob. 

Dec. 11. D.C. Congress; House: A 
third gag-law is passed. Vote, 127-78. 
Charles G. Atherton of New Hamp- 
shire introduces resolutions denying the 
power of Congress to interfere with 
slavery in the States or District, and 
providing that all papers or memorials 
affecting the subject of slavery "be 
laid on the table without being debated, 
printed, or referred." [It is adopted 
against the opposition of Northern 
Whigs.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1837 June 1. New York. The mercantile 

failures for two months, in this city, 

exceed $100,000,000. 
* * Phila. The Bank of the United 

States suspends specie payments. 
July 19. Md. The Baltimore and 

"Wilmington road is opened. 
Oct. 9. The steamer Home, from New 

York to Charleston, is wrecked ; 100 lives 

are lost. 
Oct. 26. N. Y. The Harlem road is 



July 9. D. C. The 25th Congress : 
the second session closes. 

Nov. * III. Abraham Lincoln is re- 
elected to the Assembly, and becomes 
leader of the Whigs. 

Dec. 3. D.C. The 25th Congress: 
the third session opens. 



New York. The Harlem Railroad 

Company completes the city tunnel. 

Nov. 10. The Providence and Ston- 
ington road is opened. 

Dec. 27. The steamer Black Hawk, on the 
Red River, explodes ; 50 lives are lost. 

* * Mich. The Michigan Central road, 
connecting Detroit and Ypsilanti (30 
miles), is opened. 

* * N. Y. The Chenango Canal is com- 
pleted, connecting the Susquehanna with 
the Erie Canal at Utica. 

* *_42* * New York. The Croton 
aqueduct is completed. 

* * Va. The road from Richmond to 
Fredericksburg is completed. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1837 r 79,340. 

1838 Apr. 8-23. Steam navigation 
across the Atlantic is established. The 
Great Western steamship first sails from 
Bristol to New York [arriving in 15 days]. 
(Lossing, June.) 

Apr. 25. O. The steamer Moselle bursts 
her boiler near Cincinnati ; 101 lives are 
lost. 

Conn. New Haven celebrates its 

second centennial. 

Apr. 27. S. C. A fire at Charleston lays 
waste 145 acres, and destroys 1,158 build- 
ings ; loss, $3,000,000. 

May 16. New York State banks re- 
sume specie payments. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1838, 38,914. 

* * N. H. The Nashua and Lowell 
road is opened. 

* * O. The Mad River road is opened. 

* * IT. S. Business languishes, and the 
Administration becomes unpopular. 

* * Va. The Richmond and Peters- 
burg road is opened. 



150 



1838* *-1840, July 2. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1839 June * Fla. The governor of the 
Territory offer8 a reward of S200 for 
every Indian killed or taken. 

■'• * Fla. The Seminole chiefs send in 
their submission and sign a treaty. 

* * N. Y. Ulysses S. Grant of Ohio en- 
ters the Military Academy at West Point. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1838 * * Conn. Solid-headed pins are 
first made by the Howe Pin Company 
at Birmingham ; they supersede the 
spun-headed pins. 

* * D. C. James Smithson's legacy of 
$500,000 is received from London [it es- 
tablishes the Smithsonian Institution in 
1846.] 

* * It. The statue of Eve is executed by 
Hiram Powers. 

* * Mass. Gold thimbles and specta- 
cles are first manufactured at Long- 
meadow. 

* * 0. An observatory is erected for the 
Western College at Hudson. 

* * Phila. The High School Observatory 
is erected. 

* * A full-length portrait of Queen Vic- 
toria is painted by Thomas Sully. 

* * Zinc is first manufactured at "Wash- 
ington from the red oxide of New Jersey. 

1839 Feb. * Conn. Charles Goodyear 
obtains his first patent for making vul- 
canized india-rubber. 

* * It. The statue of The Greeh Slave is 
executed by Hiram Powers. 

* * Mass. The first power-looms in the 
world, for making carpets, are set up 
at Lowell. 

* * New York. Capt. John Ericsson 
arrives from England with the first suc- 
cessful screw propeller. 

* * N. Y. The Observatory of the United 
States Military Academy is erected at 
West Point. 

* * The Penny Paper is painted by F. W. 
Edmonds. 

* * Pa. Anthracite coal is first success- 
fully used in making iron at Pottsville ; 
$5,000 are presented to the proprietor of 
the works by citizens. 

1840 Jan. 19. The Antarctic Conti- 
nent is discovered, on the same day, by 
both French and American expeditions. 

May 7. Miss. A destructive tornado 
visits Natchez, killing 317 persons and 
destroying $1,500,000 of property. 

May 25. Lake Erie rises four feet in a 
few hours, and then subsides, without 
apparent cause. 

May 27. A great freshet swells the Sa- 
vannah River : 35 feet above low water. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1838 * * 
House, James Alvord, inventor, b. in N. Y. 
Howe, Lyman IS., medical prof., born. 
Hyatt, Alpheus, naturalist, born in D. C. 
Irving, Peter, author, A67. 
McAleer, William, M. C. for Pa., b. Ire. 
McCreary, James B., M. C. for Ky., born 

inKy. 
McMillan, James, sen. for Mich., b. Can. 
Miller, "Warner, sen. for N. Y., b. in N. Y. 
Morse, Edward S., naturalist, born hi Me. 



Neill, Robert, M. 0. for Ark., born in Ark. 
Osceola, chief of the Seminolee, A34. 

Palfrey, Warwick, eilitur, AM. 

Pollard, Euward A., Journalist, to, Va-ElfflS]. 

Rodgers, John, com. V. S. N., A67. 

Hoe, Edward Payson, novelist, b. In N.Y. 

Scranton, Joseph A., M. C. for Pa., born in 

Sctuider, Horace Elislia, author, b. In Mass. 
Squire, Watson C, sen. for Wash., b. H. Y. 
.Stevens, John, inventor (Steamboat), A89. 
Strong, Luther M., M. C. for O., born in O. 
Watson, James Craig, astronomer, b. Can. 
Wright, George En.-ilenck, geologist, Cong. 

clergyman, author, born in N. Y. 
1839* * 
Adams, Silas, M. C. for Ky., born in Ky. 
Ames, Mary Clennner, author, born In N.Y. 
Armstrong, Samuel <_'., gen., b. in Hawaii. 
Bancroft, Aaron, Unit, cl., writer, A84. 
Beard, George Miller, plivs., author, b; 
Black, John C, M. C. for 111., b. in Miss. 
Booth, John Wilkes, assassin, born in Md. 
Boutelle, Chas. A., M. C. for Me., b. in Me. 
Bowen, Nathaniel, P. E. bp. of S. C, A60. 
Broderick, Case, M. C. for Kan., b. in Iml. 
Brown, Jason B.. M. C. for Ind.,b. in Ind. 
Buel, Jesse, agricultural writer, A61. 
Brute, Simon G., R. C. bp. of Vincennes. A60. 
Carey, Matthew, philan., publisher, A79. 
Coleman, Leighton, P. E. bp. of Wis., born 

in Pa. 
Custer. George A., gen. cavalry corps, 

born in O. 
Dunlap, William, painter, historian, A73. 
Everett, William, M. C. for Mass., born in 

Mass. 
Everett, Charles Carroll, Unit, clergyman, 

author, born in Me. 
Fisk, Wilbur, Pres. of Wesleyan University, 

A47. 
Funk, Isaac K., Luth. cl., reformer, editor 

of Standard Dictionary, b. in O. 
George, Henry, economist, an., born in Pa. 
Gorman, Arthur P., sen. for Md., b. in Md. 
Harte. Francis Bret, author, b. in N.Y. 
Hay, John, author, born in 111. 
Eayne, Robert Young-, orator, sen. for 

S. C, A48. 
Jones, James K., sen. for Ark.,b. in Miss. 
Leggett, William, author, A37. 
Lundy, Benjamin, abolitionist of Md., A50. 
Mayo, Frank, actor, born in Mass. 
McArthur, Duncan, soldier, Gov. of O., A67. 
Money, Hernando D., M. C. for Miss., born 

in Miss. 
Murphy, Joseph, actor, born in N". Y. 
Nllea, Hezekiah, journalist at Baltimore, 

A62. 
Ogden, Aaron, Gov. of N. J., A83. 
O'Kane, James, naval commander, born. 
Parker, Isaac, U. S. A., born. 
Packard, Alpheus s.,pnu>inulogist,b. in Me. 
Patterson, Daniel Todd, V. S. Navy, A53. 
Perkins, George C, sen. for Cal., b. in Me. 
Power, Thomas C, sen. for Mont., b. in la. 
Reed, Thomas B.. M. C. for Me., speaker, 

born in Me. 
Ripley, Eleazer Wheelock, maj.-gen., A57. 
Schouler, James, lawyer, historian, born in 



, an Kensseiaer, Mepnen, 
Patroon " of N.Y., A75. 



CHURCH. 

1838 * * III. The Mormons are driven 
out of Missouri ; they found Nauvoo, 
and number about 12,000. 

* * Pa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Pennsylvania is organized. 

* * Phila. Old School Presbyterians 
refuse the demands of the New School, 
and the General Assembly is divided 
into two bodies, New School and 
Old School. 

The New School Presbyterians or- 
ganize a General Assembly, and elect 
Samuel Fisher moderator. The Old 
School also organize, with "William S. 
Plumer moderator. 

The Old School Presbyterians estab- 
lish a Board of Publication. 

* * R. I. The Universalis t State Conven- 
tion is organized. 



1839 May 9. .V. J". Wm, H. de Lancey 

is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal; 
bishop of Western New York. 

June 12. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June * Phila. The General Synod of 
the Reformed Church meets ; George 
W. Bethune, president. 

July * X. J. The General Synod of the 
Reformed Church meets at New 
Brunswick ; George W. Bethune, presi- 
dent. 

* * Mo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Missouri is organized. 

* * Pa. The 9th General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Chambers- 
burg. 

* * Phila. A "Woman's Missionary So- 
ciety of the Evangelical German Church 
is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets; Baxter Dickin- 
son, moderator. 

The General Assembly (O. S. Presby- 
terian) meets ; J. L. Wilson, moderator. 

* * The Reformed Dutch Sabbath-School 
"Union is formed. 

* * More than 680 Ladies' Associations, 
having nearly 3,000 local agents of their 
own membership, collect funds for the 
American Board. 

1840 Mayl — June 3. Md. The 13th 
General Conference (Methodist Epis- 
copal) meets in Baltimore. 

The East Texas, North Ohio, Provi- 
dence, and Rock River conferences are 
formed. 

June 3. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June * New York. The General Synod of 
the Reformed Church meets ; James 
Murphy, president. 

June 21. S. C. Christopher Edwards 
Gladsden is consecrated (Protestant 
Episcopal) bishop. 

LETTERS. 

1839 Jan. * Christliche Apologete, "vTm. 

Nast, editor, is first published. 
July 3. Mass. The first normal school 

in America is opened at Lexington. 

* * Conn. The Hartford Library Associ- 
ation is founded. [34,500 vols.] 

* * D. C. The Patent Office Library is 
founded. [47,040 vols.] 

* * Ind. Concordia College (Lutheran) 
is organized at Fort "Wayne. 

* * Md. Baltimore City College (non- 
sect.) is organized in Baltimore. 

* * Md. The Mercantile Library Associ- 
ation is founded at Baltimore. [30,000 
toIs.] 

* * Mich. St. Philip's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is founded near Detroit. 

* * New York. The Evening Express is 
founded. 

The Raptist Advocate is started [and 
is later called the New York Recorder 
and afterward the Examiner], 



UNITED STATES. 1838 ** -1840, July 4. 151 



* * Wash. The first priii ting-press west 
of the Rockies is set up at Walla Walla 
by Presbyterian missionaries. 

* * S. C. Erskine College (Asso. Ref'd 
Pres.) is organized at Due West. 

* * Va. Rector College (Bapt.) is f'ded. 

* * The Adventures of Jtobiu Day, by R. 
M. Bois, appears. 

* * Dramas, Discourses, and Other Pieces, 
by Hillbouse, appears. 

* * History of the Navy of the United 
States, by Cooper, appears. 

* * Hyperion, by Longfellow, appears. 

* * Voices of the Night, by Longfellow, 
appears. 

* * Crania Americana, by Samuel G. 
Morton, appears. 

* * Spiritual Improvement, by Ray Palmer, 
appears. 

* * Treatise on the Laio of Agency, by 
Joseph Story, appears. 

* * Letters from Under a Bridge, by N. P. 
Willis, appears. 

1840 June 24. Boston. The four hun- 
dredth anniversary of the discovery of 
the art of printing is celebrated. 

SOCIETY. 

1838 * * U. S. In the army, coffee and 
sugar, or the money equivalent, may be 
drawn by each soldier instead of a gill of 
spirits. 

* * The violence of fanatical. Mormons 
arrests attention. 

1839 June * Fia. The governor offers 
a reward of $200 for every Indian killed 

July 1. Minn. Sioux Indians massacre 
Chippewas at the Falls of St. Anthony. 

Nov. * N. Y. Abolitionists organize a 
political party. 

A number of abolitionists meet at 
Warsaw and organize a political anti- 
slavery party, with a- platform consist- 
ing of a single plank, as follows : 

" Resolved, That in our judgment 
every consideration of duty and expedi- 
ency which ought to control the action of 
Christian freemen requires of the abo- 
litionists of the United States to orga- 
nize a distinct and independent political 
party, embracing all the necessary means 
tor nominating candidates for office and 
sustaining them by public suffrage." 

* * Connecticut leaves the license of 
liquor dealers optional with the towns. 

* * -39 * * The Spanish vessel VAmi- 
stad, with many African slaves on 
board, lands them on the American 
coast, after the slaves have revolted and 
killed or confined the Spaniards to ob- 
tain their liberty. 

The slaves are imprisoned as pirates 
and' the case is taken through the State 
courts to the Supreme Court of the 
United States, and a decision given jus- 
tifying the uprising and discharging the 
prisoners. It occasions much excite- 
ment. 

1840 Apr. 6. Md. The Washing- 
tonian movement is organized as a 
moral suasion movement. 

" A Baltimore drinking-club of six men 
— W. K. Mitchell, a tailor, J. F. Hoss, a 
carpenter, David Anderson and George 
Steers, blacksmiths, James McCurley, a 
coachmaker, and Archibald Campbell, 



a silversmith. They were induced to 
change their habits by the address of a 
temperance lecturer. — Cyclopedia of 
Temperance. 
Apr. 30. New York. John Q. Adams 
pronounces an oration before the His- 
torical Society in celebration of the 
fiftieth anniversary of Washington's in- 
auguration. 

STATE. 
1838* * D.C. Benj.F.ButlerofN.Y.re- 

signs the office of Attorney-General, and 
Felix Grundy of Tenn. succeeds him. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-42 * * Conn. Wm. W. Ellsworth. 
-41 * * la. (Ter.). Robert Lucas. 
-42 * * III. Thomas Carlin. 

-41 * * La. Andre B. Roman. 

-39 * * Me. Edward Kent. 

-42 * *N.Y. William H. Seward. 

-40 * * O. Wilson Shannon. 

-39 * * P. I. William Sprague. 

-40 * * S. C. Patrick Noble. 

-40 * * Tex. Mirabeau B. Lamar (Pres.). 

1839 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
§3,573,343. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: 

"Wm. R. King of Ala. is reelected 

President pro tempore. 
Mar. 3. D. C. The 25th Congress 

ends. 
Nov. 13. N. Y. A convention of the 

Liberty Party is held at Warsaw. (See 

Society.) 
Dec. 2. D. C. The 26th Congress 

opens. 
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: John Q,. 

Adams restores decorum and effects an 

organization of the House, by putting 

the question to vote, which the Speaker 

refuses to present. 
Dec. 6. Pa. The "Whig National 

Convention (meeting at Harrisburg) 

nominates Gen. W. H. Harrison of O. 

for President, and John Tyler of Va. 

for Vice-President. Vote : Harrison, 

148; Clay, 90; Scott, 16. 
Dec. 10. B.C. Congress; House: E. 

M. T. Hunter of Va. is elected Speaker. 

* * III. The capital is changed from Van- 
dalia to Springfield. 

* *-41* * New York. Isaac L. Varian 
is elected the 62d mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-41 * * Fla. {Ter.). Robert R. Reid. 
-43 * * Ga. Charles J. M'Donald. 
-40 * * Ky. Charles A. Wickliffe. 
-40 * * Me. John Fairfield. 

-42 * * N. LT. John Page. 

Pa. David R. Porter. 
-43 * * P. I. Samuel W. King. 
-41 * * Tenn. James K. Polk. 

1840 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$5,250,875. 

Jan. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Independent or Sub- 
treasury Bill, requiring the National 
funds to be kept at Washington, and in 
sub-treasuries in certain cities, where 
they will be subject to the order of the 
Treasurer, instead of keeping them in 
banks. Vote, 24-18. 

Apr. 1. N. Y. The moderate Abolition- 
ists found the liberty Party, hold a 



National Convention at Albany, and 
nominate James G. Birney of N. Y. 
for President, and Thomas Earle of Pa. 
for Vice-President. [It is the first na- 
tional anti-slavery convention. Birney 
declines the nomination.] 

May 5. Md. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention meets at Baltimore 
and unanimously nominates Martin 
Van Buren of N. Y. for President. 
The Vice-President is left for the States 
to nominate. 

May * I). C. John M. Wiles of Conn, 
succeeds Amos Kendall of Ky. as Post- 
master-General. 

June 30. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Sub-treasury or Inde- 
pendent Treasury Bill. Vote, 124-107. 

July 4. D. C. The Independent Treas- 
ury Bill, having passed both houses, 
becomes a law. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1839 Mar. 4. U.S. The express busi- 
ness is first organized by W. F. Harn- 
den ; he makes a trip from Boston to 
New York as a public messenger. 

Apr. 11. N. Y. Greenwood Cemetery 
in Brooklyn is incorporated [lots are first 
sold in October]. 

May 31. New York. The steamship 
Great Western, from Bristol, arrives in 
13 days and 8 hours, the quickest voy- 
age ever made. 

July 6. Me. A large portion of Eastport 
is burned. 

Sept. 6. New York. A great fire burns 
46 buildings ; loss, $10,000,000. 

Sept. 9. Ala. Mobile is wasted by a sec- 
ond great fire. 

Oct. 1. Mass. The "Western road is 
opened from Worcester to Springfield. 

Oct. 10. Phila. The United States 

Bank fails, after speculating in cotton. 

[Many banks, chiefly in the South and 

West, also fail ; loss of the Government 

on deposits, $2,000,000.] 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1839, 68,069. 

* * Md. Green Mount Cemetery, near 
Baltimore, is dedicated. 

* * Mississippi repudiates $5,000,000 
of its State bonds. 

* * N. Y. The Syracuse and Utica, 
and the Syracuse and Auburn roads 
are opened. 

1S40 Jan. 13. The steamboat Lexing- 
ton is burned in Long Island Sound ; 
only four out of 145 persons escape. 

Feb. 12. Conn. The Housatonic road 
is completed from Bridgeport to New 
Milford. 

* * Cal. J. A. Sutter starts a settle- 
ment (Sacramento). 

June * U. S. Sixth Census : States, 26; 
whites, 14,195,805 ; colored, 2,873,648 (free 
colored 386,293, slaves 2,487,355) ; total 
population, 17,069,453. Increase, 32.67 
per cent. Center of population, 16 miles 
south of Clarksburg, W. Va. ; westward 
movement in 10 years, 55 miles. 

July 1 . Mass. The New Bedford and 
Taunton road is completed. 



152 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1840 Dec. 3-24. Fla. Gen. W. K. 
Armistead, the successor of Gen. 
Scott, presses the war with the Indians. 

Dec. * Fla. Col. Harney penetrates the 
Everglades and captures 40 Indians. 

1841 * * Maj.-Gen. Winfield Scott is 
appointed (11th) commander of the 
army. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1840 July * New York. John Baldwin 
Buckstone makes his first appearance 
in America, at the Park Theater. 

* * Boston. First iron-front building 
in America is erected on Washington 
Street, the builder guaranteeing it. 

* * D. C. The Society for the Promotion 
of Science and the Useful Arts [National 
Society of Arts and Sciences] is estab- 
lished at Washington. 

* * New York. The Trinity Church is 
erected. 

A movement begins, out of which 
develops the American Association 
for the Advancement of Science. 

Gold pens are first manufactured in 
this country. 

John William Draper at the New 
York University is the first to succeed 
in making daguerreotype portraits in 
America ; London experts ascribe his 
success to brilliancy of the climate. 

Samuel F. E. Morse obtains his first 
patent on the telegraph. 

Fanny Elssler, the dancer, first ap- 
pears in America, at the Park Theater ; 
enthusiastic reception. 

Daniel Huntington is elected a member 
of the National Academy of Design. 
- * * Phil a. "William J. Florence (Ber- 
nard Conlin) makes his first appearance, 
at the National Theater. 
v * The statues Bath, Daniel, and others 
are executed by Henry K. Brown. 

* * The statue Orpheus is executed by 
Thomas Crawford. 

1841 Jan. 25. Neio York. A slight 
earthquake shock is felt. 

Mar. * The grain - drill, for sowing 

grain, is patented. 
Nov. * A meteoric display appears. 

* * Cal. The coast is explored by the 
United States expedition under Lieut. 
Charles Wilkes. 

BIRTHS - DEATHS. 

1840* * 

Abbott, Jo., M. C. for Tex., born in Ala. 
Adair, John, pen., sen. for Kv., A83. 
Alexander, Sydenham B., M. C. for N. C, 

born in N. C. 
Angus, Samuel, capt. U. S. N., dies. 
Baclie, (Jen. M., officer U. S. N., born. 
Partlett, W. Francis, brev. maj.-gen., born 

Bynum, William I)., M. C. for Ind., b. Ind. 
Chauncey, Isaac, com. U. S. N., A68. 
Colburn, Zcrah, mathematical prodigy, A36. 
Cooper, Thomas, natural philos., A 81. 
Cope, Edward Drinker, naturalist, b. Pa. 
Drayton, Henry, journalist, born. 
Finn, Henry J., comic actor, AS5. 
Flint, Timothy, cl., novelist, historian, A60. 
Follen, Charles Theodore Christian, Unit, 

d., scholar, A45. 
Foote, Josiah 1., I'res. cl., educator, A44. 
Gillet, Charles W., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. 
Greene, S. Dana, officer V. S. N., b. in Md. 



Gifford, Hubert Swain, arti6t, born in Mass. 
dray, George, sen. tor Del., born in Del. 
Griffin, Cilderoy W., journalist, horn in Kv. 
Griflth, Walter S., statesman, born. 
Grundy, Felix. Ben. for Tenn., atty.-geii., 
A 63. 



Heard, John T., M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo. 

Henderson, David B., M. C. for la., born in 
Scot. 

Hlggihs. Anthony, sen. for Del., b. in Del. 

Keene, Thomas W., actor, born in N.Y. 

Kirkland, John Thornton, I'res. of Harvard, 
A70. 

Ma-lure, William, Scottish geol. inAm., ATT. 

Mahon, ThaddeusM.,M. C. forI*a.,b.in Pa. 

Mellin, Prentiss, I". S. sen., A76. 

Morris, George S., scholar, philos., b. in Vt. 

Murray, William 11. II., Cong, cl., b. in Conn. 

Nast, Thomas, artist, burn in Bavaria. 

O'Ferrall, Charles T., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va. 

Parrish, Joseph, phvs., medical writer, AHI. 

Perkins, George D„ M. C. for la., b. in N.Y. 

Raymond, Kossiter W., mining engineer, b. (>. 

Redden, Laura C. (Howard Glyndon i, 
author, born. 

Kidpatli, .John < 'lark, historian, b. in Ind. 

Roach, William N., sen. born in D. C. 

Ryan, William, M. C. for N. Y., b. in Ire. 

Sankey , Ira David, evangelist singer, b. Pa. 

Schuyler, Eugene, author, born in N.Y. 

Shaler, Nathaniel S., geologist, born in Ky. 

Stanley, Henry M. (John Rowlands), ex- 
plorer of Africa, born in Wales. 

Thompson, Alfred Wordsworth, artist, b.Md. 

Vilas, William F., sen. for Wis., b. in Vt. 

Wilson, George W., M. C. for O., b. in O. 
1841 * * 

AMrich, Nelson AY., sen. for R. I.,b. in R. I. 

Baker, Henry M., M. C, born in N. H. 

Barbour, Philip P., lawyer, judge, A58. 

Barron, Charles, actor, born in Mass. 

Beltzhover, Frank P., M. C. for Pa., b. Pa. 

Berry, James J., sen. for Ark., born in Ala. 

Bingham, Ilenrv H., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

lirawley, William H., M. C. forS. C.,b. S. C. 

Preckinridge, John, of Ky., theologian, A44. 

Brown, Nicholas, endowed Brown Univer- 
sity, AT 2. 

Campbell, Timothy J., M. C. for N. Y., born 
in Ire. 

Causey, John W., M. C. for Del., b. in Del. 

Clark, Willis (iavlord, journalist, A31. 

Coffeen, Henry A., M. C. for Wyo., b. in O. 

Cookman, Gecirge C, M. K. clergyman, A41. 

Cummings, Amos J., M. C for N. Y., b. N. Y. 

Emmons, Samuel F., geologist, b. in Mass. 

Enneking, John J., artist, born in O. 

Ewing, Finis, Cumber. Cong, cl., A68. 

Forsyth, John, sen. for Ga., see. of state, 
A61. 

Feissenhainer, Jacob A., M. C. for N. J., 
born in N. Y. 

Gresham, Walter, M. C. for N. Mex., b. in Va. 

Harris, William A., M. C. for Kan., b. in Va. 

Harris, Samuel S-, P. K. bp. of Mich., b. Ala. 

Harrison. WiUiam H.. maj.-gen. U. S. A., 
sen. for 0., 9th Pres. of U. S., A (58. 

Hayes, Walter I., M. C. for la., b. in Mich. 

IlillhoLisc, James A., poet, A52. 

Honeychurch, Henry C, U. S. N.,b. in W. I. 

Hooper, Lucy, poet, A25. 

Hull, John A. T-, M. C. for la., born in O. 

Lacey. John F., M. C. for la., b. in W. Va. 

Ladd, William, peace advocate, A63. 

Leland, John, Bapt. clergyman, AST. 

Macomb, Alexander, com. U. S. N., A57. 

MaUory, Stephen A., M. C. for Fla., b. S. C. 

Marshall, Humphrey, historian, dies. 

Mellen, Grenville, poet, A43. 

Miller, Joaquin, poet, born in 0. 

Milner, Thomas A., founder of Yale Med. 
Inst., A64. 

Moore, Richard Cham, I\ E. bp. of Va., AT9. 

Mordaunt, Frank, actor, born in Vt. 

Morse, Elijah .1., M. C. for Mass., born Ind. 

Outhwaite, Joseph H., M. C. for O., b. in 0. 

Raucb, Fred A., theologian, A35. 

Sargent, Charles Sprague, botanist, b. Mass. 

Savage, Minot Judsoii, l int. cl., born in Me. 

Savers, Joseph ]>., M. C. for Tex., b. in Miss. 

Stone, William J., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. 

Waugh, Daniel, M. C. for Ind., born in Ind. 

Wood, Horatio ('., physician, author, b. Pa. 

"Wright, Ashley B., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass. 



CHURCH. 

1840 Sept. 17. Md. "William Rollingson 
Whittingham is consecrated (Protestant 
Episcopal) bisbop. 

Oct.* Wis, Tbe Congregational Con- 
vention is organized. 



Nov. 6. la. The General Congregational 
Association is organized. 

* * New York. The Consolidated 
American Baptist Missionary Con- 
vention is formed. 

* * -44 * * Extensive revivals prevail. 

* * Phila. Tbe General Assembly of the 
Presbyterians meets ; Wm. M. En g lis is 
moderator of tbe Old School branch, 
and Wm. AVisner of the New School 
branch. 

* * Tex. The Texas Union Baptist Asso- 
ciation is formed. 

Nov. * N, Y. The General Synod of the 
Reformed Church meets at Albany ; 
James Murphy, president. 

* + The Dominican Missions on the Pa- 
cific Coast become reduced from 20,000 
to 0,000 Indians. 

1841 Feb. 28. Ga. Stephen Elliot is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Georgia. 

May 13. New York. The American 
Bible Society celebrates its 25th anni- 
versary. 

June 2. New York. The General Con- 
vention of tbe New Jerusalem meets. 

June * .V. r. Tbe General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany ; James 
Romeyn, president. [Meets again in 
New York, in Sept.] 

LETTERS. 

1540 * * Boston. The Dial appears ; 
Ralph "Waldo Emerson, editor. 

* * New York. The Arcturus appears. 

* * New York. Hunt's Merchants' Maga- 
zine appears. 

* * O. St. Xavier's College (Rom. Oath.) 
is organized at Cincinnati. 

* * Va. Richmond CoDege (Rapt.) is 
founded. 

The (Protestant) Methodist Recorder 
is first issued. 

* * Tbe Baptist Weekly is issued. 

* * Two Years Before the Mast, by Richard 
H. Dana, Jr., appears. 

* * Loitering s of Travel, by Willis, aji- 
pears. 

* *A Greek Reader, by Cornelius C. Felton, 
appears. 

* * Greyslaer, by C. F. Hoffman, appears. 

* * The Pathfinder, by Cooper, appears. 

* * The poems of G. P. Morris appear. 

* * Tales of the Grotesque and Arabesque, 
by E. A. Poe, appears. 

* * Audubon" s Birds of America is repro- 
duced in seven volumes of smaller size 
than the original work. 

* * History of South Carolina, by "W. G. 
Simms, appears. 

* * Conn. An enlarged edition of TTeft- 
ster's Dictionary is issued. 

1541 Mar. 2. N.Y. The Eagle, the first 
daily paper in Brooklyn, is issued. 

Apr. 10. New York. The Tribune is first 
published, Horace Greeley, editor. [Sub- 
scribers, 600; first week — expenses, 
$525 ; receipts, $92.] 



UNITED STATES. 1840, Sept. 17-1841, Oct. * 153 



SOCIETY. 

1840 * * President Van Buren establishes 
the ten-hour system at the United 
States Navy Yards. 

1341 July* X. Y. The National 
Temperance Convention meets at 
Saratoga, 

Sept. 4, 5. O. A riot against abolition- 
ists and negroes occurs at Cincinnati. 

Bands of armed men, chiefly Irishmen, 
patrol the streets in search of negroes ; 
houses and churches belonging to col- 
ored people are demolished. 

Oct. * Va. Uprising of slaves. 

The brig Creole sails from Richmond 
for New Orleans with igs slaves on 
board ; [near the Bahamas, led by Madi- 
son Washington, one of their number, 
19 slaves take possession of the ship; a 
slave-seller is killed, and the captain, 
first mate, and 10 of the crew wounded ; 
sailing into Nassau, all the slaves are 
free, being on English soil]. (See State.) 

STATE. 

1840* * U.S. Harrison's "Log-Cabin" 
and "Hard- Cider " campaign begins. 

* * D. C. Van Buren's Administration is 
characterized as "successful but in- 
glorious." 

* * D. C. Congress ; House : Another 
pro-slavery "gag-law" is passed as 
the twenty-first rule of the House. (See 
Dec. 11, 183S.) 

* * U. S. The Whigs are greatly in- 
censed at the nomination of the aboli- 
tionist, Birney. 

July 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
"William R. Kong of Ala. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

July 21. B. C. The 26th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

* * U. S. The election contest is noted 
for its intense excitement and fierce 
controversies. 

Flour is advertised at $6 a barrel if 
Harrison is elected, and $3 if Van Buren 
is elected ; the whole country is an 
arena of political debate. 

Nov. ? * U.S. Fourteenth presiden- 
tial election: a political revolution; 
the Democratic rule of 40 years is broken 
by the election of "Whigs. 

Popular vote : William Henry Har- 
rison (Whig) of O., 1,275,017 ; Martin 
Van Buren (Dem.) of N. Y., 1,128,702 ; 
James G. Birney (Liberty) of N. T., 
7,059. 

Dec. 7. B. C. The 26th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

* * B.C. Henry D. Gilpin of Pa. suc- 
ceeds Felix Grundy as Attorney-General. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-44 * * Ark. Archibald Yell. 

-44 * * Del. Wm. B. Cooper. 
-A3 * * Ind. Samuel Bigger. 
-44 * * Ky. Robert P. Letcher. 
-41 * * Mass. Marcus Morton. 
-41 * * Me. Edward Kent. 
-41 * * Mich. Wm. Woodbridge. 
-44 * * Mo. Thomas Reynolds. 
-42 * * O. Thomas Corwin. 
-42 * * S. C. John P. Richardson. 

S. C. B. K. Hennegan. 
-41 * * Tex. David G. Burnet (Pres.). 
-41 * * Va. Thomas W. Gilmer. 



1841 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 
$13,594,480. 

Feb. 6. N. Y. Indictment of Alexander 
McLeod of Canada, charged with 
murder and arson in the destruction of 
the Caroline. 

Feb. 19. B. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Harrison, 234 ; 
Van Buren, 60. Vote for Vice-Presi- 
dent : John Tyler (Whig) of Va., 234; 
R. M.Johnson (Dem.) of Ivy. ,48; L. W. 
Tazewell (Dem.) of Va., 11 ; James K. 
Polk (Dem.) of Tenn., 1. 

Mar. 3. B. C. Congress; Senate: 
William R. King ot Ala. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 
The 26th Congress ends. 

Ninth Administration ; Whig. 

Mar. 4. B. C. "William Henry Har- 
rison of O. is inaugurated the ninth 
President, in the 14th term of the presi- 
dency. John Tyler of Va. is Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet : Daniel "Webster of Mass. 
(State), Thomas Ewing of O. (Treas.), 
John Bell of Tenn. (War), George E. 
Badger of N. C. (Navy), Francis 
Granger of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.), J. J. 
Crittenden of Ky. (Atty.-Gen.). 

Apr. 4. B. C. President "W. H. Har- 
rison dies, after being in office one 
month. 

Tenth Administration ; Whig, 

Apr. 4. B. C. The Vice-President, 
John Tyler, becomes the tenth Pres- 
ident by the decease of Mr. Harrison. 

Apr. 6. B. C. President Tyler takes 
the oath of office. 

May 31. B. C. The 27th Congress 
assembles in special session. [The Sub- 
treasury Bill is repealed, and the general 
bankrupt law is passed.] 

Congress; Senate: Samuel L. 
Southard of N. J. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Congress; House: John "White of 
Ky. is elected Speaker. 

June * B. C. President Tyler has seri- 
ous disagreements with the "Whig 
leaders, both in his Cabinet and in 
Congress, respecting the establishment 
of a national bank. 

July 27. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a bill for the establishment of a 
Fiscal Bank of the United States. 

July 28. B. C. Congress ; The Bank 
Bill passes the House. Vote, 128-97. 

Aug. 16. B. C. President Tyler vetoes 
the Bank Bill. 

President Tyler vetoes the Senate 
Bill providing for the establishment of 
a Fiscal Bank, distributed over the 
country with power to discount. 

Aug. 19. B. C. Congress : The Senate 
refuses to pass the Bank Bill over the 
President's veto. Vote, 25-25. 
Congress passes a Bankruptcy Bill. 

Aug. 23. B.C. Congress; House: A 
new Fiscal Bank Bill is passed. 

Congress : The House passes another 
Bank Bill. Vote, 125-94. 



Sept. 3. />. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the second Bank BUI. Vote, 
27-22. 

Sept. 6 ±. Congress; Senate : The House 
Bill for a Fiscal Bank is passed. 

Sept. 9. B. C. President Tyler vetoes 
the bill for a Fiscal Corporation ; the 
Whigs are indignant [and repudiate the 
President in a manifesto]. 

Sept. 1 1 . All of the Cabinet resign ex- 
cept Daniel Webster (who remains for 
special reasons), because of President 
Tyler's Democratic policy respecting a 
national bank ; he is charged with be- 
traying the trust of his supporters at the 
polls. 

A new Cabinet is appointed : "Walter 
Forward of Pa. (Treas.), John C. 
Spencer of N. Y. (War), Abel P. Up- 
shur of Va. (Navy), Charles A. "Wick- 
liffe of Ky. (P. M.-Gen.), and Hugh S. 
Legare" of S. C. (Atty.-Gen.). 

Sept. 13. B. C. The 27th Congress : 
the first session closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1840 Oct. 12. JST. F. The Acadia ar- 
rives from Liverpool, making the pas- 
sage in 12 days and 12 hours. 

* * Chicago is supplied with water 
by a private corporation, through pipes 
made of logs. 

* * B. C.-Pa. The Chesapeake and 
Ohio Canal is completed from George- 
town, D. C, to Cumberland, Pa., 191 
miles, at a cost of §16,000,000. 

* *_41* * m m TheMormonslay outthe 
city of Nauvoo on the Mississippi, and 
build a temple. 

* * N. C. Completion of the Kaleigh 
and Gaston, the "Wilmington and the 
Roanoke roads. 

The Cunard line of steamers is es- 
tablished between New York and Liv- 
erpool. 

* * Pa. Scranton is founded. 

* * The National revenue is nearly 
$20,000,000; population, 17,000,000; 
eleven-twelfths of the people live 
outside of the larger cities and 
towns ; 2,818 miles of railway have pen- 
etrated the country. 

* * Adams Express Company, operat- 
ing between Boston and New York, via 
Springfield, is founded. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1840, 84,066. 

1841 Mar. 11. The steamer President, 
running between New York and Liver- 
pool, sails with many passengers on 
board [two days later she encountered 
a terrific storm, and her fate is un- 
known]. 

July 18. Ore. The Peacock, a vessel of 
the United States exploring expedition, 
is wrecked at the mouth of the Columbia 
River. 

Aug. 9. The steamboat Erie, bound 
from Buffalo to Chicago, takes fire, 
and only 28 out of 200 persons are saved. 

Aug. 20. JV. Y. A destructive explo- 
sion occurB at Syracuse, and 26 lives are 
lost. 



154 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1843 June 30. Ulysses S. Grant 
graduates at West Point; he rankB 
number 21 in a class of 39. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1841 * * Mass. Elias Howe, a mechanic 
of Cambridge, invents the first practical 
sewing-machine. 

* * The Voyage of Life is painted by 
Thomas Cole. 

* * Columbus before the Council of Sala- 
manca is painted by Emanuel Leutze. 

1842 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress appro- 
priates $30,000 to aid Prof. Morse in es- 
tablishing the first telegraph line — 
between Washington and Baltimore. 

July 14. Wyo. John Charles Fre- 
mont, with. Kit Carson and 28 Cana- 
dians and Creoles accustomed to prairie 
life, arrives at Fort Laramie, on an ex- 
pedition to explore the country between 
Missouri and the Rocky Mountains. 

July 23. Mass. The Bunker Hill 
Monument is entirely completed (221 
feet high). 

Aug.* Wyo. Fremont's expedition lo- 
cates the South Pass in the Rocky Moun- 
tains [and returns]. 

Sept. 21. New York. George "Vander- 
hoff , dramatic reader, makes his first 
appearance. 

Oct. 18. New York. A submarine tele- 
graph is laid between Governor's Island 
and New York City— the first in America. 

* * £>. C. The United States Naval Ob- 
servatory is founded at Washington, by 
an Act of Congress, as a depot for charts 
and instruments for the Navy. 

* * New York. The Philharmonic Soci- 
ety gives its first concert. 

* * O. The Cincinnati Observatory is 
erected. 

* * Pa. John A. Roehling manufactures 
wire ropes for the Allegheny Portage 
Railroad. 

* * Sir Walter Raleigh's Farewell to His 
Wife is painted by Emanuel Leutze. 

1843 Feb. 16. JV. T. A great landslide 
occurs at Troy, by which 18 persons are 
killed. 

May 25. The 100th anniversary of 
the American Philosophical Society, 
founded by Franklin, is observed. 

May 29. Mo. John C. Fremont starts 
for Oregon and California on his second 
exploring expedition. 

June 17. Mass. Bunker Hill Monu- 
ment is dedicated ; Daniel Webster, 
surrounded by veterans of the War of 
the Revolution and an immense multi- 
tude, delivers the oration. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1843* * 
Bankhead, John H., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala. 
Barbour. James, sec. of war, sen. for Va., 



Dickinson. Anna Elizabeth, lecturer, 

born In I*a. 
Donne, Maria Dalle, physician, A66. 
Draper. William P.. M.' C. for .Mass., born 

in Mass. 
Eaton, Ainos, naturalist, A 66. 



Channirii?, "William Ellery. Unit, cl., A62. 
Coues, Elliot, naturalist, born. 
Covert, James W., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y. 
Daniel, John W., sen. for Va., born in Va. 



England, John, li. C. bp. of S. C, A56. 
Epes, James I'., M. C. for Va., horn in Va. 
Ernsl, Oswald IE, military engineer, b. m O. 

Fislder, Oeorge li., M. C. for N. .(., b. N. J. 
Fiske. John, phil., historian, born m Conn. 
Foord, John, editor, born in Scot. 
Gibson, Charles li., sen. lor Md., b. in Md. 

Darns, Thaihieus Mason, Cony. el. of Mass., 

A74. 
laranw 

Inpkm 

A72. 

Hutcheson, Jos. C, M.C. for Tex., born In Va. 
James, Louis, actor, burn in 111. 
Kellogg-. Clara Louise, singer, h. in S. C. 
Lanier, .Sidney, poet, born in Ca. 
Lincoln, Robert T., minister to Eng., b. in 111. 
Kane, Edward, M. C. for O., born in 0. 
Marsh, James, theologian, scholar, A 48. 
McKeigban, William A., M. C. for Neb., 

born in N. J. 
Mever, Adolph, M. C. for La., born in Miss. 
Mitchell, John L., sen. for Wis., horn in Wis. 
Miller, Charles Henry, artist, born in N. Y. 
Paine, Elijah, sen. for Vt., scientist, A85. 
Katinesque, Constantine S.. botanist, A58. 
Ragiiet, Comlv, political economist, A85. 
Simpson, Jeremiah, M. C. for Kan., b. in Pa. 
Southard, Samuel L., sec. navy, A55. 
Woodworth, Samuel, poet (tiuken Bucket). 

A 57. 

CHURCH. 

1841 Oct. 12. Del. Alfred Lee is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Delaware. 

Oct. 16. La. Leonidas Polk, Protestant 
Episcopal missionary bishop, is trans- 
lated to Louisiana. 

Oct. * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; James Romeyn, 
president. 

Nov. 30. [Archbishop] Peter R. Ken- 
rick is consecrated (Roman Catholic) 
bishop of Drasa. 

* * Ark. Presbyterians send a missionary 
to the Creeks of Arkansas. 

* * Boston. The Boston Society for the 
Moral and Religious Instruction of the 
Poor changes its name to the City Mis- 
sion Society. 

* * Boston. The Boston Sunday-School 
Union is dissolved, and its -work trans- 
ferred to the City Mission Society. 

* *Ind. The (O.S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Northern Indiana is organized. 

* * Md. The Baptist Triennial Meet- 
ing is held in Baltimore. 

* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. 

* * New York The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * New York. The Bible and Common 
Prayer Book (Protestant Episcopal) So- 
ciety is incorporated. 

* * New York. The Baptist Tract and 
Book Society is organized. 

* * N. Y. The American Tract Society 
introduces the system of colportage. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Robt. J. Breck- 
inridge is moderator of the Old School 
branch, and Ansel Doan Eddy of the 
New School branch. 

k * W. Va. The (O. S.) Presbyterian 
Synod of "Wheeling is organized. 

* * Six hundred Baptist churches are 
reported among the Indians. 



* *The Free-Communion Baptist 
churches unite with the Freewill 
Baptists. 

* * Two thousand Nez Perce Indians have 

1842 June 8. Boston. Meeting of the 
General Convention of the New Jeru- 
salem. 

June* New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed Church) meets; James K. 
Hardenburg, president. 

Oct. 11. Mich. The General Congrega- 
tional Association is organized. 

Oct. 13. Va. John Johns is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Virginia. 

Dec. 29. Mass. Man ton Eastburn is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- 
sistant bishop of Massachusetts. 

* * New York. The First German Meth- 
odist Church is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly (O. 
S. Presbyterian) meets ; John Todd 
Edgar, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) of Allegheny and 
East Pennsylvania is organized. 

* * R I. The Seventh - day Baptist 
Missionary Society is founded. 

* * The United Synod, South (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran), of Southwest Virgin- 
ia, is organized. 

1843 Mar. * Dr. William Patton writes 
an important letter advocating a closer 
union of the denominations of Chris- 
tendom, and outlining an organization. 

May * U. S. "Wealeyan Methodist 
Convention secedes from the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church. 

June 14. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 

1841 * * Ala. Howard CoDege (Bapt.) 

is organized at Marion (Birmingham). 

* * Mich. The University of Michigan 
Library is founded at Ann Arbor. 
[78,000 vols.] 

* * Mo. University of Missouri (non- 
sect.) is organized at Columbia. 

* * JV. Y. St. John's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is founded at Fordham. 

* * N. Y. The Northern Christian Advo- 
cate (Metb. Epis.) is issued at Syracuse. 

* * W.Va. Bethany College (Christian) 
is organized. 

* * The Lowell Offering appears. 

* * Graham's Magazine replaces Atkin- 
so)i's Casket, and is the foremost Ameri- 
can magazine. 

* * Ballads and Other Poems,, by Long- 
fellow, appears. 

* * The Deerslayer, by Cooper, appears. 
k * Essays, by Emerson, appears. 

k * Pocahontas, by Mrs. Sigourney. ap- 
pears. 

k * A Classical Dictionary , by Charles 
Anthon, appears. 

fc * Biblical Researches in Palestine, Mount 
Sinai, and Arabia Petrtea, by Edward 
Robinson, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1841, Oct. 11-1843, June 30. 155 



1842 Sept.* O. Cincinnati Wes- 
leyan College (Metk. Epis.) is founded 
in Cincinnati. 

* * hid. University of Notre Dame 
(Rom. Catb.-) is organized. 

* * La. College of the Immaculate 
Conception (Rom. Cath.) is organized 
at New Orleans. 

* * Mich. Baptists start The Michigan 
Christian Herald. 

* * O. Rutherford B. Hayes graduates at 
Kenyon College. 

* * O. "Wesleyan University (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Delaware. 

* * £. C. The Southern Quarterly Revieio 
appears at Charleston. 

* * Tenn. Cumberland University 
(Cumberland Pres.) is organized at Leb- 
anon. 

* * The Masque of the Gods, by Bayard 
Taylor, appears. 

* * Pleasant Memories of Pleasant Lands, 
by Mrs. Sigourney, appears. 

* * Wing and Wing, by Cooper, appears. 

* * An edition of The Gorgias of Plato, by 
Theodore D. Woolsey, appears. 

* * Conjectures and Researches concern- 
ing the Love, Madness, and Imprisonment 
of Torquato Tasso, by Richard Henry 
"Wilde, appears. 

* * Hints on the Prophecies, by Moses 
Stuart, appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1841* * B. C. The U. S. Supreme Court 
renders a decision in' the Prigg case, re- 
lating to kidnaping negroes in free 
States, declaring that the law of sla- 
very is supreme in the free as well as 
in the slave States. 

* * U. S. John H. W. Hawkins (Wash- 
ingtonian) reports 100,000 signers of 
the temperance pledge. 

1842 Feb. 22. ///. Abraham Lincoln, 
addresses the Washingtonian Temper- 
ance Society at Springfield, favoring 
total abstinence and a temperance rev- 
olution. 

Aug. 1. Phila. Colored people are 
assaulted by a proslavery mob. 

"While celebrating the emancipation of 
slaves in the West Indies, the colored 
people are attacked by a mob ; a church 
is burned, houses demolished, and blood 
shed. 

Aug. 2. The " Independent Order of 
Rechabites" organize for the promo- 
tion of temperance, 

Sept. 29. N. Y. The Sons of Temper- 
ance organize. 

Oct. * Mass. John B. Gough, 25 years 
of age, signs the pledge and reforms his 
habits. 

Nov. * 111. Abraham Lincoln marries 
Mary Todd of Lexington, Ky. 

* * D. C. The Congressional Temper- 
ance Society is reorganized on the 
basis of abstinence from all intoxicat- 
ing drinks. 

* * U. S. By treaty with Great Britain 
the United States agrees to assist in sup- 
pressing the African slave-trade, by 



keeping a force of 1,080 guns patrolling 
the coast. 

* * U. S. Charles Dickens makes his 
first visit. 

* * The navy ration is a gill of spirits, but 
persons under 21 are not permitted to 
draw it ; half a pint of wine may be 
given instead. Butter, cheese, raisins, 
dried fruit, pickles, or molasses may be 
substituted ; sailors may take the value 
of the ration in money. 

* * In many States antislavery meet- 
ings are broken up, buildings dam- 
aged, and its advocates assaulted. 

1843 Mar. 20. New York. CharlesG. 
Corliss is shot dead on the street by a 
i, who escapes. 



STATE. 

1841 Dec. 6. B.C. The 27th Congress : 
the second session opens. 

Dec. * Dispute with England respecting 
the slaver Creole. 

[The American vessel Creole was con- 
veying a cargo of slaves to New Orleans. 
The slaves killed the owner, and com- 
pelled the seamen to sail to Nassau, 
where the governor recognized their 
freedom against the protests of the 
American consul.] 

* *-44* * New York. Robert H. Morris 
is elected the 63d mayor. 

* * B. C. Peter V. Daniel of Va. is ap- 
pointed a Justice of U. S. Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-45 * * Ala. Benj. Fitzpatrick. 
-44* * Fla. (Ter.). Richard K. Call. 
-46 * * la. (Ter.). John Chambers. 
-45 * * La. Alex. Mouton. 

-43 * * Mass. John Davis. 

-43 * * Me. John Fairfield. 

-42 * * Mich. J. "Wright Gordon. 

-43 * * Miss. Tilghman M. Tucker. 

-45 * * JV. C. John M. Morehead. 

-44* * Tex. Sam Houston (Pres.). 

-45 * * Tenn. James C. Jones. 

-42 * * Va. John Rutherford. 

-43 * * Vt. Charles Paine. 

-44* * Wis. (Ter.). James D. Doty. 

1842 Jan. 1. IT. S. National debt 
$26,601,226. . 

Mar. 21. B. C. Congress; House: 
Joshua R. Giddings of O. presents reso- 
lutions adverse to slavery. [He is cen- 
sured. Vote, 125-69.] 

Mar. 31. B. C. Congress; Senate: 
Henry Clay of Ky. resigns. 

May 3, 4. P.I. Two rival govern- 
ments are organized: The Suffrage 
party, led by Thomas "W. Dorr, and the 
Law and Order party, led by Samuel 
W. King. 

May31. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
W. P. Mangum of N. C. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

June 25. R.I. Dorr's Rebellion: 
Dorr joins others of his party under 
arms, but they disperse without resist- 
ance when troops are sent against them. 

July 16. B.C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill restoring a modified pro- 
tective tariff to increase the revenue ; 
duties average 33 per cent. 

Aug, 5. D. C. Congress: the Senate 
passes the Tariff Bill. 



Aug. 9. D. C. Lord Ashburton and 
Daniel Webster sign the Washington 
Treaty. 

It establishes the northeastern boun- 
daries, and those extending westward 
beyond the great lakes; provides for the 
suppression of the African slave-trade, 
and makes provision for the extradition 
of criminals. 
The President vetoes the Tariff Bill. 

Aug. 18. I). C. Congress : The House 
passes a Tariff Bill which omits the 
offending distribution clause. 

Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate^ 
ratifies the Webster-Ashburton Treaty. 
Vote, 39 to 9. 

Aug. 28. D. C. Congress changes the 
beginning of the fiscal year from Jan. 
1 to July 1, to take effect in 1843. 

Aug. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
adopts the Tariff Bill. 
The President signs the Tariff Bill. 

Aug. 31. B.C. The 27th Congress: 
the second session closes. 

Dec. 5. B. C. The 27th Congress : the 
third session opens. 

* * U. S. Congress passes the Copy- 
right Bill. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-45 * * Cat. Manual Micheltorena.. 
-44 * * ponn. C. F. Cleveland. 
-46 * * Lit. Thomas Ford. 

-44 * * N. H. Henry Hubbard. 

-44 * * N. Y. Wm. C. Bouck. 

-44 * * O. Wilson Shannon. 

-44 * * S. C. James H. Hammond. 

-43 * * Va. John M. Gregory. 
1843 Jan. 1. U. S. National debt 

$20,601,226. 
Mar. 3. B. C. Congress repeals the 

Bankruptcy Act of 1841. 
The 27th Congress ends. 
May* B. C. Daniel Webster resigns, 

and Hugh S. Legare" of S. C. succeeds 

him as (acting) Secretary of State. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1841 Oct. 11. Phila. The United 
States Bank fails. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1841, 80,289. 

* * N. Y. The "Western Railroad is 
completed to Greenbush. 

1842 Apr. 15. Md. The steamer Me~ 
dora explodes her boiler at Baltimore, 
killing 27 persons and injuring 40 others. 

Sept. 1. N. H. The Concord and 
Nashua road is opened. 

Oct. 14. New York. The Croton aque- 
duct (40 miles long), supplying this city 
with water, being completed, the event 
is celebrated. (Cost about $12,500,000.) 

* * N. Y. The railroad from Rochester 
to Buffalo is opened, thus completing a 
line from Boston to Lake Erie. 

* * New York. The Guion line of steam- 
ers is established between New York and 
Liverpool. 

* * Pennsylvania and Maryland de- 
fault in the payment of interest due on 
their State debts. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1842, 104,565. 



156 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2. 



AMKRICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1844 Feb. 23. The great gun 
"Peacemaker" explodes on board 
the war-steamer Princeton. Abel P. 
Upshur, Secretary of State, and Thomas 
"W- Gilmer, Secretary of the Navy, are 
both among the killed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 

1843 July 11. Fremont's expedition 
sights Pike's Peak. 

Aug. 13. Fremont's expedition cross- 
es the Rockies at South Pass. 

Sept. * Utah. Fremont's expedition 
visits Great Salt Lake. 

Oct. 25. Ore. Fremont's expedition 
reaches the Columbia River. 

Nov. 25. New York. Ole Bull makes 
his first appearance in America. 

* * Albert Gallatin is painted by W. H. 
Powell. 

* * The Boy Stealing Milk is painted by 
F. W. Edmonds. 

* * The colossal statue of Washington, 
executed by Horatio Greenough, is com- 
pleted. 

1844 Feb. 3.+ Continued cold weather. 
Long Island Sound is frozen over a few 

miles from New York, and a canal is cut 
through the ice in Boston harbor for a 
British steamer to reach the sea. 

May 27. Morse's telegraph line between 
Baltimore and Washington is brought 
into practical use. 

May 29. Md. Morse telegraphs the 
Democratic nomination from Baltimore 
to "Washington. 

June * A surpassing rise of the Missis- 
sippi River causes an immense loss of 
property. 

July 31. Kan. The Fremont expedi- 
tion returns by a southerly route. 

Oct. 18. N. Y. Destructive gale at Buf- 
falo ; shipping suffers, and more than 50 
lives are lost. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1843* * 

Aldrich, Louis, actor, born in mid-ocean. 

AUston, Washington, painter, poet, A 64. 

Armstrong-, John. sec. of war ; gen., A 85. 

Brosius, Marriot, M. C. for Pa., born in Pa. 

Campbell, Bart Ivy, dramatist, born in Pa. 

Champney, James Wells, t^enre painter, born 
in Mass. 

Chickering, Charles A., M. C. for N. Y., b. 
in N. Y. 

Chipman, Nathaniel, sen. for Vt., A91. 

Church, John Adams, miniinj engineer, born 
in N.Y. 

Clarke, Richard H., M. C. for Ala., b. in Ala. 

Crowninshield, coin. U. S. N., born in N.Y. 

Crowder, Thomas, geologist, born. 

Karrer, Henry, painter, born in Eng, 

Crirhs, William r.lhot, Kef. el., born in Pa. 

Criswold, Alex. V., P. E. bp. of N. E., A77. 

Guess, George, inventor of Cherokee alpha- 
bet, A 73. 

Hall, Frederick, prof, of chemistry, A63. 

Hammond, Thomas, M. C. for Ind., born in 
Mass. 

Hare, Darius D., M. C. for O., born in 0. 

Harlan, Richard, naturalist, author, A47. 

Hermann, Binger, M. C. for Ore., b. in Md. 

Hill. David B.. sen. for N.Y., b. in N.Y. 

James, Henry, Jr., novelist, born in N.Y. 

Key, Francis Scott, poet (Star Spangled 
Banner), A63. 

Leigh, Benjamin, sen. for Va., A62. 

Mackaye. Steele, actor, born in N.Y. 

Morgan, Charles II., M. C. for Mo., b. in N.Y. 

Page, Charles H., M. C. for R. I., b. in R. I. 

Payne, Sereno E., M. C. for N.Y., b. in N.Y. 

Porter, David, com. U. S. N., of Mass., A63. 

Preston, James P., statesman, A68. 



Richardson, James D., M. ('. for Term., horn 

In Tenn. 
Rilcv, Charles V., entomologist, b. in Eng. 
Roberts, Robert R-, M. E. bp. for Liberia, 

A67. 
Stone, Charles W., M. C. tor Pa., born m 

Mass. 
Talbott,J. F. C, M. C. for Md., b. in Md. 
Thomas, Henry P., M. C. for Mich., born in 

Mleh. 
Trowbridge, John, physicist at Harvard, 

born in Mass. 
Trumbull, John, painter, of Conn., A87. 
Ware, Henry, Jr., Unit, theologian, author, 

A49. 



A 58. 

Biglow, William, teacher, poet, A71. 
Bunn, Benjamin II., M. C. for S. C, born 

in S. C. 
Bolles, Lucius, I'.apt. clergyman, A65. 
Burdett, Robert Jones, humorist, horn 

in Pa. 
l'.ur-'ss, John W., Prof. Col. coll., b. in Tenn. 
Cable. George "W., novelist, born in La. 
Cadmus, Cornelius A., M. C. for N. J., b. in 

N.J. 
Caruth, Asher G., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. 
Comstock. Anthony, reformer, born. 
Conn, Charles G.,M. C. for Ind., b. in N.Y. 
De Armond, David A., M.C. for Mo., born 

in Pa. 
De Lung, George Wash., explorer, born in 

N.Y. 
Duponeeau, Peter S., lawyer, A84. 
Ezekiel, Moses Jacob, sculptor, b. in Va. 
Farlow, William G., botanist, born in Mass. 
Fulton, Wm. S., sen. for Ark., A49. 
Gaston, William, M. C. for N. C, jurist, A 66. 
Gilder, Richard Watson, ed. of Century, 

horn in N. J. 
Greely, Adolphus Wash., Lieut. U. S. N., 

explorer, horn in Mass. 
Hicks, Josiah D., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 
Hudson, Thomas J., M. C. for Kan., born in 

Ind. 
Kerr, John L., senator, A64. 
Lockwood, Daniel N., M. C. for N.Y. , born 

in N. C. 
Lynch, Thomas, M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis. 
Marshall, James W., M. C. for Va., born 

in Va. 
McDearmon, James C, M. C. for Tenn., 

born in Va. 
Moore, Gabriel, Gov. of Ala., dies. 
Morris, Thos., sen. for Va., A68. 
Parker, Arthur A., statesman, A54. 
Pickler, John A., M. C. for S. D., b. in Ind. 
Pintard, John, journalist, A85. 
Porter, Alexander, sen. for La., A58. 
Porter, Peter Buel, gen., sec. of war, A71. 
Ponlson, Zacliariah, editor, A83. 
Ray, George W., M. C. for N.C., b. in N.C. 
Sanderson, John, litterateur, A 59. 
Sipe, William A., M. C. for Pa., born in Pa. 
Smith. Joseph, founder of Moriuonisni,A;(i). 
Stone, William L., historian, A52. 
Thacher, James, physician, author, A90. 
Thompson, Maurice, poet, born in Ind. 
Wadsworili, -lames, phtlantliropist, A76. 
Warren, Francis E., sen. for Wvo., b. in Mass. 
Wells, Owen A., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.C. 
Woomer, Epbraim, M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 



CHURCH. 

1S43 June * N. Y. The General Synod 
(Reformed Church) meets at Albany ; 
Wm. C. Brownlee, president. 

Aug. 11. Ji. I. John Prentiss K. Hen- 
shaw is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Rhode Island. 

Oct. * The second coming of Christ, 
and the end of the world, are pre- 
dicted by the Millerites for this date. 

* * Ark. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Little Rock is established. 

* * Ind. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Northern India Is organized. 

* * III. The(N. S.) Presbyterian Synod of 
Peoria is organized. 

* * III. The Congregational Conference 
of Illinois is organized. 



* * Md. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. 

* * Mich. The rjniverealifit State Con- 
vention is organized. 

* * Mo. Peter B. Kenrickis appointed 
(Roman Catholic] bishop "f St. Louis. 

* * Pa. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Pittsburg is established. 

* * Pa. The CS. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Western Pennsylvania is organized. 

* * Phita. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets; Gardiner Spring, 
moderator. 

The General Assembly (N. S. Presby- 
terian) meets ; Ansel Doan Eddy, mod- 
erator. 

* * X. Y. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Buffalo is organized. 

* *The Seventh-day Baptist Tract Soci- 
ety is formed. 

* * The Foreign Mission Committee of 
the Reformed Presbyterian (Cove- 
nanter) Church is organized. 

1844 May 1-June 10. New York. The 
14th General Conference (Methodist 
Episcopal) is held. The slavery discus- 
sion is prolonged, and intense feeling 
prevails. 

The Florida, Iowa, North Indiana, and 
Vermont Conferences are formed. 

A declaration is passed favoring the 
suspension of Bishop J. O. Andrew, 
until he shall manumit the slaves that 
he received by marriage. Tote, 110-6S. 

June* TheMethodistEpiseopal Church 
is divided on the slavery question, and 
the Southern Methodists secede. [They 
organize the Methodist Episcopal 
Church South.] (See Church, 1S45, 
May 1.) 

June 7. New York. Leonidas L. Ham- 
line and Edmond S. Janes are ordained 
bishops (Methodist Episcopal). 

June 12. New York. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 21. ///. The General Congrega- 
tional Association of Illinois is orga- 
nized. 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Poughkeepsie ; Jacob 
A" an Vechten, president. 

June * ///. Joseph Smith, the head of 
the Mormon Church, and Hyrum, his 
brother, when in prison, charged with 
treason, are shot by an anti-Mormon 
mob. 

Oct. 20. Carleton Chase is consecrated 
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of N. H.; 
Nicholas H. Cobbs, of Ala.; Cicero S. 
Hawkes, of Mo. 

Oct. 21. Pa. H.U.Onderdonk, Bishop 
of the Diocese of Pennsylvania, is sus- 
pended from the ministry for intem- 
perance. 

Oct. 26. William Jones Boone is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary 
bishop for China; Geo. Washington 
Freeman, for Arkansas ; Horatio South- 
gate, for Turkey. 

LETTERS. 

1843 * * Conn. The New Englandcr, a 
quarterly, appears at New Haven. 



UNITED STATES. 1843, June *-1844, Dec. 2. 157 



* * Ga. Southern (Female) College is 
founded at La Grange. 

* * Iowa Wesleyan University (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Mount Pleasant. 

* * Mass. College of the Holy Cross 
(Rom. Cath.), at Worcester, is organized. 

* * Md. New Windsor College (Pres.) 
is organized. 

* * Conquest of Mexico, by Prescott, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Congregational College Society is 
formed. 

* * The Dreams of a Day , and Other Poems, 
by J. G. Percival, appears. 

* * The Spanish Student, by Longf ellow, 
appears. 

* * The Universalist Quarterly appears. 

* * Wyandotte, by Cooper, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1843 * * Oregon passes a prohibitory 
law. 

* * John B. Gough decides to devote his 
life to saving drunkards ; he lectures 
for 75 cents a night. 

* *The Independent Order of B'nai 
B*rith is founded. 

1844 Jan. 25. D. C. A disgraceful 
encounter occurs on the floor of the 
House of Representatives between mem- 
bers Weller and Shriver. 

May 6-8. Phila. Fourteen persons are 
killed and 40 wounded, and 30 houses 
and churches burned, in a race riot 
between "native Americans" and 
natives of Ireland. 

* * III. Mormons destroy an anti- 
Mormon press at Nauvoo, and the edi- 
tors flee for their lives. 

The Mormons resist arrest, and the 
militia is ordered out. Joseph Smith 
and other leaders surrender to the Gov- 
ernor on. his promise of protection. 

June 27. III. A mob kills Joseph Smith 
and his brother Hyrum, in the jail at 
Carthage, "where they were held for 
treason. 

June * III. Brigham Young becomes 
president of the Mormons. 

July 7. Phila. The race-riot is re- 
newed ; 5,000 troops are called out, and 
40 or 50 persons are killed. 

Aug. 21. N. T, Outrages by "Anti- 
Renters" of Rensselaer county com- 
mence, in resisting land-rent to the heirs 
and assignees of the Dutch patroons. 

Dec* N. Y. More "Anti-Renters'" 
outrages occur in Rensselaer county. 

* * Boston. The first effort is made for 
cooperation in the labor movement. 

* * New York. The Polka dance is in- 
troduced, and attracts great crowds by 
its novelty. 

STATE. 

1843 July 1. U. S. National debt 
§32,742,922. 

Aug. 30. N.Y. The National Liberty 
Convention at Buffalo nominates, as 
presidential candidates, James G. Birney 
of Mich, and Thomas Morris of Ohio. 

Nov.* Tenn. Andrew Johnson is 
elected to Congress. 



Dec. 4. D. C. The 28th Congress 
opens. 

* * D. C. Congress; Senate: W. P. 
Mangum of N. C. is reelected President 
pro tempore. House : John "W. Jones 
of Va. is elected Speaker. 

Dec. * D. C. President Tyler presses 
Great Britain to a settlement of the 
boundary line in the Northwest, and 
announces American claims. 

* * Miss. Jefferson Davis begins his 
political career as delegate to the Demo- 
cratic State Convention held at Jackson. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-48 * * Ind. James Whitcomb. 
-44 * * Mass. Marcus Morton. 
-44 * * Me. Edward Kavanagh. 
-45 * * Mick. John S. Barry. 

-48 * * Miss. Albert G. Brown. 
-44 * * N. J. Daniel Haines. 
-45 * * P. I. James Fenner. 
-46 * * Va. James M'Dowell. 
-44 * * Ft. John Mattocks. 

1844 Jan. 8. D. C. Congress refunds 
the fine imposed on Gen. Jackson at 
New Orleans in 1814. 

Mar. * D. C. John C. Calhoun is ap- 
pointed Secretary of State, and John 
Y. Mason Secretary of the Navy. 

Apr. 12. D. C. Congress: The Govern- 
ment enters a treaty to annex Texas [but 
the Senate rejects it]. 

The Democrats favor, the "Whigs op- 
pose, in view of the war involved. [The 
issue enters the following National elec- 
tion, the pro-slavery party favoring and 
the anti-slavery party opposing.] 

May 1. Md. The 'Whig National Con- 
vention, in session at Baltimore, nomi- 
nates Henry Clay of Ky. and Theo- 
dore Frelinghuysen of N. J. 

May 27-29. Md. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention, in session at Balti- 
more, nominates James K. Polk of 
Tenn. and Geo. M. Dallas of Pa. 

May * Md. The first division in the 
Democratic party occurs at the Na- 
tional Convention ; the South, in the 
interest of slavery, enforces the two- 
thirds (majority) rule. 

The Democratic National Convention 
adopts an aggressive program for the 
annexation of Texas and reoccu- 
pation of Oregon, which has popular 
favor. 

May 27, 28. Md. The partisans of 
Tyler hold a convention in Baltimore, 
and nominate him for the presidency. 

June 8. D. C. Congress. The Senate 
rejects the treaty made with the commis- 
sioners of Texas. 

June 17. D. C. The 28th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

June * R. I. Thomas W. Dorr is tried 
for treason, and sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life. 

Julyl. U.S. National debt §23,461,652. 

July 3. D. C. A treaty is made with 
China, permitting trade and residence 
in certain ports. 

Aug 16+. Henry Clay writes his Ala- 
bama letter. 



Bupport ; it is characterized as Clay's 
death-warrant. " Far from having any 
personal objection to the annexation of 
Texas, I should be glad to see it without 
dishonor, without war, and with the 
common consent of the Union." 

Aug. * D. C. President Tyler an- 
nounces his withdrawal as a presi- 
dential candidate. 

Aug. 30. Convention of the Liberty 
party, which renominates James G. 
Birney of Mich, for the presidency, and 
is encouraged by the alienated friends 
of Clay. 

Summer— Autumn. " No contest for the 
presidency, either before or since, has 
been conducted with such intense energy 
and deep feeling." (J. G. Blaine.) 

Sept. — Oct. Candidate Clay writes three 
explanatory letters, to correct the 
effect of the July letter. 

* * U.S. "Fifty-four, forty, or fight," 
becomes a Democratic watchword (54° 
40' northwest boundary line). 

Both parties in the North have each 
an anti-slavery wing and a pro-slavery 
wing. 
Nov. * U, S. Fifteenth Presidential 
election; Democrats elected. 

Popular Vote : James K. Polk (Dem.) 
of Term., 1,337,243 ; Henry Clay (Whig) 
of Ky., 1,299,068; James G. Birney 
(Liberty) of Mich., 62,300. 

The Abolition vote in New York, 
being chiefly a defection from Henry 
Clay, causes his defeat for the presi- 
dency. 
Nov. * Miss. The name of Jefferson 
Davis appears on the Polk and Dallas 
electoral ticket. 
Dec. 2. D. C. The 28th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843 June * Mo. About 1,000 emi- 
grants leave "Westport on the .Missouri 
frontier on a journey of 2,000 miles 
to Oregon. 

Aug. 27. The United States steam fri- 
gate Missouri is destroyed by fire at 
Gibraltar. 

Oct. * Ore. The great emigrant train 
from Missouri arrives [many others fol- 
low.] (See 1843, June *.) 

* * Ga. The Georgia road, connecting 
Augusta and Atlanta, 191 miles long, is 
completed. 

* * Mass. The Boston and Maine road 
is opened. 

* * O. The Miami Canal, 215 miles long, 
connecting the Ohio with Lake Erie, is 
completed. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other 
aliens received in nine months, 52,496. 

1844 Jan. 2. The steamboat Shepherd- 
ess strikes a snag, about midnight, in 
the Mississippi near St. Louis ; more 
than 40 persons perish. 

Mar. 1. Two steamboats collide on the 

Mississippi ; 80 lives lost. 
Oct. 25. The steamboat Lucy Walker, 

on the Ohio, bursts her boilers, killing 

about 50 persons. 



158 1844, Dec. 3-1845 * * 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1844 * * La. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 22 years 
old, is stationed in Louisiana. 

1845 Nov. * Tex. Gen. Taylor, with 
an army of 4,000 men, encamps at the 
mouth of the Neuces River to watch 
the Mexicans. 

* * Md. Secretary of the Navy, George 
Bancroft, establishes a naval school at 
Annapolis under an Act of Congress. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1844 * * New York. The first hydro- 
pathic establishment in the United 
States is opened at 63 Barclay Street. 

* * The Rattler is launched — the first 
propeller built in the United States. 

* * Columbus at the Gate of La Rabida Mon- 
astery is painted by Emanuel Leutze. 

± * * tf ew York. The equestrian statue of 
Washington [now] in Union Square is 
executed by Henry K. Brown. 

1845 June 13. New York. Mrs. Anna 
Cora Mowatt first appears. 

* * Pa. Petroleum is obtained while 
boring for salt near Tarentum, above 
Pittsburg. 

* * The American Association for the 
Advancement of Science is formed. 

* * Machinery is invented for making 20 
yards of Brussels carpet per day, and 
matching figures. 

* * Mr. King patents an incandescent 
electric light. 

* * John Knox and Mary Stuart is painted 
by Emanuel Leutze. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1845* * 

Arnold, Marshall, M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo. 

Allen, .Jolin P.., sen. fur Wash., born. 

Beasley, Frederick, P. E. cl. of Conn., A68. 

Braltoii, Hubert F., M. C. for Md., b. in Md. 

lirice, Calvin S., sen. for O., born in O. 

Brooks, Maria Gowen, poet, A50. 

Carey, Joseph M.,sen. for Wyo.,horn in Del. 

Carleton. Will, poet, born in Mich. 

Childs, Robert A., M. C. for 111., b.in N. C. 

Cody, William F. (Buffalo Bill), actor, b. la. 

Coffin, George W., officer U. S. N., born. 

Crisp. Charles F.. M. C. for Ga., speaker, 
born in Eng. 

Crane, William H., actor, born in Mass. 

Crawford, F. Marion, novelist, born in Italy. 

Dalzell, John, M. C. for Pa., born inN. Y. 

DeForest, K. E., M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn. 

Dockerv, Alexander M.. M. C. for Mo., b.Mo. 

Elliott, '.I esse Duncan, com.!'. S. N., A63. 

Ellis, William T., M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. 

Gardner, John J., M. C. for JST. J., b. N. J. 

Germon, Effle, actor, born in Ga. 

Gummere, John, mathematician, A61. 

Jackson. Andrew, uen., sen. for Tenn.,7th 
President of U. S., A78. 

McDowell, Alex., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

Me.Ka.itr, William M., M. C. fur Md., b. Md. 

McMUlin, Benton, M. C. for Tenn., b. Ky. 

Paschal, Thomas M., M. C. for Tex., b. La. 

Pendleton, Geo. C, M. C. for Tex., b. Tenn. 

Perry, Thomas Serjeant, author, b. in R. I. 

Reillv, James B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

Reyburn, John E., M. C. for Pa., b. in O. 

Richards, James A. D., M. C. for O., b. Mass. 

Robbins, Ashur, sen. for Conn., ASS. 

Russell, ltenjamin E., M. C. for Ga., b. Fla. 

Sewall, Thomas, writer and lecturer, A59. 

Story, Joseph, jurist 34 yrs. Supreme Court, 
A66. 

Talbert, W. J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. 

Tarsney, John C, M. C. for Mo., b. Mich. 

Thorne, Edwin F., actor, born in N. Y. 

White, Edward D., sen. for La., justice Su- 
preme Court, born in La. 

CHURCH. 
.1844 * * Chicago. The Roman Catholic 
See of Chicago is erected. 



' * Conn. The Roman Catholic Diocese 

of Hartford is erected. 
: * HI. The Mormon Temple at Nau- 

voo is finished ; Brigham Young becomes 

leader of the Mormons on the death of 

Joseph Smith. 
' * Ky. The General Assembly (O. S. 

Presbyterian) meets at Louisville ; 

George Junkin, moderator. It organizes 

a Church Erection Fund. 

* * New York. The Five Points Mission 
is organized by Methodist women. 

* * New York. A Wesleyan Methodist 
Church is organized. N 

* * 0. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Miami is organized. 

* * Ore. The First Baptist church in 
Oregon is organized at Union. 

* * Phila. The General Convention (Pro- 
testant Episcopal) meets. 

After an excited discussion, the Con- 
vention votes an expression of confi- 
dence in the Liturgy, officers, and 
Articles and Canons of the Church as 
sufficient exponents of the sense of Holy 
Scripture, and affording ample means 
of discipline and correction. 

* * Pa. The "West Pennsylvania Elder- 
ship (Church of God) is organized. 

* * Phila. The Baptist Triennial 
Meeting is held. 

* * Wis. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Milwaukee is established. 

* * Wm, Paul Quinn is elected bishop 
of the African Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

* * The Methodist Indian Mission Confer- 
ence is organized. 

The Church being divided on the sla- 
very question, the Indian Conference 
remains with the Church South. 

1845 Jan. 3. N. Y. B. T. Onderdonk, 
bishop of the Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of New York, is suspended from 
the ministry on the charge of immorality 
and impurity. 

Feb. 23. Pa. Alonzo Potter is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
Pennsylvania. 

May 1. Ky. The Methodist Episco- 
pal Church South is organized as a 
distinct body by a convention at Louis- 
ville. 

May 25. Neiv York. The Swedish Mis- 
sion, by O. G. Hedtrom of the Method- 
ist Episcopal Church, is begun in the 
Bethel ship John Wesley. 

May * Ga. A convention of Southern 
Baptists is held at Augusta, on the invi- 
tation of the foreign missionary society 
of Virginia. 

The secession from the Northern Bap- 
tists is caused by the slavery agitation ; 
377 delegates are present. 

May * R. I. The Triennial Conven- 
tion (Baptist) is held at Providence ; an 
amicable division of Baptist interest is 
provided for with the Southern Baptists. 

June 11. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June * N. J. The General Synod (Re- 
formed Church) meets at New Bruns- 
wick ; M. D. Dwight, president. 



Sept. 7. Mo. St. Louis has the first He- 
brew synagogue built In the Missis- 
sippi Valley. 

* * Ga. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Georgia is organized. 

* * N. J. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Mo. St. Louis Conference, Method- 
ist Episcopal Church South, is formed 
by division. 

* * A". Y. The Joint Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of Buffalo is organized. 

* * O. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; John 
M. Krebs, moderator. 

LETTERS. 

1844 * * Boston. LittelVs Living Age 
appears. 

* * ± The revised edition of "Webster's 
Dictionary becomes a standard. 

* * Mo. St. Vincent's College (Rom. 
Cath.), at Cape Girardeau, is organized. 

* * Mass. The City Library is founded 
at Lowell. [30.100 vols.] 

* *Md. The Maryland Historical Library 
is founded at Baltimore. [20,000 vols.] 

* * New York. The American Revieip is 
published by G. H. Colton. 

The Churchman is founded. 
The Eclectic Magazine appears. 
The Ledger is founded by Robert 
Bonner. 

* * Ore. "Willamette University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Salem. 

* * The Columbian Magazine appears. 

* * Afloat and Ashore, by Cooper, appears. 

* * Essays, by Emerson, appears. 

* * Lectures to Young Men, by Henry 
"Ward Beecher, appears. 

* * Legend of Brittany, Prometheus, and 
other poems, by Lowell, appear. 

* * Peter Ploddy, by Joseph Neal, appears. 

* * Woman in the 19th Century, by Mar- 
garet Fuller Ossoli, appears. 

* * Crania Egyptiaca, by Samuel G. Mor- 
ton, appears. 

* * Second series of The Library of Ameri- 
can Biography, edited by Jared Sparks, 
appears. 

* * The I'nicersalist Quarterly Recietc ap- 
pears. 

* * Theory of Morals, by Hildreth, ap- 
pears. 

1845* * Boston. The New England His- 
torical Genealogical Society Library is 
founded. [29,000 vols.] 

* * Md. V. S. Naval Academy is orga- 
nized at Annapolis. 

* * Neio York. The New-Yorker Zeitung 
is founded. 

* * O. Wittenberg College (Evan. 
Luth.) is organized in Springfield. 

* * The American Review [American 
"Whig Review] is issued. 

* * The Chain-Bearer, by Cooper, ap- 
pears. 

* * Dashes at Life with a Free Pencil, by 
■Willis, appears. 

* * Fashion, by Mrs. Mowatt, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



* * Margaret: A Tale of the Ileal and the 
Ideal, by Sylvester Judd, appears. 

* * Poets and Poetry of Europe, by Long- 
fellow, appears. 

* * The Haven, by E. A. Poe, appears. 

* * A translation of Berzelius on the Blow- 
pipe, by Josiali D. Whitney, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1844 * * John Tyler marries Ids second\ 
wife, Julia Gardiner. \ 

* * Abolitionists are divided ; the Gar- 
risonians oppose the compromises of the 
Constitution of the United States as 
" an agreement with hell and a covenant 
with death." 

1845 Aug. 27. N. Y. "Anti-Rent- 
ers" of Delaware County, disguised 
as Indians, resist the collection of rents, 
and kill the sheriff; Gov. Wright pro- 
claims an insurrection. 

Oct. 12. New York. The first Indus- 
trial Congress in the United States 
opens its session. 

Boston. The New England Work- 

ingmen's Association is organized. 

* * D. C. The right of petition is re- 
newed by Congress. 

John Quincy Adams secures the re- 
scinding of the rule of Congress refus- 
ing the right of petition on the slavery 
question. 

* * Miss. Jefferson Davis marries his 
second wife, Miss Howell. 

* * The 'Whigs oppose slavery. 

" Southern Whigs, under the lead of 
Henry Clay, had been taught that sla- 
very was an evil, to be removed in 
some practical way, at some distant pe- 
riod, but not to be interfered with in the 
States where it existed." (Blaine.) 

* * The Order of United American Me- 
chanics is founded. 

* * John B. Gough is ensnared by a 
trick of his enemies, and becomes in- 
toxicated. 

STATE. 
1844 Dec. 3. D.C. Congress ; House : 
John Q,. Adams, "The old man elo^ 
quent," the champion for the right of 
petition, at length carries his annual 
motion, to rescind the rule forbid- 
ding the reading of petitions for the 
restriction of slavery. Vote, 108-88. 

* * D.C. Secretary of State Calhoun 
practically avows that Texas must be 
incorporated in the Union. 

* * A 7 ". T. Martin Van Buren opposes 
the annexation of Texas in the press — 
an act which proves fatal to his politi- 
cal prospects by arousing Southern an- 
tagonism. 

Dec. 9-12. D. C. Congress : The an- 
nexation of Texas is introduced in 
both Houses. 

* * New York. James Harper is elected 
the 64th mayor. 

* * W. S. Governors inaugurated : 

Ark. Samuel Adams. 
-48 * * Ark. Thomas S. Drew. 
-46 * * Conn. Roger S. Baldwin. 
-46 * * Del. Thomas Stockton. 
-45 * * Fla. (Ter.). John Branch. 



-48 * * Ky. William Owsley. 

-47 * * Me. Hugh J. Anderson. 

-48 * * Mo. John C. Edwards. 

-46 * * N. B. John H. Steele. 

-48 * * N.J. Charles C. Stratton. 

-16 * * N. Y. Silas Wright, Jr. 
O. Thomas W. Bartley. 

-46 * * O. Mordecai Bartley. 

-46 * * S. C. William Aiken. 

-46 * * Tex. Anson Jones (Pres.). 

-45 * * Wis. Nathaniel P. Tallmadge. 

-46 * * ft. William Slade. 
1845 Jan. 16. D. C. Congress : The 

Senate ratifies the treaty with China, 

negotiated by Caleb Cushing. 
Jan. 23. D.C. Congress fixes the pres- 
idential elections on one uniform 

day — the first Tuesday after the first 

Monday in November. Since 1792 elec- 
tions have been ordered " within 34 days 
preceding the first Wednesday in De- 
cember." 
Jan. 25. D.C. Congress; House: A 
joint resolution for the annexation of 
Texas as a State of the Union is ap- 
proved. Vote, 120-98. 
Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Polk, 170 ; Clay, 
105. Vote for Vice-President : George 
M. Dallas (Dem.) of Pa., 170; Theo. 
Frelinghuysen (Whig) of N. J., 105; 
Thomas Morris (Liberty) of O., none. 

Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
' amended joint resolution for the annex- 
ation of Texas is approved. Vote, 27-25. 
Feb. * Ore. Great Britain accepts the 
forty-ninth parallel boundary line ; 
it is characterized as a settlement hon- 
orable to both countries. 
* * D.C. Congress : Both Houses unite 
for the first time in passing a bill over 
the President's veto ; the bill relates 
to steam-vessels in the navy. 
Mar. 1. D. C. The President signs the 

bill for the annexation of Texas. 
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress admits Florida 
into the Union as the 27th State. 

Congress reduces the rate of postage 
to five cents for 300 miles, and ten cents 
for greater distances. 
The 28th Congress ends. 
Mar. 6. D. C. The Mexican minister 

asks for his passport. 
Eleventh Administration ;.Democratic. 
James K. Polk of Tenn. is inaugu- 
rated the 11th President, in the 15th term 
of the presidency. George M. Dallas 
of Pa. is Vice-President. 

Cabinet : James Buchanan of Pa. 
(State), Robert J. Walker of Miss. 
(Treas.), "William L. Marcy of N. Y. 
(War), George Bancroft of Mass. 
(Navy), Cave Johnson of Tenn. (P. M.- 
Gen.), and John Y. Mason of Va. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 
June 12. The Oregon boundary dis- 
pute is settled by treaty. 
June 16. Tex. The Texas Congress 

approves of the terms of annexation. 
June 27. P. I. Thos. W. Dorr is re- 
leased from imprisonment. 
Julyl. U.S. National debt §15,925,303. 



1844, Dec. 3-1845**. 159 

July 4. Tex. A ratifying convention of 
citizens votes to annex Texas to the 
United States. 
July 6. Tex. The President is requested 
to occupy the ports of Texas, and to send 
an army for its protection. 
Aug. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : David 
Wilmot of Pa. introduces his pro- 
viso. 
Oct. 13. Tex. The people ratify the 

Constitution. 
Dec.l. D.C. The 29th Congress opens. 
* * D. C. Congress; Senate: "W. P. 
Mangum of N. C. is reelected President 
pro tempore. House : John "W. Davis 
of Ind. is elected Speaker. 
Dee. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : Jef- 
ferson Davis enters as a Representative 
from Mississippi. 
Dec. 16. D. C. Congress: The House 
votes to receive Texas into the Union. 
Vote 141-56. 
Dec. 22. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Bill for the annexation of Texas carries. 
Vote, 31-13. 
Dec. 29. D.C. Congress admits Texas 
as the 28th State of the Union. (Slavery 
is permitted.) 
Dec. * D. C. The Federal Government 
becomes curiously involved. 

One-half the States are always to be 
slave States, thereby holding the dis- 
tinctive power of a tie-vote in the Sen- 
ate, and thus a minority may dominate 
on all questions the greatly preponderat- 
ing and increasing population of the 
North. 

* * D.C. Samuel Nelson of N. Y. and 
Levi Woodbury of N. H. are appointed 
Justices of the Supreme Court. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1844 Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and 
other aliens in 1844, 78,615. 

* * Mich. Copper-mining on the shores 
of Lake Michigan begins.. 

* * Samuel F.B. Morse offers his inven- 
tion of the electric telegraph to the 
Government for a moderate price ; it is 
deemed of little practical value. 

1845 Jan. 8. The steamboat Belle 
Zane strikes a snag in the Mississippi 
and capsizes; 40 out of 90 passengers 
are drowned. 

Apr. 10. Pa. A great fire at Pittsburg 
burns 100 buildings ; loss, §6,000,000. / 

July 1. La. The steamboat Marquette, 
at New Orleans, explodes all her boil- 
ers simultaneously, killing about 50 
people. 

July 19. New York. A fire burns 302 
stores and dwelling-houses, and property 
worth §6,000,000 ; 4 lives are lost. 

Dec. 31. XT. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens, 1S45, 114,371. 

* * £y. The Cave Hill Cemetery, near 
Louisville, is incorporated. 

* * N. Y. The Mount Hope Cemetery, 
near Rochester, is established. 

* * O. Spring Grove Cemetery, near Cin- 
cinnati, is incorporated. 

* * Pa. The Allegheny Cemetery is es- 
tablished. 



160 1845* *-1846* * 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1846 Mar. 28. Tex. The American 
army of occupation (3,500 men), under 
den. Taylor, takes post on the Rio 
Grande, opposite Matamoras. (Lossing, 
Mar. 29.) 

Mar. * Cat. Capt. John C. Fremont 
raises the American standard against 
the Mexicans, who seek to drive him 
from the country. 

THE FOURTEENTH WAR. 

Apr. 24. — 1848 July 4. "War with 
Mexico. Men enrolled, 30,954 regulars, 
and 73,776 militia and volunteers. Total, 
112,230. For cause, see State. 

Apr. 26. Tex. First hostilities in the 
war : Capt. Thornton with 63 men is 
attacked on the east side of the Rio 
Grande, above Matamoras ; 16 men are 
killed and wounded and the others are 
captured. 

* * Gen. Scott plans the invasion of Mex- 
ico by three columns: the first, through 
the northern provinces, under Gen. S. W. 
Kearny ; the second, from the seacoast 
to the City of Mexico, under his own 
command ; and the third, as an army 
of occupation, under Gen. Taylor. 

May 5, 6. Tex. The Mexicans bombard 
Fort Brown till it is relieved by Gen. 
Taylor. 

May 8. Tex. Battle of Palo Alto. 

Gen. Taylor with 2,300 men defeats 
Gen. Arista with 6,000 men in a battle 
of five hours* duration. Mexican loss 
about 100 men ; American loss, 4 killed 
and 40 wounded. 

May 9. Tex. Battle of Resaca de la 
Palma. 

Gen. Taylor with 2,000 Americans 
routs 5,000 Mexicans, who flee across the 
Rio Grande. American loss, 1*20 killed 
and wounded; Mexican loss, 500 killed 
and wounded. 

May * -June * The call of the President 
for 50,000 volunteers is responded to by 
300,000, who tender their services. 

June 15. Cat. Gen. Fremont captures 
Sonoma. 

July * Cal. Commodore Stockton takes 
Los Angeles. 

Aug. 18. Gen. Kearny captures 
Santa F6 ; with 400 dragoons [he con- 
tinues his march to the Pacific Coast]. 

Aug. 19±. Mex. Commodore Stock- 
ton blockades the Mexican ports on the 
Pacific Coast. 

Sept. 12. Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis 
charges Fort Teneria, at the head of the 
1st Regiment, Mississippi riflemen. 

Sept. 21-23. Mex. Battle of Mon- 
terey. 

This fortified town is stormed, and the 
10,000 Mexicans under Gen. Ampudia 
are driven out by 4,700 Americans. 
American loss, 1'20 killed, 3G8 wounded; 
Mexicans much more. An armistice of 
eight weeks follows, to permit Mexico 
to make overtures of peace. 

Sept. 26. New York. Stevenson's Cali- 
fornia regiment sails. 

Oct. 25. Mex. Commodore M. C. Perry 
bombards Tobasco. 



Nov. 14. Mex. Commodore David 
Conner occupies Tampico. 

Nov. 15. Mex. Gen. Worth captures 
the town of Saltillo. 

Dec. * Mex. Col. A. W. Doniphan 
with 900 men sets out on a march of 
more than 1,000 miles through the 
enemy's country, from Santa Fe" to Sal- 
tillo; one of the most brilliant achieve- 
ments of the war. 

Dec. * Cal. The Mexicans make a fee- 
ble attempt to regain California. 

Dec. 25. Mex. Col. Doniphan with 
450 volunteers defeats 1,100 Mexicans 
under Gen. Ponce de Leon at Brazito. 
American loss, six wounded ; Mexican 
loss, 63 killed and 150 wounded. 

* * Mex. Ulysses S. Grant serves under 
Gen. Taylor as 2d lieutenant. 

* * Mex. Col. Jefferson Davis becomes 
one of the idols of the army. 

* * _4s * * Mex. Capt. Robert E. Lee 
serves in the army of Gen. Scott as chief 
engineer. 

* * California is occupied by the army of 
the United States. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1846 Sept. 10. Mass. Elias Howe, 
Jr., receives a patent for the first com- 
plete sewing-machine. 

Nov. * A grand display of meteors is ob- 
served. 

* * D. C. John F. E. Prud'homme of 
Georgetown is elected a member of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* *D.C. The Smithsonian Inst itution, 
" designed for the increase and diffusion 
of knowledge among men," is estab- 
lished in a handsome building at "Wash- 
ington, by means of a legacy of 3515,000, 
bequeathed for the purpose to the United 
States Government by James Smithson, 
an Englishman. 

* * McCormick's reapmg-machine is 
perfected. (See 1834.) 

* * Discoverythat inhalation of etherpre- 
ventspain byChas. T. Jackson of Boston. 

* * Sleepy Student is painted by F. TV. 
Edmonds. 

* * -49 * * The statue of Henry Clay is 
executed by Joel T. Hart. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1846* * 
Armstrong, Wm. J., S. Pres. cl., A50. 
Uadiier, -Joseph, missionary in <>., A 89. 
Bean, Tarh 1 ton Hoffman, i.-lithvolO!iist,b. Pa. 
Breckinridge,Clifton R.,M.C.for Ark.,b. Ky. 
Buchanan. Virginia, a. -tor, born in 0. 
Denson, William II. , M. C. for Ala., b. Ala. 
Erdman, Constantino J., M.O. for Pa.,b. Pa, 
Florence, Mrs. W. J., actor, bom in N. Y. 
Foote, Sam'L A., sen. and tiov. of Conn., A 66. 
Hawthorne, .Inlian, novelist, born in Mass. 
Henderson, John S., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. 
Holden, Edward S., astronomer, born in Mo. 
Hopkins, Albert,!., M. C. for 111., b. mill. 
Kribbs, George F., M. C, born In Ta. 
Loring, Frederick W., author, born in Mass. 
McKtt.rick, M. J., M. C. for Mass., b. in Mass. 
Millet, Francis I »avis, painter, born in Mass. 
Morris. Clara, actor, born in O. 
Pearson, Albert J., M. C. for 0., born in 0. 
Pickering, John, philologist, iurist, A 69. 
Kobinson, John P., M. C. for Pa,, b. in Pa. 
Smith, George W M. C. for 111., born in O. 
Stone, William A., M. C.for Pa., born in Pa. 
Strait, Thomas J., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. 
Tvler, D. Gardiner, M. C. for Va., b. in N. Y. 
Wadsworth, Jas. \\\, M. C. for N. Y., b. Pa. 



CHURCH. 

1845 * * 0. The Missionary Society of 

the Church of God of North America 

is formed especially for borne mission 

work. 

* * The Baptist foreign mission work 
suffers by the agitation of the slavery 
question, and by the withdrawal of 
tbe Southern churches from its support. 

* * Pa. The Pittsburg (Evangelical Lu- 
theran) Synod is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Synod of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Church meets. 

* * The Seventh-day Baptists divide 
into five associations. 

* * U. S. The discussion of the slavery 
question leads to a division of the 
Baptist Church, into Northern and 
Southern Baptists. 

1S46 May 1. Va. The General in- 
ference (Methodist Episcopa outh) 
meets in its first session at Petersburg. 
The Book of Discipline is revised, and 
the portions relating to slavery stricken 
out ; commissioners are appointed to 
settle questions of property with Ell 
Methodist Episcopal Church. 

Wm. Capers and Robert Paine i re 
ordained bishops of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church South. 

The Missouri, Louisiana, and Louis- 
ville Conferences are organized. 

May * 4- Dr. Judson visits his native land 
for the first time since his departure in 
1813. 

He awakens much enthusiasm, and 
sets in motion the tide of modern prog- 
ress in Baptist missions. 

May* The Triennial Convention of 
the Baptist Churches by reorganiza- 
tion becomes the American Baptist 
Missionary Union. 

June 10. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 16. It. Pius IX. is elected pope. 

June * X. T. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany; VTm. H. 
Campbell, president. 

* * HI. The Mormons, being much har- 
assed by their neighbors, abandon Nau- 
voo, and enter the Territory of Iowa near 
Council Bluffs. [Later they remove to 
Salt Lake.] 

* * Lid. The Indiana Eldership (Church 
of God) is organized. 

* * N. T. The American Missionary 
Association is formed at Albany as a 
general missionary society with anti- 
slavery principles. 

The Baptist Triennial Meeting is 
held at Brooklyn. 

* * Ore. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Oregon City is established. 

LETTERS. 

* * Harmoyiy of the Four Gospels, in Greek, 
by Edward Robinson, appears. 

* *The American Whig Review appears. 

* *-50* * The Quadrupeds of North. 
America, by Audubon, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1845**1846** 161 



1846 Oct. 20. 0. Mount Union Col- 
lege (Meth. Epis.) is founded as a sem- 
inary. 

* * Conn. Theodore D. Woolsey be- 
comes President of Yale College. 

* * Ind. Fort "Wayne College (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized. 

* * La. De Bow's Commercial Review 
appears at New Orleans. 

* * -49 * * Mass. Edward Everett is 
President of Harvard University. 

* * Mo* The St. Louis Mercantile Library 
is founded. [62,204 vols.] 

SOCIETY. 

1846 Feb.* III. Part of the Mormons 
(1,600) leave Nauvoo, cross the Missis- 
sippi on the ice, and with ox-teams move 
westward till they settle on the Great 
Prairie, and establish a town. 

Aug. 7. Me. The Democrats enact a 
prohibitory law against the drink 
traffic. 

STATE. 
1845 * * Ore. A provisional government 
is formed. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-47 * * Ala. Joshua L. Martin. 
-46 * * Cal. Pio. Pico (Mexican). 
-49 * * Fla. Wm. D. Moseley. 
-47 * * Ga. Geo. W. Crawford. 
-50 * * La. Isaac Johnson. 

-51 * * Mass. George N. Briggs. 
-49 * * N. C. Wm. A. Graham. 
-49* * Ore. G. Abernethy (Provisional). 

Pa, Francis R. Shunk. 
-46 * * It. I. Charles Jackson. 
_47 * * Tenn. Aaron V. Brown. 
-48 * * Wis. (Ter.). Henry Dodge. 

1846* *D.C. Congress: The House 
votes to give treaty notice to Great 
Britain that the joint occupation of 
Oregon must cease. Vote, 163-54. 
Public apprehension of war follows. 

Feb. 20. Tex. The first legislature 
meets at Austin. 

Apr, 2. B.C. Congress: The Senate 
Bill substitutes that of the House on the 
Oregon question, and is adopted. The 
line, 54° 40' is abandoned by the Demo- 
crats for the 49th parallel. [The southern 
portion, which falls to the United States, 
retains the name Oregon.] 

Apr. * U. S. The war spirit against 
Mexico rises high with the news of the 
small conflict in Texas. "American 
blood has been spilled on American 
soil I " 

Apr. 26. D. C. Congress declares "War 
against Mexico. 

May 11. D. C. . PresidentPolk sends an 
aggressive war message to Congress, 
announcing that war exists by the act of 
Mexico. 

May 12. D. C. Congress: A bill passes 
both Houses which appropriates 
$10,000,000 for the war, and gives 
authority to call out 50,000 volunteers. 
(Vote : House, 142-14 ; Senate, 40-2.) 



May * -Aug. * Cal. Commodore Stock- 
ton establishes a military government 
in Upper California. 

June 1. X. Y. A convention of delegates 
meets at Albany to revise the Con- 
stitution. 

June 15. Signing of the Oregon 
Treaty. 

Both Great Britain and the United 
States having claimed the territory west 
of the Rockies and north of Mexico to 
Alaska, it is now divided between them 
at the 49th parallel. The British also 
secure Vancouver's Island and the free 
navigation of the Columbia River. 

Julyl. U.S. National debt $15,550,202. 

July 3. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes a bill for a lower tariff. Vote, 
114-95. (See July 28.) 

July 4. Cal. Captain John C. Fre- 
mont and his companions declare the 
independence of California after de- 
feating superior forces of Mexicans. 

July 9. Cal. Commodore Sloat hoists 
the American flag at Monterey. 

July 28. T). C. Congress : The Senate 
votes to modify the tariff, cutting out its 
protection features ; average rate of 
duties, 25 per cent. Vote, a tie till the 
Vice-President casts a vote. 

Aug. 3. D. C. President Polk vetoes 
the River and Harbor Bill. 

Aug. 6. D.C. Congress establishes the 
"Warehouse System, reenacts the In- 
dependent Treasury system, and au- 
thorizes "Wisconsin to form a constitu- 
tion and organize a State government. 

Aug. 7. Me. The Democratic Legisla- 
ture enacts the first Maine Prohib- 
itory Law. 

Aug. 8. D. C. President Polk vetoes 
the French Spoliation Indemnity Bill 
for the benefit of claimants who had 
lost property by French seizures in 
1807±. 

Congress ; Senate : D. R. Atchison of 
Mo. is elected President pro tempore. 

Congress; House: The Wilmot Pro- 
viso is approved. Vote, 94-78. 

David "Wilmot, 33 years of age, moves 
a proviso to the Two-million-dollar Bill 
asked by the President to arrange peace 
with Mexico, declaring it to be " an ex- 
press and fundamental condition to the 
acquisition of any territory from Mex- 
ico, that neither slavery nor involuntary 
servitude shall ever exist therein." The 
consecration of American territory to 
freedom becomes a rallying-cry ; the 
battle of the giants follows, long and 
fierce. 

Aug. 10. D.C. Congress; Senate: The 
"Wilmot Proviso is brought up, and 
John Davis of Mass. holds the floor till 
the session expires, to defeat action on 
the bill. 

The 29th Congress: the first session 
closes. 

* * U. S. Great agitation prevails over 
the Wilmot Proviso. 

Aug. * California is in the undisputed 
military possession of the United 
States. 



Nov. * D. ('. Abraham Lincoln is 
elected to Congress from Illinois, the 
solitary Whig among seven Democrats. 

Dec. 1. U. S. The lower tariff law 
goes >"nto effect. 

Dec. 7. D.C. The 29th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

* * Congress; Senate: D.E.Atchison 
of Mo. is elected President pro tempore. 

Dec. 28. D. C. Congress admits Iowa 
into the Union as the 29th State. 

* * Ala. The capital is removed from 
Tuscaloosa to Montgomery. 

* * D. C. Congress ; House : Jefferson 
Davis resigns his seat to engage in the 
Mexican war as colonel of volunteers. 

* * New York. Manhood suffrage is 
introduced. 

* * D. C. Congress ; House : Demo- 
crats lose their majority while con- 
ducting a spirited and successful war, 
owing to the new tariff and Northern 
suspicion of pro-slavery issues in the 
war. Polk's party stands 110 to 118. 

* * U. S. Robert C. Grier of Pa. is 
appointed Justice of the Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

Cal. (Ter.). Com. J. D. Sloat. 
-47* * Cal. (Ter.). Com. R. F. Stock- 
ton. 
-47 * * Conn. Isaac Toucey. 

Del. Joseph Maul. 

Del. Wm. Temple. 
-51 * * Del. Wm. Thorp. 

la. (Ter.). James Clark. 
-50 * * la. Ansel Briggs. 
-53 * * III. Augustus C. French. 
-47 * * Mich. Alpheus Felch. 
-47 * * N. H. Anthony Colby. 
-49 * * N. Y. John Young. 
-49 * * 0. William Bebb. 
-47 * * B. I. Byron Dyman. 
-48 * * S. C. David Johnson. 
-47 * * Tex. J. P. Henderson. 
-49 * * Va. Wm. Smith. 
-49 * * Vt. Horace Eaton. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1846 Apr. ± * N.J. The telegraph 
line from Philadelphia to Fort Lee, near 
New York, is completed. 

June 5. Pa.-Md. The telegraph line 
from Philadelphia to Baltimore is com- 
pleted. 

June 27. Boston and New York are con- 
nected by telegraph. 

July 3. Boston and Buffalo are con- 
nected by telegraph. 

July 13. Mass, A fire at Nantucket 
burns 300 buildings, valued at $800,000. 

Sept. 9. New York and Albany are 
connected by telegraph. 

Sept. * Pa. Harrisburg and Philadel- 
phia are connected by telegraph. 

Dec. 8. The U. S. brig Somers is capsized 
in a squall off Vera Cruz, and 39 persons 
are drowned. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1S4G, 154,416. 

* *N.H. The lower section of the North- 
ern Railroad is opened. 



162 1846 * *-1848, Feb. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1847 Jan. 8, 9. Cal. At San Gabriel 

Gen. Kearny defeats the revolted Cali- 
fornians. 

Jan. 24. Mex. Col. Sterling Price de- 
feats 1,500 Indians and Mexicans in the 
Valley of Taos. 

Feb. 23. Mex. Battle of Buena Vista. 
Santa Anna with 22,000 Mexicans is 
defeated by Gen. Taylor with 4,750 Amer- 
icans ; Mexican loss, nearly 2,000 men: 
American loss, 746 killed, wounded and 
missing. 

Feb. 28. Cal. Battle of Sacramento. 
Col. Doniphan with 924 men defeats 
4,000 Mexicans under Gen. Heredia, los- 
ing but 1 killed and 17 wounded. Mexi- 
can loss, GOO killed and wounded and 40 
prisoners. 

Mar. 9. Mex. Gen. Scott lands at A r era 
Cruz with about 12,000 men. 

Mar. 22. Mex. Commodore Conner bom- 
bards Vera Cruz, while Gen. Scott's army 
joins in the cannonade [which continues 
four days]. 

Mar. 27. Mex. Gen. Morales agrees to 
surrender Vera Cruz to the Ameri- 
cans. American loss, 80 killed and 
wounded ; Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and 
wounded, besides 5,000 prisoners and 
500 cannon. 

Mar. 29. Mex. Mexicans evacuate Vera 
Cruz. 

Mar. * Col. Jefferson Davis is compli- 
mented, in Gen. Taylor's despatch, for 
brilliant service in Mexico. 

Apr. 2. Mex. Alvarado is surrendered 
to Lieut. Hunter. 

Apr. 18. Mex. Commodore Perry takes 
Tuspan. 
Battle of Cerro Gordo. 
Gen. Scott with 8,500 Americans de- 
feats Santa Anna with 12,000 Mexicans, 
and captures his papers and wooden 
leg. Losses: Mexican, 1.000 killed and 
wounded and 3,000 prisoners ; American, 
431 men. 

Apr. 19. Mex. The Americans enter 
Jalapa. 

Apr. 22. Mex. Gen. "Worth takes the 
strong castle of Perote without resist- 
ance. 

May 15. Mex. The American army en- 
ters the sacred city of Puebla, unop- 
posed by its 80,000 inhabitants. 

July 6. Cal. Commodore Sloat takes 
Monterey, in Southern California. 

Aug. 20. Mex. Battles of Contreras 
and Churubusco, near Mexico City. 

At Contreras Gen. Scott with 4,000 
men defeats Gen. Valencia with 7,000 
Mexicans, losing but 60 killed and 
wounded ; Mexican loss, 2,000 killed and 
wounded and 1,000 prisoners. 

At Churubusco Gen. Scott with R,000 
men defeats Gen. Santa Anna with 25,000 
Mexicans. American loss in both en- 
gagements, 1,053 killed and wounded; 
Mexican loss, 4,000 killed and wounded, 
and 3,000 prisoners, including S generals. 

Aug. 21. Mex. The Mexicans pro- 
pose an armistice. 

Sept. 7. Mex. Gen. Scott learns that the 
armistice is broken by the Mexicans. 

Sept. 8. Mex. Hostilities are renewed 
in the Battle of Molino del Rey. 



Gen. Worth with 3,500 Americana 

storms the fortiiicatious, ami drives out 
14,000 Mexicans under Gen. Alvarez, 
with the loss of 787 killed and wounded : 
Mexican loss, 3,000 killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. 

Sept. 12, 13. Mex. Battle of Chapul- 
tepec, near Mexico City. 

Gen. Scott with 7,200 men, under Gens. 
Worth, Quitman, and Pillow, carries the 
fortified heights, defeating Gen. Bravo 
and 25,000 Mexicans. American loss, 
832 men. 

Sept. 14. Mexico is surrendered; Gen. 
Scott marches his victorious army into 
the city, and the war practically ends. 

Sept. * U. S. Grant is promoted to be 
1st lieutenant, for meritorious conduct 
at Molino del Rey and Chapultepec. 

Oct. 9. Mex. Gen. Lane with 500 men 
takes the city of Huamantla, defeating 
Gen. Santa Anna and 1,000 Mexicans, 
with the loss of 24 killed and wounded. 

Oct. 12. Mex. Mexicans have besieged 
Col. Childs and 400 men, besides 1,800 
sick and in hospitals at Puebla, for 28 
days, when reinforcements appear, and 
the siege is raised. 

Oct. 20. Mex. The frigate Congress and 
sloop Portsmouth bombard the port of 
Guayamas. 

Dec. 8. The "United States brig-of-war 
Somers is wrecked and part of her crew 
drowned. 

1848 Feb. 18. Mex. Gen.Wm. O. But- 
ler succeeds Gen. Scott in command 
of the army. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1847 June 28. III. The first theater 
in Chicago is opened. 

Oct. 1. N. H. A violent tornado visits 

Portsmouth. 
Oct. 19. Neva York. The corner-stone of 

the "Washington Monument is laid. 

* * Asia. The Government sends an expe- 
dition under W. F. Lynch to the River 
Jordan for the advancement of geo- 
graphical science. 

* * Boston. The American Association 
for the Advancement of Science is or- 
ganized. 

* * Pa. Zinc mines are discovered in 
Lehigh County. 

* * Utah. Salt Lake City is founded by 
Mormons. 

* * The power-loom is introduced. 

* * The rotary press is made by R. Hoe 
and Company. 

* * The successful use of anesthetics is 
introduced. 

* * Pontine Marshes is painted by J. F. 
Cropsey. 

1848 Jan. 24. Cal. % Gold is first dis- 
covered in the mill-race of Capt. Sutter 
by a laborer named Marshall. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1847* * 
Allen, William V., sen. for Neb., born in <">. 
Allen, John M., M. C. fur Miss., b. in Miss. 
Bartlett, Franklin, M. C. for N. Y., b.-JIass. 
Binnev, Amos, naturalist, A44. 
Branch, Wm. A. B., M. C. for N. C.,b. Fla. 
Brulgman, Frederick A., painkT, b. in Ala. 
Butler, Pierce M., Cov. of S. C, col., A49. 
Capebnrt, .lames, M. C. for W. Va., born in 
W. Va. 



Cachings, Thos. C, M. ( /. for Miss., b. Mis*. 

Clay, Henry, Jr., officer, lawyer, A 36. 

Crabtree, Lotta, actor, born in N. Y. 

Dixon, Nathan F. t sen. for It. I., b.in R. I. 

DIelman, Frederick, artist, born lo Gen 

Edison, Thomas Alva, electrician, Inven- 
tor, born in O. 

Edwards, Henry W., scholar, senator, A61. 

Everett, Alex. II., essayist, diplomatist, ed- 
itor, A55. 

Fauey, Harriet, philanthropic writer, born. 

Faulkner, Charles J., sen. for W. Va., born 
in W. Va. 

Fawcett, Edgar, novelist, born in >'. Y. 

Forman, Win. S., M. C. for I1L, b. in Miss. 

Hardy. Arthur -S., novelist, born in Mass. 

Ihirr, Charles II., author, born in Pa. 

Kent, .James, an., chancellor of >\Y.. A ».'!. 

Layton, Fernando C, M. C. for O., b. In O. 

Loud, Eugene F., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass. 

Martin. Augustus X.. M. C. for Inu., b. Pa. 

Keal, Joseph Clay, humorist. A40. 

Ivniivbrii'ker, Isaac, V. S. sen. for Va.. A41. 

Storer, Bellamy. M. C. for <>.. bom in <>. 

Tra.-ev, Charles, M. C. for X. Y., b. in X. Y. 

Williams, Cus, actor, born in N. Y. 

Wright, Myron B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 

Wright, Silas, t;ov., sen. for >" i'.. A 52. 

Wever, John M., M. C. for X .. b. in Mich. 

Whiting, Justin R., M. C. i lien., b. X. Y. 

CHURCH. 

1846 * * Phila. The General Assem- 
bly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Samuel 
Hanson Cox, moderator. 

The General Assembly (O. S. Pres- 
byterian) meets ; Charles Hodge, mod- 
erator. 

* * The Mormons send missionaries to 
Oregon, California, and the Sandwich 
Islands, and also to Australia. 

* * The Hanges Norwegian (Evangelical 
Lutheran) Synod is organized. 

1847 June 9. New York. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem 
meets. 

June * New York. The General Synod 
(Reformed) meets ; Abraham Messier, 
president. 

July 24. The Mormon pioneers, hav- 
ing established themselves at Great Salt 
Lake, are now joined by Brigham 
Young, the leader of the church. 

Oct. 13. New York. Two hundred Ger- 
man Catholics secede from the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

Oct. 31. Me. George Burgess is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
Maine. 

Nov. 29. Wash. Indians massacre the 
missionaries, Dr. Whitman, his wife, 
and others, at "Walla Walla. 

* * Mo. At St. Louis a Roman Catholic 
diocese is established, and an archbish- 
opric erected ; the latter includes the 
dioceses of Dubuque, Nashville, St. 
Paul, Chicago, and Milwaukee. 

* * Mo. Peter R. Kenrick is promoted 
to be archbishop of St. Louis. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * The American Unitarian Associa- 
tion is incorporated. 

The Society for the Promotion of 
Evangelical Knowledge (Protestant 
Episcopal) is organized. 

* * The Roman Catholic dioceses of Al- 
bany, Buffalo, Galveston, and Cleveland 
are established. 

* * O. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of Wittenberg is orga- 
nized. 



UNITED STATES. 



1846 * *-1848, Feb. * 163 



* * 0. The Baptist Annual Meeting is 
held at Cincinnati. 

* * Ore. The Methodist Episcopal Indian 
Mission at the Dalles is transferred to 
the Reformed Church. 

* * The Synodical Conference (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) of Missouri, Ohio, and 
other States is organized. 

* * Term. The (0. S. Presbyterian) Synod 
of Memphis is organized. 

* * Va. The General Assembly (0. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Richmond ; Jas. 
H. Thorn well, moderator. 

* * 17. The Free Baptist Female Mission 
Society is formed in Sutton. [It contin- 
ued in operation for over twenty years.] 

* * Wis. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Milwaukee is organized. 

LETTERS. 
1846 * * X. J. Burlington College 
(Prot. Epis.) is founded. 

* * 0. Farmer's College (non-sect.), at 
College Hill, is organized. 

* * Pa. Bucknell University (Bapt.) is 
founded at Lewisburg. 

* * Phila. Worcester's Dictionary is 
published. 

* * Tex. Baylor University (Bapt.), at 
Independence, is organized. 

* * Wis. Beloit College (Cong.) is or- 
ganized at Beloit. 

* * The Home Journal is founded. 

* * Art, Literature, and the Drama, by 
Margaret Fuller Ossoli, appears. 

* * The Belfry of Bruges, and Other Poems, 
by Longfellow, appears. 

* * Mosses from an Old Manse, by Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * The Old Continental, by Paulding, 
appears. 

* * An edition of Shakespeare, by G. C. 
Verplanck, appears. 

* * Thoughts on the Poets, by H. T. Tuck- 
erinan, appears. 

* * Views Afoot, by Bayard Taylor, ap- 
pears. 

1847* * Boston. The American Messenger 
is first issued by the American Tract 
Society. 

* * Del. St. Mary's College (Bom. Cath.) 
is founded at "Wilmington. 

* * Iowa State University (non-sect.) is 
organized at Iowa City. 

* * Iowa College (Cong.) is organized at 
Grinnell. 

* * III. The Chicago Tribune is first 
issued. 

* * HlinoisFemale,College (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded in Jacksonville. 

* * Mass. The Massachusetts Quarterly 
Review appears. 

* * The Springfield Republican appears. 

* * Minn. The first school in Minnesota 
is established at St. Paul. 

* *N.H. The Boston University, School 
of Theology (Meth. Epis.), is founded at 
Concord. 

* * New York. The St. Francis Xavier 
College (Rom. Cath.) is organized. 



* The Union Magazine appears. 

* 0. Otterbein University (United 
Brethren), at Westerville, is organized. 

* Phila. Stryker's American Register, a 
quarterly, appears. 

* Wis. Lawrence University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Appleton. 

* Evangeline, by Longfellow, appears. 

* Fresh Gleanings, by Donald Grant 
Mitchell, appears. 

* Conquest of Peru, by Prescott, appears. 

* An edition of The Agamemnon of jEs- 
chylus, by C. C. Felton, appears. 

* * An edition of Panegyricus of!socrates t 
by Felton, appears. 

1848 Jan. 1. Phila. Girard College 
is opened. 

SOCIETY. 
1847 Mar. 25. N. Y. An anti-rent 

riot occurs in Columbia county. 
Dec. * N. Y. Kise of Spiritualism. 
Mysterious rappings begin in the 
home of John D. Fox of Hydeville ; 
much interest is awakened in " mani- 
festations." 

* * Mex. The Aztec Club, a military 
organization of United States officers, is 
formed in the City of Mexico. 

* * N. H. The Legislature passes a law 
making ten hours a legal day's work. 

* * Phila. The Patriotic Order of Sons 
of America is organized. 

* * U. S. Starving Ireland is remem- 
bered by Americans, and a great out- 
pouring of gifts occurs. 



STATE, 

1847 Jan. 14. New Mex. Gov. Bent 
and five other Americans are killed 
in an uprising of Mexicans against the 
authority of the United States. 

Feb. 8. Cal. Col. Fremont proclaims 
the annexation of California, and 
assumes the office of governor. 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress : The House 
honors the first appearance during the 
session of the venerable John Quincy 
Adams, by rising and suspending busi- 
ness to welcome him. 

Mar. 3. D. C. The 29th Congress 
ends. 

July 1. V. S. National debt $38,826,- 
534. 

Oct. * The Liberty Party Convention 
nominates John P. Hale of N. H. for 
President, and George W. Julian of 
Ind. for Vice-President. 

Dec.6. D. C. The 30th Congress 
opens. 

Congress; Senate: D. R. Atchison 
of Mo. is reelected President pro tem- 
pore. House : Robert C. Winthrop 
(Whig) of MasR. is elected Speaker. 

Dec* D.C. Congress: Abraham "Lin- 
coln and Andrew Johnson enter the 
House, and Stephen A. Douglas and 
Jefferson Davis enter the Senate. 

* *-48* * New York- William V. Brady 
is elected the 65th mayor. 



* * U. S. Politics in the army. 

The Government is anxious to make a 
Democratic hero of the war, and recalls 
(leu. Wiuneld Scott (Wing), after crip- 
pling Gen. Zachary Taylor (Whig). Three 
major-generals and seven brigadier-gen- 
erals are appointed, — not one of them a 
Whig, or acquainted with service in the 
field or at West Point. [The popular 
heroes are Whigs, notwithstanding.] 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-49 * * Ala, Reuben Chapman. 

Cal. (Ter.). John C. Fremont. 
Gen. S. W. Kearny. 
-49 * * Cal. Col. E. B. Mason. 
-49 * * Conn. Clark Bissell. 
-51 * * Ga. Geo. W. B. Towns. 
-50 * * Me. John W. Dana. 

Mich. fm. L. Greenly. 
-49 * * N. H. Jared W. Williams. 
-49 * * R. 2. Elisha Harris. 
-49 * * Tenit, Neil S. Brown. 
-49 * * Tex. George T. Wood. 

1848 Feb. 2. The Treaty of Guada- 
lupe Hidalgo is signed. 

Mexico cedes New Mexico and Upper 
California (522,955 square miles), and 
accepts the Rio Grande as the boundary ; 
she is to receive $15,000,000 and to be 
released from the payment of $3,500,000 
in debts due American citizens, which 
the Government assumes. 

Feb. * Mexican commissioners ask that 
the ceded territory be guaranteed to 
freedom. 

Mr. Trist, the American commissioner, 
replies, " If it were covered a foot thick 
with pure gold, on the single condi- 
tion that slavery should be forever ex- 
cluded," he would not entertain the 
offer for a moment. 

California becomes a part of the 

United States by the treaty with Mexico. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847 Junel. New York. The steamer 
Washington sails, the first of the Collins 
(American) line. 

July 5. Chicago. The River and Har- 
bor Convention assembles for pro- 
moting improvements. 

Nov. 19. Mo. A collision occurs on the 
Mississippi, near Cape Girardeau; one 
boat is sunk, and 50 persons are drowned. 

Nov. 21. Wis. The steamer Phoznix 
takes fire before daylight on Lake 
Michigan, near Sheboygan ; 160 lives are 
lost. 

Dec. 29. Ky. The steamboat A. N. John- 
son explodes her boiler on the Ohio 
above Maysville, and kills 60 persons. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens, in 1847, 234,968. 

* * Ind. The city of Indianapolis is char 
tered (population about 6,000). 

* * N. H. The entire Northern Rail- 
road is opened. 

* * U S. Postage stamps are first used 
("years later than in England). 

* * Va. Hollywood Cemetery, at Rich 
mond, is opened. 

* * The Hamburg-American line of 
steamers is established between New 
York, Southampton, and Hamburg. 

184S Jan. 8. The boilers of the steamer 
Blue Ridge burst on the Ohio, and kill 
30 persons. 



,; 164 1848, Mar. 10- 1849, June 30. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1848 June 12. Mex. The American 

army evacuates the city of Mexico. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 



1848 July 4. JJ.C. The corner-stone of 
the Washington Monument, at Wash- 
ington, is laid by President Polk. 

Nov. 25. Col. John C. Fre"mont starts 
from Fort Pueblo on his fourth explor- 
ing expedition, seeking a route for a 
highway to the Pacific. 

* * Mass. G. P. Bond of the Harvard 
Observatory discovers Hyperion, the 
seventh satellite of Saturn. 

* * N. Y. S. T. Armstrong of Brooklyn 
first applies gutta-percha for coating 
telegraph wires. 

* * New York. W. C. Macready appears 
at the Astor Place Opera House. 

* * Gutta-percha is first manufactured 
in this country. 

* * Storming of the Teocallh is painted by 
Emanuel Leutze. 

±* * Chromolithography, a method of 
printing from stone in colors, is intro- 
duced. 

* * F. S. Chanfrau produces his play, Mose, 
the Neiv York Fireman, and the Bowery 
Boy. 

1849 Jan. 5. O. An announcement of 
the invention of the magnetic clock 
by Dr. Locke is made by Lieut. Matthew 
F. Maury. 

Mar. * + La. A flood prevails at New 
Orleans ; the streets are ten feet under 
water ; plantations are swept by irresist- 
ible currents ; damage, $60,000,000. 

May 12. La. A crevasse made in the 
levee causes floods in New Orleans. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1848* * 

Adams, John Quincy. minister to Berlin, 
sen. for Mass., prof, in Harvard, minister 
to Eng., sec. of state, 6th Pres. of U. S., 
M. C. for Mass., dies Feb. 23, A81. 

Astor. John Jacob, financier, founder of 
Astor Library, A85. 

Itiddle, James, Oomiuodore U. S. N., A 65. 

Uliss, Porter Cornelius, editor, h. in N. Y. 

Brooks, William Keith, naturalist, b. in O. 

Bur beck, Henry, officer of the Rev., A94. 

Claxton, Kate, actor, born in N. Y. 

Cole, Thomas, painter, A47. 

Crain, William II., M. C. for Tex., b. Tex. 

Dorsev, .lames Owen, physicist, born. 

Enloe, Benj. A., M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn. 

Karnhani, Thunias .leJiVrsmi, traveler, A44. 

Fitch, Ashbel P., M. C. for N. Y., b. N. Y. 

Guthrie, Samuel, ehemist, inventor, dies. 

Hansbrough, Henry C, sen. for N. D., b. 111. 

Harris, Joel (.'.handler, author, born in (la. 

Harrison, James Albert, philanth., b. in Miss. 

Kearny, Stephen Watts, mai.-gen., A54. 

MaeKeuzie, Alex, Slidell, naval officer, A45. 

Martin, Henry Newell, biologist, born in Ire. 

Mason, Jeremiah, lawyer, sen. for N. H., A 80. 

Meredith. Klisba K., M. C. for Va., b. in Ala. 

Newlands, F. G., M. C. for Nev., b. in Miss. 

Olds, Gamaliel S., prof, of math., A71. 

I'ettiyrew, Richard F.. sen. for S. I)., b. Vt. 

Russell. Sol Smith, actor, born in Mo. 

Snodgrass, Henry C, M. (_'. for Tenn., horn 
in Tenn. 

Sperry, Lewis, M. C. for Conn., b. in Conn. 

Wells, Horace, dentist, introduces anesthe- 
sia, A33. 

Wheaton. Henry, jurist, diplomatist, A 63. 

Wheeler, Hamilton K., M. C. for 111., born 
in N\ V. 

Wolcott, Edward O., sen. for Col., b. Mass. 



CHURCH. 
1848 May 1-June 1. Pa. The 15th 

General Conference (Methodist Epis- 
copal) is held at Pittsburg. 

The plan of separation on the slavery 
question is declared null and void. 

The East Maine, New York East, 
and Wisconsin conferences, and the 
California and Oregon Mission confer- 
ences are formed. 

June 10. Va. The Second Baptist 

Convention (Southern) is held at Rich- 
mond. 

June 14. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the JNew Jerusalem meets. 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Kingston ; Thos. E. 
Vermilye, president. 

July 13. Ore. The Congregational Asso- 
ciation of Oregon is organized. 

Sept. * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Brooklyn ; Thos. E. 
Vermilye, president. 

Oct. 19. III. An incendiary destroys 
the Mormon Temple at Nauvoo. 

* * The Iowa Eldership (Church of God) 
is organized. 

* * Ind. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of Olive Branch is orga- 
nized. 

* * Ind. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Md. The Ladies' China Mission- 
ary Society of Baltimore is formed by 
Methodists. 

* * Md. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Baltimore ; Alex. 
T. McGill, moderator. 

* * New York. The General Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets. 

* *N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Troy. 

* * Tex. The Texas State Association of 
Baptists is formed. 

* * Wis. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

The Protestant Episcopal Society for 
the Promotion of Evangelical Liter- 
ature is incorporated. 

* * Father John Bapst, Jesuit, becomes a 
missionary to the Indians at Oldtown. 

* * The American Missionary Asso- 
ciation begins work, with much peril, 
in the South among both whites and 
blacks. 

1849 June 13. Phila. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 

1848 * * Conn. The American Church 
lieview appears at New Haven. 

* * Mass. The scientific department of 
Harvard University is established, chief- 
ly by Abbott Lawrence. 

The Essex Institute Library is 
founded at Salem. [34,800 vols.] 

* * Miss. The University of Missis- 
sippi (non-sect.) is organized at Oxford. 

* *New York. College of the City of 
New York (non-sect.) is organized. 



The Journal of Commerce, the Courier 
and Examiner, the Tribune, the Herald, 
the Sun, and the Express unite in form- 
ing the Associated Press. 
* N. }'. Chester A. Arthur [Presi- 
dent] graduates at Union College. 

* * I'a. The Geneva College (Ret. 
Pres.) is organized at Beaver Falls. 

Augustinian College (Bom. Cath. i of 
St. Thomas, Villanova, is incorporated. 

* * O. The Ohio Practical Farmer ap- 
pears at Cleveland. 

* * Tenn. Burritt CoUege (Disciples) hi 
founded at Spencer. 

* * Tenn. Union College (Bapt.) is 
founded at Murfreesboro. 

* * Wis. The University of Wisconsin 
(non-sect.) is organized at Madison. 

* * The Biglnw Papers, by James Rus- 
seU Lowell, appear. 

* * A Fable for Critics, by Lowell, ap- 
pears. 

* * Indian Summer Reverie, by Lowell, 
appears. 

* * Notes on the Iroqiiois, by H. R. School- 
craft, appears. 

* * Oak Openings, by Cooper, appears. 

* * New Rape of the Lock, by J. G. Saxe, 
appears. 

* * The Rosary, by E. E. Hale, appears. 

* * The Visum of Sir Launfal, by Low- 
eU, appears. 

1849 Apr. 25. Minn. St. Paul has its 
first newspaper, The Pioneer. 

SOCIETY. 

1848 May * Pa. The Methodist Gen- 
eral Conference at Pittsburg forbids 
members buying, selling, or drinking 
intoxicating beverages. 

Aug. 3. N. Y. A "Woman's Rights 
Convention at Rochester claims suf- 
frage, preaching, teaching, and property 
rights. 

Aug. 22. Mo. Lieut. U. S. Grant, 26 
years of age, marries Julia T. Dent of 
St. Louis. 

* * Miss. Jefferson Davis declines, on 
proslavery grounds, to vote for his 
father-in-law, General Zachary Taylor, 
the "Whig candidate for the presidency. 

* * New York. The Century Club is 
formed. (1847?). 

* * 0. James A. Garfield, 15 years old, 
enters the employ of his cousin ; he 
drives mules along the Pennsylvania 
and Ohio Canal. 

* * Ore. The prohibitory liquor law is 
repealed. 

* * Utah. Another migration of Mor- 
mons brings them to Salt Lake. 

* * The Unitarian Society for the Relief 
of Aged and Destitute Clergymen is 
formed. 

* * Nearly 300,000 volunteers offer 
to enter the ranks against Mexico. 

1849 May 10. New York. Astor 
Place riot. 

Friends of Edwin Forrest decide th.it 
William 0. Macready shall not act in the 



UNITED STATES. 1848, Mar. 10-1849, June 30. 165 



city. The theater is assaulted, militia 
called out; 22 persons are killed, and 36 
wounded. Macready escapes m disguise. 
June 30. New York. Father Mathew 
arrives from Ireland : is welcomed by 
the City Council, and addresses are pre- 
sented by the board of aldermen and the 
American Temperance Union. 



STATE. 

1848 Mar. 10. V. C. Congress : The 
Senate adopts the treaty made with 
Mexico by the commissioner, with 
some modifications. 

Apr. 12. N. Y. The new code of laws 
is adopted. ' 

Apr. 13. D. C. Congress by resolution 
congratulates the French people on 
the formation of a republic. 

* * N. Y, The Democracy sends rival 
delegations to the National Convention 
at Baltimore ; the Barnburners, follow- 
ers of Silas "Wright, the Hunkers, fol- 
lowers of Wm. L. Marcy. These are re- 
spectively the antislavery and the pro- 
slavery wings of the party. 

May 20. Mex. The United States com- 
missioners, A. H. Sevier and N. Clifford, 
sign articles of peace at Queretaro 
with Signor De la Rosa, the Mexican 
minister. 

May 22-26. Mil. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention meets at Baltimore, 
and nominates Lewis Cass of Mich, for 
President, and William O. Butler of 
Ky. for Vice-President. 

The Barnburners, or Free-Soil Demo- 
crats, withdraw from the Convention, 
because of its proslavery attitude. 

May 29. D.C. Congress admits "Wis- 
consin into the Union as the 30th State. 

June 7-9. Phila. The Whig National 
Convention meets, and nominates 
Zachary Taylor of La. for President, 
and Millard Fillmore of N. Y. for 
Vice-President. 

The Convention rejects a resolution 
favorable to the prohibition of slavery 
in the Territories, and several Free-Soil 
Whigs withdraw. 

June 22. N. Y, The Barnburners 
assemble a Democratic Convention 
at Utica, and nominate Martin Van 
Buren of N. Y. for the presidency. 

July 1. National debt $47,044,862. 

July 4. D. C. Peace with Mexico is 
proclaimed. 

Aug. 9, 10. N~. Y. A convention of the 
new Free-Soil Party is held. 

It meets at Buffalo, and is composed 
of Barnburners, antislavery "Whigs, 
and Abolitionists. Salmon P. Chase is 
president. Delegates :iro present from 
all the Free States; also from Delaware, 
Maryland, Virginia, and the District of 
Columbia. Martin Van Buren is nom- 
inated for the presidency, and Charles 
Francis Adams for Vice-President. (It 
is the germ of the Republican party.) 

Summer. Ky. Henry Clay is enraged 
at the nomination of " Rough and 
Ready " (Gen. Taylor) by the Whig con- 
vention, and withdraws from activity 
in the campaign. 



Aug. 14. D. C. The 30th Congress : 

the first session closes. 
Congress organizes Oregon as a Ter- 

Summer. N. Y. William H. Seward, 
Thurlow Weed, and Horace Greeley 
dominate the politics of the State. 

Sept.+ * U. S. Gen. Taylor's canvass is 
called a Star-and-Stripes canvass. 

Nov. 7. U. S. 16th presidential elec- 
tion; Whigs are elected. 

Popular vote : Zachary Taylor (Whig) 
of La., 1,360,101 ; Lewis Cass (Dem.) of 
Mich., 1,220,544; Martin Van Buren 
(Free-Soil) of N. Y., 291,263. 

Nov. * Mass. Conscience WhigB re- 
fuse to vote for Gen. Taylor (a slave- 
holder), on antislavery grounds. 

Dec. 4. D.C. The 30th Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 15. A postal convention between 
Great Britain and the United States 
is signed. 

* * D.C. Congress : The House declares 
it expedient and constitutional for 
the General Government to promote 
river and harbor improvements. 
Vote, 112-53. 

* * D. C. Congress: Jefferson Davis 
is elected senator from Mississippi. 

Dec. 27. D.C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill for the abolition of sla- 
very in the District of Columbia. 
Vote, 98-87. [It afterward reconsiders 
the motion and then postpones action.] 

* * Cat. The discovery of gold hastens 
emigration [and soon disturbs the 
political equation by a preponderating 
North and West devoted to free soil]. 

* * D. C. President Polk authorizes the 
United States minister at Madrid to 
offer Spain $100,000,000 for Cuba; 
he obtains a curt refusal. 

* * New York. William F. Havemeyer 
is elected the 66th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-52 * * Ark. John S. Roane. 

-49 * * Ind. Paris C. Dunning. 
-50 * * Ky. John J. Crittenden. 
-53 * * Mo. Austin A. King. 
-49* * Mich. Epaphroditus Ransom. 
-50 * * Miss. Joseph W. Matthews. 
-51 * * JV. «/. Daniel Haines. 

Pa. Wm. F. Johnson. 
-50 * * S.C. W. B. Seabrook. 
-51 * * Wis. Nelson Dewey. 

1849 Feb. 11. The electoral vote is 
counted. 

Vote for President: Taylor, 163; Cass, 
127 ; Van Buren, 0. Vote for Vice-Presi- ., 
dent : Millard Fillmore (Whig) of N. Y., 
163 ; William O. Butler (Dem.) of Ky., 
127 ; Charles F. Adams (Free-Soil) of 
Mass., 0. 

Mar. 3. Z>. C. Congress creates the 
Department of the Interior; it or- 
ganizes Minnesota as a Territory. 
The 30th Congress ends. 

The Twelfth Adminislration; Whig. 

Mar. 5. D. C. Zachary Taylor of La. 
is inaugurated the 12th President, in 
the 16th term of the presidency. Mil- 



lard Fillmore of New York is Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet : John M. Clayton of Del. 
(State), Wm. M. Meredith of Pa. 
(Treas.), Geo. W. Crawford of Ga. 
(War), Wm. B. Preston of Va. (Navy), 
Thomas Ewing of O. (Interior), Jacob 
Collamer of Vt. (P. M.-Gen.), and 
Reverdy Johnson of Md. (Atty.-Gen.). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1848 May 10. Mick. A great fire 
occurs in Detroit. 

May 27. The steamer Clarksville burns 
on the Mississippi, near Ozark Island ; 
more than 30 lives are lost. 

June 29. N. Y. The Croton aqueduct 
bridge over the Harlem River, 1,400 ft. 
long, is completed. 

Aug. 9. III. A flue of the steamer Ed- 
ward Sates collapses on the Mississippi, 
near Hamburg ; 53 persons are killed, 
and 40. injured. 

Aug. 17. N. Y. A fire burns several 
hundred buildings at Albany ; loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Aug. 22. New Eng. A train of cars 
runs from Springfield to Hartford, 26 
miles, in 33 minutes. 

Aug. 24. The ship Ocean Monarch, of 
Boston, is burned near Liverpool ; 170 
lives are lost. 

Sept. 9. N. Y. A fire in Brooklyn burns 
300 buildings ; loss, $1,500,000. 

Oct. 25. Boston. Cochituate water is 
introduced. 

Nov. 14. N. Y. The first public lec- 
ture is given on spirit-rappings at 
Rochester. 

Nov.* Cal. A great emigration to Cali- 
fornia begins. 

Dec. 8. Cal. The first deposit of gold is 
made in the U. S. Mint. 

Dec. 16. New York. The Park Theater 
is burned. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens, in 1848, 226,527. 

* * III. The canal connecting Lake Michi- 
gan with the Illinois River is completed. 

* * Mass. Forest Hills Cemetery is es- 
tablished, near Boston. 

* * Mo. St. Louis is lighted with gas. 

* * N. Y. Calvary Cemetery (Roman 
Catholic), near New York, is opened. 

Cypress Hill Cemetery, near New York , 
is dedicated. 
Brooklyn is lighted with gas. 

* * W.Va. The suspension bridge (1,010 
feet) across the Ohio at Wheeling is 
opened. 

* * Guano is first introduced. 

1849 Jan. 9. Cal. The first regular 
banking-house is opened in San Fran- 
cisco. 

May 17. Mo. A fire at St. Louis burns 

23 steamboats and 15 blocks of houses ; 

loss about $3,000,000. 
June 26. La. The great crevasse in 

the levee of the Mississippi River is 

stopped. 



166 1849, June * -1850, Sept. 30. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
THE FIFTEENTH WAE. 
1849 * * The Apache, Navajo, and 
Utah "War. Men enrolled, 1,500 regu- 
lars, and 1,001 militia and volunteers; 
total, 2561. 

ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 
1849 July 16. Mass. Frost appears at 

Pittsfield ; — the mercury stood at 90° 

during the previous day. 
Aug. 21. Md. A National Convention 

of inventors meets at Baltimore. 
Sept. 10. Mass. Edwin Booth, yet 

under 16 years of age, makes his first 

appearance on the stage, in Boston. 

* * III. Abraham Lincoln [the future 
President] secures letters patent on the 
model of a boat for lifting vessels over 
shoals. 

* *N.J. A process for the condensation 
of milk is invented by Gail Borden of 
Newark. 

* * New York. Jared B. Flagg and Fred- 
erick E. Church become members of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * Utah. The Great Salt Lake Valley 
is surveyed by order of the United States 
Government. 

* * Mount Washington from North Con- 
way is painted by J. F. Kensett. 

* * Thomas Crawford receives a com- 
mission from the State of Virginia to 
execute a colossal equestrian statue of 
Washington. 

1850 May 24. New York. Henry 
Grinnell's Expedition departs in 
search of Sir John Franklin in the Arc- 
tic Sea. 

It sails in the Advance and Rescue 
under Lieut. Edwin T. De Haven and 
Dr. Elisha K. Kane. [They succeed in 
entering Baffin Bay, and return with 
their vessels in October, 1851, but search 
in vain for Sir John Franklin's expe- 
dition.] 

June 29. JV. Y. Part of Table Rock at 
Niagara Falls gives way. 

Aug. 19. Neio York. P. B. Conway 
makes his first appearance in America, at 
the Broadway Theater. 

Sept. 1. Neto York. Arrival of Jenny 
Lind, the " Swedish Nightingale." She 
is greeted with immense enthusiasm. 

Sept. 11. New York. Jenny Lind first 
appears on the American stage, at Castle 
Garden, before 7,000 persons ; first-night 
receipts, §30,000 ; $225 is paid for the first 
ticket sold. 



II;uiK*n, Nils P., M. ('. for Wis., born in 

Norway. 
.Jewell, Sarah (true, author, horn in Me. 
Johnston, Alexander, puhlhisl , author, h. 

in N.Y. 
Jones, William A., M. C. for Va..h. in Va. 
Joy, Charles P., M. C. for Mo., born in 111. 
Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38. 
Lyon, Mary, founder of Mount Ilolyoke 

Seminary, A52. 
Merrill, .Joseph, M. E. cl., A64. 
Miller, William. Advent preacher, A68. 
Poe. Edgar Allan, poet, editor, A 40. 
Polk, James K.. M. ('. for Tenn.. speaker, 

Gov. of Tenn., 11th l'res. V. S., fi.54. 
Read, Nathan, inventor of nail-machine, A 90. 
Bchwatka, Frederick, Arctic explorer, born 

in 111. 
Tappan, William liimjhaui, poet, A55. 
Taylor, Alfred A., M. C. for Tenn. 
Turpin, Louis W., M. C. for Ala., b. Va. 
Worth. Wm J., maj.-gen. U. S. A., A45. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1849 * * 
Abbott, Benjamin, educator, A87. 
Hlanchard, Newton C, M. C. for La., b. La. 
Hoatner, Charles J., M. C. for La., b. in La. 
Hurgess, Neil, actor, born in Mass. 
Hurnett, Frances Eliza Hodgson, novelist, 

born in Eng. 
Chase, William M., painter, born in Ind. 
Chauncey, Charles, lawyer, A72. 
Danenhower, .John Wilson, explorer, born. 
Davenport. Fanny, actor, born in Eng. 
Farrar, Timothy, scholar, judge, A 102. 
Gaines, Edmund Pendleton, of Va., brig.- 

gen. U. S. A., A72. 
Gallatin. Albert. Swiss-American, leader 

of Republicans, sen. for Pa., sec, of treas. 

A 88. 
Goodnight, Isaac II. , M. C. for Ky.,b. Ky. 



CHURCH. 

1849 June * New York. The General 
Synod (Reformed) meets ; George H. 
Fisher, president. [Again, at Schenec- 
tady in August ; J. Van Veckten, presi- 
dent.] 

Aug. 1. Tex. The Protestant Episcopal 
Diocese of Texas is established. 

Sept. 21. Cat. Wm. Taylor, a Metho- 
dist minister, arrives in California, and 
soon begins mission-work by streets 
preaching. 

Dee. 3. The trial of Bishop G. "W. Doane 
(Protestant Episcopal) begins. [He sur- 
renders his property to his creditors, 
and the case is dismissed.] 

Dec. 16. Ind. George TJpfold is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
Indiana. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; Nich- 
olas Murray, moderator. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly (S. 
S. Presbyterian) meets ; Philip C. Hay, 
moderator. 

The Baptist Annual Meeting is 
held. 

1850 Feb. 24. Miss. William Mercer 
Green is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Mississippi. 

May* N. Y. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting is held at Buffalo. 

May 23. The party favoring a revision 
of the Bible is defeated in the Baptist 
Annual Meeting. 

May* Mo. The 2d General Confer- 
ence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at St. 
Louis. 

June 10. New York. The American 
Bible Union is organized by Baptists, 
who have seceded from the American 
and Foreign Bible Society. 

June 12. N Y. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jesusalem meets. 

June * N. F. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Poughkeepsie ; Jer. 
Searle, president. 

LETTERS. 
1849 * * Oa. Monroe Female College 
(Bapt.) is founded at Forsyth. 

* * Mo. "William Jewell College (Bapt.) 
is founded at Liberty. 

* * New York. V Eco rf' Italia is founded 
by political refugees. 



* * New York. The Astor Library is 
founded [2G0,G11 vols.] by John Jacob 
Astor, by the gift of $400,000. 

* * Ohio Central CoUege (non-sect.) is 
organized at Iberia. 

* * O. Oxford College (Pres.) is organ- 
ized at Oxford. 

* * Pa. University of Lewisburg 
(Bapt.) is founded at Lewisburg. 

* * Tenn. Hiwassee College [Meth. 
Epis..) is organized at Hiwassee. 

Carson-Newman College (Bapt.) is 
founded at Mossy Creek. 

* * Wis. Lawrence University (Meth. 
Epis.) is opened. 

* * Wis. The Wisconsin State Historical 
Society Library is founded at Madison. 
[55,361 vols.] 

* * The California and Oregon Trail, by 
Francis Parkman, appears. 

* * Characteristics of Literature, by Tuck- 
erman, appears. 

* * Life of Goldsmith, by Irving, appears. 

* * History of Spanish Literature, by 
George Ticknor, appears. 

* * History of the United States, by Rich- 
ard Hildreth, appears. 

* * Kavanaugh, by LongfeUow, appears. 

* * Lectures on Subjects Connected with 
Literature and Life, by Edwin P. Whip- 
ple, appears. 

* * Poems, by J. T. Fields, appears. 

* * God in Christ, by Horace Bushnell, 
appears. 

* * Lowell Lectures on the Application of 
Metaphysical and Ethical Science to the 
Evide7ices of fieligion , by Boix-en, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1849 Dec. 20. D. C. President Tyler 
gives a banquet at the "White House 
to Father Mathew ; the Senate votes 
the extraordinary distinction to admit 
him to the bar of the Senate. 

* * N. Y. Elizabeth BlackweU receives 
the first degree of M. D. given in the 
United States to a woman. 

It is bestowed by the Medical School 
at Geneva, after being refused in New 
York, Philadelphia, and Boston. 

* * The Bloomer costume, resembling a 
Turkish jacket and trousers, is intro- 
duced by Mrs. Ann Bloomer. 

* * The Fugitive -Slave Law is vio- 
lated. 

People of the North give great offense 
to the people of the South by helping 
men, women and children of color to 
secure their freedom, instead of assist- 
ing those who would enslave them, un- 
der laws forbidding their education, ;ind 
providing no defense for marriage, etc. 

1850 Apr. 22. Mass. The banns of 
marriage are legally published for the 
last time in this State. 

Apr. 25. La. General Karcisso Lopez 
sails from New Orleans with 300 fili- 
busters to invade Cuba. 

May 19. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands at 
Cardenas and defeats a Spanish force, 
but soon abandons the enterprise for 



UNITED STATES. 1849, June *-1850, Sept. 30. 161 



lack of support by deserters from the 
Spanish army and by the Cubans. 
Sept. 20 ±. New York. Jenny Lind be- 
stows §10,000 upon several worthy chari- 
ties of the city. 

STATE. 

1849 Julyl. National debt $63,061,858. 

Sept. 1. Cal. A convention at Monterey 
forms a State constitution for Cali- 
fornia. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 31st Congress 
opens. 

The Democrats have a strong majority 
in the Senate ; the Free-Soilera hold the 
balance of power between the Demo- 
crats and Whigs. 

Dec* D.C. Congress ; House : After a 
struggle of three weeks Howell Cobb 
(Dem.) of Ga. is elected Speaker on the 
sixty-third ballot. 

Dec. * D. C. The President recommends 
that California be received into the 
Union (Free State). 

Dec. + * D. C. Congress : Exciting 
debates occur on the slavery ques- 
tion; several Southern members 
threaten secession and civil war if 
slavery is excluded from the Territories. 

Dec. * Cal. The people adopt a consti- 
tution by a popular vote, and choose 
P. H. Burnett as the first governor. 

* * D.C. Congress : The Senate is emi- 
nent for its ability. [" At no time in 
its history, before or since, has its mem- 
bership been so illustrious, its weight 
of character and ability so great." — 
Blaine.] 

* * _5i * * iVeio York. Caleb S. Wood- 
hull is elected the 67th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-53 * * Ala. Henry W. Collier. 

Cal. (Ter.). Gen. B. Eiley. 
-51 * * Cal. P. H. Burnett. 
-50 * * Conn. Joseph Trumbull. 
-53 * * Fla. Thomas Brown. 

Ind. Joseph A. Wright. 

Minn. (Ter.). Alex. Ramsey 

X. C. Charles Manley. 

iV. H. Samuel Dinsmore. 

If. Y. Hamilton Fish. 

0. Seabury Ford. 

Ore. (Ter.). Joseph Lane. 

Ore. (Ter.). John P. Gaines. 

R. I. Henry B. Anthony. 

Tenn. Wm. Trousdale. 

Tex. P. Hansborough Bell. 

fa. John B. Floyd. 

Vt. Carlos Coolidge. 



-57" 
-53' 
-51' 
-52 ' 
-51' 
-50' 

-S3' 
-51' 

-51' 
-53' 
-52' 

-50' 

1850 Feb. 5, 6. D. C. Congress; 
Senate : Henry Clay introduces a hill 
for compromising the slavery contro- 
versy. (See Sept. 9.) 

Mar. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Daniel "Webster delivers his memo- 
rable speech against his antislavery 
friends, who regard it as a betrayal. 
Webster asserts that the South has 
monopolized three-fourths of the places 
of honor and emolument, under the 
Federal Government, ever since the 
Union was formed. 



Apr. 19. The Bulwer- Clayton Treaty 
is concluded. 

It provides that neither England nor 
the United States shall obtain exclusive 
control over the Central American Inter- 
Ocean Canal, or erect any fortification 
in that country. 

Congress ; Senate : After prolonged 
debate, the Compromise Bill is referred 
to a Committee of 13. 

May 6. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Wil- 
liam B. King of Ala. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

June 3. Tenn. South Carolina and Mis- 
sissippi legislatures issue a call for a 
Southern Congress, to frame a govern- 
ment for a " United States South." 
[A disunion assembly meets at Nash- 
ville ; it is thinly attended, and treated 
with ridicule]. 

July 1. U. S. National debt §63,452,773. 

July 9. D. C. President Taylor dies. 

July 10. D. C. The Vice-President, 
Millard Fillmore of N. Y., is inaugu- 
rated the 13th President. 
Thirteenth Administration ; Whig. 

Cabinet : Daniel Webster of Mass. 
(State), Thomas Corwin of O. (Treas.l, 
Charles M. Conrad of La. (War), 
Jas. A. Pearce of Md. (Interior), Wm. 
A. Graham of N. C. (Navy), Nathan 
K. Hall of N. T. (P. M.-Gen.), and 
John J. Crittenden of Ky. (Atty-Gen.), 
[Alex. H. H. Stuart of Va. Interior]. 

July * D. C. President Fillmore favors 
compromise measures with slavery. 

* * The Democrats of the South are di- 
vided into Union men and Southern 
Bights men. 

Aug. 5 i . D. C. Congress: A long' 
and exceedingly violent struggle 
occurs in connection with the bill to 
receive the Free State of California 
without its being paired with a new 
Slave State. 

Aug. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Jefferson Davis and others vainly at- 
tempt to have entered on the journal 
their protest against the wrong done 
to the slave-holding States, in giving 
the entire Pacific Coast to freedom. 

Sept. 9. New Mexico and Utah Terri- 
tories are organized. 

D. C. Henry Clay's compromise 

secures the admission of California 
as a free State. 

It provides for the payment of $10,000,- 
000 to Texas for herclaim to New Mexico, 
and the organization of Utah and New 
Mexico Territories without any commit- 
tal respecting slavery, for the prohibi- 
tion of the slave-trade with the insti- 
tution undisturbed in the District of 
Columbia, and the execution of the 
Fugitive-Slave Law. It is opposed by 
Senators Seward, Wade, Stevens (of 
Pa.), Fessenden, and others. 
Congress admits California into the 
Union as the 31st State. 

Sept. 10. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Fugitive-Slave Bill. Vote, 
109-95. 

It imposes a fine of $1,000 and 6 months 
imprisonment on any person harboring 



a fugitive piavn, <>r aiding him to escape. 
It terrorizes about 20,000 fugitives m the 
North, and creates great indignation. 

Sept. 18. D.C. President Fillmore signs 

the Fugitive-Slave Law. 
Sept. 30. D. C. The 31st Congress.: 

the first session closes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1849 Aug. 17. N.Y. A fire at Albany 
burns 600 buildings, besides steamboats, 
etc.; 24 acres are wasted ; Iosb, $3;0O0-,O00. 

Sept. 27. N. Y. Owego is almost de- 
stroyed by fire. 

Oct. 1. X.Y. The Hudson Biver Bail- 
road is opened to Peekskill. 

Nov. 12. The ship Caleb Grimshaw 
burns at sea ; 339 passengers are res- 
cued, 60 perish on a raft. 

Nov. 15. La. The steamboat Louisiana 
explodes at New Orleans, killing 60 
persons. 

Dec. 29. La. A great crevasse is made 
in the levee, 40 miles above New Orleans. 

Dec. 31. X~. Y. The Hudson Biver 
Bailroad is opened as far as Pough- 
keepsie. 

V. S. Immigrants and other 

aliens in 1849, 297,024. 

Production of gold for 1849, $40,000,- 
000 ; of silver, $50,000. 

* * Conn. Evergreen Cemetery, at New 
Haven, is dedicated. 

* * D.C. Oak Hill Cemetery, at George- 
town, is incorporated. 

* * Mo. Belle Fontaine Cemetery is es- 
tablished. 

* * U. S. Cholera prevails, and many 
deaths occur. In New York, 5,071 ; St. 
Louis, 4,557; Philadelphia, 1,022: Buf- 
falo, 858 ; Nashville, 805 ; Chicago, 678 ; 
Boston, 611. 

* * Gold dollars are first coined. 

1850 Jan. 8. If. Y. The first ship en- 
ters the dry-dock at Brooklyn. 

Feb. 4. New York. Seventy-five persons 
are killed by a street explosion. 

Feb. 12. Phila. The original manu- 
script of Washington's Farewell Ad- 
dress is sold at auction for $2,300. 

June 14. Cal. A fire in San Francisco 
consumes 300 buildings. 

June 17. The steamer Griffith on Lake 
Erie is burned, and 300 lives are lost. 

June * U. S. Seventh Census : States, 
31 ; whites, 19,553,068 ; colored, 3,638,S08 
(free colored 434,495, slaves 3,204,313); 
total population, 23,191,876. Increase, 
35.86 per cent. Center of population, 23 
miles southeast of Parkersburg, W. Va. ; 
westward movement in 10 years, 55 miles. 

July 9. Phila. A fire destroys 35 lives 
and $1,000,000 in property; 100 persons 
are also injured. 

Aug. 24. N. II. The greater part of the 
business portion of Concord is destroyed 
by fire. 



168 1850, Oct. 1-1851** 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1851 Aug. * -Sept. * Defeat of the sec- 
ond filibustering expedition against 
Cuba ; Gen. Lopez ami 480 men made 
prisoners by the Spaniards. 

Fifty-one are shot by the Cuban au- 
thorities ; Lopez is garroted, and the rest 
are sent to Spain [where, after some 
negotiations, they are liberated]. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1850 Nov, 4. New York. Signorina 
Teresa Parodi first appears in America, 
at the Astor Place Opera House. 

Nov. 11. New York. Madame Ponisi 
first appears in America, at the Broad- 
way Theater. 

* * Cal. Wellingtonia Gigantea, the 
largest tree in the world, is discovered 
by W. Whitehead. 

* * Me. The Society of Natural History 
is organized in Portland. 

* * N. J. Gail Borden invents a meat 
biscuit. 

* * Wis. The Musik-Verein is established 
at Milwaukee. 

* * Washington Crossing the Delaware is 
painted by Emanuel Leutze. 

* * A colossal statue, The Genius of Amer- 
ica, is executed by Thomas Crawford. 

* * A bronze statue of Beethoven is exe- 
cuted by Thomas Crawford. 

1851 June* Floods of vast extent pre- 
vail in the upper Missouri and in the 
Mississippi ; crops cannot be planted. 

July 4. D. C. The corner-stone of the 
great white marble wings of the Federal 
Capitol is laid. 

Aug. 15. Mo. A cyclone destroys prop- 
erty at St. Louis. 

Dec. 29. New York. Lola Montez, the 
dancer, first appears in the United 
States, at the Broadway Theater. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1850* * 
Adams, Herbert B., prof., author, b.Mass. 
Bahcock, Jos. W., M. C. for Wis., b. in Vt. 
Bellamy, Ed., au. of " Looking Backward," b. 
Bascom. Henry B., bp. M. E. Church 

South, A.M. 
Bower, Wm. H., Member of Congress for 

N. C, born in N. C. 
Calhoun, Jolm C, sen. for S. C, leader for 

free trade, sec of state, nullitier, A68. 
Clark, Champ, M. C. for Mo., born i<n Kv. 
Cooper, S. B., M. C. for Tex., born in Ky. 
Dinsmore, Hugh A., M. 0. for Ark., b. Ark. 
Doolittle. W. H., M. C. for Wash., b. in Pa. 
Ellis, William K., M. C. for Ore., b. Ind. 
Elmore, Franklin H., sen. for S. C, AS4. 
Fuller, Sarah M. (Countess d'Ossoli), au- 
thor, A40. 
Gibson, Wi)li:nn Hamilton, arlist, 1). Conn. 
Gorman, J. S., M. C. for Mich., b. in Mich. 
Hager, A. L., M. C. for la., born in N. V. 
Hartsborne, .Joseph, physician, surgeon, A71. 
Jones, Jacob, commodore, U. S. N., A 80, 
Johnson, Henry U.,M. C. for Ind., b. Ind. 
.Johnson, Martin N., M. C. for N. D., b. "Wis. 
Judson, Adoniram, Bapt. missionary in 

India, A62. 
Lodge, Henry C. sen. for Mass., b. in Mass. 
Mnfflt, John Xewland, M. E. cl., A55. 
MrNagny, William F., M. C. for Ind., b. O. 
Miller, Samuel, I'res. cl. of N. Y., A81. 
Noah, Mordecai M., Jewish ionrnalist in 

N. Y., A 65. 
Osgood, Frames Sargent Locke, poet, A39. 
Flumer, William, sen. for N". BL, A91. 
Prentiss, Sergeant Smith, M. C. for Miss., 

orator, A 42. 
Rayner, Isidor, M. C. for Md., b. in Md. 
Richardson, George F., M. C. for Mich., 

born in Mich. 



Sibley, Joseph C, M. C. for Pa., b. N. Y. 
Homers, I'eter J.. M. (*. for Wis., b. Wis. 
Taylor, Zachary. maj.-gen. U. S. A., 12th 

Pres. of the I*. S.. A 66. 
Terry, William L., M. C, for Ark., b. N. ('. 



Mich., b. Ir 



Weadock, Th. A. E-. ] 

White, William J., M. u. ioru., d. uan. 

Williams, .bum's K.. M. <\, for 111., b. 1U. 

Wilson, John L., M. C. for Wash., b. Ind. 
1851 * * 

Alexander, Archibald, l'res. <■!., author, A79. 

Audubon, John J., ornithologist, A71. 

Barron, James, of Ya., commodore, A82. 

Beck, John Brodhead, physician, A57. 

Belknap, William <;., brig-gen., A57. 

Boen, Baldor E., M. C. for Minn., b. Nor. 

Bouvier, Jolm, jurist, author, A 64. 

Barnes, Daniel D.,M. C. for Mo., b. in Mo. 

Chandler, Abiel, of Mass., philanthropist, 
merchant, A74. 

Colton, Walter, clergyman, writer, A54. 

Cooper, George W., M. C. for Ind., b. in Ind. 

Cooper, James Fenimore, of N. Y., novel- 
ist, A 62. 

Daggett, David, sen. for Mass., A87. 

DeKay, James E., naturalist, A59. 

Dixey, Henry E-, actor, born in Mass. 

Dubois, Frederick T., sen. for Ida., b. in IU. 

Gallaudet, Thomas IL, founder of deaf and 
dumb asvlum, A64. 

Gillett, Fred. H., M. C. for Mass., b. Mass. 

Goode, George Brown, ichthyologist, b. Ind. 

Graham, Sylvester, vegetarian adv., A57. 

Hainer, EnVene J., M. C. for Neb., b. Hun. 

Hill, Isaac, editor, Got., sen. for K. H., A63? 

Holden, Oliver, composer, dies. 

Hornblower, William IL. jurist, born in N. Y. 

Jonian, David Starr, zoologist, b. in N. Y. 

Kyle, John C, M. C. for Miss., b. in Mich. 

Latimer, Asburv C, M. C. for S. C, b. S. C. 

McCall, Sani'l W., M. C. for Mass., b. Pa. 

McCulloch, Philip D., Jr., M. C. for Ark., 
born in Tenn. 

McOannold, John J., M. C. for 111., b. HI. 

McDuffie. George, Gov., sen. for S. C, A63? 

McDowell. Ephraun, surgeon, A80. 

McKae, Thomas C, M. C. for Ark., b. Ark, 

Morton, Sam'l G., naturalist, ethnologist. Ao2. 

Olin. Stephen, M. E. clergyman, A54. 

Paynter. Tlios. IL, M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. 

Richardson, Charles Francis, author, b. Me. 

Smith, .lames, Jr., sen. for N. J., b. in N. J. 

Van Ness, Cornelius P., Gov. of Vt., minis- 
ter to Spain, A70. 

Warrington, Lewis, capt. L T . S. N., A69. 

Warner, John D., M. C. for N. Y., b. in N. Y. 

Washington, Joseph E., M. C. for Tenn, 
born in Tenn. 

Woodbury, Levi, Gov. of N. H., sec. of 
treas., justice U. S. S. Ct., A69. 



CHURCH. 
1850 * * Cal. The Protestant Episcopal 
Diocese of California is organized. 

* * Mich. The General Assembly (N. 
S. Presbyterian) meets at Detroit ; D. H. 
Kiddle, moderator. 

* * New York is created an archi- 
episcopal see (Roman Catholic) ; the 
bishops of Albany, Buffalo, Boston, and 
Hartford are suffragans to it. 

* * The Roman Catholic dioceses of 
Wheeling, Nesqually, Savannah, Mon- 
terey and Los Angeles, and St. Paul are 
established. Santa ITe" is created an 
archdiocese. 

* * New Eng. The Unitarian Associa- 
tion of Ministers at Large, in New 
England, is organized. 

* * O. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; 
Aaron W. Leland, moderator. 

* * 0. The General Convention (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) meets hi Cincinnati. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati'; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * S. C. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets in Charleston. 

* * U. S. The church co mmuni cants 



number 3,529,988, about one in seven of 
the population. 

* * Henry B. Bascom is ordained bishop 
of the M. E. Church South. 

* * The Evangelical Lutheran Synodical 
Conference is organized. 

1851 June 11. Boston. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem 
meets. 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Albany; Alex H. 
Mann, president. 

July 11. John Payne is consecrated 
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Africa. 

Oct. 15. Francis Hughes Rutledge is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Florida. 

Oct. 29. Conn. John Williams is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant 
bishop of Connecticut. 

Dec. 29. The Boston (undenominational) 
Young Men's Christian Association, the 
first in the United States, is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1850 * * Cal. California State Library 
is founded at Sacramento. [53,000 vols.] 

* * Mo. Christian College (Disciples) is 
founded at Columbia. 

Grand River College (Bapt.) is 
founded at Edinburg. 

* * Neio York. Harper's Neic Monthly 
Magazine is founded. 

* * N. Y. The University of Rochester 
(Bapt.) is founded. 

* * O. Capital University (Evang. 
Luth.), of Columbus, is organized. 

Heidelberg College (Reformed), at 
Tiffin, is organized. 

* Tex. Austin College (Pres.1, at Sher- 
man, is organized. 

* * Utah. University of Utah (non- 
sect.L, of Salt Lake City, is organized. 

* * The International Magazine appears. 

* * A Few Thoughts for a Young Man, by 
Horace Mann, appears. 

* * El Dorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears. 

* * Lectures on Art, and Poems, by Wash- 
ington Allston, appears. 

* * Mahomet and Sis Successors, by 
"Washington Irving, appears. 

* * People I Nave Met, by Willis, appears. 

* * JRepreseittative Meri, by Elmerson, 
appears. 

* * Reveries of a Bachelor, by Donald 
Grant Mitchell (Ik Marvel), appears. 

* * The Scarlet letter, by Hawthorne, 
appears. 

* * Ways of the Hour, by Cooper, ap- 
pears. 

* * Wide, Wide World, by Elizabeth Weth- 
erell, appears. 

* * History of the Indians of Connecticut, 
by J. W. de Forrest, appears. 

* * Songs of Labor, and Other Poems, by 
Whittier, appears. 

1851 Sept. 18. New York. The Times 
is founded by George Jones and Henry 
J. Raymond. 



UNITED STATES. 



1850, Oct. 1-1851**. 169 



Oct. 10. Cal. The California Christian 
Advocate (Meth. Epis.) is first issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1850* * New York. Tlie Methodist Home 
for the Aged is opened. 

* * Va. In this State there are 83,000 
white persons, more than 21 years of 
age, who are unable to read or write. 

* * U. S. Total slaves, 3,204,313. 

* * -60 * * U. S. National and interna- 
tional trades-unions, and local bodies 
generally organized. 

+ * * U. S. The labor agitation chiefly 
relates to a reduction of hours by legis- 
lative enactment, hence it goes into 
politics. 

1851 June 2. Me. Neal Dow's bill be- 
comes the Maine Law by the signature 
of the governor ; it prohibits the manu- 
facture, sale, and use of intoxicating 
drinks, with certain exceptions. 

Aug. 11. Cuba. Lopez lands another 
band of filibusters, 480 strong [which is 
soon defeated, and he, with many others, 
is captured]. 

Aug. 21. Cal. A reprieved prisoner is 
hanged by citizens. 

Aug. * A T . Y. The National Temper- 
ance Convention meets at Saratoga. 

Sept. 1. Cuba. Gen. Nareisco Lopez 
is executed. 

Sept. 11. Pa. A riot occurs at Christi- 
ana in the rescue of a fugitive slave ; 
the owner is killed, his son mortally 
wounded, and the sheriff and posse are 
driven away. 

Dec. 5. N. Y. Gen. Louis Kossuth, 
the Hungarian patriot, arrives ; a mili- 
tary and civic procession and a vast 
assembly welcome him and listen to his 
eloquent address. 

Dec. 11. N. Y. The City Council gives 
a banquet in honor of Kossuth. 

Dec. 30. B.C. Kossuth arrives at 
"Washington, and with masterly elo- 
quence pleads for his oppressed coun- 
trymen. 

* * Michigan adopts a Constitution which 
forbids the Legislature to enact license 
laws. 



STATE. 

1850 Oct. 7. Miss. Disunion meetings 
are held in Natchez and Yazoo City ; 
disunion resolutions are voted down. 

Oct. 14. Va. A convention assembles at 
Richmond to amend the Constitution. 

Oct. 22. The Chicago City Council nul- 
lifies the Fugitive-Slave Law, and re- 
leases the police from obedience to it. 
[It afterward reconsiders its action.] 

Dec. 2. D. C. The 3 1st Congress: the 
second session opens. 

* * Congress grants a right of way and 
donates land to the States of Illinois, 
Mississippi, and Alabama, in aid of a 
railroad from Chicago to Mobile. 

* * Dakota is first settled. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-53 * * Conn. Thos. H. Seymour. 
-54 * * la. Stephen Hempstead. 



-51 * * Kg. John L. Helm. 

-54 * * La. Joseph Walker. 

-53 * * Me. John Hubbard. 

-51 * * Mick. John S. Barry. 

-51 * * Miss. John A Quitman. 

-53 * * O. Reuben Wood. 

-52 * * S. C. John H. Means. 

-54* * Utah. (Ter.). Brigham Young. 

-52 * * Vt. Chas. K. Williams. 

1851 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress author- 
izes the President to send a Government 
vessel to the Mediterranean to convey 
Gen. Kossuth, the Hungarian patriot, 
and his fellow exiles to America. 

It decides that Congress expires at 
noon on the 4th day of March. 

Mar. 4. D.C. The 31st Congress ends. 

Apr. 25. D. C. The President issues a 
second proclamation against filibus- 
tering. He causes the Cleopatra, about 
to sail for Cuba, laden with military 
stores, to be seized. 

Julyl. U.S. National debt $68,304,796. 

Aug. 11. Cuba. Gen. Lopez lands about 
500 filibusters. (See Army and Navy.) 

Nov. * n. C. Jefferson Davis resigns 
his seat in the Senate to become a Re- 
sistance or State Eights candidate for 
governor of Mississippi, and is defeated 
by H. S. Foote, Unionist, by a plurality 
of 1,009 votes. 

Dec. 1. D.C. The 32d Congress opens. 

Dec. * D. C. Congress ; House : Linn 
Boyd of Ky. is elected Speaker. 

Benjamin F. Wade of Ohio and 
Charles Sumner of Massachusetts en- 
ter the Senate ; Thomas A. Hendricks 
first enters the House from Indiana. 
Dec. 24. D. C. Fire consumes part of 
the Capitol and the whole of the Con- 
gressional Library. 
Dec. 30. I). C. Louis Kossuth, the 
Hungarian patriot, addresses Congress 
with great eloquence. 

* * D.C. The President proclaims neu- 
trality in the Mexican revolutionary 
movement. 

* * D. C. Benj. B. Curtis of Mass. is 
appointed justice of the Supreme Court. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-52 * * Cal. John M'Dougall. 
.55** Del. Wm. H.Ross. 

-53 * * Ga. Howell Cobb. 

-55 * * Ky. Lazarus W. Powell. 

-53 * * Mass. George S. Boutwell. 

Miss. John G. Guion. 
-52* * Miss. James Whitfield. 
-55 * * N. C. David S. Reid. 
-54 * * iV". J. George F. Fort. 
-52* * N.Mex.(Ter-). John S. Calhoun. 
-53 * * N. Y. Washington Hunt. 
-52 * * It. I. Philip Allen. 
-53 * * Tenn. Wm. B. Campbell. 
-53 * * Wis. Leonard J. Farwell. 

* * New York. Ambrose C. Kingsland 
is elected the 68th mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850 Oct. 1. N.Y.— Vt. The Whitehall 
and Rutland Railroad is opened. 

Dec. 13. La. The steamboat Anglo- 
Norman bursts her boilers at New Or- 
leans ; nearly 100 persons are killed or 
wounded. 



Dec. 31. U. S. Railroads in use, 9,021 
miles. 

Immigrants and other aliens, in 16 
months, 369,980. 

* * Nasliville and Lowell are both lighted 
with gas. 

* * Chicago has a Board of Trade ; the 
city is lighted with gas. 

* * III. The Galena and Chicago 
Union Railroad is completed to Elgin, 
42 miles ; the first railroad out of 
Chicago. 

* * La. Eight steamboats and 37 persons 
are burned at New Orleans. 

* * N. Y. ForeBt Lawn Cemetery, near 
Buffalo, is dedicated. 

U. S. Production for the year: Gold, 
$50,000,000 ; silver, $50,000,000. Bushels 
of grain: corn, 592,071,104; wheat, 
100,485,179; oats, 146,584,179; barley, 
6,167,015; rye, 14,188,813; buckwheat, 
8,956,912. 
1851 Jan. 1. Phila. .The City of Glas- 
gow arrives, the first of a line of steam- 
ers running between Philadelphia and 
Liverpool. 
Jan. 27. The steamer John Adams strikes 

a snag in the Ohio ; 123 lives are lost. 
Mar. 2. An explosion on the steamer 
Oregon, near Island No. 82, on the Mis- 
sissippi, kills 60 persons. 
Mar. 12. Cal. A fire in Nevada City 
burns about 200 buildings; Iobb, $1 ,300,000. 
Apr. * The New York and Lake Erie 
Railroad is opened, from Dunkirk to 
Piermont on the Hudson. 
May 3. Cal. A fire at San Francisco 

burns 2,500 buildings ; loss, $3,500,000. 
May 11. Cal. A fire rages at Stockton ; 

loss, $1,500,000. 
May 14. N. Y. President Fillmore is 
present at the celebration of the for- 
mal opening of the New York and Lake 
Erie Railroad. 
May * The Pacific, of the Collins line of 
steamers, breaks the record by crossing 
the Atlantic in nine days and nine- 
teen hours. 
June 22. Cal. Another fire at San 
Francisco burns 500 buildings and 
$3,000,000 in property. 
Aug. 22. Eng. The yacht America 
wins the " Cup of All Nations *' at the 
international regatta race at Cowes. 
Aug. 28. Eng. The yacht America 
beats the iron yacht Titania in a race 
of 80 miles, and leaves her 8 miles astern. 
Oct. 8. N. Y. The Hudson River 
Railroad is opened between New York 
and Albany. 
Nov. 27. New York. A catastrophe in 
a schoolhouse occurs because of a panic 
on an alarm of fire ; the banisters give 
way, and 43 scholars are killed. 
Dec. 24. D. C. A part of the Capitol and 
the whole of the Library of Congress are 
burned. 
Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1851, 379,466. 



170 1851**-1852* *. 



AMERICA; 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1852 Sept. 3 — 55 Mar. 3. Brev.- 
Col. Robert E. Lee is superintendent 
of the West Point Military Academy. 

* * Ore. First Lieut. Ulysses S. Grant 
serves in Oregon. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1851 * * McCormick, the inventor of reap- 
ing-machines, receives a gold medal from 
the jurors of the Exhibition at London. 

* * George W. Flagg of Nantucket, Mass., 
Alfred Jones and John W. Casifear of 
New York City, Jasper F. Cropsey of 
Hastings-on-Hudson and T. Addison 
Richards are elected members of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * New York, The Central Park is 
suggested by A. J. Downing, a practical 
artist in landscaping. 

* *N.C. Birth of Millie- Christine, the 
negro twins. 

They are wholly distinct in the upper 
and lower parts of the body, but one in 
the lower part of the spinal column and 
pelvis ; they have four legs and four 

* * Sketch of Mount Washington is painted 
by J. F. Kensett. 

* * Minn. Frank B. Mayer makes valu- 
able studies among the Dakota Indians. 

* * The Rescue is executed by Horatio 
Greenough. 

1852 Jan. 20. N. Y. The East River 
is frozen over, and for a few hours many 
persons cross on the ice from Brooklyn 
to New York. 

Feb. 14. Minn. John Rae, the Arctic 
explorer, arrives at St. Paul after a 
vain search for relics of Sir John 
Franklin. 

June* U. S. Signora Marietta Alboni, 
contralto singer, arrives. 

Aug. 19. Me. A desolating tornado, 40 
miles long and one-fourth of a mile 
wide, visits Hancock county. 

* * Nov. 22. An earthquake is felt in 
New England. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1852* * 

Apsley, Lewis D., M. C. for Mass., b. in Pa. 

Abbey, Edwin Austin, artist, born in Pa, 

Ballou, Hosea, clergyman, founder of mod- 
ern Universalism, A81. 

Bretz, Jonn L., M. C. for Ind., born in Ind. 

Chase, Philander, P. E. bp. of 0-, A77. 

Clay, Henry, " Kentucky's favorite son," 
orator, M. C, speaker, sen., sec. of state, 
leader of Whigs, A75. 

Downing, Andrew J., horticulturist, land- 
scapist, A 37- 

Drake, Daniel, physician, author, A67. 

Gadsden, Christ. E., P. E. bp. of S. C, A67. 

Grimshaw, Win., author of school-books, 
A72. 

Griseom, John, c<lnc:i(nr, philan., A78. 

Hall, Uriel S., M. C. for Mo., born in Mo. 

Redding, Elijah, M. E. bp., A72. 

Hopper, Isaac Taleni. emancipationist, A81. 

Ikirt, George P., M. C. for O., born in O. 

Kingsley, James Luce, prof, in Yale, A74. 

Lawrence, Amos, merchant, patron of col- 
leges, A77. 

Loudenslager, H. C, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J. 

Matthews, 1-irander, author, dram., b. in La. 

McGann, Lawrence E., M. C. for 111., b. Ire. 

Morrow, Jeremiah, Got., sen. for O., A87. 

Norton, Andrews, theolog. in Harvard, A76. 

Payne, John Howard, actor, poet {Home, 
Sweet Home), AfiO. 

Robertson, sani'l M M Member of Congress 
for Louisiana, h. in La. 

Rush, Henry Welles, M. C. for Md.,b. inMd. 

Russell, Cbas. A.,.\I. C. for Conn., b. in Mass. 



Rantoul, Robert, Jr., sen. for Mass., A47. 
Rogers, James Illvthe, chemist, A50. 
Reed, Itoland, actor, born in Pa. 
Sergeant, John, jun., M. C. for Pa., A73. 
Stuart. Moses, philologist, prof, at An- 

dover, A72. 
Taylor, Arthur II., M. C. for Ind.. b. in Can. 
Vamlcrlyn, John, historical painter, A76. 
Van Rensselaer, Solomon, gen., M. C. for 

N. Y., A75. 
Van Voorhis, Henry C, M. C. for 0., b. in O. 
Wagner, riving P., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 
Ware, William, novelist, A55. 
Webster, Daniel, born in N. H., lawyer, 

first of Am. orators and statesmen, M. C. 

for Mass., sen., sec. of state, A70. 



CHURCH. 

1851 * * Ind. The (N. S.) Presbyterian 
Synod of Wabash is organized. 

* * III. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Northern Illinois is orga- 
nized. 

* * Mo. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; Edw. 
P. Humphrey, moderator. 

* * Minn. The first Congregational 
Church is formed at Minneapolis. 

* * N.Y. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at TJtica; Albert 
Bains, moderator. 

* * 0. The annual convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Tex. The Texas Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) is organized. 

* * Tex. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Texas is organized. 

* * Wis. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Wisconsin is organized. 

1852 May* -June 1. Boston. The Gen- 
eral Conference (Methodist Episcopal) 
is held. 

Levi Scott, Matthew Simpson, Osmon 
C. Baker, and Edward R. Ames are or- 
dained bishops. 

The Cincinnati, Kentucky, Northwest 
Indiana, Oregon, Southeastern Indiana, 
Southern Illinois, and Wyoming confer- 
ences are formed. 

May 7. 0. The Western Unitarian Con- 
ference is organized at Cincinnati. 

June 9. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the Hew Jerusalem meets. 

June 24. O. The Congregational Asso- 
ciation of Ohio is organized. 

June 30. New York. The Young Men* s 
Christian Association is established. 

June * N. Y. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets at Williamsburg ; Gus- 
tavus Abeel, president. 

!Nov. 10. New York. Jonathan Mayhew 
Wainwright is consecrated (Protestant 
Episcopal) provisional bishop of New 
York. 

* *Ark. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Arkansas is organized. 

* * la. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod of 
Iowa is organized. 

LETTERS. 
1851 * * Cal. Santa Clara College 
(Rom. Cath.) is organized. 

University of the Pacific (Met a. 
Epis.) is founded at College Park. 



* * III. Northwestern University 
(Meth. Epis.) is chartered at Evanston. 

Lombard University (non-sect.) is or- 
ganized at Galesburg. 

* * Ind. HartsviHe University ^United 
Breth.) is organized. 

* * Mississippi College (Bapt.) is orga- 
nized at Clinton. 

* * N. J. The Bordentown Female Col- 
lege is opened. 

* * O. Urbana University (New Church; 
is organized. 

* * Tenn. The Mary Sharp Female 
College (Bapt.), at Winchester, is or- 
ganized. 

Bethel College (Cumb. Pres.), at Mc- 
Kenzie, is organized. 

BrownsviHe Female College (Bapt.) 
is founded at Brownsville. 

* * The Biblical Repository and Biblio- 
theca Sacra appears. 

* * Book of Romances, Lyrics, and Songs, 
by Bayard Taylor, appears. 

* * The Golden Legend, by Longfellow, 
appears. 

* * History of the Conspiracy of Pontiac, 
by Francis Parkman, appears. 

* * The House of Seven Gables, by Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * Nile Notes of a Howadji, by G. W. 
Curtis, appears. 

* * Katherine Walton, by W. G. Simms, 
appears. 

* * Constructwe Democracy, by Parke 
Godwin, appears. 

1852 Mar. 20. Uncle Tom's Cabin, by 
H. B. Stowe, appears in book form. 

* * Ark. Cane Hill CoUege (Cumber- 
land Pres.) at Boonsborough is organ- 
ized. 

* * Boston. The Ntu- England Historical 
arid Genealogical Register appears. 

The Public library is founded, hav- 
ing 10 branches. [453,967 vols.] 

* * B.C. The United States Senate Li- 
brary is founded. [30,000 vols.] 

* * la. Burlington CoUege (Bapt.) is 
founded. 

* * The Howadji in Syria, by G.W. Curtis, 
appears. 

* *Mass. Tufts College (Univ.) is or- 
ganized at College Hill. 

* * Neie York. The New York Quarterly 
Revieio appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1851 * * Cal. A Vigilance Committee 
is organized to suppress crime in a sum- 
mary manuer ; in so doing it supersedes 
the courts. 

La. A riot in New Orleans rises 

out of the Cuban expedition. 

* * Me. The Democrats of the Legisla- 
ture strengthen the Maine law by an 
enactment. 

* * N. Y. The Independent Order of 
Good Templars is organized in Central 
New York. 

* * Ohio votes an "additional section" 
to the Constitution, forbidding the 
Legislature to enact Hcense laws. 



UNITED STATES. 



1851**1852**. 171 



* * Several attempts are made in northern 
States to capture fugitive slaves for 
their owners, which create intense ex- 
citement. Some of the fugitives are res- 
cued by force and some with money. 

1852 Feb. 13. New York. Horace 
Greeley writes in the Tribune: " What 
the temperance men demand is, not the 
regulation of the liquor traffic, but 
its destruction." 

Feb. 16. O. The Homeopathic Col- 
lege at Cleveland is attacked by a mob, 
in consequence of the robbing of graves 
for anatomical subjects. 

June 24. D. C. The first National Ag- 
ricultural Convention convenes at 
"Washington ; Marshal P. "Wilder, presi- 
dent. 

July 16. New York. Louis Kossuth, 
the Hungarian, leaves for Liverpool 
under the assumed name of Alexander 
Smith. 

July 20. New York. The obsequies of 
Henry Clay are celebrated with much 
pomp ; business is suspended, the city 
shrouded, and flags placed at half-mast. 

July 26. New York. Irishmen attempt 
the rescue of Thomas Kaine from the 
United States marshal ; he is claimed 
by England as a fugitive from jus- 
tice. 

Aug. * The Lone Star Society is or- 
ganized. 

It is for the extension of national in- 
fluence in the "Western Hemisphere, and 
for the acquisition of Cuba and the 
Sandwich Islands. 

Nov. 26. Eng. An appeal to the women 
of America against slavery, adopted by 
the Duchess of Sutherland and other 
ladies, bears the signatures of 576,000 
Englishwomen. 

* * 111. Abraham Lincoln joins the 
Sons of Temperance in Springfield. 

* * O. Rutherford B. Hayes 
Lucy Ware "Webb. 

* * B. I. A prohibitory law i 
by a Democratic legislature. 

* * The American Society of Civil En- 
gineers is 



STATE. 
1852 June 1-5. Md. The Democratic 

National Convention meets in Balti- 
more, and on the forty-ninth ballot nomi- 
nates Franklin Pierce of N. H. — 
Lewis Cass of Mich, and James Bu- 
chanan of Pa. being his chief competi- 
tors ; William L. Marcy of N. Y. and 
Stephen A. Douglas of 111. are promi- 
nent ; "William R. King of Ala. is 
nominated for Vice- President. 

June 16-21. Md. The "Whig National 
Convention meets at Baltimore, and 
on the fifty-third ballot nominates Gen. 
Winfield Scott of N. J. ; Millard Fill- 
more of N. Y. and Daniel "Webster of 
Mass. are prominent candidates ; Wm. 
A.Graham of N. C. is chosen for Vice- 
President. 

June 29. D. C. Henry Clay dies. 

Julyl. U.S. National debt $66,199,- 
34 1. 



Aug. 11. Pa. The Free-Soil Party 
meets at Pittsburg, and nominates 
John P. Hale of N. H. for President, and 
George "W. Julian of Ind. for Vice-Pres- 
ident. 

Aug. 31. D.C. The 32d Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Oct. 24. Mass. Daniel "Webster dies, 
and the plans of his friends who de- 
sired him to he an independent candi- 
date for the presidency fail. 

Nov. 2. U. S. 17th presidential elec- 
tion ; Democrats elected. 

Popularvote: Franklin Pierce 
(Dem.) of N. H., 1,601,474; "Winfield 
Scott ("Whig) of N. J., 1,380,576 ; John P. 
Hale (Free Dem.) of N. H., 156,149. 

Dec. 6. D. C. The 32d Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 20. Congress ; Senate : D. B. At- 
chison of Mo. is again elected President 
pro tempore. 

* * D. C. The Government has a dispute 
with England regarding the fisheries. 

* * The Government sends an expedition 
to Japan under Commodore Perry 
[who negotiates a treaty]. 

* * U. S. The slavery agitation is qui- 
eted by the compromise pledges of 
both political parties, which are re- 
garded as a finality. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-60 * * Ark. Elias S. Conway. 

-56 * * Cal. John Bigler. 
-53 * * N. Mex. (Ter.). "Wm. C. Lane. 
-53* * Mich. Robert McClelland. 
-54* * Miss. Henry S. Foote. 
-54 * * N. H. Noah Martin. 

Pa. "Wm. Bigler. 
-54 * * S. C. John L. Manning. 
-56 * * Va. Joseph Johnson. 
-53 * * Vt. Erastus Fairbanks. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1851 * * la. The city of Davenport is 
incorporated. 

* * La. The steamer Brilliant explodes 
on the Mississippi, near Bayou Goula, 
killing 90 persons. 

* * Mass. "Woodland Cemetery, near 
Boston, is established. 

* * N. Y. Evergreen Cemetery, on 
Long Island, is opened. 

* * O. The "Wabash and Erie Canal, 
connecting the Ohio River at Evansville 
with Lake Erie at Toledo (467 miles), is 
completed. 

* * Pa. "Woodlands Cemetery, near 
Philadelphia, is laid out. 

* * The rate of postage is reduced : 
prepaid letters, three cents ; unpaid, five 
cents ; and double rates for distances 
over 3,000 miles. 

1852 Feb. 1. O. The State House at 
Columbus, containing valuable papers, 
is burned. 

Feb. 10. D. C. New York friends of 
Henry Clay present him with a gold 
medal at "Washington. 

Mar. 31. Boston. Tremont Temple is 
burned. 



Apr. 2. O. An explosion on the steamer 
Bedstone, on the Ohio near Carrolton, 
kills 20 persons. 

Apr. 3. Mo. The steamer Glencoe ex- 
plodes her boilers at St. Louis, killing 
83 persons. 

Apr. 9. Mo. The steamer Saluda ex- 
plodes near Lexington, killing 100 per- 
sons. 

Apr. * Mich. The Michigan Southern 
Railroad is completed from Monroe to 
Chicago, the first eastern railroad 
entering Chicago. 

May 21. Mich. The Michigan Cen- 
tral Railroad is opened from Detroit to 
Chicago. 

July 3. Cal. A branch mint is estab- 
lished by Congress at San Francisco. 

July 5. La. The steamer St. James ex- 
plodes on Lake Pontchartrain, near New 
Orleans, killing 40 persons. 

July 27. N. Y. Great public excite- 
ment is caused by the burning of the 
steamboat Henry Clay, while racing on 
the Hudson, near Yonkers ; 70 lives are 
lost. 

Aug. 20. A night collision occurs on 
Lake Erie between the propeller Ogdens- 
burg and the steamer Atlantic ; 100 per- 
sons, chiefly Norwegians, who could not 
understand directions for safety, are 
killed. 

Aug. 22. A flue collapses on the 
steamer Franklin, on the Mississippi 
near St. Genevieve, and kills 32 persons. 

Sept. 4. The Hudson River steamboat 
Beindeer explodes ; 28 persons are 
killed and 20 injured. 

Oct. 3. The ship Crescent City is hoarded 
by the Spanish Government at Havana, 
and not allowed to land her mails or 
passengers. 

Oct. 18. Til. The Chicago and Rock 
Island Railroad is opened from Chi- 
cago to Joliet. 

Nov. 2. Cal. Three-fourths of Sacra- 
mento is burned ; loss, 2,500 buildings, 
several lives, and $5,000,000. Half the 
inhabitants are without shelter. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1852, 371,603. 

* * Boston. A system of telegraphic fire- 
alarms is adopted, 

* * Chicago. The first through train 
from the East arrives ina the Michigan 
Central Railroad. 

* * New York. The Anchor Line of 
steamers for Glasgow is established. 

* * New York. The Bible House is 
erected by the American Bible Society ; 
cost S300,000. 

* * N. Y. The Lutheran Cemetery, near 
New York, is established. 

* * 0. The Cleveland, Painesville, 
and Ashtabula Railroad is opened. 

* * Ore. About 10,000 emigrants arrive. 

* * Ore. Some half-breed Indians dis- 
cover gold in a sand-beach, near the 
Coquille River. 

* * Tenn. Elmwood Cemetery, near Mem- 
phis, is incorporated. 



172 1852**-1853 



AMERICA 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1853 June 21. Martin Koszta, a Hun- 
garian-American at Smyrna, is rescued, 
in a summary manner from the Austri- 
an authorities by Capt. Ingraham of the 
St. Louis; excitement follows in Europe 
and America. 

July 5±. Lieut. IT. S. Grant is raised to 
the rank of captain U. S. A. 

July 14. Japan. Com. M. C. Perry 
secures an interview with the Mikado, 
which changes the non-intercourse pol- 
icy of the Japanese Government. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1852* * New York. Louis Lang is elected 
a member of the National Academy of 
Design. 

James W. Wallack takes Brough- 
am's Lyceum, and calls it Wallaek's 
Theater. 

* * Phila. The manufacture of galva- 
nized iron is introduced. 

* * Wellman'sself top-card cotton- Btrip- 
per is exhibited. 

* * The lens system of illuminating 
lighthouses supersedes reflectors. 

* * -54 * * Battle of Monmouth is painted 
by Emanuel Leutze. 

* * Speculator is painted by F. W. 
Edmonds. 

1853 Jan. 4. Neio York. Capt. John 
Ericsson exhibits a vessel in which 
caloric, or heat, is the motive power. 

It sails down the bay at the rate of 14 
miles an hour, at a cost of 80 per cent 
less than steam. 

Jan. 10. New York. Madam Henrietta 
Sontag, singer, first appears. 

Jan. 11. The caloric ship Ericsson 
makes a trial-trip on the Potomac. 

Feb. * O. The first successful steam 
fire-engine made in this country is 
completed at Cincinnati. 

May 31. New York. The Arctic expe- 
dition in the Advance, under Dr. Kane, 
sails in search of Sir John Franklin 
and for scientific purposes ; expenses 
borne jointly by the United States and 
Moses H. Grinnell. 

June * An expedition under command of 
Capt. Ringgold is sent out to explore 
routes for vessels between San Francisco 
and China ; also the whaling-grounds of 
the Sea of Okhotsk and Bering Strait. 

Sept. 9. N. Y. The remnant of Table 
Rock at Niagara Falls drops into the 
abyss. 

Sept. 12. Greenland. Dr. Kane's ex- 
ploring expedition is frozen in near 
the coast, at the most northerly point 
ever reached. 

Dec. 28. A great snowstorm begins and 
continues 36 hours ; it blockades the New 
England roads. 

* * La. The New Orleans Association of 
Science is organized. 

* * S.C. The Elliot Natural History So- 
ciety of Charleston is organized. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863* * 

Adams, Chas. Baker, naturalist. A 39. 
AldrJch, J. Frank, M. ('. for III., b. in Win. 
Appleton, Samuel, iii.-nh;iul. pliilan.. AST. 
liartlioldt, ]C, M. < '. for Mo.. b. in Cr-r. 
lieauinont, William, physiologist, AS7. 
lieck, Lewis I.'., ch.-mist, mineralogist, A45. 
Hell, Chas. K., M. C. for Tex., b. in Tenn. 
i;urgess, Trislain, M. C. for K. I., AR1. 
Chapman, Nathaniel, ph\siei;m, A7!(. 
Checkering, Jonas, piano mannf., A55. 
Chilton, lloraee, sen. for Tex., b. in Tex. 
Caldwell, Charles, phvsieian, author, Aftl. 
Davey, Robert C, M. C. for La., b. in La. 
Drew, John, actor, born in Pa. 
Farrar, .John, an., prof, mathematics, A74. 
nleaf, Simon, jurist, Harvard prof., A70. 



Hitchcock, Peter, sen, for O., A73. 
Jurkl, Sylvester, Unit, el., author, A40. 
King, William Rufus. 13th Vice-Pres. of 

U. S., M. C, sen. for Ala., minister to Fr., 

A 67. 
MagUlre, James C, M. C, for CaL, b. Mass. 
MeClearv, .1. T., M. <'. for Minn., b. in Can. 
Murray, <;. W., M. C. for S. C, b. in S. C. 
o'Neil, .Jos. H., M. C. for Mass., b. in Pa. 
Paine, Charles, statesman, A54. 
Hit. -hie, Byron P., M. C. for 0., born in O. 
Talluiailu'e, .laun-s, jurist, anti-slavery, M. 

C. forN.C, A75. 
Tucker, Henry St. 0., M. C. for Va.,b. in Va. 
Underwood, L. M., hot., author, b. in N.C. 
Walker, Sears Conk, astronomer, A45. 
"White, Stephen M., sen. for CaL, b. in CaL 



CHURCH. 

1852 * * The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of the Pacific is organized. 

* * The Congregationalists of Connecti- 
cut abrogate the " Plan of Union " with 
Presbyterians. 

* * D. C. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Washington ; 
Wm. Adams, moderator. It appoints a 
Committee on Publications. 

* * N.Y. The third American General 
Congregational Convention is held 
at Albany, consisting of a pastor and 
delegates from each church. It ends 
the "Plan of Union" between Congre- 
gationalists and Presbyterians. (First 
Convention 1637, second, 1646.) 

+ * 0. The Progressive Friends organize 
at Salem. 

* * 0. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Pa. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held in Pittsburg. 

* * The Baptists sustain work among the 
Pueblos and Navajos. 

* * S. C. The General Assembly (0. S. 
Presbyterian) is held at Charleston ; 
John C. Lord, moderator. 

* * Mission work among the Chinese 
on the Pacific Coast is begun by Pres- 
byterians in San Francisco. 

* * The American Missionary Association 
begins its Chinese work in the United 
States. It reports 21 missionaries sta- 
tioned among the Indians of the North- 
west. 

1853 Feb. 3. Cal, The California 
Conference of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church holds its first session. 

June 8. Chicane The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 



June * Phila. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) meets ; Duncan Kennedy, 
president. 

Aug. 17. fa. The Protestant Episcopal 
Diocese of Iowa is organized. 

* * Bishop Levi S.Ives (Protestant Epis- 
copal), a High -Churchman, is conse- 
crated by the Pope at Rome. 

Oct. 14. Bishop Levi S. Ives (repudi- 
ating Protestantism) is deposed. 

Oct. 17. Thomas Frederick Davis is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of South Carolina, and Thomas Atkin- 
son, bishop of North Carolina. 

Oct. 28. Cal. "William Ingraham Kip is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- 
sionary bishop of California. 

Nov. 6. Cal. The first Presbyterian 
Chinese Church is organized in San 
Francisco. 

* * The Norwegian (Evangelical Luther- 
an) Synod is organized. 

* * Cal. The Roman Catholic Arch- 
diocese of San Francisco is erected. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (N.S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; D. H. 
Allen, moderator. 

* *N.Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held at Albany. 

* * Ore. The Congregational Conference 
of Oregon is organized. 

* * Pa. The Progressive Friends or- 
ganize at Chester. 

* * Pa. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Susquehanna is organized. 

* * Phila, The General Assembly (0. S. 
Presbyterian) meets ; John C. Young, 
moderator. ' 

* * Va. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Winchester. 

* * Ft. Lotus De Goesbriand is conse- 
crated first (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Burlington. 

* *The Missionary Society of the 
United Brethren in Christ is or- 
ganized. 

* * Roman Catholics establish the dio- 
ceses of Burlington, Yt., Brooklyn, N. 
Y., Newark, N. J., and Covington, Ky. 

* *The American Baptist Historical 
Society is formed. 

LETTERS 
1852 * * 0. Antioch College (non-sect.) 
is organized at Yellow Springs. 

Benjamin Harrison graduates at Miami 
University. 

* * Pa. The Westminster College 
(United Pres.) is organized at New 
Wilmington. 

* * Phila. The Pre$byteria)i Quarterly 
Review appears. 

St. Joseph's College (Rom. Catb.) is 
■ organized. 

* * S. C. The Furman University (Bapt.) 
is organized at Greenville. 

* * Tenn. The Soule College (Female) 
is founded by Baptists at Murfreesboro. 

* * The Child's Paper is issued by the 
American Tract Society. 



UNITED STATES. 



1852* *-1853 



173 



* * Sermons on Theism, Atheism, and 
Popular Theology, by Theodore Parker, 
appears. 

* * The Blithedale Romance, by Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * Aylmere; or, The Bond Man of Kent, 
by R. T. Conrad, appears. 

* * Lotus Eating, by G. Yf. Curtis, ap- 
pears. 

* * Potiphar Papers, by G. "W. Curtis, 
appears. 

* * The White Slave, by Richard Hil- 
dreth, appears. 

* * Outlines of Moral Science, by Archi- 
bald Alexander, appears. 

* * Boston. The Congregational Library 
is founded. 

* * Cal. The Mercantile Library Asso- 
ciation Library is founded at San 
Francisco. [53,858 vols.] 

1853 * * Conn* A large sum is added to 
the endowment fund of Yale College 
by its alumni. 

* * la. Central University is founded 
by Baptists, at Pella. 

* * "Illinois Wesleyan University 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Bloomington. 

* * Ky. Danville Theological Seminary 
(Pres.) is established. 

* * La. Mt. Lebanon University 
(Bapt.) is founded. 

* * Mass. Rev. James "Walker is elected 
president of Harvard University. 

The Free Public Library is founded 
at New Bedford. [48,600 vols.] 

* * Mo. The Christian University (Disci- 
ples of Christ) is founded at Canton. 

"Washington University (non sect.) 
is organized at St. Louis. 

* * N. C. The Rutherford College (non- 
sect.) is organized at Rutherford. 

* * New York. The Clipper is founded. 

Frank Leslie's Illustrated Newspaper 
is founded. 

Putnam's Magazine appears. 

The first committee on the removal 
of Columbia College is appointed. 

Manhattan College (Rom. Cath.) is 
organized. 

* * Pa. Beaver College and Musical 
Institute (Meth. Epis.) is founded at 
Beaver. 

Franklin and Marshall College 
(Reformed) is organized at Lancaster. 

* * Va. Roanoke College (Luth.) is 
organized at Salem. 

* * Wis. Racine College (Prot. Epis.) is 
organized at Racine. 

* * Wis. Ripon College (non-sect.) is 
organized at Ripon. 

* * The United States Review appears. 

* * Alone, by Marion Harland, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1853 May 31. New York. Dr. Kane's 
second Arctic expedition sails in the 
Advance to seek for some trace of Dr. 
Franklin. 



* * Summer. Great sums of money are 
raised in the Northern States for suf- 
ferers from yellow fever in the 
South. 

Oct. 12. N. Y. John Morrisey and 
** Yankee Sullivan" have a brutal 
encounter in the prize ring ; Morrisey 
wins. 

Oct. 17. Cal. Seventy-five adventurers 
under Col. Wm.Walker sail from San 
Francisco to establish a proslavery re- 
public in Lower California. 

Nov. 29. Cal. Johri Mitchel, the Irish 
exile, having escaped from Van Die- 
men's Land, arrives at San Francisco. 

Dec. 19. New York. A banquet is given 
to John Mitchel by citizens. 

* *-60* * Cal. Numerous murders oc- 
cur in San Francisco, and lynch law is 
applied to suppress crime. 

* * O. Benjamin Harrison marries Caro- 
line Lavinia Scott. 

± * * Pa. A murderous society called 
the Molly Maguires (originally Buck- 
shot), is formed among the alien miners. 

* * R.I. The prohibitory law is de- 
clared unconstitutional. 

STATE. 

1853 Feb. 9. D. C. Congress counts 
the electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Pierce, 254 ; Scott, 
42; Hale, 0. Vote for Vice-President: 
Wm. R. King of Ala. (Dem.), 254 ; Wm. 
A. Graham of Ala. (Whig), 42 ; George 
W. Julian of Ind. (Free Dem.), 0. 

Mar. 4. B.C. The 32d Congress ends. 

The 14th Administration ; Democratic. 

Mar. 4. B.C. Franklin Fierce of N. H. 
is inaugurated the 14th President, in the 
17th term of the presidency ; "Wm. R. 
King of Ala. is Vice-President. 

Cabinet: William L. Marcy of 
N. Y. (State), James Guthrie of Ky. 
(Treas .) , Jefferson Davis of Miss. 
(War), James C. Dobbin of N. C. 
(Navy), Robert McClelland of Mich. 
(Interior), James Campbell of Pa. 
(P. M.-Gen.), Caleb Gushing of Mass. 
(Atty.-Gen.). 

June 7. New York. Important changed 
are made in the charter of New York 
City, restraining the municipal officers 
in financial matters. 

July 1. U.S. National debt $59,803,117. 

July 14. Commodore Perry lands in 
Japan, and delivers a letter from 
President Pierce to the imperial com- 
missioners. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 33d Congress 
opens. 

Dec. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : D. R. 
Atchison of Mo. is re-elected President 
pro tempore. House : IJinn Boyd of 
Ky. is re-elected Speaker. 

Dec. 30. Mex. The Gadsden Purchase 
is made by treaty ; it averts war and 
settles the Mexican boundary dispute. 

The line follows the Rio Grande from 
its mouth to31°20' north latitude, thence 
due west to the 111th meridian, thence 



directly to a point on the Colorado 
River, 20 miles below the Gila, thence 
up the middle of the Colorado River to 
the California line. Area acquired, 
45,000 square miles ; the United States 
is to pay .-#10,000,000 for the territory 
ceded. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853 Feb. 16. Cal. The steamer In- 
dependence is wrecked off Lower Cali- 
fornia ; fire follows ; there are 129 
deaths, and the survivors suffer terribly 
on the barren shore. 

Mar. * Four surveying parties, seeking a 
railroad route to the Pacific, are au- 
thorized by Congress, and §150,000 is 
appropriated for expenses. 

Apr. 11. A steam-pipe bursts on the 
steamer Jenny land, when on her way 
to San Francisco ; 31 persons are killed. 

Apr. 20. The steamer Ocean Wave burns 
on Lake Ontario ; 38 persons are killed. 

Apr. 23. 77/. A collision occurs on the 
Michigan Central and Northern Indiana 
railroads near Chicago ; 20 persons are 
killed. 

May 6. Conn. A train on the New York 
and New Haven Road enters an open 
drawbridge into the Norwalk River ; 
50 persons are killed. 

May 26. La. Yellow fever appears in 
New Orleans. 

July 14. New York. The Crystal Pal- 
ace, containing an exhibition of goods 
from all nations, is opened by private 
enterprise in the presence of President 
Pierce and many other dignitaries. 

July 18. Me.— Can. The railroad from 
Portland to Montreal, 290 miles long, 
is opened. 

Sept. 4. The Galena and Chicago 
Union Railroad, 121 miles long, is 



Sept. 22. California has its first tele- 
graph line, from San Francisco to a 
point 8 miles nearer the sea. 

Oct. 4. Mass. The Great Republic is 
launched at East Boston ; it is 4,000 
tons burden, the largest merchant ves- 
sel in the world. 

Oct. 11. New York. The Clearing 
House, comprising 52 banks, goes into 
operation. 

Nov. 9. The "Washington aqueduct 
enterprise is inaugurated ; President 
Pierce turns the first turf. 

Nov. * N. J. The New York and Erie 
Railroad moves its eastern terminus 
from Piormont to Jersey City. 

Dec. 10. Neiv York. Harper Brothers' 
publishing house is burned out ; loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Dec. 17. N. Y. The Brooklyn City Rail- 
road is incorporated. 

Dec. 22. New York. The new steamship 
San Francisco sails from port. [She is 
wrecked in a gale, and 200 lives are 
lost.] 

Dec. 27. New York. The mammoth 
clipper Great Republic is burned. 

Dec. 31. U. S- Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1853, 368,645. 



174 1853**1854, Aug. 10. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1854 July 13. Capt. Hollins of the U. 

S. sloop-of-war Cyane bombards San 

Juan de Nicaragua, in revenge for an 

alleged theft, and insults. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1854 Jan. 20. 0. A tornado half a 
mile wide nearly destroys the town of 
Brandon. 

Feb. 20. The most violent snow-storm 
for 23 years, prevails from Washington 
northward. 

Mar. 18. N. T. A terrible gale at 
Albany unroofs 50 houses ; many chim- 
neys and walls are blown down. 

Mar. 20. Ga. Two shocks of an earth- 
quake are felt at Macon. 

May 1. Cnnn. A great flood sweeps the 
Connecticut valley ; the river is 20k ft, 
above low-water mark. 

June 23. III. A prostrating destructive 
cyclone visits Manteno. 

July 18. III. A cyclone visits Daven- 
port ; life and property are destroyed. 

Aug. 10. A tornado obstructs the Pitts- 
burg and Cleveland Railroad. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1854* * 
Aitken, David D., M. C. for Mich., b. Mich. 
Alderson, J. D., M. C. for W. Va., b. in W. Va. 
Ashbumer, Chas. Albert, geologist, born. 
Atherton, Alice, actor, born in O. 
Bateman, Isabel, actor, born in O. 
Bates, .Inslma. chaplain of senate, A78. 
Bird, Robert IMC., author, editor, A51. 
Caminetti, Aiithonv, M. <.'. for Cab, b. in Cal. 
Cockran, W. Bourke, M. C. for N. Y., b. Ire. 
Cope, Thos. I'., men-hunt, dies in Pa. 
I>avis, John, " Honest John Davis," Gov., 

sen. for Mass., A67. 
Ely, Richard Tbeo., politic, economist, born. 
Fithian, G. W., M. C. for 111., b. in 111. 
Gartland, R. C, bp. of Savannah, A 49. 
Geary, Thos. J., M. C. for Cal., b. in Mass. 
Goldzier, Julius, M. C. for 111., b. in Aus. 
Greenhow, Robert, historical writer, A54. 
Heiner, Daniel B., M. C. for Pa., b. in Pa. 
Hinman, Clark T., fd. N' western Uni., A35. 
Hoffman. David, lawyer, author, of Pa., A 70. 
Irby, John L. M., sen. for S. C, b. in S. C. 
Johnson, Tom L., M. C. for O., born in Ky. 
Kyle, James H., sen. for S. Dak., born in O. 
Lewis, Samuel, educationist, A55. 
Perkins, T. H., philau., merchant, AflO. 
Price, Andrew, M. C. of La., born in La. 
Reed, Henry, metaphysician, author, A 46. 
Ritchie, Thos., ed. Riclnnoud Enquirer, A76. 
Shaw, Geo. B., M. C. for Wis., b. in N.Y. 
Wainwright, Jon. M., P. E. bp. of N. Y., A62. 
Williams, John S., M. C. for Miss., b. Tenn. 
Woodard, Fred. A., M. C. for N. C, b. in N.C. 
Woods, Leonard, prof, of theology, A80. 

CHURCH. 

1553 * * III. The Illinois eldership 
(Church of God) is organized. 

* * la. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Iowa is organized. » 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * New York. The Five Points Mis- 
sion House is erected on the site of an 
old brewery. 

* * O. The annual convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

1554 Jan. 8. Thomas F. Scott (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) is consecrated mission- 
ary bishop of Oregon and "Washington. 

May 31. la. The Protestant Episcopal 
Diocese of Iowa first assembles. 



May* Ga. The 3d General Confer- 
ence (Meth. Epis. South) meets at Col- 
June 1. N. >'. Emily C. Judson, Bap- 
tist missionary, dies at Hamilton. 
June 21. Me. The General Convention 
of the New Jerusalem meets at Port- 
land. 
June * A'. Y. The General Synod die- 
formed) meets at Hudson ; Mancius S. 
Hutton, president. 

LETTERS. 

1853 * * The Chapel of the Hermits, by 
Whittier, appears. 

* * Passion Flowers, by J. W. Howe, ap- 
pears. 

**A Health Trip to the Tropin, by 
Willis, appears. 

* * History of England, by E. E. Hale, 
appears. 

* * Mental Portraits, or Studies of Char- 
acter, by Tuckerman, appears. 

* * Poivers and Duties of Woman, by 
Horace Mann, appears. 

* * Six Months in Italy, by George S. 
Hillard, appears. 

* * Geology of the Globe, by Edward 
Hitchcock, appears. 

* * Theory of Politics, by Hildreth, ap- 
pears. 

1854 Jan. 9. New York. The Astor 
Library is opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1854 Jan. 17. Pa. Two railroad bridges 
and crossings at Erie are destroyed by a 
mob of women, who are afterward es- 
corted with banners and music. 

Jan. 18. La. JudahTourodiesatNew 
Orleans, leaving nearly $2,000,000 to pub- 
lic institutions. 

* * Conn. A prohibitory law is passed, 
yet providing for town agents to sell 
spirituous liquors for sacramental, chem- 
ical, mechanical, and medicinal uses. 

Mar. 6. T>. C. A block of marble, sent 
by the Pope, Pius EX., for the "Wash- 
ington Monument, is destroyed in the 
night by unknown persons. 

Apr. * Mass. The Legislature incorpo- 
rates a company to aid emigrants to 
settle in the new Territories ; especially 
in Kansas. 

May 26. Boston. A great crowd of men 
make ineffectual attempts to rescue An- 
thony Burns, an arrested fugitive 
slave; the assistant sheriff is killed. 

May* Mass. Indignation meetings are 
held, and buildings draped in mourn- 
ing, on the return of Anthony Burns to 
slavery, under the Fugitive-Slave Law. 

June 3. N. Y. A riot in Brooklyn is 
caused by opposition to street-preach- 
ing; quiet is restored by the military 
after many are killed or wounded. 

July 13. X. Y. Opposers of street- 
preaching create a riot at Buffalo. 

July * Conn. The Connecticut Legisla- 
ture incorporates an " Emigrant Aid 
Association." 



July 29. Mo. The "Platte County 
Defense Association" meets at Wes- 
ton, and declares its readiness, when 
called upon by any of the citizens of 
Kansas, to remove "any and all emi- 
grants who go there under the auspices 
of Northern Emigrant Aid Societies." 

Aug. 3. New York. Col. Loring of Cali- 
fornia is murdered at the St. Nicholas 
Hotel by Dr. Graham of New Orleans. 

STATE. 

1853 * * C. S. The "Know-Nothing" 
Society (American party) springs up 
suddenly, proclaims its principles, [and 
soon disappears] : 

The Americans shall rule America. 
The Union of the States. No North, no 
South, no East, no West. No sectarian 
interference in legislation or in the 
administration of American law. Hos- 
tility to the assumptions of the Pope, 
through the hierarchy and priesthood, 
in a republic. Thorough reform in the 
naturalization laws. Free and liberal 
educational institutions for all sects 
ami classes, with the Bible as a text- 
book. 

* * I). C. John A. Campbell of Ala. is 
appointed Justice of the TJ. S. Supreme 
Court. 

* * D. C. Jefferson Davis, Sec. of War, 
sends out various expeditions to explore 
a railway route from the Missouri to 
the Pacific. 

* * Mex. Gen. "Walker lands a filibus- 
tering expedition in Lower California ; 
tile North believes it is done in the in- 
terest of slavery. 

* * U. S. Greatpoliticalquietprevails. 

Yet the South is deeply disappointed 
with the political results of the Mexican 
war, as it gives the Free State Cali- 
fornia and a majority of two votes in the 
Senate to the North. 

* * "Washington Territory is created. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-57 * * Ala. John A. "Winston. 
-57 * * Fla. James E. Broome. 
-57 * * Ga. Herschell V. Johnson. 
-67 * * III. Joel A. Matteson. 
-54 * * Mass. John H. Clifford. 
-55 * * Me. W. G. Crosby. 

-54 * * Mich. Andrew Parsons. 
-57 * * Minn. Willis A. Gorman. 
-57 * * Mo. Sterling Price. 

A". Mex. (Ter.). Solon Borland. 
-55* *N. Mtx. (Ter.). David Merri- 

wether. 
-55 * * A'. Y. Horatio Seymour. 
-56 * * O. William Medill. 

Ore. (Ter.). Joseph Lane. 
-54 * * Ore. ( Ter.). George L. Curry. 
-54 * */?./. Francis M. Dimond. 
-57 * * Tenn. Andrew Johnson. 
-57 * * Tex. Edward M. Pease. 
-54 * * 17. John S. Robinson. 
-57 * * irash. (Ter.). Isaac I. Stevens. 
-55 * * Wis. Wm. A, Barstow. 

* * New York. Jacob A. Westervelt is 
elected the 69th mayor. 

1854 Jan. IS. Mex. "William "Walker, 
the filibuster, in the interests of sla- 
very, proclaims the new Republic of 
Sonora, formed of two States, Sonora 
and Lower California. 



UNITED STATES. 1853 * *-1854, Aug. 10. 175 



Jan±. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
slavery agitation is reopened by 
Archibald Dixon of Ky. (Dem.), who 
gives notice that the Missouri Com- 
promise — the basis of harmony — is to 
be repealed, and new States will be 
given to slavery. 

The supreme want of the South is to 
gain two Senators who will equalize the 
vote of the Senate. 

Jan. 23. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Stephen A. Douglas of 111. introduces 
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, for the or- 
ganization of two new territories, and 
the repeal of the Missouri Compro- 
mise. 

The hill permits the settlers to de- 
cide whether the State to be organized 
shall be a free or slave State ("Squat- 
ter Sovereignty *'). 

Jan. + D. C. Congress : Acrimonious 
debates on the extension of slavery en- 
gage the Senate for four months ; great 
excitement follows. 

Feb. 7. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Doug- 
las of 111. moves an argumentative 
amendment to the Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill. 

It declares the restriction of the Mis- 
souri Compromise inoperative and void, 
because " inconsistent with the principle 
of non-intervention by Congress with 
slavery." 

Feb. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
agrees to the Douglas Amendment. 

Mar. 3. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
prolongs its session and passes the Kan- 
sas-Nebraska Bill, at five o'clock in 
the morning. Vote, 37-14. 

Mar. 21. D. C. Congress: The House 
refers the Kansas-Nebraska Bill to the 
Committee of the Whole. Vote, 110-95. 

Mar. 31. Japan. A commercial treaty 
with the United States is negotiated 
and signed by Commodore Perry. 

Apr. 20. D. C. President Pierce vetoes 
the bill of Miss Dix, the philanthro- 
pist, granting ten million acres of public 
lands to be distributed among the States 
for the amelioration of the indigent 
insane. 

Apr.* Mass. The Massachusetts Emi- 
grant-Aid Company is organized, with 
a fixed capital limited at $5,000,000. 

It proposes to make Kansas a free 
State by colonizing settlers there who 
oppose slavery. 

May 22. D.C. Congress: The House 
has its last great battle on the Kansas- 
Nebraska Bill, which finally passes. 
Vote, 35-13. 

May 24. Ind. The Democratic State 
Convention pledges the Democracy to 
support the Kansas -Nebraska Bill. 

May 25. Ind. Revolting Democrats 
hold a Convention at Indianapolis, and 
denounce the Kansas-Nebraska Bill 
as a conspiracy against humanity, and a, 
crime against God. 

May 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, as 
changed by the House. Vote, 35-13. 

May 30. D. C. President Pierce signs 
the Kansas-Nebraska Bill, which pro- 
vides for the organization of Kansas and 
Nebraska Territories. 



1. The slavery question is to be settled 
by the residents (Squatter Sovereignty). 
2. The Supreme Court is to determine 
the title to slaves, if appeal is taken 
from the local courts. 3. The Fugitive 
Slave Laws are to apply to the Terri- 
tories. [The utter destruction of the 
"Whig party follows, and the Republi- 
can party rises.] 

June 5. V. S. A commercial reci- 
procity treaty with Great Britain is 
signed. 

1. It provides for the use of the sea- 
fisheries of the British Provinces by 
Americans, by enlarging the rights ac- 
corded them under the convention of 
1818, and grants to British subjects fish- 
ery rights along the coast southward to 
the 36° north latitude. 

2. It establishes a free interchange 
between the British Provinces and the 
United States of flour, breadstuff's, fruit, 
fish, animals, lumber, and manufactured 
articles. 

June 14. D. C. Sec. Marcy notifies the 
Danish minister that forcible resis- 
tance to the collection of Sound dues 
will not be made for one year. 

July 1. U. S. National debt $42,242,- 

July 6. Mich. A State Convention is 
held in Detroit of all anti-Nebraska 
citizens, irrespective of former affilia- 
tions. 

The convention is the first to give 
the name Republican to the fusion of 
"Whigs, Free Soilers, many Know-Noth- 
ings, and some Democrats, who oppose 
the extension of slavery. 

July 17. Kan. The first party of emi- 
grants is sent out by the Massachu- 
setts Emigrant Aid Society. 

Aug. 7. D. C. The 33d Congress: the 
first session closes. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853 * *Mass. Railroads having made the 
Middlesex Canal useless, it is filled up. 

* * Me.~Can.—N. H. Opening of the en- 
tire lines of the Atlantic and St. Law- 
rence, from Portland to Montreal, the 
Baltimore and Ohio, and of the Boston, 
Concord, and Montreal railroads. 

* * N. Y. Consolidation of the Albany 
and Schenectady, the Utica and Sche- 
nectady, the Syracuse and Utica, the 
Auburn and Syracuse, the Auburn and 
Rochester, the Tonawanda, and the At- 
tica and Buffalo railroads, all together 
forming the New York Central. 

* * Yellow fever scourges many South- 
ern cities ; 7,200 deaths in New Orleans ; 
Vicksburg loses one-sixth of its inhab- 
itants. 

* * The Government sends out expeditions 
to explore a route from the Missouri to 
the Pacific, for the Pacific Railroad. 

1854 Jan. 17. Can. Detroit and Ni- 
agara Falls are connected by the com- 
pletion of the Great "Western Rail- 
road of Canada. 

Feb. 1. Passengers first ride from Buf- 
falo to Erie and Chicago, over a track 
of uniform gauge. 

Feb. 23. New York. The Stonington 
steamer, delayed three days in the 
ice, finally arrives at her dock. 



Feb. 24. N. Y. Two men fall from the 
Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls, and 
are dashed to pieces. 

Feb. 28. Cuba. Thesteamer.fi/acA- War- 
rior is. seized because of a technical error 
in her manifest, which certified that she 
had no cargo, while cotton was found. 

Feb. * Chicago. The water-works are 
completed, supplying the city from a 
crib, built in the lake 600 feet from the 
shore. 

Feb. * III. The Chicago and Rock 
Island Railroad is completed to the Mis- 
sissippi, 182 miles. 

Apr.i * N. Y. Cyrus W. Field secures 
from the Legislature of Newfoundland 
the exclusive right for 50 years to land 
a marine telegraph cable. 

Apr. 11. Ind. One of the college build- 
ings of the Indiana University, at 
Bloomington, with 2,700 volumes, is de- 
stroyed by fire. 

Apr. 15. Cal. The steamboat Secretary 
bursts her boiler near San Francisco ; 
50 persons perish. 

Apr. 16. N. Y. The ship Powhatan, 
from Havre for New York, is wrecked 
in a gale on Long Beach, near Egg Har- 
bor ; 311 emigrants and the crew perish. 

Apr. 23. New York. Fifteen firemen 
perish by the fall of a burning store on 
Broadway. 

Apr. * Cuba. The Spanish Government 
remits the fine, but considers the seizure 
of the Black Warrior legal. 

May 8. N. Y. The Cable Company 
is organized. 

Cyrus W. Field, Peter Cooper, Moses 
Taylor, Marshall O. Roberts, and Chan- 
dler White organize the New York, 
Newfoundland, and London Telegraph 
Company to lay a cable from America 
to Europe. 

May 18. Chicago. The corner-stone of 
the Masonic Temple, on Dearborn 
Street, is laid with impressive cere- 
monies. 

May 31. Del. Three wagon-loads(ll,250 
lbs.) of powder explode in the street 
at Wilmington, killing several persons. 

May * III. U. S. Grant engages in the 
leather business with his father at 
Galena. 

June 5. R. I. A mad elephant does 
much damage near Providence. 

June 14. Mass. A fire at Worcester 
consumes property valued at about 
$500,000. 

July 3. N. Y. Street cars commence 
running in Brooklyn. 

July 4. Md. A collision occurs near 
Baltimore, on the Susquehanna Road ; 
30 persons perish. 

July 5. Phila. The National Theater 
and other edifices are burned. 

July 30. N. J. A fire in Jersey City 
burns 30 factories and other buildings. 

Aug. 1. La. Yellow fever becomes 
epidemic in New Orleans. 

Summer. Over 900 deaths occur in July, 
from cholera, in Chicago, and 650 deaths 
during the summer in BrookljTi, 



176 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1854 Sept. 28. The U. S. sloop-of-war 
Albany sails from Aspinwall [and ia 
never heard from again]. 

July 31. Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his 
commission in the United States army. 

1855 June 29. Nicaragua. Gen. Wm, 
Walker, with his * * filibusters,* * rights 
a battle at Rivas, and defeats the 
Nicaraguans. 

Sept. 3. Neb. Gen. Kearny gains a vic- 
tory over the Sioux Indians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1854 Aug. 27. Ky. A cyclone at Louis- 
ville demolishes a church during ser- 
vice ; 25 persons are killed, 67 injured. 

Sept. 1. The asteroid Euphrosyne is 
discovered by James Ferguson. 

Sept. 4. New York. Operatic perform- 
ances are produced at Castle Garden, by 
Giulia Grisi and Signor Mario. 

Oct. 2. New York. The Academy of 
Music is opened with the opera of 
Norma. 

1855 Jan. 31. Western trains are 
blockaded with snow [there is no 
communication between St. Louis and 
Chicago for 11 days]. 

Jan. * Minn. The first bridge across the 
Mississippi is completed at Minneapolis. 

Mar. 8. N. Y. Opening of the railway 
Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls. 
Engineer, John A. Roebling ; height 
of towers, 88 feet and 78 feet ; length, 800 
feet ; width, 24 feet ; height above the 
river, 250 feet ; the 4 cables, 10 Inches in 
diameter, contain about 4,000 miles of 
wire; ultimate capacity of the 4 cables, 
12,400 tons ; total weight of bridge, 800 
tons ; cost of construction, §500,000. 

May* Arctic Sea. Dr. Kane's party 
abandons the Advance, and starts home- 
ward in open boats. 

May 31. N. Y. Lieut. Hartstein, with 
the Arctic and Release, leaves Brooklyn 
to find Dr. Kane in the Arctic regions. 

Aug. 6. Greenland. The boats of Dr. 
Kane's expedition arrive at the Danish 
settlements, having sailed 1,300 miles in 
81 days. 

Sept. 3. New York. Mile. Rachel first 
appears at the Metropolitan Theater. 

Sept. 13. Greenland. Lieut. Hartstein 
finds Dr. Kane at Lieveley. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1856* * 

Barnes, Lyman E.,M. C. for Wis., b. in Wis. 
Beet, Theodore Konieyn, phys., author, A64. 
Brown, Thompson S., military engineer, A48. 
Capers, William, hp. ill. E. Oh. South, Al>5. 
Colquitt, Walter T., sen. for <la., A56. 
Cone, Spencer II., l'.apt. el., of N.Y., A70. 
Downes, -John, commodore U. S. navy, A69. 
Folsom, J. L., U. S. A., discoverer of gold in 

Cal., A39. 
Hammond, J. D., M. C. for N. Y., judge, A77. 
Haworth, Joseph S., artor, horn in R. I. 
Kern, Omer M., M. C. for Neb., born in Ind. 
Kettell, Samuel, editor, A55. 
Lawrence, Abbott, benefactor, diplomatist, 

A 63. 
Sherman, Jas. S-, M. C. for N. Y-, b. in K.Y. 
Spencer, John Canlield, M. C. for N.Y., sec. 

of war, A 67. 
Sully, Daniel, actor, horn in Mich. 
Tawney, James A., M. C. for Minn., h. Pa. 
Woodberry, George Edward, author, born 



CHURCH. 

1854 Oct. 18. Ia. Henry Washington 
Lee is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Iowa. 

Nov. 22. N. Y. Horatio Potter is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) provis- 
ional bishop of New York. 

Dec. 6. P. /. Thomas March Clark is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Rhode Island. 

* * Ia. The German Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) is organized. 

* * Kan. A Congregational church is first 
established in Kansas at Lawrence. 

* *The German Eldership (Church of 
God) is organized. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Md. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Baltimore is organized. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; H. A. 
Boardman, moderator. 

* * Pa. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Allegheny is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; T. H. 
Skinner, moderator. 

It organizes a church erection fund, 
and expresses the hope that the day is 
not distant when a prohibitory law shall 
be universally adopted and enforced. 

* * The Baptist Annual Meeting 
assembles. 

* * Wis. Missionary Bishop Jackson 
Kemper (Protestant Episcopal) accepts 
the bishopric of Wisconsin. 

* * New York. The Reformed Dutch 
Board of Publication is formed. 

* * Alexander Duff, the Scotch mis- 
sionary, visits the United States and 
arouses missionary zeal. 

* * John Early, Hubbard H. Kavanaugh, 
and Geo. F. Pierce are ordained bishops 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South. 

* * Pacific Conference (Methodist Epis- 
copal South) is organized. 

1855 June 27. Boston. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem 
meets. 

Aug. * Kan. The General Association 
(Congregational) of Kansas is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1854* *Ill. Eureka College (Disciples) 
is founded at Eureka. 

* * Ind. Moore's TTill College (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Moore's Hill. 

* *Ky. Bethel College (Bapt.) is 
founded at Kussellville. 

* * Minn. Hamilton University (Meth. 
Epis.) is incorporated at Red Wing. 

* * Pa. Lincoln University (non-sect.) 
is organized at Oxford. 

* *New York. The Gazette of Fashion is 
founded by Frank Leslie. 

* * N. Y. Polytechnic Institute (non- 
sect.) is organized at Brooklyn. 



fc * Mass. James A. Garfield enters the 
junior class of Williams College. 

k * Pa. Pittsburg Female College 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Pittsburg. 

* * S. C. Greenville Female College 
(Bapt.) is founded. 

Wofford College (Meth. Epis. S.) is 
organized at Spartanburg. 

* *The Protestant Episcopal Quarterly 
Review appears. 

* * A Journey to Central Africa, by Bay- 
ard Taylor, appears. 

* * Despotism in America, by Hildreth 
(enlarged edition), appears. 

* * Famous Persons and Places, by N. P. 
Willis, appears. 

* * Poems, by William Winter, appears. 

* * Poems and Parodies, by Phoebe Cary, 
appears. 

* * Poems of the Orient, by Bayard Taylor, 
appears. 

* * The Virginia Comedians, by J. E. 
Cooke, appears. 

* * Walden, by Henry I>. Thoreau, ap- 
pears. 

* * Intellectual Philosophy, by Francis 
Wayland, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1854 Aug. 4. A savage battle is fought 

between the Sioux and the Chippewa 

Indians. 
Nov. 7. N. Y. Myron H. Clark (Whig) 

is elected governor on a prohibition 

platform. 

* * A large majority of the people of the 
North and a large majority of the 
people of the South are arrayed against 
each other on the slavery issue, — both 
men and women, — by considerations of 
interest, pride, and conscience. 

* * Kan. A remarkable emigration 
pours into Kansas from both Northern 
and Southern States. 

It aims to secure the political organ- 
ization of the State — the former for 
freedom and the latter for slavery. Con- 
fusion and violence, approaching an- 
archy, soon prevail. 

* * N. Y. After a long and bitter struggle 
the Legislature charters the first com- 
pany organized to estab lish an asylum 
for inebriates. 

* * Cal. Forgeries by Henry Meigs, 
amounting to §1,000,000, are discovered 
in the comptroller's office at San Fran- 
cisco. 

* * Capt. U. S. Grant resigns his commis- 
sion and becomes a farmer on a small 
place in Missouri. 

1855 Mar.* and Apr. * Kan. A bloody 
election is held. 

Apr. 21. Chicago. The military is called 
out to suppress a riot occasioned by the 
agitation of the license question. 

May 10. Ind. A mob destroys the Birch 
Creek (Canal) reservoir. 

June 2. Me. Riot at Portland. 

A crowd attempts to take possession of 
certain liquors held bv the city: the 
military is called out bv Mayor Neal 
Dow ; one man is killed and many others 
are wounded. 



UNITED STATES. 1854, Aug. 4-1855, Sept. 13. 177 



July 12. ///. A mob at Jonesville 

takes a prisoner out of the hands of the 
sheriff and hangs him to a tree. 

July * Kan, The proslavery Legislature 
makes it a felony to circulate anti- 
slavery publications, or to deny the 
right to hold slaves in the Territory. 

Aug. 6. Ky. A riot breaks out at 
Louisville between the Americana 
(Know-Nothings) and foreigners; several 
are killed on both sides. 

Aug. 7. Mo. A bloody riot occurs at St. 
Louis between the Irish and the Ameri- 
can party. 

Wis. A Milwaukee mob seizes a 

prisoner named Debar, arrested, for 
murder, and kills him, without interfer- 
ence from two companies of militia that 
are escorting him to prison. 

STATE. 

1854 Aug. * Utah. Col. Steptoe, U.S.A., 
is appointed governor in place of Brig- 
ham Young, who refuses to recognize 
the authority of the Chief Justice. 

Oct. 6. Kan. A. H. Reeder (Dem.), the 
first governor, arrives. 

Oct. 13. Ft. The United States Minis- 
ters in Council, having adjourned from 
Ostend to Aix-la-Chapelle, issue the 
Ostend Manifesto. 

They recommend an immediate effort 
to purchase Cuba, at $120,000,000 as a 
maximum price. If Spain refuses to ac- 
cept the price, it is suggested that it may 
be necessary to seize the island, to pre- 
serve the internal peace and the Union 
of the American Republic. [The move- 
ment is fruitless of results.] 

Oct. * V. S. Efforts are made to secure 
the annexation of the Sandwich Is- 
lands to the United States, by negotia- 
tion. [The death of the king of the 
Islands defeats the effort.] 

Oct. *-Nov. * Antislavery "Whigs and 
antislavery Democrats coalesce in 
the North by attraction, and without a 
common name ; the Democratic party is 
defeated in most of the Free-State elec- 
tions. 

Oct. * III. Abraham Lincoln chal- 
lenges Stephen A. Douglas to a joint 
debate in the canvass for Congress. 

Nov. 29. Kan. Armed political in- 
truders from Missouri take possession 
of the polls and elect J. W. Whitfield 
as a pro-slavery delegate to Congress. 
(1,729 illegal votes are cast, out of a total 
of 2,781.) 

Dec. 4. D.C. The 33d Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Congress ; Senate : Lewis Cass of 
Mich, is elected President pro tempore. 

Dec. 5. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Jesse 
D. Bright of Ind. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-55 * * Conn. Henry Dutton. 
-58 * * la. James "W. Grimes. 
-55 * * Kan. (Ter.). A. H. Reeder. 
-56 * * La. Paul O. Hebert. 
-55 * * Mass. Emory "Washburn. 
-58 * * Miss. John J. M'Rae. 

Neb. {Ter.). Francis Burt. 



-55 * * Neb. (Ter.). T. B. Cuming. 
-55 * * N. H. Nathaniel B. Baker. 
-57 * * N.J. Rodman M. Price. 

Ore. (Ter.). John "W. Davis. 
-57 * * Ii. I. William W. Hoppin. 
-56 * * S. C. James H. Adams. 
-57 * * Utah {Ter.). E. J.Steptoe,U.S.A. 
-56 * * Vt. Stephen Royce. 

1855 Feb. 1. Paraguay. The United 
States surveying steamer Water Witch 
is fired upon while unlawfully ascend- 
ing the Paraguay River. 

Feb. 10. I). C. Congress approves an 
act to secure the rights of citizenship 
to children of American citizens who 
are born in foreign countries. 

Feb. 15. D. C. Congress revives the 
grade of lieutenant-general by brevet, 
in the army. 

Mar. 4. D.C. The 33d Congress ends. 

Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The inves- 
tigating committee reports that the 
Kansas elections were carried by 
fraud. 

Mar. 30. Kan. An election is held at 
Lawrence, to choose members for the 
Territorial Legislature. 

Armed political bodies of Missouri- 
an3 take possession of the polls, and 
elect a pro-slavery Legislature. Of 6,218 
votes cast, only 1,310 of them are legal. 
(Gov. Reeder sets the election aside and 
orders another.) 

May 22. Kan. Supplementary elec- 
tions are held, by order of the Governor, 
and the Free-State men defeat their op- 
ponents. 

June 5. I'hila. The American (Know- 
Nothing) National Convention con- 
venes ; its managers decide to ignore 
the slavery question. 

June 11. Kan. Gov. Reeder is 
charged with irregularities in the 
purchase of Indian lands. 

[He is removed by the President, July 
26; John L.Dawson refuses the appoint- 
ment of governor, and Daniel Woodson 
becomes acting governor.] 

June 13. O. The antislavery branch 
of the American party (Know-Nothings) 
meet at Cincinnati in National Con- 
vention. 

July 1. U. S. National debt ©35,586,853. 

July 2. Kan. The proslavery Legis- 
lature meets at Pawnee, organizes, ex- 
pels nine Free-State members [and ad- 
journs to Shawnee Mission, near the 
Missouri State line]. 

July 12. Mo. A convention of the 
friends of slavery is held at Lexington. 

Aug. 14. Kan. The Free-State men 
hold a convention at Lawrence, repu- 
diate the Shawnee Mission Legislature 
as spurious, and summon a second con- 
vention for Sept. 5, at Big Springs. 

Sept. 7. Kan. Wilson Shannon (Dem.), 
appointed governor by President Pierce, 
assumes office. 

Sept. 5. Kan. The convention at Big 
Springs nominates ex-Gov. Reeder 
as the Free-State candidate for Con- 
gress. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1854 Aug. 13. Ky. A powder maga- 
zine containing 800 kegs explodes at 
Maysville, destroying 13 houses. 

Aug. 25. N. Y. A fire at Troy burns 
more than 100 buildings. 

Aug. 29. N. J. A railway accident oc- 
curs at Burlington, between New York 
and Philadelphia ; 21 persons are killed. 

Sept. 27. The steamer Arctic collides 
with the steamer Vesta off Cape Race, 
and 323 lives are lost. 

Oct. 28. O. A fire rages at Cleveland ; 
loss, $2,000,000. 

Nov. 1. ///. Forty persons are killed 
or wounded in a disaster on the Chi- 
cago and Rock Island Railroad. 

Dec* New York. Great distress prevails 
among the poor. 

Dec. 31. Report of accidents for the 
year : 193 railroad accidents, 186 per- 
sons killed, 589 wounded ; also, 48 steam- 
boat accidents, killing 587 persons, and 
injuring 225 more. 

Immigrants and other aliens received 
in 1354, 427,833. 

* * D. C. Congress grants a right of way 
and a tract of land 200 feet wide, from 
the Mississippi River to the Pacific 
Ocean, to a telegraph company. 

* * Eng. The British press denounces 
the bombardment of Greytown by the 
frigate Cayne, claiming the place to be 
under British protection. (See Army — 
Navy, p. 174.) 

* * 111. The Illinois Central Railroad, 
704 miles long, is completed. 

* * N. J. The Jersey City water-works 
are completed, taking water from the 
Passaic River. 

* * The crinoline skirt, ascribed to the 
Empress Eugenie, and worn by her a few 
months before the birth of Prince Napo- 
leon, becomes fashionable with ladies. 

1855 Jan. 1. .V. Y. Brooklyn, Wil- 
liamsburg, and the town of Bushwick 
are consolidated. 

Feb. 22. The California banks sus- 
pend payment ; a panic follows. 

Feb. 26. Gen. Jackson's sword is pre- 
sented to Congress by the heirs of Gen. 
Armstrong. 

Mar. * N. Y. The Niagara Suspension 
Bridge, two miles below the Falls, is 
completed. 

Mar. 14. N. Y. A train of cars first 
crosses the Suspension Bridge at Ni- 
agara Falls. 

Mar. 19. Fa. An explosion occurs in 
the Midlothian coal-mines ; 45 miners 
perish. 

Aug. 29. N. J. A train on the Camden 
and Amboy Railroad is derailed; 21 
persons are killed. 

Summer. Fa. Yellow fever ravages 
Norfolk and Portsmouth with great 
mortality ; citizens become refugees. 

Sept. 5. The steamer Sierra Nevada 
leaves New York for Nicaragua ; chol- 
era carries off 95 passengers. 



178 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1855* *The army consists of 1,885,216 
men: regulars, 11,658; militia, 1,873,553 ; 
navy, 72 vessels, carrying 2,200 guns. 

1856 May 5-21. Kan. Lawrence is be- 
sieged by invaders from Missouri ; it 
surrenders, and many buildings are 
burned. 

May 26. Kan, At Pottawatomie eight 
men are killed in a fight with invaders 
from Missouri. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1855 Oct. 11. New York. The propeller 
Arctic and the bark Release of the Arctic 
expedition bring back Dr. Kane and his 
entire party, except three who had died. 

* * Physical Geography of the Sea, by 
Lieut. Matthew F. Maury, appears. 

* * The Recording Angel, a statue, is exe- 

cuted by Larkin G. Mead. 

* * The Pearl Diver, a statue, is executed 
by Benjamin Paul Akers. 

1856 Feb. 3. Kan. The mercury falls 
30° below zero. 

Feb. 10. N. Y. Very cold weather pre- 
vails ; people cross between New York 
and Brooklyn on the ice. 

Feb. 23. 0. A freshet commences in 
Ohio ; several steamboats are destroyed. 

Mar. 17. New York. Miss Adelaide 
Phillips first appears in opera. 

Apr. 13. Phila. A tornado unroofs 150 
houses. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1856* * 
Barton, William P. C, botanist, author, A70. 
Berrien, John McPherson, senator for Ga., 

atty.-gen., A75. 
Bond, Thos. K., editor, M. E. el., A64. 
Borden, Simeon, eivil engineer, A58. 
JJrookshire, Elijah V., M. C. for Ind., born 

in Ind. 
Channing, Edward T., prof, of rhetoric and 

oratory, A66. 
Clayton. John Middleton, sen. for Del., 

sec. of state, A60. 
Cooper, Charles M., M. C. for Fla., b. Ga. 
Crawford, William T., M. C. for U. C, b. in 

N. C. 
Dawson, William C, statesman, judge, A58. 
Doughty, Thomas, hindsi-ipe painter, A63. 
Dowse, Thomas, hook collector, A84. 
Dnnphy, Edward J., M. C. for N.Y., born in 

N.Y. 
Finney, James B., M. E. cl., writer, A75. 
Gaul, Gilbert Spencer, painter, born in N.Y. 
Gray, Francis ('alley, writer, A66. 
Gray, Henrv Peters, painter, A66. 
Haines, Charles D., M. C. for N. Y., born in 

N.Y. 
Harper, William Kaincv, educator, born. 
Harris, Thaddeus Win., entomologist, A6I. 
Hentz, Caroline Lee Whiting, author, A56. 
Hines, William II., M. C. for Pa., b. N.Y. 
Hooker, Warren B., M. C. for N.Y., born in 

N.Y. 
Linton, William S., M. C. for Mich,, born in 

Mich. 
Lee, Henry, actor, born in New York City. 
Melveever, Isaac, commodore U. S. N., A63. 
Morris, Charles, commodore l T . S. N., A72. 
Moses, Charles L., M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga. 
M unlock, James, prof, of theology, A80. 
Pereival, .lames nates, poet, A61. 
Plxlev, Annie, actor, born in N. Y. City. 
Robbins, Thomas, clergyman, A79. 
Rusk, Thomas J., s.-nator for Tex., A54. 
Scanlau, William J., actor, born in Mass. 
stalliugs, Jesse F., M. C. for Ala., b. Ala. 
Stevens, Robert Livingston, inventor of 

improvements in steamers, A 69. 
Sweet, Willis. M. C. for Ida., horn in Vt. 
Tate, Parish C, M. C. for Ga., b. in Ga. 
Wallace, Horace P.., lawyer, essayist, A39. 
Warren, John (.'., anatomist, editor. A78. ■ 
Webber, Chas. W., naturalist, author, A37. 



CHURCH. 

1855 * * ///. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting is held in Chicago. 

* * Kan. The Congregational Confer- 
ences of Kansas and Minnesota are 
organized. 

* * Mo. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; Win. 
C. "Wisner, moderator. It provides for 
ministerial relief. 

* *N. Y. The(N.S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Onondaga is organized. 

* * Tenn. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Nashville; Na- 
than L. Rice, moderator. It provides 
for ministerial relief. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Me. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Portland is established. 

* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) meets at Dayton. 

* * The Methodists (South) report 30 In- 
dian missions, 2S missionaries, 4,2G4 
members, 18 churches; expenditures, 
§12,176. 

* * The Seventh-day Baptist Educa- 
tional Society is formed. 

* * The General Synods (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Central Pennsylvania, 
Iowa, and North Indiana are organized. 

* * The United Synod South (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of Mississippi is orga- 
nized. 

1S56 May l.-June 4. Ind. The Gen- 
eral Conference (Methodist Episcopal) 
is held at Indianapolis. 

The Central Ohio, Germany, and 
Switzerland (Mission), Detroit, Kansas, 
Minnesota, Newark, Upper Iowa, and 
"West Wisconsin Conferences areformed. 

June *. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 

1S55 Sept. 17. Boston. The corner- 
stone of the Public Library is laid with 
impressive ceremonies. 

* * Cat. The Pacific Advocate (Meth. 
Epis.) is established. 

* * Ga. New Ebenezer College (Bapt.) 
is founded at Cochran. 

+ * ///. Abingdon College (Christian) is 
organized at Abingdon. 

* * HI. Eureka College (Disciples) is 
organized at Eureka. 

* * III. Northwestern University 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanstou. 

* * III. Almira College (Bapt.) is 
founded at Greenville. 

* * ///. Hedding College (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded at Abingdon. 

* * Ind. Butler University (Disciples) 
is organized at Irvington. 

* * Iowa Wesleyan University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Mt. Pleasant. 

* * La. Homer College pfeth. Epis.) 
is chartered. 



* * Mich, Kalamazoo College (Bapt.) is 

organized at Kalamazoo. 

Hillsdale College (Free Bapt.) is orga- 
nized at Hillsdale. 

* * Mo. The College of Christian 
Brothers (Rom. Cath.) is organized at 
St. Louis. 

Westminster College (Pres.) is or- 
ganized at Fulton. 

* * N. C. Thomasville Female Col- 
lege (Bapt.) is organized at Thomasville. 

* * X. Y. Elmira College (Pres.) is or- 
ganized at Elmira. 

* * New York. Prank Leslie's Illustrirte 
Zeitung is founded. 

* * O. The Western Methodist Protestant 
is first issued. 

* * Tex. Baptist Female College is 
founded at Belton. 

* * Tex. St. Mary's University (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Galveston. 

* * Fairy Tales, by L. M. Alcott, appears; 
also Flower Fables. 

k * Hiawatha, by Longfellow, appears. 

fc * The Hidden Path, by M. Harland, ap- 
pears. 

k * Japan as it Was and Is, by Hildreth, 
appears. 

k * Leaves of Grass, by Walt Whitman, 
appears. 

k * The New Pastoral, by T. B. Read, ap- 
pears. 

fc * The Reign of Philip the Second, by 
"William H. Prescott, appears. 

k * Poems, by P. H. Hayne, appears. 

* * Poems of Home and Travel, by Bayard 
Taylor, appears. 

' * Remember Me, by Ray Palmer, ap- 
pears. 

: * Oat iJnors at Idlewild, by Willis, ap- 
pears. 

* * Star Papers, by Beecher, appears. 

* * Life of Washington, by Irving, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1855 Sept. 26. Phila. The corner-stone 
of the Masonic Hall is laid; 4,000 
Masons march in a procession. 

* * Me. The prohibitory law is re- 
enacted by a Democratic Legislature, 
and its penalties increased. 

Oct. 8. New York. Grand jury indict- 
ments are found against several city 
officials for corruption and malver- 
sation in office. 

"Winter. New York. Many associa- 
tions, soup-kitchens, and plans for visi- 
tation are formed to relieve the suffer- 
ing poor. 

* * R. I. A prohibitory law is passed 
by the American (Know-Nothing ) 
party. 

* * Filibustering is maintained by Gen. 
Walker in Nicaragua, and encouraged 
by Southerners. 

1856 Apr. 10. New York. A company 
of 20Smen leaves to join Gen.Walker's 
filibusters iu Nicaragua. 

Apr. 24. Kan. A sheriff is shot while 
sitting in his tent. 



UNITED STATES. 1855, Sept. 17-1856, June 2. 179 



May 14. Cal. Serious disturbances by 
criminals are checked by a Vigilance 
Committee, in San Fr 



James P. Casey, editor of the Sunday 
Times, shoots and kills James King, 
editor of the San Francisco Bulletin. 

[Thousands of leading citizens arm and 
organize a Vigilance Committee, which 
tries and executes Casey ; they then 
suppress the bullies and desperadoes in- 
festing the city.] 

May 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked 
by border ruffians. (See State.) 

May 22. D. C. Preston S. Brooks, M. C. 
from South Carolina, assaults Senator 
Charles Sumner, of Massachusetts, 
while sitting at his desk in the Senate 
* chamber. He fells him to the floor with 
a cane, because of an offensive anti- 
slavery speech in the Senate. [Mr. Sum- 
ner is made an invalid for four years.] 

STATE. 

1855 Sept. 19. Kan. The defrauded 
Free-State settlers hold a third conven- 
tion at Topeka, adopt a Free-State 
Constitution, and nominate ex-Gov. 
Reeder (Rep.) for Congress. 

Oct. 1. Kan. The proslavery party, 
in an election called by their Legisla- 
ture, elect John "W. Whitfield for Con- 
gress ; he receives more votes than the 
census-tables warrant. 

Oct. 3. Kan. The proslavery party meet 
at Leavenworth. 

Oct. 9. Kan. Ex-Gov. Reeder is elected 
as a Free-State Representative in Con- 
gress by 2,400 majority. 

Oct. 23.-Nov. 11. Kan. The Free- 
Soil party declares the proslavery 
Legislature to have been elected by 
fraud ; assembling at Topeka, it 
adopts a constitution which excludes 
all negroes, and organizes a rival gov- 
ernment. [Discord, violence, and crime 
abound for one year. The Kansas ques- 
tion is made an issue in national poli- 
tics — " Bleeding Kansas ! "] 

Dec. 3. D.C. The 34th Congress opens. 
Congress ; House : A prolonged and 
exciting struggle over the speakership 
ensues. [Finally (Feb. 2, 133 ballot) N. 
P. Banks (Rep.) of Mass. is elected 
over Wm. Aiken (Dem.) of S. C. by a 
plurality of three votes — every vote for 
Banks coining from the free States.] 

Dec. 15. Kan. The Topeka (anti- 
slavery) Constitution is accepted by a 
popular vote. Vote, 1,731-46. 

* * U.S. Revenue from the sale of pub- 
lic lands in 1855, §11,497,049. 

* * U. S. The antislavery party becomes 
generally known as the Republican 
party — the "Whig party rapidly dis- 
appears from view. 

* *The United States decline to pay 
Sound dues to the Danish Government, 
and the claim is settled by paying a 
compensation. 

* *-58 * * New York. Fernando "Wood s 
elected the 70th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-57 * * Conn, William T. Minor. 
-59 * * Bel. Peter F. Cansey. 

-56* * Kan. (Ter.). Wilson Shannon. 



-59 * * Ky. Charles S. Morehead. 
-5S * * Mass. Henry J. Gardner. 
-58 * * Mich. Kinsley S. Bingham. 
-59 * *N. C. Thomas Bragg. 
-57 * *N. H. Ralph Metcalf. 
-58 * * Neb. (Ter.). Mark W. Izard. 
-57 * *N. Y. Myron H. Clark. 

Pa. James Pollock. 
-57. * * Wis. Coles Bashford. 

1856 Jan. 11. D. C. Congress; Sen- 
ate : Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is re- 
elected President pro tempore. 

Jan. 15. Kan. A Territorial election is 
held, a Legislature chosen, and Charles 
Robinson (Rep.) elected governor un- 
der the Free-State Constitution. 

Jan. * U. S. Deep political excite- 
ment and solicitude prevail, both in 
the North and the South. 

Jan. 26. D. C. President Pierce, in a 
special message to Congress, recognizes 
the proslavery Legislature in Kansas. 

Feb. 11. D. C. The President by proc- 
lamation orders the dispersion of 
armed invaders of Kansas. 

Feb. 22. Phila. The National Con- 
vention of the American party 
(Know -Nothings) nominates Millard 
Fillmore of N. Y. for President, and 
A. J. Donelson of Tenn. for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

It virtually approves of the Fugitive- 
Slave law and the Kansas-Nebraska 
Act; it professes opposition to foreign 
influence in national legislation. 

Mar. 4. Kan. The Legislature meets 
at Topeka, and inaugurates Gov. Rob- 
inson ; then adjourns till July 4. 

Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The House 
appoints a committee to investigate 
the Kansas troubles. 

Apr. 6. Utah. The Constitution of the 
proposed Mormon State of Deseret is 
adopted by a convention held at Salt 
Lake City. 

Apr. 14. Kan. The Congressional 
Committee begins to take testimony 
respecting the political situation. 

Apr. * Kan. Colonel Buford arrives with 
armed men from Georgia, Alabama, 
and other Southern States. 

May 5. Kan. The grand jury of Doug- 
las County finds indictments for 
treason against Reeder, Robinson, 
and Lane, the Free-State leaders. 

May 14. D. C. President Pierce re- 
ceives Father Vijil, Filibuster 
Walker's "minister" from Nicaragua. 

May 20. D. C. Congress; Senate : 
Charles Sumner of Mass. delivers an 
elaborate antislavery philippic, en- 
titled, " The Crime against Kan- 
sas," in which he comments severely 
on Senator Butler of S. C. 

May 21. Kan. Lawrence is sacked 
by the posse of the U. S. marshal after 
the cannon and arms of the residents 
have been surrendered, under pledges of 
safety. 

May 22. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
Charles Sumner is brutally assaulted 
with a cane in the Senate chamber. 
(See Society.) 



May 26. Kan. A political fight c 
eight deaths at Pottawatomie. 

May 28. D. C. Diplomatic relations 
with Great Britain are strained be- 
cause of diverse interpretations of the 
Clayton-Bulwer Treaty. 

May 29. D.C. President Pierce informs 
Congress that he has ceased to hold 
diplomatic correspondence with Mr. 
Crampton, British rninister, because 
of his attempting to enlist citizens of 
the United States in the British 
service. 

May * Kan. The U. S. marshal takes 
Col. Buford's volunteers from Ala- 
bama into Government pay, and arms 
them to drive out Northern men. 

June 2. Kan. A political fight occurs 
at Palmyra ; Capt. Pate of S. C. and 30 
men are captured by a Free-State 
force. [Civil war prevails for several 
months.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855 Sept. * Cholera breaks out on the 
Pacific steamer Uncle Sam; 111 deaths 
follow. 

Nov. 1. Mo. An excursion train breaks 

through a bridge 100 miles from St. 

Louis ; 20 persons are killed and many 

are wounded. 
Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other 

aliens in 1855, 200,877. 

* * New York. Castle Garden ceases to 
be a theater, and becomes a depot for 
receiving immigrants. 

* * Boston. The banks establish a Clear- 
ing-house. 

* * N.J. Fairmount Cemetery, _ near 
Newark, is incorporated. 

* * An explosion occurs on the steamer 
Lexington, on the Ohio, 90 miles below 
Louisville ; 35 persons perish. 

1856 Jan. 23. The steamer Pacific 
leaves Liverpool for New York with 186 
persons on board. [Her fate is un- 
known.] 

Feb. 17. S. C. Charleston is almost de- 
stroyed by fire. 

Feb. 20. The packet-ship John Rutledge 
strikes an iceberg and founders ; only 
one survives out of 156 persons. 

Feb. 22. Cal. The first railroad in 
the State is opened, from Sacramento to 
Folsom, 224 miles long. 

Feb. 26. Ice breaks up on the Missis- 
sippi and wrecks 23 steamboats. 

Feb. * Spanish coins are driven out of 
circulation by Congress, and the coinage 
of a much smaller cent is provided for. 

Mar. 15. N. J. The ferry-boat New Jer- 
sey takes fire near Camden and becomes 
unmanageable ; 50 persons perish. 

Mar. 26. Boston. The Boston and Cam- 
bridge Street Railroad is opened. 

Apr. 7. New York. The steamship Adri- 
atic is launched ; the largest vessel of 
the kind yet built. 

Apr. 11. III. Locomotives cross the 
great bridge over the Mississippi at 
Bock Island. 



180 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1856 Aug. 29. Kan. A band of pro- 
slavery men, under Capt. Reid, defeats 
John Brown and the abolitionists at 
Osawatomie. 

THE SIXTEENTH "WAR. 

* * 1858 * * Fla. The Seminole In- 
dian "War. Men enrolled, 2,(187. Cause: 
the removal of a remnant of Indians to 
the "West. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1856 July 4. New York. A statue of 
"Washington, in Union Square, is un- 
veiled. 

Aug. 28. N. T. The Dudley Observa- 
tory, at Albany, is inaugurated. 

Aug. * Last Island, a summer resort in 
the Gulf of Mexico, is submerged in a 
etorm, the houses are wrecked, and 300 
persons drowned. 

Autumn. Destructive gales prevail on 
the Great Lakes ; 49 wrecks and more 
than 200 deaths. The steamer Supe- 
rior is wrecked near Pictured Rocks. 

* * Conn. Condensed milk is first manu- 
factured at Litchfield. 

* * III. The bridge 1,582 feet long, across 
the Mississippi at 'Rock Island, is com- 
pleted. 

* * N.J. The first experiments in pro- 
ducing steel by the Bessemer process 
are tried at the Phillipsburg furnace. 

* * Capt. Ericsson patents an improved 
caloric engine. 

* * Sorghum, or Chinese sugar-cane, is in- 
troduced. 

* * Thirsty Drover is painted by F. W. 
Edmonds. 

1857 Jan. 23-25. Severe cold prevails 
throughout New England. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1857* * 

Anderson, Isaa<\ West. Pres. pioneer cl., A77. 

Bailey, Jacob Wltitiii:in, microsi-opist, A 46. 

Birney, James G., pliilan., antislavery edi- 
tor, of O., A 65. 

Blake, John L., P. E. cl., author, A69. 

Brenton, Sam'l, M. E. cl., 31. C. for Ind., A47. 

Brown, (iooM, Kranunarmn, author, A66. 

Butler, Andrew P., senator for S. C, A61. 

Cheves, Lampion, senator for S. C, A81. 

Colton, Calvin, P. E. cl., author, A68. 

Crawford, Thomas, sculptor, A44. 

l>illon, Louise, actor, horn in Ga. 

DnrBorow, Allan C, Jr., M. C. for 111., born 
in Pa. 

Gallinger, Jacob H., sen. for N". II., b. Can. 

CJliddon, Ccoi'^e Unburns, Kffyptologist, A48. 

Goodwin, Nat ('., actor, born in Mass. 

Griswold, Kufus Wilmot, historical writer, 
A 42. 

CHURCH. 
1856 * * The Presbyterians establish a 

mission among the Kickapoo Indians. 
Oct. 23. Minn. The General Associa- 
tion (Congregational) of Minnesota is 

organized. 

* * III. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Chicago is organized. 

* * New York. The General Assem- 
bly (N. S. Presbyterian) meets; L. P. 
Hickok, moderator. It condemns sla- 
very. 

* * New York. The General Assembly 
(O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; Francis 
McFarland, moderator. 



* * New York. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting assembles. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A Campbell, moderator. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal; meets. 

* * The Foreign Indian-School Mission 
begins practical work. 

* *The American Missionary Society 
reports 79 missionaries in the foreign 
field. 

1857 Jan. 9. III. The Roman Catholic 

Diocese of Quincy is transferred to 

Alton. 

LETTERS. 
1856 Sept. 23. N. J. The Peter Hert- 

zog Theological Hall at Rutgers College 

is dedicated. 

* * Ala. Southern University (Meth. 
Epis.) is chartered. 

* * la. "Western College (U. Brethren) 
is organized at Toledo. 

* * HI. Garrett Biblical Institute (Meth. 
Epis.) is opened at Evanston. 

* * III. Monmouth College (United 
Pres.) is organized at Monmouth. 

* * Ky. Daughters' College (Disciples) 
is founded at Harrodsburg. 

* * Mass. James A. Garfield graduates at 
"Williams College. 

* * Mo. Stephens CoUege, Female 
(Bapt.), is founded at Columbia. 

* * N. C. Raleigh Christian Advocate 
(Meth. Epis. South) is issued. 

* * S. C. Newberry College (Lutheran) 
is organized at Newberry. 

* *N. J. Seton Hall College (Rom. 
Cath.) is founded at South Orange. 

* * New York. Harper's Weekly is 
founded. 

* *N. Y. College of Our Lady of 
Angels (Rom. Cath.) is organized at 
Suspension Bridge. 

St. Lawrence University (Univ.) 
is organized at Canton. 

* * O. Baldwin University (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Berea. 

* * Wis. St. Francis de Sales College 
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at St. Francis. 

* * Dred : A Tale of the Dismal Sicamp, by 
H. B. Stowe, appears. 

* * -67 * * 0. The Public Library is 
founded at Cincinnati. [158,136 vols.] 

* * The Dutch Republic, by JohnLothrop 
Motley, appears. 

* * English Traits, by Emerson, appears. 

* * History of the United States, by George 
Tucker, appears. 

* * The Last of the Foresters, by J. E. 
Cooke, appears. 

* * Married, not Mated, by Alice Cary, 
appears. 

* * The Poetry of the Orient, by \Y. R. 
Alger, appears. 

* * Prue and I, by G. W. Curtis, appears. 

* * Travels in Central Africa, by Du 
Chaillu, appears. 

* * Life of Frhnont, by Joiin Bigelow, 
appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1856 June 5. Cal. San Francisco is 
declared in a state of insurrection 
by Gov. Johnson. (See May.) 

July 8. D.C. Preston S. Brooks is 
indicted fur assaulting Charles Sumner. 
[lie pays the fine of $300.] 

Aug. 18. Cal. The Vigilance Com- 
mittee in San Francisco, having accom- 
plished its ends, disbands after a pa- 
rade. 

Sept. 12. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises 
between two bands of lawless clubs, the 
" Rip Raps" and the '■ "Wampa- 
nags"; one man is killed and 20 , 
wounded. 

Oct. 8. Md. A riot at Baltimore arises 
between the "Rip Raps" and the 
New Market Fire Company. 

Nov. 4. Md. A riot in Baltimore arises 
between Democrats and Know-Noth- 
ings; 8 persons are killed and 150 
wounded. 

Nov. 27. Nicaragua. Gen. "Walker, 
with his third company of adventurers, 
invades Central America by landing at 
Punta Arenas. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The revival 
of the slave-trade is proposed and de- 
feated. Vote, 1S3-5S. 

* * Mass. James A. Garfield graduates 
at Williams, and returns to Ohio. 

* * Me. The prohibitory ** Maine Law" 
is repealed, and license laws enacted. 

* * N. Y. Charles B. Huntington is dis- 
covered to be a forger to the extent of 
fifteen or twenty milli ons of dollars, 
mainly used as collateral security. 

1857 Jan. 30. New York. Dr. Harvey 
Burdell is brutally murdered in his 
own house in Bond Street, a fashionable 
quarter of the city. 

[The sensational trial of Mrs. Cunning- 
ham, his landlady (mistress) follows ; 
she escapes the penalty of her crime by 
an irregularity in the proceedings.] 

STATE. 

1856 June 2. O. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention assembles at Cincin- 
nati; James Buchanan of Pa. is unani- 
mously nominated on the 17th ballot, and 
John C. Breckinridge of Ky. is nomi- 
nated for the vice-presidency. Frank- 
lin Pierce, Stephen A. Douglas, and 
Lewis Cass are prominent candidates. 

June 9. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
Charles E. Stewart of Mich, is elected 
President pro tempore. 

June 17. Phila. The Republican 
National Convention assembles ; it 
denounces " those twin relies of bar- 
barism, polygamy and slavery": John 
C. Fremont of Cal. and William L. 
Dayton of N. J. receive the presidential 
nominations ; John McLean is a rival 
candidate for the presidency, while 
Abraham Lincoln, Charles Sumner, 
.fl". P. Banks, and David "Wilmot are 
urged for the vice-presidency. 

Ju le 24. D.C. President Pierce recog- 
n. zes "Walker, the filibuster, as Presi- 
dent of Nicaragua. 



UNITED STATES. 1856, June 2-1857, Feb. 11. 181 



June30. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Stephen A. Douglas proposes the ap- 
pointment of a committee of five, to 
set things in order in Kansas. 

July 1. U. S. National debt §31,972,537. 

July 3. I). C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Douglas Bill for a com- 
mittee of five on Kansas. Vote, 33-12. 
The House votes to receive Kansas 
into the Union with the Free-State 
Constitution. 

July 4. Kan. The State Legislature 
assembles at Topeka, and is dispersed 
by IT. S. troops. 

July 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the bill to admit Kansas. 

July * D. C. Congress : The Investi- 
gating Committee make a report con- 
cerning Kansas troubles which favors 
the Free-State men. 

Aug. 14. Kan. Free-State men capture 
a fortified post near Lecompton ; Col. 
Titus and 20 men are captured. 

Aug. 17. Kan. Gov. Shannon ex- 
changes the cannon taken at Law- 
rence for Col. Titus and other prisoners. 

Aug. 18. D. C. The 34th Congress : 
the first session closes. 

Aug. 21. D. C. The 34th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

It is called by the President to pass 
the Army Bill, which caused a great 
struggle in the first session. 

Aug. 25. Kan. Acting-Governor Wood- 
son proclaims the Territory to be 
in a state of rebellion. 

Aug. 29. Kan. A large proslavery 
force is collected at Lecompton and 
another at Santa Fe ; Osawatomie is cap- 
tured ; seven men killed, many wounded, 
seven prisoners taken, and 30 buildings 
burned. Frederick Brown, a son of 
John Brown, is among the killed. 

Aug. 30. Kan. David R. Atchison's 
(proslavery) force, being threatened, 
withdraws into Missouri. 

D. C. Congress passes the Army 

Bill without the proviso respecting 
Kansas. 

The 34th Congress: the second ses- 
sion closes. (Ten days.) 

Aug. * D. C. Congress: The House adds 
a provision to the Army Appropriation 
Bill, that Government troops shall not 
be employed to enforce the laws passed 
by the Kansas Territorial Legislature. 
[The Senate disapproves, and the bill 
fails to pass during the session.] 

Sept. 1. Kan. In a municipal election 
at Leavenworth, Missourians (chiefly) 
kill and wound several Free-State 
men, burn their houses, and force about 
150 to embark for St. Louis. 

Sept. 3. D. C. President Pierce appoints 
John W. Geary to be military gov- 
ernor of Kansas Territory. 

Sept. 11. Kan. Gov. Geary arrives at 
Lecompton ; he releases Robinson and 
other (Free-State) prisoners on bail, and 
proclaims the disbanding of all hostile 
forces. 



Sept. 15d=. Kan. Three regiments of 
Missourians with cannon proceed to 
attack Lawrence ; Gov. Geary with 
United States troops interposes, and 
they retire. 

Sept. 17. Md. The last "Whig Na- 
tional Convention meets at Baltimore, 
and adopts the nominees of the Ameri- 
can party. 

Nov. 4. The ISth presidential elec- 
tion ; Democrats elected. 

Popular Vote : James Buchanan 
(Dem.) of Pa., 1,S38,169; John C. Fre- 
mont (Rep.) of Cal., 1,341,204; Millard 
Fillmore (American) of N. Y., 87-4,538. 

Illinois refuses to support its " Little 

Giant," Stephen A. Douglas, and 
elects Lyman Trumbull, a Free-Soil 
senator. 

Dec. 1. B.C. The 34th Congress: the 
third session opens. 

Dec. 15±. Kan. Lecompton, a parti- 
san judge, is removed on demand of the 
governor, and James C. Harrison of Ky. 
is appointed in his place. 

Dec. 30 i. Kan. Gov. Geary reports to 
the President that peace and order 
prevail in the Territory. 

* * Me. Democrats repeal the Prohibitory 
law. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-58 * * Cal. J. Neely Johnson. 

-57 * * Kan. (Ter.). John W. Geary. 

-60 * * La. R. C. Wickliffe. 

-57 * * Me. Samuel "Wells. 

-60 * * 0. Salmon P. Chase. 

-58 * * S. C. Robert F. W. Alston. 

-60 * * Va. Henry A. Wise. 

-58 * * Vt. Ryland Fletcher. 

1857 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
James M. Mason of Va. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

Kan. TheTopekaFree-StateLegis- 

lature organizes ; the Federal marshal 
arrests its leading members as revolu- 
tionists. 

Jan. 7. Kan. Both houses being without 
a majority, the Legislature adjourns till 
June. 

Jan. * Utah. The Mormon digni- 
taries revolt, and drive officers of 
the Federal Government out of the 
Territory. 

Jan. 12. Kan. The proslavery Territo- 
rial Legislature (declared illegal) meets 
at Lecompton, and provides for a con- 
vention to frame a State Constitution. 

Jan. 24. D. C. Congress modifies the 
Polk Tariff of 1846, to diminish the 
revenue ; the average rate on duties 
is reduced 20 per cent. 

Jan.* Kan. Gov. Geary resigns be- 
cause the Federal Senate refuses to 
confirm the appointment of Judge Har- 
rison, and thereby restores Judge Le- 
compton to office. 

Feb. 11. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Buchanan, 174 ; 
Fremont, 114; Fillmore, 8. Vote for 
Vice-President : J. C. Breckinridge of 
Ky. (Dem.), 174; Wm. L. Dayton of 
N. J. (Rep.), 114; A. J. Donelson of 
Tenu. (American), 8. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1856 July 7. Phila. Between 20 and 

30 persons are drowned by the giving 
way of a wharf on Reed Street. 

July 16. Pa. Two trains come together 
at full speed at Campbell ; five cars are 
shivered and set on fire ; 60 persons 
are crushed or burned, 78 wounded. 

July 17. The steamer Northern Indiana 
takes fire on Lake Erie ; 40 persons 
perish. 

July 26. The steamboat Empire State 
explodes her boilers on Long Island 
Sound, killing and wounding several 
persons. 

July 27. N. Y. The steamer John Jay 
is burned on Lake George ; several 
persons perish. 

July 29. Boston. A fire renders 80 fami- 
lies homeless ; 9 lives are lost. 

Aug. 21. Conn. The Charter Oak at 
Hartford is blown down ; a dirge is 
played at noon, and the bells are tolled 
at sundown. ■ 

Mass. The submarine cable is laid 

to the main land. 

Oct. * Boston. An industrial exhibi- 
tion is opened. 

Nov. 2. The French steamer Le Lyonais 
collides with a sailing vessel on the 
Atlantic ; both founder, and only 16 
persons out of 132 from the steamer 
are saved. 

Nov. 8. N. Y. A fire at Syracuse burns 
100 buildings. 

Dec. 12. The Resohite, of the Franklin 
expedition, is presented to Queen Vic- 
toria. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and o tv £r 
aliens in 1856, 195,857. 

* * Chicago. The first wooden pavement 
is laid on Wells Street. 

* * Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel, under 
Hoosac Mountain, is begun. [Completed 
in 1873, four and three-fourths miles 
long.] 

* * JSFeio York. The "Trim an line of 
steamers, running to Liverpool, is estab- 
lished. 

* * The Ocean Wave, carrying emigrants 
from Rotterdam to New York, collides 
with a British vessel ; 77 persons perish. 

* * First passage of a vessel through the 
Great Lakes and Welland Canal to 
Europe. 

* * Grants of land are made in Florida, 
Alabama, ^Mississippi, Louisiana, Michi- 
gan, and Wisconsin, to aid in construct- 
ing railroads in those States. 

* * The Chicago, Burlington, and 
Q,uincy Railroad, connecting Chicago 
with the Mississippi, is completed ; also 
the Chicago and Fort "Wayne, the 
Iowa extension of the Chicago and 
Rock Island, and the Penobscot and 
Kennebec. 

1857 Jan. 5, 6. A large American ves- 
sel— Northern Belle — is wrecked near 
Broadstairs, England. 

[The Government sent 21 silver medals 
and §1,350 to be distributed among the 
boatmen of the place who saved the 
crew.] 



182 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1857 May* -June* Rebellion breaks 

out in Utah; 0,000 troops are sent to 

support the new governor. 
July * Kan. Disturbances are quelled by 

the United States Government actively 

aiding the proslavery party (Bleeding 

Kansas). 
Nov. * Utah. Col. A. S. Johnston's army 

goes into winter-quarters about 100 

miles from Salt Lake City. 

ART— SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1857 Aug. 21. Wis. A cyclone destroys 
property in Woodland. 

Oct. 4. The asteroid Virginia is dis- 
covered by James Ferguson. 

* * New York, A granite shaft, in honor 
of Maj.-Gen. Worth, U. S. A., is un- 
veiled. 

* * New York. Work is begun on Central 
Park. 

±* * Mass. "Watches are successfully 
made by machinery. 

* * Backwoods of America is painted by 
J. F. Cropsey. 

* * High Banks on the Genesee River is 
painted by J. F. Kensett. 

* * The statue Vermont is executed by 
L. G, Mead. 

* * The statue Indian Hunter is first 
sketched out by J. Q. A. Ward. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1857 * * 

Hamilton, James, senator for S. C M A71. 
Hubbard, Henry, senator, A73. 
Herndon, Wm. L., of Va., naval officer, A44. 
Kane, Elisha Kent, Arctic explorer, au- 
JO* thor, A37. 
MacLane. Louie, sen. for Del., min. to 

Eng., sec. of treas, A71. 
Marcy, "William Learned, sen. for N. Y., 

Gov., sec. of state, A71. 
Martinot, Sadie, actor, horn in N. Y. 
Meiklejolm, Geo. I)., M. C. for Neb., b.Wis. 
Mercer, David H., M. C. for Neb., b. in la. 
Mitchell, Elisha, pruf. N. C. Univ., At>4. 
Pence, Late, M. C. for Col., born in lnd. 
Redfleld, William C, meteorologist, AtiS. 
Stevenson, Andrew, M. C. for Va., minister 

to Eng., A73. 
Thursby, Emma, actor, born in N.Y. 
Toomey, Michael, geologist, A52. 

CHURCH. 

1857 May 3. Miss. Wm. H. Elder is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Natchez. 

June 10. 0. The General Convention 
of the New Jerusalem meets at Cin- 
cinnati. 

* * Cat. The (N. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of California is organized. 

* * III. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of Southern Illinois is 
organized. 

* * lnd. The South Indiana Eldership 
(Church of God) is organized. 

* * lnd. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Fort "Wayne is established. 

* * Ky. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian} meets at Lexington ; C. 
Van Rensselaer, moderator. 

* * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing assembles. 



fc * Mont. The Presbyterians (South) 
start a mission among the Blackfeet 
Indians. 

k * Minn. The Protestant Episcopal Di- 
ocese of Minnesota is organized. 

* * Mich. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Marquette is established. (Also in 1805.) 

' * 0. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A Campbell, moderator. 

c * 0. The District of Ohio Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) is organized. 

* * Neb.-Cal. The Congregational Con- 
ferences of Nebraska and California 
are organized. 

* * O. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Cleveland ; S. 
"W. Fisher, moderator. Resolutions are 
adopted opposing slavery. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Reading. 

* * Pa. The Christian Indians build the 
town of Naln, near Bethlehem. (School- 
houses, chapels, and mills are soon 
erected.) 

* * The Board of Missions of the Pres- 
byterian Church is now called The 
Trustees of the Board of Domestic 
Missions. 

* * U.S. A great religious awakening 
prevails. 

* *The Reformed (Dutch) Church with- 
draws from the American Board of 
Commissioners for Foreign Missions, to 
form a Missionary Society in the Re- 
formed Church. 

* * The South Indiana and Texas, Ar- 
kansas and Indian Territory Elderships 
(Church of God) are organized. 

LETTERS. 

1857 May * New York. Columbia Col- 
lege is removed to a new site on 49th 
Street. 

* * Ala. Alabama Female College is 
founded by Baptists at Tuscaloosa. 

* * Boston. The Atlantic Monthly appears. 

* * Ga. Bowdon College (non-sect.) is 
organized at Bowdon. 

* * la. Amity College, (non-sect.) is or- 
ganized at College Springs. 

Oct. * HI. Chicago Theological Semi- 
nary (Cong.) is opened. 

* * la. Cornell College (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded at Mt. Vernon. 

* * la. Upper Iowa University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Fayette. 

* * Kan. Highland University (Pres.) 
is organized at Highland. 

* * Kan. Baker University (M e t h. 
Epis.) is founded at Baldwin. 

St. Benedict's College (Rom. Cath.) 
is organized at Atchison. 

* * Ky. Eminence College (Christian) 
is organized at Eminence. 

* * lnd. Bock Hill College (Rom. Cath.) 
is organized at Ellicott City. 

* * III. The Northwestern University 
Library is founded at Evanston. [25,000 
vols.] 



* * X. Y. The Brooklyn Library is 
founded. [83,888 vols.] 

* » Mo. Central College (Meth. Epb.) 
is organized at Fayette. 

* * N. C. Davenport Female College 
(Meth. Epifl.) is founded. 

* * O. Hillsborough College (Meth, 
Epis.) is founded at Hillsborough. 

* * Pennsylvania State College (non- 
sect,) is organized at State College. 

* * -58 * * S. C. Russell's Magazine ap- 
pears at Charleston. 

* * Banner of Light (Spiritualist) is first 
issued. 

* * The Historical Magazine appears. 

* * The Bay Path, by J. G. Holland, ap- 
pears. 

* * Moss Side, by Marion Harland, ap- 
pears. 

* * Oriental Acquaintance, by J. "W. De 
Forrest, appears. 

* * Sylvia, or the Lost Shepherd, by T. B. 
Read, appears. 

* * Travels in Greece and Russia, by B. 
Taylor, appears. 

* * Words for the Hour, by Julia 'W. 
Howe, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1S57 Apr. 29.+ Md. A strike begins 
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad ; 
later the troops are called out to sup- 
press interference of strikers with the 
trains ; many are killed and wounded. 

June 16. New York. A riot breaks out 
in connection with the police department 
and offices, which are claimed by two sets 
of officials ; Mayor Fernando "Wood 
is arrested for assault and battery. 

June * D. C. A riot in Washington 
occurs between Irish and Americans. 

July 4. New York. Another riot occurs. 

It grows out of the struggle between 

the mayor and the new board of police 

commissioners ; six men are killed, 100 

wo onded. 

Sept. 18. Utah. At Mountain Meadow 
120 men, women, and children are mas- 
sacred by Mormons and Indians, while 
emigrating westward; only a few chil- 
dren are spared. 

Nov. 24. Gen. AYalker lands another 
filibustering expedition in Nicaragua. 

* *N. Y. "William H. Armstrong, G. W. 
P. of the Grand Division of the Sons of 
Temperance, secures the unanimous 
indorsement of the Grand Division to a 
scheme for a constitutional amend- 
ment, prohibiting the liquor traffic. 

* * Pa. The Society of the "War of 1812 
is formed. 

STATE. 
1857 Mar. 4. D. C. The 34th Con- 
gress ends. 

The 15th Administration ; Democratic. 

James Buchanan of Pa. is inaugu- 
rated the 15th President, in the ISth 
term of the presidency. J. C. Breck- 
inridge of Ky. is Vice-President. 

Cabinet : Lewis Cass of Mich. (State), 
Howell Cobb of Ga. (Treas.), John B. 



UNITED STATES. 1857, Mar. 4-1858, Mar. 4. 188 



Floyd of Va. (War), Isaac Toucey of 
Conn. (Navy), Jacob Thompson of 
Miss. (Interior), Aaron V. Brown of 
Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.), and Jeremiah S. 
Black of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.). 

Congress ; Senate : James M. Mason 
of Va. is elected President pro tempore. 
Jefferson Davis of Miss, begins his 
second term in the Senate. 

Mar. 6. D. C. The Dred Scott decis- 
ion is rendered by Chief Justice Taney, 
of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. Vote, 7-2. (Case of Dred Scott, 
who is claimed as a slave, in a free 
State.) 

It decides that neither negro slaves 
nor their descendants, whether slave or 
free, could become citizens under the 
Constitution of the United States ; that 
it is unconstitutional for Congress to 
decree freedom to any Territory. The 
dictum of the Court declares the Mis- 
souri Compromise to be unconstitu- 
tional. [It is received at the South with 
delight and at the North with indig- 
nation.] 

Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; Senate : T. 
J. Rusk of Texas is elected President 
pro tempore. 

Mar. 18. D. C. Lord Napier, the 
British envoy, arrives. 

May * Kan. Robert J. "Walker, the 
new governor, arrives. 

June 15. Kan. Delegates to the State 
Convention are chosen; Free-State 
men ignore the call as illegal ; only 2,000 
out of 10,000 votes are cast. 

June 16. New York. The new Metro- 
politan Police Law is resisted by 
Mayor Fernando Wood, and a serious 
collision occurs between the old and 
the new police forces. (See Society.) 

June 17. An additional treaty with 
Japan, negotiated by Townsend Harris, 
is signed. 

Julyl. U.S. National debt $28,699,831. 

July 2. N. Y. The Court of Appeals 
decides that the Metropolitan Police 
Law is constitutional, and that the 
old police force must accept its decision 
and disband. 

Sept. 7. Kan. The Constitutional Con- 
vention meets at Lecompton. [Adjourns 
till Oct.] 

Sept. 15. Utah. Brigham Young for- 
bids a U. S. force to enter Utah, and 
calls out his troops. [The President re- 
moves Governor Young.] 

Oct. 5. Kan. The Territorial election 
is won by Free-State men (7,600-3,700). 

A fraudulent attempt is made to 
change the result by using 1,624 names 
from a Cincinnati directory as the roll 
of voters a*t Oxford, a place having 
eleven houses. 

Nov. 7. Kan. The illegal Constitu- 
tional Convention meets, and pro- 
vides a constitution which prohibits the 
Legislature from making antislavery 
laws. 

Dec. 7. D. C. The 35th Congress 
opens. 

D. C. Congress; Senate: Benj. 
Fitzpatriek of Ala. is elected President 
pro tempore. House: James L. Orrof 



S. C. is elected Speaker; he receiving 
128 votes to 84 for Galusha A. Grow 
of Pa. 

Dec. 9. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Stephen A. Douglas of 111. opposes 
the Lecompton Constitution. 

Dec. 15. D. C. Congress: The Repre- 
sentatives first occupy their commo- 
dious new chamber. 

Dec. 21. Kan. An election is held on 
the Constitution. 

All ballots are marked " Constitution 
with slavery," or " Constitution with 
no slavery ; " but no provision made to 
vote again;? l the Constitution as a whole. 
The Missouri border counties (1,000 votes 
by the census), cast 6,143 votes for the 
Constitution and 569 votes against it, 
Free-State men not voting. It is nomi- 
nally adopted, with slavery. 

* * U. S. The government of many 
cities is dominated by the disorderly 
and lawless element of the population. 

The " Plug Uglies" rule in Baltimore, 
and visit Washington to decide the 
charter election; the roughs of New 
York, who are called "Dead Rabbits," 
control Fernando Wood, the mayor ; 
New Orleans is ruled by the same class 
till a vigilance committee forces a noto- 
rious mayor to resign. 

* * U.S. The Republican party is 
pledged to resist the extension of sla- 
very into free territory ; it controls 11 

States, and contests others. 

* * N. Y. The Whig Legislature, in de- 
spair of local self-government, begins to 
interfere with the government of 
New York City. 

The governor is directed to appoint 
a commission to construct Central 
Park, and another commission to con- 
trol the police force. 

The commissioners transfer the police 
department of New York from the mu- 
nicipal authorities to those of the State, 
and four counties are united in a police 
district. 

* * The Dred Scott decision reacts in 
favor of the Republicans in the North. 

* * Tenn. Andrew Johnson is elected 
a United States Senator. 

* * Utah. Rebellion of the Mormons; 
Brigham Young and many other Mor- 
mon dignitaries are indicted for treason. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-61 * * Ala. Andrew B. Moore. 
-58 * * Conn. Alex. H. Hclley. 
-61* * Fla. Madison S. Perry. 
-65 * * Ga. Joseph E. Brown. 
-61 * * ///. Win. H. Bissell. 

-61 * * hid. Ashbel P. Willard. 
-58* * Kan. (Ter.). Robert J. Walker. 

Me. Hannibal Hamlin. 
-58 * * Me. Joseph H. Williams. 
-58 * * Minn. Samuel Medary. 

Mo. Truston Polk. 

Mo. Hancock Jackson. 
-61 * * Mo. R. M. Stewart. 
-59 * * N. H. William Hale. 
-60 * * N. J. Wm. A. Newell. 
-61 * * N. Mex. (Ter.). Abraham Ren- 

cher. 
-59 * * K. r. John A. King. 
-59 * * R. I. Elisha Dyer. 
-59 * * Tex. H. G. Runnels. 
-61 * * U.. (Ter.). Alford Cummings. 

Wash. (Ter.). J. P. Anderson. 



-61* * Wash.(Ter.). Fayette M'Mullen. 
-61 * * Wis. Alex. W. Randall. 

1858 Jan. 4. Kan. An election of 
State officers is held under the Con- 
stitution ; also, by act of Legislature, 
the Lecompton Constitution itself 
is submitted to the popular vote ; it is 
rejected by 10,206 votes. 

Feb. 2. D. C. President Buchanan's 
message to Congress declares, "Kan- 
sas is at this moment as much a slave 
State as South Carolina." 

Mar. 4. B.C. Congress; Senate : Sen- 
ators from the South indulge in extrava- 
gant predictions. 

J. H. Hammond of S. C. declares 
in the Senate : " Without firing a gun, 
without drawing a sword, should the 
North make war on us ... no cotton 
. . . [would be] furnished for three 
years. . . . England would topple 
headlong, and carry the whole civilized 
world with her. . . . No power on 
earth dares to make war on cotton. 
Cotton is king." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1857 Apr. 15. The Milwaukee and 

Prairie du Chien Railroad is opened. 

May 1. W. Va. The Parkersburg 

branch of the Baltimore and Ohio Rail- 
road is completed. 

May * The Memphis and Charleston 
Railroad is opened. 

June 25. Pa. The Pennsylvania Rail- 
road purchases of the State its line of 
canals and railroads, 353 miles long, for 
$7,500,000. 

June * Baltimore and St. Louis are 
directly connected by rail. 

Aug. 5. The laying of the Atlantic 
cable commences at Valentia in Ireland. 
The vessels employed are the Niagara 
and Susquehanna, and the British ves- 
sels Leopard and Agamemnon. After 
sailing a few miles the Atlantic cable 
breaks, but is soon repaired. 

Aug. 11. Eng. The cable breaks after 
300 miles have been paid out [the vessels 
soon return to Plymouth]. 

Aug. 24. O. The failure of the Ohio 
Trite and Trust Company is reported ; 
liabilities about $7,000,000. [This fail- 
ure is the precursor of the panic] 

Sept. 12. The large steamer Central 
America is wrecked by a gale in the Gulf 
of Mexico ; 152 out of 526 persons are 
saved by drifting 600 miles on rafts ; 
§2,500,000 are sunk. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1S57, 246,945. 

* * New York. The winners of the Amer- 
ica cup present it to the New York 
Yacht Club for a perpetual Interna- 
tional Challenge Cup. 

The North German Lloyd line of 
steamers, running to Southampton and 
Bremen, is established. 

* * The Chicago and St. Louis Railroad 
is completed. 

* * The road between Detroit and Tole- 
do is completed. 

* * Va. The Virginia Central Rail- 
road, connecting Richmond and Jack- 
son's River, 195 miles, is completed. 



184 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1858 May.* The war with the Seminoles 
has lasted seven years, cost the Govern- 
ment about §10,000,000, and the loss of 
1,466 lives. 

June * Utah. The Government sends an 
army against the Mormons ; a compro- 
mise is entered into, and peace estab- 
lished by Governor Cummings. 

* * An American vessel in the Paraguay 
River is fired upon by a garrison ; the 
U. S. Government demands an apology. 

1S59 June 25. China. Commodore Tatt- 
nall assists the English in an engage- 
ment with the Chinese on the river 
Peiho. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1858 June 12. ///. The levee ahove 

Cairo yields to the flood, and the town 



Jay, Win., jinltfe, anti-shiverv philan., A69. 
.Jones, Anson, last president of Tex., AbO. 
Leslie, Eliza, author, ATI. 
Peck, .John Mason, Hapt. cl., author, A69. 
Pern-, Matt hi' w < ;U fn :ut h, ruliuuudore 

U. S. N., A64. 
Porter, William T., editor, A52. 
Quitman, John A., gen., Gov. of Mies., M.C., 

A59. 
ririeh, Charles Freileriek, painter, b. N.Y. 
WtHianis, Kleazei, elertryirtan, reputed son of 

Louis XVI. and Mane Antoinette, ? ATI. 



Sept. 11. The asteroid Pandora is dis- 
covered by George Mary Searle. 

* * Col. Gold is found at Pike's Peak ; 
silver is also discovered in Nevada. It 
is the first discovery of pure silver 
metal in the United States. 

* * New York. William Hart and Arthur 
F. Tait are elected members of the Na- 
tional Academy of Design. 

* * New York. Mile. Piccolomini makes 
her first appearance. 

* * New York. The corner-stone of St. 
Patrick's Roman Catholic Cathedral is 
laid, with impressive ceremonies. 

* * Great floods prevail in the Southwest 
[and later in the Upper Mississippi ; loss, 
§30,000,000]. 

* * St. Agnes is painted hy Rothermel. 

* * Bargaining is painted hy F. W. 
Edmonds. 

1859 July 1. + Mo. Prof. Wise and 
three others ascend in a balloon at St. 
Louis, and travel 1 150 miles in 19 hours' 
and 15 minutes ; they descend, in an ex- 
hausted condition, in Jefferson County, 
New York. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1858* * 

Andrews, Ethan A., author Lat.-Eng. lead- 
con, A71. 

Augur, Hezekiah. sculptor, inventor of carv- 
ing-machine, A67. 

Bartholomew, Edward S., of Conn., sculp- 
tor, A36. 

Benton, Thomas Hart, sen. for Mo., his- 
torian, A76. 

Berry, L. W M college pres., A43. 

Cayvan, Georgia, actor, born in Me. 

Cleaveland, Parker, mineralogist, chemist, 
A78. 

Comstock, John L., au. of school-hooks, A69. 

Cook:, Clarence, art-critic, journalist, ATI. 

Conrad, Robert T., judge, poet, A48. 

Dauvrey, Helen, actor, born in O. 

Deane, .lames, phvsieian, geologist, A57. 

Dolliver, .Jonathan P., M. O. for la., b.W.Va. 

Dreher, Virginia, actor, born in Ky. 

Duer, William Alex., pres. of Columbia col- 
lege, jurist, A78. 

Ellsler, Erne, actor, horn in Pa. 

Ellsworth, Henry L., com. of patents, ACT. 

Foresti, E. Felice, prof. Columbia coll., AG5. 

Gadsden, James, of S. C, minister to Mex. 
A77. 

Oilman, Samuel, Unit, cl., author, A67. 

Haupt, Paul, prof, in Harvard, A75. 

Hare, Robert, physicist. A77. 

Hawkins, John Henry W.. temperance advo- 
cate (" Wfishinctonian "), A59. 

Herbert, Henry William (Frank Forester), 
author, A51. 

Hunt, Freeman, author, editor, A54. 



Bailey, Gamaliel, editor National Era, A52. 
Beleher, Joseph, Bapt. clergyman, A66. 
Bond, William C, astronomer, ATU. 
Brown, John, abolitionist, anti-slavery 

Bush, George, Swedenborgian editor, A6.1. 

Burnap, George W., Unit, el., author, AST. 

Carnahan, James It., Pres. clergyman, prof, 
at Princeton, A84. 

Choate, Ruius. lawyer, orator, senator for 
Mass., A60. 

Cornish, .lohnston, M. C. for N. J., b. N. J. 

Cousins, Robert G., M. C. for la., b. la. 

Doane, Geo. W., P. E. bishop of N. J., A60. 

Davis, John W., statesman, A60. 

Frost, John, teaclier, writer, A59. 

Gayle, John, lawyer, jurist, A67. 

Gould, Benj. Apthorp, leaeher, classical edi- 
tor, A72. 

Irving'. Washington, of N.Y., author, A76. 

James, John Angell, Cong, cl., author, A74. 

Jones, James C, Gov. sen. for Tenn., A50. 

Leslie, Chas. R., painter in Eng., A65. 

Mann, Horace, educationist, of Mass., A63. 

Mason. John Y., of Va., sec. of navy, atty.- 
gen., minister to France, A60. 

Matcher, Howard, M. C. for Pa.,b.Pa. 

Nott, Abner Kingman, Bapt. cl., A25. 

NuttalJ, Thomas, botanist, A73. 

Olmsted, D>-iiison. astronomer, geologist, A6S. 

Prescott,"WiUiam Hickling-, historian, A(j:i. 

Richards, John, clergyman, editor, A62. 

Bobbins. Gaston A., M. C. for Ala., bom in 
Ala. 

Sedgyvick, Theodore, lawyer, author of legal 
works, A48. 

Tully, William, physician, author, A74. 

Turner, Wm. Waddeii, oriental scholar, A49. 

Walsh, Robert, author, ed. National Gazette. 
A75. 

CHURCH. 

1858 Mar. 13. Ind. The General 
Association (Congregational) is organ- 
ized. 

May 1. Tenn. The 4th General Con- 
ference (Meth. Epis. South) meets at 
Nashville. 

May 26. Pa. The Associate and As- 
sociate Reformed Churches (Presby- 
terian) are united at Pittsburg in one 
church, styled The United Presbyte- 
rian Church of North America. 

June 9. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

Aug. 25. Pa. Samuel Bowman is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist- 
ant hishop of Pennsylvania. 

* * Chicago. The General Assembly 
(N. S. Presbyterian) meets ; M. L. P. 
Thompson, moderator. 

* * Ind. The Congregational Conference 
of Indiana is organized. 

* * The Trie nni al Convention (Congre- 
gational) of the Northwest is formed. 

* * la. The (0. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Southern Iowa is organized. 

* * La. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at New Orleans ; 
Win. A. Scott, moderator. 

* *Mo. The (O. S.) Presbyterian Synod 
of Upper Missouri is organized. 

* * 0. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati; A. Campbell, moderator. 



* * Pa. The General Assembly 
(United Presbyterian) meets at Pitts- 
burg ; J. T. Pressy, moderator. 

* * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing assembles. 

* * The Presbyterians celebrate the re- 
union of the "Old Sides'* and the 
"New Sides." 

* * The Baptist churches among the In- 
dians are reported to number about 1500. 

* * Francis Burns, colored, is ordained 
(Methodist Episcopal) missionary bishop 
for Liberia. 

* * A body of antislavery Methodists se- 
cede from the Methodist Protestant 
Church because of slavery, and they 
organize the Methodist Protestant 
Church of the Northwestern States 
[later, the Methodist Church]. 

* * The Local Preachers' National Asso- 
ciation (Methodist Episcopal) is organ- 
ized. 

1859 June 8. Phila. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 

1858* * Conn. TheWatkinson Library 
of Reference is founded at Hartford. 
[34,899 vols.] 

* * Ky. The Southern Baptist Theologi- 
cal Seminary is founded at Louisville. 

* * N. C. Judson College (Bapt.) is 
founded at Henderson. 

* * O. Mount Union College (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Alliance. 

* * Nature and the Supernatural, hy Hor- 
ace Bushnell, appears. 

* * Autocrat of the Breakfast Table, by O. 
W. Holmes, appears. 

* * Bitter- Street, by J. G. Holland, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Courtship of Miles Standish, by 
Longfellow, appears. 

* * European Acquaintance, by J. W. De 
Forrest, appears. 

* * System of Mineralogy, hy James D. 
Dana, appears. 

* * Timothy Tit comb's Letters to Young 
People, by J. G. Holland, appears. 

1859* * Cat. St. Ignatius College 
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at San Fran- 

* * la. Griswold College (Prot. Epis.) 
is organized at Davenport. 

* * Ind. Earlham College (Friends) is 
organized at Richmond. 

* * Mich. Adrian College (Meth. Epis.) 
is organized. 

* * Mick. Olivet College (non-sect.) is 
organized at Olivet. • 

* * Mass. The Free Public Library is 
founded at Worcester. [61,204 vols.] 

* * Mo. La Grange College (Bapt.) is 
founded. 

SOCIETY. 
1858 June 26. Utah, Col. A. S. John- 
ston's army finds Salt Lake City de- 
serted by 30,000 Mormon citizens, who 
have departed southward on its approach 
as a posse comitatus. 



UNITED STATES. 1858, Mar. 13-1859, Sept. 16. 185 



Aug. 5-i O. The successful laying of 
the Atlantic cable is celebrated with 
cannon-tiring, bell-ringing, and general 
jubilation. 

Aug. 26. S. C. Lieut. Moffat of the U. S. 
Navy seizes the American slave-ship 
Echo [and brings her to Charleston]. 

Sept. 1. N". Y. A mob on Staten Island 
destroys the quarantine hospitals. 
[Troops are sent and the people declared 
in rebellion.] 

Oct. 29. K. Y. John Morrissey de- 
feats John Heenan in a revolting 
prize-fight; they fight 11 rounds in 22 
minutes. 

Dec. 6. * Ala. Gen. "Walker sails with 
another filibustering expedition. [It ia 
wrecked soon afterward.] 

* * O. James A. Garfield marries Lu- 
cretia Kudolph. 

* * Va. Mount Vernon is purchased by 
the " Ladies' Mount Vernon Associa- 
tion " for $200,000. 

1859 Feb. 26. B.C. Daniel E. Sickles, 
M. C. for New York, is acquitted for kill- 
ing Philip Barton Key, the seducer of 
his wife. 

STATE. 

1858 Mar. 23. B.C. Congress: The 
Senate passes the Lecompton Bill, to 
admit Kansas as a State, under the Le- 
compton Constitution. Vote, 33-25. 

Mar. 29. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is elected 
President pro tempore. 

Apr. 1. B. C. Congress: The House re- 
jects the Lecompton Bill in favor of 
the Crittenden-Montgomery substitute. 

May 4. Fla. The last of the Seminole 
Indians are removed from Florida. 

May 11. B. C. Congress admits Min- 
nesota into the Union as the 32d State. 

May -i- * * The relations of the Republic 
with England are somewhat strained by 
her persistence in the right to search 
American vessels in the "West Indies, 
in suppressing the slave-trade. 

June 13. U. S. A treaty with China 
is signed at Tien-Tsin. 

June 14. B. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

The 35th Congress: the first session 
closes. 

Julyl. U.S. National debt §44,911,881. 

Aug. 3. Kan. An election ordered by 
Congress again decides the fate of the 
constitution; it is rejected by a ma- 
jority of 9,500. 

Aug. 21.-Oct. 15. III. Abraham 
Lincoln and Stephen A. Douglas, 
rival candidates for Congress, hold joint 
discussions in their electioneering can- 

Wov. 25. Vt. The Legislature passes a 
"Personal Liberty Bill," to secure 
freedom to all persons within the State, 
especially to prevent the operation of 
the Fugitive Slave Act. 



Dec. 6. B. C. The 35th Congress : 
the second session opens. 

* * Colorado is first settled. 

* * B. C. Nathan Clifford of Me. is 
appointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme 
Court. 

* * Xetv York. Daniel N. Tiemann is 
elected the 71st mayor. 

* * U, S. Governors inaugurated : 
-60 * * Cat. John B. Weller. 
-66 * * Conn. W. A. Buckingham. 
-60 * * la. Ralph P. Lowe. 

Kan. (Ter.). James W. Denver. 
-59 * * Ka?i.(Ter.). Samuel Medary 
-61 * * Mass. Nathaniel P. Banks. 
-61 * * Me. Lot M. Morrill. 
-60 * * Minn. Henry H. Sibley. 
-60* *Miss. William M l Willie. 

Neb.(Ter.). Wm. A. Richardson. 
-59 * * JVe&. ( Ter.). Sterling Morton. 

Pa. Wm. F. Packer. 
-60 * * S. C. Wm. H. Gist. 
-60 * * Vt. Hiland Hall. 

1859 Jan. 4. B. C. The Senate first 
occupies its new chamber in the north 
wing of the Capitol. The Supreme 
Court occupies the old chamber. 

Jan. * Kan, The Territorial Legislature 
orders that the question of calling an- 
other convention to prepare a con- 
stitution shall be decided by a popular 
vote. 

Jan. 24. B. C. Congress: Senator Slidell 
of La. presents a hill which proposes to 
place $30,000,000 in the hands of the 
President for the purchase of Cuba. 

Feb. 14. B. C. Congress admits Ore- 
gon into the Union as the 33d State ; the 
domain not included in the State is 
added to the Territory of Washington ; 
President Buchanan signs the bill. 

Feb. 26. -D. C. Congress: Senator Sli- 
dell withdraws the Cuba bill. 

Mar. 3. B.C. Congress : The President, 
by special message, saves the public 
credit from the dishonor of an empty 
treasury. Congress authorizes the issue 
of $20,000,000 in treasury notes. 

Mar. 4. B.C. The 35th Congressends. 

Mar. 14. B. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is 
appointed Postmaster-General, succeed- 
ing Aaron V. Brown of Tenn. 

Mar. * Kan. A new convention, to 
frame a constitution, is ordered by a 
popular vote; majority, 3,881. 

May 16. Ore. The Legislature meets in 
special session for the purpose of com- 
pleting the organization of the State 
government. 

June 25. B. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Benj. Fitzpatrick of Ala. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

July 1. U. S. National debt $58,496,837. 

July 5. Kan. A State Convention meets 
at Wyandotte. [It prepares an anti- 
slavery constitution, and restricts the 
suffrage to " white male persons."] 

July 27. Pacific Coast. Gen. ' Harney 
sends a military force to San Juan 
Island, near Vancouver's Island, in the 
interests of American pioneer settlers. 



July * China. Gen. "Ward, the United 
States envoy, is not permitted to see 
the emperor, after going to Pekin. 

Aug.* W. Va. The Knights of the 
Golden Circle meet at White Sulphur 
Springs ; they are organized for the 
chief purpose of extending the area of 
slavery by conquering Central America. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1858 May 11. j\r. Y. A disaster occurs 
on the New York Central Railroad at 
Utica ; 8 persons are killed, 30 wounded. 

June 3. The steamer Pennsylvania, on 
the Mississippi, bursts its boilers ; 10 
lives are lost. 

June 26. Two steamers commence to lay 
the Atlantic cable in mid-ocean ; the 
cable parts when live miles are laid. 

July 29. The third attempt to lay the 
Atlantic cable commences in mid-ocean. 

Aug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success- 
fully laid between Newfoundland and 
Ireland. 

Aug. 16. Queen Victoria and President 
Buchanan send the first messages by 
the Atlantic cable. 

Sept. 13. The steamer Austria is burned 
at sea ; 539 lives are lost. 

Oct. 5. New York. The Crystal Palace, 
with its contents, is burned; loss more 
than SI ,000,000. 

Oct. 9. Mo. The first overland mail 
arrives at St. Louis, 23 days and 4 hours 
from San Francisco. (Pony express.) 

Nov. * iV. Y. Aqueduct water is intro- 
duced into Brooklyn. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants and other 
aliens in 1858, 119,501. 

* * Col. The first colony of miners in 
Colorado is established on Clear Creek, 
in Gilpin County. 

* * B.C. The New Patent Office Building 
at Washington is completed. 

* * R. I. Swan Point Cemetery near 
Providence is incorporated. 

1859 Feb. 27. The steamer Princess, 
for New Orleans, bursts her boilers, and 
25 persons are killed and 35 wounded. 

Apr. 27 , 28. The ship Pomona is wrecked 
on Blackwater Bank ; of 419 persons on 
board, only 24 are saved. 

June, 5. O. The wheat crop throughout 
most of the State is destroyed by frost. 

June 27. Ind. A disaster occurs on 
the Michigan Southern Railroad near 
South Bend ; 38 persons are killed and 
50 wounded. 

June 30. N. Y. Emile G. Blondin 
crosses the chasm at Niagara Falls on 
a tight rope. 

Aug. 26. Pa. E. L. Drake bores through 
the rock at Titusville, and at the depth 
of 71 feet strikes oil (petroleum), which 
rises near the surface ; it is the first oil 
well. 

Sept. 16. Mo. The first overland mail 
(Pony express) for the Pacific coast 
leaves St. Louis. [It arrives at San 
Francisco Oct. 10.] 



186 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. AMERICA : 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1859 Oct. 16 K W. Va. John Brown 
makes a raid into Virginia to free the 
slaves. 

"With 17 white men and 5 negroes he 
surprises and captures the United States 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry. 

Oct. 17. W.Va. The militia and Federal 
troops besiege John Brown. 

Oct. 18. W. Va. The armory is captured 
by Col. R. E. Lee with 1,500 troops ; 12 of 
Brown's men are killed ; Brown and 4 
men are taken prisoners. 

1860 Jan. * U. S. The militia of the 
various States numbers 3,070,987. 

The United States Navy numbers 93 
vessels of all kinds. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1859 Nov. 24. New York. Adelina 
Patti makes her first appearance in 
America. 

* * The French Government voluntarily 
presents Samuel F. B. Morse with 
$80,000 for his invaluable services in 
introducing the telegraph. 

* * Photo-lithography is introduced in 
preparing maps. 

* * New York. Charles F. Blauvelt of 
Maryland, and James M. Hart of New 
York, are elected members of the Na- 
tional Academy of Design. 

* *New York. A bronze bust of Schiller 
is unveiled in Central Park. 

* * Adirondacks is painted by J. M. Hart. 

* * Kaaterskill Clove is painted by S. It. 
Gifford. 

* *The group The Checker Players is 
executed by John Rogers. 

* * Star of Empire is painted by Eman- 
uel Leutze. 

* * Venus is painted by Thomas Page. 

1860 Mar. 29. Conn. Charles F. Hall 
sails from New London in the ship George 
Henry for the Arctic regions to search 
for tidings of Sir John Franklin. 

June 3. IlL-Ia. A terrible tornado, 
moving at the rate of from 70 to 90 miles 
an hour, devastates the country along 
its path, and causes 150 deaths. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

I860* * 

Alexander, Joseph A., theologian, orientalist 
at Princeton, A51. 

Archer. Hell, actor, born in Pa. 

Brett, Philip M., RefM. clenivman, A43. 

Bryan, Wm.J., M. O. for Neb., born in 111. 

Curtis, Charles, M. C. of Kan., born in Kan. 

Dent, 1 tennis, inaj.-^-ii. U. S. A., dies. 

Drake, Benjamin, M. E. clergyman, AGO. 

Erwin, Alex. R., clergyman M. E. Ch, South, 
A40. 

Espy, James P., meteorologist, author, A75. 

Praser; Charles, painter, writer, A78. 

Goodrich, Chauncey, clergyman, editor Web- 
ster's Dictionary, A70. 

Goodrich, Sam. G. (Peter Parley) , an., A67. 

Houk, John C, M. C. for Tenn., b. in Tenn. 

Gray, Alonzo, author, educator, A52. 

Jesup, Thomas Siilnev, niuj.-ircn,, A72. 

Maimer, Thomas F., M. C. for N.Y., b. N.Y. 

MeLanrin, John I,., M. O. for S. C, b. S. 0. 

Miles, Richard P., R. 0. hp. of Nashville, AG9. 

Neumann, John N., R. C. bp. in Phila., A49. 

Owen, David Dale, geologist, A53. 

Paulding, James Kirke, novelist, sec. of 
navy, A81. 

Parker. Theodore. Unit, el., author, A50. 

Peale, Rembrandt, portrait painter, A82. 

Preston, Wm. C, sen. for S. C, A66. 

Russell, Lilian, actor, born in Iowa, 



"Van Rensselaer, Cortland, I'n-s. el., A52. 
"Walker. "William, filibuster, A36. 
Watson, John E., antiquary, historical writer, 

A36. 
Winebrenner, John, Ger. Hef'd. cl. t A63. 

CHURCH. 

1859 Oct. 13. Alexander Gregg is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
Texas, Wm. Henry Odenheimer of New 
Jersey, Gregory Thurston Bedell (assist- 
ant) of Ohio, and Henry Benjamin Whip- 
ple of Minnesota. 

Oct. 23. Ark. Henry Champlin Lay is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- 
sionary bishop of Arkansas. 

* * Del. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Wilmington ; R. 
W. Patterson, moderator. 

* * HI. The Illinois Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * Ind. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Indianapolis ; 
Wm. L. Breckinridge, moderator. 

* * Kan.-O. The Protestant Episcopal 
dioceses of Kansas and Southern Ohio 
are organized. 

* * New York. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting assembles. 

* * New York. St. Patrick's magnificent 
cathedral (Roman Catholic) is erected. 

* * N. Y. The Genesee Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * 0. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * O. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; Peter 
Bullions, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Pittsburg. 

* * The Society for the Increase of the 
Ministry (Protestant Episcopal) is in- 
corporated. 

* * U. S. The American Board -with- 
draws from the Choctaw Indians, 
because of complications respecting 
slavery. 

* * Va. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets in Rich- 
mond. 

* * The American Missionary Association 
abandons its work among the Indians 
of the Northwest. 

* * The Choctaw Indians are declared 
a Christian people. 

* * A Church Antislavery Society is 
instituted for the purpose of convincing 
American churches and ministers that 
slavery is a sin, and inducing them to 
take the lead in the work of its abolition. 

1860 Feb. 15. Joseph Cruikshank 
Talbot is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) missionary bishop of the North- 
west. 

May 1-June 4. N. Y. The General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is 
held at Buffalo. 

May * The Nebraska Conference is organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

1859* * N.C. North Carolina College 
(Evan. Lutheran) is organized at Mt. 
pleasant. 



Trinity College (Meth. Epie. S.) is or- 
ganized at Durham. 

* * New York. Audubon's Birds of Amer- 
ica is republished in the form of the 
original edition. 

* * N. Y. St. Bonaventura College 
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Allegany. 

* * O. Willoughby College (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized. 

* * Avolio, by P. H. Hayne, appears. 

* * Beulah, by A. J. E. Wilson, appears. 

* * History of New England during the 
Stuart Dynasty, by J. G. Palfrey, ap- 
pears. 

* * Home Ballads and Poems, by Whittier, 
appears. 

* * Life Thoughts, by Henry Ward 
Beecher, appears, and Notes from Plym- 
outh Pulpit. 

* * The Minister's Wooing, by H. B. 
Stowe, appears. 

* * Money King, by J. G. Saxe, appears. 

* * Seacliff, by J. W. De Forrest, appears. 

* * Sicily, a Pilgrimage, by Tuckerman, 
appears. 

* * History of the United States, by J. H. 
Patton, appears. 

* * A quarto edition of Webster's Diction- 
ary, revised by C. A. Goodrich, appears. 

* * The Diamond Wedding, by Edmund 
Clarence Stedman, appears. 

1860 June* New York. The World 
is founded. 

* * ///. Wheaton College (Cong.) is or- 
ganized at Wheaton. 

Augustana College (Lutheran) is or- 
ganized at Rock Island. 

* * Ky. Cecilian College (Rom. Cath.) 
is organized. 

* * Louisiana State University (non- 
sect.) is organized at Baton Rouge. 

* * N. Y. St. Stephen's College (Prot. 
Epis.) is organized at Annadale. 

* * Ore. McMinnville College (Bapt.) 
is organized at McMinnville. 

* * The National Quarterly Review ap- 
pears in New York. 

* * Conduct in Life, by Emerson, appears. 

* * Intuitions of the Mind, by James 
McCosh, appears. 

* * The Marble Faun, by Hawthorne, ap- 
pears. 

* * Mother Goose for Grown Folks, by A. 
D. T. Whitney, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1859 Oct. 16. Va. John Brown at- 
tempts a raid to free the slaves by 
inciting a general uprising. 

Brown and 22 armed men seize the 
arsenal at Harper's Ferry, and hold it as 
a place of refuge for uprising slaves. 
Twelve insurgents and seven citizens 
including the mayor, are 
Army, State.) 
Dec. 2. Va. John Brown, who aimed 
to be the emancipator of the slaves of 
America, is hanged by the authorities 
of the State as an insurrectionist. 



UNITED STATES. 1859, Oct. 4-1860, June 16. 1ST 



Dec. 16. Va. Jolin Brown's compan- 
ions, Cook, Coppoc, Copeland, and Green 
are executed. 

* * Cal. Senator Broderick and Judge 
Terry fight a duel ; Broderick is killed 
on the first fire ; cause, political antag- 
onism. [Great excitement throughout 
the country. This tragedy reacts in 
favor of the Republicans.] 

* * III. TJlyssea S. Grant moves to 
Galena, and engages in the leather trade. 

* *New York. The Athenaeum Club is 
founded. 

1860 Mar. 16. Va. Stevens and Haz- 
lett, the last of the John Brown insur- 
gents, are executed. 

May 17. D. C. The Japanese embassy 
is received by President Buchanan. 

June 1. U. S. Total pensioners, 11,585 
(165 Revolutionary veterans) ; total an- 
nual payment, $1,183,141. 

* *U.S. Total number of slaves, 4,002,996. 
June 16. Phila. The Japanese embassy 

is received as the guests of the city. 

STATE. 

1859 Oct. 4. Kan. The antislavery 
constitution is approved by about 
4,900 majority at a general election. 

Oct. 16. Va. John Brown, of Kansas, 
seizes Harper's Ferry. (See Society.) 

Nov. 2. John Brown is tried at Charles- 
town and convicted <5f " treason, conspir- 
acy, and murder in the first degree ; " 
he is sentenced to be hanged. 

Dec. 2. If. S. A profound sensation 
is caused by the hanging of John Brown 
in Virginia. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 36th Congress 
opens. 

Political classification : Senate, 38 
Democrats out of 66 members ; House, 
113 Republicans, 93 Administration Dem- 
ocrats, 8 Anti-Lecompton Democrats, 
and 23 (Southern) Americans. (Tribune 
Almanac.) 

Congress: the Senate appoints a com- 
mittee of five (Mason, Davis, Fitch, 
Collamer, and Doolittle), to investigate 
the raid of John Brown. [It is alleged 
that they aim to fasten the responsibil- 
ity of Brown's raid on the Republican 
party.] 

Dec. * D. C. Congress; House : A long 
contest ensues between the Republicans 
and Democrats over the speakership. 
(See Feb. 1, 1860.) 

Dec. * -61 Mar.* D.C. Jefferson 
Davis is the Democratic leader in the 
Senate. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-63 * * Del. Win. Burton. 

-61 * * Kan. (Ter.). Fred. P. Stanton. 
-61 * * Ky. Beriah H. Magoffin. 
-60 * * Mich. Moses Wisner. 
-61 * * Neb. (Ter.). Samuel "W. Black. 
-61 * *N. C. John TV. Ellis. 
-61 * * N. H. Ichabod Goodwin. 
-63 * * N. Y. Edwin D. Morgan. 
-62 * * Ore. John Whittaker. 



-60 * * R. I. Thomas G. Turner. 
-61 * * Tex. Sam Houston. 

1860 Jan. 30. D. C. Congress; 
House : John Sherman of O. with- 
draws on the 40th ballot as a (Rep.) 
candidate for Speaker. 

Feb. 1. D. C. Congress ; House : After 
a struggle of eight weeks, "Wm. Pen- 
nington of N. J. is elected the first 
Republican Speaker. 

Feb. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jef- 
ferson Davis of Miss, introduces seven 
proslavery resolutions [which the Sen- 
ate adopts after three months of debate]. 
Some of them are propositions that have 
been voted down by the Southern De- 
mocracy in National Convention. 

Mar. 5. D. C. Congress: The House 
adopts the Covode resolution for a 
committee to investigate the conduct of 
the President. 

Mar. 12. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a Preemption BUI for the third 
time ; it provides for giving land to 
actual settlers at a nominal price, or 
free of cost. Vote, 115-65. All the nays 
but one come from the slave States. 

Mar. 13. N. Y. The Senate approves 
a joint temperance resolution provid- 
ing for a Constitutional Prohibitory 
Amendment. Vote, 30-6. 

Mar. 27- Cal. The Japanese embassy 
arrives at San Francisco. 

It includes two ambassadors, two asso- 
ciates, ten officials, two interpreters, two 
physicians, and 53 servants. 

Mar. 28. D. C. President Buchanan 
resents a proposed inquiry relative 
to his acts. 

Apr. 23. S. C. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention assembles at 
Charleston, and divides on the sla- 
very issue. 

The South demands explicit assertion 
of the right of citizens to establish 
slavery in the Territories, and to be 
protected in that right by Federal 
authority ; the Douglas men refuse to 
indorse these demands. Vote, 165-138. 

Apr. 30. S. C. The Democratic Conven- 
tion substitutes the Minority (Con- 
servative) Report on the platform for 
that of the majority. 

May 3. S. C. The Democracy is dis- 
rupted. 

Southern Democrats secede from the 
Convention because a radical prosla- 
very platform is refused. [The remain- 
ing members, hampered by the two-thirds 
rule, ballot 57 times, but fail to make a 
nomination, and adjourn to meet in 
Baltimore, on June 18.] 

May 9. Md. The Constitutional 
Union Party (chiefly members of the 
late American party) meets at Balti- 
more, and nominates John Bell of 
Tenn. and Edward Everett of Mass. for 
presidential offices. Vote: Bell, 138; 
Houston of Tex., 69. 

May 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes a substitute for the Preemption 
BUI. Vote, 44-S. [The House refuses 
to concur.] The House passes the 
Morrill Tariff Bill, to increase the 



revenue by increasing the scale of du- 
ties. (See Mar. 2, 18C1.) 

May 14. D. C. The Japanese em- 
bassy arrives. 

May 16. Chicago. The Republican 
National Convention meets. 

May 18. Chicago. The Convention votes : 
1st ballot: Wm. H. Seward, 173i; Abra- 
ham Lincoln, 102 ; Simon Cameron, 50^ ; 

scattering, . 2d ballot : Seward, 184-i ; 

Lincoln, 181. 3d ballot: Lincoln, 354; 
Seward, 110£; "Wm. E. Dayton, 1 ; John 
McLean, J. 

Abraham Tiincoln of 111. and Han- 
nibal Hamlin of Me. are unanimously 
nominated for presidential offices. 

May * Wash. Boundary disputes are 
renewed at San Juan; Gen. Harney 
is recalled. 

June 7. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill to admit Kansas as a State 
of the Union. [It fails in the Senate.] 

June 11. Va. The Southern seceding 
Democrats meet at Richmond, and 
adjourn till the close of the Baltimore 
Convention. (See May 3.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859 Dec. 21. U. S. Immigrants and 
other aliens in 1859, 118,616. 

* * III. Rose HiU Cemetery, near Chi- 
cago, is established. 

* * Ill.-Md. The first street cars are rim 
in Chicago and in Baltimore. 

* * Neb. The Colorado potato-beetle 
appears. 

It feeds on potato plants, and gradually 
proceeds eastward through Nebraska, 
Iowa, Illinois, Ohio, to the New England 
States. 

* * The Ohio and Pennsylvania, Ohio and 
Indiana, and the Fort "Wayne and Chi- 
cago Roads, consolidate, and form the 
Pittsburg, Fort "Wayne and Chicago 
Railroad Company, connecting Pitts- 
burg and Chicago by a continuous line 
471 miles long. 

1860 Jan. 10. Mass. The Pemberton 
Cotton Mill at Lawrence collapses while 
in operation ; the wreck takes fire ; 117 
persons are known to be dead, and 89 
missing. 

Jan. * A railway line is completed from 
Maine to Louisiana by the opening of 
the Mississippi Central, and 61 miles 
between Lynchburg and Alexandria, 
on the Orange and Alexandria Road. 

Feb. 2. New York . A fire destroys much 
property and 50 lives. 

Feb. 19. The emigrant vessel Luna is 
wrecked on rocks off Barfleur ; 100 lives 
are lost. 



188 



1860, June 18 -Dec. 31. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1860 Nov. 15. New York. Maj. Hob- 
ert Anderson of Ky. is ordered to 
take command of Federal forts and 
forces in Charleston Harbor. 

Nov. 21. S. C. Maj. Anderson as- 
sumes command at Fort Moultrie. 

Nov. 28. J'a. The steam sloop-of-war 
Brooklyn, carrying 28 guns, unexpect- 
edly returns from Panama, and arrives 
at Norfolk, 

Dec. 26. S. C. Maj. Anderson, U.S. A., 
evacuates Fort Moultrie and occupies 
Fort Sumter in Charleston Harbor. 

Dec. 27. S. C. The State authorities 
seize Castle Pinckney and Fort Moul- 
trie. 

Dec. 30. D. C. Gen. Scott communi- 
cates directly with the President, and 
asks permission to send 250 recruits to 
Fort Sumter -without the knowledge of 
the "War Department. 

Dec. 31. S. C. State troops take pos- 
session of the IT. S. arsenal at Charles- 
ton, and supplant the U. S. flag with the 
Palmetto flag. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1860 July 6. Boston. Dr. Isaac I. 
Hayes sails in the schooner United 
States to make researches in the polar 
regions. 

July 20. A remarkable meteor passes 
over New York, Connecticut, and Rhode 
Island. 

Sept. 10. O. The statue of Com. 
Perry is unveiled at Cleveland, on the 
47th anniversary of the battle of Lake 
Erie. 

Sept. 15. The asteroid Echo is discov- 
ered by J. Ferguson. 

Sept. 16. The asteroid Artemis is dis- 
covered by J. C. "Watson. 

CHURCH. 

1860 June 20. Chicago. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem 
meets. 

Sept. 12. Mass. The Congregational 
Conference of Massachusetts is organ- 
ized. 

LETTERS. 

1860* * History of the United Nether- 
lands, by John Lothrop Motley, appears 
in part. 

* * The Poems of Henry Timrod appears. 

* * The Poems of Rose Terry, by K. T. 
Cooke, appears. 

* * Poems Lyric and Idyllic, by E. C. 
Stedman, appears. 

* * Neio York. The Fireside Companion 
is issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1860 June 19. III. Abraham Lin- 
coln, the President-elect, declines a 
request to furnish liquors to the Na- 
tional Committee sent to inform him of 
his nomination to the presidency ; he 
returns unopened the hampers of wines 
and liquors given to him. 



June * La. "William "Walker sails for 
Honduras, on another lilibustering ex- 
pedition. [He is captured and shot.] 

June * New York. The Japanese em- 
bassy is received with great honor. 

July 6. N. J. Jacob S. Harden is 
hanged at Belvidere for the murder 
of his wife. 

July 13. N. Y. Albert "W. Hicks is 
hanged on Bedloe's Island for a triple 
murder on the oyster-sloop Edwin A. 
Johnson. 

Sept. 20. Mich. The tour of the 
Prince of "Wales begins at Detroit. 

Oct. 3-7. L). C. The Prince of "Walea 
is the guest of the President. 

Oct. 11. New York. The Prince of 
"Wales is received with a grand mili- 
tary and civic display. 

STATE. 

1860 June 18. Md. The Democratic 
National Convention reassembles at 
Baltimore ; Southern members fail in 
their proslavery demands and another 
secession occurs. 

The seceders from the Baltimore Con- 
vention hold a convention, and (June 
23) nominate John C. Breckinridge 
of Ky. and Joseph Lane of Ore. 

June 19. D. C. Congress: The Pre- 
emption Bill, as amended by the Sen- 
ate, passes both Houses with large 
majorities. 

June 22. Md. Stephen A. Douglas of 
111. and Hersehel V. Johnson of Ga. 
are nominated fur presidential offices by 
the Democratic National Convention. 

June 23. I). C. President Buchanan 
vetoes the Preemption Bill. 

June 25. B.C. The 36th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

June 26. Va. The Richmond Con- 
vention of seceding Democrats reas- 
sembles, and ratifies the nomination of 
Breckinridge and Lane. 

July 1. U. S. National debt $64,842,287. 

Aug. 30. Miss. The governor declares 
himself ready to " dare all and hazard 
all, rather than to see Mississippi a 
dependent province of a Black Repub- 
lican government." 

Sept. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb nego- 
tiates $10,000,000, 5 per cent ten 
year bonds at from par to 1.45 per cent 
premium. [Only §7,022,000 of the money 
was paid in.] 

Sept. * S. C. Several influential gentle- 
men meet at Charleston, and organize 
the secret society called "The 1860 
Association." 

It is organized " to influence public 
sentiment, and to resist Northern and 
Federal aggression," and improve the 
military defenses of the slave States. 
[A secret league of Southern governors 
follows, with a firm union of public men 
at Washington, D.C.] 
Oct. * U. S. Republicans organize "Wide 
Awake clubs ; they parade with torches 
and cannon. 



The political canvass, with four candi- 
dates in the field for the presidency, is 
highly exciting. 

South Carolina communicates to 
other States proposals for secession. 

Oct. 12. 8. C. Gov. Gist proclaims the 
convening of the Legislature in extra 
session, " to appoint electors of Presi- 
dent and Vice-President ; and, if advisa- 
ble, to take action for the safety and 
protection of the State." 

Oct. 23. Cal. Edward D. Baker makes 
a speech concerning the rights of free- 
dom, in the American Theater at San 
Francisco. 

Oct. 29. New York. The veteran Lieut.- 
Gen. Winfield Scott, general- in-chief of 
the army, counsels the President to 
make preparation for secession and 
hostilities by increasing garrisons at 
national forts. 

Oct. * The pivotal States give decisive 
Republican majorities, which fore- 
shadow the election of Mr. Lincoln. 

Majoritv for governor in Pennsvlvania 
is 32,000: in Indiana nearly 10,000; and 
for Congressmen in Ohio 27,000. 

Nov. 5. S. C. The Legislature meets in 
extra session ; the governor's message 
advocates secession and the reorganiza- 
tion of the militia. 

Nov. 6. U. S. 19th Presidential elec- 
tion ; the first Republican victory. 

Popular vote : Abraham Lincoln of 
111. (Rep.), 1,S66,352 : Stephen A. Douglas 
of 111. (Dem.), 1,375,157; J. C. Breckin- 
ridge of Ky. (Dem.), S45.7S3 ; John Bell 
of Xenn. (Union), 589,581. 

All the Republican electors are chosen 
in'17 free States, besides four of the seven 
elected in New Jersey ; 15 slave States 
are divided between three candidates. 

Nov. 7. S. C. Intense excitement fol- 
lows the election at Charleston, and 
through all the slave States ; exultation 
abounds in the antislavery States. 

Nov. 9.-11. D. C. Congress : The Sen- 
ators from South Carolina resign their 
seats. 

Nov. 13. S. C. The Legislature calls a 
convention to consider the question of 
secession, from the Union. [It resolves 
to raise 10,000 volunteers.] 

Nov. 14. Ga. Alexander H. Stephens 
delivers a union speech before the 
Legislature, which creates a marked 
sensation. 

Nov. 17. 5. C. A-grand mass meeting 
is held at Charleston, and enthusiastic 
addresses are made to " citizens of the 
Southern Republic." 

Nov. IS. Ga. The Legislature votes 
81,000,000 to arm the State. 

Nov. 20. D. C. The Administration 
adopts a non-coercive policy towards 
the seceding States ; it is expressed in 
the opinion rendered by the Attorney- 
General. 

Nov. 26. Miss. The Legislature is 
convened. 

It meets to consider" the propriety and 
necessity of providing surer and better 
safeguards for the lives, liberties, and 
property of her citizens than have been 
found in Black Republican oaths." 



UNITED STATES. 1860, June 18-Dec. 31. 



189 



S. C. The Legislature meets in reg- 
ular annual session. 

Nov. * Miss. The Legislature adopts a 
joint resolution directing the appoint- 
ment of commissioners to the several 
slaveholding States, to Becure united 
action in a secession movement. 

Dec. 3. D, C. The 36th. Congress: the 
second session opens. 

President Buchanan recommends Con- 
gress to conciliate the South hy making 
certain concessions ; and he reminds 
the South "that no single act has ever 
passed Congress impairing in the slight- 
est degree its rights to property in 
slaves," and admits that "the sword 
is not placed in the hands of Congress 
to preserve it [the Union] hy force." 

Dec. 4. D. C. Congress: In the House 
Alexander R. Bouteler of Ya, intro- 
duces a resolution for the appointment 
of a Special Committee [of Thirty- 
three] to consider the condition of the 
country. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Congress : In the Senate 
L. W. Powell of Ky. introduces a resolu- 
tion for the appointment of a Special 
Committee [of Thirteen] to concert 
measures of compromise or pacification. 
House : the Speaker announces the 
Committee of Thirty-three; Thomas 
Corwin of O., chairman. 

Members : T. Corwin of O., J. S. Mill- 
son of Va., C. F. Adams of Mass., W. 
Winslow of N. C, J. Humphrey of N. Y., 
"W. W. Boyce of S. C, J. H. Campbell of 
Pa., P. E. Love of Ga., O. S. Ferry of 
Conn., H. \V. Davis of Md., C. Robinson 
of R. I., W. G. Whiteley of Del., M. W. 
Tappan of N. H., J. L. N. Stratton of 
N. J., F. M. Bristow of Ky., J. S. Morrill 
of Vt., T. A. R. Nelson of Tenn., W. 
McK. Dunn of Ind., M. Taylor of La., 
R. Davis of Miss., W. Kellogg of 111., 
G. S. Houston of Ala., F. H. Morse of 
Me., J. S. Phelps of Mo., A. Rast of Ark., 
W. A. Howard of Mich., G. S. Hawkins 
of Fla., A. J. Hamilton of Tex., C. C. 
Washburne of Wis., S. R. Curtis of la., 
J. C. Birch of Colo., W. "Windom of Minn. , 
and L. Stout of Ore. 

Dec. 8. D. C. Secretary Cobb resigns 
the office of Treasurer, and joins the Se- 
cession movement. 

Dec. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Jefferson Davis of Miss, makes a 
speech, and declares that the Union had 
cost "little time, little money, and no 
blood." 

Dec. 12. D.C. Philip F.Thomas of Md. 

is appointed Secretary of the Treasury. 

Dec. 13. D. C. The House Committee 
of Thirty-three passes a resolution 
declaring " any reasonable, proper, and 
constitutional remedies and effectual 
guarantees of their [Southern] peculiar 
rights and interests should be promptly 
and cheerfully given." Vote, 22-8. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Gen. Cass, Secretary 
of State, resigns his office, because the 
President declines to reenforce Maj. 
Anderson. 

The President by proclamation ap- 
points the fourth of January prox. to be 
observed as a day of humiliation, fast- 
ing, and prayer, because of the " dan- 



gerous and distracted condition of the 
country." 

About one-half of the Senators and 
Representatives from eight Southern 
States unite in issuing an address to 
their constituents, urging the seces- 
sion of separate States for the purpose 
of organizing a Southern Confederacy; 
it is the official beginning of the 
Confederacy. 

Dec. 17. D. C. Jeremiah S. Black of 
Pa. is appointed Secretary of State. 

Congress authorizes a loan of 
$10,000,000. 

S. C. A State Convention assembles 

at Columbia, by the call of the Legisla- 
ture, and adjourns to Charleston to 
escape an epidemic of smallpox. 

Dec. 17. S. C. F. W. Pickens is in- 
augurated governor. 

The President writes Gov. Pickens that 
he has sent Caleb Cushing to South 
Carolina to avert if possible the seced- 
ing of the State. 

Dec. 18. D. a Congress: The Senate 
orders the appointment of the Special 
Committee of Thirteen. John J. 
Crittenden of Ky. introduces a plan of 
concession. (Schouler, Dec. 22.) 

It proposes to restore the Missouri 
Compromise line by constitutional 
amendment, and to run tbe line to the 
Pacific ; to admit Territories as States, 
with or without slavery, as their consti- 
tutions shall determine; to guarantee 
slavery in the slave States against aboli- 
tion by Congress ; to restrain interfer- 
ence by the Federal Government with 
the interstate transportation of slaves ; 
to recompense the value of fugitive 
slaves lost to their owners by mob vio- 
lence ; and urges the Northern States 
to repeal personal liberty bills wher- 
ever enacted. [It is not accepted by 
Congress.] 

The secession of States begins. 

Dec. 20. South Carolina secedes by 
the ordinance of a special convention. 

± S. C. The State Convention des- 
patches three special commissioners, 
Robert "W. Barnwell, James H. Adams, 
and James L. Orr, to Washington, to 
negotiate for the division of Federal 
property, and a surrender to South Car- 
olina of the forts in Charleston Harbor. 

D. C. Congress: The Senate Com- 
mittee of Thirteen is appointed to 
devise compromise measures for the 
restoration of peace. 

Members : Lazarus W. Powell and 
John J. Crittenden of Ky., R. M. T. 
Hunter of Va., William H. Seward of 
N. Y., Robert Toombs of Ga., Stephen 
A. Douglas of 111., Jacob Collamer of 
Vt., Jefferson Davis of ~\Iiss., Benjamin 
F. Wade of O., William Bigler of Pa., 
Henry M. Rice of Minn., James R. Doo- 
little of Wis., and James W. Grimes of 
la. 

The request of Gov. Pickens that 
Fort Sumter be surrendered to the 
State is delivered to President Bu- 
chanan by a special messenger. He 
replies that he has no authority to 
surrender any of the forts or public 
property in South Carolina to the State. 



Dec. 21. S. C. Gov. Pickens with- 
draws his request of the 20th inst. by 
advice of his friends. 

Dec. 24. S. C. The State Convention 
makes a " declaration of independ- 
ence." 

D. C. Congress ; House : Members 

from South Carolina withdraw. 

Secretary Floyd orders 78 guns to 
be shipped from Pennsylvania to New- 
port, near Galveston, Tex., and 46 guns 
to Balize, at the mouth of the Mississippi. 

Dec. 26. I). C. The commissioners 
from South Carolina arrive. 

Dec. 28. D. C. President Buchanan re- 
ceives the three commissioners as pri- 
vate gentlemen. 

Secretary Thomas obtains bids for less 
than half of the $5,000,000 in Treasury 
notes he had advertised, and the Gov- 
ernment is reduced to desperate straits. 
[Bankers in New York save the na- 
tional credit by making a combination 
purchase of 31,500,000.] 

Dec. 29. D. C. J. B. Floyd of Va. re- 
signs his office as Secretary of War. [He 
is succeeded by Joseph Holt, Dec. 31.] 

The three commissioners write Pres- 
ident Buchanan that he must disapprove 
of Maj. Anderson's occupancy of Sum- 
ter before they can negotiate with him. 

Dec. 30. I). C. Secretary Black succeeds 
in changing the President's vacillat- 
ing policy; he refuses to see the 
commissioners from South Carolina. 

Dec. 31. D. C. The President informs 
the three commissioners that Fort 
Sumter will be defended to the last 
extremity. 

Congress ; Senate : The Committee 
of Thirteen on compromises reports 
that it is " not able to agree upon any 
general plan of adjustment." 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1860 June * U. S. Eighth census : 
States, 33; whites, 26,922,537, colored, 
4,441,830; (free colored, 488,070, slaves, 
3,953,760; Indians omitted ; total popula- 
tion, 31,443,321. Increase 35.58 per cent. 
The center of population is 20 miles 
south of Chillicothe ; the westward 
movement in 10 years is 81 miles. 

June 28. Kew York. The Great Eastern 
arrives ; the largest vessel ever built. 

Sept. S. The steamer Lady Elgin collides 
with the schooner Augusta on Lake 
Michigan, and goes down ; of 835 persons 
on board, 2S7 are lost. 

* * III. Oakridge Cemetery, near 
Springfield, is consecrated. 

* * Mass. Newton Cemetery, near 
Boston, is established. 

* * U.S. Statistics for 1860. Produc- 
tion: Gold, SIC.OOIMHHI; Silver, $150,(1110 ; 
Busht'ls of Grain — Indian Corn, S3S,- 
795 74'J ; Wheal . 173.1(14,924 ; < >ats, 172,043,- 
1S5; Barley, 15.825.898; Rye, 21,101,380; 
Buckwheat, 17,571,818; bales of Cotton, 
4,669,770. 

Currency in circulation, $435,407,l'52 ; 
per capita, $13.85. Immigrants, 150,273. 
Miles of railroad, 30,635. 



190 I860 * *-1861, Feb. 13. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1860 * * The United States Army is 
scattered in remote parts of the coun- 
try, vast military stores are lodged in 
Southern arsenals by direction of Secre- 
tary Floyd, a sympathizer with seces- 
sion ; the navy is chiefly absent on 
foreign stations. 

1861 Jan. 1-4. Ala. The governor seizes 
Mount Vernon Arsenal and Forta 
Morgan and Gaines at Mobile. 

Jan. 2. S. C. State troops seize Fort 
Johnson, guarding the harbor of 
Charleston. 

Jan. 3. Ga. Gov. Brown seizes Forts 
Pulaski and Jackson near Savannah. 

Jan. 5. New York. The Star of the West 
sails with reenforcenients and supplies 
for Maj. Anderson. 

Jan. 7. Fla. The State troops seize 
Fort Marion and Fort Augustine. 

Jan. 9. 5. C. The first shot is fired in 
the Civil War ; when the Star of the 
West is approaching Fort Sumter, she is 
attacked by the batteries of Fort Moul- 
trie, and compelled to retire. 

Maj. Anderson demands of Gov. 
Pickens an explanation of the hostile 
act against the U. S. flag. 

£>. C. Plans for the defense of 

"Washington are presented by Col. 
Charles P. Stone, and adopted. 

Jan. 9, 10. N. C. State troops and citi- 
zens occupy Forts Caswell and John- 
ston, without authority. 

Jan. 9-11. Fla. Lieut. Slemmer trans- 
fers his command from Forts Barran- 
cas and McRae to the strong defenses 
of Fort Pickens, Santa Rosa Island. 

Jan. 10. La. State troops seize the Baton 
Rouge barracks and TJ. S. arsenal. 

Miss. The State seizes U. S. forts and 

properties. 

Jan. 11. S. C. Gov. Pickens demands 
the surrender of Fort Sumter. Maj. 
Anderson refuses. 

Jan. 12. Fla. A force of volunteers, 
under authority of the governor, de- 
mands of Commodore Armstrong the 
surrender of the Pensacola navy 
yards; they are given up, with two 
deserted forts. 

Miss. The Confederates fortify 

Vicksburg. 

N. C. Forts Caswell and Johnston 

are restored, by order of Gov. Ellis. 

Jan. 14. Fla. Fort Taylor at Key West 
is garrisoned by Federal troops. 

Jan 15. La. Fort Jackson and Fort 
St. Philip are seized. 

Jan. 20. Miss. Confederates take pos- 
session of the unfinished fort on Ship 
Island. 

Jan. 22. D. C. President Buchanan 
refuses to pledge the government to 
extend the truce at Charleston till Feb- 
ruary 15th. 

Jan. 24. Ga. State troops demand and 
occupy the XT. S. arsenal at Augusta. 



Jan. 29. D. C. The President orders 
the expedition sent to Pensacola, not 
to land the troops, on the assurance 
that Fort Pickens will not be attacked 
by seceders. (Fort Pickens truce.) 

Jan. i * Mo. The secessionists organize 
'* Minute Men" for the purpose of 
capturing the U. S. arsenal at St. Louis ; 
the Union men organize the Home 
Guards for its defense. 

Feb. 6. £>. C. The Secretary of War re- 
fuses to surrender Fort Sumter on the 
demand of the Confederates. 

Feb. 8. Ark. The State seizes the 
U. S. arsenal at Little Rock. 

Feb. 12. Ark. The State seizes the 
U. S. ordnance stores at Napoleon. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1860 * * Boston. A 15-in. Rodman gun, 
weighing 49,000 pounds, is cast by the 
South Boston Iron Company. 

* * Md. Baltimore acquires G93 acres for 
Druid TTill Park. 

* * New York. Clara Louise Kellogg 
makes her debut in Eigoletto at the 
Academy of Music. 

* * New York. A time ball connected 
by telegraph with the Dudley Observa- 
tory, at Albany, is placed on the Custom 
House. 

* * New York. Eastman Johnson and Al- 
bert Bierstadt are elected members of 
the National Academy of Design. 

* * N. Y. Prof. Henry Draper's observa- 
tory is erected at Hastings. 

* * The Spencer repeating rifle is pat- 
ented. 

* * Flight into Egypt is painted by 
Thomas Moran. 

* * Bay of New York is painted by G. L. 
Brown. 

1861 Jan. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Art 
Association is established. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

I860. 

July 1. Goodyear. Charles, inventor of 
hard rubber, A63. 
1861. 

Jan. 4. Kent, William, jurist of N.Y., A59. 

Jan. 10. Hacklev, Charles W., P. E. cl., 
prof., A52. 

Jan. 24. Letcher, Kobert P., Gov. Ky. A73. 

Jan. 11. Cobbs, Nicholas H., P. E. bp. of 
Ala., A65. 

Jan. 20. Lowell, Charles, Unit, cl., au- 
thor, A79. 

Jan. 28. Reid, Sam. C, U. S. N., designer 
U. S. flag, ATS. 

Feb. 8. Francis, John \W, physician, wri- 
ter, AT2. 

CHURCH. 

I860 * * Mich., Minn, The Synodical 

Conference (Evangelical Lutheran) of 

Minnesota and Michigan is organized. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (O.S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Rochester ; John 
"W. Yeomans, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; T. A. 
Mills, moderator. 

* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting is 
held at Cincinnati. 

* * O, The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 



* * Phila. The General Assembly 

(United Presbyterian; meets ; Joseph 
Clokey, moderator. 

* * The Susquehanna Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * The Episcopalians open a mission 
among the Sioux Indians. 

+ * The American Board withdraws its 
mission from the Cherokee Indians, 
its proper work being done, and the 
Indians Christianized. 

* * Ga. The Augustana Synod (Evangel- 
ical Lutheran) is organized. 

1861 Jan. 15. New York. The Wo- 
men's Union Missionary Society is or- 
ganized. 

SOCIETY. 
I860 * * Cal. The Institution for the 
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is opened at 
Berkeley. 

STATE. 

1860 * * The commissioners send a let- 
ter to the President, which he declines 
to receive ; he considers them disrespect- 
ful and violent, and their assertions un- 
founded. 

* * U. S. There are thirty-three States 
in the Union, 18 free and 15 slave ; this 
gives the control of the government to 
free States. 

* * D. C. Congress: A treaty with 
Mexico, negotiated by Louis McLane, 
is rejected by the Senate. 

* * New York. Fernando "Wood is re- 
elected the 72d mayor. 

* * C. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-64 * * Ark. Henry M. Rector. 

Cal. M. S. Latham. 
-62 * * Cal. John G. Downey. 
-62 * * La. Thomas O. Moore. 
-64 * * la. Samuel J. Kirkwood. 
-64* * Minn. • Alex. Ramsey. 
-62 * * Miss. John J. Pettus. 
-63 * * N. J. Charles S. Olden. 
-62 * * O. Wm. Dennison. 
-61 * * B. I. Wm. Sprague 
-62 * * S. C. Francis W. Pickens. 
-64 * * f'a. John Letcher. 
-61 * * Vt. Erastus Fairbanks. 

1861 Jan. 1. Ala. A State Conven- 
tion meets, and on the same day resolves 
that " Alabama cannot and will not sub- 
mit to the administration of Lincoln 
and Hamlin." 

V. S. Nominal balance in the 

Treasury, $2,233,220. 

Jan. 2. D. C. President Buchanan de- 
cides to reenf orce Fort Sumter. 

Jan. 3. V. C. Congress: In the Senate 
John J. Crittenden of Ky. introduces 
resolutions for taking a vote of the 
people for the settlement of dissen- 



Commissioners from South Carolina 
demand the surrender of Fort Sum- 
ter; President Buchanan refuses. 
— Del. The proposal of the Commis- 
sioner to join the Southern Confed- 
eracy is rejected by the Legislature — 



UNITED STATES. 1860 ** 1861, Feb. 13. 191 



unanimously by the Assembly, and by 
a majority of tlie Senate. 

Fla. A State Convention assembles. 

Ga. Gov. Brown orders the seizure 

of Fort Pulaski. 

Jan. 5. Fla. The governor seizes the 
TJ. S. arsenal at Apalachicola. 

New York. Mayor Wood recommends 

the secession of the city to the Common 
Council. 

D. C. Senators from seven Southern 

States hold a caucus. 

They resolve to assume temporarily 
the political and military control of the 
South, to advise the calling of a conven- 
tion of seceders at Montgomery, aiming 
to force the Border States from a posi- 
tion of neutrality ; they also decide to 
retain their seats in the Senate, to pre- 
vent inimical measures by the Govern- 
ment. 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: Rob- 
ert Toombs of Ga. denounces Abra- 
ham Lincoln as " an enemy of the 
human race, deserving the execration of 
mankind.'* 

Ala. A State Convention assembles. 

Miss. A State Convention assembles. 

Va. The Legislature meets in spe- 
cial session to consider " the condition 
of public affairs." [South Carolina and 
Mississippi have already threatened to 
close their markets against the sale 
of slaves from the border States as a 
means of coercion.] 

Congress receives a patriotic message 
from President Buchanan. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Jacob Thompson of Miss., 
Secretary of the Interior, retires from 
the Cabinet, and becomes an active Se- 
cessionist. 

Philip F. Thomas of Md., Secretary 
of the Treasury, resigns after serving 
only one month. 

Fla. The governor orders the sei- 
zure of the Wavy Yard and the unoccu- 
pied forts at Pensacola. 

Jan. 9. .D. C. Congress: In the House 
a committee of five is appointed, Wm. 
A. Howard of Mich, chairman ; it is 
to inquire "whether any officer of the 
United States has been or is now treat- 
ing with any person or persons concern- 
ing the surrender of forts," or pledging 
not to send reenforcements to forts in 
Charleston harbor. 

Mississippi, the second State, se- 
cedes by ordinance of a State Conven- 
tion. Vote, 8*1-15. 

S. C. The relief expedition from New 

York approaches Charleston bar in the 
night, and waits for the coming day. 

Jan. 10. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Jefferson Davis of Miss, speaks in 
justification of secession. 

Florida, the third State, secedes by 

ordinance of a State convention. Vote, 
62-7. 

Jan. 11. Alabama, the fourth State, 
secedes by ordinance of a State conven- 
tion. Vote, 61-39. 

D. C. John A. Dix of N. Y. is ap- 
pointed Secretary of the Treasury, fin 
his orders to revenue officers, he says : 



" If any man attempts to haul down the 
American flag, shoot him on the spot ! "] 

Jan. 14. D. C. Congress : The House 
Committee of Thirty-three on com- 
promise make a majority report and 
seven minority reports. 

The majority report humiliates the 
North without appeasing the South; by 
it the Northern representatives abandon, 
without a protest, nearly all they have 
struggled for in seven years. 

Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
kills the Crittenden Bill by adopting 
the Clark substitute, stating that " the 
Constitution needs to be obeyed rather 
than amended," and declaring a disso- 
lution of the Union illusory and de- 
structive. Vote, 25-23. Six Southern 
Senators refuse to vote, and so defeat 
the original bill. 

Ga. A State Convention assembles. 

Jan. 18. Mo. The Legislature calls a 
State Convention to act upon secession ; 
it provides that no ordinance of seces- 
sion shall be valid unless ratified by the 
people. [Meets Feb. 2S ; Sterling Price, 
President.] 

Jan. 19. Georgia, the fifth State, se- 
cedes by ordinance of a State Conven- 
tion. Vote, 203-89. 

Miss. The Legislature adopts the re- 
port of a committee, making provisions 
for the organization of a Southern 
Confederacy, and the establishment 
of a provisional government. 

Va. The Legislature resolves to 

unite with the other States of the Union 
in sending commissioners to "Washing- 
ton on February 4th to "adjust the 
present unhappy controversies." 

Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: Senators 
from Florida, Alabama, and Mississippi 
withdraw, after each has made a final 
speech of defiance ; the bill passes ad- 
mitting Kansas under the Wyandotte 
constitution. 

Tex. A State Convention meets at 

A ustin. 

Jan. 23. La. A State Convention as- 
sembles. 

Jan. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate: 
Jefferson Davis of Miss, defends State 
Sovereignty in a speech, and withdraws. 
Ex-President Tyler of Va. asks the 
President to give his pledge that there 
will be no hostilities during the session 
of a peace convention ; but he refuses 
to do so. 

Jan. 26. Louisiana, the sixth State, se- 
cedes by ordinance of a State Conven- 
tion ; vote, 113-17. The motion to submit 
the question to a popular vote is over- 
whelmirigly defeated. 

&. C. The House unanimously passes 

resolutions declaring that the State will 
go "with the slave States if reconcilia- 
tion between the North and South fails. 

Jan. 28. D. C. Senator Iverson of Ga. 
withdraws and joins the Secessionists. 

Jan. 29. Kansas is admitted into the 
Union as the 34th State. (Moore, Jan. 
30.J 



Jan. 31. D, C. Col. Hayne, commis- 
sioner from South Carolina, demands 
the surrender of Fort Sumter by 
President Buchanan. 

Feb. 1.- Texas, the seventh State, se- 
cedes by act of a convention, subject to 
an approving vote of the people. Vote, 
1G6-7. 

Feb. 4. Ala. The Confederate Con- 
gress is organized, at Montgomery, by 
delegates from six States; Howell 
Cobb is chairman. 

D. C. A peace convention assem- 
bles at Washiugton, by request of the 
Legislature of Virginia ; delegates ap- 
pear from 14 free States and seven 
slave States; ex-President John Ty- 
ler of Va. is elected president. 

Congress : Senators John SlideU 
and Judah P. Benjamin, both of La., 
make speeches and retire. 

Va. The people elect members of a 

State Convention. 

Feb. 6. Z>. C. Secretary Holt replies to 
Commissioner Hayne, and denies the 
right of eminent domain respecting 
Fort Sumter. 

Feb. 8. D. C. Congress : The issue 
of $25,000,000 of 10-20 year bonds at 
6 per cent is authorized. 

Ala. The Confederate Congress 

adopts a provisional Constitution, re- 
sembling that of the United States, under 
the style of the Confederate States of 
America. 

Feb. 9. Ala. The Provisional Con- 
gress of six States elects Jefferson 
Davis of Miss. President of the Con- 
federate States, and Alex. H. Ste- 
phens of Ga. Vice-President for the 
term of six years. 

Cabinet of Jefferson Davis : Robert 
Toombs of Ga. (Sec. State), C. G. Mem- 
minger of S. C. (Sec. Treas.), L. P. 
Walker of Ala. (Sec. War), S. R. Mal- 
lory of Fla. (Sec. Navy), J. H. Reagan 
of Tex. (P. M.-Gen.), J. P. Benjamin 
of La. (Atty.-Gen.). 

Tenn. A general election gives a 

majority of 12,000 votes against holding 
a convention desired by Secessionists. 

Feb. 11. III. Abraham Lincoln makes 
a tender address to his neighbors, who 
throng the depot at Springfield, on his 
departure for Washington. 

[He travels slowly, and is welcomed at 
all towns and cities.] 

Feb. 12. Ala. The Confederate Con- 
gress assumes charge of all ques- 
tions arising between the seceded States 
and the Federal Government. 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President. : Lincoln, ISO ; 
Douglas, 12; Breckinridge, 72: Bell, 39. 
Vote for Vice-President: Hannibal 
Hamlin of Me. (Rep.). 180 ; Joseph Lane 
of Ore. (Dem.), 72 ; Edward Everett of 
Mass. (Union), 39 ; H. V. Johnson of Ga. 
(Dem.), 12. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1861 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot- 
ton is 11 £ cents a pound. [It rapidly ad- 
vances.] 



192 1861, Feb. 13 -Apr. 17. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861 Feb. 16. Tex. Gen. Twiggs sur- 
renders the military posts, containing 
SI, 300,000 worth of stores and §55,000 in 
specie, to the State authorities. 

Feb. 19. Mo. By Gen. Scott's orders, 
Gen. Harney concentrates a force of 
nearly 500 regulars and recruits for the 
defense of the military depot at St. 
Louis, containing G0,000 stand of im- 
proved arms, 1,500,000 ball cartridges, 
90,000 pounds of powder, besides field- 
pieces, siege-guns, and other military 
supplies. 

Tex. Col. A. C. "Waite, appointed 

Jan. 28, arrives to supersede Gen. 
Twiggs at San Antonio, and finds an 
agreement made to withdraw the Fed- 
eral troops and surrender the valuable 
United States property. 

Mar. 1. Gen. David E. Twiggs is dis- 
missed from the U. S. Army as a traitor, 
having surrendered U. S. forces and 
property in Texas to Secessionists. 

Mar. 3. S. C. Gen. Beauregard assumes 
command of the Confederates at 
Charleston. 

Mar. 5. Tex. At Brownsville Texan 
troops occupy Fort Brown. 

Mar. 9. Ala. The Confederate Secre- 
tary of War makes a requisition on the 
States for 11,000 volunteers. 

Mar. 11. Ala. Brig.-Gen. Bragg as- 
sumes command of the Confederate 
forces. 

Mar. 12. D. C. Gen. Scott sends orders 
to Capt. Vogdes to reenforce Fort 
Pickens. 

Mar. * Jefferson Davis prepares for war 
and asks for 100,000 Confederate soldiers. 

Mar. * The Regular Army of the United 
States consists of one major-general, 
four brigadier-generals, and 16,000 offi- 
cers and men. 

Mar. * D. C. Lieut.-Col. Robert E. Lee 
is appointed colonel of the 1st Cavalry, 
U. S. A. 

THE SEVENTEENTH WAK. 

1861 * * The Great Civil War. [Men 
enrolled in the Federal Army, 2,772,408 ; 
in the Confederate Army, 600,000(?).] 

Apr. 6. New York. An expedition pre- 
pared by Capt. Meigs sails for Fort 
Pickens. 

Apr. 7. S. C. Gen. Beauregard denies 
Maj. Anderson any further communi- 
cations with Charleston for purposes of 
supply. 

Apr. 8. D. C. The Government notifies 
Gov. Pickens of its purpose to reenforce 
Fort Sumter. 

Apr. 10. New York. An expedition, 
prepared by Capt. Fox, led by the Pow- 
hatan, Lieut. D. D. Porter, sails for 
Fort Sumter. 

Apr. 11. S. C. Maj. Anderson is sum- 
moned to surrender Fort Sumter. He 
refuses, yet informs Gen. Beauregard 
that his provisions will be exhausted by 
the 15th inst. 



Apr. 12. S. C. The Confederates 
open fire on Fort Sumter at 4.40 a.m. ; 
Maj. Anderson makes a vigorous reply, 

Apr. 14. B.C. Maj. Anderson evacu- 
ates Fort Sumter after a furious cannon- 
ade of M hours, his supply of provisions 
being exhausted [and the fleet arriving 
too late to relieve him]. 

Strength of the Federal garrison : 
commissioned officers, GS non-conn Mis- 
sioned officers and privates, 8 musicians, 
and 43 non-combatant laborers; total 
128 men. 

Apr. 15. President Lincoln calls for 
75,000 volunteers to serve for throe 
months. 

Apr. 16. Mass. The militia compa- 
nies, responding to the President's 
call, march into the city of Boston. 

N. C. The Confederates again seize 

Forts Caswell and Johnston. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1861 Apr. 9. The asteroid Mala is dis- 
covered by H. P. Tuttle. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1861. 

Mar. 25. Gibbs, Josiah Willard, prof, in 
Yale, philologist, ATI. 

Mar. 26. Kobbins, Koval, Cong, el., histo- 
rian, A73. 

Mar. 30. Shaw, Lemuel, of Mass., jurist, 
A80. 

Apr. 3. Humphrey, TTeman, t'ong. cl.,PreB. 
of Amherst, A82. 

Apr. 4. MaeLean, John, M. C. forO., U.S. 
S. Ct., A76. 

Apr. 10. Tucker, George, M. C. for Va., 
historian, A86. 

Apr. 11. Buckingham, Joseph T., ed. Bos- 
ton Courier, AS2. 

Apr. 12. Freling-huyeen. Theodore, sen. 
for >". J., A74. 

CHURCH. 

1861 Apr. 4. Neb. The Nebraska Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal) first as- 
sembles. 

SOCIETY. 

1861 Mar. * D. C. Three Territories 
have recently been organized on the 
basis of non-intervention respecting 
slavery. 

"It is a singular fact that on the eve 
of the litter destruction of the institu- 
tion of slavery, its legal status was 

■ stronger than ever before in the history 
of the Government, and the area over 
which it might lawfully spread was 
far larger than at any previous period." 
(Blaine.) 

Apr. * XT. S. At the call of the Presi- 
dent for volunteers, meetings are held, 
work is suspended, and the whole peo- 
ple surrender to a patriotic ardor 
never before witnessed, while they has- 
ten the forwarding of troops to Wash- 
ington. 

Apr. 1. General discontent with the 
Government prevails : it is too radical 
for the Conservatives and too conserva- 
tive for the Radicals. 

Apr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly approves 
the joint resolution providing for a con- 
stitutional Prohibitory Amendment. 
Vote, 69-33. 

Apr. 8. Mr. Seward's reply to the Com- 
missioners from the South is published ; 
as it signifies resistance, it enrages 
the Southern people. 



Apr. 15. Conn. A woman of Bridgeport 
organizes a society for the relief and 
comfort of soldiers. 

Mass. Miss Almena Bates of Charlefi- 

town organizes a movement for the re- 
lief and comfort of soldiers. [The 
Sanitary Commission is evolved from 
this beginning.] 

STATE. 

1861 Feb. 13 fa. The State Con- 
vention meets. 

[The Administration at "Washington 
makes a great effort to Bave the State 
from seceding.] 

Feb. 14. D. C. Congress; House : Rep- 
resentative Branch of N. C. objects to 
bringing seven companies of artillery 
and one of sappers and miners for the 
protection of "Washington as "im- 
politic, offensive, and destructive of 
civil liberty." [Southerners are seizing 
forts and stores.] 

Feb. 18. Ala. Inauguration of Jeff er- 
son Davis at Montgomery, as President 
of the Confederate States of America. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Mor- 
rill Tariff Bill passes the Senate. 
Vote, 25-14. 

"West Virginia maintains a loyal 
sentiment. 

Feb. 22. Pa. President-elect Lincoln 
abandons his public journey, and makes 
a secret and hasty departure in the 
night from Harrisburg for Washington. 

Feb. 23. D. C. Abraham Lincoln, 
President-elect, reaches "Washington 
in safety, amid many rumors of peril. 

Tex. The people ratify the ordinance 

of secession. Vote, 34,794-11,235. 

Feb. 26. B.C. The Peace Convention 
agrees upon a "plan of adjustment," 
which, by a bare majority, makes sla- 
very national rather than sectional, and 
adjourns. Vote, 9 States for the plan, 3 
against it. 

It makes proposals to Congress for 
the amendment of the Constitution : 
1. Prohibiting slavery in the Territories 
north of lat. 36° 30', while tolerating it 
in the States, and forbidding antisla- 
very legislation. 2. Prohibiting future 
acquisitions of territory, without the 
approval uf a mniority of the Senators 
of both slave and free States. 3. Pro- 
hibiting Congress from interfering with 



slai 



from taxing slaves at a higher 
rate than land. 4. Prohibiting the for- 
eign slave-trade. 5. Providing for the 
payment by Congress for slaves who are 
lost by the interference of mobs. [All 
are unacceptable.] 

Congress passes a bill admitting mer- 
chandise to the mail, and authorizing the 
Postmaster-General to furnish stamped 
letter-sheets. Also an act providing 
for a daily mail delivery in New York 
City and vicinity. 
Feb. 28. D. C. Congress authorizes a 
loan of S25.000.000. It organizes the 
Territory of Colorado. 

The House approves a 13th Consti- 
tutional Amendment, providing that 
the Constitution shall never be so 
amended as to give Congress the power 



UNITED STATES. 



1861, Feb. 13-Apr. 17. 193 



to abolish slavery or interfere with the 
institution. Vote, 133-65. [Adopted by 
the Senate, March 2. Vote, 24-12.] 

Mo. A State Convention, having 

a majority for Union, meets at Jefferson 
City. 

Feb.* Ala. The Confederate Government 
sends Martin J. Crawford of Georgia, 
and John Forsyth of Alabama [later 
'A. B. Roman], as Commissioners to 
Washington, to insist on the acknowl- 
edgment of the independence of the 
Confederate States. 

Feb. * Chicago. The city charter is 
amended. 

Mar. 1. Ala. The Confederate Gov- 
ernment assumes control of military 
affairs at Charleston. 

Mar. 2. B.C. Congress organizes 
Dakota and Nevada as Territories. 

Congress enacts the Morrill Tariff, 
which is largely protective ; the change 
from low duties to high duties marks 
an era in the history of the nation. [It 
goes into operation April 1.] 

The Senate defeats the Crittenden 
Compromise Bill. Vote, 25-23 ; it re- 
jects the amendments to the Constitu- 
tion proposed by the Peace Conference ; 
vote, 7-28 ; it passes a bill for a 13th 
Constitutional Amendment, to make 
slavery perpetual. Vote, 24-11. 

" No amendment shall be made to the 
Constitution which will authorize or 
give Congress the power to abolish, or 
interfere, within any State, with the 
domestic institutions thereof, including 
that of persons held to labor or service 
by said State." 

D. C. The 36th Congress ends. 

The 16th Administration : First 
Republican. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Abraham Lincoln of 
111. is inaugurated the 16th President, 
in the 19th term of the presidency. 
Hannibal Hamlin of Me. is Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Cabinet : Wm. H. Seward of N. T. 
(State), S. P. Chase of O. (Treas.), S. 
Cameron of Pa. (War) ; G. Welles of 
Conn. (Navy), C. B. Smith of Ind. (In- 
terior), E. Bates of Mo. (Atty.-Gen.), 
and Montgomery Blair of Md. (P. M - 
Gen.). 

— — Tex. The State is declared by procla- 
mation to be out of the Union. 

Mar. * Texas is represented in both the 
United States and the Confederate Con- 
gresses for a short time. 

Mar. 6. Ala. The Confederate Con- 
gress authorizes an army of 100,000 to 
be raised. 

Tex. Gov. Houston refuses to ap- 
prove the secession of the State, as the 
convention was elected to submit the 
question to the vote of the people. 

Mar. 11. Ala. The Confederate Gov- 
ernment prohibits the importation of 
slaves from the United States as a 
coercive measure, affecting the border 
States, especially Virginia. 

The Confederate Congress adopts a 
permanent Constitution. 



D. C, John Forsyth of Ala., and 

Martin J. Crawford of Ga., Commis- 
sioners from the Confederate States, 
begin to negotiate for a peaceable 
separation. 

Mar. * Ala. Commissioners are ap- 
pointed to go to England, France, Rus- 
sia, and Belgium iu the interests of the 
Confederacy ; and others to go to Wash- 
ington, D.C. 

Mar. 15. D. C. Secretary Seward in- 
forms the Confederate Commissioners 
that he is not authorized to recognize 
them as diplomatic agents ; that he only 
communicates with foreign govern- 
ments. 

The Cabinet disfavors the resupplying 
of Fort Sumter. Vote, five to evacu- 
ate, two to resupply. [The vote is after- 
ward reversed.] 

Ala. The Confederate Congress 

recommends the States to cede the 
forts, arsenals, dockyards, etc., within 
their limits, to the Confederation. 

Mar. * Ala. The Confederacy provides 
for revenue, to be collected from 
trains and vessels bringing goods into 
the Confederacy. 

Mar. 16. Ala. The first Confederate 
Provisional Congress at Montgomery 
closes. 

Tex. The State Convention de- 
clares the office of governor to be va- 
cant, because Gov. Houston refuses to 1 
take the official oath of allegiance to 
the Confederate States. 

Mar. 22. La. The Legislature ratifies 
the Confederate Constitution. 

Mar. 23. Tex. The Legislature ratifies 
the Confederate Constitution. Vote, 
68-2. 

Mar. 26. Kan. The first State Legis- 
lature meets at Lawrence. 

Miss. A State Convention ratifies 

the Constitution of the Southern Con- 
federacy. 

Mar. * Mo. At an adjourned meeting of 
the State Convention held at St. Louis, 
the committee rej>ort against secession. 

Mar. 29. D. C. The Cabinet again vote 
on the question of resupplying Fort 
Sumter, and the majority favors the 
attempt. 

Mar. * President Lincoln's inaugural 
message announces a change of ad- 
ministrative policy; instead of con- 
cession to the secessionists, he proposes 
conciliation, conservation, and res- 
toration. 

Apr. 1. V. S. The Morrill tariff be- 
comes operative. 

Secretary Seward indirectly informs 
the Confederates through Judge Camp- 
bell that, " The President may desire 
to supply Fort Sumter, but will not 
do so without giving notice to Gov. 
Pickens." 

Apr. 4. Va. The State Convention re- 
jects an ordinance of secession (vote, 
89-15) ; but appoints three commis- 
sioners to inquire the President's policy 
toward the Confederacy. 



Apr. 5. I). C. The Government is in- 
formed by Maj. Anderson that he has 
bread for only 28 days, and he must be 
provisioned and reenforced, or Fort 
Sumter be summarily abandoned. 

Apr. 7. D. C. The Confederate Com- 
missioners demand a reply to their offi- 
cial note of March 12, under a threat to 
close their mission. 

Apr. 8. D. C. The Federal Govern- 
ment makes its reply to the Confed- 
erate commissioners —dated March 15. 

S. C. The Federal Government noti- 
fies Gov. Pickens that it intends to sup- 
ply Fort Sumter. 

A State Convention called by the 
Legislature revises the Constitution, 
which becomes operative without the 
ratification of the people. 

Apr. 11. D. C. The Treasury, with 
the cooperation of the New York Cham- 
ber of Commerce, sells $5,000,000 
notes at par. 

The Virginia Commissioners present 
their credentials at Washington. 

Del. The Legislature declares the 

State to he loyal to the Union. 

Pa. The Legislature takes the first 

official step in the loyal States for 
the defense of the Union, by appro- 
priating §500,000 for a reorganization of 
the State militia, in advance of the first 
overt act. 

Apr. 14. S. C. The Stars and Stripes 
are struck at Fort Sumter ; patriotism 
is fired in the North. 

Apr. * D. C. President Lincoln issues a 
communication for use in Virginia, 
aiming to save that State to the Union ; 
he informs its Commissioners that he 
will not acknowledge the Confederate 
States. 

Apr. 15. D.C. President Lincoln sum- 
mons Congress to meet on July 4, in 
extra session, and by proclamation calls 
on the States to furnish 75,000 volun- 
teers, to serve three months. 

Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin refuses 

to honor the call of the Federal Govern- 
ment for troops. 

"Kentucky will furnish no troops for 
the wicked purpose of subduing her 
sister Southern States." 

N. C. The governor refuses to fur- 
nish the quota of troops demanded. 

Apr. 16. Ala. The Confederacy calls 
on the governors of the seven States to 
send 32,000 troops into the field. 

Va. The Governor refuses to honor 

the President's call for troops. 

Apr. 17. "Virginia, the eighth State, 
passes an ordinance of secession. Vote, 
88-55. The western counties remain 
loyal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1861 Apr. 1. Neto York. The price of 

cotton is 12£ cents. 
Apr. 4. Cal. The first pony express 

leaves Sacramento for St. Joseph, Mo. 
* * The price of petroleum goes up to 

S19.25 per barrel — the highest price ever 

reached. 



19-1 1861, Apr. 17 -May 25. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861 Apr. 17. Ala. Jefferson Davis, by 
proclamation, invites applications for 
letters of marque and reprisal, under 
which privateers may be sent out. 

Fla. Fort Pickens is further re- 
enforced by 200 men from the transport 
Atlantic, under Capt. Meigs. [200 men 
land from the Illinois on the 19th, The 
fort is effectively protected.] 

Mass. The 6th Massachusetts 

Regiment starts for "Washington. 

Phila. A detachment of 500 men 

leave for "Washington. 

Va. Vessels are sunk in Norfolk 

harbor, by order of the governor. 

Apr. 18. D. C. A few companies of 
Pennsylvania militia arrive in 
"Washington. 

Robert E. Lee is unofficially offered 
the command of the Union Army by 
Frank B. Blair, Sr. [Sec. Cameron says 
he accepted the offer ; Sec. Montgomery 
Blair says he was undecided what to do ; 
Gen. Lee says he declined it.] 

■ — Ind. The 1st Regiment from In- 
diana leaves for Washington. 

Va. The U. S. arsenal at Harper's 

Perry is fired to prevent its falling 
into the hands of the Confederates, and 
15,000 stand of arms are destroyed. 

Gen. W. B. Taliaferro is given com- 
mand of the State troops at Norfolk. 

O. Two regiments are organized at 

Columbus, and sent to Washington with- 
out uniforms or arms. 

Apr. 19. Md. A secession mob in Bal- 
timore fire on the Massachusetts 6th 
Regiment while hastening to the de- 
fense of Washington ; this is the first 
blood shed in the war. 

D. C. The Confederate ports are 

proclaimed under blockade. 

New York. The 7th Regiment, Col. 

Lefferts, starts for Washington. 

Apr. 20. B. C. The President relieves 
Gen. W. S. Harney at St. Louis, and 
Capt. Nathaniel Lyon is directed to 
raise four regiments of Missouri Volun- 
teers. 

Mo. State troops seize and gar- 
rison the U. S. arsenal at Liberty, by 
order of Gov. Jackson. 

Va. Nine ships of war and naval 

stores in the navy yard near Nor- 
folk are burned by Com. Paulding, 
to prevent their falling into the hands 
of the Confederates. 

Col. Robert E. Lee resigns his 

commission in the U. S. Army. 

Apr. 22. N. C. The U. S. arsenal at 
Fayetteville is surrendered to the State 
authorities. 

Va. The governor and State Con- 
vention appoint Robert E. Lee to the 
chief command of the State troops. 

Apr. 23. III. Gov. Yates sends a force 
of volunteers, who occupy the important 
position at Cairo. 



— Va. Gen. Lee assumes command. 
His resignation not having been ac- 
cepted in Washington, he is legally an 
officer in both armies. 

Apr. 24 ±. La. The State raises 6,000 
Confederate troops. 

Apr. 25. Tex. At Saluria, Col. Van- 
Dorn captures 450 Federal troops. 

Mo. By a secret movement 21,000 

stand of arms and 110,000 cartridges are 
removed from the arsenal at St. Louis 
and shipped en route for Springfield, 111. 

Apr. 27. B.C. Gen. B. P. Butler is 
assigned to command the department of 
Annapolis. 

N. C.f Va. The ports are proclaimed 

to be in a state of blockade. 

Apr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis proposes 
in his message to add 100,000 men to 
the 82,000 already in the Confederate 
service. 

Apr. * D. C. "Washington is fortified 
against an attack by Confederates. 

Apr. * ///. TJ. S. Grant returns to army 
life by tendering his services to Gov. 
Yates, and is appointed to command 
camps Yates, Grant, and Douglas. 

Apr. * R. I. The young Gov. "William 
Sprague puts on a soldier's uniform, 
and leads the State troops to the defense 
of the Federal Capital. 

May 3. B.C. President Lincoln calls for 
42,034 volunteers for three years ; 
also for 23,714 regulars and 18,000 sea- 

The military Department of the Ohio 
is created; Gen. George B. McClel- 
lan, commander, with headquarters at 
Cincinnati. 

N. J. Four regiments of volunteers 

under Gen. Theodore Runyon leave for 
the seat of "war. 

May 4. Md. The Relay House on the 
Baltimore and Ohio Railroad is seized 
by a force under Gen. Butler. 

May 6. Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee is 
given supreme command of Confederate 
forces in Virginia. 

May 7. Term. A military league is 
entered into with the Confederacy. 

May 8. Mo. Cannon and several hun- 
dred muskets, furnished by the Con- 
federacy, are landed at St. Louis from 
a New Orleans steamer. 

May 9. Md. Federal troops again pass 
through Baltimore to "Washington. 

May 10. Mo. Capt. Lyon with a Federal 
force makes a sudden move on Camp 
Jackson, in the suburbs of St. Louis, 
and compels its unconditional surrender. 

May 11. Mo. Gen. Harney returns 
from Washington and resumes com- 
mand at St. Louis. 

S. C. Charleston Harbor is block- 
aded by the U. S. frigate Niagara. 

May 13. Md. Baltimore is occupied 
by Gen. Butler with 900 Federals. 

£. C. The U. S. frigate Niagara cap- 
tures the English ship General Park- 
hill off Charleston Harbor. 



May 14. B. C. Capt. George B. Mc- 
Clellan (Major-Genera] of the Ohio 
Militia; is appointed a major-general in 
the U. S. A. 

May 17. B. C. William T. Sherman 
and Ulysses S. Grant are appointed 
brigadier-generals of volunteers. [Com- 
missions are dated back to this date, 
Sherman's froin Aug. 3, Grant's from 
Aug. 7.] 

May 18. The Government initiates the 
movement for creating an armament 
on the Mississippi and Ohio rivers. 

May 19. Va. The armed schooner Star 
attacks a Confederate battery at Sew- 
ell's Point, at the mouth of the Eliz- 
abeth River, and is driven back by 
its fire ; this is the first offensive opera- 
tion by the Federal Navy. 

May 22. Fa. Gen. Butler assumes 
command at Fortress ilonroe. 

May 24. B. C. Federals advance from 
Washington, and occupy Arlington 
Heights and Alexandria. Col. Elmer 
Ellsworth of the New York Zouaves is 
killed. 

May 25. N. II. The first regiment of 
New Hampshire volunteers leaves Con- 
cord for the war. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1861. 

Apr. 24. Barnard, Daniel D., M. C. for 
N. Y., A64. 

May 15. Derby, George H., soldier, au- 
thor, A38. 

May 21. Akers, Henj. P., sculptor, A36. 

May 24. Ellsworth, Elmer E., col. of Zou- 
aves, A24. 



SOCIETY. 

1861 Apr. IS. Md. Secessionists raise 
a flag and salute it with artillery on 
Federal Hill, Baltimore; loyal citizens 
quickly seize the cannon and haul down 
the flag. 

Apr. 20. 0. The Soldiers' Aid Soci- 
ety of Northern Ohio is formed. 

Apr. 29. New York. The "Woman's Cen- 
tral Association of Relief is organized 
for the benefit of the soldiers. 

Apr. * The Confederates, supposing half 
of the North would oppose subjugation, 
are greatly surprised at the effect of 
the firing on Fort Sumter. 

It unites the people, and arouses their 
patriotism. President Lincoln's Ad- 
ministration suddenly becomes popular. 
All divisions are healed. 



STATE. 

1861 Apr. 17. Va. Governor Letcher 
issues a proclamation, recognizing the 
Confederacy, and calling for military 
preparations to be made. 

Ala. Jefferson Davis issues a proc- 
lamation counteracting that of Presi- 
dent Lincoln. 

Mo. The governor refuses to furnish 

the quota of troops called for by the 
President. 



UNITED STATES. 



1861, Apr. 17 -May 25. 195 



Apr. 18. Ky. A union meeting is held at 
Louisville, which decides that Kentucky 
shall he maintained a neutral State, 
and adhere to the Federal Government 
until the latter becomes the aggressor. 

Apr. 19. D. 0. The ports of the seced- 
ing States are proclaimed to be under 
blockade. 

The Government orders the marshals 
of the large cities to seize all tele- 
grams that have accumulated for six 
months ; the seizure to be made simul- 
taneously, on the 20th, at three P. M. ; 
the object in view is to obtain evidence 
of a conspiracy implicating Northern 
politicians. 

Apr. 20. D. C. A committee from Bal- 
timore informs the President that 
troops cannot march through that 
city without fighting their way; ap- 
proaching troops are ordered to inarch 
around the city. [Later it is demanded 
that Federal troops be ordered not to 
cross the territory of Maryland.] 

Mo. Missourians seize the U. S. ar- 
senal at Liberty. 

N. C. The State seizes the U. S. 

branch mint at Charlotte. 

New York. A war-meeting held in 

Union Square is attended by more than 
100,000 people. 

Apr. 22. Md. Gov. Hicks writes Presi- 
dent Lincoln urging a truce, and sug- 
gesting that Lord Lyons be requested 
to act as mediator between the North 
and the South. 

Apr. 23. Ark. The governor refuses to 
furnish the quota of troops required. 

Va. The State Convention sends 

commissioners to treat with the Confed- 
eracy. 

Alexander H. Stephens, the pleni- 
potentiary of the Confederacy, enters a 
formal military league with certain 
members of the State Convention, mak- 
ing Virginia an immediate member of 
the Southern Confederacy. 

Apr. 25. Va. The commissioners sign a 
compact with the Confederacy. Gover- 
nor Letcher proclaims Virginia a Con- 
federate State, subject to the ratification 
of the people. 

Apr. 27. D. C. President Lincoln di- 
rects Gen. Scott to suspend the privi- 
lege of habeas corpus if necessary. 

The blockade is extended by procla- 
mation to North Carolina and Virginia. 

Apr. 29. Ala. The Confederate Pro- 
visional Congress assembles in spe- 
cial session, to meet the emergency at 
Charleston, occasioned by the attempt 
to reenforce Major Anderson. 

Md. The secession ordinance is 

rejected by the House of Delegates. 
Vote, 53-13. 

Tenn. Gov. Harris seizes $75,000 

worth of bonds and §5,000 in cash that 
are in the keeping of the U. S. collector 
at Nashville. 

Apr. 30. A 7 ". J. The Legislature makes 
an appropriation of $2,000,000 for mili- 
tary purposes, and provides for an an- 
nual tax of $100,000 in addition. 



Pa. Gov. Curtin convenes the Legis- 
lature in extra session to make military 
preparations for the coming war. 

Apr.* Tenn. Gov. Harris refuses to honor 
President Lincoln's call for troops. 

Apr. * Va. By a proviso the secession 
ordinance is not to take effect until 
ratified by a vote of the people, on the 
30th of May. 

May 1. Tenn. The Legislature author- 
izes the governor to enter a military 
league with the Confederacy, by 
which the entire military power of the 
State will be subject to Confederate 
authority. 

May 1±. John A. Campbell of Ga., an 
associate justice of the Supreme Court 
resigns [and joins the ConfederacyJ. 

May 3. £>. C. President Lincoln, on 
official authority alone, calls for addi- 
tional volunteers. (See Army.) 

The President directs military com- 
manders to suspend the writ of habeas 
corpus in certain cases. 

May 4. D. C. President Lincoln in- 
forms foreign governments that he 
intends to maintain the Union by force 
if necessary. 

Ky. A large majority of the delegates 

chosen to attend the Border State Con- 
vention are opposed to secession. 

May 6. Arkansas, the ninth State, se- 
cedes from the Union by ordinance of 
a convention. Vote 69-1. 

Ala. The Confederate Congress 

meets in special session. 

Va. The State becomes a member of 

the Confederacy. 

May 7. Ala. Virginia is admitted to 
representation in the Confederate Con- 
gress. 

Tenn. Gov. Harris announces a mili- 
tary league between Tennessee and the 
Southern Confederacy. 

May 8. D. C. The" direct donations 
made by men of wealth, within the 
last three weeks, for the support of the 
Government, are estimated at $23,000,000. 

May 9. Ala. The Confederate Con- 
gress passes an act recognizing the 
existence of war between the United 
States and the Confederate States. 

It authorizes Jefferson Davis to use 
the whole land and naval force of the 
Confederacy, and to commission priva- 
teers. 

May 10. D. C. The writ of habeas corpus 
is suspended in Key "West, Tortugas, and 
Santa Rosa. 

May 11. Ky. It is agreed by arbitration 
of the Union men and the Breckinridge 
men that the State shall aid neither 
North nor South, but maintain an armed 
neutrality. 

May 13. W. Va. At "Wheeling, 5,000 
loyal citizens from 25 counties pledge 
their support to the Union. 

Eng. The Confederate States are 

recognized as belligerents by Great 
Britain in a proclamation of neutrality. 

May 14. D. C. The mails are ordered 
to be withdrawn from many Southern 
routes. 



Mass. An extra session of the Legis- 
lature is held, and an act is passed for 
the maintenance of the Union and the 
Constitution ; the Union Fund is created, 
and the issue of $3,000,000 in scrip 
authorized. 

May 16. Va. Virginians are notified by 
Senator Mason, ten days in advance of 
the submission election, that they must 
vote for secession, or retaining their 
Union sentiments, " they must leave 
the State." 

Ky. The House of Representatives 

resolves to maintain the neutrality of 
the State. 

* * The great leader of the Democracy, 
Stephen A. Douglas, pursues a pa- 
triotic course in aid of President Lin- 
coln ; no partisan word is spoken : only 
the safety and honor of the Government 
are considered by him. 

May 20. Ky. Gov. Magoffin proclaims 
Kentucky a neutral State. 

A 7 . C. An ordinance of secession is 

passed by the State Convention ; it both 
revises the State Constitution and adopts 
the Confederate Constitution. 

North Carolina, the 10th State, 

secedes by ordinance of a State Con- 
vention ; it is passed by a unanimous 
vote. 

May 21. The Confederacy confiscates 
the property and estates of aliens. 

It affixes a fine of $5,000 and imprison- 
ment to those who withhold informa- 
tion of such property. [The total amount 
confiscated is estimated at $200,000,000.] 

Ala. The Confederate Provisional 

Congress adjourns, to meet in Rich- 
mond, Va., on the 20th of July. 

May 23. Va. The people confirm the 
ordinance of secession by a popular 
vote of 125,950-20,373. 

May 25. Md. John Merryman is ar- 
rested in Baltimore, and confined in 
Fort McHenry, for raising companies to 
join the secessionists. 

[Chief Justice Taney issues a writ of 
habeas corpus (which* is ignored), and 
declares that the President cannot sus- 
pend the privilege of a writ of habeas 
corpus, or allow a military officer to do 
so.] 

Mass. Gov. Andrew issues a call ask- 
ing for additional troops. [The next 
day 3,100 report at his headquarters on 
the Boston Common.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861 Apr. 18. Kan. The steamboat New 
Sam Gaty, flying the Confederate flag, 
arrives at Leavenworth ; the captain is 
forced to substitute the Union flag. 

Apr. 20. D. C. The railroad authori- 
ties propose to Gen. Scott a new route 
for troops to reach the Capital and avoid 
Baltimore. 

They propose passage by rail to Perry- 
ville, Md., thence hy water to Annapolis, 
thence by rail to Washington, and if the 
railroad be destroyed, by wagon-roads. 

May 9. 111. Boats loaded with provis- 
ions for the Confederates are stopped 
at Cairo. 



196 1861, May 27-July 25. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861 May 30. W. Va. The Federals 
enter Grafton. 

May 31. Va. Gen. Beauregard as- 
sumes command of the Confederate 
forces in "Virginia. 

May * Va. Gen. Butler refuses to return 
to their owners three refugee slaves at 
Fortress Monroe ; he holds them as con- 
traband of war. 

June 2. S.C. The -privateer Savannah 
escapes from Charleston Harbor. [It is 
captured on June 3 by the Federal brig- 
of-war Perry.] 

June 3, TV. Va. At Philippi, Federals 
under Cols. Kelley and Lander lose 
two killed, two wounded, and two miss- 
ing ; Confederates, under Col. Porter- 
field, lose 16 killed and 26 missing, and 
retreat. 

June 5. Va. Gen. Beauregard calls on 
the Virginians by proclamation to rise 
and expel the Federals from their State. 

June 8. Va. The Virginia State troops 
are transferred to the Confederacy. 

June 10. Va. At Big Bethel, Federals 
under Brig.-Gen. Peirce are repulsed, 
losing 14 killed, 49 wounded, and five 
missing ; Confederates, under Col. J. 
Magruder, lose one killed and four 
wounded. 

June 12. Mo. Gov. Jackson calls for 
50,000 militia to defend the State 
against the Federal forces, and also an- 
nounces his loyalty to the United States. 

June 14. Va. Confederates evacuate 
Harper's Ferry. 

June 15. Boston. The Massachusetts 
1st — the first regiment to respond to the 
call for three years' troops — leaves for 
"Washington. 

■ Mo. Gen. Lyon with an expedition 

from St. Louis occupiea Jefferson 
City, without resistance. 

June 16. Va. Federals occupy Harper's 
Ferry. 

Md. At Seneca Mills, Federals, 

under Maj. Everett, attack the Confed- 
erates, who lose three killed. 

June 17. III. TJ. S. Grant returns to 
army life, and is commissioned colonel 
of the 21st Regiment of Illinois Volun- 
teers. 

Mo. Gen. Nathaniel Lyon, having 

raised a Union army, defeats the State 
troops under Gen. Price at Boonville. 
Federal loss, 14 killed, 49 wounded, and 
B prisoners ; Confederate loss about 40 
killed and wounded, and many prisoners. 

TV. Va. Federals under Gen. Robert 

C. Schenck are surprised by the Confed- 
erates under Col. Gregg at Vienna, 
and lose five killed, six wounded, and 13 
prisoners. 

June 18. Mo. Battle near Warsaw ; 
Federals, under Capt. Cook, lose 25 
killed, 52 wounded, and 28 prisoners ; 
Confederates, under Gov. Jackson, lose 
45 killed and wounded. 

Va. Gen. Patterson, with about 23,000 

men, recrosses the Potomac, and falls 
back on Hagerstown, Md. 



June 24. Ky. Gen. S. B. Buckner, com- 
mander-in-chief of the State Guards, 
orders six companies to Columbus to 
maintain the neutrality of Kentucky. 

July 1. La. The privateer Sumter, un- 
der Capt. Semmes, runs the blockade at 
Kew Orleans [and preys on Union mer- 
chantmen for seven months]. 

D. C. John Charles Fremont is 

commissioned major-general. 

U. S. The official army list includes 

14,108 regulars, 169,480 volunteers ; pres- 
ent for duty, 183,588. 

July2. W.Va. At Martinsburg, Feder- 
als, under Col. Abercrombie, lose three 
.killed, 10 wounded; Confederates, un- 
der Gen. Jackson, lose 30 killed and 
wounded, 20 missing. 

Gen. Patterson with a Federal force 
crosses the Potomac at Williamsport. 

Summer. James B. Eads creates a 
gunboat fleet of 13 guns each, heavily 
plated with iron at the hows. 

July 3. D. C. Gen. J. C. Fremont is 
appointed to command the Western 
Department. 

July 4. JD. C. The Secretary of "War re- 
ports as in commission 82 war vessels, 
carrying 1,100 guns. 

* * TV. Va. AtHarper's Ferry, the 9th 
N. Y. Regiment loses two killed and 
three wounded ; Confederates lose two 
killed. 

July 4 ±. Jefferson Davis appoints Gen. 
Leonidas Polk to command the mili- 
tary Department of the Lower Missis- 
sippi ; headquarters at Memphis. 

July 5. Mo. Battle of Carthage: l.ioo 
Federals under Col. Franz Sigel, attack 
a superior force under Gov. Jackson, 
Gens. Price, Rains, and Parsons; Fed- 
erals are successful at first, but finally 
forced to retreat. Federal loss, 13 
killed, 31 woundojd ; Confederate loss, 
200 killed and wounded, and 250 pris- 
oners. 

July 6. TV. Va. At Middle Fork 
Bridge, the 3d Ohio loses one killed, 
three wounded ; Confederates lose seven 
killed and wounded. 

July 9. TV. Va. At Laurel Hill, Cols. 
McCook and Andrews defeat the Con- 
federates under Gen. Garnett. Federal 
loss, one killed and three wounded. 

July 11. TV. Va. Battle of Rich Moun- 
tain: Rosecrans, of Gen. McClellan's 
command, defeats the Confederates un- 
der Col. Pegram. Federal loss, 11 killed 
and 35 wounded; Confederate loss, 150 
killed and wounded. 

July 12. TV. Va. At Beverly, Col. 
Pegram surrenders GOO Confederates to 
Gen. McClellan. 

At Barbourville, Col. Woodruff de- 
feats the Confederates, who lose 12 
killed ; Federal loss, one killed. 

July 13. Jr. Va. Battle of Carrick's 
Ford : Gen. McClellan and Gen. Morris 
defeat the Confederates under Gen. 
Garnett. Federal loss, 13 killed and 40 
wounded ; Confederate loss, 150 killed 
and wounded, and SOO prisoners ; Gen. 
Garnett is among the killed. 



July 14. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson cau- 
tiously advances, and occupies Bunker 
Hill with a force of 18,000 to 22,000 men ; 
Gen. Johnston is nine miles away with 
12,000 men. 

July 16. Va. Gen. McDowell begins his 
advance upon Manassas; total com- 
mand, 34,320 men ; his marching column 
less than 28,000 men with 49 guns. 

July 17. TV. Va. Gen. Patterson prac- 
tically retreats from Bunker Kill to 
Charleston. 

At Scarytown three Federal cn]r>- 
nels, two captains, and seven men are 
captured by the Confederates. 

July 18. TV. Va. Gen. J. E. Johnston 
eludes Gen. Patterson in the Shenan- 
doah Valley, hastens with 9,000 men to 
reenforce Gen. Beauregard, in time to 
defeat Gen. McDowell at Bull Run on 
the 21st. 

Mo. At Kansas City Maj. Tanhorn 

defeats the Confederates. Federal loss, 
one killed ; Confederate loss, 20 killed 
and wounded. 

D. C. Mr. Lowe makes a balloon 

ascension, at "Washington, for military 
information. 

Va. Battle at Blackburn's Ford, 

near Centerville. Gen. Tyler loses 83 
killed and wounded ; the repulsed Con- 
federates lose 68 killed and wounded. 

Gen. McDowell's advance reaches 
Centerville, to hud the Confederates 
retired to Manassas Junction, an im- 
portant railroad center. 

July 21. Va. First Battle of Bull 
Run: Confederates under Gens. Beau- 
regard and Johnston defeat the 
Federals under Gen. McDowell, 

The Federal army becomes panic- 
stricken, and retreats toward "Washing- 
ton in a disorderly rout. Federals lose 
481 killed, 1.011 wounded, 1,421 missing, 
besides 28 guns and 5,000 small arms. 
Confederate loss, 387 killed, and 1,582 
wounded. 

July 22. TV. Va. Gen. McClellan is 
relieved of his command and ordered to 
"Washington ; Gen. W. S. Rosecrans is 
his successor. 

Mo. Gen. Sweeney encounters Con- 
federates at Forsyth, losing two 
wounded ; Confederates lose five killed 
and 10 wouuded. 

July 25. Mo. Gen. John C. Fremont 
takes command of the Western Depart- 
ment of the Federal army. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1861 May 29. The asteroid Feronia 
is discovered by Peters and Safford. 

July 1. A r . J. Steel guns are first man- 
ufactured at Trenton. 



• BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1861. 

June 3. Doug-las, Stephen Arnold, M.C., 
sen. for 111., dem. candidate for Pres. (Pop- 
ular Sovereigntv), A48. 

June 5. Garland, John. Col., V. S, A., A69. 

June 10. Winthrop, Theodore, author, 
maj. of vols., k. at Iiie Bethel, A33. 

July 13. Garnett, Robert S., V. S. A., Con- 
fed, brig.-gen., A42. 



UNITED STATES. 



1861, May 27 -July 25. 197 



CHURCH. 
1861 May * Phila. The General As- 
sembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets ; J. 
Chester Backus, moderator. 

Only 13 Commissioners are present 
from the seceding States ; it approves 
patriotic resolutions. (Vote, 156-66.) The 
Southern Commissioners are offended 
and withdraw. [The resolutions become 
the alleged reasons for the organization 
of the Presbyterian Church of the Con- 
federate States.] 



SOCIETY. 

1861 May * Phila. The volunteers 
refreshment saloon is opened in a 
cooper-shop, on Otsego Street. [It feeds 
600,000 soldiers who pass through the 
city during the 'war.] 

June 9. B. C. A Sanitary Commis- 
sion is appointed by the Secretary of 
War. 

Members : Rev. Henry "W. Bellows, 
D.D., Prof. A. D. Bache, Jeffries Wy- 
man, M.D., W. H. Van Buren, M.D., 
R. C. "Wood, Surgeon-General ; and two 
army officers, G. W. Cullum and Alex- 
ander Shiras. 

June 13. B.C. The United States Sani- 
tary Commission organizes and takes 
its name. 

Fast-day is observed in the Confeder- 
ate States. 

July 4. President Lincoln's message 
inspires public patriotism. 

* * Va. The holiday illusion respect- 
ing the war is dispelled at Bull Run. 
A great lesson is taught the North. 

July 21. General gloom prevails in the 
Northern States over the disastrous de- 
feat at Bull Run [followed by increased 
determination to preserve the Union]. 



STATE. 

1861 May 27. Va. Gen. Benj. F. Butler 
of Mass. is the first to declare fugitive 
slaves contraband of war. 

May 30. B. C. The Treasury acquires 
S7,310,00O by sale of bonds at rates from 
85 to 93 per cent, and 81,684,000 by Treas- 
ury notes at par. 

May * Mass. The Legislature passes an 
amendment to the Union Fund by 
which the governor is authorized to 
issue scrip to the amount of §7,000,000, 
to be loaned to the U. S. Government. 

May * Utah. Gov. Cuinmings resigns. 

June 1. Postal communications with 
seceding States are prohibited. 

*Ala. The Confederacy removes its 

capital to Richmond, Va. 

June 3. Chicago. The loyal Democrats 
mourn the death of their leader, 
Stephen A. Douglas. 

Ky. A Border State Convention 

is held at Frankfort. 

It commends neutrality to Kentucky, 
and urges the Federal Government to 
satisfy the slave States that slave prop- 
erty shall not be interfered with. 

June 6. S. C. Gov. Pickens proclaims 
that citizens will be guilty of treason if 
they remit money to pay creditors in 
the North. 



June 8. Term. Tennessee, the 11th 
State, secedes by the vote of the people. 

U. S. The aggregate of subscriptions 

for carrying on the war amounts to 
$32,000,000. 

June 10. Fr. Napoleon III. proclaims 
neutrality in the American conflict. 

June 11. W. Va. A loyal State Con- 
vention at "Wheeling; declares the 
offices of the State of Virginia are made 
vacant by disloyalty, and proceeds to 
fill them and to form a regular State 
government. 

June 12. Mo. The governor by procla- 
mation calls for 50,000 militia to re- 
pel invasion, and then flees South. 

June 18. Tex. Gov. Clark proclaims the 
payment of debts to people at war with 
the Confederates to be an act of treason. 

June 19. W. Va. The convention at 
"Wheeling passes an ordinance to reor- 
ganize the State of Virginia on a loyal 
basis. 

June 20. Ky. In a special election for 
ten members of Congress, nine Union 
men are chosen. 

IT. S. Passports from the Secretary 

of State are required of persons enter- 
ing the South. 

Tenn. A Union Convention is 

held at Greenville, and grievances are 
declared. 

W. Va. The convention elects 

Francis H. Pierpont governor. 

June 21. Tenn. A Union Convention 
at Greenville, in East Tennessee, opposes 
the secession movement. 

June 24. Tenn. Gov. Harris by procla- 
mation declares the State out of the 
Union. (Vote of the people, 104,913 for 
47,238 against.) 

June 27. Del. A Peace Convention 
is held at Dover ; it condemns the war 
and favors a peaceful separation. 

June 30. Statistics for 1861. Revenue : 
customs, $39,582,126 ; sales of public 
lands, $870,659; premiums on loans and 
sales of gold, $33,631; miscellaneous 
items, $1,023,515. Total revenue, $41,509,- 
930. Expenditures: War Department, 
S22,981,150 ; Navy Department, $12,420,- 
888; Indians, *2,s41.35S; 8,636 pensions, 
$1,036,064; interest, $4,000,174; other 
civil and miscellaneous items, $23,267,- 
010. Total ordinary expenditures, $66,- 
546,645. Excess of expenditure over 
revenue, $25,036,714. Public debt, $90,- 
580,873. Exports, $219,553,833; imports, 
$289,310,542. 

July 2. D. C. The habeas corpus is 
further extended by the President. 

W. Va. The first Legislature or- 
ganizes at "Wheeling. 

July 4. B. C. The 37th Congress 
opens in special session. Galusha A. 
Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker. 

Andrew Johnson is the only Senator 
present from any of the 11 seceding 
States, and there are only two members 
in the House from those States. 

John J. Crittenden of Ky. is an emi- 
nent accession to the House. 

President Lincoln's message states 
his policy. 

" To hold the public places and prop- 
erty not already wrested from the Gov- 



ernment, to collect the revenue —relying 
for the rest on time, discussion, and the 
ballot-box." 

President Lincoln asks for $400,- 
000,000 and 400,000 men. 

The Treasurer asks Congress to pro- 
vide resources for the fiscal year, 
amounting to $318,519,581, and suggests 
that $80,000,000 be raised by taxation 
and $240,000,000 by loans. 

July 5. D. C. The President's authority 
to declare martial law and issue writs of 
habeas corpus is sustained by Atty.-Gen. 
Bates. 

July 6. Va. Jefferson Davis sends a 
threat of retaliation on Union pris- 
oners, if 13 persons captured on the 
privateer Savannah are executed. 

July 8. B. C. The Government pro- 
hibits telegraph communication with 
respect to the army, unless the consent 
of the commanding general has been 
obtained. 

July 10. B. C. Congress : The House 
passes the first great "War-Loan Bill 
after a debate in committee of the whole 
for one hour, and on the next day after 
its introduction. Vote, 105-5. 

July 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate 
expels Mason and Hunter of Va., Cling- 
man and Bragg of N. C., Chestnut of 
S. C, Nicholson of Tenn., Sebastian and 
Mitchell of Ark., Hemphill and "Wigfall 
of Tex. All had vacated their seats. 
Vote, 32-10. 

July 13. B.C. Congress; Senate: Two 
Senators, who have been elected by the 
loyal people of the western counties 
of Virginia, are sworn into office. 

July 17. B.C. The Loan Act becomes 
a law. 

The Treasury may offer $250,000,000 
bonds at 7 per cent, running 20 years, or 
notes at 7^ per cent interest, payable 
after three years. By a separate sec- 
tion $100,000,000 may be offered abroad. 

July 18. B. C. Congress; Senate: 
Solomon Foot of Vt. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

July 20. Va. The Confederate Pro- 
visional Congress opens its third ses- 
sion at Richmond. 

Jefferson Davis delivers his second 
inaugural address to the Confederate 
Congress at Richmond. 

July 22. B. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Crittenden Resolution, de- 
fining the object of the war. [July 25, 
it is adopted by the Senate.] 

July 22-25. Va. Congress passes acts 
authorizing the raising of an army of 
a million men. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861 June 1. The Confederate dol- 
lar is valued at 90 cents. 

July 1. Cal. The first daily overland 
mail route from Missouri to San Fran- 
cisco is established. 

Xew York. Price of cotton, 14f cents. 

July 18. Kan. The first overland coach 
arrives from San Francisco, havingmnd* 
the trip in 17 days. 



198 1861, July25-0ct. 4. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861 July 25. Va. Gen. N. P. Banks 
supersedes Gen. Kobert Patterson as 
commander of the Army of the Shen- 
andoah. 

July 27. D. C. Gen. Geo. B. McClellan 
assumes command of the Department 
of "Washington and Northeastern 
Virginia. 

His force consists of 50,000 infantry, 
about 1,000 cavalry, G50 artillerymen, 
with nine imperfect field batteries of 
tbirty pieces. 

July * The Confederate army is offi- 
cially declared to number 210,000 men ; 
400,000 more are authorized by the Con- 
federate Congress. 

Aug. 2. Mo. Battle of Dug Spring : 
Gen. Lyon loses nine killed, 30 wounded; 
Confederates, under Gen. Rains, lose -40 
killed and 40 wounded. 

iV. Mex. Mag . Isaac Lynde surrenders 

Fort Fillmore and a force of 700 Fed- 
erals to Col. John R.. Baylor. 

Aug. 5. Md. At Point of Rocks, Con- 
federates lose three killed, two wounded, 
and seven prisoners. 

Mo. At Athens, Col. Moore loses 10 

killed, and wounded ; Confederates lose 
23 killed, 50 wounded. 

Aug. 7. Col. U. S. Grant is promoted 
to the rank of brigadier-general of 
volunteers. (His commission is dated 
back to May 17.) 

Aug. 10. Mo. Battle of Wilson's 
Creek : The Federals under Gens. Lyon 
and Sigel have a desperate fight with 
the Confederates under Gens. Price and 
McCulloch [and fall back to Springfield], 
Federal loss, 223 killed, 721 wounded, 
and 292 missing. Confederate loss, 265 
killed, 800 wounded, and 30 missing. 
■ Gen. Lyon is killed. 

Aug. 13. IV. Va. Near Grafton, Capt. 
Bay ton routs the Confederates, who lose 
21 killed and wounded. 

Aug. 16. Va. Gen. John E. "Wool 
takes command at Fortress Monroe. 

Aug. 19. D. C. Henry W. Halleck is 
commissioned major-general. 

Mo. At Charleston, Col. Dougherty 

and Lieut. -Col. Ransom defeat the 
Confederates under Col. Hunter ; Fed- 
eral loss, one killed and six wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 20 killed and wounded, 
and 17 prisoners. 

Aug. 20. Va. Gen. George B. Mc- 
Clellan assumes command of the Army 
of the Potomac, and proceeds to reor- 
ganize it. (He fortifies "Washington 
until 32 forts protect it.) 

Aug. 26. IV. Va. At Cross Lanes, 
Federals, under Col. Tyler, are defeated, 
and lose 15 killed, 40 wounded, and 30 
prisoners ; Confederate loss unknown. 

Va. The Hatteras expedition, 

commanded by Flag-officer Silas H. 
Stringham and Gen. B. F. Butler, leaves 
Fortress Monroe ; it comprises five war 
vessels, two transports, and a tug, with 
a force of 800 men. 

Aug. 28, 29. JT. C. The Hatteras ex- 
pedition bombards Forts Hatteras and 
Clark at the Inlet till they surrender. 
Federals lose one killed, two wounded ; 
Confederates lose 12 or 15 killed, 35 
wounded, and 750 prisoners. 



Aug. 29. Mo. At Lexington Federals 
lose five or six wounded ; Confederates, 
under Col. Reed, lose eight killed, sev- 
eral wounded. 

Aug. 31. Mo. Gen. J. C. Fremont 
proclaims martial law in Missouri, and 
military emancipation to Blaves of 
secessionists. 

Aug. * Ky. Gen. Win. Nelson organizes 
Camp Lick Kobinson in Garrard County, 
for mustering Union soldiers. 

Sept. 1. Mo. At Bennett's Mills, Fed- 
erals lose three killed, six wounded. 

Gen. IT. S. Grant assumes command 
of Southeastern Missouri. 

Va. At Boone Court House, the 

Federal loss, six wounded ; Confederate 
loss, 30. 

Sept. 4. Ky. The Confederates are the 
first to violate the neutrality of the 
Border States; they send Gen. Polk 
to occupy a section of Kentucky border- 
ing the Mississippi. 

Columbus, " the Gibraltar of the 
West," is occupied by Gen. Pillow with 
6,000 men, who cross the river from 
Madrid. 

Mo. A gunboat reconnaissance is 

sent out under Gen. Grant, on the Mis- 
sissippi River [which discovers the Con- 
federate occupation of Kentucky]. 

Sept. 5. III. The Grant expedition, 
consisting of two gunboats, 1,800 men, 
with 16 cannon for batteries, leaves Cairo 
for Paducah, Kentucky. 

Sept. 6. Ky. A Union force xinder Gen. 
Ulysses S. Grant enters Kentucky and 
occupies Paducah. 

Sept. 10. TV. Va. Battle of Carnifex 
Ferry : Gen. Rosecrans defeats Con- 
federate Gen. John B. Floyd with a loss 
of 16 killed, 102 wounded; Confederate 
loss small. 

Ky. Gen. George H.Thomas is as- 
signed to a command in East Kentucky. 

The Confederacy appoints Gen. A. S. 

Johnston to command the Department 
of Tennessee, Arkansas, and parts of 
Mississippi, Kentucky, Missouri, Kan- 
sas, and the Indian Territory. 

Sept. 10 ±. Ky. Cumberland Ford is 
occupied by six regiments of Confeder- 
ates under Brig.-Gen. Zollicoffer, which 
enter the State through Cumberland 
Gap from Tennessee. 

Sept. 12. Mo. At Black River, Maj. 
Gavitt encounters Confederates under 
Col. Talbot, who lose five killed and four 
prisoners. 

Sept. 12-14. W. Va. Battle of Cheat 
Mountain : Gen. Reynolds defeats the 
Confederates under Gen. Lee. Federal 
loss, 13killed, 20 wounded, and 60 prison- 
ers; Confederate loss, 100 killed and 
wounded, besides 20 prisoners. 

Sept. 13. Mo. At Boonville, Federals 
under Capt. Eppstein lose one killed 
and four wounded ; Confederates lose 
12 killed and 30 wounded. 

Sept. * W. Va. The Confederates send 
Gens. John B. Floyd and Henry A "Wise 
to regain "West Virginia. 

Sept. 14. Mo. At Kansas City, Con- 
federates lose seven killed and six 
prisoners. 

Sept. 17. Mo. At Morristown Con- 
federates lose seven killed, and 100 
horses captured with tents and supplies. 



Battle at Blue Mills Landing : 
Lieut.-Col, Scott encounters the Con- 
federates under Gen. AtohitM.u ; Fed- 
eral loss, 100 killed and wouuded. 

Sept. 18. Ky. Bowling Green is occu- 
pied by Confederated under Gen. Buck- 
ner ; a part of his command advances 
to Mumfordville. This invasion of 
Kentucky is proclaimed to be a meas- 
ure of defense against an alleged inva- 
sion proposed by the Federals. 

Sept. 18-20. Mo. Battle of Lexing- 
ton: Gen. Price besieges the Federals 
under Col. Mulligan, who surrenders 
after the exhaustion of his supplies. 
Federal loss, 42 killed, 108 wounded, 
and 1,624 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 
25 killed, 75 wounded. " Mulligan's 
Surrender." 

Sept. 19. Ky. Lexington is occupied 
by the Union Home Guard under Col. T. 
E. Bramlette. 

Sept. 21. Mo. Battle of Papinsville : 
Gen. Lane loses 17 killed and 40 wounded; 
Confederates lose 40 killed, 22 wounded, 
and 100 prisoners, also all their tents 
and supplies. 

Ky. Gen. O. M. Mitchel, of the De- 
partment of the Ohio, assumes command. 

Sept. 23. Jr. Fa. At Mechanic's Gap 
the Federals lose three killed and 10 
wounded ; the defeated Confederates 
lose 15 killed and 30 wounded. 

Sept. 24. Count de Paris and Due de 
Chartres enter the Federal service as 
aids to Gen. McClellan. 

Sept. 25. W. Va. At Chapmansville, 
Col. Pratt encounters the Confederates 
under Col. Davis ; Federal loss, four 
killed and eight wounded ; Confederate 
loss, 20 killed, 50 wounded, and 47 prison- 
ers ; Col. Davis is among the killed. 

Mo. At Osceola, Col. Montgomery 

loses one killed and four wounded ; the 
Confederates lose 10 killed. 

four killed 
and five prisoners. 

Mo, Gen. John C. Fremont takes 

the field. 

Oct. 1±. Va. The Confederates be- 
fore Washington begin to fall back. 

Oct. 3. IV. Va. Battle of Greenbrier : 
Gen. Reynolds encounters the Confeder- 
ates under Gen. H. R. Jackson in an 
indecisive battle. Federal loss, eight 
killed and 32 wounded; Confederate loss, 
100 killed, 95 wounded, and 13 prisoners. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1861. 

Aug. 3. Bowman, Samuel, asst, P. E. bp. 
of Pa.,A61. 

Aug. 10. Lvon, Nathaniel, gen. U. S.Vols., 
k. at Wilson's Creek, A43. 

Aug. 12. Reese, David M., physician, au- 
thor, A 61. 

Sept. 12. Briggs, Geo. H.. Gov. of Mass., 
M. C, A65. 

CHURCH. 
1861 Sept. 26. U.S. Fast-day is ob- 
served in the Northern States, by procla- 
mation of the President. 



LETTERS. 
1861 * * Cal. Pacific College, South- 
ern (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Santa 



UNITED STATES. 



1861, July 25 -Oct. 4. 199 



k * Boston. The Boston Review appears. 

fc * la. Norwegian Lutheran Univer- 
sity is organized at Decorah. 

k * Til. Northwestern College (Evan- 
gelical Ass'n) is organized at Napierville. 

fc * III. St. Joseph's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Teutopolis. 

t * La. Jefferson College (Rom. Catli.) 
is organized in St. James parish. 

" * Mich. Albion College (Meth. Epis.) 
is organized at Albion. 

* * New York. The World absorbs the 
Courier and Enquirer. 

' * New York. Bellevue Hospital Medi- 
cal College is opened. 

c * New York. Homeopathic Medical 
College is opened. 

' * N. Y. St. Joseph's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Buffalo. 

Vassar College is founded at Pough- 
keepsie by Matthew Vassar, by the gift 
of $408,000, for the higher education of 
women. 

r * Wash. "Washington University 
(non-sect.) is organized at Seattle. 

1 * The Battle of Bull Run, by E. C. Sted- 
man, appears. 

1 * Cecil Dreeme, by Tbeodore "Winthrop, 
appears. 

! * Elsie Vernier, by Holmes, appears. 

: * Exploration and Adventures in Equa- 
torial Africa, by Paul B. du Chaillu, 



* * The Genius of Solitude, by Alger, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1861 Aug. 5. President Lincoln signs 
an act of Congress forbidding the selling 
or giving intoxicating drinks to sol- 
diers. 

Aug. 12. Me. A mob entirely destroys 
the office of the Democrat, a secession 
newspaper at Bangor. 

Sept. 12. Mo. Two slaves of Thomas 
1*. Snead, a secessionist of St. Louis, are 
manumitted by Gen. Fremont. 

STATE. 

1861 July 3 1 ± . Mo. A loyal conven- 
tion deposes the governor and other 
fugitive State officers ; Hamilton R. 
Gamble is appointed provisional gover- 
nor. 

Aug. 1. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Gen. 
Baker of Ore. makes a speech, in which 
he characterizes the utterances of 
Senator Breckinridge of Ky. as 
" words of brilliant, polished treason." 

Va. Citizens who hold office under 

the Federal Government are declared 
chargeable with treason against the 
State. 

Aug. 2. D. C. Congress passes an act 
confiscating all the slaves employed 
by the Confederates for military pur- 
poses. 

Aug. 3. Mo. Joint protection is offered 
by Gov. Gamble and the Federal Govern- 
ment to those in arms who peaceably 
return to their homes. 



Aug. 5. D. C. The Morrill Tariff is 
increased with an extended schedule, 
and radically changes the policy of 
revenue. 

The average imports on dutiable ar- 
ticles are raised from 19 to 36 per cent, 
and on total importations from 15 to 28 
per cent. 

Congress passes a supplemental Loan 
Act, permitting the Treasurer to issue 
6 per cent treasury notes, running 20 
years, and allowing holders of seven- 
thirties to exchange their notes for such 
bonds ; limit, $50,000,000. 

It enacts a direct tax of §20,000,000 to 
be levied annually upon the States. 

The Cabinet disagree ; Secretary 

Welles contends for the closing of 
Southern ports in preference to a 
blockade. 

Mo. A declaration of State inde- 
pendence is issued by Gov. Jackson at 
New Madrid, on his return from Rich- 
mond, Va. 

Aug. 6. D. C. Congress confiscates 
the property, including slaves, of ene- 
mies of the United States. 

The 37th Congress : the first session 
closes. 

It has appropriated $207,000,000 for the 
Army, $56,000,000 for the Navy, and 
passed in all 76 public acts, 72 of which 
relate to the war. 

Aug. 13. D. C. The British Govern- 
ment opens official communication 
with the Confederate Government, 
through Consul Bunch, relative to pri- 
vateering. [Secretary Seward demands 
his removal ; England refuses.] 

Aug. 14. Va. The Confederate Con- 
gress warns all citizens of the United 
States, 14 years old and upwards, to re- 
move from the Confederate States 
within 40 days. 

Aug. 16. D. C. The President proclaims 
the seceding States in a condition of 
insurrection, and forbids all commer- 
cial intercourse with them. 

* * U. S. The banks promptly sub- 
scribe for $50,000,000 loan, and receive 
seven- thirties. [Afterwards they fur- 
nish §50,000,000 more.] 

Aug. 20. W. Va. The convention at 
Wheeling adopts an ordinance for a 
new State. 

Aug. 22. Va. The Confederate Pro- 
visional Congress at Richmond closes 
its third session. 

Aug. 30. Mb, Gen. Fremont declares 
the State under martial law. 

Aug. * Missouri decides to be neutral 
during the war [but the State becomes 
the center of a great conflict between the 
two armies]. 

Sept. 2. Ky. The Legislature meets, and 
proceeds to arm the State against in- 
vasion by either the Federals or the 
Confederates. 

Sept. 4. Ky. Confederates are the first 
to violate the neutrality of Kentucky by 

Sept. 11. D. C. President Lincoln re- 
vokes Gen. Fremont's emancipation 
order. 



Ky. A resolution passes the Legisla- 
ture ordering the Confederate troops 
to leave the State ; the Federals are not 
included in the order. 

Sept. 12. Ky, A resolution of the Legis- 
lature requires the governor to call out 
the State troops to expel the" Confeder- 
ate invaders. 

Gen. Buckner issues an address from 
Ptussellville calling upon the people of 
Kentucky to rise in armed resistance 
against the usurpations of Abraham 
Lincoln. 

Sept. 13. Ky. Gov. Magoffin, by direc- 
tion of the Union Legislature, issues a 
proclamation. 

It announces that " Kentucky expects 
Confederate or Tennessee t roups to with- 
draw from the State unconditionally." 
[Jefferson Davis replies that they will be 
withdrawn if the Federal army will also 
be excluded. The Legislature rejects 
the condition proposed.] 

Sept. 16. Ky. Gov. Magoffin protests 
against the entrance of either Federal 
or Confederate armies into Kentucky, 
as it is a neutral State. 

D. C. Congress ; House : A bill is 

read for the abolition of slavery in 
the District of Columbia. 

Sept. 17. Md. Many members of the 
Legislature being under arrest on a 
charge of treason, no meeting is held. 

Sept. 21. L>. C. John C. Breckinridge 
leaves the Senate [and joins the Con- 
federacy]. 

Sept. 24. Ky. The House passes a bill 
for raising a force of 40,000 men to repel 
the Confederates. It provides that 
they shall be mustered into the Federal 
army. 

Sept. * Ky. The Legislature requests 
Gen. Robert Anderson of Fort Sum- 
ter fame to take command of the State 
troops ; the resolution is passed over the 
governor's veto. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861 July* Mass. The contractors aban- 
don work in the Hoosac Tunnel. 

July * The Emperor of Russia sends 
to the United States Government ex- 
pressions of good-will — saying he hopes 
the Union will not be dissolved. 

Aug. 16. Intercourse between the 
North and the South is restricted to 
persons bearing passes. 

Aug. * Pa. Great excitement prevails 
in the valley of Oil Creek, where a single 
flowing well yields 3,000 barrels of pe- 
troleum oil in a day. 

Sept. 18. La. The banks of New Or- 
leans suspend specie payments. 

Sept. * The telegraph line between 
Denver, Colo., and Sacramento, Cal., 
is completed. 

Oct. 1. Nero York. Price of cotton, 2U 

■ cents. 

Oct. 4. Va. Aeronaut La Montaine 
makes an ascension in the service of the 
Army of the Potomac, passes over the 
Confederate lines, and later descends in 
Maryland. 



200 1861, Oct. 8-Dec. 19. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861 Oct. 8. Ky. At Hillsborough: 
Lieut. Sadler encounters the Confeder- 
ates under Capt. Holliday. Federal 
loss, three killed and three wounded; 
Confederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded, 
and 22 prisoners. 

Gen. W. T. Sherman supersedes 
Gen. Robert Anderson. 

Fla. Fort Pickens is attacked by 

Confederates. 

Oct. 9. Fla. At Santa Rosa Island, 
Col. Wilson encounters the Confederates 
under Gen. Anderson ; Federal loss, 13 
killed, 29 wounded, and 24 prisoners ; 
Confederate loss, 11 killed, 29 wounded, 
and 22 prisoners. 

Oct. 11. La. New Orleans is placed un- 
der Confederate martial law. 

Oct. 12. La. The Confederate ram 
Manassas strikes the Federal steamship 
Richmond, under Capt. John Pope, while 
coaling at New Orleans. 

Mo. At Cameron in Ray County, 

Maj. James loses one killed and four 
wounded ; routed Confederates lose 
eight killed and five prisoners. 

S- C The Confederate envoys run 

the blockade in the night at Charleston. 
(See Trent affair, Nov. 8.) 

Oct. 13. Mo. Near Lebanon, Maj. 
Wright defeats the Confederates under 
Capts Lowell and Wright. Federal loss, 
one killed ; Confederate loss, 62 killed 
and wounded and 30 prisoners. 

At Beckwith*s Farm, Lieut. Tufts 
loses two killed, five wounded, and three 
missing ; Confederates lose 12 killed and 
wounded. 

Oct. 15. D. C. Gen. McClellan has 
an army of 150,000 under his imme- 
diate command. 

Mo. At Big River Bridge, Federals 

defeat the Confederates under Gen. 
Thompson and burn the bridge. Fed- 
eral loss, one killed and six wounded ; 
Confederate loss, five killed and four 
wounded. 

Oct. 16. Mo. At Ironton, Maj. Gavitt 

defeats the Confederates under Gen. 

Thompson. Federal loss, 11 killed ; 

Confederate loss, 36 killed and wounded. 

The Federals occupy Lexington. 

Oct. 19. Mo. At Big Hurricane Creek, 
Col. Morgan defeats the Confederates. 
Federal loss, 14 wounded; Confederate 
loss, 14 killed and eight prisoners. 

At Fredericktown, the Confeder- 
ates, under Gen. Thompson and Col. 
Lowe, are defeated, and lose 80 prison- 
ers and four heavy guns. Col. Lowe is 
killed ; Federal loss, seven killed and 60 
wounded. 

Oct. 21. Va. Battle of Ball's Bluff on 
the Potomac : Col. Baker crosses the 
river in force to reconnoiter ; is at- 
tacked by the Confederates under Col. 
Evans, defeated, and among the killed. 

Federals lose 49 killed, 153 wounded, 
714 missing ; Confederates, under Col. 
Evans, lose 33 killed, 115 wounded and 
prisoners. 

Oct. 22. Mo. At Buffalo Mills, Con- 
federates lose 20 killed and 60 prisoners. 

Oct. 23. Mo. At "West Liberty, Con- 
federates lose 10 killed, five wounded, 
and six prisoners. 

Ky. At Hodgesville, Lieut. Grayson 

loses three wounded ; Confederates lose 
three killed and five wounded. 

Oct. 24. D. C. The President orders 
that Gen. Fremont surrender his com- 
mand to Gen. Hunter. 



Oct. 25. Mo. Battle of Springfield: 
Maj. Zagonyi is routed by the Confeder- 
ates and loses 15 killed, 27 wounded, and 
10 missing ; Confederate loss, 106 killed 
and 27 missing. 

Oct. 26. W. Va. At Romney, Gen. 
Kelley defeats the Confederates under 
Col. McDonald. Federal loss, two killed 
and 14 wounded ; Confederate loss, 20 
killed, 15 wounded ; McDonald and 500 
men are made prisoners. 

Oct. 27. D. C. Gen. McClellan reports 
the strength of the Army of the Po- 
tomac at 168,318, with 147,695 present 
for duty, and more en route. 

Mo. At Plattsburg, Confederates 

lose eight killed and 12 wounded. 

Oct. 29. Va. The Port Royal expedi- 
tion sails from Fortress Monroe under 
Capt. Samuel F. Dupont, and Gen. 
Thomas TV". Sherman. 

It comprises one frigate, 14 gunboats, 
34 steam transports, and 26 sailing ves- 
sels, and 10,000 troops, or about 22,000, 
including the crews of the vessels. 

Oct. 30. Gen. McClellan reports Gen. 
Johnston's army as numbering 150.000 
men ; Gen. Johnston reports an effective 
total of 41,000 men. 

Oct. 31. J>. C. Lieut.-Gen. "Winfield 
Scott resigns the command of the 
Army. 

Oct. * S. C. The Confederate steamer 
Nashville r uns the blockade at 
Charleston. [She returns with a cargo 
worth $3,000,000.] 

Oct. * Tenn. The Union men in East 
Tennessee burn many railroad bridges 
to delay the movement of Confederate 
troops. By order of Jefferson Davis, 
Union men charged with bridge burn- 
ing are hanged, prisons are filled with 
suspects, and a reign of terror prevails. 

Nov. 1. D, C. Gen. George B. Mc- 
Clellan is appointed (13th) Commander- 
in-chief of the Army of the United 
States. 

Nov. 2. Gen. Fremont surrenders his 
command to Gen. Hunter, who is sent 
to supersede him. 

Mo. At Platte City, Maj . Joseph en- 
counters Confederates under Silas Gor- 
don ; they lose 13 killed and wounded, 
and 30 prisoners. 

Nov. 6. III. Gen. Grant sends an ex- 
pedition— 3,000 men and two gunboats 
— from Cairo down the river. 

Nov. 7. Mo. Battle of Belmont : Gens. 
Grant and McClernand defeat the Con- 
federates under Gen. Polk, but are 
finally driven back to their boats. Fed- 
eral loss, 79 killed, 2S9 wounded ; Con- 
federate loss, 105 killed, 419 wounded, 
and 235 prisoners. 

Nov. 8. Ky. At Piketon, Gen. Nelson 
defeats the Confederates ; Federal loss, 
six killed and 24 wounded ; Confederate 
loss, 400 killed and wounded. 

S. C. Battle of Port Royal: The 

Port Royal expedition (at Hilton 
Head) bombards Forts "Walker and 
Beauregard till the Confederates are 
driven out, and the Federals gain pos- 
session. Federal loss, eight killed and 
23 wounded ; Confederate loss, 11 killed 
and 48 wounded, and 42 guns. 



Capt. Charles Wilkes, of the San 

Jacinto, overhauls the British mail 
steamer Trent from Havana, and 
forcibly removes James M. Mason and 
John Slidell, the Confederate envoys to 
Great Britain and France. (He conveys 
them to Boston.] (See State.) 

Nov. 9. I). C. The Department of Mis- 
souri is organized, and the Department 
of the Ohio is extended to Kentucky 
and Tennessee. 

Va. Gen. Joseph E. Johnston re- 
organizes the Confederate Army of 
Virginia. 

Nov. 10. Jr. Va. At New River, Fed- 
erals lose eight killed, and 10 wounded. 

At Guyandotte, Col. K. V. Whaley 
loses eight killed, 12 wounded, and 45 
prisoners. 

Nov. 11. Mo. At Kansas, Col. Anthony 
encounters Confederates, loses eight 
killed and eight wounded, and with- 
draws. 

Nov. 12. W.Ya. At Romney, Feder- 
als lose two killed ; Confederates lose 12 



Nov. 14. W. Va. At McCoy's Mill, 
Gen. Benham encounters Confederate 
Gen. Floyd, who loses 15 killed. 

Nov. 18. Mo. Gen. Halleck takes com- 
mand of the "Western Department. 

Nov. 20. Mo. Gen. Halleck issues 
Order No. 3, forbidding the admission of 
fugitive slaves into Federal camps. 

Va. Gen, McClellan reviews the 

Army of the Potomac, 70,000 strong. 

Nov. 22. Fla. At Fort Pickens, Fed- 
erals lose two killed and 14 wounded. 

Nov. 19. Boston. The San Jacinto ar- 
rives with the Confederate Commission- 
ers, Mason and Slidell, on board, for 
incarceration in Fort Warren. 

Va. At Lancaster, Col. Moore de- 
feats the Confederates under Lieut.-Col. 
Blanton. Federal loss, one killed and 
two wounded ; Confederate loss, 13 
killed, many wounded and some pris- 
oners. 

Nov. 26. Va. At Dranesville.Col. Bay- 
ard loses two wounded ; Confederates 
lose two killed and four prisoners. 

Nov. 29. Mo. At Black "Walnut 
Creek, Maj. Hough loses six wounded ; 
Confederates lose 17 killed and live 
prisoners. Maj. Hough is wounded. 

Nov. * The blockade of the Southern 
ports becomes effective. 

Dec. 3. Mo. At Salem, Maj. Bowen de- 
feats the Confederates under Cols. Free- 
man and Turner. Federal loss, 15 killed 
and wounded ; Confederate loss un- 
known. 

D. C. The Secretary of War reports 

the army strength to be 660,971, including 
640,637 volunteers ; it comprises 550,000 
infantry, 6,000 cavalry, and 25,000 artil- 
lery. 

The Secretary of the Navy reports 264 
war-vessels, carrying 2,557 guns and 
22,000 men. 

Dec. 4. Mo. At Dunksburg, the Con- 
federates, under Capts. Young and 
Wheatly, lose seven killed and 10 
wounde'd. 



UNITED STATES. 



1861, Oct. 8 -Lee. 19. 201 



Dec. 4. Ky, At Whippoorwill Bridge 
Federals lose lour wounded ; Confeder- 
ates lose six killed and wounded and 11 
prisoners. 

Dec. 5. Ky. At Brownsville the Fed- 
eral Home Guards lose three killed and 
five wounded. 

Dec. 7. W. Va, At Dam Number 5 
Confederates are defeated, losing two 
killed. 

Mo. At Olathe Federals lose two 

killed ; Confederates lose three killed 

and live wounded. 
Dec. 11. Mo. At Bertrand Lieut.-Col. 

Rhodes loses one killed; Confederates 

lose 16 prisoners. 
Dec. 13. W. Va. At Camp Alleghany 

Brig.-Gen. Milroy loses 21 killed, 107 

wounded, and 10 missing; Confederates 

under Col. E. Johnson lose 20 killed and 

96 wounded. 
Dec. 19. Mo. At Milford Col. Davis 

defeats the Confederates, who lose 1,300 

prisoners, besides wagons and stores. 

Federal loss, two killed and eight 

wounded. 
At Shawnee Mound the Federals 

under Gen. Pope take 150 prisoners. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1861 Nov. * -Dec. * Cal. Disastrous 
floods prevail during four weeks of 
rain ; mills, dams, and houses are swept 
away. Loss, $10,000. 

Dec. 5. N. Y. The Society of Natural 
Sciences is organized in Buffalo. 

* * The Gatling gun is first patented. 

± * * John S. Rarey attracts attention 
by his skill in horse-training. 

CHURCH. 

1861 Nov. 14. A special convention of 
the Young Men's Christian Association 
results in the organization of the U. S. 
Christian Commission for service with 
the armies. 

Dec. 4. Ga. The Southern Presbyteri- 
ans meet at Augusta. They proceed to 
form the General Assembly of the 
Confederate States of America, and 
appoint a committee on Foreign Missions. 

LETTERS. 

1861 * * History of France, by Parke 
Godwin, appears. 

* * Lectures on the English Language, by 
G. P. Marsh, appears. 

* * Life in the Iron Mills, by Rebecca H. 
Davis, appears. 

* * The Magic Marriage, by Charles Gay- 
ler, appears. 

* * The Man Without a Country, by E. E. 
Hale, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1861 Nov. * Partisan elections are 
practically obliterated. 

Nov. * There is great rejoicing in the 
North over the seizure of Mason and 
Slidell, the Confederate Commission- 
ers. (See Army — Navy.) 

Dec. 14. Phila. Christ Church Hos- 
pital is completed. (Begun in 1856.) 



STATE. 

1861 Oct.12. S.C. James M.Mason and 
John Slidell, Confederate Commis- 
sioners to European courts, sail from 
Charleston Harbor in the Confederate 
steamer Theodore [and go to Havana]. 

JV*. C. A convention is held in Hyde 

County ; it aids the Union movement by 
declaring the independence of the State 
government. [It is soon suppressed,] 

Oct. 16. Mo. Each civil officer is re- 
quired by the State Convention at Jef- 
ferson City to subscribe to an oath 
within 60 days to support the Constitu- 
tion. 

Oct. 17. Kng. Lord John Russell pro- 
poses a somewhat peremptory summons 
to the conflicting governments in the 
United States that they abandon their 
strife. [Lord Palmerston does not ap- 
prove.] 

Oct. 21. Mo. A special session of the 
Legislature, called by Gov. Jackson, 
meets at Neosho. 

Oct. 24. W. fa. The ordinance for form- 
ing a new State is approved by a vote 
of the people. 

Oct. 28. Mo. An act of secession is 
passed by the Legislature in session at 
Neosho. 

Oct. * N. Y. The Government has in- 
carcerated 174 persons in Fort Lafay- 
ette during the past four months. 

Nov. 5. California ceases to be a Demo- 
cratic State, and elects Leland Stanford 
(Rep.) for governor. 

Kan. A vote is cast for locating the 

State capital: Vote, — Topeka, 7,996; 
Lawrence, 5,291 ; other cities, 1,184. 

Nov. 6. A general election is held in 
the Confederate States under the per- 
manent Constitution ; Jefferson Davis 
of Miss, and Alexander H. Stephens 
of Ga. are elected to the highest offices 
for six years. 

Nov. 8. Mason and SlideU are seized. 
(See Army and Navy.) 

[The Confederate Commissioners are 
given up, thus establishing a principle 
in international law for which the 
United States had invariably con- 
tended.] 

Nov. 9. Ala. The Confederate Congress 
admits Kentucky into the Confederacy. 

Nov. 18. N. C. A Union Convention 
meets and declares the State offices 
vacant; it elects M. N. Taylor pro- 
visional governor. 

Ky. A Sovereignty Convention 

(Confederate) is held at Russellville, 
Logan County ; 65 counties are repre- 
sented. 

It passes an ordinance of secession, 
and elects George "W. Johnson provis- 
ional governor, and Bowling Green for 
the capital. 

Va. The Confederate Provisional 

Congress, at Richmond, opens its fourth 
session. 

Nov. 19. Boston. Mason and Slidell 
arrive here on board the San Jacinto. 

Nov. 24. Mass. Mason and Slidell are 
imprisoned at Fort Warren. 



Nov. 25. Nev. Carson City is chosen 
by the Legislature as the capital. 

Nov. 26. W. Va. A convention meets 
at "Wheeling to form a State constitu- 
tion. 

Nov. * IT. S. The strife between Re- 
publicans and Democrats intensifies. 

Nov. 30. Z>. C. England orders Lord 
Lyons, the British minister, to leave 
the country if Mason and Slidell are 
not released within seven days. 

Ky. An ordinance of secession is 

passed by an unauthorized ** Sover- 
eignty Convention." (Lossing, Oct. 29.) 

Dec. 2. D. C. The 37th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

Dec* .D. C. Congress; House: Ga- 
lusha A. Grow of Pa. is elected Speaker. 
Vote, 99-60. 

Congress ; Senate : Lyman Trum- 
bull of 111. introduces a bill for the 
confiscation of the property of reb- 
els, and giving freedom to the persons 
they hold in slavery. 

Congress gives a vote of thanks to 
Capt. "Wilkes of the San Jacinto. (See 
Army, Nov. 8.) 

Congress : The House requests an in- 
vestigation of the Ball's Bluff disas- 
ter. " A blunder so gross that all men 
can see it." (Roscoe Conkling.) 

Dec. 3. Congress; House: An open 
division begins on the slavery ques- 
tion, by the rejection of W. S. Holman's 
resolution to reaffirm the Crittenden 
resolution of July 22. Vote, 71-65. 

Dec. 4 +. D. C. Secretary Chase recom- 
mends a National banking system, 
which shall give the nation entire con- 
trol of the currency, and abolish State 
banks. 

Congress : The Senate expels John 
C. Breckinridge of Ky. for treason. 

* * D. C. Congress authorizes the is- 
sue of $10,000,000 in bonds, and 
$2,000,000 in Treasury notes. 

Dec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
resolves that a joint committee of the 
two Houses (Senate 3, House 4), be ap- 
pointed that shall inquire into the con- 
duct of the war, with necessary power. 
Vote, 33-3. (The House concurs on Dec. 
10.) 

Dec. 14. Ky. The Confederate Legis- 
lature meets within the Confederate 
lines and elects 10 delegates to represent 
the State in the Confederate Congress. 

Dec. 16. D. C. Congress; House: A 
bill is introduced for the abolition of 
slavery in the District of Columbia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861 Oct. 25. West. The Pacific Tele- 
graph line between St. Louis and San 
Francisco is completed. 

Nov. 14. N. H. Much of the business 
part of Concord is burned. 

Dec. 1. Southern States. The Confed- 
erate dollar is worth 80 cents. [Dec. 15 
it drops to 75 cents.] 

Dec. 11. S. C. A great fire in Charles- 
ton causes a loss of $5,000,000. 



202 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861" Dec. 20. Fa. At Dranesville 
Gen.Ord defeats the Confederates under 
Gen. Stuart. Federal loss, seven killed, 
CI wounded, and three prisoners; Con- 
federate loss, 70 killed, 143 wounded, 
and 44 prisoners. 

Mo. At Hudson Maj. McKee de- 
feats the Confederates, who lose 10 
killed and 17 prisoners. 

Dec. 21. S. C. The Federals sink 17 
old hulks to blockade the channel of 
Charleston Harbor. 

Dec. 22. Fa. At Newport News and 
New Market Bridge Maj. Scnoepf loses 
six wounded : Confederates lose 10 
killed. 

Dec. 23. Mo. Maj.-Gen. Halleck pro- 
claims St. Louis under martial law. 

Dec. 25. D. C. Prig.-Gen. Samuel R. 
Curtis is appointed to the command of 
the Federal forces in Southwest Mis- 
souri. 

Dec. 27. S. C. The Confederate priva- 
teer Isabel escapes from Charleston 
Harbor. 

Dec. 28. Mo. At Mount Zion Col. 
John Glover loses three killed and 46 
wounded; Confederates lose 25 killed, 
150 wounded, and 40 prisoners. 

Dec. 31. Miss. A Federal naval force 
under Capt. Melancthon Smith captures 
the town of Biloxi. 

Dec. * Gen. Kobert E. Lee is put in 
command of the Confederate coast 
defenses of South Carolina and Georgia. 

* * La. The Federal sloop-of-war Brook- 
lyn blockades the port of New Orleans. 

* * Henry M. Stanley enlists in the 
Confederate Army. 

1862 Jan. 1. U. S. The Federal 
Army consists of 19,871 regulars, 507,333 
volunteers. Present for duty, 527,204. 

* * The war greatly increases in mag- 
nitude and intensity. 

Jan. 3. Va. Big Bethel is occupied hy 
a Federal force. 
Confederates evacuate Nashville. 

* * S. C. At Port Royal Ferry Gen. 
Stevens loses three killed and 11 
wounded ; Confederates retreat with the 
loss of six killed and 12 wounded. 

Jan. 4. W. Va. At Bath Federals re- 
tire, losing three killed and 30 prisoners ; 
Confederates, under Gen. Jackson, lose 
seven killed. 

At Huntersville Maj. "Webster cap- 
tures $50,000 worth of Confederate army 
stores ; two Confederates are killed and 
seven wounded. 

Jan. 5. D.C. Gen. Stone is apparently 
exonerated, before a Congressional 
Committee, from all responsibility in 
the Ball's Bluff disaster. 

Jan. 7. W. Va. At Blue Gap Federal 
Col. Dunning captures three cannon ; 
Confederate loss, 15 killed and 20 
prisoners. 

Thirty miles east of Sutton Col. H. 
Anisansel defeats the Confederates, who 
lose 22 killed and wounded. 

N. C. Gen. A. E. Burnside is as- 
signed to the command of the Depart- 
ment of North Carolina. 

Jan. 8. Mo. AtSilver Creek Maj. Tor- 
rence loses three men killed and 10 
wounded; the Confederates, under Col. 
Poindexter, lose 12 killed, 22 wounded, 
15 prisoners, and retreat. 



JV. Va. At Romney Confederates 

lose 15 killed, several wounded, and 20 
prisoners. 

Jan. 9. Ky. Gen. Grant, with the co- 
operation of Flag-officer Andrew H. 
Foote, leaves Cairo, and begins a 
movement up the Tennessee River, on 
Fort Henry [and returns]. 

Jan. 10. Ky. After a struggle, Col. 
James A. Garfield defeats Confederate 
Col. Humphrev Marshall at the battle 
of Middle Creek on the Big Sandy 
River. Federal loss, two killed and 25 
wounded; Confederate loss, 40 killed, 
many wounded. [Marshall leaves Ken- 
tucky.] 

Jan. 11. Va. The Hatteras Expedi- 
tion of 20 war vessels, and an army of 
32,829 men, under Gen. Burnside and 
Flag-officer Goldsborough, sails from 
Fort Monroe. 

Jan. 13. N. C. Burnside's expedition 
to Roanoke Island arriveB at Hatteras 
Inlet. 

Jan. 17. Fla. Cedar Keys is captured 
by the Federals. 

Jan. 19. Ky. Battle of Mill Springs : 
Gen. Thomas defeats the Confederates 
under Gen. Zollicoffer, who is killed. 

Federal loss, 38 killed and 194 wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 1'iokilled, IGOwounded, 

89 prisoners, 1,200 horses and mules, 100 
wagons, and 10 guns. 

Jan. 23. S. C. A stone fleet is sunk 
by the Federals, to obstruct the channels 
of Charleston Harbor. 

Jan. 27. L). C. The President issues 
an order, in which he commands a gen- 
eral advance against the Confederates 
on the 22d of February. 

Jan. 28. D. C. The "War Department 
directs Gen. McClellan to arrest Gen. 
Stone, who commanded at Ball's Bluff, 
on charges too indefinite to be framed. 
[He is confined in Fort Lafayette six 
months, and then restored to duty with- 
out reparation or trial.] 

Jan. 30. A r . Y. The Monitor, the first 
turreted war-vessel, is launched. 

Jan. * Mo. Gen. Price begins a guerrUla 
uprising against the Federals ; roads 
are destroyed, bridges are burned, and 
outrages committed. 

Feb. 2. III. A formidable land and 
naval expedition under Gen. Grant and 
Capt. A. H. Foote leaves Cairo. 

Feb. 2-4. ///. Gen. Grant and Flag- 
officer Foote begin a movement against 
Fort Henry with seven gunboats and 
15,000 men on transports. 

Feb. 3. Ena. The Confederate steamer 
Nashville is ordered to leave South- 
ampton. 

Feb. 6. Term. Capt. Foote takes Fort 
Henry on the Cumberland River ; Gen. 
Tilghman and his staff are among the 

90 prisoners ; the land forces are com- 
manded by Gen. Grant. Federal loss, 
40 killed and wounded ; Confederate 
loss, five killed, 10 wounded, 83 prison- 
ers, 20 guns, and a large amount of 
stores. 

A r . C. The Burnside Expedition, 

having crossed a difficult bar, now ad- 
to Roanoke Island. 



ART —SCIENCE - NATURE. 

* * The Henry rifle, firing 15 shots be- 
fore reloading, is patented, 

* * Xew York. W. Stanley Haseltine of 
Rome, Italy, Aaron D. Sbattuck of 
Granby, Conn., William L. Sonntag, 
Worthington Whittredge, Henry A. 
Loop, and David Johnson of Xew York, 
are elected members of the National 
Academy of Design. 

* * Useful metals are discovered in Michi- 
gan, gold in Snake River, Oregon, and 
coal near Denver, Colorado. 

* * Laramie Peak is painted by Albert 
Bierstadt. 

* * The group The Picket-guard is exe- 
cuted by John Rogers. 

* * A bronze statuette, The Freedman, is 
executed by J. Q. A. "Ward. 

1862 Jan. 31. Mass. A star [now 
known as the Companion of Sirius] is 
discovered by A. Clarke at Cambridge. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1861. 
Dec. 31. Turner, Samuel H., P. E. cl., 

theologian, critic, A71. 

* • Bradford, Win. H., Pres. cl., editor, A61. 

* * Farnbain, Kalpli, rev. soldier, A95. 

* * Hartman, Charles S., M. C. for Mont, 
bora in Ind. 

1863. 

Jan. 3. Blunt, Edmund March, nautical 
writer, A92. 

Jan. 10. Colt. Samuel, inventor of revol- 
ver, A48. 

Jan. 18. Tyler. John. Gov. of Va., sen.. 
Vice-Pres., 10th Pres. of U. S., mem. Con- 
federate cong., A72. 

Jan. 19. Zollicoffer. Felix K.. M. C. for 
Tenn., Confederate brig.-gen., k. at Mill 
Springs, A50. 

CHURCH. 
1861 * * Ga. The Southern General 
Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) secedes 
on the slavery question. 

* * ///. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; K. 
D. Harper, moderator. 

* * .V. F. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Brooklyn. 

* * A". Y. The General Assembly (X. 
S.Presbyterian) meets at Syracuse ; J.B. 
Condit, moderator. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Va. The American Missionary So- 
ciety opens its first day-school for 
freedmen at Hampton Koads. 

* *The New School Presbyterians 
withdraw from the American Home 
Missionary Society, and organize the 
Presbyterian Committee of Home 
Missions. 

* *The United Synod South (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) of Holston is organized. 

1S62 Jan. 2. Pa. Wm. Bacon Stevens 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Pennsylvania. 

SOCIETY. 
1S61 Dec* D.C. " Labor is the su- 
perior of capital, and deserves much 
the higher consideration." (President's 



UNITED STATES. 1861, Dec. 20-1862, Feb. 6. 203 



* * D. C. Congress begins to develop 
an opposition to slavery, by declaring 
that all slaves employed in military or 
naval service shall be made free by such 
act. 

Dec. * Boston. The New England 
"Women's Auxiliary Association is 
organized for the benefit of the soldiers. 

* * O. The Cincinnati Branch of the 
Sanitary Commission is organized. 

* * Tex. The State Lunatic Asylum at 
Austin is opened. 

* *U. S. Army: Gens. Butler, McClel- 
lan, and Banks issue orders exclud- 
ing all liquors from their respective 
commands. 

* * Suspected secessionists in the North 
are forced to speak for the loyal cause, 
and ultra Southern newspapers are com- 
pelled to display the National flag. 

* * U. S. The navy ration is made a 
gill of spirits, with the right to draw 
half a pint of wine, or provisions, or 
money instead. 

* * A gill of whisky daily is allowed by 
Congress to each man in the navy in 
cases of excessive fatigue and exposure. 

* * -65 * * The eight- hour movement 
obtains great headway during the pros- 
perous times of the war. 

STATE. 

1861 Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: The 
committee on the conduct of the war 
elect Ben]. F. "Wade of O. chairman ; 
members, Chandler of Mich., Johnson 
of Tenn., Gooch of Mass., Covode of Pa., 
Julian of Ind., and Odell of N.T. 

Dec. 21. D. C. The Cabinet decides 
that troops shall not pass through 
Baltimore, if they are not interrupted 
when in transit remote from the city of 
Baltimore. Virginia is in arms south 
of Washington, and Maryland to the 
north. 

Dec. 24. D. C. Congress increases the 
duties on tea, coffee, and sugar, as a 
war measure. 

Dec. 25. Mo. Martial law is extended 
to all railroads in the State. 

Dec. 30. D. C. Congress; House: E. 
G Spaulding of N. Y. introduces the 
original Legal-tender Bill. 

Dec. * D. C. The term of enlistment is 
changed from one to three years, and a 
bounty of S50 is offered. 

* * Colo. The first Legislature meets at 
Denver. 

* * D. C. Congress : The House meets 
with much obstruction, opposition, 
and criticism from some of its mem- 
bers, chiefly C. L. Vallandigham of O. 
and H. C. Burnett of Ky. ; the Senate is 
vexed with J. C. Breckinridge of Ky. 
until his departure southward. 

* * Z>. C. The President accedes to the 
provisions of the Treaty of Paris, which 
abolish privateering, and define the 
rights of neutrals ; but England and 
France stipulate that this action shall 
have no bearing on " the internal differ 



ences in the United States." [The con- 
dition is unaccepted.] 

* * D. C. Noah H. Swayne of O. is ap- 
pointed Justice of the U. S. Supreme 
Court. 

Dec. * Md. The Legislature appropri- 
ates $7,000 to be distributed by the 
Governor of Massachusetts among the 
families of those killed in the Baltimore 
riot. 

* * Mo. The Legislature establishes the 
Metropolitan police force of St. Louis. 

* * Neio York. C. Godfrey Gunther is 
elected the 74th mayor. 

* *The 16 eminent and able governors of 
the Northern States become popularly 
known as " War Governors." 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-63 * * Ala. John G. Shorter. 
-63 * * Dak. (Ter.). Wm. Jayne. 
-65 * * Fla. John Milton. 

-65 * * III. Richard Yates. 
-67 * * Ind. Oliver P. Morton. 

Kan. (Ter.) George M. Bebee. 

Kan. Charles Robinson. 
-65 * *Kan. Thomas Carney. 
-63* * Ky. James F. Robinson. 
-66 * * Mass. John A. Andrew. 
-63 * * Me. Israel "Washburn, Jr. 
-64 * * Mich. Austin Blair. 

Mo. Claiborne F. Jackson. 
-64 * * Mo. Hamilton R. Gamble. 
-6B * * Neb. (Ter.). Alvan Saunders. 
-62 * * N. C. H. T. Clark. 
-63 * * N.H, Nathaniel S. Berry. 
-64 * * Nev. (Ter.). James W. Nye. 
-65* * N. Mex.(Ter.). Henry Connolly. 

Pa. Andrew G. Curtin. 
-62 * * R. I. John R. Bartlett. 

Tex. Edward Clark. 
-63 * * Tex. Francis R. Lubbock. 
-64 * * U. {Ter.). Stephen S. Harding 
-63 * * Vt. Frederick Holbrook. 

Wash. (Ter.). R. D. Gohlson. 

Wash. (Ter.). "Wm. H. Wallace. 
-67 * * Wash. (Ter.). "Wm. Pickering. 

W. Va. Francis H. Pierpont. 
-62 * * Wis. Louis P. Harvey. 

* * 0. The Legislature passes a law de- 
claring the property of volunteers free 
from execution for debt during their 
time of service. 

* * O. The Legislature provides for the 
acceptance of ten regiments beyond 
the number required from the State, , 
and votes $500,000 to support them. 

* * Vt. The Legislature repeals the Per- 
sonal Liberty Bill of 1858, as opposed 
to the Federal Constitution. 

1862 Jan. 1. D. C. The Government 
surrenders Mason and Slidell on the 
demand of the British ministry. [They 
sail for Europe.] 
It suspends specie payments. 

Jan. 7. III. A convention meets to 
form a new constitution ; it ratines the 
13th Amendment, assumes legislative 
power, and frames a Constitution. 

Jan. 11. D. C. Simon Cameron of Pa. 
resigns the office of Secretary of "War, 
and Edwin M. Stanton of O. takes his 
place. 

Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: Sol- 
omon Foot of Vt. is reelected President 



pro tempore. Jesse D. Bright of Ind. is 
expelled from the Senate for disloyal 
utterances. 

Jan. 22. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
Legal-tender BiU is reported by its 
author, Mr. Spaulding, of N.T. 

Utah. A second Territorial Conven- 
tion meets at Salt Lake City, to frame 
a constitution for the State of Deseret. 

Jan. 25. Va. Henry S. Foote of Miss, 
offers peace resolutions in the Confeder- 
ate Congress at Richmond. 

Jan. 27. D. C. President Lincoln issues 
"General "War Order Number 1," com- 
manding a general advance to be made 
against the Confederates on Feb. 22. 

Jan. * D. C. The Federal Government is 
in "a three-fold contest — a military 
one with the Confederacy ; a diplomatic 
and moral one with the governments of 
England and France ; and a financial 
one with the money power of Europe." 
(Blaine.) 

Feb. 3. D. C. An offer of mediation by 
France is presented by the French min- 
ister at "Washington. 

Feb. 4. D. C. Congress; House: Mr. 
Morrill of Vt. expresses the sanguine 
feeling of the public by ridiculing the 
suggestion that the war is to be pro- 
longed until July 1, 1863 ; he pre- 
dicts peace by July 30, next ensuing. 

Feb. 6. D. C. Congress; House: The 
Legal-tender Bill passes. Vote, 93-59 ; 
yeas are all Republican. " It was the 
most momentous financial step ever 
taken by Congress." (Blaine.) 

Sec. Seward declines the proffered 
mediation of France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1861 Dec. 21. Eng. There is a great 
excitement in England over the reported 
attempt of the Federals to destroy the 
harbor of Charleston by sinking 17 old 
hulks, in blockading the port. 

Dec. 30. The banks of New York, Phila- 
delphia, and Boston suspend specie 
payments, owing to the depositors 
withdrawing gold to sell at a premium. 
[Resumed 18 years later.] 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for 1861, 
89,724. 

* * III. Graceland Cemetery, near 
Chicago, is incorporated. 

* * Md. After two failures a submarine 
cable is successfully laid between Bal- 
timore and Fortress Monroe. 

* * New York. The Produce Exchange 
is organized. 

* * U. S. Letters addressed to the 
Confederate States are sent to the 
dead-letter office. 

1862 Jan. 1. New York. Price of cot- 
ton, 35J- cents. 

Conn. New Haven is supplied with 

water from Mill River, 

Jan. * U. S. Petroleum reaches the low- 
est price — 10 cents per barrel for crude 
oil. 

Feb. 1. Southern States. The Confed- 
erate dollar is worth 60 cents. 



204 1862, Feb. 7-Apr. L 



AMERICA; 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 Feb. 7. N. C. The war vessels 
engage the shore batteries on Roanoke 
Island; the army lands. 

Va. At Fairfax Court House Col. 

Friedman loses two wounded; Confed- 
erates lose one killed, 12 prisoners. 

Feb. 8. N. C, Com. L. M. Goldshorough 
and Gen. Burnside take Roanoke Is- 
land, losing 37 killed, 214 wounded ; 
Confederates, under Gen. Wise, lose 23 
killed, 58 wounded, 2,700 prisoners, also 
six forts, 40 guns, and 3,000 small arms. 

Feb. 9. D, C. Capt. David G. Far- 
ragut is appointed to the "West Gulf 
Blockading Squadron. 

— — Va- Gen. Stone is relieved of his 
command, placed under arrest, and im- 
prisoned. (See Jan. 5.) 

Kan. Martial law is proclaimed. 

Feb. 10. N. C. Commander Rowan takes 
Elizabeth City, and destroys four Con- 
federate gunboats ; three escape. 

Va. At Linn Creek Capt. Smith 

loses one killed and one wounded ; 
Confederate loss, eight killed, seven 
wounded, and 17 prisoners. 

The Confederate Government orders 
all Union prisoners to be released. 

W. Va. Gen. Banks' army crosses 

the Potomac at Harper's Ferry, and 
advances on Charlestown. 

Feb. 13, 14. Term, Gen. Grant invests 
Fort Donelson, and the Confederates 
repulse an assault on one of their bat- 
teries by Gen. Mc demand's division ; 
Flag-officer Foote arrives in the eve- 
ning with six gunboats; Federal reen- 
forcements also arrive. 

(Feb. 14.) Gen. Grant, with30,000men, 
attacks Fort Donelson ; fierce artillery 
duels follow, and desperate sorties are 
made by the Confederates. 

Capt. Foote bombards Fort Donel- 
son with six gunboats, two of which are 
disabled. Foote is wounded. 

(Feb. 15.) Confederates attempt to 
break through Grant's lines at Fort 
Donelson and are repulsed ; by a gen- 
eral assault Grant drives them to their 
inner works. 

(Feb. 16.) Gens. Floyd and Pillow, hav- 
ing departed in the night, Gen. Buck- 
ner surrenders Fort Donelson to 
Gen. Grant. 

Federal loss, 510 killed, 2,152 wounded, 
224 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 2,000 
killed and wounded, 13,829 prisoners, 
and 40 guns. 

Feb. 14. Va. At Blooming Gap Gen. 
Lander loses seven killed ; Confederates, 
under Gen. T. J. Jackson, lose 13 killed, 
20 wounded, and 65 prisoners, including 
17 officers. 

Ky. At Flat Lick Ford Col. Munday 

encounters the Confederates, who lose 
four killed, four wounded, and three 
captured. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Gen. TJ. S. Grant is pro- 
moted to the rank of major-general for 
his brilliant services at Fort Donelson. 

+ The Worth is electrified with the 

report of Gen. Grant's victory. He 
becomes the hero of the war in a day, 
and is called " Unconditional Surren- 
der" " United States ," and " Uncle Sam " 
Grant, instead of Ulysses S. Grant. 



Feb. 17. Ark. At Sugar Creek the 
Federals repel a Confederate charge, 
losing 13 killed and wounded. 

Feb. 18. Gen. Halleck announces that 
Gen. Curtis has driven Gen, Price from 
Missouri. 

Mo. At Independence Federals 

lose one killed and three wounded ; Con- 
federates under Quantrell and Parker 
lose three killed. 

Feb. 21. N. Mex. At Valverde (Fort 
Craig) Col. Canby loses 68 killed, 160 
wounded, 35 missing ; Confederate loss, 
240 killed and wounded. 

Feb. 22. Ky. At Pound Gap Col. 
James A. Garfield surprises a Confeder- 
ate camp ; several prisoners are cap- 
tured. 

Term. Martial law is proclaimed 

in West Tennessee. 

Va. The President's order of Jan. 27 

for a general advance of the army is 
not obeyed. 

Feb. 24. Ark. Fayetteville is captured 
by the Federals, after being fired by the 
Confederates. 

Feb. 25. Term. Gen. Nelson's division 
of Gen. Grant's army lands and occu- 
pies Nashville; Gen. Buell, by forced 
marches, arrives opposite the city at 
nearly the same time. 

Feb. 28. N. C. The Confederate steamer 
Nashville runs the blockade at Beaufort. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Gen. W. S. Rosecrans 
is appointed major-general. 

Ga. Brunswick is captured by the 

Federals. 

Ky. The Confederates evacuate the 

stronghold at Columbus, because of 
the surrender of Fort Donelson. [Their 
forces concentrate 100 miles below Cairo 
at Island Number 10.] 

Mar. 3. Mo. Gen. Pope, with 10,000 
Federals [soon increased to 20,000 men] 
appears before New Madrid, and be- 
gins a siege. 

Va. Gen, McClellan directs Gen. 

Halleck, his accuser, to arrest Gen. 
Grant if the good of the service re- 



quir 



lit. 



Gen. Grant, having left his command 
without permission, is ordered to yield 
command to Gen. C. F. Smith, and re- 
main at Fort Henry. 

Mar. 4. Tenn. At Pittsburg Landing 
Federals lose five killed and fire 
wounded ; Confederates lose 20 killed, 
200 wounded. 

Mar. 5. NeivYork. John Ericsson's tur- 
reted ironclad Monitor is completed, 
and delivered to the Federal Govern- 
ment for trial. 

Gen. Beauregard assumes command 

of the Confederate Army of the Missis- 
sippi. 

Mar. 6. New York. John Ericsson's 
turreted ironclad, Monitor, sails for 
Fort Monroe. 

Mar. 7,3. Ark. Battle of Pea Ridge, 
or Mkhorn : Gens. Curtis, Sigel, As- 
both, and Jeff. C. Davis, with 10,500, de- 
feat 16,202 Confederates under Gens. 
Van Dorn, Price, McCulloch, and Pike. 
Federal loss, 203 killed, 980 wounded, 
and 201 prisoners : Confederate loss 1,100 
to 1,300. Gens. McCulloch, Mcintosh, 
and Slack are among the killed. 



Mar. 7. Va. At "Winchester Capt. 
Cole has three wounded; Confederates 
lose six killed and five wounded. 

Gen. Johnston begins the evacuation 
of Manassas, in anticipation of a Fed- 
eral advance. 

Ga. — Fta. Fort Church and St. Mary 

(Ga.) and Fernandina (Fla.) are taken 
by the l)upont expedition. 

Mar. 8. D. C. The President issues Gen- 
eral War Order No. 2; he orders the 
Army of the Potomac to be divided 
into four corps : — 

Generals : Irvin McDowell is to com- 
mand the 1st corps ; E. V. Sumner, the 
2d; S. P. Heintzelman, the 3d: F.. D. 
Keyes, the 4th ; Gen. J. S. Wadsworth 
is to command the defense of Washing- 
ton, and Gen. N. P. Banks a 5tb corps 
soon to be formed. 

President Lincoln issues General 
"War Order No. 3. 

He commands that no change shall be 
made in the base of operations without 
providing for the security of Washing- 
ton, and that an immediate attempt be 
made to capture Confederate batteries 
on the Potomac. 

Va. At Hampton Roads the Fed- 
eral frigate Cumberland is sunk by the 
Confederate ironclad Merrimac, and 
the Congress is burned. 

Great anxiety pervades the North, 
concerning the safety of its great cities, 
because of the apparently invincible 
Merrimac. 

Mar. 9. Va. At Hampton Roads the 
turret ironclad battery Monitor ar- 
rives in the nick of time, and in a 
nearly harmless duel of five hours de- 
feats the Merrimac, which retires to 
Norfolk. 

Mar. 10. New Mexico is occupied by 
Confederate troops from Texas. 

Va. Gen. McClellan's great army 

of nearly 200,000 men crosses the Poto- 
mac in an advance toward Richmond. 
[They find Manassas evacuated.] 

Tenn. The Tennessee River ex- 
pedition under Gen. Smith lands at 
Savannah. 

Mar. 11. D. C The departments of 
Kansas and Missouri are united in one 
under Gen. Halleck. 

The Mountain Department is formed 
in Western Virginia ; Gen. Fremont, 
commander. 

The Department of the Mississippi is 
formed ; Gen. Halleck, commander. 

All commanders are to report directly 
to the Secretary of War. 

Fla. St. Augustine is surrendered 

to the Federals without a struggle. 

Va. McClellan's advance occupies 

CenterviUe. 

Gen. McClellan is relieved of the com- 
mand of other departments, and assumes 
personal command of the Army of the 
Potomac. Gen. John C. Fremont com- 
mands the Mountain Department, in 
[West] Virginia. 

Mar. 12. Fla. Jacksonville is surren- 
dered to Capt. Samuel F. Dupont. 

Mar. 13. Mo. Gen. Henry W. Hal- 
leck assumes command of the three 
Western departments. 

Gen. Pope occupies New Madrid, 
on the Mississippi ; the Confederates 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, Feb. 7 -Apr. 1. 205 



retire, losing 100 killed, $100,000 worth 
of stores, and 25 guns. 
Gen. Pope captures Point Pleasant. 

Va. Gen. Banks occupies Winches- 
ter with a Federal army. 

Gen. McClellan proposes a change of 
base near Fort Monroe. [The President 
approves.] 

All persons in the Federal service are 

forbidden to return fugitive slaves to 
Confederate owners. 

Mar. 14. N.C. New Berne is captured 
from the Confederates under Gen. 
Branch, by Gen. Burnside, after a battle 
of four hours ; Gens. Foster, Reno, and 
Parke support Burnside. Federal loss, 
91 killed, 466 wounded : Confederate loss, 
64 killed, 101 wounded, and 413 prisoners, 
with six forts mounting 64 guns. 

Ky. At Cumberland Mountains 

Cols. Carter and Keigwin defeat Con- 
federates, who lose three killed, six 
wounded, 18 prisoners. 

Tenn. Gen. Smith provides 19 steam- 
boats as transports, and orders Gen. 
Sherman to ascend the Tennessee 
River towards East Port, and destroy 
railroads and bridges. 

Mar. 15-18. Tenn. Flag-officer Foote 
bombards Island Number 10, on the 
Mississippi River, with a gunboat fleet. 

Mar. * Va. Gen. McClellan changes 
his plan, and determines to approach 
Richmond by marching up the penin- 
sula from Yorktown. 

Mar. 17. Tenn. Gen. Grant resumes 
general command in person, with three 
divisions at Savannah and two at Pitts- 
burg Landing. 

Va. The Army of the Potomac 

begins to embark for Yorktown, in chan- 
ging its base. 

Mar. 21. N. C. "Washington is occupied 
by the Federals. 

The Departments of the Gulf and 
the South are created. 

Mar.* Va. Federal Gen. Banks 
moves up the Shenandoah Valley in 
force. 

Mar. 22. Mo. At Independence the 
Confederates under Quantrell are de- 
feated. Federal loss, one killed ; Con- 
federate loss seven killed, 11 wounded. 

Mar. 22, 23. Va. At Winchester 
(Kernstown) Gen. Shields defeats the 
Confederates under Gen. Thomas J. 
Jackson, who retreat in disorder [and 
are pursued to Harrisonburg]. Federal 
loss, 103 killed, 440 wounded, and 24 
prisoners. Confederate loss, 691 killed 
and wounded. 

Mar. 23±. Tenn. Gens. Johnston and 
Beauregard unite their armies at or 
near Corinth. 

Mar. 26. Mo. At Humansville Confed- 
erates lose 15 killed and many wounded. 

Col. Near Denver City, 50 Confeder- 
ate cavalrymen are captured. 

Mar. 28. N. Mex. At Vallis Kanch 
(Apache Cafion) Col. Slough loses 20 
killed, 54 wounded, and 35 prisoners ; 
the defeated Confederates lose 80 killed, 
100 wounded, and 93 prisoners. 

Mar. 29. Mo. At Warrensburg Capt. 
Thompson defeats the Confederates 
under Col. Parker. Federal loss, two 
killed; Confederate loss, 15 killed and 
25 prisoners. 



Mar.* Mo. Col. J. W. Bissell connects 
the river and a bayou below Island Num- 
ber 10, by cutting a path for boats through 
a forest. 

Mar. * Va. Gen. Kobert E. Lee re- 
turns from the inspection of the sea- 
coast defenses, and resumes command 
of the Confederates in Virginia. 

* * The Army is reorganized. 

Gen. Halleek is assigned to the Depart- 
ment of the West, Gen. Hunter to that 
of the South, Gen. Butler to that of the 
Gulf, Gen. Fre'mont to the Mountain 
Department of Western Virginia and 
.Eastern Tennessee, Gen. Banks to the 
Shenandoah, Gen. McDowell to the 
Rappahannock, and Gen. McClellan to 
the Department of the Potomac. 

Mar. 31. Tenn. At Union City a Con- 
federate camp with extensive stores is 
captured. 

Apr. 1. N. C. Gen. Burnside takes 
Beaufort. 

Ark. At Putnam's Ferry Confeder- 
ates are defeated, and stores captured. 

Va. At Woodstock Gen. Banks 

drives back the Confederates. 

Apr. 1-7. Ky. Island Number 10, in 
the Mississippi River, near the north- 
west corner of Tennessee, is besieged 
and captured by Flag-officer Foote and 
Gen. Pope. Confederates under Gen. 
Mackall lose 17 killed and many 
wounded, together with 6,300 prisoners, 
and 70 guns. This victory opens the Mis- 
sissippi to the Federals. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

Feb. 20. Appleton, Wm., BoBton mer- 
chant, philan., A76. 

Feb. 26. Felton, Cornelius C.,pres. of Har- 
vard, A55. 

Mar. l. Lander, Fred. W., brig.-gen. of 
vols., A40. 

Mar. 7. McCulloch, Ben, Confed. brig.- 
gen., k. at Battle of Pea Ridge, A51. 

Mar. 14. Meade, William, P. E. bp., au- 
thor, A73. 

Mar. 18. Wheaton, Nathaniel S., P. E. 
elergyman, A70. 

CHURCH. 

1862 Mar. 6. Ala. Richard Hooker 
"Wilmer is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) bishop of Alabama. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 Feb. 21. New York. Nathaniel 
P. Gordon, convicted of engaging in the 
slave-trade, is hanged [the first execu- 
tion in the United States for this offense 
in 40 years]. 

Feb. 22. D. C. The Capitol is illumi- 
nated in celebration of recent victo- 
ries ; many believe the war is near 
its close. 

Mar. 6. D. C. The President, in his 
message, requests Congress, to provide 
a scheme for the gradual emancipa- 
tion of slaves in the border States, with 
compensation. 

Mar. 9. S. C. About 60 teachers arrive 
from the North to instruct and care for 
the f reedmen. 

STATE. 

1862 Feb. 8. D. C. The Government 

prohibits the circulation of the Chicago 
Times. 



Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The limit 
of demand notes is raised to $60,000,000, 
of which $10,000,000 are to be of less 
denomination than $5, and in addition 
to issues previously authorized. 

Feb. 13. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Legal-tender Bill passes, with an 
amendment providing for the payment 
of the debt in coin. Vote, 30-7. 

Feb. 17. Va. The Confederate Fro- 
visional Congress at Richmond closes 
its last session. 

Feb. 18. Va. The First Confederate 
Congress meets at Richmond. 

Feb. 20. Tenn. The Secessionists re- 
move the capital to Memphis'. 

Feb. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis is in- 
augurated President of the Confeder- 
ate States, at Richmond, under the per- 
manent Constitution. 

Feb. 23. D. C. The President appoints 
Andrew Johnson military governor of 
Tennessee. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress passes the 
Legal-tender Act, as reported by the 
conferees of both Houses, and it be- 
comes a law. 

Treasury bonds to the amount of 
$500,000,000 are to be issued at 6 per 
cent interest, redeemable at the pleas- 
ure of the Government after five years, 
and payable in 20 years ; also $150,000,000 
in notes without interest, none less than 
$5, and one-third of these in lieu of the 
same amount under the act of July 17, 
1861 : all to be exempt from taxation, a 
legal tender for all debts, public and 
private, except duties on imports and 
interest on the public debt. The notes 
are nicknamed " greenbacks." 

Mar. 3. Utah. The people ratify the 
Constitution. 

Mar. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : An- 
drew Johnson resigns his seat at the 
request of President Lincoln, to become 
military governor of Tennessee. 

Mar. 6. D. C. Congress receives a mes- 
sage from President Lincoln. 

He recommends the adoption of a joint 
resolution declaring that " the United 
States ought to cooperate in any State 
which may adopt gradual abolishment 
of slavery, giving to such State pecu- 
niary aid, to be used in its discretion, to 
compensate for the inconveniences, pub- 
lic and private, produced by such change 
of system." [It is opposed by members 
from the border States.] 

Mar. 7. D. C. Congress authorizes cer- 
tificates of indebtedness to be issued 
for creditors whose claims have been 
audited, bearing 6 per cent interest. 

Mar. 13. D. C. The President approves 
the Act forbidding military officers from 
returning fugitive slaves to their owners. 

Mar. 17. T>. C. Congress authorizes 
the Treasury to buy bonds or notes at 
discretion ; demand notes are made 
legal tender. 

Mar. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: Sol- 
omon Foot of Vt. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862 Feb. 21. D.C. Bereavement visits 
the White House: "Tad" (Thomas) Lin- 
coln, the President's youngest son, dies. 

Apr. 1. New York, Price of cotton, 28 
cents. 



206 1862, Apr. 2-May 15. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1862 Apr. 2. B. C. Gen. "Wadsworth 
reports that he has but 19,000 men to 
defend "Washington, and eight regi- 
ments are soon to leave, while a force 
of 55,000 is needed. 

Fa. Gen. George B. McClellan 

arrives at Fort Monroe and begins the 
campaign against Richmond. He re- 
ports [Apr. 3] 5S,000 men ready to move, 
and 100 guns, besides the entire division 
of artillery. 

Apr. 3. Fa. A great Federal Army, 
under Gen. McClellan, leaves Fortress 
Monroe for an advance on Yorktown. 

Gen. Magruder, with 10,000 Confeder- 
ates, holds the place [and checks Gen. 
McClellan's advance for one week, when 
Gen. Joseph E. Johnston arrives with 
the main army, and holds him back for 
three weeks longer]. 

Apr. 4. Mo. A canal 12 miles long 
is completed, to send the gunboats below 
Island Number 10. 

Commander Henry "Walke with the 
gunboat Carondelet safely runs past 
the Confederate batteries at Island 
Number 10 in the night to New Madrid. 
[The Pittsburg follows on the night of 
Apr. 6.] 

Fla. Apalachicola is surrendered 

to the Federals. 

Miss. Pass Christian, on the Gulf 

Coast, is taken by the Federals. 

Fa. A Federal force occupies Thor- 
oughfare Gap. 

Gen. McDowell's corps is detached 
from the Army of the Potomac, and the 
Department of the Rappahannock is 
formed, McDowell commander. 

Apr. 5. Va. The siege of Yorktown 
is begun by Gen. McClellan ; Confed- 
erates lose three killed, 22 wounded. 

Apr. 6, 7. Tenn. Great Battle of Shi- 
loh, or Pittsburg Landing. Gen. 
Grant, with about 33,000 men, assisted 
by Gens. Sherman and Thomas, defeats 
40,955 Confederates under Gens. A. S. 
Johnston, Beauregard, Polk, and Har- 
dee. Gen. Johnston is killed. 

Federal loss in Grant's army, 1,513 
killed, 6,G01 wounded, and 2,S30"prison- 
ers; in Buell's army, 241 killed, 1,807 
wounded, and 55 prisoners ; Confederate 
loss, 1,728 killed, 8,012 wounded, and 959 
prisoners. 

Apr. 7. Tenn. Gen. Buell's army, 
20,000 strong, arrives at Pittsburg 
Landing, after the battle ; the united 
armies drive the Confederates from the 
field. 

Island Number 10 is forced to 

surrender to Flag-officer Foote with- 
out a battle; Gen. Pope pursues the 
fleeing garrison, and takes 0,000 to 7,000 
Confederate prisoners. 

Apr. 9±. Gen. McClellan has a con- 
troversy with the President and the 
Secretary of War. 

Apr. 10. B. C. Franklin's division of 
. McDowell's corps is ordered to join Gen. 
McClellan. 

Ga. The Federals under Gen. Q. A. 

Gillraore open fire on Fort Pulaski at 
the mouth of the Savannah River. [It 



surrenders on the 11th ; 48 guns and 385 

prisoners are captured.] 
Apr. 11. Miss. Gen. Halleck arrives 

before Corinth, and, as superior officer, 

supersedes Gen. Grant. 
Ala. Gen. O. M. Mitchel surprises 

Huntsville, takes 200 prisoners, and 15 

locomotives. 
He seizes 100 miles of railroad, and 

interrupts Confederate communications 

between the West an 

Coast. 
Ga. Gen. Hunter captures Fort 

Pulaski, commanding the Savannah 

River, with 3G0 prisoners, 47 guns, and 

40,000 pounds of powder. This victory 

cuts off Confederate commerce, and 

permits an effective blockade. Federals 

lose two men. 

Va. At Yorktown Federals lose 20 

killed and wounded. 

The repaired Merrimac reappears in 
Hampton Roads, but no action takes 
place. 
Apr. 13. Va. Gen. McClellan reports 
the Army of the Potomac as number- 
ing 100,970 men. 

Apr. 15. Ark. Confederates cut the 
levee near Fort Wright, on the Missis- 
sippi, and an immense amount of prop- 
erty is destroyed. 

Tenn. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. 

Pope to transfer his successful troops 
to join the army on the Tennessee River. 

Apr. 16. Va. At Lee's Mills Gen. Mc- 
Clellan loses 35 killed, 120 wounded, 
and nine prisoners ; Confederate loss, 20 
killed, 76 wounded, and 50 prisoners. 

Apr. 17. S. C. A skirmish occurs on 
Edisto Island ; the Confederates are put 
to flight. 

Tenn. At Woodson's Gap the Con- 
federates capture 475 Federal refugees ; 
killed and wounded, GO. 

Fa, Gen. Joseph E. Johnston as- 
sumes command of the Confederate 
troops at Yorktown with an army in- 
creased to about 53,000 men. 

Apr. 18. Fa. Gen. McDowell begins a 
movement upon Fredericksburg. 

— -Ark. The Federal fleet of gunboats 
and mortars makes an ineffective at- 
tack on Fort Wright, on the Mississippi 
Kiver. 

La. Flag-officer Farragut, with 17 

men-of-w r ar, and Captain Porter, with 
a mortar flotilla of 19 schooners and six 
armed steamships for guard and towing 
service, appear below Forts Jackson 
and St. Philip, both having about 115 
guns. 15 Confederate gunboats and one 
iron-plated ram lie above the forts, 
guarding the approach to New Orleans. 
The Federal navy bombards Forts 
Jackson and St. Philip, 75 miles be- 
low New Orleans [and continues the at- 
tack five days]. 

Apr. 19. X. C. At Camden, or South 
Mills, Federals under Gen. Reno lose 
14 killed, 9d wounded, and 14 prisoners ; 
the defeated Confederates lose 70 killed 
and wounded. 

Apr. 21. X. Mex. The Federals regain 
Santa Fe". 

Va. The Confederate Congress at 

Kichmond is broken up and dispersed 
by the nearness of the armies. 



Apr. 22. Tenn. The chief part of Gen. 
Pope's army joins Gen. Halleck at 
Pittsburg Landing. 

Apr. 24. La. Farragut's fleet forces 
a passage of the batteries on the Mis- 
sissippi, below New Orleans, after a 
long bombardment. 

His fleet in two columns passes Forts 
Jackson and St. Philip in the darkness; 
13 out of 17 vessels make the passage 
in safety, losing only 24 killed and 66 
wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed, 
40 wounded. 

X. C. Gen. Eurnside takes Fort 

Macon. Federals lose one killed and 
11 wounded; Confederates lose 6even 
killed, 18 wounded, 450 prisoners, and 20 
guns. 

Va. The destruction of the Dismal 

Swamp Canal is completed. 

Apr. 25. X. Mex. Santa Fe is evacu- 
ated by the invading Texans. 

La. Gen. Mansfield Lovell with- 
draws the Confederate forces from 
New Orleans, after firing an immense 
amount of property. [Planters proceed 
to burn millions of dollars worth of cot- 
ton, by order of the Confederacy.] 

New Orleans is surrendered to Adm. 
Farragut without opposition. 

■ — ■ Mo. At Neosho Confederates lose 30 
killed and wounded, and 62 prisoners. 

Apr. 26. La. The army under Gen. 
Putler invests Forts Jackson and 
St. Philip, cutting off retreat, supply, 
and reenforcements. 

Apr. 27. La. Federals raise a flag over 
the U. S. mint at New Orleans; four 
men, led by William E. Mumf ord, cut 
the halyards and dash away with the 
U. S. flag. 

Apr. 2S. La. Forts Jackson and St. 
Philip are surrendered to Com. Porter. 

Tenn. Gen. Halleck's army of 108,000 

men is reorganized as the Army of the 
Tennessee. 

Apr. 29. La. At New Orleans Far- 
ragut sends marines with howitzers, to 
lower Confederate flags and raise the 
Stars and Stripes on the public buildings. 

Apr. 30. Fa. Gen. McClellan reports 
a force of 112,392 ready for duty. 

May 1. Tenn. At Pulaski 200 Federals 
are captured. 

Va. The Confederates determine to 

evacuate Norfolk. 

May 3. Miss. At Farmington Confed- 
erates are defeated, losing eight killed. 

May 4. Fa. Gen. McCleUan begins an 
advance on Richmond. 

The Confederates burn their gnnboats 
on the York River. 

At "West Point the Confederates are 
defeated. 

The Confederates evacuate York- 
town, after a siege of 30 days, by Gen. 
McClellan ; they leave 71 spiked guns 
in the fortifications. 



A naval fight occurs near Memphis 
between the Confederate ram Mallory 
and the Federal gunboat Cincinnati; 
both vessels are sunk. 
May 5. Ark. The Confederates make an 
ineffectual attack with eight gunboats 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, Apr. 2-May 15. 207 



on the Union fleet at Fort "Wright, on 
the Mississippi River, and are driven off 
with the loss of three of their vessels. 

Va. Battle of Williamsburg : Gen. 

Hooker attacks the rear-guard of Gen. 
Johnston's retreating army ; Gens. 
Heintzelman and Hancock also have an 
engagement. McClellan's advance under 
Gen. Sumner drives hack the Confeder- 
ate rear-guard under Gen. Longstreet. 
Federal loss, 456 killed, 1,400 -wounded, 
and 623 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 700 
killed, 1,000 wounded, and 300 prisoners. 

May 6. Va. Gen. Johnston's army 
retreats toward Richmond, leaving its 
wounded on the field of battle at Wil- 
liamsburg. 

May 7. Va, Gen. Franklin lands a Union 
force at "West Point, on the York 
River, and defeats the Confederates 
under Gen. Whiting. Federal loss, 47 
killed, 110 wounded, and 46 prisoners ; 
Confederate loss, eight killed and 32 
wounded. 

May 8. Miss. At Corinth the Federal 
cavalry, under Maj. Arlington, is de- 
feated by the Confederates. Maj. Ar- 
lington is killed. 

Va. At SomerviHe Heights Feder- 
als under Col. Foster are defeated, 
losing 29 men, and then retreat. 

AtMcDowell Gens. Sehenck and Mil- 
roy are defeated by Confederate Gens. 
Jackson and Johnson ; Federals lose 30 
killed and 200 wounded ; Confederates 
lose 71 killed and 390 wounded. Gen. 
Edward Johnson is killed. 

The Merrimac again appears in Hamp- 
ton Roads, and then retires without 
action. 

Gen. " Stonewall* * Jackson begins 
his second [and famous] campaign in 
the Shenandoah Valley. 

May 9. Ala. The Federals, under Capt. 
Connet, lose five killed, the Confederates 
13 killed, in a skirmish 12 miles from 
Athens. 



Miss. At Farmington Gen. Pope 

loses five killed ; Confederates under 
Gen. Van Dorn lose many more. 

S. C. Gen. Hunter issues an order for 

the military emancipation of slaves, 
as the Department is under martial law. 

Com. Foote resigns his command 

because of a wound, and is succeeded by 
Capt. Charles H. Davis. 

Va. The iron-clad battery Monitor 

makes an attack on Sewell's Point. 

May 10. Fla. Pensacola is occupied by 
Federal troops. 

Tenn. The Confederate flotilla of 

eight gunboats attacks the Federal fleet 
before Fort Pillow, but is repulsed. 

■ Va. Norfolk is occupied by Gen. 

Wool and a Federal detachment from 
Fortress Monroe, without resistance. 

Gen. Huger destroys the Gosport 
Wavy Yard, valued at $10,000,000, to 
prevent its possession by the Federals. 

Gen. McClellan appeals to the War 
Department for more men ; he reports 
100,000 men present for duty. 



May 11. Va. The Merrimac is fired 
by Com. Tattnall, near Norfolk, to pre- 
vent her falling into the hands of the 
Federals ; she soon blows up. 

May 12. Miss. The Confederates from 
New Orleans begin to erect the de- 
fenses of Vicksburg. 

May 13. Tenn. At Monterey Gen. 
Smith loses two killed ; Confederates 
lose 10 killed. 

Miss. Natchez is surrendered to Fed- 
eral gunboats. 

S. C. The Confederate steamer 

Planter is run out of Charleston by 
Robert Smalls, a negro; he delivers 
her up to the Federals. [Later the ex- 
slave becomes a M. C. for South Caro- 
lina.] 

May 13. ± Va. The Confederate army 
is gradually concentrated around 
Richmond. 

May 14. N. C. At Trenton Bridge 
Col. Amory defeats the Confederates, 
who lose 12 killed. 

Va. Gen. McClellan appeals for 

more men, apprehending a battle with 
double his number of men. 

May 15. La. Gen. Butler publishes 
Order No. 15 ; it gives great offense. 

"As officers and soldiers of the United 
States have been subject to repeated in- 
sults from the women (calling them- 
selves ladies) of New Orleans, ... it is 
ordered that hereafter when any female 
shall, by word or gesture, or movement, 
insult or show contempt for any officer 
or soldier, . . . she shall be held and re- 
garded as a woman of the town plying 
her trade." 

Va. Gen. Johnston orders his army 

to cross the Chickahominy River ; it 
encamps three miles from Richmond. 

Apprehending an immediate attack, 
by Federals, many families are sent out 
of Richmond for safety ; the archives of 
the government are also sent away. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S62 Apr. 7. New York. The asteroid 

Clytia is discovered by H. P. Tuttle. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

Apr. 6. Johnston, Albert Sidney, col. 
IT. S. A., Confed. brig.-gen., killed at Shi- 
loh, A59. 

O'Brien, Fitz-James, lieut. of vols., wri- 
ter, poet, A 34. 

Apr. 10. Wallace, AViRiam H. L., brig.- 
gen. vols., killeil at Sliiloli, A41. 

Apr, 25. Smith, Charles F., maj. -gen. vols., 
A55. 

Apr. 27. Betbune, George W., theologian, 
poet, A57. 

Apr. 30. Cambreling, Churchill C, M. C. 
for N.Y., minister to Russia, A76. 

May 3. Bangs, Nathan, ed., author, M. E. 
cl., A84. 

May 6. Thoreau. Henry D., naturalist, ge- 
ologist, author, A 45. 

May 14. Ingersoll, Charles J., M. C. for 
Pa., author, A80. 

CHURCH. 
1862 Apr. * La. The General Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal South) fails to meet 
at New Orleans because of the war. 

SOCIETY. 
1862 Apr. 11. B.C. Congress abolishes 

slavery in the District of Columbia. 
* * Pa. The " Molly Maguires," a 

secret and murderous society among 



the miners, attracts attention [and for 
14 years its members commit acts of 
violence and murder in Carbon, Schuyl- 
kill, and other mining counties]. 
Apr. 21. B. C. Congress provides for 
the appointment of a special corps of 
eight sanitary inspectors. 

STATE. 

1862 Apr. 3, B.C. Congress: The 
Senate passes an Act for the immediate 
emancipation of the slaves in the Dis- 
trict of Columbia, with remuneration 
for loyal owners. Vote, 29-14. 

JV. Va, The new Constitution is 

approved by a vote of the people. Vote, 
18,862-514. 

Apr. 7. B. C. The United States enters 
into a treaty with Great Britain for the 
suppression of the slave-trade. 

Apr. 11. B. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill to abolish slavery in the 
District of Columbia. Vote, 92-38. 

Apr. 14. Tenn. The Union sentiment 
in East Tennessee is remarkably 
strong, and becomes elsewhere mani- 
fest. 

The Legislature and State officials fled 
at the approach of the Union army, but 
the city council at Nashville ordered the 
Stars and Stripes to be displayed on 
the public buildings. 

Apr. 16. Va. The Confederate Congress 
at Richmond passes a conscription act 
on the recommendation of Jefferson 
Davis. 

B. C. The President signs the bill to 

abolish slavery in the District of Co- 
lumbia, and it becomes a law. 

Apr. 22. Va. The first Confederate 
Congress closes its first session. 

Apr. * La. Opelousas becomes the Con- 
federate capital. 

May 2. MA. The writ of habeas 
corpus is first suspended in the case 
of John Merryman, a prisoner in Fort 
McHenry. 

— D. C. Congress ; Senate : E. B . Wash- 
burne of 111. defends Gen. Grant 
against the criticisms and aspersions 

• that follow the battle of Shiloh. 
May 4. Tenn. Leading citizens issue a 

call for a reorganization of the State 

government on a legal basis. 
May 6. B.C. Congress: The House 

passes the Pacific Railroad Bill. Vote 

79^49. 
May 13. W. Va. The Legislature of 

Virginia at Wheeling formally approves 

the formation of a new State from 

the western counties. 
May 15. D. C. Congress establishes 

the Department of Agriculture. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862 Apr. 12. New York. Gold is first 
quoted at a premium. 

May 10. N. Y. A fire in Troy burns 671 
buildings, including the Union Railroad 
Depot and several churches; seven lives 
are lost, and §3,000,000 in property. 



208 1862, May 15. -June 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 May 15. Va. The Monitor and 
several gunboats under Capt. John 
Kodgers attempt to force their way up 
the James River, but are repulsed by 
the Confederate batteries at Fort Dar- 
ling on Drewry's Bluff, losing 13 killed 
and 14 wounded. 

Eng. The steamer Alabama, of 950 

tons, with engines of 300 horse-power, 
is launched at Birkenhead for the Con- 
federates as a privateer. 

May 16. ^V. C. Wear Trenton Maj. 
Fitzsimmons loses live prisoners; Con- 
federates lose six killed and many 
wounded. 

Va. Gen. McClellan establishes his 

depot at White House, on the Pa- 
munkey River. 

May 17. Va. A naval expedition as- 
cends the Pamunkey River, and burns 
Confederate gunboats. 

Miss. At Corinth Federals under 

Gen. Halleck lose 10 killed and 31 
wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 killed 
and many wounded. 

May 18. Va. Suffolk, near Norfolk, is 

occupied by Federal troops. 
Ark. Near Searcy Gen. Osterhaus 

encounters the Confederates, who lose 

about 100 men. 
Miss. Gen. Grant invests Vicks- 

burg with communications open via 

the Yazoo. 
Commander Samuel P. Lee of Farra- 

gut's fleet demands the surrender of 

Vicksburg, and is refused by Gen. 

M. L. Smith, who commands 10,000 Con- 
federates in its defense. 
W. Va. At Princeton Gen. Cox 

encounters Confederates under Gen. 

Humphrey Marshall, who loses about 

100 men. 

May 19. N. C. At New Berne Feder- 
als lose five killed ; Confederates, 11. 

D. C. President Lincoln counter- 
mands Gen. Hunter's order for mili- 
tary emancipation. 

La. At New Orleans the Recorder 

and Chief of Police are arrested by or- 
der of Gen. Butler, and sent to Fort 
Jackson. 

May 20. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut 
arrives at Vicksburg ; his guns cannot 
reach the batteries on the Bluffs. 

iV. Va. At Moorefield Federals 

under Col. Downey lose rive killed; Con- 
federates lose four killed and 12 pris- 
oners. 

May 21. Va. Gen. McClellan's ad- 
vance reaches the Chickahominy River. 

Miss. Near Corinth Col. Sedgwick 

loses 25 killed. 

May 22. W. Va. At Lewisburg Col. 
Crook defeats the Confederates under 
Gen. Heth ; Federal loss, 10 killed and 
40 wounded ; Confederate loss, 50 killed, 
60 wounded, 100 prisoners, also four can- 
non and many arms. 

May 23. Va. At Front Royal Confed- 
erates under Gen. Ewell drive back Col. 
Kenly, who is captured with 700 men. 

On the Chickahominy River Federals 
lose one killed and six wounded ; Con- 
federates lose 15 wounded and 31 pris- 
oners. 

May 24. Va. At New Bridge the 4th 
Michigan loses 10 killed ; the 5th Louisi- 
ana loses 50 killed and wounded, besides 
37 prisoners. 



I). ('. The President orders Gen. -Mc- 
Dowell's corps to return from the ad- 
vance on Richmond to the defense of 
Washington, and to aid in the cap- 
ture 0^ Gen. Jackson in the Shenan- 
doah Valley. [This proves unfortunate, 
as it paralyzes the main army.] 

May 25. Va. Battle near Win- 
chester ; Gen. Banks with 7,000 Federals 
is defeated by Gen. Jackson, whose en- 
tire force numbers 20,000 men. [Banks 
makes a rapid and masterly retreat to 
Martinsburg, pursued by " Stonewall " 
Jackson.] Federal loss, 38 killed, 155 
wounded, and 711 missing ; Confederate 
loss not given. 

D. C. Alarm prevails for the 

safety of Washington ; governors of 
loyal States are telegraphed to forward 
militia and volunteers at once. 

May 26. Va. Near Winchester Col. 
Cluseret loses seven wounded; Confed- 
erates, under Gen. Jackson, lose 25 
prisoners, killed and wounded unknown. 

May 27. Va. Gen. McClellan takes 

Hanover Court-House, 16 miles north 

of Richmond. 
Federal loss, five killed and 326 

wounded and missing ; Confederate 

loss, about 250 killed and wounded, and 

610 prisoners. 
La. A Federal force occupies Baton 

Rouge. 
Miss. At Corinth Col. Purcell loses 

25 killed and wounded; Confederates 

leave 30 killed on the field. 
May 29. S. C. At Pocotaligo Federals 

lose 11 killed ; Confederates lose 20 

killed and wounded. 

Term. Gen. Beauregard evacuates 

Corinth without a battle, and retires to 
Baldwin and Okoloua. 

W. Va. " Stonewall " Jackson begins 

his [famous] retreat from the Potomac 
River up the Shenandoah Valley. 

May 30. Miss. Gen. Halleck's army of 
120,000 men advances on Corinth, after 
waiting six weeks, and finds it deserted 
by Gen. Beauregard ; Gen. Pope is sent 
in pursuit, and takes a few prisoners. 

Va. At Front Royal Federals lose 

eight killed and five wounded ; Confed- 
erate loss, 20 killed and wounded, and 
156 prisoners. 

May 31. iv". C. Near Washington 
Federals lose two wounded ; defeated 
Confederates lose 11 killed. 

Va. The returns of the Army of the 

Potomac show an aggregate of 127,166 
officers and men ; 98,008 are present for 
duty with 280 guns. 

May 31.-June 1. Va. Battle of Fair 
Oaks, or Seven Pines ; Gen George B. 
McClellan repulses the Confederates 
under Gen. Joseph E. Johnston. 

The Confederates under Gen. Daniel 
H. Hill attack the Federal advance 
under Gen. Casey. In the absence of 
Gen. McClellan, "there is no supreme 
authority on the field; Gens. Heintzel- 
man and Kearny fall back till reenforced 
by Gen. Sumner, when the Confeder- 
ates, pressed by Gen. Hooker, withdraw 
to Richmond, five miles distant. Gen. 
Johnston is wounded. 

Forces present: Federal, 51,543; Con- 
federate, 39,000— of which only about 20,- 
000 were engaged on each side. 



Federal, 790 killed. 3,504 wounded, and 
647 missing; Confederate, 9i0 killed. 4,749 
^wounded, 405 missing. 

(June l.> The battle is renewed, and 
the Federals recover lost ground at 
Seven Pines; Gen. G. W. Smith suc- 
ceeds Gen. Johnston until the battle 
ends, at two o'clock, when Gen. Robert 
E. Lee assumes command and with- 
draws his army in the night; Federal 
loss, in two days, 5031 ; Confederate loss, 
6134. 

May* -June* La. Gen. Butler excites 
great indignation among the Secession- 
ists of New Orleans by his strict mili- 
tary discipline. 

June 1. Va Gen. Fremont's belated ad- 
vance enters Strasburg as Gen. Stone- 
wall Jackson's rear-guard retires, hi» 
army escaping the three armies sent to 
capture it. 

June 2. D. C. Gen. Wool is transferred 
to the Department of Maryland, and 
Gen. Dix is ordered to Fortress Monroe. 

June 3. S. C. Federal troops land on 
James Island. 

Va. Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes 

command of the Army of Northern Vir- 
ginia, now engaged in defending Rich- 
mond, the capital of the Confederacy. 

June 4. X. C. A skirmish takes place at 
Trentor's Creek. 



Tenn. At Fort Pillow Federals lose 

one killed and three wounded; Con- 
federates lose 150 killed, 400 prisoners, 
and are forced to evacuate the fort. 

Near Jasper Gen. Negley defeats the 
Confederates under Gen. Adams, who 
loses 12 killed and wounded, and 25 pris- 

Va. At New Bridge, near Richmond, 

the Confederates are defeated in an 
artillery battle. 

June 6. Tenn. Battle of Memphis; 
the Federal fleet under Commodore 
Davis takes possession of Memphis, 
after a fight lasting 20 minutes with 
eight Confederate gunboats, seven of 
which are destroyed. Federal loss, one 
wounded; Confederate loss, SO killed and 
wounded. 

June 7. La. "William B. Mum ford is 
hanged by order of Gen. Butler for 
taking down the Federal flag on the 
U. S. mint at New Orleans after the sur- 
render of the city. 

June 8. J "a. Battle of Cross Keys, 
in the Shenandoah Valley ; Gen. 
Fremont overtakes " Stonewall " Jack- 
sou's rear-guard, and an indecisive fight 
occurs. 

Federal loss, 125 killed and 500 wound- 
ed ; Confederate loss, 600 killed and 
wounded. 

June 9. Va. At Port Republic, in the 
Shenandoah Valley, " Stonewall " Jack- 
son attacks Gen. Shields's division, and 
drives it back upon the main body. 

Federal loss, 67 killed, 361 wounded, 
and 574 missing; Confederate loss, 1,000 
killed, wounded, and missing. 

June 10. 5. C. At James Island Fed- 
erals lose one killed and 13 wounded ; 
Confederates leave 15 killed and two 
wounded on the field. 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, May 15 -June*. 209 



June 12. Ark. Gen. Curtis moves against 
the Confederates at Little Rock. 

Near Village Creek Col. Brackett 
defeats the Confederates; Federal loss, 
13 wounded ; Confederate loss, 28 men. 

* * Plundering guerrilla bands overrun 
Kentucky, Tennessee, and Missouri ; 
they greatly afflict the Union people. 

June 13. Va. Gen. McCall's division of 
McDowell's army, 10,000 strong, reen- 
f orces Gen. McClellan, thus enlarging 
his army to 156.S38 men, with 127,327 
present. 

Gen. J. E. B. Stuart's Confederate cav- 
alry, 1,200 strong, start on a raid to pass 
around Gen. McClellan's army. 

June 14. S. C. On James Island the 
Federals lose three killed and 19 wound- 
ed : Confederates lose 17 killed and 
eight wounded. 

June 15. Va. Gen. Stuart's Confeder- 
ate cavalry completes its passage around 
the Federal army and enters Richmond. 

June 16. S. C. At Secessionville, on 
James Island, Gen. Benhani is defeated 
by Confederates under Col. Lamar. 
Federal loss, 85 killed, 472 wounded, 
128 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 40 killed 
and 100 wounded. 

June 17. Ark. At St. Charles, on the 
White River, the Confederate batteries 
are captured by the Federal gunboats. 

June 18. Ark. Near Smithville Maj. 
Zeley loses three killed and lour 
wounded; Confederate Capt. Jones loses 
four wounded and 15 prisoners. 

Tenn. Gen. Morgan seizes the Con- 
federate works at Cumberland Gap, 
the gateway between Kentucky and 
Tennessee. 

June 20. Va. Gen. McClellan reports 
his force to be 105,445 men, exclusive 
of Gen. Dix'a force. [Gen. Webb gives 
Gen. Lee's force as 80,762 men.] 

June 25+. Miss. Flag-officer Farragut 
again arrives at Vicksburg, accom- 
panied by Admiral Porter with 1G mor- 
tar boats and 3,000 Federal troops under 
Gen. Thomas Williams. 

June 25.-July 1. Va. The Seven 
Days' Battles are fought on the Chicka- 
hominy, near Richmond ; Gen. Mc- 
Clellan makes a " masterly retreat " 
and change of base. 

Federal generals under McClellan : 
Sumner, Hooker, Heintzelman, Keyes, 
Porter, Franklin, and McCall ; Confed- 
erate generals under Lee : Jackson, 
Longstreet, A. P. Hill, D. H. Hill, Ma- 
gruder, Huger, and Holmes. 

Total Federal losses during the Seven 
Days' battles, 1,582 killed, 7,709 wounded, 
and 5,958 missing ; total, 15,249. Con- 
federate loss, 17,583 killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. 

(June 25.) Gen. Lee attacks McClellan's 
army at Oak Grove ; Hooker's division 
bears the brunt, and Confederates are 
repulsed. Federal loss, 51 men. 

Gen. McClellan pushes forward his 
pickets from the vicinity of Seven Pines 
to within four miles of Richmond, — his 
nearest approach. 

(June 26.) Battle of Mechanicsville 
(Ellison's Mill); Gens. A. P. Hill, D. II. 
Hill, and Longstreet, in strong force, 
attack the Federals under Gen. Porter, 
and are repulsed. 

At Beaver Dam Creek the attack of 
the Confederates under Gens. Long- 



street, D. H. Hill, and A. P. Hill is 
terribly repulsed by Gen. McCall's di- 
vision of Fitz-John Porter's corps. Fed- 
eral force 5,000, loss 250; Confederate 
force 10,000, loss nearly 2,000 ; Gen. 
Porter urges an advance into Richmond. 

Gen. " Stonewall " Jackson's force 
joins the Confederates at Richmond. 
(June 27.) Battles of the Chickahom- 
iny, Gaines' Mill. 

Gen. Porter is attacked by Gens. Hill, 
Longstreet, and Jackson, while covering 
the retreat of the army. The Confeder- 
ates are successful for a time, and then 
are driven back . Federal loss, 4,000 men . 

(June 28.) The retreat of McClellan's 
army from the Cbickahominy to the 
James River continues ; but little fight- 



Gen. McClellan informs his corps 
commanders of his intended change of 
base to the James River, and the move- 
ment at once begins. 

(June 29.) Battle of Savage's Station 
and "White Oak Swamp ; Lee attacks 
the Federal rear-guard under Gen. 
Sumner. 

Gens. Sedgwick, Richardson, Heintzel- 
man, and Smith of Franklin's corps repel 
a Confederate attack under Magruder. 
Federals leave 2,500 wounded men at 
Savage's Station. 

(June 30.) Battle of Frayser's Farm, 
or Glendale : Gen. Franklin holds 
Stonewall Jackson in check at White 
Oak Swamp, while Gen. Lee makes an 
obstinate but unsuccessful attempt to 
break the line of McClellan's retreat. 

(July 1 .) Battle of Malvern Hill (Crew's 
Farm). The Confederates, under Gens. 
D. H. Hill, Magruder, and Armistead, 
attempt to carry Malvern Hill by storm, 
and are repulsed by McClellan's army, 
led by Gens. Porter, Morell, and Couch. 

June 26. Miss. The Confederates de- 
stroy their gunboats on the Yazoo River. 

June 27. Ark. The Federals begin to cut 
a canal to change the course of the Mis- 
sissippi opposite Vicksburg. 

Miss. Farragut's mortar-sloops begin 

the bombardment of the Confederate 
batteries at Vicksburg. 

June 28. Miss. Vicksburg batteries are 
attacked by the Federal fleet ; most of 
the vessels pass up the river with small 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1862 June 30. Conn. A new and bril- 
liant comet is discovered by observers 
at New Haven. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1862. 

May 26. Babbitt, Isaac, inventor of anti- 
friction metal, A63. 

June 6. Ashby, Turner, Coufed. liriy.-fjt'ii., 
k. at Cross Kevs, A38. 

June2l. EUet, Charles, Jr. (first iron 
bridge), engineer, A52. 



CHURCH. 
1862 June 11. Boston. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem 
meets. 



LETTERS. 
1862 * * Colo. The University of Den- 
ver (Meth. Epis.) is organized. 

* * D. C. Congress passes an Agricul- 
tural College Act, granting to each 
state 30,000 acres of land, by which each 
Senator and Representative is to endow 
a college. 

* * la. Oskaloosa CoUege (Disciples) is 
organized at Oskaloosa. 

* * Kan. Lane University (United 
Breth.) is organized at Lecompton. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 June 7. D. C. A treaty is en- 
tered with Great Britain for the sup- 
pression of the slave-trade. 

June 13-16. Utah. The Mormon apos- 
tates, called Morrisites, defy the 
sheriff for three days, when summoned 
to surrender under an indictment for 
resisting the execution of the laws. 

June 14. Pa. F. W. S. Langdon is 
killed by "Molly Maguires " near 
Audenreid. 

STATE. 

1862 May 16. N. C. Edward Stanley 
arrives at New Berne, bearing a com- 
mission as temporary governor over that 
portion of the State still under Federal 
authority. 

May 20. D. C. The President approves 
the Homestead Act. He appoints Ed- 
ward Stanley military governor of 
North Carolina. 

May 24. Tenn. Unionists hold a meet- 
ing at Murfreesboro. 

June 5. D. C. Congress recognizes the 
independence of Haiti and Liberia, 
and provides for the establishment of 
diplomatic relations. 

June 10. D. C. The President appoints 
Col. G. H. Shipley military governor 
of Louisiana. 

June 19. D. C. Congress passes an act 
excluding slavery forever from the 
Territories of the United States. 

Congress ; Senate : Solomon Foot 
of Vt. is reelected President pro tempore. 

June 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Pacific Railroad Bill. 
Vote, 35-5. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1862. Rev- 
enue : customs, $49,or>(;,398 ; direct tax, 
$1,795,332 ; sales of public lands, §870,659 ; 
premiums on loans and sales of gold 
coin, §08,400 ; miscellaneous items, $915.- 
122; total revenue, $51,987,455. 

Expenditures : War Department, $394,- 
368,407; Navy Department, $42,608,277 ; 
Indians, $2,273,223; 8,159 pensions, $853,- 
095; other civil and miscellaneous items, 
821,408,491 ; interest on the public debt, 
§13,190,324; total ordinary expenses, 
8471,701,819. Excess of expenditure 
over receipts, $422,771,303. Public debt, 
$524,170,412. Exports, $190,070,501; im- 
ports, $139,356,677. 

June * D. C. The Government pays 
about $2,000,000 a day for the prose- 
cution of the war. 

June * III. The new Constitution i.s 
rejected by the votes of the people, 



210 1862, July 1-Aug. 18. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 Julyl. Miss. The gunboat flo- 
tilla, under Commodore Davis, unites 
above Vicksburg with tbe Federal fleet 
from New Orleans. 

Mo. At Booneville tbe Federals 

lose 41 killed ; tbe Confederates lose G5 
killed. 

Z>. C. The President calls for 

300,000 more volunteers. 

July 2. Va. Gen. McClellan has 
failed in his advance on Richmond ; he 
retires down the James River to Har- 
rison's Landing, where he is protected 
by gunboats. 

Summer. Eng. The privateer Flor- 
ida sails out of Liverpool harbor, where 
she has been fitted out for the Confed- 
erates. 

July 6. Ark. A skirmish takes place at 
DuvaH's Bluff ; the Confederates lose all 
their provisions and camp equipage. 



July 8. JV. C. A Federal expedition 
leaves Plymouth to ascend theRoanoake 
River. 

Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan begins 

his first cavalry raid with 900 men. [He 
captures 17 towns in Kentucky.] 

July 9. N. C. At Hamilton the Federals 
capture batteries, steamers, schooners, 
and supplies. 

July 11. D. C. Gen. H. W. Halleck 
is appointed (14th) commander-in-chief 
of all the Federal land forces. 

Ark. Federal troops under Gen. 

Washburn occupy Helena. 

July 13. Term. At Murfreesboro 
Confederate cavalry captures the Fed- 
eral force. Federal loss, 33 killed, 62 
wounded, and 800 missing ; Confederate 
loss, 50 killed and 100 wounded. 



July 15. Miss. The Confederate ram 

Arkansas engages a part of the flotilla 

at the mouth of the Yazoo River, runs 

through it, and ascends the Mississippi 

to Vicksburg. 
Ind. Ttr. Gen. Blunt encounters 

Confederates, and loses 200 killed and 

wounded. 
July 16. XT. S. Officers of the Navy are 

graded in nine ranks. 

July 17. Ky. At Cynthiana Morgan and 
his guerrillas attack the Home Guards 
under Lieut. -Col. Lindrum. Federal 
loss, 13 killed and 34 wounded ; Confed- 
erate loss, 24 killed and 78 wounded. 

Va. Gen. John Pope assumes 

command of the Army of Virginia; it 
includes all the Federal forces in this 
State, except those under Gen. Mc- 
Clellan. 

July 20. Ky. Confederate guerrillas are 
defeated between Mount Sterling and 
Owensville, losing cannon and horses. 

Miss. The river falling fast, Flag- 
officer Farragut hastens to run past 
the Confederate batteries at Vicks- 
burg, and proceed to New Orleans. 

July 22. Miss. The Confederates repel 
an attack on the ram Arkansas near 
Vicksburg. 



D. C. President Lincoln orders mili- 
tary commanders to seize and use 
property, real or personal, for military 
uses and to employ negroes as laborers. 

July 23. Mo. At Florida Maj. Caldwell 
is defeated by a Confederate force under 
Col. Porter, with a loss of 26 men. 

Va. Gen. Pope is ordered to arrest 

all disloyal citizens within his lines. 

July 24. Ala. Near Decatur Capt. 
Harman defeats the Confederates, who 
lose 10 killed and 30 wounded. 

Va. Gen. Halleck, as General-in- 

chief of all the armies, orders a change 
of base to Acquia Creek. [Gen. Mc- 
Clellan argues against it.] 

July 25. Va. Wear Orange Court 
House Federal Gen. Gibson loses 5 killed, 
and 12 wounded and prisoners. 

Gen. Halleck arrives at Gen. McClel- 
lan's camp. 

July 28. Mo. At Moore's Mills, near 
Fulton, Federals defeat Cols. Porter and 
Cobb. Federal loss, 10 killed and 30 
wounded ; Confederates leave on the 
field 52 killed and 100 wounded. 

Miss. Gen. Van Dorn assumes 

command of the Confederates at 
Vicksburg. 

Eng. The Alabama sails as a Con- 
federate privateer from Birkenhead 
one day before the English Government 
telegraphs to detain her. [See Alabama 
Claims.] 

July 29. Ky. The Home Guards drive 
the Confederates from Mount Sterling. 

Tenn. At BrownsvUle Capt. Dollin 

loses four killed and six wounded ; Con- 
federate loss, 10 killed and wounded, 
and 11 prisoners. 

Va. Gen. Pope assumes command 

in the field of the Army of Virginia. 

July 30. Ky. At Paris Morgan's guer- 
rillas are driven out by the Federals. 

La. Gen. J. "W. Phelps, having raised 

five companies of negro recruits near 
New Orleans, makes requisitions for 
arms and camp equipage. [Phelps, being 
refused, resigns.] 

July * X. C. Gen. Burnside is recalled 
to reenforce Gen. McClellan on the 
James River. 

July * Ark. The canal to cut off Vicks- 
burg is abandoned as a failure; Gen. 
Williams' force returns to Baton Rouge. 

Aug. 1. Miss. Farragut's fleet suspends 
the bombardment of Vicksburg, 
awaiting the arrival of the land forces. 

Va. The Confederate Government 

issues a retaliatory order declaring 
that Gen. Pope and his officers, if cap- 
tured, are not entitled to the considera- 
tion of prisoners of war. 

Gen. Pope had issued orders for the 
destruction of Confederate property and 
tbe harsh treatment of civilians. 

Mo. At Newark the Federals are de- 
feated, losing 70 prisoners. [Confeder- 
ates are defeated the next day.] 

Aug. * - Oct. * Miss. The Vicksburg 

defenses are greatly strengthened. 
Aug. 2. Va. Orange Court House is 

taken by Gen. Crawford, of Pope's army; 

Federal loss, four killed and 12 wounded. 
Aug. 3. Va. Gen. Hooker drives the 

Confederates from Malvern Hill. 



Aug. 4. D. C. The President issues a 
call for 300,000 more men ; they are 
to serve nine months. (See State. ) 

Aug. 5. La. At Baton Rouge the Con- 
federates under Maj. -Gen. John C. 
Breckinridge unsuccessfully attack the 
Federals under Gen. "Williams, who is 
killed. Confederate loss, 400 killed, (SO 
wounded, and many prisoners. 

Va. Malvern Hill is reoccupied by 

the Federals. 

Aug. 6. La. Tbe Confederate ram 
Arkansas is fired and blown up by her 
officers, near Baton Rouge. 

Kan. Gen. J. H. Lane enlists negro 

troops at Fort Leavenworth, without 
authorization by the government. 

Mo. At Kirksville Col. McNeil de- 
feats the Confederates under Col. Por- 
ter. Federal loss, 28 killed and GO 
wounded ; Confederate loss, ISO killed 
and 500 wounded. 

Va. Near Mattapony River Gens. 

Gibbons and Cutter lose 72 prisoners, 
who are taken by Confederate Gen. 
Stuart. 

Aug. 7. Tenn. At Fort Fillmore 
Col. Canby defeats the Confederates un- 
der Col. Sibley. 

Aug. 8. X. Mex. Near Fort Fillmore the 
Confederates are defeated. 

Aug. 9. Va. Battle of Cedar Moun- 
tain ; General Banks is defeated by 
Stonewall .Jackson ; desperate fighting 
alone saves the Federals from a com- 
plete rout. Federal loss. 450 killed, 6G0 
wounded, and 290 prisoners ; Confeder- 
ate loss, 1,367 men. 

Aug. 10. Fa. Gen. McClellan reports 
an aggregate of 113,000 men present for 
duty. 

Aug. 11. Ark. East of Helena Con- 
federate Gen. Thompson loses 700 pris- 

At Clarendon Gen. Hovey takes GOO 
Confederates prisoners. 

Mo. Independence is surrendered to 

the Confederates. 

At Compton's Ferry Col. Guitar de- 
feats Confederate Gen. Poindexter, who 
loses 100 killed and wounded, besides 200 
prisoners. 

Tenn. At Kinderhook Col. McGowan 

defeats tbe Confederate Gen. R. H. An- 
derson, who loses seven killed and 20 
wounded. 

Aug. 12, Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Miller 
is defeated by the Confederate raiders, 
under Col. J.*H. Morgan, who loses six 
killed and many wounded. 

Mo. At Yellow Creek, Clinton County, 

the Confederates are defeated. 

* * Va. StonewallJackson makes a raid 
down the valley of the Shenandoah. 

Aug. * Va. The Federals ravage the 
Shenandoah valley. 

Aug. 14. Va. L T nder orders of Gen. 
Halleck, the army of Gen. McClellan 
begins to change its base from Harri- 
son's Landing to the Rappahannock. 

Aug. 15. Tenn. At Merriwether's 
Landing Col. T. AV. Harris defeats the 
Confederates under Capt. Barfield. 

Va. Near the Rapidan, Gen. Pope 

with 50,000 men is confronted by Gen. 
Lee's army, S0.0O0 strong, and falls back 
across the Rappahannock, 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, July 1-Aug. 18. 211 



Aug. 16. Mo. At Lone Jack Maj. 
Foster has 60 killed and 100 wounded ; 
Confederate Col. Coffee loses 110 men. 

—— La. Federal troops evacuate Baton 
Rouge by order of Gen. Butler. 

Va. Gen. Lee orders Gen. Long- 
street's corps to tlie Rapidan, together 
with Gen. Jackson's divisions and Gen. 
Stuart's cavalry corps. 

Aug. 17. Minn. The Great Sioux "War. 
It is caused by a new breach of promise 
on the part of the United States Govern- 
ment, by the spirit of war wafted from 
the Southern Rebellion, and by the in- 
fluence of the native sorcerers, who have 
convinced their people that the Indian 
gods are superior to the white man's 
Deity. The Sioux Indians massacre 500 
people and destroy millions of dollars 
worth of property at Acton in Sleeker 
County ; Gen. Sibley is sent with troops, 
and defeats them in two battles. 

Va. Gen. McClellan's army leaves 

its camp near Harrison's Bar for Ac- 
quia Creek. 

Aug. 18. Mo. A cavalry expedition is 
sent against the Confederates at Spring- 
field. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1862 July 18. N. Y., — Mass. " Comet 
II., 1862 " is discovered by Thomas 
Simons at the Dudley Observatory at 
Albany ; also on the same evening, by 
H. P. Tuttle at Cambridge. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1862. 

July 24. Van Buren, Martin, sen. for 
N. Y., Gov., Bee. of state, Vice-Pres., 8th 
Pres. of U. S., (Dem.) Freesoil candidate 
for Pres., A80. 

Aug. 6. McCook, Robert L., brig.-gen. 
vols., A 35. 

Aug. 9. Plummer, Joseph B., author, brig.- 
gen. vols., A 42. 

LETTERS. 

1862 * * Ky. Cedar Valley Seminary 
(Bapt.) is founded at Clinton. 

* * N, Y. The Long Island Historical 
Society Library is founded. [75,000 vols.] 

* * 0. The State University is founded. 

* * Pa. An Agricultural College is estab- 
lished at Bellefonte. 

* * Wash. Holy Angel's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Vancouver City. 

* * Aesthetics, by J. Bascom, appears. 

* * Artemus Ward; His Book, by Charles 
F. Browne, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 July * New York. Several prom- 
inent newspapers violently denounce 
the Federal authorities in their adminis- 
tration of the government and conduct 
of the war ; the Journal of Commerce, 
the World, and the Daily News are con- 
spicuous opposers. 

July 16. D. C. The Sanitary Police 
Company is appointed. 

Aug. 18. Minn. The Little-Crow band 
of Sioux Indians massacre the whites 
at Yellow Medicine Agency. 

STATE. 
1862 July 1. D.C. President Lincoln 
calls for 300,000 more troops, in re- 
sponse to the official request of the gov- 
ernors of 18 States. 



Congress enacts the Internal Rev- 
enue "Law [this creates the Bureau of 
Internal Revenue ; almost everything 
outside of the grave is taxed]. 

An average tax of three per cent is 
placed on manufactured articles ; dis- 
tilled spirits, 20 cents a gallon: ales, etc., 
$1 a barrel ; occupations are licensed at 
from §5 to $200; stamps, from three 
cents to $1, are required on bills of ex- 
change, and SI to if 20 on conveyances ; 
three per cent on incomes over '$600 up 
to $10,000, and five per cent on greater 
incomes. 

It enacts a bill for the punishment of 
polygamy in the Territories. 
July 2. D. C. Congress passes the 
" Iron-clad Oath" of Office Bill. 

A candidate for office must swear that 
he has never given aid or encouragement 
to the enemies of the United States, or 
accepted office under any government 
hostile thereto. 

President Lincoln approves the Pa- 
cific Railroad Bill. 



$32,000 ; fourth (Sierra 
$48,000; fifth (California), $32,000. [After- 
ward it makes more liberal subsidies, 
and includes a land grant.] 

Attorney-General Bates gives an opin- 
ion sustaining the legality of the acts of 
the Government in suspending the 
writ of habeas corpus. 

July 4. Pa. The Democratic State Con- 
vention declares, "this is a govern- 
ment of white men, and was estab- 
lished exclusively for the white race." 

O. The Ohio Democratic State Con- 
vention declares, " it would be unjust to 
our gallant soldiers to compel them to 
free the negroes of the South, and 
hereby fill Ohio with a degraded popula- 
tion" to compete in labor. 

July 11. D.C. The hill authorizing the 
issue of $150,000,000 legal-tender 
notes, of $1 and upwards, becomes a 
law. 

July 12. D. C. Congress provides for 
2000 medals to be distributed among 
non-commissioned officers and privates 
of distinguished merit. 

President Lincoln again urges Repre- 
sentatives of border States to accept 
his plan of compensated emancipation. 

July 14. D. C. A Tariff Act is passed, 
which increases duties on imports ; it 
also forbids the issue of tokens to circu- 
late as money. 

Congress : The Senate votes to admit 
"West "Virginia into the Union. "Vote, 
23-17 ; one Dem. votes yea. 

July 16. D.C. Congress votes to greatly 
enlarge the scope of the naval organ- 
ization, and to advance the rank of its 
officers. 

July 17. D. C. Congress passes the 
Confiscation Act. 

'* Confiscating the property of rebels, 
and giving freedom to the persons whom 
they hold in slavery," if the owners do 
not submit to the Government within 
GO days. It also provides for the punish- 
ment of persons in rebellion, whom it 
divides into six classes. 



Congress makes postage and other 
stamps legal tender for fractions of a 
dollar. [Vote; House, 82-42; Senate, 
27-12. Government currency soon ex- 
cludes " shinplasters."] 

The President approves the Act of 
Congress, authorizing the enrollment 
of the militia. 

Persons between 18 and 45 years are to 
be included. Negroes are to be admitted 
into the army. 

The 37th Congress: the second ses- 
sion closes. 
July 25. D. C. The President warns 
the owners of slaves that the confisca- 
tion and emancipation acts will be 
duly executed. 
July * Wis. The Legislature repeals the 
Personal Liberty Bill. 

* * U. S. Democrats are alienated 
from the Government, and oppose 
*' an Abolition war." 

No Democrat voted for the destruction 
of slavery in the District of Columbia, 
nor for the compensated emancipation 
of slaves in the border States, nor for the 
act confiscating the property of rebels. 

Aug. 4. D. C. Orders are issued direct- 
ing a draft of 300,000 more men, for 
nine months' service, besides the 300,000 
volunteers previously called for ; liberal 
bounties encourage enlistments. 

Aug. 8. U. S. The writ of habeas 
corpus is suspended; orders are given 
to arrest persons who discourage enlist- 
ments. 

Aug. 12. Va. The first Confederate 
Congress opens its second session at 
Richmond. 

Aug. 16. Ky. Gov. Beriah Magoffin 
is defeated in his attempt to make Ken- 
titcky a neutral state, and resigns ; he 
is succeeded by J. F. Robinson, the 
speaker of the State senate, who is a 
Union man. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862 July 1. New York. Price of cot- 
ton, 38£ cents. 

July 18, 19. New York and Philadelphia 
begin to use car tickets and postage 
stamps as fractional currency. 

July 22. Cat. About 150 convicts es- 
cape from the State prison. 

July 27. The steamer Golden Gate on 
the Pacific is burned off the coast of 
Mexico ; about $1,500,000 in treasure are 
lost, and nearly 200 lives. 

July * Mo. The court-house at St. 
Louis is completed ; cost, about $1,200,- 
000. 

July * Northern States. A marked re- 
vival in trade occurs. "Shinplas- 
ters" and "tokens" are issued from 
private sources, and become superabun- 
dant. 

Aug. * Northern States. A keen expec- 
tation of the speedy capture of Rich- 
mond by Gen. McClellan prevails. 

Aug. 13. Va. Two steamers collide on 
the James River ; the West Point goes 
down ; 75 lives are lost. 

* * Many States offer special bounties 
to induce enlistment us volunteers. 



212 1862, Aug. 19 -Sept 21. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 Aug. * Capt. Semmes becomes com- 
mander of the privateer Alabama, re- 
cently built in England. 

Aug. * Minn. The Sioux Indians be- 
siege Fort Ridgely for nine days. 

Aug. 19. Va. At White Oak Ridge, near 
Hickman, Capt. Moore loses two 
wounded ; Confederate loss, four killed 
and 19 prisoners. 

D. C. The Department of the Ohio 

is formed. 

Aug. 20. Tenn. At Edgefield Junc- 
tion the Confederates under Col. J. H. 
Morgan lose seven killed and 20 
wounded. 



Mo. Near Union Mills Maj. Price en- 
counters the Confederates, losing four 
killed and three wounded : Confederate 
loss, four prisoners and 16 horses. 

Minn. At Fort Ridgely, an attack of 

Sioux Indians is repulsed. 

Va. Gen. Pope falls back across 

the Rappahannock on the approach of 
Gen. Lee with superior numbers. 

Aug. 21. S. C. At Pinckney's Island, 
the Federals lose three killed, three 
wounded, and 32 prisoners. 

Aug. 22. Va. Catlett's Station is cap- 
tured by Stuart's Confederate cavalry. 

Tenn. Near Gallatin Gen. J. H. 

Morgan defeats Gen. Johnson, who loses 
100 killed, many wounded, and 350 pris- 
oners ; Gen. Morgan captures Gallatin, 
also Gen. Johnson and his staff. 

Aug. 23. Minn. The Indians are re- 
pulsed in an attack on New Ulm. 

Va. Gen. Reynolds's division of 

the Army of the Potomac is the first to 
join the Army of Virginia at Acquia 
Creek. 

Aug. 24. Mo. Confederates are defeated 
in a skirmish between Bloomfield and 
Cape Girardeau. 

Tenn. Gen. Bragg advances for the 

invasion of Kentucky with more than 
50,000 men. Gen. Buell with 40,000 men 
prepares to repel him. 

Va. Gen. McClellan's army arrives 

at Acquia Creek. 

Aug. 25. Tenn. At Fort Donelson 
the Confederates under Col. "Woodward 
are repulsed with heavy loss. 

D. C. The Secretary of "War formally 

authorizes Gen. Saxton at Port Royal, 
S. C, to enlist and drill 5,000 negroes 
to guard and protect plantations. 

Va. At "Waterloo Bridge a skirmish 

takes place. 

Ark. A combined military and naval 

expedition under Gen. Curtis and Com- 
mander Davis, returns to Helena, after 
capturing a Confederate battery on the 
Yazoo River, the steamer Fair Play, 
and war materials. 

Aug. 26. Minn. The militia under Col. 
H.H.Sibley advance against the Sioux. 

Aug. 27. Va. At Kettle Bun Gen. 
Hooker defeats the Confederates under 
Gen. Ewell and drives them from the 
field. Federal loss, 300 killed and 
wounded ; Confederate loss, the same, 
besides 1 ,000 prisoners. 



Gen. Pope orders Gen. Fitz-John 
Porter, at "Warrenton Junction, to 
inarch at 1 a.m. to Bristoe Station. [He 
does not start until dawn]. 

Gen. McClellan arrives at Alexan- 
dria, awaiting orders. 

Aug. 28. Tenn. At Readyville Col. 
Murphy defeats Confederate Gen, For- 
rest. 

Va. "West of Centerville Gens. Mc- 
Dowell and Sigel drive back the Confed- 
erates under Gen. Jackson, and take 
1,000 prisoners. 

Stonewall Jackson's army, by 
marching via Thoroughfare Gap, strikes 
Gen. Pope's base of supplies at Manas- 
sas Junction. 

Aug. 29. N. C. Forts Hatteras and 
Clark are captured by Federals. 

Va. Battle of Groveton: Gen. Jack- 
son defeats Gen. Pope after the arrival 
of Gen. Longstreet's corps of 30,000 men, 
and drives back Gen. McDowell's corps. 
Gen. Pope is enraged at Gen. Porter for 
disobedience of orders ; Gen. R. E. Lee 
arrives, and assumes command of the 
Confederates. 

City Point, on the James River, is 
shelled by Federal gunboats. 

Ky. At Richmond the advance of 

Gen. Bragg's army under Gen. E. Kirby 
Smith routs the Federals under Gens. 
Manson and Nelson. 

Federal loss, 200 killed, 700 wounded, 
and 4,000 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 
250 killed and 500 wounded. 

Aug. 30. Va. Battle of Manassas, or 
the second battle of Bull Run : Gen. Lee 
utterly defeats Gen. Pope, and drives the 
Federals back on Centerville. 

Federal loss 1,747 killed, S.452 wounded, 
and 4,262 missing ; Confederate loss, 
1,482 killed, and 6,145 wounded and mis- 
sing. 

Gen. Pope attributes his failure in 

this campaign to Gen. Porter's inaction 
and disobedience to orders on Aug. 27 
and 29, and to Gen. McClellan's reluc- 
tance in forwarding reenforeements from 
Alexandria. 

Tenn. At Bolivar Col. Legget routs 

the Confederates under Gen. Armstrong. 
Federal loss, five killed, IS wounded, and 
64 missing. 

Sept. 1. Ky. Confederate raids occasion 
the removal of the Legislature from 
Frankfort to Louisville. 

Tenn. At Britton's Lane Col. Den- 
nis defeats the Confederates under Gen. 
Armstrong. Federal loss, 200 killed ; 
Confederate loss, ISO killed and 220 
wounded. 

Va. A part of Gen. Pope's army 

has a severe action at Chantilly, and 
repulses the Confederate Gens. Jackson 
and Ewell. Gens. Philip Kearny and 
Isaac I. Stevens are killed. Federal loss, 
1,300 killed and wounded; Confederate 
loss, 800 killed and wounded. 

Sept. 1-12. 0. Gen. Lew "Wallace, by 
extraordinary exertions, saves Cincin- 
nati from capture by the Confederates 
under Gen. E. Kirby Smith. 

Sept. 2. K. C. Near Plymouth Sergt. 
Green defeats the Confederate Col. Gar- 
rett, who loses 30 killed and 40 prisoners. 



D. C. Gen. George B. McClellan is 

appointed to command the defences of 
Washington and the troops engaged 
therein. 

Gen. Pope is relieved of the command 
of the Army of Virginia, and is assigned 
to a command in the Northwest. 



O. Martial law is declared in Cin- 
cinnati, the <-ity being threatened by 
approaching Confederates. 

Sept. 3. Va. The Federals evacuate 
Centerville and fall back toward 
"Washington. 

Minn. The Indians attack Cedar 

City, JlcLeod County. 

■ Ky. Near Slaughterville Lieut.- 

Col. Foster encounters the Confederates, 
who lose three killed, two wounded, ana 
25 prisoners. 

Va. Fighting occurs between Fairfax 

Court House and Washington. 

Sept. 4. Md. Gen. Lee crosses the Po- 
tomac, at Point of Rocks, and invades 
Maryland. 

Ky. Gen. Morgan reaches Lexing- 
ton on his second raid. 



Sept. 5. Va, Gen. McDowell is re- 
lieved of his command, at his own re- 
quest. 

± Ky. Gen. Bragg enters Kentucky. 

Sept. 6. N. C. At Washington Fed- 
eral Gen. Foster repulses an attack of 
cavalry supported by two gnnboats; Fed- 
eral loss, eight killed and 36 wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 33 killed and 100 
wounded. 

Ky. Gen. Henry Heth, with 6,000 

Confederates, arrives near Coving- 
ton, opposite Cincinnati. 

Md. Gen. Lee occupies Freder- 
ick. 

JV. Va. Near Martinsburg Gen. 

Julius "White repulses an attack of Con- 
federate cavalry ; Federal loss, two 
killed and 10 wounded ; Confederate 
loss, 50 prisoners, besides the killed 
and wounded. 

Sept. 6, 7. O. Gen. Kirby Smith threat- 
ens Cincinnati. 



Sept. 8. Md. Gen. Lee issues a procla- 
mation to the people of Maryland, in- 
viting them to cast their lot with the 
Confederacy. 

Near Poolesville Maj. Chapman loses 
one killed and eight wounded ; the de- 
feated Confederates lose seven killed. 

Minn. The Indians are defeated by 

the troops, in a fight at the Lower 
Agency. 

Va. At Edwards' Ferry, on the 

Potomac, Gen. Keyes repulses Confeder- 
ate Gen. Stuart, who loses 90 men. 

Sept. 9. Va. At Williamsburg Col. 
Campbell repulses an attack of Confed- 
erate cavalry ; but he with live captains 
and four lieutenants are taken prison- 
ers. Confederates lose eight killed. 

Sept. 10 + . Md. Gen. Stuart's cavalry 
crosses the Potomac, makes a circuit 
around Gen. McClellan's army, and 
recrossing the river, enters Gen. Lec"s 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, Aug. 19 -Sept. 21. 213 



Sept. 10. Mil, Gen. Lee occupies Ha- 

gerstown. 
Miss. Near Coldwater Col. Grier- 

son encounters Confederates, who lose 

four killed and 30 wounded. 
Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out every 

able-bodied man in the State to assist 

in repelling Confederate invaders. 

Va. At FayetteviHe Col. Siber 

is defeated by Confederates under Gen. 
Loring, with the loss of 100 killed and 
wounded. 

W. Va. At Gauley the Federals burn 

the Government property, and flee be- 
fore the approaching Confederates. 

Sept. 11. Ky. Maysville is taken by 
the Confederates. [It is recaptured by 
the Federals on the following day.] 

Sept. 12. Mo. Eureka is captured by the 
Federals. 

Md. At Middletown the Confeder- 
ates lose SO killed and wounded. 

jr. Va. The Confederates invest 

Harper's Ferry. 

Sept. 14. Md. Gen. Lee finds Gen. Mc- 
Clellan in his rear, and falls back to 
Antietam Creek. 

Battles of South Mountain: Gen. 
McClellan, with the combined army of 
Virginia (Gen. Pope's), and the Army 
of the Potomac, defeats Gen. Lee at 
Turner's and Crampton's Gaps. 

Federal loss, 443 killed, 1,806 wounded, 
and 75 missing; Confederate loss, 500 
killed, 2,343 wounded, and 1,500 prisoners. 

Ky. At Munf ordville Col. Wilder 

with 2,000 Federals for five hours repulses 
8,000 Confederates under Gen. Duncan, 
when re enforcements arrive, and Con- 
federates are driven away with heavy 
loss. 

Va. At Harper's Ferry the Fed- 
eral cavalry elude the investing Confed- 
erates, and escape in the night. 

Sept. 14, 15. W. Va. At Harper's 
Ferry, Gen. Stonewall Jackson, with 
14,000 troops, bombards the garrison 
from the commanding heights. 



eral loss, 37 killed and wounded, besides 
3,5UG prisoners ; Confederate loss, 714 
killed and wounded. 
Sept. 16. Tenn. Near Durhamville 
Lieut. R. Griffin loses two killed and 10 
wounded ; Confederates, under Lieut. - 
Col. Faulkner lose eight killed and 20 
wounded. 



Sept. 16. Miles, Dixon S., col. IT. S. A., 
killed at Ilarp«r'a Kerry, A58. 

Sept. 17. Croasdale, Samuel, col. l_\ S. A., 
killed at Antietam. 

Sept. 18. Mansfield. Joseph K. F., rnaj.- 
gen. of vols., mortally wounded at Antic- 
tan i, AC9. 

Sept. 19. Little, Louis H., capt. U. S. A., 
Confed. brig.-gtu., killed at luka, A44. 



Va. Col. D. H. Miles, having dis- 
obeyed orders to prepare for defense, 
surrenders Harper's Ferry to Stone- 
wall Jackson. 

Federal loss, 80 killed, 120 wounded, 
11,583 prisoners, and 479 guns ; Confeder- 
ate loss, 500 killed and wounded. Col. 
Miles is killed. 

Sept. 16, 17. Md. Battle of Antie- 
tam; Gen. McClellan, with 87,000 men 
present and 60,000 engaged, attacks Gen. 
Lee, with 40,000 (?) men [in one of the 
bloodiest battles of the war. Both sides 
claim the victory.] 

Gens. Hooker, Burnside, Sumner, 
Mansfield, Franklin, and O. O. Howard 
command on the Federal side; Gens. 
Jackson, Longstreet, Hood, Early, and 
D. H. and A. P. Hill support Gen. Lee. 
Gen. Mansfield is killed, and Gen. Hooker 
is wounded. Federal loss, 2,108 killed, 
9,549 wounded, and 753 missing. Con- 
federate loss estimated at 11,172. 

Sept. 16, 17. Ky. At Munfordville 
Gen. Polk with 20,500 men of Gen. 
Bragg's army, defeats the Federals un- 
der Col. J T. "Wilder with 6,000. Fed- 



— Va. At Leesburg, in a cavalry 
fight, Col. Kilpatrick defeats the Con- 
federates. 

Sept. 18. Md. Both armies rest after 
the battle of Antietam, but at night 
Gen. Lee slips away and recrosses the 
Potomac. 

Sept. 19. Md. The Federals make a 
tardy pursuit of Gen. Lee's army ; a 
force crosses the Potomac and takes 
four guns. 

1). C. The Department of the Mis- 
souri is formed; Maj. Gen. Samuel 
R. Curtis, commander. 

Ky. At Owensburg a Confederate 

attack is repulsed with great loss. Fed- 
erals lose two killed and 18 wounded. 

Miss. At luka Gen. Rosecrans de- 
feats the Confederates under Gen. Price, 
and drives them southward after a hot 
battle. 

Federal loss, 144 killed, 598 wounded, 
and 40 prisoners : Confederate loss, 263 
killed, 692 wounded, and 561 prisoners. 

Va. Harper's Ferry is evacuated 

by the Confederates. 

Sept. 20. Md. Gen. McClellan reports 

93,149 men present for duty. 
Sept. 20±. Md. Gen. Lee's army retires 

southward, laden with stores taken from 

the Federals. 

Sept. 20. Ky. Near Lebanon Junction a 
cavalry skirmish occurs. 

Mo. Wear Shirley's Ford Col. 

Ritchie defeats the Confederates, who 
lose 60 or 70 killed and wounded. 

TV. Va. Wear Shepherdstown the 

Federals cross the Potomac and are 
driven back into Maryland. 

Sept. 21. Ky. At Shepherdsville Col. 
Granger encounters the Confederates, 
who lose five killed and 28 prisoners. 

The Federal troops occupy Mun- 
fordville. 

Va. Col. Barnes encounters the 

Confederates near the Potomac ; they 
lose 150 killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1862 Sept. 13. C.F.Hallreturnsfrom 
the Arctic regions after an absence of 
about two years, 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



A52. 
Read, George Campbell, rear-admiral, 

A74. 
Aug. 28. Means, John H., gov. of S. C, 

A50. 
Sept. 1. Kearny. Philip, maj. -gen. t r . S. 

vols., killed at Chant illy, A47. 
Stevens, Isaac lug-alls, maj. ni'ii. 

vols., killed at Cliantilly, A44. 
Sept. 14. Reno. Jesse L., brig.-gen. vols., 

killed at South Mt., A3!). 
Sept. 15. Twiggrs, David E.. brig.-gen. 

U. S. A., Cout'ed. maj. -gen., A72. 



LETTERS. 

1862 * * John Brent, by Theodore Win- 
throp, appears. 

* * €ountry Living and Country Thinking, 
by M. A. Dodge, appears. 

* * The King's Bell, by E. H. Stoddard, 



* * Origin and History of the English Lan- 
guage, by G. P. Marsh, appears. 

* * The Poet's Journal, by Bayard Taylor, 
appears. 

* * The Wagoner of the Alleghanies, by 
T, B. Read, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 Aug. 21. Minn. The Sioux In- 
dians massacre the whites at New Ulm, 
in Brown County. 

Aug. 29. Ky. Brig.-Gen. Jefferson C. 
Davis, U.S.A., shoots and mortally 
wounds Maj.-Gen. William Nelson, 
in an altercation at Louisville. 

Sept. 1. D. C. An act is passed declar- 
ing that the spirit ration in the navy 
shall cease forever, and that no spirits 
shall be admitted on board vessels of 
Avar except as medical stores ; and in 
lieu of the ration, five cents per day is 
added to the pay of each sailor. 

Sept. 18. Thanksgiving- day is ob- 
served in the Southern States. 

STATE. 

1862 Aug. 21. La. Brig.-Gen. George F. 
Shepley is appointed military governor. 

Va. The Confederacy issues orders 

for retaliation against Maj.-Gen. Hunter 
and Brig.-Gen. Phelps for organizing 
negro regiments, and declares that these 
officers will be held and treated as out- 
laws whenever captured. 

Sept. 3. D. C. Joseph Holt of Ky. is 
appointed Judge Advocate-general. 

Sept. 11. Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out 
50,000 militia to repel the invasion of 
Gen. Lee. 

Sept. 14. The governors of Pennsylvania, 
Ohio, and West Virginia unite in send- 
ing a joint invitation to all the loyal 
governors to meet at Altoona, Pa., 
to consult respecting the best means of 
common defense, and to aid in the prose- 
cution of the war. 

Sept. 19. Md. Gen. McClellan arrests 
16 members of the Maryland Legisla- 
ture and its officers; they favor the 
Confederacy. 

Sept. 24. Pa. The Governors of 14 
loyal States and the proxies of three 
others meet at Altoona; they approve 
the proclamation of emancipation as a 
war measure. 



214 1862, Sept. 22-Nov. 17. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 Sept. 22. Minn. The Indians 
are defeated by a detachment of the 
regular army at Wood Lake ; 500 prison- 
ers are taken, and 300 are sentenced to 
be hanged. 

Sept. 23. Mo. At Sturgeon, Maj. Hunt 
defeats the Confederates under Capt. 
Cunningham. 

Minn. At Yellow Medicine River 

Gen. Sibley has a battle with the Sioux, 
killing 30 of the savages and wounding 
many others ; four whites are killed and 
30 wounded. 

Sept. 25. Bermuda. Commodore "Wilkes's 
squadron arrives, and he is ordered by 
British authorities to leave within 24 
hours. 

Ky. Louisville escapes capture by 

the forced march of Gen. Buell from 
Tenn., and his arrival one day in ad- 
vance of Gen. Bragg. 

Sept. 27. Ky. Augusta is attacked by 
Confederates ; they defeat and capture 
the garrison, and destroy the town ; 
Federal loss, nine killed, 15 wounded, 
and 96 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 90 
killed and wounded. 

Minn. The Sioux Indians surrender 

91 captive white women and children , 
near the Chippewa River. 

Sept. * JV. Dak. Fort Abercrombie is 
twice unsuccessfully assaulted by Sioux 
Indians. 

Sept. 29. Md. At Sharpsburg the Con- 
■,, federates are dispersed, and several of 
them captured. 

Va. Warrenton is taken by the Fed- 
erals. 

Sept. 30. Mo. At Newtonia Gen. Sol- 
omon encounters Confederates under 
Col. Cooper, and loses 50killed, 80 wound- 
ed, aud 120 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 
90 killed and wounded. 

Ky. At Russellville Col. Harrison 

encounters Confederates, who lose 35 
killed and 10 prisoners. 

Va. The entire Army of the Poto- 
mac, including Gen. Banks's command, 
is reported to be 303,959 men. 

Of these, 301,756 are absent, 28,458 on 
special duty; 73,601 present for duty in 
Gen. Banks's command, and 100,144 
ready for duty in Gen. McClellan's im- 
mediate command. 

Oct. 1. The Western gunboat fleet is 
transferred from the War to the Navy 
Department. 

■ Gen. Halleck is sent by the Govern- 
ment to urge Gen. McClellan to cross 
the Potomac and attack the Con- 



S. C. A combined military and naval 

expedition leaves Hilton Head for the 
St. John's River. 

Tenn. At Gallatin Col. Stokes de- 
feats the Confederate Col. Bennett, who 
loses 40 killed, 39 prisoners, and many 
wounded. 

JF. Va. At Shepherdstown Gen. 

Pleasanton crosses the Potomac, and 
drives the Confederates under Gen. 
Wade Hampton to Martinsburg. Fed- 
eral loss, 12 wounded and three prison- 
ers ; Confederate loss, 60 killed and 
wounded, and nine prisoners. 

Oct. 2, 3. Fla. The Federal expedition 
opens fire on the fortifications on St. 
John's Bluff, and reduces the works. 

Oct. 3. Miss. At Corinth a Confederate 
advance driveB in the Federal pickets. 



Oct. 3, 4. Mies. Battle of Corinth. 
The entrenched Federals under Gen. 
Rosecrans, 20,000 strong, repulse the ter- 
rible attack of Gens. Van Dorn, Price, 
and Lovell with 38,000 men : losses ; 
Federals, 355 killed, 1,841 wounded, 324 
missing ; Confederates, 1,423 killed, 5,692 
wounded, and 2,268 missing. 

Oct. 4. Ky. Gens. Bragg and Kirby 
Smith unite their forces at Frankfort. 

[Gen. Buell, reenforced by 20.000 men, 
advances against Gen. Bragg, who 
slowly retreats with immense trains 
loaded with plunder.] 

Oct. 5. Fla. Jacksonville is reoccu- 
pied by the Federals. 

Oct. 6. TJ. C. Gen. McClellan is ordered 
to cross the Potomac and engage the 
enemy; he dislikes interference by the 
government, and claims the army needs 
rest and recruiting. 

Oct. 8. Ky. Battle of Perryville; Gen. 
Buell engages in an indecisive conflict 
with the Confederates under Gen. 
Hardee, commander of Gen. Bragg's 
left wing. 

Federal loss, 916 killed, 3,432 wounded 
and prisoners ; Confederate loss, 510 
killed, 2,635 wounded, and 251 prisoners. 

Tex. Com. William B. Renshaw, 

commanding a Federal squadron, takes 
possession of Galveston. 

Oct. 9. Va. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry starts 
on its raid into Pe nns ylvania, and 
crosses the Upper Potomac 1,800 strong. 

Oct. 10-13. Fa. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry 
capture Chambersburg (Oct. 11) and 
other towns ; laden with spoils, it re- 
turns safely to camp, having passed 
completely around the Federal 
Army. 

Oct. 11. Fa. Gen. "Wool arrives at 
Harrisburg, and assumes command of 
the troops stationed for the defense of 
Pennsylvania. 

Oct. 12. La. Gen. B. F. Butler orders 
the citizens of New Orleans to take 
the oath of allegiance to the United 
States, to furnish their names, and regis- 
ter their property in the office of the 
provost marshal. 

Va. Gen. Stuart's Cavalry re- 
crosses the Potomac. 

Oct. 14. Ky. At Stanford (Lancaster) 
the Confederates lose several killed and 
14 prisoners. 

Miss. Laeut.-Gen. John C. Pern- 

berton, as commander of the Confeder- 
ate Department of Mississippi and East 
Louisiana, supersedes Gen. Van Dorn 
at Yicksburg. 

Oct. 16. W. Va. Wear Charlestown 
Gen. Hancock loses one killed and eight 
wounded; Confederate loss, nine 
wounded and prisoners. 

Oct. 17. Va. At Thoroughfare Gap 
Gen. Stahl takes 100 Confederate pris- 
oners. 

Oct. IS. Ky. At Lexington Morgan's 
guerrillas make a dash into the town 
and take 125 prisoners. 

Mo. Col. McNeil orders the hang- 
ing of ten of Col. John C. Porter's men 
in retaliation for the capture in a raid 
and the disappearance of Andrew Alls- 
man of Palmyra. 



Kan. Quantrell, the Confederate 

guerrilla chief, makes a raid into John- 
sou County and burns Shawneetown. 

Oct. 20. Kit. At Bardstown Morgan's 
guerrillas destroy a Federal train of 80 
wagons loaded with ammunition and 
stores, before daylight, and a few hours 
later capture another train. 

Oct. 21. Term. At Woodville Maj. J. J. 
Mudd defeats tlie Confederates and 
takes 40 prisoners. 

Oct. 22. S. C. At Pocotaligo, or Te- 
massee, Gen. Brannan defeats the Con- 
federates under Gen. Walker, losing 43 
killed, 258 wounded, and five prisoners ; 
Confederate loss not reported. 

Ark. At Van Buren Maj. Lazear 

defeats Confederates, under Col. Boon, 
with considerable loss. 

Ky. Louisville is threatened by 

Confederates under Gen. Morgan, and 
the Governor calls out the citizens for 
its defense. 

Oct. 23. Tenn. At Waverly, Maj. 
Blott loses one killed and five wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 40 killed and wounded, 
and 30 prisoners. 

At Shelby depot Gen. Stuart defeats 
the Confederates, who lose eight or 10 
killed and wounded. 

Oct. 24. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans is appointed 
to succeed Gen. Buell as commander of 
the Federal Army of the Ohio. 
At Morganstown a skirmish takes place. 

Mo. At Grand Prairie Maj. F. G. 

White loses three wounded ; Confeder- 
ate loss, eight killed and 20 wounded. 

Va. Gen. McClellan assumes the 

offensive ; the Army of the Potomac 
cross from Maryland into Virginia. 

Oct. 26. The Confedrate army, under 
Gen. Bragg, traverses Cumberland Gap, 
while retreating from Kentucky. 

Oct. 27. Mo. At Pittman's Ferry 
Col. Lewis attacks and defeats the Con- 
federates, who loBe several killed and 
40 prisoners. 

La. At Donaldsonville Gen. Weit- 

zel loses 18 killed and 74 wounded ; Con- 
federate loss, six killed, 15 wounded, and 
208 prisoners. 

Oct. 28. Ark. Wear Fayetteville Gen. 
Herron defeats Confederates, under Col. 
Craven, and chases them to the Boston 
Mountains ; they lose eight killed. 

Oct. 29. Mo. Near Butler Col. Seaman 
loses eight killed and 10 wounded ; Con- 
federates, under Gen. Cockerill, lose 30 
killed and wounded. 

Oct. 30. Ky. Gen. Rosecrans assumes 
command of the Army of the Cumber- 
land. 

Oct.* The TJ. S. war-vessels number 
256 of all classes. 

Oct.* -Dec* The Confederate priva- 
teer Alabama, Capt. Raphael Semmes, 
captures many merchant vessels. 

Nov. 1. Va. At Philomount, an artillery 
fight continues for five hours ; the Con- 
federates retreat towards Bloomfield, 
and another action lasts for four hours. 

Md. The last of Gen. McClellan's 

army crosses the Potomac into Virginia. 

Nov. 2. Tenn. Gen. Grant begins the 
advance on Yicksburg from Jackson by 
moving along the line of the Mississippi 
Central Railroad. 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, Sept. 22 -Nov. 17. 215 



Nov. 3. Ky. In "Webster County Col. 
Foster loses 25 prisoners, and captures 
three Confederate lieutenants. 

Ga. At Kingsburg the Federals de- 
stroy the salt-works. 

Nov. 4. Tenn. Near Grand Junction 
Gen. Grant completes the gathering of 
an army of about 30,000 men for opera- 
tions in Mississippi. 

Va. The Federals capture Maj. Reid 

Sanders on the coast, while endeavor- 
ing to get to sea with Confederate de- 



Nov. 5. Tenn. Near Nashville Gen. 
Negley repulses an attack of the Con- 
federates under Gen. Morgan. Federal 
loss, five killed and 19 wounded; Con- 
federate loss, 23 prisoners. 

Nov. 6. Va. At Warrenton Gen. Rey- 
nolds takes seven Confederate prisoners, 
150 muskets, and 40 horses and wagons. 

Ky. At Piketon Col. Dills takes SO 

Confederate prisoners. 

Nov. 7. D. C. President Lincoln re- 
lieves Gen. George B. McClellan of 
the command of the unsuccessful Army 
of the Potomac, 120,000 strong, and or- 
ders him to report at his home in Tren- 
ton, N.J. Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside 
is appointed his successor, and assumes 
coinmand. [Both orders are received 
Nov. 7.] 

S. C. The 1st Regiment of South 

Carolina Volunteers (colored) is organ- 
ized at Port Royal ; [Col. T. W. Higgin- 
son of Mass. takes command Dec. 1st]. 

Nov. * Va. Gen. Burnside changes 
the plan of campaign, and makes Ac- 
quia Creek the base of supplies for an 
advance on Richmond. 

Nov. 8. Miss. At Hudsonville Col. 
Lee encounters the Confederates, who 
lose 16 killed and 175 prisoners. 

Ark. Near Marianna (La Grange), 

Capt. L. M. Perkins defeats the Confed- 
erates, who lose five killed and several 
wounded. 

Nov. 9. Va. At Fredericksburg 
Capt. Dahlgren takes 39 Confederate 
prisoners. 

Ga. The Federal gunboat Mohawk, of 

Adm. Dupont's fleet, enters the river and 
shells St. Mary's, driving out the Con- 
federates and burning the town. 

La. Gen. N. P. Banks is ordered to 

supersede Gen. B. F. Butler in the 
command of the Department of the 
Gulf. 

Nov. 11. Tenn. At Huntsville Capt. 
Duncan defeats Confederates, who lose 
seven killed and 25 prisoners. 

Near Lebanon Capts. Kennett and 
Wolford encounter Morgan's Confeder- 
ates, who lose seven killed, and 125 pris- 
oners. 

Near La Grange Col. Lee defeats the 
Confederates, losing two wounded ; Con- 
federate loss, 16 killed and 134 pris- 

Nov. 13. Miss. In a fight at Holly 
Springs with Col. Lee, Confederates 
lose four killed and several captured. 

Nov. 15. Va. At Fayetteville Gen. 
Sturgis defeats the Confederates. 

The Army of the Potomac advances 
from "Warrenton towards Fredericks- 
burg. 

Nov. 17. Va. Near Fredericksburg the 
Federal artillery opens fire. 



At Richmond Jefferson Davis issues 
orders to make retaliation upon the Fed- 
erals for the execution of 10 Confeder- 
ates in Missouri. (See Oct. * 1862.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1862 Sept. 22. N. r. The asteroid 

Eurydice is discovered by C. H. F. 

Peters, [Also Frigga, Nov 12.] 
Nov. 12. Shells from Whitworth guns 

are sent through solid iron plates of five 

and a half inches and a wood backing. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

Sept. 29. Kelson, William, maj. -gen. vols., 
A37. 

Oct. 4. Ilackleniiin, Pleasant A., lawyer, 
brig.-gen. vols., killed at Corinth, A48. 

Oct. 8. Jackson, .James 8., M. C. for Ky., 
brig.-gen. vols., killed at 1'erryville, A39. 

Terrill, William K., brig.-gen. vols., 

killed at Perryvule, A28. 

Oct. 15. Hudson, Wdliam L., capt. TJ. S. 
N., A 68. 

Oct. 17. James, Charles T., sen. for K. I., 
inventor of rifled cannon, A58. 

Oct. 30. Mitchel, Ormsby Maeknight, as- 
tronomer, maj. -gen. of vols., A53. 

Nov. 3. Richardson, IsaaelB.. maj.-gen. 
vols., mortally wounded at Antietam, A47. 

Nov. 6. Jameson, Charles D., brig.-gen. 
vols., A35. 

Nov. 7. Mcintosh, James McQueen, Con- 
fed, brig.-gen., killed at Pea Ridge, A34. 

Pendergrast, Garrett J., com. U. S. N., 

A60. 

Nov. 11. Porter, Jas. M., jurist, a fdr. of 
Lafayette col., Easton, Pa., A69. 

CHURCH. 
1862 Nov. 3. Phila. The Evangel- 
ical Educational Society is organized 
by Bishop Potter. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 Sept. 22. D. C. President Lincoln 
issues a monitory proclamation, de- 
claring that the slaves of all in 
rebellion against the United States 
on Jan. 1, 1863, shall be forever free. 

Sept. 26. Minn. Thirty-eight condemned 
Indians are hanged. 

Nov. 12. New York. The United States 
Brewers' Association is organized at 
a meeting of representative brewers. 

STATE. 

1862 Sept. 22. D.C. President Lincoln 
issues a monitory proclamation of 
emancipation ; one hundred days are 
given for dissemination and decision. 
All slaves of those in rebellion are to 
be free on Jan. 1, 1863. 

* * N. Y. The Republican State Conven- 
tion nominates James S. Wadsworth for 
governor. [Defeated by 10,000 majority.] 
The Democratic State Convention 
nominates Horatio Seymour of New 
York for the governorship, [Elected.] 

Sept. 24. D. C. The President issues 
another proclamation suspending the 
■writ of habeas corpus, in respect to per- 
sons held by miUtary authority, to pre- 
vent their release. 

Sept. 30. Va. The Confederate Con- 
gress at Richmond entertains retalia- 
tory resolutions, occasioned by the 
proclamation of emancipation. 

Sept.* Eng. Lord Palmerston proposes 
that England offer to mediate in the 



United States with a view to recognize 
the independence of the Southern Con- 
federacy. [Lord Granville opposes.] 

Sept. * Va. The Confederate Con- 
gress enacts the conscription of all men 
between the ages of 18 and 45 years. 

Sept.* Both a McClellan and an anti- 
McClellan party appear — in the press, 
among the people, in Congress, and in 
the army. 

Oct. 4. Ky. The Confederates again 
organize a State government at Frank- 
fort ; Richard Hawes, governor. It de- 
parts the same day. 

Oct. 11. Va. The Confederate Con- 
gress exempts from conscription one 
man for every plantation of 20 negroes. 

Oct. 12. New York. A great Demo- 
cratic meeting is held in which Mr. 
Lincoln's policy in conducting the war 
is bitterly assailed. 

Oct. 13. Va. The Confederate Congress 
adjourns to meet in January, 1863. 

Oct. 30. Fr. The mediation of Great 
Britain and Russia, in favor of an 
armistice between the North and South 
is proposed by the French Government. 

Fr. The French Government pro- 
poses to England and Russia that the 
three cabinets exert their influence at 
Washington and Richmond to obtain an 
" armistice for six months." 

Oct. * .D. C. The Internal Revenue 
brings the Government $1,000,000 
every secular day, and tho people 
bear the burden cheerfully ; industries 
and business flourish. 

Oct. * U. S. The elections are encour- 
aging for the Democracy, and dis- 
heartening to Republicans, who elect 
hut three members in 11 congressional 
districts. 

Oct. * U. S. President Lincoln's eman- 
cipation proclamaticv. for a time seems 
disastrous to the Administration. The 
nation is choosing between freedom 
and slavery. 

Nov. 4. Mo. A Legislature favorable to 
emancipation is elected. 

III. President Lincoln's party is 

overwhelmingly defeated by the 
Democrats in his own State. 

Nov. 6. Fr. Drouyn de l'Huys, the 
French minister of Foreign affairs, an- 
nounces to Mr. Dayton his intention to 
invite the governments of England and 
Russia to join with France in proposing 
to the United States their friendly 
mediation between the Federal govern- 
ment and the Confederacy. 

Nov. 8. Russia declines to participate 
in a joint mediation with England and 
France. 

Nov. 13. Eng. The British Government 
declines to join France in an amicable 
intervention in the United States, as 
its success would be hopeless at the 
present time. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1862 Oct. 1. New York. Price of mid- 
dling upland cotton, 57 cents ; pre- 
mium on gold, 123. 



210 1862, Nov. 18-* * 



AMKRICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 Nov. 18. Term. At Rural Hill 
Col. HawkinB defeats Confederates, who 
lose 10 killed. 



W. T. At the Island of Martinique 

the Alabama escapes the San Jacinto. 

Nov. 22. J'a. TSTear "Winchester Capt. 
Harkins captures 30 horses; four Con- 
federates are killed. 

Nov. 24. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John- 
ston, only partially recovered frotn 
■wounds at Fair Oaks, is appointed to 
supreme command of the Confederate 
armies in the "West ; Gens. Pemberton 
(Miss.), E. Kirby Smith (La.), and Bragg 
(Tenn.) are retained in command. 

Nov. 25. W. J'a. At Sinking Creek 
the Confederates lose two killed and 113 
prisoners. 

D. C. The Government orders the 

release of political prisoners. 

> raided by Confed- 

— N. C. New Berne is attacked by 
4,000 Confederates, who are repulsed. 
Nov. 26. Tenn. Gen. Grant starts on 
his expedition into Mississippi ; Gen. 
W. T. Sherman is to leave Memphis and 
soon unite with Gen. Grant. 

Va. At Cold Knob Mountain Col. 

J. C. Paxton defeats Confederates, and 
captures 100 prisoners. 

Nov. 27. W. Va. At Frankfort the Con- 
federates suffer a defeat. 

Tenn. Near La Vergne Cols. Hurd 

and Dodge lose 10 wounded ; several 
Confederates are killed. 

Nov. 28. Miss. Gen. Grant's army 
advances toward Holly Springs. 

Ark. At Cane Hill Gen. Blunt de- 
feats Confederate Gen. Marmaduke. 

Va. Near Hartwood two companies 

of Federal cavalry are captured by Con- 
federates, who have crossed the Potomac 
f- - "" ;his purpose. 

Nov. 29. Va. Near Berryville Gen. 
Stahl defeats a Confederate force. 

Nov. * I). C. Gen. Fitz John Porter 
is ordered to Washington for trial by 
court martial on charges of disobe- 
dience to orders. Court : Maj.-Gen. 
David Hunter, president; Maj.-Gen. 
Hitchcock, Brig.-Gens. King, Prentiss, 
Kicketts, Casey, Garfield, Buford, 
Slough; Col. Joseph Holt, Judge Advo- 
cate General. 

Nov. * Tex. Gen. N. J. T. Dana, with 
6,000 Federals, occupies Brazos Santi- 
ago, and Brownsville. 

Dec. 1. W. Va. Near Charlestown 
Gen. Sloeum defeats the Confederates, 
who lose live killed and IS wounded. 

Dec. 2. W. Va. At Franklin Col. Spear 
defeats Confederates. 

Near Charlestown Gen. Geary de- 
feats Confederates, who lose TO killed 
and wounded, and 145 prisoners. 

Va. Federals capture King George 

Court House. 

An expedition goes out from Suffolk, 
aud recaptures a lost Pennsylvania bat- 
tery. 

Dec. 3. Miss. At Oxford Col. Hatch 
loses 20 killed and wounded ; Confeder- 
ate loss, 92 prisoners. 



Dec. 4. NetD York. Gen. Banks sails 
with a part of his expedition for New 

Orleans. 

Dec. 5. Miss. In a skirmish at Coffee- 
ville Federals lose live killed, 50 
wounded, and GO prisoners; Confeder- 
ates lose GO killed and 280 wounded. 

Ark. At Helena the Confederates 

make an attack, and are repulsed with 
the loss of eight killed and 30 wounded. 

Dec. * Va. Gen. Burnside proposes to 
advance on Richmond with the great 
Army of the Potomac, by way of Fred- 
ericksburg. 

Dec. 7. Ark. At Prairie Grove Gens. 
Blunt and Herron of Gen. Curtis's army 
defeat the Confederates under Gens. 
Hindman, Marmaduke, Parsons, and 
Frost. 

Federal loss, 167 killed, 798 wounded, 
and 183 missing ; Confederates lose 
1,317 killed and wounded. 

The California steamer Ariel is cap- 
tured by the Confederate cruiser Ala- 
bama. 

Miss. Concordia is burned by the 

Federals. 

Tenn. At HartsviUe Col. A. B. 

Moore loses 55 killed and 1.800 missing ; 
Confederate loss, 149 killed and wounded, 

Dec. 8. Miss. Gen. Grant orders Gen. 
Sherman to advance on Yicksburg via 
Mississippi River [he commands an 
army of 20,000 men ; later, 32,000 men.] 

Dec. 10. Va. Port Royal is nearly de- 
stroyed by Federal gunboats. 

Dec. 11. Va. The Federals are defeated 
on the Blaekwater, and driven back to 
Suffolk. 

Gen. Burnside'a army crosses to the 
western side of the Rappahannock. 

Dec. 12. Miss. At Yazoo the Federal 
gunboat Cairo is blown up by a torpedo. 
Near Corinth Col. Roddy defeats the 
Federals under Col. Sweeney. Federal 
loss, one killed and two wounded; Con- 
federate loss, 11 killed and 30 wounded. 

Tenn. At Franklin Gen. Stanlev en- 
counters the Confederates. Federal loss, 
one killed ; Confederate loss, five killed 
and 10 wounded. 

— - Fa. Fredericksburg is occupied by 
the Federals after a terrible bombard- 
ment from Gen. Sumner's artillery. 

Dec. 13. Va. Battle of Fredericks- 
burg; Gen. Burnside is repulsed. 

The Federals make heavy and simul- 
taneous assaults along the entire line, 
but fail to drive Gen. Lee from his 
strong position. Burnside's army of 
113,000 men is commanded by Gens. 
Sumner, Franklin, Hooker, Hancock, 
Stoneman. Reynolds, Couch, and others; 
Gen. -Jackson's army of 78,000 men is 
under Gens. Early, Longstreet, A. P. 
Hill, and others. Federal loss, 1,284 
killed, 9,600 wounded, and 1.769 missing: 
Confederate loss, 596 killed, 4,068 wound- 
ed, and 651 missing. 

Ala. At Tuscumbia the Federals 

surprise and defeat the Confederates, 
losing four killed aud 14 wounded ; the 
Confederates lose 70 prisoners. 

Dec. 14. La. Gen. Butler is succeeded 
by Gen. W. P. Banks. 

K. C. At Kinston Gen. Foster loses 

90 killed and 478 wounded ; Confeder- 
ates, under Gen. Evans, lose 71 killed, 
268 wounded, 400 prisoners, aud 13 guns. 
Plymouth is destroyed by Confeder- 
ates. 



Dec. 14, 15. Va. Fredericksburg: — 
Under the persuasion of bis division 
commanders, Burnside decides not to 
renew the attack on L«-e, and withdraws 
across the Rappahannock during the 
night. 

Dec. 15. Ark. At Yellville the Confed- 
erate salt-works are destroyed. 

Dec. 15±. La. Gen. Banks sends Gen. 
C. Grover, with a force of 10,000 men, 
from New Orleans, to capture Baton 
Rouge. 

Miss. Gen. Forrest's large force of 

cavalry strikes Gen. Grant's lines of 
communication with the North. 

Dec. 16. N. C. A battle is fought at 
"White Hall. 

Dec. 16^. U.S. The defeat of Burnside 
is followed by national gloom, and a 
feeling akin to mutiny in the army. 

Dec. 17. A'y. At MunfordviUe a Con- 
federate cavalry force of Gen. Bragg's 
army is defeated. Federal loss, 10 killed 
and 17 wounded ; Confederate loss, 33 
killed and GO wounded. 

-V. C. A battle is fought at Golds- 
borough. 

Va. At Occoquan a company of Fed- 
eral cavalry is surprised and captured. 

At Dumfries Col. Candy loses 10 killed 
and wounded ; routed * Confederates, 
under Gens. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee, 
lose 30 or 40 killed and wounded. 

Dec. 18. D. C. The President appoints 
Gen. J. A. McClernand to supersede 
Gen. Sherman in immediate command 
of the Yicksburg Expedition under Gen. 
Grant. 

Ky. At Lexington Col. R. G. In- 

gersoll is defeated bv Confederate Gen. 
Forrest, losing 40 killed. 

Dec. 19. Tenn. At Memphis Gen. 
Sherman begins to embark his army of 
20,000 men on 67 boats, for the capture of 
Yicksburg. 

Dec. 20. Miss. At Holly Springs 
Gen. Yan Dorn captures a large quan- 
tity of Federal supplies. 

Gen. TJ. S. Grant is compelled to 

desist from his march on Yicksburg, 
owing to the capture of his base of sup- 
plies by Gen. Yan Dorn. 

Gen. William Tecumseh Sherman, 
with a strong armament, drops down the 
Mississippi River from Memphis, and 
proceeds as far as Yazoo. 
Dec. 21. Tenn. In East Tennessee Fed- 
eral raiders destroy important railroad 
bridges, disable locomotives, capture 500 
prisoners and 700 stand of arms. 

Miss. At Davis Mills, on Wolf 

River, Col. K. H. Morgan defeats Con- 
federate Gen. Yan Dorn. who loses three 
killed, 30 wounded, and 20 prisoners, 

beside 100 stand of arms left on the field. 



Dec. 23. J'a. At Richmond Jefferson 
Davis issues a proclamation announ- 
cing retaliatory measures against Gen. 
Butler, and dooming him and his offi- 
cers to be hanged if captured. 

Dec. 24. Kit. Near MunfordviUe 
Capt. Dickeys is defeated by Confeder- 
ate Gen. Morgan, and loses 23 prisoners. 
The next day Col. Gray defeats Gen. 
Morgan, who loses nine killed and 22 
wounded. 



UNITED STATES. 



1862, Nov. 18 



217 



Dec. 25. Miss. The Vioksburg Expedi- 
tion reaches Milliken's Bend 20 miles 
above Vieksburg, and lands Gen. A. J. 
Smith's division to cut off supplies from 
entering the city. 

Dec. 26±. Miss. Com. Porter's fleet 
convoys Gen. Sherman's advance up 
the Yazoo. 

Dec. 26. Tenn, Gen. Rosecrans leaves 
Nashville to engage Gen. Bragg at Mur- 
freesboro. 

Dec. 27, 28. Ark. At Van Buren Fed- 
erals lose seven killed; Confederates 
lose 120 prisoners. 

Dec. 28. Ky. At Elk Fork Maj. Foley 
defeats Confederates, who lose 30 killed, 
176 wounded, 51 prisoners, and SO horses. 

Dec. 29. Miss. At Chickasaw Bayou, 
near Vieksburg, Gen. Sherman makes a 
disastrous attack on the Confederates. 
[His army retires to the fleet.] 

Federal loss, 191 killed, 982 wounded, 
and 756 missing ; Confederate loss, 207 
killed, wounded, and missing. 

Dec. 30. Tenn. At Packer's Cross 
Roads Gen. Sullivan defeats Confeder- 
ate Gen. Forrest ; Federal loss, 100 killed 
and wounded ; Confederate loss, 600 
wounded. 

Dec. 31. The ironclad Monitor founders 
off Cape Hatteras. 

Dec. 31.-Jan. 2. Tenn. Battle of Mur- 
freesboro or Stone's River ; Gen. 
Rosecrans repulses the attack of Gen. 
Bragg, and after a long struggle forces 
him to retire; 43,000 Federals are com- 
manded by Gens. McCook, Thomas, Crit- 
tenden, Rousseau, Palmer, Sheridan, 
and A. J. Davis ; about an equal number 
of Confederates are commanded by 
Gens. Hardee, Breckinridge, Polk, 
Kirby Smith, Cheatham, and Withers. 

Federal loss, 1,294 killed, 7,945 
wounded, and 1,027 missing; Confeder- 
ate loss, 10,000 killed and wounded, 500 
prisoners. 
Dec. * Ark. Gen. Sherman adds 12,000 
troops to the Vieksburg Expedition 
at Helena. 

* * Phila. The New Ironsides is com- 
pleted. 

It has 4-inch armor, is of 4,015 tons bur- 
den, 700 horse-power, six knots speed ; 
it carries 20 11-inch smoothbore guns. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1862 Dec. 4. N. T. The Buffalo Acad- 
emy of Fine Arts is incorporated. 

-63 * * Chicago. The Dearborn Observa- 
tory is founded. 

* * New York. Samuel Coleman of New- 
port, R. I., Wm. H. Beard and Launt 
Thompson of New York, are elected 
members of the National Academy of 
Design. 

* * U. S. Ammonia is first used for de- 
veloping photographs. 

* * The first experiments are made in 
"shooting" petroleum wells, by ex- 
ploding nitro-glycerine, to increase 
their flow. 

* * Richmond Hill is painted by J. F. 
Cropsey. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1862. 
Dec. 6. Jackson, Clairborne F., gov. of 

Mo., Con fed. liriK.-ijen., A55. 
Dec. 7. Churchill, Sylvesler, brig.-gen. U. 

S. A., A79. 
Dec. 13. Cobb, Thomas R. R., lawyer, 

Confed. brig.-gen., k. at Fredericksburg, 

A 39. 
Jackson, Conrad F., brig.-gen. vols., 

killed at lMVilorn-ksburg, A 49. 
Dec. 14. Bayard, Geo. 1)., brig.-gen. cav- 
alry, A27. 
Dec. 20. Pearce, James A., sen. for Del., 

AGO. 
Dec. 31. Garesche, Julius P., lieut.-cul., 

scholar, k. at battle of Sluiie Kiver, A41. 
Rains, James E., Confed. brig.-gen., 

killed at Murfreesboro, A29. 
Roberts, George \V., brig.-gen. vols., 

killed at Murfreesboro, A29. 
Sill, Joshua W., brig.-gen. vols., killed 

at Murfreesboro, A31. 

* * Andersun, Genn, r e 1!., ('unfed, brig.-gen., 
A 31. 

* * Fasquelle, Jean L., author Fr. text-buoks, 
A54. 

* * Fisher, Elwood, editor .Southern Press, 
A54. 

* * Lisle, Marcus C, M. C. for Ky., b. in Ky. 

* * Swanson, Claude A., M. C. for Va., b. Va. 

CHURCH. 
1862 Nov.19. Ga. The first General Con- 
vention of * < The Protestant Episcopal 
Church of the Confederate States of 
America" meets at Augusta. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * O. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; Geo. 
Duffield, moderator. 

The General Assembly (O. S. Pres- 
byterian) meets at Columbus ; Chas. C. 
Beatty, moderator. 

* * Correspondence is established be- 
tween the Old School and New School 
Presbyterian assemblies. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A.Campbell, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; Jo- 
seph J. Cooper, moderator. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 Dec* Pa. The "Molly Ma- 
guires" stop the mining operations at 
Goyne's mine, in the town of Cass. 

Dec. 27. Phila. The Union League 
Club is founded, the first in the United 
States. [It raises 10 regiments in the 
war for the Union.] 

* * Ind. A political convention declares 
" the soil of Indiana should belong to 
the white man." 

* * D. C. Congress enacts that the pen- 
alty for selling or giving liquor or 
wine to Indians in the Indian country 
shall be a fine of not more than $300 
and imprisonment for not more than 
two years. 

* * Chicago. The Northwestern 
Branch of the Sanitary Commission is 
organized. 

STATE. 
1862 Nov. 22. D.C. A general order is 
issued for the release of State (politi- 
cal) prisoners. 

* * U. S. The failure of the Peninsula 
campaign is followed by much contro- 
versy. 



Dec. 1. D. C. The 37th Congress: 
the third session opens. 

President Lincoln, in his message, ap- 
proves a national banking system, 
making one uniform circulation of equal 
value throughout the country. 

He recommends emancipation by the 
loyal States, with Federal compensation, 
if the slaves shall beset free by the State 
prior to Jan. 1, 1000 ; and that slaves 
made free by the war be declared eman- 
cipated, and that loyal owners be reim- 
bursed. 

Dec. 3. La. Benjamin F. Flanders and 
Michael Hahn are elected members of 
Congress. 

Dec. 10. D. C. Congress : The House 
votes to admit "West Virginia into the 
Union. Vote 9G-55. The yeas are all 
Republican. 

Dec. 22. Va. Jefferson Davis issues 
a proclamation of retaliation to offset 
President Lincoln's proclamation of lib- 
erty to the slaves. 

He directs that Federal oflieers serving 
with armed slaves be held for execution 
as outlaws when captured. 

Dec. 23. Va. Jefferson Davis proclaims 
Gen. Butler and his commissioned 
officers to he criminals deserving death, 
because of their enlisting freedmen for 
the Federal army. 

Dec. 31. D. C. President Lincoln signs 
the Act admitting "West Virginia into 
the Union. 

Congress admits "West Virginia into 
the Union as the 35th State ; dating the 
admission June 20, 1863. 

* * Dak. Yankton is made the capital. 

* * D.C. Samuel F. MiUer and David 
Davis are appointed associate justices 
of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. (With one exception the only 
non-Democratic justices appointed since 
1841.) 

* * Neiu York. George Opdyke is elected 
the 73d mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-63 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Gurley. 
-63 * * Cat. Leland Stanford. ,. 
-65 * * Col. (Ter.). John Evans. 
-64 * * Miss. Jacob Thompson. 

-65 * * N. C. Zebulon B. Vance. 
-64 * * O. David Tod. 
-66 * * Ore. Addison C. Gibbs. 
-64 * * S. C. M. L. Bonham. 
-63 * * Wis. Edward Salomon. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862 Dec. 22. Boston. The corner-stone 
of the new City Hall is laid. 

Dec. * A feeling of general discourage- 
ment pervades the country as the un- 
successful armies go into winter quar- 
ters. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Immigrants for ISG2, 
89,207. 

* * N. Y. The extensions of the Eric 
Canal are completed. 

* * New York. The French line of 
steamers, running between New York 
and Havre, is established. 

* * New York. The Guion line of 
steamers, between New York and Liver- 
pool, is established. 



218 1862 * *~1863, Mar. 3. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1863 Jan. 1. D. C. Abraham Lincoln 
issues his Emancipation Proclama- 
tion as a war measure. 

Tex. At Galveston the Federals 

are defeated by Gen. J. B. Magruder ; 
Com. Renshaw blows up the Hatteras 
after it runs aground, to prevent the 
vessel's capture by the privateer Ala- 
bama. He is killed by the explosion. 

Galveston is recaptured by the Con- 
federates under Gen. Magruder, who 
thus secure their trans-Mississippi De- 
partment. 

Federal loss, 600 killed, wounded, and 
missing ; Commander Kenshaw is among 
the killed; Confederate loss, 50 killed, 
■wounded, and missing. 

Tenn. At Red Mound the Federals 

lose 20 killed, 100 wounded, and 60 pris- 
oners ; Confederate loss, 100 killed, 200 
wounded, and 400 prisoners. 

Near Lexington Federal Gen. Sullivan 
has an encounter with the Confederates 
under Gen. Forrest. 

Jan. 2. Miss. Gen. McClernand super- 
sedes Gen. Sherman in command of the 
advance on Vicksburg. He orders the 
transfer of the expedition to Milliken's 
Bend, on the Mississippi. 

Jan. 3. Ark. Wear La Grange Gen. 
Washburn encounters the Confederates, 
who lose 10 killed and wounded, and 
10 prisoners. 

Jan. 4. Tex. Confederate Gen. Ma- 
gruder declares the port of Galveston 
open to the commerce of the world. 

Ark. Federals under Gen. McCler- 
nand advance on Arkansas Post on the 
Arkansas River, 73 miles southeast of 
Little Rock. 

■ ■ Tenn. Clarksville is surrendered to 

the Federals. 

Jan. 7, 8. Mo. Springfield 1b at- 
tacked by Confederates under Gens. 
Marmaduke and Price, who are re- 
pulsed by Gen. Brown and Col. Crabb. 
Federal loss, 17 killed and 50 wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 200 men. 

Jan. S Tenn* At Ripley Capt. Moore 
mcounters the Confederates under 
Lieut.-Col. Dawson. Federal loss, three 
wounded ; Confederate loss, eight killed, 
20 wounded, and 46 prisoners. 

Jan. 9. Va. At Suffolk Gen. Corcoran 
defeats the Confederates under Gen. 
Pryor. Federal loss, 104 men. 

The exchange of 20,000 prisoners is 

effected by negotiation. 

Jan. 10. Tex. Federals bombard Gal- 
veston. 

Jan. 11. Ark. Gen. McClernand and 
Adm. Porter capture Arkansas Post 
from the Confederates under Gen. 
Churchill. Federal loss, 129 killed, S31 
wounded, and 17 prisoners ; Confeder- 
ate loss, 550 killed and wounded, and 
4,720 prisoners. 

La. Federal Gen. "Weitzel destroys 

the gunboat Cotton on the Bayou Teche. 

Mb. At Hartville Col. Merrill de- 
feats the Confederates under Gen. 
Marmaduke. Federal loss, 35 killed 
and wounded ; Confederate loss, 150 
killed and wounded, and 150 prisoners. 

- — ■ The Confederate cruiser Alabama 
sinks the gunboat Hatteras, near the 
coast of Texas. 



Jan. 13. Tenn. At Harpeth Shoals, on 
the Cumberland Kiver, the Confederates 
destroy several boats carrying wounded 
soldiers. 

Jan. 15. N. C. At Masonborough Inlet, 
the Confederates burn the stranded 
gunboat Columbia. 

Ark. Federals burn Mound City. 

Jan. 16. Ala. The privateer Florida es- 
capes from Mobile Bay. [It destroys 15 
merchantmen during the same month, 
and is finally captured at Bahia, Brazil.] 

Jan. 17. Ark. The Vicksburg Expe- 
dition returns from Arkansas Post to 
Napoleon, at the mouth of the Arkansas 
River. 

Jan. 18. Ark. Federals take DuvalPs 
Bluff and Des Arc, and suffer only a 
trifling loss ; Confederate loss, 150 pris- 
oners. 

Jan. 21. Ark. Gen. McClernand occu- 
pies Young's Point, nine miles above 
Vicksburg. 

D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter is 

dismissed from the army for disobe- 
dience of orders at the second battle of 
Bull Run. [Later the sentence is re- 
versed.] 

Jan. 22. Ark. The Federals reopen the 
canal dug by Gen. "Williams, in order 
to get below Vicksburg. 

Jan. 23. Va. Gen. Burnside dismisses 
Gens. Hooker, Franklin, Newton, and 
Brooks from their commands for un- 
dermining the confidence of the 
army. 

Jan. 25. D. C. The President relieves 
Gen. Burnside of his command at his 
own request, and assigns him to one in 
the "West. 

Gen. Joseph Hooker is appointed 
to the command of the Army of the 
Potomac. 

Jan. 26. Ten n . Near "Woodbury Gen . 
Palmer loses two killed and nine 
wounded ; the defeated Confederates 
lose 35 killed and 100 prisoners. 

Jan. 27. Ga. Fort McAllister, on the 
bombarded by the 
lontauk. 

Jan. 30. Ark. Gen. Grant, having 
joined the army at Young's Point, as- 
sumes command. 

Tenn. At Trenton Col. Wood en- 
counters Confederates under Capt. Daw- 
son ; they lose 34 men. 

S. C. On the Stono River the Federal 

gunboat Isaac Smith is captured. 

Va. At Deserted House, nine miles 

from Suffolk, Gen. Corcoran and Con- 
federate Gen. Pryor each lose about 60 
killed and wounded. 

Jan. 31+. S. C. Confederate gunboats 
attack the blockading squadron at the 
entrance of Charleston harbor, and Gen. 
Beauregard and the Confederate Secre- 
tary of State proclaim the harbor open 
to commerce. 

Tenn. At Dover, near Nashville, 

the Confederates are defeated. Federal 
loss, five wounded ; Confederate loss, 12 
killed and 300 prisoners. 

Feb. 1. Tenn. The Federals occupy 
Franklin. 

Feb. 3. Mo. At Mingo Swamp Mai. 
Reeder has an encounter with Confed- 
erates ; they lose nine killed and 20 
wounded. 



Ark. The levee at Yazoo Pass is cut, 

and opens a channel for the Vicksburg 
expedition to reach the Coldwater River 
[it returns in March from an unsuccess- 
ful adventure]. 

D. C. Congress passes a vote of 

thanks to Commander John L. Wor* 
den, L'.S.N., of Monitor fame. 

Tenn. At Fort Donelson Col. Har- 
ding repulses an attack of the Confeder- 
ates, under Gens. Wheeler and Forrest. 
Federal loss, 12 killed and 30 wounded ; 
Confederate loss, lOOkilled, 400 wounded, 
and 300 prisoners. 

Feb. 4. La. Near Lake Providence 
the 3d Louisiana defeats the Federals ; 
Confederate loss 30 killed and wounded. 

Feb. 5. Tenn. Confederates are re- 
pulsed in a second attack on Fort Don- 
elson. 



■ ■ Tex. The removal of the blockade at 

Galveston and Sabine Pass is proclaimed 
by the Confederates. 

Va. At Williamsburg a Federal 

cavalry force is ambushed, and loses 40 
killed and wounded. 

Feb. S. Tenn. The Federals occupy 
Lebanon, and capture 600 Confederates. 

Feb. 10. La. At Old River Capt. 
Tucker defeats the Confederates. Fed- 
eral loss, eight killed and wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 11 killed and wounded, 
and 25 prisoners. 

Miss. The Queen of the West, Capt. 

Ellet, of Com. Porter's fleet, runs the 
batteries at Vicksburg. 

Feb. 11. La. Secessionists attempt to 
assassinate Gen. Banks on his way to the 
Opera House at New Orleans. 

Feb. 12. Tenn. Near Bolivar the de- 
feated Federals lose four killed and 
five wounded. 

The Confederate cruiser Florida cap- 
tures the Jacob Bell from China, and 
burns a cargo of tea worth $1,000,000. 

Miss. The Confederates capture 

the Queen of the JVest. The Federal 
ironclad, Indianola, runs the Vicksburg 
batteries in the night. 

Feb. 14. Va. The Federal cavalrv is 
defeated at Annandale. 

Feb. 15. Tenn. At Nolensville Sergt. 
Holmes defeats Confederates, who lose 
eight killed, 20 wounded, and four pris- 
oners. 

At Cainsville Col. Monroe defeats 
Morgan's cavalry ; Confederate loss, 20 
killed, many wounded, six prisoners, 50 
horses, and*300 stand of arms. 

Ark. At Arkadelphia Capt. Brown 

defeats the Confederates. Federal loss, 
two killed and 12 wounded : Confederate 
loss, 14 killed and 12 wounded. 

Feb. 19. Miss. At Coldwater the Con- 
federates under Lieut.-Col. "Wood are 
defeated, losing six killed, three wound- 
ed, and 15 prisoners. 

Feb. 20. Miss. At Yazoo Pass the 5th 
Illinois disperses the Confederates. 
Federal loss, five wounded ; Confederate 
loss, six killed and 20 prisoners. 

Feb. 24. Miss. Commander Porter sends 
a "dummy" past the Vicksburg bat- 
teries ; it alarms the Confederates, and 
they destroy the captured Queen of the 
West and l7idiano(a. 



UNITED STATES. 



1862 * *-1863, Mar. 3. 219 



Feb. 26. I'a. At "Woodstock the 
Confederates are defeated. Federal loss, 
200 killed and wounded. 

Feb. 28. Ga. The Montauk destroys the 
Confederate steamer Nashville on the 
Ogeechee River. 

Mar. 1. Tenn. At Bradyville the Fed- 
erals lose 15 killed and wounded; Con- 
federate Gen. Morgan loses eight killed, 
30 wounded, and S9 prisoners. 

Mar. 2. Tenn. Near Petersburg the 
defeated Confederates lose 12 killed and 
20 wounded. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress provides for the 
enrolment of all able-bodied citizens 
between 20 and 45 years of age. 

Ga. The Federals attack Fort Mc- 
Allister with three ironclads, without 
important results. 

Va. At Aldie Capt. Schultze de- 
feats Confederates under Col. Mosby, 
and takes 30 prisoners. 

At Chapel Hill Col. Johnson encoun- 
ters the Confederates under Col. Roger, 
who loses 12 killed and 72 prisoners. 

ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1863 Jan. 26. Phila. The Chestnut 
Street Theater is opened ; Edwin For- 
rest appears as Virginias and John 
McCullough as Icilius. 

Jan. * Mass. Alvan Clark of Cam- 
bridgeport is awarded the Lalande prize, 
value $500, by the French Academy of 
Sciences, for his discovery of the 
" Companion of Sirius." 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

Jan. 1. "Wainwright, Jonathan M-, com. 
U. S. N., A42. 

Jan. 4. Branch, John, sen. for N. C, sec. 
navy, A86. 

Kendall, B. F., lawyer, astronomer, A33. 

Jan. 10. Beecher. Lyman. Cong, cl., of 
Boston, A88. 

Jan. 12. Renwick, James., prof, in Colum- 
bia, physicist, A73. 

Jan. 23. Hall, Bayard R., Presb. cl., au- 
thor, A65. 

Jan. 37. Robinson, Edward, plhlol., 
Biblical critic, A69. 

Feb. 3. Pinckney, Henry L., journalist, A69. 

Feb. 9. Hale, Nathan, editor Boston Daily 
Advertiser^ A79. 

Feb. lO. Embury, Emma C, poet, A57. 

Longwnrth, Nifhohis, ln»rlirultiirist,A81. 

Feb. * Elliott, William, politician S. C, 
writer, A75. 

Mar. 3. Petigru, James Louis, of S. C, 
opponent of secession, A74. 



CHURCH. 

1862 * * Pa. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Lancaster. 

* * The Southern Presbyteries secede 
from the Northern churches, and form 
a separate Presbyterian church. 

* * The Missionary Society of the Amer- 
ican Wesleyan Methodist Convention is 
organized. 

* * Ji. I. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held in Providence. 

1863 Feb. 25. N.H. The New Hamp- 
shire Unitarian Association is organized 
at Manchester. 

LETTERS. 

1863 Jan. 10. X. Y. The Historical 
Society of Buffalo is incorporated. 

Feb. 20. Kan. The State University 
is located at Lawrence by the Legisla- 
ture. 



Mar. 3. Kan. The Legislature estab- 
lishes a State Normal School at Em- 
poria. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 * * N. Y. The "Woman's Relief 
Association of the city of Brooklyn is 
organized for the relief of soldiers. 

* * la. The Soldiers' Orphans' Home 
and the Home for Indigent Children 
are opened at Davenport. 

1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin- 
coln issues a proclamation of eman- 
cipation. (See State.) 

Feb. 6. New York. The Union League 
i3 founded on the basis of uncondi- 
tional loyalty to the Union. 

It proposes to aid the Government in 
suppressing treason, and to raise troops 
for the overthrow of rebellion. 

Feb. 9. Eng. The George Griswold ar- 
rives, laden with stores contributed by 
Americans for the relief of the dis- 
tressed cotton-workers in Lancashire. 

Feb. 19. la. The Constitution office at 
Keokuk is sacked by Federal Soldiers 
from the local hospital. 

STATE. 

1863 Jan. 1. D. C. President Lin- 
coln proclaims the emancipation of 
all the slaves in the States now in 
rebellion, with the exception of Ten- 
nessee and certain loyal portions of Loui- 
siana and Virginia. Total made free, 
about 3,120,000. 

Va. The joint resolution of the Con- 
federate Congress declaring that white 
officers of negro regiments " shall, if 
captured, be put to death or otherwise 
punished at the discretion " of a military 
court, is approved by Jefferson Davis. 

Jan. * D. C. President Liucoln urges 
Congress to provide compensated 
emancipation for the border States. 

Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill appropriating $10,000,- 
000 to aid the State of Missouri to vol- 
untarily emancipate its slaves. "Vote, 
73-46. 

Jan. 9. Fr. The Government of France 
offers to mediate between North and 
South, in the interest of peace. 

Jan. 12. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his 
annual message, declares that persons 
executing President Lincoln's emanci- 
pation proclamation will be treated as 
criminals, and commissioned officers 
will be punished for exciting servile in- 
surrection. 

Jan. 13. N. J. Peace resolutions are in- 
troduced in the Legislature. 

Jan. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: H. 
"Wilson of Mass. offers an extraordinary 
resolution of inquiry, respecting the 
conduct of subordinate generals, in 
underm inin g confidence in their mili- 
tary superiors. 

Jan. 26. D.C. Congress; Senate: J. 
Sherman of O. introduces the National 
Bank Bill. 

It proposes " the establishment of one 
uniform circulation, of equal value 



throughout the country, upon the foun- 
dation of national credit, combined with 
private capital." (Sec. Chase.) 

Jan. * Democratic opponents engage in a 
crusade against President Lincoln. 
Republicans allege that their object is 
to destroy his prestige, suspend hostili- 
ties on the field, force a compromise 
with the South, and place Abolitionists 
under a perpetual ban. 

Feb. 6. D. C. The Government declines 
the proffered mediation of France. 

Feb. 8. D. C. The Government orders 
the suppression of the Chicago Times 
for inciting disloyalty. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress; House: Rep- 
resentatives from Louisiana are ad- 
mitted. 

Feb. 14. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes a joint resolution, authorizing 
the issue of Treasury notes, to the 
amount of $100,000,000, to meet the 
immediate needs of the Army and Navy. 

Feb. 15. Congress: The Senate passes 
the joint resolution to issue $100,000,- 
000. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The Con- 
scription Bill passes the Senate. 

Feb. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sol- 
omon Foot of Vt. is reelected Pres- 
ident pro tempore. 

Ky. A State Convention of Seces- 
sionists at Frankfort is broken up by 
Federal troops. 

Feb. 19. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
National Bank Bill is introduced. 

Feb. 20. D.C. Congress; House: The 
National Bank Bill passes as it came 
from the Senate. Vote, 78-64. It re- 
sembles the bill of 1791, only in the use 
of Government bonds as the foundation 
of each ; the paper currency and bank- 
ing laws are made uniform in all the 
States. 

Feb. 24. N. Mex. Congress forms the 
Territory of Arizona by dividing New 
Mexico. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; House : Rep- 
resentatives Thomas L. Price, Elijah 
L. Norton, and Wm. A. Hall (Dems.) of 
Missouri, by parliamentary tactics, de- 
feat the bill for compensated eman- 
cipation in Missouri, which appropriates 
$15,000,000 to their State for the manu- 
mission of slaves. 

The National Bank Bill becomes a 
law by the President's approval. 

Feb. 26. Ind. Ter. The Cherokee nation 
repeals the Act of Secession. 

Mar. 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap- 
proves the Financial Bill. 

It authorizes a loan of §300,000,000 for 
the current fiscal year, and £600, 0(10,000 
for the next year, for which bonds shall 
be issued ; it also authorizes $400,ooo.o<io 
in Treasury notes at six per cent interest, 
to be legal' tender ; $150,000,000 of same 
without interest, and $50,000,000 in frac- 
tional currency. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1863 Feb. 1. Southern States. The 

Confederate dollar is worth 20 cents. 
Feb. 22. Cal. Gov. Stanford breaks 

ground at Sacramento for the Central 

Pacific KaUroad. 



220 1863, Mar. 3 -May 6. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1863 Mar. 4. Term. Gens. Van Dorn 
and "Wheeler capture four regiments of 
Gen. Rosecrans's army while recon- 
noitering in force. 

Mar. 5. Tenn. Near Franklin Col. 
Coburn is defeated by the Confeder- 
ates, who capture the town. Federal 
loss, 100 killed, 300 wounded, and 1,306 
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 180 killed 
and 450 wounded. 

Mar. 6. Gen. Hunter orders the drafting 
of negroes in the Department of the 
South. 

Mar. 7. Tenn. At Unionville Gen. 
Manly defeats the Confederates under 



Mar. 29. Ky. Near Somerset Gen. 
Gillmore defeats Confederates under 
Gen. Pegram, who lose 350 men. 

Ark. Gen. Grant despatches Gen. 

McClernand with the 13th Corps from 
Milliken's Bend, to gain the rear of 
Viuksburg via New Carthage. 

W. Va. At Point Pleasant Federals 

lose one killed and one wounded ; Con- 
federate loss, 12 killed and 14 wounded. 

Mar. 30. Ky. At Dutton Hill, in Pu- 
laski County, the Confederates are de- 
feated after fighting five hours. 

Mar. 31. Ariz. Gen. Herron is ap- 
pointed to command the Army of the 
Frontier. 



nent L. 



Mar. 8. Va. At Fairfax Court House 
Mosby's guerrillas capture Brig.-Gen. 
Stoughton and 30 men. 

Miss. Federals capture 23 Confeder- 
ate steamboats on the Yazoo River. 

Mar. 10. Tenn. Near Covington Fed- 
eral Col. Grierson defeats the Confeder- 
ates under Col. Richardson, who loses 
25 killed and many prisoners. 

Fla. Jacksonville is again taken 

by a Federal force under Col. Higginson. 

Mar. 14. La. Adm. Farragut attempts 
to pass the Confederate batteries of Port 
Hudson ; his flag-ship, the Hartford, 
and an iron-clad succeed. Federal loss, 
65 killed and missing ; Confederate loss 
not reported. 

Mar. 15. Miss. Another attempt is 
made to reach Vicksburg by Steele's 
Bayou and Haines's Bluff. [The en- 
trapped fleet barely escapes capture.] 

Mar. 16. Ark. The Federals abandon 
an attempt to get below "Vicksburg via 
Lake Providence. 

Mar. 18. La. At Berwick Bay Capt. 
Perkins defeats the Confederates, who 
lose 10 killed and 20 wounded. 

Mar. 20. Tenn. Near Milton, Col. Hall 
defeats the Confederates. Federal loss, 
seven killed and three wounded ; Con- 
federate loss, 40 killed, 140 wounded, and 
12 missing. 

Miss. The Federals abandon an at- 
tempt to gain the rear of Vicksburg by 
the Steele Bayou route. 

Mar. 21. Ky. Mount Sterling is taken 
by Confederates under Col. Cluke. 

Mar. 22. Mo. Near Blue Spring 
Quantrell defeats the Federals, who 
lose nine killed, several wounded, and 
five missing. 

Mar. 23. Ky. Federals retake Mount 
Sterling. 

Miss. The Federals abandon an at- 
tempt to open a route to the rear of 
Vicksburg via the Yazoo Pass. 

Mar. 25. Tenn. At Brentwood Gen. For- 
rest attacks the Federals, who lose one 
killed, four wounded, and 400 prisoners ; 
Confederates lose 10 killed and wounded. 

Va. The impressment of private 

property is authorized by the Confeder- 
ate Congress. 

Mar. 26. Ky.— Tenn. Gen. Burnside suc- 
ceeds Gen. H. G. "Wright as commander 
of the Army of the Ohio. 

Mar. 27- Ark. The Vicksburg expedi- 
tion returns again to Young's Point, 
having suffered no loss of vessels. 



Mar. * Ga. The blockade runner Kash- 
ville is sunk by an iron-clad at the 
mouth of the Savannah River 

Va. Near Dranesville the 1st Ver- 
mont Regiment is defeated in a cavalry 
fight with Col. Mosby, losing 60 men. 

Apr. 1. Tenn. At Snow Hill Federal 
Gen. Stauley attacks Gen. Morgan, and 
drives him out of his stronghold. 

Apr. 2. Tenn. At "Woodbury Gen. 
Hazen defeats the Confederates, who 
lose 12 killed, 30 wounded and prisoners. 

Apr. 5. Eng. The Government detains 
Confederate vessels at Liverpool. 

Apr. 6. Va. President Lincoln and fam- 
ily visit the Army of the Potomac. 

Ark. Gen. McClernand arrives at 

New Carthage ; his further advance is 
delayed by the river bursting the levee. 

Apr. 7. S. C. Adm. Dupont, with a 
powerful fleet of iron-clads, attempts to 
take Charleston. He makes an attack 
on Fort Sumter and the other defenses 
of Charleston ; the Confederates disable 
five of seven monitors, and sink the Keo- 
kuk. Federal loss, two killed, 13 wound- 
ed ; Confederate loss, seven killed. 

Apr. 8. Va. The Federals make a raid 
through Loudoun County. 

* * Great havoc is made among mer- 
chantmen by the English-built Confed- 
erate cruisers, Georgia, Olustee, Shenan- 
doah, and Chickamauga. [Losses are 
reimbursed later, in the arbitration of 
the Alabama claims.] 

Apr. 10. Tenn. At Franklin Gen. 
Granger defeats the Confederates under 
Gen. Van Dorn. Federal loss, 100 killed 
and wounded ; Confederate loss, 300 
killed and wounded. 

Apr. 11. La. Gen. Banks starts from 
New Orleans with 17,000 men to capture 
Fort de Russy, commanding the Red 
Paver. 

Apr. ll.-May 3. Col. Streight's raid. 
He leaves Nashville with about 1,S00 
mounted men for the purpose of destroy- 
ing railroads and breaking up Bragg's 
connections and supplies in Northern 
Georgia and Alabama. After meeting 
with some success, he is overtaken by a 
superior cavalry force under Confeder- 
ate Gen. Forrest, and compelled to sur- 
render with his entire command near 
Rome, Ga. 

Apr. 13. O. Gen. Burnside issues orders 
Wo. 3S, threatening death to all per- 
sons convicted of aiding within his lines 
"the enemies of our country." [It 



arouses the antagonism o 
Vallandigham and others.] 

Apr. 14. La. At Bayou Teche Fed- 
erals lose 150; Confederate loss much 
greater. 

Apr. 15. Vet. Gen. Hooker reports an 
army of about 130,000 men ; Gen. Lee's 
army, deprived of LongRtreet's corps, 
comprises about 60,000. 

Apr. 16. Miss. Adm. Porter's fleet 
runs down the Mississippi, past 14 miles 
of batteries, to Grant's army at Bruins- 
burg, below Vicksburg. 

The 45 vessels carrying 280 guns and 21 
mortars receive little harm. 

Apr. 17. -May 2. Tenn. Col. Benjamin 
Grierson leaves La Grange with about 
1,700 mounted men, on a raid. 

He marches more than 800 miles in 
Tennessee and Mississippi, tearing up 
railroads and destroying property. He 
finally enters Louisiana, and arrives at 
Baton Rouge. Federal loss, three killed 
and nine missing ; Confederate loss, 100 
killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners. 

Apr. 19. Tenn. At Coldwater Col. 
Bryant defeats the Confederates ; he 
loses 10 killed and 20 wounded ; they 
lose 20 killed and 40 wounded. 

Apr. 20. Mo. At Patterson Federal 
Col. Smart is defeated, losing 50 killed 
and wounded. 

La. Gen. Banks's expedition captures 

Opelousas, the gunboats take Butte- 
a-la-Rose at the same time. 

Apr. 22. Va. Near Strasburg Majors 
MeGee and White defeat the Confeder- 
ates, who lose five killed, nine wounded, 
and 25 prisoners. 

Apr. 24. W. Va. At Beverly the Fed- 
erals are defeated in a skirmish. 

Mo. Near St. Louis, on the Iron 

Mountain Railroad, the Confederates 
are defeated. 

Ala 

arede 

Apr. 25. TV. Va. At Greenland Gap 
the Federals lose 15 killed and 60 prison- 
ers ; the Confederates lose 100 killed and 
many prisoners. 

Apr. 26. Miss. Federals make a devas- 
tating raid on Deer Creek. 

Mo. The Confederates under Gen. 

Marmaduke attack the post at Cape 
Girardeau, on the Mississippi, and are 
driven away by the garrison. Gen. Mc- 
Neil loses six killed and six wounded : 
Gen. Marmaduke loses 40 killed and 
200 wounded. 



Apr. 27. Va. Three corps of Gen. 
Hooker's army, numbering 70,000 men, 
advance towards Chancellors ville to 
meet Gen. Lee. Gen. Sedgwick, with 
30,000 men, remains opposite the Con- 
federate army encamped at Fredericks- 
burg. 

Apr. 28. Ga. At Sand Mountain an 
engagement of cavalry occurs, in which 
the Confederates are 'defeated. 

Va. Gen. Hooker's army crosses the 

Rappahannock. [Apr. 30. It crosses 
the Rapidan. Four corps reach Chan- 
cellorsville.j 



UNITED STATES. 



1863, Mar.3-May6. 221 



Apr. 29. Miss. A naval battle is fought 
at Grand Gulf; Adm. Porter fails to 
silence the Confederate batteries. Fed- 
eral loss, 26 killed, 54 wounded ; Confed- 
erate loss unknown. 

Apr. 29.-May 3. Va. Great raid of 
Gen. Stoneman, with 10,000 Federal 
cavalrymen. He sweeps around the Con- 
federate army, cuts Lee's communica- 
tion, and tears up the Virginia Central 
Railroad. 

Federal loss, 150 killed, wounded, and 
missing; Confederate loss, 100 killed 
and wounded, and 500 prisoners. 

Apr. 30. Va. At Chancellorsville an 
artillery duel occurs. 



Miss. Gen. McClernand's force cros- 
ses the Mississippi at Bruinsburg; 
Gen. McPherson follows. 

May 1. Ky. At Monticello Gen. Car- 
ter defeats the Confederates under Col. 
Morrison. 

Ark. Wear La Grange the Federals, 

under Capt. De Huff, are defeated, losing 
41 killed, wounded, and missing. 

Miss. At Port Gibson Gen. Grant 

defeats 8,000 Confederates under Gen. 
J. S. Bowen ; Federal force, 19,000. 

Federal loss, 131 killed, 719 wounded, 
and 25 missing; Confederate loss, 1,150 
killed and wounded, and 500 prisoners. 

Tain. Wear Franklin Col. Campbell 

encounters Van Dorn's pickets ; the 
Confederates lose 30 killed and wounded, 
and 11 prisoners. 

Va. Near Suffolk, on the Nanse- 

mond River, Col. Nixon defeats the 
Confederates, losing 41 killed and 
wounded ; the Confederate loss is much 
greater. 

May 1-4. Va. Battle of Chancellors- 
ville: The 132,000 Federals under Gen. 
Hooker are led by Gens. Couch, Howard, 
Sedgwick, Reynolds, and Meade ; the 
65,000 Confederates under Gen. Lee are 
led by Gens. Jackson, A. P. Hill, and 
D. H. Hill. 

(May 1.) A part of the 5th corps engage 
the Confederate advance on the Fred- 
ericksburg road. 

(May 2.) Gen. "Stonewall" Jackson, 
with 26,000 men, by a detour gains the 
extreme right of the Army of the Poto- 
mac, and falls on it with great fury. 

Gen. Jackson is fatally wounded by 
the fire of his own troops while return- 
ing from beyond his lines, in the dusk of 
evening, he being mistaken for a Fed- 
eral. 

(May 3.) The struggle is resumed by 
Gen. Hooker without success, and a 
council of war favors a retreat, except 
Gens. Meade, Reynolds, and Howard, 
who favor an advance, 

(May 4.) The Federal army reerosses 
the Rappahannock in the night. 

Federal losses during four days, 1,606 
killed, 9,762 wounded, and 5,919 pris- 
oners: Gen. Lee loses 1,649 killed, 9,106 
wounded, and 1 ,708 prisoners and missing. 

May 2. La. Gen. Grierson'e raid is com- 
pleted. (See Apr. 17.) 

Miss. Gen. Grant being in their rear, 

the Confederates evacuate Grand Gulf. 



May 3. Va. At Warrenton Junction 
Col. De Forrest defeats Col. Mosby's 
guerrillas with heavy loss. 

Miss. At Haines's Bluff on the Mis- 
sissippi, the Confederates are defeated 
in a naval engagement, with the loss of 
SO killed and wounded. 

Fa. Gen. Longstreet retires with 

Confederate troops from the unsuccess- 
ful siege of Suffolk, on the Nansemond ; 
Gen. Peck commands the Federals. 

May 5. O. Gen. Burnside arrests C. L. 
Vallandigham at his residence for dis- 
loyal utterances. 

He is convicted by a military commis- 
sion [and confined in a United States 
fortress. The President .commutes the 
sentence by sending him within the 
Confederate lines]. 

May 6. Miss. At Tupelo Col. Corwyn 
defeats and puts to flight the Confeder- 
ates under Gen. Ruggles, who lose 90 
prisoners. 

Va. Gen. Hooker issues orders of 

congratulation to the Union army, "on 
the achievements of the past seven 
days." 

They are read with derisive comments 
by the public, in view of the ill success 
of the conflict. 

May 6-8. Miss. Gen. Sherman's force 
joins Gen. Grant in the rear of Vicks- 
hurg. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1863 Mar. 4. B.C. Congress establishes 
a National Academy of Sciences at 
Washington. 

It proposes to make examinations, in- 
vestigations, and experiments in the 
various branches of art and science, and 
to report its work for the benefit of the 
public ; the Government will pay the 
costs. 

Apr. 14. Pa. William Bullock of Pitts- 
burgh patents his web-perfecting 
press; it prints from a self -feeding 
continuous roll or web, and on both 
sides at one process. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

Mar. 4. King, Thomas Starr, Unit, cl., 

author, A 39. 
Mar. 6. Van Santvoord, George, lawyer, 

author, A44. 
Mar. 21. Sm 

U. S. A., A67 



Edwin Vose, maj.-gen. 



Mar. 28. Carleton, Henry, jurist of N. O., 

La., A80. 
Mar. 30. Duyokinck, Geo. Long, scholar, 

writer, A40. 
Apr. 7. Francis, Convers, Unit, cl., au., 

lecturer, A67. 
Apr. 18. Burns, Francis, M. E. missionary 

bp., A54. 
Apr. 22. Blake, William Rufus, comic ac- 
tor, A55. 
Apr. 23. Otey, James H., P. E. bishop of 

Tenn., A63. 
May 2. Berry. Hiram George, maj.-gen. 

of vols., killed at Chaneellorsville, A39. 
Cartwright, Samuel A., physician, A70. 



LETTERS. 

1863 Apr. * N~. T. The Long Island 

Historical Society is incorporated at 
Brooklyn. 
* * Boston College (Rom. Cath.) is or- 
ganized. 



SOCIETY. 

1863 Mar. 3. The demand of the United 
States Brewers' Association causes 
the Government to reduce the tax on 
beer from $1 to GO cents a barrel. 

Mar. 5. 0. The office of the Crisis at 
Columbus is wrecked by Federal sol- 
diers. 

Mar. * Utah. Seven Morrisites are con- 
victed of murder in the second degree, 
their leader and others having been 
killed in resisting the sheriff. 

Apr. 2. Va. A bread riot by women 
occurs at Richmond. 

Apr. 3. Pa. The Knights of the 
Golden Circle are arrested at Reading. 

Apr. 9. Boston. The Union Club is 
organized. 

Apr. * U. S. The deepest depression 
pervades the minds of the Northern 
people during the war. 

STATE. 

1863 Mar. 3. D.C. Congress author- 
izes the suspension of the writ of ha- 
beas corjnts throughout the entire United 
States on the order of the President ; 36 
Democrats desire to enroll their names 
on the journal of the House in protest ; 
their request is laid on the table. Vote, 
75-41. 

Congress authorizes postal receiving 
boxes to be established ; it organizes 
the Territory of Idaho — formerly a part 
of Washington, — and passes a resolu- 
tion against mediation as tending to pro- 
long the war. 

The President approves the act for the 
enrolling of all able-bodied citizens be- 
tween the ages of 20 and 45 years, and 
for calling out the National forces by 
drafting, without the intervention of 
State authorities. 

Mar. 4. B. C. Congress; Senate : Sol- 
omon Foot of Vt. is reelected President 
pro tempore. 
The 37th Congress ends. 

May 1. O. C. L. Vallandigh^ . a dis- 
tinguished Democrat, makes a speech at 
Mount Vernon, against " King Lincoln," 
and urges the people to hurl the tyrant 
from his throne. 

May 5. 0. C. L. Vallandigham, M. C. 
for O., is arrested at Dayton by Gen. 
Burnside for treasonable utterances. 

May5+. U. S. Great indignation is 
expressed by anti-war Democrats against 
"the overthrow of free institu- 
tions ' ' — by Abraham Lincoln. 

May 6. O. C. L. Vallandigham is sen- 
tenced by a military commission to 
suffer close confinement during the war. 
[He is taken to Fort "Warren, Mass.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863 Mar. 8. Ark. Work on the canal 

for passing Vicksburg is interrupted by 

the breaking of the levee by the river. 

Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling 

lands cotton, 72 to 74cents; premium 

on gold, 156£ to 156f. 



222 1863, May 7 -June 30. 

ARMY — NAVY. 

1863 May 7. Va. Gen. Lee con- 
gratulates hia army on the victory at 
Chancellorsville. 

Miss. Gen. Grant begins his ad- 
vance to strike a point between Jackson 
and Vicksbui'g. 

May 8. D.C. President Lincoln issues a 
proclamation for a military draft in July. 

Tenn. The Confederate Gen. Van 

Dorn is assassinated in a private quarrel. 

May 9. La. Gen. Banks's Expedition 
arrives at Alexandria, after restoring 
a very large territory to the Union. 

Va. The Confederate authorities, 

alarmed at Gen. Grant's movements, 
order Gen. Johnston to Mississippi 
as commander-in-chief, and give hiin 
30,000 troops. 

May 12. Miss. At Raymond Gen. Mc- 
Pherson defeats5,000 Confederates under 
Gen. Gregg. 

Federal loss, 66 killed and 339 wound- 
ed ; Confederate loss, 100 killed, 305 
wounded, and 415 prisoners. 

Ky. At Horseshoe Bend the Fed- 
erals lose 25 killed and wounded; Con- 
federate loss, 100 killed and wounded. 

May * A painful sense of the need of a 
great commander for the Army of the 
Potomac pervades the country and is 
often expressed. 

May 13. Miss. Gen. Joseph E. John- 
ston arrives at Jackson, and assumes 
command of the Confederate forces. 

Yazoo City is taken by Federal gun- 
boats. 

May. 14. Miss. At Jackson Gens. 
Sherman and McPherson,of Gen. Grant's 
advance, give battle to more than 8,000 
Confederates under Gen. Johnston, and 
take the city. 

Federal loss, 41 killed, 240 wounded and 
missing ; Confederate loss, 845. 

May 16. Miss. Battle of Champion 
Hills; Gen. Grant, with two corps of 
32,000 men under Gens. McClernand and 
'Icr Person, defeats about 25,000 Confed- 
erates under Gen. Pemberton, in the 
hardest fought battle of the campaign. 
Federal loss, 2,254 killed and wounded, 
187 missing ; Confederate loss, 3,624, in- 
cluding 2,195 prisoners. 

May 17. Miss. At Black River Gen. 
Grant defeats 4,000 Confederates under 
Gen. Pemberton, who retreats toward his 
defenses at Vicksburg. Federal loss, 39 
killed, 237 wounded, and three missing ; 
Confederate loss, 1,751 men and 18 guns. 

May 18. Miss. Gens. McClernand and 
McPherson are delayed in building a 
floating bridge across the Big Black 
River ; Gen. Pemberton is thereby en- 
abled to reach the defenses of Vicks- 
burg. 

The Confederates evacuate Haines's 
Bluff on the Yazoo above Vicksburg on 
the approach of Gens. McClernand and 
McPherson's corps of Gen. Grant's 
army. 

Mo. At Sherwood a Confederate 

force defeats the Federals in a skirmish; 



AMERICA 



Federal loss, 35 killed and wounded, and 
4 prisoners. 

May 18.-July4. Miss. Gen. Grant be- 
sieges Vicksburg [with an army that 
soon numbers 71,000 men] ; his commu- 
nications are open via the Yazoo Iiiver. 

May 19. Miss. Gen. Grant assaults 
the defenses of Vicksburg ; he is re- 
pulsed with terrible loss, but secures 
some advanced positions. 

May 22. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. 
Grant again orders an assault, and is 
repulsed with the loss of 3,000 men ; he 
concludes to establish a regular siege. 

iV. C. At Gum Swamp the Federals 

lose 67 killed and wounded ; the Confed- 
erates lose 202 killed, wounded, and 
prisoners. 

May 24. La. Gen. Banks's troops arrive 
at Port Hudson. 

Gen. John McA. Schofield relieves 

Gen. Curtis as commander of the Depart- 
ment of Missouri. 

May 25. La. At Port Hudson Gen. 
Banks is repulsed by the Confederates. 

Tenn. A cavalry escort conveys C. 

L. Vallandigham of O. within the Con- 
federate lines near Murfreesboro. 

May 27. La. Gen. Banks assaults Port 
Hudson, and is repulsed in a bloody 
struggle. 

The siege begins ; 14,000 Federals in- 
vest the works. The Confederates, under 
Maj.-Gen. Franklin K. Gardner, number 
about 7,000. 

Miss. Adm. Porter attacks Fort 

Hill, at Vicksburg, and loses the gun- 
boat Cincinnati by the plunging fire of 
Confederate guns. 

May 28. Boston. The 54th Regiment 
leaves for Port Royal ; it is the first 
colored regiment formed in the free 
States. 

jlfo. Wear Doniphan the Federals 

under Maj. Lippert are defeated, with a 
loss of 80 men. 

May 30. Miss. Gen. McClernand pub- 
lishes a congratulatory order to his 
troops [which is much criticised]. 

June 1. ///. Gen. Burnside suppresses 
the Chicago Times for one day. [Order 
revoked June 4.] 

June 3. S. C. Gen. Q. A. Gillmore 
relieves Gen. Hunter as commander of 
the Department of the South. 

Adm. Foote is ordered to relieve Adm. 
Dupont at Charleston. 

June 4. Tenn. At Triune the Confed- 
erates suffer a loss of 200 in killed and 
wounded. The Federal loss is much 
less. 

June 5±. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates 
his army at Culpeper ; he is preparing 
to invade the North. 

June 7. La. At MiUiken's Bend, 17 
miles north of Vicksburg, Gen. Thomas 
defeats 3,000 Confederates under Gen. 
McCulloch. Federal loss, 154 killed, 223 
wounded, and 115 missing; Confederate 
loss, 200 killed, 500 wounded and missing. 

June 8. Z>. C. The Departments of Mo- 
nongahela and Susquehanna are formed. 



Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. Grant 

reports the complete investment of the 
city, and a force of 30,000 extra troopB to 
" repel anything from the rear." 

June 9. Va. At Brandy Station an 
important cavalry fight occurs. 

Gen. Hooker sends Gen. Pleasonton's 
cavalry to discover a Confederate move- 
ment; it unexpectedly meets the Con- 
federate cavalry under Gen. Stuart. 

At Beverly Ford Gens. Buford and 
Gregg lose 380 men ; Confederate Gens. 
J. E. B. Stuart and Fitz-Hugh Lee lose 
750 men. 

June 10. S. C. At Morria Island the 
Federals win a victory. 

June 12. Ga. The Federals destroy 
Darien. 

Pa. Gov. Curtin calls out the militia 

of the State, and solicits troops from 
New York, to repel an anticipated inva- 
sion by Confederates. 

Va. Gen. Hooker falls back from 

the Rappahannock, in order to protect 
Washington against Gen. Lee's army, 
said to number 100,000 men. 

June 13, 14. La. Gen. Banks demands 
the surrender of Port Hudson; Gen. 
Gardner's refusal is followed by a grand 
assault, in which the Federals are re- 
pulsed at all points, but the siege con- 
tinues. Federal loss, 203 killed, 1,401 
wounded, and 201 missing. 

Va. The Confederates under Gen. 

Ewell invest "Winchester and demand 
its surrender ; Gen. Milroy refuses, 
fighting his way. escapes from Gen. 
Ewell with the loss of 3,000 men. Con- 
federate loss, 850. 

June 14. Md.—Pa. The Confederate 
cavalry invades the loyal States. 

Pa. Pittsburg is protected from 

anticipated Confederate attacks by 
earthworks. 

June 15. D. C. President Lincoln an- 
nounces by proclamation the Confeder- 
ate invasion of the North, and calls upon 
the governors of the threatened States 
for 100,000 militia for immediate 
service. 

Pa. Chambersburg is raided by the 

Confederate cavalry. 

Va. At "Winchester Gen. Milroy, 

commanding 7,000 men, is defeated by 
the Confederates under Gen. Ewell; 
Federal loss, 3,000; Confederate loss, 
850. 

June 16. Ind. Confederates under Capt. 
Hines cross over from Kentucky, at Flint 
Rock, sack Leavenworth and other 
towns, and recross the Ohio River. 

Ky. In Fleming county a Federal 

force defeats a force of Confederates ; 
Federal loss, 45 killed and wounded. 

June 17. Ga. Capt. John Rodgers with 
the Weekaicken, and Commander John 
l>ownes with the Xahant, capture the 
Confederate iron-clad Atlanta in "War- 
saw Sound. 

June 18. Miss. Gen. McClernand is 
relieved of the command of the 13th 
corps by Gen. Grant. 

Va. At Aldie the Federal cavalry 

under Gen. Pleasonton attacks the Con- 



UNITED STATES. 



1863, May 7- June 30. 223 



federate cavalry under Gen. Stuart ; 
the Federals lose 50 killed and wounded ; 
tlie Confederates, 100 killed and wounded, 
besides 112 prisoners. 

June 21. Va. Wear Middleburg Gen. 
Pleasonton defeats a body of Confed- 
erates in a cavalry battle; they lose 
100 killed and wounded, besides SO 
prisoners. 

June 22. La. At Brashear City Col. 
J. P. Major of Gen. Taylor's command, 
with a force of cavalry, successfully at- 
tacks the Federal force in the rear, and 
captures the place. [July 22 it is retaken 
by Gen. Banks.] 

Pa. Gen. Lee's advance enters 

Chambersburg, only a few miles from 
Harrisburg ; business is paralyzed in 
Philadelphia. 

C. L. VaUandigham, having escaped 

from the Confederate States, arrives at 
Bermuda on a blockade-runner. 

June 23. Va. At South Anna Col. Spear 
defeats the Confederates, and captures 
110 prisoners, Gen. W. F. Lee, the com- 
mander, being among the number. 

June 24. La. At Berwick Bay Gen. 
Taylor, with a force numbering 3,000 to 
5,000 Confederates, captures the post 
with several hundred convalescent Fed- 
erals and valuable stores. 

Tenn. At Hoover's Gap the Con- 
federates are beaten by Gen. Rosecrans's 
army, losing many killed and wounded ; 
Federal loss, 45 killed and wounded. 

June24.-July3. Tenn. Gen. Rosecrans 
begins his advance southward ; by a 
series of flank movements he crowds 
Gen. Bragg's army out of Tennessee 
into Georgia ; Federal loss, 560. 

June 25. Miss. At Vicksburg Gen. 
Grant fires a mine on the Jackson road. 

! Va. Gen. Lee, with about 80,000 

men, crosses the Potomac at Harper's 
Ferry, for the invasion of Pennsyl- 
vania, 

Tenn. At Liberty Gap Gen. Willich 

defeats the Confederates, who suffer a 
heavy loss ; he loses 90 killed and 100 
wounded. 

June 26. Va. The Federal army under 
Gen. Hooker crosses the Potomac in 
pursuit of Gen. Lee. 

Tenn. At Shelbyville Gen. Rose- 
crans defeats Gen. Bragg ; Federal loss, 
85 killed, 463 wounded, and 13 missing ; 
Confederate loss, 1,634, including many 
prisoners. 

June 27. Ky. Gen. John Morgan, the 
guerrilla chief, starts on his great raid 
across the Ohio with 3,500 men. [He 
raids Kentucky, Indiana, and Ohio, fight- 
ing and fleeing before his pursuers.] 

La. At Donaldsonville a naval ac- 
tion occurs ; the Confederates lose 64 
killed, 16 wounded, and 120 prisoners. 

Pa. Gen. Hooker is relieved, by his 

own request, of the command of the 
Army of the Potomac, and Maj,-Gen. 
George Gordon Meade is appointed 
his successor. 

Gen. Lee's army encamps near 
Chambersburg — its first encampment 
on free soil. 



The Confederate advance occupies 
Kingston, and threatens Harrisburg, 
only 13 miles distant. 

June 28. Md. The bridge over the Sus- 
quehanna is burned by the Confederates. 

La. At Donaldsonville Gen. Taylor 

assaults the Federal garrison under Maj. 
J. D. Bullen in their intrenchments ; 
225 men, aided by the gunboats, repulse 
ten times their number. 

Pa. At Chambersburg Gens. Long- 
street and Hill concentrate their corps ; 
Gen. Ewell, with two divisions, is at 
Carlisle, and Gen. Early's division occu- 
pies York ; a Confederate cavalry force 
advances within four miles of Har- 
risburg. 

The main Confederate army begins to 
move toward Gettysburg; Ewell ad- 
vances from Carlisle, and Longstreet and 
Hill from Chambersburg. 

June 29. Md. Gen. Meade moves the 
Federal army northward, stretching 
across 30 miles of country with his front 
line. 

Me. The Revenue cutter Caleb Gush- 
ing is captured at Portland by the Con- 
federate privateer Archer; which then 
puts to sea, is pursued, and taken, the 
officers having, however, destroyed their 
prize before being themselves seized, 
with the crew. 

June 30. Md. Gen. Schenck puts the 
"West Shore counties, including Bal- 
timore, under martial law. He makes 
many arrests of suspected sympathizers 
of secession, and suspends the Maryland 
Club and other organizations. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1863. 

May 8. Van Dorn, Earl, Confed. maj. -gen., 
A40. 

May 10. Jackson. Thomas Jonathan. 
TJ. S. A., Confed. lieut.-gen. ( " Stonewall " 
Jackson), puritan-like In piety, courage, 
and daring; mortally wounded at Chani-el- 
lorsville, A 39. 

June. 26. Foote, Andrew Hull, rear- 
adm., A57. 

CHURCH. 
1863 June 10. Phila. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 
1863 * * Cal. The Mercantile Library 
Association Library is founded at San 
Francisco. [62,000 vols.] 

* * Ky. The Commercial is issued at 
Louisville. 

* * La. The Times-Democrat is issued at 
New Orleans. 

* * Me. Bates CoUege (Freewill Bapt.) 
is organized at Lewiston. 

* * Mich. Grand Traverse College 
(Cong.) is organized at Benzonia. 

SOCIETY. 
1863 May 15. Ind. The office of the 
Jeffersonian at Richmond is wrecked 
by Federal soldiers. 

STATE. 
1863 May 11. 0. C. L. Vallandig- 

ham's application for a writ of habeas 



corpus is brought before the U. S. Cir- 
cuit Court at Cincinnati. [The motion 
is denied by the Court.] 

May 18. New York. Agreat Democratic 
convention is held to express sympa- 
thy with C. L.Vallandigham, who is im- 
prisoned for disloyalty. 

June 1. Phila. A Democratic conven- 
tion is held to express sympathy for C. 
L. VaUandigham. 

June 3. New York. A peace-party 
meeting is held under the leadership of 
Fernando "Wood. 

It recommends a suspension of hostil- 
ities, and that two conventions of States, 
Union and Confederate, be held, which 
shall finally determine on what terms 
the South shall be reconciled. 

June 11. 0. The Democratic State Con- 
vention nominates C. L. VaUandig- 
ham, lately a prisoner of State, for gov- 
ernor. 

June 12. D. C. President Lincoln de- 
fends himself against anti-war critics in 
a powerful letter to Albany Demo- 
crats, a document which stirs the heart 
of the Nation. 

June 14. The consuls of England and 
Austria are dismissed from the Confed- 
eracy. 

June 15. D. C. President Lincoln 
issues a proclamation calling for 100,- 
000 volunteers for six months, to repel 
the Confederate invasion of Pennsyl- 
vania. 

June 20. W. Va. The loyal counties 
of western Virginia having separated 
and formed a new State,West Virginia 
is proclaimed to be admitted into the 
Union as the 35th State. 

June 29. D. C. The President replies to 
the Ohio Committee, who urge the 
release of C. L. VaUandigham, their can- 
didate for governor. (See Army, May 4.) 
He consents on condition that they in- 
dividually subscribe to three proposi- 
tions: " 1st, that there is now a rebellion 
in the United States, the object and 
tendency of which are to destroy the 
National Union, and that in your opin- 
ion an Army and Navy are constitutional 
means for suppressing that rebellion. 
2d, that no one of you will do that which, 
in his own judgment, will tend to hinder 
the increase, or favor the decrease, or 
lessen the efficiency, of the Army and 
Navy while engaged in the effort to sup- 
press the rebellion. 3d, that each of you 
will, in his sphere, do all he can to have 
the officers, soldiers, and seamen of the 
Army and Navy, while engaged in the 
effort to suppress the rebellion, paid, 
fed, clad, and otherwise provided for 
and supported." [They do not sub- 
scribe.] 

June 30. Statistics for 1863. Revenue : 
Customs, $569,059,642; internal revenue, 

$37,<U0.7S3 ; direct tax, £1,485,104; sales 
of lands, $167,617 ; premium on loans 
and sales of gold coin, .$(102,345 ; miscel- 
laneous items, ^3,741,794: total, $112,- 
697,291. 

Expenditures: Civil and miscella- 
neous items, $23,256,965; War Depart- 
ment, §599,298,601 ; Navy Department, 
$63,221,964 ; Indians, $3,154,357 ; 7,884 
pensions, $1,(173,992 ; interest, $24,729,- 
847; total. $714,740,725. Excess of ex- 
penditures, $(in2,i 143,434. Public debt, 
§1,119,772,138. Exports, $203,964,447; im- 
ports, §243,335,815. 



224 1863, June 30- July 24. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1863 June 30. Pa. The two opposing 

armies march toward Gettysburg. 
Tenn. Gen. Rosecrans establishes 

his army at Chattahoochee, on the left 

bank of the Tennessee River. 

June* S. C. Col. Montgomery makes an 
unimportant raid up the Cambahee 
River. 

July 1. Pa. At Carlisle a cavalry battle 
is fougbt — the Federals under Gen. Iv.il- 
patrick, the Confederates under Gen. 
Stuart. 

July 1-3. Pa. Battle of Gettysburg ; 
the turning-point of the war. A Fed- 
eral victory compels the Confederates to 
retreat to Virginia, but without a vigor- 
ous pursuit. 

Gen. Meade commands 92,000 to 94- 
000 Federals, having 300 guns; Gen. 
Lee commands 78,000 Confederates, 
having 250 guns. 

Federal corps commanders, Gens. 
Reynolds, Hancock, Hays, Sickles, Sykes, 
Sedgwick, Howard, Slocum, and Pleas- 
onton. Confederate commanders, 
Lieut.-Gens., Longstreet, Ewell, and A. 
P. Hill. Division commanders, Gens. 
McLaws, Pickett, Hood, Early, Johnson, 
Rodes, Anderson, Heth, Pender, Wilcox, 
and Stuart. 

Federal loss, 3,072 killed, 14,497 wound- 
ed, and 5,434 missing ; total, 23,033. Con- 
federate loss, 2,592 killed, 12,706 wounded, 
and 5,150 missing ; total, 20,451. 

(July 1.) The Confederates drive the 
Federals back to the high ground south 
of Gettysburg ; Gen. John F. Reynolds 
is killed. Gen. Lee arrives in the after- 
noon. The Federal army takes a new 
position during the night. 

(July 2.) Gen. Meade arrives on the bat- 
tle-field and wins a partial victory. Both 
armies struggle desperately for the pos- 
session of Little Round Top Hill and 
Cemetery Ridge ; the Federals retain 
possession of both, when the firing ceases 
at 10 o'clock at night ; both armies are 
in essentially the same positions they 
occupied in the morning, but with the 
field strewn with dead and wounded. 

(July 3.) The entire forenoon is spent in 
preparing for the final struggle. From 
12 m. until 2 p.m. occurs the fiercest can- 
nonading ever known on this continent ; 
then the firing ceases, and the Confed- 
erate line charges on the Federal center, 
meeting with a bloody repulse — upon 
which Gen. Lee desists from further at- 
tack, while Gen. Meade is not in condi- 
tion to assume the offensive ; Gen. Lee 
retreats. 

July 1. Miss. AtVicksburg Gen. Grant 
fires a mine, destroying a Confederate 
redan, and disabling about 26 men. 

Pa. Gen. Alfred Pleasonton, in 

command of the cavalry division of Gen. 
Meade's army, takes post at Gettys- 
burg, in advance of the Confederates. 

Ya. At Hanover Junction Federals 

in a cavalry tight lose 12 killed and 43 
wounded ; the Confederates lose75 killed 
and wounded, and 60 prisoners. 



July 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan, 
raiding northward, crosses the Cum- 
berland River at Burkesville. 

Pa. Gen. Stuart's cavalry rejoins 

Gen. Lee's army, after having made 
another circuit of the Federal army. 

July 4. Ark. At Helena Lieut.-Gen. 
Holmes, with about 9,000 Confederates, 
attacks about 4,000 Federals under Gen. 
B. M. Prentiss, and is severely repulsed. 
Federal loss, S50 killed and wounded, 
with 30 or 40 missing ; Confederate loss, 
500 killed and wounded, and 1,000 pris- 
oners. 

Ky. At Green River Bridge Col. 

O. H. Moore repulses an attack of Gen. 
Morgan's Confederate cavalry. Federal 
loss, six killed and 23 wounded ; Confed- 
erate loss, 50 killed and 200 wounded. 

+ Md.—Pa. Gen. Lee retreats from 

Pennsylvania .without disorder to the 
Potomac. 

Miss. Gen. Pemberton surrenders 

Vicksburg to Gen. Grant, after a siege 
of six weeks and the exhaustion of his 
supplies. 

Federal loss, over 245 killed, 3,6SS 
wounded, ami 3n;> prisi >ner.s ; Confederate 
loss, 9,000 killed and wounded, 29,491 
prisoners, 172 cannon, and about 60,000 
muskets, besides a large amount of am- 
munition. 

Va. At Monterey Gap the Confeder- 
ates lose 200 wounded and 1,700 pris- 
oners ; number of killed unknown. 

July 5. Can. C. L. Vallandigham, 
the exiled citizen, arrives at Nova Scotia. 

Ky. At Lebanon Gen. Morgan's 

command captures 400 Federals, and 
burns the greater part of the town. 

Miss. At Bolton Gen. Sherman cap- 
tures the rear guard of Gen. Johnston's 
army, taking 400 prisoners. 

July 6. S. C. Adm. Dahlgren succeeds 
Adm. Foote at Charleston. 

July 7. Ala. Federal Gen. Rosecrans 
forces Gen. Bragg's army across the 
Tennessee River at Bridgeport. 

Va. W. FJ. Jones's raid is arrested 

by Federal Gen. Hunter at Staunton ; 
the Confederates lose 648 prisoners and 
three guns ; their commander is killed. 

July 9. Ind. Gen. Morgan's cavalry, 
4,000 strong, cross the Ohio River at 
Brandenburg, 40 miles below Louisville, 
and raid the country. 

La. Fall of Port Hudson; having 

learned of the fall of Vicksburg, Gen. 
Gardner, in command of the Confeder- 
ates at Port Hudson, unconditionally 
surrenders to Gen. Banks about 6,000 
men, besides 500 in the hospitals and 51 
guns. (See May 27.) 

The entire length of the Mississippi 
River is now opened to the Federals. 

Miss. Gen. Sherman, commanding 

three corps of Gen. Grant's army, arrives 
at Jackson in pursuit of Gen. Johns- 
ton. 

S. C. Gen. Gillmore surprises the 

Confederates on Morris Island, near 
Charleston, and takes three-fourths of 
the island. 



July 9-16. MUb. At Jackson Gen. 
Sherman besieges Gen. Johnston. 

July 10. Ky. Martial law is proclaimed 
at LouisviUe. 

Va. On the Antietam battle-field a 

cavalry engagement is fought. 

July 11. New York. The conscription 
to fill up the army begins. 

Ind. At Vernon the Home Guards 

make a show of resistance, and Gen. 
Morgan, with 3,000 or 4,000 men, passes 
the city toward Ohio, tearing up rail- 
roads and burning bridges as he ad- 
vances. 

S. C. Gen. George C. Strong's 

Federal brigade fails in an assault on 
Fort "Wagner, suffering only a slight 
loss. 

July 12. Ind. At Verlage Morgan's 
guerrillas encounter Col. Lowe, with 
12,000 militia; Morgan retreats before 
an uprising of the citizens. 

ftfiss. At Rienzi, near Jackson, Col. 

Hatch loses 13 killed and wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 175 killed and wounded, 
and 400 conscripts released. 

At Jackson Gen. Lauman attacks the 
Confederate works, and loses 300 killed 
and wounded. 

■ O. Cincinnati is proclaimed under 

martial law. 

July 13. La. At Donaldson ville a 
Confederate force defeats the Federals ; 
Federal loss, 450 killed and wounded. 

Md. Gen. Lee's army recrosses the 

Potomac at Williamsport, during the 
night. 

Miss. The Federals take Yazoo 

City, capturing300 prisoners and 6 guns. 

Tenn. At Jackson a Federal caval ry 

force defeats the Confederate cavalry. 
Federal loss, 13 killed and wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 175 killed and wounded. 

July 13+. 0. Morgan's raiders leave 
Indiana, enter Ohio at Harrison, and 
threaten Cincinnati. 

July 14. Va. At Falling Waters Gen. 
Kilpatrick's cavalry attacks and defeats 
the retreating Confederates of Gen. Lee's 
army. Federal loss, 29 killed and 36 
wounded ; Confederate loss, 130 killed 
and wounded, besides a brigade, 1,300 
strong, taken prisoners. 

July 16. La. The steamboat Imperial, 
the first to descend the river without 
being molested on the trip, arrives at 
New Orleans with a commercial cargo. 

Miss. Gen. Johnston evacuates 

Jackson, after a siege of seven days. 
[July 17. Gen. Sherman's army enters 
the city.] Federal loss, 1,000 killed, 
wounded, and missing; Confederate 
loss, 300 killed. 

S. C. At James Island the Confed- 
erate assault on Gen. Alfred H. Terry's 
division is repulsed with the aid of the 
gunboats. 

JV. Va. At Sheppardstown the Con- 
federates gain advantage over a Federal 
force in a sharp engagement ; Federal 
loss 150; Confederate loss. 75. 



UNITED STATES. 



1863, June 30 -July 24. 225 



July 17. Ind. Ter. At Elk's Spring 
(Elk Creek) Gen. Blunt defeats tlie Con- 
federates under Gen. Cooper. Federal 
loss, 10 killed and 25 wounded ; Confed- 
erate loss, 400 killed and wounded, and 
60 prisoners. 

July 18. Ind. Ter. At Honey Springs 
Gen. Blunt loses nine killed and 50 
wounded ; Confederate loss, 50 killed, 
75 wounded, and 65 prisoners. 

S. C. Gen. Gillmore begins tlie siege 

of Fort Sumter, and assaults Fort 
"Wagner. 

After a bombardment by Adm. Dalil- 
gren's fleet for several hours, the assault 
is made under the immediate command 
of Gen. T. Seymour, and is repulsed by 
Gen. L. M. Keitt, but the siege contin- 
ues; Federal loss, 1,500; Confederate 
loss, 174. 

Va. At Wytheville Cols. Tolland 

and Powell destroy the Virginia and 
Tennessee Railroad. Federal loss, 65 
killed and wounded; Confederate loss, 
75 killed and 150 wounded. 

July 19. O. Gen. Morgan attempts to 
cross the Ohio near Parkersburg, but 
is prevented by Federal gunboats and a 
force of cavalry ; he abandons his guns, 

. wagons, and prisoners, to facilitate his 
escape from bis pursuers. 

July 20. 0. Near BufEngton Island, 
the principal part of Gen. Morgan's 
raiders are captured ; only 500 escape 
with the leader. 

July 23. Va. At Manassas Gap the 
Federals lose 30 killed and 80 wounded ; 
the defeated Confederates lose 300 killed 
and wounded, besides 60 prisoners. 



LETTERS. 
1S63 * * Faith Gartney , s Girlhood, by 

A. D. T. Whitney, appears. 
* * Hannah Thurston, by Bayard Taylor, 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

July 1. Reynolds, John Fulton, maj.- 

gen. of vols., killeil at (iettjshurg, A43. 
July 2. Weed, Stephen H. , brig.-gen. , 

U.S. vols., killed at Gettysburg, A29. 
July 3. Armistead, Lewis A., Confed. brig.- 
gen., killed at Gettysburg, A46. 
Garnett, Richard 13., Confed. brig.-gen., 

Killed at Gettysburg, A 44. 
July 6. Kenrick, Francis Patrick, R. C. 

archbishop of Baltimore, A66. 
July 10. Moore, Clement C, writer, A84. 
July IS. Read, Abner, com. U. S. N., A42. 
July 15. Hale, Benjamin, Cong, cl., prof. 

at Dartmouth, AGS. 
July 17. Allen, David O., Cong, missionary, 

A63. 
July 18. Pender, William D., Confed. maj.- 

gen., dies. 
Shaw, Robert Gould, col. U. S. vols., 

killed at Fort Wagner, A26. 
July 21. McCook, Daniel, maj. V. S. A., 

A65. 
July 24. Hildreth, Samuel P., historian, 

physicist, A80. 



CHURCH. 

1863 July * U. S. Thanksgiving Day 
is appointed. 

After the great deliverance from 
Confederate invasion at Gettysburg, 
President Lincoln, by proclamation, 
calls upon the people to give thanks, 
because " it has pleased Almighty God 
to hearken to the supplications and 
prayers of an afflicted people, and. to 
vouchsafe signal and effective victo- 
ries ; " and he asks the people " to ren- 
der homage to the Divine Majesty, and 
to invoke the influence of His Holy Spirit, 
to subdue the anger which has produced 
and so long sustained a needless and 
cruel rebellion," 



■ * New York. Manhattan College is 
incorporated. 

* N. Y. The Normal School at Os- 
wego is established. 

' * O. Wilberforce University (Afri- 
can Meth. Epis.) is organized. 

: * PTiila. La Salle College (Rom. Cath.) 
is organized. 

■ * R. I. The Evening Bulletin is issued 
at Providence. 

: * Christian Recorder is established by 
the African Methodist Episcopal 
Church. 

* * The Amber Gods, by H. E. Spofford, 
appears. 

* * Excursions in Field and Forest, by 
Thoreau, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863 July 11. New York. The drafting 
of soldiers begins and proceeds quietly. 

July 13-17. New York is in the hands 
of an anti-draft mob. 

(July 13.) A great mob attacks and 
fires the Colored Orphan Asylum at 
Fifth Avenue and Forty-fourth Street, 
sheltering several hundred orphans. 

The Tribune office is dismantled, but 
the mob is driven away by the police. 

Col. H. T. O'Brien is brutally mur- 
dered by the mob, who dance on his 
corpse. 

(July 13.) Gov. Seymour addresses the 
mob in conciliatory terms, and recites 
his efforts to secure a suspension of the 
draft. 

(July 14.) Sunday: Gov. Seymour issues 
two proclamations, calling on the people 
to retire to their homes, and declaring 
the penalties against insurrectionists. 
Secret meetings are held in opposition 
to the draft. 

(July 15.) The draft commissioners 
are attacked by a mob at Forty-third 
Street and Third Avenue, and the build- 
ing is fired. 

The mob is especially infuriated by 
the provision which permits drafted 
men to avoid service by the payment 
of $300. 

(July 16.) Archbishop Hughes issues 
an address " to the men of New York, 
who are called in many papers rioters," 
inviting them to meet him for counsel. 

Arrayed in canonical attire, he ad- 
dresses several thousand people in front 
of his residence, and begs them to be 
quiet in the name of Ireland. 

(July 17.) A few soldiers fire on the 
mob in Third Avenue at Twenty-first 
Street, killing 13 and wounding 18, and 
taking a score or more prisoners. [Sol- 
diers returned from the front restore 
the peace of the city, after $2,000,000 of 
property and 1,000 lives have been de- 
stroyed.] 



July 14. Boston. A mob of non-Union- 
ists attempts to break into the armory 
of the 11th Battery ; many are shot and 
killed in the firing which ensues. 

July 15. Draft riots occur in Boston, 
Brooklyn, Jersey City, Staten Island, 
and other places. 

STATE. 

1863 June* B.C. The President or- 
ders a draft of 300,000 men, between 
the ages of 20 and 45 years. [Only about 
50,000 are so obtained after many weeks, 
but volunteering is quickened, and many 
substitutes are provided.] 

Julyl. Mo. The State Convention adopts 
an ordinance by which slavery shall 
cease after July 4, 1870. 

Tenn. A Union Convention meets 

at Nashville under the call of W. C. 
Brownlow, Horace Maynard, and 13 
others ; 40 counties are represented. 

July 4. A T . H. Ex-President Franklin 
Pierce makes an anti-war speech at 
Concord v^hleh, attracts national atten- 
tion. 

Va. Alexander H. Stephens, "Vice- 
President of the Confederacy, makes 
known his desire, as a representative of 
Jefferson Davis, to communicate per- 
sonally with Abraham Lincoln. [Presi- 
dent Lincoln declines the interview, 
preferring customary agents and chan- 
nels of communication.] 

July 5. X>. C. President Lincoln publicly 
announces the triumph at Gettysburg, 
adding: "The President especially de- 
sires on this day, that He whose will, 
not ours, should ever be done, be every- 
where remembered and reverenced with 
the profoundest gratitude." 

July 13. New York. The great Anti- 
Draft Riot begins. 

A mob, encouraged by a portion of the 
press and certain politicians, demolishes 
the headquarters of the provost mar- 
shals, resists the police, burns an orphan 
asylum for colored children, and kills 
about 1,000 people, the majority being 
negroes. (See Society.) 

July 14. New York. The mob defies 
the city authorities; Gov. Seymour 
promises the rioters that the draft shall 
be suspended, and threatens the penal- 
ties for insurrection, but without effect. 

July 15. Va. Jefferson Davis issues 
his first conscription proclamation, 
which calls into the Confederate ser- 
vice all white men between 18 and 45 
years of age. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863 June * Southern States. The 
Confederate dollar is worth 8 cents. 

June * Tenn. Pauline Cushman is sen- 
tenced to be hanged as a Union spy, but 
is left behind by Gen. Bragg in his re- 
treat from Shelbyville, and rescued by 
Federal troops. 

July 1. New York. Price of middling 
upland cotton, 73 to 74 cents; premium 
on gold, 144i to 144f . 

July 4. Pa. An indescribable feeling 
of relief in the North follows the battle 
of Gettysburg. 



226 1863, July 24-Nov. 3. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1863 July 25. New Tor);. Many regi- 
ments from the seat of war encamp in 
the public squares to assist in enfor- 
cing the draft. 

July 26. O. Near New Lisbon CoL 
Shackleford captures the Confederate 
guerrilla Gen. Morgan, and the rem- 
nant of his command, about 400 cavalry, 
— while he is trying to escape south of 
the Ohio River. 

July 28. New York. The supervisors 
appropriate $2,000,000 for the relief of 
drafted men. 

July 30. D. C. President Lincoln issues 
a proclamation announcing retaliation 
for outrages perpetrated upon negro 
soldiers. 



July ±* JT. Va. Col. John Tollard makes 
a raid into Virginia, and is killed ; sev- 
eral days afterward his command returns 
to Kanawha, having lost 82 men and 300 
horses. 

Aug. 1. Va. At Kelley's Ford the 
Confederates are defeated in a cavalry 
fight. 

Aug. 3. Ey. Gen. Burnside declares 
the State under martial law. 

Aug. 7- Dak. An Indian battle is 
fought on the Upper Missouri ; the 
troops lose four killed and six wounded j 
Indian loss, 150 killed and wounded. 

Aug. 8. Va. Gen. KobertE. Lee offers 
his resignation to Jefferson Davis, but ho 
refuses to accept it. 

Aug. 15. Mo. At Painesville the Con- 
federates lose 65 killed and wounded. 

yew York. The Common Council 

votes $3,000,000 for the purchase of sub- 
stitutes for conscripts. 

Aug. 16. Ky. Gen. Burnside with the 
9th corps leaves Camp Kelson for the 
relief of East Tennessee and to co- 
operate with Gen. Bosecrans, 

Tenn. The Army of the Cumber- 
land, 55,000 strong, under Gen. Rose- 
crans, begins its advance southward. 

Aug. 17-24. S. C. Gen. Gillmore fiercely 
bombards Fort Sumter, in concert 
with Adm. Dahlgren's fleet, until the 
fort is practically demolished. 

Aug. 21. Ey. Gen. Burnside's concen- 
trated force leaves Crab Orchard for 
East Tennessee. 

S. C. Charleston ia fired upon 

by the Federals from Marsh Battery, 
five miles distant, by the gun ** Swamp 
Angel," after 14 hours notification. 
[Aug. 22, Gen. Beauregard protests 
against the shelling of the city, charac- 
terizing the " Greek fire " used as a vil- 
lainous compound.] 

Aug. 22. Ark. At Pocahontas the Fed- 
erals capture Gen. Jeff. C. Thompson and 
hiB staff, with about 100 men. 

Aug. 24. S. C. The great Parrott gun 
"Swamp Angel" bursts while bom- 
barding Charleston. 

Aug. 25. Kan. Quantrell, the Con- 
federate guerrilla, with a company of 
desperate followers, makes a raid upon 
Lawrence; they sack the town, burn 
a large number of dwellings and other 
buildings, and massacre 143 of the in- 
habitants. 



Aug. 25-30. W. Va. Gen. Averell 
makes a raid into West Virginia, de- 
stroys saltpeter works, menaces Staun- 
ton, and returns to Tygart's Valley, los- 
ing 207 men ; Confederates lose 156 men. 

Aug. 26. Ky. Gen. Burnside's force 
crosses the State line into Tennessee. 

Aug. 28. Va. At Warm Springs the 
Federals capture 200 prisoners. 

Aug. 29. Ttnn. Gen. Rosecrans, com- 
manding the Army of the Cumberland, 
begins to cross to the south of the Ten- 
nessee River, at Bridgeport, Caperton 
Ferry, Shell Mound, and the mouth of 
Battle Creek [he presses the pursuit of 
the Confederates under Gen. Bragg]. 

Sept. 1. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches 
Kingston; the Confederates under 
Gen. Buckner evacuate Knoxville and 
Kingston. 

Sept. 3-5. Dak. Ter. At "White Stone 
Hill the Federal force engages in a 
bloody fight with the Indians ; Federal 
loss, 20 killed and 38 wounded ; Indian 
loss, 300 killed, 300 prisoners. 

Sept. 4. Tenn. Gen. Burnside reaches 
Knoxville; he is welcomed by the 
people as a deliverer. 

Sept. 5. S. C. The army and navy unite 
in a tremendous bombardment of Fort 
"Wagner in Charleston harbor. 

Sept. 7. S. C. Before daylight the Con- 
federates evacuate Fort "Wagner and 
Battery Gregg after a long siege by 
Gen. Gillmore and Adm. Dahlgren ; 70 
prisoners and 25 guns are captured. 

Tex. A Federal expedition under 

Gen. Banks, to restore the flag in 
Texas, arrives at Sabine Pass ; Gen. 
"W. B. Franklin is in immediate com- 
mand of 4,000 troops. 

Sept. 7-8. Tenn. Gen. Bragg makes 
a stand against the approach of Gen. 
Bosecrans, fronting the east slope of 
Lookout Mountain, with 35,000 men, be- 
sides his cavalry. 

Sept. 8. S. C. Com. T. H. Stevens, of 
Adm. Dahlgren's squadron, makes an 
attack upon Fort Sumter; he meets 
with a decisive repulse, losing 114 men. 

Tex. At Sabine Pass Gen. Franklin 

attacks the Confederate fort with the 
gunboats Clifton and Sachem, which are 
captured by the Confederates, and the 
expedition retires. 

Sept. 9. Tenn. Gen. Bosecrans occupies 
strategic positions in the mountains of 
Chattanooga, after the forced retreat 
of Confederates under Gen. Bragg. 

At Tilford the Federals are defeated 
and lose 300 prisoners. 

The corps of Gen. Crittenden enters 
Chattanooga. 

Va. At Cumberland Gap Gen. 

Burnside defeats Gen. Frazier, who 
evacuates the place, losing 2,000 prison- 
ers and large army stores. 

Sept. 10. Ark. Gen. Steele captures 
Little Rock, the capital city, and re- 
establishes the national authority. 

Tenn. Wear Stevens's Gap Con- 
federates under Gen. T. C. Hindman 
open tire on Gen. Thomas's advance. 



Sept. 11. S. C The Federals take one- 
half of James Island, in Charleston 
harbor. 

Sept. 13. Va. At Culpeper Court House 
a cavalry engagement takes place. 

Sept. 18. Tenn. Part of Gen. Long- 
street's command arrives from Virginia 
and reenforces Gen. Bragg. 

Sept. 19-20. Oa. Battle of Chicka- 
mauga; Gen. Bragg defeats the Ft-d- 
erals under Gen. Bosecrans. " A victory 
which proves the ruination of the Con- 
federacy." (Lieut.-Gen. D. H. Hill.) 

Federal Gens. Crittenden, Thomas, and 
McCook have 56.965 men : the Confed- 
erate generals, I'ulk and Longstreet, have 
71,551 men. Losses : Federals. 1,656 
killed, 9,749 wounded, 4,774 prisoners, 
and 36 guns, total 10.179 : Confederates. 
2,263 killed, 13,613 wounded, and 1,090 
missing, total 16,971. 

(Sept. 19.) Both armies claim success, 
and exult in the victory of this day. 

(Sept. 20.) Gen. Bragg, having been re- 
enforced during the night, attempts to 
overwhelm the Federal army. The 
right wing under Bosecrans, Critten- 
den, and McCook is swept pell-mell into 
Chattanooga, but the left wing of 20,000 
men, under Gen. Thomas, resists as- 
sault after assault by Gen. Bragg*s entire 
army till evening; then Gen. Thomas 
withdraws to Eossville. 

Sept. 21. Tenn. Gen. Bragg begins the 
siege of Chattanooga, 

Va. At Madison Court House the 

Federal cavalry defeats the Confeder- 
ates. 

Sept. 23. Va. Maj.-Gen. Hooker, with 
the 11th and 12th corps, is ordered South 
to reenf orce Gen. Bosecrans. 

Sept. 24. Va. The Government declares 
the port of Alexandria is open to trade. 

Sept. 28. Gens. McDowell, McCook, and 
Crittenden are relieved of their com- 
mands, and ordered to Indianapolis for 
inquiry into their conduct at Chicka- 
mauga. 

Oct. 2. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's corps 
reaches Memphis on its way to reeu- 
force Gen. Grant at Chattanooga [he 
advances across the country 400 miles]. 

Oct. 5. Tenn. Gen. Bragg, on Lookout 
Mountain, bombards Chattanooga. 

Oct. 7. Eng. The British Government 
seizes the Confederate rams in the ship- 
yards on the Mersey, and prevents their 
departure. 

Oct. 8. Tenn. At Farcnington Gen. 
McCook loses 29 killed and 150 wounded ; 
Confederate loss is 125 killed and 
wounded, and 300 prisoners. 

Oct. 10. Kan. At Baxter's Springs 
Gen. Blunt's escort is met and attacked 
by the guerrilla, Quantrell ; &5 soldiers 
are massacred, the general himself nar- 
rowly escaping ; the men are first robbed 
and then murdered. 

Oct. 10, 11. Va. At Culpeper the 
Federal cavalry have a skirmish with 
the Confederate cavalry under Gen. 
Stuart; Federal loss, 150; Confederate 
loss, 400. 

Oct. 11. Tenn. At CoUiersville Gen. 
Sherman's corps has a fight with Con- 
federate cavalry. 



UNITED STATES. 



1863, July 24-Nov. 3. 227 



Oct. 13+. Va. Gens. Meade and Lee en- 
gage in a military race along parallel 
lines for "Washington; [it ends at 
Iiristow's station, and is won by the 
Federals]. 

Oct. 15. Va. At Bristow's Station the 
Confederates under Gen. A. P. Hill 
attack Gen. A. S. "Webb of Gen, War- 
ren's corps, and are completely repulsed. 
Federal loss, 50 killed, 335 wounded, and 
161 prisoners; Confederate loss, 136 
killed, 797 wounded, and 445 prisoners. 

Oct. 16. D. C. Gen. U. S. Grant is 
appointed to the command of the 
"Western armies. 

Oct. 17. D. C. The President calls for 
a levy of 300,000 men for three years ; 
those not furnished by January, 1864, are 
to be obtained by means of a draft. 

Oct. 18. Tenn. Gen. Grant assumes 
command of the Western armies. 

Oct. 19. Va. At Buckland's Mills the 
Federals lose 200 ; Confederate loss un- 
known. 

Oct. 20. Tenn. At Philadelphia Gen. 
Longstreet attacks Gen. Burnside's out- 
postB. Federal loss, 400; Confederate 
loss heavy. 

Gen. Kosecrans is relieved, and Gen. 
George H. Thomas assumes command 
of the Army of the Cumberland. 

Oct. 21. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at 
Nashville. 

Oct. 23. Tenn. Gen. Grant arrives at 
Chattanooga. 

Oct. 25. Ark. At Pine Bluff the Fed- 
erals lose 17 killed, 39 wounded ; Con- 
federates lose 53 killed, 164 wounded, 
and 33 prisoners. 

Oct. 26. Tenn. Gen. Hooker's corps 
crosses the Tennessee River at Bridge- 
port to the South bank. 

Oct. 27. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's ad- 
vance under Gen. Blair reaches Tus- 
cumbia. 

Gen. Hazen, with 1,800 picked men, 
drifts down the river in 16 pontoons, and 
surprises the Confederates at Brown's 
Ferry in the early dawn ; the army 
crosses on the pontoons. 

Oct, 29. Tenn. Battle of Wauhatehie, 
in Lookout Valley. 

The Confederates under Gen. Long- 
street attack Gen. Hooker's corps in 
the night and are repulsed; Federal 
loss, 76 killed, 339 wounded, and 22 miss- 
ing ; Confederate loss somewhat more. 

Oct. * Tenn. The Confederate army is 
largely reenforced at Chattanooga. 



Nov. 1. O. A plot to liberate Confeder- 
ate prisoners is discovered. 



The expedition of Gen. Banks, 
under immediate command of Gen. N. 
J. T. Dana, to restore the Federal flag 
in Texas, arrives at Brazos Santiago. 
— Va. Gen. Meade begins an advance 
across the Rapidan towards Richmond. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1863 Sept. 14. Mich. The asteroid 
Eurynome is discovered by Jas. C. 
Watson. 

* * Cal. A good harbor and port avail- 
able for large vessels are discovered near 
the head of the Gulf of California. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

July 26. Crittenden, John Jordan, atty,- 
gen., A76. 

Houston, Sam, M. C, Gov. of Tenn., 

gen., Pres. of Tex., sen. and Gov. of Tex., 
A70. 

July 28. Yancey, "Wm. Lowndes, sena- 
tor for Ala., leader of secessionists, " Fire- 
Eater, " A49. 

July 30. Strong, George C, brig.-gen. U. S. 
vols., wounded at Fort Wagner, A31. 

Aug. 16. Hubbard, Joseph S., astronomer, 
A40. 

Aug. 26. Floyd, John B., sec. of war, Con- 
fed, brig.-gen., A56. 

Aug. 30. Newcomb, Harvey, cl., teacher, 
author, A60. 

Sept. 27. Ahert, John J., military engi- 
neer, A76. 

Oct. l. Emmons, Eben., geologist, author, 
A65. 

Oct. 4. Grayson, William J., senator for 
S. C, A75. 

Oct. 14. Cook, Henry F., Confed gen., 
killed at Bristow Station. 

Oct. 22. Darcy, John S., physician of N. J., 
A75. 



CHURCH. 

1S63 Aug. 6. U. S. A National 
Thanksgiving is observed for recent 
victories. 

* * III. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Peoria; J. H. 
Morrison, moderator. 

* * Ky. The Kentucky Conference of the 
African Methodist Episcopal Zion 
Church is organized. 

* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held at Cleveland. 

LETTERS. 
1863 * * Hospital Sketches, by L. M. Al- 
cott, appears. 

* * In War Time and Other Poems, by 
J. G. Whittier, appears. 

* * Life of William H. Prescott, by George 
Ticknor, appears. 

* * My Farm of Edgewood, by Donald 
Grant Mitchell, appears. 

* * Out-Door Papers, by T. W. Higginson, 
appears. 

* * Manual of Geology, by James D. Dana, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1863 Sept. 5. Ala. A bread riot by 

women occurs at Mobile. 

Oct. 1. New York. The authorities pub- 
licly welcome the officers of the five 
Russian war vessels — the first to visit 
this port. 

Oct. 9. Eng. Henry "Ward Beecher 
makes the first of five great speeches 
in England in behalf of the Union. 

At Liverpool he struggles for three 
hours against insult, taunt, irony, imper- 
tinent questioning, and blackguardism ; 
yet the great orator's pluck, good humor, 
wit, and wisdom win the day. 



Oct. 27. Chicago. A Sanitary Fair, 
the first of many, is opened for the bene- 
fit of soldiers. 



STATE. 

1863 Judy 30. D. C. The President 
issues a proclamation of retaliation, 
to protect Federal soldiers against bar- 
barous treatment. 

July * U. S. The free letter-carrier 
system goes into effect. 

July * U. S. The entire situation is 
changed by the victories of Meade 
and Grant; a political reaction in 
favor of the Government follows. 

Aug. 3. New York. Governor Seymour 
protests against certain inequalities of 
the draft, and requests that it be sus- 
pended. 

Aug. 5. W. Va. The county of Berke-. 
ley is transferred from Virginia to West 
Virginia. 

Aug. 7. D. C. President Lincoln replies 
to Governor Seymour's anti-draft pro- 
test, and intimates that the drafting of 
troops will be executed. 

Aug. 12. The bankruptcy of the Confed- 
eracy is exposed by Gen. Robert Toombs. 

Sept. 15. D. C. President Lincoln, 
authorized by a special act of Con- 
gress, proclaims a general suspen- 
sion of the privileges of the writ of 
habeas corpus throughout the Union. 

Oct. 17. D. C. President Lincoln calls 
for 300,000 volunteers, chiefly to re- 
place those whose enlistments have ex- 
pired, the diseased, and the dead. 

It also provides that a draft in the 
following January will supply any defi- 
ciency or volunteers. 

Nov. 3. Md. The emancipation question 
divides the Unionists into two parties — 
the Union and the Unconditional Union 
parties. 

N. Y. Chauncey M. Depew, 29 

years of age, heads the Republican 
ticket, and is elected to Congress by 
30,000 majority. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863 Sept. 22. Eng. Confederate Com- 
missioner Mason is displeased with the 
manner of his reception, and departs. 

Sept.* -Oct. * New York. A Russian 
squadron of five vessels visits this port, 
and is warmly received. 

Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling 
upland cotton, 81 to 83 cents ; premium 
on gold, 140| to 142J . 

Oct. 31. Eng. The Government places 
the two steam rams, built at Birken- 
head, under the charge of officers, as 
the vessels are suspected of being Con- 
federate war-ships. 

Oct. * Mass. The State resumes the work 
of boring the Hoosac Tunnel. 

Oct. * Neto York. The corner-stone of 
the National Academy of Design is 
laid. 



228 1863, Nov. 3-186 4, Jan. 11. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1863 Nov. 3. La. At Bayou Coteau 

Gen. Burbridge loses 26 killed, 124 

•wounded, and 576 missing ; Confederate 

loss, 445. 
Term. At Columbia and Collinsville 

the Confederate cavalry is defeated. 
Nov. * W. Va. Gen. Averell makes a 

raid into Virginia with 5,000 men. 
Nov. 4. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet, with 

16,000 men, is detached from Gen. 

Bragg's army to move agai nst Gen. 

Burnside at Knoxville. 

Nov. 6. Term. AtRogersville, an out- 
post of Gen. Burnside, Gen. W. K. Jones 
by a spirited dash defeats the Federals 
under Col. Garrard ; Federal loss, 5 
killed, 12 wounded, 650 prisoners; Con- 
federate loss, 30 men, • 

Tex. Brownsville, on the Rio 

Grande, is occupied by Gen. Dana's ad- 
vance ; it moves northward. 

W* Va. At Droop Mountain the 

Federals under Gen. W. "W. Averell, de- 
feat Maj. John Echols. 

Federals force Gen. "W. S. Jackson out 
of West Virginia. Federal loss, 100 men ; 
Confederate loss, over 300. 

Nov. 7. Va. At Rappahannock Sta- 
tion Gen. Sedgwick, commanding the 
right wing of Gen. Meade's army, de- 
feats the entrenched Confederates. 

Federal loss, 300 killed and wounded ; 
Confederate loss, six killed, 29 wounded, 
and 1,629 prisoners, besides four guns, 
eight battle-flags, and a pontoon-bridge. 
Gen. Meade begins an active cam- 
paign by advancing southward from 
Centerville. 

At Kelley's Ford Gen. French, com- 
manding Gen. Meade's left, defeats Gen. 
Rodes ; Confederate loss, five killed, 39 
wounded, and 295 prisoners. 

Nov. 8. Va. Gen. Lee concentrates his 
army behind the Rapidan, and is not 
followed by Gen. Meade. 

Nov. 8 ± . Tex. The Texas expedition 
arrives at Mustang Island, Corp us Christi 
Bay ; Gen. C. C. Washburne in command. 

Nov. 11. D.C. The Confederate scheme 
for a raid from Canada, for the destruc- 
tion of Buffalo and the liberation of 
Confederate prisoners at Sandusky, O., 
is disclosed to the Government by Lord 
Lyons, the British minister. 

Tex. A fleet of French steamers 

arrives off Brazos for the invasion of 
Mexico. [France attempts to enthrone 
Maximilian.] 

Nov. 13. Tenn. Gen. Sherman's ad- 
vance from the Southwest arrives at 
Bridgeport to reenforceGen. Rosecrans. 

Nov. 15. Tenn. Gen. Burnside falls 
back from Loudon toward Knoxville, 
on the approach of Gen. Longstreet's 
strong force. 

Tex. Corpus Christi Pass is cap- 
tured by Federal troops. 

Nov. 16. Tenn. At Campbell's Sta- 
tion, near Knoxville, Gen. Longstreet 
attacks Gen. Sanders of Gen. Burnside's 
army. Gen. Sanders is killed. Federal 
loss, 300 men ; Confederate loss, 370. 

Knoxville is besieged by Gen, Long- 
street with 15,000 [later 23,000] men; 
Federals under Gen. Burnside number 
12,000. 



Nov. 17.-Dec. 4. Tenn. At Knox- 
ville Gen. Burnside loses 92 killed, 393 
wounded, 207 missing; Gen. Longstreet 
loses 198 killed, 850 wounded, 248missing. 

Nov. 18. Tex. At Arkansas Pass, 
Mustang Island, the Confederate works 
are carried by Federals under Gen. T. 
E. G. Ransom. 

Nov. 19. Pa. Gettysburg battle-field 
is consecrated as a National Cemetery 
for soldiers. 

Nov. 23.-25. Tenn. Battles before 
Chattanooga. 

Gen. Grant, with 60,000 men, defeats 
and routs Gen. Bragg's army of about 
35,000. Federal loss, 753 killed, 4,722 
wounded, and 349 missing ; Confederate 
loss, 361 killed, 2,180 wounded, and 4,146 
missing. 

(Nov. 23.) Gen. Thomas drives back 
the enemy and advances his line one 
mile, each side losing about 1,100 killed 
and wounded. 

(Nov. 24.) Gen. Sherman's command, 
8,000 strong, crosses the Tennessee River, 
and gains part of Missionary Ridge by 
assault ; Gen. Hooker, 13 miles from 
Gen. Sherman, moves against the Con- 
federates on Lookout Mountain, 
" fighting above the clouds." 

(Nov. 25.) The decisive battle of Chat- 
tanooga : Gen. Grant orders an advance 
of the entire line ; Missionary Ridge, 
on which Gen. Bragg's army is concen- 
trated, is entirely captured, and the 
retreating Confederates are pursued 
until night. 

(Nov. 26.) Ga. At Ringgold Gens. 
Hooker and Palmer, of Gen. Thomas's 
pursuing force, overtake and defeat the 
Confederates under Gen. Cleburne ; Fed- 
eral loss, C5 killed, 1,367 wounded and 
missing; Confederate loss, 133. 

Gen. Bragg's army is pursued 20 miles 
to Tunnel Hill, when Gen. Grant orders 
a halt. 

Gen. Bnrnside defeats Gen. Longstreet 
in an action south of the Holston River 
— the Confederates having seized a po- 
sition which commanded the fort at 
KnoxviHe. 

Gen. Longstreet learns of the defeat 
of Gen. Bragg at Chattanoqga. 

Nov. 27-30. Va. At Locust Grove 
Gen. Meade loses 1,000 men; Gen. Lee 
loses 800. 

Nov. 28, 29. Tenn. At Knoxville Gen. 
Longstreet makes an unsuccessful night 
assault on Fort Sanders, and loses 800 

Nov. 29. Tenn. Rattle of Knoxville; 
after a furious artillery fire, Gen. Long- 
street unsuccessfully assaults Fort Sand- 
ers, being repelled by the Federals under 
Gen. Burnside. Federal loss, 13 killed 
and wounded; Confederate loss, 1,000. 
[Gen. Longstreet withdraws his force up 
the Holston River.] 

Nov. 30. Tex. Fort Esperanza, com- 
manding the entrance to Matagorda Bay, 
is evacuated by Confederates, and occu- 
pied by the Texas expedition. 

Va. Gen. Meade declines to attack 

Gen. Lee in his entrenchments at Mine 



Run [and returns to the vicinity of 
Washington]. 

Nov. * O. Gen. John H. Morgan, the 
Confederate raider, escapes from the 
penitentiary at Columbus. 

Dec. 2. Tenn. Gen. Bragg is superseded 
by Gen. W. J. Hardee. 

Dec. 2, 3. Miss. At Pocahontas Fed- 
erals lose 125 killed and wounded, be- 
sides 40 prisoners ; the Confederates lose 
15 killed and 40 wounded. 

Dec. 3. Tenn. Gen. Longstreet raises 
the siege of Knoxville, and retires on 
the approach of Gen. Sherman with re- 
enforcements from Gen. Grant'B army. 

Dec. 6. S. C. Near Charleston bar the 
ironclad U'eehuwken sinks through 
faulty construction ; four officers and 20 
men are drowned. 

■ Va. Gen. Halleck offers Gen. Lee 

full equivalents for all Federal pris- 
oners at Richmond. 

Dec. 8. D. C. Congress bestows its 
thanks on Gen. Grant and his army, 
and orders a gold medal to be struck in 
his honor. 

Dec. 8-21. Va. Gen. Averell makes 
a raid. 

He aims to destroy railroad communi- 
cation between Gen. Lee's army and the 
Confederate army in Georgia; Federal 
loss, five wounded and 94 prisoners ; Con- 
federate loss, 200. 

Dec. 11. Tenn. Gen. Burnside having 
resigned, Gen. John G. Foster assumes 
command in East Tennessee. 

Dec. 12. Va. Gen. Lee declines to ex- 
change the prisoners at Richmond 
who are starving, and gives notice that 
no more supplies for their relief will be 
permitted. 

Dec. 14. Tenn. At Bean's Station Gen. 
J. M. Shackleford is repulsed by Gen. 
Longstreet ; Federal loss, 700 ; Confed- 
erate loss, 900. 

Dec. 20. Tenn. Gen. Grant establishes 
his headquarters at Nashville, a central 
point for communicating with all the 
divisions of the Army of the Tennessee, 
and equally so for communicating -with 
"Washington. 

Dec. 25. Tenn. At Pulaski Gen. G. M. 
Dodge captures 50 Confederates under 
Gen. Forrest. 

Dec. 26. Tenn. At Charleston Col. 
Luberk defeats the Confederate Gen. 
"Wheeler, and takes 121 prisoners. 

Dec. 27. Ga. Gen. Joseph E. John- 
ston assumes command of the Confed- 
erate army in Georgia. 

* * Va. Gen. Lee's army is in winter 
quarters on the upper Rappahannock ; 
Gen. Meade's is encamped at Culpeper. 

* * A general exchange of prisoners is 
made ; the Federal authorities give up 
121 ,900 in return for 1 10,800 from the Con- 
federates. 

1S64 Jan. 2. W. Va. Near Moore- 
field the Confederates are defeated, and 
lose 13 killed and 20 wounded. 

Jan. 3. Va. At Jonesville the Federals 
lose 60 killed and wounded, besides 300 
prisoners. 



UNITED STATES. 1863, Nov. 3 -1864, Jan. 11. 229 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1863 * * Mass. The Worcester County- 
Musical Association is organized. 

N. Y. The Park Theater, the first 

in Brooklyn, is opened with the comedy 
Married Life. 

* * New York. W. P. W. Dana and W. J. 
Hennesy of London, England, and J. Q. 
A. Ward, John Kogers, J. R. Brevoort, 
and J. G. Brown of New York City, are 
elected members of the National Acad- 
emy of Design. 

* * U. S. The Miller car-coupler and 
buffer is patented. 

* * Rocky Mountains is painted by Albert 
Bierstadt. 

* * Several important topographical sur- 
veys are undertaken and completed for 
development of ship canals to connect 
the Mississippi and the Hudson with the 
Great Lakes. 

* * Great improvements made in geo- 
graphical wall-maps by Professor Arnold 
Guyot. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863. 

Nov. 38. Dempster, John, M. E. cl., edu- 
cator, A 69. 

Dec. 10. Ingham, Charles C, portrait 
painter, Ati7. 

Dec. 19. Buford. John, maj.-gen. vols., 
A37. 

Dec. 17. Van Brunt, Gershom J., com. 
U. S. N., A 63. 

Dec. 22. Corcoran, Michael, brig.-gen. U. S. 
vols., A36. 

* * Bailey, Joseph W., M. C. for Tex., b. 
Miss. 

* * Heron, Bijou, actor, born in N. Y. City, 
dies. 

* * Hooper, Johnson J., lawyer, editor, dies. 

* * Rourke, Patrick H., colonel, b. in Ire., 
A28. 

* * Seymour, Isaac, banker, philanthropist, 
dies. 

* * Thornburn, Grant, writer, philan., A90. 
1864 

Jan. 3. Hughes. John. R. C. arehbp. of 

N.Y., A67. 
Jan. 7. Smith, Caleb B., jurist of Ind., 

Sec. of the Interior, A56. 
Jan. 8. Storer, George W., rear-adm. IT. 

S. N., A74. 



CHURCH. 
1863 * * O. The Annual Convention of 
the Disciplea of Christ is held at Cin- 
cinnati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * 0. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; A. 
Young, moderator. 

* * Phil a. The General Assembly (N.S. 
Presbyterian) meets ; H. B. Smith, 
moderator. 

* *The General Synod of the Re- 
formed (German) Church is orga- 
nized. 

LETTERS. 
1863 * * New York. The New American 
Cyclopedia is begun by Appleton. 

* * Timothy Titcomb's Letters to the 
Joneses, by J. G. Holland, appears. 

* * Tales of a Wayside Inn, by H. W. 
Longfellow, appears. 

* * Our Old Home, by Nathaniel Haw 
thorne, appears. 

* * 68* * History of Charles the Bold, 

by John Foster Kirk, appears. 



1864 Jan. 4. Phila. The Evening 
Telegraph is issued. 

SOCIETY. 
1863 Nov. 25. Pa. The " Molly Ma- 
guires" murder George K. Smith, near 
Audenreid. 

* * U. S. The name Copperhead (a poi- 
sonous snake) is contemptuously given 
to anti-war Democrats, who favor peace 
on any terms. 

Nov. 30. Paris. The European 
Branch of the Sanitary Commission is 
organized for the relief and comfort of 
soldiers. 

Dec. 2. D. C. A village for contra- 
bands is dedicated at Arlington 
Heights. 

Dec* Mont, A sheriff, two deputies, and 
21 outlaws are hanged by a vigilance 
committee, and eight are banished — 
the evidence showing that the outlaws 
had killed more than 100 persons. 

* * Kan. The State Insane Asylum is 
established at Osawatomie. 

* * Md. Gen. Schenck arrests many per- 
sons for disloyalty; he suspends the 
Maryland Club and other societies 
suspected of disloyalty. 

* * Minn. The Minnesota school for deaf 
mutes is opened at Faribault. 

* * Pa. The Pittsburg Branch of the 
Sanitary Commission is organized. 

* * R. I. The Prohibitory law is re- 
pealed by the Republican Legislature. 

STATE. 

1863 Dec. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis, in his 
message to the Confederate Congress, 
recommends the compulsory funding 
of the finances, and large taxation. 

D. C. The 38th Congress opens. 

Congress ; House : Schuyler Colfax 
(Rep.) of Ind. is elected Speaker. Vote, 
101-81. 

Dec. 8. D. C. President Lincoln issues 
a proclamation, of amnesty. He an- 
nounces his willingness to recognize 
any loyal government which may be 
set up in the South by as many as one- 
tenth of the voters of 18C0. 

President Lincoln, in his message to 
Congress, proposes a definite plan of 
reconstruction on the basis of amnesty, 
an oath of future loyalty, and the exclu- 
sion of ex-Secessionists from high offices. 
He declares that "The crisis which 
threatened to divide the friends of the 
Union is past." 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; House: 
James M. Ashley of 0. introduces the 
first proposition to amend the Consti- 
tution so as to prohibit slavery 
throughout the United States. 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Dan- 
iel Clark (Rep.) of N. H. is elected Pres- 
ident pro tempore. 

Dec. 29. Arizona is organized as a ter- 
ritorial government. 

* * Stephen J. Field of Cal. is appointed 
justice of the U. S. Supreme Court. 



* * D. C. Congress authorizes the Presi- 
dent to enlist soldiers of African de- 
scent; Democrats vainly resist. 

* * Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks is 
elected to the Senate by the Democratic 
Legislature. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-65 * * Ala. Thomas H. Watts. 

-66 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John A. Goodwin. 
' -68 * * Cal. Frederick F. Low. 
-66 * * Dak. (Ter.). Newton Edmonds. 
-67 * * Del. Wm. Cannon. 
-64 * * Ida. (Ter.). Wm. H. Wallace. 
-67 * * Ky. Thomas E. Bramlette. 
-64 * * Me. Abner Coburn. 
-65 * * N. H. Joseph A. Gilmore. 
-66 * * N.J. Joel Parker. 
-65 * * N. Y. Horatio Seymour. 

R. I. Wm. C. Cozzens. 
-66 * * R. I. James Y. Smith. 
-65 * * Tex. Pendleton Murray. 
-65 * * ft. John G. Smith. 
-69 * * W. Va. Arthur J. Boreman. 
-66 * * Wis. James T. Lewis. 

1864 Jan. 8. La. A Free-State Con- 
vention is held, which declares its loy- 
alty to the Government. 

Jan. 11. Ark. At Little Rock a pro- 
visional Free-State government is in- 



D. C. Congress; Senate: J. B. Hen- 
derson of Mo. introduces a joint resolu- 
tion for the abolition of slavery by 
amendment of the Constitution. (13th 
Amendment.) 

La. Gen. Banks issues a proclama- 
tion for a State election to be held 
on Feb. 22. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1863 Nov. 19. Pa. The National Soldiers' 
Cemetery at Gettysburg is dedicated. 

Nov. 28. Under the new National Bank 
Act, 134 banks have been organized. 

Nov. *. Secretary Stanton moves by 
rail two corps of 23,000 men from Wash- 
ington to Chattanooga, a distance of 
1,200 miles, in seven days. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Immigrants for 1863, 
174,524. 

* * Colo. Great suffering is caused by the 
cold during the Winter and by drought 
during the Summer. 

* * Ind. Crown Hill Cemetery, near 
Indianapolis, is dedicated. 

* * N. Y. Woodlawn Cemetery, near 
New York, is organized. 

* * The Northern States evince great 
prosperity, notwithstanding the war. 

Wealth increases rapidly; the "shoddy 
aristocracy" — people enriched by gov- 
ernment contracts, often fraudulently 
obtained and. dishonestly fulfilled— be- 
comes conspicuous. 

* * The State bank currency is dis- 
credited. 

"One-sixth of the 1,600 State banks 
have notes counturfeitiMl, l,Stil kinds of 
imitations are afloat, anil 3,039 altera- 
tions, in addition to 1,685 spurious 
notes." (John Sherman.) 

1864 Jan. 1. Neio York. Prices of 
middling upland cotton, 81 to 82 cents; 
premium on gold, 152. 

Jan. * Southern States. The Confeder- 
ate doUar is worth two cents. . . - 



230 1864, Jan. 12 -Apr. 15. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1864 Jan. 12. Tenn. AtMossy Creek 
Gen. McCook defeats the Confederates, 
who lose 14 killed and 49 wounded. 

Jan. 14. Tenn. Gen. Sehofield is or- 
dered to remove the 23d corps to the 
East. 

Gen. Grant completes the repairing 
of railroads in his rear to convey sup- 
plies. 

Jan. 17. Tenn. Hear Dandridge the 
Federals are defeated, losing 150 killed 
and wounded. 

Jan. 25. Miss. The Federal army 
evacuates Corinth. 

Jan. 27. Tenn. At Sevierville, East 
Tennessee, the Confederate cavalry are 
defeated. 

At Fair Garden, East Tennessee, the 
Confederates are defeated, losing 65 
killed and wounded, hesides 100 pris- 
oners. 

Jan. 28. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the Con- 
federates are defeated, losing 32 killed 
and one company prisoners. 

Jan. 29. Ky. At Scottville Maj. John- 
son defeats the Confederates, who lose 
40 killed and 20 wounded. 

W. Va. At Medley, Near Peters- 
burg, Col. Snyder loses 80 killed and 
wounded: Confederate loss, 100; a Fed- 
eral supply-train is captured. 

Feb. 1. D. C. The President orders a 
draft for 500,000 men to be made on 
March 10 ; all to serve three years or for 
the war. 

Feb. 3. Miss. At Bolton Sherman's 
advance loses 12 killed and 35 wounded ; 
the defeated Confederates suffer a heavy 
loss. 

Gen. Sherman, with a picked force, 
leaves Vicksburg for Meridian, to 
drive Confederate raiding forces from 
the central part of the State [loss, 170 
men ; Confederate loss, 400]. 

Feb. 3±. Tenn. Gen. W. S. Smith 
leaves Memphis with a large cavalry 
force, to advance toward central Missis- 
sippi, and join Gen. Sherman. 

Feb. 3, 4. N. C. At New Berne Gen. 
Foster encounters Confederates under 
Gen. Pickett; Federal loss, 212.; Con- 
federate loss, 300. 

Feb. 4. Miss. At Clinton the Federals 
repulse a Confederate attack, losing 15 
killed and 30 wounded. 

W, Va. Col. Mulligan drives Gen. 

Early out of Moorefield. 

Feb. 7-20. Fla. Gen. Truman Sey- 
mour conducts an expedition 6,000 
strong to encourage Union men, and re- 
store under Maj. Hay a loyal State 
government. 

Feb. 7. Fla. At Jacksonville the 
Florida expedition drives out the Con- 
federates, and advances toward the in- 
terior. 

Feb. 9. Va. Cols. Thomas, Rose, and 
Streight, with about 100 other prisoners, 
escape from Libby Prison by means of 
a tunnel dug under the walls ; 48 men 
are recaptured. 

Feb. 14. Fla. At Gainesville Capt. 
Roberts routs 100 Confederates, 

La. Gen. A. J. Smith, commanding 

the advance of Banks's Red River expe- 



dition, captures'Fortde Hussy. Losses: 
Federal, 34 ; Confederate, 264. 

Miss. Gen. Sherman's expedition 

reaches Meridian, [lie destroys avast 
amount of Confederate property, tears 
up the railroads in all directions, and 
returns to Vicksburg.] 

Feb. 15. Ga. Federal prisoners are 
first confined at Andersonville. 

Feb. 17. N.C. Fort Anderson, a heavy 
earthwork on Cape Fear River, is at- 
tacked by Adm, Porter's gunboats. 

At Town Creek Gen. Cox routs the 
Confederates under Gen. Hoke, and cap- 
tures nearly 400 prisoners. 

Feb. 18. S. C. The Federal steam-sloop 
Housatonic is destroyed by a torpedo in 
Charleston Harbor. 

Feb. 20. Fla. At Olustee Station 5,500 
Confederates, under Gen. Joseph Fin- 
egan, gain a complete victory, defeat- 
ing the Florida expedition under Gen, 
Seymour. Federal loss : 193 killed, 1,175 
wounded, and 460 prisoners ; Confeder- 
ate loss, 940. 

Feb. 22-25. Ga. At Tunnel Hill the 
Federals lose 75 killed and wounded ; 
Confederate loss 300 prisoners. 

Feb. 22. Miss. Near "West Point Gen. 
Sherman's cavalry, under Gen. W. S. 
Smith, is badly beaten by Gen. Forrest. 
Federal loss, 47 killed, 152 wounded, 
and 100 prisoners ; Confederate loss not 
given. 

Va. Near Dranesville the Federals 

are defeated by Col. John S. Mosby, and 
lose eight killed and seven wounded 
and 75 missing. Moshy's guerrillas are 
an effective body of cavalry, and a con- 
stant menace to small bodies of Fed- 
erals in Northern Virginia. 

Feb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free- 
dom to all male slaves between 20 and 
45 years who may enlist in the Union 



Ala. Fort Powell, below 
bombarded by Adm. Farragut, 
Va. Gen. Kilpatrick makes 



Feb. 26. 
Mobile, i 

Feb. 28. 
a raid. 

With 5,000 cavalry, he advances within 
three miles of Richmond, but is unable 
to reach and release the Federal prison- 
ers ; he tears up railroads, and damages 
the James River Canal. 

Feb. 29. D. C. The grade of lieuten- 
ant-general is revived in the army. 

Feb.* Fla. At Baldwin Col. Guy V. 
Henry, of the Florida expedition, cap- 
tures eight guns, and Confederate stores, 
wagons, and horses. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Ulysses S. Grant is ap- 
pointed lieutenant-general ; he becomes 
commander of not less than a million 
men in arms. 

Mar. 4. Tenn. Gen. U. S. Grant starts 
for "Washington, leaving Gen. Sher- 
man in command at the West. 

Mar. 5. Miss. At Yazoo City the Fed- 
erals lose 130 killed and wounded; the 
defeated Confederates lose 300 men. 

Mar. 6. W. C. At Kinston the Con- 
federates hang 23 Federal pr 



Mar. 8. D. C. Gen. Grant first arrives 
in Washington from Tennessee. 



Mar. 8, 9. N.C. At Kinston Gen. Cox 
repulses two attacks by Gens. Bragg ai.d 
Hoke ; the Confederates retire. 

Mar. 9, 10. Va. Federal colored tro<.|^. 
under Col. Coles, capture Suffolk, with 
the loss of 210 men ; Confederates lose 
25 killed. 

Mar. 9. D. C. President Lincoln, in per- 
son, gives Gen. Grant his commission 
as lieutenant-general. Grant is the 
15th commander-in-chief. 

Mar. 10. Ky. The governor protests 
against the enrolment of slaves in the 
army. 

Va. Gen. Grant first visits the Army 

of the Potomac, at Brandy Station. 

Mar. 11. D. C. Gen. Grant departs 
from Washington for the West. 

Mar. 12. D. C. By order of the War 
Department Gen. Grant is placed in 
command of all the armies. 

Gen. Sherman is appointed to the 
Department of the Mississippi; Gen. 
McPherson is assigned to the Depart- 
ment and Army of the Tennessee. 

La. The powerful fleet of Adm. 

Porter enters the Red River, followed 
by Gen. A. J. Smith's troops of Gen. 
Sherman's army, in transports. 

Mar. 14. D. C. The President orders a 
draft for 200,000 men for the navy and 
the army reserve. 

**D.C. Gen. Halleck orders Gen. Banks 
to ascend the Red River Valley for the 
recovery of western Louisiana. [Un- 
successful.] 

N. C. Kinston is occupied by Gen. 

Sehofield. 

Mar. 16. La. At Alexandria the two 
forces of the Red River expedition 
unite. [Gen. McPherson and 3,000 
troops are recalled.] 

Tenn. Near Fort Fttlow the Con- 
federates are defeated, losing 50 men. 

Mar. 17. U. S. Gen. Grant assumes 
command of all the armies of the 
Union. 

La. Fort de Russy is blown up by the 

Federals. 

Mar. 18. Gen. Sherman takes com- 
mand of the Military Division of the 
Mississippi. 

Mar. 21. La. At Henderson's Hill , 
near Alexandria, Gen. J. A. Mower, of 
Gen. Banks's Red River Expedition, 
captures 306 Confederate cavalry. [Mar. 
25 occupies Alexandria.] 

X C. Goldsboro is occupied by 

Gen. Sehofield. 

Mar. 23 +. Tenn. The Confederate Gen. 
N. B. Forrest makes an extensive and 
daring raid into Kentucky. 

Mar. 25. Ky. Gen. Forrest demands 
the surrender of Paducah, promising 
that the garrison will be treated as pris- 
oners of war if it surrenders ; but, " if I 
have to storm your works, you may ex- 
pect no quarter!" 

La. Gen. Banks's expedition is con- 
centrated at Alexandria. 

Mar. 25 ±. Va. Gen. Grant establishes 
his headquarters at Culpeper Court- 
House. 



UNITED STATES. 



1864, Jan. 12 -Apr. 15. 231 



Max. 27. Ky. Gen. Forrest abandons 
an attack on Col. Hicks, at Fort An- 
derson, on the approach, of Federal 
reenforceinents, having lost 300 men in 
the right. Federal loss, 14 killed and 46 
wounded. The town is nearly destroyed 
by the bombardment. 

Mar. 28. La. At Cane River Gen. A. J. 
Smith defeats the Confederates under 
Gen. Richard Taylor. Federal loss, 80 ; 
Confederate loss, 700. 



Apr. 2. D. C. The Secretary of "War re- 
ports a total of 71,976 negro troops in 
the service of the Government. 

Apr. 2, 3. La. Gen. Banks's Red River 
Expedition advances to Natchitoches. 

Apr. 4. D. C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan 
is appointed to the command of all the 
cavalry of the Array of the Potomac. 

Gen. Sehofield is assigned to com- 
mand the new department of North 
Carolina, and directed to capture Wil- 
mington. 

Apr. 6. La. Gen. Banks's army leaves 
Natchitoches on a march of 100 miles to 
Shreveport, with 12 miles of wagon 
trains. 

Apr. 8. La. Battle of Sabine Cross 
Roads. 

The Red River Expedition, 12,000 
strong, is defeated and routed by 11,000 
Confederates under Gen. Richard Tay- 
lor. Federal loss, 200 killed, 900 wound- 
ed, and 1,800 prisoners, besides many 
guns and army trains; Confederate loss, 
1,500 men. 

Apr. 9. La. Gen. Banks falls back on 
Pleasant Hill. 

The attack of Gen. Taylor is repulsed, 
by Gens. Emory and Mower; Federal 
loss, 100 killed, 700 wounded, and 300 
ng; total loss in two days, about 



5,000 or 6,000. 
Apr. 10. La. Gen. Banks abandons 
the forward movement, and falls 
back on Grand Ecore, on the Red 
River. 

N. C. The Cape Lookout light- 
house is seized and blown up by Con- 
federates. 

Apr. 12. Tenn. The Confederate Gen. 
Forrest attacks Fort Pillow, on the 

Mississippi River, garrisoned by 557 
Federal troops (262 colored). 

He gains an advantage over Majs. 
Booth and Bradford by treachery, over- 
powers the garrison, and massacres 300 
persons, white and black, including 
women and children. Federal loss, 250 
killed, 60 wounded, 164 missing; Confed- 
erate loss, 20 killed, 60 wounded. 

Apr. 15. La. The fleet on the Red 
River, above Grand Ecore, defeats a 
Confederate attack under Gen. Thomas 
Green. Confederate loss, 700 men. 

Apr. 15 ±. La. At Camden, on the 
Wichita River, Gen. Steele with S.OOO 
men captures an important military 
post. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1864. 
Jan. 13. Foster, Stephen Collins, ballad 

composer, A 38. 
Jan. 16. Bowden, Lemuel J., sen. for Va., 

4.49. 



Jan. 21. Tarbell, John A., phvsinan, 

Mass., A54. 
Jan. 24. Champlin, Stephen G., brig.-gen. 

U. S. vols., A37. 
Jan. 31. Borland, Solon, sen. for Ark., 

Confed. gen., d. 
Gamble, Hamilton It., loyal gov. of Mo., 

A66. 
Feb. 1. Stark, ('aleb, lawyer, historian, A59. 
Feb. 6. Morton, Marcus, Gov. of Mass., 

jurist, A80. 
Feb. 11. McUluney, William J., com. U. S. 

N., A 68. 
Feb. 12. Cranston, Henry Y., lawyer, M. 

C. for E. I., A74. 

Cooke, Parsons, Cong. cl. of Boston, 

A64. 
Feb. 13. Bullions, Peter, Pres. clergyman, 

author of educational books, A73. 
Feb. 16. Duncan, William, politician, 

brig.-gen. U. S. vols., A92. 
Feb. 27. Hitchcock, Edward, geologist, 

pres. of Amherst, author, A71. 
Mar. 4. Dahlgren, Ulric, col., killed n. 

Richmond, A22. 
Mar. 8. Perit, Pelatiah, merchant, philan., 

of N. Y., A79. 
Mar, 13. Cozzens, William B., hotel prop., 

N. Y. City, A77. 
Mar. 19. Bache, Franklin, physician, 

chemist, A72. 
Meriam, Kbenezer, statistician, meteor- 
ologist, A70. 
Mar. 22. Gardiner, Robert H., philanthro- 
pist, A82. 
Mar. 23. Van Rensselaer, Henry, col. U. 

S. A., inspector-gen,, A54. 
Mar. 25. Lovejoy. Owen, abolitionist, 

M. C. for 111., A53. 
Mar. 26. Marmaduke, Meredith M., loyal 

gov. of Mo., A73. 
Mar. 27. Campbell, John N., Pres. cl., 

orator, scholar, A 66. 
Apr. 6. Kirkland, Caroline M. S., author, 

editor, A63. 
Apr. 7. Allston, Robert F. W., Gov. of S. 

C, agriculturist, A63. 
Apr. 8. Mouton, Jean Jaques A. A., Con- 
fed, maj.-gen., A35. 
Apr. 13. Gilder, Wm. H., editor, educator, 



Ky. A Border-State "Freedom" 

Convention is held. 
Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: 

Solomon Foot of Vt. is reelected 
President pro tempore. [He is reelected 
again on March 11 ; also on April 11.] 

Feb. 24. D. C. Congress grants free- 
dom to all male slaves between the 
ages of 20 and 45 who shall enlist in the 
Federal armies ; it allows every loyal 
master $300 for each of his slaves 
who enlists in the army. 

Feb. 29. D. C. The President approves 
the bill for reviving the grade of lieu- 
tenant-general. 

Feb. * Va. The Confederate Congress 
extends the conscription to include 
all white males between 17 and 50 years. 

Feb.* D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill empowering the Presi- 
dent to appoint a lieutenant-general 
of all the Federal armies. Vote, 96-41. 



AK. 



SOCIETY. 



1864 Feb. * Mont. A Vigilance Com- 
mittee completes its work of suppres- 
sing desperadoes, having hanged 24 and 
banished eight ; the criminals confessed 
to the commission of 102 murders. 



Mar. 5. London. An Auxiliary Society 
to the United States Sanitary Commis- 
sion is organized by Americans. 

Mar. 22. 111. A riot occurs at Charles- 
ton between citizens and soldiers ; seven 
persons are killed. 

Apr. 4. New York. A Sanitary Commis- 
sion Fair on a large scale opens. [Re- 
ceipts, $1,200,000.] 

STATE. 

1864 Jan. 25. D.C. Congress thanks 

Cornelius Vanderbilt for his gift of the 
steamer Vanderbilt for the use of the 
Government ; the vessel is worth 
$800,000. 

Feb. 1. D. C. The President calls for a 
draft of 500,000 men to be made on 
the 10th of March. [Later the draft was 
indefinitely postponed.] 

Feb. 18. Ky. The Legislature protests 
against the organization of negro regi- 
ments in Kentucky, and requests the 
President to remove all negro camps 
from the State, because they entice 
slaves to run away. 

Feb. 22. La. Michael Halm is elected 
Governor. 



Mar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes 
the issue of bonds. 

$200,000,000 in bonds payable in five or 
40 years in coin, with interest limited at 
6 per cent ; [and, later, the issue of $400,- 
000,000 of bonds of like tenor; or $200,- 
000,000 in treasury notes, in lieu of equal 
amount in bonds, drawing 7j^ per cent 
interest, and payable "in lawful 
money," and to be a legal tender]. 

Mar. 7. D. C. Congress raises the tax 
on distilled spirits to 60 cents a gallon. 

Mar. 10. Arkansas votes to become a 
free-labor State. 

Mar. 14. Ark. The Constitution is rati- 
fied. [Unrecognized by Congress.] 

Mar. 15. La. President Lincoln ap- 
points Gov. Hahn to act as military 
governor. 

D. C. The President calls for a 

draft of 200,000 men. 

Mar. 21. D. C. President Lincoln signs 
the bill permitting the people of Colo- 
rado and Nevada to form a State gov- 
ernment. 

Mar. 28. La. The State Constitutional 
Convention meets at New Orleans. 

Mar. 30. D. C. Congress repeals the 
direct tax imposed by the Act of Aug. 
5, 1861. 

Apr. 1. D. C. Congress restores the 
tax of $1 per barrel on beer. 

Apr. 6. La. The loyal State Convention 
meets, and incorporates an antislavery 
clause in the organic law. 

Apr. 8. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
approves the joint resolution for the 
abolition of slavery by amending 
the Constitution. Vote, 38-6. Nays 
all Democratic. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864 Feb. 8. Conn. The Colt Armory 
at Hartford is burned; loss, $1,000,000, 
and 900 men are without work. 

Mar. 17. Chicago. The water-works 
tunnel under the lake is begun. 

Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling 
upland cotton, 76 cents ; premium on 
gold, 166*. 



232 1864, Apr. 16-May 21 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1864 Apr. 16. Ky. At Half Mountain 
Col. Gallup surprises and defeats the 
Confederates. 

La. At Grand Ecore Adm. Porter 

and Gen. Andrew J. Smith join Gen. 
Banks's army and unite forces. The 
Federal fleet ia imperiled by the 
rapid falling of the river [the retreat 
is hastened]. 

Apr. 17-20. N. C. The Confederate 
Gen. Hoke storms and captures Plym- 
outh ; Gen. Henry W. Wessels and 
1,600 troops are made prisoners. Con- 
federate loss, 500 men. 

Apr. 19. N. C. The Confederate ram 
Albemarle attacks the Federal gunboats 
at Plymouth; she sinks one. and the 
others retire. 

Apr. 21. .#". C. Near "Wilmington the 
Federals destroy valuable Confederate 
salt-works. 

Apr. 24. La. At Cane River Ferry the 
returning expedition of Gen. Banks en- 
counters 8,000 Confederates under Gen. 
H. P. Bee, having 1G guns, and drives 
them across the river. Federal loss, 350; 
Confederate loss, 400. 

Apr. 25. Gen. Banks is ordered by Gen. 
Grant to abandon the Red River Ex- 
pedition, and return to New Orleans. 

Ark. At Pine Bluff the Confeder- 
ates capture a large supply-train and 
2,000 persons — Federal Col. Drake 
among the number. 

Apr. 26. La. The Red River Expe- 
dition returns to Alexandria. 

Apr. 29. La. Gen. McClernand reen- 
forces Gen. Banks with troops from 
Matagorda. 

Apr. 30. Ark. At Jenkins's Ferry- 
Gen, Steele repulses a severe attack 
of Confederates, under Gen. E. Kirby 
Smith, who loses over 1,100 men; Fed- 
eral loss, 1,155 men. 

Va. The Federal force on the 

North side of the Rapidan num- 
bers 122,146, including Bumside's corps 
22,708; Gen. Hancock commands the 2d 
corps, Gen. "Warren the 5th, Gen. Sedg- 
wick the 6th, Gen. Burnside the 9th ; 
Gen. Philip H. Sheridan commands the 
cavalry. These are supported by Gens. 
Barlow, Gibbon, Birney, Getty, Gregg, 
J. H. Wilson, Willcox, Griffin, and 
Kicketts. 

The Confederate army encamped on 
the south bank of the Rapidan under 
Gen. Lee numbers 61,952 men. Its three 
corps are commanded by Gens. Long- 
street, Ewell, and Hill. Gen. J. E. B. 
Stuart commands the cavalry ; other 
generals are Gordon, Edward Johnson, 
Uodes, Ramseur, Hetb, Hampton, and 
the two Lees. 

Apr. 30. — May 8. La. Lieut.-Col. Jo- 
seph Bailey, chief engineer, erects a 
dam which raises the water seven feet 
at the Falls of Alexandria, and there- 
by enables Adm. Porter's fleet to pass 
the shallows. 

Apr. * The enrolment of the National 
forces shows 2,245,000 men, from 



ages 20-45, in the various States, who 
have not been called out, while a million 
of men are in the field. 

May 1. D.C. Gen. Halleck countermands 
the order for abandoning the Red River 
Expedition to Shreveport. [Low water 
prevents compliance.] 

- — IV. Va. Gen. Sigel is sent up the 
Shenandoah Valley with 10,000 men ; 
Gen. Crook commands an army moving 
for his support. 

May 2. O. The Ohio National Guard, 
38,000 strong, offers its service to the 
President. 

May 3. D. C. Capt. Charles Wilkes is 
reprimanded and suspended from duty 
for three years, as punishment for diso- 
bedience and disrespect to his superior 
officer. 

Gen. Grant's campaign in Vir- 
ginia. 
May 4. Va. The Army of the Poto- 
mac, 140,000 strong, begins its final ad- 
vance on Richmond, and crosses the 
Rapidan soon after midnight. 

Col. Spear leaves Portsmouth on a 
raid, with the 11th Pennsylvania cav*£ 
airy. [He captures a Confederate camp 
on the Weldon Railroad, and destroys 
property valued at $500,000, at Jarratt"s 
Station.] 

Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins the 

Atlanta campaign by advancing south- 
ward from Chattanooga. 
May 5-7. Va. Battle of the "Wilder- 
ness ; it is the first trial of strength be- 
tween Gens. Lee and Grant. 

A succession of flank movements by 
Gen. Grant near Cbancellorsville is at- 
tended with indecisive results. Gen. 
Longstreet is wounded, and the Federal 
Gens. Wadsworth and Hays are killed. 

Losses : Federal, 2,246 killed, 12,037 
wounded, 3,5S3 missing ; Confederate, 
2,000 killed, 6,000 wounded, 3,400 prison- 
ers. 

May 5. Tenn. Gen. Sherman begins 
his campaign to the Chattahoochee 
with an army aggregating 9S,797 men 
and 254 guns. Gen. Thomas commands 
the Army of the Cumberland, Gen. Mc- 
Pherson the Army of the Tennessee, 
and Gen. Schofield the Army of the 
Ohio. Gen. Johnston has 68,620 Confed- 
erates at Dalton, Ga. ; Gens. Hardee, 
Polk, and Hood, each commands a corps. 

JV. C. The Confederate ram Albe- 
marle is defeated in a naval battle in 
Albemarle Sound by the Sassacus. 

Va. The Army of the James, under 

Gen. B. F. Butler, 35,000 strong, sails 
from Fortress Monroe for Bermuda 
Hundred ; it is to cooperate with the 
Army of the Potomac. 

May 6. Va. Bermuda Hundred and 
City Point, on the James River, are 
taken by Gen. Butler; his army en- 
trenches. 

May 7. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge Gen. 
Sherman makes a demonstration in front 
of Gen. Johnston's lines, but declines to 
assault them in force. 

Va. Gen. Grant declines to attack 

Gen, Lee in his entrenchments, and 
moves by the left flank toward Spottsyl- 



vania Court-House. Gen. Sheridan 
defeats Confederate Gen. Stuart's entire 
cavalry at Todd's Tavern, driving him 
a long distance. Federal loss, SO men. 

May 8-21. Va. Indecisive Battle of 
Spottsylvania. (Forces, see May 5-7.) 
Federal loss, 2,271 killed, 9,360 wounded, 
and 1,970 missing; Confederate loss, 
about 10,000, including between 3,000 
and 4,000 prisoners ; many general offi- 
cers are killed or wounded. Federal 
losses in two weeks, 37,335 men. 

(May 9.) The Federal army concentrates 
near Spottsylvania, and finds Gen. Lee's 
army in the path of its advance. Maj.- 
Gen. Sedgwick, of the 6tb corps, is killed 
by a sharpshooter. 

(May 10.) Gen. Grant renews the attack, 
and makes a strong assault through 
the thickets ; Gen. Upton occupies the 
"bloody angle," and holds it for a time, 
but the Confederates finally drive the 
Federals back to their entrenchments. 

(May 11.) No general operations occur. 
Gen. Grant telegraphs, "I propose to 
fight it out on this line, if it takes all 
summer." 

(May 12.) Gen. Hancock's men as- 
sault the apex of the Confederate earth- 
l works. One of EwelFs entire divisions 
. .(4^000) is captured ; Gen. Warren's assault 
- is repulsed; Gen. Burnside carries the 
Confederate entrenchments, but is un- 
able to hold them ; Confederates fall 
back three-fourths of a mile, and defy 
attack. 



(May 14.) An assault on the Confeder- 
ates, being delayed by bad roads, is post- 
poned ; active operations are suspended 
because of astorm formore than aweek. 

(May 18.) Gen. Grant makes one final 
but unsuccessful assault on Gen. Lee's 
left flank. 

(May 19.) Gen. Ewell is severely re- 
pulsed in an attack with 6,000 men on 
Gen. Grant's right, and loses nearly 1,000 
men. The army resumes its movement 
by the left flank. 

(May 20, 21.) The movement by the left 
flank continues in the night, and the 
army reaches Guiney Station by day- 
break. 

May 9, 10. Ga. At Rocky Face Ridge 
and Buzzard's Roost strong skirmish 
lines are engaged. 

May 9. Va. Gen. Sheridan cuts loose 
from the Army of the Potomac on his 
[famous] raid. 

He moves around the left of Gen. Lee's 
army, to cut bis line of supplies and 
communications, and to draw the en- 
emy's cavalry from Gen. Grant. [He 
defeats the Confederate cavalry in four 
engagements, and passes entirely around 
Lee's army, before his return," 16 davs 
later. Federal loss, 600 killed arid 
wounded, and 150 missing ; 200 Confed- 
erates are captured.] 

At Swift Creek Kautz's cavalry, of 
Gen. Butler's army, destroys the rail- 
road, and defeats the Confederates. Fed- 
eral loss, 90 killed and 400 wounded ; 
Confederate loss, 500. 

May 10. Va. At Cloyd's Mountain 
and New River Bridge Gen. Crook 
defeats the Confederates under Gen. 
Jenkins. Federal loss, 126 killed, 5S5 
wounded, and 34 missing; Confederate 
loss, 900 men, besides 300 prisoners. 

Near Wytheville Gen. Averell de- 
feats the Confederate Gen. Jones. 

WU> rV 



UNITED STATES. 



1864, Apr. 16 -May 24. 233 



May 11. Ga. Gen. Sherman advances 
south towards Snake Gap Creek. 

Va, Gen. Butler advances to Drew- 

ry's Bluff (Fort Darling) on the James 
River. 

May 12. ± Fa. At Yellow Tavern, six 
miles from Richmond, a fierce cavalry 
battle is fought. 

Gen. Sheridan attacks Gen. Stuart, 
and completely defeats the Confeder- 
ates. Gens. Stuart and Gordon are 
killed, and Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee's divis- 
ion is pursued through the outer de- 
fenses of Richmond. 

May 13. Ga. Dalton is evacuated by 
Gen. Johnston. 

Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry enter 

Gen. Butler's army, on the James River. 
[May 17 Sheridan leaves to join Grant.] 

May 13.-June 1. Ga. In several engage- 
ments between Rocky Face Ridge 
and Dallas, Gen. Sherman loses 800 
killed, 4,500 wounded, and 1,000 prison- 
ers ; Confederates lose 600 killed, 2,100 
wounded, and 4,000 prisoners. 

May 14, 15. Ga. Wear Camp Creek 
Gen. Sherman's advance engages in 
heavy skirmishes. 

May 14. Fa. At Drewry's Bluff Gen. 
Butler attacks Gen. Beauregard and 
takes his outer lines, but is unable to 
drive him out of his entrenchments; 
Federal loss, 422 killed, 2,380 wounded, 
210 missing; Confederate loss, 2,500. 

May 15. Ga. Battle of Resaca. A part 
of Gen. Sherman's army attacks and 
defeats Gen. Johnston, who retires in 
the night toward Dallas, and burns the 
bridges behind him. [May 16 Gen. 
Sherman enters the city.] Federal loss, 
600 killed and 2,147 wounded; Confed- 
erate loss, 2,800 men. 

Va. At New Market in the Shen- 
andoah Valley, Gen. Breckinridge com- 
pletely routs 8,000 Federals under Gen. 
Sigel; Federal loss, 120 killed, 560 
wounded, and 240 missing ; Confederate 
loss, 405 men. 

May 16. Va. At Drewry's Bluff (Fort 
Darling) Gen. Beauregard attacks Gen. 
Butler in force, and compels his army, 
20,000 strong, to retire to the entrench- 
ments at Bermuda Hundred. Federal 
loss (May 11-16), 422 killed, 2,330 wound- 
ed, 1,400 prisoners; Confederate loss, 
2,500. 

May 17. Ga. The Federal troops under 
Gen. Jeff. C. Davis occupy Rome, and 
destroy mills, foundries, and other Con- 
federate property. 

May 18. Ga. At Adairsville Gen. O. 
O. Howard defeats the Confederates. 

La. At Yellow Bayou Gen. A. J. 

Smith repulses an attack by Confeder- 
ates under Prince Polignac and Gen. 
"Wharton. 

May 19. Ga. Gen. Johnston retreats 
across the Etowah, under cover of 
night; and takes a strong position at 
AUatoona Pass. 

Va. Wear "Winchester Gen. Milroy 

defeats the Confederates, who lose six 
killed and seven prisoners. 



May 20. Ga. Gen. Sherman rapidly pur- 
sues the Confederates, and crosses 
the Etowah River. 

La. At Simsport Gen. Banks surren- 
ders command of the troops to Gen. E. 
R. S. Canby, commander of the Mili- 
tary Division of West Mississippi. 

Tenn. At Middletown Gen. Stanley 

defeats the Confederates, who lose eight 
killed and 90 prisoners. 

May 21. Cal. Gen. Irwin McDowell as- 
sumes command of the Pacific. 

■ If. Va. Gen. Franz Sigel assumes 

command of the Department of West 
Virginia. 

May 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman's army 
crosses the Etowah, and advances to- 
ward Dallas. 

May 23, 24. Va. Battle of North 
Anna: 

Gen. Grant advances toward Rich- 
mond, and crosses the North Anna. 
Gen. Lee attacks the advance, which is 
withdrawn, and the army moves toward 
the Pamunkey River. Federal loss, 186 
killed, 792 wounded, and 165 missing, 
total, 1,143; Confederate loss, 2,000. 

May 24. Va. At Wilson's Landing 
Gen. Wild loses 40 men; Gen. Fitz-Hugh 
Lee loses 275, besides 11 prisoners. 

Gen. Burnside's corps is incorporated 
with the Army of the Potomac. 

Gen. Sheridan returns to the Army 
of the Potomac from his great raid. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1864 Apr. * Colo. A flood occurs at 
Denver. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Apr. 16. Blanchard, Thos., inventor of 
lathe in Mass., A7G. 

May 1. Duncan, Wm. C.« Bapt. el., editor, 
A40. 

Porter, Wm. D., com. U. S. N., A54. 

Ringgold, Geo. H., scholar, painter, sol- 
dier, A50. 

May 5. Hays, Alex,, brig.-gen. IT. S. vols., 
A 45. 

May. 7. Jenkins, Albert G., Confed. brig.- 
gen., A 34. 

May. 8. Wadsworth, James S., brig.-pen. 
U. S. vols., woumled at Wilderness, A 57. 

May 9. Ikmbleday, Tlios. D., Col. U. S. 
vols., A48. 

Sedgwick, John, maj.-gen. U. S. vols., 

killed at Sp»>ltsvlvania, A51. 

May 10. Jones, John M., Confed. brig.- 
gen., k. at spuitsvlvania, A44. 

King, Tlios. Butler, M. C. for Ga., A 60. 

Rives, John C, journalist, Congres- 
sional Globe, A68. 

Stevenson, Thomas G., brig.-gen. XI. S. 

vols., A28. 

May 12. Stuart, James E. B., Confed. 
maj.-gen. cavalry of N. Va., A31. 

May 16. Spencer, Piatt R., author of 
Spencerian system of writing, A64. 

May 19. Hawthorne, Nathaniel, "the 
greatest of American novelists," A60. 

May 22. Toiten, Joseph G.,brev. maj.-gen. 
U. S. A., engineer, A76. 

CHURCH. 

1864 May 2-27. Phila. The General 

Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is in 

session ; the pastoral term is extended 

from two to three years. 

It organizes the Church Extension 
Society, and forms the Central German, 
Colorado, Delaware, Des Moines, Ne- 
vada, Southwest German, Northwest 
German, and Washington Conferences. 
Davis W. Clark, Edward Thompson, and 
Calvin Kingsley are ordained bishops. 



LETTERS. 
1864 May 18. New York. The Journal 
of Commerce and the World are sup- 
pressed, and their editors ordered under 
arrest, by direction of the President, for 
inciting disloyalty. 

SOCIETY. 

1864 Apr. 17. Ga. A women's bread- 
riot occurs at Savannah. 

Apr. 27. III. The State secures $238,000 
at a master's sale of the property of ex- 
Gov. Matteson, on the discovery of the 
fraudulent reissue of canal scrip for a 
large sum, dated many years back. 

May 1. D.C. At Washington the 
Ladies' National Covenant is formed, 
to abstain from the use of imported 
articles. 

May 24. Boston. The South End City 
Hospital is dedicated. 

May * The Auxiliary Relief Corps in 
the United States is organized in con- 
nection with the Sanitary Commission, 
which distributes " relief " to the sol- 
diers and sailors during the war. 

STATE. 

1864 Apr. 16. D.C. Congress: The 
House defeats an amendment permit- 
ting State and municipal taxation of 
National Banks. 

Apr. 18. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill permitting the local taxa- 
tion of National Banks, providing no 
part of the tax be imposed on that part 
of their capital that is invested in United 
States bonds. Vote, 70-60. 

Apr. 19. D. C. Congress passes an en- 
abling act for the formation of a State 
government in Nebraska. 

President Lincoln signs the bill per- 
mitting the people of Nebraska to form 
a State government. 

Apr. 26. 7). C. Congress; Senate: 
Daniel Clark of N. H. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

Apr. 27. Md. A Constitutional Con- 
vention meets at Annapolis. 

May 2. Va. The second Confederate 
Congress meets at Richmond. 

May 10. D. C. Congress: the Senate 
passes the Amended National Bank 
BiU. Vote, 30-9; absent or not voting, 10. 

May 17. D. C. Congress provides for 
the Postal Money Order system. [Be- 
comes operative Nov. 1.] 

MISCELLANEOUS- 
1864 May 18. U.S. A forged presi- 
dential proclamation, calling for 
400,000 more men, is published, by spec- 
ulators in gold. [Howard and Mallison, 
the perpetrators, are discovered and im- 
prisoned in Fort Lafayette.] 



234 1864, May 25- July 4. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1864 May 25, 26. Ga. At Pumpkin- 
Vine Creek, near Dallas, Gen. Hooker 
has a severe but indecisive engagement 
■with the Confederates under Gen. Hood; 
losses, about 1,000 on each side. 

May 26. Maj.-Gen. Foster assumes com- 
mand of the Department of the South. 

May 27. Va. Gen. Grant secures a posi- 
tion south of the Pamunkey River, 
and finds Gen. Lee awaiting him. 

Near the Totopotomoy River heavy 
skirmishing occurs between the armies 
of Gen. Grant and Gen, Lee; Federal 
loss, 99 killed, 50S wounded, 52 missing. 

May 28. Ga. Near Pumpkin-Vine 
Creek Gen. Hardee furiously attacks 
Gen. McPherson, and delays his union 
with Gen. Hooker. 

Gen. Sherman having outflanked the 
Confederates under Gen. Johnston, they 
retreat to Lost Mountain. Loss: Fed- 
eral, 300 men ; Confederate, 2,500, be- 
sides 300 prisoners. 

Va. At Eawes' Shop a detach- 
ment of Sheridan's cavalry defeats the 
Confederate cavalry ; both sides fight as 
infantry. 

Col. Clendenin makes a raid, and 
captures 111 Confederates. 

May 30. Ga. Wear Marietta Gen. Mc- 
Pherson captures 400 prisoners, also a 
railroad train of sick and wounded 
Confederates. 

May 31. Va. Gen. Sheridan drives 
Confederates under Gen. Fitz-Hugh Lee 
out of their entrenchments near Cold 
Harbor, and occupies their position. 
June 1. Va. Gen. Grant is reenforced 
by Gen. Smith's ISth corps from the 
Army of the James. 
June 1-4. Va. The bloody battle of 
Cold Harbor. 

Gen. Grant attacks Gen. Lee's army in 
its strong entrenchments, nine miles 
from Richmond, and is terribly repulsed. 
Federal loss, 1,769 killed, 6,752 wounded, 
and 1,537 missing ; Confederate loss, 
about 1,000. "I have always regretted 
that last assault at Cold Harbor." — 
(Grant's Memoirs.) 

(June 1.) Gens. Wright and Smith 
attack the Confederates under Gen. R. 
P. Anderson, who succeeds Gen. Long- 
street, after he was wounded (May 6) and 
carry the Confederates' first line and 
entrench. 

(June 2) Gen. Grant's army prepares 
for a grand assault, and repels the Con- 
federate attack on its right flank. 

(June 3) A terrific and destructive 
assault is made by the Federal army led 
by Gens. Hancock, Wright, and Smith ; 
some advance positions are gained. The 
Confederates make counter assaults at 
several points; but the Federals succeed 
in holding some points gained. 

June 2. Ky. Gen. John H. Morgan 
enters Kentucky from Virginia on his 
second raid. 

Ga. In Ossabaw Sound the Con- 
federates surprise and capture the gun- 
boat Water Witch. 

Va. At Bermuda Hundred an artil- 
lery fight and skirmishing occur. 

June 4. Ga. AUatoona is abandoned 
to the Federals by Gen. Johnston. 



Gen. Sheridan i 



akes 



he Confederate 

threaten Rich- 
ut Gen. Hunter, 
ration with him, 



June 4-24. Vt 
his second raid. 

He aims to dest 
communications a 
mond from the re;i 
who was to act in c 
fails to meet him al 

June 5. Va. At Piedmont Gen. Hunter 
defeats the Confederates under Gen. 
W. E. Jones, and advances up the 
Valley. Federal loss, 130 killed, 650 
wounded ; Confederate loss, heavy in 
killed and wounded, besides 1,500 pris- 
oners. Gen. Jones is among the killed. 
Gen. Grant relieves Gen Sigel of the 
command of West Virginia, and appoints 
Gen. Hunter as his successor. 

June 5-30. Ga. At Lost Mountain, 
Kenesaw Mountain, and Little 
Kenesaw, Gen. Sherman loses 1,370 
killed, 6,500 wounded, and 800 prison- 
ers; Confederate losses, 4,600 killed, 
wounded, and prisoners. 

June 6. Fa. Staunton is occupied by 
Federals under Gen. Hunter. 

June 7. Va. Gen. Grant sends Gen. 
Sheridan on a cavalry raid to destroy 
the Virginia Central Railroad. 

Gen. Grant continues his movement 
by the left flank, intending to cross the 
Chiekahominy and James Rivers, to 
the south of Richmond. 

June 8. Ga. Gen. Frank Blair reen- 
forces Gen. Sherman with two divisions 
and a brigade of cavalry. 

June 9. Ky. At Mount Stirling Gen. 
S. G. Burbridge defeats Confederate 
Gen. Morgan, captures 700 of his men 
[and drives him back into Virginia]. 

N. C. Lexington refuses to sur- 
render to a part of Gen. Morgan's force. 
The supply steamer Newbern runs 
ashore the Pervensey, a blockade run- 
ner, worth, with her cargo, §1,000,000. 

June 10. Miss. AtBrice'sCrossRoads, 
near Guntown, Federal Gen. Sturgis 
loses 223 killed, 394 wounded, and 1,623 
missing ; Gen. Forrest's loss is 606 men. 

Va. Gen. Butler makes an unsuccess- 
ful attempt to take Petersburg. 

Near Trevilian Station Gen. Sheri- 
dan is attacked by Gen. Hampton's Con- 
federate cavalry, and drives it several 
miles. Federal loss, 85 killed, 490 
wounded, and 160 missing; Confederate 
loss, 370 men. 

June 11. Ky. Gen. Morgan's command 
invests Frankfort, which is success- 
fully defended by Federals. 

June 12. Ky. At Cynthiana Gen. Mor- 
gan defeats the Federals under Gen. 
Burbridge. Federal loss, 200, besides 
1,200 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 305 
killed, 275 wounded, and 400 prisoners. 

Va. Gen. Grant begins the move- 
ment for a change of base to the south 
side of the James River. 

June 13. Va. Gen. Grant's army begins 
to cross the Chiekahominy. 

June 14. Ga. Lieut. -Gen. Leonidas 
Polk is killed at Pine Mountain. 

June 15. Ga. Gen. Johnston evacuates 
Pine Mountain; Gen. Sherman occu- 
pies it. 



June 15, 16. Va. Gen. Grant's army, 
numbering about 115,000, crosses the 
James River, and joins Gen. Butler. 
About one-half its artillery has been sent 
back to Washington as superfluous. 

June 15-22. Va. The Federals fail in an 
attempt to take Petersburg. Federal 
loss, 1,G88 killed, 8,513 wounded, and 
1,185 missing ; Confederate loss, 3,500. 

(June 15.) Gen. "W. F. Smith's corps, 
16,000 strong, suddenly appears and 
captures, near the close of the day, the 
Confederate entrenchments. [Gen. 
Beauregard reenforces the garrison dur- 
ing the night.] 

(June 17*) The Federals under Gen. 
Hancock, by heavy fighting all day, 
advance their lines at Petersburg. 

(June 18.) Gen. Meade orders a vigorous 
assault on Petersburg. 

The Confederates under Gens. Lee and 
Beauregard repulse the repeated as- 
saults, until the Federals seek the cover 
of their entrenchments. Federal loss in 
four days about 10,000 men. The siege 
of Petersburg begins. 

(June 22.) Gen. Meade sends Gen. "Wil- 
son's cavalry to break all three of the 
railroads connecting Richmond with the 
South. 

[He severs the Weldon road at Reams's 
Station, destroys 30 miles of the Lynch- 
burg road, and as many miles of the 
Danville road.] 

June 16. Va. Lynchburg is invested 
by Gen. Hunter, aided by Gens. Crook 
and Averell. 

June 17. Ga. Near Atlanta 600 Con- 
federate conscripts flee to the Federal 
army. 

At Lost Mountain Gen. Johnston is 
driven from a strong position after three 
days' desultory fighting. 

June 18. Va. Gen. Hunter's army, 20,000 
strong, retires from Lynchburg, be- 
ing short of ammunition sufficient for 
a battle. Loss : Federal, 100 killed, 500 
wounded, and 400 missing ; Confederate, 
200. 

June 1S-20. Va. Gen. Sheridan has 
a skirmish at King and Queen's Court- 
House. 

June 19. France. The Kearsarge, Capt. 
"Winslow, destroys the privateer Ala- 
bama in a brilliant engagement, lasting 
two hours, off Cherbourg. Adm. Semmes 
and the crew of the Alabama are picked 
up and rescued by a British vessel. 

The Alabama had destroyed 58 vessels, 
valued at $6,547,609, yet had never 
entered a Confederate port. Losses : 
Federals, one killed, three wounded ; 
Confederates, 40 killed and 10 wounded. 

June 21. Va. Gen. Sheridan has a 
fight with the Confederate cavalry un- 
der Gen. Wade Hampton at "White 
House and TunstalPs Station. 

June 21, 22. Va. Gen. Meade sends a 
large force under Gens. Hancock and 
"Wright to seize the "Weldon Railroad. 
They are defeated and nearly captured 
hy the Confederates under Gen. A. P. 
Hill. 

Losses: Federal, 604 killed. 2.494 
wounded, 2,217 prisoners ; Confederate, 
306 killed and wounded, 200 prisoners. 



UNITED STATES. 



1864, May 25 -July 4. 235 



June 22. Ga. At Kulp House Gen. 
Hood attempts to break Sherman's line, 
and is repulsed with great losses on both 
sides, especially severe for the Confed- 
erates. 

June 23. Va. Gen. Sheridan has an- 
other fight at Jones's Bridge. [On the 
24th he again encounters the Confeder- 
ates at St. Mary's Bridge.] 

June 25. Tenn. At Lafayette an at- 
tack of 3,000 Confederates under Gen. 
Pillow is repulsed. 

June 27. Mo. Near St. Charles the 
Confederates are defeated by Gen. Carr. 

Ga. Near Kenesaw Gen. Sherman 

makes a heavy assault on the Confeder- 
ate position, and is repulsed with the 
loss of 2,500 men ; Gens. Charles G. 
Harker and Daniel McCook are killed. 
Confederate loss, 600. 

June 30. Va. The Federal loss in the 
trenches before Petersburg (June 20-30) 
is 112 killed, 606 wounded, and 800 mis- 
sing. 

Gen. "Wilson's raid on the Weldon 
Railroad ends. Federal loss in eight 
days, 76 killed, 265 wounded, and 700 
missing ; Confederate loss, 300 men. 

July 1. Ga. At Marietta Gen. John- 
ston evacuates the city, and Gen. Sher- 
man captures 3,000 prisoners. 

Julyl.i Va. Gen. Early starts north- 
ward with 17,000 men, in his campaign 
against "Washington, via Shenandoah 
Valley. 

July 2, 3. W. Va. Gen. Early moves 
down the Shenandoah Valley from "Win- 
chester with a strong force ; great fears 
are entertained for the safety of Balti- 
more. 

July 3. Ga. Gen. Sherman's troops oc- 
cupy Kenesaw Mountain at daylight, 
after its evacuation by Gen. Johnston's 
army, which retires across the Chatta- 
hoochee. 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1864 June 30. D. C. Congress grants 
the Yosemite Valley and the Mari- 
posa Big-tree Grove on the Merced 
River to California for public use. 

June * Hall's second expedition sails for 
the Polar regions. [It finds many 
relics of Sir John Franklin, and tidings 
of four men who died from cold and 
starvation.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1864. 
May 27. Giddings, JoBhua Reed, M. C. 

for O. for 21 years, A69. 
June 2. Doles. George P., Confed. brig.- 

gen., killed at hatlle of Cold Harbor, A34. 
June 4. Keitt, Lawrence M., Confed. col., 

A40. 
June 5. Jones, William E-, Confed. maj.- 

gen, A 40. 
June 8. Adams, Daniel, writer of school 

text-books, physician, A90. 
June 11. Hornblower, Joseph C, chief 

justice, N. J., A87. 
June 14. Polk. Leonldas. P. E. bp., Con- 
fed. lieut.-gen., A58. 
June 16. Ewing, Andrew, lawyer; Confed. 

officer, dies. 
June 17. Lftmson Alvan, Unitarian cl., 

author, A72. 
June 24. Coffin, Joshua, antiquary, A72. 



June 27. Harker, Charles G-, brig.-gen. 1". 

S. vols., killed at Kenesaw Mountain, .\Ti. 
June 29. Taylor, Joseph P., brig.-gen. U. S. 

vols., A68. 
July 1. Quincy. Josiah, M. C. for Mass., 

pres. of Harvard, A92. 
July 2. Dutton, Arthur H., col. 21st Conn. 

vols., A30. 



CHURCH. 

1864 June 8. N. Y. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 22. Me. The Maine Conference 
of Unitarian Churches is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1864 June 7. O. German WaUace 
College (Meth. Epis.) is organized at 
Berea 

SOCIETY. 

1864 June 4. N. T. A great meeting 
is held to express gratitude to Gen. 
Grant and his army for late victories 
won. 

June 7. Phila. The Sanitary Fan- 
opens. 

June 28. D. V. The National Deaf 
Mute College, the only college for 
deaf mutes in the world, is opened at 
"Washington. 

STATE. 

1864 May 26. D. C. Congress organ- 
izes the Territory of Montana, out of a 
part of Idaho. 

May 31. O. The KepubHean party 
is divided. The " radical men of the 
nation" meet at Cleveland, and nom- 
inate Gen. J. C. Fremont and Gen. 
J. Cochrane for presidential offices. 
The Convention charges the Administra- 
tion with incapacity and infidelity. 

May * All persons imprisoned under the 
writ of habeas corpus are discharged. 

June 3. D. C. President Lincoln ap- 
proves the National Bank Tax BiH. 

The Currency Bureau of the Treas- 
ury is opened, in charge of a controller. 

June 7. Md. The Republican Na- 
tional Convention meets at Baltimore; 
the venerable Robert J. Breckinridge 
of Ky., temporary chairman, thrills the 
North with his patriotic speech. 

June 8. Md. The Convention nomi- 
nates Abraham Lincoln of 111. for 
President, and Andrew Johnson, a 
war Democrat of Tenn., for Vice-Presi- 
dent. Lincoln receives 496 out of 518 
votes on the first ballot. 

June 13. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill for the repeal of the Fugi- 
tive Slave Law. Vote, 82-58. 

June 15 D. C. Congress: The House 
fails to approve the joint resolution (the 
13th amendment) for the abolition of 
slavery, by amending the Constitution. 
Vote, 93-65 ; this is 27 short of two- 
thirds. 

— — 0. C. L. "VaUandigham returns 
from Canada. 



June 23. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the bill to repeal the Fugitive 
Slave Law. Vote, 27-12. 

June 27. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Representation in Congress is refused to 
Senators elected in Arkansas. Vote, 
27-6. [This occasions a conflict with the 
President.] 

June 28. D. C. The President approves 
the repeal of the Fugitive Slave Law. 

June 30. D. C. Congress authorizes 
the issue of $400,000,000 in bonds, or 
Treasury notes, amounting to $200,- 
000,000, and bonds for the same amount. 
Congress passes an Internal Reve- 
nue Law providing for almost univer- 
sal taxation on every occupation, 
manufacture, and document. 

Salmon P. Chase, Secretary of the 
Treasury, resigns his office. 

U. S. Statistics. Revenue : Cus- 
toms, $102,316,153; sales of public lands, 
$588,333 ; Internal Revenue, $109,741,134 ; 
direct tax, $475,649 ; premium on loans 
and sales of gold coin, $21,174,101; mis- 
cellaneous items, $30,331,401 ; total rev- 
enue, $264,626,772. 

Expenditures: Civil and miscella- 
neous items, $27,505,599 ; War Depart- 
ment, $090,791,843; Navy Department, 
$85,725,995; Indians, $2,629,859; pen- 
sions, $4,983,924 ; interest on the public 
debt, $53,685,422; total ordinary ex- 
penses, $865,322,642. Excess of expendi- 
tures over receipts. m;oii.:i'.i:.,s70. Pub- 
lic debt, $1,815,784,370. Exports, $158,- 
837,988. Imports, $316,447,283. 

July 1. D. C. The Government raises 
the tax on distilled spirits to $1.50 
per proof gallon. 

July 2. D. C. The bill prohibiting the 
coastwise slave-trade is approved. 

Congress grants public lands in Ore- 
gon for the purpose of constructing a 
military road through the State. 

July 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill 
providing for the reconstruction of 
the Southern States; President Lin- 
coln refuses to sign it. Republicans in 
Congress unanimously dissent from his 
course. 

The 38th Congress : the first session 
closes. 

Nev. A State Convention meets at 

Carson City, to frame a Constitution. 

The Democratic National Con- 
vention is appointed to meet on this 
day in Chicago. [The recent Union vic- 
tories occasion a change of date to 
August.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864 July 1. New York. Price of mid- 
dling upland cotton, 150 to 152 cents; 
premium on gold, 245. 

July 2. D. C. Congress amends the 
Pacific Railroad Act of 1862, so as to 
increase the value of its securities. It 
grants 12,800 acres for each mile of com. 
pleted road ; total, 25,000,000 acres. 

Congress charters the Northern Pa- 
cific Railroad to connect Lake Superior 
with Puget Sound (1,800 miles), and ex- 
tending to the Columbia River (200 
miles); subsidy, 47,000,000 acres — 73,000 
square milei. 



236 1864, July 4 -Aug. 22. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1864 July 4. Ga. Near Smyrna 
Camp Ground Gen. Sherman's army 
celebrates the day by a noisy but not 
desperate battle in pursuit of Gen. 
Johnston. 

Va. The Federals celebrate the day 

by firing a national salute from double- 
shotted cannons into Petersburg. 

B.C. Congress grants to each drafted 

man a bounty for one year's service, 
and doubles and trebles the amount for 
two and three years' service respectively. 

July 5. Ga. Gen. Johnston retires 
behind his strong entrenchments on the 
Chattahoochee ; he is nearly besieged 
by Gen. Sherman. 

Md. Gen. Early, with 20,000 Con- 
federates, crosses the Potomac into 
Maryland to threaten Washington — 
a movement to divert Gen. Grant from 
Richmond. 

Miss. At Jackson, the capital, Gen. 

Slocum flanks the Confederates, and 
drives them out of the city. 

Va. Gen. Bradley T. Johnson, with 

3,000 Confederate troops, crosses the 
Potomac into Maryland ; consterna- 
tion spreads among the farmers of two 
States. 

July 8. Ga. Gen. Rousseau, with 2,000 
Federal cavalry, leaves Decatur on a 
destructive raid west of Opelika. 

Md. Gen. Early's whole force en- 
ters the passage of South Mountain. 

Gen. Ricketts's division of Gen. Grant's 
army arrives at Baltimore. 

July 9. Ga. Gov. Brown calls out the 
militia, including all males between the 
ages of 15 and 45 years. 

Gen. Johnston is forced to retire be- 
hind the Chattahoochee River. 

Md. Gen. Early, at the head of an 

invading army, defeats a small force 
under Gen. Lew "Wallace on the 
Monocacy. 

This action, however, checks the ad- 
vance of the Confederates till troops 
arrive and save Washington and Balti- 
more from great peril. Federal loss, 98 
killed, 579 wounded, and 1,280 missing ; 
Confederate loss, 700. 

July 10. Ga. The entire Confederate 
army under Gen. Johnston is concen- 
trated behind the defenses of At- 
lanta. 

Md. Gen. Early's cavalry ap- 
proaches Baltimore and alarms the 
city ; it encamps at Rockville. 

July 11. D. C. Gen. Early makes a 
close reconnoissance of Fort Stevens, 
three miles from the city limits of 
Washington, and within sight of the 
dome of the Capitol. 

Gen. "Wright arrives from Gen. 
Grant's army with two divisions for the 
defense of "Washington. 

July 12. Md. Gen. Wright sends Gen. 
Bidwell to drive Gen. Early's skir- 
mishers back, and a severe action 
occurs ; Federal loss, 2S0 killed and 
wounded. 

In the night Gen. Early retires and 
escapes pursuit. 



July 13-15. Miss. Between Pontotoc 
and Tupelo Gens. A. J. Smith and 
Slocum defeat the Confederates under 
Gens, Forrest, Lee, and Walker in five 
successive engagements. Federal lose, 
153 killed, 794 wounded, 49 missing ; 
Confederate loss, 82 killed, wounded, 
and missing. 

July 14. Va. At White's Ford Gen. 
Early recrosses the Potomac into Vir- 
ginia, with trains laden with plunder. 

July 15. Ala. At Youngstown Gen. 
Rousseau burns four storehouses and a 
great quantity of provisions gathered for 
the Confederates. 

July 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman begins 
his march from the Chattahoochee to 
Atlanta. 

Gen. J. B. Hood supersedes Gen. 
Johnston in command of the Confeder- 
ate army in Georgia — the Department 
of Tennessee. 

Miss. At Grand Gulf Gen. Slocum 

defeats the Confederates. 

July 18. D. C. The president calls for 
500,-000 volunteers to be furnished within 
50 days, any deficiency to be made up by 
a draft. 

Me. Confederate raiders from St. 

John attempt to rob a bank, but fail, 
the authorities being forewarned. 

Miss. A Federal raiding force destroys 

a large part of the Atlanta and Mont- 
gomery Railroad, defeats 1,500 Confed- 
erates in an engagement, and captures 
400 conscripts. 

July 19. Va. Gen.GrantasksPresident 
Lincoln to call for 300,000 men to reen- 
force the armies. 

July 20. Va. Near "Winchester, at 
Stephenson's Depot, Gen. Wm. "W. 
Averell defeats Gen. Ramseur's division 
of Gen. Early's army. Federal loss, 250 
men ; Confederate loss, 300 killed and 
wounded, besides 200 prisoners. 

Ga. Battle for the defense of Atlanta 

(Peach Tree Creek). 

Gen. Hood comes out from his en- 
trenchments and furiously assaults Geu. 
Sherman's line, but is repulsed with 
heavy loss. Col. [President] Benjamin 
Harrison wins distinction ; Gen. Walter 
Q. Gresham [Sec. of State] is seriously 
wounded ; Federal loss, 300 killed and 
1,410 wounded; Confederate loss, 4,796 
killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

Fla. Gen. Asboth captures a Con- 
federate camp with many conscripts. 

July 21. Ky. Henderson is attacked 
by 700 guerrillas. 

July 22. Ga. Gen. Rousseau com- 
pletes his raid from Decatur, Ala., of 
450 miles in 15 days, and enters Gen. 
Sherman's camp. 

He reports 2,000 prisoners captured 
and paroled, 200 Confederates killed and 
wounded, S00 horses and mules and S00 
negroes taken, 31 miles of railroad de- 
stroyed, 13 depots burned, besides cars, 
cotton, provisions, and stores. 

Second battle of Atlanta, or Deca- 
tur ; Gen. Sherman repulses Gen. Hood's 
second sortie. Maj.-Gen. James B. Me- 
Pherson is killed in a reconnoitering 
movement. 

Federal loss, 500 killed, 2,114 wounded, 
and 100 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 
$,499 men. Gen. Hood loses more men in 



Va. Gen. Early's army arrives at 

Strasburgh, in the Shenandoah. 

July 24. Va. At Kearnstown, near 
Winchester, Gen. Early turns upon Gen. 
Crook, his pursuer, defeats and routs 
his force ; the Federals are driven out 
of the Shenandoah Valley and across 
the Potomac. Federal loss, 1,200; Con- 
federate loss, 600. 

La. An expedition on Grand Lake 

destroys boats and mills belonging to 
the Confederates. 

July 26 + . Ga. Gen. Hood sends Gen. 
Wheeler with 8,000 cavalry to break 
up railroads and capture supplies in 
Sherman's rear. 

July 26-31. Ga. Gen. Stoneman 
makes a raid to destroy the railroads 
about Macon; he destroys much rail- 
road property, and is finally defeated by 
a Confederate force; Federal loss, sev- 
eral hundred men. 

July 27. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sherman 
begins the movement by the right flank 
against Gen. Hood. 

Gen. O. O. Howard succeeds Gen. 
McPherson to the command of the Army 
of the Tennessee. 

Gen. Sherman sends out a cavalry 
column to the right under Gen. E. M. 
McCook, and another to the left under 
Gen. Stoneman, aiming to cut Gen. 
Hood's comm uni cations. [Both fail.] 

July 28. Ga. Third battle before 
Atlanta. Gen. Hood is repulsed in re- 
peated assaults on the right flank by 
Gen. Logan, supported by Gens. Dodge 
and Blair ; the Confederates finally re- 
tire into the town. Loss : Federal, 100 
killed and 600 wounded; Confederate, 
4,643. 

Gen. Stoneman, with 5,000 men, 
makes a raid toward Macon [and is cap- 
tured with many of his men], 

Gen. Canby enrolls all citizens in the 

Department of the Gulf, and sends the 
families of Confederate soldiers beyond 
his lines. 

July 30. Pa. At ChambersburgGen. 
MeCausland, of Gen. Early's command, 
demands a ransom of $500,000 in 
currency and §100,000 in gold, and in 
default of payment burns the town. 

July 31. Md. At Hancock Gen. Me- 
Causland demands a ransom of $30,- 
000 ; while the citizens are raising the 
money, Federal cavalry under Gen. 
Averell arrive, and drive the Confeder- 
ates out of the town. 

Va. The mine at Petersburg is 

exploded. 

It throws a Confederate fort into the 
air, and opens a crater 200 feet long, 50 
feet wide, and 25 feet deep ; the assault 
by Gen. Burnside is disastrously repulsed 
bv the Confederates. Federal loss, 417 
killed, 1.679 wounded, and about 2,000 
prisoners ; Confederate loss, S00, besides 
200 prisoners. 

July * Ga. Gen. Frank Blair, with the 
17th corps, reenforces Gen. Sherman, 
making the Federal force about 



UNITED STATES. 



1864, July 4 - Aug. 22. 237 



100,000, while the Confederates num- 
ber about 50,000. 

Aug. 1. Md. At Cumberland Gen. Kel- 
ley has a sharp fight, and defeats the 
Confederates under Gen. McCausland, 
who withraws into West Virginia. 

Aug. 1-26. Ga. Gen. Sherman be- 
sieges Atlanta. 

Aug. 2. La. Gen. Banks enrolls all ne- 
groes in his department between the 
ages of 18 and 45 for the Federal ser- 

Aug. 4. Ala. Gen. Gordon Granger 
lands 5,000 Federals in the rear of Fort 
Gaines, Dauphin Island. The last of 
Farragut's fleet arrives. 

Aug. 5. Ala. Adin. Farragut attacks 
Forts Morgan and Gaines ; Fort Powell 
is blown up. 

W. Va. At the "Williamsport and 

Shepherdstown fords, Gen. Early again 
crosses the Potomac into Maryland. 

Aug. 5-20. Ala. Naval Battle in Mo- 
bile Bay. 

Adm. Farragut, with 14 wooden war- 
vessels and four ironclads, attacks the 
smaller Confederate fleet under Adm. 
Buchanan, which is supported by three 
strongly garrisoned forts commanded by 
Gen. Page, and guarding the entrance 
to the harbor. Farragut loses the Te~ 
cumseh; he lashes himself to the mast 
of the Hartford, and from thence com- 
mands the battle. The Confederate fleet, 
including the ram Tennessee, is captured 
or driven away, and the forts are sur- 
rendered. Total Federal loss, 120 killed, 
88 wounded ; Confederate loss, 1,756 men, 
chiefly prisoners. 

Aug. 7. Ala. Fort Gaines, with its 
garrison of 800 men, is surrendered by 
Col. C. D. Anderson to Adm. Farragut. 

Md. Gen. Early recrosses the Po- 
tomac and retires to Bunker Hill, near 
Winchester. 

Va. Maj.-Gen. Sheridan is ap- 
pointed to succeed Gen. Hunter in com- 
mand of the Army of the Shenandoah ; 
it is 30,000 strong, and includes 8,000 
cavalry. 

W. Va. Gen. Sheridan assumes 

command of the Middle Military Divis- 
ion in the Shenandoah Valley. 

His army comprises the 6th corps, Gen. 
Wright; the 19th corps, Gen. Emory; 
Gen. Crook's army of Western Virginia, 
besides a large force of cavalry. Total 
present for duty, 22,000 infantry and 
8,000 horse. 

At Moorefield Gen. Averell attacks 
and routs the Confederate cavalry under 
Gen. McCausland, capturing 400 prison- 
ers, besides his guns and army trains. 

Aug. 9. Va. At City Point the explo- 
sion of an ordnance-boat, laden with 
ammunition, kills 50 men, and wounds 
120 more. 

Aug. 12. Gen. "William T. Sherman 
is made major-general in the regular 
Army. 

Aug. 13, 14. Va. Gen. Grant makes a 
movement threatening Richmond, in 
order to prevent Confederate reenforce- 
ments being sent against Sheridan. 

Aug. 14. Va. Gen. Grantmakesaheavy 
demonstration in the direction of Rich- 
mond, on the north side of the James 
River. 



Aug. 14-18. pit. At Strawberry Plains 
aud Deep Bottom Run Gen. Grant loses 
400 killed, 1,755 wounded, and 3,176 pris- 
oners ; Gen. Lee loses 1,100. 

Aug. 15. Port. Com. Craven of the Niag- 
ara captures the English-built Confed- 
Georgia near Lisbon. 



Aug. 16. Va. At Crooked Run Gen. 
Merritt's cavalry repulses an attack of 
Confederates under Gens. L. L. Lomax 
and W. C. Wickham. 

Aug. 18-21. Va. Gen. Warren seizes 
and permanently holds the Weldon 
Railroad, at the Globe Tavern, where 
(Aug. 18) he repels an attack by Con- 
federates under Gen. Heth. Each side 
loses about 1,000 men. 

(Aug. 19.) Gen. Warren repulses an at- 
tack by Gen. A. P. Hill, and holds the 
Weldon road. 

(Aug. 21.) Gen. Warren repulses a severe 
assault by Gen. A P. Hill, who leaves 
his dead and wounded on the field ; sev- 
eral hundred Confederates are captured. 

Aug. 18-22. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. 
Sherman sends Gen. Kilpatrick, with 
5,000 cavalry, on a raid. [He destroys 
the Macon Railroad near Jonesboro, and 
passes entirely around the Confederate 
lines at Atlanta. He returns on the 
22d.] 

Aug. 18. Gen. George G. Meade is 
commissioned major-general in the U. S. 
Army ; he commands the Army of the 
Potomac under Gen. Grant. 

Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Grant withdraws 
his troops from the north side of the 
James River. 

Aug. 21. Ga. At Dalton Col. Siebold 
defeats the Confederates under Gen. 
Wheeler. Federal loss, 30 men ; Con- 
federate loss, 150. 

- — W. Va. At Bunker Hill, near 
Charlestown, Gen. Early's advance at- 
tacks Gen. Sheridan, who falls back to 
his defenses at Halltown ; Federal loss, 
90 men ; Confederate loss, 400. 

Aug. 22. Ala. Fort Morgan is invested 
by the Federals under Gen. Granger, and 
the bombardment begins. 

Ga. Gen. Kilpatrick returns from 

his raid ; he dashes through the Confed- 
erate lines with his 70 prisoners. 

Aug. 23. Ala. The Federals take pos- 
session of Fort Morgan, on the sur- 
render of Gen. R. L. Page to Adm. 
Farragut and Gen. Granger, thus clos- 
ing the port of Mobile against the Con- 
federates. 

Ark. Near Duvall's Bluff Confed- 
erate Gen. Shelby captures nearly all of 
the 5th Illinois Regiment. 

Aug. 24, 25. Va. Gen. Lee is repulsed 
at Reama's Station in an attempt to 
recapture the "Weldon Railroad. 
Gens. Hancock and Gregg are defeated 
by Gen. A. P. Hill. Federal loss, 125 
killed, 546 wounded, and 1,769 missing ; 
Confederate loss, 2,000. 

Aug. 25. Ga. At Atlanta Gen. Sher- 
man begins his last flank movement, 
south of the city [and for several days 
destroys the connecting railroads]. 



Aug. 27. IV. Va. Gen. Early falls back 
from the Potomac to Bunker Hill. 



EIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1864. 

July5. Keeder, Andrew II., Gov. of Kan- 
sas, A57. 

July 6. Morris, George Pope, poet, jour- 
nalist, A62. 

July 22. MacPherson, James Birdseye. 
maj.-gen. U. S. vols., k. at Atlanta, A36. 

July 23. Fisk, Samuel, Cong, el., writer, 
capt. V. S. vols., A36. 

July 30. Waldo, Daniel, rev'l. centena- 
rian, A 102. 

Aug. 1. Hadley, Henry H., Hebraist, tlieo- 



Aug. 13. Winslow, Hubbard, Cong, cl., 

author, A65. 
Aug-. 22. Appleton, John, ed., minister to 



STATE. 

1864 July 2. U. S. The New Tariff 

Law goes into force. 

It charges a duty of 25 cents a pound 
on teas ; three to five cents on sugars ; 
brandies, $2.50 per gallon ; cigars, from 
75 cents to $3.00 a pound, besides an ad 
valorem duty of from 20 to 60 cents ; to- 
bacco, 35 to 50 cents ; iron, 33 per cent on 
the value ; coal, from 40 cents to ©1.25 
per ton ; wools, three to 10 cents, besides 
10 per cent ad valorem; woollen goods, 
none less than 50 per cent on the value, 
and many grades much more ; cotton 
manufactures, from 5 to 7? cents per 
square yard, also an ad valorem duty 
from 10 to 35 per cent of value. 

July 5. D. C. Wm. Pitt Fessenden 
of Me. succeeds Salmon P. Chase as 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

The President suspends the writ of 
habeas corpus in Kentucky, and declares 
the State under martial law. 

July 7. D. C. The President appoints 
the 4th day of August as a day of 
humiliation and prayer. 

July 8. D. C. The President makes 
known his objections to the Recon- 
struction Act in a public message. 

He requests Horace Greeley to con- 
fer with certain Confederates in Canada, 
who desire a conference respecting 
peace. [Nothing is accomplished.] 

July 18. D. C. President Lincoln calls 
for 500,000 more volunteers, mak- 
ing 700,000 called for since the 1st of 
March, besides the draft of 500,000 men. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864 July 11. Phila. The first organ- 
ized National Bank opens. 

July 16. New York. Gold sells for 
$2.85 — the highest premium paid 
during the war. 

July * Eng. The seal of the Confeder- 
ate States is completed ; cost, $600. 

July* U.S. Crude petroleum is quoted 
at $12.12£ per barrel. 



238 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1864 Aug. 28. W. Va. Gen. Sheri- 
dan resumes the offensive in the Shenan- 
doah Valley. 

Aug. * Ga. Geu. Wheeler with a force of 
cavalry destroys the railroad north of 
Resaca ; this is the line hy which Sher- 
man has been communicating with his 
base of supplies. [He sweeps on into 
Tennessee.] 

Aug. 29. W. Va. Gen. Crook super- 
sedes Gen. Hunter, as commander of the 
Department of West Virginia. 

Aug. 31. Va. In the trenches at Peters- 
burg Gen. Grant loses during August, 
87 killed and 484 wounded. 

Ga. The Confederates under Lieut. - 

Gen. Hardee attack the army of the 
Tennessee under Gen. Howard, at 
Jonesboro, and are repulsed. A coun- 
ter-attack by Gen. Davis fails to dis- 
lodge the Confederates. Losses : Fed- 
eral, 1,149 wounded ; Confederates, 
2,000. 

Sept. 1. Ga. Gen. Hood having divided 
his army, Gen. Sherman attacks Gen. 
Hardee on the railroad 20 miles south 
of Atlanta; Hardee retires during the 
night. 

At Atlanta Gen. Hood, being unable 
to maintain his position, blows up his 
military works, destroys his stores, and 
evacuates the city in the night. 

Sept. 2. Ga. Gen. Slocum enters At- 
lanta in the early morning ; thus the 
siege of more than four weeks ends. 
[Sherman afterwards compels the citi- 
zens to leave.] 

Sept. 3. Va. At Berryville Gen. 
Avereirs cavalry defeats Confederates. 
[Rodes's infantry drives Gen. Averell 
out on the 4th.] Federal loss, 300. 

Sept. 4. Term. At Greenville Gen. A. 
C. Gillem surprises and kills the guer- 
rilla Gen. John H. Morgan when about 
to start on another raid ; the Confeder- 
ates lose 100 killed and 75 prisoners, 
including Morgan's entire staff. 

Sept. 7. Tenn. At Reedyville the Con- 
federates are defeated by Col. Jourdan 
with 250 Pennsylvania cavalry. 

Sept. 8. Ark. At Dardanelles the Con- 
federate Gen. Price crosses the Arkansas 
River, and marches for Missouri. 

Ga. Gen. Sherman returns from 

the movement south of Atlanta, and 
enters the city. 

Federal losses since leaving Chat- 
tanooga aggregate, 5,284 killed, 26,129 
wounded, and 5,786 missing. 

Sept. 9. Ga. Gens. Sherman and Hood 
enter a truce for 10 days, for the re- 
moval of non-combatants from Atlanta. 

Sept. 14. Ga. Gov. Brown withdraws 
the militia of the State, 15,000 strong, 
from the army of Gen. Hood, near At- 
lanta—an act for which he is bitterly 
censured. 

Va. Gen. Early's army is dimin- 
ished by the departure of Gen. Ander- 
son's division to reenforce Gen. Lee. 

Sept. 16. Va. At Sycamore Church 
Gens. Gregg and Kautz encounter the 



Confederates under Gen. Hampton. 
Losses : Federal, 110 ; Confederate, 00. 

Kan. At Cabin Creek a train worth 

§1,000,000 is captured by 1,500 Confed- 
erates. 

Sept. 19. Va. Battle of "Winchester, 
or Opequan Creek. 

Gen. Sheridan has his first battle with 
Gen. Early, and drives him into his 
breastworks erected outside of Win- 
chester, thence pursues him up the 
valley. Federal loss, C53 killed, 3,719 
wounded, and 018 missing. Confederate 
loss, 2.0UU prisoiHTs, besides nearly 3,000 
wounded left at Winchester. The Con- 
federate Gens. Rodes and Gordon are 
killed, also the Federal Gen. Russell. 
[Sheridan's victory electrifies the North.] 

A plot to capture the gunboat Michi- 
gan on Lake Eric, by Seeessionistpassen- 
gers on board the steamers Island Queen 
and Parsons, miscarries ; the Queen is 
sunk, the Parsons abandoned, and the 
Secessionists captured. 

Sept. 21. Ga. Thetruceof lOdaysends; 
446 families of 2,035 persons have been 
removed from Atlanta to the South by 
order of Gen. Sherman. 

Sept. 22. Va. Battle of Fisher's HiU. 
Gen. Sheridan overtakes the Confeder- 
ates under Gen. Early, assaults them in 
their strong position, completely defeats 
them, and drives them up the valley in 
hot haste. 

Loss: Federal, 600; Confederate, 500 
killed, 4,000 wounded, 1,100 prisoners, 
and 60 guns. 

Sept. 23. Ala. At Athens the Federals 
encounter the enemy and lose 950 men ; 
Confederate loss, 30. 

Sept. 24.-Oct. 28. Mo. Confederates 
under Gen. Price invade the State. 

Sept. 25. Ga. Jefferson Davis visits Gen. 
Hood's army at Palmetto. 

Va. Gen. Early abandons the valley 

of the Shenandoah, leaving Sheridan's 
army at Harrisonburg. 

Sept. 26. Mo. At Ironton (Pilot Knob) 
Gen. Ewing defeats the Confederates 
under Gen. Price. 

Sept. 27. Mo. A guerrilla band under 
Bill Anderson robs and massacres the 
Federal soldiers and citizens of Centra- 
lia. [Anderson is killed near Albany.] 

Sept. 29. Ga. Gen. Sherman sends Gen. 
Thomas back to Chattanooga for the 
purpose of checking Gen. Hood's ad- 
vance northward. 

Va. Gen. Paine's brigade of colored 

troops successfully assaults the strong 
redoubt on Spring HiU, near Peters- 
burg. 

Sept. 29+. Va. Gen. Grant again threat- 
ens Richmond by a demonstration north 
of the James River, to prevent reenforce- 
ments going to Gen. Early against Gen. 
Sheridan ; the advance captures Fort 
Harrison on the James River, mounting 
1G guns, and takes many prisoners. Fed- 
eral less, 394 killed, 1,554 wounded, and 
324 missing. 

Sept. 30. Tenn. At Carroll Station, in 
E. Tenn., Gen. Gillem drives the Confed- 
erate Gen. Vaughan out of his works. 

Va. At Chapin's Bluff the Confed- 
erates under Gen. Anderson attempt to 
retake Fort Harrison by assault, but 
are repulsed by Gen. Stannard, who loses 
an arm. Gen, Barnham is killed. Fed- 



eral loss at Fort Harrison in two days, 
141 killed, 788 wounded, and 1.750 miss- 
ing; Confederate loss, 2,500 killed and 
wounded, 300 prisoners, and 22 guns. 

At Peeble's Farm, beyond Peters- 
burg, Gen. Warren drives back the Con- 
federates and captures their worke. 
Losses : Federal, 788 killed and wounded, 
and 1.750 prisoners ; Confederate, 900. 

* * Va. The siege of Petersburg by 
Gen. Grant continues through the fall 
and winter. 

Oct. 1. Va. Gen. Warren's lines on the 
Weldon Railroad are advanced one mile 
nearer Richmond. 

Oct. 2. Va. At Abingdon Gen. Bur- 
bridge loses 350 men : Confederate Gen. 
Echols loses 18 killed, 71 wounded, and 
21 missing. 

Oct. 3. Va. Gen. Sheridan orders all 
the houses to be burned within five miles 
of the spot where John B. Meigs, his 
chief engineer, was brutally murdered 
by guerrillas. 



Oct. 6. Va. Gen. Sheridan begins his 
return movement, and devastates the 
Shenandoah Valley of its food and 
forage, as it is the granary of Lee's army 
at Richmond. 

Ga. Battle of AUatoona Pass: the 

attack of Gen. S. G. French is repulsed 
by Federal Gen. Corse with 1,944 men, 
till reenforced by Gen. Sherman, and 
immense stores are saved. Federal loss, 
707 men. 

Gen. Kautz*s Federal cavalry is 
driven from its position on the Darby 
road, on the north side of the James, 
by Gens. C. W. Field and Hoke, who cap- 
ture their guns ; the Confederates are 
repulsed in an attack on the entrenched 
infantry. 

Oct. 7. Brazil. In the harbor of Bahia 
Commander Collins of the gunboat JVa- 
chusett captures the Confederate cruiser 
Florida. [It is sunk by a collision after 
its arrival in Hampton Roads.] 

Va. Gen. Early, having been reen- 
forced, follows Gen. Sheridan down 
the Shenandoah Valley. 

Oct. 8. Va. At Fisher's Hill Gen. 
Sheridan's cavalry defeats and routs 
Gens. Rosser and Wickham ; Federal 
loss, 414 men ; Confederate loss, 330 pris- 

Oct. 11. Ga. Gen. Hood, moving 
northward, crosses the Coosa Kiver, 
and marches upon Resaca and Dalton, 
to break Gen. Sherman's communi- 
cations. 

Oct. 12. Ga. Col. Clark R.Wever refuses 
to surrender Kesaca to Confederates 
under Gen. S. D. Lee, and successfully 
defends it. 

Oct. 13. Ga. Dalton is surrendered by 
the Federal garrison to Gen. Hood. 

Va. On the Darbytown Boad Gen. 

Terry retreats before the Confederates, 
having lost 414 men; Confederate loss, 
200. 



UNITED STATES. 1864, Aug. 28 -Nov. 7. 239 



The Federals are engaged in digging 
a short canal called Dutch Gap, to con- 
nect a loop in the James River below 
Richmond ; Gen. Butler puts 87 Confed- 
erate prisoners at work digging in the 
ditch, under the fire of Confederate 
shells, in retaliation for the forced labor 
of negro soldiers captured by the Con- 
federates. 

Oct. 19. Va. Battle of Cedar Creek : 
Gen. Early surprises, and at first com- 
pletely routs, the Federals under Gen. 
"Wright, in the absence of Gen. Sheridan, 
who is 20 miles away; Gen. Sheridan 
arrives on the field (" Sheridan's Ride "), 
rallies his troops, and inflicts a crushing 
defeat upon the Confederates. Federal 
loss, 588 killed, 3,516 wounded, 1 ,891 miss- 
ing, and 18 guns ; Confederate loss, 4,200, 
including prisoners and 42 guns. 

Oct. 19. + Vt. Confederates in Canada, 
under Lieut. Bennett H. Young, raid 
the town of St. Albans; Gen. Dix orders 
that the U. S. troops pursue them across 
the line if they are not surrendered. 
[The Government soon revokes the 
order.] (See Society.) 

Oct. 20. Get. Gen. Hood's army arrives 
at Gadsden , preparatory to the invasion 
of Tennessee. 

Oct. 21. Mo. At Little Blue the Fed- 
erals under Gen. Curtis are defeated by 
Gen. Price. 

Oct. 22. Va. Col. Augur protects army 
trains on the Manassas Gap Railroad, 
from the attacks of guerrillas, by placing 
eminent Secessionists residing within the 
Federal lines at the post of danger. 

Oct. 25. Mo. At Mine Creek, on the 
Osage River, Gens. Curtis and Pleas- 
anton defeat the Confederates under 
Gen. Price ; Confederate Gens. Marma- 
duke and Cabell are wounded. Federal 
loss, 1,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 900 killed, 
2,800 wounded, and 1,000 prisoners, be- 
sides 1,500 stand of arms. 

Oct. 2"?. Va. Battle of Hatcher's 
Bun; Gens. Hancock and Warren with 
35,000 infantry, and Gen. Gregg with 
3,000 horse, attempt to seize the South 
Side Railroad, and are repulsed. Fed- 
eral loss, 156 killed, 1,047 wounded, and 
699 missing ; Confederate loss, 1,000. 

The Army of the Potomac goes into 

winter quarters. 

Gen. Butler makes a demonstration 

on the north side of the James ; Gen. 
"Weitzel is severely defeated by Gen. 
Longstreet, and loses 1,000 men. 

N. C. At Plymouth Lieut. W. B. 

Cushing and a force of daring volun- 
teers place a torpedo under the Con- 
federate ram Albemarle, and blow her 
up. This craft had been a serious ob- 
stacle to the success of Federal opera- 
tions in Albemarle Sound. 

Oct. 28. Mo. In his 34 days' invasion 
of Missouri, Gen. Price loses 170 killed 
and 336 wounded. 

Term. At Morristown Gen. Gillem 

captures 200 prisoners and eight guns 
from the Confederates under Gen. 



Oct. 28-30. Ala. At Decatur Col. Mor- 
gan loses 100 men ; Confederates under 
Rhoddey lose 400. 

Oct. 29. Ala. Gen. Hood, having 
marched north, goes into camp near 
Decatur. 

Oct. 30. Va. Gen. Grant's army, in the 
trenches before Petersburg- during 
the month of October, loses 170 killed, 
822 wounded, and 812 prisoners ; Confed- 
erate loss, 1,000 men. 

Oct. 31. Ala. Gen. Hood, with an 
army of 45,000 men, crosses to the north 
side of the Tennessee River, at a point 
between the Shoals. 

N. C. Federal Commander Macomb 

takes Plymouth. 

Oct. * Mo. Gen. Price is defeated by the 
Federals at Big Blue, Little Osage, 
and Newtonia. 

Nov. 4. New York. Maj.-Gen. Butler 
takes command of the city. 

Nov. 5. Va. At Fort Sedgwick the 
Confederates are defeated and lose 120 
men ; Federal loss, 70 men. 

Tenn. At Johnsonville the Confed- 
erate Gen. Forrest destroys three " tin- 
clad" gunboats and seven transports, 
and valuable supplies. 

Nov. 7. Va. Jefferson Davis's message 
recommends that 40,000 slaves be 
drilled, and employed as pioneers and 
engineer laborers. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Sept. 4. Cook, Russell S., Cong, d., A53. 

Johnson, Henry, Gov. of La., killed in 

action at Dublin, Va., A89. 

Long, Stephen Harriman, engineer, ait., 

A80. 

Morgan, John H., Confed. maj.-gen., 

raider, k. near Granville, Tenn., A38. 

Sept. IS. Benjamin, Park, poet, lecturer, 
journalist, A55. 

Sept. 19. Russell, David A., maj.-gen. U. 
S. A., killed at Opequan, Va., A44. 

Sept. 24. Bates, Joshua, financier in Lon- 
don, founder of Boston Library, A76. 

Sept. 25. Conover, Thos. A., com. U. S. 
N., A70. 

Sept. 39. Williams, Jared W., Gov., sen. 
for N. H., A68. 

Oct. 13. Taney, Roger B., chief justice 
U. S. Ct., A87. 

Oct. 16. Willard, John D., jurist of N. T., 
philanthropist, A65. 

Oct. 18. Birney, David Bell, maj.-gen. 
U. S. vols., A39. 

Oct. 19. Bidwell, Daniel, brig. -gen. U. S. 
vols., killed at Odar Creek, A4S. 

Oct. SO. Lowell, Charles R., brig.-gen. U. S. 
vols., A29. 

Ramseur, Stephen D-, Confed. maj.- 
gen., A 27. 

Oct. SS. Winslow, Miron, missionary, au- 
thor, A75. 

Oct. 29. Ransom, Thos. E. G., brig.-gen. 
U. S. vols., A30. 

Greenleaf, Benj., au. of math, text- 
books, A78. 

Nov. 1. Chase, Irah, Bapt, cl., theologian, 
A71. 



SOCIETY. 

1864 Sept. 4. Ala. A bread-riot oc- 
curs at Mobile. 

Oct. 12. Mich. The Harper Hospital 
is opened at Detroit. 

Oct. 17. Ind. "William A. Bowles, L. 
P. Milligan, and Stephen Horsey are 
sentenced by a military commission to 
be hanged for conspiracy against the 
United States in organizing the Ameri- 
can Knights of the Sons of Liberty. 



[Released by the decision of the Su- 
preme Court.] 

Oct. 18. Eng. A fair in aid of the 
Confederate cause is opened in Liver- 
pool by ladies of the English"* nobility, 
and by Secession women from America. 

Oct. 19. Vt. The bank at St. Albans 
is robbed by sympathizers with the 
Confederacy who enter from Canada ; 
they kill several persons. 

STATE. 

1864 Aug. 29. Chicago. The Demo- 
cratic National Convention meets; 
Horatio Seymour of N. Y. is Chairman. 
Gen. George B. McClellan of N. J. 
is nominated for President against T. 
H. Seymour of Conn. Vote, 202t-23£. 
George H. Pendleton of O. is nomi- 
nated for Vice-President. The Conven- 
tion declares the "war a failure. 

Aug. 31 ±. D. C. President Lincoln is- 
sues a proclamation of thanksgiving 
for Union victories. 

Sept. * U. S. The Democrats are di- 
vided into two classes — one favoring, 
and the other opposing, the prosecution 
of the war. 

Sept. 5. La. The loyal people approve 
the new Constitution. Vote, 6,836- 
1,566. 

Sept. 8. N. J. Gen. McClellan ac- 
cepts the nomination for the presi- 
dency, but rejects the platform by 
loyally favoring the continuance of hos- 
tilities until the Union is restored. 

Sept. 17. Gen. Fremont withdraws as 
a candidate for the presidency. 

Oct. 12-13. Md. The new Constitution 
is ratified by the people. Citizens' vote, 
27,541-29,536; soldiers' vote, 2,633-263; 
majority, 375. 

Oct. 31. D. C. The President proclaims 
Nevada admitted into the Union, as 
the 36th State. 

Nov. 2. New York. The mayor receives 
a telegram from Secretary Seward dis- 
closing a plot to burn the principal 
cities of the North. 

Nov. 7. Va. The second session of the 
second Confederate Congress opens 
at Richmond. 

R. M. T. Hunter of Va. continues 
President pro tempore in the Senate, 
and Thomas S. Bocock of Va. Speaker 
in the House. There are IS Senators, 
two from each State, and 104 Repre- 
sentatives from nine States. Kentucky 
and Missouri are represented, although 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864 Aug. 28. III. A trial trip of the 
railroad post-office is made between 
Chicago and Clinton. 

Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling 
upland cotton, 115 to 120 cents ; pre- 
mium on gold, 191£ to 193J. 

Oct. 4. Pa. The Philadelphia and 
Erie Road is opened. 

Nov. 1. U. S. The Postal Money- 
Order System comes into operation. 



240 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1864 Nov. 8. N.J. Gen. Geo. B. Mc- 
Clellan resigns his commission in the 
U. S. Army. 

Philip H. Sheridan is commissioned 
major-general in the U. S. Army. 

Nov. 10. Ga. At Home Gen. Sherman 
burns the foundries, mills, and shops. 

Nov. 11. Va. On the road to Front 
Royal Gen. "W. H. Powell severely 
defeats Confederates under Gen. Mc- 
Causland. 

Nov. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman cuts the 
wires connecting Atlanta with Washing- 
ton, and isolates his army. 

Near Fort Pulaski Col. Mulford ef- 
fects the exchange of 10,000 prisoners ; 
18 steamers are employed in conveying 
the men. 

Nov. 13. Ala. Gen. Hood's army crosses 
the Tennessee River to Florence. 

Tenn. At Bull's Gap, East Tennes- 
see, the Confederate Gen. Breckinridge 
defeats Gen. Gillem, capturing his ar- 
tillery, trains, and baggage. Federal 
loss, 600 ; Confederate loss only slight. 

Nov. 14. Ga. Gen. Sherman burns 
part of the city of Atlanta. 

Nov. 16. Ga. At seven o'clock in the 
morning Gen. Sherman's army begins 
its march from Atlanta to the sea. 

He cuts loose from his base, depending 
on the country through which he marches 
for supplies ; his army consists of 60,000 
infantry and 5,500 cavalry, and marches 
by four parallel roads ; Gen. Howard 
commands the right wing, and Gen. Slo- 
cuin the left wing. 

Nov. 17. Va. At Bermuda Hundred 
the Confederates surprise and capture 
Gen. Butler's picket-line. 

Nov. 19. D. C. The President declares 
the blockade raised at Norfolk, Va., 
and at Pensacola and Fernandina, Fla. 

Nov. 21. Ala. Gen. Hood leaves Flor- 
ence, with 40,000 men, and moves toward 
Middle Tennessee, aiming to strike 
Nashville. 

Tenn. Gen. Schoheld, at the head of 

Gen. Thomas's army of 30,000 men, falls 
back before the approach of Gen. Hood. 

Nov. 22. Ga. At Griswold the Georgia 
troops under Gen. Smith attack Gen. 
Sherman's rear-guard, and are repulsed. 

Nov. 23. Ga. Gen. Sherman's left wing 
reaches Milledgeville ; the Legislature 
passes an act to levy the population 
en masse to resist Gen. Sherman. 

Nov. 24. Tenn. Gen. Schofield reaches 
Columbia in advance of the arrival of 
the Confederate cavalry of Gen. Forrest. 

Nov. 24-28. Tenn. At Columbia con- 
siderable fighting occurs between de- 
tachments of Gen. Thomas's army and 
Gen. Hood's advance. Federal loss, 800 ; 
Confederate loss, 600. 

Nov. 25. New York. Confederate agents 
are accused of attempting to burn the 
city by starting fires in their own rooms ; 
15 incendiary fires break out in as many 
hotels in the city ; Gen. Dix announces 
that he will hang all such incendiaries 
whom he catches. 

Nov. 27. Colo. Col. Chivington, com- 
manding 900 men, attacks an Indian 
Camp at Sand Creek; 131 Indians — 
men, women, and children — are killed. 



Nov. 29. Tenn, At Spring Hill, Maury 
County, Gen. D. S. Stanley of Gen. Scho- 
n" eld's command defeats the Confeder- 
ates under Gen. Hood. 

Nov. 30-Dec. 7- S. C. AtHoneyHUl, 
Broad River (Grahamsville.), and Fo- 
cotaligo Gen. Foster encounters the 
Confederates. Federals lose from 1,200 
to 1,500 men. 

Nov. 30. S. C. At Honey Hill Gen. 
John P. Hatch is defeated by the Con- 
federates. 

Tenn. Battle of Franklin, near 

Nashville. 

The Confederates under Gen. Hood 
are repulsed in tierce attacks on the en- 
trenched Army of the Cumberland under 
Gen. Schofield. After the battle Gen. 
Schofield falls hack during the night, 
closer to Nashville. Federal loss, 1S9 
killed, 1,033 wounded, and 1,104 missing; 
Confederate loss, 1,750 killed, 3,800 
wounded, and 702 missing. Gen. Hood 
loses some of his prominent brigade and 
division commanders, including Maj.- 
Gen. Patrick Cleburne, and Bng.-Gen. 
O. F. Strahl. 

Dec. 3. Ga. Mill en is occupied by Gen. 
Sherman's army on its march to the sea. 

Dec. 3-14. Tenn. Gen. Hood with a 
large army partially invests Nashville. 

Dec. 5-8. Tenn. Near Murfreesboro, 
or Cedars, Gen. Milroy of Gen. Rous- 
seau's command defeats and routs the 
Confederate Gen. Forrest's cavalry and 
Bates's infantry ; the Federals capture 
207 prisoners and 14 guns. 

Dec. 6-9. S. C. At Deveaux Neck, or 
Mason's Bridge, the Federals lose 39 
killed, 390 wounded, and 200 missing; 
Confederates lose 400. 



Dec. 10. Ga. Gen. Sherman arrives 
at Savannah, and invests the city. 
[Gen. Hardee destroys the outer line of 
Confederate -works, and withdraws to 
the inner line.] 

Dec. 12. Ga. Gen. Sherman reaches 
the sea. 

Dec. 12-21. Tenn.— Va. Gen. Stone- 
man is sent on a raid from Bean's 
Station ; he destroys the salt-works at 
Saltville, tears up railroads, and drives 
Gen. Breckinridge into the mountains. 

Dec. 13. Ga. Gen. Hazen's division 
assaults and captures Fort McAllister, 
guarding Savannah ; Federal loss, 23 
killed, 82 wounded ; Confederate loss, 
14 killed, 21 wounded, and 211 prisoners. 

Tenn. At Kingsport Gen. Bur- 
bridge (Stoneman's raid) defeats and 
routs the Confederates under Gen. 
Duke, -who lose 150 men. 

Va. A part of Gen. Butler's Fort 

Fisher expedition leaves Hampton 
Roads ; Gen. Butler proposes to destroy 
the defense at "Wilmington by exploding 
a powder-boat. [Transports "with 6,500 
troops follow on the 14th.] 

Dec. 14. Tenn. At Bristol Gen. Bur- 
bridge (Stoneman's raid) captures 300 
Confederates. 

Dec. 15, 16. Tenn. Battle of Nash- 
viUe; Gen. Thomas attacks and com- 
pletely routs the Confederates under 
Gen. Hood ; his army flees in disorder, 



and is pursued into Alabama. Federal 
LOSS, 400 killed, 1,740 wuunded ; Confed- 
erate loss, 1,500. 

Dec. 15. Tenn. At Murfreesboro Gen. 
Rousseau defeats the Confederate Gen. 
Forrest, who loses 1,500 men. 

George H. Thomas is commissioned 

major-general in the L". S. Army. 

Dec. 15±. Va. Gen. Sheridan sends the 
Gth corps to reenforce Gen. Meade. 
[Gen. Crook's corps soon follows.] 

Dec. 17. Ga. Gen. Sherman summons 
Gen. Hardee, to surrender Savannah. 

Ky. At Ashbyville Gen. McCook's 

cavalry defeats the Confederates under 
Gen. Lyon. 

Dec. 20, 21. Ga. Gen. Hardee de- 
stroys his ironclads and navy yard, and 
with 15,000 Confederate troops escapes 
from Savannah during the night, and 
retreats to Charleston. 

Dec. 21, B.C. Adm. Farragnt is made 
vice-admiral — a grade of rank corre- 
sponding to that of general in the army. 

Dec. 22. Ga. Gen. Sherman estab- 
lishes headquarters at Savannah, hav- 
ing lost 567 men in marching to the sea. 

Dec. 23. X. C. A powder-boat (250 
tons) is blown up by the Federals to de- 
stroy Fort Fisher ; the fort is uninjured. 

Dec. 24, 25. A'. C. Fort Fisher, near 
Wilmington, is bombarded by Adm. 
Porter ; Gen. Butler, at the head of a 
land force, prepares to storm it; but 
finally decides the work to he impreg- 
nable, and retires. Federal loss, 195 
men ; Confederate loss. 100 killed and 
wounded, besides 2S0 prisoners. 

Dec. 26, 27. Ala. Gen. Hood's shat- 
tered army recrosses the Tennessee 
River [and retreats to Tupelo, Miss.]. 

Dec. 28. X. C. Gen. Butler returns with 
his force from Fort Fisher to Fortress 
Monroe. 

Dec. 29. Ala. — Miss. Col. W. J. 
Palmer with only 600 men roves through 
the northern counties from Corinth to 
Okalona, destroying Confederate sup- 
plies and resources. 

* * -65 * * The war becomes a continuous 
campaign, through summer and winter. 

1865 Jan. 5. Miss. Gen. Grierson ter- 
minates his raid at Vicksburg. after 
destroying 100 miles of railroad and cap- 
turing 600 prisoners. 

Jan. 6. Va. Gen. Terry with 9,000 troops 
leaves Fortress Monroe for an assault 
on Fort Fisher. 

Jan. 7. Colo. Julesburg is attacked by 
1,600 Indians ; 19 soldiers and others are 
killed; the Indians are defeated. 

Jan. 8. Va. Gen. Butler is removed 
from command of Army of the James ; 
Gen. Ord temporarily succeeds him. 

Jan. 10. D. C. Congress passes resolu- 



tions of thanks to "Gen. Sherman and 
his army. 

Jan. 11. IT. Va. At Beverly Federals 
lose five killed, 20 wounded, and 5S3 pris- 
oners, and the Confederate force under 
Gen. Early occupies the town. 

Jan. 13-15. X. C. The Federals cap- 
ture Fort Fisher. 

(Jan. 13.) Adm. Porter with more than 
50 gunboats reaches and attacks Fort 
Fisher while Gen. Terry's army lands. 



UNITED STATES. 1864, Nov. 8-1865, Jan. 13. 241 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1864 Dec. * New York. Theodore 

Thomas begins his symphony concerts. 

* * New York. Christopher P. Cranch of 
Cambridge, Mass., and Arthur Parton of 
New York are elected members of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * New York. Edwin Booth plays Ham- 
let at the Winter Garden Theater. 

* * 0. The Soldiers* Monument in 
Spring Grove Cemetery, Cincinnati, is 
completed. 

* * Nitrous oxide gas is first used as an 
anesthetic. 

* * Ripening of the Leaf is painted by 
Thomas Moran. 

* * October Afternoon, is painted by J. F. 
Kensett. 

* * Scene from Buhner's Richelieu is 
painted by Emanuel Leutze. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1864. 

Nov. IS. Gorman, John Berry, physician, 
.author, A71. 

Nov. 20. Fairbanks. Erastus, mfr. of 
scales, gov. of Vt., A72. 

Nov. 24. Nilhinan, Urnj., physicist, prof, 
in Yale, A85. 

Nov. SO. Cleburne, Patrick R., Confed. 
maj.-gen., killed at battle of Franklin, 
Tenn., A36. 

Doc. 1. Dayton, William Lewis, sen. 
for N. J., 1st rep. candidate for Vice-Pres., 
minister to France, A57, 

Dec. 10. Schoolcraft, Henry R., traveler, 
ethnologist, ATI. 

Dec. 15. Farnham, Eliza W., philanthro- 
pist, author, A49. 

Dec. 10. McClellaml, Alexander, clergy- 
man, orientalist, A 68. 
Dec. 21. Frv, William H., composer, edi- 
tor Philadelphia Gazette, A4!>. 
Dec. 25. Is'oyes, William Curtis, jurist, 
patriot, A59. 

Wallack, James William, actor, A70. 

Dec. 28. Orton, Azariah G., Pres. cl., 
poet, A 75. 

Dec. 31. Dallas, Geortre TVT.,sen. for Pa., 
min. to Russia, lith Vice-Pres., min. to 
Eng., A72. 

* * Howell, Joshua B., brig.-gen. U. S. vols., 
A 65. 

* * Keen, Alpheus A., prof. Latin, Tufts 
College, A3!>. 

* * Newton, Eph. II., cl., naturalist, A77. 



CHURCH. 
1864 Dec. 15. Kan. Thomas Hubbard 
Vail is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Kansas. 

* * Mich. The Michigan Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * N.J. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Newark ; James 
■Wood, moderator. 

* * 0. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Dayton ; Thos. 
Brainerd, moderator. 

* *The United Synod of the South is 
united with the General Assembly 
(Presbyterian). 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples cf Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* *Phila. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets ; D. A. Wallace, 
moderator. 

* * Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at York. 



A rupture is caused in the synod 
by the admission of the Franckean 
Synod (N.Y.), which is alleged to be 
heretical. The Pennsylvania Synod 
withdraws. 
1865 Jan. 4. N. Y. Arthur Cleveland 
Coxe is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) assistant bishop of Western New 
York. 

LETTERS. 
1S64 * * D. C. National Deaf Mute 
College (non-sect.) is organized. 

* * Mass. Lasell Seminary (Meth. Epis.) 
is organized. 

* * Mo. Central Wesleyan College 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Warrenton. 

* * N. Y. The Standard- Union is issued 
at Brooklyn. 

* * Pa. The Commercial Gazette is issued 
at Pittsburg. 

* * Azarian, by H. P. Spofford, appears. 

* * Man and Nature, by George P. Marsh, 
appears. 

* * The Old Regime in Canada, by Fran- 
cis Parkman, appears. 

* * Webster's Dictionary, a new and en- 
larged edition, appears, containing 
114,000 words and 3,000 illustrations. 

* * The American Conflict, Yol. I., by 
Horace Greely, appears. 

* * Life of Benjamin Franklin, by James 
Parton, appears. 

* * John Godfrey's Fortunes, by Bayard 
Taylor, appeal's. 

* * Fireside Travels, by James Russell 
Lowell, appears. 

* * Wet Days at Edgewood, by Ik Marvel, 
appears. 

* * Out of His Head, by Lyman Abbott, 
appears. 

* * The Maine Woods, by H. D. Thoreau, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1864 Nov. 25. New York. An attempt 
is made to burn hotels. [Robert Ken- 
nedy is arrested and hanged. See Army.] 

* * Cal. The Union Club at San Fran- 
cisco is organized. 

* * Md. The First National Labor Con- 
gress meets in Baltimore. 

* * N. Y. The Binghamton Asylum for 
Inebriates — the first in history — is 
opened. 

* * W. Va. A hospital for the insane is 
opened by the State at Weston. 

* * The Cigarmakers* International 
Union is organized. 

The labor movement takes new life, 
and labor organizations multiply. 

STATE. 

1S64 Nov. 8. U.S. The 20th presiden- 
tial election ; Republicans are elected. 

Popular vote : Abraham Lincoln of 
111. (Rep.), 2,216,007; George B. Mc- 
Clellan of N. J. (Dem.), 1,80S,725. 

Lincoln and Johnson carry 22 States, 
McClellan and Pendleton, three ; 11 
(Southern) States do not vote. 



Nov. * Chicago. A conspiracy to lib- 
erate the Confederate prisoners at 
Camp Douglas is detected ; the leaders 
are arrested. [.The conspirators are tried 
and convicted by court-martial at Cin- 
cinnati.] 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 38th Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Congress receives Presi- 
dent Lincoln's message. In it he says : 
" Fondly do we hope, fervently do we 
pray, that this mighty scourge of war 
may speedily pass away. Yet if God 
wills that it continue, until all the 
wealth piled by the 1 ondsman's 250 
years of unrequited toil shall be sunk, 
and until every drop of blood drawn 
with the lash shall be repaid with an- 
other drawn by the sword, ... it must 
be said 'the judgments of the Lord are 
true and righteous altogether.' " 

He recommends the adoption of the 
13th Amendment by the House : 

"If the people should, by whatever 
mode or means, make it an executive 
duty to reenslave such persons, another, 
not I, must he their instrument to per- 
form it." 

Dec. 17. D. C. The Secretary of State 
requires passports to be shown by per- 
sons entering the United States, except 
immigrants who arrive by sea. 

Dec. 19. President Lincoln calls for 
300,000 more volunteers. Total number, 
since March, 1862, 1,000,000 men. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-68 * * Ark. Isaac MurpUy. 

-68 * * la. Win. M. Stone. 

-66 * * Ida. (Ter.). Caleb Lyon. 

-65 * * La. Michael Hahn. 

-67 * * Me. Samuel Corry. 

-66 * * Minn. Stephen Miller. 

-65 * * Miss. Charles Clarke. 

-69 * * Mo. Thomas C. Fletcher. 

-65 * * Mont. (Ter.). Sidney Edgerton. 

-71* *Nev.(Ter.). Henry G. Blaisdell. 

-65 * * O. John Brough. 

-65 * * S. C. A. G. Magrath. 

-68 * * Va. Francis H. Pierpont. 

-65 * * U. (Ter.). James D. Doty. 
1865 Jan. 1. D. C. Congress raises 

the tax on distilled spirits to S2.00 per 

proof -gallon. 
Jan. 6. D. C. Congress ; House : J. M. 

Ashley of O. reintroduces the 13th 

Amendment. [A long debate ensues.] 
Jan. 9. Tenn. A popular convention 

meets at Nashville to reorganize the 

State on a loyal basis. 
Jan. 11. Mo. An ordinance abolishing 

slavery is adox>ted by the Constitutional 

Convention at St. Louis. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1864 Nov. * Southern States. The Con- 
federate doUar is worth 4^ cents. 

Dec. 22. The steamship North America 
from New Orleans is sunk at sea ; nearly 
200 lives are lost (mostly sick soldiers). 

* * 111. Oakwcod Cemetery, near Chi- 
cago, is established. 

* * Ind. Street-cars are introduced in In- 
dianapolis. 

1865 Jan. 1. Nexo York. Price of mid- 
dling upland cotton, IIS to 120 cents; 
price of the gold dollar, 121% cents. 



242 1865, Jan. 13-Mar. 4. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1865 (Jan. 14.) The bombardment by 
the navy continues. (See p. 240). 

(Jan. 15.) Fort Fisher is carried by 
assault by Gen. N. M. Curtis of Gen. 
Terry's army, aided by 400 marines and 
600 sailors, and the continued bombard- 
ment of Adm. Porter's fleet. 

Total Federal losses, 184 killed and 
749 wounded, 22 missing. Confederate 
loss, 2,483 men and 72 guns. 

Jan. 14. S. C. At Focotaligo the Con- 
federates are repulsed, losing 50 men. 

Jan. 16. A*~. C. The Confederates blow 
up their cruisers, the Chickamauga and 
the Tallahassee, also Fort Caswell near 
Fort Fisher, on the Cape Fear River. 

At Fort Fisher 300 Federal soldiers are 
killed or wounded by the accidental ex- 
plosion of a magazine. 

Jan. 17. 8. C. In Charleston Harbor 
the Confederates blow up the Federal 
monitor Patapsco with a torpedo ; seven 
officers and 65 men go down with the 
vessel. 

Jan. 18. N. C. Three blockade-runners 
enter Cape Fear River and are captured 
by the Federals, who now hold posses- 
Jan. 19. Va. The Confederate Congress 
displaces Jefferson Davis as com- 
mander-in-chief of the Confederate 
Army, by appointing Robert E. Lee to 
that office. , 

Jan. 23. Miss. At his own request Gen. 
Hood is relieved of the command of 
his shattered and demoralized army. 

Jan. * The leading conspirators for the 
release of Confederate prisoners con- 
fined at Camp Douglas, Chicago, are 
convicted by court-martial. 

Feb. 1. Ga. Gen. Sherman leaves 
Savannah on his northward march. 

Feb. 3. Can. The Canadian authorities 
surrender Bennett G. Bailey, one of the 
St. Albans raiders, to the U. S. Govern- 
ment. 

S. C. At Salkehatchie the Confed- 
erates are repulsed. 

Feb. 5. W. Va. At Moorefield Col. 
Whit taker surprises and breaks up the 
Confederate camp of Gen. Harry Gil- 
mor ; the guerrilla leader himself is cap- 
tured. Whittaker's command consisting 
of 300 mounted men, marched 140 miles 
in 48 hours, crossing rivers and moun- 
tains. 

Feb. 5-7. Va. At Hatcher's Run and 
Dabney's Mills Gen. Grant's troops 
drive back the Confederates. 

The latter being reenforeed, the Fed- 
erals are in turn repulsed and forced to 
retire, losing 232 killed, 1,062 wounded, 
and 186 prisoners. Confederate loss, 
1,200 men, Gen. Pegram being among 
the killed. 

Feb. 8. S. C. At Williston Station the 
Confederates are repulsed. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Gen. John M. Schofield 
is appointed to command in North Caro- 
lina. 

- — Gen. Robert E. Lee assumes com- 
mand of all the armies of the Confed- 
eracy. 



Feb. 10. Ky. Gen. Burbridge is relieved 
from command of the district of Ken- 
tucky by Gen. John M. Palmer. 
S. ft At James Island Gen. Sher- 
man's right column effects a landing, 
losing 80 men killed. 

Feb. 11. X. C. Near Wilmington Gen. 
Terry loses 60 men ; Confederate loss, 
100. 

S. C. At Aiken the Federal cavalry 

under Gen. Kilpatrick engages the Con- 
federate cavalry under Gen. Wheeler. 

Feb. 15. S. C. AtCongaree Creek the 
Confederates are repulsed. 

Feb. 16. Va. The Federals destroy the 
Confederate iron-works in the Shenan- 
doah Valley. 

Feb. 17. S. C. Gen. Sherman's army 
reaches Columbia, the capital of the 
State ; it enters unopposed, the Confed- 
erates under Gens. Beauregard and 
Wade Hampton having retreated. 

After the Federals enter, a fire breaks 
out, which destroys much of the city. 
[Gen. Sherman and the Confederate gen- 
eral, Wade Hampton, recriminate each 
other as to responsibility for the confla- 
gration, — Hampton insisting that it is 
an act of deliberate vandalism on the 
part of the Federals ; Sherman, that it is 
owing to the recklessness of the Confed- 
erates in firing a large amount of cotton 
before they abandoned the place.] 

Owing to the success of Gen. Sherman 
in the interior, the Confederates under 
Gen. Hardee are compelled to retire 
from Charleston; [the city is occupied 
on the 18th by Gen. Foster, who extin- 
guishes a destructive conflagration kin- 
dled by the retreating Confederates.] 

Feb. 19. jV. C. Fort Anderson is cap- 
tured by the Federals ; Gens. Schofield 
and Terry, with Adm. Porter, lose 100 
men ; Confederate Gen. Hoke loses 60 
prisoners, beside the killed and wounded. 

S. C. Charleston is placed under 

martial law by the Federals. 

Feb. 20. X. C. At Town Creek sev- 
eral slight engagements occur. Federal 
loss, 200 killed; Confederate loss, 363 
prisoners. * 

Feb. 21. TV. Va. At Cumberland Gens. 
Crook and Kelley are captured in their 
beds by Confederate guerrillas. 

Feb. 22. X. C. "Wilmington is occu- 
pied by the Federals, who lose 200 killed ; 
Confederate loss, 1,072 prisoners. 

Feb. 24. X. F. John Y. Beall of Va., 
a Confederate spy, is hanged at Fort La- 
fayette. 

Feb. 25. X. C. Gen. Beauregard, en- 
feebled by illness, is superseded in com- 
mand of the Confederate forces in North 
Carolina by Gen. Joseph FJ. Johnston. 

Feb. 25.-Mar. 26. Va. Gen. Sher- 
idan, with 10,000 cavalry, makes a raid 
through Waynesboro, Staunton, and 
the country southward, until he joins 
Grant's army before Petersburg. 

Mar. 1. Adm. Dahlgren's flag-ship, the 
Harvest Moon, is blown up by a Confed- 
erate torpedo. 

Mar. 2. Va. Near Waynesboro Gen. 
Custer, commanding a division of Gen. 
Sheridan's cavalry, surprises and defeats 
Gen. Early, capturing 1,600 prisoners, 11 
guns, 17 battle-flags, and 200 loaded 



supply wagons. Federal Loss, iess than 
a dozen men. [The next day Sheridan 
enters Charlottesville.] 

Gen. Lee proposes to Gen. Grant that 
a meeting of the two commanding gen- 
erals be had, for an interchange of views 
looking toward a military convention to 
arrange terms of peace. 

Mar. 3. D.C. The President orders Gen 
Grant to decline the conference with 
Gen. Lee. 

S. C. At Cheraw Gen. Howard de- 
feats the Confederates under Gens. 
Hardee and Hampton, who are forced 
to retire by Gen. Sherman's flank move- 
ment. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1865 Feb. 10. London. The gold medal 

of the Royal Astronomical Society is 

awarded to G. P. Bond, astronomer of 

Harvard University. 

BIRTHS -DEATHS. 

1865 * * 

Jan. 13. Brownell, Thomas C, P. E. bishop 
of Conn., author, Abti. 

Jan. 15. Everett, Edward, orator, Gov. of 
Mass., sen., minister to Kng., pres. of Har- 
vard, sec. of.siate, A7I. 

Harper, Joseph M.. plivsician, M. C. for 

N.H., A77. 

Jan. 16. Bell, Louis, col. U. S. A., A29. 

Jan. 21. Wbeelock, Charles, brig. -gen. U.S. 
vols., A53. 

Jan. 23. Bacon. David F., plivs., au., A53. 

Feb. 5. Gilliss, James M..astrbnoruer,A54. 

Feb. 6. Pegram, John, Confed. maj.-gen., 
A 33. 

Feb. 17. Bond, George Phillips, astron- 
omer, A39. 

Feb. 18. Conant, Hannah O'Brien Chap- 
lin, editor, author, translator, A53. 

CHURCH. 

1S65 Jan. 25. 7"a. Jefferson Davis 
proclaims a public fast, to be observed 
throughout the Confederacy, on March 
15. 

LETTERS. 

1865 Jan. 25. D. C. The library of 
the Smithsonian Institution at Washing- 
ton is burned. 

Feb. 2. Mont. The Historical Society 
is incorporated. 

Feb. 22. Ky. An agricultural college 
is established. 

Feb. * Ky. The Universities of Tran- 
sylvania and Kentucky are consolidated 
by an act of the Legislature. 

SOCIETY. 

1S65 Jan. 10. Phila. A meeting is held 
to raise funds to send relief to the suf- 
fering Confederates at Savannah. 

Jan. 14. New York. Two vessels sail 
with supplies for the suffering Con- 
federates at Savannah. Fluids were 
raised at a public meeting held on 
Jan. 11. 

Jan. 27. Xetc York. The Ladies* Loyal 
League sends a petition, bearing 100.000 
signatures, to Congress, asking for gen- 
eral emancipation. 

Jan. * Xev. The Free Masons Grand 
Lodge of Nevada is organized. 

Feb. 1. John S. Rock, a negro of pure 
blood, is the first of his race to be ad- 



UNITED STATES. 



1865, Jan. 13 -Mar. 4. 243 



mitted to practice in the Supreme 
Court of the United States. 

D. C. Congress abolishes slavery 

as an institution in the United States. 

Feb. * New York. The Union League 
Club is incorporated. 

Mar. *- Apr. * D. C. A conspiracy is 
formed to create anarchy by the as- 
sassination of the chief officers of the 
Government. 

The conspirators are John Wilkes 
Booth, George A. Atzerot, Dr. S. A. 
Mudd, Lewis Payne (Powell), David 
Herrold, John H. Surratt, Mrs. Mary E. 
Surratt, Michael O'Laughlin, Samuel 
Arnold, and Edward Spangler. 

It is planned that Booth shall assassi- 
nate President Lincoln ; Atzerodt, Vice- 
President Johnson ; Payne, Secretary of 
State Seward; O'Laughlin, Gen. Grant. 
[Gen. Grant's absence in Philadelphia 
caused his escape from attack.] 

Mar. 3. D.C. Congress passes the Freed- 
men's Bureau Act ; the object of the 
measure is to control all matters relat- 
ing to negroes and freedmen. It also 
provides for the establishment of a 
Naval and Military Asylum in the 
District of Columbia, which is to be 
maintained by the Government. 



1865 Jan. 17. Ga. The President ap- 
points James Johnson provisional gov- 

Jan. 26±. Tenn. A State Convention 
held at Nashville passes a Constitutional 
Amendment prohibiting slavery. 

Jan. 28. Va. Jefferson Davis requests 
Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. (Vice- 
Pres.), R. M. T. Hunter of Va. (Ex-Sec. 
of State), and John A. Campbell of Ala. 
(Asst. Sec. of War), to proceed to Wash- 
ington as peace commissioners, to 
hold an informal conference with Presi- 
dent Lincoln. 

The Confederate House of Representa- 
tives at Richmond authorizes the enlist- 
ment of negroes. 

Jan. 29. Va. The three Confederate 
peace commissioners present them- 
selves at the Union lines, near Rich- 
mond, for passage to Washington. 

Jan. 31. D.C. Congress. The House 
passes the resolution for the 13th 
Amendment to the Constitution 
abolishing slavery, amid tumultuous 
applause. Vote, 119-56, the yeas include 
10 Democratic votes. The resolution goes 
totheSenate. [Apr.8.Passes. Vote, 38-6.] 

Feb. 1. D. C. The three Confederate 
commissioners reach Fortress Mon- 
roe ; Secretary Seward leaves Wash- 
ington to meet them at Gen. Grant's 
headquarters. 

III. The Legislature ratifies the Con- 
stitutional Amendment for emanci- 
pation—the first of the States to do 
so. 

Va. The three Commissioners recede 

from their terms (complying with the 
President's conditions) contained in a 
note to Gen, Grant, and are notified that 



they can proceed no farther. [They re- 
consider their decision on the 2d.] 

Feb. 2. D. C. Mr. Lincoln telegraphs 
the peace commission that he will 
start immediately to meet them. 

The legislatures of Rhode Island and 

Michigan ratify the 13th Amendment. 

Feb. 2, 3. Va. President Lincoln, ac- 
companied by Secretary Seward, holds a 
peace conference at Hampton Roads 
with three Confederate representatives, 
— Stephens, Hunter, and Campbell. 

Mr. Lincoln's conditions of peace — 
the restoration of Federal authority 
in all the States ; the maintenance of 
positions already taken on the subject 
of slavery ; no suspension of military 
operations till every hostile force is dis- 
banded. The Confederate commis- 
sioners insist upon final and complete 
separation as the only basis of negotia- 
tion. The conference fails. 

Feb. 3. The Legislatures of New York, 
Maryland, Massachusetts, Pennsylva- 
nia, and West Virginia ratify the 13th 
Amendment. [Feb. 7, Maine; Feb. 8, 
Kansas and Minnesota ; Feb. 9, Virginia ; 
Feb. 13, Indiana ; Feb. 16, Nevada ; Feb. 
21, Wisconsin ; Feb. 24, Missouri ; Mar. 9, 
Vermont ; April, Arkansas ; May 4, Con- 
necticut ; June 30, New Hampshire.] 

Feb. 7. Va. The Confederate Senate 
defeats the measure for raising an army 
of 200,000 negroes. 

Feb. * D. C. Congress adopts a joint 
rule directing that "no electoral vote 
objected to shall be counted, except by 
the concurrent votes of the two Houses." 

Feb. 8. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Lincoln (Rep.), 
213; McClellan (Dem.), 21. Vote for 
Vice-President : Andrew Johnson 
(Rep.) of Tenn., 213; George H. Pen- 
dleton (Dem.) of O., 21. Necessary to a 
choice, 117. 

Congress receives a special message 
from President Lincoln announcing that 
he had "signed the joint reconstruc- 
tion resolution in deference to the view 
of Congress, implied in its passage and 
presentation." 

Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: the Senate 
repudiates the Confederate debt. 

Feb. 18. S. C. The Federal flag is 
again raised at Charleston. 

Feb. 22. Tenn. The new Constitution 
is ratified. Vote, 25,263-48. 

Feb. 23. Ky. The Legislature refuses 
to ratify the 13th Amendment. 

Feb. * D. C. President Lincoln an- 
nounces an addition to the army of 
150,000 conscripts. 

Feb. * Va. The Confederate Congress 
issues an address to the Southern people. 
"The Southern States, would be held 
as conquered provinces by the despotic 
Government at Washington . . . kept in 
subjugation . . . by military power, . . . 
and socially degraded to the level of 
slaves." 

; * Va. The Confederate Congress pro- 
vides for the enlistment of slaves who 
may volunteer their services in defense 
of the Confederacy. 



Mar. 1. N. J. The Legislature rejects 
the 13th Amendment to the Federal 
Constitution, making emancipation uni- 
versal. 
Mar. 2. D. C. Congress passes the 

Military Reconstruction Act. 
Mar. 3. D. C. Congress authorizes the 
Secretary of the Treasury to borrow 
$600,000,000 on bonds, with interest 
not exceeding 6 per cent., payable in 
coin. [The last war-loan.] 

It passes an act for the establishment 
of a Freedmen's JBureau — for the re- 
lief and control of refugees, freedmen, 
and abandoned lands. 

It imposes a tax of 10 per cent on the 
notes issued by State banks after July 1, 
1866 ; increases the rate of the income 
tax from 5 to 10 per cent for incomes 
over §5,000, the $600 exemption remain- 
ing as before. 

The House repudiates all obligations 
for the Confederate debt. 

La the Senate, Andrew Johnson, the 

Vice-President, takes the oath of office. 

Mar. 4. D.C. The 38th Congress ends. 

The 16th Administration continued. 

Abraham Lincoln of 111., the 16th 
President, erters his second term, 
the 20th of the presidency. Andrew 
Johnson of Tenn. is Vice-President. 

" "With malice towards none, with 
charity for all, with firmness in the 
right, as God gives us to see the right, 
let us strive on to finish the work we 
are in ; to bind up the nation's wounds ; 
to care for him who shall have borne the 
battle, and for his widow and his or- 
phan ; to do all which may achieve and 
cherish a just and a lasting peace among 
ourselves and with all nations." (Lin- 
coln's Inaugural Address.) 

The President calls an extra session 
of the Senate. The Senate meets. 
U. S. The salaries of Congress- 
men become $5,000 a year, besides 20 
cents a mile for traveling expenses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 Jan. * Southern States. The Con- 
federate dollar is worth 2i cents. 

Jan. * New York. Paper sells at high 
prices ; first class commercial note, 55 to 
60 cents a pound; common, 40 and 45 
cents ; rag paper for printers, 22 to 25 
cents, and straw paper, 20 and 22 cents ; 
manilla wrapping paper, 18 to 20 cents. 

Feb. 4. Nev. A t unn el four miles long, 
to afford drainage to the Comstock lode 
— 1,600 feet deep — is undertaken and a 
charter is issued. 

Feb. 8. Phila. A fire causes 20 deaths 
and the loss of $500,000 in property. 

Feb. 16. By permission of Confederate 
officials, cotton is allowed to be carried 
to the New York market to "buy 
blankets for prisoners ; the cargoes of 
the first two vessels sell for $6,000,000. 

Feb. 17. Va. A Confederate paper 
dollar is worth two cents. 

* * Several States take steps early in the 
year to extend the elective franchise 
to negroes ; they having been excluded 
in all, except Maine, Vermont, New 
Hampshire, and Massachusetts. 



244 1865, Mar. 6. -Apr. 8. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1865 Mar. 6. N~. C. Gen. Sherman's 
army crosses the Pedee Eiver. 

Mar. S. N. C. At Kinston Gens. Cox 
;ind Couch of Gen. Schofield's command 
repulse the Confederates under Gens. 
Hill and Hoke, wiLh a loss of 2,000. Fed- 
eral loss, 300. 

Mar. 9. JV. C. At Kinston (Wilcox's 
Bridge, "Wise's Fork), Gen. Schofield de- 
feats the Confederate Gen. Bragg; Fed- 
erals lose 80 killed, 421 wounded, and 000 
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1,500 men. 

Mar. 10. N. C. Near Jackson's Mills 
Gen. Wade Hampton surprises and 
routs the Federal cavalry under Gen. 
Kilpatrick. 

The latter narrowly escapes capture, 
and loses 1,500 prisoners and several 

funs ; Ivilpatriek rallies the remnant of 
is command, defeats the Confederates, 
and recaptures the lost guns. 

Near Goldsboro Gen. Cox repulses an 
attack of Confederates under Gen. Hoke; 
Federal loss, 300; Confederate, 1,500. 

Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry ar- 
rives at Columbia. 

Mar. 11. N, C. Gen. Sherman takes 
possession of Fayetteville [and de- 
stroys the Confederate arsenal and valu- 
able military stores]. 

Mar. 15. N. C. Gen. Sherman leaves 
Fayetteville, and crosses the Cape Fear 
River for Goldsboro. 

Mar. 15.-Apr. 13. Tenn. Gen. Stone- 
manmakes a brilliant raid from ICnox- 
ville into North Carolina and Virginia, 
where he operates for several weeks ; 
Confederate stores are captured, rail- 
roads are torn up, and bridges burned. 
The Federal loss is small, while the Con- 
federates lose COO killed and wounded, 
besides 2,000 prisoners and 14 guns. 

Mar. 16. N. C. At Averysboro* Gen. 
Slocum defeats and pursues 20,000 Con- 
federates under Gen. Hardee ; Federal 
loss, 77 killed and 477 wounded ; Confed- 
erate loss, 327 killed, and 373 wounded 
or prisoners. 

Mar. 10. Va. Gen. Sheridan's army 
reaches White House, near Gen. Meade's 
lines. 

Mar. 19-21. JV r . C. Battle of Benton- 
ville; Gen. Slocum's division of Sher- 
man's army is suddenly attacked by Gen. 
Johnston, and the safety of the entire 
army is imperiled. 

The Confederates make six desperate 
assaults, and then withdraw ; Federal 
loss, 191 killed, 1,103 wounded, and 2S7 
prisoners ; Confederate loss, 2,825. 

Mar. 21. N. C. Gen. Slocum occupies 
Goldsboro. 

Mar. 22.-Apr. 24. Tenn. Gen. "Wil- 
son with 13,000 men, chiefly mounted, 
and six batteries, makes a raid to 
assist in the capture of Mobile and to 
destroy Confederate stores ; he is pro- 
vided with a supply train of 250 light 
wagons, and a pontoon train of 30 boats, 
conveyed on 56 wagons. 

Federal loss, 99 killed, 59S wounded, 
and 28 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 1,200 



killed and wounded. G,S2fi prisoners, 288 
gun* ; Wilson parnh-H 5'.i.x7,s other pris- 

Mar. 22. Tenn, Gen. Thomas sends 
Gen. Stoneman's force towards Lynch- 
burg, Va., to head off the expected 
retreat of Gen. Lee. 
Mar. 23. iV. C. Gen. Sherman arrives at 
Goldsboro where he joins the armies of 
Gens. Schofield and Terry. The united 
armies number 900,000 men. 
Mar. 24. Va. Gen. Grant issues an 
order for a grand advance of the army 
to the left, to prevent the escape of Gen. 
Lee ; total force, 124,700, including 
13,000 cavalry; Gen. Lee's force is 57,- 
000, including G,000 cavalry. 
Mar, 25. Va. Fort Steadman, near 
Petersburg, is assaulted by Gen. Lee, 
and a gap is made in the Federal lines. 
Gen. Gordon surprises and captures 
the fort in the early morning with little 
resistance. It is soon recovered by the 
Federals, who also advance their line. 
Federal loss, 6S killed, 3;s7 wounded, 006 
missing; Confederate loss, 2,G81. 

Gen. Sheridan's cavalry, after raid- 
ing the Confederate communications, 
arrives from the Shenandoah Valley, at 
City Point, to join Gen. Grant. 

Ala. At Pine Barren Creek Gen. 

Steele defeats 800 Confederate cavalry 
under Gen. Clanton, who loses 200 men, 
killed and wounded, besides 275 prison- 
ers. 
N. Y. At Fort Lafayette R. C. Ken- 
nedy is hanged as a Confederate spy; 
he was concerned in the attempt to burn 
New York City. 
Mar. 25-Apr. 9. Ala. Gen. Canby 
besieges Mobile. Federal loss, 100 
killed, G93 wounded ; Confederate loss, 
552 killed and wounded, besides 30 guns. 
(Mar. 27.) Gen. Canby invests Spanish 
Fort and Fort Blakely, which protect 
the city of Mobile. (See Apr. 8.) 

Spanish Fort is attacked by the Fed- 
eral land force, 30,000 strong, under 
Gen. A. J. Smith, and the navy under 
Adm. Thatcher. 

At Mitchell's Fork Gen. Steele defeats 
S00 Confederates. 
(Mar. 28.) In Mobile Bay, the Confeder- 
ates blow up and sink the monitor 
Milwaukee, before Fort Blakely. 
(Mar. 29.) The monitor Osage is blown 

up by a Confederate torpedo. 
Mar. 23. N~. C. Gen. Stoneman, on a 

cavalry raid, captures Boone. 
Va. Gen. Sheridan drives Gen. Bush- 
rod Johnson from the Quaker Road, 
each army losing about 500 men. 
Mar. 29. Ala. Gen. Steele, with a divis- 
ion of Gen. Canby's army, arrives be- 
fore Fort Blakely, near Mobile, after 
capturing Canton, with 275 Confeder- 
ates. [Other forces soon arrive.] 

Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry 

reaches Dinwiddie Cou: t-House. A 
heavy storm of rain comes on in the 
night [and continues 24 hours]. 
Mar. 30. Va. Gen. Sheridan's cavalry 
advances to Five Forks. 



Mar. 31. Ala. At Montevallo Gen. 
Wilson's cavalry destroys furnaces and 

X. C. Gen. Sherman returns to 

Goldsboro after visiting Gen. Grant at 
City Point, Va. 

Fa. Gen. Sheridan is forced back 

from Five Forks to Dinwiddie Court- 
House by Pickett's infantry (7000), united 
with the Confederate cavalry ; Gen. 
Pickett returns to Five Forks. 

Battle of Boydtcn and White Oak 
Roads. Gen. Lee attacks Gen. Ayres* 
division of Gen. Warren's advance, 
drives it back on the main line at Grav- 
elly Run, and then is himself driven 
hack to his entrenchments; Federal loss, 
177 killed, 1,131 wounded, and 550 pris- 
oners ; Confederate loss, 1,235 men. 
About 500 soldiers perish in the burn- 
ing of the transport General Lyon, off 
Cape Hatteras. 
Apr. 1. Va Gen. Sheridan appears in 
Gen. Lee's front, at Dinwiddie Court- 
House ; Sheridan is reenforced by Gen. 
Warren's corps. 

Battle of Five Forks. Gen. Sheri- 
dan, assisted by Gens. Warren, Ayres, 
and Merritt, turns the front of the Con- 
federates, under Gen. Pickett, driving 
them out of their entrenchments, and 
pressing their disorderly flight. 

Federal loss, 124 killed, 706 wounded, 
and 54 prisoners; Confederate loss, 
8,500, including 6,000 prisoners and their 
artillery. 

Gen. Sheridan relieves Gen. "Warren 
of command, and appoints Gen. Grirlin 
his successor. [Twelve years later a 
court of inquiry decides that Gen. War- 
ren did his whole duty.] 
Ala. The Iiodolph is sunk by the Con- 
federates before Fort Blakely. 
Apr. 2. Va. At Petersburg Gen. 
Wright assaults and captures the Con- 
ferate main works in his front, where in 
15 minutes he loses 1,100 men ; he then 
sweeps out the batteries at Hatcher'B 
Run, capturing 3,000 prisoners. 

Gen. Parke assaults and captures the 
Confederate outer lines, but is driven 
back from the strong interior lines by 
Gen. Gordon. 

Gen. Humphreys, with Gen. Hay's di- 
vision, attacks and captures the Confed-, 
erate redoubt at Crow's Nest. 

Gens. R. S. Foster and J. W. Turner of 
Gen. Gibbon's corps capture Forts Gregg 
and Wit worth west of Petersburg. The 
Confederate Lieut.-Gen. A. P. Hill is 
killed. 

Kichmond is abandoned by the Gov- 
ernment of the Confederacy about two 
o'clock in the afternoon. 

At Richmond the Confederates blow 
lip their forts and iron-clads, prepara- 
tory to the evacuation of the city. 

Richmond is evacuated in the night 
by Gen. Lee; he retreats in a south- 
westerly direction, hoping to unite his 
forces with those of Gen. Johnston in 
North Carolina; Gen. Grant prepares 
for the great struggle of the next day. 



UNITED STATES. 



1865, Mar. 6 -Apr. 8. 245 



Ala. At Ebenezer Church, on Big 

Mulberry Creek, Gen. Wilson defeats 
Gen. Forrest, who loses 300 prisoners 
and three guns. 

Gen. Wilson captures Selma; Col. 
Roddey and 3,000 men are made prison- 
ers ; the surrender includes a large 
amount of war material stored in the 
town. 
Apr. 3 . Va. Fall of Petersburg ; Gen . 
Grant's vigorous assault causes the evac- 
uation of the city; Gen. Lee notifies 
Jefferson Davis that Petersburg and 
Richmond must be abandoned. 

Federal loss, 296 killed, 2,596 wounded, 
and 500 prisoners ; Confederate loss, 
about 3,000. 

The flight of the Confederate army 
from Richmond and its pursuit both 
begin about the same time ; Gen. Lee 
pushes toward Amelia Court-House; 
fighting occurs between cavalry forces. 

Richmond is occupied by Federal 
Gen. Weitzel's command (colored troops) 
at 8.15 a.m. It finds a formidable con- 
flagration in the city, started by the re- 
treating Confederates. Grant's losses in 
two days, S,000 ; Lee's losses, 9,000. 
Apr. 4. Va. At Richmond President 
Lincoln receives army officers in the 
late residence of Jefferson Davis. 

Gen. Sheridan gets his cavalry into 
position eight miles southwest of Ame- 
lia Court-House, where Gen. Lee's 
army is resting, and there entrenches ; 
The Confederates are obliged to forage 
for food, and thereby lose the day. 
Apr. 5. Va. Gen. Lee turns his flee- 
ing army westward to reach Lynch- 
burg; he is pursued and harassed by 
Gens. Sheridan and Meade. 

Gen. Grant orders Gen. Sheridan to 
attack Gen. Lee at Amelia Court- 
House. 
Apr. 6. Va. A series of obstinate battles 
take place. Gen. Humphreys drives Gen. 
Gordon down the creek, and captures 
1,700 men of Gen. Lee's army, and a 
large part of his main trains. 

Gen. Lee's retreating army is con- 
fronted by the Federals, and fights the 
battle of Sailor's Creek with persistent 
courage ; infantry, artillery, and cavalry 
are all engaged in a severe action ; Gen. 
Ewell's corps of 7,000 men surrenders to 
Gen. Sheridan. 

Federal loss, 166 killed and 1,014 
wounded ; Confederate loss is not re- 
ported ; 7,700 prisoners and 14 guns are 
taken. 

At High Bridge, on the Appomattox 
River, Federals lose 10 killed, 31 
wounded, and 1,000 prisoners. 

Gen. Grant is unable to bring on a de- 
cisive battle ; at night Gen. Lee re- 
sumes his retreat westward. 

Apr. 7. Va. At Farmville the Confed- 
erates gain a slight success, Gen. 
Miles's cavalry division being repulsed 
by Gens. Rosser and T. T. Munford ; all 
the Federal officers are killed, and the 
command (655 men) is captured. 



At Wytheville Gen. Stoneman's 
cavalry destroys a large quantity of 
Confederate stores, after rendering use- 
less 90 miles of railroad west of Lynch- 
burg. 

Gen. Grant sends a summons to Gen. 
Lee to prevent further effusion of blood 
by surrendering the Army of Northern 
"Virginia. 

Gen. Lee wishes to know on what 
conditions the surrender of his army 
will be received. 

The remnant of Gen. Lee's army 
steals away in the night. [The 2d and 
6th corps pursue it all the next day.] 

Apr. 8. Ala. Spanish Fort, defending 
Mobile, is assaulted by the Federals, and 
part of the entrenchments are carried 
by Gen. Canby; 350 prisoners are taken. 
[The Confederates escape at night, but 
lose 600 prisoners.] 

Fort Blakely, near Mobile, is taken 
by assault, after bombardment by Gen. 
Canby and Adm. Thatcher ; Federal loss, 
113 killed and 516 wounded ; the Confed- 
erates under Gen. Taylor lose 500 men, 
besides 300 prisoners. (See Mar. 25.) 

N. Y. The Government discharges 

the last of the political prisoners con- 
fined at Fort Lafayette. 

Va. At Appomattox Station Gen. 

Sheridan succeeds in thrusting into 
Gen. Lee's front Gen. George A. Cus- 
ter's cavalry near night ; it captures four 
provision trains, and drives the Confed- 
erates towards the Court-House. 

Gen. Lee sends a second letter to Gen. 
Grant proposing negotiations for 
peace, but denying a purpose to surren- 
der. 

At Richmond a review of Federal 
troops is held. 



ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1865 Mar. * Pa. The first sheet zinc 
manufactured in America is made at 
Bethlehem. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1865. 
Mar. 18. Crosbv, William B., merchant, 

philanthropist, N. Y. City, A80. 
Mar. 20. Phillips, Win. Wirt, Pres. cl., A68. 
Mar. 23. Hamline, Leonidas Lent, M. E. 

bishop, editor, A68. 
Apr. 1. Winthrop, F., brig.-gen.U. S.vols., 

killed at Five Forks, A25. 
Apr. 2. Wilder, Samson V. S., merchant, 

philanthropist, A85. 
Apr. 3. Hyde, Lavius, Cong, cl., au., A76. 
Apr. 5. Barnum, Zenas, first president 

Am. Telesrraph Co., A55. 
DeLanrcv, Win. Ileathcote, P. E. bishop 

of Western N. Y., A68. 
Apr. 7. Miles, Pliny, postal reformer, A47. 



1865 Apr. 5, 6. Nero York. The Na- 
tional Conference of the Unitarian 
and other churches meets. 

* * The Home Convention and Missionary 
Union turns over all its mission work in 
the Indian Territory to the American 
Baptist Home Missionary Society. 



1865 Mar. 25. N. J. A home for sol- 
diers* children at Trenton is incorpo- 
rated. 

STATE. 

1865 Mar. 7. D. C. Hugh McCul- 

loch of Ind. is appointed secretary of 
the Treasury. 

Mar. 11. D. C. The special session of 
the Senate closes. 

Mar. 13. Va. Jefferson Davis issues 
his last message to the Confederate 
Congress. 

Mar. 17. Mo. The officer and judges 
of the Supreme Court and of all circuit 
courts of the State are required to vacate 
on May 1 by the Constitutional Conven- 
tion. 

Mar. 18. Va. The [last] Confederate 
Congress at Richmond adjourns sine 
die. 

Apr. 1. U. S. The high-tariff law be- 
comes operative. 

Apr. 2. Va. The Confederate Gov- 
ernment leaves Richmond in haste, 
on the approach of the Federal army. 

Apr. 5. Tenn. The Legislature votes to 
ratify the 13th Amendments forbid- 
ding slavery. 

N. C. On reaching Danville, in his 

flight southward from Richmond, Jef- 
ferson Davis issues an address to the 
people of the Confederacy, urging fur- 
ther sacrifices and a continuance of 
hostilities. 

Apr. 7. D. C. Correspondence begins 
with the British Government respecting 
American claims for damages caused 
by the Confederate privateers. [It 
terminates in a proposal for settlement 
by arbitration.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 Mar. 15. Pa. The "Credit 
Mobilier of America" is incorpo- 
rated. [It assumes a contract to build 
100 miles of the Union Pacific Kail- 
road, west of the Mississippi River, the 
original contractor having failed.] 

Mar. 31. The steam-transport General 
Lyon burns off Cape Hatteras ; a great 
number of lives are lost. 

Apr. 1. Southern States. The Confed- 
erate dollar is worth lh cents. 

New York. Price of middling upland 

cotton is 45 to 48 cents ; the value of a 
gold dollar is 154 cents. 

Apr. * Va. The great seal of the Con- 
federacy arrives at Richmond. 

Apr. 2. Va. A fire in Richmond on the 
evacuation of the Confederate army 
burns the business part of the city. 

Jefferson Davis, while at church, is 
summoned by Gen. Lee to flee from Rich- 
mond. 

A Richmond paper quotes flour, $900 
to $1,000 a barrel; corn, $100 a bushel, 
butter, $20 a pound. 

Apr. 4. Va. President Lincoln visits 
Richmond. (See Army and Navy.) 



246 1865, Apr. 8- June 10. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1865 , Apr. 8, 9. Fa. The struggle is re- 
newed at Appomattox Court House, 
or Clover Hill, by Gen. Sheridan. Fed- 
eral loss, very slight ; Confederate loss, 
500 killed and wounded. 

Apr. 9. Fa. Gen. Lee's cavalry ad- 
vances against that of Gen. Sheridan, 
and finds Gens. Ord and Griffin 
massed in its front, they having marched 
30 miles to get there ; Gen. Lee orders 
hostilities to cease. 

Gen. Lee proposes the surrender of 
the Army of Northern Virginia to Gen. 
Grant. Hostilities are suspended for 
two hours ; Gen. Grant receives Gen. 
Lee's proposal at 10.50 a.m., and he sug- 
gests an interview as soon as they can 
meet. 

At two o'clock (Palm Sunday), Gen. 
Ulysses S. Grant and Gen. Robert 
E. Lee, attended by staff-officers, meet 
at Appomattox Court House, and a 
formal surrender is made of the Army 
of Northern Virginia, consisting of 28,231 
men, who are all paroled. 

Terms : officers are to give their in- 
dividual paroles not to take up arms 
against the United States until prop- 
erly exchanged ; they are to retain 
their side-arms, private horses, and bag- 
gage. Confederate soldiers are to keep 
their horses ; " You will need them for 
your spring plowing." 

Prisoners taken before the surrender, 
since March 29th, aggregate 19,132 ; guns 
captured, 689, including those at Appo- 
mattox. 

D. C. The Secretary of "War orders 

that a salute be fired at "West Point, 
and at each post, arsenal, department, 
and army headquarters, as a manifesta- 
tion of joy for the surrender of Gen. 
Lee's army. 

N. C. At Salisbury Gen. Stoneman's 

cavalry defeats Gens. Pemberton and 
Gardiner, and captures Gen. Lee's enor- 
mous supply of reserve stores. [Gen. 
Stoneman returns to Tennessee.] 

Apr. 10. A 1 ". C. Gen. Sherman begins 
his advance in cooperation with Gen. 
Grant. 

Apr. 11. Ala. FortsHuger and Tracy 
are taken by the Federal navy, opening 
the way for the possession of Mobile. 

Apr. 12. Ala. Mobile, having been 
evacuated by Confederate troops, sur- 
renders to 8,000 troops under Gen. 
Granger. 

Wear Wetumpka, on the Coosa, 
Gen. Wilson destroys five heavily laden 
steamboats. 

Montgomery is surrendered to Gen. 
Wilson by Gen. Wirt Adams, who fires 
90,000 bales of cotton, and flees ; Confed- 
erate loss, 2,700 prisoners and 100 guns. 

AT. C. Jefferson Davis holds a coun- 
cil of war with Gens. Johnston and 
Beauregard at Greensboro ; the cabi- 
net are also present ; Gen. Breckinridge 
brings the first official intelligence of the 
surrender of Gen. Lee. 



At Grant's Creek the Federal Gen. 
Stoneman captures 1,800 prisoners and 
14 guns, and occupies Salisbury (Stone- 
man's raid). 

Raleigh is occupied by Federal troops 
under Gen. Sherman after a slight skir- 
mish. 

U.S. Kecruiting is stopped. 

Apr. 14. Ala. Confederate torpedoes 
blow up four Federal vessels in Mobile 
Bay. 

N. C. Jefferson Davis and Mb cabi- 
net leave Greensboro, going southward 
by extemporized conveyances. 

S. C. The Federal flag is restored on 

Fort Sumter. 

Apr. 16. Ga. The Federals under Gen. 
Wilson capture Columbus, with 1,200 
prisoners and 52 guns ; they burn 115,000 
bales of cotton, destroy 15 locomotives 
and 250 cars, four cotton-factories, three 
paper-mills, an arsenal, manufactories, 
and foundries ; the Confederates burn 
the gunboat Chattahoochee. 

Apr. 17. N. C. Gen. Johnston by flag 
of truce inquires of Gen. Sherman what 
terms will be granted if he surrenders. 

Apr. 18. A*. C. At Durham Station 
Gen. Sherman accepts the surrender 
of Gen. Johnston's army, provided the 
Government shall approve the terms 
given. 

Johnston asks that all persons engaged 
in the rebellion shall at once be restored 
to every right and privilege, social and 
political, which they had previously en- 
joyed, and be exempt from liability to 
punishment ; the terms are accepted. 

Jefferson Davis's party arrives at 
Charlotte. 



D. C. The Government disavows the 

terms offered by Gen. Sherman to Gen. 
Johnston. 

Apr. 24. jY". C. Gen. Grant meets Gen. 
Sherman at Raleigh. 

La. The Confederate ram Webb, with 

a valuable cargo, is captured below New 
Orleans, while attempting to escape to 
sea. 

Apr. 26. N. C. Near Durham Station 
Gen. Johnston surrenders his army 

* (29,924 men and 108 guns) to Gen. Sher- 
man, on the same terms as those ac- 
cepted by Gen. Lee. 

Jefferson Davis and his party leave 
Charlotte, moving southward, accompa- 
nied by about 2,000 horsemen. [The 
number is soon diminished to a hand- 
ful.] 

Gen. Kirby Smith in the southwest 

issues a proclamation declaring that he 
is able to continue the war. 

May 1. The aggregate armies of the 
United States number 1,034,064 men. 

Ky. Gen. Morgan's old command, 

1,200 strong, surrenders at Mt. Stirling. 

May 4. Ala. At Citronelle, near Mobile, 
Com. F. Farrand surrenders the Confed- 
erate fleet of 12 vessels to Com. Simpson ; 



Ldeut.-Gen. Bichard Taylor, the sen- 
ior Confederate officer east of the Mis- 
sissippi, capitulates to Gen. Canby. 

Fla. At Tallahassee Gen. Sam 

Jones surrenders hiB force of 8,000 men 
to Gen. McCook. 
May 9. Ga. At Irwinville Jefferson 
Davis decides to abandon the attempt to 
reach the trans-Mississippi country, and 
turn.-, to escape by the Florida coast. 
May 10. D. C. President Johnson 
proclaims that armed insurrection 
is at an end in the Southwestern States. 

Ga. A part of Gen. Wilson's cavalry, 

under Lieut.-Cols. Henry Harnden and 
Pritchard, captures Jefferson Davis, 
encamped at Irwinville, while endeav- 
oring to escape from the country ; he 
is accompanied by his wife, mother, and 
others. [He is taken to Fortress Monroe.] 
May 11. Ark. At Chalk Bluff Gen. 
Jeff. Thompson surrenders 7,454 men 
to the Federals. 
May 13. Tex. Wear Palo Pinto Con- 
federates under Col. Slaughter defeat 
Col. Barrett in the last fight of the war. 
Federal loss, 70 men. 
May 18. D. C. The Adjutant-General 
issues orders for a grand review of the 
armies of Gens. Sherman and Meade, 
by the President and his cabinet. 
May 20. If". /. The Confederate ram 
Stonewall is surrendered by her officers 
to Cuban authorities. 
May 23. I). C. The grand review of 
the Army of the Potomac takes place at 
Washington ; President Johnson and 
his cabinet review 199 regiments in line. 
May 24. D. C. The President and his 
cabinet review the Army of Tennes- 
see and Georgia. 
May 26. Lieut.-Gen. E. Kirby Smith 
surrenders the Confederate trans-Mis- 
sissippi army ; it numbers 20,000 men, 
with 150 guns. 
May 31. Miss. Gen. Hood surren- 
ders his command to Gen. John W. 
Davidson at Natchez. This is the last 
army of the Confederacy. 

* * Total number of Federal troops 
engaged in the war, 2,772,40S. 

* * Casualties of the "War, as reported 
at the Adjutant-General's office : 

Deaths : on the battle-field, 67.058 ; 
from wounds, 43,012 ; from disease, 199,- 
720; miscellaneous causes (accident, 
starvation, murder, etc ), 40,154. Total, 
349,944. 

* * Prisoners taken during the war bv Con- 
federates, 212,608; desertions, 199.105. 
(Complete statistics of Confederate 
losses are not attainable.) 

* * Estimated expenses of the war to 
the Federal States and national Govern- 
ment, $6,165,237,000 ; total North and 
South, $8,165,237,000. (David A. Wells.) 

* * U. S. The Wavy comprises 671 ves- 
sels of all classes : aggregate tonnage, 
510,396; armament, 4,610 guns. 

June 5. Tex. Galveston is surrendered 
to the Federals ; it is the last seaport 
held by the Confederates. 



UNITED STATES. 



1865, Apr. 8-June 10. 247 



- BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1865. 

Apr. 9. Potta, Stacy G., politician, N. J., 
lawyer, author, A65. 

Apr. 11. Aaron, Samuel, Baptist clergy- 
man, teacher, author, At>5. 

Apr. 15. Lincoln, Abraham, capt. in 
Black Hawk war, advocate of freedom, 
M. C. for 111., 1st Rep. and 16th Pres. of 
TJ. S., eiiKini'ipator, A'Hi. (See Society.) 

Apr. 22. McKean, William \V., com. U. S. 
N., A 65. 

Apr. 23. Creighton, William, P. E. cl., A72. 

Gibson, Charles B., Confed. surgeon- 
gen., writer, A49. 

Apr. 26. Mott, Valentine, surgeon, of 
N. Y., A80. 

Booth, John Wilkes, actor, assassin of 

President Lincoln, A26. 

Apr. 28. Latta, Alexander B., inventor 
steam fire-engine, A44. 

May 8. Reynolds, John, Gov. of 111., jour- 
nalist, author, A76. 

May 12. Willard, Joseph, antiquarian, au- 
thor, A 67. 

May 26. McMurtrie, Henry, educator, Pa., 
A72. 

May 30. Krauth, Chas. P., pres. Lutheran 
college, Pa., A70. 

June 10. Sigourney, Lydia Huntley, au- 
thor, poet, A74. 



CHURCH. 

1865 May 15. S. C. The South Caro- 
lina Conference (African Methodist 
Episcopal) is organized. 

June 1. A national fast is observed, in 
recognition of the great bereavement in 
the death of President Lincoln. 

Tenn. The Holston Conference 

(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at 
Athens. 

SOCIETY. 

1865 Apr. 9.+ Universal joy, mingled 
■with strong sympathy for the South, 
abounds in the North because of Gen. 
Lee's surrender ; the nation approves of 
Gen. Grant's clemency. 

Apr. 14. D. C. Booth enters the Presi- 
dent's box at Ford's Theatre, shoots 
Mr. Lincoln in the back of the head, 
wounds Maj. Rathbone with a dagger, 
leaps to the stage-, and escapes on a 
horse held in waiting by one of his ac- 
complices. 

Payne, in the guise of a physician's 
messenger, gains access to the Seward 
mansion, wounds Frederick Seward, 
whom he meets in the hall, stabs Secre- 
tary Seward many times, is overpowered 
by several men, yet escapes on his horse. 

Apr. 15. Md. Booth and Herrold arrive 
at Dr. Samuel Mudd's house, near 
Bryantown, 30 miles from Washington. 

D. C. Abraham Lincoln remains 

unconscious till his death, at 7.30 a.m. 

The military order of the Loyal Le- 
gion is organized as a non-political and 
non-sectarian association. 

S. C. At Charleston "Gen. Saxton 

calls a mass meeting, and "William 
Lloyd Garrison, the abolitionist, 
makes an address. 

Apr. * U. S. The assassination of the 
President enshrouds the country in a 
gloom like thick darkness. 

Apr. 17- Va. Samuel Arnold is ar- 
rested at Fortress Monroe ; Payne is 
arrested at the Surratt home in Wash- 
ington. 

Apr. 19. D. C. Most impressive fu- 
neral services of the Great Emanci- 



pator, Abraham Lincoln, are held at 
Washington in the rotunda of the Capi- 
tol. 

The War Department offers a reward 
of $50,000 for the arrest of Atzerodt 
and Herrold. 

Apr. 20. Md. Atzerodt is arrested in 
Montgomery County. 

Apr. 21. D. C. The body of Abraham 
Lincoln is taken away for Springfield, 
111. [The obsequies are continued at 
Baltimore, Harrisburg, Philadelphia, 
New York, Albany, Buffalo, Cleveland, 
Columbus, Indianapolis, and Chicago.] 

Apr. 22. The 22,000 Confederate pris- 
oners at Point Lookout give expression 
to their sorrow at the assassination of 
Mr. Lincoln, and their abhorrence of 
the act. 

Apr. 25. New York. The most impos- 
ing ceremonies ever witnessed in New 
York attend the remains of President 
Lincoln ; 60,000 people march in 
procession. 

Apr. 26. Va. Booth, the assassin, is 
found in a barn near Bowling Green, 
Va., and refuses to surrender ; he is 
finally shot by Sergt. Boston Corbett ; 
Herrold, his companion, surrenders. 

May 4. III. The remains of Abraham 
Lincoln are interred in Oak Ridge 
Cemetery at Springfield, after an oration 
by Bishop Matthew Simpson. 

May 11. D. C. By executive order, the 
trial of the assassins begins before a 
military commission. 

Members : Maj.-Gen. David Hunter, 
president; Maj.-Gen. Lewis Wallace, 
brev. Maj.-Gen. A. V. Kautz, Brig.- 
Gens. A. P. Howe, it. S. Foster, T. M. 
Harris, brev. Brig.-Gen. J. A. Elkin, 
brev. Col. C. H. Tompkins, Lieut.-Col. 
D. R. Clendennin. Brig.-Gen. Joseph 
Holt is Judge Advocate. 

May 19. Va. Jefferson Davis and his 
associates, guarded by an escort, arrive 
at Fortress Monroe. 

May * Chicago. The Sanitary Com- 
mission Fair raises $250,000. 

STATE. 

1865 Apr. 10. Mb. A new Constitu- 
tion is completed. 

Apr. 11. D. C. The Southern ports, 
except Key West, are closed by procla- 
mation of the President. 

Apr. 13. T>. C. Orders are issued to 
stop the drafting of men and the pur- 
chase of war material. 

Apr. 14. D. C. President Lincoln is 
assassinated at Ford's Theatre. (See 
Society.) 
The 17th Administration. 

Apr. 15. D. C. Andrew Johnson of 
Tenn. takes the oath of office in the 
Kirkwood Hotel at Washington, three 
hours after the death of President Lin- 
coln; he is the 17th President, in the 
20th term of the presidency. 

Apr. 21. D. C. The Government disap- 
proves of Gen. Sherman's peace 



randum with Gen. Johnston in North 
Carolina. 

Apr. 29. D. C. President Johnson pro- 
claims the opening of Southern ports 
to trade, with some temporary restric- 
tions on munitions of war. 

May 1. T). C. The trial, by court-mar- 
tial, of the assassins of President Lin- 
coln is ordered by the Government. 

May 2. D. C. President Johnson pro- 
claims a reward of 8100,000 for the cap- 
ture of Jefferson Davis. 

He also offers $25,000 for Clement C. 
Clay, Jacob Thompson, George N. Saun- 
ders, and Beverly Tucker, and 810,000 
for William C. Cleary ; the last five as 
"accomplices" in the murder of Presi- 
dent Lincoln and the attempted assassi- 
nation of W. H. Seward. 

May 6. Miss. Gov. Clarke, on hearing 
of Gen. Taylor's surrender to Gen. 
Canby, orders the State officials to Jack- 
son, with the archives, and convenes the 
Legislature, recommending the re- 
peal of the secession ordinance, and 
framing of a new Constitution. 

May 9. D. C. President Johnson issues 
a proclamation for the restoration of 
Virginia to the Union ; he recognizes 
Francis H. Pierpont as governor. 

May 10. D. C. President Johnson is- 
sues a proclamation announcing the 
cessation of hostilities. 

The trial of the assassination con- 
spirators begins. (See Society.) 

May 15. D. C. James Harlan of la. is 
appointed secretary of the interior. 

May 22. D. C. President Johnson's 
proclamation opens the Southern ports. 
[He conducts the reconstruction of the 
South according to his personal views 
till Congress meets in December.] 

May 29. D. C. President Johnson pro- 
claims an exceptional amnesty to 
persons involved in the recent rebellion, 
provided they take the oath of allegiance 
to the United States ; 14 classes are in- 
cluded. 

He proclaims a provisional govern- 
ment established in South Carolina. 

He appoints William M. Holden pro- 
visional governor of North Carolina. 

June 2. Eng. The Government rescinds 
the recognition of the Confederates as 
belligerents. [France does the same on 
June 6.] 

La. Henry F. Allen, the Confederate 

governor, resigns. 

June 5. Mo. The people ratify the 
Constitution. Vote, 43,670-41,808. 

June 7. D. C. It is announced by the 
Attorney-General that all applicants for 
pardon must first take the oath of 
allegiance. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 May 2. New York . A paid fire 
department and steam engines replace 
the old service. 

May * U. S. The war debt reaches the 
enormous sum of $2,808,549,437. 



248 1865, June 13 -Dec. 29. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1865 June * ff. C. Gen. Thomas H. 
Ruger succeeds to the command of 
North. Carolina. 

July 25. Ind. Ter. Platte's Bridge Sta- 
tion is attacked by 1,000 Indians; 
they are driven off. 

Aug. 1. D. C. The President orders the 
2d, 4th, 5th, Gth, 7th, 8th, 9th. 10th, 14th, 
15th, 17th, 20th, 23d, and 24th army 
corps to be discontinued. 

Aug. 21. D. C. A commission begins 
the trial of Capt. Henry Wirz for 
cruelty to Federal prisoners under his 
charge at Andersonville, Ga. It is al- 
leged that 12,000 died in 1804-G5. [Nov. 
10, Capt. Wirz is hanged.] 

Oct.* U. S. The aggregate of 4,000,000 
men, constituting the armies of the 
North and South at various times, is 
peacefully and easily reduced to one 
army of 30,000 men. 

Nov. 6. Eng. Capt. J. I. "Waddell, of 
the privateer Shenandoah, puts in at 
Liverpool [and surrenders his vessel 
to the authorities, claiming that he had 
not heard of the close of the war till 
Aug. 2]. 

Nov. 9. Eng. The Shenandoah is sur- 
rendered to' the United States consul by 
the British government. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1865 June 17. Mass. A monument 
in memory of the first victims of the 
war from Massachusetts is erected 
at Lowell. 

Sept. 19. iV. Y. The asteroid Io is dis- 
covered by C. H. F. Peters. 

Oct 8. Cat. A severe earthquake shock 
occurs at San Francisco. 

Oct. 8-9. Ore. An earthquake follows 
the continued eruption of Mount Hood, 
which for years had been in a state of 
inactivity. 

Nov. 25. Kg. Lead ore mining is be- 
gun in Fayette County. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1865. 

June 13. Campbell, Cleveland J., brig.- 
gen. U. S. vols., wounded at Petersburg, 
A 29. 

June 23. Dupont, Samuel Francis, rear- 
adin. U. S. N., A62. 

July 4. lunulas, James, banker, horticul- 
turist, Pa., A77. 

Potter, Alonzo, P. E. bishop of Pa., 

author, A(i3. 

July 11. Hildretii, Richard, editor, A58. 

July 18. Haywood, Nathaniel, inventor of 
rubber cloth process, A 57. 

July 23. Tappan. Arthur, merchant, 
antislavery advocate, philanthropist, of 
N. Y., A. 79. 

Aug 1 . 4. Drayton, Percival, capt. U. S. N., 
A53. 

Aug. 16. Campbell, Duncan R.,Bapt. cler- 
gyman, prof., pres. Georgetown coll., A51. 

Sept. 3. Draper, Alonzo G., brig.-geu. U. S. 
vols., A30. 

Sept. 5. Gould, Hannah Flagg, poet, of 
Mass., A76. 

Eept. 9. Irvin, William, physician, U. S. 
consul at Amoy, A 60. 

Sept. 17. Neagle, John, portrait painter, 
A66. 

Sept. 27. Duane, William John, lawyer, of 
Pa., sec. of treas., AS5. 

Sept. 30. Wayland. Francis. Eapt. cl., 
pres. of Brown, author, A69. 

Oct. 2. Talinage, Samuel K., Pres. clergy- 
man, author, A67. 

Oct, 11. Giger, <;eorge M., Pres. clergy- 
man, professor Latin, Princeton, A43. 



Oct. 22. Dwight, William T., Cong. cler. 
gyman, author, A70. 

Oct. 23. Jlissroon, John S-, Com. U. S. >"., 
A 55. 

Oct. 26. Miner, Chas., ed., author, A85. 

Oct. 27. Worcester. Joseph Emerson, 
lexicographer, A8l. 

Nov. 3. Arnold, George, poet, journalist, 
mis. writer, A3I. 

Nov. 9. Collamer, Jacob, M. C. for Vi., 
senator, postmaster-general, A74. 

Eastman, Robert L., capt. U. S. A., A25. 

Hill, Ambrose Powell, I". S. A., Con- 
fed. heut.-gen., k. at Petersburg, A40. 

Nov. 12. King. Preston. M. C. and sen- 
ator of N. Y., A59. 

Nov. 15. Adams, Julius W., capt. U.S. A., 
A25. 

Nov. 17. Ives, Thomas P., commander 
U. S. N., A32. 

Nov. 28. Harrington, Samuel M.. judge, 
A62. 

Nov. 30. Meek, Alexander B., lawyer, edi- 
tor of Ala., A51. 

Dec. 13. Duchachet, Henry, P. E. clergy- 



A70. 



Dec. 14. Barstow, William, Gov. of Wis.; 
brlg.-gen. U. S. vols., A54. 

Dec. 16. Boyd, Andrew H. H., Pres. cler- 
gyman, organized United Synod, A51. 

Dec. 18. Corwin, Thomas, orator, Gov. 
of O., senator, sec. of treas., A71. 

Dec. 20. Ames, Samuel, jurist, K.T., A59. 

Dec. 24. Cutter, George W., poet, orator, 
A 64. 

Dec. 27, Lee, Hannah F. S., author, novel- 
ist, A 85. 

Dec. 29. Kurtz, Benjamin, Luth. clergy- 
man, author, A71. 



CHURCH. 

1865 June 14. Chicago. The General 
Convention of the New Jerusalem 
meets. 

Aug. * Ga. The bishops of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church South hold a 
meeting at Columbus and issue a pasto- 
ral address. 

Oct. 11. Tenn. Charles Todd Quintard 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Tennessee. 

Oct. 27. Mo. The Congregational Associ- 
ation of Missouri is organized. 

Oct. * Ind. Missionary Bishop Joseph 
C. Talbot (Protest ant Episcopal) is trans- 
lated to Indiana. 

Nov. 15. Neb. Robert Harpet Clarkson 
is consecrated (Protestant Ipiscopal) 
missionary bishop of Nebraska. 

Dec. 28. Colo. George Maxwell Randall 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Colorado. 

LETTERS. 

1865 July 21. Mass. Commemora- 
tion Day is observed at Cambridge, in 
honor of the patriotic heroes of Harvard 
University. 

Oct. 1. S. C. Avery Institute (colored) 
is opened by the American Missionary 
Association. 

Oct. 2. Va. Gen. Robert Ej. Lee be- 
comes president of Washington and Lee 
University. 

SOCIETY. 

1S65 June 30. D. C. The trial of the 
assassins closes. [Sentenced July 5.] 

Sentences : Herrold, Atzerodt, Payne, 
and Mrs. Surratt are to be hanged; 
O'Laughlin, Arnold, and Mudd are to 
be imprisoned for life; Spangler is to 
be imprisoned at Dry Tortugas for six 
years. [John 11. Surratt is discovered in 



the pope's army in Italy : he escapee to 
Egypt, i- arrested and tried at Washing- 
ton in June, 1867 . the jury fail to agree, 
and he is discharged.] 

Aug. 1. A. )*. The 5th National Tem- 
perance Convention, at Saratoga, re- 
solves to form a National Society and 
establish a publication house. 

Aug. * ivew York. The forgeries of 
Edward B. Ketchum, amounting to 
about $1,500,000, and his abstraction of 
S3.000.000 in securities, wrecks one of the 
wealthiest banking-houses in the city. 

Oct. 16-24. Phita. A great meeting of 
Fenians is held ; the Irish republic is 
proclaimed. 

Nov. 25. S. C. A Freedmen's Con- 
vention is held at Charleston ; it ap- 
peals for justice and generosity. 

STATE. 

1S65 June 13. D. C. President John- 
son issues a proclamation for the resto- 
ration of civil government in Missis- 
sippi ; he appoints Judge William L. 
Sharkey, provisional governor. He also 
removes the restrictions on trade south- 
east of the Mississippi after July 1. 

The "insurrection" is declared sup- 
pressed in Tennessee, and disabilities 
are removed by the proclamation of the 
President. 

June 14. Mo. The new judges of the 
higher courts are established in office 
by force, the old judges having refused 
to yield. 

June 17- D. C. President Johnson is- 
sues a proclamation for the reconstruc- 
tion of Georgia and Texas, and 
appoints provisional governors, James 
Johnson for Ga., and Gen. A. J. Hamil- 
ton for Texas. 

Alexander H. Stephens of Ga. and 

Robert E. Lee of Va. apply for pardon. 

June 21. D. C. The President appoints 
Lewis E. Parsons provisional governor 
of Alabama. 

June 23. D. C. The President proclaims 
the blockade removed. 

June 24. D.C. The President proclaims 
all restrictions removed from trade 
between the North and the South. 

June 29. The trial of the assassination 
conspirators ends. (See Society.) 

June 30. £>. C. The President appoints 
Benj. F. Perry provisional governor of 
South Carolina. 

U. S. Statistics for 1SG5. Eeve- 

nue: Customs, SS4,92S,261 ; internal 
revenue, $209,401,215 ; direct tax, $1,200,- 
573 ; sales of public lands, $990,553 ; pre- 
miums on loans and sales of gold coin, 
811,633,447; miscellaneous items. $25.- 
441.55G. Total revenue, $333,714,005. 
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, 
purchases of bonds, etc.. $1,717,000; mis- 
cellaneous items. $43.047.i7>$: War De- 
partment, $l,03l.323.::tfl : Navv Depart- 
ment, $122,612,945; Indians, $5,116,837; 
pensions, $16,33S,S11 ; interest on the 
public debt, $77,397,712. Total ordinary 
expenses, $1,297,555,224; excess of ex- 
penses over receipts. S9io.S40.019 : public 
debt, $2,630,647,869. Exports, $166,029,- 
303; imports, $23S,745,5S0. 

July 7. D. C. The conspirators, Payne, 
Herrold, Atzerodt, and Mrs. Surratt, are 
hanged at "Washington. 



UNITED STATES. 



1865, June 13 - Dec. 29. 249 



July 13. D. C. The President appoints 
William Marvin provisional governor of 
Florida. 

July 18. D. C. The Government refuses 
to recognize M ain mil ifl.n as Emperor of 
Mexico. 

July 21. Tex. Gen. A. J. Hamilton, 
appointed provisional governor of Texas 
by President Johnson, assumes office. 

July 25. If. S. The Confederate pris- 
oners of war are released, on taking the 
oath of allegiance. 

July 31. U. S. The national debt is 
$2,757,253,000, and bankruptcy is 
feared by many, owing to the burden 
of a yearly interest which amounts to 
$133,000,000 in gold. 

Aug. 22. Miss. The ordinance of seces- 
sion is declared null by a State Con- 
vention ; the delegates petition the Fed- 
eral Government to pardon Jefferson 
Davis. 

Aug;. 29. D. C. The President proclaims 
the restrictions on trade with all South- 
ern ports removed after Sept. 1. 

Aug. 31. If. S. The national debt is 
at its maximum, being $2,S45,907,62().5G; 
besides ©800,000,000 of revenue spent in 
sustaining the war. [The total cost of 
the war to both the North and the South, 
including the destruction in property 
and loss of slaves, has been estimated 
at $8,000,000,000.] 

Sept. 7. D. C. The President issues a 
second amnesty proclamation, par- 
doning all who have upheld the Confed- 
eracy, except the leaders. 

Sept. 15. S. C. The ordinance of se- 
cession is repealed by a State Conven- 
tion at Columbia. 

Sept. 25. Ala. The ordinance of seces- 
sion and the State war debt are annulled 
by the State Convention, which also de- 
clares slavery abolished. 

Sept. 27. S. C. The Convention enacts 
a Constitution which becomes effective 
without the ratification of the people. 

Sept. * D. C. President Johnson an- 
nounces his reconstruction policy, 
which is approved by many Democrats, 
but strongly opposed by the Republi- 
cans. 

Oct. 7. N. C. A State Convention, held 
at Raleigh, repeals the ordinance cf 
secession [and on Oct. passes another 
prohibiting slavery]. 

Oct. 11. D. C. The President paroles 
several prominent officials of the late 
Confederacy. 

Alex. H. Stephens of Ga., John H. 
Reagan of Tex., Geo. A. Trenholm of 
S. C, Chas. Clark of Miss., and John A. 
Campbell of Ala. 

Oct. 12. Ky. Martial law is abolished. 

Oct. 2S. Fla. A State Convention, 
meeting at Tallahassee, adopts a new 
Constitution and repeals the ordinance 
of secession. [Georgia annuls its seces- 
sion Oct. 30.] 

Oct. 31. D. C. Congress admits Ne- 
vada into the Union as the 3Gth State ; 
her gold and silver mines are diminish- 
ing the losses by war. 



U.S. The outstanding paper currency 

in circulation is reported at §704,000,000. 
About $4*28,000,000 in greenbacks, $185,- 
000,000 in national bank-notes, and $05,- 
000,000 in State bank-notes. 

Oct.* D.C. The Government defers the 
trial of Jefferson Davis. 

Oct. *-Nov. 7. If. S. The fall elec- 
tions are favorable to the Republican 
policy. 

!N"ov. 2. If. S. A national thanksgiving 
for peace is observed. 

Nov. 5. Ala. The new constitution is 
adopted by the State Convention. [Rati- 
fied, November, 1S75.] 

Nov. 7. Ga. A State Convention de- 
clares the war debt void, and adopts a 
revised constitution. 

N. C. The repeal of the ordinance of 

secession and the ordinance prohibiting 
slavery are both ratified by the people. 
Vote, on the former, 20,000-2,002 ; on the 
latter, 19,039-3,039. 

3NTov. 10. The Confederate Capt. Henry 
Wirz is executed, after trial for cru- 
elty to Federal prisoners under his 
charge at Andersonville. (See Army, 
Aug. 21.) 

Nov. 13. S. C. The Legislature ratifies 
the 13th Amendment to the Federal 
Constitution. [Dec. 1, North Carolina; 
Dec. 2, Alabama ; Dec. 6, Georgia; Dec. 
11, Oregon ; Dec. IS, California.] 

Nov. * Wis. The people reject the 
amendment to the Constitution granting 
negro suffrage. Vote, 55,591-4G,5SS. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The President partially 
restores the writ of habeas corpus ; the 
exceptions are limited. 

Dec. 4. D.C. The 39th Congress opens. 
Congress ; Senate : John P. Stock- 
ton (Dem.) of N. J. is sworn in as Sen- 
ator. [A protest from the Legislature 
follows, he having received a minority 
vote.] House : Schuyler Cclfax of 
Ind. is reelected Sptaker. Vote, Col- 
fax (Rep.), 139 ; James Brooks of N. V. 
(Dem.), 36. 

A Joint Committee of 13 is proposed, 
to consider reconstruction ; no Repre- 
sentatives are to be received from any of 
the late Confederate States till the com- 
mittee makes its report. Vote, 129-35. 

Dec. 5. J). C. Congress; House :Thad- 
deus Stevens of Pa. proposes an amend- 
ment to the Constitution, to apportion 
Representatives on the basis of actual 
citizenship; the House passes a resolu- 
tion pledging the faith of the nation for 
the full payment of the public debt, 
both principal and interest. 

Dec. 6-16. I). C. The Government pro- 
tests in an emphatic manner against 
the French occupation of Mexico, in 
the interests of the Austrian prince, 
Maximilian. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Congress: Republican 
Senators are divided on the Recon- 
struction Bill ; four Conservatives dis- 
sent from the Radicals. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House 
appoints nine members of the Joint 
Committee on Ee construction. 



It consists of Thuddt'us Stevens of Pa., 
E. B. Washburne of 111., J. S. Morrill of 
Vt., John A. Bingham of O., Henry 
Grider of Ky. , Roscoe Conkling of N. Y-, 
G. S. Boutwell of Mass., Andrew J. 
Rogers of N. J., and Henry T. Blow of 
Mo. 

Dec. IS. D. C. The 13th Amend- 
ment to the Federal Constitution, pro- 
hibiting slavery, is declared ratified by 
the Legislatures of 27 States, and is pro- 
claimed by the President to be a part of 
the fundamental law. 

Congress: The House passes J. B. 
Alley's resolution favoring the policy 
of contracting the currency. Vote, 
144-6. The [remarkably long] debate 
on reconstruction begins. 

Dec. 20. D.C. Congress; House: 
Thomas A. Jenckesof R. I. introduces a 
bill <« to regulate the civil service of 
the United States ; " it is the first step 
in the civil service reform movement. 

Dec. 21. D. C. Congress: the Senate 
appoints six members of the Joint Com- 
mittee of Fifteen on Reconstruc- 
tion : William P. Fessenden of Me., 
James W. Grimes of la., Ira Harris of 
N. Y., Jacob M. Howard of Mich., Rev- 
erdy Johnson of Md., and George H. 
Williams of Ore. 

Dec. 23. N. C. The President relieves 
Gov. Holden of his office ; Gov. "Worth 
succeeds him. 

Dec. 29. D. C. Congress excludes 85 
members from Southern States. 

MISCELLANEOUS* 

1865 July 1. * New York. Priceof mid- 
dling upland cotton is 43 cents ; the 
value of a gold dollar is 136i to 138 cents. 

July 13. New York. Barnum's Mu- 
seum, corner of Ann Street and Broad- 
way, is burned. 

July 23. Ireland. The laying of the 
second Atlantic cable begins at Valen- 
cia ; the Great Eastern pays it out. 

July * Ore. The First National Bank of 
Portland is established ; it is the first 
west of the Rocky Mountains. 

Aug. 2. The cable breaks when 1,312 
miles are laid. 

Aug. 3. The cable is grappled, but the 
rope breaks, losing both cable and 
grapple. 

Aug, 7. The cable is grappled, and is 
again lost by the breaking of the rope. 

Aug. 11. The cable is grappled, and 
the rope again breaks ; the Great East- 
ern sails for England to get more rope. 

Sept. 16. Boston. Horticultural HaU 
in Tremont Street is dedicated. 

Oct. 1. New York. Price of middling 
upland cotton is 45 to 45£ cents ; the 
value of a gold dollar is 143J to 144 
cents. 

TOov. 13. The steamer Henry Chaitricey 
makes a rapid passage from Aspinwall 
to New York, in six days, five hours, 
and thirty minutes. 

Dec. 25. Chicago. The Union Stock- 
Yards are opened. 



250 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1865 * * Md. The Naval School is re- 
turned to Annapolis, having been trans- 
ferred to Rhode Island during the war. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1865 * * Cal. It is ascertained by the 
Geographical and Geological survey of 
California that the highest mountain 
peaks in the United States are in the 
Sierra Nevada, several exceeding 15,000 
feet. 

* * Chicago. The German Miinnerchor is 
organized. 

* * D. C. The frescoing of the Capitol 
dome canopy at Washington is under- 
taken by Constantine Brumidi. 

* * D. C. The art of polychromy is 
applied by Mr. Shulter to the ceiling of 
the great central hall, Patent Office, 
"Washington. 

* * London. Joseph Jefferson appears 
In Rip Van Winkle at the Adelphi. 

* * London. Three paintings by F. E. 
Church, landscape painter, are exhibited 
and favorably received by English art 
critics. 

* * New York. The Mendelssohn Glee 
Club is organized. 

* * New York. Seymour Joseph Guy, 
Winslow Homer, and Elihu Vedder of 
New York City are elected members of 
the National Academy of Design. 

* * New York. Commerce, a bronze 
figure, is unveiled in Central Park. 

* * The American Social Science Asso- 
ciation is founded. 

* * Capt. Charles F. Hall, Arctic explorer, 
reports that four of the Franklin ex- 
pedition party are probably alive. He 
also reports progress in discoveries con- 
cerning the northwest passage. 

1866. Jan. 7. Philadelphia records its 
coldest day ; the thermometer marks 
18 degrees below zero. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1865. 
Dec. 30. Davis, Henry Winter, M. C. for 
Md., A48. 

* * Settle, Thomas, M. C. for N. C, b. in N. C. 

* * Van Amburgh, Isaac, showman, A50. 
1866. 

Jan. 1. Stillman, Thos. I5.,mech.eng., A60. 

Jan. 10. Mapes, James J., agriculturist, 
A60. 

Jan. 14. Judah, Henry M., brig.-gen. IT. S. 
vols., A 42. 

Jan. 15. Clioate, Rufus, capt. F. S. vols., 
A32. 

Jan. 24. Doorman, .his., merrliantof N.Y., 
philan., A83. 

Jan. 26. Roman, Andrew B., Got. of La., 
A70. 

Jan. 27. Crele, Joseph, oldest man in 
America, A 141. 

Jan. 29. Nott, Eliphalet. Pres. clergy- 
man, pres. of t'nion coll., A93. 

Feb. 7. Hinkley, Holmes, inventor, con- 
structor of locomotives, A73. 

Feb. 27. Jackson, John K., Confed. brig.- 
gen., A 38. 

Mar. 4. Campbell. Alexander, fdr. of 
Disciples of Christ, A80. 

Mar. 12. Moore, Martin, Cong, clergyman, 
editor, historian, A76. 

Mar. 14. Sparks, Jared, pres. of Harvard, 
historian, biographer, A77. 



CHURCH. 

* * Boston. The 4th General Synod 
(National Council) of the Congrega- 
tional Church meets. 

* * Boston. The Young "Women's 
Christian Association is incorporated. 

* * Cat. The California Conference {Af- 
rican Methodist Kpiseopal) is formed. 

* * la. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Washington ; 
John B. Clark, moderator. 

* * Mo. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held in St. Louis. 

* * New York. The first Free Methodist 
Society is organized. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (N.S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn ; J. B. 
Shard, moderator. It organizes aFreed- 
men's Board. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; John 
C. Lowrie, moderator. 

* * Pa. The Protestant Episcopal dio- 
cese of Pittsburg is established. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

The reunion of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church is affected by the 
attendance of two Southern bishops at 
the Convention. 

* * The Presbyterian Church in the Con- 
federate States takes the name Pres- 
byterian Church in the United 
States. 

1866 Jan. 25. Pa. John Barrett Ker- 
foot is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Pittsburg. 

Jan.4- * The centenary of Methodism 
in America is celebrated. 

Mar. 11. Boston. John Joseph "Williams 
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop 
of Boston. 

LETTERS. 

1S65 * * Boston. The Massachusetts In- 
stitute of Technology is opened. 

* * Cal. The Daily Examiner is issued 
at San Francisco ; also the Chronicle. 

* * D. C. The Surgeon-General's Office 
Library is founded at Washington. 
[72,219 vols.] 

* * D. C. St. Louis College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Washington. 

* * la. Des Moines College (Bapt.) is 
organized at Des Moines. 

* *Ill. Westfield (United Brethren) 
College is organized. 

* * 77/. Irvington College (Pres.) is or- 
ganized. 

* * Kan. Washburn College (Cong.) is or- 
ganized at Topeka. 

* * Md. An agricultural college is es- 
tablished in Prince George's County. 

* * Mich. Hope College (Reformed) is or- 
ganized at Holland. 

* * Mich. The Public Library is founded 
at Detroit. [60,000 vols.] 



* * Mo. The Public School Library is 
founded at St. Louis. [56,192 vols.] ; the 
St. Louis Historical Society is organ- 
ized. 

* * -V. ( '. Shaw University (Colored 
Bapt.j is founded at Ualeigh. 

* * X. J. The Scientific School con- 
nected with Rutger's College is opened. 

* * New York. Tin.- Catholic World mag- 
azine appears. 

* * O. Willoughby CoUege .Meth. 
Epis.) is established at Willoughby. 

* * Phila. The Saturday Sight is issued. 

* * Pa. Mercersburg College I Re- 
formed) is organized. 

* * Wis. Northwestern U n i v e r s i t y 
(Evan. Luth.) is organized at Water- 
town. 

* * The National Baptist i.< i-sued. 

* * The Chimney Comer is founded by 
Frank Leslie. 

* * The Commercial Bulletin is founded. 

* * Commemoration Ode, by James Rus- 
sell Lowell, appears. " Conceded to 
be the greatest . . . heroic ode America 
has produced." (Welsh.) 

* * Drum Taps, by Walt Whitman, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Gayworthys, by Mrs. A. D. T. 
Whitney, appears. 

* * National Lyrics, by John Greenleaf 
Whittier, appears. 

* * Tlie Pioneers of France in the New 
World, by Francis Parkman, appears. 

* * Glimpses of History, by George Make- 
peace Towle, appears. 

* * Life of John Jacob Astor, by James 
Parton, appears. 

* * Life and 'Adventures of Jefferson Davis, 
by George Arnold, appears. 

* * Method of Philological Study in the 
English Language, by Francis A. Marsh, 
appears. 

* * Allworth Abbey, by Mrs. Emma D. E. 
N. Southworth, appears. 

* * Cape Cod, by Henry David Thorean. 
appears; also Letters to Various Persons. 

1866 Jan. 15. Ky. The Agricultural 
College of Kentucky purchases " Ash- 
land," the old home of Henry Clay. 

SOCIETY. 
1865 * * Oiicago. Cook County Hos- 
pital is established. 

* * Jnd. The Legislature enacts that col- 
ored people shall be accepted as com- 
petent witnesses in the courts of the 
State. 

* * Kan. The Institution for the Deaf, 
Dumb, and Blind is established at 
Olathe. 

* * Miss. The Federal Government ar- 
rests and imprisons Gov. Charles 
Clarke. 

* * New York. A band of the Disciples 
of Lassalle is organized. 

** New York. The Manhattan Club is 
founded. 

* * The Presbyterian General Assembly 
declares liquor makers and sellers 



UNITED STATES. 1865, Dec. 30-1866, Mar. 17. 251 



shall be excluded from membership, and 
it recommends total abstinence. 

* * U. S. The spirit ration is discontinued 
in the navy, and it is ordered that the 
supply on hand shall be sold. 

1866 Jan. 1. Wis. A home for sol- 
diers' orphans is opened. 

Jan. * Kan. A convention of colored 
men is held at Topeka ; it petitions the 
Legislature to strike the word " white " 
from the Constitution. 

* * U. S. The charities of the war are 
beyond precedent. 

Contributions for the aid and relief of 
soldiers by States, counties, and towns 
amount to $1S7 ,209,60$ ; offerings of as- 
sociations and individuals, S24.044.S65 ; 
offerings for sufferers abroad, :?:;S0,040 ; 
for sufferers by the riot in New York 
in 1863, for freedmen and refugees, 
$639,033. Total charities, §212,274,248. 

Feb. 10. The franking privilege is 
granted to Mrs. Lincoln. 

Feb. 26. Xew York. The Board of 
Health is established. 

STATE. 

1865 Dec. * D. C. A deplorable dis- 
agreement between the President and 
Congress. 

President Johnson holds that the se- 
ceding States were not out of the Union 
when in rebellion, and forms a policy 
from that standpoint ; Congress would 
reconstruct the States with special legis- 
lation and special guaranties. 

Dec. * D. C. Congress becomes more 
radical; complaint is made against the 
course pursued by the South in electing 
members who a few months before were 
in the Confederate army, and still hold 
to the legality of their attempts to 
break up the Union. 

Dec. * D. C. Secretary McCulloch begins 
the immediate contraction of the 
currency. 

* * Miss. The Legislature passes a law 
giving civil rights to freedmen. 

* * 111. The Legislature ratifies the 
13th Amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

Ala. Lewis E. Parsons. 
-68* * Ala. Robert M. Patton. 
-67* *Colo. (Ter.). Alexander Cum- 

mings. 
-69 * * Del. Gove Saulsbury. 
-66 * * Fla. William Marvin. 

Ga. James Johnson. 
-67 * * Ga. Charles J. Jenkins. 
-69 * * III. Richard J. Oglesby. 
-69 * * Kan. Samuel J. Crawford. 
-67 * * La. James M. "Wells. 
-68 * * Mick. Henry H. Crapo. 
-66 * * Miss. "William L. Sharkey. 
-66* * Mont. (Ter.). Thomas Francis 
Meagher. 

N. C. William W. Holden. 
-68 * * A r . C. Jonathan Worth. 
-67 * *2T.H. Frederick Smyth. 
-67* *K.Mex.(Ter.). Robert B. Mitch- 
ell. 
-69 * * N. Y. Reuben E. Fenton. 
-66 * * 0. Charles Anderson. 

5. C. Benjamin F. Perry. 
-68 * * S. C. James L. Orr. 
-69 * * Tenn. William G. Brownlow. 
-66 * * Tex. A. J. Hamilton. 



-69 * * U. (Ter.). Charles Durkee. 
-67 * * Vt. Paul Dillingham. 

1S66 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : 
R. P. Spaulding of O. proposes an amend- 
ment to the Constitution, for the 
apportionment of representatives on the 
basis of a franchise freely exercised, 
by blacks as well as whites. 

Jan. 6. D. C. Congress : The Joint 
Special Committee on Reconstruc- 
tion is organized. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : James 
G. Blaine of Me. proposes an amend- 
ment to the Constitution, by which 
the enumeration of persons whose right 
of suffrage is impaired on account of 
race or color shall be omitted in appor- 
tioning representatives. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress v The House, 
with four-fifths of its members Repub- 
licans, refuses to pass a resolution of 
confidence in the Republican Presi- 
dent ; this occasions a break in its rela- 
tions with him. 

Jan. 12. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Lyman Trumbull of 111. introduces 
the Civil Rights BUI. 

"There shall be no discrimination in 
civil rights ... on account of race, 
color, or previous condition of servi- 
tude.'* 

Jan. 14. A T . C. A convention meets at 
Raleigh under the Reconstruction Acts 
of Congress, and proceeds to frame a 
Constitution. 

Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; House : Ros- 
coe Conkling of N. T. proposes an 
amendment, prohibiting the enumera- 
tion of all blacks in any State when the 
political " rights or privileges of any 
man shall be denied on account of race 
or color ; " also for denying or abridging 
the elective franchise. 

Jan. 22. B.C. Congress: The Joint 
Reconstruction Committee report 
their amendment to the Constitution 
to both Houses. 

It excludes the enumeration of freed- 
men as a basis of representation when 
the exercise of the elective franchise is 
denied or abridged in any State. 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Freedmen's Bureau BiH. 

Jan. 29. D.C. Congress : The amend- 
ment resolutions are referred again 
to the Reconstruction Committee. 

Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Joint 
Committee makes another report ex- 
cluding freedmen from enumeration 
when the elective franchise is denied or 
abridged in any State on account of 
race or color. Adopted by the House. 
Tote, 120-46. 

Jan. * la. The Legislature ratifies the 
13th Amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution. 

Feb. 2. J). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Civil Rights Bill, which is 
intended to confer on the freedmen all 
the rights enjoyed by the white men, 
except that of suffrage. Vote, 33-12. 

Feb. 6. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
begins the debate on the Constitutional 
Amendment. 



Congress confers additional power on 
the Freedmen's Bureau. Vote:House, 
13G-33; Senate (previously), 37-10. 

Feb. 9. N"eb. A Constitutional Conven- 
tion frames a Constitution. 

Feb. 10. Tex, A State Convention 
meets at Austin to frame a new Consti- 
tution, 

Feb. 19. D. C. President Johnson ve- 
toes the Freedmen's Bureau Bill. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
attempt to override the President's 
veto fails. Vote, 30-18. (See July 16.) 

Feb. 21. D.C. Congress; House: J. 
S. Morrill of Vt. reports a bill for fund- 
ing certain national obHgations. 

Feb. 22. D. C. The President makes a 
speech in front of the Presidential Man- 
sion, in which he denounces the Re- 
construction Committee, and declares 
Congress to be in rebellion against the 
Government of the United States. 

Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
fails to carry the Civil Rights Amend- 
ment Bill. Vote, 25-22. [Passed Mar. 
16.] 

Mar. 10. W. Va. Congress, by a joint- 
resolution, recognizes the transfer of 
the counties of Berkely and Jefferson 
from Virginia to West Virginia. 

Mar. 14. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
Civil Rights Bill passes. Vote, 111-38. 

Mar. 16. D. C. Congress ; the Senate 
passes the Civil Rights Bill. 

It accords to the negro every legal right 
enjoyed by the white man, and empowers 
the President to use the army to enforce 
the Act. 

Congress; House: The debate on the 
contraction of the currency closes ; the 
Morrill Funding Bill is defeated. 
Vote, 67-70. 

Mar. 17. U.S. The United States termi- 
nates the reciprocity treaty regulating 
traffic between Canada and the United 
States, it having given one year's notice, 
according to the terms of the treaty. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 Dec. 31. U.S. The fire record 

for 1865 shows 354 fires of $20,000 loss and 
upwards, and a total estimated loss of 
$43,139,000. 
Immigrants in 1865, 247,453. 

* * Cal. The Mountain View Cem- 
etery at San Francisco is established. 

* * Conn. Cedar Httl Cemetery, near 
Hartford, is laid out. 

* * D. C. The Freedman's Savings 
and Trust Company is chartered. 

1866 Jan. 1. Neio York. Price of mid- 
dling upland cotton is 52 to 53 cents ; 
the value of a gold doUar is 144| cents. 

Jan. 11. Kij. The State Farmers' con- 
vention meets at Frankfort ; delegates 
are present from 40 counties. 

Jan. 24. D. C. The Smithsonian In- 
stitution at Washington is partially 
burned. 

Jan. 30. The steamer Miami's boilers 
explode, and she sinks in the Missis- 
sippi ; 150 lives are lost. 



252 1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1866 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress passes 
a resolution providing for the preserva- 
tion of soldiers' graves from dese- 
cration. 
Apr. 21. L>. C. Congress tenders its 

thanks to Gen. "W. S. Hancock. 
May 3. D. C. Congress tenders the 
thanks of the Nation, to officers, sol- 
June 17. D. C. Congress limits admis- 
sion to "West Point Academy to can- 
didates who are between 17 and 22 years 
of age. 
July 26. Winfield S. Hancock is com- 
missioned major-general. 
July * Ulysses S. Grant is appointed 
general-in-chief (the 15th commander) 
of the U. S. A. ; W. T. Sherman, Lieu- 
tenant-General ; D. G. Farragut, Ad- 
miral of the U. S. N., and D. D. Porter, 
-Vice-Admiral, 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1866 May 1. Md. A destructive hail- 
storm visits Baltimore; 20,000 panes of 

- glass are broken. 

May 12. D. C. A variable star in the 
constellation Corona is seen from the 
Washington observatory ; it appears to 
be nearly as large as the sun ; [within 30 
days it dwindles from second to ninth 
magnitude.] 

June 15. N. Y. The asteroid Thisbe 
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 

June 23. Phila. The Chestnut-Street 
bridge is completed. (Begun in 1861.) 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1866. 

Mar. 21. Elliot, Stephen, Confed. brig.- 
gen., A34. 

Apr. 1 . Harding, Chester, portrait painter, 
A74. 

Apr. 12. Dickinson, Daniel Stevens, sen. 
for N.Y., Am. 

Apr. 22. Allen, Henry K, Gov. of La.; 
Confed. brig.-gen., A 46. 

Waxriner, Francis, Cong, cl., writer, 

A61. 

Apr. 23. Ewing, William B., physician, 
N.J., A90. 

May 7. Waite, Carlos A., brig.-gen. U. S. 
vols., A66. 

May 29. Cox, Henry G., plivsician, N.Y., 
A47. 

Kogers, Henry Darwin, geologist, A58. 

Scott, "Winfield, lieutenant-general 

U. S. A., Whig candidate for the Presi- 
dency, A80. 

June 8. Davis, Emerson, Cong, cl., A68. 

June 13. Odell, Moses F., naval officer, 
M. C. N.Y., A48. 

June 16. Seaton, William W., journalist, 
D. C, A81. 

June 17. Caas, Lewis, sen. for Mich., 
Gov., min. to France, see. of state, A84. 

June 18. Merrick, James, Cong, clergy- 
man, missionary to Persia, Ati3. 

June 21. MargLieritt.es, Julie de, author, 
dramatic critic, A52. 

Mussev, Reuben Pimond, surgeon, au- 
thor, A86. 

July 6. liruce, George, tvpefounder, pres. 
Mech. Inst. N. Y. City, A85. 

July 14. Hlooilgood, Samuel DeWitt, mer- 
chant, N.Y. City, A67. 

July 24. Morgan, George N., brig.-gen. 
U. S. vols., A41. 

Aug-. 2. Lathrop, John H., pres. of coll., 
A67. 

Aug. 21. Brainenl, Thomas, Cong, clergy- 
man, writer, editor, A62. 

Aug. 23. Haven, Alice B., author of ju- 
venile books, A38. 

Aur. 25. Porter, John Addison, chemist, 
A44. 



Aui?. 26. Plerpont, John, Cult, clergyman, 
poet, A81. 

Auk. 27. Richmond, Dean, merchant, finan- 
cier, of N.Y., At>2. 



CHURCH. 

1866 Apr. 4^. La. The General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal South) 
meets at New Orleans. 

David S. Doggett, William M. Wight- 
man, Enoch M. Marvin, Holland N. Mo 
Tyeire, and John C. Koiuierare ordained 
bishops. [June 20. J. W.Robertsmiss.bp.] 
The Baltimore, Columbia, Northwest 
Texas, West Texas, Little Rock. North 
Georgia, and South Georgia Conferences 
are formed. 

May 31. III. The Eighth Triennial Gen- 
eral Eldership (Church of God) opens 
at Decatur. 

June 1. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 

1866 Mar. 27. Mich. The Detroit Daily 
Post is issued. 

Apr. 2. Phila. The Evening Star is 
issued. 

June 20. Phila. The Public Ledger is 
issued. 

July * Tenn. Central Tennessee Col- 
lege is chartered. 

SOCIETY. 

1866 Apr. 6. 77/. The first post of 
the Grand Army of the Republic is 
organized at Decatur. 

Apr.* Me. Fenians gather at Eastport 
for a raid on Campobello, New Bruns- 
wick, but are deterred by the Govern- 
ment. 

Apr. * Md. A fair is held at Baltimore 
for the relief of destitute people in the 
Southern States ; the net receipts are 
S1G4.5G9. 

Apr.* New York. The American Society 
for the Prevention cf Cruelty to An- 
imals is organized ; Henry Bergh, pres- 
ident. 

May 1-3. Tenn. Twenty-four negroes 
are killed in a race riot at Memphis. 

May 10. New York. James Stephens, 
the fugitive Fenian Head-Center, ar- 

May* N. Y. Fenians assemble at Buf- 
falo for a raid into Canada. 

May 19. N. Y. The Government seizes 
1,200 stand of arms from Fenians at 
House's Point, play SO, it seizes 1,000 
more at St. Albans, Vt.] 

June 1. iV. Y. Canada is invaded by 
about 1,500 Fenians from Buffalo. 
[They retire after a skirmish with the 
Canadians ; many are arrested by Fed- 
eral officers.] 

June 7. Vt. About 1,000 armed Feni- 
ans invade Canada, and return on the 
approach of Canadian troops. 

June 8. Phila. Antoine Probst is exe- 
cuted for the murder on April 7 of the 
Deering family, consisting of eight 
persons. 



June 21. I). V. The Howard Institute 
BUI becomes a law, establishing an in- 
dustrial home for freedmen at Wash- 
ington. 

July 11. D. C. Senator J. H. Lane of 



Ka 



side. 



July 12. Ind. The first department en- 
campment of the Grand Army of the 
Republic is held at Indianapolis. 

July 27. U. S. The Government orders 
all circulars and letters concerning lot- 
teries to be excluded from the mail. 

July 30. La. A meeting composed 
mostly of colored people meets at New 
Orleans to form a new constitution ; 
a riot follows, in which many are killed. 
A massacre of Republicans in a polit- 
ical convention occurs at New Orleans. 

About 40 are killed and 150 wounded 
by the anti-negro suffrage party. [The 
Radicals of the North are intensified in 
feeling and united in action by this 
occurrence.] 

STATE 

1866 Mar. 19. D. C. Congress: The 
House reconsiders the Funding EiU. 

Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
declares John P. Stockton (Rep.) of N. J. 
entitled to his seat, notwithstanding an 
alleged irregularity in his election. Vote, 
22-21. 

The decisive vote is cast by Stockton 
himself, owing to peculiar circumstances 
respecting the pairing of votes. The 
House again passes the Funding Bill 
with a proviso. Vote, 83-53. 

Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
reconsiders the question of admitting 
J. P. Stockton, and unanimously con- 
demns his voting for himself ; it decides, 
without his vote, that he is not entitled 
to a seat. Vote, 23-20. 

Mar. 27. D. C. President Johnson ve- 
toes the Civil Eights BUI. 

Mar. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
George F. Edmunds of Vt. is sworn 
in as Senator. 

Apr. 1±. D. C Congress: The Senate 
overrides the President's veto of the 
Civil Eights BUI. Vote, 33-15. [The 
House follows on Apr. 9. Vote, 122-41.] 

Apr. 2. D. C. President Johnson re- 
stores the habeas corpus in all States 
but Texas. 

U. S. The President proclaims that 

the insurrection is suppressed east of 
the Mississippi River ; it " is henceforth 
to be so regarded." 

Apr.* I). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Funding Bill. Vote, 32-7. 
[Approved Apr. 12 ; it becomes a law.] 

Apr. 24. D. C. Congress; House: A 
memorable legislative encounter be- 
tween J. G. Blaine and Eoscce Conk- 
ling takes place, by which they become 
enemies for life. 

Apr. 30. D. C. Congress: The Joint 
Reconstruction Committee makes 
their final report, which is known as 
the 14th Amendment. (See below.) 

May 5. T). C. Congress extends the 
boundary of Nevada one degree east. 



UNITED STATES. 



1866, Mar. 19 -Aug. 28. 253 



May 6. Va. Jefferson Davis is in- 
dicted for treason by a grand jury in 
the U. S. Circuit Court of Virginia. 

May * D. C. Congress passes the bill to 
admit Colorado. Vote : Senate, 10-13 ; 
House, 81-57. [Vetoed, May 10.] 

May S. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
debate on the 14th Amendment is 
opened by Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. 

May 10. B. C. Congress : The House 
passes the 14th Amendment Bill to 
aid in the reconstruction of the Southern 
States. Vote, 128-37. (See June 16.) 

May 24. IV. Va. The people ratify an 
amendment to the Constitution, dis- 
franchising all who had given volun- 
tary aid to the Confederacy after June, 
1361. 

May 29. B. C. The President issues a 
proclamation of general amnesty, with 
certain classes excepted. 

May* Torn. The Legislature by enact- 
ment disfranchises all who have aided 
the secession cause iu any way. 

June 6. B. C. The Pension Eill be- 
comes a law ; it authorizes the payment 
of $25 per month to soldiers and sailors 
rendered helpless. 

June 7. D. C. The President issues a 
monitory proclamation against the in- 
vasion of Canada by Fenians. 

June S. B. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Constitutional Amend- 
ment Eill. Vote, 32-11. 

June 13. B. C. Congress: The House 
concurs with the Senate's amendments 
to the Constitutional Amendment 
Bill. Vote, 120-32. It then passes the 
Bill. Vote, 13S-3G. 

Its aim is — (1) to override the Dred 
Scottdecision, and to prevent theabridg- 
ment of the privileges and immunities of 
native or naturalized citizens ; (2) to pre- 
vent the exclusion of the negro vote, — 
which it does, — by reducing the repre- 
sentation of the Strifes in Congress in pro- 
portion to the reduction of votes ; (3) to 
prevent the payment of the Confederate 
debt, and to guarantee the payment of 
the national debt. 

June 16. 7>. C. The 14th Amend- 
ment is submitted to the States. 

June 18. B. C. Congress: The Com- 
mittee on Reconstruction reports that 
no Southern State has placed itself in 
satisfactory relations to the Union ; it 
proposes new legislation as a condition 
by which, any State may be qualified for 
representation in Congress. 

June 21. B. C. The Homestead BUI 
becomes a law; it provides for the dis- 
posal of all public lands in Mississippi, 
Louisiana, Arkansas, and Florida. 

Neb. The people ratify the Constitu- 
tion. Vote, 3,938-3,S38. 

June 22. I). C. The President's message 
to Congress expresses his objections to 
the submission to the States of the 14th 
Amendment. 

June 30. Connecticut is the first State 
to approve the 14th Amendment. 

U.S. Statistics for 1866. Revenue: 

Customs, S17!>,0U>,ir>2; internal revenue, 
$309,226,81:1; direct tax, $1,974,754 ; sales 
of public lands, $665,031 ; premiums on 



loans and sales of gold min, $:.W,()s;{,(i5i.; ; 
miscellaneous items, $2!i,n:j(;,:314. Total 
revenue, $558,032, 6_o ; excess of revenue 
over ordinary expenditures, $37,223,203. 
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur- 
chase of bonds, etc., $58,477; miscel- 
laneous items, $41,056,962; War Depart- 
ment, $284,449,702; navy department, 
$43,324,119; Indians, $3,247,065; pen- 
sions, $15,605,352; interest on public 
debt, $133,067,742. Total ordinary ex- 
penditures, $520,809,417 ; public debt, 
$2,773,230,173: exports, $348,859,522; im- 
ports, $434,812,066. 

June * Tex. The people ratify the new 
Constitution. Vote, 34,794-11,235. 

July 7. New Hampshire approves the 
14th Amendment. 

July 11. B. C. Dissent in the Cabinet 
with the President's views on recon- 
struction ; "William Dennison, Post- 
master-General, tenders his resignation. 

July 13. D. C. Congress passes a bill 
for the reduction of the internal reve- 
nue taxes. Estimated yearly reduction, 
$265,920,474. 

July 16. D. C. Congress overrides the 
President's veto of a new Freedmen's 
Bureau Eill. Vote: House, 104-33; 
Senate, 33-12. . The bill becomes a law. 

July 18. D. C. Attorney-General James 
Speed retires from the Cabinet. 

July 19. Tennessee ratifies the 14th 
Amendment. Vote, 58-17. 

July 22±. B. C. Secretary Harlan re- 
tires from the Interior Department. 

July23±. B. C. Congress passes the 
Bill to admit Nebraska. A^ote ; Sen- 
ate, 24-13 ; House, 62-52. [It remains un- 
signed by the President when Congress 
adjourns. A " pocket veto."] 

Henry Stanbery of Ky. is appointed 
attorney-general. 

Congress limits the U. S. Supreme 
Court to a chief justice and six associate 
justices. 

July 24. B. C. Congress : The House 
passes a joint resolution to readmit 
Tennessee. Vote, 125-12. 

July 25. B. C. Congress passes an act 
reviving the grade cf general in the 
army, and creates the rank of admiral 
in the navy. 

Congress receives a special message 
from the President respecting the ad- 
mission of Tennessee. 

Alexander W. Randall of Wis. is 
appointed postmaster-general. 

July 26. B. C. Congress passes an act 
" regulating the time and manner of 
holding elections for senators in Con- 
gress." 

July 27. B.C. Congress, having legal- 
ized the metric system, provides that 
the Secretary of the Treasury shall fur- 
nish each State with one set of the stan- 
dard weights and measures. 

Orville H. Browning of 111. is ap- 
pointed secretary of the interior. 

July 28. B. C. Congress increases the 
peace establishment in the army. 

The 39th Congress: the first session 
closes .- 

July 30. La. The Republican con- 
vention that framed the Constitution 



of 1864 attempts to reassemble ; a riot 
and massacre ensue. (See Society.) 

Aug. 14. PJiila. A National Union 
Convention of Conservatives assem- 
bles, seeking a union of Administration 
Republicans and Democrats, — it is com- 
posed chiefly of the latter; James R. 
Doolittle of Wis., president. [It in- 
dorses the course of President Johnson.] 

Aug. 17. B. C. The President pro- 
claims the decree of Maximilian, clos- 
ing certain Mexican ports, to be null 
and void as against the United States. 

Aug. 20. B. C. The President pro- 
claims the insurrection suppressed in 
Texas. 

U. S. The writ of habeas corpus is 

restored in all the States. 

Aug. 28. B. C. President Johnson 
leaves Washington for Chicago to lay 
■-stone of the Douglas Monu- 



His circuitous journey is derisively 
called "swinging around the circle." 
He makes frequent speeches in an ag- 
gressive and disputatious spirit, concern- 
ing political questions. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S66 Mar. 23. O. Pike's Opera House 

at Cincinnati is burned. 

Mar. * Eng. The Atlantic Telegraph 
Company reorganizes as the Anglo- 
American Telegraph Company, lim- 
ited. 

Apr. 1. New York. Price of middling 
uplands cotton is 40 to 42 cents ; the 
value of a gold dollar is 127J to 128£ 
cents. 

May 21. New Tori;. The Academy of 
Music and the University Medical Col- 
lege are burned. 

July 1. Neio York. The price of mid- 
dling upland cotton is 36 to 33 cents; 
the value of a gold dollar is 151J to 153g 
cents. 

July 4. Me. A great fire burns a large 
part of Portland ; an area one and a 
half miles long by one-fourth of a mile 
wide is devastated, 1,500 buildings con- 
sumed ; loss $10,000,000 to $15,000,000 ; 
one-fourth of the population is homeless. 

July 13. The Great Eastern again com- 
mences to lay the deep-sea cable, from 
near Valencia, Ireland. 

July 27. B. C. Congress charters the 
Atlantic and Pacific Railroad to con- 
nect Springfield, Mo., with the Pacific; 
length, 2,000 miles ; subsidy, 12,800 acres 
of land per mile in the States, 25,000 in 
the Territories ; total 42,000,000 acres, or 
70,000 square miles. 

N. F. The third Atlantic cable be- 
tween England and Newfoundland 
is completed. 

After 12 years of remarkable faith and 
toil Cyrus W. Field succeeds in laying a 
reliable working cable 1,6S6 miles long 
between the New World and the Old. 

July * Eng. A cable message is sent 
by Queen Victoria to President Johnson. 

July 30. B.C. The President replies to 
the Queen's message. 



254 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1866 Dec. 21. Mont. The Sioux In- 
dians massacre and scalp three officers 
and 90 privates at Fort Philip Kearny, 
■near Big Horn. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1866 Sept. * A destructive flood sweeps 
the Ohio River and its tributaries. 

* * Conn. The Tale School of Fine 
Arts is opened. 

* * Dale. Rich fields of gold, silver, and 
copper are discovered in the Black 
Hills. 

* * D. C. Congress sets apart $10,000 for 
a life-size statue of Abraham Lincoln 
to be placed in the Federal Capitol ; a 
commission is given to Vinnie Ream. 

* * London. Richelieu is presented by 
Edwin Booth at the "Winter Garden 
Theater. 

* * Mass. The Museum of Harvard Uni- 
versity is built ; a chair of American 
archaeology and ethnology is endowed 
by George Peabody, who gives $150,000 
for the purpose. 

* * New York. A bronze bust of Irving 
is unveiled at Bryant Park. 

* * New York. The building of the Na- 
tional Academy of Design is com- 
pleted at a cost of §237,000. John F. 
"Weir of New Haven is elected a member 
of the National Academy of Design. 

* * N. Y. The Brooklyn Academy of 
Design is established. 

* * Valley of the Yosemite is painted by 
Albert Bierstadt. 

* * The Statue, The Returned Soldier, is 
executed by L. G. Mead. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1866. 

Aug. * Rutherford, John C, lawyer, poli- 
tician, Va., A4I. 

Sept. 3. Iiurnham, James C, col. XJ. S. A., 
A46. 

Sept. 7. Baldwin, Matthias William, in- 
ventor of locomotives, A70. 

Sept. 13. Orme, William W., brig.-gen. 
U. S. vols., A34. 

Sept. 15. Gould, Augustus A., naturalist, 
of Boston, A61. 

Sept. 26. Hawks, Francis Lister, P. E. 
clergyman, historian, A68. 

Oct. 1. Cummins, Maria S., novelist, A39. 

Oct. 4. Rarey. John S., horse-tamer, Alls. 

Oct. 7. Stockton, Hubert F.,eom. XT. S. N-, 
A71. 

Oct. 13. Van Buren, John, politician, of 
N.Y., A56. 

Oct. 16. Barrow, Wash., M. C. for Tenn., 
A59. 

D wight, Theodore, journalist, author, 

A70. 

Oct. 38. Ansorge, Charles, prof, of music, 
Mass., A49. 

Oct. 31. Lacey, William, P. E. clergyman, 
writer of text-books, A85. 

Nov. 6. Rutledge, Francis 11., P. E. bp. of 
Fla., A67. 

Nov. 10. Ewen, Marv C, aetor, A39. 

Nov. 12. Freeman, William G., col. U. S. 
A., A51. 

Nov. 14. Lewis,WilliamI'..,majorTT. S. A., 
politician, A82. 

Nov. 22. Brewsler, -lames, philanthropist, 
A81. 

Nov. 29. Green, Horace, phvsician, au- 
thor, A64. 

Dec. lO. Minot, Charles,railroadeng.,A56. 

Dec. 16. Vethake, Henrv, writer, editor, 
Pa., A75. 

Dec. 20. Semple, .lames, lawver, senator, 
for III., A68. 

Dec 21. Elliott, Stephen, first P. E. bishop 
of Ga., AGO. 



Dec. 22. Forrest, French captain V. S. N., 
Confed. adrn., A70. 

* * Adams, John Jt., Cong, clergyman, A45. 

* * Ingraham, J. H., romancist, A57. 
1867 

Jan.7. Hayne, Arthur P., sen. of S. C, A77. 



CHURCH. 

1866 Sept. 30. la. John Hennessy is 
consecrated (Itonian Catholic) bishop of 
Dubuque. 

Oct. 3. Channing Moore Williams is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- 
ary bishop for Japan and China. 

Oct. 10, 11. N. Y. The Second Na- 
tional Unitarian Conference is held 
in Syracuse. 

Oct. 24. Wis. The "Wisconsin Confer- 
ence of Unitarian and Independent So- 
cieties is organized at Sheboygan. 

Nov. 7. La. Joseph Pere Bell Wilraer 
is consecrated {Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Louisiana. 

Nov. 15. Ky. George David Cummins 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
assistant bishop of Kentucky. 

Dec. 5. Mass. The Norfolk Conference 
of Unitarian and other churches is 
organized at Dedham. 

Dec. 6. Wis. William Edmond Armi- 
tage is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Wisconsin. 

Dec. 11. The Essex Conferenceof Liberal 
Christian churches is formed. 

Dec. 12. Mass. The South Middlesex 
Conference of Congregational (Unita- 
rian) churches is organized at Cam- 
bridgeport ; and the Worcester Confer- 
ence is organized at Worcester. 

Dec. 17. Boston. The Suffolk Confer- 
ence of Unitarian and other Christian 
churches is organized. 

Dec. 18. Mass. The North Middlesex 
Congregational Conferenceof Unitarian 
and other Christian churches is orga- 
nized at Littleton. 

Dec. * Pa. The Pennsylvania Luther- 
ans, having called the adherents of 
the Augsburg Confession to unite, a pre- 
liminary convention is held at Reading ; 
it provides for a General Council. 

* * Alas. The Moravians send mission- 
aries to Western Alaska, near Fort 
Alexander. 

* * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing assembles. 

* * Ind. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Fort Wayne. 

The Pennsylvania Lutheran Synod is 
declared by the General Synod to have 
severed its connections. 

* * Mo. The General Assembly (O. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at St. Louis ; K. L. 
Stanton, moderator. 

The General Assembly (N. S. Pres- 
byterian) meets at St. Louis ; S. M. 
Hopkins, moderator. 

The Old and New School Gen- 
eral Assemblies fraternize at the 
Lord's Table at St. Louis. 

The Presbyterian General Assembly 
declares its regret because of the sepa- 
ration of the Southern churches. 

A joint committee of both New and 
Old School Presbyterians is appointed 
to consider a reunion. 

* * N. Y. The New York City Mission 
and Tract Society is reorganized. 



* * 0. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * O. The Freedmen's Aid Society 
(Methodist Episcopal; is organized at 
Cincinnati. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian; meets at Allegheny ; 
David Kerr, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran; of Pittsburg is organized. 

* * The East German, Texas. South Caro- 
lina, and Tennessee Conferences (Meth- 
dist Episcopal; are formed. 

LETTERS. 
1866 Oct. 24. Md. The Peabody Insti- 
tute, at Baltimore, is inaugurated in the 
presence of the founder. 

* * Boston. The Institute of Technol- 
ogy is opened. 

* * Colo. The Republican is issued at 
Denver. 

* * la. Tabor College (Cong.) is organ- 
ized at Tabor. 

* * Ind. De Pauw College (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded at New Albany. 

* * Ind. The Indianapolis Normal 
School is opened. 

* * Kan. The University of Kansas 
(non-sect.) is organized at Lawrence. 

* * Kan. Ottawa University (Bapt.) is 
organized at Ottawa. 

* * Ky. The Kentucky Wesleyan Col- 
lege (Meth. Epis.) is organized at Mil- 
lersburg. 

* * Ky. Normal Institute (colored), of 
Lexington, is opened by the American 
Missionary Association. 

* * Ky. The Logan Female College is 
founded at Russelville. 

* * Md. Centenary Biblical Institute 
(Meth. Epis.) is organized in Baltimore. 

* * Md. Morgan College and Dela- 
ware Conference Academy (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Baltimore. 

* * Mo. Lewis College (Meth. Epis.) is 
opened at Glasgow. 

* *Mo. The Lincoln Institute Normal 
School at Jefferson City is opened. 

* *N.J. Drew Theological Seminary 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Madison. 

* * New York. The Galaxy magazine 
appears. 

* * O. One Study College (Meth. Epis.) 
is established at Scio. Each student is 
to pursue but one study at a time. 
[Name changed to Scio College.] 

* * Ore. The Medical Department of 
the Willamette University at Portland 
is opened. 

* * Ore. Christian College (denomina- 
tional) is organized at Monmouth. 

Pa. Lehigh University (Prot. Epis.) 
is organized at South Bethlehem. 

* * Tenn. U.S. Grant University (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Chattanooga. 

* * Wis. The State Normal School at 
Platteville is opened. 

* * Venetian Life, by William Dean 
Howells, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1866, Aug. *-1867, Jan. 7. 255 



* * Character and Characteristic Men, by 
Edwin Percy Whipple, appears. 

* * Josh Billings and His Sayings, by 
Henry "Wheeler Shaw, appears. 

* * Life of Stonewall Jackson, by John 
Esten Cooke, appears. 

* * Lyrics and Hymns, by Alice Cary, 
appears. 

* * The Masquerade and Other Poems, by 
John G. Saxe, appears. 

* * Saint Elmo, by Augusta Evans (Mrs. 
Wilson), appears. 

* * Snow-Bound, by John Greenleaf 
Whittier, appears. 

* * The Story of Kennett, by Bayard Tay- 
lor, appears. 

* * Doctor Johns, by Donald G, Mitchell, 
appears. 

* * Lyrics, by Julia Ward Howe, appears ; 
it includes the Battle Hymn of the Re- 
public, written in camp, in 1861. 

* * Our Artist in Peru, by G. W. Carleton, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1866 Oct. 1. N. C. Colored delegates 
meet in convention at Raleigh to ad- 
vance their race. 

.Nov. 10. Me. Soldiers are first ad- 
mitted to the National Home, for dis- 
abled volunteers, at Togus Springs. 

Nov. 20. Tad. The first national encamp- 
ment of the Grand Army of the Repub- 
lic is held at Indianapolis ; Gen. S. A. 
Hurlbut of 111., commander-in-chief. 

Dec. 1. Paris. Minister Bigelow receives 
a gold medal for the widow of Abra- 
ham Lincoln, —the gift of 40,000 French 
citizens. 

Dec. 6. Minn. A State hospital for the 
insane is opened at St. Peter. 

Dec. * D. C. The scandalous sale of 
pardons to ex-Confederates by " middle- 
men" and by women is exposed at 
Washington. 

* * Cal. The State Institution for the 
Deaf, Dumb, and Blind is established 
at Oakland. 

* * Chicago. The " Crosby Opera 
House'* Association conducts a lot- 
tery, in which the Opera House is the 
principal prize. 

* * D. C. Miss Mary Harris is tried at 
Washington forthe murder of A. J. Bur- 
roughs and acquitted. 

* * Ky. The colored population of Marion 
County is terrorized by a band of 
armed outlaws called the " Skaag's 
men." 

* * Md. The Legislature passes a bill to 
enforce a strict observance of Sun- 
day. 

* * N. J. A Soldiers' Home is estab- 
lished at Newark. 

* * O. John W. Hughes is hanged for 
the murder of Miss Tamzen Parsons at 
Cleveland. 

* * Pa. The Pittsburg Homeopathic 
Hospital is chartered. 

* * Tenn. The Legislature removes the 
disability which prevents negroes and 



Indians giving testimony in courts of 
justice. 

* * Vt. A Home for destitute children 
is established at Burlington. 

STATE. 

1866 Aug. * D. C. Secretary Seward 
transmits a list of individual claims 
against England, based on the losses 
caused by the Alabama. 

Sept. 3-7. Phila. Two National Conven- 
tions are held — one composed of Loyal- 
ists from the South, the other of their 
sympathizers in the North ; they unite 
in condemnation of the President's re- 
construction policy. 

Sept. 11. N. J. The Legislature ratifies 
the 14th Amendment to the Federal 
Constitution. [Sept. 19, Oregon ; Nov. 9, 
Vermont ; Dec. *, South Carolina ; * * 
AMrginia.] 

Sept. 17. O. A Convention of Sol- 
diers and Sailors is held at Cleveland 
to render moral support to the Adminis- 
tration ; it is weak in attendance and 
barren of results. 

Sept. 25, 26. Pa. A National Con- 
vention of Citizen Soldiers and Sail- 
ors meets at Pittsburg ; it favors the 
Radicals in Congress who oppose the 
President; Gen. John A. Logan is 
president. 

Sept.+ U. S. Great excitement attends 
the political campaign. 

It concerns chiefly the choice of mem- 
bers of the 40th Congress, aud of mem- 
bers of legislatures who are to act on 
the 14th Amendment. 

Nov. 6. Ind. A convention of colored 
people meets at Indianapolis to ad- 
vance a movement for full citizenship. 

U. S. The State elections favor the 

Republicans in Congress. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 39th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

Congress receives a moderate and con- 
ciliatory message from the President. 

Dec. 4. N. C. The Legislature rejects 
the 14th Amendment to the Federal 
Constitution. 

Dec. 5. Z>. C. Congress; Senate : G. H. 
Williams of Ore. introduces a bill "to 
regulate the tenure of civil offices." 

Congress: The House suspends the 
rules and repeals the act authorizing the 
President to extend amnesty. Vote, 112- 
29. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress passes a bill 
extending the right of suffrage to the 
negroes of the District of Columbia. 
[The President vetoes the bill, Jan. 5, 
1867.] 

Dec. 22. N. C. The Legislatxire passes 
an act of amnesty to all soldiers of both 
armies who have committed offenses 
against the criminal laws of the State. 

* * U. S. The income tax of five per 
cent, on all incomes over $800 yields a 
revenue of $61,071,932. 

* * The significant movement of the 
U. S. troops to the Mexican border has 
the desired effect on Napoleon III. ; he 



promises to withdraw French troops 
from the continent within a limited 
time. 

* *U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-69 * * Ariz. (Ter.). R. C. M'Cormick. 
-67 * * Conn. Joseph R. Hawley. 
-69 * * Dak. (Ter.). Andrew J. Falk. 
-68 * * Fla. David S. Walker. 

-67 * * Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard. 
-69 * * Mass. Alexander H. Bullock. 
-70 * * Minn. William R. Marshall. 
-70* * Miss. Benjamin G.Humphreys. 
-69* * Mont. (Ter.). Green Clay Smith. 
-69 * * N. J. Marcus L. Ward. 
-67 * * Neb. (Ter.). David Butler. 
-68 * * O. Jacob D. Cox. 
-70 * * Ore. George L. Woods. 
-69 * * P. L Ambrose E. Burnside. 
-67 * * Tex. J. W. Throckmorton. 
-72 * * Wis. Lucius Fairchild. 

1867 Jan. * D. C. Congress again ad- 
mits Colorado. [Jan. 25, the President 
vetoes the bill.] 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: A movement 
to impeach President Johnson begins 
in the House. 

James M. Ashley of O. charges him 
with" usurpation of power and violation 
of law, by corruptly using the appoint- 
ing, and the pardoning, and the veto 
power." The charge is referred to the 
Judiciary Committee. Vote, 108-39. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866 Sept. 6. Chicago. President John- 
son lays the corner-stone of the Stephen 
A. Douglas monument. 

Oct. 1. New York. The price of mid- 
dling upland cotton is 40 to 42 cents ; 
the value of a gold dollar is 145 to 146 
cents. 

Oct. 3. The steamer Evening Star, New 
York to New Orleans, founders; 250 
lives are lost. 

Dec. 6. Chicago. The water-works 
tunnel is completed, extending two 
miles under Lake Michigan. 

Dec. 11. New York. The yachts Henri- 
etta, Vesta, and Fleetwing sail on an 
ocean race for England. 

Dec. 25. Eng. The Henrietta arrives 
at Cowes, with her rivals only a few 
hours behind her ; Henrietta's time, 13 
days, 21 hours, and 55 minutes ; distance, 
3,106 miles. 

* * Cal. A paid fire department with 
eteam engines is established at San 
Francisco ; the volunteer department is 
abolished. 

* *N. H. The incline railroad to the 
top of Mount Washington is com- 
menced. 

* * IT. S. The Government taxes all in- 
comes over $1,000. 

One merchant in New York pays 
$407,125, as his tax on an income of 
$4,071,250. 

* * The white man has gone to work 
in the South, and produced 55 per cent 
of the cotton crop, against 10 per cent 
in 1860. 

1867 Jan. 1. O., Ky. The Cincinnati 
and Covington Suspension Bridge, 
1,057 feet long, is opened. 



256 1867, Jan. 7 -June 30. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1867 Mar. 2. D. C. Congress provides 
that the pay of army officers below the 
rank of major-general shall be increased 
" one third, for two years," It declares 
that the Admiral shall be the ranking 
officer in the navy. 

Mar. 11, 12. 1). C. The President di- 
rects the issue of Order Number 10. 

It assigns to .each of the five military 
districts its commander in the following 
numerical order : Gen. J. M. Schofielcl, 
Gen. D. E. Sickles. Gen. G. H. Thomas, 
Gen. E. O. C. Ord, and Gen. P. H. 
Sheridan. 

Mar. 15. D. C. Orders are issued as- 
signing Gen. John Pope to the 3d 
Military District, and Gen. G. H. 
Thomas to command the Cumberland 
Department. 

Apr. 30. Kan. Gens. Hancock and Cus- 
ter are sent against the Indians in. the 
western part of Kansas. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1867. June 4. New York. An Ameri- 
can life raft, supported by cylinders, 
Bails for Southampton. [It arrives at its 
destination on July 25.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1867. 

Jan. 19. Robinson, Horatio N., mathemati- 
cian, educator, A(jl. 

Jan. 20. Willis, Nathaniel Parker, poet, 
author, journalist, A61. 

Jan. 25. Pennington, Alexander C, law- 
yer, M. C. from N. J., A57. 

Jan. 27. ]>avis, Charles A., merchant of 
N. Y., writer, A72. 

Feb. 1. Merrick, Pliny, jurist, A73. 

Feb. 2. Hunt, Washington, statesman, A5G. 

Feb. 13. Orton, Jason U., phys., poet, jour- 
nalist, A6I. 

Feb. 17. Kache, Alexander D., physicist, 
writer, A(il. 

Feb. 18. Goode, Wm.,Cong. missionary to 
Syria, A75. 

Mar. 3. Alexander, John H., chemist, phys- 
icist, editor, A54. 

Mar. 6. Browne, Charles Farrar, " Arte- 
mus "Ward," humorist, author, A33. 

Mar. 20. Clark, Billy James, founder of 
first temppram-e society, A 89. 

Mar. 21. Bailey, Joseph, brig.-gen. U. S. 
vols., A40. 

Mar. 29. Kiddle, Geo. R., statesman, A 50. 

Apr. 5. Evans, George, sen. for Me., A70. 

Apr. 7. Roane, John S., Confed. brig.-gen., 
gov. Ark., A50. 

Wooil, James, Presbyterian clergyman, 

educator, writer, A68. 

Apr. 9. Stearns, George L., antislavery ad- 
vocate, reformer, A58. 

Apr. 14. Abrahams, Simeon, phys., N. Y-, 
philanthropist, A58. 

Bullock, William A., inventor of a 

printing-press, A53. 

Apr. 15. Field, David Dudley, Cong, cler- 
gyman, A 86. 

Apr. 16. Pennock, Caspar W., phys., med- 
ical professor, Phila., A68. 

Apr. 17. GUmore,Joseph A., Gov. of N.H., 
A 56. 

Apr. 29. Paulding, Leonard, commander 
U. S. N., A41. 

May 24. Hoyt, Benjamin T., educator, A 47. 

June 2. Sargent, Lucius Manhus, writer of 
tales, A81. 

June 19. Dodge, Henry, sen. for Wis., A85. 

CHURCH. 

1867 Jan. 16. Mass. The Connecticut 
Valley Conference of Unitarian, Congre- 
gational, and other Christian Churches 
is organized at Greenfield. 

Jan. 25. Me. Henry Adams Neely is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Maine. 



Jan. 30. New York. The United States 
branch of the Evangelical Alliance is 
fully organized at the Bible House; 
William E. Dodge, president. 

Feb. 3. Ark. Edward Fitzgerald is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Little Rock. 

Feb. 5. Mass. The Plymouth Bay Uni- 
tarian Conference is organized at Iling- 
ham. 

Apr. 17. R.I. TheChanning(Unitarian) 
Conference is organized at Providence. 

May 7. A General Convention of the 
Protestant Methodists is held to con- 
sider the matter of union with the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church South ; the union 
is not formed. 

May 30. Ga. The Georgia Conference 
(African Methodist Episcopal) is organ- 
ized. 

June 7. O. The General Convention of 
the 3NTew Jerusalem meets at Cincin- 
nati. 

June 8. The Florida Conference(African 
Methodist Episcopal) is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1867 Feb. 1. N. Y. The name, Vassar 
Female College, is changed to Vassar 
College by act of the Legislature. 

Feb. * Eng. George Peabody, an Amer- 
ican banker, gives $1,000,000 to pro- 
mote education in the South. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress creates an Edu- 
cational Department. (See State.) 

Mar. 16. D. C. Henry Barnard is 
appointed Commissioner of Education. 

May 22. The Peabody Fund of 
§2,100,003 for Southern education is 
placed in care of a board of trustees. 

June 17. W. Va. The West Virginia 
University at Morgan town is opened. 



Lafayette; Clemens is killed by the 
State troops. 
May 13. Va. Jefferson Davis is ad- 
mitteil to bail at Uichinond ; amount 
of bond, $100,000. 

Names of sureties: Horace Greeley, 
Augustus Schell, Aristidea Welsh, Da- 
vid K. Jackman, W. H. Mc Far land, 
Richard B. Jlakiill, Isaac Daren port 
Abraham Warwick, G. A. Myers, W. W. 
Crump, James Lyons. J. A. Meredith. 
W. II. Lyons, J. M. Botte, T. W. Bos- 
well, .James Thomas, Jr. 

May 28. Ind. The Good Templars 
favor political action. 

The Eight Worthy Grand Lodge, in 
session at Richmond, recommends "to 
the temperance people of the country 
the orgmization of a national political 
party whose platform of principles shall 
contain prohibition." 

June 5. Chicago. The National 

Brewers* Congress favors political 
action. 

It resolves " That we will use all 
means to stay the progress of this fa- 
natical [Temperance] party, and to se- 
cure our individual rights as citizens, 
and that we will sustain no candidate 
of whatever party, in any election, who 
is in any way disposed toward the total 
abstinence cause." 

June 9. Phila. The Methodist Home 
for the Aged is opened. 

June 29. Eng. "William Lloyd Gar- 
rison, radical abolitionist and champion 
of emancipation, is given a reception at 
St. James' Hall, London. 



SOCIETY. 

1867 Feb.* Tenn. The Legislature 
abolishes all distinction of race and 
color in the qualifications of electors. 
[The popular vote in Ohio, Minnesota, 
and Kansas rejects the proposed aboli- 
tion of race distinction as to suffrage.] 

Feb. * Pa. The temperance movement 
drifts into politics. 

The State Temperance Convention 
declares that, " if the adversaries of 
temperance shall continue to receive 
the aid and countenance of present po- 
litical parties, we shall not hesitate to 
break over political bands and seek re- 
dress through the ballot-box." 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress abolishes 
peonage in New Mexico. 

Mar. 7. D. C. Congress votes a gold 
medal to Cyrus W. Field as a recog- 
nition of his services in laying the At- 
lantic Cable. 

Mar. * D. C. Senator Henry Wilson of 
Mass. is instrumental in reviving the 
Congressional Temperance Society. 

Apr. 30. Phila. The Americus Club 
is organized. 

Spring. Mo. Desperadoes, led by 
Archie Clemens, rob and murder in 



STATE. 

1S87 Jan. 7, 8. D. C. Congress 
passes a law over the President's veto 
regulating the elective franchise in the 
District of Columbia. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Congress passes the 
Negro Suffrage Bill over the President's 
veto. 

Jan. 10. B.C. Congress ; Senate : Dis- 
cussion begins on the Tenure of Office 
Bill. 

Jan. * D. C. Congress : The House in- 
cludes members of the Cabinet in the 
Tenure of Office Bill. Vote, 75-69. [It 
is not approved by the Senate.] 

Jan. * D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the amended Tenure of Office 
Bill by a party vote. Vote, 111-38. [It 
is soon after amended and passed by 
both Houses.] 

Jan. 20. D. C. Congress ; House : A, 
Civil Service Reform measure is in- 
troduced by T. A. Jenckes of K. I. 

Jan. 22. D. C. Congress passes a law 
to regulate future meetings of Con- 
gress ; one to be held at noon on the 
fourth of March, the day on 'which the 
term begins for which each Congress is 
elected. 

Jan. * />. C. Congress passes the Com- 
promise Bill for admitting Nebraska; 
the exclusion of negroes from the elec- 
tive franchise is to be removed before 
admission. [Jan. 29. Vetoed.] 

Jan. * D. C. The United States Supreme 
Court decides that the appointment of 



UNITED STATES. 



1867, Jan. 7 -June 30. 257 



military tribunals by Congress is an 
unconstitutional act. 

Feb. 6. D. C. Congress ; House : 
Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. introduces a 
Reconstruction Act, dividing the South, 
into five military districts. [It be- 
comes the leading measure of the 39th 
Congress, and passes the House by a 
vote of 109-55.] 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress passes, over 
the President's veto, the bill admitting 
Nebraska. 

Feb. 14. Z>. C. Congress; Senate; 
Keverdy Johnson of Md. proposes the 
Blaine Amendment to the Military 
District Bill, which requires impartial 
suffrage previous to the restoration of 
State governments. 

Feb.* D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Sherman Substitute, known 
in the House as the Blaine Ameudment, 
for the Military Government Bill. Vote, 
29-9. 

Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House 
injects the Sherman Substitute. Vote, 
73-98. [Compromise amendments are 
added.] 

Feb. * D. C. Congress ; House : The 
Blaine Amendment to the Military 
Bill is rejected. Vote, 69-94. 

Feb. 20. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
and the House pass the amended Mili- 
tary BUI by a party vote. 

It divides the Southern States into five 
military districts, to be under army offi- 
cers,— each seceded State to be restored 
to its Federal relations when a conven- 
tion of delegates shall frame a Constitu- 
tion ratified by the people and approved 
by Congress, and when the Legislature 
elected under such Constitution shall 
adopt the 14th Amendment. All male 
citizens, except those disfranchised for 
acts of rebellion, are to participate in 
electing delegates to the conventions. 
Vote : House, 135-48 ; Senate, 38-10. 

Congress: The Senate passes the 
amended Tenure of Office BUI. 

Xeb. The Legislature accepts the 

terms of admission into statehood. 

Feb. 22. D. C. Congress provides for 
the further establishment and protection 
of national cemeteries for burial of 
soldiers and sailors. 

Feb. 23 Kan. A treaty is made with 
the Indians for their removal to the 
Indian Territory. 

Mar. 1. D. C. The President proclaims 
Nebraska admitted into the Union as 
the 37th State. 

Mar. 2. D.C. President Johnson vetoes 
the Tenure of Office BUI and the Re- 
constructional Military District BiU. 

Congress passes the Tenure of Of- 
fice BUI over the President's veto. 
Vote: Senate, 35-11; House, 133-37. It 
also overrides the veto of the Military 
District BUI. Vote, House, 135-48; 
Senate, 38-10. 

It sets apart $20,000 to provide an 
equestrian statue of Gen. Winfield 
Scott and passes the National Bank- 
ruptcy Bill ; it establishes a Depart- 
ment of Education. [Later, it is made 
a Bureau of the Interior.] 



The Judiciary Committee reports 
its inability to conclude its labors, and 
recommends that the investigation of 
the charges against the President be 
continued. The testimony is committed 
to the clerk, for use during the ensuing 
session. 

Congress enacts that the Federal 
Government shall assume the govern- 
ment of Virginia. 

The MorriU bill, for reducing the in- 
ternal revenue taxes $30,000,000 yearly, 
becomes a law. 

The amount exempted from the in- 
come tax is raised t'nun $600 to $1,000; 
the excess above 81,000 to be taxed at 
the rate of 5 per cent ; the tax to expire 
in 1S70. 

The Secretary of the Treasury is au- 
thorized to exchange three per cent 
certificates of indebtedness for com- 
pound interest notes, which may be 
counted as part of the reserves of na- 
tional banks. 

Congress ; Senate : Benj. F. "Wade 
of O. is elected President pro tempore. 
Mar. 4. D. C. The 39th Congress 
ends. 

The 40th Congress opens. 

It opens the moment that the previous 
Congress closes ; SO members are absent, 
and 17 States are without represen- 
tation. 

Congress; House: Schuyler Colfax 
(Rep.) is reelected speaker (third time), 
against Samuel S. Marshall (Dem.) of 
111. Vote, 127-30. James Brooks of 
N. Y. presents the protest of the Dem- 
ocrats against organizing the House. 
Mar. 7. D.C. Congress; House: James 
M. Ashley of O. asks the continuance 
of the impeachment investigation ; he 
is opposed by the Democrats, but sus- 
tained by a party vote. 
Mar. 19. D. C. Congress concurs in 
the Supplementary Be construction 
Act, and sends it to the President. 
[Mar. 23. Vetoed.] 
Mar. 20. Mass. The Legislature rati- 
fies the 14th Amendment to the Fed- 
eral Constitution. 
Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: the Supple- 
mentary Reconstruction Act is passed 
over the President's veto. Vote: House, 
114r-25 ; Senate, 40-7. 

Gen. Schofield takes charge of a mili- 
tary district at Richmond ; Gen. Sickles, 
at Columbia; Gen. Pope, at Montgom- 
ery; Gen. Ord, at Vicksburg; Gen. Sheri- 
dan, at New Orleans. 

Mar. * D. C. Congress refuses to ac- 
cept the nevr Constitution of Georgia. 

Mar. 30. D. C. A treaty is concluded 
by which the Territory of Russian Amer- 
ica [Alaska] is purchased from Russia 
for the sura of §7,200,000; it contains 
577,390 square miles. 

Congress; the first session adjourns 
to July 3. 

The Legislatures of 16 States have 

ratified the 14th Amendment to the 
Federal Constitution. 

Jan. 4, O.; Jan. 8, Mo.; Jan. 10, N.Y., 
Kan., and Ky. ; Jan. 9, Va. (reiects) ; 
Jan. 11, Me. and Nev. ; Jan. 15, 111. and 



Minn. ; Jan. 16, W. Va. ; Jan. 29, Did. ; 
Jan. 30, Miss.; Jan. * Mich.; Feb. 6, Pa., 
while Del. and La. (reject) ; Feb. 7, E. I. 
and Wis.; Mar. 23, Md. (rejects). 

Apr. 1. D. C. The Senate meets, in 
special session, at the call of the Presi- 
dent. 

Apr. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
approves the treaty for the purchase 
of Russian-America. 

Apr. 19. jO. C. The Senate adjourns 
sine die. 

May 8. Md. A constitutional con- 
vention meets at Annapolis. 

May 13. Va. Horace Greeley and 
others sign Jefferson Davis's bail- 
bond, at Richmond, and he is released 
from prison. (See Society.) 

May 20. Va. Jefferson Davis leaves 
the United States. [Resides in Canada.] 

May 24. D. C. Attorney-General Stan- 
bery gives an opinion respecting the He- 
construction Acts, which tends to- 
neutralize their force. [Another opin- 
ion on June 12.] 

June 3. La. Gov. "Wells prevents the 
operation of the Reconstruction Act, 
and is removed by Gen. Sheridan [June 
6, he appoints B. F. Flanders governor]. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1867, 
revenue : Customs, $170,417,811 ; in- 
ternal revenue, $266,027,537 ; direct tax, 
$4,200,234 ; sales of public lands, $1,163,- 
576 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold 
coin, $27,787,330; miscellaneous items, 
$15,037,522. Total revenue, §490,034,010. 
Excess of revenue over ordinary ex- 
penses, $133,091,335. Ependitures: pre- 
miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., 
810,813,349 ; miscellaneous items, $51,- 
110,224; War Department. $95,224,416; 
Navy Department, $31, 034,011 ; Indians, 
$4,642,532; pensions, $20,936,552; inter- 
est on public debt, $143,781,592. Total 
ordinary expenses, $357,512,675; public 
debt, $2,678,126,103., Exports, $204,51)0,- 
141. Imports, $395,761,096. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867 Jan. 22. New York. By resolution 
of Congress, the lower part of City Hall 
Park is to be purchased for $500,000, as 
a site for post-office and U. S. courts. 

Jan. 23. N. Y. About 5,000 persons cross 
the East River on the ice, between New- 
York and Brooklyn. 

Jan. * The charter of the Credit Mo- 
bilier is purchased by the builders of 
the Union Pacific Railroad, and the stock 
increased to $3,750,000. [Large dividends, 
as the profits of building the Pacific 
railroad, advance the price of the stock 
to a high figure.] 

Mar. 25. Chicago. "Water is first let 
into the tunnel beneath the lake, for 
supplying the city. 

Apr. 14. Ore. Grading is begun at Port- 
land for the Oregon Central Rail- 
road. 

June 6. Phila. An explosion occurs 
in a sawmill on Samson Street ; 22 per- 
sons are killed and seven injured. 

June 19. Phila. The American Thea- 
ter on Walnut Street is burned; 10 per- 
sons are killed by falling walls. 

June 22. Boston. The corner-stone of 
the Masonic Temple is laid. 



258 1867, June 30- 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1867 Aug. 16. Neb, Gen. Augur with 
Federal troops attacks 500 Sioux In- 
dians at Plum Creek, near Omaha, in 
punishment for train wrecking and the 
murder of train hands. 

Aug. 17. D. C. Gen. W. S. Hancock 
is appointed to command in the 5th Dis- 
trict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheri- 
dan. 

Aug. 26. N. C. Gen. Edward R. S. 
Canby is given command of the '2d 
Military District, as successor to Gen. 
Sickles. 

Summer-Autumn. The Sioux In- 
dians are defeated in several engage- 
ments. 

Nov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are de- 
feated by tl 
McKenzie, i 
Mountains. 

Dee. 28. D. C. Maj.-Gen. George. C. 
Meade is appointed to command in the 
3d District, as successor to Gen. John 
Pope. Gen. Irwin McDowell is ap- 
pointed to command in the 4th District. 
The President directs Gen. Ord to 
turn over his command in Mississippi 
to Gen. Gillem. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1867 July 7. N. Y. The asteroid Un- 
dina is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 

Aug. 24. Mich. The asteroid Minerva 
is discovered by J. C. Watson. [Also 
Aurora, Sept. 6.] 

Nov. 14. D. C. At the naval observa- 
tory, the fall of 1,000 meteors in 21 
minutes is seen ; this shower, which had 
been foretold, was seen at many points, 
aud appeared to all professional ob- 
servers as emanating from the constel- 
lation Leo; fully 5,000 meteors were 
observed from various places. 

Nov. * I). C. The extensions of the 
national Capitol are completed. 

Nov. * Boston. The statue of Edward 
Everett is completed. 

Dec. 11-15. A widespread snowstorm 
causes the loss of many lives and the 
wreck of many vessels. 

* * Boston. The New England Conser- 
vatory of Music is established; it is 
the largest of its kind in the world. 

* * Fr. McCormick's reaping-ma- 
chine receives the highest prize at the 
Paris Exposition. 

* * London. The Merchant of Venice is 
presented by Edwin Booth at the "Win- 
ter Garden Theater. 

* * Mass. The Salem Oratorio Society 
is organized at Salem. 

+ * * New York. The Black Crook is acted 
several hundred times at Niblo's Garden. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1867 

July 1. Meacher, Thomas Francis, Irish Con- 
federation leader; iiuij.-gen. U. S. Vol.; Gov. 
of Idaho; journalist, orator, A44. 

July 7. Kins, John Alsop, Gov. of N. Y., 
A80. 

July 9. King, Rufus U., banker, N.Y., A83. 



July 20. CliamlliT, Samuel, major-gen. 

U. 8. A., v*-t, of 1812, AT::. 
July 29. A nt lion, I hurlrs, 'kissu-aL scholar, 

A70. 
July 31. Sedgwick, Catherine M., novelist, 

philanthropist, at*. 

Aug. 6. Cooke, Edwin >'., brig.-gen. IT. 8. 

vols., A32. 
Aug. 7. Aldridge, Ira, mulatto actor, A57. 
Aug. 15. Butler, Pierce, lawyer of PhUa., 

AGO. 

Aug. 22. Day, Jeremiah, mathematician, 
pres. of Yak-, AM. 

Aug. 26. Davenport, Nicholas T., actor, 
a:j«. 

Aug. 27. Jackson, James, phys., professor 
in Harvard, A<)0. 

Sept. 9. Tavlor, Thomas H., P. E. clergy- 
man, N. Y., scholar, writer, A68. 

Sept. 15. Griffin, Charles, major general 
U. S. A., A4I. 

Sept. 29. Price, Sterling, Gov. of Mo., 
Confed. maj.-gen., A58. 

Oct. 3. Howe, Elias, inventor of sewing- 
machine, A48. 

Oct. 7. Itiddell, John L., physician, in- 
ventor hiiHirular microscope, A60. 

Oct. 22. Kendall, George W., founder of 
New Orleans Picayune, A58. 

Oct. 30. Andrew, John Albion, "War 
Gov." of Mass., A49. 

Oct. * Herring, .lames, portrait painter, A73. 

Nov. 5. Bradford, Alexander Warfleld, 
lawyer, editor, A52. 

Nov. 6. Hooker, Worthington, phvs., au- 
thor, A 61. 

Nov. 11. Packard, Frederick Adolphus, 
editor, A73. 

Nov. 12. Stevens, Walter H., Confed. 
brig.-gen., chief engineer, A40. 

Nov. 15. Sartwell, Henry Parker, bota- 
nist, A75. 

Nov. 19. Halleck, Fitz-Greene, poet, A77. 

Nov. 27. "Walworth, Reuben Hyde, last 
chancellor of N. Y., A 79. 

Engles, William M., Pres. cl., A70. 

Dec. 5. Dewev, Chester, educator, bota- 
nist, A83. 

Dec. 7. Palmer, James S-, rear-admiral 
U. S. N., A57. 

Dec. 28. Harbaugh, Henry, Ger. Ref. cler- 
gyman, A50. 

Dec. 31. Arrington, Alfred, W. lawyer, 
writer, A57. 

CHURCH. 

1867 July 25. Fla. John Freeman 
Young is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) bishop of Florida. 

Oct. 16. III. The Illinois Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal Church South) is 
organized. 

Nov. 12. Conn. The General Conference 
(Congregational) of Connecticut is or- 
ganized. 

Nov. 20. Ind. The first General Coun- 
cil of Lutherans meets at Fort Wayne. 

* * Chicago. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing assembles. 

* * 111. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Central Illinois is organ- 
ized. 

* * Md. The Presbyterian Synod of Pa- 
tapsco unites with the Southern As- 
sembly. 

* * Mo. The Presbyterian Synods of Mis- 
souri and Kentucky separate from the 
Northern Assembly. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (X. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Rochester ; H. A. 
Nelson, moderator. 

LETTERS. 

1867 Aug. 24. Md. The Johns Hop- 
kins University is incorporated. 

Sept. 19. Wyo. The Cheyenne Evening 
Leader is issued. 

Oct. 1. N. Y. The Legislature passes an 
act making the public schools entirely 
free. 



Oct. 25. Wyo. The Daily Argus in 
issued. 

Oct. * Mass, Th^ Massachusetts Agri- 
cultural College at Amherst is opened. 

Dec. 8. Wyo. The Bocky Mountain Star 
is issued. 

* * Ala. Emerson Institute (colored) of 
Mobile is opened by the American Mis- 
sionary Association. 

* * Ala. Talladega College is opened 
for colored students by the American 
Missionary Association. 

* * Cal. St. Augustine College (Prot. 
Epis.) is organized at Benicia. 

* * Cal. St. Vincent's College (Kom. 
Cath.) at Los Angeles is organized. 

* *D.C. Howard University (non-sect.) 
is organized at "Washington." The Med- 
ical Department of the University is 
opened. 

It is chartered by Congress without a 
race basis, yet aiming to provide espe- 
cially for negroes. 

* * Del. Delaware College (non-sect.) 
is founded at Newark. 

* * la. Simpson College (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded at Indianola. 

* * ///. The Baptist Union Theological 
Seminary is organized at Morgan Park. 

* *///. The University of Illinois (non- 
sect.) is organized at Champaign. 

* * Ind. St. Meinrad's CoUege (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at St. Meinrad. 

* * Ky. Cecilian College (Kom. Cath.) 
is organized at Cecilian. 

* * Md. Ridgeville College (Free-will 
Bapt.) is organized at Ridgeville. 

* * Minn. The Tribune is issued at Minne- 
apolis. 

* * N. C. Biddle University (Pres.) is 
organized at Charlotte. 

* * New York. The Evening Telegram is 
founded. 

* * New York. The News is founded. 

* * 0. The Western Reserve Historical 
Society of Cleveland is organized. 

* * O. The Public Library is founded 
at Cincinnati. [15S,136 vols.] 

* * O. Hiram College (Disciples) is or- 
ganized at Hiram. 

* * O. Scio College, formerly One Study 
College (.Meth. Epis.), is founded at Scio. 

* * Phila. The Baptist Quarterly review 
appears. 

* * PHla. The American Naturalist mag- 
azine appears. 

* * Pa. Muhlenberg College (Evan. 
Luth.) is organized at Allen town. 

* * Pa. Lebanon Valley College (United 
Breth.) is organized at Annville. 

SOCIETY. 

1S67 Aug. 10. D. C. The jury disa- 
gree in the case of John H. Surratt, 
on trial for complicity in the murder 
of President Lincoln. 

Sept. 18. La. A negro judge presides in 
a court of justice at New Orleans. 

Oct. * N. Y. Rev. Thomas Lake Harris 
founds the Brocton Community cf 
Socialists, at Brocton. 



UNITED STATES. 



1867, June 30-* *. 259 



Nov. 5. New York. John Morrissey is 
elected M.C. from the " Bloody Sixth" 
ward. 

He had twice fought bloody battles in 
the prize-ring, had been eiglit times in- 
dicted, for assault with intent to kill, as- 
sault and battery, and burglary ; he had 
also served nine months in the peniten- 
tiary for nine breaches of the peace. 
[He is afterward reelected.] 

* * III. The Legislature passes a law 
abolishing capital punishment. 

* * Mass. Clarke Institute, for the 
training of deaf mutes, is opened at 
Northampton. 

* * Me. The Legislature passes a law pro- 
hibiting the sale of intoxicating bev- 
erages, and provides for its enforcement 
by the appointment of a State constable. 

STATE. 

1867 July 3. B.C. The 40th Congress : 
the special session reopens. 

July 8. D. C. The right of suffrage is 
extended to the colored citizens of the 
district. 

July 11. D. C. A reciprocity treaty 
■with Hawaii is signed. 

July 13. I). C. Congress passes the 
Second Supplementary Reconstruc- 
tion Act. 

July 19. D. C. President Johnson ve- 
toes the Second Supplementary Re- 
construction Act. 

He favors reorganization by civil rather 
than military methods ; his "message is 
regarded as a threat to use military 
power against Congress, and his impeach- 
ment is suggested. 

Congress overrides the last veto. 
Vote : House, 10S-25 ; Senate, 30-6. 

July 20. D. C. The 40th Congress; 
the first session again adjourns, to 
Nov. 21. 

July 30. Tex. Gen. Sheridan removes 
Gov. Throckmorton ; E. M. Pease is ap- 
pointed governor. 

Aug. 5. D. C. President Johnson re- 
quests Secretary Stanton to resign 
for "public considerations;" Stanton 
replies that " public considerations " 
forbid it. 

Aug. 12. D. C. Secretary Stanton is 
removed by the President, and Gen. 
Grant is appointed his successor, ad 
interim. 

Aug. * Sept. * D. C. President John- 
son, alleging insubordination, removes 
Gen. Sheridan (Aug. 17) from the mili- 
tary department of Louisiana, and Gen. 
Sickles from that of North Carolina. 

Sept. 3. D. C. The President, by proc- 
lamation, declares that the supremacy 
of the Civil Court (Federal) must be 
upheld. 

Sept. 7. D. C. The President proclaims 
a general amnesty; this includes all 
but a few of the high officials of the Con- 
federacy. 

Sept. 18. Md. The new Constitution 
is approved by the people. Vote, 27,152- 
23,036. 

Sept. 25. Fla. A convention of conser- 
vatives organizes the Constitutional 
Union party, at Tallahassee. 



Sept. 27. N. C. A conservative mass- 
meeting is held at Raleigh to oppose 
the radical Republicans. 

Sept. * Oct. * Kan. A woman's suf- 
frage campaign is conducted by Lucy 
Stone, Susan B. Anthony, Elizabeth 
Cady Stanton, and others. 

Oct. 9. Alaska is formally trans- 
ferred by Russia, and Gen. Rousseau 
takes possession of Sitka Island. 

Oct. 11. Ky. Gov. Stevenson provides 
for the suppression of the regulators 
and lynchers in Marion, Boyle, and 
other countries by the organizing of an 
armed force. 

Oct. 22. Fa. The people vote to call 
a constitutional convention. Vote, 
107,342-61,887. 

Nov. 5. Kan. An amendment to the 
Constitution, by striking out the word 
*' white," is not carried. Vote, 10,483- 
19,421 ; another, to drop the word 
" male,'* is not approved. Vote, 9,070- 
19,857. 

Nov. 9. Vt. The Legislature ratifies the 
14th Amendment. 

U. S. The Republican freedmen 

gain the ascendancy in the elections 
held in Southern States ; Democrats 
obtain large majorities in the North. 

Nov. 11. U. S. The public debt has 
been reduced §10,000,000 monthly, on 
the average, since Aug. 31, 1865. 

Nov. 14. A treaty is concluded with 
Denmark for the sale of the islands of 
San Juan and Santa Cruz in the "West 
Indies for $7,500,000. 

Nov. 21. D. C. The 40th Congress: 
the adjourned first session reopens. 

Nov. 22. La. A Constitution prohibit- 
ing slavery, declaring the ordinance of 
secession void, and disfranchising ex- 
Confederates, is adopted by the Con- 
stitutional Convention at New Or- 
leans. 

Va. Jefferson Davis returns to 

Richmond. 

Nov. 25. D. C. Congress; House: The 
report of the Impeachment Com- 
mittee directs that " Andrew John- 
son, President of the United States, be 
impeached of high crimes and misde- 
meanors ; " a minority report directs 
the discharge of the Committee, and the 
tabling of the subject. [Dec. 7. The 
House rejects the majority report. Vote, 
57-108.] ' 

Nov. 26. Va. The trial of Jefferson 
Davis for treason is again adjourned. 

Dec. 2. D. C. The 40th Congress: 
the first session closes ; the second ses- 
sion opens. 

Dec. 3. Va. The Constitutional Con- 
vention meets at Richmond. 

Dec. 5. Ga. A convention of native 
whites at Masson forms " the Conserv- 
ative Party of Georgia." 

Dec. 7±. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Schenck Bill, forbidding 
" a further reduction of the currency 
by retiring and canceling United States 



notes." Vote, 127-32. [Act of Feb. 4, 
1868.] 

Dec. 9. Ga. A Constitutional Con- 
vention is held by request of the gen- 
eral commanding the district; it as- 
sembles at Atlanta. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Congress receives the 
President's message relative to the dis- 
missal of the Secretary of War. 

* * Neb. The capital is removed from 
Omaha to Lincoln. 

* * Nev. The act of the Legislature which 
taxes every person one dollar who leaves 
the State in a public conveyance, is 
declared unconstitutional by the U. S. 
Supreme Court. 

* * Me. Prohibitory State Liquor Law 
passed. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-69 * * Colo. (Ter.). A. Cameron Hunt. 
-69 * * Conn. James E. English. 

-68 * * Ga. T. H. Ruger. 
-68 * * Ida. (Ter.). Isaac L. Gibbs. 
-73 * * Ind. Conrad Baker. 
Ky. John L. Helm. 
-72 * * Ky. John W. Stevenson. 
-68 * * La. Benjamin F. Flanders. 
-71 * * Me. J. L. Chamberlain. 
-71 * * Neb. David Butler. 
-69* *N. H. Walter Harriman. 
-69* * N. Mex.(Ter.) Wm. F.N. Amy. 

* * Pa. John W. Geary. 
_70 * * Tex. Edward M. Pease. 
-69 * * Vt. John B. Page. 
-69* * Wash. (Ter.). MarshallF.Moore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 
18G7, 298,967. 

July 2. New York. A single track of 
elevated cable railroad is opened from 
the Battery to Thirtieth Street. 

Aug. 16. Neiv York. The first gold 
and stock company in the United 
States ie •rganized. 

Aug. * La. The yellow-fever rages in 
New Orleans and in the Southwest. 

Aug. * The Credit Mobilier, through 
Oakes Ames, contracts to build 637 miles 
of the Union Pacific Railroad, at prices 
which aggregate $47,000,000. [The value 
of shares soon rises to 400 per cent.] 

Summer. N. Y. There are 390 cases of 
yellow-fever at quarantine, near New 
York City. 

Sept. 17. Md. The National Ceme- 
tery at Antietam is dedicated in the 
presence of the President. 

Oct. * Mass. An explosion in the Hoo- 
sac Tunnel causes the loss of 13 lives, 
and much damage to the head-house. 

Dec. 9. N. Y. Work begins on the new 
Capitol at Albany. 

Dec. 18. N. Y. An accident occurs on 
the Lake Shore railroad, caused by the 
caving in of an embankment ; ignition 
of cars ; 41 persons burned to death. 

Dec. * Credit Mobilier stock is quietly 
distributed among members of Con- 
gress for the purpose of influencing 
votes in its favor. [The scandal is un- 
earthed in 1872.] 



260 1867, * *-1868, Apr. 18. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1867 * *Ml88. "W. H.McArdle, the editor 
of the Viekabwrg Times, is charged with 
obstructing the Reconstruction Acts, 
and is confined in the military prison 
by order of Gen. Ord. 

1868 Jan. 15. Mont. Gen. Miles de- 
feats and routs the Indians. 

Spring. Mont, The Indians under Sit- 
ting Bull and Crazy Horse are subdued 
and scattered. 

Mar. 18. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Bu- 
chanan is appointed to command in the 
5th District, as successor to Gen. "W. S. 
Hancock. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1867 * * New York. M. F. DeHaas and 
C. G. Griswold are elected members of 
the National Academy of Design. 

* * Wyo. Gold is found near the source 
of the Sweetwater River. 

* * The attempt to raise Alpaca, An- 
gora, and Cashmere goats as domestic 
animals, with a view to utilization of 
their fleece, is abandoned. 

* * The silk worm industry develops in 
California, but fails for climatic reasons 
in the Atlantic States. 

* * American Institute of Architects is 
established. 

* * Coast of Rhode Island is painted by 
"Worthington "Whittredge. 

* * The Splinter is painted by J. B. Irving. 

* * Notch at Lancaster is painted by A. F. 
Bellows. 

* * In the Woods is painted by A. B. 
Durand. 

* * American Sunset is painted by George 
Iiiness. 

* * Glimpse of TV kite Mountains is painted 
by J. F. Kensett. 

* * The Village Post-Offi,ce is painted by 
T. W. "Wood. 

* * George L. Fox appears as Bottom in 
Midsummer Night's Dream. 

1868 Mar. * New York. A steam-mo- 
tor-man is exhibited. 

April 15. D. C. A memorial and etatue 
of Lincoln is unveiled at the Capitol. 

Apr. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Ianthe is 
discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1868. 
Jan. 1. Gillespie, Win, M., civil engineer, 

A52. 
Jan. 11. Bell, Henry Haywood, rear-adm., 

U. S. N., drowiifd in Japan, A68. 
Jan. 12. Steele, Frederick, maj.-gen., U.S. 

vols., A49. 
Jan. 15. Ellsworth, William W., gov. of 

Conn., A77. 
Jan. 19. Baraga, Frederick, Austrian E. C. 

bishop in U. S., A71. 

Dick, James T., artist, A34. 

Jan. SI. Asboth, Alex. S., Hungarian offi- 
cer, maj.-gen. in Civil War, A57. 
Jan. S3. Force, IVler, journalist, compiler, 

A78. 
Jan. 26. Dean, Anms, chancellor, professor, 

author, A65. 
Feb. 1. Leeser, Isaac, Jewish rabbi of 

Phila., editor, author, A62. 
Feb. 4. Gilliams, Jacob, physician of Phila., 

naturalist, A84. 
Feb. 5. Herrick, Anson, journalist, M. C. 

for N. Y., A56. 



Feb. 10. hMchardson, John Frarn, educator, 
linguist, At>0. 

Feb. 16. Fendall. Philip R., jurist, Wash- 
ington, 1>. C, A74. 

Feb. 18. Sewall, Samuel, antiij., writer, 
Cong, clergyman, A83, 

Feb. 22. Cannon, Mary, aelress, A 39. 

Mar. 4. Lord, Daniel, lawyer of N. V. city, 
A73. 

Mar. 5. Hughes, Ball, sculptor, A62. 

Mar. 11. Dana, Samuel Luther, chem.,A73. 

Mar. 16. Wilmot. David. " Wihnot Pro- 
viso," M. C. for Pa., A54. 

Mar. SS. Childs, Henry H., physician. A85. 

Carter, Josu'.h Mason, lawyer and poli- 
tician, Conn.. A55. 

Mar. S7, Goodrich, Chauncey, Cong, cler- 
gyman, scholar, A51. 

Mar. 30. Parker, Edward G. ( journalist, 
author, A40. 

Mar. 31. Hartstene, Henry J., commander 
U. S. N., explorer with Dr. Kane, dies. 

Paige, Alonzo Christ, jurist of N. Y., 

compiler, ATI. 

Apr. 1. Ashburn, George W-, southern 
loyalist, soldier, A—. 

Parker, James, statesman, A92. 

Apr. 5. Howell, Robert Boyte C, Baptist 
clergyman, writer, author, A67. 

Apr. 12. Cooper, Julia D., actor, writer, 
A 37. 

Apr. 14. Baugher, Henry L., Lutheran 
clergyman, pres. of Luth. college, A63.± 

Apr. 17. Homans, John, physician of Bos- 
ton, A7o. 



CHURCH. 

1867 * * O. The General Assembly 
(United Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; 
John B. Dales, moderator. 

* * 0. The General Assembly <0. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Cincinnati ; Phin- 
eas D. Gurley, moderator. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; A. Campbell, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Susquehanna is organized. 

* * Phila. The Presbyterian National 
Union Convention is held ; George 
H. Stuart, president. It fails to effect 
the organic union of all Presbyterians. 

* * Tex. A General Association of Bap- 
tists is formed. 

* * Netherlands. Delegates of the "United 
States branch of the Evangelical Alli- 
ance first attend the great conference 
held at Amsterdam. 

* * The Reformed Protestant Dutch 
Church of North America changes its 
name to the Reformed Church in 
America. 

* * The Alabama, Georgia, and Virginia 
Conferences (Methodist Episcopal) are 
formed. 

1868 Mar. 3. P. I. The Union for 
Christian "Work (undenominational) is 
organized at Providence. 

Mar. 10. The Colorado Association 

(Congregational) is organized. 
Apr. 2. Ga. John "Watrous Beck with 

is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 

bishop of Georgia. 

LETTERS. 
1867 * * Tenn. East Tennessee Wes- 
leyan University (non-sect.) is or- 
ganized at Athens. 

* * Tenn. King College (Pres.) is organ- 
ized at Bristol, 

* * Tcyin. Fiske University (Cong.) is 
organized at Nashville. 



* * Va. The Richmond Theological 
Seminary (Bapt.) is founded. 

* * Wis. Milton College (Seventh-day 
Bapt.) is organized. 

* * State Normal Schools are opened : 
at Peru, Neb. ; Brockport, N. Y. ; Cas- 
tleton, Randolph, and -Johnson, Vt. ; 
and at Fairmonnt, W. Va. 

* * W. Va. The Storer College at 
Harper's Ferry is opened. 

* * Flower tie Lure, by Henry W. Long- 
fellow, appears ; also a translation of 
the Divine Comedy (1SG7-1870). 

k * Pool; of the Artists, by Henry T. Tuck- 
erman, appears. 

k * The Jesuits in America, by Francis 
Parkman, appears. 

k * Condensed Novels, by Bret Harte, 
appears. 

k * Greece, Ancient and Modern, by Cor- 
nelius C. Felton, appears. 

" * The Guardian Angel, by Oliver Wen- 
dell Holmes, appears. 

fc * Language and the Study of Language, 
by "William D wight Whitney, appears. 

* * May-Day and Other Pieces, by Ralph 
"Waldo Emerson, appears. 

' c * Norwood, by Henry "Ward Beecher, 

appears. 
fc * Miss Haveners Conversion, by J. "VT. 

DeForest, appears. 
k * The Tent on the Peach, by John 

Greenleaf "Whittier, appears. 
t * Tiger Lilies, by Sidney Lanier, ap- 
pears. 
b * Waiting for the Verdict, by Rebecca 

H. Davis, appears. 
' * Famous Americans of Recent Times, by 

James Parton, appears. 
' * History of the Anuri can Civil War, by 

John "William Draper, appears. 
i * The Wearing of the Gray, by John 

Esten Cooke, appears. 

■ * Colorado, by Bayard Taylor, appears. 

: *A Journey to Ashango-Land , by Paul 

B. Du Chaillu, appears. 
: * New America, by "William Hepworth 

Dixon, appears. 
: *New York in the Nineteenth Century. 

and American Leaves, etc., by Samuel 

Osgood, appear. 
; * History of the Christian Church, by 

Philip Schaflf, appears. 
; * Cyclopaedia of Biblical, Theological, 

and Ecclesiastical Literature, by Mc- 

Clintock and Strong, Vol. 1. appears. 

■ * Poems, by "William Dean Howells, 
appears; also Italian Journeys. 

■ * Swinging Round the Circle, by Petro- 
leum V. Nasby, appears. 

: * Complete Manual of English Litera- 
ture, by Thomas B. Shaw, appears. 

r * War Poetry of the South, edited by 
"William Gilmore Simms, appears. 

* Religious Poems, by Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, appears. 

* The Celebrated Jumping Frog, etc., by 
Mark Twain, appears. 

* New System of Infantry Tactics, by 
Gen. Emory Upton, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1867, * *-1868, Apr. 18. 261 



1S68 Jan. 1. Ga. The Methodist Advo- 
cate is published, at Atlanta. 

SOCIETY. 

1867 * *N. r. The State Board of 
Charities is organized. 

* * U. S. Farmers organize the Gran- 
gers to protect farming interests. 

1868 Jan. 1. Ind. The Reform 
School for boys is opened at Plainfield. 

Feb. 8. Mo. The Legislature passes an 
act by which prize fighting for money 
is made punishable by imprisonment or 
a fine. 

Mar. 31. Cat. The Chinese Embassy 
arrives at San Francisco. 

* * D.C. The President receives Charles 
Dickens. 

Apr. 18. New York. A dinner in honor 
of Charles Dickens is given by some of 
his admirers. [Apr. 22. He sails for 
England.] 

STATE. 

1S67 * * Congress attaches that por- 
tion of New Mexico which lies above 
37° to Colorado. 

1868 Jan. 4. D. C. Congress ; House : 
Resolutions are adopted approving 
the course of Gen. Sheridan as mili- 
tary governor of Louisiana, and cen- 
suring President Johnson. 

Jan. 8. Ga. The State Convention re- 
moves the capital from Augusta to 
Atlanta. 

Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
refuses to concur with the President in 
the removal of Secretary Stanton; 
Gen. Grant promptly vacates the 
office of Secretary of "War. 

Jan. 14. 5. C. A State Convention, 
called under the Reconstruction Acts, 
assembles at Charleston to frame a new 
Constitution. 

JV. C. A State Convention, called 

under the Reconstruction Acts, assem- 
bles at Raleigh. [A Constitution is 
framed, and it is afterward ratified.] 

Jan. 14, 15. D. C. Secretary Stanton 
resumes his office. 

Jan. 20. Fla. A Constitutional Con- 
vention^ meeting at Tallahassee, is or- 
ganized by 41 of the 46 delegates ; the 
eligibility of four others is contested. 

Jan. 21. D. C. Congress; House: The 
Southern States are declared to be with- 
out valid government ; jurisdiction 
over them is taken from the Presi- 
dent, and assigned to Gen. Grant, as 
commander of the army. 

-Jan. * Miss. The Legislature unani- 
mously rejects the 14th Amendment 
to the Constitution. 

Feb. 3. D. C. Congress exempts cot- 
ton from the internal revenue tax. 

Feb. 4. D. C. Congress : An act pro- 
hibiting any further reduction of the 
currency is passed ; the minimum limit 
of legal-tender notes is fixed at $356,- 
000,000. 

Feb. 6. Fla. The president of the Con- 
stitutional Convention announces that a 



legal quorum of 20 or 22 delegates have 
adopted a new Constitution ; it super- 
sedes that of 1865. 

Feb. 18. Fla. A meeting of the dele- 
gates of the Constitutional Convention 
is called by Gen. Meade ; Horatio Jen- 
kins is appointed president. 

Feb. 20. X. J. The Legislature with- 
draws the ratification of the 14th 
Amendment. [Feb. 25, the withdrawal 
is vetoed by Governor Ward ; Mar. 5, 
Senate overrides the veto ; Mar. 25, the 
House also.] 

Feb. 21. D. C. President Johnson dis- 
misses E. M. Stanton, Secretary of 
"War, and appoints Gen. Lorenzo 
Thomas as his successor ad interim; 
the President notifies the Senate of his 
action. 

Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
declares the appointment of Gen. 
Thomas illegal, and Stanton causes 
his arrest ; he is held on bail, but re- 
leased Feb. 24. 

The President nominates Thomas 
Ewing of O. as Secretary of War. 

Feb. 24. D. C. Congress: The House 
resolves to impeach President John- 
son of high crimes and misdemeanors. 
(Second attempt.) Vote, 126-47 ; 17 not 
voting. Two members are appointed to 
impeach him at the bar of the Senate. 

He is charged with violating the Tenure 
of Office Act, and much friction exists 
between the Executive and Congress, 
because of his opposition to the Recon- 
struction Acts. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The action 
of the House for impeachment is re- 
ported at the bar of the Senate by 
Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. and John 
A. Bingham of O., the Committee of 
Impeachment. 

Fla. The State Constitution is 

adopted ; nine delegates refuse to sign it. 

Feb. 29. D. C. Congress ; House : the 
Committee of Impeachment reports 
nine articles. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
articles of impeachment are adopted 
by a party vote. 

Impeachment managers : John A. Bing- 
ham, Chairman, of O., George S. Bout- 
well of Mass., James F. Wilson of la., 
Benjamin F. Butler of Mass., Thomas 
Williams of Pa., John A. Logan of 111., 
Thaddeus Stevens of Pa. President's 
counsel : B. K. Curtis, WilliamM. Fvarts, 
W. S. Grosbeck, and Henry Stanbery. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Board of Managers presents two addi- 
tional articles of impeachment, — sedi- 
tion, and speech declaring that Congress 
was not a legal body. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
notifies the House that it is ready to 
receive the managers of the impeach- 
ment. The House bill of impeachment 
is presented. 

Mar. 5. D.C. The Senate convenes as a 
Court of Impeachment, with the Chief 
Justice in the chair. The President is 
summoned to appear. 

Mar. 11. Ga. The new Constitution 
is ratified. 



Mar. 13. D. C. The Court of Impeach- 
ment is reopened ; it adjourns to the 
23d. 

Ark. The new Constitution is 

adopted and ratified. 

Mar. 23. D.C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Impeachment Court receives the Pres- 
ident's response to the charges. 

Mar. 30. D.C. Congress ; Senate : Gen. 
B. F. Butler of Mass., as counsel for the 
prosecution, opens the case against the 
President ; the actual trial begins. 

Mar. 31. Cat. The Chinese embassy, 
with Anson Burlingame as special 
ambassador, arrives at San Francisco. 

Apr. 3. la. The Legislature ratifies the 
14th Amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution. 

Apr. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ben- 
jamin E. Curtis of Mass. opens the de- 
fense in the impeachment trial. 

Apr. 14-16. S. C. The new Constitu- 
tion is ratified by the people. Vote, 
70,558-27,288. 

Apr. 17. Va. The Constitutional Con- 
vention adopts a constitution. Vote, 
51-36. [It was to have been submitted to 
the people for ratification, June 2 ; but 
the election was not held.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1867 * * III. The pioneer Pullman 
car is built ; the Pullman Car company 
is organized. 

* * Mo. Carondelet is incorporated with 
St. Louis. [Effective Apr. 1871.] 

* * N. Y. The Hudson River railroad 
bridge at Albany is completed. 

* * Minn. Minneapolis is incorporated 
as a city. 

* * New York. The county court-house 
is completed. 

* * Ore. The bark Whistler carries a 
cargo of wheat direct to Australia. 

* * Phila. The new court-house is 



* * Wagner's Palace-Car Company is 
incorporated. 

1S68 Jan. 2. Cat. The Santa Clara 
and Pajaro Valley Railroad Company is 
chartered. 

Jan. 28. Chicago is devastated by a 
great fire ; loss, S3,000.000. 

Jan. * Boston. The town of Roxbury is 
annexed. 

Mar. 2. New York. Barnum's Mu- 
seum is again burned. 

Mar. 18. The steamer Magnolia on the 
Ohio River explodes ; SO lives are lost. 

Mar. 31. Miss. A convention of land- 
owners is held at Jackson to encourage 
immigration to the South ; delegates arc 
present from Mississippi, Tennessee, 
Alabama, and Louisiana. 

Apr. 9. The steamer Sea Bird burns on 
Lake Michigan ; 100 lives are lost. 

Apr. 14. Pa. An Erie train is thrown 
down an embankment at Carr's Rock, 
on the Delaware River ; 2G persons are 
killed and 52 are injured. 



262 1868, Apr. 18 -Oct. 26 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1868 June 1. D. C. Gen. G. Stone- 
man is appointed to command in the 1st 
District, as successor to Gen. J. M. Scho- 
field. 

June 4. D. C. Gen. Irvin McDowell 
assumes command of the 4tlx Military 
District. 

June 30. D. C. Gen. Alvan C. Gillem 
is appointed to command in the 4th Dis- 
trict, as successor to Gen. I. McDowell. 

July 28. D. C. Gen. J. J. Reynolds is 
appointed to command in the 5th Dis- 
trict, as successor to Gen. P. H. Sheridan. 

A.ug. 4. Pa. Philadelphia presents 
League Island in the Delaware to the 
Federal Government as the site for a 
navy-yard ; area, 923 acres. 

jlug. Kan, The Indians make a raid 
into the Solomon Valley and along the 
Republican and Saline Rivers. 

-Sept. 9-17. Kan. Col. George A. For- 
syth has a fight with the Indians along 
the Republican River. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

;"*68 May 10. D. C. W. W. Corcoran 
deeds his valuable Art Gallery to trus- 
tees for public use. 

May 27. Mo. The monument to 
Thomas H. Benton at St. Louis is 
unveiled. 

July 11. Mick. The asteroid Hecate is 
discovered by J. C. "Watson. [Also 
Helena, Aug. 16, Hera, Sept. 7, and 
Dione, Oct. 10.] 

Aug. 22. N. Y. The asteroid Miriam 
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 

Oct. 21. Cat. An earthquake shakes 
the Pacific Coast ; walls are broken, 
chimneys fall, and five persons are killed 
in San Francisco. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

186S. 

Apr. 19. Hawks, Cicero Stephen, P. E. 
bishop of Mo., A56. 

Apr. 20. Osgood, Helen L. G., army nurse, 
A33. 

Apr. 26. Rives. William Cabell, senator 
for Md., minister to France, author, mem- 
ber Confederate ronu r ress, A75. 

May 5 . Page, Charles Grafton, writer, 
physicist of D. C, A5t>. 

Ridgeley, Daniel Boone, commander 

TJ. S. N., A55. 

May 20. Junkin, George, Pres. clergy- 
man, college president, A78. 

May 21. Dyckman, Garrett W., capt. in 
Mexican war, col. U. S. V., dies. 

May 23. Carson, Christopher, "Kit Car- 
■on," trapper, Fremont's gni<le, A59. 

May 25. Evans, Thomas, Quaker preacher, 
editor, author, A70. 

May 29. Lincoln, Levi, M. C, Gov. of 
Mass., senator, A86. 

May 30. McRae, John J., Gov. of Miss., A58; 

June 1. Buchanan, James, M. C. for Pa., 
senator, secretary of state, minister to 
Eng., 15th President of TJ. S., A77. 

June 3. Noyes, George RapaU, Biblical 
scholar, A70. 

June 6. Thompson, Daniel Pierce, novel- 
ist, A73. 

June 12. Garner, Peter M., abolitionist in 
0., A58. 

June 15. Bradley, Warren I., "Glance 
Gaylord," author, writer, A21. 

June 22. Kimball, HeberC, Mormon, A67. 

June 23. Raphall, Morris Jacob, Jewish 
rabbi of New York, writer, author, A70. 

Vassar. Matthew, founder of Vassar 

college, A76. 

July 2. Baker, Lafayette C., brig.-gen. 
U. S. A., chief of secret service, A42. 



July 5. Hall, James, author, judge, A75. 

July 7. Coles, Edward, antislavery Gov. 
of 111., A82. 

July 9. Grayson, Wrn., Gov. of Md., A82. 

July 11. Miller, James Fergurson, com- 
mander V. S. N., A63. 

July 15. Morton, Wm. T. G., dentist, 
physician, A49. 

July 16. Allen, William, president Bow- 
doin, biographer, A84. 

July 18. Leutze. Emanuel, historical 
painter, A52. 

July 29. Smith, Seba (Maj. Jack Down- 
ing), author, A76. 

Aupr. 3. Potter, Chandler E., editor, au- 
thor, A61. 

Halpine, Charles G. (Miles O'Reilly), 

journalist, A38. 

Aug. 8. .Stevens, Edwin Aug., railroad 
manager, inventor, founder Stevens' insti- 
tute, A73. 

Aug. 11. Stevens. Thaddeus, M. C. for 
Pa., abolitionist, A76. 

Aug. 16. Carhart, Jeremiah, inventor of 
tubular reed-board, A53. 

Aug. 24. Adler, George J., philologist, au- 
thor, A 47. 

Aug. 27. Armstrong, James, commodore 
U. S. N., A74. 

Aug. 28. Granger, Francis, M. C. for 
N. Y., posHnasier-geiieral, A76. 

Sept. 23. Morse, Kioiiard Gary, journalist, 
Pres. el., founder of N. Y. Observer, A73. 



Sept. 29. Andrew's, Lorrin, founder of 

Hawaii University, missionary, A73. 
Oct. 9. Cobb, Howell, M. C, speaker, 

Gov. of Ga., sec. of treasury, Confederate 

maj.-gen., A53. 
Oct. 26. Fairchild, Cassius, brig.-gen. 

V. S. A., A40. 



CHURCH. 

1868 Apr. 30. Va. Francis McNeece 
"Whittle is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) assistant bishop of Virginia. 

May 1-June 2. Chicago. General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal) meets. 

Provision is made for the introduction 
of Lay Delegation. The Arkansas, Cen- 
tral Pennsylvania, St. Louis, and Wil- 
mington Conferences are formed. 

It establishes " Children's Day," 
to he observed on the second Sunday in 
June. 

May 24. Ky. William G. McCloskey is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Louisville. 

June 3. Yt. Wm. Henry Augustus Bis- 
sell is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Vermont. 

June 10. Me. The General Convention 
of the New Jerusalem meets at Port- 
land. 

July 12. N. T. Bernard J. McQuaid is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Rochester. 

Pa. Wm. O'Hara is consecrated 

(Roman Catholic) bishop of Scranton. 

Aug. 2. Pa. Tobias Mullen is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Erie. 

Aug. 16. Md. James Gibbons is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) archbishop 
of Baltimore. 

N. C. Thomas A. Becker is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Wil- 
mington. 

Sept. 13. Mo. John J. Hogan is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Kan- 
sas City. 

Oct. 7-9. New York. The third Na- 
tional Unitarian Conference is held. 

Oct. 25. Mo. Charles Franklin Robert- 
son is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Missouri. 



LETTERS. 
1868 Sept. 4. .V. U. The College of 

Agriculture and Mechanics is opened 

at Hanover. 
Oct. " X. Y. Cornell University Cnon- 

sect.) at Ithaca is opened. 

* * Ala. Burrill School, colored, isopened 
at Selma by the American Missionary 
Association. 

* * Cat. University of California (non- 
sect.) is organized at Berkeley. 

* * Cal. The Overland Monthly magazine 
(first series) is issued at San Francisco. 

* * D. C. The Bureau of Education 
Library is founded at Washington. 
[1G,500 vols.] 

* * Ga. The Haven Normal Academy, 
colored (Meth. Epis.), is founded at 
Waynesboro. 

* * Ga. The Constitution is issued at 
Atlanta. 

* * III. German English College 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Galena. 

* * Ky. Blandville College (Bapt.) is 
founded. 

* * Ky. Concord College (Bapt.) is or- 
ganized at New Liberty. 

* * Ky. The Courier Journal is issued at 
Louisville. 

* * Me. The State Agricultural College 
is organized at Orono. 

* * Mass. Worcester Polytechnic Insti- 
tute (non-sect.) is organized at Worces- 
ter. 

* * Mass. The Dental School of Harvard 
University is established. 

* * Miss. Eust University, colored 
(Meth. Epis.), is founded at Holly 
Springs. 

* * Minn. University of Minnesota 
(non-sect.) is organized at Minneapolis. 

* * The Board of Education of the Meth- 
odist Episcopal Church is organized. 

* *N.J. St. Benedict's CoUege (Rom. 
Cath.) at Newark is organized. 

* *N. T. Cornell University library is 
founded at Ithaca. [60,300 vols.] 

* * New YorJ:. Harper's Bazaar Is 
founded. 

* * iV. r. Wells CoUege (non-sect.) is 
founded at Aurora. 

* * Ore. The State Agricultural College 
is opened at Corvallis. 

* * O. University of Wooster (Pres.) 
is organized at Wooster. 

* * 0. The Public School library is 
founded at Cleveland. [45,905 vols.] 

* * Ore. Philomath College (United 
Breth.) is organized. 

* * Pa. Monongahela College (Bapt.) 
at Jefferson is organized. 

* * Phila. Lippincotfs Magazine appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1S6S May 5. The Grand Army of the 
Republic institutes Decoration Day — 
May 30th — as a memorial day of its de- 
ceased comrades. 



UNITED STATES. 



1868, Apr. 18 -Oct. 26. 263 



May 22. Ind. An express car on the 
Jeffersonville Railroad is robbed by 
armed men. 

May 30. N. F. Memorial Day is first 
celebrated ; it is a legal holiday. 

June 25. D. C. Eight hours constitute 
a day's work. (See State.) 

July 1. Eng. A dinner is given in 

honor of Cyrus W. Field in London. 

Cable messages are exchanged with 

President Johnson, and also with JLord 

Monk, viceroy of Canada. 

July 20. Lnd. A train bearing the ex- 
press robbers of the Jeffersonville 
Railroad is stopped by a band of 
lynchers from Seymour, and the pris- 
oners hanged. 

July * 0. The National Temperance 
Convention is held at Cleveland. 

! i 

STATE. 

1868 Apr. 18. La. The new Consti- 
tution is ratified by the people in a State 
election. 

Apr. * N. C. The people ratify the new 
Constitution. Vote, 93,118-74,009. 

Apr. * _<Y*. J. The Democratic Legislature 
passes a resolution withdrawing the pre- 
vious ratification of the 14th Amend- 
ment by a Republican body. 

May 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate ; Thad- 
deus Stevens of Pa. introduces a bill to 
readmit Arkansas to representation in 
Congress. 

May 16. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
11th article of impeac hm ent is re- 
jected. Vote, 35-19 — one less than two- 
thirds, the number required to impeach. 
The court adjourns to May 26. 

May 20. Chicago. The Kepublican 
National Convention meets ; Joseph 
R. Hawley of Conn., president. 

May 21. Chicago. Gen. Ulysses S. 
Grant is nominated for the presidency 
on the first ballot, without a competitor. 
Schuyler Colfax is nominated for the 
vice-presidency. Vote for the vice-presi- 
dency : Schuyler Colfax of Ind., 541 ; B. 
F. "Wade of O., 3S ; Reuben E. Fenton of 
N. T., 69. 

May 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Court of Impeachment votes on the 
second and third articles, and lacks 
one vote of two-thirds of the Senate. 
Vote, 34-16. It abandons the case at this 
point. 

" The trial of President Johnson is the 
most memorable attempt made by any 
English-speaking people to depose asov- 
ereign ruler in strict accordance with 
the forms of law. The order, dignity, and 
solemnity which marked the proceedings 
may therefore be recalled with pride by 
every American." (Blaine.) 

Edwin M. Stanton resigns as Secre- 
tary of "War. 
May 30. D. C. President Johnson ap- 
points Gen. J. M. Schofield of N. T. 
Secretary of "War. 

Congress creates a Fishery Com- 
mission. 
May 31. D. C. Congress relieves from 
taxation all manufactures except dis- 



tilled and fermented liquors and to- 
bacco. 

May* D. C. Congress passes resolutions 
congratulating the Emperor of Russia 
on his escape from assassination. 

May * Fla. The new Constitution is 
ratified by the people. 

June 1-K Tex. A convention called 
under the Reconstruction Acts is held at 
Austin. 

June 5. D. C. The Chinese embassy 
is received at "Washington. 

June 12. D. C. Congress; Senate : 
Reverdy Johnson of Md. is appointed 
minister to Great Britain. 

June 15. Miss. Gen. McDowell appoints 
Maj.-Gen. Adelbert Ames provisional 
governor ; Gov. Humphreys is forced to 
vacate the executive mansion. 

June 20. D. C. President Johnson ve- 
toes the bill restoring Arkansas to 
representation in Congress. [Congress 
overrides the veto, June 22.] 

June 25. D. C. Congress passes the 
bill for readmitting to representation 
in Congress six Southern States — 
Alabama, Florida, Georgia, Louisiana, 
North and South Carolina. The Presi- 
dent vetoes it. 

It extends amnesty to about 1,000 
ex-Confederates. 

It enacts that eight hours shall con- 
stitute a day's work for laborers, me- 
chanics, and other workmen in the em- 
ployment of the Government. (Passed 
the House on January 6.) 

Congress, having overriden the Pres- 
ident's vetoes by a vote of more than 
three to one in both houses, the long 
reconstruction contest is closed. 

* * D. C. Gen. Grant, in accepting the 
Republican nomination to the presi- 
dency, says "Let us have peace." 

June 28. Miss. The people reject the 
Constitution of May 15. Vote, 56,231- 
63,860. 

June 30. IT. S. Statistics for 186S. 
Revenue : Customs, $164,464,600 ; in- 
ternal revenue, Slol,os7,r»xii ; direct tax, 
§1,788,146; sales of public lands, $1,34S- 
715; premiums on loans and sales of gold 
coin, §29,203,629; miscellaneous items, 
$17,745,404. Total revenue, §405,638,033 ; 
excess of revenue over ordinary expendi- 
tures, §28,297,798. Expenditures: Pre- 
miums on loans and purchase of bonds, 
etc., $7,001,151 ; miscellaneous items, 
S53,009,8rt3; War Department, §123,240,- 
G49; Navy Department, §25,775,503; In- 
dians, $4J00,6S2; pensions, §23,7X2,387 ; 
interest on public debt, £.140,424,040. 
Total ordinary expenses. S377,340,285 : 
public debt, S2.G11,C87.851 ; exports, 
§281,952,899 ; imports, §357,436,440, 

June * Fla. The 14th Amendment is 

adopted by the Legislature. 
June * Mass. The Legislature adjourns, 

having been in session 165 days, the 

longest term ever held in the State. 
July 4. D. C. The President proclaims 

a general amnesty, making but few 

exceptions. 
Fla. The government is transferred 

to Harrison Reed, who is inaugurated 

governor. 



N. C. The 14th Amendment of 

the Federal Constitution is ratified. 

July 4-7. New York. The Democratic 
National Convention nominates Ho- 
ratio Seymour of N. Y. for the presi- 
dency on the 22d ballot, and Francis 
P. Blair of Mo. for the vice-presidency. 
[A bitter and exciting campaign fol- 
lows.] 

July 13. Ala. The Legislature ratifies 
the 14th Amendment. 

July 14. Fla. Gen. Meade turns the 
State over to the civil authorities. 

July 15. D. C. "William M. Evarts of 
N. Y. is appointed Attorney-General. 

July 20. D. C. Congress removes the 
legal and political disabilities from 
several hundred ex-Confederates. 

The Secretary of State announces that 
three-fourths of the States (29) have rat- 
ified the 14th Amendment. 

July 21. Ga. The Legislature ratifies 
the 14th Amendment. 

July 25. D. C. Congress organizes 
"Wyoming Territory out of parts of 
Dakota, Utah, and Idaho. 

It passes a bill for the payment of the 
public debt and reducing the rate of 
interest. 

It enacts the discontinuance of the 
Freedmen's Bureau after Jan. 1, 1S69. 

July 27. D. C. Congress enacts the 
extension of Federal laws over Alaska. 
House, vote, 113-i3 ; it organizes the 
territory. 

It passes an act for the protection of 
naturalized citizens in foreign coun- 
tries. 

The President signs the bill for the 
purchase of Alaska. 

Congress enacts the bill requiring 
letter carriers to wear uniforms. 

The 40th Congress : the second ses- 
sion adjourns to Sept. 21. 

July 28. B.C. The Burlingame treaty 
with China is negotiated at Washing- 
ton. 

July * La. The Legislature ratifies the 
14th Amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution. 

Aug. 17, 18. La. The new Constitu- 
tion is ratified in a State election ; it 
declares the ordinance of secession null 
and void. 

Sept. 21. D. C. The 40th Congress: 
the second session reopens, and ad- 
journs to Oct. 16. 

Oct. 16. D. C. The 40th Congress: 
the second session reopens and adjourns 
to Nov. 10. 

Oct. 26. O. The Democratic Legisla- 
ture recalls the assent of the State to 
the 14th Amendment. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1868 Apr. * Wyo. Laramie City is 

founded. 
June 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1868, 

282,189. 
July* Md. A flood on the Patapsco 

River causes a loss of about $3,000,000 

and several lives. 



264 1868, Oct. 27-1869, Feb. 26. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

186S Nov. 27. Kan. Gen. Custer de- 
feats the rebellious Indians on the 
Wichita; a village is burned, and their 
bands nearly annihilated. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1868 Oct. * John Ericsson announces a 
device for obtaining motive power by 
condensing the rays of the sun. 

Nov. 13. U. S. A brilliant display of 
meteors occurs. 

* * Chicago. Der Nordamerikanische 
Sangerbund is reorganized. 

* * Mass. The Dental School of Har- 
vard University is established. 

* * New York. A bronze statue of Lin- 
coln in Union Square is unveiled. 

* * New York. A bronze statue of Gari- 
baldi is unveiled in Washington Square. 

* * New York. George Inness of New 
York, George Henry Hall of Paris, 
France, and George C. Lambdin are 
elected members of the National Acad- 
emy of Design. 

* * O. Bessemer steel is first made at 
Cleveland. 

* * O. Cincinnati determines to hold bi- 
ennial musical festivals. 

* * U. S. Westinghouse air-brakes are 
introduced. 

* * Wyo. Coal is discovered near Evans- 
ton. 

* * In the Narrows is painted by Edward 
Moran. 

* * White Mountains in October is painted 
by A. D. Shattuck. 

* * Portrait of a Lady is painted by W. S. 
Mount. 

* * Sioiss Lake is painted by J. W. Casilear. 

1869 Feb. 3. New York. Booth's 
Theater is opened by Edwin Booth with 
Romeo and Juliet. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1868. 

Oct. 29. MeVickar, John, P. E. clergyman, 
New York, prutVssor in Columbia, A81. 

Nov. 19. Mount, William Sidney, land- 
scape painter, A61. 

Nov. S3. Thompson, Waddv, M. C. for 
S. C, diplomat, A70. 

Nov. 38. Clark, Laban, M. E. cl., A90. 

Nov. 29. Kearnev, Lawreiu-t', eoniiuoilore 
U. S. N., A79. 

Dec. 12. Flint, Henry M., author, editor, 
correspondent, A39. 

Dec. 18. Robertson, Anthony Lispenard, 
jurist of New York, AGO. 

Dec. 20. Mitchell, Samuel Augustus, geog- 
rapher, author, A76. 

Dec. 26. Cibhs, Alfred, mai.-gen., U. S. A., 
A45. 

* * Carrell, Geo. A., R. C. bp., teacher, AG5. 
1869. 

Jan. 6. Elliot, Charles, Meth. Epis. clergy- 
man, editor, author, A77. 

Jan. 7. Botts, .John M., M. C. for Va., A67. 

Rousseau, Lovell H., brev. maj.-gen. 

U. S. A., M. C. for Ky., A51. 

Jan. 1 0. Cassin, John, ornithologist, of 
Pa., A56. 

Jan. 15. Key, Thomas M., lawyer, politi- 
cian, of 0., A50. 

Jan. 25. Pickens. Francis W., Gov. of 
S. C, M. C, minister lu Russia, A62. 

Feb. 6. Brady, James T., lawyer, A54. 

Hubbard, John, statesman, A75. 

Feb. 7. Burrill, Alexander M., lawyer, au- 
thor of legal works, A62. 

Feb. 24. Dinsmoor, Samuel, Gov. of N. H., 
A70. 



CHURCH. 

1868 Oct. 27, 28. Phila. A hot but in- 
decisive discussion on ritualism occurs 
at a general convocation of the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church. 

Nov. 8. N. V. Stephen V. Ryan is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic; bishop of 
Buffalo. 

Dec. 2. N. Y. A Preliminary Conven- 
tion of the Albany (Protestant Episco- 
pal) diocese is held. 

Dec. 3. N. Y. William Croswell Doane 
is elected bishop of the (Protestant Epis- 
copal) dioeese of Albany. 

* * Alabama and Arkansas Conferences 
(African Methodist Episcopal) are 
formed. 

* * Boston. The "Women's Board of 
Missions is formed. 

* * Cal. Chinese Mission- Work is be- 
gun on the Pacific coast by Otis Gib- 
son of the Methodist Episcopal Church. 

* * Kan. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Kansas is organized. 

* * Mo. — Neb. The Universalis! State 
Convention is organized. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (0. 
S. Presbyterian) meets at Albany ; 
George W. Musgrave, moderator. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Argyle ; James 
Harper, moderator. 

* * New York. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting assembles. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) assembles ; 
it renews the vote of confidence taken 
inlS44. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; D. S. Burnet, moderator. 

* * Ore. — Wash. Benjamin Wistar Morris 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Oregon and "Washington. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (N. S. 
Presbyterian) meets at Harrisburg : J. P. 
Stearns, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg. 

* * V. S. The Presbyteries of the Old 
School Presbyterians give a majority 
vote against the committee's report 
favoring a union. 

* * Protestant Episcopal dioceses are es- 
tablished in Nebraska, Portland (Ore.), 
Long Island, Central New York, Albany, 
and Easton, Pa. 

* * Many Roman Catholic dioceses are 
established. 

Columbus, 0., St. Joseph, Mo., Wil- 
mington, Bel., Seranton and Harrisbur£, 
Pa., Green Bay, Wis., Rochester, N. Y., 
and La Crosse, Wis. Vicarates apos- 
tolic are established for Idaho, North 
Carolina, and Denver, Colo. 

1869 Jan. 27. N. Y. Abram Newkirk 
Littlejohn is consecrated (Protestant 
Episcopal) bishop of Long Island. 

Feb. 2. N. Y. William Croswell Doane 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Albany. 



LETTERS. 
1868 * • South Carolina fur the first 
time elects a superintendent of public 
instruction. 

* * Tenrt. The University of the South 
(Prot. Epis.; at Swanee is opened. 

* * Wis. The State Normal School at 
Whitewater is opened. 

* * W. Va. The Marshall College Nor- 
mal School at Huntingdon is opened 
by the State. 

* * W. Va. "West Virginia College, 
(Free-will Bapt.) at Flemington, is or- 
ganized. 

* * Va. Hampton Institute (non-sect.) 
is organized at Hampton. 

* * American Otological Society is or- 
ganized. 

* * Among the Hills and Other Poems, by 
John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. 

* * The Earthly Paradise, by Edmund 
Clarence Stedman, appears. 

* * Dallas Galbraith, by Rebecca H. 
Davis, appears. 

* * The Gates Ajar, by Elizabeth Stuart 
Phelps, appears. 

* * If, Yes, and Perhaps, by Edward Ev- 
erett Hale, appears. 

* * Kathrina, by J. G. Holland, appears. 

* * Little Women, by Louisa May Alcott, 
appears ; also Proverb Stories. 

* * Men of Our Times, by Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, appears ; also The Chimney Cor- 
ner. 

* * New England Tragedies, by Henry 
W. Longfellow, appears. 

* * Poems of Faith, Hope, and Love, by 
Phcebe Cary, appears. 

* * The United Netherlands, by John 
Lothrop Motley, appears. 

* * Woman's Wrongs: A Counter-Irritant, 
by Gail Hamilton, appears. 

* * What Answer? by Ann a Dickinson, 
appears. 

* * Ohio in the War, by Whitelaw Reid, 
appears. 

* * Autobiography of Benjamin Franklin, 
with notes by John Bigelow, appears. 

fc * Recollections of a Busy Life, by Horace 
Greeley, appears. 

* * Jesus o/Nazareth, His Life and Teach- 
ings, by Lyman Abbott, appears. 

fc * Sermons, by Henry Ward Beecher, 
appears. 

fc * Planchette's Diary, by Kate M. Field, 
appears. 

k * The Human Intellect, by Noah Porter, 
appears. 

' * Moral Uses of Dark Things, by Horace 
Bushnell, appears. 

< * Will the Coming Man Drink Wine? 
and Does Smoking Pay? by James Par- 
ton, appears. 

c * Tobacco and Alcohol (a reply to Par- 
ton's book), by J. Fiske, appears. 

c * Plain Thoughts on the Art of Living, 
by W. Gladden, appears. 

: * Ekkoes from Kentucky, by Petroleum 
Vesuvius Nasby, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1868, Oct. 27-1869, Feb. 26. 265 



* * The Negroes in Negroland; in Amer- 
ica; Generally, by E\ R. Helper, appears. 

* * Christ in Song, by Philip Schaff, ap- 
pears. 

"* * No Love Lost, A Poem of Travel, by W. 
D. Howells, appears. 

* * Under the JVillows, etc., by James 
Russell Lowell, appears. 

* * Sense and Nonsense, by Brick Pome- 
roy, appears. 

* * On Ice and Other Things, by Josh Bil- 
lings, appears. 

* * Passages from the Note-Books of Na- 
thaniel Hawthorne, appears. 

* * Smoked Glass, by Orpheus C. Kerr, 
appears. 

* * Ruby's Husband, by Marion Harland, 
appears. 

* * Stoi'ies of the Gorilla Country, for 
Young People, by Paul B. Du Cbaillu, 
appears. 

* * System of Naval Defence, by J. B. 
Eads, appears. 

1S69 Jan. 18. New York. The Mer- 
cantile Library building is opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1868 Nov.* La. Astounding election 
frauds are discovered. 

Nov. 3. New York. "William M. 
Tweed ("Boss Tweed") dominates 
Tammany Hall. 

He holds back the election returns of 
the city, till, by manipulation, they are 
made to eliminate the majority given 
against his party in the State election. 

* * Boston. The New England Women's 
Club is organized. 

* * D. C. President Johnson signs the 
Eight-hour Labor Bill for the benefit 
of Government employees. 

* * La. Political and color riots are 
prevalent during the year. 

* * Tenn. The Legislature prohibits the 
Kuklux Klan, and makes membership 
a penal offense. 

* * The Benevolent and Protective Order 
of Elks is founded. 

1869 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature 
passes the Social Equality Bill, by 
which all persons, without regard to 
color, are given equal rights in public 
conveyances, and places of public resort. 

Jan. 30. Phila. George S. Twitehell 
is sentenced to be hanged for the mur- 
der of Mrs. Mary E. Hill, on Nov. 22, 
186S. [He commits suicide April 8.] 

Jan. * 0. The Cincinnati hospital is 
occupied. 

STATE. 

1868 Nov. 3. The 21st Presidential 
election; Republicans elected. Popu- 
lar vote : Ulysses S. Grant (Rep.) of 111., 
3,015,071 ; Horatio Seymour (Dem.) of 
N. Y., 2,709,615. 

la. An amendment to the State 

Constitution is adopted by a public vote : 
— the word " white " is dropped from the 
qualifications of electors. Vote, 105,384 
—81,119. 



Virginia, Mississippi, and Texas 

are the only States of the late Confeder- 
acy that are excluded from participa- 
tion in the national election. 

Nov. 9. Ark. Gov. Clayton declares 10 
counties under martial law. 

Nov. 10. I>. C. The 40th Congress: 
the second session reopens and closes. 

London. A convention for the settle- 
ment of the Alabama claims by a 
commission is signed by Reverdy John- 
son and the Earl of Clarendon, but is 
fruitless of results. 

Minn. The people ratify the amended 

Constitution ; it eliminates the word 
" white." 

Nov. 30-Dec. 1. Miss. The People 
ratify the Constitution of May 15, 1SGS. 
Vote, 105,223-954. An almost unani- 
mous vote is given against disfranchis- 
ing Confederate soldiers. 

Dec. 7. D. C. The 40th Congress: 
the third session opens. 

Dec. * D. C. The President's recommen- 
dation to repudiate obligations of the 
government arrests attention. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House 
announces the purpose to fully pay 
the national debt. Vote, 155-6 — 60 
not voting. 

Dec. 24. Mass. The Governor and coun- 
cil contract for the completion of the 
Hoosac Tunnel for $4,594,268. 

Dec. 25. D. C. President Johnson issues 
a proclamation of general uncondi- 
tional amnesty to persons implicated 
in the rebellion : it includes Jefferson 
Davis. 

* * Colo. The State capital is removed 
from Golden City to Denver. 

* * Me, The constabulary law of 1S67 
is repealed. 

* * Tenn. The Legislature enacts a mini- 
mum fine of 1^500 and imprisonment for 
five years for members of the Kuklux 
Klan society. 

* * Tenn. The petition of 4,000 citizens 
asking for the removal of political dis- 
abilities is denied by the Legislature. 

* * The " Greenback" financial agita- 
tion becomes widespread. 

"The same currency for both plow- 
holder and bondholder," say Demo- 
crats ; "The best currency for both 
plowholder and bondholder," say Re- 
publicans. 

* * The ruling classes of the South, 
aroused by the misgovernment of the 
reconstructed States, wage war on the 
'* Carpet-Baggers " — unscrupulous 
politicians from the North. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-70 * * Ala. "William H. Smith. 
-71 * * Ark. Powell Clayton. 

-72 * * Cal. Henry H. Haight. 

-72 * * Fla. Harrison Reed. 

-72 * * Ga. Rufus B. Bullock. 

-72 * * la. Samuel Merrill. 

-70 * * Ida. (Ter.). David W. Ballard. 

La. Joshua Baker. 
-72 * * La. Henry C. Warmoth. 
-72 * * O. Rutherford B. Hayes. 



-72 * * S. C. Robert K. Scott. 
-70 * * Fa. Henry H. Wells. 

1869 Jan. 4. La. The Social Equal- 
ity Bill is passed. (See Society.) 

Jan. 13. D. C. A National Convention 
of Colored Men assembles at Washing- 
ton ; Frederick Douglass, president. 

Jan. 14. London. Reverdy Johnson, U. S. 
minister to England, and the Earl of 
Clarendon sign a treaty, which includes 
the adjustment of the Alabama claims. 

Jan. 20. I). C. Congress: The House 
approves the 15th Amendment res- 
olution to secure impartial suffrage, 
irrespective of race or color. [Rejected 
by the Senate. See Feb. 26.] 

Feb. 4. Kan. A "Woman's Suffrage 
Convention is held at Topeka. 

Feb. 10. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Grant, 214 ; Sey- 
mour, SO. Vote for Vice-President: 
Schuyler Colfax <Rep-> t> f -h'u-, l>14; Frank 
P. Blair (Dem.) of Mo., SO. (26 States 
are Republican, 8 Democratic.) 

Feb. 11. D. C. A nolle prosequi is en- 
tered in the treason case against Jeffer- 
son Davis. 

Feb. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the treaty with England respect- 
ing the Alabama claims. 

Feb. 19. T). C. Congress prohibits the 
national banks from making loans of 
money on U. S. notes. 

Feb. 20. Tenn. Gov. Brownlow pro- 
claims martial law in nine counties, 
and calls out the militia to suppress the 
Kuklux Klan societies. 

Feb.26. 1). C. Congress: B 3th Houses 
pass the 15th Amendment resolution, 
providing that the right to vote shall 
not be denied or abridged, in any State, 
on account of " race, color, or previous 
condition of servitude." Vote : Senate, 
39-13; House, 145-14. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868 Nov. 7. 111. The bridge across the 
Mississippi at Quincy is opened. 

Dec. 1. N. Y. Old Fort Lafayette, in the 
Narrows, is destroyed by fire. 

* * O. The Standard Oil Company is 
founded at Cleveland. (See p. 281). 

* * Ore. Joseph Watt exports the first 
full cargo of wheat sent direct from 
Oregon to Liverpool. 

* * Phila. The National Encampment of 
the Grand Army of the Republic is 
held ; Gen. John A. Logan of 111. com- 
niander-m-chief. 

* * " The inalienable right of man to 
change his habitation," is officially rec- 
ognized by China and the United States, 
in the Burlingame Treaty. 

* * The first dining car, the Delmon- 
ico, is run by the Chicago and Alton 
Road. 

1869 Jan. 1. Chicago. The "Washing- 
ton Street tunnel under the Chicago 
River is opened. 

Jan. * N. Y. The Albany and Susque- 
hanna Railroad is finally completed. 



266 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1869 Mar. 4. Gen. Philip H. Sheri- 
dan is promoted to the rank of lieuten- 
ant-general, and John M. Schofield is 
commissioned major-general, U. S. A. 
Mar. * T>. C. Gen. Adelbert Ames is 
appointed to command in the 4th Dis- 
trict, as successor to Gen. A. C. Gillem. 
Apr. 20. Va. Gen. E. K. S. Canby 

assumes command of the 2d District. 
May 21. Kan. Indians make a raid on 

the Republican River. 
June 25. D. C. The Government ac- 
cepts "Stevens's Battery," a -war-ship 
bequeathed by Edwin A. Stevens of 
N. J.; also §1,000,000 given to complete 
it. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1869 May 29. Phila. The monument 
to "Washington and Lafayette, erected 
in Monument Cemetery, is dedicated. 
May *-Aug. * Maj. J. W. Powell, with a 
party of 10 in four boats, descends the 
cation of the Colorado to Rio Virgen, 
a distance of 500 miles. 
June 15-19. Boston. A National 
Peace Jubilee and Musical Festival 
is held in celebration of the restoration 
of the Union. 

Conductor, P. S. Gilmore ; Ole Bull, 
Carl Rosa, Parepa-Rosa, and Miss Phil- 
lips are conspicuous. The chorus con- 
sists of 10,371 selected voices, and the 
instruments number 1,094. 
July 5. Phila. The "Washington 
Monument, erected in front of the 
State Ho\ise, is dedicated. 
July * Tex. Rivers rise 47 feet after 
three days of rain ; buildings, bridges, 
and crops are swept away ; loss several 
millions of dollars. 
Aug. 7. A solar eclipse occurs. 
Sept. 30. H. M. Parkhurst discovers a 
new asteroid which he calls Galatea; 
this discovery is made by means of his 
invention for mapping the stars. 
Sept. * Capt. C. F. Hall returns from an 
Arctic exploration, and reports that he 
has found many traces of the Franklin 
expedition, and has discovered that the 
Esquimaux plundered the members of 
the Franklin party, and allowed their 
dogs to feed on the bodies of the victims. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1869. 

Mar. 3. McWillie, William, Gov. of Miss., 
A74. 

Mar. 13. Fessenuen, Samuel, lawyer, of 
N. H., A85. 

Guthrie, James, senator for Ky., secre- 
tary of treasury, A77. 

Mar. 25. Bates. Edw., M. C. for Mo., 
atty.-gen., A76. 

Mar. 27. Folsom, George, antiquarian, dip- 
lomat, author, A 67. 

Harper. James, fdfc. Harper Bros., A74. 

Apr. 1. iMinclison, IJohley, physician, au- 
thor medical books, A71. 

Apr. 2. Wise, Henry A., capt U. S. ^.au- 
thor, A50. 

Apr. 12. Button. Henry, jurist, Gov., M. C. 
for Conn., author, A73. 

Apr. 20. Smith, Sol. Franklin, actor, man- 
ager, author, A68. 

Apr. 23. McAlester, Miles David, brig.-gen. 
U. S. A., engineer, A'36. 

May 2. Seymour, Charles P.., editor, musi- 
cal ami dramatic nitic, A 40. 

May 18. Peters. Absalom, Cong, clergy- 
man, professor, editor of Eclectic, A76. 



May 26. Rush, James, phys.. pbilan., A 83. 

June 14. Cock, Thomas, physician, pro- 
fessor, medical writer, A87. 

June 17. iJi.Ton, .loH'-ph, photographer, in- 
ventor, crucible maker, A71. 

June 18. Raymond, Henry J., founder 
.V. }'. Times, A 49. 

June 29. Benton, Nathaniel S., jurist, poli- 
tician, edwator, A77. 

July 16. Park, j;..sw«-U, P. E. cL, A62. 

July 22. Roeblinc?. John A., designer of 
Brooklyn Bridge, A63. 

Aug. 6. Allen, Charles, jurist, M. C. for 
Mass., A72. 

Aug. 18. Cleveland, Charles Dexter, au- 
thor, scholar, A67. 

Sept. 8. Kelt, Joseph Barlow, Cong, clergy- 
man, historian, AK0. 

FesBenden, William Pitt, senator for 

Me., sec. of treas., A63. 

Sept. 9. Itawlins, John A., brig.-gen., sec- 
retary of war, A38. 

Sept. 10. Bell, John, lawyer, M. C. for 
Tenn., speaker, sec. of war, candidate for 
Vice-President, A72. 

Sept. 17. Tallmauge, Frederick Augustus, 
M. C. for N. Y., recorder, A77. 

CHURCH. 

1869 Mar. * Boston. The "Women's 
Foreign Missionary Society (Metho- 
dist Episcopal) is organized. 

Apr. 8. N. Y. Frederic Dan Hunting- 
ton is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Central New York. 

May* New York. The General As- 
sembly (0. S. Presbyterian) meets ; M. 
W. Jacobus, moderator ; it adjourns to 
meet at Pittsburg, on Nov. 12, in further- 
ance of a union movement, 

The General Assembly (N. S. Pres- 
byterian) meets : P. H. Fowler, modera- 
tor ; it also adjourns to meet on Nov. 12, 
at Pittsburg. 

June 2. N. J. The Congregational As- 
sociation of New Jersey is organized. 

June 16. New York. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 
1869 Mar. 8. Utah. The University 

of Deseret, Salt Lake City, is organized. 
July 14. Ky. A State Educational 

Convention is held near Louisville by 

the colored people. 

* * Boston. Boston University and 
College of Liberal Arts (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded. 

* * Cal. Hesperian College (Christian) 
is organized at "Woodland. 

* * Chicago. The Lake Side Monthly 
magazine appears. 

* * Chicago. St. Ignatius College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized. 

* * Ind. The News is issued at Indian- 
apolis". 

* * la. The Iowa Agricultural College 
is opened at Ames. 

* * Kan. St. Mary's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at St. Mary's. 

* * Kan. The Capital is. issued at To- 
peka. 

* * Ky. The Louisville Medical College 
is opened. 

* * La. Straight University (Cong.) is 
organized at New Orleans. 

* * Minn. The State University is 
opened at St. Anthony, and the State 
Normal Schools at St. Cloud and 
Mankato. 



* * Minn. The Augsburg Theological 

Seminary is opened at Minneapolis. 

* * Miss. Tougaloo University is es- 
tablished at Tougaloo. 

* * Md. "Western Maryland College 
(Meth. Prot.) is organized at Westmin- 
ster. 

* * Mo. Cane College (Bapt.) is founded 
at Louisiana. 

* * Neb. University of Nebraska (non- 
sect.) is organized at Lincoln. 

" *N. J. The German Theological 
School rPres.) is opeDed at Bloomfield. 

* * New York. The Eclectic English 
Magazine appears. 

k * New York. St. Louis College (Rom. 

Cath.) of New York City is organized. 
k * * New York. The Evening Mail is 

founded. [1SS0. Mail and Express.] 

* *N. Y. The Normal Schools at 
Potsdam and Portland are established. 

* * O. The Cleveland Evening News and 
Herald is issued. 

* * Ore. St. Helen's Hall (Rom. Cath.) 
at Portland is opened. 

* * Pa. Swarthmore College (Friends) 
is organized at Swarthmore. 

* * Tex. Trinity University (Com. 
Pres.) at Tehuacana is opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1869 Mar. 7. N. C. Gov. Holden pro- 
claims Alamance County in a state of 
insurrection ; the Kuklux are the lead- 
ers. [Caswell county on July 8.] 

May 12. Cuba. Thomas Jordan's fili- 
bustering expedition from New York 
lands on the north coast. 

June 2. Ala. A convention to increase 
immigration meets at Montgomery. 

June 26. New York. A filibustering 
expedition under Col. Ryan sails for 
Cuba. [It is detained by revenue officers.l 

Aug. 16. Phila. A National Labor 
Convention assembles. 

Sept. 1-3. Chicago. A National Tem- 
perance Convention is attended by 
5,000 delegates. 

Sept. 28. Boston, The Horace Mann 
School for the Deaf is opened. 

Sept. 30. New York. George Peabody 
sails for England. 

He contributes munificent sums for 
the endowment of several educational 
institutions, and adds SI. 400,000 to his 
former gift (S2.ouO.UOOl for Southern edu- 
cation. 

STATE. 
1869 Feb. 27. La. The State Senate 

ratifies the 15th Amendment to the 

Federal Constitution. [Mar. 1 the House 

ratifies it.] 
Mar. 1. Nev. The Legislature ratifies 

the 15th Amendment to the Federal 

Constitution. 
Mar. * D. C. Congress : The House 

passes the Schenck BiH, pledging the 

payment of all Government obligations 

in coin. 
Mar. 3. Z>. C. Congress; House: 

Charles Pomeroy of la. is elected 



UNITED STATES. 1869, Feb. 27 -Sept. 30. 267 



Speaker, in place of Schuyler Colfax, 
resigned. 

Congress sets apart St. Paul and St. 
George Islands, Alaska, as a reserva- 
tion for the protection of fur seal, and 
forbids the landing of vessels. 

W. Va. The Legislature ratifies the 

15th Amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution. 

18th Administration: Republican. 

Mar. 4. I). C. General Ulysses S. 
Grant of 111. is inaugurated the 18th 
President, in the 21st term of the pres- 
idency ; Schuyler Colfax of Ind. is 
Vice-President. 

Cabinet: EhhuB.Washburneof 111, 
(State), Alexander T. Stewart of N. Y. 
(Treaa.), John M. Sehofield of N. Y. 
(War), Jacob D. Cox of O. (Interior), 
Adolph E. Borie of Pa. (Navy), John 
A. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.-Gen.), 
Ebenezer R. Hoar of Mass. (Atty.- 
Gen.): 

[George S. Boutwell of Mass. takes 
tbe place of Mr. Stewart, Hamilton Fish 
of N. Y. succeeds Mr. AVashburne, and 
John A. Rawlins succeeds Gen. Seho- 
field at later dates.] 
The 40th Congress ends. 
The 41st Congress opens> 
Congress; Senate : Hiram R. Revels, 
colored, of Miss., occupies the seat 
vacated by Jefferson Davis. House : 
James G. Blaine of Me. is elected 
Speaker. Vote: Blaine, 135;. Michael 
C.Kerr of Ind., 57. 

Mar. * U. IS. The nation is surprised 
by the Cabinet appointments of Presi- 
dent Grant. 

Mar. 5. III. The Legislature ratifies 
the 15th Amendment to the Federal 
Constitution. Vote : Senate, 17-7 ; House, 
52-27. (Also in N. C.) 

Mar. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John 
Sherman of O. proposes to change the 
law so that A. T. Stewart of N. Y. may 
become secretary of the treasury while 
an importing merchant. 

Mar. 9. D. C. Congress : The House 
repeals the Tenure of Office Act with- 
out debate. Vote, 138-1G. 

A. T. Stewart, secretary of the treas- 
ury, resigns because the law of 1789 for- 
bids an importer holding the office. 

Mar. 9-12. Mass.— Wis. The Legisla- 
tures ratify the 15th Amendment to 
the Federal Constitution. [Mar. 13, Ky. ; 
Mar. 16, Conn, and S. C] 

Mar. 11+ . D.C. E. B. Washburne re- 
tires from the Cabinet. [He is soon 
afterward appointed minister to France.] 

Mar. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Schenck Bill, for the payment of U. S. 
bonds in coin, is passed. 

Mar. 18. U. S. The Schenck Bill be- 
comes a law. 

Mar. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
Henry B. Anthony of R. I., is elected 
President pro tempore. [He is also re- 
elected Apr. 9.] 

Mar. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the substitute for the Tenure 
of Office Act. Vote, 37-15. 



It appears to maintain the act in an- 
other form, while in tact setting it aside. 
"The Tenure of Office Act was enacted 
lest President Johnson should remove 
Republican office-holders too rapidly ; 
and it was practically repealed lest Pres- 
ident Grant should not remove Demo- 
cratic office-holders rapidly enough." 
(Blaine.) 

Apr. 7. D. C. The President sends a 
message to the Senate on British 
claims. 

Apr. 10. D. C. The 41st Congress ; 
the first session closes. 

Apr. 12. D. C. The Senate meets, in 
special session, at the call of President 
Grant. 

Apr. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the Johnson- Clarendon 
treaty respecting the Alabama claims. 

Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
ratifies the naturalization treaty with 
Great Britain. 

Apr. * D. C. John Lothrop Motley is 
appointed U. S. minister at the Court 
of St. James. 

Apr. 20. Va. Gen. E. R. S. Canby be- 
comes military governor. 

Apr. 23. D. C. The special session of 
the Senate closes. 

May 26. Mo. The State seal, lost since 
the beginning of the Civil War, is handed 
. over to the Governor by ex.-Lieut.-Gov. 
T. C.Reynolds. 

June 8. Ind. The Legislature ratifies 
the 15th Amendment to tbe Federal 
Constitution. [June 11, 16, Fla. ; Julyl, 
N. H. ; Oct. 21, Vt.] 

June 20. Kan. A State Convention of 
colored people meets at Topeka, and 
requests the Legislature to petition Con- 
gress for negro suffrage. 

June 22. D. C. Adolph E. Borie, sec- 
retary of the navy, resigns. 

Ga. The Supreme Court decides that 

negroes are eligible for public office. 

June 25. D. C. Geo. M. Robeson of 
N. J. is appointed Secretary of the Navy. 

June 30. U.S. Statistics for 1869. Re- 
ceipts: Customs, 61S0,WS,427 ; internal 
revenue, S15S,:;50,461 ; direct tax, $765,- 
686; salesof public lands. $4,020,344; pre- 
miums on loans and sales of gold coin, 
§13,755,491 ; miscellaneous items, $370,- 
943,747 ; excess of revenue over ordinary 
expenses, $48,078,469. Expenditures : 
Premiums on loans, purchase of bonds, 
etc., $1,674,680: miscellaneous items, 
$56,474,062; War Department, $78,501,- 
991; Navy Department, $20,000,758 ; In- 
dians, $7,042,923 ; pensions, $28,476,622; 
interest on public debt. S130.694.243. 
Total ordinary expenses, $322,865,278. 
Public debt, $2,588,452,213. Exports, 
$280,117,697; imports, $417,506,379. 

July 4, 5. Chicago. The Irish National 
Republican Convention meets, with 
221 delegates present. 

July 6. Va. The people adopt the New 
Constitution by a majority of 39,957. 

Sept. 12. Chicago. The National Pro- 
hibition party is organized by a Con- 
vention of 500 delegates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869 Feb. 27. Chicago. The "West Side 
Park Commission is incorporated. 



Mar. 1. Pkila. The Chamber of Com- 
merce is dedicated. 

Mar. 23. Chicago. The South Park 
Commission Act is ratified at the elec- 
tion. • 

May 10. Utah. The connecting of the 
Union and Central Pacific Railroads 
is made at Promontory Point ; Thomas 
Durant and Gov. Leland Stanford drive 
the last spikes ; the line exteuds from 
Omaha to San Francisco, — 1,914 miles. 
The Atlantic and Pacific coasts are now 
connected by rail. 

May 12. Fr. The shore end of the 
Franco-American cable is laid at 
Brest. 

May 18. Term. A Southern commer- 
cial convention is held at Memphis ; 22 
States are represented by 1,100 delegates. 
[May 25, another is held at New Orleans.] 

June 25. N. J. The Camden and 
Amboy Railroad Company and the 
Raritan Canal Company surrender their 
reserved rights, by which they have mo- 
nopolized the trans-State carrying trade 
for 40 years. 

June 30. U. S. Immigrants in 1869, 
352,569. A^T* 

July 7. A r . Y. The first stone of the new 
Capitol at Albany is laid. y^'' 

July 23. Mass. The French cable is 
landed at Duxbury, connecting with 
France, via St. Pierre, near Newfound- 
land. Length, 3,047 miles. 

July 27. Mass. The landing of the,. 
French Atlantic cable is celebrated.' 

Aug. * New York. The work off improv- 
ing the channel of the East Paver at 
Hell Gate begins. 

Aug. * N. T. The Erie Railroad seeks 
to acquire control of the Albany and 
Susquehanna Road ; a war of injunctions 
and armed resistance ensue. 

Sept. 6. Pa. A fire in the Avondale 
coal-mi n e in Luzerne County causes 
the loss of 108 lives. 

Sept. 7. la. A Commercial Conven- 
tion assembles at Keokuk. 

Sept. 13. New York. The Erie Ring 
panic occurs. 

Having secured the chief control of 
the gold in the market, and the preven- 
tion of sales of gold by the Government, 
Jay Gould and James' Fisk begin to pur- 
chase gold at about 130. 

Sept. 22. New York. The Erie Ring runs 
up the price of gold to 140. 

Sept. 23. New York. The price of gold 
reaches 144, and the conspirators declare 
their purpose to crowd it up to 200. 

Sept. 24. New York. " Black Fri- 
day 7i , — a financial panic — causes great 
financial disasters. 

The clique of speculators push up the 
price of gold to 164, and all the small 
and middle-*' I :tss speculators fail. [While 
it enriches a few, it brings great calamity 
to the business community, which is re- 
quired to pay duties in gold. The Gov- 
ernment breaks the corner by offering 
to sell §4,000,000 of gold. The conspira- 
tors plunder tbe market of about §11,. 
000,000 in profits.] 



268 1869, Oct 5-1870, Feb. 9. 

ARMY — NAVY. 
1869 Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. A. H. 

Terry is assigned to the Georgia Mili- 
tary District. 

* */?./. The Federal Government estab- 
lishes a torpedo school at Newport. 

* * The Indian "War ends. 

ART - SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1S69 Oct. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Fe- 
licitas is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 

* * Cal. A new gold district is discovered 
near San Diego. 

* * New York. John A. Roebling makes 
the first survey for the East River 
Bridge. 

* * JVew York. E. Wood Perry, John La- 
farge, A. H. Wyant, and E. L. Henry 
are elected members of the National 
Academy of Design. 

-* * New York. Augnstin Daly takes 
charge of a theater in Twenty-fourth 
Street. 

* * N. Y. The Orpheus Singing- Society 
of Buffalo is organized. 

* * 0. The Harmonic Society of Cin- 
cinnati is organized. 

— 70 * * U. S. A method is introduced by 
which wood is ground to form the raw 
material for paper. 

* * U. S. The cotton crop of the year is 
the largest since I860, amounting to at 
least 3,000,000 bales (of 400 lbs.). 

* * Try sting Tree is painted by A. B. 
Durand. 

* * San Giorgio is painted by S. R. Gif- 
ford. 

* * Wine Tasters is painted by J. B. Ir- 
ving. 

1870 Jan. 3. N. Y. Work on the 
East River Bridge is commenced by 
sinking a caisson on the Brooklyn side. 



AMERICA 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



for N. H., brig.-gen. of vols., 14th Pres. of 
U. S., A65. 

Oct. 16. ltitner, Joseph, Gov. of Pa., A90. 

Nov. 2. Bancs, Heman, M. E. cl., eri., A79. 

Nov. 4. Peabody. Georgre. of Massachu- 
setts, banker in Eng., philanthropist, pa- 
tron of education, A74. 

Nov. 6. Stewart. Charles, rear-adm., A91. 

Nov. 10. Wool. John Ellis, ma j. -gen. 
U. S. A., A 85. 

Nov. 11. Kendall, An 
master-general, A 80. 



, of Mass., post- 



Nov. 15. Butterfield, John, founder of 
stage and express lines, A86. 

Dec. 3. Potter, Hazard Arnold, physician, 
surgeon, A59. 

Dec. 18. Gottschalk, Louis Moreau, pian- 
ist, composer, A 40. 

Dec. 23. Crapo, Henry H., Gov. of Mich., 
A65. 

Cozzens, Fred. Swartwout, writer, au- 
thor, A51. 

Dec. 24. Stanton. Edwin McMasters. 
atty.-gen., secretary of war, A55. 

Dec. 31. Perkins, Justin, Cong, clergyman, 
missionary to Nestorians, A64. 
0.870. 

Jan. 3. Lozier, Charlotte T., physician, 
professor, writer, A26. 

Jan. 6. Joseph A. Mower, brev. maj.-gen., 
A63. 



Jan- 18. Chase, Carlton, P. E. bishop of 
N. H., A76. 

Jan. 20. Dudley, Benjamin W., surgeon, of 
Ky., professor of" surgery, A85. 

Jan. 22. Prentice. George Dentaon. edi- 
tor, author, A68. 

Jan. 23. Placide, Henry, actor, A71. 

Feb. 5. Elton, Kouieo, liapt. clergyman, 
professor, author, A78. 

Tiinble, Allen, Gov. of O., A87. 



CHURCH. 



1869 Oct. 13. Ariz. William Whitaker 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Nevada and Arizona. 

Oct. * Phila. A reform convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) is held, and al- 
terations in the ritual aud other changes 
are favored. 

Nov. 12. Pa. The (adjourned) General 
Assembly (O. S. Presbyterian) meets at 
Pittsburg ; M. W. Jacobus, moderator. 

The (adjourned) General Assembly 
(N. S. Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; 
P. H. Fowler, moderator. 

The returns from the Presbyteries are 
overwhelmingly favorable to reunion. 
The union of the New and Old School 
Presbyterian Churches is consum- 
mated on the basis of the "Stand- 
ards, pure and simple." 

Dec. 8. //. Pope Pius IX. opens a 
general council. [It propounds the doc- 
trine of papal infallibility and a list of 
anathemas.] 

Dec. 22. N, J. The Ocean Grove 
(Methodist Episcopal) Association is 
organized. 

* * The word " German " is erased from 
the title, German Reformed Church. 

* * Boston. A Congregational Club is or- 
ganized. 

* * Boston. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing assembles. 

* * D.C. The General Synod (Evangel- 
ical Lutheran) meets at Washington. 

* * III. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; R. 
A. Browne, moderator. 

* * Ky. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Louis- 
ville; R, M. Bishop, president. 

* * Ky, A part of the Synod of Kentucky 
joins the " Presbyterian Church in the 
United States " (Southern Presbyterian). 

* * Kan, The Kansas Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * Kan. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * New Mex. The Roman Catholic Vica- 
rate Apostolic of New Mexico is estab- 
lished. 

* * The Presbyterians begin mission-work 
among the Dakota Indians. 

* * John Dickinson is first elected bishop 
of the United Brethren. 

* * The General Council of the Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran Church begins its foreign 
mission-work in Southern India. 

* * The Lexington and Louisiana Confer- 
ences (Methodist Episcopal) are formed. 



1870 Jan. 25. Henry Mies Pierce is 
consecrated /Protestant Episcopal) mis- 
sionary bishop of Arkansas and Indian 
Territory. 

Jan. 26. La. The Louisiana Congrega- 
tional Association is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1869 * * The Association of American 
Medical Editors is organized. 

- * Ballads of New England, by J. G. 
Whittier, appears. 

* * Compendious German Grammar, by 
W. D. Whitney, appears. 

* * The Discovery of the Great West, by 
Francis Parkman, appears. 

* * The Heathen Chinee, by Bret Harte, 
appears ; also The Outcasts of Poker 
Flat. 

* * Hitherto, by Adeline D. T. "Whitney, 
appears. 

* * Innocents Abroad, by Mark Twain, 
appears. 

* * Lady Byron Vindicated, by Harriet 
Beecher Stowe, appears ; also Old Toicn 
Folks. 

* * Literature of the Age of Elizabeth, by 
E. W. Whipple, appears. 

* * An Old- Fashioned Girl, by Louisa M. 
Alcott, appears. 

* * A Pictorial History of the Civil War, 
by Benson J. Lossing, appears. 

* * Stepping Heavenward, by Elizabeth 
Prentiss, appears. 

* *The Story of a Bad Boy, by T. B. 
Aldrich, appears. 

* * Principles of Psychology, by John Bas- 
com, appears. 

* * Memoirs of Service Afloat, by Raphael 
Semmes, appears. 

* * Life and Letters of Fitz-Greene Hat- 
leck, by James Grant Wilson, appears. 

* * The Cathedral, by James KusseU 
Lowell, appears. 

* * Woman 9 s Suffrage, the Reform against 
Nature, by Horace Bushnell, appears. 

* * The Switzerland of America, by Sam- 
uel Bowles, appears. 

* * By- Ways of Europe, by Bayard Taylor, 
appears. 

* * Long and Short Span Bridges, by J. A. 
Roebling, appears. 

* * Mai bone : an Oldport Romance, by T. 
W. Higginson, appears. 

* * Mm, Women, and Ghosts, by Elizabeth 
Stuart Phelps, appears. 

* * Fire Acres too Much, by Robert Barn- 
well Roosevelt, appears. 

* * Hilt to Hilt, by John Esten Cooke, 
appears. 

* * Overture of Angels, by Henry Ward 
Beecher, appears. 

* * Naval Architecture aJid Shipbuilding, 
by Com. Meade, appears. 

* * Jesus of Nazareth : His Life and Teach- 
ings, by Lyman Abbott, appears. 

* * The Blameless Prince and Other 
Poems, by Edmund Clarence Stedman, 
appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1869, Oct. 5-1870, Feb. 9. 269 



SOCIETY. 

1869 Oct. 20. N. C. Gov. Holden is- 
sues a proclamation against the dis- 
orders and violence of secret societies 
in four counties. 

Oct. 24. New York. Pere Hyacinthe 
of Paris is publicly introduced by Henry 
Ward Beecher. 

Oct. * Wis. The northwestern branch 
of the National Home for Disabled 
Soldiers, established near Milwaukee, 
is dedicated. 

Nov. 20. Ky. Regulators horsewhip 
a cooper at Somerset ; a riot ensues in 
which three men are killed. 

Nov. 24. O. A "Woman's Suffrage 
Convention meets. (See State.) 

Nov.* Del. A "Woman's Suffrage 
Convention is held at "Wilmington. 

Dec. 10. D. C. A National Colored La- 
bor Convention meets. 

Dec. 11. Utah. A Mormon rebellion 
rises against Brigham Young. 

Dec. 12. Ind. A party of 70 men enter 
the jail at New Albany, take out four 
prisoners, and hang them. 

* * The Chicago Club is founded. 

* * Mass. A prohibitory statute is 
enacted. 

* * Neb. The State deaf and dumb in- 
stitute is opened at Omaha. 

* * Nev. The State erects an orphan's 
home at Carson City. 

* * New Tori:. The Baptist Home for 
Aged People is founded. 

* * N. Y. The Association of the Bar 
is instituted ; "William M. Evarts is the 
first president. 

* * O. St. Mary's Hospital at Cincin- 
nati is established. 

* * 0. The third National Encampment 
of the Grand Army of the Republic is 
held at Cincinnati ; Gen. John A.Logan 
of 111., commander-in-chief. 

* * Phila. The Baptist Home of Phila- 
delphia is founded. 

* * Phila. Uriah S. Stevens, a clothing 
cutter, organizes a secret society for 
the protection of the working people. 
[It develops into the Knights of 
Labor.] 

* * P. I. The Board of State Charities 
and Correction is organized. 

* * Tex. The Buckner Orphans' Home 
(Bapt.) is founded at Dallas. 

* * The General Assembly (Presbyte- 
rian) recommends total abstinence. 

* * The National Prison Association 
is formed. (1870?) 

1S70 Jan. 24. D. C. Prince Arthur, 
Queen Victoria's third son (Duke of 
Connaught), is presented to President 
Grant. 

Feb. 8. Me. Prince Arthur and many 
distinguished people attend the funeral 
of George Peabody at Portland. 

Feb.* Mass. The remains of George 
Peabody are buried at Peabody. 



STATE. 

1S69 Oct 5. J'a. The Legislature 
meets ; the first regular meeting in a 
decade. 

Oct. 8. Va. The Legislature ratifies the 
14th and 15th Amendments to the 
Federal Constitution. 

Oct. 25. D. C. "William "W. Belknap of 
Iowa is appointed secretary of war. 

Oct. * -Nov. * Free-trade doctrines be- 
come more popular than formerly. 

Nov, 2. Fla. A majority of the people 
west of the Choctawhatchee River vote 
for annexation with Alabama. 

Nov. 24. O. The National "Woman's 
Suffrage Convention meets at Cleve- 
land, with 1S3 delegates present; Rev. 
Henry Ward Beecher, president. The 
American Woman's Suffrage Associa- 
tion is organized. 

Nov. 29. A treaty with the Dominican 
Republic is negotiated, for its annexa- 
tion to the United States, and for the 
leasing of the bay and peninsula of Sa- 
raana as a naval rendezvous. 

Nov. 30.-Dec. 1. Miss. The people 
ratify the new Constitution. Vote, 
105,223-954. 

Nov. 30.-Dee. 3. Tex. The people rat- 
ify the Constitution. Vote, 72,395-4,924. 

Dec. 6. D.C. The 41st Congress opens. 

Dec. 13. D. C. Congress renews the 
Canadian Reciprocity treaty. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress removes the 
legal and political disabilities from a 
large class of ex-Confederates. 

Dec. 16. D. C. Congress declares the 
exclusion of free dm en from the Legis- 
lature, as done in Georgia, revolution- 
ary, and to be prohibited. 

Dec. 20. D. C. President Grant appoints 
Edwin M. Stanton of Pa. an associ- 
ate justice of the Supreme Court. 

Dec. 22. Ga. The Legislature refuses 
to ratify the 15th Amendment. 

Ga. The reconstruction of the 

State in compliance with an Act of Con- 
gress is accomplished. 

Dec. * D. C The correspondence of Sec- 
retary Fish and Lord Clarendon on the 
Alabama claims is made public. 

* * D. C. Congress reduces the tax on 
distilled spirits from $1.97 to 54 cents 
per proof gallon. 

* * la. The Legislature creates a State 
Board of Immigration. 

* * Minn. Both Houses vote to remove 
the capital from St. Paul to a site in 
Kandiyohi County ; the governor vetoes 
the bill. 

* * New York. A. Oakey Hall is elected 
the 77th mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-76 * * Ariz. (Ter.). A. P. K. Safford. 

Colo.(Ter.). Edwin M. M'Cook. 
Conn. Marshall Jewell. 
Dak. (Ter.). John A. Burbank. 
Del. James Ponder. 
111. John M. Palmer. 
Kan. James M. Harvey. 
Mass. William Claflin. 
Mich. Henry P. Baldwin. 



-73* 
-70* 
-73* 
-75* 
-73* 



-72 < 



-71 * * Mo. Joseph W. M'Clurg. 
-70 * * Mont. (Ter.). James M. Ashley. 
-71 * * N. H. Onslow Stearns. 
-72 * * N. J. Theodore F. Randolph. 
-71 * *N. Mex. ( Ter.). William A. Pile. 
-73 * * N. Y. John T. Hoffman. 
-73 * * It. I. Seth Padelford. 
-71 * * Tenn. DeWitt C. Senter. 
-71 * * U. (Ter.) J. Wilson Shaffer. 
-70 * * Vt. Peter T. Washburn. 
-70 * * Wash. (Ter.) Alvin Flanders. 
-71* * W.Va. William E. StephenBon. 

1370 Jan. 10. Mo. The Legislature rati- 
fies the 15th Amendment to the Fed- 
eral Constitution. [Jan. IS by Rhode 
Island ; Feb. 2, Georgia ; Feb. 3, Iowa ; 
Feb. 15, Minnesota; Feb. 17, Nebraska; 
Feb. 18, Texas ; Mar. 3, Kansas ; Mar. 26, 
Tennessee.] 

Jan. * D. C. Congress approves the 
scheme for a canal across the Isthmus 
of Darien. 

Jan. 24. D. C. Congress : The Sen- 
ators from Virginia are readmitted. 
[Representatives are admitted Jan. 26.] 

Jan. 26. D. C. A treaty is signed re- 
specting the Darien Canal. 

Jan. 27. Va. Gen. Canby turns the State 
over to the authorities elected by the 
people. 

Feb. 2. Ga. The Legislature permits 
colored members to resume their seats, 
and then ratifies the 15th Amendment. 

Feb. 8. Va. Gov. Walker proclaims the 
State fully reconstructed. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress provides for 
the establishment of a weather bureau. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869 Oct. 13. Ky. A Commercial 
Convention assembles at Louisville ; 
ex-President Fillmore, chairman. 

Oct. 27- III. About 200 lives are lost by 
the burning of the steamer Stonewall, 
near Cairo, on the Mississippi. 

Nov. 14. Cal. About 15 persons are 
killed in a collision on the Pacific Rail- 
road near San Francisco. 

Dec. 11. Eng. The body of George Pea- 
body, the American philanthropist, is 
placed on board the British steamship 
Monarch, to be conveyed to America. 

* * Chicago has a park system of seven 
parks, comprising 2,530 acres. 

The two south parks, 372 and 593 ; 
Jackson Park, GOO ; Douglas Park, 171 ; 
Garfield Park, 185; Humboldt Park, 
1S4; Lincoln Park, 310; having 37£ 
miles of boulevards ; cost, S10,000,000. 

* * Mo. Tower Grove Park, 276 acres, 
is donated to St. Louis. 

* * Mich. Woodmere Cemetery, near De- 
troit, is established. 

* * Arthur Cummings introduces curve 
pitching in baseball. 

1S70 Jan. 20. The Anglo-American and 
Anglo-French cable companies unite. 

Jan. 22. Cal. The California Southern 
Railroad Company is chartered. 

Jan. 23. The U. S. corvette Oveida col- 
lides with the steamship Bombay, and 
sinks, near Yokohama, Japan ; 112 lives 
are lost. 

Jan. * Boston. Dorchester is annexed. 



270 1870, Feb. 10 -Oct. 13. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1870 Sept. * Utah. Gen. Shaffer for- 
bids tiie drilling of the Mormon militia. 

Oct. 17. Vice-Admiral David D.Porter 
is made admiral. 

* *D. C. Gen. Fitz-John Porter ap- 
peals to the President for a reversal of 
the sentence of the court martial. 

* * Military governments are with- 
drawn on the reconstruction of the 
Southern States. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1870 * * New York. James Gordon Ben- 
nett, the proprietor of the Herald, sends 
Henry M. Stanley to Africa in search 
of David Livingstone. 

Apr. 13. New York. A charter is granted 
to the Metropolitan Museum of Art. 

May 24. D. C. The Corcoran Gallery 
of Art at Washington is chartered. 

Aug. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Ate is dis- 
covered by C. H. F. Peters. 

Sept. 28. Va. The James River risea 
about 24 feet in two days, and the Shen- 
andoah about twice a3 much, destroying 
crops, buildings, etc. ; loss, $3,000,000. 

Oct. 20. An earthquake is felt through 
the Northern States from Maine to 
Iowa. 

Oct. * Africa. Henry M. Stanley of 
U. S. A., arrives at Zanzibar. 

* * Boston. The Museum of Fine Arts 
is incorporated. 

* * Boston. The New England Conser- 
vatory of Music is incorporated. 

* * The National Academy of Science 
extends the limit of membership from 
50 to 1,000. 

* * la. A cave is discovered on the Du- 
buque and Minnesota Railroad line, con- 
taining a number of relics apparently 
Oriental, also skeletons of giants. 

* * Mass. Prof. "Win lock, of the Harvard 
Observatory, uses a horizontal photo- 
heliograph in photographing the sun. 

* * New York. Victor Nehlig is elected a 
member of the National Academy of 
Design. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1870. 

Feb. 14. Harper, Joseph WVsli'v, publisher 
in N. Y., A69. 

Feb. 22. Houghton, George Frederick, 
lawyer, writer, A50. 

Feb. 23. Burlingame, Anson, diploma- 
tist, M. C. for Mass., ambassador from 
China, A50. 

Mar. 1. Ashmead, Isaac, printer, inventor 
Of composition printing rollers, A80. 

Mar. 4. McClintock. John, M. E. cl., au- 
thor, president of Drew Seminary, A56. 

Mar. 16. Ripley, James W., bfev. maj.- 
gen., chief of ordnance, A76. 

Mar.17. Cornell, William \V.,ironfounder, 
Of N. Y., philanthropist, A48. 

Mar. 18. Verplanck, Gulian Crommelin, 
author, A84. 

Mar. 26. Soule, Pierre, senator for La., 
minister to Spain, A68. 

Mar. 28. Thomas, George H., maj.-gen. 
U. S. A., A54. 

Mar. 31. Boyden, Serb, inventor malleable 
cast-iron, h:ii -doming machine, A82. 

Apr. 3. Frothinghani, Nathaniel L., Unit, 
clergyman, author, A77. 

Apr. 15. Willard. Emma, pioneer educa- 
tionist for women, N. Y., A83. 

Apr. 22. Furrar, Eliza Ware, author, ATS. 



King, Austin A., « iov. of Mo., A69. 

May 17. Littell, Eliakiin, editor LitteWs 

Living Age, A73. 
May 22. Hazzanl, Samuel, archeologist, 

historian, publisher, A.86. 
June 3. Learned, Joseph E. *;., inventor, 

Inspector of iron-ckuls, A51. 
June. 7. Reed, David, antislavery re- 
former, editor. AM. 
June 12. Eliot, Thomas D., lawyer, M. C. 

for Mass., A62. 
June 26. Catting, Francis B., jurist, of 

N. Y., A65. 
July 6. Pope, Charles A., physician, pro- 
fessor of anatomy, A52. 
July 7. Ashmun, George, M. C. for Mass., 

A 66. 
July 12. DahlgTen, John Adolf, chief of 

ordnance, rear-adm. V. S. N., A61. 
July 19. Brooks, William T. H., maj.-gen. 

of vols., A 49. 
July 21. Baldwin, Theoron, Cong, clergy- 
man, educationist, A69. 
July 28. Ritchie, Anna Cora Ogden Mow- 

att, novelist, actor, dramatist, A49. 
Aug. 5. Hitchcock, Ethan Allen, maj.-gen. 

vols., author, A72. 
Aug. 6. Cobb, George, M. C. for N. J., 

benefactor, A57. 
Aug. 14. Farragut. David G., first ad- 
miral U. S. N., A69. 
Aug-. 18. Kennedy, John Pendleton, M. C. 

for Md., author, secretary of navy, A75. 
Sept. 5. Bedford, Gunning S.. physician, 

professor of obstetrics, N. Y., A64. 
Sept. 7. Munroe, James, col. IT. S. vols., 

M. C. for N. Y., A71. 
Sept. 8. Kingsley, Calvin, Meth. Epis. 

bishop, A58. 
Sept. 9. Lord, Nathan, Cong, cl., prosla- 

very advocate, president Dartmouth, A77- 
Longstreet, Augustus B-, lawyer, Meth. 

Epis. clergyman, author, A80. 
Sept. 11. Sayre, David Austin, merchant, 

banker, benefactor, of Ky,, A77. 
Sept. 18. Dawson, John Littleton, M. C. 

for Pa., A57. 
Sept. 27. Packer, William Fisher, Gov. of 

Pa., A63. 
Oct. 10. Bartley, Mordecai, pioneer, Gov. 

of O., A84. 
Oct, 12. Lee, Robert Edward, col. U. S. 

A., commander-in-chief of Confederate 

armies, college pres., A63. 



CHURCH. 

1870 May 4. Tenn. The General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal 
South) meets at Memphis ; the North 
Mississippi, "White River, Los Angeles, 
North Alabama, and Western Confer- 
ences are organized. 

May 19. Phila. The first reunited 
General Assembly of the Presbyterian 
Church is held ; J. T. Backus, moderator. 

June 17. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

Sept. 21. N.H. "William "Woodruff Niles 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of New Hampshire. 

Sept. 25. Mass. Patrick T. O'Reilly is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Springfield. 

Oct. 6. Md. William Pinkney is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant 
bishop of Maryland. 

LETTERS. 

1S70 Feb. 17. Miss. The State Nor- 
mal School is opened at Holly Springs. 

Apr. * O. The University of Cincin- 
nati (non-sect.) is incorporated. 

May 14. Phila. The Public Record [Rec- 
ord] is issued. 

June 16. S. C. A free-school system 
is established for the State. 

June 20. New York. The Lenox Li- 
brary is incorporated. 



July 2. ///. The Eraiigelical Seminary 

at Elmhurst is opened. 
Oct. 13. (ia. The Legislature establishes 

a system of public instruction. 

* * Conn. The Silas Bronson Library is 
founded at Waterbury. [3G\500 vols.] 

* * Boston. Literary World magazine is 
established. 

* * Boston. The Old and New magazine 
is established. 

* * Cat. Napa CoUege (Meth. Epis.) U 
founded at Napa. 

* * Delaware CoUege (non-sect.) is or- 
ganized at Newark, Delaware. 

* * la. The Medical Department of 
the State University of Iowa at Iowa 
City is opened. 

* * ///. Carthage College (Luth.) is or- 
ganized. 

* * ///. The Swedish Theological Semin- 
ary (Meth. Epis.) is founded at Evanston. 

* * La. Leland University (Bapt.i is 
founded at New Orleans. 

* * Mich. The Michigan University 
opens all its departments to women. 

* * Miss. The Legislature passes a law 
organizing a State Board of Education, 
and providing for a superintendent of 
public education. 

* * Mo. The Legislature establishes the 
State Agricultural CoUege at Colum- 
bia. 

* * New York. Scribner's Monthly maga- 
zine (first series) is established. 

SOCIETY. 

1870 Mar. 3. La. The trial of George 
M. Wickliffe, the State auditor, re- 
sults in his conviction and impeach- 
ment for extortion and fraud. 

Mar. 7. TVyo. A grand jury of both 
sexes is impaneled at Fort Laramie. 

Mar. ± * Pa. The "MoUy Maguires" 
subside. 

Apr. 5. Utah. Mormons in mass-meeting 
at Salt Lake protest against the inter- 
ference of Congress with polygamy. 

Apr. 14. Del. The ratification of the 
15th Amendment to the Federal Con- 
stitution is celebrated by great gather- 
ings of colored people. 

May 10. yew York. Daniel MacFar- 
land is tried and acquitted of the mur- 
der of Albert D. Richardson on Nov. 25, 
1SG9, at New York. 

May 19. Md. The colored people of 
Baltimore celebrate the passage of the 
15th Amendment. 

July 22. New York. The Times exposes 
the frauds of the Tweed Ring. 

July 30. New York. Benjamin Nathan, 
a wealthy Hebrew, is found murdered 
in his home. [Criminal unknown.] 

July * N. C. The governor sends the 
militia to suppress Kuklux outrages. 

Apr. 9. The American Anti-Slavery 
Society is dissolved. 

May 25-27. Ft. Armed Fenians, 500 
strong, invade Canada from Fairfield, 
and quickly return when resisted. 



UNITED STATES. 



1870, Feb. 10 -Oct. 13. 271 



Aug. 15. O. The National Labor Con- 
gress meets at Cincinnati. 

Aug. 23. 0. The Irish National Con- 
gress meets at Cincinnati. 

Oct. 4. O. A National Commercial 
Convention meets at Cincinnati. 

STATE. 

1870 Feb. 10. Tenn. A Constitu- 
tional Convention meets at Nashville, 

Feb. 12. Utah. Brigham Young ap- 
proves the bill granting the right of 
suffrage to women. 

Feb. 15. N. J. The Legislature refuses 
to ratify the 15th Amendment to the 
Federal Constitution. 

Feb. 18. Tex. The Legislature ratifies 
the 14th and 15th Amendments to 
the Federal Constitution. 

Feb. 21. La. The Legislature grants 
$3,000,000 in 8 per cent State bonds to 
the New Orleans, Mobile, and Chatta- 
nooga Railroad. 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: Mississippi 
is again admitted to representation in 
both Houses. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress : Hiram R. 
Revels of Miss., the first colored Sen- 
ator, takes the required oath. 

Mar. 7. D, C. Congress restores legal 
and political rights of a large class of 
ex-Confederates. 

Mar. 16. D. C. Congress; House: 
H. R. Revels of Miss, makes a speech 
in favor of universal amnesty and suf- 
frage. 

Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the treaty for the purchase of the 
Islands of St. Thomas and St. John. 

Mar. 26. Tenn. The people ratify the 
new Constitution. Vote, 98,128-33,872. 

Mar. 30. D. C. Congress: Represen- 
tatives from Texas are admitted to the 
House, and Senators to the Senate. The 
Southern States are now all repre- 
sented in the National Congress. 

The 15th Amendment having been 
ratified by 29 States, is proclaimed apart 
of the Constitution ; it confers the right 
of suffrage to freedmen. 

Great apprehension prevails at the 
South ; the white taxpayers being a 
minority of the population in some of 
the States, are at the mercy of the non- 
taxpaying negroes, who may be easily 
corrupted by political adventurers. 

Mar. * D. C. Congress ; House : Mor- 
mons who practise polygamy are de- 
prived of civil rights. 

Apr. 5. New York. The Legislature 
grants the Tweed-Frear charter, com- 
bining the city and county. 

May 24. D. C. President Grant issues 
a proclamation against the invasion of 
Canada by Fenians. 

May 28. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected 
President pro tempore. [Again on July 
1, and also on July 14.] 

May 31. D. C. Congress passes an act 
to enforce the right of citizens to 
vote in the several States. 



May * D. C. Congress charters the 
Northern Pacific Railroad. 

May * ///. A convention meets at Spring- 
field, and forms a new Constitution. 

June 12. I). C. The act limiting the 
circulation of the national banks to 
§354,000,000, secured by the deposit of 
Government bonds with the Treasurer, 
is approved. 

June 15. D. C. E. R. Hoar of Mass. 
resigns the office of attorney-general. 

June 22. D. C. Congress provides for 
the organization of the Department of 
Justice with the attorney-general at its 
head. 

June 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the treaty for the annexation 
of San Domingo. Vote, 28-28. 

June * D. C. Congress reduces the in- 
come tax by abolishing many stamp- 
taxes. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1870. 
Revenue : Customs, $194,538,374 ; in- 
ternal revenue, 8184,899,750; direct tax, 
$229,103; sales of public lands. $3,350,- 
482 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold 
coin, $15,295,644; miscellaneous items, 
$12,942,118. Total revenue, $411,255,478 ; 
excess of revenue over ordinary ex- 
penses, $101 .001 ,917. Expenditures: Pre- 
miums on loans, purchase of bonds, etc., 
$15,990,550 ; miscellaneous items, $53,- 
237,401-; War Department, §57,655,(175; 
Navy Department, $21.7X0,230; Indians, 
$3,407,938 ; pensions, S2X.34O.202 ; interest 
on the public debt. $129,235,498. Total 
ordinary expenditures, $309,0.53,561 ; pub- 
lic debt, $2,4X0.072,427. Exports, $392,- 
771,768; imports, $435,958,405. 

July 2. ///. The Constitution is rati- 
fied by the people. Vote, 134,227-35, 
443. 

July 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
refuses to extend citizenship to the 
Chinese ; strong opposition to Chinese 
immigration prevails in many parts of 
the country. 

July 13. D. C. Congress changes the 
tariff and reduces the revenue by 
diminishing duties on tea, coffee, sugar, 
and certain articles of iron and si,eel; 
to go into force on Jan. 1st, 1871. 

July 14. D. C. Congress repeals the 
tax on legacies and successions. 

It grants a pension of $3,000 per an- 
num to the widow of President Lincoln. 
It passes an act for the refunding of 
the national debt at a lower rate of in- 
terest — 5, 4*, and 4 per cent. 

July 15. D. C. Congress passes an act 
providing for the removal of the Osage 
Indians and the sale of their lands. 

Congress passes an act to reduce 
the peace footing of the army to 30,000 

The 41st Congress: the second ses- 
sion closes. 

President Grant approves the act for 
the readmission of Georgia. 

July * D. C. The President requests J. 
L. Motley, minister to Great Britain, to 
resign. [In November he is recalled.] 

Aug. 22. D. C. President Grant pro- 
claims the neutrality of the United 
States in the Franco-Prussian "War. 



Sept. 8. Mass. Wendell Phillips is 
nominated for governor by the Labor 
Reform and Prohibition parties. 

Sept. 15. Utah. Gov. Shaffer issues a 
proclamation forbidding the review of 
the Nauvoo legion, comprising 13,000 
men. 

Oct. 13. D. C. The President by pro- 
clamation forbids military expeditions 
against nations with whom the United 
States is at peace. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 Feb. 11. Eng. A board is found 

in Cornwall with writing, which states 

that the missing steamer City of Boston 

was sinking. 
Feb. 15. Minn. The Northern Pacific 

Railroad is begun at the Dalles of the 

St. Louis. 
Apr. 27. Va. The galleries of the Capi- 
tol break down ; 60 persons are killed, 

and 120 wounded. 
May 3. Cal. Blossom Rock, near 

North Point, San Francisco, is blown 

up. 
May 10. Eng. The American yacht 

Sappho wins in a triangular race with 

the Cambria. 
May 12. Mo. At Eureka 19 persons 

are killed in a collision. 
May 17. Eng. The Sappho again wins 

in a triangular race. 
June * The 9th Census is taken. States, 

37; whites, 33,589,377 ; colored, 4,880,009. 

Total population, 3S. 558,371 ; increase, 

22.63 per cent. Center of population, 

48 miles east by north of Cincinnati ; 

westward movement in 10 years, 42 

miles. 

July 4. The ocean yacht race begins. 
In the international yacht race from 
Cork to New York, the English yacht 
Cambria wins, arriving July 27, at 4 
p.m.; the American yacht Dauntless, 
taking a more northerly route, arrives 
two hours later. 

July 14. D. C. Congress taxes real es- 
tate in the District of Columbia. 

July 24. New York. The first through 
car from the Pacific arrives. 

Aug. 8. New York. The English schooner 
yacht Cambria sails against the New 
York Yacht Club ; the Magic wins the 
race, retaining the America cup ; the 
Cambria is the 8th of 16 rivals. 

Aug. 15. The Union Pacific road is com- 
pleted for 63S miles from Kansas City to 
Denver ; also, the Denver Pacific road, 
106 miles, from Denver to Cheyenne. 

Sept. 30-Oct. 2. Va. Freshets in the 
valleys of the James and the Shenan- 
doah destroy property valued at $5,000,- 
000. 

Sept. * O. The first Industrial Exposi- 
tion, in Cincinnati, is held. 

Oct. 4. O. A Southern Convention 
meets in Cincinnati for political and 
commercial purposes. 

Oct. 12. The Southern Pacific Railroad 
is formed by consolidation ; length, 
992.9S miles. 



272 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. AMERICA : 



ARMY— NAVY. 
1871 * * D. C. Adm. Rodgers is ordered 
to command the Asiatic fleet. [June 11. 
He attacks the forts of Korea in pun- 
ishment for an attack made by masked 
batteries.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE, 

1870 * * Pa, A bone-cave is discovered 
near Phoenixville, containing remains 
of a mastodon and other animals of a 
period prior to the great northern drift. 

* * Aft. Whitney is painted by Albert 
Bierstadt. 

* * Venice is painted by Jervis McEntee. 
■■;: * Greenwood Lake is painted by J, F. 

Cropsey. 

* Twilight is painted by George Inness. 

* * Continentals is painted by Frank B. 
Mayer. 

* * Sketcher is painted by A. B. Durand. 

* * Head of Christ is painted by William 
Page. 

1871 Jan. 25. D. C. A statue of 
Abraham Lincoln is unveiled. 

Feb. 15. Phila. An exhibition is given 
of the sand-blast. 

It is a method of cutting hard sub- 
stances by the erosive action of a jet of 
driven sand ; B. C. Tilghman, inventor. 

Feb. 18. Africa. The Bennett expe- 
dition, led by Stanley, starts from 
Zanzibar for the interior, -\vith 193 men 
divided into five caravans. 

Mar. 21. Zanzibar. Stanley starts for 
the interior vrith the fifth caravan. 

Mar. * R. I. The State authorities pre- 
sent to the Federal Government a mar- 
ble statue of Boger Williams, to be 
placed in the Capitol. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1870. 

Oct. 18. Bacon, Ezekiel, jurist, M. C. for 
Mass., A94. 

Oct. 27. Harrison, Napoleon B., capt. 
U. S. N., A47. 

Nov. 26. Bassini, Carlo, musician, com- 
poser, writer, A58. 

Dec. 12. Launitz, Robert E., Russo-Ameri- 
can sculptor, A64, 

Doc. 13. Cuauvenet, William, mathema- 
tician, author, A50. 

Dec. 20. Holland, George, comedian, A79. 

Dec. 24. Barnes, Albert, Fres. clergyman, 



A76. 
1871. 

Jan. 3. Lovell, Charles Swain, capt. Mexi- 
can war; col. U. S. A., AGO. 

Jan. 18. Richings, Peter, English-Ameri- 
can actor, manager, A74. 

Jan. 19. Burden, Henry, inventor water- 
wheel, horse-shoe machine, A80. 

Jan. 26. Tieknor, George, professor, au- 
thor, A80. 

Jan. 29. Taylor, R. Harvev, educator, au- 
thor, A64. 

Feb. 7. steinway, Henry Englehard, man- 
ufacturer of pianos, A74. 

Feb. 11. Bagioli, Antonio, musician, 
teacher of vocal music, A76. 

Feb. 12. Carv, Alice, author, poet, A51. 

Feb. 21. Elzey, Arnold, capt. IT. S. A.; 
Confederate maj.-gen., A55. 

Feb 23. Claflin,'l.ee, manufacturer, of Bos- 
ton, benefactor of Boston Cniversitv, ASO. 

Mar. 3. Palmer, Joseph, ed., in Boston, A75. 

Mar. 18. Xisbet, Kiigenins Arisiides. ju 
of Ga., M. C; Confederate M. C, A68. 

Mar. 25. Tappan, John, merchant, philan 



thropist, of Boston, A til). 



CHURCH. 

1870 Oct. 19-21. New York. 4th Na- 
tional Unitarian Conference is held. 

Nov. 30. Mass. The Cape Cod Confer- 
ence of Unitarian Congregational and 
other Liberal Christian churches is or- 
ganized at Barnstable. 

Dec. 16. Tenn. Bishop Paine organizes 
the Colored Methodist Episcopal 
Church of America. 

* * Cat. Chinese mission work on the 
Pacific coast is begun by the American 
Baptist Home Missionary Society. 

* * Fla.—Mass. The Roman Catholic 
dioceses of St. Augustine and Springfield 
are established. 

* * Phifa. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held. 

* * Presbyterians begin mission work 
among the Cattaraugus and Chippewa 
Indians. 

* * Ind. The Annual Convention of the 
Diciples of Christ is held at Indianap- 
olis ; R. M. Bishop, president. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; T. S. 
Kendall, moderator. 

* * Phila. The "Woman's Board of the 
Presbyterian Church is organized. 

* * The mission to the Ojibway Indians 
is transferred from the American Board 
to the Presbyterian Board. 

* * U. S. The work of the American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions becomes practically confined 
to the Congregational churches. 

* * if. S. Church communicants num- 
ber 6,673,396 — about one in six of the 
population. 

LETTERS. 
1870* * New York. Neio-Yorker Tages 
Nachrichten is founded. 

* * N. T. Canisius College (Horn. Cath.) 
at Buffalo is organized. 

* *N. Y. St. John Baptist's College 
(Rom. Cath.) of Brooklyn is organized. 

* * N. Y. Syracuse University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Syracuse. 

* * 0. "Wilmington College (Friends) 
is organized at "Wilmington. 

* * 0. The Cincinnati University (non- 
sect.) is opened at Cincinnati. 

* * Pa. The Pittsburg Leader is issued. 

* * Pa. Thiel College (Evan. Luth.) is 
organized at Greenville. 

* * Pa. St. Vincent's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Beatty. 

* * Minn. Carleton College (Cong.) is 
organized at Northfield. 

* * Pa. Ursinus College (Ref'd.) at Free- 
land is organized. 

fc * Utah. Salt Lake Seminary (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Salt Lake City. 

* * W. Va. The State Normal School 
at "West Liberty is opened. 

* * Among My Books, by James Russell 
Lowell, appears. 

fc * At Last, by Marion Harland, appears. 
fe * Looks and Beading, by Noah Porter, 
appears. 



* * Farmer s Alminaz, by Josh Billings 
(11. W. Shan i, i.- issued. 

* * Hammer and Rapier t \ 
appears, 

* * Great Americans, by Theodore Parker, 
appears. 

* * Ingham Papers, by Edward Everett 
Hale, appears. 

* * The Luck of Roaring Camp, by Bret 
Harte, appears ; also Poems. 

* * Mechanism in Thought and Morals, by 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. 

* * Miriam, and Other Poems, by John G. 
Whittier, appears. 

* * Passage to India, by "Walt "Whitman, 
appears. 

* * Society and Solitude, by Ralph Waldo 
Emerson, appears. 

* * We Girls, by Adeline D. T. Whitney, 
appears. 

* * Taittiriya-Prdticakhija (Sansk.), by 
"William L\ "Whitney, who receives the 
Bopp prize from the Berlin Academy. 
appears. 

* * The War between the States, by Alex- 
ander H. Stephens, appears. 

* * The Iliad, a translation by "William 
Cullen Bryant, appears. 

* * Sketches of Creation, by Alexander 
"Winchell, appears. 

* * Tent Life in Siberia, by George Ken- 
nan, appears. ■ 

* * A Comparative Grammar of the Anglo- 
Saxon Language, by Francis A. March, 
appears. 

* * Hedged In, by E. Stuart Phelps [Ward], 
appears ; also The Silent Partner. 

* * Joseph and his Friend, by Bayard Tay- 
lor, appears. 

* * Words and their Uses, by Richard 
Grant White, appears. 

* * A Battle of the Books, by Gail Hamil- 
ton, appears ; also Stumbling Blocks. 

* * Mi/ Summer in a Garden, by Charles 
Dudley Warner, appears. 

* * Ginger Snaps, by Fanny Fern, appears. 

* * Crumbs Swept Up, by T. Be "Witt Tal- 
mage, appears. 

* * The Nation, by Elisha Mulford, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 
1870 * * D.C. The 4th National En- 
campment of the Grand Army -of. the 
Republic is held at "Washington ; Gen. 
John A. Logan of 111., commander-in- 
chief. 

* * Me. The Legislature passes a bill to 
increase the effectiveness of the pro- 
hibitory law, without opposition in 
either House. 

* * Minn. The Legislature changes the 
liquor law by providing for local option. 

* * Ore. The Oregon School for Deaf 
Mutes is opened at Salem. 

* * Phila. The Volunteer Fire Depart- 
ment is abolished. 

* * R, I. The Legislature abolishes im- 
prisonment for debt. Tote, 56-2. 

* * ?r. 1'a. The school for the deaf and 
blind at Romney is opened by the State. 



UNITED STATES. 1870, Oct. 18-1871, Mar. 27. 273 



* + The American Association for the 
Cure of Inebriates is organized. 

* * The Association of Medical Super- 
intendents of American Institutions 
for the Insane is organized. 

* *_73* * New York. Robbery of New 
York by the Tweed Ring. 

"William M. Tweed, the Tammany 
" Boss," and his accomplices proceed to 
rob the city by requiring contractors to 
increase their bills, and pay over to them 
the excess. Bills amounting to $6,000,- 
000 are passed at one meeting, and 
$1,000,000 traced to Tweed ; the expenses 
of the city are nearly equal to the ex- 
penses of the civil list of the National 
Government. 

* * N. T. The Society of the Royal 
Templars of Temperance is organized 
at Buffalo. 

1S71 Jan. * Pa. The "Working Men's 
Benevolent Association order a strike 
of coal-miners in the Schuylkill, Lehigh, 
and Lower Wyoming districts. 

Feb. 25. Ky. A white man, incarce- 
rated for the murder of a negro, is 
taken from the jail at Frankfort and 
set free, by a band of armed men. 

Mar. 12. O. The reading rooms of the 
public library at Cincinnati are first 
opened on Sunday. 

STATE. 

1870 Oct. 30. £». C. Jacob D. Cox, 
secretary of the interior, resigns. 

Nov. 8. Mich. The people ratify an 
amendment to the Constitution, which 
abolishes all distinction in the enjoy- 
ment of civil and political rights which 
are based on color. 

— D. C. The Republican majority in 
Congress is much reduced by the elec- 
tions. 

.Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Smith enjoins the 
President of the Senate from counting 
the votes cast for governor on Nov. 8. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 41st Congress: the 
third session opens. 

Dec. 7. Ala. Gov. Lindsay begins suit 
to recover the books and papers of the 
governor's office. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; House : J. 
H. Rainey of S. C, the first colored 
member, is sworn in. 

Dec. 14. N. C. Gov. Holden is im- 
peached for malfeasance in office. He 
refused to surrender Kuklux prisoners 
on a writ of habeas corpus. 

Dec. 22. D. C. Gen. Robert C. Schenck 
of O. is appointed minister to Great 
Britain. 

* * D. C. "William Strong of Pa. and 
Joseph P. Bradley of N. J. are ap- 
pointed associate justices of the Su- 
preme Court. 

* * La. The Legislature passes an act 
granting a charter uniting Jefferson 
City and Algiers with New Orleans. 

* * Md. The Legislature rejects the 15th 
Amendment to the Federal Constitu- 
tion by a unanimous vote. 

* * Ore. The Legislature rejects the 15th 
Amendment ; it protests against the 
treaty with China. 



* * U.S. Governors inaugurated : 
-72 * * Ala. Robert B. Lindsay. 
-71 * * Conn. James E. English. 
-71 * * Ida. {Ter.). Gilman Marston. 
-74 * * Minn. Horace Austin. 
-71* * Miss. James L. Alcorn. 
-82 * * Mont. (Ter.). Benj. F. Potts. 
-77 * * Ore. Lafayette S. Grover. 
-74 * * Tex. Edmund J. Davis. 
-74 * * Va. Gilbert C. Walker. 
-72 * * Vt. John "W. Stewart. 
-71 * * Wash. (Ter.). Ed. S. Salomon. 

1871 Jan. 1. U. S. The new tariff 
comes into operation. 

Jan. 12. D. C. President Grant appoints 
B. F. "Wade of O., A. D. White of N. T., 
and Dr. Samuel G. Howe of Mass., a 
Board of Commissioners to visit San 
Domingo, and report on the desirability 
of annexing that Republic to the United 
States. 

Jan. 16. I). C. The Supreme Court ren- 
ders its decision that the Legal Tender 
Act of 1S62 is in harmony with the Con- 
stitution. Case of Knox vs. Lee. 

Jan. 20. D. C. Congress passes an- 
other Refunding Act for the reduc- 
tion of interest on the debt. 

Jan. 26. D. C. Sir Edward Thornton, 
British minister at Washington, pro- 
poses a joint high commission for 
settling international claims. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress passes an act 
providing for a commission on fish and 
fisheries. 

Feb. 21. D. C. Congress grants a ter- 
ritorial government to the District of 
Columbia, and provides for a governor, 
with a council of 11 members, appointed 
by the President, and a house of dele- 
gates, elected by the people. 

Feb. 27. D. C. The Joint Commission 
meets at Washington to settle several 
disputes with Great Britain — the dam- 
ages done by the Confederate privateers, 
the fishery question, and the San Juan 
boundary. 

It consists of ten members : the Earl 
de Gray and Marquis of Ripon, Sir Staf- 
ford Northcote, and three others for 
Great Britain ; Secretary Fish, Gen. 
Schenck, and three others for the United 
'States. 

Feb. 28. P>. C. Congress passes an 
additional act* to protect the right 
of suffrage ; Republicans vote for the 
measure, Democrats against it. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress passes an act 
for the celebration at Philadelphia, in 
1876, of the centennial of American 
Independence. 

It enacts that rules may be provided 
by the President for admission to the 
civil service. 

It is the first important step in the 
civil service reform. [George William 
Curtis, Alexander G. Cattell, Joseph 
Medill, D. A. Walker, E. B. Ellicott, 
Joseph H. Black fan, and David C. Cox, 
are appointed the first Civil Service 
Commissioners. Fitness for the place is 
to supersede political influence.] 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress 
opens. 



Mar. * I). C. Congress ; House : Jamea 
G. Blaine (R«p.) of Me. is reelected 
Speaker; vote, 12G-92; George W. Mor- 
gan (Dem.) of O., 92 votes. 

Mar. 10. D. C. Congress: Charles 
Sumner of Mass. is deposed from the 
chairmanship of the Senate Committee 
on Foreign Relations because of con- 
tentions respecting San Domingo ; 
James Donald Cameron of Pa. is his 
successor. 

Mar. 5. I). C. President Grant issues a 
proclamation against the Kuklux ter- 
rorists in North Carolina. 

Mar. 10. Z>. C. Congress; Senate : 
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

Mar. 24. D. C. President Grant issues 
a proclamation against the armed Ku- 
klux bands of South Carolina. 

Mar. 27. D. C. Congress: Senator Sum- 
ner makes a powerful speech against the 
annexation of San Domingo. [His 
personal intercourse with the President 
is suspended, and his relations to Repub- 
lican senators are changed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 Dec. 1. Utah. Mormons incor- 
porate Zion's Cooperative Mercan- 
tile Institution, 

Dec. 27. Phila. The new Chamber of 
Commerce is opened. 

Dec. * U. S. The census lately completed 
estimates the wealth of the United 
States at $31,000,000,000. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1S70. 

Production: gold, $50,000,000; silver, 
$16,000,000. Bushels of grain : Indian 
corn, 760,944,549; wheat, 287,745,626; 
oats, 282,107,157 ; barley, 29,761,305 : rye, 
16,918,795; buckwheat. 9,8_ , 1,721. Bales 
of cotton, 3,154,946. Pounds of wool, 
162,000,000. Currency in circulation, 
S(>55,212,794; per capita, $17.50. Immi- 
grants, 387,203. 

* * New York. The "White Star Line of 
steamers running to Liverpool is estab- 
lished. 

* * Cal. The Government commences the 
improvement of Golden Gate. 

* * O. Lake View Cemetery, near Cleve- 
land, is laid out. 

* * La. A new charter is adopted at 
New Orleans ; Jefferson City is annexed. 

* * Minn. The digging of a ship canal 
across Minnesota Point at Duluth is be- 
gun. 

* * 0. Mount Auburn, Corryville, and 
Storrs township are annexed to Cin- 
cinnati. 

1871 Jan. 27. Tenn. An explosion 
occurs on the steamer H. R. Arthur, 
above Memphis; fire follows, and 87 
persons perish. 

Jan. 31. Chicago. The Foundling's 
Home is opened. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress charters the 
Southern Pacific Railroad, connecting 
Marshall, Texas, with Los Angeles, Cal. 

Mar. 15. Phila. The paid fire depart- 
ment is inaugurated. 



274 1871, Mar. *-Dec. * 



AMERICA: 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1871 Apr. 15. ± Africa. Stanley ob- 
tains tidings respecting Livingstone. 

Apr. * N. Y. The State grants a site and 
$500,000 for a building to be used by the 
Metropolitan Museum of Art, 

June 10. New York. A bronze statue 
of Samuel F. B. Morse, inventor of 
the electric telegraph, is unveiled in 
Central Park. 

June * Stanley reaches Unganyembe, in 
"West Central Africa. 

June 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the 
Capitol at Albany is laid. 

The building is 300 by 400 feet, and 
with its porticos will cover seven acres of 
land ; estimated cost, about $24,000,000. 

June 29. Neio York. Capt. Charles F. 
Hall sails in the Polaris on his third 
expedition to the polar regions. 

July 24. N. Y. The asteroid Cassandra 
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Also 
Iphigenia, Sept. 19.] 

Aug. 6. Mich. The asteroid Thyra ia 
discovered by J. C. "Watson. 

Sept. * The Polaris, with Capt. Hall's 
expedition, is frozen in by arctic ice. 

Oct. 6. 0. The Tyler-Davidson foun- 
tain at Cincinnati is unveiled. 

Oct. * Great forest fires rage in Michi- 
gan, Minnesota, and "Wisconsin ; 15,000 
people lose their homes in Michigan. 

Nov. 8. Capt. Charles F. Hall, the arc- 
tic explorer, dies in the polar region. 

Nov. 10. Africa. Stanley's band dis- 
play the American flag and march into 
Ujiji, where he finds Livingstone. 

* * Chicago. Trie Apollo Musical Club 
is organized. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1871. 

Apr lO, Chauncey, John S., com. TJ. S. N., 
A71±. 

Apr. 16. Dumont, Ebenezer, brig.-gen. 
vols., M. C. for Ind., A56. 

Apr. 17. Marshall, Thomas Alexander, 
jurist, M. C. for Ky., A77. 

Apr. * Mason, James Murray, senator for 
Va., author of I umiivrsluw law, A74. 

May S3. Clark, Davis W'asgatt, editor, 
M. E. bishop, A59. 

May. 31. Montgomery, William- Reading, 
U. S. A., brig. gen. vols., A70. 

June l. Murphy, John McLeod, naval engi- 
neer, writer, A44. 

June 3. Lord, Eleazer, financier, scholar, 
author, benefactor, A83. 

June 4. Tatnall, Josiah, capt. IT. s. N.; 
capt. Confederate navy, A75. 

June 7. Kodman, Thomas .I.mT., brev. brig.- 
gen. U. S. A.; inventor of cannon, A53. 

JuneS. Ketchuin, Wm., brig.-gen. vols., A58. 

June 13. Croswell, Kdwin, editor, A74. 

June 17. Vallandighain, Clement Laird, 
M. C. for O., exded to the ('on fed., A5l. 

June 25. Gannett, Ezra Stiles, Unit, cler- 
gyman, A70. 

July 1. May, Samuel Joseph, Unit, clergy- 
man, abolitionist, A74. 

July 29. Slidell, John, sen. for La., A78. 

July 31. Cary, l'hojbe, author, poet, A47. 

Aug-. 8. Reman, Nathaniel S. S., Pres. cler- 
gyman, A86. 

Aug 1 . 26. SeribiuT, Charles, publisher Scrib 
ner's Monthly, A51. 

Sept. 8. Holbrook,.]olni Kdwards, natural 
ist, of S. C, A76. 

Sept. 16. Longnecker, Henry Clay, law- 
yer, M. C. for Pa.; col. vols., A51. 

Oct. 26. Ewing, Thomas, see. of treas, 
senator for O., A82. 

Oct. 27. Anderson. Robert, maj.-gen, 
defender of Fort Sumter, A66. 

Crawford, Nathaniel Macon, Bapt. cler 

gyman, A 60. 



Nov. 5. Loring, Fredrick W., author, A23. 

Nov. 8. Hall, Charles Francis, arctic ex- 
plorer, A50. 

Nov. 13. Cookinan, Alfred, M. K. clergy- 
man, A43. 

Nov. 26. Cogswell, Joseph Green, geolo- 
gist, librarian, A86. 

Nov. 29. Dunn, Oscar, born a slave, lieut.- 
gov. of La., A51. 

Dec. 17. Tuckerman, II. T.. essayist, art- 
critic, A58. 

Dec. 20. Baker, Osman C, M. E. bp., A59. 

Dec. 24. Morse, Sidney E., editor, A77. 

Dec. 26. Barker, Jacob, financier, politi- 
cian, of N. Y., A92. 

Dec. 27. Breckinridg-e, Robert J., Pres. 
clergyman, A71. 

Dec. 28. Ilackett, James Henry, actor, A71. 



CHURCH. 

1871 May 24. D. C. The Interna- 
tional Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation assembles at Washington. 

June 9. Chicago. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem is held. 

June 11. Kan. Louis M. Fink is conse- 
crated (ftoman Catholic) bishop of Leav- 
enworth. 

Oct. S. S. C. "William Bell White Howe 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- 
sistant bishop of South Carolina. 

Oct. 25. Tenn. The Central South Con- 
gregational Association is organized. 

Not. 17. O. A National Council of 
Congregational churches is formed 
at Oberlrn. 

Nov. * N. Y. The Lutheran General 
Council meets at Rochester; Charles 
P. Krauth, president. 

Dec. 4. Tex. The Congregational Associ- 
ation of Southwest Texas is organized. 



LETTERS. 

1871 Apr. *N. J. The free school 
system is introduced. 

Sept. 6. H. I. The State Normal 
School is opened at Providence. 

Sept. * Tex. The public school system 
is introduced. 

Oct. 4. Ala. The University of Ala- 
bama at University is reorganized and 



Dec. 20. JVis. A College for "Women 
is opened in connection with the State 
University at Madison. 

* * Ala. The Alabama Polytechnic 
College (non-sect.) is organized at Au- 
burn. 

SOCIETY. 

1871 Apr. 26. Cal. Laura D. Fair is 
tried and acquitted at San Francisco for 
the murder of A. P. Crittenden on Nov. 3, 
1S70. 

Apr. * PMla. The Presbyterian Hos- 
pital is chartered. 

May IS. N. Y. Edward H. Ruloff, a 
philologist, is tried for murder, and 
hanged at Binghamton. 

May * S. C. A taxpayers' convention 
is held at Columbia. 

July 4. Utah. A parade of the Mor- 
mon militia is broken up by United 
States officers. 



July 12. New York. A riot occurs be- 
tween the Irish Catholics and Irish 
Protestants. 

The Catholics attempt to break up a 
parade of Orangemen, though protected 
by the police; th*± military are called 
out, and over 100 persons are killed and 
wounded. 

Aug. 10. Mo. A National Labor Con- 
gress assembles at St. Louie. 

Aug. * Mich. George Vanderpc-ol is 
tried for the murder of Herbert Field, 
at Manistee, on Sept. 5, 18G9, and finally 
acquitted. 1st trial, guilty ; 2d trial, 
the jury disagree ; 3d trial, acquitted. 

Sept. 2. N. Mex. An election riot breaks 
out at La Mesilla. 

Sept. 4. New York. A mass-meeting of 
citizens appoints a committee of 70 to 
investigate the charges against the 
Tweed Ring. 

Sept. 18. Chicago. The Sovereign Grand 
Lodge of Odd Pellows assembles. 

Sept. 26. Md. A National Commercial 
Convention assembles at Baltimore. 

Oct. 2. Utak. Brigham Young, the 
president of the Mormon Church, is ar- 
rested for bigamy. 

Oct. 24. Cal. A mob causes a riot at 
Los Angeles in which 15 Chinamen are 
hanged and six shot. 

Oct. 28. New York. "William M. Tweed 
is arrested on a civil charge, and released 
on $2,000,000 bail. 

Oct. 31. Tenn. The Reunion and Re- 
form Association convenes at Nash- 
ville. 

Oct. * Mich. The sum of $462,106 and 
about $250,000 worth of clothing are dis- 
tributed among the sufferers by forest 
fires; the gifts are the benefactions of 
many States and several nations. 

Oct. * U. S. Great sums of money con- 
tributed throughout the country for the 
sufferers by the Chicago fire. 

Utah. Brigham Young escapes trial 

by flight; Elder Hawkins is senteuct-d 
to three years imprisonment for bigamy. 

Nov. 7. New York. The Tammany Ring 
is defeated in the municipal election. 

Nov. 19. New York. The Grand Duke 
Alexis arrives, accompanied by a fleet 
of Russian war-vessels. [He is publicly 
welcomed, Nov. 21.1 

Dec. 16. New York. William M. 
Tweed is committed to the Tombs for 
a short time. 

* * Bosto7i. The 5th National Encamp- 
ment of the Grand Army of the Re- 
public is held ; Gen. Ambrose E. Burn- 
side of B. L, commander-in-chief. 

* * Neb. The State insane asylum is 
opened at Lincoln. 

* * The American Society of Mechani- 
cal Engineers is organized. 



1S71 Mar.* Ky. The Government sends 
troops into the State, and withdraws 
the mail for one month from Benson, 



UNITED STATES. 



1871, Mar. * -Dec. * 275 



because of the murder of AVilliam H. 
Gibson, a colored mail agent of the Lex- 
ington and Louisville road, on Jan. 2G. 

Apr. 5. J). C. Congress receives the 
report of the San Domingo Commis- 
sion; also a message from President 
Grant, relating to annexation. 

Apr. 10. I). C. Congress passes a Gen- 
eral Amnesty Bill, which excepts three 
classes of secessionists. Vote, 134-4G. 
[Deferred by the Senate.] 

Apr. 19. D. C. Congress passes the 
unpopular Force Bill. 

By it military action may be taken in 
States where ;i conspiracy denies equal 
protection to all the citizens, and per- 
mits the President to suspend the writ of 
habeas corpus in such States. 

Apr. 20. D. C. The President approves 
Anti-Kuklux Act (Force Bill) ; it has 
for its object the enforcement of the 
14th Amendment. 

The42d Congress: the first session 
closes. 

Apr. 27. W. Fa, The people vote to 
restore the rights of citizenship to 
persons implicated in aiding the Con- 
federacy. 

May 3. D. C. President Grant issues a 
proclamation to inform the South that 
it may avoid the enforcement of the 
obnoxious Kuklux Act by orderly be- 
havior. 

Conn. A joint committee of the Gen- 
eral Assembly is appointed to examine 
the election returns. 

May 8. D. C. The Treaty of "Wash- 
ington resulting from the labors of the 
Joint High Commission is signed. 

It provides for reference to the Em- 
peror of Germany of the dispute as to 
the Oregon boundary ; for a partial 
settlement of the fishery dispute ; and for 
the settlement of the Alabama claims. 

May 10. D, C. The Senate meets in 
special session at the call of the Presi- 
dent (Apr. 20). [It adjourns May 27.] 

Conn. The joint committee reports 

to the General Assembly the vote for 
governor; total vote, 94,860; Marshall 
Jewell (Rep.), 47,473 ; James E. English 
(Dem.), 47,373 ; scattering, 14. It reports 
Jewell elected. 

May 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
ratifies the treaty of "Washington ; it 
relates to Alabama claims. 

May* D. C. The President suspends the 
habeas corpus act in nine counties of 
South Carolina, consequent on Kuklux 
outrages. 

June 2. Neb. Gov. David P. Butler, 
charged with appropriating to his own 
use §17,000 of the school fund, is im- 
peached for corruption. 

June 28. The Civil Service Commis- 
sioners meet, and elect George Wil- 
liam Curtis of N. Y. chairman. 

June 30. V. S. Statistics for 1871. 
Revenue: Customs. S'206.270.408; internal 
revenue, $143,008,154; direct tax, S5S0,- 
355; sales of public lands, $2,3*8,047; 
premiums on loans and sales of gold 



coin, §8,892,840; miscellaneous items, 
$22,0!>3,541. Total revenue, §383,323,945 ; 
excess of revenue over ordinary ex- 
penses, §91,146,757. Expenditures: Pre- 
miums on loiins, purchase of bonds, etc., 
§9,01(5,795 ; miscellaneous items, $60,- 
481,917 ; War Department, §:;5,7'.i9,992 ; 
Navy Department, §111,431,027 ; Indians, 
§7,426,997 ; pensions, §34,-W3,s;i5 ; interest 
on the public debt. §125,576.566. Total 
ordinary expenses, §292,177,188; public 
debt, §2,353,211,332. Exports, §442,820,- 
178 ; imports, §520,223,684. 

July 4. Utah. The Federal Government 
disperses companies of the Nauvoo 
Legion. 

Aug. 8. La. The spirit of political 
faction disturbs the peace of the State. 
A convention called by the Republican 
State Central Committee (Warmouth- 
ites) meets at New Orleans to choose 
a State Committee; an opposition con- 
vention (Kelloggites) led by Lieut.-Gov. 
Oscar J. Dunn, colored, meets in the 
Custom-house. 

Sept. 26. D. C. The Joint High Com- 
missioners meet at Washington, and 
organize to adjust private elaimsagainst 
Great Britain and the United States, 
arising between the 13th of April, 1861, 
and the 9th of April, 1865. 

Oct. 12. D. C. President Grant issues a 
proclamation against the Kuklux, who 
terrorize the negroes in the upper coun- 
ties of South Carolina. He suspends the 
habeas corpus in several counties, and 
stations troops for the restoration of 
order ; 600 citizens are arrested. 

Oct. 30. Ga. Gov. Bullock being ac- 
cused of fraud, resigns and leaves the 
State. 

Nov. 7 New York. Tammany Hall is 
defeated in the State election ; William 
F. Havemeyer is elected the 78th mayor. 

Nov. 22. La. The Carter faction of the 
Republican party declares the election 
of P. B. S. Pinchback, to fill the va- 
cancy caused by the death of the lieuten- 
ant-governor, to be unconstitutional. 

Nov. 23. Ind. Gov. Baker issues a pro- 
clamation against mob violence and 
the lynching of criminals. 

Nov. 25. D. C. M. Katakazy, the 
Russian envoy, becomes obnoxious to 
Secretary Fish, by bis unwaranted in- 
terference in diplomatic matters, and 
he is dismissed. 

Dec. 13. D. C. Attorney-General A. T. 
Akerman resigns. 

Dec. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress : the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 14. Tenn. The Legislature pro- 
vides for an Agricultural Bureau. 

Dec. 15. Switz. The Alabama Arbi- 
tration Commission opens and organ- 
izes at Geneva. 

The Court consists of five members : 
Count Frederick Sclopis, president, for 
Italy, Baron Slaempii for Switzerland, 
Vicomte d'ltajuba for Brazil, CharleB 
Francis Adams for the United States, 
and Sir Alexander Cockburn for Great 
Britain. 

Dec. 20. Switz. The American and Brit- 
ish claims are presented to the Commis- 



Dec. * La. Two factions strive to cap- 
ture the Legislature by unseating oppo- 
nents. 

Dec. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1871 June 18. O. C. L. Vallandig- 
ham accidentally kills himself with a 
pistol in a court-room. 

June 24. N. Y. The corner-stone of the 
new Capitol is laid at Albany. 

June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1871, 
321,350. 

July 14. A foreign syndicate offers to 
take all the five per cent bonds that 
the government desires to sell. 

July 1. Chicago. The La Salle Street 
tunnel is^opened. 

July Infill. The Illinois and Michi- 
gan Canal is deepened, to create a cur- 
rdnrorom Lake Michigan to the Illinois 
iiver. 

July 30. New York. The Staten Island 
ferry-boat Westfield, while crowded with 
passengers, explodes her boilers ; 100 
persons are killed, and many injured. 

Aug. 26. Mass. A collision occurs at 
Revere, on the Boston and Portland 
road, and causes 20 deaths. 

Aug. 27. Ala. The steamer Ocean Wave 
explodes at Mobile ; 60 lives lost. 

Aug. * III, The Illinois and Michigan 
Canal is transferred to the State. 

Aug. * Nev. The new Capitol at Car- 
son City is occupied. 

Sept. 19. III. President T .in coin's 
body is removed to its resting-place at 
Springfield. 

Oct. 8. Chicago. The great fire. 

A fire breaks out in a cow-stable at 
9.30 o'clock on Sunday evening, and a 
strong west wind drives it rapidly 
through 73 miles of streets, till it covers 
three and a half square miles, destroys 
17,450 buildings, '20(> lives, and property 
valued ;it S2()i),ooi),oou ; !»s,rioo people are 
rendered homeless. It is checked on 
the second day. 

Oct. 8-9. Wis. A terrific sheet of fire, 
10 miles wide, sweeps over the counties 
bordering Green Bay ; losses, 1,000 lives, 
and $3,000,000 in property. 

Oct. 9. New York. The Grand Central 
Depot is opened. 

Oct. 16-22. The English yacht Livonia 
and the yachts of the New York Yacht 
Club engage in an international race, 
which is won by the Columbia and the 
Sappho of New York, they leading in 
four of the five races. 

Oct. * Mich. Many lives are lost by 
forest fires, which prevail during an ex- 
tensive drought in Michigan and the 
Northwest. 

Hov. 22. la. The corner-stone of the 
new State Capitol is laid at Des Moines. 

Dec.±* Phila. An epidemic of small 
pox causes 4,464 deaths. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Increase of railroads for 
1871, 7,670 miles. 



F6 1871, ■ *-187 2, May 1. 



AMERICA 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1871* * Mass. A School of Agricul- 
ture is established at Harvard Univer- 
sity by the gifts of Benjamin Bussey. 

* * Mo. Beethoven's Conservatory of 
Music is established at St. Louis. 

* * New York. George H. Boughton of 
London, England, Thomas Waterman 
"Wood, and Alexander H. Ritchie are 
elected members of the National Acad- 
emy of Design. 

* * N. Y. The Buffalo park system is 
begun ; 638 acres and 17 miles of drive- 
ways are laid out. 

* * Phila. Work begins on the Public 
Building. 

It covers four acres; extreme height, 
537£ feet ; estimated cost, $10,000,000. 

* * Phila. The Orpheus Society is or- 
ganized. 

* * U. S. Automatic self-binders for 
harvesting grain are introduced. 

* * Genesee Meadows is painted by J. W. 
Casilear. 

* * Close of Day is painted by A. B. Du- 
rand. 

* * The Battle of Gettysburg is painted by 
Peter F. Rothermel. 

1872 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress places 
a statue of Roger "Williams in the 
National Capitol. 

Feb. 4. The aurora borealis is visible 
in Northern States, very brilliant. 

Feb. 20. New York. The Metropolitan 
Museum of Art gives its first exhibi- 
tion, consisting of paintings, in a tem- 
porary gallery. 

Mar. 1. Wyo. Congress sets apart the 
Yellowstone National Park. 

It comprises about 3,300 square miles 
of remarkable scenery, and includes 
Yellowstone Lake, many rivers, moun- 
tains, and forests ; the hot springs, 
spouting geysers, and mud volcanoes 
attract attention. 

Mar. 8. Conn. The State formally pre- 
sents to the U. S. Senate the statues of 
Jonathan Trumbull and Roger Sher- 
man, to be placed in the National Capi- 
tol. 

Mar. 26, 27. Cal. Earthquakes de- 
stroy about thirty lives, and ruin several 
small towns. 

Apr. 3. Mich. The asteroid Althaea is 
discovered by J. C. "Watson. [Also, Her- 
mione. May 12, and Nemesis, Nov. 25.] 

Apr. 9. Mich. The Soldiers' Monu- 
ment at Detroit is unveiled ; cost, 
$75,000. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1872. 

Jan. 3. Brittan, Nathan, (earlier, inventor, 
A64. 

Porter, Andrew, brig.-cen. IT. S. vols., 

A52. 

Jan. 4. Naudain, Arnold, physician, sen. 
for Del., A82. 

Jan. 9. Halleck, Henry Wager, maj.- 
gen., gen. -in-chief, military writer, A57. 

Jan. 13. Rich, Isaac, merchant, philan- 
thropist, fdr. of Huston University, A71. 

Jan. 25. Ewell. Richard Stoddard, capt 
U. S. A., Poured, lieut.-gen., A52. 

Jan. 28. Eddv, Norman, lawyer, M. C. for 
Ind., A61. 

Lyman, .Joseph B., journalist, agricul- 
turist, author, A 42. 



Feb. 7. Grimes, James W., senator, Gov. 
of Iowa, A56. 

Spalding, Martin John, R. C, arch- 
bishop of Baltimore, A62. 

Feb. 27. Tread well, l>amel, machinist, in- 
ventor, A8L 

Mar. 6. Howard, Benjamin C, lawyer, 
M. C. forMd., A8I. 

Mar. 28. .Marshall, Humphrey, M. C. for 
Kv., Confederate l.rig.-gen., A 60. 

Apr. 2. Morse, Samuel Finley B., artist 
and inventor (Telegraph), A81. 

— Upham, Thomas Cogswell, Cong, clergy- 
man, metapln si.ian, author, A72. 

Apr. 5. Galloway, Samuel, lawyer, M. C 

for 0., A61. 

Apr. 16. Buchanan, HcKean, tragedian, 

. Tufts, Quincy, philanthropist, 

. Fort, George, physician, Gov. 
., A63. 

. Kidwell, Zedekiah, physician, 
lawyer, M. C. for Va., A58. 

Moore, Nathaniel F., professor Greek 

and Latin at Columbia, A90. 



449. 




Apr. 


18. 


A81 






an. 


of N. J. 


Apr. 


t#l. 



CHURCH. 

1871* * The Protestant Episcopal dio- 
ceses of Arkansas and Central Pennsyl- 
vania are formed. 

* * Boston. The "Woman's Baptist For- 
eign Missionary Society is organized. 

* * Chicago. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held. 

* * Chicago. The "Woman's Baptist 
Foreign Missionary Society of the 
"West is organized. 

* * Chicago. The General Assembly of 
Presbyterians meets ; Z. M. Humphrey, 
moderator. 

* * Ind. The Indiana Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) is organized. 

* * The Kansas Eldership (Church of God) 
is organized. 

* * The Minnesota and North Iowa Con- 
ference (Free Methodist) is organized. 

* * Md. The General Convention (Pro- 
testant Episcopal) meets in Baltimore ; 
it renews the vote of confidence taken 
in 1844. 

* * The Missouri Eldership (Church of 
God) is organized. 

* * Neb. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Nebraska is organized. 

* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) meets at Dayton. 

* * O. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; R. M. Bishop, president. 

* * O. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia; R. A. 
McAyeal, moderator. 

* * Pa. The Reformed Presbyterian Sy- 
nod at Pittsburg subscribes to the 
bond of the covenant received from 
the sessions. 

* * The Woman's Auxiliary to the 
Board of Missions of the Protestant 
Episcopal Church is organized. 

* * S. Dak. The Congregational Associa- 
tion of South Dakota is organized. 

* * Cal. The Congregational Associa- 
tion of Christian Chinese is organized 
at San Francisco. 

1872. Apr. 14. O. Richard Gilmour 
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop 
of Cleveland, 



Ind. Joseph Dwenger is consecrated 

(Roman Catholic) bishop of Fort Wayne. 

Apr. 21. A". 1". Francis McNeimy is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bit-hop of 
the diocese of Albany. 

May l.-June 4. N. Y. The General 
Conference (Methodist Episcopal) is 
held in Brooklyn ; lay delegates are 
admitted; incipient action is taken to 
promote fraternal relations with the 
Methodist Episcopal Church South. 

The Central New York, Florida, and 
Northwest Iowa Conferences are organ- 
ized ; also the Chicago German Confer- 
ence. 

Thomas Bowman, "William L. Harris, 
Randolph S. Foster, Isaac W. Wiley, 
Stephen M. Merrill, Edward G. Andrews, 
Gilbert Haven, and Je6S6 T. Peck are 
ordained bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1871* * Arkansas College (Pres.) is or- 
ganized at Batesville. 

* * Ark. Judson University (Bapt.) is 
organized at Judsonia. 

* * Arkansas Industrial University (non- 
sect.) is organized at Fayetteville. 

* * Boston University is opened. 

* * Cal. Mills College at Mills College 
is opened. 

* * Cal. The San Francisco Theological 
Seminary (Pres.) is opened. 

* * Cat. Pierce Christian College 
(Christian) is organized at College City. 

* * Conn. Noah Porter is elected presi- 
dent of Yale University, as successor to 
Theodore D. Woolsey. 

* * Ga. Dorchester Academy, colored, is 
opened at Mcintosh, by the American 
Missionary Association. 

* * Ky. The Public Library of Ken- 
tucky is founded. [60,800 vols.] 

* * Miss. Alcorn University (non-sect.) 
is organized at Rodney. 

* * Mo. The State Normal School at 
Warrensburg is opened ; also another 
at Kirksville; at Plymouth, N. H. ; at 
Genesee and Buffalo, N. Y. ; the Le- 
Moyne Normal Institute at Memphis, 
Tenn. ; and the Roman Catholic Normal 
School of the Holy Family, at St. Fran- 
cis, Wis. 

* *N. C. Rutherford CoDege is opened. 

* * Neb. Edward Rosewater establishes 
the Omaha Daily Bee. 

* * Neb. The University of Nebraska 
is opened at Lincoln. 

* * N. H. The compulsory education 
law becomes effective. 

* * N. J. Stevens's Institute of Tech- 
nology at Hoboken, founded by Edwin 
Augustus Stevens, is opened. 

* * N. J. The Princeton Review is estab- 
lished. 

* * N. Mex. The Legislature provides for 
common schools in each county. 

* * New York. The Witness is issued. 

* * A*. Dak. Fargo College (Cong.) is 
founded. 



UNITED STATES. 1871,* *-1872, May 1. 277 



* * New York. Forest and Stream, is 
founded. 

* * 0. Miami Valley College (Friends) 
in Springboro is organized. 

* * 0. Buchtel University (Univ.) is 
opened at Akron. 

* * Pa. Lincoln Theological Seminary 
(Colored Pres.) is established. 

* * S. C. Benedict Institute (Colored 
Bapt.) is founded at Columbia. 

* * W. Va. Shepherd College (non-sect.) 
is organized. 

* * Jr. Va. The Broaddus College 
(Bapt.) at Clarksburg is opened. 

* * A Woman's Poems, by Sarah M. B. 
Piatt, appears. 

* * Landmarks, by John James Piatt, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Book of the Fast, by K. H. Stod- 
dard, appears. 

* * East and West Poems, by Bret Harte, 
appears. 

* * Dictionary of Literature and Authors, 
by Samuel Austin Allibone, appears. 

* * Life of Christ, by Henry "Ward Beecher, 
appears. 

* * Life of General P. E. Lee, by John 
Esten Cooke, appears. 

* * Little Men, by Louisa May Alcott, 
appears. 

* * My Study Windows, by Jamea Rus- 
sell Lowell, appears. 

* * Democratic Vistas, by "Walt "Whitman, 
appears. 

* * Peat Folks, by Adeline Dutton Train 
"Whitney, appears. 

* * The Hoosier Schoolmaster, by Edward 
Eggleston, appears. 

* * Success and its Conditions, by Edwin 
Percy Whipple, appears. 

* * History of Frederick the Great, by John 
S. C. Abbott, appears. 

* * Christianity and Positivism, by James 
McCosh, appears. 

* * Castilian Days ,hy John Hay, appears; 
also, Pike County Ballads. 

* * Tlte Country of the Dwarfs, by Paul B. 
du Chaillu, appears. 

* * Our Girls, by Dio Lewis, appears. 

* * The Moral Duty of Total Abstinence, 
by Theodore L. Cuyler, appears. 

* * Common Sense in the Household, by 
Marion Harland, appears. 

* * Overland, by J. W. DeForest, appears. 

* * Pink and White Tyranny, by Harriet 
Beecher Stowe, appears. 

* * Songs of the Sierras, by Joaquin Mil- 
ler, appears. 

* * Verses by H. H. (Helen Hunt, after- 
wards Mrs. Jackson) appears. 

* * Elements of Intellectual Philosophy, 
by Noah Porter, appears ; also Science 

of Nature vs. the Science of Man. 

* * The Sympathy of Religions, by Thomas 
"W. Higginson, appears. 

* * The Divine Tragedy, by Henry W. 
Longfellow, appears. 

1872 Mar. 25. Chicago. The Inter- 
Ocean is issued. 



SOCIETY. 

1871 * * N. Y. Aratus F. Pierce is 
tried and acquitted of the murder of 
*William Bullock at Lockport. 

* * Great bitterness prevails in the South 
against free suffrage. 

Northern men in the Southern States 
are stigmatized " Cai-petbaggers," loyal 
Southerners are called "Scalawags," 

1872 Jan. 6. New York. Edward S. 
Stokes, through jealousy for a dissolute 
woman, shoots Col. James Fisk, Jr., 
a prominent railroad official and finan- 
cial speculator, at the Grand Central 
Hotel. 

Mar. 18. New York. The "Workmen's 
International Association makes a 
public demonstration. 

Apr. * New York. Carpenters, brick- 
layers, and helpers make a combined 
strike ; the employers also combine. 

Apr. 24. Mo. Judge J. C. Stephenson, 
Thomas E. Detro, and James C. Cline 
are assassinated by a large body of 
masked men near Gun City ; they were 
accused of complicity in increasing 
taxes by the fraudulent issue of railroad 
bonds. 

STATE. 

1871 * * Vt. The Constitution is 

amended ; the sessions of the Legisla- 
. ture to be biennial, also the State elec- 
tions ; the council of censors is abolished. 

* * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-72 * * Ark. Orzo A. Hadley. 

-73 * * Conn. Marshall Jewell. 

-75* *Ida.(Ter.). Thomas W. Bennett. 

-74 * * Me. Sidney Perham. 

-74 * * Miss. Ridgely C. Powers. 

-73 * * Mo. Benj. Gratz Brown. 

-73 * * Neb. "William H. James. 

-74 * *N. C. Tod R. Caldwell. 

-72 * * N. H. James A. "Weston. 

-79 * * Nev. Louis R. Bradley. 

-79 * *N. Mex. (Ter.). Marsh Giddings. 

-75 * * Tenn. John C. Brown. 

-73 * * XT. {Ter.). George L. "Woods. 

-77 * * W. Va. John J. Jacob. 

1872 Jan. 2. Utah. Brigham Young 
surrenders himself for trial. 

Jan. 6. La. The Warmouth Legis- 
lature meets at the Mechanics' Institute 
at New Orleans ; the adherents of the 
speaker of the House, Geo. "W. Carter, 
also meet in another hall. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Congress provides for the 
issuing of one-cent postal cards. 

Jan. 16. W. Va. A Constitutional 
Convention is held at Charleston. 

Jan. 22. La. The Carterites, several 
thousand strong, attempt to seize the 
Mechanics' Institute at New Orleans, 
but are held in check by Gen. Emory, 
commander of the Federal troops. 

The House holds an extra session, with 
Warmouthites in the majority ; in the 
absence of Speaker Carter, it declares 
his chair vacant, and elects O. H. Brew- 
ster to fill it. 

Jan. 24. Mo. A convention at Jefferson 
City inaugurates the Liberal Republi- 
can movement. 



Jan. * Eng. Great excitement prevails 
because of the claims advanced for in- 
direct losses in the Alabama case. 

Jan. * La. Federal troops preserve the 
peace in the Legislative contest. 

Feb. 22 ±. 0. The 1st National Con- 
vention of the Prohibition party is 
held at Columbus ; James Black of Pa. 
and John Russell of Mich, are nomi- 
nated as presidential candidates. 

A Labor Reform Convention meets 
and nominates David Davis of ill. and 
Joel Parker of N. J. as presidential 
candidates. 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Henry B. Anthony of R. I. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

Feb. 26. Ala. The Legislature passes a 
new election law. 

Feb. * Fla. Another unsuccessful at- 
tempt is made to impeach Gov. Reed. 

Mar. 1. D. C. The Act establishing the 
Yellowstone National Park in Wyom- 
ing is approved ; it is about 3,300 square 
miles. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The Japanese embassy 
is presented to President Grant. 

Mar. 5. D. C. Congress removes the in- 
ternal taxes on fish, fruits, and meats. 

Mar. * D. C. President Grant appoints 
three commissioners to examine plans 
and proposals for the Panama canal. 

Apr. 10-14. La. A National Conven- 
tion of colored men convenes at New 
Orleans ; Frederick Douglass, president. 

Apr. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
admits Matthew "W". Ransom of N. C. ; 
all of the Southern States are now rep- 
resented in this branch of Congress. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1871* * La. The city of New Orleans 
purchases Exposition Park. 

* * Miss. The Planters, Manufactur- 
ers, and Mechanics Association is 
incorporated. 

* * New York. The Gilbert Elevated 
Railroad is sold under a foreclosure. 

* * New York. Dummy locomotives sub- 
stitute the cable on the Elevated Rail- 
road. 

* *± N. Y. Prospect Park in Brooklyn 
is completed. 

* * O. The Cincinnati Cotton Exchange 
is established. 

* * O. The Union Stock Yards Com- 
pany is incorporated at Cincinnati. 

1872 Jan. 2. N. Dak. Ground is bro- 
ken at Grand Forks for the Northern 
Pacific Railroad. 

Mar. 4. Phila. The Centennial Com- 
mission is organized to prepare for a 
National celebration in 1876. 

Mar. * Neiv York. The Erie Ring, 
ruled by James Fisk and Jay Gould, 
collapses ; restoration is made to Eng- 
lish bondholders ; Gens. Dix and McClel- 
lan are among the new directors. 

Apr. 11. The boiler of the Mississippi 
steamer Oceanus explodes ; 40 lives are 
lost. 



278 1872, May 1-' 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1872. Nov. 29. Ore. Capt. Jackson, 
sent to remove the Modoc Indians to a 
reservation, has a battle with them on 
the Lost River. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1372 May * Zanzibar. Stanley arrives 
from the interior of Africa. 

June 17 -July 4. Boston. The 
"World's Peace Jubilee is celebrated 
under the musical leadership of P. S. 
Gilmore ; 10,000 singers accompanied by 
1,000 instruments sound forth the joys of 
peace. 

July 31. N. Y. The asteroids Brun- 
hilda and Gerda are discovered by C. 
H. F. Peters. [Also, Alceste, Aug. 23.] 

Sept. 22. PHla. The Lincoln Monu- 
ment in Fairmount Park is unveiled. 

Nov. 25-27. Brilliant meteroic dis- 
plays are visible in the Northern and 
Northwestern States. 

Nov. * The discovery of an atmospheric 
wave, covering nearly the entire terri- 
tory between the two great oceans, is 
reported by the chief of the Sigual 
Service. 

* * Ind. Discovery of block coal, whereby 
an impetus is given to the iron manu- 
factures of the State. 



i'.urhanan, poet, 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1872. 

May 11. Read, Tin 
artist, A50. 

May 24. Hopkins, Albert, astronomer, 
physicist, A 65. 

May 26. Stiinpson, William, naturalist, 
A40. 

June 1. Bennett, James Gordon, founder 
of N. T. Herald, All. 

June 3. Colvocoresses, George M., capt. 
U. S. N., AGO. 

June 6. Scranton, Joseph H., capitalist, 
one of the fuumlers of Scranton, Pa., A59. 

June 29. Crab be, Thomas, rear-adm. U. S. 
N., A 84. 

July 25. Nicholson, William C, com. U. 
S. N., A72. 

Randall, Alexander W., P. M.-gen., A52. 

July 31. Olney, Jesse, geographer, educa- 
tor, author, A74. 

Aug. 3. Eaton, Geo. W., Bapt. clergyman, 
teacher, A 68. 

Aug. 11. Mason, Lowell, musical com- 
poser, A80. 



Aug-. 18. Davenport, Henry K., capt. 1". S. 

N., A52. 
Aug. 26. Ingersoll, Ralph I., lawyer, M. C. 

for Conn., AH4. 
Sept. 11. Kastburn, Manton, P.E. bishop 

of Mass., A71. 
Sept. 22. Davis, Garrett, sen. for Ky., A7I. 
Sept. 25. Cartwright, Peter, frontier M. 

E. clergyman, A87. 
Oct. 2. Liebt-r, Francis, publicist, writer, 

A72. 
Oct. 3. Faville, Oran, educationist, in la., 

A45. 
Oct. 8. Bache, Hartman, brig. -gen. U. S. 

0ct.*9. Deming, Henry C, M. C. for Conn., 

author, A57. 
Oct. 10. I'arton, Sara I'. Willis (Fanny 

Fern), author, A61. 
— Seward, "William Henry, Gov., sen. for 

N.Y., Lincoln's sec. of state, A71. 
Oct. 30. Ames, Joseph, portrait and genre 

painter, A56. 
Oct. 31. Brownell, Henry Howard, poet, 

A52. 
Griswold, John A., iron manufacturer, 

builder of Monitor, M. C. for X. Y., A54. 
Nov. 5. Sullv, Thomas, painter, A89. 
Nov. 6. Meade, George Gordon, maj.- 

gen., commander of Army of Potomac at 

Gettysburg, A57. 



Nov. 14. Hadley, James, philologist, pro- 
fessor of Greek at Yule, A51. 

Nov. 29. Greeley, Horace, editor, phi- 
lanthropist, founder A. }'. Tribune^ A62. 

Dec. 12. Forrest, Edwin, actor, A.66. 

Pollard, Edward, journalist, litterateur, 

historian, A44. 

Dec. 16. KenBett, John Frederick, land- 
scape painter, A56. 

Dec. 20. Putnam, George P., publisher, 
author, A58. 

Dec. 23. ratlin, George, artist, A76. 

Dec. 31. Brown, John A., llnancier, A84. 



CHURCH. 

1872 May 5. N.Y. Edgar P. Wadhams 
(Roman Catholic), bishop of Ogdens- 
burg, is consecrated. 

June 7. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem is held. 

Oct. 22-25. Boston. The National 
Unitarian Conference is held. 

Nov. * 0. The Lutheran General 
Council meets at Akron. 

* * X. J. The New Jersey Conference 
(African Methodist Episcopal) is formed. 

LETTERS. 
1872 May * * The Fisk University Ju- 
bilee Singers make a campaign for 
$20,000. 

* * Ala. The State Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College at Auburn is opened. 

* * Boston. The National Educational 
Association meets; appoints a commit- 
tee to examine the kindergarten system. 
[It reports favorably.] 

* * Boston. The Globe is issued. 

* * Cal. St. Mary's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at San Francisco. 

* * Ind. The Indiana Public Library is 
founded at Indianapolis. [39,273 vols.] 

* * Mass. A School of Forestry is es- 
tablished at Harvard. 

* * Md . The College of Physicians and 
Surgeons at Baltimore is opened. 

* * Miss. The East Mississippi Female 
College is opened. 

* * Mo. The Fulton Synodical Female 
CoUege is opened. Harding College 
is founded by Baptists at Mexico. 

* * Xeb. Doane CoUege (Cong.) is 
founded at Crete. 

* * Xew York. The Popular Science 
Monthly is founded. 

* * Xeio York. The newspapers succeed 
in arousing the public for the complete 
overthrow of the " Tweed Ring" — the 
Times holding the place of honor. 

* * Ore. The Legislature establishes a 
reform school at Portland. 

* * 0. Buchtel CoUege (Univ.) in Akron 
is organized. 

* * S. C. The Walhalla Female Col- 
lege at "SValhalla is opened. 

* * Tenn. Christian Brothers' CoUege 
(Rom. Cath.) is organized at Memphis. 

* * Tex. Mansfield CoUege (non-sect.) 
is organized at Mansfield. 

* * Utah. Ogden Seminary (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Ogden City. 

* * Roughing It, by Mark Twain, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1872 May* -V.I'. Many other trades 
join the striking builders — a sympa- 
thetic strike. 

June 15. -V. I'. Strikers force then- 
way into Steinway's piano-factory to 
persuade the remaining workmen to 
strike. 

June* Xew York. Most of the 90,000 
strikers surrender. 

Great losses : contractors and builders, 
$1,100,000; workmen, £1.400,000: general 
public, in an indirect way, $5,760,000. 

June 17 — July 4. Boston. World's 
Peace JubUee. (See Art — Science — 
Nature.) 

July +-* U. S. Temperance Republicans 
resent the Raster resolution placed in 
the national platform. 

The party is opposed to " laws for the 
purpose of removing evils by interfer- 
ence with rights not surrendered by the 
people to either the State or National 
Government." [Mr. Herman Raster 
says it applies to prohibitory- and Sun- 
day law.] 

Aug. 18. Xeie York. George C. Bar- 
nard, a judge of the Supreme Court <»f 
the State, having been convicted of offi- 
cial corruption in connection with the 
" Erie Ring," is degraded. 

Sept. 18. A', r. The corner-stone of the 
State Insane Asylum is laid at Buffalo. 

Sept. 25. Ky. The House of Reform 
for JuvenUe Delinquents is opened 
by the State at Anchorage. 

Sept. * -73 Feb. * U. S. Prof. John 
TyndaU of England, lectures in the 
chief citieB. 

* * The Kuklux of the Southern States 
make night raids in disguise, and terrify 
the blacks ; they commit many outrages 
to prevent the exercise of free suffrage. 

Oct. 10. Xew York. The Presbyterian 
Hospital is opened. 

Oct.±* New York. Jacob Rosenzweig, 
an abortionist, is tried for killing Alice 

A. Bowlesby ; the body was shipped in 
a trunk for Chicago. [Imprisoned for 
seven years.] 

Nov. 5. X. Y. Susan B. Anthony and 
other women vote at the election in 
Rochester. [Miss Anthony and 14 other 
women are prosecuted for illegal vot- 
ing-] 

STATE. 

1872 May 1. D. C. Congress removes 
the customs duties on tea and coffee, to 
take effect July 1. 

May4+. 0. The National Conven- 
tion of Liberal Republicans is held 
at Cincinnati; Carl Sehurz, president ; 
Horace Greeley of N. T., editor of the 
Tribune, is nominated for President, and 

B. Gratz Brown of Mo. for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

May 8. D. C. Congress passes an act 
for the removal of the Kansas Indians 
to the Indian Territory. 

May* Utah. The Supreme Court annuls 
the bigamy proceedings against Brig- 
ham Young. 



UNITED STATES. 



1872, May 1- 



279 



May 21. B. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Civil Rights Bill. 

May 22. D. C. Congress modifies po- 
litical disabilities under Art. 3 of the 
11th Amendment; the only exceptions 
being former members of Congress, of 
the Judiciary, of the Army aud Navy, 
and of the diplomatic service. 

May 23. W. Y. The Legislature passes 
an act establishing a commission for 
State parks. 

Xeio York. A working men's Na- 
tional Convention nominates U. S, 
Grant and Henry "Wilson as presidential 
candidates. 

May 31. B.C. Congress: Senator 
Sumner assails President Grant in a 
bitter speech, Sumner being strongly 
opposed to Grant's renomination. 

June 6. B. C. Congress makes a re- 
duction of 10 per cent in the tariff 
rates for certain articles, and reduces 
internal revenue taxes. 

Phila, The Republican National 

Convention, Thomas Settle of N. C., 
president, renominates Gen. Ulysses S. 
Grant for the presidency on the first 
ballot, and Henry "Wilson of Mass. for 
the vice-presidency. Vote for Vice- 
President, "Wilson, 364£ ; Schuyler Col- 
fax, 321$. 

June 10. B.C. The 42d Congress: 
the second session closes. 

June 15. Switz. The tribunal for the 
arbitration of the Alabama claims re- 
sumes its sittings. 

June 19. La. The discordant Republi- 
cans (Packard and Pinchback) hold two 
conventions at Baton Rouge. "William 
P. Kellogg is nominated for governor by 
the Packard Convention. 

June 21. UTew York. A convention of 
Liberal Republican Revenue Re- 
formers convenes, and nominates "Wil- 
liam S. Groesbeck of O. and Fred- 
erick Law Olmsted of N. Y. as 
presidential candidates. 

June 24. III. David Davis declines the 
nomination for President. [Joel Parker 
declines on the 28th.] (See Feb. 22.) 

June * B. C. The State Department se- 
cures the release of Dr. Howard, an 
American citizen, long imprisoned in 
Cuba. 

June * Congress abolishes the tax on 
incomes, and all stamp taxes under 
schedule B, except that of 2 per cent on 
bank checks, drafts, and orders. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1872. 
Revenue: Customs, .<21G,:-;7u,287 : inter- 
nal revenue, si;;o,^12, 178; sales of public 
lands, $2,575,714; premiums on loans 
and sales of gold coin, $0,412,638; mis- 
cellaneous items, $15,106,051. Total rev- 
enue, §374,106,868 ; excess of revenue 
over ordinary expenses, $96,583,905. 
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, 
purchase of bonds, etc., $6,958,267; mis- 
cellaneous items, $00,984,757 ; War De- 
partment, §35,372,157; Navy Departs 
ment, §21,249,810; Indians, $7,061,729; 
pensions, $28,533,403 ; interest on public 
debt, §117,357,840. Total ordinary ex- 
penses, $277,517,963 ; public debt, $2,253- 
251,328. Exports, $444,177,586: imports, 
$626,595,077. 



July S. B. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Henry B. Anthony of II. I. is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

July 9. Md. The National Democratic 
Convention convenes at Baltimore; 
James R. Doolittle, president. 

The Democrats unite in a coalition 
■with the Liberal Republicans, and Hor- 
ace Greeley of N. Y. is nominated for 
President on the first ballot, getting 686 
out of 724 votes. Greeley has been re- 
garded for many years as the most 
famous anti-Democrat in the United 
States. B. Gratz Brown of Mo, is nomi- 
nated for Vice-President, getting 713 out 
of 732 votes. 

Aug. 9. La. P. B. S. Pinchback is 
nominated for governor by the adjourned 
Pinchback (Rep.) Convention. 

Aug.22. Phila. The Labor Reform Na- 
tional Convention nominates Charles 
O'Conor of N. Y. and Eli Saulsbury 
of Del. as presidential candidates. 
[O'Conor declines, Aug. 27.] 

* * La. The State Central Committee 
cause a fusion of divided Republicans, 
and W. P. Kellogg is nominated for gov- 
ernor, and Pinckney B. S. Pinchback for 
Congressman-at-large. [The Senate re- 
fuses him the seat.] 

W. Va. The people ratify the amend- 
ment to the Constitution restoring citi- 
zenship to ex-secessionists. 

Sept. 3-5. Ky. A National Conven- 
tion of Radical Democrats, who repu- 
diate Greeley and Brown as candidates, 
convenes at Louisville and nominates in 
their place Charles O* Conor of N. Y. 
and John Q. Adams of Mass. [They 
decline.] 

Sept. 14. Switz. The Court of Arbi- 
tration announce their decision con- 
cerning the " Alabama Claims." 

All the five members vote to award 
indemnity for the losses caused by the 
Alabama; four, for losses by the Florida; 
and three, for losses by the Shenandoah. 
Total damages awarded, $15,500,000. 

Sept. 25. Ky. A National Convention 
of Liberal Colored Republicans con- 
venes at Louisville, with delegates from 
23 States, and nominates Horace 
Greeley and B. Gratz Brown as presi- 
dential candidates. 

Oct. 21. The San Juan dispute with 
Great Britain regarding the northwest 
boundary is settled by arbitration ; 
Emperor "William of Germany de- 
cides in favor of the United States ; the 
Canal de Haro becomes the international 
boundary. 

Oct. * U. S. The Democrats charge lead- 
ing Republicans with corruption by the 
ofiicers of the Credit Mobilier. 

It is alleged that the Vice-President, 
Vice-President elect, Speaker of the 
House, and the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury are implicated, by receiving stock in 
exchange for political influence. 

Nov. 5. U.S. The 22d presidential elec- 
tion ; Republicans elected. 

Popular vote: Ulysses S. Grant of 111. 
(Rep.), 3,597,070 ; Horace Greeley of N. Y. 
(Dem. and Lib.), 2,834,079 ; Charles 
O'Conor of N. Y. (Dem.), 29,408 ; -James 
Black of Pa. (Probib.), 5,608. Gen. Grant 
receives immense majorities in several 
States — Pennsylvania leading with 137,- 



Ala. Both political parties claim the 

governorship. 

Nov. 18. Ala. Two Legislatures are 
organized at Montgomery ; the Republi- 
cans at the TJ. S. Court-House, and the 
Democrats at the State Capitol. 

Nov. 23. Ala. David P. Lewis (Rep.) is 
declared elected governor. 

Nov. 25. Ala. Gov. Lewis assumes office, 
and recognizes the Republican Legisla- 
ture. 

Dec. 2. B. C. The 42d Congress; the 
third session opens. 

Dec. * B. C. Congress ; House : James 
G. Blaine calls for a committee to in- 
vestigate the Credit Mobilier scandal. 
(See Oct. *) 

Dec. * La. The Returning Board is di- 
vided—one faction declaring 'William 
P. Kellogg elected governor, the other 
John McEnery. 

* * B.C. "Ward Hunt of N. Y. is appointed 
a justice of the Supreme Court. 

Dec. 11. La. A Fusion (Rep.) Legis- 
lature convenes at New Orleans ; it im- 
peaches and suspends Gov. "Warmouth. 

Dec. * La. Judge Druell decides that W. 
P. Kellogg was elected governor in 
November. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872 June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 
1872, 404,806. 

June * Colo. The first narrow-gauge 
railroad is opened, between Denver and 
Pueblo, for 118 miles. 

Aug. 30. The propeller Metis collides 
with a schooner on Long Island Sound ; 
50 persons perish. 

Sept. 3+. Ky. A National Industrial 
Exposition is held at Louisville. 

Oct.* An epidemic, called the "epi- 
zootic," prevails among horses in the 
larger cities, and partially suspends the 
operation of commerce. 

Nov. 9, 10, 11. Boston. The great fire 
ravages 80 acres, burning 959 build- 
ings, located chiefly in the wholesale 
district, and destroys 35 lives ; loss, $73,- 
000,000. 

Nov. 19. Mass. A special session of the 
Legislature is held to devise means for 
the relief of the sufferers of the Boston 
fire. 

Nov. 29. Eng. Sergeant Bates of 
America arrives in London, after hav- 
ing walked on a wager from Gretna 
Green, South Scotland, carrying the 
American flag. 

Dec. 24. Pa. A train breaks through 
a trestle bridge at Corry, and 20 persons 
are killed. 

Dec. * New York. Jay Gould agrees to 
give up to the Erie Company 89,000,000, 
and legal proceedings against him are 
abandoned. 

Dec. * N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Talmage's 
Tabernacle Church, Brooklyn, is 
burned. 

* * N. Bale. Bismarck is settled. 



280 1872, * *-1873, May 9. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1873 Jan. 17. Ore. The Modoc In- 
dians, led by their able chief, Captain 
Jack, defeat the troop3 sent against 
them. 

Jan. 24. Congress abolishes the naval 
ranks of admiral and vice-admiral. 

Apr. 11. Ore. Captain Jack and other 
Indians massacre Gen. Canby and 
Dr. Thomas, two Indian commissioners, 
during negotiations for a peaceful set- 
tlement of difficulties ; Mr. Meacham is 
shot and stabbed, but survives. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1872 * * New York. Carl L. Brandt and 
J. H. Bear are elected members of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * Neto York. A bronze statue of 
Shakespeare, and another of Sir 
Walter Scott, are erected in Central 
Park, and another of Franklin in 
Printing House Square. 

* * N. Y. John "William Draper obtains 
a spectra of the stars, showing their fixed 
lines, by use of the photograph with a 
telescopic combination. 

* * O. The Cleveland Vocal Society- 
is organized. 

* * -73 * * 0. The Eden Park, 207 
acres, and Burnett "Wood, 168 acres, 
are laid out at Cincinnati. 

* * Phila. John W. Keely begins his ex- 
periments to develop a machine worked 
by a power without cost ; it is called the 
Keely Motor. 

* * U. S. The triple-valve attachment to 
the "Westinghouse air-brake is intro- 
duced. 

* * Capt. Ericsson reports the shrinkage 
• of the sun's diameter to be 120.7 feet 

per day, thus differing from the Helm- 
holtz estimate. 

* * Ozone is produced by means of an 
electrical apparatus perfected by A. W. 
Wright. 

* * Home by the Seaside is painted by 
Worthington Whittredge. 

* * Golden Born is painted by S. R. Gif- 
ford. 

* * Grand Canon of the Yellowstone is 
painted by Thomas Moran. 

1873 Feb. 5. N~. Y. The asteroid An- 
tigone is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 
[Also, Electra, on Feb. 17, ^thra, 
June 13, and Cyrene, Aug. 16.] 

Apr. 30. The steamer Tigress, of New- 
foundland, rescues 19 survivors of the 
Polaris Expedition from a field of float- 
ing ice in Baffin Bay. 

May 9. A part of the crew of the Polaris 
expedition arrives at Newfoundland, 
having been rescued after drifting 2,000 
miles on a field of ice, and experiencing 
great suffering. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1873. 
Jan. 16. Leavitt, Joshua, journalist, A79. 
Feb. l. Maury, Matt. Fontaine, hydrog- 
rapher, A67. 



Feb. 8. Coffin. .James Henry, professor in 
Lafayette college, A67. 

Feb. 8. Geary, John W., Gov. of Pa.,brig.- 
gen. of vols., AM. 

Feb. 16. Chesebro, Caroline, author, A 45. 

Feb. 25. Gillie, John P., coin. U. S. N. for 
4H years, A70. 

Feb. 26. Hodge, Hugh L., physician, medi- 
cal writer, editor, ATT. 

Mar. 10. Torrey, John, botanist, chemist, 
A77. 

Mar. 13. Macllvaine, Chas. Pettit, P. E. 
bishop of O., AT4. 

Mar. 24. Collier, John A., jurist, M. C. for 
N. Y., A 86. 

Mar. 27. Dixon, James, Ben. for Conn., A59. 

Apr. 11. Canby, Edward Richard S.,brev. 
maj.-gen. V. S. A., A54. 

Apr. 27. Aulick, John H., com. U. S. N-, 
A84. 

Apr. 30. Brooks. James, journalist, M. (.'. 
for N. Y-, founder of X. Y. Express, A63. 

May 4. McGuffey, William Holmes, edu- 
cator, AT3. 

May 5. Orr. James L., M. C. for S. C, 
speaker, Gov., senator, A51. 

May 6. IlroiUiead, John Komevn, histo- 
rian, A59. 

May 7. Chase, Salmon Portland, Lin- 
coln's sec. of treas., sen., Gov. of O., A65. 

May 8. Ames, <>akt-s, manufacturer, rail- 
road builder, M. C. for Mass., A69. 



CHURCH. 

1872 * * New York. The Baptist An- 
nual Meeting is beld. 

* * N. Y. — R. I. Tbe Roman Catholic 
dioceses of Ogdensburg and Providence 
are established. 

* * The Danish Church in America 
(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. 

* * la. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at "Washington ; 
John S. Easton, moderator. 

* * Ky. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Louis- 
ville ; R. M. Bishop, president. 

* *Md.— Ya. The Maryland and Vir- 
ginia Elderships (Church of God) are 
organized. 

* * A 7 ". Y. — N. J. The General Synods 
(Evangelical Lutheran) of New York 
and New Jersey are organized. 

* * Mass. A Congregational Club is 
formed at Salem. 

* * Mich. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) is held at Detroit ; S. J. Nic- 
colls, moderator. 

1873 Jan. 9. William Hobart Hare is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- 
sionary bishop of Niobrara. [Later 
bishop of South Dakota.] 

Apr. 10. Utah. Brigham Young re- 
signs his temporal power over the 
Mormons. 

Apr. 17. John Gottlieb Auer is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- 
ary bishop for Africa. 

LETTERS. 

1872 * * Sauntering s, by Charles Dud- 
ley Warner, appears ; also Back-Log 
Studies. 

* * Shakespeare, his Life, Art, and Char- 
acters, by Henry N. Hudson, appears. 

* * Atlantic Essays, by Thomas W. Hig- 
ginson, appears. 

* * Aunt Jo's Scrap-Bag, by Louisa May 
Alcott, appears. 



* * Bits of Travel, by Helen Hunt Jack- 
son, appears. 

* * Coral and the Coral Islands, by James 
D. Dana, appears. 

* * The End of the World, by Edward Eg- 
gleston, appears. 

* * Kate Beaumont, by J. W. De Forest, 
appears. 

* * The Masque of the Gods, by Bayard 
Taylor, appears; also Beauty and the 
Beast. 

* * The Material and Form of Language, 
by W. D. Whitney, appears; also Orien- 
tal and Linguistic Studies. 

* * My Wife and I, by Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, appears. 

* * Myths and Myth-makers, by John 
Fiske, appears. 

* * The Pennsylvania Pilgrim and other 
Poems, by John Greenleaf Whittier, 
appears. 

* * The Religion of Humanity, by 0. B. 
Frothingham, appears. 

* * Surly Tim's Trouble, by Frances Hodg- 
son Burnett, appears. 

* * Their Wedding Journey, by William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * The Vatican Council, by L. W. Bacon, 
appears. 

* * Yesterdays with Authors, by James 
Thomas Fields, appears. 

* * The Thief in the Night, by Harriet P. 
Spofford, appears. 

* * How I found Livingstone, by Henry M. 
Stanley, appears. 

* * Laicus, by Lyman Abbott, appears. 

* * What Katy Did, by Susan Coolidge, 
appears. 

* * Infinite and Einite, by Theophilus Par- 
sons, appears. 

* * Poet at the Breakfast Table, by O. W. 
Holmes, appears. 

* * His Level Best, by Edward Everett 
Hale, appears. 

* * Barriers Burned Aicay, by E. P. Roe, 
appears. 

* * Three Books of Sang, by H. W. Long- 
feUow, appears. 

* * The Marble Prophecy, by J. G. Hol- 
land, appears. 

S0CD3TY. 

1872* *-73* *The Credit Mobilier 
Scandal is exposed. 

Many shares of its stock are placed in 
the hands of certain Senators and Repre- 
sentatives at Washington, whose legis- 
lative action may greatly increase its 
value. (See State.) 

* * Conn. The prohibitory liquor law 
is repealed by a Republican Legisla- 
ture. 

* * Pennsylvania enacts a loeal-option 
law. 

* * la. The Legislature passes a law to 
restrict the sale of liquors, and limit 
the profit of licensees to 33 per cent. 
Also an act abolishing the death pen- 
alty. 

* * Ky. The German Baptist Orphans* 
Home is founded at Louisville. 



UNITED STATES. 1872,* *-1873, May 9. 281 



* * Md. A State institution is established 
at Baltimore for the blind and for 
deaf mutes, among the colored people. 

* * Me. The Legislature amends the pro- 
hibitory law so as to forbid the sale of 
cider and wine made from home-grown 
fruits. 

* * The 6th National Encampment of the 
Grand Army of the Kepublic meets at 
Cleveland ; Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside 
of R. I., commander-in-chief. 

* * iris. The Legislature provides for the 
punishment of intoxicated persons 
by fine and imprisonment. 

* * The American Public Health Asso- 
ciation is organized. 

1873 Jan. 8. Sim York. William M. 
Tweed is brought to trial. [Jan. 31. 
The jury disagree.] 

Feb. 18, 19. Ky. Colored men hold an 
Educational Convention at Louis- 
ville. 

Feb. 28. New York. Edward S. Stokes 
is convicted of the murder of James 
Fisk, Jr., and sentenced to be hanged. 
(See Oct. 30.) 

Feb * Boston. The reading-room of the 
Public Library is first opened to the 
public on Sundays. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Gen. Grant refers to the 
bitterness of the last election in his in- 
augural address, and complains of per- 
sonal " abuse and slander, scarcely ever 
equalled in political history." 

Mar. * Sew York. Ex-Mayor A. Oakey 
Hall, a member of the Tweed Ring, is 
tried ; a juror dies, and ends the trial. 
[He is tried later, and the jury disagree. 
Hall then leaves the country.] 

Mar. 21. Sew York. 'William Foster 
having been convicted of the murder of 
Avery D. Putnam with a car-hook, on 
April 2G, 1871, is hanged. 

Mar. 22. Ky. The Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Animals is in- 
corporated at Louisville. 

Apr. * Wis. The State Northern Hospi- 
tal for the Insane, at Oshkosh, is 
opened. [An asylum at Napa, Cal., is 
established.] 

STATE. 
1872 * * Minn. Minneapolis and St. 
Anthony are united and incorporated 
as one city. 

* * Ore. The 15th Amendment to the 
Federal Constitution is adopted by the 
Legislature. 

* * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-75 * * Ark. Elisha Baxter. 

-75 * * Cal. Newton Booth. 

-77 * * Ga. James Milton Smith. 

-76 * * la. Cyrus C. Carpenter. 

-75* * Ky. Preston H. Leslie. 

-74* * Mass. William B. "Washburn. 

-74 * * S.H. Ezekiel Straw. 

-75 * * N.J. Joel Parker. 

-74 * * O. Edward F. Noyes, 

-75 * * S. C. Franklin J. Moses, Jr. 

-70 * * Vt. Julius Converse. 

-80* * Wash. (Ter.). Elisha P. Ferry. 

-74 * * Wis. C. C. Washburne. 



1873 Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: The 
House resolves to conduct the Credit 
Mobilier investigation in open session. 
It resolves to investigate the relations 
of the Credit Mobilier and the Union 
Pacific Railroad Company to the Federal 
Government. [J. M. Wilson of Ind., 
Samuel Shellabarger of O., Henry W. 
Slocuni of N. Y. T Thomas Swaun of Md., 
and George F. Hoar of Mass., are ap- 
pointed a committee of investigation, on 
Jan. 7.] 

Jan. 14. La. Two Legislatures assem- 
ble, and two governors are installed — 
W. P. Kellogg (Rep.), and John McEn- 
ery, the caudidate of the Liberals and 
Democrats. [The Federal Government 
favors Kellogg.] 

Jan. 31. D. C. Congress deprives its 
members of the postal franking privi- 
lege after July 1. 

Feb. 6. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
enacts that the coinage of the silver 
dollar of 1792 and 1837 shall be discon- 
tinued from April 1 ; the trade dollar 
of 420 grains and 900 fine is to take its 
place. [The measure passes the House 
on Feb. 7.] 

Feb. 12. D. C. Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Ulysses S. Grant, 
286 ; Thomas A. Hendricks, 42 ; B. 
Gratz Brown (Dem.), 18; Charles J. 
Jenkins (Dem.), 2 ; David Davis (Ind.), 
1. Vote for Vice-President : Henry 
Wilson of Mass. (Rep.), 286; George 
W. Julian of Did., (Lib.), 5; A. H. 
Colquitt of Ga. (Dem.), 5; John M. 
Palmer of 111. (Dem.), 3 ; J. E. Bram- 
lette of Ky. (Dem.), 3 ; W. S. Groes- 
beckof 0.(Dem.), 1; Willis B.Machen 
of Ky. (Dem.), 1 ; N. P. Banks of Mass. 
(Lib.), 1. 

Feb. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Committee on the Credit Mobilier 
scandal recommend the expulsion of 
one of the Senators. [No action is 
taken.] 

The House passes resolutions censur- 
ing Oakes Ames of Mass. and James 
Brooks of N. T. for their connection 
with the Credit Mobilier scandal; 
Brooks was also a government director 
of the Union Pacific road. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress enacts that in 
future no Indian people shall be recog- 
nized as an independent nation, having 
power to make treaties. 

Congress passes a bill for the increase 
of salaries, popularly called the Grab 
Bill. 

The President's salary is raised from 
525,000 to 550,000 ; the Vice-President's 
from 38,000 to $10,000; the Senators, 
Representatives, and Delegates from 
$5,000 to $7,500, besides traveling ex- 
penses. The increase is retroactive, and 
dates from Mar. 4, 1871. Total increase 
of salaries of Congressmen, $972,000. 

It enacts the establishment of 10 life- 
saving stations on the Atlantic coast. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 42d Congress ends. 
The Senate convenes in special ses- 
sion, at the call of the President (issued 
Feb. 21). [Adjourns Mar. 26.] 
Ulysses S. Grant of 111. enters his 



second term as the 18th President in the 
22d term of the presidency ; Henry 
Wilson of Mass. is Vice-President. 

Cabinet : Hamilton Fish of N. Y. 
(State), William A. Richardson of M:iss. 
Treas.), William W. Belknap of la. 
(War), George M. Robeson of N. J. 
(Navy), Columbus Delano of 0. (Inte- 
rior), George H. Williams of Ore. (Atty.- 
Gen.),John A. J. Creswell of Md. (P. M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar. 6. La. The police arrest the mem- 
bers of the McEnery Legislature. 

Mar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: M. 
H. Carpenter of Wis. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. [He is reelected Mar. 
26.] 

May 1. D. C. Congress removes all 
duties on tea and coffee after the 
first of July ; this reduces the revenue 
$20,000,000 per annum. 

The Government first issues one-cent 
postal cards. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872 * * Sew York. The State Line of 
steamers running to Glasgow is estab- 
lished. 

* * Sew York. The American District 
Telegraph Company is organized. 

* * Sew York. Two elevated railroad 
companies are formed — the New York 
Elevated, and the Manhattan Railway 
Company. 

* * Sew York. The Netherlands Line 
of transatlantic steamers is established. 

* * S. Y. The State begins the topo- 
graphical survey of the Adirondack 
region, under the supervision of Ver- 
planck Colvin. 

* * Pa. A lawsuit discloses the fact that 
much of the stock of the Cre'dit Mo- 
bilier is owned by certain members of 
Congress. Suspicion of their integrity 
becomes general. 

* *The Standard Oil Company is 
formed by the combination of all the oil 
companies of the United States. 

1873 Jan. 7-9. Minn. A terrible snow- 
storm causes the loss of 70 lives. 

Jan. * Sew York. Barnum's Museum 
is burned ; this is the fourth time that 
his menagerie and exhibition have been 
destroyed. 

Feb. 15. Tex. The steamer Henry A. 
Jones burns in Galveston Bay ; 21 lives 
are lost. 

Feb. * Eng. The British press alleges 
that $6,250,000 too much is awarded to 
the United States in settling the Ala- 
bama claims. 

Apr. 1. S. S. The steamer Atlantic, 
of the White Star Line, putting into 
Halifax for coal, runs on a rock, and is 
wrecked in a few minutes ; 535 persons 
are drowned. 

Apr. 8. S. Y. A wall of a new braiding 
at Rochester gives way when occupied 
by spectators of a freshet ; 30 persons 
are drowned. 

May. 4. 712, An iron bridge falls at 
Dixon, when crowded with people ; 100 
persons killed. 



282 1873, May 17. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1873 May 22. Ore. The Indian hos- 
tilities close in the surrender of nearly 
all of the Modocs. 

[June 1±. Captain Jack and 20 well- 
armed Indians make a desperate resist- 
ance, when surrounded in lava beds. 
Oct. 3. He and others are executed at 
Fort Kalmath.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1873 Sept. 25. Phila. The new Ma- 
sonic Temple is dedicated. 

Oct. 6. N. Y. An attempt to cross the 
Atlantic to Europe by a balloon fails ; 
the aeronaut descends in Connecticut. 

Oct. 31. N. Y. The international 
bridge across the Niagara River at 
Buffalo is completed. 

Dec. 24. Boston. The Beethoven Quin- 
tet Club is organized. 

* * Boston. The Massachusetts Normal 
Art School is established. 

* * D. C. A 26-inch Clark equatorial is 
mounted in the U. S. Naval Observatory 
at Washington. 

* * _74 * * Kan. A long and severe 
drought destroys the crops. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1873. 

May 17. Russell, Wm., educationist, elocu- 
tionist, A75. 

May 22. Fagnani, Joseph, portrait painter, 
A 54. 

June 16. Ferris, Isaac, Reformed clergy- 
man, A 75. 

June 21. Tappan, Lewis, merchant, foun- 
der of the Journal of Commerce, A85. 

June 27. Powers, Hiram, sculptor, A6ff. 

June 29. Whiting, William, lawyer, M. C. 
for Mass., author, AtiO. 

July 6. Hitchcock, Henry L., Pres. clergy- 
man, A60. 

July 14. Pillsbury, Amos, prison reformer 
,and manager, A68. 

July 26. SehmiU'ker, Samuel Simon, Luth. 
clergyman, A74. 

Aug. 17. Meredith, Wm. M., lawyer, sec. 
of treas., A74. 

Aug:. 18. Spring, Gardiner, Pres. clergy- 
man, author, A88. 

Aug, 24. Todd, John, Cong, clergyman, 
author, A73. 

Sept. 11. McCook, Edwin S., maj.-gen. 
U. S. vols., A37. 

Sept. 29. Winslow. John A., rear-ad- 
miral, A62. 

Oct. 26. Saxton, Joseph, expert, inventor, 



erbocker, A63. 
Nov. 4. Keene, Laura, actor, A53. 
Nov. 5. Early, John, hishop M. E. church 

South, A 87. 
Nov. 6. Hardee, Wm.J., lieut.-col. V. S. A., 

Confederal*- licut. -gen., author of Hardee's 

Tactics, A56. 
Nov. 9. Mallorv, Stephen R., jurist, sen. 

for Fla., ronfedei-atc sec. of war, A60. 
Nov. 19. Hale, John P., diplomatist, sen- 
ator for N. H., A67. 
Nov. 24. Flagg, Azariah C, founder of 

Free-soil Party, A83. 
Hitchcock, Samuel A., philanthropist, 

A89. 
Dec. 13. Nelson, Samuel, associate justice 

U. S. Supreme Court, A81. 
Dec. 14. Ag-assiz. Louis Jean Rodolphe, 

naturalist, prof, at. Harvard, A66. 
Dec. 24. Hopkins, Johns, founder of 

Johns Hopkins University of Bait., A78. 
* * Fry, Cary H., brev. hrig.-gen. U. S. A., 

A60. 

CHURCH. 

1373 June 6. O. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets in 
Cincinnati. 



Sept. 17. Benj. Henry Paddock is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop ot 

Massachusetts. 

Oct. 3-11. New York. The Evangel- 
ical Alliance holds its sixth meeting. 

Dec. 2. Bishop George David Cum- 
mins, its organizer, is elected Presid- 
ing Bishop of the Reformed Episco- 
pal Church. 

Dec. 11. N. 0. Theodore Benedict Ly- 
man is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) assistant bislmp of North Car- 
olina. 

Dec. 14. Ky. CharleB Edward Cheney 
is consecrated a bishop of the Reformed 
Episcopal Church. 

Dec. 31. Colo. John Franklin Spalding 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Colorado. 

* * Tad. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Indian- 
apolis; R. M. Bishop, president. 

* * The Iowa Conference (Free Methodist) 
is organized. 

* *Md. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets at Baltimore; Howard 
Crosby, moderator. 

* * The Presbyterians begin work among 
theNez.Perces. 

* * The New York Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * Nev. The first sermon in Virginia 
City, the capital, is preached by Jesse 
L. Bennett, a Methodist minister. 

* * New York. The Young "Women's 
Christian Association is incorporated. 

* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Albany. 

* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) meets at Canton. 

LETTERS. 
1873 July 16. Cal. The University 

of California is located at Berkeley. 
Aug. 23. Mich. The Evening A r ews is 

issued at Detroit. 

* * Ala. The State Normal College is 
opened at Florence. 

* * Chicago. The Chicago Public Li- 
brary is established. [111,621 vols.] 

* * la. Perm College (Friends) is organ- 
ized at Oscaloosa ; also the German 
College (Meth. Epis.) at Mt. Pleasant. 
St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) of 
Dubuque is established. 

* * III. St. Francis Solanus College 
at Quincy receives its charter. 

* *Ky. State University (Colored Bapt.) 
is organized at Louisville, 

* * La. New Orleans University (Meth. 
Epis., Colored) is founded. (Incipient 
organization effected by Freedmen's Aid 
Society in 1S6S.) 

* * La. The Southwestern Christian Ad- 
vocate (Meth. Epis.) is established at New 
Orleans. 

* * Mass. The Haverhill Public Library 
is founded at Haverhill. [39,268 vols.] 

* * Miss. Blue Mountain Female College 
(Bapt.) is founded. 



* * Mo. Drury College (Cong.; is founded 
at Springfield. The State Normal 
School at Cape Girardeau is opened. 

* * N. C. Bennett College (Meth. Epis., 
Colored) is founded at Greensboro. 

* * New York. St. Nicholas magazine in 
established. The Family Story Paper 
is issued. 

* *-78* * New York. The American 
Cyclopaedia (revised edition), by George 
Ripley and Charles A. Dana (17 vols.), 
appears. 

* * N. Y. The Evening News is issued at 
Buffalo. 

* * N. Y, Chautauqua College of Liberal 
Arts (non-sect.) is organized at Chau- 
tauqua. 

* * 0. Ohio State University (non- 
sect.) is organized at Columbus; also 
the St. Joseph's College (Rom. Cath.) 
at Cincinnati. 

* * Tex. Add-Rau Christian Univer- 
sity (Disciples) is founded at Thorp*a 
Springs. Henderson College (non- 
sect.) is organized ; also the Marvin 
College (Meth. Epis.) at Waxahachie, 
and the "Wiley University (Meth. Epis., 
Colored) is founded in Marshall. The 
Southwestern University at George- 
town is opened. 

* * Wis. The Germania and Der Haus- 
und Bauernfreund are issued at Mil- 
waukee. 

* * W. Va. The Shepherd Normal School 
and the Normal School at Glenville 
are opened by the State. 

* * The Poultry World is issued. 

* * Among the Isles of Shoals, by Celia 
Thaxter, appears. 

* * Arthur Bonnicastle, by J. G. Holland, 
appears. 

* * Bressant, by Julian Hawthorne, ap- 
pears. 

* * A Chance Acquaintance, by "William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * The Pair God, by Lew "Wallace, ap- 
pears. 

* * Farm Ballads, by "Will Carleton, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Gilded Age, by Mark Twain (Sam- 
uel L. Clemens) and Charles Dudley War- 
ner, appears. 

* * Gunnar, by Hjalmar Hjorth Boyesen, 
appears. 

* * Her Majesty the Queen, by John E. 
Cooke, appears. 

* * Jessamine, by Marion Harland, ap- 
pears. 

* * Life Among the Modocs, by Joaquin 
Miller, appears ; also So7ig$ oj' the Sun 
Lands. 

* * Marjone Daic, by Thomas Bailey Al- 
drich, appears. 

* * The Mountain Lovers, by Paul Hamil- 
ton Hayne, appears. 

* * Mystery of Metropolisville, by Edward 
Eggleston, appears. 

* * Palmetto Leaves, by Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, appears. 

* * Prehistoric Paces in the United States, 
by John Wells Foster, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1873, May 17 



288 



SOCIETY. 

1873 May 28. Ind. The National 
Congress of Agriculture holds its sec- 
ond, annual meeting at Indianapolis. 

July 5. yew York. The boy Frank H. 
Walworth is sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life for killing his father. 

Aug. * y. Y. The National Temper- 
ance Convention meets at Saratoga. 

* * Conn. The 7th National Encampment 
of the Grand Army of the Republic is 
held at New Haven ; Charles Devens, 
Jr., of Mass., Commander-in-chief. 

Sept. * Ind. The Reform School for 
Girls and the "Woman's Prison are 
opened at Indianapolis. 

Oct. 18. Ore. The Oregon Pioneer As- 
sociation is organized. 

Oct. 22. Chicago. The Northwestern 
Farmers' Convention meets ; 150 dele- 
gates are present. 

Oct. 30. Ifew York. E. S. Stokes, con- 
victed of the murder of James Fisk, Jr., 
is finally sentenced to four years' impris- 
onment. (1st trial, the jury disagree ; 
2d trial, sentenced to be hanged ; 3d 
trial, found guilty of manslaughter in 
the third degree.) 

Oct. * Ky. The Kuklux commit atroci- 
ties in Shelby and Franklin counties. 

Nov. 5-19. New York. William M. 
Tweed is tried the second time ; is con- 
victed on each of 51 indictments. [Nov. 
22. He is sentenced to 12 years' impris- 
onment, and fined.] 

Nov. 18. Ala. A State Labor Conven- 
tion (colored) meets at Montgomery. 

Dec. 14. y. Y. Women in Fredonia 
form a society to visit the saloons " in 
a Christian spirit ; " Mrs. Judge Barker 
is president. [Out of this movement the 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
develops.] 

Dec. 17. X. Y. The Woman's Temper- 
ance Crusade in Jamestown is opened, 
but without success. 

Dec. 23. 0. The Woman's Crusade 
begins in Hillsboro ; Mrs. Eliza J. 
Thompson, chairman ; the 146th Psalm 
becomes the Crusaders' Psalm. Mrs. 
E. D. Stewart, " Mother Stewart," is one 
of the leaders. 

* * The Order of Knights of Honor is 
founded. 

* * Me. Francis Murphy inaugurates 
the blue ribbon temperance movement. 

* * Mich. The State Board of Health is 
organized. 

* * Minn. The Legislature enacts a spe- 
cial tax on saloon-keepers, the 
money to be applied to a fund for erect- 
ing an inebriate asylum at Rochester. 

* * y. C. The Legislature passes an act 
of amnesty and pardon for offenses 
committed by various secret societies, 
including the Kuklux. 

* * yew York. The Society for the Sup- 
pression of Vice is incorporated. 

* * Ore. The Institute for the Blind is 
opened at Salem. 



STATE. 

1873 May 22. D. C. President Grant, 
by proclamation, warns disorderly 
bands in Louisiana to disperse. 

June 6. D. C. Congress makes a re- 
duction of 10 per cent in the customs 
duties on cotton, wool, iron, paper, rub- 
ber, glass, and leather, imported into 
the country. 

June30. U.S. Statistics for 1873. 
Revenue: Customs, £1*8,089,523; inter- 
nal revenue, $113,729,314: direct tax, 
8315,255; sales of public lands, $2,882,- 
312 ; premiums on loans and sales of 

. gold coin, $11,560,531; miscellaneous 
items, §17,161,270. Total revenue, $333,- 
73S,205 ; excess of revenue over ordinary 
expenditures, §43,202,959. Expenditures: 
Premiums on loans, purchases of bonds, 
etc., §5,105,920 ; miscellaneous items, 
§7:1,328,110; War Department, $40,323,- 
138; Navy Department, §23,526,257; In- 
dians, §7,951,705; pensions, $29,359,427; 
interest on the public, debt, $UU,75n,0.xs. 
Total ordinary expenditures, $2!»0,:i4r»,- 
245 ; public debt, S2.234,4*2,993. Exports, 
§522,479,922; imports, §642,136,210, 

July 29. Tenn. A convention is held at 
Jackson to promote a new State move- 
ment. 

It is proposed to take the western parts 
of Kentucky and Tennessee, and unite 
them with northern Mississippi. 

Aug. 7. y. C. The people ratify eight 
amendments to the State Constitution. 

Wis. The American Constitutional 

Union holds its first State meeting at 
Milwaukee ; 666 delegates are present. 

Sept. 5. England pays the indemnity 
($15,500,000) awarded in settlement of 
the Alabama claims. 

Sept. 14. La. The McEnery party rise 
in arms and take possession of the State 
House. [They are dispersed by order of 
the President, who sends national troops 
to New Orleans,] 

Oct. 7. Conn. The Constitution is 
amended ; following May, 1875, the Gen- 
eral Assembly will meet only at Hart- 
ford. 

Oct. 8. Boston and several suburban 
municipalities vote to consolidate. 

Nov. 24. La. A people's Anti-KeUogg 
Convention is held at New Orleans. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The 43d Congress opens. 
Congress: The House elects James 
G. Blaine of Me., Speaker. "Vote : 
Blaine, 189 ; Fernando "Wood, 76 ; S. S. 
Cox, 2 ; Hiester Clymer, 1 ; Alex. H. 
Stephens, 1. 

Dec. 2. Tex. A special election is 
held ; vote for governor, Richard Coke 
(Dem.), 85,549 ; Gov. E. J. Davis (Rep.), 
42,663. 

Dec. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate: M, 
H. Carpenter of "Wis. is reelected Pres- 
ident pro tempore. 

Dec. * La. The soldiers are called upon 
to preserve order between rival factions 
in New Orleans. 

Dec* D. C. Congress; House: Alex- 
ander H. Stephens, late "Vice-President 
of the Southern Confederacy, returns as 
a Representative from Georgia. 

* * D. C. Alexander H. Shepherd is 
appointed governor of the District. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873 May, 28. Ind. The United States 
Agricultural Congress meets at Indi- 
anapolis. 

May 30. Boston. A fire destroys prop- 
erty valued at about $1,500,000. 

June 3. Chicago. The Grand Pacific 
hotel is opened. 

June 8-July 3. Ire. — y. F. The Great 
Eastern lays the fourth cable from 
Valentia, Ire., to Heart's Content, N. F. 

June 30. U. S. Immigrants for 1873, 
459,803. 

July 25. Md. A fire in Baltimore de- 
stroys over $1,000,000 in property. 

Aug. 2. Ore. A fire in Portland de- 
stroys $1,500,000 in property. 

July * Live beef-cattle are exported to 
England. 

Summer. Active speculation and mani- 
fest prosperity abound for many 
months. 

Aug. 8. The steamer Wawasset on the 
Potomac River takes fire, and 70 lives 
are lost. 

Aug. 24. Me. A fire at Belfast destroys 
property valued at $500,000. 

Sept. 10. y. Y. At a sale of shorthorn 
cattle at New York Mills, 109 animals 
bring $382,000, and a cow brings $4,600, 
a calf five months old, $2,700. 

Sept. 18. yew York. A financial panic 
is precipitated by the suspension of Jay 
Cooke and Company. 

[Business becomes paralyzed, and full 
recovery is delayed for many months ; 
the primary cause is alleged to be the 
fluctuation of the currency in volume 
and value.] 

Sept. 20. yew York. The Stock Ex- 
change is closed. [It reopens Sept. 30.] 

Oct. 31. y. Y. The International Rail- 
way Bridge across the Niagara River 
at Buffalo, built under the joint au- 
thority of Congress and Parliament, is 
opened. 

Summer, y. Y. The Colorado (Potato) 
Beetle reaches this State. 

Oct. 31. W. I. The American schooner 
Virginius is captured by a Spanish man- 
of-war while conveying men and arms 
to the Cuban insurgents ; the vessel 
having false papers, the Government 
does not interfere. [Great excitement 
in the United States follows the execu- 
tion of 30 Americans.] 

Nov. 1. Chicago. The Palmer House 
is opened. 

Nov. 4-7. Cuba. Thirty Americans 
captured with the Virginius are shot. 

Nov. 27. Mass. The Hoosac Tunnel 
is completed. 

Dec. 18. Cuba. The Spanish authorities 
surrender 102 survivors of the Virginius 
Massacre to the Americans at Santiago 
de Cuba. 

Dec. 19. The nrz/miws founders off Cape 
Fear, after her surrender by the Spanish 
authorities. 

* * Mich. The tunnel under the Detroit 
River is abandoned because of the inflow 
of sand and water. 



284 1873, * * -187 4, Sept. 14. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1374 June 23. Md. Cadets are in- 
funned that "hazing" at the Naval 
Academy at Annapolis will subject the 
perpetrators to court-martial ami dis- 
missal. 

July 2. N. Dak. A military reconnoiter- 
ing party, under Gen. Custer, accom- 
panied by a scientific exploring expedi- 
tion, leaves Fort Abraham Lincoln for 
the Black HillB. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1873 * * New York. George B. Butler 
and Lemuel E. "Wilmarth are elected 
members of the National Academy of 
Design. 

* * New York. The Oratorio Society is 
organized. 

* * Sunday Morning in New England is 
painted by A. 0. Shattuck. 

* * Lake George is painted by A. B. Du- 
rand. 

* * In the Narroivs is painted by Edward 
Moran. 

* * 0. Cincinnati determines to hold bi- 
ennial musical festivals. 

1874 Feb. 13. The Royal Astronomi- 
cal Society of England awards its gold 
medal to Prof. Simon Newcomb of the 
"Washington observatory, for his re- 
searches respecting the orbits of Nep- 
tune and Uranus. 

Feb. 18. N. Y. The asteroid Hertha is 
discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 

July 4. Mo. The tubular steel bridge 
across the Mississippi at St. Louis, 
erected by J. B. Eads, is opened. 

Phila. The Girard Avenue bridge 

over the Schuylkill is opened. 

The corner-stone of the public build- 
ing in Penn Square is laid with cere- 
monies. 

July * Prof. Bell makes a successful 
electric telephone. 

July 26. Pa. A flood at Pittsburg de- 
stroys about 100 lives and much property. 

July * S. Dak. Gold is discovered at 
Deadwood. 

Summer. Minn. A plague of locusts de- 
stroys the crops in the northwestern 
counties ; the people suffer in conse- 
quence. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1874. 
Jan. 6. Baylor, Robert E. B., jurist, M. C. 

for Tex., A81. 
Jan. 15. Basted, Cliarles A., writer, A54. 
Jan. 17. Chang and Eng\ Siamese twins, 

of N. C., die, within a few hours of each 

other, A 63. 
Feb. 2. Dodge, Nathaniel S-, author, A64. 
Feb. 25. Bachman, John, clergyman, natu- 
ralist, A81. 
Mar. 2. Hall, Nathan K., judge, M. C. for 

N. Y., A64. 

Knapp. Jacob. ISapt. evangelist, A75. 

Mar. 3. Mason, Francis, missionary to 

India, A75. 
Mar. 7. Fillmore. Millard. 13th Pres. of 

U. S., A74. 
Mar. 11. Bondi, Jonas, Hebrew rabbi, 

founder JV. >". Hebrew Leader, A70. 
Sumner. Charles, orator, senator for 

Mass., scliul;!]', oiiimn.'iit of slavery, A63. 
Mar. 24. Tracy, Joseph, Cong, clergyman, 

journalist, author, A80. 
Mar. 27. Kirk, Edw. Norris, Cong. clergy- 



Mar. 31. Brown, Harvey, col. 1'. S. A., 

A79. 
Apr. 5. Edmonds, John W., Jurist, A75. 
Apr. 13. BogardiiH, .hunt's, inventor, A74. 

Apr. 16. Croxton, John T., lawyer, hrig.- 

gen. U. S. vols., A3ti. 
Apr. 19. Jackson, Abu- r, pres. college, A<>3. 
May 7. Hecker, .John, journalist, At>2. 
May 18. DeWltt, Thomas, Kef. clergyman, 

A83. 
May 20. Dyer, Alex. B., hrev. maj.-geti. 

I'. S. A., A59. 
May 23. Haven. Joseph, Cong, clergyman, 

philosopher, author, A58. 
May 27. Shubrick, Win. Branfdnl, rear- 
admiral, A84. 
June 11. Bailey, Silas, pres. of college, 

A66. 
Junel6. Dickinson, Edward, lawyer, M.C. 

for Mass., A71. 
June 30. Grinnell. Henry, merchant of 

N. Y., philanthropist, A75. 
July 3. 1'arnielee, Theodore N., journalist, 

A70. 
July 16. Green, A. L. P.,M. E. clergyman, 



, A68. 



July 18. Williston, Samuel, manufacturer, 
philanthropist, A79. 

Winslow, .lames, New York hanker, A60. 

July 31. Abbot, Gorhani I)., Cong, clergy- 
man, teacher, author, A66. 

Sept. 2. Foster, John, engineer, maj.-gen. 
U. S. A., A51. 

Morris, Thomas A., M. E. bishop, A80. 

Sept. 4. Wyman,. J effnes, comparative anat- 
omist, professor, A60. 

CHURCH. 

1873 * * Pa. The General Assembly 
(United Presbyterian) meets at Phila- 
delphia; John Y. Scouller, moderator. 

* * The Women's Missionary Society 
of the Free Baptist Church is organized. 

* * The Baptist General Association of 
the "Western States and Territories is 
organized by colored Baptists. 

* * The Columbia River, South Kansas, 
and Texas Conferences (Methodist Epis- 
copal) are organized. 

1874 Feb. 15. Tex. Robert W. B. El- 
liott is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) missionary bishop of Northern 
Texas. 

Feb. 22. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's new Tab- 
ernacle Church in Brooklyn dedicated. 

Apr. 15±. Chicago. Dr. David Swing 
is tried for heresy before the Chicago 
Presbytery, and acquitted. 

May 1. The General Conference 
(Methodist Protestant) assembles. 

It declares its settled policy not to 
legislate on moral and political ques- 
tions. (Cyc. of Methodism.) 

May * Kg. The General Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal South) meets at 
Louisville. 

The North Texas, Southwest Missouri, 
and Denver Conferences are formed. 

June 9. It. Pope Leo XIII. receives 100 
American pilgrims. 

June 24. Bishop George D. Cummins 
(Reformed Episcopal Church) is deposed 
by the Protestant Episcopal Church. 

Sept. 3. Tex. The Roman Catholic di- 
ocese of San Antonio is established. 

LETTERS. 
1873 * * An Outline Study of Man, by 
Mark Hopkins, appears. 

* * Twelve Miles from a Lemon, by Gail 
Hamilton, appears. 

* * Hap-Hazard, by Kate Field, appears. 

* * History of Napoleon III., by John S. 
C. Abbott, appears, 



* * Lars, by Bayard Taylor, appears. 

* * Aftermath, by Henry W. Longfel- 
low, appears. 

* * The Wetherell Affair, by John William 
De Forest, appears. 

* * Two Rivulets, by Walt Whitman, ap- 
pears. 

1874 Apr. 15. N. Y. The Legislature 
passes the compulsory education law, 

Mayl. Chicago. The circulating depart- 
ment of the Public Library is opened. 

May 16. Mass. A State Normal School 
is opened at Worcester. [Oct. 2. One at 
Columbia, S.C.] 

Aug. 4. N. Y. The first * Summer As- 
sembly meets at Chautauqua. 

SOCIETY. 

1873 * * Phila. Lydia Sherman is con- 
victed of murdering three husbands and 
eight children. 

* * S. C. The State debt is repudiated. 

A law is passed repudiating a part of 
the public debt (325,770,011), and also 
half of the remainder by providing for 
its settlement at 50 centson the dollar. 

1874 Jan.* O. The crusade against 
the saloons of Southern Ohio continues; 
Christian women sing and pray in the 
saloons, and when excluded continue 
in prayer and song before them on the 
sidewalk. 

Jan. 4. Phila. The main building of the 
hospital of the University of Pennsyl- 
vania is dedicated. 

Mar.* 0. The Christian crusade be- 
gins to subside. 

Apr. 10. N. Y. Emil Lowenstein is 
hanged at Albany for the murder of 
John D. Weston on Aug. 5, 1873. 

Apr. 25. Phila. The Produce Ex- 
change is organized. 

Apr. 28. Teni). A convention of col- 
ored people is held at Nashville to 
promote the enjoyment of civil and 
social rights. 

May * R. I. The Legislature passes the 
law prohibiting the sale of intoxicat- 
ing beverages, and a constabulary act 
for its enforcement. 

June 8. 5. C. Gov. Moses is indicted 
for official acts, but escapes trial on a 
technicality, as the law prescribes im- 
peachment in such cases. 

June 23. Md. " Hazing*' is abolished 
at Annapolis. (See Army.) 

U. S. Causing the involuntary ser- 
vitude of foreigners is made a punish- 
able offense. (See State.) 

July 1. Phila. Charley Ross, four 
years of age, is abducted. [Great efforts 
were made to find him, without success.] 

July 7. jV. Y. He v. Henry "Ward 
Beecher demands an investigation, by 
his church, of scandalous charges pre- 
ferred against him by Theodore Tilton. 
[He is acquitted. See page 2S7-] 

Aug. 12. Miss. A race riot occurs at 
Austin, which is not suppressed till the 
military are called out, and 15 persons 
killed. * 



UNITED STATES. 1873, * *-1874, Sept. 14. 285 



Aug. 26. Term. Disguised men take, 
from the jail at Trenton, 16 negroes, 
and shoot them ; the negroes are charged 
with killing two white men. 

Aug. 30. La. Six Republican officials 
are shot while on their way from Cou- 
shatta to Shreveport, under arrest. 

Aug.* Term. An uprising of negroes 
is suppressed, and the leaders are sum- 
marily hanged. 

Aug.* N. Y. Christian women at Chau- 
tauqua decide to call a National Con- 
vention of Temperance "Women. 

Sept. 10. Me. The Bangor Reform 
Club, organized by Dr. Henry A. Rey- 
nolds, adopts the red ribbon as its 
badge ; this is the first club of its kind 
for reformed drinking men. 

STATE. 
1873* * D.C. Congress provides for the 
sale of public lands containing coal, to 
encourage mining. 

* * I). C. Congress passes stringent laws 
to prevent cruelty to animals while in 
transit by railroad or other conveyance ; 
they must have five hours rest, loosed 
every 28 hours. 

* * D. C. Congress establishes the custom- 
house value of the English sovereign, 
or pound sterling, at §4.86 and 6£ mills. 

* * D. C. Congress passes a law requiring 
national banks to restore their capital 
when impaired. 

* * D. C. Congress passes a law to en- 
courage the growth of timber of "West- 
ern prairies by gifts of patents in land. 

* * New York. An amendment to the 
city charter is passed. 

* * N. Y. Brooklyn receives a new 
charter. 

* * O. The people reject the revised 
Constitution. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-74 * * Colo. (Ter.). Samuel H. Elbert. 
-77 * * Conn. Charles R. Ingersoll. 
-78 * * Dak. (Ter.). John L.Pennington. 
-74* * Fla. O.B.Hart. 

III. Richard J. Oglesby. 
-77** III. John L. Beveridge. 
-77 * * Ind. Thomas A. Hendricks. 
_77 * * Kan. Thomas A. Osborn. 
-77* * Mich. John J. Bagley. 
-75 * * Mo. Silas "Woodson. 
-75 * * Neb. Robert W. Furnas. 
-75 * * N. Y. John A. Dix. 

Pa. John F. Hartranft. 
-75 * * It. I. Henry Howard. 

1874 Jan. 1. New York. The Act by 
which Morrisania, West Farms, and 
Kingsbridge are annexed takes effect. 

Pa. The new Constitution becomes 

operative. 

Jan. 5. Tex. The Supreme Court de- 
cides that the election of Dee. 2 is in- 
valid because of the unconstitutionality 
of the law authorizing it. 

Jan. 13. Tex. Two Legislatures or- 
ganize ; the governor refuses to recog- 
nize the new one. 

Jan. 20. D. C. Congress repeals the 
act for increasing salaries ("Salary- 
grab Bill"), except so much as relates to 



the salaries of the President and the 
Justices of the Supreme Court. 

Jan. 21. D. C. President Grant appoints 
Morrison R. Waite of 0. Chief Justice 
of the Supreme Court ; the Senate con- 
firms the appointment. 

Jan. 29. I). C. Congress passes an Act 
authorizing the mint to coin for foreign 
nations. 

Congress: The Senate directs that the 
busts of Chief Justices Roger B. Taney 
and Salmon P. Chase be placed in the 
Supreme Court room. 

Mar. 11. Wis. The Legislature passes 
the Potter Law, for regulating rail- 
roads and other corporations. 

Apr. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a bill to expand the currency, 
with §400,000,000 as the maximum limit. 
"Vote, 29-24. [Passed by the House, Apr. 
14. Vote, 140-102. Vetoed, Apr. 22.] 

May 15. D. C: The President by proc- 
lamation recognizes Elisha Baxter as 
governor of Arkansas, and orders hands 
of disorderly persons in the State to 



June 1. I). C. "William A. Richard- 
son, Secretary of the Treasury, resigns. 
[June 4. Succeeded by Benjamin H. 
Bristow of Ky.] 

June 5. D. C. Congress directs the 
President to invite foreign nations to 
participate in the Centennial Exhibi- 
tion to he held in Philadelphia. 

June 20. D. C. Congress abolishes the 
electoral territorial government in the 
District of Columbia, as a remedy for 
extravagance, and provides for a govern- 
ing hoard of three commissioners. 

Congress authorizes the establish- 
ment of public marine schools for in- 
struction in navigation and seamanship. 

June 23. D. C. Congress provides for 
a court of commissioners to adjust and 
settle Alabama claims. 

It enacts a law for the punishment of 
persons who may bring kidnaped or 
inveigled foreigners into the United 
States for the purpose of selling them, 
or holding them in involuntary servi- 
tude. 

The 43d Congress: the first session 
closes. 

June 24. D. C. John A. J. Creswell, 
Postmaster-General, resigns. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1874. 
Revenue: Customs, £1(13,103,834; inter- 
nal revenue, §102,409,785 ; sales of pub- 
lic lands, SI, 852,429 ; premiums on loans 
and sales of gold coin, £5,037,065; mis- 
cellaneous items, $17,075,043. Total rev- 
enue, $289,478,755 ; excess of revenue 
over ordinary expenditures, §2,344,882. 
Expenditures : Premiums on loans, pur- 
chase of bonds, etc., $1,395,074; miscel- 
laneous items, $09,041,593 ; War Depart- 
ment, §42,313,927; Navy Department, 
530,932,587 ; Indians, $6,692,462; pen- 
sions. 829.038,415; interest on the pub- 
lic debt, $107,119,815. Total ordinary 
expenditures, $287,133,873 ; public debt, 
$2.25!,690,4(W. Exports, $580,283,040 ; im- 
ports, $567,406,342. 

July 7. T). C. James W. Marshall of 
Va. is appointed Postmaster-General. 
[Aug. 24. Succeeded by Marshall Jew- 
ell of Conn.] 

July 14. Ark. A convention meets to 
revise the Constitution. [Oct. 13. The 



new Constitution is ratified by a major- 
ity of 53,890.] 
Aug.* La. John McEnery (Dem.?) 
again claims the governorship ; bitter- 
ness and blood follow ; whites and blacks 
fight each other in various parts of the 
South. 

Sept. 14. La. Y>. P. Penn, claiming to 
be lieutenant-governor, organizes a mi- 
litia force in the absence of John Mc- 
Enery, defeats the police, and drives 
W. P. Kellogg out of the State House; 
26 men are killed. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1873* N.J. The Legislature 
general railroad law, conditioned by 
the surrender of exclusive rights by 
holders of existing franchises. 

* * Neto York. The Red Star Line of 
steamers, running to Antwerp, is es- 
tablished. 

* * New York. The "White Cross Line 
of steamers, running to Antwerp, is es- 
tablished. 

* * O. Lake View Park at Cleveland 
is purchased by the city, and improve- 
ments are made. 

* * S. Dak. The Chicago, Milwaukee, and 
St. Paul Railroad is completed from 
Sioux City, Iowa, to Yankton. 

* * Va. The Chesapeake and Ohio 
Railroad, connecting Richmond and 
Huntington on the Ohio River, is 
opened; length 421 miles. 

1874. Apr. 29. The Fairview Pipe-Line 
[United Pipe-Line] is incorporated 
for conducting petroleum from the oil- 
regions to the seaboard. 

May 16. Mass. Williamsburg, Leeds, 
and Haydensville are almost destroyed 
by the bursting of a reservoir on the 
Mills River ; 144 lives are lost and prop- 
erty to the amount of $1,500,000. 

June 8. N H. The Faraday lands the 
direct cable of the United States Com- 
pany. 

June 30. XT. S. Immigrants for the year, 
.313,339. 

July 4. Phila. Ground is broken at 
Fairmount Park, in the suburb of the 
city, for the erection of the Centennial 
bui l dings. 

July 14. Chicago. A fire burns 346 build- 
ings ; loss, §4,000,000. 

Wis. A fire at Oshkosh destroys prop- 
erty valued at $1,000,000. 

July 24. Nev. At Eureka between 20 
and 30 persons perish by a waterspout. 

July 26, 27. Pa. Rivers in the western 
part of the State overflow from heavy 
rains ; 200 persons are drowned in and 
near Pittshurg and Allegheny City. 

July * New York. Live cattle are ex- 
ported to England ; the steamer Euro- 
pean carries 373 head. 

July *-Oct. * The grasshopper plague 
causes distress in Minnesota, Kansas, 
and Nebraska. 

Aug. 5. The steamboat Pat Rogers burns 
on the Ohio River ; 50 persons perish. 

Aug. *- Sept. * The Great Eastern lays 
the sixth cable. 



2SG 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY, 
1874 Oct. 1. Mo. St. Louis is made the 
headquarters of the U. S. A. 

* * Ariz. The Indian War ends in the 
surrender of thelastof the hostile trihes 
to Gen. Crook. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1874 Oct. 10. Mich. The asteroid Jue- 

wa is discovered by J. C. Watson. 
Oct. 15. III. A Monument to Abraham 

Lincoln is dedicated at Oak Ridge, 

Springfield. 

* * Chicago. S. "W. Burnham reports that 
Alpha Delphini, known as a triple star, 
is really sextuple. 

* * Mo. The Morrison observatory is 
founded at Glasgow. 

* * N. C. Chang and Eng, the Siamese 
twins, die at Mount Airy. 

* * New York. A bronze figure of a 
soldier is unveiled in Central Park, in 
commemoration of members of the 7th 
regiment who died during the war. 

* * New York. "Wordsworth Thompson of 
New York is elected a member of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * Franconia Notch is painted by A. B. 
Durand. 

* * On the Calumet is painted by A. C. 
Shaw. 

* * Scene near Perugia is painted by 
George Inness. 

* * Musketeer of the Seventeenth Century 
is painted by J. B. Irving. 

* * Drove at the Ford is painted by J. M. 
Hart. 

* * Cape Ann is painted by Jervis Mc- 
Entee. 

* * Shakespeare is painted by William 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1874. 
Sept. 15. Curtis, Benj. R., justice U. S. S. 



n, editor, A5l. 
Oct. 33. Inman, William, com. 17. S. N., A77. 
Oct. 38. Kinehart, Wm. H., American 

sculptor, A49. 
Wheeler, Win. Adolplius, lexicographer, 

.Nov. 2. Palmer, Phoebe, evangelist, au- 
thor, A.67. 

Nov. 5. Bacon, David W., R. C. bishop of 
Portland, Me., A60. 

Dec. 9. Cornell, Ezra, philanthropist, foun- 
der Cornell University, A67. 

Dec. 17. Gushing, William II., foimnander 
U. S. N., A32. 

Dec. 23. Walker, Jas., Unit, clergyman, 
president of Harvard, A80. 

Dec. 28. Smith, Gerrit, abolitionist, re- 
former, A77. 
1875. 

Jan. 21. Sprague, Charles, poet, orator, of 
Boston, A84. 

Feb. 13. Delafield, Edward, physician, 
surgeon, of New York, A81. 

Feb. 19. Bell, Charles H,, rear-adm. U. S. 
N., A77. 

CHURCH. 

1S74 Sept. 15-13. N. Y. The National 
Unitarian Conference meets at Sara- 
toga. 

Oct. 25. }Hs. Edward Randolph Welles 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of "Wisconsin. 



Oct. 27. A Triennial Convention of 
the Protestant Episcopal Church is held ; 
a canon is passed against ritualism. 

Oct. * The Christian "Women's Board 
of Missions (iJisciples) is organized. 

Nov. 2. Cat. John Henry I>. Wingfleld 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Northern Cali- 
fornia. 

Nov. 12. N. J. William H. Odenheimer 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Northern New Jersey. 

Nov. 19. 0. The Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union is organized in 
Cleveland as the "sober, second thought 
of the temperance crusade." 

Dec. 20. Tex. Alexander Charles Gar- 
rett is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) missionary bishop of Northern 
Texas. 

Dec. * The Colored Methodist Episco- 
pal Church in America is organized. 

* * D. C. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held at "Washington. 

* * D. C. The Roman Catholic Bureau 
of Indian Missions is established at 
"Washington. 

* * III. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; 
John G. Brown, moderator. 

* * The (Congregational) National Coun- 
cil meets. 

* * Mass. The Congregational Club is 
formed in Taunton. 

* * The Woman's Foreign Missionary- 
Society of the African Methodist Epis- 
copal Church is organized. 

* * Mb. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets at St. Louis : Samuel J. 
"Wilson, moderator. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. The 
Church Congress is organized. 

The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of 
Newark, N. J., Western Michigan, 
Northern New Jersey, and Western 
Texas are organized. 

* * 0. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Cincin- 
nati ; R. M. Bishop, president. 

* * Ore. The Universalis! State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Tex. The Boman Catholic Yicarate 
Apostolic of Brownsville is erected. 

* * The Clergymen's Retiring Fund 
Society (Protestant Episcopal) is incor- 
porated. 

* * The German Mission Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal Church South) is 
organized. 

* * The Wisconsin Conference (Free Meth- 
odist) is organized. 

1875 Jan. 27. Ky. Thomas U. Dudley 
is consecrated assistant bishop (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) of Kentucky. 

Feb. 2. N.J. John Scarborough is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of New Jersey. 

* * Boston is erected a Roman Catholic 
archdiocese, with the bishops of Port- 
land, Burlington, Springfield, Provi- 
dence, and Hartford suffragans to it, 



Feb. 12. Boston. John Joseph Wil- 
liams is created tir.st (Roman Catholic) 
Archbishop of Boston. 

Feb. 24. George d<_- Normandie Gillespie 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Western Michigan. 

LETTERS. 
1874* * Ark. Little Bock College (non- 
sect.), at Little Rock, is organized. 

* * Colorado College (Cong.) is founded 
at Colorado Springs. 

* * Cal. The Legislature passes the com- 
pulsory education law and revises the 
school laws. 

* * Chicago. The Union Signal is issued. 

* * Ga. Clark University [Meth. Epis., 
Colored) is founded at Atlanta. 

* * ///. St. Viateur's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Bourbonnais. 
Ewing College (Bapt.) is founded. 
The Southern Illinois Normal Uni- 
versity is opened at Carbondale. 

* * Ind. Purdue University (non-sect.) 
is organized at Lafayette. 

* * Ky. Central University (Southern 
Pres.) is organized in Richmond. 

* * Mass. The Memorial Hall is opened 
at Harvard. It is erected in memory of 
the Harvard students who died in the 
Civil War. 

* *Mich. Dattle Creek College (Ad- 
ventist) is founded. 

* * Nevada State University (non-sect.) 
is organized at Elko. 

* * N. C. Gregory Institute, Colored, of 
Wilmington, is founded by the American 
Missionary Association. "Weaverville 
College (non-sect.) is organized. 

* * N C, N. J. Compulsory education 
laws are enacted. 

* * New York. International Review is 
established. The City Record is founded. 
The Drama t ic Ne ws is founded by 
Charles Albert Byrne. 

* * O. University of Cincinnati (non- 
sect.) is organized. 

* * Tenn. Southwestern University 
(Bapt.) is founded at Jackson. 

* * The American College and Education 
Society (Cong.) is formed by the union of 
two societies. 

* * The Circuit Rider, by Edward Eggles- 
ton, appears. 

* * Dancinism and Language, by William 
Dwight Whitney, appears. 

* * Echoes of tM Foot Hills, by Bret Harte, 
appears. 

* * Hazel Blossoms, by John Greenleaf 
Whittier, appears. 

* * In His Name, by Edward Everett Hale, 
appears. 

* * Joint Andros, by Rebecca H. Davis, ap- 
pears. 

fc * Life and Death of John of Barneveld, 

by Motley, appears. 
fc * Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain, 

appears. 
" * The Mistress of (he Manse, by J. 6, 

Holland, appears, 



UNITED STATES. 1874, Sept. 15-1875, Feb. 27. 287 



* * roans, by Celia Thaxter, appears. 

* * The Prophet, by Bayard Taylor, ap- 
pears. 

* * Prudence Palfrey, by T. B. Aldrich, 
appears ; also Cloth of Gold and Other 
Poems. 

* * The Scottish Philosophy, by James 
McCosh, appears. 

* * Sex and Education, by Julia Ward 
Howe, appears. 

* * Songs of Many Seasons, by Oliver Wen- 
dell Holmes, appears. 

* * Toinette, by Albion Winegar Tourgde, 
appears. 

* * Democracy and Monarchy in France, 
by C. K. Adams, appears. 

* * Illustrious Soldiers, by James Grant 
Wilson, appears. 

* * Opening of a Chestnut Burr, by E. P, 
Roe, appears. 

* * Around the Tea Table, by T. De Witt 
Talmage, appears. 

* * Outlines of Cosmic Philosophy, by John 
Fiske, appears. 

* * The Doctrine of Evolution, by Alexan- 
der Winchell, appears ; also, The Geology 
of Stars. 

* * A Foregone Conclusion, by William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * Life of Thomas Jefferson, by James 
Parton, appears. 

* * The Old Regime in Canad a, by Francis 
Parkman, appears. 

1875 Jan. * Me. An industrial school 
for girls is opened at Hallowell by tbe 
authorities of the State. 

SOCIETY. 

1874 Sept. 18. Neb, The Nebraska Be- 
lief and Aid Society is organized to 
furnish relief for sufferers by the grass- 
hopper plague and long drought. 

Oct.* Utah. Brigham Young is in- 
dicted the second time for polygamy. 

Oct.* Indians massacre settlers in the 
Northwest. 

Nov, 12. Pa. William E. Udderzook 
is convicted and hanged for the murder 
of W. S. Goss for his insurance, on Feb. 
2, 1872. 

Nov. 17. 0. The First "Woman's 
National Temperance Convention 
meets in Cleveland. [Nov. 19 The 
Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union is organized.] 

Dec. 7. Miss. A race riot is caused by 
political conflicts, and many negroes are 
killed. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Kin g Kalakaua of the 
Hawaiian Islands visits Washington. 

Dec* Miss. A race riot at Vicksburg 
results in the death of 75 negroes. 

* * Cal. The Legislature enacts that 
when persons are convicted of capital 
crime, the jury may determine between 
inflicting the death penalty or imprison- 
ment for life. 

* * 0. The Constitutional Amend- 
ment in favor of license is voted down 
by 6,2SG majority. 



* * 0. The Queen City Club of Cincin- 
nati is organized. 

* * Phila. The Cecilian (musical) So- 
ciety is organized. 

* * Pa. The 8th National Encampment of 
the Grand Army of the Republic is held 
at Harrisburg; Gen. Charles Devens, Jr., 
of Mass., commander-in-chief. 

* * Term. The Tennessee hospital for 
the insane, of East Tennessee, is located 
at Knoxville. 

* * U.S. A whisky ring, composed of 
distillers and Government officials, as- 
sumes national proportions ; it robs the 
Government and disgraces the Admin- 
istration. 

1875 Jan. 8-July 2. N. Y. Rev. 
Henry Ward Beecher of Brooklyn is 
tried on the charge of adultery, made by 
Theodore Tilton ; the scandal causes in- 
tense excitement during the long trial ; 
the jury disagree. Vote, nine for and 
three against conviction. 

STATE. 

1874 Sept. 15. B.C. The President is- 
sues a proclamation ordering the Loui- 
siana armed partizans to disperse within 
five days. 

* * La. "The Crescent City White 
League '* is formed, for the reformation 
and purification of the State govern- 
ment. 

Sept. 17. La. The rival parties peace- 
ably surrender the State buildings to 
the XT. S. officers. 

Sept. 18. La. The white people submit 
to the decision of the President ; Gov- 
ernor Kellogg is restored. 

Sept. 19. La. Gen. Brooke is appointed 
military governor; W. P. Kellogg 
transacts the duties of the office. 

Oct. 28. Ore. The Legislature passes a 
law creating the State Board of Immi- 
gration. 

"Nov. 2. N. J. v'he Legislature sells the 
costly yet unfinished " Stevens's Bat- 
tery " to the Federal Government for 
$145,000. 

Nov. 3. Mich. The people ratify the re- 
vised constitution; the woman suf- 
frage clause is defeated in a separate 
vote (40,077-135,957). 

Nov. 4. U. S. A general political re- 
action favors the Democrats in the elec- 
tions. 

N. Y. Samuel J. Tilden (Dem.) is 

elected governor after the complete 
overthrow of the Tweed Ring. (See 
Society, 1873.) 

Dec. 7. JD. C. The 43d Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress gives a recep- 
tion to King Kalakaua of the Hawaiian 
Islands. 

Dec. 21. Miss. President Grant issues 
a proclamation ordering disorderly 
people of "Warren County to conform to 
the laws. 

Dec. 22. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
bill passes to resume specie payments. 



Vote, 32-14. All the yeas are Republi- 
can. 
Dec. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate : M. 
H. Carpenter of Wis. is reelected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. 

* * N. Y. The Legislature passes an Act 
by which the term of office for governor 
is made three years. 

* * Va, The people ratify an amendment 
of the Constitution abolishing the town- 
ship system. 

* * Wis. The Supreme Court affirms the 
constitutionality of the Potter Law. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-78* * Ala. George S. Houston. 
_77 * * Fla. M. L. Stearns. 

-77 * * La. "William Pitt Kellogg. 

Mass. Thomas Talbot. 
-76 * * Mass. William Gaston. 
-76 * * Me. Nelson Dingley. 
-76 * * Minn. Cushman K. Davis. 
-76* * Miss. Adelbert Ames. 
-77 * * N. C. Curtis H. Brogden. 
-76 * * N. LT. James A. Weston. 
-75 * * O. William Allen. 
-76 * * Tex. Richard Coke. 
-78 * * Va. James L. Kemper. 
-76 * * Vt. Asahel Peck. 
-76 * * Wis. William H. Taylor. 

1875 Jan. 4. La. The Legislature is 
claimed by two bodies; Kellogg is 
maintained by military force. 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Act to resume specie pay- 
ments on Jan. 1, 1S79. Vote, 125-106; 
Democrats are unanimously against it. 

Jan. 8. La. The U. S. troops quell 
disturbances in the Legislature, caused 
by rival parties, while organizing. 

Jan. 14. D. C. The President approves 
the Act for resuming specie payments. 

Feb. 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
rejects the new reciprocity treaty be- 
tween Canada and the United States. 

Feb. 27. D. C. The Government fixes 
the indemnity claimed from Spain 
for the families of men massacred in 
the Virginius affair of Oct. 31, 1S73, at 
$S0,000. [It is soon paid.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1874 Sept. 19. Mass Sixty lives are 
lost by the burning of cotton-mUls at 
Fall River. 

Oct. 14. Kan. The Mennonites pur- 
chase 300,000 acres of railroad lands for 
settlement. 

Dec. 21-26. N, J. Edward Payson Wes- 
ton walks 500 miles in 5 days, 23 hours, 
and 34 minutes at Newark. 

* * La. Carrollton is annexed to New 
Orleans. 

* * Neb. The Nebraska Legislature ap- 
points an arbor-day, and thus inau- 
gurates a movement for tree-planting 
[which extends into many States]. 

* * New York. The Amsterdam-Neth- 
erlands line of steamers for Boulogne 
and Rotterdam is established. 

1875 Feb. 9. Mass. The first train 
passes through the Hoosae Tunnel 
(4| miles long). 



1875, Mar. 1-** 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1875 * * The troops bring into subjection 
the predatory bandsof Kiowas, Cheyen- 
nes, and Comanches on the borders of the 
Staked Plains ; the Indians are subdued 
in the southwest, where the Cheyennes 
give themselves up as prisoners of war. 



ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1875 June 3. N. Y. The asteroids 
Vibilia and Adeona are discovered by 
C. H. F. Peters at Clinton. 

June 15. JST. Dak. Gen. Forsythe, under 
official orders, starts from Bismarck to 
explore the Yellowstone River region. 

July* JV. J. Edison makes investiga- 
tions and experiments for the electrical 
transmission of speech. 

Sept. 15-18. Tex. A storm on the 
coast does great damage; Galveston, 
Indianola, and other places are much 
injured; villages are washed away by 
the sea, and many lives lost. 

Oct. 26. Va. A statue of Gen. " Stone- 
wall" Jackson is unveiled at Rich- 
mond. 

Dec. 22. Va. Richmond is visited by an 
earthquake. 

* * D. C. Prof. Alexander's theory con- 
cerning the zodiacal light is published 
by the Smithsonian Institution. 

He declares it to be a terrestrial girdle, 
bo situated that its time of revolution 
around the earth is equal to, and in the 
same direction as, that of the moon. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1875. 

Apr. 5. Koosevelt, James L., lawyer, ju- 
rist, of New York, A80. 

Apr. 13. Fitch, Leroy, commander U. S. 
N., A 40. 

May 17. Breckinridge, John Cabell, 
senator for Kv., Vice-President TJ. S., A54. 

June 14. Upham, Charles w., Unit, cler- 
gyman, writer, A73. 

July 3. Florence, Thomas B., M. C. for 
Pa., A 63. 

July 8. Blair, Francis P., maj.-gen. of 
vols., M. C. for Mo., A54. 

July 30. Pickett, George Edward, Confed. 
gen., led Confed. charge at Gettysburg, A50. 

July 31. Johnson, Andrew, M. C. for 
Tenn., Gov., senator, Vice-President, 17th 
President, A67. 

Aug-. 3. Lewis, Winslow, physician, medi- 
cal writer, A76. 

Aug. 11. Graham, "William A., lawyer, 
senator for N. C, A75. 

Aug:. 12. Binney, Horace, lawyer, M. C. 
for Pa., A95. 

Aug. 16. Finney, Charles G., Pres. cler- 
gyman, president of obeiiin College, AS3. 

Aug-. S3. Nutt, Cyrus, M. E. clergyman, 
educator, A61. 

Sept. 8. Lyon, Caleb, M. C, for N. Y., 
Gov. of Idaho, traveler, A53. 

Sept. 14. Lapham, Increase Allen, natu- 
ralist, author, A64. 

Sept. 16. Kemble, Gouverneur, capitalist, 
A89. 

Oct. SI. Hudson, Frederic, journalist, 
N. Y. Herald, A56. 

Oct. 29. Walker, Amasa, M. C. for Mass., 
professor of political economy, A76. 

Nov. 2. Hackett, Horatio Balch, Biblical 
scholar, professor am-ient languages, AtiT. 

Nov. 22. Wilson, Henry, senator for 
Mass., 18th Vice-President, A63. 

Nov. 24. Astor, William B., merchant, 
capitalist, A83. 

Dec. S. Harris, Ira, "jurist, senator for 
N. Y., A73. 

Dec. 9. Browne, J. Ross, traveler, writer, 

A58. 
Dec. S7. Richardson, William Alexander, 
M. C. for 111., Gov., senator for Neb., AGy. 



CHURCH. 

1875 Mar. 12. //. It b= announced that 
Archbishop John McCloskey of New 
York has been created a cardinal, the 
first in North America. 

Apr. 28. O. Thomas Augustus Jagger 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Southern Ohio. 

May 23. W. Va. John Joseph Rain is 
consecrated ('Roman Catholic) bishop of 
West Virginia. 

June 5. New York. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

July 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby- 
terian Congress is held ; about 50 
bodies are represented ; an " Alliance of 
Presbyterian Churches" is formed. 

Oct. 21. Mich. The Michigan Confer- 
ence of Unitarian and other Christian 
churches is organized at Jackson. 

Oct.* New York. The first annual meet- 
ing of the Church Congress (Protestant 
Episcopal) is held. 

Nov. 11. The Illinois Conference of 
Unitarian and other independent socie- 
ties is organized at Bloomington. 

Nov. 21. Phila. Moody and Sankey be- 
gin revival meetings in the old freight 
depot, 13th and Market Streets. •£ 

Dec. 6. III. William Edward McLaren 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Illinois. 

Dec. 15. Wis. John Henry Hobart 
Brown is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) bishop of Fond du Lac. 

Dec. 21. Minn. John Ireland, bishop 
of St. Paul, is promoted to the archbish- 
opric. 

Dec. 17. N.Mex. William Forbes Adams 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of New Mexico. 

* * Cal. The California Chinese Mission 
is organized by the General Association 
of the Congregational Churches of Cali- 
fornia as auxiliary to the American Mis- 
sionary Association. 

* * Cal. The Women's Baptist For- 
eign Missionary Society of the "West 
is organized. 

* * Ky. The Annual Convention of the 
Disciples of Christ is held at Louis- 
ville ; Isaac Errett, president. The 
Foreign Christian Missionary So- 
ciety is organized at Louisville. 

* * Ky. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized. 

* * Mass. The Worcester Congregational 
Club is formed. 

* * Me. James A. Healy is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Portland. 

* * Me. The Maine Unitarian Associa- 
tion is incorporated. 

* * 2f, Mex. Santa Fe is created a 
Koraan Catholic archiepiscopal see. 

* * Mich. The North Michigan Confer- 
ence (Free Methodist) is organized. 

* * Neb. The Nebraska Eldership 
(Church of God) is organized. 

* * The Woman's Association of the 
United Brethren in Christ is organ- 
ized for mission work, 



LETTERS. 
1875 Mar. 13. Phila. 'The Daily Times 

is issued. 
Aug. 24. Va. The colored people hold 

an educational convention at Kich- 

mond. 
Dec. 20. The Chicago Daily News is 

issued. 

* * Boston. The Golden Rule is issued. 

* * Boston. Joseph Cook begins the Bos- 
ton Monday Lectures. 

* * III. Chaddock College (Meth.Epis.) 
is founded at Quincy. 

* * Md. The Baltimore Morning Herald 
is first issued. 

* * Mass. Smith College (non-sect.) ib 
organized at Northampton. 

* * Mass. Wellesley College (non-sect.) 
is organized at Wellesley. 

* * Mo. Park College (non-sect.) is or- 
ganized at Parkville. 

* * New York. The newspapers, led by 
the Times, drive the Government into 
action against the Whisky Ring. 

* * O. Ashland College (non-sect.) is 
organized at Ashland. 

* * O. Hebrew Union College (Jewish) 
in Cincinnati, is organized. 

* * Birds and Poets, by John Burroughs, 
appears. 

* * Ceramic Art, by William Phipps Blake, 
appears. 

* * Phila. The Daily Call is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1875 Mar. 4. A'an. The Legislature 
passes an Act providing for the issue of 
$95,000 State bonds to supply grain 
and seed to destitute citizens. 

Mar. IS. Phila. The Penn Club is or- 

Mar.* Utah. The courts condemn Brig- 
ham Young to support one of his wives 
while she sues for divorce, [He is im- 
prisoned in his own house for non-com- 
pliance with the mandate.] 

Apr. 5. Mass. The Legislature repeals 
the prohibitory liquor law. 

Apr. 20. A mutiny breaks out on board 
the schooner Jejf'erson Borden ; two mates 
are murdered, but the outbreak is finally 
suppressed by the captain. 

Apr. * New York. A civil suit iv begun 
against William M. Tweed to recover 
96,198,950 of the city's money embezzled 
by him. 

[June 22. Tweed is discharged, be- 
cause confined on a cumulative sen- 
tence ; he is rearrested on an old indict- 
ment.] 

May 1. D. C. The whisky frauds iu 
the Western States are exposed ; the 
loss to the government by corruption is 
placed at $1,650,000. (See State.) 

May 12. Chicago. The 9th National En- 
campment of the Grand Army of the 
Republic is held; Gen. John F. Har- 
tranft of Pa., commander-in-chief. 

June 3. Chicago. The National Tem- 
perance Convention meets. 



UNITED STATES. 



1875, Marl.-** 289 



June 16, 17. Boston. The 100th anni- 
versary of the Battle of Bunker Hill is 
celebrated. 

July 4. S. C. Citizens at Hamburg are 
incensed against a colored militia com- 
pany for the alleged offense of blocking 
the highway. [July 9. The negroes 
are attacked by white citizens ; five are 
killed and many wounded.] 

July 5. Pa. The "Molly Maguires" 
shoot and kill a policeman of Tamaqua. 

July * The Indian-ring scandal is dis- 
closed by Prof. Marsh. He reports to 
the President the corrupt and fraudu- 
lent conduct of the officials employed to 
deal with the Indians. 

Aug. 1-Oct. 1. Mass. A long-continued 
strike of 15,000 cotton mill-hands 
against a reduction of wages occurs at 
Fall River, but the operatives finally 
yield, and return to work. 

Aug. 24. Va. A colored educational 
convention meets at Richmond. 

Sept. 1-4. Miss. Riots occur between 
the officers and the people at Yazoo City 
and Clinton. 

Sept. 1. Pa. " Molly Maguires" mur- 
der two miners at Raven Run. [Sept 3. 
John P. Jones at Lansford.] 

STATE. 

1875 Mar. 1. D. C. The President ap- 
proves the stringent amendment to the 
Civil Rights Act; its aim is to prevent 
discrimination against negroes by com- 
mon carriers, theater managers, inn- 
keepers, and others. 

Mar. 2. Colorado Territory is organ- 
ized. [July 1. The people ratify the 
State Constitution.] 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress restores the 
10 per cent reduction in duties, in- 
creases duties on sugars, increases the 
internal revenue tax on tobacco, snuff, 
and cigars, and raises the rate on dis- 
tilled spirits from 70 to 90 cents, to pre- 
vent an impending deficiency in the 
treasury. It appropriates £">, 200,000 for 
the improvement of the mouths of the 
Mississippi by the construction of jet- 
ties. 

It passes a supplementary Immigra- 
tion Act; authorizes the coinage of 
20-cent silver coins, and provides for 
making a part of the Island of Macki- 
nac, Michigan, a national park. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 43d Congress 
ends. 

Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate meets in 
special session at the call of the Presi- 
dent (issued Feb. 17). [It closes Mar. 
24-3 

Apr. 14. La. The claims of contending 
candidates for the Legislature are sub- 
mitted to a Congressional committee 
for adjustment. 

May 4. Fla. The amendments to the 
Constitution are ratified by the people 
at a special election. 

May 15. J). C. George H. "Williams, 
Attorney-General, resigns. 



May 25. R.I. There being no choice 
of governor in the State election, the 
Legislature elects. Vote : Henry Lip- 
pitt, 70 ; Mr. Hazard, 3G. 

May * D. C. Secretary Bristow makes 
a secret investigation of the "Whisky 
Ring; it has defrauded the Government 
of internal revenue taxes on distilled 
liquors. [Indictments are brought 
against 238 persons ; $1,650,000 has been 
defrauded the Treasury in 10 months.] 
(See Society.) 

May 29. D. C. President Grant's letter, 
declining to be a candidate for a third 
term in the presidency, is published. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1875, Rev- 
enue : Customs, :?1">7, 107,722 ; internal 
revenue, $110,007 ,494 ; sales of public 
hinds, $1,413,11-10 ; premiums on loans and 
sales of gold coin, $:;,u79,280 ; miscella- 
neous items, $15,431,015. Total revenue, 
$288,000,051 ; excess of revenue over or- 
dinary expenditures, $13,376,658. Ex- 
penditures: Miscellaneous items, $71,- 
070,073; War Dep't, $41,120,646; Navy 
Dep't, $21,497,026; Indians, $8,384,057; 
pensions, $20,456/21 G ; interest on the 
public debt. Si 03 .003,545. Total ordinary 
expenditures, 274,023,393; public debt, 
$2/2:;2/2S4.531. Kxpnrts, $513,442.711 ; im- 
ports, $533,005,436. 

July * Green Island, a notorious resort 
for outlaws, near Evansville,is declared 
the property of Kentucky by a commis- 
sion appointed by the Legislatures of 
Indiana and Kentucky. 

Sept. 5. Tex. A Constitutional Con- 
vention meets at Austin. [Feb. 17, 1876. 
The people ratify the new Constitu- 
tion.] 

Sept. 6. Ala. A Constitutional Con- 
vention is held at Montgomery. 

N. C. A Constitutional Convention 

assembles at Raleigh. [The people ratify 
the new Constitution. Vote, 122,912- 
108,829.] 

Sept. 7. N. J. The people ratify the 28 
amendments to the State Constitution. 

Sept. 22. D. C. Columbus Delano of 
O., Secretary of the Interior, resigns. 

Oct. 2. Conn. The Constitution is 
amended. 

Oct. 12. Neb. The people ratify the 
new Constitution. 

Oct. 19. D. C. Zachariah Chandler 
of Mich, is appointed Secretary of the 
Interior. 

Oct. 30. Mo. The new Constitution is 
ratified by the people. Vote, 90,600- 
14,362. 

Nov. 2. Minn. The people ratify an 
amendment of the Constitution permit- 
ting female suffrage in the election of 
school officers (male or female), and re- 
specting school questious. 

Nov. 7. New York. William H. Wick- 
ham is elected the 79th mayor. 

Nov. 16. Ala. The new State Consti- 
tution is ratified. Vote, 95,672-30,004. 

Nov. 22. D. C. Thomas W. Ferry of 
Mich., the President pro tempore of the 
Senate, becomes acting "Vice-Presi- 
dent of the United States, on the death 
of Henry Wilson. [Dec. 20. He is re- 
elected.] 



* * O. Rutherford B. Hayes is again 
reelected Governor. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Congress; House: 
Michael C. Kerr (Dem.) of Ind. is 
elected Speaker, against J. G. Elaine 
(Rep.) of Me. Vote, 173-106. Democrats 
control the House for the first time 
since 1859. 

Congress; Senate: Ex-President 
Johnson returns as Senator from Ten- 
nessee. 

Dec. 7. D. C. President Grant recom- 
mends nonsectarian and compulsory 
education, in his message to Congress. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875 Apr. 19. Mass. The centennial 
of the battles of Lexington and Concord 
is celebrated. 

Apr. 28. Wis. A fire in Oshkosh burns 
property worth $2,000,000. 

May 27. Mass. Fire breaks out in the 
French Catholic Church at Holyoke; 75 
deaths are caused by a panic. 

June 10. N. Y. The direct cable is 
completed, connecting New York with 
Newfoundland and the Irish coast. 

July 3. Mass. The centennial of Wash- . 
ington's assumption of command of the 
army is celebrated at Cambridge. 

July 18. Chicago. W. J. Donaldson, an 
aeronaut, makes an ascension, and is 
lost in a storm on Lake Michigan. 

Aug. 25. Cal. The Bank of California 
of San Francisco suspends because of 
unsuccessful speculations. 

Sept. 1. New York. The new post- 
office at Broadway and Park Row is _ 
occupied. 

Sept. 16. U. S. The system of fast 
mail trains is introduced. 

Oct. 26. Nev. Virginia City is destroyed 
by fire. Several lives and $4,000,000 in 
property are lost ; 10,000 persons are 
made homeless. 

Nov. 4. The steamship Pacific, running 
between Portland and San Francisco, 
founders ; 200 deaths. 

Nov. 9. Tex. Off Galveston Bar the 
steamship City of Waco burns ; nearly 
70 deaths. 

Nov. 23. Mo. A convention meets at 
St. Louis to take action relative to the 
construction of the Southern Pacific 
Railroad ; 869 members present. 

Nov.* Phila. The Market Street bridge 
is burned. Rebuilt in 21 days. 

Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1875. Cur- 
rency in circulation, $754,101,947; per 
capita, $17.16; Production: gold, 33,- 
467,856; silver, $31,727,560. Cotton, 3,832,- 
991 bales ; barrels of petroleum, 121,625,- 
146. Immigrants (fiscal year), 227,498. 
Fire waste, $78,102,285; insurance, $39,- 
325,400. 

* *-78* * Boston. An aqueduct is built, 
supplying Boston with water from the 
Sudbury River. 



290 1875, * *-1876, May 10. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1876* * JVy. — Mont. War with the 
Sioux Indiana is caused by the " white 
man" breaking the treaty with the Gov- 
ernment, and by appropriating Indian 
lands in gold-seeking regions. The 
Sioux Indians burn houses, steal the 
stock of settlers, and murder those who 
oppose them. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1875 * *The American Neurological 
Association is organized, also the 
American Gynecological Society, the 
Association of Medical Officers of 
American Institutions for Idiotic and 
Feeble-Muided Persons, Association of 
American Medical Colleges, Ameri- 
can Dermatological Association, and 
the American Academy of Medicine. 

* * N. Y. The Powers Art Gallery of 
Rochester is established. 

* * N. Y. Homer D. Martin, John B. 
Bristol, Charles H. Miller, and Charles 
Calverley of New York, and L. G. Sell- 
stedt of Buffalo, are elected members of 
the National Academy of Design. 

* * 0. Charles Brush of Cleveland in- 
vents a successful dynamo and are- 
light lamp. 

* * R. J. Moses G. Fanner of Newport 
succeeds in making incandescent 
lights with platinum and iridium wire. 

* * Steamer Panther among Icebergs in 
Melville Bay under the Light of the Mid- 
night Sun is painted by William Brad- 
ford. 

* * France is painted by J. A. Brown. 

* * Valley of Kern's River is painted by 
Albert Bierstadt. 

* * Trout Brook is painted by J. W. Casi- 
lear. 

* * Keene Valley is painted by A. C. Shaw. 

1876 Feb. 21. A r . Y. The asteroid 
Una is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. 
[Lorely, Aug. 10; Rhodope, Aug. 17; 
Urda, Aug. 29.] 

Feb. 26. Phila. The Pennsylvania Mu- 
seum and School of Industrial Art is 
incorporated. 

Apr. 14. D. C. A statue of Lincoln, by 
John Q. A. Ward, is unveiled in Lincoln 
Park, Washington, as a memorial of 
emancipation ; the contributions of 
freedmen erect it. 

Apr. 18. Mich. The asteroid Athol is 
discovered by J. C. Watson. [And 
Sibylla on Sept. 18th.] 

May 2. Phila. The Academy of Natu- 
ral Sciences is opened. 

May 10. Boston. Prof. Bell exhibits 
and explains his method of transmitting 
speech by electricity. [Later he ex- 
hibits his telephone at the Centennial 
Exhibition ; he uses an iron diaphragm.] 

Phila. The Corliss engine, of 1,400 

horse power, and weighing 700 tons, sets 
in motion the machinery of the Centen- 
nial Exhibition. It attracts much at- 
tention because of its immense size and 
silent movement. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1676. 
Jan. 3. Clifford, John Henry, lawyer, 
Gov. Mass., pres. overseers of Harvard. 
Afi7. 

Jan. 9. Howe, Samuel CrHlev, surceon for 
the blind, philanthropist, of lioston, A 75. 

Jan. 10. (iranger, Gordon, maj. -gen. vols., 
col. U. S. A., A55. 

Jan. 14. Sears, Kdinund Hamilton, poet, 
Unit, clergyman, Atiti. 

Feb. 7. Stringliain, Silas Horton, rear- 
adm. U. S. N., A78. 

Feb. 8. Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, ac- 
tor, singer, dramatic reader, A60. 

Feb. 10. Johnson, Reverdy, Benator for 
Md., atty.-tien., minister to Kngland, A80. 

Feb. 17. Bushnell, Horace. Cong, cler- 
gyman, author, theologian, educator, A74. 

Feb. 27. Horsley, Charles Kdward, musi- 
cian, composer, A54. 

Max. 11. Kobinson, William Stevens, jour- 
nalist, " Warrington," A58. 

Mar. 23. Iiedtield, Isaac Fletcher, jurist, 
author, A72. 

Apr. 7. Olden, Charles Smith, merchant, 
Gov. of N. J., A77. 

Apr. 10. Stewart, Alex. Turney, mer- 
chant, of N. Y., A73. 

Apr. 16. Polk, Tnisten, lawyer, Gov.; sen- 
ator for Mo., Confederate official, A65. 

Apr. 17. Brownson. Orestes Augustus, 
Pres., Unit., Univ., Rom. Cath. clergyman, 
editor Quarterly /:<>rietc, A73. 

May 3. Sprague, William Buell, PreB. cler- 
gyman, author, A81. 



CHURCH. 

1875 * * O. The German Augsburg Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) of Ohio and ad- 
jacent States is organized. The General 
Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets 
at "Wooster; "W. W. Barr, moderator. 
The General Assembly (Presbyterian) 
meets at Cleveland ; E. D. Morris, mod- 
erator. The (Protestant Episcopal) dio- 
cese of Southern Ohio is organized. The 
Cleveland Congregational Club is formed 
in Cleveland. 

* *The German Baptist Brethren's 
Church begins foreign mission work 
in Denmark. 

* * Md. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Baltimore. 

* * JV. J. Henry Boehm, a centenarian 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, and 
companion of Bishop Asbury, the organ- 
izer of American Methodism, dies. 



yea 



; <dd. 



: * Free and Open (Protestant Episco- 
pal) Church Association is organized. 

* Pa. The Roman Catholic diocese of 
Philadelphia is erected an archdiocese. 

* Philadelphia is created a Roman 
Catholic archiepiscopal see ; the bish- 
ops of Pittsburg, Harrisburg, Erie, 
Scranton, and Wilmington are suffra- 
gans to it. 

* Phila. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held. 

* JVis. Milwaukee is created a Roman 
Catholic archiepiscopal see; bishops 
of Green Bay, La Crosse, Marquette, 
and St. Paul are suffragans to it. 

* The Theosophical Society is advo- 
cated by Madame Blavatsky of Russia, 
and Col. Olcott, an American. 

They teach universal brotherhood, 
and commend the study of Eastern 
philosophy. 
: * The mission work of the Associate 
Reformed Presbyterian Synod of the 



South begins by sending a missionary 
to Egypt. 

* *The "Woman's Executive Committee 

of Home Missions plants its first 
Christian school among the Indians of 
New Mexico and Alaska. 

* *The "Woman's Board of Foreign 
Missions of the Eeformed Church of 
America is organized. 

1876 Feb. 24. William Rufus Nichol- 
son is consecrated (Reformed Episcopal) 
bishop. 

Mar. 25. The Home Mission Board 
of the Presbyterian Church (North) 
sends out its first missionaries to the 
American Indians. 

Apr. 6. The Congregational Association 
of Alabama is organized. 

May 1-31. Md. The General Confer- 
ence (Methodist Episcopal) meets at 
Baltimore ; fraternal messengers are 
received from the Methodist Episcopal 
Church South. 

The Austin, Central Alabama, Central 
Illinois, East Ohio, India, Montana, 
Southern California, Southern German, 
and Savannah Conferences are formed. 



LETTERS. 
1875 * * Tenn. The Peabody Normal 
College is opened at Nashville. 

* * Tenn. Southwestern University 
(Bapt.) is organized at Jackson, and 
opened. 

* * Tenn. Southwestern Presbyterian 
University is organized at Clarkville. 

* * Tenn. VanderbiltUniversityfMoth. 
Epis. South) is organized at Nashville. 
Formerly called the Central University. 
[It is endowed by Cornelius Vanderbilt 
of New York with S1,000,000.] 

* * Wis. The State Normal School at 
River Falls is opened. 

* * Farm Legends, by "Will Carleton, ap- 
pears. 

* * Florida, by Sidney Lanier, appears. 

* * The Hanging of the Crane, and The 
Masque of Pandora, by Henry W. 
Longfellow, appear. 

* * Happy Dodd, by Rose Terry Cooke, 
appears. 

* * History of the United States for Chil- 
dren, by Benson J. Lossing, appears. 

* * Home Pastorals, by Bayard Taylor, 
appears. 

* * A Lady of the Aroostook, by William 
Dean Uowells, appears. 

* * Leisure-Day Rhymes, by John G. Saxe, 
appears. 

* * Letters and Social Aims, by Ralph 
Waldo Emerson, appears. 

* * Mabel Martin, by John Greenleaf 
Whittier, appears. 

* * The New Bay, by Richard Watson 
Gilder, appears. 

* * A Horseman's Pilgrimage, by Hjalmar 
Hjorth Boyesen, appears. 

* * Playing the JTischief, by J. W. De 
Forest, appears. 

* * Poetic Studies, by Elizabeth Stuart 
Phelps, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1875, * *-1876, May 10. 291 



* * Roderick Hudson, by Henry James, 
appears ; also Transatlantic Sketches. 

* * Tales of the Argonauts, 15y Bret Harte, 
appears. 

* * The Victorian Poets, by Edmund Clar- 
ence Stedman, appears. 

* * Young .Folks' History of the United 
States, by T. "W. Higginson, appears. 

* * Memoirs, by Gen. "W. T. Sberman, ap- 
pears. 

* * Ship in the Desert, by Joaquin Miller, 
appears. 

* * We and Our Neighbors, by Harriet 
Beecber Stowe, appears. 

* * Castle Noivhere, by C. F. Woolson, ap- 
pears. 

* * From Jest to Earnest, by E. P. Roe, 
appears. 

1S76 Feb. 22. Md. Daniel C. Oilman 
is installed president of Johns Hopkins 
University. 

SOCIETY. 

1875 * * Boston. Jesse Fomeroy, tbe 
boy murderer, is sentenced to imprison- 
ment for the murder of Horace W. Mil- 
ieu, on Apr. 22, 1S74. Three other vic- 
tims are alleged to have been killed. 

* * Chicago. Day schools for the deaf 
are opened. 

* * Mass. The prohibitory statute is 
repealed. 

* * Me. The Legislature passes a com- 
pulsory education biH. 

* * Neb. The Legislature authorizes the 
sale of S50,000 in State bonds for the re- 
relief of citizens suffering from lo- 
custs and the failure of the crops. 

* * N. Y. The Baptist Home for the 
Aged of Brooklyn is founded. 

* * New York. The Society for the Pre- 
vention of Cruelty to Children is in- 
corporated. 

* * New York. The Society of the Sons 
of the Revolution is organized ; its 
object is to keep alive the spirit of patri- 
otism, and to preserve the history and 
fellowship of the Revolution. 

* * O. The 2d "Woman's National 
Temperance Convention meets in 
Cleveland ; Mrs. Annie Wittenmyer, 
president. 

* * Pa. The local-option law is repealed. 

* *R.I. The Legislature repeals the con- 
stabulary prohibitory law, and passes 
an Act to regulate and restrain the sale 
of intoxicating liquors. 

* * Tex. The State Constitution is changed 
so as to guarantee local option. 

1876. Jan. 1. Phila. The beginning 
of the Centennial year is appropri- 
ately celebrated. 

Jan. 13. Neb. The State institution for 
the blind is opened at Nebraska City. 

Jan. 26. Boston. Extensive forgeries by 
E. D. Winslow are discovered. 

Jan. * Wis. Tbe application of Miss 
Lavinia Goodell for admission to 
tbe Wisconsin bar is rejected by the 
Supreme Court, on the ground of in- 



compatibility, the profession being un- 
fitted for the female sex. 

Feb. 7. Mo. Gen. O. E. Babcock, pri- 
vate secretary of President Grant, is 
acquitted of complicity in the whisky 
frauds. 

Mar. 8. New York. A verdict is given 
against "William M. Tweed in the great 
civil action ; the jury decides that he 
must refund to the city $6,537,117.38. 

Apr. * Pa. Non-union men are treated 
with great violence by union miners ; 
much property is destroyed in the coal 

May 7. D. C. Dom Fedro, Emperor of 
Brazil, and the Empress Theresa, are 
presented to the President. 

May 9. N. Y. Fasach W. Rubenstein, 
after trial in Brooklyn, is sentenced to 
be hanged for the murder of Sarah 
Alexander, but dies in jail. 

STATE. 

1875 * * Mo. St. Louis has its bounda- 
ries extended by the new Constitution, 
so as to annex 40,000 acres, having 17 
miles of river front. 

* * XT. S. Governors inaugurated. 
-77 * * Ark. A. H. Garland. 
-79 * * Cal. William Irwin. 
-76 * * Colo. (Ter.). John I. Kouatt. 
-79 * * Bel. John P. Cochran. 
-76 * * Ida. (Ter.). John P. Hoyt. 
-79 * * Ky. James B. M'Creary. 
-77 * * Mo. Charles H. Hardin. 
-79* *Neb. Silas Garber. 
-77 * * N.H. Person C. Cheney. 
-78 * * N. J. Joseph D. Bedle. 
-77 * * N. Y. Samuel J. Tilden. 
-77 * * P. I. Henry Lippitt. 
-77 * * S. C. Dan. H. Chamberlain. 
-79 * * Tenn. James D. Porter. 
-80 * * U. (Ter.). George W. Emery. 

1876 Jan. 10. D. C. Congress ; House : 
The Randall Universal Amnesty Bill 
fails to receive a two-thirds vote. Vote, 
175-97. Republicans oppose granting 
amnesty to Jefferson Davis, Robert 
Toombs, and Jacob Thompson. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress appropriates 
$1,500,000 in aid of the Centennial Exhi- 
bition. (See Miscellaneous.) 

Feb. 18. Wis. The Legislature modifies 
the severity of the Potter Law. 

Feb. 23. Ala. The governor approves 
the Act to fund the State debt at a 
lower rate of interest. 

Feb. 24. D. C. Gen. O. E. Babcock, 
the President's private secretary, resigns 
his office after acquittal. (See Society, 
Feb. 7.) 

Mar. 2. T>. C. Congress: The House 
passes a resolution to impeach Secre- 
tary Belknap for selling official places 
in the Navy Department ; he resigns a 
few hours later. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ar- 
ticles of impeachment are presented 
against Ex-Secretary Belknap. 

Kan. The Legislature passes an Act 

abolishing all restriction of the fran- 
chise as to color. 



Mar. 28. Miss. Gov. Adelbert Ames, 
having been impeached, resigns. 

Mar. * Gen. Robert C. Schenck, min- 
ister to England, is accused of compli- 
city in the Emma Mine frauds, and 
resigns. 

Mar.*-May. * A diplomatic dispute 
with England occurs in relation to tbe 
rendition of Winslow, an American 
forger. 

Apr. 3. Cat. The O'Connor Bill becomes 
a law ; three commissioners have power 
to regulate the condition of railroads 
when necessary for public safety. 

Apr. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the appointment of Charles A. 
Dana of N. Y. as minister to England. 

Apr. 19. D. C. President Grant vetoes 
the bill reducing the presidential sal- 
ary from §50,000 to §25,000, as it stood in 
1873 ; the bill was to be operative after 
March 4, 1877. 

Apr. 20. D. C. Congress ; Senate: 
Grievances of Californians, respecting 
the immigration of Chinese, are pre- 
sented. 

May 4. D. C. Congress receives a mes- 
sage from the President in relation to 
his absence from the Capitol. 

May 5. D. C. Congress; Senate: Ed- 
wards Pierrepont of N. Y. is nomi- 
nated for minister to England. [Con- 
firmed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875 * * Cal. The Palace Hotel is com- 
pleted at San Francisco. 

* * La. Capt. Eads begins his work of 
deepening the mouth of the Mississippi 
River by means of jetties. 

* * Md. The foundation of the Johns 
Hopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore ; 
endowment, §4,500,000. 

* * Mo. St. Louis acquires three public 
parks ; Carondelet, 180 acres ; Forest 
Park, 1,371 acres; O'Fallon Park, 158 
acres. 

* * New York. The North Dutch 
Church, corner of Fulton and Williams 
Streets, and over 100 years old, is de- 
molished. 

* * New York. The railroad tunnel 
through Fourth Avenue, leading to the 
Grand Central Depot, is completed. 

* * Pa. A fire sweeps through Osceola ; 
loss, §2,000,000. 

1876. Feb. 8. New York. A fire in 
Broadway consumes 30 buildings; total 
loss, $3,000,000. 

May 10. The Centennial Exhibition 
is opened at Fairmount Park, Philadel- 
phia. 

Many people and dignitaries from both 
hemispheres are present. Gen. Grant 
and Dom Pedro, Emperor of Brazil, 
jointly start tbe great Corliss engine, 
moving all the machinery; $14,500,000 
are invested in the preparation of build- 
ings, grounds, and other expenses ; 236 
acres are enclosed in the grounds ; the 
main building is 1800 ft. long and 464 ft. 
wide, the area, 21.47 acres. The Ma- 
chinery Hall is 1402 ft, long and 360 ft. 
wide. 



292 1876, May 11- 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1876 June 25. Mont. Gen. Custer 
attacks about 2,500 Indians under Sitting 
Bull, in a ravine on the Little Big Horn 
River; his entire command is outnum- 
bered, surrounded, and killed. 

Gen. Reno, in charge of a near-by 
force, holds his own until reenforced ; 
total loss, 2G1 killed, and 52 wounded. 

July * Mont. Gen. Sheridan is put in 
command of the expedition against the 
Sioux Indians. 

Nov. 24. Mont. The Sioux are se- 
verely defeated by the 4th Regiment 
of Cavalry, under Col. Mclvenzie, at a 
pass in the Big Horn Mountains. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1876 Aug. 2. D. C. Congress appropri- 
ates 8200,000 for the completion of the 
"Washington Monument at the na- 
tional Capital. 

Aug. 14. N. Y. The first wire of the 
East River Bridge is drawn over. 

Sept. 6. We ip York. A bronze statue of 
Lafayette is unveiled in Union Square ; 
it is the gift of the French Republic to 
the city. 

* * Cal. The Loring musical club is or- 
ganized at San Francisco. 

* * W. J. Thomas A. Edison establishes 
a laboratory at Menlo Park, near New 
Brunswick. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1876 
May 30. Peck, George, M. E. clergyman, 

editor, writer, A79. 
June 21. Neal, John, lawyer, poet, critic, 

miscellaneous writer, A83. 
June 25. Custer, George A., maj.-gen. of 

cavalry, killed hy Sioux Indians, A37. 
June 26. Cummins. George David, Ii. E. 

bishop, founder of Reformed Episcopal 

Church, A54. 
Aug. 22. Perkins, George R., mathema- 
tician, astronomer, A59. 
Sept. 14. Davids, Charles, mathematician, 

professor at Columbia, A78. 
Sept. 18. Janes, Edmund Storer, M. E. 

bishop, A69. 
Sept. 27. Bragg-, Braxton, capt. U. S. A., 

Confederate general, A61. 
Oct. 1. Lick, James A., merchant, of Cal., 

philanthropist, founder of Lick Observa- 
tory, A80. 
Oct. 18. Blair, Francis Preston, journalist, 

senator for Mo., one of the founders of the 

Republican party, A85. 
Oct. 28. .Jacobus, Melancthon W., Pres. 

clergyman, author, AGO. 
Dec. 17. Bartlett, William Francis, officer 

U. S. vols., A36. 
Dec. 24. Tufts, Charles, manufacturer, 

donor of Tufts College, A95. 
Nye, James Warren, lawyer, orator, 

Gov., sen. for Nev., brig.-gen., A77. 
Dec. 28. Meek, Ficldmu; Bradford, paleon- 
tologist, A59. 
Dec. 29. Bliss, Philip Paul, evangelist, 

poet, composer, A38. 



CHURCH. 

1876 June 9. Phila. Tne General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

July 17. Edward Cridge and Samuel 
Fellows are consecrated (Reformed 
Episcopal) bishops. 

Aug. 1 N. J. A joint commission of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church and 
the Methodist Episcopal Church South 
meets at Cape May to consider a basis 
of reconciliation and formal fraternity ; 



three ministers and two laymen are pres- 
ent from each Church. 

Revs. R. K. Hargrave, Edward Jl. 
Myers, Thomas M. Finney, Messrs. 
Trusten Polk, and David Clopton of the 
South meet Revs. John I'. Newman, M. 
M. D'C. Crawford, E. A. Fuller, Gen. 
Clinton B. Fisk, and Mr. E. L. Fancher 
of the North. 

Sept. 10. la. "William Stevens Perry 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Iowa. 

Sept. 12-15. N. Y. The National 
Unitarian Conference is held in 
Saratoga. 

Oct. 8. Cal. The centennial of the 
establishment of the Spanish mission 
at San Francisco is celebrated. 

Oct. 9. The (Unitarian) Ministers' In- 
stitute first meets. 

* * Alas. Philip Mackay, an Indian, 
starts a mission at Fort Wrangel. 

* * Ala. The (Presbyterian) Institute for 
training colored ministers is opened at 
Tuscaloosa. 

LETTERS. 

1876 July* Phila. An International 
Educational Congress is held. 

Aug. 17. Phila. The Spelling Reform 
Association is organized. 

Oct. 18. Ore. The University of Ore- 
gon is opened at Eugene City. 

± * * Ala. An act is passed to establish 
a public school system. 

* * Boston. Wide Awake magazine ap- 
pears. 

* * Boston. A Chinese school is organized 
in the Mount Vernon Church. 

* * Chicago. The Homeopathic Medical 
College is opened. 

* * Fla. Cookman Institute (Meth. Epis. 
Colored) is established at Jacksonville. 

* * Ga. Fio Nono College (Rom. Cath.) 
is organized at Macon. 

* * la. Parsons College (Pres.) is or- 
ganized at Fairfield. 

* * Md. Johns Hopkins University 
(non-sect.) is opened at Baltimore. [Li- 
brary, 23,000 vols.] 

* * Md. The Peabody Institute Library 
is founded at Baltimore. [S4.726 vols.] 

* * New York. Las Novedades (printed in 
Spanish) is founded. Puck is founded. 
The Library Journal appears. 

* * O. The Ohio Agricultural and 
Mechanical Colleges at Columbus are 
opened under control of the State. 

* * O. Rio Grande CoUege (Free-will 
Bapt.) is organized. 

* * O. The National Repository (Meth. 
Epis.) is issued at Cincinnati. 

* * Ore. The Blue Mountain Uni- 
versity (Meth. Epis.) is organized at 
Le Grande. 

* * Phila. The Centennial Medical Con- 
gress is held. 

* * Phila. The American Catholic Quar- 
terly appears. 

* * Tex. The State Agricultural and 
Mechanical CoUege at College Station 
opens. 



* * Va. W. W. Corcoran <-f Washington 
gives $55,000 to the University of 
Virginia. " 

* * Music Teachers* National Associa- 
tion is organized 

* * State Normal Schools are opened at 
Cedar Falls, Tex. ; and at Philadelphia 
by act of the Legislature of Pennsyl- 

* * Second series of Among My Books, by 
James Russell Lowell, appears. 

* * Betty's Bright Idea, by Harriet 
Beecher Stowe, appears. 

* * Cloth of Gold, by T. B. Aldrich, ap- 
pears ; also Flower and Thorn, 

* * The Complete Poetical Works of Ray 
Palmer appears. 

* * Culture of Small Fruits, by Edward 
Payson Roe, appears, also Near to 
Nature's Heart. 

* * Gabriel Conroy, by Bret Harte, ap- 

* * Hawthorne, by James Thomas Fields, 
appears. 

* * Philip Nolan's Friends, by Edward 
Everett Hale, appears. 

* * Poems, by Sidney Lanier, appears. 

* * Tales from Two Hemispheres, by H. 
H. Boyesen, appears (in book form). 

* * That Lass o' Lowries, by Frances 
Hodgson Burnett, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1876 May 15. XT. Y. The State Sol- 
diers' Home is incorporated at Bath. 

June 26. Phila. The World's Convention 
of Homeopathic Physicians opens. 

July 4. Phila. An imposing demonstra- 
tion celebrates the Centenary of the 
founding of the Republic. 

July 9. S.C. At Hamburg, whites mas- 
sacre six colored militiamen who had 
joined in a parade on the 4th of July. 

Aug. * IV. J. The State opens an asylum 
for the insane at Morristown. 

Sept. 8. Spain. William M. Tweed is 
arrested at Vigo, and held for extradi- 
tion. [Nov. 23. Arrives in New York.] 

Sept. 14. N. Y. An international rifle 
match is concluded at Creedmoor ; the 
American team is victorious. 

Sept. 17. S. C A race war at Aiken 
occurs between whites and blacks. 

Oct. * JD. C. President Grant declines to 
receive a Centennial address from Irish 
Home Rulers. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Senator Henry W.Blair 
introduces a resolution in the Senate 
proposing Federal prohibition of the 
liquor traffic. 

* * Cal. The Society for the Prevention 
of Cruelty to Children is chartered. 

* * Chicago. The red flag is carried in 
the parade of 1500 armed Communists. 

* * Me. The Legislature abolishes the 
death penalty. 

STATE. 

1S76 May 11. O. Second National 
Convention of the Prohibition party 



UNITED STATES. 



1876, May 11-**. 293 



convenes at Cleveland ; it nominates as 
presidential candidates Green Clay 
Smith of Ky. and G. T. Stewart of O. 

May IS. Ind. The Greenback National 
Convention convenes at Indianapolis ; it 
nominates Peter Cooper of N. Y. and 
Newton Booth of Cal. as presidential 
candidates. [Samuel F. Cary of C\ 
takes the place of Senator Booth, re- 
signed.] 

May 22. D. C. Alphonso Taft of O. is 
appointed attorney-general ; he resigns 
the office of secretary of war. 

May 30. R. I. The Legislature elects 
Henry Lippitt (Rep.) governor, the 
people having failed to make a choice 
in April. ¥ 

June * U. S. Many Republicans favor 
the election of President Grant for 
a third term, but he declines to be a 
candidate. 

June 11. O. The National Republi- 
can Convention assembles at Cincin- 
nati; Edward M. McPherson of Pa., 
president. 

A spirited contest ensues for the nomi- 
nation of James G. Blaine for President. 
First ballot: James G. Blaine of Me., 
285 ; Oliver P. Morton of Ind., 124 ; Ben- 
iamin H. Bristow of Ky., 113; Roscoe 
Conkling of N. Y., 99; Rutherford B. 
Hayes of O., 61 ; John F. Hartranft of 
Pa., 53; Marshall Jewell of Conn., 11; 
William A. Wheeler of N. Y., 3. Neces- 
sary for a choice, 378. Seventh ballot : 
Hayes, 3S4 : Blaine, 351; Bristow, 21. 
The nomination of Rutherford B. Hayes 
is declared unanimous, and William A. 
Wheeler is nominated for Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

June 20. D. C. Benjamin H. Bristow 
of Ky., secretary of the treasury, resigns. 

June 27. Mo. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention assembles at St. 
Louis ; John A. McClernand of 111., 
president. 

First ballot : Samuel J. Tilden of N.Y., 
417 ; Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 140 ; 
Winfield S. Hancock of Pa.. 75; Wil- 
liam Allen of G.,56; Thos. F. Bayard 
of Del., 33; Joel Parker of N. J., 18. 
Necessary for a choice, 496. On the sec- 
ond ballot Samuel J. Tilden receives 
535 votes, and his nomination is declared 
unanimous. [Thomas A. Hendricks of 
Ind. receives the unanimous vote of the 
convention for Vice-President.] 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1S76. 
Revenue: Customs, $148,071,9S5; inter- 
nal revenue, §116,700,732; direct tax, 
$93,799; sales of public lands, $1,129,467; 
premiums on loans and sales of gold 
coin, §4,029,281 ; miscellaneous items, 
$17,456,776. Total revenue, $287 ,482,039 ; 
excess of revenue over ordinary expen- 
ditures, §29,022,242. Expenditures: Mis- 
cellaneous items, $66,1)08,374 ; War De- 
partment, $38,070,889; Navy Depart- 
ment, S1S,9G3,310; Indians, .^5,966,558; 
pensions. 828,257,396: interest on the 
public debt, 8HH"i,243.271. Total ordinary 
expenditures, S25S,459,797. Public debt, 
82,180,395,067. Exports, 8^1,3^4,671 ; im- 
ports, $460,741,190. 

July 7. D. C. Iiot M. Morrill of Me. 
is appointed secretary of the treasury. 

July 11. B.C. Marshall Jewell of 
Conn., postmaster-general, resigns. 

July 12. D. C. > James N. Tyner of 
Ind. is appointed postmaster-general. 

July 22. D. C. Congress authorizes 
the coinage of not less than §10,000,000 
in silver, to take the place of legal-tender 



notes ; the trade dollar ceases to be a 
legal tender. 

Aug. 1. D. C. The President proclaims 
Colorado admitted into the Union as 
the 3Sth State. 

Congress; Senate: The Court of 
Impeachment fails to convict ex- 
Secretary W. W. Belknap of official 
corruption. Vote, 35 guilty ; 25 not 
guilty. (See Mar. 2.) 

Aug. 2. D. C. Congress appropriates 
$200,000 for the completion of the 
Was hin gton Monument at Washing- 
ton City. 

Aug. 15. D. C. The 44th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Oct. 7. S, C. Gov. Chamberlain issues a 
proclamation ordering all organizations 
to disband within three days; the 
State militia is alone excepted. [Presi- 
dent Grant issues a like proclamation 
Oct. 17.] 

Nov. 7. The 23d presidential elec- 
tion ; Republicans elected. 

Popular vote : Samuel J. Tilden 
(Dem.) of N. Y., 4,284,885 ; Rutherford 
B. Hayes (Rep.) of O., 4,033,950; Peter 
Cooper (Greenback) of N. Y., 81,740; 
Green Clay Smith (Prohib.) of Ky., 
9,522; James B. Walker (American) of 
111., 2,636. 

Nov. 8. Both parties claim the electoral 
votes of Louisiana, South Carolina, and 
Florida, and the strife between them is 
bitter. 

Nov. 15. Ala. The Legislature first 
meets in biennial session under the new- 
Constitution. 

Nov. 22. S. C. The State Board of Can- 
vassers gives certificates to Republi- 
can presidential electors; members 
of the Legislature from Edgefield and 
Laurens Counties are refused certifi- 
cates for alleged irregularities in their 
election. 

Nov. 28. S. C. Two Legislatures are 
organized — Democrats and Republi- 
cans ; the Democrats withdraw, and in 
a public hall organize their body ; 
William H. Wallace, speaker. 

* * All the Southern States are Demo- 
cratic, and the freedmen commonly 
have all their rights except that of 
voting. 

Dec. 4. D.C. The 44th Congress : The 
second session opens. Samuel J. Ran- 
dall (Dem.) of Pa. is elected Speaker. 
Vote, Randall, 162; James A. Garfield 
(Rep.)of 0.,S2. 

Dec. 6. U.S. The count of the electoral 
vote by the electors reveals a close 
election. The returning boards give 
Hayes (Rep.) 185 votes, and Tilden (Dem .) 
184. Much dispute and great excitement 
prevail. 

Dec. 7. S. C. Daniel H. Chamberlain 
is sworn in as governor after he has 
been declared elected by the Republican 
Legislature. 

Dec. 12. S. C. "Wade Hampton is de- 
clared to be elected governor, by the 
speaker of the Democratic Legislature, 
after counting the votes, which have 
been certified by the secretary of state. 



Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; House : J. P. 
Knott (Dem.) reports a resolution from 
the Judiciary Committee, providing a 
Committee of Seven, to act with a 
similar committee of the Senate, in pro- 
viding a means for counting the elec- 
toral vote. 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
also appoints a Committee of Seven. 

The Joint Committee — Senators : 
George F. Edmunds of Vt., Frederick 
T. Frelinghuysen of N. J., John A. 
Logan Of 111., Oliver P. Morton oi Ind., 
Allen G. Thurman of O., Thomas F. 
Bayard of Del.,* ami Matt. W. Ransom 
of N. C* Representatives : Henry B. 
Payne of O. * Eppa Hunton of Va.,* 
Abram S. Hewitt of N.T.,* William M. 
Springer of 111. * George W. Cary of la., 
George F. Hoar of Mass., and George 
Willard of Mich. (Democrats are indi- 
cated by stars.) 

Dec. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes an amendment to its bill to form 
a territory of Pembina from the north- 
ern part of Dakota [changing the name 
Pembina to Huron]. 

Dec.+* Fla. Three sets of electoral 
votes are sent to Congress. 

The Republican set is signed by Gov. 
Stearns; the Democratic, by the attor- 
ney-general ; the Democratic set, au- 
thorized by the Legislature, is signed 
by Gov. Drew. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1876 June 30. Immigrants for the year, 
169,986. 

July 10. The Lake steamer St. Clair 
burns on Lake Superior ; 27 persons 
missing. 

Aug. 11, 12. The Canadian schooner 
yacht Countess of Dufferin sails in a 
race for the America cup, and is beaten 
by the Madeline. 

Alfred Johnson, in 57 days, completes 

a voyage from America to Abercastle, 
England, in the Centennial, a boat 
20 feet long. 

Sept. 24. New York. Hallett's Reef 
is blown up. 

Gen. Newton blows up Hallett's Point 
Reef, the chief obstruction at "Hell 
Gate " in the East River. After seven 
years spent in tunneling two and three- 
quarters acres of area, ten feet below 
the surface of the rock, 3,680 charges 
of dynamite and vulcanite are dis- 
charged from the shore through an elec- 
tric wire, by the young daughter of Gen. 
Newton. 

Oct. * A convention of governors is held 
at Omaha to consider the grasshopper 
pest ; several States are represented. 

Nov. 10. Phila. The International 
Exhibition closes ; total admissions, 
9,7S9,392 ; average daily admissions, 
61,568; receipts, S3,813,749. 

Dec. 5. N. Y. The Brooklyn Theater 
takes fire during a performance ; a panic 
ensues ; 295 persons are killed. 

Dec. 21. I). C. All the awards in pay- 
ment of the Alabama Claims are made, 
and about $8,000,000 surplus remains. 

Dec. 29. O. A train drops through the 
Ashtabula iron bridge to the water, 75 
feet below ; fire follows, and more than 
70 persons perish. 



294 1876, * *-1877 ; June 30. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1877. Jan. 5. Mont. The Sioux Indi- 
ans are overtaken and again defeated 
by Gen. Miles; they scatter, and the 
Sioux war ends. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1876 * * H. Vander Weyde succeeds in 
making electric light effectual in 
photography. 

* * New York. A bronze statue of "Wil- 
liam H. Seward is unveiled in Madison 
Square Park. 

* * New York. "William Magrath of Wash- 
ington, D. C, and James D. SmiUie of 
New York, are elected members of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * The Landsknecht is painted by Roth- 
ermel. 

* * Song of Summer is painted by Jervis 
McEntee. 

* * Autumn is painted by J. "W. Casilear. 

* * Coast of Maine is painted by A. C. 
Shaw. 

* * Autumn near Stockbridge is painted 
by A. D. Shattuck. 

* * Off the Track is painted by J. B. Irving. 

* * Studies from Nature is painted by A. B. 
Durand. 

1877 Jan. * N. J. Edison invents the 
carbon loud-speaking telephone. 

Jan. 23. Ind. and Ky. A brilliant me- 
teor is seen at several points ; it falls 
near Cyntheana, Ky., and penetrates 
the soil about a foot ; weight about 13 
pounds. 

Feb. 12. Mass. A. Graham Bell exhib- 
its his telephone at the Essex Insti- 
tute, Salem. 

Apr. 1. Edison invents a microphone. 

Apr. 11. N. Y. Lewis Swift discovers 
the third comet of the year, at Roches- 
ter ; it has a direct motion. 

Apr. * Mass. The first telephone for 
business purposes is erected between 
Boston and Somerville — distance, three 
miles. 

May 10. Boston. A. Graham Bell de- 
scribes his telephone inventions before 
the Academy of Arts and Sciences. 

May 16. New York. A bronze statue of 
Fitz-Greene Halleck is unveiled in 
Central Park. 



P. E. clergyman, poet, Aftl. 

Apr. 14. H.ibine, Lorenzo, historian, A74. 

May 11. Lewis, Taylor, Greek scholar, 
author, A75. 

May 28. Harper, Fletcher, one of the four 
Harper Brothers, publisher, A72. 

Motley, John Lotbrop, historian, dip- 
lomat, A 63. 

June 3. Ellet, Elizabeth F., author, poet, 
A59. 

June 14. Owen, Hubert Dale, M. C. for 
Ind., author, A77. 

June 17. Abbott, John Stevens Cabot, his- 
torian, A72. 

Pratt, Daniel D., lawyer, Benator for 

Ind., Af>4. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1877. 
Jan. 3. Abercrombie, John J., brig.-gen. 

of vols., A75. 
Jan. 4. Vanderbilt. Cornelius, capitalist, 

of N. Y., A83. 
Jan. 8. Caswell, Alexis, president Brown 

University, A78. 
Jan. 26. Haines, Daniel, Gov. of N. J., 

educationist, A80. 
Feb. 8. Wilkes, Charles, rear-adm. U. S. 

N., A76. 
Feb. 16. Bailey, Theodorus, rear-adm. 

U. S. N., A75. 
Feb. 18. Davis, Charles H., rear-adm. 

V. S. N., author, A70. 
Feb. 20. Goldsborough, Lewis M., rear- 
adm. U. S. N., A72. 
Feb. 21. Eaton, Amos B., brev. niaj.-gen., 

A71. 
Mar. 1. Hart, Joel T., sculptor, A67. 
Mar. 26. Hurt, John Seelv, educational, 

A67. 



1876 * * Tbe (Roman Catholic) Prefec- 
ture Apostolic of tbe Indian Territory 
is erected. 

* * Tbe Illinois Conference (African 
Methodist Episcopal) is organized. 

* * Miss. The Synod of Mississippi (N. S. 
Presbyterian) is organized. 

* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held at Buffalo. 

* * Tbe Reformed Episcopal Synod of tbe 
Pacific, tbe Synod of tbe Northwest and 
of the West are organized. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets at Brooklyn ; H. J. 
Van Dyke, moderator. 

It enters the Alliance formed by the 
union of the Reformed Churches 
throughout the world holding the 
Presbyterian system. 

* * Tbe modified book of Common Prayer 
is issued by Dr. Gregg of the Reformed 
Episcopal Church. 

* * The General Synod of "Wartburg 
(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Philadelphia ; 
James Brown, moderator. 

* * Va. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Richmond ; 
Isaac Errett, president. 

1877 Feb. 13. Charles Clifton Penick 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Africa. 

May 1. III. John L. Spalding is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Peoria. 

May 11. Md. Two conventions, repre- 
senting the two bodies, meet in Balti- 
more, and reunite ** the Methodist'* 
and "the Protestant Methodists*' 
under the latter title. 

May 13. Fla. John Moore is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of St. 
Augustine. 

June 1. 0. The General Convention of 
the New Jerusalem meets at Cincinnati. 

la. An association of Unitarian 

and other Independent Churches is or- 
ganized at Burlington. 

June 20. Thomas H. Gregg is conse- 
crated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop. 

LETTERS. 
1876 * * Tom Saioyer, by Mark Twain, 



: * Young Folks' Centennial lihymes, by 
"Will Carleton, appears. 



* * The Unseen World t t.;. John Flake, 

appears. 

* * My Winter on the Nile, by Charles 
Dudley Warner, appears. 

* * Sights arid Insights, by A. D. T. Whit- 
ney, appears. 

* * National Ode, by Bayard Taylor, ap- 
pears, also The Echo Club, and The Boys 
of Other Countries. 

* * Why We Laugh, by Samuel Sullivan 
Cox, appears. 

* * A Study of Haicthorne, by George 
Parsons Lathrop, appears. 

* * Rose in Bloom, by Louisa May Alcott, 
appears. 

* * My Little Love, by Marion Harland, 
appears. 

* * Hans Brinker, by Mary Mapes Dodge, 
appears. 

* * Helen's Babies, by John Habberton, 
appears, also The Barton Experiment 
and The Jericlw lioad. 

SOCIETY. 

1876 * * Mich. The State Constitution 
is so amended as to prohibit any act of 
legislation that shall authorize the sale 
of intoxicating beverages. 

* * N.J. The "Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union meets in National Con- 
vention at Newark ; Mrs. Annie Witten- 
myer is elected president. 

* *Md. The first stone of tbe Johns 
Hopkins Hospital is laid at Baltimore ; 
its endowment of $3,500,000 comes from 
Johns Hopkins a merchant of Baltimore. 

* * New York. The Society for the Pre- 
vention of Crime is founded ; Howard 
Crosby, D.D., president. 

* * Phila. The Baptist Orphanage is 
founded. 

The 10th National Encampment of 

the Grand Army of the Eepublic is 
held in this city; Gen. John F. Har- 
tranft, commander-in-chief. 

* * Wis. The St. John's Catholic Deaf 
Mute Institution is opened. 

* * Congress prohibits both the soliciting 
and the receiving of political contribu- 
tions from Government employees. 

* * The Catholic Mutual Benefit Asso- 
ciation is founded. 

* * The United Order of the Golden 
Cross is founded. 

1S77 Jan. 3. N. J. The centennial 
anniversary of the Battle of Princeton 
is celebrated. 

Feb. 12. Mass. — Me. The engineers of 
tbe Boston and Maine road strike with- 
out notice ; the strikers' places are soon 
supplied [and they are not taken back]. 

Mar. 23. The Mormon bishop, J. D. 
Lee, is shot as sentenced, for his share 
in the Mountain Meadows massacre 
of Sept. 18, 1S57, in which 136 emigrants 
were murdered. 

Apr. 1. Fla. Tbe State prison is mado 
an insane asylum. 

Apr. 2. 7?. I. A school for the deaf is 
opened by the State, at Providence. 



UNITED STATES. 1876, * *-1877, June 30. 295 



May 17. Phila. Gen. Grant starts on 
his journey round the world. 

June 21. Pa. Ten "Molly Ma- 
guires," after trial and conviction for 
murder, are hanged. The conspirators 
are subdued. 

June 23. Boston. The Supreme Coun- 
cil of the Royal Arcanum is organized. 

STATE. 

1876 * * D. C. Congress places the tax 
on distilled spirits at 90 cents per proof- 
gallon. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-79 * * Colo. John L. Routt. 
-SO * * Ida. { Ter.). Mason Brayman. 
-78 * * la. Samuel J. Kirkwood. 
-79 * * Mass. Alexander H. Rice. 
-79 * * Me. Selden Conner. 
-82* *Minn. John S. Pillsbury. 
-82 * * Miss. John M. Stone. 
-78* *N.Mex.(Ter.). Samuel B.Axtell. 

O. Rutherford B. Hayes. 
-79 * * Pa. John F. Hartranft. 
-79 * * Tex. Richard Hubbard. 
-78* * Vt. Horace Fairbanks. 
-78 * * Wis. Harrison Ludington. 

1877 Jan. 8. La. There are two gov- 
ernors and two Legislatures ; the Re- 
publicans regularly inaugurate S. B. 
Packard in the State-house, and the 
Democrats install Francis T. Nicholls 
in a public hall. 

Jan. 9. La. The State offices and build- 
ings at New Orleans are surrendered to 
the Nicholls party. 

Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Joint 
Committee makes a report favoring a 
commission for counting the electoral 
vote. 

Jan 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes an Electoral Commission Bill. 
Vote, 47-17. (Yeas, 26 Dem., and 21 Rep. ; 
nays, 16 Rep., and 1 Dem.) 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Electoral Commission Bill. 
Vote, 191-86. (Yeas, 158 Dem. and 33 
Rep. ; nays, 68 Rep. and IS Dem.) 

III. David Davis (Dem.), a justice in 

the Supreme Court, is elected Senator. 

Jan. 28. D. C. Congress votes on Sen- 
ator Matthews' concurrent resolution 
on the silver question. Vote : Senate, 
34-22 ; House, 189-79. 

Jan. 29. D. C. The President approves 
the Electoral Commission Act. It is 
to count the electoral votes, and to 
settle all questions that may arise con- 
cerning the votes of Florida, Louisiana, 
South Carolina, and other disputed 
States. 

Members of the commission. Jus- 
tices: Nathan Clifford* of Me., Samuel 
F. Miller of la., Stephen J. Field* of 
Cal., and William Strong of Pa. [These 
select the fifth member, Joseph P. Brad- 
ley of N. J.] Senators: George F. Ed- 
munds of Vt., Oliver P. Morton of Ind., 
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen of N. J., 
Allen G. Thurman* of 6. (see Feb. 26), 
Thomas F. Bayard* of Del. Represen- 
tatives: H. B. Payne* of Wis., Joseph 
G.Abbott* of Mass., Eppa Ilunton* of 
Va., James A. Garfield of O., George F. 
Hoar of Mass. Total, seven Democrats 
to eight Republicans. (Democrats are 
distinguished by a star.) 



Jan. 31. />. C. Congress: The Elec- 
toral Commission is organized. Emi- 
nent counsel are employed on both sides. 

Feb. 7. D.C. Congress: The Elec- 
toral Commission begins the investi- 
gation respecting the electoral votes in 
three States. 

In South Carolina two bodies claim to 
be the Legislature. One gives the vote 
to Hayes by about 800 majority; the 
other gives it to Tilden by a somewhat 
smaller majority. In Florida both par- 
ties claim the vote, each by a small ma- 
jority. In Oregon, one of the three 
Republican electors is denied a certifi- 
cate by the Governor, having been a 
postmaster when nominated ; the Gov- 
ernor gives one electoral certificate to a 
Democrat. Revolution and civil war are 
freely threatened. 

Feb. 9. D. C. The Electoral Commis- 
sion awards the contested vote of Flor- 
ida to the Republicans. Vote, 8-7 — S 
Republicans, 7 Democrats. 

Feb. 16. D. C. The electoral vote of 
Louisiana is awarded to the Republi- 
cans, who claim that the Commission 
has no power to examine into returns 
made in due form. Vote, 8-7. 

Feb. 21. D. C. Congress; House: De- 
bate on the Bland Silver Bill is re- 
sumed. [The Senate changes are adopted 
later.] 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress removes the 
political disabilities of Gen. Joseph E. 
Johnston of Va. 

Feb. 26. D. C. Senator Thurman being 
ill, Senator Francis Kernan of N. Y. 
takes his place on the Electoral Com- 
mission. 

Feb. 27. L). C. The electoral vote of 
South Carolina is awarded to the Re- 
publicans. Vote, 8-7. 

Mar. 2. D. C. The two houses of Con- 
gress meet in joint session, and confirm 
the election of Hayes and Wheeler 
only two days before the inauguration. 
Congress removes the political disabil- 
ities of Gen. John S. Marmaduke of 
Mo. 
Congress counts the electoral vote. 
Votefor President: Tilden, 184; Hayes, 
185; Smith and Walker, 0. Vote for 
Vice-President : Thomas A. Hendricks 
(Dem.) of Ind.. 1S4 ; William A. Wheeler 
(Rep.) of N. Y., 185; Samuel F. Carey 
(Greenback) of O.. ; Gideon T. Stewart 
(Prohib.)of O.,0; D. Kirkpatrick(Amer.) 
of N. Y.,0. 

Congress: The Monetary Commis- 
sion (organized Aug. 15, 1875) makes a 
report. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House 
repudiates the decision of the Electoral 
Commission in a strong resolution, 
which declares that Samuel J. Tilden 
and Thomas A. Hendricks both received 
196 electoral votes, and were elected. 
Vote, 136-88 ; not voting, 66. 
The 44th Congress ends. 
Rutherford B. Hayes is privately 
sworn in as President (Saturday). 

Mar. 4. D. C. Sunday : The inaugura- 
tion is deferred until Monday. 

The 23d Administration: Republi- 
can. 



Mar. 5. h. C. Rutherford B. Hayes 
of 0. is inaugurated the 19th President 
in the 23d term of the presidency. 
William A. Wheeler of N. Y. is Vice- 
President. 

Cabinet : William M. Evarts of N. Y. 
(State), John Sherman of O. (Treas.), 
George W. McCrary of la. (War), 
Richard W. Thompson of Ind. (Navy), 
Carl Schurz of Mo., (Interior), Charles 
Devens of Mass. (Atty.-Gen.), David 
M. Key of Tenn. (P. M.-Gen.). 

The Senate meets in special session 
at the call of President Hayes. [Ad- 
journs March 17.] 

Apr. 11. L>. C. Both claimants to the 
governorship of South Carolina visit 
Washington, and influenced by Presi- 
dent Hayes, D. H. Chamberlain with- 

. draws his claim. 

Apr. 21. La. The Packard Legisla- 
ture (Rep.), deprived of the President's 
support, is dispersed. [President Hayes 
thereby becomes unpopular with the 
stalwart Republicans.] 

May 5. D. C. The President calls a 
special session of the 45th Congress for 
Oct. 15, to make provision for the sup- 
port of the army ; this having been 
omitted by the 44th Congress. 

June 22. D. C. President Hayes orders 
all Federal officials who are subject to 
the civil-service rules to resign any 
situation held as political managers, 
or to give up their offices, in order 
" to take the office-holders out of poli- 
tics." 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1877. 
Revenue: Customs. §130.956,493; inter- 
nal revenue, *ll.s,G30,40S ; sales of public 
lands, $970,254 ; premiums on loans and 
sales of gold coin, §405,777 ; miscellane- 
ous, $18,031,655. Total revenue, §269,- 
000,587; excess of revenue over expendi- 
tures, $30,340,57S. Expenditures: Mis- 
cellaneous items, :?50.252,007; War De- 
partment, $37,0X2,7311; Naw Department, 
$14,959,935; Indians, #5,277,007; pensions, 
27,9(13,752 ; interest on the public debt, 
©97,124,512. Total ordinary expenditures, 
S23S.000.009. Public debt, $2.205.301, 392. 
Exports, §0(12,475,220 ; imports, $451,323,- 
126. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1876 * * S. Dak. Deadwood is laid out 

as a town. The Indians surrender all 

title to lands in South Dakota. 
* * U. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,630,600 ; 

insurance loss, $34,374,500. 
Jan. 7. N. J. The steamer L'Amirigue 

runs ashore near Seabright ; three of 

the crew are lost. 
1877. Mar. 5. Mo. The Southern 

Hotel at St. Louis is burned ; 11 lives 

are lost. 
Mar. 6. New York. Property valued at 

$1,500,000 is destroyed by a Broadway 

fire. 
Mar. 16. New York. The new building 

of the New York Hospital is opened 

(Organized 1770). 
May 29. Ky. At Louisville the horse 

Ten Broeck runs two miles in 3.27£. 
June 5. New York. The Sixth-Avenue 

Elevated Railroad to Fifty-ninth Street 

is opened. 



296 1877, June 30-* * 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1877 July 22. Pa. Gen. Sheridan is 
sent to Pittsburg with troops to quell 
tlie riots. 

July * Ida. An Indian war breaks out 
in the Northwest ; Gen. Howard is sent 
against Chief Joseph of the Idaho Indi- 
ans. [Oct. 1. The chief is captured after 
a long pursuit.] 

Aug. 4. Pa. Order is restored at Pitts- 
burg by the troops. 

Sept. ±* Ida. The Nez Perces Indians 
defeat the troops and kill 33 men. 

Nov. 24. N. C. The sloop-of-war 
Huron strikes the rocks near Oregon 
Inlet ; nearly 100 lives are lost. 

Dec. 13. Tex. A mob of Mexicans 
and others attack the State troops at 
San Elizario ; six persons are killed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1877 Aug. 11,18. D.C. Two satellites 
of Mars are discovered by Prof. Asaph 
Hall at Washington. 

Sept. 3. Mich. The asteroid Phoedra is 
discovered by J. C. Watson at Ann Ar- 
bor. [Andromache on Oct. 1 and Cly- 
temnestra on Nov. 12.) 

Oct. 14. N. Y. The asteroid Idun is dis- 
covered by C. H. F. Peters, at Clinton. 

Oct. 21. Africa. Henry M. Stanley 
arrives at Cape Town from his tour of 
exploration. 

Oct. 30. Kan. A monument is dedicated 
to John Brown at Osawatomie. 

Nov. 10. The American Chemical So- 
ciety is incorporated. 

Dec. 22. New York. The first building 
of the American Museum of Natural 
History is opened. 

Dec. * N. J. Edison announces a phono- 
graph. 

* * Chicago. Elisha Gray files a caveat 
for his telephone three hours after Bell's 
is filed. 

* * Kan. Lead is discovered in Cherokee 
County ; Galena and Empire City be- 
come prosperous. 

* * N. J. The Observatory of the J. C. 
Green School of Science is erected at 
Princeton. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1877. 

July 9. Tenney, Sanborn, naturalist, au- 
thor, A50. 

Aug: 9. Conrad. Timothy A., naturalist, 
author, A74. 

Aug. 39. Young, Brigham, Mormon high- 
priest, A76. 

Aug. 30. Semmes, Raphael, Confed. adm., 
commander of the Alabama, A68. 

8ept. 1. Davenport, Edward L., actor, A61. 

Sept. 33. Trail, Russell, teacher, physi- 
cian, hydrojirttiiist, author, A65. 

Sept. 35. Orton, .lames, naturalist, A47. 

Sept. 39. ftleiggs, Henry, builder of rail- 
roads in S. Am., and public works, A54. 

Oct. 3. Fish, Henry, Baptist idergvman of 
N. J., author, A57. 

Oct. 3. ISaylev, -lames R., R. C. archbishop 
of Baltimore, A63. 

Nov. 1. Norton, Oliver Perry, war Gov., 
senator for Ind., A54. 

Nov. 3. Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons, surgeon, 
litholomist, A71. 

Nov. 13. Gray, Henry, artist, portrait- 
painter, A58. 



Nov. 29. Greene, Nathaniel, journalist, 
editor Boston Statesman, A80. 

Dec. 3. Marvin, Enoch M-, bishop of M. E. 
Church South, author, AS4. 

Dec. 7. HiiRer, Col. U. S. A., Confederate 
maj.-gen., A 72. 

Dec. 8. Bledsoe, Albert Taylor. Confeder- 
ate asst. sec. war, A 68. 

Dec. 24. Parrott, Robert Parker, inventor 
, A73. 



CHURCH. 

1877 July 3. Scot. The first meeting of 
the General Council of the " Alliance 
of the Keformed Churches throughout 
the world holding the Presbyterian Sys- 
tem" is held at Edinburgh. 

Aug. 29. John Taylor, chief of the 
"Twelve Apostles," succeeds Brigham 
Young, deceased, as president of the 
Mormon Church. 

Oct. 16. N. Y. Francis McNeirny 
becomes (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Albany. 

Oct. 31. Samuel T. J. Schereschewsky 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal | 
missionary bishop of Shanghai. 

Dec. 18. III. The Protestant Episcopal 
diocese of Springfield is organized. 

* * Alas. The Presbyterian Home Board 
opens a mission and school for girls at 
Fort Wrangel. 

* * Boston. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * Cat. Chinese Mission Work is be- 
gun in Oakland. 

* * Chicago. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; James Eells, mod- 
erator. 

* * Conn. The Congregational Club is 
formed at Hartford. 

* * A meeting of the (Congregational) 
National Council is held. 

* * Ida. The State Convention (Univer- 
salist) is organized. 

* * III. The General Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) meets at Carthage. The 
General Assembly (United Presbyte- 
rian) meets at Sparta ; Kobert E. Ewing, 
moderator. The Roman Catholic diocese 
of Peoria is established. 



LETTERS. 

1877 Sept. 17. Phila. The Jefferson 
Medical College is opened. 

* * Ark. Philander Smith CoUege 
(Meth. Epis. Colored) is founded at 
Little Rock. 

* * The Boston Library reports 320,000 
volumes. 

* * Cal. The San Joaquin Valley Col- 
lege (United Brethren) is organized at 
^Voodb ridge. 

* * Colo. The. University College (non- 
sect.) of Boulder is organized. 

* * D. C. The National Tribune is issued 
at "Washington. 

* * Ga. The Shorter College (Fern.) 
is founded by Baptists at Rome. 

Clark University (Metli. Epis.) is 
organized at Atlanta. 

* * A'//. The Times is issued at Louisville. 



* * Ky. Ogden College (non-sect.) Is 
orgaoized at Bowling Green. 

* * La. The City Item la issued at New 
Orleans. 

* * Mich. Detroit College (Bom, Cath.) 
is organized at Detroit. 

* * Miss. The Lea Female CoUege is 
founded at Summit. 

*■ * New York. The Lenox Library on 
Fifth Avenue is opened. 

* * New York. The Mn gazine of American 
History appears. 

* * N. C. The Biddle University at 
Charlotte is chartered. The State Col- 
ored Normal School, at Fayetteville, 
is opened. 

* * Pa. The National Stockman and 
Farmer is issued at Pittsburg. 

* * .5. C. The Adger College (Pres.) is 
organized at TValhalla. 

* * Tenn. The Medical Department of 
the University of Tennessee at Nash- 
ville is opened. 

* * Tex. The North Texas Female 
College (Meth. Epis. South) is char- 
tered. 

* * W. Va. The Broaddus CoUege at 
Clarksburg receives its charter. 

* * TJie American, by Henry James, ap- 
pears. 

* * Biology, Orthodoxy, and Transcenden- 
talism, by Joseph Cook, appears. 

* * Eight Cousins, by Louisa May Alcott, 
appears. 

* * Footprints of the Master, by Harriet 
Beecher Stowe, appears. 

* * Garth, by Julian Hawthorne, appears. 

* * Haicthorne, by Edmund Clarence Sted- 
man, appears. 

* * Nicholas Minturn, by J. G. Holland, 
appears. 

* * Count Frontenac and New France, by 
Francis Parkman, appears. 

* * The Queen of Sheba, by T. B. Aldrick, 
appears. 

* * Modern Philosophy , by Francis Bo wen, 
appears. 

* * Reconciliation of Science aiid Religion, 
by Alexander Winchell, appears. 

* * Table Talk, by A. Bronson Aleott. 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1S77 July 1. Md. A general reduction 
of wages on railroads ; strikes are 
threatened. 

July 4. Fla. A convention of colored 
men is held in Tallahassee ; it advises the 
fostering of a general social and moral 
improvement of the colored people. 

July 14 4-. Md. A great labor strike 
occurs. It extends over most of the 
railroads of the Northern States. 

It begins on the Baltimore and Ohio 
Railroad against a 1U per cent reduction 
of wages ; soon the militia is called out. 
and later the National troops, to pro- 
tect new employees; 100.000 workmen 
participate in it. 

July 19. W. Va. A detachment of Na- 
tional troops arrives to protect railroad 
employees from strikers. 



UNITED STATES. 



1877, June 30-**. 297 



July 20. Md. A mob stones the soldiers 
called against the strikers on the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad, at Baltimore; 
nine of the mob are killed and mora 
than 20 are wounded by the fare of the 
soldiers. 

July 21. Pa. At Pittsburg strikers at- 
tack the soldiers. 

They drive them for shelter into the 
roundhouse, where they are besieged. 
Oil-cars are moved up to the building 
and tired, while the tire companies are 
restrained ; railroad buildings are fared ; 
2,000 freight-cars are pillaged or burned ; 
barrels of liquor are taken from the 
cars, and general robbery follows, in 
which women participate, until sup- 
pressed by Federal troops. Loss esti- 
mated at about $10,000,000. 

July * Pa. The strikers raise a riot at 
Reading ; in a collision between the 
military and the mob, 13 are killed, 43 
wounded. 

July 23. Cal. The Vigilance Com- 
mittee of San Francisco reorganizes. 

July 25. NewYoi-k. Communists meet 
in Tompkins Square and make inflam- 
matory addresses ; great alarm is felt 
throughout the country. 

July 26. Chicago. The Federal cavalry 
assist the police in charging a crowd of 
socialists ; 19 deaths follow. 

July 27. Pa. The unsuccessful strikers 
commence returning to work. 

Aug. 12. Tex. A band of Mexican des- 
peradoes breaks open the Jail at Rio 
Grande City, and releases two notorious 
criminals, Esproneda and Garza, who 
escape with them to Mexico. 

Aug. 22. N. J. A convention of col- 
ored men convenes at Princeton to 
promote the welfare of their race. 

Sept. *- Oct. * S.C. The frauds and 
embezzlements of the official ring in 
charge of the State are disclosed and the 
offenders prosecuted. 

Sept.* New York. "Boss" Tweed 
discloses the system by which the Tam- 
many frauds were perpetrated, also the 
names of guilty parties. 

Oct. * New York. The United States 
Brewers' Association is incorporated. 

Nov. 3. Cal. Dennis Kearney, leader 
of the Workingmen's Party, is arrested 
and imprisoned on a charge of incendi- 
ary speeches and threats. 

Nov. S. S. C. F. L. Cardoza, ex-treas- 
urer of the State, convicted of fraud, is 
sentenced to imprisonment for two years 
and to pay a fine of $4,000. 

Nov- * Chicago. The National Con- 
vention of the Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union meets ; Mrs. Annie 
Wittenmyer, president. 

Dec. 1. Md. The Presbyterian Eye, Ear, 
and Throat Hospital at Baltimore is 
opened. 

Dec. 10. Wyo. "Women are authorized 
to vote and hold office. 

* * Boston. The Marcella Street Home 
for the reformation of boys is opened. 

* * Cal. An anti-Chinese riot at San 
Francisco is subdued by members of the 
old vigilance committee of 1856. 



* * Chicago. The Citizens' League, 
against the saloon, and to save young 
men from intemperance is organized. 

* * N. J. A State Board of Health is 
organized. 

* * Nev. The Legislature amends the 
constitution so as to disfranchise biga- 
mists and polygamists. 

* * P. I, The eleventh National Encamp- 
ment of the Grand Army of the Re- 
public is held at Providence ; Gen. J. 
C. Robinson, commander-in-chief. 

STATE. 

1877 July IS. D. C. President Hayes 
issues a proclamation for the suppres- 
sion of disorder and violence in West 
Virginia. [July 21 ; another for Mary- 
land. July 23 ; another for Pennsyl- 
vania.] 

July * N. S. The Fishery Commis- 
sion meets at Halifax. Commissioners : 
Sir Alex. T. Gait, Ensign H. Kellogg, 
and Maurice Delfosse, the Belgian min- 
ister to the United States. 

Aug. 7. W. Va. The capital is located 
at Charleston by a popular vote. 

Sept. * D. C. President Hayes holds a 
conference with a number of Indian 
chiefs at Washington. 

Oct. 5. Cal. The Workingman's Party 
of California is organized at San Fran- 
cisco ; Dennis Kearney (" sand-lot ora- 
tor"), president. 

Oct. 15. D. C. The 45th Congress 
opens in special session. 

Oct.* D. C. Congress ; Senate : Thomas 
"W. Ferry of Mich, is elected President 
pro tempore. House : Samuel J. Ran- 
dall of Pa. (Dem.) is reelected Speaker, 
receiving 149 votes ; James A. Garfield 
of O. (Rep.), 132. 

Thomas B. Keed of Me. and William 
McKinley of O. enter the House. 

Nov. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : R. P. 
Bland of Mo. introduces a bill for the 
free coinage of the standard silver dol- 
lar, and for its circulation as a legal 
tender in any amounts. (See Feb., 1878.) 

Nov. 6. Minn. The people ratify an 
amendment to the Constitution, chan- 
ging the sessions of the Legislature from 
annual to biennial. 

Nov. 23. 1ST. S. The Halifax Fishery 
Commission, under the Treaty of 
Washington, makes its decision, one 
member dissenting. 

It awards to the British government 
§5,500,000 for 12 years' use of the inshore 
Canadian fisheries, which belonged to 
the United States by the treaty of 1782 : 
it also remits to Canada, the annual 
duties ($350,000), which in 12 years 
amount to §1,200,000. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 45th Congress; the 
special session closes. 

The 45th Congress opens in regular 
Bession. 

The President's message recom- 
mends the resumption of specie pay- 
ments on Jan. 1, 1879, and urges justice 
for freedmen. 



Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
Koscoe Conkling of N. Y. and others 
oppose the Civil Service Reform 
efforts of the Administration. 

* * D. C. President Hayes appoints John 
M. Harlan of Ky. a Justice of the U. S. 
Supreme Court. 

* * N. Dak. The capital is removed to 
Bismarck. 

* * N. H. The people adopt 12 amend- 
ments to the Constitution, and reject a 
13th amendment which would eliminate 
the word " Protestant" from the Bill of 
Rights. 

* * New York. Smith Ely is elected the 
SOth mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated: 
-78* * Ariz. (Ter.). John P. Hoyt. 
-81 * * Ark. William R. Miller. 
-79 * * Conn. James E. English. 
-81 * * Fla. George F. Drew. 

-82 * * Ga. Alfred H. Colquitt. 
-83 * * III. Shelby M. Cullom. 
-81 * * hid. James D. Williams. 
-79 * * Kan. George T. Anthony. 
-78 * * La. Stephen B. Packard. 
-81 * * Mich. Charles M. Crosswell. 
-81 * * Mo. John S. Phelps. 
-79 * * N. C Zebulon B. Vance. 
-79 * * N.H. Benjamin F. Prescott. 
-80 * * N. Y. Lucius Robinson. 
-78 * * O. Thomas L. Young. 
-78** Ore. S. F. Chadwick. 
-78 * * S. C. Wade Hampton. 
-80 * * R. I. Charles C. "Van Zandt. 
-81 * * W. Va. Henry M. Matthews. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877 June 30. Immigrants for the 
year, 141,857. 

July* Because of the great Pittsburg 
strike, six or seven thousand miles of 
railroads are forced into idleness. 

Aug. 9. N. J. A train falls through a 
bridge at Ocean port ; 60 persons are 
injured; Gen. Grant is one of the pas- 
sengers and escapes unhurt. 

Aug. 15-17. Vt. The centennial of the 
Battle of Bennington is celebrated. 

Aug. 26. New York. The Third Ave- 
nue Elevated Railroad is opened to 
Forty Second Street. 

Aug. 29. la. By the washing away of a 
railroad bridge near Des Moines, 17 
lives are lost. 

Aug. * Colo. Leadville is settled. 

Aug. * la. The canal around the Des 
Moines rapids is opened ; it is 7J- miles 
long and cost $1,500,000. 

Dec. 20. New York. An explosion 
and fire in Greenfield's confectionery 
works cause the death of about 50 per- 
sons. 

* * Ala. Birmingham is founded. 

* * Boston. The Back Bay Park System 
comprising 1,069 acres is established ; 
Charles River Embankment, Gd ; Back 
Bay Park, 106; Muddy River, 110; Ja- 
maica Park, 120; Arnold Arboretum, 
167; West Roxbury, 485. English bi- 
cycles are first imported into the 
United States. The Produce Ex- 
change is organized. 



298 1877, * *-1878, Nov. * 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1878 Apr. 12. D. C. A rehearing of 
the case of Fitz-John Porter by a 
military commission is granted; the 
board consists of Maj.-Gens. Schofield, 
Terry, and Getty. [He is finally restored 
to the army.] 

Nov. 29. Ky. Gov. Jackson sends 
troops into Breathitt County to sup- 
press an old feud which was revived by 
a mob attacking a sheriff while in 
charge of a prisoner. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1877 * * K.J. Thomas A. Edison com- 
mences experiments with incandescent 
platinum at Menlo Park. 

* * New York. The Lenox Library Art 
Gallery is opened. 

* * Pa. The Mozart Club is organized 
at Pittsburg. 

* * Close of Stormy Day is painted by 
Arthur Quartley. 

* * Ponce de Leon is painted by Thomas 
Mo ran. 

* * Scene in New Hampshire is painted by 
J. "W. Casilear. 

* * Head of Jersey Bull is painted by A. 
C. Shaw. 

1878 Mar. 1. N. T. The asteroid 
Eunike is discovered by Peters at Clin- 
ton. [And Menippe on June ISth.] 

June 20. N. Y. Charles B. Everest, 
while boring for oil at Warsaw, discov- 
ers a strata of rock salt 70 feet thick 
lying 1,272 feet below the surface. 

June^iV. Y. "William E. Sawyer patents 
an incandescent carbon lamp, which 
he places on exhibition. 

July 7. N. Y. At the Rochester Obser- 
vatory a tailless comet, also without a 
nucleus, is discovered. 

July 29, 30. Mich. J. C. "Watson of 
Ann Arbor claims to have seen the 
planet Vulcan during the solar eclipse. 

July * N. J. Thomas A. Edison an- 
nounces the invention of themicrotasi- 
meter, in which he applies the princi- 
ple of the carbon microphone to the 
measurement of infinitesimal pressure. 

Aug. 6. Eng. McCormick's automatic 
self-binding grain harvester takes the 
gold medal at the Royal Agricultural 
Society's competitive test. 

Aug. 21. Mo. The American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science 
meets at St. Louis. 

Sept. 9. N. Y. The asteroid Phthia is 
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. 
[Ismene, on Sept. 22, and Kolga, on 
Sept. 30.] 

Oct. 21-24. Phila. A great storm pre- 
vails ; it destroys 384 houses, churches, 
and many public buildings, besides 
■wrecking eight ships. Loss, 32,000,000. 

Oct. * N. J. Thomas A. Edison an- 
nounces his success in subdividing the 
electric current, adapting it for house- 
hold use. He invents an electric pen 
for copying. He also announces the in- 



vention of the megaphone, a form of 
telephone. 

Oct. 31. Ga. A monument to com- 
memorate fallen Confederate soldiers is 
uncovered at Augusta. 

* * D. C. A. Graham Bell and Sumner 
Tainter of "Washington invent a photo- 
phone. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1878. 

Jan. 16. Bowles, Samuel, miscellaneous 
writer, journalist, A52. 

Jan. 18. Efollins, George N., commander 
V. S. N., com. Confederate N., A79. 

Feb. 11. Welles, (iidt-on, editor, sec. navy, 
writer, A76. 

Mar. 2. Wade, Benjamin Franklin, anti- 
slavery leader, Benator lor 0., acting Vice- 
President, A78. 

Mar. 17. Pickering, Charles, physician, 
naturalist. niLScelluueoiiB writer, A73. 

Mar. 18. Hartt, Charles Frederic, natural- 
ist, author, A38. 

Apr. 1 2. Tweed, W illiam M., political 
"boss," embezzler, A55. 

Apr. 21. Peck, John .lames, capt. U. S. A. 
in Mex., maj.-gen. U, S. vols., A5I. 

Apr. 22. Orton, William, president West- 
ern Union Telegraph Co., politician, A52. 

Apr. 24. Dyer, Charles Volney, surgeon, 
abolitionist, ATI. 

Apr. 25. llashford, Coles, jurist, Gov. of 
Wis., A62. 

Apr. 30. Simons, Thomas Young, lawyer, 
politician, ('unit-derate capt., editor, A50. 

May 7. Hoffman, Murray, jurist, legal 
WTiter, A87. 

May 12. Beecher, Catherine E., educator, 
writer, A7R. 

May. 13. Henry, Joseph, physicist, Smith- 



l Institution, A81. 

June 12. Bonneville, Benjan 

dier, explorer, author, A85. 



L. E., sol- 



• Brvant, William Cullen, poet, editor 
Evening Post of N. Y., author, A84. 

June 19. Hodge, Charles, Pres.,cl., theolo- 
gian, professor at Princeton, author, A81. 

June 21. Warren, Fitz Henry, lawyer, 
politician, journalist, maj.-gen. U. S. vols., 



A62. 



Fast,, 



Harvey G., educator, 



July 13. 
politicii 

July 17. Appleton, George S., publisher, of 
N. Y., A57. 

Aug. 13. Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, 
journalist, compiler of cyclopedias, A78. 

Prentiss, Elizaheth, iiymnologist, reli- 
gious writer, A60. 

Aug-. 16. Upjohn, Richard, architect, A7S. 

Aug-. 17. Adrian, Garnett B., M. C. for 



A65. 
Sept. 2. Haight, Henry Huntlev, lawyer, 

Gov. of Cal., A53. 
Oct. 6. Adams, Nehemiah, Cong, clergyman, 

theologian, author of devotional and other 

works, A72. 
Pillow, Gideon J., lawyer, maj.-gen. 

U. S. vols.. Confederate bnu.-tren., A72. 
Oct. 20. Paulding, Hiram, ivar-adm. U. S. 

N., A81. 
Oct. 21. Kosecrans, Svlvester H., Rom. 

Cath. bishop of Columbus, 0., A51. 
Nov. 29. Godey, Louis Anloine, founder 



of Godey's Ladies' Bool; A74. 



CHURCH. 

1S77 * * Mo. The Annual Conven- 
tion (Disciples of Christ) is held at St. 
Louis ; W. K. Pendleton, president. 

* * N. Mex. A mission to the Zunis is 
opened by the Presbyterian Home Board. 

* * P. I. The Annual Meeting (Bap- 
tist) is held at Providence. 

* * Tex. The Eastern Convention (Bap- 
tist) is formed. 

* * Utah. The Utah Conference (Metho- 
dist Episcopal) is formed. 

* * ControversyintlieUnitedPresbyterian 
Church respecting instrumental music. 



* * The Protestant Episcopal dioceses of 
Quincy, West Virginia, and Springfield, 
111., are organized. 

* *The (Protestant Episcopal) Girls' 
Friendly Society L- formed. 

* *The Baptists labor among the Chero- 
kees, Creeks, Seminoles, Delawares, 
Shawanoes, Kickapoos, and Sac and Fox 
tribe, with 13 missionaries. 

* * Nicholas Castle is elected first bishop 
of the United Brethren. 

1878 Jan. 10. The Church Society for 
Promoting Christianity among the Jews 
is organized. 

Feb. 20. It. Cardinal GiacchinoPecci 
is elected successor to Pius IX., under the 
title of Leo XIII. 

May 1. Ga. The General Confer- 
ence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets 
at Atlanta. 

May 12. Ind. Francis S. Chatard is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop 
of Vincennes ; and Francis Mora bishop 
of Monterey and Los Angeles. 

May 15. 77/. Alexander Burgess is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Quincy. 

May 24. X. Y. The Brooklyn Church 
Society (Methodist Episcopal) is incor- 
porated. 

May 30. George 'William Peterkin is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of "West Virginia. 

May 31. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 11. George Franklin Seymour is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Springfield. 

Sept. 1. Ind. The Indiana Conference 
of Unitarian and Independent Religious 
Societies is organized at Hobart. 

Sept. 3. Samuel Allen McCoskey, (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) bishop, is deposed. 

Sept. 17-20. N. r. The National Con- 
ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga. 

LETTERS. 

1877 * * A Knight of the Nineteenth Cen- 
tury, by E. P. Roe, appears. 

* * Being a Boy, by Charles Dudley 
"Warner, appears. 

* * Two Men of Sandy Bar, by Bret Harte, 
appears; also Thankful Blossom. 

* * The Story of Avis, by Elizabeth Stuart 
Phelps, appears. 

1S7S Nov. 3. The New "West (Cong.) 
Education Commission is incorporated. 

SOCIETY. 

1S77 * * IHs. The Legislature legalizes 
the practice of law by women. 
* * The Knights and Ladies of Honor 
is founded. 

* * U. S. The demand for the rights of 
labor becomes more general and em- 

* * The Order of the Catholic Knights 
of America is founded. 

1878 Jan. * V. S. The "Workingman's 
Party is reorganized as " The Social- 
istic Labor Party." 



UNITED STATES. 



1877, * *-1878, Nov. * 299 



Feb. * Chicago. The Union Club is or- 
ganized. 

Apr. 4. Chicago. The Calumet Club 
and the Illinois Club are organized. 

June 13. Phila. The Society for Or- 
ganizing Charity is founded, 

Aug. 5. Boston. Dennis Kearney of 
San Francisco, the labor agitator, deliv- 
ers a public address in Faneuil Hall. 

Oct. * N. Y. Jesse Billings, Jr., is ac- 
quitted of the murder of his wife at 
Saratoga on June 4. 

Nov. 7. New York. Thieves take the 
remains of the late A. T. Stewart from 
the family vault in St. Mark's church- 
yard. [Never found.] 

Nov. 26. N. Y. The Brooklyn Bureau 
of Charities is organized. 

STATE. 

1S73 Feb. 21. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate passes and returns the Bland 
Silver Bill with two amendments — one 
limiting silver coinage, and the other 
providing for an International Mone- 
tary Conference. "Vote, 48-21. 

Feb. 22. 0. A convention at Toledo 
organizes the National Greenback 
party, following the Greenback party of 
1874. 

It advocates the unlimited coinage of 
gold and silver, the substitution of green- 
backs — national bills of credit made 
legal tender — for national bank-notes, 
female suffrage, and the advancement 
of working people. 

Feb.* D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Senate amendments to the 
Bland Silver Bill. Vote on money 
conference, 96-71 ; on limiting coinage, 
203-72. This concurrence passes the bill. 

Feb. 28. D. C. The President vetoes 
the Bland Silver Bill. 

Congress : The Bland Silver Bill is 
passed over the President's veto. House 
vote, 196-73 ; Senate vote, 46-19. 

It revives the coinage of the standard 
silver dollars of 412.! grains, to the ex- 
tent of not less than §2,000,000 or more 
than $4,000,000 per month — all seignior- 
age to accrue to the Treasury. These 
dollars are to be full legal tender for all 
debts, public or private. 

Feb.± * U. S. Public opinion is agitated 
respecting the payment of bondhold- 
ers in gold. 

Mar. 11. B.C. Congress: The Senate 
requests the President to transmit the 
correspondence which preceded the 
selection of Mr. Delfosse as the third 
commissioner in the Fishery Dispute. 
[His sole vote decided the issue.] 

Mar. 26. Conn. The Legislature meets 
in the new Capitol at Hartford for the 
first time. 

Apr. 17. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Thomas W. Ferry of Mich, is reelected 
President pro tempore. 

Apr. *- July * N. Mex. The Federal 
Government removes the Ute Indians 
from New Mexico to the Colorado. 

May 2. Z>. C. Congress votes to sup- 
press the coinage of silver pieces of the 
denomination of 20 cents. 



May 17. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
The President transmits the correspon- 
dence respecting the appointment of 
Mr. Delfosse as the third commissioner 
on the Fishery Dispute. 

It proves his disqualification to act as 
arbitrator, and exhibits the persistency 
of England to secure his appointment. 

The House appoints a select committee 
to investigate the alleged election 
frauds of November 18, 1876, in Louisi- 
ana and Florida. 
May 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
votes an appropriation to pay the Hali- 
fax Award. (See Nov. 23, 1877.) 

It is to be paid " if the Government of 
her Britannic Majesty, after a full re- 
view of all the facts and circumstances 
of the case, shall conclude and declare 
the award to be lawfully and honorably 
due." 

May 31. D. C. Congress forbids the 
retirement of legal-tender notes. 

June 7. D. C. Congress repeals the 
Bankruptcy Law of March 2, 1S67, to 
take effect Sept. 1. 

June 11. Wash. A Constitutional Con- 
vention assembles at Walla "Walla. 

June 18. B.C. Congress restricts the 
use of the army as a posse comitatus in 
the execution of laws, except in such 
cases as are expressly provided for by 
the Constitution. 

It provides for additional stations of 
the life-saving service. 

June 19. D. C. Congress relieves Gen. 
E. Kirby Smith of Tenn. from politi- 
cal disabilities. 

June 20. D. C. The 45th Congress : 
the second session closes. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1878. 
Revenue: Customs, $130,170,680; inter- 
nal revenue, $110,581,625 ; sales of public 
lands, $1,079,743 ; premiums on loans and 
sales of gold coin, $317,102; miscellane- 
ous items, $15,614,728. Total revenue, 
$257,763,879; excess of revenue over ex- 
penditures, $20,799,552. Expenditures : 
Miscellaneous items, $53,177,704 ; War 
Department, $32,154,148; Navy Depart- 
ment, $17,365,301 ; Indians, $4,629,280 ; 
pensions, $27,137,019 ; interest on the 
public debt, $102,500,825. Total ordinary 
expenditures, $^;i;.:k'4,;>27. Public debt, 
$2,256,205,.SD2. Exports, $694,805,766; im- 
ports, $437,051,532. 

Aug. * Cat. Dennis Kearney starts a 
political agitation against the resump- 
tion of specie payments, and against 
national bondholders, on the sand lots 
of San Francisco. 

Sept. 28. Cat. A convention meets to 
revise the Constitution. 

£>. C. Secretary of State Evarts com- 
municates to the British Government his 
arguments against tlie Halifax Awards. 
He shows by fishery statistics that, for 
five years, under the treaty, the profits 
to fishermen have been only $25,000 a 
year. 

The first Chinese embassy to the 
United States presents its credentials. 

Oct. 7. D. C. The President by procla- 
mation orders disorderly persons in New 
Mexico to desist from violence. 

Nov. 5. Conn. The election fails to 
make a choice of State officers, and it 
falls to the Legislature for settlement. 



Nov. * Wash. The people ratify the 

Constitution. 
Nov. * Kan. John P. St. John is 

elected governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877 * * Chicago. The Exposition 
building is opened. 

* * U. S. Loss by fire in 1877, $68,265,800 ; 
iniurance loss, $37,398,000. 

* * La. By means of jetties, Capt. James 
B. Eads secures a 20-ft. channel at the 
mouth of the Mississippi Kiver, which 
maintains its depth by the force of the 
current. 

1878 Jan. 1. Colo. The gold and silver 
production up to date is 80 tons of pure 
gold, and 770 tons of silver, besides a 
large quantity of copper and lead. 

Jan. 15. Conn. A train of cars falls 
through a bridge at Tariffville, killing 
16 persons. 

Jan. 31. N. C. The Steamer Metropolis^ 
bound from Philadelphia to Brazil, goes 
ashore off the coast in a gale ; about 
100 lives lost. 

Mar. * S. C. The Legislature passes a 
joint resolution to settle certain debts 
at the rate of 50 per cent. 

It includes all the unfunded debts and 
liabilities of the State, including the hills 
of the Bank of the State, and so much of 
the debt of the State as is known as the 
Little Bonanza. 

Apr. 29. U. S. The enactment of Con- 
gress to prevent the introduction of con- 
tagious diseases becomes operative. 

Apr. 30. New York. A trial trip is made 
of the Gilbert [Metropolitan — Ninth 
Avenue] Elevated Railroad. [June 5. 
It is opened to the public, from Rector 
Street to Central Park.] 

May 2. Minn. The "Washburn Flour 
Mills explode ; fire follows, which 
spreads to other mills, resulting in 17 
deaths and the loss of $1,500,000 in prop- 
erty. 

May 23. La. The first case of yellow 
fever is reported. [About 4,500 deaths 
follow.] 

June 30. U. S. Immigrants for the 
year, 138,469. 

July 12. La. Yellow fever appears as 
an epidemic. 

Sept. * - Oct. * Yellow fever rages in the 
Southern States ; 20,000 cases and 7,000 
deaths are reported. Some of the in- 
terior towns in Louisiana are depopu- 
lated. 

Oct. 8. Mass. An excursion train on 
the Old Colony Road is wrecked at 
Quincy by a misplaced switch, killing 
21 persons and injuring 150. 

Nov. * N. Y. Gas stocks fall 12 to 20 
per cent on the announcement of Edi- 
son's discovery, subdividing the electric 
current for household use. 

Nov. 25. The Pomerania, a Hamburg- 
American mail steamer, is sunk about 
midnight off Folkestone by an iron bark 
of Carnarvon; 162 persons are saved, 
and 48 missing. 



300 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1879 Mar. 4. "William K. Shatter is 

commissioned colonel — 1st infantry. 
July * The Sioux Indians under Sitting 

Bull, being defeated in a raid, retire to 

Canada, where they remain. 
Mar. 19. D. C. The board appointed 

to rehear the Fitz-John Porter case 

reports, exonerating his conduct. [He 

is restored to the army.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1878 * * Mich. J. C. Watson of Ann 
Arbor observes two intra- Mercurial 
planets. 

* * Me. The State presents a statue of 
"William King, its first governor, to the 
Federal Government, to be placed in 
Statuary Hall at "Washington. 

"*■ * New York. The Symphony Society 
is organized. The College of Music is 
incorporated. The Society of Ameri- 
can Art is organized for the advance- 
ment of the Fine Arts. Horace "Walcott 
Bobbins and R. Swain Giff ord are elected 
members of the National Academy of 



* * N. Y. The Vassar College Obser- 
vatory is erected at Poughkeepsie. 

* * O. The Cincinnati College of Music 
is incorporated. The Bach Society is 
organized at Cleveland. 

* * PJdla. The first telephone exchange 
is opened for business. 

* * Wis. The "Washburn Observatory 
is erected at Madison. 

* * Platte River is painted by Worthing- 
ton "Whittredge. 

* * New England Village School is painted 
by A. F. Bellows. 

-* * Capri is painted by G. L. Brown. 

* * Landscape is painted by Geo. Inness. 

* * Midsummer Day is painted by J. M. 
Hart. 

■* * Bay of New York is painted "by S. R. 
Gifford. 

-* * View on the Scliemung River is painted 
by J. W. Casilear. 

1879 Mar. 21. N. Y. The. asteroid 
Proene is discovered by C. H. F. Peters 
of Clinton. [Philomela, on May 17.] 

May 29. Chicago. The Academy of 
Fine Arts (Art Institute) is incorpo- 
rated. 

May 30. Mo., Kan., Neb. An extensive 
tornado causes 40 deaths and destroys 
much property. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1878. 
Dec. 15. Alexander, Barton Stone, brev. 

brig.-gen., U. S. A., A59. 
Dec. 19. Taylor, Kayard, historian, poet, 

novelist, traveler, A&3. 
Dec. 25. Hoff, Henry K., rear-adm. V. S. 

N., A69. 



M. C. for Mass., atty.-gen., minister 
Spain, orator, jurist, scholar, author, A79. 

Jan. 6. lUi'Mniiael, Morton, of Phila., ed- 
itor, orator, A72. 

Jan. 10. Bigelow, Jacob, physician, bota- 
nist, writer, A92. 

Jan. 13. Guest, John, com. U. S. N., A58. 

Jan. 31. Hillard, (leonje Stillnian, lawyer, 
orator, editor, author, A71. 



Feb. 2. -Dana, Richard Henry, lawyer, 
poet, essayist, author, A92. 

Feb. 21. Halglit, Benjamin J.,1*. E. clergy- 
man, theologian, A70. 

Mar. 9. Burritt, Klilm, blacksmith, re- 
former, UngOlBt, author, eilitor, A69. 

Mar. 16. Sherman, Thomas WeBt, maj.- 

Mar. 19. I>e Koven, James, clergyman, 
educator, A4*. 

Mar. 25. Malcom, Howard, Bapt. clergy- 
man, author, Amo. 

Mar. 30. Wood, (Jeorge Bacon, physician, 
medical writer, author, A82. 

Apr. 12. Taylor, Richard, lieut.-gen. Con- 
federate arm'v, son of Zachary, A53. 

Apr. 13. llavs, Isaac, physician, editor, 
scientist, of Phila., A83. 

Apr. 21. I>ix, .John Adams, lawyer, A80. 

Apr. 25. Ames, Edward Raymond, M. E. 
bishop, A73. 

Apr. 30. Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, ed- 
itor, writer, A89. 

May 15. Garrard, Kenner, capt. U. S. A., 
A5I. 

May 17. Packer, Asa, contractor, capital- 
ist, R. R. president, M. C. for Pa., donor 
Lehigh University, A73. 

May 26. Garrison, Win. Lloyd, antisla- 
very agitator, editor of Liberator, A58. 

June 26. Anderson, Richard H., capt. 
U. S. A., lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A58. 

CHURCH. 
1S7S Dec. 12. Ga. The Georgia Associ- 
ation (Congregational) is organized. 

* * Ga. The "Woman's Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society (Methodist Episcopal 
Church South) is organized at Atlanta. 

* *The Presbyterian Home Board sends 
missionaries to the Jemez Indians. 

* * The Central Illinois Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * The Maine Eldership (Church of 
God) is organized. 

* * Minn. A Congregational club is 
founded at St. Paul. 

* * N. Y. The Foreign Sunday School 
Association in Brooklyn incorporated. 

* * New York. A Chinese School is 
organized in the Trinity Baptist Church. 

* * The Southern and Western Baptists 
withdraw from the consolidated Ameri- 
can Baptist Missionary Convention. 

* * O. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati ; 
A. I. Hobbs, president. The General 
Assembly (United Presbyterian) meets 
at Cambridge ; S. G. Irvine, moderator. 
The Baptist Annual Meeting is held 
in Cleveland. The Ohio Conference 
(Free Methodist) is organized. 

* * The Woman's American Baptist 
Home Missionary Society is formed. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets at Pittsburg ; F. L. 
Patton, moderator. 

* * Tenn. The General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) of Middle Tennessee 
is organized. 

1879 May 25. New York. St. Patrick's 
Cathedral (Roman Catholic) is dedi- 
cated by Cardinal McCloskey. (The cor- 
ner-stone was laid August, 1858.) 

May 26. N. C. The North Carolina Con- 
ference (Congregational) is organized. 

May 30. N. Y. The General Convention 
of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 
1878 * * Ala. Selma University (Col. 
Bapt.) is founded. 



* * Boston. The Daily Evening Record is 

issued. 

* * La. The University of Louisiana 
(non-sect.) is organized at New Orleans. 

* * Minn. The Journal is issued at Min- 
neapolis. 

* * Mo. The Southwest Baptist Col- 
lege is founded at Bolivar. 

* * Neb. Creighton University (Rom. 
Cath.) at Omaha is organized. 

* * N. Y. The Chautauqua Literary 
and Scientific Circle is organized at 
the instance of Lewis Miller of Akron, O. 

* * New York. The Magazine of Art ap- 
pears. The Christian Herald and Sign* 
of our Times is issued ; also Texas Sifl- 
ings. The New-Yorker Volkes-Zeitung 
founded. 

* * O. The Cleveland Press is issued. 

* * O. Ashland CoDege (Ger. Bapt.) is 
organized. 

* * Pa. Pittsburg College (Bom. Cath.> 
is organized. 

* * Utah. The Brigham Young Col- 
lege is opened at Logan. 

* * Wis. The National German-American 
Teachers' Seminary at Milwaukee is 
opened. 

* * The Baptist Review (l ater Baptist 
Quarterly) is first issued. 

* * Barriers Burned Away, by E. P. Roe, 
appears. 

* * Conscience, Heredity, and Marriage, by 
Joseph Cook, appears. 

* * Driftwood, by Celia Thaxter, appears. 

* * The Europeans, by Henry James, ap- 
pears ; also Daisy Miller and French 
Poets and Novelists. 

* * Falco7iberg, by H..T3..'Boyesen, appears; 
also Goethe and Schiller. 

* * Keramos, by Henry W. Longfellow, 
appears. 

* * The Poet and Bis Master, by Richard 
"Walton Gilder, appears. 

* * Prince Deukalion, by Bayard Taylor, 
appears. 

* * Roxy, by Edward Eggleston, appears. 

* * Sigurd, by E. C. Stedman, appears. 

* * Story of a Mine, by Bret Harte, ap- 
pears. 

* * Thistledown, by William "Winter, ap- 
pears. 

* * Under the Lilacs, by Louisa May Al- 
cott, appears. 

* * The Visio7i of Echard, and other 
Poems, by John Greenleaf Whittier, 
appears. 

* * Songs of Italy, by Joaquin Miller, ap- 
pears. 

* * Elements of Geology, by Joseph Le 
Conte, appears. 

* * In the Wilderness, by Charles Dudley 
"Warner, appears. 

* * Poganuc People, by Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, appears. 

* * Haworth's, by Frances Hodgson Bur- 
nett, appears. 

1S79 May. * New York. The Uni- 
versity Club is reorganized. 



UNITED STATES. 1878, Nov. *-1879, June 30. 301 



SOCIETY. 
1878 * * la. The Legislature repeals the 
Act to abolish the death penalty, and 
empowers the hanging of convicted pris- 
oners or their imprisonment for life. 

* * Kentucky. The Legislature establishes 
a State Board of Health. The Ken- 
tucky House passes a bill to reestablish 
the -whipping post. Vote, 63-21. It is 
lost by one vote in the Senate. 

* * Md. The "Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union meets in National Con- 
vention at Baltimore ; Mrs. Annie 
Wittenmyer, president. 

* * Mich. A State Insane Asylum is 
opened at Pontiac. 

* * Mo. A day school for the deaf is 
established at St. Louis. 

* * Mass. The twelfth National En- 
campment of the Grand Army of the 
Republic is held at Springfield; Gen. 
J. C. Robinson, commander-in-chief. 

* * A general assembly of the National 
Association of the Knights of Labor is 
organized. Terence V. Powderly is 
elected general master-workman. 

* * The American Legion of Honor is 
founded. The Improved Order of 
Heptasophs and the Order of Scot- 
tish Clans is founded. The American 
Bar Association is organized in New 
York. 

1S79 Jan. 1. Minn. The State inebri- 
ate asylum at Rochester is opened. 

Jan. 10. JV. J. Benjamin F. Hunter 
is hanged at Camden for the murder of 
J. F. Armstrong, at Camden, on Jan. 
23, 1378. 

Feb. 15. D. C. Women are authorized 
to practise law before the Supreme 
Court, by Act of Congress. 

Feb. 26. Boston. The Associated 
Charities is organized. 

Mar. * -Apr. * A great many negroes 
emigrate from the South to the West. 

Apr. 10. Vt. John P. Phair is hanged 
at Windsor for the murder of Ann E. 
Frieze of Rutland, on June 9, 1874. 

Apr. 30. Mass. The Legislature passes 
a law abolishing the several boards, and 
establishing the Board of Health, 
Charity, and Lunacy. 

Apr. * Kan. The first influx of refugee 
colored people arrives at Wyandotte, 
from the former slave States on the 
Mississippi. 

May 5. Miss. A meeting of the Missis- 
sippi Valley Labor Convention is held 
to consider the question of the negro 
exodus. 

May* Mass. An Advent fanatic as- 
sumes to imitate Abraham in offering 
up Isaac, and sacrifices his sleeping 
child while the mother looks on. 

STATE. 
1878 Nov.* D.C. The award of $5,- 
500,000 by the Fisheries Commission 
is paid to England by the Government, 
with a protest against the injustice of 
the award. (See May 17.) 



Dec. 2. D. C. The 45th Congress: 

the third session opens. 
Dec. * D. C. Congress ; Senate : A bill 
restricting Chinese immigration is 
introduced. 

* * D. C. The "usufruct" cipher de- 
spatches, relating to the bribery of elec- 
tors in Florida, South Carolina, and 
Oregon, are exposed. 

* * D. C. Congress enacts a law for the 
encouragement of timber plantations, 
granting a quarter section of land to 
any one growing 10 acres of timber on 
it for 10' years. 

* * D. C. Congress provides for the per- 
manent government of the District by 
three commissioners. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-82 * * Ala. Rufus W. Cobb. 

-82 * * Ariz. (Ter.). John C. Fremont. 

-80 * * la. John H. Gear. 

-80 * * La. Francis T. Nicholls. 

-82* * N.Mex.(Ter.). Lewis Wallace. 

-81 * * K. J. George B. McClellan. 

-80 * * 0. R. M. Bishop. 

-82 * * Ore. William W. Thayer. 

-80 * * S. C. William D. Simpson. 

-82 * * Fa. Fred W. M. Holliuay. 

-80 * * Vt. Redfield Proctor. 

-82 * * Wis. William E. Smith. 

1879 Jan. 1. U. S. Specie payments 
are resumed, without excitement or 
excessive demand for gold, after 17 years 
of suspension. 

Jan. 9. Conn. The Legislature elects 
Charles B. Andrews (Rep.) governor. 

Jan. 20. I). C. Congress: The House 
appoints a committee to investigate the 
"cipher telegrams; " they relate to 
the purchase of presidential electors at 
the South in the interest of Samuel J. 
Tilden. 

Feb. 3. D. C. The President approves 
the Act of Congress declaring the incor- 
poration of the Society of the Jesuit 
Fathers of New Mexico to be void. 

Feb. 14. B. C. The Chair of the Senate 
is first occupied by a colored Senator 
— Blanche K. Bruce of Mississippi. 

Feb. 15. D. C. Congress authorizes 
"women to practise before the Supreme 
Court. 

Congress : The Senate passes the Wil- 
lis Bill to restrict Chinese immigra- 
tion; the object of this bill is to limit 
the number of passengers that may be 
brought over by a single vessel. Vote, 
39-27. 

Feb. 22. I). C. Congress: The House 
passes the Chinese Bill. Vote, 155-72. 

Feb. 25. Va. A new party is organized, 
called Readjusters — of the State debt. 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress : President 
Hayes vetoes the Chinese BUI as violat- 
ing treaty stipulations without notice. 
The House sustains the veto. Vote, 95- 
109. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress makes an ap- 
propriation of $250,000, the income from 
which is to be applied for the support of 
the American Printing House for the 
Blind at Louisville, Ky. 



It provides for the organization of a 
National Board of Health of seven 
members. 

Mar. 4. D. C. The 45th Congress 
ends. 

The President calls an extra session 
of the 46th Congress for March 18. 

Mar. 18. D. C. The 46th Congress 
opens, in extra session, to provide for 
the expenses of the Government. 

Congress; House : Samuel J. Ran- 
dall (Dem.) of Pa. is reelected Speaker, 
receiving 143 votes ; James A. Gar- 
field (Rep.) of O., 125 votes. 

Mar. 28. Tenn. The Legislature passes 
a bill for the settlement of the State 
debt at the rate of 50 cents on the dol- 
lar. 

Apr. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: A. 
G. Thurman (Dem.) of O. is elected 
President pro tempore. Democrats 
control both House and Senate — for 
the first time since 1856. 

Apr. 21. La. A convention is held at 
New Orleans and a new Constitution is 
formed ; the capital is changed from 
New Orleans to Baton Rouge. 

Apr. 26. D. C. The President, by proc- 
lamation, orders the removal of settlers 
not of the Indian race from Oklahoma, 
in the Indian Territory. 

Apr. 29. D. C. President Hayes vetoes 
the Army Appropriation Bill; also 
the Legislative, Executive, and Judicial 
Appropriation Bill. 

June 23. D. C. A second Army Ap- 
propriation Bill is approved. 

June 28. D, C. Congress provides for 
the appointment of a commission of 
seven members to improve the mouths 
of the Mississippi River. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for 1879. 
Revenue: Customs, $137,250,048 ; inter- 
nal revenue, $113,501,011 ; salesof public 
lands, $924, 7sl ; premiums on loans and 
sales of cold coin, $1,505,048; miscella- 
neous items, $20,585,097. Total revenue, 
$273,S27,1S4 ; excess of revenue over ex- 
penditures, $0,879,301. Expenditures: 
miscellaneous items, $05,741,555 ; War 
Department, $40,425,001 ; Navv Depart- 
ment, $15,125,127 : Indians, $5,206,109 ; 
pensions, $35,121,482; interest on the 
publiedel't, $105,327,949. Total ordinary 
expenditures, $200,947,883. Public debt, 
*2,:;40,232. Exports, $710,439,441 ; im- 
ports, $445,777,775. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1878 Dec. 18. A gold and a paper 

dollar are of equal value for the first 

time in 17 years. 
* * U. S. Loss by fire in 1876, $64,315,900 ; 

insurance loss, $36,575,900. 
1S79 Jan. 1. Mich. The new Capitol 

is formally dedicated. 
Feb. 12. N. Y. The new Capitol at 

Albany is opened. 
Mar. 1. D. C. The internal revenue 

tax on tobacco is reduced. 
Mar. 2. Nev. A fire at Reno burns 

$1,000,000 worth of property. 
June 16-21. London. Edward Payson 

Weston, an American, walks 550 miles 

in six days at Agricultural Hall. 



302 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1879 Sept. 29. Colo, Maj'. Thornbury 
and 17 men are killed in a fight with 
Indians at Milk Creek, near Rawlins. 

Nov. 9. Colo. The Apache Indians re- 
treat before Gen. Merritt, then suddenly 
turn and attack their pursuers, and kill 

1880 Feb. 8. Elwell S. Otis is com- 
missioned colonel — 20th infantry. 

ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1879 July8. New York. JamesGordon 
Bennett, proprietor of the New York 
Herald, sends out the Jeannette, under 
the sanction of Congress, on an Arctic 
exploring trips; it sails from San Fran- 
cisco under Capt. G. W. DeLong, U. S.N. 
[A few survivors reach Siberia and finally 
the United States.] 

July 10. N. Y. The asteroid Byblis is 
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin- 
ton. [Dynamene, on July 28.] 

Aug. 16-20. A cyclone wrecks or dis- 
ables 300 vessels near the North Atlantic 
coast, and damages inland property ; 
the wind at Cape Lookout attained a 
velocity of 138 miles an hour. 

Sept. 11. N. Y. The asteroid Chryseis 
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin- 
ton. [Pompeia, on Sept. 27.] 

Oct. 15. N. Y. The asteroid Hersilia 
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clin- 
ton. [Dido, on Oct. 22.] 

Dec. 5. Chicago. The Central Music 
Hall is opened. 

Dec. * JV. J. Edison exhibits his incan- 
descent carbon vacuum lamps at 
Menlo Park. 

* * Colo. The first large discovery of sil- 
ver in Gunnison County is made. 

* * Mo. The St. Louis Choral Society 
is organized. 

"* * N. Y. A monument to Maj. Andre 
is erected at his grave in Tappan by 
Cyrus W. Field. 

* * S. C. A department of agriculture 
is established. 

* * Shelford Bidwell announces an im- 
proved phonograph. 

* * Lieut. Schwatka, of the U. S. N., 
leads a Franklin Search Expedition 
overland, and discovers some human re- 
mains of Franklin's crew and other 
relics ; he sets up memorials, and brings 
home the remains of Lieut. John Irving 
of the Terror. 

-80 * * JV. Y. The "Warner Observa- 
tory is erected at Rochester. 

* * Pasture Watching is painted by George 
Inness. 

* * Lake Nemi is painted by J. F. Cropsey. 

* * Quack Doctor is painted by T. VT. 
Wood, 

* * Homeward is painted by Edward 
Moran. 

* * Clouds is painted by Jervis McEntee. 

* * Catskill Brook is painted by Worth- 
ington Whittredge. 

* * Market Boats is painted by William 
Bradford. 



* * Back from the Beach is painted by F. S. 

Church. 
1880 Feb. 16-17. N. T. The asteroid 

Lileea is discovered by C. H. F. Peters 

of Clinton. 
Mar. 30. New York. President Hayes 

opens the Metropolitan Museum of 

Art. 
Spring. Ga. A nugget of gold is found 

near Nacooche weighing over a pound. 
Apr. 18. Mo. An extensive tornado 

strikes Mansfield ; 65 persons are killed, 

200 injured, and the town destroyed; 

loss, $110,000. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1879. 

July 7. Olin, Abram Baldwin, jurist, 
M. C. for N. Y., A71. 

July 11. Allen, William, lawyer, M. C, 
senator, Gov. of O., A73. 

July 18. Barry, William Farquar, brig- 
gen, vols., Atil. 

Aug. 14. Odenheimer, William Henry, 
P. E. bishop of N. J., author, A62. 

Aug. 30. Hood, John Bell, lieut. U. S. A., 
lieut.-gen. Confederate army, A48. 

Sept. 8. Hunt, William Morris, painter of 
Boston, A55. 

Sept. 19. Drew, Daniel, capitalist, founder 
Drew Seminary, A91. 

Oct. 13. Carey, Henry Charles, political 
economist, A8t>. 

Oct. 31. Abbott, Jacob, author, Cong, 
clergyman, A76. 

Nov. 1. Chandler, Zachariah, senator for 
Mich., secretary of interior, A66. 

Nov. 23. Schaeffer, Charles Frederick, 
Luth. clergyman, theologian, author, A72. 

Nov. 29. Buddington, William Ives, Cong, 
clergyman, writer, A64. 

Dec. 6. Bigelow, Lrastus Brigham, in- 
ventor of weaving machines, A65. 

Dec. 19. Fowler, Philemon Halsted, Pres. 
clergyman, A65. 
1880. 

Jan. 10. Leslie, Frank, (Henry Carter), 
publisher, A59. 

Jan. 24. Brewer, Thomas Mayo, ornitholo- 
gist, author, A66. 

Jan. 30. Haven, Gilbert, editor, author, 
M. E. bishop, A59. 

Feb. 5. Borie, Adolph E., sec. navy, A71. 

Feb. 17. Lenox, James, founder of Lenox 
Library, N. Y. City, A80. 

Apr. 2. Punchard, George, Cong, clergy- 
man, editor, A74. 

CHURCH. 

1879 July 22. Peter Fayssoux, James 
Allen Latane, and Alfred Spencer Rich- 
ardson are consecrated (Reformed Epis- 
copal) bishops. 

Aug. 10. Conn. Lawrence S. McMahon 
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop 
of Hartford. 

Aug. 19. Hubert Bower is consecrated 
(Reformed Episcopal) bishop. 

Sept. 7. Mich. Samuel Smith Harris is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Michigan. 

Sept. 14. John Vertin is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Marquette. 

Oct. 28. Alas. iEgidius Junger is. con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Vancouver Island and Alaska. 

Dee. 14. Mont. John B. Brondel is con- 
secrated the first (Roman Catholic) 
bishop of Helena. 

* * III. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Bloomington ; 
"W. H. Hopson, president. 

* *Me.-N. Y. The Portland and the 
New York Congregational Clubs are 
formed. 



* * N. Y. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets at Saratoga ; H. H. 
Jessup, moderator. 

* * -V. r. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Saratoga. 

* * O. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) meets at Wooster. 

* * O. The "Women's Home and For- 
eign Missionary Society (Lutheran 
Church) is organized at Canton. 

* * Pa. The "Woman's Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society (Methodist Protestant) 
is organized at Pittsburg. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at New Wilming- 
ton : William Bruce, moderator. 

* *The (Protestant Episcopal) Church 
German Society is incorporated. 

* * The Synod of the Special South (Re- 
formed Episcopal) is organized. 

1880 Jan. 8. N. J. Thomas Alfred 
Starke; is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) bishop of Northern New Jersey. 

Feb. 1. Dak. Martin Marty is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Sioux 
Falls. 

Feb. 5. La. John Nicolas Galleher is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Louisiana. 

LETTERS. 

1879 Oct. 6. Tex. The Prairie View 
Normal School at Hempstead is opened. 

Nov. 17. Mich. The Michigan CoUege 
of Medicine is opened. 

* * Cal. The Free Public Library is 
founded at San Francisco. [45,004 vols.] 

* * Chicago. The Graphic is issued. 

* * Conn. The News is issued at New 
Haven. 

* * Ga. The Southern Medical CoHege 
at Atlanta is opened. 

* * Ky. The Polytechnic Society Li- 
brary is founded at Louisville. [39,379 
vols.] 

* * Mass. Radeliffe CoHege, annex to 
Harvard, is founded for the education 
of women. 

* * Miss. Jackson CoHege (Col. Bapt.) 
is founded. 

* * Mo. St. Louis CoHege of Physicians 
and Surgeons is opened. A manual 
training school is established at St. 
Louis. Stewartsville College (non-sect.) 
is organized at Stewartsville. 

* * N. J. The State Normal School is 
opened at Newark, 

* * New York. John Jacob Astor adds 
$250,000 in improvements to the Astor 
Library. 

Town Topics, The Art Amateur, Brad- 
street's. Harper's Young People, and TV 
Progreso Italo- Americano and The New- 
Yorker Herold are issued. 

* * N. Y. The Telegram is issued at 
Elmira. 

* * Ore. Ashland CoHege and Normal 
School (Meth. Epis.1 is founded. 

* * Pa. The Pittsburg Daily Times is 
issued. 



UNITED STATES. 1879, June 30-1880, Apr. 18. 303 



* * Phila. The News is issued. 

* * Tex. The Sam Houston Normal 
School at Hunts ville is opened. 

* * Wis. A compulsory education hill 
is passed by the Legislature. 

* * Archibald Malmaison, by Julian Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * Boys' Froissart, by Sidney Lanier, ap- 
pears. 

* * Ethics, by John Bascom, appears. 

* * Figs and Thistles, and A Fool's Er- 
rand, by Albion Winegar Tourg^e, ap- 
pear. 

* * An International Episode, by Henry 
James, appears ; also Hawthorne (Eng- 
lish Men of Letters Series). 

* * Labor, by Joseph Cook, appears. 

* * An Old Maid's Paradise, by Elizabeth 
Stuart Phelps, appears. 

* * Short Studies of American Authors, by 
Thomas W. Higginson, appears. 

* * Lyrics and Idylls, by Edmund Clar- 
ence Stedman, appears. 

* * Visions of the Future, by Octavius 
B. Frothingham, appears. 

* * Old Creole Days, by George W. Cable, 
appears. 

* * Money, Trade, and Industry, by Fran- 
cis A. Walker, appears. 

* * Locusts and Wild Honey, by John 
Burroughs, appears. 

* * Progress and Poverty, by Henry 
George, appears. 

* * Along the Way, by Mary Mapes Dodge, 
appears. 

* * My Desire, by Susan Warner, appears. 

* * Rudder Grange, by Frank R. Stockton, 
appears. 

* * Detmotd, by W. H. Bishop, appears. 

* f Old Friends and New, by Constance 
Fenimore Woolson, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1879 July 2. O. The comer-stone of 
the "Widow's and Old Men's Home 
is laid at Cincinnati. 

July * Ky. Col. Thomas Buford is ac- 
quitted of the murder of Judge Elliott 
at Frankfort, on the ground of insanity. 

Aug.* Cal. Political disorder abounds; 
Editor De Young shoots and dangerously 
wounds Mayor Kallock of San Francisco. 

Sept. 20. Cal. Gen. Grant is received 
at San .Francisco, on his return from 
his tour around the world, with a grand 
procession and public ceremonies. 

Sept. 29. Colo. Indians massacre N. C. 
Meeker, the Indian agent, and 12 others, 
at the White River agency. 

Nov. 18. O. The Associated Charities 
is organized at Cincinnati. 

Dec. 12. Ind. The Charity Organiza- 
tion Society of Indianapolis is organ- 
ized. 

Dec. 17-24. New York. A banquet is 
given in honor of Gen. Grant on his 
return from his tour around the world. 

■* * Ala. An Act is passed granting a pen- 
sion of $75 to citizens who lost either a 
leg or an arm in the Confederate army. 



* * Conn. H. H. Hayden is acquitted of 
the murder of Mary Stannard at New 
Haven. 

* * Ind. The School for Feeble-minded 
Youth is opened at Richmond. 

* * Ind. The "Women's Christian Tem- 
perance Union meets in national con- 
vention at Indianapolis; Frances 
Willard, president. 

* * Kan. The Constitutional Prohibitory 
Amendment Bill passes the Legisla- 
ture. 

* * Minn. The State school for the 
feeble-minded is opened at Faribault. 

* * Mich. The Prohibitory Bill is voted 
down. Vote 50-37. 

* * Miss. Mrs. Dorsey of Beauvoir be- 
queaths her estate to Jefferson Davis, 
to which he retires, and here devotes 
himself to literary pursuits. 

* * N. C. The colored people organize a 
State Industrial Association. 

* * N. Y. The Oneida community is 
dissolved, owing to opposition led by 
Prof. Mears of Hamilton College. 

* * N. Y. The 13th National Encamp- 
ment of the Grand Army of the 
Republic is held at Albany ; William 
Earnshaw, commander-in-chief. 

* * O. Rev. William H. Delano's church 
in Garretsville is blown up with gun- 
powder by anti-temperance men. 

* * The Knights of Labor increase and 
nourish. 

* * The Equitable Aid Union is organ- 
ized. 

* * The Gaelic Society is organized. 

* * The Order of Chosen Friends is 
founded. 

* * The Home Circle Association is 
founded. 

* * The United Order of Pilgrim 
Fathers is founded. 

1880 Feb. 11. Mich. An Association 
of Charities is organized at Detroit. 

Mar. 15. Cal. Dennis Kearney, a 
"sand-lot" orator and leader, is sen- 
tenced to six months imprisonment and 
a fine of $1,000 for inciting a riot. [Sen- 
tence reversed, May 27.] 

Mar. 26. Wis. The State insane asylum 
at Milwaukee opens. 

STATE. 

1879 July 1. D. C. The 46th Con- 
gress : the first session closes. 

July 4=. Cal. The new Constitution 
takes effect. 

July* John "Walsh, minister to Eng- 
land, resigns. 

Aug. 19 ±. U. C. James Russell Lowell 
is appointed minister to England. 

Aug. 27. Tenn. The people reject the 
scaling down of the State debt. Vote, 
30,920 — 19,669. 

Oct. *-!N"ov. * U. S. Election returns 
are favorable to Republicans. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The 46th Congress: 
the second session opens. 



Dec. 8. La. The new Constitution 
and the debt ordinance are ratified by 
the people at the State election. 

Dec. 10. D. C. George W. McCrary, 
Secretary of War, resigns ; he is suc- 
ceeded by Alexander Ramsey of Minn. 

* * The Government reduces the annual 
interest charge from $81,639,684 to $61,- 
738,838, by issuing low-rate bonds, and 
taking up those bearing a higher rate of 
interest ; $500,000,000 at 5 per cent, $185,- 
000,000 at Uper cent, and $710,345,950 at 
4 per cent. 

* * New York. Edward Cooper ia 
elected the 81st mayor. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-83 * * Cal. George C. Perkins. 
-81 * * Colo. F. W. Pitkin. 

-81 * * Conn. Charles B. Andrews. 

-83 * * Del. John W. Hall. 

-83 * * Kan. John P. St. John. 

-83 * * Ky. Luke P. Blackburn. 

-80 * * Mass. Thomas Talbot. 

-80 * * Me. Alonzo Garcelon. 

-83 * * Neb. Albinus Nance. 

-85 * * N. C. Thomas J. Jarvis. 

-83 * * Nev. John H. Kinkead. 

-81 * * N. II. Nathaniel Head. 

-83 * * Pa. Henry M. Hoyt. 

-81 * * Tenn. Albert S. Marks. 

-83 * * Tex. Oran M. Roberts. 
1880. Jan. * Me. Republicans claim a 

majority of members, and organize the 

Legislature. 
Jan. 16. Me. The Supreme Court recog- 
nizes the Republican Legislature and 

Daniel F. Davis (Rep.) assumes the office 

of governor. 
Feb. 12. D. C. The President issues a 

second proclamation against settlers 

entering Oklahoma. 
Apr. 7. D. C. Congress : Senate : Allen 

G. Thurman of 0. is elected President 

pro tempore. [Again May 6.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 June 30. Nev. The completion 
of the Sutro Tunnel, four miles long, 
is celebrated in the Carson Valley. 

Immigrants for the year, 177,826. 

Sept. * Tenn. The yeUow fever rages 
at Memphis. 

Autumn. The grain crops are reported 
to be the largest for many years. 

Nov. 15. Mass. The French cable 
is landed at North Eastham, Cape Cod. 

* * Miss. The Mississippi Valley Cotton 
Planters* Association is organized. 

* * 0. The South Side Park at Cleve- 
land is purchased. 

* * II. S. Loss by fire in 1879, $77,703,700 ; 
insurance loss, $44,464,700. 

1880 Jan. 13. Ga. The State sells at 
auction the Macon and Brunswick 
railroad for $1,125,000. 

Jan. 14. La. The Legislature passes an 
Act establishing a Bureau of Agricul- 
ture and Immigration. 

Mar. 1. New York. The Second Avenue 
Elevated Railroad is opened to Sixty- 
Seventh Street. 



304 1880, Apr. 23-** 



AMERICA : 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1880 Spring. U, S. The Apache In- 
dians are driven by the troops into 
Mexico ; Victoria, their leader, is killed 
and most of the band captured, 

Nov. * U. S. About 1,500 of Sitting 
Bull's Indians return from British 
America and surrender. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1880 May 20. Tenn. A statue of Gen. 
Jackson is unveiled on the Capitol 
grounds at Nashville. 

May 28. Tex. A storm in Fannin 
County destroys much property and 40 
lives ; 83 persons are injured. 

* * Cai. The erection of the Lick Ob- 
servatory is begun on Mount Hamilton, 
4,250 feet above the sea level. [1888. 
Completed.] 

June 12. Egypt. The Egyptian obe- 
lisk is shipped in a special vessel from 
Alexandria for New York. [July 22 it 
arrives.! 

Nov. 8. New York. Sarah Bernhardt, 
the French actress, makes her first ap- 
pearance in this country at Booth's 
Theater. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1880. 

Apr. 30. Janney, Samuel M., Quaker au- 
thor, A79. 

May l. ECeintzelman, Samuel P.,maj.-gen. 
U. S. A., A75. 

May 14. Church, Sanford E., jurist, poli- 
tician, of N. Y., AG5. 

May SO. Foote, Henry S., senator for 
Miss., Gov., A80. 

May 27. O'Callaghan, Edmund B., histo- 
rian, A83. 

May 30. Anderson, Rufus, Cong- clergy- 
man, 34 yearssec. Am. Board, author, A84. 

June 13. Bayard, James A., lawyer, sena- 
tor for Del., A81. 

July 4. Ripley. George, Unit, clergyman, 
transcemlrntalist, scholar, critic, au., A78. 

July 6, Sears, Barnas, Bapt. clergyman, 
educator, A78. 

Curtis, William E., jurist, N. Y., A54. 

July 23. Hering, Constantin, (Jerinan-Am- 
erican phv.sician. author, A80. 

Aug-. 6. Butler, William 0., M. C. for Ky., 
brev. maj. U. S. A., A89. 

Aug-. 9. Bigler, William, senator for Pa., 
Gov., editor, A66. 

Aug 16. Johnson, Herschel V., lawyer, 
senator for Ga., Gov., Dem. candidate for 
vice-presidency, A68. 

Aug. 24. Mvers, Albert J., chief signal 
officer and brig.-gen. U. S. A., A53. 

Aug-. 28. Jackson, Charles T., physicist, 
author, A75. 

Aug;. 29. Gifford, Sanford It., landscape 
painter, A57. 

Herbert, Paul ()., Gov. of La., A62. 

Aug. 31. Adams, William, Fres. clergy- 
man, writer, A73. 

Sept. 10. Haldeman, Samuel S., natural- 
ist, philologist, author, Ati8. 

Sept. 11. Roberts, Marshall O., merchant, 
philanthropist, of N. Y., A66. 

Sept. 19. Foster, Lafayette S., senator for 
Conn., A74. 

Sept. 20. MeK;*v. Dnnahl, shipbuilder, A70. 

Oct. 2. Hallock, William A., ed., au., A66. 

Oct. 6. Peirce, Benjamin, mathematician, 
prof, at Harvard, IT. S. Coast Survey, A71. 

Oct. 13. Spmgue, 1'cU'g, politician, jurist, 
of Me., A87. 

Oct. 20. Child, Lydia M.. author, editor, 
philanthropist, A78. 

Oct. 27. Doggett, David S., bishop M. E. 
Church South, A70. 

Oct. 28. Seguin, Edward, physician, fdr. 
of training srin.nl for idiots, A68. 

Nov. 4. Lewis, Estella A., poet, dramatist, 
author, A56. 

Nov. 11. Mott, Lucretia C, social re- 
former, Quaker preacher, A87. 

Nov. 23. Watson, James C, astronomer, 
author, A42. 



Nov. 27. Crittenden, George B., lawy 
Confederate maj-gen., A68. 

Nov. 30. Mackenzie, Robert S., journalist, 
author, A71. 

Dec. 6. Ketchum, Wintbrop W., Jurist, 
M. ('. for Pa.. AW). 

Dec. 21. Akennaii, Amos T-, attorney-gen 
eral, A38. 

Dec. 27. Chapin. Edwin H, Univ. clergy- 
man, orator, author, A'iB. 

Dec. 31. Sargent, Epes, journalist, au. 
thor, Al)8. 



CHURCH. 
1880 Apr. * The centennial of the birth 
of Channing is Celebrated by Unita- 
rians. 
May 1-23. The General Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal) is held at Cincin- 
nati. 

It decides that "He" "His" and 
" Him " in the Book of Discipline, is not 
to be construed so as to exclude women 
from the office of stewards, leaders, and 
Sunday School superintendents. 

Henry W. Warren, Cyrus D. Foss, 
John F. Hurst, and ErastusO. Haven are 
ordained bishops. 

June 18. Chicago. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

July 1. Edward Wilson is consecrated 
(Reformed Episcopal) bishop. 

Aug. 8. John A. Watterson is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of the Diocese 
of Columbus. 

Sept. 10. Mo. The Roman Catholic Dio- 
cese of Kansas City is established. 

Chicago. Patrick A. Feehan is pro- 
moted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of 
Chicago. 

Mo. John J. Hogan is transferred to 

the (Roman Catholic) Diocese of Kansas 
City, and made administrator of the Dio- 
cese of St. Joseph. 

Sept. 21-24. N.Y. The National Con- 
ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga. 

Sept. 23. The Pan-Presbyterian Con- 
vention commences in Philadelphia. 

Oct. 25. The American Church Build- 
ing Fund Commission (Protestant 
Episcopal) is established. 

Nov. 21. N. Mex. George K. Dunlop 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of New Mexico. 

Nov. * Ala. A convention of Southern 
Baptists is held at Montgomery; the 
Baptist Foreign Mission Convention 
of the United States is organized. 

Dec. 2. The Kansas Conference (Unita- 
rian) is organized. 

Dec. 8. Legh Richmond Brewer is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- 
ary bishop of Montana. 

Dee. 15. Wash. John Adams Paddock 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Washington Terri- 
tory. 

LETTERS. 

1880 Oct. 6. Miss, The State Agricul- 
tural and Mechanical College at Spark- 
ville opens for white students. 

Nov. 2. N. Y. The Long Island His- 
torical Society opens its new building 
at Brooklyn. 

* * Cat. The University of Southern 
California is opened at Los Angeles. 



" * In. The Dexter Normal College is 
opened at Dexter. 

* * /. T. The Indian University (Ind. 
Bapt.) is founded at Bacone. 

* * Ky. The Kentucky College of Agri- 
culture and Mechanics is incorpo- 
rated. 

* * La. The Southern University at 
New Orleans is opened ; it is established 
for the higher education of colored 
young men. 

* * La. The States is issued at New Or- 
leans. 

* * Miss. The Mississippi Agricultural 
College (non-sect.) is organized at Jack- 
son. 

SOCIETY. 
1880 May 18. New York. A Board of 

Health is authorized. 
May. 31. li. I. The League of American 

"Wheelmen is organized at Newport. 
June 8. 0. The Grand Army of the 

Republic meets in the 14th National 

Encampment at Dayton; John Wagner 

of Pa., commander-in-chief. 
July 16. N. Y. Chastine Cox, a negro, 

is hanged for the murder of Mrs. Jane 

D. Hall, on June 10, 1S79, in New York. 
Aug. 6. y. Y. Pietro Balbo is hanged 

for the murder of his wife. 
Aug. 20. 0. Monroe Robertson, the 

murderer of nine men, is hanged at 

Greenville. 
Sept. 29. Mich. The State opens a 

school for the blind at Lansing. 
Oct. 5. Tenn. New Rugby is inaugn- 

rated by a colony of British farmers. 

following the suggestion of Thomas 

Hughes. 
Dec* Phila. The Committee of One 

Hundred is organized for the improve- 
ment and purification of the city govern- 

STATE. 

18S0 May 4. D. C. President Hayes a 
second time vetoes the Appropriation 
Bill. 

May 6. Mb. Republicans who oppose 
a third term in the presidency hold a 
Convention at St. Louis; John B. 
Henderson, president. 

The precedent set by Washington is 
ignored by the "Stalwarts"; this 
strong faction, led by Roscoe Conkling 
of N. Y., claims that an intervening 
presidency makes the precedent inap- 
plicable. 

May 25. i?. /. The people having failed 
to choose a governor, the Legislature 
elects Alfred H. Littlefield (Rep.). 

May * D. C. P. M.-Geu. David McKay 
Key resigns. 

June 2. D. C. Horace Maynard of 
Tenn. is appointed postmaster-general. 

June 2-7. Hi. The Republican Na- 
tional Convention is held ; George 
F. Hoar of Mass., president. The friends 
of Blaine and of Grant conduct a spirited 
canvass. 

First ballot : James A. Garfield of 0., 
; U. S. Grant, 304 ; James G. Blaine of 
Me., 2S4 ; John Sherm;iu of O., 93 ; E. B. 



UNITED STATES. 



1880, Apr. 21-* 



305 



Wiishburne. of 111., 31 ; William Wlndom 
of Minn., 10. Tlie Blaine and Sherman 
men unite on the 3Gth ballot. Garfield., 
399 ; Grant, 30G ; Blaine, 42 ; E. B. Wask- 
, burne of 111., 5 ; Sherman, 3. Chester 

A. Arthur of N. V. is nominated for vice- 
president. Vote, Arthur, 408 ; Wash- 
burne, 193. 

June 7. D. C. Congress appropriates 
§100,000 for the erection of a memorial 
of Cornwallis's surrender at Yorktown. 

June 9-11. Chicago. The Greenback 
National Convention is held ; Richard 
Trevellick of Mich., president. James 

B. Weaver of la. is unanimously nomi- 
nated for president, and B. S. Chambers 
of Tex. for vice-president. Vote, Cham- 
bers, 403 ; A. M. West of Miss., 311. 

June 16. D. C. The 46th Congress ; 
the second session closes. 

June 17. O. The Prohibition National 
Convention meets at Cleveland, and 
nominates Weal Dow of Me. and H. A. 
Thompson of O. as presidential candi- 
dates. 

June 18. New 1'ork. Samuel J. Tilden 
■writes a letter declining to be a candi- 
date for the presidency. 

June 22-24. O. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention is in session at 
Cleveland ; John W. Stevenson of Ky., 
president. Wlnfield Scott Hancock 
of Pa. and "William H. English of Ind. 
are nominated as presidential candi- 
dates. 

First ballot : Winfleld S. Hancock, 
171; Thomas F. Bayard of Del., 153i ; 
Henry B. Payne of O., 81; Allen G. 
Thurman of O., US'. ; Stephen J. Field of 
Cal., 65; William II. Morrison of 111., 
62 ; Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind., 49i ; 
Samuel J. Tilden of N. Y., 38; Samuel 
J. Randall of Pa., 0. Second ballot: 
Hancock, 320 ; Randall, 12SA ; Bayard, 
113. William H. English is unanimously 
nominated for Vice-President. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs. 8180,522,1105; 
internal revenue, $124,009,374; direct 
tax, §31; sales of public lands, $1,016,- 
507 ; premiums on loans and sales of gold 
coin, $110; miscellaneous items,. $21. 978.- 
525. Total revenue, $333.526,611 ; excess 
of revenue over expenditures, 865,883,053. 
Expenditures: Premium on loans, pur- 
chase of bonds, etc., $2,795,320; miscel- 
laneous items, $54,713,530 ; War Depart- 
ment, $38,116,916 ; Navy Department, 
$13,536,985 ; Indians, $5,945,457 ; pen- 
sions, $56,777,174 ; interest on the public 
debt, $95,757,575. Total ordinary expen- 
ditures, $267,642,958. Public debt', 82,128,- 
791,054. Exports, 8835,038.658 ; imports, 
S667,954,746. 

Sept. 1. S.C. Gov. Simpson resigns, and 
is succeeded by Lieut. -Gov. T. B. Jeter. 

Oct. 20. U.S. The "Morey letter," 
a lithographed forgery in imitation of 
Garfield's handwriting and signature, ap- 
proving Chinese immigration, is widely 
distributed for the purpose of impairing 
his vote. 

Nov. 2. U.S. 24th Presidential Elec- 
tion ; Republicans elected. 

Popular vote : James A. Garfield 
(Rep.) of O., 4,454,41G; "Winfield S. 
Hancock (Dem.) of Pa., 4,444,952; 
James B. Weaver (Greenback) of la., 
308,578; Neal Dow (Prohib.) of Me., 
10,305; John W. Phelps (American) 
of Vt., 707. 



Popular "Vote for President. 







Candid 


VTES. 




States. 










Garfield 


Hancock 


Weaver 


Dow 


Ala. . . 


51,,221 


91,185 


4,642 




Ark.. . 


42,436 


60,775 


4,079 




Cal. . . 


811,348 


80,426 


3,392 






27,450 


24,647 


1,435 




Conn. . 


67,071 


64,415 


868 


409 


Del. . . 


14,133 


15,275 


120 




Fla. . . 


23,654 


27,964 






Ua. . . 


54,086 


102,470 


" 969 




111. . . 


318,037 


277,321 


26,358 


443 


Ind. . . 


232,164 


225,522 


12,1186 




la. . . 


183,1127 


105,845 


32,701 


'592 


Kan. . 


121,549 


59,801 


111.851 


25 


Ky. . . 


106,306 


1411,068 


11,499 


258 


La. . . 


38,637 


65,067 


439 




Me. . . 


74,0311 


65,171 


4,408 


93 


Mel. . . 


78,515 


93,706 


818 




Mass. . 


165,205 


111,960 


4,548 


682 




185,341 


131,597 


34,8115 


942 


Minn. . 


93,003 


53,315 


. 3,267 


286 


Miss. . 


34,854 


75,750 


5,797 




Mo. . . 


153,567 


208,600 


35,135 




Neb.. . 


54,979 


28,523 


3,950 




Nev. . 


8,732 


9,613 






N. H. . 


44,852 


40,794 


' 528 


'l80 


N. J. . 


120,555 


122,5li"i 


2,617 


191 


N. Y. . 


555,544 


534,511 


12,:l7:i 


1,517 


H. C. . 


115,874 


124.208 


1,126 




0. . . 


375,048 


340,821 


6,456 


2,616 


Ore. . . 


20,619 


19,948 


249 




Penn. . 


444,704 


407,428 


211.61,8 


1,939 


E. I. . . 


18,195 


10,779 


236 


20 


S.C. . 


58,071 


112,312 


566 




Tenn. . 


107,677 


128,191 


5,917 


43 


Tex. . . 


57,893 


156,428 


27,405 




Vt. . . 


45,567 


18,316 


1,215 




Va. . . 


84,020 


128,586 






w. Va. . 


46,243 


57,391 


9,079 




Wis. . . 


144,400 


114,649 


7,986 


69 


Total . 


4,454,416 


4,444,952 


308,578 


10.305 


Perct. . 


48.31 


48.20 


3.34 


0.11 


Plur. . 


9,464 









Ami. The people vote to approve 

the prohibitory amendment to the 
Constitution. Vote, 92,302-84,304. 

Nov. 9. D. C. A treaty with China is 
concluded. 

Dec. 6. D. C. The 46th Congress: the 
third session opens : House : Samuel J. 
Randall of Pa. is reelected Speaker. 

Dec. 15. D. C. Richard W. Thompson 
of Ind., Secretary of the Navy, resigns. 

* * Cal. The Legislature passes the De- 
bris Relief Bill, providing for a special 
tax on miners to relieve agriculturists 
who suffer loss by the dl'brls washed into 
the valley in hydraulic ruining. 

* * D.C. "William B. "Woods of Ga. is 
appointed Justice in the Supreme Court 
of the United States. 

* * Ore. The Constitution is amended 
to authorize female suffrage. 

* * Civil Service Reform Associations 
are formed in several cities, chiefly in 
the Eastern States. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

* la. Buren R. Sherman. 

* La. Louis A. Wiltz. 

* Mass. John D. Long. 

* Me. Daniel F. Davis. 

* JSf. Y. Alonzo B. Cornell. 

* O. Charles Foster. 

* R. I. Alfred H. Littlefield. 

* S. C. Johnson Hagood. 

* Utah (Ter.). Eli H. Murray. 

* Vt. Roswell Farnham. 

* Wash. (Ter.). Wm. A. Newell. 



-86* 
-83* 
-82* 
-81* 
-83* 
-84 < 
-83* 



-84* 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



1880 Apr. 23. W.Afri 

Capt. Made 



The steamer 
founders off 



Cape Palmas ; nearly all the passengers 
and crew escape in boats. 

May 2. Neiv York. The Ninth Avenue 
Elevated Railroad is reopened after be- 
ing entirely rebuilt. 

May 17-24. Tenn. The centennial of 
the settlement of Nashville is cele- 
brated. 

May 30. Chicago. The Government 
buildings, including the post-office and 
custom-house, are completed. 

June 11. N. Y. The steamer Narragan- 
sett collides with a vessel near Cornfield 
Point Shoal, Long Island Sound ; 27 
lives are lost. 

June 28. JST. Y. The Seawanhaka is 
burned off Ward's Island ; 24 lives are 
lost. 

June * The 10th census is taken. 
States, 38: whites, 43,402,970; colored, 
6,580,793; (slaves, 0); total population, 
50,155,783 ; increase, 30.08 per cent. Cen- 
ter of population, eight miles west by 
south of Cincinnati ; westward move- 
ment in ten years, 58 miles. 

July 4. Minn. The second centennial of 
the discovery of the Falls of St. An- 
thony is celebrated at Minneapolis. 

July 7. New York. Dr. Henry S. Tan- 
ner successfully closes his fast of 40 
days. He drank water occasionally, 
but partook of no food ; his loss of 
weight was 36 pounds. 

The Harvard freshmen defeat those 

of Columbia in a boat-race ; time H.32. 

July 21. N.J. "Water bursts into the 
Hudson River Tunnel while the ex- 
cavators are at work, and drowns 20 
workmen. 

July 22. Mich. The steam-yacht Mamie 
collides with the steamer Garland on 
the Detroit River ; 16 lives are lost. 

Aug. 29. Fla. The steamer City of Vera 
Cruz founders in a hurricane off the 
coast of Florida, 30 miles from shore ; 
only 11 out of 82 persons are saved. 

Sept. 17. Boston. The 250th anniver- 
sary of the settlement of Boston is cel- 
ebrated. 

Sept. 28. Ind. The corner-stone of the 
new State House at Indianapolis is laid 
with ceremonies. 

Oct. 10-15. Md. The 150th anniversary 
of the founding of Baltimore is cele- 
brated by its citizens. 

Oct. 15 + Mich. The steamer Alpena 
from Grand Haven for Chicago is lost ; 
about 70 lives are lost. , 

Nov. 15. Minn. The asylum for the in- 
sane at St. Peter takes fire, and 30 lives 
are lost. 

Dec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1880. 
Production: Gold, $36,000,000 ; silver, 
$38,450,000. Bushels of grain: Indian 
corn, 1,754,861.535; wheat, 459,479,503; 
oats, 407,858,900 ; barlev, 44,113.495; rye, 
19,831,595; buckwheat, lt,,sl7,327. Bales 
of cotton, 5,797,397. Pounds of wool, 
232,500,000. Barrels of petroleum, 26,- 
2S6.123. Currency in circulation, Juno 
30, §973,382,228; per capita. §19.41. Im- 
migrants (fiscal year), 457,257. Miles of 
railroads worked, S2.140 ; capital stock, 
!?2,70,s,K7;;,:;7, r > ; total accidents. 1.07S ; lives 
lost, 315; injured, 1,172. Fire waste, 
$74,643,400 ; insurance, $42,525,000. 



306 1880, * *-1881, July 2. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1881 Jan. 24. D. C. Charles H. Tomp- 
kins is commissioned colonel — quarter- 
master's department. 

Feb. 18. D. C. David G. Swaim is com- 
missioned brigadier-general 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1880 * * Boston. The Boston Sym- 
phony Society is established. 

* * Chicago. The audiphone is invented 
by R. G. Rhodes. 

* * New York. A bronze bust of the poet 
Thomas Moore, and a bronze statue of 
Robert Burns, are unveiled in Central 
Park. George 11. Yewell and Benjamin 
C. Porter of New York and Louis C. 
Tiffany of Chicago are elected mem- 
bers of the National Academy of De- 
sign. The Madison Square Theater is 
opened with the performance of Hazel 
Kirke. 

* * Ruins of the Parthenon is painted by 
S. R. Gifford. 

* * On the Plains is painted by Worthing- 
ton Whittredge. 

* * MuskraVs Nest is painted by F. S. 
Church. 

* * Touchstone and Audrey is painted by 
P. F. Rothermel. 

* * Old Church at Arreton is painted by 
J. F. Cropsey. 

* * The statue of Farragut is executed 
hy A. St. Gandens. 

* * In a Rye Field is painted by A. C. 
Shaw. 

* * The Coming Storm is painted by 
George Inness. 

* * Farmington River is painted by J. M. 
Hart. 

* * Edge of a Wood is painted by Jervis 
McEntee. 

* * Bachelor's Breakfast is painted by G. 
W. Maynard. 

* * Strictly Confidential is painted by T. 
W. Wood. 

* * Cupid is painted by William Page. 

* * The Trappist is painted by Frank B. 
Mayer. 

1881 Jan. 22. New York. The Egyp- 
tian obelisk is erected on its pedestal 
in Central Park. 

Height, 90 feet; weight of shaft, 443,- 
000 pounds ; cost of removal and erec- 
tion, defrayed by W. H. Vanderbilt, 
$103,732. 

Feb. 15. O. The Cincinnati Museum 
Association is incorporated. 

Apr. 4. The Chemical Industrial So- 
ciety is founded. 

June * Lieut. A. W. Greely and 24 others 
start on the Lady Franklin Bay Ex- 
pedition to Northern Greenland. [July 
7. They leave Newfoundland on the 
Proteus.] 

June 13. The Jeannette of the De Long 
Polar expedition is crushed in the ice, 
in 77° 15 N., 155 E. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1881. 

Jan. 4. Wood, Alphonsn, botanist, au.. A71. 

Jan. 20. Sotliern, Edward Askew, Kng.- 
Am. comedian (Dundreary), A55. 

Feb. 3. JJiman, Jeremiah Lewis, Cong, 
clergyman, author, prof, of history, A 50. 

Feb. 13. Wood, Fernando: M. C. for if. Y., 
A68. 

Mar. 14. Emerson, George Barrel!, educa- 
tionist, writer, A84. 

Mar. 24. HoUiBter, Gideon Hiram, au.,A64. 

Mar. 26. Lawrence, William Beach, jurist, 
author, A81. 

Apr. 26. Palfrey, John Gorham, Unit, cler- 
gyman, author, professor at Harvard, his- 
torian, M. C. for Mass., A85. 

Apr. 28. GrigBby, Hugh Blair, historical 
scholar, A 75. 

June 2. Street, Alfred Billings, poet, au- 
thor, A70. 

June 5. Sabine, Joseph, Eng. bibliophile 
in America, A60. 



CHURCH. 

1880 * * Chicago is created a (Roman 
Catholic) archiepiscopal see, with the 
bishops of Alton and Peoria suffragans 
to it. 

* * Chicago. The Synod of Chicago (Re- 
formed Episcopal) is organized. 

* * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Louisville ; 
T. P. Haley, president. 

* * New York. The General Conven- 
tion (Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

It constitutes itself a Board of Mis- 
sions. 

* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Saratoga. 

* * O. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Xenia ; E. T. 
Jeffers, moderator. 

* * U. S. Church comm uni cants num- 
ber 10,065,963— about one in five of the 
population. 

* * Wis. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets at Madison ; William 
M. Paxton, moderator. 

* * The Congregational National Coun- 
cil meets. 

* * The Foreign Missionary Society of the 
Mennonites sends its first missionary to 
the American Indians. 

* * The Educational Department is 
added to the American Home Mission- 
ary Society, 

* *The Woman's Board of Foreign 
Missions of the Cumberland Presbyte- 
rian Church is organized. 

* * The Presbyterian Home Board opens 
a school among the Chilcat Indians ; 
also a school for the Pueblos. 

1881 Feb. 2. Me. The first Young 
People's Society of Christian En- 
deavor is organized at Portland, by 
Rev. F. E. Clark of the Williston Con- 
gregational Church. 

Apr. 8. Tenn. The Board of Missions 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
South is chartered by the Legislature. 

Apr.* Chicago. The Channing Club 
(Unitarian) is organized. 

May 1. La. Francis Janssens is pro- 
moted Roman Catholic Archbishop of 
New Orleans. 

May 4. Mo. The "Woman's Western 
Conference (Unitarian) is organized 
at St. Louis. 



May 8. Tex. John C. Neraz (Roman 
Catholic) is consecrated bishop of San 
Antonio. 

May 20. D. C. The General Convention 
of the New Jerusalem meets at Wash- 
ington. 

June.* N. Y. The International Med- 
ical Missionary Society is established 
for ministering to the poor. 

LETTERS. 

1880* * Miss. The Shuqualak Female 
College (Bapt.) is founded. 

* * Mo. Pierce City College (Bapt.) is 
founded. 

* * Mo. The Sporting News is issued at 
St. Louis ; also the Daily Chronicle. 

* * New York. The Critic is founded. 

* * O. The Farmer's Home at Dayton iss. 
The Cincinnati Daily Post is established. 

* * Phil a. Golden Days is issued. 

* * Tenn. Memphis Hospital Medical 
College of the Southwestern Baptist 
University is opened at Memphis. 

* * Bible Dictionary (illustrated), by 
Philip Schaff, appears. 

* * Ben Hur, by Lew Wallace, appears. 

* * The Boys' King Arthur, by Sidney La- 
nier, appears. 

* * Bricks without Straw, by Albion W. 
Tourgi^e, appears. 

* * The Iron Gate, and Other Poems, by 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. 

* * Jack and Jill, by Louisa May Alcott, 
appears. 

* * The Kingdom of God, by Edward Ev- 
erett Hale, appears. 

* * Louisiana, by Frances Hodgson Bur- 
nett, appears. 

* * Sebastian Strome, by Julian Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * The Stillwater Tragedy, by T. B. Al- 
drich, appears. 

* * Socialism, by Joseph Cook, appears. 

* * History of the United States under the 
Constitution) by James Schouler, ap- 
pears. 

* * A Tramp Abroad, by Mark Twain 
(Samuel L. Clemens), appears. 

* * An Undiscovered Country, by William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * Voices of Hope and Gladness, by Ray 
Palmer, appears. 

* * The Emotions, by James M'Cosh, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Pre-Adamite, by Alexander Win- 
chell, appears. 

* * Modern Society, by Julia Ward Howe, 
appears. 

* * The Grandissimes, by G. W. Cable, 
appears. 

* * Rodman the Keeper, by C. F. Woolsen, 
appears. 

* * Odd or Even, by Adeline D. T. Whit- 
ney, appears. 

* * Every Day English, by Richard Grant 
White, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1880, **-1881, July 2. 307 



SOCIETY. 
1830 * * Chicago. The National Far- 
mers' Alliance is founded. 

* * la. The State Board of Health is 
organized. 

* * Kan, A great immigration of 
colored people brings 40,000 negroes 
into the State. 

* * Mass. The antiscreen law respect- 
ing liquor saloons becomes operative. 

* * N. C. An asylum for insane colored 
people is opened by the State at Golds- 
borough. 

* * Ore. A Constitutional Amendment 
authorizing female suffrage is passed 
and approved. 

* * Phila. Dr. Buchanan is detected in 
the extensive and fraudulent sale of 
diplomas of Doctor of Medicine — for 
§50 each; he claims to be the dean of 
the American University (?) of Phila- 
delphia. 

* * S. Dak. The State school for deaf 
mutes at Sioux Falls is opened. 

* * The Memphis Hospital Medical Col- 
lege (Southwest Baptist University) 
opens. 

■* * The National Association for the 
Protection of the Insane and for the 
Prevention of Ins ani ty is organized. 

* * Boston. The Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union meets in National 
Convention ; Frances Willard, presi- 
dent. It creates the department of Sci- 
entific Temperance Instruction in public 
schools. 

* * U. S. The census returns show that 
5,107,993 white and colored persons, aged 
15 years and upward, are unable to 
write. 

* * U. S. The American Society of Me- 
chanical Engineers is organized. 

* * The Irish National League of 
America is founded. 

1881 Jan. 5. B. C. An International 
Sanitary Congress meets at "Washing- 
ton. 

Jan. 14. 0. The Society for Organiz- 
ing Charities is formed at Cleveland. 

* * Me. "Women are partially enfran- 
chised, being made legal voters for su- 
pervisors of schools, and also eligible to 
the offices of supervisor and superin- 
tendent of school committees. 

Feb. 3. Pa. George Smith and Mrs. 
Catharine Miller are haDged at Wil- 
liamsport for the murder of Mrs. 
Miller's husband on Mar. 18, 1SS0, near 
Jersey shore. 

Feb. 22. President Hayes issues an order 
prohibiting " the sale of intoxicating 
liquors at military posts and sta- 
tions ; " this order is for the government 
of post-traders, or private vendors. 

ITeb. * Neb. The enactment of the" Slo- 
cumb" Law starts the high-license 
crusade ; fees for saloons are $500 to 
§1,000. 

.Apr. 30. Md. The Charity Organiza- 
tion Society is formed at Baltimore. 



June IK Ky. Iron workers of Cov- 
ington and Newport strike for a new 
scale of prices ; after 21 weeks of idle- 
ness and the loss of $300,000 in wages, 
the strike ends in the defeat of the 
strikers. 

June 7. B. C. The Society of Associ- 
ated Charities is organized at "Wash- 
ington. 

June 11. W. Va. The Legislature es- 
tablishes a State Board of Health. 

June 15. Ind. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 15th Nation- 
al Encampment at Indianapolis ; George 
S. Merrill of Mass., commander-in-chief. 

June * N. Y. The National Temper- 
ance Convention meets at Saratoga. 

July 2. B. C. President Garfield is 
shot in the Baltimore and Potomac 
Railroad station at "Washington by 
Charles Guiteau. (See State.) [Uni- 
versal sympathy is expressed for the 
wounded President ; deep and prolonged 
suspense prevails.] 

STATE. 

1881 Jan. 6. B.C. Nathan Goff, Jr., 

of "W. Va., is confirmed as Secretary of 
the Navy. 

Feb. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
declares the President of the Senate not 
authorized by the Constitution to count 
and determine the presidential vote. 
[The House concurs.] 

Feb. 9. .D. C. Congress: The Vice- 
President in convention of both Houses 
counts the electoral vote. 

For President : Garfield, 214 j Han- 
cock, 155. Vote for Vice-President : 
Chester A. Arthur (Rep.) of N. T., 
214; "William H. English (Dem.) of 
Ind., 155 ; B. J. Chambers (Greenback) 
of Tex., ; A. M. Thompson (Prohib.) 
of O., 0; S. C. Pomeroy (Amer.) of 
Kan., 0. 

Mar. 3. B. C. President Hayes vetoes 
the Funding Act, which proposes the 
funding of about 700,000,000 of the na- 
tional debt at 3 per cent. 

Mar. 4. B. C. The 46th Congress 
ends. 

The Senate meets in special session 
on the call of the President^Feb. 28). 
f 
24th Administration; Republican. 
James A. Garfield of O., the 20th 
President, in the 24th term of the presi- 
dency, is inaugurated. Chester A. 
Arthur of N. Y. is Vice-President. 

Cabinet: James G. Blaine of Me. 
(State), "William Windom of Minn. 
(Treas.), Samuel J. Kirkwood of la. 
(Interior), Robert T. Lincoln of 111. 
(War), William H. Hunt of La. (Navy), 
Thomas L. James of N. Y. (P. M.-Gen.), 
Wayne McVeagh of Pa. (Atty.-Gen.). 

Mar. 28. D. C. A protest against the 
removal of Gen. Merritt from the col- 
lectorship of New York, and the ap- 
pointment of William H. Robertson, 
without the consent of the senators of 
N. Y., is presented to President Garfield. 
It is signed by Thomas L. James, Chester 



A. Arthur, Roscoe Conkling, and Thomas 
C. Piatt. [Its influence leads to the as- 
sassination of the President]. 

Apr. 20. D. C. The Assistant Post- 
Master-General, Thomas A. Brady, 
resigns on the exposure of the " Star 
Koute " frauds. 

May 5. I). C. The Senate confirms the 
Chinese Immigration and Commer- 
cial treaty, also treaties with Colombia 
and Japan. 

May 16. D. C. Senators Conkling and 
Piatt of N. Y. resign because of a con- 
troversy with President Garfield respect- 
ing appointments. (See Mar. 2S.) 

May 20. B. C. The special session of 
the Senate closes. 

June 24. B.C. Secretary Blaine issues 
a circular letter to ministers at European 
courts, stating that the United States 
will regard with disfavor any movement 
of European powers to jointly guaran- 
tee the neutrality of the Panama 
Canal. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs, §198,159,676 ; 
internal revenue, $135,264,3S6 ; direct 
tax, $1,517 ; sales of public lands, 
$2,201,803; miscellaneous items, $25,154,- 
851. Total revenue, $360,782,293 ; excess 
of revenue over expenditures, $100,069,- 
405. Expenditures : Premiums on loans, 
purchase of bonds, etc., $1,061,249; mis- 
cellaneous items, $04,4.10,325 ; War De- 
partment, $40,400,401 ; Navy Department, 
$15,680,672 ; Indians, $6,514,161 ; pen- 
sions, $50,059,280 ; interest on the public 
debt, $32,508,741. Total ordinary ex- 
penditures, $260,712,888. Public debt, 
$2,077,3*9.253. Exports, $902,377,346 ; im- 
ports, $642,664,628. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1880 * * Cat. The poor squatters of San 
Francisco are ejected from the Sand 
Lots by the Southern Pacific Railroad, 
after a conflict, In which several persons 
are killed. 

* * Fla. About 1,800,000 acres of land 
are conveyed to the State under an Act 
of Congress. 

* * Kan. The people oppose the Green 
drive- well patent as Invalid, and form 
four associations in South Kansas to de- 
fend users of driven wells in litigation. 

* * New York. Bordeaux Line of steam- 
ers is established to run between New 
York and Bordeaux, France. 

* * An international postage rate of 
five cents is adopted. 

* * The United Pipe-Lines Company be- 
gins to lay pipes for conveying petro- 
leum long distances. 

1881 Jan. 17. S. C. The centennial of 
the Battle of Cowpens is celebrated at 
Spartansburg ; Gen. Daniel Morgan's 
statue is unveiled. 

June 1. B. C. The Secretary of "War 
prohibits the use of tobacco by the 
cadets at the West Point Military 
Academy. 

June 27. Harvard defeats Columbia 
in the boat-race ; time, 21.45. 

June 30. Harvard Freshmen defeat 
Columbia in a boat-race ; time, 9.05$. 

* * Immigrants received in 1881, 669,431. 



308 1881, July 2-* 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1881 Dec. 15. A T . Y. The old frigate 

Constitution (Old Ironsides) goes out of 

commission at Brooklyn. (Launched in 

179G.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1881 July 16. Minn. A cyclone de- 
molishes 100 houses at New Ulm ; 30 per- 
sons are killed or injured. 

Aug. 12. Greenland. Lieut. Greely's 
expedition arrives at Discovery Harbor. 

Aug. * Mass. Prof. Dolbear announces 
a new system of telephone, with an im- 
proved receiver. 

Sept. 6. Mass. A dense fog at Salem 
makes this the darkest day on record 
since the "dark day " of May, 1780 ; a 
dry fog extends from New Hampshire 
to North Carolina, and largely conceals 
the sun. 

Dec. * liussia. Two of the Jeannette's 
boats, carrying 15 men, arrive at the 
mouth of the Lena River, Siberia; one 
boat is missing. [All perish except two, 
who were sent forward for relief.] 

Dec. * D. C. At Washington Alexander 
Graham Bell and Sumner Tainter pro- 
duce sound by electricity and light. 

* * New York. Frederick A. Bridgman 
of France is elected a member of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * N. Y. Henry Draper succeeds in . 
photographing the nebulse in Orion. 

* * O. The Case School of Applied 
Science is opened at Cleveland. 

* * Green River is painted by Thomas 
Mo ran. 

* * Sketching in the Glen is painted by 
J. F. Cropsey. 

* * Bird Song is painted by A. F. Bellows. 

* * Return of the Fleet is painted by Ed- 
ward Moran. 

* * Glen Mill Brook is painted by J. A. 
Brown. 



Dec. 4. Kilpatrick, .Tudson, maj.-gen. of 
cavalry, minister, A 45. 

Dec. 9. Forney, John Weiss, journalist, 
The Press, clerk of House, see. of Senate, 
A64. 

Dec. 17. Morgan, Lewis Henry, ethnolo- 
gist, archaeologist, author, A63. 

Hayes, Isaac Israel, Arctic explorer, 

author, A 49. 

Dec. 24. llacon, Leonard, Cong, clergy- 
man, theologian, editor, author, A79. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1881. 

July 14. Du Bois, William Ewing, numis- 
matist, writer, A71. 

Roberts, William Milnor, civil engineer, 

A71. 

July 17. Tuttle, Charles Wesley, astron- 
omer, lawyer, A52. 

July 24. Quaekenbos, George Payn, edu- 
cator, author of text-books, A55. 

Aug. 2. Haven, Erastus Otis, editor, pres- 
ident of college, M. E. bishop, A(il. 

Aug-. 3. Fargo, William George, president 
Am. Express Co., A63. 

Aug. 24. lliggs, George Washington, 
hanker, of Washington city, A68. 

Sept. 8. Lanier, Hugh Sidney, critic, poet, 
litterateur, author, A39. 

Sept. 1 3. Burnside, Ambrose Everett, 
maj.-gen. U. S. A., sen. for 11. I., Gov., A57. 

Sept. 19. Garfield. James Abram, col- 
lege pres., maj.-gen. U. S. vols., M. C. for 
O., senator, •Jiiih pn-sident U. S-, A50. 

Oct. 2. Harris, Caleb Fiske, book collector, 
A63. 

Oct. 3. Durant, Henry Fowle, founder of 
Wellesley College, A59. 

Oct. 5. Robinson, Stuart, Pres. clergyman, 
author, editor, A65. 

Oct. 12. Holland, .losiah Gilbert (Timothy 
Titcomb), author, editor, A62. 

Oct. 21. Cox, Samuel Hanson, Pres. cler- 
gyman, prof, ecclesiastical history, A88. 

Oct. 30. De Long, George W.,lieut. U. S. N., 

arctic explorer, A37. 
Nov. 15. Tappau, Henry Philip, Cong. 

clergyman, educationist, author, A76. 



CHURCH. 

1881 Aug. 24. Killan C. Flasch is 

consecrated (Koman Catholic) bishop of 

the Diocese of La Crosse. 
Oct. 18. N. J. "Winand M. Wigger is 

consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 

the Diocese of Newark. 
Nov. 1. N. J. Michael J. O'Farrell is 

first consecrated (Koman Catholic) 

bishop of Trenton. 

* * Alas. The Presbyterian Home Board 
opens a school among the Hydahs in 
Southern Alaska. 

* * Ind. The Baptist Annua l Meeting 
is held at Indianapolis. The Anrmal 
Convention (Disciples of Christ) is held 
at Indianapolis ; R. Moffett, president. 

* * la. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Davenport is established. 

* * The first contingent of the Salvation 
Army lands in the United States. 

* * JV J. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Trenton is established. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets at Buffalo ; Henry 
Darling, moderator. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ; 
David W. Carson, moderator. The 
General Synod (Evangelical Lutheran) 
meets at Altoona. 

* * E. B. Kephart is elected first bishop of 
the United Brethren. 

LETTERS. 
1881* * Ala. The Normal and Indus- 
trial School established by the State at 
Tuskegee is opened. [Also the "Western 
Normal College is opened at Shenan- 
doah, la. ; the State Normal School at 
Plymouth, N. C, and another for col- 
ored students at Salisbury ; and the 
Tillotson Collegiate and Normal Insti- 
tute, at Austin, Tex.] 

* * Chicago. The Herald is issued. 

* * La. Southern Academic Institute at 
New Orleans is opened. 

* * la. The Drake University (Disci- 
ples of Christ) is founded at Des Moines. 

* * III. St. Joseph's Diocesan College 
(Rom. Cath.) is chartered at Teutopolis. 

* * I, T. The Levering Manual Labor 
School (Ind. Bapt.) is founded at We- 
tumpka. 

* *Ky. The South Kentucky CoUege 
(Christian) is organized in Hopkinsville. 

* * Kan. Bethany CoUege (Luth.) is or- 
ganized at Linds. 

* * N. Mex. The University of New 
Mexico (non-sect.) at Santa F^ is 
opened. 

* * Neiu York. The Judge is issued. 



* Pa. The L. P. Linderman Memorial 
Library is founded at Bethlehem. 
[50,000 vols.j 

* * Phila. The Medico-Chirurgical 
College opens. 

* * S. C. The Cooper Limestone Institute 
(Fern. Bapt.) is founded at Limestone 
Springs. 

* * Tex. Bishop CoHege (Col. Bapt.) is 
founded at Marshall. 

* * Tex. The State University at Austin 
is organized. 

* * The Boys' Mabinogion, by Sidney La- 
nier, appears. 

* * The Choice of Books, by C. F. Richard- 
son, appears. 

* * Doctor Breen's Practice, by "William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * Esmeralda, by Frances Hodgson Bur- 
nett, appears ; also A Fair Barbarian. 

* * Eve's Daughters, by Marion Harland, 
appears. 

* * Ilka on the Bill- Top, by H. H. Boyesen^ 
appears ; also Queen Titania. 

* * Josh Billings's Spice-Box, by Henry 
Wheeler Shaw, appears. 

* * The King's Missive, and Other Poems, 
by John Greenleaf Whittier, appears. 

* * Memoirs of the Jtffersons, by William 
Winter, appears. 

* * Rise and Fall of the Confederate Gov- 
ernment, by Jefferson Davis, appears. 

* * The School of Life, by William R. 
Alger, appears. 

* * Science of Mind, by John Bascom, ap- 
pears. 

* * Somebody's Neighbors, by Rose Terry 
Cooke, appears. 

* * Without a Home, by E. P. Roe, appears. 

* * Virginibus Puerisque, and other papers. 
Memoirs and Portraits, by Robert Louis 
Stevenson, appears. 

* * Science of English Verse, by Sidney 
Lanier, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1881 Aug.l. N.C. The people reject the 
Prohibition Bill. Vote, 48, 370-1 66, 325. 

Sept. 2+. La. About 10,000 cotton han- 
dlers at New Orleans strike for in- 
creased wages ; in two weeks the strike 
ends and fails ; loss in wages, $50,000. 

Sept. 6. D. C. The wounded President 
is removed to Elberon, N. J. ; flowers 
are strewn over the railroad in many 
places by sympathizing multitudes. 

Sept. 13. D. C. Sergeant Mason, one of 
the guards, fires at Guiteau, but misses 
his mark. [For this act Mason was tried 
and sentenced to imprisonment.] 

Sept. 20. U. S. Demonstrations of 
grief abound from all parties and every 
class over the death of the President ; 
the cities are swathed in black drapery. 

Sept. 20. Eng. Queen Victoria cables 
as a message of condolence to Mrs. 
Garfield : " Words cannot express the 
deep sympathy I feel with you at this 
terrible moment. May God support you 
as He alone can," 



UNITED STATES. 



1881, July 2- 



309 



Sept. 21-28. Eng. The Court is or- 
dered to go into mourning because of 
the death of President Garfield. 

Sept. 23. O. After lying in state at 
Washington, the body of President Gar- 
field is buried at Cleveland. 

Oct. 26. Mo. Anlndustrial Convention 
for the people of the Mississippi Valley 
meets at St. Louis. 

Oct. * Chicago. The Brewers' Con- 
gress opposes woman's suffrage. 

" Hesolved, That we oppose always and 
everywhere the ballot in the hands of 
woman, for woman's vote is the last 
hope of the Prohibitionists." 

Nov. 2. O. The American Association 
of Professional Baseball Clubs is or- 
ganized at Cincinnati. 

Nov. 14. D. C. The trial of Charles 
Guiteau begins. 

Dee. 22. Wis. The Charity Organi- 
zation Society is formed at Milwaukee. 

Dec. 24-31. S. C. Several thousand 
colored people leave Edgefield County, 
being terrorized by violence. 

Dec. 27. D- C. An order is issued for 
the exclusion of women from the em- 
ployment of the Government. 

* * Colo. The Legislature provides for an 
Industrial School at Golden City. 

* * D. C. The "Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union meets in a national 
convention at Washington ; Prances 
Willard, president. 

* * B.C. The Star Route frauds against 
the Government are discovered. (See 
Mar. 1882.) 

* * Del. The Legislature passes an Act 
which imposes a fine on any person who 
marches in a torchlight parade. 

* * N. C. The Legislature passes a bill 
prohibiting the manufacture and sale 
of alcoholic beverages; it is subject 
to the approval of the people. This so- 
called Prohibitory amendment is voted 
down by more than 116,000 majority. 

* * Neto York. The Church Temper- 
ance Society of the Protestant Episco- 
pal church is organized. 

" This Society lays down as the basis on 
which it rests, and from which its work 
shall be conducted, union and coopera- 
tion on perfectly equal terms for the 
promotion of temperance between those 
who use temperately and those who ab- 
stain entirely from intoxicating drinks 
as beverages." 

* * N.J. The Charity Organization is 
formed at Newark for systemizing pub- 
lic charities. 

* * 0. A fund of $364,000 is presented to 
Mrs. Garfield by admirers of the mar- 
tyred President. 

* * The Catholic Benevolent Legion 
is founded ; also the Order of the 
Golden Chain ; the National Union ; 
the Order of United Friends ; the So- 
ciety of the Knights of Pythias. 

* * A movement for land nationaliza- 
tion begins. 

It is warmly advocated by Henry 
George in his book, Pi-ogress and Pov- 
erty, which condemns compensation to 



STATE. 

18S1 July 2. B.C. President Garfield 
is shot and fatally wounded by Charles 
J. Guiteau, a disappointed office-seeker, 
in the Pennsylvania depot at "Washing- 
ton. (See Society.) 

July 16. A'. Y. The Legislature eleets 
"Warner Miller to succeed Senator 
Piatt. [And Elbridge G. Lapham to 
succeed Senator Conkling, on July 22,] 

Aug. 12. Capt. Hooper and Mr. Reynolds 
of the revenue cutter Conoin take pos- 
session, in the name of the United States, 
of Wrangel Land, in the Arctic Sea. 

Sept. 19. A 7 . J. President Garfield 
dies at Elberon ; public and private 
buildings throughout the country are 
draped in mourning. 

Sept. 20. New York. Chester Alan 
Arthur, vice-president, is sworn into 
the presidency as the 21st President. 

The 24th Administration is con- 
tinued by Chester A. Arthur. 

Oct. 10. D. C. The Senate meets, in 
special session, at the call of President 
Arthur. (Sept. 23.) [Closes Oct. 25.] 

Thomas F. Bayard of Del. is re- 
elected President pro tempore. [David 
Davis of 111. is elected Oct. 13.] 

Oct. 27. D. C. Charles J. Folger of 
N. T. is appointed Secretary of the 
Treasury. 

Nov. 4. D. C. Sir Lionel Sackville 
"West, the new minister for England, 
is received by the President. 

Nov. 14. D. C. "William Windom of 
Minn., Secretary of the Treasury, re- 
signs. 

Nov. * D. C. "Wayne McVeagh of Pa., 
Attorney-General, resigns. 

Dec. 5. JD.C. The 47th Congress opens. 

Dec. 5. D. C. John W. Keifer (Rep.) 
of O. is elected Speaker. Vote, Keifer, 
148; S. J. Randall of Pa., 129. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Fred. T. Freling- 
huysen of N. J. is appointed Secretary 
of State. 

Dec. 15. D. C. James G. Blaine re- 
signs the office of Secretary of State. 

Dec. 19. D. C. Benj. H. Brewster of 
Pa. is appointed Attorney-General. 

Dec. 20. D. C. Timothy O. Howe of 
"Wis. is appointed Postmaster-General. 

Congress grants the postal franking 
privilege to the widow of President 
Garfield. 

* * D. C Congress passes an act legaliz- 
ing trade-marks. 

* * D. C. Stanley Mathews of O. and 
Horace Gray of Mass. are appointed 
Justices of the Supreme Court of the 
United States. 

* * D. C. Secretary "Windom ex- 
changes about §500,000,000 in bonds 
bearing 6 per cent and other rates of 
interest, for 3h per cent bonds. 

* * Kan. The Supreme Court of the State 
decides that the prohibitory amend- 
ment is valid. 

* * New York. "William R. Grace is 
elected the 82d mayor. 



U. S. Governors inaugurated : 



-83* 


* Ark. 


Thomas J. Churchill. 


-83* 


*Conn 


. Hobart B. Bigelow. 


-85* 


* Fla. 


William D. Bloxham. 


-85* 


* Ind. 


Albert G. Porter. 


-83* 


* Me. 


Harris M. Plaisted. 


-83* 


* Mich, 


David H. Jerome. 


-85* 


* Mo. 


Thomas T. Crittenden. 


-83* 


*$~.H. 


Charles H. Bell. 


-84* 


*N.J. 


George C. Ludlow. 


-83* 


* Tenri. 


Alvin Hawkins. 


-85* 


*W.V 


a. Jacob K. Jackson 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881 Aug. 24. Eng. Two American sail- 
ors arrive at Falmouth after crossing 
the Atlantic in the City of Bath, a boat 
fourteen feet long. 

Sept. 6. Wis. An exposition is opened 
at Milwaukee. 

Sept. 14. The steamer Asia is wrecked 
on Lake Huron; about 100 lives are 
lost. 

Sept. * Mich. Forest fires devastate over 
1,800 square miles in Huron, Sanilac, 
and Tuscola counties ; 2,900 families are 
burned out, and 138 lives lost. 

Oct. 5-Dec. 31. Ga. An International 
Cotton Exposition, the first in the 
United States, is held at Atlanta. 

Oct. 19. Va. The centennial of ' the 
Battle of Yorktown is celebrated on a 
grand scale. [Military review, Oct. 20 ; 
naval review, Oct. 21.] 

Oct. * Md. Citizens celebrate the opening 
of the aqueduct supplying Baltimore 
with water from the Gunpowder River. 

Nov. 4. Colo. Denver City becomes the 
permanent capital. 

Nov. 9. The American sloop Mischief 
defeats the Canadian sloop Atalanta in 
a race for the America cup. 

Nov. 29. Mo. A Missouri River Im- 
provement Convention meets at St. 
Joseph. 

Dec. 3. Phila. Electric street-lights 
are introduced. 

Dec. 26. Va. The steamer West Point 
takes fire on the York River ; 19 lives 
are lost. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1881. 

Production: Gold, $34,700,000; silver, 
$43,000,000; bales of cotton, 6,589,329; 
pounds of wool, 240,000,000; barrels of 
petroleum, 27,661 ,238. Currency in circu- 
lation (June 30), $1,114,238,419 ; per cap- 
ita, $21.71. Immigrants received (fiscal 
year), 669,431. Miles of railroads worked, 
92,971; capital stock, $3,117,375,179. Fire 
waste, $81,280,900; insurance, $44,641,- 
900. Railroad accidents, 1,458; persons 
killed, 414 ; persons injured, 1,597. 

* * D. C. Congress awards Mrs. Ida 
Lewis "Wilson, the daughter of the 
keeper of the Lime Rock lighthouse, a 
gold medal for heroic services in saving 
13 lives at various times. 

* *Ela. Philadelphia capitalists pur- 
chase 4,000,000 acres of State land 
south of the Ocala and east of the Kis- 
simmee Rivers for $1,000,000. 

* * III. The streets of Aurora are lighted 
by electricity — the first city in the 
world so lighted. 



310 1881, * *~1882, Dec. 28. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1882 May 4. D.C. President Arthur 
remits so much of Fitz-John Porter's 
sentence by court martial as forever dis- 
qualifies him from holding office under 
the Government. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1881 *, * The Cup that Cheers is painted 
by T. W. Wood. 

* * Twilight on the Hudson is painted by 
■Worthington Whittredge. 

* * Kaatskill River is painted by Jervis 
McEntee. 

* * Cows by the Meadow Brook is painted 
by A. D. Shattuck. 

* * Foggy Day is painted by F. S. Church. 

* * Spring is painted by George Inness. 

* * View of the Rocky Mountains is painted 
by J. W. Casilear. 

1832 Mar. 18. N. Y. A new comet 
is discovered at the Dudley Observatory 
at Albany. 

Mar. 23. Russia. The bodies of Capt. 
De Long and others of the Jeannette 
Polar Expedition are found by G. W. 
Melville near the mouth of the Lena 
River. 

Mar. * A great flood prevails on the 
Mississippi and its tributaries ; 85,000 
persons are made destitute ; Congress 
votes §150,000 for relief. 

Apr. 16-17. U. S. An aurora of ex- 
traordinary magnificence is observed 
throughout the country ; it lasts from 
nine in the evening till daylight appears. 

Apr. * Tornadoes occur in the South ; 
150 people lose their lives. 

May * Ind. Ter. A cyclone kills and 
wounds 120 people. 

May 15. Arctic Sea. A part of Lieut. 
Greely's Expedition, under David L. 
Brainard, penetrates to latitude 83° '24.V 
north, longitude -40° 46V west. A higher 
latitude than ever before reached. 

June 18. la. A terrific tornado occurs 
at Grinnell ; GO persons are killed and 
150 wounded. Property is damaged to 
the amount of $600,000. 

Dec * III. Sugar is manufactured in 
large quantities from sorghum. 



May 14. Barnard. Jnim Gross, gen., mili- 
tary engineer, writer, A67. 

May 26. Chester, Josei>h Lemuel, genealo- 
gist in Eng., writer, A61. 

May 30. Kuh<ts, William Uarton, physi- 
cist, geologist, A78. 

June 15. Dennison, William, lawyer, Co v. 
Of 0-, P. M. G., A6(J. 

June 21. Haves, Augustus Allen. Chemist. 
writer, A76. " 

July 10. Giles, Henry, criti.-, essayist. AT'!. 

July 24. Marsh, <;eorf:e Perkins, philolo- 
gist, politician, tlipluiuatist, A81. 

Aug-. 8. Warren, Gouverneur, Kemble, 
maj.-gen. V. S. vols., military eng., A52. 

Aug. 19. Hill, r>ciijatiiin Harvev, lawyer, 
M. C, sen. for Ga., Confederate sen., A5'J. 

Oct. 3. PhillipB. Adelaide, Anglo-Ameri- 
can contralto singer, A49. 

Nov. 20. Draper, Henry, scientist, educator, 
celestial photographer, A45. 

Nov. 22. Weed, I hurlow, journalist, poli- 
tician, author, A85. 

Dec. 1. Coan, Titus, Cong, missionary at 
Hawaii, A81. 

Dec. 18. James, Henry, au., novelist, ATI. 



CHURCH. 

1881 * * The American Baptist Publica- 
tion Society organizes a special Bible 
department, with a secretary, to raise 
money for the circulation of the Scrip- 
tures at home and abroad. 

* * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of 
New York and Philadelphia, is organ- 
ized. 

1882 Jan. 8. S. C. H. P. Northrop is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Charleston. 

Jan. 25. Pa. Cortlandt "Whitehead is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Pittsburg. 

Apr. 30. Tex. N. A. Gallagher is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Galveston. 

May 3. Term. The General Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal South) meets at 
Nashville. 

May 19. Mich. The Roman Catholic 
Diocese of Grand Rapids is established. 

June 9. Chicago. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

Sept. 19-22. K.T. The National Con- 
ference (Unitarian) is held at Saratoga. 

Nov. 9. Neb. The Nebraska Association 
(Unitarian) is organized at Omaha. 

Dec. 28. The Utah Association (Congre- 
gational) is organized. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1882. 

Jan. 4. Draper, John William, chemist, 
physiologist, historian (spectrum analysis), 
A71. 

Jan. 17. Bullock, Alexander Hamilton, 
lawyer, Gov. of Mass., writer, A66. 

Jan. 21. Pond, Enoch, Cong, el., au., A91. 

Jan. 29. Holley, Alexander Lyman, metal- 
lurgist, author, A50. 

Jan. 30. Bellows, Henry Whitney, Unit. 
cl., au., pres. U. S. Sanitary ('ononis., AGS. 

Feb. 19. Johnson, Samuel, Unit, clergy- 
man, author, A60. 

Mar. 4. Latham, Milton Seott, lawyer, 
M. C, senator, Gov. of Cal., A55. 

Mar. 21. Dewey, Orville, Unit, clergyman, 
writer, A88. 

Mar. 24. Longfellow. Henry "Wads- 
worth, poet, author, prof, of belles lettres 
at Harvard, A75. 

Apr. 27. Emerson, Ralph Waldo, essay- 
ist, philosopher, poet, lecturer, au., A79. 

May 3. Maynard, Horace, M. C. for Tenn., 
P. M. G., author, A68. 

May 5. Rodgers, John, rear-adm. IT. S. N., 
A70. 



LETTERS. 

1882. Aug. 16. Mass. The "Harvard 
Annex" for the instruction of women, 
organized in 1S79, is incorporated. 

Oct. 1. 5. C. The State reopens its mili- 
tary academy at Charleston. 

Nov. 16. iris. The Milwaukee Daily 
Journal is issued. 



SOCIETY. 



1882 Jan. 1. Xe 

the Friendless 

Jan. 24. D. 
and acquitted c 
W. S. Ketchum. 

Jan. 25. D. C. 
the assassin of 
found guilty of 
to be hanged. 



b. The State Home for 
at Lincoln is opened. 
Mrs. Wharton is tried 
)f the murder of Gen. 

Charles J. Guiteau, 
President Garfield, is 
murder, and sentenced 



Jan. 26. New York. The Charity Or- 
ganization Society is formed. 
Feb. 22. Boston. The National La-w- 
and Order League is organized. 
Feb. * Many Jews find refuge In Amer- 
ica from European oppression. 

Mar. 14- . Mass. About 5,255 weavers 
and spinners at Lawrence, unsuccess- 
fully strike against reduced wages, 
holding out 23 weeks, at a loss of $800,- 
000 in wages. 

Mar. 22. D.C. The penalty for polygamy 
in the territories of the United States it 
a fine not exceeding S5,000, and impris- 
onment not exceeding five years. (See 
State.) 

Mar.i* D. C. Some of the Star Route 
conspirators are brought to triaL 

Indictments are found against the 
second assistant Postmaster Thomas J. 
Brady, Stephen W. Dorsey, John W. 
Dorsey, John M. Peek, and John K. 
Miner, who had made fraudulent mail 
bids. [The jury disagree on the first 
trial ; there are no convictions on the 
second trial.] 

Apr. I- 1 -. Pa. More than 2,000 coal 
miners in "Western Pennsylvania un- 
successfully strike against reduced 
wages, and hold out 20 weeks, at a wage- 
loss of $500,000. 

Apr. 17^. -V. Y. About 5,000 cotton- 
mill hands at Cohoes unsuccessfully 
strike against reduced wages, and hold 
out 19 weeks, at a wage-loss of $541,250. 

May 9-. O. About 5,000 rolling-mill 
hands at Cleveland unsuccessfully 
strike for the adoption of the rules of 
their Association, for 95 days, at a wage- 
loss of $376,250. 

June 1-f. Pa. About 30.000 iron-workers 
at Pittsburg unsuccessfully strike for 
a new scale of prices, and hold out four 
months, at a wage-loss of S3,300,000. 

June 21. Md. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 16th Na- 
tional Encampment at Baltimore; Paul 
Van Der Voort of Neb., commander-in- 
chief. 

June 30. D. C. Charles J. Guiteau is 
hanged at Washington for the murder 
of President Garfield. 

June * Conn. James Malley is acquitted 
of the murder of Jennie E. Cramer at 
New Haven on Aug. 5, 1881. 

July 1. Nev. An asylum for the insane 
is opened by the State at Reno. 

Sept. 11'. D.C. The jury on the " Star 
Route'* trials disagree respecting the 
guilt of the principals. 

Oct. 11. Mass. The 100th anniver- 
sary of the birth of Daniel "Webster is 
celebrated at Marshfield. 

Oct. 13. Mo. John Cockrill, editor of 
the St. Louis Post-Dispatch, is acquitted 
of murder in fatally shooting Col. Slay- 
back. 

Nov. * Neb. The people reject the 
amendments to the Constitution, ex- 
tending suffrage to women. Vote, 
25,756-50,693. 

Dec. 17. -V. Y. St. Mary's General 
Hospital at Brooklyn is opened for the 
reception of patients. 



UNITED STATES. 1881,* *-1882, Dec. 28, 311 



STATE. 

1882 Feb. 2. D. C. Congress grants 

an additional pension to the widow of 

Abraham Lincoln. 
Feb. 16. D. C. Congress: The House 

fixes its membership at 325, and 

changes the apportionment according to 

the late census. 
Feb. 27. D. C. Congress; House: 

James G. Blaine delivers a eulogy at 

the memorial services on the late 

President Garfield. 
Mar. 22. D. C. Congress passes the 

drastic Edmunds Bill. 
It disfranchises polygamists, and 

places the elections in ITtahimder charge 



Mar. 28. D. C. Congress extends the 
northern boundary of Nebraska to the 
43d parallel. 

Mar. 31. D. C. Congress grants a 
pension of §5,000 each to the widows of 
James A. Garfield, James K. Polk, and 
John Tyler. 

Apr. * D. C. Samuel J. Kirkwood of 
la., Secretary of the Interior, resigns ; 
also William H. Hunt, Secretary of 
the Navy. "William E. Chandler of 
N. H. is appointed Secretary of the 
Navy. 

Apr. 4. D. C. President Arthur vetoes 
the Anti-Chinese BUI, restricting the 
immigration of Chinese for 20 years. 

Apr. 18. Z>. C. Congress: The Senate 
confirms Henry M. Teller of Colo, as 
Secretary of the Treasury, and "William 
E. Chandler of N. H. as Secretary of 
the Navy. [The latter is appointed 
minister to Russia.] 

Apr. 28. D. C. Congress passes a 
second Anti-Chinese Bill, making the 
term of exclusion 10 years, and prohibit- 
ing naturalization. 

May 3. L>. C. President Arthur, by 
proclamation, orders disorderly persons 
to desist from violence in Arizona. 

May 15. D. C. Congress provides for 
a Tariff Commission. 

It consists of nine civilians, who are to 
visit various sections of the country, in- 
vestigate the subject of tariff revision, 
and report to Congress. Members : 
John L. Hayes, president, Henry W. 
Oliver, Jr., Austin M. Garland, Jacob 
Ambler, Kobert P. Porter, John W. H. 
Underwood, Duncan F. Kenner, Alexan- 
der R. Boetler, and William H.McMa- 
hon. 

May 19. I). C. Congress : The House 
passes the hill extending the national 
bank charters 25 years. 

May 25-31. D. C. Congress: The 
House is in a deadlock over the con- 
tested election case of G. M. Mackey of 
S. C, vs. Samuel Dibble ; Mackey ob- 
tains the seat. 

May 28. I). C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the General Award Bill, ap- 
pointing a court to distribute the re- 
maining moneys received in payment of 
the Alabama claims. [June 5. Ap- 
proved.] 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: customs, $220,410,730; 



internal revenue, $140,407,595 ; direct 
tax, $160,142 ; sales of public lands, $4,- 
7f>.'U40; miscellaneous items, $31,703,04.1 
Total revenue, $403,525,250 ; excess of 
revenue over expenditures, §145,543,811. 
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, 
$57,2111,325; War Department, $43,570,- 
404; Navy Department, $15,032,040; In- 
dians, §9,730,747; pensions, $01,345,104; 
interest on the public debt, $71,077,207. 
Total ordinary expenditures, £:i»7,9S 1,440. 
Public debt, $1,926,038,078. Exports, 
$750,542,257 ; imports, $724,639,574. 

Aug. 1. D. C. President Arthur vetoes 
the River and Harbor Appropriation 
Bill, because of its excessive amount. 

Aug. 2. D, C. Congress: Both Houses 
pass the River and Harbor Bill over 
the President's veto. 

Aug. 3. D. C. Congress provides for 
the calling of an international confer- 
ence to establish a common prime me- 
ridian for the world. 

Aug. 4. U. S. The Chinese Exclusion 
Act becomes operative. 

* * D. C. Congress ; Senate : George H. 
Pendleton of O. introduces a bill for the 
reform of the civil service, having as 
a conspicuous feature open competitive 
examinations. [It attracts little atten- 
tion in Congress till after the elections, 
which alarm the majority.] 

Aug. S. I). C. The 47th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Aug. 23. Chicago. Organization of the 
Home-Protection party. 

Nov. 7. If. Y. Grover Cleveland 
(Dem.) is elected governor by 193,825 
majority over Charles J. Folger (Hep.). 

Nov. * Ya. The people ratify the amend- 
ment to the Constitution, abrogating 
the clause requiring the payment of a 
capitation tax as a condition of suffrage. 
Vote, 107,303-66,131. 

Dec. 4. D. C. The 47th Congress: 
the second session opens. 

Congress : The Tariff Commission 
reports a bill favoring protection. 

Kan. A Democratic governor is 

first elected. 

Dec. 24. D. C. Gen. N. M. Curtis, hav- 
ing appealed to the U. S. Supreme 
Court against a fine imposed for vio- 
lating the civil service rules, the 
court declares the law constitutional 
and the sentence affirmed. 

Dec. 27. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Pendleton Civil Service BiUispassed. 
Vote, 38-5. [All the minority are Dem- 
ocrats.] 

Dec. 28. 2>. C. Congress ; Senate : A 

. hill for the relief of Fitz- John Porter 
is introduced. [Passes. Vote, 33-27. It 
is strongly opposed in the House.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881 * * Great Britain pays the United 
States $75,000 compensation for damages 
done to American fishermen in For- 
tune Bay. 

* * The Standard Oil Trust is organized 
by the petroleum companies. 



1882 Jan. 6. la. A railroad disas- 
ter causes 21 deaths at New Albion. 

Jan. 13. A r . V. Acollisionon the Hud- 
son River Railroad at Spuyten Duyvil 
Creek causes nine deaths. 

Jan. 28. Chicago. The new cable street- 
railroad is publicly tried for the first 
time. 

Feb. 4. The steamer Bahama, running 
between Puerto Kico and New York, 
founders at sea ; 20 lives are lost. 

Feb. 17. Pa. A fireworks factory at 
Chester explodes, and 14 persons are 
killed. 

A". H. The business center of Haver- 
hill is burned ; loss about $2,000,000. 

Mar. 30. The steamer Golden City is 
burned on the Mississippi near Mem- 
phis ; 20 lives are lost. 

Apr. 9. New York. The huge elephant 
called Jumbo arrives from London. 

Apr. 10. La. The second centennial 
of the discovery of the mouths of the 
Mississippi River by Sieur de La Salle 
is celebrated. 

July 1. The Columbia Freshmen defeat 
Harvard in a boat-race ; time 10.56. 

July 3. Columbia defeats Harvard;: 
time 24.32. 

July 4. The steamer Sciota is sunk by a 
collision on the Ohio ; 57 lives are lost. 

July 20. The steamer Louisiana runs 
from New Orleans to New York in 4= 
days, 14 hours, and 17 minutes. 

July 22. Cal. Miners hold a conven- 
tion at Nevada City to consider the de- 
bris question, as it affects streams of 
water. 

Aug. 7. The steamer Gold Dust on the 
Ohio River bursts her boilers, and 
kills 17 persons. 

Aug. 19. Ky. The 100th anniversary 
of the battle of Blue Lacks is cele- 
brated. 

Sept. 26. Cal. Residents and property 
owners in the Sacramento and San Joa- 
quin Valleys hold an Anti-Debris 
Convention at Sacramento. 

Sept. 29. The steamer Robert E. Lee is 
burned on the Mississippi ; 20 lives are 
lost. 

Oct. 8. Cal. The steamer Arabic runs 
from Yokohoma, Japan, to San Fran- 
cisco in 13 days, 21 hours, and 43 minutes. 

Oct. 10. The bark Malleville runs 
aground in Vancouver Sound ; 19 lives 
are lost. 

Oct. 22-27. Philadelphia celebrates 
the second centennial of its settle- 
ment. 

Oct. 22. The lYambe is wrecked off Van- 
couver Island ; several hundred lives are 
lost. 

Oct. 30. Next) York. The Park Theater 
is burned ; two lives are lost. 

Nov. * Cal. The Big Bend gold mining 
tunnel is begun. [It is completed April, 
18S6 ; length, 12,000 ; size, 12 by 16 feet.] 

Nov. * V. J. "Work is suspended on the 
Hudson Hiver Tunnel from the New 
Jersey side, for financial reasons. 



312 1882, Dec. 31-1883, June 24. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1882 * * The cruiser Trenton IB lighted by 
electricity ; the first war-vessel in the 
world so lighted. 

1883 May* Gen. Crook pursues hos- 
tile Apache Indians into Mexico, with 
the concurrence of the Mexican Gov- 
ernment ; he captures 383 prisoners. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1882 * * Conn. A new observatory is 
erected for Yale. 

* * Mass. A Veterinary School is es- 
tablished at Harvard. 

* * Neio York. Thomas Hovenden of Pa., 
William J. Linton of New Haven, and 
Alfred C. Howland, George H. Smillie, 
and Gilbert Gaul of New York, are 
elected members of the National Acad- 
emy of Design. 

* * Nev. Nickel is discovered in Hum- 
boldt County. 

* * San Juan Abajo is painted by Thomas 
Moran. 

* * Princess Lily is painted by J. M. Hart. 

* * Rugged Maine is painted by "William 
Bradford. 

* * Uncle Ned and I is painted by T. W. 
Wood. 

* * Cattle is painted by A. D. Shattuck. 

* * The Huntsman is painted by George 
Inness, Jr. 

* * Bathers is painted by G. W. Maynard. 

* * Indian Summer is painted by Jervis 
McEntee. 

* * Venice is painted by G. L. Brown. 

* * A colossal statue of "Washington is 
executed by J. Q. A. Ward. [It is set 
up in Wall Street, New York City.] 

1883 Feb. 23. A comet is discovered. 
Feb. * Floods prevail in Pennsylvania 

and Ohio ; 50,000 people in the valley of 
the Ohio are rendered homeless; rise 
of the Ohio at Cincinnati, 6(J feet ; relief 
is sent from all parts of the country. 

Feb. * Wyo. The mercury falls to 57 
degrees below zero at La Crosse. 

Apr. 22. Miss. A cyclone at Beaure- 
gard destroys 200 houses and 83 lives. 

Apr.* Ga. — La. Tornadoes destroy 
millions of property and many lives in 
Georgia and Iowa. 

May 11. New York. The American 
Art Union is incorporated, for the ad- 
vancement of art. 

May 18. Wis. A cyclone at Racine 
kills 16 people and injures 100 ; 52 build- 
ings are destroyed ; loss, $175,000. 

May 24. N. Y. The East River 
Bridge is opened for public use. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1883. 

Jan. 2. Krauth, Charles Porterfield, Luth- 
eran clergyman, theologian, author, A(J0. 

Jan. 10. Merrill, Lot Myriek, lawyer, sen- 
ator, Gov. of Me., secretary of treas., A70. 

Jan. IS. Mills, Clark, sculptor, A68. 

Jan. 23. Beard, George Miller, physician, 
author, A44. 

Feb. 2. Greene, George Washington, au- 
thor of hislniiral books, A82. 

Feb. 9. ltortse, William Karl, merchant, of 
N. Y., philanthropist, A77. 



Feb. 10. Jewell, Marshall, Gov. oT Conn., 
minister to Russia, }'. M. G., A5B. 

Feb. 14, Morgan, Kdwiti J >eimlson, senator 
for N. Y-, Gov., A72. 

Mar. 4. Stephens. Alexander Hamil- 
ton, senator for Ga., Gov., Confederate 
Vice-President, M. C. for Ga., A7L 

Mar. 25. Howe, Timothy OtiB, lawyer, sen- 
ator for WiB., K M. G., A 67. 

Apr. 4. Cooper. Peter, manufacturer, 
founder of Cooper Union, Greenback can- 
didate for pres., A92. 

Apr. 6. Harries, .Joseph K., surg.-gen. U. S. 
A., A66. 

May 12. Washburn, Israel, M. C, Gov. of 
Me., A70. 

May 17. Peck, Jesse Truesdell, Chanc. of 
Syracuse Univ., M. E. bp., author, A72. 

May 28. Sbarswood, George, jurist, of Pa., 
legal writer, A73. 

June 11. Brooks, Charles T., Unit, cler- 
gyman, author, A70. 



CHURCH. 
1882* * Cal. The California Conference 
(Free Methodist) is organized. 

* * The Boarfl of Foreign Missions of 
the Methodist Protestant Church is or- 
ganized. 

* * 111. The General Assembly (Pres- 
byterian) meets at Springfield ; Herrick 
Johnson, moderator. 

* * The Presbyterian Home Board opens 
a Choctaw Orphan School. 

* * III. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; 
David Paul, moderator. 

* * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Lexington ; 
B. B. Tyler, president. 

* * Mass. The Connecticut Valley Con- 
gregational Club is formed at Springfield. 

* * Mass. A Congregational Club is 
formed at Fitchburg. 

* * N. Y. A Baptist Ministers' Home 
is founded at West Farms. 

* * New York. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting is held. 

* ; - The Missouri, Pittsburg, South Da- 
kota, and West Kansas Conferences 
(Free Methodist) are organized. 

* * The American Missionary Society re- 
ceives by transfer the Indian missions 
of the American Board ; the association 
withdraws from work in foreign coun- 
tries. 

1883 Jan. 27. S. C. H. P. Northrop 
is transferred to the Roman Catholic 
Diocese of Charleston. 

Feb. 24. Miss. Hugh Miller Thompson 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
assistant bishop of Mississippi. 

Mar. 31. The Congregational Associa- 
tion of Mississippi is organized. 

Apr, 22. Mich. Henry Joseph Richter 
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop 
of Grand Rapids. 

Apr. 23. Wis. Michael Heiss is pro- 
moted (Roman Catholic) archbishop of 
Milwaukee. 

May 17. -N. Y. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga ; E. F. 
Hatfield, moderator. It organizes the 
Board of Aid for Colleges. 

May 24. The two Bible Societies organ- 
ized by Baptists yield their work and 
office to the Missionary Union and the 
Publication Society. 



May 26. The General Synod of Great 
Britain and Ireland (Reformed Epis- 
copal; is granted separate organization 
by the General Council. 

June 1. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 24. Joseph Rademacher is cod- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Nashville. 

LETTERS. 
1882 * * Cal. The Normal School es- 
tablished by the State at Los Angeles is 
opened. 

* * Chicago. The College of Physicians 
and Surgeons opens. 

* * la. The West Des Moines Training- 
school is opened. 

* * Ida. The "Wilbur CoUege (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded in Lewiston. 

* * ///. St. Mary's School at Knoxville 
receives its charter. 

* * Ky. The Christian CoUege (Disci- 
ples) is founded at Columbia. 

* * Md. The Westminster Theological 
Seminary (Meth. Prot.) is founded. 

* * Neb. Gates CoUege at Neligh is 
opened. 

* * New York. The Argosy and the Morn- 
ing Journal are issued. 

* * N. Y. The Saturday Globe is issued 
at Utica. 

* * O. The "Western Reserve CoUege 
is removed from Hudson to Cleveland, 
and its name changed to Adelbert. 

* * O. The Central Ohio CoUege (Dis- 
ciples) is founded at East Liberty. 

* * Pa. The Holy Ghost CoUege (Rom. 
Cath.) at Pittsburg is chartered. 

* * Pa. The Pennsylvania Grit is issued 
at Williamsport. 

* * S. Dak. The Yankton CoUege is 
opened. 

* * Wash. Spokane College (Meth. Epis.) 
is founded at Spokane Falls. 

* * W. Va. The Normal and Classical 
Academy established at Buckhannon is 
opened. 

* * History of the American People, by J. 
H. Patton, appears. 

* * Idyls of Noricay, by H. H. Boyesen. 
appears. 

* * A Modern Instance, by W. D. Howells, 
appears. 

* * Mr. Isaacs, by F. Marion Crawford, 
appears. 

* * Prince SaronVs Wife, by J. Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * Sunday Observance and Sunday Law, 
by L. W. Bacon, appears. 

* * Specimen Days and Collect, by Walt 
Whitman, appears. 

* * England Withoutand Within, by Rich- 
ard Grant White, appears. 

* * Prince and Pauper, by Mark Twain, 
appears. 

* * Life of John Randolph, by Henry 
Adams, appears. 

* * Anne, by Constance Fenimore Cooper, 
appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1882, Dec 31.-1883, June 24. 313 



* * Life of Hamilton, by Henry Cabot 
Lodge, appears. 

* * An Echo of Passion, by George Par- 
sons Latbrop, appears. 

* * Through One Administration, by Fran- 
cis Hodgson Burnett, appears. 

1883 Apr. 5. Ky. An educational 
convention is held at Frankfort ; it or- 
ganizes a movement against illiteracy. 

SOCIETY. 

1882 Dec. * U. S. The Indians' 
Rights Association is organizeu 

Dec. + * D. C. New trial of the " Star 
Route" cases begins, and continues for 
six months. 

There were 296 contracts dishonestly 
obtained with worthless bonds for 
$8,000,000. A swindle amounting to 
$5,000,000 is alleged, in " expediting " 
privileges. 

* * Chicago. The Charity Organization 
Society is formed. 

* * Colo. Labor Day becomes a legal hol- 
iday, to be observed on the first Monday 
in September. 

* * la. The Prohibitory Amendment 
is adopted by the people ; majority— 
nearly 30,000 votes. 

" No person shall manufacture forsale, 
sell, or keep for sale as a beverage, any 
intoxicating liquors whatever, including 
ale, wine, and beer." 

* * Ky. The Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union meets in national con- 
vention at Louisville ; Frances Wil- 
lard, president. — The Hatfield faction 
in Pike County capture four political 
murderers of the McCoy faction, and 
shoot them. — The " Regulators " dis- 
band, surrender to the civil authorities 
at Louisville, and furnish the names of 
many members of their organization. 

* * Mich. An insane asylum is located 
by the State at Traverse City. 

* * Miss. The Legislature enacts a law 
against the selling or giving away of 
intoxicating liquors within five miles 
of the University of Mississippi. 

* * The Royal Society of Good Fel- 
lows is founded. 

* * New York. The Actors' Fund is es- 
tablished, to provide aid for disabled 
and needy members of the theatrical 
profession. 

* * Va. The Legislature abolishes cor- 
poral punishment. 

1883 Jan. 4. Tenn. It is announced 
that the defalcation of M. T. Polk, the 
State treasurer, amounts to $4,000,000. 

Jan. 26. D. C. The Marquis of Lome 
visits Washington. 

Jan. * Ala. The deficit of the State 
treasurer, I. H. Vincent, is found to be 
$212,000. 

Mar. 21. Pa. N. L. Dukes is acquitted 
of the murder of Col. Nutt of Union- 
town. 

Mar. 28. The Legislature establishes a 
council of State charities and correc- 
tion. 

Mar. * Mo. The Downing Law (bigh- 
license) is enacted. 



It fixes yearly license charges at S. r .O to 
$'200 for State purposes, and $500 to $800 
for county purposes — a minimum of 
$550 and a maximum of $1,000. 

Apr. 21. Chicago. Over 3,000 bricklayers 
successfully strike for increased 
wages ; they hold out 68 days at a wage- 
loss of $500,000. 

June 9. B. C. The remains of John 
Howard Payne, removed from Tunis, 
are interred with public ceremonies at 
"Washington. 

June 11. D. C. Tbomas J. Brady and 
the Dorseys are acquitted in the second 
Star Route trial. 

STATE. 

1882 * * D. C. Samuel Blatchford of 
N. Y. is appointed justice of U. S. Su- 
preme Court. 

* * Ky. Commissioners are appointed 
to consider railroad affairs. 

* * U . S. Governors inaugurated : 
-86 * * Ala. Edw. A. O'Neal. 

-86* * Ariz.lTer.). Frederick A. Tuttle. 

-83 * * Ga. Alex. H. Stephens. 

-88 * fe L<t. Samuel I). M'Knery. 

-83 * * Mass. Benj. F. Butler. 

-90 * * Miss. Robert Lowry. 

-84 * * Mont.(Ter.). J. Schuyler Crosby. 

-t>6 * * N. Mex. ( Ter.). L. A. Sheldon. 

-06 * * Ore. Z. F. Moody. 

-06 * * S. C. Hugh S. Thompson. 

-86 * * Va. William E. Cameron. 

-84 * * Ft. John L. Barstow. 

-88 * * Wis. Jeremiah M. Rusk. 

1883 Jan. 4. Boston. Gen. B.F.But- 
ler is inaugurated governor of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Jan. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
Pendleton Civil Service Bill is passed. 
"Vote, 155-i7. 

101 Republicans, 49 Democrats, and 5 
Independents vote for it ; 7 Republicans, 
39 Democrats, and one Independent vote 
against it. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a Presidential Succession Bill. 
Vote, 40-13. 

It is designed to provide for a contin- 
gency when neither President nor Vice- 
President is selected, and where no Pres- 
ident pro tempore has been chosen by the 
Senate. [Not considered in the House.] 

Jan. 10. D. C Congress ; Senate : A 
tariff bill is reported. 

Jan. 16. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
Committee of Ways and Means reports 
a tariff bill. 

The Civil Service Reform Bill is 
signed by the President, and becomes 
the law of the land ; it requires compet- 
itive examination for admission into 
certain departments of the civil service. 

Jan. 26. Va. The Legislature passes 
the Riddenberger Act, proposing cer- 
tain terms of settlement with holders of 
State bonds. 

Feb. 28. D. C. Congress : A Confer- 
ence Committee meets to consider the 
tariff bill. [Mar. 2. It reports.] 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress approves the 
tariff bill. Vote, Senate, 32-31 ; House, 
152-116. The President immediately 
signs the bill. 

This act reduces the internal .reve- 
nue and repeals the tax on bank checks, 



etc., also on matches and medicinal pre- 
parations ; the protective tariff principle 
is retained. 

Congress authorizes postal notes of 
less Gums than $5 ; it reduces the rate 
of first-class matter from three cents to 
two cents per half-ounce. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Congress removes the 
special duty of 10 per cent on goods 
imported from ports west of the Cape of 
Good Hope. 
The 47th Congress ends. 

Mar. 5. B.C. Chief Justice Waite makes 
a decision in the case of New York and 
New Hampshire vs. Louisiana. 

" One State cannot create a contro- 
versy with another State within the 
meaning of that term as used in the 
judicial clauses of the Constitution, by 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882 Dec. 31. U.S. Statistics for 1882. 
Production: gold, $32,500,000, silver, 

$46,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,435,845; 
pounds of wool, 272,000,000; barrels of 
petroleum, 30,000,000; currency in circu- 
lation (June 30), yi,174,2yo,419; per cap- 
ita, $22.37. Immigrants received (fiscal 
year), 788,1)112. Miles of railroads worked, 
104,971; capital stock, £o,511, 035,424; to- 
tal accidents, 1,305; persons killed, 380 ; 
injured, 1,588. Fire waste, $84,505,024; 
insurance, $48,875,131. 

* * Fla. Philadelphia capitalists begin 
the drainage of Lake Okeechobee to 
reclaim valuable land. 

* * N. Y. New York Yacht Club returns 
the America cup to one of the surviv- 
ing donors, that he may make new con- 
ditions. 

1883 Jan. 10. Wis. The Newhall 
House is burned at Milwaukee, causing 
71 deaths ; George Scheller, lessee of 
the barroom, is arrested on a charge of 
arson. 

Jan. 19. Cal. A passenger train on 
the Southern Pacific is "wrecked near 
Tehichipa ; 15 persons are killed. 

Feb. 13. Ga. Savannah celebrates the 
150th anniversary of its settlement. 

Mar. 4. The steamer Yazoo sinks in 
the Mississippi ; the accident is caused 
by an obstruction ; 19 lives are lost. 

Mar. 17. Three base-ball clubs form 
a tripartite or national agreement — the 
National League, American Associa- 
tion, and the Northwestern League. 

Mar. 24. Distinct telephonic commu- 
nication is opened between New York 
and Chicago — distance, 1,000 miles. 

Mar. 30. O. An accident occurs on 
the Cincinnati Southern Railroad near 
Mason's Station ; 53 persons are injured. 

May 3±. The steamer Grappler is 
burned near Vancouver Island ; 70 
lives are lost. 

May 24. N. Y. The great East River 
Bridge, connecting New York and 
Brooklyn, is opened for traffic after 13 
years have been spent in its construc- 
tion. Cost, $15,000,000. (See Art, 1870.) 

May 30. A panic occurs on the East 
River Bridge : 12 persons are crushed to 
death, and many injured. 



314 1883, June 30.-**. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1883 July 2. Judson D. Bingham is 
commissioned colonel — quartermaster's 
department. 

July 3. Matthew M. Blunt is commis- 
sioned colonel — the lGth infantry. 

Oct. 31. Philip H. Sheridan is ap- 
pointed (10th) to command the army, 
and (4ch) to rank as general. 

Nov. 1. D. C. Gen. "W. T. Sherman 
relinqiiishes command of the U. S. 
Army; Gen. Sheridan assumes com- 
mand. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1883 Aug. 12. N. Y. The asteroid 

Barbara is discovered hy C. H. F. Peters 

of Clinton. 
Sept. 2. Another comet is discovered. 
Oct. 22. New York. The Metropolitan 

Opera House is opened. 
Oct. * Henry Irving (John Henry Brod- 

rib) makes his first appearance in the 

United States. 
Oct. * Ellen Alice Terry Kelly makes 

her first appearance in the United 

States. (Ellen Terry.) 

* * N. J. A 23-inch Clark equatorial, 
with several large spectroscopes, is 
mounted in the Halstead Observatory 
at Princeton. 

* * New York. A bronze statue of 
"Washington is unveiled in "Wall Street. 

July 13. The steamer Proteus, sent to 
relieve the Greely Arctic Expedition of 
1881, is crushed in the ice of Smith's 
Sound ; it is the second unsuccessful at- 
tempt to send relief. 

Aug. 21. Minn. A tornado destroys 
one-third of the houses in Rochester 
and many lives ; property loss, S1,000,000. 

* * New York. Frederick Dielman, H. 
Bolton Jones, Edgar M. "Ward, and 
Kruseman Van Elten of New York are 
elected members of the National Acad- 
emy of" Design. 

* * S. Dak. Tin is discovered in the 
Black Hills. 

* * N. Y. The Caecilia Ladies* Vocal 
Society is organized at Brooklyn. 

* * The American Climatological Asso- 
ciation is organized. 

* * Campanini makes his first appear- 
ance in the United States. 

* * Ancient Mariner is painted by G. W. 
Maynard. 

* * Cockle Gathering is painted by Edward 
Moran. 

* * Scene on Long Island is painted by J. 
"W. Oasilear. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1883. 

July 4. Pnrcell, John Baptist, P. C. arch- 
bishop of Cincinnati, 0., writer, A83. 

July 8. Baldwin, John Dennison, Cong. 
cl., editor, author, M. 0. for Mass., A74. 

July 15. Stratton, Charles Sherwood, 
dwarf (Gen. Tom Thumb), A45. 

July 21. Milmore, Martin, sculptor, A39. 

July 27. Blair, Montimiiif rv. lawyer, P. M. 
G., A70. 

Aug-. 19. Sikes, William Wirt, writer, au- 
thor, A47. 

Black, Jeremiah Sullivan, jurist, of 

Pa., atty.-gen., secretary of state, A73. 



Aug-. 20. Baker, William Mum ford, Pres. 
clergyman, novelist, A58. 

Oct. 10. Ewer, Ferdinand Cartwright, P. E. 
clergyman, author, A57. 

Oct. 12. Smith, John Lawrence, mineralo- 
gist, chemist, author, A65. 

Oct. 22. Keid, Wayne, captain in Mexican 
war, novelist, A65. 

Nov. 7. liandolph, Theodore Frelinghuv- 
sen, Gov., sen. for X. J., A57. 

Nov. 13. Sims, James Martin, phys.,surg., 
inventor of medical instruments, A70. 

Nov. 15. Le Conte, John Lawrence, ento- 
mologist, naturalist, author, A58. 

Dec. 27. Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson, 
brig.-gen. U. S. A., A73. 

CHURCH. 

1883 July 4. 0. Wm. H. Elder succeeds 
to (Roman Catholic) See of Cincinnati. 

Sept. 16. If. Patrick W. Riordan is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Cabesa. 

Oct. 6. The Mormons hold a great meet- 
ing at Salt Lake ; 57 missionaries are 
sent out to make converts. 

Oct. 14. Ind. David Buel Knicker- 
backer is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) bishop of Indiana. 

Oct. 20. N Y. Henry Codman Potter 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
assistant bishop of New York. 

Oct. 21. Va. Alfred Magill Randolph 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
assistant bishop of Virginia. 

Dec. 6. Fla. The General Congrega- 
tional Association of Florida is organ- 
ized. 

Dec. 20. N. Dak. William W. "Walker 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of North. Dakota. 

* * The "Women's General Missionary- 
Society (United Presbyterian) is or- 
ganized. 

* * Boston. The Unitarian Ministers' 
Monday Club is established. 

* * The Bureau of "Woman's "Work is 
organized by the American Missionary 
Association. 

* * The American Board of Commis- 
sioners for Foreign Missions transfers 
all their Indian missions to the Ameri- 
can Missionary Asssociation. 

It becomes responsible for the Indian 
work of the Congregational Church. 
The missions transferred are the Fort 
Berthold Mission and school, among the 
Mandans, Gros Ventres, and Rees, in 
Dakota ; the Santee Mission and a 
large normal training-school, at Santee 
Agency, Nebraska ; and the Fort Sully 
Mission, with its out-stations, on the 
Cheyenne. (Cyc. of Missions.) 

* *_#". Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Saratoga. 

* * N. Dak. The North Dakota General 
Congregational Conference is organized. 

* * 0. The General Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) meets at Springfield. 

* * 0. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Cincinnati ; 
D. R. Dangan, president. 

LETTERS, 
1883 * * Ala. The Normal College for 
girls at Livingston and the State Nor- 
mal School at Jackson are opened. 

* * Ark. Little Rock University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Little Rock, 



" * Cat. Washington CoUege (Disci- 
ples; i.s founded at Irvine. 

* * Fla. Stetson University (Bapt. i* 
founded at Deland. The State Uni- 
versity is removed from Ban Gallic to 
Lake City. 

* * Oa. The Gammon Theological 
School of Clark University is founded 
at Atlanta. 

* * Ind. The Rose Polytechnic Insti- 
tute at Terre Haute is opened. 

* * Ky. Home College (Disciples) is 
founded at Cambellsburg. 

* * Mo. Ash Grove College (Disciples) 
is founded at Ash Grove. The St. Louis 
Evening Star Sayings is issued. 

* * Mont. The College of Montana, 
established at Deer Lodge, is opened. 

* * N.J. The Evening News is issued at 
Newark. 

* * New York. The World is bought by 
Joseph Pulitzer. 

* * Pa. The Press is issued at Pittsburg. 

* * Phila. The Ladies 1 Some Journal is 
issued. 

* * S. Dak. The State Normal Schools 
at Spearfish and Madison are opened. 
Sioux Falls University (Bapt.) is 
founded. The University of South Da- 
kota (non-sect.) is organized at Vermil- 
lion. Pierre University (Pres.) is or- 
ganized at East Pierre. 

* * Tex. University of Texas (non-sect.) 
is organized at Austin. 

* * Va. The State Normal and Collegiate 
Institute is located at Petersburg. 
Hartshorn Memorial CoUege (Col. 
Bapt.) is fo"unded at Richmond. The 
Southwest Virginia Institute (Fern. 
Bapt.) is founded at Glade Springs. 

* * Wash. Witman CoUege at "Walla 
Walla is opened. 

* * From Ponkapog to Pesth, by T. B. Al- 
drich, appears ; also Mercedes. 

* * The Bay of Seven Islands, hy John 
Greenleaf Whittier, appears. 

* * Beyond the Gates, by Elizabeth Stuart 
Phelps, appears. 

* * Donald and Dorothy, by Mary Mapes 
Dodge, appears. 

* * Dr. Claudius, by F. Marion Crawford, 
appears ; also To Leeward. 

* * The English Novel and lis Develop- 
ment, by Sidney Lanier, appears. 

* * English Bambles, by "William Winter, 
appears. 

* * Excursions of an Evolutionist , by John 
Fiske, appears. 

* * Farm Festivals, by Will Carleton, ap- 
pears. 

* * Fortune's Fool, by Julian Hawthorne, 
appears ; also Dust. 

* * History of Virginia, by John Esten 
Cooke, appears. 

* * The Booster School bo f/,by Edward Eg- 
gleston, appears. 

* * Hot Ploughshares, hy Albion Winegar 
Tourgee, appears. 

* * Lulu's Library, by Louisa M. Alcott, 
appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1883, June 30-* 



315 



: * Michael Angelo, by Henry \V. Long- 
fellow, appears. 
1 * Portraits of Places, by Henry James, 



* * Common Sense in the Kitchen, by Mar- 
ion Harland, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1883 June * III. The Legislature 
passes the Harper law. 

Minimum rates of $500 for the sale of 
all kinds of liquors, and §150 for the sale 
of malt liquors only, are fixed. 

July 19. Pa. Tlie great strike of 67,- 
000 telegraph operators, for an ad- 
vance of 15 per cent in tlieir wages, 
begins at Pittsburg [and extends to sev- 
eral States]. 

July 25. Colo. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 17th National 
Encampment at Denver ; Robert B. 
Beath of Pa., commander-in-chief. 

Aug. 15. The successful strike of tele- 
graphers ends. 

Sept. 1+. Pa. About 1,200 glass-blowers 
of western Pennsylvania successfully 
strike against reduced wages, and hold 
out 23 weeks at a wage-loss of §526,000. 
-Sept. 24+. Ky. A national convention of 
colored men is held at Louisville ; it 
claims civil and political rights. 

Sept. *-Oct. * Chief Justice Coleridge 
of England visits America. 

Oct. 30. N. Y. Edward M". Rowell of 
Batavia is acquitted of murder in 
fatally shooting Johnson L. Lynch of 
Utica, his wife's lover. 

Nov. 3. Fa. A riot breaks out between 
the negroes and the white military at 
Danville ; seven negroes are killed, and 
seven white men wounded. 

Nov. 26. New York. The Centenary 
of the British Evacuation is cele- 
brated by an immense procession. 

* * Chicago. The "Washington Park 
Club is organized. 

* * III. The Chicago Voice and Hearing 
School for the Deaf established at 
Englewood is opened. 

* *Ky. — La. The Charity Organization 
Society is formed at Louisville ; another 
at New Orleans. 

* * Mass. The Legislature passes a law 
for the bringing of children of worth- 
less parents before the court and provid- 
ing them with the proper guardianship. 

* * Mass. About 50,000 voters vainly peti- 
tion the Legislature to submit a Con- 
stitutional Amendment against the 
liquor traffic. 

* * Mick. The "Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union meets in a national 
convention at Detroit ; Frances Wil- 
lard, president. It organizes a "World's 
"Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union. 

* * Me. The death penalty is restored 
to the statutes. 

* * Mo. The Legislature passes the Down- 
ing High-License law; fee $1,200. 

* * Mo. A State Board of Health is es- 
tablished. 



' * Mont. Mormons expelled from Utah 
for their monogamic apostasy settle in 
Deer Lodge and Gallatin Counties. 

! * N. C. The State hospital for the in- 
sane is opened at Morganton. 



-87 • 



b N. Y. Grover Cleveland. 
'< Nev. Jewett W. Adams. 
' Pa. Robert E. Pattison. 
1 JR. I. Augustus O. Bourn. 
' Tenn. William B. Bate. 
( Tex. John Ireland. 



STATE. 

1883 June 30. U. S. Statistics for the 
fiscal year. Revenue: Customs, $214,- 
706,497; internal revenue, $144,7211,309 ; 
direct tax, $10S, 157; sales of public lands, 
$7,955,Si;4; miscellaneous items, $30,790,- 
395. Total revenue, §398,1*87,582 ; excess 
of revenue over ordinary expenditures, 
$132,879,444. Expenditures: Miscella- 
neous items, $08,678,022; War Depart- 
ment, §48,911,383; Navy Department, 
$15,283,437; Indians, $7,362,590; pen- 
sions, $66,012,574 : interest on the pub- 
lic debt, $59,160,131. Total ordinary ex- 
penditures. $205,408,138. Public debt, 
$1,892,547,412. Exports, $823,839,402; im- 
ports, $723,180,914. 

Sept. 19. S. Dak. A Territorial Conven- 
tion at Sioux Falls frames a State Con- 
stitution. 

Oct. 10. U. S. Two-cent letter pos- 
tage goes into effect. 

Oct. 15. D. C. The XJ. S. Supreme Court 
decides that the Civil Rights Act of 
March 1, 1875, requires that equal privi- 
leges be given to colored people and 
whites in inns, cars, and theaters, is 
unconstitutional except within the 
District of Columbia and in the Terri- 
tories. 

Nov. 6. Dakota adopts by a popular vote 
a Constitution erecting South Dakota 
as a separate State. 

New York. Franklin Ed son is 

elected the 83d mayor. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 48th Congress 
opens. 

Congress ; Senate : George F. Ed- 
munds of Vt. is elected President pro 
tempore. House : John G. Carlisle 
(Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker by 191 
votes against 112 for J. "W. Keifer (Rep.), 
and 10 scattering. 

Dec. 31. D. C. The reduction of the 
public debt since July amounts to 81 
milli ons. 

* * Kan. The Legislature provides for a 
railroad commission, to regulate the 
passenger and freight charges of rail- 
roads. 

* * Tenn. The Legislature passes a law 
for funding the State debt at a discount 
of 24 per cent on 6 per cent bonds ; the 
others are cut down in like proportion. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-85 * * Ark. Jas. H. Berry. 
-87 * * Cal. George Stoneman. 
-85 * * Colo. James B. Grant. 
-85 * * Conn. Thomas M. "Waller. 
-87 * * Del. Charles C. Stockley. 
-86 * * Ga. Henry D. M'Daniel. 
-84 * * Ma. (Ter.) John N. Irwin. 
-85 * * III. John M. Hamilton. 
-85 * * Kan. George W. Glick. 
-87 * * Ky. J. Proctor Knott. 
-86 * * Mass. George D. Robinson. 
-87 * * Me. Frederick Robie. 
-85 * * Mich. Josiah "W. Begole. 
-86 * * Minn. Lucius F. Hubbard. 
-87 * * Neb. James W. Dawes. 
-85 * * N. H. Samuel W. Hale. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883 July 4. NY. The first intercol- 
legiate boat-race for fours is pulled at 
Lake George, 1£ miles straight. Cornell, 
11.57 ; University of Pennsylvania, 12.29 ; 
Princeton, 12.40 ; Wesleyan, 12.47. 

July 23. Md. Near Baltimore a pier 
on the Patapsco River gives way, and 
70 excursionists lose their lives. 

July 24. N. Y. Capt. Matt. "Webb is 
drowned while attempting to swim 
across the Niagara "Whirlpool Rapids. 

July * New York. Work is suspended 
on the Hudson River Tunnel for lack 
of funds ; the amount expended on the 
abandoned tunnel is $1,000,000. 

Aug 1+. Ky. The Southern Exposi- 
tion is held at Louisville. 

Aug. 11. Mass. Vineyard Haven is 
almost destroyed by fire. 

Sept. 1. Ala. The State Agricultural 
Department becomes operative ; E. C. 
Betts is appointed commissioner. 

Sept. 3. Boston. The Foreign Expo- 
sition opens. 

Sept, 4. III. A railroad accident near 
Grayville causes nine deaths. 

Sept. 6. N. Y. The new steamboat Maid 
of the Mist makes a perilous passage 
through the lower rapids and whirlpools 
of the Niagara River. 

Sept. 8. Mont. The last spike is driven 
in the Northern Pacific Railroad, at 
a point near the mouth of Gold Creek ; 
the road is 1,674 miles long. 

Oct. 1. Miss. An Interstate Levee Con- 
vention meets at Vicksburg. 

Oct. 3. Pa. The Pittsburg Exposition 
buildings burn with the exhibits ; loss, 
$1,000,000. 

Nov. * Six New England fishing schoon- 
ers founder at St. George's Bank ; 76 
lives are lost. 

Dec. 14. New York. The Standard 
Theater is burned. 

Dec. 20. N. Y. The cantilever rail- 
road bridge across Niagara River is 
opened. 

* * Florida prospers .after long neglect ; 
its wilderness is boomed by British and 
American capitalists. 

Dec. 31. U. 8. Statistics for 1883. 

Production: Gold, $30,000,000; silver, 
$40,^00,000 ; bales of cotton, G.992,234 ; 
pounds of wool, 290,000,000 ; barrels of 
petroleum, 23,449.033. Currency in cir- 
culation (June 30), $1,230,305,696 ; per 
capita, $22.91. Immigrants received 
(fiscal year) 603,322. Miles of railroads 
worked, 110.414 ; capital stock, $3,708,- 
060.5S3; total accidents, 1,619; persons 
killed, 474 ; persons injured, 1,954. Fire 
waste, $100,149,223; insurance, $54,808,- 
664; lives lost, 447. 

* * Phila. The "William Penn cottage, 
erected in ±1683 — the pioneer brick 
house — is transferred to Prospect Park, 
and rebuilt. 



316 1883, * *-1884, Sept. 14. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1884 Apr. 18. Peter T. Swaine is com- 
missioned colonel — 22d infantry. 

.July 2. D. C. President Arthur vetoes 
the bill to restore Fitz-John Porter 
to the army as unjust to other officers. 
(See State, Feb. 1.) 

July 5. Guido N. Lieber is commissioned 
colonel. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1883 * * Geysers is painted by Albert 
Bierstadt. 

* * Neglecting Trade is painted by T. W. 
Wood. 

* * Uplands in Autumn is painted by Jer- 
vis McEntee. 

* * Wawayanda Valley is painted by J. 
P. Cropsey, 

* * Sunny Day in the Woods is painted by 
"Wortbington Whittredge. 

* * Hillside is painted by A. F. Bellows. 

* * July Day is painted by A. C. Shaw. 

* * Thomas Le Clear is painted by Wil- 
■ Ham Page. 

* * Fishing Craft at Sunset is painted by 
William Bradford. 

* * Niagara Falls is painted by George 



* * Willing Captives is painted by F. S. 
Church. 

+ * Mother of the Herd is painted by 
George Inness. 

1884 Feb. 7±. Great inundations oc- 
cur in Ohio, Pennsylvania, and other 
regions ; about 15 lives are lost and 5,000 
people are homeless. [Congress appro- 
priates $500,000 for relief.] 

Feb. 14. O. The flood in the Ohio 
reaches 71J inches at Cincinnati, the 
highest water recorded. 

Feb. 18. Tornadoes in the Southern 
States cause the loss of 600 lives. 

JMay 10. An expedition under W. S. 
Schley sails in search of Lieut. Greely 
in the Arctic regions ; a reward of 
$25,000 is offered by the Government. 

May 24. NY. The East River Bridge 
is opened. 

Depth of the New York foundation be- 
low high-water mark, 78 ft., 6 in. ; depth 
of the Brooklyn foundation below high- 
water mark, 45 ft. Size of the towers at 
high-water line, 140 x 59 ft. — at roof 
course, 136 x 53 ft. ; height of the towers 
above high-water mark, 276 ft., 6 in. ; 
height of roadway in the clear in the 
middle of the East River, 135 ft. ; width 
of bridge, S5 ft. ; length of main span 
1,595 ft., 6 in. ; length of each land span 
'930ft. ; length nf the Brooklyn approach, 
971 ft.; length nf the New York approach 
1,560 ft. ; length of each of the four great 
cables, 3,578 ft., 6 in. ; diameter, 15J " 
number of steel galvanized wires in each 
cable, 5,434 ; weight of each cable, about 
800 tons. Ultimate strength of each 
cable, 15,000 tons ; weight of steel in the 
suspended superstructure, 10,000 tons. 
Total cost, $15,000,000. (Houghtaling's 
Handbook.) 

June 18. Conn. A memorial of Gov- 
ernor Buckingham is unveiled at Hart- 
ford ; sculptor, Olin L. Warner. 

June 22. Arctic Region. Capt. Schley of 
the Thetis finds the seven survivors 



of Lieut. Greely's expedition five 
miles off Cape Sabins, on Smith's Sound, 
17 persons having starved and one acci- 
dentally drowned. The expedition had 
penetrated to 83" 24 / N. 

July 17. N. F. Lieut. Greely and 
party arrive at St. Johns. [Aug. 1. 
They arrive at Portsmouth, N. H.j 

Aug. 5. New York. The corner-stone of 
the pedestal for the Statue of Liberty 
on Bedloe's Island is laid. 

Aug. 10-11. U. S. Slight shocks of 
earthquake are felt in the region be- 
tween New York and Washington. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1884. 

Jan. 36. Letcher, John, lawyer, M. C. for 
Va., Gov., A71. 

Feb. 3. Phillips. Wendell, lawyer, orator, 
antislavery leader, A73. 

Feb. 8. Guyot, Arnold Henry, naturalist, 
geographer, author, A 77. 

Feb. 16. Williams, Samuel Wells, prof, of 
Chinese at Vale, author, A72. 

Feb. 37. Hunt, William Henry, lawyer, 
sec. navy, diplomatist, A60. 

Mar. 31. Abbot, Ezra, Biblical scholar, 
theologian, author, A65. 

Fuller, George, figure and portrait 

painter, A62. 

Apr. 17. Appleton, Thomas Gold, author, 
poet, A72. 

May 3. Toebbe, Augustus Mary, K. C. 
bishop of Covington, Ky., A55. 

May 6. Gross, Samuel David, surgeon, 
author, A79. 

May 8. Benjamin, Judah Philip, lawyer, 
senator for La., Confederate atty.-gen., sec- 
retary of state, A73. 

May 13. O'Conor. Charles, lawyer, Dem. 
candidate for presidency, A 80. 

May 13. McCormick, Cyrus Hall, inventor- 
of reaper for harvesting grain, A75. 

June 7. Hoffman, Charles Fenno, poet, 
novelist, A 78. 

Webb, James Watson, journalist, of 

N. Y., A82. 

June 8. Swayne, Noah Haynes, jurist, as- 
sociate justice of U. S. S. Ct., A80. 

June 18. Simpson, Matthew, coll. pres., 
M. E. bishop, orator, A74, 

July 1. l'inkt-rton, Allan, detective, au.,A64. 

Aug-. 8. Whitehead, William Adee, histo- 
rian, A74. 

Aug-. 17. Woodward, Joseph Janvier, sur- 
geon, histologist, author, A72. 

Aug-. 18. Hudson, Mary Clemmer Ames, 
writer, author, correspondent, A45. 

Sept. 3. Bowen, Henry, journalist, editor, 
Gov., sen. for R. I., A79. 

Folger, Charles James, jurist of N. Y., 

secretary of treasury, AM. 

CHURCH. 
1S83 * * Pa. General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Pittsburg ; 
"William H. McMillan, moderator. 

* * Phila. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets ; it pro- 
vides for the enrichment of the 
Prayer Book. 

* * N. C. The Protestant Episcopal 
Diocese of East Carolina ia established. 

* * Congregational Clubs are formed in 
Omaha, New Haven, Old Colony, San 
Francisco, and Central New York. 

* * The Presbyterian Home Board starts 
a day-school among the Cherokees at 
Fort Gibson ; also a boarding-school 
among the Sioux. 

* * The Presbyterians begin mission-work 
among the Sac and Fox Indians. 

* * The Presbyterian Board of Aid for 
Colleges is well sustained. 

* * The National Council (Congrega- 
tional) meets. The committee presents 
a Declaration of Faith. 



* * The East Michigan Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

± * * The Woman's Board of the Evan- 
gelical Association (German Churches) 
is organized. 

1884 Mar. 7. Mont. The Roman Catho- 
lic Diocese of Helena is established. 

Apr. 17. N. C. A. A. Watson is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of East Carolina. 

Apr. 24. Ga. The Southern Conference 
(Unitarian and other Christian Churches) 
is held at Atlanta, 

May 1-28. Phila. The General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. 

Charles H. Fowler, William X. Ninde, 
Willard F. Mallalien, John M. Walden, 
are elected bishops; and William Tay- 
lor is elected missionary bishop for 
Africa. 

May 29. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 11. N. H. Dennis M. Bradley is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
New Hampshire. 

June 17. The Montana Conference 
(Congregational) is organized. 

June 19. The General Association (Con- 
gregational) of Arizona and New Mexico 
is organized. 

July 31. Minn. Bishop John Ireland 
succeeds to the (Roman Catholic) Archi- 
episcopal See of St. Paul. 

Sept. 14. Ia. Henry Cosgrove is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Davenport. 

LETTERS. 

1883 * * His Somber Rivals, by Edward 
Payson Roe, appears. 

* * Life of Henry Ward Beecher, by Ly- 
man Abbott, appears. 

* * Life on the Mississippi, by Mark Twain, 
appears. 

* * Daniel Webster, by Henry Cabot 
Lodge, appears. 

* * Spanish Vistas, by George Parsons 
Lathrop, appears. 

* * History of the People of the United 
States, Vol. L, by John Bach McMaster, 
appears. 

* * The Mate of the Daylight, by Sarah 
Orne Jewett, appears. 

* * For the Major, by Constance Fenimore 
Cooper, appears. 

* * A Daughter of the Philistines, by H. H. 
Boyesen, appears. 

* * The House of a Merchant Prince, by 
William Henry Bishop, appears. 

* * But Yet a Woman, by Arthur S.Hardy, 
appears. 

1884 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress passes 
an Educational BiH appropriating $77,- 
000.000 to be apportioned among the 
States, in proportion to illiteracy. 

Apr. 23. D. C. Congress grants 46,0S0 
acres of land to the State of Alabama, 
for the benefit of the Alabama Uni- 
versity. 

SOCIETY. 

18S3 * * The Brewers' and Malsters' 
Association define the political atti- 
tude of " the trade." 



UNITED STATES. 1883, * *-1884, Sept. 14. '31T 



Circulars will demand answers by all 
candidates. It is " Pcsotved, When candi- 
dates of both and all parties answer in 
the affirmative (that is, opposed to Pro- 
hibition), each member of this Associa- 
tion shall be at liberty to vote as he 
deems best. Where they fail to commu- 
nicate it will be considered as an answer 
in tho negative, in which case we shall 
withhold oar votes or select an indepen- 
dent candidate. When one answers in 
the affirmative and the other in the neg- 
ative, we shall always support the man 
who cooperates with us, whatever may 
be his party." 

e * 0. The Prohibitory Constitutional 
Amendment is adopted by the people 
by over 82,000 majority. [Technicali- 
ties defeat its execution.] 

: * O. The Scott Law is passed taxing 
the liquor traffic ; an anti-license ma- 
jority of 92,268 votes is given. 

: * Ore. — S. Dak. An asylum for the in- 
sane is completed by the State at Salem. 
Also one at Yankton in South Dakota is 



* * Wis. The school for the deaf is 
opened at Milwaukee. 

* * The Choctaw Indians adopt negroes 
into their tribes. 

* * U. S. Memorial services are held in 
many places celebrating the 400th an- 
niversary of the birth of Luther. 

* * Va. A Baptist Home for Aged 
Women is founded in Richmond. 

* * The National Provident Union is 
founded. — The Brotherhood of Rail- 
road Trainmen is founded in America. 
— The Fraternity of Modern "Wood- 
men of America is founded. 

1884: Feb. 44-. Mass. About 5,000 spin- 
ners at Fall River strike unsuccess- 
fully against reduced wages, and hold 
out 16 weeks, at a wage-loss of $412,950. 

Feb. 26+. Ind. About 3,000 miners at 
Brazil strike unsuccessfully against 
reduced wages, and hold out 14 weeks, 
at a wage-loss of $300,000. 

Mar. 17+. New York. About 6,000 paint- 
ers strike successfully for increased 
wages, and hold out three weeks, at a 
wage-loss of $324,000. 

Mar. 28. 0._ William Berner, a confessed 
murderer, is convicted of manslaughter 
at Cincinnati, in killing "William H. 
Kirk. 

Mar. 28-Apr. 3. O. A riot ensues in 
Cincinnati upou the lenient verdict of 
manslaughter against the murderers, 
Berner and Palmer ; 20 more murder 
cases await trial ; the court-house with 
its records is burned, the militia is 
called out, and 42 rioters are killed, and 
120 wounded. 

Mar. * Pa. The Union Veteran Legion 
is organized at Pittsburg. 

May 17. D.C. Congress prohibits the im- 
portation of intoxicating liquors into 
Alaska. 

June 2. Ore. The people defeat the 
"Woman Suffrage Amendment. Yote, 
11,223-28,716. 

June 16+. Pa. Nearly 7,000 miners 
in the western part of the State unsuc- 
cessfully strike for increased wages 
[they lose $727,480 in wages]. 



June 23+-. O. Over 2,000 miners in 
Hocking Valley strike unsuccessfully 
against a reduction of wages, and hold 
out nine months, at a wage-loss of 
$727,480. 

July 4. la. The prohibitory liquor 
law becomes operative. 

July 10. * The National Democratic Con- 
vention in its platform declares : " "We 
oppose sumptuary laws which vex the 
citizen and interfere with individual 
liberty." 

July 23. Minn. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 18th Encamp- 
ment at Minneapolis ; John S. Kuntz of 
O., commander-in-chief. 

Sept. 2. Kan. The Prohibition party 
organizes at Lawrence. 

STATE. 
1884 Jan. 14. Mont. A Constitutional 

Convention meets. 

Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The House 
votes to repeal the Iron Clad Oath 
Bill of the war period ; only one vote is 
cast in the negative. 

Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill to restore Fitz-John 
Porter to the army with emoluments. 
Vote, 184-78. [Mar. 13. It passes the 
Senate. Vote, 36-25. July 2. The bill is 
vetoed by the President ; later the House 
repasses it. Vote, 168-78; but it fails of a 
two-thirds vote in the Senate — 127-27.] 

Feb. 15. I). C. The German minister 
returns the resolution of the House of 
Representatives, laudatory of HerrLas- 
ker, by order of Prince Bismarck, who 
declines to present it to the Reichstag, 
because opposed to his political convic- 
tions. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Mexican War Pensions Bill. 
Vote, 227-46. 

The U. S. Supreme Court decides the 
Legal Tender Act for the reissue of 
Treasury Notes in time of peace con- 
stitutional, and that such notes are a 
lawful tender for all debts. 

Mar. 11. D. C. Congress ; The Senate 
ratifies a commercial treaty with Mex- 
ico. Vote, 41-20. House: The Morrison 
Tariff BUI is reported ; it aims " to re- 
duce import duties and war tariff taxes." 

Apr. 7. D. C. The Educational Bill 
passes. (See Letters.) 

Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House 
rejects the Morrison Tariff Bill. Vote, 
159-155. 

May 8. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill appropriating $1,000,000 
for the New Orleans Exhibition, [it 
becomes a law.] 

May 29. Ind. The National Green- 
back Convention nominates B. F. 
Butler of Mass. for President, and A. 
M. West of Miss, for Vice-President. 

June 6. Chicago. The Republican Na- 
tional Convention nominates James 
G. Blaine for President. John A. 
Logan is nominated by acclamation for 
Vice-President. 



Fourth ballot : Blaine, 544 ; Chester A. 
Arthur of N. Y., 207; George F. Edmunds 
of Vt., 41 ; John Sherman of O., 25 ; Jos- 
eph R. Hawley of Conn., and John A. 
Logan of 111., 7 ; and two each for W. T. 
Sherman of O., and R. T. Lincoln of 111. 

June 30. IT. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs, #195,067,490; 
internal revenue, ?12l,r»,xG,07o ; direct tax, 
$70,721 ; saies of public lands, $0,810,705 ; 
miscellaneous items, $27,984,882. Total 
revenue, $348,519,870 ; excess of revenue 
over ordinary expenditures, $104,393,026. 
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, 
$70,92(1,434; War Department, $39,429,- 
G03; Navy Department, $17,292,601; In- 
dians, $6,475,999 ; pensions, $55,420,228 ; 
interest on the public debt, $54,578,378. 
Total ordinary expenditures, $'J44,12G,- 
244. Public debt, $l,s:;s,9(M,fl07. Exports, 
$740,513,609 ; imports, $667,697,693. 

July 7. D.C. The 48th Congress: the 
first session closes. 

July 10. Chicago. The Democratic Na- 
tional Convention nominates Grover 
Cleveland of N. Y. for President [and 
Thomas A. Hendricks of Ind. for 
Vice-President] . 

Third ballot : Cleveland, 683 ; Thomas 
F. Bayard of Del., 81& ; Thomas A. Hen- 
dricks of Ind., 45i ; Samuel J. Randall 
of Pa., 4; Allen G. Thurmanof 0.,4 ; and 
Joseph E. McDonald, 2. 

July23. Pa. The Fourth National Pro- 
hibition Convention opens at Pitts- 
burg [it nominates John P. St. John 
of Kan. for President, and "William 
Daniel of Md. for Vice-President]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884 Jan. 5. III. The Convent of the 
Immaculate Conception at Belleville is 
burned ; 38 lives are lost. 

Jan. 18. Mass. The steamer City of 
Columbus is wrecked on Devil's Bridge, 
off Gay Head ; 97 lives are lost. 

Jan. 31. Ind. A passenger train is 
thrown into "White Kiver ; six persons 
are killed. 

Feb. 28. Phila. Fire destroys 19 build- 
ings valued at $1,500,000. 

Apr. 18. The Glasgow steamer State of 
Florida and the bark Pomona are sunk 
in collision in the Atlantic, off the coast 
of Canada ; about 123 lives are lost. 

May 6, 7. New York. The Marine Na- 
tional Bank suspends payment; Grant 
and Ward fail, owing $16,000,000. 

May 12, 13. Neio York. A panic oc- 
curs in the stock-market ; "Wall Street 
is demoralized. 

May 14. Pa. A collision of trains near 
Connellsville causes 14 deaths. 

June 18. Harvard defeats Columbia 
in a boat-race ; time, 24.21. 

June 26. Columbia Freshmen defeat 
Harvard ; time, 9.43£. 

July 7. N. Y. The second intercol- 
legiate boat-race for fours is pulled at 
Saratoga; 1£ miles. Time: University 
of Pennsylvania, 8.39^ ; Cornell, 8.41 ; 
Princeton, 8.49 ; Columbia, 9.25 ; Bow- 
doin, not timed. 

July 27. O. The first regular trip by 
electric street-cars is made in Cleve- 
land—East Cleveland Street line. 

Aug. 1. Jay- Eye-See trots one mile In 
two minutes and 10 seconds. 



318 1884, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. AMERICA 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1884 Oct. 15. Mass. A Statue of John 
Harvard is unveiled at Cambridge. 

Oct. 27. Pa. An oil-well is sunk on 
Thorn Creek, which immediately flows 
about 10,000 barrels daily [the volume 
soon diminishes]. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Thirty-six years after the 
laying of the corner-stone, the cap- 
stone of the "Washington monument 
is placed in position. Total cost, about 
$1,500,000. 

The base of the monument is 55 ft., Ik 
in. square, and the walls 15 ft., J in. thick. 
At the 500-foot mark, where the pyra- 
midal top begins, the shaft is 34 ft. 5\ in. 
square, and the walls are 18 in. thick. 
The height above the ground is 555 ft. 
The pyramidal top terminates in an 
aluminum tip, which is 9 in. high and 
weighs 100 ounces. The mean pressure 
of the monument is 5 tons per square 
foot, and the total weight, foundation 
and all, is nearly 81,000 tons. (Houghta- 
ling's Handbook:.) 

* * Cat. The Lick Observatory is com- 
pleted. 

* * New York. An equestrian statue of 
Gen. Simon Bolivar is unveiled in 
Central Park. The bronze bust of Bee- 
thoven, on a pedestal 15 feet high, is 
unveiled in Central Park. Thomas 
Moran of New York is elected a mem- 
ber of the National Academy of Design. 

* * Pa. Natural gas is introduced into 
Pittsburg as a fuel. 

* * IT. S. Cocaine is first used as an an- 
esthetic in ophthalmic and other surgi- 
cal operations. 

* * Va. The McCormick Observatory 
of the University of Virginia is com- 
pleted. 

* * Springtime in England is painted by 
J. F. Cropsey. 

* * Around the World is painted by G. W. 
Maynard. 

* * Crab Catching is painted by Edward 
Moran. 

* * Colorado is painted by Worthington 
Whittredge. 

* * Kaatskills in Winter is painted by 
Jervis McEntee. 

* * So Near and Yet so Far is painted by 
J. M. Hart. 

* * Return of Labrador Fishing Boats is 
painted by William Bradford, also Lofty 
and Lowly. 

* * Peaceful Bays is painted by A. D. 
Shattuck. 

* * Pandora is painted by F. S. Church. 

* * Portrait of Professor Torrey is painted 
by T. W. Wood. 

* * Ashen Days is painted by A. C. Shaw. 

* * Market Days in San Juan Abajo is 
painted by Thomas Moran. 

* * Vieio on Kern River is painted by Al- 
bert Bierstadt. 

* * Baccliantes is painted by Peter F. 
Rothermel. 

* * Springtime is painted by J. A. Brown. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1884. 

Nov. 26. Ivison, Henry, educational pub- 
lisher, of N. Y., A76. 
Dec. 1 1. Greene, Samuel Dana, com- 
mander U. S. N., A45. 



1885. 
Jan. 9. Gaines, .Myra (lurk, lifiress, AKO. 
Jan. 12. Jervis, .loliii lilooiulield. engineer, 

A90. 
Jan. 13. Colfax, Scliuvler, Vice-President, 

M. C. for Ind., speaker, AG2. 
Jan. 14. Suliinan, Benjamin, chemist, 

author, professor at Yale, A69. 

CHURCH. 

1884 Sept. 22-26. N. Y. The Na- 
tional Conference (Unitarian) is held 
in Saratoga. 

Oct. 11. N. Mex. Bishop J. B. Sal- 
pointe is promoted (Roman Catholic) 
archbishop of Santa Fe. 

Nov. 7- Md. The Third Plenary 
Council (Roman Catholic) meets at 
Baltimore ; about 70 bishops and arch- 
bishops are present. 

Dec. 28. Cat. Patrick W. Riordan 
succeeds to the archbishopric of San 
Francisco. 

* * Can. The International Mission- 
ary Union, at Niagara Falls, is inau- 
gurated. 

* * Cat. P. Manogue becomes first 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Sacra- 
mento. 

* * Conn. The Eastern Connecticut Con- 
gregational Club is formed at Norwich. 

* * Ire. The Pan-Presbyterian Con- 
vention meets at Belfast; delegates 
from the United States attend. 

* * Mich. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Detroit. 

* * Mo. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held*at St. Louis; 
A. G. Thomas, president. The Gen- 
eral Assembly (United Presbyterian) 
meets at St. Louis ; William H. French, 
moderator. The Congregational Club 
is formed at Kansas City. 

* * N. H. The Roman Catholic Diocese 
of Manchester is established. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets at Saratoga; Geo. 
P. Hays, moderator. 

* * The first "Women's Missionary So- 
ciety, auxiliary to the Southern Baptist 
Convention, is organized. 

* * The Women's Executive (Mission) 
Board of the Seventh-day Baptist 
church is organized. 

* * The Danish (Evangelical Lutheran) 
Association is organized. 

* * The Woman's National Indian 
Association begins mission-work among 
the Indians. 

* * The Presbyterian Home Board sends 
a missionary to the Papagoes in Arizona : 
and continues its work among the Mis- 
sion Indians of Lower California. 

* * The Wabash, Oregon and "Washington, 
and West Iowa conferences (Free Meth- 
odists) are organized. 

* * The West Virginia eldership (Church 
of God) is organized. 

1885 Jan. 8. Md. William Paret is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Maryland. 

Jan. 25. Ky. Camillus Paul Maes is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Kentucky. 



Jan. * William E. Dodge (son of ite 
former president) is elected president of 
the t'nited States branch of the Evan- 
gelical Alliance. 

LETTERS. 
1884 Sept. 25. NevaTork. The Voice 

(Prohibition) is first issued. 

* * La. The Tulane University 'non- 
sect.) at New Orleans is opened. The 
Storm Lake Normal and Business 
School is opened at Storm Lake, and 
a Normal School at Woodbine. 

* * la. Lenox College (Pres.) is organ- 
ized at Hopkinton. 

* * Ind. The School of Theology of De 
Pauw University (Meth. Epis.) is founded 
at Greencastle. 

* * N. Dak. University of North Da- 
kota (non-sect.) is organized at Grand 
Forks. 

* * S. Dak. The State opens an Agri- 
cultural College at Brookings. 

* * Tenn. Doyle College (Bapt.) is 
founded. Bloomington College (Meth. 
JEpis.) is founded at Bloomington. 

* * Vt. St. Joseph's College (Rom. 
Cath.) is established at Burlington. 

* * An American Politician, by F. Marion 
Crawford, appears, also A Roman Singer. 

* * Beatrix Randolph, by Julian Haw- 
thorne, appears. 

* * Complete Poems, by Sidney Lanier 
appears. 

* * The Democratic Party: Its History 
and Influence, by J. H. Patton, appears. 

* * TJie Destiny of Man, by John Fiske, 
appears. 

* * Memorie and Rime, by Joaquin Miller, 
. appears. 

* * Memoir of Margaret Fuller Ossoli, by 
Thomas W. Higginson, appears. 

* * Montcalm and Wolfe, by Francis Park- 
man, appears. 

* * Nature's Serial Story, by E. P. Roe, 
appears. 

* * Newport, by G. P. Lathrop, appears. 

* * Tke Occident, by Joseph Cook, appears. 

* * Huckleberry Finn, by Mark Twain, 
appears. 

* * The Fate of Mansfield Humphries, by 
Richard Grant White, appears. 

* *-S9 * * Narrative and Critical His- 
tory of America is edited by Justin 
Winsor. (S vols.) 

* * The Lady or the Tiger? and Other 
Stories, by Frank Richard Stockton, ap- 
pears. 

* * Choy Susan, by William Henry Bish- 
op, appears. 

* * A Gentleman of Leisure, by Edgar 
Fawcett, appears ; also, Tinkling Cym- 
bals, and The Adventures of a Widow. 

* * Mingo, by Joel Chandler Harris, ap- 
pears. 

* * A Country Doctor, by Sarah Orne Jew- 
ett, appears. 

* * In the Tennessee Mountains, by Charles 
Egbert Craddock, appears ; also, Where 
the Battle 2Cas Fought. 



UNITED STATES. 1883, Sept. 22-1885, Jan. 29. 319 



;f: * Poems for Children, by Celia TUaxter, 
appears. 

* * The Study of Hindoo Grammar and 
the Study of Sanskrit, by William Dwight 
Whitney, appears. 

* * Doctor Sevier, by George W. Cable, 
appears. 

* * Doctor Zay, by Elizabeth Stuart 
Phelps, appears. 

* * Marse Chan, by Thomas Nelson Page, 
appears. 

* * Studies in History, by Henry Cabot 
Lodge, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1884 Sept. * Mrs. Belva Lockwood ac- 
cepts the nomination for the presidency 
of the United States tendered by the Cal- 
ifornia Woman Suffrage Convention. 

Nov. 20-!-. Phila. About 2,000 carpet 
weavers partly succeed in a strike 
against reduced wages, after holding out 
22 weeks at a wage-loss of $312,000. 

Dec. * Olda. W. L. Couch establishes an 
armed camp at Stillwater, and defies 
the troops to eject the intruding settlers. 
[They are expelled in January.] 

* * Chicago. The Ephphatha School for 
the Deaf is opened. 

* * D. C. Congress creates a national 
Bureau of Labor. 

* * Fla. The State institution for the 
blind, deaf, and dumb is located at 
St. Augustine. 

* * la. The Eastern Iowa School for the 
Deaf is opened at Dubuque. 

-* * Mass. A petition having 106,000 signa- 
tures vainly entreats the Legislature to 
submit a Prohibitory Amendment. 

* * Md. The third Plenary Council of 
Roman Catholic Prelates, at Baltimore, 
declares against the liquor traffic. 

" Both love of religion and of country 
therefore urge all Christians to use every 
effort to stamp out this pestiferous evil." 

* * Me. The Constitutional Prohibitory 
Amendment is approved by the people 
by a vote of three to one. 

* * Minn. The Charity Organization 
Society is formed at Minneapolis. 

* * Mo. The "Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union meets in national con- 
vention at St. Louis ; Frances Wil- 
lard, president. 

* * Neb. Lands are given by the Govern- 
ment to Omaha Indians in severalty. 

* * N. Mex. An orphans' home and in- 
dustrial school is established at Santa 
Fe" by the State. 

-* * New York. The Church Temperance 
Society reports that 633 political conven- 
tions and primaries, out of a total of 
1,002, are held in saloons, and 96 others 
in places next door to saloons. The 
"Boodle" Board of 24 Aldermen 
contains 12 saloon-keepers or ex-saloon- 
keepers and four saloon politicians. 

* * Utah. The Deaf-Mute Institute at 
Salt Lake City is opened. 

* * Va. The Legislature provides for the 
establishment of the Southwest Luna- 
tic Asylum. 



* * The Fraternal Mystic Circle is 
founded. The American Society of 
Electrical Engineers is organized. 

1885 Jan. 9. New York. Richard Short 
attempts to kill Capt. Thomas Phelan 
as a suspected traitor to the Fenians. 

Jan. 12. Miss. The East Mississippi In- 
sane Asylum at Meridian is opened. 

STATE. 

1SS4 Sept. 24. D.C. "Walter Q,. Gresh- 
am, Postmaster-General, is appointed 
Secretary of the Treasury. [Oct. 2S. He 
is succeeded by Hugh McCulloch of 
Ind. Oct. 14. Frank Hatton of la. is 
pointed P. M. G.] 

Sept. * Me. The people vote to adopt the 
Prohibitory Amendment to the Con- 
stitution. Vote, 70,7S3-23,811. 

Oct. 29. New York. Dr. Samuel D. 
Burchard, one of a delegation of clergy- 
men calling on James G. Blaine, uses 
the alteration, " Rum, Romanism, 
and Rebellion," as connected with the 
antecedents of the Democratic party. 

Democrats immediately use it in the 
political canvass. [It is alleged to have 
turned New York over to the Democrats 
by a majority of 1,047, and thus defeated 
the election of Mr. Blaine to the presi- 
dency ; 524 votes taken from Mr. Cleve- 
land would have changed the result.] 

Nov. 4. Mont. The people ratify the 
new Constitution. 

U. S. The 25th Presidential Elec- 
tion; Democrats elected. 

Popular vote : Grover Cleveland 
(Dem.) of N. Y., 4,874,986; James G. 
Blaine (Rep.) of Me., 4,851,981 ; John 
P. St. John (Prohib.) of Kan., 150,626 ; 
Benj. F. Butler (People's) of Mass., 
133,825. 

Popular Vote for President. 







Cakdid 


VTES. 




States. 


Blaine 


Cleveland 


Butler 


St.John 


Ala. . 


59,591 


93,951 


873 


612 


Ark. . 


50,895 


72,927 


1,847 




Cal. . 


102,416 


89,288 


2,017 


2,920 


Colo. . 


36,290 


27,723 


1,958 


761 


Conn. . 


65,923 


67,199 


1,688 


2,305 


Del. . 


12,951 


16,964 


6 


55 


Fla. . 


28,031 


31,766 




72 


Ga. . . 


48,603 


94,667 


' 145 


195 


111. . . 


337,474 


312,355 


10,910 


12,074 


Ind. . 


238,463 


244,990 


8,293 


3,028 


la. . . 


197,089 


177,316 




1,472 


Kan. . 


154,406 


90,132 


16,341 


4,495 


Ky. . . 


118,122 


152,961 


1,691 


3,139 


La. . . 


46,347 


62,540 






Me. . . 


72,209 


52,140 


3,953 


2,160 


Md. . . 


85,699 


96,932 


531 


2,794 


Mass. . 


146,724 


122,481 


24,433 


10,026 


Mich. . 


192,669 


149,835 


42,243 


18,403 


Minn. . 


111,923 


70,144 


3,583 


4,684 


Miss. . 


43,509 


76,510 






Mo.. . 


202,929 


235,988 




2,153 


Neb. . 


76,912 


54,391 




2,899 


Nev. . 


7,193 


5,578 


26 




N.H. . 


43,249 


39,183 


552 


1,571 


N.J. . 


123,440 


127,708 


3,496 


6,159 


N. Y. . 


562,005 


563,154 


16,994 


25,016 


N. C. . 


125,068 


142,952 




454 


O. . . 


400,082 


368,280 


5,1*79 


11,069 


Ore. . 


26,860 


24,604 


726 


492 


Penn. . 


473,804 


392.785 


16,992 


15,283 


R.I. . 


19,030 


12,391 




928 


S. C. . 


21,733 


69,890 






Tenn. . 


124.078 


133,258 


957 


1,131 


Tex. . 


93J141 


225,309 


3,321 


3,534 


Vt. . . 


39,514 


17,331 


785 


1,752 


Va. . . 


13!l..'!.n6 


145,497 




138 


W. Va. 


63,096 


67,317 


' 810 


939 


Wis. . 


161,157 


146,459 


4,598 


7,656 


Total 


4,851.981 


4,874,986 


175,370 


150,369 


Perct. . 


48.22 


48.48 


1.74 


1.49 


Plur. . 




23,005 







Dec. 1. JJ. C. The 48th Congress : the 
second session opens. 

Deo. 16. 1). ('. CongresB: The Senate 
passes a bill for the admission of South 
Dakota, and forms the domain north of 
the 4Gth parallel into the Territory of 
Lincoln ; the House passes the Reagan 
Inter-commerce Bill. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-86 * * Dak. (Ter.). Gilbert A. Pierce. 
-86* * Ida (Ter.). Wm. N. Bunn. 
-86 * * Mont. (Ter.). Piatt Carpenter. 
-87 * * If. J. Leon Abbott. 
-86 * * O. George Hoadly. 
-86 * * Vt. Samuel E. Pingree. 
-87 * * Wash. (Ter.). Watson C. Squire. 

1885 Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The 
House fails to pass the Mexican War 
Pensions Bill, after passing the Senate 
with amendments. Vote, 129-85 — a two- 
thirds vote is required. 

Jan. 6. N. Y. Grover Cleveland, 
President elect of the United States, 
resigns the governorship, and is suc- 
ceeded by the lieutenant-governor, 
David B. Hill. 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress : The House 
defeats a bill for the suspension of 
silver dollar coinage. 

Jan. 14. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the bill to submit the French 
Spoliation Claims to the decision of 
a Court of Claims. [Later it passes the 
Senate and becomes a law Jan. 20, 1885.] 
In 1799 the Government offset certain 
claims of France by surrendering the 
claims of American citizens for the 
spoliation of their commerce by France 
when at war with England, France hav- 
ing seized, many cargoes of vessels trad- 
ing with her enemy. 

Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
refuses to ratify the Nicaragua treaty. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884 Oct. * 2few York. Fares on the 
elevated roads are reduced from 10 cents 
to five. 

Oct. 3. Chicago. The pacer Johnston 
covers one mile in 2.06^. 

Nov. 18-22. Mo. About 12,000 cat- 
tlemen hold a convention at St. Louis, 
and organize a National Live Stock As- 
sociation. 

Dec. 16. La. The World's Industrial 
Cotton Exposition is opened at New 
Orleans ; President Arthur at Washing- 
ton sets the machinery in motion by 
electricity. [It closes Mar. 31, 1885.] 

Dec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1S84. 

Production : Gold, $30,S00,000 ; silver, 
$48,800,000; bales of cotton, 5,714,052: 
pounds of wool, 300,000.000; barrels of 
petroleum. 24,21S,4.jS. Currency in cir- 
culation (June 30), 81,243,925,909; per 
capita, $22.65. Immigrants received (fis- 
cal year), 518,592. Miles of railroads 
worked, 115,072; capital stock, $3,762,- 
616, 6SG ; total accidents, 1,191; persons 
killed. 389: persons injured, 1,760. Fire- 
waste, §110,008,611 ; insurance, §60,679,- 



1< ■St. 3S4. 



1885 Jan. 3. Chicago. The County 
Court-house and City Hall are opened. 



320 1885, Feb. 1-* * 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1885 Mar. 3. D. C. Congress prohibits 
the repairing of wooden vessels when 
the expense will exceed 20 per cent of 
the cost of a new vessel. 

Apr. 24. Panama. United States troops 
land, arrest Aizpuru, the insurgent 
leader, and protect American property 
[until the troubles are settled]. 

May 17. A". Mex.~- Ariz. The Apache 
Indians under Chief Geronimo take the 
war-path. [The Apache Indians con- 
tinue to make raids into New Mexico 
from Arizona until October.] 

July 10. Henry C. Merriam is commis- 
sioned colonel — 7th infantry. 

Sept. 1. Gen. Crook captures a band of 
Apache Indians, who have maintained 
warfare for three years. [They escape a 
few days later.] 

* * N. Y. A pneumatic dynamite tor- 
pedo-gun is built, and mounted at Fort 
Lafayette. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE, 

1885 Feb. 21. D. C. The "Washing- 
ton Monument is inaugurated at Wash- 
ington ; orations by Robert C. "Winthrop 
of Mass., and John W. Daniel of Va. 
(See Dec. 6, 18W.) 

Mar. 16. An eclipse of the sun is 
observed. 

Apr. 13. Va. The McCormick Obser- 
vatory, costing about §70,000, dedicated. 

June 19. New York. Bartholdi's co- 
lossal Statue of Liberty is received — 
a gift of the French people to the United 
States. 

July 7. Term. A new comet is ob- 
served. 

Aug. 3. N~. J. A terrific storm sweeps 
Camden County ; six persons are killed 
and 500 buildings destroyed ; property 
loss, $500,000. 

Aug. 16. ^V. 7. The asteroid Use is 
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. 

Aug. 18. Chicago. The Chicago Opera 
House is opened. 

Aug. 25±. Ga. — S. C. Savannah and 
Charleston are visited by destructive 
cyclones ; 22 persons lose their lives ; 
property loss, $2,000,000. 

Aug. * New York. A mechanical tele- 
phone, invented by A. A. Knudsou and 
T. G. Ellsworth, is announced. A large 
galvanometer is made by William A. 
Cornell. 

Sept. 8. 0. "Washington Co\irt-House is 
nearly destroyed by a tornado. 

Oct. 23. 'Cat. Larkin G. Mead's marble 
group, Columbus before Isabella, the 
gift of D. O. Mills, is placed in the ro- 
tunda of the Capitol at Sacramento. 

Nov. 7. Wis. The statue of 'Washing- 
ton by Parks is unveiled at Milwaukee ; 
it is the gift of Miss Elizabeth Planking- 
ton. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1885. 

Feb. 27. Drake, Francis Samuel, author, 



Mar. 18. "Warner, Susan (Oizabefh Weth- 
erell), novelist, writer, A66. 

Mar. 34. Thompson, Jacob, M. C. for Miss., 
secretary of Interior, A.75. 

Apr. 8. White, Richard Grant, author, 
critic, A63. 

May 4. Maclmwell, Irvin, maj.-gen. U. S. 
A., A67. 

May 15. Sunderland, Le Hoy, author, A83. 

May 20. Frelingnuysen. Frederick The- 
odore, lawyer, senator for N. J., secretary 
of state, Ab8. 

June 6. Hough, Franklin Benjamin, phy- 
sician, historical writer, A63. 

June 21. Coil, Thomas Winthrop, P. E. 
clergyman, theologian, AS2. 

June * Barber, John Warner, historical 
writer, A87. 

July 6. Gorringe, Henrv H., capt. U. S. N., 
A44. 

July 10. Gilbert, Ruf us Henry, inventor of 
the elevated railroad system, A53. 

July 18. Prime, Samuel 1 reuse us, Pres. 
clergyman, author, A72. 

July 23. Grant. Ulysses Simpson, gen. 
V. S. A., 18th President of U. S-, A63. 

Aug. 12. Jackson, Helen Hunt (nee Fiske 
— H. H.), poet, novelist, A54. 

Aug. 25. Kenton, Reuben Katon, senator, 
Gov., M. C. for N. Y., AtJ6. 

Aug-. 29. Alden, Joseph, Cong, clergyman, 
president of college, editor, author, A78. 

Sept. 3. Gwin. William JIcKerv'ree, phy- 
sician, 11. C, senator for Cal., A 80. 

Sept. 16. TetTt, Benjamin Franklin, M. E. 
clergyman, author, diplomatist, A72. 

Oct. 1. Page, William, painter, A74. 

Oct. 10. McCloskey. John, archbishop, 
first American cardinal, A75. 

Oct. 14. Shaw, Henry Wheeler (Josh Bil- 
lings), humorist, A67. 

Oct. 29. McClellan. George Erinton, 
gen. -in-chief of U. S. armies, candidate for 
presidency, Gov. of N. J-, A59. 

Nov. 8. JlcCullough, John, Irish- Ameri- 
can tragedian, A48. 

Nov. 14. Claflin, Horace Brighton, mer- 
chant, of N- Y., A74. 

Nov. 15. Young, John Freeman, P. E. 
bishop, of Fla., A65. 

Nov. 17. Seyffarth, Gustav, Luth. clergy- 
man, archfologist, Kgvptoln^ist, A 89. 

Nov. 21. Wright, Elizur, journalist, pub- 
licist, reformer, A81. 

Nov. 25. Hendricks, Thomas Andrews, 

Vice-President U. S., M. C, senator for Ind., 
Gov., A66. 

Dec. 8. Vanderbilt, William H., railroad 
president, capitalist, A64. 

Dec. 9. Mulford, Ehsha. P. E. cl.,au., A52. 

Siblev, John Langdon, librarian of Har- 
vard, A81. 

Dec. 15. Toombs, Robert, senator for Ga., 
Confederate brig. -gen,, A75. 

Dec. 20. Draper, John Christopher, chem- 
ist, author, A50. 

CHURCH. 

1885 Feb. 1. Bishop "William H. 
Gross is promoted (Roman Catholic) 
archbishop of the province of Oregon. 

Feb. 24. Neb. George "Worthington 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Nebraska. 

Mar. 19. La. Anthony Durier is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Natchitoches. 

Apr. 19. Ida. A. J. Glorieux is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Apol- 
lonia. [Vicar-apostolic of Idaho.] 

Apr. 29. The Conference of the Middle 
States and Canada (Unitarian) is or- 
ganized. 

May. 1. Ariz. P. Bourgade is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic of Ari- 

May 28. Cincinnati. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 20. Alas. A band of Moravian 
missionaries land on the shores of Alas- 
ka, aud found the Bethel Mission. 

July 25. Mich. The Pentecost Bands 
at Parma are organized for home mis- 
sion-work ; [afterward for foreign work]. 



Aug. 2. Richard Pbelan is consecrated 

(Roman Catholic; bishop. 
Oct. 2. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 

Omaha is established. 
Oct. 10. New York. Archbishop Cor- 

rigan succeeds to the Roman Catholic 

See of New York. 
Dec. 31. The Chicago Church Extension 

Society is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1885 May 22. New York. The Re- 
vised Old Testament is published sim- 
ultaneously in London and New York. 

Oct. 22. Miss. The Industrial Institute 
and College is opened at Columbus for 
the education of white girls. 

* * Cat. Maclay College of Theology 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at San Fer- 
nando. 

* * Chicago. The Chicago Training-school 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Chicago. 

SOCIETY. 

1885 Feb. 2. New York. An attempt 
is made to kill O'Donovan Rossa, a 
Fenian ; he is shot in the street by Mrs. 
Lucille Y. Dudley. [June 30. She is 
acquitted, as insane.] 

Feb. 14. Phila. The Philadelphia 
Methodist Episcopal Hospital is incor- 
porated. 

Mar. 5-r. Pa. About 4,000 miners in 
"Western Pennsylvania strike unsuc- 
cessfully against reduced wages, and 
hold out 54 days at a wage-loss of 
$344,300. 

Mar. 9+. Pa. Over7,0Wminersin "West- 
ern Pennsylvania strike successfully 
for increased wages ; they hold out 29 
days at a wage-loss of S323,G00. 

Apr. 30. -V. Dak. A hospital for the 
insane is opened at Jamestown. 

June 1+. Pa. Over 15,000 iron-workers 
in "Western Pennsylvania strike suc- 
cessfully against reduced wages ; they 
hold out 16 days at a wage-loss of S442,- 
733. 

June 19. New York. Bartholdi's gigan- 
tic Statue of Liberty is received with 
great ceremonies. 

June 24. Me. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 19th National 
Encampment at Portland; S. S. Bur- 
dette of "Washington, D. C, commander- 
in-chief. 

July 1^. O. About 3,000 rolling-mill 
hands in Cleveland strike success- 
fully against reduced wages ; they hold 
out S3 days at a wage-loss of $410,000. 

July 4. Utah. Mormons at Salt Lake 
City place the United States flag at half- 
mast. (See State, Mar. 23.) 

* * Phila. The "Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union meets in National 
Convention at Philadelphia; Frances 
Willard, president. The Social Pu- 
rity movement is inaugurated. 

Aug. 29+. Wyo. White miners make 
murderous attacks on 400 Chinese la- 
borers at Rock Spring ; the Federal 



UNITED STATES. 



1885, Feb. 1- 



321 



Government sends troops to quell the 
disturbance after many Chinese have 
been massacred. 

Sept. 25. S. Dak. The proposed Consti- 
tution is framed by a convention at 
Sioux Falls, with an article prohibiting 
the liquor traffic. (See 1889, May 14, 
Oct. 1.) 

Sept. 4.^- Pa. About 4,r>00 miners in 
"Western Pennsylvania strike unsuc- 
cessfully for increased wages, and hold 
out four months at a wage-loss of 
$549,780. 

Oct. 17. Mich. The National Prison 
Association meets at Detroit. 

Nov. 5. Wash. Gov. Squire issues a 
proclamation against riotous Knights of 
Labor who attempt to expel the Chi- 
nese. 

Nov. 14-K Mass. Nearly 6,000 lasters 
and bottomers in Brockton partly suc- 
ceed in astrike against rixed rates ; they 
hold out six weeks at a wage-loss of 
$430,000. 

* * Ga. The Legislature passes a general 
local option law. 

Nov. 25. Ga. Prohibitionists have a 
majority in the first election held under 
the local option law in Fulton County. 

Nov. * The Irish Parliamentary Fund 
Association is organized. 

STATE. 
1885 Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The 

Senate passes the Cullom Interstate 
Commerce Bill, as a substitute for the 
Reagan Bill. Vote, 43-12. [It fails in 
the House.] 

Feb. 11. D. C Congress counts the 
electoral vote. 

Vote for President : Grover Cleveland, 
219; James G. Blaine, 1S2. Vote for 
Vice-President : Thomas A. Hendricks 
(Dem.) of Ind., 219 ; John A. Logan (Rep.) 
of 111., 182. 

Feb. 27. N. Y. President elect Cleve- 
land publishes a reply to the silver 
advocates in Congress, deprecating 
further coinage of silver as tending to 
produce a financial crisis. 

Mar. 4. D. C. Congress passes the bill 
retiring Gen. Grant with the full pay 
($13,000) of the retired list. 

It enlarges the weight of single rate 
letters from one-half an ounce to one 
ounce, for two cents postage; news- 
papers from the publishers* offices are 
reduced to one cent per pound. 
The 48th Congress ends. 

The 26th Administration; Demo- 
cratic. 

Grover Cleveland of N. Y., the 22d 
President, in the 26th term of the presi- 
dency, is inaugurated. Thomas A. 
Hendricks of Ind. is Vice-President. 

Great rejoicing among Democrats 
follows the inauguration of Mr. Cleve- 
land, as the party has been excluded 
from the administrative offices for 25 
years. 

Cabinet: Thomas F. Bayard of Del. 
(State), Daniel Manning of N. T. 
(Treas.), "William C. Endicott of Mass. 
'War), "William C. "Whitney of N. T. 



(Navy), Lucius Q. C. Lamar of Miss. 
(Interior), "William F. Vilas of Wis. 
(P. M.-Gen.), and Augustus H. Gar- 
land of Ark. (Atty.-Gen.). 

Mar. * Edward J. Phelps of Vt. is 
appointed U. S. minister to England. 

Mar. 23. D. C. The Supreme Court de- 
cides that the Edmunds Anti-polygamy 
Bill is constitutional. 

Apr. 11. D. C. President Cleveland 
declines to unite with European govern- 
ments in prohibiting alcoholic liquors, 
arms, ammunition, and dynamite for 
the Pacific Islands. 

Apr. 16. N. Y. The Legislature passes 
a bill making the grounds bordering the 
Niagara Falls a State reservation, free 
to visitors ; cost, more than §1,400,000. 

May 15. N. Y. The Legislature pro- 
vides for the appointment of three forest 
commissioners. 

June 30. XI. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs, §181,471,939; 
internal revenue, $112,498,726 ; sales of 
public hauls, $5,705,980; miscellaneous 
items, ,$24,014,055. Total revenue, $323,- 
690,706 ; excess of revenue over ordinary 
expendit ures, $63,463,771 . Expenditures': 
Miscellaneous items, §87,494,258; War 
Department, $42,670,578 ; Navy Depart- 
ment, $16,021,080; Indians. §6,552,495; 
pensions. §56,102,267 ; interest on the 
public debt, §51,386,256. Total ordinary 
expenditures, §260,226,935. Public debt, 
§1,872,340,557. Exports, §742,189,755; im- 
ports, §577,527,329. 

Sept. 25. S. Dak. A convention at Sioux 
Falls, called by the Legislature, frames 
a State Constitution. 

Nov. 4. New York. "William R. Grace is 
elected the 84th mayor. 

Nov. 9. D. C. President Cleveland 
issues a proclamation against the bar- 
barous treatment of Chinese laborers 
in "Washington Territory. 

Nov. 25. D. C. Vice-President Thomas 
A. Hendricks suddenly dies at his 
home in Indianapolis. 

Dec. 7. D. C. The 49th Congress 
opens. 

Dec* D. C. Congress; Senate: John 
Sherman (Rep.) of O. is elected Presi- 
dent pro tempore. House : John G. Car- 
lisle (Dem.) of Ky. is elected Speaker. 

Dec. 17. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Presidential Succession 
Bill ; in case of the decease of both 
President and Vice-President, it invests 
the presidency in the secretary of state, 
or other Cabinet officers in their order. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1885 Feb. 19. Phila. Fire destroys 

nine buildings in the business section ; 

loss 83,000,000. 
Feb. 27- D. C. The National Theater 

at "Washington is burned. 
Feb. * The Alert, used by the United 

States in the search for Lieut. Greely, 

is returned to the British Government 

with thanks. 
Apr. 12. New York. Twelve persons 

are injured in the collapse of eight 

buildings while workmen are completing 

them. 



May 14. N. Y. The first five-mile sec- 
tion of the Erooklyn Elevated road 



June 20. Harvard defeats Columbia in 
a boat-race ; time, 24.27. 

June 25. Harvard Freshmen defeat 
Columbia ; time, 12.22. 

July 4. Mass. The third intercollegiate 
boat-race for fours. 

It takes place on Lake Quinsigamond, 
near Worerster, I. 1 , in ih-s straight. Time : 
Cornell, 9.UU, followed by Brown, Bow- 
doin, and the University of Pennsylva- 
nia. 

July 15. N. Y. The Niagara Inter- 
national Park, purchased by the 
Federal Government for public use, is 
opened. 

July 30. O. Maud S. trots one mile 
in 2.08 J at Glenville. 

July* A "West Shore Road train runs 
from East Buffalo to Weehawken, 4-22.6 
miles, in 9.23 hours ; speed, 45 miles per 
hour, including stops, or 51 miles actual 
running speed. 

Aug. 5-7. New York honors the 
memory of Gen. Grant by obsequies 
worthy of royalty. He lies in state 
two days ; and his body is followed to 
the grave by a funeral procession six 
miles long. 

It includes the General's bereaved 
family, President Cleveland, Gens. 
Hancock and Sherman, and other offi- 
cers of the U. S. Army ; Gen. Johnston 
and many ex-Confederate officers ; 
soldiers, marines, and regiments of 
State militia from the Atlantic to the 
Pacific ; also many carriages. The pro- 
cession starts at nine a.m., and arrives 
at the temporary tomb in Riverside 
Park on the Hudson at five p.m. 

Aug. 14. N. Y. The first of the inter- 
national yacht-races near Sandy Hook 
is won by the American schooner-yacht 
Puritan over the English cutter Genesta; 
lead, 16 minutes 48 seconds. 

Aug. 29. New York. The first cable- 
road begins its service. 

Sept. 16. N. Y. The Puritan again beats 
the Genesta in a race for the America 
cup; lead, lm. 38s. 

Oct. 10. N. Y. Flood Rock in Hell 
Gate is blown up with 285,000 pounds 
of dynamite and powder. 

Oct. 18. N. J. A train is wrecked 
near Hackensack ; nine persons killed. 

Nov. 10. La. The North, Central, and 
South Exposition opens at New Orleans. 

Dec. 15. Ga. Two trains collide near 
Austell ; 11 persons are killed. 

Dec. 26. Gloucester fishing schooners 
are lost at sea ; 42 fishermen perish. 

Dec. 3 1 . Statistics for 1885. 

Production: Gold, $31,SOO,000; silver, 
S51,6oo.00i>; bushels of grain: Indian 
corn, 1,936,176,000; wheat, 357,112,000; 
oats, 629,409,000; barley, 5S,360,000; rye, 
21,756,000; buckwheat, 12.626,000; bales 
of cotton, 5,669,021 ; pounds of wool, 
308,000.000; barrels of petroleum, 21,847,- 
205. Currency in circulation (June 30), 
§1,292,568,615; per capita, $23.02. Im- 
migrants received (fiscal year), 395,346. 
Miles of railroads worked, 123,320: 
capital stock, $3,817,697,832 ; railroad 
accidents, 1,217 ; persons killed, 307; 
persons injured, 1,538. Fire-waste, 
$102,818,796; insurance, $57,430,789. 



322 1885 * *-1886, June 17. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY -NAVY. 

1886 Jan. 21. Gen. Miles, having been 
appointed to succeed Gen. Crook, con- 
tinues the pursuit of the Apaches; 
Capt. Crawford is unintentionally (?) 
killed by Mexican troops. 

Feb. 7-9. Wash. Troops are ordered 
out to suppress the anti-Chinese rioters 
at Seattle. 

Feb. 19. D. C. Com. James E. Jouett 
is promoted rear-admiral. [Also Mar. 

4. Com. John H. Russell.] 

Mar. 4. D. C. Capt. John Irwin is pro- 
moted commodore. [Also May 19. 
Capt. James A. Greer.] 

Commander Norman H. Farquhar is 
promoted captain. [Also May 19. 
Commander Theodore F. Kane. Dec. 
13. Commander Henry B. Seely.] 

Mar. 19. D. C. Oliver O. Howard is 
commissioned major-general. 

Thomas H. Ruger is commissioned brig- 
adier-general. 

The military board (Gens. Schofield, 
Terry, and Getty) entirely exonerate 
Fitz-John Porter of the charges 
under which he was dismissed from the 
army. 

Mar. 26. D. C. The Government orders 
U. S. troops to protect the transportation 
of mails against interference by riotous 
strikers at St. Louis and other points. 

Apr. 20. Zenas R. Bliss is commissioned 
colonel — 24th infantry. [Also June 11. 
James W. Forsyth — 7th cavalry. Sept. 
6. Thomas M. Anderson — 14th infan- 
try. Sept. 16. George H. Mendel 1 — 
corps of engineers. Oct. 12. Henry L. 
Abbot — corps of engineers. Oct. 13. 
Edwin F. Towns — 12th infantry. Oct. 
19. Robert E. A. Crofton — 15th infan- 
try.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1885 * * Cat. The Observatory of the 
University of the Pacific is erected at 
San Jose\ 

* * Ind. The McKim Observatory is 
erected at Greencastle. 

* * New York. A bronze statue of Wil- 
liam E. Dodge, a philanthropist of 
New York, is unveiled. J. C. Nicoll, 
F. D. Millet, F. E. Church, and George 
TV. Maynard of New York are elected 
members of the National Academy of 
Design. 

* * The Jack o* Lantern is painted by T. 
TV. "Wood. 

* * At the Watering Trough is painted by 
J. M. Hart. 

* * Sunset is painted by George Inness. 

* * Peacocks in the Snow is painted by F. 

5. Church. 

* * TJie Strange Gods is painted by G. TV. 
Maynard. 

* * The Russet Tear is painted by A. C. 
Shaw. 

* * Christmas Eve is painted by Jervis 
McEntee. 

* * October in Itamapo Valley is painted 
by J. F. Cropsey. 



* * Waiting for Dad is painted by Ed- 
ward Moran. 

* * Morning at Vera Cruz is painted by 
Thomas Moran. 

* * Sunrise over the Sea is painted by 
Worth ington Whittredge. 

1886 Jan. 19. Cal. Much damage is 
done by a gale at San Francisco. 

Jan. * Neic York. A comet is discov- 
ered by TV. R. Brooks of Geneva. 

Mar. 1-3. A heavy snowstorm occurs 
in New England, and trains are stopped. 

Apr. 14. Minn. A terrific tornado strikes 
St. Cloud and Sauk Rapids, killing 34, 
and wounding 136 persons ; a great 
amount of property is destroyed. 

Apr. 29. Ala. Jefferson Davis lays the 
foundation of a monument to Con- 
federate soldiers of the State at Mont- 
gomery. 

May 6. Mo. A terrible tornado in 
Kansas city kills 70 people and destroys 
many buildings. 

May 12-15. Destructive tornadoes 
sweep through Southern Ohio, Indiana, 
and Illinois. 

May 19. O. A waterspout devastates 
Xenia ; loss, 100 houses and 25 lives. 

June 17. N. H. A bronze statue of 
Daniel "Webster erected in the State- 
house Park is dedicated ; it is the gift 
of Benjamin Cheney. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1886. 
Jan. 16. Hudson, Henry Norman, P. E. 

clergyman, shakesp.-unan srholar, A72. 
Jan. 26. Atchison, David R., senator for 

Mo., A79. 
Feb. 9. Hancock, "Winfleld Scott, maj.- 

gen., Dem. candidate far ['resident, A62. 
Feb. 12. Seymour, Horatio, Gov. K. Y., 

Dem. candidate for President, A76. 
Feb. 18. Goug-h, John B., temperance 

orator, A69. 
Mar. 27. Hunt, Ward, associate justice 

U. S. S. Ct;, A76. 
Apr. 13. Noyes, John Humphrv, commu- 
nist at Oneida, N. Y., A75. 
Apr. 28. Richardson, Henry Hobson, ar- 
chitect, A47. 
May 1. Robertson, Charles F., P. E. bishop 

of Mo., A51. 
Shepard, Charles Upbam, phvsinst, 

author, A82. 
May 21. Lewis, Dio, physician, lecturer, 

A68. 

Andrews, Stephen Pearl, author, A74. 

May 25. Steele, Joel Dorman, educator, 

A50. 
June 6. Kevin, John Williamson, Ger. Kef. 

clergyman, theologian, A83. 
June "7. Hoe, Richard March, inventor of 

revolving press, A74. 
June 16. Whipple, Edwin Percy, essayist, 

critic, lecturer, A67. 



CHURCH. 
1885* * Boston •+-. The Society of Chris- 
tians, professing " to effect physical 
healing by mental effort," is organized ; 
Mrs. M. B. G. Eddy, leader. 

* * Colo. The Colorado Conference (Free 
Methodist) is organized. 

* * £>. C. The Congregational Club is 
formed. 

* * Kan. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Topeka ; "Wil- 
liam Johnston, moderator. 

* * N. Y. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held at Saratoga. 



■ * 0. The Annnal Convention 'Disci- 
ples of Christ) is held at Cleveland; 
L. L. Carpenter, president. The Gen- 
eral Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at 
Cincinnati ; E. K. Craven, moderator. 

* * Pa. The 32d General Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) meets at Harrisburg. 

* * Wis. The Icelanders' Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) is organized. 

1886 Jan. 1. Mont. The American 
Unitarian Association begins its work 
among the Indians. 

Jan. 13. New York. The Christian or- 
ders of the King's Daughters, and the 
King's Sons are founded by ten women. 
It is interdenominational, and its in- 
dividual members are pledged to render 
service of mercy or help; its motto, 
•' In His Name." [Jan. 18. The pioneer 
circle is formed.] 

Mar. 26. Ga. Thomas A. Becker, Roman 
Catholic bishop, is transferred to Savan- 
nah. 

May 5. Va. The General Conference 
(Methodist Episcopal South) is held at 
Richmond. 

W. W. Duncan, Charles B. Galloway, 
E. H. Hendrix, and Joseph S. Key are 
elected bishops of the Methodist Episco- 
pal Church South. 

May 26. New York. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

May.* Alas. A band of Moravian mis- 
sionaries found the Carmel Mission. 

June 7. Md. John Gibbons, Roman 
Catholic archbishop of Baltimore, is 
created a Cardinal. 

LETTERS. 

1885 * * Fla. Rollins CoUege (Cong.) 
is organized at Winter Park. 

* * La. The Normal School is estab- 
lished at New Orleans. 

* * Mich. The College of Physicians and 
Surgeons at Detroit opens. 

* * Minn. Macalester CoUege (Pres.) is 
organized at St. Paul. 

* * Neb. The Nebraska Central College 
is opened at Central City. 

* * New York. The Cosmopolitan mag- 
azine is founded. 

* * N. Y. The Brooklyn Institute opens 
a training-school for teachers. 

* * Pa. Bryn Mawr College (Orthodox 
Friends) is organized. 

* * Ore. Provision is made for the estab- 
lishment of a State Normal School at 
Drain. 

* * S. I>ak. Dakota University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Mitchell. 

* * Wis. The State Normal School at 
Milwaukee is opened. 

* * A Biography of Emerson, by Oliver 
"Wendell Holmes, appears. 

* * Poets of America, by Edmund Clar- 
ence Stedman, appears. 

* * Elements of Moral Science, by Noah 
Porter, appears. 

* * The I?isuppres$ible Book, by Gail Ham- 
ilton (Mary Abigail Dodge), appears. 

* * Maruja, by Bret Harte, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1885, * *-1886, June 17. 323 



* * My Lady Pokahontas, by John Esten 
Cooke, appears. 

* * Problems in Philosophy, by John Bus- 
corn, appears. 

* * The Else and Fall of Silas Lapham, 
by "William Dean Howells, appears. 

* * Studies in Shakespeare, by Richard 
Grant White, appears. 

* * An Original Belle, by Edward Payson 
Roe, appears. 

* * The Idea of God as Affected by Modern 
Knowledge, by John. Fiske, appears. 

* * The Silent South, by George W. Cable, 
appears. 

* * City Ballads, by "Will Carletou, ap- 
pears. 

* * Miss Cadogna, by Julian Hawthorne, 
appears ; also, Noble Blood. 

* * The Prophet of the Great Smoky Moun- 
tains, by Charles Egbert Craddock, ap- 
pears ; also, Down the Ravine. 

1886 Jan. 3. Md. The Public Li- 
brary at Baltimore, the gift of Enoch 
Pratt, is opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1S85 * * Boston. The Algonquin Club 
is organized. 

* * Cal. The State Home for the care 
and training of feeble-minded chil- 
dren at Santa Clara is opened. 

* * la. The prohibitory liquor law is 
passed by a Democratic Legislature. 

* * Kan. The anti-saloon Republican 
movement is organized to induce the 
party everywhere to adopt "a platform 
of uncompromising hostility to the sa- 
loon." 

* * Me. A State Board of Health is es- 
tablished. 

* * N. C. A Baptist Orphanage is 
founded in Thomasville. 

* * Neb. The Santees are granted lands 
in severalty. 

* * JV. J. A State school for deaf mutes 
is opened near Trenton. 

* * N. Mex. A State school for the deaf 
and dumb at Santa Fe is opened. 

* * O. The Legislature establishes a State 
Board of Health. 

* * The Knights of Temperance (Total 
abstainers) are organized under the aus- 
pices of the Church Temperance Society. 
(Protestant Episcopal.) 

* * U. S. Liberal subscriptions are made 
for advancing Irish Home Rule in 
Ireland. 

* * The Daughters of the King are or- 
ganized in connection with the Protes- 
tant Episcopal Church. 

* * U. S. Indians are held responsible 
under the laws touching murder, man- 
slaughter, rape, assault to kill, arson, 
burglary, and larceny. 

* * Utah. The insane asylum at Provo 
is opened. 

1886 Jan. 1+. N. Y. More than 7.000 
glove-makers at Gloversville partly 
succeed in a strike for increased wages ; 



they hold out nine weeks at a wage-loss 
of 8648,900. 

Jan. 21. Judge Brewer of the XT. S. 
Circuit Court renders his decision in the 
case of the State of Kansas ex ret. v. 
John "Walruff, upholding compensa- 
tion for loss in brewing property 
occasioned by prohibition laws. 

Feb. 7. Wash. An anti-Chinese riot 
occurs at Seattle ; 400 Chinese are driven 
from their homes by a mob. 

Feb. 8. Wash. Gov. Squire proclaims 
martial law for the protection of the 
Chinese against rioters. 

Feb. 27+. N. F. Nearly 2,000 stove- 
molders at Troy strike successfully 
for increased wages ; they hold out 17 
weeks at a wage-loss of S400.000. 

Mar. 6+. About 9,000 employees of the 
Missouri Pacific Railroad system strike 
unsuccessfully by the order of Mar- 
tin Jones, because of the discharge of 
Knight of Labor ; they hold out two 
months at a wage-loss of $1,400,000; 
seven of the strikers are killed by the 
militia in East St. Louis, Mo. 

Mar. 10. R. I. The Legislature votes 
unanimously for the submission of a 
prohibition amendment to a popular 
vote. [Apr. 7. It is approved by 
more than the required three-fifths 
vote.] 

Mar 17. Miss. A band of 50 whites 
kills ten negroes in Carrollton, at the 
court-house, who were there confined 
pending trial for wounding a white man. 

April 16+. New York. About 1,300 em- 
ployees of the Third Avenue horse-car 
line are partly successful in a strike 
against the hours of labor and the dis- 
charge of men ; they hold out 60 days at 
a wage-loss of $50,000. 

April * An ovation is given to Jefferson 
Davis on his journey through the South- 
ern States. 

Mayl. New York. About 20,000 cigar- 
makers strike unsuccessfully for 
fewer hours ; they hold out one day at 
a wage-loss of $27,000. 

May 4. Chicago. An anarchist mob 
creates a riot in which dynamite is 
used ; the police disperse the anarchists 
by hard fighting ; six of the police are 
killed and 61 wounded. 

May 5. Wis. An anarchist riot occurs 
at Milwaukee ; 10 persons are killed and 
15 wounded ; Herr Most, the leader, es- 
capes arrest. 

May 10+ . Chicago. About 12,000 lumber- 
shovers strike unsuccessfully for 
fewer hours and more pay ; they holdout 
two weeks at a wage-loss of $270,000. 

May 12. New York. Herr Most, the 
anarchist leader, is arrested for inciting 
riots. (See May 5.) [He is fined and im- 
prisoned.] 

May 18. N. Y. A State Board of Arbi- 
tration for labor disputes is provided 
for by the Legislature. 

May 20. New York. Henry W. Jaime, 
one of the "boodle" aldermen, is sen- 
tenced to imprisonment. 



May 27. Chicago. The grand jury in- 
dicts 22 anarchists for murder. 

June 2. D. C. President Grover Cleve- 
land is married to Miss Frances Fol- 
som at the White House. 

June 5. New York. About 12,000 street 
car employees successfully strike in 
sympathy with other strikers, for one 
day ; wage-loss, $25,000. 

STATE, 

1885 * * U. S. Governors Inaugu- 
rated : 

-89 * * Ark. Simon P. Hughes. 
-87 * * Colo. Benj. H. Eaton. 
-87 * * Conn, Henry B. Harrison. 
-89 * * Fla. Edward A. Perry. 
-89 * * III. Richard J. Oglesby. 
-89 * * Ind. Isaac P. Gray. 
-89 * * Kan. John A. Martin. 
-87 * * Mich. Russell A. Alger. 
-89 * * Mo. John S. Marmaduke. 
-89 * * N. C. Alfred M. Scales. 
-87 * * N. H. Moody Currier. 
-86 * * N. Y. David B. Hill. 
-87 * * R. I. George P. Wetmore. 
-89 * * W. Va. E. "Willis "Wilson. 

1886 Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate passes the Edmunds Bill for the 
suppression of the Mormon hierarchy. 
Vote 38-7. 

Jan. 25 -f. D. C. The Senate and Presi- 
dent have a controversy lasting several 
months respecting the latter's refusal 
to communicate his reasons for the re- 
moval of public officers. 

Mar. 5. Z>. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Blair Educational Bill, 
appropriating $79,000,000 to be divided 
among the States for free public schools 
pro rata to illiteracy. 

Mar. 19. D. C. Congress increases 
pensions from $8 per month to $12. 

Apr. 8. 2>. C. Congress : The House 
defeats the bill for the' free coinage of 
silver; vote, 126-163. 

June 1. Pa. The Legislature passes the 
Bullitt Act, granting a reform charter 
to Philadelphia. [Operative Apr. 1, '87.] 

June 3. I). C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill taxing oleomargarine. 
Vote, 177-101. [June 20. Passed by the 
Senate. Vote, 37-24.] 

June 7. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill repealing the preemption, 
timber culture, and desert-land laws. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885 * * Chicago. The new Board of 
Trade building is completed. 

* * New York. The National Brotherhood 
of ball-players is organized. 

1886 Mar. 14. N. Y. The Cunard 
steamer Oregon collides with a schooner 
off Long Island ; the steamer sinks, but 
no lives are lost. 

Apr. 7. Mass. The derailing of a train 
near Deerfield causes 12 deaths. 

June 7. S. C. The derailing of a train 
near Santee Swamp causes seven deaths 
and injures 13. 



324 1886, June 17-**. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1886 July 1. D. C. The President 

approves the act restoring Gen. Fitz- 

John Porter to his rank in the army. 

[Aug. 2. He is appointed to a colonelcy.] 
Sept. 4. Ariz. The Apaches under 

Chief Geronimo surrender to Gen. Miles 

at Skeleton CaBon. 
Sept. * The Apaches cease their warfare 

and surrender. [They are removed to 

Florida.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1886 June 21. Mass. Miss Whitney's 
marble statue of Harriet Martineau 
is dedicated at Wellesley College, Need- 
ham. 

June 28. The asteroid AJetheia is dis- 
covered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton 
observatory. 

Aug. 31. S. C. A series of earthquake 
shocks begin at 9.51 p.m. at Charleston, 
and alarm the city ; 57 persons are killed ; 
property damages, $500,000,000. 

Oct. 2. Can. Col. Gilder's polar expe- 
dition starts from Winnipeg. 

Oct. 12. A violent gale occurs in Texas 
and the Southwest ; more than 250 
persons and thousands of cattle are 
drowned ; the town of Sabine Pass is 
destroyed. 

Oct. 28. New York. The Bartholdi 
Statue of Liberty Enlightening the 
"World set up on Bedloe's Island, in the 
harbor, is dedicated by President Cleve- 
land ; it is 151 feet in height, and stands 
on a pedestal 155 feet high. 

Oct. 31. N. Y. The asteroid Prymno 
is discovered by C. H. F. Peters. [Li- 
bussa is discovered, Dec. 22.1 

* * Boston. A statue of William Lloyd 
Garrison is unveiled in Commonwealth 
Avenue. 

* * Cal. The Chabot Observatory is 
presented to the city of Oakland. 

* * Mass. The Smith College Obser- 
vatory is erected at Northampton. 

* * New York. The opera Erminie, by 
Jacobowski, is first sung in this country. 

* * Dr. Mott reports four successful in- 
oculations for hydrophobia. 

* * J. Alden Weir and C. Y. Turner of 
New York are elected members of the 
National Academy of Design. 

* * The American College of Musicians 
is incorporated. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1886. 

June 26. Davis, David, senator for 111., 
justice U. S. S. Ct., A71. 

July 7. Havne, Paul Hamilton, poet, of 
S. C, A66. 

July 10. Krown, Henry Kirk, snilptor, A72. 

July 14. Nichols, William Kiplev, chemist, 
A39. 

July 16. Judson, Edward Z. C., story 
writer (Ned Runtime), A64. 

Aug. 4. Tilden, Samuel .tones, Gov. of 
N. Y., Dem. candidate for President, A76. 

Aug. 11. Hamilton, Frank Hastings, sur- 
geon, author, A73. 

Aug-. 20. Stephens, Ann Sophia, author, 
A63. 

Aug-. 22. Stowe, Calvin Ellis, Cong, cler- 
gyman, professor, author, A34. 

Aug-. 25. Perkins, Charles Callahan, art 
critic, A63. 

Sept. 17. Purand, Asher-Brown, landscape 
painter, engraver, A90. 



Sept. 27. Cooke, John Esten, novelist, his- 
torian, A50. 

Nov. 18. Arthur. Chester Alan, lawver, 
Vice-President, 21st President V. S., A56. 

Nov. 21. Adams, Charles 1 rancis, M. C. 
for Mass., minister to Eng., A79. 

Nov. 23. Brooks, Enibtus, ed. New Tork 
Express, ATI. 

Dec. 8. Lea, isaa<\ naturalist, author, AM. 

Dec. 24. Short, Charles, scholar, am, A65. 

Dec. 26. Log-an, John Alexander, M. C. 
for 111., ma j. -gen. vols., Rep. candidate for 
Vice-President, A60. 

CHURCH. 

1886 June 21. Chicago. The Western 
Unitarian Association is organized at 
Chicago. 

Sept. 20-24. N. Y. The twelfth Na- 
tional Council (Unitarian) is held in 
Saratoga. 

Oct. 14. Pa. The Pennsylvania Congre- 
gational Association is organized. 

Oct. 18. Minn. Mahlon N. Gilbert is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- 
sistant bishop of Minnesota. 

Nov. 9. Cal. The Pacific Unitarian Con- 
ference at San Francisco is organized. 

JNov. 14. Del. Alfred A. Curtis is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the 
Diocese of Wilmington. 

* * Chicago. The General Convention 
(Protestant Episcopal) meets. 

* * Ind. The North Indiana Conference 
(Free Methodist) is organized. 

* * Minn. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets at Minneapolis ; 
D. C. Marquis, moderator. 

* * Mo. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Kansas City ; 
F. M. Drake, president. 

* * N.J. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held in Asbury Park. 

* * N. Y. The Roman Catholic Diocese 
of Syracuse is established. 

* * O. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Hamilton ; 
John T. Brownlee, moderator. 

LETTERS. 
1886 * * Ark. Ouachita College (Bapt.) 
is founded. 

* * Kansas Wesleyan University (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Salina. 

* * Kan. Garfield University (Disci- 
ples) is organized at Wichita. 

* * Kan. Southwest Kansas College (Meth. 
Epis.) is organized at Winfield. 

* * Ind. The Indiana Normal College is 
opened at Covington. 

* * New York. The Forum is issued ; also, 
Hlas Lindn, printed in Bohemian ; the 
Listy and the Catholic News. 

* * N. Y. The Citizen is issued as a daily 
at Brooklyn. The Sunday Telegram is 
issued at Albany. 

* * S. C. The Winthrop Teachers' Train- 
ing School is opened at Columbia. 

* * Va. The Times is issued at Richmond. 

* * Wash. The Northwest Normal School 
is opened at Lynden. 

* * The Boss Girl, and Other Sketches, by 
James Whitcomb Riley, appears. 

* * Holy Tides, by Adeline D. T. Whitney, 



* Jo's Boys, by Louisa M. Alcott, ap- 
pears. 

* Little Lord Fauntleroy , by Frances 
Hodgson Burnett, appears. 

* * The Orient, by Joseph Cook, appears. 

* * The Catholic Church in America, by 
John Dawson Gilmary Shea, appears. 

* * The Casting Away of Mrs. Leeks and 
Mrs. Aleshine, by Frank R. Stockton, 
appears; also, The Late Mr. Null. 

* * Brueton's Bayou, by John Habberton, 
appears. 

* * The Bostontans, by Henry James, ap- 
pears; also, The Princess Casamassima. 

* *The Tale of a Lonely Parish, by 
Francis Marion Crawford, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1886 June * The Parnellite Fund for 
aiding elections in Great Britain is sus- 
tained by large contributions. 

July 1. R. I. The Prohibition Amend- 
ment becomes operative. 

Aug. 3. la. Rev. George C. Haddock, 
a Prohibitionist, is murdered at Sioux 
City by a prominent friend of the 
brewers. 

Aug. 20. Chicago. Seven Anarchists 
are sentenced for murders committed 
during the riots. (See Nov. 11, 1887.) 

Aug. 26. Cal. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 20th National 
Encampment at San Francisco ; Lucius 
Fairchild of Wis., commander-in-chief. 

Aug. * Ncir York. Alfred Packer, one of 
six starving miners in Colorado, having 
killed and eaten his companions, is con- 
victed of manslaughter and sentenced to 
40 years imprisonment. 

Sept. 23. N.Y. The Unitarian Church 
Temperance Society is organized at 
Saratoga. 

Its purpose is " to work for the cause 
of temperance in whatever ways may 
seem to it wise and right ; to study the 
social problems of poverty, crime, and 
disease in their relation to the use of 
intoxicating drinks, and to diffuse what- 
ever knowledge may he gained ; to dis- 
cuss methods of temperance reform ; to 
devise and so far as possible to execute 
plans for practical reform ; to exert, by 
its meetings and by its membership, such 
influence for good as by the grace of God 
it may possess." 

Oct. 9+. Chicago. Over 9,000 meat-pack- 
ers strike unsuccessfully against the 
10-hour day ; they hold out 11 days at a 
wage-loss of $175,000. 

Oct. 11. The American Convention of 
the Christian Church, in quadrennial 
session, declares its hostility to the 
liquor-traffic. 

It announces " itself as the patron and 
aider of all activities and associations 
that point clearly, definitely, and wisely 
to a direct and* immediate erasure of 
permissions or sanctions of society or 
law upon the iniquitous liquor-traffic." 

Oct. 20. III. The Illinois Soldiers' and 
Sailors* Home is dedicated at Quincy. 

Wov.6+. Chicago. Over 10.000 meat-pack- 
ers strike unsuccessfully against an 
increase of hours ; they hold out 10 days 
at a wage-loss of §169,680. 



UNITED STATES. 



1886, June 17-**. 325 



!Nov. 13. Chicago, The officers of tlie 
Knights of Labor order the pork-pack- 
ers to abandon their strike. 

"Nov. 17. The national organization of 
the Union Veteran Legion is formed. 

Nov. 27. Cat. The observance of Arbor 
day begins ; AdolphSutro supplies 40,000 
trees for the school children to plant. 

Nov. * Miss. Many negroes migrate 
from the hill-country to the river-bottom 
in the Yazoo section. 

Nov. * -Dec. * U. S. Speculation be- 
comes general. 

Dec. * O. The trades-unions meet in con- 
vention at Columbus ; a national orga- 
nization is formed, called The Ameri- 
can Federation of Labor. 

Dec. 20. New York. Alderman Hc- 
Q,uaid is sentenced to seven years' im- 
prisonment and fined for bribery, etc., 
in connection -with the Broadway car- 
line. 

Dec. 30. Mich, The Soldiers' Home 
near Grand Rapids is dedicated. 

* *D.C. Congress enacts that instruction 
concerning the nature and effects of 
alcoholic liquors shall be given in the 
schools of the District of Columbia, and 
the Territories, the military and naval 
academies, and all other schools under 
Government control. 

* *D. C. Congress passes a local option 
law for the District of Columbia. 

* * Ind. The school for the deaf at Evans- 
ville is opened. 

* * La. Provision is made by the Legisla- 
ture for the relief of wounded and dis- 
abled Confederate soldiers and for 
soldiers' widows. 

* * La. A State school for deaf-mutes is 
opened at New Orleans. 

* * Mass. The State Board of Health is 
established as a separate body. 

* * Minn. An asylum for the insane is 
established by the State at Fergus Falls. 

* * Minn. The "Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union meets in National 
Convention at Minneapolis ; Frances 
Willard, president. 

* * Miss. The Legislature passes a local 
option law. 

* * New York. The Commercial Tem- 
perance League is organized. 

* * O. The Legislature passes the Dow 
Law for the regulation of the liquor 
traffic. 

STATE. 

1886 June 17. D. C. Congress; 
House : The Morrison Bill to reduce 
the tariff taxes about 15 or 20 millions 
fails. Vote, 140-157. 

June 18. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
indefinitely postpones the bill repealing 
the Civil Service Law; it passes a Con- 
stitutional Amendment Bill, by a two- 
thirds vote, substituting April 30 for 
March 4 as the beginning of all Presi- 
dential and Congressional terms of office. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs, #192,905,023; 
internal revenue, $116,805,936; direct 



tax, §108,240; sales of public lands $5,- 
030,999; miscellaneous items, $2I),!)S0,52,S. 
Total revenue, $336,439,727; excess of 
revenue over expenditures, 893,956,589. 
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, 
£74,166,930; War Department. $34,324,- 
153; Navy Department, $13,907,888; In- 
dians, $6,099,158; pensions, $63,404,864; 
interest on the public debt, $50,580,140. 
Total ordinary expenditures, $242,483,- 
13S. Publicdebt. $1,783,438,097. Exports, 
$679,524,830; imports, $635,436,136. 

June * D. C. Congress passes the 
Chinese Indemnity Bill. 

July 14. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a resolution ordering the Treas- 
ury to pay off the public debt in sums 
not less than 10 millions a month. Vote, 
209-65. [The Senate approves, but the 
President does not.] 

July 24. D. C. Congress requires the 
Treasury to issue silver certificates, 
in one, two, and five dollar notes, rep- 
resenting silver dollars, for general 
circulation. 

July 30. D. C. President Cleveland pro- 
motes civil service reform by check- 
ing the political activity of Government 
officials. 

Aug. 2. I). C. Congress passes the 
Alien Landlord's Bill, limiting the 
holding of land and mines in Territories 
by foreigners. 

Congress lays a special tax of two 
cents a pound on oleomargarine, be- 
sides a tax on the manufacturers and 



Aug. * I>. C. Congress authorizes the 
issue of postal letter-sheet envelopes. 

Aug. 5. D. C. The 49th Congress: 
the first session closes. 

Sept. 16. Chicago. A meeting is held 
of the National Conference of Anti- 
saloon Republicans; about 200 dele- 
gates are present. 

Nov. 2. Fia. The people ratify the 
new Constitution. 

In the Congressional elections the 

Democrats are successful in 168 districts, 
and the Republicans in 152. 

Dec. 6. B.C. The 49th Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Dec* D. C. Congress; Senate: John 
J. Ingalls of Kan. is elected President 
pro tempore. 

* * Fishing difficulties engage attention. 

American vessels visiting Canadian 
ports to buy ice or bait are seized by the 
Government, and condemned for acts 
" preparatory to fishing in Canadian 
waters." 

* * Governors Inaugurated: 
-88 * * Ala. Thomas Seay. 

-90 * * Ariz. (Ter.). C. Meyer Zulick. 
-90 * * Dak. (Ter.). Louis K. Church. 
-88 * * Ga. John B. Gordon. 
-90 * * Ida. {Ter.). Ed. A. Stevenson. 
-88 * * la. "William Larrabee. 
-89 * * Minn. Andrew R. McGill. 
-90 * * Mont. (Ter.). Preston H. Leslie. 
-90* * N.Mex.(Ter.). Edmund G.Ross. 
-88 * * O. Joseph Benson Foraker. 
-88 * * S. C. John P. Richardson. 
-90 * * U. (Ter.). Caleb W. West. 
-90 * * Va. Fitzhugh Lee. 
-88 * * Ft. Ebenezer J. Ormsbee. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1886 June 24. Mo. The Merchant's 

Bridge spanning the Mississippi at St. 
Louis is commenced. [See May 3, 1890.] 

June 25. Columbia defeats Harvard 
in a boat-race ; time, 21.38. 

June * A special theatrical train runs 
from Jersey City to San Francisco — 
from ocean to ocean — in three days, 
seven hours, 30 minutes, and 16 seconds. 

June * Pa. The vestibule train is in- 
troduced on the Pennsylvania Railroad. 

July 3. N. r. The fourth intercolle- 
giate boat-race for fours is pulled on 
Lake George, 1^ miles straight. Time : 
Bowdoin, 8.06 ; University of Pennsylva- 
nia, second ; race won by a length and 
a half. 

Aug. 11. N. Y. Carlisle D.Graham, an 
Englishman, in a great buoy-shaped bar- 
rel, passes safely through the Niagara 
Rapids. 

Aug. 14. Mass. E. Hanlan sculls three 
miles on Lake Quinsigamond, in 19.23 
minutes. 

Aug. 18. N. Y. The New York Central 
Railroad Company runs a special news- 
paper train from Syracuse to Buffalo, 
148.77 miles, at an average speed of 61.6 
miles an hour. 

Aug. 22. N.Y. Wm J. Kendall, in a cork 
vest, swims through the Niagara Rapids. 

Aug. 25. N. C. A runaway train near 
Saluda causes five deaths ; eighty other 
persons are injured. 

Sept. 7-11- The schooner-yacht May- 
flower beats the English cutter Galatea, 
in a race for the America cup. 

Sept. 14. N. Y. Trains collide on the 
Nickel Plate Road at Silver Creek ; 13 
persons are killed, and 20 injured. 

Oct. 5. Mo. The steamer La Mascotte 
burns on the Mississippi near Craw- 
ford's Landing ; 34 lives are lost. 

Oct. 22. Mass. "W. A. Rowe rides a bi- 
cycle one mile in 2.29g, at Springfield. 

Oct. 28. Wis. A wrecked train takes 
fire near Rio ; 22 lives are lost. 

Nov.* The schooner Flying Scud, bound 
for Alaska, disappears with 24 persons 
on board ; fate unknown. 

Dec. 2. Cal. A panic in the Stock Ex- 
change at San Francisco causes 14 of 
the principal brokers to suspend. 

Dec. 27. Phila. Fire destroys Tem- 
ple Theater, valued at $400,000; two 
fireman are killed. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1886. 

Production : Gold, §35,000,000 ; silver, 
$51,000,000; bushels of grain: Indian 
corn, 1,665,441.000; wheat, 457.218,000; 
oats, 624,134.000; barley, 59,428,000 ; rye, 
24,489,000; buckwheat, 11,809,000; bales 
of 'cotton, 0,550,215 ; pounds of wool, 302,- 
000.000 ; barrels of petroleum, 28.004,841 
(including all production of oil in Ky. 
and Tenn. prior to 1883). Immigrants 
received (fiscal year), 334,203. Currency 
in circulation, Sl.252.700.525 ; per capita, 
$21.82. Miles of railroads worked, 125,- 
185 ; capital stock, $3,999,508,508 ; total 
accidents, 1,211, persons killed, 401 ; per- 
sons injured, 1,433 : Fire-waste, $104,924,- 
750; insurance. S0o, 500.507 ; 344 lives lost. 
Business failures, 10,568; liabilities, 
$113,648,391. 



326 1886, * *-1887, Nov. 26. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1887 Jan. 3. D. C. James M. Whitte- 
raore is commissioned colonel — ord- 
nance department. [Jan. 10. William 
P. Craighill — corps of engineers. Apr. 
21. James F. Wade —5th cavalry. Oct. 
19. Charles E. Compton— 4th cavalry. 
Nov. 17. Charles Page — medical de- 
partment.] 

Jan. 26. D. C. Com. Lewis A. Kim- 
berly is promoted rear-admiral. [Aug. 
25. Com. Bancroft Gherardi. Sept. 4. 
Com. Daniel L. Braine.] 

Capt. William P. McCann is promoted 
commodore. [Jan. 29. Capt. Charles H. 
Gillis. Sept. 4. Capt. George Brown.] 

Mar. 3. Adolphus W. Greely is com- 
missioned brigadier-general. [Apr. 16. 
Wesley Merritt.] 

Sept. 4. D. C. Commander Gilbert C. 
White is promoted captain. [Mar. 6. 
Commander J. Crittenden Watson. 
Aug. 25. Commander Henry B. Robe- 
son.] 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1886 * * November is painted by Jervis 
McEntre. 

* * Coming in from the Fish Pond is 
painted by Edward Moran. 

* * The Secret is painted by T. W. Wood. 

* * Brook Amojig the Hills is painted by 
Worthington Wbittredge. 

1887 Mar. 3. Col. Gilder's overland 
polar expedition returns to Winnipeg. 

Apr. 29. Kan. A violent storm sweeps 
Prescott County, killing 20 persons, in- 
juring 237, destroying 330 buildings ; 
property loss, $1,000,000. 

May 13. Tenn. A new comet is discov- 
ered by E. E. Barnard of the Vanderbilt 
University at Nashville. 

Aug. 10. New York. The American 
Association for the Advancement of 
Science holds its 36th annual meeting 
at Columbia College. 

Sept. 5-10. D. C. The Ninth Interna- 
tional Medical Congress is held in 
Washington. 

Oct. 7. N. Y. The asteroid Ajnahita is 
discovered by C. H. F. Peters of Clinton. 

Nov. 21. Neiv York. A practical pho- 
nograph, invented by Thomas A. Edi- 
son, is 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1887. 

Jan. 3. Potter, Horatio, P. E. bishop of 
N. Y„ A85. 

Jan. 1 1. Youmans, Edward Livingston, 
scientist, founder Popuhir Science Month- 
ly, A 66. 

Jail. 16. Hazen, William Rabeoek, signal 
service officer IT. S- A., A57. 

Feb. 13. Green, William Mercer. P. E. 
bishop of Miss., A88. 

Mar. 8. Beecher, Henry Ward, Cong. 
clergyman, author, orator, A74. 

Eads, James Buchanan, engineer, 

builder of .Mississippi jetties, A67. 

Mar. 29. Palmer, Kay, Cong, el., poet, A81. 

Mar. 31. Saxe, John Godfrey, poet, hu- 
morist, journalist, A71. 

Apr. 12. Lee, Alfred, 1'. E. bishop of Del., 
A79. 

May 30. Poore, Benjamin Perley, author, 
journalist, A67. 

June 4. Wheeler. William Almon, M. C. 
fbrN. Y., 19th Viee-presideut l T . S., A68. 



June 11. Stevens, William liacon, I'. E. 

bishop of Pa., A71. 
June 16. Hitchcock, Roswell Dwlght, Pres. 

clergy man, author, probsM-i. \ ,n. 

June 17. Hopkins, .Mark, president of Wil 
Hams College, author. Aw. 

July 18- Hunter. Robert Mercer. M. C, 
senator for Va., speaker, Confederate sec- 
retary of state, A78. 

July 23. Dix. Dorothea Lynde, philan- 
thropist, A82. 

Aug. 18. Tower, Orson Squire, phrenolo- 
gist, A78. 

Aug. 19. I'.air-l, Speneer Fullerton, natur- 
alist, author, A64. 

Clark, Alvan, optician, telescope maker, 

A79. 

Aug. 20. Green, Seth, fish cnlturist, A72. 

Aug. 26. Elliott, Kobert W. B., P. E. 
bishop of W. Texas, A47. 

Oct. 3. Finch, John Bird, philanthropist, 
Prohibition candidate for I'res. U. S., A35. 

Oct. 22. Washburne. Elihu Benjamin. 
JVI. C. for 111., secretary of state, minister 
to Fr., A71. 

Oct. 28. Carnochan, John M urray, surgeon, 
author, A70. 

Nov. 19. Lazarus, Emma, poet, A38. 

CHURCH. 

1886 * * A plan of cooperation is 
adopted by the American Baptist Mis- 
sionary Union and the Baptist General 
Association of the "Western States and 
Territories. 

* * The Congregational Clubs of Merrimac 
Valley, Newton, Denver, and St. Louis 
are organized. 

* * The Foreign Missionary Society of 
Christian Denomination is organized. 

* * The Woman's Auxiliary to the Brook- 
lyn Mission and Tract Society is organ- 
ized. 

* * The Immanuel German Synod (Evan- 
gelical Lutheran) is organized. 

* * IT. S. The "Presbyterian Church 
in the United States " formally cele- 
brates its quarter centennial. 

1887 Mar. 26. Boston. The Channing 
Club (Unitarian) is organized. 

Apr. 14. P. I. Matthew Harkins is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Providence. 

Apr. 19. Archbishop Corrigan is made 
assistant at the Pontifical Throne. 

May 3. Cat. The General Association 
(Congregational) of Southern California 
is organized. 

May 4. Kan. Elisha Smith Thomas is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- 
sistant bishop of Kansas. 

May 27. Ethelbert Talbot is consecrated 
(Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop 
of Wyoming and Idaho. 

Boston. The Unitarian National Bu- 
reau of Unity Clubs is organized. 

June 9. Detroit. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 14. D. C. The Bureau of Indian 
Missions (Roman Catholic) is incorpo- 
rated. 

June 29. Utah. L. Scanlan is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) vicar apostolic 
of Utah. 

June * Chicago. The first Deaconesses' 
Home, of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, is established. 

Aug. 2. Neb. The Roman Catholic Dio- 
cese of Lincoln is established. 

Aug. 9. Wyo. The Roman Catholic Dio- 
cese of Cheyenne is established. 



Aug. * The first church for the Chi- 
nese on the Pacific Coast is dedicated 
by the Baptist Home Missionary Society. 

Oct. 25. The Arkansas Association 
(Congregational) ta organized. 

Oct. 28. M. F. Burke is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Cheyenne. 

* * Colo. The Roman Catholic Diocese of 
Denver is established. 

Oct. * Colo. Nicholas C. Matz is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Den- 
ver. 

Nov. 17. Minn. The Minnesota Confer- 
ence (Unitarian) is organized at St. Paul. 

LETTERS. 

1886 * * The Wind of Destiny, by Arthur 
S. Hardy, appears. 

* * The Golden Justice, by William Henry 
Bishop, appears. 

* * Olivia Delaplaine, by Edgar Fawcett, 
appears ; also, An Ambitious Woman. 

* * The Minister's Charge^ by William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * Snowbound at JEagles, by Bret Harte, 
appears. 

* * Their Pilgrimage, by Charles Dudley 
Warner, appears. 

* * East Angels, by Constance Fenimore 
Woolson, appears. 

1S87 May 20. Cat. The corner-stone 
of the Stanford University at Palo Alto 
is laid. 

Sept.* Wyo. The University of "Wyo- 
ming: at Laramie is opened. 

S0CD2TY. 

1886 * * Tenn. The State hospital for 
the insane is located at Bolivar. 

* * Utah. The establishment of an indus- 
trial home at Salt Lake City for -women 
abandoning polygamy is authorized by 
Congress. 

* * U. S. Teachers in the Indian schools 
are required to give instruction on the 
effects of alcohol on the human sys- 
tem. 

* * Wash. The school for defective 
youth established by the Government at 
Vancouver is opened. 

* * The International Young Wom- 
en's Christian Association is formed. 

1S87 Jan. 29. D. C. Congress passes 
a bill to grant pensions of $6 and $S 
per month to veterans of the war -with 
Mexico, who are physically disabled or 
over 62 years of age. 

Jan. * New York. The National As- 
sociation of Naval Veterans is organ- 
ized. 

Feb. 5. Vt. The State locates a 
Soldiers* Home at Bennington. 

Feb. * N. Y. Mrs. Roxalana Druse, con- 
victed of the murder of her husband, 
is hanged at Herkimer ; her daughter, 
an accomplice, is imprisoned for life. 

Mar. 21. N. J. James Titus, the janitor 
of Hackettstown seminary, is sentenced 
to be hanged for the murder of Tillie 
Smith, a servant, on Apr. 9, 1SS6. [His 



UNITED STATES. 1886, ** -1887, Nov. 26. 327 



senteuee is commuted to imprisonment 
for life.] 

May 5. Miss. Roderick Dhu Gam- 
brell, a prohibition editor, is murdered ; 
Col. J. S. Hamilton is arrested, and 
acquitted through partisan influence. 

May * Neb. A State institution for 
youth of feeble mind is opened at 
Beatrice. 

May * The Triennial Meeting of the 
General Eldership of the Church of 
God declares against license. 

"All kinds of license or tax favoring 
the liquor-traffic, whether high or low, 
are wrong in principle, and demand the 
opposition of the Church, and of good 
men and women everywhere." 

June 7. Tex. Bishop H. M. Turner (col- 
ored) is mobbed by anti-prohibitionists. 

June 16. Mass. Labor Day, the first 
Monday in September, is established as 
a legal holiday. 

June 22. Ky. A murderous feud, in 
Rowan County, of ten years' standing, 
is closed. 

Two families, the Holbrooks and the 
Underwoods, living at Morehead, lead 
the strife, which began with a charge 
of horse-stealing and sometimes rose 
to actual war. The sheriff kills Craig 
Tolliver and his gang, which ends the 
feud. 

June* O. The General Synod of the 
German Reformed Church at Akron 
resolves against the liquor-traffic. 

""We view with profound regret and 
sorrow the great evil of intemperance, 
— and . . . we here and now, before God 
and the nation, record our protest 
against it, and earnestly call upon our 
synods, classes, and churches to unite 
with us in zealous and persistent Chris- 
tian efforts looking towards its speedy 
extermination." 

June* The Reformed (Dutch) Church 
in General Synod favors temperance. 

"It reiterates the deliverance of 
former synods on the subject of temper- 
ance, and urges increased interest and 
zeal throughout the denomination in 
gospel temperance work." 

July 1. Kan. The Soldiers' Orphans' 
Home at Atchison is opened for the 
reception of children. 

July 14. New York. Jacob Sharp is 
convicted of bribery in securing the 
favorable action of the Board of Alder- 
men, respecting the Broadway surface 
road ; he is sentenced to imprisonment 
for four years and to pay a fine of $5,000. 
[The Court of Appeals reverses the 
sentence.] 

Aug. * Mo. Several Bald-Knob "Reg- 
ulators " are tried and fined at Ozark. 

Sept. 15. Phila. The centenary of the 
adoption of the Federal Constitution 
in this city is celebrated by a procession 
five miles long, which illustrates the 
progress of trade and industry. 

Sept. 27. Mo. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 21st National 
Encampment at St. Louis ; John P. Rae 
of Minn., commander-in-chief. 

Sept. * The General Conference of the 
Evangelical Church declares for pro- 
hibition. 

It is the duty of Christians " To faith- 
fully cooperate with all proper move- 



ments for the instruction of the children 
and youth, the reformation of the ine- 
briate, and the restriction and prohibi- 
tion of the liquor-traffic." It also dis- 
countenances the use of tobacco. 

Sept. 29. Term, The Constitutional 
Prohibitory Amendment is defeated 
by 27,693 majority. Vote, 117,504^145,197. 

Oct. 15. Mo. The State insane asylum 
at Nevada is opened. 

Nov. 11. Chicago. Four of the An- 
archists engaged in the May riot : Aug- 
ust Spies, Adolf Fischer, George Engel, 
and Albert R. Parsons, are executed ; 
Fielden and Schwab are sentenced to 
imprisonment for life; Oscar Nebe, for 
15 years ; and one, Lingg, escapes by 
suicide. Great efforts have been made 
to have their sentences commuted. 

Nov. 15. New York. The Chamber of 
Commerce gives Right Hon. Joseph 
Chamberlain of London a banquet. 

STATE. 

18S7 Jan. 3. U. S. Congress extends 
the postal free-delivery system so as 
to include all towns having 10,000 popu- 
lation. 

Jan. 21. B. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Interstate Commerce Bill, 
providing for the appointment of five 
commissioners with large powers over 
railway charges. Vote, 219-41. The Sen- 
ate has already passed the bill. Vote, 
43-15. 

Jan. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Edmunds Canadian Fish- 
eries Bill. 

Feb. 1. B.C. President Cleveland vetoes 
the Dependent Pension Bill. 

Feb. 4. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a bill to refund the States $20,- 
000,000 collected by the direct tax Act 
of 1861. 

IT. S. The Interstate Commerce 

Bill becomes a law. 

Feb. 6. Kan. Woman suffrage goes 
into effect. 

Mar. 3. B.C. Congress passes the Fish- 
eries Retaliation Bill. 

B. C. The President approves the Ed- 
munds-Tucker Act for the suppression 
of polygamy. 

Mar. 4. B. C. The 49th Congress ends. 

Mar. 31. B.C. Charles S. Fairchild 
of New York is appointed secretary of 
the Treasury, as successor to Daniel 
Manning. 

Apr. * li. I. The Republicans lose Khode 
Island in the State election, for the first 
time in 30 years. 

June 16. B. C. President Cleveland re- 
scinds his order to restore the captured 
Confederate flags. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs, $217,286,893 ; 
internal revenue, $118,823,391; direct 
tax, $32,802 ;jsales. if public hinds, $9,254,- 
286; miscellaneous items, $2G,(K).~..S15. 
Total revenue, $371,403,278; excess of 
revenue over ordinary expenditures, 
$103,471,008. Expenditures : Miscella- 
neous items. $8.>,264,82(>; War Depart- 
ment, $38,561,026; Navy Department, 
$15,141,127 ; Indians, $6,194,523 ; pen- 
sions, $75,029,102; interest on the public 



debt, $47,741,577. Total ordinary expen- 
ditures, $267,932,180. Public debt, $1,664,- 
461,536 [on Dec. 1st]. Exports, $716,183,- 
211 ; imports, $692,319,768. 

Nov. 19. D. C. British members of 
the Joint Commission respecting fish- 
eries are received at Washington, — 
Joseph Chamberlain, Sir Lionel S. West, 
and Sir Charles Tupper. 

Nov. 21. B. C. The Fisheries Joint 
Commission holds its first meeting at 
Washington. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

18S7 Jan. 7. Cal. Thomas Stevens 
arrives in San Francisco from a tour 
around the world on a bicycle ; dis- 
tance, 11,700 miles ; time, less than three 
years. 

Feb. 5. Vt. A derailed train takes 
fire near "White River Junction; 30 lives 
are lost, and 37 persons injured. 

Mar. 1. Ala. The steamer W. B. Gard- 
ner takes fire on the Tombigbee River; 
21 lives are lost. 

Mar. 14. Mass. A train on the Boston and 
Providence Railroad breaks through 
a bridge near Boston; 32 persons are 
killed. 

June 27. Harvard defeats Columbia in 
a boat-race ; time, 20.24. 

June 30. Columbia Freshmen defeat 
Harvard; time, 11.13|. 

July 5. Mass. The sixth intercollegiate 
boat-race for fours is pulled on Lake 
Quinsigamond, U miles straight. Time, 
9.28J ; the Cornells beat the Bowdoins 
by two feet. 

July 10. N. Y. The yacht Mystery cap- 
sizes in Jamaica Bay ; 25 lives are lost. 

July 27. III. Trains collide near Hope- 
dale; nine persons are killed, and 15 
injured. 

Aug. 10. The Inman Line steamer City 
of Montreal, from New York to Liver- 
pool, loaded with cotton, burns at sea, 
400 miles off Newfoundland. 

III. An excursion train falls through 

a burning bridge near Chatsworth : 75 
persons are killed, and 279 injured. 

Aug. * Ga. An Interstate Farmers' 
Convention meets at Atlanta. 

Sept. 15-17. Plula. The Centennial 
of the signing of the Federal Constitu- 
tion is celebrated. 

Sept. 27-29. New York. The schooner 
Volunteer defeats the cutter Thistle 
(Royal Clyde Yacht Club) in a race for 
the America cup. 

Sept. 30. N. Y. The new Capitol at 
Albany has cost $17,914,875. 

Oct. 10. Ind. Trains collide near 
Kouts, killing 10 persons. 

Nov. 19. The steamer La Bourgogne runs 
from New York to Havre in seven days, 
eight hours, and 29 minutes. 

Nov. 20. Conn. P. T. Barnum's great 
menagerie at Bridgeport is burned, 
and many animals perish ; loss, about 
$700,000. 

Nov. 26. Cal. The horses Arab and 
Conde trot one mile (double) in 2.18^ at 
San Francisco. 



328 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1888 Jan. 31. D. C. Com.Winfield S. 

Schley is promoted captain U. S. N. 
Mar. * O. The Regular Army and 

Navy Union is organized at Cincinnati. 
Apr. 6. John R. Brooke is commissioned 

brigadier-general. [July 6. Thomas L. 

Casey.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1887 Nov. * Jj. C. S. P. Langley, of 
the Smithsonian Institution, makes 
public the result of his experiments 
relative to the moon's temperature. 

ISTov. * A graphophone, invented by 
Alexander Graham Bell, is announced. 

Nov. * D. C. The gramophone, in- 
vented by Emilie Berliner of "Washing- 
ton, is announced. 

* * Cal. The Legislature makes an ap- 
propriation of $5,000 for the erection of 
a monument to the memory of James 
W. Marshall, the first discoverer of 
gold. 

* * la. An observatory is erected for 
the Iowa College. 

* * Ind. The Legislature makes an ap- 
propriation for the erection of a sol- 
diers' and sailors' monument in Clyde 
Park, Indianapolis ; cost, $200,000. 

* * New York. J. Francis Murphy of this 
city is elected a member of the National 
Academy of Design. 

* * JV. Y. The observatory of the Uni- 
versity of Syracuse is erected. 

* * Pa. The Bucknell University Obser- 
vatory is founded at Lewisburg. 

* * Paper bottles first appear. 

* * The statue of Abraham Lincoln is 
executed by A. St. Gaudens for Lincoln 
Park, Chicago. 

1888 Jan. 11-13. U. S. A terrific 
snow-storm prevails in the Northwest ; 
more than 200 people perish. 

Feb. 19. ///. A cyclone visits Mount 
Vernon ; 36 lives are lost, and 125 per- 
sons injured ; the town is nearly de- 
stroyed. 

Mar. 11-13. A blizzard of extraordi- 
nary severity prevails along the North 
Atlantic Coast ; high wind, severe cold, 
and much snow combine to interrupt 
communication between New York, 
Philadelphia, and Boston. Many wrecks 
are made, and about 400 lives are lost ; 
food is at famine prices in the cities for 
a few days. 

Apr. 5. Wis. The Layton Art Gal- 
lery at Milwaukee is opened. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1887. 

Dec. 18. Walter, Thos. Ustie, architect, AS:t. 

Dec. 32. Hayden, Ferdinand Vandeveer, 
author, explorer, geologist, A58. 

Dec. 24. Manning, Daniel, secretary of 
treasury, A56. 
1888. 

Jan. 30. Gray, Asa, botanist, author, pro- 
fessor at Harvard, ATS. 

Feb. 5. Tyron, George Washington, con- 
chologist, A50. 

Feb. 15. Locke, David Ross, humorous 
writer (Petroleum Vesuvius Nastoy), A55. 

Mar. 4. Alcott, Amos Bronson, transcen- 
dental philosopher, A89. 

Mar. 6. Alcott, Louisa May, author, A55. 



Mar. 8. Strother, David Hunter, artist, 

illustrator (Porte-Crayon), A7-. 
Mar. 12. Bergh. Henry, founder Society 

for Prevention of ( 'ruellv to An finals, A*i5. 
Mar. 23. Waite. Morrison Remlck. chief 

justice U. S., A72. 
Mar. 27. Darley, Felix Octavius C, artist, 

illustrator, A66. 



CHURCH. 

1887 Nov. 30. Kan. Richard Scannell 
is consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop 
of Concordia. 

Neb. Thomas Bonacum is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of Lin- 
coln. 

Dee.* New York. The Unitarian Club is 
organized. 

* * Alas. W. Duncan establishes a vil- 
lage of 70 Christian Indians — all of 
them removals from British. America. 

* * Colo. The Protestant Episcopal Dio- 
cese of Colorado is organized. 

* * Ind. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Indianapolis ; 
C. L. Loos, president. 

* * The Roman Catholic Dioceses of Belle- 
ville, 111., Wichita and Concordia, Kan., 
are established. 

* * Minn. The Baptist Annual Meet- 
ing is held in Minneapolis. 

* * Mich. The Western Michigan Con- 
gregational Club is formed at Grand 
Rapids. 

* * Neb. The 33d General Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Omaha. 

* * Neb. The 101st General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets at Omaha ; J. T. 
Smith, moderator. 

* * N. Y. P. A. Ludden is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Syracuse. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Philadelphia; 
M. M. Gibson, moderator. 

* * The Presbyterian General Assem- 
blies, North and South, appoint com- 
mittees to consider reunion. 

1888 Jan. 6. Tex. James S. Johnson 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Western Texas. 

Jan. 25. Nev. — Utah. Abiel Leonard is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) mis- 
sionary bishop of Nevada and Utah. 

Mar. 11. Pa. Thomas McGovern is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Harrisburg. 

Mar. 22. The Cincinnati Church Exten- 
sion Society is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1887 * * Ma. The Normal School is 
opened by the State at Troy. 

* * Ala. The Age-Herald is issued at Bir- 
mingham. 

* *Cal. Los Angeles University (Bapt.) 
is founded. A State tax is levied for the 
University of California of one cent 
on each $100 worth of property. 

* * D. C. The Catholic University of 
America is organized at Washington. 

* * Ky. Union College (Meth. Epis.) is 
founded at Barbourville. 



* * Mo. Missouri Wesleyan Institute 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Cameron. 

* * N. C. The State opens the colored 
Normal School at Goldsborough. 

* * N. Dak. Fargo College is opened. 

* * New York. The Keening World is 
founded by Joseph Pulitzer ; the Press 
by Robert P. Porter. SeriOner's Maga- 
zine is founded. 

* * N. Y. Pratt Institute (non-sect.) is 
organized at Brooklyn. 

* * O. Shepardson College (Fem. Bapt.) 
is founded at Granville. 

* * Ore. Mount Angel College (Rom. 
Cath.) is organized at Mount Angel. 

* * B. I. The Legislature passes a com- 
pulsory school law. 

* * S. Dak. Black Hills College (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Hot Springs. State 
School of Mines at Rapid City opened. 

* * Wis. The Normal School at Oshkosh 
is opened by the State. 

* * U. S. Number of American and im- 
ported books published in 1887,4,437, be- 
sides minor cheap libraries. 

* * American Literature, by Edwin Percy 
Whipple, appears; also, Recollections of 
Eminent Men. 

k * American Literature, by C. F. Rich- 
ardson, appears. 

fc * The Broader Range and Outlook of 
the Modern College Training, by Richard 
Salter Storrs, appears. 

* * The Fortunes of War, by Flora Haines 
Longhead, appears. 

fc * A Humble Romance and Other Stories, 
by Mary E. Wilkins, appears. 

* * The Gates Between, by Elizabeth Stu- 
art Phelps, appears. 

* * Madrigals and Catches, by Frank 
Dempster Sherman, appears. 

' * Manual of North American Birds, by 
Robert Ridgway, appears. 

c * The Empire State, by Benson J. Loss- 
ing, appears. 

f- * * History of the Inquisition of the Mid- 
dle Ages, by Henry Charles Lea, appears. 

1 * The Hundredth Man, by FtankRichard 
Stockton, appears. 

' * Modern Italian Poets, by William Dean 
Howells, appears. 

' * The Gray sons, by Edward Eggleston, 
appears. 

' * Saracinesca, by Francis Marion Craw- 
ford, appears ; also, Marzio's Crucifix, 
and Paul Pat off. 

' * The House at High Bridge, by Edgar 
Fawcett, appears. 

1 * Old Virginia and Other Stories, by 
Thomas Nelson Page, appears. 

r * One Hundred Days in Europe, by 
Oliver Wendell Holmes, appears. 

' * Character Sketches, by James Whit- 
comb Riley, appears ; also, Afterichiles. 

: * Ballads About Authors, by Harriet 
Prescott Spofford, appears. 

1 * Thomas Hart Benton, by Theodore 
Roosevelt, appears. 

' * The Great Cryptogram, by Ignatius 
Donnelly, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1887, Nov. 30-1888, Apr. 7. 329 



* * Recollections of a Minister to France, 
by Elisha B. Washburne, appears. 

* * Patrick Henry, by Moses Coit Tyler, 
appears. 

* * In Realms of Gold, by James Benj. 
Kenyon, appears. 

* * Seth's Brother's Wife, by Harold Fred- 
eric, appears. 

"* * The White Sail and Other Poems, by 
Louise Imogen Guiiiey, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1887 Nov.* Tenn. The Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union meets 
in National Convention at Nashville; 
Frances Willard, president. 

Hot. * Minn. The State opens a Sol- 
diers* Home at Minnehaha Falls. 

Dee. 10. Mich. Ten counties vote on 
local option, and all are carried for 
prohibition. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Senator Blair introduces 
a resolution in the Senate proposing 
Federal prohibition of the liquor- 
traffic. 

Dec. 17. The Republican League of 
the United States is organized at Chick- 
ering Hall, N. Y. 

Dec. 24 +-. Pa. About 30,000 em- 
ployees of the Reading Railroad 
unsuccessfully strike for increased 
wages ; they hold out two months, at a 
wage-loss of $3,620,000. 

Dec. * Pa. The Knights of Labor 
order colliers and railroad employees to 
strike ; 50,000 men go out on Dec. 28 ; 
the strike of the railroad employees 
ends. 

* * Cal. The Asylum for the Chronic 
Ins ane is completed in Santa Clara 
County. 

* * Dak. Tbe Territorial Legislature 
passes a Local Option Law in the 
licensing of tbe liquor-traffic. Michigan 
and Montana pass similar laws. 

* * Ga. The prohibitionists are defeated 
at the Local Option election in Fulton 

bounty. 

* K lnd. The Legislature establishes a 
Sc ol for Feeble-Mi nded Youth at 
Foi Wayne. 

* * K(\ t The Legislature passes a law 
to su oress t ne sa ] e f liquor as a 
beverafe a f drug-stores. 

* * Mass. <pbe Legislature passes a law 
prohibitiL tlie begging or peddling 
in the strkg Dy children. 

* *Mich. Tl Constitutional Prohibi- 
tory AmenCjgjrt js de f ea ted by 5,645 
majority. Th CitizengS jj nion is orga . 
nized for proh^^ on a non _ partis;m 
basis. 

* * Minn - The Le slature provides for 
High License wh s proniDition is not 
adopted. 

* *N.J. Labor Day.^ firgt Monday 
in September, is estak, hed ag ft , ega] 
holiday. The Legislati enactg ft bU] 
giving women a right tc^ ^ scho<>1 
meetings. 



* * Mo. Prohibition is adopted in 50 out 
of 78 counties holding elections. 

* * New York. Forty-seven women vote 
at the election and are not punished. 

* * Ore. The Portland Methodist Hos- 
pital is founded. The Constitutional 
Prohibitory Amendment is defeated 
by 7,985 majority. Labor Day, the first 
Saturday in June, is made a legal holi- 
day. 

* * S. C. The Legislature enacts a pen- 
sion system for Confederate soldiers, 
who receive $5 a month if disabled, and 
widows of those killed in the war receive 
the same. 

* * Pennsylvania enacts the Brooks 
Law, a high-license and restrictive 
measure. 

* * The New England Order of Pro- 
tection is founded. 

* * Tex. The Legislature votes to sub- 
mit a Constitutional Prohibitory 
Amendment (80-21 and 22-8). [Later it 
is defeated by 91,357 majority.] 

* * W. Va. A Democratic House votes 
to submit the Constitutional Prohibi- 
tory Amendment (55-10). 

* * U. S. The General Conference of the 
Wesleyan Methodists resolves for 
prohibition. 

It declares, "That law must be an 
adjunct of moral means, in order to 
suppress the traffic side of this evil. 
Tbe appetite may be reached through 
the church and home ; but the public 
traffic must be struck through the law, 
and back of the law should be a political 
organization in sympathy with it, and 
pledged to its enforcement, in order to 
its efficiency." 

* * The Presbyterian General Assembly 
proposes to raise a permanent fund of 
$1,000,000 for disabled ministers 
and their families. 

1888 Feb. 26-Apr. 11. 111. A great 
strike takes place on the Chicago, Bur- 
lington, and Quincy Railroad. 

Mar. 25. D. C. The International Coun- 
cil of "Women, for the promotion of the 

" welfare of women, meets at "Washington. 

STATE. 

1887 Nov. * Dak. The people vote to 
divide the Territory into North and 
South Dakota. 

Dec. 5. D.C. The 50th Congress opens. 
D.C. The U.S. Supreme Court decides 
against the compensation claims of 
brewers whose property is impaired in 
value by prohibitory laws ; tbe court 
votes 7 to 1 in favor of the decision. 

Dec. 6. D, C. Congress ; Senate : John 
J. Ingalls (Rep.) of Kan. is reelected 
President pro tempore. House: JohnG. 
Carlisle (Dem.) of Ky. is reelected 
Speaker. 

* * Me. Capital punishment is again 
abolished. Labor Day is established. 

* * New York. Abram S. Hewitt is elected 
the 85th mayor. 

* * V. S. Governors inaugurated : 

* * Cat. "Wash. Bartlett (deceased). 
-91 * * Cal. Henry H. Markman. 
-88 * * Colo. Alva Adams. 



-89 * * Conn. Phineas C. Lounsbury. 
-91 * * Del. Benjamin T. Biggs. 
-93 * * Kan, Lyman U. Humphreys. 
-91 * * Ky. Simon B. Buckner. 
-88 * * Me. Sebastian S. Marble. 
-90 * * Mass. Oliver Ames. 
-91 * * Mich. Cyrus G. Luce. 

Mo. A. G. Morehouse (acting). 
-90 * * Nev. Christopher C. Stevenson. 
-89 * * N. H. Charles H. Sawyer. 
-90 * * N.J. Robert S. Green, 
-95 * * Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer. 
-91 * * Penn. James A. Beaver. 
-88 * * R. I. John "W. Davis. 
-91 * * Tenn. Robert L. Taylor. 
-91 * * Tex. Lawrence S. Ross. 

1888 Jan. * R. I. The Legislature re- 
moves the property qualifications of 
voters. 

Jan. 19. Wyo. "Woman Suffrage is es- 
tablished by law. 

Feb. 15. D. C. The treaty respecting 
American Fisheries is signed at Wash- 
ington by the Joint High Commission. 

Mar. 14. D. C. A treaty is made with 
China prohibiting the immigration of 
Chinese laborers for 20 years. 

Apr. 2. D. C. Congress: House ; Roger 
Q. Mills of Texas introduces the Mills 
Tariff Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887 Dec. 31. Ky. Trains collide and 
take fire near Greenwood ; six persons 
are killed and 21 injured. 

U. S. Statistics for 1887. 

Production : Gold, $33, 000,000 ; silver, 
$53,357,000 ; bushels of grain : Indian 
com, 1,456,161,000; wheal, 456,329.000; 
oats, 659,618,000 ; barley, 56,812,000; rye, 
20,691,000; buckwheat, 10,844,000; bales 
of cotton, 6,513,624 ; pounds of wool, 
285,000,00(1 ; barrels of petroleum, 28,278,- 
866. Immigrants received (fiscal year), 
490,109. Currency in circulation, $317.- 
539,143; percapita, $22.45. Miles of rail- 
roads worked, 137,028 ; capital stock, 
$4,191,502,02!); total accidents, 1,491 ; per- 
sons killed, 656; injured, 1,946. Fire- 
waste, $120,283,0.15 ; insurance, $69,659,- 
508; lives lost, 622. Business failures, 
9,740; liabilities, $130,605,000. 

* * Mass. The State sells its interest in 
the Hoosac Tunnel and the Troy and 
Greenfield Railroad to the Fitchburg 
Railroad Company. 

* * The Coronet defeats the Dauntless in 
a yacht race across the Atlantic ; 
distance, 2,949 miles ; time, 14 days, 23 
hours, and 30 minutes. 

1888 Jan. 4. Ire. The ship Alfred D. 
Snow is wrecked off Waterford ; 28 lives 
are lost. 

Jan. 10. Mass. A train is wrecked by 
a broken wheel near Haverhill ; nine 
persons are killed and 13 injured. 

Feb. 22. Cal. The ferry boat Julia ex- 
plodes her boiler at South Vallejo ; 36 
persons are killed. 

Mar. 17. Ga. A derailed train breaks 
through a bridge near Blackshear ; 27 
persons are killed and 35 wounded. 

Mar. 27. Kan. The town of Ninnescah 
is destroyed by a gale. 

Apr. 7. O. The Centennial celebration 
of the founding of Marietta is cele- 
brated. 



330 1888, Apr. 7 -Dec. 24. 



AMI-RICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1888 Apr. 7. Cyrus B.Comstock is com- 
missioned colonel — corps of engineers. 
[Apr. 24. Edwin C. Mason — 3d infantry. 
Apr. 25. Henry W. Closson — 4th artil- 
lery. July 23. Orlando M. Poe — corps of 
engineers. Aug. 5. Nathan W. Osborne 
— 5th infantry. Aug. 31. Robert P. 
Hughes. Oct. 19. Henry C. Hodges- 
quartermaster department.] 

Junel. B.C. Gen. Philip H. Sheridan 
receives the rank of General of U. S. A. 
by Act of Congress. 

July * Kan. State troops are sent to 
Stevens County to preserve the peace, 
the sheriff having been murdered in the 
county-seat contest. 

Aug. 14. Brig.-Gen. John M. Schofield 
is appointed 18th commander TJ. S. A. 

Nov. * Ky. State troops are stationed 
in Perry County to protect the Circuit 
Court from partizans in the •* Freneh- 
Eversole" feud. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

188S June * Cat. The Lick Observa- 
tory of the University of California is 
equipped, having a telescope with an 
aperture of 36 inches and a focal length 
of 56 feet 6 inches ; it is transferred to 
the regents of the University of Cali- 
fornia by the trustees. 

Aug. 7. N. Y. A new comet is observed 
by W. R. Brooks of Geneva. 

Oct. 31. Tenn. A new comet is ob- 
served by E. E. Barnard of Nashville. 

Nov. 25. A storm strikes the Atlantic 
Coast region ; it causes 45 deaths and 
wrecks 50 vessels. 

Nov. * Edison's improved phonograph 
is exhibited. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1888. 

Apr. 7. GUlmore, Quincy Adams, maj.- 
gen. U. S. A., A63. 

Apr. 8. Walling, Henry Francis, cartog- 
rapher, At>3. 

Apr. 17. Squier, Ephraim George, archeol- 
ogist, A67. 

Apr. 18. Agnew, Cornelius Kea, phy- 
sician, surgeon professor, A58. 

Conkling, Roscoe, lawver, M. C, sen- 
ator for N. Y., A59. 

Apr. 26. Lozier, (.'lemetn-e Sophia, phy- 
sician, A76. 

May 2. Brown, John H. H-, P. E. bishop 
of Fond-du-Lac, A57. 

May 3. Tarbox, Increase Niles, Cong, 
clergyman, author, A73. 

May 6. Northen, Amos Henry, geologist, 
A75. 

June 38. Jarves, James .Jarksun, art critic, 
A70. 

Hazard, Rowland Gibson, manufac- 
turer, author, A87. 

July 19. Roe, Edward Payson, Pres. cler- 
gyman, novelist, A50. 

Augr. 5. Sheridan. Philip Henry, gen,- 
in-chief U. S. A., A57. 

Aug-. 21. Harris, Samuel S., P. E. bishop 
of Mich., A46. 

Sept. Q. Wallack, John Johnstone (Lester 
Wallack), actor, dramatist, A68. 

Sept. 12. Proctor. Richard Anthony, as- 
tronomer, lecturer, A54. 

Sept. 21. Warren, William, comedian, 
A76. 

Oct. 16. Wentworth, John, M. C. for 111., 
journalist, A73. 

Oct. 19. Welles, Edward R., P. E. bishop 
of Wis., A58. 

Wight, Orlando Williams, author, trans- 
lator, A64. 



Dec. 10. LeRov, Ed-ar, 

A70. 
Dec. 22. Meeker, Jsaac 

of Paulists, A69. 



rear-adm. U. 8. A., 

Thomas, foumler 



CHURCH. 

1888 Apr. 25. ///. John Janssen is con- 
secrated first (Roman Catholic.) bishop of 
Belleville. 

May 1. ill. James Ryan is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Alton. 

May 1 + . New York. The General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal) is held. 

The limit of the pastoral term is ex- 
tended to live years. Bishops elected : 
John H. Vincent, Isaac W. Joyce, Daniel 
A. Goodsell, John P. Newman, James N. 
Fitzgerald ; James M. Tborburn, mis- 
sionary bishop for India. 

May. 4. Minn. The Roman Catholic 
Diocese of St. Paul is created an arch- 
diocese. 

May 13. New York. Chinese mission- 
work is begun by the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church. 

May 15. Minn. John Ireland, (Roman 
Catholic) bishop of St. Paul, is pro- 
moted archbishop of the Province of 
St. Paul. 

May 18. Mich. The Methodist Prot- 
estant General Conference meets at 
Adrian. 

May 19. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

May 24. Phila. The first century of 
the General Assembly is celebrated 
by the two Assemblies (Northern and 
Southern). 

May * Bishop Taylor's Self-support- 
ing Missions have received about 100 
missionaries in three years. 

July 1. Leo Haid is consecrated (Roman 
Catholic) titular bishop of Messene 
[later, bishop of North Carolina]. 

July * The Christian Endeavor Societies 
report 4.S79 organizations in America. 

Sept. * The General Synod (Moravian) 
meets. 

Oct. 18. Del. Leighton Coleman is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Delaware. 

Oct. * B. C. Congress passes an act for 
the suppression of lawlessness on the 
part of the Mormon hierarchy. 

Nov. 4. Mich. John S. Foley is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of De- 
troit. 

"Nov. 30. Kan. John J. Hennessey is 
consecrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Wichita. 

Nov. * N. J. The Arabian Mission is 
organized at the Theological Seminary 
(Reformed Dutch) in New Brunswick. 

Dec. 12. The American Sabbath 
Union is organized, to preserve the 
Christian Sabbath as a day of rest and 
worship. 

LETTERS. 

1888 May 10. D. C. Congress passes 
the International Copyright Bill, 

May 24. B. C. The corner-stone of the 
Catholic University of America is 



laid at Washington in the presence of 

the President and his cabinet. 
Aug. 29. Minn. The Normal School 

is opened by the State at Moorhead. 
Oct. * Ga. The Technological School 

is opened at Atlanta as a branch of the 

State Ciiiversity. 

SOCIETY. 
1888 May 18. Mo. David Walker and 

three other leaders of Bald Knob ter- 
rorists are sentenced to be hanged. 

May * The General Conference of the 
African Methodist Episcopal Zion 
Church (300,000 members) resolves in 
favor of temperance. 

'* This General Conference reaffirms 
its stand against intemperance and vhe 
use of intoxicating liquors in any form 
as a beverage; we favor every means that 
can be brought to bear for "the destruc- 
tion of the traffic in all intoxicating 
drinks as a beverage in State and na- 
tion. We also heartily recommend that 
unfermented wine be used in the sacra- 
mental service as far as possible." 

May* The General Conference of the 
African Methodist Episcopal Church 
(400,000 members) resolves in favor of 
temperance. 

" That we indorse the great Prohibi- 
tion movement in this country, . . . and 
will use all honorable means to suppress 
the evils growing out of intemperance. 
. . . That it shall be a crime for any 
minister or member of the A. M. E. 
Church to tight against temperance, and 
if convicted of this crime he shall lose 
his place in the Conference and Church." 

May * The Bishops' address to the Gen- 
eral Conference of the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church declares against licensing 
the liquor-trarfic. 

" The liquor-traffic is so pernicious . . . 
that the only proper attitude toward it 
for Christians is that of relentless hos- 
tility. It can never be legalized without 

principle and powerless as a remedy."' 

June 1. Pa. The Brooks Law goes into 
effect ; license fee, $500. 

June 25. The National Republican Con- 
vention resolves for temperance. 

" The first concern of all good govern- 
ment is the virtue and sobriety of th" 
people and the purity of the home : t' e 
Republican party cordially sympathies 
with all wise and well-directed eff rt s 
for the promotion of temperance an & 
morality." 

June 30. Since 1S40 the average -mual 
consumption of all kinds of lu ior s for 
each individual has increased rom ^.17 
gallons to 14.30 gallons ; the ' er age an- 
nual per capita consumpt' 11 0I - malt 
liquors advances from vG g&Hon to 
12.4S gallons. The per c' ita consump- 
tion of wine has nearly oublea - (Cyc. 
of Prohibition.) 

July* Neb. A Hom< for Soldiers and 
Sailors is opened a ^ raud Island. 

July* N. Y. Cor act labor is Pro- 
hibited in the Sr e Prisons. 

Aug. 10. Mo. y*™^ an Englishman, 
is executed in * Louis for tlie murder 
of Mr. Prelle- 

Sept. 10. O ^ he Grand Army of the 
Republic " ets in lts " d National En- 



'ainpmer 



t Columbus ; William War- 



of „ commander-in-chief. 



UNITED STATES. 



1888, April 7 -Dec. 24. 331 



Sept.* The " Woman's Republican 
League," headed by J. Ellen Foster, is 
organized. 

* * Kan. Oskaloosa chooses a woman for 
mayor and live women for the city coun- 
cil, thus placing the entire control of the 
municipal administration in the hands 
of women. 

Sept. * The General Synod of the Mora- 
vian Church favors temperance. 

Resolved : " that this Synod is opposed 
to all traffic in intoxicating drinks, and 
the use as a beverage of hard cider, 
beer, ale, whisky, wine, brandy, gin, 
rum, patent bitters, etc." 

Oct. 23. Minn. The General Conference 
of Seventh-day Adventists in conven- 
tion at Minneapolis declares : — 

" We pledge ourselves to labor earn- 
estly and zealously for the prohibition 
of the liquor-traffic." 

Nov. 14. Mo. Friends of the condemned 
Bald Knob outlaws, in revenge, seize 
and hang five of the leading witnesses 
against their condemned companions. 

Dec. 17. New York. A training-school 
for nurses is opened at Bellevue hos- 
pital. 

STATE. 

1888 Apr. 13. D. C. Congress; 
House : the deadlock on the Direct 
Tax Bill is passed. 

May 16. Eng. The American Fisheries 
Treaty receives the royal assent. 

May 17. D. C. James G. Blaine an- 
nounces that he will not be a candidate 
for the presidency. 

May 21. D. C. Congress makes the 
Department of Agriculture an exec- 
utive department. 

May 30+. Ind. The 5th Prohibition 
National Convention meets at Indi- 
anapolis, and nominates Gen. Clinton 
B.Fiskof N.J. for President, and John 
A. Brooks of Mo. for Vice-President. 

June 6+ . Mo. The Democratic National 
Convention meets at St. Louis, and re- 
nominates Grover Cleveland of N. Y. 
for President, and Allen G. Thurman 
of 0. for Vice-President. 

June 25+. Chicago. The Republican 
National Convention meets, and nom- 
inates Benjamin Harrison of Ind. for 
President, and Devi P. Morton of N. Y. 
for Vice-President. 

June 30. U. S. Statistics for the fiscal 
year. Revenue: Customs, §219,091,174 ; 
internal revenue, §124,296,872 ; direct 
tax, §1,566; sales of public lands, §11,- 
202,017 ; miscellaneous items, $24,674,- 
446. Total revenue, §379,266,065 ; excess 
of revenue over ordinary expenditures, 
§111,341,274. Expenditures: Premium 
on loans, purchase of bunds, etc., §8,279,- 
842 ; miscellaneous items, §72,952,261 ; 
"War Department. .S3S,522,43G; Navy De- 
partment, §10,926.438; Indians, §6,249,- 
"308; pensions, §80.288.509; interest on 
the public debt. §44.715,077. Total ordi- 
nary expenditures, §207.924.801. Princi- 
pal of the publjc debt [Dec. 1], §1,680,- 
917,706: Exports, § 095 ,954 ,507 ; imports, 
§723,957,114. 

July 21. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Mills Tariff Bill. Vote, 162 
-149. [The Senate delays action, and the 
bill fails to become a law.] 



Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
approves the treaty with China pro- 
hibiting immigration for 20 years. 

Aug. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
refuses to ratify the treaty respecting 
the American Fisheries; vote, 30-27. 

Aug. 23. D. C. Congress receives a 
message from the President respecting 
the Fisheries Treaty, and announcing 
a policy of retaliation against Canada. 

Sept. 8. I). C. Congress : House passes 
the Anti-Canada Retaliation Bill. 

Oct. 20. D. C. The 50th Congress: 
The first session of 321 days closes ; it is 
the longest session in congressional 
history. 

Oct. 23. D. C. President Cleveland ap- 
proves the Chinese Exclusion Bill. 

Oct. 30. I). C. The Administration sug- 
gests to the British government the 
recall of the British minister, Lord 
Sackville-West, because of his indis- 
creet letter, published two weeks before 
election, and recommending a corre- 
spondent to vote the Democratic ticket 
as favorable to British interests. [Presi- 
dent Cleveland refuses longer to recog- 
nize Lord West, and he retires.] 

Nov. 6. V. S. 26th Presidential elec- 
tion; Republicans elected. 

Popular vote : Grover Cleveland 
(Dem.) of N. Y., 5,536,242 ; Benjamin 
Harrison (Rep.) of Ind., 5,440,708; Clin- 
ton B. Fisk (Prohib.) of N. J., 246,S76; 
Alson J. Streeter (Union Labor) of 111., 
146,836; Robert H. Cowdry (United 
Labor) of 111., 3,073 ; James L. Curtis 
(Amer.) of N. Y., 1,591. 

Popular Vote for President. 



States. 




Candid 


VTF.S. 














Harrison 


Cleveland 


Streeter 


Fisk 


Ala. . 


57,197 


117,320 




593 


Ark. . 


58,752 


85,962 


10,613 


514 


Cal. . . 


124,816 


117,729 




5,761 


Colo. . 


50,774 


37,567 


1,266 


2,191 


Conn. . 


74,584 


74,920. 


240 


4,234 


Del. . 


12,973 


16,414 




400 


Fla. . 


26,65(1 


39,561 




403 


Ga. . . 


40,446 


100,449 




1,808 


111. . . 


370,475 


348,371 


7,134 


21,703 


Ind. . 


263,361 


261,013 


2,694 


9,881 


la. . . 


211,958 


179,877 


9,105 


3,550 


Kan. . 


182,904 


102,745 


37,788 


6,779 


Ky. . . 


155,134 


183,800 




5,225 


La. . . 


30,701 


85,026 


39 


127 


Me. . . 


73,734 


50,482 


1,345 


• 2,690 


Md. . . 


99,986 


106,168 




4,767 


Mass. . 


183,892 


151,855 




8,701 


Mich. . 


236,387 


213,469 


4,555 


20,945 


Minn. . 


142,492 


104,385 


1,097 


15,311 


Miss. . 


30,096 


85,471 


222 


218 


Mo.. . 


236,253 


261,954 


18,589 


4,540 


Neb. . 


108,425 


80,552 


4,226 


9,429 


Nev. . 


7,238 


5,326 




41 


N. H. . 


45,728 


43,456 


42 


1,593 


N. J. . 


144,360 


151,508 




7,933 


N. Y. . 


650,338 


635,965 


' 626 


30,231 


N. C. . 


134,784 


147,902 






O. . . 


416,054 


396.455 


3,496 


24,356 


Ore. . 


33,291 


26,522 


363 


1,677 


Penn. . 


52:1,585 


444,327 


3,877 


20,708 


R. I. . 


21,969 


17,530 




1,251 


S. C. . 


13,740 


65,825 






Tenn. . 


138,988 


158,779 




5,969 


Tex. . 


88,280 


234,883 


29,459 


4,749 


Vt. . . 


45,192 


16,788 




1,459 


Va. . . 


150,438 


151,977 




1,678 


W.Va. 


78,171 


78,677 


1,508 


1,084 


Wis. . 


176,553 


155,232 


8,552 


14,277 


Total 


5,440,708 


5,536,242 


146,836 


246,876 


Per et. . 


47.83 


48.63 


1.27 


2.16 


Plur. . 




95,534 







Nov. * R. I. Republicans regain the as- 
cendancy. 

Nov. * R. T. An amendment to the Con- 
stitution abolishes the property qualifi- 
cation for electors. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The 50th Congress ; The 
second session opens. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

18S8 May 6. An accident occurs on 
the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- 
road; eight persons are killed and 30 
wounded. 

May * The steamer Etrwria runs from 
Queenstown to New York in six days, 
one hour, and 55 minutes. 

June 28. Columbia Freshmen defeat 
Harvard in a boat-race ; time, 11.54. 

June * Wash. A tunnel 1G by 18fc feet, 
and 9,850 long, piercing Cascade Range, 
is completed ; it was begun Apr. *, 1886. 

July 4. O. The Centennial Exhibi- 
tion for the Ohio Valley and the Central 
States opens at Cincinnati. 

July 12. Pa. A derailed train breaks 
through a bridge near Orange Court- 
house ; nine persons are killed and 22 
injured. 

Aug. 21. N. C. The Interstate Far- 
mers' Association meets at Raleigh. 

Sept. * The steamer La Gascoigne runs 
from Havre to New York in seven days 
and 10 hours. 

Oct. 10. Pa. A collision of excursion 
trains occurs near Penn Haven, on the 
Lehigh Valley Railroad; 61 persons are 
killed. [On Oct. 16 a second collision 
occurs on the same road, in which 14 
persons are killed.] 

"Nov. 4. Kan. . Delegates to the Na- 
tional Farmers' Congress and Far- 
mers' Trust Association meet in conven- 
tion at Topeka. 

Nov. 12. The steamer Umbria runs from 
New York to Queenstown in six days, 
three hours, and four minutes. 

Nov. 17 + . Fla. Yellow fever prevails 
at Jacksonville ; 4,583 cases and 396 
deaths are reported. 

Nov. 23. Ind. A fire at Fort Wayne 
destroys property valued at §300,000. 

Dec. 12. Ala. The Southern Interstate 
Immigration Convention meets at 
Montgomery. Nearly GOO delegates from 
the Southern States are present. 

Dec. 15. O. Three acres of property are 
destroyed by fire in Cincinnati. 

Mass. Seven acres of buildings are 

burned in Marblehead ; loss, §1,300,000. 

Dec. 23. Me. The brigantine Snoiv Bird 
of Brunswick is wrecked ; two of the 
crew are drowned. 

Dec. 24. The steamer Kate Adams burns 
on the Mississippi near Commerce Land- 
ing; 33 lives are lost. 

La. The steamer John H. Hannah, 

laden with cotton, burns near Plaque- 
mine on the same river ; 22 lives are lost, 
and many persons badly burned. 



332 1888, Dec. 25-1889, Jan. 11. AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1888 * * D. C. Congress authorizes the 
organization of the JSTavy Reserves for 
coast and harbor defense. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1888 Dee. 26. New York. Fifty thou- 
sand dollars are granted by the Board 
of Estimate to the Museums of Art 
and Natural History on condition that 
they be open and free to visitors on two 
nights of the week. 

* * Cal. A monument is erected to 
Francis S. Key in Golden Gate Park ; 
the cost ($60,000) is provided for by the 
legacy of James Lick. 

* * Md. The linotype, for casting type 
by machinery, operated by a keyboard, 
is perfected by the inventor, Ottmar 
Mergenthaler of Baltimore —speed from 
3,000 to 6,000 ems per hour. 

* * New York, A bronze statue of Gari- 
baldi is unveiled at Washington Square. 

* * New York. Thomas W. Dewing, Wal- 
ter Shirlaw, and Edwin H. Blashfield 
of New York are elected members of 
the National Academy of Design. 

* * N. Y. The Smith Observatory at 
Geneva is erected. 

* * U. S. Paper-pulp is first bleached 
by electricity as a process of manu- 
facture. 

1889 Jan. 1. Pacific Slope. The great 
solar eclipse is visible. 

Jan. 3. N, Y. Natural gas is struck in 
Steuben County. [Also Jan. 20. In 
Central Ohio. Oct. 16. In South Dakota. 
Nov. 13. Near Chicago.] 

Jan. 7. Dak. a valuable deposit of 
coal is discovered at Centerville. 

Jan. 9. Ind. Shocks of earthquake 
are felt in this section. 

[Also Feb. 26. A slight shock of earth- 
quake is felt at Marion, Ind. Mar. 8. 
Another in eastern Pennsylvania, Dela- 
ware, and Maryland. May 18. At An- 
napolis, Md. June 5. At Nashville, 
Tenn. June 7. At New Bedford, Mass. 
July 7. At Farmiugton, Me. July 14. 
At Covington, Tenn. July 31. In Cali- 
fornia. Aug. 10. In the Adirondacks, 
N.Y. Aug. 26. In North Carolina; Aug. 
28. In Los Angeles, Cal. Sept. 10. At 
Wilkesbarre, Ashley, Kingston, and 
Pittston, Pa.] 

■ Pa. Tornadoes cause the loss of 

many lives and much property in Pitts- 
burg, and Reading, also at Sunbury, 
where 18 men are buried in the ruins of 
the nail-mills ; Buffalo and Lockport, 
N. Y., also other towns, suffer ; the upper 
Suspension Bridge at Niagara Falls is 
wrecked. 

CHURCH. 

1888 Dec. 28. New York. The Presby- 
terian Union of this city gives a recep- 
tion to the committees of the two Pres- 
byterian General Assemblies. 

Dec. 30. The Papal encyclical appears; 
it refers mainly to the materialistic and 
atheistic tendencies of the times. 

* * The Reformed Episcopal Synod of 
Canada is organized. 



* * B.C. The Baptist Annual Meeting- 
is held in Washington. 

* * la. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian; meets at Cedar Rapida; 
William T. Meloy, moderator. 

* * III. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Springfield ; 
J. H. Garrison, president. 

* * Mo. The English Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of Missouri is organized. 

* * N.J. The International Missionary 
Union convenes at Bridgeton. 

* * Ore. The Woman's Foreign Mission- 
ary Society (Baptist) is organized. 

* * Phila. The General Assembly 
(Presbyterian) meets ; Charles L. Thom- 
son, moderator. 

The Board of Home Missions reports 
38 ministers, 25 native teachers, 68 
churches, 2,863 church members, 115 
teachers, 29 schools, 2,441 scholars. 

* * The Brotherhood of Lay Readers (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) is organized. 

* * The Western Vermont, Brooklyn, and 
Fox River Congregational Clubs are 
organized. 

1889 Jan. 2. D. C. The national Con- 
vention of Colored Catholics opens 
at Washington. 

Jan. 8. New York. The Railroad Branch 
of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation celebrates its 13th anniversary ; 
Cornelius Vanderbilt, C. M. Depew, and 
others speak. 

The court decides against the Ro- 
man Catholic authorities in refusing 
burial to the remains of JohnMaguire, 
who was identified with the Anti-Poverty 
Society. 

Jan. 9. New York. A new Joss-house 
in Mott Street is consecrated by resident 
Chinese. 

Colo. The Chan n in g Club of Den- 
ver (Congregational) is organized. 

Jan. 11. New York. The Church Stu- 
dents' Missionary Association begins 
its annual conference. 

LETTERS. 

1888 * * Cal. The Cogswell Polytechnic 
College is opened at San Francisco. 

* * Chicago. The Saturday Blade is issued. 

* * D. C. The National Economist is is- 
sued at Washington. 

* * Md. The "Woman's College (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Baltimore. 

* * Minn. The Medical Department of 
the University of Minnesota, at Minne- 
apolis, opens. 

* * Nebraska Wesleyan University 
(Meth. Epis.) is founded at Lincoln. 

* * New York. Mail and Express is pur- 
chased by Elliott F. Shepard. 

* N. C. High Point Female College 
(Bapt.) is founded. 

* * O. The Union Gospel News is issued 
at Cleveland. 

* * U. S. Number of American and im- 
ported hooks published in 18S8, 4,631, 
besides minor cheap libraries. 



* * P. I. The State establishes an Agri- 
cultural School. 

* * U. S. Volap'uk is reported success- 
ful, and spreading in both Europe and 
America. 

* * American Weather, by Adolphus W. 
Greely, appears. 

* * Around t/ie World on a Bicycle, by 
Thomas Stevens, appears. 

* * The Boyhood of Christ, by Lew Wal- 
lace, appears ; also Life of Benjamin 
Harrison. 

* * The Black Phalanx, by Joseph T. Wil- 
son, appears. 

* * A Calabrian Penelope, by Elizabeth 
Cavazza, appears. 

* * California, by Hubert Howe Bancroft, 
appears ; also History of Mexico. 

* * Colonial Times in Buzzard's Bay, by 
William Root Bliss, appears. 

* * The Critical Period of American His- 
tory, by John Fiske, appears. 

* * A Phyllis of the Sierras, by Francis 
Bret Hart, appears. 

* * Evolution in its Relations to Religious 
Thought, by Joseph Le Conte, appears. 

* * Prance and the Confederate Navy, by 
John Bigelow, appears. 

* * The Genesis of the Civil War, by Sam- 
uel Wylie Crawford, appears. 

* * Gouvemeur Morris, by Theo. Roose- 
velt, appears. 

* * The Heart of the Creeds, by Arthur 
Wentworth Eaton, appears. 

* * History of the Christian Church, by 
Philip Schaff (vol. vi.), appears. 

* * A History of the Negro Troops, by 
George W. Williams, appears. 

* * John Ward, Preacher, by Margaret 
Deland, appears. 

* * A Library of American Literature, by 
Edmund Clarence Stedman. and Ellen 
Mackay Hutchinson (vol. i.), appears. 

* * Men and Measures of Half a Century, 
by Hugh McCulloch, appears. 

* * Women and Men, by Thomas Went- 
worth Higginson, appears. 

* * Natural Resources of the United States, 
by Jacob H. Patton, appears. 

* * Negro Myths from the Georgia Coast, 
by Charles C. Jones, Jr., appears. 

* * The Old Nortlncest, by B. A. Hinsdale, 
appears. 

* * Philosophy of Theism, by Bordon P. 
Browne, appears. 

* * Political Essays, by James Russell 
Lowell, appears ; also Heart's Ease and 
Rue. 

* * The Viking, by Elwyn Alfred Barron, 
appears. 

* * The Writings of Franklin (10 vols.), 
edited by John Bigelow, appears. 

* * Miss Lou, by Edward Payson Roe, ap- 
pears. 

* * Bonaventure, by George W. Cable, ap- 
pears. 

* * Romance and Reverie, by Edgar Faw- 
cett, appears. 

* * Free Joe, by Joel Chandler Harris, 
appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1888, Dec 25-1889, Jan. 11. 333 



* * The King of Folly Island, by Sarah 
Ome Jewett, appears. 

* * The Despot of Broom sedge Cove, by 
Mary Noaillcs Murfree, appears. 

* * A Brother of Dragons, by Amelie Rives 
Chandler, appears ; also The Quick or 
the Dead, and Virginia of Virginia. 

* * Old Fashioned Roses, by James Whit- 
comb Riley, appears. 

* * With the Immortals, by Francis Marion 
Crawford, appears. 

* * Two Little Confederates, by Thomas 
Nelson Page, appears. 

1889 Jan. 2. Boston. The Interna- 
tional Copyright Association holds 
its annual meeting. 

Jan. 4. Pa. George E. Heed is elected 
to the presidency of Dickinson College. 

SOCIETY. 

1888 Dec. 25. O. White Caps cruelly 
flog a prominent physician at Hopedale. 

Del. A race riot occurs at Wilming- 
ton ; one white man is shot in the foot, 
and several colored men are cut and 
beaten about the head ; seven arrests 
are made. 

Dec. 27. Dak. At Tripp six men are in- 
jured in a riot over the ownership of a 
goose. The parties are American and 
Russian Mennonites. 

Dec. 28. New York. The Excise Commis- 
sion makes restrictions for the liquor- 
traffic. 

" The employment of a bartender un- 
der 18 years of age forfeits license ; 
women are forbidden to sell or induce 
sales of liquor ; licenses are forbidden 
for premises within 200 feet of a ceme- 
tery, college, academy, or reformatory. 

Dec. 29. la. The Sioux City Law and 
Order League commences proceedings 
against the transportation companies 
that have been nullifying the prohibi- 
tory laws. 

New York. The Excise Commission 

decides that during forbidden hours the 
interior of saloons must present an 
unobstructed view from the street. 

Dec. 30. Mo. Amos J. Stillwell, an old 
and wealthy citizen of Hannibal, is mur- 
dered by a burglar. 

* * Ala. The Alabama Academy for the 
blind is opened at Talladega. 

* * Chicago. The "Wesley Methodist 
Hospital is established. 

* * D. C. Congress erects the Bureau of 
Labor into a Department. 

* *Ky. The Hatfield and McCoy feud 
breaks out again ; the State troops are 
called out to prevent the McCoys from 
taking nine Hatfields from jail to mur- 
der them. 

* * Ky. The treasurer of the State for 
many years, is announced as a defal- 
cator to the amount of $--9,000 and sus- 
pended from office. 

* * N. J. A home for the training of 
feeble minds is opened near Vineland. 

* * O. The Legislature passes the Sun- 
day Liquor Law. 



* * Phila. The George Nugent Home 
is founded at Germuntown. 

* * Mass. The High-License and Lim- 
itation Law is enacted. 

* * Wyo. A school building for the deaf 
and dumb is erected at Cheyenne. 

* * W. Va. The Constitutional Prohibi- 
tory Amendment is defeated by 34,887 
majority. 

* * The Northern Insane Asylum is 
opened at Logansport, Ind.; also one in 
Nebraska at Norfolk; in Vermont at 
Waterbury ; in Washington at Steila- 

1889 Jan. 2. Ind. President Harri- 
son addresses his old comrades of the 
Grand Army, at Indianapolis. 

O. Brakeman and yardmen of the 

Lake Erie and "Western road strike at 
Lima. 

Jan. 3. Minn. The coal-dock laborers 
strike at Duluth. [Jan. 4. Riots 
occur.] 

Jan. 4. la. The officials and strikers of 
the Burlington road finally come to an 
agreement. 

Jan. 7. Wash. Alfred Shafford is 
lynched for a murder at Gilman. 

Jan. 8. N. J. Hunterdon County votes 
. no license by 500 majority. 

STATE. 

1888 * * D. C. Congress makes the 
Labor Bureau an independent part of 
the Government. It authorizes the or- 
ganization of the Naval Reserves by 
the maritime States. 

* * Mass. The Australian Ballot sys- 
tem is adopted. 

* * Melville W. Fuller of 111. is ap- 
pointed Chief Justice of the U. S. Su- 
preme Court, and Lucius Q,. C. Lamar 
of Miss, an Asspciate Justice. 

* * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-90 * * Ala. Thomas Seay. 

-92 * * La. Francis T. Nicholls. 
-91 * * Minn. William R. Merriam. 
-93 * * Neb. Algernon S. Paddock. 
-91 * *N. Y. David B. Hill. 
-89 * *Ii. I. Royal C. Taft. 
-90 * * Vt. William P. Dillingham. 

1889 Jan. 1. N. Y. Capital punish- 
ment by an electrical current becomes 
the legal mode. 

New York. Hugh J. Grant becomes 

the SGth mayor. 

Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill; the House 
attempts to amend its rules so as to 
facilitate its business, but is defeated by 
filibustering. 

Jan. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
continues to discuss the Tariff Bill ; the 
House passes a bill to incorporate the 
Nicaragua Canal Company. 

Jan. 5. Okla. Martial law is enforced 
and order is restored ; the squatters de- 
part. 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a resolution reaffirming the Mon- 
roe Doctrine, as applicable to the con- 



struction of a canal across the Isth- 
mus of Darien. Vote, 49-3. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill at considerable 
length ; John Sherman of O. introduces 
a bill providing for changes in the elec- 
tion of Representatives; the House 
recommits the resolution to change the 
rules. Vote, 120-117. 

Cat. George Osgoodby is disclosed as- 

the author of the "Murchison" letter, 
whereby he entrapped Lord Sackville- 
West into recommending a person to- 
vote the Democratic ticket as favorable 
to British interests. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes an anti-free coal amendment to 
the Tariff Bill. 

Jan. 10. Ind. The Lieutenant-Governor 
is prevented by hostile partizans from 
entering the Senate chamber. 

D. C. Congress : The Senate agrees 

to strike off fish from the free list, and 
make it dutiable at one-half cent a 
pound ; the House is prevented from 
doing business, both in the afternoon 
and evening, by dilatory motions. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888 Dec. 26. III. Gen. John A. Lo- 
gan's body is removed to its final rest- 
ing-place in Soldiers' Home Cemetery. 

Dec. 27. S. C. The Great Seal of the 
Confederate States is given to this State. 

Dec. 29. IV. I. The American schooner 
Jennie Hall is illegally fined $2,000 by 
the Spanish authorities at Porto Rico. 

Dec. 30. R. I. The steamer Bristol, of 
the Fall River Line, is burned at New- 
port ; some of her passengers have a 
narrow escape. 

Dec. 31. Md. The theft of $1,200 from 
the Sub-Treasury at Baltimore is discov- 
ered. 

U. S. Statistics for the year 1S88. 

Production: Gold, $33,175,000 ; silver, 
?".',), 195,000 ; bushels of grain: Indian 
corn, 1,987.700,000; wheat, 4 15, SUN ,000 ; 
oats, 701,735,000; barley, 03,884,593; rye, 
28,412,011; buckwheat, 12,000,000; bales 
of cotton, 7,017,707 ; pounds of wool, 269,- 
000,000; barrels of petroleum, 27,008,025. 
Currency in circulation (J une 30), $1,372,- 
170,870 ; per capita, $22.88. Immigrants 
received (tisral year), 546,889. Miles of 
railroads built, 145,341 ; capital stock, 
$4,438,411 ,342 ; total accidents, 1,935 ; 
persons killed, 5,282; persons injured, 
25,888. Fire-waste, $110,885,665; insur- 
ance, $63,965,724 ; lives lost, 447. Busi- 
ness failures, 10,587; liabilities, $120,- 
242,402. 

* * -92 * * Boston. The State House 
is enlarged to double its original size. 

* * Kan. A convention of delegates at 
Abilene inaugurates an agitation for the 
removal of the capital. 

1889 Jan. 1. Mo. The Richardson 
Drug Company's store at St. Louis is 
burned ; loss, $200,000. 

Jan. 10. U. S. An English syndicate 
has purchased 30 breweries, and 
seeks control of all others in the= 
country. 



334 1889, Jan. 11 -Feb. 13 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Jan. 16. N Y. The National 
Guard Association meets at Albany. 

Jan. 19. The Atlanta sails for Port-au- 
Prince to reenforce the Galena. 

Jan. 25. Loomis L. Langdon is commis- 
sioned colonel — 1st artillery U. S. A. 
[Feb. 12. Also Edward M. Heyl. Feb. 17. 
Henry M. Lazelle — 18th infantry. Feb. 
Adelbert K. Buffington — ordnance de- 
partment. June 7. George D. Ruggles.] 

Jan. 30. Joseph C. Breckinridge is com- 
missioned brigadier-general U. S. A. 

Feb. 9. Rear-Adm. Bancroft Ghe- 
rardi is ordered to command the North 
Atlantic squadron. 

Feb. 12. D. C. Commander Silas Casey 
is promoted captain U. S. N. [Mar. 2G. 
William T. Samson and Bartlett J. 
Cromwell. Mar. 31. John "VT. Philip. 
Aug. 4. Henry P. Picking.] Com. 
George E. Belknap is promoted rear- 
admiral. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Jan. 13. A mass of the Horse- 
shoe Rock drops at Niagara Falls. 

Jan. 15. _V. Y. Prof. Brooks, at Smith 
Observatory, discovers a comet. [Also 
Dec. 25. Another comet.] 

Jan. 16±. New York. Henry G. Mar- 
quand gives his collection of paintings 
by the old masters to the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art. 

Jan. 17. New York. Mrs. Joseph 
Drexel presents to the Museum of Art 
the antiquities loaned to it by her hus- 
band, and adds a collection of casts and 

Jan. 18. Colo. Avalanches occur in 
the southwestern part of the State. 

Jan. 19. New York. A carload of min- 
eral wax, called ozocerite, arrives from 
Utah. 

Jan. * Ida. A floating island 300 feet in 
diameter is reported at Henry Lake. 

Feb. 5. N. Mex. The remnant of a tribe 
of cliff-dwellers is discovered in the 
San Mateo Mountains. (See Nov. 23.) 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1889. 

Jan. 11. Taylor, Alva B., nianuf., A86. 

Jan. 13. McGill, Alexander T., Pres. cler- 
gyman, prot'fssi»r at Princeton, A82. 

Jan. 14. Phillips, George S., journalist, 
A73. 

Jan. 19. Mackenzie, Ronald Slidell, brev. 
maj.-gen., A49. 

Jan. 23. Dolaro, Selina, singer, writer, A36. 

Felton, Samuel Mur.se, civil engineer, 

A79. 

Jan. 26. Jones, Hoger, brig. -gen., dies in 

Va. 
Jan. 27. Cazauran, Augustus It., author, 

dramatist, A69. 
Jan. 31. Locke, John, poet, journalist, A 41. 
Feb. 1. Steins, Fredrick \V., singer, A53. 
Feb. 4. Fisk, Mary H., writer, author, dies. 

Cunningham, Thomas, It. 0. clergyman 

of Elmira, dies. 

Feb. 1 1. Dalton, John C, physiologist, A64. 
Hunt, Henry Jackson, brev. maj.- 
gen., U. S. A., A70. 

CHURCH. 
1889 Jan. 18. Ariz. John M. Ken- 
drick is consecrated (Protestant Episco- 
pal) bishop of Arizona and New Mexico. 



Jan. 19. X. Y. A split occurs in the 
American Salvation Army, one fac- 
tion renouncing allegiance to Gen. 
Booth. 

Jan. * Phila. Two members of the 
Kristhena Society sail on the Gallia 
for India to seek the tomb of Buddha. 

Jan. 20. New York. Archbishop Cor- 
rigan's circular is read in all the 
churches of his diocese. 

It declares that every person attend- 
ing the Anti-Poverty meetings is guilty 
of a "reserved sin," — one that can be 
condoned ouly by confession to the or- 
dinary of the diocese ; the penitent must 
bear a letter from the confessor explain- 
ing the nature of the offense. 

Jan. 23. Pa. A Catholic colonization 
society is formed at Pittsburg ; its ob- 
ject is to establish colonies in the South. 

Jan. 25. O. Boyd Vincent is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
Southern Ohio. 

Jan. 27. N. Y. The 35th anniversary 
of the Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation is celebrated in 14 Brooklyn 
churches. 

Feb. 3+. Kan. The Mennonites are 
removing to Colorado. 

LETTERS. 

1889 Jan. 12. Cardinal Melchers is 
directed by the Pope to prepare a report 
on the complaint of Irish bishops in 
America concerning education. 

Neio York. The New York College 

for the Training of Teachers [Teachers' 
College] receives a provisional charter. 

Jan. 18. Mass. At Haverhill a dis- 
agreement exists between the School 
Board and the French Catholic paro- 
chial school ; legal steps are taken to 
enforce tbe statute respecting public 
schools. 

Jan. 30. Boston. Oliver Wendell 
Holmes presents his valuable medical 
library to the Boston Medical Library 
Association. 

Jan. * Md. Jacob I. Tome, the million- 
aire hanker of Port Deposit, gives 
$2,500,000 to a board of seven trus- 
tees to found a training-school in that 
town. 

It is to be called " The Tome Male and 
Female Seminary of Port Deposit : " 
the sum of SfiOO.OOO goes for buildings, 
and $2,000,000 for maintenance. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Jan. 22. Pa. The joint resolution 
proposing an amendment to the State 
Constitution prohibiting the sale or 
manufacture of intoxicating liquors 
passes the House. Vote, 132-5S. 

Jan. 24. Wis, A bill is introduced in 
the Legislature making prize-fighting 
a penal offense. 

Jan. 25. Dak. The House defeats woman 
suffrage in committee of the whole. 
Vote, 17-28. 

Jan. 26. .V. Y. A strike for higher 
wages and shorter hours occurs on the 
Brooklyn street railroads; the em- 
ployees tie up the roads. 



Jan. 29. Ark. John M. Clayton (Rep.), 
who claims the election, is assassi- 
nated while searching for proofs of bis 
election. 

Jan. * Md. An asylum for children of 
feeble minds is opened at Baltimore. 

Feb. 4. New York. President Cleve- 
land becomes a prospective partner in 
a law firm. 

Feb. 5. Mass. The House votes to sub- 
mit the question of prohibition to the 
people. Vote, 101-C9. 

Feb. 7. D. C. Congress : A select com- 
mittee of the Senate reports in favor of 
■woman suffrage. [No further action 
is taken.] 

Feb. 8. Dak. The Woman Suffrage 
Bill is defeated in the Legislature. 

Feb. 11. Ner. The people vote on 14 
amendments to the Constitution, in- 
cluding one extending to women the right 
to hold school offices ; all are adopted 
except the one authorizing lotteries. 

STATE. 

1889 Jan. 12. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate continues the debate on the 
Tariff; the House is paralyzed by a 
deadlock, until J. B. Weaver of la., 
a greenback member, makes an agree- 
ment "with the Democrats ; then the 
Pension, Military Academy, and 
Consular Appropriation Bills are 
passed. 

- — W. Va. The State Supreme Court 
quashes a motion intended to prevent 
the Legislature declaring the vote, which 
on the face of the returns elects Nathan 
Goff for governor. 

Jan. 14. I>. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a Bankruptcy Bill of 24 articles. 

XT. S. The electoral colleges of the 

different States meet in their respective 
capitals, cast their ballots for President 
and Vice-President, and appoint mes- 
sengers to convey the certificates of 
these elections to "Washington. 

Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill and considers 
the admission of South Dakota. 

Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Tariff Bill, and receives 
the correspondence in the Samoan af- 
fair ; also that relating to the seizing of 
the Haitian Republic; the House con- 
siders the Territorial Bills providing 
for the erection of States. 

Jan. 17. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill, disposes of the 
tin-plate paragraph, and reaches the 
sugar schedule, and then passes the 
Bankruptcy Bill ; the House considers 
the Territorial Bills. 

Jan. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the sugar-bounty section of the 
Tariff Bill. Vote, 37-23. The House 
adopts the Springer Omnibus Bill as 
a substitute for the Senate bill, admit- 
ting South Dakota. Vote, 133-120. 

Jan. 19. D. C. President-elect Harrison 
offers the secretaryship of the interior 
to Andrew Carnegie. [It is declined.] 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, Jan. 11 -Feb. 13. 335 



Congress: The Senate debates the 
Tariff Bill; the House in Committee 
of the Whole passes the Fortifications 
Appropriations Bill, and the Ford 
Committee introduces a bill for the 
stringent repression of immigration, 
especially of the criminal class. 

The Creek Indian delegates cede the 
western part of their domain to Con- 
gress for $2,2S0,S57. [Ratified by the 
Creeks on Jan. 31.] 

Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a substitute Tarriff Bill; vote, 
32-30. 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
asks for a conference with the House on 
the Mills Tariff Bill, and discusses the 
Trust Bill prohibiting combinations for 
the purpose of destroying competition ; 
the House adopts several amendments 
to the Sundry Civil Bill. 

Jan. 26. I). C. Congress : The House 
only is in session ; it refers the Senate 
Tariff BUI to the "Ways and Means 
Committee. 

Jan. 28. I). C. Congress: The House 
passes the Senate Pension Bill. 

Jan. 29. T). C. Congress; The Senate 
decides to discuss Samoan affairs with 
open doors, and adopts an amendment 
to raise ministers to England, France, 
Germany, and Russia to the rank of 
ambassadors ; the House appropriates 
$500,000 for a Library building. 

Jan. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
considers the Samoan question, and 
discusses the British Extradition 
Treaty ; the House debates the Okla- 
homa Bill providing for its opening to 
settlers. 

Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
adopts the Samoan amendments re- 
ported by the Foreign Affairs Committee 
and refuses to raise certain ministers to 
the rank of ambassadors. Vote, 26- 
25. The House discusses and amends 
the Oklahoma Bill. 

Jan.* Temi. The Australian Ballot 
System is adopted. 

Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
appropriates $600,000 for the pro- 
tection of American interests in Sa- 
moa ; it rejects the Anglo-American 
Treaty. Vote, 3S-15. The House passes 
the Oklahoma Bill. Vote, 148-102. 

The President informs Congress that 
the State Department is advised that 
German troops will be withdrawn from 
Samoa, and the neutrality of the islands 
preserved. 

Feb. 2. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Naval Appropriation Bill 
with an amendment devoting $100,000 
for a coaling station at Pango-Pango, 
Samoa. 

Neb. The State Senate accepts the 

amendments to the submission resolu- 
tion made by the House; it provides 
that the people shall vote at the next 
election whether prohibition or high 
license shall be incorporated into the 
Constitution. 

Feb. 3. Eng. Sir Julian Pauncefote 
is appointed to succeed Lord Sackville- 
"West as British minister at Washington. 
(See Jan. 8.1 



Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: The House 
discusses the report on the Nicaragua 
BUI. 

Feb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Legislative Appropriation 
Bill ; the House agrees to the conference 
report on the Nicaragua Canal Bill. 
Vote, 177-60. 

The bill provides for the incorporation 
of a company to construct, equip, and 
operate a ship canal, either entirely 
through the territory of Nicaragua or 
in part through the territory of Costa 
Rica, and otherwise to have suoh powers 
as have been conferred on the Nica- 
ragua Association. The capital stock 
of the company is to be $100,<HM),(hh), 
with authority to increase it to S200,- 
000,000. 

Secretary Bayard informs the German 
minister that Bismarck's proposal for 
a conference, concerning Samoa, in 
Berlin, has been accepted. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the Naval 

Militia Bill. 

Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
continues the discussion of the Legis- 
lative Bill ; a select committee report in 
favor of an amendment to the Constitu- 
tion which shall provide for woman 
suffrage ; the House debates the Army 
Appropriation Bill. 

Feb. 8. D. C. Congress : The President 
submits the proposal of Germany for a 
resumption of the Samoan Confer- 
ence. The Senate passes the Legisla- 
tive Appropriation and the Pension 
Appropriation Bills; it discusses the 
Union Pacific Railroad Funding 
Bill ; the House passes the Army Bill, 
after making several amendments. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the bill to establish a United 
States Court in the Indian Territory, 
and the Fortifications Bill ; it consid- 
ers the Union Pacific Refunding Bill ; 
the House debates the Post-office Ap- 
propriation Bill. 

President Cleveland dismisses Judge 
A. P. Edgerton from the Civil Service 
Commission. 

Feb. 10±. The Legislatures of 10 West- 
ern States resolve to investigate the 
beef trust. 

Feb. 11. D.C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the British Extradition 
Treaty; it passes the bill for the pro- 
tection of the interests of the United 
States in Panama. 

The President signs the bill creating 
the new Department of Agriculture, 
and sends to the Senate the nomination 
of the present Commissioner of Agri- 
culture, Norman J. Coleman, as Secre- 
tary of the Department. 

Utah. The Gentiles defeat the 

Mormons in the municipal election at 
Ogden. 

Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Presi- 
dent transmits the correspondence with 
England and other countries relative to 
the Bering Sea Fisheries. The Senate 
considers the election outrages in 
Texas ; it passes the Naval Appropri- 



ation Bill ; The House discusses the 
Smalls- Elliott contest for admission 
from South Carolina. 
Feb. 13. D. C. Congress: A joint ses- 
sion is held, and the electoral vote is 
counted; Benjamin Harrison is offi- 
cially declared elected President, and 
Levi P. Morton Vice-President of the 
United States. 

Vote: President: Grover Cleveland 
(Dem.)of N. Y., 168 ; Benjamin Harri- 
son (Rep.) of Ind., 233 ; Clinton B. Fisk 
(Prohib.) of N. J., ; Alson J. Streeter 
(Union Labor) of 111., 0; R. H. Cowdry 
(United Labor) of Hl.,0; James L.Curtis 
(American) of N. Y., 0. For Vice-Presi- 
dent : Allen G. Thurman (T>em.) of O., 
168; Levi P. Morton i kep.) of N. Y., 233 ; 
John A. Brooks (Prohib.) of Mo., C. E. 
Cunningham (I'liion Labor) of Ark., W. 
H. T. Wakefield (United Labor) of Kan., 
and James B. Greer (American) of Term., 
each 0. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Jan. 13. New York. Many of the 
Fifth Avenue stages are withdrawn 
from Sunday use. 

Jan. 14. O. A passenger train runs 
into a freight train at Tallmadge, kill- 
ing the engineers, firemen, and eight 
passengers. 

Jan. 15. Cat. The Santa Monica hotel 
is burned. 

Jan. 18. President Cleveland is named 
as one of the arbitrators in a dispute 
between Nicaragua and Costa Rica. 

Jan. 21. Mich. A car is thrown from 
the track at "Watersmeet ; the lieuten- 
ant-governor and others are killed and 
several wounded. 

Jan. 22. N. Y. Senator Cantor intro- 
duces the $1,000,000 canal bill at 
Albany ; it proposes the enlargement of 
the Erie Canal. 

Jan. 23. A 7 . Y. The victorious yacht 
Volunteer is purchased by the Seawan- 
haka Yacht Club. 

Jan. 24. The Union Palace Car Com- 
pany sells out to the Pullman Car Com- 
pany for less than §3,000,000. 

Jan. 26. The loss of several vessels and 
many lives at sea is reported. 

The schooner Annie E. Hall and the 
ship Sarah and Emma, each lose eight 
lives ; the schooner August Floiver, 
seven; and the schooner Ella A., nine. 

Dak. The railroad taxes are re- 
pealed. 

Jan. 29. Mich. The first convention 
of furniture manufacturers meets at 
Grand Rapids. 

Jan. * Md. A train is thrown from the 
track near Lincoln City, and 36 persons 
are injured. 

Feb. 1. Pa. A mine explosion at 
Plymouth causes the death of six men. 

Feb. 2. A". Y. Extensive business prop- 
erty in Buffalo is burned, loss 
$3,000,000; 1,000 persons are thrown 
out of work. 

Feb. 5. N. Y. Seven loggers and 2-4 
teams break through the ice, and are 
drowned in Pine Lake, Fulton County. 

Feb. 6. U. S. A trust is formed of 19 
of the largest firms making sewer pipes. 



336 1889, Feb. 13-Mar. 21. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1889 Feb. 14. Rear-Adni. George E. 
Belknap is sent to command the fleet 
on the Asiatic station. 

Mar. 15. Samoan Is. Three war-ves- 
sels are wrecked, the Nipsic, seven lives 
lost ; the Vandalia, 43 lives lost ; and 
the Trenton; all lost by the same storm. 

D. C. The Secretary of War, by spe- 
cial order, abolishes Sunday dress- 
parades at military posts. 

Mar. 17. Okla. The boomers are driven 
out by the troops. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Feb. 18. Ala. Many people are 
killed or injured by a cyclone in Bibb 
County. 

Feb. 21. Ind. Ter. Gold is discovered. 
[Also Apr. 23. In Franklin Co., Va. 
Aug. 1. At Arrowrock, Ark. Sept. 20. 
At Irvington, N.J. Oct. 3. In Wyo- 
ming.] 

Feb. 23. N. Y. At Saranac Lake the 
mercury falls to 34° below zero. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889. 
Feb. 15. 5IcTyeire,Meth. F.pts. South, cler- 
gyman, editor, bishop, A(j5. 
Feb. 19. Jones, Justin Edw., publisher, A74. 
Feb. 21. Flood, James C, u bonanza king," 

of Cal,, A63. 
Wharton, Francis, solicitor of State 

Department, author, A68. 
Hickey, Patrick, editor, author, of 

Brooklyn, A 43. 
Mar. 5. Booth, Mary Louise, editor of 

Harper's Bazar, A58. 
Mar. 7. Bartk-U, Sidney, lawyer, of Boston, 

A90. 
Williamson, Isaiah V., philanthropist, of 

Phila., A8f>. 
Mar. 8. Ericsson, John, engineer, designer 

of Monitor, scientist, Atflj. 
Mar. 9. Townshend, Richard \V., JI. C. for 

111., A 49. 
Mar. 12. Davis, John Lee, rear-adm. U. S. 

N., A64. 



CHURCH. 

1889 Feb. 14. It. The Pope and con- 
sistory publicly confirm the new bishops 
of Detroit, Natchez, and Wichita. 

Feb. 17. Chicago. " Billy" Sunday, a 
well-known base-ball player, makes his 
appearance as an evangelist. 

Neio York. A circular letter from 

Pope Leo is read in all the diocesan 
churches. 

It affirms that the rejection of Catho- 
lic doctrine is fraught with evil, and that 
Christian faith is the cure for all social 
evils. 

Feb. 21. New York. The Catholic pil- 
grims to the Holy Land sail on the 
Wieland. 

There are over 500 priests and laymen 
— the object being to raise money for 
the maintenance of shrines and sacred 
places in Palestine ; the pilgrimage is 
to occupy 84 days. 

Feb. 23. Z>. C. Pope Leo writes a 
letter approving the statutes of the 
new Catholic university at Washington, 
and lauding the zeal and intelligence of 
the Catholics of America. 

Feb. 27. N. Y. The Federate Council 
of the Protestant Episcopal Church of 
New York forms a province out of the 
five dioceses of the State. 



Feb. * New York. The New York Pres- 
bytery vote 93 to 43 for a revision of 
their creed. 

Feb. * Phila. A church for deaf- 
mutes is consecrated. It jb the only 
congregation in the world entirely man- 
aged by the deaf. 

Mar. 14. O. Thomas Ewing Sherman, 
son of Gen. Sherman, becomes a member 
of the Society of Jesus. [July 7. He 
receives final orders in the priesthood.] 

Mar. 18. It. The American pilgrims 
visit Pome, and receive the Pope's bless- 
ing. (See Feb. 21.) 

LETTERS. 

1889 Feb. 13. The third annual con- 
vention of the American Newspaper 
Publishers' Association opens. 

Feb. 14. Miss. Mayor R. W. Millsap 
of Jackson subscribes S50,000 to build 
and endow a college for the Methodist 
Episcopal Church South. 

Feb. 22. Me. A free public library, 
costing $100,000, is presented by 
James P. Baxter to the city of Portland, 

Feb. 23. Boston. Amos W. Stetson 
of Boston gives to Wellesley College 
a fine eoUection of paintings, 65 in 
number, valued at $30,000. 

Mar. 4. Pa. Dedication of a Roman 
Catholic school-building in Pittsburg. 

Bishop Keane of Wheeling severely 
denounces the American public-school 
system ; he says that it is a divorce 
from moral and religious training, and 
that the only -way to counteract its 
effect is to establish Christian schools. 

N. H. At Camden a fine pubHc 

library is opened ; it is the gift of 
ex-Gov. Smyth to his native town. 

Mar. 10. New York. Dr. M'Glynn at- 
tacks parochial schools in a public 
address. 

Mar. 11. Pa. A. J. Drexel purchases the 
Lonella Mansion at "Wayne, and selects 
trustees and managers for the Drexel 
Industrial College for "Women. 

Mar. 13. D. C. Pope Leo issues a 
brief approving the statutes of the 
Washington University. 

SOCIETY. 

1SS9 Feb. 21. Boston. The Board of 
Police Commissioners increase the 
cost of liquor licenses for the year 
commencing May 1. 

Mar. 1. Ariz. The Legislature 
bill, which is signed by the go^ 
making train-robbery a capital crime. 

Mar. 8. R. I. The House of Represen- 
tatives passes a bill to resubmit the 
Prohibitory Amendment to the peo- 
ple. Vote, 41-25. 

Mar. 9. Ind. The Legislature passes a 
bill to punish bribers. 

Cal. A bill allowing women to vote 

for school commissioners passes the 
Senate. 

Mar. 12. N. H. The people vote on 
seven amendments to the Constitu- 
tion and reject only one, the prohibition 
of the liquor-traffic. 



Mar. 14. /. Ter. Boomers are pouring 
into the Cherokee strip from Arkansas. 

Mar. 21. Conn. The Senate concurs with 
the House in passing a bill which pro- 
hibits selling, giving, or delivering to- 
bacco in any form to persons under 
16 years of age ; it also prohibits mi- 
nors from using tobacco in cigarettes or 
in any other form. 

O. A reform ticket is put in the 

field in Cincinnati by the Committee of 
Five Hundred; its object is to enforce 
the laws, and keep liquor-shops closed 
on Sundays. 

STATE. 

1S89 Feb. 13. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Texas election outrages; 
the House decides the Smalls-Elliott 
election contest in favor of Elliott. 

The proceedings of the Senate on the 
British Extradition Treaty are made 
public. 

Feb. 14. I). C. Congress : The Senate 
receives a resolution calling for the 
Byrnes Report on the alleged customs 
fraud in New York City : it confirms 
the nomination of Carroll D. Wright as 
Commissioner of Labor. 

Me. The House of Representatives 

rejects the Australian baUot system. 

Feb. 15. B.C. Congress : The Senate 
continues the discussion of the Texas 
election outrages: The House sends 
back to the Senate the Dakota Bill. 
Vote, 149-101. It passes the Senate Bill 
appropriating $250,000 for the pro- 
tection of American interests in Pan- 
ama ; Mr. Mills of Texas reports ad- 
versely the Senate substitute Tariff 
BiU. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the political outrages in Texas ; 
in the House four Revenue Bills are 
reported, and the Post-office BiU is 
discussed. The Committee on Fish- 
eries recommends measures to secure 
American rights in Bering Sea. 

Feb. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
considers changes in the Sundry Civil 
BiU; the House has trouble in consid- 
ering the conference report on the Di- 
rect Tax BiU because of filibustering; 
a resolution is introduced by J. B. Mor- 
gan of Miss, inviting Canadian officials 
to visit this country for observation. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
agrees to the Springer House Bill to 
admit four new States to the Union — 
North Dakota, South Dakota, Montana, 
and Washington ; the House adopts the 
conference report on the Direct Tax 
BiU and sends it to President Cleveland ; 
the President signs the Nicaragua 
Canal BiU. 

The State Department is notified that 
a supplementary treaty of amity, navi- 
gation, and commerce with Japan has 
been signed hv Minister Hubbard on be- 
half of the United States. 

Feb. 21. D. C Congress: The Senate 
debates the Sundry Civil BiU; the 
Fouse passes the Post-office BUI ; Mr. 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, Feb. 13 -Mar. 21. 337 



Randall of Pa. introduces a resolution, 
calling for the consideration of the 
Cowles Tobacco Tax Bill. 

H. I. The Legislature approves the 

Australian ballot system. 

Feb. 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Sundry Civil and Agricul- 
tural Bills ; in the House Mr. Mills's 
resolution regarding the Senate's tariff 
action is defeated. Vote, 143-S3. The 
bills to retire Gen. Rosecrans and to 
pension the widow of Gen. Sheridan 
are passed; Mrs, Sheridan is to receive 
650,000. 

The President signs an enabling Act 
for the framing of State constitutions 
for South Dakota, Montana, and 
"Washington, and for their admission 
into the Union ; provision is made for 
the division of Dakota. 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses resolutions relative to elec- 
tions in the South ; the House debates 
the Deficiency Bill, and eulogies are 
delivered on the late Congressman 
James H. Burnes of Mo. 

President Cleveland vetoes the River 
and Harbor Bill. 

Feb. 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Sioux Bill; also the Army 
Appropriation Bill, with some 
changes ; Mr. Spooner of 111. introduces 
bills for the supervision and protection 
of Congressional elections ; in the 
House bills are introduced to admit into 
the Union the Territories of Arizona, 
Idaho, "Wyoming, and New Mexico. 
President Cleveland by proclamation 
calls a special session of the Senate 
for March 4th. 

Cal. The Anti- Insurance Trust 

Bill passes the Senate. 

Feb. 27. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a bill to protect salmon in 
Alaska rivers ; bills are introduced to 
admit "Wyoming and Idaho to state- 
hood ; the House passes the Indian 
Appropriation Bill; obstructive tac- 
tics prevent action on the Cowles 
bill. 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Post-office Bill, and votes 
down the House amendments to the In- 
terstate Commerce Act; the House 
considers conference reports on various 
appropriation bills. 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress ratifies the 
ceding of one half of the Creek lands 
in Oklahoma to the Federal govern- 
ment. 

Congress : The Senate receives from 
Secretary Fairchild the result of the in- 
vestigation into alleged sugar frauds ; 
the House passes a joint resolution 
in favor of commercial union with 
Canada. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
considers the Appropriation Bills, and 
passes the Direct Tax Bill over Presi- 
dent Cleveland's veto. Vote, 45-9. The 
House is occupied with Appropriation 
Bills. 
The 50th Congress closes. 



Ind. Gov. Hovey decides to ask the 

courts to pass on the authority of the 
Legislature in making appointments. 

— —Kan. The Legislature passes a bill 
making trusts, combinations, and 
pools illegal. 

Mar. 3. D. C. President Cleveland signs 
the bill amending the Interstate 
Commerce Act. 

The 23d Administration; Republi- 

Mar. 4. D. C. Benjamin Harrison of 
Ind., the 23d President, in the 26th term 
of the presidency, is inaugurated. Levi 
P. Morton of N. Y. is Vice-President. 

The Senate meets in special session 
chiefly to consider the nominations to 
be made by the President. 

jr. Va. At Charleston both Nathan 

Goif and President Carr of the Senate 
take the oath of office as governor ; they 
demand that Gov. Wilson shall vacate 
the governorship, which he declines to 
do. 

Mar. 5. D. C. The Senate receives and 
confirms the Cabinet nominations of 
President Harrison. 

Cabinet: James G. Blaine of Me. 
(State), "William Windom of Minn. 
(Treas.), Redfield Proctor of Vt. ("War), 
Benjamin F. Tracy of N. Y. (Navy), 
John W. Noble of Mo. (Interior), Jere- 
miah M. Busk of Wis. (Agriculture), 
"William H. H. Miller of Ind. (Atty- 
Gen.), John Wanamaker of Pa. (P. M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar. 6. Ark. A reform ballot law 
passes the Senate. 

Mar. 7. D. C. The Senate elects John 
J. Ingalls of Kan. president pro tem- 
pore. 

W. Va. The attorneys of Nathan 

Goff begin mandamus proceedings over 
the governorship. 

Mar. 8. Me. The British schooner Glean- 
er, from St. John for New York, is seized 
at Boothbay for non-entry ; the fine is 
SI, 500. 

Mar. 9. N. Y. Ernest H. Crosby intro- 
duces a bill in the State Assembly to 
make New York City and Brooklyn 
one municipality. [Apr. 4. It is or- 
dered to a third reading.l 

jr. Va. The Supreme Court of W. 

Va. decides that the failure of the Legis- 
lature to declare the result of the late 
gubernatorial election creates a vacancy 
which entitles Gov. Wilson to retain 
the office until the result is legally de- 
clared. 

N. Y. Mr. Sheehan introduces in the 

Legislature a substitute for the Sax- 
ton Ballot Reform Bill. 

Mar. 16. 01:1a. The Seminole Indians 
formally convey their lands to Congress, 
according to the treaty of 1886. 

Mar. 20. New York. Ex-President 
Grover Cleveland is elected a member 
of the Tammany Society. 

Mar. 21. Neb. The Legislature passes 
a bill to tax sleeping and dining cars. 



P. 7. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1SS9 Feb. 13. Chicago. The South- 
ern hotel is destroyed by fire. 

Feb. 15 ±. iV. Y. The Rochester 
breweries are purchased by an English 
syndicate. [Mar. 5. Five Chicago brew- 
eries are sold for $1,800,000. Mar. G. 
Three leading breweries in New York 
are also sold.] 

Feb. 17. Chicago. A building 14 stories 
high collapses. 

Conn. P. T. Barnum's home at Sea 

Side Park is burned ; loss, $25,000. 

The Park Central Hotel at Hartford 
collapses after a boiler explosion ; 50 
persons are buried in the ruins. 

The Court of Claims gives judgment 

for $1,002,517 in favor of the Central 
Pacific Railroad, in its suit against 
the United States, for withheld divi- 
dends. 

Feb. 20. Cal. The town of Guerne- 
ville, Sonoma Co., is nearly destroyed 
by fire. 

Fta. The Sub-Tropical Exposition 

at Jacksonville opens with a large at- 
tendance. 

-• — Ky. A railroad bridge at Spottsville 
gives way ; 12 men are killed. 

Minn. Two children are attacked 

and devoured by wolves at Aitkin. 

Feb. 21. Belle Boyd, the famous colt, 
is sold for $51,000. 

Feb. 24. Pa, More than 50 people are 
injured in a railroad accident at Roar- 
ing Branch. 

Feb. 25. Kan. Fire destroys 200,000 
bushels of wheat in a flour-mill at 
Leavenworth. 

Feb. 26. Chicago. The Standard Oil 
Company gains control of the gas 
companies. 

Feb. 28. Mo. A convention of delegates 
from commercial bodies assembles in 
St. Louis to draft a new bankruptcy 
law. 

Feb. * Wis. At a fire in Milwaukee, 
12 firemen are buried in the ruins of 
a building. 

Mar. 5. Cal. Many persons start for 
t the alleged new gold fields in Southern 
California. [The fraud is soon exposed.] 

Pa. The Reading Iron "Works 

fail ; the liabilities are estimated at 
$1,000,000. 

Mar. 11. New York. The Baltimore 
and Ohio Railroad succeeds after long 
endeavor in making close connections 
with New York City. 

Pa. Five men are killed and 11 in- 
jured by a boiler explosion at Pitts- 
burg. 

Mar. 15. The sugar trust raises the 
price of sugar one cent a pound. 

Mar. 16. Va. The bark Pettengill of 
Portland, Me., is wrecked on the 
Virginia Cape; 14 lives are lost. 



338 1889, Mar. 22 -May 13. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Mar. 25. Ariz. Chitachuan and 
15 Indian warriors are intrenched 14 
miles north of San Carlo's agency. 

Mar. 26. D. C. Com. David B. Harmony 
is promoted rear-admiral. 

Apr. 2. The Richmond, Alert, and Adams 
are ordered to Samoa. 

Apr. 20. Cal. Lieut. Ripley and 29 sea- 
men, hurt in the storm off Samoa, arrive 
at San Francisco. 

Apr. 29. New York. The great centen- 
nial parade includes a naval proces- 
sion ; 300 vessels sail through the harbor 
in celebration of the adoption of the 
Federal Constitution. 

Apr. 30. New York. A centennial mili- 
tary procession of 65,000 men marches 
through some of the principal streets. 

Apr. * Va. The Pensacola, while being 
cleaned and repaired at her dock in 
Portsmouth, fills with water and sinks. 

May 12. Samoa. The battery of the Tren- 
ton has been saved at Apia, and efforts are 
being made to save that of the Vandalia. 

May 13. Cal. The crusier Charleston 
arrives at San Francisco from Santa 
Barbara. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Mar. 28. Tex. Tin ore is discov- 
ered in Pecos county. 

Mar, * New York. John Ericsson ex- 
hibits his apparatus for condensing so- 
lar rays for motive power. 

Mar. * New York: Henry G. Marquand 
is elected president of the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art. Mrs. John Crosby 
Brown presents to the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art the finest private col- 
lection of musical instruments known 
to exist in this country ; estimated value, 
$35,000. President Marquand declines a 
gift of $10,000 from Mr.Walters of Balti- 
more, it being conditioned upon keeping 
the doors of the Metropolitan Muse- 
um of Art open on Sunday. 

Apr. 1. Cal. A new comet is discov- 
ered by Mr. Barnard at the Lick Ob- 
servatory. 

Apr. 2. Pa. A big landslide occurs 
on Second Avenue at Pittsburg. 

Apr. 3, 4. S. Dak. — Minn. "Wind 
storms and prairie fires damage and 
destroy fully §2,000,000 worth of prop- 
erty ; whole villages are swept out of 
existence, rendering hundreds of fami- 
lies homeless ; several lives are known 
to be lost. 

Apr. 8. N. Y. Rich strikes of oil are 
made at Andover. 

Apr. 16. D. C. The annual session of 
the National Academy of Sciences 
begins in Washington. [Apr. 17. It elects 
Prof. O. C. Marsh president.] 

Apr. 19. O. A shower of snails occurs 
at Tiffin. 

Apr. 22. New York. Centennial Loan 
Exhibition opens at the Metropolitan 
Opera House. [May 8. It closes.] 



Apr. 28. Minn. Relics of the mound- 
builders are found. 

Apr. * All the States and Dakota Terri- 
tory now have Agricultural Experi- 
ment Stations established under act of 
Congress. 

Apr.* X. Y. Natural gas in large quan- 
tities is discovered near Canisteo while 
drilling an oil-well. 

May 3. hid. A subterranean water- 
course, 12 feet wide and G feet deep, is 
discovered 12 miles from Hartford City. 

Dak. A shower of frogs occurs at 

Jamestown. 

May 9. ///. The mercury rises to 94* 
at Bloomington — the highest tempera- 
ture in May for 25 years. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS 

X8S9. 
Mar. 22. Campbell, John A 
ticeof U. S. S. Ct., A77. 

- — - Matthews, Stanley, justice TJ. S. S. 

Ct., A65. 
Mar. 23. Tilton, "W. S., brig.-gen., dies, 

Mass. 
Mar. 31. Sleeper, Jacob, philanthropist, of 

Boston, A87. 
Apr. 4. Kfinington, Pliilo, inventor, manu- 
facturer of firearms, A73. 
Apr. 7. Vrooman, Henry, sen. for Cal., A 45. 
Apr. 9. Patterson, Thomas H-, rear-adm., 

A 69. 
Apr. 14. Chittenden, Simeon B., million- 

aire merchant, vf Brooklyn, A75. 

Taylor. William K., rear-adm., A78. 

Apr. 25. Pearson, Henry G., postmaster of 

N. Y. City, A44. 
Apr. 27. Bariuird, Frederick Augustus P., 

pres. of Columbia Collet,'* 1 , author. A80. 
Apr. 29. Crolv, David G., journalist, of 

N. T., A60. 
Apr. 30. Barnum, William H., senator for 

Conn., chairman Hem. Nat. Com., A7I. 
May 9. Harnev, William Selby, maj.-gen. 

TJ. S. A., A89. 

O'Connor, William Douglas, au., A57. 

May 13. Bishop, Washington Irving, 

"mind-reader " in N. Y., A 42. 



CHURCH. 

1889 Mar. 26. Wis. Cyras F. Knight 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Milwaukee. 

Mar. * President Harrison and every 
member of his Cabinet, excepting Secre- 
taries Proctor and Rusk, are Presbyte- 
rians. (World.) 

Mar. * Miss Flavin, an English Roman 
Catholic, passes through America on her 
way to Honolulu to exile herself as a 
missionary in the leper colony. 

Apr. 7. Mo. The world's conference 
of Latter-day Saints assembles at St. 
Joseph. 

There are 12 apostles, 70 patriarchs. 
3,719 high-priests, 11,805 elders, 2,069 
priests. 2,292 teachers, 11.610 deacons, 
81,899 families, 115.915 officers and mem- 
bers, and 49,302 children under eight 
years of age. 

Apr. 7-14. New York. A week of prayer 
is observed for the Sabbath reform 
movement. 

Apr. 10. Md. Cardinal Gibbons is- 
sues a circular letter calling upon the 
Baltimore Roman Catholic clergy to 
hold special services on April 30 — Cen- 
tennial Day. 

Apr. 24. Mo. The Rev. Dr. Bray of St. 
Louis is deposed, at his own request, 
from the Episcopal ministry. 



Apr. 25. Mich. Charles C. Grafton 
is consecrated (Protestant Epil 
bishop of Fond du Lac. 

Apr. 28. Chicago. The American The- 

osophists meet. 

New York. Special centennial ser- 
vices are held in St. Paul's Chapel. 

S. C. A newspaper reporter, 

Henry D. Howren, preaches a ser- 
mon two hours long to 1.500 people in 
the Grand Opera House, Charleston. 

Apr. 30. Centennial Celebration. 
President Harrison has. by proclama- 
tion, appointed this dav for general 
thanksgiving and prayer throughout the 
nation. (See Army aiid State.) 

May 1. O. Leading Roman Catholic 
divines and educators form a Roman 
Catholic Educational Union. 

It aims to give to all who rind it diffi- 
cult to pursue their studies after leaving 
school an opportunity to follow a pre- 
scribed course of secular and religious 
reading and study. 

May ± * Pa. Miss Kate Drexel, daugh- 
ter of the Philadelphia banker, and heir- 
ess to §2,000.000 (?>, becomes a Sister of 
Mercy; she enters the Mercy Convent 
in Pittsburg. 

MayS. Phila. The 28th International 
Convention of the Young Men's 
Christian Association is held ; about 
1,000 delegates are present. 

May 12. Va. Rev. John Jasper's re- 
vival at Richmond prospers ; 200 colored 
converts are baptized in the James 
River. 

May 13. New York. The bill to give 
school moneys to the Roman Catholic 
Protectory is defeated in the Assembly. 

LETTERS. 

1889 Mar. 25. New York. Mrs. Mar- 
garet E. Sangster becomes editor of 
Harper's Bazar. 

Mar.* Md. Johns Hopkins University 
is placed beyond fear of financial dif- 
ficulty by means of the Emergency 
Fund recently raised by citizens of 
Baltimore. 

Mar. * Mass. Mary A. Bingham is 
chosen president of Mount Holyoke 
Serninary. 

Apr. 3. N. Y. The Madison Univer- 
sity library building at Hamilton is 
to be built at once. It is to be three 
stories high, 12S feet long, and S2 feet 
wide. The whole cost ($100,000) is as- 
sumed by James B. Colgate. 

Apr. 20. New York. Whitelaw Reid,* 
having taken office abroad under the 
Government, retires froiu the editorship 
and control of the New York Tribune. 

Apr. * Colo. Mary Lowe Dickinson is 
professionally employed in the Univer- 
sity of Denver at a salary of $3,300. The 
women of Colorado are raising an endow- 
ment fund of $40,000 for a woman's 
chair, always to be filled by a woman. 

Apr. *± Minn. Ex-Gov. John S. Pills- 
bury, one of the regents of the State 
University, gives $150,000 for the im- 
mediate use of the institution. 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, Mar. 22 - May 13. 339 



Apr.* Mass. Natiek elects three women 

on its school board. 
Apr. * It is said that the author of Listen 

to the Mocking-Bird has made $100,000 

by that one effort. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Mar. 22. N. F. The Assembly 
bill allowing women to vote at muni- 
cipal elections is defeated. 

Mar. ± * Me. The Legislature passes a 
bill providing for a fine of $100, impris- 
onment for one year, and disfranchise- 
ment for 10 years, for a man who sells 
his vote. 

Apr. * Wyo. An asylum for the insane 
at Evanston is opened. 

[Also Aug. 1. At Hastings, Neb. Dec. 
15. At Clarinda, la. * * At Evansville 
and another at Richmond, Ind. ; hos- 
pitals for the insane are provided for in 
South California ; at Los Vegas, N. Mex., 
and San Antonio, Tex.] 

May 1. Neb* An industrial home for 
women and girls is opened at Milford. 

May 4. Chicago. Dr. Patrick Henry 
Cronin, an Irish dynamiter, is suspected 
of treachery, expelled from membership 
and condemned to death by members of 
the Clan-na-gael. [May 22. His body is 
found at Lake View.] 

May 8. Ark. The Sheriff of St. Francis 
County, the city marshal of Forest City, 
and two other citizens, are killed in an 
election riot. 

May 10. Mo. David and "William "Walker 
and John Matthews of the Bald Knob 
gang are hanged at Ozark. 

STATE. 

1889 Mar. 22. D. C. Bering Sea is 
closed to all nations. 

President Harrison issues a proclama- 
tion protiibiting under heavy penalties 
the killing of any otter, miuk, marten, 
sable, or fur seal within the limits of 
Alaska Territory or the waters thereof 
without a special permit from the United 
States. 

Mar. 25. Mont. Red Lodge is thrown 
open for settlement. 

Mar. 26. N. J. The Assembly Speaker 
refuses to permit business to be done, 
owing to the absence of two members 
of his own party. 

Mar. 27. President Harrison by proc- 
lamation fixes April 22, at noon, as the 
date of opening Oklahoma for purposes 
of settlement. 

N.J. The Assembly passes the Re- 
districting Bill ; the governor signs it, 
and it becomes law. 

Mar. 29. D. C. The President appoints 
the three members of the Oklahoma 
Commission. 

Mar. 30. D. C. The Senate rejects 
the nomination of Murat Halstead as 
minister to Germany. Vote, 19-25. 

Mar. * Ind. The State Senate passes the 
bill adopting the Australian system of 
secret voting. 

Apr. 1. N. J. The Assembly passes the 
BaUot Reform Bill. Vote, 48-2. 



Apr. 2. D. C. Senate : The special ses- 
sion closes. 

Chicago. Dewitt C. Cregier, the 

Democratic nominee for mayor, is 
elected by 10,000 majority. 
Apr. 3. N. Y. The Assembly passes the 
Excise Commission Bill as amended. 
Vote, 69-53. 

R. I. The election of the State ticket 

is in doubt,— a single office excepted. 
Apr. 4. Tenn. The Legislature passes 
the Doritch Election Bill. 

Apr. 5. N. Y. The Assembly orders the 
Nixon Dressed Beef Bill to a third 
reading. Vote, 55—40. 

Apr. 6. D. C. President Harrison is- 
sues a proclamation recommending 
that the hour of 9 a.m., Tuesday, Apr. 
30th, be set apart for Thanksgiving 
services in all the churches and public 
places of worship in the country as a 
part of the celebration of the cen- 
tennial anniversary of Gen. Washing- 
ton's inauguration. 

Apr. 9. N. Y. The Assembly passes the 
Saxton Ballot Reform BiH. Vote, 
74-44. 

Apr. 13. Va. Ballot reform after the 
Australian secret system is adopted by 
the House. Vote, 63-17. 

Apr. 17. N. J. The Senate passes a 
substitute for the Australian Election 
System Bill. 

Apr. 18. III. The House passes an An- 
ti-Trust Bill. 

N. Y. Senator Fassett and several 

other Republican senators, after vainly 
protesting against a ruling of Lieut.- 
Gov. Jones as unfair, leave the Sen- 
ate Chamber amidmuch excitement. 

The Interstate Commerce Commission 

decides that the Grand Trunk's ship- 
ments to Canadian points are subject to 
interstate law. 

Apr. 21. New York. Sir JulianPaunce- 
fote, the British minister to "Washing- 
ton, arrives. 

Apr. 22. Okla. The Oklahoma coun- 
try is thrown open to settlers at 
noon. 

N. Y. The Senate passes Mayor 

Grant's Rapid Transit Bill, and the 
New York City Police Commission, Park 
Commission, and Police Justice Bills. 

Apr. 27. Okla. A municipal govern- 
ment is organized in Guthrie by the 
election of a mayor and town council. 

Apr. 29. New York. The three U. S. 
Commissioners to the Berlin Con- 
ference respecting Samoa sail ; the 
members are William Walter Phelps of 
N. J., John A. Kasson of la., and George 
H. Bates of Del. 

May 1. The railway TJ. S. mail ser- 
vice passes under civil service rules. 

May 4. Mo. The Australian election 
system is adopted by the Legislature. 

May 6. La. Armed men break up an 
election in Lafayette to prevent ne- 
groes from voting. 



May 7. Berlin. The American Com- 
missioners of the Samoan Confer- 
ence, under instruction from their Gov- 
ernment, demand the neutrality of the 
islands and the administration of Sa- 
moan affairs by Samoans ; they also 
urge the claim of the United States to 
the right to establish a coaling-station 
at Pango-Pango. 

May 13. N. Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the 
Saxon Ballot Reform BUI. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889 Mar. 26. Chicago. Forty thou- 
sand cases of tea are burned in a 
warehouse : loss, about §1,250,000. 
Apr. 5. Pa. At Wilkesbarre 16 col- 

leries resume work. 
Apr. 7. N. C. A fire nearly destroys 
Smithfield ; 28 houses and 32 stores are 
consumed. 

Ga. Savannah loses $1,250,000 by 

fire. 
Apr. 10. III. A private car is wrecked 
near Joliet ; four persons are killed and 
four others injured. 

N. Y. The New York Yacht Club 

accepts Lord Dunraven's challenge 
to sail for the America cup. 

Apr. 13. New York. A fire sweeps the 
Worth River front between Fifty-ninth 
and Sixty-fifth Streets, burning many 
valuable buildings of the New York 
Central Railroad ; loss, nearly $3,000,000. 

Apr. 16. The Richmond and Alle- 
ghany Railroad is sold to the Chesa- 
peake and Ohio, for §5,000,000. 

New York. Mayor Grant and the 

Board of Control begin the attack on 
the electric poles and wires; many 
are taken down. 

Apr. 17. The Standard Oil Company 
absorbs the Ohio Oil Company. 

Apr. 21. The 331 passengers and crew 
of the steamer Danmark are rescued at 
sea by the steamer Missouri. 

Apr. 22. Okla. Settlers lay out Guthrie, 
and start a bank in a tent on the day 
the Territory is opened ; capital, $50,000. 
There is a great rush of settlers and 
others into the strip of land now thrown 
open ; violence and bloodshed attend 
the inrush of people. 

Apr. 27. Mo. Grain elevator com- 
panies form a combination in St. Louis. 

Apr. 28. Ont. An excursion train 
from Chicago for New York is wrecked 
near Hamilton ; 17 persons are killed. 

May 8. Mich. At Kalamazoo an engine 
collides with a crowded street-car, 
killing six persons and injuring others. 

May 10. Va. A storm sweeps 25 
workmen into the Potomac, and the 
wreck of the bridge on which they 
worked falls on them. 

May 11. N. J. English capitalists buy 
several large breweries near Newark. 
[May 14. Also, the brewery of George 
Ringler and Co., in New York. May 15. 
Two more are bought. May 22. The 
breweries of St. Paul, Minn. June 14. 
The Kastner brewery of Newark.] 



340 1889, May 13 -June 26. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 May 21. I). C. President Harrison 
issues a proclamation forbidding Sun- 
day parades; general inspection is to 
be made on Saturday in place of Sunday. 

May 27. III. Troops are ordered to 
disperse the striking miners at Braid- 
wood. [May 28. The miners are taken 
prisoners by militia.J 

May 29. PJiila. A committee repre- 
senting the survivors of the Philadel- 
phia Brigade present a handsome new- 
silk flag to the survivors of Confederate 
Gen. Pickett's Virginia division. 

June 7. D. C. Col. Kelton is appointed 
adjutant-general of the United States in 
place of Gen. Drum, retired. 

June 10. D. C. The Ossipee has been 
ordered to Port-au-Prince, Haiti, to look 
after national interests. 

Pa. Johnstown is under military 

rule for the preservation of order. 

June 14. Minn. Three companies of 
United States troops are sent to the 
scene of the reported outbreak among 
the Chippewa Indians; 400Chippewas 
are in war-paint. 

June 16. The Kearsarge starts for Port- 
au-Prince, Haiti. 

June 18. Va. The United States steamer 
Constellation goes ashore inside Cape 
Henry. 

June 21. Md. The Maxim gun is tested 
at Annapolis ; one gun fires 750 shots in 
a minute, and another 350. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 May 16. Mick. — Wis. Snowfalls 
to the depth of from three to five inches. 

May 24. Va. A monument is dedi- 
cated at Alexandria in commemoration 
of Confederate soldiers who fell at this 
place. 

May 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood. 
(See Miscellaneous May 31 and Sept. *) 

May * D. C. The site of the new Zoo- 
logical Park, for which Congress has 
appropriated $200,000, is located along 
the banks of Rock Creek, northwest of 
"Washington ; area, 150 acres. 

June 1, 2. Destructive storm in the 
Middle States. (See Miscellaneous.) 

June 4. New York: The International 
Medico-Legal Congress opens in 
Stein way Hall. 

June 6. N. Mex. Lieut. Schwatka ar- 
rives at Dening, and gives the details 
of the discoveries of cave- and cliff- 
dwellers in Chihuahua. 

June 25. P. I. The fortieth meeting of 
the American Medical Association 
opens at Newport. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889. 

May 16. Rice, Allen Thormlike, ed. Worth 
American Ii<rtt>ti\ Minister to Russia, A :!K. 

May 34. Bridgman, Laura, of Boston, 
blind deaf-mute, AGO. 

June l. Moore, S. P., surgeon-gen. of Con- 
federate Army, dies. 

June 8. Swett, Leonard, lawyer, of Chicago, 
A63. 



June 17. Gilbert, .John (Jibbs, actor, in 

Boston, A.79. 
Hosmer, William, dergyman, antisla- 

very agitutor, temperaiM-e mlvoeate, ATM. 
June 20. Myers, A. ''., i|ii;iriermaster-gen. 

of Confederate* army, ATT. 
June 25. Haves, Lu'ey Webb, wife of ex- 

rresldent, friend of temi>f*rain:e, A.V<. 
June 26. Cameron. Simon, senator for 

Pa., minister to Russia, nrst secretary of 

war tinder Lincoln, A90. 
Brown, George Lonng,of Mass., painter, 

A75. 

CHURCH. 

1S89 May 14. Tenn. The Southern 
Baptist Convention, in session at 
Memphis, adopts resolutions denouncing 
the liquor traffic; it favors prohibition 
and opposes licenses. 

The Supreme Council of the Catho- 
lic Knights of America meets at Chat- 
tanooga. 

May 14, 15. O. The Epworth League 
(Methodist Episcopal) is organized at 
Cleveland at a conference of representa- 
tives of young people's societies. 

May 16. Neiu York. The General As- 
sembly (Presbyterian) begins its 101st 
session. 

Dr. C. L. Thompson delivers the open- 
ing address ; and Dr. W. C. Roberts is 
chosen moderator. The assembly is com- 
posed of 480 commissioners, coming from 
2S synods in all parts of the United States 
and from China ; it represents 210 pres- 
byteries, containing 6,500 churches, with 
about 767,000 communicants. The two 
paramount questions are the supply of 
ministers and the regulations as to the 
confession of faith. 

(May 22.) It votes to discuss the pro- 
posed revision of the Confession of Faith. 
(May 23.) It decides to cooperate with 
the Southern Presbyterian General As- 
sembly of Home Missions. 

(May 24.) It votes to ask the presby- 
teries to express their desires respecting 
the revision of the creed. It agrees to 
cooperation. 

(May 27.) It adopts an important anti- 
license resolution. Vote, 193-S2. 

It favors vigorous efforts until laws 
shall he enacted in every State and Ter- 
ritory prohibiting entirely a traffic which 
is the principal cause of drunkenness, 
and its consequent pauperism, crime, 
taxation, lamentation, war, and ruin to 
the bodies and souls of men with which 
the country has so long been afflicted. 
(May 28.) The session closes. 

Tenn. The General Assembly 

(Southern Presbyterian) meets in 
Chattanooga. 

Mo. The General Assembly of the 

Cumberland Presbyterians meets in 
Kansas City. 

(May 20.) It discusses the case of Dr. 
James Woodrow, an evolutionist. 

(May 23.) It agrees to cooperate with 
the General Assembly of Kortheru Pres- 
byterians. 

May IS. Boston. Closing session of the 
57th annual meeting of the Baptist 
Home Missionary Society. 

La. James D. Coleman of New 

Orleans is elected supreme president of 
the Catholic Knights of America. 

y. Y. The Methodist Episcopal 

Home for the Aged in Brooklyn is 
dedicated. 

May 22. Cat. The Greek (Russian) 
church at San Francisco is burned ; 
arson is suspected. 



May 23. Chicago. Pope Leo authorizes 
Archbishop Feehan of Chicago to " take 
whatever measures he may deem oppor- 
tune to declare the Clan-na-Gael in 
opposition to the Church." 

May 25. It. C. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

May 26. New York: The year I 
ing of the Society of Friends begins 
at Rutherford Place. 

May 28. New Fork. Mayor Grant in- 
sists that the Metropolitan Museum 
of Natural History shall be opened on 
Sundays. 

Otherwise he will refuse consent to the 
issuance of the $400,000 bonds authorized 
to be applied to the erection of the 

May * Seventy-third annual meeting of 
the American Bible Society. 

It reports 1,440,465 copies of the Scrip- 
tures issued from the Bible House dur- 
ing the year, and 509.7S2 copies sent to 
foreign "lands. Receipts : for general 
purposes. $499.S23.">3 ; for permanent 
investment, $1,447.72. 

May * About 1S.500,000 persons are re- 
ported as following the International 
Sunday-school Lesson Course. 

May * Pa. The General Conference 
(.United Brethren! is held at York. 

May* Boston. The Woman's Foreign. 
Missionary Society (Reformed Epis- 
copal) is organized. 

June 2. New York. The Roman Catholic 
priests read in their churches a pastoral 
letter denouncing secret societies as 
" the bane of the social order, the danger 
of a free people, and the great slavery 
of our day." 

June 3. Va. A. Van de "Vyver, vicar- 
general of the Diocese of Richmond 
(Roman Catholic), is elevated to the 
bishopric. 

June 5. N. Y. The 63d annual meeting- 
of the American Home Missionary 
Society opens at Saratoga. 

June 9. New York. Collections are 
taken in many churches for the Cone- 
maugh Valley relief fund. 

Pa. The people of Johnstown, in 

the Conemaugh Valley , meet for religious 
services in ruined chu rches and under the 
open sky. (See Miscellaneous, May 31.) 

June 12. Pa. The National Confer- 
ence (German Baptist) denounces the 
\ise of tobacco by ministers and deacons, 
and declares that it is wrong to install 
candidates "who use it. 

June 13. Pa. The 34th biennial session 
(Evangelical Lutheran) convenes at 
Pittsburg. It unanimously adopts a 
resolution approving the prohibition 
amendment to be voted on in Pennsyl- 
vania on June IS. 

Hundreds of sick persons gather at 
the Church of St. Anthony of Padua, 
in Allegheny City, in the hope of being 
healed of their diseases. 



1SS9 May IS. John X>. Rockefeller 
offers $000,000 for the Baptist Univer- 
sity to be established in Chicago, and C. 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, May 13 -June 26. 341 



Hinckeley of Chicago offers 850,000 for 
the same purpose — there remains to 
be raised only §350,000 of the necessary 
§1,000,000. 

May 22. New York. Joseph Pulitzer, 
owner of the World, donates $15,000 
to assist poor boys of this city in getting 
college educations. 

Each boy selected -will receive $250, 
and 12 boys will be thus assisted each 
year until* 60 have entered college. 

May* Mich. The Michigan House of 
Representatives passes the bill to confer 
upon •women the right to vote at all 
school, village, and city elections. 
Vote, 58—23. 

June 14. Conn. A complete set of the 
publications of Prince Lucien Bonaparte 
on the dialects of Europe is presented 
to the Yale Library by a citizen of 
New Haven. 

June 20. N. Y. The Madison Univer- 
sity is changed to Colgate University. 

Ji. I. Dr. E. B. Andrews is elected 

President of Brown University. 

■ O. Miami University confers degree 

of T.T. Tl- upon President Harrison. 

June 24. New York. Gen. Daniel Butter- 
field presents to the public schools the 
gold medal for excellence in marching 
in the Centennial parade. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 May 24. N. Y. Train wreckers 
ditch a train in Sullivan County; 45 
passengers are injured. 

June 4. New York. Ferdinand "Ward 
(Grant and "Ward) is indicted for finan- 
cial frauds. 

Conn. The House defeats the bill 

giving women the right to vote on 
questions pertaining to the sale of in- 
toxicating liquors. 

June 12. N. J. The Society of the 
Army of the Potomac holds its 20th 
annual reunion in Orange. 

June 20. ft. I. The people vote to re- 
scind the Prohibitory Amendment. 

June 26. Ind. The Supreme Court at 
Indianapolis decides that a license to 
sell liquor is a special tax ; and as the 
power to grant, withhold, or annul li- 
censes to sell liquor is an exercise of the 
police power, it follows that no limita- 
tion can be placed upon its exercise by 
any statutory provisions. 

STATE. 

1889 May 13. D. C. Charles Lyman 
of Conn, is chosen president of the 
Civil Service Commission. 

D. C. The U. S. Supreme Court de- 
cides that the Chinese Exclusion Act 
is valid; it gives an opinion in favor 
of the heirs of Myra Clark Gains in their 
suit against the city of New Orleans for 
property valued at more than §500,000. 

May 14. S.Dak. The people approve the 
Sioux Falls Constitution. Vote, 37,710 
-3,414. 

May 21. III. The Chicago Drainage 
Bill passes the Senate. 



May 22. Conn. The lower House passes 
a secret ballot bill. [May 27. It 
passes the Senate.] 

III. The Assembly passes the Hotch- 

kiss Secret Ballot Bill. Vote, 183-9. 

May 2S. It. I. The people having failed 
to elect a governor, the Legislature 
choose H. "W. Ladd (Rep.). 

D. C. The "Wool-growers Associa- 
tion petitions President Harrison to 
call a special session of Congress to 
take action on the tariff. 

New York. The Civil Service Com- 
mission censures the examining board 
of the custom-house. 

May * Wyo. A call is issued for a 

Constitutional Convention to convene 
on Sept. 3, at Cheyenne. 

June 7. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley vetoes 
the Secret Ballot BUI; it is passed 
over his veto. Vote, 121-38 ; after which 
it is reconsidered and laid on the table. 

June 11. Conn. The Secret Ballot 
Bill is amended in the House by ex- 
empting city, town, and borough elec- 
tions from its operations ; it then passes, 
and goes to the Senate. [June 13. Its 
passage is defeated. Vote, 19-2. It is 
later modified and passed by both 
Houses.] 

N. Y. Gov. Hill signs the Anti- 
Bucket Bill to restrict speculation. 

June 12. Calvin S. Brice of O. is 
elected chairman of the Democratic 
National Committee. 

June 17. It is reported that U. S. 
revenue cutters are ordered to seize all 
vessels engaged in illicit killing of 
seals in Bering Sea. 

June 19. Phita. The jury in the hat- 
trimmings case returns a verdict 
against the Government ; this is a test 
case to recover excess of duties levied 
on material used as hat-trimmings, and 
by the verdict the Government is made 
liable for §30,000,000 or more. 

June 26. D. C. President Harrison 
appoints Ernest H. Crosby Judge in 
the International Court of Original 
Jurisdiction at Alexandria, Egypt. 

O. J. B. Foraker (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 May 14. N. C. A land syndicate 
purchases 30,000 acres of land in Cur- 
rituck and Camden Counties for farms. 

May 15. Ore. The steamer Alaskan 
breaks in two during a storm. 

May 18. New York. A second autopsy 
is performed on the body of "Washing- 
ton Irving Bishop, but the cause of 
death is not discovered. 

May 19. Dak. The Indian council at 
Standing Bock decides not to sell their 
lands unless they are paid §11,000,000. 

May 25. New York. The first expedi- 
tion of the Maritime Canal Company 
sets sail for Nicaragua. 

May 26. Chicago. The funeral of Dr. 
Patrick H. Cronin a victim of the 
Clan-na-Gael, takes- place. 



May 29. Tex. The Texan Spring Pal- 
ace at Fort Wayne is formally opened ; 
it contains a complete exhibit of the pro- 
ductions of the State. 

May 31. Pa. The Johnstown flood 
sweeps the Conemaugh Valley ; it is the 
most disastrous flood ever known in 
America. 

At 3 p.m. the Conemaugh Lake (2k by 
1? ( miles), 18 miles distant from, and" 275 
feet above Johnstown, is flooded by 
heavy rains; the dam weakens, breaks, 
and a flood-wave many feet high runs 18 
miles in seven minutes, when its course 
is arrested by the railroad bridge below 
Johnstown; the waters being dammed, 
houses are swept away by the' rising tor- 
rents. [Several hundred bodies are found 
in an acre of drift near Keamsville. To- 
tal loss of life, 2,142, including 99 entire 
families. Contributions for the relief 
of sufferers amounting to §2,912,346 are 
received from many cities in America 
and Europe; contributions from Phila- 
delphia, §000,000; Pittsburg, ¥500,000; 
New York, §516,199; variousothercities 
contribute through Gov. Beaver, who 
turns over §1,230,146.] (See Miscellane- 
ous, Sept. *.) 

May * New York. The expenses of the 
Centennial Celebration are estimated 
at $461,000. 

The military parade, $120,000 ; the civic 
parade, $100,000; the fireworks, $15,000; 
naval parade, $5,000; the Kouitable ban- 
quet, $wumn (including $15,000 for wine); 
extras for troops, .$8,000 ; the ball, $125,- 
000; the loan exhibition, $0,000 ; stands, 
$13,000. The receipts are estimated at 
$465,000. 

May * N. Y. The big Rockaway Beach 
hotel, the erection of which cost $1,000,- 
000, has been sold for $27,000 to a dealer 
in building materials. 

May * D. C. The Chinese minister 
presents the Smithsonian Institution 
with a jewel connected with a dynasty 
reigning 3500 years ago. 

June 1. Pa. A destructive cyclone visits 
Wilkesbarre and vicinity, and destroys 
property valued at $1,000,000; 14 lives 
are lost and 180 persons injured. 

June 1, 2. Heavy rains cause destruc- 
tive floods in several of the Middle 
States ; many persons are drowned ; 
Washington alone suffers a loss of a 
$1,000,000. 

June 2. Pa. About 80 persons watch- 
ing the flood from abridge at Williams- 
port are swept into the Susquehanna 
River and drowned. 

June 6. Wash. Seattle is partly de- 
stroyed by fire ; [loss estimated at $15,- 
000,000 ; contributions for relief, $36,800]. 

June 12. Mass. A broken canal wall at 
Holyoke releases a flood of water, 
which destroys property to the value 
of over $100,000; 15,000 are out of 
work. 

June 13. A trust is formed with 
$25,000,000 capital, which includes all 
the manufacturers of plug tobacco. 

June 25. N. J. A Pottery Trust is 
formed at Trenton ; 20 pottery represen- 
tatives sign the agreement. 

June 26. Pa. A freight-train collis- 
ion at Latrobe kills 25 men and injures 
a number of others. 



342 1889, June 27 -Aug. 8. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY, 

1889 June 27. &. C. Secretary Tracy 
issues an order reorganizing the vari- 
ous bureaus of the Navy Department. 

June 28. New York. Col. Emmons 
Clark of the 7th Regiment, on retir- 
ing, receives from Gov. Hill a commis- 
sion as brevet brigadier-general. [Aug. 
18. Daniel Appleton is chosen his suc- 

Aug. 1. Ga. Veterans of the Con- 
federate Third Georgia and the Union 
Ninth New York regiments hold their 
first friendly union at Fort Valley, 
they having met frequently on battle- 
fields during the Civil War. 

Aug. 4. ft. I. The new cruiser Boston 
strikes on a rock in Narragansett Bay, 
and is seriously damaged. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 June 29. D.C. Washington suf- 
fers heavily from the flooded Potomac. 
Some of the streets are flooded, and 
the only traffic is by means of boats ; 
damages, $2,000,000. 

June* Fla. Valuable phosphate rock is 
discovered atDunellen, Marion County. 

June * N. J. A mural statue of ex-Presi- 
dent McCosh is presented to Princeton 
University by the class of '79 ; it is life 
size, in high relief, and cost §10,000. 

June * Kan. An ice-dam gives way at 
Fort Scott, in Bourbon county, causing 
much damage, especially at Uniontown. 

June * Okla. Rich iron ore is discov- 
ered a short distance from Guthrie. 

July 3. Tex. Serious floods are caused 
by the heavy rains. 

Rivers are swollen and fiatlands deso- 
lated ; houses are washed away and sev- 
eral persons drowned ; crops are badly 
damaged. Loss, about $2,000,000. 

July 7. N. Y. W. R. Brooks of Geneva 
discovers a new comet. 

Prof. Campbell's air-ship fails in 
its trial trip. 

Its navigator, Edw. D. Hogan, makes 
an ascension over New York and Brook- 
lyn ; but the air-ship fails to submit to 
his guidance, and drifts away seaward, 
after dropping its propeller to the ground 
in Brooklyn. [Hogan is picked up at 
sea.] 

July 9. JV. Y. A flood occurs in the Mo- 
hawk Valley ; 10 persons are drowned. 

July 22. Me. A plumbago mine is 
discovered in Soraerville. 

July 27. Chicago is visited by severe 
wind-storms, causing the loss of 
about 20 lives and of property estimated 
among the millions. 

July 28. Cat. The Broderick Monu- 
ment in Laurel Hill Cemetery is re- 
stored at Senator Fair's expense. 

July * U. S. Doctors are testing the 
Brown-Sequard elixir for the renewal 
of life with widely varying results. 

Dr. Robert Longfellow of Cincinnati 
reports the treatment of 49 patients, 40 
per cent of whom were greatly bene- 
fited; while other physicians report al- 
most complete failure in cases treated 
by them. 



July* Pa. The Lackawanna Valley is 
invaded by millions of locusts that 
settle on every green thing. 

July * Tex. Disastrous floods con- 
tinue. 

Rain has fallen for three weeks, and 
the Colorado River is 31 feet high and 
rising. 

Aug. 1. Mass. A national monument in 
honor of the Pilgrim Fathers is un- 
veiled at Plymouth. 

Aug. 2. New York. The American Art 
Association pays nearly 8100,000 for 
Millet's Angelas. [Oct. 13. It arrives.] 

N. Y. A commission of experts select 

a design for a memorial arch to be 
erected in honor of Brooklyn's soldiers 
and sailors who perished in the war. 

It provides for a structure 125 feet wide 
and 9G feet high, surmounted by a statu- 
ary group ; the height of the arch is to 
be 64 feet and the width 65 feet. In front 
of each abutment is a pedestal of col- 
umns 3G feet high, crowned by a bronze 
group 22 feet in height. It will be the 
second largest arch in the world, and 
will cost §250,000. 

Aug. 6. Me. The fishing schooner Fan- 
nie Chase finds a big lump of ambergris 
floating on the water just outside of 
Portland harbor ; value, $25,000. 

New York. Seventeen-year locusts 

appear in Central Park. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889. 

June 38. Mitchell, Maria, of Mass., astron- 
omer, inatheiLiatirinn, A71. 

July 1. Woolsey, Theodore Dwight, 
pres. of Yale, author, political ami legal 
writer, A88. 

July 6. Watrous, George H., railroad offi- 
cial, A60. 

July 10. Barlow, Samuel L. M., lawyer, 
A63. 

July 14. Cole, AsahelN., agriculturist, A68. 

July 21. Johnston, Alexander, professor 
political economy at Princeton, author, 
A 40. 

July 24. Turner, Joseph Edward, physi- 
cian, founder first inebriate asylum, A67. 

July 26. Pugh, Eliza Lottus Phillips, 
writer, dies. 

July 31. Kendrick, James Ryland, pro- 
fessor, A 86. 

Aug. 3. Fitzhugh, William E., U. S. A., in 
Phila., A57. 

Aug. 4. Buckner, James F., Confederate 
general, dies. 

Gray, Geurge Zabriskie, theologian, A51. 



CHURCH. 

1889 June 27. Mass. Dwight L. 
Moody's fourth annual encampment 
of college students begins at North- 
field. 

Wash. The General Congrega- 
tional Association of "Washington is 
organized. 

July 9. Bishops and others petition the 
Vatican to canonize Christopher Co- 
lumbus on the anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America. [Their petition is 
refused.] 

July 14+. It. Pope Leo sustains 
Bishop M'Quaid, yet Father Lambert, 
who criticised the bishop unfavorably in 
the newspapers, is to remain in connec- 
tion with the Diocese of Rochester. 

July 16. N. Y. A retreat for the physi- 
cal recuperation of returned women 
missionaries is opened at Round Lake 
in Saratoga County. 



July 18. Miss. Thomas Heslin is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic; bishop of the 
Diocese of Natchez. 

July 25. O. The suspension of Dr. 
Quigley of Toledo, formerly of St. 
Francis de Sales church, by Bishop 
Gilmour of Cleveland, is not approved 
at Rome. 

July 27. Tenn. Two hundred people 
band together to drive Mormon elders 
and converts from Wilson County. 

July * There are now 7,672 Christian 
Endeavor Societies in America. 

July* U. S. There are 126 camp- 
meetings announced for July, August, 
and September. 

July* London. The "World's Sunday- 
school Convention is held; more than 
300 of the 900 delegates present are 
from the United States. 

July * Ga. A fanatic, calling himself 
Christ, deceives and excites the negroes. 

They abandon their patches, turn their 
cattle on their crops, desert the tur- 
pentine farms, sawmills, and planta- 
tions ; wives separate from their hus- 
bands, and children leave their parents, 
to follow him. 

July * The General Government provides 
for the support of <( contract schools" 
among the Indians. 

Congress appropriates for this work 
$506,994. Of this sum the Human Catho- 
lics receive 8:356.491 ; the Presbyterians, 
§47,650; the Congregational Missionary 
Society, $16,408 — the remaining S86.455 
being scattered in small amounts among 
other missionary boards. 

Aug. 4. N. Y. Prof. W. R. Harper de- 
fends himself at Chautauqua from the 
charge of being in sympathy with Ger- 
man rationalism. 

Aug. 7. N. J. A Deaconess Conven- 
tion is in session at Ocean Grove. 

LETTERS. 

1889 June 30. The Commissioner of 
Education reports that the public- 
school system is making marvelous 
progress in the South ; the increase in 
enrollment greatly exceeds the increase 
in population. 

June * Bosto^^ . Several prominent women 
appoint a committee of 50 to carry out 
plans for taking the city schools out 
of politics and sectarian influence. 

June * l7id. Ter. The Cherokee Indians 
dedicate with great rejoicings their new 
seminary for girls at Tahlequah. 

The building is three stories high, con- 
tains more than 100 rooms, a chapel, 
study, and recitation-rooms ; it is steam- 
heated, supplied with water-works of its 
own, and cost S'200,000. The money 
comes from the lease of the Indians' 
lands to cattle companies. 

June* .V. )". Work is begun on Cornell's 
new library building at Ithaca ; it will 
be the finest university library build- 
ing in the country, and have shelf-room 
for 475,000 volumes. 

July 7. D. C. The National Edu- 
cational Association is in session at 
Washington ; it discusses the subject of 
denominational schools in a broad man- 
ner ; Bishop Keane (Rom. Cath.) of 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, June 27 -Aug. 8. 343 



■Washington and Edwin D. Mead of 
Boston make addresses. 

July 10. Va, Gov. Fitzkugh Lee, a 
nephew of Gen. R. E. Lee, accepts the 
superintendency of the Lexington 
Military Institute, offered to him by 
the board of visitors. 

July 11. Pa. The American Philo- 
logical Society concludes its meeting 
at Easton. 

July 18. Tenn. The National Teach- 
ers* Association is in session at Nash- 
ville. 

July 21. N. J. The American Insti- 
tute of Christian Philosophy holds its 
regular summer meeting at Key East 
Beach. 

July * More than 43,000,000 copies 
of the Moody and Sankey Gospel 
hymn-books have been issued in this 
country and England. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 June 28. Mich. The Legislature 
fixes the retail liquor tax at $500. 

July* }Vash. The "Washington Territory 
Constitutional Convention adopts wo- 
man suffrage as a separate proposi- 
tion, to be submitted to the people with 
the Constitution. 

Aug. 1. R. I. The Legislature enacts a 
high-license law. 

STATE. 

1889 June 28. D. C. The Criminal 
Court orders a nolle pros, in the Star 
Route trial cases. 

S. Dak. The Republicans call a con- 
vention to nominate officers for the new 
State; it is to meet at Huron. 

June 30. Statistics for the fiscal year. 
Revenue: Customs, §223,832,742 ; in- 
ternal revenue. §130, SSI, 514 ; sale of 
public lands. §8,038,052 ; miscellaneous 
items, §24,297,151. Total revenue, §387,- 
050,059. Expenditures : Premiums on 
loans, purchase of bonds, etc., §17,292,- 
363; miscellaneous items, $80,604,064 ; 
"War Department, §44,435,271 ; Navy De- 
partment. S21.378.N09; Indians, §6,892,- 
208; pensions, §87,024,779; interest on 
the public debt, §41,001,484. Total ordi- 
nary expenditures, §299,288,978; excess 
of revenue over ordinary expenditures, 
§87,761,081. Public debt (Dec. 1), §1,617,- 
372,419. Exports, §742,401,375 ; imports, 
§745,131,652. 

June * Conn. The House passes over the 
governor's veto the bill prohibiting the 
coloring of oleomargarin so as to re- 
semble butter. 

July 3. Wash. A Constitutional Con- 
vention meets at Olympia. 

July 20. Okla. The Territorial Con- 
vention appoints committees on Organic 
Law, the Judiciary, the Legislature, 
etc.; it decides to partition the Territory 
into 12 counties, and then adjourns until 
Aug. 20. 

July 27. N. H. The Supreme Court of 
the State declares the law requiring a 
license for the practice of medicine 
and dentistry is unconstitutional. 

July 29. The Chippewas sign a treaty 
giving their consent to open the "White 
Earth Reservation for settlement. 



Aug. 5. Minn. The Chippewa Indians 
on the Gull Lake Reservation sign a 
treaty selling over 4,000,000 acres of line 
farming and timber lands to the Govern- 
ment. 

Aug. 6. Dak. The requisite number of 
signatures are obtained for the open- 
ing of the Sioux Reservation. 

New York. The Civil Service Com- 
mission approves of a request that cer- 
tain positions in the N. Y. Post-office 
shall be reserved from competitive ex- 
amination. 

Utah. The Gentiles at Salt Lake 

City are elected by a majority of 41. 

Aug. 7. Mont. At the Constitutional 
Convention in Helena, Bozeman ia 
chosen as the capital. 

Aug. 8. The president of the "Western 
Union Telegraph Company replies to 
recent criticisms of the Postmaster-Gen- 
eral concerning the charges for Govern- 
ment messages. 

He alleges that the Government has 
given nothing that cost it anything, or 
that was of any value for it to retain ; 
also that the Government is the most 
favored customer, and that the com- 
pany's rate, considering the nature of 
the service rendered, is lower than that 
given to any other patron. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 June 27. Conn. The seventh in- 
tercollegiate university boat-race for 
eight-oars and 3 miles straight is rowed ; 
Cornell defeats Columbia and University 
of Pennsylvania; time not accurately 
taken ; said to be 15 minutes, three sec- 
onds, and 15 minutes, four seconds. 

Harvard Freshmen defeat Colum- 
bia in a boat race ; time, 12.21. 

June 28. Chicago loses $290,000 by 
the burning of the Burton block. 

- — Minn. Judge Parish directs a verdict 
in favor of Fred C. Prentice in his suit 
against Mayor Beaser and others for the 
possession of one-half the city of 
Duluth, valued at §10,000,000. 

± Mont. Fierce fires burn over 100 

square miles of forest land. 

June 29. Chicago suddenly becomes 
the second city in the United States. 

By a vote taken this day, the suburban 
towns of Hyde Park, Lake, Lake View, 
Cicero, and Jefferson are soon to be- 
come a part of Chicago. The annexed 
districts (population nearly 200.000) make 
the total population about 1,100,000; the 
area of the city covers 172.18 square miles 
— the largest city area in the country. 

June * New York. A second canal con- 
struction party leaves for Nicaragua ; 
a large quantity of necessary material is 
also taken for work on the canal. 

Julyl. Colo. Durango is almost totally 
destroyed by fire. 

Wash. Seattle begins to recover 

from the great lire ; telegraph, telephone, 
and electric-light service are nearly com- 
pleted ; business houses are starting in 
tents, and churches resume services. 

July 2. Ida. The business portion of 
Hailey is destroyed by fire; loss, 
§500,000. 



Va. A train is derailed on the Nor- 
folk and Western Road, at Thaxton ; 30 
persons are killed and 60 wounded. 

July 4. Wash. Ellensburg is burned ; 
10 blocks in the business portion of the 
city are consumed, and 100 families 
homeless ; loss, §2,000,000. 

July 6. Cat. Bakersfield is nearly 
destroyed by fire ; loss, §1,250,000. 

July 8. Colo. Two of the largest brew- 
eries of Denver are purchased by the 
English syndicate. [4ulyl9. A Michigan 
brewery is bought for $200,000 ; also, on 
July 25, breweries in Paterson and New- 
ark, N.J.] 

Miss. John L. SuHivan wins the 

boxing championship of America, de- 
feating Jake Kilrain at Richburg. [July 
23. He receives the $20,000 stakes and 
the championship belt.] 

July 11. Minn. An English syndi- 
cate combines to purchase several of the 
largest flour-mills of Minneapolis. 

July 13. O. An English syndicate 
becomes the owner of the Cleveland 
Otis Steel Company, with a capital of 
£900,000. 

July 24. Strawboard makers of the 
United States unite in a trust under the 
name of " The American Strawboard 
Company." 

July 25. N. Y. Lewis Brothers and 
Company, dealers in dry-goods, make 
an assignment, with liabilities exceed- 
ing $4,000,000. 

Md. A "sweet potato trust" is 

formed in Baltimore by a combination 
of dealers. 

The British schooner Black Diamond 

is seized by the U. S. revenue cutter in 
Bering Sea for illegal sealing. 

July 31. N. Y. The City of Paris ar- 
rives at Sandy Hook lightship, having 
completed her trip in five days, 23 
hours, and 10 minutes. 

Neb. Negotiations are completed for 

the sale of all the breweries in Omaha 
to a European syndicate for §1,500,000. 
[Aug. 15. The control of the Pittsburg, 
Pa., breweries is obtained.] 

Pa. The immense plant of the Read- 
ing Iron Company, which recently 
failed for over §1,000,000, is sold in its 
entirety for $150,000 ; it is purchased 
for the Philadelphia and Reading Rail- 
road Company. 

Aug. 1. O. All trotting records, ex- 
cept those of Maud S. and Jay-Eye-See, 
are beaten at Cleveland by "Guy," 
who trots a mile in 2.10£ — two sec- 
onds more than the record of Maud S. 

Aug. 3. Cat. A brandy company is 
organized with a capital of §1,000,000. 

Aug. 4. New York. Special delivery 
letters are distributed for the first time. 

Aug. 5. Wash. Spokane FaUs suffers 
by fire; 25 blocks are in ashes; loss, 
$10,000,000. 

Aug. 7. Wis. A Milwaukee syndicate 
buys the Florence, Youngstown, and 
Iron River mines in the Menominee 
District for §850,000. 



344 1889, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Aug. 15. D. C. The Government 
orders a multicharge dynamite gun 
capable of throwing long shells charged 
with dynamite from six to ten miles. 

Aug. 19. D. C. The Pension Office at 
Washington gives a ruling that dis- 
honorable discharge is specific penalty 
for a specific act, but is no bar to a 
pension in case of disability. 

Aug. 20. D. C. The Pension Office issues 
an order allowing the evidence of 
claimant and one private soldier as 
to origiD of disability, provided they 
are men of reputable character. 

Aug. 22. Cal. The cruiser Charleston 
makes an official trial trip in Santa 
Barbara Bay, attaining a speed of 19 
knots an hour ; this more than meets 
all requirements excepting that of horse- 
power, in which she shows a deficiency. 

Sept. 1. Miss. Gov. Lowry goes to Le 
Flore county with a company of militia 
to prevent a race war. 

Sept. 8. Pkila. The cruiser Philadel- 
phia is launched. 

Sept. 19. Tenn. Survivors of both the 
Northern and the Southern armies at 
the battle of Chickamauga assemble 
at Chattanooga ; they resolve to pur- 
chase the battle-field, and turn it into 
a national park. 

D. C. The man-of-war Galena is 

ordered from Haiti to Navassa Island, 
where several Americans are reported 
to have been killed in a riot. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S89 Aug. 8. Wis. Clams are found in 
the Sugar River at Albany with pearls 
between the membrane and shell, some 
of which are valued at $100. 

Aug. 10. Neb. A mammoth's skele- 
ton, with a backbone 36 feet long, is un- 
earthed at St. James ; it was at least 15 
feet tall. 

Aug. 15. Ind. Gold deposits are dis- 
covered in Brown county. 

Aug. 16. Pa. Experiments with the 
Brown-Sequard life elixir cause the 
death of 10 persons at Shamokin. 

Aug. 18. W. Ya. The Kanawha Valley 
is swept by a terrible storm. 

A cloud-burst completely floods the 
country, destroying many lives and 
thousands of dollars worth of property ; 
crops are ruined throughout an area of 
many miles. 

Aug. 20. Cal. San Francisco is infested 
with millions of crickets. 

Aug. 22. Ind. The corner-stone of the 
Indiana Soldiers' and Sailors' mon- 
ument is laid at Indianapolis, in the 
presence of President Harrison ; the 
monument is to be 26S feet high, and 
will cost $222,000. 

Aug. 27. N. C. A cloud-burst de- 
stroys dams and mills, besides tearing 
up several miles of railroad ; loss esti- 
mated at $100,000. 

N. Y. C. H. F. Peters of Hamilton 

College discovers a new planet of the 
asteroid group. 



Aug. 28. Can. The annual meeting of the 
American Association for the Ad- 
vancement of Science begins at To- 
ronto. [Sept. 3. George L. Goodale of 
Harvard University is elected president.] 

Aug. 31. Ky. A deposit of asphalt is 
discovered near Cloverporfc, 13 feet thick, 
and covering a large area. 

Sept. 6. N. Y. The American Social 
Science Association ends its session at 
Saratoga ; Andrew D. White, president. 

Utah. An ice-cave is discovered in 

Ashley Valley, one room of which is over 
1,200 feet long. 

Wis. Pearl-hunting continues ; 

§3,500 is refused for a single pearl. 

Sept. 7. 0. In Upper Sandusky a natural 
gas-well is drilled, which shows a ca- 
pacity of 50,000,000 cubit feet daily ; it is 
conceded to be the largest gas-well in 
the world. 

Sept. 10, 11. Immense damage is done 
by strong winds and tidal waves at 
Coney Island, causing a loss to property 
of about $250,000 ; the storm extends 
along the New Jersey coast. 

The loss in property runs up into the 
millions. At the Delaware Breakwater 
about 50 vessels are wrecked, and a large 
number of lives lost. 

Sept. 20. Athens. The Greek Govern- 
ment conditionally offers to the Ar- 
cheological Institute of America the 
privilege of excavating the site of the 
ancient oracle of Delphi. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889. 

Aug. 8. Pnpont, Henry, gen., A77. 

Aug. 12. Mott, Alexander B., physician, 
surgeon, A 63. 

Aug. 14. Loomis, Elias, astronomer, pro- 
fessor at Yale, A78. 

Aug. 17. Tbaw, William, railroad official, 
A61. 

Aug. 25. Shaw, Henry, millionaire, phi- 
lanthropist, A90. 

Aug. 29. Kowe, George Fawcett, actor, 
dramatist, A63. 

Sept. 6. Ward, Rorlney C, brig.-gen. of 
vols., politician, A52. 

Sept. 10. Cox, Samuel Sullivan, author, 
M. C. for N. V., minister to Turkey, A65. 

Sept. 25. Hill, Daniel Harvey. Confed- 
erate lieut.-gen., A68. 

Sept. 28. Sturgis, Samuel D., maj.-gen., 
A 67. 

CHURCH. 

1S89 Sept. 5. N. Y. Bishop M'Quaid 
forbids the sacrament to two of Father 
Lambert's friends at "Waterloo. [Oct. 
13. They resist excommunication and 
attend the church.] 

Sept. 8. Pa. The Eoman Catholic 
priesthood of Pittsburg and Allegheny 
City are making strenuous efforts to 
increase parochial school attend- 
ance. 

Father Corcoran of St. Agnes Church, 
Pittsburg, warns the parents of his 
parish against sending their children to 
the public schools under penalty of a 
denial of absolution. 

Sept. 10. I}id . The National Associa- 
tion of Colored Baptists holds its an- 
nual session in Indianapolis. 

The members of a party who were 
assaulted at Baxley Station, Ga., while 
on their way to attend the gathering, 
appear before the meeting and exhibit 
their injuries. 



Sept. 13. New York. The Jewish con- 
gregation Shaar Hashomajim cele- 
brates its 50th anniversary, and dedi- 
cates its new temple ; the temple of the 
congregation of Mt. Sinai is also conse- 
crated. 

Sept. 27-. N. Y. Eev. George F. 
Pentecost of Brooklyn is offered the 
pastorate of Clermont Presbyterian 
Church, Glasgow, Scotland, with a sal- 
ary of $5,000. 

Sept. 28. The Colored Protestant Epis- 
copal Conference adopts a memorial to 
the General Convention of that Chnxcb 
on the standing of negro preachers. 

LETTERS. 

1S89 Aug. 27. Mich. The Annual Con- 
vention of the National Editorial As- 
sociation opens at Detroit. 

Sept. 5. Pa. President Harrison, P.M.- 
Gen. Wauamaker, and Gov. Beaver 
speak at the anniversary of the 
founding of the Old Log College, 
the cradle of American Presbyterianism, 
at Hartsville. 

Sept. 7. Mass. David Prouty presents 
to the town of Spencer a high-school 
building costing $46,000; it is dedi- 
cated with appropriate ceremonies. 

Chicago. Mrs. Charles B. Pope 

gives a library to the town of Danville, 
Vt., to replace one destroyed by tire. 

Sept. 17. Conn. Prof. Loomis of New 
Haven bequeaths $300,000 to Yale 
University. 

Sept. 20. New York. The will of Rev. 
F. A. P. Barnard of Columbia is made 
public ; he bequeaths practically his 
whole estate to that institution. 

Sept. 21. Pa. Andrew Carnegie agrees 
to rebuild the library at Johnstown ; 
the one destroyed cost 830,000. 

Sept. 24. New York. The Daihj Graphic 
suspends publication. 

Sept. 30±. New York. A law-school for 
women is opened by a practising lawyer 
— Miss Emily Kempen, LL.D. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Aug. 12. Kaii. The returns from 
the school elections show that many 
women are elected to office. 

Aug. 14. Cal. David S. Terry is shot 
dead at Lathrop by United States 
Marshal Wagle, when about to assault 
Judge Stephen J. Field. 

Aug. 21. Ala. The Southern Interstate 
Farmers* Association meets at Mont- 
gomery. 

Aug. 27. Wis. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets in its 23d encamp- 
ment at Milwaukee : Russell A. Alger 
of Mich., commander-in-chief. 

Sept. 20. Wi/o. The election law 
passed by the Statehood convention 
provides that women may vote ; that 
electors shall he required to read Eng- 
lish ; that they shall he United States 
citizens, and residents of Wyoming for 
six months. 



UNITED STATES. 



1339, Aug. 8 -Oct. 1. 345 



STATE. 

1S89 Aug. 9. New York. Sheriff 
Flack resigns as Grand Sachem of the 
Tammany Society and from the General 
Committee, he having gained unpleasant 
notoriety in divorce proceedings against 
his wife. 

Aug. 15. la. The Republicans nomi- 
nate Jos. G. Hutchison for governor. 

Aug. 16. N. Dak. The Constitutional 
Convention decides upon Bismarck as 
the permanent capital of the new 
State, and agrees upon an anti-trust 
clause to be put into its Constitution. 

Aug. 17. Mont. The Convention, 
having adopted a Constitution, adjourns. 

Aug. 22. Va. The Republicans nomi- 
nate Gen. Wm. F. Mahone for governor. 

Aug. 23. Cal. Judge Levy decides that 
the daughter of a slave may inherit. 

Aug. 27. Mont. The Democrats nomi- 
nate Joseph K. Toole for governor. 

Aug. 28. D. C. The President appoints 
Charles R. Flint of N. Y. and Henry G. 
Davis of SV. Va. delegates to the Three- 
Americas Congress. 

0. The Democrats nominate James 

E. Campbell for governor. 

Aug. 29. S. Dak. The Republicans nom- 
inate Arthur C. Mellette for governor. 

Aug. 30. hid. Ter. The Progressive 
party gain in the election in the Chick- 
asaw Nation. 

Sept. 3-30. Wyo. A Constitutional 
Convention is held at Cheyenne. 

Sept. 4. la. The Union Labor party 
nominates S. B. Downing for governor. 

Sept. 5. S. Dak. The Democrats nomi- 
nate P. F. M'CLure for governor. 

Sept. 6. Wash. The Republicans re- 
nominate E. P. Ferry for governor. 

Sept. 9. Ind. Ter. Disputes occur in the 
Chickasaw Nation over the right of 
white men to vote. 

New York. Ex-Judge A. B. Tappen 

is elected Grand Sachem of the Tam- 
many Society, as the successor of Sher- 
iff Flack. 

N. J. The Democrats nominate Leon 

Abbett for governor. 

Wash. The Democrats nominate 

Eugene Semple for governor. 

Sept. 11. D. C. Pension Commissioner 
James Tanner resigns his office under 
great pressure of public criticism. 
[Sept. 12. Resignation accepted.] 

Sept. 17. Mass. Colored men in con- 
vention pass resolutions demanding 
greater recognition in political life. 

N. J. The Republicans nominate E. 

B. Grubb for governor. 

Sept. 18. Cat. Tsui Kno Yin, the 
new Chinese ambassador to the United 
States, arrives at San Francisco with 
his suite. [Sept. 25. He arrives at 
Washington. Oct. 3. He presents his 
credentials to President Harrison.] 

la. The Democrats nominate Horace 

Boies of Waterloo for governor. 

Sept. 19. Ga. The Young Men's 
Democratic League mass-meeting at 



Atlanta resolves adversely as to the pub- 
lishing of negro whipping, by the Con- 
stitution of that city, and votes down 
every resolution that in any way con- 
demns such whippings. 

Sept. 23. Minn. The Beef Inspection 
Law is decided to be unconstitutional 
by the U. S. Circuit Court in St. Paul. 

Sept. 26. Miss. The Republicans nomi- 
nate James R. Chambers for governor. 

Mich. Unearned railroad lands 

are surrendered to the United States 
authorities by the governor. 

Sept. 27. Wyo. Cheyenne is selected 
as the State capital. 

Sept. 30. D. C. The delegates to the 
Three- Americas Congress hold a pre- 
liminary conference in Washington. 

Sept. * N. Mex. A Territorial Conven- 
tion at Santa Fe" adopts a State Consti- 
tution. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1SS9 Aug. 9. Pa. Bodies of ten 
more victims of the flood are recov- 
ered at Johnstown. 

Aug. 15. N. J. After an interval of two 
years, work is resumed on the Hudson 
River tunnel to connect New York 
city with Jersey City. 

New York. The trans-ocean race 

between the City of New York and the 
Teutonic is won by the former by seven- 
teen minutes. 

Aug. 16. New York. A terrible gas 
explosion occurs on the corner of Grand 
and Clinton Streets ; 30 people are in- 
jured and two are killed. 

Aug. 18± . Wis. The pearl-finding 
craze reaches Prairie du Chien, where 
many fine pearls have been found in 
near-by streams. 

Aug. 21. Minn. A log jam breaks in 
the rapids at Big Rock, and 50,000,000 
feet of logs go down-stream together. 

Pa. Allegheny loses $200,000 by 

the burning of a large oil refinery. 

Aug. 23. Tenn. The first train over 
the new railroad is derailed south of 
Knoxville ; five persons are killed and 
26 injured. 

W. Va. Four persons are killed and 

1G injured by a collision on the Balti- 
more and Ohio Railroad near Parkers- 
burg. 

Aug. 25. R. I. Three persons are 
drowned by the bursting of a reservoir 
dam near Fiskville. 

Aug. 26. Cal. A wheat warehouse, 
42 cars, three ships, and 10,000 tons of 
wheat are burned at Port Costa; loss, 
§700,000. 

Aug. 30. Vt. Several persons are killed 
in a railway collision on the Central 
"Vermont Road near Middlebury. 

.V. Y. The Comstock Tunnel Com- 
pany files a certificate of incorporation 
at Albany. 

The capital of the company amounts 
to §4,000,000, divided into §2 shares, and 
is organized for general mining purposes. 



Fla. A company is incorporated to 

cut a canal across the peninsula of 
Florida, saving 800 to 900 miles in a voy- 
age between New Orleans and northern 
ports, and nearly as much in sailing to 
Europe ; capital, $60,000,000. 

Sept. 1. Minn. The wheat crop of this 
State amounts to 50,000,000 bushels. 

Mass. Yarmouth celebrates its 250th 

anniversary. 

Sept. 4. Minn. "Winona loses by fire 
22,000,000 feet of lumber, 7,000,000 shin- 
gles, a three-story brick warehouse, 
sheds, tramway, and other property, 
valued at $314,000. 

Sept. 15. N. Y. Walter G. Campbell 
swims the Niagara Hapids wearing 
a cork jacket. 

Sept. 16. Mo. The New Era Exposi- 
tion main building, with exhibits, at St. 
Joseph, is destroyed by fire ; total loss 
of exhibits, ©259,000. 

Sept. 19. The Cincinnati, "Washington, 
and Baltimore Railroad is judicially 
sold for $5,000,000. 

Sept. 20. N. J. Large refineries at 
Shadyside are burned; loss, $500,000. 

Sept. 21. N. J. A fire destroys the oil- 
yards of John Ellis and Co. at Edge- 
water; loss, $250,000. 

Sept. 24. III. Trains collide near Au- 
burn Park ; six persons are killed and 
ten injured. 

Sept. 25. Mo. The American Bankers' 
Association opens its session in Kansas 
City. 

Sept. 28. la. At Cresco 22 business 
houses are destroyed by fire; loss, 
$100,000. 

Conn. Milford celebrates its 250th 

anniversary with splendid ceremonies. 
A handsome granite bridge and tower 
is dedicated to the memory of the first 
settlers ; several memorial tablets and 
blocks are dedicated. 

N. Y. Several persons are killed and 

others injured by a collision between 
two sections of an express-train at 
Palatine Bridge. 

New York. The steamer City of New 

York arrives after crossing from Queens- 
town in six days, four hours, and 17 
minutes. 

Sept. * N. Y. A break is reported in the 
two trans- Atlantic cables belonging 
to the Western Union Company. 

Sept. * Pa. Thomas J. Stewart, Secre- 
tary of Internal Affairs for this State, 
reports on the floods of May 31 and 
June 1. 

The rain of 36 hours in the valleys 
of the Conemaugh, Susquehanna, and 
upper waters of the Genesee and Poto- 
mac rivers, caused an estimated loss of 
S30,000.000; to corporations. $13,000,000; 
to farmers, $5,000,000; to merchants, 
P7.ooo.000, besides $5,000,000 losses at 
Johnstown. 

Sept. 30. Mon. Business houses in Butte 
are destroyed by fire ; loss, $250,000. 

Oct. 1. Kan. Delegates from 15 States 
and Territories meet at Topeka to pro- 
mote the movement for securing a deep 
harbor on the coast of Texas. 



346 1889, Oct. 1 -Nov. 22. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Oct. 25. Md. The Galena, with 
the leaders of the Navassa riot, reaches 
Baltimore. 

Oct. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran- 
cisco is launched and christened at the 
Union Iron Works' shipyard. 

Nov. 4. Ariz. Apaches ambush a 
company of soldiers near Fort Hua- 
chuca. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Oct. 6. /. T. Gold and silver 
are discovered in the land of the 
Chicaksaw Nation. 

Oct. 12. Chicago. The statue of La 
Salle, the French explorer, is unveiled. 

Oct. 16. New York. An expedition 
leaves in the steamer Pensacola for 
Africa to view the solar eclipse. 

Oct. 24±. Colo. The inflow of water to 
the desert lake at Salton has ceased, 
and the lake is drying up. 

Oct. 30. Del. A monument to Gen. 
Csesar Rodney, member of the Continen- 
tal Congress and a Revolutionary sol- 
dier of Delaware, is unveiled at Dover. 

N. Y. The corner-stone of the Soly 

diers' and Sailors' Memorial Arch, 
Prospect Park, Brooklyn, is laid with 
becoming ceremonies by Gen. Sherman. 
(See Aug. 2.) 

Nov. 7±. Cal. Millions of dollars worth 
of gold are taken from the bed of the 
Feather River. 

Nov. 16. N C. A rich silver vein is 
struck, also a gold vein, at Salisbury. 

N. Y. A new comet is discovered by 

Lewis Swift of the Warner Observatory. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

X889. 

Oct. 6. Vail, Thomas H., P. E. bishop of 
Kan., A76. 

Oct. 17. Hartranft, John F., maj.-gen. of 
vols., Gov. of Pa., A59. 

Oct. 25. Lesquereaux, Leo, botanist, pale- 
ontologist, A83. 

Oct. 36. Root, Francis M., philanthropist, 
banker, dies. 

Oct. 30. Taylor, Isaac E., physician, of 
New York, A77. 

Nov. 13. Dean, Charles, author, historian, 
A75. 

CHURCH. 

1889 Oct.l. 0. The Pope appoints Car- 
dinal Gibbons and Archbishop Riordan 
to investigate affairs under Bishop 
Gilmour in the Diocese of Cleveland. 

Oct. 2+. Neio York. The 34th triennial 
meeting of the Protestant Episcopal 
General Convention begins its ses- 
sions in St. George's church ; the Rev. 
Dr. Dix is president-elect of the House 
of Clerical and Lay Deputies. 

The most important questions to be 
considered are the change in the mode 
of presentation, the revision of the 
Prayer-book, and that of changing the 
name of the church. 

(Oct. 15.) It appoints a committee to 
prepare a standard revised Prayer-book, 
to be submitted in 1890. 

(Oct. 24.) It adopts a canon on dea- 
conesses. 



(Oct. 25.) The High Church and Low 
Church factions disagree concerning the 
proposed revision of the Prayer-book. 

Oct. 4. Tenn. "White Caps drive Mor- 
mon missionaries out of Wilson 
County. 

Oct. 5. Utah. The Mormon priesthood 
is defiant ; its leaders assert that the 
revelations given, including polygamy, 
come from God and will be successful. 

Oct. 9. Mass. The National Council 
(Congregational) begins its triennial 
session at Worcester. 

Oct. 12. O. "William A. Leonard is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Ohio. 

Oct. 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's Tabernacle 
in Brooklyn is destroyed by fire. 

The loss on the building and contents 
amounts to between §150,000 and 
$200,000 ; the grand organ, which cost 
.$'-<), <ju(I. is destroyed; insurance, about 
$130,000. 

Oct. 15. Neio York. The American 
Board of Commissioners for Foreign 
Missions celebrates the 80th anniver- 
sary of the Society. [Oct. 17. It reelects 
the Rev. R. S. Storrs of Brooklyn presi- 
dent.] 

The Presbytery forward a proposed 
revision of the 'Westminster Confes- 
sion of Faith to be considered by the 
General Assembly. 

Oct. IS. Mich. Thomas F.Davies is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop 
of Michigan. 

Oct. 20. Va. The Rev. S. Van de Yyver 
is installed (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
the Diocese of Richmond. 

Oct. 21. Conn. Isaac C. Lewis, Univer- 
salist, deeds a $75,000 block in Mer- 
iden to the City Mission (unsectarian) 
with the stipulation that it shall be kept 
free from incumbrance and the income 
used in carrying on mission-work in 
that city. 

Oct. 22. Capuchins sail from Dublin 
for America to collect funds for com- 
pleting a memorial church to the tem- 
perance apostle, Father Mathew. 

Md. The 2d biennial convention of 

the Young "Women's Christian As- 
sociations of the United States and 
Canada begins at Baltimore ; delegates 
are present from 50 Associations. 

Oct. 26. Neio York. An archdiocesan 
union of the Roman Catholic Total 
Abstinence Societies is organized. 

Oct. 27. New York. The John Street 
Methodist Episcopal church cele- 
brates the 123d anniversary of Meth- 
odism in this country. 

Oct. 28. .V. Y. Dr. Talmage breaks 
ground for his new Tabernacle ; a 
number of prominent ministers partici- 
pate in the ceremony. 

Oct. 28-31. Phila. The 13th Na- 
tional Unitarian Conference opens. 

Oct. 29. Chicago. The 43d annual meet- 
ing of the American Missionary So- 
ciety begins. 

Oct. * J. W. Holt is elected first United 
Brethren bishop. 



Oct. * New York. The 103d General 

Assembly ' Presbyterian nneets ; Wil- 
liam Charles Roberts, moderator. 

Oct. * Pa. The 34th General Synod 
(Evangelical Lutheran) meets at Alle- 
gheny. 

Oct. * The Unitarian Younger Minis- 
ters' Association is formed. 

Nov. 2-12. Md. The Congress of Ro- 
man Catholic laymen formally opens 
at Baltimore. 

The Centennial of the Establishment 
of the Catholic Church in America is 
celebrated with great pomp and splen- 
dor. 

Two Cardinals in scarlet robes, and 
hundreds of white-clad clergy, are in the 
procession on Sunday. 1,200 delegates 
are called to order on Monday by ex- 
Gov. Carroll. 

(Nov. 3.) Archbishop Satolli, the papal 
representative, arrives at Baltimore. 

(Nov. 11.) Premier Mercier of Canada, 
and Daniel Dougherty of New York, ad- 
dress the Congress ; the latter speaks in 
defense of the Independence of the Holy 
See. 

Nov. 4. N. Y. The New York Presby- 
tery decides in favor of a revision of 
the Confession of Faith. 

Nov. 8. N. r. The Plymouth Church, 
Brooklyn, votes to install Lyman Ab- 
bottas Henry Ward Beecher's successor. 

Nov. 15. Phila. Archbishop Ryan sup- 
ports the right of Catholic writers to 
criticise the faults of priests. 

Nov. 16. Chicago. The 2d Annual Con- 
ference of the Church of God in Christ 
Jesus meets. 

Nov. 17. Md. Roman Catholics hold 
a high-license mass-meeting in Bal- 
timore ; Cardinal Gibbons, Bishop Ire- 
land, and others take part. 

Nov. 18. Boston. National Guild Alli- 
ance (Unitarian) is organized. 



LETTERS. 

1889 Oct. 2. Mass. Clark University 
at Worcester is dedicated. 

Oct. 7. New York. Ex-Mayor Seth 
Low of Brooklyn is elected to the presi- 
dency of Columbia. [Nov. 4. He for- 
mally accepts.] 

Oct. 12. Pa. Andrew Carnegie ap- 
points a Citizens' Committee to select a 
suitable site for a $500,000 free li- 
brary in Pittsburg which he proposes 
to create. 

Oct. 17. The New York State school 
superintendents decide to revise the 
Compulsory Educational BUI, and 
urge its passage by the Legislature. 

Oct. 19. N. Y. Brooklyn public schools 
are each presented with a United States 
flag by U. S. Grant Post of the Grand 
Army of the Republic, at the Academy 
of Music. 

Oct. 20. Boston. Trouble arises over 
a school history that had been revised 
to meet the requirements of Roman 
Catholic critics ; it causes much con- 
troversy. 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, Oct 1-Nov. 22. 347 



Oct. 21. Mass. At Springfield a French 
Protestant college is dedicated. 

Oct. 23. Mass. At Wellesley College a 
School of Art is dedicated. 

Oct. 27. Conn. Yale students decide to 
form classes for the systematic study 
of the Bible. 

Oct. 30. New York. The annual fall 
meeting of the American Oriental So- 
ciety begins at Columbia College. 

Nov. 4. Chicago. John Crerar by will 
leaves $2,500,000 to found the John 
Crerar Library. 

Nov. 5. Phila. The University of Penn- 
sylvania adopts a modified form of a 
coeducational system. 

Nov. 8. Md. Mrs. Caroline Donovan 
gives $100,000 to Johns Hopkins 
University to found a chair of English 
literature. 

Nov. 9. N.J. Dr. J. E. Rankin of Orange 
is elected president of Howard Uni- 
versity, as successor to Dr. "W. W. 
Patton. 

Nov. 13. D. C. The new Roman Cath- 
olic University of America at "Wash- 
ington is opened with customary cere- 
monials. [Roman Catholics of America 
raise §50,000 to endow a chair in memory 
of Father Mathew.] 

Nov. 18. New York. Haines W. Cun- 
ningham succeeds Robert P. Porter as 
editor of the Press. 

Nov. 20. Boston. The city provides that 
the American flag shall float from each 
schoolhouse in this city. 

SOCIETY. 

1S89 Oct. 1. N. Dak. The prohibi- 
tion clause of the Constitution is ratified 
by a special vote. Vote, 18,552-17,393. 

S. Dak. The people approve the ar- 
ticle of the Constitution which prohibits 
the manufacture and sale of intoxicat- 
ing beverages. Vote, 40,239-34,510. 

Wash. Prohibition and the woman 

suffrage clauses of the Constitution are 
rejected by the vote of the people. 

Oct. 7. Conn. The vote on the Prohibi- 
tion Amendment to the Constitution 
is adverse ; majority about 27,000. 

Oct. 21. Ky. The Howard faction, 
in the Howard-Turner feud in Harlan 
County, is defeated by the aid of the 
militia. 

STATE. 

1889 Oct. 1. Mont. The people ratify 
the Constitution. Vote, 24,676-2,274. 

N. Dak. The people vote to ratify 

the Constitution ; it prohibits the 
liquor-traffic. 

S. Dak. The people adopt the Sioux 

Falls Constitution. Vote, 70,131-3,267. 

Wash. The people ratify the Con- 
stitution. Vote, 40,152-11,879. 

Oct. 2. D. C. Eighteen independent 
American nations are represented in 
the International American Conference 
which opens at Washington ; the Con- 
gress organizes ; the delegates are re- 



ceived by President Harrison and dined 
by Secretary Blaine. 

Mass. The Democrats nominate ei- 

Gov. W. E. Russell for governor. 

N. Y. The Civil Service Keform 

League adopts resolutions and reelects 
George William Curtis president. 

Oct. 8. New York. The Supreme Court 
decrees that in all actions for abso- 
lute divorce, where no answer is inter- 
posed, reference to take proof will not 
be granted. 

Oct. 9. Minn. The Chippewa Indiana 
sell their surplus reservation to the 
United States. 

Oct. 11. N. Y. The International 
Congress delegates, in a tour of obser- 
vation, reach Albany, and are addressed 
at a reception by Gov. Hill. 

Oct. 15. New York. Sir Julian Paunce- 
fote, the British minister, arrives. 

S.Dak. The first Legislature meets 

and organizes at Pierre, the capital. 

Oct. 23. New York. At acitizens' mass- 
meeting a city ticket is nominated in 
protest against Tammany Hall, and 
in favor of clean municipal govern- 
ment. [Oct. 24. The citizens' ticket 
is approved by the Republican and the 
County Democracy county conventions.] 

Nov. 2. D. C. The President proclaims 
the State of North Dakota admitted 
into the Union as the 39th State. South 
Dakota is admitted into the Union as 
the 40th State. 

Nov. 5. State elections are held in 
New York and nine other States, with 
unusual Democratic success; Idaho 
and Wyoming Territories vote upon 
their proposed State Constitutions. 

The Democratic plurality for gover- 
nor in Iowa is 6,573, but the Republicans 
still have a majority in the Legislature. 
The Democratic plurality for governor 
in Ohio is about 11,000, the remainder 
of the State ticket Republican ; the 
Legislature is Democratic by 10 majority 
on joint ballot. 

Nov. 7. N. Dak. The State officials 
first assume their places. 

Nov. 8. D. C. Montana is admitted 
into the Union as the 41st State. 

Nov. 9. The free delivery of letters 
is extended to all cities in the United 
States having 5,000 inhabitants. 

Nov. 11. D. C. President Harrison is- 
sues a proclamation admitting "Wash- 
ington into the Union as the 42d State. 

Nov. 12. Ind. The Union League at 
Jefferson burns President Harrison 
in effigy to express the resentment of 
disappointed office-seekers. 

Nov. 16. Kan. The Republicans are 
making [unsuccessful] efforts to secure 
the resubmission of the Prohibition 
Amendment to the people. 

Nov. 18. N. Y. Judge Edwards decides 
that the Republican election inspectors 
of Troy must sign the election re- 
turns, their duty being to attest the 
correctness of the count of the ballots 
they find in the ballot-boxes, and not to 
judge of their validity. 



Nov. 22. Alaska is demanding repre- 
sentation in Congress. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889 Oct. 3. The boilers of the steamer 

Corona explode on the Mississippi ; 38 

lives are lost. 
Oct. 10. New York. The corner-stone 

of the new building of the New York 

World, at the corner of Park Row and 

Frankfort Street, is laid. 

The building is to be 13 stories high, 
and from the roof will spring a dome 88 
feet in height and a cupola 20 feet high, 
and the top 300 feet above the sidewalk, 
a 30-foot flag staff surmounting all. 

Oct. 24. Mo. The "Wheat- growers* 
convention at St. Louis organizes an 
association. 

New York. The World's Pair sub- 
scription-books are opened, and $250,- 
000 is at once subscribed. 

Oct. 28. S. Dak. Twenty thousand peo- 
ple are starving and destitute; their 
condition is due to storms. 

Oct. 30. Chicago. A great horse-show 
opens ; value of horses exhibited, $5,000,- 
000. 

Oct. * D. C. The Government is informed 
of the awards made at the Paris Expo- 
sition. 

The United States exhibit is awarded 
53 grand prizes, 199 gold medals, 271 sil- 
ver medals, 218 bronze medals, 220 hon- 
orable mentions. 

Oct. * Pa. Gov. Beaver appoints a com- 
mission to determine the feasibility of 
constructing a ship-canal to connect 
the water of Lake Erie and the Ohio 
River, in pursuance of a joint resolution 
of the last Legislature. 

Oct.* S.Dak. The selection of Pierre as 
the capital of the State creates a boom. 
Strangers flock into the city by thou- 
sands, every train being loaded down 
with prospectors and speculators. Over 
$500,000 worth of property change hands 
in one day. Lots have risen in price 
from $100 to $1,000. 

Nov. 1. Fla. It is made public, that 
over 6,000,000 acres of land are con- 
solidated under one management by a 
syndicate called the Associated Land 
Department of Florida. 

Nov. 4. Boston. The Maritime Exhi- 
bition opens. 

Nov. 5. D.C. President Harrison touches 
a telegraphic key and sets in motion the 
wheels of the Southern Exposition at 
Montgomery, Ala. 

Chicago. Horses valued at $2,500,000 

are exhibited at the horse-show. 

Nov. 10. Mo. Eighteen breweries in 
St. Louis have been sold to an English 
syndicate. 

New York. The Broadway Road 

guarantees an annual payment to the 
city of $150,000 for permission to change 
its motive power. 

Nov. 11. Sunol, the famous trotting 
filly, is sold to Robert Bonner for 
$45,000. 

The steamship Oceanic makes a 

record across the Pacific of 13 days, 
14 hours, and four minutes. 



348 1889, Nov. 22-** 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
18S9 Nov. 22. Boston. The Squadron 
of Evolution arrives. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Nov. 23±. Colo. Remarkable 
cliff-dwellings are discovered — one 425 
feet long, with 124 rooms on the ground 
floor. It is 80 feet high, and would ac- 
commodate 1,000 people. 

Nov. * III. The State Grange offers 
$10,000 for a practical contrivance to 
bind grain with straw bands. 

Some 40 inventors compete, but only 
one machine is entirely satisfactory. 

Dec. 9. Chicago. Adelina Patti sings 
at the dedication of the Auditorium 
building and the Opera House ; Presi- 
dent Harrison is present. 

New York. Thirteen patients are 

inoculated at Mt. Sinai and St. Luke's 
Hospitals with Dr. Koch's lymph. 

Dec. 13. Pa. The TVestinghouse Elec- 
tric Company devises a new system of 
lighting at Pittsburg. 

Dec. 14. The American Academy of 
Political and Social Science is 
founded. 

Dec. 26. New York. The American 
Geological Society begins its annual 
meeting. 

Dec. 27. New York. The American 
Society of Naturalists begins its an- 
nual 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

L889. 

Nov. S3. Ruthven, James Alexander, 
lawyer, A68. 

Nov. 24 Pendleton, George H., M. C, 
senator for O., Dem. candidate for Vice- 
President, .Minister to < It-miany, A64. 

Dec. 6. Davis. Jefferson, senator for 
Miss., secretary of war, President of Con- 
federate States of America, A81. 

Palfrev, F. W., brig.-gen. of vols., histo- 
rian, A58. 

Dec. 8. Tuigg, John, bishop of the K. C. 
Diocese of Pittsburg, A79. 

Dec. 11. Johnson, Oliver, abolitionist, jour- 
nalist, A80. 

Dec. 14. Jeffrey, Reuben, Baptist clergy- 
man, dies. 

Dec. 15. Formes, Carl, basso, A79. 

Dec. SI. Day, Benjamin H., founder of 
the N. Y. San, A80. 

Dec. 23. Grady. Henry Woodfein. ora- 
tor, editor Atlanta Constitution, A39. 

Dec. 39. Romandt, Charles R. von, pro- 
fessor in Rutgers, dies. 

Dec. 31. Patton, William W., pres. How- 
ard University, A68. 



CHURCH. 

1889 Nov. 23. Greece. Dr. Talmage 
preaches on Mars TTill at Athens ; [he 
there secures a stone for his new Taber- 
nacle]. 

Dec. 2. New York. The Reformed 
Episcopal Church celebrates the 16th 
anniversary of its establishment. 

N. Y. The presbytery of Buffalo de- 
cides in favor of the revision of the 
creed. 

O. The General Convention (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) opens at Cleveland. 

Dec. 4. Boston. A General Christian 
Conference under the auspices of the 
American Evangelical Alliance of the 
United States begins. 



Dee. 7. Pa. Bishop Richard Phelan 
succeeds to the Eoman Catholic Dio- 
cese of Pittsburg. 

Dec. 8. New York. Dr. M'Glynn 
speaks at Cooper Union on " Church 
Despots and Popular Bights." 

Dee. 10. Pa. The Pope decides in 
favor of Sister Alphonse, as against 
Bishop Phelan of Pittsburg, in the con- 
test for supremacy in the Ursuline con- 
vent of Mt. St. Ursula at Pittsburg, 
restoring the French nuns. 

Dec. 11-12. Boston. A Congress of 
Churches is held in Tremont Temple 
to consider the relation of the secret- 
lodge system to civil liberty and the 
Christian religion. 

Dec. 11. Conn. The Yale Roman 
Catholic Club holds its first meeting; 
it is recognized by President Dwight as 
a Yale College organization. 

Dec. 15. Conn. Dwight L. Moody 
holds services at Yale University. 

Md. The Catholic Young Men's 

Society is organized at Baltimore. 

Dec. 22. Ga. Prayers are offered in 
all the churches in Atlanta for Henry 
"W. Grady's recovery from serious illness. 

Dec. 27. Minn. At St. Paul, Rev. John 
Shanley of St. Paul, Rev. James McGol- 
drick of Minneapolis, and Rev. Joseph 
B. Cotter of Winona, are consecrated 
Roman Catholic bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1SS9 Nov. * New York. Mayor Grant 
appoints seven school commissioners — 
two of them women. 

Dec. 2. New York. Col, John A. Cock- 
erill is reelected president of the Press 
Club. 

Dec. 18. N. Y. The Adelphi Academy 
of Brooklyn is burned ; loss, $75,000. 

Dec. 25+. New York. The Hebrews are 
establishing free schools. 

Dec. 26-28. New York. The first an- 
nual meeting of The Music Teachers' 
Association is held. 

Dec. 28-31. D. C. The American 
Historical Association holds its 6th 
annual meeting in "Washington. 

Dec. 29. N. J. The valuable library of 
the late Dr. George L. Janeway is pre- 
sented to Rutgers College. 

Dec. 30. Mass. A library bunding 
worth ©250,000 and containing 10,000 
volumes is to be given to Arlington by 
Mrs. Maria Bobbins of New York. 

* * Cal. — N. Y. A Normal School is 
opened by the State at Chico ; and an- 
other at Oneonta, Otsego County, N. Y. 

S0CD3TY. 
1889 Dec. 16. Chicago. Daniel Cough- 
lin, Martin Burke, Alexander Sullivan, 
of the Clan-na-Gael, are sentenced to 
imprisonment for life for the murder 
of Dr. P. H. Cronin. John Kunz is 
sentenced to imprisonment for three 
years, and John F. Beggs is discharged. 
[Coughlin is acquitted on a new trial, 
Mar. S, 1S94.] 



Dec. 18. Neb. A central prohibition 
organization is formed by a convention 
at Omaha ; 250 delegates represent five 
near-by States. 

Dec. 19. N. Dak. A prohibitory law 
is enacted and signed ; it is to become 
effective on July 1st. 

STATE. 
1839 Nov. 23. Mont. The State Le- 
gislature meets for the first time, on 
the call of the governor. 
Nov. 26. N. Y. Thomas C. Piatt is 
removed from the quarantine commis- 
sionership by decision of the Court of 
Appeals. 
Nov. * Wyo. The people ratify the Con- 
stitution. Vote, 6,272-1,923. 
Dec. 2. D. C. The 51st Congress 
opens. 

Congress ; Senate : John J. Ingalls 
(Rep.) of Kan. is reelected president pro 
tempore. House : Thomas B. Reed of 
Me. is elected Speaker : Edward Mc- 
Pherson of Pa., clerk. 

President Harrison submits to Con- 
gress his first message ; he gives warn- 
ing of the dangers of an extravagant 
surplus, and shows that the revenues of 
the last year exceed the expenses by 
8105,053,443.24, and that the excess for 
this year will be .?S3.000,000. He favors 
a revision of the tariff. 
Dec. 3. N. Dak. The first State Legis- 
lature meets at Bismarck. 
Dee. 4. D. C. President Harrison ap- 
points David J. Brewer of Kan. to be 
Associate Justice of the V. S. Supreme 
Court. [Dec. 18. Confirmed by tbe 
Senate.] 

Congress; Senate: C. K. Davis of 
Minn, introduces the Dependent Pen- 
sion Bill, granting pensions to soldiers 
who are incapacitated for manual labor, 
also for dependent relatives of deceased 
soldiers. 

J. S. Morrill of Tt. introduces the bill 
to repay the direct tax collected from 
the States under the Tax Act of Aug. 5, 
1861. 

J. Sherman of 0. introduces the Anti- 
Trust BUI, declaring unlawful trusts 
and combinations in restraint of trade 
and production. 

John H. Reagan of Tex. introduces a 
bill for the free coinage of silver. 

James F. Wilson of la. introduces the 
Original Package Bill, subjecting im- 
ported liquors to the provisions of the 
several States. 

H. "W. Blair of N. H. introduces the 
Educational Bill, appropriating $77,- 
000,000 for the extension of common 
schools. 
Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: In the Senate 
John J. Ingalls of Kan. introduces the 
"World's Fair Bill, to aid in commemo- 
rating the 400th anniversary of the dis- 
covery of America. 
Dec. 7. D.C. The Pan-American Con- 
gress provides for 16 committees to be 
appointed by the president, James G. 
Blaine. 
Dec. 9. D.C. Congress; Senate : A bill 
is introduced for the relief of the as- 



UNITED STATES. 



1889, Nov. 22-** 349 



signees of John Eoach ; a bill to admit 
Idaho as a State is introduced by O, H. 
Piatt of Conn. ; a resolution by Senator 
Sherman of O. in favor of settlement 
of international disputes by arbitra- 
tion is referred to the Committee on 
Foreign Relations. 

In the House the Speaker appoints 
various committees, with Judge Har- 
rison Kelley of Kan. as chairman on 
Manufactures, "W. McKinley of O. on 
"Ways and Means, and J. Q. Cannon of 
111. on Appropriations. 

Dee. 10. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate a bill is introduced proposing New 
York as the place for holding «the 
"World's Fair ; the Federal Elections 
Bill is introduced by W. E. Chandler 
of N. H. 

A Convention of the governors of the 
States and Territories opens. 

Boston. T. H. Hart (Rep.) is reelected 

mayor. 

Bee. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate a bill is introduced for a service 
pension ; the two Houses meet in 
joint session to commemorate the cen- 
tennial of the inauguration of Presi- 
dent "Washington, Chief- Justice Fuller 
delivering the oration. 

Md. — Va. The Hog Island boundary- 
dispute between Maryland and Virginia 
is settled. 

Dee. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: M. 
C. Butler of N. C. introduces the Negro 
Emigration Bill relative to negroes 
leaving the Southern States. 

John Sherman of O. introduces a bill 
to revive the grade of lieutenant- 
general in the army. 

Dec. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
receives from the President the new 
Extradition Treaty with England. 

— — New York. The Pan-American Con- 
gress delegates are received as guests of 
the city. 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress; House: 
George W. E. Dorsey of Neb. introduces 
a National Bank Circulation Bill, 
providing for the issue of circulating 
notes to national banks. 

Joseph 11. Carey of "Wyo. introduces a 
bill to admit Wyoming into the Union 
as a State. 

Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a joint resolution for repairing 
damages by the Sacramento floods. 
In the House, E. B. Taylor introduces 
a Uniform System of Bankruptcy Bill. 
John H. O'Neall of Ind. introduces the 
Anti-Convict Labor Bill, prohibiting 
convict labor on public works. 

Dec. 21. D.C. Congress; House: The 
Committee on Appropriations introduce 
the District of Columbia Appropria- 
tion Bill. 

Dec. 24. D. C. Secretary "Windom in- 
vites proposals for the right to take fur 
seals on the islands of St. Paul and St. 
George, Alaska. 

Dec. 26. D. C. The House Commit- 
tee on "Ways and Means begin their 
sittings on the tariff. 



Dec. 27. D.C. A new design for a navy 
flag is adopted, to take effect July 1, 
1S91 ; it consists of a rectangular arrange- 
ment of 42 stars. 

Dec. 30. N. Y. The Electrocution 
Law is declared to be constitutional 
by the General Term at Rochester. 

Dec. 31. D. C. The International 
Marine Conference finishes its work 
and finally adjourns. 

Dec. * Mont. The Legislature is in a 
stubborn deadlock, the Democratic 
members of the Senate absenting them- 
selves from that body till the session 
expires, and the Republican and Demo- 
cratic members of the House holding 



Dec. * W. Va. Gov. Wilson calls the 
Legislature to meet in special session 
on Jan. 15 ; the most important business 
to be considered is the settlement of 
the contest between A. B. Fleming and 
Nathan Goff for the governorship. 

* * Me. The Legislature passes an act 
against the organization of trusts. 

* * Mich., Minn., Mo., Mont., JR. I., Wis. 
The secret baUot law is enacted. 

* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 
-93 * * Alas. (Ter.). Lyman E. Knapp. 
-91* * Ariz. (Ter.). Lewis Wolfley. 
-93 * * Ark. James P. Eagle. 

-90 * * Colo. Job A. Cooper. 

-91 * * Conn. Morgan G. Buckeley. 

-93 * * Fla. Francis P. Fleming. 

-93 * * III. Joseph W. Fifer. 

-89* * Ind. Alvin P. Hovey (deceased), 

-92 * * Me. Edwin C. Burleigh. 

-93 * * Mo. David It. Francis. 

Mont. (Ter.) Benjamin F.White. 
-93 * * Mont. (Ter.) Joseph K. Toole. 
-91 * * N. H. David H. Goodell. 

N. Mex. (Ter.). L. B. Prince. 
-93 * * N. C. Daniel G. Fowle. 
-91 * * N. Dak. John Miller. 

li. I. H. W. Ladd. 
-91 * * S. Dak. Arthur C. Mellette. 
-93* * Utah. (Ter.). Arthur L.Thomas. 
-91 * * Wis. William D. Hoard. 
-90 * * Wyo. (Ter.). F. E. Warren. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Nov. 24. Jap. The Pacific mail- 
steamer China is ashore at Yokohama ; 
she is valued at $1,000,000. 

Nov. 25. III. Edwardsville loses $300,- 
000 by fire. 

Nov. 26. Mass. A great fire sweeps over 
25 acres of Lynn, burning 330 build- 
ings, one-third of the business portion of 
the town, and rendering 175 families 
homeless. 

About 7,000 people are thrown out of 
work. The loss on buildings alone is 
nearly $1,500,000. 

Mo. The National Silver Conven- 
tion meets in St. Louis ; A. J. Warner 
of O. is chosen president. 

Nov. 27. N. J. The German bark Ger- 
mania from Stettin is wrecked at Long 
Branch; the captain and eight sailors 
are drowned. 

Nov. 28. Boston. A fire destroys prop- 
erty valued at $5,000,000. 

Nov. 30. Minn. The Tribune building 
is burned out. 



At the time of the fire 100 or more men 
are at work in the upper stories of the 
building ; 10 persons perish in the flames. 

Nov. * New York. The proprietor of 
Judge oifers the Government $100,000 
for the privilege of printing adver- 
tisements on the back of the United 
States postage-stamps. [Declined.] 

* * Term. The East Tennessee Land 
Company is organized with $3,000,000 
capital; Gen. Clinton B. Fisk of New 
York, president. 

Nov. * Va. A fire destroys property in 
Petersburg valued at $750,000. 

Dec. 7. N. Y. Boscobel, long known as 
Henry W. Beecher's country-place, 
is sold for $75,000. 

N. Mex. The Cerro Blanco mines 

are sold to an English syndicate for 
$1,500,000. 

Tenn. An English syndicate pur- 
chases 86,000 acres of coal and 
mineral land in Marion County for 
$2,212,000. 

Dee. 9. Phila. Spreckel's big sugar 
refinery begins operations. Its capa- 
city is 2,000,000 pounds every 24 hours. 

Dec. 12. New York. The World's 
Fair Guaranty Fund amounts to 
$5,224,434 ; and the "Washington Me- 
morial Arch Fund to $61,768.71. 

Dec. 14. N. Y. The United Franklin 
and Clyde Glass Companies of Syra- 
cuse consolidate with a joint capital of 
$1,583,500. 

The Citizens' Steamboat Company 
of Troy decides to sell its boats and 
charter to an English syndicate for 
$1,000,000. 

Dec. 28. Miss. The Citizens' ware- 
house, Yazoo City, containing 6,000 
bales of cotton and seven freight-cars, 
is burned ; loss, $327,000. 

W. Va. At "White Sulphur Springs, 

near Charleston, six cars are destroyed 
in a railroad accident caused by the 
spreading of the rails. In the wreck 11 
people are killed and 25 injured. 

Dec. * Kan. Thousands of bushels of 
corn are being burned for fuel ; in some 
counties the market price of corn is less 
than 15 cents per bushel, while coal is 
from 25 to 35 cents per bushel. 

Dec. * Ky. It is reported that 260,000 
acres of coal and timber land near 
Middlesborough have been sold to Eng- 
lish capitalists for $1,500,000. 

Dec* New York. Nearly 300 miles 
of electric wires and about 800 poles 
have been cut down to clear the streets. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1889. 

Production : Gold, $32,800,000 : silver, 
$64,646,000 : bushels of grain : Indian 
corn, 2,112,S92,000; wheat, 4; (0,500,000; 
oats, 751,515,000; bar lev. 65,000.000+ : rve, 
30,000,000+ ; buckwheat, 11,000,000+ ; 
bales of cotton, 6,935.082 ; pounds of wool, 
265,000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 34,820,- 
306. Currency in circulation, $1,380,361,- 
649; per capita, $22.52. Immigrants re- 
ceived (fiscal vear), 444,427. Miles of 
railroads worked, 152.689; capital stock, 
S4.405,0'.t!*,:il$ ; total railroad accidents, 
1.569 ; persons killed, 5,823 ; persons in- 
jured, 26,309. Fire-waste, $123,046,833; 
insurance, $73,679,465. Business failures, 
11,719 ; liabilities, $140,359,490. 



350 1889, * *-1890, Jan. 15. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889* * D. C. Congress provides for 
the establishment of a gun-making 
plant at West Troy, New York. 

1890 Jan. 11. The Squadron of Evo- 
lution in the Mediterranean suffers 
severely with influenza; ISO cases on 
the Chicago alone. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 * * Cal. The floods at Los An- 
geles change the channel of the river 
below the city and turn the water on the 
fruit-lands. Damage, §750,000. 

* * New York. Hamilton Hamilton of 
Mount Vernon, Olin L. Warner of New 
York City, and Augustus St. Gaudens 
are elected members of the National 
Academy of Design. 

* * New York. A committee of experts 
is examining the obelisk in Central 
Park, endeavoring to devise some means 
to preserve it from further cracking and 
crumbling. [Coated with paraffin.] 

* * S. Dak. Natural gas is discovered in 
Redfield, Spink county ; the pressure is 
so great that sand and gravel are forced 
60 feet into the air. 

1890 Jan. 3. New York. An Amer- 
ican Fine Art Society is formed. 

Jan. 6. Professor S. W. Burnham's tele- 
gram from South America, announcing 
the successful observation of the 
eclipse of the sun, is received. 

Jan. 8. N. Y. A large spray of cherry- 
blossoms is picked from a tree at Nyack- 
on-the-Hudson. 

Jan. 13. Ky. A tornado strikes Clin- 
ton, demolishing 55 houses and killing 
11 people. 

Jan. 15. New York. Rev. H. B. Elliot 
claims to possess Raphael's Madonna 
of the Veil, long supposed to be lost. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Jan. 1. Pierson, Henry R., chancellor of 
University of N. Y., A71. 

Jan. 2. Boker, George H., litterateur, dip- 
lomat, A67. 

Jan. 7. Claflin, Aaron B., dry-gooda mer- 
chant, of New York, A83. 

Jan. 8. Lapham, I-Udredge G., senator for 
N. Y., A76. 

Radford, \V\, adm. U. S. N., A82. 

Woods, George L., Gov. of Ore., A68. 

Jan. 9. Kelley, "William D.. M. C. for 

Pa., Father of the House, A76. 

CHURCH. 
1889 * * Boston. The Baptist Annual 
Meeting is held. 

* * The Roman Catholic Dioceses of 
"Winona, Minn., of Sioux Falls, S. D., 
and of Jamestown in North Dakota, are 
established. 

* * Ky. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Louisville; 
N. S. Haynes, president. 

* * Neb. The Nebraska Free Methodist 
Conference is organized. 

* * N. Y. The International Mission- 
ary Union convenes at Binghamton. 

* * O. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Springheld ; E. 
S. McKitrie, moderator. 



* * R. I. The Congregational Club is 
formed in Providence. 

* * The Central Iowa, Eastern Michigan, 
Southern California, Puget Sound, Cen- 
tral Ohio, Lincoln, and Berkshire Con- 
gregational clubs are organized. 

* *The Finnish Suomi Evangelical Lu- 
theran Synod is organized. 

* * The "Woman's Missionary Union, 
auxiliary to the Southern Baptist Con- 
vention, is organized. 

1890 Jan. 1. It. The Pope grants 
a benediction to the people of America. 

Anson R. Graves is consecrated (Prot- 
estant Episcopal) bishop of the Platte. 

Jan. 5. Mass. The French Canadians 
of Fall River protest against the action 
of the R. C. congress at Baltimore. 

Jan. 10. New York, The Church As- 
sociation for the Advancement of the 
Interests of Labor is formed. 

Jan. 14. It. The Peter's pence, 
amounting to §37,000, is received by the 
Pope from North America. 

LETTERS. 

1889 * * la. The Sioux City Training 
School for teachers is opened. 

* * La. The Evening News is issued at 
New Orleans. 

* * N. Mex. The Legislature provides for 
a State University at Albuquerque, a 
School of Mines at Socorro, and an 
Agricultural College at Las Cruces. 

* * New York. Good News is issued. 

* * New York. Barnard College (non- 
sect.) is organized. 

* * O. The Cleveland Daily World is 
issued. 

* * American and imported books 
published during the year, 4,014, besides 
minor cheap libraries. 

* * Accolon of Gaul, with other Poems, by 
Madison Curtis Cawein, appears. 

* * American Literature, by Charles F. 
Richardson, appears. 

* * Appleton's Cyclopedia of American 
Biography, by James Grant Wilson and 
John FiSke, appears. 

* * The Beginnings of New England, by 
John Fiske, appears ; also The War of 
Independence. 

* * Bibliotheca Washing toniana appears. 

* * The Century Dictionary , Sec. 1, edited 
by William Dwight "Whitney, appears. 

* * Commodus, by Lew Wallace, appears. 

* * Cyclopedia of Music and Mitsicians, 
by John Denison Champlin, appears. 

* * George Washington, by Henry Cabot 
Lodge, appears. 

* * The German Emperor, by Poultney 
Bigelow, appears. 

* * Greifenstein, by Francis Marion Craw- 
ford, appears ; also Sant' Ilario. 

* * HerndoiVs Lincoln, by William H. 
Herndon and Jesse W. Weik, appears. 

* * History of the United States, by Henry 
Adams, appears. 

* * History of Utah, by Hubert Howe 
Bancroft, appears. 



* * Jonathan and ffis Continent, by Max 
O'Kell and Jack Allyn, appears. 

* * Liberal Orthodoxy of To-day, by Ly- 
man Abbott, appears. 

* * Life of General iMfayette, by Bayard 
Tuekerman, appears. 

* * Narrative and Critical History of 
America, by Justin Winsor, appears 
complete. 

* * The New South, by Henry Woodfen 
Grady, appears. 

* * Profit-Sharing between Employer and 
Employee, by Nicholas Paine Gilman, 
appears. 

* * Strange True Stories of Louisiana, by 
George W. Cable, appears. 

* * The State, by Woodrow Wilson, ap- 
pears. 

* * A Transient Guest and Other Episodes, 
by Edgar Evertson Saltus, appears. 

* * The Viking Age, by Paul B. du Chaillu, 
appears. 

* * Studies in the South and East, by 
Charles Dudley Warner, appears; also 
A Little Journey in the World. 

* * A Hazard of New Eortunes, by William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * City Legends, by Will Carleton, ap- 
pears. 

* * Passe-Bose, by Arthur S. Hardy, ap- 
pears. 

* * Jupiter Lights, by Constance Fenimore 
Woolson, appears. 

* * A Yankee at the Court of King Arthur, 
by Mark Twain, appears. 

1890 Jan. 2. New York. The Lenox 
Lyceum is formally opened. 

Jan. 4. New York. The Homeopathic 
Medical College is formally opened. 

Jan. 7. Conn. The Osborne (recita- 
tion) Hall of Tale is dedicated. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 * * Cal. The Legislature passes an 
act recognizing the Veterans* Home 
at Yountville as a State institution, and 
making it a beneficiary under an en- 
abling Act of Congress. 

* * Cal. The Preston School of In- 
dustry for Youthful Criminals at lone 
City is founded. 

* * Colo. The Legislature establishes a 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home at Monte 
Vista ; also a State Normal School at 
Greeley. 

* * Ind. The Legislature passes a law 
to suppress riotous conspiracy, aiming 
especially at the secret societies called 
"White Caps. 

* * Ky. The Circuit Court is suspended 
in Perry and Knott counties by the 
terrorism caused by savage and lawless 
bands of armed men ; the governor 
from motives of economy declines to 
call out troops to preserve the peace. 

* * Minn. Memorial Day, May 30, is 
made a legal holiday. 

* * N. C. A negro exodus threatens to 
depopulate some parts of the State ; it 

jed by emigration agents. 



UNITED STATES. 1889, * *-1890, Jan. 15. 351 



* * Neb. Labor Day, the 1st Monday 
in September, is established as a legal 
holiday. 

* * N. H. The Soldiers' Home is es- 
tablished by the State at Tilton. 

* * N. J. The local- option and high- 
license law is .repealed, and another 
high-license law enacted. 

* * Wis. A local-option bill is passed, 
providing for elections on the petition 
of 10 per cent of the voters. 

1890 Jan. 2. S. Dak. Liquor-dealers 
cause much excitement by continuing 
in business notwithstanding the prohibi- 
tory law. 

S. C Gov. Richardson makes every 

effort to bring to justice the white 
lynchers of the negroes who were 
confined in Barnwell jail. 

N. C. — S. C. The negro exodus 

increases. 

Over 4,000 have passed thrmigh Charles- 
ton on their way to Florida, Alabama, 
and Southern Georgia. 

Jan. 4. S. C. Two Northern detec- 
tives are driven out of Barnwell County 
by the lynchers' friends. 

JV". C. A Methodist preacher and his 

wife apply to the British minister 
for protection from brutal assaults. 

• New York. A new revolutionary so- 
ciety is organized, and called "The 
United Irishmen." 

Jan. 6. Mo. Alice Jackson, an heiress, 
is the second time abducted at St. 
Louis. 

Neb. The Masonic Grand Lodge 

expels saloon-keepers. 

Jan. 7. New York. A special meeting of 
the Southern Society passes eulogistic 
resolutions on the memory of Jefferson 
Davis. [Jan. 8. The Vice-President, 
W. P. St. John, is offended and resigns.] 

Jan, 8. New York. The Business Men's 
Association gives a dinner in honor of 
the Democratic governors of several 
States. 

Jan. 9. New York. The Union League 
elects Chauncey M.- Depew its presi- 
dent. 

Fla. Ten thousand visitors, repre- 
senting every State in the Union, attend 
the opening exercises of the Subtropi- 
cal Exhibition at Jacksonville; Gov. 
Francis P. Fleming delivers an address. 

Jan. 12. New York. Major W. H. Clark 
of the Southern Society is arrested for 
shooting at Wilton Randolph. 

Jan. 13. Mass. Manufacturers of Haver- 
hill lock out 3,500 employees who were 
preparing to strike. 

Jan. 15. Chicago. The Afro- American 
Leagues hold a convention. 

STATE. 

18S9 * * D. C. Principal department 
officers of the Federal Government. 
All appointments were made in 18S9 by 
President Harrison, except as indicated. 

State Department. — William F. Wharton, 
of Mass., Assist. Sec. ; Alvey A. Adee, ot 
N. Y. (18821, Second Assist. Sec; John B. 
Moore, of Del. (1886), Third Assist. Sec 

Treasury Department. —(Vacant), of N. Y.; 
Oliver L. Spauhlimr, »f Mu-h. [1MH0]; Allured 
II. Nettleton, of Minn. [1890], Assist. Sees., 
AsaC.3tlatthews,of 111., First Compt.; Benj. 



F. Gilkeson, of Pa., Second Compt.; B. S. 
Holliilay, of Pa., Commissioner of Customs. 
Auditoks: Gt'orgt- P. l'isher,of Del., First ; 
J. N. Patterson, of N. I!., Second; William 
H. Hart, of 1ml., Third ; John Ii. Lynch, of 
Miss., Fourth; L. \V. Habercomb, of D. C, 
Fifth; Thomas B. Coulter, of O., Sixth. 
James N. Huston, of Ind., Treas. V. S.; Wm. 
S. Rosecrans, of Cal. tl»nft), Register of the 
Treasury ; Edward S. Lacey, of Mich., 
Compt. of the Currency ; John \V. Mason, of 
W. Va., Com. of Intermit He venue ; Wm. 
W. Bates, of N. Y., Com. of Navigation ; 
Alphonso Hart, of O., Solicitor of Internal 
Jievenue ; Edward < K Leech, of I>. C, Direc- 
tor of the Mint; John B. Hamilton, of 111. 
(1879), Supervising Snrg.-Gen.of the Marine 
Hospital Service; James A. Dumont, of 
N. Y. (1876), supemsnin Inspector-Gen. of 
Steam Vessels; Wm. M. Meredith, of 111., 
Bureau of Engraving and Printing ; James 
H. Windrim, of Pa., Supervising Architect. 

War Department. — Lewis A. Grant, of 
Minn. [1890], Assist. Sec; John C. Kelton, 
of Pa., Adj. -Gen.; .Joseph c. Breckinridge, 
of Ky., Ins.- <!en.; Richard N. liateheliler, 
of N. H. [1890], Q. M. G.; Beekman Du 
Barry, of N.J. [1890], Com. -Gen.; Charles 
Sutherland, <»f Pa. [1*91], Surg.-Gen.; Wm. 
Smith, of Vt. [1890], /'. M. (1.; Thomas L. 
Casey, of R. I. (18KH), Chief of Engineers. 
Stephen V. Benet, of Fla. (1874), Chief of 
Ordnance; Guido N. Lieber, of N. Y. (1885), 
Acting J. A. G. ; Adolphus W. Greely, of La. 
(1887), Chief Signal Officer. 

Navy Department. —James Russell Soley^ 
of Mass. [1890], Assist. Sec. Bureaus: 
Norman H. Farquliar, of Pa. [1890], Yards 
and Docks; Francis M. Ramsay, of D. C, 
Navigation; William M. Folger, of O. [1890], 
Ordnance; Edwin Stewart, of N. Y. [1890]. 
Provisions and Clothing; J. Mills Browne, 
Of N. H. (1NHHJ, Medicine and Sure/en/; 
Theodore D. Wilson, of N. Y. (1886), Con- 
struction and Repair ; George Dewey, of 
Vt., Equipment and Recruiting ; George W. 
Melville, of N. Y. (1887), Steam Engineer- 
ing. Wm. B. Remey, V. S. Marine Corps, 
of la. (1878), J. A. G. ; Charles G. McCaw- 
ley, of Pa. (1876), Commandant of Marine 
Corps. 

Post-office Department. — James S. Clark- 
son, of la., First Assist. P. M. G. ; Smith A. 
Whitfield, of O., Second Assist. P. M. G. , 
Abraham D. Hazen, of Pa., Third Assist. P. 
M. G.; James N. Tyner, of Ind., Assist. 
Atty.-Gen.; (Vacant), Supt. of Foreign 
Mails ; Charles F. Macdonald, of Mass. 
(1864), Supt. of Money Order System; J. 
Lowrie Bell, of Pa., Gen. Supt. of Raihcay 
Mail Service; David P. Leibhardt, of Ind., 
Supt. of Dead Letter Office; Estes G. Rath- 
bone, of O., Chief Post- Office Inspector. 

Interior Department. — George Chandler, of 
Kan., First Assist. Sec ; Cyrus Bussev, 
of N. Y., Assist. Sec. ; George H. Shields, of 
Mo., Assist. Atty.-Gen. Commissioners: 
Lewis A. Groff,of Neb., General Land Office; 
Green B. Raum, of 111 , Pensions ; Thomas 
J. Morgan, of R. I., Indian Affairs; Charles 
E. Mitchell, of ( 'oiin., Patent Office ; Horace 
A. Taylor, of Wis., Railroads; William T. 
Harris', of Mass., l-'.ducition. John W.Pow- 
ell, of 111. (1881), Director of Geological 
Survey; Edward Clark, of Pa. (1865), 
Architect of the Capitol. 

Department of Justice.— Orlow W. Chap- 
man, Of N. Y., Solicitor-General; John B. 
Cotton, of Me. ; William A. Maury, of D. C, 
Assist. Attys.-Gen. 

Department of Agriculture. — Edwin Wil 
lits, of Mich., Assist. Sec. 

Government Printing Office. — Frank W. 
Palmer, of 111., Public Printer. 

Department of Labor. — Carroll D. Wright, 
of Mass. (1888), Commissioner. 

Library of Congress. — Ainsworth R. Spof- 
ford, of O. (1865), Librarian. 

Government Directors in the Union Pa- 
cific Fv.R. Company. — Rufus B. Bullock, 
of Ga.; .lease Spalding, of 111.; George E. 
Leighton, of Mo.; John F. Plummer, of 
N. Y.; James W. Savage, of Neb. (1885). 

Civil Service Commissioners. — Charles 
Lyman, of Conn.; Theodore Roosevelt, of 
N. Y.; Hugh S. Thompson, of S. C. 

Interstate Commerce Commissioners. — 
Thomas M. Coolev, of Mich., Chairman; 
William R. Morrison, of 111. ; Augustus 
Schoon maker, of N. Y. ; Walter L. Bragg, of 
Ala.; Wheeloek G. Veazey, of Vt. 

Ministers and Envoys. — John R. G. Pitkin, 
of La., at Bueuos Ayres; Frederick D. Grant, 



of N.Y., at Vienna; Kdwin II. Terrell, of Tex., 
at Brussels; Robert Adams, Jr., of Pa., at 
Rio Janeiro; Lansing B. Mi/.ner, of Cal., at 
Guatemala; Patrick Egan, of Neb., at San- 
tiago; Charles Deuhv, of Ind. ( 1885), at Pe- 
king; John T. Abbott, of N. H., at Bogota; 
Whitelaw Keul, of N. V., at Paris; William 
Walter Phelps, of N. J., at Berlin; Robert 
T.Lincoln, of 111., at London; Albert G. Por- 
ter, of Ind., at Rome; John F. Swift, of Cal., 
at Tokyo (Veddui; Thomas K van, of Kan., at 
Mexico; Samuel |{. Thaver, of Minn., at The 
Hague; John Hicks, of Wis., at Lima; (Va- 
cant) at St. Petersburg; Thomas W. Palmer, 
of Mich., at Madrid; William W. Thomas, 
Jr., of Me., at Stockholm; Solomon Hirsch, 
of Ore. (ISHiii, at Constantinople; William 
L. Scruggs, of Ga., at Caracas. 

1890 Jan. 5. D. C. Henry B. Brown 
of Mich, is sworn in as Justice of the 
U. S. Supreme Court. [Also Jan. 6. 
David J. Brewer of Kan.] 

Jan. 7. S. Dak. The first session of 
the Legislature of the new State opens. 

Jan. 8. I). C. Congress: The House 
passes the District of Columbia Appro- 
priation Bill introduced Dec. 21. 

St. Louis's claims as the site of the 
World's Fair are presented to the Sen- 
ate Committee. 

Jan. 13. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
debates concerning the Alaska Seal 
Fisheries; the House in Committee of 
the Whole considers the bill to provide 
for town site entry of lands in Okla- 
homa. 

Jan. 15. D. C. The Postmaster-General 
orders the establishment of 20 new 
branch stations of the New York Post- 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 * * Boston. Electric street-rail- 
roads are first operated. 

* * Kan. The Legislature encourages the 
silk industry by appropriating $13,- 
000 for the establishment of a silk sta- 
tion. 

* * Tex. Arbor Day is fixed for the 22d 
of February. 

1890 Jan. 1. NewYorTc. A fire in the 
Liberty Silk Mills causes a loss of $250- 
000. 

Pa. The Shelton Axle "Works in the 

Wyoming Valley, employing 1,000 men, 
is bought by an English syndicate. 

S. C. The colored people open 

their first State Fair at Columbus. 

Jan. 2. N. J. A rubber trust is formed 
at Trenton. 

Jan. 4. New York. The World's Fair 
Fund amounts to $5,302,265. 

Jan. 6. Me. Lewiston loses $500,000 
by fire. 

Jan. 7. New York. There are 150,000 
cases of " grip " reported. 

Jan. 9. Fla. The Sub-Tropical Ex- 
position opens at Jacksonville. 

Ky. The caisson of the new bridge 

at Louisville breaks, and H men are 
drowned. 

Jan. 11. B.C. The "World's Fair Com- 
mittee from New York submits its 
memorial to the Senatorial Committee, 
urging its location in their city. 

Ky. At Versailles 35 valuable 

horses, including one that cost $51,000, 
perish in a tire ; total loss, $360,000. 

Wis. Milwaukee millers combine, 

with $5,000,000 capital, to resist English 
competition. 



352 1890, Jan. 15 -Feb. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 Jan. * It. I. The Cushing is 
launched at Providence, the first of 
the modern sea-going torpedo boats ; 
speed, 22.5 knots per hour. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Joseph R. Smith is com- 
missioned colonel — medical depart- 
ment. 

Feb. 28. I). C. Commanders Frederick 
Rogers and John F. McGlensey are pro- 
moted captains. [Also July 31. Edgar 
C. Merriman.] 

Feb. * D. C. Congress passes a bill al- 
lowing brevet promotion in the army 
when engaged in Indian service. 

Feb. * The Squadron of Evolution 
sails for Villefranche, France; later it 
reaches Toulon. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Jan. 21. Wash. Ten persons and 
thousands of cattle perish by a storm. 

Jan. 25 . Tenn. Earthquake shocks oc- 
cur. [Apr. 24. Also on the Pacific coast 
for two hours. May 24. In Montana, 
damaging property. May 25. In the 
Mohawk Valley, N. Y. May 28. Nine 
shocks in Indianapolis, Lnd. May 30. At 
Dover, Me. July!. Three at Santa Rosa, 
Cal. July 16. For one minute in lnd.] 

Jan. 27. Chicago. The stethotele- 
phone is patented by James Louth. 

Jan. * The Angelus of Millet is sent 
to Chicago for exhibition. 

Jan. * Mo. A tornado strikes St. Louis, 
blowing down scores of houses and kill- 
ing three persons. 

Feb.* Ida. The town of Burke is nearly 
destroyed by avalanches. 

Feb.* N. H. Steps are taken to make a 
State park of the White and Franconia 
Mountains district. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Jan. 17. Henderson, Peter, florist, author, 
A67. 

Jan. 19. Vallejo, Manuel G., pioneer, A8t. 

Jan. 22. Forepaugh. Adam, showman, 
A59. 

Jan. 24. Riddleberger, Harrison H., sen- 
ator for Va., A45. 

Feb. 22. Astor, John Jacob. Sr., esti- 
mated wealth, ;?15(),()iH),000, Ati5. 

CHURCH. 

1890 Jan. 16. It. The Pope issues 
an encyclical ordering Catholics to 
give implicit obedience to papal man- 
dates ; they must obey local laws that 
do not entail disobedience to "divine 
law." 

JSf. Y. The Rev. Lyman Abbott is 

installed as pastor of Plymouth Church, 
Brooklyn, his theology being pronounced 
satisfactory by a distinguished Congre- 
gational council. 

New York. Archbishop Corrigan 

sails for Rome. [June 2. He is received 
by the Pope. June 6. His action in re- 
gard to Dr. Burtsell is confirmed by the 
Pope.] (See July 27.) 

Feb. 6. la. Non-partisan prayers in 
the House are ordered by enactment. 
Vote, 48 to 43. 



Feb. 8. Wis. Tbe English-speaking 
priests of Milwaukee organize as an 
American Catholic Clerical Union, 
in opposition to the German supremacy 
in the diocese. 

Feb. 12. Pa. Miss Kate Drexel takes 
the black veil at Pittsburg. 

Miss Drexel, now known as Sister 
Catherine, gives her entire fortune to 
the new order which she intends found- 
ing, and which will be known as " The 
Sisters of the Holy Sacrament," of the 
lloman Catholic Church. 

Feb. 17. N.J. Bishop Wigger, of the 
lloman Catholic Diocese of Newark, 
orders that all children of Catholic par- 
ents be taken from public schools and 
sent to parochial schools. 

Feb. * Kan. Bishop Fink objects to 
Catholics joining the Farmers' Alliance. 

Feb. * N. Y. Over 7,000 people welcome 
Dr. Talmage in tbe 13th Regiment Ar- 
mory on his return from Europe and the 
East, 

LETTERS. 

1890 Jan. 20. Chicago. Marshal Field 
donates $100,000 for the establish- 
ment of a Baptist University. 

Jan. 22. N. Y. Syracuse University 
receives the Wolfe Collection of engrav- 
ings, etchings, etc., the gift of Gen. Lea- 
venworth's widow. 

Jan. 30. N. Y. George *W. Curtis is 
elected chancellor of the New York 
Board of Regents. 

Jan.* Mo. Property worth §1,000,000 is 
acquired for a Methodist college in 
Kansas City. 

Feb. 3. New York. Seth Low is offici- 
ally instaUed as president of Columbia. 

Feb. 6. Pa. Andrew Carnegie's plan 
for a public library in Pittsburg, in- 
cluding a building to cost §1,000,000, is 
made public. 

Feb. 20. Pa. The Carnegie Library 
in Allegheny is dedicated by Presi- 
dent Harrison. 

Feb. 21. N. H. A memorial ball and 
library are dedicated at Wolfboro. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Jan. 16. Phila. The Johnstown 
Relief Committee resolves to give §50 
annually to each child orphaned by the 
flood, until it is 16 years of age; total 
expenditure, §2,6S3,747. 

Jan. 19. Okla. The manager of the Im- 
migration Society reports that 20,000 exo- 
dus negroes have settled in Oklahoma. 

Jan. 24. Chicago. B. P. Hutchinson is 
robbed of from §25,000 to §40,000 by a 
confidential clerk. 

New York. George H. Lounsberry, 

assistant cashier of the Post-office, com- 
mits suicide, having defaulted to the ex- 
tent of §47,000. 

The Knights of Labor and the 

Miners' National Progressive Union 
agree on the details of a common consti- 
tution. 

Jan. 25. Eng. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal- 
mage of Brooklyn is entertained at Ha- 
warden by Mr. Gladstone. 

Jan. 31. New York. P.J. Claassen, presi- 
dent of the Sixth National Bank, is ar- 



rested, and <;r./,j-_" jr. jv-n, an accused 
broker, j.-, held in >^,<KXt bail ; the .Sixth 
National. Equitable, and Lenox Hill 
bankB are involved. [July 14. James 
A. Simmons is arrested, charged with 
complicity in wrecking the bank.] 

— lnd. President Harrison's house, 
at Indianapolis, is entered by burglars, 
and §1,000 worth of valuables are taken. 

Jan. * Minn. The National Convention of 
the Master Builders' Association meets 
in St. Paul. 

Jan.* N.J. A glassmakers* strike 
proves successful. 

Jan.* Pa. The will of the late John 
H. Shoenberger bequeaths to Pittsburg 
51,000,000 for a public hospital. 

Jan. * Phila. Miss Carrie Burnham 
Kilgore, the fourth of her sex, is ad- 
mitted to practise before the United 
States Supreme Court. 

Feb. 3. Chicago. James J. "West is sen- 
tenced to rive years in the penitentiary 
and a fine of §1,000 for the fraudulent 
overissue of "Chicago Times" stock 
amounting to §13,000. 

Feb. 4. New York. The Centennial of 
the Supreme Court of the United States 
is celebrated at the Metropolitan Opera 
House. Ex-President Grover Cleveland 
presides ; President Harrison delivers 
an address. 

Feb. 5. Tex. F. A. "Walton. Pacific Ex- 
press Company's money-clerk at Dallas, 
absconds with $50,000. 

Feb. 9. N. Y. The people of Schenec- 
tady commemorate the 200th anniver- 
sary of the massacre bytbe French and 
Indians. 

Feb. 10. Mo. The temperance women 
begin a crusade in Lathrop [and other 
towns]. 

Utah. The Gentiles elect Mormons 

to office at Salt Lake City. 

The American Newspaper Pub- 
lishers' Association assembles. 

Feb. 13. N. J. Over 500 false ballots 
are found in the boxes in one assembly 
district in Hudson County. 

Feb. 15. New York. The first of a series 
of mass-meetings is held to promote the 
"World's Fair. 

Feb. 16. Mo. The Missouri temperance 
crusade is marked by the forcible de- 
struction of a saloon at Spiekardsville. 

Feb. 28. D. C. Ex-Congressman Taul- 
beeof Ivy. is shot by Charles E.Kincaid, 
a newspaper correspondent, at "Wash- 
ington. 

Feb. 28+. La. The State Anti-Lottery 
League is organized at New Orleans to 
oppose the renewal of the charter of the 
Louisiana State Lottery. 

New York. A mass-meeting of 

Eussi an- Americans denounces the 
outrages committed upon political ex- 
iles in Siberia. 

Feb. * Miss. Col. W. L. Hemingway, for 14 
years treasurer, is reported to be $250,- 
000 short in his accounts with the State. 
[Dec. 1. He is convicted by the Supreme 
Court of embezzlement ; amount, $315,- 
612.] 

Feb. * Fla. One thousand employees of 
the Birmingham Rolling-Mill strike. 

Feb. * D. C. The Colored Men's Con- 
vention at "Washington elects ex-Gov. 
P. B. S. Pinchbeck president. 

It urges an educational bill, no sepa- 
rate cars for blacks and whites, and re- 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Jan. 15 -Feb. * 353 



imbursement for the depositors in the 
Ereedrnen's Savings and Trust Company. 

Feb. * D. C The American Shipping 
and Industrial League meets at Wash- 
ington. 

Feb. * N. Dak. The Senate passes a hill 
legalizing a hrauch of the Louisiana 
Lottery. Tote, 22-S. 

Feb. * N. IT. A bitter strike occurs in 
the Nashua Mills, owing to a reduction 
in wages ; more than 1,400 workers are 
idle. [Mar. * It ends successfully.] 

Feb.* N. T. Yardmen, conductors, and 
hrakemen on the New York Central at 
Suspension Bridge strike; they demand 
extra pay for Sunday work. 

STATE. 

1890 Jan. 15. Kan. A Republican 
league meets at Wichita; it advocates 
the resubmission of the prohibitory 
amendment to a vote of the people. 

Jan. 16. JF. Va. A minority report is 
presented to the Legislature declaring 
that Nathan Golf received a majority of 
the votes cast for governor. 

Jan. 20, D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Federal Elections ques- 
tion. 

Jan. 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes two naval bills, and debates the 
bill ordering the collection of farm 
statistics for the census. 

Jan. 22 D. C. Congress : The Senate 
puts the Blair Bill on the order of un- 
finished business [36 discussions follow] ; 
The House passes the Oklahoma Town 
Site Bill introduced Dec. IS, 18S9. 

Jan. 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Administrative Tariff Bill 
introduced Jan. 14. 

John Most is rearrested, the Su- 
preme Court having confirmed his con- 
viction for using incendiary language in 
connection with the Chicago anarchists. 

Jan. 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the resolution concerning the 
recent hanging in effigy of Secretary 
Proctor at Aberdeen, Miss. ; the House 
amends and passes the Fitch Silk Rib- 
bon Bill placing a duty of 50 per cent 
on silk ribbons. 

The correspondence between the Chi- 
nese. minister and the Secretary of State 
relative to the Chinese Exclusion Act is 
laid before the Senate. 

la. The Legislature, having a tie 

vote, has failed to organize for two 
weeks ; organization is at length effected 
by a compromise, in which a Democratic 
speaker and a Republican clerk are 
elected; the minor offices are to be di- 
vided. 

Jan. 28. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Direct Tax Bill for the re- 
payment of the war tax of 1861. Vote, 
44-7. It debates the Aberdeen outrage 
resolution. 

Mont. The State Supreme Court de- 
cides that the Republican Legislature is 
the legal body. 

N. Y. The Court of Appeals decides 

that the power of inspectors of elec- 
tions is ministerial and not judicial. 

Jan. 29. D. C. Senate : A bill is intro- 
duced to erect a monument to Abra- 
ham Lincoln at Gettysburg. 



at Wash- 

— N. Y. The Senate passes the 
amended "World's Fair Bill. Vote, 
26-3. [Jan. 30. The Assembly rejects the 
amendments, and passes theoriginal bill, 
which is sent to a Committee of Confer- 
ence. Feb. 12. The Conference Commit- 
tee disagree. Feb. 19. A compromise 
bill passes both Houses.] (See Feb. 18.) 

O. A deadlock occurs in the 

Senate over an attempt to unseat the 
lieutenant-governor. [Jan 30. He is 
unseated.] 

Jan. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Berry Farm Mortgage Cen- 
sus Bill introduced Dec. 16, 18S9. 

Feb. 1. D. C. The Treasury Depart- 
ment reports the public debt reduced 
811,500,000 in January. 

Feb. 4. W. Va. The Legislature de- 
clares A. B. Fleming (Dem.) elected gov- 
ernor Vote, 43-40. 

Feb. 8. Mont. The Senate secures a 
quorum and passes the appropriation 
bills. [Feb. 21. The Legislative session 
ends without the passage of a single bill.] 

Feb. 10. S. Dak. The President's proc- 
lamation opens for settlement 9,000,000 
acres of the Sioux reservation ; settlers 
rush in for first possession. 

Feb. 11. Utah. The Salt Lake City 
elections result in a complete victory 
for the Gentiles — the first in the his- 
tory of the city. 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Piatt Oklahoma Temporary 
Government Bill introduced Dec. 5. 
1889. 

Feb. 15. D. C Congress: The House 
amends and passes the Berry Farm 
Mortgage Census Bill. [Feb. 18. Con- 
ference report agreed to. Feb. 24. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 

Feb. 18. N. Y. The Legislative Com- 
mittees agree to an amendment to the 
World's Fair Bill, that no important 
action shall be taken by the board of in- 
corporators except by a two-thirds vote. 

Feb. 19. la. The Legislative deadlock 
is broken, the Democrats getting the 
speakership with 14 other offices, and the 
Republicans the remainder. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the Saxton 

Ballot Keform Bill providing a secret 
ballot. [Mar. 13. It passes the Assem- 
bly after a long struggle. Vote, 72-51.] 
(See Mar. 31.) 

Feb. 24. D. C. Congress: The 
"World's Fair is awarded to Chicago. 
Vote : Chicago, 157; New York, 107; St. 
Louis, 26; "Washington, 18. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the MeKenna Bill for the discon- 
tinuance of the coinage of the three-dol- 
lar and one-dollar silver pieces and the 
three-cent nickel piece ; bill introduced 
Jan. 21. 

Feb. 27. N. Y. The Legislature passes 
the bill for the purchase of lands in the 
Adirondacks for a State Park. [Mar. 
11. It is signed by Gov. Hill.] 

Feb. 28. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the International 
Copyright Bill, after eight discussions. 
[Mar. 2, 3. Conference report agreed to. 
Mar. 3. Approved by the President.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Jan. 16. The A. T.Stewart will 
case is settled out of court ; the suits are 
dismissed. 



; Cleveland breweries are 
in English syndicate for 



Jan. 18. 0. Si: 
purchased by ; 
$975,000. 

Jan. 20. III. The business portion of 
Utica is burned. 

The Baltimore and Ohio road 

makes extensions to Lake Erie; the 
Chesapeake and Ohio road secures con- 
trol of the Richmond and Alleghany 
road. 

Jan. 24. O. A natural-gas explosion 
at Columbus blows up two houses, kills 
several persons, and injures many 
others. 

Jan. 25. New York. Miss P. E. Corkran 
("Nelly Ely") of the World newspaper 
completes a tour around the world in 
72 days, six hours, and 12 minutes. 

O. Cincinnati has a $3,000,000 

fire. 

Jan. 27. O. Six persons are killed and 
many hurt hy an accident on the Louis- 
ville, New Albany, and Chicago road. 

Jan. 30. Me. Lewiston loses $250,000 
by a fire. 

New York. Miss Mary Bisland of the 

Cosmopolitan Magazine completes a 
tour around the world in 75 days and 
12 hours, unaided by special convey- 
ances. 

The Sixth National Bank is closed 
by order of the United States Examiner, 
and a warrant is issued for the arrest of 
its president. 

Jan±. * U.S. Cigarette manufactur- 
ers, representing a capital of $25,000,000, 
form a trust. 

Feb. 2. Conn. Five blocks are burned 
in Danbury ; loss, §300,000. 

Feb. 3. D. C. Secretary Traey*s resi- 
dence burns, and Mrs. Tracy, Miss Tracy, 
and a French maid lose their lives. 

Nev. Cattle-dealers lose heavily 

by storms ; estimated loss, $5,000,000. 

Feb. 4. Ore. Ten men are killed and 16 
wounded in a railroad accident at the 
Dalles. 

R. I. The Providence Ladies' Cy- 
cling Club is organized. [It is the first 
ladies' club admitted to the League of 
American Wheelmen.] 

Feb. 8. N. J. Washington Hall, at Pat- 
erson, and ;id}neeiit building are burned ; 
loss, $300,000. 

Chicago. Lieut. Schwatka arrives 

from Colorado with 11 Torahumari In- 
dians, cave-dwellers, the only survivors 
of their race. 

Feb. 23. Ariz. A reservoir dam on 
the Hulapias River bursts ; -40 lives are 
lost ; property damages, $1,000,000. 

Feb. 26. New York. John Jacob As- 
tor's will is probated, the bulk of his 
estate going to Wm. Waldorf Astor, and 
$700,000 to various public institutions. 

Feb. * la. An English syndicate pur- 
chases the Des Moines starch factories. 
This gives it the control of all the large 
starch factories with a single exception. 

Feb. * Me. A fire in Portland de- 
stroys three wharves and 2,000,000 feet 
of lumber. 

Feb. * New York. The cracker-makers 
form a trust with a capital of $3,500,000. 



354 1890, Feb. *-Apr. 6. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 Mar. 10. B.C. William Smitli is 
commissioned brigadier-general. 

Mar. 22. /. T. United States troops 
drive "boomers" from the Cherokee 
strip. 

Mar. 29. Mo. Gen. O. O. Howard is 
to succeed Gen. Crook in the Depart- 
ment of the Missouri. 

Mar±.* O. John A. Logan, Jr., a 
grandson of the late Gen. Logan, only 
five weeks old, is given a commission 
as first lieutenant of the Logan Rifles 
in the 5th Regiment of the Ohio National 
Guard. 

Mar. * It. The Squadron of Evolu- 
tion visits Genoa [and later arrives at 
Naples]. 

Apr. 5. D. C. Nelson A. Miles is 
commissioned major-general. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Mar. 18. Boston. The new wing 
of the Museum of Fine Arts is opened. 

Mar. 26. Miss. — La. The Mississippi 
levee breaks down at Skipwith, where 
the water is up to the eaves of the 
houses. The river is also overflowing 
the levees at many points in Louisiana. 

Mar. 27. Ky. A devastating cyclone 
sweeps a tract 1,200 feet wide and three 
miles long, killing 120 persons in Louis- 
ville ; property loss in the city, $2,500- 
000. 

Mar. * la. A rich lead-mine is discov- 
ered near Dubuque. 

Mar. * New York. The advance sale of 
seats for the Patti concerts brings 
SI 17,000. 

Mar. * N. Y. An Institute of Art and 
Sciences in Brooklyn is projected ; 
cost, $1,000,000. 

Mar. * W. J'a. A big oil-well is struck 
near Parkershurg ; more than 1,000 bar- 
rels of oil are produced in the first 24 
hours. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 

Mar. 16. Gabriel, the famous mission In- 
dian of Cal., A151. (?) 

Mar. 21. Crook. George, maj.-gen. C. S. 
A., A62. 

Mar. 23. Schenck, Robert C. maj.-gen., 
M. C. forO., A81. 

Mar. 26. Heiss, Michael, archbishop of 
Milwaukee, A72. 

Mar. 31. Rowan, Stephen Clegg, vice-ad- 
miral TJ. S. N., A82. 



CHURCH. 

1890 Mar. 1. New York. The 100th an- 
niversary of the death of John "Wes- 
ley is observed in Methodist churches. 

Mar. 2. N. Y. D. L. Moody preaches 
in Brooklyn to large congregations. 

Mar. 5. Mich. The General Convention 
of the Seventh-day Adventists con- 
venes in Battle Creek ; delegates are 
present from 30 States, and from many 
European countries. 

Mar. 8. Neio York. Dr. M* Glynn 
speaks in Cooper Union on "Arch- 
bishop O'Brien, a Canadian dictator." 



Mar. 16. 0. By a vote of 3 to 2, the 
ecclesiastical court finds Rev. How- 
ard MacQuearey (Protestant Episco- 
pal) guilty of heresy, as charged. [He is 
suspended — later deposed.] 

Mar. 31. New York. The American 
Bible Society reports its income for 
the year as S597,G93.05. 

Mar. * Chicago. Bishop J. J. Esher is 
found guilty of lying, slander, and con- 
tentions, in the same way that Bishops 
Dubs of Cleveland and Bowman of Al- 
lentown were recently found guilty. 
The Evangelical Association now has 
no bishops in good standing. 

Apr. 3. New York. Representatives of 
eight prominent mission associations 
meet and protest against the Chinese 
Enumeration Bill now before the 
United States Senate. 

LETTERS. 

1890 Feb.* N. H. A bequest of $500,000 
is made to found an agricultural col- 
lege at Dover. 

Feb. * New York. A meeting of 2,000 
people of the School Conference is held 
in Cooper Union. 

It protests against the inadequate ac- 
commodations of the city schools, from 
which some 20,001) children were deprived 
admission during the past year, and also 
denounces the Compulsory Education 
Bill before the Legislature as inadequate 
and illogical. 

Feb. * New York. Over SS5,000 is ob- 
tained at the auction sale of the library 
of the late S. L. M. Barlow. A true 
copie of the Court booke of tlie Governor 
and Society of Massachusetts Bay in New 
England goes to the Boston Public Li- 
brary for $6,500. 

Mar. IS. Wis. The Supreme Court de- 
cides unanimously that the Bible has 
no place in the public schools. 

Mar. * Conn. Hartford citizens sub- 
scribe $400,000 for a free public library 
and an art gallery in that city. 

Mar. * D. C. Senator Morrill introduces 
a bill to establish a national educa- 
tional fund by setting apart for that 
purpose the net proceeds of the sales of 
public lands. 

Senator Blair introduces a new Edu- 
cational Bill, providing for smaller 
appropriations than the old bill. 

Mar. * N. J. Sixty scholarships in the 
Agricultural College are provided for 
by a bill passed by the State Assembly. 

Mar. * New York. A legacy of $450,000 
is left by John Jacob Astor to the Astor 
Library. 

Mar. * N. Y. Senator Cantor introduces 
in the Legislature a pension measure. 

It proposes to pension at half-pay 
male teachers 00 years old in the New 
York public schools who have taught for 
30 years. "Women teachers who have 
served 25 years may be retired on appli- 
cation at 50 years of age. 

Apr. 1. Wis. The election in Milwaukee 
favors the repeal of the State law 
prescribing the study of English and 
English teaching in the public schools. 
Much excitement prevails. 



SOCIETY. 

1890 Feb. * -V. >'. The accounts of 
John A. Davis, city treasurer of Roches- 
ter, are over $100,000 short. 

Feb. * S. C. The white 'longshore- 
men of Charleston BOCede from their 
Protective Union because of the admis- 
sion of negn *es. 

Feb. * Ttx. Torn .Taints, a young pugilist 
Ol ]>allas, is killedin a brutal prize-tight 
in that city with Kilrain's boxer, Ben- 
ziah. 

Feb. * The National Convention of 
Builders refuses to declare f«>r the eight- 
hour movement ; but they adi »pt a reso- 
lution favoring the payment of workmen 
by the hour. 

Mar. 3. -V. Y. A monster petition for 
ballot reform is presented to the Le- 
gislature ; it contains more than 50,000 
names, and weighs 1.000 pounds. 

Mar. 4. Mo. E. T. Noland is charged 
with defalcating $32,745. and suspended 
from the office of State treasurer. 

Mar. 11. Cal. Employment is given 
to 1.000 needy men in Golden Gate Park 
by public subscription. 

Mar. 13. New York. The Russian- 
American National League cele- 
brates the ninth anniversary of the 
assassination of Czar Alexander II. 

Mar. 14. Neic York. The trial of Sheriff 
James A. Flack begins. It is alleged 
that he obtained a divorce from his 
wife without her knowledge. [Flack, his 
son William L., who appeared against 
his mother, and Joseph Meeks. a lawyer, 
are found ^uiltv nf conspiracy to obtain 
a divorce fraudulently. Apr." 7. Meeks 
accepts s.-ntence and' goes to jail.] (See 
State, Mar. 31.) 

Mar. 17. Wash. " Citizen " George 
Francis Train and Miss Kegina Roth- 
schild start from Tacoma, matched for a 
race round the world. 

Mar. 25. N. J. The corrupt Jersey 
City election officers are allowed to 
serve again at the approaching election. 

Mar. 27. Md. Stevenson Archer. State 
treasurer, is declared a defaulter ; 
amount. $132,401. [Sentenced to State 
prison for five years.] 

Mar. 29. Pa. The American Mechan- 
ics call for 1.000 armed men to help 
raise the American nag over the public 
schools of Mucklerat, to which the for- 
eigners are opposed. 

Mar. 30. New York. The Chinese 
Charitable and Benevolent Associa- 
tion of this city is incorporated. 

Mar. * Boston. George P. Brown, head 
of Brown. Theese. and Clark, a big wool- 
firm, is charged with stealing $1,700,000, 
and absconding. 

Mar. * I. T. The Choctaw Indian Nation 
passes a law allowing a lottery to op- 
erate within its jurisdiction. 

Mar * Ky. A bill to abolish lotteries 
is passed by the Senate. 

Mar. * Ki/. "White Caps raid a dwell- 
ing near Covington, take out three men 
accused of petty thefts, and give each 30 
lashes with blacksnake whips. 

Mar. * Md. The bill abolishing pool- 
rooms passes the Legislature and is 
signed by the governor. 

Mar. * Miss. The indictments against 
J. L. Sullivan for prize-fighting are an- 
nulled by the Mississippi Supreme Court. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Feb. *- Apr. 6. 355 



Mar. * AT. J. The Knights of Labor 
and the Farmers' Alliance of New 
Jersey form a new organization, to be 
called "The Industrial Senate." 

Its object is tbe improvement of the 
condition of wage-workers and tillers of 
the soil. 

Mar. * A 7 ". J. A bill is passed by tlie 
Legislature prohibiting racing on any- 
State track more than 30 days in the 
year. 

Mar. * New York. The shirtmakers' 
strike ends by the bosses yielding every 
point demanded. 

Mar. * New York. The Woman Suf- 
frage League prepares a petition to 
the Czar to personally investigate and 
reform the workings of the Siberian 
system. 

Mar. * Pa. About 800 men employed at 
the Sheldon Axle Works, in Wilkes- 
barre, strike because of injustice done 
to three employees. 

Mar. * Pa. Over 1,000 bolt-makers in 
Pittsburg strike for higher wages. 

Mar. * President Corbin of the Reading 
Railroad orders all employees dis- 
charged who frequent drinking-places, 
and the employment of total abstainers 
in preference to drinking-men. 

Mar. * Wis. The 1,000 employees of the 
Lorrie iron-mine at Ashland strike for 
higher wages. 

Mar. * The striking switchmen on the 
Chicago and Northwestern Railroad 
gain a complete victory. 

Apr. 2. la. Many Anti-Saloon Republi- 
cans recommend high license and local 
option, instead of prohibition. 

Apr. 5. jV. J. Election officers are ar- 
rested in Jersey City for stuffing ballot 
boxes. 

Apr. 6. La. Confederate Memorial 
Day is observed. The New Orleans 
cemeteries are visited by thousands of 
persons. 

STATE. 

1890 Mar. 4. Tenn. The annual as- 
sembly of the National League of Re- 
publican Clubs meets at Nashville. 

Mar. 6. D. C. Congress: Representa- 
tives appear before the sub-committee 
of the House "World's Fair Commit- 
tee, and convince the committee that 
Chicago has raised S5,000,000 and can 
furnish the §10,000,000 guaranty for the 
Fair. 

Mar. 13. D. C Congress: The House 
amends and passes the Oklahoma Tem- 
porary Government Bill. [Mar. 23, 
Apr. 23. Conference report agreed to. 
May 3. Approved by the President.] 

Md. The Senate passes a Ballot Re- 
form Bill. Vote, 23-1. [Mar. 19. By 
the Legislature of Washington. Apr. 8 
and May 7. By New Jersey.] 

Mar. 17. DC. Congress : The Senate 
passes the bill fixing April 30 to Oct. 20, 
1892, as the period for the "World's 
Fair, andrequiring that $10,000,000 shall 
be provided to meet expenses before the 
President invites foreign nations to par- 
ticipate ; the bill goes to the House. 

The House passes the Morrow Cen- 
sus Amendment Bill introduced Feb. 
G. [Apr. 1. Laid on table 



Mar. 18, 22. D. C. Congress: The 
House passes the Timber- Culture Bill 
introduced Feb. 19. 

Mar. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Urgent Deficiency Bill. 

Mar. 20. D, C. Congress : The Senate 
rejects the Blair Education Bill. Vote, 
31-37. 

Mar. 21. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Pension Appropriation 
Bill introduced Feb. 18. It appropri- 
ates $100,000,000, and every veteran 50 
years old who served for 60 days may 
receive a pension. 

New York. The Court of Appeals 

decides that the Electrical Execution 
Law is constitutional, on an appeal in 
the Kemmler case. 

Mar. 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Chicago "World's Fair Bill, 
but postpones the time of opening to 
May, 1893. Vote, 202-49. It authorizes 
the appointment of a board of lady 
managers. 

Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Wyoming Admission Bill in- 
troduced Dec. 18, 18S9. 

Mar. 27. S. C. The farmers hold a State 
Convention in Columbia ; they nominate 
Benjamin R. Tillman for governor, and 
J. C. Coit for lieutenant-governor. 

Mar. 28. D. C. Congress: A bill is in- 
troduced in the Senate to provide for a 
"World's Fair Annex in Washington 
or New York in October, 1892. 

Mar. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Dependent Pension Bill 
introduced Dec. 4, 1889. Vote, 42-12. 
(See June 11.) The House passes the 
Army Appropriation Bill introduced 
Feb. 28. 

A 7 ". Y. Gov. Hill vetoes the Saxton 

Ballot Reform Bill, providing for a se- 
cret ballot, on the ground of unconsti- 
tutionality ; Senator Fassett introduces 
a bill to submit the question of an offi- 
cial ballot to the people next November. 

mw York. Ex-Sheriff Flack is 

sentenced to a fine of $500 and two 
months' imprisonment ; Referee James 
Meeks, $f>oo and one month ; and William 
Flack, the son, $."»00 and four months on 
Blackwell's Island. (SeeSociety,Mar.l4.) 

D. C. Reduction of the public debt 

in March, $11,389,857. 

Apr. 1» D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Fortifications Appropria- 
tion BUI introduced Mar. IS ; it appro- 
priates $4,521,678. Vote, 116-66. 

The President appoints Col. F. 
A. Seeley of Washington and Francis 
Forbes of N. Y. as representatives of 
the United States to the International 
Conference in Madrid. 

The new extradition treaty with 
England goes into effect. 

Apr. 2. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the M'Adoo Hudson River 
Bridge Bill, to connect New York and 
Jersey City, introduced Jan. 6. 

The Pan-American Conference recom- 
mends the establishment of an inter- 
national monetary union. 

la. Anti-Saloon Republicans in 

convention agree to advocate a change 
in the prohibition law so as to introduce 
high license and local option. 



Apr. 3. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Struble Bill to admit Idaho ; 
bill introduced Jan. 13. 

R. I. The indecisive elections leave 

the choice of State officers to the Legis- 
lature. [Apr. 13. The Democrats win in 
the Legislative contest. May 27. The 
Legislature elects Democratic State of- 
ficers.] 

Apr. 4. N. Y. A Ballot Reform Bill is 
introduced in the Assembly ; also a bill 
to provide for a non-partisan police 
board in New York City. 

Apr. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Oklahoma 
Town Site Bill. [May 2-5. Conference 
report agreed to. May 19. Approved 
by the President.] 

It passes the Edmunds Meat Expor- 
tation and Inspection Bill introduced 
Feb. 19. 

Apr. 6. D. C. Congress : In the House 
the Democratic Representatives decide 
not to carry the new rules before the 
Supreme Court. 

MISCELLAENOUS. 

1890 Mar. 6. N. Y. A rear end collis- 
ion near Hamburg, on the Lake Shore 
Railroad, causes six deaths, besides 17 
wounded. 

Mar. 19. Wis. Five miners perish in 
a burning mine in Hurley ; over $100,000 
worth of property is destroyed. 

Mar. 20. Ga. The new Capitol at At- 
lanta, costing §1,000,000, is completed. 

Mar. 23. Colo. Great prairie fires raging; 
1,000,000 acres have been devastated. 

Okla. A multitude of "Boomers" 

rush into the Cherokee strip. 

Mar. 28. Md. The shortage of State 
Treasurer Archer is known to be $127,- 
000, and may reach double this sum. 

Mar. 29. Mo. St. Louis loses $300,000 
by a fire started by an electric-light wire. 

Mar. * Ind. Fifteen men are killed in 
a burning building in Indianapolis. 

Mar. * Mass. Gov. Brackett appoints a 
special commission for the extermina- 
tion of the gypsy moth. 

Mar. * Pa. English syndicates buy six 
farms at Lenover ; they will erect two 
mammoth cotton-mills, and dwelling- 
houses to accommodate '2.000 employees 
— the plant will cost $3,000,000. 

Mar. * Pa. Street railway franchises 
amounting to §00,000,000 are granted in 
Pittsburg. 

Mar. * (f. S. The big smelting organi- 
zations form a trust with a capital of 
S 1^,000,000. 

Mar. * The deep snow in the Northwest 
deprives the cattle of range-grass and 
fodder ; they perish by hundreds. 

Apr. 1. Utah. Many Mormons are 
leaving for Chihuahua, Mex., where 
they have purchased an immense tract 
of land. 

Apr. 3. Cal. The steamship China breaks 
the record ; making a trip from San 
Francisco to Hongkong in 20 days, in- 
cluding a stop at Yokohama. 

N. Y. The old Greeley home at 

Chappaqua is destroyed by tire ; the re- 
mains of Horace Greeley's library and 
many unpublished letters are burned. 

Apr. 5 . X. Y. W a t e r t o w n loses 
$150,000 by fire in its business section. 



356 1890, Apr. 6 -Apr. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 Apr. 8. New York. The 7th 
Regiment is invited to attend the un- 
veiling of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee 
at Richmond, Ya, 

Apr. 15. D. C. John K. Mizner is com- 
missioned colonel — 10th cavalry. 

Apr. 18. Ky. Five militiamen are 
wounded in a skirmish with outlaws 
in Harlan County. 

Apr. 22. New York. The Old Guard 
celebrates its 64th anniversary. 

Apr. 23. D. C. Charles G. Bartlett is 
commissioned colonel — 9th infantry. 

Apr. * D. C. Secretary Tracy orders a 
court-martial to try Commander Mc- 
Calla of the U. S. S. Enterprise, on 
charges of cruelty to his crew. [May 15. 
He is suspended from rank and duty for 
three years.] 

Apr. * S. Dak. A band of Cheyenne 
Indians is on the warpath, led by a bad 
chief called Big Foot ; two companies 
of troops are sent to subdue them. 

Apr. * Fla. The North Atlantic Squad- 
ron is ordered from Key West to Haiti. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Apr. 6. Boston. The 75th anni- 
versary of the Boston Handel and 
Haydn Society is celebrated. 

Apr. 12. 5. Dak. A dust blizzard is 
raging. 

D. C. President Harrison presents, 

in the name of Congress, a gold medal 
to Joseph Frances, the inventor of the 
life-saving appliances for the ship- 
wrecked. 

Apr. 13. Ariz. Rich gold deposits are 
found in Grand Cafion. 

Apr. 19. Ala. Several people are killed 
and much property is destroyed by a 
tornado in Geneva county. 

Apr. 20. Xew York. A Psychical Re- 
search Society is formed. 

Apr. 30. Xew York. Ground is broken 
for the Washington Memorial Arch. 
[May 30. The corner-stone is laid with 
ceremonies.] 

Apr. * Alas. An expedition organized 
by Frank Leslie's Illustrated Weekly 
starts to explore Alaska. 

Apr. * Ark. The streets of Arkansas City 
are under water from four to six feet 
deep ; the town is deserted by at least 
half of its populatiou. 

Apr. * Chicago. An imposing monu- 
ment in memory of Gen. Grant is near- 
ing completion in Lincoln Park. 

The pedestal is a solid terrace wall of 
granite, pierced by an arch 00 feet wide ; 
the terrace is 150 feet long and 42 feet 
high ; and on it is placed an equestrian 
statue of Grant 13 feet in height. 

Apr. * Da. Another flood occurs in 
Johnstown ; the water in the streets is 
four feet deep. 

Apr. * Da. A rich well of natural gas is 
struck at Pittsburg. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
Apr. 13. Randall. Samuel J.. M. C. for 
Pa., speaker, A62. 



CHURCH. 

1890 Apr. 27. X. Y. Members of the 
Salvation Army are arrested in 
Yonkers for singing in the streets. 

Apr. * la. Over 100 Mormon mis- 
sionaries are sent out from Des Moines. 

Apr, * New York. Bronze doors cost- 
ing not less than $100,000 are placed 
in Trinity Church, as a memorial to the 
late John Jacob Astor. 

Apr. * N. Y. Rev. Theodore L. Cuy- 
ler, for 30 years pastor of the Lafayette 
Avenue Presbyterian Church of Brook- 
lyn, retires ; he is presented with a purse 
of $30,000. [Dec. 14. Dr. Gregg becomes 
his successor.] 

LETTERS. 

1890 Apr. 9. Mass. Mrs. E.S.B. Mead 
is chosen President of Mount Holyoke 
College. 

Apr. 13. Chicago. The friends of the 
public-school system organize for its 
protection, owing to the active oppo- 
sition of Roman Catholics and Luther- 
ans to the Bennett law in Milwaukee. 

Apr. 15. Dhila. Archbishop Ryan 
will be editor-in-chief of The American 
Catholic Quarterly Review, beginning 
with the July number. 

New York. E. L. Godkin of the 

Evening Dost is arrested on charge of 
libel for articles reflecting on Tam- 
many leaders. 

Apr. 21. X.Y. Murat Halstead, of the 
Cincinnati Commercial, hecomes editor 
of the Brooklyn Standard- Union. 

Apr. * D. C. Mr. Lawler of Illinois in- 
troduces in the House a bill to test the 
science of short spelling and to establish 
100 schools for that purpose. 

Apr.* Xew York. Andrew Carnegie gives 
$10,000 to the Authors* Club, to be 
used for the " encouragement of litera- 
ture." 

Apr. * O. A Catholic Educational 
Union, similar to the Chautauqua Cir- 
cle, is formed, and is spreading rapidly 
in other States. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Apr. 7. Chicago. The Board of 
Trade attacks the " bucket-shops." 

Five thousand carpenters strike for 
an eight-hour day and minimum wages of 
40 cents an hour. [Apr. 11. The builders 
refuse.] 

Apr. 8. Chicago. The plumbers' strike 
is settled ; ttie men get a portion of the 
increase of wages demanded. 

Mass. The "Worcester People's Sav- 
ings-bank teller, F. Kimball, and $40,000 
of the deposits, are missing. 

Apr. 10. la. High license is defeated 
in the Legislature, and prohibition sus- 
tained. 

Apr. 12. Ark. "White Caps flog a 
preacher of the Latter-day Saints. 

Apr. 14. Cal. Several hundred persons 
believe the predictions of Mrs. "Wood- 
worth, George Erickson, and other false 
prophets, declaring that San Fran- 
cisco, Oakland, Chicago, and Milwaukee 



would be destroyed by earthquake and 
tidal wave, and go to the hills. 

A7 >c York. The employees of 70 

shops of clothing-makers strike for an 

increase ol wages ; more than 1,000 men 
are out. 

Apr. 16. X*w York. The "Working 
Girls' Societies of New York. Brooklyn, 
Boston, and Philadelphia open a con- 
vention. 

The Evening Dost publishes charges 
against Senator Quay of Pennsylvania. 

Da. The railroad companies in Pitts- 
burg decide not to recognize any fede- 
ration of railroad employees. 

Apr. 17. Chicago. A conflict between 

police and strikers rakes place. 

Apr. 19. D. C. A General Society of 
the Sons of the Revolution is organ- 
ized in Washington, with ex-Gov. John 
Lee Carroll as general president. 

X. Mex. "W. H. Pope of Ky., the de- 
faulting cashier of the Louisville City 
National Bank, with 870,000 of its funds, 
is captured. 

Apr. 21. Cliicago. The eight-hour 

movement is spreading. Carpenters 
liu.ke new demands, requiring boss car- 
penters to employ seven-eighths of the 
carpenters in the city. 

The carpenters' Council refuses to 
allow men to work for the masters' 
associations. 

[Apr. 22. The strikers become riot- 
ous. Apr. 25. They assault 32 non- 
union men. Apr. 26. The masters 
refuse to arbitrate. Apr. 29. The 
strikers agree to resume work in con- 
nection with the new organization of 
employers. May 3. The strike practi- 
cally ends in the failure of the car- 
penters.] 

Apr. 23. New York. A convention of 
the General Federation of "Women's 
Clubs is held. 

Apr. 24. New York. The Actuarial 
Society of America assembles. 

Apr. 28. la. The Supreme Court de- 
cides the seizure of beer sent into the 
State in sealed kegs from Illinois in 
original packages, and sold, to be in vio- 
lation of the Constitution. 



A mass-meeting is held in Chickering 
Hall ; it is called by the Ladies' Health 
Protective Association to demand 
clean streets. 

Apr. * Boston. The bricklayers have 
signed an agreement not to strike for 
three years in return for eight hours and 
an advance in wages. 

Apr. * Boston. Nine hours without re- 
duction of wages is granted the 2.200 
workmen employed in 12 of the marble 
factories. 

Apr.* Chicago. The Daily Xews has been 
exposing wholesale gambling. 
It estimates that the receipts of the 

f ambling-houses, which are controlled 
y a syndicate, aggregate 510,000,000 a 
year, and that S-'Oii.oOO are paid to mem- 
bers of the administration for immunity 
from police interference, and a much 
larger sum to the police themselves. 

Apr. * Ga, Northern-born citizens resid- 
ing in Atlanta organize a Northern 
Society. 

Apr. * La. The Louisiana Lottery 
Company offers to pay the State 
$12,500,000 for a renewal of its charter 
for 25 years. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Apr. 6-Apr. : 



357 



Apr.* Mo. Kansas City passes an ordi- 
nance fixing eight hours as a day's work 
for all city employees and all laborers 
employed on city contracts. 

Apr. * N. H, The woman suffragists of 
Concord elect Mrs. M. H. Woodworth to 
the Board of Education by a majority of 
773 in a total of 3,S26 votes. 

Apr. * New York. The Central Labor 
Union passes a resolution for purifying 
the city government by obtaining evi- 
dence against the police protection of 
criminals. 



STATE. 

1890 Apr. 7. D. C. Congress: The 
House refuses to suspend the rules 
and pass the Dependent Pension Bill. 
Vote, 169-87. 

Apr. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Anti-Trust Bill introduced 
Dec. 4 ; vote, 52-1 (absent, 29) ; the House 
reconsiders the vote by which it recently 
defeated the bill to appropriate $75,- 
000 to supply the deficiency caused by 
the Silcott defalcation ; the bill is passed 
(the Senate also passes the bill) ; the 
House also passes the M'Adoo Alien 
Navy Enlistment Bill introduced 
Dec. IS ; referred to Senate Committee 
on Naval Affairs. 

N. Y. The Senate passes a resolution 

providing for the submission of a Pro- 
hibition Amendment to the Constitution 
to the vote of the people April 17, 1891. 
Vote, 58-1. 

Apr. 9. JV". Y. The Senate passes the 
Weekly Payment Bill, a measure fa,- 
vored by all labor organizations. [May 
21. Gov. Hill signs the bill/] 

Apr. 10. la. The Legislature defeats 
the High-License Bill. Vote, 21-29. 

Mass. The House passes a Bill mak- 
ing nine hours a legal day's work in 
State and municipal employment. 

Apr. 11. D. C. Congress: The 
"World's Fair Bill is reported to the 
Senate ; an amendment provides for a 
naval review in New York Harbor in 
April, 1893. 

Apr. 14. D. C. Congress : Both houses 
adjourn as a mark of respect to the late 
Samuel J. Randall. 

The United States Supreme Court de- 
cides that the State of California has no 
jurisdiction in the case of Deputy-Mar- 
shal Nagle, who killed the would-be 
assassin of Associate Justice Field. 

Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Naval Appropriations Bill. 
Vote, 117-100. Introduced Apr. 1. 

It passes the Roger bill, introduced 
Apr. 4, denning the jurisdiction of the 
TJ. S. Courts. 

la. The Legislature gives physicians 

and pharmacies the right to sell liquor 
free of license tax. 

Apr. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
rejects the Chinese Enumeration Bill. 
Vote, 5-12. The Senate now has 47 Re- 
publicans and 37 Democrats. 

In the House the McKinley Tariff 
Bill is introduced by the majority of the 
Committee on Ways and Means ; it pro- 
poses " to equalize duties on imports and 
to reduce the revenue of the Govern- 



ment;" a minority report is also sub- 
mitted. 

Secretary Windom issues the new reg- 
ulations governing the landing of im- 
migrants. 

N. Y. The Senate repeals the Two- 

dollars-a-day Bill. Vote, 17-11. It 
passes the bill providing for the Hudson 
River Suspension Bridge from New 
York City to the Jersey shore. Vote, 
20-8. 

The bridge is to have at least sis rail- 
road tracks and capacity for four more, 
and to cost about .840,000,000. It is to be 
finished within 10 years, and will be the 
largest bridge in the world. 

Apr. 17. D. C. Congress: Senate; 
John H. Regan of Texas introduces a 
joint resolution proposing an amend- 
ment to the Constitution, for the elec- 
tion of Senators by popular vote ; the 
House Committee on Rivers and Har- 
bors completes its appropriation bill — 
$20,901,500. 

Mass. The Legislature rejects the 

bill to grant municipal suffrage to 
women. 



N. H. The Supreme Court decides 

that President Taggert of the State Sen- 
ate is acting governor. 

Apr. 19. D. C. Secretary Blaine makes 
a farewell address to the delegates to 
the Pan-American Conference. 

Samoa. The Samoan treaty is 

signed at Apia. 

Apr. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Chicago "World's Fair Bill, 
including an amendment providing for a 
naval review. Vote, 43-13. 

N. Y. The Senate votes against the 

proposal to submit the Prohibition 
Amendment to the people in April in- 
stead of at a general election. 

Apr. 22. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the District of Co- 
lumbia Appropriation Bill. [July 31. 
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8. 
Approved by the President.] 

The House debates the Legislative, 
Executive, and Judicial Appropria- 
tion Bills. 

- — N. Y. The Senate amends and passes 
the new Saxton Ballot Reform Bill. 
[Apr. 29. It passes the Assembly. May 
2. Gov. Hill signs it. J 

Apr. 25. D. C. Congress : The Presi- 
dent approves the act creating the 
World's Columbian Exposition. 

The bill is entitled : " An act to pro- 
vide for celebrating the 400th anniver- 
sary of the discovery of America by 
Christopher Columbus, by holding an 
international exhibition of arts, indus- 
tries, manufactures, and the product of 
thesoil, mine, and sea, in the city of Chi- 
cago, in the State of Illinois." 

President Harrison signs the joint 
resolution of Congress appropriating 
$150,000 for the relief of the Missis- 
sippi flood sufferers. 

Apr. 26. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Legislative, Executive, and 
Judicial Appropriation Bill after six 
discussions ; bill introduced Apr. 7. 

N. Y. The Senate Committee on 

Cities, while investigating the munici- 



pal department in New York City, learns 
how $180,000 was raised to buy the 
Board of Aldermen in favor of Hugh J. 
Grant. 

Representatives of 10 American repub- 
lics sign the International Arbitration 
Treaty for the settlement of national 
disputes instead of war. 

The United States Supreme Court de- 
cides that the Iowa law providing for 
seizure of liquors in "original pack- 
ages " is unconstitutional. 

Apr. 29. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Land Grant Forfeiture 
Bill, restoring to the United States its 
title to lands granted to aid railroads in 
certain cases. 

It passes the Plumb Land Forfeiture 
Bill after seven discussions ; bill intro- 
duced Feb. 20. 

It amends and passes the Davis De- 
pendent Pension Bill. Vote, 179-71. 
[June 11, 23. Conference report agreed 
to. June 28. Approved by the President.] 

Apr. 30. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Worsted Bill introduced 
Apr. 21. 

Reduction of the public debt in 

April, $7,636,901. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Apr. 9. New York. Mayor Grant 
appoints August Belmont, C. S. Smith, 
J. H. Starin, "William Steinway, and 
O. B. Potter commissioners of rapid 
transit. 

Apr. 11. New York. The maiden trip 
of the steamship Majestic, in G days, 
10 hours, 30 minutes, is the quickest 
maiden trip on record. 

Apr. 12. Boston. Four breweries are 
purchased by an English syndicate. 

Chicago. A panic occurs in the Board 

of Trade. 

Apr. 18. New York. Castle Garden 
ceases to be the depot for receiving im- 
migrants, the Government barge office 
taking its place. 

Apr. 30. Phila. The suspension of 

the Bank of America, a State bank, is 

announced. 
Apr. * Chicago. Ice-dealers form a trust 

and advance prices 25 to 50 per cent. 

The crop in the vicinity is 1,000,000 tons 

short. 

Apr. * Chicago. The "World's Fair of 
1893 is fully incorporated and orga- 
nized. 

The directors adopt a report of the 
finance committee recommending that 
the capital stock lie increased to ftio.OUO,- 
000. 

Apr±.* New York. An English syndicate 
buys up the Murphy Varnish Company 
of New York, the largest varnish com- 
pany in America. 

Apr. * N. Y. The water-power of Ni- 
agara Falls is to he utilized for mills 
and electric lights in Niagara and Buf- 
falo. 

Contracts are signed for the construc- 
tion of a tunnel and raceways under the 
falls; the capital stock of the Niagara 
Falls Power Company is 82,000,000. 

Apr. * N. Y. A two-thirds interest in 
four large paper-mills in New York 
State is transferred to an English syndi- 
cate for 38,000,000. 



358 1890, Apr. *-May 30. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 May 15. D. C. Secretary Tracy 
confirms the finding of the court-martial 
sentencing Commander MeCalia to 
suspension of rank and duty for three 
years. 

May 23. New York. The Pensacola re- 
turns from the East Africa eclipse expe- 
dition. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S90 May 3. Mo. The Merchants' 
Bridge, 2,420 feet long, spanning the 
Mississippi at St. Louis, and costing 
§6,000,000, is completed. 

May 5. New York. The Metropolitan 
Museum of Art is reopened to the 
public. 

May 6. Tex. A hurricane prevails. 

May 9, 10. Pa. Near Franklin a tor- 
nado tears a path 300 feet wide and 25 
miles long ; two persons are killed and 
several others badly hurt ; houses and 
barns are demolished, trees uprooted, 
and cattle killed. 

May 13. New York. The corner-stone 
of the Carnegie Music Hall is laid by 
Mrs. Carnegie. 

May 16. Alas. A volcano is reported 
to be in a state of eruption. 

May 23. III. A new wheat-pest, the 
saw-fly, appears. 

May 29. Mel. The 12th annual Congress 
of the American Laryngological As- 
sociation begins its sessions in Balti- 

Va. An equestrian statue of Gen. 

Robert E. Lee is unveiled at Rich- 
mond. 

May 30. O. The Garfield Memorial 
is dedicated at Lakeview Cemetery, 
Cleveland. 

La. The Red River rises many feet, 

and sweeps away the levees near Shreve- 
port ; thousands of homes are rendered 
desolate, and immense damage is done 
to property and crops. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
May 3. Beck, James, senator for Ky., A68. 
May 18. Ropes, Itipley, of Brooklyn, N. Y., 



CHURCH. 

1890 May 7. Mo. The General Con- 
ference (Methodist Episcopal South) 
meets at St. Louis. [May 9. It decides 
to admit laymen as members. May 19. 
Revs. Atticus G. Haygood and Oscar P. 
Fitzgerald are elected bishops.] 

May 8. S. C. The Episcopal Diocese 
votes not to exclude a colored minis- 
ter who is at present a member of that 
body. 

May 15. N. C The Southern General 
Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at Ashe- 
ville ; Rev. James Park, moderator. 

The body embraces 2,321 churches, 
with 1.145 ministers, 161,000 communi- 
cants, and over 100,000 Sunday-school 
pupils. 



N. Y. The Northern General As- 
sembly (Presbyterian* meets at Sara- 
toga ; Rev. W. E. Moore of Columbus, 
Ohio, moderator. 

The great question that agitates the 
conference is the revision of the Confes- 
sion of Faith. The change proposed will 
blot out of the Confession of Faith — 
Reprobation ; the damnation of infants ; 
the damnation of the heathen ; the clas- 
sification of Roman Catholics as isola- 
tors, and the statement that the Pope is 
Anti-Christ. Its reports show 133 Pres- 
byteries favor revision, 6G oppose any 
change, seven decline to express an 
opinion, and seven are unheard from. 
[May 24. A committee is appointed 
to nominate a Committee on Revision. 
May 26. Committees on Revision and a 
Consensus Creed are appointed.] 

May 17. Colo. The Rocky Mountain 
Conference of Unitarian and other 
Liberal Christian Churches is organized 
at Denver. 

May 22. New York. Missionaries sail 
for the Soudan Pioneer Mission in Africa. 
They are volunteers from the Young^ 
Men's Christian Associations; and all 
venture " in faith," with no promise of 
financial support except the promises of 
the Bible. 

May 27. New York. The Jewish Min- 
isters' Association of America is in 



LETTERS. 
1S90 May 6. New York. Arrangements 
are completed for accepting the gift of 
Charles Butler of $100,000 each to 
the University of the City of New York 
and to Union Theological Seminary. 
Steps are taken to unite the two insti- 
tutions in an alliance. 

May 10. li. I. The School Committee 
of Providence banishes the Bible and 
devotional exercises from its schools. 

May 14. D. C. Senator Edmunds intro- 
duces a bill to establish the University 
of the United States in the City of 
■Washington; the bill calls for $5,000,- 
000, the income of which is to be used 
for the expenses of the institution. 

May 19±. N. Y. The U. S. Supreme 
Court decides the Fisk will case 
against Cornell, the University there- 
by losing $2,000,000. 

May 22. N. Y. The Presbyterian Gen- 
eral Assembly's Committee on Bills and 
Overtures presents a report urging that 
the Bible be restored to its true 
place in our system of education, it 
not being sectarian, but the source of 
the highest moral teaching. 

May 28. Wis. German Catholic socie- 
ties organize against the Bennett 
Law. 

Mass. The New England Intercolle- 
giate Association holds its annual ses- 
sion in "Worcester. 

May 29. Fla. The University of 
Florida is founded at Tarpon Springs. 

SOCIETY. 
1S90 May 1. Chicago. About 25,000 

men unite in a labor parade. 
L>. C. The Secretary of "War directs 

that the provisions as to canteens at 



military posts shall be retained, except 
that no ardent spirits or wine shall be 
sold in canteen?, sales of "light beer** 
only being tolerated. 

Del. A private citizen is allowed the- 

privilege of whipping a criminal. 

C. S. Ex-President Grover Cleve- 
land is admitted to practise before the 
Bar of the Supreme Court. 

May 3. Chicago. Over 7,000 men join 
the dissatisfied strikers, making the total 
number out <&,00U. 

Boston. Carpenters prepare letters 

urging foreign working men to remain 
away. 

May 4. Chicago. Leaders among the 
striking carpenters endeavorto continue 
agitation, and postpone settlement of 
the strike. It is commonly believed to 
have failed and ended. 

May 5. NewTork. The Society for the 
Enforcement of the Criminal Law is 
incorporated. 

N. Y. The carpenters in New York 

and Brooklyn succeed in the eight-hour 
strike. 

May 7. />. C. The Decennial Conven- 
tion of Pharmacists of the United States 
is in session at Washington. 

New York. The annual meeting and 

election of the Civil Service Keform 

Association takes place. 
May 9. D. C. A reception is given to 

Gen. Sherman in Washington. 
May 10. la. Liquor-selling under the 

"original package" decision is increas- 



Kan. The women who were recently 

elected officers of Edgerton all resign 
because of criticism ; they say the men 
can conduct the government in the fu- 
ture. 

N. Y. The defalcation of 5100,000 

by G. P. 'Whitney in the Albany City 
National Bank is reported. 
May 11. New York. The Central Labor 
Union denies admission to the delegates 
from the Saloon-Keepers' Associa- 
tion, on the ground that its members are 
not wage-workers. 
May 13. Fla. A reign of terror at Ce- 
dar Keys is caused by Mayor W. W. Cot- 
trell, who threatens the lives of all who 
oppose him. [May '21'. Citizens flee 
from the city through fear of the re- 
turn of Mayor Cottrell.] (See Nov. 6.) 

La. The Louisiana Lottery offers 

£1,000,000 a year to the Legislature for 
the continuance of its charter. 

Neic York. The 25th anniversary of 

the National Temperance Society is 
celebrated. 
May 14. N, Y. The National Confer- 
ence of Charities and Corrections be- 
gins at Buffalo. 

N. Y. Ex- Alderman John O'Neill 

of '* boodle" notoriety is released from 
Sing Sing. 
May 16. Ala. Two Mormon elders axe 
severely whipped in Clay County by -in 
farmers, among whose families the Mor- 
mons have been proselyting for several 
weeks. 
May 19. N.Y. The Democrat and Chroni- 
cle of Rochester announces that it will 
cease to issue a Sunday edition on 
July 6 ; this is in deference to public 
sentiment. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Apr. * -May 30. 359 



May 21. Cat. Plans for a filibustering 
expedition to annex Lower California 
to tlie United States are revealed at Los 
Angeles. 

D. C. The United States Brewers' 

Association, representing $195,000,IH)0 
of invested capital, opens its session in 
Washington. 

.9. C. The State Convention of col- 
ored people assembles at Columbia to 
organize a State branch of the National 
Afro-American League. 

May 23. Pa. The Cincinnati Brewing 
Company, amid much excitement, opens 
an * * original package " store in 
Leeehburg, a dry town for years. 

May 24. Chicago. An Anarchist plot 
comes to naught. A bomb heavily loaded 
with dynamite is found at the base of 
the Haymarket monument ; but a rain 
puts out the fuse and averts the injury. 

May 25. Conn. The meeting of the 
Brotherhood of Locomotive Engi- 
neers at New Haven is addressed by 
Chauncey M. Depew. 

May 26. Chicago. The friends of Dr. 
Cronin are incorporated as an associa- 
tion to erect and maintain a monument 
to his memory. 

N.J. Indictments are found against 

68 elections officers in Jersey City for 
ballot-box stuffing. 

Miss. The Bine and the Gray hold 

a reunion at Vicksburg, amid great en- 
thusiasm. 

May 27. N. T. The missing John 
Keenan, ex-alderman of "boodle" no- 
toriety in connection with the Broad- 
way street railroad, returns, and fur- 
nishes bonds in $4(1,000 to answer the 
"boodle" indictment. [June 2. The 
indictment against Patrick Farley is 
dismissed. June 9. Ex-Alderman John 
O'Neil's fine of §2,000 is remitted. July 
9. Ex-Alderman DeLacy and " Billie " 
Malonev return and give bail in §40,000 
for trial.] 

May 2S. D. C. The National Conven- 
tion of State Railroad Commissioners 
begins its sessions at Washington. 

May 29. D. C. The Judiciary Commit- 
tee of the House reports a bill for a 
Constitutional Amendment to secure 
suffrage to the women of the whole 
country. [No further action is taken.] 

Miss. A reunion of the Blue and 

the Gray is held on the battlefields of 
Port Gibson and Champion Hills. 

. Va. Richmond is decorated with Con- 
federate flags, in honor of the unveiling 
of a statue to Gen. Robert E. Lee. 

STATE. 

1890 May 1. l>. C. Congress: The 
House passes the Sherman Anti-Trust 
Bill. 

[June 18, 20. Conference report agreed 
to. July 2. Approved by the President.] 

May 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Customs Administration 
Bill. [May 27. Conference report agreed 
to. June 12. Approved by the President.] 
The House defeats the Adams Interna- 
tional Copyright Bill. Vote, 98-126. 



May 3. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Diplomatic and Consular 
Appropriation Bill introduced Apr. 22. 

III. The Knights of Labor, Patrons 

of Husbandry, and Farmers' Mutual 
Benefit Association unite for political 
action. 

May 5. B.C. Congress: Both Houses 
adjourn out of respect to the memory 
of Senator James B. Beck, of Ky. 

May 7. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
begins its debate on the Silver Bill. 
(See July 14.) In the House the debate 
on the Tariff Bill is opened by William 
McKinley of O. for the measure, and 
R. Q. Mills of Tex. against it. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the Black- 
well's Island Bridge Bill : the Assembly 
votes to submit the Prohibition Amend- 
ment to the people on April 9, 1891. 

May 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Dingley Worsted Bill. 

May 9. 1>. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the regular Pension Bill. [June 
24. The Senate recedes from its amend- 
ment. July 1. Approved.] 

May 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Army Appropriation Bill 
with the anti-canteen amendment. [May 
28, June 2, 4. Conference report agreed 
to. June 16. Approved by the Presi- 
dent.] 

May 12, 13. D. C. Congress: In the 
Senate the Silver Bill is debated ; the 
House passes six paragraphs of the Mc- 
Kinley Tariff Bill. 

May 13. Kan. Judge Crozier decides 
that a part of the State Prohibitory Law 
is unconstitutional. 

May 14. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate G. F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a 
bill for the establishment of a National 
University. (See Letters.) 

May 17. /->■ C. Congress : The Senate 
passes a bill appropriating §300,000 for 
an equestrian statue of Gen. Grant at 
Washington; hill introduced Apr. 16; re- 
ferred to House Committee on Library. 
The U. S. Supreme Court declares 
Minnesota's Dressed Beef Law uncon- 
stitutional. 

May 19. Ky. The 17. S. Supreme Court 
decides in favor of the claim of Ken- 
tucky to the ownership of Green Island 
in the Ohio. 

May 21. I). C. Congress :. In the Sen- 
ate the Silver Bill and the bill restoring 
the control of the liquor-traffic to the 
States within their own borders are dis- 
cussed ; the House passes the McKin- 
ley Tariff Bill. Vote, Yea, 164 Rep. ; 
Nay, 140 Bern., 1 Rep. (Wheeler) ; ab- 
sent, 6 Rep., 15 Dem. 

N. J. State Senator E. P. M'Don- 

aid (Dem.) of Hudson County is un- 
seated by the Republicans. 

May 23. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate the McKinley Tariff BUI is intro- 
duced and referred to the Committee on 
Finance. 

May 26. D. C Congress: The Senate 
refuses to strike out the provision for 
three battle-snips in the Naval Bill ; 
also rejects an amendment asking Great 
Britain to disarm her naval and military 
forces in the Western Hemisphere. 



It amends and passes the Naval Ap- 
propriation Bill. [June 24, 25. Con- 
ference report agreed to. July 1. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 

May 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the "Original Package" 
Liquor Bill in its constitutional as- 
pects ; in the House a joint resolution 
is offered appropriating $250,000 for 
the completion of the Grant monu- 
ment at Riverside Park, in New York 
City, and referred to the Committee on 
Library. 

The President transmits to both 
houses the plan of the Pan-Ameri- 
can Conference for an international 
American Bank. 

May 28. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Biver and Harbor Bill in- 
troduced Apr. 18. 

The Senate Finance Committee de- 
cides to consider the different schedules 
of the Tariff Bill separately. 

May 29. I). C. Congress : The Sen- 
ate passes the " Original Package " 
Liquor Bill. Vote, 34-10. Introduced 
Dec. 4, 1889. 

In the House a select committee report 
in favor of the enfranchisement of 
the women of the whole country, about 
13,000,000 in numher. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Apr. * W. Va 

tie are dying for Wi 

Apr.* Publishers of cheap novels form 
a trust, and advance the price of paper- 
backed books of light reading 33 per 
cent. 

Apr. * The valleys flooded by the tribu- 
taries of the Mississippi River suffer im- 
mense damage. 

May 5. Pa. Easton celebrates its first 
centenary. 

May 6. N. J. The Singer Sewing- 
machine Works at Elizabethport are 
partly burned, and 3,500 persons are 
thrown out of employment: estimated 
loss, $1,000,000. 

May 8. ^V. Y. Ten lives are lost in fire 
in an insane asylum in Preston. 

Pa. Five more victims of the Johns- 
town flood are found. 

May 9. New York. The Postal Tele- 
graph Cable Company increases its capi- 
tal stock from $5,000,1)00 to $10,000,000. 

May 15. Pa. Thirty-one men are buried 
hy a rock-fall in a mine at Ashley. 

May 17. Mich. Grand Rapids loses 
$ 125,000 by fire. 

May 20. The steamer Beacon Light 
strikes an iceberg, and narrowly es- 
capes sinking. 

O. The remains of President Gar- 
field are placed in the crypt in the 
monument in Lake View Cemetery, 
Cleveland, their final resting-place. 

May 23. N. Y. The Owego National 
Bank suspends payment ; its cashier has 
departed. 

May 24. Wash. George Francis Train 
reaches Tacoma. 

He completes his trip around the 
world in 67 days, 13 hours, three min- 
utes, and three seconds, thus heating 
Nellie Ely's record by about five days. 

May 30. Cal. A train falls through a 
drawbridge at Oakland ; 13 persons are 
drowned. 



360 1890, May 30-June 21. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1890 May 26±. Miss. A reunion of 
soldiers of both he Union and Confed- 
erate armies is held at Vicksburg ; 

May * The new U. S. torpedo-boat Gush- 
ing surpasses all records, making in 
one hour 24.32 knots, or 28 miles. 

May * The Squadron of Evolution is 
ordered to sail from Europe to Brazil, 
to prevent outside interference with the 
elections in that country in September. 

June 2. Boston. The Ancient and 
Honorable Artillery Company cele- 
brates its 252d anniversary. 

June 3. Pa. The gunboat Bennington 
is launched at Chester. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 May * 8. C. The largest deposit 
of manganese ever found in the United 
States is opened at Tredegar, Calhoun 
County. 

May * Tex. A destructive cyclone 
visits Salt Creek, in Hood County, and 
kills 15 persons, besides doing great 
damage to property. 

June 4. New York. A ball of fire 
strikes the Commercial Advertiser build- 
ing, but does little damage. 

June 9. Va. A monument to the Con- 
federate dead is unveiled at Petersburg. 

June 14. O. An earthquake is felt 
in Toledo. 

June 16. Cat. One of the peaks of 
Mount Shasta is reported to have dis- 
appeared ; it is believed to have fallen 
into the crater. 

D. C. In the Senate the Finance 

Committee restores the duty on "works 
of art. 

June 21. III. Forty lives are lost by 
a destructive cyclpne ; Faw-Paw is al- 
most swept away. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
June 8. Moffat, James Clement, professor 

at Princeton, A79. 
June 33. M'Crary, George "W., secretary 
of war, A55. 

CHURCH. 

1890 June 1. N. Y. Many Sunday- 
schools in Brooklyn are presented with 
United States flags by the Grand 
Army posts. 

The 7th annual session of the Inter- 
national Missionary Union begins at 
Clifton Springs. 

June 6. The General Synod (Re- 
formed) adopts a report recommending 
union with the Reformed Church in the 
United States. 

June 12+. Minn. The Norwegian 
Lutheran Church of America holds its 
annual session in Minneapolis. [The 
three sects of the church will, as a result 
of the meeting, unite under the name of 
the United Norwegian Lutheran Free 
Church of America.] 

+ Mo. The 9th International Con- 
vention of Christian Endeavor Soci- 
eties meets at St. Louis ; 8,000 delegates 



are present, representing 000,000 mem- 
bers. 

June 14. Wis. The "Welsh Presbyte- 
rians — 300 in number — in convention 
at Milwaukee, denounce the Supreme 
Court of the State for deciding as uncon- 
stitutional the reading of the Bible in 
the public schools, and decide to indorse 
the Bennett law. 

June 21. Chicago. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

LETTERS. 

1890 May* la. The State Congrega- 
tional Association, in session in Des 
Moines, decides to take up the fight 
for public schools and against the 
Catholic position. 

May * III. The Lutherans and German 
Catholics are about to make a com- 
bined attack at the polls on the Com- 
pulsory Education Law to secure its 
repeal. 

May * Wis. Republicans divide on the 
Bennett School Law issue. 

June 1±. Mass. The Faculty, the Aca- 
demic Council, and the corporation of 
Harvard, favor reducing the period 
of study for B.A. to three years. 

Wis. GuidoPfister presents the Ger- 
man and English Academy in Mil- 
waukee with grounds valued at $20,000, 
and $35,000 in cash to erect academy 
buildings. 

June 9. N. J. Class-day exercises are 
held at Princeton ; Mrs. Susan Brown 
gives the college $100,000 for a new 
dormitory. 

June 10. 0. Father Quigley, pastor 
of St. Francis de Sales Roman Catholic 
church at Toledo, is indicted by the 
grand jury " for misdemeanor, for neg- 
lecting to report pupils to the Board of 
Education." 

June 13. Mass. A young woman of the 
Harvard Annex wins the Sargent prize 
for a translation from Horace. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 May 30. Chicago. The Gar- 
field Memorial is dedicated at Lake- 
view ; President Harrison and others 
make addresses. 

New York. The Presbyterian General 

Assembly, in session at Saratoga, com- 
mends prohibition. 

" "While, as a church, we neither advo- 
cate nor antagonize any political party, 
Ave earnestly commend to our ministers 
and people, as Christian citizens, such 
-vigorous, persevering efforts as may 
seem wisest to them towards the enact- 
ment in every State and Territory of 
statutes which shall hopefully secure 
entire prohibition of a traffic largely re- 
sponsible for the hulk of the drunken- 
ness, crime, pauperism, and social mis- 
eries which afflict our land." 

± New York. A National Conven- 
tion of " Christian Scientists " meets. 

May * D. C. Members of Congress re- 
ceive an appeal from 1,600 unem- 
ployed men in San Francisco, stating 
the causes of their destitution and ask- 
ing a loan of $6,000,000 from the Govern- 
ment. 



May * Miss. The governor refuses to ac- 
cept any aid whatever from the Federal 
Government for the flood sufferers, on 
the ground that it would demoralize 
the plantation hands. 

* * New York. The "Consumers' 
League " is formed. 

Its purpose is to patronize only Fu<h 
storekeepers as are humane to their 
saleswomen ; nearly 100 prominent local 
clergymen approve the scheme. 

May * New York: The Radical Club 
is organized. 

May* .V. F. Gov. Hill signs the bill re- 
quiring manufacturing, ruining, quarry- 
ing, lumbering, mercantile, railroad, 
steamboat, telegraph, telephone, ex- 
press, water, and municipal corporations 
to pay their employees weekly. 

May* S. Dak. A great number of 
woman suffrage societies are organ- 
ized in the interest of the "Woman Suf- 
frage Constitutional Amendment to be 
voted on next fall. 

May * The General Conference of the 
Methodist Protestant Church declares 
against license. 

"We are unalterably opposed to any 
form of license, high or low, as being 
wrong in principle and pernicious in 
practice. "We believe the time has fully 
come when Christian men should rise 
above party prejudice and sectional jeal- 
ousy, and give their suffrages to any 
party which has for its object the protec- 
tion of our homes by the destruction of 
the unholy traffic." 

June 1. Kan. A lively whisky war 
prevails over the " original package " 
decision. 

June 3. Pa. The Amalgamated Asso- 
ciation of Iron and Steel "Workers is in 
session at Pittsburg. 

Mont. Three Indian chiefs meet near 

the Crow agency to behold the great 
spirit ; the Messiah delusion spreads. 

June 4. Ind. The Grand Lodge takes a 
firm stand in favor of the exclusion of 
liquor- dealers from the Order of the 
Knights of Pythias. 

O. About 1,700 carpenters are 

out on strike in Cincinnati. 

June 5. Kan. Judge J. S. "West of the 
United States District Court at Fort 
Scott declines to enforce the State 
Prohibitory Law in au original pack- 
age case. 

June 6. Chicago. Irish beer-drinkers 
boycott the breweries which have been 
sold to English syndicates. 

Neic York. The American Patriotic 

League holds its initial meeting in 
favor of political purity. 

Wash. Seattle celebrates the first 

anniversary of the great fire. 

During the first succeeding vear, out 
of the Sr2.O00.0O0 worth of buildings 
destroyed, nearly S6.000,000 have been 
rebuilt, and the town is again pros- 
perous. 

Wis. Indians are mutinous. 

A wealthy Norwegian, Segwald A. 
Qval, of Eau Claire, provides by will 
81.000,000 for establishing a hospital in 
Madison for persons crippled and de- 
formed from birth. 



UNITED STATES. 1890, May 30-June 21. 361 



June 8. New Tor?:. The Central Labor 
Union orders a strike against pool beer ; 
the Socialists withdraw from the Union. 

Wyo. Tongue River settlers are aban- 
doning their homes, owing to thefts 
and attempted murders by northern 
Cheyenne Indians. 

June 9. 0. Riotous strikers prevent 
the running of street-cars in Columbus. 
[July 11. The strike paralyzes business 
by diverting trade to other cities ; mer- 
chants are losing thousands of dollars 
by the strike. June 13. The strike is 
settled by compromise.] 

Miss. Ex-State Treasurer "W. L.Hem- 
ingway is indicted on the charge of em- 
bezzling $315,612.19. 

June 10. N. Y. The annual meeting of 
the Superintendents of Insane Asylums 
begins at Niagara Falls. 

Tex. An express-train is held up 

and robbed by six masked men. 

June 11, 12. New York. About 800 
delegates meet in a Temperance Con- 
vention; all sides of the question are 
discussed ; the convention is practically 
unanimous for prohibition. 

The Baltimore and Ohio Railroad 

Company issues a circular giving notice 
that it will not employ men addicted to 
intemperance. 

June 13. S. C. Lynchers are ac- 
quitted at Lexington. 

June 14. Ky. A meeting Is held at 
Middlesboro to organize permanently 
the Grant and Lee Monument Asso- 
ciation ; subscriptions amounting to 
§14,000 are reported. 

Tex. Prominent citizens of Texar- 

kana are under arrest for train-robbing. 

June 16. La. A pro-lottery man is 
lynched by indignant citizens. 

June 17 Boston — Chicago. The an- 
niversary of the Battle of Bunker Hill 
is celebrated. 

D. C. Miss Mary B. Caldwell of 

"Washington is married to Baron von 
Zedwitz, German minister to Mexico. 

June 18. 0. The switchmen strike 
at Cleveland. 

New York. Jay Gould is fined $100 

for not doing duty as a juryman. 

The Reform Party is announced to 
meet in convention in Syracuse on Aug. 5. 
It favors a national currency, absolute 
suppression of the liquor-tramc for bev- 
erage purposes by national Constitu- 
tional enactment, no taxation without 
representation except in the case of 
aliens, etc. 

N. Y. The Railway Telegraph 

Superintendents begin their convention 
at Niagara Falls. 

Pa. The freight brakemen at Pitts- 
burg strike. 

June 19. New York. An association is 
organized to work for new excise laws ; 
it is to be known as the " New York 
Citizens' Alliance." 

June 21. Ga. A Mormon elder is 
tarred and feathered near Gibson. 

Mass. The carpenters and joiners 

of Worcester agree to strike for nine 
hours a day and eight, hours on Satur- 
day, without reduction in pay. 

■ Mich. Striking miners stop the 

work of others in machine and black- 
smith shops in the Tamarack mine 
region. 

STATE. 

1890 May 31. D. C. First Assistant 
P. M.-Gen., J. S. Clarkson, retires from 
office. 



— Neh. The Legislature is called in 
special session to consider railroad and 
ballot reform 



June 2. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes an amendment to the Army 
Bill providing that no liquor shall be 
sold to soldiers by post-traders, and none 
by canteens in prohibition States. 

Professor Wiley reports to the Treas- 
ury Department thai; the Government 
has lost $1,000,000 by the polariscope 
sugar tests in the New York Custom- 
house. 

Ore. The State election results in 

the reelection of Binger Hermann to 
Congress, and a probable Republican 
majority on joint ballot in the Legisla- 
ture; but it gives the governorship to 
the Democratic nominee, Sylvester Pen- 
noyer. 

June 3. New York. The commission 
on consolidation of New York and the 
neighboring cities holds its first session. 

June 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Fortifications 
Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 7, 8, 13. 
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 20. 
Approved by the President.] 

III. Gen. John M. Palmer (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Me. F. M. Hill (Dem.) is nominated 

for governor. 

June 6. D. C. Congress: Both Houses 
consider the silver question; Preston 
B. Plumb of Kan. opposes the Republi- 
can position on the Silver Bill. 

June 9. D. C. Congress: In the House 
a substitute for the Silver Bill is 
passed. Vote, 135-119. It provides for 
the issue of Treasury notes on the de- 
posit of silver bullion. 

June 10. D. C. Congress : Senator 
George F. Edmunds of Vt. introduces a 
bill providing that all property of the 
Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day 
Saints to which it shall appear there is 
no lawful private right shall be forfeited 
to the State, and devoted to the benefit 
of public common schools in Utah. The 
House passes the Post-office Appro- 
priation Bill introduced Apr. 29. 

June 11. I). C. Congress: The House 
passes the Dependent Pension Bill. 
Vote, 145-56. 

It provides for the payment of pen- 
sions to dependent parents of deceased 
soldiers who would have been entitled 
to pensions if they had survived. [June 
27. Approved.] 

June 12. B.C. Congress: YV.M. Evarts 
of N. Y., John T. Morgan of Ala., and 
Z. B. Vance of N. C, speak on the Silver 
Question ; the House passes the Agri- 
cultural Appropriation and Urgent 
Deficiency Appropriation Bills. 

June 13. B.C. Congress : The Senate 
lays on the table the Morrill Silver Bill 
after 26 discussions ; it authorizes the 
issue of Treasury notes on the deposits 
of silver bullion. 

III. Gov. Fif er calls a special session 

of the Legislature to take action on the 
AVorld's Fair. 

June 14. Kan. Judge Caldwell of the 
V. S. Circuit Court at Leavenworth hands 
down an opinion nullifying the prohibi- 
tory laws of the State. 



June 15. Kan. Judge Ney renders a 
decision at Independence that sealed 
bottles of beer in sealed cases are original 
packages; but they must be sent from 
outside the State, and not from any other 
person in the State. 

June 17. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Conger Free Coinage Sil- 
ver Bill. Vote, 43-24. The House passes 
the Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill 
introduced June 11. [July 7-12. Con- 
ference report agreed to. July 14. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 

June 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Tariff Bill is reported from the 
Finance Committee ; the House receives 
the amended Silver Bill from the Sen- 
ate, and passes the Indian Appropria- 
tion Bill introduced June 4. 

June 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
receives from President Harrison the 
report of the Pan-American Confer- 
ence Committee on Customs Union. 
In the House the Federal Elections 
Bill is reported. 

June 20. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Legislative, 
Executive, and Judicial Appropri- 
ation BiU. [July 2. The Conferences 
having disagreed, the Senate recedes 
from its amendments. July 11. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1890 May 30. Utah. The dam of a 

reservoir on the Sevier River gives way. 
June 2. U. S. The work of taking a 

new census is begun. 
June 6. Five persons are killed on the 

Chicago and Northwestern Railroad in 

consequence of a broken wheel. 
New York. The Hudson Eiver 

Bridge Commission organizes for 

work. 
Andrew H. Green is chosen chairman ; 

Charles N. Vail, secretary ; with Charles 

H. Swan, assistant secretary. 

June 8. Ire. The steamship City of Rome 
runs on the rocks at Fastnet ; no serious 
damage is done. 

Many cattle are dying of starvation 

■on the Southwestern ranges. 

June 9. Mo. Trains collide near War- 
renton ; eight persons are killed and 11 
injured. 

June 11. N. Y. The elevated roads 
in the First Ward of Brooklyn are sold 
for unpaid taxes. 

Southampton, Long Island, cele- 
brates its 250th anniversary. 

A Canadian schooner is seized 

for smuggling Chinese into the United 
States. 

June 13. New York. The Hamburg 
American steamship Columbia arrives, 
having made the best record between 
Southampton and New York ; time, six 
days, 16 hours, two minutes. 

June 16. Pa. Thirty-one miners are 
killed by a fire-damp explosion in a 
mine at Hill Farm, Dunbar. 

June 17. Cal. Miles of gram-fields 
near Merced are burned over. 

June 20. Chicago. The Park National 
Bank closes its doors ; its president says 
it is solvent. 



362 1890, June 21- July 11. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 June 26. The trial trip of the 
cruiser Philadelphia shows that her 
speed is 19$ knots at the maximum. 

J). C. Richard N. Batehelder is com- 
missioned brigadier-general. 

June * Mont. The governor sends the 
residents of Miles City 1,000 stands of 
arms as a defense against the Chey- 
enne Indians. 

June * Wis. An uprising of the Me- 
nominee and Oneida Indians is 
threatened, and troops are called for ; 
the disorder is incited by an agent who 
had been dismissed by the Government. 

July 11. B.C. Alexander MeD.McCook 
is commissioned brigadier-general. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 July 1. Did. A monument to 
Thomas A. Hendricks is unveiled at 
Indianapolis. 

Ft. The corner-stone of the Fair- 
banks Museum of Natural Sciences 
is laid at St. Johnsbury. 

July 5. HI. A Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Monument is unveiled at Sterling. 

July 7. N. Dale. A tornado sweeps 
over the State ; several persons are 
killed, and an immense amount of prop- 
erty is destroyed. [July 7, 11. Tornadoes 
visit Illinois.] 

July S. New York. The heat is oppres- 
sive ; the mercury reaches 101", in conse- 
quence of which many people are pros- 
trated. 

July 9. A destructive drought prevails 
in New Mexico, Arizona, and some parts 
of Colorado, no rain having fallen for 
months ; thousands of range-cattle are 
lying dead in parched valleys, and thou- 
sands more are dying for want of grass 
and water. 

,5. Dak. A vein of lead, containing 

80 per cent of the pure metal, is dis- 
covered in Rock Bluffs near Bad River. 

July 10. N. H. The Signal Station 
thermometer at Mount Washington in- 
dicates 25° above zero, and the sum- 
mit is white with snow. 

July 11. Va. A July frost occurs. 

N. Y. "Workmen strike natural gas 

while drilling for water in Utica. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
July 9. Fisk. Clinton B., abolitionist, pro- 
hibitionist, brig. -gen. of vols., .-jimlidaie for 
presidency, capitalist, plithi ni luopist, A 62. 
July 10. McCreedy, Thomas C, senator 
for Ky., A73. 

CHURCH. 

1S90 June 24. Cal. "William F. Nichols 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
assistant bishop of California. 

June 24-27. Pa. The 6th Interna- 
tional Sunday-school Convention 
meets in Pittsburg ; nearly 1,300 dele- 
gates are present, representing 112, S97 
schools, 1,178,301 teachers, and 9,149,997 
scholars. 



June 26. Wyo. The first Mormon 
church in this State is incorporated in 
Cheyenne. 

June 29. New York. The first rabbi of 
the First Hungarian Church meets 
with a hearty reception among his 
people. 

June 30. Mass. The Christian Col- 
lege Students' Conference opens at 
Northfield. 

New York. The corner-stone of a 

Baptist institutional church in mem- 
ory of Adoniram Judson is laid at the 
corner of Thompson Street and "Wash- 
ington Square. 

Phila. The Roman Catholic Ca- 
thedral, the corner-stone of which was 
laid in 1S46, is consecrated. 

June * The General Assembly 
(United Presbyterian) adopts resolu- 
tions prohibiting clergymen, elders, stu- 
dents, and laymen from using tobacco 
in any form. 

June * The Synod (Reformed Pres- 
byterian) adopts a petition asking Con- 
gress to amend the Constitution so as to 
recognize the divinity of Christ. 

LETTERS. 

1S90 June 26. Me. Bowdoin confers 
the degree of LL.D. on Speaker Thomas 
B. Reed. [Yale confers the same degree 
on "William "Walter Phelps, and Dart- 
mouth on Senator George Franklin Ed- 
munds.] 

June 28. Mr. Stanley's new book, In 
Darkest Africa, is published simultane- 
ously in the United States, England, 
Germany, and other countries. 

July 4. Minn. The National Council 
of Education begins its sessions at St. 
Paul. It has the largest attendance 
known in its history. 

July 7. Chicago. Papers of incorpora- 
tion of the Chicago Baptist University 
signed by John D. Rockefeller, Francis 
E. Hinnckley, and others, are received by 
the Secretary of State at Springfield. 
[July 10. The first meeting of the trus- 
tees is held.] 

New York. Samuel P. Avery gives 

§50,000 to establish and endow an archi- 
tectural library in Columbia College, 
in memory of his son. 

O. President Gates of Rutgers is of- 
fered the presidency of Amherst. [Aug. 
28. He accepts.] 

July 8. Conn. The 21st annual conven- 
tion of the American Philological 
Association opens in Norwich. 

July 10. Minn. Archbishop Ireland 
addresses the National Education Asso- 
ciation at St. Paul on the compulsory 
education laws. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 June 22. Mass. Unknown per- 
sons deface with red paint the statue of 
]ohn Harvard at Harvard University. 

June 23. Kan. A State Convention at 
Topeka, having 3,000 delegates present, 
protests against the Missouri whisky 



invasion and the " original package" 
Liquor-shops. 

N. Y. Mrs. Delia Cross of Brook* 

1 yn qualifies as captain of the schooner 
Oregon, of which she is the owner. 

III. The strike of the trainmen 

andswitchmen puts a rmnpi.-i.. -t..p n, 
the running of train? on the Illinois 
Central Railroad. [June 25. The strike 
extends to the freight handler? at Bast 
St. Louis. June 27. The strike 
a practical victory for the company.] 

June 24. Conn. Cornell freshmen de- 
feat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race ; 
time, 11.1GJ. 

June 25. La. The Assembly favors the 
lottery. (See State, June 25. - 

Conn. The Intercollegiate boat- 
race, three miles straight, takes place 
at New London ; Cornell defeats the 
University of Pennsylvania ; time, 14 
minutes and 43 seconds. 

June 27. D. C. A dependent pension 
bill is approved granting S6 and S12 per 
month to ex-soldiers who served DO days 
or more in the Civil *War, and who are 
physically or mentally disabled from 
self-support by manual labor, and to aid 
their widows. 

June * New York. Nine of the principal 
cloak manufacturers lock out their em- 
ployees, numbering about ln.oou persons. 
[July 8. A parade of 8.000 locked-out 
cloakmakers takes place. July 14. 
They reject the overtures of the manu- 
facturers, and insist that none but union 
men shall be employed. July 17. The 
strike takes a new start. July 21. The 
union makes new demands on the man- 
ufacturers' association. July 25. The 
strikers return to work.] 

June * S. Dak. The Farmers' Alliance 
and the Knights of Labor unite and form 
a new party, called the " Independent 
party," favoring woman suffrage, 
graded-service pension, free coinage of 
silver, prohibition, and tariff for reveuue 
only. 

June * The Non- Partisan Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union is form- 
ed of seceders from the older society. 

July 1. New York. A meeting of the 
Boiler Manufacturers' Association of 
the United States and Canada is held. 

July 3. Me. Annual reunion of the 
Society of the Army of the Potomac 
is held at Portland. 

Tenn. The reunion of Confederate 

veterans is held at Chattanooga. 

July 9. N. Y. The 7th annual conven- 
tion of the National Confectioners' As- 
sociation takes place at Niagara Falls. 

July 10. Ga. Fatal fighting between 
whites and blacks occurs at Star's 
Mill, 15 miles south of Palmetto ; six 
white men are shot and a number of 
blacks. 

N. Y. — Ki/. Labor strikes occur at 

Poughkeepsie and Louisville. 

The 46th annual meeting of the Sons 

of Temperance of North America is 
held. 

A resolution is adopted calling upon 
Congress to prohibit the exportation of 
intoxicating beverages from the United 
States to Africa and the Western Pacific 
Islands; also, that the bill to prohibit 
:i 1 1 interstate original-package traffic in 
' " i Prohibition States 



intoxicating dr 

be speedily passed. 



UNITED STATES. 1890, June 21 -July 11. 363 



STATE. 

1S90 June 21. T). C. Congress: The 
Seuate passes the Edmunds Bill devoting 
the property of the Mormon Church 
to the common schools of Utah. Intro- 
duced June 10. [Sept. 2C. The Commit- 
tee on Judiciary reports it back to the 
House.] 

June 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Disability Pension Bill and 
the Agricultural College Bill intro- 
duced Apr. 30. 

June 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Post-office Appropriation 
Bill, calling for §72,401,691. It passes 
the Bolph Bill for the prevention of 
collisions at sea introduced May 22. 

It amends and passes the Diplomatic 
and Consular Appropriation Bill. 
[July 7-10. Conference report agreed 
to. July 1-4. Approved by the President.] 
It amends and passes the Post-office 
Appropriation Bill. [June 2S. Con- 
ference report agreed to. July 1. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 

N. r. The Court of Appeals main- 
tains the constitutionality of the Elec- 
trocution Law. and affirms the sentence 
of Williani Kemmler. 

The Court of Appeals hands down a 
decision in the case of the North .River 
Sugar Refining Company, dissolving the 
Sugar Trust on the ground that a trust 
to increase prices is illegal, and that a 
company by becoming a member of a 
trust forfeits its charter. 

June 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
defeats a motion to concur in the Sen- 
ate Free Coinage amendment to the 
Silver Bill. Vote, 135-152. A conference 
is ordered. (See July 7.) 

La. The House of Representatives 

passes the bill to submit to popular vote 
a constitutional amendment bill extend- 
ing the charter of the Louisiana State 
Lottery Company for 25 years at SI, 000,- 
000 a year. [In the Senate the bill is 
amended, increasing the amount to be 
paid from $1,0:10,001) to $1.250.000 a year; 
the Lottery Company agrees to the 
amendment.] (See July 1.) 

Pa. George W. Delamater (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

June 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
debates the admission of "Wyoming, 
and the House discusses the Federal 
Elections BUI providing for Federal 
supervision of elections for Members of 
Congress. 

June 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate 

. passes the bill to admit "Wyoming into 
the Union as the 44th State. [June 8. 
House concurs. July 10. Approved by 
the President.] The House debates the 
Federal Elections Bill ; the Democrat- 
ic Representatives of the Northern States 
frame a protest against it, on the ground 
of its being unconstitutional ; the Com- 
mittee on Banking and Currency report 
favorably a bUl to charter trie Inter- 
national American Bank ; capital, 
$10,000,000 to $25,000,000. 

June 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Hudson Kiver Bridge Bill. 
[July 12. Approved by the President.] 
The House Judiciary Committee amends 
the Senate Original Package Bill so 



as to make it applicable to all articles 
■whatsoever, declaring that all articles 
of commerce shall be considered to be 
within the control of a State as soon as 
they reach their destination ; the debate 
on the Federal Elections Bill is con- 
tinued. 

The Indian Land Commission has 
agreed with the Shuwne.es, Pottawato- 
mies, and partially with the Kickapoos, 
for the sale of their lands, paying the 
Indians $1.22& per acre for the land 
taken. 

June 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Agricultural Appropriation 
Bill. [July 3, 10. Conference report 
agreed to. July 14. Approved by the 
President.] The House continues the 
discussion of the Federal Elections 
Bill. 

V. S. Reduction of the debt in June, 

$20,083,726. 

Statistics for the fiscal year. Rev- 
enue: Customs, $22fl,li0s.r,S5; internal 
revenue, $142,006,700; sales of public 
lands, $6,358,273 ; miscellaneous items, 
$24,447,420. Total revenue, $403,080,983. 
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur- 
chase of bonds, $20,304,244 ; miscellane- 
ous items, ssi, 40.'i, 250 ; War Department, 
844.5S2.X3S; Navy Department, $22,006,- 
206; Indians, $6,708,047; pensions, $106.- 
936,855; interest on public debt, $36,- 
099,284. Total ordinary expenditures, 
$318,040,711; excess of revenue over or- 
dinary expenditures, $S5,040,272. Ex- 
ports, $857,828,084 ; imports. $789,310,409. 
Public debt (Dec. 1.), $1,549,206,126. 

July 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Idaho Admission Bill. 
[July 9. Approved ; Idaho is the 43d 
State] ; in the House the debate on the 
Federal Elections Bill is continued. 

La. The Legislature conditionally 

accepts the amended oiler of the Louisi- 
ana State Lottery. (See June 25.) [July 
6. Gov. Nichols vetoes the bill.] 

July 2. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Lodge Federal Elections 
Bill, after seven discussions. Vote, 155- 
149 ; introduced June 19. [July 7. Re- 
ferred to Senate. Aug. 7. The Commit- 
tee on Privileges and Elections reports 
it back.] The measure is stigmatized 
as a " Force Bill " and persistently op- 
posed by the Democrats, it being chiefly 
directed against the election methods 
prevailing in some parts of the South. 

Me. William P. Thompson (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

The Conference Committee on the Sil- 
ver Bill agrees that there shall be a 
monthly purchase of 4,500,000 ounces of 
silver, with eertilieates to be issued as a 
full legal tender ; that 2,000,000 ounces 
of silver shall be ruined monthly until 
July 1, 1891 ; after that date so much 
coined as may be necessary to redeem 
outstanding certificates. 

N.J. Four delinquent election offi- 
cers of the First District of Jersey City 
are sentenced by Judge Lippincott to 18 
months in State prison and to pay costs 
of court. 

July 8. D. C. Congress : the House 
passes the Senate bill providing for reg- 
ulations designed to prevent collisions 
at sea. Tote, 125-45. 

La. The lower House passes the 

Lottery Bill over the veto of Gov. 
Nichols. Vote, 68-31. (See Aug. 7.) 



July 9. Congress : The House adopts a 
resolution requesting President Harri- 
son to furnish it with the correspond- 
ence between the Government and 
Great Britain touching the subjects in 
dispute in Bering Sea since Mar. 4, 
18S9. 

July 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
adopts the Conference report on the Sil- 
ver Bill. Vote, 39-26 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S90 June 24. N. J. The American 
Gas Investment Company, with a capi- 
tal of $50,000,000, is incorporated at 
Trenton. 

June 27. Chicago. The "World's Fair 
National Commission is assembled and 
organized. 

It elects Thomas W. Palmer of Mich. 
president ; JobuT. Dickinson secretary ; 
and Thomas M. "Waller, Conn., M. H. 
DeYoung, San Francisco, Cal., Davidson 
R. Penn, Penn., G. W. Allen, N. Y., and 
A. T. Andrews, N. C, vice-presidents. 

June28±. Pa. The Boach ship-build- 
ing works at Chester are said to have 
been sold to an English syndicate for 
§3,000,000. 

June 30. The Standard Oil Plant at 
Louisville is partially destroyed by tire ; 
five acres are covered with burning oil. 

New York. The new Croton aque- 
duct for New York City is completed ; 
it increases the water supply from 100,- 
000,000 gallons to 250,000,000 gallons a 
day, and costs $20,000,000 and about 100 
lives. 

June* D. C. The 11th census locates the 
center of population removed from 
eight miles west by south of Cincinnati, 
Ohio, to 20 miles east of Columbus, Ind., 
— a distance of 48 miles in 10 years. 

Population of each State. 



Alabama . 


1,51.1.017 


Nevada . . 


45,761 




551,620 


NewHamp. 


376,530 


Arkansas . 


1,128,179 


New Jersey 


1.444.033 


California . 


l,'jus.l:lll 


New Mex. . 


153,593 


Colorado . 


410,108 


New York . 


5,007.853 


Conn. . . 


746,258 


N. Carolina 


1,617,047 


Delaware . 


168,103 


N. Dakota . 


182,719 


Dist. of Col. 


230,302 


Ohio . . . 


3,672.316 


Florida . . 


301,422 


Oklahoma . 


61,834 


Georgia . . 


1,837.353 


Oregon . . 


313,767 


Idaho . . 


84,385 


Penn. . . 


5,258,014 


Illinois . . 


3,836.351 


Rhode Isl. . 


345,506 


Indiana. . 


2,102,404 


S. Carolina 


1,151,149 


Iowa . . . 


1,01 1, 805 


S. Dakota . 


328,8(18 


Kansas . . 


1,427.006 


Tennessee . 


1,767,518 


Kentucky . 


1,858.(135 


Texas . . 


2.235.523 


Louisiana . 


1,118,5X7 


Utah. . . 


207.005 


Maine . . 


661,086 


Vermont . 


332.422 


Maryland . 


1,042,30(1 


Virginia 


1,655.080 


Mass. . . 


2,238.013 


Washi'gton 


340,3011 


Michigan . 


2.003.88(1 


W. Virginia 


762,794 


Minnesota . 


1.301.826 


Wisconsin. 


1,686.88(1 


Mississippi 


1,280.600 


"Wyoming . 


60,705 


Missouri . 


2.670.181 








Montana . 


132,150 


Total . . 


62,622,250 


Nebraska . 


1,058,910 







July 2. Mass. Haverhill celebrates the 
250th anniversary of its settlement. 

July 4. Vt. The 100th anniversary of the 
settlement of Morristown is celebrated. 

July 7. Pa. Roseville is nearly de- 
stroyed by fire ; 23 buildings, including 
a church, are burned. 

July 10. 0. Proctor and Gamble's soap- 
works in Cincinnati are capitalized for 
$0,500,000 ; no share of it goes abroad. 

July 11. Chicago. An explosion on the 
lake steamer Tioga kills 17 men and in- 
jures a number of others. 



:3G4 1890, July 11-Aug. 7. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S90 July 12. Me. The Worth Atlan- 
tic Squadron arrives at Bath. 

•July 14. D. C. Melville A. Cochran is 
commissioned colonel — Gth infantry ; 
also Michael R. Morgan — subsistence 
department. 

The President issues the commissions 
of Brig.-gen. McCook and Q.M.-gen. Du- 
barry. 

July 25. Mich. Militia men and mol- 
ders at Battle Creek engage in a street 
light. 

July 28. D. C. The cruiser Philadel- 
phia is placed in commission. 

July 29. N.Y. The Squadron of Evo- 
lution passes Sandy Hook on its return 
from its long foreign cruise. 

July 31. D.C. Com. A. E.K. Benham 
is promoted rear-admiral. 

Aug. 2. Thomas M. Vincent is commis- 
sioned colonel. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 July 12. Chicago. The corner- 
stone of the new armory of the 1st 
Regiment Illinois N. G. is laid ; the 
building Trill be one of the most impos- 
ing armories in the country. 

-July 13. Minn. A destructive cyclone 
occurs near St. Paul ; 100 lives are lost, 
and much property is destroyed. 

N. Y. The first instalment of a 

wood department in the State Museum 
at Albany is received, consisting of 
43 specimens of wood native to Kew 
York State. 

July 19. Wyo. The Excelsior Geyser 
in Yellowstone Park becomes active — 
the first time in two years. 

July 20. Chicago. A brilliant meteor 
passes over this city, looking like a ball 
of fire with a broad trail of light in its 
wake, and emitting a hissing sound. 

Boston. A monument to Count 

Schwab is dedicated. 

July 21. Conn., N. Y., Md. Frost oc- 
curs at several places in Litchfield 
County, Conn. ; in Onondaga Valley, 
and Delaware County, N. Y., and in 
Maryland. 

July 22. Cloud-bursts in Colorado and 
Arizona do great damage. Seven lives 
are lost in a tornado in Cass County, 
N. Dak. [July 2G. A cyclone damages 
the suburbs of South Lawrence, Mass. ; 
loss, $100,000.] 

July 27. N.J. A heliograph is invented 
by Thomas A. Edison ; it will be tested 
on the Dunderberg. 

July 31. D. C. One hundred years ago 
to-day the United States issued its first 
patent — to Samuel Hopkins for "mak- 
ing pot and pearl ashes." 

Mich. Numerous gold nuggets are 

found by miners near Ishpeming. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
July 13. Fremont. John C. maj.-gen., 

senator for Oal., pathfinder, explorer, A77. ■ 
July 19. Walker, James P., M. C. for Mo., 



July 27. Collier, Robert Laird, I'nit. cler- 
gyman, A53. 

Aug. 3. .Sands, Elizabeth, army nurse in 
the War of 1812, A101. 

CHURCH. 

1890 July 11. Boston. The centen- 
nial anniversary of the first sermon 
preached in New England by Rev. Jesse 
Lee, the apostle of New England Meth- 
odism, is celebrated on the site of the 
old Elm Tree on Boston Common. 

July 17. Ft. The golden jubilee of 
Bishop de Goeshriand is celebrated at 
Burlington. 

July IS. N. J. Rev. Patrick Corrigan, 
Roman Catholic pastor in Hoboken, is 
accused by an aged parishioner of wrong- 
fully obtaining her property. [Chancel- 
lor Bird files an opinion in the case, 
setting aside the conveyance.] 

July 20. Chicago. A large meeting 
adopts resolutions asking the Legisla- 
ture to see that the "World's Colum- 
bian Exposition is closed on Sunday. 

July 23. Mass. The Roman Catholic 
archbishops of the United States hold 
their annual meeting at Brighton. 

July 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland 
is severely criticised in Catholic papers 
for saying in his address at the National 
Educational Convention that he is the 
friend and advocate of State.schools. 

July 27. New York. Dr. Burtsell, pas- 
tor of the Roman Catholic Church of the 
Epiphany, preaches his farewell sermon ; 
he has been removed by the Propa- 
ganda at Rome for his sympathy with 
Dr. M'Glynn and the Anti-Poverty move- 
ment. [July 31. He celebrates his last 
mass in this church. Nov. 7. He decides 
to go to the parish at Rondout, N. Y.] 

Aug. 1. Mass. The Bible Conference 
begins at Northfield. 

Aug. 3. Tex. Peter Verdaguer is ap- 
pointed (Roman Catholic) vicar-apostolic 
of Brownsville. 

Aug. 4. New York. The 12th Conven- 
tion of the American St. Cecilia Soci- 
ety meets in St. Patrick's Cathedral. 

LETTERS. 

1890 July 13. Conn. TheSuffleld Sum- 
mer School has 503 summer scholars, 
making it the largest in New England, 
and perhaps in the country. 

July 16. N. Y. "William H. "Webb en- 
dows the College and Home for Ship- 
builders with SI, 000,000. 

July 24. N. Y. The Regents* Committee 
reports that the form of lease from 
Catholic churches to Catholic schools 
meets all the legal requirements, and 
the latter can thereby become a part of 
the State system of education. 

July 29. N. Y. The Business Educa- 
tors' Association of America closes its 
12th annual convention at Chautauqua. 

July 30. Mass. Merrill E. Gates is 
elected President of Amherst College. 

July* Boston. The Girls' Latin School 
succeeds in dramatizing Vergil's 



JEneid, and performing it before the 
public. 

July * Mo. The Lutheran Synod adopts 
resolutions opposing the public school 
system as now constituted. The reso- 
lutions also approve the opposition made 
against the Wisconsin and Illinois school 
law6. 

Aug.4r. U.S. Tolstoi's Kreutzer Sonata 
is excluded from the mails. 

Aug. 5. Utah. The corner-stone of the 
Utah University (Meth. Epis.) is laid 
by Bishop Vincent. 

Aug. 6. X. J. The annual session of the 
American Institute of Christian 
Philosophy, at Avon-by-thc-Sea, opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 July 12. New York. The 200th 
anniversary of the battle of the Boyne 
is celebrated by the largest parade of 
Orangemen ever witnessed in this city. 

Tex. Factions fight at an election 

in Ysleta for the partizan control of the 
local government; several are killed or 
wounded. 

July 14, New York. Frenchmen cele- 
brate the 101st anniversary of the fall of 
the Bastile. 

July 15. la. The citizens of Leland 
pass a resolution declaring "that it be 
unlawful to sell intoxicating liquors of 
any kind in Leland, and that any person 
violating this ordinance shall be tarred, 
feathered, and cowhided out of the vil- 
lage." 

S. C. A race-riot occurs in Kearse, 

Barnwell County. 

July 16. X. J. Nearly 300 workmen 
strike atthe Cooper. Hewitt and Co. *s Iron 
and Steel Works, because the firm re- 
fuses to sign the new scale of prices sub- 
mitted by the Amalgamated Association 
of Iron and Steel Workers. 

July 17. Kan. Judge Phillips, at To- 
peka, grants an injunction restraining 
County Attorney Welch and Sheriff Wil- 
kerson from interfering with agents of 
brewing companies selling original 
packages of intoxicants in that place. 

July 19. Ala. John Steele, mayor of 
Tuscumbia, is shot dead, and several 
persons are injured, in a feud. 

July 22. Ind. "White Caps at Lebanon 
are sentenced to pay $5,000 damages 
to a man they had whipped. 

July 23. New York. A strike of the 
employees of the Street Cleaning De- 
partment occurs. 

July 24. Ga. A meeting at Atlanta 
protests against the passage of the Fed- 
eral Elections Bill (" Force Bill"). 

New York. A'l union workmen on 

public school buildings are ordered to 
strike. [July 30. Walking delegates 
order more strikes on the school build- 
July 25. S. H. Mrs. Marilla Ricker 
of Dover is admitted to the bar in 
Concord, the courts holding that sex is 
no disqualification. 

N. C. "White Caps kill one man 

and tar and feather another in Greene 
County. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, July 11 - Aug. 7. 865. 



July 27. New York. The Prison Asso- 
ciation meets with success in securing 
places for ex-convicts who desire to live 
honestly ; it is announced that 1,600 have 
secured places during the past year. 

July 30. Neb. Several city officials of 
Omaha are under indictment for of- 
fering bribes in connection with grant- 
ing the right of way through the city for 
the Chicago, Rock Island, and Pacific 
Railroad. 

July * Ala. Six thousand coal-miners 
strike for higher wages and against the 
sliding scale. 

July * Boston. The 6th annual conven- 
tion of the National Editorial Associa- 
tion is held. 

Aug. 4±. Ala. Two men, one white 
and one colored, are convicted of 
equal guilt in robbing a store in Whist- 
ler ; the white man is sentenced to five 
years in prison and the colored man to 
25 years. 

Aug. 5. D. C. Congress passes a bill to 
pension army nurses. 

Aug. 6. N. T. William Kemmler, the 
first person to suffer the death penalty 
by electricity, is executed at Auburn 
Prison for wife-murder. 

Aug. 7. La. The State Convention of 
the Anti-Lottery League meets at 
New Orleans with 500 delegates present. 
[Aug. 8. It issues an address denoun- 
cing the lottery and demandiug Congres- 
sional action in reference to it.] 

STATE. 

1890 July 12. I). C. Congress: The 
Senate passes the two shipping bills 
introduced by William P. Frye of Me. ; 
the House adopts the Conference report 
on the Silver Bill. Vote, 122-90. (See 
July 7.) [July 14. Approved.] 

The President sends to Congress the 
report of the Pan-American Congress 
Conference on monetary union, with 
his indorsement. 

July 15. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill appropriating the $636,189 
for additional clerk hire made neces- 
sary by the Dependent Pension Act, as 
it greatly increases the number of appli- 
cations received at the Pension office. 



July 16. Wyo. Gov. "Warren appoints 
Sept. 11 as the date of the first State 
election. 

July 17. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Land Grant Forfeiture 
Bill, after five discussions. [Sept. 11. 
Conference report agreed to. Sept. 29. 
Approved by the President.] (See 
Apr. 29.) 

Ind. Judge Howland renders a decis- 
ion in the Circuit Court at Indianapolis 
in favor of the Germans in reference to 
the teaching of German in the public 
schools. 

Minn. S. M. Owens is nominated for 

governor by the Farmers' Alliance. 

July 18. Tenn. John P. Buchanan, 
president of the State Farmers' Alli- 
ance, is nominated for governor by the 
Democratic Convention at Nashville. 



July 19. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Sundry Civil Appropria- 
tion Bill. [Aug. 25, 26. Conference re- 
port agreed to. Sept. 3. Approved by 
the President.] The House discusses 
the Original Package BlU. 

July 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
begins the debate on the Tariff Bill. 

July 22. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the substitute of the Senate 
Original Package Bill. Vote, 176-38. 
[Aug. 6. Conference report agreed to. 
Aug. 8. Approved by the President.] 

July 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Indian Appropriation Bill. 
[Aug. 13, 15. Conference report agreed 
to. Aug. 22. Approved.] 

The House passes the Taylor Bank- 
ruptcy BiH. Introduced Dec. 20. [Sept. 
19. Debated in Senate.] 

Minn. "William R. Merriam (Rep.) is 

renominated for governor. 

Neb. L. D. Richards (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

July 25. I). C. Congress: Senate; the 
House passes a bill granting a pension 
of $2,000 per annum to the widow of 
Gen. George B. McClellan. Bill in- 
troduced Apr. 19. 

July 26. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Tariff B*ill [also July 28]. 
It passes the bill to pension the widow 
of John C. Fremont. Bill introduced 
July 16. [Sept. 24. It passes the House. 
Sept. 29. Approved by the President.] 
The House adopts the report of the Com- 
mittee on Rules recommending the in- 
vestigation of the Pension Bureau. 

July 29. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the Tariff BUI; three amend- 
ments are defeated. 

President Harrison sends a message 
to Congress urging legislation which 
will enable the Post-office Department 
to close the mails against lottery 
companies. 

July 31. J). C. Congress: The Senate 
considers the chemical schedule of the 
Tariff Bill, adopting a few amendments. 

III. The Legislature agrees to a 

change in the Constitution providing 
for the issue of $5,000,000 in bonds by 
the city of Chicago to aid the World's 
Columbian Exposition. 

Aug. 4. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill; the House 
goes into Committee of the Whole on 
the General Deficiency Appropria- 
tion Bill. 

Aug. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
finishes the earthenware and glassware 
schedule of the Tariff Bill; the House 
Committee on Foreign Affairs reports a 
substitute for two bills on Chinese 
immigration ; it prohibits all Chinese 
from coining to the United States except 
diplomatic and consular officers and 
commercial agents. 

III. Gov. Fifer signs the "World's 

Fair Bill. 

Okla. The first territorial election 

is held; a Republican representative to 
Congress and a Republican Legislature 
are chosen. [Aug. 27. The first Legis- 
lature meets.] 



Aug. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the metal schedule of the Tar- 
iff Bill ; the House agrees to the Con- 
ference report on the Original Package 
Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 July 11. O. A derailed train 
near King's Mills causes nine deaths,, 
besides injuring 30 persons. 

July 13. Phila. Afire destroys Carey 
Brothers' wall-paper factory and other 
buildings ; loss, $600,000. 

Minn. The steamer Sea Wing is cap- 
sized by a cyclone while crossing Lake 
Pepin ; the crew and passengers, num- 
bering 100, are drowned. 

July 15. Minn. The Security "Warehouse 
Company's warehouse is destroyed by 
fire; loss, §1,000,000. 

O. Ten persons are killed and about 

30 injured by the explosion of 16 tons of 
powder near Cincinnati. 

July 17. New York. The superintendent 
of the census office announces the pop- 
ulation of New York City to be 
1,513,501, an increase of 25.4 per cent 
in 10 years. 

July 18. New York. Four floors of the 
"Western Union Telegraph Company's 
building, including the Associated Press 
offices, are burned ; loss, $250,000. 

July 21. N. Y. A syndicate is formed 
in Brooklyn to secure the payment 
of arrears of taxes, giving delinquent 
owners the privilege of obtaining prop- 
erty in arrears at five per cent, instead 
of the charges under the law, and to se- 
cure the same by paying arrears at any 
time. 

July 22. Colo. In a railroad accident 
near Limon the engineer is killed and 
13 passengers are injured. 

July 23. The American schooner Wil- 
liam Bice is lost at sea ; 16 persons 
perish. 

Chicago. The City Council resolves 

to fill 150 acres of the lake front to make 
part of the "World's Fair site. Vote,. 
44-15. 

July 25. N.J. The Edison Industrial 
Works, with headquarters at Silver 
Lake, are incorporated with a capital of 
$1,000,000 in stock, of which $500,000 is 
preferred. 

N. Y. A combination of the principal 

label printers in the country is formed. 

July 27. Ida. The town of "Wallace 
is destroyed by fire. 

July 29. Mich. Five acres of valuable 
property are in flames at East Saginaw ; 
loss, $750,000. 

July 30. N. Y. Seneca Falls loses 
$700,000 by fire. 

July 31. Mo. A Missouri Pacific pas- 
senger-train is wrecked five miles 
from Kansas City. 

Three of the coaches are thrown down 
an embankment and 29 persons are in- 
jured, two fatally. 

Aug. 6. New York. Mr. Leary's mon- 
ster raft arrives at Piker's Island. 

It is 1,250 feet long, and contains 8,000- 
tons of lumber, consisting of Norway 
pines, spruce, prince's pine, and hack- 
matack. 

Aug. 7. X- Y. A coffin trust, called 
the National Casket Company, is incor- 
porated with a capital of $3,000,000. 



366 1890, Aug. 7 -Sept. 4. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1890 Aug. 9. Commodore "William 
P. McCarm formally assumes command 
of the South Atlantic Squadron ; the 
Pensacola is designated the flagship with 
appropriate ceremonies. 

New York. President Harrison is 

received on board the cruiser Baltimore 
with naval honors, as titular Admiral of 
the United States Navy. 

He proceeds to Boston in time to be 
present at the National Encampment of 
the Grand Army of the Republic, the 
city being dressed in holiday attire. 
The Baltimore is accompanied by the 
Atlanta, Kearsarge, and Yorktown. 

Aug. 12. Minn. The governor orders 
out the militia to quell the riotous 
striking lumbermen. 

Aug. 23. New York. The cruiser Bal- 
timore, with the body of Capt. John 
Ericsson on board, sails for Sweden 
after a parade and imposing ceremo- 
nies in the bay. [Sept. 16. It arrives at 
Stockholm.] 

Aug. 26. N. Y. The private trial of 
Dr. Justin's dynamite shell at Perry- 
ville again results in the explosion of 
the gun. 

Aug. 28. Bernard J. D. Irwin is com- 
missioned colonel — medical department. 

Aug. * The National organization of the 
Regular Army and Navy Union is 
perfected. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Aug. 9. N.Dak. Prof* J. H. Lew- 
is, archeologist, is exploring the coun- 
try around Jamestown for relics of 
mound-builders ; he has already sur- 
veyed 200 mounds among the bluffs 
bordering the valley and some 35 around 
Spirit Wood Lake. 

Aug. 19. Pa. A terrific tornado 
sweeps the "Wyoming Valley ; 200 build- 
ings are demolished in Wilkesbarre, and 
over $1,000,000 worth of property is de- 
stroyed ; 180 persons are injured. 

Colo., N. Y. Snow falls. [Aug. 23. 

Also in western New York.] 

New York. The New York Institute 

for Eye and Ear Diseases is incorpo- 
rated, and opened to the public as a free 
hospital. 

Sept. 3. Minn. Bones of mound- 
builders are exhumed on the shore of 
Lake Minnetonka. 

The mound opened is about 30 feet in 
diameter, and rises seven feet above 
surrounding lands. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
Aug:. 10. O'Reilly, John Boyle, journalist, 

Irish poet, A46. 
Aug. 25. Watson, Lewis F., M. C. for Pa., 

A70. 
Sept. 4. Noyes, Edward F., judge supreme 

court of O., Gov., A58. 

CHURCH. 

1890 Aug. 9. N. J. The Interde- 
nominational Bible Congress opens 
at Long Branch. 

Aug. IS. Md. The 35th annual Conven- 
tion of the German Roman Catholic 
Societies meets in Baltimore. 



LETTERS. 

Aug.* Boston. A Volapiik convention 
is held. 

Sept. 4. Utah. The Agricultural Col- 
lege at Logan is opened. 

SOCIETY. 
1890 Aug. 8. D.C. Congress makes an 
appropriation of 847,000 for the relief of 
destitute persons in Oklahoma ; it also 
passes the Wilson Bill, under which 
the people of Kansas can suppress the 
" original package " shops. 

- — N. Y. A strike of the Knights of 
Labor on the New York Central and 
Hudson River Railroad begins ; engi- 
neers, firemen, brakemen, freight hands, 
and switchmen, numbering 3,000 men, 
stop work, suspending all traffic. The 
strike is caused by the dismissal of cer- 
tain of their members. [Aug. 10. In- 
coming trains are delayed ; no freight 
is moved; all the Brotherhood men on 
the Hudson division join the striking 
Knights of Labor. Aug. 16. Three hun- 
dred switchmen quit work at the West 
Shore and New York Central Railroad's 
yards in Buffalo. Aug. 20. Master 
Workman Powderly issues an official 
statement of his side of the Central 
Railroad question. Aug. '26. The 
Knights of Labor in the employ of the 
Railroad company, numbering 1,000, are 
ordered out because of the discharge of 
some of their members. Aug. 27. The 
strike fails, and' strikers at Albany ask 
to be taken back in the employ of the 
company. Aug. 30. The Company re- 
fuses to take the Buffalo strikers back 
as employees. Aug. 31. Strikers at 
Poughkeepsie boycott every business 
man who does anything for the working 
employees of the Central Road.] 

Aug. 9. Me. The New England Mor- 
mons are in general session at Jones- 
port ; 125 delegates are in attendance. 

Aug. 12. Boston. The Grand Army 
of the Republic meets in its 24th Na- 
tional Encampment ; G. Veazy Whee- 
lock of Yt. commander-in-chief. 

Aug. 15. D.C, The annual convention 
of the Photographers' Association 
meets at Washington ; the Memorial 
Statue of Daguerre is unveiled in the 
rotunda of the National Museum. 



Aug. 17. Mo. The Missouri Pacific ex- 

gress-train from St. Louis for Kansas 
ity is robbed near Otterville, by seven 
masked highwaymen, of §30,000 worth 
of express matter. 



Tenn. The 104th anniversary of the 

birth of David Crockett is celebrated at 
Lawrence burg. 

Aug. 18. Colo. The remnant of a tribe 
of Indians hitherto almost unknown is 
discovered in a cafion. 

Aug. 19. Bostoii. The 6th annual con- 
vention of the Society of American 
Florists begins its session in Horticul- 
tural Hall. 

N. Y. The 13th annual session of the 

American Bar Association opens at 
Saratoga, with Henry Hitchcock in the 
chair. 

New York. The Daughters of the 

Revolution is organized. [Mrs. Har- 
rison, wife of the President, accepts the 
presidency of the society.l 

Aug. 21. Boston. The Worth Ameri- 
can Volapiik Association is in session. 



Aug. 23. New York. Imposing civic 
and naval ceremonies are observed in 
memory of John Ericsson on the oc- 
casion of the embarkation of his body 
for Sweden on the U. S. cruiser Balti- 
more. 

The International Convention of In- 
structors of Deaf Mutes opens; 400 dele- 
gates are present. 

.V. Y. Yardmen on the Delaware 

and Hudson Railroad quit work; they 
refuse to handle Central freight. 

Aug. 25. New York. The Brick Man- 
ufacturers' Association decides to fight 
to the last the walking delegates who 
boycott briekmakers in the interest of 
the striking bricklayers. [Aug.29. The 
boycott on brick is raised. Aug. 30. 
bnckmakers return to work at tbe old 
rate, 40 cents a thousand.] (See Sept. 
3.) 

2nd. The Supreme Council of the 

Federation of Railway Employees in 
session at Terre Haute does not order a 
strike, but indorses Powderly's position. 
(See Aug. 8.) 

0. Steubenville hold? a celebration 

in honor of Baron Steuben. 

Aug. 26. New York. The Bavarian 
Volksfest, lasting four days, is opened. 

Aug. 27. New York. The 4th annual 
convention of the Inspectors of Public 
Buildings, Factories, and Workshops of 
Korth America begins in the City Hall. 

Chicago. The switchmen's strike 

at the Stock Yards is declared off, and 
the men return to work. 

Aug. 29. N. Y. A daring attempt to 
wreck an express-train is made near 
Albany. 

The switchmen and guards are locked 
in their houses, and a pile of ties placed 
on the track ; but the train is signaled in 
time to prevent disaster. 

Aug. 31. N. Y. Two attempts to burn 
crowded tenement houses are foiled ; 
seven attempts have recently been made 
in Brooklyn. 

Aug. * N. Mex. "White Caps are ter- 
rorizing the people, and Gov. Prince 
asks the Secretary of the Interior to 
send troops to stop their outlawry. 

Sept. 1. O. Eight thousand carpenters 
go out on strike in Cincinnati. 

New Yo)'k. Labor Day is cele- 
brated in various parts of the country; 
over 20,000 working men parade in this 
city. 

N. Y. A law prohibiting youths 

under 16 years of age from smoking in 
public places goes into force. 

Sept. 2. X. r. The New York State 
Board of Arbitration begins an investi- 
gation of the recent strike on the X. Y. 
Central and Hudson River Railroad; 
Mr. Webb and Mr. Powderly testify. 

Twelve hundred members of the Uni- 
ted Brotherhood of Progressive Varnish- 
ers and Painters go on a strike. 

Sept. 3. Neic York. The walking dele- 
gates of the building trades agree un- 
conditionally to submit their side of the 
brick boycott to the State Board of 
Arbitration. [Sept. 4. The brick man- 
ufacturers refuse arbitration, and de- 
cide to cut off a large proportion of 
"contract" brick from the local mar- 
ket.] 

N. Y. The American Banking As- 
sociation begins its annual session in 
Saratoga. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Aug. 7 -Sept 4. 367 



Sept. 4. Mb, "White Caps nearly kill 
a preacher 65 years old because lie pro- 
poses marriage to a widow aged 45. 

STATE. 
1S90 Aug. 7. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate disposes of six paragraphs of the 
metal schedule of the Tariff Bill; a 
substitute for the Lodge Elections Bill 
is reported by the Elections Committee ; 
it strips the bill of many of its objec- 
tionable features ; there will be no troops 
at the polls, and the fines and punish- 
ments are greatly modified. 

La. Gov. Nichols vetoes the hill 

extending the charter of the Louisiana 
Lottery. 

Aug. 8. D. C. Congress approves the 
amendment to the "Wilson Original 
Package Bill, by which the decision of 
the Supreme Court is overruled, and all 
intoxicating liquors become subject to 
the laws of the State into which they 
are brought. It is approved by the 
President. The House passes the Gen- 
eral Deficiency Bill introduced July 
19. 

Aug. 9. Z>. C. President Harrison recom- 
mends that Congress provide relief for 
the starving families in Oklahoma. 

Aug. 11. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate George F. Edmunds of Yt. submits 
a resolution limiting all debate on the 
Tariff Bill to one five-minute speech 
from each Senator on each amendment. 

Wyo. The first State Conventions 

of the Democrats and Republicans are 
held at Cheyenne ; George W. Baxter 
(Dem.) and Francis F. Warren (Hep.) 
are nominated for governor. 

Aug. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate Mr. Quay introduces an amend- 
ment to the rules providing for a 
postponement of the consideration of 
the Federal Elections Bill. The 
House Committee favorably reports the 
Anti- Lottery Bill introduced July 28. 

The House amends and passes the 
Dolph Bill for the prevention of collis- 
ions at sea. [Aug. 13. The Senate con- 
curs. Aug. 19. The President approves.] 

L>el. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Miss. The Constitutional Conven- 
tion meets at Jackson ; its alleged pur- 
pose is to secure white supremacy in 
the State. 

Aug. 13. £>. C. Congress: IntheSen- 

• ate Henry W. Blair of N. H. reports 
favorably from the Committee on Edu- 
cation and Labor a joint resolution 
proposing an amendment to the Consti- 
tution to prohibit forever the manu- 
facture and sale of all alcoholic 
liquors used as beverages. 

Cal. Henry H. Markham (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 14. I. T. Gov. Byrd is reelected 
by the Indians ; he surrounds the polls 
with militia, and does not allow votes 
to be cast for his opponents. 

Aug. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the River and Harbor Bill. 
[Sept. 2-K Conference report agreed to. 
Sept. 27. Approved.] The House passes 
the Anti-Lottery Bill. 



— N. Y. The Constitutional Commis- 
sion at Albany agrees to the abolition 
of the Superior Courts of New York and 
Buffalo. 

Aug. 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the General Deficiency Appro- 
priation Bill. [Sept. 29. Conference 
report agreed to, Oct. 1, Approved by 
the President.] 

N Mex. The Territorial Convention 

having reassembled, it proceeds to 
amend the Constitution. 

Aug. 19. £>. C. Congress: The Senate 
disposes of 21 paragraphs of the metal 
schedule of the Tariff Bill; the. House 
passes the Agricultural College Bill. 
[Aug. 30. Approved by the President.] 

The Treasury Department issues a cir- 
cular providing for the immediate re- 
demption of $15,000,0004.^ percent bonds 
at 104 k 

Aug. 20. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Meat Inspection Bill. 
[Aug. 30. Approved.] It lays the bill to 
amend the alien land law on the table. 

Wis. William D. Hoard (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 21. B.C. Congress: The special 
House Committee begins the investiga- 
tion of the charges made against Pen- 
sion Commissioner Raum. 

Pa. Charles W. Miller (Prohib.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
disposes of the tobacco schedule of 
the Tariff BUI. 

Wis. The Democratic State Conven- 
tion adopts a resolution opposing the 
Bennett School Law. 

Aug. 28. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate N. W. Aldrich of R. I. of the Finance 
Committee announces two proposed 
amendments to the Tariff Bill in the 
direction of reciprocity, — one giving the 
President power to suspend the free im- 
portation of sugar and other articles ; 
the other in reference to the Canadian 
Fisheries policy ; the House passes the 
Conger Lard Bill, introduced July 28, 
after six discussions; referred to Senate 
Committee on Agriculture and Forestry. 

Mich. James "W. Turner (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
disposes of the Agricultural and the 
wine and spirits schedules of the 
Tariff Bill ; the House passes the Om- 
nibus Southern War- Claims measure 
and sundry private bills. 

Aug. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
rejects J. G. Carlisle's motion to strike 
out the wool paragraphs (357 to 3G9) in 
order to put wool on the free list. 
Vote, 47-27. The House passes the bill 
prohibiting the employment of convict 
labor on public works. Bill introduced 
Jan. 6. Also the bill to prevent the pur- 
chase of supplies, the product of convict 
labor, by the United States. Bill intro- 
duced Dec. 20. 

The Secretary of the Treasury issues 
a circular for the redemption of $20,- 
000,000 additional 4i per cent bonds. 

Sept. 1. L>. C. Congress: The Senate 
disposes of the wool and silk sched- 
ules of the Tariff Bill. John Sherman 



of O. offers an amendment to the Tariff 
Bill favoring reciprocity with Can- 
ada; it provides specifically for the free 
admission of Canadian coal into this 
country in return for the free admission 
of American coal into Canada. 



Ariz. John N. Irwin (Rep.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Wis. Many leading Democrats bolt 

their party ticket on the school-law 

Sept. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the sugar schedule of the 
Tariff Bill. 

New York. A single tax convention 

meets, and adopts a platform proposing 
a tax on the rental value of land exclu- 
sive of improvements, and abolishing all 
other taxes. 

Sept. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate Messrs. Evarts, Edmunds, and Voor- 
hees speak on the sugar schedule of 
the Tariff Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Aug. 13. New York. The White 
Star steamship Teutonic arrives after 
making the voyage from Queens town 
in five days, 19 hours, and five minutes, 
the quickest ocean passage ever made. 

Boston. The letter carriers of the 

United States hold their first annual 
convention ; 100 delegates are present. 

Aug. 14. Kg. The Kentucky Company's 
plant in Louisville is burned ; 25,000 
barrels of whisky are consumed. 

Aug. 19. D. C. Congress establishes a 
National Park on the Chickamauga 
battle-field in Georgia. 

Mass. A derailed train near Quincy 

causes 20 deaths, besides injuring 31 per- 
sons. 

Aug. 21. Phila. Four persons are killed 
and a number injured by the blowing 
down of a wall during a storm. 

Pa. A Gravity Road car at Read- 
ing breaks loose while going down 
grade at the rate of SO miles an hour ; it 
plunges over a 50-foot embankment, kill- 
ing four and seriously injuring 16 per- 
sons. 

Aug. 23. Chicago. Bonner's Sunol trots 
one mile in two minutes, 10£ seconds. 

Aug. 26. Chicago. M'Vicker's Thea- 
ter is burned ; loss, §200,000. 

Aug. 28. N.J. ThehorseSalvatorruns 
one mile at Monmouth Park in 1.3E& 
minutes. 

Aug. 30+. 7V. Dak. A prairie fire rav- 
ages many thousands of acres along the 
Little Missouri River. 

Aug. * La. It is officially reported that 
the total loss caused by the recent over- 
flow of the Mississippi River in Loui- 
siana is $1,213,040. 

Aug.* If. Y. S.J. Dixon, a photographer 
of Toronto, walks over Niagara Falls 
on a slender wire cable. 

Sept. 2. III. Shot-tower companies 
in the United States form an incorpora- 
tion under the laws of Illinois, with a 
capital of $3,000,000, to be known as the 
American Shot and Lead Company. 

Sept. 4. New York. Sawyer, Wallace and 
Co., one of the largest commission houses 
in the country, make an assignment ; 
the liabilities are over §1,000,000. 



368 1890, Sept. 4 -Oct. 7. 



AMERICA 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1890 Sept. 27. N. Mex. Citizens and 

soldiers, near Hillsboro, pursue Indians, 

who are charged with killing cattle and 

stealing horses. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S90 Sept. 5. Pa. Two very large 
natural-gas wells are developed near 
Pittsburg. 

New York. The Grant Monument 

Association chooses a design by J. H. 
Duncan. 

The monument is to stand on a base 
100 feet square, and in height will be 1G0 
feet from base-line, with an equestrian 
statue of General Grant in center of 
front, and the same of each of the gen- 
erals commanding the four principal ar- 
mies on an elevated position behind that 
of Grant. 

Sept. 10. ///. During a shower at Cairo 
a number of live fish, four inches in 
length, fall in various parts of the city. 

Sept. 12. III. The bones of a masto- 
don are unearthed. 

S. Dak. Gold is discovered. 

Sept. 13. Ind. Abiggas-wellisstruek 
near Tipton, which, it is estimated, will 
reach 20,000,000 cubic feet a day. 

Wis. Pearl-producing clams are 

found in the Manitowoc River, Chilton. 

Sept. 20. New York. The bronze statue 
of Horace Greeley in the archway of 
the Tribune Building is unveiled, Chaun- 
cey M. Depew delivering the oration. 

Sept. 24. New York. The famous Emile- 
Brugsch-Bey collection of ancient 
Egyptian textiles and embroideries is 
presented to the Metropolitan Museum 
of Art by G. F. Baker of this city. 

Sept. 29. New York. The American In- 
stitute of Mining Engineers opens its 
57th meeting in Chiekering Hall. 

Oct. 1. New York. The Iron and Steel 
Institute opens its American meeting. 
[Oct. 3. Nearly 350 members leave for 
a tour through the manufacturing and 
mining sections of the United States.] 

Oct. 3. N Y. The first sod is turned in 
the work of constructing the Niagara 
Falls Tunnel, for utilizing the water- 
power. 

Oct. 6. Alas. Prof. Russell and Mark 
Kerr (U. S. surveyors) discover an im- 
mense glacier, 10 miles wide, flowing 
25 miles, and moving 15 feet daily ; they 
name it the Lucia Glacier. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
Sept. 8. Christiancv, Isaac P., senator for 

"Wis., A78. 
Sept. 18. Boncicault, Dion, dramatist, 

manager, actor, A68. 
Sept. 27. Duryea, Abram, brig.-gen. vols., 

organizer of Duryea Zouaves, A75. 

CHURCH. 

1890 Sept. 6. New York. Rev< George 
F. Pentecost starts for India at the head 
of an evangelistic mission. 

Sept. 7. Pa. The Presbyterian Commit- 
tee to revise the "Westminster Con- 
fession convenes at Pittsburg. [Oct. 7. 
At Allegheny City.] 



Sept. 23-25. Pa. The German Cath- 
olic Congress meets in Pittsburg. 

It protests against the indignities 
heaped upon the Pope ; demands that 
children be educated as parents see fit; 
it affirms both obedience to the United 
States and allegiance to the Pope, and 
expresses a preference for the German 
language. (See page 348.) 

Sept. 29. Chicago. The Presbytery pe- 
titions the Board of Education to have 
the Bible read in the public schools. 

Oct. 6. Utah. The 61st Conference of 
the Mormon Church at Salt Lake 
City decides to abolish polygamy, and 
President Woodruff issues an order for- 
bidding plural marriages. 

Oct. 7. D. C. The Roman Catholic 
Young Men's National Union Con- 
vention opens with high mass in St. 
Patrick's Church, Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1890 Sept. 8. Neio York. The public 
schools reopen ; about 5,000 children are 
turned away for want of room. 

Sept. 11. Pa. Rev. John S. Stahr is in- 
augurated President of Franklin and 
Marshall College, Lancaster. 

Sept. 12. N. H. The 12th annual meet- 
ing of the American Library Associ- 
ation Conference is held at Fabyan. 

Sept. 14. Md. Negroes are excluded 
from the State Law School. 

Fla. St. Leo's College (Rom. Cath.) 

is opened in San Antonio. 

Sept. IS. ///. William R. Harper of 
Yale is elected president of the Univer- 
sity of Chicago. 

Sept. 19. III. J. D. Rockefeller gives 
$1,000,000 to the University of 
Chicago ; the income of which is to be 
used, but the principal to remain intact. 

Sept. * Minn. John J. Hill, president of 
the Great Northern Railroad, gives $500,- 
000 for the erection of a Catholic college 
at Groveland. 

SOCIETY. 

1S90 Sept. 4. New York. The United 
Association of Typothetae is in session. 

O. George Gilbert, a Youngstown 

miser, dies ; he boasted that his living 
the year round did not cost him more 
than three cents a day. 

S. Dak. The Prohibition Law goes 

into effect ; it is bitterly opposed by 
saloon-men and their friends in Dead- 
wood, Lead City, and in the Black Hills 
mining- towns. 

Many of the richest corporations in 

the country unite in an alliance against 
strikes. 

They agree to stand by each other 
in allowing the strikers against one 
firm to remain idle until they see fit to 
return to work, and no one firm is to 
employ workmen during a strike that 
leave others of the confederated firms by 
striking. 

Sept. 7. New York. The Central Labor 
Federation decides to fight the Knights 
of Labor for making war on the open 
unions. 

Russian Hebrews organize for edu- 
cational, social, and protective pur- 



poses, and to promote intelligence by 
lectures and a spirit of Americanism 
among their countrymen. 

W. Va. The Law and Order League 

of Wheeling succeed in stopping every 
form of Sunday traffic except drug- 
stores ; their headquarters are stormed 
by an angry mob, and the president of 
the League is badly hurt. 

Sept. 10 r. Cal. The 40th anniversary 
of California's admission into the Union 
is celebrated. 

±. U. S. The window-glass work- 
ers and bottle-blowers, numbering 
10,000, decide to leave the Knights of 
Labor. 

— - N. Y. The Society of the "War of 
1S12 is formed in the State of New York. 

Sept. 11. la. Incendiaries burn nearly 
all the business portion of Oxford, as 
well as many residences. 

Sept. 13. Md. Baltimore celebrates 
the anniversary of the battle of North 
Point. (.See Army, p. 122.) 

Sept. 14. Sweden. The body of John 
Ericsson is transferrred from the U. S. 
man-of-war Baltimore to the custody of 
the authorities at Stockholm with im- 
posing ceremonies ; the funeral proces- 
sion is viewed by 100,000 people. 

Sept. 20. Ida. President Rich and 
Bishop Donaldson, Mormon dignita- 
ries, are under arrest for advising 
Mormons to violate the election laws. 

0. An unsuccessful attempt is made 

to wreck a crowded passenger- train 
on the Cincinnati, Sandusky, and Cleve- 
land Railroad. 

Sept. 22. Boston. Old-time abolition- 
ists celebrate the 28th anniversary of 
the issuance of the Emancipation Proc- 
lamation by President Lincoln. 

Sept. 23. N. r. The mayor of Brooklyn 
forbids a meeting of Hebrew anar- 
chists. 

Sept. 27. O. The entire edition of this 
week's issue of the Cincinnati Volks- 
freund is seized for violating the anti- 
lottery law. 

/?. /. The Slater-Cotton Cente- 
nary at Pawtueket begins with a Sun- 
day-school children's celebration"; the 
cotton exhibition opens. 

Oct. 1. N. Y. Official notice is issued 
that no Knights of Labor will be em- 
ployed on the Xew York Central road, 
owing to their action in a late strike. 

New York. The Convention of the 

People's Municipal League is held ; 
1,000 delegates attend. 

Oct. 3. Mo. Alfred Wanamaker com- 
mits suicide in St. Louis, after dissi- 
pating a fortune of $60,000; cause, 
liquor and domestic trouble. 

New York. The Comte de Paris 

and the Due d'Orle*ans arrive. De 
Paris is welcomed by his old army com- 
rades ; he served as aid to Gen. 3I*Clel- 
lan in the Civil War. 

Oct. 6. Chicago. The Board of Health 
issues an order forbidding leg-vacci- 
nation. 

Utah. A general conference of Mor- 
mons at Salt Lake City decides to re- 
nounce polygamy. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Sept. 4 -Oct 7. 



3G9 



Oct. 7. N. Y. A largo number of mer- 
chants determine to form anon-partisan 
New York State Business Men's Pro- 
tective Association, to watch and op- 
pose unjust and annoying action by the 
Legislature. 

STATE. 

1890 Sept. 5. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate passes over the Stewart Convict 
Labor Bill. 

Sept. 6. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a bill granting a pension of $100 
a month to Gen. H. A. Barnum. 

Sept. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
agrees to the Conference report on the 
River and Harbor Bill. 

Ky. The State Constitutional Con- 
vention begins its session at Frankfort. 

Sept. 9. D. C. Congress: The Sen- 
ate adopts the Aldrich Reciprocity 
Amendment reported from the Fi- 
nance Committee, and passes the Tariff 
Bill to a third reading. 



Minn. Thomas Wilson (Dem.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

N. H. J. M. Fletcher (Prohib.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Sept. 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the .McKinley Tariff Bill with 
amendments. Vote, 40 (Rep.j-29 (Dem.) ; 
it passes the House bill to set apart a 
certain tract of land in California on 
which the big trees stand as a public 
park. 

Sept. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
considers the Conference reports on the 
Land Grant Forfeiture Bill. 



Wyo. The Republicans elect the 

governor and Congressman, and se- 
cure a majority in the Legislature. 

Sept. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
listens to speeches eulogistic of the late 
Samuel J. Randall of Pa., and ad- 
journs ; in the House James B. Mc- 
Creary of Ky. introduces a resolution 
demanding an immediate investigation 
of the killing of Gen. Barrundia when 
on board an American ship and while 
under the protection of the U. S. flag. 

Neio York. The Secretary of the 

" Treasury consults with bankers and 
merchants with reference to the strin- 
gency of the money market ; he issues 
a call for proposals for the sale of 
$16,000,000 in 4 per cent bonds. 

Sept. 15. D. C. Congress: The House 
non-concurs in the Senate amendments 
to the Tariff Bill. Vote, 120-82. 

Sept. 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Anti-Lottery Bill. [Sept. 
27. Approved by the President.] Also 
the Land Grant Forfeiture Bills, and 
it votes to purchase at a cost not exceed- 
ing $30,000 the Townsend National 
Records. It amends and passes the 
Timber-Culture Bill. [Feb. 28, Mar. 
2. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 2. 
Approved by the President.] 



Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.) and 

Gen. E. S. Merwin (Rep.) are nominated 
for governor. 

Ofela. The Upper House of the Terri- 
torial Legislature passes a bill making 
Oklahoma City the capital of the Terri- 
tory. 

Sept. 17. D. C. Congress: The confer- 
ees on the Tariff Bill meet, but without 
arriving at any agreement. 

Mass. Gov. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.) 

is renominated for governor. 

N. H. H. A. Tuttle of Pittsfield (Rep.) 

is nominated for governor. 

Sept. IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a bill to reestablish the grade of 
Lieutenant- General of the United 
States Army. Bill introduced Dec. 12. 
[Sept. 22. Referred to Senate Commit- 
tee on Military Affairs.] The House 
conferees on the Tariff Bill accept the 
Aldrich reciprocity amendment. 

Mass. William E. Bfcsell (Dem.) is 

nominated for governo^B 

Sept. 19. I). C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the McKenna Bill for the discon- 
tinuance of the coinage of the three- 
dollar and one-dollar gold pieces and 
the three-cent nickel piece. [Sept. 27. 
Approved by the President.] The House 
is prevented from doing business by 
Democrats purposely absenting them- 
selves. 

Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

Sept. 21. D. C. Notices are issued from 
the Post-office Department that all pa- 
pers containing lottery advertisements 
will render the publishers liable to 
arrest. 

Sept. 22 . New York. Mayor Grant chal- 
lenges the correctness of the Federal 
census, and decides upon the plan for 
taking a new census of the city under 
the direct supervision of the mayor and 
with the cooperation of the police force 
acting as canvassers. 

Sept. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes "William M. Evarts's substitute for 
the House bill denning and regulat- 
ing the jurisdiction of the United 
States Courts after six discussions. 
[Sept. 24. Referred to the House Com- 
mittee on the Judiciary.] 

The House passes the bill granting a 
pension to the widow of Gen. George 
B. McClellan. [Sept., 20. Approved 
by the President.] 

Sept. 25. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes over the O'Neall Anti-Convict 
Labor Bill. 

Sept. 26. D. C. Congress : In the 
House the Conference Committee re- 
ports the McKinley Tariff Bill. 

Sept. 29. J). C. Congress ; House : The 
Conference Committee's report on the 
Tariff Bill is adopted. Vote, 152-81. 

Sept. 30. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Conference report on the 
McKinley Tariff Bill. Vote, 33-27. 
[Oct. 1. It is approved by the President. 
Oct. 6. The law becomes effective.] 

Oct. 1. D. C. Congress provides for 

the transfer of the "Weather Service 

from the Signal Corps of the Army to 

the Department of Agriculture. 

It repeals the internal revenue tax 



laid on dealers in tobacco ; it reduces 

the tax on tobacco and snuff. 
The 51st Congress: the first session 

ends. 
Ida, The Republicans elect the 

State ticket and 44 of the 54 members 

of the Legislature. 
Oct. 7. N. Mecc. The people accept the 

State Constitution. Vote, 16,180-7,943. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Sept. 5. Mich. Eight miners 
are imprisoned by a cave-in in the Lake 
Angeline mine. 

N. Y. The steamers C. H. Northern 

and Continental ', of the New Haven Line, 
collide in the East River ; three persons 
are injured. 

Sept. 6. Okla. President Manvel, of the 
Santa Fe Railroad, announces that his 
company will supply Oklahoma farmers 
with $60,000' worth of seed-wheat at 
cost, and wtfit until harvest for the pay. 
[25,000 bushels of seed-wheat are fur- 
nished to the farmers along the line of 
this road.] 

Sept. 7. Colo. Trains collide near Flor- 
ence ; five persons are killed and 33 in- 
jured. 

Wash. A premature explosion bur- 
ies 45 men under many tons of rock at 
Spokane Falls. 

Sept. 9. Chicago. The "World's Fair 
Directors decide upon Jackson Park 
and the Lake Front as the site for the 
exhibition. 

Sept. 10. Ga. A Direct Trade Con- 
vention is organized at Atlanta ; dele- 
gates are present from six cotton-pro- 
ducing States. 

Sept. 15. Chicago. The National Com- 
mission of the "World's Fair meets to 
organize and inaugurate the movement. 

Sept. 19. HI. Col. George B. Davis of 
Chicago is appointed director-general of 
the "World's Fair. 

Pa. Twenty persons are killed and 

32 injured in a train accident at Shoe- 
makersville. 

Sept. 23. N. J. A fire in the Eagle Oil 
Refinery Works, in Bayonne, causes a 
loss of $250,000. 

Sept. 25. The American fishing schooner 
David Crockett is seized in Canadian 
waters for violation of the Fisheries 
Law. 

Sept. 28. Cliicago. The Anglo-Ameri- 
can Packing Company's buildings are 
damaged by fire; loss, $400,000. 

Sept. 29. 7?. /. The centennial of the 
establishment of the first American 
cotton-mill is celebrated at Providence. 

Sept. * D. C. Congress provides for the 
improvement of Galveston harbor, 
Texas; estimated cost, $6,200,000. 

Sept. * Mich. The longest river tun- 
nel in the U. S. is completed, under 
the St. Clair Kiver, connecting Michigan 
and Canada; it is 6,050 feet in length, 
2,300 feet of which is under the river- 
bed. 

Sept. * Okla. Many families in the Ter- 
ritory are in extreme want of food. 



370 1890, Oct. 7-ffov. 19. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1890 Oct. 10. Kan. President Harrison 

attends the reunion of old soldiers at 

Topeka. 
Nov. 17. 5. Dak. Troops are massing 

at Pine Ridge Agency in anticipation of 

an outbreak of Sioux Indians. 
Nov. 18. N. Y. The battle-ship Maine 

is launched at the Brooklyn Navy Yard. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Oct. 17. Ga. A bust of Sidney 
Lanier is unveiled in the library of 
Macon. 

Oct. 23 . N. ](. A statue of Gen. Stark 
is unveiled in the State-house Park at 
Concord ; cost, .$12,000. 

Oct. 27. S. Dak. Rich placer deposits 
of gold are found in the Sioux Reserva- 
tion, near Black Hills. [Oct. * Gold is 
also discovered in the Arbuckle Moun- 
tains, I. T.] 

Oct. 30. Md. A monument to explorers 
who perished in the Jeannette Explor- 
ing Expedition of 1881 is unveiled in the 
Naval Academy Cemetery, Annapolis. 

Nov. 1±. Millet's famous painting, The 
Angelus, is sold by the American Art 
Association to persons in Paris for 
$150,000. 

It is estimated that 400,000 persons 
have attended the exhibition since the 
picture was buought to America. 

Nov. 7. Chicago. The corner-stone of 
the Woman's Temple, which the 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
is building, is laid with impressive cere- 
monies ; it is to be in French Gothic 
style, 13 stories high, and cost $1,100,000. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
Oct. 12. Belknap, William W., maj.-gen., 

sec. of war under Pres. <;rant, A61. 
Oct. 13. Miller, Samuel F., justice of U.S. 

Supreme Ct., A74. 
Nov. 13. Dexter, Henry M., editor of The 

Congregationalism A.69. 
-* — Apple ton, Daniel S., publisher, A76. 

CHURCH. 

1890 Oct. 8. Minn. The American 
Board of Foreign Missions begins its 
81st annual meeting in Minneapolis. 
[Oct. 10. Rev. Dr. K. S. Storrs of 
Brooklyn, N. Y., is reelected President.] 

Oct. 13. Neiv York. The Presbytery pass 
a resolution requesting the Commission- 
ers at Chicago to close the coming ex- 
hibition on Sundays. 

Oct. 14. Mo. Edwin R. Atwill is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
West Missouri. 

Boston. The celebrated " Andover 

case,*' which has been pending before 
the Supreme Court of Massachusetts for 
more than three years, comes up for a 
final hearing. 

Oct. 17. N. Y. The golden jubilee of 
Bishop Loughlin is celebrated in 
Brooklyn ; he is presented by the priests 
of the diocese with a purse of §20,000. 

Oct. 21. Boston. The celebration of the 
Centennial of New England Meth- 
odism opens. 



Oct. 27. N. J. The Roman Catholic 
churches of the Newark Diocese collect 
$20,000 for the poor in Ireland. 

Chicago. Archbishop Feehan'ssil- 

ver jubilee commences with pontifical 
high mass in the cathedral. 

Oct. 28. Boston. A winter school for 
scientific Bible study opens. 

Nov. 6-13. Conn. The fifth annual Con- 
vention of Christian "Workers in the 
United States and Canada meets at Hart- 
ford. 

Nov. 11. Phila. The 13th Annual Con- 
gress of the Protestant Episcopal 
Church meets. 

Conn. The 9th annual meeting of the 

Baptist Congress opens in New Haven. 

Nov. 13. New York. The Interstate 
Congress of the Salvation Army 
opens. 

Nov. 17- Ne^^Tork. The conference of 
the Protesfl^^ denominations of the 
State on moral instruction in the pub- 
lic schools begins ; Dr. Crosby is chosen 
permanent chairman. 

LETTERS. 

1890 Oct. 8. Mass. The Committee of 
the Board of Harvard College reports 
unfavorably as to the shortening of 
the coUege course. 

Oct. 27. Md. Mrs. Davis, Mrs. Mary Gar- 
rett, and other ladies present to the 
trustees of Johns Hopkins Univer- 
sity $100,000 to found a Woman's 
Medical CoUege ; the money is ac- 
cepted subject to the terms. 

Nov. 4. Wis. The Bennett School Law 
of 1S89 is rescinded by the vote of the 
people. 

It required schools recognized by the 
State to use the English language in 
teaching reading, writing, arithmetic, 
and the history of the United States. 

Nov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan- 
ley delivers his first lecture of his 
second tour, in the Metropolitan Opera 
House. 

SOCIETY. 

1S90 Oct. 8. N. Y. The opening of 
the 8th Annual Indian Conference at 
Lake Mohonk, for the protection and 
elevation of American Indians. 

Oct. 9. Ga. The weekly edition of the 
Atlanta Constitution is seized for adver- 
tising its prize distribution at the 
Christmas drawing. 

Oct. 10. New York. The Cuban colony 
celebrates the 22d anniversary of the 
proclamation of Cuban independence. 

Oct. 11. D. C. The American Board 
of Missions adopts a resolution peti- 
tioning Congress to take steps toward 
the prohibition of the exportation of in- 
toxicating liquors to those countries 
where the missions of the Board are 
located. 

Mo. Four masked men hold up and 

rob a train near Schell City. 

Mich. The Local-Option Law is 

decided constitutional by the Supreme 
Court at Lansing ; also, that all citizens, 



white and black, have equal right- that 
must be observed. 
Oct. 12. New York. Thomas P. Gill, 
one of the Irish members of the British 
Parliament, arrives. 

He comes in the interest of the Home 
Rule cause [and lectures to many en- 
thusiastic audiences of Irish-Americans, 
who contribute large sums of money to 
aid in the achievement of the legislative 
independence of their native land]. 

Oct. 15. Mo. The 30th annual conven- 
tion of the Loyal Legion begins in St. 
Louis ; ex-President Rutherford B. 
Hayes presides. 

±. New York. George "William Cur- 
tis is chosen president of the National 
Civil Service Reform League. 

La. David C. Hennessy, chief of 

police, is waylaid and shot by Italians 
at New Orleans, who are alleged to be 
agents of the Mafia; Hennessy had re- 
cently traced a number of grave crimes 
to this secret society. 

Oct. 16. Fa. An emancipation cele- 
bration by colored people takes place 
at Richmond. 

Oct. 20. Cat. The Brotherhood of 
Railway Trainmen begins its annual 
convention in Los Angeles. 

New York. The Comte de Paris is 

entertained at a dinner at the Plaza 
Hotel by the officers of the Army of the 
Potomac. 

Oct. 21. N. Y. Patrick Gleason, 
mayor of Long Island City, is sentenced 
to five days' imprisonment and to pay a 
fine of $250, for assault. 

Oct. 22. Term. The American Hu- 
mane Society meets in Nashville. 

D. C. The annual convention of the 

American Institute of Architects begins 
its session at Washington with a large 
attendance. 

Oct. 24. D. C. The "Wage- workers* 
Political Alliance of Washington peti- 
tions President Harrison to appoint 
Mrs. Elizabeth Cady Stanton a Justice 
of the Supreme Court of the United 
States in place of the late Justice Miller. 

Oct. 27. III. The Illinois Steel Com- 
pany of Joliet divides about S4.000 
among its employees on a profit-shar- 
ing basis. 

/. T. Lee Allen, the lender of a no- 
torious cattle-thieving band, is captured 
by United States officers. 

Kan. The Leavenworth Times of this 

day is excluded from the mails for 
publishing results of a raffle at a Catho- 
lic church fair. 

Minn. The Chippewas welcome their 

old foes, the Sioux, to their village by 
a sham fight, after which they smoke 
the pipe of peace. 

Mo. Telegraphers go out on a 

strike at St. Louis. 

Oct. 31. New York. Rev. Br. Heber 
Newton asserts that a prominent clergy- 
man was offered $1,000 to make a 
speech for Tammany HaU. 

Oct. * Ala. A colony of about 25 families 
of Northern farmers secure 3,000 acres 
of farm-land in Cullman County, on 
which to locate a cooperative farm. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Oct. 7 -Nov. 19. 371 



Oct. 31. la. The prohibition of the sale 
of liquor in original packages becomes 
effective in this State. (See State.) 

Oct. * N. J. All the licensed cigar- 
dealers in Cape May City sign a con- 
tract, under a forfeiture of $50, not to 
sell another cigarette to either man or 
boy during the coming winter. 

Oct. * Fr. The 12th session of the Con- 
gress of Americanists is held in Paris. 
Prof. Quatrefages, the founder of the 
science of anthropology, presides. 

Nov. 1. New York. The General So- 
ciety of Mechanics and Tradesmen of 

the City of New York celebrates its 105th 
anniversary. 

Nov. 2. New York. "William O'Brien* 
John Dillon, Timothy Harrington, and 
T. D. Sullivan, the Irish agitators, 
arrive. (See Oct. 12.) 

Nov. 3. New York. Dr. Crosby, in a 
speech, says that he can prove, "for a 
Commissioner told him," that a police 
captain received $70,000 in blackmail 
from the saloons in his precinct. 

Nov. 4. Ky. The superintendent of pub- 
lic schools and two other persons are 
shot in Irvine. 

Neb. The people reject a Prohibi- 
tory Amendment to the Constitution. 
Vote, 82,292 for the amendment ; 111,728 
against it. 

N. J. Twice in the ninth precinct of 

the First Assembly District, Jersey City, 
all the Republican ballots are stolen, 
but each time discovered and replaced 
in time to prevent much loss. 

Nov. 5. New York. Henry M. Stanley, 
wife, and party arrive on the Teutonic. 

T. P. O'Connor, M.P., the last of the 
Irish delegation, arrives in New York. 
(See Oct. 12.) 

Nov. 6. Fla. The notorious ex-Mayor 
W. ~W. Cottrell of Key "West, a fugitive 
from justice, is killed by the chief of 
police of Montgomery, Ala. 

New York. The 250th anniversary 

of the death of Gustavus Adolphus is 
celebrated with appropriate ceremonies 
by the Swedes of the city. 

Nov. 7. Fla. The Democrats of Jack- 
sonville are accused of suppressing 
the entire Republican vote. 

N. J. In Newark the anarchists at- 
tempt to hold a celebration in memory 
of the hanging of the Chicago Hay- 
market murderers ; Lucy Parsons and 
10 of her followers are arrested. 

- — Phila. The Irish Nationalists hold 
a great meeting in the Academy of 
Music ; Gov. Beaver presides ; addresses 
are made by Messrs. Dillon, O'Brien, 
Sullivan, and O'Connor. 

Nov. 9. Boston. The visiting Irish mem- 
bers of Parliament make addresses in 
the Boston Theater and the Globe 
Theater. 

■ Chicago. The anarchists celebrate 

the memory of the Haymarket mur- 
derers. 

Nov. 10. New York. A reception is 
given to the visiting Irish members of 
Parliament at the Metropolitan Opera 
House ; $37,000 is subscribed. (See Oct. 
12.) 



Nov. 11. New York. Henry M. Stan- 
ley is warmly received by enthusiastic 
admirers of the explorer on his return 
to America. 



Nov. 13. O. Judge Allen G. Thur- 
man's 77th birthday is celebrated by a 
grand banquet in Columbus, at which 
1,000 guests are present. 

Nov. 17. Colo. The Childs-Drexel 
Home for Aged and Infirm Printers 
is located at Colorado Springs, where 80 
acres of land have been given for that 
purpose. 

Ga. The National "Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union meets in 
National Convention at Atlanta ; it 
reelects as president Miss Frances E. 
Willard. 

New York. The American Copy- 
right League officers are selected, the 
president being James Russell Lowell. 

Pa. The first National Non-Parti- 
san "Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union opens its session in Pittsburg, 
with Mrs. Ellen J. Phinney in the chair 
and about 100 delegates present. 

Nov. 19. Boston. The "Women's Na- 
tional Indian Association annual meet- 
ing opens. 

Chicago. The "Women Managers 

of the "World's Fair effect a tempo- 
rary organization. 

New York. Sailmakers go on a 

strike for increased wages. 

STATE. 

1890 Oct. 9. D. C. The Secretary of 
the Treasury issues a circular offering to 
redeem 4.'. per cent bonds, with interest 
to Aug. 31, 1891. 

Oct. 17. la. In the Superior Court Judge 
Stoneman decides that the State Prohib- 
itory Law is null and void in regard to 
the sale of original packages. 

1 Kan. In the U. S. Circuit Court at 

Topeka a decision is rendered, allowing 
the reopening of the original package 
liquor-houses in the State, and declar- 
ing that the Wilson Bill does not restore 
the power of the Kansas Prohibitory 
Law. 

Oct. 20. Miss. The Constitutional Con- 
vention refuses to entrust the Legisla- 
ture with power to divide the State. 

Oct. 31. la. Judge Caldwell of the U. S. 
Circuit Court renders decision in the 
Iowa original package case sustaining 
the Iowa Prohibitory Law and the WiP 
son Law ; this decision, with that of 
Judge Shims, will prevent the sale of 
liquor in Original Packages in Iowa until 
the U. S. Supreme Court shall finally 
decide upon the validity of the laws 
affected. 

Nov. 1. J). C. The Treasury Depart- 
ment reports the increase of the public 
debt $3,668,012 in October. 

Miss. The Constitutional Conven- 
tion at Jackson adjourns after promul- 
gating a new Constitution. 

Nov. 4. JVew York. Hugh J. Grant, the 
Tammany candidate, is elected the 89th 
mayor. 

Wash. The Eoman Catholic Bishop 

of Nesqually has brought a suit to get 
possession of 430 acres of land occupied 
as a United States military reservation 
at Vancouver, and valued at 8750,000 ; 
he bases his claim on the ground that a 
missionary station was established there 
with the "consent of the Hudson Bay 
Company. 



— State and Congressional elections 
are held in many of the States ; the 
Democratic party is generally victori- 
ous ; the Farmers' Alliance gains a clear 
majority in the Kansas Legislature, 
having 92 votes, while the Republicans 
have 62 and the Democrats 11. 



Nov. 13. Wyo. The first State Legis- 
lature meets at Cheyenne ; it is Repub- 
lican in both branches. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Oct. 7. Del. An explosion kills 12 
men and injures 20 more, at the Dupont 
Powder Works, near Wilmington. 

Oct. 12. Chicago. Four persons are 
burned to death in a hotel. 

Oct. 15±. Mich. The R. G. Peters 
Salt and Lumber Company of Manis- 
tee fails ; liabilities, $3,000,000. 

Oct. 20. Colo. The last spike is driven 
in completion of the Pike's Peak 
Mountain Kailroad. 

Oct.22. Ky. Trains collide near Sloan's 
Valley ; seven persons are killed and 10 



in 11 



red. 



■:<-<ty<t. 



Oct. 20. N. J. The steame 
bound for Havana collides with the 
schooner Cornelius Margraves off Barne- 
gat Light ; 65 lives are lost. 

Oct. 30. Pa. A case of leprosy is dis- 
covered at Chester. 

New York. The police recount of 

the city shows the population to be over 
1,700,000, instead of 1,513,501 as enume- 
rated by the Federal officials in June. 

Oct. 31. N. J. The Sugar Trust is 
incorporated as " The American Sugar 
Refining Company," with a capital of 
$50,000,000. 

Cal. SanFranciscoloses$500,000 

by fire. 

New York. Judge Pratt grants the 

application for receivers for the Sugar 
Trust, which takes the matter out of 
the hands of the trustees ; many certifi- 
cates change hands. 

Nov. 3. Phila. The Standard Oil Com- 
pany organizes a trust to buy np all the 
bulk oil-carrying craft plying between 
Philadelphia and Europe; $1,000,000 is 
paid for six of the largest tank vessels 
afloat. 

Nov. 4. Chicago. The area of the city 
is increased by annexation to ISO. 2 
square miles. 

Nov. 11. New York. Financial dis- 
tress increases ; the Clearing House As- 
sociation votes its certificates to banks 
in need of assistance. [Nov. 17. That 
of Boston does the same.] 

Cliicago. The National "World's Fair 

Commission passes resolutions accept- 
ing the double site — Jackson Park 
and the Lake Front — for the Co- 
lumbian Exposition. 

Mo. Nine men are killed and several 

injured by a train falling- through the 
bridge over the Kaw River at Kansas 
City. 

Phila. The banking firm of Barker 

Brothers and Co. suspends, with liabili- 
ties placed at $5,000,000. 

Nov. 19. New York. A run on the 
Citizens' Savings-bank takes place. 

A receiver is appointed for the North 
River Bank. 



372 1890, Nov. 20-Dec. 29. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 Nov. 22. S. Dak. Armed Indian 

warriors, 15,000 strong, appear about 

the Pine Ridge Agency ready to dance 

or fight. 

Nov. 23. S. Dak. The Sioux ghost 
dances are discovered to be part of a 
plot to draw the United States troops 
into ambush. 

Nov. 25. New York. Two Brazilian 
war-ships arrive, bringing a medal from 
the new republic to the President of the 
"United States. 

Dec, 1. Did. Ter. The Cherokee Strip 
is cleared of cattlemen, hunters, and 
campers by Government troopers. 

Dec. 7. S.Dak. The hostile Sioux chiefs 
from the Bad Lands come into the Pine 
Hidge Agency to hold a powwow with 
Gen. Brooke. 

Dec. 8. S. Dak. Ranchmen and In- 
dians fight each other near the Bad 
Lands. 

Dec. 13. S. Dak. Troops and Sioux 
Indians are in conflict near the Bad 
Lands ; troops of the 6th Cavalry cap- 
ture Chief Kicking Bear. 

Dec. 19. Ked Cloud, a Sioux chief, 
recommends the surrendering of the 
Indians. 

Dec. 2S±. The remains of Sitting Bull's 
band join Big Foot to avenge the death 
of their leader. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Nov. * Mo. Two great caverns 
abounding with onyx are discovered 
in the Ozark Mountains, about 70 miles 
from St. Louis ; estimated value, S3 to 
§15 per cubic foot. 

"Nov. ±. * Pa. New wells of natural 
gas are discovered. 

Dec. 5. New York. The Societies of 
Ethical Culture begin their annual 
convention. 

Dec. 8. New York. A meeting is held 
to form a sub-branch of the English 
Society for Psychical Research. 

Dee. 9. O. The will of Horace Kelley 
gives ,$500,000 for a National Gallery of 
Arts to be established in Cleveland. 

Dec. 10. New York. Thirteen patients 
of Mount Sinai and St. Luke's hospitals 
are inoculated with Dr. Koch's 
lymph. 

1890 BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

Nov. 20. Glisson, Oliver S., rear-adm. 

U. S. N., A81. 
Johnson, Daniel V. M., P. E. clergyman 

in Brooklyn, A78. 
Nov. 23. Beckwith, John Watrus, P. E. 

bishop of Ga., A69. 
Nov. 24. Belmont, August, banker, of 

New York, A74. 
Nov. 25. Sbillaber, Benjamin P. (Mrs. 

Partington), humorist, A76. 
Nov. 26. Corrigan, J. H., K. C. priest of 

N. J., dies. 
Dec. 1. C'olbv, CtMir^', abolitionist, dies. 
Dec. 4. BaxtiT, JeuViliah H., surgeon-gen. 

U. S. A., A53. 
Dec. 16. Terry, Alfred II., inaj.-gen. U. S. 

A.,A63. 

CHURCH. 

1890 Nov. 27. New York. Collections 

are taken in Roman Catholic churches 



for the benefit of the bishops and priests 
of the famine-stricken districts in 
Ireland. 

Dec. 3. Ga. The General Convention 
(Congregational) of Georgia is formed. 

Dec. 7. New York. Bishop Potter 
preaches an illustrated sermon, in 
which he shows by diagram that in a 
certain section of the city, between 
Seventieth and Eightieth Streets, on the 
East Side, with a population by census 
of 100,000 persons, there are 2S0 saloons, 
and only eight churches, and of the 
churches only two or three are Protes- 
tant. 

A tablet is unveiled in St. Paul's 
Chapel, in memory of the centennial 
celebration of the inauguration of Pres- 
ident 'Washington. 

N. Y. The friends of Father M. J. 

Moran, Roman Catholic pastor of the 
Church of thaJJativity, Brooklyn, gave 
him a purse of $25,000 on the eve of 
the 25th anniversary of his ordination. 

Dec. 9. Phila. The American Sabbath 
Union begins its sessions. 

Dec. 13. Two hundred Protestant 
clergymen issue an appeal in defense 
of the Christian Sabbath, especially 
tion with the World's Fair. 



LETTERS. 

1S90 Nov. 25. N.J. Prof . Austin Scott 
is elected president of Rutgers Col- 
lege. 

Dec. 1. Pa. "William Dudley Foulke is 
elected president of Swarthmore Col- 
lege. 

Dec. 8. New York. By the will of Daniel 
B. Fayerweather, bequests aggregating 
$2,100,000 are made to hospitals 
and coUeges. 

Dec. 9. N. Y. Steinway and Sons offer' 
the Board of Education of Long Island 
City a free circulating library and 
kindergarten school to be maintained 
at their expense [the gift is accepted]. 

Dec. * Conn. New Haven decides not 
to furnish free text-books to the 
Koman Catholic parochial schools. 

* * Webster's International Dictionary, by 
Noah Porter, appears. 

* * Wilbur Piske, by George Prentice, 
appears. 

* * The Principles of Psychology, by Wil- 
liam James, appears. 

* *A History of Greek Literature, by 
Thomas Sergeant Perry, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Nov. 21. La. The New Orleans 
grand jury finds a true hill against nine 
principal members of the Mafia and 
eight accessories in the Hennessy 
assassination case. (See Oct. 15.) 

S. Dak. The Indians at Pine Ridge 

Agency are busily engaged in ghost- 
dances in honor of the new Christ, 
who pretends to give the Indians reve- 
lations that the white man will he de- 
stroyed and that they will possess all as 
of old. 



Nov. 22. Did. A big system of trunk- 
robberies is discovered in Indianapolis. 

Kan. Two horse-thieves are shot 

and five escape of a gang in the western 
part of Pratt County ; the sheriff and 100 
men are in pursuit. 

Nov. 23. New York. A big meeting is 
held in Chickering Hall in memory of 
the Manchester ** martyrs.'* 

Nov. 26. Ga. A Grand Army Post at 
Macon buys the site of Andersonville 
Prison, and will make of it a Grand 
Army park. 

Nov. 27. Ala. "William B. Hunter, edi- 
tor of the Sylacauga Bee, shoots and 
kills Town-Marshal Nickerson, who at- 
tempted to arrest him for disorderly con- 
duct. 

Phila. John R. Baker, Jr., the misp- 

ing broker, is charged with abstracting 
$x ,000,000 from the estate of his grauU- 



Nov. 29. Chicago. The Irish delegates 
address a great meeting ; Mayor Cregier 
welcomes them. 

Nov. 30. The Irish delegates in this 
country send an address to London, con- 
demning Parnell's recent manifesto, and 
demanding his retirement from the 
leadership, he having become notorious 
in a divorce case. 

Nov. * D. C. Attorney-General Miller 
decides that ** guessing contests " con- 
ducted by newspapers are not violations 
of the Anti-Lottery Law. 

Nov. * 17. The Legislature rejects a bill 
giving municipal suffrage to women. 
Vote, 9S-11S. 

Nov.* U.S. The Census Bureau reports 
that three-tenths of the population 
reside in cities. 

Dec. 2. PI a. The National Farmers' 
Alliance and Industrial Union Conven- 
tion is held at Ocala. 

Dec. 3. Mass. "No License" is 
adopted in Cambridge City by 5&i ma- 
jority. 

Dec. 4. Cal. King Kalakaua of Ha- 
waii lands at San Francisco. 

Dec. 7. New York. At Chickering Hall 
the Convention of Ethical Culture So- 
cieties is addressed by Rev. Stanton Coit 
of London, Felix Adler, and others. 

Dec. 8. Mich. The annual convention 
of the American Federation of Labor is 
held at Detroit. Also the National con- 
vention of retail clerks of America. 

New York. The Society for the Pro- 
tection of Legal Eights is incorpo- 
rated to render gratuitous legal advice 
aud services to needy and distressed 
persons. 

Dec. 9. Ark. A dissappointed lover 
kills six persons out of revenge near 
Fort Smith, and then kills himself. 

Cal. The corner-stone of an Insane 

Asylumis laid at Ukiah. [Dec. 16. An- 
other at San Bernardino.] 

Ky. One "White Cap is killed and 

two 'wounded while attempting a raid 
upon a farmer at his home in Meade 
County. 

S. Dak. From 25 to 30 Indians are 

killed in a contest to decide whether 
Short Bull or Two Strikes shall be chief 
at the Pine Ridge Agency. 



UNITED STATES. 



1890, Nov. 20 -Dec. 28. 373 



Dec. 10. N. J. Over 3,000 
the Clark thread mills at Newark and 
Kearny strike. 

Dec. 14. Chicago, George R. Sims is 
sentenced to 15 months in jail for issu- 
ing fraudulent decrees of divorce. 

New York. A general strike is or- 
dered on a new school building by the 
Walking Delegates' Board. 

Dec. 17. New York. Mayor Grant ap- 
points " Paddy " Divver, a saloon- 
keeper, and J. J. Ryan police justices. 

Mass. The poet Whittier celebrates 

his 83d birthday at Oak Knoll, his Dan- 
vers home. 

Dec. 29. D. C. The American Historical 
Association, the Geological Society of 
America, and the American Economic 
Association are in session in "Washing- 
ton. 

* * N. Dale. A school for deaf mutes is 
established at Devil's Lake. 

* * Wash. An insane asylum is com- 
pleted at Medicine Lake. 

Reported members of Masonic 
Grand Lodges in the United States 
and British America, 673,643. 



STATE. 

1890 Nov. 25. New York. Brazilian 
war-ships arrive, bearing an embassy 
of peace and a medal for the President 
of the United States. [Nov. 26. The 
officers are officially received and enter- 
tained at dinner.] 

Wis. A recount gives the Republi- 
cans control of the State Senate ; they 
are opposed to a repeal of the Bennett 
Law. (See Letters, Nov. 4.) 

Nov. 27. U. S. The verified census 
returns are published, showing that the 
total population of the United States is 
62,622,250. 

Nov. * Fla. A constitutional amend- 
ment is approved by the people, chan- 
ging the day of the State election to the 
Tuesday after the first Monday in 
October. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The 51st Congress: the 
second session opens. 

The debt statement shows an increase 
of the public debt in November amount- 
ing to $6,130,819. 

Dec. 2. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
gives the Federal Elections Bill the 
first place as unfinished business ; Henry 
M. Teller of Colo, and Preston B. Plumb 
of Kan. each introduce a bill for the 
Free Coinage of Silver, both bills are 

- referred to the Committee on Finance ; 
the bill for Federal supervision of 
Congressional elections is debated [till 
Jan. 21] ; the House resolves to recon- 
sider the Copyright Bill. Vote, 132-74. 

Dec. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
begins to debate the Elections Bill ; 
the House passes the Copyright Bill. 
Vote, 135-95. The Democrats in caucus 
resolve to oppose the Elections Bill to 
the end. 

iV. H. A combination is entered by 

members of the Legislature at Concord 
to obstruct legislation. 

Dec. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the joint resolution to supply 
arms against the Indians, to the States 
■of North Dakota, South Dakota, Wyo- 



ming, and Nebraska; the House consid- 
ers the Pension Appropriation Bill. 
[Dec. 5. Passed by the Senate. Dec. 11. 
Approved by the President.] 

N. H. The lower House kills the 

Senate bill enacting legislation for the 
guidance of the clerk ; 37 Republicans 
vote with the Democrats. 

Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Elections Bill, which is 
stigmatized as a Force Bill ; the House 
passes the Pension Appropriation 
Bill, introduced Dec. 4; the bill is so 
amended as to reduce the fees of claim 
agents ; a bill is introduced to disarm 
the Indians, for the protection of set- 
tlers, and to punish any persons who sell 
arms and ammunition to them. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Elections Bill. 

N. Y. Despite the decision of the 

court to recount the vote, the State 
Board of Elections declares the opponent 
of H. A. Noyes the candidate-elect for 
the 28th Congressional District. 

Dec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Federal Elections Bill; 
the House passes the Atkinson Rail- 
road Bill and the Tobacco Rebate Bill. 
[Dec. 10. The latter is passed by the 
Senate. Dec. 15. Approved by the 
President.] 

Dec. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Elections Bill ; the House 
rejects the Senate resolution to move 
Gen. Grant's body from Riverside to 
Arlington. Vote, 153-92. 

Secretary "Windom announces that no 
more 4 per cent bids will be accepted. 

Boston. Nathan Matthews, Jr. (Dem.) 

is elected mayor. 

Dec. 11. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Fortifications Appropria- 
tion Bill introduced Dec. 9. It passes 
the Deficiency Appropriation Bill in- 
troduced Dec. 9. 

Dec. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the debate on the Elections Bill is 
resumed ; the House considers the Pub- 
lic Lands claims, and passes the U. S. 
Land Court Bill. 

Dec. 15. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Elections Bill is discussed by 
Messrs. "Wilson, Colquitt, and Vance; 
the House passes the Indian Depreda- 
tions Bill. 

Dec. 17. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Reapportionment Bill in- 
troduced Dec. 9. Vote, 186-82. 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate John Sherman of O. introduces the 
caucus financial measure ; it meets 
the opposition of the silver Senators. 

Dec. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate : O.H. 
Piatt of Conn, introduces a joint resolu- 
tion appropriating §100,000 to enable the 
President to take action to obtain from 
the German government a supply of 
Dr. Koch's lymph and the formula 
for its manufacture. 

It amends and passes the The Defi- 
ciency Appropriation Bill. [Jan. 5, 7. 
Conference report agreed to. Jan. 12. 
Approved by the President.] 



Dec. 20. D. C. Congress: the House 
discusses the Deficiency Bill, as 
amended id the other House, and sends 
it back to the Senate. 

Dec. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate Messrs. Higgins and Voorhees dis- 
cuss the Elections Bill ; E. K. Hoar of 
Mass. fails in his attempt to have a 
night session. 

Dec. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate N. W. Aldrich of R. I. gives notice 
of his intention to introduce the Clo- 
sure Rule in order to secure a vote on 
the Elections Bill, which is further dis- 
cussed. 

The President nominates Henry E. 
Brown of Mich, to succeed Justice Mil- 
ler in the Supreme Court. [Dec. 29. He 
is confirmed.] 

Dec. 24. Phila. Judge Reed delivers a 
decision that the State law forbidding 
the sale of oleomargarin in original 
packages as imported from another 
State is unconstitutional. 

D. C. A proclamation is issued by 

President Harrison, inviting ** all na- 
tions of the earth" to participate in 
the Columbian Exposition. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Nov. 22. Chicago. The United 
States Rolling-Stock Company makes 

an assignment, with liabilities at$6,851,- 
000, and assets $6,033,000. 

N. J. Bamford Brothers' silk-mill 

at Paterson is destroyed by fire ; loss, 
§400,000. 

Nov. 25. Chicago. A big window- 
glass trust is formed, to be known as 
the American Window-Glass Company, 
with a capital of §500,000 ; it comprises 
a total of 41 firms. 

Nov. 26. D. C. The amount of 4-^ per 
cent bonds redeemed, under the circu- 
lar of Oct. 9, is $31,300, making the total 
to date $5,S74,500. 

New York. About $200,000 in Clear- 
ing House certificates are retired. 

Miss. Five lives are lost by the 

burning of a Mississippi steamer near 
Port Adams. 

Nov. 28. Phila. B. K. Jamison and Co., 
bankers, fail ; liabilities, nearly .s-_\0U<>,- 
000. 

Nov. * III. A new stock-yard com- 
pany is organized at Springfield, with 
$10,000,000 capital. 

Nov. * Neb. A corn famine is threat- 
ening. 

The yield is less than 10 bushels to the 
acre because of drouth ; much suffering 
exists; churches and persons of means 
are organizing measures of relief. 

Dec. 4. III. Five men are killed and 
three fatally injured by a falling furnace 
at Joliet. 

Dec. 6. La. The cotton firm of V. and 

A. Meyer and Co. of New Orleans fails, 

with liabilities aggregating S2 ,000,000. 
Pa. The Oliver Iron and Steel Mills 

in Pittsburg are shut down, and the 

3,000 employees are paid off. 
Dec. 8. S. Dak. Destitution is an- 

noiinced as worse than last year. 
Dec. 9. Mont. The Crow Indians cede 

1,850,000 acres of their lands for ©946,000 

to the Government. 

Dec. 25. Md. Masonic Temple in 
Baltimore is destroyed by fire. 



374 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. AMERICA : 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1890 Dec. 29. S. Dak. The U. S. 
troops under Maj. Whiteside have a bat- 
tle with Indians at "Wounded Knee 
Creek. 

Chief Big Foot's fugitive hand is or- 
dered to surrender ; they suddenly turn 
and attack the troops. Capt. Wallace, 
Lieuts. Casey and Mann, besides 29 
others, are killed, and 30 are wounded. 
Big Foot's band is nearly exterminated. 
Among the killed are 44 squaws and 18 
papooses. 
Dec. 31. S. Dak. The Indians burn the 
Catholic mission at Clay Creek ; six 
men of the 7th Cavalry are killed. 

* * D. C. The navy yard begins the man- 
ufacture of heavy ordnance. 

1891 Jan. 1. S. Dak. Gen. Brooke 
is relieved of the command at Pine 
Ridge Agency, and is succeeded by Gen. 
Miles in person. 

Jan. 2. S. Dak. The 9th Cavalry ar- 
rives in time to prevent a massacre of 
the 7th by the Indians at Pine Bidge. 

Gen. Miles is encircling the hos- 
tiles with troops, hoping to compel their 
subjection by starving them and so sav- 
ing further bloodshed. [Skirmishing oc- 
curs.] 

Jan. 7. S. Dak. Orders are issued di- 
recting that army officers act as In- 
dian agents at Pine Bidge and other 
agencies ; Indians are gradually return- 
ing to Pine Bidge Agency, but mean- 
while settlers are flocking to the towns. 

Jan. 8. Ida. Indians are causing trouble. 

Jan. 9. S. Dak. A cordon of troops is 
drawn closer around the camp of the hos- 
tile Sioux, but peace negotiations con- 
tinue. [Jan. 11. Pine Bidge is menaced 
by the near approach of 3000 hostiles. 
Jan. 12. Gen. Miles holds a conference 
with some of the chiefs. Jan. 14. Some 
agree to a surrender. Jan. 15, The sur- 
render of the Indians is completed.] 

Jan. 15. D. C. John J. Coppinger is 
commissioned colonel — 23d infantry. 
[Also Jan. 31. Alfred Mordecai — ord- 
nance department. Feb. 7. Abraham 
K. Arnold — 1st cavalry.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Dec* S. C. P. A. Emanuel 
claims to have discovered a process by 
which aluminum can be freed from 
kaolin at a cost of only $2.50 per ton. 

* * Pa. Many monuments are dedi- 
cated during the year at Gettysburg by 
surviving veterans of the great battle. 

* * U. S. The pneumatic tire safety 
bicycles are introduced. 

* * Thomas A. Edison adapts his phono- 
graph to a water-motor. 

1891 Jan. 9. O. An earthquake dis- 
turbs the people at Toledo. 

[Jan. 16. A shock at Pepperell, N. H. 
May20. Seven distinct shocks atSusan- 
ville, Cal. June 23. Slight shock at 
Charleston, S. C, and June 28, another 
at San Francisco, Cal. (See Aug. 9. Cal.) 
Aug. 21. Several shocks in the West and 
South. Aug. 28. Several in Conn. Oct. 
14. Shocks"~at San Francisco, Cal. Nov. 
8. A severe shock, damaging buildings, 
in Texas. Nov. 13. A heavy shock 
through California.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890. 
Dec. 30. Peterson, Theoplnlus B., pub- 
lisher, of Phila., A67. 
Dec. 31. Spinner,- Francis, treasurer of 
U. S., M. C. for**. Y., Akh. 
1891. 
Jan. 5. Abbott. Emma, opera singer, A42. 
Jan. 7. Devens, Charles, jurist, orator, 
U. S. atty.-gen., A71. 



CHURCH. 

1890 * * Alas. Bethel, in "Western 
Alaska, on the river Kuskokwim, be- 
comes a mission station of the Mora- 
vian Brethren. 

* * Cal. The South California Confer- 
ence (Free Methodist) is organized. 

* * /. T. Isidore Robot is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Indian Ter- 
ritory. 

* * la. The Ajinual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Des Moines ; 
T. "W. Phillips, president. 

* * Kan. Elisha S. Thomas is consecrated 
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Kansas. 

* * N. Y. The General Assembly 
(United Presbyterian) meets. at Buffalo; 
Andrew Watson, moderator. 

* *The Toledo Congregational Club in 
Toledo, Ohio, and the Northern Iowa 
Club, Charles City, Iowa, are formed. 

* * Phila. The Medical Mission, de- 
signed to reach the masses untouched 
by other agencies, is established. 

* * U. S. The American Bible Society 
reports 2,293,665 copies of Scriptures 
issued, and a total of 52,736,075 copies is- 
sued to date. 

* * U. S. The Woman's Foreign Mis- 
sionary Union of Friends is consum- 
mated. 

1891 Jan. 1. Md. The memorial 
church of Corpus Christi in Balti- 
more is consecrated by Cardinal Gib- 
bons. 

Jan. 4. N.J. The First Presbyterian 
Church at Newark celebrates the 
100th anniversary of the dedication of 
the building. 

Jan. 7. 0. The trial of Rev. Howard 
MacQueary (Protestant Episcopal) for 
heresy is begun at Cleveland. 

[Sept. 23. Under a sentence of suspen- 
sion he withdraws from the Protestant 
Episcopal Church and joins the Univer- 
salists. Sept. 25. He is formally de- 
posed, at Trinity Cathedral in Cleveland, 
by Bishop Leonard.] 

LETTERS. 
1890 * * La. The New Delta is issued 
at New Orleans. 

* * Ind. The Taylor University (Meth. 
Epis.) of Fort Wayne is founded. 

* * N. Dak. Normal schools are estab- 
lished by the State at Valley City and 
Mayville. 

* * N. Dak. The Legislature establishes 
an Agricultural College at Fargo. 

* * Neto York. Das Morgen Journal is 
founded by Albert Pulitzer. 

* * New York. The Weiber Zettung (the 
Women's Journal), in the Polish tongue 
and in Hebrew characters, is issued ; 



it advocates the right of 
vote. 

* * Okla. A university is located at 
Norman by the Legislature. 

* * Ore. Portland University (Meth. 
Epis.) is founded at Portland. 

* * Utah. The Methodist University 
at Ogden is established. 

* * Utah. The Legislature makes public 
schools free to all. 

* * Wash. The Telegraph is issued at 
Seattle. 

* * U. S. American and imported 
books published during the y^ar. 4,559, 
besides minor cheap libraries. 

* * The American of 1890, by Henry 
Adams, appears. 

* * Dramatic Action, by Joseph Jefferson, 
appears ; also Autobiography . 

* * Boston Unitarianism, by Octavius B. 
Frothingham, appears. 

* * Civil Government in the United States , 
by John Fiske, appears. 

* * Clubs for Working Girts, by Maude 
Stanley, appears. 

* * The Economic Basis of Protection, by 
Simon N. Patten, appears. 

* * Economic and Social History of New 
England, by Wm. B. Weeden, appears. 

* * Over the Tea Cups, by Oliver Wendell 
Holmes, appears. 

* * The Tragic Jifuse, by Henry James, 
appears. 

* * Ballads, by Francis Marion Crawford, 
appears. 

* * Essays, Speculative a7id Suggestive, by 
John Addington Symonds, appears. 

* * Five Years with the Congo Cannibals, 
by Herbert Ward, appears. 

* * A Hazard of Neic Port imes, by William 
Dean Howells, appears. 

* * History of the American Episcopal 
Church, by S. D. McCounell, appears. 

* * The Life of Bishop Simpson, by George 
R. Crooks, appears. 

* * The Life of George H. Stuart, by Robert 
Ellis Thompson, appears. 

* * Alexia, by Mary Abbott, appears. 

* * The Negro Question, by George W. 
Cable, appears ; also The Silent South. 

* * The North Shore Watch and Other 
Poems, by George Edward Woodberry, 
appears. 

* * Pactolus Prime, by Albion Winegar 
Tourgee, appears. 

* * The Political Beginnings of Kentucky, 
by John Mason Brown, appears. 

* * A Short History of the Boman People, 
by William F. Allen, appears. 

* * The Story of Tonty, by Mary Hartwell 
Catherwood, appears. 

* * The Unknown God, by C. Loring Brace, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1890 Dec. 31. New York. The Com- 
missioners of Excise report S.SS5 places 
licensed to sell intoxicating liquors in 
the city. 

The total number of licensed drinking- 
places other than hotels, restaurants, 
and steamboats, is 6.742 ; there are 1,09S 
storekeepers licensed. 



UNITED STATES. 1890, Dec. 29-1891, Jan. 16. 375 



Dec. * New York. The Sun estimates 
that every year 3,000 women find 
themselves " stranded" in this city; 
not only homeless, penniless, and with- 
out work, but unable to work. 

Dec. * Chicago. The Bureau of Jus- 
tice, a society to aid the poor and de- 
fenseless in obtaining their rights or 
defending themselves against aggression 
by legal methods, is organized. 

* * V. S. The wrecks of society are 
reported: penitentiary convicts, 45,233 ; 
prisoners in county jails, 19,53S; juve- 
niles in reformatories, 14,S46; paupers 
in almshouses, 73,045. Total prisoners in 
the country, S2,329. 

* * New York. Sergius Stepniak, the 
leader of the Russian Revolutionary 
party, arrives. 

* *Ia.— 0. Labor Day becomes a legal 
holiday— the first Monday in Septem- 
ber. 

* * Ind. The Marion branch of the Na- 
tional Soldiers' Home is opened. 

* * Md. A high-license law is enacted 
for Baltimore city. 

1S91 Jan. 2. New York. The New York 
Herald fund provides 1,500 newsboys 
each with a pea-jacket. 

Jan. 9. Pa. G. "W. Delamater, late Re- 
publican candidate for governor, is ar- 
rested for embezzlement. 

Jan. 13. Ark. A shortage of $138,800 
is discovered in the accounts of "William 
E. Woodruff, the State treasurer. (See 
June 26.) 

Jan. 15. Colo. A police official is killed 
and an attempt made to kill Speaker 
Hanna in the State House by a political 
faction ; the Assembly is surrounded by 
a cordon of police and State militia. 

STATE. 

1890 Dec. 30-31. D.C. Congress: 
The Senate debates the Elections Bill. 

* * U. 'S. Governors inaugurated : 
-92 * * Ala. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.). 
-94* * Ga. William J. Northen (Dem.). 
-94 * * la. Horace Boies (Rep.). 

Ida. George L. Slioupe (Rep.) ; 
later Norman B. Willey (Rep.). 
-91 * * Mass. J. Q. A. Brackett (Rep.). 
-93 * * Miss. John M. Stone (Dem.). 
-93 * * N.J. Leon Abbett (Dem.). 
-92 * * 0. James E. Campbell (Dem.). 
-91 * * Ji. I. John W. Davis (Dem.). 
-94 * * S.C. Benj. R. Tillman (Dem.). 
-92 * * Vt. Carroll S. Page (Rep.). 
-94* * Va. Philip W.McKinney (Dem.). 
-93 * * W. Va. A. B. Fleming (Dem.). 
1S91 Jan. 1. Miss. The new Con- 
stitution becomes operative. 

Jan. 2. D.C. The Treasury Department 
reports the public debt reduced $11,005,- 
397 in December. 

Kan. The New Legislature stands : 

Senate — Republicans, 38 ; Democrats, 
1 ; Alliance, 1. House — Republicans, 
26 ; Alliance, 91 ; Democrats, 8. 

Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
votes to set aside the consideration of 
the Elections Eill (Force Bill), and 



takes up the Finance Bill to provide 
against the contraction of the currency. 
Vote, 34-29. The House passes the De- 
ficiency Eill. 

President Harrison submits to Con- 
gress the correspondence on the Bering 
Sea controversy, with a letter from Sec- 
retary Blaine to the British minister. 

Lord Salisbury insists that Bering Sea 
must be regarded as a part of the Pa- 
cific Ocean ; Secretary Blaine answers 
that it was not so considered in the 
treaties between England and Russia ; 
and although he does not contend that 
it must be regarded as a closed sea, he 
argues that the rights of the United 
States extend to the protection of the 
seal fisheries. 

Mont. A Senate and two Houses 

are in session — one Republican and the 
other Democratic ; the Democrats, hav- 
ing four majority in the Senate, recog- 
nize the Democratic House, so also does 
Gov. Toole. 

Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the silver debate is continued ; the 
House discusses the Shipping Bill. 
(See Mar. 3.) 

N. H, The Supreme Court of the 

State delivers an opinion dismissing 
the cases against Clerk Jewett on the 
ground of want of jurisdiction ; this 
leaves the making up of the roll of 
members of the House in Jewett's 
hands, which is favorable to the Repub- 
licans. 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate H. M. Teller of Colo, introduces a 
bill for negro colonization in Lower 
California. 

The International Monetary Con- 
ference meets in Washington ; Secre- 
tary Blaine makes an address of wel- 
come. 

III. In the Legislature the House 

elects a Democratic speaker, and the 
Senate a Republican president pro tem- 
pore. 

N. H. The Republicans of the Legis- 
lature organize, and elect Hiram A. 
Tuttle governor by a majority of 35. 

Jan. 8. Minn. In the Legislature the 
Farmers' Alliance candidate, E. T. 
Champlin, is elected Speaker. 

Neb. The Alliance men on one 

side, and the Republicans and Demo- 
crats on the other, are struggling for 
ascendency in the Legislature. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Senate 
J. C. S. Blackburn of Ky., and J. T. 
Morgan of Ala., speak in advocacy of 
the Free-Coinage Amendment to the 
Silver Bill. 

■ III. In the Senate a bill is introduced 

for the repeal of the Compulsory Ed- 
ucation Law. 

Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.) is 

sworn in as governor, but Gov. Thayer 
refuses to vacate the office, declaring 
that Boyd has never been naturalized, 
and therefore is ineligible ; Powers, the 
Alliance candidate, takes the oath of 
office. [Jan. 15. Gov. Thayer surren- 
ders the office under protest.] 

Jan. 10. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Committee on Foreign Relations, 
by unanimous report, recommend that 
the bonds of the Nicaragua Canal 
Company be guaranteed by the Gov- 
ernment to the extent of $100,000,000. 

Jan. 12. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate M. S. Quay of Pa. introduces a sub- 



stitute for the Elections Bill ; in the 
House a select committee is appointed 
to investigate the alleged Silver pool. 
At Washington the Bering Sea con- 
troversy is brought into the Supreme 
Court, with the sanction of Great Brit- 
ain, upon petition for a writ of prohibi- 
tion in re the Canadian sealer W. P. 
Sat/ward, confiscated in 1887 by the Dis- 
trict Court of Alaska. 

N. Y. The Chamber of Commerce 

passes resolutions opposing the Silver 
Bill. 

Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate Messrs. Sherman, Allison, and Al- 
drich speak against free coinage. 

Conn. At Hartford the Democratic 

candidates for State offices are sworn 
in by the Senate, and make formal de- 
mands for the offices, which the incum- 
bents refuse to surrender. 

N.J. The Senate reinstates E. F. 

McDonald (unseated last May) vice Mr. 

Stuhr of Hudson Co., now unseated. 
N. Y. The Court of Appeals reserves 

judgment in the Flack case, and orders 

a new trial. 

Jan. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Free Coinage Silver Bill, 
adopted June 17, 1890, is passed as a sub- 
stitute for the Financial Bill. Tote, 39- 
27. The Elections Bill is again taken 
up. Vote, 34-33, the Vice-President cast- 
ing the deciding vote. The House passes 
the Army and Navy Appropriation 
Bill after five discussions ; bill intro- 
duced Dec. 11, 1890. 

Colo. Rival factions in the Lower 

Houseof the Legislature quarrel ; troops 
are called out and successfully quell the 
disturbance. 

Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the consideration of the Elections 
Bill is resumed. 

Jan. 16. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the debate on the Elections Bill 
continues all night. 

It amends and passes the Coin and 
Currency Bill to provide against the 
contraction of the currency, after four 
discussions. Bill introduced Dec. IS, 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1890 Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 
1890. Production: Gold, S32,N45.0on ; 
silver, $70,404,000 ; bushels of grain : In- 
dian corn, 1,489,070.000; wheat, 3!.)9,2([2,- 
000; oats. 523.021,000; barley. 03,000,000; 
rye, 2S,000,000 ; buckwheat, 11.000,0011 ; 
bales of cotton, 7,313,726: pounds of 
wool, 76,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 
4. V S22,G72. Currency in circulation, $1,- 
429,251,270; per capita, §22.82; immi- 
grants received (fiscal year), 455,302. 
Fire-waste, Slus.9n;;.792; insurance loss, 
so:>.oi5,465. Total railroad accidents, 
2,146; 6,335 persons are killed and 29,027 
injured. Business failures for the year, 
10,673; liabilities, $175,032,836. 

1891 Jan. 2. New York. The Fifth 
Avenue Theater is burned. 

Jan. 3 + . Pa. The Scottdale rolling 
mills and pipe works and the Charlotte 
furnace and coke works are closed in- 
definitely; 10,000 men are out of em- 
ployment at Scottdale. 

Jan. 14. Minn. Station agents and 
telegraph operators on the St. Pau\ 
Railroad resign. 

New York. Three fires on the Hud- 
son River front destrov a grain elevator 
and two large building's ; loss, ©300,000. 



376 1891, Jan. 16-Feb. 11. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Jan. 23. X). C. Daniel W. Flag- 
ler is commissioned brigadier-general. 

Feb. 1. Ala. Troops are sent to Car- 
bon Hill to quell a race riot ; several 
negro miners are shot by the whites. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Jan. 27±. la. A 16-inch vein 
of silver is found on a farm near Fair- 
port. 

Jan. 28. New York. "W. W. Astor gives 
22 new paintings, valued at $75,000, to 
the Astor Library. 

Jan. 29. Chicago. The 30-foot model 
of a new air-ship is exhibited ; it does 
not work. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 
Jan. 17. Bancroft, George, historian, A 90. 
Jan. 18. Congdon, Charles T., journalist, 

A70. 
Jan. 19. Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian 

Islands, A55. 
Jan. 24. Wadleiirh, liuinhriilt^', senator for 

N. H., AGO. 
Dod worth, Harvey B-, band-master, 

conductor, of N. Y., A69. 
Jan. 27. McEntee, Jarvis, landscape 

painter, Ab3. 
Jan. 29. Windom, William, senator for 

Minn., secretary of treasury, A64. 
Feb. 10. Kedpath, James, journalist, labor 

reform agitator, A57. 

CHURCH. 
1891 Jan. 18. New York. The Mar- 
onite Syrians dedicate a chapel. 

Jan. 20. New York. Rev. Dr. Charles 
A. Briggs is installed professor of Bib- 
lical theology in Union Theological 
Seminary. 

Jan. 21. Ala. Henry M. Jackson is 
consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) assis- 
tant bishop of Alabama. 

Jan. 26. Minn. Archbishop Ireland 
of St. Paul issues an edict against church 
lotteries in his jurisdiction ; he makes 
no exception whatever. 

Feb. 6. New York. Archbishop Corri- 
gan issues a call for a conference of 
the clergy to consider the cases of per- 
sons who have attended Anti-Poverty 
Society meetings. 

LETTERS. 

1891 Jan. 24. Boston. The Massa- 
chusetts Historical Society celebrates 
its centennial. 

Jan. 27. It. The Anglo-American 
Archeological Society is in session at 
Koine, with Lord Dufferin in the chair. 

Jan. 28. 0. "W. G. Ballantine is elected 
president of Oberlin as successor to C. S. 
Fairchilds. 

Feb. 2. Mass. A conditional addition 
of $100,000 to Amherst's endow- 
ment fund is announced by President 
Gates. 

Feb. 4. 0. Rev. C. F. Thwing is in- 
stalled as President of "Western 
Beserve University and Adelbert 
College in Cleveland. 

Feb. 6. N. Mex. New Mexico has a 
free-school law for the first time. 



Feb. 11. New York. The Board of Re- 
gents of the University approves a plan 
of University extension. [Feb. 12. 
The Regents decide upon three library 
degrees, one to be honorary.] 

SOCIETY. 

1891 Jan. 19. The "Woman's Prison 
Association reports its wants. 
(1) Matrons in station-houses ; (2) 



reformatory for women ; (3) a graded 
sentence law, with power to pardon to 
be withdrawn from police justices; (4) 
all prisoners to serve their sentences in 
prisons, not in charitable institutions : 

(5) a woman commissioner for each de- 
partment of charities and corrections ; 

(6) that drunkenness should be treated 
according to class, whether as inebriates 
or criminals. 

Va. The first public observance of 

Gen. Robert E. Lee's birthday, made 
a legal holiday by the previous Legisla- 
ture, is celebrated. 

Jan. 21. New York. The American So- 
ciety of Civil Engineers is in session. 

Jan. 24. Kan. The trial of 35 ladies, 
who raided the illegal whisky-joints of 
Lathrop last February, destroying liq- 
uors and bottles, is concluded by an ac- 
quittal of the defendants. 

Jan. 28. N. J. G. H. Engeman and four 
other managers of the Clifton race-track 
are fined §1.000 and are to be imprisoned' 
for one year for allowing pool-selling on 
the track. 

Jan. 29. New York. "William "Windom, 
Secretary of the Treasury, dies of cere- 
bral hemorrhage and coma, at Delnioni- 
co's, after making an address as a guest 
of the New York Board of Trade and 
Transportation. 

Jan. 30. New York. Hughes and Buttner, 
two bogus divorce lawyers, are sen- 
tenced respectively to five and seven 
years' imprisonment. 

Jan. 31. Jnd. "White Caps in Harrison 
and Crawford Counties whip a farmer's 
wife nearly to death, laying the flesh 
open the length of her hack. 

Feb. 1. Ala. Negro miners in consid- 
erable numbers at Carbon Hill have 
been shot by whites ; troops are sent 
to quell the disturbance. 

Feb. 3. Ind. The Legislature passes bills, 
(1) requiring cigarette dealers to pay a 
State license of §'200 a year, and (2) to 
give wife-beaters at least 60 lashes pub- 
licly when found guilty. 

Feb. 4±. Cat. The police of San Fran- 
cisco are destroying the joss-houses of 
the highbinders in that city. 

Feb. 6. Tenn. The Morning Journal of 
Knoxville is seized by the postmaster 
for violation of the anti-lottery law. 

± N, Mex. Two Republican coun- 

cilmen are fired upon by assassins in 
Santa Fe ; §15,000 reward has been of- 
fered for their arrest and conviction. 

Feb. 7. Cal. The International Society 
for the Colonization of Russian Jews 
is incorporated in San Francisco, with a 
capital of §1,000,000. 

Baron Hirsch authorizes the use of 

§2,500,000 to establish a fund for He- 
brew immigrants to this country. 
[Sept. 4. The fund is denounced by a 



mass-meeting of Hebrew working men 
in New York.] 

Feb. 8. Chicago. Organized labor passes 
resolutions against the employment of 
non-union labor on the World's 
Fair. 

Feb. 9. La. The Mardi Gras Festi- 
val begins in New Orleans. 

New York. The 5th annual conven- 
tion of the National Association of 
Builders of the United States lie-ins its 
session in Masonic Hall : 300 delegates 
are present from the principal cities. 

Pa. About 10,000 miners go on a 

strike in the Counellsville cuke region. 
(See Mar. 30 ; Apr. 18.) 

Feb. 10. Pa. Some 300 employees of the 
Pittsburg and Western Railroad go on 
strike. 

O. The United Mine Workers of 

America are in session at Columbus, 
with 300 delegates from 15 States pres- 
ent. 

STATE. 

1S91 Jan. 16. Mass. The House of 
Representatives adopts by a large ma- 
jority resolutions against the free coin- 
age of silver. 

Jan. 17. £>. C. Congress: The Senate, 
after a continuous session of 30 hours 
devoted to the final discussion of the 
Elections Bill, adjourns at 6 p.m. (see 
July 2, 1890) ; the House Silver Pool 
Investigating Committee begins its 
inquiry ; it is alleged that members 
speculated in silver during the discus- 
sion of the Silver Bill. 

Can. The Dominion Ministry return 

the trade reciprocity proposals of the 
United States Government to the Co- 
lonial office ; they express hostility to 
full and complete reciprocity, but favor 
reciprocity in natural products. 

Jan. IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Coin and Currency Bill, to 
provide against the contraction of the 
currency, after 10 discussions. Intro- 
duced Dec. IS, 1S90. 

Jan. 19. Conn. Gov. Bulkeley issues 
a proclamation warning the Democratic 
claimants from attempting to exercise 
the functions of State officers. 

la. At "Vinton Judge Hoff holds the 

Wilson Bill constitutional, and the Iowa 
Prohibitory Law to be in force as to im- 
ported liquors. 

Jan. 20. D. C. Congress: In the Senate 
the Closure Resolution to limit debate 
is called up, and obtains the right of 
way for consideration on the 21st hist. 
It debates the Federal Elections Bill 
— the 36th discussion — without decisive 
results. 

Boston. A meeting of business men 

is held in Faneuil Hall to protest against 
the free coinage of silver. 

Conn. The state Senate allows the 

Republican hold-over officers to preside. 

Wis. In both Houses of the Legisla- 
ture bills are introduced for the repeal 
of the Bennett Compulsory Education 
Law. [Passed, Feb. G, signed by Gov. 
Peck.] 

Jan. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Aldrich Closure Resolution 
is made the unfinished business ; in the 
House the District of Columbia Ap- 
propriation Bill is passed after six dis- 
cussions ; bill introduced Dec. 17, 1S90. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891.Jan.16-Feb.il. 377 



■Jan. 23. The Legislatures of Missouri, 
North. Carolina, and Arkansas pass reso- 
lutions against making appropria- 
tions for the "World's Fair while the 
Elections Bill is pending. 

Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
takes another recess without voting on 
the Closure Resolution. 

Jan. 26. D.C. Congress: In the Senate 
the Aldrich Closure Resolution is dis- 
placed. Vote, 35-34. The House passes 
the Naval Appropriation Bill intro- 
duced Dec. 20, 1890. 

Senator Cameron of Pa. testifies be- 
fore the Silver Pool Investigating Com- 
mittee that he bought and sold 100,000 
ounces of silver on margin before the 
Silver Bill passed the Senate. 

Spain agrees to the proposal of the 

XT. S. Government for the negotiation 
of a treaty of reciprocity "with Cuba. 

Jan. 27. D.C. Attorney-General Miller 
presents his answer in the Bering Sea 
case before the U. S. Supreme Court ; 
he holds that the seal-fisheries question 
is for the Executive, and not for the 
JifcUcial Department. 

Jan. 28. Conn. The House Committee 
on Canvass of Votes reports that of the 
State officers only Nicholas Staub, State 
Controller, is elected. 

Jan. 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Apportionment Bill for 
members of Congress, under the 11th 
census, without amendment, by a strict 
party vote (37-24) ; [Feb. 10. Approved.] 
It passes the Dunnell Reapportion- 
ment Bill. [Feb. 10. Approved by the 
President.] 

Mont. The contesting parties in the 

Legislature agree to a compromise giv- 
ing the Republicans 2S members ; and 
the Democrats 27, together with the 
Speaker, the inferior officers, and the 
control of committees. 

Jan. 30. D. C. Congress adjourns as 
a mark of respect to the late Secretary 
Windom, he having been a member 
of both Senate and House. 

Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Military Academy Appro- 
priation Bill introduced Jan. 6 ; four 
witnesses testify before the Silver Pool 
Investigating Committee. 

Neb. The Senate adopts a memorial 

to Congress urging the appropriation of 
$1,000,000 for the relief of Western 
farmers suffering from crop failure. 

Jan. * III. The Legislature indorses the 
Free Silver Coinage Bill. 

Jan. * La. Judge Buckner of the Baton 
Rouge District Court refuses to grant 
a writ of mandamus compelling the 
Secretary of State to promulgate the 
lottery amendment which was passed 
by the last Legislature, and which Gov. 
Nicholls refuses to sign. 

Peb. 1. Mont. Speaker Witter (Rep.) 
of the Lower House dies, leaving the 
House a tie politically. 

Feb. 2. D. C. Congress: In the Senate 
the Hawaiian Treaty, the Fortifica- 
tions Bill, and the defenseless condition 
of the country, are discussed. 

The IT. S. Supreme Court holds that 
it has jurisdiction by way of prohibition 
to review the proceedings of the Alaska 
Court in the i 



of the forfeiture of 



Feb. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
adopts some amendments to the Forti- 
fications Bill, and passes the House Bill 
extending the time to 30 days for which 
the President may designate a temporary 
succession to the Cabinet, 

Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Fortification 
Appropriation Bill, after four discus- 
sions. [Feb. 17. Conference report 
agreed to. Feb. 26. Approved by the 
President.] 

It amends and passes the Military 
Academy Appropriation BUI. [Feb. 
28. Conference report agreed to. Mar. 
2. Approved by the President.] It be- 
gins the debate on the Nicaragua Canal 
Bill. [Nine discussions follow.] 

The House passes the Diplomatic 
and Consular Appropriation Bill in- 
troduced Jan. 13. 

The presidents of the State organiza- 
tions of the National Farmers' Al- 
liance meet in Washington. 

The Committee on Silver Legislation 
submits a report urging upon Congress 
the demand for the free coinage of silver 
upon the same terms and conditions that 
gold is now coined. 

President Harrison asks the Senate to 
take action relative to the suppression 
of the African slave-trade and liquor- 
traffic. 

Conn. The Senate refuses to recog- 
nize the report of the House Commit- 
tee on Canvass of Votes. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the bill 

providing for the submission of the 
Prohibition Amendment to the voters 
of the State on April 14. 

Feb. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Pension Ap- 
propriation Bill. [Mar. 3. A confer- 
ence report is agreed to. Mar. 3. 
Approved.] The bill appropriates for 
pensions $133,173,0S5. 

The President issues a proclamation 
declaring that a satisfactory treaty has 
been made with Brazil under the terms 
of the reciprocity amendment to the 
Tariff Bill. (Effective April 1, 1891.) 

Ind. The Senate passes a sweeping 

measure against trusts. 

Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
recommits the Eight-hour Labor Bill. 
Vote, 27-24. The House passes the 
World's Fair clause of the Sundry Civil 
Appropriation Bill ; the minority report 
of the Baum Investigating Committee 
offers a substitute for the majority reso- 
lution offered Feb. 6, condemning the 
course of the Commissioner of Pen- 
sions. 

S. Dak. The Senate by one majority 

decides to substitute life imprisonment 
for the death penalty. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Sundry Civil Appropria- 
tion Bill, after five discussions ; bill 
introduced Feb. 3. 

Feb. 10. D.C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Army Appro- 
priation Bill. [Feb. 16. The House 
concurs. Feb. 26. Approved by the 



President.] It also discusses Com- 
mander Reiter's case in connection 
with the Barrundia affair. 

Jose' Martin Barrundia, a Guatemalan 
insurrectionist, a passenger on an Amer- 
ican vessel touching at San Jose\ is 
killed by Guatemalan officials, Aug. 27+ , 
1S90, while attempting his arrest. Com- 
mander Reiter of the lianyer refused 
to interfere for his protection. 

The President approves the Act pro- 
hibiting the sale of tobacco to minors 
under 16 years of age in the District of 
Columbia. 

N. Y. In the State Senate a bill is 

introduced to authorize the construction 
of two bridges across the East River. 

Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Naval Appro- 
priation Bill. [Feb. 21. A conference 
report is agreed to and the bill approved 
by the President.] 

N. Y. The Silver Pool Investigat- 
ing Committee continues to take testi- 
mony. 

The New York Chamber of Commerce 
delegation opposes the Free Coinage 
Bill before the House Committee on 
Coinage. 

N. Y. The Assembly passes the Acker 

State Care of the Insane Bill appropriat- 
ing $454,000, and another for a State 
printing-bureau. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S91 Jan. 18. N. Y. Buffalo loses 
$225,000 by fire. [Mar. 10. A like loss.] 

O. At Findlay a hotel is wrecked and 

several persons are killed by an explo- 
sion of natural gas. 

Jan. 19. Mo. The American National 
Bank of Kansas Citv suspends, with lia- 
bilities estimated at $2,250,000. 

Jan. 22. Cat. The Funeral Services 
of King Kalakaua of the Sandwich 
Islands are held in San Francisco. 

Jan. 23. N. Y. The Buffalo Clothing 
Exchange is burned ; the falling walls 
kill two firemen ; loss, $350,000. 

Jan. 27. Pa. An explosion of fire- 
damp in a shaft at the coke works near 
Mt. Pleasant kills 100 miners. 

Jan. 29. Cal. The canneries organ- 
ize with a capital of $5,000,000. 

Feb. 2. Conn. George M. Bradley, the 
first patient in the United States treated 
with Koch's remedy for tuberculosis, 
dies at New Haven. 

Feb. 3. N.Y. The Hecla Iron "Works, 
Brooklyn, take fire ; loss, $400,000. 

Feb. 6. III. The Pullman Car "Works 
are burned; loss, $200,000. 

N. Y. E. D. Church and Com- 
pany's soda works in Brooklyn are 
burned; loss, $200,000; 500 persons are 
thrown out of employment. 

Pa. A $4,000,000 contract to fur- 
nish armor for the Nary is awarded to 
Carnegie, Phipps, and Company of Pitts- 
burg. 

The nut and bolt works of J. H. 
Sternbergb at Heading are burned ; loss, 
$350,000. 

Feb. 8. Cal. The San Miguel Consoli- 
dating Mining Company is incorporated 
with a capital of $15,000,000. 

Feb. 9. New York. Table glassware 
manufacturers form a trust with a capi- 
tal of $1,000,000. 



378 1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Feb. 12. D. C. Col. Forsyth is 
exonerated from charges against him 
relative to the fight at Wounded Knee, 
in which women and children were 
killed. 

Mar. 2. U. S. Congress appropriates 
§25,000 for the equipment of the Naval 
Heserve. 

Mar. 6. D. C. The cruisers Philadel- 
phia and San Francisco are formally 
accepted by the Secretary of the Navy. 

Mar. 7. D. C. Secretary Proctor decides 
to enlist 2,000 Indians as soldiers. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S91 Feb. 14. New York. The George 
I. Seney collection of pictures (106) is 
sold at public auction, and realizes 
§300,700. 

The American Academy of Po- 
litical and Social Science is incorpo- 
rated. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 
Feb. IS. Porter. David D.. adm. U.S. N., 

A78. 
Stuart, Alexander II. II., M. C. for Va., 

secretary of the interior, A84. 
Feb. 14. Sherman, William T.. gen. U.S. 

A., A71. 
Feb. 18. Siblev, Henry H., maj.-gen., first 

Gov. of Minn., A80. 
Feb. 19. "Winchell, Alexander, geologist, 

Universiiv of Michigan, A67. 
Feb. 24. Wilson, Ephr;iim K., senator for 

Md., A70. 
Feb. 28. Hearst, George, sen. forCal., A7I. 
Mar. 3. Furnian, James C., Bapt. clergy- 
man, president of Furnian University, AS2. 
Mar. 6. Hill, Joshua, senator for Ga., A79. 

LETTERS. 

1891 Feb. 14. Boston. The New Na~ 
tio?i, by Edward Bellamy, appears as a 
weekly. 

Feb. 17. Prof. A. Graham Bell gives 
§25,000 to the Association for Teach- 
ing Deaf -Mutes. 

Feb. 19. Chicago. H. W. Rogers is in- 
stalled as president of the Northwest- 
ern University. 

Mass. The will of Mary A. Nevins 

bequeaths $20,000 to the Nevins Memo- 
rial Library of Methuen. 

Feb. 28. New York. The Friends hold 
an educational conference. 

Mar. 3. B. C. Congress passes an inter- 
national copyright law. [See July 1.] 

Mar. 7. Mass. Harvard receives $100- 
000 by the will of Edwin Conant of 
Worcester. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 Feb. 11. New York. The Ameri- 
can Newspaper Publishers' Associa- 
tion meets in annual session. 

Chicago. George J. Gibson, secretary 

of the Whisky Trust, is charged with 
bribing a gauger to blow up Shufeldt's 
anti-trust distillery ; he is arrested and 
held in $20,000 bail. [Apr. 20. The Fed- 
eral grand jury at Chicago finds a true 
bill against him.] 

Feb. 12. N. J. People in sympathy with 
the striking spinners at the Clark 
T-vead Works at Kearney join in a 



riot, and several thousand dollars of 
damage to property is the result. 
Feb. 13. Chicago. Italians stop work 
on the World's Fair site through fear of 
the mobs of unemployed workmen. 

Feb. 14. ftul. Charles hitter, teller of 
the First National Bank of Kvansville, 
is a defaulter in the sum of $25,000. 

Feb. 16. J). C. Senator Matt. Quay 
of Pennsylvania denies all the charges 
that have been made against him reflect- 
ing upon his public life. 

Neb. S. B. Cowles, bank president of 

Clarke, is arrested on the charge of mur- 
dering his wife. 

Feb. 17. New York. Hebrew private 
schools in tenement houses are closed 
by the Board of Health, owing to their 
filthy condition. 

7?. /. The National Electric Light 

Association is in session at Providence. 

Feb. 18. Fla. Two outlaws. Mike 
Kelly and Jim Champion, are taken from 
jail at Gainesville, and lynched for 
murder and robbery. 

New York. The People's Municipal 

League effects a permanent organiza- 
tion. 

Feb. 19. New York. The remains of 
Gen. W. T. Sherman are escorted by an 
imposing parade of soldiers, Grand 
Army men, and others to the Pennsyl- 
vania Railroad station, en route to St. 
Louis. 

Feb. 22.-Mar. 1. D. C. The "Women's 
National Triennial Council is in ses- 
sion. 

It opens with religious services, and 
considers the subject of temperance ; 
it eulogizes Mrs. Windoin for not serv- 
ing wine in social life, and discusses 
woman's suffrage. 

Ga. A mob lynches two negroes 

near Brunswick. 

Feb. 23. Tex. John A. "Williams, a 
notorious train-robber, is sentenced at 
Linden to imprisonment for 99 years. 

Feb. 25. Fla. A "bulldozer" is 
fined $1,000 and costs in a Federal court. 

New York. The opposition to the 

Fayerweather will is withdrawn. 

The residuary legatees agree to give 
the immense sum in their hands to nu- 
merous colleges and charitable institu- 
tions ; the will, minus the codicils, is 
admitted to probate. 

Feb. 28. Boston. A strike at Dobson's 
plush mill is satisfactorily ended, and 
the men return to work. 

N. Y. The Senate Committee is again 

investigating the Sugar Trust — this 
time having several of the prominent 
Trust officers before it ; some of its 
books are missing. 

Feb. * Nero York. A strike of the em- 
ployees of the Troy Laundry Company 
end's in victory for the strikers. 

Mar. 1. Mb. Eight negroes are injured 
in a race-fight in St. Louis. 

Md. Cardinal Gibbons, in the cathe- 
dral at Baltimore, preaches against 
women taking part in politics. 

Mar. 2. Del. Ex-State Treasurer Her- 
bert is a defaulter to the State to the 
amount of 830,000. 

Mar. 5. New York. A riot of striking 
cloakmakers in Broadway is speedily 
quelled by the police. 



The Union Prisoners of "War Na- 
tional Memorial Association holds an 

The coroner's jury in the ease of the 
tunnel disaster holds the New York 
and New Haven Railroad officials re- 
sponsible forth.- death '.i the victims. 
[Mar. u. Messrs. Depew, Clark, and 
Park, as officials of the road, give bonds 
in $25,000 each. Mar. 31. The grand 
jury indicts the directors for misde- 
meanor in violating New York laws 
against heating ears l.v stoves. May 6. 
They are acquitted. (See Feb. 20, Mis- 
cellaneous.) 

Fla. Twenty-six illicit stills are 

destroyed, several lots of illicit rum 

seized, and 30 men arrested in a ten 
days' raid in West Florida. 

Pa. Burglars rob the Freeport 

bank of valuable bonds, money, and 
stamps ; total loss estimated at $59,000. 

Mar. 7. Miss. Colored lawyers at 
Greenville organize a State Bar Asso- 
ciation. 

Mar. 8. N. J. Delaware, Lackawanna, 
and "Western trainmen are discharged 
for signing petitions of saloon-keep- 
ers for licenses. 

Mar. 9. X. Y. A mob of Poles raids 
an employing cloakmakers establish- 
ment in Jamaica ; they destroy his sew- 
ing-machines and furniture, and scatter 
vitriol on his goods and child. 



STATE. 

1891 Feb. 11. S.Dak. The high-license 
men in the House carry the motion to 
resubmit the Prohibition question. 
Vote, 32-29. 

Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the District of Co- 
lumbia Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 2. 
Conference report agreed to and ap- 
proved by the President.] In the House 
the appropriation for the clerical force of 
the Civil Service Commission is struck 
out of the Legislative Appropriation 
Bill on a point of order. 

A'. Y. The Assembly defeats the 

"Stadler Special License Bill." Vote, 
63-00. 

Feb. 13. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
adopts the Sherman amendment to the 
Copyright Bill (vote, 25-24), and lays 
the bill aside. The House passes the 
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial 
Appropriation Bill, after five discus- 
sions. Introduced Jan. 10. 

President Harrison approves the Act 
for the tunnel between Staten Island 
and Long Island, N. Y. 

Ala. The Senate passes the House 

Bill to so redistriet the State into nine 
Congressional districts so as to give a 
solid white Democratic delegation to 
Congress by making two Congressional 
districts each 200 miles long and one 
county wide. 

N. Y. A bill is introduced in the 

State Assembly prohibiting the use of 
machinery in the State prisons. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
adopts an amendment to the Diplo- 
matic and Consular Appropriation 
Bill, pledging the support and assist- 
ance of the United States to any cor- 
poration that is willing to undertake 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Feb. 11-Mar. 9. 379 



the construction of a telegraphic cable 
from the Pacific Coast to Hawaii ; also 
another amendment providing that 
Mexico shall rank as a first-class 
diplomatic mission. 

The House Committee on Coinage 
having reported adversely the Coin 
and Currency Bill, it is indefinitely 
postponed. 

New York: The IT. S. Senate Com- 
mittee begins its investigation of the 
Sugar Trust. 

Feb. 17. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Diplomatic and 
Consular Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 
3. A conference report is agreed to ; 
Mar. 2. Approved.] 

Feb. 18. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Copyright BiU, with the Sher- 
man and Frye amendments, is passed 
after 15 discussions. Vote, 36-14. [Mar. 
3. Conference report agreed to and bill 
approved.] The bill for a new Custom 
House in Bowling Green, New York 
City, is passed ; the House passes the 
Indian Appropriation Bill introduced 
Jan. 27. 

Feb. 19. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the bill for the adju- 
dication of claims arising from Indian 
depredations. [Mar. 2. Conference re- 
port agreed to and bill approved.] John 
J. Ingalls of Kan. formally resigns 
the office of President pro tempore of 
the Senate, which he has held for nearly 
four years ; for the first time in the his- 
tory of the House that body holds two 
distinct legislative sessions during 
the same calendar day. 

Kan. The House reconsiders the vote 

by which the bill authorizing women 
to vote was defeated, and passes the bill. 

Mass. The Senate passes the Con- 
stitutional amendments providing for 
biennial instead of annual elections. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the Nicaragua Canal Bill ; 
the House Coinage Committee decides 
(vote, 8-4) to report the Senate Free 
Coinage Bill adversely, with a.recom- 
mendation that it be not passed. 

JV. Y. Ex-President Cleveland denies 

the report of his alleged withdrawal 
from the presidential campaign. 

Feb. 21. Cal. The State Senate passes 
the House bill appropriating $300,000 
for its exhibit at the World's Fair. 

Feb. 23. £>. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Post-office Appropriation 
BUI after live discussions. Introduced 
Feb. 6. 

Ark. The House puts all the elec- 
tion machinery in the hands of the 
governor, the people not having any- 
thing to do with either judges or clerks 
of election. 

Feb. 24. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
confirms by a unanimous vote the nomi- 
nation of Charles Foster of O. to be 
Secretary of the Treasury, and passes 
the bill to establish a U. S. Land 
Court. [Feb. 28. Conference report 
agreed to. Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The 
House passes the Direct Tax Bill. 
(See Mar. 2.) Vote, 172-101. 



Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Agricultural Appropria- 
tion BUI introduced Feb. 9. It lays on 
the table the Flower resolution for the 
reenumeration of New York City, 
the report of the census officers being 
approved as correct. 

Feb. 26. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Sundry Civil 
Appropriation BiU. [Mar. 2. The 
House concurs ; approved.] 

The House passes the General De- 
ficiency Bill introduced Feb. 17. 

It amends and passes the Post-office 
Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 3. Con- 
ference report agreed to. Mar. 2. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 



Kan. The bill providing for the re- 
submission of the Prohibitory Amend- 
ment to a vote of the people is defeated 
in the Lower House. 

Feb. 27. D.C. Congress : The Senate 
passes theLegislative, Executive, and 
Judicial Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 
3. Conference report agreed to ; bill ap- 
proved.] It passes over the Direct Tax 
Bill. [Mar. 3. Approved by the Presi- 
dent.] 

The House amends and passes the 
Shipping BUI or the Postal-Aid Bill 
aiming to place the American merchant 
marine engaged in the foreign trade on 
an equality with that of other nations 
competing for the same service. Vote, 
139-120. [Mar. 2. The Senate concurs 
in the House amendment. Mar. 3. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 

Feb. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Indian Appropriation BiU 
with the House amendment. [Mar. 2. 
Conference report agreed to and bill 
approved.] 

It passes over the Eight-Hour Law 
Bill after nine discussions. 

Feb. 29. D. C. Congress: The Sen- 
ate adopts the Uthographers' amend- 
ment to the Copyright Bill ; the House 
passes the Sundry Civil BiU. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
adopts the House Postal BUI, includes 
an appropriation of $1,250,000 in the 
Post-office BiU for the foreign mail 
service, and amends and passes the 
Agricultural Appropriation Bill. 
[Mar. 2. Conference report agreed to 
and bill approved.] Senator Mander- 
son is elected President pro tempore. 
The Senate passes the General De- 
ficiency Appropriation BiU. [Mar. 2. 
Approved by the President.] 

The House indefinitely postpones the 
bill to provide against the contraction 
of the currency. 

The President approves the bill for 
the repayment of $15,227,632 collected 
as a direct tax from the States, under 
the Act of Aug. 15, 1861, levying $20,000,- 
000 for the maintenance of the war. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate 
the International Copyright Bill is 
passed without the Sherman amend- 
ment; the General Deficiency BiU 



is passed with several amendments. 
[Mar 3. Conference report agreed to. 
Mar. 2. Bill approved.] The Brussels 
Treaty is rejected in executive session ; 
the House passes the International 
Copyright BiU. 

Congress passes the French Spolia- 
tion Claims BiU, appropriating $1,304,- 
095 to pay the findings of the Court 
of Claims for indemnity for spoliations 
by the French prior to July 31, 1801. 
(Senate vote, 41-14 ; House vote, 99-80.) 

After an all-night session the usual 
resolution of thanks to Speaker Reed 
is passed amid great confusion and by 
a strict party vote (152-116). 

The President approves the Shipping 
BiU, providing for the safe transport 
and humane treatment of export cattle, 
and for the inspection of export live 
stock and carcasses. 

The 51st Congress, the " Billion 
Dollar Congress ; " the second session 
ends. 

Gen. Barrundia's widow makes a claim 
of $1,000,000 upon the United States for 
the loss of her husband's life. 

Mar. 4. *N. Y. The State Assembly 
passes an amendment transferring 
contested election cases from the 
Legislature to the Courts. [Mar. 6. It 
passes the Senate by a unanimous vote.] 

Mar. 9. D. C. Sugar Refineries Com- 
pany officials refuse to show the books 
of constituent concerns to the Senate 
Investigating Committee. 

Va. The Legislature passes a gerry- 
mandering reapportionment bill, which 
is expected to give a Democratic major- 
ity of about fifteen on joint ballot. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 Feb. 20. New York. A New 
Haven train crashes into a Harlem local 
in the Park Avenue tunnel ; six per- 
sons are killed and several injured. 

Feb. 21. Mo. The remains of Gen. 
"WiUiam T. Sherman arrive in St. 
Louis, and are escorted to their resting- 
place in Calvary Cemetery by a parade 
of soldiers, Grand Army men, and 
others. 

Feb. 22. Cal. The Elizabeth is wrecked 
at the entrance of San Francisco har- 
bor ; the captain and 17 saUors are 
drowned. 

Feb. 24. Pa. Four miners are res- 
cued after being entombed 20 days at 
Jeanesville. 

Feb. 28. N. Y. Traffic is resumed on 
the Central Railroad notwithstanding 
the strike. 

Mar. 1. New York. The ashes of Her- 
mann Meyer, a Staten Island saloon- 
keeper, are, in accordance with his dying 
request, scattered to the winds from the 
Statue of Liberty after the cremation of 
his body. 

Mar. 3. Mass. A gingham miU is 
burned at Adams,' loss, §700,000. 

Mar. 7. Tex. Archer City court- 
house is burned ; nearly all the county 
records are destroyed. 



380 1891, Mar. 9-Apr. 13. 



AMERICA 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1891 Mar. 15. Mass. The torpedo- 
boat Triana is "wrecked off Cuttyhuuk, 
while taking provisions to the crews of 
the stranded Government vessels Galena 
and Nifta. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Mar. 12. New York. Several 
men of means subscribe $15,000 to pur- 
chase 99 Japanese swords for the 
Metropolitan Museum of Art. 

Mar. 21, ///. Natural gas is discovered 
while boring for water at Monticello. 

Apr. 3. Conn. New Haven women pre- 
sent the Greek tragedy Antigone with 
great 



BIRTHS - DEATHS. 

1891. 

Mar. 9. Paddock, Benjamin H., Prot. Epis. 
bishop of Mass., At>3. 

Mar. 10. Swift, John F., U. S. minister to 
Japan, A62. 

Mar. 16. lirady, John R., justice N. Y. 
Supreme Court, A69. 

Mar. 18. Herndon, William H., law part- 
ner, biographer <.»f Lincoln, A7tf. 

Mar. 19. Young, Alexander, " Taverner," 
author, journalist, A53. 

Mar. 20. Barrett, Lawrence, tragedian, 
A53. 

Uphani, Frederick W., Meth. Epis. cler- 
gyman, A92. 

Mar. 21. Johnston. Joseph. E.. Confed- 
erate gen., A84. 

Mar. 32. Wells, Elija R., brev. maj. U. S. 
A., A 58. 

Mar. 23. Robinson, Lucius, lawyer, Got. 
of N. Y., A81. 

Mar. 26. Day, lLuimUal, bnu'.-gen., A87. 

Mar. 27. Mi; I^nery, John, Gov. of La., A58. 

Mar. 29. Crosby, Howard. Pres. clergy- 
man, philanthropist, AK5. 

Apr. 1. Hatfield, Robert M., Meth. Epis. 
clergyman, author, A73. 

Spear, Samuel T., Pres. clergyman, 

author, A79. 

Apr. 2. Pike, Albert:, poet, journalist, Con- 
federate bnu'.-uen., grand coin, of Scottish 
Rite of Masonry in V. S., A82. 

Apr. 7. Fowle, Daniel G., Gov. of N. C, 
A61. 

Bamum, Phineas T.. veteran show- 
man, A81. 

Prime, Edward D. G-, Pres. clergyman, 

editor Neir York Observer, All. 

Apr. 12. Tourjee, Ebcn, musical composer, 
founder N. E. Conservatory of Music, A.")7. 

Waterman, Robert \V\, Gov. Cal., A65. 

Apr. 13. Gilmour, Richard, Roman Catho- 
lic bishop of Cleveland, O., A67. 



CHURCH. 

IS91 Mar. 27. Mo. Archbishop Ken- 
rick washes, wipes, and kisses the feet of 
12 boys in St. John's Catholic Church, 
St. Louis. 
Mar. 29. Pa. According to custom, at 
5 A.M. 2,000 persons gather and hold 
Easter service in the Moravian grave- 
yard at Bethlehem. 
■Apr. 6. O. The 39th annual Confer- 
ence of the Reorganized Church of 
the Latter-day Saints begins at Kirt- 
land. 

LETTERS. 
1891 Mar. 11. NewYork. The friends 
of university and school extension 
hold a mass-meeting, with addresses by 
well-known educators. [Apr. 16. The 
Legislature appropriates §10,000,000 in 
support of the plan of University Ex- 
tension.] 



Mar. 12. Mass. A copy of the recently 
discovered treatise on the Consti- 
tution of Athens, by Aristotle, is 
received by Harvard. [Mar. 13. Colum- 
bia and Cornell also receive copies.] 

Mar. 23. Cal, David S. Jordan accepts 
the presidency of the Leland Stanford, 
Jr., University. 

Mar. 30. New York. The American 
Society of Authors is organized at 
the Fifth Avenue Hotel. 



1891 Mar. 10. Miss. David H. Poston, 

a prominent lawyer of Memphis, is shot 
by H. Clay King. [July 3. King is 
found guilty of murder in the first de- 
gree. Sept. 17. He is sentenced to be 
hanged on Nov. G.j 

Mar. 11. New York. James A. Simmons 
is found guilty of embezzling $622,000 
of the funds oi the Sixth National Bank. 
[June 26. He is sentenced to six years 
imprisonment.] 

Mar. 13. Wash. Cattle-thieves in 
Douglas and Lincoln Counties run off 
12,000 head of cattle and several hun- 
dred horses. 

Mar. 14. Union Pacific telegraph opera- 
tors are required to either abandon 
labor organizations or leave their 
positions. 

La. The jury bring in a verdict of 

not guilty at New Orleans in the case 
of six of the alleged murderers of Chief 
of Police Hennessy, and disagree as 
to the others ; a desperate mob breaks 
into the jail, and shoots and hangs n 
of the imprisoned Sicilians. [Mar. 31. 
The remaining prisoners are released 
on bail. Apr. 7. The grand jury ac- 
tively enter's upon an investigation of 
the massacre. Apr. 17. Two arrests are 
made for the alleged bribery of jurors 
in this case.] (See May 5. J 

Neiu York. The Sugar Trust is again 

under investigation. 

Mar. 15. NewYork. The Parnell dele- 
gates arrive from Ireland and are re- 
ceived by a friendly delegation. [Mar. 
19. They are given a warm welcome at 
a meeting in Cooper Union.] 

Mar. 16. NewYork. The Grant Mon- 
ument Fund now amounts to $145,- 
97S.95. 

Mar. 18. New York. Gen. Peter J. 
Claassen, ex-president of the Sixth Na- 
tional Bank, is sentenced to six years in 
the penitentiary for embezzlement. 

The New York City "Woman Suffrage 
League gives a reception to Mrs. Clara 
B. Colley, editor of the Woman's Tri- 
bune, at the Park Avenue Hotel, about 
500 persons being present. 

Mar. 20. New York. Italians hold a 
meeting at Cooper Union to protest 
against the New Orleans lynching. (See 
Mar. 14.) 

Mar. 21. Ga. Robert Willink is killed 
by a knock-down blow in an amateur 
prize-fight before the athletic club at 
Savannah. 

Ja. Three children die in Springville 

because of the neglect of their parents 
to provide medical attendance. 

W. Va.—Ky. It is announced that 

the long-standing Hatfield- McCoy 
vendetta is romantically ended by an 
engagement of marriage. 



Mar. 24. New York. The Sherman 
Statue Fund la now reported complete ; 
total amount collected, S44.7SG. 

Mar. 26. N. Y. A woman is robbed 
in Brooklyn of ? 1,300 by highwaymen. 

Mar. 27. 0. Men and women in a tem- 
perance crusade wreck a saloon, and 
destroy liquors, cigars, and billiard 
tables, at Bloomville. 

Mar. 29. Ala. Two negroes are 

lynched for alleged complicity in burn- 
ing tho town of Kussellville. 
Mar. 30. Ala. The National Real Es- 
tate Congress convenes in Birmingham. 

Pa. Riotous mobs, numbering be- 
tween 2,000 and 3,000 men and women, 
terrorize the Connellsville coke regions. 
They drive away the non-union work- 
ers, tear up railroad tracks, and destroy 
much property ; at Leith's works, near 
Uniontown, women disarm and beat the 
Superintendent, and drive away the 
workmen. 

[Apr. 2. Striking coke-workers attack 
the Moreland works, and are tired upon 
by deputy-marshals; 11 are killed and 
over 40 wounded. Apr. 3. The presence 
of the militia causes quiet. Apr. 7. 
Coke-workers are resuming work.] (See 
Apr. 21.) 

Apr. 1. Me. The Legislature passes a 
rigid temperance law. ^See May 4.i 

Mass. — N. LT. This day is observed 

as a fast-day by the proclamation of 
the governors in observance of a custom 
which has been continued for many 
years. 

Apr. 3. La. DetectiveD.C.O.O'Malley, 
accused of jury bribery, surrenders to 
the authorities at New Orleans. [Apr. 
9. He is arraigned for perjury, con- 
spiracy, and attempted bribery of jurors 
in the Hennessy case.] (See May 5.) 

Apr. 4. N. J. "Warrants are issued for 
the arrest of the mayor and other offi- 
cials of Hoboken, for allowing viola- 
tions of the Sunday liquor law. [Apr. 5. 
The Sunday law is enforced, and the 
theaters are closed.] 

Kan. At Osage City, George Hoover. 

editor of the Times, is mortally shot 
by James McNales. 

Apr. 6. NewYork. The Christian League 
for the Promotion of Social Purity 
holds its first annual meeting. 

Apr. 10. D. C. Inventors and makers 
of patented articles organize a Na- 
tional Association in "Washington. 

O. "W. Dales, murderer of a police- 
man on March 31, is lynched at Ken- 
ton. 

Apr. 12. N. Y. A free kindergarten 
movement is organized at Buffalo. 

Apr. 13. N. J. Father M'Nulty of Pat- 
terson is beaten by a law-breaking 
saloon-keeper. 

New York. The American Copy- 
right League at its Sth annual dinner 
celebrates the enactment of the Copy- 
right Law in Congress. 

Samuel Fisher, a pool-room "man- 
ager," is sentenced by Judge Barrett to 
pay SI, 000 line and be imprisoned for 
three months. 

STATE. 
1S91 Mar. 10. B.C. Secretary Blaine 
receives Lord Salisbury's communica- 
tion relating to the Bering Sea negotia- 
tions, offering a basis upon which to 
settle the difficulty. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Mar, 9 -Apr. 13. 381 



ft. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.) is re- 
nominated for governor. 

Mar. 11. JV. Y. The State Senate passes 
the Acker State Care of the Insane 
Bill, appropriating $450,000 for that 
purpose ; the Assembly pusses the An- 
ti-Pinkerton Bill, and the measure 
providing for a garden over the Forty- 
second Street reservoir in New York 
City. 

Mar. 12. ft. I. The Democratic State 
Convention renominates the present 
State officers. 

Cal. The Assembly passes the Anti- 
Chinese Bill. 

Mar. 13. N. Y. New York makes the 
first application for repayment of the 
direct tax under the act of the last 
Congress ; the sum called for is $2,225,- 
000. 

Pa. The Interstate Commerce 

Commission decides against the present 
coal rates of the Lehigh Valley Railroad 
and requires a reduction. 

Mar. 14. III. The Republican Conven- 
tion at Chicago nominates Hempstead 
Washburne for mayor. 

Mar. 15. I). C. Secretary Blaine sends a 
telegram to Gov. Nicholls of La. express- 
ing the President's regrets for the law- 
less violence of the Anti-Mafia mob, 
and demanding protection for Italian 
subjects in New Orleans, and the pun- 
ishment of the offenders. 

Mar. 16. N. Y. The State Assembly 
passes the bill incorporating a company 
to construct a tunnel between New 
York and Brooklyn; also the bill ex- 
empting bank cashiers and tellers from 
jury duty. 

Mar. 17. D. C. The Secretary of the 
Treasury refuses to permit the Assay 
office to furnish SI, 000,000 in gold bars 
for shipment to Europe. 

Conn. The House passes the Judson 

Bill for taking the controversy respect- 
ing the State offices to the Supreme 
Court. 

N. Y. The Assembly defeats the 

Stadler " Dance Hall " and the Hildreth 
Liquor Bills for open sale on part of 
Sunday. 

Mar. 18. Z>. C Mr. Cannon, Chairman 
of the House Committee on Appropria- 
tions of the 51st Congress, makes a state- 
ment of the appropriations of that 
Congress ; the total is $988,410,120. 

Mar. 19. X. H. Anti-license men refuse 
to vote in the House, which adjourns for 
want of a quorum. 

Mar. 21. Chicago. Carter Harrison's 
friends bolt the Democratic city con- 
vention, and nominate him for mayor; 
the regular convention renominates 
Mayor Cragier. 

Mar. 23. X. Y. The State Assembly by 
a party vote (62-48) refuses to submit* the 
Prohibition Amendment to the vote of 
the people in April ; it substitutes No- 
vember. 

Mar. 24. Mo. The State receives its 
share of the direct tax from the Fed- 
eral government. 

La. Gov. Nicholls replies to a des- 
patch from Mr. Blaine of Mar. 15 con- 
cerning the New Orleans lynching 
affair. 

Mar. 25. X. J. The Legislature passes 
a bill at the instance of liquor dealers, 



giving absolute power to County Boards 
of Excise to grant or revoke licenses at 
their pleasure, the Boards to be ap- 
pointed, by the governor. 

X. Y. In the State Senate the Vedder 

Bill taxing direct heirs of personal prop- 
erty valued at over $10,000 is passed. 

Mar. 26. X. H. The House rejects the 
Local-Option Bill. Vote, 166-148. 

Mar. 27- Me. The House passes a bill 
requiring that every voter shall be 
able to read and to write his own 
name. 

Mar. 30. Wyo. The "Wyoming forest 
reservation is set apart by proclama- 
tion of the President. [Another procla- 
mation follows Sept. 10.] 

Mar. 31. D. C. Baron de Fava, Italian 
Minister at Washington, is peremp- 
torily recalled by his government on 
account of dissatisfaction growing out 
of the negotiations concerning the kill- 
ing of alleged Italian subjects in New 
Orleans ; the correspondence between 
Baron de Fava and Secretary Blaine is 
made public. 

Del. The State Senate passes a Free 

School Bill which places white and col- 
ored schools on an equal plane. 

- Ale. The Legislature passes the Gen- 
eral Temperance Bill, which is charac- 
terized by its friends as one of the most 
important prohibition measures ever 
adopted in the State. 

U. S. The new Free Sugar La-w- 
and the new Immigration Law go into 
effect. m 

Apr. 1. ft. I. The election returns 
are announced. 

Davis, Dera., 22,249; Ladd, Rep., 20,- 
995 ; Larry, Prohib., 1,829 ; Burton, Nat., 
384. Davis lacks 960 votes of the major- 
ity over all necessary to elect ; conse- 
quently the Legislature will elect a 
governor. 

Apr. 2. D. C. Minister Rudini informs 
the Italian Secretary of Legation at 
Washington that his government de- 
mands only the prompt prosecution 
of the New Orleans lynchers. 

Apr. 6. D. C. Congress: George F. 
Edmunds resigns the office of U. S. 
Senator for Vermont, which he has held 
for 26 years; the resignation will take 
effect Nov. 1. 

Sir Charles Tupper and his colleagues 
of the Canadian Cabinet call upon 
Secretary Blaine for the purpose of 
continuing reciprocity negotiations, but 
leave "Washington on being informed of 
the desire of the President that the Con- 
ference be postponed. 

X. Y. In the State Senate the Bill 

appropriating $200,000 for the Chicago 
World's Fair is unanimously passed. 

Apr. 7. Chicago. Five candidates run 
for the office of mayor. 

The present mayor, De Witt C. Cre- 
gier (Dem.), Carter H. Harrison (Per- 
sonal Rights League and brewers), 
Hempstead Washburne (Rep.), Elmer 
Washburn (Citizens and Prohibition- 
ists), and Thomas Morgan (Socialist) ; 
Hempstead Washburne is elected. 

Apr. 8. B.C. President Harrison issues 
the Bering Sea proclamation, in com- 
pliance with the statute. 



Apr. 10. D. C. A despatch from Rome 
says that, in case the United States 
Government fails to answer by the fol- 
lowing day Minister Rudini's note relat- 
ing to the killing of Italians in New 
Orleans, the American Minister will be 
ordered to leave Italy. 

Apr. 11. Ky. The Constitutional 
Convention completes its work and 
adjourns. 

Apr. 13. X. Y. In the State Assembly 
Speaker Sheehan refuses to permit the 
reading of the minority report on the 
Schaff Excise Bill, permitting the sale 
of liquor on a part of Sunday. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S91 Mar. 13±. Colo. The city of 
Denver is without a mayor ; the acting 
mayor, after holding the office for nearly 
a year, being declared illegally elected. 

Mar. 14. N. Y. Two fires destroy 
$600,000 worth of business property in 
Syracuse. 

Tenn. The Central Insane Asy- 
lum, near Nashville, is burned ; six lives 
are lost. 

Sp. The Anchor line vessel Utopia is 

sunk off Gibraltar by collision with the 
Anson; 57*1 persons perish. 

New York. A fire destroys property 

worth $1,650,000. 

Mar. 18. X. J. The Cordage "Works 
at Elizabeth are burned; loss $601) ,000; 
600 hands are thrown out of employ- 
ment. 

Mar. 21. New York. Hughes wins with 
a score of 55S miles the six days go-as- 
you-please walking match. 

A sperm whale is discovered and 
killed near East Hampton, Long Island. 

Tex. A soap manufacturing com- 
pany is organized at Houston, with a 
capital of sir>,000,000 ; it proposes to es- 
tablish plants in the principal cities in 
the cotton-belt of tbe South. 

The grip epidemic is prevalent in 
Pittsburg and Allegheny, Pa., in Mil- 
waukee, Wis., and Chicago, 111. 

Mar. 25. X. C. The Earn line steam- 
ship Strathairly is wrecked on the coast ; 
19 of the crew of 26 are lost. 

Mar. 28. Chicago. It is announced that 

the death-rate has been more than 

doubled by the prevalence of the grip. 

A sash and door combination is 

effected. 

Mar. 31. New York. Mayor Grant issues 
orders for the removal of telegraph 
poles and wires from the streets. 

Apr. 2±. A combination between 
Spreckels and the Havemeyers is 
completed ; it is to he known as the 
West Coast Sugar Refining Company, 
the arrangement being that while one 
side is working the other side ceases. 

Apr. 4. Ark. The State Legislature re- 
fuses to appropriate money for the 
World's Fair. 

Apr. 11. Chicago. James W. Scott is 
chosen to succeed Lyman J. Gage as 
president of the Board of Directors of 
the World's Fair. 

Apr. 12. Chicago. A fire causes a loss 
of nearly $1,000,000. 

Apr. 13. X. J. Elizabeth loses prop- 
erty valued at $750,000 by fire. 



382 1891, Apr. 13 -May 15. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Apr. 19. Md. At Baltimore the 
"Old Sixth" Massachusetts Volun- 
teers are entertained in the city where 
they suffered. (See Array, Apr. 19, 1861.) 

Apr. 20. D. C. James J. Van Horn is 
commissioned colonel — Sth infantry. 
[Also George G. Huntt — 2d cavalry.] 

New York. The 9th Regiment of 

Volunteers entertains the survivors of 
the Confederate 3d Georgia Regiment 
with a reception and dinner. 

May 6. Cal. The Chilean insurgent 
steamer Itata is seized by the authori- 
ties at San Diego, at the instance of the 
Chilean minister. 

May 7. Cal. The Itata, with a deputy 
II. S. marshal in custody of it, sails 
from San Diego harbor and escapes ; 
cannon are hoisted from the hold and 
mounted, while the marshal is sent 
ashore in a boat, eight miles from port. 

May 9. The cruisers Charleston, Balti- 
more, and San Francisco are under 
orders to recapture the fugitive 
steamer Itata. 

May 13. Pa. Troops are -withdrawn 
from the coke region, order being re- 
stored. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1891 Apr. 17. Tex. A fatal tornado 
occurs. 

[May 19. Tornadoes do much damage 
in Texas. Oct. 24. One in Mississippi. 
Nov. 27. One at Red Bud, 111., kills two 
persons and wrecks 35 buildings.] 

Apr. 25. N. Y. Natural gas and oil are 
discovered at Newfane. 

Apr. 27. New York. Ground is broken 
for the Grant monument with imposing 
ceremonies. (See Sept. 5, 1S90.) 

May 2. Alas. The exploring party dis- 
covers a large lake, which proves to he 
a reservoir of Sakkr River ; it is claimed 
to be the source of the Yukon River. 

May 5. New York. The Carnegie Mu- 
sic Hall is opened by singing the dox- 
ology, and an address by Bishop Potter. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Apr. 14. Spinola, Francis B., M. C. for 
N. T., A70. 

Apr. 17. Hamilton, Charles S., maj.-gen. 
vols., A69. 

Apr. 19. Taylor, Alfred, rear-atlm. U. S. 
N., A81. 

Apr. 20. Darling, Henry, president of 
Hamilton College, A 68. 

Pettengill, Samuel It., pioneer advertis- 
ing agent, A68. 

Thacher, James K., professor physiology 

at Yale, A44. 

Apr. 23. Moen, Philip L., manufacturer of 
farm machinery, A67. 

Apr. 29. Long, Arrnistead L., Confeder- 
ate gen., Lee's chief of staff, A64. 

Apr. 30. Conant. Thomas J., Bapt. cler- 
gyman, Biblical scholar, ' "" 

LeConte, Joseph, plr 

University, of Cal., A73. " 

May 4. Pratt, Charles, millionaire, philan- 
thropist, foamier of Pratt Institute, A61. 

May 8. Hilgard, Julius E., physicist, super- 
intendent coast survey, A66. 

CHURCH. 
1891 Apr. 26. N Y. The Rev. Dr. 
Tannage's new tabernacle in Brook- 
lyn is formally opened. (The third 
Tabernacle.) 



Apr. 30. Mass. Rev. Dr. Phillips 
Brooks is chosen Protestant Episcopal 
bishop of Massachusetts. 

May 3. New York: The American Bi- 
ble Society celebrates its 75th anniver- 
sary. 

May 11. New York. The Presbytery 
hears Dr. Briggs's protest against the 
appointment of the committee to exam- 
ine his inaugural address ; hut it de- 
clines to censure a sister presbytery. 
[May 12. It decides, 44 to 40, to put Dr. 
Briggs on trial for heresy.] 

LETTERS. 

1891 Apr. 16. New York. Itev. James 
M'Mahon gives real estate worth $500,- 
000 to the Catholic University at 
Washington, D. C. 

Apr. 19. Md. Col. J. T. Seharfs notable 
collection of curios, historical matters, 
and manuscripts are presented by him 
to Johns Hopkins University. 

Apr. 22. New York. A valuable collec- 
tion of hooks — 11,000 volumes, valued 
at $15,000 — is given to the Museum 
of Natural His tory. 

May 6. New York. The Roman Catho- 
lic Press Association of the United 
States is 



Apr. 21. Boston. Gen. B.F.Butler is 
declared disorderly in the United States 
Court, and is quietly ejected by order of 
Judge Carpenter. 

Apr. 22. Okla. Chief-Justice Green, at 
Guthrie, decides that women are eligi- 
ble to public office ; and, further, that 
a woman may, in the absence of a stat- 
ute, hold any office not incompatible 
with her sex. 

Apr. 23. Mich. Street-car strikers in 
Detroit cause much disorder. 

New York. The Patria Club holds its 

first meeting. 

Apr. 24. New York. The dead body of 



ltil:» 



Of 

i lodging- 



Apr. 25. Chicago. Over 400 marble-cut- 
ters are out on a strike. 

N. Y. Women are organized into the 

Mushing Citizens' League; officers 
are elected. 

Apr. 26. Boston. Mrs. Annie Besant 
addresses the opening session of the Na- 
tional Convention of Theosophists. 

Apr. 27. La. The Supreme Court at 

Xew Orleans sustains the application of 

the Lottery Company for a mandamus, 

despite the veto of Gov. Nicholls. 

It compels the promulgation of the 



SOCIETY. 

1891 Apr. 13. D. C. The President 
and Mrs. Harrison aud party leave 
Washington at midnight for their trans- 
continental trip ; the train bears in 
letters of gold the inscription, "The 
Presidential Special." 

[Apr. 14. He is welcomed and makes 
addresses at several stopping-places in 
Virginia and Tennessee. Apr. 15. He 
is welcomed at Chattanooga, Ga. Apr. 
16. He is received at Birmingham and 
other places along the route from At- 
lanta, Apr. 18. He is welcomed at 
Houston and Galveston, Tex. Apr. 20. 
At San Antonio. Apr. 21. At El Paso, 
Tex. Apr. 22-h Along the road from 
Tucson, Ariz., to Los Angeles, Cal. Apr. 
25. In San Francisco with imposing cer- 
emonies. Apr. 30. At Monterey. May 
6. At Portland, Ore. May 7. At Seat- 
tle, Wash., from whence he returns 
East. May 9. At Salt Lake, Utah. May 
10. At Glen wood Springs, Colo. May 12. 
By an oration at Denver, Colo. May 13. 
At Omaha, Neb. May 15. He returns 
to Washington.] 

Apr. 14. Mo. The Commercial Con- 
gress begins at Kansas City ; a letter 
from President Harrison is read. 

New York. W. Heeney, a Bricklayers' 

Union walking delegate, is arrested and 
held in §1,000 bail. 

Apr. 15. New York. Ex-President N. 
Niles of the Tradesman's National 
Bank is rearrested aud arraigned on a 
charge of embezzlement. 

Apr. 1S±. /. T. Seven negroes are shot 
at Okmulgee, capital of the Creek Na- 
tion, for the murder of two Creek In- 
dians. 

Pa. In the Connellsville coke region 

strikers attack deputy-sheriffs at one of 
the Frick Company's plants ; shots are 
exchanged, and one deputy is seriously 
wounded. [Apr. 21. Pinkerton guards 
arrive and protect property. Apr. 23. 
Violence and bloodshed occur : three 
men are shot. May 4. The sheriff's dep- 
uties shoot a striker. May 19. Serious 
riots occur.] 



the char- 
years 

voted 



proposed amendments to 
ter of the Lottery Company for 2 
at SI, 250,000 a year, the sanJe to h 
on at the election. 

Apr. 28. Chicago. The first official act 
of Mayor Wasliburne is to order all the 
gambling-houses in the city to be closed. 

New York. John T. Hill, deceased, 

late president of the Ninth National 
Bank, has been discovered to he a de- 
faulter to the amount of $400,000. 

Apr. 29. N. Y. Arthur C. Gilman, who 
died in Flushing, Long Island, is found 
to be a defaulter for nearly $223,000. 

O. Three recent attempts have been 

made to blow up Springfield's new City 
Hall, costing 8400,000. 

Wis. A statue and fountain erected 

in Milwaukee, to the memory of Henry 
Bergh, is unveiled in the presence of 
a large assemblage. 

Apr. * A Census Bureau bulletin shows 
24.6 per cent increase of white pop- 
ulation in the South Atlantic States, 
Missouri, and Kansas, and only 13.9 per 
cent increase of the colored race. 

Apr. * V. S. The Superintendent of Im- 
migration reports that the number of 
immigrants from Italy exceeds those 
from every other country. 

Apr. * Del. It is enacted by the Legis- 
lature that all tramps may be arrested 
and sent to work for GO days breaking 
stone for mending roads. 

They are to work eight hours a day, 
and, if refractory, to be put in solitary 
confinement on bread and water. 

May 1. Ind. About 3,000 miners make 
an unsuccessful strike for a wage-scale. 
[They hold out for two months at a 
wage-loss of SS75,000.] 

New York. Kev. C. H. Farkhurst 

is elected tosucceed Rev. Howard Crosby 
as president of the Society for the Sup- 
pression of Crime. 

A meeting is held to celebrate the 
abolition of the poorhouse system of 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Apr. 13 -May 15. 383 



care of the insane ; speeches are made 
by Joseph H. Choate, Bishop Potter, 
Grover Cleveland, and others. 

Work is practically stopped in the 
"building trades by a strike of the house- 
smiths. 

Strikes are general in the Worth 

and East fur the 8-hour day and higher 

May 2. Kan. The female Mayor of 
Kiowa has shut up all its gambling- 
houses and saloons, and Will allow uf 
no action to reopen them. 

May 3. X. Y. Three horse-ear lines in 
Long Island City are tied up by striking 
drivers. 

New York. The Poles of New York 

City and Chicago celebrate the 100th 
anniversary of the adoption of their 
liberal constitution. 

May 4. Me. The new liquor law, which 
provides for a fine of §100 with 60 days 
in jail for the first offense, goes into 
effect to-day; result, a general closing 
up of liquor-shops. 

May 5. La. The New Orleans grand 

indicts O'Malley and five associates 
for jury bribing, and accuses three of 
the jury of being bribed ; but refuses 
to indict the lynchers of the Italians. 
[June 8. Bernard Glaudi is convicted 
of offering a bribe to a juror. July 24. 
The last Mafia bribery case ends ; ver- 
dict, not guilty. Oct. 9. The State aban- 
dons the case against O'Malley.] (See 
Mar. 14.) 

Me. The East Maine (Methodist) Con- 
ference protests against the acts of the 
Administration in endeavoring to en- 
large the malt-liquor trade with Cen- 
tral American States. 

New York: The 26th annual meeting 

of the National Temperance Society 
is held ; Dr. Theodore L. Cuyler is re- 
elected president. 

May 6. Mo. The 29th International 
Young Men's Christian Association 
Convention opens in Kansas City. 

X. J. Westfield is terrorized by 

tramps. 

May 7. X. Y. A memorial service in 
honor of Gen. Sherman is held in the 
Academy of Music, Brooklyn; speeches 
by Chauncey M. Depew, Gens. Howard, 
Slocum, Swayne, Porter, and others. 

The Brooklyn Memorial Hospital 
for Women and Children is formally 
opened. 

May 8. Del. The lower House of the 
Legislature passes the Local-Option 
Bill. Vote, 14-4. 

X. Y. The will of Mrs. M. A. Os- 
borne, admitted to probate, gives Yale 
College $150,000 for a memorial hall 
to her husband, and makes provision for 
a Memorial Home for Aged "Women in 
Westchester County. 

Xew York. The Lumber Dealers' As- 
sociation resolves to boycott the Lumber 
Handlers' Union. 

Wis. The Grand Lodge of the An- 
cient Order of United Workmen at 
Milwaukee decides that liquor-makers 
and saloon-keepers are eligible to be- 
come members. "Vote, 114-81. 

May 10. Minn. John Mehan, the leader 
of a band of robbers operating in Yir- 



Xew York. Beth Israel Hospital is 

opened in its new house with addresses 
by prominent Hebrews. 

May 11. Kan. A convict forges his 
own pardon and raises a draft from SI 
to §20,000, but is discovered before being 
released. 

X. Y. The 116th anniversary of the 

capture of Ticonderoga is celebrated 
by the Sons of the Revolution. 

May 12. Md. A negro is lynched at 
Centerville by masked men after being 
sentenced to 21 years for assaulting a 
woman. 

Phila. The Typographical Union 

celebrates the 63d birthday of G. W. 
Childs by a banquet. 

May 14. La. The mayor of New Orleans 
appoints a committee of over 50 citizens 
to investigate the matter of oath-bound 
societies in the city, and how to sup- 
press them. 

STATE. 

1891 Apr. 14. X.J. Gov. Abbett signs 
the Congressional Reapportionment 
and Assembly Districting Bill, thereby 
giving to the Democrats six out of eight 
Representatives, and 40 out of 60 Assem- 
blymen. 

Apr. 18. X. Y. The Legislature unani- 
mously passes a bill appropriating $10,- 
000 for carrying out a plan of university 
extension under the Board of Regents. 

Apr. 19. D. C. It is announced that an 
agreement has been reached between 
Secretary Blaine and the Belgian Min- 
ister by which the Kongo Treaty will 
be saved. 

Apr. 21. O. The Fourth Annual As- 
sembly of League of Republican Clubs 
holds its first session at Cincinnati. 

Apr. 22. O, James S. Clarkson of 
la. is chosen President of the Republi- 
can National League at Cincinnati. 

Apr. 23. Pa. The House passes an 
amended Brooks Wholesale License 
Bill. 

Apr. 30. Mich. The Legislature passes 
a bill for the election of Presidential 
electors by Congressional districts, 
with two delegates at large, one each 
from the Eastern and "Western districts 
— a measure to divide the Presidential 
vote. 

May 5. Xeb. The Supreme Court decides 
that James E. Boyd (Dem.), being an 
alien, is ineligible to the governorship, 
and it reinstates Gov. Thayer (Rep.). 

May 6. Cat. Upon the representation 
of the Chileau Minister, orders are is- 
sued from "Washington for the seizure 
of the steamer Itata, supposed to have 
on board arms intended for the Chilean 
insurgents ; she is taken in charge at 
San Diego by the U. S. marshal. 

May 7. D. C. Secretary Blaine's latest 
letter to Sir J. Pauncefote, stating the 
conditions on which the U. S. Govern- 
ment is willing to submit to arbitra- 
tion the Bering Sea dispute, is made 
public ; it is dated April 14. 

May 8. Mass. The House passes a bill 
fixing 125 feet as the limit of height for 
nouses in cities. 



May 9. Kan. Mrs. Mary F. Burton, 
postmistress, is elected police judge at 
Jamestown, Cloud County. 

May 14. Xew York. The Union League 
Club memorializes Congress on the dan- 
gers of unrestricted immigration, natu- 
ralization, and suffrage. 

May 15. D. C. Green B. Raum, Jr., 
resigns his position as assistant chief 
clerk in the Pension Office. (See Feb. 6.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891 Apr. 14. Mo. The first "Western 
States Commercial Congress meets at 
Kansas City. 

[Apr. 17. Two reports are presented ; 
altera heated debate, the majority re- 
port, favoring unlimited coinage of sil- 
ver and atariff exclusively for revenue, 
is adopted.] 

Apr. 15. Ifl. The annual meeting of the 
Whisky Trust takes place in Peoria. 
It reports sales for the year of 44,748,171 
gallons, nearly 4.<H)0,00<f gallons over last 
year, and 9,000,000 gallons over the pre- 
vious year. 

Apr. 18. O. The east-bound fast mail 
collides with the Toledo Express at 
Kipton Station, on the Lake Shore road ; 
both engines, three mail-cars, and one 
baggage-car are wrecked, and eight per- 
sons killed. 

Apr. 26. Phila. The National Pub- 
lishing Company's building is de- 
stroyed by fire ; loss, $200,000. 

Apr. 29. Tenn. Nearly 20 acres of build- 
ings are burned at Chattanooga ; loss, 
$250,000. 

Apr. * The Brewers' Journal says £18,- 
934,000 of English capital are now in- 
vested in American breweries. 

May 2±. Forest fires are raging in 
Maryland and in the Alleghanies. 

May 4. X. Y. Breaker Island Steel 
Works are burned ; loss, $400,000 ; 
nearly 1,000 employees are deprived of 
work. 

May 5. Pa. Coal-breakers are burned 
at Edwardsville ; loss, $250,000 ; about 
800 men and boys are thrown out of em- 
ployment. 

May 6. X. Y. Acres of lumber are 
burning at Long Island City; loss, 
$000,000. 

May 8. X. Y. The school children 
throughout the State choose the rose as 
the State flower. Vote, rose, 294.S16 ; 
goldenrod, 206,402. 

Phila. The Spring Garden Na- 
tional Bank closes its doors by order of 
the Bank Examiner ; the Penn Safe De- 
posit and Trust Company makes an as- 
signment. 

May 10. X. Mex. Four tramps and 
360 cattle are killed in a train-wreck 
on the Santa Fe Road. 

Xew York. F. H. Leggett and 

Company's warehouse and stock are in- 
jured by fire ; loss, $430,000. 

May 11. X. Y. Brooklyn Bridge Trus- 
tees formally vote to make the promen- 
ade free after June 1. 

Pa. In Pine Grove Township 22 oil 

and four gas wells take fire. 

May 13. 0. By the purchase of the 
Alexander Plant in Akron, the Stand- 
ard Oil Company gains full control of 
the oil trade in the United States. 

May 14 i. Mich. The loss by forest 
fires is estimated at over $2,000,000. 



384 J. 8 91, May 15 -June 17. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S91 May 16. D. C. Capt. Henry Er- 
ben is selected to command Brooklyn 
Navy Yard, vice Adm. Braine. 

May 17. The ships in the South Pa- 
cific, including the Charleston, are 
placed under command of Acting 
Rear-Adni. M'Cann. 

May 19. D. C. Isaac D. de Russy ia 
commissioned colonel — 11th cavalry. 
[Also May 22. La Rhett L. Livingston 
— 3d artillery. Julyl. William M. Gra- 
ham —5th artillery. James Biddle — 9th 
cavalry.] 

Com. John Irwin is promoted rear- 
admiral. Commander Louis Kempff is 
promoted captain. [Also Sept. 27. Fran- 
cis J. Higginson. Oct. 2. George W. 
Sumner. Nov. 5. Benjamin F. Day.] 

May 24. Sealed orders are issued to the 
commander of the Rush relative to the 
fur-seal fishery in Bering Sea. 

June 4. The Chilean insurgent 
steamer Itata surrenders to American 
naval vessels. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 May 23. Tenn. The bronze 
monument to the Andrews raiders 
of 1863 is erected in the National Ceme- 
tery at Chattanooga. 

June 3. III. A bronze statue of Gen. 
Grant is unveiled at Galena ; Chauncey 
M. Depew delivers the address. 

Md. A monument is erected at Old 

St. Mary's to Leonard Calvert, the first 
colonial governor. 

Miss. The monument to Confeder- 
ate soldiers at Jackson is unveiled. 

June 6. Cal. The solar eclipse is suc- 
cessfully observed at Lick University, 
Mount Hamilton. 

N. Y. A statue of J. S. T. Strana- 

han, philanthropist of Brooklyn, is un- 
veiled at Prospect Park. 

Pa. A monument to Gen. Har- 

tranft is unveiled at Norristown. 

June 9. Cal. A valuable collection of 
Russian minerals, containing S00 speci- 
mens (valued at §30,000), is presented by 
the Czar of Russia to the Art Museum 
of Leland Stanford University. 

June 10. N.Y. A soldiers' monument 
is unveiled at Salisbury Mills. 

Va. A Confederate soldiers' mon- 
ument is unveiled at Fredericksburg. 

June 13. N. Y. A Froebel Society is 
incorporated in Brooklyn for the ad- 
vancement of education and the promo- 
tion of self-culture. 

June 14*. Pa. The Burlington Air- 
ship Company, with a capital of 
$10,000,000, is organized and incorpo- 
rated at Burlington. 

June 15. D. C. The Signal Service 
Bureau declares this to be the hottest 
15th of June on record. 

June 17. Fla. A monument to Con- 
federate soldiers is unveiled at Pensa- 
cola ; it is the first to give monumental 
honors to Jefferson Davis. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 
May 20. Taft, Alphonso, attv.-gen., sec. o 

war, minister I" liussia, to Austria, A"]. 
May 25. Ilouk, Leonidas C, M. C. fo 



A55. 



May 26. carter, Samuel 1'., rear-adm. 
U. S. N., A72. 

May 27. Van Dyke, Henry J.,l'res. cler- 
gyman, A69. 

May 30. Barker, Forilyee, physician, sci- 
entist, medical writer, A7:i. 

May 31. liruoks, Oaviu, electrical inventor, 
A71. 

June 3. I.ossing, l'.ensoii J., historian, ATis. 

June 5. Vibbanl, I iiaiincev, railroad mag- 
nate of X. Y., A79. 

June 8. Knight, Cvrus F., Prot. Epis. 
bishop of Milwaukee, A60. 

June 10. Fisher, Charles, comedian, A75. 

June 15. Emiiiett, .Joseph K., comedian, 
A50. 

June 17. Ludingtoii, Harrison, Uov. of 



Wi 



CHURCH. 



1891 May 16. New York. The protest 
of a number of clergymen against the 
unorthodox teachings of Rev. Dr. New- 
ton is sent to Bishop Potter. [May 19. 
The Bishop decides to act.] 

May 19. New York. The directors of 
Union Theological Seminary receive 
a statement from Dr. Briggs, and pass a 
resolution commending his views. 

May 20. N. Y. Judge Hilton gives 
$500,000 to the Garden City Cathedral 
(Protestant Episcopal). 

May 21. Mich. The 103d meeting of the 
General Assembly (Presbyterian) is 
held at Detroit ; William Henry Green, 
moderator. 

[May 22. The committee on the Re- 
vision of the Confession of Faith report; 
the Assembly votes to send the report to 
the presbyteries for their action during 
the ensuing year. May 29. It adopts 
the report of the Committee on Semi- 
naries. Vote, 440-60. The report disap- 
proves of the appointment of Dr. Briggs.] 

N. T. Judge Pratt renders a decision 

in Brooklyn, that a religious corpora- 
tion is not liable for the negligence 
of its servants ; he dismisses a suit 
for personal injuries. 

May 23. Phila. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

May 24. New York. Rev. Dr. Bridg- 
man, who resigned from the Madison 
Avenue Baptist Church, is confirmed 
by Bishop Potter in the Protestant 
Episcopal faith. [Dec. 14. He is or- 
dained a deacon.] 

May 27. O. The 13th General Coun- 
cil (Reformed Episcopal) meets at 
Cleveland. 

Pa. The 62d Synod (Reformed 

Presbyterian) convenes at Pittsburg. 



Thomas W. Campbell is conse- 
crated (Reformed Episcopal) bishop. 

June 1. U. S. The Young People's 
Society of Christian Endeavor re- 
ports a membership of 1,000,000. 

June 4. Mich. The Diocese of Western 
Michigan consents to the consecration 
of Dr. PhiUips Brooks as bishop of the 
Diocese of Massachusetts ; this gives 
him the necessary majority, as 2S 
Dioceses have given consent. [July 10. 
The House of Bishops confirms the elec- 
tion.] (See Oct. 14.) 



June 8. yea York. The official transla- 
tion of Pope Leo's encyclical letter on 
the condition of labor ia made public. 

June 10. /'«. The Reformed Presby- 
terian Synod at Pittsburg expels five 
ministers for asserting the right to vote 
and to hold office. 

June 15. Xew York. The 13th annual 
Convention of the Jewish Rabbis' 
Association of America begins ; it 
passes a resolution asking the President 
of the United States to protest against 
the treatment of Jews in Russia. 

June 16. New York. The Hebrew clergy 
take action relative to their people 
properly observing the Jewish Sabbath ; 
they resolve to form a Sabbath League 
in every synagogue and temple rep- 
resented iu the conference. 

LETTERS. 

1891 May 18. .V. I". Congressman 
Belden offers to build and give to Syra- 
cuse, a fireproof Hbrary and art build- 
ing, to cost not less than S150.000. 

May 19. Tex. W. M. Rice, formerly of 
Texas, now of New York, gives Houston 
$200,000 to establish an institute for 
the advancement of Literature, Science, 
and Art. similar to Cooper Institute of 
New York. (See July 21, 1892.) 

May 24. Pa. Dr. W. Pepper offers the 
University of Pennsylvania $50,000 
toward an endowment fund of $250,000, 
and $1,000 annually for five years toward 
a guaranty fund of $20,000 annually for 
five years. 

May 25. Conn. The Yale graduating 
class of '91 decides, by a vote of 64 to 42, 
to wear the cap and gown on Com- 
mencement Day. 

May 28. D. C. The American Uni- 
versity of "Washington (Meth. Epis.) 
is chartered. 

May 29. N.Y. The will of Charles Pratt 
is filed for probate ; his gifts to Pratt 
Institute amount to $2,500,000. 

June 1. Seir York. Rev. John Hall re- 
signs the chancellorship of the Univer- 
sity of the City of New York. [June 
11. Rev. H. M. MacCracken is elected 
his successor.] 

June 15. The 'Western Reserve His- 
torical Society becomes the owner of 
the famous glacial-grooved limestone 
ledge on Keeley's Island, Lake Erie. 

June 16. N. Y. James B. Colgate, of 
New York City, formally presents 
$1,000,000 to Colgate University, 
at Hamilton. N. Y., to endow the Dodge 
Memorial Fluid. 

T). c. The National Chautauqua 

at Glen Echo, near Washington, opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 May 18. Xeic York. The trustees 
of the Metropolitan Museum of Art, 
by a vote of 12 to 4, decide to open its 
doors on Sundays from 1 P.M. to within 
half an hour of sunset. [Several thou- 
sand petitioners urge Sunday opening. 
May 31. About 10,000 visitors appear on 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, May 15-June 17. 385 



the first Simday ; the number soon de- 
clines to a few hundred.] 
May 19. Colo. The Trans-Mississippi 
Congress begins at Denver. 



more stringent excise laws, and the es- 
tablishment of an excise system that 
shall impose adequate regulations upon 
the sale of liquor in this State. 



■ hid. 



.inous attempt is made June 10. Mich. Riotous strikers at 



to wreck an express-train near Wabash 
on a 40-foot embankment ; wreckers un- 
known. 

May 20. O. The National Brewers' 
Association is in session at Cleveland, 
with 200 delegates present. 

The trustees report that they rejoice 
at the defeat of the bill to create a Gov- 
ernment commission of inquiry on the 
alcoholic liquor-traffic. 

May 21. H. I. A State Soldiers' Home 
at Bristol is opened. 

Another Irish- American Society 

is formed to collect funds for Home 
Rule in Ireland ; it is called "The Na- 
tional Federation of America." 

May 22. New York. Eugene Kelley, 
treasurer of the Irish Home Rule 
Fund, cables §15,000 to Archbishop 
Croke in Ireland. 

May 23. New York. A. Elbogen, theat- 
rical agent, is sentenced to five years 
and 11 months imprisonment for kidnap- 
ping a girl for immoral purposes. 

May 25. Phila. Ex-City Treasurer John 
Bardsley is charged with an additional 
embezzlement of over $360,000 of State 
funds. [May 29. He is sent to prison in 
default of bail. June 9. He pleads guilty 
to 17 of the indictments fouud by the 
grand jury. June 12. Another deficit is 
discovered of §400,000; total amount 
about $1,000,000. June 27. Another dis- 
crepancy is discovered — a due-bill for 
$30,000.] (See July 2-13.) 
■ D. C. The Federal Supreme Court 



May 21. Colo. The silver men are prac- 
tically defeated in the Trans-Mississippi 
Congress at Denver. 

11. C. The President by proclamation 

announces that 1,000,000 acres of the 
Indian reservation at Fort Berthold, 
N. Dak., are open for settlement under 
the Homestead Law. 



Grand Rapids attack the police and are 
fired upon ; 13 arrests are made. 
— Mont. W. J. Penrose, editor 
Mining Journal and a member of the tw^tt o« o 1 
Legislature, is shot dead near his home £ : m „ 1 if t „ 'j /^ Lp R'slature in grand 
in Butte. committee declares the Republican 

didates tor State offices elected. 



New York. A $25,000 house is 

transferred to Mrs. M. E. Williams, a 
Spiritualist medium, by the widow of 
the late John Anderson, tobacconist, 
for a one dollar consideration. 

June 11. New York. John H. Starin 
gives his annual excursion to Union 
veteran soldiers and sailors, about 
6,000 in number, with their families. 

Pa. The American Protestant 

Association, having a membership of 
100,000, holds its annual convention at 
Pittsburg. 

June 12. Kan. In the District Court, 
Topeka, an original package agent, 
representing a Kansas City liquor-house, 
is fined §1,500, and sentenced to 90 days 
in the county jail. 

New York. Julio Mergbacher, a 

trusted officer of the New York Life In- 
surance Company, Spanish-American 
Department, has fled the country, leav- 
ing a deficit in his accounts of §320,000. 

Rutgers Female College brings suit 
against Jacob B. Talhnan, former pres- 
ident and treasurer, to recover $180,000 
which, it is alleged, he obtained by 
fraud. 



upholds the constitutionality of the June 14. Ariz. The notorious Mexican 



Original Package Law; it does not 
annul State prohibitory laws. 
May 26. New York. The will of John 
T. Parish provides for the distribution 
of $280,000 to hospitals and other 
public charities. 
May 28. New York. An aged couple are 
driven by poverty to commit suicide. 

Phila. F. W. Kennedy, president of 

Spring Garden Bank, is charged with 
embezzling $100,000. (See May 8, Misc.) 
May 31. La. A negro is burned to 
death by lynchers because he kills one 
of a mob attempting a raid on his home. 
May * Fla. The South Florida Presby- 
tery condemns the efforts of the govern- 
ment to extend the trade in alcoholic 
beverages among semi-civilized people 
of the Central American States. 
June 1. Boston. The 253d anniversary 
of the organization of the Ancient and 
Honorable Artillery is celebrated ; 
Rev. T. DeWitt Talmage preaches the 
sermon in the Old South Church. 

XJ. S. The reported membership of 

the Royal Arcanum is 118,454. 
June 3. N. Y. The 2.1 annual session 
of the Lake Mohonk Negro Confer- 
ence is formally opened ; ex-President 
R. B. Hayes is elected chairman. 
June 8. Mass. Lizzie Witherell, 20 
years of age, is sentenced to 10 years' 
hard labor in the House of Correction 
at East Cambridge for burglary. 
June 9. N. Y. The Excise Reform 
Association is incorporated for the 
purpose of promoting the passage of 



stage-robber Ge 

his accomplice Leon i 

Tucson. 

Cat. A Chinaman acquitted of the 

charge of murdering an Indian is 
dragged from the court-room at Bridge- 
port, and cut into pieces by Indians. 

June 16. New York. 



June 2. D. C. The Secretary of the 
Treasury issues a circular giving 
notice that the outstanding 4£ per cent 
bonds, principal and interest, will be 
redeemed on Sept. 2, 1891. 

June 3. La. A.J. Westf all (People's 
Party) is nominated for governor. 

Mich. The House passes the Con- 
gressional Reapportionment Bill. 
[June 19. It passes the Senate.] 

Mass. The House passes the bill for 

reapportioning the State into Congres- 
sional districts. 

June 6. Del. At Wilmington the Repub- 
licans for the first time in 20 years elect 
the entire city ticket. 

June 12. Conn. Gov.Bulkeley refuses 
to resign his office to the contestant. 

June 15. D. C. President Harrison 
issues a proclamation declaring a 
close sealing season in Bering Sea, • 
in accordance with the terms of the 
modus Vivendi between the United States 
and Great Britain ; the full text of the 
diplomatic correspondence on the sub- 
ject is published. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



1891 May 17. Mich. Twenty-two 
blocks are burned in Muskegon, includ- 
ing the court-house, which cost §100,000. 
May 19. Colo. The Trans-Missis- 
sippi Commercial Congress meets at 
Court of Ap- Denver ; 1,200 delegates are present. 



peals decides against John Most, the N. Y. Near Tarrytown 13 men are 

anarchist. The question involved was, killed, 15 wounded, and a portion of 

"Does the constitutional right of peace- the New York Central Road track is 

ful assembly and freedom of speech in- wrecked, by a dynamite explosion on a 

elude the inciting to riot and unbridled running car. 

license of the. tongue of malicious per- May 23. Ala. By a mine explosion 

sons?" [June 19. He is sent to the at the Pratt mmeS] near Birmingham, 

penitentiary on Blackwell's Island.] jj men are ^\\\ e ^ 

— R.I. The American Society of Me- June 10. Md. The Concordia Opera 

Baltimore, is burned ; loss, 



chanical Engineers opens its four- 
days' session at Providence. 



$280,000. 
June 11. Minn. The whalebaek 
steamer Charles W. Wetmore, laden 
with grain, starts from Duluth for Liv- 
erpool, 
pulsory Education Bill the provision June 13. -IV. Y. The Long Island Bicy- 



of the English Ian- 
nd parochial schools. 



requiring the 
guage f 

May 17. La. Mayor Shakespeare of New- 
Orleans requests the IT. S. Government 
to recall the exequatur of Corte, 
Italian consul of that city, because T ""^ "-,*= 



of his assumptions. 
May 19. O. The National Union Con- 
ference opens in Cincinnati ; commit- 
tees are appointed ; (May 20) it adopts 
a platform, a name, — The People's 
Party of the United States of Amer- 
ica, —appoints a national committee, 
and adjourns. 



cle Railroad Company is incorporated to 
operate a single track on Long Island 
for twenty miles from Rocky Point 
Landing, Suffolk County, to a point on 
the Great South Beach. 

Cat. San Francisco receives 
the first shipment of block tin from the 
Temescal mines. 

June 16. N. J. A fire at Seabright, 
caused by a drunken stableman, destroys 
$350,000 worth of property, and renders 
100 families homeless. 

O. The American Cereal Com- 
pany, incn'pnratfd at Columbus, with a 
capital of s;j ,400,000, organizes at Akron. 



386 1891, June 17- July 15. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 July 2. Ariz. The hostile In- 
dians are overawed by the troops. 

July 14. Cat. The arms and ammuni- 
tion on board the Itata at San Diego are 
formally libeled by U. S. Marshal Gard. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 June 19. N. Y. A plague of 
caterpillars infests the town of Burke, 
Franklin County ; they are devouring 
herbage in a track nearly a mile in 
width. 

June 24. N. Y. The statues of Henry 
"Ward Beecher in front of the Brook- 
lyn City Hall, and of Archbishop 
Hughes at St. John's College, Fordham, 
are unveiled with impressive ceremonies. 

June 27. N. Y. The corner-stone for 
the Soldiers' and Sailors' monument 
is laid at Yonkers. 

June 29. Cat. An inland lake sud- 
denly and mysteriously appears in the 
lowest part of the Colorado desert. 

[July 2. The water continues to rise. 
July S. A stream is discovered which 
flows from the Colorado River into the 
Salton Lake about eight miles from El 
Rio.] 

July 4. iV. Y. A Soldiers' and Sailors' 
monument is unveiled at Owego. 

New York. A bronze statue of Sam- 
uel S. Cox is unveiled ; it is a testimo- 
nial to Mr. Cox by the letter-carriers of 
the United States, and cost 810,000. 

July 5. Conn. The monument to Adju- 
tant Campbell of the British army, who 
fell in an attack on New Haven, July 5, 
1775, is unveiled ; it is erected as a token 
of gratitude for his merciful conduct. 

July 8. Wash. Gophers and squirrels 
are destroying the wheat-crop. 

July 11. Ore. A rival of the Mam- 
moth Cave in Kentucky is discovered. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 
June 21. McDonald, Joseph E., senator 

for Ind., A72. 
July 4. Hamlin. Hannibal, senator for 

Me., Vice-President with Lincoln, A82. 
July 12. Burgess, Edward, yacht-builder, 

A43. 
Harrison, Thomas, Touted, gen., A78. 

CHURCH. 

1891 June 17. Phila. Rev. Isaac 
Nicholson is elected Protestant Epis- 
copal bishop of Wisconsin. 

June 18. New Yorlc. The Industrial 
Christian Alliance is incorporated. Its 
object is to help men and women, who 
have become degraded through misfor- 
tune or vice, in such a way that their 
self-respect will be reawakened. 

June 24. La. Davis Sessums is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant 
bishop of Louisiana. 

June 29. Mass. The Northfield Con- 
ference, under the direction of D. L. 
Moody, is opened for the summer. [Aug. 
6. He raises $3,600 in ten minutes for 
the education of Indian youth.] 

July 1. Ida. The Rev. Ethelburt 
Talbot, missionary bishop of Western 
Idaho, is elected bishop of Georgia. 



July 6. Md. The Central Conference 
of American Rabbis opens its session 
at Baltimore, Dr. Isaac M. Wise of Cin- 
cinnati presiding. 

July 7. Wis. Father Durin of De Pere 
organizes " The Deliverance So- 
ciety," which proposes to deliver souls 
from purgatory. 

July 9. Minn. The tenth annual Inter- 
national Convention of the Young Peo- 
ple's Society of Christian Endeavor 
is opened in Minneapolis ; 14,000 del- 
egates are present. [July 10. Centen- 
nial Day is observed.] 

July 11. New York. A large party of 
Methodists starts on the Etruria as pil- 
grims to Epworth, England, the early 
home of John Wesley, and the birthplace 
of Methodism. 

LETTERS. 

1891 June 19. Pa, Gov. Pattison ve- 
toes the Compulsory Education Bill. 

June 24. Mass. Merrill E. Gates is in- 
augurated president of Amherst College. 

June 27. ///. The first number of The 
National Picket, the official organ of the 
Woman's Relief Corps of the United 
States, is issued at Monticello. 

June 29. Boston. Col. W. W. Clapp re- 
tires from the management of the Boston 
Journal. 

July 1. D. C. President Harrison pro- 
claims the benefits of the United States 
copyright extended to citizens of for- 
eign countries, they having complied 
with the conditions imposed. 

July 2. N. Y. The first summer meet- 
ing of the American Association to pro- 
mote the Teaching of Speech to the 
Deaf is held at Lake George. 

July 3. O. The Cincinnati German 
Teachers' Association decides in favor 
of printing German literature in Roman 
text, and to use English script in all 
German writing. 

July 5. N. J. The Seaside Assembly 
opens as a school of philosophy at Avon- 
by-the-Sea. 

July 7. N. J. The 23d annual meeting 
of the American Philological Associ- 
ation meets iu University Hall, Prince- 
ton. 

July 8. N. Y. The University con- 
vocation is opened in Albany ; George 
William Curtis presides. 

Conn. Miss Irene W. Coit of Norwich 

is notified that she will be admitted to 
Yale ; this is the first time that the Uni- 
versity has granted a certificate of ad- 
mission to a woman. 

July 10. Chicago. The trustees of the 
new Chicago University decide to erect 
buildings to cost $350,000, 

July 11. New York. A charter of incor- 
poration is secured for the New York 
Law School. 

July 14. Minn. The National Edito- 
rial Association is in session at St. Paul. 

Utah. The Liberals defeat the Mor- 
mons in a school election in Salt Lake 
City. 



SOCIETY. 

1891 June 17. Wis. A tie placed on 

the track at Coon Kiver Crossing causes 
a wreck on t lit; Chicago, .Milwaukee, and 
St. Paul Railroad ; three persons are 
killed and many injured. 

A'. J. The Master Mechanics of 

the United States railroads are in ses- 
sion m Cape May. 

The International Congress of 
Homeopathists opens at Atlantic City. 

June 19. Boston. A convention of ac- 
tive and retired naval officers meets in 
Faueuil Hall. 

June 20. Chicago. The Molders' Union 
decides that its members shall not work 
on any architectural work during the 
strike of the architectural iron-workers ; 
2,000 molders are influenced by this ac- 
tion ; the strike is spreading to other 
trades. 

Ga. The mayor of Atlanta vetoes 

all beer li< 



Pa. The fishing-club whose dam 

caused the Johnstown disaster lias 
been [unsuccessfully] sued lor several 
hundred thousand dollars. 

June 22. Ga. Seven guards and con- 
victs are killed in an attempted jail de- 
livery at Cole City. 

Mo. The new Missouri law prohib- 
iting pool-selling on races outside the 
State goes into effect; every pool-room 
in St. Louis but one is closed. 

N. Y. The Italians in Brooklyn pa- 
rade in honor of Mazzini's birthday ; 
the Italian flag floats over the City Hall, 
and Mayor Chapin and other officials re- 
view the procession. 

June 23. Cat. A trust-deed for $100,000 
is executed by Mrs. Leland Stanford in 
favor of five free kindergartens in 
San Francisco which she has founded. 

June 25. The presiding elders of the 
negro Methodist Church of the South 
adopt a resolution that the colored 
people of the South, as a race, boycott 
all railroads not providing first-class 
accommodations for colored people. 

La. The anti-lottery campaign 

opens in New Orleans with a large and 
enthusiastic meeting in the Grand Opera 
House. 

June 26. Ark. Ex-state treasurer Wood- 
ruff is indicted for embezzlement of 
State funds. [Oct.* First trial jury; 
disagree. Apr. 2, 1892. Second trial, 
verdict, not guilty ; released.] 

Wash. A hand of 100 Italians make 

an attack on labor camps. 

June 27. Mich. Twenty-eight stri- 
kers are arraigned at Grand Rapids, 
charged with conspiring to destroy the 
wheel-pit of the cable street-railroad 
with dynamite. 

Wis. An Anti-Prohibition Con- 
vention is held at Janesville. 

June 29. Chicago. Prince George of 
Greece arrives at Chicago ou his way 
to New York. 

The Typothetse rejects the request 
of Typographical Union No. 6 for a 
work-day of nine hours. 

Labor Unionists insist on the employ- 
ment of union men, and declare a boy- 
cott on two car-lines and a theater. 

June 30. Wash. Two persons are killed 
and seven injured iu a fight between 
white strikers and negro laborers. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, June 17 -July 15. 387 



Znd. In Crawford County "White 

Caps whip a man and his step-daughter 
on an unproved charge until they faint 
from exhaustion. 

U. S. Pensioners in 1891, 156,4SG ; 

pensions, $118,548,959. Total amount of 
pensions since 1S62, $1,277,261,263. 

July 1, Wash. Armed men are guard- 
ing the striking miners at New Castle. 

July 2. Phila. John Bardsley, ex-city 
treasurer, is sentenced to 15 years' im- 
prisonment and a fine equal in amount 
to his embezzlement. (See May 25.) 

Pa. The Pittsburg carpenters' 

strike, by driving the smaller contrac- 
tors to the wall, has strengthened the 
Builders' Association, making it more of 
a monopoly than before. 

July 3. N. J. The President arrives 
at Cape May, where he is to spend the 



-V. Y. The reunion of the Army 

of the Potomac begins at Buffalo ; the 
various corps elect officers, and Gen. 
Slocum delivers an address. 

July 4. Boston. The Naval Order of 
the United States is established. 

La. New Orleans celebrates the 

Fourth of July for the first time since 
I860. 

N. Y. The National Prohibition 

Park, on Staten Island, near Port Rich- 
mond, is formally dedicated. 

New York. The letter-carriers of 

the United States hold a reunion, and 
participate in the ceremonies Of unveil- 
ing the statue of Hon. Samuel S. Cox. 

5. C. J. D. Shaw, editor of the Bish- 

opville Eagle, is shot dead at a picnic, 
"by two drunken men that he and others 
were trying to keep in order. 

July 5. Cal. A Chinese-Indian feud 
is progressing at Bridgeport. 

New York. Sir George Baden- 
Powell, British commissioner on the 
Bering Sea question, arrives. 

Term. A negro is shot by a white 

mob at Trenton. 

July 6. New York. A notorious diamond- 
thief is arrested at the Astor House 
after stealing diamonds worth $30,000. 

O. A big tri-State labor demon- 
stration is held at Stubenville. 

July 9. Ga. Fifty armed men break 
into the jail at Blaekshear, take there- 
from a negro prisoner, tie him to a 
sapling, and riddle him with bullets. 

N. J. Several Jersey City ballot- 
box stuffers are sentenced each to IS 
months in State prison. [July 24. Three 
more are sentenced to like penalty. 
Nov. 14. Two more are sentenced to 
nine months in the penitentiary. July 
9, 1892. Four more are convicted.] 

N. Y. Dr. Griffin, Superintendent 

of the Brooklyn Health Department, ap- 
points a corps of 20 physicians to visit 
the sick free of charge in the summer. 
Two handsomely furnished robber- 
caves containing stolen articles are dis- 
covered near Islip, Long Island. 

July 12. D. C. Italo-Americans at 
Washington hold a meeting for pro- 
moting the World's Fair and honoring 
Columbus. 

Wis. The Northwestern Saenger- 

fest at Milwaukee closes with a deficit 
of from $2,000 to $3,000. 



July 13. Phila. The treasurers of the 
State of Pennsylvania and of the city 
of Philadelphia secure upwards of 
$1,000,000, which was deposited in 
bank in John Bardsley's absence by his 
chief clerk. 

July 14. Minn. The National Edito- 
rial Association opens its 7th annual 
convention at St. Paul. 

Tenn. The Afro- American League 

of the United States meets in annual 
session in Knoxville ; the separation of 
races on railway trains is denounced. 

STATE. 

1891 June 17. O. William McKinley, 
Jr. (Rep.), is nominated for governor. 

June 18. Pa. Gov. Pattison vetoes the 
Compulsory Education Bill. 

June 20. Russia unites with America 
and England for a close sealing season 
in Bering Sea. 

June 24. D. C. The Treasury Depart- 
ment issues a statement showing a net 
surplus of $1,566,571. 

Conn. Morgan G. Bulkeley's claim 

that he is tie jure governor of the State 
is upheld by a decision of the Superior 
Court at Hartford. 

la. Horace Boies (Dem.) is renomi- 
nated for governor. 

June 26. Sp. The new Spanish Com- 
mercial Treaty with the United States 
is signed at Madrid (operative on Sept. 1), 

June 30. I). C. The "Weather Bureau 
is transferred from the War to the 
Agricultural Department, and Mark 
W. Harrington appointed its chief. 

Statistics for the fiscal year. Rev- 
enue: Customs. .3210,522,206; internal 
revenue, Sl4r.,(i8(J,24!i; sales of public 
lands, $4, 02!>, !>.!;.> ; miscellaneous items, 
$23,374,457. Total revenue, $392,612,446. 
Expenditures: Premiums on loans, pur- 
chase of bonds, etc., .310,401,221 ; miscel- 
laneous items, $110,048, 167 ; War Depart- 
ment, $48,720,065; Navy Department, 
$26,113,896 ; Indians, $8,527,469 ; pen- 
sions, 3124,415.951 ; interest, on the public 
debt, $37,547,135. Total ordinary expen- 
ditures, $365,773,004 ; excess of revenue 
over ordinary expenditures, $26,H3,s.542. 
Exports, $SS4,4S(),.SH) ; imports, 3*44,016,- 
196. Public debt (Dec. 1), $1,546,061,695. 

July 1. Cal. The Australian Ballot 
Law becomes operative. 

D. C President Harrison issues 

a proclamation that Belgium, France, 
Great Britain, and Switzerland have 
complied with the first conditions of 
the International Copyright Act ; the 
act goes into effect. 

The Treasury Department reports a 
reduction of $20,000,000 of debt, 
and $53,853,808 surplus for the fiscal 
year. 

■ la. Hiram C. "Wheeler (Rep.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

July 2. D. C. At a special meeting of 
the Cabinet it is decided to extend the 
4£ per cent bonds at 2 per cent after 
Sept. 2 ; a circular is issued to this effect. 

July 7. Cal. The Attorney-General or- 
ders that the Itata, now at San Diego, 
be libeled for attempting to carry mu- 
nitions of war to the Chilean insurgents. 



[July 9. Another libel is filed for violat- 
ing the Neutrality Law.] 

July 9. D. C. President Harrison ap- 
points T. C. Mendenhall, of the Coast 
and Geodetic Survey, and C. H, Merriam, 
of the Agricultural Department, Com- 
missioners to visit Alaska and gather 
information on the Bering Sea question. 

July 15. D.C. The Postmaster-General 
issues a notice to bidders to carry the 
U. S. mail to foreign countries in vessels 
of American build. 

0. James E. Campbell (Dem.) is re- 
nominated for governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1S91 June 21. O. On the Nickel Plate 

Road near Dover 15 cars are wrecked ; 

one man is killed and more than 30 are 

injured. 
June 23. N. Y. Nearly 20 people are 

injured by a collision of two trains at 

White Plains. 
June 24. Conn. Columbia freshmen 

defeat Harvard and Yale in a boat-race ; 

time, 9.41. 

June 25. Conn. In the 9th intercol- 
legiate boat-race, three miles straight, 
the Cornell crew breaks the record, and 
defeats the University of Pennsylvania 
by six lengths, and Columbia by 13 
lengths ; time, 14 minutes, 27;V seconds. 

June 27. N. Y. Commissioners con- 
demn 50 acres on Plum Island for 
Government purposes, fixing the price 
at $90,000. 

June 30. Colo. The first passenger-train 
ascends the inclined railway on Pike's 
Peak. 

New York. The Board of Aldermen 

decide against the Elevated Railroad's 
occupancy of part of the Battery Park. 
Vote, 16-8. 

July 1. Mass. Holden celebrates the 
150th anniversary of its settlement. 

July 3. O. A freight-train crashes 
into an express-train at Ravenna ; the 
wreck takes fire from the lamps, and 19 
of the passengers are burned to death. 

U. S. It is reported that during 

the first six months of the current 
year 16 complete railroads — mileage, 
2,590, bonded debt and capital stock, 
$106,531,000 — have been sold to satisfy 
creditors' claims. 

July 4. W. Va. In an accident on the 
Kanawha and Michigan Railroad 14 
persons are killed and many injured. 

July 6. N. Y. The New York and Brook- 
lyn Bridge trustees turn over the 
bridge funds to the two cities — $100,000 
to Brooklyn and $50,000 to New York. 

July 7. New York. The Empire Print- 
ing Works are burned ; loss, $175,000. 

July 8. O. A large building and a valu- 
able stock of furs are destroyed by fire 
in Cincinnati ; loss, nearly $900,000. 

July 9±. Cal. Bush fires burn over 

10,000 acres of grain, feed, and timber 

lands. 
July 11. Pa. A syndicate purchases for 

$1,000,000 the stores of the Cambria 

Iron Company at Pittsburg. 



388 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15. 



AMERICA 



ARMY -NAVY. 
1891 July 20. Tenn. A body of 1,000 

miners at Briceville compel the militia 
to withdraw with the convicts sent to 
work in the mines ; the governor orders 
10 companies of militia to the place. 

July 21. X. Y. The Naval Reserve 
and the Squadron of Evolution unite 
in a drill in the North River. 

Aug. 1. D. C. John S. Poland is com- 
missioned colonel — 17th infantry. 

Aug. 11.- X. Y. A satisfactory test is 
made of the Sims-Edison torpedo- 
boat at "Willet's Point ; its speed is 20 
miles an hour under perfect control. 

X. J. A charge of 440 pounds of 

powder is used in the 12-inch gun at the 
Government proving-grounds, Sandy 
Hook ; the French smokeless powder is 
also satisfactorily tested. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 July 21. Va. A monument to 
* ' Stonewall " Jackson is unveiled at 
Lexington. Gen. Jubal A. Early is the 
orator. 

July 23. Prof. Herbert B. Adams of 
Johns Hopkins University is appointed 
chief of the World's Fair Department 
of Liberal Arts. 

July 28. Commander Perry of the North 
Greenland exploring party reports 
his vessel, the steamer Kite, ice-bound 
in the Straits of Belle Isle. 

Aug. 5. Pa. A cloudburst floods the 
country near Harrisburg. [Aug. 23. An- 
other at Pottsville.] 

Aug. 9. Cat. A great earthquake and 
tidal wave occur at the mouth of the 
Colorado River, accompanied by wonder- 
ful phenomena ; the whole region is 
stirred by hundreds of mud volcanoes 
and sulphur eruptions. 

Aug. 12. D. C. The Hth annual con- 
vention of the American Society of 
Microscopists meets at Washington. 

Aug. 13. Mass. The Soldiers* Memo- 
rial Monument at Cottage City is dedi- 
cated. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 
July 17. Browne, Thomas M., statesman, 

A62. 
July 20. Davenport, Fanny E. V., actor, 

A62. 
July 35. Newi'.ninb, Richard S., lawyer, A47. 
July 26. Dillingham, Paul, Gov. of Vt., A92. 
July 28. Haverneyer, Frederick C, sugar 

refiner, A84. 
Aug. 8. Ax tell, Samuel B., Gov. of New 



Mex 



A72. 



Aug-. 7. ISoi.'oe.k, Thomas S., speaker Con- 
federate Congress, A6K. 

Aug-. 8. Bigelow, Allen Gilman, author, 
poet, musician, A37. 

Aug-. 9. Camphell, .labez Pitt, bishop Afri- 
can Meth. Epis. Church, A76. 

Aug-. 12. Jones, George, proprietor tfeio 
York Times, A80. 

Lowell. James Russell, poet, professor 

at Harvard, minister to England, A72. 

CHURCH. 
1891 Aug. 2. N. J. The relics of St. 
Quietus the Martyr (discovered in 
1849, and given to the Rev. A. Curren by 
Pope Pius IX., with authority to expose 
them for public veneration) are trans- 



ferred with great ceremonial from old 
St. Mary's Church to anew resting-place 
in Hoboken, 
Aug. 13. The Pan-Republic Congress 
Executive Committee calls upon min- 
isters and others to use for their text on 
Discovery Bay, Oct. 16, the words cast 
on the Independence Bell of Philadel- 
phia — a bell rung on July 4, 177G. (See 
Lev. xxv. 10.) 

LETTERS. 

1891 July 17. LT. The Indian Bureau 
makes contracts this year with Cath- 
olic Indian Schools directly, instead 
of through the Bureau of Catholic In- 
dian Missions as before ; amount given, 
$400,000, as against §300,000 last year. 

July 26. Chicago. Orrington Lunt has 
presented 850,000 to found a new library 
building for the Northwestern Univer- 
sity. 

July 27t. Pa. The University of 
Pennsylvania receives several large 
bequests for the " School of American 
History and Institutions." 

Aug. 15. Tex. The attorney-general de- 
cides that nuns are eligible to teach 
in the public schools of this State. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 July 15. Cal. A riot occurs in 
San Diego, when deputy marshals try 
to arrest some of the Charleston sea- 
men ; one sailor is killed and one fatally 
wounded. 

N. Y. The National Temperance 

Convention begins its session at Sara- 
toga. 

The International Medical Con- 
gress, called for the discussion of the 
use of alcohol by physicians, meets at 
the National Prohibition Park, Staten 
Island ; Dr. N. S. Davis of Chicago pre- 
sides. 

Tenn. Armed miners oppose con- 
vict labor in mines; the authorities de- 
termine to have the convicts work, even 
if blood is shed. 

[July 20. The free miners attack the 
militia at Briceville, and force the con- 
tractors to withdraw the convict miners 
from their work. July 24. A compro- 
mise is agreed to ; the convicts are 
allowed to return to work without 
military protection, and the Legislature 
must change the law to suppress such 
labor within 00 days.] (See Aug. 31, 
Sept. 11.) 

July 16. D. C. The Secretary of the 
Treasury awards a silver life-saving 
medal to Mabel Mason for saving 
Thomas Jones from drowning in the 
Detroit River on May 11. 

Mass. At Greenfield the grand jury 

reports the indictment of County Treas- 
urer C. M. Moody, who pleads guilty to 
the last count — the embezzlement of 
$i6,ooo. 

Mo. The glassblowers' convention at 

St. Louis votes to withdraw from the 
Knights of Labor. 

N. Y. The National Photogra- 
phers* Association is in session at 
Buffalo. 

July 18. N. H. Frank Almy shoots 
Miss Christie Warden at Hanover, be- 
cause of her refusal to marry him. 



[Aug. 20. Almy is captured in a bun 
on the Warden place ; besurrendereonly 

after long parleying and much shooting 
on both siden, in which one man is 
wounded.] 

X. Y. Charles Runels bequeaths six 

thousand dollars to the Methodist 
Old People's Home in Brooklyn. 

July 19. X. ./. A Chinaman is under 
arrest for abducting u 15-year-old girl 
in Camden. 

July20. Minn. A mass-meeting is held 
at St. Paul, to protest against allowing 
the Hall-Fitzsimmons prize-fight to 
take place there. 

At the close of the meeting about 5,000 
people proceed to the State Capitol to 
present a memorial to Gov. Merriam 
concerning it. [July 22. The governor's 
resolute action prevents the tight.] 

7?. I. The American "Whist Con- 
gress meets at Providence. 

July22. Boston. The Republican Press 
Club of Massachusetts is organized; 
Joseph L. Shipley of the Springyield 
Union is elected president. 

Ga. B7. C. Brown, editor of the 

Southern Alliance Farmer of Atlanta, is 
arrested for editorially advertising a 
lottery in his paper. 

III. The Highland Association of 

Hlinois unanimously elects Sir William 
Gordon-Cumming honorary chief, in 
place of the late Sir John Macdonald. 

Minn. The General Grand Chapter 

of the Royal Arch Masons of the 
United States begins its 28th triennial 
convocation in Minneapolis. 

July 23. Boston. At a meeting of the 
Patriotic Order Sons of America, an 
anti-Catholic State ticket is nominated. 

New York. The city editor of the 

Daily Xeics is indicted for violating 
the law forbidding papers publishing 
detailed accounts of executions by 
electricity. 

Phila. The Jewish Alliance of 

America issues a circular containing 
a detailed plan of distributing Russian 
Jews in communities throughout the 
"West and South. 

July 24. X. Y. Augustus Lewis is ar- 
rested for bigamy in Kllenville ; he has 
no less than eight living wives, ranging 
in age from 22 to 50 years, while he him- 
self is but 47 years old. 

July 25. New York. S. W. Lewis is con- 
victed of defrauding his wife of over 
$50,000, and sentem-ed to seven years 
and six months in prison. 

July 26. X. Y. Spiritualists open a 
Congress at Cassadaga Lake. Chautau- 
qua County ; it is to last six weeks. 

Tenn. A negro is lynched bv men 

armed with Winchester rifles, in Jack- 
son. 

July 27. N. J. The street-car lines of 
Newark are tied up by a strike. 

July 28. 0. W. E.Elliott, former pro- 
prietor and editor of the Sunday Capital, 
Columbus, who killed a reporter of the 
Sunday World, is convicted of murder 
in the second degree. 

July 29. III. The National Memorial 
Hall Association, Grand Army of the 
Republic, of Decatur, is incorporated, 
its purpose being to build a hall in which 
to preserve official records of the Grand 
Army, war relics, trophies, etc. 



UNITED STATES. 1891, July 15 -Aug. 15. 389 



N. Y. The American Paper Man- 
ufacturers' Association begins its 14th 
annual meeting at Saratoga. 

New York. The New York Herald is 

indicted for publishing the details of 
the recent executions by electricity in 
Sing Sing prison. 

July 31. III. Farmers notify the mer- 
chants of Thorn psonville that if the 
three saloons located there are not 
closed at once they will boycott the 
town. 

Chicago. Railroad strikers are fined 

for conspiracy. 

July* U. S. The Knights Templars 
report a membership of 85,443. 

Aug. 1. Mick. A farmer named "Wil- 
liam Kepke, in Rogers City, near Alpena, 
confesses having killed two men — 1G 
years ago ; he says he is conscience- 
stricken, and can get no rest. 

Aug. 2. Neb. A mob of several hun- 
dred drunken men attacks the Omaha 
and Granite Smelting Works in Omaha, 
driving out the workmen in defiance of 
all the authorities. 

New York. C. E. Goodwin, a commis- 
sion merchant, is fatally shot at his own 
door by B. C. Webster while under the 
influence of liquor. 

S. Dak. Judge Aiken puts an estop- 
pel upon the wholesale granting of di- 
vorces in this State by affirming that 
divorce papers will be issued only on 
good grounds to actual residents. 

Aug. 3. N. J. Asbury Park and Ocean 
Grove have a baby parade, which is 
two hours 



Aug. 4. La. A bloody fight takes 
place near the Texas line between cat- 
tlemen and thieves ; 1G men are killed 
and several wounded. 

- — Mich. The Grand Army of the 
Republic meets in its 25th National 
Encampment at Detroit ; [John Palmer 
of N. Y., commander-in-chief ; 40,000 
veterans march in the parade]. 

Pa. The Pottsville Iron and Steel 

Company are running five large double 
furnaces with non-union men. 

Aug. 5. D. C. The Catholic Total 
Abstinence Union opens its 21st an- 
nual session in Washington, Bishop Cot- 
ter, of "Winona, Minn., presiding; total 
membership represented, 53,000, besides 
several detached societies. 

Mich. The Women's Relief Corps 

meets in convention at Detroit, Mrs. 
Mary S. M'Henry, national president, in 
the chair. 

Its membership (77,779) is divided into 
2,022 corps, and represents nearly every 
State and Territory in the Union. 

New York. The police make a raid 

on io Chinese "fan-tan," dens captur- 
ing 36 Chinamen. 

The Chamber of Commerce gives a 
dinner to the officers of the Squadron 
of Evolution. 

Aug. 8. Mass. Calvin Page of Boston 
recovers his two daughters from the 
Pai Ute Indians of Dakota; they had 
been held prisoners for 12 years. 

Aug. 9. Mich. The mayor of Escanaba 
forbids by proclamation 'ex-Priest Chini- 
quy lecturing in the city ; he also for- 
bids owners and managers of public 
places of assembly renting the same for 
the delivery of the Cbiniquy anti-Catho- 
lic lectures. 



N. Y. Brooklyn police capture a 

.girl burglar, making three females ar- 
rested within two weeks for that crime. 

Aug. 10. Chicago. The president and 
vice-president of the " National Capital 
Building and Loan Association of North 
America," with stock for #2",(H)0,«tH>, are 
arrested by the post-office authorities 
for swindling. 

Aug. 11. Mass. The 19th annual con- 
vention of Fire Engineers assembles 
at Springfield. 

Aug. 12. Ga. The governor signs the 
bill prohibiting the sale of liquor 
within three miles of any church or 
school, except in incorporated cities ; 
this nearly approaches virtual prohibi- 
tion in Georgia. 

Aug. 13. D. C. President Harrison re- 
ceives from Queen Victoria a despatch 
expressing her sorrow and regret on the 
death of James Russell Lowell. 

New York. Over 1,000 cloakmakers, 

cutters, tailors, and pressers go out on 
strike. 

A. Backer, who recently failed for 
84,000,000, is arrested on a charge of 
grand larceny. 

Aug. 14. Mass. James Russell Lowell 
is buried from Appleton Chapel, Har- 
vard University, -with simple and unos- 
tentatious services. 

N. Y. A Brooklyn boy, 15 years old, 

one of a gang of "beard-pullers" (He- 
brews being the victims), is sentenced to 
25 days in jail. 

Aug. 15. la. The National Colored 
Congress is in session in Red Oak. 

New York. The Foresters have a 

grand parade of about 15,000 men. 

STATE. 

1891 July 16. D. C. The Secretary 
of the Treasury issues a call on Na- 
tional Bank depositories for nearly 
$4,000,000 of Government funds in their 
possession. 

July 25. Alas. The British and 
American Bering Sea Commission- 
ers meet for consultation at Ounalaska. 

July 29. U. S. Senator Quay and 
Col. Dudley resign their offices in 
the National Republican Committee ; 
Gen. James S. Clarkson of la. is elected 
chairman. 

July" 31. D. C. President Harrison is- 
sues a proclamation announcing a treaty 
of reciprocity with San Domingo. 

Aug. 1. D. C. Bering Sea is divided 
into districts for patrol purposes ; one 
legal warning is given to sealing vessels. 

Aug. 3. Ky. In the State election a 
Democratic governor and other officers 
are chosen, and the new Constitution is 
ratified. Vote, 312,950-74,446. 

Aug. 6. La. The Farmers* Alliance 
and the anti-lottery Democrats unite 
upon a joint ticket. 

O. John Seitz (People's Party) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 11. Tex. The people ratify five 
Amendments to the State Constitution 
so as to authorize : Registration of voters 
in cities of 10,000 and over ; legal rate of 
interest, 10 per cent, but where in con- 
not stated, 6 per cent ; 
adopting and 



enforcing local prohibition; creation of 
additional courts and criminal appeals. 
Aug. 13. D. C. The President pro- 
claims the Cherokee strip in Oklahoma 
closed to settlers. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891 July 15. New York, A lumber 
raft arrives from St. John, N. B., con- 
taining 3,500,000 feet. 

Pa. Glassware manufacturers 

combine with those of Ohio and West 
Virginia, forming one association of IS 
firms, called the United States Glass 
Company; capital, $1,000,000. 

July 17. Mass. A fire at Lynn de- 
stroys two business blocks ; loss, .s:j()0,0U0. 

0. Wine men are killed, a number 

injured, and two locomotives and 12 cars 
wrecked, at Hepburn. 

The Southeastern Mississippi Valley 

Association of Railroads is organized. 

July 19. 0. The Standard Oil Com- 
pany obtains all the wells of the Mar- 
ion Natural Gas Company. 

July 22. New York. The Rapid Tran- 
sit Commission decides upon a route 
for a four-track underground railway 
for the East Side. 

Wash. Five car-loads of stolen 

horses, valued at $10,000, are shipped 
from Pampa to Chicago over the Union 
Pacific Railroad. 

July 23. Mich. The Detroit Street Bail- 
ways, over .SO miles lung, are purchased 
by a New York and Boston syndicate 
for about $5,000,000. 

July 24. Phila. Campbell and Elliott's 
cotton-mills are burned ; loss, $650,000. 

July 25. O. An excursion- train is 
■wrecked near Middletown ; seven per- 
sons are killed and many injured. 

Tex. Dallaslosesabout$2,000,000 

by a fire in its business section. 

Wis. All the street-railway lines and 

electric-lighting facilities in Milwaukee 
are placed under the control of the Vil- 
lard syndicate. 

July 31. Ky. A train is wrecked near 
Louisville ; 13 persons are killed and 18 
injured. 

Aug. 1. Boston. A Kindling "Wood 
Trust is formed. 

Aug. 3. N. Y. The Richmond County 
Electric Light, Heat, and Power Com- 
pany's works at St. George are destroyed 
by fire ; loss, $150,000. 

Aug. 5. New' York. The White Star 
steamship Majestic arrives from Queens- 
town, after breaking the record, hav- 
ing made the voyage in five days, 18 
hours, and eight minutes. 

Aug. 6. N. Y. A passenger- train dashes 
into the rear end of a freight-train 
near Syracuse on the "West Shore Eoad ; 
13 persons are killed and over 20 injured. 

Aug. 8. Eng. The American dory, Sea 
Serpent, Capt. Lawlor, after crossing 
the Atlantic, arrives at Cowes, Isle of 
Wight. 

Mich. Forest fires rage in the north 

part of the State. 

New York. The price of crude 

petroleum jumps from 52 cents to 70^ 
cents in two hours. 



390 18 9 1, Aug-. 15 - Sept. 19. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Aug. 17. Tex. Troops are search- 
ing for Simon Garcia, a notorious 
bandit and train-robber, who with 25 
followers is raiding the country north of 
Brownsville. 

Aug. 19. Cal. The cruiser Charleston 
leaves San Francisco for Yokohama. 

Sept. 7. Secretary Tracy orders the war- 
ship Pensacnfa to proceed at once to 
Honolulu to protect American inter- 
ests. 

Sept. 10. H. I. The 150th. anniversary 
of the Newport Artillery is cele- 
brated. 

D. C. Charles T. Alexander is com- 
missioned colonel — medical depart- 
ment. [Oct. 14. Edward P. Pearson — 
10th infantry. Dec. 4. Horace Jewett 
— 21st infantry.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S91 Aug. 17±. Cal. The amount of 
water in the Salton Basin is estimated 
at 4,460,544,000 cubic feet. [Oct. Hi. 
The lake is rapidly disappearing.] 

Pa. Experiments made in Pittsburg 

relating to the properties of nickel-steel 
and manganese-bronze result in the 
discovery of a new metal with superior 
characteristics for all uses. 

It is of high tensile strength, impervi- 
ous to acids, indestructible by corrosion, 
and capable of being wrought while 
either hot or cold. 

Aug. 18-26. Tex. Gen.R.G.Dyrenforth 
conducts experiments for the Govern- 
ment, near Midland, for the artificial 
production of rain by firing explosives 
in the upper air. [Aug. 27. Success re- 
ported — later denied.] 

Aug. 19. D. C. The American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science 
meets at "Washington. [Prof. Joseph 
Leconte, president.] 

Vt. A monument 30S feet high, com- 
memorative of the Battle of Benning- 
ton, is dedicated at Benuington. 

Aug. 20. III. An air-ship at Monti- 
cello is guided by means of a sky bicycle 
so that it safely lands five miles from 
the place of ascension. 

Aug. 24. D. C. The American Society 
of Geologists meets at Washington. 
[It announces the discovery of the 
"correlation of geological forma- 
tions.'*] 

Aug. 26. D. C. The 5th International 
Geological Congress begins its ses- 
sions in "Washington. 

Aug. 31. X. Y. The 26th annual ses- 
sion of the American Social Science 
Association is opened in Saratoga ; ad- 
dress by President Andrew D. White. 

Sept. 11. Cal. Petroleum oil is discov- 
ered at Cobiago, 50 miles southwest of 
Fresno. 

Sept. 15. X. Y. The Rensselaer County 
Soldiers' and Sailors' monument is 
dedicated at Troy. [Sept. 17. Another 
at Yonkers.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Aug. 16. Sorakichi, Matsada ]{., Japanese 
wrestler, A33. 

Aug. 21. Bragg, Walter L., interstate 
commerce commissioner, A.W. 

Aug. 27. Pomeroy, Samuel C, senator 
for Kan., A76. 

Aug. 31. Ohnstead, John W., Bapt. cler- 
gyman, editor, A75. 

Sept. 9. Buni.lv, Jonas M., journalist, A55. 

Sept. 11. Latrobe, John II. B., lawyer, 
philanthropist, historian, inventor, A88. 

Sept. 14. Loring, George B., commissioner 
agriculture, ,V74. 

Sept. 18. Quimby, Isaac F., gen., A70. 



CHURCH. 

1891 Aug. 16. N. Y. Between 3,000 
and 4,000 Roman Catholics, principally 
from Troy and Albany, make a pilgri- 
mage to the shrine of Our Lady 
of Martyrs at Auriesville, the place 
where two missionary priests are said 
to have been killed by Indians in 1642. 

Aug. 26. X. J. Thirty thousand per- 
sons attend the Ocean Grove Camp- 
meeting. 

Sept. 18. New York. The Temple 
Beth-el, one of the largest and most 
magnificent Jewish synagogues in the 
country, is dedicated with imposing cer- 
emonies. 

LETTERS. 

1891 Sept. 3. X. Y. Horace B. Silli- 
man of Cohoes is elected president of 
Hamilton College. 

Sept. 8. 77/. Mrs. Emily Huntington 
Miller is elected principal of the 
"Woman's College of the North- 
western University. 



SOCIETY. 

1891 Aug. 16. X. J. The Platt- 
deutsch Volksvest Verein begins its an- 
nual festival at Union Hill. 

Aug. 17. Ark. J. L. Bay, an expert ac- 
countant, employed h> c\; i n line the books 
of ex-Treasurer woodruff, is arrested on 
a charge of stealing $100,000 in State 
script. (See June 26.) 

New York. People's baths are suc- 
cessfully opened at No. Centre Market- 
place, in a thickly settled neighborhood, 
by the New York Association for Im- 
proving the Condition of the Poor. 

Aug. 18. Phila. Charles Lawrence, ex- 
cashier of the Keystone National Bank, 
is sentenced to seven years' imprison- 
ment. [Sept. 7. One of the clerks, J. F. 
Lawrence, is arrested.] 

N. Y. President Harrison makes 

speeches at many cities en route from 
Cape May to Bennington, Vt., to attend 
the dedication of a battle monument. 

[Aug. 25. He speaks at Saratoga, and 
makes eight speeches en route to St. 
Albans. Aug. 26. He speaks in Vermont 
to large assemblies at Richmond, "Water- 
bury, Montpelier. Plainfield, and St. 
Johnsburv. At Montpelier he speaks in 
the Capitol to the members of the State 
Legislature. Aug. 27. He speaks at 
Bellows Falls and other places. Aug. 
28. At Rutland and Proctor.] 

Aug. 24. .l/o. Brutal outrages are per- 
petrated by a band of 15 men to drive 
the Chinese from Missoula. 

Pa. A desperado holds up a train 

and robs and shoots several persons 
while two of his companions keep guard. 



Aug. 25. Conn. The National I 
tion of the Daughters of Liberty, rep- 
resenting a membership of G.402, opens 
at Waterbory. 

Aug. 26. Boston. The American Bar 
Association meets. [Aug. 28. It rotes 
medals to David Dudley Field and Lord 
Selborne.] 

Cal. Three hundred employers orga- 
nize a Manufacturers Association in San 
Francisco to resist the encroachments of 
trades-unions. 

Aug. 27. A';/. Two men are killed and 
one mortally wounded in a feud at 
Georgetown. 

Aug. 28. ///. The survivors of the 
Black Hawk "War of 1831 and 1832 
hold their first reunion at Lena; 17 
veterans attend. 

Ky. TT. Dudley, colored, is taken 

from jail and lynched by a mob at 
Georgetown. 

Phila. Alfred H. Love is elected 

president of the Universal Peace 

Union. 
Aug. 29. Kan. A feud results in the 

wilful shooting of J. P. Farr by C. A. 

Schultz, both farmers of Doniphan; 

Farr is mortally wounded. 
Aug. 30. Ind. The United Brethren 

brick church at Bourbon is wrecked by 

dynamite. 
N. Y. A ruffian enters a convent 

attached to the church of Our Mother 

of Sorrows, assaults several of the nuns, 

and escapes. 
Tenn. An ex-preacher, S. C. Stone. 

is arrested in Memphis on a charge of 

Aug. 31. Conn. Henry Bushenhagen, 
aged GO, and his wife Emily, aged 71, are 
killed in Bloomfield by a tramp to 
whom they gave shelter ; S200 reward is 
offered for his capture. 

Chicago. The cabinet-makers are or- 
dered out on strike. 

Kan. A secret order of boomers 

is organized on the border of Southern 
Kansas for the purpose of making a 
raid on the Cherokee Strip, burning the 
grass, killing the cattle, and holding the 
land for homes. 

N. Y. The American Social Sci- 
ence Association opens its meeting at 
Saratoga ; president, Andrew D. White. 
[It discusses labor organizations and 
trades-unions.] 

— — Tenn. The Legislature denies the pe- 
tition of the free miners, and declares 
its contract with the lessee of convict 
labor is binding, and must be observed 
until the expiration of the lease. (See 
July 15.) 

Aug. * Kan. "White maskers fasten a 
bov 17 vears of age to a fence-post, and 
give him 100 lashes for knocking down 
his father and ill treating his mother 
and sisters. 

Sept. 1. Colo. Seven masked men 
stop a Denver and Rio Grande train, 
rob the express-car of £3,600, and es- 
cape. 

X. J. Large quantities of Paris 

Ereen are found in a well at May's 
anding; a timely discovery is made, 
but the perpetrators are unknown. 

New York. Mayor Grant welcomes 

the State Liquor Dealers' Convention. 
He savs that there are not enough 
police to enforce the Excise Law. and 
that he is in favor of legal selling dur- 
ing " certain hours" on Sundays. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Aug. 15-Sept. 19. 391 



Sept. 2. Tex. Six masked robbers 
attack a Southern Pacific Railroad train 
with dynamite and rides ; they secure 
a large sum of money, and escape to 
Mexico. 

Sept. 3 . Chicago. The American Sab- 
bath Union representatives argue be- 
fore the "World's Fair Commission in 
favor of closing the "World's Fair on 
Sunday. 

New York. The police are forbidden 

to receive bribes or to spy into illegal 
liquor-selling during forbidden hours; 
on the other hand, judges refuse to hold 
the liquor-dealers, unless the police can 
testify that they bought the liquor at 
their saloons. 

Sept. 5. N. Y. Swiss-Americans cel- 
ebrate the GOOth anniversary of Swiss 
independence. 

Tex. A band of train-robbers are 

overtaken by a company of rangers ; 13 
robbers and two rangers are killed. 

Sept. 6. Colored cotton-pickers per- 
fect an organization that numbers 
half a million throughout the Southern 
States ; their wage-scale demands not 
!ess than §1 per 100 pounds, and board. 

Sept. 7. Cal. The brig Tahiti arrives 
off San Francisco with a cargo of Gil- 
bert Islanders, 300 in number ; they are 
thought to be slaves. 

Labor Day is generally observed 

throughout the country ; there is a gen- 
eral cessation of business, and working 
men indulge in parades and out-of-door 
pleasures. 

Sept. S. Conn. Groton celebrates the 
110th anniversary of the Battle of 
Groton Heights. 

Sept. 9. N. Y. Mrs. Leland Stanford 
gives property valued at §100,000 for the 
benefit of the Society for the Kelief 
of Orphans and Destitute Children 
in Albany. 

The Eelief Fund for the sufferers by 
the Park Place catastrophe amounts to 
$21,997. (See Miscellaneous, Aug. 22.) 

Sept. 10. Chicago. P. "W. Dittlinger is 
arrested for embezzling $16,000 from the 
Chicago Building and Loan Association, 
of which he was treasurer. 

Sept. 11. Tenn. The sub-lessees at the 
Briceville mines are arming guards to 
prevent interference of free miners with 
the convict miners. (See July 15.) [Oct. 
31. The armed miners of Briceville visit 
two prisons and set 300 convicts free. 
Nov. 10. At Oliver Springs 200 more are 
set at liberty.] 

Sept. 12. Ga. Two men rob the night 
express on the Central Railroad 10 ruiles 
west of Savannah. 

; Neio York. The 253d anniversary 

of the landing of the Swedes on the 
shores of the Delaware is celebrated. 

Sept. 13. Ga. Georgia pays a pension 
of $100 each annually to four thousand 
Confederate soldiers' widows. 

Sept. 15. The Brotherhood of Teleg- 
raphers and the Railway Telegra- 
phers unite, and apply for admission 
to the Federal Council of Railway Em- 
ployees. 

New York. Mexicans celebrate the 

81st anniversary of the beginning of the 
war for Mexican independence. 

Utah. The Irrigation Congress is 

in session at Salt Lake City. 



Sept. 17. Chicago, The National Asso- 
ciation of Military Surgeons is organ- 
ized. 

Tex. E. M. Tate, editor of the Hop- 
kins County Echo, shoots and kills 
Everett Moore, editor of the Alliance 
Vindicator , at Dallas. 

Sept. IS. N. Y. James E. Ostrander of 
Kingston is arrested for stealing $75,000 
from the Ulster County Savings Institu- 
tion, of which he was treasurer. 

STATE. 

1891 Aug. 20. Va. Gen. Mahone 
issues a political circular, in which he 
says that a fair election cannot be had in 
Virginia under the present law. 

Aug. 24. I). C. The Secretary of the 
Treasury gives notice that the 4i- per 
cent bonds will be paid upon maturity, 
Sept. 2. 

Aug. 26. Ga. The House refuses to 
accept for the State the Confederate 
Veterans' Home erected by popular sub- 
scription, and cost ins; uver's r >0,000. Vote, 
94-62. 

Aug. 27. Md. "W.G. Van Wort (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

Aug. 31. Tenn. The Legislature meets 
in extra session to consider the State 
convict labor system. [Sept. 3. The 
lower House votes in favor of convict 
leases.] 

Sept. 1. Z>. C. The Treasury Depart- 
ment reports the public debt reduced 
§5,5S1,S95 in August. 

U. S. The reciprocity treaty with 

Spain regarding Cuba and Porto Rico 
takes effect. 

Sept. 3. Ger. The German Govern- 
ment removes the prohibition upon the 
importation of American pork. 

N. Y. J. W. Bruce (Prohib.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

Sept. 4. Chicago. The "World's Fair Cor- 
poration asks for a loan of $5,000,000 
from the U. S. Government, to be repaid 
out of the first receipts of the Fair. 

Tenn. The House resolution declar- 
ing that the General Assembly has no 
power to annul the convict lease passes 
the State Senate. 

Sept. 5. D. C. The Chilean Minister 
leaves Washington. [Sept. 7. The State 
Department officially recognizes the new 
Chilean Government.] 

Sept. 9. III. The World's Fair Board 
of Control asks for Federal inspec- 
tion of the Exposition buildings. 

Mass. Charles H. Kimball (Prohib.) 

is nominated for governor. 

N. Y. J. Sloat Fassett (Rep.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Sept. 12. Tenn. The Legislature kills 
the bill for abolishing the convict-lease 
system by passing a bill empowering 
the governor to keep the National 
Guard under arms to prevent and sup- 
press unlawful assemblages. [Sept. 14. 
The lower House passes the bill 
against prize-fighting.] 

Mass. Charles W. Lowell (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

.V. Y. Roswell P. Flower (Dem.) is 

nominated for 



Sept. 18. I). C. President Harrison 
announces by proclamation that the 
ceded Indian lands in Oklahoma Terri- 
tory will open to settlement Sept. 23. 

The State department at Washington 
is formally notified that a band of men 
on the Texas frontier contemplates a 
forcible invasion of Mexico. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 Aug. 15. Chicago. On 'Change 
wheat for December delivery sells at 
S1.0S, an advance of eight cents per 
bushel over the previous day. 

Aug. 18. Fla. Jacksonville is greatly 
damaged by fire ; loss, $1,000,000. 

Aug. 19. New York. The White Star 
Line steamship Teutonic arrives from 
Queenstown after lowering the trans- 
atlantic record to five days, 16 hours, 
31 minutes. 

Aug. 22. Neio York. Many persons are 
buried beneath the de'bris of a falling 
building in Park Place; tire follows 
the fall and 61 lives are lost. 

Aug. 27. N. C. In a rail- spreading 
accident on the Western North Carolina 
Road, two miles west of Statesville, 20 
people are killed and 30 injured. 

Pa. A Philadelphia and Reading 

train, consisting of engine, tender, and 
three cars, breaks the American rec- 
ord by running 12 miles, from Jenkins- 
town to the Delaware River, in eight 
minutes, 42£ seconds ; speed, 82.7 miles 
per hour. 

Sept. 4. Mich. At a factory near White 
Pigeon 16 tons of dynamite explode ; 
the" building is destroyed and 16 work- 
men are killed. 

Sept. 5. Mo. Miles of grain-laden cars 
are side-tracked at Kansas City, and 
the market is choked. 

Sept. 7. The cotton crop of the United 
States this year is 8,652,597 bales, 1,300,000 
more than last year. 

Sept. 8. Cat. The first car-load of 
raisins is shipped from Fresno for New 
York. 

Sept. 12. N. Y. The first train over 
the new route from Oyster Bay, Long 
Island, to Wilson's Point, Conn., is run 
aboard the transportation boat of the 
Sound Ferry, completing the line be- 
tween Long Island and Boston. 

Sept. 13. Del. The Delaware Iron Works 
at Newcastle are burned ; loss, $300,000 ; 
over 800 persons are thrown out of work. 

Sept. 14. N. Y. The New York Central 
Company runs a train from New York 
to Buffalo, 4361 miles, at an average 
speed, exclusive of stops, of 61.56 
miles an hour. 

Sept. 15. New York. Fire destroys the 
old Commercial Advertiser building and 
the one adjoining ; loss, §300,000. 

Utah. The National Irrigation 

Congress opens in Salt Lake City. 

Sept. 16. /. T. Silver mining begins. 

Mich. The great tunnel under the 

St. Clair River between the United 
States and Canada is opened. 



392 1891, Sept. 19 -Oct. 19. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1891 Sept. 20. Va. The Chancel- 
lors ville Battle-field Association is 
incorporated, with a capital of $100,000 
in shares at $10 each. 

Its property consists of 845 acres of 
land, and covers the field of operations 
in May, 1863. 

Sept. * Wash. The Federal Government 
establishes a naval station at Port 
Orchard. 

Oct. 5. X. Y. The militia is held un- 
der arms at Kingston to protect the 
wreckers of the Ulster County Savings- 
hank from the enraged people. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Sept. 22. Mass. The "Worces- 
ter Music Festival opens with a per- 
formance of Bruek's Arminius. 

Sept. 23. Me. A tornado cuts a swath 
in the woods, taking everything in its 
path for six rods in width and an eighth 
of a mile in length. 

Sept. 28. D. C. At the Catholic Univer- 
sity at "Washington a marble statue of 
Pope Leo XIII. is unveiled in the pres- 
ence of Cardinal Gibbons and Arch- 
bishop Corrigan. 

Congress passes an act to reserve 
the Big Tree Grove in California as a 
public park, to he called Sequoia Park. 

Sept. 29. Pa. A wonderful oil-well is 
opened IS miles west of Pittsburg; it 
flows 10,000 barrels of petroleum in a 
day. 

Sept. * Pa. A soldiers' monument is 
unveiled at Pottsville. 

Oct. 3. III. The natural-gas well at 
Paw Paw burns out suddenly, leaving 
its users in darkness. 

Oct. 5±. X. J. Thomas A. Edison in- 
vents a new form of electric motor 
for street-cars, which he claims will be 
from two to three times cheaper than 
the cable and trolley systems. 

Tex. An old gold-mine in Llamo is 

rediscovered. 

Oct. 6. Ga. A new mechanical cotton- 
picker gives satisfaction to investiga- 
tors, and proves a practical success. 

Oct. 7. A Piano Manufacturers' Com- 
mittee, of which "William Steinway is 
chairman, agrees to fix the standard 
pitch at 435 vibrations per second 
for A in a temperature of 68° Fahr. ; 
this pitch has been adopted in France, 
Austria, and Italy. 

Chicago. The colossal equestrian 

statue of Gen. U. S. Grant is unveiled 
in the presence of a vast concourse, in- 
cluding regulars, militiamen, Grand 
Army men, and prominent public men. 
(See Apr. 30, 1890.) 

Oct. 12. N.J. A monument commem- 
orative of the GOth anniversary of the 
first operation of a steam railway in 
New Jersey is dedicated near Borden- 
town. 

Oct. 13. Wis, A rich discovery of silver 
is made within 20 miles of "West Su- 
perior. 



Oct. 14. X. Y. A granite monument 
to the memory of Red Jacket, the chief 
of the Six Nations, of the Iroquois 
family, is unveiled on the shore of Sen- 
eca Lake, near where he was born. 

Oct. 17. X. Y. A monument is dedi- 
cated to the memory of Gen. Brownell 
in Cypress Hill Cemetery by his friends 
of the 47th Regiment of Brooklyn. 

Oct. 18. The 55 remaining pictures of 
the Verestchagin Collection are sold 
for 541,880. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Sept. 19. Scott, William L., M. C. for 
R. I., A63. 

Sept. 21. Whitthome, Washington C, sen- 
ator for Tenn., A66. 

Sept. 23. Morehouse, Albert P., Gov. of 
Mo., A 56. 

Sept. 25. Burchard, Samuel P., Pres. cl., 
"Rum, Humanism, IteU'llion," A79. 

Sept. 26. Hodge, Caspar W., professor 
Bible Literature at Princeton, ABO. 

Sept. 28. Melville, Herman, novelist, trav- 
eler, A72. 

Oct. 1. "Watterson, Hervey M., journal- 
ist, A80. 

Oct. 12. Bigelow, Hobartll.,Oov. of Conn., 
A57. 

Oct. 13. McCawley, Charles G., col. com- 
manding V. S. Marine Corps, dies. 

Oct. 15. Lee. Williams. Fitznugh. Con- 
federate niaj.-gen., A54. 

Oct. 16. Ingraham, Duncan N., com. TJ. S. 
N., A 88. 

Oct. 17. Parton, James, author, journalist, 
A68. 



CHURCH. 

1891 Sept. 21. X. Y. The 5th Con- 
gress of German Catholics of the 
United States begins at Buffalo. A mon- 
ster parade of German Catholic societies 
takes place. 

Sept. 22. X. Y. The 14th National 
Unitarian Conference opens at Sara- 
toga. 

Sept. 23. New York. The 34th anni- 
versary of the Fulton Street Daily- 
Noon Prayer-meeting is attended by 
a large number of people. 

Sept. 24. Pa. The Schwenkf elders 
hold their 157th annual memorial re- 
union in Reading ; they number five con- 
gregations, "with a total membership of 
1,000, all in Pennsylvania. 

Sept. 30. New York. The 108th Conven- 
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Diocese 
of New York meets. 

Oct. 2 . The Jewish New Year — An- 
no Mundi 5652 — begins this evening 
•with services in the synagogues. 

Oct. 5. Xetv York. The delegates to the 
2d Ecumenical Methodist Council at 
Washington are given a reception by 
the Methodists of this city. 
' [Oct. 7. The Council opens in the 
Metropolitan Church. Oct. 14. It votes 
in favor of closing the World's Fair on 
Sunday. Oct. 17. President Harrison 
and Secretary Noble address the Council. 
Oct. 20. It approves the proposal to hold 
another Council in 1901, and adjourns.] 
The Presbytery of New York hears 
the charges and specifications against 
Prof. Briggs; it decides to proceed with 
the trial, and votes down all efforts to 
compromise the matter. Vote, 64-62. 



[Xov. 4. It dismisses the charges after 
listening to Prof. Briggs'a reply.] 

Oct. 11. .V. J. The First Presbyte- 
rian Church at Morristown celebrates 
its centennial with appropriate services. 

Oct. 14. Boston. Rev. Phillips Brooks 
is consecrated 'Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop for the Diocese of Massachu- 
setts in Trinity Church. 

LETTERS. 

1891 Sept. 21. Tex. Atty.-Gen. Jones 
gives an opinion in which he says that 
Bible-reading in the public schools 
is unconstitutional. 

Sept. 24. Xew York. Col. H. S. Olcott 
lectures on " Theosophy and Madame 
Blavatsky." 

Oct. 1. Tex. The medical branch of the 
University of Texas at Galveston is 
opened by the State. 

Cal. Leland Stanford, Jr., Uni- 
versity at Palo Alto opens with 473 stu- 
dents; appropriate exercises are held. 

Oct. 7. N. Y. The new Library building 
of Cornell University — the gift of 
Henry Sage, is formally opened. 

The library of History and Political 
Science (15,000 volumes), given by ex- 
President White, is received at the same 
time. 

Oct. 14. ///. Rev. Hiram Buck gives 
$30,000 to the "Wesleyan University at 
Bloomington. 

Oct. 15. New York. The "Woman's 
University Club is incorporated. 

Its purpose is to promote literature 
and art and social welfare among college- 
bred women. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 Sept. 21. X. Y. Italian citizens 
in Xew York and Brooklyn celebrate 
the 21st anniversary of the end of 
the Pope's temporal power. 

Sept. 22. B.C. The Congress of Ameri- 
can Physicians and Surgeons opens. 

III. The Russian Colonization So- 
ciety is permanently organized, with 
Senator John M. Palmer as president, 
and Rabbi Isaac Rubenstein as director- 
general. 

Sept. 25. Phila. Lord Hawkes's team 
of cricketers plays the first of eight 
games in the United States at Manheim, 
against the All-Philadelphia eleven. 
[Sept. 2S. The Philadelphia^ win.] 

Sept. 27. X. J. The annual convention 
of the Brotherhood of Locomotive 
Engineers is held in Jersey City. 

S. C. The mayor of Spartansburg is 

fatally shot by a negro. 

Sept. 29. A*. Y. The annual convention 
of the National Civil Service Reform 
League is held in Buffalo. George Wil- 
liam Curtis is reelected president. 

Sept. 30. Chicago. World's Fair direc- 
tors give a banquet to the European 
envoys. 

Ga. The wharf laborers strike at 

Savannah and bring business to a stand- 
still. 

Tnd. "White Caps whip a woman 

nearly to death. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Sept. 19 -Oct 19. 393 



N. Y. A masked robber breaks 

into an express-ear on the New York 
Central Road between Albany and Little 
Falls ; he robs the safe of all the money 
he can conveniently seize, and escapes. 

Tex. A socialist is refused naturali- 
zation in Uvalde. 

Oct. 1. Ark. Nine negroes are taken 
from a sheriff by an armed mob and 
lynched. 

Chicago. The convention of the Irish 

National League of America meets. 

Pa. A general strike of railroad 

coal-miners of the Pittsburg district 
begins; 10,000 men quit work. 

Oct. 2. Ala. Masked white men lynch 
a prosperous negro farmer near Chil- 
dersburg. 

Oct. 3. Boston. A petition with at least 
10 miles of signatures in favor of 
outlawing the liquor- traffic and 
opium-trade is prepared for presenta- 
tion to the ensuing great temperance 
convention. 

N. J. In spite of protest by petition, 

saloons are legally forced upon Mill- 
ville; this is the first time in 20 years 
that saloons have been permitted. 

New York. A daughter is born to ex- 
President and Mrs. Grover Cleveland, 
and named Ruth. 

Oct. 4. N. Y. Two Chinamen, on their 
way to Sunday-school, are brutally ill 
treated by a gang of drunken roughs in 
Brooklyn. 

Oct. 5. N. J. Near Newark, Patrick 
Brady, after a drunken bout, beats and 
kicks his wife to death in the presence 
of their children. 

Mo. In Stone County, a band of 

outlaws armed with Winchester rifles 
is discovered in a cave ; the authorities 
are guarding the entrance, and intend 
" to starve them out." 

Oct. 6. N. Y. A convention of Typo- 
graphical Unions opens at Syracuse, 
to provide a plan for more thorough 
organization. 

"Oct. 7. N. Y. The Lake Mohonk Indian 
Conference begins its sessions. 

Oct. 8. Colo. The American Humane 
Association is in session at Denver. 

Chicago. Gen. G. M. Dodge is elected 

president of the Society of the Army of 
Tennessee. 

N.Y. Buff alo lithographers strike 

because women are employed. 

Oct. 9. Kan. Anti-prohibitionists in 
Kiowa petition the woman mayor to 
resign because she makes continual 
war on the " dives." 

Neb. A mob breaks into the jail and 

hangs a negro, named Coe, at Omaha. 
[Oct. 10. Seven of the mob are arrested 
and locked up ; upon threats being 
made of liberating them, they are re- 
leased on bail. Oct. 15. The assistant 
county-attorney and City Councilman 
Moriarty, and six other prominent men 
of Omaha, are arrested for taking part 
in the lynching.] 

Oct. 11. La. A hot campaign is con- 
ducted on the lottery issue ; party 
lines are broken, the division being for 
or against the lottery. 

Md . Sunday closing is strictly en- 
forced in Baltimore. 

Druggists may sell on prescription 
only, but no proprietary medicines, 
mineral waters, or soda-water ; cigar 
.stores must be closed, and side-doors 



to saloons are closely watched; barber 
shops are also closed. [Oct. 12. Much 
indignation prevails because 176 persons 
have been cited before the grand jury 
for violating the law.] 

Oct. 12. Robbers partially wreck a 
passenger-train on the Central Pacific 
Railroad. 

Pa. The National Prison Con- 
gress is in session at Pittsburg. 

[Oct. 13. The Committee on Police re- 
ports that the chief superintendents of 
police are a unit in placing the chief 
detriments to police management to 
politics, licentiousness, and gambling, 
with lightness of sentences and laxness 
of prison discipline, etc., as allowed by 
Legislatures.] 

Phila. The Human Freedom 

League organizes at Independence 
Hall. 

The American Society of Railway 

Superintendents holds its 20th annual 
meeting. 

Oct. 14. Ind. The National "Water- 
ways Convention of about 300 dele- 
gates opens in Evansville. 

New York. T. H. Stout, a trusted 

employee of a Stock Exchange firm, at 
present in Europe, is found to be a de- 
faulter to the extent of $40,000. 

Oct. 15. Chicago. Delegates from 35 
cities of the Union organize the United 
States "Warehousemen's Association. 

Oct. 16. Chicago. The Evening Post 
says that the street and alley committee 
of the Common Council has made a se- 
cret demand for $20,000 to pass the 
Wabash Avenue cable-loop ordinances, 
which it refuses to report. 

Ind. The alleged shortage of 

County-Auditor Lavelle of Washington 
is nearly $100,000; this is shown by the 
records which a tire at the court-house 
failed to destroy. 

N. Y. In a suit brought by the Adams 

Express Company, an attachment to the 
amount of upwards of $700,000 issues 
against the property in New York State 
of ex-President Hoey, who is directly 
charged with embezzlement. 

Oct. 19. Ky. The "Wholesale Drug- 
gists' Association opens its session in 
Louisville. 

STATE. 

1891 Sept. 23. X>. C. President Har- 
rison appoints a commission to fix 
the true boundary between the United 
States and Mexico. 

Dkla. About 300,000 acres of Indian 

lands are thrown open for settlement. 

Sept. 26. Pa. Gov. Pattison calls an 
extra session of the Senate to investi- 
gate charges against the financial offi- 
cers of the State. 

Sept. 29. Conn. Both claimants to the 
governorship agree to take the contro- 
versy into the State Supreme Court 
for settlement. 

Mass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

D. C. The State Department is noti- 
fied that the Provisional Government 
of Chile withdraws from its position 
adverse to the diplomatic rights of the 
United States. 

Oct. 9. New York. The People's Mu- 
nicipal League chooses candidates for 
the Assembly on the Ballot Reform 



Oct. 11. D. C. It is stated that the 
German Minister has concluded a con- 
vention with the State Department 
whereby Germany will remove the 
duty from American grain, in return 
for the continued free admission of beet- 
sugar into the United States. 

Oct. 16. Wyo. The Shoshone and Arap- 
ahoe tribes of Indians cede to the 
Federal Government 1,000,000 acres of 
their reservation, for which they are 
to receive 55 cents an acre. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1891 Sept. 20. Pa. Three persons are 
killed and 20 cars of cattle and 40 freight 
cars destroyed in a railway accident at 
Greenburg. 

Sept. 23. Mich. The Union Mills at 
Duluth lose $100,000 by fire. 

+• Minn. Forest fires destroy villages 

and large tracts of timber lands. 

Property valued at $197,500 is burned 
in Minneapolis, and many firemen are 
much injured. 

Sept. 24. N. J. The Crescent Pottery 
in Paterson is burned ; loss, $150,000. 

Pa. Trains collide near Zelienople ; 

eight persons are killed and five injured. 

Sept. 25. Conn. A railway collision 
near Hawleyville kills several persons. 

N. J. A bomb explosion at Newark 

kills 11 persons. 

Sept. 27. Boston loses $500,000 by fire. 

Tenn. Chattanooga loses $650,000 by 

tire. 

Sept. 28. Neio York. John W. Mackay 
and party arrive in the private railway 
car Grassmere, after making the trip 
from the Pacific to the Atlantic in four 
days, 12 hours, and 28 minutes. 

Sept. 29. Ire. The White Star Line 
steamer Teutonic arrives at Queenstown, 
after making the eastern passage in 88 
minutes less time than any previous 
record. 

Sept. 30. O. Three persons are killed 
and 20 injured by a train collision near 
Kent. 

Oct. 1. N. C. The Southern Interstate 
Exposition at Raleigh opens. 

Oct. 4. Cal. Forest fires are raging ; 
villages and much property are de- 
stroyed in Eldorado County. 

Oct. 7. Me. Forest fires do much dam- 
age. 

Oct. 8. Conn. The tobacco crop is the 
largest ever known. 

Oct. 11. The U. S. Steamer Despatch is 
a complete wreck and fast going to 
pieces on a reef near Nicaragua. 

Oct. 15. Ky. The Cumberland Valley 
Colliery plants at Pineville, and coal, 
iron, and timber lands in eastern Ken- 
tucky, are purchased by a Belgium 
syndicate for $5,000,000. 

Oct. 17. Kan. The pontoon bridge 
over the Missouri River at Leaven- 
worth is destroyed by a storm. 

Oct. 18. New York. The horse St. 
Blaise brings $100,000 at the Belmont 



394 1891, Oct. 20 -Dec. 1. 



AMERICA 



ARMY -WAVY. 

1891 Oct. 23. Md. The cruiser De- 
troit is launched at Baltimore. 

Nov. 4. New York. The cruiser Phila- 
delphia, the flagship of Adm. Ghe- 
rardi, sails for St. Thomas. 

Nov. 14. A test of armor-plates at the 
Naval Ordnance Proving-ground demon- 
strates the superiority of the superfi- 
cially carbonized American nickel-steel 
plates. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Oct. 20. Alas. Prof. Isaac C. 
Russell and party climb 14,500 feet up 
Mount St. Elias, when they are turned 
back by a severe snow-storm. 

Oct. 21. Ga. The Grady Monument 
at Atlanta is unveiled ; an oration is 
delivered by Gov. Hill of New York. 

It. I. The Ladd Observatory at 

Providence, the gift to Brown University 
from Gov. Herbert W. Ladd, is formally 
presented ; the cost of the outfit alone 
is over $25,000. 

Oct. 23. III. Natural gas is struck at 
Hillsboro. 

A r . Y. A landslide at Haverstraw 

is the cause of an immense upheaval of 
the richest brick clay yet discovered at 
that place. 

Oct. 26±. Minn. The American Steel 
Barge "Works at Duluth lay the keel for 
the first <* whalebacks" to carry 140,000 
bushels of wheat, with a draught of 15 
feet, 

Nov. 1. III. The remains of a masto- 
don are unearthed near Onarga. 

Nov. 11. Pa. The Butler oil-well, 
near Pittsburg, is burning fiercely ; the 
burning oil does much damage. 

Nov. 23. Meteoric displays are ob- 
served in different parts of the country. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 

Oct. 24. Tiffany, 0. H., M. E. clergyman, 

orator, A66. 
Oct. 31. Seymour, Truman, niaj. -gen., A 67. 
Nov. 3. Preston, Thomas Si'ott, vicar-gen. 

R. C. An-lidioeese of New York, A67. 
Hart, Anthony C. (Tony Hart), actor, 

A36. 
Nov. 4. Marks, Albert S., Gov. of Tenn., 

A55. 
Nov. IS. Piatt, Donn, journalist, A72. 
Nov. 17. Cooper, George H.. rear-adm. 

U. S. N., A70. 
Nov. 19. Florence, William J., comedian, 

A60. 
Nov. 31. Hill, Thomas, der. cry man, author, 

president of Harvard University, A73. 
Nov. 23. Hovey, Alvm P., maj.-gen., Gov. 

of Ind., A70. 



CHURCH. 

1S91 Oct. 25. New York, Mrs.Booth- 
Clibborn, head of the Salvation Army 
branches in France and Switzerland, 
arrives. 

Oct. 28. Wis. Isaac L. Nicholson 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Milwaukee. [Nov. 10. In his 
elevation the ceremony of enthroning 
abishop is first performed in the United 
States at Milwaukee.] 



Nov. 13. New York. Archbishop Gorri- 
gan says mercy may be exercised 
toward Dr. M'Glynn — 

Provided (1) that he himself makes tbe 
request and states his grievances ; (2) 
that be publicly condemns all that be 
has said and done ol an insulting char- 
acter as a^ainM tin- archbishop and the 
Holy See ; (3) that he be ready to abide 
by the orders ami submit to the judg- 
ment of the Apostolic See ; and (4) that 
he promises to abstain from any public 
utterance, or assistance at any meeting, 
on the matter under consideration. 

Nov. 16. New York. The case of the 
Rev. Dr. Briggs is appealed by the 
Prosecuting Committee to the General 
Assembly. [Nov. 21. A number of min- 
isters and elders make formal complaint 
to the Synod of New York concerning 
the dismissal of the Briggs case by the 
Presbytery on Oct. 5.] 

Nov. 17. D.C. The Episcopal Church 
Congress convenes in Washington. 

LETTERS. 

1S91 Oct. 22. N. Y. Thos. C. Hodg- 
kins of Setauket gives $200,000 to the 
Smithsonian Institution at Washing- 
ton, D.C. 

Nov. 4. New York. Sir Edwin Ar- 
nold reads and recites to a large audi- 
ence in Carnegie Music Hall. 

Nov. 7. N. Y. Pratt Institute, Brook- 
lyn, has a School for Farming, includ- 
ing 160 acres of land, at Glen Cove, L. I. 

Nov. 14. Mass. The School Board of 
Fitchburg brings charges against four 
French citizens who send their children 
to a parochial school where half the 
teaching is in French, while the law 
requires that it shall only be in English. 

Nov. 18. N. J. Prof. Guyot's valuable 
library is given to Princeton. 

Nov. 25. Prof. S. C. Chandler informs 
the Boston Scientific Society of a dis- 
covery that the pole of the earth re- 
volves around a circumference of about 
30 feet radius in 427 days, and hence that 
all paraUels of latitude are mutable. 

SOCIETY. 

1S91 Oct. 20. O. The United Typo- 
thetse of America begins its 5th annual 
convention at Cincinnati, with 300 dele- 
gates present. 

Oct. 21. Chicago. About 700 women 
get their names on the registry lists. 

Oct. 22. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold, 
author of The Light of Asia, arrives. 

Oct. 23. Me. Every liquor-dealer at 
Bar Harbor has been indicted for violat- 
ing the liquor-law. 

N. Dak. Gen. Beauregard. Presi- 
dent Conrad, Secretary Horner, and 
other officers of the Louisiana Lottery, 
are indicted at Sioux Falls for violation 
of the postal laws ; V. S. marshals start 
for New Orleans to make arrests. 

Oct. 24. La. Eugene E. Garcia, paying 
teller of the Louisiana National Bank, 
at New Orleans, is charged with embez- 
zling $igo,ooo of the bank's fluids. 

Oct.25. New York. " Prison Sunday " 
is observed by the preaching of sermons 
on crime and the best means of prevent- 



ing and suppressing it, in many pulpits 
of this city. 

Oct. 29. Pa. Senator Quay enters [a 
successful' suit for libel against th<- Pitt.— 
burg Post, laying damages at 3100,000. 
also criminal suits against the editor and 
proprietor. 

Oct. 31. ///. An attempt is made to 
wreck a train on the Chicago and Al- 
ton Railroad, near Alton, with the sup- 
posed intention of injuring Gov. Fifer, 
who was a passenger. 

Nov. 2. Boston. President Asa Potter 
and Directors J. II. French and T. Dana 
of the Maverick National Bank are ar- 
rested on a criminal charge of taking 
respectively from the bank $1,100,000. 
SG00.000, and S300.000, giving merely 
nominal security. 

* * The Non-Partisan Woman's 
Christian Temperance Union holds 
its annual meeting, and elects Ellen J. 
Phinney president, and Jennie F. Duty 
secretary ; general organizations are 
doing service in seven States. 

Nov. 4. N. Y. A tramp murderously 
assaults a woman after eating a break- 
fast she gave him ; he is under arrest at 
White Plains. 

Nov. 5. La. W. S. Felton and J. T. 
Smith of Bastrop are lynched by a mob. 

Neb. A train is held up in Omaha 

by masked men, and the mail-car 
robbed. 

Nov. 6. Cat. A colony of Scotchmen is 
swindled out of $265,000 in Southern 

Nov. 8. Chicago. A demonstration is 
made in memory of the Anarchists 
who were hanged. (See May 4, 1886.) 

Nov. 10. Boston. The Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union holds its first 
World's Convention; Lady Somerset, 
president of the British Women's Tem- 
perance Association, is present. 

[Mrs. Mary Clement Leavitt reports 
the completion of her tour around the 
world, in which she has established so- 
cieties in nearly every country. Nov. 
17. Miss France's E.Willard is reelected 
president of the International Union. 

N. Y. John Blocher of Buffalo be- 
queaths his elegant house as a charita- 
ble Home for Aged Men ; he supple- 
ments the gift with an endowment of 
about S'2.000.000. 

Nov. 11. La. The American Bankers' 
Association begins its 17th annual con- 
vention at New Orleans. 

Nov. 11 r. Mo. The National Farmers' 
Congress is in session at Sedalia. 

It demands the free coinage of silver 
dollars of the Talue of 100 cents each: 
that national revenue be derived from 
taxes and imports on goods which come 
into competition with home manufac- 
tures, and Federal prohibition of the 
sale of intoxicating liquors. It also de- 
mands the cession of arid lands to the 
various States in which the arid lands 
are situated. 

Nov. 12. New York. A mass-meeting in 
Chickering Hall passes resolutions de- 
nouncing the Louisiana State .Lottery ; 
speeches are made by Seth Low, Father 
Elliott, Abram S. Hewitt, Bishop Potter, 
and others. 

Wis. A daring attempt is made to 

rob an express-train on the St. Paul 
road, near Milwaukee; the robbers are 
unable to open by force the treasure- 
boxes, but they secure about S5,000 in 
small packages". 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Oct. 20-Dec. 1. 895 



Nov. 13. New York. A new society for 
suppressing vice is formed ; it is to be 
known as " The New York Union of 
Religious and Humanitarian Socie- 
ties for Concerted Moral Effort." 

Nov. 14. Chicago, A number of An- 
archists are fined in a police court for 
carrying concealed weapons. 

Tex. Two negroes are lynched 

near Brenkam. 

Nov. 16. New York. The American 
Society of Mechanical Engineers 
opens its semi-annual convention. 

Nov. 17. Ind. The Supreme Council of 
the Farmers' Alliance meets at Indian- 
apolis. 

Chicago. Union men commit acts of 

vandalism on the work of non-union 
contractors aggregating $40,000. 

Cal. Three Yuma Indians are sen- 
tenced to death for murdering an old 
medicine man because he failed to bring 
rain at the tribe's request. 

X.J. The act favoring pool-sellers 

is declared unconstitutional by the 
Court of Errors and Appeals. 

Nov. 18. R. I. Gov. Ladd declines to 
interfere to prevent a prize-fight. 

Nov. 19. Mass. T. O. H. P. Burnham 
of Boston bequeaths over $500,000 
to public institutions. 

Nov. 21. Mass. Richard Ruggles of 
Lynnfield is whipped by White Caps. 

Mont. Masked men rob an express- 
car of §2,000 on a Montana railroad. 

Nov. 22. Miss. TVhites in Attala County 
shoot one negro and severely whip sev- 
eral others ; one white man is arrested, 
and the others are being sought after. 

Nov. 29. XeioYork. Rev. Dr. John Hall, 
pastor of the Fifth Avenue Presbyterian 
Church, is shot at several times by an 
insane man. 

Nov. * Kan. The Supreme Court de- 
cides that colored children cannot be 
discriminated against in the public 
schools. 

STATE. 

1891 Oct. 21. D. C. Official notice is 
received in "Washington that Italy will 
henceforth admit American salted 
meats. 

Oct. 24. D. C. The Government in- 
structs Minister Egan to demand 
prompt reparation from Chile for 
the murder of sailors wearing the naval 
uniform of the United States ; the 
cruiser Boston leaves Brooklyn navy- 
yard for Valparaiso, and the cruiser 
Yorktoion is also on the way. 

Oct. 28. D. C. Senor Pedro Montt, 
the new Chilean representative at 
"Washington, is received by Secretary 
Blaine. 

Oct. 29. D. C. The State Department 
receives from Minister Egan the reply 
of the Chilean Junta to the demand 
for reparation. 

Nov. 1. D. C. A despatch is received 
from Capt. Schley describing the brutal 
treatment of the Baltimore's sailors 
by the Chilean police. 

Nov. 2. Wis. Claims have been filed in 
one day for every acre of the S2,UOO,000 



worth of pine lands (the Omaha indem- 
nity limit) thrown open at the United 
States Land Office ; for some lots claims 
have been filed several times. 

Nov. 4. 7. T. Cherokee Indians peti- 
tion for the partitioning and allotment 
in severalty of nearly 14,000,000 acres 
of land in the Indian Territory. 

Nov. 10. D. C. In the argument of the 
Sayicard Case in the Supreme Court, it 
transpires that a treaty agreement to 
be ratified by the Senate has been 
concluded between the U. S. Govern- 
ment and Great Britain, to submit the 
Bering Sea dispute to arbitration. 

Nov. 11. Pa. The State Senate decides 
that it has no jurisdiction in the State 
Treasurer Bardsley's case. 

Nov. 17. Alas. Alaska asks for a ter- 
ritorial form of Government. 

X. Y. The official canvass in the 

State as far as completed makes the As- 
sembly a tie, and the Senate Republican 
by two, with several Senatorial districts 
contested. 

Nov. 18. X. Y. Efforts are made in 
Dutchess County to count as valid six 
defective ballots that were destroyed by 
order of the Board of Canvassers at 
time of election. [Nov. 20. Judge Bar- 
nard decides that the Dutchess County 
canvassers must count the votes as re- 
turned by the election inspectors.] 

Nov. 20. Ind. The Farmers' Alliance 
Convention at Indianapolis splits on the 
sub-treasury plan. 

X. Y. DavidA. Munro, Jr., is counted 

out in Onondaga County by a majority 
of the Board of County Canvassers, and 
the certificate of election as member of 
Assembly is given to Patrick J. Ryan. 
The Court orders the returns to be sent 
back for correction. 

Gilbert A. Dean, Republican Sena- 
tor-elect (contested) of the 15th Dis- 
trict, dies at his residence in Copake, 
Columbia County. 

Nov. 21. N. Y. Judge Kennedy of the 
Supreme Court orders that the errone- 
ous returns of the ist Assembly District 
of Onondaga County be sent back to 
the inspectors for correction. 

The Columbia County Canvassers com- 
plete their work, giving the State sena- 
torship to Gilbert A. Dean ; plurality, 135. 

Nov. 23. X. Y. The County Clerk of 
Onondaga is summoned by Gov. Hill to 
answer charges brought by the Demo- 
cratic supervisors. [Dec. 3. He re- 
moves him.] 

Nov. 24. Ind. Gov. Alvin P. Hovey 
dies at Indianapolis ; Lieut.-Gov. Ira 
J. Chase succeeds to the governor- 
ship. 

N. Y. A Supreme Court order directs 

the Sullivan County Canvassers to re- 
convene and canvass the vote for As- 
semblyman. 

Nov. 27. X. Y. Judge Kennedy of Syr- 
acuse warns the inspectors of election 
that the Court will not permit any un- 
necessary delay in complying with its 
orders. 

Nov. 30. X. Y. The chairman of the 
Dutchess County Board of Canvassers 
ignores Judge Barnard's order to recan- 
vass the vote. 

Nov. * III. The Legislature adopts the 
"World's Fair amendment to the State 
Constitution. Tote, 500,299-15,095. 

Dec. 1. X. Y, The extraordinary spe- 
cial term of the Supreme Court ordered 
by Gov. Hill convenes in Syracuse, 
Judges Kennedy and O'Brien present ; a 



stay of proceedings in the Munro-Ryan 
mandamus case being moved, the Court 
sets down the motion for "Wednesday 
morning (next day) ; the missing returns 
are brought to Judge Kennedy's court. 
At Albany, Secretary of State Rice 
<-alls a meeting of the State Board of 
Canvassers lor Wednesday, Dec. 2; 
members of the Board are served with 
an order of Judge Edwards of the Su- 
preme Court to show cause at Hudson, 
on Dec. 5, why a peremptory manda- 
mus should not issue to prevent the 
canvass of the returns from Dutchess 
County. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S91 Oct. 20. Cal. The horse Sunol 
trots one mile in two minutes, Z\ sec- 
rd of 
i second. 

Five persons are killed and 50 or 60 

injured in a railway wreck on the Chi- 
cago, Burlington, and Quincy road. 

Oct. 21. Xew York. Decker and Sons' 
piano factory and other factories in a 
four-story building are burned ; loss, 
$125,000. 

Oct. 22. Mass. The Glendale "Woolen 
Mills are burned; loss, $200,000. 

Minn. The flour-mills of Minneapo- 
lis are turning out a daily average of 
32,767 barrels. 

Oct. 24. Wis. Settlers rush to take 
possession of the 150,000 acres of land 
now opened. 

Oct. 26. X. Y. The Empire State 
Express, a new train on the N. Y. Cen- 
tral Railroad, makes its first run from 
Xew York to Buffalo in eight hours and 
42 minutes — two minutes behind sched- 
ule time ; distance, 436£ miles. 

Oct. 29. The steamer Oliver Bierne is 
burned on the Mississippi; 20 lives are 
lost. 

Nov. 2. Ga. The Southern States 
Exposition is opened at Augusta. 

Nov. 4. Boston. The failure of the 
Maverick Bank causes a run on the 
l<"ive Cents Savings-bank. 

Nov. 7. Chicago, The Edgmoor Land 
Syndicate buys 250,000 acres in North 
Dakota, on which to place German 
farmers to raise barley for malt pur- 
poses. 

Nov. 10. Cal. The horse Arion trots 
one mile, at Stockton, in two minutes, 
lOf seconds. 

Nov. 11. Ga. Atlanta business prop- 
erty is destroyed by fire; loss, §125,000. 

Nov. 16. Mo. St.Louisloses $1,500,- 
000 by fire. 

Nov. 17. Cal. The horse Palo Alto 
trots one mile, at Stockton, in two min- 
utes, 8£ seconds. 

X. Y. By a fire in Brooklyn 70 

families are rendered homeless; loss, 
$130,000. 

Nov. IS. Colo. A national Mining 
Congress meets at Denver ; a great 
number of delegates are present. 

Minn. Three children are killed 

by wolves 10 miles from St. Paul. 

Nov. 21. X. Y. Syracuse suffers a loss 
of $200,000 by fire. 

Nov. 28. O. A train is wrecked near 
Toledo : nine persons are killed and 20 
injured. 

Nov. * Xe w York. The Grant Monu- 
ment Fund amounts to §155,000+. 



396 1891, Dec. l.-Dec. * 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Dec. 2. Phila, The armored 
cruiser New York, " the Queen of the 
Navy," is launched at the Cramps ship- 
yard. 

Dec. 5. Md. The two - thousand - ton 
steel cruiser Montgomery is launched 
at Baltimore. 

Dec. 12. N. Y. Plans for the new dry 
dock at the Brooklyn navy-yard are 
published. 

It will be the largest dry duck on the 
AtlanticCoast ; length, 60ifiVet ; breadth 
at the bottom, 70 feet ; depth, 28 feet. 

Dec. 18. Colo. Troops are ordered to 
Crested Butte to prevent conflicts be- 
tween the miners and strikers. 

JDec. 22. Tex. U. S. troops break up the 
Mexican rebel camp of Catarino 
Garza at Retanipal Springs. 

Dec. 26. Cal. The cruiser San Fran- 
cisco sails from San Francisco, carrying 
sealed orders. 

Dec. 28. Me. The iron gunboat Ma- 
chias is launched at Batli. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Dec. 11. O. Valuable relies of 
mound- builders are found at Chilli- 
cothe. 

JDec. 17. Phila. The Drexel Institute 
of Art, Science, and Industry is dedi- 
cated. 

Dec. 26. N. J. Gov. Abbett lays the 
corner-stone of a Washington memorial 
monument in Trenton on the 115th an- 
niversary of the Battle of Trenton. 

Dec. 30. George "W. Vaiiderbilt gives 
the American Fine Art Society a cost- 
ly and handsome art gallery adjoining 
its new building, the whole valued at 
$100,000. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891. 
Dec. 0. Ranney, Rufus P., lawyer, Btates- 

Dec. 17. Hand, Daniel, philanthropist, of 
Conn., A90. 

Dec. 19. Pattison, Thomas, rear-adm. U.S. 
N., A 69. 

Dec. 20. Plumb, Preston B., senator for 
Kan., A54. 

Dec. S3. Creswell, John A. J., senator for 
Md., p09tin;istcr-L, r eiieral, A63. 

Dec. 29. Longhlin, John, K. C. bishop of 
Brooklyn, A76. 

Dec. 30. Stuart, Mary Maeraj, philanthro- 
pist, A 81. 

CHURCH. 

1891 Dec. 9. 0. The Central States 
Conference of Unitarian Churches 
is organized at Cincinnati. 

Dec. 19. Md, Cardinal Gibbonsordains 
the first colored Roman Catholic 
priest in America, in the Cathedral of 
SS. Peter and Paul, Baltimore. 

Dec. 22. D. C. The first annual meet- 
ing of the Christian Commission be- 
gins at "Washington. 

LETTERS. 

189,1 Dec. 17. NY. A center for Uni- 
versity Extension is formed at Albany. 

T)ec. 30. Phila. A Convention of Col- 
lege Presidents and Professors as- 
sembles. 



* * Kan. Central College is founded at 
Enterprise by the United Brethren. 

* * Mont. The Montana University 
opens at Helena. 

* * N. C. The Legislature establishes a 
normal school for colored people at 
Elizabeth City. 

* * New York. The School of Social 
Economics (non-sect.) is opened. 

The Morning Advertiser is founded by 
Col. John A. Cockerill. The Recorder is 
also founded. 

* * Okta. An Agricultural College is 
opened by the State at Stillwater. 

* * The Lion's Cub, by Richard Henry 
Stoddard, appears. 

* * A Successful Man, by Julien Gordon, 
appears. 

* * Sir William Johnson and the Six Na- 
tions, by William Elliot Grifiis, appears. 

* * Rhymes of Childhood, by James Whit- 
comb Riley, appears. 

* * Judaism and Christianity, by Craw- 
ford Howell Toy, appears. 

* * Washington Irving, \ty George William 
Curtis, appears. 

* * Antiquities of Tennessee and the Adja- 
cent States, by Gates P. Thurston, ap- 
pears. 

* * Patrick Henry, by "William Wirt 
Henry, appears. 

* * The Second Administration of Madi- 
son, by Henry Adams, appears. 

* * Freedom Triumphant, by Charles Carle- 
ton Coffin, appears. 

* * Races and Peoples : Lectures on the 
Science of Ethnography, by Daniel G. 
Brinton, appears. 

* * Widow Gutkrie, by R. M. Johnston, 
appears. 

* * The Cruise of the Alerte, by E. F. 
Knight, appears. 

k * Wanneta, the Sioux, by "Warren K. 

Moorehead, appears. 
k * The Sisters' Tragedy ,with other Poems, 

by T. B. Aldrich, appears. 
k * Anne Brad street and Her Time, by 

Helen Campbell, appears. 
' * The Pine Tree Coast, by Samuel 

Adams Drake, appears. 
1 * Flower de Hundred, by Mrs. Burton 

Harrison, appears. 
' * A Plea for Liberty, edited by Thomas 

Mackay, appears. 
' * Washington's Rules of Civility, by 

Moncure D. Conway, appears. 
k * The Witch of Prague, by Francis 

Marion Crawford, appears. 
' * An American Episcopal Church, by S. 

D. McConnell, appears. 
1 * An American Girl in London, by Sara 

Jeannette Duncan, appears. 
' * The Colonies, by Reuben Gold 

Thwaites, appears. 
' * The Life and Times of John Dickin- 
son, by Charles J. Stille, appears. 
r * Woman's Work in America, edited by 

Annie Nathan Meyer, appears. 
; * A Washington Bible Class, by Gail 

Hamilton, appears. 



* * Alexander Hamilton, by William Gra- 
ham Sumner, appears. 

* * The Railway Problem, by A. B. Stick- 
ney, appears. 

* * Principles of Social Economics, by 
George Gun ton, appears. 

* * Our Italy, by Charles Dudley Warner, 
appears. 

* * Japanese Girls and Women, by Alice 
Mabel Bacon, appears. 

* * Under the Trees and Elsewhere, by 
Hamilton W. Mabie, appears. 

* * The American Revolution, by John 
Fiske, appears. 

* * The Primes and Their Neighbors, by 
R. Malcolm Johnston, appears. 

* * Charles Grandison Finney, by G. Fred- 
erick Wright, appears. 

* * The Century Dictionary, edited by 
William Dwight Whitney, completed. 

* * Stones of Old New Spain, by T. A. 
Jannier, appears. 

* * Life of John Boyle O'Reilly, by J. J. 
Roche, appears. 

* * Hannibal, by Theodore A. Dodge, ap- 
pears. 

* * Excursion in Art and Letters, by "W. 
W. Story, appears. 

* * Noto: An Unexplored Corner of Japan, 
by Percival Lowell, appears. 

* * Spain and Morocco,by Henry T. Finck, 
appears. 

* * Silva of North America, by Charles 
Sprague Sargent, appears. 

* * The Oyster, by W. K. Brooks, appears. 

* * Criticism and Fiction, by "William 
Dean Howells, appears. 



1891 Dec. 1. Mo. A train is held 
up near St. Louis, and the express-car 
robbed of about $16,000 beside other 
valuables. 

Minn. Two of a gang of incendiaries 

are arrested in St. Paul in the act ; their 
plan of working is the burning of houses 
on the percentage of insurance plan. 

Dec. 3. Ala. Two masked men hold 
up a train three miles west of Rome and 
rob its safe. 



Dec. 4. New York. Henry L. Xorcross 
of Somerville, Mass., a stranger, de- 
mands $1,250,000 in the office of 
Russell Sage, a millionaire ; being re- 
fused, he drops a bag which immediately 
explodes, killing himself and another, 
injuring Mr. Sage and others, besides 
partially wrecking the building. 

Wyo. Two ranchmen, John A. Tis- 

dale "and another man. are shot and 
killed in their wagons by ambushed 
assassins. Over 100 cowboys are on 
the lookout for the assassins. 

Dec. 10. D. C. The National Bar As- 
sociation, in session at Washington, 
elects officers, and fixes Washington as 
the permanent place for the annual 
meeting. 

New York. The Christmas Society 

is organized to give poor children Christ- 
mas presents ; it asks for contributions. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891, Dec. 1-Dec*. 39T 



Dec. 11. Conn, A city hospital 

founded in iUiddletown receives its 
first patient. 

Dec. 12. Colo. At Crested Butte, the 
sheriff and a posse, while defending a 
mine, are fired upon by a large body of 
strikers; they return the tire, killing 
live rioters. 

Ga. James Freeman, a farmer, mur- 
ders his wife near Reedsville, because 
she refused to kill a neighboring farmer. 

N. Y. An unsuccessful attempt is 

made to wreck a train on the Harlem 
road, near Pleasantville. 

Dec. 14. Ala. The Eleventh Annual 
Convention of the American Federa- 
tion of Labor meets at Birmingham. 
[Samuel Gompers is reelected president.] 

New York. E. M. Field, of Field, 

Lindley, "Wiechers, and Company 
charged with grand larceny, is arrested 
at the asylum where he was confined, 
and taken to police headquarters. [He 
is pronounced insane by a jury at "White 
Plains.] 

Dec. 15. Chicago. Five highwaymen 
Stop a big mail-wagon, and compel the 
postal employees in charge to throw out 
several sacks of mail. 

Tex. The Southwest Silver Con- 
vention convenes at El Paso ; there are 
about 500 delegates present, with as 
many more on the way. 

Dec. 17. Mo. John L.Ferguson, a book- 
keeper in the National Bank of Kansas 
City, is arrested for embezzling $20,000. 

New York. A meeting- to oppose 

war and favor arbitration is held in 
Cooper Union. 

N. Y. Managers of Accident Insur- 
ance Companies in the United States 
hold their first annual convention at 
Niagara Falls. 

Dec. 19. Ind. Striking miners attack 
a train-load of non-union workers with 
stones and pistols. 

Dec. 24. The Cherokee Nation elects 
C. J. Harris first chief, and Stephen 
Tehee second chief. 

N. Y. Gov. Hill pardons Roches- 
ter's defaulting treasurer, John A. 
Davis, senteiieed to rive years' imprison- 
ment in March, 1890. 

Dec. 25. Tex. Catarino Garza, the 
Mexican outlaw chief, makes an unsuc- 
cessful attempt to capture Fort King- 
gold. 

Dec. 27. Fla. Race conflicts occur; 
a conductor is shot by a negro when or- 
dered to go into the colored people's car. 

Dec. 29. D. C. The American His- 
torical Society and the American 
Forestry Association hold their an- 
nual meetings in "Washington. 

Dec. 31. Ind. In a prize-fight at Indi- 
anapolis a woman defeats a man of 
some local reputation as a pugilist ; she 
gets the stipulated prize of $500. 

Dec. * Tex. The asylum for the insane 
is opened at Florine. 

STATE. 

1891 Dec. 2. Ariz. Arizona votes in 
favor of a new Constitution. 

.V. Y. The State Board of Canvas- 
sers meets in Albany, and canvasses the 
votes for members of Congress. 

Dec. 4. N. Y. An agreement is reached 
at Albany to permit the State Board to 



the votes except those of the 
disputed districts. [Dec. 7. It acquiesces 
in the submission of the electoral dis- 
putes to the Court of Appeals.] 

Judge Barnard at P' High kecpsie grants 
a motion requiring the marked ballots 
cast in the town of Bed Hook to be 
counted for the Republican candidate 
for Senator. The mandamus motion 
is argued before Judge Edwards at Hud- 
son, and adjourned until l>ec. 7 at Al- 
bany. 

Dec. 7. />. C. The 52d Congress : 
the first session opens. 

Dec. 8. D. C. Congress : In the Senate 

. Wilkinson Call of Fla. and F. T. Dubois 
of Ida. are sworn in ; C. F. Manderson 
of Neb. is elected President;;™ tempore, 
in the House Charles F. Crisp of Ga. 
is elected Speaker. 

Dec. 9. D. C. Congress : President 
Harrison transmits his third annual 
message to Congress ; it announces 
reciprocity with Germany ; the House 
adjourns until Dec. 12. 

N. Y. The " quad " marked ballots 

in Dutchess County, 54 in number, are 
counted for Deane (Rep.) for State Sena- 
tor, and the result filed in the Clerk's 
office. Judge Barnard grants an order, 
returnable on the 12th inst., restraining 
the Clerk from transmitting the returns 
to the State Board. 

Dec. 10. I). C. Congress: Petitions are 
presented in the Senate adverse to open- 
ing the "World's Fair on Sunday. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate a bill is introduced to provide for 
a memorial statue in Washington to 
U. S. Grant. 

Dec. 15. I). C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate several Friends' petitions are pre- 
sented remonstrating against the traffic 
in intoxicating Liquors and firearms 
iq Central Africa. Bills are intro- 
duced, one by Mr. Hiscock, for the erec- 
tion of bridges over the Hudson and 
East rivers at New York. 

Okla. A convention for organizing 

the State meets at Oklahoma City. 

Dec. 16. D. C. Congress j, Senate: A 
large number of bills are introduced ; in 
the House the Speaker announces the 
Committee on Rules. 

La. The Anti-Lottery and Pro- 
Lottery wings of the Democratic Party 
hold separate conventions. [Dec. 17. 
The Anti-Lottery delegates (233 in num- 
ber) nominate a full ticket at Baton 
Rouge. Dec. 18. The Pro-Lottery wing 
places a full State ticket in the field.] 

Dee. 17. B.C. Congress : In the Senate 
the Standing and Select Committees 
are announced. Senator HiU's creden- 
tials, signed by himself as governor, 
and dated Dec. 5, are presented. 

Dec. 21. D. C. Congress: Senator 
Plumb's funeral services take place in 
the Senate chamber. 

Dec. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate bills are introduced ; in the House 
the Speaker announces the commit- 
tees; in chairmanships, Mr. Springer 
of 111. is assigned to Ways and Means, 
Mr. Holman of Ind. to Appropriations, 
Mr. Mills of Tex. to Interstate and For- 
eign Commerce. 

III. The Legislature decides that the 

alien law is unconstitutional. 



Dec. 24. N. Y. Another stay is 
granted in the Dutchess County election 

Dec. 26. N. Y. Justice Cullen of Brook- 
lyn grants an order requiring the State 
Board to show cause why they should 
not canvass the corrected Dutchess 
County returns ; also an order directing 
the County Clerk to show cause why he 
should not be punished for contempt of 
court. 

Dec. 27. New York. M. J.Patenotre, 
the new French Minister to the United 
States, arrives. 

Dec. 29. D. C. Reciprocity agreements 
with the "West India Islands and 
some other British possessions are made 
public. 

N. Y. The State Board of Can- 
vassers give certificates of election to 
Osborne and Xiohols (Dem.), and Derby 
(Rep.), refusing a certificate to Sherwood 
(Rep.) ; thus giving a Democratic major- 
ity in the Senate. Interest becomes 
more intense as the Legislature is to 
choose a U. S. Senator. 

Dec. 30. D. C. Reciprocity treaties 
with Guatemala and Salvador are 
signed in Washington. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 Dec. 1± *. Pa. Nearly 20 fur- 
naces in the Mahoning Valley shut 
down because of the refusal of the rail- 
road and coke men to reduce rates ; more 
than 10,000 men are idle. 

Dec. 2. N. Y. A dynamite explosion 
near Haverstraw kills five men, and 
greatly damages property. 

Dec. 3. N. J. Three men are killed and 
15 injured by a train collision. Plain- 
field loses $150,000 by fire. 

Dec. 4. Cat. Forest fires do much 
damage. 

Dec. 5. Minn. Six men are kiUed and 
five injured by a falling wall in St. 
Paul. 

Dec. 7. The Pacific Mail Company's 
new steamer Nicaragua is lost in mak- 
ing her maiden trip, on the coast of 
Salvador; all on board are saved. 

Dec. 8. N. J. Two silk-mills are 
burned and 500 thrown out of work 
at Paterson ; loss, §125,000. 

Mich. The Deep "Water Conven- 
tion at Detroit resolves to ask Congress 
to formulate a plan whereby convict 
labor of the several States may be uti- 
lized in building a ship-canal from Lake 
Erie to the seaboard. 

Dec. 19. New York. A New York Cen- 
tral train runs from New York City to 
Buffalo, 436 1-2 miles, in 425 3-4 
minutes actual time. 

Dec. 24. N. Y. A train is wrecked at 
Hastings ; 15 persons are killed. 

Dec. 31. U. S. Statistics for 1891 : 
Production: Gold, §33, 175,000 ; silver, 
S75,410,505 ; bushels of grain : Indian 
corn, 2,060,154,000; wheat. 011.780,000: 
oats, 738,394,000 ; barley, 75.000,000+ : rye, 
33,000,000* ; buckwheat, 12.000,000; bales 
of cotton, S,G55,518 ; pounds of wool, 
285,000,000; barrels of petroleum, 53,- 
980,313. Currency in circulation, $1,500,- 
067,555 ; per capita, §23.45. Immigrants 
received (fiscal year), 500,319. Miles of 
railroad worked, 104,324; capital stock, 
$4,809,170,651. Fire-waste, §143,764,907 ; 
insurance, §90,570,918. Total railroad 
accidents. 2,444 ; 7,029 persons are killed 
and 33,831 injured. Business failures, 
$12,394; liabilities, §193,173,000. 



398 1891, * *-1892, Jan. 20. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1892 Jan. 1. D. C. Secretary Tracy 
issues a new order reclassifying the 
war-ships of the Navy. 

Jan. 2i. Tex. Capt. Hardie, 3d cavalry, 
disperses a band of revolutionists under 
Catarino Garza. 

Jan. 4. Tex. Garza and his men are 
pursued by United .States troopers and 
Texan Rangers in Zapata County. [Jan. 
10. The pursuit is unsuccessful.] 

Jan. 5. Cal. The cruiser Baltimore ar- 
rives at San Francisco. 

Jan. 6. N. H. The revenue cutter Gal- 
latin goes ashore off Mane lies ter-by- 
the-Sea. 

Jan. 10. D. C. Commander William R. 
Bridgman is promoted captain. [Apr. 3. 
Alex. H. McCormaek. May 5. Albert S. 
Baker. May 28. Charles S. Cotton. 
July 1. John R. Bartlett.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1891 * * New York. The Lion Tamer is 
first produced in this country at the 
Broadway Theatre. 

* * New York. Frederick F. Vinton of 
Boston, H. Siddons Mowbray, D. W. 
Tryon, J. S. Hartley, and Horatio 
"Walker of New York are elected 
members of the National Academy of 
Design. 

* * Pa. Many soldiers' monuments are 
dedicated on the battlefield of Gettys- 
burg during the year. 

1S92 Jan. 15. At some points in the 
northwest thermometers mark a tem- 
perature as low as 50 degrees below 
zero. 

Jan. 16. New York. Henry G. Mar- 
quand gives .$50,000 to the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 
Jan. 2. Met^s, Montgomery Cunningham, 

maj.-gen. U. S. A., A76. 
Jan. 6. Bomford, James V., brig. -gen. 

vols., A80. 
Jan. 8. Kodgers, Christopher R. P., rear- 

adm. U. S. N., A73. 
Jan. 12. .J add, Orin B., clergyman, jour- 
nalist, A76. 
Jan. 14. Brisbin, .lames S., hrig.-gen. vols., 

A55. 
Jan. 15. Wood, Walter Abbott, inventor 

of harvest iim-mai 'hi nes, A7t>. 
Jan. 20. Cranch, Christopher P., painter, 

A79. 

CHURCH. 
1891 * * Boston. John Brady (auxil- 
iary) is consecrated (Roman Catholic) 
bishop of Boston. 

* * Cal. The General Synod of Califor- 
nia (Evangelical Lutheran) is organized 

* * Tnd. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Princeton ; 
Thomas W. Kennedy, moderator. 

* * O. The Baptist Annual Meeting 
is held in Cincinnati. 

* * Okla. Theodore Meerschaert is con- 
secrated (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Guthrie. 

* * Pa. The Annual Convention (Dis- 
ciples of Christ) is held at Allegheny ; 
D. R. Ewing, president. The 35th Gen- 



eral Synod (Evangehcal Lutheran) 
meets at Lebanon. 

* * Tex.— W. Fa. Universalist State Con- 
ventions are organized. 

* * Tex. T. F, Brennau is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Dallas. 

* * The Epworth League (Methodist 
Episcopal) reports over 200,000 members. 

* * The English Synod of the Northwest 
(Evangelical Lutheran) is organized. 

* * The General Synods (Evangelical 
Lutheran) of the Rocky Mountains and 
the Nebraska German are organized. 

LETTERS. 
1891 * * Landscape Gardening, by Sam- 
uel Parsons, appears. 

* * The Odyssey of Homer, translated by 
George H. Palmer, appears. 

* * The Spanish Conspiracy, by Thomas 
Marshall Green, appears. 

* * With the Admiral of the Ocean Sea, by 
Charles P. Mackie, appears. 

* * Life and Works of Horace Mann ap- 
pears. 

* * Principles of Political Economy, by 
Arthur Latham Perry, appears. 

* * The Battle of Seven Pines, by Gusta- 
vus W. Smith, appears. 

* * Recollections and Impressions, by O. 
B. Frothingham, appears. 

* * Mechanism and Personality, by Fran- 
cis A. Shoup, appears. 

* * Mwrvale Eastman, Christian Scientist, 
by Albion W. Tourgee, appears. 

* * English Composition, by Barrett Wen- 
dell, appears. 

* * The Renaissance, by Philip Schaff, ap- 
pears. 

* * Across Russia from the Baltic, »by 
Charles A. Stoddard, appears. 

* * The Principles of Strategy, by Lieut. 
John Bigelow, Jr., appears. 

* * Conduct as a Fine Art, by N. Paine 
Gilman and Edward Payson Jackson, 
appears. 

* * The Witch of Prague, by F. Marion 
Crawford, appears. 

* * The Faith Doctor, by Edward Eggles- 
ton, appears. 

* * Betty Alden, by Jane G. Austin, ap- 
pears. 

* * Thrown Upon Her Own Resources, by 
Mrs. J. C. Croly (Jenny June), appears. 

* * The New Womanhood , by James C. 
Fernald, appears. 

* * Business Openings for Girls, by Sallie 
Joy White, appears. 

* * Life of General Houston, by Henry 
Bruce, appears. 

* * Thomas Hooker, by George Leon 
Walker, appears. 

* * Colonial Furniture of New England, 
by Irving W. Lyon, appears. 

* * Lectures on the Constitution of the 
United States, by Samuel Freeman Mil- 
ler, appears. 

* * Huckleberries, by Rose Terry Cooke, 
appears. 

* * Christopher Columbus, by Justin Win- 
son, appears. 



- * Sith ria and the Exile System, by 
George Kennan, appears. 

* * Aature and Man in America, by Na- 
thaniel S. Shaler, appears; also, T/ie 
Story of Our Continent. 

1892 Jan. 6±. Chicago. A college is 

established to educate brewers in all 

branches of their trade. 
Jan. 9. Pa. Andrew Carnegie adds 

$ 100,000 to his gift of $2,000,000 to 

Pittsburg for a free library. 
Jan. 12. New York. Sir Edwin Arnold 

gives the first of a series of reading at 

Daly's Theatre. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 * * Colo. Dr. T. Thacher Graves 
is tried at Denver for the murder of 
Mrs. Josephine iiarnabv at Providence, 
R. I., by poison. [1893. Sept. 3. He 
commitssuicide while awaiting a second, 
trial.] 

* * D. C. Congress passes a bill prohib- 
iting the sale of liquor within one 
mile of the Soldiers' Home in the city 
of Washington — a measure that will 
place about one-third of the District of 
Columbia under prohibition. 

* * Mont., N. H., Tenn. Labor-day, the 
tirst Monday iu September, is established 
as a legal holiday. 

* * N. C. A school for -white deaf and 
dumb children is located at Morganton. 

* * The Society of Loyal Volunteers 
is organized. 

* * Neb. — Colo. The Methodist Hospital 
and Home is founded hi Omaha ; also 
another at Denver. 

* * N. C. The Legislature enacts that 
the birthday of Kobert E. Lee (Jan. 
19) shall be a legal holiday. 

* * N. C. The State incorporates a 
Confederate Soldiers* Home near 
Raleigh. 

* * N. J. The half -holiday bill for the 
relief of employees is enacted. 

* * N. Mex. A high-license law is en- 
acted. 

Senator Ingalls arrests widespread 

attention by declaring " The Decalogue 
and the Golden Rule have no place in a 
political campaign. . . . This modern 
cant about the corruption of politics is 
fatiguing in the extreme." " Purity in 
politics is an iridescent dream." 

* * A society called The "Woodmen of 
the "World is founded. 

1S92 Jan. 2. Tenn. The convict mi- 
ners are returned to the mines at Coal 
Creek with a guard of soldiers for their 
protection from free miners. 

Jan. 3. New York A man threatens Jay 
Gould with death : another, insisting oh 
marrying Miss Helen Gould, has been 
arrested. 

Jan. 4. N. Y. A train- wrecker is cap- 
tured in the act near Rattlesnake Point ; 
he is imprisoned hi Rochester. 

Jan. 5. Ga. Eight men are killed in 
a tight in Clinch county. 

Kan. The sheriff and sheriff-elect of 

Seward county are killed by a mob In 
ambush; the district iudce is besieged 
in his house by 40 men armed with Win- 
chesters ; a county-seat war is the cause. 
[Jan. 7. Four more men are killed in 
a running fight with outlaws near Spring- 
held ; State militia occupy the town. 



UNITED STATES. 



1891 **-1892,Jan.20. 399 



New York. Mrs. Robert L. Stuart's 

will is filed ; nearly her whole fortune, 
estimated at $5,000,000, is left to 
public institutions. 

Tex. Strikers at Gorcum dismantle 

15 locomotives of the San Antonio and 
Arkansas Pass Railroad. 

Jan. 7. Tex. At Houston an unknown 
thief robs the safe in the office of Wells, 
Fargo, and Co. of between $200,000 and 
§300,000. 

Jan. 8. la. Ex-County Treasurer Lane 
of Ottumwa is missing ; shortage, $30,000. 

Miss. Two negroes are lynched at 

Raysville. 

± Neb. C. N. Paul of Hastings re- 
signs his office of county treasurer ; 
a shortage of $23,000 is made good by 
his bondsmen. 

Jan. 9. I.T. About 1,000 Indians engage 
in a Messiah dance in the Cherokee 
Strip. 

Jan. 10. Conn. The Brotherhood of 
Locomotive Firemen and Engineers in 
session at .New Haven refuses to allow a 
strike on the branches of the Consoli- 
dated Railroad with regard to pay. 

Ind. The IS street-car lines of In- 
dianapolis are tied up by a strike. 

Jan. 12. New York. The wiU of Mrs. 
Elizabeth Coles gives large sums to 
the Cathedral of St. John the Divine, 
the Metropolitan Museum of Art, the 
New York Genealogical and Biographi- 
cal Society, and for a new college. 

Jan. 13. Conn. Two attempts are made 
to wreck passenger-trains on the New 
Haven Road. 



Jan. 14. Pa. The Pittsburg Law 
Order Society begins its prosecutioi 
newsdealers* who sell papers 



sdealers and 
ja&h.] 

Jan. 15. New York. John Carson, a 
Baltimore lawyer, is found dead in the 
snow with his throat cut. 

Jan. IS. Ala. Harvay Hinton, impli- 
cated in the massacre of the M' Mi lien 
family in Choctaw County, is taken 
from jail and lynched. 

D. C. The American "Woman's 

Suffrage Association begins its annual 
session at Washington. 

New York. The Typothetee cele- 
brates the 186th anniversary of Benja- 
min Franklin's birth with a dinner. 



STATE. 

1891 * * During the year 1S91, Arkansas, 

Colorado, Maine, North Dakota, New 

Hampshire, Oregon, and Ohio adopt the 
' Australian ballot system. Illinois 

and Pennsylvania adopt ballot reform 

bills. 
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : 

-93 * * Ark. James P. Eagle (Dem.). 

-95* *Cal. Henry II. Markham (Rep.). 

-93 * * Colo. John L. Routt (Rep.). 

-93 * * Conn. M. J. Bulkeley (Rep.). 

-95* * Del. Robert J. Reynolds (Dem.). 

-93 * * Kan. L. U. Humphrey (Rep.). 

-95 * * Ky. John Y. Brown (Dem.). 

-92 * * Me. Edwin C. Burleigh (Rep.). 

-92 * * Mass. Wm. E. Russell (Dem.). 

-93* * Mich. Edwin B. Winans (Dem.). 

-93 * * Minn. W. R. Merriman (Dem.). 

-93 * * Neb. James E. Boyd (Dem.). 

-95 * * Nev. Ross Iv. Colcord (Rep.). 

-93 * * N. H. Hiram A. Tuttle (Rep.). 



-93 * * N.Dak. Andre\vH.Burke(Rep.). 
-95* * Ore. Sylvester Pennoyer (Dem.). 
-95 * * Pa. Robert E. Pattison (Dem.). 
-92 * * Ii. I. Herbert W. Ladd (Rep.). 
-93 * * S. Dak. A. C. Mellette (Rep.). 
-93* *Tenn. John P. Buchanan (Dem.). 
-93 * * Tex. James S. Hogg (Dem.). 
-93 * * Wis. George W. Peck (Dem.). 

1S92 Jan. 2. D. C. The Treasury De- 
partment reports the public debt in- 
creased $2,794,749 in December. 

Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a resolution authorizing the 
chartering of a ship to carry corn to 
the famine-stricken Russians ; in the 
House many bills are introduced ; one 
to provide for pneumatic postal tubes 
between New York and Brooklyn. 
Benton M'Millin of Tenn. is chosen 
Speaker pro tempore. 

Conn. The Supreme Court decides 

that Gov. Bulkeley is the lawful ex- 
ecutive of the State. 

N. T. In the State Senate "Walker 

(Dem.) is seated by a party vote for 
Sherwood's district, the 27th, although 
receiving only a minority vote in that 
district ; four notices of contest are 
filed to unseat as many Republican Sen- 
ators. 

Jan. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Mr. 
Morrill speaks against free coinage of 
silver, and is answered by Mr. Teller. 

Jan. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: Mr. 
Morgan's resolution for an inquiry into 
the condition of the Nicaragua Canal 
is adopted. 

Secretary Blaine notifies the represen- 
tatives of countries which have not en- 
tered into reciprocity agreements that 
the retaliatory clause of the Tariff 
Act will be applied by the President on 
March 15. 

Jan. 8. N. Y. Storm Emans, the Clerk 
of Dutchess County, is on trial for con- 
tempt before Justice Cullen of Brook- 
lyn ; he obtained the returns in the 
Dutchess County election case from the 
messengers of the governor, comptroller, 
and secretary of state at the offices of 
those officials and carried them back to 
Poughkeepsie. [Jan. 20. A second hear- 
ing is given. Feb. 18. The case dis- 
missed without costs.] 

Tenn. The Legislature refuses to 

make an appropriation lor the World's 
Fair. 

Jan. 9. D. C. The despatch from Sefior 
Pereira, the new Chilean Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, received at Washington 
through Minister Montt, is considered 
more conciliatory than those from his 
predecessor. 

— — Cat. The testimony of sailors of the 
Baltimore taken by Judge-Advocate 
Remy at Vallejo tends to show that mobs 
in Valparaiso were deliberately orga- 
nized to attack the American sailors 
from the Baltimore. 

Jan. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
ratines the Brussels treaty to sup- 
press the African slave-trade and a 
commercial arrangement with the Kongo 
Free State; Henry M. Teller of Colo, 
introduces a joint resolution for an In- 
ternational Silver Congress [debated 
without action] ; in the House William 
C. P. Breckinridge of Ky. makes an un- 
successful attempt to introduce a reso- 



lution aiming at the repeal of the 
reciprocity clause of the Tariff Law. 

The President proclaims the forest 
preserve of New Mexico to be set apart 
for public use. 

Jan. 12. I). C. Congress; Senate: A 
bill is passed providing for two new 
revenue cutters for the Pacific coast ; 
Jos. M. Dolph. of Ore. reports favorably 
the bill to appropriate $100,000,000 
for coast defenses and fortifications. 

Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: The resolu- 
tion of John H. Mitchell of Ore. for the 
relief of the Court of Claims is dis- 
cussed and referred; in the House Wil- 
liam S. Holman of Ind. introduces a 
resolution to limit expenditures. 

The final report of Capt. Schley of 
the Baltimore on the affair at Valparaiso 
is received at the Navy Department. 

N. Y. The "World's Fair Bill, ap- 
propriating §300,000, is introduced in the 
State Senate and ordered to a third 
reading. 

Jan. 15. D. C. Congress: In the House 
a resolution is introduced for the ap- 
pointment of a committee of seven to 
investigate the census office ; the 
Holman resolutions are adopted. 

Jan. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Mexican Claims Bill, relating to certain 
undistributed moneys received from 
Mexico, is discussed; William A. Peffer 
of Kan. introduces a joint resolution 
favoring the election of President and 
Vice-President by a direct popular 
vote. 

Jan. 19. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the reopening of the La 
Abra claim to a large part of the award 
of the Mexican Commission ; the heirs of 
Benjamin Weil are also claimants. The 
House kills the hill to regulate the 
printing and distribution of public 
documents. 

N. Y. Deputy Attorney-General May- 

nard is confirmed as a Judge of the 
Court of Appeals. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Jan. 7. New York. The Cham- 
ber of Commerce passes a resolution 
favoring an appropriation of SI, 000,000 
for the New York exhibit at the World's 
Fair. 

Jan. 8. I. T. In a coal-mine explo- 
sion at McAlester, 100 men are killed 
and 115 injured. 

Jan. 10. Mo. The main building of the 
State University, Columbia, is destroyed 
by fire; loss, $400,000. 

Jan. 11. Ind. Two lives are lost and 20 
persons are injured by a train falling 
over an embankment at Nicholson's 
Crossing. 

Jan. 15. Two women are burned in 
a railroad wreck on the Northern Pa- 
cific, caused by a broken rail. 

Jan. IS. O. A natural-gas explosion 
wrecks two churches and damages about 
50 houses at Lancaster. 

W. Va. Six men are killed by a pow- 
der-mill explosion at Central City. 



400 1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17. 



AMERICA: 



1892 



ARMY — NAVY. 

Jan. 29+. Tex. Garza enters 
Mexico with 5.000 armed men, and is 
welcomed by many of the people. 

Jan. 30. Boston, The Common Council 
resolves to return a captured battle-flag 
to Company C, 12th North Carolina Con- 
federate troops. 

D. C. Caleb H. Carlton is commis- 
sioned colonel — Sth cavalry. 

[Mar. 9. Also Joseph C. Bailey—medi- 
cal department. Apr. 25. John C. Bates 

— 2d infantry. May 27. F. C. Ainsworth 

— pension department. July 1. Richard 
Lodor — 2d artillery. July 4. Andrew 
S. Bert — 25th infantry. July 9. Oliver 
D. Green. July 28. David S. Gordon — 
IGth cavalry. Aug. 16. Anson Mills — 
3d cavalry. Sept. 16. Simon Snyder — 
19th infantry. Dec. 4. Charles H. Alden 

— medical department. Dec. 11. John 
G. Chandler — quartermaster's depart- 
ment. Dec. 27. Thomas C. Sullivan — 
subsistence department.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Jan. 24. Cal. A meteorite 
flecked with gold is found. 

Jan. 26. Phila. The National Academy 
of Science decides to send a relief ex- 
pedition for Lieut. Peary, under Prof. 
A. Heilprin. (See June 27.) 

Feb. 6. Colo. Gold is found in large 
quantities at Squaw Gulch. 

Feb. 13. A remarkable display of au- 
rora borealis is observed throughout 
large sections of the north ; its bril- 
liancy causes people in New York to 
believe part of the city to be on fire. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Jan. 22. Bradley. Joseph P.. justice IT. S. 

Supreme Court, A79. 
Jan. 23. Kobinson, William E., journalist. 

M. C. for N. Y., A78. 

Hall, John w., Gov. of Del., A75. 

Jan. 26. Knapp, Manning M., lawyer, ju 

rist, A70. 
Jan. 29. Barnum, Henry A., brig.-gen, 

politician, A 60. 
Feb. 2. Hopkins, Moses, capitalist, philan 

tliropist, A75. 
Feb. 7. Bryson, Andrew, rear-adm. U. S. 

N., A69. 
Feb. 9. Knox, John J., comptroller treas 

ury, AG4. 
Feb. 12. Hunt, Thomas S., geologist, chem 

ist, author, A 66. 

CHURCH. 

1892 Jan. 27 ±. New York. Four of 
the Methodist churches — St. Paul's, 
St. Luke's, St. John's, and Forty-third 
Street — agree to consolidate. 

Jan. 28. N. Y. Bishop Loughlin of 
Brooklyn wills all his property to the 
Roman Catholic Church. 

Feb. 12. N. F. The 5th annual conven- 
tion of the Young "Women's Chris- 
tian Association of the State of New 
York is held at Schenectady. 

Feb. 14. New York. Dr. C. H. Park- 
hurst delivers a scathing sermon against 
city officials who fail to execute the laws. 

LETTERS. 

1892 Feb. 6. Chicago, The will of 

John Crerar, the millionaire, who left a 

large fund for founding a library, is 

sustained. 



Feb. 7. New York. Andrew Carnegie 
lectures on the " Gospel of Wealth." 

Feb. 9. N. Y. _ Bishop Doane is the 
choice of the caucuses for Regent of 
the University at Albany. 

Feb. 16. A T . Y. The Department of 
Superintendence of the National Edu- 
cational Association opens its 28th an- 
nual meeting in Brooklyn. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Jan. 20. New York. The Ameri- 
can Society of Engineers holds its 
annual meeting. 

Jan. 22. N. Y. Collar-starching ma- 
chines cause a strike in Troy, and a mob 
of 500 persons attacks the new machine 
employees. 

Pa. Senator Quay wins his suit 

against the Pittsburg Evening Post for 
criminal libel. 

Jan. 23±. Two men rob a Missouri Pa- 
fie train and kill a policeman. [One 



Jan. 24. Pa. The electric-car strikers 
in Allegheny are riotous; several per- 
sons have been hurt. 

Jan. 25. Tenn. Miss Alice Mitchell, a 
young society woman, cuts the throat of 
Miss Freda Ward on the street at 
Memphis. [Adjudged insane.] 

N. J. Rev. John "Weill is sentenced 

in Jersey City to five years in the State 
prison for robbing 35 churches of altar- 
cloths, chandeliers, etc. 

Jan. 26. N, Y. Antonio Pagassi is 
charged with attempting to wreck the 
Sag Harbor express-train near Heliport , 
Long Island. 

Jan. 30. La. Every Federal officer 
in the New Orleans Custom-house is 
under arrest for criminal libel at the 
instance of the Warmouth faction. 

Pa. Four "moonshiners" — man- 
ufacturers of illicit whisky — *• are cap- 
tured near Mount Pleasant. 

Jan. 31. New York. Railroad em- 
ployees from every State in the Union 
hold a convention in the Academy of 
Music. 

0. Tramps seize an Erie and West- 
ern Railroad train ; six are captured 
and seven escape ; one brakeman is 
badly injured. 

Feb. 1. New York. Employees of the 
Edison Electric Illuminating Company 

employed. 

Pa. The defendants in Senator Quay's 

libel suit against the Beaver Star are 
sentenced to imprisonment for sis 
months, §600 line each, and costs. 

Feb. 2. Ga. David Porter, deputy-col- 
lector of customs at Savannah, is killed 
by his son, 16 years of age. 

New York. Carlyle W. Harris, a 

medical student, after an extended trial 
for the poisoning of his young wife 
(Helen Potts), is convicted of murder in 
the first degree. 

^V. r. A little boy named "Ward 

Waterbury is kidnapped in Ponndridge, 
Westchester County; the abductors de- 
mand a ransom of $6,000. 

[The boy is restored to his father the 
next day, after being abandoned by the 
kidnappers. Mar. 3. Two kidnappers 
are sentenced to four years, and one to 
two years in the State prison.] 

Feb. 4. La. The officers of the Loui- 
siana Lottery Company withdraw their 
offer to the State for a license. 



New York. The Chamber of Com- 
merce appoints a committee to solicit 
subscriptions for the starving Rus- 
sians. 

Feb. 5. Pa. David Hastings, the first 
of the Indicted Allegheny City officials, 
is found guilty of embezzlement. 

Feb. 8. New York. Temperance socie- 
ties hold mass- meetings to protest 
against the passage of the Liqaor-deal- 

, ers' Excise Bill by the Legislature. 
W. H. Beers resigns as president of 
the New York Life Insurance Company, 
but will be retained as adviser at 
$37,500 a year. [May 13. The legality 
of this action is contested in the courts 
and denied.] 

Feb. 10. New York. St. John's Guild 
opens anon-sectarian children's hospi- 
tal for the poor. 

A building inspector confesses that 
he has made false reports concerning 
the fire-escapes of the Hotel Royal, in 
which many lives were lost by tire. 

Feb. 11. Pa. James Wyman. mavor of 
Allegheny City, is charged with extor- 
tion, and found guilty on two counts. 

Feb. 12. III. Abraham Lincoln's 
birthday as a legal holiday is cele- 
brated for the first time. 



Feb. 13. New York. Twelve police 
matrons are appointed by the Police 
Board. 

Feb. 14. Cal. The police of San Fran- 
cisco are searching for Sarah Althea 
Terry, who has mysterious lv disap- 
peared. 

New York. Rev. C. H. Parkhurst, 

president of the Society for the Preven- 
tion of Crime, denounces from his pulpit 
city officials as a " damnable pack of 
administrative bloodhounds." 

Feb. 16. Cal. A feud among the 
highbinders again breaks out in San 
Francisco. 

±Ala. George Kaley shoots and kills 

O. B. Williamson. Prohibitionist, at the 
municipal election at Warrior ; he is 
charged by the coroner's jury with wil- 
ful murder. 

Feb. 17. N.Y. Chief of Police Hackett, 
of Tarrytown, kills James Harmon, an 
old resident, at a Democratic primary. 
The 6th annual convention of the 
American Newspaper Publishers' 
Association begins. 

STATE. 

1S92 Jan. 21. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate discusses Leland Stanford's 
Government Land Loan Bill ; in 
the House Bland's Free Coinage Bill 
is introduced. 

Jan. 22. N. Y. The Democratic State 
Convention, stigmatized as Gov. Hill's 
"snap" convention, opens its session at 
Albany; the convention derides to send 
a delegation to the National Democratic 
Convention at Chicago under the unit 
rule in favor of D. B. Hill for President. 

Jan. 23. D. C. The United States Gov- 
ernment in an ultimatum to Chile de- 
mands the withdrawal of the offensive 
Matta circular, and an apology with 
reparation for the outrages upon the 
sailors of the Baltimore. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, Jan. 20-Feb. 17. 401 



Jan. 24. B. C. Congress: A message 
is received from President Harrison 
asking for an appropriation for the 
"World's Fair. 

li. I. Alexander Gibson (Proliib.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Jan. 25. B. C. Congress : President 
Harrison's Chilean message is read in 
both. Houses, and, with the voluminous 
correspondence bearing on the question, 
is referred to the Committees on Foreign 
Relations. 

The Chilean reply to the ultimatum 
of the United States is received at Wash- 
ington. 

It agrees to withdraw Sefior Matta's 
offensive note, withdraws its request for 
Minister Egan's recall, and proposes to 
submit the attack on the Baltimore's 
sailors at Valparaiso to arbitrament of 
some neutral nation, or to the decision 
of the Supreme Court of the United 
States. 

Jan. 26. B. C. Congress ; Senate : A 
resolution for an international silver 
conference is reported ; in the House 
resolutions calling on the President to 
transmit the answer of Chile are re- 
ferred ; the House rules are discussed. 
The Urgent Deficiency Bill passes both 
Houses. 

N. Y. In the Legislature bills are in- 
troduced to appropriate $800,000 for work 
on the new Capitol. 

— — La. The Trans-Mississippi Congress 
at New Orleans favors the silver ques- 
tion, from a bimetallic standpoint. 

Jan. 27. B. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate public building bills are discussed. 
A despatch is received at Washington 
from the Chilean Minister of Foreign 
Affairs yielding to President Harrison's 
demands and expressing regret for 
the Valparaiso outrage. 

N. Y. In the Senate Jacob A. Cantor 

introduces a bill providing for an Adi- 
rondack Park. 

Jan. 28. D. C. Congress: The Presi- 
dent sends to both Houses a message* 
with the latest Chilean correspond- 
ence; he expresses the belief that no 
special powers from Congress will be 



N. Y. In the Senate the bill appro- 
priating §300,000 for the "World's Fair 



Jan. 29. B. C. Congress: Senate not 
in session ; in the House the report of 
the Committee on Rules is further con- 
sidered. 

The Ways and Means Committee 
adopts Chairman Springer's plan of at- 
tacking the tariff by separate bills. 

Neio York. A number of prominent 

Democrats call a mass-meeting to pro- 
test against the action of the State Com- 
mittee in calling a midwinter conven- 
tion. 

N. Y. The State Liquor Dealers' 

Association Excise Bill is presented in 
the Senate by M;itthi;ts En. Ires of Buf- 
falo, and in the Assembly by Samuel J. 
Foley of New York ; among other things 
it provides for opening saloons on Sun- 
days at 1 P.M. 

Jan. 30. B. C. Secretary Blaine cables 
to Minister Egan the Government'3 



acceptance of Chile's apology for the 
Valparaiso outrage, and consent to a 
settlement in accordance with President 
Harrison's message of Jan. 28. 

Feb. 1. B.C. Congress; Senate: The 
Mexican Claims Bills are passed (see 
Jan. 19) ; the House debates the pro- 
posed rules. 

The U. S. Supreme Court decides that 
Gov. Boyd is the rightful governor of 
Nebraska. [Feb. 6. Gov. Thayer sur- 
renders the office to him.] The court 
decides also that the Anti-Lottery 
Law is constitutional. 

Feb. 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: the 
Printing Bill is taken up ; the House 
continues to discuss the rules. 

Feb. 3. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Public Printing Bill; 
the House discusses the rules. 

Feb. 4. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
New York Bridge Bills are unfavor- 
ably reported by the Committee; the 
House adopts the new rules. 

N. Y. The Assembly passes the Anti- 

Pinkerton Bill. Vote, 90-27. [Mar. 2. 
Passed by the Senate.] 

Feb. 5. B. C. Congress: Senate not in 
session ; the House passes the Census 
Deficiency Bill. 

The proclamation of the President an- 
nounces reciprocity arrangements with 
the British West Indies. 

N. Y. A bill is introduced in the 

State Senate providing for the con- 
struction of three bridges — two over 
the East River, and one over the Harlem. 
[Feb. 2-4. The former passes the Senate. 
Feb. IS. The latter passes the Assem- 
bly.] 

Feb. 6. B. C. Secretary James G. 
Blaine writes to the Chairman of the 
Republican National Committee an- 
nouncing that he is not a candidate 
for the Presidency. 

N..J. Two race-track bills are in- 
troduced in the Assembly. [And greatly 
opposed at public meetings in various 
parts of the State.] 

Feb. 9. B. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Finance Committee reports unfavorably 
three Free Coinage Bills. 

Conn. Gov. Bulkeley calls on the 

people of the State to meet at Hart- 
ford on Washington's Birthday to raise 
money for the World's Fair. 

Utah,. The liberals at the Salt Lake 

City elections carry their ticket by the 
heaviest plurality yet obtained. 

Feb. 10. B. C. Congress; House: The 
Bland Free Coinage Bill is favorably 
reported. 

It is announced that Great Britain 
and the United States have agreed upon 
France, Italy, and Sweden as Bering 
Sea Arbitrators. 

Feb. 11. New York. A mass-meeting 
of Democrats to protest against the 
early date for the State Convention, 
called a " Snap Convention," is held at 
Cooper Union. 

Feb. 12. B. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Military Academy Appro- 
priation Bill introduced Jan. 25. 



Feb. 13. B. C. Congress: The House 
adopts a resolution calling for an inves- 
tigation of the "sweating system." 

Feb. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Public Printing Bill ; an 
investigation into the admission of ty- 
phus fever immigrants at New York 
is ordered ; in the House an inquiry 
into the effects on agriculture of the 
McKinley tariff is ordered. 

The minority report on the Bland 
Free Coinage Bill is made public. 

Feb. 16. B. C. Congress : In the House 
the bill authorizing the interstate rail- 
roads to give reduced rates to com- 
mercial travelers is passed. 

New York. The State enumerators 

begin taking a census of the city under 
police escort. 

Feb. 17. N. Y. The Assembly passes a 
bill for a bridge over the St. Lawrence 
at Wolfe Island. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Jan. 20. Ore. 'The Oregon Pa- 
cific Railroad is sold at sheriff's sale 
for $1,000,000. 

Jan. 21. Boston. The new Chamber 
of Commerce is dedicated. 

-New York. A fire in Union Square 

causes a loss of about $500,000. 

Jan. 22. Jnd. The National Surgical 
Institute at Indianapolis burns ; 21 lives 
are lost, and mauy persons injured. 

Jan. 27. Chicago. A School Furniture 
Trust is organized, with a capital of 
$15,000,000. 

Jan. 28. Pa. Five trainmen are killed 
by a locomotive explosion at St. Clair. 

Jan. 31. Ky. The centennial of the 
admission of the State into the Union is 
celebrated at Lexington. 

Feb. 3. Ya. The historic Appomattox 
Court-house building is destroyed by 
fire. 

Feb. 5. New York. The Edison and 
Thomson-Houston Electric Light inter- 
ests consolidate. 

Many explosive matches are found 
scattered among bales of cotton about 
to be loaded into a transatlantic steam- 
ship. 

N. J. The steamer Venezuela, of the 

Red D Line, goes ashore on Brigantine 
Shoals in a snow-squall ; the passengers 
are brought to New York. 

Feb. 6. Fa. The steamer Polynesian, of 
the Allan Line, goes ashore near Cape 
Henry. 

The Barbed "Wire Trust of the 

United States is dissolved. 

Feb. 7. New York. The Hotel Royal 
is destroyed by fire in the early morning ; 
many lives are lost. 

Feb. 8. Tenn. A fire causes a loss of 

$1,000,000 in Memphis. 

Feb. 10. Neio York. The Sixth Avenue 
horse-car road is leased to a Philadel- 
phia company for 999 years. 

The Philadelphia and Heading 

Railroad Company secures control, by 
lease, of the New Jersey Central and 
the Lehigh Valley Roads. 

Feb. 11. Colo. By proclamation of 
President Harrison, Pike's Peak is set 
apart as a forest reserve. 



40: 



1892, Feb. 18-Mar. 25. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Feb. * The claims of the Balti- 
more's seamen against Chile for assault 
and murder aggregate SI, 305,000. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Mar. 4. Kan. Gold is discovered 
by the fall of a bluff at Plymore. 

Mar. 14. Mb. Natural gas is struck in 
an artesian well at Kansas City. [June 
1. Gas is struck in large quantities at 
Danvers, 111. July 15. Also found in 
Conway County, Ark.] 

Mar. 19. /. T. A large meteor falls in 
Eagle County, Choctaw Nation ; it im- 
beds itself 20 feet in the earth, while 12 
feet remain above ground. 

Mar. 24. Ariz. Aztec city buildings 
are discovered during the process of 
digging on the extension of the Santa 
Cruz Canal. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1892. 

Feb. S3. Shea, John D. Gilmary, historian, 
philologist, A68. 

Feb. 28. Cullum, George W., maj.-gen. 
U. S. A., A83. 

Mar. 1. H olden, William W., Gov. of N. C, 
A74. 

Mar. 3. Hopkins, Stephen T., M. C. for 
N. T., A43. 

Mar. 4. Porter. Noah, clergyman, author, 
lexicographer, president of Vale, A81. 

Mar. 6. Pierrepont, Edwards, lawyer, 
atty.-gen., minister to Kimktiul, A75. 

Mar. 11. Bedell. Gregory Thurston, P. E. 
bishop of O., author, A75. 

Mar. 17. Strakoseh, ."\la.x, opera-manager, 
A57. 

Mar. 18. Depoele. Van, Charles J., electri- 
cian, inventor, A46. 

Mar. 19. Lothrop, Daniel, publisher, A60. 

Mar. 22. Agnew, David Hayes, sur- 
geon, professor at University of Pa., A74. 



CHURCH. 

1892 Mar. 2. Cal. TheKorashan 
Messiah leaves San Francisco for Chi- 
cago with 45 of his followers. 

Mar. 11. N. Y. Archbishop Corrigan 
announces that Pope Leo has appointed 
Charles Edward McDonnell bishop of 
Brooklyn. [Apr. 25. Consecrated. May 
2. Installed.] 

Mar. 13. New York. Dr. C. H. Park- 
hurst preaches another sermon on 
municipal corruption; he tells his 
experience in visiting a number of 
rjlaces that the authorities allow to 
remain open in violation of law. 

Mar. 20. N. Y. The First Reformed 
Church of Albany celebrates its 250th 
anniversary. 

LETTERS. 

1892 Feb. 19. Pa. The new library 
hall at Johnstown, built by Andrew Car- 
negie at a cost of §65,000, is dedicated. 

Feb. 22. Mich. Ex-President Cleveland 
delivers an address on " Sentiment in 
Our National Life" at the University 
of Michigan. 

Feb. 26. New York. The Alumni of 
Columbia vote unanimously in favor 
of removing the college to the Bloom- 
ingdale site. 



Mar. 2. N. If. Or. William J. Tucker 
of Andover Theological Seminary is 
elected President of Dartmouth. 

Mar. 4. Conn. Yale's post-graduate 
courses in Philosophy are to be open 
without distinction of sex. 

SOCIETY. 

1S92 Feb. 18. Nero York. Gen. Horace 
Porter is elected president of the 
Grant Monument Association. 

Term. The miners of East Tennes- 
see are finally pacified by the com- 
panies' employment of free laborers 
instead of convicts. 

Feb. 20. Ark. A negro is burned at 
the stake at Texarkana for criminal as- 
sault on a white woman ; thousands of 
spectators are present. 

Feb. 21. N. Y. A train-robbernamed 
Perry shoots an express-messenger on 
the New York Central road, near Roches- 
ter ; he intimidates the train's crew and 
captures the engine, but is chased, 
caught in a swamp, and locked up. 
[May 19. He is sentenced to State 
prison for 49 years and three months.] 

N. Y. Licenses are issued so freely 

in Brooklyn that there is now one 
saloon to 225 of population, — men, 
women, and children, — and one for 
every 62 male adults in the city. 

Feb. 22. Mb. The National Industrial 
Conference meets at St. Louis, with 
G50 delegates present. [It decides to 
favor the People's Party in the elec- 
tions.] 

Feb. 23. New York. Kev. C. H. Park- 
hurst is subpoenaed as a witness before 
the grand jury concerning the charges 
made in his sermon on Feb. 14th. 

N. Y. The National Convention 

of Electrical Engineers begins its 
annual session in Buffalo. 

Feb. 27. Chicago. The American Sec- 
ular Union — anti-Bible, anti-Sabbath 
law, etc. — holds a mass-meeting; it 
demands that the "World's Fair shall be 
kept open on Sunday. 

Ind. Attempts to run street-cars in 

Indianapolis are prevented by strikers. 

Phila. The will of Mrs. Anna P. 

Wilsbach leaves $1,000,000 to be 
divided among charitable organiza- 
tions. 

Feb. 28. Mr. Blaine furnishes the As- 
sociated Press with a statement con- 
cerning the marriage of his son James 
to Miss Nevins, and its results. 

Mar. 1. Neiu York. Dr. Parkhurst'a 
society presents evidence against 
liquor- dealers, and Judge Duffy issues 
nine warrants for their arrest ; seven 
are held in S100 each for trial. 

Mar. 3. Cal. J. "W. Collins, president 
of the broken National Bank, commits 
suicide ; be was financially ruined. 

Mar. 5. New York. The jury in the 
E. M. Field case disagree. (See Dec. 
14, 1891.) 

Mar. 6. Tenn. Several white men are 
killed in one race fight, and several ne- 
groes in another, near Memphis. 

Mar. 9. Tenn. A mob takes three 
negroes from a jail in Memphis, shoots 
and kills them. 



New York. <ien. George W. Cullum's 

will provides bequests of about $C90,000 
for charitable purposes. 

Mar. 10. ///. The residents of McLean 
County make up a train of 28 cars 
loaded with shelled corn for the famine 
sufferers of Eussia. 

[Mar. 16. The steamer Missouri sails 
from New York with supplies. The 
Cb amber of Commerce lias raised 
$40,268 for the starving peasants.] 

± New York. The Bar Association 

appoints the following members a com- 
mittee to investigate the charges made 
against Isaac H. Maynard, recently ap- 
pointed judge of the Court of Appeals. 
accused of abstracting the Dutchess 
County election returns. 

F. R. Coudert, J. C. Carter, E. R. Rob- 
inson, J. E. Parsons, "W. B. Hornblower. 
J. M. Bowers, Elihu Root, C. A. Hand, 
and Albert Stickney. 

[Mar. 18. Judge Mavnard makes pub- 
lic his defense. Mar. '22. The Commit- 
tee's report condemns Judge Maynard, 
and recommends his removal from the 
bench by the Legislature.] 

Mar. 14. New York. li. L. Klune. a 
post-office clerk, is arrested for stealing 
money from letters ; the alleged caust* 
— the demoralizing Guttenburg race- 
track. 

Boston. The grand jury indicts Pres- 
ident Potter and Directors French and 
Dana of the wrecked Maverick Bank. 
[June 18. The indictments are quashed. 

Mar. 15. Tenn. H. Clay King shoots and 
kills D. H. Posten. [King is tried and 
condemned to death. Aug. 9. The gov- 
ernor commutes his sentence to impris- 
■ onment for life.] 

Mar. 18. Va. Twomen.LoeHofflin and 
Joseph Dye, are lynched near Gaines- 
ville. 

They were to be hanged on this date 
for murdering the Kines family in 1891. 
but a stay of proceedings hadbeen se- 
cured, hence the lynching. 

Mar. 20. New York. E. L. Godkin. ed- 
itor of the Evening Post, is arrested on 
the charge of criminal libel by grand 
juryman Dennis W. O'Halloran, wboob- 
jects to being called an ex dive-keeper. 
[Mar. 20. The grand jury dismisses the 
charge.] 

Mar. 21. Chicago. Seven "boodle" 
aldermen are indicted, and held under 
912,000 bail each. [Mar. 24. The grand 
jury finds fresh disclosures of alder- 
manic corruption. Mar. 26. Two more 
are indicted by the grand jury; a mem- 
ber of the Board of Education is impli- 
cated.] 

STATE. 

1S92 Feb. 18. N. Y. The Assembly 
votes to exempt Kings County from the 
provisions of the " Greater New York " 
Bill; the Excise Committee of the As- 
sembly gives another hearing on the 
Liquor-Dealers' Excise Bill : Bishop 
Doane is the principal speaker against 
the bill. 

Feb. 19. Fa. The Debt Bill, with 
House amendments providing for the 
settlement of the State debt, is passed 
by the Senate, and goes to the governor. 

Feb. 22. Mo. A National Industrial 
Conference meets in St. Louis. 

Delegates are present from the Far- 
mers' Alliance, the Knights of Labor, 
the National Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union, and other organizations ; 
there is an exciting struggle over the 
admission of a third-party delegate from 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, Feb. 18 -Mar. 25. 403 



Georgia. [A joint committee appoints 
a national convention to be held in 
Omaha on July 4.] 

N. Y. The Democratic State Conven- 
tion assembled at Albany selects a Hill 
delegation to the National Demo- 
cratic Convention. 

It adopts a platform declaring against 
the " coinage of any silver dollar which 
is not of the intrinsic value of every 
other dollar of the United States." 

Feb. 24. D. C. Congress : The Presi- 
dent sends a message urging a liberal 
appropriation for the World's Fair. 

Feb. 27. D.C. Congress: In the House 
a bill is reported to place binding- 
twine, to be used in harvesting grain, 
on the free list; the Indian Appro- 
priation Bill is amended so as to au- 
thorize the President to detail army 
officers as Indian agents when vacancies 
occur. 

Feb. 29. D. C. A treaty to refer the 
Bering Sea controversy to arbitra- 
tion is signed in Washington. 

The Supreme Court affirms the con- 
stitutionaHtyof the McKinley Tariff 
and Dingey "Worsted Bills. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the bill for 

Sunday opening of the Metropolitan 
Museum of Art. 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress: In the House 
the Indian Appropriation Bill is 
passed ; bill introduced Feb. 12. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the District of Columbia Ap- 
propriation Bill introduced Mar. 1 ; the 
Commercial Travelers' Bill is dis- 
cussed, but fails to pass. 

Mar. 4. D.C. It is announced that the 
conference of experts on the Bering 
Sea seal question has resulted in a 
disagreement. 

Mar. 5. D. C. Congress: In the House 
the Urgent Deficiency Appropria- 
tion Bill for the Department of Agri- 
culture is passed ; introduced Mar. 1. 

Mar. 7. D. C. Congress: In the 
House the resolution providing for the 
consideration of the Bland Silver Bill 
is adopted. Vote, 190-84. The Pension 
Appropriation Bill, aggregating $133,- 
000,000, is passed. 

N. Y. A bill to appropriate $500,000 

to complete the Grant Monument in 
Riverside Park, New York, is by consent 
advanced to a second reading. 

Mar. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Bering Sea Arbitration Treaty is re- 
ceived, and discussed in executive ses- 
sion; the Paddock Pure Food Bill 
is discussed and practically completed. 

la. The Senate passes a bill allowing 

each community to settle the liquor 
question for itself by elections to take 
place not oftener than once every five 
years. Vote, 27-22. [Mar. 22. The lower 
House votes to indefinitely postpone the 
bill.] 

Mar. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Pure Pood Bill after 17 dis- 
cussions ; bill introduced Dec. 10; in 
the House the debate on the Free Wool 
Bill begins. 

The Bering Sea correspondence is 
made public. 



N. Y. The Senate passes the Free- 
dom of "Worship Bill. [Apr. 14. It 
passes the Assembly.] A resolution is 
passed referring to the State Commis- 
sion the question of Sunday closing of 
the "World's Fair. 

Ta. The lower House votes to re- 
submit the prohibition question to the 
people. 

Mar. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Urgent Deficiency Bill. 
[Mar. 15. A conference report is agreed 
to. Mar. 24. Approved.] 

N. J. The State Senate passes a res- 
olution asking the World's Fair Com- 
missioners to close the Exposition on 
Sundays. 

Mar. 12. Ky. The House of Represen- 
tatives passes a bill prohibiting lotteries 
of all kinds in the State ; dealers are 
indictable for felony, [Mar. 15. Gov. 
Brown signs the bill.] 

Mar. 13. D. C. The President issues 
a proclamation announcing reciprocity 
with Nicaragua. 

Mar. 14. D. C. In an open letter to the 
Democracy of the country, ex-Secretary 
Bayard warns the party that evil con- 
sequences would follow the passage of 
a free coinage bill. 

Mass. Gov. Russell signs the Anti- 
Free-Pass BUI. 

N. Y. Senator Hill departs on a 

political tour in the South ; [he speaks 
in several cities]. 

Mar. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Military Acad- 
emy Appropriation Bill. [July 11. 
Conference report agreed to. July 15. 
Approved.] 

President Harrison, under the Reci- 
procity Law, proclaims the higher rate 
of duties upon the products of Colombia, 
Haiti, and Venezuela. 

N. Y. The Senate adopts the pro- 
posed amendments to the Constitution, 
making the courts arbiters in contested 
election cases; the "Greater New 
York" Bill is killed in the Assembly. 

R. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Mar. 16. D.C. Congress : In the House 
"William J. Bryan of Neb. speaks in 
favor of the Free "Wool Bill ; the Ter- 
ritories Committee reports to the House 
in favor of admitting Arizona as a 
State, and allowing New Mexico to 
form a State government preparatory 
to admission into the Union. [June 6. 
Both pass the House and fail in the 
Senate.] 

Mass. The House rejects an Anti- 
Cigarette Bill. Vote, 73-113. 

Mo. The Congressional Redisricting 

Bill as agreed upon in joint Democratic 
caucus passes the lower House ; it pro- 
vides for 14 Democratic and one Repub- 
lican district. 

Mar. 18. I). C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Venezuelan Arbitration Treaty is 
considered in executive session. 

Mar. 21. D. C. Congress: In the 
House the Army Appropriation Bill 
is passed; bill introduced Mar. 5. 



N. Y. The Assembly passes the Roche 

Bill providing for a $2,000,000 park 
on the "West Side in New York City ; 
also the bill combining the Supreme, 
Superior, and Common Pleas Courts in 
New York. 

Mar. 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a bill to improve the Mississippi 
River ; bill introduced Feb. 11. [It fails 
in the House.] And for the relief of 
settlers on public lands ; in the House 
debate on the Free Silver BUI is 
begun ; evening sessions are ordered. 

New York. The Chamber of Com- 
merce memorializes Congress to main- 
tain the present standard of value in 

Mar. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
receives from the President Lord Salis- 
bury's note on the Bering Sea question 
with the rejoinder of the United States 
thereto, and considers the same in ex- 
ecutive session ; the House debates the 
Silver Bill. 

Mar. 24. D. C. Congress; House : The 
debate on the Silver Bill is closed 
and much filibustering follows. 

Mar. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Consideration of the Arbitration 
Treaty is finished in executive session, 
but no vote is taken. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Feb. 18. La. A fire in New Or- 
leans destroys property worth $1,000,000. 

- — Phila. Carl Spreckel's sugar re- 
finery is sold to the Sugar Trust for 
§7,000,000 in trust certificates. 

Feb. 24. Conn. Officials and citizens 
subscribe $50,000 for "World's Fair 
purposes. 

Feb. 27. Va. Life-savers rescue 26 of 
the crew of the San Albano, wrecked 
at Hog Island. 

Feb. 28. N. Y. An eight-story clothing- 
house and other buildings in Brooklyn 
are burned ; loss, §1,000,000; several per- 
sons are injured. 

Mar. 1. Wis. A train is wrecked near 
Milwaukee ; seven persons are killed. 

Mar. 5. New York. The famous Hop- 
kins-Searles will case is settled out of 
court ; young Hopkins agrees to take 
83,000,000. 

Mar. 12. Chicago. Twenty-eight 
breweries form a brewing and malting 
association with a capital of $20,000,000. 

Mar. 17. N. Y. The population of 
the State by enumeration is given as 
6,479,730, which is 481 ,877 in excess of the 
census of 1890 ; the three cities of New 
York, Brooklyn, and Buffalo have of this 
increase 451 ,791 , leaving 30,086 as the gain 
in the rest of the State. 

Mar. 18. Mo. Liggett and Myers's ex- 
tensive tobacco factory in St. Louis is 
burned ; loss, $340,000. 

N. J. The new British steel clipper 

ship Windermere runs aground in a 
storm at Deal Beach, the crew are taken 
ashore by the breeches-buoy. 

Mar. 21. New York. The Standard Oil 
Trust is dissolved by the vote of its 
shareholders. 

Mich. A boiler explodes in a lum- 
ber-mill at East Jordan, killing seven 
men and injuring several others. 



404 1892, Mar. 25-Apr. 27. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Mar. 31. Fa. The protected 
cruiser itole/<7/< is launched at Norfolk. 

Apr. 13. Wyo. United States troops 
are ordered to quell the cattlemen's dis- 
turbances. [Apr. 22. Cattlemen are 
brought to Fort Douglas.] 

Apr. 15. Trim. The militia guarding 
the convict camp at Coal Creek are fired 
upon by miners. 

Apr. 16. D. C. The revenue steamers 
Push and Bear are ordered north to 
patrol Bering Sea. 

Apr. 18. D.C. Frank Wheaton is com. 
oned brigadier-general. 



ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1892 Apr. 6. Utah. President Wood- 
ruff lays the capstone of the Mormcn 
Temple at Salt Lake City. 

Apr. 8. New York. The sale of the 
Robertson Collection of paintings 
brings 8270,380. 

Apr. 12. Cat. Earthquake shocks are 
again felt. [Apr. 17. Earthquake shocks 
are felt in Oregon. Apr. 19. At Wood- 
land and elsewhere, Gal. Apr. 21. An- 
other in California.] 

New York. The corner-stone of the 

Grant Monument is laid, President 
Harrison spreading the mortar. 

In the presence of a vast concourse of 
people, Chauncey M. Depew and Gen. 
Porter deliver addresses ; National and 
State troops parade ; the -warship Mlan- 
tonomoh fires salutes. A Grant dinner 
at Delmonico's follows the conclusion 
of the ceremonies, at which Secretary 
Elkins, Sefior Romero, and others make 
speeches. (See Sept. 5, 1890.) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Mar. 26. Whitman. Walt, or "Walter, 

poet, A73. 
Apr. 4. Singleton, J. W., brig.-gen. vols., 

M. C. for 111., dies. 
Apr. 6. Saulslmrv, Willard, a I ty.-gen., sen- 
ator for Del., A72. 
Apr. 9. Field, Charles \V., C on federate ma j.- 

gen., A64. 
Apr. lO. Sweeney, Thomas W., brig.-gen. 

vols., A71. 
Apr. 19. Smith, Roswell, pub., founder of 

Century Magazine, A63. 
Apr. 25. Bradford, William, painter of 

Arctic scenery, A65. 

CHURCH. 

1892 Mar. 28. Pa. A celebration in 
honor of Bishop Comenius is held by 
school-children in the Moravian church 
at Bethlehem. 

Apr. 4. Utah. The 62d annual confer- 
ence of the Mormon Church begins 
at Salt Lake City. 

Apr. 7. Mass.-N. H. A Past-day is 
observed by the appointment of gov- 

LETTERS. 

1892 Mar. 29. New York. The Uni- 
versity of the City of New York 
graduates 162 doctors from the medical 
department. 

Apr. 3. Cat. Timothy Hopkins presents 
a valuable collection of railway litera- 
ture *o Leland Stanford University. 

Apr. 4. Pa. The graduate department 
of the University of Pennsylvania is 
opened to 



Apr. 5. X. Y. President Charles Ken- 
dall Adams of Cornell University re- 
signs. [July 30. He accepts the presi- 
dency of the University of Wisconsin.] 

Apr. 8. New York. J. Pierpont Morgan 
makes a provisional gift of $500,000 
to the New York trade-schools. 

Apr. 1 1 . Con n. Harry Havemeyer, 
sugar-refiner, gives $75,000 additional to 
the $50,000 previously given for a pub- 
lic school building at Greenwich. 

Apr. 13. New York. The library of 
Emanu-El Theological Seminary is se- 
cured for Columbia. 

Apr. 16. N.J. The American Library 
Association begins its annual meeting 
at Lakewood. 

Apr. 18. N. Y. Prof. Jacob Gould 
Schurman is elected president of Cor- 
nell, to succeed President Adams. 
[Nov. 11. Inaugurated.] 

New York. Authors hold a meeting 

and form the Association of American 
Authors. [June 4. It perfects the or- 
ganization.] 

Apr. 27. B. C. The corner-stone of the 
McMahon Hall of Philosophy of the 
Catholic University at Washington is 
laid with impressive ceremony. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Mar. 25. NY. Mrs. Mary Lar- 

sen, 80 years old, is bound, gagged, and 
robbed of $6,000, in Brooklyn. 

liar. 26. Boston. The formation of an 
Anti-Saloon League is announced ; it 
comprises clergymen of all denomina- 
tions. 

N. Y. A watchman in Long Island 

City is murdered in the street ; supposed 
to be the work of strikers. 

Mar. 27. New York. The Central Labor 
Union agrees to unite with the ** Sweat- 
ing" Abolition Union in efforts to 
abolish the sweating system. 

Mar. 28. Chicago. Colored men hold a 
meeting to protest against the Memphis 
lynchings of the 9th of March. 

The executors of the Fayerweather 
will file their inventory ; the sum of 
$4,285,000 goes to colleges and hos- 
pitals direct. 

Mar. 30. Mass. Mayor Graves of Fitch- 
burg is found guilty of fraudulently 
obtaining money from the county of 



against the ill-treatment of negroes in 
the South. 

Apr. 8*. La. A convention of the 
United Confederate Veterans is held 
at New Orleans. 

Apr. 10. Wyo. — Man. Al>out 500 cow- 
boys set ont to exterminate the rustlers 
(cattle-thieves) of Wyoming and Mon- 
tana. 

Apr. 12. Pa. It is discovered that the 
superintendent of police of Pittsburg, 
ago, was pol- 

Apr. 13. New York. A defalcation of 

$32,072.94. is discovered in the United 
States National Bank. 

A new suit is entered against Henry 
Hilton to recover some of A. T. Stew- 
art's millions. 

Dr. Parkhurst publishes a statement 
regarding his action in obtaining evi- 
dence against the Police Department. 

The first public meeting of the New 
City Club is held. 

Apr. 15. Afass. Two "White Caps are 

sentenced to imprisonment in I»edham 
Jail for one year each for tarring and 
feathering H. N. Pratt. 

Apr. 17. -V. Y. An unsuccessful attempt 
ade to wreck the New York express 
road near Oswego. 

New York. The police make a show 

of enforcing the Excise law ; 91 arrests 
are made. 

Apr. 18. Boston. Nearly 2,000 persons 
attend the reception and banquet in 
honor of Rev. Dr. E. E. Hale. 

New York. J. U. Gamper. a socialist 

leader, in a drunken fit nearly kills his 
wife and daughter. 



Apr. 21. New York. Tiff an v & 
elers. suffer a loss of $50,000 by i 
James A. Palmer, who is under 



on the Larkau ;i 



"Bu 

by 



N. Y. 



Tin imas O'Brien, the notorious 
King." escapes from his keeper 
conspiracy while on his way to 



W( 



ster. 



Apr. 1. Pa. Moonshiners kill Jona- 
than Hochstetter on Laurel Hill Moun- 
tain for testifying against them in court. 

New York. The grand jury makes a 

strong presentment against the police 
department for corruption. 

Apr. 2. Ind. The State Board of "World's 
Fair managers vote against the clos- 
ing of the exposition on Sunday. 

Ky. Revenue officers make a success- 
ful raid on moonshine stills in Harlan 
County. 

0. An unknown negro is lynched 

in Millersburg. 

Apr. 4. Ida. Six stage-robbers — all 
women, dressed in men's clothes — are 
arrested near Salmon City. 

New York. A mass-meeting of col- 
ored people at Cooper Union protests 



Clinton Pr 

[June 2. Keeper Buck is convicted at 
Utica of complicity in the escape. June 
4. He is sentenced to State prison for 
three years.] 

The grand jury of Saratoga finds true 
bills of indi.-tment acainst W. H. Gailor 
and K. F. Enapp, late members of the 
Board of Police Commissioners, for bri- 
bery and extortion. 

Apr. 23±. N. Y. Prominent Buffalo 
lawyers are preparing a testimonial 
commending the action of the Bar Asso- 
ciation in regard to Judge Maynard ; 
it has already been signed by 34 lawyers. 

Apr. 23. N.J. Alfred Parkes, who killed 
his wife with a hammer in Newark, is 
sentenced to 10 years imprisonment. 

Apr. 24. Chicago. The annual Con- 
vention of the Theosophical Societies 
begins. 

N. J. Armed residents of Passaic and 

Clifton raid a gang and capture 19 
tramps, who are sentenced at once to 90 
days each in the county jail. 

Apr. 25. New York. The Baptist pas- 
tors indorse Dr. Parkhurst in his cru- 
sade against vice. 

Apr. 26. New York. F. C. Ewer, a trusted 
clerk of the Corbin Banking Company, 
is a defaulter to the amount of $12,000; 

gambling the alleged cause. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, Mar. 25 -Apr. 27. 405 



STATE. 

1892 Mar. 25. N Y. The Judiciary 
Committees of the Legislature decide to 
limit the Maynard investigation to one 
day, and to call as witnesses only the 
nine members of the Bar Association's 
committee. [Mar. 30. F. K. Coudert and 
others testify.] Senator Hill arrives in 
Albany; tho liquor-sellers' Excise Bill is 
reported back to the Assembly, with the 
local-option clause added, and another 
forbidding the licensing of a saloon with- 
in "200 feet of a church or schoolhouse. 

Fr. The new Franco-American Ex- 
tradition Treaty is signed in Paris. 

Mar. 26. Miss. The House defeats a 
World's Fair appropriation. Vote, 20- 
78. 

0. The Legislature gives Cincinnati 

the right of raising $6,000,000 on 
■water bonds by a popular vote. 

Mar. 2S. B. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Anti-Chinese 
Bill. [May 2-4. Conference report agreed 
to. May 11. Approved.] 

Mar. 29. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
unanimously ratifies the Arbitration 
Treaty; "William M. Stewart of Nev. 
gives notice that he will move to take up 
his Free Coinage Bill; the House re- 
sumes discussion of the Tariff Bill. 

Mar. 30. B.C. Congress; Senate : The 
treaty between Great Britain and the 
United States for the arbitration of 
the Bering Sea difficulty is ratified ; 
in the House debate on the Free Wool 
Bill is continued. 

New York. The Central Park Com- 
missioners ask the Legislature to repeal 
the Speedway Act, which provides for 
a trotting course in the Park. [Apr. 1. 
It is repealed by the Senate. Apr. 14. 
By the Assembly. Apr. '25. Approved.] 

Mar. 31. B.C. Congress; Senate : The 
army provision in the Indian Appro- 
priation Bill is adopted ; the House de- 
bates the "Wool Bill. 

Apr. 1. B. C. Secretary Noble orders 
that the Cheyenne and Arapaho 
reservation be opened for settlement 
April 15. 

Apr. 2. B. C. Congress: In the House 
general debate on the "Wool Bill is 
closed. 

Apr. 4. B. C. Congress : In the House 
the Chinese Exclusion Bill, prohibit- 
ing the entrance of Chinese into the 
United States, is passed ; bill introduced 

- Feb. 19. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the Com- 
pulsory Education Bill, with New 
York and Brooklyn exempted. 

Apr. 5. N. Y. The Senate by a party 
vote passes the Congressional Reappor- 
tionment Bill and the * ( Huckleberry ' ' 
Bailroad BiH for New York City. [Apr. 
7. The latter passed by the Assembly. 
Apr. 20. Approved.] 

In Buffalo at a Democratic mass- 
meeting, the mayor presiding, the Feb- 
ruary State Convention is denounced. 

Apr. 6. B. C. Congress: The Assembly 
amends and passes the Indian Appro- 
priation Bill after five discussions. 
[July 7. Conference report agreed to. 



July 15. Approved.] In the House the 
Committee of the Whole reports the 
Free Wool Bill. 

Ii. I. State officers and Legislature 

are elected. 

Apr. 7. B. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Free "Wool Bill introduced 
Feb. 15, and takes up the Cotton-Bag- 
ging Bill. 

N. Y. The Senate and Assembly pass 

the Constitutional Convention Bill. 

The Maynard investigation comes 
to an abrupt termination ; the Republi- 
cans not being allowed to subpoena any 
witnesses, none appear. 

Apr. 8. B. C. Congress ; Senate : An 
amendment appropriating §100,000 for 
the Grand Army of the Republic en- 
campment in Washington is incorpo- 
rated in the District Appropriation Bill. 

Apr. 9. B. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Free Bagging Bill for cot- 
ton ; bill introduced Feb. 15. 

Apr. 11. B.C. Congress; Senate : Ja- 
cob H. Gallinger of N. H. advocates his 
bill for a sanitarium for pulmonary 
patients. 

Apr. 14. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the amendments to the bill creat- 
ing the Circuit Courts of Appeal ; in the 
House the reprinting in the Record of 
Henry George's book, Protection or Free 
Trade ? as the undelivered speeches 
of five Democratic members, is dis- 
cussed ; Julius C. Burrows's motion to 
expunge the matter is voted down. 

The payment of an indemnity of §25,000 
by the United States to Italy, in repara- 
tion of outrages on Italians in New Or- 
leans, and the immediate resumption of 
full diplomatic relations between the 
countries, is announced. (See Society. 
Oct. 15, 1890.) 

Fla. The Republicans, on account of 

alleged Democratic election practices 
preventing a fair vote, decide to make 
no nominations in the State. 

Apr. 15. JS T . Y. In the Legislature the 
Assembly passes the "Woman's Suf- 
frage Bill. [It fails in the Senate.] 

S. Bale. The President by proclama- 
tion opens the Sisseton Indian reser- 
vation for settlement. 

Apr. lp\ B. C. It is announced that a 
copyright agreement with Germany 
has been signed by Secretary Blaine and 
the German Minister to the U. S., Theo- 
dore von Holleben. 

La. Both of the Democratic fac- 
tions hold large mass-meetings, refus- 
ing to compromise in any way in regard 
to the approaching elections. 

Mass. The House passes the bill fix- 
ing ten hours as a day's "work for 
railroad employees. 

Apr. 18. B. C. Congress ; Senate : 
The Bering Sea modus vivendi is re- 
ceived from the President ; the House 
passes the Naval Appropriation Bill, 
introduced Mar. 10 ; it provides for one 
new cruiser [New York.] 

N. Y. In the Legislature the major- 
ity and minority reports in the Maynard 
investigation are submitted. [Apr. 20. 



The majority report, exonerating Judge 
Maynard, is adopted by a strictly party 
vote]. 

Apr. 19. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
approves the Bering Sea modus vivendi. 

La. The people vote to reject the 

offer of the Louisiana Lottery Com- 
pany. 

Apr. 25. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the substitute for the Gray Anti- 
Chinese BUI; it extends the present 
laws for ten years. 

Apr. 26. B. C. Congress : The Senate 
receives a message from the President 
declining to transmit the correspond- 
ence relative to an International Mon- 
etary Conference, as requested. 

Secretary Blaine telegraphs a member 
of the Republican State Committee of 
Maine that the use of his name in con- 
nection with the presidential nomina- 
tion is entirely unauthorized. 

Apr. 27. B.C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Army Appro- 
priation Bill. [July 15. Conference 
report agreed to. July 20. Approved.] 

///. John B. Altgeld (Dem.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Mar. 29. La. The families of 
the lynched Italians at New Orleans 
are to receive $20,000, provided their 
Italian citizenship is proved. 

Mar. 30. New York. A great rubber 
trust, to control most of the rubber busi- 
ness of the country, is incorporated. 

Mar. 31. Colo. The silver-mines are 
shutting down on account of the low 
price paid for silver. 

Kan. Destructive prairie fires are 

raging. 

Mar. * A train on the New York Central 
and Hudson Biver road runs 21 miles at 
the rate of 72.69 miles per hour. 

Apr. 2. Miss. Greenville loses $100,000 
by fire. 

Xew York. The Mercantile Exchange 

appoints a committee of 15 to cooperate 
with the Grant Monument Associa- 
tion to complete the tomb. 

Apr. 3. La. Four cotton compresses, 
S0,000 bales of cotton, and many dwell- 
ings are burned in New Orleans ; the 
loss is $2,(150,000. 

New York. Seven street-car lines 

are secured by a Philadelphia syndi- 
cate. 

Apr. 9±. Chicago. W. T. Baker is re- 
elected president of the "World's Fair 
Directory ; his salary is reduced one- 
half. 

La. New Orleans merchants organize 

a company with a capital of $500,000 to 
fight the rice trust. 

Apr. 12. New York. "Win. Murray re- 
tires from the office of Superintendent 
of Police ; Inspector Byrnes is ap- 
pointed his successor. 

Apr. 19. /. T. Cheyenne and Arapaho 
reservations are thrown open to set- 
tlers, and thousands rush in to take 
possession. 



406 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Apr. 30. N. J. The practice 
gunboat Bancroft is launched at Eliza- 
betliport. 

May 18. Chicago. A military despatch 
by bicycle relays is started from Chi- 
cago for New York. 

[May 23. The Relay Bicyclists com- 
plete the work of bringing a message 
from Gen. Miles at Chicago to Gen. 
Howard at New York city ; time, four 
days, 13 hours, and live minutes.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Apr. 29. N, Mex. Valuable 
fossils are found in San Juan County. 

Apr. 30. S. Dak. A valuable discovery 
of platinum ore is made near Rapid 
City. 

May 17. D. C. The Congress of the 
National Art Association in behalf of 
free art opens in Washington. 

May 18. la. A flood-wave in the 
Floyd River, at Sioux City, drives 
8,000 people from their homes ; many 
are rescued with great difficulty, and 11 
are known to be drowned. 

May 21. Mo. It is stated that damages 
by flood in and about St. Louis will 
amount to §11,000,000 ; further loss of 
life is reported from Arkansas. 

May 23. III. The whole Illinois valley 
is a scene of desolation caused by 
floods. 

May 24. Ark. The crops of 40,000 far- 
mers are swept away. 

May 27- Kan. A cyclone kills 20 per- 
sons at Wellington and 11 at Hutchin- 
son, and destroys a vast amount of prop- 
erty. [July 3. Bethlehem, Pa., loses 
$150,000 by a tornado. Oct. 17. A hurri- 
cane rages along the Gulf of Mexico.] 

May 28. Ark. Gold is found which as- 
says from §3.50 to $110 per ton. 

May 29. Chicago. The first Bohemian 
soldiers' monument in the United 
States is dedicated. 

La. A monument to Chief Hennessy 

is unveiled at Metaric Cemetery, New 
Orleans. 

May 30. JV, Y. A soldiers' monu- 
ment is unveiled at Rochester ; Presi- 
dent Harrison and Gov. Flower are 
present. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Apr. 39. Leidy, Joseph, naturalist, pro- 
fessor at University of Pa., A69. 

May 5. Moore, George Henry, author, li- 
brarian, bibliographer, A59. 

May 14. Barbour, John S., senator for 
Va., A72. 

Blanebard, Jonathan, president Whea- 

ton College, A81. 

May 18. Ely, Alfred, M. C.,forN. Y., A77. 

May 30. Rutherford, Lewis Morris, physi- 
cist, A75. 

CHURCH. 
1S92 Apr. 29. Wis. Archbishop 
Katzer of Milwaukee issues a letter 
forbidding Catholics joining socie- 
ties which bind their members to 
observe secrets so strictly that they 
cannot be revealed to even the bishop 
of the diocese. 



May 2. Neb. The General Confer- 
ence (Methodist Episcopal) begins its 
quadrennial session at Omaha. [It pro- 
tests against the State granting money 
for sectarian purposes ; declares in 
favor of equal lay and clerical repre- 
sentation.] 

May 5. New York. A relic, said to be a 
piece of the arm of St. Anne, the 
mother of the A'irgin Mary, is placed on 
exhibition at St. Jean Baptiste's Roman 
Catholic church. 

N. Y. Rev. Henry Gabriels is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) bishop of the 
Diocese of Ogdensburg at Albany. 

May 9. M'is. The coronation of the 
statue of St. Joseph takes place at De 
Pere by favor of Pope Leo. The crowns 
are of pure gold studded with precious 
stones, and valued at §6,000. 

May 14. Cincinnati. The General Con- 
vention of the New Jerusalem meets. 

May IS. New York. Rev. Thomas Dixon, 
Jr., denounces the Tammany Society 
and Mayor Grant. 

[May 27. Mr. Dixon is held in SI. 000 
bail for the grand jury in the criminal 
libel case of the excise commissioner, 
Koch. June 6. He is unanimously sup- 
ported by the Baptist Ministers' Confer- 
ence. June 30. The indictment is dis- 
missed.] 

May 19. Ore. The 104th General 
Assembly (Presbyterian) meets at 
Portland. 

[May 25. The trial of Dr. Charles A. 
Briggs for heresy hegins. May 23. The 
Assembly decides to sustain the appeal 
of the Prosecuting Committee. May 30. 
It remands the case to the New York 
Presbytery for trial.] 

May 22. Pa. A priest stops a prize- 
fight at Plains, six miles from TTilkes- 
barre, after the fourth round was nearly 
finished. 

May 29. Neiv York. Dr. Rainsford 
(Protestant Episcopal) in a sermon fa- 
vors making barrooms as good as pos- 
sible, and keeping them open at certain 
hours on Sunday. 

May .31. X. Y. Father Dent institutes 
a slander suit against Bishop Ryan of 
Buffalo, claiming §100,000 damages. 

This day is observed as a day of fast- 
ing, humiliation, and prayer by the col- 
ored people of the South. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Apr. 2S. N.J. Judge Lippincott 
of Jersey City sentences two saloon- 
keepers to three months' imprisonment 
and a fine of §250 each for liquor-sell- 
ing on Sunday. 

Apr. 29. Ga. The Scotch-Irish Con- 
gress is in session at Atlanta. 

N. Y. J. D. Sheehan, a pedler, is 

murdered by tramps near Stony Point. 

Tenn. White Caps are terrorizing 

Jackson, Sevier, and Knox counties; 
they are under a leader employed on a 
salary, and about fifty persons have been 
whipped, some of whom are in a precari- 
ous condition. 

Apr. 30. New York. The Annual Con- 
gress of the Sons of the American 
Revolution meets. 



N. Y. Ferdinand Ward's term ex- 
pires, and he is released from Sing Sing 
Prison. 

Tenn. A Nashville mob takes a 

negro from jail and hangs him. 

May 1. Chicago. Three red flags borne 
in the May-Day parade are seized by the 
police, and their bearers arrested. 

New York. By official orders the 

police are restricted from the full en- 
forcement of the Excise law. 

May 2. New Eng. Granite-cutters and 
quarrymen throughout New England 
go on strike. 

[May 13. A number of strikes are 
ordered in New York City to aid them. 
May 14. Granite-workers are locked out 
in several New England towns. May 17. 
They accept the terms offered by the 
Thomaston owners, to work the quarries 
on the cooperative plan. July 8. The 
New York granite-pavers declare their 
strike off, and yield to the contractors. 
Aug. 27. The Milford branch of the 
Quarrymen's Union decides to allow its 
members to seek employment.] 

May 3. New York. The Pavers* Union 
orders its members in this city to go out 
on strike in sympathy with granite- 
workers. 

May 7. N. Y. A conspiracy between 
conductors and outsiders to defraud the 
"West Shore Railroad is discovered, and 
several arrests are made. 

New York. The Actors' Fund Fair 

at the Madison Square Garden closes ; 
about $170,000 is realized. 

Thousands of children attend May- 
parties in Central Park. 

May 8. N. J. Mrs. Susan B. Palmer 
gives 20 city-lots in Passaic for a hos- 
pital site. 

May 10. N. J. Italian laborers near As- 
bury Park put an armed guard over em- 
ployers who have not paid their wages. 

New York. The National Tem- 
perance Society holds its 27th anni- 
versary in the Broadway Tabernacle. 

May 11. Chicago. The Convention of 
the Federation of Women's Clubs 
opens. 

May 12. Colo. The Child s-D rex el Na- 
tional Home for Printers, at Colorado 
Springs, is formally dedicated. 

N. Y. Three assessors of Cohoes 

are indicted and two arrested on war- 
rants charging them with bribery. 

Tenn. The Confederate Soldiers' 

Home at the Hermitage (Andrew Jack- 
son's home) is opened. 

May 15. Cat. Stage-robbers kill the 
messenger, and secure $20,000 from the 
AVells-Fargo Express Company; one of 
the robbers is captured. 

May 17. Ga. Three negroes are taken 
from jail in Clarksville and lynched. 

May 19. Tex. En Denison four women, 
two of them of high social standing, are 
shot in widely different parts of the city, 
by au unknown assassin. 

May 20. Tenn. A mob storms the jail 
at Nashville to get a negro prisoner and 
lynch him ; the police "are armed with 



"\Vi 



■ifles. 



May 21. New York. Eleven King's 
Daughters leave America for Russia, 
11 In His Name," to distribute money 
among the famine sufferers. 

May 24. N. Y. A Sanitarium for 
Hebrew children at Rockaway Beach, 



UNITED STATES. 1892, Apr. 28 -May 31. 407 



Long Island, is dedicated ; it has accom- 
modations for 100 children and their 
mothers, and cost $'27,500. 

May 25. Boston. The 32d annual con- 
vention of the United States Brewers* 
Association begins. 

New York. The American Fisher- 
ies Society begins its annual conven- 
tion. 

May 26. Cal. Union workmen blow up 
a non-union blacksmith shop in San 
Diego. 

Miss. The levee-guards at Gunnison 

shoot and kill a man trying to blow up 
the levee with dynamite. 

Neju York. Joseph Barondess, union 

cloakraaker, is sentenced to one year 
and nine months in the State prison for 
extortion. [Pardoned June 4.] 

The crusade against protected crime, 
led by Rev. Dr. Parkhurst, is indorsed 
at a mass-meeting in Cooper Union. 

May 27. New York. Three women 
are among the graduates from the Law 
School of the University of the City of 
New York. 

Paving contractors join the quarry- 
men in fighting the striking granite- 
cutters. (See May 2.) 

Utah. N. H. Groesbeck, a Mormon, 

is sentenced for the third time to one 
year's imprisonment for polygamy. 

May 30. III. W. J. Jones, manager of 
the Sandwich Manufacturing Company, 
is decoyed from his house, robbed, and 
murdered. 

May 31. New York. M. T. G. Cum- 
miskey, of the customs bureau in the 
post-office, is charged with stealing — in 
all, about $6,000. 

May * The General Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church con- 
demns the liquor traffic. 

"License laws are the liquor traffic's 
strongest bulwark of defense. They are 
wrong in principle and impotent for 
good. We are unalterably opposed to 
the enactment of laws for that purpose, 
because they provide for its continu- 
ance, and afford no protection against 
its ravages. We will accept no compro- 
mise, but demand the unconditional sur- 
render of the rebellious business." 

STATE. 

1892 Apr. 28. Mo. Major Wm. War- 
ner (Rep.) is nominated for governor. 

May 1. D. C. The President proclaims 
the completion of reciprocity arrange- 
ments with Honduras. 

May 2. D. C. Congress: In the House, 
under suspension of rules, the Free 
Bmding-Twine Bill is passed ; the bill 
to open the Colville Indian Reserva- 
tion in Washington is passed; bill in- 
troduced Mar. 15. [May 21. It passes 
the Senate. July 15. Approved.] It 
passes the Pension Bill for the relief of 
survivors of the Indian Wars of 1832-42 ; 
bill introduced Mar. 16. [July 21. The 
bill passes the Senate. July 28. Ap- 
proved.] 

Mass. The Senate refuses a third 

reading to a bill granting municipal 
suffrage to women. Vote, 32-10. 

May 3. D. C. Congress; Senate : the 
report of the Conference Committee 
on the Chinese Exclusion Bill is 



agreed to ; the House passes the Diplo- 
matic and Consular Appropriation 
BiH after seven discussions; bill intro- 
duced Mar. 28. 

May 4. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Chinese Exclusion BUI. 
[May 5. Approved.] The bill to admit 
certain foreign-built vessels to Amer- 
ican registry is passed; bill introduced 
Mar. 9. 

May 7. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Dependent Pensions Bill 
introduced Mar. 14. 

May 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the House Bill to Encourage 
Ship-building by granting U. S. regis- 
try to two steamships of the Inman Line 
on condition that two others be built 
by the company in this country. [May 
11. Approved.] The House passes the 
River and Harbor Bill, appropriating 
$21,300,000, after six discussions ; bill in- 
troduced Apr. 9. 

Charles Emory Smith tenders his 
resignation as Minister to Russia. 

May 10. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the biH for enlarging Yellow- 
stone National Park. 

May 12. D.C. It is announced that Jus- 
tice Harlan and Senator Morgan have 
been selected as arbitrators and ex-Min- 
ister Phelps as chief counsel for the 
United States in the Bering Sea arbi- 
tration. 

May 14. O. Judge Sage of the U. S. 
District Court in Cincinnati decides that 
the River and Harbor Act of Congress 
is unconstitutional so far as it gives to 
the Secretary of War judicial powers. 

May 17. Mich. A National League of 
College Republican Clubs is formed 
at Ann Arbor. 

May 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Naval Appropriation Bill 
as amended by the Committee, five 
Democrats voting with the Republi- 
cans. [July 15. Conference report 
agreed to. July 20. Approved.] 

N. I". Gov. Flower signs the codes 

prepared by the Statutory Revision 
Commission, and Senator George F. 
Koesch's Factory Bill. 

May 20. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the River and Harbor Bill. 
[July 6. Conference report agreed to. 
July 15. Approved.] 

President Harrison proclaims reci- 
procity with Guatemala, to take ef- 
fect May 30. 

May 23. Ida. Gov. Willey asks aid of 
the United States Government, the strik- 
ing miners being armed s and trouble is 
feared. 

May 26. D. C. Congress: The House 
adopts a provision for closing the Gov- 
ernment "World's Fair exhibit on 
Sunday. 

Ky. The Legislature orders rail- 
roads passing through the State to pro- 
vide separate coaches for negroes. 

May 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
makes the Stewart Free Coinage Bill 
unfinished business for the following 
Tuesday ; the House passes the Sundry 
Civil Appropriation BiH after 15 dis- 
cussions ; bill introduced Mar. 24. [July 



14. It passes the Senate after 11 dis- 
cussions. Aug. 5. Conference report 
agreed to, and bill approved.] 

La. The Legislature passes a bill re- 
quiring all persons selling firearms to 
take out a license. 

May 31. N. Y. The (anti-Hill) protest- 
ing Democratic State Convention con- 
venes at Syracuse ; a full delegation to 
Chicago is chosen, with instructions to 
vote as a unit. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Apr. 28. N.J. The steamer Flor- 
ida goes ashore near Atlantic City. 

Plata. The Grand Central Theater 

is burned and 12 lives lost. 

Apr. 29±. Tex. A drought causes dis- 
tressing want; 500 families receive 
rations. 

May 5. Mo. By the collapse of a rail- 
way bridge near Medill seven lives are 
lost and many persons injured. 

May 7. Wash. The 100th anniversary 
of the discovery of IPuget Sound is 
celebrated at Port Townsend. 



New York. "Wm. Astor bequeaths 

the bulk of his estate to his son, John 
Jacob Astor, but gives about $150,000 to 
public charities. 

Tenn. The steel cantilever bridge 

spanning the Mississippi Biver at 
Memphis is opened with elaborate cere- 
monies. 

May 15. O. A train-wreck in a blind- 
ing storm near Cleves causes seven 
deaths and many persons injured ; loss 
to the company, over $100,000. 

May 16. "Weak levees on the Missis- 
sippi give way, and much damage is 
done ; women and children are rescued 
with difficulty. 

May 19. la. The loss of property by 
the flood-wave at Sioux City will 
reach $1,500,000; about 20 persons are 
supposed to be lost. 

May 25. Neb. The silver (25th) anni- 
versary of the admission of Nebraska 
into the Union is celebrated at Lincoln. 

May 26. Chicago. The steam propeller 
Wergeland arrives from Norway via 
the St. Lawrence and the Welland 
Canal. 

May 27. Chicago. The first elevated 
railroad is opened. 

May 28. N. Y. A receiver is asked 
for to wind up the Empire Order of Mu- 
tual Aid at Buffalo ; 45 death claims are 
still unpaid, calling for $'JO,000 ; assets, 
$20,000. 

May 30. N. Y. Brooklyn, eastern dis- 
trict, loses $175,000 by fire ; over 50 fami- 
lies are rendered homeless. 

May 31. Cal. The largest gold brick 
ever handled — 357J pounds avoirdupois, 
valued at $120,000 — arrives at the mint 
in San Francisco from the Harqua Hala 
mine in Arizona. 

Chicago. In the Board of Trade, the 

price of corn drops from $1.00 per 
bushel to 49 cents, causing the failure of 
Coster and Martin, who were " running 
a corner " for May. 



408 1892, May 31 -July 1. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 June 8. Minn. Militia are sent 
to the Minnesota Company's mines at 
Tower, where trouble is feared from 
strikers. 

June 12. D. C. Commander Smith, 
U. S. N., is retired by direction of the 
President. 

June 28. Fix. The armored battle- 
ship Texas is launched at Norfolk. 

July 1. Fia. Additional troops are 
called out at Jackson to intimidate the 
negroes ; a number are arrested. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 June 1. Ind. Floods in this 
State and elsewhere are still raging ; 
estimated loss thus far, §50,000,000. 

June 2. Pa. The "High-Water 
Mark " Monument is dedicated at 
Gettysburg. 

It commemorates the terrible struggle 
on Cemetery Ridge, which resulted in 
the retirement of Gen. Lee's army from 
Northern States, and tin- gradual decline 
of the prestige of Confederate arms. 

June 5. Pa. IMew deposits of coal are 
found between Pottsville andTamaqua. 

June 20. New York. The University 
Settlement opens its first free art ex- 
hibition in Allen Street. 

June 27. The Peary relief party starts 
on its expedition to McCormick Bay, in 
the Arctic regions. [Aug. * McCor- 
mick Harbor is reached on the return 
trip from the Arctic Sea. Sept. * The 
successful expedition returns in safety.] 

La. The entire country along the 

Amity River, between Lake Maurepas 
and Port Vincent, is under water. 

June * D. C. The American Institute 
of Homeopathy meets at "Washing- 
ton. 

BIRTHS —DEATHS. 

1892. 
June 3. Moore, I). T>. T., editor of rural 

papers, A72. 
June 9. Dillon, Sidney, president of Union 

Pacific R. R., A70: 
June 24. Cassidy, G. W., M. C. for Bio., 

A56. 
June 29. Dwight, Theodore W., jurist, 

professor at Columbia, A70. 



CHURCH. 

1892 May* Phila. The National 
Baptist Congress convenes. 

June 13. Pa. A vast concourse of 
ailing people at Mount Troy, Alle- 
gheny, visit Father Mollinger to be 
healed, at the St. Anthony's Day cele- 
bration (Roman Catholic). [June 15. 
He dies soon after blessing a large as- 
sembly. Aged 70 years.] 

LETTERS. 

1892 June 6. The American Jewish 
Historical Society is formed. 

June 8. Conn. A new public library* 
the gift of Miss Caroline Phelps Stokes, 
is dedicated at Ansonia, the building 
costing between $35,000 and $40,000. 

June 22. Cat. Prof. S. W. Burnham, 
the astronomer, resigns his position at 
Lick Observatory. 



Julylr. VI. Middlebury CoUege re- 
ceives §60,000 toward its permanent fund 
from C. J. Starr of New York City. 



1892 June 1. Cat. Highbinders are 
rioting in the Chinese quartern at Sac- 
ramento; two Chinamen are killed and 
one wounded. 

June 2. N. Mex. A-n express-train on 
the Santa Fe road is held up and 
robbed, after a fight with the express- 
messengers. 

N. T. In Port Jervis a negro is 

lynched for an assault on Miss Mc- 
Mahon of that village. 

[June 2S±. The grand jury indicts 
the officials of Port Jervis for criminal 
negligence; they are acquitted.] 

June 3. Fia. By act of the Legislature 
Florida observes for the first time Jef- 
ferson Davis's birthday as a legal 
holiday. 

June 4. N.J. Alden Fales, 16 years 
of age, is convicted of the murder of 
Thomas Haddon at Newark. 

June 5. Chicago. The American Insti- 
tute of Electrical Engineers begins 
its annual session. 

June 6. New York. Dr. Robert W. 
Buchanan is arrested on a charge of 
poisoning his wife; a week after her 
burial he went to Halifax, and remar- 
ried his (divorced) first wife. 

N. Y. Two Toronto men are arrested 

on the Niagara frontier with 6o pounds 
of smuggled opium in their possession. 

June 8. Boston. The colored citizens 
in mass-meeting adopt strong resolu- 
tions denouncing the outrages on colored 
people in the South, and demanding the 
punishment of the lynchers. 

Colo. Bob Ford, the slayer of 

Jesse James, is shot and killed by Dep- 
uty-Sheriff Kelly at Denver. 

June 9. Fia. Confederate flags are 
carried in a procession of Confederate 
veterans in Jacksonville. 

June 11. Miss. A mob of white men 
shoots every negro it meets on the hills 
near Port Gibson. 

X Y. At a riot among lumber- 
men in Tonawanda, several strikers are 
shot by officers ; two policemen receive 
wounds. 

Pa. The annual meeting and parade 

of the Society of the Aj-my of the Po- 
tomac occurs at Scran ton. 

June 13. Tenn. A negro prisoner is 
protected from a mob and tried accord- 
ing to law in open court at Chattanooga. 

June 14. Olda. President Harrison 
telegraphs the governor to use the most 
vigorous efforts to prevent any lynching 
at Guthrie, a mob having threatened a 
negro, arrested for assaulting a woman. 

Phila. The International Typo 

graphical Union is in session. 

June 15. N. T. The Master Car- 
Builders' Association of the United 
States is in session at Saratoga. 

New York. John E. Redmond, the 

Irish Home Ruler, speaks on the Irish 
question in the Academy of Music be- 
fore a large audience. 

June 16. Ky. For illicit whisky-selling 
in Lancaster, a local-option town, a 
negro is fined nearly $1,000,000 after 



confessing in 1,585 cases, and a white 
man $157,700. in 1,577 cases. 
June 18. Mies. One negro is lynched, 
and another threatened with the same 
fate, in McComb City. 

Ex-Congressman J. B. Morgan of Mis- 
sissippi is killed by Henry Foster, a law- 
yer, near Horn Lake. 

New York. The will of Sidney Dillon 

is made public ; his heirs give $100,000 
to various charities. 

June 19. Minn. There is trouble with 
striking miners at Tower; the militia 



June 20. A". ./. The Court of Errors and 
Appeals affirms the conviction of the 

Jersey City ballot-box stuffers. (See 
Feb. 13, 1890.) 

[June 28. Thirteen are sentenced to 
the State prison and seven to the peni- 
tentiary. July I. Judge Lippincott 
sends four more to prison. Aug. 5. The 
last of the G7 ballot-box stuffers plead 
guilty. Dec. 24. All are released by the 
Court of Pardons.] 

Pa. The Homestead Steel Works 

at Pittsburg are partly closed ; 3,000 men 
are thrown out of work. 

June 21. Z>. C. Edwin J. Ryan, United 
States Express Company's clerk at 
"Washington, is missing ; also three 
packages of new bank-notes, amount- 
ing to $50,000. 

Phila. The Ladies' National Ten- 
nis Tournament opens. 

June 22. A". Y. Tramps seize a freight- 
train on the New York Central Railroad, 
and ride to New York on it. 

A'. Y. G. E. Carpenter, the assailant 

<.f John E. Searles, Jr., in Brooklyn, is 
sentenced to 20 years in the State 
prison, 

June 24. 0. Street-car strikers at 
Cleveland use violence. 

June 25. New York. The Iron League, 
composed of the big local iron firms, dis- 
charges all employees who are identified 
with the Knights of Labor; they num- 
ber about l,5u0. 

Pa. The Carnegie Steel Works at 

Homestead lock out the strikers, who 
demand payment for their labor accor- 
ding to a wage scale. (See July 6.) 

June 27. New York. Aprisonerontri.il 
in the Court of General Sessions is shot 
dead by the brother of the young girl he 
had assaulted. 

Tenn. "W. M. Bates is taken from jail 

at Shelbyville by a mob and lynched. 

June 2S. New York. The Health Board 
appoints 50 physicians of the " summer 
corps " to serve without charge among 
the poor in the tenement-house district. 
The grand jury, having dismissed ex- 
cise cases without limit, is discharged. 
Judge Lacombe delivers an opinion in 



June 29. A'. Y. The National Savings 
Bank, Buffalo, fails in consequence of 
the defalcation of Sr>0o,000 by Edward S. 
I)ann, its president. 

July 1. N. Y. An Excise Enforce- 
ment League is organized in Brooklyn. 

STATE. 
1892 June 1. D. C. Congress; Sen- 
ate: John Sherman finishes his speech 
on the Silver Bill ; William M. Stewart 
of Nev. follows. 

The Treasury Department reports the 
public debt increased .S-i.G00.000 in May. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, May 31- July 1. 409 



/?. /. The Legislature in Grand Com- 
mittee elects all the Republican nomi- 
nees by overwhelming majorities. 

Wis. Gov. Peck calls a special ses- 
sion of the Legislature for June 2S to 
reapportion the State into Senate and 
Assembly districts. 

June 2. B.C. Congress; Senate: Wil- 
liam M. Stewart finishes his speech on 
silver, and the bill goes over. 

June 4. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Postal Appropriation Bill 
after eight discussions ; bill introduced 
Apr. 16. [June 29. Bill passes the Sen- 
ate. July 15. Approved.] The Senate 
Committee on Immigration examines 
John I. Davenport on the naturaliza- 
tion frauds in New York City. [Again 
©n June 9.] 

James G. Blaine tenders his resig- 
nation of the portfolio of State, which 
the President accepts ; this action is un- 
derstood to place Mr. Blaine in the field 
as a possible presidential candidate. 

June 6. B. C. Congress: The Legis- 
lative, Executive, and Judicial Appro- 
priation Bill is passed ; bill introduced 
May 2S. [June 29. Bill is passed by the 
Senate. July 20. Approved.] Bills are 
passed to admit Arizona and New 
Mexico as States. 

June 7- B. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Diplomatic and 
Consular Bill. [July 11. Conference 
report agreed to. July 20. Approved.] 
The House passes the Urgent Defici- 
ency Bill. 

. Ore. Republicans carry both 

branches of the Legislature. 

June 7-11. Minn. The Republican 
National Convention is in session at 
Minneapolis, with William McKinley, 
Jr., of O., chairman. 

President Harrison is renominated 
on the first ballot for presidential can- 
didate. Vote, Harrison of Ind., 535J ; 
James G. Blaine of Me., 1S2£ ; "William 
McKinley, Jr. of 0., 182; Thomas B. 
Reed of Me., 4; Robert T. Lincoln of 
111., 1 ; Harrison's plurality, 166. 

Vote for candidate for Vice-President : 
Whitelaw Reid and Thomas B. Reed are 
put in nomination ; but the latter with- 
draws before a ballot is taken, and the 
former is nominated unanimously. 

June 8. B. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Agricultural Appropria- 
tion BUI introduced June 2. 

June 10. B.C. Congress: Li the House 
the Committee on Commerce reports in 
favor of instituting an investigation 
of the Beading combine to control the 
price of anthracite coal. 

June 15. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Fortifications Appropria- 
tion Bill introduced May 3. 

June 18. Mich. The Supreme Court de- 
cides that the Miner Electoral Law is 
unconstitutional. 

June 20. D. C. Congress : The Sen- 
ate receives a message from the Presi- 
dent, calling attention to the failure to 
agree upon reciprocity with Canada, 
and recommending retaliation upon 



the Dominion for unjust discrimination 
against American vessels navigating the 
Canadian canals. 

Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

June 21-23. Chicago. The Demo- 
cratic National Convention is in ses- 
sion ; W. L. Wilson of W. Va. is chosen 
permanent chairman ; the convention 
unanimously adopts a platform, includ- 
ing a tariff resolution substituted for 
that reported by the committee ; late in 
the night session Mr. Cleveland is nomi- 
nated for President on the first ballot. 

Vote, 1st ballot: Cleveland, 617; D. 
B. Hill of N. Y., 114; Horace Boies of 
la., 103 ; A. P. Gorman of Md., 36 ; Adlai 
E. Stevenson of 111., 15; J. G. Carlisle 
of Ky., 14; W. R. Morrison of 111., 3; 
James E. Campbell of 0., 2; Win. E. 
Russell pf Mass., 2; and Robert E. Pat- 
tison and Wm. C. Whitney of N/Y., 1 
vote each. Whole number of votes cast, 
909i. Necessary to a choice, 607. 

For Vice-President : Adlai E. Steven- 
son of 111., 402; Isaac P. Gray of Ind., 
343 ; Allen B. Morse of Mich., 86 ; John 
L. Michell, of Wis., 45; Henry Watter- 
son of Ky.,26 ; Bourke Cockran of N. Y., 
5 ; Lambert Tree and Horace Boies of 
la., Ivoteeach. Stevenson is nominated 
by acclamation. 

June 22. Vt. Col. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

June 27. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the General Deficiency BILL 

The National Republican Commit- 
tee meets in Washington, and elects W. 
J. Campbell of Chicago chairman in 
place of Gen. Clarkson. 

June 28. B. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Agricultural Appropriation Bill is 
amended and passed. [July 1. Confer- 
ence report agreed to. July 6. Ap- 
proved.] 

It is announced that from July 1 the 
free list on American goods sent to 
foreign countries will cover Cuba and 
Porto Rico. 

Ind. Ira. J. Chase (Rep.) is renomi- 
nated for governor. 

June 29. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
confirms the nomination of John "W. 
Foster of Ind. for Secretary of State, 
and passes the Dependent Pensions 
Appropriation Bill ; total amount ap- 
propriated, $144,950,000. [July 9. Con- 
ference report agreed to. July 15. Ap- 
proved.] 

A caucus of Democratic Senators 
decides that white supremacy in the 
South ought to be the chief issue of the 
campaign. 

June 29- July 1. O. The Prohibition 
National Convention opens at Cincin- 
nati ; Col. Eli Ritter of Ind. is chosen 
permanent chairman. 

John Bidwell of Cal. is nominated 
for President on the first ballot. Vote : 
Bidwell, 590; Gideon T. Stewart of O., 
179; W. Jennings Demorest of Ijf. Y., 
139; H. Clay Bascom of N. Y., 3. For 
Vice-President; first ballot: James B. 



Cranfill of Tex., 410; Joshua Levering 
of Md., 351 ; A. W. Satterly of Minn., 
26 ; T. R. Carskadon of W. Va., 21 ; 
Cranfill is nominated, 

June 30. Statistics for the fiscal year. 
Revenue: Customs, .$177,452,9(>4 : inter- 
nal revenue, .$153,971,072; sales of public 
lands, .$3,261,876; miscellaneous items, 
$20,251,872. Total revenue, $354,937,784. 
Expenditures : miscellaneous items, 
■$9U,S41,9S7; War Department, $4i>,895,- 
456; Navy Department, .$29,174,139 ; In- 
dians, $11,150,578; pensions, .$134,583,053; 
interest on the public debt, S23,37S,11G. 
Total ordinary expenditure, .$345,023,329 ; 
excess of revenue over ordinary expen- 
diture, $9,914,455. Exports. $1,030,278,- 
148; imports. ,$.X27, 402,402. Public debt 
(Dec. 1), §1,563,612,455. 

July 1. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes Stewart's Free Silver Bill. 
Vote, 29-25. The House passes the 
Eight-Hour Labor Bill, for mechanics 
and laborers employed on the public 
buildings and works ; bill introduced 
May 25. [July 25. It passes the Senate. 
Aug. 2. Approved.] 

Kan. A. W. Smith (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892. May 31. New York. Gen. Por- 
ter announces that the raising of the 
.$350,000 required for the Grant Monu- 
ment at Riverside Park is completed, 
with ft700 additional. 

June 5. Mo. The National Nicaragua 
Canal Convention is held at St. Louis ; 
25 States are represented. 

Pa. The surface of Oil Creek be- 
comes a sheet of fire by the bursting of 
tanks of oil and gasolene during a flood ; 
100 lives are lost. 

June 10. V. J. The United States 
Cutlery Company is incorporated at 
Trenton; capital stock, $1,600,000. 

June 14. Ky. A train- wreck at Lone- 
some Hollow causes seven deaths. 

June 17. N. J. A leather-trust is in- 
corporated at Trenton ; capital stock, 
SI, 000,000. 

June 21 + . Ariz. A great gold-rush is 
made for a new mining-camp in Mohave 
County, 50 miles north of Kingman. 

June 25. Cal. The Commercial Hotel 
at Bangor is burned ; six guests perish 
and many are injured. 

Pa. A train is wrecked near Har- 

risburg, causing 12 deaths ; several men 
are caught robbing the dead. 

June 26. Boston. A balloon is torn in 
an attempt to open the valve during as- 
cension ; it descends rapidly into the 
harbor ; the two aeronauts are killed 
and a newspaper reporter is seriously 
injured. 

+ la. Seven persons are drowned, 

many injured, and a vast amount of 
property destroyed, by floods in the 
"West; railroad travel is seriously im- 
peded in Iowa. 

June 30. Pa. The Homestead works 
in Pittsburg are closed on account of 
the strike. 

July 1. Conn. Yale defeats Harvard 
in a boat-race at New London ; time, 
20.48. 



410 1892, July 1- July 23. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 July 12. Pa. The State troops 
enter Homestead, and take possession 
of the mills. 

July 14. Ida. A force of 2,000 U. S. 
troops arrives at Wardner to suppress 
disorders in the Cceur d'Alene mining- 
district. [July 23. Order is restored.] 

July 16. New York. The Naval "Reserve 
starts on its annual cruise, and for 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 July 4. New York. Ground is 
broken for the Columbus Monument 
at-Fifty-ninth-mreetand Eighth Avenue. 
[Sept. 16. The corner-stone is laid after 
a parade by Italian societies.] 

July 11. B.C. The Patent Office at 
Washington decides that J. W. Swan, 
and not T. A. Edison, invented the 
electric- light carbon for incandescent 
lamps. 

July 13. Miss. Thousands of acres of 
cotton and corn are ruined by floods, 
and the people are in a destitute condi- 
tion. 

July 15. Colo. A waterspout almost 
sweeps away Canon City. 

July 21. Ind. A soldiers' monument 
is unveiled at "Winchester, Gov. Chase 
making a patriotic address. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 

July 10. Morgan, George W., organist, of 
N. Y., A70. 

Bungay, George W., author, journalist 

A74. 

July 12. Field, Cyrus "W., financier, ori- 
ginator Atlantic cable enterprise, A73. 

July 14. Booth, Newton, senator, Gov. of 
Cal., A67. 

July 18. Cooke, Rose Terry, author, A65. 

July 21. Gardner, Henry.)"., Gov. of 31'ass., 
A73. 

CHURCH. 

1892 July 2. Mass. The 7th annual 
convention of college students opens 
at "Northfield. 

July 3. S. Dak. A Catholic Congress 
of Sioux Indians opens at the Cheyenne 
agency ; 6,000 Indians are present. 

July 6. New York. The Commission- 
ers of Charities and Correction have set 
apart a plot of ground attached to the 
Bellevue Hospital property for a Ro- 
man Catholic chapel, in which pa- 
tients of that faith may hear mass. 

American Jewish rabbis meet in 
convention. 

July 7. New York. The 11th Interna- 
tional Convention of Christian En- 
deavor Societies opens at Madison 
Square Garden ; there are 30,000 peo- 
ple in attendance. 

July 14. Mich. The Baptist Young 
People's Union begins its first annual 
National Convention in Detroit. 

LETTERS. 

1892 July 5. P. I. The American 

Institute of Instruction opens its 63d 

annual convention at Narragansett Pier. 



July 6. X. Y. The Chautauqua Col- 
lege of Liberal Arts and the Teachers' 
Retreat are opened. 

New York. It is decided to introduce 

the kindergarten system into the 
public schools. 

July 12. N. Y. President Harrison 
speaks before the National Educa- 
tional Association at Saratoga. 

July 15. N. Y. The annual meeting of 
the American Institute of Christian 
Philosophy is held at Prohibition Park, 
Staten Island ; Rev. Charles F. Deeras 
is reelected president. 

July IS. Mass. The Summer School 
of Pedagogy and Psychology opens 
at Clark University, "Worcester, with an 
attendance of nearly 200. 

July 23. Minn. The State Turnfest, in 
session at Duluth, unanimously adopts 
resolutions condemning interference 
by any religious sect with the public- 
school system. 

SOCIETY. 
1S92 July 2. Minn. A train is held 
up by robbers near Kasota ; the express- 
uger saves the money in a clever 



July 4. Fla. Three men are Bhot by 
negroes in Jacksonville, while assem- 
bled to prevent the lynching of a col- 
ored man held under the charge of 
murder. 

July 5. Conn. The Norfolk Gymna- 
sium, erected by Miss Alice B. Eldridge, 
opens ; it is built of Roman brick, with 
tiled roof. 
July 6. Pa. A Riot occurs at the 
Carnegie "Works at Homestead. 

Three hundred Pinkerton men, at- 
tempting to land at the works, are met 
by armed workmen, and in the fight 
which ensues 11 strikers and 9 detectives 
are killed and many wounded ; cannon 
and dynamite are used by the strikers, 
and the Pinkertons are compelled to 
surrender ; the barges on which they 
came are looted and burned. (See June 
25.) 

[July 7. Homestead is quiet. 

The locked-out men repair the damage 
done to the steel company's plant on the 
6th inst. ; five car-loads of Pinkerton 
guards are sent from Pittsburg to New 
York. All the liquor-stores are closed 
by order of the authorities. 

July 9. Gov. R. E. Pattison orders the 
State troops to Homestead to preserve 
order among the strikers. 

Ammunition to the extent of 25,000 
rounds is sent from the State Arsenal 
to Pittsburg ; Homestead is still under 
control of the armed workmen. 

July 16. The Company gives formal 
notice to the strikers, that they will be 
discharged unless they return to their 
work.] (See July 18.) 

Six lynchings occur at different 

places in the South. 

July 7. N. Y. Nine young burglars, 
ages ranging from 13 to 19, are captured 
in Brooklyn. 

The American Association to Promote 
the Teaching of Speech to the Deaf 
Mutes meets in convention at Lake 
George. 

N. Y. Sons of the Revolution cel- 
ebrate an anniversary at White Plains ; 
Whitelaw Reid delivers an oration. 



July 11. X. Y. Further protests are 
made to Mayor Boody of Brooklyn 
against the action of the Board of Al- 
dermen in giving a railway franchise 
without remuneration to the city, vhen 
$30,000 was offered for the same. 

July 12. Ky. At Padncah 75 armed 
negroes have a conflict with a sheriff's 
posse, and one of the latter is wounded 
fatally. 

New York. Over $2,000 are received 

at the Produce Exchange for the St. 
John's sufferers in Newfoundland. 

July 13. Ida. Striking miners blow up 
two railroad bridges of the Northern 
Pacific road in Cceur d'Alene country : 
non-union men are put to work in the 
mines at Wardner. 

July 14. O. Seven members of the To- 
ledo Common Council are indicted for 
soliciting bribes from the Pluto Oil 
Company for permission to pipe certain 
streets to furnish crude oil. 

July 15. Chicago. German societies 
in convention protest against the Sen- 
ate's action in requiring the closing of 
the "World's Fair on Sunday. 

/. T. Train-robbers, after a fight, 

open the express company's safe and 
secure $50,000; several employees are 
wounded, 

July 16. Mont. The National Mining 
Congress in session at Helena declares 
in favor of free coinage, and then ad- 
journs. 

O. Sheriff Herzog of Ashland County 

is arrested on the charge of embezzling 

July 18. Conn. William W. Backus of 
Norwich, recently deceased, leaves by 
will $300,000 to Norwich public in- 
stitutions. 
Pa. Warrants are issued for the ar- 
rest of seven leaders of the Home- 
stead strike, charged with the murder 
of two Pinkerton men on July 6; they 
ate all under.arrest except Hugh O'Don- 
nell, the chief leader. 

[July 19. Gov. Pattison arrives to in- 
spect the Pennsylvania militia in camp ; 
150 non-union men are at work in the 
steel-mills. 

. July 22. H. C. Frick of the Carnegie 
Steel- Works is shot thrice ; Berkman, 
his assailant, is arrested. IWore strikers 
are arrested. The Carnegie Works are 
now being operated by non-union men. 

July 28. It is announced that upwards 
of 700* non-union men are at work in the 
Carnegie mills at Homestead. 

The Pennsylvania troops take posses- 
sion of Homestead ; Mr. Child, of the 
Carnegie Company, opens the office and 
resumes possession of the works for the 
Company ; Gen. Snowden declines a re- 
ception. 

Aug. 2. W. I. Brennan, representing 
the Amalgamated Association of work- 
men at Homestead, applies in court for 
the appointment of a voluntary trade 
tribunal to settle the trouble. 

Aug. 3. Several officials of the Car- 
negie Company are arrested at Pittsburg 
on charge of murder, and released on 
S 10.000 bail. 

Aug. 8. The strikers at the Carnegie 
mills at Duquesne return to work. Aug. 
25. Upwards of 200 employees of the 
20th Street Carnegie mill at Pittsburg 
begin a sympathy strike. Aug. 20. Non- 
union men are assaulted by strikers at 
Homestead. Sept. 1S>. Berkman is sen- 
tenced to 22 years imprisonment. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, July 1- July 23. 411 



Sept. 21. Officers of the Carnegie 
Steel Company are arrested at Pittsburg 
on charges growing out of the Home- 
stead riots. 

Oct. 2. Five more Homestead stri- 
kers are arrested for treason against 
the State. 

Oct. 11. Indictments are found at 
Pittsburg against the strikers' Advisory 
Committee at Homestead for treason, 
and against Mr. Frick and others for 
murder and conspiracy. 

Nov. 17. Three hundred mechanics 
and day-laborers at Homestead leave 
the ranks of the strikers, and are taken 
back by the Carnegie Company. 

Nov. 18. More Homestead strikers re- 
turn to work ; the trial of Sylvester 
Critehlow, the first of the strikers 
charged with murder during the riot, 
begins in Pittsburg. 
■ Nov. 20. The strike at Homestead is 
declared off by the Amalgamated Asso- 
ciation of Iron and Steel Workers. 

Nov. 21. Ex-strikers make a rush to 
get their former places in the Carnegie 
mills at Homestead, but many of them 
are disappointed. [Those who return are 
required to sign an agreement not to 
join any labor" organization.] 

July 20. New York. A Tee-To-Tum, 
a club for tenement-house people, the 
first in this country, is opened in Essex 
Street. 

/?. /. Anthony S. Haswell of East 

Providence is lured from his home, 
robbed, and killed. 

July 23. Russia. Rev. T. DeWitt Tal- 
mageof Brooklyn, N. Y., visits the Czar. 



STATE. 

1892 July 2. D. C. Congress: The 
House agrees to several conference re- 
ports. 

Neb. The National Convention of 

the People's Party convenes in Oma- 
ha; C. H. Ellington of Ga., temporary 
chairman ; after a number of speeches, 
a committee on resolutions is appointed, 
and the convention adjourns till Mon- 
day, July 4. d 
[July 4-5. The People's Party Con- 
vention at Omaha adopts a platform, 
and nominates Gen. James B. "Weaver 
of la. for President on the first ballot. 
Vote: "Weaver, 995; James H. Kyle of 
S. Dak., 295 ; Mann Page of Pa. , Leland 
Stanford of Cal., and S. F. Norton of 
111., one vote each. Jas. G. Field of Va. 
is nominated for Vice-President. Vote : 
Field, 733; Ben Terral of Tex., 554.] 

III. W. Q,. Gresham telegraphs 

that he cannot accept a nomination for 
the presidency from the People's Party. 

July 6. D. C. Congress : In the Senate 
the joint resolution is passed for an in- 
vestigation relative to the " Slums of 
Cities " having more than 200,000 popu- 
lation ; bill introduced Feb. 15. [July 
18. It passes the House. July 21. Ap- 
proved.] 

July 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
Investigating Committee continues its 
inquiry regarding the Reading combine 
with two other roads for controlling the 
price of coal. 

July 8. D. C. Congress: The House un- 
der suspension of rules passes the Tin- 
Plate, Lead-Ore, and Utah Govern- 



ment Bills. [They all fail in the Sen- 
ate.] 

July 9. D. C. Congress: In the House 
the Stewart Free Silver Bill is re- 
ported favorably without amendment. 

It is announced that President Harri- 
son is to arbitrate a South American 
boundary question. 

July 10. Pa. Gov. Pattison issues or- 
ders to Gen. Snowden to move with the 
entire National Guard of the State 
to the support of the Sheriff of Alle- 
gheny County at Homestead. 

July 12. I). C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Anti-Option Bill is put back 
upon the calendar. 

The President at the call of the gov- 
ernor of Idaho orders Federal troops to 
ig region lor the 

July 13. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate the Committee of the Whole adopts 
the Quay proviso for closing the 
"World's Fair on Sundays; the mo- 
tion to lay the amendment on the table 
is rejected. Vote, 11-45. The amend- 
ment is agreed to without division ; the 
Peffer proviso that the $5,000,000 should 
be paid out of the Treasury for the ex- 
penses of the Fair only on condition 
that intoxicating liquors should not 
be sold "within the Fair Grounds is 
agreed to. Vote, 28-26. The House re- 
jects the resolution reported by the 
Committee on Rules, to consider the 
Silver BUI. Vote, 136-154. It is there- 
by practically killed. 

Ida. Gov. Willey issues a proclama- 
tion placing Shoshone County under 
martial law. 

Md.— Va. The Maryland and Vir- 
ginia Legislatures appoint committees 
to fix the boundary line and determine 
upon a plan for the settlement of the 
oyster-grounds dispute. 

Pa. The Congressional Committee 

resumes its investigation of the Home- 
stead trouble. [July 14. It is com- 
pleted.] 

July 14. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate the proviso for closing the "World's 
Fair on Sunday, passed in the Com- 
mittee of the "Whole, is confirmed; 
Peffer 's anti-liquor selling proviso is 
reconsidered and rejected. Vote, 20-21. 
John Sherman of O. introduces a bill 
repealing parts of the present law direct- 
ing the purchase of silver bullion and 
of the issue of Treasury notes thereon. 

Minn. Ignatius Donnelly (People's 

Party) is nominated for governor. 

July 15. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate the Fortifications Appropriation 
Bill is amended and passed. [July 19. 
Conference report agreed to. July 25. 
Approved.] 

July 16. D. C. Thomas H. Carter, 
ex-Congressman from Mont., is elected 
Chairman of the National Republi- 
can Committee. 

July IS. D. C. Congress; Senate : the 
General Deficiency Appropriation 
Bill is passed. 

July 19. 7). C. Congress: The Senate 
receives the nomination of George 



Shiras of Pa. to be Associate Justice of 
the Supreme Court in place of Justice 
Bradley, deceased. [July 26. Con- 
firmed.] The House non-concurs in the 
Senate amendment appropriating 85,000,- 
000 for the "World's Fair ; the Sunday- 
closing proviso is adopted. 

July 20. I). C. Congress : The House 
passes the bill to raise life-savers* 
pay; it refuses to give American registry 
to Chinese. 

Mo. W. I. Stone (Dem.) is nominated 

for governor. 

N. T. At a meeting in Madison 

Square Garden, New York, Grover 
Cleveland and Adlai E. Stevenson are 
officially informed of their nomination, 
for presidential offices. % 

July 21. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Retaliation Bill to enforce 
reciprocal commercial relations with 
Canada in canal tolls ; bill introduced 
Jan. 23. [July 22. It passes the Senate. 
July 26. Approved.] 

The President issues a proclamation 
making Oct. 12 a public holiday for the. 
Columbus celebration. 

Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

Pa. William F. Harrity of Pa. is 

elected Chairman of the Democratic 
National Committee. [Aug. 8. Don. 
M. Dickinson of Pa. is elected Chairman 
of the Campaign Committee.] 

Fla. Alonzo P. Baskin (People's 

Party) is nominated for governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 July 1. Ire. The Inman Steamer 
Chicago is wrecked on the coast, near 
Cork. [July 7. The vessel is broken up 
by the sea.] 

July 3. R. I. Providence suffers a loss, 
-by fire of $500,000. 

July 4. New York. The National Ci- 
garette and Tobacco Company, incor- 
porated in New Jersey, fixes its head- 
quarters in this city ; its capital stock is. 
$2,500,000. 

N. J. The city of Paterson celebrates 

the centennial of its settlement. 

Mass. The city of Quincy celebrates 

its centennial. 

July 6. Cal. Great forest fires are 
raging north of the American River, de- 
stroying timber and pasture lands. 

Md. Pocomoke City is partially de- 
stroyed by fire ; loss, about $230,000. 

Vt. A log-jam in the Connecticut 

River, near Springfield, suspends travel. 

July 9. Cal. The powder- works near 
West Berkeley explode, killing 100 Chi- 
nese laborers and three Americans. 

July 10+. Texas decides to take no 
part in the World's Fair [but is well 
represented in buildings and exhibits 
through the private enterprise of its 
citizens]. 

July 13. Hi. Sixteen lives are lost by 
the capsizing of a steamer at Peoria. 

July 19. N. J. The Atlantic Hotel at 
Long Branch is burned ; the guests lose 
§30,000 in clothing and jewelry, either 
burned or stolen. 

July 20. Cal. The first special fruit- 
train for London leaves Sacramento. 



412 1892, July 23 -Aug. 21. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 July 24. Pa. Private Thomas 
lams, of Co. K, 10th Regt., N. G., hav- 
ing called for cheers for the man who 
shot H. C. Friek, is strung up by the 
thumbs and dishonorably dismissed. 

July 26±. Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator's 
action in the punishment of Private 
lams by hanging him by the thumbs is 
strongly criticised by soldiers and civil- 
ians. [Aug. 3. He is unanimously re- 
elected to his position. (See Nov. 5.) 

Phila. The protected cruiser Colum- 
bia is launched at Cramps' shipyard. 

July 30. Pa. Troops are summoned to 
quell a disturbance by strikers in Du- 
quesne. 

Aug. 3. D. C. Com. James A. Greer is 
promoted rear-admiral. 

Aug. 11. Boston. The protected 
cruiser Marblehead is successfully 
launched at South Boston. 

Aug. 12. Phila. The corpse of Charles 
W. Riggin, of the cruiser Baltimore, 
killed in Valparaiso, is lying in state 
in Independence Hall. [Aug. 14. It is 
buried with honors at Woodlawn Ceme- 
tery.] 

Aug. 16. X. Y. The militia intimidate 
the strikers' mob in Buffalo. 

The separate companies of Rochester, 
Elmira, Syracuse, Auburn, and Oswego 
are ordered to hold themselves in readi- 
ness to proceed to Buffalo. [Aug. 18. 
Six New York and Brooklyn regiments 
leave for Buffalo. Gov. Flower orders 
the mobilization of the State militia at 
Buffalo if necessary. Aug. 20. Adj. -Gen. 
Porter assumes command at Buffalo.] 

Tenn. Free miners attack the stock- 
ade at Oliver Springs, but are repulsed. 
Troops arrive from Knoxville and Chat- 
tanooga. 

[Aug. 17. Miners capture the stock- 
ade at Oliver Springs, and send the con- 
victs and guards to Knoxville. Aug. 18. 
Miners make three unsuccessful attacks 
on the convict camp at Coal Creek, suf- 
fering considerable loss. Aug. 19. Mi- 
ners at Coal-Creek Camp are put to rout 
by Gen. Carnes, and compelled to deliver 
up Col. Anderson, who had been held 
captive by them. Aug. 20. A band of 
i,ooo miners attacks a company of sol- 
diers near Coal Creek ; two miners are 
killed.] 

Aug. 19. D. C. On application, the Sec- 
retary of "War orders 600 stands of 
arms to be sent from Indianapolis to 
Knoxville. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 July 25. This is the hottest 
25th of July on record; many deaths 
occur from the heat, and there is much 
suffering in all the States east of the 
Rocky Mountains. 

July 28. Mont. A killing frost occurs. 

Colo. Rich ore discoveries are made 

at Pitkin, some of the assays running as 
high as $1,800 per ton. 

July 29. D. C. The National Acad- 
emy of Art is established by Congress. 

Aug. 3. X. H. A statue in memory of 
Senator John P. Hale, an antislavery 
leader, is unveiled at Concord. 



Aug. 15. X. Y. The American Asso- 
ciation for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence begins its Bession at Rochester. 

Aug. 16. Ida. A great glacial field is 
found in Central Idaho, beneath which 
lies a series of glacial lakes. 

Aug. 17. Cat. Schiaparelli's Canal in 
Mars (Ganges) is shown at Lick Obser- 
vatory to be double. 

Aug. 20. Ark. High-grade silver and 
lead ores are discovered about 15 
miles from Little Rock. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 

July 25. Beach, Moses S., journalist, A69. 

July 30. Craig, A. K., M. C. for Pa., A60. 

July 31. Kennedy, Anthony, U. S. sena- 
tor for Md., A 82. 

Au&. 9. Denver, James W., tiov. of Kan., 
brig.-gen. vols., A75. 

McCreauy, Benjamin W., physician, 

professor at l'.ellevue, A80. 

Aug. 14. Warwick, John G., M. C. for O., 
A(i2. 

CHURCH. 

1892 Aug. 4. Mass. The 10th annual 
Conference of the Schools of Reli- 
gious "Workers begins at Northtield. 

Aug. 16. N. Y. The Catholic Toung 
Men's National Union of the United 
States begins its annual convention in 
Albany. 

LETTERS. 

1892 July 30. Conn. The first Roman 
Catholic s um mer school is opened at 
New London. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 July 26. New York. A thousand 
more men are ordered out by walking 
delegates of the Building Trades as 
against the Iron League and the Build- 
ing Material Dealers" Association. 

[Aug. 2. The strike in the building 
trades is extending ; work on new build- 
ings is practically stopped. Aug. 4. 
Many strikers return to work, and are 
attacked by others.] 

July 27. Mo. The Amerikanische 
Christliche Saengerbund is in ses- 
sion at St. Louis, with representatives 
from 13 American States and Brazil. 

Pa. The 300th birthday of Co- 

menius, the Czechic theologian and ed- 
ucational reformer, is celebrated with 
appropriate exercises at Mount Gretna. 

July 29. S. Dak. Sioux Falls decides to 
experiment with six city saloons — 
one for each ward — for a month at least . 

July 30. Boston. A.W. Turner, supreme 
president of the Endowment Order of 
the Red Cross, is arrested, charged with 
obtaining money under false pretenses. 



D. C. President Harrison by procla- 
mation forbids resistance to the pro- 
cesses of the Courts of "Wyoming ; the 
cowboys subside. 

Aug. 1. New York. Armenians hold a 
meeting and protest against the per- 
secution of their countrymen by the 
Turks. 

Aug. 2. N. J. An Italian padrone is 
under arrest at Newark for brutality to 
boys and girls, whom he forced to beg 
for his profit. 



Aug. 3. .V. Y. A well-known Brooklyn 
clubman, John L. How, disappears with 
$32,000 of trust-funds. 

Aug. 4. Cat. Two masked men dyna- 
mite and rob a Wells-Fargo express- 
car near Collis ; the amount secured \B 

reported at between §30,000 and £50,000. 

Mass. Andrew J. Borden, a 

wealthy resident of Fall River, and his 
wife, are murdered in their home 
in broad daylight by some person or 
persons unknown. 

[Aug. 11, Miss Lizzie Borden is 
arrested for complicity in the murder of 
her father and stepmother. Dec. 2. In- 
dicted ; later acquitted.] 

Aug. 6±. Chicago. One million dollars 
in forged deed's have been sold ; the 
property so deeded belongs to Mrs. 
Hetty Green. 

Wis. Three hundred sawmill 

strikers at Stevens' Point return to work, 
the proprietors conceding in part the de- 
mands of the men. 

Aug! 7^. La. The negroes of Kenner 
band themselves together for mutual 
protection as citizens and to secure 
rightful voting privileges. 

Aug. 9. Colo. The Knights Templars 
of the United States, numbering 100,000, 
open the Grand Conclave at Denver. 
[Sir Knight Hugh McCurdy of Mich, is 
elected Supreme Grand Commander.] 

_V. ./. Sixty-seven book-makers of 

Monmouth Park are placed under bail to 
appear before the grand jury in October. 

Aug. 10. Pa. Iron manufacturers and 
Amalgamated Association men in the 
Pittsburg district settle their difficulties 
by mutual concessions, and 15 mills will 

Term. Gov. Buchanan is de- 
nounced and hanged in effigy for 
commuting the death sentence of H. 
Clay King, the slayer of D. H. Posten ; 
King is hurried away to save him from 
a mob. (See Mar. 16.) 
Aug. 13. X.Y. Lehigh and Erie switch- 
men at Buffalo strike for a ten-hour 
day. 

[Aug. 15. At Buffalo striking switch- 
men stop traffic, burn freight-cars with 
$100,000 worth of merchandise, ditch pas- 
senger-trains, disarm the sheriff's posse, 
and defy all civil authority ; the two 
local regiments of the National Guard 
are called out. 

Aug. 17. The strike at Buffalo ex- 
tends to the West Shore and New York 
Central Railroads; the entire 4th bri- 
gade of the National Guard is on the 
ground. 

Aug. 18. Gov. Flower orders the entire 
National Guard of the State to Buffalo ; 
switchmen of the "Nickel Plate" join 
the strikers ; trains are moving under 
strong guard. 

Aug. 20. Riotous strikers at Buffalo 
are fired at by soldiers for throwing 
rocks at non-union men. 

Aug. 22. At Buffalo the switchmen of 
the Western New York and Pennsyl- 
vania road join the strike ; car-handlers 
on the Lehigh quit work ; the 12th regi- 
ment is attacked near midnight by a mob 
of strikers and others; much shooting 
follows. 

Aug. 23. At Buffalo. Lackawanna 
switchmen join the strike, and their 
places are filled in an hour; Buffalo, 
Rochester, and Pittsburg switchmen 
strike; many collisions occur between 
strikers and soldiers and some shooting 
follows.] 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, July 23 - Aug. 21. 413 



Aug. 13. Term. The free miners become 
riotous, and burn the stockade for con- 
vict miners at Tracy City. [Aug. 15-. 
State troops repulse the miners at Coal 
Creek.] 

[Aug. 16. Free miners attack the 
stockade at Oliver Springs, but are re- 
pulsed ; troops arrive from Knoxville 
and Chattanooga. 

Aug 17. The miners, 3,000 strong, cap- 
ture the stockade at Oliver Springs, and 
send the guards and convicts to Knox- 
ville. 

Aug. 19. The hostile miners at Oliver 
Springs in Kast Tennessee are defeated 
and routed by the militia. 

The strike at Coal Creek is crushed 
out by military and civil forces. 

Aug. 30. Convicts return to their work 
in the coal-mines.] 
Aug. 17. Colo. Train-robbers on the 
Union Pacific near La Salle are routed 
by a self-possessed cowboy, several shots 
being fired, and one of the robbers 
wounded. 

X. Y. The American Association 

for the advancement of Science be- 
gins its annual meeting at Rochester. 
Aug. 20. Kg. Thomas Young of Owens- 
boro is sentenced to 99 years im- 
prisonment for the murder of his wife. 

STATE. 

1892 July 23. B.C. Congress; The 
Senate passes a bill to establish a Na- 
tional Academy and Gallery. of Art in 
the District of Columbia ; bill intro- 
duced May 25. [July 25. It passes the 
House. July 29. Approved.] 

July 27. B. C. Congress: The House 
recedes from its disagreement to the 
Senate amendment providing for a Gov- 
ernment appropriation of $5,000,000 to 
the World's Fair. Vote , 1 17-105. A mo- 
tion to reconsider is pending. 

July 28. B. C. Congress : In the House 
the filibustering against the "World's 
Fair appropriation is continued. 

July 29. B. C. Congress: In the House 
much excitement is caused by a charge 
of drunkenness in the House, pub- 
lished in a book by Thomas E. "Watson, 
M.C. from N. C. [July 30. A committee 
takes testimony. Later it reports the ac- 
cusations not proven.] 

July 30. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Anti-Option Bill is laid over until the 
first day of the next session ; a resolu- 
tion is passed to extend the appropria- 
tions for the Civil Service until Wednes- 
day ; in the House the "World's Fair 
Amendment to the Sundry Civil Bill 
occupies the time. 

The President issues a proclamation 
commanding all persons resisting the 
laws in Wyoming to disperse. 

Aug. 1. B. C. Congress; The House 
continues the appropriations of the Sun- 
dry Civil Bill until August 4. 

A Democratic caucus votes to post- 
pone the World's Fair item of the Sundry 
Civil Bill until Dec. 7. 

Aug. 2. B. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Homestead labor troubles are de- 
bated ; in the House all business is at a 
standstill. 



Aug. 3. I). C. Congress: The House is 
without a quorum. 

W. Va. Thomas E. Davis (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Minn. Daniel V. Lawler (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 4. B. C. Don M. Dickinson is 
chosen chairman of the Democratic Na- 
tional Campaign Committee. 

Aug. 5. B.C. Congress: Both the Sen- 
ate and House pass the bill appropriat- 
ing $2,500,000 'to the "World's Fair, 
in memorial half-dollars. In the 
House the committee on the Homestead 
troubles make a minority report censur- 
ing Mr. Frick. 

The 52d Congress; the first session 
ends at 11 p.m. 

Chinese sailors are forbidden em- 
ployment on American ships, American 
ships being regarded as American terri- 
tory by Secretary Foster. 

The President approves the Monetary 
Conference Bill. 

Neb. Lorenzo Cronuse (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

X. Y. Judge Ramsey of the State 

Supreme Court decides the recent Le- 
gislative Apportionment Act uncon- 
stitutional, and therefore void. 

Aug. 7. B.C. The President announces 
the names of the United States repre- 
sentatives at the International Mon- 
etary Conference as follows : Sen- 
ators William B. Allison of la. and John 
P. Jones of Nev., Representative James 
B. McCreary of Ky., Gen. Francis A. 
Walker of Mass., and Henry W. Cannon 
of N. T. [Oct. 13. President Andrews 
of Brown University in place of Mr. 
Walker, who is unable to serve.] 

Aug. 8. B. C. William S. Holman of 
Ind. prepares a statement giving the 
Democratic version of the extrava- 
gant appropriations made by the re- 
cent session of Congress. 

Aug. 9. N. J. Thomas J. Kennedy 
(Prohib.) is nominated for governor. 

Aug. 12. New York. The City Reform 
Club denounces Tammany Hall's prac- 
tice of making the Health Department 
a political machine. 

B. C. The President invites foreign 

Powers to participate in the Columbian 
International Naval Keview in New 
York Harbor in April, 1893. 

Aug. 17. Wis. John E. Spooner (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

Aug. 19. B. C. The U. S. Charge d' Af- 
faires at Constantinople is ordered by 
the State Department to demand of 
the Porte reparation for the burning 
of an American missionary's house at 
Bourdour, Asia Minor. 

President Harrison issues a proclama- 
tion retaliatory upon Canada by es- 
tablishing tolls on the Sault Ste. Marie 
Canal. 

Aug. 21. Term. The State authorities 
ask the War Department at Washington 
for artillery ammunition to use in sup- 
pressing disorders. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 July 23. T). C. The largest 
brewery in Washington is burned ; 
loss, $100,000. 

July 24. The steamer H. F. Bimocfc 
sinks W. K. Vanderbilt's steam- 
yacht Alva off Pollock's Rip Shoals ; 
Mr. Vanderbilt and a party of friends 
narrowly escape drowning. 

July 25. Mich. Bay City is greatly 
damaged by fire; loss, one life, and 
$1,000,000 in property. 

July 26. N. Y. Brooklyn aldermen 
override Mayor Boody'sveto of the 
resolution giving valuable franchises 
without cost to two new SouthBrooklyn 
Street Railroad Companies. 

There is great mortality in the 

Atlantic, Middle, and Western States 
caused by continual hot weather ; 50 
deaths from heat occur during 24 hours 
in New York City on the 30th inst. 

July 27. Ga. Augusta loses $400,000 
by fire. 

New York. The steamship City of 

Paris arrives from Queenstown in five 
days, 15 hours, and 50 minutes, shorten- 
ing all previous records. 

July 29. Mich. Ex-Congressman Fisher 
of West Bay City, and J. T. Hurst of 
Wyandotte, buy 72 square miles of pine 
land in the Georgian Bay district. 

0. Four men are seriously hurt and 

16 injured by a naphtha explosion at 
Cold Springs. 

Aug. 3 . Tex. The plant of the National 
Oil Company at Paris is burned ; esti- 
mated loss, $250,000. 

Aug. 4. Minn. A sluice bank gives 
way in St. Paul ; and the water torrent 
kills three persons, fatally injures seven, 
and sweeps away houses and other prop- 
erty, 

Aug. 5. Cat. A through train of four 
cars, carrying $20,000,000 in gold, and 
strongly guarded, leaves San Francisco 
for New York. [It arrives Aug. 9.] 

Aug. 8. Cat. Six of the largest flour- 
ing companies, controlling thirteen large 
mills, combine ; capital, ,$10,000,000. 

Conn. Kubber boot and shoe man- 
ufacturers in convention at New Haven 
combine ; capital, $50,000,000. 

Aug. 10. Fla. The American schooner 
Eva Douglass lies off the coast with 
several cases of yeUow fever on board. 

Aug. 14. New York. The Aurania and 
Alaska arrive after an exciting race 
across the ocean from Queenstown 
in which the vessels were constantly 
within sight of each other ; the Aurania 
wins by 55 minutes. 

Aug. 16. N. Y. The wrecking of a 
train at Cochecton causes six deaths. 

Aug. 17. Chicago. The mare INFaney 
Hanks lowers the world's trotting 
record to 2.07^, at Washington Park. 

H. N. Higinbotham succeeds W. T. 
Baker as President of the "World's 
Fair Directory. 

Aug. 18. Chicago. Brewers combine 
as the Chicago Brewers' Association, 
which includes all who do business in 
the city. 

Aug. 20. N. Y. Cars are moved on 
all the railroads at Buffalo, without any 
serious disturbance from strikers. 



414 1392, Aug. 21 - Sept. 19. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S92 Aug. 22. N. Y. A mob of stri- 
kers attacks the 12th regiment at mid- 
night near Buffalo. 

[Aug. 23. Collisions between strikers 
and soldiers are of frequent occurrence. 
Aug. 26. All the militia, except the 4th 
brigade, leave for home, order being re- 
stored.) 

Aug. 27. f>. C. Congress provides that 
monthly pensions of §8 shall be paid to 
each of the survivors of the Indian wars 
of 1832-42. 

Sept. 8. N. Y. Gov. Flower orders the 
Naval Reserve, the 13th regiment, and 
part of the 6gth regiment to Fire Island, 
to protect the property. 

[Sept. * Judge Barnard's injunction is 
vacated, and the Normannia's cabin 
passengers are landed. Sept. 14. The 
National Guard is withdrawn.] (See 
Miscellaneous.) 

Sept. 18. N. Y. Troops from Brook- 
lyn are sent to Fire Island, and the 
Wyoming cabin passengers are landed 
without opposition, the steerage passen- 
gers being landed at Sandy Hook ; strict 
quarantine begins. (See Miscellaneous.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Aug. 21. New York. The mu- 
seum of Natural History is to he 
opened to the public on Sundays. 

Aug. 23. Va. A cloud-burst iu Roa- 
noke does §100,000 damage iu half an 
hour. [Sept. 5. Another in Texas nearly 
sweeps away the town of Alpine, and 
does other damage. Sept. 28. Bruns- 
wick, Ga., is damaged by a cloud-burst.] 

Sept. 7. New York. The Art Loan Ex- 
hibition is informally opened. 

Sept. 11. Cal. Prof. Barnard of the 
Lick Observatory discovers a fifth sat- 
ellite to Jupiter. 

Sept. 14. Tex. A rich silver-mine is 
discovered at Brackettville. 

Sept. 17. Minn. A plague of frogs 
visits Little Falls. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Aug. 22. Bermudez, Edward E., lawyer, 
jurist, chief jusiice of La., A60. - 

Daboll, William S., actor, A35. 

Aug. 23. Clark, Myron H., Gov. of N. Y., 
A86. . • 

Aug. 31. Curtis, George William, au- 
thor, orator, editor Ihirper's Weekly, A 68. 

Sept. 5. Dougherty, Daniel, lawyer, ora- 
tor, A66. 

Sept. 7. Kernan, Francis, jurist, lawyer, 
senator for N. Y., A76. 

"Whittier, John, Greenleai. Quaker 

poet, A85. 

Sept. 12. Howell, T. C.,rear-adm. U.S. N., 
A73. 

Sept. 13. Bruce, David, type-founder, in- 
ventor of tvpe-rastnm niarliine, A90. 

Sept. 16. Watts, Thomas II., Gov. of Ala., 
A72. 

CHURCH. 

1892 Aug. 31. New York. Cardinal 
Gibbons issues a proclamation appoint- 
ing special services for the celebration 
of the discovery of America, on Sunday, 
Oct. 16. 

Sept. 12. N. Y. Nearly 1,000 German 
Catholics make a pilgrimage from 
Schenectady to the shrine of Our 
Lady of Martyrs at Auriesville. 



Sept. 18. la. The 37th annual conven- 
tion ol the German Roman Catho- 
lic Central Society of North America 
opens in Dubuque. 

LETTERS. 

1892 Sept. 4. Cal. Prof. Bernard 
Moses is announced to be the president- 
elect of the University of California. 

New York. The Standard, the single- 
tax paper founded by Henry George in 
1887, suspends publication. 

Sept. 12. New York. The Roman 
Catholic parochial schools contain 
30,444 children, taught by 800 teachers, 
at an annual expense of §300,000 ; they 
own property valued at §4,518,500. 

SOCIETY. 
1892 Aug. 23. Okla. The Indian 

Messiah dance is in progress at Otoe, 

near Ponca. 
Aug. 24. Mo. The Supreme Lodge of 

the Knights of Pythias is in session at 

Kansas City. 
——Nero York. A. J. Price, book-keeper 

for Street and Smith, is a defaulter for 

N. Y. Gov. Flower by proclama- 
tion offers a reward of $100 for the 
arrest and conviction of any one inter- 
fering with the railroads. 

The State arbitrators are in session 
at Buffalo. 

Aug. 25. N. J. Chancellor McGill at 
Trenton renders a decision against the 
coal-combine. 

Aug. 26. N. Y. The American Ear 
Association, meeting at Saratoga, 
elects officers and has a banquet. 

Aug. 29. Cal. L. B. McWhirter, a 
prominent lawyer and politician, is 
shot dead at Fresno by parties un- 
known. 

± New York. The Central Labor Union 

having adopted resolutions calling 
upon workingmen to leave the mili- 
tia, several local unions are amending 
their constitutions, to prevent their 
members joining any regiment. 

Aug. 30. New York. Deputy factory 
inspectors investigate manufactories 
where the sweating- system is still in 
force. 

N. Y. Striking shoemakers in 

Brooklyn assault a party of non-union 
workmen ; tire arrests are made. 



Sept. 5. U.S. Labor Day is generally 
observed in the cities throughout the 
country. 

Sept. 6. Chirat/o. During a raid by the 
police on Garfield Park, James* M. 
Brown, a noted Texas turfman, fatally 
shoots two policemen and is afterwards 
killed. 

Sept. 7. La. John L. Sullivan is 
knocked out by James J. Corbett, in 21 
rounds, at New Orleans. Sullivan lo*es 
the boxing championship of America. 

Sept. 9. Minn. Simon J. Ahem, a finan- 
cier of St. Paul, worth $100,000, is sen- 
tenced to 60 days in the workhouse for 
criminal libel. 

Sept. 12. N. Y. In Brooklyn Judge 
Barnard, on the motion of counsel for 
the village of Islip, grants an injunc- 
tion preventing the landing of the 
Normannia"s cabin passengers at Fire 
Island ; Gov. Flower issues a procla- 
mation commanding the sheriff of Suf- 
folk County to preserve the peace. (See 



Mil 



Sept. 13. Ind. A convention tore- 
organize the Order of Iron Hall is 
in session at Indianapolis, with 293 
branches represented. 

[Sept. 16. Samuel T. Hall of Philadel- 
phia is elected Supreme Justice. Sept. 
21. A plan for the reorganization of the 
Order is perfected at Baltimore. Oct. 
13. The supreme officials of the Order 
are indicted by the Grand Jury of Marion 
County for embezzlement of about $200,- 
000. Dec. 29. They are arrested at 
Baltimore.] 

/. T. Several men are murdered 

in the political strife between the Na- 
tionalists and Progressives of the Choc- 
taw nation. 

Sept. 14. Pa. Carl Knold and Henry 
Bauer are indicted in Pittsburg as ac- 
cessories to the attempted assassination 
of H. C. Frick. 

Evans and Sontag, train-robbers, 

kill four men who attempt their arrest. 

Sept. 15. Oil. Sheriff Laumeister 
of San Francisco is found guilty of con- 
tempt of court for refusing to hang a 
condemned murderer at the expiration 
of a reprieve. 

N. H. The locked-out granite-cut- 
ters of Concord lease a tract of land, 
and will begin business on their own 
account.- 

Sept. 16. New York. An illicit still is 
seized with 6,000 gallons of wine and 



Pa. Another strike occurs at Pitts- 
burg, involving 500 men. 

Sept. 2. N. Y. The American Social 
Science Association at Saratoga dis- 
cusses the sweating-system. 

Pa. Puddlers in the Elba Mill, Pitts- 
burg, are out on strike because they 
were asked to work only eight hours a 
day. 

Hugh O'Donnell and four other 
Homestead strikers are arrested on the 
charge of murdering J. W. Klein, who 
was shot July 6. 

Officers of the Order of Solon, a bene- 
fit organization, are charged with being 
$14,000 short in their accounts. 

Sept. 3. Phila. Large discrepancies are 
found in the accounts of the social and 
heneficiarv organization called the Iron 
Hall. (See Sept. 13.) 



ady. 



N. Y. At Albany a warrant is issued 

for the arrest of Labor Commissioner 
Peck on a charge of burning the written 
replies received from manufacturers — 
the confideutial documents on which 
he based his recent report. [Oct. 24. 
The case is dismissed.] 

Sept. 17±. Ark. At North Little Rock 
about 50 masked men take John Leimor 
from his home, strip and lash him with 
a bull-whip for whipping his wife. 

Sept. IS. Chicago. The Trades and 
Labor Assembly, by a vote of 119 to 40. 
declines to take part in the dedica- 
tion exercises at the World's Fair, 
because the gates are to be kept closed 
on Sunday. 

Sept. 19. D. C. The 26th National 
Encampment of the Grand Army at 
Washington is opened by the dedica- 
tion of Grand Army Place, and a parade 
of troops. 

[Sept. 20. Fifty thousand men 
march in the grand parade. Sept. 21. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, Aug. 21 -Sept. 19. 415 



A. G. Weissert of Milwaukee is elected 
National Grand Commander ; the en- 
campment closes.] 

N. Y. Dennis Sullivan, the superin- 
tendent of the Coney Island and Brook- 
lyn Railroad, is shot and seriously 
wounded by a discharged employee. 

— Mo. Two men hold up and rob a 
train on the Missouri Pacific road, se- 
curing several thousand dollars ; no 



sts. 



STATE. 



1892 Aug. 26. Venez. The American 
merchant steamship Caracas reports 
that, while in the harbor of Puerto Ca- 
bello, six refugees were forcibly taken 
from her decks by a Venezuelan general 
and a band of armed men. 

Aug. 28. New York. The Socialist 
Labor Party nominates Simon "Wing 
of Mass. for President, and C. H. 
Matchett of N. Y. for Vice-President ; 
eight delegates are present. 

.Aug. 30. Neb. J. Sterling Morton 
(Dem.) is nominated for governor. 

.Sept. 1. D. C. A circular is issued by 
order of President Harrison requiring 
all immigrant vessels from infected 
ports to be detained at quarantine 20 
days. 

.Sept. 2. I). C. PresidentHarrison's 
letter of acceptance as the nominee of 
the Republican Party for the presidency 
is published. 

.Sept. 7. U. C. President McLeod of the 
Reading System testifies before the Sen- 
ate Committee on Coal. 

Conn. Gen. Merwin (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

N. R. John B. Smith (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

Luther F. McKinney (Dem.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Sept. 9. D. C. The War Department, by 
direction of the President, grants the 
use of Sandy Hook for quarantined 
steamship passengers. 

John Wanamaker, P. M. G., issues an 
order authorizing postmasters of free 
delivery cities and rural communities 
to put up letter-boxes for collection 
and delivery of mail at house-doors 
by request of citizens. 

Sept. 10. New York. A shipload of 
arms on the South Portland, supposed 
to be for the Venezuela revolutionists, 
is detained in port by Collector Francis 
Hendricks. 

Sept. 12. N. Y. Gov. Flower issues a 
proclamation concerning the acquire- 
ment of Fire Island, and warning all 
persons against illegal interference with 
its use as a quarantine station ; the 
Islip Board of Health secures from 
Judge Barnard a writ restraining the 
landing of passengers on the island. 

Sept. 13. Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.) 
is nominated for governor. 

N. J. John Kean, Jr. (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

Sept. 14. Mass. "William H.Haile (Rep.) 
of Springfield is nominated for governor. 

X. J. George T. Werts (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 



N. Y. Delegates from every State 

and Territory in the Union arrive in 
Buffalo to attend the Republican 
League National Convention. 

Sept. 16. Gens. "Weaver and Field, 
in an address to the country, accept the 
People's Party presidential nominations. 

Sept. 19. Ind. The Hendricks County 
Circuit Court declares that the regis- 
tration clause of the election law is 
class legislation, and therefore uncon- 
stitutional ; the State Apportionment 
Acts of 1SSG and 1S91 are declared un- 
constitutional by Judge Bundy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Aug. 23. Mass. The 250th an- 
niversary of the settlement of Glouces- 
ter is celebrated. 



Aug. 26. New York. A man attempts 
suicide by leaping from the High 
Bridge into the Harlem River, but is 
only slightly hurt. 

City officials are taking renewed pre- 
cautions against cholera. 

Aug. 27. New York. The Metropoli- 
tan Opera House is almost wholly 
burned ; loss on scenery and costumes 
destroyed, §1,000,000. 

Aug. 28. Colo. All the timber on the 
mountains from Tin Cup to Texas Creek 
has been burned, and fully twenty 
square miles of timber are completely 
destroyed. 

New York. Vessels are detained at 

quarantine to be inspected for cholera 
cases ; the Health Department takes 
active measures to prevent the disease 
from reaching the city. 

Aug. 30. Wash. The town of Conco- 
nully is almost entirely consumed by 
fire; only a few houses remain; esti- 
mated loss, $100,000. 

Aug. 31. la. At Independence, the 
mare Nancy Ranks lowers the world's 
trotting record to 2.05J, beating her 
own record by two seconds. 

New York. The Health Board is- 
sues orders and rules looking to. im- 
proved sanitation in ferry-houses, rail- 
way-stations, etc., and for the treatment 
of people taken suddenly ill in public 
places. 

The steamer Moravia arrives from 
Hamburg with cholera on board ; 
she reports 22 deaths on the voyage. 
The Normannia, Rugia, and Stubben- 
hukj from Hamburg, follow, are or- 
dered to the lower Bay, and quaran- 
tined. 

Sept. 1. U. S. To shut out the cholera 
the Government proclaims 20 days' 
quarantine for aU European vessels. 

±. The steel steamer Western Reserve 

is broken in two on Lake Superior ; 26 
lives are lost; two or three vessels on 
the great lakes are lost in a 'storm 
with all on board. 

Sept. 2. New York. The Inman steamer 
City of Berlin, the National Line steamer 
Europe, and the Cunarder Gallia are re- 
leased from quarantine and allowed 
to go to their respective docks. 
A conflict of authority arises be- 



tween Dr. Jenkins, city health officer, 
and the Federal authorities respecting 
quarantine arrangements. 

Sept. 4. N. Y. Charles F. Peck, the 
Commissioner of Labor Statistics, reas- 
serts the accuracy of his figures on the 
favorable operation of the McKin- 
ley Law. 

Sept. 5. N. Y. A West Shore express- 
train having a defective engine plunges 
into the Hudson River; several per- 
sons are killed. 

Sept. 6. N. Y. A freight blockade 10 
miles long occurs on the Reading Road 
near Buffalo. 

New York. There are 11 new cases 

of cholera and one death on board the 
ships in the lower Bay. 

Sept. 7. Cal. The 42d anniversary of 
the admission of California into the 
Union is celebrated as a legal holiday. 

La. James Corbett defeats John 

L. Sullivan at New Orleans, and wins 
from him the boxing championship of 
America. 

New York. Some new cases of chol- 
era occur among passengers quarantined 
in the lower Bay ; arrangements are 
made to place cabin passengers on Fire 
Island or Sandy Hook. 

Pa. Trains collide at Eckenrode 

Mills ; 14 persons are killed. 

Sept. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower directs 
Health Officer Jenkins to purchase 
land on Fire Island, if necessary, to 
establish a quarantine station. 

Sept. 10. Next) York. In the lower Bay 
11 new cases of cholera break out on 
the Scandia ; the Normannia's passen- 
gers are put on the steamer Stonington ; 
the Surf Hotel property on Fire Island 
is bought for quarantine purposes, and 
work begun at Sandy Hook. [Only a 
few cases of cholera develop among all 
the quarantined passengers.] 

Sept. 11. Mass. Nine persons are killed 
and 51 injured by a train accident in a 
fog on the Fitchburg Railroad at West 
Cambridge Junction. 

Sept. 14. New York. The Health De- 
partment announces that six. persons 
had died in the city from cholera ; 
that careful disinfection of the premises 
has followed ; and that there have been 
no new cases ; there are several new 
cases on the steamers down the Bay. 

Sept. 15. N.Y. The Normannia's cabin 
passengers are released from quarantine 
at Fire Island. 

Sept. 16. New York. One new case of 
suspected cholera is announced ; the 
steamer Bohemia reports 52 cases on her 
voyage ; the Normannia's passengers 
leave Fire Island for the city, 

Sept. 18. N. Y. Troops are sent from 
Brooklyn to Fire Island, and the Wyo- 
ming's passengers land at the hotel with- 
out opposition ; steerage passengers 
from the Normannia and Rugia are 
landed at Camp Low, Sandy Hook, and 
strict quarantine of the place is begun. 
[There are nearly 4,000 passengers on 
the cholera vsssels.] 



416 1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1892 Oct. 1. Me. Harbor Defense 
Earn No. 1 is launched at Bath. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1892 Sept. 21. Mass.— Conn. Two 

statues of Columbus are unveiled, one 
at Boston and another at Willimantic. 

Sept. 22. Cat. The Mountebanks, an 
opera by "W. S. Gilbert and Alfred ' !ol- 
lier, is first sung in this country at Bald- 
win's Theater, San Francisco. 

Sept. 26. Boston. The Art Commission 
rejects the proposed replica of Buyen's 
statue of Columbus to be erected in 
this city. 

New York. The Fencing Master, an 

opera by Reginald Be Koven, is first 
sung in this country at the Casino. 

Sept. 27. Phila. Lieut. Peary makes 
a preliminary report of his work to the 
Academy of Natural Science. 

Sept. * Pa. A soldiers' monument is 
unveiled at Mahanoy City. 

Oct. 29. Colo. Extensive deposits of 
talcose silica, carrying a large percent- 
age of corundum or emery, are discov- 
ered in Denver. 

Nov. 2. New York. A new wing of the 
American Museum of Natural His- 
tory is opened. 

Nov. 4. Chicago. A monument to the 
anarchists, Spies, Parsons, Engel, Fis- 
cher, and Lingg, is dedicated in Wald- 
heiin Cemetery. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892. 

Sept. 20. Ulman, Daniel, niaj.-gen. vola., 
A83. 

Sept. 23. Pope. John, maj.-gen. U. S. A., 
A70.* 

Sept. 24. Gilmore, Patrick S., hand-mas- 
ter of is . Y., A62. 

Sept. 25. Husted, James "W., brig.-gen. 
vols., politician, A59. 

Oct. 1. Atkins, Hiram, journalist, political 
leader in Vt., A83. 

Oct. 2. Douglas, John H., Gen. Grant's last 
physician, A65. 

Oct.'lO. Price, T. B., Confederate brig.- 
gen., A61. 

Oct. 24. S win ton, William, author, jour- 
nalist, writer of school-books, A59. 

Nov. 2. Schwatka, Frederick, lieut. U. S. 
A., arctic explorer, author, A43. 

CHURCH. 

1S92 Sept. 27. N. J. The German 
Catholic Congress opens at Newark 
with the celebration of high mass by 
Archbishop Corrigan, assisted by other 
prelates. 

Sept. 28. It. Pope Leo gives orders to 
create the Archbishopric of Dallas, Tex. 

Oct. 3. New York. Pope Leo's ency- 
clical on the Rosary of the Blessed 
Virgin is read in all the Roman Catho- 
lic churches. 

Oct. 4. Chicago. The 83d annual session 
of the American Board of Commis- 
sioners for Foreign Missions begins. 
[Oct. 7. Dr. R. S. Storrs is reelected 
president.] 

Oct. 5. Md. The Triennial General 
Convention (Protestant Episcopal) he- 
gins at Baltimore. 



[Oct. G. It begins the work <>f revising 
the Prayer Book. Oct. n. Jt sits as a 
Board of Missions. Oct. 17. It adopts 
a new hymnal. Oct. 25. It electa Bev, 
Dr. \V. R. Thomas missionary bishop "f 
Northern Michigan, and adjourns sine 
die.] 

Oct. 8±. Utah, The Mormons hold 
their semi-annual conference in the 
Tabernacle at Salt Lake City, Presi- 
dent Woodruff presiding. 

Oct. 11. New York. As a part of the 
Columbus celebration religious ser- 
vices are held in the churches of this 
and neighboring cities, some on an elab- 
orate scale. 

Oct. 17. Mich. Salvationists are at- 
tacked in "Wyandotte ; five persons are 
seriously injured, one fatally. 

3NTov. 1. New York. Dr. W. M. Taylor 
resigns from the pastorate of the Broad- 
way Tabernacle. 

The trial of Rev. C. A. Briggs be- 
gins before the Presbytery of New York. 
[Nov. 20. The Presbytery votes to 
strike out two charges especially ob- 
jected to by the defendant. Vote, 7±-iA. 
Dec. 7. Defendant pleads not guilty. 
Dec. 30. He is acquitted. Vote, 6-18.] 

LETTERS. 

1392 Sept. 29. N. Y. Dr. Anson J. 
Upton of Auburn Theological Seminary 
is elected chancellor by the Regents 
of the University at Albany in place of 
George William Curtis, deceased. 

Mass. Harvard opens its 256th 

year with the largest attendance in its 
history. 

Oct. 1. Chicago. The University of 
Chicago begins its work with inaugu- 
ration ceremonies extreme in their sim- 
plicity. 

Oct. 2. Ind. Dr. G. S. Burroughs of 
Amherst accepts the presidency of "Wa- 
bash College at Crawfordsville. 

±. Minn . At the school elections the 

Faribault plan is defeated by a major- 
ity of 200 in 1,000 votes ; the nuns wear- 
ing their peculiar dress while acting as 
teachers is said to have been the cause. 

Oct. 3. Wis. The University of Wiscon- 
sin organizes a University Extension 
department, Lyman P. Powell, formerly 
of Johns Hopkins, manager. 

Oct. 4. Mich. The Detroit Board of Ed- 
ucation practically excludes Roman 
Catholic teachers from the public 
schools. [Nov. 11. It rescinds resolu- 
tions requiring anti-Catholic qualifica- 
tions for positions as teachers.] 

SOCIETY. 

1S92 Sept. 20. Jrk. 'Nine negroes 
and two whites are shot dead in a 
race-war at Thornton. 

Ey. J. B. Rucker, editor of the Som- 
erset Reporter (Prohibition), is mortally 
wounded by an unknown assassin. 

±. Cal. The Six Companies issue 

another proclamation urging the Chi- 
nese in the United States to ignore the 



Geary Registration law ; the Emperor 
of China i.- appealed t". 

Sept. 21. Kan. Bobbers wreck a train 
on the Atchison road In an attempt to 
secure $1,000,000 known to be thereon; 
four persons are killed and 23 injured. 

Sept. 22. New York. The Chinese Civil 
Rights League holds a mass-meeting 
in Cooper Dnion, protesting vigorously 
against the legislation forbidding rights 
to the Chinese granted to all others. 

Pa. Lieut.-Col. Streator, Col. Haw- 
kins, and A.-sist.-Surg. (.rim are indicted 
for aggravated assault and battery in 
connection with the punishment of "Pri- 
vate lams at Homestead. [Acquitted.] 
(See Army, July 24.) 

Sept. 25. Wash. Three highwaymen 
shoot the assistant-cashier of a bank in 
Roslyn; they secure si0,00u and make 



theii 



:ape 



Sept. 26. Colo. A riot occurs at an anti- 
Catholic lectureon "Romanist influence 
in Public Schools" at Cheyenne; two 
men are seriously wounded* 

Sept. 27. Phila. Four mail-drivers are 
arrested on the charge of robbing the 
mails. 

Sept. 29. N. Y. Three non-union lumber- 
shovers at Buffalo are injured by union 
men in a riot with clubs and stones. 

Tenn. Marshal Brown raids an 

illicit distillery in West Tennessee, cap- 
turing 1.000 barrels of liquor. 

Oct. 1. Cal. J. W. Smith is lynched 
at Dunsmir; he was charged with kill- 
ing his wife and 6-year-old daughter at 
C as tela. 

Chicago. "Warrants are issued for the 

arrest of John Cudahy and Austin J. 
Wright, charged with conspiracy to 
make a corner in pork. 

Oct. 3. New York. Burton C. Webster 
is sentenced to 19 years in prison for 
killing Charles E. Goodwin in August, 
1891. 

Pa. A daring attempt is made to 

rob a bank in Erie at midday ; the cash- 
ier is shot in the face, but the robbers 
are captured. 

Oct. 5. Kan. Three Dalton brothers 
and two members of their gang and five 
residents of CnVyville are killed in an 
attempt to capture the former while in 
the act of robbing two banks. 

Phila. William W. Runk, a wealthy 

merchant, kills himself: he bad been 
speculating with the firm's funds in the 
absence and without the knowledge of 
his partner while the latter was in Eu- 
rope. 

Oct. 8. New York. The Columbian 
Celebration is begun by special ser- 
vices in the Hebrew synagogues, and by 
the opening reception at the Art Loan 
. Exhibition at the National Academy of 
Design. 

[Oct. 11. It continues with a midday 
naval parade in the bay and North 
River, and in the evening a Roman 
Catholic school children parade, literary 
exercises in Carnegie Music Hall, a con- 
cert at Seventh Regiment Armory, and 
fireworks on the East River Bridge. 

Oct. 12. A military and civil parade 
takes place in the daytime, including 
public school children and college stu- 
dents, and a character pageant >\ i ; 1 1 
floats in the evening. The Columbus 
Monument, the gift of Italy to America, 
is dedicated. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, Sept. 20-Nov. 4. 417 



Oct. 13. It closes with a banquet 
at the Lenox Lyceum : addresses are 
made by Vice-President Morton, Secre- 
tary Foster, Gov. Flower and others.] 

Oct. 15. New York. DominicoL. Ruiz, 
consul-general for Ecuador for nine 
years at this port, is arrested for for- 
gery. 

Oct. 17. Ida. A gang of nine horse- 
thieves are killed or disabled in a fight 
with stockmen. 

N. Mex. All the telegraph opera- 
tors on the Santa Fe system, 900 in 
number, leave their posts at 10. A.M., on 
an order of Chief Ramsey to strike, 
which proves to be a forgery by a jok- 
ing operator; all traffic is suspended 
for 12 hours ; the joker is discharged. 

New York. Mr. Cleveland declines 

to be present in Chicago at the "World's 
Fair dedication, because he is a candi- 
date for the presidency. 

Oct. 18. Colo. A strike on the Denver 
and Rio Grande Railroad ends. 

Oct. 20. O. The annual convention of 
the American Street Hallway Asso- 
ciation opens at Cleveland. 

Oct. 23. Mo. Four masked men hold 
up Ticket Agent Stokes at the Frisco 
Station, and rob both the station and 
agent. 

Oct. 25. Mass. Alderman Bolton is put 
on trial at Lawrence for taking bribes 
in connection with a liquor license. 

Tex. Dr. H. Jones, a prominent 

physician, shoots and kills Capt. W. G. 
Vial at ex-Confederates headquarters at 
Dallas. 

Oct. 27. I). C. The funeral of Mrs. 
Harrison takes place in the East Room 
of the White House, after which the 
funeral train starts for Indianapolis. 
(Died Oct. 25.) 

Oct. 28. Colo. The National Conven- 
tion of the "Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union is in session at Denver ; 
500 delegates are present. [Miss Frances 
E. "Willard is reelected president.] 

Oct. 29. Minn. A. E. Law, Northern 
Pacific Division superintendent, is fined 
$50 or 60 days in the workhouse for 
overworking his employees. 

New York. Eighty-six Hebrew cloak- 
makers are arrested for breaking the 
Sunday law. 

Oct. 31. S. C. Charleston begins the 
celebration of its " Gala Week," in 
commemoration of its gratitude for as- 
sistance afforded after the earthquakes. 

Nov. 1. Ala. A train is held up and 
robbed on the East Tennessee, Virginia, 
and Georgia Railroad. 

TTov. 2. Kan. Ford County Bank, Spear- 
ville, is robbed by two armed men ; 
they are pursued, but escape with the 
booty. 

STATE. 

1892 Sept. 20. N. Y. An attempt to 
appoint none but Democratic election 
inspectors in Buffalo is foiled. 

Sept. 22. N. Y. The General Term at 
Saratoga decides the Apportionment 
Act by the extra session constitutional 
in the Oneida County case. 

Sept. 26. N. Y. Mr. Cleveland's let- 
ter, accepting the nomination for 
the presidency's is made public. 



Sept. 27. Conn. The Supreme Court 
decides in favor of the Republicans in 
the contested election cases. 

Mass. William E. Russell (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Wis. The Supreme Court practi- 
cally decides that the reapportionment 
made by the extra session of the Legis- 
lature is invalid. 

Sept. 28. B.C. The text of the Chilean 
claims treaty is made public. 

Oct. 1. D. C. The Treasury Department 
reports the public debt reduced S708,- 
000 in September. 

Oct. 2. D. C. Secretary Foster notifies 
foreign governments that the Interna- 
tional Monetary Conference will 
begin in Brussels on the 22d of Novem- 
ber. 

Oct. 4. New York. Mr. Cleveland ad- 
dresses the convention of the National 
Association of Democratic Clubs at 
the Academy of Music. 

Oct. 10. D. C. The Supreme Court 
at Washington opens; George Shiras, 
Jr., of Pa. is sworn in as associate 
justice. 

Wis. Gov. Peck convenes the Legis- 
lature for the third time to reappor- 
tion the State. 

Oct. 12. Fa. Republicans make an 
agreement to unite with theThird party 
in many districts. 

Oct. 13. A r ew York. The Court of 
Appeals, by a vote of five to two, up- 
holds the constitutionality of the Ap- 
portionment Act of 1892, affirming that 
the courts have no power to interfere 
with the discretion of the Legislature. 

Oct. 17. D. C. The U.S. Supreme Court 
decides that the Michigan plan of 
choosing Presidential electors by 
Congressional districts is constitu- 
tional. 

Oct. 22. Wis. Both houses of the 
Legislature adjourn without agreeing 
on an Apportionment Bill. 

Oct. 27. D. C. A Treasury report is 
issued showing a large increase in the 
domestic tin-plate industry during 
the last quarter. 

Oct. 29. N. Dak. The Turtle Indians 
cede all right and title to lands in the 
Devil's Lake district, with certain res- 
ervations, for $1,000,000 in twenty annual 
payments. 

Oct. 31. D. C. President Harrison is- 
sues a proclamation extending the bene- 
fits of the Copyright Law to the citizens 
of Italy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Sept. 20. 0. Thirteen persons 
are killed and several injured in a col- 
lision on the Fort Wayne Railroad. 

Sept. 21. Nexo York. Four women are 
killed and many injured in a panic 
caused by a small fire in a Hebrew syna- 
gogue. 

Sept. 22. Chicago. Liverymen form a 
trust, fixing the price of carriages during 
the World's Fair dedication parade at 
§22 each per day. 



Sept. 25. New York. It is officially re- 
ported that there is no cholera, either 
in the city or at quarantine. 

Sept. 26. Phila. The Board of Health 
orders all wells in the city to be filled up. 

Sept. 28. Ind. Nancy Hanks trots a 
mile in 2.04 on a regulation track at 
Terre Haute. 

Cal. The 350th anniversary of 

the discovery of San Diego Bay is cele- 
brated. 

Sept. 29. Nezo York. The Aldermen 
grant trolley franchises without cost. 

Sept. 30. Phila. The beneficial order 
of Social Guardians makes an assign- 
ment. 

Oct. 5. Neic York. A preliminary chal- 
lenge for the America cup is re- 
ceived from Lord Dunraven by the New 
York Yacht Club. pec. 13. The chal- 
lenge is accepted.] 

Oct. 7. Mass. Woburn celebrates the 
250th anniversary of its settlement. 

Oct. 8. N. C. Raleigh celebrates its 
100th anniversary with an elaborate 
street pageant, etc. 

Oct. 16. Conn. Stamford begins the 
four days' celebration of its 250th 
anniversary. 

Oct. 18. New York. The Aldermen's 
amendment forbidding the use of the 
trolley in this city is signed by Mayor 
Grant. 

Oct. 19. The steamship City of Paris 
arrives in New York Harbor, having 
made the voyage from Queenstown in 
five days, 14 hours, and 24 minutes, thus 
beating all previous records on the 
westward trip. 

Oct. 21. Chicago. Columbian Exposi-. 
tion dedication. 

Pres. Higginbotham of the "World's 
Columbian Exposition formally pre- 
sents the exposition grounds and build- 
ings to President Palmer Of the World's 
Columbian Commission, and they are 
dedicated with appropriate ceremonies, 
by Levi P. Morton, Vice-President of 
the United States, on behalf of Presi- 
■ dent Harrison ; Chauncey M. Depew and 
Henry Watterson deliver the addresses. 
[Exposition to open May 1, 1893.] 

Oct. 24. Pa. Seven persons are killed 
and about 25 injured in a collision on 
the Reading Railroad near Philadelphia. 

Oct. 25. Mo. The wrecking of a train 
near Phillipsburgh causes six deaths. 

Oct. 26. New York. The Park Board 
authorizes the construction of an 
aquarium and other improvements at 
Battery Park. 

Oct. 28. Wis. A fire at Milwaukee 
burns 300 buildings, devastating 26 
acres, with a loss of four lives and 
§5,000.000 ; relief is provided for home- 
less people. 

Oct. 31. N. J. A forest fire near 
Franklin Park destroys 1,000 acres of 
timber. 

Nov. 1. Neb. The wrecking of a train 
near Grand Island causes seven deaths. 

Nov. 2±. Pa. Twenty-five miles of for- 
est fires are raging along the ridges near 
Juhnstown. 



418 1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Nov. 5. Pa. In the lams case at 
Pittsburg, Col. Hawkins and Lieut. - 
Col. Streator are found not guilty of 
cruelty. (See July 26.) 

Nov. St. Ariz. Soldiers are pursuing 
Yaqui Indians who are on the war- 
path. 

Nov. 11. N.Y. The protected cruiser 
Cincinnati is launched at the Brooklyn 
Navy Yard. 

Nov. 28. Com. Skerrett is appointed 
to the command of the Pacific Station 
Navy. 

Dec. 10. Wash. Naval dry docks on 
Puget Sound Naval Station are begun. 

Dec. 12. Chile. The protected cruiser 
Baltimore sails from Valparaiso for San 
Francisco, her presence being no longer 
necessary. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE, 
1892 Nov. 6. Ky. Gray squirrels are 

doing immense damage near Petersville. 
Intl. A large oil-well, dug near 

Camden, flows 2,000 barrels a day. 
R. I. Gold is discovered in Lincoln, 

the mine assaying §15 a ton. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Nov. 14. Hoey, John, Pres. Adams Ex- 
press Co., A68. 

Merrnnon, Augustus S., chief justice of 

N. C, A62. 

Nov. 29. Scott,Jolm TV., Pres. clergyman, 
A92. 

Wvant, Alexander II., htmlseape painter, 

A59. 

Dec. 1. Hoyt, Henry M., Gov. of Pa., A62. 

Dec. 2. Gould, Jay. speculator, capitalist. 



Dec. 5. Learning, .Tames R., specialist in 

throat diseases, A72. 
Dec. 7. Newberry, John S., geologist, A70. 
Dec. 15. Gibson, Randall L., senator for 

La., A60. 
Dec. 16. Brannam, John M., maj.-gen, 

U. S. A., A72. 



CHURCH. 

1892 Nov. 14. 0. The trial for heresy 
of Kev. Henry P. Smith of the Lane 
Theological Seminary is initiated before 
the Presbytery at Cincinnati. . 

[Nov. 21. The trial proper begins. 
Nov. 25. The Presbytery sustains the 
sufficiency of the third charge, and the 
case will go to a formal trial. Dec. 31. 
The Presbytery suspends Dr. Smith. 
Vote, 31-27.] 

Nov. 15. Boston. The "World's Con- 
vention of Christians at "Work is in 
session. 

Nov. 16. New York. The Roman Catho- 
lic archbishops of the United States 
meet in conclave. 

Nov. 21-23. New York. The Conti- 
nental Congress of the Salvation 
Army is in session. 

Nov. 26±. New York. Many clergymen 
and influential church-members are en- 
rolled in the Salvation Army's Aux- 
iliary League. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The Central Conference 
of American Hebrew Rabbis is in 
session at Washington. 



Dec. 12. A*. J. Rev. P. Corrigan, 
Roman Catholic priest in Hoboken, is 
put on trial for criticising Cahenslyism 
as manifested at the recent German con- 
vention. [Ends in compromise.] 

Dec. 18. XT. Y. Rabbi H. Rosenberg 
is expelled from the Temple Beth- 
Jacob in Brooklyn for eating pork. 

LETTERS. 

1892 Nov. 13 = . Chicago. President 
Harper succeeds in purchasing for the 
University of Chicago the great 40- 
inch lenses made for the University of 
California. 

Nov. 16. III. The New Natural His- 
tory University of Illinois is dedi- 
cated. 

Nov. 21. N. Y. A public-school pro- 
tection league is formed in Buffalo 
by prominent business men, lawyers, 
and clergymen, the object being to keep 
the control of the schools free from po- 
litical interference. 

Dec. 1. Chicago. The "Western Asso- 
ciated Press reorganizes as " The Asso- 
ciated Press." 

Ga. Chrisman Hall, costing $30,000, 

is dedicated at Clark University in 
Atlanta. 

Dec. 10. Mass. A $100,000 library is 
presented to Fairhaven by the children 
of H. H. Rogers of New York City, in 
memory of a deceased sister. 

Dec. 14. New York. The Teachers 
College takes its new name ; its char- 
ter becomes absolute. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Nov. 4. Cat. The authorities 
seize i,ooo five-tael tins of opium con- 
cealed in barrels of salmon at San Fran- 
cisco. 

Neb. W. G. Pollock, a New York 

salesman, is shot, and robbed of a $15,- 
000 case of diamonds, in a sleeper on a 
train in the Missouri Valley ; the thief 
escapes. 

Nov. 5. Ala. Sixteen persons are in- 
dicted for murder and IS for assault at 
St. Stephens, for lynching Chris. Chris- 
man in June. 

La. John Hastings is lynched at 

Jonesville. 

The Amalgamated Council of New Or- 
leans orders a general strike, to secure 
a recognition of unionism. 

[Nov. 11. About 25,000 strikers return 
to work without having accomplished 
the object of the strike.] 

Nov. 8. Cat. A masked highwayman 
Btops a stage between San Francisco and 
Sierra City, and secures its express-box. 

O. W. J. Gill, a councilman of To- 
ledo, indicted for soliciting bribes, is 
found guilty. 

The entire system of the Consolidated 
Street-Railway in Columbus is tied up ; 
the conductors and motor-men have 
gone on strike. 

Tenn. In Melvin a fight, the result 

of a long-standing lend. lakes place be- 
tween the SwoftWd and Toilette fami- 
lies; two of the Swoffords and one of 
the Toilettes are killed. 

Nov. 9. New York. A confidential clerk 
of James E. Ward and Co. is arrested 
for embezzling $40,000. 

0. A strike on the street-rail- 
roads in Columbus stops all the cars. 



Nov. 11. Chicago. Ex-Banker S. A. 
Kean is arrested on Indictment by t ho 
grand jury for feloniously receiving de- 
posits at the time ol the bank failure. 

New York. A memorial service is 

held in Cooper Union for the Chicago 
anarchists hanged on Nov. 11, 1887. 

Nov. 12. Fa. Dr. Moffett, a Baptist 
pastor in North Danville and Prohibi- 
tion leader, is treacherously shot and 
killed by J. T. Clark, a lawyer and Dem- 
ocratic politician ; Clark* is in jail 
charged with murder. 

Nov. 15. Tenn. The National Far- 
mers' Alliance Convention opens in 
Memphis. [Nov. 18. H. L. Louckes of 

South Dakota is elected president.] 
Mo. The Knights of "Labor Con- 
vention begins in St. Louis. 

X. Y. M. A. Schwert, town collector 

of Hamburg, is missing ; th.-ie i> a short- 
age in his accounts of more than $15,000. 

Nov. 16. A'. II. The National Grange, 
Patrons of Husbandry, begins its 12th 
annual convention in Concord, J. II. 
Brigham of Ohio presiding. 

Nov. 18. New York. W. H. Parsons is 
elected president of the National 
League for the Protection of Amer- 
ican Institutions in place of John Jay, 
who resigns in consequence of ill-health. 

Tex. Capt. J. G. Bourke,3d Cavalry, 

is killed by a United States deputy- 
marshal in a court-ruom in San Antonio. 

Nov. 19. Cat. Highbinders in San 
Francisco shoot a Chinaman because he 
refused to pay blackmail. 

[Nov. 20. Five armed highbinders 
are captured in San Francisco while 
prosecuting their murderous intentions ; 
they wear bullet-proof coats.] 

O. Several ■women are chosen dele- 
gates to the Convention of Locomotive 
Engineers at Columbus. 

Nov. 20. N. J. At Allentown two rob- 
bers force the cashier of the bank to 
give them S2,700 ; they are afterwards 
captured. 

Nov. 22. N. Y. A suit is entered in 
Brooklyn against the Board of Super- 
visors. Cause, waste of public funds in 
paving S6.000 for stands on Columbus 
Day and $2,000 for decorations ; the al- 
dermen paid S 11,000 for similar purposes. 

Nov. 23. Pa. Sylvester Critchlow, the 
Homestead striker accused of murder, 
is acquitted. 

Nov. 25- Chicago. A juryman is sen- 
tenced to one year's imprisonment for 
trying to secure a bribe. 

Wash, Masked men rob the pas- 
sengers in a sleeping-car on the North- 
ern Paeihc Railroad, near Hot Springs. 

Nov. 28. Chicaqo. C. R. Williams, a 
trusted employee of Kand.MeXallv. and 
Co. of Chicago, is arraigned for the em- 
bezzlement of $25,000. 

Nov. 30. Ky. Ex-Speaker Harvey My- 
ers of the Legislature is indicted for of- 
fering a bribe. 

New York. Mrs. A. A. Anderson 

gives $350,000 to Koosevelt Hospital 
for the erection of a memorial pavilion. 

Dec. 1-t. Pa. The Pittsburg authorities 
are closing all disorderly houses, the 
inmates are to he eared for by ministers 
and church members so far as possible. 

Dec. 3. Md. The National Prison 
Reform Association meets in Balti- 
more ; Ex-President Hayes delivers the 
annual address. 



UNITED STATES. 



1892, Nov. 4-Dec. 18. 419 



N.J. A license is granted by the 

County Court to sell liquor in Viueland 
for the tirst time in its history. 

Dec. 6. XewYorlc. G. W. Gardner, agent 
of the Parkhurst Society is arrested on 
the charge of blackmailing a woman. 
(A conspiracy.) 

New York. Police Superintend- 
ent Byrnes makes serious charges in 
a newspaper against Dr. C. H. Park- 
hurst. 

[Dec, 7. Dr. Parkhurst answers the 
attack ou him made by Police Superin- 
tendent Byrnes. He charges that the 
police are accomplices of law-breakers, 
and receive large sums of money for 
the protection of criminals. Dec. S. 
Supt. Byrnes replies. Dec. 9. Dr. Park- 
hurst publishes another statement.] 

The provisions of the will of Jay 
Gould are made public ; the entire es- 
tate goes to the family, the great bulk 
of it being divided among his six chil- 
dren, and nothing for the relief of hu- 
man misery. 

Dee. 8. 77/. Telegraph operators on 
the Rock Island Railroad strike, but 
trains continue to run. 

[Dec. 17. Neb. The Rock Island tele- 
graph operators at Omaha declare the 
strike lost, and favor boycotting the 
road.] 

Ky. Two negroes and one white man 

are taken from jail and lynched by a 
mob at Williamsburg. 

Dec. 9. N. Y. Teachers in St. Paul's 
School, Garden City, go on strike. 

Dec. 10. N. Y. The State has formally 
assumed the care of all its insane 
poor, except those in New York and 
Kings Counties. 

Dec. 11. Conn. Two thousand per- 
sons sign the pledge in New Haven 
at a temperance meeting conducted by 
Edward Murphy. 

Pa. The details of a conspiracy to 

poison non-union workmen at Home- 
stead are made public in Pittsburg. 

Dec. 12. Phila. The 12th annual ses- 
sion of the American Federation of 
Labor begins. 

Tex. Garza, the Mexican rebel, in- 
vades Mexico from Texas, burns a bar- 
rack, and returns. 

Dec. 13. W. Va. Three robbers board 
a train near Huntington, and are stoutly 
resisted ; two passengers are shot, one 
mortally wounded. 

Wyo. Two armed men raid the 

town of Gillette, and escape capture. 

Dec. 14. Phila. The American Fede- 
ration of Labor resolves that, as the 
strike and boycott have failed as weap- 
ons of organized labor, a campaign of 
education should be inaugurated, look- 
ing to the power of the ballot to settle 
union supremacy. [It favors the open- 
ing of the World's Fair on Sunday.] 

Dec. 17. N. C. The revenue authori- 
ties capture io illicit stills in Wilkes 
County, and three in Catawba County, 
with 4,000 gallons of liquor ; they arrest 
one moonshiner. 

± Wash. A 16-year-old highway- 
man is terrorizing ranchers and deputy 
sheriffs near Dungeness. 



1892 Nov. 8. U.S. The24thPresi- 

dential Election ; Democrats elected. 

Grover Cleveland (Dem.) of N. Y., 



5,554,226 ; Benjamin Harrison (Rep.) 
of Ind., 5,175,202 ; James B. Weaver 
(People's Party) of la., 1,041,028 ; John 
Bidwell (Proiub.) of Cal., 264,133 ; 
Simon Wing (Social Labor) of Mass., 
21,164. 

Candidates for Vice-President; Adlai 
E. Stevenson (Dem.) of 111., Whitelaw 
Keid (Rep.) of N. Y., James G. Field 
(People's Partj-) of Va., James B. 
P an fi ll (Prohib.) of Tex., and Charles 
H. Matchett (Social Labor) of N. T. 
Cleveland's plurality, 380,810. Total 
popular vote, including scattering, 12,- 
110,636. 

Kan. The proposition to hold a 

Constitutional Convention, and to 
cessate the enforcement of prohibitory 
laws, is adopted at the election. 

The People's Party carry Kansas 

and North Dakota, and they will hold 
the balance of power in the TJ. S. 
Senate. 

N. Y. In the investigation of the 

Buffalo election frauds case, the ballots 
cast show by count in court that two 
Republicans, Quinby and Emerson, 
received a majority, instead of a 
minority, as returned. 

Nov. 23. Pa. The Committee of the 
U. S. Senate, investigating the Fin- 
kerton system, begins its sessions at 
Pittsburg; H. C. Frick testifies. 

Dec. 2. Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.), 
candidate for governor, takes the oath 
of office before the returns are can- 
vassed by the State Board of Canvass- 

Dec. 3. New York. Robert A. Pinker- 
ton testifies before the Senate investi- 
gating committee regarding the Home- 
stead troubles. 

Dec. 5. D. C. The 52d Congress: the 
second session opens. 

Both Houses meet, but adjourn with- 
out transacting business of importance. 

Dec. 7. D.C. Congress; Senate: David 
B. Hill of N. Y. introduces a bill to re- 
peal the Sherman Silver Law ; the 
House passes th.e bill to stop the reduc- 
tion in the Engineer Corps of the 
Navy. 

///. Judge Gresham declares a part 

of Sec. 12 of the Interstate Commerce 
Act unconstitutional. 

Dec. 8. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the bill to stop the reduction of 
the Naval Engineer Corps ; the Chil- 
ean Claims Treaty is ratified. 

Dec. 9. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Printing Bill. 

Dec. 12. Ind. The Indiana Supreme 
Court declares unconstitutional the 
Apportionment Act passed by the 
Democratic Legislature two years ago. 

Dec. 13. D. C. Secretary of State 
Poster replies to certain strictures of 
Minister Foster of Canada upon the 
President's message. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Army Appropriation Bill, 
calling for $24,202,739. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Nov. 6. N. r. Two blocks of 
buildings are burned in Brooklyn ; total 
loss, $600,000, and fifty families made 
homeless. 

Pa. The boiler of a locomotive on 

the Heading Railroad explodes at Con- 
ner's Crossing, killing five men and fa- 
tally injuring another. 

Nov. 10. Conn. A British syndicate 
buys the Piatt and Whitney Works in 
Hartford for $2,50U,000. 

la. Four persons are burned to death 

in a railroad accident. 

Nov. 11. Me. Camden is almost de- 
stroyed by fire; loss estimated at from 
$350,000 to $500,000. 

Nov. 15. Ttnn. The National Far- 
mers' Alliance convenes at Memphis. 

Nov. 19. Phila. The coinage of Co- 
lumbus souvenir half-dollars is be- 
gun at the mint. 

Nov. 22. Mass. A kettle made in 1642, 
at the Saugus Iron Works, — the first 
iron easting in America, — is pre- 
sented to the city of Lynn. 

Nov. 23. Neb. Four men are killed and 
three fatally injured in a railroad col- 
lision near Grand Island. 

Nov. 25. 7?. /. "The Breakers," the 
summer home of Cornelius Vanderbilt 
at Newport, is destroyed by fire; loss, 
$300,000. 

Nov. 29. New York. The aldermen give 
the Power Company a franchise on 
very easy terms. Vote, 15-5. 

Nov. 30. La. A Nicaragua Canal 
Convention opens at New Orleans. [It 
passes resolutions calling on the Govern- 
ment to aid the enterprise.] 

Nov. * Phila. Electric street-cars are 
introduced. 

Dec. 3. La. The street- railroad sys- 
tems of New Orleans are bought by a 
New York syndicate for $10,000,000. 

Dec. 6. Phila. The Public Ledger build- 
ing is much damaged by fire ; loss, 
$250,000. 

Dec. 8. N.Y. The Silversmiths' Com- 
pany is incorporated at Albany ; capital, 
$12,000,000. 

Dec. 11. "Western subscription book 
publishers combine ; capital, $3,500,000. 

Mo. The first street-railroad mail- 
car, for collecting, sorting, and deliver- 
ing postal matter, is introduced at St. 
Louis. 

Dee. 12. New York. A number of the 
overdue German steamer Spree's pas- 
sengers arrive on the Etruria. 

Dec. 13. Md. Six large warehouses and 
16,000 bales of cotton arc burned in Bal- 
timore ; loss, $700,000. 

Dec. 15. Phila. The police census 
gives a population of 1,142,653, an in- 
crease since 1890 of 95,689. 

Dec. 17. Chicago. President Higgin- 
botham, of the "World's Fair Commis- 
sion, accepts from the manufacturers 
of the Remington typewriter the bid 
of $10,000 for the first Columbian 
half-dollar issued from the mint. 

Minn. Eight men are killed and sev- 
eral injured in a wreck on the Great 
Northern Railway at Nelson. 



420 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Dec. 22. D, C. John P. Haw- 
kins is commissioned brigadier-general. 

Dec. 27. Tex. An encounter takes place 
between troops and bandits on the Mex- 
ican border. 

1893 Jan. 6. B.C. Charles M. Terrell 
is commissioned colonel — pay depart- 
ment. [Jan. 22. Thaddeus H. Stanton 
. — pay department.] 

Jan. 7. III. Plans are on foot to orga- 
nize a Naval Reserve in Illinois. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Commander Silas W. 
Terry is promoted captain. [Feb. 25. 
Merrill Miller. Apr. 27. John J. Reed. 
May 9. Mortimer L. Johnson. May 15. 
Edwin M. Shepherd. June 27. Robeley 
D. Evans. Sept. 27. George W. Coffin.] 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 * * Pa. Many monuments are 
dedicated on the battlefield of Gettys- 
burg during the year. 

1893 Jan. 2. Mass. E. H. R. Lyman 
gives to the city of Northampton the 
deed of an Academy of Music, costing 
$100,000. 

Mont. An avalanche causes disas- 
ter near Java Station, on the Great 
Northern road ; four lives are lost. 

Jan. 6. 0. The breaking of an ice- 
gorge causes 8100,000 damages to ship- 
ping in the Ohio River at Cincinnati. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Dec. 34. Dent, Frederick. T., brig. -gen. 
U. S. A., A72. 

Dec. 35. Henrici, Jacob, communist, at 
Harmony, Pa., A89. 

Dec. 38. Kimball, Richard Burleigh, au- 
thor, A76. 
1893. 

Jan. 1. Horsford, Eben N., professor of 
chemistry at Harvard, A75. 

Jan. 3. Lamb, Martha .!., historian, A64. 

Jan. 3. Pillsbury, (iilhert, abolitionist, A79. 

Jan. 6. Cappa, Charles A., band-master, 
A59. 

Jan. 7. Low, Abiel A., merchant, philan- 
thropist, of New York, A82. 

Jan. 10. Kenna, John E., senator for W. 
Va., A45. 

CHURCH. 

1892 Dec. 23. New York. Dr.M'Glynn 
is restored to his priestly functions 
by the Papal delegate, Mgr. Satolli. 

Dec. 25. N. Y. Dr. M'Glynn says 
mass in a small chapel in Brooklyn, and 
in the afternoon receives a great ovation 
from 2,000 people assembled in Cooper 
Union. 

Dec. 27. New York. The corner-stone 
of the (Protestant Episcopal) Cathe- 
dral of St. John the Divine, in Morn- 
ingside Park, is laid by Bishop Potter, 
Bishop W. C. Doane of Albany deliver- 
ing the address. 

Dec.* The Salvation Army of the 
United States reports 1,500 officers, 13,000 
soldiers, work in 462 cities and towns, 
555 outposts established, and 32,433 con- 
verts. 

* * Fla. "William Grane Gray is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- 
ary bishop of Florida. 



* * (7a. C. Kin loch Nelson is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal; bishop of 
Georgia. 

* * ///. Charles K. Hale is consecrated 
(Protestant Episcopal) bishop of Spring- 
held. 

* * The United German Synod (Evangeli- 
cal Lutheran) in Michigan, Minnesota, 
and Wisconsin is organized. 

* * Pa. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Allegheny ; 
David MacDill, moderator. 

* * Tenn. The Annual Convention 
(Disciples of Christ) is held at Nashville ; 
A. M. Atkinson, president. 

* * Tex. George Herbert Kinsolving 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Texas. 

* * Wash. Lemuel H. "Wells is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) bishop of 
Spokane. 

1S93 Jan. 5. O. Authority is given to 
mortgage the Roman Catholic cathedral 
in Cincinnati, in order to secure $62,000 
to be paid as a dividend to the cred- 
itors of Archbishop Purcell. 

Jan. 6. Okta. Francis K. Brooke is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) mission- 
ary bishop of Oklahoma. 

LETTERS. 

1892 Dec. 21. Neic York. A new in- 
dustrial-school building is opened in 
Sullivan Street, under the auspices of 
the Children's Aid Society. 

Dec. 26. O. John L. Woods, a retired 
lumber-dealer, gives $120,000 as a Christ- 
mas present to the Medical College of 
"Western Reserve University. 

Dec. 27. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller 
gives $1,000,000 in bonds to Chicago 
University, making $3,000,000 as his 
total gift to that institution. 

Dec. 28. Phila. The 2d annual con- 
ference for the advancement of Univer- 
sity Extension is held. 

Dec. 29. Md. The $500,000 fund for a 
woman's medical department in Johns 
Hopkins University is completed by a 
gift from Miss Mary E. Garrett. 

* * N. Y. A collection of minerals be- 
longing to Dr. Rossiter W. Raymond, 
late United States Commissioner of 
Mines and Mining, is presented to the 
Brooklyn Institute. 

* * Phila. The Rev. W. Brenton Greene 
is selected to fill the chair of Apologet- 
ics and Ethics at Princeton Seminary. 

* * Boston. The World magazine appears. 

* * Phila. Peterson's Magazine (new se- 
ries) appears. 

* * The CJmiese, by Robert Coltman, Jr. 
appears. 

* * Prisons of Air, by Moncure D. Con- 
way, appears ; also Life of Thojnas 
Paine. 

* * Life and Letters of Gen. Thomas Jere- 
miah Jackson {Stonewall Jackson), by 
his wife, Mary Ann Jackson, appears. 

* * Autobiography of Gen. Benjamin F. 
Butler appears. 



k * Mark Hopkins, by Franklin Carter, 

appears. 
' * The Lesson of the Master, by Henry 

James, appears. 
' * A First Family of Tasajara, by Bret 

Harte, appears. 
' * Concerning All of Us. by Thomas 

Wentworth Higginson, appears. 
■ * Latest Literary Essays and Addresses, 

by James Russell Lowell, appears. 

* A History of the People of the United 
States, by John Bach McMaster, appears. 

* Moral Teachings of Science, by Ara- 
bella B. Buckley, appears. 

* lndika, by John F. Hurst, appears. 

* The Life of Charles Sumner, by Archi- 
bald H. Grimke, appears. 

* The Evolution of Christianity, by Ly- 
man Abbott, appears. 

* The Discovery of America, by John 
Fisko, appears. 

* The Colonial Era, by George Park 
Fisher, appears. 

* The Kansas Conflict, by Charles Rob- 
inson, appears. 

* The Quality of Mercy, by William 
Dean Howells appears ; also, An Imper- 
ative Duty. 

* Sibyl Knox, by Edward Everett Hale, 



c * The Puritan in Hoi land t England, and 
America, by Douglass Campbell, appears. 

'' * Methods of Industrial Bejmnieration, 
by David F. Schloss, appears. 

'' * The Life of Joshua P. Giddings, by 
George W. Julian, appears. 

k * The Naulahka, by Rudyard Kipling 
and Wolcott Balestier, appears. 

'' * Silhouettes of American Life, by Re- 
becca Harding Davis, appears. 

' * The Wrecker, by Robert Louis Steven- 
son and Lloyd Osbourne, appears. 

( * Darwin and After Darwin, by George 
John Romanes, appears. 

'' * The Speech of Monkeys, by R. L. Gar- 
ner, appears. 

! *A History of Peru t by Clements R. 
Markham, appears. 

1 * The Hiu7ia7i Mind, by James Sully, 
appears. 

[ * John Winthrop, by Joseph H. Twit- 
chell, appears. 

: * History of the New World called Am- 
erica, by Edward John Payne, appears. 

: * State Papers and Speeches on the Tar- 
iff, by F. W. Taussig, appears. 

: * Primitive Man in Ohio, by Warren K. 
Moorehead, appears. 

: * Cotton Mather, the Puritan Priest, by 
Barrett Wendell, appears. 

* Admiral Farragut, by Capt. A. T. 
Mahan, appears. 

* The World's Metal Monetary Systems, 
by John Henry Norman, appears. 

* Man and the Glacial Period, by G. 
Frederick Wright, appears. 

* History of the United States from the 
Compromise of 1S50, by James Ford 
Rhodes, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 1892, Dec. 19-1893, Jan. 10. 421 



* * The Arctic Seas, by Robert Kelley and 

G. S. Davis, appears. 
1893 Jan. 3. New Tor!:. Tbe public 

schools reopen with 148,000 children 

in attendance. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Dec. 23. N. J. Ballot-box 

stuffers are released from prison by 
tbe Court of Pardons. (See p. 408.) 

Dec. 24. Boston. The American Folk- 
lore Society is in session. 

Dec. 25. O. Linemen in the employ of 
the electric companies of Toledo go on 
strike, and cut tbe wires. 

Dec. 26. Neie York. Gifts are made to 
thousands of children by the Christ- 
mas Society at Madison Square Gar- 
den. 

Dec. 28. N. T. The new Hebrew Or- 
phan Asylum is dedicated in Brooklyn 
with addresses by Mayor Boody, Dr. 
M'Glynn, and others. 

Wis. The South Side Plant of the 

Milwaukee Street-Railroad Company is 
destroyed by a bomb explosion. Loss, 
$510,000 ; the perpetrator is unknown. 

Dec. 30. hid. "White Caps near Ko- 
korao take a man from bed, whip him 
with hickory switches, and leave him at 
a distance from his house in the snow in 
his underclothes and bare feet, 

Wyo. Two U. S. deputy-marshals 

and three desperadoes are killed in a 
fight. 

Dec. 31. la. "W. Mayhor is in jail at Sid- 
ney, charged with murdering five wives. 

* * Ala. A convention of colored peo- 
ple meets at Tuskegee to provide means 
for benefiting their race. 

* * Ala. A fund of $131,362 is raised by 
special tax to pay a pension of §25.60 to 
each of the 4,955 disabled Confeder- 
ate soldiers. 

1893 Jan. 1. The Knights of Pythias 
report 413,944 members. 

Jan. 3. Ky. Several persons are killed 
and wounded in a conflict near Caylers- 
ville. 

Tenn. Henry Duncan is taken from 

jail in London and hanged by a mob. 

Jan. 6. N. Y. Kings County Grand Jury 
brings in a sweeping indictment against 
city and county officials for frauds in 
connection with the Columbian Celebra- 
tion. 

Jan. 8. Neio York. Dr. M'Glynn at 
Cooper Institute states how his restora- 
tion to favor with the authorities of the 
Roman Catholic Church was brought 
about ; he was not required to apologize 
or retract anything he had said. 

Jan. 9. Boston. Judge Lathrop of the 
Supreme Court orders that the Five- 
Year Benefit Order be placed in the 
hands of a receiver, it having been car- 
ried on for the sole benefit of the officers. 

STATE. 

1892 Dec. 19. T). C. Congress; 
House : A bill increasing the pensions 
of Mexican "War veterans is passed. 
[1893 Jan. 2. Approved.] 

Dec. 20. Z>. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
sale of Brooklyn Navy- Yard land is 
authorized ; the bill to repeal the Fed- 
eral Elections Law is discussed. 



New York. The Bar Association 

asks the governor not to appoint Judge 
Maynard to fill the vacancy in the 
Court of Appeals. [Dec. 30. The gov- 
ernor makes the appointment.] 

Dec. 24. Mont. By a writ of the court 
commanding that the votes of the Box 
Elder precinct be canvassed, the Legis- 
lature is given to the Republicans. 

Dec. 27. Ida. The Idaho Apportion- 
ment Act is declared unconstitutional 
by the Supreme Court. 

Dec. 30. D. C. President Harrison pro- 
claims the conclusion of a definite ar- 
rangement of commercial reciprocity 
with Salvador, to take effect Dec. 31. 

* * Z>. C. Congress appropriates $25,000 
for the equipment of the Naval Re- 
serve. 

Popular Vote for President (Nov. 8). 





Candidates. 


States. 


Harrison 


Cleveland 


Weaver 


Bidwell 


Ala. . 


9,197 


138,138 


85,181 


239 


Ark. . 


46,974 


87,752 


11,831 


113 


Cal. . 


118,927 


118,151 


25,311 


8,096 


Col<A . 


38,620 




53,581 


1,687 


Conn. . 


77,032 


' 82,395 


809 


4,026 


Del. . 


18,077 


18,581 




564 


Fla. . 




30,143 


4,843 


570 


Ga. . . 


' 48,305 


129,3X6 


42,939 


988 


Ida. . . 


8,599 


2 


10,520 


288 


111. . . 


399,2X8 


426,281 


22,207 


25,870 


Ind. . 


255,615 


262,740 


22,198 


13,044 


la. . . 


219,373 


196,367 


20,616 


6,322 


Kan. . 


157,241 




163,111 


4,553 


Ky. . . 


135,441 


'175,461 


23.5011 


6,442 


La. . . 


13,331 


87,922 


13,332 




Me. . . 


62,878 


48,024 


2,045 


3,062 


Md. . . 


92,736 


113.866 


796 


5,877 


Mass. . 


202,814 


176,813 


3,210 


7,539 


Mich. . 


222.708 


202,296 


19,892 


14,069 


Minn. . 


122,736 


100,579 


30,398 


14,017 


MiSB. . 


1,406 


40,237 


10.259 


610 


Mo. . . 


226,762 


268,628 


41,183 


4,298 


Mont. . 


18,838 


17,534 


7,259 


517 


Neb. . 


87,227 


24,943 


83,134 


4,902 


Nev. . 


2,822 


711 


7,267 


85 


N.H. . 


45,658 


42,081 


293 


1,297 


N.J. . 


156,0x0 


171,066 


985 


8,134 


N.Y. .■ 


609,350 


654,868 


16,429 


38,190 


N. C. . 


100,346 


132,951 


44,732 


2,636 


N. Dak. 


17,519 




17,650 




O. . . 


405,187 


'404,115 


14,850 


26,012 


Ore. . 


35,002 


14,243 


26.875 


2,281 


Penn. . 


516,011 


452,264 


8,714 


25,123 


R. I. . 


27,069 


24,335 


227 


1,565 


S. C. . 


13,384 


54,698 


2,410 




S. Dak. 


34,888 


9,081 


26,512 




Tenn. . 


99,973 


136,477 


23,622 


4,856 


Tex. . 


81,444 


239,148 


99,638 


2,165 


Vt. . . 


37,992 


16,325 


43 


1,424 


Va. . . 


113,256 


163,977 


12,274 


2,798 


Wash. . 


36,470 


29,844 


19,105 


2,553 


W. Va. 


80,285 


84,468 


4,165 


2,130 


Wis. . 


170,791 


177,335 


9,909 


13,132 


Wyo. . 


8,454 




7,722 


530 


Total 


5,175.202 


5,554,226 


1,042,631 


262,799 


Perct. . 


42.62 


45.98 


8.79 


2.17 


Plur. . 




379,025 







U. S, Governors inaugurated : 



-94' 



Ala. Thomas G. Jones (Dem.). 
AHz.'Ter.). N.O. Murphy (Rep.). 
Ga. William J. Northeu (Dem.). 
la. Horace Boies (Dem.). 
La. Murphy J. Foster (Dem.). 
Md. Frank Brown (Dem.). 
Mass. Win. E. Russell (Dem.). 
jV. Y. R. P. Flower (Dem.). 
O. Wm. McKinley, Jr. (Rep.). 
S. C. Ben]. R. Tillman (Dem.). 
-94 * * Vt. Levi K. Fuller (Rep.). 
-96 * * Okla. (.Ter.). A. J. Seay (Rep.). 
1S93 Jan. 2. New York. Thomas F. 
Gilroy, 87th mayor, is sworn into office. 
Jan. 4. D. C. President Harrison is- 
sues a proclamation of amnesty to 



-94 ' 



-94' 



-94' 



Mormons liable to prosecution for polyg- 
amy who will refrain from polygamous 
marriage. 

Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Anti-Option Bill, for the 
suppression of speculative transactions ; 
the House passes the Fortifications 
Appropriation Bill, introduced Dec. 
17, 1892. 

Jan. 7. I). C. 'Congress: The Senate 
receives the report of the Secretary of 
State that the pending Chandler Im- 
migration Suspension Bill will not con- 
flict with treaty obligations ; a bill to 
provide a temporary government for 
Alaska is introduced. [Referred ; no 
action.] 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the District of Columbia Ap- 
propriation Bill, introduced Jan. 5; 
also the Military Academy Appro- 
priation Bill, introduced Jan. 3. 

U. S. The Presidential Electors meet 

at the capitals of all the States, and caBt 
their votes for President and Vice-Presi- 
dent. 

Jan. 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Quarantine Bill, granting 
additional quarantine powers. [No ac- 
tion in the House.] 

Kan. The Populists and Repub- 
licans both claim to have elected the 
speaker of the House ; the two factions 
organize separate Houses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Dec. 30. N. Y. A traction 
company with a capital of §30,000,000 
will pay ten per cent dividends on $12,- 
000,000 stock as rental for the lease of 
the Brooklyn City Railroad. 

Dec. 31. V. S. Statistics for 1892. 
Production: Gold, 533,000,000; silver, 
$82,101,010; bushels of grain: Indian 
corn, 1,628,464,000; wheat, 515,949,000; 
oats, 661,035,000; barley, 70,000,000+ ; 
rye, 30,000.000 - ; buckwheat, 11,000,000+ ; 
bales of cotton, 9,038,707 ; pounds of 
wool, 294,000,000 ; barrels of petroleum, 
50.500.136. Currency in circulation, 
$1,601,347,187 ; per capita, $24.44. Im- 
migrants received (fiscal year), 623,084. 
Miles of railroad worked, 170, 668; capi- 
tal stock, $4,920,555,225. Fire-waste, 
$151,516,098; insurance, $93,511,936. To- 
tal railroad accidents, 2,327 ; 7,147 per- 
sons are killed and 36,652 injured. A 
total of 41,6S2,898 car passengers cross 
the Brooklyn Bridge. 

* * III. Through the breaking of a levee 
of the Mississippi, 80 square miles of 
territory are flooded. 

* * Mass. The centennial of the found- 
ing of Quincy is celebrated. 

1893 Jan. 5. Wash. The last spike on 
the Great Northern Kailroad is driven 
at a point of the road in the Cascade 
Mountains. 

Jan. 6. Colo. An oilery is burned in 
Denver ; loss. $290,000. 

Pa. Pittsburg loses $275,000 by fire. 

Jan. 7. Pa. Three persons are killed by 
a natural-gas explosion in Pittsburg. 

Jan. 9. iy. J. The Central Railroad 
withdraws from the Beading combi- 
nation. 

Jan. 10. Boston. A fire causes a loss 
of $1,655,000. 



422 1893, Jan. 10-Feb. 8. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Feb. 4. Me. The harbor-de- 
fense ram Katahdin is launched at the 
Bath Iron Works. 

Feb. 8. D. C. The Secretary of War re- 
ports that the militia of the United 
States numbers 112,496. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1893 Jan. 12. Phila. The American 
Academy of Political and Social 
Science is 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 
Jan. 11. Butler, Benjamin F., maj.-gen. 

vols., M. C. for Mass., Gov., A75. 
Jan. 15. Ingalls, Kufus, umj.-nen. U. S. A., 

A73. 
Jan. 17. Hayee. Rutherford B., brig.- 

gen. vols., M. C. for 0., Gov., Huh President 

of the U. S., dies at Tremont, 0., A71. 
Jan. 19. Eielibers, Julius, composer, Atiii. 
Jan. S3. Brooks. Phillips, P. E. bishop 

of Mass., author, A58. 
Lamar, Lucius Q. C. M. C. for Miss., 

Confederate oiTk-er, senator, justice IT. S. 

Supreme Court, A68. 
Jan. 27. Blaine, James G.,M. C. for Me., 

speaker, senator, secretary of state, Rep. 

candidate for presidency, A63. 

Campbell, .himes, posl master-gen., A81. 

Jan. 28. Doubleday, Abner, maj.-gen. 

vols., A 74. 
Feb. 1. Comegvs, Joseph P., chief justice 

of Del., A80. 

CHURCH. 

1893 Jan. 14. It. The Pope perma- 
nently establishes the Apostolic Dele- 
gate to the United States, and confirms 
Mgr. Satolli as the first delegate. 

Jan. 25. Colo. William Morris Barker 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
missionary bishop of Western Colorado. 

Feb. 3. D. C. Mgr. Satolli decides a 
controversy between Bishop Wigger 
of Newark and Father Killeen ad- 
versely to the bishop. 

[Feb. 19. Bishop Wigger is rebuked by 
Mgr. Satolli in a letter.] 

LETTERS. 

1893 Jan. 14. Nev. The Virginia City 
Territorial Enterprise, the oldest paper 
in the State, suspends publication. 

Jan. 17±. Wis. M. W. Stryker is inau- 
gurated President of Hamilton Col- 
lege, and C. K. Adams President of the 
University of "Wisconsin. 

Jan. 23. Conn. The new Yale gymna- 
sium is formally turned over to the 
university. 

Jan. 31. Chicago. The University of 
Chicago receives $100,000 toward a cam- 
pus fund of 1500,000; it is the gift of 
Martin A. Ryerson, president of the 
Board of Trustees. 

Feb. 3. N. H. Rev. Dr. W. J. Tucker 
of Andover Theological Seminary is 
elected President of Dartmouth. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Jan. 11+. Miss. "White Caps 
are persecuting the Hebrews in Pike 
County. 

Jan. 13. New York. Charges against 
Inspectors Williams and McAvoy and 



Captains Doherty, Westervelt, and 
Stephenson, are approved by the police 
superintendent. 

[June 16. The Board declares the in- 
spectors not guilty, but says that the 
three eaptainshad neglected their duty.] 

jV- Y. Levi Coke, Iron Hall treas- 
urer in Elmira, is indicted for grand 
larceny in misappropriating funds of the 
order. 

Jan. 14. La. Chief of Police Gaster 
of New Orleans is fined $301 for neglect- 
ing to enforce Sunday laws. 

O. Herr von Koutsky of the week- 
ly VoUcsfreund, Cincinnati, disappears, 
leaving his accounts short about $20,000. 

Pa. City Treasurer Oboldof Reading 

is short in his accounts $10,000. 

Jan. 15. B. C. The 25th annual con- 
vention of the National American 
"Woman Suffrage Association holds 
religious services ; Rev. Anna F. East- 
man preaches the sermon. 

Mass. Frank Vining of Georgetown 

confesses to many forgeries, and is held 
in .$3,000 bail. 

Jan. 17. New York. The Court of Ap- 
peals confirms the conviction of Carlyle 
W. Harris for the murder of his school- 
girl wife. 

[May 4. Gov. Flower denies an ap- 
plication for clemency. May 8. He is 
electrocuted at Sing Sing.] 

Jan. 19. III. The Supreme Court reverses 
the lower courts in the Cronin cases, 
and grants a new trial to ex-Detective 
Daniel Coughlin, the surviving convict. 

Jan. 20. Pa. HughF. Dempsey. District 
Master Workman of the Knights of 
Labor, is found guilty as indicted in 
the trial of the Homestead poisoning 
case. [Mar. 4. He receives a severe 
sentence.] 

Jan. 24. Chicago. The annual conven- 
tion of the National Farmers' Alli- 
ance opens with only three States rep- 
resented. 

iV. Y. The bill legalizing the un- 
authorized and excessive expenses of 
the Brooklyn officials at the Columbus 
Celebration passes the Assembly at Al- 
bany. 

Jan. 25. Ky. W. Howard is found guilty 
of the charge of having killed a dozen 
men in the Howard-Turner feud in Har- 
lan County. 

Jan. 26. Boston. The National Di- 
vorce Reform League meets. 

N. Y. Frank Duffy, saloon keeper, 

kills George Cunningham at Fort Ham- 
ilton. 

Jan. 2S. Kan. Two masked men rob 
a bank, kill a pursuer, but are finally 
overpowered, and put in jail at Lebo. 

N. J. Silk-weavers in Paterson strike 

because of a reduction in wages on a 
certain class of work. 

Jan. 30. N. Y. Many strikers return 
to work in the Brooks Locomotive-works 
at Dunkirk. 

Feb. 1. New York. Anton Kessler 
shoots Mrs. Kate Jaeger, and tries to 
kill himself. 

Tex. A negro held on a charge of 

murder is burned alive at the stake by a 
mob at Paris. 

Feb. 2. Ark. The First National Bank 
of Little Rock, wrecked by dishonest 
officers, closes its doors. 

Cat. The railroad station at Los 

Olivos is looted, and Agent Moore mor- 
tally wounded, by three masked robbers. 



Pa. K. -i. Beatty i.^ round guilty on 

six indictments as an accomplice in the 

H oiues lead poisonings. 

Feb. 3. N. J. .Mrs. Abigail Ashbrook of 
Willingboro refuses to pay taxes be- 
cause she is not allowed to vote. 

Feb. 4. /. T. Three men hold up the 
agent at Adair railway station, and rob- 
him of $8,700. 

Neb. The National Live-Stock 

Association is in session at Omaha. 

S. Dak. Four cowboys are killed 

by the Two-Strikes band of Indian po- 
lice at Pine Ridge Agency for murder- 
ing Indians. [The police are officially 
commended.] 

Feb. 7. Tex. Gov. Hogg, by special mes- 
sage, asks the Legislature to take steps 
to prevent mob violence. 

Feb. 8. /. T. Deputy Marshalls Rust. 
Bruner, and Knight* are killed near 
Tablequah by Bill Pigeon, an Indian 
desperado. 

Pa. The House of Representatives 

passes a bill prohibiting the sale of 
cigarettes. 

STATE. 
1893 Jan. 10. N. Y. The Legislature 
tries to make legal the acts of the 
indicted Brooklyn officials. 

[Jan. 12. In the Senate the bill of 
John McCarty of Brooklyn, legalizing 
the acts of Kings County officials in 
expending $60,000 in payment of the 
alleged expenses of the Columbian cele- 
bration, is amended, and referred to the 
Senate Judiciary Committee. Jan. 24. 
It passes the Assembly. Jan. 26. Passed 
by the Senate. A"ote,*26-4. Feb. 6. The 
bill is vetoed by Gov. Flower.] 

Jan. 12. Kan. In the House the three 
Democrats vote with the Republicans : 
G-ov. Lewelling recognizes the Popu- 
list House by sending a message to the 
Speaker. 

Jan. 13. I).C. Congress; Senate : The 
Sherman Bill to extend to the North- 
ern Pacific Ocean the provisions of 
the statutes for the protection of fur- 
seals and other fur-bearing animals is 
passed ; bill introduced Dec. 20, 1S92. 

Kan. The Senate recognizes the clerk 

of the Populist House. Vote, 23-17. A 
mass-meeting Is called to censure the 
governor and the Populists. 

Jan. 14. Kan. The fusion between the 
Democrats and Populists is dissolved. 

Phila. Senator John Sherman of O. 

in a letter to The Philadelphia Ledger 
holds the Democrats responsible for the 
failure to secure remedial silver legisla- 
tion in this session of Congress. 

Jan. 16. I). C. Congress; Senate: The 
Anti-Option Bill is discussed ; the Vilas 
amendment to confine penal provisions 
of the bill to purely speculative transac- 
tions is rejected. Vote, 12-33. In the 
House a resolution to amend the Con- 
stitution of the United States so as to 
provide that Senators shall be chosen by 
the direct vote of the people is passed. 
[No action in the Senate.] The Arkan- 
sas Swamp-Land Bill is defeated. 
Vote, 68-132. 

Jan. 17- D. C The Senate Finance 
Committee reports a hill repealing the 
purchase clause of the Sherman Act ; 
it provides for the suspension of all 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Jan. 10 -Feb. 8. 423 



bullion purchases under the Act of 
1S00 after Jan. 1, 1S94; an amendment 
provides for the issuing of circulating 
notes for IT. S. bonds deposited by na- 
tional banks ; the President's veto (July 
20, 1S92) of the Claim Bill favoring the 
William McGarrahan title to Rancho 
Panoclie Grande, Cab, is sustained. The 
Senate passes the bill to extend free 
postal delivery to small towns; bill 
introduced Dec. 13, 1S92. 

Jan. IS. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the bill to extend the free postal 
delivery to small towns. [Jan. 25. 
Approved.] President Harrison issues 
a proclamation concerning the death 
of ex-President Hayes, and both 
Houses of Congress adjourn out of re- 
spect to bis memory. 

Jan. 19. D. C. Congress ; Senate : Ed- 
ward O. "Wolcott of Colo, introduces an 
amendment to the Silver Purchase 
Repeal Bill ; it provides for tbe coinage 
of all the silver bullion which has ac- 
cumulated in tbe Treasury under the 
Sherman Act. [Debated, but no action 
taken.] 

Jan. 21. Ky. John G. Carlisle of Ky. 
resigns bis office as Senator to Gov. 
Brown. [He becomes Secretary of the 
Treasury.] 

Jan. 23. D. C. Congress: The House, 
after a stormy debate, passes the Na- 
tional Quarantine Bill for the pro- 
tection of commerce, introduced Dec. 7, 
1892. 

IV. Y. A substitute for tbe Con- 
stitutional Convention Bill is passed 
by the Senate at Albany ; it allows each 
of the two great political parties to 
choose sixteen delegates at large. [Jan. 
26. It passes tbe Assembly.] 

Jan. 24. Chicago. The annual conven- 
tion of tbe National Farmers' Alliance 
opens. 



Kan. In joint ballot tbe Legislature 

(the lower House not yet legally organ- 
ized) elects Judge John Martin (Dem.) 
U. S. Senator, tbe Republicans refusing 
to vote. 

N. Y. The « * Greater New York ' ' 

Bill is introduced in tbe Legislature. 

Jan. 27. D. C. James G. Blaine dies 
at his home in "Washington at 11 a.m. 

Congress and many State Legisla- 
tures adjourn out of respect to his 
memory ; the President announces the 
death in a proclamation ordering tbe 
State Department to be draped in mourn- 
ing, the flags to fly at half-mast on all 
public buildings, and all the Executive 
Departments to be closed on tbe day 
of tbe funeral. 

Jan. 28. D. C. Congress: In tbe Senate 
tbe Hawaiian question and the French 
Extradition Treaty are discussed ; the 
House orders an investigation of the 
"Whisky Trust by the Judiciary Com- 
mittee. [Mar. 1. The committee re- 
ports ; no action taken.] The Panama 
Investigation Resolution, respecting 
tbe use of money and methods, is re- 
ported. A special Committee of Five is 



recommended, to take evidence and re- 
port. 

News is received that Queen Lili- 
uokalani of Hawaii was deposed on 
Jan. 16, without resistance, by revolu- 
tionists, who established a provisional 
government ; the new government is 
recognized by all tbe Powers except 
England ; commissioners are sent to 
Washington empowered to negotiate for 
annexation. 

Jan. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
William E. Chandler of N. H. introduces 
a resolution requesting the President 
to open negotiations with the Hawaiian 
Commissioners. 

Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: Tbe Senate 
passes tbe Anti-Option Bill after 24 
discussions. Vote, 30-29. It amends and 
passes the District of Columbia Ap- 
propriation Bill. [Mar. 1. Conference 
report agreed to. Mar. 3. Approved.] 

Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Army Bill. 
[Feb. 23. Conference report agreed to. 
Mar. 2. Approved.] Also the Forti- 
fications Bill. [Feb. 13. Conference 
report agreed to. Feb. 21. Approved.] 

Feb. 2. £>. C. Congress; Senate: The 
French Extradition Treaty is ratified ; 
the House passes the Sundry Civil Ap- 
propriation Bill, introduced Jan. 18. 

Feb. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: Da- 
vid B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that 
he will move to take up the Silver 
Repeal Bill on Feb. G. 

The Hawaiian Commissioners ar- 
rive in Washington. [Feb. 4. They 
present credentials to the Secretary of 
State. Feb. 11. They are officially pre- 
sented to tbe President.] 

S. Dale. The Local-option amendment 

is defeated in the House. 

Feb. 4. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the House bill (see 
Dec. 15, 1S92) relating to the contracts 
of common carriers, prohibiting non- 
liability clauses ; bill passed the House 
Dec. 15, 1892. [Feb. 13. Tbe House 
concurs in the amendments. Feb. 14. 
Approved.] The House passes tbe Di- 
plomatics Legislative, and Consular 
Service Bill, introduced Jan. 21. 

Feb. 6. I). C. Congress ; Senate : Da- 
vid B. Hill's motion to take up tbe 
Silver Repeal Bill is defeated. Vote, 
23-42. The Senate Quarantine Bill is 
passed as a substitute for the House 
bill. [Feb. 15. Approved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Jan. 11. Colo. Twenty-four mi- 
ners are killed by an explosion in tbe 
Union Pacific coal-mine, near Como. 

Jan. 13. Chicago. A syndicate of capi- 
talists and wholesale butchers buys tbe 
Farmers' and Drovers' Stockyards ; cap- 
ital, $1,000,000. 

Jan. 14. Lithographers of Cleveland, 
Chicago, Detroit, Buffalo, and Roches- 
ter form a combination. 

Jan. 16. U. S. The corundum wheel 
makers combine ; capital, §6,000,000. 

Jan. 18. New York. Tbe Old Dominion 
steamer City of Atlanta is burned in the 
East River. 



Jan. 19. A'. J. Three persons are killed 
and eight injured in a collision on tbe 
Pennsylvania Railroad, near Marion. 

Jan. 20. 1). C The National Board 
of Trade ends its annual session at 
"Washington. 

Jan. 21. III. In a collision on the 
" Big Four " road, near Alton, nine per- 
sons are killed, 12 fatally injured, and 
100 burned by an exploding oil-tank. 

Minn. A fire in St. Paul causes a 

loss of $213,000; two firemen are badly 
injured. 

Mo. A brewery combine is formed 

in St. Louis. 

New York. The French liner La Cham- 
pagne sails for Europe with ©4,500,000, 
the largest shipment yet made of 
gold and silver coin. 

The French steamer Bretagne sails for 
Europe with $4,300,000 in gold. 

N. Y. Many firemen are injured 

at a warehouse fire in Brooklyn; loss, 
$135,000. 

Jan. 22. Colo. A second expedition sets 
out in search of tbe lost Peg Leg mine 
of the desert. 

Mo. An elevator and 1,250,000 bush- 
els of wheat are burned at St. Louis ; 
loss, $1,500,000. 

Jan. 25. Manufacturers of sole-leather 
in New York and Boston form a trust. 

Jan. 27. New York. Twenty-nine la- 
bor-unions protest by open letter 
against extending the elevated railway 
system, and urge that the city build 
and operate the underground road as 
planned by the Rapid Transit Com- 
mission. 

Jan. 28. Chicago. Several "World's 
Fair buildings are damaged' by the 
falling in of their roofs under a great 
burden of snow. 

New York. The French liner LaNor- 

mandie sails for Havre with §2,850,000 
(gold) in her bullion-room, 

Jan. 29±. Minn. A syndicate of lum- 
bermen concludes a deal transferring 
COO.nuo.OOO feet of standing pine around 
Leech Lake for more than $2,000,000. 

Jan. 30. D. C. The funeral services 
of James G. Blaine are held in the 
Presbyterian Church of the Covenant 
in "Washington, with many prominent 
officials and others in attendance. 

Feb. 1±. Colo. Two men from St. Louis 
cross the Colorado desert on bi- 
cycles, making an average of 56 miles 
a day. 

N. Y. Fire causes a loss of $200,000 

at Little Falls. 

Feb. 2. Ark. The First National 
Bank of Little Rock fails on account of 
the issuance of fraudulent paper by 
former bank officers ; liabilities over 
half a million. 

Feb. 3. Mass. An explosion at tbe 
Star Foundry, Worcester, seriously in- 
jures 14 men. 

Feb. 4. N. Y. Tbe Deland Chemical 

Works, Rochester, are burned ; loss, 

$200,000. 
Feb. 7. N. J. Tbe bark Alice gees 

ashore near Barnegat Inlet : three of 

her crew are drowned. 



424 1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Feb. 15. Kan. The militia is 
ordered out to eject the Republican 
representatives from the lower hall of 
the Legislature. (See State.) 

Feb. 28. Phila. The battle-ship In- 
diana is launched at Cramps' shipyard. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1893 Feb. 11. Ind. Silver and zinc 

are found in large quantities. 
Feb. 12. 0. An oil-well, flowing 1,000 

barrels daily, is struck in Middletown 

township, on what has been regarded as 

"dry territory." 
Feb. 18. Mich. Bock which assays 2.43 

ounces of gold and .50 ounces of silver 

to the ton is discovered in Calhoun 

County. 
Mar. 1. New York. About $108,000 is 

realized at the sale of the John Taylor 

Johnston paintings. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Feb. 12. Green, Norvin, president of "West- 
ern Union Telegraph Co., A.75. 

Feb. 15. Colgate, Samuel, merchant, of 
New York, dies. 

Feb. SO. Beauregard, Pierre Gustave 
Toutant. col. U. S. A., Con fed. gen., A75. 

Feb. 23. Hatch, Jiufus, linaimier, of New 
York, A60. 

Feb. 24. Manvels, Allen, president Atchi- 
son, Topeka, and Santa l'e Railroad, A'Hi. 

Mar. 2. Bishop, Richard M., Gov. of O., A81. 

Mar. 6. Evans, Frederick W., elder of 
Shaker Community, A85. 



CHURCH. 

1893 Feb. 17. New York. Presbyte- 
rians issue a letter urging the cessation 
of dogmatic warfare in their church. 

Feb. 19. New York. Pope Leo's jubi- 
lee is celebrated by the Catholic Club. 

Mar. 1. New York. A special session 
of the Protestant Episcopal House of 
Bishops is begun. 

LETTERS. 

1893 Feb. 14. N. Y. BoardmanHall, 
the home of the Law School of Cornell 
University, is formally opened, and the 
Moak Law Library is presented as a 
memorial of Judge Boardman. 

Feb. 26. N. Y. The Regents of the Uni- 
versity of the State of New York grant 
a charter to the trustees of the Catho- 
lic Summer School*; the institution is 
recognized by the laws of the State, and 
its acquired property is located on Lake 
Chaniplain, near Plattsburg. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Feb. 10. Minn. The House of 
Representatives passes a bill making the 
using and smoking of cigarettes by 
minors a misdemeanor by a fine of $25 
to $50, or by imprisonment for 30 days. 

Miss. Two negroes are lynched 

for robbing and burning a store at 
Dickey, Amite County. 

- — IT'. Fa. Non-union men are at- 
tacked by a mob at Wheeling ; one of 
them will probably die. 



Feb. 11. N. Y. The Reform Club is 
making an organized effort to abolish 
personal taxation in Brooklyn. 

Pa. The State is taking steps to es- 
cheat the property of the Econo- 
mite Society near Pittsburg, it having 
only a few surviving members. 

Feb. 12. It is alleged that the Wabash 
Railroad Company has b<;en systemati- 
cally robbed by trusted employees of 
over $200,000 worth of valuable mer- 
chandise. 

X. Y. A "green goods" man is 

shot by a South Carolinian in a hotel in 
Poughkeepsie. 

Feb. 14. New York. G. W. Gardner, 
agent of the Society for the Prevention 
of Crime, is sentenced to two years' im- 
prisonment for extorting blackmail. (A 
conspiracy.) 

[Nov. 17. The Supreme Court reverses 
the verdict, and orders Gardner's re- 
lease.] 

Feb. 15. New York. The American 
Publishers' Association opens its 7th 
annual convention. 

Feb. 16. Kan. The sheriff at Topeka 
swears in a posse of 1,000 men for the 
purpose of maintaining the peace ; the 
Populists decide thereupon not to at- 
tempt to dislodge the Republican House, 
and the governor proposes a compromise. 

Neio York. A service in memory of 

Bishop Phillips Brooks is held in 
Carnegie Music Hall. 

Feb. 18, The Princess Kaiulani issues 
an appeal to the American people 
touching her rights as crown-princess of 
the Hawaiian Islands. 

Feb. 20. New York. Counselor John 
W. Goff is fined $200 by Recorder 
Smyth for contempt of court in connec- 
tion with the Gardner trial. 

Pa. A riot between strikers and 

non-unionists occurs at the Catsbury 
coal-mine, Monongahela City. 

Feb. 22v Ind. Dr. Joseph Gardner of 
Bedford gives, "asa thank-offering 
to humanity," a tract of land — 7S2 
acres in extent — as the headquarters of 
the American National Red Cross Asso- 
ciation. [Miss Clara Barton, president, 
accepts the gift.] 

Feb. 24. Cal. John W. Mackay, the 
bonanza millionaire, is shot in San 
Francisco by William 0. Rippey, a fa- 
natic, who then shoots himself fatally ; 
Mackay's wound is not dangerous. 

O. Sympathizers of Gov. McKin- 

ley start a one-dollar subscription move- 
ment to aid in meeting the financial lia- 
bilities against him, his endorsements 
having involved his entire fortune. 
[Successful, but declined.] 

Feb. 25. Chicago. Strikers wreck a 
passenger-train. 

Pa. The Nanticoke mine strike is 

spreading ; 28,000 men and boys are now 
out. 

Feb. 26. N. J. Sunday : Mass-meet- 
ings are held in many cities and towns 
to protest against the action of the Le- 
gislature in passing pro-racing bills. 
[Also on Mar. 5.] 

Mar. 3. D. C. The President and 
President-elect exchange calls. 

Mar. 6. N. J. Immense numbers cf 
Jerseymen gather at Trenton, at the 



reassembling of the Legislature, with 
many remonstrances and appeals in 
favor of repealing the race-track bills. 

New York. The brownstone United 

Charities building is formally pre- 
sented by its founder, John Stewart 
Kennedy, to the organizations. Opened 

STATE. 
1893 Feb. 8. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate passes a bill to exempt soldiers 
and sailors from competitive examina- 
tions for promotion in the Civil Service. 
[Feb. 9. The House refers it to the C* rtn- 
mittee on Reform in the Civil Service — 
no final decision.] The report of the Sec- 
retary of War to the Senate shows that 
the militia of the United States num- 
bers 112,496 men; the Senate con- 
firms the Russian Extradition Treaty. 

In a joint session of both Houses the 
electoral votes are counted. 

Vote for President : Grover Cleve- 
land (Dein). of N. Y.. 277; Benjamin 
Harrison (Rep.) of Ind., 145 ; James E. 
"Weaver (People's Party) of la., 22; 
John Bidwell (Prohih.) of Cal., Simon 
"Wing (Social Labor) of Mass., each 0. 
For Vice-President : Adlai F. Steven- 
son (Dem.) of 111., 277; Whitelaw 
Held (Rep.) of N. T. 145 ; James G. 
Field (People's Party) of Va.. 22 ; 
James B. CranfiU (Prohib.) of Tex., 
and Charles H. Matchett (Social Labor) 
of N. Y., each 0. 



Feb. 9. D.C. Congress: In the House 
the silver adherents score a victory by 
sustaining the demand for the previous 
question on the Silver Purchase Repeal 
Bill. Vote, 152-143. The House passes 
the Legislative, Executive, and Ju- 
dicial Appropriation Bill, including 
amendments that no public building 
shall be draped in mourning, nor de- 
partment closed out of respect for the 
memory of any deceased official, and 
prohibiting the use of public funds for 
defraying the funeral expenses of any 
officer or employee of the Government : 
bill introduced Jan. 26. 

N. Y. In the Senate, G. S. Van Gor- 

der introduces bills providing for non- 
partisan hoards of election inspectors. 

Feb. 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Car-Coupler 
Bill, providing for increased safety of 
life on railroads by the use of automatic 
couplers and air-brakes. Vote, 39-10. 
[Feb. 27. The House concurs in the 
Senate amendments. Mar. 2. Approved 
by the President.] John Sherman of O. 
gives notice of an amendment to the 
Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill autho- 
rizing the sale of 3 per cent bonds. 

± Native Hawaii ans send an appeal 
to the American Government asking 
for redress, not annexation : they say 
their country is overrun by foreigners, 
who by bringing coolies from the Orient 
are propagating leprosy in every village. 

Feb. 13. T). C. The committee begins 
the investigation of the Panama Canal 
matter. 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Feb. 8 -Mar. 6. 425 



Feb. 14. D. C. Secretary Foster tele- 
graphs to Minister Stevens his approval 
of the plan for establishing a protecto- 
rate in Hawaii. 

Feb. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
receives the Hawaiian Annexation 
Treaty from the President with a 
message. 

Kan. Republican members take for- 
cible possession of the Representa- 
tives' Hall in Topeka; Gov. Levelling 
calls out the militia to help retake the 
hall for the Populists. 

[Feb. 17. A peace agreement is signed 
hy representatives of the contesting par- 
ties ; it virtually concedes to the Repub- 
licans all their demands.] 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
river and harbor items cut from the 
Sundry Civil Bill by the committee 
are restored ; in the House the commit- 
tee amendments to the Pension Bill are 
defeated. 

President Harrison gives Secretary of 
State Foster authority to issue bonds if 
necessary to protect the gold reserve. 

The Hawaiian Annexation Treaty 
is published. 

S. C. Judges Goff and Simonton of 

the United States Court decide against 
Gov. Tillman's authority to collect 
excessive taxes from railroads. 

Feb. 17. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Invalid Pension Appropria- 
tion Bill, introduced Jan. 27. 

Feb. 18. D.C. Congress; Senate : The 
Sherman amendment, authorizing an 
issue of 3 per cent bonds for the re- 
demption of U. S. Treasury notes, is 
agreed to. Vote, 30-16. [The House 
concurs, but the Senate finally recedes 
from it.] The appointment of Howell 
33. Jackson of Tenn. as Associate Jus- 
tice of the Supreme Court is confirmed. 
[Mar. 5. He is sworn in.] In the House 
the Post-office Appropriation Bill is 
discussed. 

Ala. The Senate passes a bill which 

practically disfranchises negroes. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress; In the 
House the New York and Wew Jersey 
Bridge Bill is passed. [Feb. 21. The 
Senate refers it to the Committee on 
Commerce.] The Naval Appropria- 
tion BiH, introduced Feb. 13, is passed. 
Also the Agricultural Appropriation 
Bill, introduced Feb. 4. 

Feb. 21. N. J. The Assembly passes 
three race-track bills. 

[Feb. 22. They pass the Senate and go 
to Gov. Werts. "Feb. 23. He vetoes the 
bills. Feb. 24. They are passed over 
the veto.] 

Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate "Washington's FareweU Address 
is read in honor of his birthday; the 
Sundry Civil BUI is passed. In the 
House the all-night session adjourns 
at 6 a.m. 

:Feb. 23. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Diplomatic and Consular Service 
Bill and the Military Academy Bill 
are passed. [Mar. 2. Approved.] The 



Bussian Extradition Treaty is rati- 
fied ; in the House a vain attempt is 
made to call up the Anti-Option Bill. 
— Fi\ The Commissioners of Arbi- 
tration meet at Paris to settle the Bering 
Sea fisheries dispute ; they adjourn to 
March 23. 

Members of the Court : John M. Har- 
lan, Justice of the U. S. Supreme Court, 
and Senator John T. Morgan of Ala., for 
the United States ; Lord JHannen and Sir 
John S. D. Thompson for Great Britain ; 
Baron de Couree (Pres.) for France ; 
Marquis Kniilio Viscounti Venosta for 
Italy; Judge Gram for Sweden and Nor- 
way. John W. Foster of Ind. is agent, 
nd Henry W. Blodgett, F. K. Coudert, 
i counsel for the 

Wyo. Gov. Osborn appoints A. C. 

Beckwith (Bern.) U. S. Senator. 

The Shoshones and Arapahoes disa- 
gree as to giving up their lands — about 
two million acres — for settlement by 
whites. 

Feb. 24. D. C. President-elect Cleve- 
land selects H. J. Thurber of Detroit 
as his private secretary. 

The Secretary of State approves the 
action of Minister Stevens in Hawaii 
in favoring the new republic. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Legislative, Executive, and Judicial 
Appropriation Bill is passed. [Mar. 3. 
Approved.] In the House the "silver 
men" obstructively oppose the Senate 
amendments to the Sundry Civil Bill. 
The French Legation at "Washing- 
ton is raised to the rank of an embassy 
by decree of President Carnot. 

Kan. The Supreme Court decides 

that the Republican House is the 
legally constituted body. 

Feb. 26. Z>. C. The report of Special 
Agent Ayer of the Treasury Depart- 
ment shows a large increase in the pro- 
duction of tin and terne plates and of 
block sheets. 

Feb. 27. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
passes the Pension Appropriation 
Bill without amendment. [Mar. 2. 
Approved.] In the House the Indian 
Appropriation BiU is passed ; the Sen- 
ate amendment to the Car-Coupler 
Bill is concurred in. "Vote, 185-84. 

Feb. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John Sherman's motion to proceed to 
executive business is defeated ; the 
Naval and Agricultural Indian Ap- 
propriation Bills are passed. [Mar. 3. 
All are approved.] The bill introduced 
Dec. 7, 1892, putting pig tin on the free 
list, is passed. It passes the Tin-Plate 
Bill, repealing the duties' bill introduced 
Feb. 16. [Mar. 3. The Senate Committee 
reports it back with amendments.] 

Kan. The Populist members in a 

body take their seats in the lower House. 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Sherman bond amendment is dropped 
from the Sundry Civil Bill, so is the 
SSwuiOO appropriation for the New York 
Custom-house ; in the House the Anti- 
Option Bill is killed by failing to re- 
ceive the vote necessary to take it up 
under a suspension of the rules. 



Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Post-office Appropriation 
Bill. [Mar. 3. Approved.] Also the 
Deficiency Appropriation Bill. The 
House passes the Chandler Immigra- 
tion and Contract Labor Bill to prevent 
the immigration of Chinese laborers. 

President-elect Cleveland arrives 
in Washington, and takes up his quar- 
ters at the Arlington. 

Kan. The "Woman's Suffrage BiU 

passes both Houses of the Legislature. 

Mar. 3. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate the bill to repeal the duties on tin 
is reported back by the Committee with 
amendments. [No final action taken.] 

Mar. 4. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the McGarrahan Claim Bill, 
and tenders votes of thanks to Vice- 
President Morton and President pro 
tempore Charles F. Manderson ; in the 
House ex-Speaker Thomas B. Reed pre- 
sents, with a speech, resolutions eulo- 
gistic of Speaker Charles F. Crisp, who 
replies. The 52d Congress ends. 

The 27th Administration ; Demo- 
cratic. 

Grover Cleveland, the 24th Presi- 
dent, is inaugurated. 

The pageant takes place in a snow- 
storm ; the Inauguration Ball presents 
a scene of splendor beyond any of its 
predecessors. 

Mont. Lee Mantle (Rep.) is ap- 
pointed U. S. Senator by Gov. Rickards. 

Mar. 6. D. C. The Senate meets in spe- 
cial session (chiefly to consider the Pres- 
ident's nominations) ; it confirms the 
nominations for the President's Cabi- 
net ; John Sherman of O. introduces a 
joint resolution for a constitutional 
amendment changing inauguration 
day to the 30th of April. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Feb. 11. The Western freight 
blockade is broken ; trains are run- 
ning on the Union and Northern Pacific 
Roads. 

Feb. 14. New York. The Metropoli- 
tan Opera House is bought in by a 
representative of the shareholders for 
$1,425,000. 

Feb. 18. Colo. Three persons are killed 
and a number injured in a collision on 
the Colorado Midland Railroad near 
Hartwell. 

The Northern Pacific Railroad in- 
vestigating committee makes a report 
condemning the present management of 
the road. 

Feb. 22. New York.'- President Harri- 
son raises the American flag on the 
first foreign registered ocean steamer, 
the New York, of the American Line, 
formerly The City of New York, of the 
Inman Line. 

Phila. Four persons are killed and 

20 injured by a train collision on the 
Pennsylvania Railroad. 

Feb. 23. 0. Gov. McKinley puts his 
property into the hands of trustees for 
the benefit of the creditors of a person 
for whom he became surety; Mrs. Mc- 
Kinley surrenders her private estate for 
the same purpose. 



426 1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Mar. 30. Atlm. Gherardi's 
squadron sails for Hampton Roads. 

Apr. 61 . Va. About 20 foreign war- 
ships gather at Hampton Roads prepar- 
atory to the Columbian celebration. 

ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 
1893 Mar. 9. New York. An earth- 
quake shock is distinctly felt at 12.30 

A.M. 

Mar. 14. Cal. A meteor falls and ex- 
plodes near Los Olivos ; the report is 
heard 50 miles away. 

Mar. 17. NIT. A valuable collection of 
geographical specimens is bequeathed 
to Dartmouth College by the late Ralph 
Butterrield of Kansas City. 

Pa. The books, drawings, manu- 
scripts, and herbarium which be- 
longed to Bayard Taylor are presented 
to the public library of West Chester 
by Mrs. Taylor. 

Mar. 18. Chicago. The Montana sil- 
ver statue of Ada Rehan is cast; cost 
of silver, $70,000. [May 30. Unveiled.] 

Mar. 25. Mont. A slight earthquake 
shock is felt in Helena. 

[Apr. 4. At Los Angeles, Cal. Apr. 8. 
Two shocks at Lincolnton, Ga., and in 
S. C. Nov. 27. A shock is felt in north- 
ern New York, Vermont, New Hamp- 
shire, and in Canada. Dec. 16. Another 
in Southern Illinois and Indiana.] 

Apr. 2±. Okla. A tornado kills 100 
persons and injures 500 more. 

Apr. 9. Kan. An aerolite strikes and 
breaks the arm from the statue of 
John Brown at Ossawatomie. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 
Mar. 8. Fox, Margaret, spiritualist 

dium, A59. 
Mar. 10. Peabody, Andrew Preston, 



Mar. 13. Hvatt, .lames W., treasurer of 

United States, A56. 
Mar. 13. Kernell, Harry, actor, dies in an 

asylum. 
Mar. 18. Armstrong, I>avid II.. senator for 

Mo., A81. 
Baird, George A., " Squire Abington," 

dies. 
Mar. 23. Saulsbury, Eli, sen. for Del., A76. 
Mar. 24. Johnston, John Tavlor, founder 

Metropolitan Museum of Art, A73. 
Shepard. Elliott Fitch, editor Mail 

and Express, A59, 
Deady, Matthew P., U. S. Dist. Judge. 

A69. 
Mar. 28. Smith, E. Kirby, Confederate 

lieut.-gen., college professor, A 69. 
Apr. 7. Seney, George 1., financier, philan- 
thropist, A67- 

Kip, William I., P. E. bp. of Cal., A82. 

- Magrath, Andrew G., war-gov. of S. C, 



A80. 



CHURCH. 



1S93 Mar. 20. Boston, The Baptists 
lose by the Tremont Temple fire a 
valuable missionary museum and a large 
collection of missionary publications, 
the work of 70 years. Total loss, §375,000. 

Apr. 6. Utah. The Mormons dedicate 
the completed temple at Salt Lake 
City ; the great edifice was 40 years in 
construction. 



LETTERS. 

1893 Mar. 7. A'. J. A bill i 9 intro- 
duced in the Legislature providing lor a 
division of the public school moneys 
in aid of parochial schools. [It fails 
to pass]. 

Mar. 11. New York. A meeting of the 
University Settlement Society is held 
to decide upon plans to help the poor. 

Mar. 13. New York. A gift of $200,000 
to the Teachers' College is announced. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Mar. 7. N. Y. Gross frauds are 
alleged in the election at Lansingburg. 
One policeman, Officer Gillespie, resigns 
when ordered to protect repeaters, and 
makes a written st a tenn/nt incriminating 
Chief of Police McCabe. 

Mar. 8. Mich. The engineers and fire- 
men strike on the Toledo, Ann Arbor, 
and Northern Michigan road. 

Mar. 9. N. Y. Bryce A. White, assist- 
ant cashier in the Wallabout Bank, 
Brooklyn, is arrested for embezzle- 
ment ; amount, §20,000. 

Mar. 10. Me. The city clerk of Portland 
confesses that the ballots from the first 
ward have been tampered with ; the 
mayor elected refuses to accept office. 

New York. Raids on pool-rooms 

are made, but the men arrested are 
nearly all discharged. 

Mar. 11. Ala. Rev. D. T. Stratton is 
beaten and robbed by moonshiners in 
Winston. 

± Cal. The governor signs the bill 

prohibiting prize-fights. 

Mar. 12. Mass. Joseph Massey, a jeal- 
ous lover at Quiney, shoots MaryLafane 
and then himself. 

New York. Three boy burglars, 

aged 10, 12, and 13 respectively, are ar- 
rested and arraigned. 

Mar. 14. Neio York. Dr. Rainsford, rec- 
tor of St. George's Protestant Episcopal 
Church, in an address on " The Saloon 
Question," reiterates his belief that the 
only true solution of the problem is a 
liquor annex to the churches. 

Mar. 17. S. C. B.W.Crowe and family 
(white) are driven out of Nebo, because 
a daughter taught a negro school. 

Mar. 18. N. Y. Seven trainmen on 
the Lake Shore Railroad, refusing to 
handle Ann Arbor cars, are arrested on 
an order from a Federal court. 

Mar. 19. New York. Labor men are 
indignant at the extraordinary action 
of IT. S. District Judge Ricks in order- 
ing Chief Arthur to withdraw the order 
he has issued requiring the Brotherhood 
engineers to refuse to handle cars of 
non-union or boycotted roads. [Mar. 22. 
The firemen join with the engineers to 
contest this decision at Toledo. Apr. 2. 
The engineers and firemen at Toledo 
hold meetings and resolve to stand by 
the strikers, no matter what the decision 
of the court may he. Apr. 3. An engi- 
neer is held for contempt, and a tempo- 
rary injunction is granted against Chief 
Arthur.] 

O. The Big Four yard switchmen at 

Springfield strike, and the yards are 
again tied up. 

Mar. 20. Kan. The people are vigor- 
ously contending against the Kansas 



City (Mo.) liquor-houses that arc run- 
ning " joints " in several Kansas 
towns ; the State Temperance Union is 
waging war on " joints " all over the 
State. 

Mar. 21. A T . Y. A Chinaman in Brook- 
lyn has complied with the Registration 
Law, and finds himself ostracized by 
his countrymen, and is unable u» carry 
on his business. 

Mar. 23. Miss. "White Caps in Copiah 
Countyshootandkillacoloredmanat his 
own door ; E. D. Smith of Crystal Springs 
has been recognized and is In jail. 

New York. The Galilee Tee-To- 

Tum Workingmen's Club on Twenty- 
third Street is formally opened. 

Mar. 24. Del. The Legislature reenacts 
the Delinquent Law, which will disfran- 
chise all voters at the next election who 
have not paid the required poll-tax. 

Mar. 25. Boston. Carriage-makers re- 
solve to strike because they cannot get 
10 hours' pay for nine hours' work. 

La. Judge Billings, at New Orleans. 

decides that the ordering of the big 
strike in that city in .November was un- 
lawful. 

Mont. The governor of Arkansas is- 
sues a requisition for Frank Hickey. a 
prisoner in Butte, accused of being'the 
assassin of John M. Clayton. 

Netv York. The lockout of cloth- 
ing-cutters by the Manufacturers' Asso- 
ciation begins. 

Mar. 27. Cal. Gov. Markham's ap- 
proval of the Parole Bill mil release 
from the two State prisons over 
1,000 convicts who have served one 
year of their sentence. 

Ga. Two "White Caps are shot 

dead at Fort Valley by negroes upon 
whom they were making a raid ; the 
coroner's verdict is justifiable homicide. 

Mar. 28. Chicago. Judge Collins de- 
cides that acts directed by alleged 
spirits are not legal, and that certain 
deeds of transferred property are void. 

Mar. 30. Neb. The Legislature im- 
peaches three State officials. 

Mar. 31. Chicago. Charges of levy- 
ing blackmail to aid the election of 
Carter Harrison are made against mem- 
bers of the police force. 

Md. A big illicit distillery, valued 

at §75,000, is seized in Baltimore. 

Neb. The Legislature in joint ses- 
sion passes a resolution providing for 
impeachment of the Board of Public 
Lands and Buildings ; State Treasurer 
John E. Hill is sued to recover the 
sum of $236,364.60. which it is alleged 
was collected, but not transferred to 
his successor in office. 

Apr. 1. Mass. The weavers in Mill No. 
2 in Palmer strike for increased wages. 

Apr. 2. N. Dak. "Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union women at Kola, in 
making a circuit of the "joints," are 
brutally beaten in one of them. 

Apr. 6±. New York. The National Con- 
vention of State Boards of Health 
is in session ; it considers the danger of 
a cholera epidemic. 

Apr. S. Tenn. Among the private pa- 
pers of Dr. Francois Fontenay of Clarks- 
ville a written confession is found stat- 
ing that he killed Rev. A. M. Feltner, 
Episcopal rector, 2S years ag< >. He 
adopted the rector's two children, leav- 
ing them his large fortune when he died. 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Mar. 7 -Apr. 10. 427 



Apr. 9. Chicago. Hotel-keepers and 

others are charging exorbitant prices 

for accommodations during the 

World's Fair. 
A strike of 1,100 men begins in the 

shops of the Santa Fe road in various 

places. 
Apr. 10. Chicago. A strike of 4,000 

workmen begins at the World's Fair 

buildings, but soon ends. 
N. T. Brooklyn aldermen give away 

valuable trolley franchises for which 

$200,000 had been offered. 
± S. Dak. A band of cattle- thieves 

is broken up, its leaders being wounded 

and captured. 

STATE. 

1893 Mar. 7. D. C. The members of 
the President's Cabinet are sworn info 
office all together, for the first time in 
the history of the country. 

Cabinet: "Walter Q,. Gresham of 
111. (State), John G. Carlisle of Ky. 
(Treas.), Daniel S. Lamont of N. Y. 
(War), Hilary A. Herbert of Ala. 
(Navy), Hoke Smith of Ga. (Interior), 
J. Sterling Morton of Neb. (Agricul- 
ture), Richard Olney of Mass. (Atty.- 
Gen.), "Wilson S. Bissell of N. Y. (P. M.- 
Gen.). 

Mar. 9. D. C. Senate : the Hawaiian 
treaty is received from the President. 
[Withdrawn by President Cleveland.] 

Mar. 11. N.J. The Legislature passes 
a bill prohibiting racing in December, 
January, and February, and adjourns 
sine die. 

N. T. Gov. Flower signs the bill for 

the purchase of Fire Island, 125 acres 
in extent, for quarantine purposes, on 
which is a hotel having 400 feet front, 
and 14 furnished cottages are included ; 
purchase price, §210,000. 

Wash. Gov. M'Graw appoints John 

B. Allen to be his own successor in the 
U. S. Senate. 

Mar. 13. D. C. Senate : A resolution 
to limit the business of the special ses- 
sion to executive matters is defeated. 

Mich. The U. S. District Court en- 
joins connecting roads from refusing 
to deliver freight to the Toledo, Ann 
Arbor, and Northern Michigan road, be- 
cause of the action taken by employees. 

Cat. The Legislature votes to re- 
move the State capital to San Jose\ 

Mar. 14. N. Y. t The Ways and Means 
Committee of the Assembly decides to 
report favorably the bill for an addi- 
tional appropriation of $300,000 for 
the "World's Pair. 

Mar. 15. D. C. Senate : Arthur P. Gor- 
man of Md. offers a resolution recon- 
structing the Standing and Select 
Committees according to caucus agree- 
ment, which is adopted. 

Md. The Court of Appeals decides 

that a tax upon land alone is uncon- 
stitutional, and cannot be enforced. 

Mar. 16. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
meets, and, without action, adjourns un- 
til the 20th inst. 



Mar. 18. Mich. At Toledo the U. S. 
District Court issues an injunction re- 
straining the Locomotive Brother- 
hood from boycotting Ann Arbor 
freight because of the strike of its em- 
ployees. A $300,000 damage claim has 
been filed against Chiefs Arthur and 
Sargent. 

Mar. 20. D. C. Senate : Nominations 
are considered. 

Cat. Ex-Representative James H. 

Blount of Ga. sails from San Francisco 
for Honolulu on the revenue-cutter 
Rushy on a special mission to Hawaii by 
appointment of the President. 

Mar. 21. F. I. D. Russell Brown (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor ; David S. 
Baker (Dem.) is also nominated. 

Mar. 22. D. C. The Senate receives a 
number of nominations from the Pres- 
ident ; bills against trusts and for the 
appointment of a commission to fix the 
price of coal are introduced. 

Wis. Judge Egan of St. Paul dis- 
misses the arrested members of the 
Legislature. 

Mar. 23. D. C. The Republicans in 
caucus determine to oppose the reor- 
ganization of the Senate. 

Fr. The Court of Arbitration (Be- 
ring Sea dispute) opens its first session 
in Paris. (See Feb. 23.) 

Mar. 28. D. C. In the Senate the reor- 
ganization resolution is presented. 

Mar. 30. D. C. In the Senate the nom- 
inations are considered; the cases and 
counter-cases in the Bering Sea dispute 
are received. 

Mar. 31. Neb. The Legislature in joint 
session passes the resolution for the im- 
peachment of the Board of Public Lands 
and Buildings. [May 1. The trial begins 
at Lincoln.] 

Apr. 4. Chicago. Carter Harrison is 
elected mayor. 

New York. Bankers receive from the 

President a proposition for an issue of 
bonds. 

Fr. Arguments are begun in the 

Court of Arbitration at Paris respect- 
ing the Bering Sea fisheries. 

Apr. 5. D. C. Senate : Nominations 
are received. 

Fr. In the Bering Sea Court of 

Arbitration in Paris Mr. Phelps and Sir 
Charles Russell continue their argu- 
ments. 

N. Y. The Greater New York Bill 

is killed in the Senate and recommitted 
in the Assembly. 

Apr. 6. D. C. Secretary Gresham re- 
ceives a despatch from the XJ. S. Minis- 
ter to Peru saying that the consular 
agency at Mollendo has been attacked 
and the agent shot ; and directing that 
a demand for reparation be made. [Apr. 
10. A satisfactory apology is tendered.] 

Apr. 7+. Fr. In the Bering Sea 
Court of Arbitration, J. C. Carter con- 
tinues his argument in behalf of the 
United States. [He continues for sev- 
eral days.] 

Tex. The House votes for impeach- 
ment of Land Commissioner Mc- 
Caughey. 



The requirements under the Geary 

Act are modified ; the Chinese will be 
required to furnish but one credible wit- 
ness. 

Wis. The Assembly passes the Anti- 

Pinkerton BiU. 

It prohibits the employment of bodies 
of armed men not duly authorized under 
the laws of the State. 

Apr. 10. D. C. Senate : The recent 
railroad decisions are discussed. 

N. Y. In the Legislature a bill abol- 
ishing capital punishment is passed 
by the Assembly and defeated in the 
Senate. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Mar. 9. Chicago. All the rail- 
roads entering Chicago decide to grant 
no increase of wages to their switch- 
men. 

Mar. 10. Boston. Fire destroys 
$4,500,000 worth of property. 

Mar. 11. Chicago. Bankers offer Secre- 
tary Carlisle $3,000,000 gold for 
treasury notes. 

Ind. Owing to the switchmen's 

strike in Chicago, thousands of coal- 
miners in Brazil are thrown out of em- 
ployment. 

Mar. 14. N. H. Fire destroys the cot- 
ton-mills at Exeter ; loss, $250,000. 

±Pa. The Carnegie Steel Company 

orders a new press for its armor-plate 
works at Homestead, at a cost of £1,000,- 
000, and capable of working in one piece 
a two-hundred-ton plate. 

Mar. 18. N. H. The Legislature ap- 
propriates $10,000 for statues of Gen. 
John Stark and Daniel Webster for the 
National Statuary Hall at "Washington. 

N. Y. Ten of the largest manufactur- 
ers of iron pipe in the United States 
form a trust. 

Mar. 20. New York. News is received 
of the finding of two life-boats of the 
missing steamship Naronic. [Lost.] 

Mar. 21. III. An explosion at Litch- 
field wrecks a flour-mill and many other 
buildings ; damage to the mill, over 
§500,000 ; one person is killed and nine 
injured. 

Mar. 27. New York. The New York 
Times changes hands ; price paid, 
$950,000. 

Mar. 30. N. J. The American Stave 
and Cooperage Company, capital, 
$4,000,000, and a typewriter company, 
capital, $20,000,000, are incorporated at 
Trenton. 

Mar. 31. N.J. The American Press, 
for gathering and disseminating news, 
is incorporated at Newton ; capital, 
$2,500,000. 

Apr. 1. Neb. A prairie fire lays waste 
20 miles of country between Ogallala 
and Preston ; much property and one 
life are lost in Perkins, Keith, and Fron- 
tier Counties. 

Fa. The Higgins Hotel at Brad- 
ford is destroyed by tire; five lives are 
lost, and more than 20 persons injured. 

A miner's lamp causes an explosion 
in a mine at Shumokin ; 10 persons are 
killed and several injured; 12 or 15 are 
imprisoned in the mine. 

Apr. 4. D. C. The gold balance at 
Washington is down to $60,000,000. 

Apr. 8. O. A big iron and steel syn- 
dicate is organized at Cincinnati, in- 
cluding over 100 wealthy foundrymen, 
machinists, and others ; capital," $75,- 
000,000. 



428 1893, Apr. 11 -May 11. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1893 Apr. 21. Fa. The Spanish 

squadron, towing the three Columbiau 
caravels, reaches Hampton Roads. 

Apr. 22. Va. The Dolphin, bearing Sec- 
retary of the Navy Herbert, arrives in 
Hampton Roads ; the ships are all 
" dressed " in honor of the silver wed- 
ding of King Humbert of Italy. 

Apr. 24. Va. The international flotilla 
sails from Hampton Roads for New 
York. [Apr. 25. It arrives in the lower 
Bay.] 

Apr. 26. New York. The international 
flotilla anchors in the North River in 
position for the review; a reception to 
naval officers is given by the Union 
League Club. [It is visited by thousands 
of people.] 

May 5±. N. Y. The naval officers on 
their way to Chicago, as the guests of 
the New York Central Road in the 
" Admirals' Train," stop to see the 
Niagara Falls. 

May 7. Miss. State troops are ordered 
out against "White Caps at Brook- 
haven. 

May 9. New York. The cruiser Atlanta 
is ordered to proceed to Nicaragua to 
protect American interests during the 
revolution. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 Apr. 11. Cat. Jasper is discov- 
ered in large quantities near San Diego. 

Kan. A tornado causes much de- 
struction of property in the towns of 
Willis, Everest, and Powhattan. 

[Apr. 13. A cyclone strikes Robins- 
ville,Miss. ; 17 killed, 50 wounded. Apr. 
18. Boles, Ark., destroyed. Apr. 19. 
A tornado at Osage City, Kan., kills 
two persons, injures several others, and 
wrecks 140 buildings. Apr. 23. The 
city of Ypsilanti, Mich., is nearly de- 
stroyed by a tornado ; it strikes else- 
where in Michigan, and in other West- 
ern and Southern States. Apr. 25. A 
cyclone in Oklahoma causes 90 deaths ; 
250 persons injured. Apr. 28. The town 
of Cisco, Tex., is nearly destroyed.] 

Apr. 26. New York. The Audubon 
Monument in Trinity Cemetery is un- 
veiled. Ericsson's statue in Battery 
Park is unveiled. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1893. 

Apr. 17. Larcom, Lncv, author, A67. 

Apr. 18. Lefferts, John, financier, A31. 

Apr. 31. Lowry, Grosvenor P., lawyer, 
dies. 

Apr. 22. Beale, Edward F.,brig.-gen., A71. 

Waters, Horace, piano-maker, philan- 
thropist, A81. 

Apr. 28. Wiltse, Gilbert C, eapt. TJ. S.N., 
A55. 

Apr. 27. Corse, John M., brevet maj.-gen. 
vols., A58. 

May 2. Stuart, Henry A., chief engineer 
U. S. N., A70. 

May 4. Patterson, .lames \V., senator for 
N. H., A70. 

May 5. Le Compte, Edward W., secretary 
of state for Aid., dies. 

May 8. Lamon, Ward H., biographer of 
Lincoln, dies. 

May lO. Francis, Joseph, inventor of life- 
saving boat, A92. 



May 11. Townsend, ll.Iv.an) I.).,a.ljt. --< mi. 
V. S. A., A76. 



CHURCH. 

1893 Apr. 25. La. A Roman Cath- 
olic centennial of the completion of 
the Cathedral is celebrated by a cleri- 
cal parade and pontifical mass at New 
Orleans. 

LETTERS. 

1893 Apr. 12. New York. The 200th 
anniversary of the introduction of print- 
ing is celebrated. 

May 1. N. J. Mayor Haynes of New- 
ark, in a message to the Common Coun- 
cil, recommends that the parochial- 
school buildings from midnight of Sun- 
day to midnight of Friday be placed in 
charge of the Board of Education 
for school purposes — the board to 
supply books, furniture, and other sup- 
plies, fuel, and janitor ; the church to 
use the buildings from Friday midnight 
to Sunday midnight. 

May 2. New York. The widow of Prof. 
John Strong Newberry gives Columbia 
College his geological library of 2,500 
volumes. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Apr. 11. N. Y. V. L. Beding- 
field, editor of the Flatbush Press, is 
sandbagged and robbed at Flatbush, 
Long Island. 

New York. Col. E. F. Shepard's 

will is filed ; the religious bequests ag- 
gregate §250,000. 

Apr. 12. Conn. The Senate passes a 
bill prohibiting all forms of pool- 
selling and gambling. Vote, 20-1. 

Va. A convention of Southern gov- 
ernors convenes at Richmond to con- 
sider the material welfare and develop- 
ment of the South. 

Apr. 13. O. The boycott of railroads 
is declared illegal by Judge Ricks at 
Toledo ; contracts with shippers are 
binding. 

Apr. 15. Chicago. A mass-meeting to 
protest against the Russian extradi- 
tion treaty is held. 

New York. The Duke de Veragua, 

a lineal descendant of Columbus, arrives 
at this port with his party. [Apr. IS. 
He is formally received by the mayor.] 

N. Y. Twenty burglaries are re- 
ported as occurring during a few hours 
in Brooklyn. 

Apr. 17. Neb. Several hundred em- 
ployees in the Union Pacific shops at 
Omaha and elsewhere strike. 

N. Y. Indignant citizens of Buffalo 

hold a mass-meeting to protest against 
the so-called " Sneak Bill," changing 
the police commissioners ; the bill was 
smuggled through the Legislature, but 
an injunction is granted, preventing ac- 
tion under it for the present. 

Tex. A conspiracy to assassinate 

six county officials is discovered at 
Sherman ; the leaders are friends of 
murderers sentenced to be hanged. 



Apr. 18. N. Y. The Anti-Conspiracy 
Bill against boycotting passes the New 
York Assembly. Vote. ii'J-iA. 

New York. The Earl of Craven 

(English) and Miss Bradley- Martin of 
this city are married in Grace Protes- 
tant Episcopal Chur-h. 

Apr. 19. Mass. The descendants of 
Revolutionary heroes commemorate 
the Battle of Lexington. 

New York. The Chamber of Com- 
merce, Historical Society, and Geo- 
graphical Society give at the Waldorf 
a reception to the Duke and Duchess 
of Veragua. 

Apr. 20. La. The second annual con- 
vention of the National Seamen's 
Union of America opens in New 
Orleans. 

Apr. 22. Boston. Ex-President A. P. 
Potter of the Maverick National Bank 
is sentenced to 60 days' imprisonment 
and fined £1,000 for false certification of 
checks. 

Ga. Eleven "White Caps are sen- 
tenced t<> one year's imprisonment in 
Carrollton ; one of them is the leading 
physician of the town. 

Apr. 23. New York. The Theosophi- 
cal Society begins its annual conven- 
tion, with representatives from the In- 
dian, European, and American sections. 
Thirty-five Soudanese arrive at 
this port, and 60 Koreans arrive at 
San Francisco, on their way to the 
World's Fair. 

Apr. 24. Chicago. The Columbian 
Guards at the World's Fair strike; the 
union carpenters refuse to go out as 
ordered. 

N. Mex. The Union Pacific iron- 
workers strike, and the Santa Fe me- 
chanics' strike is declared off, and the 
men return to work. 

Apr. 26. Mass. The Danvers Histori- 
cal Society holds a great antislavery 
commemoration meeting. 

New York. The international war- 
ships are moved in parade from the lower 
Bay to the designated places of anchor- 
age in the North River above Thirty-fifth 
Street ; naval officers are given a re- 
ception by the Union League Club ; 
President Cleveland comes to New York 
to review the war-ships. 

Dr. Robert W. Buchanan is convicted 
of the murder of his second wife by 
poisoning. [Aug. 14. He is sentenced to 
death.] 

Apr. 27. New York. President Cleve- 
land reviews the international fleet, a 
magnificent pageant on the river ; 
there is a ball at Madison Square Gar- 
den in the * 



N. Y. This being Columbian Day, it 

is a legal holiday in this State. 

Apr. 2S. Ind. The Liberty BeU from 
Independence Hall, Philadelphia, ar- 
rives at Indianapolis on its way to 
Chicago; ex-President Harrison deliv- 
ers an address on the famous Revolu- 
tionary relic before the school children 
of the city. [Apr. 29. It arrives at 
Chicago.] 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Apr. 11-May 11. 429 



New York: Sailors and marines of 

the international war-fleet parade. 

They are reviewed at the City Hall by 
t lie public officials and by the admirals of 
the fleet, after which a dinner in honor 



ner is given by the University Club.] 
Apr. 29. Chicago. The President and 
the Duke of Veragua arrive ; the Wo- 
men's Building is finished with the 
driving of a golden nail by Mrs. Palmer. 
[June 11. The Duke returns to New 
York.] 
Apr. 30. New York. Many thousands 
of people visit the vessels of the inter- 
national war-fleet in the Hudson River. 
May 1. Chicago. The "World's Colum- 
bian Exhibition is formally opened 
in the presence of an enormous throng 
of people. 

President Cleveland presses the elec- 
tric key which instantly puts in motion 
all the vast and intricate machinery of 
the Fair. 

O. About 22,000 coal-miners strike, 

suspending work in every important 
mine in the State. 

May 2. Neio York. Ussagah, a Daho- 
mey chief, for the Columbian Exhibi- 
tion, dies at Ellis Island. 

May 3. Ex-President Harrison is 
elected Commander of the Military Or- 
der of the Loyal Legion. 

/. T. Masked bandits hold up a 

train and rob its passengers. at Pryor 
Creek. 

N. H. The Mary Hitchcock Me- 
morial Hospital, erected by Hiram 
Hitchcock in memory of his wife, is 
dedicated at Hanover. 

May 4. Cal. The Six Companies is- 
sue a circular forbidding Chinese 
"to register with white officials," as 
the whole matter is to be taken to the 
U. S. Supreme Court for settlement. 

May 5±. U. S. Fully 1,000,000 mem- 
bers of the Christian Endeavor So- 
cieties sign pledges not to patronize 
the Fair if it shall be opened on Sun- 
day ; other religious bodies take similar 
action. 

May 6. New York. The corner-stone of 
the new St. Luke's Hospital is laid. 

N. Mex. Three murderers are 

lynched at Las Lunas. 

May 7. Chicago. The World's Fair 
gates remain closed on this, the first 
Sunday after its official opening. 

lu.ay 8. Mass. Lizzie Borden is ar- 
raigned fur murder at New Bedford ; she 
pleads not guilty. [June 20. She is ac- 
quitted.] 

New York. ""White Lotus Day" 

is observed by theosophists. 

May 10. Kg. The National League 
of Republican Clubs meets in Louis- 
ville. 

STATE. 

1893 Apr. 14. V. C. Congress : In 
the Senate "William E. Chandler of N. 
H. speaks in favor of the Roach (ship- 
builders) investigation. 

News is received that by order of 

Commissioner Blount the American 



flag has been hauled down from the 
government building at Honolulu. 

N. Y. The State Assembly passes the 

Saxton Anti-Pool- Room Bill, prohib- 
iting the sale of pools in pool-rooms. 

Apr. 15. D. C. The Senate adjourns 
sine die. 

New York. The Sub-Treasury re- 
ceives orders suspending the issue of 
gold certificates. 

Apr. 20. N. Y. The Legislature ad- 
journs sine die; before its adjournment 
William F. Sheehan secures the passage 
of a Buffalo Police Bill, by virtue of 
which Controller Gavan alone imme- 
diately appoints police commissioners. 

Apr. 21. D. C. Secretary Carlisle con- 
fers with bank presidents in reference 
to the financial situation. 

The Czar of Russia signs the extra- 
dition treaty between the United States 
and Russia. 

The offer of the Merchants' National 
Bank of Baltimore of $100,000 in gold 
for legal tenders is accepted by the 
Secretary of the Treasury. 

Apr. 25. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the 
Saxton Anti-Pool-Room Bill. 

Apr. 27. Utah is admitted into the Un- 
ion as the 45th State, by an enabling act. 

May 2. Fr. In the Bering Sea case 
Mr. Carter concludes his argument be- 
fore the Court of Arbitration, having 
spoken forty-five hours. 

May 3. Fr. In Paris, Frederick R. Cou- 
dert of U. S. counsel begins his argu- 
ment before the Bering Sea Arbitra- 
tion Court ; he insists on the right of 
absolute ownership of seals and the 
necessity of prohibiting pelagic sealing. 

May 4. D. C. Secretary Carlisle tem- 
porarily suspends the arrest of Chi- 
nese under the Exclusion Act. 

May 5. D. C. The President decides to 
postpone to November the reassembling 
of the International Monetary Con- 
gress. 

Gen. Rosecrans, Register of the 
Treasury, resigns. 

May 7. D. C. The President announces 
that hereafter the White House will be 
closed to office-seekers. 

May 9. N. Dak. The Prohibitory Law 
is declared constitutional by the Su- 
preme Court of the State. 

May 10. D. C. The President names 
James H. Blount of Ga. Envoy Extraor- 
dinary and Minister Plenipotentiary to 
Hawaii. 

May 11. W. W. Tracy of 111. is chosen 
president of the National League of 
Republican Clubs ; Denver is selected 
as the next meeting-place. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Apr. 11. Chicago. Time for 
exhibitors at the "World's Fair is ex- 
tended to April 30. 

Apr. 12. New York. The Rapid Tran- 
sit Commission grants the extensions 
asked for by the Manhattan Elevated 
Railway. 

Apr. 13. N.Y. Oil-works at Buffalo, 
valued at $300,000, are destroyed by fire. 



Apr. 14. Ind. Artificial and natural 
gas companies consolidate ; capital, 
$1,000,000. 

Apr. 15. Chicago. World's Fair Di- 
rectorate officers are reelected. 

1). C. The New York Sub-Treasury 

is advised that no more gold certifi- 
cates will be issued from the Treasury 
at Washington. 

Apr. 16. Phila. Permission is granted 
to put the trolley system on every 
block of track in the city. 

Apr. 17. N.J. America's oldest loco- 
motive, the John Bull, starts from Jer- 
sey City for the Chicago Fair over the 
Pennsylvania Railroad, drawing two old- 
time passenger coaches. 

Apr. 19. Mass. The Clinton Wire 
Cloth Company's factory is burned ; 
loss, $400,000. 

Apr. 21. Idaho. Worclner loses 
$700,000 by fire ; its business district is 
destroyed, and many people are home- 



Apr. 24. New York. The Spanish 

caravels, en route for the World's Fair, 

arrive, attract much attention and many 

visitors. 
Apr. 25. Chicago. Two lives are lost, 

and property valued at over $200,000 is 

destroyed, by fire in the First Regiment 

Armory. 
Pa. Trains collide at Somerset, 

causing five deaths and much damage 

to property. 
Apr. 29. Tex. A cyclone devastates 

the town of Cisco ; 30 persons are killed 

and many wounded. 

Apr. 30. la. Six men are burned to 

death in Burlington. 
± O. Ohio Valley sewer-pipe men 

form a trust. 

May 3. O. The Lewiston reservoir, 
the second largest artificial body of" 
water in the world, breaks its embank- 
ments, causing heavy loss in the track 
of its flood. 

May 5. New York. A wild panic in 
the stock-market is narrowly averted ; 
values fall to zero ; S. V. White and 
others suspend. 

The Manhattan Elevated Railroad 
rejects the proposition of the Rapid 
Transit Commission for an extension of 
the elevated system. 

May 6. Chicago. The paid admissions 
for the day at the World's Fair num- 
ber nearly 25,000. 

May 7. Ind. A train is wrecked at 
Lafayette and 10 persons are killed. 

May 9. Chicago. The Chemical Bank 
and its branch on the Fair Grounds sus- 
pend. 

N. Y. A smoker's carelessness causes 

a fire in Utica ; loss, $280,000. 

May 11. Ark. The first crevasse of 
the season occurs on the Arkansas side 
of the swollen Mississippi at Lakeport. 

Chicago. — Ind. The Columbia Na- 
tional Bank suspends ; also the Capi- 
tal National Bank of Indianapolis. 
[Several other Western banks close 
their doors.] 



430 1893, May 11 -June 10. 

ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 May 17. D. C. Col. William P. 
Carlin, of the Fourth Infantry, is pro- 
moted to brigadier-general. 

May 18. D. C. George II. Elliot is com- 
missioned colonel — corps of engineers. 
And Robert H. Hall colonel — 4th. in- 
fantry. 

May 22. D. C. The Secretary of the 
Navy assigns Com. Oscar F. Stanton 
as commander of the South Atlantic 
station. 

The new cruiser New York, on her 

official trial trip, makes an average of 
21.07 knots an hour. 

May 30. D. C. George M. Sternberg is 
commissioned brigadier-general. 

June 10. Conn. The gunboat Machias 
reaches New London, having averaged 
15.17 knots on her trial trip, the required 
speed being 13 knots. 

Phi/a. The new battle-ship Massa- 
chusetts is launched at Cramps' ship- 
yard. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 May 14. Chicago. A bronze 
statue of the poet Richter is unveiled 
in the presence of a large number of 
people, mostly Germans. 

May 17. Chicago. The National Com- 
mission orders the resignation of Theo- 
dore Thomas as musical director of 
the World's Fair. 

May 24. Wash. A gold strike is made 
in the O'Kanogan mining district ; two 
pounds of gold are assayed from seven 
pounds of ore. [Oct. 21. Gold is found 

. in paying quantities in Tennessee.] 

Ga. A monument to the memory 

of Alexander H. Stephens is unveiled 
at Crawfordsville. 

May 26. N. Y. The Greek tragedy of 
Antigone is given at Poughkeepsie by 
Vassar girls. 

May 30. Ark. A terrible tornado 
leaves 5,000 people of the town of Hope 
homeless and destitute ; the authorities 
invite assistance. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

May 14. Bissell. William Henry A., P. E. 
bishop of Vt., A79. 

May 19. Murdoch. James E.. actor, elo- 
cutionist, A82. 

June 7. Booth, Edwin, actor, tragedian, 
AGO. 

CHURCH. 

1893 May 14. Boston, Dean William 
Lawrence is chosen by the Episcopal 
Diocesan Convention to succeed Dr. 
Phillips Brooks as bishop of Massa- 
chusetts. 

Ind. Ex-President Harrison and ex- 
Postmaster-General Wanamaker deliver 
addresses before the Young Men's Chris- 
tian Association Convention in Indian- 
apolis. 

May 18. D. C. The General Assem- 
bly (Presbyterian) begins its session at 
Washington : Prof. W. G. Craig, mod- 
erator. 



AMERICA 



[May '24. Prof. Eriggs concludes his 
argument, and Col. McCook begins on 
behalf of the prosecution. May 26. 
The General Assembly votes. 410 t" 145, 
to entertain the l J v<>'-<-r\,\] U ^ < ommit- 
tee's appeal in the case of Prof. Briggs. 
May 29. Prof. Briggs"s trial by the Gen- 
eral Assembly for heresy begins. May 
30. The trial continues. May 31. The 
Assembly sustains the appeal against 
Prof. Briggs. Vote, 383-1IG. June 1. 
It suspends him from the ministry until 
he shall give evidence of repentance ; it 
also takes action against the Union 
Seminary.] 

May 27. N.Y. The General Convention 
of the New Jerusalem meets. 

May 28. New York. The Infanta Eu- 
lalie attends mass in St. Patrick's Cathe- 
dral in the morning, and a reception by 
the Catholic Club in the evening. 

June 4. Rev. Dr. James H. Ecob an- 
nounces his withdrawal from the Pres- 
byterian Church on account of the 
decision in the Briggs case. 

June 5. It. Pope Leo thanks Cardi- 
nal Gibbons for bis argument in favor 
of restoring the temporal power of the 
Papacy. 

June 7. It. The Sacred Congregation 
of the Propaganda confirms the scho- 
lastic policy of Mgr. Satolli and Arch- 
bishop Ireland in the United States. 

LETTERS. 

1893 May 22. Mass. The Salem Re- 
gister, established 1800, suspends publi- 
cation. 

May 23. Fa. Rev.' H. B. Frissell is 
chosen to succeed General S. C. Arm- 
strong as principal of Hampton Nor- 
mal Institute for Indians. 

May 31. New York. The University 
of the City of New York secures 
about eight acres of ground adjoining 20 
acres purchased last year ; price, $111,986. 

June 10. New York. The Journal of 
Commerce and the Dally Commercial 
Bulletin are consolidated. 



SOCIETY. 

1893 May 12. New York. Francis H. 
Weeks, the head of West Superior 
Land and Improvement Company, the 
"West Superior Steel Company, the West 
Superior AYoolen Company, and trustee 
of several estates, has absconded. He 
is believed to be a defaulter for over 
81,000,000. 

[Sept. 9±. He is virtually arrested in 
Costa Rica. Nov. 8. He is sentenced to 
imprisonment in Sing Sing for 10 years.] 

May 13. Chicago. The local directors 
of the World's Fair decide to open the 
grounds (but not the exhibit build- 
ings) on Sunday, May 21, at 25 cents 
admission fee. 

[May 1G. They decide to open the Fair 
in all departments, the machinery only 
to be stopped.] 

Kg. One thousand women of Ow- 

ensboro band together and pledge them- 
selves to wage a continuous crusade 
against the liquor-dealers and manufac- 
turers of their city. 

O. The Scotch-Irish" Congress is 

in session at Springfield, with President 
Robert Bonner in the chair. 



'/'■ nn. The grand jury at Cbattanooga 

returns 25 indictments against citizens 
alleged to have b*-.-n concerned in the 
lynching of Alfred Blount,— live for 
murder and 20 as accessories. 

May 16. N. II. « too. H. Abbott (Frank 
C. Almyi, the murderer of Christie War- 
den at Hanover, is hanged at Concord. 

May 19. D. C. The President and Mrs. 
Cleveland give a reception at the White 
House to the members of the Presby- 
terian General Assembly. 

New Y<;-k. The Infanta Eulalie is 

formally welcomed, and taken by 



. W; 



Slu 



panied by the Saragossa Band, from 
Spain. 

[May 20. She is received at the White 
House. May 25. She is welcomed by 
the mayor of New York as the city's 
guest. May 29. She visits West Point 
and reviews the cadets. May 31. She 
reviews the parade of the police of New 
York. June 3. She is received by the 
mayor of Brooklyn. June 6. Slie ar- 
rives at Chicago. June 7. She is re- 
ceived by Mayor Harrison.] 

May 20. Til. W. H. Scbureman, pro- 
prietor of the Normal Exchange Bank, 
of Bloomington, is under arrest charged 
with embezzlement. 

Tex. The will of Henry Rosen- 
berg, banker, of Galveston, gives $400,- 
000 to family and friends, and $520,000 
for benevolences in Galveston — among 
them 530,000 for drinking-fountains and 
$25,000 for a public library. 

May 22. New York. C. J. Johnson is 

convicted of manslaughter in the first 
degree for throwing his wife out of an 
upper window and Killing her while he 
himself was drunk. 

May 23. New York. G. A. Whitman, 
cashier of the Spooner Manufacturing 
Company, is held in $3,500 bail for em- 
bezzlement. 

Chicago. The World's Fair National 

Commission adopts the Judiciary 
Committee's minority report in fa- 
vor of Sunday opening. Vote, 30-27. 

May 26. Chicago. Dircctor-of-Works 
Burnham issues an order announcing 
that the World's Fair will be open to 
the public on Sunday next. May 28, 
until 11 p.m., the buildings closing at 

10 P.M. 

Tex. Masked robbers hold up a 

train at Coleman, and compel the en- 
gineer and fireman to help them rub the 
express-car. 

May 28. Chicago. The World's Fair 
gates are open aU day (Sunday) ; about 
125,000 people are admitted — less than 
one-eleventh of Chicago's population ; 
British exhibits and the State buildings 
remain closed. 

May 29. Pa. The Hoy family- 
father, mother, and two children — are 
found murdered at home in New Haven. 

May 30. la. The removal of saloon 
screens on Sunday at Fort Dodge by 
force of law stops the sale of beer. 

May 31. Clticago. Argument begins 
in the Federal Court on the proceed- 
ings by the Government to close the 
World's Fair gates on Sunday. 

June 1. The Royal Arcanum reports 
143.36S members : total benefits paid to 
date, $23,332,502. 

Neto York. A ** cheap-milk de- 
pot" is formally opened at the foot of 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, May 11 -June 10. 431 



East Third Street for the benefit of the 
poor people of the neighborhood. 

X. Y. The Presbyterian Rest for 

Convalescents is formally' opened in 
White Plains ; it will provide temporary 
shelter and care for worthy Protestant 
poor discharged from hospitals. 

June 3. N. 1". The Long Island Rail- 
road Company's general manager issues 
an order that heads of departments will 
be held responsible if they continue to 
employ men who frequent drinking- 
places during their leisure hours. 

June 4. Chicago. Sunday: The at- 
tendance at the "World's Fair to-day 
falls short of 60,000. The British exhib- 
its and the U. S. Government display 
are covered. 

June 5. Kg. The Hustler newspaper 
office is wrecked by dynamite ; the 
paper was edited by Rev. J. J. Dickey, 
who secured the enactment of the local- 
option law in Breathitt County. 

June 6. Cat. The Nawab of Ram- 
pur arrives at San Francisco on his 
way to Chicago. 

Chicago. The World's Congress 

on Temperance is in session. 

U. S. Officers of the Actors* Fund 

report the disbursement of about §450,- 
000, and for relief, burials, hospital 
charges, etc., S203,500, since organizing 
in 1S92, and funds on hand amounting 
to §230,325. 

June 7. Supreme Master S. J. Willey of 
the Knights of Pythias is expelled from 
the order; cause, the loss of §80,000 
through his operations. 

STATE. 

1893 May 12. Fr. In the Bering 
Sea Arbitration Court discussion takes 
place over the forged interpolations in 
the American case. 

May 15. D. C. The TJ. S. Supreme 
Court renders a decision sustaining the 
constitutionality of the Geary Chi- 
nese Exclusion Act; Justice Brewer, 
Justice Field, and Chief-Justice Fuller, 
each delivers a dissenting opinion. 

May 16. Z>. C. The Cabinet discusses 
the Chinese question without result ; 
the Geary Law is practically nullified 
hy the lack of money to execute it. 

New York. The Senate Committee 

. on Immigration examines Dr. Senner. 
[May 17. It inspects Ellis Island and 
the method of treating immigrants 
there.] 

Okla. The Indians cede about 

9,409 square miles in the Cherokee Strip 
(6,022,754 acres) to the Federal Govern- 
ment for 38,300,000, to be paid in five 
annual installments, 8300,000 at the time 
of purchase, besides 8110,000 to be paid 
other Indians. 

May 19. D. C. It is decided that the 
Government will pay all bills presented 
for the entertainment of the Duke of 
Veragua and the Infanta Eulalie as 
the nation's guests, except otherwise 
provided for by States and cities that 
voluntarily give them hospitality. 



May 20. Conn. The governor signs the 
Anti-Oleomargarin Bill, which will pre- 
vent the sale of oleoniargarin in the 
State. 

May 24. New York. The Congressional 
Commission appointed to investigate 
the Custom-house begins its work. 

May 25. China. The coining of the 
new Chinese Minister to the United 
States is alleged to be deferred, pending 
the reply of the Secretary of State to 
China's questions. 

May 27. L>. C. Secretary Smith an- 
nuls an order issuea by Gen. Raum 
while Commissioner of Pensions respect- 
ing disabilities not of service origin. 

May 28. D. C. The State Department 
is notified by the Chinese Govern- 
ment that if the Geary Law is enforced 
diplomatic and commercial relations 
with the United States will be severed. 

May 30. J?. I. Two Republicans are 
unseated by the Democratic majority 
in the House ; because of this the Re- 
publican Senate refuses to meet the 
House in Grand Committee. [June 3. 
Gov. Brown prorogues the State Legis- 
lature to January, 1S94.] (See Aug. 12.) 

June 2. D. C. It is announced that the 
Italian Legation at "Washington has 
been raised to the rank of an embassy, 
Baron Fava to be first ambassador. 

June 3. N. Y. Judge Edwards of the 
Supreme Court denies a motion requiring 
the State Board of Canvassers to show 
cause why they should not be punished 
for contempt of court in the Dutchess 
County election case. 

June 6. J). C. The Russian Extradi- 
tion Treaty is promulgated by Presi- 
dent Cleveland. 

June 7. D. C. Russia notifies the U. 
S. Government of her intention to raise 
her legation at "Washington to the rank 
of an embassy. 

June 8. 0. "William McKinley, Jr. 
(Hep.), is renominated for governor. 

June 9. D. C. The new Hawaiian Min- 
ister, Lorin A. Thurston, is presented 
to the President. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 May 11. N. Y. A syndicate is 
formed for the construction of a trans- 
mission line to convey to Albany and 
several other cities the electric power 
generated by the tunnel waters of the 
Niagara Falls Power Company ; capital, 
$4,000,000. 

The Empire State express, a regular 
passenger-train of four cars, drawn by 
locomotive number 999, is run on 
the New York Central Railroad, for one 
mile, at the rate of 112.5 miles per 
hour. 

May 14. Mich. Ten miners are killed 
by the cage striking the timbers and 
falling down a shaft in the Calumet and 
Hecla Mine. 

May 16. Ark. The Grand Lake Levee 
and the protective levee at Point Pleas- 
ant give way. 

May 17- Til. A generator explosion 
in a glucose factory at Geneva causes 



the loss of six lives, besides damage to 
the building. 

Two more Mississippi crevasses are 

reported. 

May 18. Ark. A box containing $10,- 
000 is unearthed at Des Arc, under the 
house of S. P. Catlin, an eccentric bache- 
lor, who died 10 years ago. 

May 19. Chicago. The Local Directory 
defers opening the gates of the 
World's Fair on Sunday, in order to 
give the National Commission time to 
consider the question. 

May 20. Chicago. By the breaking of a 
floor at the "World's Fair 70 women 
drop en masse a distance of 12 feet ; nine 
are seriously hurt. 

May 21. Mich. Forest fires at Sagi- 
naw and elsewhere in the State destroy 
12 lives and $1,500,000 in property. 

May 22. Chicago. The Swiss exhibit 
at the World's Fair is closed by the 
Swiss Commissioner because of the ar- 
rest of one of the exhibitors hy United 
States customs officers. 

May 23. La. A crevasse 200 feet wide 
occurs near New Orleans. 

May 25. Chicago. At the World's Fair, 
commissioners from 17 foreign countries 
withdraw their exhibits from com- 
petition for the awards. 

New York. The Dock Board adopts 

plans to build new piers and bulk- 
heads at a cost of $10,000,000. 

May 27. La. The body of Jefferson 
Davis is removed from the tomb in New 
Orleans, preparatory to its transfer to 
Richmond, Va. [Arrives on May 31, and 
is interred in Hollywood Cemetery.] 

New York. Gold coin amounting to 

$2,500,000 is shipped for Europe. 

May 28. Chicago. The New York Cen- 
tral's ** Exposition Flyer " makes its 
first run to Chicago [in less than 20 
hours]. 

May 29. New York. Cable-cars begin 
regular trips on Broadway. 

June 5. Chicago. The exhibits sent 
by Queen Victoria of England and 
Queen Margherita of Italy are opened 
at the World's Fair. 

June 6. N. Y. The centennial anni- 
versary of the founding of Bath begins. 

June 7. JV. Dak. The business portion 
of Fargo is destroyed by fire ; loss, 
$2,500,000; over 2,000 people are home- 
less. 

Tex. The completion of a great 

dam, 1,150 feet long, 60 high, across the 
Colorado River at Austin, is celebrated. 
By it a lake 22 miles long, with an 
average width of 1,200 feet, is formed, 
containing a water supply for Austin of 
twenty-one billion gallons, and afford- 
ing power for the electric-light system 
of the city. 

June S. New York. All the members of 
the Rapid Transit Commission, ex- 
cept John H. Starin, resign. 

June 9. D. C. Ford's Theater, Wash- 
ington, where Lincoln was assassinated, 
collapses while nearly 400 Government 
clerks are at work inside ; 21 persons are 
killed and about 50 injured. 



432 1893, June 10- July 10. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 June 16. X. Y. The militia 

is ordered to Tonawanda on account 
of a strike among lumber-shovers. 
July 3. Neto York. The Russian ar- 
mored cruiser Admiral Nachimoff ar- 
rives, and anchors in the Hudson Kiver. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 June 22. Kan. A tornado 
strikes Perry, in the eastern part of the 
State, kills 16 persons, and injures many 
others. 

June 25. Chicago. Bruce Joy's statue 
of Gladstone is unveiled at the 
World's Fair. 

A granite monument erected to 
the memory of the anarchists in the 
Haymarket massacre, Spies, Parsons, 
Fischer, Lingg, and Engle, is unveiled 
in Waldheim Cemetery. 

June 28. Mass. The Farragut statue 
in Marine Park, South Boston, is un- 
veiled. 

July 1. Pa. The statue of Victory is 
unveiled at Gettysburg in memory of 
fallen soldiers. 

July 2. New York. Lieut. Peary's 
vessel, the Falcon, starts for Boston on 
her way to the Arctic regions in search 
of the North Pole ; 12 men accompany 
the commander. 

July 7. la. Tornadoes occur; more 
than 100 lives are lost ; the town of Pome- 
roy is demolished. 

July 9. Miss. An enormous meteor 
falls near Brandon ; though buried in 
the earth, it gives out intense heat and 
noxious fumes. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 
June 20. Stanford, Leland, Gov., senator 
for Cal., founder of University, A69. 



1893 June 12. New York. TheBriggs 
case is again brought up in the Presby- 
tery. 

June 14. China. F. R. Graves is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) missionary 
bishop of China. 

Japan. John McKim is consecrated 

(Protestant Episcopal) missionary bishop 
of Japan. 

It. Pope Leo gives audience to 

Dr. M' Glynn, who leaves Rome after 
a sojourn of five days. [June 25. He 
returns to New York.] 

June 29. Mass. The Young "Women's 
Conference at Northfield closes. 

June 30. O. The Epworth League Con- 
ference begins its international session 
at Cleveland. 

July 9. N.Y. Rev. JohnS. Penman, 
Presbyterian pastor at Irvington, resigns 
his charge because of dissatisfaction with 
the decision in the Briggs case. 



LETTERS. 

1893 June 15. Minn. Pope Leo de- 
cides that in the Diocese of St. Paul, 
Catholic and Protestant children must 
be alike instructed, without the exac- 
tion of a promise that the latter shall 
become Catholics. 

June 19. Chicago. The will of John 
Crerar is declared valid ; it provides for 
the erection of another great library, 
having an endowment of £2,000,000. 

June 21. Md. Cardinal Gibbons makes 
public a translation of Pope Leo's let- 
ter on the public-school question — 
public schools are not to *be entirely 
condemned, but Catholic institutions of 
learning are to be multiplied as fast as 
possible. 

June 25. Neio York. Several teachers 
are dismissed from the Wilson Indus- 
trial School because of their activity as 
theosophists. 

June 2S±. New York. The Christian 
Union assumes a new name — The Out- 
look. 

June 29. Pa. The Pennsylvania 
Chautauqua holds its opening session 
at Mount Gretna. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 June 10. Chicago. Chief Jus- 
tice Fuller grants a stay of proceedings 
in the matter of Sunday closing of the 
World's Fair, the effect being to permit 
the Fair to keep open on the 11th 
inst. 

Kan. Train-robbers hold up and 

rob a train near Cimarron ; a messenger 
is fatally shot. 

N. Y. A Jewish society is incorpo- 
rated in Brooklyn to aid poor Hebrews 
in the matter of food, raiment, and ne- 
cessaries of life. 

June 11. Chicago. The Infanta Eu- 
lalie decides to participate in no more 
•'social functions" in Chicago. [June 
24. She sails from New York for 
Europe.] 

III. Lovejoy Day is celebrated at 

Alton in memory of Elijah P. Love- 
joy, the first martyr to the antislavery 
cause ; he was murdered here in 1S37. 

June 12. Cal. The outlaws, Evans 
and Sontag, have an encounter with 
officers, in which Sontag is seriously 
wounded and captured. 

June 13. New York. The president, sec- 
retary, and paying teller of the Irving 
Savings Institution of this city are 
found responsible for the shortage of 
$70,000 in the bank's funds. 

June 14. The 110th anniversary of the 
adoption of the stars and stripes as 
the national emblem of the United 
States is celebrated by a general flag- 
raising in New York, Philadelphia, and 
other places. 

June 15. Chicago. The attendance at 
the World's Fair to-day — German Day 
— exceeds that of any other fete day 
since the opening of the Exposition ; the 
German building is dedicated with ap- 
propriate exercises. 



New York. Heir?- ol Jay Goulddecide 

to contest the payment of $250,000 in- 
heritance tax in addition to the 5500,000 
already paid. 

June 16. Chicago. A reception is ten- 
dered to ex-President Harrison in the 
Ohio building at the World's Fair. 

The Congress of the American 
Sons of the Revolution meets. 

N. Y. Striking lumbermen at Ton- 
awanda are causing trouble; troops are 
ordered to be in readiness in case of 
outbreak. [June J8. Martial law is de- 
clared. June 23. The strike i6 settled.} 

June 17. Chicago. The U. S. Circuit 
Court of Appeals unanimously decides 
that the World's Fair Corporation has 
the right to open the gates on Sun- 
day. 

The anniversary of the Battle of 

Bunker TTill is observed in New Eng- 
land cities, and by a Massachusetts cele- 
bration at the World's Fair. 

June 18. Chicago. The "World's Fair 
is open (Sunday); but the attendance 
is small — 57,67G by payment, and nearly 
17,000 on passes. 

New York. A Boston man jumps 

from the Brooklyn Bridge and is 
killed. 

June 19. D. C. The coroner's jury in 
the Ford's Theater disaster renders a 
verdict of criminal negligence against 
Col. Ainsworth, Supt. Covert, Engineer 
Sasse, and G. W. Bant, the contractor. 

June 22. Conn. A strike ties up the 
horse-car lines in Bridgeport. 

June 24. Miss. William Buckley is as- 
sassinated by White Caps in Marion 
County while on his way home from 
court, where he had been a witness 
against certain of their number. 

June 26. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld par- 
dons the anarchists Fielden, Schwab, 
and Neebe, at the same time severely 
arraigning Judge Gary, who conducted 
the trials. 

June 27. Boston. The annual meeting 
of the Army of the Potomac Associa- 
tion is held. 

Chicago. The grand jury appoints a 

committee of three to investigate all 
the known gambling-houses, with a 
view to their abolishment. 

■ New York. A jury awards Mrs. Pol- 
lock $37,500 against her father-in-law 
for alienating her husband's affections. 

June 28. New York. The anti-sweat- 
er law is to be vigorously enforced ; a 
number of clothing-dealers are notified 
where not to purchase stock. 

The Cabinet of the Epworth League 

resolves to withdraw its exhibit from 
the World's Columbian Exposition be- 
cause of the opening of the Fair on 
Sunday. 

June 30. Mass. The Young "Wom- 
en's Conference at Northfield closes. 

July 1. Phila. The garment-work- 
ers' strike is ended, the employers con- 
ceding all points at issue. 

S. C. The Evans liquor-law be- 
comes operative ; the State assumes the 
monopoly of the traffic in intoxicants. 

July 2. N. Y. The Irish- American 
Military Encampment at Newark 
opens with a military mass ; total enrol- 
ment in the United States, about 40,000. 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, June 10- July 10. 433 



Pa. New York Day is celebrated 

at Gettysburg by the dedication of the 
State monument ; speeches are made by 
Bishop Potter, Gen. Sickles, and Gov. 
Flower. 

July 4. Chicago. Independence Day 
is celebrated at the World's Fair 
with addresses by Vice-President Ste- 
venson, H. L. Carson of Philadelphia, 
and Mayor Harrison ; the Paul Jones 
flag is unfurled, and the new Liberty 
Bell is dedicated. About 250,000 people 
are present. 

July 7. Ky. A negro named Miller, 
accused or murdering the Ray sisters, 
is lynched by a mob at Bardwell. [July 
11. A negro uprising is feared because 
of the lynching.] 

Mont. The National Free Coinage 

Association is organized at Helena. 

New York. Anarchists hold a 

meeting at the "Windsor Theater. 

S. C. The Dispensary Law is de- 
clared unconstitutional by Circuit 
Judge Hudson at Bennettsville. 

July 8. Chicago. Mayor Harrison, in 
an address of welcome, says that unless 
"Congress gives plenty of money we 
shall have riots that will shake the 
country ; " there are about 200,000 un- 
employed laborers in the city, destitute 
of money. 

N. Dak. D. S. Kreeder, his wife, and 

four children are killed by the hired 
man, Albert Baunbargar, in Candor. 

July 9. Neb. The State Bank at Shu- 
bert fails ; its cashier disappears, leav- 
ing a shortage of $21,000. 

STATE. 
1893 June 14. D. C. After the pres- 
entation of Baron Fava to President 
Cleveland under his new title as Am- 
bassador from Italy, the Turkish Min- 
ister in behalf of the Sultan presents to 
the President a massive gold medal 
commemorative of the 400th anni- 
versary of the discovery of America. 

June 18. /. T. Chief Harris announces 
the receipt of a bid and its acceptance 
for the Cherokee Strip bonds, involving 
about $6,000,000, with accrued interest 
of §100,000. 

June 22. Fr. Edward J. Phelps of U. S. 
counsel begins his argument before the 
Bering Sea Court of Arbitration in 
Paris. 

June 28. N. Y. Jobn Brooks Leavitt 
of New York City applies to Judge Bar- 
nard for an order requiring the State 
Board of Canvassers of 1891 to show 
cause why they should not be punished 
for contempt of court. 

June 30. D. C. The President sum- 
mons Congress to convene in ex- 
traordinary session on Monday, Aug. 7. 
Statistics for the fiscal year. Reve- 
nue : Customs, $203,355,017 ; internal 
revenue, $1(51,027,02-1 ; sales of public 
lands, $3,182,090; miscellaneous items, 
$18,253,898. Total revenue, $385,818,629. 
Expenditures : Miscellaneous items, 
$103,732,799; War Department, $49,641,- 
773 ; Navy Department, $30,136,084 ; In- 
dians, $13,345,347 ; pensions, $159,357,558 ; 
interest on the public debt, $27,264,392. 
Total ordinary expenditures, $383,477,- 
953 ; excess of revenue over ordinary 
expenditure, $2,340,674. Exports, $847,- 



July 1. Cat. Judge Koss at Los Angeles 
decides that imprisonment and de- 
portation of Chinamen under the 
Geary Law, without trial by jury, is 
unconstitutional. 

July 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle sus- 
pends silver purchases. 

July 6. New York. The Chamber of 
Commerce by an almost unanimous 
vote demands the repeal of the Sher- 
man Silver Law. 

July 8. Fr. Mr. Phelps concludes his 
address before the Bering Sea Tribu- 
nal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 June 10. N. Y. The Lehigh 
Valley coal-trestles at Buffalo, contain- 
ing Go,U00 tons of coal, are burned ; loss, 
$500,000. 

The Glens Palls Paper Company 
increases its capital stock from $330,000 
to $2,700,000. 

June 11. Chicago. Thirty pieces of lace 
belonging to the World's Fair exhibit of 
Queen Margherita of Italy are missing. 

N. Y. A four days' centennial cele- 
bration of the settlement of Caze- 
novia begins. 

June 13. Conn. The Viking ship ar- 
rives at New London. 

June 14. N. Y. The Clinton Prison 
convicts begin work at grading roads, 
according to the new law, under the 
supervision of State Engineer Schenek. 

June 15. New York. The Clearing- 
house Association authorizes the issu- 
ing of certificates for the relief of 
banks. 

June 16+ . N. Y. The storage yard 
of the Philadelphia and Reading Coal 
Company at Buffalo burns. Fifty thou- 
sand tons of hard coal, and trestles, cars, 
outhouses, offices, and scale platform, 
covering 15 acres of ground, are de- 
stroyed ; loss over $S00,000. 

June 17. Neiv York. The Viking Nor- 
wegian ship arrives in the Hudson 
River. 

June 18±. La. Two serious crevasses 
occur near New Orleans. [Loss esti- 
mated at $1,000,000.] 

June 19. New York. John Haggerty, 
of Cherry Street, jumps, while in- 
toxicated, from Brooklyn Bridge 
into the East River, and swims safely 
ashore. 

Wis. — Minn. Lives are lost and 

several towns destroyed by forest fires. 

June 20. N. Y. A train is wrecked 
at Parkville, Long Island ; eight persons 
are killed and 29 injured. 

June 21. Wis. Seven persons are killed 
by lightning during a circus perfor- 
mance at River Falls. 

June 22. N. Y. The Columbian Lib- 
erty bell is successfully cast at the Clin- 
ton H. Meneely Bell Foundry, Troy. 

June 23. Chicago. The World's Fair 
is finally completed. 

The money stringency compels 

banks in New York and other States to 
close. 

June 24. N. J. A train wrecked at 
Paterson causes five deaths. 



N. Y. Three hundred persons are 

poisoned by eating ice-cream at the 
high-school reception at Rochester. 

June 25. Several Southern banks 
close their doors. 

June 26. Kan. The Tremont Hotel, 
in Fort Scott, collapses ; several persons 
are killed and wounded. 

La. Rescue crevasse near New 

Orleans is 600 feet wide, and still en- 
larging. 

Neiu York. In "Wall Street money 

rules at 20 and 30 per cent. 

The Viking ship starts on her trip 
to Chicago for the "World's Fair. 

Several "Western banks suspend 

payments. 

June 27. N. Y. The summer hotel 
Sagamore, at Lake George, is destroyed 
by fire ; loss, $200,000 ; guests and em- 
ployees are saved. 

June 28. Chicago. "Western railroads 
virtually agree on a one-fare round- 
trip rate for the "World's Fair. 

June 29. Colo. Silver-mines are shut 
down ; over 20,000 men are thrown out 
of employment. 

New York. United action of the banks 

relieves the money stress and averts se- 
rious trouble. 

June 30. Chicago. The management re- 
ports that the payments for admission 
to the "World's Fair during June aver- 
aged $80,000 daily. 

New York. Clearing-house banks 

are renewing loans by a further issue of 
over $5,000,000 certificates, whereby an 
easier feeling is caused. 

July 1. Chicago. President T. W. Palmer 
tenders the resignation of his office of 
president of the National "World's 
Fair Commission. 

Colo. Eighteen mining properties 

are closed in Leadville, owing to the 
drop in the price of silver. 

S. C. The State begins to sell liquor 

in the State dispensaries. 

July 3. N. Y. Auburn celebrates its 
100th anniversary. 

July 5. Kan. Great destitution prevails 
in Western sections. 

July * U. S. Many business failures 
are announced, following a large num- 
ber since the opening of the year ; banks 
also close their doors, especially in the 
West. 

July 6. N. Y. A run on a savings-bank 
in Watertown is checked by speeches 
and a guaranty from Gov. Flower. 

The closing of 300 silver mines, 

owing to the tall in the price of silver, 
is announced. 

A number of "Western banks sus- 
pend. 

July 7. Chicago. The caravels arrive 
and are received with much ceremony 
at the World's Fair. 

July 9. Chicago. A number of firemen 
and others lose their lives by the burn- 
ing of the cold-storage warehouse 
on the World's Fair grounds ; property 
loss, $650,000. 

New York. A bronze tablet is fixed 

on the front wall of the City Hall to 
commemorate the reading of the Decla- 
ration of Independence by General 
Washington to the army, July 9, 1776. 



434 1893, July 10 -Aug. 14. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1893 July 12. D. C. Com. T. D. 

"Wilson retires because of poor health. 
July 18. Kan. Military companies 

are disbanded by the State authorities ; 

cause, political dissensions and alleged 

use of the troops for political ends. 
July 29. Tenn. The troops which 

have been protecting the convict 

miners for 18 months against free 

miners are sent home. 
Aug. 12. Phila. The unarmored 

cruiser Minneapolis is launched at 

Cramps' shipyard. 
Tenn. Three companies of militia 

are ordered to Coal Creek to suppress 

rioting. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 July 17. Cal. A second comet 
is discovered by observers at the Lick 
Observatory ; it is enclosed in the tail of 
another now prominent in the heavens. 

July 20. Phila. The will of Anthony J. 
Drexel is filed for probate ; he bequeaths 
$1,000,000 to found an Art Gallery, 
or Museum. 

Aug. 3. Greenland. Lieut. Peary's ex- 
pedition reaches Bowdoin Bay. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

July 13. Enochs, "William H., M. C. for O., 

A51. 
July 15. Kelton, John C, brig.-gen. vols., 

A65. 
July 16. JarcUne, Edward, brig.-gen. vols., 

A65. 
July 18. Auchmuty, Richard T., colonel, 

philanthropist, A62. 
July 19. Smith, Melancthon, rear-aclm, 

U. S. N., A83. 
Jones, Charles Colcock, author, anti- 
quarian, A82. 
July 31. Stephenson, John, builder first 

street-ear in New York City, A84. 
Aug. 8. Towle, George 



thor, A 52. 



CHURCH. 



1893 July 19. New York. Rev. Henry 
Adams, late rector of the Church of 
the Redeemer, having announced that 
he has become a Roman Catholic, is for- 
mally deposed from the ministry by 
Bishop Potter. 

July 20. S. C. Ellison Capers is conse- 
crated (Protestant Episcopal) assistant 
bishop of South Carolina. 

July 25. Tenn. Thomas F. Gaylor 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
assistant bishop of Tennessee. 

July * Ind. The Baptist Young 
People's Union of America holds its 
second annual convention in Indianap- 
olis ; 4,000 delegates are present. 

Aug. 1-13. Mass. The 11th annual 
meeting of the Bible Conference is in 
session at Korthfield. 

Aug. 3. N. T. Dr. M'Glynn receives 
permission from Bishop McDonnell of 
Brooklyn to say mass for one month at 
the church in Bath Beach. 

Aug. 14-29. N. J. The International 
Bible Conference is in session at Ocean 
Grove. 



LETTERS. 

1893 July 16. Phila. The Univer- 
sity Extension summer meeeting 
opens its second week with a largely 
increased attendance. 

New York. The library of the Orien- 
talist, Paul Anton de Lagarde, deceased, 
in Gottingen, is purchased for the Uni- 
versity of the City of New York. 

N. Y. The Roman Catholic sum- 
mer school at Plattsburg begins its 
sessions. 

Aug. 2i. New York. C. H. Jones, for- 
merly of the St. Louis Republic, as- 
sumes duty as editor of The World. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 July 10. New York. Gen. But- 
terfield entertains the officers of the 
Russian war-fleet now at this port. 

[July 13. They arc welcomed by the 
authorities at the City Hall.] 

July 11. The suit of Wanamaker and 
Brown to secure the closing of the 
"World's Fair on Sunday is thrown 
out of court, the judge holding that they 
have no standing in a court of equity. 

0. The 27th festival of the North 

American Saengerbund begins at 
Cleveland. 

July 12. Mass. The World's Stu- 
dents' Conference at Northfield ends 
its sessions. 

July 14. Chicago. The Local Directory 
of the Fair rescinds its former action, 
and votes, 24 to 4, in favor of Sun- 
day closing. 

O. The Toledo Cadets, O.N. G., start 

for Chicago on military bicycles. 

S. C. Gov. Tillman meets with re- 
sistance in enforcing the Dispensary 
Law ; Charleston liquor-dealers are pre- 
paring to protect their premises by arms. 

July 15. N. Y. The municipal au- 
thorities of Brooklyn are charged with 
having illegally expended $627,000 of 
excise moneys since 1877. 

July 16. N. Y. Merchants at Rocka- 
way Beach employ constables to arrest 
gamblers whom the police refuse to 
touch. 

July 17. New York. A pugilist is 
killed in a prize-fight. 

July 19. New York. Russell Sage is 
sued for an alleged breach of promise 
of marriage, dating back 25 years. 

July 21. New York. The Raja Raja- 
gan of Kapurthala (Punjab), with a reti- 
nue of servants, arrives here on his way 
to the World's Fair. 

July 23. Pa. Over 30 men are in- 
jured in a race-war between Hungarians 



and Poles near Scranton. 

July 24. Ore. Fifteen persons, includ- 
ing eight Federal employees, are in- 
dieted for smuggling Chinamen into the 
United States. 

July 25. Chicago. About 12,000 com- 
mercial travelers, representing every 
State in the Union, besides represen- 
tatives of England, France, Germany, 
Austria, Holland, New Zealand, and 
Canada, parade in Chicago, It is Edi- 
torial Day at the World's Fair. 

± Kan . The strike in the coal-fields 

of the Cherokee district is so serious 
that Gov. Lewelling calls out the militia. 



July 26. New York. Matthew Green 
kicks James Halttead till lie cauhe& Lis 
death; Green is admitted to bail in the 
Mini of $1,500. 

Pa. A Pittsburg laborer kills his 

wife and two children ; be then sets fire 
to bifi house to hide the crime. 

July 27. -V- w Y<n-k. The Nawab of 
Ram pur arrives. 

July 28. 0. The State Liquor-Deal- 
ers' Association decides to enter ac- 
tively into politics. 

It demands the repeal of the law which 
makes it an offense to sell liquor to an 
habitual drunkard, a modification of the 
Sunday-closing law, and other restric- 
tions. 

July 29. A mail-pouch containing 
$50,000. east bound from Salt Lake City, 
is missing. 

July 30. ( 'hicago. Two men personate 
detectives, and bind and rob Mrs. R. 
Amnion of her diamonds and jewelry at 
her residence. 

Aug. 1. Chicago. The first annual con- 
vention of the American Bimetallic 
League begins. 

N. J. The annual baby parade 

takes place at Asbury Park in the pres- 
ence of an immense multitude; there 
are 500 babies in the line of carriages. 

Aug. 2. Chicago. Five directors of 
the World's Fair are fined $1,000 each 
by Judge Stein for contempt of court in 
closing the Exposition on Sunday, July 
23 ; smaller fines are imposed upon Direc- 
tor Lawson and Director-General Davis. 

N. J. M. P. Smith, tax collector of 

South Orange, is arrested on charge of 
embezzling township funds to the 
amount of $13,000. 

Aug. 3. Chicago. It is practically set- 
tled that the "World's Fair gates will 
be open on Sundays during the rest of 
the Exposition. 

The grand jury's inquisition concern- 
ing the cold-storage warehouse fire at 
the World's Fair shows that goods were 
taken therefrom by the wagonload, and 
that over 100 employees were involved 
in the conspiracy. [Aug. 26. About 
1,000 sufferers from the fire are receiving 
aid from the citizens' committee.] 

Colo. "Workmen are attacked by 

strikers. 

Aug. 4. X. Y. Superintendent Brock- 
way is charged with cruelty at the 
Elmira Reformatory. [Sept. 14. He is 
relieved from duty pending an investi- 
gation.] 

Aug. 6. Cal. Peculations to the ex- 
tent of $800,000 from the Pacific Bank 
of San Francisco are announced. 

Chicago. Sunday : The World's Fair 

gates are opened to a small attendance. 

Aug. 9. New York. The Thokore of 
Marvi, India, arrives, en route to the 
World's Fair. 

Aug. 10. Tenn. Soldiers at Coal Creek 
lynch two men suspected of murdering 
one of their comrades. 

Aug. 12. Cal. F. Gratefeud of the Bank 
of Shasta County is charged with embez- 
zling $100,000. 

Chicago. Masked robbers are ope- 
rating ; "one man is seriously injured 
while defending his own property. 

- — /. T. U. S. Deputy-Marshal "Whit- 
master is killed in the Cherokee Strii- 
by Laura Maundas, a female horse-thief. 

Aug. 13. A*. J. C. Klose, a member of 
the Herman Sehuetzenbund in Paters-. I., 
stabs his wife with a bayonet, aft<~~ 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, July 10 -Aug. 14. 435 



Chicago. The "World's Fair con- 
tinues to have a light attendance on 
Sunday. 

New York. The Shogai Matsura of 

Tokio, Japan, visits the Statue of Lib- 
erty, when on his way to Niagara Falls 
and Chicago. 

STATE. 
1893 July 12. New York. The hide, 
leather, and shoe trades hold a meet- 
ing, and adopt an address and resolu- 
tions *' urging upon Congress the speedy 
repeal of the Sherman Law, which 
compels the Government to purchase 
4,500,000 ounces of silver each month." 

July 18. New York. At a special meet- 
ing of the Maritime Exchange, resolu- 
tions are passed urging the repeal of the 
silver-purchasing clause of the Sher- 
man Law. 

July 22. Cal. The governor appoints 
ex-Governor George C. Perkins to till 
the vacancy in the IX. S. Senate caused 
by the death of Leland Stanford. 

July 23. Okla. A Statehood Con- 
vention is called to meet at El Reno, 
Aug. 8. 

July 30. Colo. The Denver Chamber of 
Commerce issues an appeal for the free 
coinage of silver. 

July 31. D.C. Secretary Carlisle declines 
to modify his order of July 13 regarding 
the authentication by the customs au- 
thorities of certificates of identifica- 
tion issued by the Chinese Consul at 
New York. 

Aug. 5. I. T. The Osage Indians re- 
fuse to treat with the U. S. Government 
for the cession of their reservation of 
nearly two million acres of land. 

Aug. 7. D.C. The 53d Congress opens. 
Both Houses meet in extraordinary 
session pursuant to the call of the Presi- 
dent for the purpose of repealing the 
Sherman silver-purchasing Act; in 
the Senate Isham G. Harris of Tenn. 
is elected President pro tempore; in the 
House Charles F. Crisp (Dem.) of Ga. is 
reelected Speaker. Vote : Crisp, 213 ; 
Thomas B. Reed of Me. (Rep.), 121. 

Strength of Parties : Senate : 44 
Democrats, 37 Republicans, 4 Populists, 
and 3 vacancies. House : 216 Demo- 
crats, 125 Republicans, 11 Populists, and 
4 vacancies. 

Aug. 8. D.C. Congress: Both Houses 
listen to the reading of the President's 
message, which urges the immediate 
repeal of the "Sherman Law;" in 
the Senate nearly a dozen bills dealing 
with the financial situation are intro- 
duced, Henry C. Lodge (Rep., Mass.) in- 
troducing a resolution to come to a final 
vote on repeal of the Sherman Law on 
Aug. 22. 

Aug. 10. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
meets, and adjourns until the 14th inst. ; 
the House soon adjourns. 

Cal. The Geary C hin ese Exclu- 
sion Act is enforced ; the first China- 
man deported sails on the Rio de Janeiro 
from San Francisco. 



0. Lawrence T. Neal (Dem.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Aug. 11. D.C. Congress: In the House 
an order of procedure is agreed to, 
limiting debate to 14 days, with votes 
successively upon free coinage and the 
repeal of the Sherman Act ; William L. 
Wilson of W. Va. introduces a Repeal 
Bill aimed at the purchase clause of the 
Sherman Act ; Richard P. Bland of Mo. 
moves a bill providing for the free 
coinage of silver at a ratio of 16 
to 1, as a substitute, and debate begins. 
[It becomes earnest and almost con- 
tinuous.] 

Aug. 12. D. C. Congress: The House 
continues the debate on the proposed 
repeal of the " Sherman Law." 

i2. /. The Supreme Court of Rhode 

Island decides that the governor had 
the legal right to adjourn the Legis- 
lature. 

There was a deadlock between the two 
houses, and no choice of State officers 
had been made when the governor pro- 
claimed the Legislature adjourned; the 
decision leaves the Republican officials 
in office to hold over. 

Va. The Republican State Com- 
mittee decides to make no nominations 
for State oflices ; the Republicans gen- 
erally support the Populist candidates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 July 10. Colo. Denver is shaken 
by an explosion of 8,000 pounds of dy- 
namite in storage. 

July 11. The trunk lines decide to run 
excursion-trains to Chicago at one 
fare for a round trip. 

July 12. Aid. The largest wheat cargo 
leaves Baltimore in the Great Northern ; 
163,000 bushels. 

July 13. N. Y. A train is wrecked at 
Newburg, causing five deaths. 

Pa. Plate-glass factories in Pitts- 
burg close ; 10,000 men are idle. 

July 16. Chicago. Four persons are 
killed and seven injured by a fireworks 
explosion at an Italian picnic. 

N. H. The Glen House near Mount 

Washington is burned ; loss, $100,000. 

July 17- Chicago. Four people are killed 
and several injured in a collision be- 
tween a Grand Trunk train and a horse- 
July 19. Colo. Three national banks 
close their doors, following three others 
on the 17th inst. 

July 20. Minn. The State Supreme 
Court decides that boycotting is legal. 

N Y. An explosion in a rubber 

cement factory in Brooklyn kills four 



down an embankment ; 30 persons are 
injured. 

N, Y. More than 50 persons are poi- 
soned in Brooklyn by eating ice-cream. 

July 28. U. S. It is announced offi- 
cially that 105 banks have failed since 
Jan. 1st. 

July 30. Pa. Pittsburg loses $140,000 

by fire. 
July 31. Cal. A business block in San 

Francisco is burned ; loss, $250,000. 

Aug. 1. Chicago. The provision deal 
collapses ; great excitement prevails on 
'Change, and a number of houses fail. 

Savings-banks in New England and 

New York give notice that the time-limit 
rule will be enforced. 

Aug. 2. D. C. The gold reserve in the 
TJ. S. Treasury is above the $100,000,000 
limit ; it is the first time since Apr. 20. 

N. Y. Levi P. Morton loses $200,000 

by the burning of his barn and poultry- 
houses at Ellerslie ; incendiarism is sus- 
pected. 

Banks in Iowa, Missouri, and Ten- 
nessee resume business after a brief sus- 
pension. 

Aug. 4. Minn. Three banks in St. Paul 
close their doors. 

N. Y. Nine lives are suddenly lost by 

the sinking of a propeller on Lake 
George caused by the incompetence of 
the pilot. 

Aug. 5. Mass. Mills in Fall River, em- 
ploying 7,000 hands, close on account of 
scarcity of currency. 

Pa. The lumber camp of Keshuqua 

is burned ; loss, $250,000. 

Aug. 6. Me. The reservoir of the 
Portland Water Company bursts its 
dam, letting loose its 20,000,000 gallons 
in 15 minutes ; four lives are lost. 

O. Three persons are killed and eight 

seriously injured by a train on the 
Lake Shore Road, near Lindsey. 

Aug. 7. "Work is resumed in mills, 
factories, and mines in many States. 

Aug. 9. New York. The Madison 
Square Bank closes its doors, and the 
Bank Superintendent takes charge of 
its affairs. State Treasurer Danforth, 
who had secured a personal loan of 
$50,000, withdraws the State's deposit of 
$250,000 after the Clearing-house Com- 
mittee had begun its investigation. 

N. Y. One death from cholera occurs 

at quarantine. 
Aug. 10. New York. Banks loan large 

sums of money on time at 6 per cent ; 

money on call very easy at 3 per cent ; 

stocks advance an average of 2 and 3 per 

cent. 
Aug. 11. Chicago. The "World's Fair 

attendance is on the increase; 419,000 

admissions are recorded in four days. 



Several small Western banks close 

their doors ; the closing of mills and 
mines is reported from various parts of 
the country. 

July 23. La. A fire is caused by light- 
ning in New Orleans ; loss estimated at 
$250,000. 

New York. The Russian war-ship 

Emperor Nicholas I. arrives. 

July 25. Spreading rails cause a Balti- 
more and Ohio World's Fair train to fall 



New York. The running time of the 

Campania from Sandy Hook to Brow 
Head is reported five days, 16 hours, and 
30 minutes. 

Aug. 12. Wis. Forest fires rage; 

Mann vi lie is nearly wiped out, and 

another town endangered. 
Minn. Minneapolis suffers by fire 

to the extent of $1,086,500 ; 15,000 people 

are made homeless. 

Aug. 14. Chicago. The Senate Hotel 

burns ; seven people are killed and a 
number injured. 



436 1893, Aug. 14 -Sept. 7. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1893 Aug. 17. N.Y. The West Point 
cadets start for the World's Fair. 

Aug. 26. N. Y. The Naval Reserves, 
250 strong, go on board the New Hamp- 
shire, for a week's cruise and a thorough 
course of instruction in naval tactics. 

Aug. 31. D. C. Samuel Breck is com- 
missioned colonel. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 Aug. 22. Wis. The American 
Association for the Advancement of 
Science is in session at Madison. 

Aug. 31±. Ga. — S. C. Six hundred 
people lose their lives in the cyclone 
on the Carolina and Georgia coasts. 
[Oct. 2. A cyclone sweeps along the 
Gulf coast, causing 2,000 deaths in Loui- 
siana and elsewhere.] 

Sept. 2. Ga. A cloud-burst at Guyton 
does great damage. 

Sept. 5. D. C. The Pan-American 
Medical Congress in Washington is 
opened by President Cleveland. 

Sept. 7. N. Y. The Social Science As- 
sociation at Saratoga discusses prison 
reform. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

Aug-. 17. Chipman, J. Logan, M. C. for 

Mich., A69. 
Aug. 21. McMahon, Lawrence S., R. C. 

bishop of Hartford, A58. 
Aug. 28. Harvey, Hayward A., inventor 

of Harvey process for armor-plates, A69. 
Sept. 4. l'-onapartc, .leronic N:ipoleon,liead 

of the American P.onapartes, A63. 
Sept. 7. Fish, Hamilton, M. C. for N. T., 

Gov., senator, secretary of state, A85, 



CHURCH. 

1893 Aug. 15. New York. Mgr. Sa- 
tolli celehrates pontifical high mass in 
the Cathedral, and Archbishop Corri- 
gan expresses loyalty to the Pope and 
the Apostolic delegate. 

N. J. A large number of Roman 

Catholic pilgrims attend and take part 
in the ceremonies at the shrine of St. 
Anthony at Butler, some kissing the 
relics, hoping thereby to be relieved of 
disease. 

Aug. 28. Chicago. The Jewish Denom- 
inational Congress is opened. 

Aug. 31. Mo. An International Sun- 
day-school Convention meets at St. 
Louis. 

Sept. 1. New York. Dr. Adolf Stoec- 
ker, a noted Anti-Semite leader, and 
formerly court chaplain to the Emperor 
of Germany, arrives. 

Sept. 4. Chicago. The Roman Cath- 
olic Congress is opened by Cardinal 
Gibbons. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Aug. 14. New Bug. During the 
last three months 35 post-offices in New 
England have been robbed ; total loss, 
over $10,000. 

Aug. 16. New York. S. V. Keeley, cash- 
ier of the New York Club, is arrested on 
the charge of embezzlement. 



Aug. 17. Chicago. The Peace Con- 
gress at the "World's Fair is in ses- 
sion. 

It adopts a message of congratulation 
to Queen Victoria and President Cleve- 
land on the triumph of arbitration, as 
exemplified in the recent Bering Sea 
decision at Paris. 

-New York. Unemployed Hebrew- 
laborers, numbering 50,000, parade the 
streets, and wind up by breaking into 
Walhalla Hall and fighting the police. 

Aug. 18. New York. Dr. Carl Peters, 
the German explorer, arrives. 

Aug. 19. Pa. An attempt to wreck the 
east-bound Philadelphia and Erie ex- 
press is foiled by a freight-crew, who 
close in on the train-wreckers, and cap- 
ture one after a severe fight. 

Aug. 20. Chicago. A mass-meeting of 
the unemployed, mostly foreigners, is 
held ; addresses are made by well-known 
labor agitators and anarchists. [Aug. 
26. Poles and Bohemians fight the po- 
lice; a number of persons are injured.] 

Aug. 21. Ind. T. P. Haughey, president 
of the Indianapolis National Bank, is 
arrested for embezzlement. 

New York. Unemployed workingmen 

and anarchists hold a mass-meeting in 
Union Square. 

Aug. 22. Chicago. The "West Point ca- 
dets hold a lawn-party at the World's 
Pair. 

N. J. Italians in Jersey City refuse 

to unload a steamer unless Americans 
employed on the piers are discharged. 

Pa. Three men are killed in a 

fight over railroad tracks at Gilberton. 

Aug. 23. Mass, Superintendent San- 
born and other Old Colony Railroad 
officials are sentenced to one month's 
imprisonment for rioting at Abington. 

Aug. 25. Cal. M. P. Curtis, " Sam'l 
of Posen," who has been tried three 
times for the murder of a policeman, is 
acquitted. 

The National Encampment of the 

Farmers' Alliance closes; 10,000 peo- 
ple were present, with a total atten- 
dance for the week of nearly 75,000. 

Aug. 27. Ga. The Brunswick Relief 
Committee issues an appeal for contri- 
butions to relieve the destitution caused 
by the yellow-fever scare. 

Ky. P.Humphreys and his mother, 

Eliza Humphreys, are killed by William 
Meadows at Louisville, as the result of 
a quarrel. 

Aug. 28. Chicago. The Jewish De- 
nominational Congress opens in the 
Art Palace at the "World's Fair. 

N. J. Russian Hebrews are stoned 

and otherwise ill-treated while seeking 
work in Newark. 

N. Y. F. Howlock mortally wounds 

his sweetheart and then commits sui- 
cide in Brooklyn ; cause, jealousy. 
Aug. 30. N.J. The Smith family and 
relatives hold a reunion at Peapack, with 
10,000 persons present. 
Aug. 31. Phila. Emma Goldman is 
arrested on the charge of inciting the 
anarchists to riot. 
Sept. 1. New York. The American Bar 
Association at its closing session elects 
Thos. M. Cooley of Mich, for president- 
Sept. 2. Ark. Sheriff and Tax-Collector 
A. Z. Bernhardt of Prairie County is 
short nearly $40,000 in his accounts. 



Cat. Troops are failed for to pro- 
tect Chinamen in San Bernardino 
County. 

Okla. In a fight between outlaws 

and U. S. deputy-marshals, seven out- 
laws and three D. S. marshals are mor- 
tally wounded ; one outlaw is captured. 

Sept. 3. Chicago. The Aryan Theo- 
sophieal Society welcomes the East 
Indian representatives who have come 
to attend the Religions Congress. 

Kav. A train and the passengers 

are robbed at Mound Valley; the ex- 
press messenger is killed. 

Sept. 4. N. Y. The coroner's jury in 
the Paul Halliday murder case in Ulster 
County brings in a verdict charging Liz- 
zie Halliday, his wife, with murder. 

[Sept. 7. Paul Halliday's body is 
found buried under his own house with 
three bullet-wounds in it.] 

The Crown Prince of Japan visits 
West Point Military Academy. 

Sept. 5, 6. Ind. The Grand Army of 
the Republic meets at Indianapolis in 
its 27th National Encampment ; ex-Presi- 
dent Harrison reviews the parade of 
20,000 veterans. Col. J. G. B. Adams of 
Boston is elected co mman der-in-chief. 

Sept. 6. The Pan-American Medical 
Congress adopts a resolution recom- 
mending the temporary suspension of 
immigration from European countries in 
which cholera exists. 

S. C. Gov. Tillman issues an appeal 

to the people of the United States for 
relief for the Sea Islands sufferers 
from the storm. 



STATE. 

1893 Aug. 14. B.C. Congress; Sen- 
ate : Daniel "W. Yoorhees of Ind. intro- 
duces a bill permitting national 
banks to emit notes to the par value of 
bonds deposited ; George G. Vest of Mo. 
offers a joint resolution to maintain the 
parity of gold and silver and in favor of 
the free coinage of silver ; the House de- 
bates the Wilson Repeal Bill. 

Aug. 15. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Voorhees Bill to increase bank issues 
is blocked ; the House debates the Re- 
peal Bill. 

Fr. The Bering Sea Court of Ar- 
bitration in Paris decides most of the 
technical points against the United 
States. 

It establishes a close season for seals 
from May 1 to July 31, and a protected 
zone of 60 miles around the Pribyloff 
Islands, and forbids the use of fire-arms, 
nets, explosives, and steam-vessels in 
pelagic sealing. 

Aug. 16. D. C. Congress; House: 
William J. Bryan of Neb. speaks against 
the repeal. 

la. Frank D. Jackson (Rep.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Aug. 17. B.C. Congress; Senate: The 
mileage resolution to permit members 
to draw mileage immediately for the fis- 
cal year 1S94 is passed ; the House de- 
bates the Repeal Bill. 

Aug. IS. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Finance Committee reports a bill favor- 
ing unconditional repeal of the Sher- 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Aug. 14 -Sept. 7. 437 



man Law ; the House debates the Re- 
peal Bill. 

Va. Col. C. T. O'Ferrall (Dem.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Aug. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: J. 
S. Morrill of Vt. urges the repeal of the 
purchase clause of the Sherman Act. 

Aug. 22. D. C. Congress: In the 
House general debate on the Repeal 
Bill is continued. The Midwinter 
Fair Bill for San Francisco passes both 
Houses. [Sept. 1. Approved.] 

Aug. 23. D.C. Congress; Senate: The 
motion to refer the Peffer resolution 
of inquiry as to the conduct of the na- 
tional hanks is opposed by D. B. Hill of 
N. Y. ; the claim of Lee Mantle of Mon- 
tana to recognition as Senator is re- 
jected ; it is decided that when a State 
Legislature has an opportunity, but fails 
to elect a Senator, an appointment by 
the governor is void. The House de- 
bates the Repeal Bill. 

Boston. At a special meeting of the 

Executive Council of the Massachusetts 
Board of Trade a resolution is adopted 
petitioning Congress to repeal the Sher- 
man Law. 

la. Horace Boies (Bern.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

New York. Baron Saurma, the first 

German Ambassador to the United 
States, arrives. 

Aug. 24. D.C. Congress: Both 
Houses discuss the silver question. 

The State Department receives the 
decision of the Bering Sea Board of 
Arbitration. 

Aug. 26. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
The debate on the "Voorhees Repeal 
Bill is resumed ; David B. Hill of N. Y. 
makes the principal speech. House : 
The debate on the "Wilson Repeal Bill 
is closed ; Thomas B. Reed of Me. and 
Bourke Cockran of N. Y. speak for un- 
conditional repeal. 

— Ohla. The Statehood Executive Com- 
mittee meets in Oklahoma City, and calls 
amass Statehood Convention to be held 
in Purcell on Sept. 30. 

Aug. 28. D. C. Congress: In the House 
all the amendments to the "Wilson 
BiD, providing for free coinage at dif- 
ferent ratios (from 17 to 20), and for 
the reenactment of the Bland- Allison 
Act, are defeated ; the Wilson Bill re- 
pealing the purchase clause of the 
Sherman Law is passed. Vote, 239- 
108 ; not voting, 6. In the Senate J. V. 
Cockrell's amendment to the Bank 
Circulation Bill is rejected. "Vote, 20- 
23. 

Aug. 29. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D. 
"W. Voorhees of the Finance Committee 
reports the House Repeal Bill with 
an amendment substituting the Voor- 
hees Bill. [One of the most notable 
struggles in Congress ensues.] J. N. 
Dolph of Ore. introduces a bill appro- 
priating money to enforce the Chinese 
Exclusion Bill ; it is referred to a com- 
mittee. 

Aug. 30. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
John Sherman of O. speaks in favor of 



the Repeal Bill, followed by Henry M. 
Teller of Colo., who attacks the na- 
tional banks ; the House passes the Ur- 
gent Deficiency Bill. [Sept. 2. Passed 
by the Senate. Sept. 14. Approved.] 

Aug. 31. D.C. Congress; Senate; Ed- 
ward O. Wolcott of Colo, speaks against, 
and Donelson Caffery of La. in favor of, 
the repeal of the Sherman Law. 

Sept. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate : 
Zebulon B. Vance of N. C. speaks 
against the Repeal Bill ; the House 
discusses the Code of Rules; several 
amendments to prevent filibustering 
are defeated. 

The Treasury Department resumes 
the payment of paper money over its 
counters at Washington ; for the last 
ten days only gold has been paid for 
treasury checks. 

Sept. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
House Repeal Bill is laid over, and 
the Dolph Chinese Exclusion Act is 
taken up ; the House Urgent Defi- 
ciency Bill is passed with some amend- 
ments. 

Tsui Kwo Yin, the retiring Chinese 
Minister, takes formal leave of the 
President. 

By agreement with Canada immi- 
grants for this country landing at Que- 
bec are to be examined by U. S. officials. 

Sept. 4, D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Shelby M. Cullom of 111. speaks in favor 
of the House Repeal BUI, and Richard 
Coke of Tex. and William A. Peffer of 
Kan. against it ; the House Committee 
on "Ways and Means begins the hear- 
ings on tariff revision. 

Sept. 5. D. C. Congress; Senate: Wil- 
liam M. Stewart of Nev. speaks against 
the Repeal BUI; a motion is made to 
go into executive session which dis- 
closes an unexpected majority against 
repeal. 

Sept. 6. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Daniel W. Voorhees of Ind. withdraws 
his early session resolution; in the 
House the Code of Rules is adopted ; 
the clause borrowed from the rules of 
the 51st Congress making 100 members a 
quorum of the Committee of the Whole 
is stricken out. 

Mass. L. A. Banks (Prohib.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

N. Y. The Controller of the State re- 
ports property in New York exempt from 
State taxation as follows : Cityproperty, 
8205,410,870; U. S. property, $18,863,000; 
N. Y. St;it«- property, $500,000; church 
property, £55, .".!><'>. 1'jr. ; parsonages, $146,- 
100; cleVn-vi)ifiL.s4ii.ri00; miscellaneous, 
§28,068,200; total, $308,430,795. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Aug. 14. New York. There are 
30 yellow fever patients and suspects in 
the harbor. 

Receipts of gold from abroad are 
large. 

Gold commands a premium of 1 to 
1^ per cent. 

Aug. 15. N. Y. Buffalo grain eleva- 
tors are burned; loss, $800,000. 

Receivers are appointed for the 

Northern Pacific Railroad. 



Aug. 16, N. C. A train on the Atlantic 
and Danville Road breaks through a 
trestle near Milton, killing seven per- 
sons and injuring many others. 

Aug. 21. Chicago. The live-stock ex- 
hibit at the "World's Fair is opened to 
the public. 

Pa. Many iron-mills in and near 

Pittsburg resume operations. 

Aug. 22. Ga. The mayor of Brunswick 
advises the people to leave the city on 
account of the appearance of yellow 
fever. 

Aug. 24. CJdcago. A fire burns 150 
houses, rendering 3,000 people home- 
less ; loss, about $650,000. 

Aug. 25. Ga. The inhabitants of 
Brunswick, except about 5,000, leave 
from fear of yellow fever. 

III. The trotting mare Nancy 

Hanks makes a record of one mile in 
2.08 minutes at Springfield. 

Aug. 26. N. Y. A train is wrecked 
by collision on the Harlem road at Ber- 
lin ; 16 persons are killed, and 50 in- 
jured. 

Aug. 27. New York. The Columbian 
Liberty and Peace Bell arrives from 
Troy on its way to Chicago. 

N. Y. A Rockaway excursion-train 

runs into a Manhattan Beach train 
near Long Island City ; 11 persons are 
killed, and between 40 and 50 are in- 
jured. 

Aug. 28. Miss. Three persons are killed 
and seven wounded in a railroad wreck 
at Gulf port. 

Aug. 29. New York. The cost of the 
new Croton Aqueduct and the work 
on reservoirs to June 30 amounts to 
$27,333,924. 



Aug. 30. A receiver is appointed for the 
Nicaragua Canal Construction Com- 
pany. 

Ga. The steamship City of Birming- 
ham arrives at Savannah with the 
wrecked passengers of the steamship 
City of Savannah. 

Aug. 31. Mass. Thirteen persons are 
killed and 20 injured by a train falling 
through a bridge on the Boston and 
Albany Road near Chester. 

Sept. 1. N.J. A case of Asiatic chol- 
era appears in Jersey City. 

— -New York. The Equitable Mort- 
gage Company, one of the largest cor- 
porations engaged in lending money on 
farm-mortgages, goes into the hands of 
receivers ; liabilities about $15,000,000. 

Sept. 4. Pa. The Carnegie Steel 
Works at Homestead resume operations 
with 2,000 men. 

Sept. 5. New York. Monetary condi- 
tions are becoming normal, currency no 
longer commanding any premium. 

Pa. The Lalance and Grosjean 

works and the National Tube Works 
Company at McKeesport, giving em- 
ployment to 2,000 men, resume business. 

Sept. 6. Vt. The last car of a passenger- 
train is wrecked in crossing a bridge 
over Otter Creek, which had been weak- 
ened by wreckers. 



438 1893, Sept. 7- Oct. 1 



AMERICA : 



ARMY— NAVY. 
1893 Oct. 4. Ala. Gov. Jones orders 
troops to Decatur, to quell threatened 
riots by Louisville and Nashville Rail- 
road Btrikers. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Sept. 13. LambertoTi, Hubert A., president 
of Lehigh University, A69. 



CHURCH. 

1893 Sept. 11. Chicago. The "World's 
Parliament of Religions opens. 

[Sept. 14. Dharmapala, the Hindoo 
scholar, assails Christianity, and papers 
are read by Cardinal Gibbons, Lyman 
Abbott, and others. Sept. 24. The Par- 
liament considers the relation of Chris- 
tianity to America.] 

Sept. 15. The Christian Endeavor 
Society reports 37,S41 societies, with a 
membership of 1,650,000, chiefly in the 
United States, Canada, Australia, Great 
Britain ; also in all missionary lands. 

Sept. 20. Minn. Archbishop Ireland 
denies that the Faribault plan is a 
failure. 

Oct. 1. New York. A monstrance, to 
be used in the exposition of the sacra- 
ment in St. Patrick's Cathedral, arrives ; 
it cost $10,000, not including the jewels 
used in its construction. 



LETTERS. 

1893 Sept. 13. Minn. The Faribault 
school scheme fails, as the Catholics 
would not consent to the assignment 
of two Protestant teachers to the Hill 
School. 

Sept. 27. N. Y. The Steele Memorial 
Library Association is incorporated to 
maintain a free public library in Elmira. 

Oct. 4. New York. St. Francis Xavier 
College opens its doors to women on the 
same plane with men, less the degree. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Sept. 8. New York. Claus Tim- 
merman, an anarchist, is sentenced to 
six months' imprisonment for lawless 
speech-making at a Union Square meet- 
ing. 

Sept. 9. D. C. Mrs. Cleveland gives 
birth to a daughter ; named Esther. 

Sept. 11. Chicago. The Parliament of 
Religions opens at the World's Fair. 

Sept. 12. Ky. Judge Saufley, while in- 
structing the grand jury at Danville, 
charges that playing progressive eu- 
chre in parlors for prizes is one of the 
worst forms of gambling, and tells the 
jury to spare no man or woman in its 
investigations. 

Sept. 15. Mich. Train-robbers hold 
up a train on the Mineral Range Rail- 
road, and secure $75,000. 

Sept. 16. Chicago. Trainmen on 
Pennsylvania Railroad trains running 
out are ordered to arm themselves to 
protect the company's property. 

Sunday : The attendance at the 
World's Fair is increasing, 27,000 pay- 
ing visitors having entered before two 
o'clock to-day. 



Colo. The miners return to work, 

a settlement having been effected. 

/. T. The Cherokee Strip is opened 

to settlers, and about 100,000 persons 
rush over the boundary line to secure 
the G,000,000 acres of land. 

La. Three negroes are hanged 

and one kicked to death by lynchers 
near New Orleans, because they would 
not or could not tell where an escaped 
murderer might be found. 

Phila. The 5,000 ounces of gold 

recently missed at the Mint is discov- 
ered; a trusted employee, Henry S. 
Cochren, acknowledges having taken it, 
and shows where it is secreted. 

Sept. 18. D. C. The centennial anni- 
versary of the laying of the corner-stone 
of the Capitol at "Washington is cele- 
brated ; President Cleveland and others 
make addresses. 

/. T. On the arrival of "boomers" 

on their fastest horses in the Cherokee 
Strip, they find that " sooners " are in 
possession of the best of the land and 
the town-lots. 

Sept. 19. New York. Mayor Gilroy re- 
fuses the application of the United Ital- 
ian Societies to display the Italian flag 
on the City Hall, on the 23d anniver- 
sary of the unification of Italy by Victor 
Emmanuel. 

Sept. 20. La. Colored people of New 
Orleans call upon the governor for pro- 
tection, as regulators are preparing for 
the torture of one of their number. 

Sept. 21. III. Three robbers hold up 
an Illinois Central train, but obtain 
no booty ; one of the robbers and three 
trainmen are shot. 

Va. Robert Smith, the negro on 

whose account a mob made preparations 
for torture at Roanoke for robbing a 
woman, is captured, hanged, riddled 
with bullets, and cremated. 

Sept. 22. Ala. A train is derailed by 
wreckers near Birmingham ; several per- 
sons are hurt, but none fatally. 

N. J. Three hundred wire-workers 

in Roebling's mill, at Trenton, strike 
against a reduction of wages. 

Tex. A claim-jumper named Wil- 
liams kills four persons on a claim near 
Waukomis. 

Sept. 23. III. Fourteen "White Caps 
in Quincy are indicted for wilful and 
malicious. murder by the grand jury; 
the indicted persons are prominent 
farmers and residents of Kingston. 

New York. The Lord Mayor of 

Dublin arrives at this port ; also Lord 
Danraven, owner of the yacht Valkyrie. 

Tenn. The Presbytery of Knoxville 

adopts resolutions condemning, in the 
strongest terms, the alarming increase 
of mob violence; it orders the resolu- 
tions to be read in full to the separate 
congregations. 

Sept. 25. La. A captured negro is 
tortured by a mob in Jefferson Parish ; 
tire is applied to his feet to extort con- 
fession, but without success. 

Neiv York. Bookkeeper E. J. Greene 

and Cashier J. F. Collins, of a firm of 
cotton-brokers, are arrested for stealing 
about $20,000, chiefly by means of 
forged checks. 

Sept. 26. Boston. John W. Washburn, 
treasurer of the Old Colony Railroad and 
Steamboat Companies, is announced as 
a defaulter. 



Chicago. The Odd Fellows have a 

day at the World's Fair, and ^0,000 mem- 
bers are present. 

Sept. 27. Chicago. Chas.Belden shoots 
three men and one woman at the 
Board of Trad.-. 

Miss. "White Caps are rousing the 

people to madness by burning cotton- 
gins, and other outrages. 

Ore. The Chinese of La Grande 

are driven away by mob violence. 

Pa. S. G. Southard of Pittsburg 

shoots his wife and kills himself be- 
cause he objected to his children being 
educated as Catholics. 

Sept. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite unearths 
great frauds in land-grants because of 
perjured testimony and fraudulent snr- 
vevs, coal-lands being entered as agri- 
cultural lands, etc. 

Sept. 30. Cat. Members of the Sailors* 
Union at San Francisco perpetrate out- 
rages upon non-union sailors, besides 
robbing them of their money. 

Oct. 1. O. Daniel Bauer, a city council- 
man of Cincinnati, is indicted on two 
charges of soliciting bribes from a per- 
son interested in the passage of an ordi- 
nance to improve terminal facilities of 
that city. 

Oct. 2. Me. A labor riot at Auburn 
is caused by strikers attacking non- 
union shoemakers ; the sheriff calls out 
a posse to maintain peace. 

New York. Mrs. Catharine Fitzgerald 

shoots and kills Mrs. Carrie Pearsall 
on Eighth Avenue, and then gives her- 
self up to the police. 

STATE. 

1893 Sept. 7. L>. C. Congress; Sen- 
ate : Mr. Stewart ends a three days' 
speech on the silver question. 

Sept. S. I). C. Congress; Senate: 
Charles J. Faulkner of W. Va. delivers 
a speech which is by some construed as 
a suggestion of compromise on the sil- 
ver question. 

Sept. 9. I). C. Congress; Senate; 
Henry M. Teller of Colo, speaks against 
the Repeal Bill. 

Sept. 10. Col. V. S. Marshal Gard at 
Los Angeles is instructed to enforce the 
Geary Act for the exclusion of the Chi- 

Sept. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Henry M. Teller of Colo, and James L. 
Pugh of Ala. speak against the Repeal 
Bill, Mr. Pugh announcing the purpose 
of himself and those who agree with him 
to fight unconditional repeal by all par- 
liamentary methods. 

The new Chinese Minister to the 
United States confers with Secretary 
Gresham on the matter of enforcing the 
Chinese Exclusion Law. 

Sept. 12. D.C. Congress; Senate: 
John H. Mitchell of Ore. speaks against 
the Repeal Bill. 

New York. The convention called bv 

the New York Board of Trade and Trans- 
portation, consisting of delegates from 
various commercial bodies throughout 
the country, meets ; resolutions urging 
the repeal of the Silver Purchase Law 
are adopted. Vote, 1S5-5. 

Sept. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
George L. Shoup of Ida. speaks against 
the Repeal Bill, and Joseph N. Dolph 
of Ore. argues against the free coinage 
of silver; Daniel Voorhees of Ind. tries 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Sept. 7 -Oct. 4. 439 



unsuccessfully to have a date fixed for a 
vote on the Repeal Bill; in the House 
a bill is introduced to consolidate Utah 
and Nevada. [No action.] 

Sept. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John W. Daniel of Va. speaks against 
the Repeal Bill ; an amendment to the 
bill is introduced by Charles J. Faulkner 
of W. Va. 

Secretary Smith takes measures to 
relieve the boomers at the Cherokee 
Strip from further delay in registering. 

Sept. 15. D. C. Congress: Senate: 
William Lindsay of Ky. and Anthony 
Higgins of Del. speak in favor of the 
Repeal Bill. 

Sept. 16. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
William B. Allison of la. speaks in favor 
of the Repeal Bill ; another motion by 
Daniel W. Voorhees to have a time fixed 
to close the debate is defeated ; in the 
House a bill providing for a U. S. bank 
in every town of two thousand in- 
habitants is introduced. [No action.] 

Okla. The Cherokee Strip is opened 

for settlement at 12 noon. 

Sept. 18. D. C. Congress: No business 
is done in either House, the day being 
devoted to the celebration of the Cente- 
nary of the laying of the corner-stone 
of the National Capitol. 

There is a procession, and addresses 
are made by the President, Vice-Presi- 
dent, Speaker of the House, and Justice 
Brown of the Supreme Court ; the ora- 
tor of the day is William Wirt Henry, 
a grandson of Patrick Henry. 

Sept. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Roger Q. Mills of Tex. speaks in favor of 
the Repeal Bill ; Daniel W. Voorhees 
of Ind. makes another vain attempt to 
get the anti-repeal Senators to fix a date 
for closing debate. 

President Cleveland nominates W. B. 
Hornblower of N. Y. to be Associate 
Justice of the Supreme Court, and J. J. 
Van Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to 
Italy. [See Oct. 20.] 

Sept. 20. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
James Z. George of Miss, speaks against 
the Repeal Bill and George Grey of Del. 
in favor of it ; in the House the Federal 
Elections Bill, under exceptional rul- 
ings by Speaker Crisp, is reported, and 
placed on the calendar. 

Sept. 21. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the repeal of the Sherman 
Law ; Orville Piatt of Conn, introduces 
a motion to establish closure ; the mo- 
tion is discussed by Messrs. Piatt and 
Henry C. Lodge; Stephen M. White of 
Cal. speaks against the Repeal Bill ; in 
the House a resolution is adopted that 
the Federal Elections Bill be taken up 
on Sept. 26, and considered until Oct. 10. 

Sept. 22. B.C. Congress ; Senate : An 
agreement for longer sessions beginning 
with the 25th is adopted ; Edward O. 
Wolcott and Henry M. Teller speak on 
the closure resolution ; and Senators 
George, Henry C. Hansbrough, and Wil- 
liam M. Stewart speak against the 
Repeal BiU. 

Sept. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
William M. Stewart of Nev. makes a 
personal attack upon Mr. Cleveland, 



ridiculing the President and his knowl- 
edge of economics ; James Donald Cam- 
eron of Pa. and William B. Bate of 
Tenn. speak against the Repeal BiH; 
the House adjourns for want of a 
quorum. 

Sept. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Mr. Stewart accuses President Cleve- 
land of using Federal patronage to in- 
fluence legislation ; in the House debate 
begins on the Tucker Bill providing for 
the repeal of the Federal Elections 
Laws. 

Sept. 27. D. C. Congress; In the 
House Thomas G. Lawson of Ga. and 
Charles Daniels of N. Y. continue the 
debate on the Tucker Bill ; a resolu- 
tion is passed asking why the lawful 
amount of silver was not purchased 
during July and August. 

Sept. 28. X>. C. Congress; Senate: 
William A. Peffer speaks against the 
Repeal BUI; in the House John C. 
Black of 111., Tom L. Johnson of 0., 
and C. R. Breckinridge of Ky. speak 
on the Tucker Repeal Bill. 

Sept. 29. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Isham G. Harris of Tenn. and John T. 
Morgan of Ala. speak against the Re- 
peal Bill ; in the House, John F. Lacey 
of la. and others discuss the Tucker 
Repeal Bill. 

Sept. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Johnson N. Camden of W. Va. speaks in 
favor of the Wilson Repeal Bill ; in 
the House, the debate on the Tucker 
Repeal Bill is continued by Samuel W. 
McCall of Mass., Josiah Patterson of 
Tenn., and others. 

Oct. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
debate on the Repeal Bill is continued ; 
in the House, speeches are made on the 
Tucker Repeal Bill. 

— — .V. Y. The Brooklyn Independent 
Committee of One Hundred, for the 
purification of government and the over- 
throw of ring rule, meets and adopts a 
platform. [Oct. 4. William C. Low is 
elected president.] 

Oct. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: Jo- 
seph N. Dolph of Ore. speaks in favor of 
the Repeal BiU, and Thomas C. Power 
of Mont, against it; in the House, Ste- 
phen Northway of O. speaks against 
the Tucker Repeal BUI, and John C. 
Kyle of Miss, in its favor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Sept. 7. III. Eleven persons are 
killed and 10 injured in a railway col- 
lision on the Pan Handle road, near 
Colehour. 

Sept. 8. Ire. The Campania reaches 
Queenstown after making the voyage 
from Sandy Hook in five days, 14 
hours, and 55 minutes. 

Sept. 10. New York. Fifty-two arti- 
sans arrive from Europe on their way to 
make a study of the World's Fair and 
American industries. 

Sept. 11. The yacht Vigilant wins the 
third trial race, and is selected by the 



America Cup Committee to defend 
the trophy against Lord Dunraven's 
yacht. 

Sept. 12. New York. Emigration from 
this port exceeds immigration for the 
first time. 

Sept. 15. /. T. The boomers on the 
Cherokee Strip border register at the 
rate of 20 a minute ; there are now 
about five registered for every lot in 
the strip. 

Sept. 16. /. T. About 150,000 persons 
are pouring into the Cherokee Strip. 

Sept. 17. Ga. At Brunswick 19 new 
cases of yeUow fever are reported ; 
the governor of the State issues an ad- 
dress asking for aid for the city. 

Sept. 19. 77/. A train is wrecked near 
Manteno, causing eight deaths. 

New York. A number of Clearing- 
house certificates, valued at $1,400,000, 
are canceled. 

Sept. 21. Ga. There is another death 
from yeUow fever at Brunswick, and 
two new cases of the disease are re- 
ported, making 17 now under treatment. 
[Sept. 22. Three new cases. Sept. 24. 
One death and two new cases. Sept. 25. 
Five new cases. Sept. 26. Two new 
cases and one death. Sept. 27. Eigh- 
teen new cases. Sept. 28. Thirteen. 
Oct. 1. Twelve. Oct. 2. Twelve. Oct. 
3. Fourteen new eases and three deaths. 
Oct. 6. Twenty-four new cases. Oct. 7. 
Thirty-one. Oct. 8. Thirty-two. Oct. 
12. Eighteen. Oct. 14. Twenty-six. 
Oct. 30. Twelve. Nov. 3. Twenty-four.] 

Iowa celebrates the 47th anniver- 
sary of its admission as a State. 

Pa. Five men are killed and "several 

injured in a mine explosion at WilkeB- 
barre. 

Sept. 22. Ind. Through the leaving 
open of a switch by a brakeman, a lim- 
ited express vestibuled train runs into 
a freight-train near Kingsbury ; 11 are 
killed and 21 injured. 

New York. The British yacht Valky- 
rie arrives after a very stormy voyage of 
30 days. 

Sept. 23. Minn. A lumber fire in Bed 
Wing causes a loss of $150,000. 

Sept. 24. Wis. Five large mills of the 
Illinois Steel Company's plant at Bay- 
view will resume operations. 

Sept. 25. Mo. A fire in St. Joseph 
causes the loss of about $1,000,000. 

Sept. 26. S. Dak. Lead City is 
burned. 

Sept. 27. O. Oak-harness leather men 
meet in Columbus to form a trust. 

Sept. 29. Cal. The Mariposa arrives 
at San Francisco from Australia, 
bringing $500,000 in gold consigned to 
local houses. 

Mich. Twenty-eight miners are 

drowned by the Michigamme River 
bursting through the roof of the Mans- 
field iron-mine. 

Sept. 30. O. Forest fires are raging; 
Centerburg is burned, with heavy loss. 

Oct. 1. Chicago. The Sunday attend- 
ance at the "World's Fair is greatly 
increased. 



440 1893, Oct 4 -Oct. 25. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1893 Oct. 25. X). C. Acting Kear- 
Adm. Stanton is removed from com- 
mand of the South Atlantic Squadron 
for saluting the flag of the Brazilian 
insurgents. 

[Dec. 20. He is restored, and assigned 
to command the North Atlantic Squad- 
ron,] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S93 Oct. 4. N. Y. A statue of Al- 
exander Hamilton is unveiled in front 
of the Hamilton Cluh House, Brooklyn. 

Oct. 12. A West Indian cyclone is raging 
along the coasts of Georgia, Florida, and 
South Carolina. 

Oct. 13. N. Y. A natural gas-well is 
tapped by an artesian drill at Malta 
Ridge. [Nov. 11. Another is found near 
Grand Junction, Colo.] 

Oct. 14. Ida. Large numbers of crick- 
ets are moving from northern Idaho 
Bouth and east, destroying fruit and 
grain on their way, to the utter dismay 
of the farmers. 

Oct. 19. N. J. The monument com- 
memorating the victory of Gen. 
"Washington over the Hessians is un- 
veiled at Trenton. 

Oct. 21. N Y. The Founders' Mon- 
ument is unveiled at Southold, L. I., — 
this being the 253d anniversary of the 
founding of the town. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Oct. 11. Black: well, Lucy Stone, aboli- 
tionist, woman suffragist, reformer, A75. 

Oct. SO. Schaff, Philip, Pres. clergvrnan, 
author, professor sacred literature Union 
Seminary, A69. 

Oct. 24. Queen, Walter W„ rear-adm. V. 
S. N., A69. 

Bond, Hugh L., lawyer, jurist, of Balti- 
more, A65. 

CHURCH. 

1893 Oct. 5. Boston. "William Law- 
rence is consecrated (Protestant Epis- 
copal) bishop of Massachusetts. 

Oct. 6. Chicago. A Congress of Young 
Men's Christian Associations of the 
"World opens. 

Oct. 7. Utah. The 64th semiannual 
conference of the Mormon Church 
is held in the Tabernacle at Salt Lake 
City. 

Oct. 8. Chicago. A great throng of 
people attend the opening exercises of 
the Evangelical Alliance Congress in 
Memorial Art Palace. 

Oct. 15. N.C. JosephB. Cheshire, Jr., 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) as- 
sistant bishop of North Carolina. 

Oct. 19. N. Y. The Presbyterian Synod, 
in session at Rochester, dismisses the 
complaints of Prof. Briggs ; it will 
not interfere with the action of the 
General Assembly. 

LETTERS. 

1893 Oct. 8. Mass. Williams College, 

at "Williamstown, begins its centennial 

celebration with a sermon by the Rev. 

Dr. Harry Hopkins. 



SOCIETY. 

1893 Oct. 5. HI. A train carrying 
non-union workmen from the Big Four 
Railroad shops at Indianola is attacked 
by strikers' friends ; one man is killed 
and a division superintendent injured. 

New York. Joseph Chamberlain, 

the English M. P., arrives on the Ma- 
jestic. 

Oct. 6. New York. The Archduke 
Franz-Ferdinand, heir presumptive 
to the throne of Austria, arrives at this 
port. 

Oct. 7. Ala. "White Caps are active, 
threatening to burn the gin-houses of 
farmers who sell cotton for less than 
10 cents. 

New York. Daniel O'Neil, while 

drunk, pours kerosene over his baby's 
cradle and tries to burn the child; he 
then beats his wife for trying to prevent 
him. 

Oct. 8. /. T. Treasurer McCurtin of the 
Choctaw Nation, after making his re- 
port to the National Council, disap- 
pears ; he is said to be short $io,ooo. 

Louisiana is again terrorized by- 
regulators, and the people in meetings 
assembled are calling on Gov. Foster for 
help against them. 

Oct. 9. Chicago Day at the Fair ; 716,- 
881 admissions, the largest number in 
one day during the Fair. 

Mo. The Pan-American Bimetal- 
lic Convention is in session at St. 
Louis. 

R. I. About 1,800 weavers in the 

woolen-mills strike against a reduction 
of wages. 

Oct. 10. New York. The Bar Associa- 
tion by resolution urges upon every 
good citizen to oppose " to his utmost 
the attempt to reward unworthy con- 
duct [of Isaac H. Maynard] by a seat 
on the bench of our highest judicial 
tribunal." [Oct. 15. Gov. Flower makes 
his defense of the appointment.] 

Tex. Two masked men stop a 

stage in Coke County and rifle the mail- 
bags, securing about §3,100. 

Oct. 12. New York. The Society for the 
Prevention of Crime sends letters to 
the police officials, charging them 
with neglect of duty. 

Oct. 14. Chicago. M. V. Gannon re- 
signs the presidency of the Irish 
National League of America. 

O. The Columbus grand jury has 

found over ioo indictments against W. 
Z. McDonald, late chief inspector of 
workshops and factories. 

Oct. 16. Chicago. The "World's 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union 
begins its second biennial session in the 
Hall of Columbus of the World's Fair. 

It is called to order by Lady Henry 
Somerset, vice-president at large, as 
Miss Willard is unable by ill health to 
be present. [Miss Willard is reelected 
president.] 

The public-school children of Chi- 
cago visit the Fair Grounds ; paid ad- 
missions for the day, 234,405. 

N. Y. Kingston celebrates the 

116th anniversary of its burning by the 
British forces ; Daughters of the Amer- 
ican Revolution have charge of the ex- 
ercises. 



— — New York. Jacob J. Kaiser, over- 
gaiter manufacturer, is sentenced to the 
State prison for seven and a half years 
for setting fire to his place of business 
on Broadway. 

Oct. 17. New York. Lord Dunraven 
of England is entertained at dinner by 
C. Oliver Iselin and the New York Yacht 
Club. 

Dr. C. H. Parkhurst sends a letter 
to Mayor Gilroy and the chairman for 
selecting gTand jurors. 

He charges that Grand Juryman Hugh 
Slevin violates the Excise Law, and is 
not a fit person to be a grand juror ; a 
number of affidavits in proof accompany 
the letter. 

Oct. 18. Chicago. The American 
Bankers' Association Convention be- 
gins its session in the Art Institute of 
the World's Fair, with W. H. Rhawm 
of Philadelphia in the chair. 

AT. J. The Trenton Battle Monu- 
ment celebration begins. 

Oct. 19. Md. The anniversary of the 
burning of the tea-laden British brig 
Peggy Stewart in Annapolis Harbor in 
1774, as a protest against the Stamp Act, 
is celebrated in Baltimore. 

Oct. 20. Fa. A mob attacks the jail 
at Roanoke ; the militia fire, killing nine 
men, and wounding 20 others. 

Oct. 21. Ind. Mrs. Augusta Schneider, 
a wealthy lady, quarrels with one of her 
tenants, and shoots and kills him near 
Walton. 

Oct. 24. Chicago. Mary "Washington 
Day is celebrated at the World'B Fair 
in the New York State building. 



STATE. 

1893 Oct. 4. D. C. Congress ; Sen- 
ate : Speeches favoring compromise on 
the silver question are made by Joseph 
C. S. Blackburn of Ky., Matthew C. 
Butler of S. C, and Wilkinson Call of 
Fla. ; in the House the repeal of the 
Federal Elections Laws is discussed ; 
a bill to repeal the Chinese Exclusion 
Bill (see May 5, 1892) is reported. [It 
is sharply discussed in both Houses, and 
specially opposed by members from the 
Pacific Coast.] 

Oct. 5. D. C. Congress ; House : G. 
W. Murray of S. C. concludes his argu- 
ment against the repeal of the Federal 
Elections Laws; a bill is passed pla- 
cing the Secretary of Agriculture in 
the line of succession to the presidency. 

New York. The Chamber of Com- 
merce passes a resolution asking the 
TJ. S. Senate to amend its rules so as 
to pass the Silver Repeal Bills. 

Oct. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An 
amendment to the "Wilson Repeal Bill 
is introduced by J. C. S. Blackburn of 
Ky. ; Senators Call, Butler, and Teller 
speak against repeal ; in the House 
debate on the Tucker Repeal Bill is 
continued. 

Oct. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. 
W. Voorhees of Ind., the Democratic 
leader, announces that he will ask on 
the 11th inst. for a continuous session 
until the Repeal Bill is disposed of; 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Oct. 4 -Oct. 25. 441 



"W. N. Roach of N. Dak. and W. V. 
Allen of Neb. speak against the bill ; 
the House debates the Tucker Repeal 
Bill. 

Mass. Fred. T. Greenhalge (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Oct. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : After 
a discussion by several members as to 
how far the Repeal Bill would demone- 
tize silver, F. M. Cockrell of Mo. speaks 
against the Repeal Bill; in the House 
debate on the bill for repealing the 
Federal Elections Laws is closed, and 
it is decided to pass the bill as it now 
stands. 

Oct. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Messrs. McPherson and Coakrell speak 
on the Silver Repeal Bill; in the 
House the Tucker Bill, repealing all 
existing Federal Elections Laws, is 
passed. Vote, 200-101. 

Oct. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
session is continued all day and all 
night ; W. V. Allen of Neb. begins to 
speak at 6.30 p.m. against the Repeal 
Bill [and continues through the entire 
night]. 

Oct. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Mr. Allen finishes his speech at 
eight o'clock in the morning, having 
been on the floor 14 and three-quarters 
hours ; it is the longest continuous 
speech ever made in the Senate ; the 
session continues all the day and even- 
ing. 

Oct. 13. D. C, Congress ; Senate : The 
debate on the Repeal Bill continues, 
W. M. Stewart of Nev. holding the floor. 
The Senate adjourns at 1.45 a.m., on 
the motion of D. "W. Voorhees of Ind., 
having been in session 39 hours con- 
tinuously ; it is found impossible to 
compel the attendance of the majority 
(43) members. 

Oct. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Several important amendments to the 
rules are offered ; James K. Jones of 
Nev. speaks against the Repeal Bill. 

The Secretary of the Treasury's order 
that nothing but coin or currency 
be accepted in payment of government 
taxes is rescinded ; certified checks will 
be received. 

Oct. 16. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the McCreary Bill, which pro- 
vides for the amendment of the Geary 
Act, so as to give Chinese residents in 
the United States another six months 
in which to register. Vote, 178-1. [Nov. 
2. It is amended and passed by the Sen- 
ate. Nov. 3. Conference report agreed 
to and bill approved.] 

Boston. The Associated Board of 

Trade unanimously adopts resolutions 
petitioning the United States Senate to 
change its rules so that a vote can be 
reached on the Repeal Bill. 

Oct. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses a proposed amendment to 
the rules ; Senator Sherman makes a 
speech in which he aims to place the 
responsibility for the deadlock re- 
specting the repeal of the Sherman Law 
on the Democrats. 



Oct. 18. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the New York and New Jersey 
Bridge Bill introduced Sept. 20, author- 
izing the construction of a bridge across 
the Hudson River. 

New York. The Cotton Exchange 

passes resolutions railing for the speedy 
repeal of the purchasing clause of the 
Sherman Law. 

Oct. 19. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. 
B. Hill of N. Y. speaks against compro- 
mise on the Repeal ; Secretary Carlisle's 
statements in answer to the Senate's 
resolutions show that the deficit in 
revenues may reach $50,000,000 
at the end of the fiscal year. 

Oct. 20. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
in executive session confirms, among 
others, the nomination of J. J. Van 
Alen of R. I. to be ambassador to Italy. 
[The nomination is severely and persist- 
ently criticised. Nov. 20. Van Alen 
resigns. Dec. 3. The resignation is 
made public] The House passes a de- 
ficiency appropriation bill. [Oct. 28. 
Amended and passed by the Senate. 
Nov. 3. Third Conference report made. 
Final action not taken]. Also a bill to 
remit half the duties on exhibits here- 
after sold at the World's Fair, and 
another providing for the destruction 
of derelicts along the Atlantic coast. 

Oct. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate : 
Messrs. Peffer and Jones speak against 
repeal. 

The Senate agrees to a compromise, 
by repealing the purchasing clause of 
the Sherman Bill, to take effect Oct. 1, 
1S94, and eliminating entirely the bond 
question ; all greenbacks and Treasury 
notes under $10 in value will be retired, 
and silver certificates and coined silver 
dollars will take their place, the pur- 
chase of the four and a half million 
ounces of silver to continue, the same 
to be coined from time to time as the 
seignorage now in the Treasury, also 
that which shall grow out of f urtherpur- 
chase. 

The Treasury's ten days' statement 
shows that the gold reserve has de- 
creased to $81,700,000, the lowest point 
yet reached. 

Oct. 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
still discusses the Silver Repeal Bill ; 
the House passes the Printing Bill ; 
also a bill authorizing the construction 
of a new revenue cutter on the lakes. 

Oct. 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
silver men abandon filibustering, and 
Messrs. Jones and Stewart continue their 
speeches begun weeks ago. 

Midi. The Supreme Court of the 

State declares that the "Woman Suf- 
frage Law passed by the last Legisla- 
ture is unconstitutional. 

Oct. 25. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Messrs. Pugh, Stewart, and Jones speak 
on the silver question ; a joint resolu- 
tion is passed, thanking foreign gov- 
ernments for their participation in the 
Chicago Exposition. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Oct. 5. NY. The Valkyrie and 

Vigilant sail for the America Cup, 



but, owing to the light wind, are unable 
to cover the course in the allotted time. 

Oct. 6. New York. The Cunard steamer 
Lucania arrives from Queenstown, beat- 
ing the record of the Paris by 59 minutes. 

Oct. 7. Alas. La grippe is raging with 
great violence. 

New York. The Vigilant wins the 

first race for the America Cup, beating 
the Valkyrie by five minutes and 48 sec- 
onds, corrected time. 

Oct. 8, New York. Five deaths, some 
due to cholera, are reported on the Ham- 
burg American steamer Russia, arriving 
to-day. 

Oct. 9. N. Y. Some of the passengers 
of the infected steamer Russia are 
transferred to Hoffman and Swinburne 
Islands. 

In the second race between the Val- 
kyrie and the Vigilant, the latter wins 
by 12 minutes and 23 seconds. 

Oct. 10. Ind. Eight persons are killed 
in an accident on the Pittsburg, Fort 
"Wayne, and Chicago Railroad. 

Oct. 13. Mich. Excursion-trains col- 
lide at Jackson ; 13 persons are killed 
and 40 injured, 

N. Y. In the third and deciding race 

the Vigilant beats the Valkyrie by 40 
seconds, retaining the cup in America. 

Oct. 14. Pa. A fire in the telephone 
exchange in Allentown destroys prop- 
erty valued at $300,000. 

Oct. 15. Kan. A head-end collision 
occurs on the Chicago, Bock Island, and 
Pacific Railroad, at Paxico ; two persons 
are killed and several injured. 

N. Y, The propeller Dean Richmond, 

with a crew of 18, is lost in Lake Erie, 
near Dunkirk ; five bodies are washed 
ashore. 

Oct. 16. Chicago. The "World's Con- 
gress of Agriculture opens in the Art 
Institute at the "World's Fair, S. W. 
Allerton presiding. 

III. A train goes over an embank- 
ment, and 30 persons are injured, near 
Nameoki. 

Five persons are killed and five injured 
by a premature explosion of dynamite 
at Emington. 

Oct. 17. D. C. The house in which 
President Lincoln died, in "Washington, 
is formally opened as the Lincoln 
Memorial House. 

O. Four men are killed and three 

injured by a train collision at Wells- 
ville. 

Oct. 20. Mich. A collision occurs be- 
tween passenger-trains on the Grand 
Trunk Railroad at Battle Creek ; 26 per- 
sons are killed and many injured. 

Wash. A fatal boiler explosion oc- 
curs at Spokane ; four persons are killed, 
and a number badly injured. 

Oct. 22. New York. The laboratory of 
the Presbyterian Hospital is burned out. 

Oct. 23. Chicago. Figures showing enor- 
mous profits of the "World's Fair con- 
cessionaires are made public ; paid ad- 
missions to-day, 231,014 ; total up to this 
date, 19,712,996. 



442 1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Oct. 26. Cal. The battle-ship 
Oregon is successfully launched at San 
Francisco. 

Oct. 29. B.C. Adm. Skerret is trans- 
ferred to the command of the Asiatic 
Squadron, relieving Adm. Irwin, de- 
tached. 

Nov. 6. D. C. The President appoints 
Gen. George D. Ruggles adjutant- 
general of the army. 

Nov. 11. Cal. The new cruiser Olyin- 
pia returns to San Francisco from her 
trial trip ; her maximum speed is 21.26 
knots an hour. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 

1893 Oct. 31±. Peru. Harvard estab- 
lishes a new meteorological station on 
the Andes, the highest in the world. 

Nov. 4. Colo. Rich gold-finds, yield- 
ing at the rate of $120,000 per ton, are 
struck in El Paso County. 

Nov. 6. O. Wilmington is visited by a 
tornado; loss, $100,000. 

Nov. 11. Wis. Copper-ore is found 
while grading streets in Sheboygan. 

Nov. 14. A 7 . Y. An oil portrait of 
Ezra Cornell is unveiled in the Capitol 
at Albany. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Oct. 28. Harrison, Carter, mayor of Chi- 
cago, assassinated, A68. 
Nov. 9. Parkman, Francis, historian, A70. 

LETTERS. 

1893 Oct. 28. Conn. The American 
Inter-Seminary Alliance is in session 
at New Haven. 

Nov. 11. Chicago. John D. Rockefeller 
has offered to give $500,000 to Chi- 
cago University on condition that 
$400,000 more be raised. [It is raised.] 

Nov. 15. N. Y. The Rev. Dr. J. R. Day 
of New York City is elected Chancellor 
of Syracuse University. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Oct. 26. New York. A mass- 
meeting under the auspices of the 
New York Bar Association is held in 
Cooper Union. 

It denounces the candidacy of Isaac 
H. Maynard for the chief judgeship of 
the Court of Appeals. [Nov. 1. The 
committee appointed by the meeting 
issues an address urging all citizens to 
reject Maynard at the polls.] 

N. Y. The Bar Association of Buf- 
falo holds an anti-Maynard mass-meet- 
ing for the same purpose. 

Oct. 28. Ark. J. V. Mitchell, clerk of 
Faulkner, has disappeared with $10,000 
in trust funds. 

Chicago. Carter H. Harrison, 

mayor of the city, is assassinated in his 
own house by Patrick E. Prendergast. 
[Oct. 29. Prendergast is committed.] 

• Minn. The Assembly passes a law 

declaring that every public place used 
as a pool-room is a public nuisance ; 
that owners of buildings renting them 



for pool-rooms and frequenters of such 
places shall be guilty of misdemeanor, 
and liable to fine or imprisonment. 

Pa. The 211th anniversary of the 

landing of William Penn is celebrated 
with impressive ceremonies on the spot 
where the landing took place. 

Oct. 30. New York. F. L. Mathes, su- 
perintendent at the Postal-Telegraph 
building, is shot by Thomas Bradley 
for refusing to give him work. 

A man is arrested for demanding 
$5,000 from Edwin Gould at his office. 

Oct. 31. Conn. No-license elections 
suspend liquor-shops in East Hartford, 
Manchester, and New Britain. 

Nov. 1. Chicago. Columbian Guards, 
Ferris "Wheel employees, and visitors 
engage in a free fight in the Midway 
Plaisance of the World's Fair, Cause, 
the Ferris Wheel people refuse to stop 
as directed by the Fair Directory. 

N. Y. Counselor W. J. Gaynor ap- 
plies for an order of court to compel the 
authorities to permit a copy of regis- 
tration-lists of Gravesend to be made 
by his agents. 

[Nov. 2. Ho finds it difficult to get a 
copy ; the town has a population of a 
little over 8,000, yet 6,218 names are said 
to be registered. Nov. 3. The power of 
the Supreme Court is defied at Graves- 
end by John Y. McKane ; the copy of 
the registry-list is refused. Nov. 4. War- 
rants are issued against the election in- 
spectors by Judge Cullen.] 

New York. Five skilful forgers are 

captured by city detectives after the 
forgers have secured about $8,000 at the 
Bank of the Manhattan Company. 

Nov. 2. Minn. The Executive Land In- 
vestigating Committee finds that the 
State has been robbed of millions of 
dollars' worth of lumber by some of its 
most prominent citizens ; several of 
them have, however, been compelled 
to pay large sums for the lumber thus 
illegally taken. 

N. Y. The effort to have 1,200 ille- 
gally registered names stricken from 
the registry-lists at Albany is practically 
defeated in court. 

Nov. 3. Chicago. A new trial is granted 
Daniel Coughiin, accused of complicity 
in the murder of Dr. Cronin. [Acquitted 
Mar. S, 1894.] (See Dec. 1(3, 1SS9.) 

N. J. Judge Dixon sentences the 

convicted members of the Board of 
Freeholders at Paterson to 18 months' 
imprisonment. 

Nov. 4. Ga. Gov. Northen pardons 
eight White Caps who were sentenced 
to the chain-gang. 

New Yo^k. One bogus expressman 

and five receivers of stolen goods are ar- 
rested for victimizing express companies 
of several hundred dollars' worth of 
goods at express exchanges. 

Nov. 5. N. Y. Twenty-two men sent to 
Gravesend to copy registration-lists are 
arrested by John Y. McKane, the 
chief of police, at the head of a rough 
crowd, and thrown into jail, charged 
with vagrancy. 

They are detained in jail, though any 
amount of bail bad been offered for their 
release; and also though they had man- 
damuses issued by Supreme Court Judge 
Cullen to secure'copies of the registra- 
tion-lists of that town. 

[Nov. 6. Judge Cullen releases the 
prisoners. Counselor Gaynor secures 
an injunction from Judge Barnard re- 
straining the Gravesend election officers 



from interfering with watchers at the 
polls. Nov. 7. " As >..-.]i a.- Gaynor'6 
watchers arrive at Gravesend, McKane 
and his backers seize, maltreat, and drive 
them out of town : no regard is paid to 
the mandamus from Judge Barnard of 
the Supreme Court, against any interfe- 
rence, which each watcher has in his pos- 
session. Nov. 9. A citizens' meeting is 
held in the Academy of Mutic, Brooklyn, 
to take steps toward the prosecution of 
McKane for his conduct at Gravesend 
before and during the late election. Nov. 
13. Another mass-meeting is held for the 
same purpose.] 

Nov. 7. Miss. "White Caps burn the 
court-house at Brookhaven ; the Chan- 
cery and Circuit Court records are a to- 
tal loss, including about 75 indictments 
pending against the White Caps. 

N.J. Nine deputy- she riffs are 

shot and several others seriously injured 
in an incipient riot at Camden. 

Nov. 9. New York. A trusted clerk of 
J. H. Jacquelin and Company is arrested 
for stealing from $n,coo to $50,000 from 
his employers. 

"W. S. Patton, stock-broker, is arrested 
for hypothecating bonds worth $00,000 
placed in his trust. 

Nov. 10. O. Treasurer M. T. Herrick 
of the Society for Savings at Cleveland 
has a desperate struggle with a man who 
threatened to blow up the place with 
dynamite if he did not at once give him 
suO.ooo in cash ; the outlaw escapes. 

Minn. The liabilities of President L. 

F. Menage of the insolvent Guaranty 
Loan Company at Minneapolis are about 
$1,000,000, made by systematic plunder- 
ing of the company. 

Nov. 11. Kg. Masked robbers stop a 
train on the Illinois Central Railroad 
and steal §7,000 from the express-car. 

Nov. 12. Chicago. The anarchists 
have a demonstration in memory of 
Spies, Parsons, and the other executed 
bomb-throwers. 

JTis. Henry Falk confesses setting 

fire to five places in Milwaukee. 

Nov. 13. Kg. A negro's house at Bards- 
town is blown up with dynamite; the 
crime is denounced by the citizens of the 
town. 

Phila. The General Assembly of the 

Knights of Labor is held. 

The General Executive Board is ac- 
cused of having appropriated $30,000 to 
the use of the order, instead of applying 
it to the relief of strikers, for whom it is 
alleged to have been contributed. 

Nov. 14. A". Y. Edward M. Shepard is 
appointed by Gov. Flower to aid in the 
prosecution of men accused of election 
frauds in Kings County, with full power 
to act. [Dec. 7. The hearing ends.] 
(See Dec. U.) 

Sheriff Beck makes damaging admis- 
sions in the investigation of election 
frauds in Buffalo. 
Nov. 15. Cliicago. James Prunty is 
killed, and his son and daughter are both 
wounded by burglars at their home. 

John A. Drake, treasurer of the Indi- 
ana, Illinois, and Iowa Railroad, is sand- 
id robbed of $-1,000, in his 



ofhc 

New York. The Board of Aldermen 

begins canvassing the city vote ; it de- 
cides to exclude watchers from occupy- 
ing a position where the figures can be 
seen ; notwithstanding this, one watcher 
succeeds in seeing the sheets after they 
are read, and files protests and notices 
of contests, accompanied by voters' af- 
fidavits. 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Oct. 25 -Nov. 15. 443 



STATE. 

1S93 Oct. 26. Z>. C. Congress; Sen- 
ate: Messrs. Teller, Squire, aud Stewart 
continue the debate on the Repeal Bill ; 
a joint resolution is passed providing for 
the removal of derelicts by interna- 
tional action ; the House continues the 
discussion of the Bankruptcy Bill ; it 
passes a joint resolution providing for 
the printing of enrolled bills. 

Oct. 27. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
Messrs. Stewart, Jones, and Teller speak 
against the Repeal Bill; William A. 
Peffer of Kan. offers an amendment to 
the Voorhees substitute for the Repeal 
Bill, providing for the free coinage of 
silver; it is defeated. Vote, 28-39; not 
voting, 18. 

Oct. 28. I). C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate amendments to the Repeal Bill are 
rejected, and the measure is reported by 
the Committee of the Whole; speeches 
are made by Senators "Wolcott, Sher- 
man, Gorman, and Voorhees ; notice is 
given that a vote on the main bill will 
be asked for at 2 o'clock on the 30th 
inst. 

Oct. 30. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
substitutes the Voorhees Bill for the 
"Wilson Bill, and passes it. Vote, 43-32 ; 
not voting, 10. It declares it to be the 
policy of the United States to con- 
tinue to coin both gold and silver : 
Messrs. Cameron, Morgan, Jones of Ne- 
vada, Stewart, and others speak against 
the bill. 

Oct. 31. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
New York and New Jersey Bridge 
Bill is passed without a division ; in the 
House the Repeal Bill is received from 
the Senate. 

Nov. 1. D. C. Congress; House: The 
Silver Repeal Bill as amended by the 
Senate is passed. Vote, 193-94 ; not vot- 
ing, 66. 

The President signs the bill, and it be- 
comes effective. 

Nov. 2. Chicago, Alderman G. B. Swift 
is chosen by a Republican aldermanic 
caucus as mayor pro tempore. 

Nov. 3. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
bill to amend the Chinese Exclusion Act 
is passed ; in the House a resolution is 
passed to pay employees during the 
interval before the next session, but, 
being amended by the Senate, it falls 
through. 

The Chinese Exclusion Bill is ap- 
proved. 
The 53d Congress; first 



Nov. 7. Eleven States hold elections. 
The Democrats carry Virginia, Mary- 
land, and Kentucky ; and the Republi- 
cans, Massachusetts, New York, New 
Jersey, Pennsylvania, Ohio, Iowa, Ne- 
braska, and South Dakota. Legislatures 
only are chosen in Kentucky and New 
Jersey. 

Nov. 9. D. C. Ratifications of an extra- 
dition treaty between the United States 
and Norway are exchanged. 

N. J. The Supreme Court of N. J. 

declares the Gerrymander Act and the 



Nov. 10. D. C. A report by the Sec- 
retary of State to the President, dated 
Oct. 18, is published, suggesting that 
the former government of Hawaii 
be restored. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Oct. 23. Mich. A fire in De- 
troit causes the loss of seven lives, and 
destroys property valued at $800,000. 

■ ± The Vanderbilts secure control 

of the Delaware, Lackawanna, and 
"Western Railroad. 

Oct. 25. N. J. Four persons* are killed 
and three injured by a train collision 
near Trenton. 

Oct. 27. Cliicago. Marshall Field offers 
to give $1,000,000 to the Columbian 
Memorial Museum on condition that 
§500,000 in cash be subscribed to its en- 
dowment fund, and that $2,000,000 of the 
Exposition stock be transferred to its 
trustees. 

Paid admissions to the "World's Fair 
for this day, 250,583. 

Pa. A fire in Pittsburg destroys 

property worth $1,000,000; several per- 
sons are much injured. 

Oct. 28. Chicago. More than 100 cities 
in the United States are represented at 
the "World's Fair by their mayors and 
officials. 

Oct. 30. Chicago. Close of the "World's 
Columbian Exposition. 

Oct. 31. Chicago. Mayor Carter Har- 
rison's body lies in state in the City 
Hall, and is viewed by thousands of citi- 

Nov. 1. Cal. The Pacific Mail steamer 
City of New York, which went ashore at 
the Golden Gate, is abandoned. 

Ore. An electric car goes through 

an open drawbridge into the river at 
Portland ; 20 lives are lost. 

Nov. 2. New York. A boiler explo- 
sion wrecks horse-car stables, killing 
five men and injuring a dozen. 

Ire. The Cunarder Campania arrives 

at Queenstown , breaking the eastward 
record by one hour and 20 minutes. 

The "Ward Line steamer City of Alex- 
andria, from Havana to New York, is 
reported burned at sea; about 35 lives 
are lost. 

New York. The Cunard steamship 

Lucania arrives, breaking the western 
record by 29 minutes. 

Nov. 5. III. Avestibuledtrainon the 
Illinois Central Railroad is ditched, it 
is supposed by train robbers ; the fire- 
man is killed. 

Mo. An attempt is made to blow up 

with dynamite the dam near Sedalia, 
at Water Oaks ; two gates are blown out. 

N. J. Three whales are stranded 

at Cape May. 

Phila. The Old liberty Bell is 

returned from the World's Fair, and 
restored to its place in Independence 
Hall with impressive ceremony. 



* * Chicago World's Fair Statistics: 
Cash Receipts. 

Capital stock #5,604,171.97 

City of Chicago 5,OUO,ooo.ou 

Concession receipts 3,699,581.43 

Interest 87,081.82 

Gate receipts 10,020,2:10.71; 

Miscellaneous receipts .... (ino,070.4!i 
Souvenir coins and premiums . . 2,448,032.28 

Total receipts ^28,151,168.75 

Summary of Expenditures. 
Construction expenditures . . 018,322,622.56 
General and operating expenses . 7,127,240.32 
Preliminary organization . . . 90,674.97 

Assets ^2,698,291.01 

Liabilities .... 87,660.11 

Net Assets 2,610,630.911 

Total expenditures . . . #28,151,168.75 

Principal Expenditures. 

Agriculture #740,655.55 

Anthropology 217,638.65 

Architecture 398,810.19 

Art 801,444.68 

Bridging 84,529.19 

Ceremonies 333,663.88 

Convent La Rabida 25,009.10 

Coloring and decorating .... 388,284.31 

Concession expenses 12K, 209. 44 

Dairy 110,770.16 

Damages 197,146.82 

Decorations 119,134.81 

Donations and charities .... 27,996.17 

Dredging 615,144.36 

Electrical 1,911,857-04 

Engineering, etc 218,229.03 

Fencing 95,631.45 

Finance 601,230.85 

Fire protection 29K.254.lH 

Fisheries 257,466.30 

Foreign agents 168,898.17 

Forestry 110,533.78 

Furniture for buildings .... 125,774.55 

Gate expenses 347,352.48 

General expenses 1,294,565.92 

Grounds 465,480.85 

Horticulture and floriculture . . 456,628.25 

Installation 387,950.81 

Insurance 182,687.03 

Janitors 378,038.42 

Landscape gardening 551,448.45 

Live stock 258,560.87 

Machinery 2,786,684.91 

Manufactures and liberal arts. . 1,890,198.65 

Marine service 58,151.76 

Medical and surgical 44,983.03 

Mines and mining 327, 575.. 'it! 

Music 600,947.59 

National agitation 87,807.56 

Piers and breakwaters .... 600,449.11 

Police protection 1,301,478.72 

Preliminary organization . . . 90,674.97 

Public comfort 150,404.23 

Railway transportation .... 1,247,101.48 
Roadways and sidewalks . . . 394,428.41 

Sculpture 866,172.12 

Shoe and leather 111,062.13 

Special attractions 125,760.75 

Stable expenses 110,207.37 

Superintendence and inspection . 292,690.30 
Transportation exhibits .... 587,231.75 

Viaducts 39,637.63 

Water and sewage 1,122,770.44 

Woman's building 141,032.55 

World's congress auxiliary . . 264,061.03 

#25,540,537.79 

Total attendance, 27,539,041. , 

Nov. 8. Chicago. Five people are killed 

and 10 injured in a collision on the Rock 

Island Railroad. 

Nov. 9. O. Five persons are killed and 

12 injured by a railroad accident. 
Nov. 11. N. Y. The largest elevator 

in the world is completed in Buffalo. 
Nov. 13. Tenn. Several lives are lost 
and property worth $500,000 is destroyed 
by fire in Memphis. 
Nov. 14. Chicago. L. Z. Leiter con- 
tributes $100,000 to the Columbian 
Museum Fund, conditioned upon its 
being built and retained in Jackson 
Park. 

Ga. The Augusta Exposition is 

formally opened ; a large procession of 
military, civic bodies, and firemen takes 
part in the proceedings. 



444 1893, Nov. 16 -Dec. 14. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Nov. 23 ±. The cruiser Colum- 
bia's trial speed is 'J2.8 knots. 

Nov. 29. I). C. The annual report of 
the Secretary of War shows that the 
Army of the United States (Sept. 30, 
1893) consists of 2,144 officers and 25,778 
enlisted men. 

Dec. 5. Cal. The U. S. steamer Corwim 
sails from San Francisco for Honolulu. 

Dec. 7. The official trial of the cruiser 
Marbtehead takes place on Long Island 
Sound ; her average speed proves to he 
18,94 knots. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 Nov. 16. New York. The Society 
of Naval Architects and Marine En- 
gineers opens its convention. 

Nov. 25. New York. A statue of Capt. 
Nathan Hale is unveiled in City Hall 
Park, a short distance from the spot 
where he was hanged as a spy by the 
British on Sept. 22, 1776. 

Nov. 26. New York. Dr. Dawbarn of 
the New York Polyclinic Hospital makes 
a successful operation on a patient with 
a fractured vertebra, with the pros- 
pect of perfect recovery. 

Dec. 6. D. C. A statue of Gen. James 
Shields is unveiled in Statuary Hall, at 
the Capitol in Washington. 

Dec. 12. Mass. James A. Garland of 
New York defrays the entire expense of 
four series of art lectures at Harvard ; 
he also presents to the University §25,000 
worth of rare gems. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1893. 

Nov. 16. Beers, William II., president N. Y. 
Life Insurance Co., dies. 

Nov. 18. Deems, Charles F-, Meth. cler- 
gyman, scholar, A73. 

Nov. 21. Rusk, Jeremiah M., secretary 
of agriculture, A63. 

Nov. 23. Coleman, William T., head of 
Cal. viiiil.ini-c I'ouiiLiillff in 1*56, A 69, 

Nov. 25. O'Neill, Charles, M. C. for Pa., 

Dec. i . Lilley, William, M. C. for Pa., A62. 
Billings, Edward (_'., judge U. S. Court, 

A64. 
Dec. 2. Pope, Hamilton, brig. -gen. vols., 

A76. 
Dec. 3. Lvman, Theodore B., P. E. bishop 

of N. C, A78. 



CHURCH. 

1893 Nov. 17. Pope Leo's encyclical 
enjoining upon Roman Catholics the 
study of the Scriptures is made public. 

Dec. 10. New York. Mohammedanism 
makes a more open demonstration 
in this country, a muezzin, or public 
crier, making call to prayer in Union 
Square. 

Dec. 11. New York. The American 
Sabbath Union is in session ; Rev. G. 
S. Mott, acting president. 

LETTERS. 
1893 Nov. 28. Eng. The unveiling of 
the memorial to James Russell Low- 
ell in the Chapter House of Westmin- 
ster Abbey takes place. 



Dec. 6. Mass. The authorities ot Har- 
vard call the Annex Radcliffe College, 
after Ann Radcliffe, an Englishwoman 
who contributed £100 to Harvard Col- 
lege in 1613. 

* * U. 8. Number of newspapers pub- 
lished, 20,015. 

* * The Prince of India, by Lew Wallace, 
appears. 

* * The Great Remembrance and Other 
Poems, by Richard Watson Gilder, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Army of Northern Virginia in 
1862, by William Allan, appears. 

* SOCIETY. 

1893 Nov. 16. Ind. Citizens of Clark 
County organize to hunt down a gang 
of burglars. 

Viola Dietrick, the head of a gang of 
women outlaws in Kokomo, is sen- 
tenced, to one year in the penitentiary. 

Nov. 17. Chicago. Vigorous measures 
are taken to rid the city of criminals. 

Orders have been issued that every per- 
son found in the streets between the 
hours of 1 and 5 a.m. shall be stopped 
by officers, not in uniform, and obliged 
to give an account of themselves. 

Several railroad companies are swin- 
dled by counterfeit tickets to the amount 
of $100,000 issued by scalpers. 

New York. The decision against 

W. R. Laidlaw in his suit for damages 
received at the office of Russell Sage, 
and in effect saving the latter from hurt 
by the dynamite-bomb explosion caused 
by Norcross is reversed, and a new trial 
may be had. 

N. Y. Gov. Flower addresses com- 
munications to officials and others in Al- 
bany and Kings County, urging them to 
take part in the prosecution of persons 
alleged to be guilty of electoral frauds. 

Nov. 18. Chicago. Tb£ examining phy- 
sicians in the case of Prendergast, the 
assassin of Mayor Harrison, say he is 
sane. 

Nov. 19. Boston. Trainmen are at- 
tacked by tramps armed with clubs and 
stones ; car-windows are smashed, and 
one man is injured. 

N. J. All the train-hands of the Le- 
high Valley road go on strike along the 
main line of the road, though trains keep 
running on the branches in the coal- 
regions. [Nov. 25. The strike is practi- 
cally broken ; at Wilkesbarre a regiment 
of soldiers is ordered out.] 

New York. Henry Karsten. undertbe 

influence of drink, compels his wife to 
drink carbolic acid, and the woman will 
probably die. 

Nov. 20. Ind. Four men are fired on 
and one killed, while attempting to kid- 
nap the 12-year-old daughter of Joseph 
Kraft, a wealthy citizen of New Albany. 

1. T. The White Caps and Vigi- 
lance Committees of the Cherokee Strip 
are terrorizing " sooners," and claim and 
lot jumpers, by threatening to hang them 
if they return after being expelled. 

Nov. 22. New York. Burglars make 
a raid near Central Park, securing plun- 
der of much value. 

Nov. 23. N.Y. The National Grange 
of Patrons of Husbandry is in session 
at Syracuse ; it demands the removal of 
Secretary Morton of the Department of 
Agriculture. 



Ntw York. John Y. McKane brings 

suit for $100,000 against the New 
York World, as representing the Press 
Publishing Company, for libel ; but he 
will withdraw the suit if the statements 
are retracted. [It in not pressed.] 

The German-American Union, formed 
of German Cleveland Democrats, plans 
the purification of the city govern- 
ment. 

Nov. 25. N. J. John Slidell and Ed- 
ward Munn, two Princeton students, 
are convicted of assaulting a Chinaman, 
and attempting to burn off his cue with 
a hot flat-iron. 

N. Y. Chief of Police McGrane 

and two police officers are arrested in 
Albany, for interfering at the polls on 
election day. 

Nov. 26. Ind. Robber tramps are 
beaten off in an attempt to hold up the 
fast express-train on the Lake Shore 
Road near Goshen. 

Clinton Jordan of Seymour kills his 
wife, sister-in-law, and their parents ; 
he then kills himself. 

Nov. 27. Ind. A large mass-meeting is 
held at Terre Haute, to provide for rais- 
ing funds to relieve distress among 
the unemployed. 

Phila. The Knights of Labor are 

in session ; General Master Powderly's 
resignation is accepted, and James R. 
Sovereign is elected as his successor. 

Nov. 28. III. Piano-tuner J. G. W. 
Morrison of Springfield is stoned to 
death by a mob near Winchester. 

Nov. 29. New York. Police Captain 
Devery is finally indicted by the grand 

jury. 

Dec. 1. Conn. The town of Danbury 
votes $50,000 for the relief of the 
locked-out hatters. 

Dec. 4. Miss. The mayor of Hazle- 
hurst is killed by Keeley Miller, who 
had been convicted several times for 
violating gambling-laws ; he is under 
arrest for his latest crime. 

New York. The League for the Pro- 
tection of American Institutions is- 
sues an address to the public. 

O. Two clerks of the Lake Shore 

road are arrested at Cleveland, charged 
with wholesale forging of passes. 

Dec. 5. Ind. The Fort Wayne grand 
jury indicts the Fort Wayne Club offi- 
cers and members for selling liquor with- 
out license, for violating the eleven 
o'clock closing law, and for Sabbath 
desecration. 

Dec. 6. O. The grand jury of Putnam 
County finds indictments against ex- 
Treasurer Crawfis and others for em- 
bezzling $25,000 of the comity funds. 

Dec. 7. Chicago. Some 25,900 names, 
out of a total of 57.000, upon investiga- 
tion are found to be illegally registered 
in the lodging-house districts. 

Ind. Burglars steal $15,900 at the 

noon hour from the South Bend National 
Bank. 

La. A verdict is given against the 

city of New Orleans, for §5,000, in the 
Mafia trouble. [Dec. 19. A second 
verdict for $5,000.] 

Dec. 8. New York. Dr. Parkhurst an- 
nounces that the Society for the Pre- 
vention of Crime will receive and help 
all of the women driven from disorderly 
houses who desire to reform. 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Nov. 16 -Dec. 14. 445 



Dec. 10. Gal. The bi 

and the owner of the San Francisco Mx- 
aminer have been indicted for violating 
the Anti-Lottery law. 

Chicago. Efforts are being made to 

raise a fund of $1,000,000 to relieve 
distress of the unemployed ; over 110,000 
persons are out of work. 

Dee. 11. N. Y. The Brooklyn Commis- 
sion of Audit on the Columbian-stand 
bills finds that, of the $11,700 paid, 
$8,300.10 was overcharged. 

Tex. An express-train is si d e - 

tracked and robbed near Austin by seven 
men, many passengers losing their valu- 
ables. 

Dec. 12. Chicago. A. S. Robertson, 
wholesale stamps-department cashier, 
is found bleeding and unconscious in 
his office; §7,000 in packages are miss- 
ing. 

N. J. A den of robbers is discov- 
ered in the woods near Hackensack, 
with a large stock of stolen property. 

Dec. 13. New York. The books of N. 
J. Schloss and Co., upon investigation, 
are found to have been falsified by the 
clerk to the extent of $1,000,000. 

Dee. 14. Cat. Chris Evans, the out- 
law, is found guilty of murder, and sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for life. 

New York. The Union League Club 

resolves to pledge support to an anti- 
Tammany Hall movement. 

N. Y. Judge Barnard adjudges John 

Y. McKane, Justice Newton, and three 
election inspectors guilty of contempt 
of court, and sentences them to be im- 
prisoned for 30 days and pay a fine of 
$250. 

[Bee. 16. Justice Cullen issues an or- 
der in the McKane case to show cause 
why a stay pending appeal should not 
be granted. Dec. IS. An extraordinary 
Court of Oyer and Terminer opens in 
Brooklyn to try the Queen's County 
election cases, by order of Gov. Flower ; 
Justice Cullen presides.] 

STATE. 

1893 Nov. 17. Cat. Instructions from 
"Washington are received at San Fran- 
cisco that Chinese registration is to 
begin Dec. 20. 

Nov. 20. D. C. Secretary Gresham 
makes public the correspondence be- 
tween Commissioner Blount and the 
State Department in the Hawaiian 
matter. 

Nov. 24. W. P. Alexander of Hawaii 
makes a reply to Mr. Blount's report. 

Phila. The Commercial Exchange 

by resolution protests against the im- 
position of an income tax. 

Nov. 27. D. C. 'The proposed new 
Tariff Bill, prepared by the Ways and 
Means Committee, is made public. 

Nov. 29. D. C. President Cleveland ap- 
points John R. Proctor of Ky. on the 
Civil Service Commission, vice G. D. 
Johnston, removed. 

Ex-Minister John L. Stevens issues 
a statement intended as an answer to 
the report of Commissioner Blount. 

Dec. 1. D. C. The public debt state- 
ment shows a deficit for the current 
year of 875,000,000. 

Dec. 2. Chicago. The Democrats nomi- 
nate John P. Hopkins for mayor as 



successor to Carter B. Harrison ; the 
Republicans nominate George B. Swift. 

Dec. 3. D. C. The annual report of the 
Controller of the Currency is made pub- 
lic. 

The total amount of bank-notes in 
circulation on Oct. 31 was S20£),311,393, 
being a net increase during the year of 
§3(3,SSG,972. 

Colo. Woman Suffrage is carried 

by 6,347 majority ; Gov. Waite accord- 
ingly issues a proclamation giving 
women the right to vote at all elections 
in the State. 

Dec. 4. D. C. The 53d Congress; the 
second and regular session opens at 
noon. 

Kan. Gov. Levelling addresses a 

letter to the Boards of Police Commis- 
sioners in all cities of the first class, in- 
structing them not to enforce the statute 
providing for the sentence of vagrants 
to work on the streets and rock-pile, as- 
serting that the law is unconstitutional. 

Dee. 5. D. C. Congress: The House 
resumes debate on the Bankruptcy Bill 
providing for a uniform system of bank- 
ruptcy. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate, 
by resolution, calls upon President 
Cleveland for all correspondence in 
the Hawaiian matter. 

Dec. 7. D. C. Congress ; Senate : D. 
B. Hill of N. Y. gives notice that on the 
11th inst. he will call up the House Bill 
for the repeal of the Federal Elec- 
tions Laws. 

N. Y. The General Term of the Su- 
preme Court at Albany decides that the 
State Board of Canvassers of 1891 was 
in contempt of court for canvassing the 
Mylod return of the Dutchess County 
Senatorial election ; for aiding in can- 
vassing this return Judge Maynard was 
denounced by the Bar Association of 
New York City, at the last election. 

Dec. 8. D. C. Congress ; In the House 
the Bankruptcy Bill is defeated. Vote. 
111-142. 

N. Y. Justice Sutherland of Coney 

Island is ordered to show cause why he 
should not be removed from office for 
alleged violations of the election law. 

Dec. 11. D. C. Congress; Senate : 
George F. Hoar of Mass. introduces a 
resolution of inquiry whether any per- 
son whose name has not been submitted 
to the Senate has been appointed since 
the 4th day of March, 1S93, to represent 
the United States in the Hawaiian 
Islands ; in the House a bill to abolish 
postal notes is introduced. 

Ga. The Legislature declares in fa- 
vor of the free coinage of silver. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Congress ; the "Ways 
and Means Committee completes its 
revision of the tariff ; all Republican 
amendments are voted down. 

Dec. 13. D. C. Congress; In the 
House Mr. Hill's resolution calling for 
information in regard to Hawaii is 
unanimously adopted ; a bill for the ad- 
mission of Utah as a State is passed. 

The bill conditions its admission on 
anti-polygamy action and other terms. 

N. Y. The State Board of Canvassers 

canvasses the vote for State officers ; 
the Republicans have a majority of 41 in 
the Constitutional Convention. 



Dec. 14. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. 
AY. Voorhees of Ind. introduces a bill to 
coin the seigniorage in the Treasury, 
and to renew silver-bullion purchases 
and silver coinage at the rate of $2,000,- 
000 a month ; in the House a bill admit- 
ting Arizona to the Union as the 46th 
State is passed. Vote, 185-60. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Nov. 17±. Chicago. "World's 
Fair assets are shrinking at the rate of 
§10,000 a day ; the contractors are cart- 
ing away the property which the man- 
agers expected to sell to raise money to 
pay stockholders. 

Nov. 18. N. Y. On the Erie Canal a 
successful test of an electric canal-boat 
is made. 

Nov. 22. Mctss. Several blocks of build- 
ings are destroyed by fire at Springfield ; 
loss, §1,000,000. 

Nov. 23. Mich. A fire in Detroit 
causes the loss of seven lives ; property 
loss, $800,000. 

Freight -trains are moved at vari- 
ous points on the Lehigh Valley Rail- 
road, notwithstanding the strike. 

Nov. 24. Ga. The Southern Asso- 
ciated Press unites with the reorganized 
Press Association at its annual meeting 
at Augusta, paving by contract to the 
latter $20,000 for its news. 

Nov. 28. N. Y. A four-masted schooner 
is ashore near Bellport, Long Island, 
with the crew as well as the captain and 
his wife and son lashed in the rigging ; 
life-savers are powerless to help. 

Nov. 29. Neiu York. The Rapid Tran- 
sit Commission agrees upon a West 
Side route. [Dec. 4. It adopts an East 
Side route.] 

Mills and factories are shutting down 

or reducing wages because of the threat- 
ened tariff changes. 

Dec. 4. N. Y. Locomotive works at 
Rome are destroyed by fire; loss, 
$500,000. 

Dec. 5. N. J. The old Iron Fier at 
Long Branch, built at a cost of 
$200,000, is storm-wrecked. 

Dee. 5. Pa. The Crystal Ridge Mine, 
near Hazelton, in which several men are 
imprisoned, is burning. 

Dec. 6. Mass. The steamer Jason is 
wrecked off Cape Cod ; 20 lives are lost. 

Va. The Steam Engineering Build- 
ing at Norfolk is burned ; loss, $250,000. 

Dec. 8. 1). C. Over 50 bond and invest- 
ment companies throughout the country 
are denied postal privileges by the 
"Washington authorities. 

The reorganization committee of the 

Nicaragua Canal Construction Com- 
pany reports a plan providing for a new 
company to absorb the old one. 

Dec. 9. Mo. St. Louis suffers from a 
water -famine. 

A four-train collision occurs on 
the Northern Pacific Railroad between 
Boulder and Jefferson City ; the prop- 
erty loss is heavy. 

Dec. 10. N. J. Several mills and fac- 
tories at Paterson and Passaie close, 
and large numbers of employees are 
thrown out of work. 



446 1893,1)60. 15. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1893 Dec. 19. The cruisers San 

Francisco and New York are ordered to 
proceed to Rio de Janeiro as soon as 
possible, in order to notify Adm. Mello 
that he must not interfere with United 
States merchant-vessels while loading 
or unloading cargoes. [Dec. 20. The 
Miantonomoh and Bennington are also 
ordered to follow.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 Dec. 17. N. Y. A freshet at 
Buffalo causes a property loss of §100,000, 
and drives 2,500 people from their homes. 

Dec. 27. Conn. The 12th annual meet- 
ing of the American Society of Natur- 
alists opens at Yale. 

Dec. * During the last three months 25 
asteroids have been discovered by the 
photographic process. 

* * Boston. A statue of Columbus is 
unveiled. 

* * New York. Robert Blum of New York 
is elected a member of the National 
Academy of Design. 

* * Pa. Many monuments are dedicated 
on the Gettysburg battle-field during 
the year. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893. 

Dec. 16. Black, James, first prohibition 
candidate for President of U. S., A70. 

Dec. 31. Wheeler, Nathaniel, sewing-ma- 
chine inventor, A73. 

CHURCH. 

1893 Dec, 27. It. The offering of Pe- 
ter's Fence since the beginning of Pope 
Leo's jubilee amounts to $4,900,000. 

Dec. * U. S. The Epworth League of 
the Methodist Episcopal Church reports 
10,972 chapters and 650,000 members. 

* * la.— N. Dak. Universalist State Con- 
ventions are organized. 

* * 111. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Monmouth ; 
James Bruce, moderator. 

* * The Catholic Benevolent Legion 
reports 32,000 members, and $4,272,356 in 
disbursements since its organization in 
1881. 

* * New York. The Brotherhood of 
Philip and Andrew holds its first fed- 
eral convention. 

It is composed of members of four 
Evangelical denominations : the Re- 
formed Church in America, the Reformed 
Church iu the United States, the Con- 
gregational Church, and the Presbyte- 
rian Church. It aims to Christianize 
young men, and reports 130 chapters and 
3,536 members. 

* * Vt. The Universalist State Conven- 
tion is organized for Vermont and the 
Province of Quebec. 

LETTERS. 
1893 * * The Aim of Japan, by Rev. John 
Batchelor, appears. 

* * The Influence of Sea-Power upon the 
French Revolution and Empire — 1793- 
1812, by Capt. A. T. Mahan, U. S. N., 
appears. 



* * Life on tlie Circuit with Lincoln, by 
Henry C. Whitney, appears. 

* * TJie Dawn of Italian Independence, by 
William R. Thayer, appears. 

* * The Campaign of Waterloo, by John 
Codman Ropes, appears. 

* * Susy : A Story of the Plains, by Bret 
Ilarte, appears. 

* * The Chosen Valley, by Mary Hallock 
Foote, appears. 

* * From Dusk to Dawn, by Katherine 
Woods, appears. 

* * First Days Among the Contrabands, by 
Elizabeth H. Botume, appears. 

* * Division and Reunion, 1829-1889, by 
Woodrow Wilson, appears. 

* * The Realm of Music, by Louis C. 
Elson, appears. 

* * The Children of a King, by F. Marion 
Crawford, appears ; also Pietro Ghis/eri. 

* * How to Know the Wild Flowers, by 
William Star Dana, appears. 

* * Katherine North, by Maria Louise 
Pool, appears. 

* * Prisoners and Paupers, by Henry M. 
Boies, appears. 

* * The French War and the Revolution, 
by William M. Sloane, appears. 

* * From Chattanooga to Petersburg under 
Generals Grant and Butler, by William 
F. Smith, appears. 

*" * Abraham Lincoln, by John J. Morse, 
Jr., appears. 

* * Ventilation and Heating, by John S. 
Billings, appears. 

* * The Arctic Problem, by Angelo Heil- 
prin, appears. 

S0CD3TY. 

1893 Dec. 16. Chicago. Samuel 
Gompers is reelected president of the 
American Federation of Labor. 

Dec. 17. N.J. Belief measures are 
taken in Passaic, and coal-stations are 
established in Paterson, in aid of the 
unemployed. 

New York. The licensed push-cart 

venders are circulating a protest ad- 
dressed to Mayor Gilroy against being 
required to * ( tip " policemen in order 
to make a livelihood. 

Dec. 22. Fla. Gov. Mitchell an- 
nounces that he will use every means to 
prevent the Corbett-Mitchell prize- 
fight at Jacksonville. 

[Dec. 28., The two pugilists are ar- 
rested at Jacksonville to test the valid- 
ity of the State law against glove-fights.] 

Dec. 26. New York. Eight more arrests 
are made for election frauds ; this makes 
80 men now under indictment. 

Dec. 27. New York. Dr. Parkhurst 
gives testimony before the extraordi- 
nary grand jury on the charges against 
Police Inspector Williams. 

* * U. S. Numerous benevolent and 
social organizations report the num- 
ber of their members and disbursements 
of benefits. 

The Ancient Order of Foresters : mem- 
bers in America, 30,4-8 ; total members, 
115,000; benefits, $991,832. 

The Ancient Order of Hibernians of 
America: 100,000 members, and 6439,542 



in disbursements during the last fiscal 
year. 

The Ancient Order of United Work- 
men : members in America, 325,000 ; 
benefits, ^0,015.021; total benefits, $49,- 
405,900. 

The Brotherhood of Railroad Train- 
men : numbers, 25,000; total benefits, 
$1,671,983. 

The Benevolent and Protective Order 
of Elks: numbers in the L'nited States, 
about 35,000; total benefits, $500,000 ±. 

The Catholic Knights of America: 
members, 24,000: benefits, $63G,917; total 
benefits, $5,179,300. 

The Catholic Mutual Benefit Associa- 
tion : members, 38,000; total benefits, 
$3,650,000. 

The Catholic Benevolent Legion : 
members, 32,000; benefits, $795,500; total 
benefits, $4,272,356. 

Equitable Aid Union : members, 37,- 
460; benefits, $914,424; total benefits, 
$5,416,824. 

The Freemasons: 722.333 members in 
the United States and British America. 

The Fraternity of Modern Woodmen : 
members, 85.312: benefits, 6095,000; total 
benefits, $2,854,000. 

The Home Circle: members, 7,000; 
benefits, $145,000 ; total benefits, $1,- 
250,000. 

The Fraternal Mystic Circle: mem- 
bers, 13,000 ; benefits, $128,994 ; total 
benefits, $501,328. 

The Improved Order of Heptasophs 
report 15,217 members, $173,000 in bene- 
fits distributed during the last fiscal 
year, and $1,012,000 since organization in 
1878. 

The Independent Order of Rechabites : 
members in America, 2,360. 

The Improved Order of Red Men: 
members, 133,632; degree of Pocahontas, 
19,918; total, 153,500; total benefits, 
$13,000,000. 

Independent Order of B'nai B'rith : 
members, 30,000; total benefits, $37,005,- 
744. 

The Junior Order of United American 
Mechanics : members, 175.000 ; benefits, 
$289,790 ; total benefits, $1,220,338. 

The Knights and Ladies of Honor: 
73.000 members, and $7,033,411 benefits 
distributed since organization. 

Knights of Honor: members, 129,128; 
total benefits, $40,423,392. 

Knights of the Maccabees : members, 
96.33S ; total benefits, $1,869,541. 

The Independent Order of Odd Fel- 
lows : 746,484 members. 

The National Provident Union: mem- 
bers, 7,000 ; benefits, $167,000 ; total bene- 
fits, $851,950. 

The National Union: members, 44,- 
67S ; benefits, $745,000 ; total benefits, 
$3,6S0,44S. 

The New England Order of Protec- 
tion : members, 14.990 : benefits, $133,000 ; 
total benefits, $558,000. 

The United Order of Pilgrim Fathers : 
members, 15,690; total benefits, $1,- 
153,000. 

The Order of the Golden Chain: S.500 
members, and $1,196,514 in disburse- 
ments since organization in 1881, and 
©223,384 during the last fiscal year. 

The Order of Chosen Friends: mem- 
bers, 41,274; benefits, $1,019,500; total 
benefits, $7,936,450. 

The Order of Scottish Clans : mem- 
bers, 4,027; benefits, $71,500; total bene- 
fits. $327,974. 

The Order of United American Me- 
chanics : members, 50,464. 

The Order of United Friends: mem- 
bers, 20.104 ; benefits. $495,121 ; total 
benefits, $3,429,999. 



UNITED STATES. 



1893, Dec. 15-** 447 



The Royal Society of Good Fellows: 
11,055 members, and $1,540,312 disburse- 
ments since organization. 

The Royal Templars of Temperance : 
members, 27,311 ; benefits, $130 ,742 ; total 
benefits, $5,479,762. 

The United Order of the Golden 
Cross : 20,257 members ; benefits during 
last fiscal year, $327,431 ; total benefits, 
$2,787,563. 

The Woodmen of the World: mem- 
bers, 23,000; benefits, $162,000; total 
benefits, $385,000. 

STATE. 

1893 Dec. 15. D. C. Congress; 
House : A bill admitting New Mexico 
as a State is favorably reported from the 
Committee of the Whole. [June 28, 1894, 
amended and passed.] 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress: A message 
from the President on Hawaii is read 
in both Houses ; Senate : The bill to 
admit Arizona is referred to the Com- 
mittee on Territories. [Aug. 3. Reported 
back with amendment.] 

Dec. 19. D. C. Congress: In the 
House, C. A. Boutelle of Me. moves im- 
mediate consideration of his resolution 
on Hawaii ; the motion is fiercely con- 
tested and defeated ; the "Wilson Tar- 
iff Bill to reduce taxation and provide 
revenue is introduced. [Jan. 8±. De- 
bated 45 times before the House ; Feb. 1. 
Amended and passed.] 

It puts on the free list raw sugar, 
wool, coal, lumber, and iron ore ; it re- 
duces the high-tariff duties on many ar- 
ticles, but recognizes the principle of 
protection. 

Dec. 20. D. C. Congress : The annual 
report of the Secretary of the Treas- 
ury is sent to the Senate and House. 
After its reception both Houses of 
Congress adjourn until Jan. 3. 

Mr. Carlisle estimates that there will 
he a deficit of $28,000,000 at the end of 
the present fiscal year, and asks for 
authority to issue $200,000,000 of bonds 
to meet that deficit and maintain the 
coin reserve : in the House the New 
York and New Jersey Bridge Bill, as 
amended in the Senate, is passed ; the 
minority report of the Committee on the 
Wilson Tariff Bill is presented. 

Dec. 21. Chicago. John P. Hopkins 
(Dom.) is elected mayor ; plurality, 1290. 

Dec. 28. U. S. A large number of pe- 
titions adverse to the Wilson Tariff 

Bill are receiving many signatures. 
Dec. 31. .D. C. The opinion of Justice 

Harlan of the Bering Sea Court of 

Arbitration is made public. 
* * IT. S. Governors inaugurated : 

-97 * * Ariz, Louis C. Hughes (Dem.). 

-95 * * Ark. Wm. M. Fishback (Dem.). 

-95 * * Colo. Davis H. Waite (Silver). 

-95 * * Conn. Luzon B. Morris (Dem.). 

-95 * * Ida. "Wm. J. McConnell (Rep.) 

-97 * * III. John B. Altgeld (Dem.). 

-97 * * Ind. Claud Matthews (Dem.). 

-95 * * Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.). 

-95 * * Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.). 

-95 * * Minn. Knute Nelson (Rep.). 

-97 * * .l/o. "William J. Stone (Dem.). 

-95 * * Mont. John E. Rickards (Rep.). 

-95 * * X. H. John B. Smith (Rep.). 

-96 * * X. J. George T. Werts (Dem.). 



-97 * *X. C. Elias Carr (Dem.). 
-97* * X.Mex.(Ter.). "W.T.Thornton 

(Dem.). 
-95 * * X. Dale. Eli C. D. Shortridge 

(Silver). 
-95 * * S. Dak. C. H. Sheldon (Rep.). 
-97 * * Utah. Caleb "W. "West (Dem.). 
-97 * * Wash. John H. McGraw (Rep.). 
-97 * * W. Va. W. A. MacCorkle (D.). 
-97 * * Wyo. John E. Osborne (Dem.). 

* *X>. C. Principal department offi- 
cers of the Federal Government, the 
ambassadors, ministers, and envoys to 
foreign countries. All appointments 
were made in 1S93, except as noted. 

State Department. — Edwin F. Uhl, of Mich., 
Ass't Sec. ; A. A. Adee, of D. C. (1882), Sec- 
ond Ass't Sec. ; W. W. Rockliill, of N. Y. 
[1894], Third Ass't Sec. 

Treasury Department. — W. E. Curtis, of 
N. Y., Charles S. Hamlin, of Mass., Scott 
Wike, of 111., Ass't Sees. ; K. B. Bowler, of 
0., Compt. of Treas. ; Charles H. Mansur, of 
Mo. [1S94J, .-l«'( Compt.; J. M. Comsrock, 
Of N. Y., Chief Customs Div. Ai'DiTOiis: 
E. P. Baldwin, of Md., Treas. ; T. Stobo 
Farrow, of S. C, War Dept. ; Sam'l Black- 
well, of Ala., Int'r Dept. ; Chas. B. Morton, 
of Me., Nan/ Dept. ; T'lios. Holcomb, of Del., 
State, etc. ; <i. A. Howard, of Tenn., P. 0. 
Dept. Daniel X. Morgan, of Ct., Treas. of 
U. S. ; James F. Meline, of 0., Ass't Treas. ; 
James F. Tillman, of Tenn., Register of 
Treasury; James N. Eckels, of 111., Compt. 
of Currency; Jos. S. Miller, of W. Va., 
Com. Interned Revenue; E. T. Chamber- 
lain, of N. Y., Com. of Navigation ; Robt. 
T. Hough, of O., Solicitor Interna/ Revenue; 
Robert E. Preston, of D. C, Director of 
Mint; Walter Wyman (1890), of Mo., Su- 
pervising Surg. -Gen. of the marine Hospi- 
tal Service; J. A. Dumont, of N. Y. (1876), 
Supv. Insp.-Gen. Steam Ves. ; C. Johnston, 
of Ky., Ch. Bur. Eng. and Printing. 

War Department. — Joseph B. Doe, of "Wis., 
Ass't Sec; Gen. tieorge I>. Kusgles, Adj.- 
Gen. ; Bri>j;.-Gen. Joseph C. Breckinridge, 
of Ky. (1*891, Insp.-Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. Rich- 
ard N. Batchelder, of X. H. (189(1), Q. M. G. ; 
Brig.-Gen. Michael R. Morgan [1894], Com. 
Gen. ; Brig.-Gen. George M. Sternberg, 
Sura. -Gen.; Brig.-Gen. William Smith, of 
Vt. (1890), P. M. G.; Brig.-Gen. Thomas L. 
Casey, of R. I. (lusxi, chief of Ennineers; 
Brig.-Gen. Daniel W. Flagler, of N. Y. 
(1891), Chief of Ordnance; Col. Guido N. 
Lieber, of N. Y. (1HK4), Judae Adv.- Gen.; 
Brig.-Gen. AdolphusW. Greely,of La. (1887), 
Chief Signal Officer. 

Navy Department. — "William McAdoo, of 
N. J., Ass't Sec. Chiefs of Bukeatjs: 
Com. E. O. Matthews [1894], Yards and 
Docks; Rear-Adm. Francis M. Ramsay 
(1889), Navigation; Capt. W. T. Sampson, 
Ordnance; Paymaster-Gen. Edwin Stewart, 
of N. Y. (1890). Supplies and Accounts; 
Surg.-Gen. J. UuJus Trvon, Medicine; Philip 
Hichborn, Construction ; Commander F. E. 
Chadwick, Equipment. George W. Melville, 
of Fa. (1887i, Engineer-in-Chief; Capt, Sam- 
uel C. Lemley (1892), Judge Ad v.- Gen. ; Col. 
Chas. Hey wood (1891 >, Commandant of Ma- 
rine Corps. 

Post-Office Department. — Frank H. Jones, 
of ILL, First Ass't P. M. G.; Charles Neil- 
son, of Md. ;ls9-i\ Second Ass't P. M. G. ; 
Kerr Craige, of X. C, Third Ass't P. M. G. ; 
John L. Thomas, of Mo., Ass't Atty.-Gen.; 
N. M. Brooks, of Pa., Supt. Foreign Mails ; 
Edward M. Gadsden, of Ga., Supt. Money- 
Order; Jas. E. White, of 111., (1890), Gen. 
Supt. Railway M. S. ; Bernard Goode, of 
Mich., Supt. Dead Letter Office; M. D. 
"Wheeler, Chief P. 0. Inspector. 

Interior Department. — William H. Sims, of 
Miss., First Ass't Sec; J. M. Reynolds, 'of 
Pa., Ass't Sec. Commissioners : S. W. 
Lamoreaux, of Wis., Land Office; William 
Lochren, of Minn., Pensions; Daniel M. 
Browning, of 111., Ind. Affairs; John S. 
Seymour, of Ct., Patents; W. T. Harris, of 
Mass., Education ; Wade Hampton, of S. C, 
Railroads. C. D. Wright, of Mass. (acting) 
Supt. of Census; Chas. D. Walcott, of N. Y., 
Director of Geol- Surv. 



Whitney, of N. Y., Holmes Conrad, of Va., 
Joshua E. Dodge, of Mass., Charles B. 
Howry, of Miss., John I. Hall, of Ga., John 
L. Thomas, of Mo., Assistants. 

Department of Agriculture. — Charles W. 
Dabnev, Jr., of Tenn. [1894], Ass't Sec. ; M. 
W. Harrington, of Mich. (1892), Chief 
Weather Bureau. 

Government Printing Office. — T. E. Bene- 
dict, of N. Y. [1894], Gov't Printer. 

Department of Labor. — Carroll D. Wright, 
of Mass. (1888). 

Librarian of Congress. — Ainsworth R. Spof- 
fordof O. (1865). 

Government Directors in the TJnion Pa- 
cific R. R. Company. — E. Ellery Ander- 
son, of N. Y. ; J. W. Doane, of 111. ; Fitz- 
liugh Lee, of Va. ; J. W. Paddock, of Xeb. 

Civil Service Commissioners. — Charles Ly- 
man, of Conn. ; Theodore Roosevelt, of 
ST. Y. ; J. R. Proctor, of Ky. 

Interstate Commerce Commission. — Wm. 
R. Morrison, of 111., Chairman ; James D. 
Yeomans, of la. ; Judson C. Clements, of 
Ga. ; Martin A. Knapp, of N. Y. ; Wheelock 
G. Veazey, of Vt. 

Ambassadors. — James B. Eustis, at Paris; 
Theodore Runyon, at Berlin ; Thomas F. 
Bayard, at London ; Wayne MacVeagh, at 
Rome. 

Ministers Plenipotentiary. — W. J. Bu- 
chanan, at Buenos Ayres ; Bartlett Tripp, 
at Vienna ; James S. Ewing, at Brussels ; 
Thomas Moonlight, at La Paz ; Thomas L. 
Thompson, at Rio de Janeiro ; James D. 
Porter, at Santiago; Charles Denby (1885), 
at Peking ; Luther Y. McKinney, at Bogota ; 
Lewis Baker, at Managua ; John E. Risley, 
at Copenhagen; E. H. Strobel [1894], at 
Quito ; Eben Alexander, at Athens ; P. M. 
B. Young, at Guatemala ; A. S. Willis, at 
Honolulu ; Edwin Dun, at Tokio ; Isaac P. 
Gray, at City of Mexico ; W. E. Quinby, at 
The Hague; Granville Stuart [1894], at 
Montevideo ; James A. McKenzie, at Lima ; 
George W. Caruth, at Lisbon ; Clifton E. 
Breckinridge [1*94], at St. l'etersburg ; Han- 
nis Taylor, at Madrid ; Thomas B. Ferguson 
[1894], at Stockholm ; James O. Hroadhead, 
at Berne ; Alexander W. Terrell, at Con- 
stantinople ; S. Haselton [1894], at Caracas. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Dec. 15. Ky. More than 20 work- 
men are killed by tbe fall of part of a 
bridge in course of erection across the 
Ohio Kiver at Louisville. 

X. Y. A train falls through a tres- 
tle near Dunkirk ; 11 persons are killed. 

Dec. 17. Great distress is reported 
among the unemployed and their 
families in Brooklyn and places in New 
Jersey and Pennsylvania. 

Dec. 23. Pa. Tbe Homestead iron-wprks 
are closed indefinitely ; 3,800 are out of 
work. 

X. Y. A large right whale is 

caught and killed near Southampton, 

Long Island. 
Dec. 28. Tex. A block of mercantile 

houses in Hillsboro is burned ; loss, 

§275,000. 

Dec. 30. N. Y. The plant of the Onon- 
daga Iron Company in Syracuse, which 
cost $400,000, is sold by the sheriff for 
$41,000. 

Dec. 31. IT. S. Statistics for 1S93. 
Production: Gold, $35,955,000; silver, 
$77,575,757 ; bushels of grain : Indian 
corn, 1,619,496,131; wheat, 395,131,725; 
oats, 638.854,850; barley, 69,869,495; rye, 
26,555,446; buckwheat, 12.132,311; bales 
of cotton, 6,717,142 ; pounds of wool, 
303,000.001) ; barrels of petroleum, 48,412,- 
666. Currency in circulation, $1,596,701,- 
245; per capita, 823.85. Immigrants re- 
ceived (fiscal year) 502,917. Fire-waste, 
S167 ,544,370; insurance loss. 8105,994.577. 
Total railroad accidents. 2,307; 7,346 
persons areklled and 40,393 injured (year 
ending June 30). 



448 1893, * *-1894, Jan. 24. 



AMERICA 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1894 Jan. 18. The official trial board 
of the new unarmored cruiser Olym- 
pia announces her speed at 21.69 knots. 

Jan. 21+. The speed made by the un- 
armored cruiser Montgomery on her 
trial run is 19.056 knots an hour. 

Jan. 23. D. C. Com. John George 
"Walker is promoted rear-admiral U. S. N. 
[Also Apr. 11. Com. Francis M. Ram- 
say. Nov. 11. Com. Charles C. Carpen- 
ter.] 

Commander Henry Glass is promoted 
captain U. S. N. [Also Apr. 11. Com- 
mander Philip H. Cooper. Apr. 16. 
Commander Henry C. Taylor. July 10. 
Commander George H. Wadleigh. July 
21. Commander A. S. Crowninshield. 
July 31. Commander Frank Wildes. 
Sept. 7. Commander James H. Sands. 
Sept. 16. Commander Yates Stirling. 
Nov. 11. Commander "William C. Wise.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Jan. 1. Cal. A memorial in 
honor of the landing of Sir Francis 
Drake on the Pacific coast is unveiled 
in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco. 

Jan. 3. N. Y. A large coal-deposit 
is found at Thod Bottom, Delaware 
County. 

Jan. 20. Kan. A party of 10 men from 
Winnipeg are killed by an avalanche in 
the Rocky Mountains. 

Tex. A hurricane at Dallas destroys 

property valued at §100,000. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Jan. 2. Potter, Orlando R, capitalist, A71. 

Wheeler, H. H., president American Dis- 
trict Telephone Co., A56. 

Craig, Oscar, president State Board of 

Charities, A58. 

McNierney, F., R. C. bp. of Albany, A 66. 

Jan. 3. Sanger, A. L., president Board of 
Education, A52. 

Clarkson, Lloyd, officer of G. A. R., A63. 

Jan. 5. Singer, Otto, music-teacher, com- 
poser, A61. 

Jan. 10. Bolles, Frank, secretary of Har- 
vard University, dies. 

Fairfax, Donald McNiell, rear-adm. 

U. S. N., A70. 

Jan, 15. Losse, \V\, lawyer, jurist, A71. 

Jan. 16. Beardsley, Nelson, president Cay- 
uga Bank, N. Y., for 54 years, A86. 

Jan. 19. Gaston, William L., lawyer, Gov. 
of Mass., A74. 

Jan. 20. Shafer, Helen, pres. of Wellesley 
College, A54. 



CHURCH. 

1894 Jan. 21. yew York. A small 
portion of a bone of the Blessed Brother 
Gerard is exhibited in one of the 
churches ; it is venerated and kissed by 
many Roman Catholics. 

LETTERS. 

1893 * * Voodoo Tales as Told Among 
the Negr.oes of the Southwest, by Mary 
A. Owen, appears. 

* * Hypnotism, Mes7nerism, and the New 
Witchoraft, by Ernest Hart, M.D., ap- 
pears. 

* * The New Era, by Josiah Strong, ap- 
pears. 



* * The Silver Situation in the United 
States, by F. W. Taussig, appears. 

* * Major-General Wayne, by Charles J. 
Stille, appears. 

* * The Meaning and Method of Life, by 
George M. Gould, appears. 

* * A New England Boyhood, by Edward 
Everett Hale, appears. 

* * A House-Hunter in Europe, by "William 
Henry Bishop, appears. 

* * Science and a Future Life, by Frederic 
W. H. Myers, appears. 

* * The People's Money, by "William L. 
Trenholm, appears. 

* * Many Inventions, by Rudyard Kip- 
ling, appears. 

* * English History for American Headers, 
by Thomas W. Higginson and Edward 
Channing, appears. 

* * Louis Agassiz, by Charles F. Holder, 
appears. 

* * Thomas Jefferson, by James Schouler, 
appears. 

* * General George H. Thomas, by Donn 
Piatt, appears. 

* * General Greene, by Francis Vinton 
Greene, appears. 

* * Twenty Years at Sea, by Frederick 
D. Thompson, appears. 

* * General Johnston, (Joseph E.), by 
Robert M. Hughes, appears. 

* * The Gilded Man, by A. F. Bandelier, 
appears. 

* * The Arctic Journal, by Robert E. 
Peary, appears. 

1894 Jan. 5. New York. The New 
York State Art Teachers' Association 
is in session in Art Association Hall. 

Jan. 12. U. I. President Andrews of 
Brown University declines an offer 
of the co-presidency of the University 
of Chicago. 

Jan. 19. Mass. Harvard defeats Yale 
in the joint debate at Cambridge. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Jan. 1. Boston. The Knights of 
Labor enter a protest gainst the low 
rate of wages — $1.50 a day — paid by the 
Citizens' Relief Committee to the men 
employed by it. 

Jan. 3. Chicago. It is announced that 
W. Campbell, president of the Illinois 
Electrical Forging Company, has disap- 
peared, and S-15,000 are also missing. 

O. Burglars at Kenton torture an 

old man by burning his feet with hot 
irons to make him tell where his money 
is secreted ; they secure about $100 in 
money and valuables. 

Jan. 4. New York. Dr. Parkhurst's so- 
ciety issues a statement of its efforts to 
secure the indictment of Police Inspector 
Williams and Capt. Sehmittberger, and 
the evidence in the cases. (See Sept. 11.) 

Jan. 6. Neio York. "W. H. Grimm is sen- 
tenced to Sing Sing prison for four years 
and six months for marrying four wives 
— all are now living. 

Jan. 7. Chicago. By order of Chief of 

Police Brennan, all the gambling-houses 

are closed. 
Ky. "White Caps terrorize three 

counties; one man is killed and many 

severely whipped. 



Mich. 0. W. Leggett of Ganges fc seri- 
ously injured by opening a box received 
by mail which proves to be an infernal 

machine. 

Jan. 9. Cal. A gigantic smuggling 
ring, employing three vessels in its 
operations, i's discovered at Ban Fran- 
cisco ; several arrests are made. 

N. Y. John Y. McKane and his 

associates decline to plead in Brooklyn, 
and their counsel move to quash the 
indictments against them. [Jan. 11. 
Denied by Judge Bartlett. Jan. 12. 
McKane pleads "not guilty'* to several 
indictments.] 

Jan. 10. Mo. Five masked men stop 
and rob an express-train near St. 
Joseph. 

Jan. 12. Kan. A colored man in Sabina 
is allowed by a jury two dollars for the 
loss of his son, who was hanged by a 
mob last April. 

O. A negro is hanged by a mob 

near Cincinnati for the murder of an old 
couple a month ago. 

Jan. 13. Ala. Burglars raid the vil- 
lage of Courtland, Lawrence County, 
breaking open every business house in 
the place. 

Jan. 16. Wis. R. J. Peschmann, lessee 
of the Cream City Hotel bar, Milwaukee, 
confesses to murdering Mrs. Annie 
Schrums for her money, and setting tire 
to her room in his hotel to cover the 

Jan. 17. N. Y. The cruelty case against 
Superintendent Brock way of the Elmira 

Reformatory is dismissed. [Mar. 19. 
The report of the State Board of Chari- 
ties sustains most of the charges against 
him. Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dismisses 
the charges.] 

S. Dak. Alexander Ross, cashier of 

the First National Bank of Lead City, 
is arrested for embezzling funds of the 
bank to the amount of S'24,893. 

Jan. 19. JBTew York. Three New York 
policemen are arraigned by the Lexow 
Committee, charged with levying black- 
mail on pushcart venders ; all plead not 
guilty. 

The fourth annual dinner in honor of 
the birthday of Gen. R. E. Lee is given 
by the Confederate Veteran Camp of 
New York. 

Jan. 21. Conn. The Bridgeport Trac- 
tion Company's men strike ; the mayor 
reads the riot act to the men. 

Fla. Troops are ordered to Jackson- 
ville by the governor to stop the Cor- 
bett-Mitchell prize-fight proposed to be 
fought there. 

Jan. 23. Colo. President M. H. Smith 
of the Bank of Sterling is sentenced to 
the penitentiary for three years for re- 
ceiving money on deposit after the 
bank became insolvent. 

Pa. Treasurer "W. T. Zell is de- 
clared an embezzler by officers of the 
Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal Company. 

Jan. 24. Fla. Judge Call issues an in- 
junction restraining the sheriff of Duyal 
County from interfering with the Cor- 
bett-MitcheU fight. 

STATE. 

1894 Jan. 2. D. C. Congress: The 
majority of the House Ways and Means 
Committee decides to recommend an 
income tax of two per cent on incomes 
over $4,000 a year, to advance the tax on 



UNITED STATES. 1893, ** -1894, Jan. 24. 449 



whisky ten cents a gallon, and to im- 
pose a tax of two cents a pack on play- 
ing-cards. 

The Treasury Department reports the 
public debt increased $7,000,000 in De- 
cember. 

Jan. 3. D. C. Congress: In the Senate 
William P. Frye of Me. introduces a 
resolution ordering Executive non-in- 
terference in Hawaiian affairs pending 
investigation ; in the House Charles A. 
Boutelle of Me. endeavors to have his 
resolution on the Hawaiian question 
considered before the Tariff Bill, but 
fails ; Richard P. Bland's bill to coin 
the silver bullion held in the Treasury 
is referred to the Committee on Coin- 
age, Weights, and Measures. 

Jan. 4. D. C. Congress: Senate does 
little business ; House without a quo- 

New York. The Chamber of Com- 
merce declares in favor of an issue of 
$200,000,000 in Government bonds. 

Jan. 5. D. C. Congress: Senate not in 
session ; House without a quorum. 

Jan. 6. D. C. Congress: Senate not in 
session ; House without a quorum. A 
resolution ordering the sergeant-alarms 
to arrest absent members is adopted. 

Jan. 7. U. S. It is announced that the 
TJ. S. revenue cutter Corwin, at San 
Francisco, brings news that the Queen 
of the Hawaiian Islands has notified 
Minister Willis that she is willing to 
comply with the conditions he demanded 
of her, but had heretofore rejected ; also 
that the U. S. Minister requested the 
Provisional Government to resign in 
her favor, and it refused to comply 
with the request. 

Jan. 8. D. C. Congress : In the House 
William L. "Wilson of "W. Va. begins 
debate on the Tariff Bill after the 
date for a final vote on the bill has been 
fixed for Jan. 29. [The Tariff is dis- 
cussed almost exclusively till the final 
vote is taken. The Federal Elections 
Bill nearly monopolizes the business of 
the Senate.] 

N. J The race-track laws passed 

by the last Legislature are declared un- 
constitutional by the State Supreme 
Court. 

Jan. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
decides to take up the bill for the repeal 
of the Federal Elections Law as " un- 
finished " business on Jan. 15. 

N. J. The Democratic Senators 

hastily organize ; President Adrian re- 
fuses to accept the credentials of the 
Republican Senators-elect ; the Repub- 
licans retire to a Senate committee-room 
and organize, making two bodies ; Gov. 
AVerts sends his message to the Demo- 
cratic body. 

Jan. 10. Colo. The extra session of the 
Legislature meets at Denver ; the Senate 
refuses to print Gov. Waite's message. 

N. J. The Republican Senators 

forcetheir way into the Senate-chamber 
at Trenton ; a bill repealing the race- 
track law is passed by both Houses, and 
sent to Gov. Werts for his signature. 

Jan. 11. D. C. Mr. Carter resigns the 
chairmanship of the Republican Na- 
tional Committee at its session in 



Washington, and Joseph H. Manley is 
elected his successor. 

N. J. The Democrats again seize the 

Senate-chamber at Trenton, and forci- 
bly eject several (Rep.) Senators-elect. 
Utah. In accordance with the man- 
date from the TJ. S. Supreme Court, the 
Supreme Court of Utah enters a decree 
ordering the receiver to turn over to the 
First Presidency of the Mormon Church 
all money in his possession — $438,174 — 
derived from personal property. 
Jan. 13. D. C. Congress: Senate not 
in session ; the President sends to the 
House the Hawaiian correspondence 
accompanied by a brief message. 
Jan. 15. D. C. Congress; House : De- 
bate on the Tariff Bill under the five- 
minutes rule is begun. 

A letter written by Secretary Carlisle 
to the chairman of the Senate Commit- 
tee of Finance, urging the Immediate 
anthorization of an issue of bonds, is 
made public. 

Mass. A bill providing for biennial 

sessions is introduced into the Legisla- 
ture. 

N. Y. John Y. McKane tries to 

wrest the gavel from the Supervisor at 
Large at the meeting <>f the Kings County 
Board of Supervisors, and with his col- 
leagues undertakes to carry on a meet- 
ing in violation of the law. 
Jan. 16. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate debate is begun on the bill for the 
repeal of the Federal Election Laws. 

N. J. Both of the Senates appoint 

committees of conference ; standing 
committees are announced in the House 
and Republican Senate. 

W. Va. The Senate provides that the 

State's portion of the debt of the old 
State of Virginia be settled by commis- 
sioners appointed by both States. 
Jan. 17. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Civil Service extension and the repeal 
of the Federal Election Laws are dis- 
cussed ; the House votes that the wool 
schedules of the Wilson Tariff Bill 
shall go into effect with the rest of the 
act. 

Secretary Carlisle issues a circular 
offering for public subscription $50,- 
000,000 ten-year 5 per cent bonds. 
Jan. 18. I). C. Congress; Senate : W. 
A. Peffer of Kan. and W. V. Allen of 
Neb. introduce resolutions denouncing 
the proposed bond-issue ; in the House 
J. C. Burrows's amendment, substi- 
tuting the wool schedule of the McKin- 
ley Bill for that of the bill now under 
discussion, is defeated. 
Jan. 19. D. C. Congress: Senate not 
in session ; the House passes the Okla- 
homa Town Sites Entry Bill, requir- 
ing railroads to establish stations and 
depots at town sites fixed by the In- 
terior Department, in the Territories. 
Jan. 20. D. C. Congress : Senate not 
in session. 

President Cleveland vetoes the New 
York and New Jersey Bridge Bill. 
Jan. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen 
ate another message and more corre- 
spondence on the Hawaiian question 
is received from President Cleveland ; 
amendments to the Wilson Bill, re- 
pealing the bounty on sugar and putting 



refined sugar on the free list, are adopted 
in the House Committee of the Whole. 

la. The Supreme Court at Des 

Moines decides that the Prohibition 
Amendment of 1882 was not constitu- 
tionally adopted, and is therefore void. 

N. J. The Democratic Senators re- 
ject the Republican propositions for 
harmony ; the Republican Senators send 
a communication to Gov. Werts, asking 
his cooperation in organizing the lawful 
Senate. 

Jan. 23. D. C. Congress: The House 
votes down amendments to the Wilson 
Bill putting a duty on coal. 

Jan. 24. D. C. Congress: The House 
rejects all amendments to the iron ore 
schedule of the Tariff Bill; the In- 
ternal Revenue Bill is reported, with 
the income tax included, by the com- 
mittee, who vote 9-7. 

N. Y. The Forestry Commission 

proposes to acquire 1,200,000 acres in 
the Adirondacks, and 100,000 acres in 
theCatskill region, for State-park pur- 
poses, at a total cost of $3,515,134. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Jan. 2. Kan. Four persons are 
killed and as many injured by a train- 
wreck near Lawrence. 

Jan. 3. 0. A fire in Toledo destroys 
property valued at $1,000,000. 

Jan. 6. Kan. A large body of under- 
ground water is found in Ford and ad- 
joining counties ; farmers intend to sink 
wells about one mile apart, and dig 
ditches in order to irrigate the country 
thereabouts. 

Jan. 8. Chicago, The Manufacturers' 
Building in the World's Fair grounds, 
containing 20.000 crises of exhibits await- 
ing removal, the Music Hall, the Peri- 
style, and Casino are burned; loss on 
buildings, $800,000 ; on exhibits, §200,000. 

Jan. 15. N. J. Eleven persons are killed 
and 44 injured by a train collision at 
Hackensack. 

- — O. Organized unemployed men in 
Cincinnati refuse to accept work from 
the Associated Charities at SI a day. 

Jan. 17. N. Y. The cost up to 1894 of 
the unfinished State Capitol at Albany 
is $20,726,971.15. 

Wash. Over 12,000,000 bushels of 

wheat are destroyed by rains in east- 
ern Washington. 

Jan. 19. Ky. The City Council of Louis- 
ville annexes all suburbs, including 
five towns, adding 20,000 to the city's 
population. 

Cal. The Chinese Six Companies 

order their laborers to register. [Many 
of them do so.] 

Jan. 23. New York. The Normannia, 
of the Hamburg-American Line, is com- 
pelled to return to port much dam- 
aged by a tidal wave ; loss, ©50,000 to 
the vessel and about the same to the 

Jan. 24. Tenn. At Coal Creek 50 con- 
victs escape from a stockade. 

Tex. By the explosion of a stick of 

dynamite in a train smoking-car stove 
at Marcos, two men are killed and six 
seriously injured. 



450 1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1894 Jan. * U. S. The Naval He- 
serve numbers 2,45G men. 

Feb. 2. The war-ship Kearsarge is 
wrecked on a rock in the Caribbean Sea, 
two officers and crew being saved. 

Feb. 11. D. C. The militia force of 
the United States as reported to Con- 
gress aggregates 112,000 men. 

Charles K. Barnett is commissioned ma- 
jor — quartermaster department. [Feb. 
22. Henry S. Kilbourne — medical de- 
partment. Mar. 1. Gilbert S. Carpen- 
ter— 4th infantry. Mar. 8. Carle A. 
Woodruff— 2d artillery. Mar. 12. Ab- 
ram A. Harbach— ISth infantry. Mar. 
13. James C. Merrill — medical depart- 
ment.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Jan. 27. N. Mex. Gold is dis- 
covered near Sorocco. 

Feb. 7. Cal. An earthquake shakes 
San Jos 6. 

[Also May 24. St. Louis, Mo. July 30. 
Three shocks at Los Angeles, Cal. Aug. 
10. Three shocks at Memphis, Tenn. 
Nov. 23. Slight shocks in Connecticut 
and West Virginia.] 

Feb. 8. La. A tornado strikes Port 
Hudson, demolishing a number of 
houses. [Feb. 19. Arkansas is visited.] 

Feb. 10. Ltd. A vein of gold assaying 
$80 a ton is discovered in a stone-quarry 
near Portland. 

Feb. 13. N. Y. Surveys are being made 
for the new East River bridge in Wil- 
liamsburg, Brooklyn. 

. Okla. — /. T. More than 30 persons 

perish in a blizzard ; thousands of cat- 
tle are lost. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Jan. 29. Calkins, W. H., lawyer, jurist, 

A52. 
Fsb. 3. Childs. George William, editor 

Public Ledtjt r, philanthropist, A64. 
Feb. 4. Wilkinson, Morton S., senator for 

Minn., lawyer, A75. 
Feb. 9. Honk, George W., M. C. for O., 

dies. 
Casey, T. A., vicar-gen. of R. C. diocese 

of Erie, dies. 
Feb. 17. Rotton, Otto, physician, of Brook- 
lyn, A83. 
Feb. 19. Keppler, Joseph, cartoonist, an 

editor of Puck, A56. 
Feb. 20. Smith, John M., horticulturist, 



ASH. 



CHURCH. 



1894 Feb. 2. Vt. Arthur C. A. Hall 
is consecrated (Protestant Episcopal) 
bishop of Vermont. 

Feb. 9. N. r. Plymouth Church, 
Brooklyn, observes the 7th anniversary 
of the death of Henry Ward Beecher. 

Feb. 18. la. Protestant ministers at 
Sioux City make a concerted attack 
upon the American Protective Asso- 
ciation, and urge their congregations 
to shun it. 

New York. Russians for the first time 

in this city attend the service of the 
Greek Orthodox Church conducted 
in the native language. 



SOCIETY. 

1894 Jan. 25. Conn. A dozen Dan- 
bury hat manufacturers reopen their 
shops, but less than 00 men return to 
work. [Jan. 26. Hundreds return. Feb. 
1. The union men decide to work in nun- 
union factories; the strike has collapsed. ] 

Fla. The Corbett-Mitehell prize- 
fight takes place at Jacksonville with- 
out interference ; Corbett wins in the 
third round ; both men are arrested, and 
give bail. 

/. T. A band of train-robbers is 

captured by police ; one of the gang is 
killed and another wounded. 

N. Y. The trial of John Y. 

McKane begins at Brooklyn. 

Phila. The National Conference 

on Good City Government begins a 
two days' session. 

Jan. 26. Chicago. Alderman Jeremiah 
H. Mulvihill is fatally wounded in " Ed." 
Hussey's saloon by " Mike" Frewer. 

Jan. 27. N. Y. Robert Morrison shoots 
and mortally wounds his mother at 
Kingsbridge because she reprimands 
him for getting drunk. 

N. Y. Two Italian counterfeiters 

are arrested while at work in South 
Brooklyn, and four presses, a forge, 
seven dies, crucibles, gold, silver, tin, 
and other metals and machinery, are 
seized. 

Pa. A mob of strikers makes an 

attack upon working miners at Wood- 
ville ; rioting squads of about one hun- 
dred men each are going from mine to 
mine intimidating miners at work. 

Jan. 28. N. J. The certificate of incor- 
poration of the Daisy Fields Home 
and Hospital for Crippled Children, 
located at Englewood, is filed. 

Jan. 30. S. C. Liquor-stores in 
Charleston are raided by the police and 
an armed force. 

Jan. 31. Cal. A gang of ruffians makes 
an attack upon the private car of Mrs. 
Leland Stanford at Vina. 

Feb. 1. Pa. Ten anarchist miners 
are arrested in a settlement of Slavs 
and Italians near Mansfield. 

N. C. — Tenn. A fight takes place 

between farmers while working on the 
road on the Madison County line, next 
to Tennessee ; six are killed and 14 
wounded. 

Feb. 3 . Boston. Albert Johnson shoots 
his sweetheart, Carrie Andrews, and 
kills himself, on account of breaking of 
her engagement. 

Lnd. James Arnold, of the bank of 

James Arnold and Co., Columbia City, 
flees ; he is charged with embezzling 
$100,000. 

Feb. 4. N. Y. A shortage of $19,000 
is found in the accounts of Cashier W. 
D. Lohmann of the Brooklyn Excise 
Department ; he has disappeared. 

Feb. 5. Kij. A fatal fight occurs at 
Harlan Court-house ; one man is killed 
and one fatally injured. 

New York. Inspector Williams re- 
ports that he could rind nothing immoral 
in Capt. Slevin's precinct, as charged by 
Dr. Parkhurst. 

Tenn. President G. N. Henson, of 

the Citizens' Bank and Trust Company 
of Chattanooga, shoots and kills J. B. 
Werts, a well-known insurance man, 
and is arrested. 

Feb. 6. New York. A police census 
shows that 52,592 males and 14,6SS 
females are out of work, their fami- 
lies including 206,701 persons ; 39,311 
families are in need of assistance. 



Feb. 7. A f ew York. Hungry people are 
ducking to relief-stores. 

Feb. 8. Tex. Sheriff A. Dickson is 
shot and killed by the Texan outlaw 
Braddock, and one of the sheriff's posse 

kills Braddock. 

Feb. 9. N. Y. John w. Love, resident 

of Watkins, and cashier <_.f the First Na- 
tional Bank <.f that Village, absconds 
with $50,000 of the bank's funds. 

Feb. 11. Ind. The grand jury of Whit- 
ley County returns twenty indictments 
against three banking officers forswin- 
dling 150 farmers out of their wheat and 
money. 

Mo. Judge Caldwell at St. Louis re- 
fuses to restrain the Northern Pacific 
Railroad employees from striking while 
the road is in the hands of a receiver. 

Feb. 12. New York. The committee ap- 
pointed by Mayor Gilroy to consider 
means to help the unemployed de- 
cides to raise $500,000, and subscribes 
560,000 at once. 

Pa. The trial of 5S striking miners 

for rioting begins at Pittsburg. 

Feb. 13. Ky. A fight occurs between 
the Turner-Nolin families in Harlan 
County ; one woman is killed. 

S. C. The Charleston Chamber of 

Commerce celebrates its 110th anniver- 
sary with a banquet. 

Feb. 14. N.J. Silk-workers at Phillips- 
burg are attacked by strikers. 

Feb. 15. B.C. The26thannualeonven- 
tion of the National Woman Suffrage 
Association opens at Washington, with 
delegates from all parts of the United 
States. 

X. F. The jury in the John T. Mc- 
Kane case, after being out 20 hours, 
returns a verdict of g^iilty, with 
recommendation for mercy on ac- 
count of the many respectable witnesses 
that testified to his generally good pri- 
vate character. 

[Feb. 19. He is sentenced to imprison- 
ment for sis years in Sing Sing.] 

New York. D. J. Buckley, convicted 

of having permitted repeating at an elec- 
tion, is sentenced by Judge Barrett to a 
fine of $500 and imprisonment for one 
year in the penitentiary. 

Feb. 16. Cat. A Southern Pacific ex- 
press-train is ditched and robbed ; the 
robbers kill two men and injure two 
others. 

Lid. Supt. John Dingledey, of the 

Wernie Orphans' House, Richmond, is 
convicted of cruelty t<> the inmates, and 

New York. All the large silk facto- 
ries shut down on account of a strike of 
the employees for higher wages. 

Matthew Green is convicted of man- 
slaughter in the second degree for kick- 
ing to death James llalstead in July 
last. [He is sentenced to Imprisonment 
for five years.] 

Feb. 17. Chicago. The Continental Na- 
tional Bank is swindled by cashing two 
raised checks — one for $3,500 raised 
from $35, and one for $3,300 from $33. 

Lid. A large number of men at In- 
dianapolis call upon the mayor and 
Board of Public Works, demanding 
employment. 

Xeiv York. The Citizens* Relief 

Fund for the unemployed amounts to 
$75,000. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Jan. 25 -Feb. 20. 451 



Patrick J. Finn is arraigned for ab- 
stracting packets from the mails in the 
post-office; he admits his guilt, and is 
held in §1,500 bail. 

Feb. 18. New York. An attempt to ar- 
rest four Italians results in a community 
fight on the East Side. 

O. Three thousand miners are 

thrown out of employment in conse- 
quence of a dispute as to wages. 

Pa. A non-unionist kills a man in a 

saloon brawl in Sayre for calling him a 
" scab." 

STATE. 

1894 Jan. 25. D. C. The Democratic 
caucus in Washington votes to make the 
Internal Revenue Bill, including the in- 
come-tax, an amendment to the Tariff 
Bill. 

Jan. 27. D. C. Congress; House : The 
time for the debate on the Tariff Bill 
is extended until Feb. 1, and several 
amendments to the bill are adopted. 

Jan. 29. D.C. Congress ; House : The 
Internal Revenue Bill is offered as 
an amendment to the Tariff Bill, and 
supported by Benton McMillin of Tenn. 
[Jan. 31. Accepted.] 

President Dole's reply to Minister 
Willis's demand for more specific charges 
is received at Washington. 

J"an. 30. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
John Sherman of O. upholds the right 
of the Secretary of the Treasury to 
issue bonds. 

Boston — New York. Jfew York 

bankers agree to subscribe for $30,000,- 
000 of the new U. S. bonds, and a Boston 
syndicate will take SS.000,000. 

N. Y. The Senate unanimously adopts 

resolutions for investigating the New 
York City Police Department (Lexow 
Committee). [Jan. 31. The Committee : 
Senators Lexow, O'Connor, Kobertson, 
Pound, Saxton, Cantor, and Bradley.] 

Two bills are presented in the Legisla- 
ture to remove restrictions on Sunday 
liquor-selling in New York City and. 
Brooklyn. 

Jan. 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Stewart bond resolution 
denying the legality of the sale. 

Feb. 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates Secretary Carlisle's bond is- 
sue ; in the House the tariff debate 
closes ; the Wilson Bill passes. Vote, 
204-140. 

Secretary Herbert sends a despatch to 
Adm. Benham approving his course at 
Rio de Janeiro on Jan. 30. (See p. 558.) 

JTeb. 2. D.C. Congress : In the Senate 
W. F. Vilas of Wis. defends the purpose 
of the Secretary of the Treasury to use, 
for current expenses, the money received 
from the sale of bonds ; the Tariff Bill 
is received from the House, and referred 
to the Committee on Finance. 

Feb. 3. D.C. Congress; House: The 
Sundry Civil Appropriation Bill is 
introduced. 

The Secretary of the Treasury an- 
nounces that the entire $50,000,000 of 
the new bond issue has been awarded. 

Ga. The Controller refuses to audit 

the bills of the State militia ordered out 
hy Gov. Northen to prevent the Corbett- 
Mitchell fight. 



V. J. Gov. Werts refuses to receive 

bills passed by the Legislature; the bills 
are left on his desk by the Committee. 

Feb. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
Finance Committee decides to give no 
tariff hearings ; in the House debate on 
the Hawaiian Resolutions is finished ; 
the Blair amendment and the Hitt sub- 
stitute are rejected. 

Feb. 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
repeals the Federal Election Laws. 
Vote, 39-28. [Approved Feb. 8.] The 
House approves of the McCreary Ha- 
waiian resolutions. Vote, 177-78. B. 
P. Bland of Mo. precipitates a fight over 
silver by the introduction of the bill for 
the coining of seigniorage ; it is ap- 
proved by the majority of the Committee 
on Coinage, Weights, and Measures. 

Feb. 8. D. C. Congress ; House : The 
Bland Bill to coin the silver seignior- 
age is taken up. 

Kan. The Supreme Court at Topeka 

renders a decision that Gov. Lewelling 
cannot remove Mary Ellen Lease from 
the State Charities Board. 

N. Y. The Greater New York BiU 

passes the Assembly. Vote, 106-7. [Apr. 
27. It passes the Senate.] 

The scheme of consolidation having 
been approved by a majority of the citi- 
zens, a commission is provided for by 
the Legislature to give it effect. The 
combined area is 359.75 square miles ; 
combined population, 2,985,422. New 
York, Brooklyn, Richmond County, 
Flushing, part of Hempstead, Jamaica, 
Long Island City, Newtown, Jamaica 
Bay, East Chester, West Chester, and 
Pelham towns are all united in one 
municipality. 

Feb. 9. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
is not in session ; in the House debate 
on the hill to coin silver seigniorage 
is continued. 

The envoys of Brazil and the Ar- 
gentine Republic submit their cases 
to President Cleveland, who has con- 
sented to act as arbitrator in the boun- 
dary disputes between the two countries. 

Feb. 12. D. C. Congress: The House 
amends and passes the Urgent Defi- 
ciency Appropriation Bill introduced 
Feb. 7. 

Ark. Judge Williamson of the State 

Circuit Court at Little Bock decides 
that the State tax on express and other 
corporations is unconstitutional. 

Feb. 13. D. C. House debate on the 
Bland Seigniorage Bill is continued. 

Mass. The House passes a bill to 

abolish the annual Fast Day. Vote, 
109-59. [It becomes a law.] 

Feb. 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the bill for the extermination 
of the Russian thistle (bill introduced 
Feb. 1). [Nine discussions follow]. In 
the House the debate on the Bland Bill 
is continued. 

Feb. 15. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Town Sites 
Entry BiU. [Aug. 1. House concurs. 
Aug. 10. Approved by the President.] 

President Dole's (Hawaii) reply 

to Minister Willis's recent questions is 
made public. 

Feb. 16. D. C. Congress; House : The 
Boutelle Hawaiian Resolution is 



passed ; the President is requested to 
furnish information on Hawaii. 

Feb. 17. A'aii. Mrs. Lease refuses 
propositions made by Gov. Lewelling. 
He proposes that she stop fighting the 
State Administration, resign from the 
State Board of Charities, keep out of 
the Populist State Convention, and ac- 
cept a place on the Board of Regents of 
the State University, and be paid all ex- 
penses she has incurred. 

Feb. 20. D. C. Congress: Senate: 
John W. Daniel of Va. continues his 
defense of the Administration's Ha- 
waiian policy ; the Finance Committee 
reports the revised Tariff Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Jan. 25. N. Y. The turbine 
wheels of the great Niagara tunnel 
are started. 

Jan. 26. XT. J. The 100th anniver- 
sary of Westfield is celebrated. 

Jan. 27. Cat. The Midwinter Fair 
in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, is 
formally opened. 

Jan. 28. Me. A fire at Bath destroys 
$500,000 worth of property. 

Feb. 1. Chicago. A warehouse is burned ; 
25 employees are rescued ; loss, $130,000. 

Feb. 2. Mass. Spanish doubloons, jew- 
elry, and gold watches are found by 
workmen in an old colonial hotel in 
Waltham. 

Feb. 3. Ky. The Lin coln Homestead 
in La Rue County is bought by a syndi- 
cate. 

Feb. 4. New York. The Chinese cele- 
brate their New Year. 

Feb. 5. Ga. A fire in Savannah de- 
stroys property worth §500,000. 

Feb. 9. Me. The first steel sailing- 
ship ever built in New England is 
ready for launching at Bath. 

Feb. 10+. Boston. The Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Animals is 
putting forth effort to suppress the 
ornamental lizard traffic. 

Mich. The large agricultural im- 
plement works at Lansing are destroyed 
by lire, caused by the explosion of a 
molding-pot ; the loss is estimated at 
$750,000. 

Feb. 11. Conn. Fire partially destroys 
the Colt's Firearms Factory at Hart- 
ford; loss, 8250,000. 

Feb. 12. O. Four men are killed in a 
railroad collision, which occurs be- 
cause of the signals being hidden by 
snow. 

Feb. 13. Chicago. More "World's 
Fair buildings are burned by incen- 
diaries. 

Pa. At Plymouth 13 men are buried 

alive by a cave-in in a mine. 

Feb. 16. Chicago. It is announced that 
a dividend of 10 per cent will be paid to 
"World's Fair stockholders. 

Kan. Much destitution is reported. 

Feb. 17. Ind. Near West Muncie a 
4,000,000-foot gas- well, belonging to 
the Indiana Iron Company, takes fire. 

Feb. 18. Chicago. Another fire of in- 
cendiary origin occurs in the Illinois 
Building at the World's Fair. 

O. Pending their acceptance of the 

terms of the operators, 3,000 miners are 
thrown out of work. 



452 1894, Feb. 20-Mar. 15. 

ARMY — NAVY. 
1894 Mar. 1. T>. C. Alfred T. Smith is 

commissioned colonel — 13th infantry. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Feb. 23. New York. The north- 
ern lights make a splendid display over 
this city and vicinity. 

Feb. 24. Colo. The heaviest snowfall 
in 12 years covers Colorado. 

Feb. 25. O. A phenomenal oil-well is 
opened in the Fostoria iields, flowing oil 
over the whole neighborhood at the rate 
of 7,500 barrels a day. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Feb. 22. Woodward, E. T., com. V. S. N-, 
dies. . 

Feb. 24. Mnnro, Norman L., publisher of 
cheap libraries, dies. 

Feb. 25. Mackaye, Steele, dramatist, ac- 
tor, dies. 

Mar. 1. Downey, John G., Gov. of Cal., 
A67. 

Mar. 2. Earl v, .Tubal A., < 'on fed. gen., A78. 

Mar. 7. Frost, Kufus S.. president National 
Association Woolen .Manufacturers, A68. 

Mar. 10. Nevins, N., bandmaster, leader 
of troops through Ga., A61- 



LETTERS. 

1894 Feb. 21. N. Y. One death oc- 
curs and several persons are prostrated 
by chlorine gas conveyed by Cornell 
Sophomores into the banquet-hall of 
the Freshmen. 

Mar. 13 Pa. The Central Board of 
Education at Pittsburg, by a vote of 29 
to 2, refuses to pay any teacher ap- 
pearing in the public schools in the 
garb or insignia of any religious 
order, the same being in conflict with 
the State Constitution. 

Mar. 14. Mass. The will of Mrs. Mary 
Hemenway of Milton provides that the 
income of an estate of $15,000,000 
shall be used for educational pur- 
poses. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Feb. 20. Boston. After listen- 
ing to addresses by socialist and anarch- 
ist speakers, about 2,000 unemployed 
■working men march to the State 
House and demand work ; they are dis- 
persed by the police. 

O. Gov. and Mrs. McKinley's 

debts are all paid and their property 
returned to them by trustees who have 
raised the money without the governor's 
consent. 

Tex. Three men and a child are 

shot to death in the Grand Central 
Depot in Houston by Jim Mitchell of 
Richmond, Fort Bend County. 

Feb. 21. New York. Erastus Wiman 
is arrested and committed to the Tombs 
on two indictments charging forgery. 
[He is finally acquitted.*] 

The "Newspaper Publishers' Asso- 
ciation of America begins its sessions ; 
200 representatives are present. 

Feb. 22. Ala. The third annual Tus- 
kegee "Negro Conference meets ; 600 
black-belt negro farmers are present. 



AMERICA 



t other acts 



N. Y. The new rules of the Brook- 
lyn Excise Commissioners bring oat the 
fact that brewers have $500,000 
invested in saloons, and have a large 
number of licenses locked up in their 
safes. 

Feb. 23. Boston. The Municipal 
League perfects a permanent organiza- 
tion for purifying city politics. 

New York. The offices of 16 physi- 
cians charged with criminal operations 
are raided by Central Office detectives. 

Neb. A gang of female counter- 
feiters is discovered in Omaha. 

Feb. 24. Pa. Richard Prior kills 
Christian Ehrleck at his residence at 
White Oak Run, fatally wounds his 
wife, steals what money he can find, 
and makes his escape. 

Feb. 28. Minn. Bad-Debt Agency 
swindlers defraud a number of people ; 
aggregate amount of frauds, S30,000. 

Tex. Two smugglers, with 1,746 

opals hid in the lining of their coats, are 

captured at El Paso. 
Mar. 1. N. Y. F. Koelzler, of Dolge- 

ville, kills his wife and four children, 

and then kills himself. 

Mar. 3. Miss. A Populist member of 
the Missouri Legislature kills a Demo- 
cratic member at Kosciusko ; two other 
men are killed at the same time. 

71*. Va. Striking 

railroad bridge a 
of violence. 

[Mar. 5. They burn coal-cars and at- 
tempt the destruction of other property ; 
the governor calls out the militia. Mar. 
28. Striking miners fight the working 
miners ; a number are killed and 
wounded. June 1. Strikers destroy the 
Shore Line Railroad bridge at Cannel- 
ton, over which coal is shipped north. 
June 2. Strikers compel the train-crews 
to return the loaded coal-trains to the 
Wheeling-Creek mines. June 4. Four 
working miners are fired upon at Pow- 
ellton, from ambush, while returning 
from work.] 

Mar. 5. Ala. Six Federal officers at 
Birmingham are indicted for defrauding 
the Government of nearly §250,000. 

Mar. 6. New York. The aldermen re- 
quest Mayor Gilroy to fly the Irish flag 
on the City Hall on St. Patrick's Day. 

Police Captains Price and Martens are 
on trial before the Police Commissioners. 

[Mar. 16. Capt. Westervelt also. Apr- 
9. Capt. O'Connor. Apr. 20. Capts. 
Martens and Slevin are charged with 
neglect of duty. Aug. 1. The Police 
Commissioners' dismiss the charges 
against Capt. Price.] 

N. Y. Robert Ross, a watcher at the 

polls, is killed and several wounded at a 
polling-place in Troy. 

[Mar. 8. Citizens in mass-meeting 
name a Committee of One Hundred to 
secure the punishment of the murderer. 
Mar. 11. The committee is constituted 
a permanent body to secure good govern- 
ment.] 
Mar. 8. Chicago. Daniel Coughlin is fi- 
nally acquitted of the charge of com- 
plicity in the assassination of Dr. P. H. 
Cronin. 
Mar. 9. N. J. Strikers make trouble at 
Paterson ; the police protect non-union 
men from being stoned. 

Mar. 9-Dec. 29. Nero York. The 
Lexow Senate Committee (appointed 
Jan. 31) investigates numerous charges 
publicly made against the Police De- 
partment by Dr. Charles H. Parkhurst 



and others; chfei accusation, bribery 
and complicity with criminals. 

(Mae. 9.) The committee bold* its 

flrsl ' -i ing in the < lounty Court-house ; 

William Sutherland, counsel 

(APE. 13.) William \V. Gofl is ap- 
pointed counsel. 

(JUKE I.) Evidence shows that the 
police levied blackmail upon keepers <-i 
disorderly houses. 

(Junk 7. t Civil Justice Roesch ad- 
mits that he received $100 from .Mrs. 
Thurow which he formerly denied ; he 
Bays it was a fee to him as a lawyer in 
payment for counsel given to his client. 

(JUNE 8.) More witnesses testify to 
police blackmail and intimidation, es- 
pecially implicating Capt. Price and his 
ward man. 

(JUNE 13. > Evidenceof blackmail and 
extortion implicating Police Captain 
Murphy is brought out. 

(JUNE 14.) Evidence shows that pro- 
tection has been given by police to 
11 green goods " swindlers in return ior 
money. 

(June 15.) Evidence is given proving 
the existence of a Bohemian liquor- 
dealers' organization to secure police 
protection. 

(June 18.) Testimony associate* Po- 
lice Justice Patrick Divver with " bun- 

(June 21.) Evidence before the Sen- 
ate Committee shows that business 
men, including shipowners, have been 
obliged to pay tribute to the police to 
secure immunity from persecution in 
various ways. 

(June 26.) Testimony before the Lex- 
ow Committee shows that many mer- 
chants have been blackmailed by police- 
men ; also that one police captain paid 
$15,000 for his appointment. 

(June 27.) " Chinatown " is shown to 
be a fruitful place for police blackmail. 

(June 30.) The committee adjourns 
to Sept. 10. 

(Sept. 10.) Testimony is given charg- 
ing police captains with receiving bribes 
from '• green goods " swindlers. 

(SEPT. 11.) Police Inspector Williams 
is accused of receiving a bribe of $500 
when captain. 

(Sept. 12.) The committee adjourns 
to Oct. 1. 

(OCT. 2.) Testimony show? that there 
has been absolute disregard of law by 
the police, and that they have been 
shielded from punishment. 

(Oct. 3.) A policeman, proved to be a 
blackmailer, threatens his accuser, in 
the court-room, with murder. 

(Oct. 9.) Policeman DeGann testifies 
that, because he refused to pay to Capt. 
Schmittberger all instead of half of the 
money he got for working overtime, he 
was transferred to another post. 

(Oct. 11.) A. F. Forget, of the French 
Line of steamers, testifies that Capt. 
Schmittberger demanded and gut $500 
from him for dock privileges. [The 
captain is indicted by the grand jury 
for perjury, and arrested on Oct. 27.]* 

(Oct. 16.) Testimony is given relative 
to colonization and registration frauds. 

(Oct. 18.) Testimony shows that ex- 
Assemblyman Philip Wissig and his son 
threatened to kill an innocent man, and 
that the son made a brutal assault on 
him. 

(Oct. 29.) Police Commissioner John 
C. Sheehan in his testimony blames Su- 
perintendent Byrnes for the police cor- 
ruption of the city, the superintendent 
not having enforced the laws. 

(Oct. 30.) Police Commissioner Shee- 
han defies the committee by refusing to 
produce his private bank-books, which 
he has been ordered to do. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Feb. 20 -Mar. 15. 453 



(Nov. 1.) Commissioner W, S. An- 
drews, of the Street Cleaning Depart- 
ment, is accused of having received a 
bribe of $500 when a member of the Ex- 
cise Board. 

(Nov. 2.) Police Justice Hogan and 
several police captains are implicated in 
testimony. 

(DEC. 6.) Evidence shows that money 
was paid to police to protect prize-fights. 

{Deo. 13.) A city contractor testifies 
that he had sent a number of checks to 
Richard Croker as head of Tammany 
Hall ; also that a fund of $15,uUU was 
raised for Police Captain Creeden about 
the time of his promotion to his present 
office. 

(Dec. IS.) Evidence shows that large 
payments of money were made to In- 
spector Steers. 

(Dec. 21.) Evidence implicates In- 
spectors Williams and McAvoy, Corn- 
Martin and Sheehan, and 



[Mar. 19. He is sentenced to imprison- 
ment for one year andftSOO fine. Mar. 22. 
Justice Newton pleads guilty and is sen- 
tenced to nine months' imprisonment 
and $500 fine. Mar. 2G. The court sen- 
tences 1G election inspectors to impris- 
onment for various terms, varying from 
29 days to six months; three are fined 
$500, and three $250.] 



other officials. 

(Dec. 29.) The committee holds its 
last session; Superintendent Brynes is 
examined, and then the committee ad- 
journs without day. 

Mar. 10. Chicago. The Columbian 
Guards strike at Jackson Park ; only 
eight are left to guard the "World's Fair 
Buildings. 

iV. F. Investigation shows that about 

$200,000 of school funds paid to John Y- 
McKane during 1393 have not been ac- 
counted for. 

Mar. 11. Boston. Mrs. Mary Lease of 
Kansas speaks at a meeting of the unem- 
ployed on the Common. 

Conn. The police capture 67 Chi- 
nese gamblers at New Haven. 

Ind. JohnRodgers, with stolen goods 

in possession, is shot by vigilants at 
Frankfort. 

■ New York. The Charity Organiza- 
tion Society is organizing a movement 
to furnish work for unskilled women. 

Mar. 12. 2T. Y. The Brooklyn Alder- 
men, by a vote of 8 to 7, resolve to have 
the Irish flag displayed on the City 
Hall on St. Patrick's Day, with the Na- 
tional and State flags. [Mar. 13. The 
Board of Supervisors order the Irish flag 
to be displayed on the Court-house and 
the Hall of Records. Vote, 17-10. Mar. 
16. The supervisor-at-large vetoes the 
resolution.] 

Mar. 13. JST.J. Striking dyers control 
Paterson all day, destroying goods and 
compelling men to quit work. 

iV. Y. The chief of police at TJtica 

orders the immediate stoppage of gam- 
bling at saloons and cigar-stands. 

O. Andrew Sauer, formerly cashier 

of the Defiance Savings Bank, is arrested 
on the charge of embezzling $37,000 of 
the bank's funds. 

Okta. Two robbers compel railroad 

station agent Rusk to go to the depot at 
"YVoodwark, open the safe, and deliver 
to them its contents, amounting to 
510,000. 

Mar. 14. Mo. An order is issued at St. 
Louis to the Police Department to ar- 
rest saloon-keepers and others having 
nickel-in-the-slot machines in their 
places of business. 

iV. Y. Mayor Schieren orders the 

stoppage of boxing exhibitions in Brook- 
lyn. 

Justice K. F. Sutherland of Gravesend 
is found guilty of misdemeanor for his 
connection with election frauds. 



STATE. 

1894 Feb. 20. Va. Two oyster schoon- 
ers from Maryland are captured in Vir- 
ginian waters. Gov. O'Ferrall sends a 
special message on the oyster question 
to the Legislature, asking'for legislation 
to enable him to protect the interests of 
the State. 

Pa. Galusha A. Grow is elected 

Congressman at large by a plurality of 
over 1SO,000. 

Feb. 21. D. C. Congress; Senate: A 
warm debate takes place on the com- 
position of the Finance Committee ; 
House, no quorum. 

N. J. Quo warranto proceedings to 

determine the legal Senate of New 
Jersey are begun in the State Supreme 
Court at Trenton. 

Feb. 22. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate "Washington's Farewell Address is 
read ; House, no quorum. Excitement 
is caused by Richard P. Bland's denun- 
ciation of filibusters as revolutionists. 

la. The House passes the bill grant- 
ing municipal suffrage to women. Vote, 
51-44. 

Feb. 23-24. D. C. Congress: Senate, 
not in session ; House, no quorum. 

Feb. 23. _ZV. Y. The Assembly passes a 
bill to enforce payment to the State by 
racing associations of a 5 per cent tax 
on their gross receipts. 

Feb. 25. D. C. Congress: The House 
debates the Hatch Anti-Option Bill, 
regulating the sale of agricultural prod- 
ucts, defining " options " and " futures," 
and imposing taxes thereon. [May 18. 
Substituted.] 

Mar. 1. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Urgent Defi- 
ciency Appropriation Bill. [Mar. 7. 
Conference report agreed to. Mar. 19. 
Approved by the President.] 

The House passes the Bland Silver 
Bill, providing for the coinage of silver 
bullion (seigniorage) held in the Treas- 
ury, after 20 discussions ; bill introduced 
Jan. 3. 

Mar. 2. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Fortification Appropria- 
tion Bill introduced Dec. 19, 1893. 

Mar. 6. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
motion of William M. Stewart of Nev. 
to take up the Bland Seigniorage Bill 
is discussed. 

Senators make personal explanations 
regarding their alleged obstruction of 
the Tariff Bill in Committee ; David B. 
Hill introduces a hostile resolution in- 
structing the Finance Committee to 
change the Wilson Bill so as to obtain 
a sufficient revenue without an income 
tax. 

Mar. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Bland Bill is pushed to the point of 
final passage by the Democrats and Sil- 
ver Republicans ; a vote is avoided by a 
motion to adjourn; in the House the 
Pensions Appropriation Bill passes 



after five discussions without a divis- 
ion; bill introduced Jan. 27. 
Mar. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : John 
Sherman delivers a speech against the 
Seigniorage Bill; the Tariff Bill, as 
revised by the Democrats of the Senate 
Finance Committee, is presented to the 
full Committee; the House passes the 
hill to abolish the Customs Bureau of 
the Treasury Department; the Wilson 
Tariff Bill as amended is published, the 
income-tax feature remaining. 

iV. Y. Gov. Flower transmits a mes- 
sage to the Assembly vetoing the Troy 
Bipartisan Election Inspectors Bill. 

Mar. 9. D. C. Congress ; Senate : An 
agreement is reached to take the vote on 
the Bland Seiniorage Bill on Mar. 15. 

Mar. 10. D. C. Congress: Senate not 
in session ; in the House the District of 
Columbia Appropriation Bill is passed. 

Mar. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Wm. A. Peffer of Kan. introduces a 
resolution to investigate alleged trans- 
actions in Sugar-Trust stock by mem- 
bers of the Senate, in connection with 
the Tax-iff Bill ; on motion of Matthew 
S. Quay of Pa., the resolution is tabled. 
Associate Justice Edward D. "White 
takes his seat on the bench of the U. S. 
Supreme Court. 

Mar. 14. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
William B. Allison's motion to recon- 
sider the vote on the third reading of 
the Seigniorage Bill is defeated. Vote, 
28-45. Charles F. Manderson's motion 
to recommit the bill is defeated. 

Mar. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Bland Silver Bill after 10 
discussions. Vote, 44-31. [Mar. 30. Ve- 
toed.] 

II. I. D. Kussell Brown (Rep.) is re- 
nominated for governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

Feb. 20. Chicago. By the burning of 
a warehouse GOD people are thrown out 
of work ; loss, $600,000. 

Feb. 22. Conn. A new town haU, the 
gift of Mrs. Abbie P. Rogers of New 
York, is opened at Fair Haven. 

Feb. 24. Chicago. Another "World's 
Fair fire occurs ; it is in the Agricultu- 
ral Building, the dome of which falls in. 

Feb. 25. 0. In Niles 100 families are 
without food, and the authorities are 
unable to help for lack of funds. 

Mar. 5. Md. Annapolis celebrates its 
bicentennial as the seat of State gov- 
ernment. 

Mar. 6. Ala. Three persons are killed 
and many injured by a dynamite ex- 
plosion during a fire in Cullman; loss, 
$100,000. 

Mar. 7. N. Y. The Forestry Con- 
gress is in session at Albany. 

Mar. 8. Chicago. Abandoned "World's 
Fair Exhibits are sold by auction ; the 
unused tickets — about 3,500,000 — sell 
for $11,000. 

Mar. 15. N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes 
the aldermanic resolution to display 
the Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall 
on St. Patrick's Day. 



454 189 4, Mar. 15 - Apr. 4. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1S94 Mar. 18. Colo. The Federal 

troops are withdrawn from Denver. 
Mar. 22. A court-martial for the trial 

of Commander Heyerman for the loss 

of the Kearsarge is hegun. 
Mar. 27±. The stranded war-ship 

Kearsarge is set on fire, and her hull 

broken up. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Mar. 19. Tex. Two terrific wind 
and rain storms kill 20 persons, and de- 
stroy much property. 

Mar. 20+. Neb. A blizzard is raging 
in the northwestern part of Nebraska 
and in the Black Hills region ; the loss 
of range-cattle is put at 75 per cent. 

Mar. 23±. Wyo. The extinction of both 
elk and buffalo in the Yellowstone 
National Park is threatened by lawless 
hunters, it being impossible to prevent 
their wanton destruction. 

Mar. 24. Utah, Gold that assays about 
$20 to the ton is found at Lehi. 

Mar. 25. Wyo. The terrible Western 
blizzard rages without abating for 76 
hours, making all roads impassable ; 
stockmen experience heavy losses. 

Mar. 31. Va. Scientists of the Bureau 
of Ethnology discover an Indian soap- 
stone near Clifton Station, Fairfax 
County. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Mar. IS. Campbell, Allan, civil engineer, 

A79. 
Mar. 19. Whitnev, W. D., com. U. S. N., 

A71. 
Mar. 26. Colquitt. Alfred Holt. Gov., 

senator for Ga., A70. 
Mar. 28. Curtis, George Ticknor, lawver, 

A82. 
Mar. 31 Austin, Jane Goodwin, author, 

novelist, A63. 



CHURCH. 

1894 Mar. 21. N. Y. Father A. 

Lambert, of the Redemptorist order, 
has left the Roman Catholic Church ; 
the alleged cause is its dominating spirit, 
not only in spiritual, but also in " purely 
scientific, social, and even political mat- 
ters." 

LETTERS. 

1894 Mar. 19. Cal. Ex-President Har- 
rison lectures on " The Acts of Parlia- 
ment and the Rights of the Colonists," 
at Stanford University, Mayfield. 

Mar. 28. Md. Gov. Brown returns to 
the Senate the bill providing free 
school-books in the public schools 
of that State. 

Mar. 29. N. Y. The Legislature elects 
Rev. Sylvester Malone of Brooklyn a 
member of the Board of Regents. 

Apr. 2. Cal. Ex-President Harrison 
lectures at Stanford University. Sub- 
ject : " The Development of the Na- 
tional Constitution Outlined, the Early 
Attempts of the Colonies to Unite Before 
the Revolution." 



SOCIETY. 

1894 Mar. 15. Colo. A conflict be- 
tween State forces under Gov. Waite 
and the city forces of Denver com- 
manded by the sheriff is prevented by 
Federal troops. 

The trouble is the result of an attempt 
of Gov. Waite to oust police commis- 
sioners whom he accuses of corruption. 
[Mar. 18. The Federal troops are with- 
drawn.] 

New York. The will of R. S. Ely is 

filed for probate; it bequeathes from 
$50,000 to §100,000 to Yale University, 
§20,000 to St. Luke's Hospital, besides 
other public bequests. 

N. Y. Mayor Schieren vetoes the 

aldermanic resolution to display the 
Irish flag on Brooklyn City Hall on St. 
Patrick's Day. 

The street-car lines of Long Island 
City and vicinity are tied up by stri- 
kers; many become disorderly. 

Mar. 17. Mass. " Fast Day " in Mas- 
sachusetts is abolished by an Act of 
the Legislature ; April 19, the anniver- 
sary of the Battle of Lexington, will be 
observed in future as a public holiday. 

Mar. 18. Chicago. L. S. Irwin, special 
agent and attorney for the Chicago Six 
Companies, is arrested on the charge of 
smuggling Chinamen into the United 
States. 

Mar. 19. Miss. In the trial at Jackson 
of the Rev. Mr. Ratcliff, the slayer of 
Mr. Jackson, his fellow legislator, the 
jury brings in a verdict of not guilty. 

New York. Counterfeiters are cir- 
culating a large number of facsimile 
one-dollar pieces — about $500,000; they 
have a profit of fifty-one cents on each 
dollar. 

Mar. 20. D. C. Senator Colquitt of 
Georgia is stricken with a second para- 
lytic shock at "Washington. 

New York. The Hospital Saturday 

and Sunday Association's Fund of 
§548,000 is distributed among 32 institu- 
tions. 

Mar. 21. la. The lower House passes 
the tax bill, which provides for a re- 
stricted local option for the cities and 
towns of the State, and allows the 
assessment of a tax of S600 on any real 
estate upon which liquor is sold. Vote, 

Mar. 22. New York. An incendiary 
puts 65 lives in peril by starting fire in 
a hallway of a six-story rear tenement- 
house. 

Pa. At Johnstown four masked 

men break into the house of a widow 84 
years old, string her up until nearly 
insensible, burn her feet, rip off her 
clothes, and subject her to other indig- 
nities; they secure only 70 cents. 

Mar. 23. Cal. William Herrick, a bank 
cashier, is shot and killed at his desk in 
San Francisco by a noted criminal who 
attempts to rob the bank ; the murderer 
is arrested. 

N. Y. Jacob A. Moore, aged S5, and 

his housekeeper, Mrs. Raymond, aged 
90, are found murdered in their house at 
Bushville, Sullivan County. 

Mar. 25. Ga. Lillian Willis kills her 
fatherduring a family quarrel at Homer ; 
the jury acquits the girl because of its 
being done to save her mother's life. 

O. Depositions show that David R. 

Paige, the fugitive aqueduct contractor, 
issued forged paper to the extent of 
$::.oixi,000. 



Coxey's "Army of the Common- 
wealth, " a band of unemployed men, 
marching to Washington to petition for 
relief, moves from Massillon to Canton, 
eight miles; one-third of the army de- 
serts. 

[Apr. 1. It reaches Beaver Falls, Pa. 
Apr. 2. It is at S«-v. n-1; k\- and Economv, 
Pa. Apr. ?,. At Allegheny, Pa. Other 
"armies" start from St. Louis. Mo., and 
Los Angeles, Cal., for Washington, D.C. 
Apr. 5. Coxey's army reaches Home- 
stead, Pa. ; Huns and Slavs join it. 
Apr. G. At McKeesport. Apr. ( J. At 
Uniontown, in the coke region of Pa. 
Apr. 17. In Maryland, and advancing 
in canal-boats on Washington.] (See 
Apr. 21.) 

Mar. 26. New York. W. T. Zell, treas- 
urer of the Lehigh and Wilkesbarre Coal 
Company, who defrauded the company 
of §93,000, surrenders to the police. 

Mar. 28. Chicago. W. L. Clifford is 
shot by Guy T. Ulmstead, who is nearly 
lynched by infuriated onlookers, but 
rescued by police and lodged in jail. 

New York. F. E. Edgar, a discount 

clerk of the Tradesmen's National Bank, 
is a defaulter to the extent of $17,000 of 
the bank's f unds. 

Mar. 30. New York. In the suit by W. 
R. Laidlaw against Russell Sage for 
damages because of injuries received by 
bomb explosion in the latter's office, the 
jury gives S'25,000. [Appeal taken.] 

S. C. Three counties are in rebel- 
lion against the Liquor Dispensary 
Law; two citizens and two detectives 
are killed. 

Mar. 31. S. C. Militiamen revolt when 
ordered by Gov. Tillman to suppress 
the whisky disturbance in Darlington 
County. 

The governor has possession of all the 
telegraph lines ; a mob seizes the State 
Dispensary at Florence, and with axes 
bursts open the barrels of liquor, de- 
stroying the whole stock. [Apr. 6. The 
militia are withdrawn.] 

Apr. 2. New York. Patrick Diwer re- 
sumes his place on the Police Court 
bench without replying to the charges 
of wilful violations of law alleged 
against him by witnesses in the Lexow 
investigation. 

Pa. A strike of large proportions 

begins in the coke-district; rioting and 
destruction of property follow. 

[Apr. 4. Strikers and working men 
fight; six persons are killed, and one 
mortally wounded. Apr. 7. At Con- 
nellsville the places of the foreign la- 
borers are filled with English-speaking 
workmen, and the strike ends. Apr. 13. 
Strikers, by abuse, compel working men 
to stop work.] (See Apr. 24.) 

Apr. 3. Mo. One man is killed and five 
wounded in an election fight at Kansas 
City. 

Okla. Two whites and five In- 
dians are killed in a fight between white 
settlers and Indians in the Cheyenne 
country. 

S. C. Gov. Tillman suppresses oppo- 
sition to the Dispensary Liquor Law 
by assuming control of the police and 
the marshals of all incorporated towns. 

Apr. 4. Kan. "Women are elected to 
fill the city offices in Spring Hill, includ- 
ing the offices of mayor, councilmen, 
and police justice. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Mar. 15-Apr. 4. 455 



, STATE. 

1894 Mar. 16. NeioYork. ActingMayor 
George B. McClellan signs the resolution 
of the Board of Aldermen ordering the 
raising of the Irish flag over the City 
Hall on St. Patrick's Day. 

N. Y. Assemblyman Lawson intro- 
duces a bill prohibiting the display upon 
public buildings of any except the na- 
tional colors. [Apr. 10. Passed. Vote, 
79-29.] 

Mar. 17. Colo. Gov. Waite agrees to sub- 
mit the Denver Police Board trouble 
to the Colorado Supreme Court. (See 
Society.) 

Mar. 19. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A 
message is received from the President 
enclosing Secretary Gresham's report on 
the Bluefields (Nicaragua) incident, 
stating that no English protectorate was 
intended. 

New York. The Civil Service Re- 
form Association transmits a memorial 
to the State Senate charging Gov. Flower 
with violating the State Civil Service 
Law, and asking for legislative investi- 
gation. 

N. Y. The "side-door" saloon hill, 

providing for Sunday traffic after one 
o'clock p.m., is killed in the State As- 
sembly. Vote, 62-53. 

The report of the State Board of Chari- 
ties upon the Elmira Reformatory sus- 
tains the charges of cruelty against Supt. 
Brockway. [Dec. 10. Gov. Flower dis- 
misses the charges.] 

Mar. 20. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
The revised Tariff Bill is reported from 
the Committee on Finance ; it is an- 
nounced that the debate will begin on 
April 2. The House passes the Civil 
Appropriation Bill (introduced Feb. 3) 
after nine disc 



Mar. 21. X.J. The Supreme Court hands 
down a decision upholding the Republi- 
can Senate as the legal Senate, and de- 
claring that under the State Constitu- 
tion the Senate is not a continuous body ; 
Justice Abbett dissents. 

New York. The bankers who took up 

the recent bond issue pass a resolution 
urging the President to veto the Bland 
Bill. 

Mar. 22. D. C. Congress; Senate: A 
resolution is introduced by George F. 
Hoar of Mass. in relation to the death, 
of Kossuth, and passed ; a new treaty 
with China, negotiated by Secretary 
Gresham, is discussed ; the House passes 
the Military Academy Appropriation 
Bill introduced Feb. 20. 

N. J. Members of the Democratic 

Senate join the legally declared Senate ; 
Gov. "Werts sends in several judicial 
nominations, which are confirmed. 

Mar. 24. D. C. Congress: Only the 
House in Session ; the Postal Appro- 
priation Bill is introduced. 

Colo. The Supreme Court decides 

that Gov. Waite had no right to order 
out the militia to put his appointees into 
office. 

Mar. 25. D. C. Congress: Senate; 
Several amendments to the Tarriff Bill 
are disposed of ; much opposition is 
made by Democratic members to its in- 
come-tax feature. 



Mar. 26. D. C. Congress : Both Houses 
adjourn out of respect to the late Sen- 
ator Colquitt of Ga. 

Colo. Judge Glynn renders a decision 

favorable to Gov. Waite and his Denver 
Board of Police ; there are now two po- 
lice forces in the city. 

N. J. Gov. Werts vetoes one of the 

race-track repeal bills passed - by the 
Legislature. 

Mar. 27. N. J. The Assembly passes 
the race-track repeal hill over Gov. 
Werts's veto. 

N. Y. Gov. Flower refuses audience 

to a citizen delegation from Troy, bear- 
ing a petition requesting him to entrust 
the prosecution of election frauds in that 
city to the attorney-general, there being 
no confidence in the district attorney. 

D. C. Congress: Funeral services 

are held in the Senate chamber for Sena- 
tor Alfred H. Colquitt of Ga. 

John M.Reynolds, assistant Secretary 
of the Interior, renders a decision which 
enlarges the pension roll. 

Mar. 28. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Joseph N. Dolph of Ore. introduces a 
resolution abrogating the Clayton-Bul- 
wer Treaty; it is referred to the Com- 
mittee on Foreign Relations. 

N. Y. The Senate passes the Non- 
partisan Election Inspectors' Bill. 

Mar. 29. D. C. Congress: The House 
receives President Cleveland's veto 
message on the Seigniorage Bill. 

The answer of President Dole of the 
Provisional Government of Hawaii to 
the demand by Minister Willis for more 
specific charges is received at Washing- 
ton. 

Ga. Gov. Northen appoints Speaker 

Charles F. Crisp to be U. S. Senator 
as successor to A. H. Colquitt, deceased. 
[Mar. 30. Declined.] 

N. Y. The Senate votes for a legisla- 
tive investigation of the management 
of the Elmira Reformatory. 

Apr. 2. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. 
W. Voorhees of Ind. opens the tariff 
debate in a three hours' speech ; the 
Bering-Sea Bill is reported and slightly 
amended. 

Ga. Patrick "Walsh, editor of The 

Augusta Chronicle, is appointed by Gov. 
Northen to succeed the late Senator 
Colquitt as U. S. Senator. 

Apr. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Bering-Sea Bill, to give 
effect to the award rendered by the Tri- 
bunal of Arbitration of Paris; bill in- 
troduced Apr. 2, 3. [Apr. 5. Passed by 
the House. Apr. 10. Approved.] 

N. Y. At the Gravesend municipal 

election the anti-McKane ticket is 
chosen by a majority of 273, and in New 
Utrecht the reform ticket is elected. 

S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a procla- 
mation assuming entire control of the 
police and marshals in the cities and 
incorporated towns of the State ; he 
makes a statement in defense of his 
course ; the militia leave Columbia for 
the scenes of the dispensary trouble. 

Apr. 4. D. C. Congress ; in the Senate 
W. B. Allison of la. concludes his speech 
in opposition to the "Wilson Tariff Bill, 
and R. Q. Mills of Tex. defends it. 



House : The motion to pass the Seign- 
iorage Bill over the President's veto is 
defeated. Vote, 144-114. 
N. J. Gov. Werts signs the bill mak- 
ing women eligible to office of notary 
public, and issues the first commission 
to Miss Ida Phares. 

N. Y. Gov. Flower summons the 

managers of the Elmira Reformatory 
to appear before him, and answer the 
charges against them. 

R. I. The Republicans carry the 

State election by increased pluralities. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Mar. 18. Colo. The Union De- 
pot at Denver is destroyed by fire ; loss, 
$300,000. 

la. A prairie fire rages on the Mis- 
souri River bottoms below Sioux City. 

Mar. 19. Colo. The troops are with- 
drawn from Cripple Creek, order be- 
ing restored. 

Mar. 21. Cal. Ex-Senator Pair supports 
an attempt to corner wheat in San Fran- 
cisco. 

Neb. An interstate Irrigation Con- 
vention meets at Omaha. 

Mar. 23. Pa. At the Acme Powder 
Company's works at Black's Run, 10,000 
pounds of dynamite explode ; five 
persons are killed, and one is injured ; 
five buildings are destroyed ; loss, 
$12,000. 

Mar. 26 +. N. Mex. — Ariz. A man 
named Reavis claims the Peralta 
grant, which includes 12,800,000 acres 
of land in New Mexico and Arizona. 

Mar. 27. New York. The State of Geor- 
gia arrives with a hole in her bow 
caused by ice-floes. 

Mar. 28. New York. Smallpox is de- 
clared epidemic by the health authori- 
ties. 

Mar. 29. Tex. Great destitution is re- 
ported ; many are on the verge of 
starvation. 

Mar. 30. Chicago. The last of the 
World's Fair Columbian Guards are 
formally mustered out of service. 

Cal. The Supreme Court of the State 

renders a decision which fixes the capi- 
tal at Sacramento. 

///. Five lives are lost, 10 persons 

injured, several houses damaged and 
two wrecked by the collapse of a 
steam-pipe of the Peoria Water Com- 
pany. 

Mar. 31. La. A break occurs in the 
levees near Shreveport and at Harri- 
son's Bluffs. 

Cal. The Somali, England's largest 

merchantman, arrives at San Francisco, 
147 days out from Hongkong, having 
been given up as lost. 

Apr. 2. Cal. The * ( IndustrialArmy" 
leaves Los Angeles ; it announces its 
purpose to visit Washington. 

Apr. 3. Cal. An "Army" starts 
from San Francisco for Washington. 



456 1894, Apr. 5 -Apr. 23. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1894 Apr. 10. D. C. Adm. Benham 
is retired from active service in the 
navy under the age of limitation. 

Apr. 11. D. C. Capt. Thomas O. Self- 
ridge is promoted commodore U. S. N. 
[Also Apr. 16. Capt. Joseph N. Miller. 
July 10. Capt. Montgomery Sicard. 
July 21. Capt. Edmund O. Matthews. 
July 31. Capt. Charles S. Norton. Sept. 
7. Capt. Robert L. Phytbian. Nov. 11. 
Capt. Rush R. Wallace.] 

Apr. 13. S. C. Gov. Tillman is reor- 
ganizing the militia ; he dismisses the 
captain of one of the rebellious com- 
panies who refused to proceed against 
illegal, defiant liquor-dealers. 

Apr. 17. D. C. John E. Greer is com- 
missioned major — ordnance depart- 
ment. [May 16. William R.Hall— med- 
ical department. June 6. George H. 
Torney and Marshall W. Wood — medical 
department. Aug. 8. C. A. H. McCauley 

— quartermaster department. Aug. 13. 
Daniel W. Burke— 23d infantry. Aug. 16. 
George W. Davis — 11th infantry. Sept. 
2. John Pitman — quartermaster depart- 
ment. Sept. 12. F. H. Hathaway — 
quartermaster department. Sept. 17. 
Frederick A. Mahan — corps of engi- 
neers. Oct. 8. John J. Clague — sub- 
sistence department. Oct. 10. John 
G. Trumbull — 1st artillery. Oct. 11. 
Thomas M. K. Smith — 1st infantry. 
Oct. 25. David H. Kinzie — 5th artillery. 
Nov. 10. William M. Wallace —2d cav- 
alry. Nov. 26. Jacob H. Smith— 2d in- 
fantry. Dec. 29. Charles W.Miner— 6th 
infantry. Dec. 31. Joshua W. Jacobs 

— quartermaster department.] 

Apr. 19. Pa. The 18-inch armor- 
plate designed for the battle-ship In- 
diana is shattered by a shot from a 12- 
inch gun at the Indian Head Proving 
Grounds. 

ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1894 Apr. 15. New York. A statne 
to the memory of Father Drumgoole is 
unveiled by Archbishop Corrigan. 

Apr. 17. Okla. A tornado destroys 15 
houses, kills two persons, injures several 
others, besides doing- much damage to 
property. 

[May 11. One destroys property at 
Dalton, 0. May 17+. Much property 
destroyed in Ohio. June 25. The vil- 
lage of Keighley, Butler County, Kan., 
is devastated. June 26. Houses are 
demolished in Louisville ; also in Jeffer- 
son, Ind. Sept. 22. Michigan and Min- 
nesota are visited. Oct. 1. Wichita, 
Kan., is visited. Nov. 3. At Willis, 
Tex., three churches and many houses 
are demolished.] 

Apr. 20. D. C. The annual convention 
of the American Meteorological So- 
ciety opens at Washington. 

Apr. 22. N. Y. Swarms of 17-year 
locusts appear in and near Nyack. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Apr. 5. Corey, Charles, insanity expert, 



Apr. 9. Graham, .John, criminal lawyer, 
dies. 

Apr. 13. Field, David Dudley, lawv^r, 
jurist, A89. 

Apr. 14. Slocum. Henry W., rnaj.-gen., 
corps commander under Sherman, A67. 

"Vance. Zebulon B.. Gov., Benator for 

N. C, A64. 

Apr. 17. Knabe, Ernest J., piano-manu- 
facturer, A57. 

Apr. 22. Waterbury, N. J., lawyer, A75. 



CHURCH. 

1894 Apr. 5. Chicago. Methodist min- 
isters pass resolutions asking Pope Leo 
to extend the same religious freedom in 
South America that is enjoyed in North 
America — as Methodist missionaries are 
being maltreated by Roman Catholics in 
Peru, Ecuador, and Bolivia. 

Apr. 21. The Judiciary Committee 
of the General Assembly (Presbyterian) 
recommends the entertaining of Prof. 
H. P. Smith's appeal from the Ohio 
Synod, and the Assembly adopts the 
order. 

(APR. 25.) The trial for heresy is con- 
tinued. 

(Apr. 26.) The General Assemblv, bv 
a vote of 396 to 101, convicts Prof. Smith 
of heresy. 

Apr. 22. New York. The 58th anniver- 
sary of the Protestant Episcopal Mis- 
sionary Society for Seamen is cele- 
brated. 

LETTERS. 

1894 Apr. 6. New York. Twenty-nine 
young women graduate from the wom- 
en's law-class of the University of New 
York. 

Apr. 7. C S. The American and 
the Union News Companies refuse to 
handle W. T. Stead's book, //' Christ- 
Came to Chicago. 

Apr. 8. D. C. The 50th anniversary of 
the organization of the American So- 
ciety of Religious Education is cele- 
brated in "Washington. 

Apr. 9. N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the 
Anti-Hazang Bill, to prevent disor- 
derly conduct in colleges. 

Apr. 14. Boston. "Women are admitted 
to the privileges of the club-house of 
the "University Club. 

Apr. 15. Phila. The trustees of the 
University of Pennsylvania decide 
to lengthen the course to four years in 
the scope and organization of the Whar- 
ton School of Fiuance and Economy. 

Apr. 16. Cal. Ex-President Harrison 
delivers his final lecture of the course 
before the Stanford University ; sub- 
ject, " The Institution of State Govern- 
ments." 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Apr. 5. N. J. The Law and 
Order League of Franklin Park or- 
ders all negroes to leave the town 
before the 7th inst. 

Okla. In an Indian outbreak 42 

lives are lost ; the fight between cow- 
boys and Indians is still going on. 

Apr. 6. Cal. An unemployed army, 
600 strong, causes trouble in the city of 
Oakland, refusing to leave uutil com- 
pelled by over 1,000 citizens. 



Chicago. About 3,000 striking 

painters are l"<-kt.-d nut by 7."« linn.*. 

B. C. The testimony in the Breck- 

inridge-Pollard case at Washington i.» 

[Apr. 14. The jurv returns a verdict 
of $15,000 for Miss Pollard.] 

III. Frye's "army" is compelled 

by the chief of police to leave East St. 
Louis. 

Apr. 9. New York. A census of sa- 
loons open on Sunday, March 18, is 
published in the City Vigilant. 

It reveals that in 19 Assembly districts 
2,0130 saloons were open : that in from 
10 minutes to half an hour 3,312 persons 
entered them, not counting eight police- 
men, while 39 policemen were seen in 
the immediate vicinity. 

Police Captain W. G. Devery is 
acquitted of the charge of wilful neg- 
lect. 

N. Y. Articles of incorporation are 

filed at Albany by the Patriotic League 
of the Revolution, with headquarters 
in Brooklyn ; its object is to preserve 
relics of the Revolution, and to foster 
patriotism. 



Apr. 10. Okla. Robbers try to hold 
up a Rock Island train ; the express- 
messenger shoots one dead, the train- 
men capture another, and the rest flee 
without securing booty. 

Apr. 12. Utah. The Salt Lake "In- 
dustrials " (unemployed workingmen) 
seize a train at Provo'City ; the leaders 
are put in jail. [Apr. 14. They are sen- 
tenced to imprisonment in Montana for 
like offense. Apr. 19. They capture two 
trains of the Northern Pacific road in 
Montana. Apr. 30. The governor of 
Idaho appeals to the Federal authori- 
ties to provide quarters for "Industri- 
als" under arrest.] 

Apr. 13. Ga. Thirty masked illicit 
distillers, called Moonshiners, whip six 
farm-laborers near Calhoun, Gordon 
County. They compel women thinly 
clad to stand in the night air to witness 
the whipping ; one laborer is missing 
and supposed to be dead. 

U. S. Employees on the Western Di- 
vision of the Great Northern Railroad 
strike against a wage-reduction, and 



allov 



othing but mail to be : 



[Apr. 28. The Knights of Labor are 
called out in aid of the Railway Union 
strikers. May 1. The strike is declared 
off. President" Hill having agreed to the 
former scale of wages for a large num- 
ber of employees.] 

Apr. 14. A". Dak. A general strike is 
ordered along the Montana Central and 
Great Northern from Larimore to Spo- 
kane, Washington. 

Apr. 16. Cal. A highwayman robs the 
stage near Milton of the Wells-Fargo 
treasure-box, containing $2,000. 

N. Y. Ernest Knigge. of the Citizens' 

League for good government at Coney 
Island, is assaulted and badly injured in 
his store by two masked men. 

Apr. 17. Cal. Bands of unemployed 
men loot the houses of Chinese and 
Japanese on ranches. 

hid. "W. M. Copland shoots his 

brother-in-law, W. H. Pruning of New 
York, in ex-Attornev-General Miller's 
office at Indianapolis; he also accident- 
ally wounds his own lawyer. 

New York. Police Captain O'Connor 

and three of his men are put on trial 
charged with being in collusion with 
pool-sellers. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Apr. 5.-Apr. 23. 457 



Apr. 18. Boston. The celebration of 
Patriots' Day is inaugurated at the 
historic old North Church, where, 119 
years ago, warning lights gave Paul 
Revere the signal that started him on 
his memorable ride. 

Mich. Two strikers are killed and 

several others, including a sheriff, in- 
jured in a labor conflict at Detroit. 

JV. Y. Gov. Flower appoints three 

commissioners to investigate the man- 
agement of the Ehnira Reformatory 
under Superintendent Brock way. [Dec. 
10. The governor dismisses the charges.] 

Apr. 19. Okla. A fight takes place be- 
tween United States marshals and sev- 
eral outlaws of the " Bill " Dalton gang ; 
three bandits, a woman and girl, and 
two marshals are killed. 

Pa. The coke-workers at the Ma- 
honing and Atlas plants of the Cambria 
Iron Company return to work. 

Apr. 20. Neb. A mob seizes 40 box- 
cars at Omaha for the use of Kelly's 
" Industrial Army ; " Kelly refuses to 
use them. 

Apr. 21. D. C. The Commissioners is- 
sue a proclamation warning Coxey's 
army against violating the laws of the 
District by organizing processions and 
meetings. 

Ga. White Caps shoot and kill Henry 

Woolley, a Murray County farmer, while 
plowing. 

— — JV. Y. An Anti- Compulsory Vac- 
cination League is organized in Brook- 
lyn at a meeting of physicians and 
laymen. 

U. S. In obedience to the order of 

the national organization, 130,000 miners 
sti'ike. 

Apr. 22. D. C. Bills for the creation 
of an American organization similar 
to that of the French "Immortals" 
are submitted to the HouBe of Repre- 
sentatives. 

Fla. Roman Catholics drive agents 

of the American Protective Association 
out of Palatka. 

La. In a race conflict one white 

and one negro are killed ; 13 negroes 
are imprisoned, and posses are scouring 
the country hunting other negroes. 

STATE. 

1894 Apr. 5. Md. Gov. Brown signs 
the bill which prohibits all-the-year- 
round racing and book-making. 

S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proc- 
lamation restoring the civil status in 
Florence and Darlington Counties, and 
ordering the militia home. 

Apr. 7. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Bering-Sea question is discussed ; ob- 
jections are taken to England's con- 
struction of the Paris award. 

Apr. 9. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate D. B. Hill of N. Y. makes a speech 
on the Tariff Bill, opposing the income 
tax. 

U. S. The U. S. Chilean Claims 

Commission expires by limitation after 
awarding damages to the amount of 
$240,000 against Chile. 

Apr. 10. D.C. Congress : Senate : The 
Wolcott resolution to coin standard 
Mexican silver dollars, under some 
agreement with Mexico, is passed. 



The caucus of House Democrats adopts 
a resolution in favor of the repeal of 
the tax on State-bank circulation. 

/. T. The Creeks reject the propo- 
sition of the Dawes Commission for a 
change in the character of the Territo- 
rial government, over 2,000 Indians at 
the national meeting at Okmulgee vot- 
ing against the change. 

JV. J. Many of the charter elections 

result in sweeping Republican victories, 
causing a revolution in several munici- 
pal governments. 

Apr. 11. D.C. The Biar, the Rush, and 
the Corwin are ordered to get ready to 
patrol the Bering Sea and prevent illegal 
sealing. 

Apr. 12. D. C. Congress: The House 
filibusters over a new rule to fine mem- 
bers $10 each for not voting. 

Apr. 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: D. 
B. Hill of N. Y. intimates that he is 
in favor of adopting the Reed rule of 
counting a quorum in the Senate ; in 
the House, after failing to get a quorum 
to act on the journal, the Democrats 
hold a caucus, and decide upon a policy 
which practically amounts to counting 
a quorum. 

Apr. 14. I). C. Congress ; Senate : W. 
A. Peffer introduces, by request, a bill 
to prohibit any person from owning 
more than one hundred acres of land ; 
it is referred to the Committee on Pi- 
nance ; the Tariff Bill is debated ; 
seven items on the chemical schedule 
are disposed of. 

Apr. 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
disposes of 18 paragraphs of the Tariff 
Bill ; in the House a new quorum-count- 
ing rule is practically agreed upon by 
the Democrats in the Committee on 
Rules ; it is aimed against obstructive 
action by an adverse minority, and de- 
signed to facilitate the transaction of 
business by the majority. 

Apr. 17. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A 
committee is appointed to investigate 
the alleged attempts at bribery and the 
Sugar Trust's campaign contributions ; 
the House adopts a rule to count a 
quorum, embodying ex-Speaker Reed's 
principle,— counting those who refuse 
to vote as present. Vote, 212-47. 

Apr. 18. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
The Tariff Bill is discussed by Senators 
Morrill, Turpie, Cameron, and Quay, 
David Turpie defending the bill. 

Secretary Herbert receives charges of 
armor-plate frauds against the Carnegie 
Company. 

Apr. 19. S. C. The Dispensary Li- 
quor Law is declared unconstitutional 
by the State Supreme Court, one judge 
dissenting. 

Apr. 20. JV. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the 
bill for a Bi-partisan PoHce Commis- 
sion in New York City, on the ground 
that it is bad in principle, and designed 
in the interest of party politics rather 
than public good. 



Apr. 21. D. C. The bribery investi- 
gation is begun by the Senate Commit- 
tee ; Eppa Hunton of Va. and James If. 
Kyle of S. Dak. testify. (See Apr. 17.) 
[Apr. 23. Investigation completed.] 

Secretary Lamont reduces "War De- 
partment expenses about $250,000 by the 
discharge of 22 clerks. 

Apr. 22. Ala. Congressman "Wm. C. 
Oates is nominated by the Democrats 
for governor, defeating the anti-Admin- 
istration men. 

Apr. 23. D. C. Congress: In the Sen- 
ate a test vote is taken on the Tariff 
Bill, a motion to lay it on the table 
being defeated. 

N. Y. Bradley's Bridge Trustees 

Bill passes the Senate. Vote, 20-10. 

Pa. Gen. Daniel H. Hastings (Rep.) 

is nominated for governor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Apr. 8. Pa. At the abandoned 
workings at Leggett's Creek mine 12 
acres of Scran ton cave in. 

Apr. 9. Wis. Davidson's Theater at 
Milwaukee burns ; nine firemen are 
killed, and many injured. 

Apr. 10. JV. Y. A three-story apart- 
ment-house in Brooklyn collapses and 
takes fire; two persons are killed, and 
eight burned and bruised. 

Apr. 11. IV. J. In two wrecks on the 
coast 15 sailors lose their lives. 

Apr. 12. JV Y. The American Glu- 
cose Works in Buffalo are burned ; 
loss, $1,200,000. 

Apr. 13±. Mass. Two vessels are lost 
off the coast, with all on board ; many 
other shipping disasters occur as a re- 
sult of the great storm. 

Apr. 14. JV. J. The Central Traction 
Company files articles of incorporation 
with the Secretary of State. 

± Neb. Judge E. S. Dundy, of the 

IT. S. District Court in Omaha, restores 
the rate of wages of the employees of 
the Union Pacific Railroad. 

JV. Y. Corporation Counsel McDon- 
ald begins action to recover $1,289.50 
overcharge by, and paid illegally out 
of public funds by city officials to, G. F. 
Miller, for dinners and wines during the 
Columbian celebration in Brooklyn. 

Apr. 16. New York. The Coffee Ex- 
change decides to adopt the clearing- 
house system. Vote, 94^90. 

Apr. 17. Wash. The Bering-Sea fleet 
sails from Port Townsend. 

Apr. IS. III. The annual meeting of 
the Whisky Trust is held in Peoria. 

Apr. 20. Cat. A liberty tree is planted 
in Golden Gate Park, San Francisco, by 
the Daughters of the Revolution. 

The soil around its roots comes from 
more than one hundred and fifty historic 
spots in different parts of the country. 

Apr. 22. D. C. The Pan-American 
Bimetallist Convention meets in 
Washington. 



458 1894, Apr. 23-May 11. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1894 May 10. T>. C. John W. Barlow- 
is commissioned colonel — corps of engi- 
neers. [May 16. Joseph. P. Wright — 
medical department. June 28. Francis 
L. Town —medical department.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1894 May 6. Hail-storms do much 

damage in many parts of tlie country, 

both East and West. 
May 10. Fa, The monument to the 

mother of George Washington is 

dedicated at Fredericksburg ; President 

Cleveland is present. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Apr. 30. Hatton, Frank, postmaster-gen- 
eral, editor IVitshiiitjton Post, A50. 

Stock brid^:', Francis B., senator for 

Mich., A68. 

May 1. Abell, G. "W., publisher of Balti- 
more Sun, A52. 

May 7. Barrow, Frances Elizabeth, writer 
(Aunt Fanny), dies. 



1894 Apr. 29. Monsignor Satolli or- 
ders that only English shaU be used 
in Catholic Cathedral churches of Amer- 
ica. 

May 4. Tenn. The General Confer- 
ence (Methodist Episcopal South) meets 
at Memphis. 

May 10. N. Y. The 25th anniversary 
of the pastorate of Rev. Dr. Talmage 
in Brooklyn is celebrated. 

LETTERS. 
1894 May 6. N. C, Secretary Hoke 
Smith delivers the commencement ad- 
dress at the University of North Car- 
olina. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Apr. 23. New York. Dr. Park- 
hurst no tilies Police Captain Martens of 
a " dive " within 30 yards of the police- 
station. 

Apr. 24. Pa. Eight strikers are 
killed and many wounded in a fight 
with deputy-sheriffs in the coke-region. 
[Apr. 27. Strikers and operators are 
said to be arming and preparing for a 
conflict ; Gov. Pattison addresses the 
strikers and counsels peace and modera- 
tion. May. 4, Women lead an attack 
of rioters; three Hungarians are shot; 
a company's official is fatally beaten. 
May 9. The strike is renewed with vio- 
lence. May 24. Five strikers are killed 
while making. -in attack on a coke-plant.] 
(See June 5). [July 24. Strikers make 
some demonstrations of violence till 
driven off by the sheriff. Aug. 17. Coke- 
workers in the Connellsville region 
abandon the strike, denouncing their 
leaders for false representation.] 

Apr. 25. Colo. A conflict between strik- 
ing miners and deputy-sheriffs takes 
place at Cripple Creek. 

[May 20. A reign of terror prevails ; 
strikers plunder simps of provisions and 
arms. May 25. The strikers and dep- 
uty-sheriffs come into conflict. May 26. 
The strikers blow up the Company's 
buildings and wreck the shaft with dy- 
namite.] 

O. A young woman is killed in 

the street in Cincinnati by Father D. 



O'Grady, a jealous Roman Catholic 
priest. 

Apr. 26. Mont. Hogan's" Industrial 
Army " is captured at Forsyth, for steal- 
ing a train, and taken to Helena under 
an escort of Federal troops and deputy- 
marshals. 

[May 15. One member is sentenced to 
imprisonment for six months, and 40 
others for two months.] 

Apr. 27. III. In the coal-region armed 
strikers are driving out working miners. 
Sheriff Lenz, of Marshall County, asks 
aid from the State authorities ; the First 
■Regiment Illinois National Guards is 
ordered to the scene of trouble. 

La. Eight negroes are lynched. 

Okla. Vigilance committees attack 

a band of horse-thieves ; they kill five, 
and capture and hang two. 

Apr. 28. la. A gang of tramp thieves 
is corralled in a barn in Missouri Valley ; 
on being called to surrender, they open 
fire, killing the city marshal and wound- 
ing two of his officers. 

Ind. A gang of 25 masked men 

armed with axes visit Bert Willis's sa- 
loon at Burlington, and destroy the stock 
and fixtures, burning them in a bonfire. 

O. Galvin's "Industrial Army" 

seizes a train ; four companies of militia 
and Battery H are ordered to Mount 
Sterling and rescue it. 

Apr. 30. Chicago. Proceedings are be- 
gun against the Chicago Gas Trust 
and the American Tobacco Company, 
both doing business as trusts in violation 
of law. 

New York. Five men who have been 

burning stables to get insurance money 
are arrested. 

May 1. D. C. Coxey's "army" enters 
Washington ; the " general " is not al- 
lowed to make a demonstration at the 
Capitol ; Browne and Jones, two other 
leading men, are arrested for disorderly 
conduct. 

[May 2. " Gen." Coxey is arrested. 
The " army" diminishes Vapidly. May 
8. Found guilty of trespassing on the 
Capitol grounds. May 9. The House 
Committee on Labor gives Coxey a hear- 
ing respecting the trespass and "the duty 
of the Government to laborers. May 21. 
Coxey, Browne, and Jones are sentenced 
to confinement in jail for 20 days.] 

la. " Gen." Kelley, of the " Indus- 
trial Army," refuses to leave Des Moines 
when ordered to go by the city author- 
ities. 

Ill, — Tenn. Several hundred more 

coal-miners go out on strike ; all the 
miners at Coal Creek, Tenn., stop work. 
(See May 28.) 

May 2. Minn. A mob of strikers com- 
pels over 300 workers at Mountain Iron 
mine, of the Rockefeller group, to quit. 
[May 3. Troops are ordered to the 
Messaba Iron range, the strikers threat- 
ening destruction to life and property.] 

Mo. The grand jury at Kansas City 

returns indictments against 13 partici- 
pants in the recent election riots ; three 
for murder in the first degree. 

O. Conflicts occur between the po- 
lice and riotous mobs in Cleveland ; the 
local militia are called to the armory. 
[May Si. Militia men are discharged 
by their employers for aiding to sup- 
press the strike.] 

May 3. N. Y. Commercial Bank offi- 
cers are indicted in Brooklyn, charged 
with violating the law of 1892, and wreck- 
ing the bank, 



May 5. Ark. A negro in Ouachita 
County, supposed to have smallpox, is. 
burned in his cabin, which has been 
tired by persons unknown. 

Phila. Barney Sacks, a confectioner, 

shoots his mother and kills himself. 

May 7. Ala. Striking coal-miners 
destroy property in two mines where 
men refusing to join the strike are at 
work. 

[June 7. Strikers blow up mine ma- 
chinery with dynamite at Horse Creek, 
discharge guns into the Company's 
stores and houses, and wreck freight- 
cars. June 18. Miners vote to continue 
the strike; two bridges are blown up 
July 1G. Miners murderously attack 
negro workmen, killing tight: tp.i.ps 
are ordered out to quell the disturbance.] 

May 8. The miners' strike is spreading 
in Maryland, West Virginia, and Illinois. 

New York. Maj.-Gen. O. O. Howard 

is chosen president of the National 
Temperance Society at its annual 
meeting. 

S. C The Supreme Court of the State 

decides that the Evans Liquor Law is 
valid. 

May 9. Boston. The second annual con- 
vention of "Working Girls' Clubs is 
held; over 100 delegates from 14 promi- 
nent American cities attend. 

Neb. The Hibernian Convention in 

session at Omaha decides to form Co- 
lumbian Leagues in each State to off- 
set the American Protective Association 
societies. 

Pa. A. Woodley shoots and kills 

Jennie Buchanan in Allegheny ; he 
wounds himself, and is imprisoned. 

± Pa. — Colo. Trains are stolen by 

bands of Coxeyites ; in Pennyslvania the 
stealers are sent to jail for 20 days. 

Ph ila . The General Federation of 

"Women's Clubs begins its second bi- 
ennial session, with 325 delegates from 
37 States, and 500 other women present. 
[Mrs. Ellen M. Henrotin, of Chicago, 
president.] 

May 10. Wash. Two deputy-marshals 
and several citizens are shot in a conflict 
with Coxeyites who have stolen a train 
at Yakima. 
May 11 + . Chicago. The Pullman 
Palace-Car "Works are closed against 
the employees, they having struck for 
higher wages. 

(May 22.) The American Railway 
Union declares a boycott upon all Pull- 
man cars, unless the company consents 
to arbitrate the differences with its strik- 
ing employees. 

(June 2d.) All the shops of the Car 
Company are closed except the Delaware 
works. 

(June 26.) The boycott of the Pull- 
man cars goes into effect. 

(June 27.) The boycott extends to all 
roads entering Chicago; one railroad 
yields, and runs trains without Pullman 

(Jfxe 28.) The railway strike spreads 
to 20 roads in the West, and paralyzes 
travel from San Francisco to Chicago; 
nearly 40.000 men are said to be involved. 

(June 20.) The operating of the roads 
is seriously crippled by trainmen joining 
the strikers. 

(June 30.) Strikers spike switches in 
Chicago : police protection is asked. 

(JULY 5.) Rioting occurs along three 
miles of the Lake Shore and K«>ek Island 
tracks. Mayor Hopkins and the Council 
Committee meet the American Railway 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Apr. 23-May 11. 459 



Union officials ; Eugene V. Debs issues 
a statement ; eight more companies of 
regulars are ordered to Chicago. 

(JULY 6.) A mob burns 225 cars along 
the line of the Pan Handle Koud ; side- 
tracked produce-cars are looted. War- 
rants are sworn out for the arrest of 
Debs and Howard; Gov. Altgeld orders 
out two brigades of militia; about 50 
fires start in the Stock-yards district. 

(July 7.) The mob continues the 
burning of cars, and rioting. Over 
$1,000,000 damage is already done by- 
incendiaries; the Government assumes 
control of the Northern Pacific as a 
Post and Military Road ; over 100,000 
men are out of work in and near Chi- 
cago. 

(July 9.) Rioting and disorder; the 
Pullman Company finally refuses to sub- 
mit the controversy with its employees 
to arbitration, and a general strike of 
the labor-unions may take place. 

(July 10.) Debs, Howard, and other 
strike leaders are arrested for conspir- 
acy to obstruct the mails ; they are re- 
leased on bail. The Knights of Labor 
are asked by the General Master Work- 
man, Sovereign, to join the strike; the 
trades-unions of Chicago go out on a 
general sympathetic strike. 

(July 11.) The appeal to the Knights 
of Labor to join the strike is but slowly 
responded to ; only about 15,000 men go 
out in Chicago, and none go out else- 
where. A dressed-beef train of 50 cars 
bound for New York leaves under pro- 
tection of soldiers. A bomb is sent to 
Vice-President Wickes, of the Pullman 
Company, the messenger saying that he 
received it from a lady. 

(July 12.) Trains move more freely 
without attendant disorder ; reports 
from the Middle, Western, and South- 
western States show that the strike is 
breaking all along the line. 

(July 13.) President Debs offers to 
declare the railroad strike off if the gen- 
eral managers will take back the strikers 
not accused of crime, but the managers 
refuse to consider the proposition ; the 
strike is near its end ; Samuel Gompers 
issues a statement declaring a general 
sympathetic strike of the Federation of 
Labor inexpedient. 

(July 14.) President Debs declares he 
will continue the strike if necessary ; 
strikers return to work in several places ; 
the Chicago Building Trades' Council 
rescinds its strike order. 

(JULY 17.) President Debs and three 
other strike leaders are lodged in jail at 
Chicago on the charge of contempt of 
the Federal Courts ; telegrams sent by 
them to strikers after the issue of the 
injunction are produced in evidence ; the 
prisoners refuse to be bailed out. 

(July 18.) About 100 Pullman strikers 
return to work. 

(July 21.) Several directors of the 
American Railway Union are arrested. 
Several hundred workmen apply for re- 
instatement by the Pullman Company. 

(July 31.) Half the militia guarding 
Pullman is withdrawn. 

(Aug. 2.) Business is resumed at Pull- 
man ; 300 strikers return to work. 
[Others follow.] 

(Aug. 5.) This colossal strike is de-. 
clared off by a vote of the American 
Union ; the Chicago and Eastern Illi- 
nois and the Santa F6 roads are ex- 
cepted. 

(Aug. 7.) The last of the Illinois Guard 
are ordered home. 

(Aug. 14.) George M. Pullman issues 
a statement defending his company's 
character. 

STATE. 
1894. Apr. 24. D. C. Congress; 
Senate : the "Wilson Tariff Bill is dis- 
cussed, Roger Q. Mills of Tex. closing the 
general debate in a speech favoring the 
hill with the income-tax provision ; the 
House passes the Post-office Appro- 



priation Bill introduced Mar. 24, after 
five discussions. 

The Senate Investigation Committee 
examines three newspaper correspond- 
ents on the Sugar Trust charges. 

AT* J. The Assembly passes the hill 

forbidding pool-selling and book-mak- 



■0. 



pasi 



The House of Representatives 
the bill granting to women the 
ie in school elections. 



Apr. 25. I). C. Congress; Senate: 
Rapid progress is made on the metal 
schedule of the Tariff Bill. 

The Coinage Committee of the House 
decides to defer the consideration of the 
Meyer-Bland Seigniorage Bill, and 
discuss the Bland Free Coinage Bill 
instead. 

Apr. 26. D. C. Congress; Senate: "W. 
V. Allen's Coxey resolution, assert- 
ing the right of unarmed companies of 
men to enter upon the Capitol grounds, 
is opposed by several Senators; the 
House passes the Diplomatic and Con- 
sular Appropriation Bill introduced 
Mar. 5 ; a lively debate is caused by the 
resolution already adopted to impose 
fines on absentees. 

JV. Y. Gov. Flower having signed the 

bill, the town of Flatbush becomes the 
29th ward of Brooklyn ; the governor 
signs the bill providing for the estab- 
lishment of a State Colony for Epilep- 
tics, to be known as " the Craig Colony," 
in honor of the late Oscar Craig of Roch- 
. ester. 

Apr. 27. D. C. The briefs in the John 
Y. McKane case are submitted to the 
Supreme Court of the United States, in. 
"Washington. (See Society, p. 442.) 

N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the Blan- 
ket Ballot Election Bill, for secret vot- 

Apr. 29. D. C. Congress: The report 
of a compromise among Democratic 
Senators is made public. 

The concessions made to the conserva- 
tives include a change of the sugar duty 
to an ad valorem, basis, and the limiting 
of the operation of the income tax to 
five years only. 

Apr. 30. N. J. The Senate repeals, by 
a strict party vote, the gerrymander 
laws of the last Assembly, also the law 
providing for the election of Assembly- 
men by counties. 

May 2. D. C. Congress : The House 
passes the Dockery Commission Bill, 
to consider improved methods of ac- 
counting in the Treasury Department ; 
it passes the Army Appropriation 
Bill introduced Mar. 19. 

May 3. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
disposes of the first paragraph of the 
"Wilson Tariff Bill. 

N". Y. Gov. Flower signs the annex- 
ation bills uniting all the Kings County 
towns to the city of Brooklyn. 

May 4. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the River and Harbor Appro- 
priation Bill introduced Mar. 31. 

May 7. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the Chinese Treaty in execu- 
tive session ; the amended Tariff Bill 
(about 400 amendments) is presented in 
Committee to the Republican Senators ; 



the House passes the Dunphy Hudson 
Eiver Bridge Bill, to connect New 
York and Jersey City ; bill introduced 
Mar. 27. 

N. Y. The General Term of the Court 

of Common Pleas decides that the Ives 
Pool Bill is unconstitutional. 

The Republican delegates to the Con- 
stitutional Convention name the offi- 
cers : president, Joseph H. Choate ; vice- 
presidents, ex-Lieut. -Gov. Alvord and 
W. H. Steel of Oswego; clerk, C. E. 
Fitch, ex-editor of the Rochester Demo- 
crat and Chronicle ; Sergeant-at-arms, 
W. W. Bennett, a war veteran. 

May 8. N. Y. The Constitutional Con- 
vention is organized at Albany by the 
election of Joseph H. Choate of New 
York as president. 

S. C. The Supreme Court at Colum- 
bia decides that the State is practically 
under prohibition. 

May 9. JD. C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill; an amend- 
ment to levy duties on goods in bond, 
on the date the bill goes into effect, is 
agreed to ; the Lodge amendment, for 
the imposition of discriminating duties 
on England, as a means of forcing the 
acceptance of bimetallism by that coun- 
try, is laid on the table ; the Russian 
Bering Sea Treaty is ratified. 

■ N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the " Huc- 
kleberry " Railroad Bill and the bill ap- 
propriating $350,000 for improving the 
canals of the State. 

May 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
Tariff debate is continued ; the Allen 
resolution for an investigation of the po- 
lice treatment of the Coxey " Army " 
is discussed, Senators Stewart and Tel- 
ler defending Coxey, and Senator Hoar 
opposing the resolution. [It fails to- 
pass.] 

Jsfeiv York. Richard Croker resigns 

as a member of the Executive Commit- 
tee and as chairman of the Finance 
Committee of Tammany Hall ; John 
McQuade is selected to take his place. 

— — N, Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the non- 
partisan Park Commission Bill, as too 
partisan. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Apr. 27. JST. Y. Gasport is 
nearly burned out. 

Apr. 29 ±. La. The loss by the burning 
of the St. Charles Hotel in New Orleans 
reaches $500,000. 

May 3. N. Y. The second annual meet- 
ing of the National Association of 
Wholesale Lumber Dealers begins its 
sessions at Buffalo. 

The Wilson Line steamer Persian Mon- 
arch, from London for New York, runs 
ashore at Eastport, Long Island. 

May 6. New York. The steamer La 
Champagne of the French Line, from 
Havre to New York, runs aground in 
the Narrows near Fort Lafayette. 

May 9. Me. Norway loses $300,000 
by fire. 

May 10. Chicago. The National Bur- 
ial-Case Association is in session. 



460 1894, May 11 -June 4. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1S94 May 12. la. The torpedo boat 
Ericsson is launched at Dubuque. 

June 2. D. C. Orders are sent to the 
cruiser Baltimore to proceed to Korea 
to protect Americans whose lives and 
property are in danger. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 May 12. New York. Sunol's 
statue of Columbus is unveiled in 
Central Park by Vice-President Steven- 
son. 

May 15. Phila. The 15th annual meet- 
ing of the American Medico-Psycho- 
logical Association begins. 

May 16. Phila. The 23d annual conven- 
tion of the American Fisheries Society 
begins. 

May 18±. The worst storm of the sea- 
son is raging on Lake Michigan ; about 
20 lives are lost. 

May 22. N. Y. — Pa. The floods are 
subsiding ; the loss in Lycoming County, 
Pa., alone is estimated at $3,000,000. 

May 23. O. The second concert of the 
Music Festival at Cincinnati takes 
place under the lead of Theo. Thomas. 

May 24. Conn. The bust of Harriet 
Beecher Stowe is unveiled at the 
"Wadsworth Atheneum, Hartford. 

May 28. III. Locusts appear in large 
numbers. 

May 29. D. C. The Triennial Con- 
gress of American Physicians and 
Surgeons opens in Washington. 

May 30. New York. The statue of 
Horace Greeley, erected by Typo- 
graphical Union No. 6, is unveiled ; it 
stands at the corner of Broadway and 
Thirty-third Street. 

Va. A monument to the Soldiers 

and Sailors of the Confederacy is un- 
veiled at Richmond. 

May 31. Colo. The damage to property 
at Pueblo from cloudbursts amounts to 
$600,000 ; hundreds of people are home- 
less. 

June 2. Chicago. The Field Columbian 
Museum, occupying the Art Building at 
the World's Fair, is formally dedicated. 

Colo. Snow seven feet deep lies on 

Pike's Peak. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
May 15. Shaffer, Chauncy, criminal law- 
yer, A75. 
May SO. Lionberger, John R., financier, 

CHURCH. 

1894 May 13. A r . Y. Dr. Talmage's 
Tabernacle in Brooklyn is again de- 
stroyed by fire. 

May 14. New York. The annual meet- 
ing of the American Society of Com- 
parative Religions is held. 

The Roman Catholic Parochial 
School Exhibit opens, with addresses 
by Archbishop Corrigan, W. Bourke 
Cockran, and others. 



May 16. Va. John B. Newton is con- 
secrated (Protestant Episcopal) assist- 
ant bishop of Virginia. 

May 22. Chicago. A Liberal Religious 
Congress is in session. 

Representatives are present from the 
Universalist, Unitarian, Independent, 
Reformed Hebrew, and higher Orthodox 
churches, and the Ethical Culture So- 
ciety. 

LETTERS. 

1894 May 24- Conn. Judge Shum- 
way of the Superior Court at Hart- 
ford finds that the law authorizing the 
School Board to order aH school chil- 
dren vaccinated, and to exclude those 
not vaccinated from the schools, is con- 
stitutional. 

Mass. Miss Agnes Irwin of Philadel- 
phia is chosen Dean of Radcliffe Col- 
lege at Cambridge. 

May 26. N. Y. Rev. A. Y. V. Raymond 
is formally installed as the president of 
Union College. 

May 27- Phila. Some of the most com- 
prehensive collections of educational 
exhibits at the World's Fair are secured 
for an economic and educational mu- 
seum, by action of the City Council in 
appropriating §10,000. (Made in 1893.) 

SOCIETY. 

1894 May 11. Ky. The women of Lex- 
ington are boycotting merchants who 
support the candidacy of Col. Breck- 
inridge for Congress. 

May 14. Md. The American Order 
of Steam Engineers begins its sessions 
in Baltimore ; it is opposed to strikes 
and boycotts as interfering with indi- 
vidual rights. 

N. Y. Dr. Talmage begins his tour 

around the world. 

New York. The arrest of two young 

pickpockets leads to the discovery of a 
regular school for thievery, and its mode 
of working. 

May 15. New York. The New York 
Chapter of Colonial Order is incor- 
porated. 

Its object is to cherish American tra- 
ditions, and to promote patriotism and 
loyalty to national institutions. 

May 16. Neio York. A man in East 
Twelfth Street, desperate through pov- 
erty, kills his mother and himself. 

N. Y. In Waverly, Alanson Hyatt, 

under the influence of drink, kills' his 
wife, wounds his mother, and kills him- 
self. 

May 17. R. I. Burglars enter the 
Waketield post-office and carry off $5,000 
insecurities and SI. 400 worth of stamps. 

May 18. New York. Bookkeeper J. J. 
Kean, of the Harlem River Bank, is ar- 
rested on a charge of stealing between 
$19,000 and $20,000. 

May 20. W. Va. In Mason County, 
White Caps lynch three negroes, char- 
ging them with stealing horses, sheep, 
and cattle. 

May 21. New York. The first pawn- 
shop of the Provident Loan Society 
opens for business in the United Chari- 
ties Building, and has considerable pat- 
ronage during the day. 



N. Y. The strike of the employees 

of the Atlantic Avenue Railroad in 
Brooklyn ends [temporarily]. 

[May 26. The Company's trolley lines 
are tied up by a strike, the employees 
objecting to being compelled to provide 
uniforms ; there is no disorder.] 

May 23. 7V % . Robbers raid the First 
National Bank, Long View, securing 
about S2,500. In a tight which ensue:* 
two citizens and one robber are killed 
and several other persons injured, some 
fatally. 

May 25. N.J. Edward Bull of Kearney, 
influenced by jealousy, kills his wife 
and tries to kill himself. 

Okla. Thirty well-known citizens of 

Tecumseh are indicted for horse-steal- 
ing; the territory of their raids extends 
from Arizona to Arkansas, and they are 
charged with many murders. 

May 26. N. Y. Adolph Brenner, an an- 
archist, makes an attempt to murder an 
entire family in Brooklyn ; he Lodges a 
bullet in his own head. 

May 27. Ind. The striking miners 
stop all coal-laden cars on the Evansville 
and Terre Haute Railroad ; Gov. Altgeld 
is appealed to for troops. 

[May 29. The strikers attempt to close 
mines and seize coal-trains ; the gover- 
nors of coal-producing States are asked 
to act as an arbitration committee. June 
2. Gov. Matthews orders out the militia 
to prevent lawlessness by the strikers. 
June 27. Operators agree to the miners' 
demands and work is resumed. Julv 8. 
There is a pitched battle between the 
regular troops and a mob of strikers at 
Hammond ; one man is killed and four 
are wounded. July 10. Incendiaries fire 
a trestle bridge over the Calumet River, 
near Hammond, preventing a two-sec- 
tion train from reaching that city. July 
15. Strikers wreck a freight-train at 
Indianapolis.] 

Pa. Four men are shot and many 

badly hurt in a riot in the congregation 
at St. Casimir's Polish Roman Catholic 
Church at Freeland ; four Poles are ar- 
rested ; cause, dissensions respecting a 
priest. 

May 28. Ind. — III. A Federal Gov- 
ernment injunction is issued prohibit- 
ing strikers from interfering with coal- 
trains ; more troops are ordered out in 
Illinois to preserve order. 

N. T. Kenneth F. Sutherland, the 

fugitive Gravesend justice, returns to 
Brooklyn and surrenders himself. [He 
pleads guilty to one of the eight indict- 
ments against him in connection with 
election frauds ; he is sentenced to im- 
prisonment for two vears and eight 
months and to a fine of S500.] 

New York. Delegates of the Na- 
tional Municipal League meet and 
organize. 

May 29. New York. Catharine M. Fitz- 
gerald, Inspector McLaughlin's sister, 
charged with murdering Carrie Pear- 
sail last October, is acquitted on the 
ground of insanity. 

May 30. Ga. An Immigration Con- 
gress is opened at Augusta, four South- 
ern governors attending ; every Southern 
State is represented by delegates. 

May 31. It adopts the Atwood plan of 
colonization by county organization. 

O. Sheriff Riley calls on Gov. Mo- 

Kinley for troops to release a train seized 
by miners in Athens County ; the gov- 
ernor orders out the militia to prevent 
strikers from interfering with coal- 
trains. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, May 11 -June 4. 461 



Pa. Gov. Pattison issues a warning 

proclamation to the rioters in the 

coke-regions. 
June 1. Ga. A dynamite bomb explodes 

almost under the House of 1). C. Wall, 

railroad engineer, Atlanta. 

June 2. Colo. Fully armed and equipped 
miners surround Cripple Creek. 

[June 4. Prominent men are held as 
hostages by striking miners. June 5. 
The miners and operators come to an 
agreement. Aug. 5. The strike having 
failed, the miners go back to work at 
the former wages.] 

Mass. A union of all the textile trades 

in Fall River, to be known as the Amal- 
gamated Association, is formed. 

■ N. Y. Japanese residents in Brook- 
lyn hold a meeting, and organize a so- 
ciety for the social, intellectual, and 
moral welfare of their fellow-country- 
men. 

June 3. N. Y. The Temperance Con- 
gress opens at Prohibition Park, 
Staten Island ; Gen. Neal Dow speaks. 
The Mutual Employment Society, 
recently incorporated, has for its object 
the securing of work for deserving ap- 
plicants without regard to creed or na- 
tionality, and without expense to the 
employers. 

June 4. N. T. Twelve inspectors of 
Staten Island are sentenced for election 
frauds to different terms of imprison- 
ment, and some of them to pay a fine of 
$250 in addition. 

STATE. 

1S94 May 11-12. D. C. Congress: 
The Senate votes on several amendments 
to the Tariff Bill ; the duties on tannic 
acid, tartaric acid, and alcoholic per- 
fumery are fixed. 

May 14. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
disposes of seven items on the chemical 
schedule of the Tariff Bill. 

N. J. Gov. "Werts vetoes 10 reform 

bills on the ground that they are too 
partisan. 

N. Y. Gov. Flower signs the Pound 

Compulsory Education Bill. 

May 15. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes several paragraphs of the chemi- 
cal schedule of the Tariff Bill; the 
House passes the Naval Appropria- 
tion Bill after five discussions ; hill in- 
troduced Apr. 18. 

May 16. D. C. Congress : In the Sen- 
ate fifteen paragraphs of the chemical 
schedule of the Tariff Bill are disposed 
of; H. C. Lodge of Mass. offers a resolu- 
tion for an inquiry into charges of at- 
tempts to bribe Senators to vote against 
the Tariff Bill, and the charge that the 
sugar schedule was drawn in return for 
campaign contribution to the Demo- 
cratic party. [May 17. Appointed.] 

May 17. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes the Agricultural Appropria- 
tion Bill introduced Apr. 30. 

May 18. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
completes the debate on the chemical 
schedule and the earthenware and glass 
schedules ; the resolution for longer 
hours is agreed to. 

N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the bill 

appropriating §25,000 for the expenses 



of investigating the police and other 
departments of New York City (Lexow 
Committee), on the ground that the com- 
mittee is too partisan. 

Judge Gaynor decides that a health 
commissioner cannot imprison persons 
who decline to he vaccinated unless in- 
fected with disease or exposed to con- 
tagion. 

May 19. I). C. Congress; Senate : The 
Peffer resolution for a committee to give 
a hearing to Coxey's army is discussed ; 
the Populist Senators favor it, and pro- 
test against the proposal to treat the 
army as law-breakers. 

May 20. N. Y. Gov. Flower vetoes the 
New York City Bipartisan Police Com- 
mission Bill ; also the police bills for 
Albany, Troy, and Richmond County, all 
on the ground of being too partisan. 

May 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
fixes the duty on iron ore at 40 cents a 
ton ; the House in Committee of the 
Whole, while considering the Legisla- 
tive, Executive, and Judicial Appro- 
priation Bill, strikes out the item for 
salaries of the Civil Service Commis- 
sion and its employees. Vote, 109-7. 
It aims to destroy the commission. 

May 23. B.C. Congress : The Senate 
discusses the Tariff Bill. 

Bering Sea. Three schooners, while 

fishing for seals in the open sea, are 
seized by Capt. May of the Hyacinth, 
who, after confiscating their guns and 
papers, sends them home. 

May 24. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
resolution against the use of force in 
favor of Hawaiian royalty is discussed ; 
the House amends and passes the Le- 
gislative, Executive, and Judicial 
Appropriation Bill, with the item for 
salaries of the Civil Service Commission 
restored ; bill introduced May 15. 

N. Y. Gov, Flower vetoes the bill 

providing that no other than American 
flags float above public buildings, except 
on special occasions when foreigners of 
rank visit the country. 

May 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
consideration of the metal schedule of 
the Tariff Bill is finished ; David B. 
Hill's motion to put lead ore on the free 
list is defeated. Vote, 3-52. The House 
begins the debate on the hill to repeal 
the 10 per cent tax on State bank cir- 
culation. [Five discussions follow.] 

May 29. D. C. , Congress : The Senate 
Committee makes a partial report on 
the Sugar Trust scandal, recommend- 
ing the prosecution of the newspaper 
correspondents who decline to give the 
names of their informants ; the Vest 
resolution opposing the annexation of 
Hawaii is tabled. Tote, 36-1S. 

N. r. Over 200,000 women pe- 
tition the Constitutional Convention for 
equal suffrage. 

May 30. La. The TJ. S. Court of Ap- 
peals of New Orleans decides that the 
city is not liable for damages for the 
deaths of the Italians lynched in the riot 
of 1890. 

Pkila. The Federal Court dismisses 

the motion made on behalf of the Gov- 
ernment to enjoin the Gettysburg Elec- 
tric Railroad Company from building a' 
trolley road on the battle-field. 



May 31. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes a resolution declaring for non- 
interference in Hawaiian affairs; the 
lumber schedule of the Tariff Bill is 
finished. 

Secretary Carlisle and Senators Mc- 
pherson, Mills, and Harris testify before 
the Senate Committee in relation to the 
Sugar Trust charges. 

June 1. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
begins the consideration of the sugar 
schedule. 

New York. Business men hold a mass- 
meeting to protest against the proposed 
income tax. 

June 3. D. C. The gold reserve is 
again a source of anxiety, having fallen 
to about $79,000,000. 

New York. Yen Ching, Chinese am- 
bassador, and Ziar Yen Foo, his secre- 
tary, arrive from Havre, on a tour of 
inspection to the Chinese embassies at 
different countries. 

June 4. D. C. Congress; Senate: The 
sugar schedule of the Tariff Bill is dis- 
cussed, the Republicans attacking it; 
the House debates the Bank Tax Repeal 
Bill. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 May 11. New York. Tip, the 
big elephant of Central Park, having 
become dangerous, is killed by cyanide 
of potassium concealed in capsules hid- 
den in "mash." 

May 13. N. Y. Dr. Talmage's Taber- 
nacle, the Hotel Regent, and other 
buildings in Brooklyn are burned ; loss, 
$1,000,000. 

May 14. Pa. About 30 persons are in- 
jured by an explosion and fire at Brad- 
ford. 

May 15. Boston. The baseball buildings 
and about vz acres of adjoining prop- 
erty are burned, rendering several hun- 
dred families homeless. 

May 17. Boston. Many valuable port 
records and over $150,000 worth of prop- 
erty are destroyed by fire. 

Nev. Sheep perish by thousands in 

a snow, rain, and wind storm in the 
Sierra Nevada foot-hills. 

May 18. Md. A number of leading 
capitalists, bankers, and railroad officers 
organize at Baltimore, under the title of 
the Southern Immigration Land and 
Title Company, for the purpose of devel- 
oping the South. 

Phila. The Order of Tonti makes 

an assignment to the Land Title and 
Trust Company ; assets, $1,250,000. 

May 19. Chicago. The population is 
now reported at 1,700,000. 

May 25. Chicago. The Viking ship is 
donated to the Field Museum, Jackson 
Park, by the generosity of its pur- 
chasers. 

May 26. Chicago. The French Repub- 
lic begins a suit in the TJ. S. Circuit 
Court for $1,000,000 alleged damage to 
the French exhibit by the fire in the 
Manufactures Building at the World's 
Fair. 

May 28. Mass. Wakefield celebrates its 
quarter-millennial. 

May 30. Wis. A train is wrecked by 
an open switch on the Wisconsin Cen- 
tral Railroad, near Marshfield ; four 
men are killed, four missing, and 15 peo- 
ple injured. 



462 1894, June 4- June 27. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1394 June 13. R.I. The Naval "War 
College opens at Newport. 

June 18. N. Y. Of the 96 applicants 
for admission to the "West Point Mili- 
tary Academy, only 41 are accepted. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 June 4. Ore. Great damage is 
caused by floods at Portland ; much of 
the business part of the city is under 
■water. 

June 6. Cal. The 45th annual conven- 
tion of the American Medical Asso- 
ciation begins its sessions iu San Fran- 
cisco, with 2,000 delegates present. 

June 9. Wyo. A rich gold strike is 
made in Dutch Tom Gulch. 

June 14. N. Y. The corner-stone of a 
monument to the memory of "Wash- 
ington and Rochambeau is laid at 
Dobbs Ferry. 

June 18 ±. Pa. Another Arctic Ex- 
pedition — Henry G. Bryant, leader — 
starts for the relief of Lieut. Peary in 
the far north ; it is organized under the 
auspices of the Philadelphia Geographi- 
cal Club. 

June 21. New York. The memorial 
bust of Postmaster H. G. Pearson in 
the Post-office Building is unveiled. 

June 25. New York. The Saengerf est 
closes -with its final concert this evening 
in Madison Square Garden, with an im- 
mense audience present. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

June 4. Van Zandt, Charles C, Gov. of 
It. I., A64. 

June 7. Price, R. M., Gov. of N. J., A76. 

"Whitney. William Dwight, philolo- 
gist, professor at Yale, A67. 

June 1 7. Phelps, "William "Walter, M. C. 
for N. J., minister to Germany, A55. 

CHURCH. 

1894 June 8. D. C. Several Koman 
Catholic prelates meet, and reorganize 
the Catholic Indian Bureau under a 
new Papal charter. 

June 9. Boston. The General Conven- 
tion of the New Jerusalem meets. 

June 13. N. Y. The 11th annual meet- 
ing of the International Missionary 
Union opens at Clifton Springs, with 
about 150 mission-board representatives 
from all parts of the world present. 

June 25. N. Y. The Ancient Order of 
Hibernians, in its State Convention at 
Rochester, receives recognition by the 
Church authorities in that diocese for 
the first time. 

LETTERS. 
1894 June 5. N. Y. The Board of Re- 
gents votes to extend the system of free 



libraries. 



SOCIETY. 



1894 June 4. Boston. The Ameri- 
can Sugar Refining Company files its 
answer to the information recently 
brought by the Attorney General which 
asks for au injunction to prevent it 



from doing business until it files a state- 
ment of its business as required by law ; 
the answer denies the constitutionality 
of such requirement. 

June 5. Md. Two regiments leave Bal- 
timore for the Cumberland coal-region 
to preserve order. 

[June 7. Striking miners at Frostburg 
make night attacks on the pickets of the 
troops guarding the town.] 

N. J. The Supreme Court at Trenton 

rejects the application of Miss Mary 
Phillbroke to be permitted to stand ex- 
amination for admission to the bar. 

Pa. Strikers at MeKeesport seize 

the plant of the National Tube Works, 
and assault the non-union employees ; a 
cannon is planted to guard against Pink- 
erton police ; the town is virtually in 
the hands of the strikers. 

[June 10. Strikers and deputy-sheriffs 
have a conflict at Lemont in the coke- 
district ; one striker is killed and two 
■wounded. June 1S±. Many miners re- 
turn to their work. June 21. Two regi- 
ments and a troop of cavalry are ordered 
to Jefferson County to prevent rioting 
and dynamiting. More miners go to 
work. July3±. Rioting is renewed by 
coal-miners ; troops are called out.] 

June 6. ///. A coal-miners' riot takes 
place at Wesley ; one man is killed and 
several are seriously injured. 

[June 9. Troops are hurried to Paua 
to prevent violence. July 5. It is al- 
leged that the mayor of Springfield en- 
courages the strikers to obstruct railway 
traffic] 

Mont. Gov. Rickards, by proclama- 
tion, forbids the sun-dance of the In- 
dians at Great Falls, and orders the 
local authorities to enforce the prohibi- 
tion. 

O. Gov. McKinley orders out 1,200 

troops to prevent seizure of coal-trains 
by strikers. 

[June 8. Coal-trains move under mili- 
tary protection. June 9. Strikers burn 
bridge No. 4 to delay the conveyance of 
the militia to Flushing. July 3. Troops 
are ordered out to protect moving coal- 
trains. July 11. At the yards in Toledo, 
12 roads are tied up.] 

W. Ya. Coxeyites steal a train at 

Kanawha; a company of militia is or- 
dered to the scene of trouble. 

June 7. N. J. Mayor Lebknecher of 
Newark refuses to fly any but American 
flags on the City Hall. 

June 8. Chicago. The Municipal Order 
League secures the appointment of a 
woman as Inspector of the Bureau of 
Street and Alley Cleaning. 

June 9. Ind. Six men are arrested in 
Indianapolis for car-robbing; they con- 
fess that Claude McAlpin was kidnapped 
and sent bound and gagged in a box-car 
to Mexico to prevent him from telling 
the authorities what he knew about the 
robberies. 

La. City Councilman John T. Calla- 
han of New Orleans is indicted for ac- 
cepting a bribe of S500. [Aug. 22. Found 
guilty.] 

June 10. Chicago. John Cane, a tinner, 
while crazed with liquor, wounds five 
men with an ax; lynching is threatened 
by a crowd surrounding the police sta- 
tion. 

June 11+. O. A conference of miners 
and operators is held at Columbus. 

It agrees on a compromise wage scale 
of 60 cents a ton in Ohio and 69 cents 
in Pennsylvania; strikers continue de- 
struction of railroad property in Ohio 
and Alabama. 



New York.* The trial of Police Cap- 
tain J. K. Price begins. 

Pa. W. Webber kills his father-in- 
law, Justus KJemmer, and tries to kill 
his wife; he is under arrest in Reading. 

June 13. Ga. A colored criminal is 
skinned alive by a lynching mob. 

Chicago. The American Railway 

Union and the Knights of Labor effect 
a coalition. 

New York. Before leaving for Eu- 
rope, Richard Croker, the Tammany 
boss, resigns membership in the Man- 
hattan Club. 

June 14. I). C. A former employee of 
the Carnegie Company testifies 'as t<> 
the plate-armor frauds ; he makes start- 
ling charges of deliberate deception 
against a superintendent. 

N. J. John Kaulfmann, under the 

influence of poverty and despair, kills 
his wife and three children and hangs 
himself at Camden. 

June 15. New York. Erastus Wiman 
is convicted of forgery in the second 
degree. [June 19. He is sentenced to 
five years and six months imprisonment, 
and later acquitted. June 2o. Proceed- 
ings are stayed.] 

0.4- Miners' conventions in a num- 
ber of coal-carrying districts vote to 
return to work under the Columbus 
compromise agreement. [The net loss 
of the great coal-strike is estimated at 
$20,000,000.] (See June 11.) 

June 16. Ya. The Court of Appeals 
decides that Mrs. Belva Lockwood may 
practise law in Virginia. 

June 17. Cal. Several hundred il- 
licit brandy distilleries are discovered 
in the mountain districts j they are 
worked mostly by Italians. 

Chicago. Sympathizers with Irish 

Home Hule organize a committee to 
raise money in aid of the struggle in 
the British House of Commons ; about 
S10,000 are already subscribed. 

New York. Harvey Curtis shoots 

Philip Moran to prevent him, while 
drunk, from shooting his daughter, to 
whom Curtis is betrothed. 

June 18. Mont. The Cree sun-dance 
is held at Havre in spite of the authori- 
ties ; great barbarities are practised by 
the Indians. 

Pa. Over 15,000 miners resume work 

in the soft-coal region; big plants in 
Pittsburg start up ; the Central Penn- 
sylvania operators refuse to yield, and 
are still out. 

June 20. A". Y. The 11th annual en- 
campment of the Sons of Veterans is 
held at Middleport. 

June 21. Mass. Emil C. Knappe is ar- 
rested in Boston on the charge of em- 
bezzling $49,000 of the funds of the 
Chicopee National Bank of Springfield. 

N. J. A robbers' den is found on 

the Kearney meadows ; several of the 
gang are arrested. 

New York. A reception is given to 

Miss Frances E. "Willard on her arrival 
from Europe. 

June 22. New York. The great Saen- 
gerfest begins with a torchlight proces- 
sion, in which 10,000 singers take part. 

The new State Club is formally 
opened in the presence of a large as- 
semblage. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, June 4-June 27. 463 



N. }". Mrs. Halliday is sentenced at 

Monticello to die by electricity in the 
week beginning Aug. 6. 

June 23. Colo. Adj.-Gen. Tarsney, the 
representative of Gov. Waite in the mi- 
ners' strike, is kidnapped, taken away 
in a carriage, and tarred and feathered 
by masked men at Colorado Springs. 

— N. Y. "White Caps heat Patrick Ed- 
wards of Livingston Manor for drunk- 
enness, and duck him in a mill-race. 

June 24. D. C. The California contin- 
gent of the "Army of the Unemployed" 
arrives at Washington, 125 strong. 

June 25. Chicago. Ex-Treasurer W. A. 
Simrott of the Switchmen's Mutual Aid 
Association absconds ; his accounts are 
short S25,000. 

Ga. Six masked men hold up a 

train on the Savannah, Florida, and 
"Western Railway near Thomasville, and 
rob the express-car of $1,222; the pas- 
sengers are not molested. 

N.J. Edward K. Christopher, auditor 

of the Prudential Life Insurance Com- 
pany of Newark, is arrested on a charge 
of embezzling about $n,oooof the coin- 
. pany's funds. 

June 27- Mass. The Young Women's 
Conference at East Northfield is con- 
cluded by Mr. Moody. 

N. Y. The second annual convention 

of the Intercollegiate Prohibition As- 
sociation of the United States begins 
its three days' session at Prohibition 
Park, Staten Island. 

Pa. Mrs. Wight man of Pittsburg is 

bound and gagged in her home by two 
men, who rob the house of valuables. 



STATE. 

1S94 June 5. X>. C. Congress: The 
Senate amends and passes the Dunphy 
Hudson River Bridge Bill. [June 6. 
House concurs. June S. Approved.] 

Me. Henry B. Cleaves (Rep.) is re- 
nominated for governor. 

0. The State is carried by the Re- 
publicans ; the Populists suffer severe 
losses. 

June 6. D. C. Congress: The House 
rejects the hill to suspend the 10 per 
cent tax on bank-notes issued by State 
banks, after five discussions. Vote, 172- 
102. 

The Senate Bribery Investigation 
Committee examines Congressman Cad- 
mus of N. J. in relation to the Sugar 
Trust's connection with the Tariff. 
[June 7. It decides to subpcena mem- 
bers of the Sugar Trust. June 8. Mr. 
Terrell testifies. June 12. President 
H. O. Havemeyer. June 13. John E. 
Searles, treasurer.] 

June S. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the agricultural schedule of 
the Tariff Bill under the five minutes' 
rule ; it disposes of several paragraphs. 

The United States makes a claim on 
Spain for reimbursement of sums im- 
properly collected as duties in Cuba. 

Pa. About 150 delegates in session 

at Pittsburg organize a new political 
party. It is to be known as " The Pro- 

fjessive American Party," which will 
avor non-interference with public 
schools, protective tariff, a prohibitive 
immigration law for 25 years, national 



June 12, I). C. Congress: The House 
practically legislates the Indian Com- 
mission out of office by refusing to 
make an appropriation for it. 

S. Dak. Legal proceedings are begun 

in Pierre to test the constitutionality 
of the Apportionment Act under which 
the Legislature was elected. 

June 13. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
The "wool schedule is discussed. 

Kan. L. D. Lewelling (Populist) is 

renominated for governor. 

June 15. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
Several amendments to the wool sched- 
ule of the Tariff Bill are defeated by 
very small majorities. 

The Senate Investigating Commit- 
tee begins the examination of Senators 
in alphabetical order. 

It asks searching questions relative 
to sugar-stock holdings ; it also makes 
inquiry with reference t<> campaign con- 
tributions by the Sugar Trust. 

June 16. D. C. Congress: the House 
passes the Indian Appropriation Bill, 
after 11 discussions ; bill introduced Apr. 
30. 

June IS. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
makes rapid progress with the Tariff 
Bill free list ; an amendment by David 
B. Hill for free coal is defeated ; the 
House passes the substitute for the 
Hatch Anti-Option Bill (see Feb. 25) 
after five discussions. [Aug. 2. Re- 
ported back by the Senate with amend- 
ments.] 

June 19. D. C. The Senate Investi- 
gating Committee concludes its work 
for the present time. 

The Treasury gold reserve falls to 
$60,000,000: bank presidents decide to 
furnish their own gold for export. 

June 20. I). C. Congress : The Senate 
finishes the consideration of the free list 
of the Tariff Bill ; salt remains on the 
free list. 

Cal. M. W. Estee (Rep.) is nominated 

for governor ; the State Convention de- 
clares for free coinage of silver and 
woman suffrage. 

June 21. .D. C. Congress; Senate: 
The income-tax section of the Tariff 
Bill is reached ; Senators Hill, Hoar, 
and Higgins oppose the tax ; the Senate 
Investigating Committee reports the 
contumacy of Messrs. Havemeyer and 
Searles ; a minority dissenting report is 
filed. 

June 22. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses the income tax, but no vote 
is reached ; incomes above ©3,000 to be 
taxed under an adopted amendment ; 
the House amends and passes the sub- 
stitute Anti-Option Bill. Vote, 150-87. 
Prof. Mendenhall, in charge of the 
Coast and Geodetic Survey, tenders his 
resignation to President Cleveland, on 
the ground of official interference with 
the working of the bureau. 

June 23. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the income tax; the limit of 
exemption is restored to §4,000. 



O. The Supreme Court of Ohio de- 
cides that the Holcomb Law, taxing the 
business of dealing in cigarettes, is valid. 

June 25. D.C. Congress : Both Houses 
adjourn out of respect to the memory 
of President Carnot of France, whose 
death is reported. 

June 26. I). C. Congress : The House 
passes the General Deficiency Bill 
introduced June 18. 

The House subcommittee resumes the 
armor-plate investigation respecting 
alleged defects. 

Colo. The National Republican 

League Convention opens in Denver. 

June 27. Boston. Judge Colt decides 
that Japanese, as Mongolians, are de- 
barred from naturalization. 

Pa. The Democrats nominate Edi- 
tor Singerly of the Philadelphia Rec- 
ord for governor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 June 6. N. Y. Onondaga cele- 
brates its centennial. 

June 8. Colo. Fifteen Coxeyites are 
accidentally drowned in the Platte 
River, near Brighton. 

June 10. N.J. Locusts on the rails stop 
■a Long Branch train near Avenel. 

June 14. N. J. The " corner-stone" of. 
the "Atlantis" Hotel is laid at sea, 
19 miles east of Sandy Hook, and 11 
miles from the Long Island shore ; the 
"stone" is a tin cylinder surmounted 
by a flag with a red border, a white cen- 
ter, and bearing the initial *' A." 

Neto York. " Flag Day" is cele- 
brated, but without suspension of busi- 
ness. 

June 17. Scot. The Ethiopia, Anchor 
Line steamer, reports having struck an 
iceberg on her way from New York to 
Glasgow, and having been saved from 
sinking only by bags of flour jammed in 
a hole at her bow. 

June 18. New York. Bank presidents 
hold a conference on gold exports. 

JR. I. The steamer Plymouth runs on 

the rocks at Rose Island, near Newport. 

June 19. O. Many mines are re- 
opened. 

June 20. Ala. In the Mary Lee mine, 
near Birmingham, 50 miners are en- 
tombed by a fire. 

June 22. Mo. The "Williams Palace 
Car Company at St. Joseph is capitalized 
at 83,000,000 to compete with the Pull- 
man and Wagner Companies. 

June 24. Cal. Fruit-canners organ- 
ize a trust, and incorporate under the 
name of the California Cannery Com- 
pany, with a capital of $500,000. 

N. J. The overloaded tug James D. 

Nicoll sinks off the Navesink High- 
lands ; 13 lives are lost. 

O. Three persons are killed and sev- 
eral injured by a train-wreck at Chilli- 
cothe. 

June 26. Pa. The Edgar Thomson 
Steel Works of the Carnegie Works at 
Braddock resume operations, giving 
employment to 1,500 men. 



464 1894, June 28- July 17. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S94 July 10. Cat. United States 
troops start from San Francisco for 
Sacramento, which for 12 days has been 
under mob rule. 

July 14. Mass. The cruiser Minne- 
apolis, on her trial trip in Massachusetts 
Bay, develops a speed of 23.05 knots, un- 
official time. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 July 4. O. A Soldiers* Monu- 
ment is dedicated at Cleveland. 

N. Y. A monument to the mem- 
ory of Capt. Nathan Hale, the mar- 
tyred patriot, is unveiled at Huntington. 

July 5. N. F. The Society for the 
Promotion of Music begins its 16th 
annual meeting at Saratoga. 

July 7. 5. Dak. Twenty bridges are 
washed away by a heavy hail-storm and 
cloudburst at Hot Springs. 

July 9. Wash. The town of Conconully 
is visited by a destructive cloudburst. 

July 15. S. Dak. The prairie fire is 
" still burning on the ceded lands at 
Pierre. 

The tract burned over is 50 by 90 miles 
in extent. A Russian settlement on 
Yellow Medicine Creek is wiped out; 
several settlers are seriously burned. 

July 16±. N.J. Forest fires are ra- 
ging ; between 6,000 and 7,000 acres of 
land are burned over. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
June 28. Temple, w. G-, rear-adm. V. S. 

N., A70. 
June 30. Law, Sallie C. G. (Mother of the 

Confederacy), A84. 
July 11. Fry, James B., maj.-gen. U. S. A., 



CHURCH. 

1S94 July 1. N. J. The new audito- 
rium at Ocean Grove is formally opened 
with impressive services, 7,000 persons 
present. 

.V. Y. Kev. Thomas M. A. Burke 

is consecrated as the fourth (Roman 
Catholic) bishop of Albany. 

July 11-15. O. The National Conven- 
tion of the Young People's Society of 
Christian Endeavor is in session at 
Cleveland, with 10,000 delegates in at- 
tendance. 

LETTERS. 

1S94 June 28. Me. Bowdoin College 
celebrates its 100th. anniversary. 

July 2. N. J. The 10th annual conven- 
tion of the National Editorial As- 
sociation begins its sessions at Asbury 
Park. 

July 5. N. Y. The 32d convocation of 
the Regents of the University opens 
in the Senate Chamber at Albany, with 
over 200 educators present. 

Phila. The American Society opens 

the first meeting for University Ex- 
tension. 



July 8. X. Y. The Long Beach (Long 
Island), Summer Parliament opens. 

July 9. N. H. The C4th annual conven- 
tion of the American Institute of 
Instruction opens at Bethlehem. 

July 15. N. Y. The Roman Catholic 
summer school at Plattsburg opens. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 June 28. New York. Richard 
Worthington, formerly book-publisher, 
is arrested on the charge of embez- 
zling $19,085.71 belonging to the Wor- 
thington Company. 

N. Y. A Brooklyn tailor, M. Gessner, 

kills Annie Sauter, his employer's 
daughter, and then kills himself. 

June 29. D. C. The Washington grand 
jury finds indictments against brokers 
who refused to give information to the 
Senate Investigating Committee, in 
connection with sugar speculation. 

June 30. Ind. The American Wire Rod 
and Wire Nail Mills at Anderson shut 
down; 800 operatives are out of work; 

the men demand the wage-scale with the 
Amalgamated Association. 

The strike on the Western railroads 

is spreading. 

July 1. Cat. Federal troops are or- 
dered to Trinidad to suppress riotous 
strikers. 

July 3. Chicago. The jury, after two 
hours' deliberation, returns a verdict 
that Patrick Eugene Prendergast is not 
insane, and that therefore he is respon- 
sible for the murder of Mayor Carter 
Harrison. [July 13. He is hanged.] 

N. Y. " Boodle" Alderman H. 

W. Jaehne of New York is pardoned by 
Gov. Flower. 

N. Y. The jury in the "Bat" Shea 

trial in Troy returns a verdict of murder 
in the first degree. [July 10. Sentenced 
to be executed in the week beginning 
Aug. 21.] 

Mich. Rioting exists among coal- 
miners ; troops are called out. 

July 4. Cat. Violence by strikers re- 
sults in the ordering out of the militia. 

[July 10. Troops start for Sacra- 
mento ; the city has been under mob- 
rule for a week. July 11. Strikers at 
Sacramento wreck a train, killing the 
engineer and three soldiers and injuring 
four others. July 12. D. Warden is 
arrested at Sacramento as leader of the 
train-wreckers. July 14. Regulars fire 
into a mob at Sacramento, mortally 
wounding two men. July 16. Strikers 
attack a freight-train in West Oakland ; 
they are repulsed by troops and several 
are injured ; 21 are arrested.] 

New York. The Society of the Cin- 
cinnati holds its annual meeting, and 
elects Gen. John Cochrane of N. Y. 
president. 

Okla. Seventy-five masked men 

overpower the guards and burn the Rock 
Island Railroad Bridge at Waukomis, 
south of Enid ; the soldiers at Round 
Fond are fired on. 

Ida. Masked men in the Ccenr 

d'Alene region kill a non-union man 
and kidnap four others. 

Mass. Over S3,000 worth of statuary- 
is maliciously destroyed on the estate 
of the late S. D. Warren at Waltham. 

JV. J. A national Good Roads 

Convention opens at Asbury Park. 

July 6. Minn. In Duluth doc km en 
strike for increase of pay. 



X. Y. The Constitutional Cob 

rejects a resolution introduced by 1L I.. 
Towns of Brooklyn condemning 
of the Federal Government in sending 
troops to suppress the railroad strike. 
July 7. Cat. President Kingsbury, of 
the National City American Railway 
Union, and a yardman are arrested at 
San 1 uVgo, on the charge of conspiracy ; 
Rev. X. E. Ravelin i.s arrested on an in- 
dictment by the Federal grand jury at 
Los Angeles, charging him with inciting 
to insurrection against the authority of 
the United States. 

July 8. X. Y. The American Railway 
Union men in Buffalo are ordered to 
strike to-morrow, 

W. Fa. Kelly's band of Common- 

wealers are arrested for stealing a 
train. 

They are divided into three companies ; 
two are sent into Ohio, one is sent into 
Kentucky, and the remainder, about 70, 
are taken by police to Huntington. 

N. Y.+ Labor-unions in New York, 

Boston, and elsewhere pas? resolutions 
of sympathy with the railroad strikers. 

July 9. Boston, An attempt at jail- 
delivery by 100 prisoners is made in the 
House of Corrections. 

± Mich. Mayor Pingree of Detroit 

and a number of other mayors favor 
joining in a request to George M. Pull- 
man to consent to arbitrate ; a mass- 
meeting in Detroit adopts a resolution 
asking Congress to pass a law providing 
for arbitration in strikes. 

N. J. Newark police capture nine 

train-plunderers, and recover a large 
quantity of stolen goods buried near 
their camp. 

July 10. Phila. George Bellwear. a 
post-office clerk, is arrested for stealing 
and rifling the mails; he makes a full 
confession of guilt. 

July 11. New York. Michael Brady. 
Police Captain Stephenson's ward man, 
is dismissed from the force for accepting 
a bribe. 

July 12. N. J. The Orangemen of 
Jersey City parade for the first time 
since 1S70, and without disturbance. 

New York. Judge Barrett gives a 

certificate of reasonable doubt in the 
case of Erastus Wiman, under sentence 
for forgery. 

[July 13. He is released on S30,000 
bail, pending the decision of the Court 
of Appeals.J 

A mass-meeting is held in Cooper 
Union to indorse Eugene V. Debs 
and the great railroad strike at 
Chicago. 

N. Y. The Brooklyn authorities, 

fearing disturbance, refuse to allow 
Orangemen to parade. 

Phila. Green-ribbon men attack 

parading Orangemen with brickbats, 
causing a small riot in which some are 
wounded ; a number of participants are 
arrested. 

July 13. Mont. Highwaymen hold 
up an express-wagon in Montana, and 
take everything or value from it, in- 
cluding a package of $11,000 shipped by 
a grocery firm. 

Okla. Two bridges are blown up, 

a large extent of track is destroyed, 
and a freight-train of 13 cars is thrown 
into a river, killing three men and in- 
juring others ; the governor is appealed 
to for protection. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, June 28- July 17. 465 



July 14. Conn. The chief of police of 
Bristol orders that all nickel-in-the-slot 
machines be removed from the cigar- 
shops of the city. 

Tenn. A negro barn-burner is 

lynched in Dixon County by a body of 
masked men. 

July 15. Pa. A house in Harrisburg, 
occupied by a man who went to work in 
a striker's place in the coal-mines at 
Punxsutawney, is wrecked by dynamite. 

July 16. Mich. A Grand Trunk train 
is wrecked near Battle Creek ; one man 
is killed and several persons are seri- 
ously injured ; strikers suspected of the 
crime. 

New York. The Police Board de- 
cides to try Capt. Doherty and Wardmen 
Hoch, Levy, and Meehan on the charge 
of bribe-taking. 

[Oct. 20. Doherty and six other ex- 
police officers of various ranks are ar- 
rested on indictment for blackmail.] 

July 17. Okta. Rioting and destruc- 
tion of bridges occur on the Rock Island 
Railroad ; a dynamite bomb is thrown 
under a train carrying soldiers. 

STATE. 

1894 June 28. D. C. Congress; Sen- 
ate : A motion to strike out the income- 
tax section of the Tariff Bill is defeated. 
Vote, 40-23. The House passes the bill 
to admit New Mexico to statehood in 
the Union, 

June 29. D. C. Congress; Senate: 
The consideration of the Tariff Bill in 
Committee of the "Whole is finished, and 
the measure reported. 

Mass. The Senate adopts the amend- 
ment submitting the Elevated Railroad 
Bill to the voters of Boston for approval 
or rejection. 

June 30. B.C. The Treasury statement 
for the fiscal year places the deficit at 
$71,500,000. 

July 1. D. C. At a conference between 
the President, Attorney-General Olney, 
and others, it is decided to apply for 
sweeping injunctions against the rail- 
road strikers in the West. (See So- 
ciety.) 

The Administration appoints special 
counsel and takes steps to enforce the 
carrying of mails on the railroads in 
the West. 

July 2. D. C. Congress; Senate : The 
Tariff Bill is considered ; a defeat of 
the one-eighth cent tax on refined sugar 
is prevented by Senator Quay's vote ; 
the sugar schedule is amended so that 
the duty and repeal of the bounty will 
take effect upon the passage of the bill. 

The U. S. Courts in Chicago issue an 

injunction against the strikers ; Fed- 
eral troops are ordered out in Colorado, 
and State militia put into active service 
in Illinois, to prevent interference by 
strikers. 

July 3. D. C. Congress ; Senate : The 
Wilson compromise Tariff Bill is 
passed; only one Democratic Senator, 
David B. Hill, votes against it ; the Re- 
publicans vote solidly against it. "Vote, 
39-35. 

Edwards and Shimer, newspaper cor- 
respondents who refused to answer in- 
quiries of the Senate Investigation 



tion 
July 6 



Committee, are indicted by the Wash- 
ington grand jury. 

Attorney-General Olney orders the in- 
dictment of President Debs of the 
Railroad Union. 

The blockades in Illinois are broken 
with the aid of Federal troops ; violence 
by railroad strikers in California occa- 
sions the calling out of the militia. 
July 5. D. C. Congress : Only the 
House is in session; the Tariff Bill is 
received from the Senate, having 633 
amendments ; it provides for higher 
rates than the House Bill. 

President Cleveland replies to a pro- 
test from Gov. Altgeld against sending 
Federal troops to Chicago. 

N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- 

onvenes at Albany. 
D. C. Congress ; Senate : Sev- 
eral measures bearing on the railroad 
strike at Chicago are introduced ; in the 
House the amended Tariff Bill is re- 
ferred to the Committee on Ways and 
Means ; the House passes the bill, in- 
troduced Apr. 6, providing for the taxa- 
tion of national banks. 
July 9. D. C. Congress : The Senate 
amends and passes the Naval Appro- 
priation BUI. [July 19. Conference 
report agreed to. July 30. Approved.] 

The Democratic members of the Tariff 
Conference Committee meet. 

The President issues a second proc- 
lamation, covering nine Western States 
and Territories, ordering rioters to dis- 
perse. 
July 10. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Post-office Ap- 
propriation Bill. [July 11, 12, House 
concurs. July 24. Approved.] 

The resolution of W. A. Peffer of Kan., 
declaring it the duty of the government 
to control aU railroads engaged in in- 
terstate commerce and work the coal- 
beds, is taken up. 
New York. The Leiow Commit- 
tee's witnesses refuse to obey the sum- 
mons of the Police Commissioners to 
give evidence at an investigation held 
by the latter. 
N. J. A convention to revise the ju- 
diciary is in session at Trenton. 
July 11. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Military Acad- 
emy Appropriation Bill. [July 16. 
Conference report agreed to. July 30. 
Approved by the President.] 

It amends and passes the Pensions 
Appropriation Bill. [July 13. Con- 
ference report agreed to ; approved.] 

It amends and passes the Diplomatic 
and Consular Appropriation Bill. 
[July 19. Conference report agreed to.] 

John W. Daniel's resolution indorsing 
the action of President Cleveland in the 
railroad strike is passed unanimously. 
July 12. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Army Appro- 
priation BUI. [July 27. Conference 
report agreed to. Aug. 7. Approved.] 

It amends and passes the Fortifica- 
tion Appropriation BUI. [Aug. 6. 
Conference report agreed to. Aug. 8. 
Approved by the President.] 



President Cleveland consents to ap- 
point a commission to investigate the 
strike against the Pullman Car Com- 
pany under the Arbitration Law of 1888. 

July 13. D.C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the River and Har- 
bor Appropriation Bill. [Aug. 6. 
Conference report agreed to. Axig. 20. 
It becomes a law without the Presi- 
dent's approval.] 

July 16. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Legislative, 
Executive, and Judicial Appropria- 
tion Bill. [July 25. Conference report 
agreed to. Aug. 8. Approved by the 
President.] The House passes a resolu- 
tion indorsing President Cleveland's ac- 
tion during the recent strike. 

N. Y. The special Senate Commit- 
tee begins its investigation of charges 
brought against Gov. Flower by the 
Civil Service Reform Association. 

New York. Mayor Gilroy accepts the 

resignation of John McClave as Police 
Commissioner, and appoints Michael 
Kerwin his successor. 

July 17. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes the Agricultural Appropria- 
tion Bill with an amendment appro- 
priating $1,000,000 to exterminate the 
Russian thistle. [July 31. Conference 
report agreed to. Aug. 10. Approved 
by the President.] The House passes 
the Bailey Uniform Bankruptcy Bill. 
The President signs the hill enabling 
Utah to become a State. (Jan. 4, '96.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 June 29. Conn. A brass tablet 
is unveiled in Hartford, to commemorate 
the meeting of Washington and Rocham- 
beau in the city in 1775. 

June 31. Cat. A break in a levee at 
Sacramento floods 500 acres of fine land. 

July 1. New York. The steam yacht 
Aztec is run down by the steamer Sam 
Sloan in Hell Gate. 

July 2. Chicago. The Gas Trust is of- 
ficially dissolved. 

Me. Five persons are killed and 

others injured in a train-wreck near 
Moosehead Lake, caused by a tie on the 
track. 

July 4. Conn. About 50 persons are in- 
jured by a train collision on the Nau- 
gatuck division of the New Haven road 
at Seymour. 

July 5. Chicago. Several of the "World's 
Fair buildings are destroyed by an in- 
cendiary. 

July 9. 0. Several railroads at To- 
ledo are tied up. 

July 11. Ind. The Big Four System 
at Indianapolis drops 6,000 men from its- 
pay-roll, it having suffered heavily from 
the boycott, and uses Wagner cars ex- 
clusively. 

July 13. N.J. The New York and 
Philadelphia Traction Company is in- 
'corporated at Trenton ; capital, $10,- 
000,000. 

July 14. New York. The East River 
Tunnel to Long Island City is com- 
pleted. 

It is eight feet high and 10 feet wide ; 
it is to be a conduit for the big mains of 
the East River Gas Company. 



466 1894, July 17 - Aug. 4. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1894 July 21. The cruiser Columbia 
starts on her voyage to Bluefields, Nica- 
ragua, to protect American interests. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 July 17. Wis. The army worm 
is doing thousands of dollars damage. 

July 18. Minn. Forest fires are raging 
and doing great damage. 

N. Y. A Soldiers' Monument is 

dedicated at the Soldiers' Home at Bath. 
It is the gift of the late Samuel Dietz of 
New York City. 

July22. Wyo. The Yellowstone 
Park geysers are unusually active, the 
new Crater Geyser throwing rocks of 25 
pounds weight to the height of 200 feet. 

July 26. Ariz. In an observation made 
at the Lowell Observatory in Flagstaff, 
it is found that the light from the 
" larger lakes " of Mars is unpolarized, 
and that the light from the polar sea is 
polarized. Hence the " polar sea " is 
probably water, and the " lakes " prob- 
ably not. 

July 28. Cal. Central and northern 
California are illuminated by a brilliant 
meteor. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

July S3. Low, Fred. F., Gov. of Cal., AI36. 

July 34. lloniagtu', Crur^r, banker, dies. 

July 35. Soule, Wilson, nnllionaire, phi- 
lanthrope!, of Rochester, A41. 

MeCullough, J. B., Meth. clergyman, 

editor, A71- 

Aug-. 1. Holt, Joseph, jiulue- advocate-gen- 
eral U. S. A., A87. 

Aug. 3. Andrews, Judson B-, superinten- 
dent insane asylum, A60. 



CHURCH. 

1894 July 18. New York. Ninety pil- 
grims leave this port for Lourdes on the 
Paris; they are under Rev. E. H. Por- 
cile, who takes several thousand dollars 
of " Peter's pence " to Pope Leo from 
Brooklyn. 

Mgr. Satolli affirms a ruling of 

Bishop J. A. Watterson of Colum- 
bus, O. 

He says he will withdraw his approba- 
tion from any Roman Catholic society 
in his diocese that has a liquor-dealer 
or saloon-keeper among its officers ; and 
will, furthermore, refuse absolution to 
any of the latter who sell on Sundays 
or carry on business in a forbidden or 
disedifying way. 

July 28. Wis. The episcopal residence 
of Archbishop Katzer is assessed at 
$103,150; the Board of Assessors, by 
a vote of 16 to 7, decide that the prop- 
erty must pay the tax. [The case will 
be appealed.] 

July 31. N. J. Ocean Grove cele- 
brates its 25th anniversary. 

July * The 3d annual convention of the 
Baptist Young People's Union of 
America is held at Toronto, Canada ; 
2,000 delegates present. 

Aug. 1. Mass. D. L. Moody's Confer- 
ence for Bible Study at Northfield 
opens. 



LETTERS. 

1894 Aug. 3. New York. The Chinese 
News is issued ; Yung Kwai, editor ; it 
is printed in Chinese, on light buff paper, 
and illustrated. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 July 17. Utah. Three strikers 
are caught removing rails on the Union 
Pacific as the overland dyer is due ; they 
are imprisoned. 

July 18. I). C. Mgr. Satolli makes a 
decision adverse to the liquor-traffic. 
(See Church.) 

July 19. New York. The trial of the 
accused poliee officials begins before the 
Police Board. 

July 21. The Southern Pacific Railroad 
strike is declared off; the strikers will 
be taken back. 

July 22±. O. The Mobile and Ohio 
Railroad Company orders the dismissal 
of all American Railway Union men. 

July 23. S. C. Gov. Tillman proclaims 
that the State dispensaries for the sale 
of liquor will be reopened on Aug. 1. 
[Aug. 1. Opened.] 

July 24. Chicago. The Federal Court 
refuses to release President Debs and 
his associates on their answers to the bill 
of complaint. 

N. J. The annual convention of the 

International Orders of King' s 
Daughters and King's Sons opens at 
Ocean Grove. 

July 25. D.C. President Cleveland ap- 
points John D. Kernan of New York and 
N. E. Worthington of Peoria, 111., mem- 
bers of the commission to investigate 
the late railroad strike. 

July 26. New York. Police Captain 
Doherty and his ward men, Hoch and 
Meehan, are found guilty of extortion 
and neglect of duty, and dismissed from 
the force-; charges are preferred against 
five police sergeants and two patrolmen, 
who are suspended until trial. (See 
July 16.) 

July 27. D. C. Carroll D. Wright re- 
ports to the President the result of his 
investigation of the slums in large 
cities. 

Tenn. Convicts cause a dynamite 

Sipe explosion at a mine at the Tracy 
ity coal-mines, killing a mine official 
and wounding two guards; mauy of the 
convicts defy the guards. 
July 28. Minn. Masked miners at- 
tack the crew of a Milwaukee Short 
Line freight-train at Saint Paul, injuring 
some, and driving others into the woods 
near the city. 

Wyo. Firemen on the Wyoming di- 
vision of the Union Pacific Railroad are 
being dismissed for incendiary remarks 
during the strike- 

July 29. ///. A non-union engineer at 
Danville Junction is shot. 

The Straw- Haulers' Association, 
composed of farmers, boycotts the Yan- 
dalia Paper Mill Company because of 
a quarrel between union and non-union 
straw-haulers. 

July 30. New York. Archbishop Cor- 
rigan approves of Mgr. Satolli's 
views relative to the exclusion of liq- 
uor-dealers from Roman Catholic soci- 
eties. 



A'- h. Beef-kiHers at the South 

Omaha packing-houses strike for the 
pay ruling during 1693. 

0. About 100 men employed at the 

Baltimore and Ohio shops at Chicago 
Junction are discharged because they 
refuse to withdraw from the American 
Railway Union. 

Okta. The courts are busy with 

divorce suits brought by people from 
every State in the Union. 

July 31. Pa. In a bar-room fight 
at a mining-camp seven miles east of 
Pittsburg, called Yale, six men are 
killed, and seven men and eight women 
wounded. 

Aug. 1. X. }'. Burglars wreck and loot 
the Glen Cove post-office, securing about 
§1,200 in postage-stamps, and over $400 
in cash. 

New York. A strike of workmen 

on public school buildings is ordered. 
[Aug. 2. A strike of 2,000 mechanics 
and workmen is declared.] 

Okla. Bandits attack a bank in 

Chandler, securiug $200 ; one citizen is 
killed and an outlaw shot in the effort 
of the band to escape. 

Aug. 2. N. Y. The prosecution in the 
Flmira Reformatory investigation closes 
its case. 

New York. Russell B. Hoyt is ar- 
rested, charged with extensive coun- 
terfeiting. 

Cliicago. B. R. Tufts, chief postal 

clerk of the Rock Island road, between 
Chicago and Iowa City, is arrested on 
the charge of robbing the mails of 
about 810,000. 

Wis. The forest fires are extin- 
guished by rains ; 2S carloads of lum- 
ber, with supplies of bedding and 
clothing, arrive for free distribution 
among the survivors. 

Aug. 3. Colo. A highwayman holds up 
the Truckee and Tahoe stage, and robs 
15 passengers. 

■ Mo. Coal-shafts at Fulton are 

fired by strikers ; loss, $40,000. 

X Y. An unsuccessful attempt is 

made to wreck a passenger-train by an 
open switch at the outskirts of Water- 
town. 

The Constitutional Convention rejects 
an amendment offered by Mr. Titus of 
New York, providing for the free sale 
of liquor in cities on Sxmdays. Vote, 
50-86. 

STATE. 
1S94 July IS. D. C. Congress: The 
Senate amends and passes the Indian 
Appropriation Bill. [Aug. S. Confer- 
ence report agreed to. Aug. 16. Ap- 
proved.] 

The Tariff Bill conferees disagree, 
and decide to report their disagreement 
to Congress. 

Secretary Gresham instructs the U. S. 
Minister to Japan to offer to the Jap- 
anese government the good offices of the 
United States in the Korean dispute. 
July 19. D. C. Congress; House: 
Chairman Wilson reports the disagree- 
ment of the second Tariff Conference 
Committee. The House is much opposed 
to the Senate's amendments. 

President Cleveland approves the joint 
resolutions permitting Capt. T. O. Self- 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, July 17 -Aug. 4. 467 



ridge, U. S. N., to receive a decoration 
from the President of France, and Prof. 
Asaph Hall to accept a gold medal from 
the French Academy of Science. 

July 20. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
President Cleveland's letter to Chairman 
Wilson on the tariff situation, opposing 
the admission of free raw materials, is 
the subject of a sharp debate ; the House 
passes the Stone bill for the restric- 
tion of immigration ; bill introduced 
Jan. 16. 

The Senate Sugar Investigating 
Committee reopens its inquiry to ex- 
amine brokers charged with having 
hought sugar stocks for Senators. 

Orders are issued to the superinten- 
dents of the mints at San Francisco, 
Carson City, Philadelphia, and New Or- 
leans, to coin an unlimited number of 
silver dollars during the present month. 

N. Y. The Socialists, through Gideon 

J. Tucker, ask that amendments be pro- 
vided by the Constitutional Convention, 
requiring the State to purchase all rail- 
roads, and increase the number of public 
schools. 

July 21. D. C. Congress: The House 
agrees to a joint resolution proposing an 
amendment to the Constitution so as to 
elect U. S. Senators by a direct vote 
of the people. Vote, -134-48. Bill intro- 
duced Feb. 3. 

Senator Allen's report of the results 
of the sugar and bribery investiga- 
tion is made public ; it exonerates the 
Senators, and recommends legislation 
against lobbying and similar practices. 
The gold reserve in the U. S. Treas- 
ury is reduced to below $61,000,000. 

Chicago. Merchants and bankers ap- 
peal to President Cleveland not to with- 
draw the U. S. troops from the city at 
present. 

July 23. D. C, Congress; Senate : Ar- 
thur P. Gorman of Md. makes a bitter 
attack upon President Cleveland, al- 
leging that he expressed approval of the 
Senate Bill when it was under discussion 
in that body. (Tariff discussion.) 

S. C. Gov. Tillman issues a proclama- 
tion reestablishing State control of the 
liquor-traffic, and ordering the county 
dispensers to open their dispensaries on 
Wednesday, Aug. 1. 

July 24. D. C. Congress; Senate : D. 
B. Hill of N. Y. in reply to Senator Gor- 
man defends the President, and fa- 
vors concessions by the Senate. The di- 
rect vote resolution is refered. [No final 
action taken.] 

N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- 
tion sends to the third reading the pro- 
posed amendment to prevent the rail- 
roading of bills through the Legislature. 

July 26. D. C. Congress ; Senate : W. 
F. Vilas of Wis. defends President Cleve- 
land's letter (See July 20) ; D. B. Hill's 
motions for free coal and iron ore are 
voted down ; the House passes the bill 
providing that life-saving stations shall 
be kept open 10 months instead of eight. 
The Japanese Minister at Washing- 
ton is recalled, and his successor named. 



Wis. W. H. Upham (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

July 27. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
sends the Tariff Bill back to conference 
without instructions ; motions to recede 
from Senate amendments on sugar are 
defeated. 

July 28. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a joint resolution extending 
current appropriations until Aug. 14. 

July 30. D. C. Congress: In the 
House, C. A. Boutelle of Me. presents 
a resolution for the recognition of the 
Hawaiian Republic; referred to the 
Committee on Foreign Affairs. [Fails 
to pass.] 

Secretary Gresham orders Minister 
Denby to return to Peking, believing war 
between China and Japan inevitable. 

The conferees on the Tariff Bill meet 
and adjourn without agreement. 

July 31. D. C. Congress: The Tariff 
Bill conferees fail to agree. 

Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.) is renom- 
inated for governor. 

Aug. 1. D. C. Congress; Senate: W. 
E. Chandler of N. H. offers a resolution 
calling for an investigation of the rela- 
tions of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate 
to the Tariff Bill ; the House passes the 
Agricultural Appropriation Bill, the 
Senate having withdrawn its amendment 
regarding the Russian thistle. 

The Armor-plate Investigating Com- 
mittee of the House visits the Carnegie 
Works at Homestead. 

Aug. 2. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the Civil Appropri- 
ation Bill after six discussions. [Aug. 
15. Conference report agreed to. Aug. 
20. Approved by the President.] 

The Sugar Investigating Commit- 
tee makes a report signed by all the 
members ; a supplemental report is made 
by Senators Davis and Lodge. 

Ga. W. Y. Atkinson (Dem.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 

Aug. 3. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the General Defi- 
ciency Bill. [Aug. 17. Conference re- 
port agreed to. Aug. 24. Approved.] 

Aug. 4. D. C Congress: The Senate 
amends and passes the State Taxation 
of National Banks Bill. [Aug. 7. House 
concurs. Aug. 16. Approved.] 

The tariff conference fails to agree on 
a report. 

Term, The Democrats lose heavily in 

the elections. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 July 17. Chicago. The City 
Council passes an ordinance giving the 
Universal Gas Company the right to 
build works and lay mains in all the 
streets and alleys of Chicago, the gas to 
be sold to consumers at $1 per 1,000 
feet, and 10 per cent of all receipts to be 
paid into the city treasury. 

Ire. The Vigilant wins the yacht- 
race in Belfast Lough. 



July 18. Cat. News is received that 
Hawaii was formally proclaimed a re- 
public on the 4th of July, with S. B. 
Dole as president. 

July 20. Ire. The Vigilant is beaten 
by the Britannia for the eighth time 
in a race over the Dublin Bay course. 

July 21. Ala. Birmingham loses over 
$500,000 by the burning of several large 
business houses, including the Caldwell 
Hotel. 

Eng. The Vigilant again beats the 

Britannia, this time under conditions 
favorable to the latter. 

July 22. iV. J. Five sailors are res- 
cued from the masts of a sunk schooner 
off Seabright. 

July 23. Ark.— O. Eight persons are 
killed in a railroad wreck; and three 
killed in a collision on the " Big Four" 
road near Cincinnati. 

Eng. The Britannia defeats the 

Vigilant in a race. 

July 24. Boston. The vote taken on the 
Meigs Elevated Railroad Bill shows 
15,492 for, and 14,214 against its con- 
struction. 

July 25. D. C. Three firemen and over 
200 horses lose their lives at the burn- 
ing of tin- warehouse and stables of the 
George W. Knox Express Company in 
Washington. 

July 26. &, Y. The Higgins Soap 
Company is forced into the hands of a 
receiver by the alleged swindling opera- 
tions of David Coleman through adver- 
tisements of money to invest, and oper- 
ating with false cheeks. 

July 28+. Wis. — Minn. Thousands of 

people are made homeless by forest fires ; 
40 lives are lost at Philips. 

July 29. Conn. The bodies of three 
missing boys are found in the locker of 
a caboose car at the freight-yards in 
Hartford, a spring-lock shutting the 
door. 

la. A fire at Belle Plaine causes 

a loss of nearly $500,000. 

July 31. iV. r. Work is begun on the 
hydraulic canal to supply 100,000 horse- 
power at Love's Model City, near Lewis- 
ton. 

Aug. 1. Eng. Mr. Gladstone declines, 
because of old age and infirmity, the 
latest invitation to visit the United 
States. 

A fishing-schooner is run down in 

a dense fog by the White Star steamer 
Majestic ; two lives are lost. 

Aug. 2. Chicago. The Pullman shops 
are reopened with 300 men at work in 
the passenger-car repair department. 

Aug. 4. Chicago. The Columbian Ex- 
position Salvage Company files a 
claim for §230,000 damage done to the 
property in Jackson Park by rioters on 
July 5, when several of the buildings 
were burned. 

Colo. While crossing a stream near 

Berwin a stage-coach is washed away 
by a cloudburst flood ; five lives are lost ; 
the mail-sacks and one body are found. 

Eng. The Vigilant wins the race 

at Cowes, beating the Britannia by four 
minutes and 29 seconds. 



468 1894, Aug. 4 -Aug. 23. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1894 Aug. 6. Pa. A naval reserve 
of 84 men is formed, and will proceed 
at once to Philadelphia for six days' 
training at the League Island Navy Yard. 

Aug. 9. Ariz. Troops are withdrawn 
from service along the Southern Pacific. 

Aug. 13. D. C. Ham. S. Hawkins is 
commissioned colonel — 20th infantry. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Aug. 9. N. J. The statue of 
Frederick T. Frelinghuysen in Military 
Park, Newark, is unveiled. 

Aug. 16. N. Y. The annual meeting 
of the American Association for the 
Advancement of Science begins in 
Brooklyn. 

Aug. 18. N. Y. Oilis discovered on the 
Scott farm, six miles from Dunkirk. 



Aug. 22. X. Y. "Wells College, at 
Aurora, elects "W. E. Waters, of the 
University of Cincinnati, as president. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Aug. 4. Barnard, D. M., jnristof N. Y., A54. 
Irick, John S., gen., railroad and bank 

president, A83. 
Aug. 6. Blair, Austin, war Gov. of Mich., 

A76. 
Aug. 7. Strong, James, professor Drew 

Seminary, author, A 72. 
Aug-. 14. Adams, John Quini-v, politician 

of Mass., A61. 
Aug. 16. Newell, John, president Lake 



CHURCH. 

1894 Aug. 14. New York. Three cor- 
ner-stones of the new Salvation Army 
building to be erected in this city are laid. 

Aug. 16. X. Y. The chiefs of the Six 
Nations assemble witb the Onondagas 
for a great council near Syracuse ; they 
have in view the preservation of their 
traditional religion. 

The Indians dance every night in the 
Long House of the nation, and the lead- 
ing chiefs urge their people to cast aside 
Christianity, and return to the faith of 
their fathers. The council is to continue 
for five days. 

Aug. 19. N. Y. Over 2,000 pilgrims 
visit the shrine of Our Lady of Martyrs 
at Auriesville, near Tribes Hill. 

Aug. 21. 0. The convention of the 
new Independent Polish Catholic 
Church is held at Cleveland, with 
Bishop Yilatte of "Wis. presiding. 

LETTERS. 

1894 Aug. S. X. Y. Chautauqua 
and the Catholic Summer School at 
Plattsburg exchange greetings by tele- 
grams. 

Aug. 18. Mo. Catholic priests of Kan- 
sas City recommend to Bishop Fink the 
abandonment of parochial schools; 
also that the pupils, about 1,000 in num- 
ber, take advantage of their rights to 
attend the public schools. 

Aug. 20. Pa. Judge Parker, in the Gnl- 
litzen School Case, decides that nuns 
having certificates issued by the county 
superintendent may be employed as 
teachers while wearing their peculiar 
garb; but that sectarian books or secta- 
rian instruction must not be used or 



1894 Aug. 4. Mo. Miss Ella Lunney 
shoots and kills Eugene McEnroe near 
Lenora. 

N. J. John Connors, farmer of Mor- 

risville, a drunkard and wife-beater, 
shoots his wife and kills himself. 

N. Y. Chu Wong shoots Chu Hing 

in Albany because the latter owed him 
money he could not collect. 

Pa. Miners riot at Barnesboro, and 

burn coal-tipples. 

Aug. 5. New York. In a fit of melan- 
cholia J. B. Hunt kills his wife and 
shoots himself. 

Cal. W. B. Melville, collecting clerk 

of the Bank of California, San Fran- 
cisco, is sentenced to San Queutin Peni- 
tentiary for eight years for embezzling 
§24,000. 

Aug. 6. New York. A man crazed by 
drink gashes a woman with a razor on 
board the C. H. Northam in the East 
River. 

Aug. 8. N. Y. At Long Beach the little 
daughter of Mr. Ryder is lured away by 
parties unknown. 

The New York Constitutional Conven- 
tion votes against a proposal to abolish 
capital punishment. 

New York. Police Captain Devery 

is said to be too ill to appear for trial ; 
his appearance is excused pending a 
report from a committee of police sur- 
geons. [Aug. 31. Found guilty of bri- 
bery, and dismissed.] 

Pa. Cashier H. A. Gardner of the 

Second National Bank, Altoona, ab- 
sconds, taking with him $150,000 of the 
bank's funds. 

Aug. 9. Md. Eighty-eight members of 
Coxey's commonweal army are arrested 
at Hyattsville and sent to jail. 

Aug. 10. Cat. The silver men and 
others at Los Angeles form a secret 
political order called the United Sons 
of America. 

Neb. The Nebraska militia is in 

authority at South Omaha ; striking 
packers are forbidden to congregate, 
and saloons are closed. 

N. J. Tramps overawe the crew and 

hold up a train at Cranford ; three are 
captured by the police. 

Neio York. A thief is captured while 

trying to steal a tray of diamonds, val- 
ued at $5,000, from the jewelry store of 
J. H. Johnston, in Union Square. 

Aug. 11. Chicago. The Sunday Obser- 
vance Association asks aid of the courts 
to prevent the playing of baseball on 
Sunday. 

III. The State attorney-general be- 
gins action to declare void the char- 
ter of the Pullman Company, on the 
ground that it has engaged in business 
not authorized by the charter. 

N. Y. Two men and a complete illicit 

still outfit are captured near Fulton 
Ferry in Brooklyn. 

Tenn. A negro is lynched at Hum- 
boldt for barn-burning. 

Va. The militia break up the Cox- 

eyite camp ; the campers are driven 
over the State boundary into the .Dis- 
trict of Columbia. 



W. Va. Or. J. W. Davis, a prominent 

physician <>f Montgomery, is killed by a 
man in ambush while returning home 
from visiting a patient. 

Aug. 12. Chicago. The Pullman Com- 
pany orders the eviction of strikers 
from houses which they rent from the 
Company. 

Inn*. A number of Populist leaders 

are arrested in Indianapolis for holding 
a political meeting on the Sabbath. 

/. T. Two more members of the Bill 

Cook gang of outlaws are shot dead in 
a conflict with the Uchee scouts under 
command of *' Jim " Sapulpa. 

Aug. 14. Chicago. Alderman John 
Coughlin receives an infernal machine; 
he opens it without causing an explosion. 

Kan. Populist Jerry Murphy, the 

city jailer at Leavenworth, after re- 
ceiving an order of dismissal from the 
office, unlocks the prison doors and 
liberates the prisoners. 

Xeiv York. The trial of five police 

sergeants, on charge of accepting bribes, 
is concluded ; the announcement of the 
result is deferred. 

The American Chemical Society- 
begins its sessions. 

Aug. 15. N. H. At Henniker. A. Mc- 
Lean, a young man IS years of age, 
shoots and kills Miss Nettie Douglass, 
15 years of age ; he is arrested. 

New York. The National Associa- 
tion of Newspapers, Booksellers, and 
Stationers opens its 11th annual conven- 
tion. 

Four police sergeants, found guilty 
of accepting bribes, are expelled from 
the force ; one, because of general good 
conduct, is allowed to retire on half 
pay. 

N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- 
tion rejects the proposal to submit the 
woman -suffrage question to popular 
vote. 

Aug. 16. Chicago. The strike at the 
stock-yards is declared off, the men 
agreeing to work at former wages. 

Aug. 17. N. Y. Moses TVeldon, a 
farmer living near Fort Plain, is fleeced 
out of $4,000 by confidence men, who 
escape capture. 

New York. Mrs. Khoda Sanford. the 

keeper of a disorderly house, testifies 
before the Police Board to having made 
payments for " police protection." 

Aug. 18. Moss. Edward Crosby is 
killed by burglars while trying to* cap- 
ture them in his brother's house in Mer- 
rimac. 

5. C. Another judge declares the 

Liquor Dispensary Law unconstitu- 
tional. 

Aug. 19. Chicago. Detectives arrest 
four expert Polish counterfeiters ; much 
spurious silver coin is in circulation. 

Aug. 20. Chicago. Two men and a boy 
are arrested on the charge of attempting 
to wreck a Great Western train near 
Maywood on July 6. 

Gov. Altgeld visits Pullman, and 
finds wide-spread destitution among the 
ex-workmen. [Aug. 21. He appeals to 
the public for aid.] 

Conn. Mrs. Bobbins, who swin- 
dled many Harvard men in New York 
Hartford for a 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Aug. 4-Aug. 23. 469 



The Convention of the Brotherhood 

of Locomotive Firemen passes resolu- 
tions condemning sympathetic strikes. 

JHfass. More than 10,000 textile work- 
ers in New Bedford strike against a re- 
duction of wages; nearly three-fourths 
of Fall River mill employees are idle. 
[Aug. 23. At Fall River 23,000 cotton- 
mill operatives are locked out. Oct. 11. 
Most of the operatives return to work, 
and the mills are reopened. Oct. 20. 
The strike of Bpinners ends at New Bed- 
ford by an agreement.] 

New York. The striking tailors are 

permanently enjoined from interfering 
with employers. 

Charges of bribery are preferred 
against Police Captain Stephenson. 
[Sept. 6. Dismissed from the force.] 
(See Dec. 10.) 

Aug. 21. Mich. Prof. Ely, of the Mich- 
igan University at Ann Arbor, is put on 
trial for teaching socialistic and an- 
archistic doctrines. 

Phila. Anthony Comstock causes 

several arrests for publishing and dis- 
tributing vile books and photographs. 

Aug. 22. N. J. Alderman Parks of 
New York City is arrested on the charge 
of running a gambling establishment 
at Asbury Park. 

N. Y. The National Council of the 

Daughters of Liberty begins its 17th 
annual convention in Brooklyn ; 400 
delegates are present from 25 States, 
representing 30,000 members. 

The American Forestry Associa- 
tion holds its 13th annual meeting at 
Brooklyn. 

— — The 17th annual meeting of the 
American Bar Association opens at 
Saratoga. 

Aug. 23-K Chicago. The hearing in the 
contempt cases of President Eugene 
V. Debs and his associates is begun in 
the Federal Court before Judges Gross- 
cup and "Woods. 

(Sept. 23, 25.) The Government closes 
its case ; the defense decides to intro- 
duce no testimony ; oral arguments are 
heard by the court on Sept. 25. 

(Dec. 14.) Debs is sentenced to six 
months' imprisonment for contempt of 
court ; his associates in the American 
Union railroad strike are sentenced to 
three months. They obstructed railroad 
traffic in disregard of an injunction. 

STATE. 

1894 Aug. 6. B. C. Congress: The 
Senate passes the bill for the deporta- 
tion of alien anarchists, and discusses 
the Chandler resolution for the investi- 
gation of the Nova Scotia coal syndicate. 
It amends and passes the Stone bill for 
the restriction of immigration. [Aug. 
8. The House non-concurs.] (See July 
20); the House recalls the River and 
Harbor Bill from conference for cor- 
rection. 



us of Democratic. Representa- 
tives is called on the tariff situation ; 
the conferees fail to agree. 

Alabama is carried by the Demo- 
crats, Col. Oates being elected governor. 

La. The convention of sugar-planters 

in New Orleans decides to withdraw 
from the Democratic party, and act with 
the Republicans in national elections. 



Aug. 8. D. C. Congress ; Senate : A 
few unimportant bills are passed by 
unanimous consent in the absence of a 
voting quorum ; the House passes sev- 
eral bills appropriating money for pub- 
lic buildings and non-concurs in the 
amended Anti- Anarchist Bill. 

The President formally recognizes the 
Hawaiian Republic. 



N. Y. The Constitutional Convention 

adopts the report adverse to abolishing 
the death penalty. Vote, 85-55. 

Aug. 9. B. C. Congress: The House 
debates the Administration's Hawaiian 
policy. 

The Tariff Conference Committee 
reaches no agreement. 

Aug. 10. B. C. Congress; Senate: D. 
B. Hill's resolution that the tariff con- 
ferees report an agreement or disa- 
greement causes a lively debate ; no 
action follows. 

Aug. 13. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
ratifies the new Chinese treaty regu- 
lating immigration. Vote, 47-20. The 
House, carrying out a Democratic caucus 
program, passes the "Wilson Tariff Bill, 
concurring in all its amendments. Vote, 
182-106. Separate bills for free coal, 
sugar, iron ore, and barbed wire are 
passed, and sent to the Senate. [Aug. 

20. Amended by the Senate Committee 
on Finance, and reported back to the 
Senate.] 

Aug. 14-16. B.C. Congress; Senate: 
The four free raw material bills passed 
by the House are debated and referred 
to the Committee on Finance. [Aug. 30. 
Reported back with amendments. Dec. 
12. Passed over.] D. B. Hill gives no- 
tice of an amendment providing for the 
repeal of the income tax. 

Aug. 15. B. C. Congress: The Senate 
passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill for the 
exclusion and deportation of alien an- 
archists ; bill introduced Aug. 15. [Aug. 

21, 24. Consideration objected to in the 
House.] A letter from Secretary Carlisle 
is read, saying that the Free Sugar bill 
would cause a deficit of $30,000,000 ; the 
House attends to routine business. 

The Tariff Bill is placed in the hands 
of the President. 

0. The Populists and Labor Party 

form a coalition. 

Aug. 17. B. C. Congress; Senate: A 
resolution is offered by E. Murphy, Jr., 
of N. Y. against further tariff legisla- 
tion this session. [Aug. 18. Passed.] 

Aug. 18. Tex. Charles A. Culbertson 
(Dem.) is nominated for governor. 

Aug. 19. B. C. Congress is ready to 
adjourn, and is waiting for the Presi- 
dent's action on the Tariff Bill. 

Aug. 21. Bel. Joshua H. Marvil (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

Aug. 22. Neb. Thomas J. Majors (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

Tenn. H. Clay Evans (Rep.) is nomi- 
nated for governor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Aug. 4±. Neb. Drought suffer- 
ers in the western part of the State ask 
for relief. 

Aug. 5. New York. Capt. A. Freitch 
starts alone from the Battery for Queens- 
town in a forty-foot boat, schooner- 
rigged, with a centerboard. 

Aug. 6. Eng. The Vigilant wins the 
race around the Isle of Wight, beating 
the Britannia by six minutes, and the 
Satanita by 40 minutes. 

B. C. A 2,000-mile bicycle relay 

run begins at Washington at noon, to 
convey a message from the White House 
to the governor of Colorado at Omaha. 
[It ends Aug. 10 at 8.12 P.m., nearly 27 
hours ahead of time.] 

New York. The authorities seize 51 

packages of cheese, the bacillus of 
diphtheria being found in them, owing 
to the milk having come from a farmer 
in whose family a fatal case of diphtheria 
had occurred. 

Aug. 8. Vt. Stowe celebrates the cen- 
tenary of its settlement. 

Aug. 9. Chicago. Business is resumed 
at Pullman; the big Corliss engine 
starts, and over 1,000 men commence 
work. 

Eng. The Britannia defeats the 

Vigilant in a race at Cowes. 

Pa. Eight acres of land cave in 

over the Hampton Mine at Scranton ; 
a number of dwellings are wrecked. 

Aug. 10. la. It is discovered that a 
firm in Sioux City slaughters cheap 
ranch horses, and ships the product 
to Jersey City as " dried beef." 

In a train wreck and fire on the 

Rock Island Railroad 11 lives are lost; 
one mar^is arrested for wrecking the 
train. j 

Aug. i)4 Eng. The Satanita defeats 
the Britannia in a race at Ryde ; the 
Vigilant is not in the race. 

Aug. 15. New York. The Cunard Line 
steamer Campania arrives after making 
the passage from Queenstown in five 
days, nine hours, and 29 minutes, 
over three hours less than the run of any 
other steamer. (See p. 471, Aug. 31.) 

Aug. 18. Chicago. Four French exhib- 
itors, having had goods in the Manufac- 
tures Building at the time of the fire on 
Jan. 8, commence action against the 
"World's Columbian Exposition Com- 
pany for $16,000 damages. 

Aug. 20. The Bering-Sea fleet officers 
report the number of seals at the seal 
islands to be much less than in former 
years. 

Aug. 21. New York. Julius de Marcus 
and Mrs. Juliette Fournier, of Brooklyn, 
are found shot and dead in Central 
Park, having committed suicide through 
love-craze. 

Aug. 23. Va. J. M. Winstead, presi- 
dent of the Piedmont and People's Sa- 
vings-bank, of Greensboro, N. C, jumps 
from a City Hall tower in Richmond, 
a height of 170 feet, and is terribly 
mangled. 



470 1894, Aug. 23 -Sept. 18. 



AMERICA: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1894 Sept. 12. D. C. Charles G. Saw- 
telle is commissioned colonel — quarter- 
master department. [Oct. 8. John W. 
Barringer — sustenance department. 
Oct. 25. Royal T. Frank — 1st artillery. 
Nov. 10. Edwin V. Sumner— 7th cav- 
alry. Nov. 26. Daingerfield Parker — 
18th infantry. Dec. 31. Mar. I. Luding- 
ton — quartermaster department.] 

Sept. 17. L>. C. The War Department 
issues an order concentrating the 
army, and doing away with several 
posts. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Aug. 25. Wyo. Grasshoppers are 
devouring the grass in Cheyenne. 

Aug. 26. Tex. Boll-worms are destroy- 
ing a large portion of the cotton-crop in 
Dallas County. 

Sept. 1. Tex. Hundreds of lives are 
lost in the floods. 

Sept. 3. Mich, Minn., Wis. The forest 
fires are partially quenched by rain. 

The total number of lives lost is esti- 
mated at from 800 to 1.200 ; relief work is 
in progress in the stricken territory. 

Sept. 4. The members of the Cook Arc- 
tic Expedition arrive at North Sydney, 
Cape Breton, on a fishing-schooner, the 
Miranda having been abandoned at sea 
in a sinking condition. [Sept. 11. Ar- 
rive in New York.] 

Sept. 7. Pa. The largest steel plate yet 
made is rolled at Chester by the Well- 
man Iron and Steel Works ; it is 450 

■ inches long, 130 wide, and l\ thick. 

Sept. 8. N. J. An oil-well is discov- 
ered on a farm in Finderne. 

Pa. A cloudburst at Bethlehem 

causes much damage. v I 

Sept. 15. Neio York. The relrfU garner 
Falcon returns from the Arctic -* "New- 
foundland with all the members tf? the 
Peary expedition except Peary and two 
companions, who are to spend another 
year in the polar region. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Au?, 27. Shaw, D. B., M. C. for Mich., 
A40. 

Thaxter, Celia, author, A58. 

Aug. 38. Stevens, Simon, lawyer, aboli- 
tionist, A64. 

Sept. 1. Banks, Nathaniel P.. maj.-gen., 
editor, lawyer, M. C, Gov. of Mass., 
speaker, A78. 

Sept. 2. Ktrkwood, Samuel J., Gov. of la,, 
secretary of interior, A81. 

Sept. 4. Willing, James C, president Co- 
lumbian University, A69. 

Sept. 5. Stoneman, George, Gov. of Cal., 
gen., A72. 

Sept. 7. Talladee, O. W., inventor, A64. 

Sept. 11. Pico Pio, Gov. of the two Cali- 
fornias, A94. 

Sept. 14. McCauley, E. T.,rear-adm. 17. S. 



N., AG7. 



CHURCH. 



1894 Sept. 1. Pa. The Poles and 
Greek Catholics of Hazleton form 
a new church, to be known as the 
American Catholic. 

Sept. 17. New Yorlc. The German 
Roman Catholic Central Verein, 
with 110 delegates in attendance, is in 



LETTERS. 

1894 Aug. 26. N. Y. Allen Barlow 
of Binghamton leaves all his property, 
valued at $100,000, to found an industrial 
training-school in that city. 

Aug. 28. N. Y, Judge Bartlett denies 
the application to compel school prin- 
cipals to admit pupils who refuse to be 
vaccinated. 

Sept. 15. N. Y. The Constitutional 
Convention passes the Educational and 
the Charities amendments, the latter 
providing for educational require- 
ments in sectarian charitable insti- 
tution a. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Aug. 25. ///. A railroad detec- 
tive is shot by masked train-robbers on 
a train near Deertield. 

La. Louis O. Desforges, city council- 
man of New Orleans, is indicted on the 
charge of soliciting a bribe of §7,500 
from the Louisville and Nashville Pail- 
road Company. 

Mich. Three members of the Detroit 

School Board — Messrs. "Walsh, Lip- 
hardt, and Liehtenberg — are held for 
trial on the charge of bribery in connec- 
tion with school supplies. 

N. Y. The American Bar Associa- 
tion at Saratoga elects James C. Carter, 
of New York City, its president. 

Aug. 26. Tex. Hubbell Smith, charged 
with forgery, is arrested in Fort Worth ; 
S5<i0,nuu in cash, stocks, and bonds are 
found upon him. 

Aug. 27. Chicago. George M. Pullman 
testifies before the National Labor Com- 
mission. 

(Aug. 29.) The commission finishes 
the hearing of testimony. 

N. Y. John J. Huber kills himself 

after attempting to kill his boarding- 
mistress in Brooklyn because she re- 
fuses to leave her husband. 

Aug. 28. Colo. Gov. Waite is ar- 
rested on a charge of unlawf ully open- 
ing and retaining a letter ; he is released 
on bond. [Aug. 31. Acquitted.] 

Ky. The Breckinridge Congres- 
sional election contest is developing 
much personal bitterness. 

La. Councilman Numa Douboussat 

of New Orleans is arrested after taking 
a bribe of $ico to vote for an ordinance 
pending in the City Council. 

Aug. 31. La. The New Orleans grand 
jury adjourns after indicting 11 council- 
men and the city engineer for bribery. 



■Ne 



York. Cha 



gang of 20 
Arkansas are 
g trial. 



N. Y. Judge Gaynor decides the Act 

not unconstitutional that makes it a 
crime to receive betting money out- 
side of a race-track. 

Sept. 1. Ark. Ten of 
counterfeiters captured 
in the penitentiary awai 

Kan, Two masked men enter a 

bank at Tescott, kill the cashier, and, se- 
curing a considerable amount of money, 
start South. 

N. Y. The Non-sectarian Hospital 

and Home for Epileptics iu Brooklyn 
is formally opened. 

Tenn. Six negroes are taken from 

a deputy-sheriff by lynchers, shot and 



Sept. 2. X.J. Edward Mehaffey, while 

drunk, kicks his nil.- to death, in Ji:.rr:- 
son, because she refuses to give him 

money she had saved to pay debts. 

Sept. 3. A". Y. The American Social 
Science Association begins its annual 
session in Saratoga. 

The new Odd Fellows* Home at 
Lockport is dedicated witli imposing 
ceremonies; Grand Sire <_'. L. Campbell 
making the principal address. 

New York. A strike of several 

thousand garment- workers begins in 
this city and Brooklyn with the object 
of abolishing the " sweating " system. 

[Sept. 4. A number of clot] 
tractors accept the terms of the striking 
garment-workers. Tailor strikers in 
Brooklyn invade a shop, sack it, and 
assault the proprietors. Sept. 6. The 
strikers win. Sept. 10. The manufac- 
turers, having failed to ratify the agree- 
ment entered, 3,000 employees continue 
the strike.] 

Labor Day is observed throughout 

the United States. 

Sept. 4. Chicago. The hearing of the 
contempt cases against President Debs 
and other officers of the American Bail- 
way Union is renewed. 

B. F. Gaston, who has been swindling 

negroes by a*bogus scheme of emigration 
to Africa, is killed by enraged victims. 

Sept. 5. Pa. Another strike is on in 
the southern end of the coke-region be- 
tween Uniontown and Fair Chance. 

-. — Wis. Four ex-supervisors, three pres- 
ent supervisors, and four contractors are 
arraigned in Milwaukee, charged with 
conspiracy to defraud the county. 

Sept. 6. New York. Police Superin- 
tendent Byrnes makes a report to the 
Police Board of the abuses existing in 
the force ; the board unanimously dis- 
misses Capt. John T. Stephenson, and 
resolves to abolish the position of ward 

Sept. 8. Ga. Union and non-union 

longshoremen fight a pitched battle in 

Savannah. 
Sept. 9. La. Link "Waggoner, a noted 

desperado, is shot and killed by a mob 

in the parish jail at JMindeu. 

Sept. 10. Miss. The governor and other 
officials are arrested on the charge of 
imitating U. S. currency in the issue of 
money warrants designed (it circulation 
in payment of State obligations. 

Pa. The Grand Army of the Re- 
public meets in its 2Sth National En- 
campment at Pittsburg. [Col. Thomas 
G. Lawler, commander-in-chief.] 

Sept. 11. Ky. The attendance at a bar- 
becue given at Paris by the supporters 
of Mr. Owens, the opponent of Breckeu- 
ridge, is estimated at nearly 25,000. 

Sept. 12. Ariz. Two masked men 
hold up a stage and rob the passengers 
of valuables and S500 in coin. 

Sept. 14. La. A suit for the impeach- 
ment of Mayor Fitzpatrick is begun in 
a New Orleans court on behalf of 25 rep- 
resentative citizens. 

X Y. A race-fight occurs at New 

Kochelle ; three white men are shot, and 
several negroes are arrested. 

Sept. 15. Cal. The Idaho stage is held 
up ten miles north of Ukiah by a masked 
highwayman, and the Wells-Fargo treas- 
ure-box* taken. 

.V. C. Fifteen farmers of Guilford. 

tried for forcing four Mormon mission- 



jut of the county 



cquitted. 



UNITED STATES. 1894, Aug. 23-Sept. 18. 471 



Utah. Enoch Davies, wife- mur- 
derer, is shot by order of court at Lehi 
Junction. 

Sept. 16. ^.V. }'. Farmer Whittemore's 
wife is killed, and he and his daughter 
are badly injured at Glens Falls by Leon- 
ard Blodgett, a iarm-hand ; the criminal 
is being sought for by several hundred 
men. 

/. T. The Doolin gang, in revenge, 

string an Indian up by his heels, and 
shoot him through the head, near Minco. 

Sept. 17. Pa. Carriori and Levato, pri- 
vate bankers in the Italian quarters in 
Pittsburg, rlee, taking with them about 
$io,coo of deposits. 

N. Mex. Striking miners on the 

Santa F6 system resume work. 

Sept. 18. Chicago. Gamblers resist a 
raid on their headquarters by detec- 
tives ; while the right is going on the pro- 
prietor, Harry Varnell, secures from a 
neighboring magistrate warrants for the 
arrest of the detectives. 

Mo. Masked robbers attempt to 

hold up a Santa F6 train ; armed men on 
board give them a hot reception ; the 
engineer is shot. 

STATE. 
1S94 Aug. 23. B.C. Congress ; Sen- 
ate : There is no quorum ; the House re- 
ceives the report of the committee on the 
armor-plate frauds ; the Carnegie Com- 
pany is found guilty of gross neglect of 
duty, and the charges are sustained. 

Secretary Carlisle directs that the U. 
S. flag shall be displayed over all public 
buildings under the control of the Trea- 
sury Department during business hours, 
unless stormy weather prevents. 

S. Dak. Charles H. Sheldon (Rep.) 

is nominated for governor, and a plat- 
form adopted declaring for free silver. 

Aug. 24. D. C. Congress: Both 
Houses pass a resolution for an ad- 
journment sine die on Tuesday, Aug. 28. 

Aug. 25. N. T. The Constitutional Con- 
vention favors the abolition of prison 
contract labor. 

Aug. 26. D. C. The Administration de- 
cides to recognize the sovereignty of 
Nicaragua over the Mosquito reserva- 
tion. 

U. S. The Central Labor Union de- 
cides to unite with the People's Party 
in the fall election campaign. 

Aug. 27. D. C. Congress: No quorum 
present in either House. 

Aug. 28. U. S. The "Wilson Tariff 
Bill becomes law without President 
Cleveland's signature. 

The Income Tax Appendix to the 
Tariff Bill provides for a tax of 2 per 
cent on incomes above §4,000 ; it lays a 
tax of two cents on every pack of play- 
ing-cards, and $1.10 on each gallon of 
proof liquor, and the same tax on nine 
gallons below proof. 

D. C. The 53d Congress; the sec- 
ond session ends. 

Sept. 1. U.S. Canada accepts the lum- 
ber reciprocity provision of the new 
Tariff Law. 

Sept. 3. Ark. The Democrats elect 
their state ticket by 30,000 plurality ; 
the Populists fail to carry a single 
county. 



Sp. Spain cancels the reciprocity 

treaty between the United States and 
Cuba. 

Sept. 4. Nev. Senator John P. Jones, 
a Republican for over twenty years, 
joins the Populists because of the atti- 
tude of the Republicans toward silver. 

Sept. 5. Colo. David IT. Waite (Pop.) is 
nominated for governor. 

N. It. Charles A. Busiel (Rep.) is 

nominated for governor. 

Sept. 6. New York. The citizens' meet- 
ing called by the Chamber of Commerce 
issues an address asking for support in 
the movement against Tammany Hall, 
and provides for a Committee of Seventy. 

Wis. George "W. Peck (Dem.) is nom- 
inated for governor. 

Sept. 11. N. T. The Constitutional 
Convention passes several amendments, 
including one to abolish coroners. 

Sept. 12. Colo. H. W. Mclntyre (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

Nev. The Democratic Convention 

demands unlimited silver coinage. 

N. Y. The Constitutional Conven- 
tion passes an amendment prohibiting 
free railroad passes and prison contract 

Utah. The Republican Convention 

declares for free silver coinage at the 
ratio of 16 to 1. 

Sept. 14. N. Y. The Constitutional 
Convention passes an amendment for 
separate municipal elections. 

Sept. 17. La. k The Sugar-Planters' 
Convention at New Orleans unanimously 
decides to join the Republican party on 
national issues, as it favors a protective 
tariff. 

Nev. Senator John P. Jones, hav- 
ing joined the Populists, is asked by the 
Republicans to resign his seat. 

Sept. IS. N. Y. Levi P. Morton (Rep.) 
is nominated for governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Aug. 24. New York. The Ameri- 
can Line steamer New York arrives after 
making the trip from Southampton in 
six days, eight hours, 38 minutes — 
one hour less than any previous record. 

Wash. A fire in a mine imprisons 

the men at work ; 37 bodies are brought 
to the surface. 

Aug. 27. N. H. Forest fires in the 
Blue Hills burn over 400 acres of wood- 
land, destroying u.uoo.ouo of cut timber, 
1,600 cords of wood, and 100 cords of 
bark, besides much standing timber. 

Mo. By the collapse of a bridge 

over a ravine at Fairmount Park, Kan- 
sas City, 20 persons are injured. 

Aug. 28. Mich. Forest fires destroy 
property to the value of over $1,000,000. 

New York. The cable-steamer Mac- 

kay-Bennett arrives. 

She has cable on board, to connect New 
York withWaterville, Ireland, by way of 
Coney Island, and Canso, Nova Scotia. 

Aug. 30. D. C. A convention to pro- 
mote Southern development is opened 
in "Washington. 

Aug. 31. New York. The Cunard Line 
steamer Lucania arrives, after making 
the voyage from Queenstown in five 



days, eight hours, and 38 minutes — 
the quickest western trip yet made. 

Ire. The Campania, of the Cunard 

line, arrives at Queenstown after lower- 
ing the eastern trip by one hour and 13 
minutes, having made it in five days, 
10 hours, and 47 minutes. 

Sept. 1. N. Y. Atty.-Gen. Hancock of 
Albany decides that steamers and 
steam-cars having liquor licenses 
may sell while temporarily in dock or 
at station, as well as in transit. 

Tex. In the vicinity of Uvalde 300 

miles of railroad track are under 
water, and heavy rain is still falling. 

Sept. 2. N. J. Two excursionists are 
killed and several injured by a rear- 
end train collision on the West Jersey 
Railroad in Camden. 

- — ■ Wis. Hundreds of lives are lost, 
about 12 towns and villages burned, and 
an enormous amount of property is de- 
stroyed in the Northwest by forest fires. 
Cornell University loses heavily, having 
$1,000,000 invested around Long Lake in 
pine lands that are completely divested 
of standing trees. 

Sept. 3. Colo. The Irrigation Con- 
vention begins its session in Denver. 

Sp. A decree canceling the recipro- 
city treaty between Spai n and the United 
States in regard to Cuba is gazetted in 
Madrid, to go into effect as soon as the 
new customs tariff in America is en- 
forced. 

Tex. Over 1,000 men begin work 

repairing 40 miles of the Southern 
Pacific Railroad destroyed by a flood. 

Sept. 4. Minn. Over 400 bodies cf 

forest-fire victims are recognized ; 

, medical aid reaches Hinckley and Pine 

City ; 16 towns are destroyed, 20 partly 

burned, and 24 counties affected. 

Mich. The fires in the woods are 

being checked or extinguished by rain. 

Sept. 5. N. Y. The Standard Oil Com- 
pany secures control of all the Brooklyn 
gas-companies except the Williamsburg 
and Nassau. 

Sept. 8+. Minn. The death-list in Pine 
County alone by forest fire is 700. 

O. The centennial celebration at 

Defiance overcrowds the city. 

Sept. 9. Minn. Forest fires fanned by 
the wind are again threatening several 
towns ; inhabitants are fleeing to places 
of refuge. 

Sept. 10. 0. The town of Dalton is 
burned by an incendiary fire ; loss, 
$250,000. 

Sept. 11. Mich. Forest fires are again 
raging. [Sept. 15. Quenched by rain.] 

Sept. 13. Mo. A train is blown from 
the track by a wind-storm j two persons 
are killed and 20 injured. 

Pa. McKeesport celebrates the 

centennial of its settlement. 

Sept. 14. Nev. The New York, of the 
American Line, arrives, after making 
the passage from Southampton in six 
days, seven hours, and 14 minutes. 

Sept. 15. Pa. A fire in the business sec- 
jses a loss of $300,000; 
badly injured. 



472 1894, Sept. 19 -Oct. 18. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1894 Oct. 4. Pkila. The Union League 
Club tenders a reception to Adm. Ben- 
ham, and presents him with a gold 
medal for his heroic action at Rio Ja- 
neiro. (See Brazil.) 

Oct. 8. D. C. Michael R. Morgan is 
commissioned brigadier-general — sub- 
sistence department. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Sept. 26. The great West India 
cyclone reaches the Florida and Georgia 
coasts ; it causes great damage to the 
cotton and rice crops. 

Oct. 13. Cat. Mammoth caverns (sur- 
passing the Kentucky Mammoth Cave) 
are discovered in the Guyamaca range, 
in Southern California. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Sept. 26. Thompson, Launt, sculptor, A61. 
Sept. 30. Blakeman, P.., publisher, A70. 
Oct. 3. Swing, David, clergyman, college 

professor, A 64. 
Oct. 7. Holmes. Oliver 'Wendell, poet, 

author, A85. 
Curtin, Andrew G., war Gov., A77. 

CHURCH. 

1894 Sept. 23. New York. The 37th 
anniversary of the Fulton Street 
Prayer-meeting is celebrated. 

Sept. 24. N. Y. The Biennial Confer- 
ence of the American Unitarian As- 
sociation begins at Saratoga. 

Sept. 26. New York. A Holiness Con- 
vention is in session, with a large at- 
tendance of delegates. 

Sept. 29. New York. A monastic 
brotherhood is instituted in the Prot- 
estant Episcopal Diocese of New York 
by Bishop Potter, the members taking 
vows of celibacy for a term of five years. 

Oct. 2. N. J. Judge Van Syckel, in his 
charge to the grand jury at Elizabeth, 
says th^at lotteries at church fairs and 
festivaft are illegal. 

Oct. 1Q. Phila. The annual conference 
of the Roman Catholic archbishops 
in the United States is in secret session. 

Oct. 14. N. Y. The golden jubilee of 
Rev. Sylvester Malone, pastor of the 
Roman Catholic Church of SS. Peter and 
Paul of Brooklyn, is celebrated. 

LETTERS. 

1894 Sept. 19. The German Verein re- 
solves that "we do not ask for our 
school-work any State subvention ; we 
assume most willingly these sacrifices 
to secure the eternal and the temporal 
welfare of our children." 

Sept. 21. The plans for the Roman 
Catholic Summer School of Amer- 
ica, to be of six weeks' duration, are 
arranged ; in connection with this system 
reading-circles are to be formed. 

Sept. 28. X.J. The students of 
Princeton at a mass-meeting decide 
that hazing ought to be abolished. 

Oct. 2. Pa. Thaddeus Stevens's will is 
sustained after 20 years of litigation ; an 
Industrial School is to he established in 
Lancaster. 



SOCIETY. 

1894 Sept. 18. New York. Dr. Park- 
hurst, speaking before a branch of the 
City Vigilance League, says there is no 
part of the city government that is 
not corrupt, even the judges paying 
money for their places on the bench. 

Phila. The United Typothetae 

Convention begins its eighth annual 



Sept. 19. Chicago. Judge Gibbons di- 
rects a judgment of ouster against 
the "Whisky Trust; its existence is 
declared illegal. 

Sept. 20. Boston. Five thousand gar- 
ment-makers strike for shorter hours 
and higher wages. [Sept. 24. 1,000 re- 
turn to work. Sept. 27. Many return 
under favorable terms.] 

Okla. Farmers capture Perry Cook 

near Lincoln with several stolen horses 
in his possession ; they lynch him. 

Sept. 21. Ky. At Lexington J. D. Liv- 
ingstone is stabbed by Col. Breckin- 
ridge's son, Desha. 

N.J. The Newark garment- workers 

go out on a strike. 

New York. Several men hold up 

an Eighth Avenue street-car, and after 
robbing the passengers make their es- 
cape ; one suspect is arrested. 

The National Society of Electro- 
Therapeutists holds its annual meet- 
ing ; Dr. "W. L. Jackson is elected presi- 
dent. 

Sept. 22. New York. The shirt-makers 
vote to go out on strike for higher 
wages. 

N. Y. Excise Commissioner Krug of 

Newtown is arraigned for accepting a 
bribe, and held for trial in the sum of 
$3,500. 

Constitutional Convention Dele- 
gates Kurth and Deterling of the Sixth 
District of Brooklyn are arrested, and 
held in §1,000 bonds to appear for trial 
on the charge of bribery brought against 
them by the Albany Argus. [Dec. 5. 

- r Discharged by the Albany grand jury.] 

Sept. 23. Ark. Prof. G. F. Ellis is mor- 
tally wounded by President G. L. Bry- 
ant of the Texarkana Interstate Normal 
and Business College ; the latter is ar- 
rested. 

N. J. After holding up near 100 

people on a road near Newark, tramps 
uberof about 40 are dispersed 



Sept. 25. New York. A Builders' League 
is organized for fighting labor-unions 
and walking delegates. 

O. The body of General Freight 

Agent J. B. Caven, of the Valley Rail- 
road Company, is found riddled with 
bullets in a street in Cleveland. 

Sept. 27. D. C. H. W. Howgate, former 
chief of Weather Bureau at Washington, 
is arrested on the charge of stealing 
$370,000 of government funds. 

Sept. 28. New York. George Appo, who 
gave testimony before the Lexow Senate 
Committee against the "green goods" 
men, is foundwith his throat badly cut. 

Pa. K. Armstrong of Allegheny City 

is convicted of ottering a bribe of $300 to 
Councilman John Born to vote for a cer- 
tain engineer for the new water-works. 

Sept. 30. Minn. Seven lives are sacri- 
ficed by a drunken husband and father 
at Chaska by driving his team into the 
river. 



Oct. 1. J). C. The grand jury indicts 
Messrs. Havemeyer, Searles, and 
Seymour for refusing to testify before 
the Senate Sugar Investigating ' ■<m- 
mittee. 

The U. S. Court of Appeals reverses 

Judge Jenkins's decision regarding 
strikes in the case of the Northern Pa- 
cific employees ; he affirms the right to 
abandon a train. 

Kg. Many illicit stills are destroyed ; 

over 100 moonshiners are to he tried in 
Louisville. 

Oct. 3. The V. S. Circuit Court of Ap- 
peals renders another labor decision 
supporting Judge Kick;; in denying an 
engineer's right to abandon a train. 

Oct. 4. la. The Society of the Army of 
the Tennessee at its meeting in Council 
Bluffs elects its officers ; Gen. Granville 
M. Dodge, president. 

Oct. 5. Chicago. Ex-Gov. J. T. Bever- 

idge and two others are arrested on the 
charge of using the mails in the interest 
of a lottery scheme. 

Ind. After a fight with bank-rob- 
bers near Blomnfield, one of them is 
shot and three run down ; S6.100 of bank 
funds is found in their possession. 

O. County Commissioners Cassidv, 

McDonald, and Biggert are indicted :"it 
Columbus for bribery and misconduct in 
office. 

Oct. 6. Tex. Henry Gibson, colored, is 
lynched at Fairfield by unknown par- 
ties. 

Mich. The City Council of Grand- 
Haven orders the closing of all restau- 
rants, livery-stables, cigar-stores, news- 
stands, and drug-stores, on Sunday, hi 
accordance with law. 

Oct. 7. Ind. John McCarthy, failing to 
obtain a liquor license in Bushviile. 
shoots J. G. Wolf, of the committee 
opposing his application. 

0. Four lending druggists of Cincin- 
nati are arrested for seliing adulterated 
drugs. 

Oct. 8. N. Y. The Commercial Trav- 
elers' Home Association of America 
meets in Binghamton. 

They give a reception and banquet to 
Gov. Flower, of New York, and Gov. 
Pattison of Pennsylvania, at the State 
Armory. 

S. C. The Dispensary Law is de- 
clared constitutional by the Supreme 
Court. 

New York. Six thousand cloak- 
makers vote to go on strike in New 
York and neighboring cities to assist the 
1,500 who are out. 

[Oct. 11. In New York they are at- 
tacked by the police when holding a 
mass-meeting. Oct. 12. They obtain 
their demands and the strike ends.] 

Oct. 11. A". 1". The Indian Mohonk 
Conference is in session. 

Oct. 12. Cal. The Lakeport stage is 
held up by a highwayman near Pieta 
Station, and the Wells-Fargo box taken. 
Two robbers hold up the overland 
express near Sacramento, and secure 
§50,000. 

D. C. Two employees of the Bureau 

of Engraving and Printing in Washing- 
ton are charged with stealing more 
than 200,000 postage-stamps. 

Ind. The ISth annual convention of 

the American Humane Association 
at Evansville closes its session ; John 
G. Shortall of Chicago, president. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Sept. 19- Oct. 18. 473 



New York. A woman's movement 

against Tammany is organized. 

Va. A train is held up by seven 

masked men near Quantieo : its safe is 
plundered of about 3180,000; $1,000 re- 
ward is offered for the arrest of any of 
the robbers. 

Oct. 13. Colo. Masked men rob a 
gambling-house in Denver while in full 
operation, securing about §400. 

Pa. A boy is shot and killed, and 

four persons are badly injured, in a 
drunken riot at Maltby, a small Hunga- 
rian settlement near Wilkesbarre. 

Oct. 15. D. C. The young Japanese 
Prince Yamashina and traveling com- 
panions arrive in Washington. 

O. Clarence Robinson confesses at 

Cleveland that he and his wife murdered 
Montgomery Gibbs, the Buffalo lawyer. 
[Oct. IS. Indicted.] 

Ore. The Pacific Express office in 

The Dalles is robbed of $14,000 at an 
early hour. 

Oct. 17. Chicago. An international 
anti-gambling association is formed. 

Mass. A large number of Fall River 

weavers strike again, after a brief re- 
sumption of work. [Oct. 27. The stri- 
kers yield, and decide to resume work.] 

New York. The Brotherhood of 

Tailors celebrates with a big parade 
and mass-meeting their deliverance from 
the "sweating" system, and the aboli- 
tion of piece-work. 

O. A mob of would-be lynchers 

is fired on by militiamen at Washington 
Court House ; two men are kilted and 
several wounded ; the prisoner is a negro 
convicted of assault on a white woman, 
and sentenced to 20 years' imprisonment. 

Oct. 18. Fla. Fifteen hundred cigar- 
makers go on strike. 



STATE. 

1894 Sept. 19. Conn. O.Vincent Coffin 
(Rep.) is nominated for governor. 

O. The Democratic State Convention 

adopts a free-silver plank and a resolu- 
tion in favor of the popular election of 
Senators. 

S. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.) iff 

nominated for governor. 

Sept. 20. N. Y. The Constitutional 
Convention passes an amendment for 
home rule for cities. 

Neb. The Democrats favor fusion 

with the Populists. 

Sept. 21. N.J. The commission revis- 
ing the judicial system practically com- 
pletes its labors at Trenton, and the 
changes proposed are published. 

N. Y. The Constitutional Convention 

passes an amendment prohibiting pool- 
selling and all forms of gambling. 

Sept. 22. Kg. The official canvass in 
the Ashland District gives W. C. Owens 
as Representative in Congress a plurality 
of 225 over W. C. P. Breckinridge. 

Sept. 25. N. C. The Republicans favor 
fusion with the Populists. 

Sept. 26. N. Y. Senator D. B. Hill 
"■ (Dem.) is nominated for governor. 

Sept. 27- D. C. President Cleveland is- 
sues a proclamation granting amnesty 
to persons convicted of polygamy. 

Neb. Six counties bolt the fusion 

ticket of Democrats and Populists, and 
nominate a straight Democratic ticket. 

Sept. 28. Conn. Ernest Cady (Dem.) is 
nominated for governor. 



— N. Y. The amendments of the 
Constitutional Convention are to be sub- 
mitted to vote in three sections, as fol- 
lows : 1. The legislative apportion- 
ment. 2. The canals. 3. All the rest. 
The Convention adopts the proposed 
Constitution. A r ote, yj-75. [Sept. -»J. 
Adjourns.] 
Oct. 2. N. J. The Legislature meets, 
and passes a resolution for adjournment 
sine die. 

N. Y. The Democratic members of 

the Constitutional Convention issue an 
address arraigning the Republicans for 
partisanship. 

Oct. 3. Ark. At Little Rock a tor- 
nado kills four persons, while several 
are missing, and many injured; prop- 
erty worth §1,000,000 is destroyed. 

± Wis. Settlers in the Black Brook 

section, near Grantsburg, burned out 
by forest fires, are in a pitiable con- 
dition. 

Oct. 4. D. C. Action begins at Wash- 
ington to compel the Treasury to pay 
sugar bounties for the year ending 
June 30, 1S95. 

New York. The Committee of Sev- 
enty, the Good Government clubs, and 
several anti - Tammany organizations 
agree with the Republicans on a muni- 
cipal ticket ; \V. L. Strong, a Republican 
business man, and John W. Goff, the 
counsel of the Lexow Committee, are 
nominated respectively for mayor and 
recorder. [Oct. 9. This ticket is in- 
dorsed by the State Democracy faction 
and the Ant i-Tammanv Democracy; also, 
Oct. 12, by the Republican County Con- 
vention. Nov. G. The ticket is elected.] 

O. The Democratic Executive Com- 
mittee issues an address declaring that 
the tariff is settled, and that the money 
question is the chief issue now before 
the people. 

Oct. 6. Mass. Fred. T. Greenhalge 
(Rep.) is nominated for governor. 

Oct. 8. Mass. William E.Russell (Dem.) 
is nominated for governor. 

Oct. 9. N. Y. The Anti-Hill or Inde- 
pendent State Democrats nominate a 
third gubernatorial ticket, placing Ev- 
erett P. Wheeler at the head, and 
accept Lockwood and Brown of the reg- 
ular Democratic ticket. 

Oct. 10. New York. The Tammany 
County Convention nominates Nathan 
Strauss for mayor and Frederick Smyth 
for recorder. 

Oct. 12. B.C. District Judge McComas 
refuses to issue a mandamus directing 
Secretary Carlisle to pay the sugar 
bounty this year. 

Oct. 13. D. C. The grand jury in Wash- 
ington indicts H. O. Havemeyer and J. 
E. Searles of the Sugar Trust, and A. L. 
Seymour, a New York broker, for re- 
fusal to answer questions by the Senate 
Investigation Committee. [Oct. 18. The 
president and treasurer are arraigned in 
Washington on the charge of contempt 
of the Senate, and held in $5,000 bail 
each.] 

V. S. The deficit in the national rev- 
enues since Sept. 1 is over $18,000,000. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Sept. 22. Kan. Land caves in 
at the junction of Harvey, Butler, and 
Marion Counties to the depth of 35 feet ; 
the cave-ins extend in a crooked, stream- 
like course a distance of 2-4 miles. 



Sept. 23±. la. — Minn. About 75 per- 
sons are killed and many times that num- 
ber injured by the storm in northern 
Iowa and southern Minnesota. 

Ore. Portland loses three lives, 

§2,000,000, and one steamer by fire. 

Sept. 25. Chicago. Gov. Altgeld alleges 
that the Pullman Company has es- 
caped taxation on about one-third of its 
assets. 

Sept. 28. Chicago. A fountain given 
by the National Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union, of Chautauqua 
County, is unveiled in the corridor of 
Willard Hall ; Miss Willard makes the 
address. 

Sept. 29. 7a. A Chicago Great West- 
ern passenger-train is saved from 
plunging through a burned bridge 
between Dundee and Lamont by a 
seven-year-old girl, who flags the train 
with her red apron. 

U. S. Nearly all the tin-plate mills 

close because of controversies respect- 
ing wages. 

Sept. 30. Pa: The entombed miners 
at the Northwest Colliery at Simpson, 
near Carbondale, are rescued. 

Oct. 4±. Fla. At Key West 50 victims 
of wrecks caused by the recent storm 
are washed ashore. 

Oct. 5. Mich. Six men are killed and 
12 injured by falling walls at a fire in 
Detroit. 

Oct. 6. Ala. One man is killed and 
four persons hurt by a train falling 
through a bridge over the Coosa River 
at Anniston. 

■ Pa. A new wheel trust is formed, 

which controls nearly all the factories 
west of the Alleghanies. 

Oct. 7. Term. An express - train is 
wrecked by unknown persons on the 
Southern Railway, near Bristol. 

Oct. 11. N. Y. The members of the 
President's Cabinet attend the cere- 
monies at the dedication of the old 
Holland Purchase Land Office at 
Hatavia, to the memory of Robert 
Morris, the financier of the American 
Revolution ; Secretary Carlisle delivers 
the address. 

Pa. Twenty-seven boilers ex- 
plode at a Shamokin colliery ; five men 
are killed and six injured. 

Oct. 13. Miss. Biloxi is nearly de- 
stroyed by fire ; loss, $200,000. 

Oct. 14. La. Near New Orleans 15 per- 
sons are injured and 840,000 worth of 
railroad property is destroyed by a train 
collision at a crossing. 

Oct. 16. .V. Y. Kingston celebrates 
the 117th anniversary of the burning 
of the town by the British. 

Tex. Fire destroys property at Hous- 
ton valued at §500.000. 

Oct. 18. The Horthern Pacific Rail- 
road report shows a deficit of over 
$0,000,000 for the year. 

Mass. Attleboro begins a two days' 

celebration of the 200th anniversary of 
its incorporation. 



474 1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21. 



AMERICA : 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1894 Oct. 25. D. C. James W. For- 
syth is commissioned brigadier-general 
— general officer. 

Nov. 8. D. C. Gen. O. O. Howard is 
retired from the active list of the regu- 
lar army. 

Nov. 9. D. C. Gen. Alexander McD. 
McCook is promoted to the office of 
major-general, and succeeds Gen. How- 
ard. 

Nov. 10. D. C. Rear-Adm. Gherardi 
is retired, having reached the age of 
limitation, after 48 years' service in the 
navy. 

Gen. Miles is assigned to the Depart- 
ment of the Coast, Gen. Ruger to com- 
mand at Chicago, and Gen. Forsyth to 
California. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Oct. 19. N. Y. A monument 
to the memory of the Tarrytown 
heroes of the Revolution is unveiled in 
Sleepy Hollow Cemetery. 

Oct. 24. Phila. An equestrian statue 
of Gen. George B. MeClellan is un- 
veiled. 

"Nov. 5. Neio York. A new wing of the 
Museum of Art is opened. 

Nov. 15. OJda. A blinding sand- 
storm occurs; it is especially severe in 
the Cherokee Strip. The authorities 
order fires extinguished in the business 
section of Guthrie. 

.Nov. 18. New York. The statue of 

. Thorwaldsen is unveiled in Central 
Park. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Oct. 19. Booth, Samuel, mayor of Brook- 
lyn, A76. 

Oct. 21. Bedle, Joseph I)., Gov. of ST. J., 
jurist, A63. 

Winslow, Samufl, mayor of Worcester, 

A67. 
Jet. 25. Hopkins, W. E., com. IT. S. N., 
A73. 

Ford, John Bruce, publisher, A78. 

Oct. 26. Alexander, S. f>., clergyman, A75. 

Oqt. 30. Peterson, It. E., founder Peter- 
son's Magazine* A82. 

Nov. 16. McCosh, James, president 
Princeton, author, Pres. clergyman, A83. 

Winthrop, Robert (_'., philanthropist, 

11""" 

No 



CHURCH. 

1894 Oct. 19. New York. Archbishop 
Corrigan secures a branch of the Sul- 
pieian Order of Priests of Canada. 

Gen. "William Booth of the Salva- 
tion Army arrives from Montreal. 

Oct. 22. New York. Gen. Booth, the 
head of the Salvation Army, is given a 
grand reception in Union Square ; clergy- 
men welcome him in an address. 

Oct. 23. Mass. The convention of the 
American Missionary Association 
opens at Lowell. 

New York. A second great meeting 

of the Salvation Army to welcome 
Gen. Booth is held in Carnegie Music 
Hall, Chauncey M. Depew making the 
address. 



Oct. 25. Ph. The Pittsburg conference 
of the Evangelical Church, representing 
100 congregations, votes to establish the 
New Evangelical Church. 

Nov. 1. New York. Prayers are offered 
at the Greek chapel for the repose of 
the soul of the dead Czar. 

Nov. 8. N. Y. The resignation of Dr. 
Talmage as pastor of the Brooklyn 
Tabernacle is accepted. 

Nov. 13-15. Mich. The Baptist Con- 
gress, representing the Baptist churches 
throughout the country, is in session at 
Detroit. 

LETTERS. 

1894 Nov. 12. Pa. The Pennsylvania 
Supreme Court sustains the decision of 
a lower court refusing to enjoin Catho- 
lic nuns from wearing their garb 
while performing their duties as teach- 
ers in public schools. 

Nov. 15. New York. The formal open- 
ing of the Teachers College in its 
new building takes place with suitable 
and addresses. 



.V. ./. Clemens Warner is stabbed 

and killed at Sayreville by \\\ Hart, 
who escapes. 

Oct. 25. New York. The Woman's 
Municipal League holds & maes-meet- 

ing in Cooper Union; President Lou, 
C. S. Fairchild, Henry George, and Dr. 
-Parkhurst make addresses. 
Oct. 26. Conn. J. A. Francis, teller of 
the City Dank of Hartford, is in jail on 
the charge of being a defaulter for about 
$23,000. 

Oct. 27. N. Y. The post-office at 
Brewsters i> robbed of between $400 
and $500 in cash and stamp.-. 

Oct. 28. O. Incendiaries burn the 

home of J. S. Coxey iCoxev's Armvi, 
near Massiilon. 

Pa. A miners' boarding-house near 

"VVilkesbarre is wrecked by unknown 
dynamiters ; three men are killed and 
several wounded. 



SOCIETY. 

1894 Oct. 19. Tex. Pour masked 
men hold up a train, and secure over 
S4,000. 

Oct. 21. /. T. Robbers hold up a 
train on the Missouri Pacific Railway ; 
they shoot and wound several passen- 
gers, but secure little booty. [Two hun- 
dred men are called out to pursue them.] 

Oct. 22. N. Y. Mayor Schieren lays 
the corner-stone of the German Hos- 
pital in Brooklyn, after a parade by a 
large number of German organizations. 

N. Y. Patrick Riley, an expert dy- 
namiter, is committed "to White Plains 
jail on the charge of attempting to blow 
up a large frame building occupied by 
about luo Italian laborers. 

New York. Ex-Police Sergeant 

Liebers, indicted for blackmail, sur- 
renders himself. 

Oct. 23. Tenn. A colored woman, di- 
vorced from her husband in Shelby 
County, is allowed S2 a month alimony. 

Chicago. Hoodlums attack a train 

and burn cars in one of the suburbs. 

Oct. 24. O. The national convention of 
the Phi Gamma Delta College Fra- 
ternity opens in Columbus for a three 
days 1 session ; 150 delegates are present. 

Chicago. A Russian emigrant. Simon 

Rauskin, breaks windows when refused 
work, and stones the officer who arrests 
him. 

/. T. The Cook gang raid towns, 

and rob cotton-pickers at work ; a strong 
force of Indian police and deputy-mar- 
shals are in pursuit of the criminals. 

["Oct. 29. Five of the outlaws are taken. 
Nov. 4. Two officers and one of the 
Cook gang are killed and two other out- 
laws wounded. Nov. 9. The gang raids 
Lenapah, I. T., killing one man and rob- 
bing a store. Nov. 14. It holds up a 
train of cars in Indian Territory ; large 
rewards are offered for the capture bf 
the outlaws. Nov. 17. The marshals 
surround the gang and kill ''Cherokee 
Bill." Nov. 19. The officials request 
the assistance of TJ. S, troops. Nov. 23. 
Two of the gang are arrested. Nov. 25. 
Several more arrested. Nov. 2S. Four 
more are taken.] 



Oct. 30. Chicago. A clerk is overpow- 
ered and about S6.000 worth of jewelry 
and watches stolen from a jewelrs store 
by two robbers, who make their escape. 

Oct. 31. Ky. A mob in Crittenden 
County lynches " Eddy " Martin because 
he refused to turn State's evidence 
against his friend, Pauper Commis- 
sioner Goode. 

Nov. 1. Chicago. T. Brady is arrested 
with three others for holding up a 
street-car and attempting to rob its pas- 
sengers, taking from one a diamond pin. 

Nov. 2. New York. The grand jury in- 
dicts more police-officers for bribery. 

Nov. 3. N. Y. Dr. T. DeWitt Tal- 
mage, after an all-around-the-world 
tour, arrives in Brooklyn. 

N. Y. William Gipps, of Buffalo. 

kills his mother and seriously wounds 
his father. 

"^Nov. 7. Chicago. Several men are shot 
at the polls ; a defeated candidate shoots 
two men, and a gang of eight men fire 
volleys at election officers at one polling- 
place, wounding three men ; no arrests 
are made. 

Tex. W. A. Turner, express-agent at 

Wvlie Statin]], is arrested, charged with 
taking $1,500 from a Wells-Fargo Ex- 
press Company envelope, and substitut- 
ing paper. 

Nov. 8. O. Ex-Treasurer Mandru's ac- 
counts in Stark County show a shortage 
of $19,444; false and" duplicate entries 
appeal' in the cash-hook. 

Nov. 9. O. The First National Bank at 
Oberlin is broken into and robbed of 
about $500 in silver. 

Nov. 10. Ala. Four thousand ne- 
groes are preparing to leave for Liberia, 
Africa, under the auspices of the Inter- 
national Migration Society. 

Md. The 20th annual convention of 

the American Bankers' Association 
begins in Baltimore. 

Nov. 11. New York. Charles Miller, 
watchman in a stone-works at Harlem, 
is found murdered ; there is no clue to 
the perpetrators of the crime. 

Nov. 13. La. The Knights of Labor 
meet in convention in New Orleans. 

Nov. 16. O. The 21st national conven- 
tion of the "Woman's Christian Tem- 
perance Union meets in Cleveland. 
[Miss Frances E. Willard is reelected 
president.] 

Miss. Mayor J. \T. Harman of Lulu, 

and Henry Lawrence, a leading jeweler 
of the town, are shot and killed by J. W. 
Bond and his brother. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Oct. 19 -Nov. 21. 475 



Nov. 17. T.T. The Chotopa Protec- 
tective Association is organized with 62 
business men as members to guard the 
town against the Cook gang. 

.V. Y. A Law Enforcement 

League is organized in Brooklyn; 
George F. Elliott, president. 

Pa. Nearly 3,000 men go out on 

strike at Keynoldsville and Dubois. 

Nov. 18. New York. Richard Leach 
kills his housekeeper in West Forty- 
ninth Street, and alter attempting to 
kill himself, surrenders to the police. 

Nov. 19. Phila. H. H. Holmes, Mrs. 
Carrie Pitezel, and Jeplithah D. Howe 
are arrested for participating in a 
fraudulent life-insurance scheme. 

New York. The conference to form a 

State Federation of Women's Clubs 
begins its session ; Mrs. J. C. Croly is 
elected president. 

Tenn. Severfil lynchers of six ne- 
groes near Kerrville are identified, and 
their names given at the trial of two 
suspected men. 

Nov. 20. Ala. Three negro laborers 
are killed by whites at Williams's lum- 
ber-camp in Escambia County. 

Ark. Amy Seymour shoots and 

kills Judge Ferrell in Jonesboro, and 
is arrested. 

La. The Kni ghts of Labor reelect 

General Master Workman Sovereign. 

Nov. 21. New York. The American 
Authors' Guild is in session, James 
Grant Wilson presiding. 

Charges of neglect of duty are pre- 
ferred against District-Attorney Fel- 
lows, and laid before Gov. Flower. 

[Nov. 27. He files his answer. Dec. 
22. The governor dismisses the charges.] 

Mass. The American Protective As- 
sociation, 1,200 strong, parades in Con- 
cord ; it is stoned, and a number in- 



STATE. 



1894 Oct. 19. Chicago. A Federal 
grand j ury indicts officials of the Santa 
Fe> Railroad for violation of the Inter- 
state Commerce Law in paying rebates. 

New York. Nathan Strauss with- 
draws from the Tammany city ticket, 
and ex-Mayor Hugh J. Grant is nomi- 
nated for mayor by Tammany Hall. 

Oct. 26. D. C. The German Ambassa- 
dor informs Secretary Gresham that the 
importation of cattle and fresh beef 
from the United States to Germany will 
soon be prohibited. 

Oct. 28. Netv York. The Committee 
of Seventy issues an address charging 
tyranny, corruption, and criminality 
against Tammany Hall. 

Oct. 29. D. C. Secretary Gresham pro- 
tests against Germany's prohibition 
of importation of American cattle. 

Oct. 30. D. C. The Treasury Depart- 
ment is informed that Quebec, having 
revoked its discriminating sturnpage 
dues on lumber exported from the prov- 
ince, Canadian lumber will under the 
new tariff come into this country free. 
President Cleveland sends a cable- 
gram of sympathy in reply to one 
from Czar Nicholas II. announcing the 
death of the emperor's father. 



Nov. 2. D.C. President Cleveland signs 
an order extending the classified system 
in the civil service. 

Nov. 3. D. C. Secretary Carlisle decides 
that ex-Viee-President Morton's coach- 
man, J. J. Howard, comes under the 
contract law as a domestic servant, and 
therefore ought not to be deported. He 
is released from detention. 

Nov. 4. N. Y. The Committee of 
Seventy issues a final appeal to New 
York citizens to vote for honest govern- 
ment. 

Nov. 6. New York. Tammany's ticket 
is defeated by 45,000 majority. 

U. S. The Democracy of the solid 

South is broken ; West "Virginia is Re- 
publican ; iu Missouri Republicans elect 
the majority of Congressmen ; in Ten- 
nessee the Republicans elect their candi- 
date for governor [who is later declared 
not elected by the Legislature]. 

Nov. 7. N. Y. The Constitutional 
Amendments are carried by majorities 
ranging from about 14,000 for the Su- 
preme Court judges to over 36,000 for the 
State apportionment. The Greater New 
York consolidation scheme is carried in 
all but two places, Mount Vernon and 
Flushing. 

Nov. 8. New York. Judge Fitzgerald 
calls attention to the neglect of the dis- 
trict attorney's office relative to the 
indictments brought for illegal regis- 
tration. 

Nov. 9. Mo. The Federal grand jury at 
Jackson refuses to indict the State au- 
thorities for the printing of State war- 
rants in imitation of United States 
currency. 

■ Neio York. The Committee of Sev- 
enty decides to continue in existence, 
and cooperate in securing " an honest, 
efficient, economical, and non-partisan 
government." 

Nov. 12. D. C. The Federal Commis- 
sion appointed to investigate the Pull- 
man strike submits its report to the 
President. (See Society.) 

Nov. 13. D. C. Secretary Carlisle is- 
sues a circular calling for bids for a 
second issue of $50,000,000 of bonds. 

Neio York. A Tenement House 

Commission opens its investigations. 

Nov. 17. D.C. It is announced that the 
President will extend the civil service 
regulations to the Internal Revenue 
Office. 

Nov. 19. /. T. Officials request that 
troops be sent to suppress lawlessness. 

Nov. 20. D. C. Gold is withdrawn 
from the Treasury for the purchase of 
bonds. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Oct. 20. Chicago. Clothing man- 
ufacturers organize the Merchants' As- 
sociation of Chicago ; capital repre- 
sented, over $15,000,000. 

Oct. 22. N. Y. The dwelling-house of 
the Rev. Ross Taylor at Nyack is 
burned in the night ; four children are 
lost. 

Oct. 26. Mich. One man is killed and 
11 are entombed alive in the Pewabic 
mine at Iron Mountain. [Oct. 27. Res- 
cued.] 

N. J. The Great "White Spirit 

(Distilling) Company tiles papers of in- 
corporation :it Tivnton, with a paid-up 
capital of $5,000,000 ; its headquarters 
are to be in Boston. 



New York. The Cunard steamer Lu- 

cania arrives after reducing the west- 
ern record by 20 minutes. 

Oct. 28. Pa. Two men are killed and 
several injured by a rear-end train 
collision on the Pennsylvania road, 
near Philadelphia. 

Oct. 30. Ger. The embargo on Amer- 
ican cattle is extended to all parts of 
the empire. 

New York. Seven persons are killed 

in a tenement-house fire on the West 
Side. 

Nov. 2. Neb. Three firemen are buried 
under tons of brick and timber at a big 
fire at South Omaha; property loss, 
§500,000. 

Nov. 3. Ind. The Scottish Rite Build- 
ing, the Natural Gas Building, and the 
Indiana Medical College, in Indianap- 
olis, are burned ; loss, $200,000 and a 
valuable Masonic Library. 

Nov. 4. Cal. A fire in San Francisco 
causes a loss of $300,000. 

± La. Race troubles in New Or- 
leans cause incendiary fires. 

Nov. 5±. Chicago. A number of fami- 
lies leave Pullman for Hiawatha, Kan., 
to join the new cooperative colony 
there, some of them former employees 
in the Pullman shops. 

Ga. Fires break out in four foreign 

steamers loading cotton at Savannah. 

Nov. 6. D. C. The Court of Appeals 
decides against the Blodgett claim, 
which has clouded titles to real estate 
in the finest residential part of Wash- 
ington. 

Ga. Fire is discovered on six more 

cotton-steamers at Savannah ; loss, $50,- 
000. R. F. Harmon, the stevedore in 
charge of the non-union men, is threat- 
ened with death, by letter. 

Nov. 7. Pa. Six men are killed and 
$200,000 worth of property is destroyed 
on the Baltimore and Ohio Railroad in 
a collision caused by disobedience to 
orders. 

Nov. 10±. /. T. Near Wilburton 400 
Choctaws are on the war-path. 

N. Y. The four-masted coal-laden 

schooner Massasoit, of Taunton, Mass., 
is driven ashore in a blinding snow- 
storm on Long Beach, Long Island ; the 
captain, wife, and crew of 11 men are 
rescued by the life-saving patrol. 

± Forest fires are raging in west 

Tennessee, north Mississippi, and east 
Arkansas ; several plantations are dev- 
astated, and the tenants left homeless. 

Nov. 12. Phila. The new steamship 
Si. Louis, of the American Line, is 
launched. 

Nov. 15. Pa. A big coal-breaker 
near Plymouth is burned; loss, nearly 
§200,000; about 300 people are thrown 
out of work. 

Nov. 19. New York The right to tax- 
in this city the estate of Jay Gould 
and the property of his children, who 
declare they reside elsewhere, is affirmed 
in the Supreme Court. 



476 1894, Nov. 21 -Dec. 14. 



AMERICA 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1894 Nov. 21. D. C. Gen. Miles 
formally takes command of the Mili- 
tary Department of the East. 

Dec. 3. Md. The unarmored cruiser 
Baltimore is ordered to proceed to Taku, 
and furnish a guard of marines for duty 
at the American legation at Peking. 

Dec. 13. Utah. The invading TJte In- 
dians agree to return to Colorado ; the 
Utah, militia returns to Salt Lake. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Nov. 25±. Ariz. The discovery of 
a wonderful village of cliff-dwellers in 
the Bradshaw Mountains is announced. 
The houses number 2(10, and some have 
been explored ; large quantities of pot- 
tery and some agricultural (?) instru- 
ments have been found. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 
Nov. 31. Wyman, Andrew A., jurist, A64. 

Adams, -lames T., jurist, dies. 

Nov. 22. Walters, w. T., philanthropist, 

art collector, A74. 
Nov. 30. Brown, Joseph E., Gov., senator 



Dec. 4. Abbett, Leon, Gov. N. J., jurist, 

A58. 
Dec. 6. Campbell, A. J., M. C. for N. T.. 

A66. 
Dec. 7. Browne, John M., medieiil director 

U. S. N., A63. 
Dec. 12. Wright, J. H., broker, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1894 Dec. 10. New York. The Amer- 
ican Moslem Institute unanimously 
repudiates Mohammed Alexander Rus- 
sell Webb, who is charged with drunken- 
ness. 

Dec. 13. Boston. The 16th annual ses- 
sion of the Church Congress (Protes- 
tant Episcopal) of America opens. 



LETTERS. 

1894 Dec. 1. N. Y. The Brooklyn 
Catholic Historical Society is incor- 
porated for purposes of historical and 
literary research with a Catholic trend. 

Dec. 4. N. Y. The Brace Memorial 
Farm School in Westchester County is 
formally opened. 

Dec. 12. Mass. Dr. Dudley A. Sargent 
of Harvard proposes to make athletics 
a part of the regular curriculum for a 
degree. 
Phila. Ex-minister W. Potter pre- 
sents to the University of Pennsylva- 
nia a complete set of Hansard's Par- 
liamentary Debates — 459 volumes, and 
covers the proceedings of the British 
Parliament from 1S03 to 1891. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Nov. 22. New York. Charges 
against Police Justice Divver are filed 
with Chief Justice Daley, of the Court 
of Common Pleas, by W. H. Hale, a 
Brooklyn lawyer. 

[Dec. 17. Further charges are made 
and his trial begins. Dec. 28. Found 
not guilty.] 



Nov. 23. La. The Knights of Labor in 
convention at New Orleans by resolu- 
tion protest against the issue of $50,- 
000,000 bonds by the Government as 
an outrage on the toiling masses. 

Nov. 24±. New York. The Shoe and 
Leather National Bank is discovered to 
have been robbed of $354,000 by Samuel 
C, Seeley, a bookkeeper. 

[Nov. 25. Frederick S. Baker, an ac- 
complice, is found drowned in Hemp- 
stead Harbor, Long Island. Dec. 11. 
Seeley is arrested in Chicago, and later 
sentenced to imprisonment for eight 
years.] 

Tex. Two thieves who raided 

Shiner, robbing A. G. "Wangeman of 
about $20,000, and setting fire to the 
busiest part of the town, are arrested. 

Nov. 25. Minn. Herant M. Kiretseh- 
jian, secretary of the Phil-Armenic As- 
sociation of the Northwest, has issued 
an appeal from Minneapolis to the 
people of the United States, soliciting 
contributions for the suffering Arme- 
nians. 

Nov. 26. /. T. A freight-train is fired 
on by seven mounted bandits, but no- 
body is hurt ; the engineer refused to 
stop the train. 

Nov. 27. Chicago. Lawyer E. P. Hil- 
liard is killed in his office by E. C. 
Hastings, a milkman. 

New York. The City Vigilance 

League gives a dinner in honor of Dr. 
Parkhurst. 

Nov. 28. Ore. Six masked men raid 
a gambling hotel in Baker City; they 
secure about §1,200 and escape. 

O. Strikers set fire to the stave- 
sheds of the Shelley Brothers' factory in 
Holgate ; damage about $24,000. 

New York. An illicit distillery in 

Rivington Street is raided ; the appara- 
tus and a quantity of raw material are 
seized. 

Tex. Sheriff McGee is kiHed at Ca- 
nadian City by bandits who try to rob 
an express-train. 

Dec. 2. New York. John Burns, the 
English labor leader and socialist, ar- 

Dec. 3. N.J. The Hoboken post-office 
is robbed of $7,350 in stamps by the use 
of duplicate keys. 

Dec. 4. New York. The new Seton 
Hospital for consumptives at Spuyten 
Duyvil Parkway is opened by Arch- 
bishop Corrigan. 

Dec. 6. Conn. The National Wo- 
man's Indian Association is in session 
at New Haven. 



Dec. 7. N. Y. Parts of the eastern dis- 
trict of Brooklyn are raided by thieves. 

Utah. Settlers arm to drive the 

TJtes out of southeastern Utah. 

Dec. 8. Minn. The convention of the 
National Municipal League opens in 
Minneapolis. 

1. T. Col. A. J. Blackwell is tortured 

in David by Cherokee Indians for selling 
land in their reservation. 

S. C. The House passes a bill de- 
claring that intoxication and the use 
of obscene and profane language are 
misdemeanors. 



Ky. Two unknown masked men 

force -hi entrance into the house of 
Thomas Edgexton at Springfield, and 
shoot and kill him in the presence of 

his wife and live children. 

Dec. 9. la. The Sioux City grand jury 
return 52 indictments against ex-county 
officials and members and ex-members 

of the Board of Supervisors. 

Tex. Ex-Cashier TV. F. Brice. of the 

City National Bank of Quanah, is 
charged with embezzlement, aggregat- 
ing $37,500, of which $20,000 is from 
Kansas City, $10,000 from St. Louis, and 
.S7,500 from New York banks. 

Dec. 10. Colo. The convention of the 
American Federation of Labor opens 
in Denver. John Burns, M.P., the Eng- 
lish labor leader, makes an address. 

New York. The trial of ex-Capt. 

Stephenson for blackmailing and ac- 
cepting a bribe is begun. [He is found 
guilty on Dec. 12, and" on Dec. 26 sen- 
tenced to three and a half years impris- 
onment and to pay a fine of $1,000.] 

Dec. 11. New York. The members of 
Typographical Union No. 6, by a 
vote of 1,049 to 484, adopt a resolution 
calling for the destruction of the 
liquor- traffic in both State and na- 
tion. 

O. Two counterfeiters, with a com- 
plete counterfeiting apparatus and bat- 
teries and a quantity of spurious coins, 
are captured in Mansfield. 

D. C. The Labor Commission ap- 
pointed to investigate the great railway 
strike reports. 

It recommends that there be a per- 
manent United States Strike Commis- 
sion of three members, with powers 
similar to those vested in the Interstate 
Commerce Commission, to deal with 
disputes between railroad companies 
and their employees, etc. 

Dec. 12. 0. "W.H. Price, printing-press 
manufacturer, is killed by a burglar at 
his home in Cleveland. 

Dec. 13. Chicago. The National Civil 

Service Reform League reelects Carl 
Schurz president, and passes resolu- 
tions demanding further extension of 
the classified service. 

The Congress of Arbitration and 
Conciliation is in session. 

Colo. A third woman is found 

strangled in Denver by unknown per- 

N H. Frank A. McKean, cashier of 

the Indian Head National Bank of 
Nashua, is missing; shortage, $30,000. 

New York. Police Captain West- 

ervelt is put on trial before the Police 
Board for allowing policy shops to be 
run in his precinct. 

Dec. 14. Ariz. One train-robber is 
sentenced to death in the District Court 
of Pinal Comity, and another to 30 years' 
imprisonment. 

D. C. A big strike of street-rail- 
way employees begins at Washington. 

Teniu Chancellor A. Allison, of the 

Davidson County Chancery Court, is 
instantly killed by Clerk 6. K. "Whit- 
worth, of the same court, who at once 
fatally wounds himself with the same 
revolver; he was incensed by Mr. Alli- 
son's appointing another clerk in his 
place. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Nov. 21- Dec. 14, 477 



STATE. 

1894 Nov. 21. D.C. The commission 
appointed to investigate the present sys- 
tem of tribal government of the Indians 
recommends its abolition. 

Nov. 22. Tex. A grand jury returns in- 
dictments against the Standard Oil 
Trust for violation of the laws of tbe 
State. 

Nov. 23. D. C. Tbe new commercial 
treaty between tbe United States and 
Japan is signed in "Washington. 

Nov. 24. D. C. Bids for tbe new loan 
are opened at the Treasury Depart- 
ment; proposals aggregating over $154,- 
000,000 are received. [Nov. 26. Secretary 
Carlisle awards tbe whole issue of the 
new bonds to the Stewart syndicate 
at its bid of 117.077.] 

Nov. 30. y. Y. Gov. Flower on techni- 
cal grounds refuses to grant extradition 
papers for tbe officers of tbe Standard 
Oil Company to the governor of Texas. 

Dec. 1. Ala. W. C. Oates is inaugu- 
rated at Montgomery as governor of 
Alabama ; Capt. Kolb, tbe defeated 
(Populist) candidate, also takes the oath 
of office, but there is no disturbance. 

Dec. 3. D.C. The 53d Congress; the 
third session opens. 

Only routine business is transacted in 
both Houses ; the President's message 
is read. 

Dec. 5. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
discusses a closure resolution, and re- 
fers a resolution calling for information 
as to the surrender of the two Japa- 
nese students by the American Consul 
in Shanghai, China, f Dec. 28. The Gov- 
ernment demands satisfaction for their 
surrender.] The House passes the Print- 
ing Bill. 

Dec. 6. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Morgan Bill to amend the 
act incorporating the Maritime Canal 
Company of Nicaragua. [39 discus- 
sions follow.] 

The Treasury reserve reaches its 
highest recent mark, standing at $111,- 
142,000. 

Dec. 7. D. C. Congress: The House 
refers to tbe Committee on Privileges 
and Elections the Federal Elections 
Bill providing for the repeal of all stat- 
utes relating to supervisors of elections 
and special deputy-marshals. [1895. 
Feb. 7. Passes Senate. Feb. 12. Ap- 
proved by the President.] 

It is announced that President Cleve- 
land will send an independent commis- 
sion to investigate the outrages com- 
mitted by Turks and Kurds upon tbe 
defenseless Armenians. 

The Chinese treaty, regulating im- 
migration, is ratified in Washington. 

Dec. 8. New York. Sir Julian Paunce- 
fote, British Ambassador, arrives on his 
way to Washington. 

Dec. 9. Cal. The Republicans decide to 
contest the election of James H. Budd 
as governor, on the ground of extensive 
frauds. 

Dec. 10. D. C. Congress; Senate: A 
resolution asking Secretary Gresham 
for the correspondence in the Bering 
Sea damage cases is passed ; in the 
House, R. Hitt of 111. introduces a reso- 



lution calling for tbe papers touching 
the proposed payment of $425,000 to 
Great Britain under the Bering Sea 
award; Joseph L. Rawlins of Utah 
introduces a bill annexing to Utah that 
portion of Arizona north of the Colo- 
rado River. 

The President sends the report of the 
Strike Commission to Congress. 

Dec. 11. D. C. Congress: Tbe House 
passes tbe railroad Anti-Pooling Bill 
after four discussions. Vote, 1G0-110. 
Bill introduced May 31. [Dec. 13. Sen- 
ate : Referred to the Committee on In- 
terstate Commerce.] 

Boston, The Republicans elect Ed- 
win U. Curtis mayor. Plurality, 1,600. 

S. C. Ex-Gov. Benjamin R. Tillman 

is elected Senator over Senator M. C. 
Butler. Vote, 131-21. 

Dec. 12. D. C. Congress; Senate: A 
motion to take up tbe bill repealing the 
differential duty on refined sugar is 
defeated. Vote, 23-27. A motion to con- 
sider a closure resolution is defeated. 
Vote, 24-34 ; in the House the Committee 
of tbe Whole refuses to strike out from 
the Urgent Deficiency Bill the appro- 
priation for the collection of the in- 
come tax. Vote, 54-127. 

N. Y. ConsoHdation is carried in 

Brooklyn by an official majority of 277. 

Dec. 13. D.C. Congress; Senate: The 
Nicaragua Canal Bill is discussed. 

Tbe Senate Rules Committee reaches 
a deadlock on a proposal to adopt clo- 
sure on revenue and appropriation bills ; 
Senator Gorman is absent. 

Secretary Carlisle issues a circular 
calling for bids for a third issue of 
$50,000,000 of 5 per cent ten-year 
bonds. 

Dec. 14. D. C. Congress: The House 
passes a resolution calling for the cor- 
respondence in relation to Secretary 
Gresham's promise to pay §425,000 dam- 
ages to Canadian sealers. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Nov. 21 + . Wis. The survey un- 
der Congressional authority of a route 
for a proposed 22-foot ship-canal from 
Lake Superior through "White Birch, to 
the Mississippi River, near Saint Louis 
or Minneapolis, is completed. 

Nov. 22. New York'. Gold is bought 
by intending subscribers for Govern- 
ment bonds at a slight premium. 

Nov. 23. The steamer Ozama of the 
Clyde Line is lost off the Carolina coast. 

Nov. 24. Ind. Suit is filed at Winamac, 
involving land worth over $200,000, 
on which over 100 farmers are settled. 

■ A syndicate representing 30 banks 

in New York, Philadelphia, Boston, and 
Chicago, bids 116.8808 for any part of the 
government bonds offered for sale, or 
117.077 for the whole §50,000,000. 

Nov. 26. Mo. The Trans-Mississippi 
Congress meets in St. Louis. [Nov. 28. 
It demands free silver at the ratio of 16 
tol.] 



Neb. Judge Dundy at Omaha de- 
clares the Nebraska Maximum 
Freight Rate Law unconstitutional. 

Nov. 27. New York. Over $26,000,- 
000 in gold is deposited in tbe Sub- 
Treasury in payment of the new bonds. 

Pa. Judge Dallas declines to order 

the Reading receivers to reinstate the 
discharged employees. 

Nov. 28. Conn. Tbe schooner Annie J. 
Pardee is wrecked off Saybrook ; the 
life-saving men are unable to rescue the 
captain and crew of nine. 

O. The Lozier Bicycle "Works at 

Toledo are burned ; loss, 8500,000. 

Nov. 29. Mass. A train strikes a 
large vehicle loaded with football 
players and others at Southbridge, kill- 
ing two and injuring many, several 
fatally. 

Nov. 30. Wash. Fourteen acres cf 
fllled-in land at Tacoma are engulfed 
by the waters of Puget Sound. 

Dec. 5. D.C. Tbe Governments' special 
report estimates that over 75,000,000 
bushels of wheat of this year's crop^ 
will be fed to stock because of the low 
price of wheat in the market. 

± N. Y. The tramp steamer Dorian 

runs down the schooner Clara E. 
Simpson off Eaton's Neck, Long Island 
Sound ; three lives are lost. 

Dec. 6 Jr. Tex. Western Texas is swept 
by fire; 25,000,000 acres of grass are con- 
sumed. 

Dec. 7. Turk. By invitation of the Sul- 
tan of Turkey, an American will ac- 
company the Commission of Inquiry to 
Armenia. [Later, he is rejected.] 

Dec. 8. N. Y. A wharfage trust is 
organized in Brooklyn, having a capi- 
tal of $30,000,000. 

New York. The French Line steamer 

La Bourgogne sails for Havre with 
81,250,000, the first large shipment of 
gold for many months. 

Dec. 9. Pa. The Shenango Glass 
Works at Newcastle are burned ; loss,. 
$100,000 ; 300 men are thrown out of work. 

Dec. 10. Conn. A sperm-whale nearly 
40 feet long is caught in Fisher's Island- 
Sound. 

N. Y. James Mahar, an American,. 

dies of starvation in the Brooklyn City 
Hospital, having been eight days with- 
out food while unsuccessfully looking 
for work. 

Dec. 11. Chicago. Two persons are killed 
and 10 seriously injured by a cable-car 
collision. 

N. Y. Birge's wall-paper factory 

in Buffalo is destroyed by fire ; loss r 
$500,000 ; over 500 employees are thrown 
out of work. 

Pa. Pittsburg car-lines consoli- 
date under tbe Second Avenue Trac- 
tion Company, with a paid-up capital of 
§5,000,000. 

Dec. 13±. D. C. Secretary Lam out de- 
cides that the New York and New Jersey 
bridge, over the Hudson, must be a. 
suspension bridge. 



478 1894, Dec. 14-Dec. 30. 



AMERICA 



ART— SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1894 Dec. 15. la. Important gold 

discoveries are made in Iowa Gulch. 

Dec. 27 r. Boston. The American 

Chemical Society opens its 10th gen- 
eral meeting with 75 members present. 

N J. The 3d annual meeting of the 

American Psychological Association 
begins at Princeton College. 

* * Boston. The public library build- 
ing is completed at a cost of $'2,000,000. 

* * Mass. AlvanG. Clark of Cambridge is 
making a 40-inch lens for the Chicago 
University. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894. 

Dec. 14. Pol hem us, John, publisher, 
printer, A68. 

Porter, .losiah, adj. -gen., A63. 

Dec. 15. Lord, John, historian, lecturer, 
dies. 

Dec. 16. Gilnllan, James, jurist, A65. 

Dec. 19. Kellv, Kuueiie, banker, A88. 

Dec. 30. Alcorn, J. L., Gov. of Miss., sen- 
ator, A78. 

Dec. 26. Simpson, James, merchant, A47. 

Van Fleet, Abraham, vice-chancellor, 

N. J., A. 64. 

Dec. 39. Fair, James, "bonanza million- 
aire," senator for Cal., A(i3. 

Dec. 30. Fitzgerald, John, president Irish 
National League of America, A 65. 



CHURCH. 

1894 Dec. 14. Md. The Unitarian 
Conference of churches in the Middle 
States and Canada begins its session iu 
Baltimore. 

Dec. 20. An Evangelical Alliance 
Committee urges Secretary Gresham 
to influence the protection of Christians 

Roman Catholics in this country 

are forbidden, by order of Pope Leo, 
to belong to the Sons of Temperance, 
the Knights of Pythias, or the Odd 
FeUows. 

Dec. 30. New York. A mass-meeting is 
held to protest against the Armenian 
persecutions, Chauncey M. Depew 
being the chief speaker. 

* * The Slavonian Synod (Evangelical 
Lutheran) is organized. 

* * Ore. The General Assembly (United 
Presbyterian) meets at Albany ; John 
A. Wilson, moderator. 

* * Wash. The Universalis State Con- 
vention is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1894 Dec. 27. Phila. The first Con- 
gress of Philologists ever held in this 
country opens. 

* * Poems Here at Home, by James "Whit- 
comb Riley, appears. 

* * Ivan the Viking, by Paul du Chaillu, 
appears. 

* * Pudd'nhead Wilson, by Mark TVain, 
appears. 

* * Johnson's Universal Cyclopedia (new 
and enlarged edition), Charles K. Adams, 
editor, appears. 

* * A Mound of Many Cities, by Frederick 
Jones Bliss, appears. 



* * A Student'* Text-Book Of Jiotainj, by 
Sidney II. Vines, appears. 

* * Basal Concepts in Philosophy, by Al- 
exander T. Ormond, appears. 

* * Roger Williams, by Oscar S. Straus, 
appears. 

* * The Animal as a Machine and a Prime 
Motor, and the Laius of Energetics, by 
Robert H. Thurston, appears. 

* * A Protegee of Jack Hamlin's, by Bret 
Harte, appears. 

* * Overheard hi Arcady, by Robert S. 
Bridges, appears. 

* * Modern Mystics and Modern Magic, 
by Arthur Lillie, appears. 

* * Edward Livingston Toumans, by John 
Fiske, appears ; also A History of the 
United States for Schools. 

* * Dante Gabriel Possetti, by F. G. 
Stephens, appears. 

k * A Short History of the Crusades, by 
Jacob Isidor Mombert, appears. 

fc * Congregationalists in America, by Al- 
bert E. Dunning, appears. 

k * Modern Methods of Sewerage Disposal, 
by George E. Waring, Jr., appeal's. 

fc * A History of the United States, by 
Allen C. Thomas, appears. 

* * A History of the Congregational 
Churches in the United States, by Wil- 
liston Walker, appears. 

k * An Illustrated Dictionary of Medicine, 

Biology, and Allied Sciences, by George 

M. Gould, appears. 
fc *A History of the Mental Growth of 

Mankind in Ancient Times, by John S. 

Hittell, appears. 
fc * A Historical Sketch of Unitarian 

Movement since the Reformation, by Jo- 
seph H. Allen, appears. 
k * A Traveler from Altruria, by William 

Dean Howells, appears. 
k * Climbing and Exploration in the Ka- 

rakoram-Himalayas, by William Martin 

Conway, appears. 
1 * A Champion of the Cross, by Charles 

F. Sweet, appears. 

* * The Silva of North America, by 
Charles S. Sargent, appears. 

k * The Sherman Letters, edited by Rachel 
Sherman Thorndike, appears. 

fe * The Study of Animal Life, by J. Ar- 
thur Thomson, appears. 

' * Life of Frances Power Cobbe, by Her- 
self, appears. 

r * Glimpses of Unfamiliar Japan, by 
Lafcadio Hearn, appears. 

: * Wealth Against Commonwealth, by 
Henry Demarest Lloyd, appears. 

' * The Interpretation of Nature, by Na- 
thaniel Southgate Shaler, appears. 

: * Tlie History of Illinois and Louisiana 
under French Rule, by Joseph Wallace, 
appears. 

! * The Growth and Influence of Classical 
Greek Poetry, by J. C. Jebb, appears. 

' * In the Land of the Cave and Cliff- 
Dweller s, by Lieut. Frederick Sehwatka, 
appears. 

i * Economic Geology of the United States, 
by Ralph S. Tarr, appears. 



* * The First Stage* of Iht Tariff /'"/try 
in ih. United States, bj William Hill, 
appears. 

* * A Standard Dictionary of the English 
Language, Isaac K. Funk editor-in- 
chief, appears. 

* * Reed's Rules, by Thomas B. Reed, ap- 
pears. 

* * Essay Horace Chase, by Constance 
Fenimore Woolson, appears. 

* * Trilby, by George duMaurier, appears. 

* * Roman and Medieval Art, by W. H. 
Goodyear, appears. 

* * Louisiana Studies, by Alcee Forfcler, 
appears. 

* * Sewage Disposal in the United States, 
by George W. Rafter, appears. 

* * The Story of Two Noble Lives, by 
Augustus J. C. Hare, appears. 

* * Japan, by David Murray, appears. 

* * Pomona's Travels, by Frank R. Stock- 
ton, appears. 

* * Marion Darche, by F. Marion Craw- 
ford, appears ; also, Katherine Lauder- 
dale. 

* * The Copperhead, by Harold Frederic, 
appears. 

* * Brothers and Strangers, by Agnes 
Blake Poor, appears. 

* * The Monism of Man, by David Allyn 
Gorton, appears. 

* * Leonidas Polk, Bishop and General, 
by William M. Polk, appears. 

* * The Pottery and Porcelain of the U. S., 
by Edwin Altee JSarber, appears. 

* * Studies of the Stage, by Brander Mat- 
thews, appears. 

* * Tlie Ore Deposits of the U. S.. by 
James F. Kemp, appears. 

* * Landmarks of a Literary Life, by Mrs. 
Newton Crosland, appears. 

* * Total Eclipses of the Sun, by Mabel 
Loomis Todd, appears. 

* * An Essay on Judicial Power and Un- 
constitutional Legislation, by Brintou 
Coxe, appears. 

* * Cartier to Frontenac, by Justin Win- 
sor, appears. 

* * History for Ready Reference, by J. N. 
Lamed, appears. 

* * Samuel Longfellow, by Joseph May, 
appears. 

* * The Art of Music, by C. Herbert and 
H. Parry, appears. 

* * Pei'sonal Recollections of Xathariiel 
Hawthorne, by Horatio Bridge, appears. 

* * Wah-Kce-Nah and Her People, by 
James C. Strong, appears. 

* * Good Old Dorchester, by W. D. Orcutt, 
appears. 

* * Art in Theory, by George Lansing 
Raymond, appears. 

* * Secularism, its Progress and Morals, 
by John M. Bonham, appears. 

k * On the Offensive, by George J. Put- 
man, appears. 

k * Recollections of a Virginian in the 
Mexrican, Indian, and Civil Wars, by 
Dabney H. Maury, appears. 



UNITED STATES. 



1894, Dec. 14-Dec. 30. 479 



* * Abraham Lincoln, Complete Works, by 
John G. Nicolay and John Hay, appears. 

* * General Scott, by Marcus J. "Wright, 
appears. 

* * The Evolution of Woman, by Eliza 
Burt Gramble, appears. 

* * The Spanish Pioneers, by Charles F. 
Lummis, appears. 

* * Famous Companies and Their Worts, 
by J. K. Paine, Theodore Thomas, and 
Karl Klauser, appears. 

* * History of the Philosophy of History, 
by Robert Flint, appears. 

* * A History of the United States Navy 
from 1775 to 1893, by Edgar Staunton 

Maclay, appears. 

* * The Recipe for Diamonds, by C- J. 
Cutcliffe Hyne, appears. 

* * Pastime Stories, by Thomas Nelson 
Page, appears. 

* * The Holy Cross, by Eugene Field, 
appears. 

* * Bayou Folic, by Kate Chopin, appears. 

* * Pembroke, by Mary E. Wilkins, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Dec. 15. Chicapo. President C. 
S. Purintun of the Purinton Brick Com- 
pany disappears with $40,000 of the 
funds belonging to the company. 

New York. The Police Board under 

pressure restores Capt. Creeden to his 
office. 

Dec. 16. Pa. David Slocum of Wash- 
ington township, and his aged wife, are 
bound, and robbed of their life savings 
of over S9.U00, by a baud of armed men ; 
preparations for torture are discovered. 

la. J. R. Huntington, clerk in the 

Council Bluffs Citizen's Bank, kills him- 
self after wounding C. A. Crowell and 
F. N. Harden, bunk inspectors ; cause, a 
shortage is discovered. 

Dec. 17. Ind. John McBride is elected 
president of the American Federa- 
tion of Labor, with headquarters in 
Indianapolis. 

Dec. 18. N. J. Five farm-hands are in 
jail at Freehold for burning barns and 
stables through revenge ; total loss, 
§50,000. 

Dec. 19. New York. A Committee of 
Fifty, with Seth Low as president, is 
organized to study the liquor-prob- 
lem, with a view to public and private 
action. 

X }'. A national bank at Rome is 

robbed of $40,000 by a cashier and teller. 

Dec. 22. Judge Woods, in the case of 
Debs and the other A. R. U. officers, 
grants a stay until Jan. 8, that the de- 
cision may be tested in a higher court ; 
the sentences are made cumulative in- 
stead of concurrent. 

Dec. 24. Ga. A race-war breaks out ; 
seven negroes are lynched for the mur- 
der of a constable. 

Dec. 25. O. Nine non-union glass- 
workers, arriving at Martin's Ferry, are 
assaulted and two terribly beaten by the 
local men ; the union denounces violence. 
An attempt to burn the city of Zanes- 
ville is partially successful. 

The commander-in-chief of the Sons 

of Veterans refuses charters to camps 
composed of negroes in the South. 



Dec. 26. Mo. The sheriff-elect of St. 
Louis is indicted for election frauds and 
bribery. 

N. II. The will of N. B. Gale, ad- 
mitted to probate at Laconia, gives 
$100,000 to the town for hospital, 
library, and park purposes. 

New York. Coupon Clerk E. K. Car- 
ter, of the National P.ank of Commerce, 
is arrested tor stealing about $30,000 of 
the bank's funds. 

The American Economic Associa- 
tion meets. 

Dec. 27. N.J. The annual meeting of 
the American Psychological Asso- 
ciation begins at Princeton College. 

Dec. 28. New York. The Federation 
of East Side "Workers, representative 
of churches and benevolent societies 
working below Fourteenth Street and 
east of Broadway, adopts a constitution 
and elects officers. 

Okla. A train is held up, but the 

highwaymen are put to flight. 

Dec. 30. N. Y. A bookkeeper of the 
Hudson River National Bank of Hud- 
son is found to be $14,000 short in his 
accounts ; he is arrested. 

* * D. C. Congress makes Labor Day, 
the first Monday in September, a legal 
holiday. 

STATE. 

1S94 Dec. 14. D. C. The Treasury 
reserve has fallen to $96,341,384, a loss 
of $14,799,116 in eight days. 

± Under authority of a Joint Com- 
mittee of the two Houses of Congress a 
bill is drawn, the purpose of which is to 
provide for earlier and more frequent 
promotion of naval officers. 

N. Y. The State officers who can- 
vassed the Mylod returns from Dutch- 
ess County in 1891 appeal their case to 
the Court of Appeals. 

Dec. 17. D. C. Congress: The Senate 
debates the Springer substitute for the 
Carlisle Currency Bill, exempting the 
notes of State banks from taxation. [15 
discussions follow.] 

N. Y. Gov.-elect Morton decides not 

to appoint 12 additional justices of the 
Supreme Court, for which the new Con- 
stitution makes certain provisions. 

Dec. 18. D. C. Congress ; Senate : 
David B. Hill of N. Y. speaks in favor 
of closure; the debate on the currency 
reform is begun in the House. 

Dec. 19. I). C. Congress: The Senate 
receives the report on Hawaii ; the 
House continues to debate the Cur- 
rency Bill. 

Dec. 21. D. C. Congress ; House: A 
substitute for the Carlisle Currency 
Bill is introduced by William M. 
Springer of 111., and made the subject 
of debate. 

N. Y. For contempt of court, the 

Court of Appeals reaffirms its sentence 
against the State Board of Canvassers 
of 1891 for their action in regard to the 
Mylod returns from Dutchess County', 
fining its five members $550. 

Dec. 22. D. C. A suit to test the con- 
stitutionality of the income tax is be- 
gun in the Supreme Court. 

Dec. 23. Tex. Gov. Hogg sends a req- 
uisition to the governor of Florida for 



the person of H. M. Flagler, of the Stan- 
dard Oil Company. |Dee. 25. Gov. 

Mitchell honors it.] 
Dec. 28. Mo, The conference of the 

Populists opens at St. Louis. 
Dec. 29. D. C. President Cleveland 

signs the act establishing a national 

military park on the Shiloh battle-field. 
* * U. S. Governors inaugurated : — 

-96 * * Ala. William C. Oates (Dem.). 

-96 * * Alas. James Sheakley (Dem.). 

-95 * * Ida. Win. I. McConnell (Rep.). 

-96 * * Id. Frank D. Jackson (Rep.). 

-95 * * Mass. F. T. Greenhalge (Rep.). 

-96 * * Mich. John T. Rich (Rep.). 

-96 * * 0. Wm. McKinley, Jr.. (Rep.). 

-97 * * Okla. Wm. C. Renfrew (Dem.). 

-95 * * If. 1. D. Russell Brown (Rep.). 

-96 * * S. C. John Gary Evans (Dem.). 

-97* * Va. CharlesT.O'Ferrall(Dem.). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Dec. 15. Mo. Two lives are lost 
and much damage done to property by 
a cyclone near Attalia. 

Dec. 17. New York^. Judge Truax sets 
aside the deed of gift made by the ex- 
ecutors of the Payer weather will. 

Dec. 20±. Many vessels are reported 
lost on the Pacific coast. 

Dec. 21. N.J. In Salem 14 persons are 
bitten by a mad dog. 

Dec. 22. Penn. Cedarcroft, near Ken- 
nett Square, the former home of Bayard 
Taylor, is burned. 

Dec. 23. Neb. The people of the drought- 
blighted counties are starving and in 
need of clothing. 

Dec. 24. Pa. The cut in wages is 
posted at the Carnegie Steel Works at 
Homestead ; several high-priced men are 
dismissed ; the rents of the company's 
houses are materially reduced. 

Dec. 25. Pa+. Fatal collisions occur " 
on the Pennsylvania and Big Four rail- 
roads ; a train is wrecked on the Atlantic 
and Pacific. 

Dec. 26. Boston. The Denison Manu- 
facturing Company celebrates its 50th 
anniversary by distributing among the 
employees a sum equal to five dollars 
each for each year's service, the total 
gift amounting to $33,000. 

Tex. Sixteen persons are hurt in a 

railroad collision. 

Dec. 27- N. J. A State court declares 
boycotting to be illegal, and a trades- 
union is enjoined from boycotting a 
newspaper. 

N. Y. A fire in B"ffalo causes a loss 

of 5300,000. 

Dec. 29. Ore. Over 40 lives are lost 
at a Christmas festival at Silver Lake 
through a fire caused by the upsetting 
of an oil-lamp. 

Okla. Payne County court-house, with 

all the county records, is burned. 

— Ky. Louisville loses about $300,000 
by fire. 

Dec. 30. Fla. The fruit-growers' loss 
from freezing weather during the last 
72 hours is estimated at §3,000,000. 

Ida. The mineral output for the 

year 1894 : Gold, $1,879,000 ; silver, 
§2,359,000; lead. .$3,406,000. 

N. Y. The Delavan House in Al- 
bany is burned. 



480 234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. A N N A M. 



Annam is a coast country of southeastern Asia, under the protection of France, and having Hue for its capital. The 
government is an absolute monarchy, with a French resident. The religions are Buddhism, Confucianism, spirit worship, and 
the Christian faith. Area of Annam, about 27,020 square miles ; population, about 5,000,000. 

French Cochin-China, is a French colony south of Annam, on the extremity of the peninsula. Area, 23,082 square miles ; 
population, 2,034,453. 

Cambodia is a dependency of France, lying between Siam and French Cochin-Cbina ; Pnompenh is its capital. Ar«-a, 38,000 
square miles ; population, about 1,500,000. 

Tongking (Tunking, Tonkin, or Tonquin) is a French colonial possession, lying northeast of Annam, with Hanoi for its 
capital. Area, 34,740 square miles; population, about 9,000,000. 

For convenience of classification these four countries are here combined under Annam, and each item i.s prefixed with a 
locality word. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
234 * * b. c. Annam is conquered by 
the Chinese. 

907 t * * a. d. An anti- Chinese revolt 
breaks the rule of the foreigners. 

1406 * * Annam is reconquered by the 
Chinese. [1428. Expelled.] 

1789 * * Cochin-China. Bishop Pi- 
gneaux de Beshaine of Ardan lands 
at the head of a well-armed force of 
adventurers. 

1802 * * Tongking is reconquered by 
the Annamese, aided by the French. 

1843 Jan.* Cochin-China. A French 
frigate anchors off Touron and demands 
the release of the captive missionaries, 
[They are delivered, and embark.] 

1847* * Cochin-China. ThienTu, hav- 
ing continued his persecutions of the 
French missionaries, Adm. Lapierre ap- 
pears before Touron, and after some 
resistance dismantles the fortifica- 
tions, but is unable to secure liberty 
in Annam. 



1858 Aug. 31. Cochin-China. A Franco- 
Spanish squadron under Adm. Rigault 
de Genouilly anchors off Touron; an 
ultimatum is sent to the king because 
of the persecutions of Christians and 
the murder of M. Diaz; the city is 
stormed. 

1859 Feb. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. Adm. 
Genouilly, with five vessels, bombards 
Saigon, and forces its surrender. 

The booty consists of 400 cannon, 6,000 
rifles, 1GO,000 pounds of powder, and 
$500,000 in specie; the French lose 200 
killed and wounded. 

1860 * * Toughing. M. Dupuis, an 
adventurer and merchant, makes an 
armed invasion. 

1861 Feb. * Fr. Cochin-China. Adm. 
Garnier subdues the revolting natives. 

1862 Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An 
insurrection breaks out against the 
French. [1863. Feb. * The revolt is 
suppressed.] 

1872 * * Tongking. M. Dupuis ascends 
the Red River with an armed flotilla. 
[Mar. 4. He reaches the head of navi- 
gation at Manghao.] 

1873 Oct. 8. Fr. Cochin-China. Fran- 
cis Garnier's expedition, escorted by 
two men-of-war, sails from Saigon for 
the mouth of the Red River ; the entire 
force numbers less than 200 men. 

Nov. 5. Toiigking. Garnier's expedition 

arrives at Hanoi. 
Nov. 20. Tongking. M. Dupuis attacks 

the citadel of Hanoi, and carries it by 



assault ; it is the first step in the con- 
quest of the Bed Biver valley. 

Dec. 11. Toughing. Nam-Dinh is cap- 
tured from the Annamese by the 
French, after a short resistance. [It is 
soon evacuated.] The whole delta of 
the Red River is now iu the possession 
of the invaders. 

Dec. 21. Tongking. A force of Chinese 
Black Flags and Annamese surround 
the citadel at Hanoi; the small garri- 
son makes a vigorous defense ; Francis 
Garnier and M. Balny D'Avricourt 
lead sorties from different gates, and 
both are killed. 

1874 Jan. 8. Tongking. The French 
evacuate Ninh-Binh. [Jan. 10. They 
evacuate Nam-Dinh, and strengthen 
the garrison at Hanoi. July* The 
French garrison is withdrawn from 
Hanoi.] 

1883 Mar. 26, 27. Tongking. An at- 
tack of the Black Flags on Hanoi is 
repulsed by the French. 

Mar. 27. Tongking. The French bom- 
bard and capture Nam-Dinh. 

Mar.* Fr. Cochin-China. The French 
Bed Biver expedition of 620 men and 
10 war-vessels is organized by Capt. 
Henri Riviere. 

Apr, 2. Tongking. Biviere's expedi- 
tion arrives at Hanoi. 

Apr. 26. Tongking. Hanoi is as- 
saulted and captured by the French. 

May 8. Tongking. Lin-Yun-Fu, sus- 
tained by his Black Flags, declares hos- 
tilities against the French. 

May * Tongking. Capt. Riviere with a 
force of 230 men is besieged at Hanoi 
by the Black Flags. 

May 16. Tongking. The French des- 
troy Gia-lam, and retire to their ships. 

May 19. Tongking. The French make 
a sortie at Hanoi, and are driven back 
by the Black Flags ; Riviere and three 
other French officers are killed ; the 
French garrison is shut up in the citadel. 

June 16. Tongking. Gen. Bouet ar- 
rives at Hanoi with reenforcements, 
and assumes command. 

July 5. Tongking. The French repulse 
an attack at Haiphong. 

July 11. Tongking. The Black Flags 
are repulsed at Nam-Dinh. [July 19. 
Col. Badens makes a successful sortie 
at Nam-Dinh. [Also on Aug. 7.] 

July 20. The French Capt. Morel 
Beaulieu offers protection to the na- 
tives who have been deserted by Annam, 
and made to suffer on all sides during 
the war. 



Aug. 15. Tongking. Gen. Bout-'t with 
a force of 1,500 men makes a sortie 
against the Black Flags near Hanoi ; 
the French are repulsed, and forced to- 

Aug. 18-20. Cochin-China. A French 
squadron under Adm. Courbet bombards, 
and captures the forts at Hue" ; the 
Annamese suffer heavy loss. [Aug. 20. 
An armistice is arranged.] 

CHURCH. 
1555* * Cambodia. Gaspar da Cruz, a 

Dominican from Portugal, introduces 
Christianity. 

1626 * * Tongking. Many Jesuits ar- 
rive, including the celebrated mission- 
ary Alexander of Rhodes. 

1780± * * Tongking. French missiona- 
ries reintroduce Christianity ; it spreads 
rapidly. 

1800+ * * Annam. French priests claim 
to have converted the emperor, and 
establish a hierarchy of great influence. 

1821 * * Opposition to French mis- 
sionaries becomes strong under the new 
ruler ; persecution is encouraged [and is 
continued after his death under three 
emperors]. 

1833 * * Tongking. Francis Gagelen, 
Jesuit missionary, is strangled. [1834. 
M. Ordorico is beheaded. 1835. M. 
Marehaud is torn to pieces, after suf- 
fering torture by hot irons.] 

1836 * * Tongking. Six missionaries 
are beheaded, and one is strangled. 
[1S39. Another missionary is executed.] 

1841 * * -42 * * Tongking. Three mis- 
sionaries are killed, and several more 
are imprisoned. 

1851 * * -58 * * Annam. Ten French 
missionaries are beheaded, and Ro- 
man Catholic natives are persecuted. 

May 4. Cochin- China. M. Schoffier, a 
French missionary, is beheaded by order 
of the grand mandarins, for preaching. 

1857 * * Tongking. Bp. Diaz, the Span- 
ish vicar-general, is beheaded after suf- 
fering cruel torture. 

1S5S July 27. Tonglcing. The French 
missionary. Bp. Melchior, is murdered 
with great barbarity. 

1860 Nov.* Tongking. The Abbe" 
Neron is brutally murdered by anti- 
French fanatics. [1S6S. July * By or- 
der of the bonze, several native Chris- 
tians are massacred.] 

1883* * Annam. Christians are massa- 
cred at the instigation of a native 
prince. 



AN NAM. 



234 b. c.-a. d. 1883, Aug. 18. 481 



STATE. 

214+ * *b.c. Annum. The Chinese 
invade and annex the country. 

112* *b.c.-968* *a. D. Tongkingisa 
dependency of China. 

110* *b. c-907* *a. n. Annam. Chi- 
nese vassal governors hold authority 
in the South. 

263 * * a. d. Annam. The Chinese do- 
mination ends. 

767 ** Tongking. The capital is 
founded (La Thang). 

* * * Annam is again subject to China. 

806 * * Cochin-China. The name Koue 
Tehen is first applied to Southern Tong- 
king. (Corrupted into Cochin-China.) 

907+ * * Annam. Native chiefs who are 
weary of Chinese rule lead a successful 
revolt. 

970+ * * Annam is under independent 
native princes, who are only nominal 
vassals of China. [1280. The Chinese 
attempt its complete subjugation.] 

1406 * * Annam is again subdued by 
the Chinese. 

1427* * Tongking. Le-Loi obtains the 
throne by violence ; he virtually sepa- 
rates the province from Annam, and by 
a successful rebellion becomes indepen- 
dent of China. 

1428 * * Annam. China abandons its 
rule of Annam. [1471. Annam is con- 
quered by Tongking.] 

1553 * * Annam throws off the yoke 
of Tongking. 

1610 * * Annam. Tsiampa is occupied by 
the Annamese, and the aborigines are 
driven from the plains into the hill 
country. 

1650+ * * Annam virtually consists of 
two kingdoms; the northern is ruled 
by the L6" dynasty, and the southern by 
the Nguyen family. 

1780+ * * Tongking. Gia-Long is de- 
throned by an invading successor of 
Nguyen-Dzo, the late viceroy. 

1787 Nov. 28. Ft. Cochin-China. France 
obtains the peninsula of Touron and the 
Isle of Pulo-Condore by the treaty of 
Versailles. 

French influence becomes dominant 
through the instrumentality of Bishop 
Pigneaux de Beshaine, chief of the Jes- 
uit mission at Bangkok, Siam. 

1788 * * Tongking. The king is de- 
throned and exiled; he appeals to 
France, through the French missiona- 
ries, for aid. 

1802 * * Tongking is conquered, and 
reunited to Annam. 

1820 * * Annam. Gia-Long, the king, 
dies ; he had named his younger son, 
Minh-Mang, as his successor. [The new 
king is bitterly opposed by his eldest 
brother, Canh-Dzue; he meets with great 
difficulty in suppressing a rebellion.] 

1821* * Annam. The anti-foreign 
party becomes powerful after the death 
of Gia-Long. 

1840 * * Annam. Thien Tu succeeds 
his father, Minh-Mang, as king, and re- 
news the persecution of Christians. 



1848 * * Annam. Tu Due, the younger 
son, succeeds his father, Thien Tu, as 
king ; he cruelly persecutes the native 
Christians and their missionaries. 

1851 * * Annam. Nu-Phong, the elder 
brother of Tu Due, leads an unsuccessful 
rebellion to wrest the kingdom from him. 

1858 * * Annam. The king orders M. 
Diaz put to death because a French 
vessel happens to be cruising near the 
coast. 

1859 Oct. * Tongking. The French 
government determines to intervene 
in behalf of Christians. 

1860 Oct. 15. The treaty of Tien-tsin 
is signed ; it assures the whole of the 
Oriental seas to the French. 

1861 * * Tongking. The pretender, L e 
Phung, leads a revolt [which is 
successful for a time in resisting the 
French ; subdued in 1866]. 

1862 June 5. Annam. The treaty of 
Saigon is signed ; peace is made with 
France under the pressure of an invad- 
ing army and a dangerous rebellion. 

Three of the lower provinces are ceded 
to the French ; Christianity is to be tol- 
erated and an indemnity paid. 

Dec. 17. Fr. Cochin-China. An insur- 
rection breaks out against France in the 
ceded provinces. 

1863 Sept. * Annam. Ambassadors 
are sent to France to regain the ceded 
provinces. [Their mission is unsuccess- 
ful.] 

1864 * * Cambodia. Phara-Norodom 
is crowned king. 

1867 June 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The 
revolt against the French continues. 

The French occupy the three lower 
provinces, and by proclamation annex 
them to France. 

1870* * Tongking. M. Dupuis, a 
Frenchman, explores a part of the Red 
River. [1872. May * On behalf of the 
French government he issues a procla- 
mation to the people.] 

1873 Dec, 21. Tongking. M. Philas- 
tre, the new French envoy, arrives at 
the delta of the Red River ; he learns 
that the French occupy the forts, and 
that Garnier is dead. [He introduces a 
pacific policy.] (See Army.) 

1873 + * * The French determine to ex- 
pel the Chinese from the valley of the 
Red River, and annex Tongking. 

1874* * The French protectorate is 
threatened by the Black Flags; vig- 
orous measures are taken for its de- 
fense. 

Mar. 15. Fr. Cochin-CJiina. A treaty 
with the French is concluded at Saigon, 
The king is to be independent of China, 
the ports are to be opened to commerce, 
the Christian religion to be tolerated, 
and the six lower provinces to be finally 
abandoned to France. 

Aug. 31. Fr. Cochin-China. A com- 
mercial treaty is signed by France and 
Annam at Saigon. 

1881 * * France resents the intrusion 
of China in Tongking ; it refuses to rec- 
ognize the latter's claims of suzerainty, 



and prepares for an armed occupa- 
tion. 

18S2 Jan. * Fr. Adm. La Pierre is 
appointed to the chief command of the 
French forces in Tongking. 

Apr. * The Tougkingese authorities are 
exasperated at the presence of an armed 
French flotilla in the Red River ; they 
regard it as a menace and a gross infrac- 
tion of the treaty of 1874. 

* * Tongking. France asserts her claim 
to a protectorate. 

* * Tongking. The Annamese repel an 
invasion of a French force sent by Le 
Myre de Villers, governor of Saigon. 

1883 * * Tongking. China becomes an 
ally of Annam, its tributary, in resist- 
ing French aggressiveness. 

Apr. 21. Tongking. Capt. Riviere is- 
sues an ultimatum at Hanoi. 

He demands from the mandarins a 
treaty for French supreni acy , and threat- 
ens to bombard the citadel if they re- 
fuse. [The mandarins reply that they 
have no power to consider treaties.] 

* * Tongking. The Emperor Tu Due re- 
sists the aggressiveness of the French. 

July 20. Annam. The Emperor Tu Due 
dies ; Hiep-hoa is enthroned. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1295 * * Cambodia is a vast and im- 
portant country. 

1590± * * Cambodia. Swarms with for- 
eign adventurers. 

1600+ * * Cambodia. The Portuguese 
establish factories. 

1635+ * * Cambodia. The Dutch es- 
tablish factories. 

1641 * * Cambodia. A Dutch expedition 
explores the Great Mekong River 
for 1,000 miles. 

1643 * * Cambodia. Many Europeans 
are butchered at the instigation of the 
Portuguese. 

1702 * * Cambodia. The English es- 
tablish a factory off the coast. 

1799 * * Tongking. Pigneaux de Be- 
shaine, Jesuit bishop, dies. 

1820 * * Annam. Gia-Long, the king, 
dies. 

1840* * Annam. Minh-Mang, the 
king, dies. 

1848 * * Annam. Thien Tu, the king, 
dies. 

1858 July 27. Tongking. Bishop 
Melchior is murdered. 

1860 Nov. * Tongking. Abbe" Heron 
is murdered. 

1866+ * * Fr. Cochin-China. A French 
expedition under Capt. Doudart de 
Lagree ascends the Mekong to Middle 
China. 

1879 * * Annam. Bun-Lan, or Than- 
Khai, the emperor, is horn. 

1883 May 20. B. T. Biviere, French 
commander, dies. 

July 20. Annam. Tu Due, the king, 
dies. 

Aug. *-Dec. * Tongking. The unarmed 
natives suffer much from all parties 
in the war. 



482 1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17. 



ANNAM. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1883 Sept. 1-3. TongHng. Gen.Bouet 
makes a successful sortie in the direc- 
tion of Soutay. [Sept. 3. He beheads a 
number of Annamese prisoners.] 

Sept. 15. The Annamese troops dis- 
band. The Yellow Flags continue hos- 
tilities. 

* * TongHng. Col. Badens with a small 
force surprises the citadel of Winh- 
Binh; it surrenders without bloodshed. 

Sept. 20. TongHng. It is announced 
that Adm. Courbet supersedes Gen. 
Bouet. 

Nov. 17. TongHng. The Black Flags 
make a fierce attack on the French at 
Hai Dzuong, and are repulsed by the aid 
of the gunboat Carabine. 

Dec. 16. TongHng. Adm. Courbet 
shells and captures the forts at Sontay ; 
French loss, 75 killed and 245 wounded. 
[Dec. * Sontay is fortified, and the 
French advance.] 

1884 Jan. 1, 2. TongHng. Pirates 
attack Nam-Dinh. 

Jan. 20±. TongHng. Chinese reen- 

forcements arrive to assist the natives 

against the French. 
Mar. 12. TongHng. Gens. N^grier, 

Briere de l'lsle, and Millot defeat the 

Chinese at Bac-iNmh ; the Celestials 

hastily retire from the city. 
Mar. 22. TongHng. The citadel of 

Thai -Nguyen is captured by a French 

force under Gen. Briere de l'lsle. 
Apr. 9. TongHng. The Chinese set 

Honghoa on fire, and retreat from the 

town. 
June 23. TongHng. A rash attempt is 

made by Col. Dugenne-with 700 men to 

occupy Langson ; the Chinese resist, 

and kill 10 of the French. 
Aug. 30. TongHng. Gen. Briere de 

l'lsle succeeds Gen. Millot as com- 
mander of the French forces. 
Oct. * TongHng. Fighting is renewed 

between the French and the Chinese. 
Oct. 6-8. TongHng. The Chinese 

regulars attack the French under Gen. 

Negrier, who repulses them, killing 

many of the Chinese. 
Oct. 10, 11. TongHng. The Chinese 

are again defeated, with a loss of 3,000, 

by Col. Bonnier, near Chu ; French loss, 

20 killed and 90 wounded. 
Oct. 13. TongHng. The Chinese are 

again repulsed at Tuguen Qua-Hung, 

losing many men. 
Nov. 20±. TongHng. The Black Flags 

are defeated by the French. 
Dec. * TongHng. The French retire to 

the hill country before the approach 

of a great Chinese army. 
Dec. * The defeat of Chinese pirates is 

announced. 

1885 Jan. * The arrival of 10,000 
men increases the army of Briere de 
l'lsle to 40,000 men. 



Jan. 3±. Gen. Ne*grier defeats 12,000 
Chinese in a great battle east of Chu. 

Feb. 2. The French forward move- 
ment begins. 

Feb, 6. TongHng. The French capture 
Dong Song after a severe fight, taking 
three forts and a large amount of sup- 
plies and ammunition. 

Feb. 8. TongHng. The Chinese, 10,000 
strong, attack the French near the 
frontier, and are repulsed. 

Feb. 10. TongHng. The column moves 
forward, and the Chinese fall back. 

Feb. 12. TongHng. The Chinese give 
battle, and are driven back. 

Feb. 13. TongHng. The citadel of 
Langson is finally occupied by the 
French without resistance, as the gar- 
rison retires. 

Feb. 24. TongHng. Tuyen-Kouan is 
attacked by the Chinese, hut they are 
repulsed by the French. 

Feb. 27. TongHng. Gen. Ne'grier cap- 
tures a large quantity of war material, 
stores, and ammunition from the Chi- 
nese. 

Mar. 2. TongHng. The siege of Tu- 
yen-Kouan is raised after IS attacks by 
the Chinese in as many days, the French 
having lost 463 men. 

Mar. 4-7. TongHng. Col. Duchesne 
again defeats the Chinese. [Mar. 22. 
Again at Dong-Dang.] 

Mar. 24. TongHng. The French and 
Chinese fight a severe battle on the 
frontier. 

Mar. 27. TongHng. The Chinese de- 
bouch in great numbers before the 
French position at Ki-Lua ; the latter 
fall back on Dong-Song and Than- 
Moi. 

Mar. 28. TongHng. The Chinese drive 
the French back in great confusion, and 
retake Dang son; Gen. Negrier is 
wounded. 

Mar. 30. TongHng. Col. Herbenger 
evacuates Dong-Song on the approach 
of the Chinese. 

Apr. 3. TongHng. Preliminaries of 
peace are signed. 

Apr. 14. TongHng. The Chinese, un- 
informed of the peace, attack the 
French at Kep, and are repulsed. 

Apr. * TongHng. Gen. de Courcy is 
appointed to the command of the French 
forces in the field. 

Apr. * The Chinese reward Luh Vinh 
Phuoc, the chief of the Black Flags, 
for his services against the French. 

May 5. TongHng. The Chinese troops 

evacuate Langson, and proceed to 

withdraw from the province. 
July 2. Cochin-China. The Annamese 

at Hue revolt, and surprise the French 

in a night attack. 
July 5, 6. Cochin-China. The regent 

Thayet, with 30,000 men, treacherously 



attacks Gen. de Courcy at Hue\ but is de- 
feated and captured. [July 10. French 

reenforcements arrive at HuC] 
Aug. 24+. TongHng. The citadel of 

Than Hoa is occupied by the French 

without resistance. 
Aug.* The Black Flags raid five mis- 
sionary stations, and massacre the priests 

and 10,000 native Christians. 
Sept. * Cochin-China. Two French 

missionaries are reported killed and 

24,000 native Christians massacred at 

Kuang-Tri. 
Oct. * TongHng. Gen. Jounont attacks 

Than-Moi, and routs its defenders after 

fighting three days. 
Oct. * TongHng. Black Flag bands 

annoy the French. 
Dec. * TongHng. Gen. Negrier defeats 

the Black Flags. 

1886 Nov. * TongHng. Insurrections 
break out against the French, but are 
soon suppressed. 

1887 Jan.* TongHng. Insurgents are 
again active. [Apr. 19. Col. Bose cap- 
tures Mupng.] 

1888 Sept.* TongHng. A native guard 
is organized by the French for the pur- 
pose of suppressing piracy. 

1889 Jan. 17. The pirates are de- 
feated by Gen. Borgnis des Bordes. 

Mar. 16. Doivan, the chief of the Bac- 
!N"inh pirates, surrenders, and quiet 
follows. 

1S90 Nov. 8±. TongHng. Piracy is 
rampant, the French outposts being at- 
tacked constantly. 

1893 May 17. Siam. A bloody battle 
occurs between the French Annamese 
garrison at Khong and the Siamese, 
on the boundary line of Annam and 
Siam ; the Siamese government repudi- 
ates responsibility in the matter. 

CHURCH. 

1885 Aug.i * -Dec. * Annam. About 
22,000 native Christians are massa- 
cred. 

1886 Aug. * TongHng. Seven hun- 
dred Christiana are massacred by the 
Black Flags, who destroy 30 villages. 

1890 * * Annanw There are no Protes- 
tant missions in the country. 

The educated classes follow Confu- 
cius, Buddhism is tolerated by the 
government, and many of the natives 
profess Roman Catholicism. Some Ro- 
man Catholic authorities claim 420,000 
members, under 125 European priests 
and 264 native priests, in seven apostolic 
vicariates. 

STATE. 

1883 Apr. 25. Fr. Cochin-China. The 
Emperor Hiep-hoa is forced, by a French 
naval demonstration, to sign a treaty 
at Saigon. 

Therms : A French protectorate and the 
exclusion of foreign powers, except as 
approved by the French Government ; 



ANNAM. 



1883, Sept. 1-1893, May 17. 483 



Bink Tuan is ceded to France ; French 
occupation of the forts on the Hue* River ; 
French administration of customs ; ports 
to be opened and an indemnity to be 
paid by Aunam, etc. 

Oct.* Cambodia. The king, Norodom, 
recognizes the French protectorate 
by treaty. 

Dec. 14. Annam. Anti-French fanatics 
kill King Hiep-hoa, and Yoe-Duc 
succeeds him. 

1884 Mar. 26±. Annam. An Annam- 
ese prince is executed for instigating 
the massacres of Christians. 

May 11. China. Capt.FournierandLi- 
Hung-Chang, the imperial prime minis- 
ter, sign a treaty at Tien-tsin ; the 
French protectorate of Annam and Tong- 
king is recognized, and the Chinese 
troops are withdrawn from the north- 
ern provinces. 

June 6. The Annamese sign a convention 
which compels the acknowledgment of 
the French protectorate. 



July 1±. Tongking. The Chinese de- 
cline to ratify the treaty of May 11, and 
refuse to pay indemnity for the killing 
of French citizens at Langson. 

July 18i:. Tongking. The Chinese de- 
mand the evacuation of Langson and 
other places held by the French. 

Aug. 2. Annum. The king's death is an- 
nounced, and his young brother, Kien- 
phouc, is his successor. 

1885 Apr. 5. China. The prelimina- 
ries of peace are signed at Peking. 

The Chinese agree to evacuate Tong- 
king, and France will take it under its 
protectorate, and also evacuate For- 
mosa. 

June 9. China. The Treaty of Tien- 
tsin is ratified by the French and Chi- 
nese. 

July 2. Annam. The Annamese rise 
in revolt against the French. 

Sept. 14±. Annam. Chaul-Mong, the 
adopted son of Tu Due, is proclaimed 
emperor. 



Sept. 19. Annam. The emperor is 
crowned, and named Douck-Hanh. 

1S86 Jan. 31. Tongking. Paul Bert 
is appointed French resident. [Nov. 
11. He dies.] 

Jan. 28. Annam. The emperor, Douck- 
Hanh, dies. 

Jan. 30. Annam. Thau-Khai, the 
young son of Douck-Hauh, succeeds to 
the throne. 

Apr. * Cambodia. The rebellion led by 
Prince Si-Votha is broken, and he sues 
for peace. 

1888 Sept. 8. Tongking. M.Richaud 
succeeds Paul Bert, deceased January, 
1887. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1884 Jan. 1,2. Tongking. Pirates de- 
vastate Nam-Dinh, and kill the people. 

1889 Jan. 29. Annam. Douck-Hanh, 
the king, dies. 

Feb. 27. Tongking. Gen. Des Bordes 
of the French army is murdered. 



ARABIA AND THE MOSLEMS. 

Arabia is a large peninsula of Western Asia, and is destitute of any permanent river; its area is estimated at 1,200,000 square 
miles, and its population at 5,000,000. The country has no common government ; its political divisions are various, and include 
three Turkish provinces : Hedjaz along the coast of the Red Sea, Yemen farther south, and El Hassa bordering the Persian 
Gulf ; three sultanates, Oman along the gulf of the same name, El Nejd in the interior, and Hadramant in the south ; Aden, in 
the extreme south, is a British protectorate. The religion of the people is Mohammedan, and their language is Arabic. About 
185,000,000 Mohammedans are at the present time scattered over northern Africa, southern Asia, and southeastern Europe. 

Authorities are not agreed concerning the precise dates of the chief events connected with the life of Mohammed. Many of 
the Moslem dates are of uncertain value. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1438* *-1388* *b.c. Setil.(Sethos), 
the ruler of Egypt, sends a military ex- 
pedition into Arabia. 

25 * * b. c. The Romans send an expe- 
dition into Arabia under C. iElius Gallus. 
His army consists of 10,000 Roman in- 
fantry, 500 Jews, and 1,000 Nabatheans ; 
they suffer greatly from the climate, 
and return without making conquests. 

500* *a.d. The Mustareb, or Northern 
Arabs, revolt, and in the battle of Ha- 
zaz forever break the yoke of Yemen. 

529* * The Abyssinians numbering 
70,000, under Aryat, invade Yemen to 
avenge the persecution of Christians. 

562 * * Chosroes, king of Persia, makes 
an expedition against the Christian king- 
dom founded in Arabia by Abyssinians. 

* * The Abyssinians are driven out, and 
Arabia becomes a province of Persia. 

569* *King Abraha of the Abyssin- 
ian dynasty, advancing for conquest, is 
defeated near Mecca. 

ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 

500± * * Antar, or Antarah, chief and 
poet, fiourisbes. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

267± * * Odenathus, warrior, husband of Ze- 

nobia, is assassinated. 
545± * * Ahdallah-Ben Abd-el Moottalib, 

merchant, father of Mohammed, born. [570. 



»71 * * Abu Bekr. father-in-law and suc- 
cessor of Mohammed, born. [634, Aug. 22. 
Dies. A63.] 



CHURCH. 

500 * * A stone temple or shrine at 
Mecca of unknown antiquity is visited 
by worshipers, and greatly enriched with 
offerings. 

529 * * The Abyssinians xinder Aryat 
proclaim the Christian religion [and 
maintain it for 76 years through the 
southern half of the peninsula]. 

STATE. 

1919 * * (?) b. c. Chaldea. Ishmael, 
the son of Abraham, is born ; from him 
the Arabs claim descent. 

1550 * * -1305 * * b. c. The dynasty 
of Hammurabi reigns in Chaldea. 

1438* *-13S3* *b. c. Seti I. (Se- 
thos), king of Egypt, reigns ; his expe- 
dition penetrates Arabia and advances 
to the Euphrates. 

722 * * -705 * * b. c. Sargon, king of 
Assyria, having destroyed the kingdom 
of Israel, extends his conquests into 
Arabia, and exacts tribute. 

400± * * b. c. Yemen, the oldest mon- 
archy of Arabia, is established. 

[It continues for about 2,500 years ; 
ruling the southern half of the penin- 
sula directly and the northern half in- 
directly.] 



105 * * a. d. The Romans, by the gov- 
ernor of Syria, take possession of the 
country from the northern end of the 
Red Sea, and call it the Roman province 
of Arabia. 

5th century. The northern Arabs re- 
volt against the king of Yemen ; the 
Koreysh tribe begins to develop. 

522 * * King Caleb, or Elesbaan, of Abys- 
sinia, extends his kingdom into 
Arabia. 

529 * * The Yemen monarchy is over- 
thrown by invading Abyssinians under 
the king of Axoum, the capital of Abys- 
sinia, to which Yemen (Arabia Felix) 
belonged by right of conquest. 

562 * *Chosroes overthrows the 
Abyssinian kingdom in Arabia, and 
places Sai'f, leader of the native Homer- 
ites, in power. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

500 * * An important coast trade along 
the Red Sea brings wealth to the Ko- 
reysh Arabs. 

* * The annual fair of Okad, near Mecca, 
becomes a national assembly ; races, 
games, and commerce the chief attrac- 
tions. 

[It becomes the central emporium of 
all the Arab tribes, and a truce exists 
between warring tribes when present on 
the fair grounds.] 



484 570, **-775, ** 



ARABIA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

6th Century. The heroic period of the 
northern Arabs ; a series of wars among 
"Mustareb" tribes. 

623* *The Holy "War begins; Mo- 
hammed attacks and plunders a Mecca 



624* * Mohammed defeats the Ko- 
reyshites in the battle of Bedr. 

±* * Mohammed is at war with the 
Jews. 

625 * * Mohammed is defeated in the 
battle of Ohod by idolaters led by 
Abu Sofian. 
. 627 * * Mohammed is besieged in Me- 
dina by the Koraish, 40,000 strong ; part 
of his followers turn against him ; the 
siege is raised in 14 days. [It is called 
the War of the Fosse, or Ditch.] 

628 * * Mohammed leads his followers in 
a successful war against several Jew- 
ish tribes. 

629 * * Syrid. Mohammed's followers, 
led by Kaled, defeat an army of 100,000 
Romans and allies at the battle of 
Muta; for his bravery Mohammed 
names Kaled » The Sword of God." 

630 * * With 10,000 men Mohammed en- 
ters Mecca in triumph. 

631 * * Mohammed proclaims a holy war 
against the Byzantine empire ; it proves 
an utter failure. 

632 * * -34 * * The Mohammedans sub- 
due large parts of Asia, Africa, and 
Europe. 

634 * * Syria. The Saracens (Mohamme- 
dans) besiege and capture Damascus. 

634* *-44* *TheMohammedans 
make conquests in Persia, Palestine, 
and Phoenicia. 

637 * * Persia. The Saracens defeat the 
Persians at the battle of Jaloulah, or 
11 Battle of the Bridge.'* 

640 Dec. 22. Egypt. The Saracens 
under Amru take Alexandria. 

642 * * Persia. In the battle of Neha- 
vend, "Battle of Victories," the Sara- 
cens defeat the Sassanidfe (Persians) ; 
their empire is destroyed. 

645 * * _656 * * Othman (Osman) sub- 
dues northern Africa, and captures 
Rhodes and Cyprus. 

Civil wars occur with much blood- 
shed. 

656 * * First civil war ; at a battle near 
Basrah, "the Day of the Camel," 
Ali defeats the rebellious friends of the 
murdered Othman, including Ayesha, 
one of the wives of Mohammed, who 
rode up and down the battle-field 
mounted on a great camel. 

683 * * Hosein besieges Medina, and 
destroys the temple ; he raises the siege 
on hearing of the death of Calif Yezid. 

692 * * Mecca is taken after a siege of 
eight months by Hejaj, the general of 
Abdalmelik. 

710+ * * Musa, the Saracen governor of 
Egypt, extends Arabian conquests 



along the Mediterranean to the Atlantic 
Ocean. 

711* *Tarik, the Saracen general, 
crosses to Spain, and overthrows the 
kingdom of the (Catholic) Visigoths 
at the battle of Jeres de la Frontera. 
[Spain is conquered after a struggle 
of eight years.] 

725 * * Turkey. The Saracens invade 
Constantinople with 120,000 men, be- 
sides 1,800 who approach by sea; the 
Arab fleet is destroyed by Greek fire. 

732 * * Fr. The Saracens enter Gaul, 
and are defeated and routed by Charles 
Martel in a great battle between Tours 
and Poitiers. [This battle is said to 
have changed the history of Europe.] 

* * Civil wars are renewed with the 
Shiites, or followers of Ali. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS — 
NATURE. 
610± * * The Koran, the sacred book of 
the Mohammedans, is divulged by Mo- 
hammed. [First published by Abu-Bekr 
635+.] 

622 July 15. The Mohammedans be- 
gin their era from the Hegira, or 
flight of Mohammed from Mecca to 
Medina. 

700* *-80O* * The medical schools of 
Bagdad and Salerno flourish. (?) 

705 * * The mosque at Mecca is erected 
by the calif, El Madgy. 

750 * * Sp. John, Bishop of Seville, pre- 
pares an Arabic Bible. 

760+ * * Astronomy and geography 
are sciences cultivated by the Arabs. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

571± * * Mohammed, religious teacher, 
founder of Mohammedanism, born. [632, 
June 8. Dies. A61+.] 

581 * * Omar I., calif and captor of Jerusa- 
lem, born. [644. Dies. A63.] 

* * * Antar, warrior and poet, b. and d. 
600+ * * Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib, son-in-law of Mo- 

liiunmed, born. [661. Assassinated. A59+.] 

631 * * Kahadijah, wife of Mohammed, dies. 

632 * * Fatima, only daughter of Moham- 
med, A26±. 

655 * * Othman, calif, is murdered. 

663 * * Kaab, poet, dies. 

663 * * Amru, general, dies. 

680 * * The sons of Ali murdered. 

700+ * * Amru-el-Kais, poet, dies. 

705 * * Abd el Mealiek, calif, A 60. 

713* * Mansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Alnlallah, 

second Abbasside calif, founder of Bagdad, 

born. [775+. Dies. A63±.] 
730+ * * Abu-Moslem, general, born. [755 + . 

Dies. A35+.] 
765+* * Jobeidah, wife of Harun-al-Kas- 

chid, born. [831. Dies. A66+.] 
765+* *Harun al Raschid ("Aaron the 

Just"), calif of Bagdad, born. [809. Dies. 

A44+.] 

* * * Geber, Aboo-Moossah-Jaafar-al-Sofee, 
alchemist, born and died. 



CHURCH. 

570 * * The Christian Abyssinians vainly 
endeavor to seize the keys of the 
holy temple from the Koreyah Arabs. 

* * The religion of the Arabs sinks into 
idolatry or indifference. 

571 July 16. Mohammed is born. 



604 * * Mohammed Bets forth his creed. 

606* *-611* * Mohammed often retires 
to a solitary cave near Mount Hara, 
and giveB himself up to religious medi- 
tation. Here he has his first vision ; 
he says the chief part of the Koran is 
brought to him by the angel Gabriel. 

He comes into connection with the 
Hanifs, or penitents, who seek deliv- 
erance from sin and reject idolatry. 

610± * * Mohammed appears in Mecca 
as a prophet. 

611* * Kadi j ah becomes Mohammed? 
first convert. 

612 * * or 613 * * Mohammed publicly 
announces himself a prophet, and is 
met with imprecations and maltreat- 
ment. 

613+ * * Mohammed has made no con- 
verts beyond his family and friends. 

621+ * * Mohammed makes his alleged 
ascent into heaven. 

622 * * Mecca. Mohammed's cause is 
greatly advanced by the addition of 
12 pilgTims from Yathreb. 

July 16. The Hegira; Mohammed flees 
from Mecca for an asylum in Medina 
[where he becomes a political leader 
and a religious reformer]. 

He makes Friday the principal day 
for worship, and Mecca the principal 
place; for the Jewish fast he substi- 
tutes the month Ramadan, 

* * Mohammed endeavors to gain over to 
his religion the Jews in Medina, but 
fails, and becomes their irreconcilable 
enemy. 

623 Dec.* Mohammed commences 
the Holy "War (mission work) by at- 
tacking a Mecca caravan, which he 
plunders. 

Mohammed produces the 8th chap- 
ter of the Koran, which he alleges 
came to him from heaven. 

625 * * Banu Nadir, the Jew, is ex- 
pelled from Medina with his powerful 
family. 

626 * * Mohammed prohibits wine and 
games of chance. 

627 * * A heroic spirit is exhibited by 
the 600 or 700 Jews who are martyred 
by Mohammed. 

628 * * Rapid spread of Islamisni. 

629 * * Kalid, Amru, and Othman, 
who presided over the Kaaba, become 
Mussulmans, increasing Mohammed's 
power and influence ; he is acknowl- 
edged in all the country between the 
Euphrates and the Red Sea. 

630 Jan. * Mohammed with 10.000 men 
enters Mecca on a pilgrimage, and 
destroys the idols. 

632 * * Mohammed and 40,000 adherents 
perform the pilgrimage to Mecca. 

June 8. Mohammed dies. He was 
slowly poisoned by a Jewess. (?) 

* *-34* *The Koran is collected 
[later enlarged by the Soona, an oral 
tradition]. 



AND THE MOSLEMS. 



570, **-775, * *. 485 



634± * * A mosque is erected on the 
site of Solomon's temple at Jerusa- 
lem. 

642 * * In Egypt the Christians (Copts) 
aid the Arabians under Omar, out of 
hostility to the Greek Orthodox Church. 

644 * * The Christian Berbers in Worth 
Africa are won over to Islam ism by 
Othman. 

679 * * The great schism takes place. 
Separation of believers into two par- 
ties, the Soonees, Sunnites (Tradition- 
alists), who accept the addition, and the 
Sheeah or Shiites (Separatists), who 
reject it, and regard AH (son-in-law) 
as Mohammed's rightful successor. 

720 * * The successful Saracens threaten 
to encircle Christendom, and to 
speedily destroy the Christian faith. 

732* * Charles Martel saves Christian 
Europe from becoming a Moorish Eu- 
rope by winning the battle against 
Abd-er-Rahman between Tours and Poi- 
tiers. (See A. and N.) 

750 * * Rise of the Motazilites, who 
originated the Mussulman theology. 



STATE. 

622 Mar. * Seventy Moslems from 
Yathreb conclude an offensive and 
defensive treaty with Mohammed at 
Akaba, near Mecca. 

July 16. The Hegira, or flight of Mo- 
hammed from Mecca to Medina, takes 
place. [It is the beginning of the Mo- 
hammedan era ; Mohammed becomes a 
great political and religious leader.] 

628 * * Mohammed organizes a pilgrim- 
age to Mecca. 

* * Mohammed receives the homage of his 
followers under a tree near Medina. 

* * The Meccans refuse Mohammed ad- 
mission to the city ; they make a treaty 
with him at Hodaibiya, agreeing to a 
truce for 10 years. 

* * Mohammed sends letters to the 
kings of Persia and Abyssinia, and the 
chiefs of several Arab tribes, demand- 
ing of them to become followers of his. 

630 * * Mohammed takes possession of 
Mecca. [His final and complete suc- 
cess is assured.] 

632 * * On the death of Mohammed, Abu- 
Bekr his father-in-law, is elected his 
successor — calif. [He reigns two years.] 

634 Aug. 23. Abu-Bekr dies, and 
Omar becomes calif. [He bears the 
title Emir-al-Mumenin, Commander of 
the Faithful, which all succeeding ca- 
lifs assume.] 

* * The Yemen monarchy is ab- 
sorbed in the Mohammedan conquest. 

642 * * Persia is conquered by the Ara- 
bians. 

644* * Omar is assassinated, and Oth- 
man (Osman) becomes caliph. [He 
reigns 12 years ; he extends the king- 
dom into northern Africa.] 



655 * * Othman is murdered by fanatics 
during an insurrection, arid Ali, the 
husband of Fatima and son-in-law of 
Mohammed, becomes calif ; he is recog- 
nized by only part of the Arabs. 

[The followers of Ali, known as Shi- 
ites, recognize him as the first legiti- 
mate successor of Mohammed ; their 
opponents are the Sunnites, who recog- 
nize the first four califs as legitimate 
successors ; the Mohammedans of Persia 
are mostly Shiites, those of the Turkish 
empire and India mostly Sunnites.] 

* * Moawiyah is supported as calif in 
Syria. 

660 * * Ali [the sixth of this name] is 
assassinated, and Hassan his son be- 
comes calif. 

661 * * Hassan resigns, and Moawiyah 
succeeds him ; he is the great-grandson 
of Mohammed. 

661 * * -750 * * The dynasty of the 
Ommiades. 

[Moawiyah changes the royal resi- 
dence from Medina to Damascus, 
and makes the office of calif hereditary.] 

679 * * -683 * * Yezid I., son of Moa- 
wiyah, is calif. 

680 * * Abdallah revolts, amd is pro- 
claimed calif at Medina by the people 
of Mecca and Medina. 

683 * * Moawiyah II., son of Moawiyah 
I., is calif. 

683 * * -684 * * Merwan I. is calif. 

684 * * -705 * * Abdalmelik is calif. 

* * * The glory of the Moslem empire 
culminates. 

* * * The decline of Arabia commences. 
705* *-715* * Walid I. is calif ; Spain 

becomes part of the Moslem empire. 
710+ * * Conquests are extended 

through North Africa to the Atlantic 

under Musa, the Arab governor of 

Egypt. 
715* *-717* * Soliman is calif . 
717 * * -720 * * Omar II. is calif. 
720 * * -724 * * Yezid H. is calif. 

* * * The Mohammedan Berbers, shep- 
herds of Mount Atlas, parts of North 
Africa, and other people of African, 
Roman, and Greek descent, become 
mixed with the Arabs, and are called 
Moors. 

720 * * Fr. The Saracens advance be- 
yond the Pyrenees. 

724 * * -743 * * Hashem is calif. 

He is very strict in the practice of 
religious duties, and an avowed enemy 
of luxury. 

743 * * -744 * * "Walid H. is calif. 

744* * Yezid III, becomes calif; he 
dies of the plague after reigning five 
months. 

* * Ibraham becomes calif ; he is de- 
posed after reigning three months. 

* * -750 * * Merwan H. is calif. 

The califate reaches its greatest ex- 
pansion, and includes within its domin- 
ion southwestern Asia from the Indus 



to the Mediterranean and the Cauca- 
sus, all northern Africa, Sardinia, Cor- 
sica, and parts of France and Spain. 
750 * * Dynasty of the Abbassides. 

* * Abul Abbas, a great-grandson of an 
uncle of Mohammed, having overthrown 
Merwan II., the Abbassides com- 
mence their reign, Abul Abbas being 
made calif by the soldiers. 

754 * * -775 * * Al Mansur is calif ; he 
introduces learning among the Arabs. 

756 * * The separate califate of Cor- 
dova is established in Spain by Abd-er- 
Rahman. 

* * * Fr. The Moslems advance north- 
ward and invade Gaul, where they are 
repulsed. 

759* * Pepin delivers France from the 
last vestige of Mohammedan rule. 

762+ * * Bagdad, in Asiatic Turkey, a 
city on the Tigris, is founded by Al 
Mansur, and becomes the seat of the 
Saracen empire. The golden period 
of the Saracenic empire begins. 

775 * * -785 * * Al Mahdi is calif. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

571+ * * 629 * * Mohammed rises from 
obscurity to power. 
(571) He is horn. 

(577+ * *) He loses his mother, and is 
committed to the care of a slave. 

(579± * *) He, having lost his grandfather, 
is adopted by his uncle Abu Talib. 

(594+ * *) He earns his living as a shep- 
herd. 

(595 * *) He enters the house and business 
of Kadijah. 

(598+ * *) He marries Kadijah. 

(606+ * *) He settles the dispute of the 
chiefs respecting the restoration of the 
sacred black stone on the rebuilding of 
Kaabeh. 

(619 * *) He loses his uncle, and three 
days later his wife ; he seeks solace 
by marrying several wives — Ayesha, 
seven years of age, and Sawda, and 
Hafsa ; the second became his bride 
only two months after the death of the 
first wife. 

He gives his daughter Fatima in mar- 
riage to Ali-Ibn-Taleb. 

(622 * *) The Koreyshites attempt to as- 
sassinate the prophet ; he hides in a 



(628+ * *) He marries Jeweira, a woman 

of great beauty. 
An attempt is made to poison the 

prophet, but he is delivered. 
(629 * *) He claims a revelation from 

heaven permitting him to have as many 

concubines as he may wish ; he takes 

Mary. 

641 * * Egypt. The Saracens burn the 
great library at Alexandria. (?) 

644 * * Omar is murdered by a Persian 
slave. 

692 * * Abd- Allah Ebn Zobeyr is slain 
in storming the walls of Mecca. 

695 * * Abdalmelik coins the first Ara- 
bian money ; Somyor, a Jew, is his mint- 
master. 



486 776, **~1807, 



ARABIA 



ARMY — NAVY. 

920 * * Mecca is stormed by the revolt- 
ing Karmathiaus under their leader, 
Suleyman Aba-Jahir. 

1258 * * The Tartars take Bagdad, and 
end Moslem rule in that city. 

1517* * The Turks conquer Egypt 
and Arabia, and thereby transfer the 
sovereignty to the Ottoman sovereign. 

1630 * * The Yemenites expel the Turks 
from their native province. 

1650± * * The Yaarebah princes drive 
the Portuguese princes out of Mus- 
cat. 

1737 * * Nadir Shah attacks the king- 
dom of Oman, and takes the principal 
towns, and slaughters mauy of the in- 
habitants. 

1797 * * The Turks with an army of 
5,000, and 5,000 Arabian allies, invade 
Hasa for the suppression of the Waha- 
bis ; they besiege Hofhuf, the capital, 
and retire unsuccessful. 

1801 * * The Wahabis invade Bagdad 
and besiege and plunder Kerbala. 

1802 * * The Wahabis subdue Taif , the 
pleasure-ground of Mecca, with much 
bloodshed. 

1803 Apr. * Mecca is taken by the 
Wahabis. 

1804 * * Sayyid, at the head of the Wa- 
habis, conquers Medina, plunders the 
tomb of the prophet of its accumulation 
of rich offerings, and' treats the people 
with much severity. 

* * -11 * * The "Wahabis are at war 
with their neighbors and especially with 
the Turks. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS — 
NATURE. 

8th Century. Geber (Abu Musa Jaffaral- 
Soii) the chemist flourishes. 

813 * * -842 * * Alkindius writes on 
astronomy and medicine. 

818 * * Al-Mamun patronizes literature 
and learning. 

820± * * Aristotle is first translated 
into Arabic. 

900± * * Albategnius, the great astron- 
omer, determines the length of the 
tropical year. 

950 * * AJfarabius, writer and scientist, 
linguist, and compiler of an encyclope- 
dia [the first], familiar with all branches 
of science, dies at Damascus. 

995+ * * Astronomers have a sextant 
whose radius is 59 feet, nine inches. 

* * Azzarkal, the mathematician and 
astronomer, flourishes. 

961 * * -976 * * The Society of the 
Brothers of Purity or Sincerity, 
f o unded at Basra, prosecutes philosophic 
and scientific studies. 

961 * * -976 * * Spain. Learning is en- 
couraged by Alhakun, Calif of Cor- 
dova ; the catalogue of his library fills 
44 volumes. 



Twenty-seven free schools are opened 
in Cordova for the poor ; knowledge* is 
widely distributed in Mohammedan 
Spain. 

10th Century. Hydropathy is practised. 

978i * * Spain. The successor of Ha- 
kem burns every book in the royal 
library which treats of philosophy or 
astronomy. 

* * The Society of Brothers of Basra 
write a cyclopedia of knowledge in 51 
treatises. 

1000± * * Avicenna, the physician and 
scholar, flourishes [the most learned 
man of his time]. 

1006 * * The Talmud is translated into 
Arabic. (?) 

1008± * * Ebn Junis draws up astro- 
nomical tables. (?) 

1030± * * Alhazen discourses on the 
nature of sight, and writes a treatise on 
optics. 

1045 * * -1070 * * Spain. Avicebron, 
the Hebrew poet, better known as Solo- 
mon ben Gabriol, writes his philosophi- 
cal work, Fountain of Life. 

1050+ * * Magnifying glasses are in- 
vented by Alhazen. 

1150* * Philosophical books are 
burned at Bagdad by command of the 
calif. 

1180 * * Philosophy revives in Spain, 
and is cultivated by Avenpace, Ibn- 
Tofail, and Averroes. 

1185 * * Death of Ibn-Tofail in Mo- 
rocco, a writer of romance and phi- 
losophy, and a treatise on medicine, 
and also one on astronomy. 

1192 * * At Bagdad the books of a phy- 
sician are publicly cursed and burned, 
and their owner is imprisoned. 

1195* * Spain. Philosophers are ban- 
ished and their works burned ; Ben- 
Habib is condemned to death for philos- 
ophising. 

1253 * * Spain. Alphonsine (astro- 
nomical) tables, composed by Al Bagel 
and Al Kabitz, are drawn up under the 
auspices of King Alfonso X. of Castile. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

7764- * * Albumazar, astronomer, born. [885. 

Dies. A109±.] 
780 * * Alhakem Ibn Atta. prophet, dies. 
806 * * Abu Teman, poet, born. [845 (?). 

Dies. A39+.] 
852± * * Kliazes, or Kasis, physician, born. 

[932. Dies. A80+.] 
890± * * Masudi, Abu Hasen All ben Husein 

ben- Ali, historian, born. [956. Dies. A66±.] 
933 * * Abu FaraSj poet, born. [968. Dies. 

A 36.] 
850* * Albateg-niue. Mohammed ben 

Jabir. astronomer, born. [929. Dies. A79±.] 
950 * * Alfarabius, writer on all branches of 

science, dies. 
965 * * Al Mootenabbee, poet, dies. 

* * * Al-Kimh, philosopher, dies. 
970* * Abu el Ala, blind poet, born. [1057. 

Dies. A87+0 
979 * * Ibn-Yunas, Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman, 

poet, astronomer, horn. [1008. Dies. A30.J 
980* * Avicenna, phvsieian, author, born. 

[1037. Dies. A57.] 
994± * * Ali Ibn ul Albas, physician, dies. 

* * * Azzarkal, mathematician, astronomer, 
born and dies. 



1038 (?) * • Alhazen, phllOSOpber, mathema- 
tician, dies. 

1045 " • Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasem ben 
ah, poet, born. [1122±. Dies. A77±.] 

1058" " Algazel, scholar, teacher, philoso- 
pher, mystic Baint, born. [1111. A53.J 
• Abdullah ben Yasini, scholar, soldier, 



Avenzoar, physician, born. [1162. 



dies. 
1072 b 

Dies. 
1087 b* -Abu Abdallah Mohammed, 

founder of the Almuhades, born. ;il3u, 



1099 ' 



A.43 
• Edr 



g'-uyrapher, born. [1164. 



HlOz * * Ahn-el-Kasim, surgical writer, dies. 
1138 ' * Avempace, philosopher, dies. 
1149- * * Averroes. Ibn JCoshd, philosopher, 

physician, born. [119». Dies. A49_.' 
± * * Fakhr-ed-Din, Ad-liazi, phvsieian, born. 

[1210. Dies. A61±.J 
1161 * • Abdul Latif, writer, born. 
1185 • * Ibn-TofaU, writer of romance and 

medicine, dies in llorocco. 
1193 Mar. 24. Saladin Ynsuf Ibn Ayub, 

sultan of Egypt and .Syria, dies. 
1231 * * Abdul Laiif, writer, A70. 
1256* * Abu Hayyan, Athir-tl-Dur, anthor, 

born. [1344. Dies. A88.J 
1259 * * Othinan, founder of the Ottoman 

Empire, born. [1326. Dies.] 
1273± * * Abu el Feda, warrior, author, born. 

[1331. Dies. A58±.J 
1275 * * Adhahahebi. historian, born. [1275. 

Dies. A73.] 
1332 * * Ibn Khaldun or Khaldoun, histo- 
rian, born. [1406. Dies. A 74.] 
1608 - * * Abu el Fazl or Aboulfazl, vizier, 

historian, dies. 
1691- * * Abd el Wahab. founder of the 

Wahabis, horninNejd. [1787. Dies. A96±.] 
1803 * * Abd el Aziz, Wahabi chief, assas- 
sinated. 
1807* *AbdelKader, 

Dies. A76.] 



r,born. [1883. 



CHURCH. 

890 * * The Karma thi an Mohammedan 
sect arises [and in 900 devastates the 
Eastj. 

900 * * General skepticism develops 
in the heart of Arabia among the 
Karmathites. 

930 * * TheKaabeh is ruined, and the 
sacred black stone is carried to Hasa 
[where it remains 22 years]. 

1730± * * Rise of the "Wahabis — the 
Arabic Puritans. 

They seek to reform Islamism ; con- 
demn fine dressing, use of tobacco and 
wine, the honors paid to shrines, and 
inculcate hatred to foreigners, espe- 
cially the Turks. The reform spreads 
swift and wide in Arabia. 

1805 * * Nearly all Arabia accepts the 
reformed Islamism of the Wahabis. 



STATE. 

785* *-786* * Al Hadi is calif . 

786* *-809* *Harun-Al-Easchid 
(Aaron the Just) is calif ; he is a patron 
of learning and an enlightened ruler. 

800* *-941* *N. Africa. The Ag- 
labite dynasty is in power at Kairwan 
and Tunis. 

808* *-908* * N. Africa. The Ed- 
risite dynasty, founded by Kdris, a 
descendant of Ali, the son-in-law of 
Jlohammed, reigns at Fez. 

809 * * -813 * * Al Amin is calif. 

813 * * -833 * * Al Mamun, son of 
Harun-al-Raschid, is calif ; he is a lib- 
eral patron of schools and science. 

820 * * The Arabian monarchy is dis- 
membered. 



AND THE MOSLEMS. 



776,* *-1807,**. 487 



* * -872 * * The dynasty of the Taher- 
ites is in power at Khorassan. 

833 * * -841 * * Al Motassem is calif. 
He has 40,000 Turkish slaves, bought in 
Tartary ; they become the disposers of 
the throne ; he builds Saumara, and 
makes it the seat of government ; the 
califate gradually declines. 

[841-847, Al Wathek is calif; 847-861, 
Al Motawakkel ; 861-862, Al Mostan- 
ser; 862-866, Al Mostain; S66-S69, Al 
Motaz ; 869-870, Al Mohtadi.] 

870 * * -892 * * Al Motamed is calif. 
He reestablishes the capital at Bag- 
dad; the Turkish guards lose some of 
their prestige and power. 

872 * * Persia. Yakub Ebn Seis, the bra- 
zier, overthrows the Taherites, and 
founds the Saffarian dynasty. 

890* *-951* *TheKarmathians, 
prompted by skepticism and injustice, 
revolt, and sever Arabia from the em- 
pire ; they condemn the pomp of the 
court at Bagdad, and war against it. 

892* *-902* *AlMotadhed is caliph. 

* * Turkestan becomes independent under 
Ismail Samani. 

902 * * -908 * * Al Moktafi is calif. 

902± * * Ismail Samani conquers Persia. 

908 * * The Fatimites, descendants of 
Fatima, daughter of Mohammed, appear 
in Egypt. [They claim the califate in 
"western Africa, with Kairwan for the 
capital, and subvert the Aglabite and 
Edrisite dynasties.] 

* * -932 * * Al Moktader is calif. 
93o± * * Algeria. The town of Algiers 

is founded by the Arabs near the site 
of ancient Icosium. 
932* *-934* * AlKaher is calif. [934- 
940. Al Radhi is calif. A tribute of 
50,000 dinars is annually paid to the 
Karmathians. 940-944, Al Motaki ; 944- 
945, Al Mostakfi.^ 

* * * Ahmed, the Buyide, vizier of the 
calif of Bagdad, engrosses all political 
power; he establishes the office or ap- 
pointment of Emir Al Omra ; his descen- 
dants continue his claims. 

945 * * -974 * * Al Moti is calif. 

958 * * -972 * * Maiz Ad Din, a calif 
of the Fatimite dynasty, subjects regions 
of Africa and Egypt to Moslem rules ; he 
builds Cairo. 

961 + * * Afghanistan. The principality 
of Ghazni is established. 

972* *-973* * Cairo becomes the 
capital of the Fatimite Arabs in Egypt. 

974 * * _99i * * Al Tai is calif. 

983 * * -1056 * * Insurrections occur 
in Persia, and Imad Al Daulah founds 
the Buyide or Deylimite dynasty. 

991 * * -1031 * * Al Kader is calif. 

997* *-1028* * Afghanistan. Mah- 
mudis sultan of Ghazni, which he en- 
riches with the immense spoils obtained 
in 12 expeditions against Hindustan. 



1031 * * -75 * * Al Kaim is calif. 

1032± * * Afghanistan. The principal- 
ity of Ghazni declines. 

1055 * * Togrel Beg conquers Persia ; 
after capturing Bagdad he marries the 
daughter of Al Kaim and becomes Emir 
Al Omra. 

1075 * * -94 * * Al Moktadi is calif. 

* * * Hassan Jubah of Nishapur, "the 
old man of the mountain," raises an in- 
surrection ; his followers are called as- 
sassins and are numerous in Persia and 
Syria. 

1074 * * Syria. Shah, the leader of the 
Seljuks, captures Jerusalem ; by insult- 
ing and robbing Christians his followers 
furnish a cause for the crusades. 

1092 * * Syria. Melek Shah dies, and 
the kingdom of the Seljuks is divided 
and declines. 

1094* *-1118* * Al Mortader is 
calif. 

1096* * Syria. Mustali, the eighth 
Fatimite calif of Egypt, takes Jerusa- 
lem. 

1099* * Syria. The Crusaders capture 
Jerusalem from the Moslems. [1111. 
They take Sidon and Berytus (Beyrout) 
from the Mohammedans.] 

1104 * * Syria. The Crusaders under 
Baldwin, king of Jerusalem, take Acre. 
[1109. They take Tripoli in North 
Africa.] 

1118 * * -35 * * Al Mostarshed is calif. 

1135 * * -36 * * Al Kaschid is calif. 
He defeats the Turks in their attempt 

to capture Bagdad. 

1136 * * Assassins cruelly murder Al 
Raschid. 

-1160 * * Al Moktafi is calif. 

1147 * * Syria. The second crusade, 

urged by Pope Eugenius, begins. 
1160 * * -70 * * Al Mostanjed is calif. 

* * * Great disorders occur in Persia; 
the governors of provinces assume inde- 
pendence, and are rivals for supreme 
authority. 

1170 * * -80 * * Al Mostadhi is calif. 

* * * Saladin, vizier of Egypt, proclaims 
Al Mostadhi calif of Egypt. 

* * * Saladin, having become Sultan of 
Egypt, conquers Syria, Mesopotamia, 
and Arabia. 

1180 * * -1225 * * Al Waser is calif. 

* * * The assassins murder many emi- 
nent Mohammedans and Christian lead- 

1183 * * Afghanistan. The principality 

of Ghazni falls. 
1187* * Saladin defeats the Christians 

at Tiberias. 

1191 July 17. Syria. The Crusaders 
capture Acre. 

1192 * * Syria. Richard, King of Eng- 
land, the lion-hearted, takes Jaffa, and 
forces Saladin to make peace. 

1193 Mar. 24.^ Egypt. Saladin dies, 
and his dominions are divided. 



1206* *-27* * Mongolia. Genghis 

Khan rules the Mongols. 
1225* *-26* *A1 Zaher is calif; he 

reigns only a few months. 

1226 * * -40 * * Al Mostanser is calif. 

1240 * * -58 * * Al Mostasem is calif . 

1256* *-65* * Persia. Houlakou, 
grandson of Genghis Khan, is sultan. 
He exterminates the assassins, captures 
Bagdad, destroying l.Cuu.noo people, puts 
Mostasem the calit to death, thus ending 
the califate of Bagdad ; the califate is 
transferred to Eg\pt [where it continues 
as a spiritual power until 1577]. 

1291* * Syria. The Mohammedans cap- 
ture Sidon. 

The Knights of St. John yield the 
last stronghold of the Christians to the 
Arabs in the surrender of Acre. 

1508 * * The Portuguese occupy Mus- 
cat. 

1517 * * Selim I., the Turkish or Otto- 
man sultan, after conquering Egypt, ob- 
tains the investiture of the califate, 
which thus becomes a politico-religious 
office. 

15 18 * * The Ottoman sultan receives the 
nominal allegiance of many of the Arab 
tribes, 

1630 * * The Yemenites, after having ex- 
pelled the Turks, establish a kingdom 
of 30 small provinces. 

1650 + * * The Portuguese surrender 
Muscat to the Taarebah princes. 

1737* *-41* *The kingdom of Oman 
(Muscat) is under Persian rule. 

1741 * * Ahmad Ebn Saood founds a 
dynasty in Oman after repelling the 
Persian invaders. 

1765 * * Abd-el-Aziz, one of the Waha- 
bis, reigns in Nejd, assuming the titles 
of imam and sultan; he extends his 
dominions. 

1775 * * Sayyid succeds his father, Ah- 
mad Ebn Saood, in Oman (Muscat). 

1803 ± * * Saood, son of Aziz, com- 
mences his prosperous reign at Mecca 
over the Nejd kingdom ; he soon dic- 
tates on what terms yearly pilgrimages 
may be made from all parts of the Mo- 
hammedan world. 

1804 * * Sultan Saood reigns in the 
kingdom of Oman. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

800i * * The first apothecary's shop 
in the "world is established at Bagdad. 

1243 * * -58 * * During the reign of 
Mostasom the sacred black stone is 
fixed in the threshold of the principal 
entrance of his palace at Bagdad. [This 
entrance, the "Porte," becomes by 
eminence the title of his court.] 

1300 * * Coffee is introduced. (Arabia.) 

1454 * * Coffee comes into repute in 
Arabia. 

1804 * * The Sultan Saood, of the king- 
dom of Oman, is killed. 



1810, **-1893, Apr. 12. 



ARABIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1810* *-1819* *The British subdue 
the Wahabi pirates. 

1811 * * -15 * * Mehemet Ali, Egyp- 
tian vassal of the Sultan of Turkey, 
conquers the Wahabis ; Arabia becomes 
[for a few years] an Egyptian prov- 
ince. 

1812 * * Jouson Beg, son of Mehemet 
Ali, storms and captures Medina, the 
"City of the Prophet," and massacres 
the garrison and inhabitants. 

1816 Sept. * Ibrahim Pasha of Egypt, 
adopted son of Mehemet Ali, lands at 
Yembo to complete the subjugation of 
the "Wahabis. 

* * The Wahabis surrender their last 
stronghold at Dereyeeyah, after a siege 
of five months by Ibrahim, the pasha 
of Egypt. 

1817 * * Toorkee, son of Abdallah, or- 
ganizes guerrilla bands, and finally 
drives the Turks out of the eastern and 
central provinces. 

1858 July 25, 26. Consuls and Chris- 
tians having been massacred at Jiddah, 
Com. Pulien with the Cyclops of the 
British navy bombards the town. 

1871 Jan. 30+. Sa'id Toorkee takes 
the city of Muscat, and kills the chief. 

1883 Oct. * The sultan's rebel brother 
besieges Muscat till driven away by 
the British ship Philomel. 

1890 Nov. 17. The Porte calls upon 
Arab chiefs to form a corps of 100,000 
foot-soldiers 1 and 10,000 cavalry, to 
act in conjunction with Turkish troops 
in time of need. 

1891 Aug.± A revolt in Yemen is 
crushed by the Turks. 

Ahmed Ritshdi Pasha, the Turkish 
commander, enters the capital with 
fourteen camel-loads of hands, cut from 
rebel chieftains. 

Sept. 23. The Governor of Yemen and 
all Turkish officials are driven out of 
Sana by insurgents, who capture 
Hodeida. 1 



ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS — 
NATURE. 

1859 * * Tischendorf obtains the Codex 
Sinaiticus, a manuscript of the Septua- 
gint and Greek. New Testament, from 
the Convent of St. Catherine on Mount 
Sinai. 

1874 Feb. * Charles T. Beke an Eng- 
lish traveler claims to have discovered 
the Mount Sinai of the Bible. 

1893 Apr. 12. A complete Syrian text 
of the Four Gospels is discovered in 

the Convent of Mount Sinai. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1820 liou Ma'za, Si Mohammed, dervish, 
fanatic, born. 

1870* * Feysal, aged and blind, is assassi- 
nated. 



1810 * * The "Wahabis allow no pilgrims 
to visit the holy places except those who 
join their reformation of Islam. It 
occasions war. 

1853** Only 50,000 pilgrims visit 
the holy shrine at Mecca. 

1858 June 15. At Jiddah, the seaport 
of Mecca, the Mohammedans massacre 
26 Christians, including the English 
and French consuls and part of their 
families. 

* * A host of pilgrims arrive ; 60,000 visit 
Mecca. 

1865 * * The "Wahabis are reported to 
be in a prosperous condition, and the 
sect extended into India. 

* * The Keith Falconer Mission of the 
Free Church of Scotland is opened at 
Sheik Othman, 10 miles from Aden. 

1889 Aug. 1. The Reformed (Dutch) 
Mission of South Arabia is organized 
as an undenominational mission. 



STATE. 

1811* *-15* *The "Wahabis ter- 
ritory is conquered by the Turks under 
Mehemet Ali, and it becomes an Egyp- 
tian province. 

1814 * * Abdallah succeeds his father 
as ruler of the "Wahabis in Nejd. 

1815 * * The treaty of peace, con- 
cluded with the Wahabis by Jouson, 
is rejected both at Cairo and Constan- 
tinople. 

1816 * * The Turks establish despotic 
rule in Arabia, which is aggravated by 
the licentiousness of their officers. 

1818 * * The "Wahabis revolt under 
Toorkee, and reestablish their govern- 
ment, after driving the Turks out of the 
central and eastern provinces. 

1839 * * Aden, on the south coast, be- 
comes a British possession by treaty 
with Oman. 

1842 Koorshid Pasha, the representa- 
tive of Egyptian rule, is crowded out by 
Feysul, son of Toorkee, and Asseer is 
added to the now independent Wahabis 
empire. 

1856 * * The death of Sayyid is followed 
by a contest for the throne ; his son, 
Sayyid Thuwainy, finally gets Oman, 
and Majd gets Zanzibar, near the Afri- 
can coast. 

1858 Aug. 6. Eleven of the assassins 
of the Christians and consuls at Jiddah 
are executed. [Their leaders suffer 
later.] 

1868 Oct. * Syud Redin, Imam of 
Muscat, is driven away, and the chief, 
Azan bin Gheo, seizes authority. 



1870 Aug. * Syud Redin attempts to 
regain his office at Muscat. 

Oct 7. Af. Sayyid Thuwainy obtains 
Zanzibar on the death of his brother. 

1871 Jan. 30^. Sayyid Toorkee cap- 
tures Muscat, and kills Chief Azan bin 
Gheo. 

1875 Dec. * Sayyid Aseer is deposed 
in Muscat by his brother Sayyid Toor- 
kee. 

1880 Mar. 21. The Grand Sheriff (gov- 
ernor) of Mecca, is assassinated by a 
fanatic. 

1882 June * Muscat is agitated by a 
rebellion against the Sultan. 

1891 Sept. 23. The governor of Ye- 
men and all the Turkish officials flee 
from Sana to escape the rebels. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1812 Aug. 9. A caravan consisting of 
2,000 is destroyed by a blasting wind 
while crossing the deserts of Arabia 
when returning from Mecca ; only 20 
persons are saved. 

1828* * Abd-el-Kader of Algeria 
makes his second pilgrimage to Mecca, 
and receives the title Hadji. 

1856 * * The Sultan Saood (son) dies, 
after reigning 52 years. 

1866* *Thoweynee, the sultan of 
Oman, is assassinated by his own son. 

1877 * * Capt. Richard F. Burton ex- 
plores the ruined cities of Midian, find- 
ing many relics and gold. 

1886 * * Nov. 18. Five Arab horses, 
sent by the sultan of Oman, are pre- 
sented to Queen Victoria. 

1889 * * Dec. 10. Cholera is raging at 
Bagdad. 

1890 Jan. 22. The authorities forbid 
pilgrimages to Mecca on account of 
the prevalence of oiiolera. 

Jan. * A great flight of locusts, cover- 
ing 2,000 square miles, is reported to have 
passed across the Red Sea from Africa 
to Arabia. 

July 8. A terrific hurricane at Mus- 
cat demolishes many dwellings and kills 
over 700 persons^ 

July 13. Pilgrims returning from 
Mecca are quarantined at Ellir 
20 days before proceeding through the 
Suez Canal. 

July 17. Deaths from cholera in 
Mecca average 50 daily. 

[Cholera continues to prevail in 
Mecca. July 29, 140 deaths on this day. 
Aug. 7, 175 deaths. 1893. Apr. 21. It 
is again prevailing. June 9, 60 deaths ; 
June 10, 70 deaths ; June 27, 900 eases 
reported ; July 2, 440 deaths ; July 4, 
260 deaths ; 1894. July 1, 400 deaths.] 

Aug. 7. At Jiddah 100 deaths from 
cholera are daily reported. [1S94. 
Sept.i * A total of 11,000 deaths of pil- 
grims are reported.] 



ARGENTINE. 



1515, **-1823, Oct. 



489 



The Aiigentixe Republic, formerly called the Argentine Confederation, and earlier the United Provinces of La Plata, is 
a country in the southern part of the American continent, and mostly in the south temperate zone. It lies, for the most part, 
between the South Atlantic Ocean on the east and the Andes on the west ; it is separated from Uruguay and Brazil by the Rio 
Uruguay, from Paraguay by the Parana, Paraguay, and Pilcomayo rivers ; Bolivia borders the extreme north, and Chile lies on 
the west and south. Extreme length, 2226 miles ; extreme breadth, 920 miles ; area, 1,168,682 square miles ; estimated population, 
4,0S6,492. 

The country is divided into 14 provinces and nine territories ; Buenos Ayres is the capital. The executive of the government 
is a president ; the Congress consists of 30 senators and 86 deputies. The Roman Catholic religion is the prevailing faith, but 
other religions are tolerated ; the population is chiefly of Spanish descent ; the Spanish language is generally spoken. Many 
immigrants have arrived during recent years. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1535 * * Buenos Ayres. Pedro de Men- 
doza, having founded a settlement, 
conquers the adjacent country; his 
force comprises 2,000 men. 

1806 June 26. Buenos Ayres. England 
and Spain at war. Sir Home Popham 
and Gen. Beresford take the city after 
slight resistance by the viceroy, Sobre- 
monte, who retires. 

Aug. 12. Buenos Ayres. Spaniards 
under Viceroy Sobremonte attack the 
city, and the British under Gen. Beres- 
ford surrender. 

Oct. 29. Buenos Ayres is retaken 
from the Spaniards by the British. 

1807 Feb. 3. Sir Samuel Auchinuty 
with a British force takes Montevideo 
by storm. 

July 7. Montevideo is evacuated by 
the British. 

1808 May * Buenos Ayres. General 
Whitelock with 8,000 men attacks the 
city, but is forced to capitulate, and 
agrees to abandon both sides of the 
River La Plata within two months. 

1814* * Montevideo, adhering to 
Spain, is compelled to surrender 
to the revolutionary army of the prov- 
inces. 

* * Civil war rages much of the time 
under various leaders [until 1852]. 

1817 * * The combined armies of the 
Argentine Republic and Chile defeat 
the Spaniards at Chacabuco. 

1818 * * The allied armies again defeat 
the Spaniards at Maypu. 

CHURCH. 

1610 * * Christianity is first introduced 
by the Jesuit fathers. 

1620 * * Buenos Ayres becomes a bish- 
opric by creation of Pope Paul V. 

1820 Nov. 19. Buenos Ayres. The first 
Protestant worship in the city is held 
at the home of Mr. Dickson, an English- 
man, by Mr. James Thompson, a Scotch- 
man. [1821. Mar. 23. The first Sunday- 
school is opened.] 

1823 Oct.* Buenos Ayres. The mission 
of the American Board is opened by 
J. C. Brigham and Theophilus Marvin. 

STATE. 

1515 * * Spanish explorers, led by Juan 
Diaz de Solis, searching for a south- 
west passage, enter the Rio de la 
Plata, and land on the north coast. 

1519 * * Magellan enters the fresh- 
water sea Plata, but does not go ashore. 



1527 * * Sebastian Cabot enters the 
Plata, and anchors opposite the site of 
Buenos Ayres ; he starts a settlement 
on the Parana, called San Espiritu, 
which is soon deserted. 

1534 * * Pedro de Mendoza sails from 
Cadiz for the Plata River, with the lar- 
gest and wealthiest expedition that has 
yet left Europe. [1535. Jan. * He ar- 
rives in the Plata.] 

1535 Feb. 2. Buenos Ayres. Mendoza 
lands his expedition, and Santa Maria 
de Buenos Ayres is founded. 

1536 Aug. 15. One of Mendoza's cap- 
tains ascends the Parma, and makes a 
settlement at Asuncion. 

1537 * * Buenos Ayres. The settlement 
is burned by the Indians, and the Span- 
iards sail for Corpus Christi, together 
with reenforcements just received from 
Spain. 

1542* * Buenos Ayres is reestab- 
lished by a fresh expedition under 
Cabesa de Vaca ; it forms part of the 
province of Peru. 

1543 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres. Indian 
hostilities again compel the Spaniards 
to evacuate their settlement. 

1559 * * Hurtado de Mendoza, the sol- 
dier, poet, and historian, crosses the 
Andes from Chile, and founds the city 
of Mendoza. 

1565 * * Spaniards from Peru, led by 
Diego de Villarsel, found the city of 
Tucuman. 

1570 * * The Spanish court cripples 
the colonies by restrictions on naviga- 
tion and commerce. 

1573 * * Spaniards from Peru found 
Cordova. 

* * Juan de Garay leads out an expedi- 
tion, and founds Santa Fe". 

1580 * * Buenos Ayres. Garay makes a 
third and successful attempt to found 
the city ; the colony prospers. 

± * * Don Juan de Garay is made lieu- 
tenant-governor. 

1602 * * Spain permits the colonists to 
export two ship-loads of produce each 
year, with 50 per cent customs duties 
added. 

1620 * * Buenos Ayres is separated 
from Asuncion; and the provinces on 
both sides of Paraguay are designated 
as the government of Rio de la Plata, 
and are subject to the viceroyalty of 
Peru. 

1665 * * Spain relaxes its restrictions 
on commerce. 

1774 * * Free trade is permitted with 
several American settlements. 



1775 * * Buenos Ayres is separated by 
the Spaniards from Peru ; they make 
it the capital of the province of Rio de 
la Plata and the seat of a viceroyalty. 
[It includes the territories now known 
as Bolivia, Paraguay, and the Argentine 
Republic] 

1810 May 25. The revolutionary 
movement against Spain takes form ; 
a provisional government of nine per- 
sons is established, with the consent of 
the viceroy, to govern the provinces of 
the Rio de la Plata. 

1811 * *The Confederation joins 
the insurrection of the other provinces 
against the rule of Spain. 

1813 Jan. 31. Buenos Ayres. A con- 
gress meets and elects Posadas dictator 
of the Confederation. 

* * * A sanguinary struggle with the 
adherents of Spain ensues in all the 
country of the River Plata. [The party 
of independence is finally victorious.] 

1816 Mar. 25. A new congress of dep- 
uties elected by the people meets at 
Tucuman; it elects Payridon Presi- 
dent of the Republic. 

July 9. The Declaration of Indepen- 
dence from Spanish rule is formally 
made by the Congress, and a title chosen, 
The United Provinces of La Plata. 
[Comparatively good order follows.] 

1817 * Buenos Ayres is involved in war 
with Brazil; the Portuguese having 
taken possession of Banda Oriental [Uru- 
guay] and anarchy ensuing, both parties 
struggle to possess the country. 

1822 Feb. * * Buenos Ayres is recog- 
nized as a part of the Argentine Repub- 
lic, and declared the seat of govern- 
ment. 

Mar. 1. Buenos Ayres. A general con- 
gress of all the liberated States meets 
and decrees an amnesty ; the war con- 
tinues. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1537 * * An exploring expedition of 
200 men is massacred by the Indians. 

1570 * * Spain cripples the colonists 
by restricting navigation and commerce. 

1793 Mar. 30. Juan Manuel de Ro- 
sas, dictator, is born. 

1800 Mar. 19. Justo Jose - TJrquiza, 
general, is born. 

1811 Feb. 11. Domingo Faustino 
Sarmiento is born. [He becomes dis- 
tinguished as an educator, author, jour- 
nalist, minister to the United States, 
and President of the Republic] 



490 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. ARGENTINE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1821 July 9. Gen. San Martin leads 
his victorious troops from Chile, and 
makes a triumphal entry into Lima, 
the stronghold of Spanish power in 
America. 

1824 Dec. 9. The Republican army 
gains a decisive victory over the 
Spaniards at Ayacucho, in the Peru- 
vian districts of the Amazon. 

1826 * * -28 * * "War with Brazil is 
waged for the possession of Uruguay. 

1828 * * A rebellion breaks out against 
the party in power. 

The Unitarians (Anti-Federalists), sup- 
ported by Gen. Lavalle and his troops, 
rebel against the Federals in power and 
defeat them ; President Dorrego is cap- 
tured and shot. 

1829 * * Federalists led by Gen. Rosas 
defeat Gen. Lavalle. 

1838* *-40* *War with France 
occurs. 

* * Buenos Ay res. The French blockade 
the city because of a dispute with Gen. 
Rosas. 

1839 * * Gen. Lavalle, encouraged by the 
blockade, rallies the Unitarian party. 

1840 * * Gen. Lavalle invades Buenos 
Ayres, but is routed by tlie Federal 
army under Gen. Pacheco ; he is cap- 
tured and finally shot. 

1845 Mar. 28. Gen. Justo Jose Ur- 
quiza, while assisting Oribe against the 
government of Montevideo, defeats Gen. 
Rivera at India Muerta. 

* * Buenos Ayres. The British inter- 
vene, blockade the city, and claim free 
navigation of the River La Plata. 

Nov. 20. The combined British and 
French fleets land a force to attack 
Gen. Rosas in his intrenchments at 
Punta de Obligata, and drive him out. 

1847 * * Buenos Ayres. The allies raise 
the blockade. 

1851 Oct. 2. Gen. Urquiza having 
joined forces with Brazil and Monte- 
video, Gen. Oribe is compelled to ca- 
pitulate, and the nine years' siege of 
Montevideo ends. 

1852 Feb. 3. Gen. Urquiza, command- 
ing the combined army of Entre Rios 
and Brazil, defeats and overthrows Gen. 
Rosas at Monte-Caseros, " The Gate 
of Buenos Ayres," which brings the 
victor to the office of provisional dic- 
tator of the Argentine Confederation. 
Buenos Ayres capitulates, and the civil 
war ends. 

Sept. 11. Buenos Ayres. A rebellion 
breaks out against Urquiza, caused by 
the alleged non-recognition of the po- 
litical and commercial preeminence of 
Buenos Ayres. [He is deposed.] 

Dec. 28. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza in- 
vests the city, but soon retires. 

Apr. * Buenos Ayres. The fleet of the 
Confederation blockades the city, Ur- 
quiza commanding the besiegers. 

Apr. 18. Buenos Ayres. Urquiza de- 
feats his opponents' squadron. [July 
13. The besiegers withdraw, and the 
civil war is ended.] 



1859 Oct.* Civil war: Hostilities are 
resumed between the Confederate gov- 
ernment at Parana and the independent 
government at Buenos Ayres. 

Oct. 23. The Confederate forces un- 
der Gen. Urquiza defeat Col. Mitre at 
Cepeda, in the province of Buenos 
Ayres; Urquiza enters Buenos Ayres. 

1860 May* Gen. Urquiza resumes 
the command of the Federalist army in 
San Juan. 

1861 Sept. 11. The war is renewed 
and ended ; the Congressional army is 
defeated at Pavon, in the province of 
Santa Fe, by Gen. Mitre\ [This battle 
ends the Federalists' system.] 

1864 k * Paraguay begins a war with 
Brazil [and soon involves Argentina]. 

1865 Apr. 13. Paraguayans commence 
hostilities by firing upon two Argen- 
tine vessels in the port of Corrientes. 
[Apr. 14. They take possession of the 
town.] 

1866 * * The allies carry on the war 
against Paraguay. 

1867 Jan.* Another rebellion breaks 
out under Saa and Videla in Buenos 
Ayres ; the main army is recalled from 
Paraguay. 

1870 Mar. 1. The war with Para- 
guay ends by the shooting of Lopez 
at Aquibana. 

* * Civil war breaks out in Entre Rios 
because Congress sends troops to secure 
a free election. 

1873 Jan. * The army of Entre Rios is 
completely routed by national troops 
and the war ends. 

Dec. * The defeat of Lopez Jourdan, 
the rebel, is announced. 

1874 Dec. 2. Civil war : The revolu- 
tionary forces are defeated in battle ; 
Gens. Mitre" and Arredondo are made 
prisoners, and the abortive revolution 
ends. 

CHURCH. 

1836 * * Buenos Ayres becomes a mis- 
sion of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, U. S. A. 

1851 * * Mission-work is begun by Capt. 
ADen Gardiner in Ooshooia, Terra 
del Fuego. 

Sept. * Capt. Gardiner and his missionary 
associates starve, owing to a mistake 
in not landing, with their supplies, pow- 
der and shot to enable them to obtain 
game. 

Oct. * Supplies for the starved mission- 
aries at Ooshooia arrive too late. 

1853 * * Buenos Ayres. The American 
Presbyterians open a mission. [It 
closes in 1859.] 

1855 * * A mission is started on Keppel 
Island, West Falklands, Terra del 
Fuego, having an industrial farm, a 
school and workshop, with one cate- 
chist and a farm bailiff. 

1859 Nov. 6. Two missionaries, while 

' conducting their first service, are mur- 
dered by the natives in Terra del 
Fuego. 



1863 Jan. * Missionaries again visit 
Terra del Fuego. 

1864 * * A mission is opened at Pata- 
gones, or El Carmen, by the South 
American Missionary Society. 

1868 * * A mission settlement is formed 
on Navarin island, Terra del Fuego. 

1869 Jan.* Ooshooia, in Terra del 
Fuego, becomes a station of the South 
American Missionary Society. [1889. 
It reports 300 natives baptized.] 

1874 * * A Girls* Boarding- School is 
founded in Rosario by the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, U. S. A. 

1879 * * Cordova has a mission of the 
South American Society, with one mis- 
sionary. 

1886 * * Buenos Ayres. A Theological 
Institute is founded by the Methodist 
Episcopal Church, TJ. S. A. 

STATE. 

1824* * Bolivia. Paraguay and Uruguay, 
after much struggling, finally establish 
separate republics. 

1825 Jan. 23. Buenos Ayres. A Na- 
tional Constitution for the States of 
[the present] Argentine Republic is de- 
creed ; 13 independent States are 
confederated, and entitled " The Ar- 
gentine Confederation." Rivadaria 
(Unitarian) is elected President. 

Feb. 2. The British government rec- 
ognizes the independence of the Repub- 
lic, and enters into a commercial treaty. 

1827** By mediation of England 
Banda Oriental [Uruguay] is made in- 
dependent of both Buenos Ayres and 
Brazil. 

1827 * * -1857 * * No meeting of the 
National Congress. 

July * Dorrego (Federalist) is elected 
President of Buenos Ayres. 

1828 * * A rebellion breaks out ; Presi- 
dent Dorrego is captured and shot by 
Unitarians (Anti-Federalists). 

Gen. Rosas becomes the leader of the 
Federalist party, which aims to secure 
the practical independence of the prov- 
inces. 

1829 Dec. * Buenos Ayres. Gen. Juan 
Ma.iuel de Rosas is made dictator of 
Buenos Ayres by Act of Congress, and 
by his arbitrary conduct becomes a ter- 
ror to both parties. 

1832 Dec. * Buenos Ayres. The dicta- 
tor Rosas is deposed. 

1S35 Mar. 7. Buenos Ayres. Gen. Rosas 
is reelected dictator, and becomes the 
sole and uncontrolled ruler of Buenos 
Ayres [for 15 years]. 

1840 * * A new treaty of peace is made 
between the Confederation and Monte- 
video. 

1842 * * Gen. Rosas joins Gen. Oribe, 
the exiled president of Uruguay, in an 
endeavor to subject Montevideo to 
Buenos Ayres, the former city being 
the center of the Unitarian party and 
a refuge for exiles. 

1846 * * Gen. Urquiza is elected gov- 
ernor of the province of Entre Rios. 



ARGENTINE. 1821, June 26-1889, Apr. 30. 491 



1351* *Gen. Urquiza overthrows 
Gen. Rosas at Montevideo, and is made 
dictator. 

1S52 Feb. 3. Buenos Ayres capitu- 
lates to Urquiza. 

May 31. Justo Jose de Urquiza is 
elected provisional president; Vin- 
cente Lopez is elected governor of 
Buenos Ayres. 

June 23. Urquiza, having won over the 
army by a sudden coup cVHat, puts him- 
self at the head of the Government as 
dictator. 

Urquiza acknowledges the indepen- 
dence of Paraguay. 

Sept. 10. Urquiza is deposed [and 
soon heads a revolt]. 

±* * Urquiza is duly elected President 
by the other 13 provinces. 

Sept. 11. Buenos Ayres secedes from 
the Confederacy ; the revolution is led 
by Gen. Bartolome Mitre ; Valentine 
Alsina is elected governor. 

Sept. * Urquiza leaves Buenos Ayres 
to attend the Congress at Santa Fe\ 

Oct. * Urquiza secures by treaty the free 
navigation of all rivers flowing into the 
La Plata. 

Nov. 20. The Congress of the Con- 
federation meets, and directs Urquiza 
to suppress the rebellion in Buenos 
Ayres. 

Dec. * Another revolution in Buenos 
Ayres changes the governor; Gen. Pin- 
tos takes the office. 

1853 Jan. 22. The Federal Congresa 
meets again to form a constitution ; it 
favors the war against Buenos Ayres. 

May 1. The new Constitution is pro- 
mulgated ; it makes Buenos Ayres the 
capital of the Confederation. [May 23. 
It becomes effective.] 

Oct. 12. Buenos Ayres secedes again, 
and forms an independent State ; Dr. 
D. Pastor Obligado is elected its first 
governor. 

Nov. 20. Gen. J. Urquiza is elected 
President for six years. 

1854 Jan.* A new Constitution is 
formed in Buenos Ayres. 

* * The seat of government is changed 
to Bajada del Parana. 

* * Filibusters enter the province of 
Buenos Ayres, and Urquiza repels them. 

Dec. 20. A treaty of peace is signed by 
Buenos Ayres and the President of the 
Republic. 

1855 Jan. 8. Another treaty of peace 
is signed by Buenos Ayres and the Re- 
public ; with the former treaty it pro- 
vides for independent government 
and for mutual assistance. 

Oct. 10. Negotiations are opened for a 
union of the two sovereignties. 

Dec. 24. Argentine refugees from 
Montevideo, under Gen. Floras, invade 
Buenos Ayres, and a counter invasion 
follows, causing much irritation. 

1856 Mar. 18. The Argentine Govern- 
ment withdraws from the treaties of 
1854 and 1855. 



July 19. The Confederate Congress 
at Parana establishes differential duties 
against Buenos Ayres [commencing Feb. 
1, 1857 J. 

1857 May * Dr. Valentine Alsina is 
elected governor of Buenos Ayres. 

* * The union of the two republics is re- 
stored by treaty. 

* * Pastor Obligado is elected governor 
of Buenos Ayres for a term of five years. 

1859 Nov. 11. Buenos Ayres, by a 
treaty, rejoins the Confederation, of 
which Urquiza resigns the presidency. 

1860 Feb. 8. Dr. S. Derqui is elected 
President of the 14 provinces. 

Nov. * An insurrection breaks out in 
San Juan. [1861. Sept. 17. Hostilities 
are renewed. 1862. Jan. * The insur- 
rection is suppressed.] 

Oct. 12. Gen. Bartolome Mitre is 
elected President of the new Argentine 
Republic for six years, and assumes the 
office. [Prosperity follows.] 

1865 Mar. 29. Paraguay officially 
proclaims war against the Confedera- 
tion because of a declaration made in 
Congress on Mar. 18. [The war contin- 
ues until 1870.] 

Apr. 13. The Argentines are sur- 
prised by the sudden hostilities of 
President Lopez of Paraguay. [Apr. 16. 
"War is declared.] 

May 1. The Argentine Republic, Brazil, 
and the Banda Oriental [Uruguay] unite 
in a treaty to overthrow President 
Lopez, and yet preserve the indepen- 
dence of Paraguay. 

May 25. Buenos Ayres. A National 
Congress opens. 

1867 * * Urquiza, nominally under the 
order of the National government, prac- 
tically maintains a position of neutral- 
ity in the province of Entre Rios. 

1868 Oct. 12. Col. Domingo F. Sar- 
miento is peacefully elected President 
for a term of six years. 

1871 Apr. 11. Urquiza is assassi- 
nated at his residence by well-known 
officers of his army ; Lopez Jourdan 
is elected governor in his place by the 
Legislature of the province of Entre 
Rios. 

* * The new governor in his inaugural 
address assumes responsibility for 
the assassination; and Congress 
refuses to recognize his office, on the 
ground of undue influence upon the Le- 
gislature ; it sends troops into the prov- 
inces to secure a free election. 

1873 Jan. 3. A treaty of peace is 
made with Brazil. 

1874 Sept. 24. A revolution is de- 
clared by the defeated party in the 
national election, led by Brig.-Gen. 
Mitre, who unsuccessfully appeals to 
arms for the overthrow of President- 
elect Avellanda. 

Oct. 12. Don Nicolas Avellanda is 
constitutionally installed President of 
the Republic for a term of 6ix years. 

Sept. * -Nov. * Buenos Ayres. An in- 
surrection under Gen. Mitre breaks 



out. [Dec, 2. The insurrection is sup- 
pressed.] 

Dec. 17. A state holiday is observed 
for rejoicing over the restoration of 
peace. 

1876 May 16. The national- bank spe- 
cie payments are suspended by the 
Government. 

Dec. 12. The rebellion is at an end, 
and Gen. Lopez Jourdan is captured. 

1879 May * A revolution breaks out 
in the province of Jujuy. 

1880 Feb. * Buenos Ayres. A revolu- 
tion breaks out. 

June * -July * A settlement is made 
of disputes with Buenos Ayres. 

Oct. 12. Gen. J. A. Roca of the Anti- 
Buenos Ayres party is elected President 
of the Republic in opposition to Dr. 
Tejedor. 

Oct. * The revolt in Buenos Ayres is 
ended by mutual concessions. 

1881 July 23. By treaty with Chile, 
Patagonia and Terra del Fuego arc 
divided between the two States. 

1882 Nov. 24. La Plata, the new 
capital of the province of Buenos Ayres, 
is founded by Dr. Roca, the governor. 

1883 Aug. * Buenos Ayres. A general 
amnesty bill is passed. 

1889 Apr. 30. A treaty defining the 
boundary between the Republic and 
Bolivia is signed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1821 June 26. Bartolome" Mitre, 
general, statesman, and author, is born. 

1852 * * Gen. Bartolome' Mitre estab- 
lishes La Nation. [It soon becomes the 
most important paper in the Platine 
region.] 

* * The currency is greatly depreci- 
ated ; the Government votes $5,000,000 
to reimburse those who created the 
insurrections, giving two generals 
§227,000, and two majors $128,000. 

1857 * * Historia de Belgrano, by Barto- 
lome" Mitre, appears. 

1860 Mar. 20. An earthquake at 
Mendoza destroys about two-thirds of 
the city, and 7,000 lives are lost. 

1871 Apr. 11. Justo Jose" Urquiza 
is assassinated, A71. 

1872 Jan. 1. Native Gauchos mas- 
sacre the foreigners in the Tandel dis- 
tricts. 

1875 Feb. 28. Buenos Ayres. A mob 
burns the Jesuits* College and the 
archbishop's palace ; several priests are 
killed [order is finally restored by pro- 
claiming martial law]. 

1876 May 16. Buenos Ayres. The na- 
tional bank is closed, and the Govern- 
ment suspends specie payments. 

1877 Mar. 14. Eng. Juan Manuel de 
Rosas, dictator, dies near Southamp- 
ton, A84. 

1882 Feb. 15. Buenos Ayres. The Gov- 
ernment opens an exhibition. 

1884 * * Historia de San Martin, by Bar- 
tolome Mitre, appears. 



492 1889, Eeb. 11-1894, May 25. ARGENTINE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 July 21. Several army officers 
are under arrest at Buenos Ayres for 
conspiracy to overthrow the President 
of the Republic. 

July 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution 
breaks out, followed by three days' 
fighting, with the loss of upwards of 
1,000 lives. 

July 28. Buenos Ayres. The Govern- 
ment forces are defeated, with heavy 
loss, and a truce for twenty hours is 
agreed to. During the fighting 1,000 
men are killed and 5,000 wounded. 

Feb. 21. Buenos Ayres is declared in 
a state of siege. 

1891 Mar. 2. Bitenos Ayres. Insur- 
rectionary troubles break out ; the 
state of siege is resumed. 

1892 Apr. 10. Elections for dele- 
gates to choose a president, are held, 
and the state of siege is afterwards re- 
imposed. 

Sept. 25. The city of Rosario is cap- 
tured by the insurgents, and the na- 
tional troops are forced to retreat. 

Sept. 29. The insurgents at Rosario 
surrender to the national forces. [Oct. 
1. The city of Rosario is recaptured, 
and the rebellion is entirely suppressed.] 

Oct. 5. The rebels are in full retreat, 
•with cavalry in pursuit. 

Dec. 26. Troops are mobilized to sup- 
press the spreading rebellion in the 
province of Corrientes. 

1893 Jan. 12. The insurgents surren- 
der to the Government. 

Aug. 1. The insurrection continues ; 
several towns are taken by the insur- 
gents. 

Aug. 2. The government of Santa ~F6 
surrenders to the insurgents. [Aug. 3. 
The vice-governor is killed by rebels.] 

Aug. 15. A state of siege is proclaimed 
in the disturbed provinces. 

Aug. 18. It is announced that the reb- 
els have defeated the Government 
troops in the province of Corrientes. 

Sept. 26. ThecityofTucumaniswrested 
from the insurgents ; the revolution- 
ary junta are arrested and confined. 

1894 Feb. 15. The insurgents are in 
possession of the State of Parana, and 
disaffection is spreading elsewhere. 

CHURCH, 

1891 Sept. 5. The Government makes 
known its objection to an extensive 
settlement of Jews in the country. 

1893 July 4±. The Government de- 
cides to send a representative to the 
Vatican to adjust with Pope Leo all 
questions that have arisen between 
Church and State in the republic. 

STATE. 

1889 Dec. 15. Buenos Ayres. The 
Federal Congress opens in extra ses- 

1890 Apr. 4. Buenos Ayres. The Min- 
istry resigns. 



June 7. Buenos Ayres. Defalcations 
are discovered in the Custom House 
amounting to $10,000,000 annually. [A 
financial crash follows.] 

July 17. Buenos Ayres. The President 
of the Republic sends a message to the 
House of Deputies asking it to authorize 
the issue of $6,000,000 in paper cur- 
rency. 

July 22. Buenos Ayres is greatly agitated 
over the discovery of a conspiracy 
to overthrow the government ; 4,000 
troops and 3,000 armed policemen gar- 
rison the Government buildings and the 
Cathedral. 

July 26. Buenos Ayres. A revolution 
breaks out, caused by financial distress 
following a period of maladministration, 
and extravagance ; the shops are closed, 
and the troops and revolutionists are 
fighting in the streets ; the Minister of 
Finance is a prisoner in the hands of 
the revolutionists. 

July 24. Buenos Ayres. Sefior Racedo, 
Minister of War, resigns, causing a 
Ministerial crisis. 

July 30. Buenos Ayres. Quiet is re- 
stored; the revolutionary leaders agree 
to the terms of the Government, and a 
general amnesty is granted. 

Aug. 2. Buenos Ayres. The crisis con- 
tinues; the Director-General of Posts 
and Telegraphs resigns. 

Aug. 5±. Buenos Ayres. President Cel- 
man resigns, and Sefior Pellegrini acta 
in his stead. 

Aug. 7. Buenos Ayres. President Cel- 
nian's resignation is accepted, and 
Sefior Carlos Pellegrini succeeds him. 

Oct. 5. Buenos Ayres. The Federal Con- 
gress passes the Conversion Law. 

Oct. 7. Buenos Ayres. A panic is 
caused by a rumor that a new revolu- 
tion has broken out ; detachments of 
cavalry patrol the streets. 

1891 Feb. 17. Buenos Ayres. A con- 
spiracy to assassinate the principal 
members of the Government is discov- 
ered. 

Mar. 15. Buenos Ayres. The state of 
siege is raised ; the elections pass off 
quietly, the Union Civica being victo- 
rious. 

Apr. 8. Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet 
suspends payment of deposits in the 
provincial and national banks. 

June 3. Buenos Ayres. Five banks 
are compelled to close their doors ; the 
Chamber of Deputies passes a bill ex- 
empting banks from legal process 



for * 



nth. 



June 25. A provisional government 

is set up by insurgents in Catamarca. 
July 1. The provincial revolutions are 



July 23. Buenos Ayres. Both Houses of 
the Federal Congress vote a reduction 
in the duties on petroleum and rice. 

Sept. 24. Bue7ios Ayres. The Govern- 
ment abolishes its legations at Vienna, 
Lisbon, Berlin, and Mexico, thereby sav- 
ing $100,000 a year. 



Sept. 30. Buenos Ayres. The Govern- 
ment suspends gold payments for two 
years. 

1892 Feb. 8. The Conciliation party 
defeats the Radicals in the national elec- 
tions. 

Apr. 2±. Buenos Ayres. A state of 
siege is again proclaimed. [Apr. 4. 
Quiet is restored.] 

Apr. 10. The provincial election of 
delegates to choose a president passes 
off quietly. 

Oct. 12. Buenos Ayres. Saenz Pena is 
inaugurated President. [Oct. 14. The 
new Cabinet is formed with Tomas An- 
chorena as Minister of Foreign Affairs.] 

Dec. 2. Buenos Ayres. A Cabinet crisis 
is settled by the resignation of the Min- 
ister of the Interior. 

Dec. 12. Buenos Ayres. Differences 
arise in the Cabinet. [Many Federalists 
are arrested on the frontier, in the 
province of Corrientes.] 

1893 Feb. 6. The wheat tax causes 
an armed revolt in the province of Santa 
Fe. 

June 7- Buenos Ayres. The Cabinet 
resigns. [June. 8. A new Ministry is 
formed. Aug. 1. The insurrection con- 
tinues. Aug. 8. The revolution is 
ended, the governor of the province of 
Buenos Ayres having resigned.] 

Sept. 1. Buenos Ayres. Thirty Radical 
leaders are arrested for conspiring to 
overthrow the Government. [Oct. 3. 
The rebellion is entirely suppressed.] 

1894 Apr. 17. Buenos Ayres. The au- 
thorities turn over to the Brazilian 
Minister Admiral Mello's fleet of five 
vessels now at that port. (See Brazil.) 

May 25. Buenos Ayres. A plot is dis- 
covered to blowup the Congressional 
buildings and the Bourse ; two Aus- 
trians and an Italian are arrested. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Feb. 11. A report is issued 

showing that in January, 18S8, steamers 

took 29,000 immigrants to Buenos 

Ayres. 
Apr. 9. The premium on gold reaches 

G4 per cent. [July 27. 75 per cent. Sept. 

13. 125 per cent.] 
Jan. 26. Brazil and the Republic sign a 

boundary treaty. 
June 9. Buenos Ayres. The premium 

on gold is 134 per cent. [July S. Panic ; 

gold 195 per cent. July 10. 320.] 
July 12. Buenos Ayres. The financial 

panic subsides, and the premium on 

gold falls to 19S per cent. [Aug. 30. It 

is 141; Oct. 1, 143; 1891, Jan. 20, 216; 

Mar. 5, 271 ; May 7, 252 ; Aug. 5, 301 ; 

Oct. 16, 353 ; Nov. 13, 263.] 
1S91 Mar. 2. Buenos Ayres. The state 

of siege is resumed, and business is 

paralyzed. 
Mar. 6. Buenos Ayres. Business is 

suspended by a decree for two days. 
Mar. 14. Buenos Ayres. The banks 

reopen for business. 



ARGENTINE. 1891, Mar. 2-1894, May 25. 493 



Mar. 19. Buenos Ayres. Ex- President 

Mitre is cordially welcomed. 

Mar. 28. An attempt is made upon the 
life of Gen. Roca, Prime Minister of 
the Republic. 

June 31. Buenos Ayres. The banks 
open their doors for the first time 
since the recent revolt. 

Aug. 14. Baron Hirsch signs a docu- 
ment empowering Dr. Lowenthal and 
others to expend *10,000,000 pesos for 
land to provide homes for the expa- 
triated Russian Jews. 

Aug. 23. Buenos Ayres. A panic is 
caused by the report of the failure of 
the Provincial Mortgage Bank. 

Aug. 25. A plot to blow up public 
buildings at Cordova is discovered. 



Sept. 24. Buenos Ayres. The first col- 
ony of Hebrew immigrants, consist- 
ing of 150 families, sent to the Republic 
by the benevolence of Baron Hirsch, 
arrives. 

Oct. 11. The Government appropriates 
$100,000 to take part in the Chicago 
"World's Fair. 

* * Civilization is developing in Terra 
del Fuego under the teachings of mis- 
sionaries ; and at Ooshooia shipwrecked 
crews are now guided to places of safety 
instead of being massacred as in former 
years. 

1892 Dec. 24±. Buenos Ayres. An 
anti-Chilean demonstration is made. 

Dec. 30. Buenos Ayres. Several police- 
men and firemen are arrested, charged 
with conspiring to burn the city. 



1893 Aug. 27. The censorship of 
the press is established. 

Sept. 22. Revolutionists tear up rail- 
road tracks in the provinces of Cordova 
and San Juan. 

Sept. 27. Buenos Ayres. Col. Espina 
is arrested for inciting a revolt ; be is 
convicted, and sentenced to be shot. 
[Sept. * Sentence commuted to 20 years 
imprisonment.] 

Oct. 11. Some of the disbanded rebel 
soldiery engage in brigandage among 
the foreign settlers. 

Oct. 13. The end of the revolt is cele- 
brated with a Te Deum and military 
fUes. 

Nov. 15. Buenos Ayres. Six anarchists 
are expelled. 



AUSTRALIA. 



Australia is an island-continent lying south of Asia, between the South Pacific Ocean on the east and the Indian Ocean on 
the south and west. 

It is a British possession, and is divided into five colonies : Victoria at the extreme south, with the smallest territory and the 
largest population, capital Melbourne ; New South Wales in the southeast, capital Sydney ; Queensland in the east and north, 
capital Brisbane; South Australia in the central part, with the northern territory extending from the Indian Ocean to the 
Arafura Sea, capital Adelaide ; "Western Australia is an extensive region in the western part of the island, capital Perth. 
Area of the whole country, 2,944,628 square miles ; population in 1891, 3,173,000, comprising about 3,118,125 white people, chiefly 
of British descent, the remainder being aborigines. 

Each colony has a governor appointed by the Crown, who is aided by a cabinet or Executive Council ; each has a Legislative 
Council and a Legislative Assembly for the enactment of laws. 



Note. — The abbreviations used to denote the colonies of Australia are as follows : N. S. W. for New South Wales ; t 
S. A. for South Australia ; Vic. for Victoria; W. A. for West Australia; Tas. tor Tasmania. 



, for Queensland; 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1601 * * Manoel Godinho De Exedia, 
a Portuguese, is said to have discovered 
Australia. 

1606 Mar. * The Dutch, sailing in the 
Duyfhen, discover Australia. 

* * Luis Vaez de Torres, a Spaniard, 
follows the western coast. 

June * Torres discovers Torres Strait, 

north of Queensland. 
1616 * * W. A. Dirk Hartog, a Dutch 

navigator, visits Shark Bay, and surveys 

part of the west coast. 
1618 * * The north coast is surveyed by 

Zeachen, a Dutch navigator, also by 

Peter Carpenter. 

1622 * * The Dutch ship Leeuwin, or Lion- 
ess, follows the south coast. 

1623 Jan. * Carstenz, a Dutch navi- 
gator, names the great north gulf Car- 
pentaria, in honor of Peter Carpenter. 

1627 * * Peter Nuyts surveys the south 
coast [Nuyts* Land]. [No further com- 
munication is had with civilization for 
half a century.] 

1628* * Gen. Peter Carpenter ex- 
plores the north gulf. 

* * W. A. Dutch traders explore De 
Witt's Land on the western coast. 

1642 Nov. 16. Abel Janssen Tas- 
man, a Dutch navigator, discovers the 
island [called by him Van Diemen's 
Land, and after his name, Tasmania]. 



1644 * * Tasman explores the northwest 
coast [from Arnhem Land to Dampier 
Archipelago]. 

1689 Jan.* "William Dampier, an 
English buccaneer, while searching for 
Dutch booty, begins to explore the west 
and northwest coasts. 

1699 * * W. A. Dampier, commanding 
the Roebuck, explores 900 miles of the 
northwest coast. 

1763 * * -1806 * * Explorations are 
made by the English navigators, Samuel 
Wallis and Philip Carteret. 

1770 Apr. 28. Capt. James Cook 
makes an important visit in the bark 
Endeavor, when returning from the 
Royal Society's expedition to observe the 
transit of Venus at Tahiti ; he is accom- 
panied by Sir Joseph Banks and Dr. 
Solander. [They land at Botany Bay, and 
call the country New South "Wales.] 

* * * N. S. TV. Port Jackson is visited 
and named by Capt. Cook, who takes 
possession in the King's name. 

1772 Mar. 25. Capt. Cook makes a 
second voyage of exploration. 

1773 * * Capt. Furneaux, in the Ad- 
venture, explores the coast of Tasmania 
and Bass Strait. 

1774* * Norfolk Island, 1,050 miles 
northeast of Sydney, is discovered by 
Cook. [It is a dependency of New South 
Wales.] 

1777 * * Capt. Cook appears again on 
his third voyage. 



SOCIETY. 

1786 * * Eng. The Government is em- 
barrassed in the disposal of its convicted 
criminals. It proposes a penal colony. 
(See State.) 

STATE. 

1660 * * Eng. The first Council of 
Trade and Plantations is created. 

1665 W. A. The country is named 
New Holland by order of the States- 
General. 

1688 * * The English first visit the 
country; Capt. Dampier lands, and re- 
mains five weeks. 

1697 * * A Dutch expedition, under 
Vlamingh, visits the island. • 

1699* * Vlamingh comes again to make 
researches for the English government. 

1705 * * An unimportant Dutch expe- 
dition arrives. 

1768* * Eng. A separate Colonial 
Office is formed. [1781. It is abolished.] 

1783 * * Eng. Parliament passes a new 
Act authorizing the transportation of 
convicts. 

1786 * * Eng. Orders in Council fix on 
the east coast of New Holland [N. S. W.] 
for a penal station. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

153 1± * * Australia is known to the 
French previous to this date. 



494 1788, Jan. 2-1841, 



AUSTRALIA. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 

LETTERS. 

1789 * * -92 * * William Bligh is sent 

to the South Seas to procure valuable 

plants for introduction into the West 

Indies. 

1795 * * JV. S. W. George Bass and 

Matthew Flinders begin the survey of 

the coast in the Botany Bay region. 

* * N.S.W. A Government Gazette is 
first issued. 

1797 * * John Macarthur begins the 
breeding of sheep in a scientific man- 
ner. 

* * JV. S. W. Coal is discovered at Point 
Solander on the Hunter River. 

1798 * * Vic. Bass Strait is discovered 
by George Bass and Matthew Flinders. 

* * Tas. Bass and Flinders, in a small 
sloop, survey Van Diemen's Land. 

1800* * Vic. Flinders makes exten- 
sive surveys by order of the British 
Government. 

* * Capt. Grant surveys the coasts. 

1801 * * -05 * * Flinders explores the 
north, east, and south coasts. 

1802 * * Vic. Flinders drops anchor in 
Port Phillip. 

1803 * * JV. S. W. The Sydney Gazette 
and the New South Wales Advertiser is 
authorized to be issued. 

1813 * * JV. S. W. Maequarie sends an 
exploring-party into the interior to find 
pasture for cattle ; Bathurst pastures 
are reached, and a road 130 miles long 
is made. 

* *JV. S. W. Wentworth, Lawson, 
and Bloxland penetrate the Blue 
Mountain region, and discover fine pas- 
ture lands. 

* * JV. S. W. Bathurst Plains are dis- 
covered. 

1817 May 1-Aug. 29. An expedi- 
tion, led by Lieutenant Oxley, follows 
down the Lachlan River. 

1821 * * The Philosophical Society of 
Australia is founded. 

1823 * * Que. Maneroo Plains are ex- 
plored by Capt. Currie ; Moreton Bay 
and Brisbane River are explored by 
Oxley. 

* * JV. S. W. Gold-mines are known to 
be in the country. 

1825 * * Pastures near Moreton Bay are 
explored ; one is named Brisbane. 

1827 * * JV. 5. W. Allan Cunningham, 
an eminent botanist, leads an important 
expedition northward until he beholds 
the Darling Downs. 

1828 * * -31 * * Gov. Sir Ralph Darling 
sends Capt. Charles Sturt to explore 
the course of the large rivers flowing 
northeast and northwest into interior. 

1829 * * S. A. The Murray River is 
explored by Capt. Sturt. 

1830+ * * JV. S. IT. — S. A. Capt. Sturt 
explores the country, following water- 
courses to Lake Alexander. 

1831 * * -36 * * JV. S. W. Sir Thomas 
Mitchell's expedition explores the 
brnn?hes of the Darling River. 



* *A*. S. W. An expeditic.nlcd by Capt. 
Charles Sturt explores the Murruni- 
bidgee River, traveling 2,(100 miles. 

* * * Capt. Parker and Mr. Kent ex- 
plore the country ; Parker is killed by 
the natives. 

1836 * * S. A. The Library of the In- 
stitute is founded at Adelaide. 

* *JV. S. W. Thomas Mitchell, sur- 
veyor-general, makes extensive explora- 
tions of river courses, and discovers 
Australia-Felix. 

1837 Dec. 3±. Sir George Grey and 
Lieut. Lushington arrive at Hanover 
Bay, and thence explore northwestern 
Australia. 

1838 Nov.* -39 July* 5. A. Edward 
John Eyre makes an overland journey 
with a flock of sheep from Adelaide to 
Albany, Western Australia. [He again 
makes the journey with 3,000 sheep.] 

1839 * * JV. S. W. Count Strzelecki, 
a Prussian geologist, discovers gold in 
Bathurst, Wellington, and other places, 
but keeps the discovery a secret. 

1840 * * JV. S. W. Count Strzelecki 
makes explorations in the Australian 
Alps, and visits the thickly wooded coun- 
tries of Gippsland. 

* * Eyre explores southwest Australia 
from Spencer Gulf to King George's 
Sound. 

CHURCH. 

1793 Aug. *JV. S. (P. The first 
church is built. 

1795 * * Australia becomes a mission- 
field of the English Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel. 

1802 * * JV. S. W. The first brick 
church is erected. 

The first clergymen are chaplains ; 
they traffic in whisky, arid with a few 
noble exceptions they aggravate the 
miseries of the people. 

1815 * * JV. S. W. Sydney becomes a 
mission-field of the English Wesleyans. 

1817 Mar. * The Auxiliary Bible 
Society is established. 

1823 * * Rev. Dr. Lang, a clergyman 
from Scotland, begins mission-work 
among the aborigines. 

1825 * * The London Missionary So- 
ciety engages in mission-work. 

1831 * * After six years of failure the 
London Society gives up its mission- 
work, but the colonial government 
continues it. 

1832 * * JV. S. W. A mission is opened 
at Wellington. 

1835 Sept. * JV. S. W. Bishop Pold- 
ing, the first Catholic bishop, arrives. 

1836* *JV. S. W. The bishopric of 
Australia (R. C.) is established. 

June * * Bishop Broughton, the first 
Protestant bishop, arrives. 

* * JV. S. IF. Sydney is created a metro- 
politan bishopric. 

183S * * S. A. The Dresden Luther- 
ans open a mission among the abo- 
rigines. 



1840 * * Three missionaries arrive 
from England to work among the abo- 
rigines. 

SOCIETY. 

1788 Jan. 2. Convict criminals first 
arrive from England to found a penal 
station. 

Of the 1,044 people with whom Capt. 
Phillip founds the first settlement in 
Sydney, seven-tenths are convicted 
criminals, and the remainder the 
guards of the convicts ; among them 
is one woman to three men. 

1795± * * Life is held cheaply ; murder 
is committed at any time for two or 
three days' rations. 

1804 * * JV. S. W. An insurrection of 
convicts occurs. 

1807 Feb. * JV. 8. W. Gov. Bligh pro- 
hibits the payment of bills for liquor 
in labor or goods, in order to curtail the 
traffic. 

1810* * A free-school system, a public 
market, and the Sydney races are es- 
tablished. 

1822 * * JV. S. IT. The flow of free im- 
migration begins. 

1824 * * Que. A penal settlement is 
established at Moreton Bay. [1835. The 
first party of convicts arrives.] 

1829 * * Trial by jury in civil actions 
is introduced. 

1830 Mar. * W. A. Fifty ships arrive, 
conveying 2,000 emigrants ; they 
bring with them £1,000,000 in cash. 

1832 * * Tic. Edward Henty comes 
from Tasmania with cattle and sheep, 
and establishes himself as the first 
settler. 

1837 * * New South 'Wales becomes 
the sole receptacle for felons. 

1838 * * JV. S. IT. " The assignment " 
system of employing convicts is dis- 
continued. 

1839 * * The transportation of con- 
victs from England is suspended. 

* * W. A. Almost universal bank- 
ruptcy prevails, owing to overspecula- 
tion in land, building, and other enter- 
prises. 

STATE. 

1788 Jan. 18. JV. S. W. A free Euro- 
pean settlement is begun by Capt. 
Arthur Phillip at Botany Bay. 

Capt. Phillip's expedition consists 
of two men-of-war and six transports, 
carrying about 550 male and 200 female 
convicts, 40 free women, marines and 
crews, making a total of about 1.100 
people at the time of embarkation. May 
13, 1787. 

Jan. 24. JV. S. W. A French expedi- 
tion arrives six days too late to claim 
possession. 

Jan. 26. JV. S. W. The British flag is 
first raised at Sydney Cove by Capt. 
Phillip. 

Capt. Arthur Phillip, the governor, 
founds Sydney, near Port Jackson, as 
an English penal station, with 1.030 per- 
sons, SOO of whom are convicts. [Feb. 7. 
He proclaims the colony organized.] 



AUSTRALIA. 



1788, Jan. 2-1841, 



495 



Oct.* N. S. W. Another colony is 
planted on Norfolk Island. 

* * Norfolk Island, about 900 miles east, 
is settled by people from Port Jackson, 
New South Wales. 

1790 * * N. S. W. The colony receives 
a large reenforcement. [1792. Gov. 
Arthur Phillip resigns.] 

1795 Sept. * N. S. W. Capt. Hunter, 
who succeeds Gov. Phillip, arrives ; the 
white population is less than 4,000. 

1800 Sept. 28. N. S. W. Capt. Philip 
Gidley King is appointed governor. 

1801 * * Eng. The Colonial Office is 
reconstructed, and combined with the 
"War Department. 

1803 Oct. * Vic. A convict colony 
is planted at Port Phillip. [It departs 
within four months.] 

* * Tas. The English colony of Van 
Diemen's Land is established as an 
auxiliary penal station. [1812. It is 
made a single colony. 1823. It is par- 
tially separated from New South Wales. 
1825. It is fully separated, and becomes 
a province.] 

1804* *iV. S. JV. About 300 Irish 
convicts unite in the first and last in- 
surrection by convicts, which is speedily 
quelled. 

1805 * * iV. S. W. John Macarthur, 
called the Father of New South "Wales, 
commences sheep-farming at Camden. 

1806 * * N. S. JV. Capt. "William Bligh 
is governor. The Government officials 
make a rich monopoly of the rum- 
traffic, and mutiny when disturbed. 

1808 Jan. 31. JV. S. jr. Gov. Bligh 
is deposed for his tyranny by insurgent 
military and colonial forces under Maj. 
Johnston. 

1809 * *N.S. Jr. Col. Lachlan Mac- 
quarie assumes the governorship. [He 
holds the office for 12 years.] 

1814* *iV. S. Jr. Civil courts are 

created. 
1817 Feb. * N. S. jr. Barron Field, 

the first judge, arrives. 
1821 Dec. 1. JV. S. jr. Gov. Sir 

Thomas Brisbane arrives, and assumes 

the governorship. [He introduces free 

institutions.] 

1823 * * Que. Surveyor Oxley practi- 
cally rediscovers Queensland and founds 
Brisbane. 

* * Eng. The first Australian Constitu- 
tion is granted. 

1824 * * N. S. TV. The first land regu- 
lations are issued. The first chief jus- 
tice arrives. The freedom of the 
press is formally proclaimed. 

* * Vic. Hamilton Hume and Capt. Ho- 
vell, by an overland journey from Syd- 
ney, visit Port Phillip at Corio Bay. 

1825* * J r ic. A temporary settlement is 
made by Capt. "Wright near Western- 
port Bay. 

Dec. 18. N. S. JV. Sir Ralph Darling 
is governor. 

1826 * * jr. A. The settlement of King 
George's Sound is established as a 
military station. 



1827* * N. S.JV. The prosperous colony * * J'ic. Sir Richard Bourke, governor 

supports its own civil government. of New South Wales, selects sites for 

1828 July 15. JV. S. Jr. The HomeV t0 * ns at Port Phillip, and orders the 



Government grants a second constitu- 
tion; it increases the governor's council 
from seven to fifteen. 

* * Jr. A. Col. Thomas Peel projects the 
Swan River settlement. 

1829 Jan. 17. "Western Australia is 
formed into a province, and Capt. [Sir 
James] Stirling is appointed lieuten- 
ant-governor. [June 21. He arrives.] 

July 13. N.S.Jr. TheLegislative 
Council holds its first meeting at Syd- 
ney. 

Aug. * JT. A. Capt. Stirling's expedi- 
tion arrives at the entrance of Swan 
River. 

1830 Mar. * JV. A. About 50 ships 
at Swan River land 2,000 immigrants, 
who bring with them £1,000,000; they 
proceed to survey the land and erect 
dwellings. 

Apr. 21. JV. S. JT. The Legislative 
Council passes a Bushranger's Act 
through all its legislative stages, which 
practically places the country under 
martial law. 

1831 * * M. S. JT. Land grants are reg- 
ulated by a uniform method of public 
sale at auction. 

* * JV. A. Settlements are made at 
Perth, Freemantle, and Guildford. 

* * JST. S. JJ'. Sir Ralph Darling, the gov- 
ernor, returns to England, and Sir Rich- 
ard Bourke succeeds to the governor- 
ship. 

1833 * * N. S. JT. The Commissioners 1790 



survey of the lands ; Capt. Lonsdale is 
appointed governor. 
1838 Feb. 24. iV. S. jr. Sir George 
Gipps is governor. [The practice of 
assigning the service of convicts to 
settlers is abandoned.] 

* * Vic. Sir George Gipps is governor. 
1839* * Tic. The colony at Port Phillip 

is called "Victoria, and Charles J, La- 
trobe is appointed lieutenant-governor. 
Port Phillip has a population of 6,000. 

* * N. S. Jr. New Zealand is incorpo- 
rated with this colony. The colonial 
statute provides for the border police 
to keep order in pastoral districts. 

Sept. 30. J'ic. Charles J. Latrobe, 
superintendent of Port Phillip, arrives 
at Melbourne. 

1840 * * Eng. The Colonial Land and 
Emigrant Commissioners are appoint- 
ed to assist the Colonial Secretary in the 
disposal of Australian Crown lands, and 
to promote emigration. 

* *JV. S. JV. Important land regula- 
tions are issued. 

* * Vic. The town of Portland is laid 
out ; Melbourne is divided into two dis- 
tricts, north and south. 

1841 * * S. A. Capt. George Grey is 
governor at Adelaide. 

* * iV. S. JV. New Zealand is detached 
from the province of New South Wales. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

: The store-ship Guardian i 



lost 



of Crown Lands are appointed. 
1834 Aug. 15. Eng. Parliament passes 
the South Australian Act. 

* * S. A. The boundaries of the prov- 
ince are established. 

* * J r ic. The Henty family settle [at 
Portland]. 



with much needed supplies. 
1795 * * N.S. JV. Cattle become accli- 
mated. 

1805 * * A colonial ship is built. 

1806 * * A great flood prevails in the 
valley of the Hawkesbury River ; it is 
followed by famine. 



1835 May 29. J'ic. Geelong is set- 182 7 



-29 < 



iV. S. Ji r . The colonists 



tied by John Bateman's company, which 
obtain deeds of land from the abori- 
gines. 

Aug. * S. A. The territory is separated 
from the mother colony, granted to the 
South Australia Colonization Asso- 
ciation, and erected into a province. 
[Aug. 29. Vic. Melbourne is founded.] 

Nov. * Vic. Port Phillip is colonized 



pass through a severe commercial crisis 
caused by speculation and drought. 

1835 May* J'ic. John Bateman pur- 
chases a large tract of land from the 
natives near Port Phillip, and with 15 
associates [takes possession of 600,000 
acres], 

* * Vic. John Pascoe Falkner and others 
encamp on the site of Melbourne. 



by the Port Phillip Association from 1839 * * S. A. Speculation causes al- 



Tasmania. 

1836 July* S. A. The country is col- 
onized by the British ; Adelaide is 
founded. 

Dec. 28. S. A. The first governor, 
Capt. Hindmarsh, arrives ; he officially 
proclaims the colony. 

* * JV. S. JV. Temporary grazing li- 



most universal bankruptcy. 

* * _42 * * There is a great influx of im- 
migrants drawn by the prosperity of the 
colony and the discovery of rich copper- 
mines at Burra Burra ; speculation is 
rampant, and insolvencies follow. 

1841 * * The latest census reports a pop- 
ulation of 87,200 males, 43,700 females. 



censes for "squatting" are issued for May * iV. S. JV. Sydney is first lighted 



outlying districts. 

* * Vic. Gov. Bourke recognizes the set- 
tlement at Port Phillip by a proclama- 
tion, and appoints a police magistrate. 

1837 Nov. * Vic. Melbourne is laid 
out as a town. 



with gas. 

■ * -43 * * JV. S. JV A severe commer- 
cial crisis is caused by extravagance, 
inflated prices, and speculation. 

: * On the discovery of gold agriculture 
is for a time abandoned. 



496 1841, **-1866, 



AUSTRALIA. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1841 * * S. A. Silver ore is discovered 
on the Mount Lofty range. 

1842 * * S.A. Rich copper ore is found 
near Kapunda Station ; the Burra 
Burra mines are also opened. 

1843 * * TV. A. The explorers Landor 
and Lefroy visit the country. 

1844 * * S. A. Gold is discovered at 
Echunga. 

* * X. S. TV. The Parliamentary Li- 
brary is founded at Sydney. 

1845 Dec. 17. Leichart's expedition 
arrives at Port Essington, in North Aus- 
tralia. 

* * S. A. Capt. Charles Sturt advances 
to the middle of the continent, for the 
most part over a stony desert. 

1847 * * Leichart again attempts to 
cross the continent from east to west, 
starting at Fitzroy Downs [and is never 
heard from]. 

1848 Apr. 3. Dr. Leichart's last de- 
spatch is sent from Gogoon. [He meets 
his death either by enemies or by starv- 
ing-] 

Aug. 13. Que. E. B. Kennedy's first 
expedition starts to explore the penin- 
sula of Cape York. 

Dec. 13. Que. Kennedy is killed by 
the natives. 

* * A. C. Gregory makes an exploration 
of the interior. 

* * X.S. TV. A Board of National Edu- 
cation and a Denominational School 
Board are formed. 

* *N.S. TV. The Sydney University is 
founded. [1850. Incorporated.] 

* * N. S. TV. Count Strzelecki makes 
extensive explorations in New South 
Wales and Tasmania. 

1851 Feb. 12. N.S.TV. Goldisdis- 
covered by Edward H. Hargreaves, a 
returned gold-seeker from California ; 
great excitement follows. 

Feb. * Que. Gold is discovered in Sum- 
merhill Creek on the Macquarie Plains. 

July * X. S. TV. Dr. Kerr, a squatter, 
discovers a mass of virgin gold weigh- 
ing more than 100 pounds, on Meroo 
Creek. 

Aug. * Vic. The gold-fields at Ballarat 
are discovered. 

Oct. * Vic. Gold discoveries are made 
at Melbourne which surpass all others. 

1852 Oct. 11. N.S. W. The Univer- 
sity of Sydney is inaugurated. 

1853 * * Vic. The Public Library is 
founded at Melbourne. 

1855 * * Vic. The University of Mel- 
bourne is founded. 

* * -58 * * Vic. A. C. Gregory makes 
further explorations in the interior. 

1856 * * TV. A. The Freemantle Gazette 
is issued at Albany. 

1858 June * Que. Gold is discovered 
at Canoonan. 

* *-62* *J. MacDonall Stuart's ex- 
pedition solves important problems re- 
specting the inland lakes, 



1860 Mar.* S.A. J. MacDonall Stu- 
art attempts to cross the continent 
from Adelaide northward and fails, 
though a reward of £10,000 is offered. 

Aug. 20. Robert O'Hara Burke, Wil- 
liam John Wills, John King, and others 
start inland from Melbourne for the 
purpose of exploring the continent from 
south to north ; all except King perish. 

* * S. A. The Government offers a re- 
ward of £10,000 for the first person to 
cross the continent from south to north. 

1861 May 13. X. S. IV. The Great 
Comet is first seen at Sydney. 

* * S.A. John MacD. Stuart makes ex- 
plorations. 

1862 Jan. 22. Stuart starts on his 
third and most successful journey across 
the continent. 

Aug. * MacDonall Stuart and M'Kin- 
lay complete the journey across the 
continent from south to north. 

CHURCH. 

1841 * * New Zealand is detached from 
the bishopric of Australia. 

* * N. S. TV. The vices of the white 
man demoralize the mission at Welling- 
ton, and it is broken up. 

* * Five more missionaries go to teach 
the aborigines. 

1842 * * Tasmania is detached from 
the bishopric of Australia. 

1847 * * Vic. The bishopric is di- 
vided; the sees of Adelaide, S. A., 
Newcastle. W. A., Sydney, N. S. W., 
and Melbourne, Vic, are erected ; the 
bishop of Sydney is metropolitan. 

1849 * * Jr. A. A Roman Catholic 
mission is begun, with 10 priests, 14 
monks, and seven nuns. 

1850 Feb.* Vic. A band of Moravian 
missionaries lands at Melbourne. 

* * X. S. TV. A mission among the 
natives is opened by William Ridley. 

* * Moravians open a mission at Lake 
Bogo. 

* * S. A. The English Bible Christian 
Foreign Missionary Society sends out 
James Way and James Rowe. 

1856 * * The Moravian missionaries at 
Lake Bogo retire. 

1857 * * IV. A. The diocese of Perth 
is established. 

1858 * * Moravians reopen the mission 
at Lake Bogo. 

* * S. A. George Taplin, a Scotchman, 
opens a mission for the Aborigines' 
Friends' Association on the shores of 
Lake Alexandria. 

He translates parts of the Bible into 
Narrenjeri, writes a grammar of that 
tongue, and makes a careful study of 
22 native languages. 
1859* * Que. Brisbane is made a 
bishopric. 

* * Vic. The Ebenezer mission is 
begun by the Moravians. 

1862 * * S. A. — Vic. Adelaide and Mel- 
bourne become mission -stations of the 
New Connection Methodists. 



* • Vie. Kama hyuck, Gippsland, be- 
comes a mission-station of the Moravi- 
ans. The Presbyterians open a mission 
at Ramahyuek. Mr. Bulmer is sent 
to Gippsland to open a mission. 

1863* * X. s. W. The diocese of 
Goulburn is established. 

1864 * * X. 8. W. A Missionary Jubi- 
lee is celebrated at Sydney, and £12.000 
is subscribed for a Wesleyan College 
and for the relief of church property. 

SOCIETY. 
1841 * * -46 * * Mrs. Chisholm estab- 
lishes a " Home for Female Emi- 
grants." 

1848 Sept. 4. X. S. TV. Transporta- 
tion of criminals to the colony ceases. 

* * JV. A. The colonists petition that 
convicts be sent out to thorn. 

1849 * * TV. A. Convicts arrive and 
are kindly treated. 

* * Vic. The Hashemy arrives laden with 
convicts ; the indignant colonists drive 
the vessel to Sydney. [The convicts are 
welcomed by the squatters of Darling 
Downs.] 

* * Strong opposition is made to trans- 
portation, which has been revived by 
Lord Grey. 

1850 * * JV. A. Convicts arrive, and 
are welcomed by the colonists because 
of the scarcity of labor. 

1852 * * Vic. There is a great flow of 
immigration to Melbourne from Eu- 
rope, America, and China, averaging 
2,000 arrivals each week ; the newcom- 
ers are attracted by the gold-fields. [The 
population of Victoria is doubled in one 
year.] 

1853 * * Tas. The transportation of 
convicts to Van Diemen's Land ceases. 

* * Vic. Social disturbances occur in 
the gold-fields. 

1854 Oct. 8. Vic. The Victoria 
Bank at Ballarat is broken into, and 
robbed of £14,300 and 200 ounces of 
gold-dust. 

1855 Nov. 30. Fie. A mass-meeting 
is held at Ballarat on the payment of 
gold licenses. [Riots follow, and the 
flag of the Southern Cross is raised ; 30 
rioters and a few soldiers are killed on 
Dec. 3.] 

1858 July* Archdeacon Cowper 
dies at the age of SO, after a residence 
in Australia of about 50 years. 

* * Vic. The mayor of Melbourne visits 
England to congratulate the Queen 
on the marriage of the princess royal. 

1861 * * N, S. TV. Miners engage in an 
anti- Chinese riot, with great barbarity. 

1862 * * N. S. TV. The country is ter- 
rorized [for many years] by the exploits 
of the bushrangers. 

1S64 Oct. * Vic. The vigorous opposi- 
tion to the reception of convicts causes 
a shipload to be sent back to England. 

1865 * * If". A. The transportation of 
criminals to the colony is abandoned 
by.the Home Government notwithstand- 
ing ihe protests of the settlers. 



AUSTRALIA. 



1841, * *-1866, 



497 



STATE. 
1842 * * X. S. JV. The first representa- 
tive constitution is granted by the pas- 
sage of an Imperial statute; the Gov- 
ernment nominees in the colonial 
council are reduced to a minority, — 12 
out of 36, — only half of whom are to be 
office-holders. 

* * A new set of land regulations is 
issued for all the colonies ; they divide 
the mother colony into three land dis- 
tricts, Northern (Moretou Bay), Middle 
(Sydney), and Southern (Port Phillip). 

* * Eng. The Crown Land Sales Act, 
for New South Wales, passes Parlia- 
ment. 

* * N. S. W. — Vic. Sydney is incorpo- 
rated ; Melbourne receives its charter. 

* * Vic. Agitation of separation from the 
mother colony begins [and grows rap- 
idly]. 

* * Que. MoretonBay [Brisbane] is pro- 
claimed a free settlement. 

1845 * * S. A. Maj. J. H. Robe is gov- 
ernor. 

1846 Aug. 3. X. S. TV. Sir Charles 
Fitzroy, the governor, arrives. [1S50. 
He is appointed governor-general.] 

* * Que. An abortive proclamation of 
"North Australia" is issued. [1S49. 
It is revoked.] 

1847 * * X. S. TV. Granting of pastoral 
leases (1 to 14 years) is authorized by 
the Crown. 

1848 * * JV. S. JV. The constitution is 
proclaimed. [Sept. 4. Eng. The trans- 
portation of convicts is abolished by 
Orders in Council.] 

* * S. A. Sir Henry Fox Young is 
governor. 

1849 * * TV. A. Convicts are first trans- 
ported to this colony. 

1850 Aug. 5. S. A. An improved 
representative government with a new 
constitution is provided ; all the colonies 
except Western Australia have similar 
forms of government. 

Nov. 11. K. S. TV.— Vic. A vessel ar- 
rives bringing tidings of the separation 
of Port Phillip from New South 
"Wales [public rejoicing continues for 
five days at Melbourne]. 

* * Vic. Port Phillip is separated from 
New South Wales, and erected by the 
government into a province called Vic- 
toria. 

1851 June 9. Vic. A gold discovery 
committee is appointed at Melbourne, 
which is authorized to offer rewards for 
discoveries. 

July 1. Vic.—N. S. TV. Port Phillip 
and New South "Wales are legally sepa- 
rated; Victoria, with a population of 
77,000, becomes a separate province of 
the British realm. 

Aug. 20. S. A. The new Legislative 
Council (General Assembly) meets for 
the first time. 

* * Vic. Melbourne becomes the capital. 

* * Eng. The custom-houses of Aus- 
tralia are transferred to the manage- 
ment of the colonies. 



1852 * * The gold revenue is trans- 
ferred to the colonial exchequers. 

* * The Home Government requests each 
colony to form a constitution for it- 
self. 

* * Vic. The Legislative Assembly at 
Melbourne first meets. 

1853 Mar. * Vic. Mints are estab- 
lished. 

Dec. 21. A r . S. TV. A constitutional 
bill is passed, to be submitted to the 
Imperial Parliament at London. 

1854 June * Vic. Sir Charles Hot- 
ham, the governor, arrives. 

Dec. 3. Vic. Insurgent miners en- 
trench themselves at the Eureka stock- 
ade, Ballarat. 

* * Eng. A separate Colonial Office is 
created. 

* * N. S. JV. Sir "William T. Denison 
is governor. 

1855 July 16. JV. S. JV. A new con- 
stitution is granted by the English 
Parliament; it provides for representa- 
tive government. 

"Nov. 23. Vic. A representative con- 
stitution is proclaimed. 

* * N. S. W. Sir Charles Fitzroy retires 
from the governor-generalship ; the full 
title of governor is now given to the 
rulers of the other colonies. A mint 
is established at Sydney. 

* * A federal council is formed by the 
advocates of colonial federation ; its 
decisions have no authority. 

1856 May 22. N. S. W. The first 
parliament under responsible govern- 
ment is opened at Sydney by Sir William 
Denison. 

* * N. S. JV. A select committee is 
appointed to consider the best means 
of legislating on matters of a common 
interest and looking toward federation. 

* * Vic. The ballot system is intro- 
duced into the electoral law. Sir Henry 
Barkly is governor. 

1857 Nov. 26. Vic. The first parlia- 
ment is opened at Melbourne. The 
federation of the colonies is proposed 
by Sir Charles Gavan Duffy ; a select 
committee to consider the proposal is 
appointed as in New South Wales. 

1858 * * N. S. JV. Manhood suffrage 
is carried by a majority vote. 

1859 Dec. 4. Que. The Moreton Bay 
District is separated from New South 
Wales by the Home Government, and 
made an independent colony called 
Queensland; population, 30,000. [Sir 
George F. Bowen is appointed gover- 
nor.] 

1860 May 29. Que. The first parlia- 
ment opens at Brisbane under the 
ministry of Mr. Herbert. 

* * N. S. JV. Sir John Young is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1861 Nov. * JV. A. JohnS. Hampton 
is appointed governor. 

Nov. * S. A. Sir Dominic Daly is gov- 
ernor. [1862 Mar. * He assumes office.] 

1862 * * N. S. JV. Primogeniture is 
abolished. 



1863 May* Vic. Sir Charles Dar- 
ling is appointed governor. [Sept. 11. 
Gov. Darling arrives at Melbourne.] 

1865 Jan. * Vic. The House of As- 
sembly passes a new tariff act. [The 
Legislative Council rejects it.] 

Mar. 22. Vic. The parliament at 
Melbourne passes an important land 
act. 

July * J r ic. Gov. Darling raises money 
for colonial uses by irregular methods. 
[This action of Gov. Darling precipitates 
a crisis.] 

Dec. * Vic. The parliament at Mel- 
bourne is prorogued. 

1866 Apr. * Eng. The governor of 
Victoria, Sir Charles Darling, is re- 
called. 

Apr. * Victoria is disturbed by minis- 
terial difficulties ; M. MeCulloch is 
appointed premier. 

May * Vic. The House of Assembly 
votes £20,000 to Lady Darling on 
her departure with her husband, the 
ex-governor. [1867. Aug. 20. The Legis- 
lative Council rejects the resolution, and 
a ministerial crisis follows.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



1843 

born 



Agnes Booth, actor, is 



1844 Aug. 15. JY.S.JV. LudwigLei- 
chart's expedition leaves Moreton Bay, 
on the east coast, and journeys inland. 

1846 * * The census reports 114,700 
males, 74,800 females. 

1850 * *2T. S. W. The first sod is turned 
for the construction of the first rail- 
way. [The enterprise fails.] 

1851 Aug. * Gold-mines begin to be 
worked ; a great rush of people follows. 

* * The census reports males 106,000 ; 
females, 81,000 (exclusive of Victoria, 
80,000). 

1852 * * Vic. Adelaide receives during 
the year £2,216,157 in gold from Mel- 
bourne, chiefly for provisions, supplies, 
etc. 

1853 * * Vic. Melbourne is greatly im- 
proved by new buildings. 

* * N. S. TV. A second attempt is made 
to construct a railway. 

1855 * * N.S.W. A railway is opened 
from Newcastle to Maitland. 

Dec. 31. Sir Charles Hotham, governor, 
dies. 

1857 June * N. S. JV. The Catherine 
Adamson is wrecked 25 miles from Syd- 
ney ; 20 lives are lost. 

1859 Aug. 6. The steamer Admella is 
lost ; 49 persons perish. 

1861 Oct. 1. Vic. A grand Exhibi- 
tion of Colonial Products and indus- 
tries is opened by the governor at 
Melbourne. 

1864 Sept. 20. N. S. JV. Aaron Bu- 
zacott, a missionary of the London 
Society, dies, A64. 

1865 June 29. N. S. JV. TheEoman 
Catholic cathedral and much other 
property at Sydney are destroyed by tire. 



498 1866, May —1887, Apr. 22. AUSTRALIA. 



ART — SCIENCE - NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1866 May * N. S. W. The Royal So- 
ciety of New South "Wales is estab- 
lished. 

* * N. S. JV. The Public Schools Act 
is passed, providing for two classes of 
schools and a Council of Education. 

1867 * * S. A. Francis Cadell, an ex- 
plorer, navigates the Murray River to 
the junction of the Darling. 

* * Que. The Gympie gold-field, 130 
miles from Brisbane, is discovered. 

1868 Mar. 28. N. S. W. The founda- 
tion of Capt. Cook's monument at 
Sydney is laid by the Duke of Edin- 
burgh, son of Queen Victoria. 

May * Vic. Woolen and paper manu- 
factories are established. 

1869 * * Vic. The great telescope is 
set up at the Melbourne Observatory. 

* * N. S. JV. The Free Public library 
is founded at Sydney. 

1870 Sept. * W. A. Gold is discov- 
ered. 

Nov. * Capt. Cadell makes explorations 
in South Australia, and discovers the 
mouth of the River Roper. 

1871 Nov. * Vic. Capt. Burton dis- 
covers gold in the Bendigo fields. 

1878 Feb. 2. N. S. JV. Capt. Cook's 
statue is uncovered at Sydney. 

1880 * * N. S. W. State aid to denomi- 
national schools is abolished ; a Minis- 
ter of Public Instruction is created. 

1882 * * Piturine, a narcotic, is first 
extracted from the dried leaves of the 
Duboisia pituri. 

Dec. 18. Ernest Morrison sets out to 
walk across the continent, southward, 
from the Gulf of Carpentaria to Mel- 
bourne. [He accomplishes the journey 
in 120 days.] 

1886 May* IF. A. A gold-field is 
discovered at Perth. 

Oct. * S. A. Alluvial gold is discovered 
at Tatutpa, "Waukaringa. 

CHURCH. 

1866* * S. A. The Moravians estab- 
lish a mission for the aborigines at 
Copperamana [which is abandoned in 
18721. 

1868 Nov. 30. X. S. JV. The new 
cathedral at Sydney is consecrated. 

1869 * * X. S. W. The dioceses of 
Bathurst, Armidale, and Grafton are 
established. 

1872 Oct. 25. X. S. JV. The Synod 
of the Church of Australia assembles at 
Sydney. 

Dec. 15. Vic. John Geddie, mission- 
ary in the South Seas, dies in Geelong, 
A57. 

* * A mission in the Southwest is 
' opened under Mr. Clark. 

1873* *The Primitive Methodist 
Church heroically attempts to found a 
mission on Frazer's Island [afterwards 
at Mackay] ; the endeavor fails. 



1875 * * Vic. The diocese of Ballarat 

is established. 
1877* * S. A. Hermannsburg is 

founded by the Hermannsburg Mission. 
The mission works among the black 

natives, who prove themselves very apt 

in learning, and as apt in forgetting. 

1878 * * Tas. Penguin becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the United Methodist 
Free Churches. 

* * Que. The diocese of North Queens- 
land is established. 

* * The Bavarian Lutherans reoccupy 
the mission-station in Copperamana. 

1883 * * X. S. JV. The diocese of Kiv- 
erina is established. 

1884 Jan. 1. X.S.JV. Alfred Barry 
is consecrated bishop of Sydney and 
metropolitan of Australia. 

1885 * * X. S. JV. The archbishop of 
Sydney, Patrick F. Moran, is created 
a cardinal. 

SOCIETY. 

1867 Nov. 23. Vic. The Duke of 
Edinburgh arrives at Melbourne. 

* * Vic. An address is presented to the 
Duke of Edinburgh by Edward 
Hently, the first settler, and others. 

1868 Feb. * X. S. JV. TheDukevisits 
Sydney. 

Mar. 12. X. S. JV. At a picnic at Port 
Jackson, a Fenian named O'Farrell 
shoots the Duke of Edinburgh in the 
back. [The Duke soon recovers from his 
wound. Apr. 4. He sails for England.] 

Apr. 21. X. S. IV. O'Farrell, the 
would-be assassin of the Duke of Edin- 
burgh, is executed at Sydney. 

1879 Feb. 8-10. X. S. W. A band of 
thieves from Victoria, known as the 
" Kelly Gang," seize and plunder the 
town of Jerilderie. 

1880 June 27, 28. Vic. Wed Kelly 
and several of his gang of bushrangers, 
robbers, and murderers, are captured 
aud sent to Melbourne. [Nov. 11. Kelly 
is hanged."] 

* * Vic. An International Temperance 
Convention in Melbourne passes a reso- 
lution urging each colony to form an 
alliance for securing local option. 

1885 * * Que. Laws favorable to local 
option are passed. 

* * Vic. Chinese immigrants are al- 
most entirely excluded. 

STATE. 

1866 Aug. 13. Vic. The new gover- 
nor, John H. T. Sutton, arrives at 
Melbourne. 

1867 * * X. S. JV. The Earl of Bel- 
more is governor. 

Mar. * Vic. The Ministers from the 
Australian colonies hold a postal con- 
ference at Melbourne to improve postal 
communication with Europe. 

Dec. 30. Vic. The parliament at Mel- 
bourne is dissolved. 

1S69* * Eng. Sir Benjamin C.C.Pine 
is appointed governor of "Western Aus- 
tralia. 



Mar. 12. Vie. The Ministry resigns, 
in <-<,jj*i_'queii<_ , e of the governor's objec- 
tion to the insertion of the Darling 
grant in the Appropriation Bill. 

Apr. 7. Eng, Frederick A. Weld 
appointed governor of Western Aus- 
tralia. 

May * IV. A. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine 
assumes office as governor. 

July * Vic. The McCulloch Ministry 
settles the Darling grant question. 

Oct. * Vic. The McPherson Ministry 
is formed. 

Dec. * S. A. Sir James Fergusson is 

* * Que. Gov. Sir George Ferguson 
Bowen retires from the governorship, 
and Gov. Blackall succeeds him. 

1870 Apr.* Vic. A new McCulloch 
Ministry is formed, which includes 
McPherson. 

May * Eng. Premier McCulloch is 
knighted by the Queen. [June 14. Pic. 
He resigns his office.] 

June * Vic. The union of the five colo- 
nies in a federation is discussed in the 
Assembly at Melbourne. 

* * Eng. Representative government 
is granted to Western Australia. 

* * W. A. A Legislative Council is 
elected on the model of the Constitu- 
tions of 1850, consisting partly of nomi- 
nee and partly of elected members. 

1871 Apr. 8. Que. The Marquis of 
Normanby is governor. 

July 13. Eng. Lord Kimberley. British 
Colonial Secretary, expresses dissatis- 
faction with the complex tariff system 
of the four colonies. 

July * Vic. Sir Charles Gavan Duffy 
becomes premier. 

Sept. 27. Delegates from the four 
Australasian colonies meet to con- 
sider the interference of the British 
Government with their local fiscal 
arrangements. 

1872 May 29. Vic. Premier Duffy 
resigns on an adverse vote in the As- 
sembly. 

June* Vic. Mr. Francis forms a Minis- 
try at Melbourne. 

Dec. * X. 5. JV. Sir Hercules Robin- 
son is appointed governor. 

* * The members of parliament begin to 
receive salaries of £300 a year. 

1873 Jan. * .V. .S. W. Delegates from 
the several colonies meet in conference 
to discuss customs union, postal af- 
fairs, and arrangements respecting rail- 
ways. 

Feb. * Vic. Sir George F. Bowen suc- 
ceeds Sir John H. T. Sutton (Viscount 
Canterbury) as governor. 

* * Que. The Ministry present a free- 
trade budget. 

Apr. * X. S. IV. Sir Hercules Robin- 
son, governor, arrives. 
June * S. 'A, Sir Anthony Musgrave 



1S74 Sept. 22. Que. "William W. 
Cairns is appointed governor. 



AUSTRALIA. 1866, May *-1887, Apr. 22. 499 



Oct. 7. W. A. "William C. F. Robin- 
son is appointed governor. 

1575 Aug.* Vic. A ministerial crisis 
is caused by the rejection in parliament 
of the free-trade policy proposed by 
Premier Kerford ; the premier resigns, 
Sir William S to well, the acting governor, 
refusing to dissolve parliament. 

Oct. * Vic. Graham Berry, the premier, 
being defeated in his proposed protec- 
tion scheme, resigns ; the objectionable 
feature of the scheme is the proposal to 
tax the richer more heavily than the 
poorer colonies. 

Oct. * Vic. A coalition Ministry is 
formed by Sir James McCulloch. 

Nov. * Vic. The Ministry proposes an 
income tax, with a tax on land and 
realized property. 

1576 June * Vic. Parliament passes 
the income-tax bill by a majority of 
three. 

Mar. *- June* Vic. The Administra- 
tion becomes involved in a dispute with 
the Messrs. Stevenson respecting the un- 
der-valuation of their goods in the pay- 
ment of duties ; the Stevenson letters 
are unlawfully opened by the Govern- 
ment. 

1577 Jan. * Que. Sir Arthur Ken- 
nedy is governor. 

Jan. * S. A. William W. Cairns is 

governor. 
May * Vic. The elections favor the Pro- 
tectionists, and Premier McCulloch re- 
signs ; Graham Berry is again ap- 
pointed premier. 
June * S. A. W. F. D. Jervois is gov- 
Oct. 30+. Vic. Premier Berry's Appro- 
priation, Defense, and Exhibition Bills 
are rejected by the Legislative Council. 
Oct.* Vic. Parliament enacts a land-tax. 
* * W. A. Maj.-Gen. Sir Harry St. 
George Ord is governor. 

1878 Jan.* Vic. The Legislative 
Council dismisses the county court 
and judges; the Ministry is approved 
by the governor, Sir George F. Bowen. 

Feb. 13 + . Vic. Overruling the Coun- 
cil, the Assembly orders that public 
creditors shall be paid by its vote 
alone. 

Dec. 10. Vic. The Marquis of Nor- 
manby is appointed governor. 

1879 May 3. N. S. W. Lord Augus- 
tus F. Loftus is appointed governor. 
[Aug. 4. He arrives at Sydney.] 

Sept. * Vic. A reform bill is introduced 
in parliament by Premier Berry. [Dec. * 
It is withdrawn.] 

1880 Feb. 9. Vic. Parliament is dis- 
solved. 

Feb. 28. Vic. The elections favor the 
opponents of the Ministry. [Mar. 2. The 
Ministry resigns. Mar. 3. The James 
Service Ministry is formed. June 24. 
Parliament rejects the newreform bill. 
June 29. The Assembly is dissolved. 
July 14. The Service Ministry re- 
signs.] 



July 28. Vic. Graham Berry again 
forms a Ministry. 

* * W.A. Sir W. F. Robinson is gov- 

* * Most of the colonies impose a poll-tax 
of £10 on all Chinese immigrants. 

* * Vic. A Federation Council meets 
at Melbourne ; it adjourns to Sydney. 

1881 July * Vic. Parliament refuses 
Premier Berry a vote of confidence; Sir 
Brien O'Loghlen becomes premier, and 
forms a new Ministry. 

* * Jv". S. W. A conference is held at 
Sydney to pave the way for federation. 

1882 Nov. * S. A. Sir W. Robinson 
is governor. 

* * W.A. Sir Frederick Napier 
Broome is governor. 

18S3 Jan. 3. N.S. W. The Minis try 
resigns ; Alexander Stuart forms a new 
administration. 

Mar.* Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave is 
governor. 

Apr. 4. Que. The Queensland Govern- 
ment takes possession of New Guinea 
in the name of the Crown. 

* * An Australasian army and navy 
are being slowly developed for colonial 
defense. 

Dec. 6. iV. S. W. A conference of 
delegates representing all the colonies 
opens at Sydney ; it recommends the 
annexation of New Guinea. 

Dec. 7. A r . S. W. The Intercolonial 
Conference at Sydney adopts a scheme 
for federation, and the creation of a 
federal council for Australasia. 

It prepares a bill [which is passed by 
the Imperial Parliament as the Federal 
Council Act] ; it agrees on a scheme for 
the introduction of an intercolonial ju- 
dicial system, and fails to agree upon a 
restrictive policy respecting Chinese 
immigration. [Dec. 8. The Conference 
closes.] 

1884 Mar. * Vic. The Marquis of USTor- 
manby resigns the governorship. 
[Apr. 10. Sir Henry Brougham Loch 
is appointed governor.] 

June 30. Vic. Premier Service favors 
a bill for the confederation of the 
colonies. 

Aug. * The federation scheme is ac- 
cepted by Victoria, Tasmania, and 
Queensland. 

Nov. 1±. N. S. W. The federation 
scheme is rejected in the Legislature 
by a majority of one. 

Dec. * Germany protests against the an- 
nexation by Great Britain of New Guinea 
and the other islands. 

1885 Jan.* Woodlark and other 
islands in the East Indian Archipelago 
are formally taken possession of in the 
name of the British crown. 

Feb. 1. The colonies offer to the Home 
Government military contingents for 
the reenforcement of Gen. Gordon in the 
Soudan war. 

Feb. 23. N. S. W. A military contin- 
gent, 800 strong, is ordered for the Sou- 
dan, and £30,000 are raised as a patriotic 
fund. 



Mar. 3. N. S. "W. The military contin- 
gent embarks for Suakim ; the patriotic 
fund is increased to £45,000. 

May* The military contingent returns 
from Suakim. 

Dec. 9. All the colonies except New 
South Wales and New Zealand unite in 
a confederation. 

Dec. 11. Lord Derby announces that the 
consideration of the federal scheme is 
deferred. 

Dec. 12. N. S. W. Lord Carrington 
assumes office as governor. 

Dec. 17. N. S. W. The ministry re- 
signs ; a new administration is organ- 
ized by Sir John Robertson. 

* * The Federal Council of Austra- 
lasia is established. 

1886 Feb. 18. Vic. Duncan Gillis 
forms a new Ministry. 

Feb. 25. M. S. W. Sir John Robertson 
and Patrick Jennings form a coalition 
Ministry. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866 Oct. 25. Vic. The Interna- 
tional Exhibition is opened at Mel- 
bourne. 

1868 Feb. 19. S. A. Sir Dominic 
Daly, governor, dies. 

1869 * * N. S. W. The railway is ex- 
tended to connect Sydney with Goul- 
burn. 

1870 Aug. 30. N. S. W. The Gov- 
ernor-General, Lord Belmore, opens the 
Intercolonial Exhibition at Sydney. 

Sept. 8. Vic. The Industrial Mu- 
seum at Melbourne is opened. 

1872 Aug. 22. S. A. Adelaide and 
Port Darwin are connected by tele- 
graph. 

1874 Apr. 11. Vic. An Industrial 
Exhibition is opened at Melbourne by 
the governor. 

1878 * * S. A. The first railway is be- 
gun at Port Augustus. 

1879 Sept. 17. JT. S. W. An Inter- 
national Exhibition is opened by the 
governor. 

1880 Oct. * Vic. An International 
Exhibition is opened at Melbourne. 

1882 Jan. 16. N. S. W. The Wolver- 
ene is presented by the British Govern- 
ment to the colony of New South Wales. 

Sept. 22. N. S. W. The Exhibition 
Building at Sydney is burned down. 

1883 June * Vic. Direct railway 
communication between Melbourne 
and Sydney is completed. 

1886 Mar. 30. The Ly-ee-Moon t an 
iron steamer, is wrecked off Green Cape ; 
76 persons perish. 

1887 Mar. 23. N. S. W. A mine ex- 
plosion occurs at Bulli colliery, near 
Sydney ; 85 men are killed. 

Apr. 22. A violent hurricane destroys 
a pearl-fishing fleet on the northeast 
coast; 650 persons are lost. 



500 1887, Oct. *-1894, Nov. 29. AUSTRALIA. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1889 Apr. 10. X. S. W. A committee 

at Sydney reports on M. Pasteur's sug- 
gestion of a means to exterminate rab- 
bits. 

Apr. 18. N. S. JV. Destructive floods 
occur. 

May 29. X. S. JV. The Meteorological 
Society reports a destructive hurri- 
cane extending along the entire coast, 
and a rainfall never before equalled ; 
railroad traffic is suspended and several 
lives are lost. 

July 21. Que. "Warner Davidson dis- 
covers a bright comet. 

1890 Jan. 5. Que. Floods covering 
an area of 500 square miles do great 
damage. 

Feb. 16. Que. Great floods again pre- 
vail. 

Mar. 1. Que. Floods damage the town 
of Brisbane to the amount of $1,500,000. 

Apr. 3. Que. A cyclone does great 
damage. 

May 11. Que. Darling is surrounded 
by floods. 

July 11-Aug. * Vic. Floods damage 
the city of Melbourne to the amount of 
$2,000,000. 

1891 Jan. 31. Que. Floods cause 
great loss of life and property. 

Feb. 1. Que. The country suffers again 
from floods. 

Feb. 6. Que. Floods prevail ; a large 
number of persons are drowned ; part of 
the city of Brisbane is submerged. 

Feb. 7. Que. Brisbane is in darkness ; 
water is 30 feet deep in its principal 
streets ; 500 houses are demolished. 

Feb. 8. Que. The floods have sub- 
sided ; loss of life and property is greater 
than at first reported. 

Feb. 10. Que. The loss by the flood is 
estimated at $15,000,000. 

Feb. 19. Que.— Vic. Brisbane and 
other places are flooded; three vessels 
are stranded in the Botanical Garden at 
Melbourne. 

1893 Aug. 9. W. A. A great dis- 
covery of gold is made at Coolgardie, 
near Perth. 

CHURCH. 

1887 * * Que. Bowen, on the extreme 
northeast coast, becomes a mission- 
station of the Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel, with one missionary. 

1889* * Vic. Bamahyuck, a Moravian 
mission-station, reports one missionary 
and wife. 

* * Vic. The Ebenezer Mission reports 
one married and one unmarried mission- 
ary ; the mission buildings are on a plot 
of ground given by the Government ; the 
success of the work far exceeds the an- 
ticipation of the missionaries. 

* * X. 5. JV. Norfolk Island is a mis- 
sion-station of the Society for the Prop- 
agation of the Gospel ; it has one 
missionary. 



* * Macleag is a station of the Hermanns- 
burg Evangelical Lutheran Mission. 

1890 * * S. A. Burkujanna is reported 
as a prosperous mission-station of the 
Hermannsburg Society. 

Apr. 9. Que. At Towusville, C. G. 
Barlow is installed in the bishopric of 
North Queensland. 

1891 Jan. 1. Vic. At Melbourne the 
Anglican Cathedral is consecrated 
with imposing ceremonies. 



1888 Oct. * Vic. Strikes are frequent 
among workmen, and opposition to Chi- 
nese immigration is very strongly ex- 



1889 Apr. 30. Vic. John Dillon, 

M.P., the Irish home ruler, addresses a 
monster meeting at Melbourne. 
June * X. S. JV. The courts of Sydney 
decide that publishers of newspapers 
cannot collect pay for Sunday adver- 
tisements, the contracts being illegal. 

1890 May 11. X. S. JV. Messrs. Dil- 
lon, Deasy, and Esmonde, Irish 
home-rule advocates, arrive at Sydney. 

May 16. Vic. Immense meetings are 
held at Ballarat in favor of Irish home 
rule. 

June 21. Vic. Cardinal Moran, the 
chief justice", and the premier of Queens- 
land, are proposed as arbitrators of 
the labor troubles in Australia. 

June 28. Vic. Strikers are becoming 
disorderly. 

June 29. The shipping-trade strike 
has spread to New Zealand. 

Aug. 7. X. S. W. Strikers hold a large 
demonstration in Sydney, and adopt 
resolutions declaring that the men will 
stand firm. 

Aug. 31. Vic. The full police-force of 
Melbourne and 1,000 special constables 
are on duty ; 40,000 men, represent- 
ing all trades, form in procession and 
parade the streets ; there is no disturb- 
ance. 

Sept. 10. jV. S. W. The conference of 
employees at Sydney condemns boy- 
cotting and upholds freedom of eon- 
tract. 

Sept. 11. X. S. TV. In consequence of 
the strikes 7,000 men are out of work in 
the New Castle district. 

Sept. 15. X. S. JV. The Labor Con- 
ference at Sydney adopts a proposal to 
call out all the shearers, wool-shed labor- 
ers, and carriers, a procedure that will 
affect 80,000 men. 

Sept. 19. .V. S. W. The mayor of Syd- 
ney reads the riot-act to the strikers. 
[Sept. 26. Labor troubles continue.] 

1891 Feb. 24. Que. Troops and 
armed strikers are face to face at Cler- 
mont. 

Apr. 28. A scheme is drafted to bring 
Hebrew immigrants from Poland and 
the southeast of Europe, and locate 
them on lands in Australia. 



May 2. The promoters of Hebrew emi- 
gration from Europe are informed thai 
Russian exiles are not wanted. 

July 31. .V. S. W. The Assembly re- 
jects the bill granting the right of suf- 
frage to women. Vote, 57-34. 

1892 Mar. 27. lie. Attempts are 
made to lynch F. B. Deeming. 

Mar. 28. J 1c. The coroner's j u ry finds 
Deeming guilty of murdering his wife 
and four children at Kainhill. [Apr. 28. 
His trial begins in Melbourne. May 'j. 
He is convicted, and sentenced to be 
executed ; he confesses that be mur- 
dered his wife. May 23. He is hanged.] 

* * X. S. W. "VThite workmen protest 
against the introduction of colored 
labor. 

Aug. 11. X. S. TV. The shearers* strike 
is declared settled. 

Oct. 5. Que. A labor vessel, while re- 
cruiting off the coast of Malayta, Solo- 
mon Islands, is attacked by natives, 
looted, and its crew are killed. 

Nov. 2. X. S. JV. Strikers on the docks 
resort to dynamite just as business is 
beginning to revive. . 

STATE. 

1887 Oct.* JV. A. The Legislative 
Council petitions for a change from a 
Crown colony to representative gov- 
ernment. 

* * London. A conference of delegates 
from the colonies adopts a scheme of 
Australasian naval defense. 

Nov. 24-25. Eng. Parliament passes, 
as the Australasian Naval Force Act, 
the scheme adopted by tbe colonial con- 
ference. [It is approved by the Queen. J 

* * London. Parliament passes the Brit- 
ish Settlements Act. 

1888 Jan. 16-19. Tas. The Fede- 
ration Council meets at Hobart. 

May 16-18. X. S. TV. The Legislative 
Assembly passes a Chinese restriction 
bill, regardless of the treaties of Nanking 
and Peking. 

June 14-16. A conference of the 
Australian colonies appeals to the Im- 
perial Government for restriction of 
Chinese immigration. 

Nov. * Que. Sir Henry Arthur Blake 
is appointed governor. [He is objected 
to, and he resigns.] 

Aug. 13. London. The act for Impe- 
rial defense passes Parliament ; it pro- 
vides for defraying the expenses of a 
naval defense of the Australasian colo- 
nies. 

Dec* Que. Sir Henry Wylie Norman 
is appointed governor. 

Dec. * S. A. The Earl of Kintore is 
governor. 

* * London. An Imperial statute is passed 
providing for the maintenance of a 
naval force of seven men-of-war at 
the Australian station, three of them to 
be kept in reserve. 

1889 Jan. 29-Feb. 4. Tas. The Fed- 
eration Council meets at Hobart. 



AUSTRALIA. 1887, Oct. * -1894, Nov. 29. 501 



Feb. 2. Tas. The Federation Council 
adopts an address to the Crown. 

It views with deep anxiety recent 
events in Samoa, favors treaties guar- 
anteeing Samoan independence, and ex- 
presses the opinion that foreign domina- 
tion of Samoa (by Germany) endangers 
the safety of Australia. 

Feb. 2. X. S. W. Parliament is dis- 
solved. 

Mar. 6. X. S. TV. The Ministry re- 
signs after defeat on the question of 
protection. [Mar. 14. Sir Henry Parkes 
forms a new Ministry.] 

Apr. 10. N.S.W. TheGovernment 
proposes to abolish all specific duties 
and to adopt direct taxation. 

June 7. Vic. Parliament is opened 
at Melbourne by Acting-Gov. W. C. F. 
Robinson. 

June 22. Vic. Gov. Sir Henry 
Brougham Loch accepts the governor- 
ship of Cape Colony. 

June 24, 25. S. A. J. A. Cockburn 
forms a new Ministry. 

July 16. London. The House of Lords 
votes in favor of granting the petition of 
AVestern Australia for responsible gov- 
ernment. [The question is deferred in 
the Commons.] 

July 22. Vic. The Earl of Hopetoun 
is appointed governor. 

July 31. X. S. TV. The Legislative As- 
sembly passes a bill providing for the 
payment of yearly salaries to its 
members. 

Nov. 10. X. S. TV. At a public meeting 
in Sydney resolutions are adopted in 
favor of colonial federation. 

Dec. 9. The federation proposal is ac- 
cepted by Victoria, Queensland, South 
Australia, "Western Australia, and Tas- 
mania. [New South Wales and New 
Zealand reject it.] 

1890 Feb. 6. Vic. The Australasian 
Federal Conference opens at Mel- 
bourne ; the prime minister of Victoria 
is elected chairman. 

June 5. S. A. Parliament opens at 
Adelaide; the prosperous condition of 
the colony is reported. 

June 10. Vic. The Legislative Assem- 
bly unanimously approves the scheme 
for the federation of the Australian 
colonies, and appoints delegates to the 
convention for that purpose. 

June * The scheme for the federation 
of the colonies grows in favor. 

July 27. X. S. TV. The Earl of Jer- 
sey is appointed governor. 

Aug. 7. Que. The Cabinet resigns, 
owing to a lack of support in parlia- 
ment on its budget proposals. 

Aug. 8. Que. A new Cabinet is 
formed, with Mr. Griffiths as prime 
minister. 

Sept. 11. N. S. TV. The Legislative As- 
sembly adopts Sir Henry Parkes's 
scheme for federation. Vote, 97-11. 

Sept. 21. Vic. A Decimal Coinage 
and Metrical "Weights and Measures 
Act is passed by the Legislative Assem- 
ble 



Nov. 4. Vic. A new Cabinet is an- 
nounced at Melbourne. 

Dec. 8. Que. The Government accepts 
the Anglo-Mexican treaty of Nov. 
27, 1888. 

* * IV. A. The colony receives a bicam- 
eral constitution and responsible gov- 
ernment. 

1891 Mar.* X. S. TV. A Federal 
Convention at Sydney [after five 
weeks] agrees upon a constitution to 
he submitted to the several colonies. 

It provides for a federal executive, 
legislature, and judiciary. 

Mar. 2. X. S. W. The Australasian 
Federal Convention meets in the Par- 
liament House at Sydney, having seven 
representatives from each colony, except 
New Zealand, which sends only three ; 
Sir Henry Parkes is elected president. 

Apr. 9. X. S. TV. The Australasian 
Federal Convention adopts the draft 
of a constitution. 

The Federal Parliament is to consist 
of two houses somewhat resembling 
the Congress of the United States of 
America; each colony to be represented 
by an equal number in the Senate for 
the protection of colonial rights ; mem- 
bers of the popular chamber to be chosen 
according to the population : each colony 
to elect its own governor, but the gov- 
ernor-general to be appointed by the 
Crown. 

* * N. S. TV. The Federal Conven- 
tion at Sydney closes. 

* *A bill to constitute a "Common- 
wealth Australia" is afterwards in- 
troduced into the parliaments of the 
several colonies. [The people evince 
but little interest in the matter.] 

May 25. Th*e colonies decide to join the 
International Postal Union in Oc- 
tober. 

June 30. N. S. IV. The complete elec- 
tion returns show that the Opposition 
has elected 57 members, the Ministerial- 
ists 51, the Labor Party 26, and the In- 
dependents 3 ; grouped according to 
tariff policy, the representatives will 
number 75 for protection, and 62 for 
free trade. 

July 31. X. S. W. The Legislative 
Assembly rejects the motion of Sir 
Henry Parkes in favor of woman suf- 
frage. Vote, 57-34. 

Sept. 6. Vic. The Legislature passes 
the Federation Bill, but adopts an 
amendment excluding New Zealand 
from the federation. 

Oct. 18+. X. S. TV. Sir Henry Parkes, 
premier, resigns. [Oct. 23. A new cabi- 
net is formed by Mr. Dibbs.] 

Dec. 19. X. S. W. Parliament adopts 
a protective tariff bill after a sitting 
of 36 hours. Vote, 60-3. 

1892 Jan. 6. S. A. A new Ministry 
is formed. 

1893 Feb. 3. X. S. TV. Robert W. 
Duff is appointed governor. 

Mar. 24. Que. The Intercolonial 
Postal Conference at Brisbane agrees 
to a resolution to establish a Pacific 
cable between Australia and Vancouver. 



Apr. 29. Australian savings-banks 

are to be consolidated with the postal 
service. 
1894 Nov. 29. The Australian pre- 
miers convene to discuss Imperial fed- 
eration and intercolonial free trade. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887 * *N.S. TV. The Government 
offers a reward of £25,000 for the de- 
vising of means of exterminating Eu- 
ropean rabbits, which have become a 
destructive pest. 

1888 Aug. 1. Vic. The Interna- 
tional Exhibition is opened at Mel- 
bourne. 

Aug. 21. N, S. TV. Richard Jonis dies, 

A76. 
Sept. 28. Sir Thomas Cockburn 

Campbell, 4th baronet, politician, dies, 

A47. 
Oct. 9. Que. Sir Anthony Musgrave, 

governor, dies. 

1889 May 25. X. S. W. A great 
storm causes loss of life. 

June 22. N. S. TV. At Newcastle 70 
miners are entombed in a pit; all are 
rescued except two. 

1890 Feb. 22. Vic. The West Mel- 
bourne docks are opened. 

Apr. 5. Vic. The Melbourne Exhi- 
bition closes with a deficit of about 
$1,000,000. 

July 12. X. S. TV. J. B. Watson, 
*' Quartz Reef King," dies, A64. 

Oct. 1. X. S. TV. Sydney suffers a loss 
of £750,000 by fire. 

1891 Feb. 7. S. A. The wheat crop 
is 12,600,000 bushels, with probably 9,000,- 
000 bushels available for export. 

Aug. 28. X. S. TV. By a collision of 
steamers near Sydney, 26 lives are lost. 

Dec. 1. Eng. Charles Perry, first bishop 
of Melbourne, dies, A84. 

1892 Mar. 5. Vic. The Mercantile 
Bank, Melbourne, suspends, though 
having an excess of assets. 

1893 Feb. 4. Fr. The French Cabinet 
approves the proposition to lay a cable 
from the French colony of New Cale- 
donia to Australia. 

May 15. X.S.W. Sydney Linton, bishop 
of Riverina, dies, A51. 

1894 Apr. 4. Vic. The Commercial 
Bank of Melbourne suspends payment. 

Apr. 6. Vic. The Colonial Bank, 
Alexandria, suspends. 

Apr. 20. The (Australian) Joint-Stock 
Bank of London fails. 

Apr. 25. The London Chartered 
Bank suspends ; the suspension of the* 
Standard Bank of Australia follows. 

May 9. Vic. The Bank of Victoria, 
Melbourne, suspends ; liabilities, £2.400,- 
000. 

June 15. Three more bank failures. 
are reported ; the London Stock Ex- 
change is panicky ; three defaulters are 
posted. 

June 16. Vic. The City of Mel- 
bourne Bank fails. 



502 179 B.C.-A.D. 1127,**. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



Austria-Hungary is a state of Central Europe, having Vienna for its capital. Area, 240,94^ square miles ; population In 
1890, 41,358,886. It is one of the great powers, and has a constitutional government administered by an hereditary monarchy. 
The people comprise several races ; of these about one-half are Slavs, one-fourth Germans, one-sixth Magyars, and one-fifteenth 
Roumanians. The greater part of the people are Roman Catholics in religion, but the Protestants and Greek Catholics each 
number several millions of adherents. Little is known of the peoples dwelling before the Christian era in that part of the 
basin of the Danube which now belongs to Austria- Hungary. 

Note. — The very extensive literature of this country is almost entirely omitted in these pages to economize space. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
115 * * B. c. The country of theTaurisci 
is invaded by the Roman consul, Marius 
iEmilius Scaurus, who meets tlie Ger- 
man tribes as he advances northward. 

17 * * A. d. Maroboduus, a prince of 
the Marcomanni, is conquered by the 
Germans under Arminius. 

169* *-180* *War between the 
Goths and the Romans. 

170 * * The legate Vindex is defeated 
by barbarians, and loses 20,000 men. 

174 * * The Roman army is saved from 
the Quadi, as by a miracle. 

356 * * -359 * * Aust.-Bung. The Ale- 
manni, Quadi, and Sarmatfe invade 
Rhaetia and Pannonia, and ravage the 
country till they are repulsed with great 
loss. 

788 * * The Avari cross the river Enns, 
and attack Bavaria, but are repulsed by 
Charlemagne. 

806 * * The Franks invade Bohemia 
with three armies, and force the inhabi- 
tants to pay tribute. 

892 * * The Hungarians attack Mora- 
via without success. 

907 * * Bung. The Hungarians terribly 
defeat the Germans at Presburg. 

910 * * Ger. The Germans are again de- 
feated near Augsburg, in Bavaria. 

* * * The Germans defeat the Hungari- 
ans before Wels. 

924* * It. The Hungarians invade 
Italy, and burn Pavia. 

933 * * Ger. The Hungarians are re- 
pulsed by Henry of Saxony before 
Merseburg. 

936* * Bohemia is invaded by two Ger- 
man armies, which enter by way of 
Thuringia and Saxony. 

955 * * Bung. Otho, Emperor of Ger- 
many, repulses the Hungarians, con- 
quers their territory, and annexes it. 

1025 ± * * Bohemia. Bretislav I. con- 
quers Silesia and Lesser Poland, and 
takes Cracow by assault. 

1067 * * Transylvania. The invading 
Cumans (or Polovtses) are defeated at 
the battle of Cserhalom. 

1089 * * Bung. King Ladislaus 1. con- 
quers Croatia. 

1102 * * Bung. King Coloman wrests 
Dalmatia from the Venetians. 

1127 * * Galicia. Stephen II. of Hun- 
gary avenges his father by conquering 
Premysl. [He is soon driven away, and 
loses many towns on the coast of the 
Adriatic] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



869 * * Arpad, founder of the Hungarian 
monarchy, born. 

885 Apr. 6. Methodius. Greek mission- 
ary to Slavonians, dies. 

892 * * Savalopulk, King of Moravia, dies. 

907 * * Arpad, King of Hungary, A38. 

955 * * Adalbert, Saint, Apostle to Prus- 
sians, born. 

967 * * I'.oleslav, King of Bohemia, dies. 

979* * 8tephen I., Saint, born at Gran, 
Hungary. 

991 * * Leopold I., Margrave of Austria, dies. 

997* * Adalbert, Saint, patron saint of Bo- 
hemia, murdered. 

1038 Aug-. 15. Stephen I.. Saint,Kingof 
Hungary, A59. 

1044 * * Aba Samuel, or Aba Sainu, King of 
Hungary, dies. 

1047 * * Andrew I., King of Hungary, is as- 



CHURCH. 

366 * * It. St. Damasus is pope. 

367 * * It. Ursicinus is (anti) pope. 

±* *TJlfilas (Wulfila), the scholar, 
preaches to the Arian Goths, and makes 
a Gothic translation of the Scriptures. 

380 * * Bung. A Church Council is 
held at Sirmium; it condemns the doc- 

" trine of the Arians. 

381 * * Aust. A Church Council is held 
at Aquileia; it condemns the Arians. 

384 * * It. Siricius is pope. [398, St. 
Anastasius ; 795, Leo III.] 

710* * Aust. St. Emeran' of Poictiers 
founds the bishopric of Salzburg. 

804* * Hung. The Greek missionaries, 
Cyril and Methodius, preach to the 
Slavs, and adapt the Greek alphabet to 
the Slavonian language. 

845 * * Bohemia. Fourteen nobles are 
baptized at Regensburg. 

863* * or 864* * Moravia. St. Cyril 
and his brother Methodius propagate 
Christianity among the Moravians. 

874"+ * * Bohemia. Christianity is in- 
troduced; Borivoy, the first Christian 
prince, builds the first Bohemian 
church, and dedicates it to St. Clement. 

891* * It. Formosus is pope. [896, 
Boniface IV. ; 985, John XVI.] 

906 * * Bohemia accepts Christianity 
through the effort of Princess Pubravka, 
who first converted her husband, Prince 
Mieczyslaw. 

925 * * Bohemia. St. Ludmila is canon- 
ized. [934, St. Weneeslaus.] 

974 * * Bung. The Pope is informed of 
the conversion of 5,000 Hungarians 
by Pilgrim. 

983 * * Bohemia. St. Adalbert is hishop 
of Prague. 

989 * * Bohemia. St. Adalbert becomes 
discouraged with the vices of tbe clergy, 
and retires to a monastery. 

992 * * Bung. Christianity is intro- 
duced in the reign of Geyza, who mar- 



ried Clotilde of France, a Christian 
princess. 

994+ * * Hung. Duke Stephen is bap- 
tized. [He completes the conversion of 
his people.] 

996* * It. Gregory V. is pope. [999, Sil- 
vester.] 

1000 * * Bung. Stephen establishes the 
Roman Catholic religion; he receives 
the title of Apostolic King from the 
Pope. [The title is still used.] 

1003 * * It. John XVII. is pope ; soon 
dies; later John XVIII. 

1032 * * Bohemia. Prince Oldric founds 
the Monastery of Sazava, in which 
the Slav liturgy is used. 

1060= * * Bung. Bela I. suppresses a 
new rising of the pagans against Chris- 
tianity. 

1088* * It. Urban n. is pope. [1099, 
Pascal II.] 

1092 * * Hung. Ladislaus promulgates a 
law in opposition to a recent decision 
of Pope Gregory VII., permitting the 
priests to marry. 

1096* * Bang. The First Crusade 
crosses Hungary ; depredations abound. 

LETTERS. 

864 * * The Greek missionaries preach in 
Slavonia, and adapt the Greek alpha- 
bet to the Slavonic. 

SOCIETY. 

921* * Bohemia. Saint Ludmila is 
murdered. 

1047* * Bang. King Andrew is assas- 
sinated by his brother. 

1063 * * Bung. King Solamon is de- 
posed by his son. 

1108* * Bohemia. The turbulent fam- 
ily of the Vesovici is massacred. 

STATE. 

179** B.C. Aust. Istria becomes a Ro- 
man province. 

129** B.C. Aust. LUyria and Dalma- 
tia become Roman provinces. 

14 * * B. c. The country is inhabited by 
the Taurisci, a Celtic race [later called 
Norici], whom the Romans incorporate 
with their armies, or transport to other 
lands. 

30± * * A. d. Hungary, a part of an- 
cient Pannonia, and Dacia become 
subject to the Romans in the reign of 
Tiberius. 

33± * * Aust. The Romans annex CEster- 
reich ("Eastern kingdom," east from 
Germany, anciently called Noricum) 
and part of Pannonia. 

274* * The Goths, after conquering 
Dacia, erect the double kingdom of the 
Westgoths and the Eastgoths^ 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 179, b.c.-a.d. 1127,**. 503 



376+* * Hungary is invaded by the 
Huns, who drive out the Goths. 

437* * Hung. Attila [known as the 
Scourge of God] becomes king of the 
Huns. [He conquers Pannonia and other 
countries.] 

447* * Hung. The Romans abandon 
Sirmia to Attila, engaging to pay him 
heavy tribute. 

5th and 6th Centuries. The country is 
successively overrun by the Boii, 
Vandals, Heruli, Rugii, Goths, Huns, 
Lombards, and Avari. 

500 * * Hungary is held by the Lom- 
bards. 

550+ * * Hung. The Czechs, or Slavs, 
take possession of the plains of Hun- 
gary- 

56S * *Hungary is overrun by the 
Avari. 

The river Enns divides the people of 
German origin from the Avari, who come 
from the East. 

748 * * Aitst. Borut is prince of Carin- 
thia. [750, Karat; 753, Chotimir ; 772, 
Valaduc] 

* * Bohemia. Premysl becomes duke. 

* * Hung. Pagan princes rule [till 870J. 
759 * * Bohemia. Prague is founded. 
701* *-796* * Aust. Charlemagne 

delivers Austria from the pagans, — 
Huns, Avari, and others. 

817+ * * Aust. Louis the German, son 
of Louis le De'bunnaire, defeats Radbod, 
the margrave (lord or governor) of Aus- 
tria, and annexes his dominions. 

823 * * Hung. Ljudevit becomes prince 
of Croatia. 

Borna succeeds Ljudevit. [830, Povin ; 
892, Matimir ; 900, Kresimir ; 958, Kresi- 
mir II.; 968, Zedeslav ; 970, Drzislav.] 

870 * * Bohemia. Borzivoj becomes 
duke. [Dukes rule the country till 
1198.] 

874:<: * * Moravia throws off the German 
yoke. 

876 * * Austria is enlarged by the addi- 
tion of Bavaria. 

883 * * Aust. The Bavarian descendants 
of Radbod the margrave revolt against 
Charles the Fat, Emperor of the 
Franks. 

884* * Hung. The history of Hun- 
gary properly begins with the appear- 
ance of the Magyars. 

889 * * Hung. Arpad, the founder of 
the Hungarian dynasty, and chief of 
the Magyars, flourishes. [He conquers 
all of Hungary and Transylvania ; kings 
of his line follow until 1309.J 

* *± Hung. Pesth [Budapest] is 
founded. 

890+ * * Moravia under Savatopulk is a 
powerful state. 

* * Austria loses Pannonia, which goes 
to Croatia. 

894 * * Moravia is invaded by a great 
host of Hungarians, of Finnish origin, 
having according to tradition 216,000 
warriors. 

* * Bohemia. Spitchnev I. becomes 
duke. 



900 * * Moravia is invaded by Bava- 
rians and Czechs. 

912* * Bohemia. Vratislav is duke. 
[925. Vacslav the Saint is duke. 936, 
Boleslav. 967, Boleslav II.] 

937 * * Austria is destroyed as a march 
and absorbed by the Magyars, whose 
frontier is bounded by the river Enus. 

950 * * Bohemia is forced to pay trib- 
ute to Otho I., Emperor of Germany. 

955 Aug. 10. Aust. The Bavarian 
Ostmark is reestablished on the Lech- 
feld (Augsburg) by the defeat of the 
Hungarians. [Later it is transformed 
into the duchy of Austria.] 

* * Hung. Otho I. takes territory from 
the Hungarians, and annexes it to Ger- 
many. 

962 * * The German states become [con- 
tinuously] connected with the Holy 
Roman (German) Empire. 

972* * Hung. Geiza, the first pacific 
king of pagan Hungary, is enthroned. 

973 * * Aust. The dynasty of Leopold 
of the House of Babenberg begins. [It 
lasts 263 years.] Leopold I. is margrave. 

976 * * Aust. Henry of Scheyer is in- 
dependent duke of Carinthia. [978, Otho 
of Wormsfeld ; 995, duke the second 
time; 1014, Conrad I. of Wormsfeld; 
1012, Adelbero of Eppenstein ; 1035, Con- 
rad I. of Wormsfeld.] 

984 * * Vienna is the capital of Austria. 

991 * * Aust. Ottoear I. is margrave of 
Styria. [1038, Ottoear III.] 

994 * * Aust. Henry I., son of Leopold 
I., is margrave. 

997 * * Hung. Duke Stephen (Saint) 
assumes the title of king. 

[He extends his kingdom eastward, and 
gives a constitution and written laws. 
Hungarians honor him as the second 
founder of their nation, the first being 
the legendary Arpad.] 

1000 Aug. 15. Hung, Stephen is 
crowned at Gran with a crown sent by 
the pope. 

* * Aust. Kresimir I. is king of Croatia. 
[1035, Stephen I. ; 1056, Kresimir II.] 

1002t * * Bohemia resists Boleslav the 
Brave of Poland. 

* * * Hungary receives an extensive im- 
migration of Germans. 

1004 * * Bohemia. Jaromir becomes 
duke. [1012, Oldric ; 1037, Betislav I. ; 
anarchy follows.] 

1018 * * Aust. Albert I. the Victorious 
(over the Magyars) is margrave. [The 
ostmark almost doubles its size under 
his rule.] 

1030 * * Styria is created a margravate. 

1038* * Hung. Peter I., nephew of 
Stephen L, is enthroned. 

1039 * * Aust. There is an interreg- 
num in Carinthia. [It continues till 
1046.] 

1040± * * [Austria] is taken from the 
Hungarians and joined to Germany. 

1041 * * Hung. Aba or Owen becomes 
king. 

* * Bohemia is conquered by the German 
Emperor Henry III., who devastates the 
country. 



1044 * * Hung. Peter the German is 
again enthroned. 

1046 * * Hung. Peter is dethroned by a 
popular assembly at Csanad. 

* * Hung. Andrew I. becomes king. 
[He is assassinated in 1060 by his brother 
Bela.] 

1047 * * Aust. Welf of Altorf becomes 
the independent duke of Carinthia. 
[1057, Conrad HI. ; 1059, Berthold.] 

1055 * * Bohemia. Spitchnev II. be- 
comes duke. [1061, Vratislav II. ; 1110, 
Borzivoj.] 

1056 * * Aust. Ernest the Valiant be- 
comes margrave. 

1060* * Hung. Bela I. deposes Andrew 
and becomes king. 

1061 * * Hungary is overrun by Poles. 

1063* * Hung. Salomon becomes king. 
[1077, Ladislaus the Saint.] 

1073* * Aust. Markhardt of Eppenstein 
becomes hereditary duke of Carinthia. 
[1076, Liutold ; 1090, Henry, Margrave of 
Istria; 1122, Henry IV.; 1124, Egelbert, 
margrave of Istria ; 1134, Ulrich I.] 

1074 * * Aust. Slavisa becomes king of 
Croatia. [1076, Demetrius Zvonimir; in 
his reign Croatia attains the zenith of 
her power.] 

1075 * * Aust. Leopold II. the Hand- 
some becomes margrave. [He resists 
the Emperor until reduced to submis- 
sion.] 

1086* * Bohemia. The Emperor rewards 
Vratislav II. with the title of king. 

1087 * * Aust. Stephen II. becomes 
king of Croatia by conquest. [1102. He 
assumes the title.] 

1092 * * Aust. Ottoear IV. becomes mar- 
grave of Styria. [1122, Leopold the 
Strong ; 1129, Ottoear V.] 

1095 * * Hung. Koloman, the nephew 
of Ladislaus, becomes king. 

1096* * Atist. Leopold III. the Saint 
becomes margrave " by the grace of 
God." 

* * "Werner is the first named Count of 
Hapsburgjin this familyis established 
the House of Hapsburg [from which 
the Imperial House of Austria is de- 
rived]. 

1100* * Hung. Croatia is united with 
Hungary on the death of Stephen II., 
its king. 

1102* * Hung. Koloman is crowned 
king of Croatia and Dalmatia, after 
conquering the foi'mer. 

1114 * * Hung. Stephen II. (Thunder), 
13 years of age, becomes king. 

1120* * Bohemia. Vladislav I. be- 
comes duke. [1125, Sobieslaus 1. ; 1140, 
Vladislav II.] 

1126* * Bohemia. The Emperor being 
defeated, renounces his claims, and rec- 
ognizes Sobieslaus as prince. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

453 * * Hung. Attila, the chief of the 
Huns, drinks so freely of honey and 
water on his wedding-day that he dies 
of suffocation. 



504 1131,**-1326, 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1140 * * Just. Guelf attempts to recon- 
quer Bavaria from the margrave of 
Austria, and is defeated in the battle of 
Weinsberg. 

1203 * * Hung. The Venetians, aided by 
the Crusaders, take Zadar from Hun- 
gary. 

1240+ * * Hungary is terrorized by an 
invasion of Mongols, who are irresisti- 
ble for a time. 

1 24 1 * * Hung . The Mongols are 
checked by a defeat at Grobnik. [They 
reappear, devastate the country, and 
commit horrible cruelties.] 

1246 * * Hung. Bela IV. defeats the 
Emperor Frederick II., on the banks of 
the Leitha, where Frederick is killed. 

1255 * * Bohemia. Rudolph, Count of 
Hapsburg, Emperor of Germany, assists 
King Ottocarin his crusade against the 
pagans of Prussia. 

1260 * * Bohemia. Ottoear is compelled 
to cede Styria to Hungary, but soon re- 
gains it as the fruit of a great victory. 

* * Moravia. Bela IV. of Hungary is 
defeated by Ottoear on the plains of 
Moravia; 18,000 men are killed. 

1270+ * * Aust. "War breaks out be- 
tween Bohemia and Hungary ; the Ma- 
gyars ravage Austria, and carry away 
16,000 captives. 

1274 * * Bohemia. Rudolph marches 
against Ottoear as a rebel. 

1275 May 15. Ottoear, having refused 
to pay homage to the Emperor for his 
lands, is placed under the ban of the 
Empire. 

1276 * * Vienna. The Emperor Rudolph 
takes the city. 

* * King Ottoear of Bohemia is forced to 
sign a treaty by which he surrenders to 
the Emperor, Austria, Styria, Carinthia, 
and Carniola, and holds Bohemia and 
Moravia as fiefs of the Empire. 

1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Rudolph of Haps- 
burg, having secured Ladislaus IV., the 
King of Hungary, as an ally, defeats the 
Bohemians in the battle of Marchfeld, 
near Vienna, one of the most terrible of 
the Middle Ages ; Ottoear is killed. 

1290 * * Bohemia. King Wenceslaus 
takes possession of Cracow and Lesser 
Poland. 

1314 * * -22 * * War rages between 
Louis, Duke of Bavaria, and Frederick 
of Austria ; they are rivals for the Im- 
perial crown. 

1315 Nov. 15+. Stvitz. The revolt- 
ing Swiss Confederates (1,400) under 
Unterwalden utterly defeat the Aus- 
tvians (15,000) under Duke Leopold in 
the mountain-pass at Morgarten ; 1,500 
men, the flower of the Austrian chiv- 
alry, perish. 

1322 Sept. 28. Ger. Frederick, Duke 
of Austria, contending for the crown of 
the German Empire, is defeated and 
captured by Louis, Duke of Bavaria, 
at the battle of Ampfing, near Muhl- 
dorf , Bavaria. 



BIRTHS -DEATHS. 



killed in battle. 
1207 * * Elizabeth, Saint, b. at PreBburn- 
1218* * Rudolph H., Kmperoruf (jerinany. 



1231 * * Elizabeth. Saint. A24. 

1236* * Andrew II., Kintfof Hiinearv, A.60. 

1248 June 15. Frederic II.. the Fighter, 
the last male of the House of llamberg, is 
killed in battle with the Hungarians. 

1253 * * WenceBlaus, King of Bohemia, dies. 

1278 Aug:. 26. Ottoear II., King of Bohe- 
mia, is killed. 

1291 July 15. Rudolph I., Kmperor of 
Germany, dies. 

1301 * * Andrew III., King of Hungary, d. 

1305 * * Wenceslaus II., King of Bohemia, <1. 

1307 * * Rudolph, King of Bohemia, is killed 
in the war. 

Gessler, Hermann, the Austrian bailiff, is 
killed by WUliam Tell. (?) 

1308 * * Albert. Emperor of Germany, is 



CHURCH. 

1140+ * * Bohemia is visited by Cardi- 
nal Guido, who supervises the organiza- 
tion of the church, and imposes celibacy 
on the clergy. 

1147* * Bohemia. Ladislaus II. goes on 
a crusade. 

1187 ** Bohemia. The bishop of 
Prague, being a prince, refuses obedi- 
ence to the Prince of Bohemia. 

1189* * Hung. The Third Crusade, 
led by Frederick Barbarossa, crosses 
the country, and is received with great 
magnificence. 

1198 * * It. Innocent III. is pope. 

1200+ * * Vienna. The Jews have a syn- 
agogue. 

1205± * * Berthold, of scandalous life, 
is bishop of Bulgaria ; he and his sister, 
the queen, surround themselves with 
favorites of infamous characters, until 
lie is driven out by the people ; the 
queen is killed by them. 

1216 * * It. Honorius is pope. [1227, 
Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, 
Innocent IV-] 

1217 * * Aust. Duke Leopold VI. be- 
comes a crusader, and goes to the Holy 
Land. 

* * The Fifth Crusade is led by King 
Andrew II. 

± * * Hung. The clergy are scandal- 
ously corrupt. 

1279* * Hung. The Synod of Buda 
places a limit on the knowledge which 
monks are allowed to acquire. 

LETTERS. 

1147= * * Hungarian students begin to 
find their way to Paris. 

13th Century. Bohemia. The Univer- 
sity of Prague is in existence as a 
" studium generale," and the earliest in 
German States. 

13th Century. Bohemia. The only 
schools in the country belong to the 
monks. 



1290* --1310* •Bohemia. ThelluXo- 

p'ts Kralodwomky is written. 
1314* * Jinhf.mia. Hhyming Chronicle of 
Bohemia, by Daliniil, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1131 * * Hung. Bela LI., King of Hun- 
gary, has his eyeB put out by his royal 
uncle. 

1132 * * Hung. Bela II. orders 68 of his 
enemies to be slain. 

1174* * Hung. King Bela III. intro- 
duces the Greek civilization into 
Hungary. 

1192* * Aust. Leopold V., Duke of 
Austria, detains Richard I. of Eng- 
land a prisoner, when returning in 
disguise from the Crusade, but he is 
compelled to surrender him to the Em- 
peror Henry VI. 

1290 * * Hung. Ladislaus, the Cuman, is 
assassinated by the Cumans. 

1297 * * Bohemia. The coronation of 
Wenceslaus II. is one of the most bril- 
liant ceremonies and immense festivals 
of the Middle Ages. 

1306 * * "Wenceslaus LLT. is assassi- 
nated. 

1308 May 1. Albert I., Duke of 
Austria, is assassinated by his nephew, 
John of Austria. 

STATE. 

1131 * * Hung. Stephen II. abdicates, 
and Bela H. (blinded by Koloman) is 
enthroned. 

1136* * Aust. Albert LI., and later 
Leopold LV., son of Leopold III., be- 
come margrave ; the accession of Leo- 
pold occasions war. [1141, Henry Iaso- 
mirgottO 

* * Vienna is made an Imperial city. 
1138 * * Austria is enlarged by the ad- 
dition of Bavaria. 

1141* * Hung. Geiza LI., 10 years of 
age, is enthroned. (German immigrants 
arrive and found 24 towns in the valley 
of the Maros.] 

1143* * Aust. Henry LT. becomes in- 
dependent duke of Carinthia. 

1156* * Aust. Henry H. is made the 
first duke of Austria. 

The margravate of Austria, founded 
by Charlemagne, is separated from Ba- 
varia, which is surrendered to Henry 
the Lion, and made an hereditary duchy, 
by the Emperor Frederick I. The terri- 
tory west of the Enns is annexed. 

Sept. 21. Aust. An Imperial edict de- 
clares the duchy hereditary, even in 
the female lines, and other privileges. 

* * Bohemia. Silesia is restored to Bohe- 
mia by Frederick, and Ladislaus re- 
ceives the title of king for himself and 
his successors. 

1161 * * Hung. Stephen LLT. and Ste- 
phen TV. are enthroned. Stephen IV. 
and Ladislaus, his uncle, are rivals. An- 
archy prevails. 

1164* * Aust. Ottoear VI. becomes 
margrave of Styria. 

1173* * Hung. Bela LLT. is enthroned. 

He marries Margaret of France, the 

widow of Prince Henry of England. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



1131, 



1326, 



505 



1174* * Bohemia. Sobieslaus II. is 
enthroned. 

1177 * * Aust. Leopold V. the Pious be- 
comes duke. [1198, Leopold VI. the 
Proud, brother of Frederick.] 

1178* * Bohemia. "Vladislav II. abdi- 
cates, and retires to a convent. 

1180 * * Aust. Ottocar VI. of Styria re- 
ceives the title of hereditary duke 
from the Emperor. 

1189* * Bohemia. Konrad Otho is 
enthroned. 

1192 * * Bohemia. Fremysl Ottocar is 
enthroned. 

* * Austria annexes Styria. [A perma- 
nent union.] 

* * Aust. Leopold V. captures Rich- 
ard I. of England. 

Richard is passing through his domin- 
ions incognito, on his return from the 
crusade. 

[1194+. The ransom paid for his re- 
lease is used to enlarge Vienna and 
enclose it with walls.] 

* * The Emperor Frederick II. receives 
Carniola. 

1194 * * Aust. Frederick I. the Catholic 
becomes duke. 

1196* * Hung. Emerich, son of Bela 
III., is enthroned. 

1201 * * Aust. Bernard becomes in- 
dependent duke of Carinthia. [1269, 
Premysl Ottocar II.] 

1204 * * Bohemia is confirmed in the 
use of the royal title by the Pope. 

* * Hung. Ladislaus II., the young son 
of Emerich, is enthroned (six months a 
king). 

1205 * * Hung. Andrew H., son of 
Bela III., is enthroned. 

1222 * * Hung. The Golden Bull, or 
the charter of Andrew II. , is granted ; 
it is the Magna Charta of Hungary, and 
the foundation of its national liberties. 

1230* ^us*. Frederick H. the 
Fighter becomes duke. 

* * Bohemia. Wenceslaus I. succeeds 
Ottocar his father. 

1231 * * Hung. The Golden Bull is 

again solemnly confirmed. 
1235 * * Hung. Bela IV. is enthroned ; 

the Emperor Frederick II, makes a 

claim for tribute. 

* * * Aust. The Emperor Frederick II. 
declares Austria and Styria to have 
lapsed to the Imperial Crown, and 
appoints Otto, Count of Eberstein, to 
rule these provinces, as his lieutenant. 

1246 * * Aust. The Babenberg line of 
kings becomes extinct by the death of 
Frederick II. [An interregnum fol- 
lows in the rule of Austria till 1273.] 
Bohemia and Hungary both claim the 
inheritance, and struggle for its posses- 
sion. 

-* * Aust. Ladislaus, the margrave of 
Moravia, assumes authority over the 
provinces of Austria, in the right of 
Gertrude his wife, the niece of Freder- 
ick II. The Emperor is a rival claimant. 

1247* * Moravia. Ladislaus dies with- 
out heirs. 



1250 * * Aust, Hermann, the margrave 
of Baden, marries Gertrude, and as- 
sumes authority in Austria. 

1251 * * Aust. The states of Austria in- 
vite Premysl Ottocar to become their 
ruler. 

1253 * * Bohemia. Premysl Ottocar 
H. is enthroned. 

He acquires the duchy of Austria, and 
reconquers Styria from the Hungarians. 

* * Aust. Albert III. becomes count of 
Tyrol. [1254, Meinhardt I.; 1258, Mein- 
hardt II.] 

1254 * * -73 * * Ger. Interregnum in 
the Holy Roman Empire. 

1256 * * Aust. Ulrich III. becomes in- 
dependent duke of Carinthia. 

1269 * * Bohemia. Ottocar inherits 
Carinthia, a part of Carniola, and Fri- 
uli, by the bequest of Ulric. 

1270* * Hung. Stephen V. is en- 
throned. 

* * Aust. Premysl Ottocar marries the 
daughter of the King of Hungary. 

1272 * * Hung. Ladislaus HI. the Cu- 
men is enthroned. 

* * Bohemia. Ottocar declines the 
throne of the German Empire, which 
is offered by the German princes. 

1273 * * - 1740 * * The Hapsburg dy- 
nasty. 

1273* *~91* * Rudolph I., Count of 
Hapsburg in Switzerland, and Duke 
of Austria, is elected Emperor of Ger- 
many by the three archbishops of Mainz, 
Cologne, and Treves. 

* * Hung. Ottocar refuses homage to 
Rudolph of Hapsburg, 

* * "Vienna is the real capital of the Ger- 
man Empire. 

1276 * * Aust. Rudolph I., Emperor 
of the Holy Roman (German) Empire, 
becomes duke. 

1278* * Bohemia. "Wenceslaus II. 
succeeds Premysl Ottocar. 

1280 Sept. * Bohemia. A truce is en- 
tered by Otto and the nobles. 

1282* * Aust. Albert I. and his brother, 
Rudolph II., become dukes of Austria, 
Styria, and Carinthia, by the investment 
of their father, the Emperor. 

The duchies of Austria, Styria, Ca- 
rinthia, and Carniola are given as Im- 
perial fiefs to Rudolph's sons. 

1283 * * Aust. Albert I. becomes sole 
ruler of Austria, Styria, and Carniola. 

* * Bohemia. "Wenceslaus II. comes out 
of prison, after a delay of five years, and 
ascends the throne. 

1286 * * Aust. The Emperor bestows 
Carinthia upon Menhardt II., count of 
Tyrol. 

1289 * * Hungary and Poland are in- 
vaded by the Moguls. 

1290 * * Hung. Andrew III. the Ve- 
netian, the son-in-law of the Emperor, is 
enthroned. 

1292 June 24. Aust. Adolf of Nas- 
sau is elected Emperor of Germany, and 
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. 

Albert I., the Emperor's son, is dis- 
placed by the opposition of the Arch- 
bishop of Mainz, in order to favor Adolf, 
the prelate's relative. 



1295 * * Aust. Henry of Carinthia be- 
comes count of Tyrol, and independent 
duke of Carinthia. 

1298 ** -1308 ** Ger. Albert I., 
Duke of Austria, succeeds Adolf as 
Emperor of Germany. 

1301 * * Hung. Andrew III. dies, and 
the Arpad or native, dynasty (Ma- 
gyars) expires. 

* *Huug. Prince Wenceslaus of Bohemia, 
a usurper, 12 years of age, is elected king. 

1305* * Hung. Otto of Bavaria, a 
usurper, is enthroned. 

June * Bohemia. "Wenceslaus TTT., a 
frivolous and debauched prince, is en- 
throned, after the death of Wenceslaus 
II.; he is the last of the dynasty of the 
Premyslides. [1306 Aug. 4. Assassinated.] 

1306 * * Bohemia. Rudolph of Haps- 
burg is enthroned. 

1307* * Bohemia. Henry, Duke of 
Carinthia and Count of Tyrol, is en- 
throned. 

* * Switzerland revolts from the rule 
of the House of Austria because of op- 
pression. [William Tell shoots Gess- 
ler.(?)] 

1308 * * Hung. Charles Robert of An- 
jou is elected. [He really becomes king 
two years later, when Hungary comes 
under the rule of the House of Anjou.] 

May 1. Ger. Albert I. is assassinated 
by his nephew, John, near the Hapsburg, 
while attempting to enslave the Swiss. 
[His death is terribly avenged by Eliza- 
beth, his widow, and Agnes, his daugh- 
ter.] 

Albert I. is succeeded by his five sotfs, 
Frederick, Leopold, Henry, Albert, and 
Otto. 

* * Aust. Frederick I. and Leopold I. 
become dukes. 

* * Hung. Otto abdicates. 

* *-1313* * Ger. Henry VII., Count 
of Luxemburg, a half-Frenchman, is 
Emperor. 

1310 * * Bohemia. Blind John of Lux- 
emburg is elected king by the National 
Assembly. [The House of Luxemburg 
retains the crown 127 years.] 

1314* *-30* * Frederick of Austria 
is King of Germany. 

1314* * Ger. Frederick ELI. of Haps- 
burg, Duke of Austria, son of Albert, is 
set up as king in opposition to Louis, 
Duke of Bavaria. [War follows for 
eight years. Frederick is defeated.] 

* * Galicia. Cracow is the capital of the 
Franks. 

1322 * * Ger. Frederick III. is taken 
prisoner by Louis of Bavaria at Ampfing. 

1325 * * Ger. Frederick III. is re- 
leased on condition that he renounces 
the throne of the Empire. 

1326 * * Bosnia. Herzegovina is 
united with Bosnia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1194* * Vienna is waUed and en- 
larged, the cost being met by the 
£40,000 ransom money paid for the re- 
lease of Richard 1. of England. 



506 1326, ** -1436, 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1332* * Just. King John of Bohemia 
is defeated at Mailberg, and forced 
to purchase a peace. 

1344 * * -82 * * Hung. Louis I. the 
Great, King of Hungary and Poland, 
prosecutes many campaigns. 

1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Blind King John 
of Bohemia fights for Philip of France 
in the battle of Cre'cy, and is killed. 

1348 * * Hung. Louis I. invades Italy, 
and punishes the accused murderers of 
his brother Andrew, King of Naples. 

1356 * * Hung. The first war between 
Hungary and Venice occurs. 

1386 July 9. Switz. The Swiss gain 
a great victory over Leopold in the 
battle of Sempach ; Leopold is killed, 
and the liberty of Switzerland is as- 
sured. 

At this battle, according to tradition, 
Arnold von Winkelried, rushing upon 
the Austri;ms, gathers a number of their 
spears against his breast, and falls 
pierced through, thus opening a way for 
his countrymen. (?) 

1388 Apr. 9. Switz. A small body of 
Swiss defeat the Austrians at Naf els. 

1396 Sept. 28. Bulgaria. Battle of 
Nikopoli. The Turks under Sultan 
Bajazet I. defeat the allied Christian 
powers under Sigismund, King of Hun- 
gary ; 20,000 of the Allies are killed. 

1400 * * Ger. The Emperor Rupert de- 
clares war against Wenceslaus, King 
of Bohemia. 

1419 * * -36 * * Bohemia. The Hussite 
"War. 

Itis occasioned by Catholic oppression, 
and indignation at the execution of John 
Huss, the religious reformer. John 
Ziska is leader of the Hussites. 

1420 July 14. Bohemia. The Impe- 
rialists under Emperor Sigismund are 
defeated by John Ziska at the siege of 
Prague. 

1421 * * Bohemia. The German Impe- 
rial troops are repulsed from the bor- 
der as they enter. 

1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Sigismund is 
driven back by the Hussite troops to 
Deutsch-Brod. 

* * Bohemia. The Hussites ravage the 
neighboring country, and make a skilful 
use of gunpowder and clumsy cannon. 

* * Bohemia. John Ziska gives Sigismund 
a terrible defeat on the banks of the 
river Sazava ; the Czechs are masters 
of their own land. 

1426* * Bohemia. The Hussites defeat 
the Saxons and Misnians in a bloody 
battle under the walls of Ousti. 

1428* *-29* * Bohemia. The Hus- 
sites, led by Procopius the Great, 
carry on an aggressive war, and devas- 
tate part of Hungary and Silesia. 

1430 * * Bohemia. Andrew Procopius 
leads a great expedition of the Hussites 
into Germany, where they become a 
terror to the inhabitants. 

1431 * * Bohemia. Procopius defeats 
the Imperial army near Domazlice 
(Tauss), and routs it with great loss. 



1434 May 30. Bohemia. The Ta- 

bontes (Hussites) are crushingly de- 
feated by the Calixtines and Roman 
Catholics in battle at Bohmisch-Brod ; 
Andrew Procopius is killed. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1328 * * Leopold, Duke of Austria, dies. 
1330* * Frederick, Duke of Austria, dies. 
1331 * * Engelbert, historian, Benedictine 



dies. 

1360* * Ziska, John, general, born. 
1361 * '■' Wenreskms, King of Bohemia, born. 
1365 * * Kudolph V., Duke of Austria, dies. 

Jerome of Prague, Bohemian martyr, born. 
1369* * .Multas<-he, .Margaret, Countess of 

Tyrol, dies. 
1373* * Huss. John, Bohemian religious 

reformer, born. 
1378* * Charles I., Emperor and King of 

Bohemia, dies. 
1382 * * Louis the Great. King of Hungary, 

dies. 
1386 * * Leopold III., Duke of Austria, falls 

in battle. 
1395 * * Albert III., Duke of Austria, dies. 
1400 * * Huniades, Joannes Corvinus, Hun- 
garian general, born. 
1404* * Albert IV., Duke of Austria, dies of 

poisoning. 

1415 * * Huss. John, Bohemian reformer, 
burned, A40+. 

1416 May 30. Jerome of Prague. HuBSite 
martyr, burned A51. 

1419* * Wrncf-slaiis. Emperor of Germany, 
King of Bohemia, A58. 

1420* * Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe- 
mia, born. 

1424* * Ziska. John, leader of the Huss- 
ites, A64. 

CHURCH. 

1342 * * It. Clement VI. is pope. 

1347 * * Bohemia. Charles I. founds the 
Benedictine monastery of Emaus at 
Prague. 

1350+ * * Conrad Waldhauser and 
Milic of Moravia, the great preachers, 
attempt to reform the morals of the 
people, and reprove the vices of the 
clergy. 

1350± * * Persecution of the Jews. 

* * The Flagellants become conspicuous. 

1352* * Innocent VI. is pope. [1362, 
Urban V.] 

1356 Apr. 7. Vienna. Rudolph iV. 
lays the foundation of the cathedral 
of St. Stephen. [A splendid specimen 
of Gothic architecture.] 

1358 * * Kudolph IV. becomes duke, and 
proceeds to finish the church of St. 
Stephen. 

1393 * * Bohemia. King "Wenceslaus at- 
tacks John, Archbishop of Prague, 
because he refuses to surrender one of 
his castles. 

1395+ * *Aust. The sect of the Vau- 
dois prospers, notwithstanding the re- 
pressive measures of Albert IV. 

1400 * * Aust. Duke Albert IV. makes 
a dangerous pilgrimage to the Holy 
Land, and is applauded as Mirdbilia 
Mundi. 

1403 * * Bohemia. The University of 
Prague condemns 45 propositions 
taken from the works of Wyclif . 

140S * * Bohemia. A meeting of the na- 
tion is held at the University of Prague, 



and it is decided that the 45 Wyclif 

articles are not necessarily heretical. 
1409 * * It. A General Council is held 

at Pisa, to end the schism of Avignon 

(2 popes). 
1410* * It. John XXIII. is pope. [1417 r 

Martin V.] 
1412 * * Bohemia. John Huss is under 

the ban of the Pope. 

* * It. Pope John XXIII. promises ple- 
nary indulgences to those who aid his 
cause against the King of Naples; Huss 
denounces the trade in indulgences. 

1414 Nov. 1.-18* * r; tr . The 17th 
General Council of the Church is held 
at Constance in Baden, for the suppres- 
sion of the Hussite heresy, the removal 
of schism, and the reformation of the 
Church. 

Nov. 28. Ger. John Huss is arrested 
at Constance for heresy, in disregard of 
the solemn pledge of the Pope for his 
personal safety ; his enemies allege that 
it is "wrong to keep faith with a heretic. 
[Dec. 4. He is cast into the dungeon of 
the Dominican monastery.] 

1415 June 5, 7, 8. Ger. Huss ap- 
pears before the Council, and is required 
to make immediate recantation. 

July 6. Ger. John Huss, cited to ap- 
pear before the Council for the last time, 
and answer respecting the doctrines of 
transubstantiation, is condemned, and 
immediately burned as a heretic. 

* * Bohemia. The Hussites form a party 
within the Church; they refuse obedi- 
ence to foreign priests, or either priests 
or bishops who transcend the Word of 
God. 

* * Bohemia. The assembled Hussites de- 
clare John Huss a saint and a martyr, 
and fix his festival on July 6, the day 
of his death. 

1416 May 30. Ger. Jerome of 
Prague is burned at Constance for the 
heresy of Protestantism. 

1419 * * -36 * * Bohemia. The Hussite 
"War. 

The Bohemians demand communion 
in both kinds, bread and wine, for the 
laity as well as the clergy, and rapidly 
spread their doctrine. 

1419 * * Bohemia. On the death of King- 
Wenceslaus churches and monaster- 
ies are attacked and pillaged, and the 
Catholic priests driven out of the towns 
to make place for the Hussites. 

1420 * * Bohemia. The Taborites sepa- 
rate from the Bohemian and the national 
church by choosing a bishop to conse- 
crate their priests. 

± * * Bohemia. The Hussites declare 
their creed in four articles. 

Communion in both kinds ; freedom 
of preaching; secularization of church 
property ; and the punishment of mortal 
sins and offenses against ecclesiastical 
law with only temporal penalties. 

1422± * * Bohemia. The Taborites split 

into sects. 
Some preach a community of goods, 

and even of marriage. John Ziska burns 

some of them alive. 
1424 * * Clement VII. is (anti) pope. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



1326, ** 1436, * 



SOT 



1431 * *-49 * * Switz. The 18th Gen- 
eral Council of the Church at Basel. 
The moderate Hussites enter a treaty. 

* * It. EugeniusIV. is pope. [1439. Felix 
V. is (anti) pope. 1447. Nicholas V. is 
pope. 1455. Calixtus III.] 

1433 Jan. 6.* Switz. Procopius, with 
100 other Hussites, enters Basel to attend 
the council of the Church. 

1434 * * Bohemia. The Taborites (Huss- 
ites) are annihilated in battle at Boh- 
misch-Brod. 

LETTERS. 
1348 Jan. 26. Bohemia. Pope Clem- 
ent VI. authorizes a " studium gene- 
rale" at Prague in all the faculties. 

* * Bohemia. The Emperor Charles IV. 
founds the University at Prague. 

1364 May * Gal. The University of 
Cracow is founded by King Casimir 
the Great. 

Sept. * Galicia. Urban V. constitutes 
the University of Cracow a " stu- 
dium generale " in all the faculties save 
theology. 

1365 * * Vienna. University of Vienna 
founded by Rudolph IV. 

1367 * * Hung. The University of 
Funfkirehen is founded by King Louis. 

1367 * * Bohemia. Thorn. Stiny's book 
for his children is written. 

1380 * * Bohemia. A complete version 
of the Bible in the Slavonic appears. 

1389± * * Hung. The University of 
Ofen is chartered by Boniface IX. 

1398 * * Bohemia. John Huss is a pro- 
fessor at Prague. 

1400 * * Galicia. The University of 
Cracow, which has hitherto had only 
a nominal existence, is reconstituted 
[and prospers]. 

1402 * * Bohemia. Baron Andreas de 
Duba writes his judicial constitution 
for Bohemia. 

* * Bohemia. John Huss is rector of the 
University. 

1409 * * Bohemia. Hussite troubles 
drive all the German professors and 
students, numbering 5,000, out of the 
University of Prague ; they go to Leip- 
sic, where Frederick the Warlike 
founds a university. 

1415 * * Bohemia. The Church Council 
of Constance suppresses the Univer- 
sity of Prague as the seat of heresy. 

SOCIETY. 
1393 * * Hung. The female sovereign is 
called King because or an aversion to 
the name Queen. 

STATE. 
1330 * * Frederick m. dies. 

* * Just. Albert II. and Otto, his 
brother, become dukes. 

* * Margaret Multasche becomes count- 
ess of Tyrol. 

She marries John Henry, son of John 
of Bohemia. [Later she repudiates the 
marriage.] 



1335* * Just. The dukes acquire Ca- 
rinthia by inheritance. 

* * Bohemia. King John divides the 
reign with his son Charles as coregent. 

1339 * * Aust Albert II. is duke and 

sole ruler. 
1342* * Hung. Louis the Great of 

Anjou is elected king. Hungary attains 

the climax of its power. 

* * Tyrol. Margaret is divorced from 
her youthful husband. 

1346 * * Bohemia. Charles I. (IV.), son 
of John, is enthroned. 

1347 * * -78 * * Ger. Charles IV. is 
emperor. 

1354± * * Bohemia annexes Silesia. 
1358** Aust. Budolph IV. the 
Founder is duke. 

* * Hungary acquires the Danubian 
principalities by conquest. 

1363 * * Bohemia. Wenceslaus, son of 
the Emperor Charles, is king. 

* * Austria acquires Tyrol as a bequest 
from Margaret Multasche. 

1365 * * Aust. Albert m. and Leo- 
pold III., two brothers of Rudolph IV., 
succeed him as dukes of Austria, with 
undivided territory. 

1370 * * Poland. Louis of Hungary is 
proclaimed king of the Poles. 

1376 * * Bosnia is no longer ruled by 
chiefs, but erected into a kingdom. 

* * Bohemia. King "Wenceslaus, son 
of Charles IV., is elected king of the 
Romans. 

1378 * * -1400 * * "Wenceslaus is Em- 
peror of Bohemia and Germany. 

1379 * * Aust. Albert III. and Leopold 
III. divide their possessions. 

Albert takes the duchy of Austria, and 
Leopold the duchies of Styria, Carinthia, 
Carniola, Tyrol, and Outer Austria. 
1382* * Hung. Mary, called King 
Mary, is enthroned. 

Anarchy follows ; much blood is shed. 
Elizabeth, the queen of Louis, is 
drowned. 

* * Aust. The town of Aquileia volun- 
tarily unites with Austria ; it is a valu- 
able addition of sea-front for the duchy. 

1385* * Hung. Charles Durazzo 
{Charles II.), the Pretender, claims the 
throne. [He is assassinated.] 

1386± * * Hung. Mary reigns con- 
jointly with her consort, Sigismund of 
Brandenburg, a son of the Emperor 
Charles V. Hungary suffers from the 
severity of their rule. 

* * Aust. William and Leopold be- 
come dukes. 

July 9. Switz. Duke Leopold of Styria 
is killed at Sempach while waging war 
against the Swiss, who resisted his op- 
pressions. 

1387 * * -1437 * * Hung. The House 
of Luxemburg rules Hungary. 

1389 * * Bosnia. The King of Bosnia 
is defeated by the Turks, and becomes 
their vassal. 

1392 * * Hung. Mary dies, and Sigis- 
mund reigns alone as King of Hungary. 



1393 * * Hung. The rule of Sigismund 
is so oppressive that the Hungarians 
invite the invasion of the Turks for 
their relief. 

1394 * * Bohemia. The nobles force the 
cruel "Wenceslaus to virtually abdi- 
cate. 

1395 * * Aust. William I. and his 
brothers, with their cousin, Albert 
TV., are dukes of Austria. 

1397 * * Hung. The 'Diet of Temesvar 
provides for representative govern- 
ment. 

1400 * * -1410 * * Ger. Rupert, the* 
elector palatine, is elected emperor in 
place of Wenceslaus by the archbishops, 
the three ecclesiastical electors. Only 
his own party respect his authority. 

1401 * * Hung. Sigismund is made a; 
prisoner in his palace. [He is soon lib- 
erated.] 

1404 * * Aust. Albert V. succeeds his 
father, Albert IV., as duke, 

1406 * * Aust. Frederick of the Empty 
Purse becomes duke. [The nobles of 
Tyrol oppose him.] 

1410* *-37* * Ger. Sigismund, King 
of Hungary, is emperor, the first Hun- 
garian chosen to the Imperial office. 

1411 * * Aust. Albert V. obtains Bohe- 
mia and Moravia. 

* * Aust. Frederick TV. becomes duke 
of Tyrol and Outer Austria. 

* * Aust. Ernest is duke of Styria, Ca- 
rinthia, Carniola, and Trieste. 

The provinces are divided into the 
duchies of Austria ami Carinthia and 
the county of Tyrol. 

1415 * * Bohemia. An insurrection 
follows the burning of the Reformers 
Huss and Jerome of Prague for heresy. 
(See Church.) 

July* Bohemia. The Hussites at Prague 
rise against "Wenceslaus, pitch his anti- 
Hussite sheriffs out of the windows, and 
compel the king to appoint others', fa- 
vorable to their party. 

1419 Aug. 16. Bohemia. King Wences- 
laus dies. 

* * Bohemia. Sigismund takes the 
throne. 

[He is soon driven out of the country.] 

* * Hungary loses its lands on the Dal- 
matian coast in a war with Venice. 

* * Bohemia. Many of the Hussites form 
a political party, and rise in arms under 
John Ziska. They build the city of 
Tabor. 

1422 * * Aust. Albert V. marries the 
daughter of Sigismund, whose dowry is 
Moravia. 

1424 * * Aust. Albert "VI. of Styria is 
duke of Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri- 
este ; Gratz is the capital. 

1435 * * Hungary reorganizes the army. 

1436 * * Bohemia. The Compactata 
with the Estates is accepted. (Church. > 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1349** The black death prevails 

throughout Austria and all Europe, 



508 1437, **-1526, 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1443 * * Servia. Ladislaus VI. and Jo- 
annes Huniades defeat the Turks at 
Nish, or Kunobitz. 

1444 * * Hungary makes a truce with 
Turkey for 10 years ; it is broken by 
Ladislaus IV., under the persuasion of 
the Pope. 

Nov. 20. Bulgaria. The Turks under 
Amurath II. defeat the Hungarians 
under Joannes Huniades and King La- 
dislaus near Varna ; Ladislaus and a 
great number are killed, and Huniades 
is taken prisoner. 

1448 Oct. 19. Servia. Huniades is 
defeated by the Turks under Amurath 
on the plain of Kossova; Huniades' 
army is annihilated. 

1456± * * Hung. The Magyar fleet de- 
feats the galleys of the Turks on the 
Danube. 

July 21. Servia. Huniades repulses an 
attack of Mahomet II. on Belgrade. 

The defeated Turks are routed, leav- 
ing 24,000 of their dead on the ground, 
and abandoning all their splendid ar- 
tillery. 

1457 * * Aust. War breaks out between 
the Emperor of Germany and his 
relatives, on the division of Austria. 

1458 * * -90 * * Hungary is at war 
with Bohemia and Turkey. 

1462* * Aust. The Emperor Frederick 
III. is besieged at Vienna by his 
brother and cousin, till released by 
George Podiebrad, King of Bohemia ; 
this ends the war respecting the di- 
vision of Austria. 

1468 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad 
captures the principal fortresses of his 
rebellious Catholic subjects, and sends 
his son Victorin to invade Austria, and 
punish the emperor for encouraging the 
rebels. 

1468* *-69* * Bohemia. Matthias 
Corvinus, son of Joannes Huniades, 
invades Moravia and Silesia, where he 
is welcomed by the Catholics and pro- 
claimed king ; George Podiebrad forces 
him to sign a truce at Vileniov. 

1471* *-72* * Bohemia is again in- 
vaded by Matthias, but with small 
success. 

1472 * * -73 * * Aust. The Turks in- 
vade Carinthia and Carniola. 

1475 * * Hung. Matthias secures Mo- 
ravia and part of Silesia by conquest. 

1477 * * Hungary is at war with Fred- 
erick Augustus I., Elector of Saxony, 
an ally of the Emperor Frederick HI. 

1479 July 14. Bohemia. The war with 
Hungary ends by the peace of Olniiitz. 
(See State.) 

Nov. 13. Transylvania. The Hungari- 
ans under Stephen Batory totally de- 
feat the Turkish invaders on the plain 
of Kenyermezo. 

1480 * * Bosnia. Sarajevo is taken by 
King Matthias. 

1492 * * Hung. Bajazet II. leads the 
Turks into the valley of the Save, and 
defeats the Hungarian army. 



1493 * * Aust. The Turks again invade 
Carinthia and Carniola. 

1513 * * Hung, The insurrection of the 
Kurucs crusaders, a peasant rising 
against the nobles, breaks out ; Dosza, 
the leader, is defeated by John Szapol- 
yai near Temesvar. 

1515* * Aust. The peasant war breaks 
out in Carniola. 

1521 * * Senna. The Sultan Solyman 
the Magnificent besieges and takes 
Belgrade, and annexes it to his do- 
minions. 

1526 * * -32 * * Hung. "War with the 
Turks, caused by an insult to Turkish 
ambassadors by Hungarians. 

1526 Aug. 26. Hung. The Turks 
under Solyman, 100,000 strong, and hav- 
ing 300 cannon, defeat the Hungarians 
at Mohacs ; the Hungarian King Louis, 
seven bishops, 22 barons, and 22,000 men 
are left on the field. [Buda is captured.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1497 * * Aust. A mine of quicksilver 

is discovered by accident in Illyria, 

yielding 1,200 tons annually. 
1512i * * Aust. Albert Diirer is made 

court painter by Maximilian. 
1515 * * Tyrol. The rolling-machine 

is invented by Hall. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Frederickj Duke of Austria, dies. 
Albert V.. Emperor of Austria, dies. 
1443* * Matthias I. Corvinus. general, 

King of Huugarv, born. 
1444 Nov. 10. Ladislaus IV. (or VI.), 
King of Hungaxv, killed in battle, A44±. 

1456 Sept. 10. Huniades, Joannes. 
Hungarian general. A56. 

1457 * * Ladislaus V., Duke of Austria, dies. 
1457 * * Ladi6laus the Posthumous, King of 

Hungary and I'.ohemia, dies. 

1463 * * Albert VL, the Prodigal, Duke of 
Austria, dies. 

1471 * * Podiebrad, George, King of Bohe- 
mia, A5L 

1490 * * Matthias I. Corvinus, King of Hun- 
gary, A47- 

1493 Aug. 19. Frederick m.. Emperor 
of Germany, A78. 

1498 * * t'lovio, (iiulio, painter, b. in Croatia. 

1506* * Philip, the Handsome, Duke of Aus- 
tria, dies. 

1516* * Ladislaus VL, King of Bohemia and 
Hungary, dies. 

1518± * * Zrinyi, >'iklas, Count, Hungarian 
general, born. 

1519 * * Maximilian, Emperor of Germany, 
dies. 

1526 Aug:. 29. Louis, King of Hungary 
and Bohemia, dies in battle, A20. 



CHURCH. 

1440 * * Hung.— Bohemia. Ladislaus 
IV., King of Poland, a Protestant 
leader, becomes king. 

1448 * * Bohemia. The Pope sends Car- 
dinal Carvajal on a mission ; he arrives 
at Prague. He arouses fresh resentment. 

15th Century. It. Leopold HI. of Aus- 
tria is canonized by the Pope ; he had 
founded monasteries and favored the 
church. 

1457± * * Bohemia. The Moravian 
Brothers first appear. 

1458* * It. Pius II. is pope. [14&i, 
Paul II.] 



1465 * * Bohemia. The Pope issues an 
anathema against George, ae a re- 
lapsed heretic, forbids his subjects to 
recognize his authority, and proclaims a 
crusade against the Hussites. 

1468 ♦ * Bohemia. The Pope threatens 
George with excommunication unless 
he abandons the Utraquist (Hussite* 
faith. 

1471* * It. Sixtus IV- is pope. [14&4, 
Innocent VIII. ] 

1485- * * Bohemia. The Catholics and 
L'traquists (Hussites) at Kutna Hora 
agree to a treaty, providing that in the 
future all religious parties will tolerate 
each other. 

1492 * * It. Alexander VI. is pope . Rod- 
eric Borgia. [1503, Pius III. t 21 days); 
Julius II. ; 1512, Leo X.] 

1495* * * Ger. The Edict of "Worms, 
Hesse-Darmstadt, prohibits all new doc- 
trines. 

1516* *-26* *The Reformation of 
Luther spreads into Bohemia. 

1517- * * Period of the Reformation. 

1522 * * It. Adrian VI. is pope. [1523, 
Clement VII.] 

1523 * * Bohemia. The Utraquist Synod 
adds to the confession of faith several 
articles borrowed from Luther. 

LETTERS. 

1440 * * Vienna. The Imperial Li- 
brary of Vienna is founded by Fred- 
erick HI. 

1453 * * -1517 * * Period of the Re- 
naissance. (See State.) 

1460±* *Bo?temia. History of the World, 
by Paul Zidek, appears. 

1464 * * Bohemia. Albr. Kostka de 
Postupic writes his travels in France. 

1465 * * Bohemia. Lew de Rosmital 
writes his travels through Europe. 

1473 * * Hungary receives the art of 
printing from Germany. 

1473- * * Hung. Matthias Corvinus pat- 
ronizes literature and the arts ; a 
large library is established at Buda, 
with 300 copyists of manuscripts. 

1476* * Bohemia. Printing is intro- 
duced. 

1491 * * Bohemia. Mart. Kabatnik 
writes his travels in Asia Minor and 
Egypt. 

1493 * * Bohemia. John de Lobkowic 
writes his travels in Palestine. 

15th Century. Bohemia. Citbor de Cim- 
burg writes his political work ; The Art 
of Governing is written by Vict. Corn. 
de Wzehod ; the great Encyclopedia, by 
Paul Zidek, is written ; many works on 
economy, popular medicine, etc., appear. 

1500 * * Aust. The Imperial Library 
at Vienna is enlarged by Maximilian I. 

* * * Bohemia. History of the World, by 
Paul Zidek, appears. 

1505 * * Hung. Ladislaus sanctions the 
founding of a university at Breslau. 

1524* * Bohemia. Barton's work on 
the religious troubles is published. 

1526* *-1630* * Bohemia. The Czech- 
ic literature attains its golden age. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



1437, 



1526, 



509 



SOCIETY. 

1471* * Bohemia. Ladislaus makes the 
peasants serfs of the soil, by prohibit- 
ing their leaving the place where they 
are born. 

1513* * Hung. Dosza, the leader of 
the revolting peasants, is captured by 
the nobles, seated on a throne of fire, 
and crowned with a red-hot 



STATE. 

1437 * * Bohemia is practically under 
George of Podiebrad. 

* * Bohemia. Albert V. of Austria is 
accepted by the estates of Bohemia and 
Hungary as successor of Sigismund. 

1438 * * Hung. Albert V. of Austria is 
enthroned. 

* * Ger. Albert V., Duke of Austria, is 
enthroned Emperor of Germany and 
Bohemia, as Albert II., while King of 
Hungary. 

[The House of Austria fills the throne 
of Germany for 368 years, except for a 
brief interval. Albert obtains the 
crowns of Hungary, Bohemia, and Ger- 
many by marrying Elizabeth, the 
daughter of the Emperor Sigismund, and 
becomes Albert II. (the Great), Emperor 
of Germany.] 

1439 * * The Emperor Albert II. dies. 
An interregnum occurs in the German 
Empire. 

* * Elizabeth becomes sole sovereign of 
Hungary. 

June 29. Aust. Frederick IV, dies, and 
is succeeded by his son Sigismund, who 
becomes the Count of Tyrol, and Duke 
of Outer Austria, with Innsbruck as the 
capital. 

* * Bohemia. — Hung. Ladislaus V. 
Posthumous, son of Albert" V., the Duke 
of Austria, is elected king by the parti- 
zans of Queen Elizabeth. 

* * The ordinance called the Pragmatic 
Sanction is issued, for settling the suc- 
cession for the Empire of Germany in 
the House of Austria. 

1440 Feb. 2. Ger. Frederick III. 
(or IV.) the Pacific, cousin of Albert V., 
becomes emperor. [He is the last em- 
peror crowned by the Pope.] 

* * Herzegovina is made a duchy by 
the Emperor Frederick IV. 

* * Bohemia. The succession is infringed 
by the election of Ladislaus III., the 
king of Poland, as king. 

* * Austria has Zurich for an ally. 

* * Hung. Ladislaus TTT. of Poland is 
elected king by the strong H unlades 
party. 

1442* * Hung. The party favoring Lad- 
islaus III. finally secure the throne. 

1444 Nov. 10. Bulg. Ladislaus III. 
of Poland falls at Varna. 

Hung. Ladislaus, an infant son 

of Albert V., succeeds his father. [He 
is poisoned in infancy.] 

* * Hung. An interregnum. 

* * Hung. Joannes Huniades is elected 
governor for the period of the king's 
minority. 

1451* * Bohemia elects George Po- 
diebrad regent ; the emperor confirms 
the election. 



1453 Jan. 6. Aust. Frederick III., 
Emperor of Germany, as the head of the 
House of Hapsburg, erects the duchy of 
Austria into an archduchy with sov- 
ereign power. 

May 29. (Modern history begins with 
the fall of Constantinople, which ends 
the Eastern Empire.) 

* * Hung. The young king, Ladislaus 
the Posthumous, is allowed to return 
from Austria. 

1453 * * -1517 * * Period of the Re- 
naissance. 

The " new birth " of art, letters, trans- 
formation of state policies, development 
of discoveries, and quickening of the 
desire for freedom of intellect and con- 
science. 

1457* * Hung. — Aust. Ladislaus TV. , 
Posthumous dies childless, and the 
crowns of Hungary and Bohemia pass 
into the hands of native kings for a 
time. 

* * Aust. The emperor Frederick III. and 
Albert VI. both claim to be dukes of 
Austria. 

* * Hung. Matthias Corvinus, son of 
Joannes Huniades, is elected king. [He 
advances the kingdom to the highest 
point in its history.] 

1458 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad 
is elected provisional king, and [be- 
comes freed from the rule of Austria 
and Hungary]. He is a leader of the 
Protestants, and favored by the Catholic 
nobles. 

[This Protestant nobleman reigns over 
the Czechs for 13 years.] 

1463 * * Aust. On the death of Albert, 
the Emperor Frederic III. is sole ruler 
of Styria, Carinthia, Carniola, and Tri- 
este. [He unites all the domains of the 
House of Hapsburg.] 

* * Bosnia is incorporated with Turkey. 
[The Bosnians make many ineffectual 
efforts to recover their independence.] 

1466 * * Bohemia. Podiebrad is ex- 
communicated by Pope Paul II. for 
heresy. A few of the royal towns rebel, 
and join an invading Imperial army. 

1468 * * Bohemia. Matthias Corvinus 
of Hungary, instigated by the Pope, at- 
tacks George Podiebrad in the hope of 
uniting the crowns of Bohemia and Hun- 
gary on his own head. 

1469 May 3. Bohemia. Matthias Cor- 
vinus is crowned. [A rival soon ap- 
pears.] 

1471 * * Bohemia. George Podiebrad, 
fearing the dismemberment of the 
kingdom, sacrifices the interests of his 
family by offering the crown to a for- 
eigner, Kasimir, King of Poland. 

* * Bohemia. Ladislaus of Poland 
is elected king by the Utraquists. 

The legalized oppression of the people 
begins in this reign. The peasant is 
made a serf of the soil. The nobles are 
advanced and become oppressive to the 
peasants. 
1477 * * Belgium. Maximilian, son of 
the Emperor Frederick III., acquires 
Burgundy and the Netherlands by 
marrying Mary, the daughter of Charles 
the Bold, Duke of Burgundy. 



1479 July 14. Bohemia is given to 
Matthias by the Peace of Olmiitz ; he 
also obtains Moravia, Silesia, and Lu- 
satia. 

1485 * * Aust. Matthias, King of Hun- 
gary, takes Vienna. 

The Emperor Frederick III. is obliged 
to flee out of Austria for his life. He 
recognizes the claim of Matthias to the 
crown. 

1490* * Hung. Matthias Corvinus 
dies ; Ladislaus II. is '. 



Hungary and Bohemia are united, and 
the Emperor Maximilian claims both 
kingdoms. 

1493* *-1519* * Ger. Maximilian I., 
son of Frederick III. (Archduke of Aus- 
tria), is emperor. 

[He transfers the government of the 
Netherlands to his son Philip. He adds 
Tyrol and parts of Bavaria to his em- 
pire. All Austrian lands are in his pos- 
session.] 

1495 * * Ger. An Imperial Diet is held 
at "Worms. 

1496 * * Austria and Spainare united. 
Philip I. of Austria marries Joanna, 

the daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella ; 
she is also heiress of the Spanish-Ameri- 
can colonies. 

1499 * * Sivitz. The Peace of Basle is 
concluded after 200 villages and castles 
have been destroyed, and more than 
20,000 men have been killed. 

By it the Swiss are finally released 
from all obligations toward the House of 
Austria and the Emperor of Germany. 

1501 * * Aust. Maximilian forms a 
College of Government, called the 
Aulic Council, at Vienna. 

1509 * * Bohemia. — Hung. Louis, son of 
Ladislaus II., only three years of age, 
becomes king. 

1512 * * Germany is divided into 10 
circles at the Diet of Cologne, and Aus- 
tria forms one of them. Bohemia and 
Hungary, as independent kingdoms, 
are not included. 

1516* * Hung.— Bohemia. Louis II. 
becomes king. 

1517 * * Bohemia. The representative 
system is adopted ; the citizens of the 
towns are allowed to vote at the Diets. 

1519 June 1.-56 * * Ger. Charles, 
Duke of Austria and King of Spain, suc- 
ceeds his grandfather, Maximilian I., to 
the throne of the Empire as Charles V". 

1526 * * Hung. King Louis II. falls in 
battle with the Turks at Mohacs. 

Dec. 16. Hung. Ferdinand I. of Aus- 
tria is proclaimed king. [John Zapolya 
is rival king of Hungary in Transylvania. 
Ferdinand acquires right to the crowns 
of Bohemia and Hungary by marrying 
Anne, sister of the deceased Louis II.] 

The [continuous] rule of the House 
of Hapsburg begins. Austria, Bo- 
hemia, Hungary, Moravia, Silesia, 
and Lusatia are united. 

Hungarians insult the Turkish am- 
bassador, causing war. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1465 * * Bosnia. Serajevo, the capital, 
is founded by two nobles. 



510 1526, ** -1620, 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 



1529 < 



: Aust. Solyman unsuccessfully 
s Vienna, being forced to raise 
the siege after loosing 70,000 of his army 
of 300,000 men ; he returns to Buda. 

* * -32 * * Austria suffers from inva- 
sions of the Turks. 

1532 * * Hung. A great Imperial army 
is sent from Germany to aid Hungary, 
which is invaded and ravaged by Soly- 
man. 

1542 * * -44 * * Hung. Solyman again 
invades Hungary and Austria. 

1552* * Transylvania. Erlau is un- 
successfully besieged by the Turks, 
8,000 of whom perish. 

1559 * * Aust. Carniola suffers greatly 
from an invasion of Turks. 

1564 * * Hungary is partly abandoned 
to the Turks. 

1566 * * Hung. Solyman with 65,000 men 
besieges the heroic Nicholas Zrinyi 
with 3,000 men in Szigeth ; after one 
month the Turks are successful ; Soly- 
man dies in camp. 

* * Hung. A truce is made with Sultan 
Selim II., each side to hold its own pos- 
sessions. 

1604 * * Hung. The revolting Protes- 
tants under Stephen Bocskai are aided 
by the Turks. 

1606 * * Hung. The revolt ends, peace 
being made with Emperor Rudolph. 

.1611 * * Bohemia. The Archduke 
Leopold of Styria, instigated by Rudoph 
II., advances with an army of 12,000 
men, captures several cities, and reaches 
Prague. [An army raised by the Diet 
soon drives him back.] 

1613* *-48* *The Thirty Years* 
"War. 

A long struggle occurs between Roman 
Catholicism and Protestantism, followed 
by political wars against the House of 
Hapsburg, and wars of conquest on Ger- 
man soil by Sweden and France. 

* * -23 * * Bohemia. "War against the 
oppressors of Protestants; part of 
the Thirty Years' War. It is occasioned 
by questions relating to authority over 
churches. 

1619 * * -40 * * Bohemia is subdued. 

* * Bohemia. The Protestant Union 
sends troops to aid the Bohemians. 

* * Bohemia. Count Thum, leading the 
Protestant revolt, marches on Vienna, 
and besieges Ferdinand II. ; he is obliged 
to retire. 

Nov. * Bohemia. Thurn appears the 
second time before Vienna and again 
retreats. 

* * Hungary is invaded by Gabriel 
Bethlen. 

1620 * * Hung. Bethlen makes peace 
with the Emperor. 

* * Bohemia. The army of the Catholic 
League, commanded by Count Johann 
Tilly, is joined by Maximilian of Bavaria 
and the Imperial army in invading Bo- 
hemia. 

Nov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of "White 
Mountain. 



The troops of Frederick V.,' com- 
manded by Christian of Anhalt, are de- 
feated by the Imperialists under Tilly 
and Maximilian, and the Bohemian Prot- 
estants are subjugated ; 10,000 dead men 
are left on the field. 
Nov. 9. Bohemia. Frederick V., the 
Elector Palatine and chief of the Ger- 
man Protestant Union, flees to Holland. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1533 Feb. 6. Dudith, Andrew, Hungarian 
reformer, born. 
Sept. 7. Elizabeth, Princess, born. 

1540* * Zapolya. John, King of Transyl- 
vania, dies. 

1560 * * Zapolya. John, rival King of Hun- 
gary, dies. 

1561* * I'.urqnoi, Charlesde L., Count, born. 

1564 July 25. Ferdinand I.. Emperor of 
Germany, A60. 

1566* * Dominis, de, Marco Antonio, scien- 
tist, born. 
Sept. 5. Zrinyi, Nicholas, Hungarian general, 



The Vulgate is 

sion of Scripl a 


the < 


>nly authentic ver- 
id this alone i- to 


be read. (4 lr 




ual interpretation 


of Senpnm- coi 




-■ t<> the teaching <-f 


th-- <-|mrch ant 




universal consent 


of the Fathers 




ihibited. (5, Faith 


is the foundati. 




justification, but i* 


not exclusive o 


nctifi 


<i work.- ; jut-titica- 
sation of the inner 


man. (6) The s 




sacraments are ap- 


proved, — bapt 




connrmation, the 


Lord's Supper, 


pens 


ace, extreme unc- 


tion. orders, an 


d ma 


tninony. 



A48. 

1576* * Maximilian II., Emperor of Ger- 
many, dies. 

1578* * Clovio, Giulio. Croatian painter, A80- 

1583* * Wallenstein. Albrecht "W. E. 
von, Count, general, born in Bohemia. 

1584 * * Callus, Matthias von, general, born. 

1588 * * Gondola, Giovanni, poet, born. 

1589* * Dudith, Andrew, Hungarian re- 
former, A 56. 

1592* * Comenius, John Amos, Bishop, 
born in Hloravia. 

1599* * Piccolomini, Ottavio, Austrian gen- 
eral, born in Italy. 

1601 * * Anne, wife of Louis XIII., born. 

1607 * * Hollar, Wenzel, engraver, born in 
Bohemia. 

1608 * * Montecui'uli, Ifaimondo, Count, gen- 
eral, born in Italy. 

1612 Jan. 20. Rudolph H.. Emperor of 
Germany, A60. 

1619 Mar. 20. Matthias. Emperorof Ger- 
many, A62. 

1620* * Gyongyosy, Stephen, poet, born in 
Hungary. 

CHURCH. 
1529* * Ger. The Evangelicals are 
called Protestants. 

1530 June * -Nov. * Bavaria. The 
Diet of Augsburg meets to settle reli- 
gious disputes ; it forbids all innova- 
tions. 

1531 Feb. 27. Ger. The Schmalkal- 
dic League, favorable to Protestant- 
ism, is agreed upon by the majority of 
the Protestant princes and the imperial 
cities, at Schmalkalden, Hesse. 

1532 * * Bavaria. The religious peace 
of Nuremberg is favorable to the 
Protestants. 

1534 * * It. Paul III. is pope. 

1540 * * Fr. The order of Jesuits is 
formed by Ignatius Loyola at Paris. 
[It successfully opposes the spread of 
Protestantism.] 

1545 Dec. 13-63 Dec. 4. Tyrol. The 
Council of Trent. The reformers are 
absent. [It is reckoned the ISth Gen- 
eral Council by the Roman Catholic 
Church, which accepts its decisions as 
the standard of faith, morals, and disci- 
pline.] 

It is called to reform ecclesiastical 
abuses, and proceeds to counteract, and 
endeavors to crush, the Reformation. 

It enacts, with anathemas, the leading 
doctrines of the Reformation ; namely. 
(1) that all the books of Scripture, in- 
cluding the Apocrypha, are contained in 
the Vulgate version, and have the same 
divine authority ; the Church is its sole 
interpreter. (2) That the traditions are 
accepted as the unwritten Word of God, 
and are equal with the Scriptures. (3) 



The doctrines of tranBubetantlation 
and purgatory are affirmed ; the grai 

ingof indulgences is approved.-: 

ical celibacy and anncnlar confession 

[lo&i. Jan. 26. Approved by the Pope.] 
1548± * * Hung. The Evangelical 
Church is organized on the basi* of the 
Augsburg confession. 
1550 * * Austria has 200 parishes with- 
out priests, and 268 which have become 
Protestant. 

* * It. Julius III. is pope. [1555, Marcel- 
lus II. ; later Paul IV. ; 1559, Pius IV.] 

1552* * Vienna. Because of Protestant 
sentiment the procession of Corpus 
Christi is abandoned. 

* * Aust. The Jesuits settle. 

July 16. Bavaria. The Convention of 
Passau. The free exercise of religion 
by certain Protestants till the nest Diet 
is secured. 

1555 Sept. 25. The religious Peace 
of Augsburg, Bavaria, is entered. 

1560* * Tyrol. The Jesuits arrive. 

1564 * * Aust. The Jesuits arrive in 
Styria. 

* * Bohemia. Ferdinand I. obtains the 
Pope's sanction, and authority from the 
Council of Trent, to permit the use of 
the sacramental cup. 

1566* * It. St. Pius V. is pope. [1572, 
Gregory XIII.] 

* * Bohemia. Ferdinand I. summons the 
Jesuits to Prague, in an attempt to 
resist the progress of the Reformation ; 
he founds an archbishopric for the 
Catholics. 

1572* * Aust. Maximilian II. grants 
freedom of conscience in his Aus- 
trian dominions. 

* *Aust. The Jesuits are settled in 
Gratz. 

1576+ * * Aust. A counter- reforma- 
tion is aided by the Jesuits. 

* * Ger. Enthronement of Emperor 
Rudolph, who becomes a tool of Jesuits 
and a persecutor of Protestants. 

1585 * * It. Sixtus V. is pope. 

* * Reaction is against Protestantism. 
1590 * * It. Urban VII. is pope for 12 

days. [Gregory XIV. ; 1591, Innocent 
IX., two months, and dies; 1592, Clem- 
ent VIII.] 
1602 * * Bohemia. Rudolph renews the 
persecutions. 

1605 * * It. Leo XI. is pope, and dies 
the same month ; he is succeeded by 
Paul V. 

1606 June 22. Vienna. The Peace of 
Vienna grants toleration to Protestants. 

1608 * * The Protestant Union, Fred- 
erick IV., leader, is formed. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1526, * *-1620, * * 511 



1609+ * The Catholic League, with 
Maximilian I., Elector of Bavaria, 
leader, is formed. 

1618 * * -48 * * Bohemia — Ger. The 
long struggle between Roman Catholi- 
cism and Protestantism is known as the 
Thirty Years* War; it originates in 
the insurrection of the Protestants of 
Bohemia. 

LETTERS. 

* * * Aust. Ferdinand. II. founds 16 
colleges for the Jesuits, besides many 
convents. 

1531* * Hung. The Protestant college 

at Debreczin is founded. 
1547 * * Aust. Ferdinand I. establishes 

the censorship of the press. 

* * Bohemia. Sixt. de Ottendorf'swork 
on the Diet is published. 

15764- * * Bohemia. Prague becomes 
one of the most learned cities of 
Europe. 

* *-1612* * Bohemia. The arts and 
sciences are zealously cultivated by all 
classes of society. 

1581 * * Moravia. The University of 
OLmiitz is founded. 

1586 * * Aust. The University of 
Gratz (Catholic) is founded. 

16th Century. Bohemia. Literature 
flourishes. 

Weleslawin, Paprocky, and Hayek of 
Liboczun write popular histories ; Wrat- 
islas and Prefat write their travels ; 
Nicolas Konec, Dobrensky, and Lom- 
nicky write various didactic works. 

1601 * * Bohemia. Johann Kepler is 
appointed principal mathematician to 
the Emperor Rudolph at Prague. 

1604 * * Bohemia. -The Supplement to 
Vitellio is published by Kepler at 
Prague. 

1609 * * Bohemia,. Astronomia nova, sen 
Physica celestis, tradita Commentariis 
de Montibus Stellas Mortis, is published 
by Kepler. It announces [" Kepler's 
Laws "]. 

1611* * Bohemia. JDioptrica is pub- 
lished by Kepler ; it describes the astro- 
nomical telescope with two lenses. 

1612 * * -26 * * Johann Kepler is pro- 
fessor of mathematics at Linz. 

1618 May 8. Bohemia. Kepler dis- 
covers the laws which regulate the 
periods and the motions of the planets. 

* * Bohemia. Kepler discovers his third 
law. 

1619 * * Bohemia. Harmonice mundi is 
published by Kepler. 

STATE. 

1526 * * Transylvania. John Zapolya 
becomes prince of this province. 

* * Croatia is united with Austria. 

1527 * * Hung. John Zapolya of Tran- 
sylvania contests the crown, is elected 
by a party of nobles, and crowned a 
rival king. 

1529 Aug. 5. Margaret of Austria 
and Louise of Savoy negotiate the Peace 
of Cambray. 



* * Turkish invasions distract Austria. 

1531 Feb. 6. The majority of Protes- 
tant princes and the imperial cities unite 
on the Schmalkaldic League. 

* * Hung. The rival kings enter a truce. 
1536+ * * Hung. Solyman presses 

Hungary very hard. 
1538 * * Hung. John Zapolya, the ri- 
val king, enters a treaty of compromise 
with Ferdinand I., King of Hungary 
and Bohemia, and founds the princi- 
pality of Transylvania. 

* * It. The Truce of Nice ends the war 
between Charles V. and Francis I. 

1540 * * Transylvania. The people of 
Transylvania set up John Sigismond, 
son of Zapolya, as king, with the Turks 
as allies. 

Nov. * Hung. John Zapolya is crowned 
anti-king. 

1541 * * Hung. The Turks compel Fer- 
dinand I. to pay an annual tribute of 
30,000 ducats for possession of Hungary. 

1555 Oct. 25. Ger. Charles V. abdi- 
cates a great empire. 

He resigns the Empire of Germany, 
the sovereignty of Austria, Bohemia, 
Hungary, the Netherlands, and their 
dependencies [and Spain Feb. 6, 1556]. 

1556 Aug. * Ger. Ferdinand I. be- 
comes emperor. 

* * Aust. The High Council of War 
is founded. 

1558 * * Ger. Ferdinand I. is confirmed 
in the Empire by vote of the Diet. 

1562 * * Bohemia. Maximilian, son of 
Ferdinand II., is elected King of Bo- 
hemia and of the Romans. 

* * Ger. Ferdinand II. concludes a treaty 
with the Turks, acknowledging their 
right to conquests in Germany, and 
agrees to pay an annual present, a trib- 
ute in disguise. 

1563 * * Hung. Maximilian, son of Fer- 
dinand II., is crowned. 

* * Bosnia is completely conquered by 
the Turks. 

1564 July * Ger. Ferdinand I. dies, 
and is succeeded by his son Maximilian 
II. to the throne of the Empire, and to 
the crowns of Austria, Hungary, and 
Bohemia. He is favorable to Protes- 
tants. 

* * Aust. Duke Ferdinand, a younger 
son of Ferdinand I., receives Tyrol and 
Lower Austria. 

Charles, a third son of Ferdinand I., 
is made master of Styria, Carinthia, 
Carniola, and Gortz. 

1571 * * Transylvania. Stephen Ba- 
tory Zapolya becomes grand prince. 

1572* * Hung. RudolphIL, son of Maxi- 
milian II., is crowned. 

1575 * * Transylvania. Christopher 
Batory becomes grand prince. 

* * Bohemia. Rudolph II. is crowned. 

1576 * * Aust. Rudolph II. is enthroned 
emperor. [He favors the arts and sci- 
ences.] 

1581 * * Transylvania. Sigismund Ba- 
tory becomes grand prince. 



1601 * * Hung. The archduke ^Ferdi- 
nand is defeated at Kanizsa, losing all 
his artillery and a large number of pris- 
oners, who are beheaded. 

* * Transylvania. Sigismund Batory 
(second time) is grand prince. 

1602 * * Transylvania. The Emperor 
Rudolph becomes prince. 

1604 * * Hung. The persecuted Pro- 
testants revolt under the leadership of 
Bocskay. 

1605 * * Transylvania. Stephen Boc- 
skay becomes grand prince. 

1606* * Vienna. The Peace of Vienna 
is signed. 

* * Transylvania. Sigismund Rakoezy 
becomes grand prince. 

1608 * * Aust. Matthias, by force of 
arms, obtains the title of Governor of 
Austria, Moravia, and Hungary. Peace 
is made by the treaty of Libno. 

* * Transylvania. Gabriel I. (Batory) 
becomes grand prince. 

* * Hung. Matthias U. is king. 

* *± The Emperor Rudolph is compelled 
to cede Hungary to his brother Matthias. 

1609 May 4. Bohemia. The Evan- 
geHcals and the Bohemian Brothers, 
being refused the recognition of their 
rights, organize an independent Diet. 

July 9. Bohemia. Rudolph II. is forced 
by an armed revolt to sign a letter of 
majesty. 

The Bohemian confession, the admit- 
tance of Evangelicals and Bohemian 
Brothers to the consistory, and their 
right to govern the University of Prague, 
are recognized as the fundamental and 
perpetual law. 

1611 May 26. Bohemia. Matthias is 

elected king by the Diet, as successor to 

Rudolph, who is forced to abdicate the 

throne. 
Bohemia and Austria are also ceded 

to Matthias. 
1612* * Rudolph's brother, Matthias 

II., is Emperor. 
1613 * * Transylvania. Gabriel H. 

(Bethlen Gabor), a Protestant, is grand 

prince. 

1617 June 8. Hung. Ferdinand II., 
cousin of Matthias, is crowned. 

1618 May 16. Bohemia. Ferdinand 
H. is crowned. 

May 23. Bohemia. The Protestants 
revolt, and throw the king's lieutenants 
from the windowsof thecastleof Prague : 
they fall 70 feet into the ditch and sur- 
vive. [A provisional government by 30 
directors is formed.] 

1619* *-37* * Hung. King Ferdi- 
nand U. is Emperor of Germany. [He 
reunites all the Austrian domains except 
Tyrol.] 

Sept. 5. Bohemia. The emperor is 
deposed by the revolting Bohemians for 
oppressing the Protestants, and Freder- 
ick, the elector-palatine, is elected king, 
[this brings on the 30 years' war]. 

Sept. 26. Bohemia. The Diet elects 
Ferdinand II. 

1620 Aug. 25. Hung. The Diet pro- 
claims Gabriel II. (Bethlen) king. 



512 1620, **-1705, * 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1625 * * The Protestants find an ally in 
Christian IV., King of Denmark, and 
receive aid from England. 

1626 Apr. 26. Ger. The Protestants 
under Count Mausfeld are defeated by 
Wallenstein at Dessau. 

Aug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly defeats the 
Danish king at Lutter. 

1627+ * * Aust. The peasants, under 
the hatter Fadinger, revolt in Upper 
Austria, and organize an army 70,000 
strong; the revolt is gradually sup- 
pressed, and many of its leaders are 
executed. 

1629 * * Ger. The Catholic armies, led 
by Gen. Albrecht Eusebius "Wallen- 
stein, enter Denmark, and, meeting 
ineffective resistance, compel a humili- 
ating peace, which is concluded at 
Lubeck. 

* * Ger. The Catholic princes, alarmed 
at Ferdinand's power, demand the dis- 
missal of "Wallenstein, which is con- 
ceded. 

1630 June* Prussia. Gustavus 
Adolphus, King of Sweden, lands an 
army of 8,000 men in Pomerania to aid 
the Protestants ; it is soon increased to 
15,000. 

* * Prussia. Gustavus conquers Pom- 
erania, Mecklenburg, and part of Bran- 
denburg. 

1631 May 20. Prussia. Catholics un- 
der Tilly take Magdeburg by assault, 
sack the city, and inflict barbarous 
atrocities on the defenseless inhabi- 
tants ; 30,000 (?) inhabitants are massa- 
cred. 

* * Bohemia is entered and Prague cap- 
tured by the Saxons under Arnim. 

Sept. 7 . Saxony. Gustavus, being reen- 
forced, commands an army of 40,000 
Swedes and Saxons ; he defeats 40,000 
Catholic Imperialists under Tilly at 
Breitenf eld, near Leipsic ; a great 
number of the Imperialists are killed. 

1632 Apr.15. Bavaria. Tillyis again 
beaten at the passage of the Paver 
Lech, where he is fatally wounded. 

* * Bohemia. "Wallenstein is recalled 
by Ferdinand ; he drives the Saxons out 
of Bohemia. 

Nov. 16. Saxony. Gustavus Adolphus 
with an army of 18,000 defeats Wallen- 
stein with 30,000 at Lutzen ; Gustavus 
is killed. 

1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. "Wallen- 
stein is assassinated by some of his 
own officers in the castle of Eger. 

Sept. 6 O". s.). Bavaria. The Protes- 
tants under Bernhard, Duke of Saxe- 
Weimar, are defeated at Nordlingen 
by the Imperialists under Ferdinand III. 
and Gen. Matthias Gallas. 

1636* * The war assumes a new 
phase. France and Sweden are allied 
against the Empire and the Lutheran 
states of Germany, which are aided by 
Spain. 

Oct. 4 (n. s.). Prussia. The Swedes un- 
der Marshal Baner gain a brilliant vic- 



tory over Saxons under Elector Johann 
Georg I. and Austrians under Gen. Hatz- 
feld at "Wittstock. 
1645 Mar. 6. Bohemia. The Swedish 
Gen. Lennart Torstenson gains a bril- 
liant victory over the Imperialists under 
Hatzfeld at Jankau. 

* * Morowia. The plague causes Tors- 
tenson to abandon the siege of Briinn ; 
he returns to Bohemia. 

* * Bohemia. Torstenson resigns through 
illness ; he is succeeded by Karl Gustaf 
Wrangel, another Swede. 

1646* * Bohemia. "Wrangel departs, 
and joins Gen. Vicomte de Turenne, a 
French Protestant, at Giessen, Germany. 

1647 * * Ger. The Truce of TJlm. 
The Elector Maximilian is forced by 

the Swedes and French to conclude a 
truce, and to renounce his alliance with 
the emperor. 

1648 * * Bohemia. The Swedes under 
Count Konigsmark of Germany take 
Prague. 

Oct. 24. The Thirty Years' "War 
ends in the Peace of "Westphalia. (See 
State.) 

1661 * * 64 * * Hung. War with the 
Turks. 

It is caused by a dispute concerning 
the election of a prince in Transylvania. 

1664 Aug. 1. Hung. The Turks under 
the Grand Vizier Koprili are defeated 
by Imperialists under Montecuculli and 
French auxiliaries, in the battle of St. 
Gothard (Kbrmend), and driven from 
Hungarian soil. 

1678 * * Hung. The Protestants re- 
volt, under Michael Teleki and Emeric 
Tokolyi, against intolerable oppression 
by the Catholic governor-general, Am- 
bringen. 

1679* * Netherlands. The war breaks 
out again ; the struggle is in The Neth- 
erlands and along the Rhine. 

1680 * * (1600?) Aust. The army is now 
formed into regular regiments ; the 
standing army begins to grow. 

1683 July* Vienna. The Turks un- 
der Kara Mustapha, aided by the Hun- 
garians, besiege Vienna, which is 
heroically defended by Rudiger von 
Starhemberg. 

Sept. 12. Aust. John Sobieski, King 
(John III.) of Poland, aided by the Duke 
of Lorraine, defeats 100,000 Turks 
under Kara Mustapha in a terrible battle 
at Vienna, and raises the siege. 

* * * Aust. A small fleet is established 
on the Danube. 

1686 Sept. 2. Hung. The Imperial- 
ists under the Duke of Lorraine retake 
Buda, and the Mohammedans are de- 
livered up to the fury of the soldiers. 

1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Charles of Lor- 
raine defeats the Turks at Mohacs. 

1691 Aug. 19. Hung, The Imperial- 
ists under Prince Louis defeat the Turks 
under Koprili at the battle of Slanka- 
men on the Danube ; Koprili is killed. 

1697 Sept. 11. Hung. The Imperial- 
ists under Prince Eugene defeat and 



rout the Turks at Zenta; more than 
10,000 of them are killed. 

1698 * * Bnsma. Serajevo is taken by 
Prince Eugene of Savoy. 

1701 * * -14 * * War of the Spanish 
Succession. 

England, The Netherlands, Prussia, 
Portugal, and Savoy take sides with the 
Emperor of Germany against France. 
(See Germany.) 

1704 Aug. 13. Bavaria. Battle of 
Blenheim. 

The allied English and Austrians, led 
by the Duke of Marlborough and Prince 
Eugene, defeat the French and Bavari- 
ans under Marshal Tallard : French and 
Bavarian loss, 12,000 killed, 13,000 prison- 
ers, including Tallard. 

ART —SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1667 Apr. 6. Aust. Ragusa is ruined 

by an earthquake ; 0.000 persons perish. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



marshal, di< 
Feb. 25. Wallenstein, Albrecht "Wenzel 
Eusebius von. Count, general, assassi- 
nated, A51. 

1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand XV.. Emperor 
of Germany, dies. 

1638* * Gondola, Giovanni, poet, A50. 

1647 * * Gallas. Matthias, general, A63. 

1654 * * Ferdinand IV., King of Hungary, 
dies. 

1656 * * Piecolomini, Ottavio, general, A57. 

1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand III.. Emperorof 
Germany, A49. 

1659 * * Apaezai, Joannes, Hungarian schol- 
ar, dies. 
1663 * * Eugene, Prince of Savoy, general, 

1666 * * Anne of Austria, wife of Louis XIII. 
of France, A 64. 

1671 * * Comenius, John Amos, Moravian 
bishop, educator, A"9. 

1676 * * Rakoczy, Franz Leopold, prince, b. 

1677* * Hollar, Wenzel, Bohemian engra- 
ver, A70. 

1681* * Mont.-ciirui], Rannondo, Count, gen- 
eral, A73. 

1704* * Gvonevosy, Stephen, Hungarian 
poet, A 84. 

1705 * * Browne, Maximilian Ulysses, Aus- 
trian marshal, born in Switzerland. 
May 5. Leopold I., Emperor of Ger- 
many, A65. 
Sept. 24. Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria von, 
Count, field-marshal, born, 

CHURCH. 

1620 * * Ger. Christian of Anhalt and 
the margrave, John George of Bran- 
denburg-Jagerndorf , are put under the 
ban by the Pope. 

* * Bohemia. Ferdinand renews the 
persecutions, which cause a renewal 
of the war. 

* * Aust. A violent anti-reformation 
movement develops. [And later in 
Silesia.] 

1621 It. Gregory XV. is pope. [1623. 
"Urban VIII.] 

1624* * Bohemia. An Imperial decree 
banishes the Bohemian Brothers, and 
restores Catholicism to their churches. 

1629 * * Ferdinand aims at the complete 
extirpation of Protestantism. 

Mar. 6. The Edict of Restitution is 
issued. 

It requires the restitution of secular- 
ized ecclesiastical property, and that 
Protestants relinquish benefices which 
they had appropriated. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



1620,**-1705, 



513 



1631 * * Bohemia is entered by a Saxon 
army, and the Jesuits are driven out 
of Prague. 

1644+ * * Transylvania. The Re- 
formed religion is introduced by the 
grand prince. 

1671 Apr. 30. Hung. The execu- 
tion of three counts by the emperor, 
contrary to law, becomes a signal for 
both patriots and Protestants to rise 
against their persecutors. 

LETTERS. 

1623 * * Aust. The University of Salz- 
burg is founded. 

1624 * * Bohemia. Ferdinand II. im- 
ports Benedictines from Montserrat. 

* * * Boliemia. Jesuits escorted by sol- 
diery ransack every house for Bohe- 
mian books, and burn all published 
after 1414 as heretical. [The Jesuit 
Ant. Konias boasted of having destroyed 
by burning 60,000 Bohemian books.] 

1627 * * Bohemia. Budolphine Tables is 
published by Kepler. 

1630 * * Attst. Pansophioz Prodomus, by 
John Amos Comenius, appears at Lissa. 

1631 * * Aust. Janua Linguarum Bese- 
rata, by John Amos Comenius, appears 
at Lissa ; [being translated into twelve 
European languages, also Arabic, Per- 
sian, and Turkish], 

1635* * Hung. The University of 
Budapest (originally at Tyrnau) is 
founded. 

1658* * Aust. Orbis Sensualium Pictus, 
by John Amos Comenius, the first chil- 
dren's picture-book, appears. 

1672* * Tyrol. The University of 
Innsbruck is founded by the emperor. 

SOCIETY. 

1668 * * Hung. Eleonora di Gonzaga, 
wife of King Leopold L, institutes the 
Order of Ladies of the Star of the 
Cross. 

1671 * * Aust. An order of police di- 
vides laymen into five classes, and in- 
structs each class what it ought to 
wear and to eat. 

1675 * * Austria founds a German Uni- 
versity at Czernowitz, to Germanize the 
land. 

1676 * * Aust. Taxes are laid on bil- 
liards, playing-cards, and hair-powder. 

1696 * * Vienna. A lottery is opened 
for raising funds to establish a soldiers' 
hospital. [It still remains one of the 
financial institutions of Austria.] 

1705 * * Aust. Recruiting is carried 
on by officers and sergeants who prom- 
ise money and booty to volunteers. 

STATE. 

1620 Nov. 9. Bohemia. The Bohe- 
mians are subdued by the victory of 
Ferdinand near Prague. 

1621 Feb. 20. Bohemia. Ferdinand 
II. begins the merciless persecution of 
his subjects who were involved in the 



revolt, yet trusted in his mercy, and did 
not flee when they could do so. 
June 21. Bohemia. The king executes 
leaders of the revolt. 

1622 Feb. 3. Bohemia. Ferdinand II. 
issues a decree of semi-amnesty to 
revolutionists. 

1623 * * Aust. Ferdinand II. cedes 
"Western Austria and the Tyrol to his 
brother Leopold. 

1625 * * Hung. Ferdinand III. succeeds 
his father as king. 

1627 Mar. 15. Bohemia. Ferdinand 
II. grants a new constitution, and 
adds a fourth estate, the clergy, which 
shall be superior to the other three. 

1629 * * Bohemia. The Protestants are 
awed into submission by the defeat of 
their allies in battle. 

* *-48* * Transylvania. George I. 
(Rakoczy) is grand prince. 

1635 May 30. Saxony concludes a 
peace with the emperor, exempting the 
Lutherans from the Edict of Restitution. 

* * Bohemia. The Peace of Prague, 
between the emperor and the Elector of 
Saxony is signed. (See Germany.) 

1637 Feb. 15. Ger. The King Ferdi- 
nand III. succeeds his father as Em- 
peror of the Holy Roman Empire. 

1644 * * Transylvania. George Ra- 
koczy leads an unsuccessful revolt 
against Austria. 

1647 * * Hing. Ferdinand TV. be- 
comes king. 

1648 Oct. 24. The Peace of "West- 
phalia is signed. 

* * Prus. The Protestant princes ojf Ger- 
many, having sought the aid of Gustavus 
Adolphus of Sweden against the oppres- 
sions of the House of Austria, the treaty 
of "Westphalia as an international code 
follows. It proclaims the legal recogni- 
tion of the independence of Switzerland, 
which had long been practically recog- 
nized. (See Germany.) 

* * Austria secures Bohemia by treaty. 
(See Germany.) 

1655 * * Hung. Leopold I., the second 

son of Ferdinand II., is king. 
1658 * * Leopold I. is Emperor of the 
Holy Roman Empire. 

He pushes the Hungarians into a re- 
volt, in which the Turks come to their 
aid. 

[Leopold adds one-third to the terri- 
tory of Austria.] 

1660 * * Transylvania. John Kemin 
is elected prince. 

1661 * * Transylvania. The election of 
John Kemin leads to a war with the 
Turks. 

1662 * * -89 * * Transylvania. Mi- 
chael I. (Apafy) is grand prince. 

1665 * * Aust. "Western Austria and 

Tyrol are returned to Austria, 
1670 * * Hung. A conspiracy to throw 

off the yoke of Austria with the aid of 

the Turks is discovered and frustrated. 
1682 * * Hung. A conspiracy of the 

magnates is detected. 



1683 * * Vienna. Leopold I. flees away 

on the approach of the Turks. 
Sept. 15. Vienna. Leopold I. returns. 

* * Hungary is subdued, and united to 
Transylvania ; it is changed from an 
elective to an hereditary kingdom. 

1687 ± * * Hung. The Diet of Presburg 
confers the hereditary succession to 
the throne of Hungary, upon the male 
line of Austria. 

* * Hung. Joseph I., son of Leopold T., 
becomes king. 

1689* *-91 * * Transylvania. Emilc 
Tokoly is grand prince. 

May 12. Vienna. The grand alliance 
is signed at Vienna. 

The Emperor of Germany and the 
Dutch States-General unite "to prevent 
the union of the French and Spanish 
crowns. [Later England, Spain, and the 
Duke of Savoy join the alliance.] 

1690 Apr. * Hung. Leopold claims 
Bosnia and Bulgaria, and raises an 
army. 

* * -99 * * Transylvania. Michael II. 
is elected [last] prince. 

1691 * * Hung. Nearly 40,000 families of 
Servian colonists settle on the banks 
of the Maros. 

* * Aust. A capitation tax is laid which 
spares neither priests nor nobles. 

1697 * * Netherlands. The Peace of 
Ryswick. 

All parties are in about the same po- 
sition as at the beginning of the war, 
but the ambition of France is checked. 

1699 Jan. 26. Aust. The Peace of 
Karlowitz is signed by Turkey and the 
Allies, Germany, Russia, Poland, and 
Venice. 

Turkey cedes to Hungary the country 
between the rivers Danube and Theiss, 
Transylvania becomes a part of the 
Austrian dominion, and Herzegovina is 
ceded to Turkey. The Sultan agrees to 
abstain from aiding Hungarian malcon- 
tents. 
Feb. 6. Bavaria. The Prince Elector 
of Bavaria suddenly dies. 

* * Sp. New intrigues are developed by 
France and Austria at Madrid. 

1700 * * Charles U. of Spain, dying 
without leaving any issue, occasions the 
"War of the Spanish Succession. 

The Emperor Leopold's wife was the 
second sister of the late king, and Leo- 
pold claims the crown for his younger 
son. 

1701 Sept. 7. A Grand Alliance of 
the naval powers is formed with 
Leopold against France, to secure the 
Spanish succession to Leopold I. 

1703 * * Hung. An insurrection of the 
peasants, incited by Francis Rakdczy, 
breaks out, in which some of the nobles 
join. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1679 * * Aust. The plague breaks out 

with great violence. 
1691 * * Aust. The severity of winter 

drives the wolves into Vienna, where 

men are attacked and cattle devoured 

by them. 



514 1705, **-1757, 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1706 May 23. Belgium. The Allies 
under Marlborough defeat the French 
under Marshal de Villeroy atRamillies. 
The Allies lose 4,000 men. (Old Style, 
May 12.) 

Sept. 7. It. The Allies under Prince 
Eugene defeat the French in Pied- 
mont, and compel them to raise the 
seige of Turin. 

1708 July 11. Belgium. The Allies 
under Marlborough and Prince Eugene 
thoroughly defeat the French besie- 
gers under the Due de Vendome at 
Oudenarde. 

1709 Sept. 11. Fr. The Allies lose 
20,000 men, but defeat the French un- 
der Marshal Villars at Malplaquet. 

1716 * * Austria is again at war with 
the Turks. 

Aug. 5. Hung. The Turks under the 
Grand Vizier, Damad Ali, are totally 
defeated by Prince Eugene at Peter- 
wardein. 

1717 Aug. 16. Servia. Prince Eu- 
gene takes Belgrade from the Turks 
after a siege. 

1733 * * -35 * * War of the Polish 
Succession, following the death of 
Augustus II. 

The Emperor Charles VI. is at Tvar 
with France on behalf of Augustus III. 
of Saxony, who has been elected King 
of Poland by his partizans ; Austria is 
driven out of most of her possessions in 
Italy. 

1736 * * -39 * * Bung. An unsuccess- 
ful war with the Turks, the allies of 
Russia. The Turks are finally ex- 
pelled. 

1738 May 27. Servia. The Turks 
defeat Charles VI., and capture Or- 
sova ; they compel him to treat for 
peace. 

1740 * * -4S * * Prussia. The Silesian 
"Wars. 



1740 * * -48 * * "War of the Austrian 
Succession. 

It is a war of spoliation caused by rival 
claimants for the throne, after the death 
of Charles VI., who desired his daughter 
Maria Theresa to succeed ; the counter- 
claimants are the electors of Bavaria 
and Saxony, the kings of Poland and 
Spain ; Sardinia and Prussia also claim 
portions of the Empire ; Maria Theresa 
has an ally in Great Britain. 

1740* *-42* * Prussia. First Sile- 
sian "War. 

It is caused by Prussia attempting to 
take Silesia from the Austrian Empire. 

* * Prussia. Frederick II. of Prussia 
sends troops into Silesia. [1741. He 
captures Glogau.] 

1741 Apr. 10. Prussia. Prussians led 
by Count Schwerin and Leopold of 
Dessau gain their first victory, totally 
defeating the Austrians under Gen. 
Neipperg at Mollwitz in Silesia. 

* * Austria and Bohemia are invaded 
by the allied French and Bavarian 
army. 



1742 * * .lust. -Hung. Two armies are 
raised for defense. 

< me besieges the French, who bavu 
taken Prague in Bohemia, which they 
are compelled to abandon; another <:<>n'- 
quers Bavaria. 

May 17. Bohemia. Frederick the Great 
defeats the Austrians under Charles 
of Lorraine at Czaslau, and Chotusitz, 
and thereby gains all the fortified posi- 
tions in Silesia. 

* * Bohemia. The Allies are driven out 
by the Austrians. 

1743 June 27. Bavaria. Battle of 
Dettingen. 

The Pragmatic army (52,000) under 
King George II. of England and the 
Earl of Stair defeats the French (60.000) 
under Marshal Noailles ; the Allies are 
driven out of Bavaria. 

1744 * * -45 * * The Second Silesian 
"War. 

Frederick II. suddenly renews hos- 
tilities, and invades Bohemia with t>0,- 
000 men. 

* * Bohemia. Prague is taken by Fred- 
erick II. Later he is driven back into 
Saxony. 

1745 Apr. 15. Bavaria. The invad- 
ing Austrians under Prince Karl von 
Batthyanyi defeat the French and 
Bavarians at Pfaffeuhofen. 

* * Belgium. The French begin the con- 
quest of the Austrian Netherlands. 

June 4. Prussia. Frederick II. defeats 
the Austrians and Saxons \mder Charles 
of Lorraine in the battle of Hohen- 
friedberg, in Silesia, losing '2,000 men ; 
the defeated lose 4,000 killed and 7,000 
prisoners. 

Sept. 30. Bohemia. Frederick II. de- 
feats the Austrians under the Duke 
of Lorraine in the battle of Soor ; 
Prussian loss, 3,000 ; Austrian loss, S.000 
and 22 guns. 

Dec. 15. Saxo?iy. Leopold of Dessau, 
commanding the Prussians, defeats the 
Austrians and Saxons at Kesselsdorf . 

1746 Oct. 11. Belgium. The French 
under Marshal Saxe totally defeat the 
Austrians and their allies at Rocoux, 
and so complete the conquest of the 
Austrian Netherlands. 

1756* *-63* * The Third Silesian "War, 
or the Seven Years' "War. 

Frederick II. renews the war for the 
possession of Silesia, against Austria, 
Russia, and France. 

* * Anst. The army under Marshal 
Browne advances to relieve Saxony, 
held by the Emperor Frederick. 

Oct. 1. Bohemia. The Austrians under 
Marshal Browne are defeated at Lobo- 
sitz by the Prussians under Frederick 
the Great. 

Oct. 16. An army of Saxons numbering 
18,000 surrenders ; they are forced into 
the Prussian service. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1708* * Francis I. (Stephen), Emperor, 
husband of Maria Theresa, born. 

1711 Feb. 2. Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von. 
Count, statesman, born. 

1716 Feb. 2. Laudon, Gideon Ernst von. 
Baron, general, born. 

1720* * Hell, Maximilian, astronomer, born. 



1724 May 7. Wurmrer, Dagobert Sfgimiind 

von, general, horn. 
1732 Dec. 13. Kalona, Istoan or Stephen, 

historian, born. 
173.: * • Clerfayt, .le. Francois & C J. de 

Croix, Comte, general, born. 
1734" 'Kempelen, Wolfgang von. Baron, 

Hungarian mechanician, born. 

1735 Feb. l. Alvjur/v, .ii.M-j.h von, gen- 
eral, born. 

Ligne, de. Karl Joseph, Prince, general, au- 
thor, horn. 

Kakoczy, Franz Leopold, Prince of Transyl- 
vania, jiatriot, A59. 

1736 Apr. 21. Eugene. Prince of Savoy, 
French-Austrian general, dies ai Vienna. 
A73. 

1737* * Eckhel, .Joseph Hrirav, numismatist, 
born. 

1740 Oct. 20. Charles VI.. Emperor of 
Germany, A56. 

1741 • * Beniowsky, Montz A., adventurer. 



iraloglst, born. 

1747 May 5. Leopold TX. Emperor, born. 

1749 * * Trench, Franz, von tier. Baron, gen- 
eral, A 38. 

1752 Aug. 24. Mack, Leibericb von. 
Baron, general, born. 

1753* * Dobrowski, Josef, Slavic philologist, 

1754 * * Zach, Franz Xaver von. astronomer, 

Vega, Georg von. mathematician, born. 
1756 * * Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, Hungarian 

author, born. 
1757* *Gran. Daniel, Austrian fresco 
painter, A63. 
Browne, Maximilian Ulysses, general, A52. 
Bartseu, Jouann A. B. von, engraver, born. 



CHURCH. 

1722 * * Saxony. Tbe Moravians form 
a settlement called Herrnhut (the 
"Watch of the Lord) on the estate of 
Count Zinzendorf , in North Germany. 

1724 * * It. Benedict XIU. is pope. 
[1730, Clement XJX ; 1740, Benedict 
XIV. ; 175S, Clement XIII. ; 1769, Clem- 
ent XIV. : 1775, Pius VI.] 

STATE. 

1705 * * Joseph 1., son of Leopold King 

of Hungary, is elected Emperor of the 

Holy Roman Empire. 
1706* *-ll* * Transylvania. Francis 

Rakoczy is grand prince by the choice 

of the malcontents. 
1708 Jan. 3. It. Mantua is ceded to 

the emperor. 

* * Aust. The allies demand the sur- 
render of the Spanish monarchy to 
Charles of Austria. 

1711 * * Death of the Emperor Joseph 
I. ; Charles becomes heir of all the Aus- 
trian possessions. 

* *-40* * Charles "VX, Emperor of the 
Holy Roman Empire, tbe brother of 
Joseph I.. King of Hungary and nominal 
King of Spain, is elected. 

[He is tolerant to Protestants, and for- 
bids Catholic hostilities against them.] 
Apr. 11. Netherlands. Peace of Utrecht. 
(See France.) 

1713 Apr. 19. Vienna. The Emperor 
announces the Pragmatic Sanction. 

1. It decrees that tbe lands belonging 
to the Austrian Empire shall be indivis- 
ible. 2. That Maria Theresa, his eldest 
daughter, shall be tbe heir if males 
should fail. 3. If this line should be- 
come extinct, the daughters of Joseph 
I. and their descendants shall inherit. 

1714 Mar. *-Sept. * Peace of Rastatt 
and Baden. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1705,* *-1757, * *. 515 



The German frontier is restored to the 
lines fixed by the treaty of Kyswiek ; 
Austria takes the Spanish Netherlands, 
Milan, Naples, and Sardinia, amounting 
to 191,350 square miles, and gives up 
Spain. 

1715 Nov. 6. The barrier treaty is 
made with the Dutch. (See Belgium.) 

Nov. 15. Naples and Sicily are an- 
nexed to the dominions of Charles VI. 

1718 July 22. Servia. The Peace of 
Passarowitz, between Germany, Ven- 
ice, and Turkey, closes the war with 
Turkey. 

Austria cedes certain commercial 
rights, annexes the Banat of Temesvar, 
a part of Bosnia and Servia, with Bel- 
grade and Little Wallachia. Venice re- 
tains her conquests in Dalmatia, but 
cedes Morea to the Turks. 

Aug. 2. The Quadruple Alliance is 
formed by Great Britain, France, and 
the Emperor Charles VI. [Later joined 
by Holland.] (See Germany.) 

1720 Apr. 21. Aust. The estates of 
Lower Austria agree torecognize Maria 
Theresa as rightful heir, if there should 
be no male heirs. 

1771 Sept. 2. The estates of Silesia 
follow the example of Lower Austria. 

Mar. * Croatia signs the approval of the 
Pragmatic Sanction. 

1722 * * Transylvania approves the 
Pragmatic Sanction. 

June * Hung. Charles VI. opens the Diet 
which ratifies the Pragmatic Sanction. 

1723 Oct. 16. Bohemia. The Diet of 
the Estates approve the Pragmatic 
Sanction. 

* * Hung. The Emperor Charles VI. 
settles his dominions on "his daughter 
Maria Theresa, in accordance with the 
Pragmatic Sanction of 1713. 

* * Hung. The Diet reduces the Servian 
colonists to the condition of serfs. 

1725 Apr. 30. The Emperor of Ger- 
many and the King of Spain enter the 
Treaty of Vienna. [Of short duration.] 
The Spanish dominions in the posses- 
sion of each party are confirmed to 
them. The emperor privately engages 
to use force to restore Gibraltar to 
Spain, and use his offices to enthrone 
the Pretender in Great Britain. The 
king guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction. 

1731 Mar. 16. Vienna. The Treaty 
of Vienna is signed by Charles VI. of 
Germany, George II. of England, and 
the States of Holland. 

It guarantees the Pragmatic Sanction, 
but neither France, Spain, nor Sardinia 
has signed it. 

July 22. Spain accedes to the Treaty 
of Vienna. 

1733 * * Austria becomes involved in 
the controversy concerning the Polish 
Succession ; with Russia, she prompts 
the election of Augustus III., Elector of 
Saxony, as king, who is chosen by a 
minority. 

1734 * * Hung. Hungarian and Servian 
"peasants unite in a remarkable re- 
volt under the leadership of Pero Tze- 
gedinac. [They are soon subdued, and 
cruelly punished.] 



1735 Oct. 3. Vienna. The preliminr 
ries of Peace are signed at Viemu 
(See France.) 

1736 * * Francis, Duke of Lorraine 
marries Maria Theresa. 

173S Nov. 18. Charles VI., Emperor 
of Germany, and Louis XV., King of 
France, enter the Treaty of Vienna. 
(See France.) 

1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Treaty of Eel- 
grade. Charles VI. is forced to restore 
to the Porte, Orsova, Belgrade, and 
Little Wallachia, after the fortifications 
are destroyed. 

1740 Sept. 20. Hung. The Diet ac- 
cepts Francis I., the prince-consort, as 
co-regent with the queen. 

Sept. 21. Hung, Maria Theresa pre- 
sents her infant son to the Diet. " Mo- 
riamur pro rege nostro Maria Theresa! " 

Oct. 20. Hung. Maria Theresa, the 
eldest daughter of Charles VI., and wife 
of the Duke of Lorraine, on the death 
of her father, becomes Queen of Bo- 
hemia and Hungary, and Archduchess 
of Austria. 

Charles VI. is the last of the male line 
of the House of Hapsburg. [The queen 
also comes to the throne as Empress of 
Germany.] 

* * Aust. Maria Theresa is accepted 
the sovereign of the Austrian States. 

The claimants for the Austrian inherit- 
ance are Charles Albert, Elector of Ba- 
varia, Philip V., King of Spain, and 
Augustus III. of Saxony. 

* * Prussia claims a portion of Silesia; 
war follows. 

1741 * * Hung. Maria Theresa is en- 
thusiastically received by the Hunga- 
rians, and crowned as queen. 

May * Bavaria. The Alliance of 
Nymphenburg is formed ; France, Ba- 
varia, and Spain secretly unite against 
Austria. [Later Saxony joins, and after- 
ward Prussia.] 

May * Hung. Maria Theresa convokes a 
Diet. 

* * Bohemia. The Elector of Bavaria 
claims Bohemia, takes possession, and 
is proclaimed king. 

1742 Jan. 24. Ger. Charles Albert, 
Elector of Bavaria, is chosen emperor, 
with the title of Charles VII. The Crown 
leaves the House of Austria [for a short 
time]. 

* * Hung. Maria Theresa forms an alli- 
ance with England. 

June 11 — July 28. Pros. Treaty of 
Breslau and Berlin. 

Maria Theresa concludes a treaty of 
peace with Prussia, by which Silesia 
and Glatz are ceded to Frederick II. of 
Prussia. 

1743 Apr. * Bohemia. Maria Theresa 
is crowned Queen of Bohemia at Prague 
by the Bishop of Olomuc. 

July* Prus. The Emperor Charles 
VII., being defeated by the Austrians, 
becomes a refugee in Frankfort. 

* * Sardinia concludes a separate peace 
with Austria. 

* * Saxony concludes a separate treaty 
with Maria Theresa. 



1744 * * Prus. Frederick LT. forms an 
alliance with Charles VII., and France 
and begins the second war, to secure 
his possessions in Silesia. 

1745 Jan. 20. The Emperor Charles 
VLT. dies. 

Jan. * An alliance is formed by Austria, 
Saxony, England, and Holland, against 
Prussia, which is jealous of the success 
of Austria. 

Apr. * The separate Peace of Fiissen. 
Prussia enters a separate peace with 
Austria, and restores all conquests to 
Bavaria. The Elector of Bavaria sur- 
renders all claims to the Austrian suc- 
cession, and promises to vote for Francis 
Joseph, the husband of Maria Theresa, 
in the imperial election. 

Sept. 13-65 * * Francis I., the hus- 
band of Maria Theresa, and the Duke 
of Lorraine, is Emperor of the Holy 
Roman Empire. The crown returns 
to the House of Austria. 

Dee. 15. Saxony. The Peace of Dres- 
den is concluded between Prussia and 
Austria (Saxony). Possession of Silesia 
is confirmed to Prussia. 

1747 May* Hung. Elizabeth, Em- 
press of Russia, enters a defensive 
alliance with Maria Theresa. 

1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Treaty of 
Aix-la-Chapelle is signed by Great 
Britain, France, Holland, Germany, 
Spain, and Genoa. It terminates the 
war of the Austrian Succession. 

Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla are 
given up to Spain. All the hereditary 
estates are retained by the empress ex- 
cept Silesia. Its loss to a smaller power 
is considered by Austria as a disgrace, 
and she seeks by intrigue to regain the 
lost province. The Pragmatic Sanction 
is made a part of the international law 
of Europe. 

1749 May 14. Hung. A patent is is- 
sued, separating the administration 
of- justice from provincial business. 

1750+ * * Hungary loses about 100,000 
citizens by a great exodus of Servians 
to Russia, because of the suppression of 
the frontiers of Tisza and the Maros. 

1756 * * Aust. Elizabeth, the Empress 
of Russia, becomes an ally of Austria. 
(See May, 1747.) 

May 11. Austria and France enter into 
a defensive alliance by the treaty of 
Versailles. 

Its secret clauses agree that Austria 
shall reconquer Silesia and her lost 
Italian possessions. 

1757 Jan.* Aust. A treaty is made be- 
tween Austria and Russia concerning 
the partition of the Prussian mon- 
archy when subdued. 

May * Aust. An offensive treaty is 
made between Austria and France con- ' 
cerning the division of Prussia. 

France places 105,000 men and 12,000,000 
of florins at the service of its ally. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1711* *-14* * Hung. One and a half 
million of cattle die of the cattle- 
plague. 

1715* * Hung. Helen-Judith, the joined 
twins, are born. [They die in 1723.] 



516 1757,**-1790, * 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1757 * * War is declared upon Fred- 
erick IT. in the name of the Empire ; 
Hanover, Hesse, Brunswick, ami Gotha 
are his allies ; four columns of Prus- 
sians invade Bohemia. 

May 6. Bohemia. The Prussians under 
Prince Henry defeat the Austrians in 
a great battle near Prague ; the Aus- 
trian Gen. Browne is mortally wounded, 
and the Prussian Marshal Schwerin is 
killed; Prussian loss, 18,000; Austrian 
loss, 20,000. 

June 18. Bohemia. The Austrians 
under Marshal Daun (53,000) defeat the 
Prussians (34,000) under Frederick the 
Great at Kolin ; Frederick is compelled 
to raise the siege of Prague and evacuate 
Bohemia. 

July 26. Hanover. Frederick's Allies 
under the Duke of Cumberland are de- 
feated by the French under Marshal 
d'Estre~es at Hastenbeck. 

Aug. 30. Prussia. The invading Rus- 
sians under Gen. Stefan Apraxin defeat 
the Prussians under Von Lehwald at 
the battle of Gross-jagerndorf, and 
then retire from Prussia. 

Nov. 5. Prussia. Frederick, at the 
head of 22,000 Prussians, defeats the 
French under Prince de Soubise and 
the Imperialists under the Prince of 
Saxe-Hildburghausen, with a total of 
43,000 men, in a great battle at Ross- 
bach in Saxony, and then enters Silesia. 
Prussian loss, 500; allies, 1,700 killed 
and 7,000 prisoners. 

Nov. 22. Prussia. Battle of Breslau, 
Silesia : The Austrians defeat the Prus- 
sians, and capture the Duke of Bruns- 
wick-Bevern. 

Dec. 5. Prussia. Frederick U. by su- 
perior tactics (30,000+ men) defeats the 
Austrians (80,000±) under Charles of 
Lorraine and Marshal Daun at Leu- 
then, Silesia ; Austrian loss, 7,000, be- 
sides prisoners ; Prussian loss, 5,000. 

1758 * * Moravia. Frederick II. is un- 
successful in the siege of OLmiitz. 

* * Russia. The Russians under Wil- 
helm, Count of Fermor, advance to join 
the Austrians. 

* * Ger. Ferdinand of Brunswick 
drives the French back across the Rhine. 

June 23. Prussia. Ferdinand of Bruns- 
wick routs the French under the Count 
of Clermont at the battle of Crefeld. 

Aug. 25. Prussia. Frederick the 
Great defeats the Russians at Zorn- 
dorf ; Prussian loss, 11,000 men; Russian 
loss, 1,529 ; the Austrians now advance 
upon Lusatia. 

Oct. 14. Saxony. The Austrians (65,- 
000) under Count Daun surprise and 
defeat Frederick (42,000 men) at Hoch- 
kirch, killing several of his generals, 
and taking his camp and ammunition. 
Austrian loss, 6,000± ; Prussian loss, 
9,000±. 

1759 July 23. Prussia. The Rus- 
sians defeat the Prussians under Gen. 
H. von "v^edell at Kay, losing 8,000+ 



men ; the victors soon unite with the 
Austrians under Baron von Laudon. 

Aug. 1. Prussia. Duke Ferdinand of 
Brunswick, commanding the English 
and German forces, defeats the French 
under Contades at the battle of Min- 
den, and compels their retreat. 

Aug. 12. Prussia. Frederick II, is to- 
taUy defeated by the Austrians and 
Russians (G0,000±) under Count Peter 
Soltikoff and Baron Laudon atKuners- 
dorf ; Prussian loss, 18,500 ; allies, 16,- 
000. [The Austrians overrun Saxony, 
and soon take Dresden.] 

Nov. 20. Saxony. The Prussian Gen. 
Fink (12,500± men) surrenders to Baron 
Daun at Maxen. 

1760 June 23. Prussia. The Aus- 
trians, numbering 30,000, under Mar- 
shal Laudon, surround and defeat 8,000 
Prussians at Landeshut, Silesia. 

Aug. 15. Prussia. Frederick gains a 
victory at Liegnitz over the Austrians 
under Marshal Laudon ; it prevents the 
union of the Austrian and Russian 
armies. 

Oct. 3. Prussia. Berlin is taken by 
the Russians and Austrians, and the 
city burned ; the allies retire on the 
approach of Frederick. 

Nov. 3. Saxony. The Austrians under 
Count Daun are defeated by Fred- 
erick at Torgau. 

1761 Aug. 12. Ger. The Austrians 
and Russians unite their armies (130,- 
000) against the Prussians (30,000), but 
take no decisive action. 

Oct. 1. Prussia. The Austrians take 

Schweidnitz. 
Dec. 13. Prussia. The Russians take 

Colberg. 

1762 Mar. 16. Russia. Peter III. 
concludes the Truce of Stargard with 
Frederick II., and withdraws from 
his alliance with Austria. 

July 21. Prussia. Frederick II. de- 
feats the Austrians under Marshal 
Daun at Burkersdorf. 

Aug. 16. Silesia. Frederick II. again 
defeats the Austrians under Marshal 
Laudon at Reichenbach. 

Oct. 9. Silesia. Frederick II. takes 
Schweidnitz. 

Oct. 29. Saxony. Prince Henry of 
Prussia and Gen. Friedrich "Wilhelm von 
Seydlitz (13,000) defeat the Austrians 
and Imperial forces. (30,000) at Freiberg. 
[The preliminaries of peace are soon 
signed.] 

1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Seven 
Years' "War is ended by the Peace of 
Hubertsburg ; Prussia gains Silesia ; 
estimated loss of fighting men, 853,000. 

1778 * * -79 * * War of the Bavarian 
Succession. 

Lower Bavaria is invaded by Austri- 
ans, but there is no battle ; the Peace 
of Teschen, concluded May 12, 1779, ends 
the vrar. 

1778 July* Bohemia. Frederick II. 
and Prince Henry invade Bohemia. 



1788-91 Austria is at war with Tur- 
key, in the hope of sharing with Rus- 
sia in the spoliation of Ottoman terri- 
tory. 

Dec. * Aust. Joseph LT. resigns the 
command of the army against the 
Turks, after losing 45,000 men by sick- 
ness and in fighting. 

1789 Sept. 29. Srrvin. Austrians un- 
der Marshal Laudon capture Belgrade 
from the Turks. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1763 June 28. Hung. Comorn, Pesth, 
and other sections are much damaged 
by an earthquake. 

1774± * * Aust. Animal magnetism, 
professing to cure diseases by sympa- 
thetic affection, is practised by Father 
Hehl, a Jesuit, at Vienna. 

1786 May 1. Vienna. Mozart's Ze 
Nozzt? di Figaro appears. 

1787 Oct. 29. Bohemia. Mozart's 
Don Giovanni appears at Prague. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1759* * Kazinczy, Francis, Hungarian au- 
thor, born. 

1763 * * Cbasteler, du, Jean, Marquis, born. 

1765 Aug. 18. Francis I.. Emperor of 
Holy Roman Empire, husband of Maria 



field-marshal, A61. 
Kadtzky, Josepli Wenzel, Count, general, b. 
Feje>, Gyorgy, antiquary, born. 

1767 Nov. 22. Hofer, Andreas, patriot 
of Tyrol, born. 

1768 * * Abel, Joseph, painter, born. 
Bubna Littis. Ferdinand. Count, born. 
Francis I., Emperor, born. 

1771 * * Charles, or Karl, Archduke, born. 
Scliwarzenbprp, Karl P. von, marshal, born. 

1772 * * Kisfalndy, Sandor, Hungarian poet, 
born. 

1773 May 15. Metternich. Clemene 
Wenzel von, prince, Aust. statesman, b. 

Csokonai, Vitez Mihaly. poet, born. 
1778 * * Causbaelier. .iuhann, composer, b. 

1780 Nov. 29. Maria Theresa, Empress 
of Germany, Queen of Hungary and Bohe- 
mia, A64. 

1781 * * Hormavr, Joseph von, historian, b. 
1786 * * Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, Count, b. 

Hay nau, Julius Jacob von, Baron, gen., b. 

Pobrentei, Gabor, author, born. 

Beniowsky, Moritz August, Count, Hunga- 
rian adventurer, A 45. 

Fay, Andreas, novelist, born. 
1788* * Hess, Heinrich von. Baron, Aus- 
trian general, born. 

Kisfaludv, Karolv, dramatist, novelist, born. 
1790 Feb. 20. Joseph H., Emperor of 
Germany, A49. 

Kolesey, Ferencz, orator, born. 

Laudon. Gideon Ernst von, Baron, mar- 
shal, A74. 

Csomade Koros, Sandor, Hungarian scholar, 
traveler, born. 



CHURCH. 
1763* * Aust. -Hung. Maria Theresa 
reforms ecclesiastical abuses, abol- 
ishes the Inquisition, and suppresses 
the Order of Jesuits. 

* * * Hung. Maria Theresa forbids 
priests having anything to do with the 
making of wills. 

1776* * Hung. Keligious toleration is 

granted. 
1780 * * Aust Abbeys are suppressed 

by Joseph II. 

* * Aust. Reforms are introduced. 

The right of granting marriage dis- 
pensations is transferred from the Holy 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1757,* *-1790, * *. 517 



See to the bishops of Austria ; heads of 
religious orders must reside in Austria; 
papal bulls must receive Imperial sanc- 
tion before they are published, and two 
bulls denning the prerogatives of the 
Pope are not to be taught ; money is not 
to be sent to Rome, nor students from 
Austria to there attend the Collegium 
Germanicum. 

1781 * * Aust. An edict of toleration 
is issued; Lutherans, Calvinists, and 
non-Uniat Greeks are granted the pri- 
vate practice of their religion. 

1782* * Vienna. Futile journey of 
Pope Pius VT. to Vienna to prevent 
ecclesiastical changes. 

1783 * * Bavaria. Violent proceedings 
occur in the case of the bishop of Passau. 

1784* * Hung. The Protestants are per- 
mitted to worship in churches. 

1788 * * Aust.-Hung. In the last eight 
years 700 monasteries have been closed, 
and 36,000 members of orders released. 
Yet 1,324 monasteries and 27,000 monks 
and nuns remain. 

LETTERS. 

1722 * * Bohemia. A national museum 
is founded by the efforts of Leopold 
Krakowski Kolowrat. 

1740 * * Schools have hitherto been in 
the hands or under the control of the 
clergy ; they are now placed under 
state control. 

1745 * * Tyrol. The University of Inns- 
bruck receives its library from Maria 
Theresa. 

1749 Feb. 7. Vienna. A law is passed 
reserving to the state the sole right of 
choosing the professors of the Uni- 
versity at Vienna. 

1762* * Vienna. Gluek's Or/eo ed 
Euridice appears. 

1763* * Maria Theresa establishes 
many schools. 

1766* * Hung. The commission of in- 
struction and the censorship of the 
press is founded. 

1768 * * Hung. Constitutio Criminalis 
Tkeresiana is published. 

1770 May* Vienna. The first normal 
school opens. 

Sept. 24. Hung. An imperial resolution 
is issued announcing, "The organiza- 
tion of the schools is and always must 
be an affair of state." 

1774 * * Bohemia. Maria Theresa de- 
crees the use of the German language 
in the higher and middle schools. 

1780 * * Emperor Joseph urges the ex- 
clusive use of the German language 
in the schools. 

1781* *-87* *, 91* * Hung. Un- 
grisches Magazin is issued at Presburg. 

1782 July 16. Aust. Mozart's Die 
Entfiihrung aus dem Serail appears at 

* * Tyrol. The University of Innsbruck 
is reduced to the status of a lyceum. 

1784 * * Galicia. The University of 
Lemberg is founded. 

1788 * * Hung. Magyar Museum is is- 
sued. 



1791 Sept. 30. Bohemia. Mozart's 
Die Zauberfl'ote appears at Prague. 

* * Tyrol. The University of Inns- 
bruck is restored to its privileges by 
the emperor. 

SOCIETY. 

1763* * Hung. Maria Theresa im- 
proves the condition of serfs. 

1770 * * Hung. Maria Antonia (Marie 
Antoinette) marries the Dauphin of 
France. 

1776* * Hung. Maria Theresa abolishes 
punishment by torture and feudal 
service. 

1777 * * Hung. Torture as a criminal 
punishment is abolished. 

1781* * Hung. An edict of tolerance 
is issued by Joseph II. 

1782 * * Hung. Joseph II. causes the 
slave-trade to be abolished. 

1783 Jan, * Aust. The marriage law 
is passed, which makes it a civil con- 
tract and permits divorce. 

1785 * * Aust. Freemasonry is offi- 
cially recognized. 

STATE. 
1760* * Hung. Maria Theresa institutes 
a Council of State, to assist in the ad- 
ministration. 

1762 May 5. The Peace of St. Peters- 
burg is signed. 

Peter III., having come to the throne, 
makes peace with Frederick ; Russia 
restores her conquests, ami both parties 
agree to withdraw from all hostile alii- 

1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. Peace of 
Hubertsburg is signed by the Em- 
press and the King of Prussia, and ends 
the Seven Years' "War. 

It ratifies the Peace of Breslau and 
Berlin, and also that of Dresden. Fred- 
erick II. agrees to vote for the Archduke 
Joseph at the election of the King of 
Rome. No territorial changes are ef- 
fected in any of the countries. 

1764 * * Joseph H., son of Maria The- 
resa, is crowned King of the Romans. 

* * Hung. Maria Theresa associates her 
eon Joseph (II.) with herself in the gov- 
ernment of the Hapsburg dominions. 

* * Hung. Maria Theresa provides a com- 
pilation of uniform laws for the whole 
of her dominions ; eight volumes are 
completed. 

1765 Aug. 8. Joseph II. succeeds his 
father as Emperor of the Holy Roman 
Empire ; for the Austrian lands he is 
only co-regent with his mother, Maria 
Theresa. 

1772 July 25. The treaty for the par- 
tition of Poland is signed (first divis- 
ion). Austria secures East Galicia and 
Lodomeria. 

1773 Dec. 29. Galicia. The estates, 
clergy, nobles, and citizens take the 
oath of allegiance to the Austrian dy- 
nasty, and the government is set up with 
German officials. 

1775 May 7. Galicia. Bukowina is 
acquired by a treaty with the Turks. 

* * Bohemia. The peasantry revolt. 



1779 May * Silesia. Peace of Teschen. 
1. It abrogates the treaty of Vienna 

with Charles Theodore ; Austria sur- 
renders much of its claim, and retains 
only the district of the Inn in Bavaria. 
2. Austria agrees to a union to be formed 
between the margravates of Ansbach 
and Baireuth with Prussia. 3. Saxony 
obtains certain rights and 9,000,000 rix 
dollars. 

* * A dispute between Frederick II. and 
Emperor Joseph respecting Bavaria is 
settled without war. 

* * Hung. The lands between the Maros 
and the Tisza, the Danube, and the Car- 
pathians are absorbed into the kingdom. 

1780 Nov. 29. Hung. Maria Theresa 
dies. 

* * Hung. Joseph LE. becomes King of 
Hungary on the death of his mother, 
Maria Theresa. 

1782 * * Ger. The emperor controls 
the Pope, Pius VI. 

* * * Joseph II. attempts to improve the 
legal system of the Empire. 

1783* * Hung. Frederick II. proposes 
a union of the German princes against 
the encroachments of Joseph II. 

1784 Aug. 27. Aust. A protective 
tariff customs is established. 

1785 * * Hung. Joseph H. favors apian 
for the exchange of territory. 

Charles Theodore is to exchange the 
whole of Bavaria for the Austrian Neth- 
erlands (Belgium) except Luxemburg 
and Namur, as the Kingdom of Bur- 
gundy. [It provokes the formation of 
the League of the German Princes.] 
July * Prussia, the electorate of Saxony, 
and Hanover inaugurate the League 
of the German Princes, to resist the 
encroachments of the emperor. [Bruns- 
wick, Mainz, Hesse-Cassel, Baden, Meck- 
lenburg, Anhalt, and the Thuringian 
lands, later join the League.] 

* * Hung. Great opposition is made to 
the emperor's removal of the crown 
to Vienna; so he permits its return. 

1788 * * Bohemia. Joseph II. announces 
that the Diet will deliberate only on 
such subjects as are presented by the 
sovereign, and it will only be convoked 
when he deems it best to do so. 

1789 Dec. 8. Hung. Joseph II. is con- 
strained to restore to the Hungarians 
their confiscated privileges. 

* * Belgium. The people rise in revolt 
against the Emperor's progressive meas- 
ures in the Netherlands. 

1790 Jan. 20. Hung. Joseph II. is 
constrained to withdraw all his re- 
forms, and restore things to the condi- 
tion of 1730. 

* *-91* * Ger. Leopold H., the heir 
of the Austrian monarchy, succeeds his 
brother. 

* * Ger. Leopold H., Emperor of the 
Holy Roman Empire, guarantees inde- 
pendence of Hungary with its rights. 

* * Belgium. Leopold II. suppresses the 
insurrection. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1763 * * Maria Theresa fosters industry 

and commerce, after the seven years 



518 1791, July *-1810, Feb. 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1792* * "War with France by the first 
coalition ; Austria, Prussia, and Great 
Britain are allies. (See France.) 

Apr. 28. Flanders. The French en- 
ter Flanders [and are routed], 

* * Fr. Austria ns with allies enter 
France, and march toward Paris till 
their advance is checked. 

XTov. 6. Belgium. Austrians under the 
Duke of Saxe-Teschen are decisively 
defeated by the French Republican 
army, under Gen. Charles Francis Du- 
mouriez, at Jemappes. 

1793 Mar. 18. Belgium. The French 
under Gen. Dumouriez are defeated in 
a great battle at Weerwinden by the 
Austrians under the Prince of Coburg. 

Sept. 11. Fr. Quesnoy is taken by the 
Austrians. 

1794 Jan.* Netherlands. The Aus- 
trians, Dutch, English, and Hanove- 
rians unite under the Austrian Prince 
of Coburg as allies against the French. 

May 22. Belgium. The French attack 
the allies at Tournay; an indecisive 
action. 

June 26. Belgium.. Austrian troops 
under Prince Coburg are defeated by 
the French general, Jean Baptiste Jour- 
dan, at Fleurus. 

1795 Jan.* Belgium. The allies 
withdraw, and Austria and England 
are left alone to fight the French. 

Sept. 6. Prussia. The Austrians are 
driven back from Diisseldorf by the 
French under Gen. Jourdan. 

Oct. 11. Prussia. The Austrians under 
Compte de Clerf ayt defeat the French 
under Marshal Jourdan at Hockst, and 
drive them back across the Rhine. 

1796 * * The French send out three 
armies, one under Jourdan to attack 
the allies on the lower Rhine, another 
under Gen. Jean Victor Moreau on the 
upper Rhine, and another in Italy. 

May * Ger. The French cross the 
lower Rhine, and press the Austrians 
back. 

May 10. It. Bonaparte pursues the 
Austrians in northern Italy, 

May 15. It. Bonaparte enters Mi- 
lan ; the Austrians retire. 

June 16. Ger. The French are forced 
to return by Archduke Charles of 
Austria, brother of the Emperor Francis. 

* * Ger. The Austrians are defeated 
in unimportant conflicts on the upper 
Rhine. 

July. * It. Bonaparte commences the 
siege of Mantua [continuing till Feb- 
ruary, 1797]. 

Aug. 3. It. Bonaparte defeats the 
Austrians under Count Wurmser at 
Lonato and [Aug. 5] Castiglione in Lom- 
bardy. 

Aug. 5. It. Wurmser is again defeated 
at Medola; the Austrians seek shelter 
in the mountains of Tyrol. 

Aug. 24. Bavaria. The Austrians un- 
der the Archduke Charles defeat the 



French under Marshal Jourdan at 
Amberg. 

Sept. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians again 
defeat the French under Jourdan at 
Wurzburg. 

Oct. 20. Ger. Gen. Moreau is driven 
back, and the French army recrosses 
the Rhine. 

Nov. 12. It. The Austrians under 
Baron von Alvinczy repulse the French 
under Bonaparte at Caldiero. 

Nov. 15-17. //. The Austrians 
(40,000-) under Alvinczy are attacked 
and defeated at Areola by the French 
(18.000±) under Bonaparte, Due de Mas- 
sena, and Marshal Augereau. 

1797 Jan. 14. It. The Austrians un- 
der Alvinczy are severely defeated by 
the French under Bonaparte at Rivoli. 

Feb. 2. It. Mantua capitulates to 
Bonaparte after a siege of eight months. 

Mar. * -Apr. * It. Bonaparte crosses 
the Alps into northern Italy to meet 
Archduke Charles advancing from Ger- 
many with the Austrian army. 

Oct. 17. It. The war with France 
ends by a treaty of peace concluded at 
Campo Forinio. 

1799 Mar. 13. France again declares 
war against Austria. 

Mar. 26. Baden. Austrians under Arch- 
duke Charles defeat the French under 
Marshal Jourdan at Stockach. 

Apr. 27. It. The French under Gen. 
Moreau are defeated near Cassano 
by the Austrians and Russians under 
Suvaroff. 

June 17-19. It. The Austrians and 
Russians under Suvaroff defeat the 
French under Marshal Macdonald in 
a protracted fight on the banks of the 
Trebbia. (Battle of Parma.) 

Aug. 15. It. The Russians and Aus- 
trians under Suvaroff defeat the 
French under Gen. Joubert at Novi ; 
Joubert is killed. French loss, 11,000 ±. 

1800 May 4. Baden. The Austrians 
under Gen. Kray are defeated at 
Stockach by the French under Gen. 
Moreau. 

June 14. It. Great battle of Ma- 
rengo ; the French under Bonaparte 
defeat the Austrians, who capitulate. 
(See France.) 

July 15. An armistice is concluded at 
Parsdorf [but hostilities are soon re- 
newed]. 

Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Austrians under 
Archduke John are crush in gly de- 
feated by the French and Bavarians 
under Moreau at Hohenlinden. (See 
France.) 

Dec. 25, 26. It. The Austrians under 
Bellegarde are severely defeated in the 
passage of the Mincio by the French 
under Gen. Guillaume M. A. Brune. 

1801 Feb. 9. Fr. A treaty of peace 
is concluded at Luneville. 

1805 Sept. 9. The Austriaus, after join- 
ing the English and Russian alliance 
against France, cross the Inn aud in- 
vade Bavaria. 



Oct. 17. WUrtemberg. The Austrian 
general, Karl Mack, with 30,000± men, 

surrenders ULm to Bonaparte. 

Oct. 29-31. It. The Austrians under 
the Archduke Charles defeat the 
French under Marsha] Masse'na at 
Caldiero. 

Nov. 14. Vienna. The French under 
Marshal Murat capture the city. 

Dec. 2. Moravia. Battle of Austerlitz; 
Napoleon defeats t lie united forces ol 
Austria and Russia. (See France.) 

Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of Pres- 
burg is concluded with France. 

1806 Jan. 12. Vienna. The French 
evacuate the city. 

* * Bohemia. The French army occupies 
Prague. 

180S June 9. A decree is issued for 
raising an army of conscripts [300,000 
men, in addition to the regular army of 
350,000 men]. 

1S09 Apr. * "War is renewed with 
France. 

Apr. * Alsace. An indecisive battle is 
fought between the Austrians and 
French at Thann. 

Apr. 20. Bavaria. The Austrians under 
the Archduke Charles are defeated by 
the French under Napoleon at Abens- 
berg. 

Bavaria. The Austrians attack and 

take Katisbon, and secure the bridge. 

Apr. 22. Bavaria. The French 75,000 
strong, under Marshal Davout, defeat 
the Austrians 40.000 strong, under Arch- 
duke Charles, at Eckmuhl; Charles 
withdraws to Bohemia. 

May 11. Aust. Napoleon crosses the 
island of Lobau to the left bank of the 
Danube. 

May 13. Vienna. The French under 
Napoleon take the city a second time. 

May 21, 22. Aust. Battle of Aspern 
and Essling; Napoleon for the first 
time is defeated by the Archduke 
Charles ; Marshal Lannes is mortally 
wounded, and the French (1S0,000±) are 
forced to recross the Danube. (See 



Fra 



June 14. Hung. The Austrians under 
the Archduke John are defeated at 
Raab by the French under Prince 
Eugene. 

July 5, 6. Aust. Battle of "Wagram, 
near Vienna; Napoleon, with an army 
of 150,000 men, totally defeats the Aus- 
trians (120,000) under the Archduke 
Charles, and pursues him towards Mo- 
ravia. Loss on each side, 25,000-. 

July 11. Aust. At the battle of Znaim, 
between the Austrians aud the French 
under Marshal Massena, the fighting is 
stopped by news of an armistice. 

Oct. 14. Vienna. Peace is concluded 
with France. 

Aust. Andreas Hofer, a patriotic 

Tyrolese, having headed an insurrection 
and driven out the Bavarians from 
Tyrol, lays down his arms at the treaty 
of Vienna. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1791, July *- 1810, Feb. 20. 519 



1S10 Feb. 20. It. Hofer, being ac- 
cused of treason, is shot at Mantua by 
the French. [His family is ennobled 
in 1S19 under the title of Von Passeyr.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1795 * * Vienna, Beethoven publishes 
his three trios known as Opus 1 ; also 
Adelaide. 

1796* * Vienna. Dr. Franz Joseph Gall, 
a German physician, the original ad- 
vocate of phrenology, gives his first 
lecture. 

* * Vienna. Beethoven publishes three 
piano sonatas. 

1798* * Vienna. Lithography is in- 
vented by Alois Senefelder. 

1799 Mar. 19. Vienna. Haydn's Cre- 
ation appears. 

1800 * * Vienna. Beethoven becomes 
deaf. He publishes Prometheus and 
Mount of Olives; also his 1st Symphony. 
[1802, 2d Symphony ; 1803, Kreutzer So- 
nata ; 1804, Ero'ica Symphony ; 1805-06, 
Fidelio. (The latter is rewritten in 1S14) ; 
1806, 4th Symphony; 180S, Symphonies 5 
and 6 ; 1812, 7th Symphony ; 1S13, Battle 
Symphony ; 1S14, 8th Symphony ; 1S15, 
Meeresstille; 1S24, 9th Symphony ; also 
other works.] 

1808 * * Vienna. A Musical Festival 
for Haydn is held. 

1809 * * Etching on stone is used by 
Alois Senefelder. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1791 * * Czerny, Kail, composer, born. 
Hanka. YeiR'eslav, philologist, born. 
Born, Ignaz von, Hungarian mineralogist, 

philologist, A.49. 

Dec. 12. Maria Louisa, daughter of Fran- 
cis I-, Empress of France, born. 

Szechenyi, Istian, Count, Hungarian states- 
man, born. 

1792 * * Aulich, Louis, general, born. 

Mar. 1. Leopold U., Emperor of Holy 

Roman Empire, A45. 
Klein, Johann Adam, painter, born. 
Hell, Maximilian, Hung, astronomer, A72. 
1794* * Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, states- 
man, A83. 
1796* " : .fos;ka, Mifclos, Baron, novelist, b. 
1797* * Buol-S.-hauensiein, Karl Ferdinand 
von, statesman, born. 
Pfeiffer, Ida Laura, traveler, born. 
Leopold 11., Grand IHike of Tuscany, born. 
Wurmser, Dagobert Sigmund von, gen- 
eral, A 7 3. 

1798 * * Chmel, Joseph, historian, born. 
Palacky, Francis, historian, born. 
Clerfavt, de, Francois, S. C. J. de Croix, 

Compte, general, A65. 

1799 * * iiuylay. Franz, Count, born. 
Negrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, engineer, b. 
Celakowsky, Frantisi-k Ladisktv, poet, born. 
Frivaldskv, Knricli, Hungarian naturalist, b. 

1800 * * linger, Franz, Austrian paleontol- 
ogist, born. 

Vorosmarty, MUialy, poet, born. 
Czuczor, Gergely, writer, born. 

1801 * ' I'uislu-r, Siniriia, scholar, horn. 
Jellachieh von Buzlm, Joseph, Baron, Ban 

of Croatia, general, born. 
Fogarasv, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer 

and jurist, born. 
Ebert, Karl Ivgmi, Bnlicmian poet, born. 

1802 Apr. 27. Kossuth, Louis, Hunga- 
rian orator, statesman, born. 

1803 Oct. 17. Deak. Francis. Hungarian 
statesman, orator, born. 

Araerling, Frederick, painter, born. 

1804 Mar. 14. Strauss, Johann, com- 
poser, b. 

Endliclu-r. St.'phan kadislaus, botanist, born. 
Benedek, Ludwig von, general, born. 
Kempelcn, Wolfgang von, Baron, Hungarian 

mechanician, A70. 
Damianics, Janus, llmmanau general, born. 
Kokitansky, Kail, pathologist, born. 



1805 Nov. 24. Omer Pasha, gen., born 
in Croatia. 

i 'sokonai,Vitez Milialy, Hungarian poet, A 32. 
1807* "Batthyanyi. Kasnuir, count, born. 
1809* * Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian journalist, 
born. 
Ilorvath, Milialy, Hungarian historian, b. 
Auenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold von, phy- 
sician at Vienna, inventor of percussion, 
A87. 



1S00* * It. Pius VII. is pope. [1829. 
Pius VIII.] 

LETTERS. 

1805 * * Galicia. The University of 
Lembergis united with that of Cracow. 

STATE. 

1791 July * Ger. Leopold II. by cir- 
cular letter calls on all the sovereigns 
of Europe to come to the aid of the 
King of France against his revolting 
subjects. 

Aug. 4. Austria is required to surren- 
der her late conquests from Turkey by 
the treaty of Sistova. 

Aug. 27. Saxony. Leopold II. meets 
William U. at Pillnitz, to devise 
means for upholding the throne of 
France against its people. 

1792 Feb. 7. Aust. Leopold II. en- 
ters a definitive treaty of alliance with 
"William II. 

Nov. 6. Belgium. After the battle of 
Jemappes, the Austrian Netherlands 
fall into the hands of the French; 
Luxemburg is excepted. 

* * Bulgaria. The Emperor Francis I. 
(Francis II. of Germany) succeeds his 
father, Leopold II., as Emperor of the 
Holy Roman Empire [till 1806]. 

1795 * * Galicia. Cracow, Poland, is 
awarded to Austria. [Annexed again in 
1S46.] 

1796 Apr. * Austria loses Lombardy 
by the conquests of the French, and it 
is incorporated in the Cisalpine Repub- 
lic. 

1797 Apr. 18. Aust. Preliminaries 
of the Peace of Leoben are concluded 
between Bonaparte and Archduke 
Charles. 

Oct. 17. It. France and Austria con- 
clude a treaty of peace at Campo 
Formio. 

I. Open articles : Austria cedes the 
Netherlands to France, and in return re- 
ceives the greater part of the Venetian 
territories, iin-luding the city of Venice, 
Istria, and Dalniatia on the east shore 
of the Adriatic ; it also recognizes the 
Cisalpine Republic, ami indemnifies the 
Duke of Modena with Brisgau. France 
retains the Ionian Islands, and the ques- 
tion of peace with the Empire is to be 
settled by a Congress to meet at Ras- 
tadtt. 

II. Secret articles : Austria agrees to 
cede to France the territory on the left 
bank of the Rhine between Basle and 
Andernach, including Mainz : the Rhine 
to be free to the vessels of France and 
Germany ; Germany is to indemnify the 
princes who have lost by the cession of 
their territory. France is to use influ- 
ence to secure to Austria Salzburg and 
part of Bavaria. Each guarantees that 
Prussia shall not be recompensed for 
the Rhenish cession by acquisitions else- 



where. The ceded territories have a 
population numbering 3,500,000. 

1800 * * Aust. Bonaparte makes pro- 
posals of peace, which are rejected. 

1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Treaty of the 
Peace of Luneville, between the Re- 
public of France and the German Em- 
peror, with more losses of Austrian 
territory. 

Terms : 1. Cessions made by the treaty 
of Campo Formio are confirmed. 2. 
Tuscany is ceded to Parma, and Ger- 
many is to indemnify the loss. 3. The 
left bank of the Rhine is coded to France 
by Germany as far as the I Hitch territo- 
ries ; Germany to indemnify the princes 
for the loss of their territory. 4. The 
Batavian, Helvetian, Cisalpine, and Li- 
gurian Republics are recognized. The 
German and Belgic territory ceded is 
25,180 square miles, having a population 
numbering nearly 3,500,000. It marks 
the beginning of the end of the Holy 
Roman Empire. 

1804 Aug. 11. Aust. Francis II. pro- 
claims himself hereditary Emperor of 
Austria, and unites his dominions un- 
der the title of the Austrian Empire. 

1805 Dec. 26. Hung. Francis II. is 
forced to sign the humiliating Peace of 
Presburg. 

Napoleon requires him to cede the an- 
cient states of Venice to Italy ; a large 
part of Austrian territory is ceded to 
Bavaria; it includes the principality of 
Eichstadt, part of Passau, Augsburg, 
the Tyrol, and all his dominions in Swa- 
bia, in Brisgau, and Ortenau ; 28,000 
square miles, having a population num- 
bering 2,700,000, is transferred by Aus- 
tria; an indemnity of £1,600,000 is to be 
paid to France. 
* * The Third Coalition is formed 
against France by England, Russia, 
Austria, and Sweden. 

1806 July 12. Fr. The Confedera- 
tion of the Rhine is signed at Paris ; it 
destroys the integrity of the German 
Empire. 

Dissolution of the old German or 
Holy Roman Empire. 

Aug. 6. Ger. Francis II. lays down 
the crown. 

180S * * Fr. Bonaparte remonstrates 
with Austria for increasing her army. 

1809* *The people of the German 
States are summoned to take up arms 
against French supremacy. Tyrol 
alone responds with a force, which is 
led by the patriotic Andreas Hofer. 

Oct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Schon- 
brunn or Vienna, between Napoleon 
and Francis I. of Austria. (See Ger- 
many.) 

Austria cedes to France 32,000 square 
miles of territory, containing three and 
a half millions of people, and compris- 
ing the maritime provinces ; to Bavaria, 
Salzburg and Berchtesgaden, the Inn- 
viertel, and part of Ilansruckviertel. 
Russia receives East Galicia, and the 
duchy of Warsaw takes AVest Galicia. 
Napoleon receives the lands beyond the 
Suave, together with Villach, Istria, 
Hungarian Dalmatia, and Ragusa, from 
which, with the Ionian Islands, he forms 
the Illyrian Provinces. Austria joins the 
Continental system, breaks off her al- 
liance with England, and pays an indem- 
nity. The Tyrolese are abandoned by 
their allies, to resist Napoleon alone. 

1810 * * It. Southern Tyrol is annexed 
to Italy. 



520 1810, Feb. * -1848, May 15. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1812 * * Austria and France are at war 
with Russia. 

Austria furnishes an army of 30,000 
men, which shares Napoleon's adversi- 
ties in Russia. 

1813 Aug. 12. Aust. "War is declared 

against Prance. 

Austria unites with the allies to place 
three armies in the Held ; the Bohemian 
army is under Marshal Karl Philip Von 
Schwarzenberg, and with it are three 
monarchs, Alexander, Francis, and 
Frederick William. 

Aug. 28. Saxon//. Napoleon drives 
away the allies under Prince Schwarz- 
enberg from the siege of Dresden. 

Aug. 29. Saxony. Napoleon with 130,- 
000 French defeats the allies (200,000+) 
under Marshal Schwarzenberg at Dres- 
den ; Gen. Moreau is killed. 

Aug. 29, 30. Bohemia. The French 
under Gen. Vandamme are defeated 
near Kulm by the allies under'Count 
Ostermann and Marshal Kleist. 

Oct. 16. Saxony. The allies defeat Na- 
poleon at Leipsic, — also called the bat- 
tle of the " nations." (See France.) 
Napoleon proposes peace, but no reply 
is returned. 

Oct. 19. Saxony. Napoleon's defeated 
army retreats. 

1814 Mar. 31. Fr. The allies enter 
Paris. 

1815 May 2, 3. It. Marshal Murat 
having declared for Napoleon, the Nea- 
politans are defeated by the Austrians 
under Gen. Bianci at Tolentino. 

May 22. It. Naples is captured, and 
Marshal Murat flees to France. 

1821 * * It. Austrian forces subdue 
the popular uprising of Liberals in 
Naples and Sardinia, restoring the se- 
verest absolutism in government. 

1828 Aug. 5. Bulgaria. Czar Nich- 
olas arrives before Varna, which is 
besieged by a Russian army. [Oct. 11. 
The town is taken.] 

1831 * * .ft. Austria assists in suppress- 
ing insurrections in Modena, Parma, 
and Romagna. 

1832 Jan. * It. The Pope invokes the 
aid of Austria against the Italians, and 
its troops enter Bologna. 

1847 Mar. 23. It. Charles Albert of 
Sardinia enters Milan at the head of 
his army. 

1848 * * "War between Austria and 
Sardinia. 

Mar. 22. It. Milan revolts against 
the rule of Austria. 

Apr. 26. Gaticia. An insurrection 
breaks out in Cracow [It is soon sup- 
pressed]. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1811 Apr. * Hung. An inundation at 

Pesth, caused by the overflow of the 

Danube, destroys 24 villages ; many 

people are swept away. 



1813 Summer. An appalling in- 
undation occurs in Hungary, Austria, 
and Poland. 

1814* * Vienna. A Be wing-mac bine 
is made by Madersberger. 

1817* * Aust. Papyrography (paper 
plates for lithography) is invented by 
Alois Senefelder. 

1820 * * Vienna. The spinning-ma- 
chine for flax is invented by Philippe 
H. Girard, a Frenchman. 

1826 Feb. 28. Bohemia. Biela's 
Comet is discovered by M. Biela, an 
Austrian officer, at Josephstadt. 

1828* * Silesia. Hydropathy (treating 
diseases by water) is suggested by Vin- 
cenz Priessnitz of Grafenberg. 

1830 Feb.* Vienna. The dwellings of 
50,000 Viennese are under water. 

* * -34 * * Bohemia. The "polka" dance 
is introduced. [It is said to have ob- 
tained its name in Prague.] 

1834 * * Tyrol. The Emperor erects a 
statue in Innsbruck to the memory of 
the patriot, Andreas Hofer. 

1846 * * Vienna. The Imperial Acad- 
emy of Sciences is founded. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1810 Feb. 20. Hofer. Andreas. Tyrolese 
patriot, executed, A43. 

Nov. 20. AlvtiiL'zy, Joseph von, Austrian 

general, A75. 
Hunfalvy, Pal, Hungarian philologist, born. 

1811 Oct. 22. Liszt. Francis. Hungarian 
pianist, composer, born. 

Hyrtl, .Joseph, aiintcmiist, born. 
Kittrow, Karl Ludwig, astronomer, born. 
Teleki, Ladislans, patriot, born. 
Katoua, Istian or Stephen, Hungarian his- 
torian, A79. 

1812 * *Garay,Janos, Hungarian poet, born. 
Kmety, George, Hungarian-Turkish general, 

1813 * * Sumor, Janos, Cardinal, born. 
EbtvoSj J6sef, Baron, born. 

Miklosieh, Fran/, Ktyrian philologist, born. 
1814* * Pulszky, Frauds Aurelius, Hunga- 
rian patriot, author, born. 
Heller, Stephen, romposer, born. 
Ligne, de, Karl Joseph, 1'rinee, general, A 79. 

1815 * * Dudik, Beda Franz, historian, born. 

1816 * * Ambros, August Wilhelm, historian, 
born. 

1817 * * Albrecht, Frederick Rudolph, Arch- 
duke, general, born. 

1818* * Gasser, Valhorn Joseph, sculptor, 

Gorgey, Arthur, Hungarian gen., born. 

Baraeh, Mont/,, novelist and poet, born. 

Abel, Joseph, painter, A50. 
1819 * * Arany, .lonios, Hungarian poet, b. 
1820* * Klapka, Gybrgy, Hungarian gen., b, 

Schwarzenberg, Karl P. von, marshal, A 49. 

Bartsch, Johann A. B. von, engraver, A63. 

1821 * * Scherzer, Karl von, traveler and 
publicist, born. 

1822 * * Peton, Sandor, poet, born. 

1823 Mar. 8. Andrassy. Gyula (Julius). 
Hungarian statesman, born. 

1825 * * Jokai, Maui us. Hung, novelist, born. 

Chasteler, du, Jean G. J . A., Marquis, general, 
A62. 

Bubna Littiz. [-Ynlmand, Count, gen., A52. 
1827* * Teeethotr, Wilhelm von, Baron, b. 

1828 Oct. 22. Mack, Leiberich Karl 
von. Baron, general, A76. 

1829 * * Czennak, Johann Nepomuk, Bohe- 
mian physiologist, born. 

Gindelv, Anton, historian, born. 
Kisialudv, Karolv, Hungarian dramatist, 

A40. 
Pobrowski, Josef, Bohemian author, ATT.. 

1830 July 20. Janauschek. Francesca. 
M. R. (Fanny). Bohemian actor, born. 

Francis Joseph. Emperor, born Aug. 18. 

1831 * * Beer, Adolf, Austrian historian, b. 

1832 * * Goltmark, Karl, Hungarian com- 
poser, born. 

Zach, Franz Xaver von, astronomer, A78. 
Laub, Ferdinand, violinist, born. 



1834* • Senefehi-r. Alovn, Austrian inventor 
of Lithography, dies at Munich, A63. 

1835 Mar. 2. Francis I., Emperor, ACT. 

1836 • • Saeher-Masoch, Leopold B. von, 



1838" * Kol se;,, lerencz, Hungarian poet, 

Jagie, Vatroslay, Croatian philologist, born. 
1839 • * Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius. Hungarian 
author, Abb. 
Peschka-Leutner, Minna, Austrian singer, b. 
1840' • Leitn.-r, Gottlieb Wilhelm, Hunga- 
rian linguist, horn. 
1842 * ■ (soma de Ktinis S. II.. svholar, A52. 

L'ifaivy, de, Charles Eugene, Hungarian Lin* 



gUlf 






1844 " ■ Gansbacher, Johann, Austrian com- 
poser, A 34. 

Kisfaludy. Sandor, Hungarian poet, A72. 
Denirlg, Friedricn H. S., Tyrolese philoso- 
pher, Ifuiiimnan, born. 

1845 * * Hbt'zi, Lajos, Hungarian poet, born. 
1847 Dec* Maria Louisa, Empress of 

France, Duchess of Parma, A60. 

Holub, Emil, Bohemian traveler, born. 

Charles, or Karl, Archduke of Austria, com- 
mander, A 76. 

Jungmann, Joseph Jakob, Bohemian philol- 
ogist, A74. 

CHURCH. 

1816 Dec. 23. Hung. Bible societies 
are prohibited. 

1819* * Aust. The Marburg Bible so- 
ciety is organized. 

1846 * * It. Pius IX. is pope. 

1848* * Aust. The Jesuits are ex- 
pelled. 

LETTERS. 
1810* * Aust. The University of Salz- 
burg is suppressed. 

* * -12 * * Vienna. Anatomy and Physi- 
ology of the Nervous System, and of the 
Brain in particular, is published by Drs. 
Gall and Spurzheim, phrenologists. 

1811* * Prussia. The University of 
Breslau is enlarged by the incorpora- 
tion of that of Frank fort-on-t he-Oder in 
Silesia. 

1816 * * Silesia. The University of 
Cracow is opened on an independent 
basis. 

1817* * Bohemia. VenceslavHanka dis- 
covers the JiuK'opis Xralotfworsky in a 
church steeple at Kndsinhof; it com- 
prises 14 lyric poems written between 
1200 and 1310. 

* *-41* * Tudomdnpos gi/iljctemeny is 
issued. 

1825* * Hung. The Hungarian Acad- 
emy is established by the Diet. 

1827 * * Casopis Ceshebo Museum is is- 
sued. 

1835 * * Griseldis, by Eligius F. J. 
Miinch-Bellinghausen, appears. 

1841 * * The King and the Peasant, by 
Munch-Bellingbausen, appears. 

SOCTETY. 

1810 Mar. 11. Aust. Emperor Na- 
poleon Bonaparte marries the Arch- 
duchess Maria Louisa, daughter of the 
Emperor of Austria, by proxy, at Vienna. 

Apr. 2. Paris. Napoleon marries 
Maria Louisa of Austria. 

1S15 Feb. 8. Vienna. The Congress 
determines to abolish slavery. 

* * Austria unites in "the Pentarchy of 
Great Powers, and she becomes an ef- 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1810, Feb.* -1848, May 15. 521 



fective enemy of popular liberty in 
various parts of Europe. 
1819 * * Aust. The Emperor ennobles 
the family of Andreas Hofer, the 
Tyrolese patriot-martyr. 

STATE. 
1810 Apr. 2. Paris, Napoleon mar- 
ries Maria Louisa, daughter of Francis 

1. of Austria and Maria Theresa of 
Naples. 

1812 * * Austria is obliged to enter an 
alliance with France against Russia. 

1813 Feb. * Prussia and Russia invite 
Austria to enter the Alliance of Kalish 
against France. 

* * Austria enters the Coalition, agree- 
ing to furnish an army of 200,000 men. 

Aug. 12. Austria, having failed as a 
peacemaker, declares war against 
France. 

Sept. 9. Bohemia. An Alliance is 

formed at Teplitz against France, 

between Austria, Prussia, and Russia. 

1. The union to be maintained and 

the territories of each to be guaranteed. 

2. Each to assist the others to the extent 
of 60,000 men or more. 3. No separate 
peace or armistice to be made. Secret 
articles provide for the restoration of 
Austrian and Prussian boundaries as 
they were in 1805. 

■Oct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Bied is 
entered between Austria and Bavaria, 
which abandons Napoleon, and joins the 
alliance against him, and is to have her 
territories maintained. 

Oct. 17. By the defeat of Napoleon at 
Leipsic, Germany regains her inde- 
pendence and the Confederation of 
the Rhine is dissolved. 

1814 Sept.* -1815 June 9. The 
Congress of Vienna settles the con- 
flicting boundary claims of several 
States. 

The emperors of Austria and Russia, 
the kings of Prussia, Denmark, Bavaria, 
and WUrtemberg, and very many princes, 
are present in person. (See Prance.) 

Nov. 1. Aust. A general conference 
is held at Vienna. 

1815 Mar. 13. Austria joins seven 
other powers in proclaiming the ban 
against Napoleon. 

Mar. 23. Vienna. The Treaty of 
Vienna is signed ; Italian provinces are 
restored to Austria with additions in- 
cluding : — 

Lombardy, Venice, Illyrian Provinces, 
Dalmatia, the Tyrol, Vorarlberg, Salz- 
burg, the Innviertel and Hansruck- 
viertel. 

Mar. 25. Vienna. Austria, Great Brit- 
ain, Prussia, and Russia conclude a new 
alliance, and each agrees to furnish an 
army of 180,000 men, and all Europe is 
invited to join them. 

May 15. Vienna. By the Treaty of 
Vienna, the allies agree to the enlarge- 
ment of the Dutch territories in the 
Netherlands and vesting their sover- 
eignty in the House of Orange. 

June 14. Vienna. By the Treaty of 
Vienna, Denmark exchanges Swe- 



dish Pomerania and Rugen for Lau- 
renburg, Prussia. 

Sept. 26. The Holy Alliance is formed 
between the emperors of Austria, Rus- 
sia, and the Kingdom of Prussia, on a 
theoretical basis favoring morality 
and religion. [It soon becomes an al- 
liance for the protection of absolute 
monarchy.] 

Nov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace of 
Paris is signed. (See France.) 

Nov. 27. Galicia. A new constitution 
is granted for Poland, and Cracow is 
declared to be a free republic. 

* * Aust. "West Galicia is recovered by 
Austria. 

1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. A Congress of 
ministers assembles at Karlsbad ; 
Prince Clemens W. Metternich of 
Austria is the leader. 

It resolves on the supervision of uni- 
versities, and unites in the censorship 
of the press. 

1820 May* Aust. The final Act of 

Vienna is signed. 

Oct. 20. Aust. The Emperors Fran- 
cis I. and Alexander of Russia meet at 
Troppau. 

Nov. 10. Aust. The Emperors meet. 
[Dec. 17. They adjourn to Laibach.] 

1821 Jan. * Aust. The Congress of 
Laibach. 

The Emperors of Russia and Austria, 
the King of the two Sicilies, the Duke or 
Modena, with representatives of France, 
Great Britain, Prussia, Sardinia, and 
other states, resolve to intervene in 
Piedmont and Naples for the repression 
of revolutions. (See Army.) 

1822 Oct. * -Dec. * It. Congressof 
Verona. 

The sovereigns of Prussia, Austria, 
Russia, and the Two Sicilies, and Sar- 
dinia, with the Duke of "Wellington, the 
Duke of Montmorency, Prince Metter- 
nich, and others ; Metternich presides. 
It considers the Grecian and Spanish 
disturbances. 

1825 * * Hung. The Diet meets. 

1828 * * Austria joins with England in 
interference to prevent the fall of 
Constantinople, and in bringing about 
peace. 

1830 July* It. In Lombardy 30,000 
troops are required to maintain Im- 
perial authority. 

1833 * * Bohemia. The sovereigns of 
Austria, Prussia, and Russia meet at 
Munchengratz. 

* * Bohemia. A Ministerial confer- 
ence assembles at Teplitz. 

* * The Zollverein, or German Cus- 
toms TJnion of the North German 
States, is founded. 

1834 * * Aust. Ministerial conference 
at Vienna. 

1835 Mar. 2. Aust. Emperor Ferdi- 
nand I. succeeds his father (Ferdinand 
V. of Hungary). 

Metternich, the Prime Minister, is the 
leader of the reaction throughout Eu- 
rope in favor of absolute monarchy ; 
censorship of the press and the require- 
ment of passports are strictly enforced. 



1838 July 3. Aust. A new commer- 
cial treaty is entered with England. 

1840 * * Austria joins an alliance against 
Mehemed Ali. (See Germany.) 

* * The armed intervention of England 
and Austria forces the viceroy of Egypt 
to surrender his high claims in Syria, 
and content himself with the hereditary 
rule over Egypt, under the over-lordship 
of Turkey. 

1846 Feb. 22-27. Silesia. An at- 
tempted revolution in Austrian Po- 
land fails. 

* * Aust. The Court is alarmed by an in- 
surrection in Galicia against repres- 

Nov. 16. The Courts of Austria, Russia, 
and Prussia revoke the treaty of Vi- 
enna; Austria occupies Cracow. 

It constitutes Cracow a free republic, 
and it is declared Austrian territory. 
[England, France, Sweden, and Turkey 
protest against this annexation.] 

1847 Mar. 23. Aust. Charles Al- 
bert, King of Sardinia, enters Milan. 

Oct. 3. Hung. Ban JeUachich is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1848 * * -4Q * * Uprising of the Hun- 
garians for independence. 

Mar. 4. Hung. A new constitution is 

promulgated. 
Mar. * The rebellion spreads into Tyrol 

and Lombardy and into Germany. 

Mar. 13-15. Vienna. Popular agitation 
for reforms and a liberal constitution 
becomes violent ; the Viennese follow 
the example of the Hungarians, and the 
monarchy is in great peril ; Prince Met- 
ternich, the Minister, resigns, and flees 
the city, which falls into the control of 
the burgher-guard and the students. 

* * Hung. Louis Kossuth and Count 
Batthyanyi are at the head of the pro- 
visional government in Hungary. 

Mar. 18. It. The Emperor, from his 
refuge in Milan, abolishes the censor- 
ship of the press, and calls a conven- 
tion of the states. 

Mar. 23. It. Austrians evacuate Milan, 
and Sardinians, led by King Charles 
Albert, enter. 

Apr. * The Hungarians' demand for a 
separate Ministry is granted by the 
Emperor. 

May 15. Vienna. A second outbreak 
forces the convening of a Constituent 
Diet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814 * * Aust. The state factories begin 
the manufacture of cigars, which are 
not yet commonly seen in Europe. 

1828 * * Aust. Two Englishmen form a 
steamboat company for the navigation 
of the Danube. 

1830* * Hung. Steamboats run between 
Vienna and Budapest in Hungary. 

1832 * * A ust. A railroad is built con- 
necting Budweis and Lintz. 

1834* * Hung. Steamboats descend the 
Danube as far as Orsova. 



522 1848, May 17-1850,* * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1848 May 29. It. The army of Charles 

Albert, King of Sardinia, defeats the 
Austrians under Marshal Joseph Wen- 
zel ltadetzky at Goito ; the latter re- 
treat. 

Bohemia. An insurrection breaks 

out at Prague- 
June 15. It. Padua surrenders to 
the Austrians. 

July 20. Bohemia. The insurgents at 
Prague submit, and the state of siege 
is raised. 

July 25. It. The Sardinian army 
(25,000) is defeated by Austrians (33,000) 
under Marshal Radetzky at Custozza. 

Aug. 4. It. Milan is retaken by the 
Austrian army. 

Aug. 9-49. Mar. 20. It. A truce is 
declared. 

Sept. 11. Hang. The Hungarians, after 
much agitation for civil rights, which 
are refused by Austrians, rise in re- 
bellion. 

Sept. 29. Hung. The Hungarians at 
Velencze defeat Baron von Jellachich, 
the Ban of Croatia, who fights in the 
interests of the Imperial Government. 

Oct. 11. Vienna. The Hungarians 
approach within six miles of Vienna; 
the emperor flees from the city. 

Oct. 16. Hung. Alfred Zu, Prince 
Windisehgratz, is appointed com- 
mander-in-chief of the Austrians. 

Oct. 23. Vienna. Windisehgratz and 
Jellachich with 100,000 men besiege the 
Hungarians at Vienna. 

Oct. 27. Aust. Kossuth withdraws 
his army from near Vienna. 

Oct. 28. Aust, Vienna is bombarded 
by "Windisehgratz and the Ban Jel- 
lachich ; the city is set on fire in many 
places. 

Oct. 30. Hung. Jellachich defeats and 
routs the army of Hungarians sent to 
relieve Vienna, at Schwechat. 

Oct. 31. Aust. Vienna is taken by 
storm by Windisehgratz after severe 
fighting. 

Dec. 21. Hung. The Hungarians are 
defeated by the Austrians at Szaikszo. 

Dec. 29. Hung. The Hungarians under 
Gen. Perczel are again defeated at . 
Moor by the Ban Jellachich. 

1849 Jan. * Hungary is entered by 
an Austrian army. 

Jan. 5. Hung. Budapest is taken by 
Prince Windisehgratz. 

Jan. 21. Transylvania. The Austrians 
are defeated at Hermannstadt by the 
Polish Gen. Joseph Bern. 

Feb. 4. Transylvania. Gen. Bern is 
defeated by Austrians under Gen. Pulch- 
ner at Hermannstadt. 

Feb. 9. At Piski the Austrians defeat 
the Hungarians under Gen. Bern. 

Feb. 14. Hung. The Austrians take the 
fortress of Essek from Hungarians. 

Peb. 26, 27. Hung, The Hungarians 
under Gen. Henryk Dembinsky are dis- 
astrously defeated at Kapolna. 



Mar. 5. Hang. Tbe Hungarians under 
Gen. Janos Darajanies defeat the 
Austrians under Gen. Grammont at 
Szolnok. 
Mar. 11, 20. Transylvania. Hungari- 
ans under Gen. Bern defeat and rout 
the Russian allies at Hermannstadt 
and Brasso. 
Mar. 21. //. Austrians under the Arch- 
duke Albert defeat the Sardinians under 
the Duke of Genoa at Mortara. 
Mar. 23. It. Austrians under Marshal 
Joseph W. Radetzky defeat the Sardini- 
ans under Charles Albert at Wovara, 
and compel the conclusion of a peace. 
Mar. 25. The armistice of seven 
months expires, and the war with Den- 
mark is resumed. (See Germany.) 
Mar. 30. It. Gen. von Haynau with 
the Imperialists takes and sacks Bres- 
cia, after a great and bloody battle ; he 
treats his prisoners with great cruelty. 
Apr. 2. Hung. The Austrians are de- 
feated at Hatvan by the Hungarians. 
Apr. 4. Hung. The Austrians are de- 
feated at Lapio-Bicske. [Apr. 6. 
Again at Isaszeg.] 
Apr. 6. Hung. The Austrians under 
Prince Windisehgratz are defeated at 
Gb'dbllo by the Hungarians under Gen. 
Gorgey. 
Apr. 10. Hung. Austrians are defeated 

at Waitzen by the Hungarians. 
Apr. 18. Hung. The Imperialists are 

defeated at Gran. 
May 1. Russia decides to join Austria 

against Hungary. 
May 16. It. Bologna is taken by the 
Austrians, after a siege of eight days. 
May 21. Hang. The Hungarians under 
Gen. Gorgey storm and capture Buda. 
[July * Recaptured.] 
June* Hang. Julius Jakob, Baron von 
Haynau, takes command of the Aus- 
trian army. 
June * Hung. A Hussian army of 130- 
000 men crosses the frontier to aid the 
Austrians. 
June 18. It. Anconais taken by Aus- 
trians after a bombardment. 
June 19. Transylvania. Hungarians 
under Gen. Bern, outnumbered three to 
one, are defeated by the Russians at 
Hermannstadt. 
June 2S. Hung. Raab is stormed and 

taken by the Austrians. 
July 14 Hung. Baron von Jellachich 

is defeated at Hegyes. 
July 15-17. Hung. An indecisive ac- 
tion occurs at "Waitzen between the 
Russians and the Hungarians under 
Gen. Gorgey. 
July 31. Hung. The Hungarians under 
Gen. Bern are defeated at Schassburg 
by the Russians under Gen. Luders. 
July* Hung. The Hungarians are de- 
feated at Acs. Budapest is recovered 
by the Austrians. 
Aug. 5. Hung. Hungarians under Count 
Dembinsky are defeated by Baron von 
Haynau at Szorek. 



Aug. 9. Hung. Hungarians are again 
defeated at Temesvar by Baron won 
Haynau; the Hungarian army is almost 
destroyed. 

Aug. 11. Hung. The Hungarians are 
defeated at Arad. 

Aug. 13. Hung. Gen. Arthur Gi . 
after being made dictator (Aug. 11) by 
the resignation of Kossuth and others, 
surrenders at Vilagos to the Russian 
Gen. Rudiger; the Hungarian army 
numbers 24,000 nu-n with 140 guns. [He 
is regarded as a traitor by the Hunga- 

Aug. 23. It. Venice is taken by the 
Austrians under Marshal Radetzky, 
after a long siege. 

Sept. 27. Hung. Komorn yields, and 
the Hungarian war ends in the sup- 
pression of the revolution. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1848* * Blum, Robert, political ajntator, 
writer, shot at Vienna, A41. 

Lembery, Count, killed at Pestta. 

Lenz, Osk.ir, treolopist, born. 

Hormayr. Joseph von, liaron, Tyrolese his- 
torian, AG". 

Dec. 2. Francis Joseph, emperor, born. 
1849* * Enillk-her, Stej.han La.hslaus, Hun- 
garian botanist, dies .Mar. i'-. Air,. 

Petorl, Sandor, Hungarian poet. A 27. 

Aulich, Louis, Hungarian general. A 57. 

Batthyanvi, Louis, Count. Hungarian pa- 
triot, A40. 

Sept. 35. Strauss. Johann. Austrian 
musical composer, dies, A45. 
1850 Dec. 10. Bern. Joseph. Polish gen- 
eral in Hungarian service, dies, A55. 

Janisch, Antonie. nnisn-ian, born. 

Gyrowetz, Adalbert, Bohemian composer, 
A87. 

SOCIETY. 
1S49 * * Austria has 530 public hospi- 
tals, 40 lunatic asylums, 40 lying-in 
establishments, 33 foundling hospitals. 
1,351 institutions for aged indigent per- 
sons, and 7,173 poor-houses. 



STATE. 

1S4S May 17. Aust. Ferdinand and 
the empress flee to Innsbruck, and 
find personal safety among their faith- 
ful Tyrolese. 

May 18-49. * * Prussia. The German 
National Assembly meets at Frank- 
fort, and creates a provisional Parlia- 
ment. [It is disturbed by the strife of 
factions.] 

The Assembly meets in the church of 
St. Paul, and proceeds in the effort to 
prepare a constitution for the German 
Empire, which shall be harmonious with 



thuiiu 



of all the states. 



May 20. Hung. The Ban of Croatia 
summons the Diet of the Croatian- 
Slavonie nation. 

REVOLUTION. 

May 25. Aust. An attempt to dis- 
solve the Academic Legion creates a 
riot, and streets of Vienna are barri- 
caded. 

A committee of guards, citizens, and 
students is formed to preserve order and 
is finally legalized by the Prime Minis- 
ter, audit assumes the authority of gov- 
ernment. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1848, May 17-1850,* * 523 



May 29. Ger. The Archduke John 

of Austria is elected Administrator of 

the Empire at Frankfort. 
June 2. Bohemia. An anti-German 

gathering, meeting at Prague, is called 

the Slavonic Congress. 
It aims to unite the Slavonic people 



June * Prussia. The President of the 
National Assembly at Frankfort is 
Baron Heinrich von Gagern of Bai- 
reuth ; he favors the union of the Ger- 
man States on the basis of the exclusion 
of Austria. Four parties appear in the 
Assembly. 

June 1 1 . Prussia. The Archduke 
John enters Frankfort. 

Anton Von Schmerling of Austria is 
Minister of Foreign Affairs and the in- 
terior. [The Ministry soon discovers 
that it lacks authority.] 

June 12. Bohemia. An uprising of 
the Czechs in Prague is suppressed by 
Gen. Alfred Zu Windischgratz. 

June * Aust. The emperor returns 
from Innsbruck, 

June * Hung. The Hungarians change 
the seat of government to Sezegedin. 

July 22. Vienna. The first Reichstag 
meets. 

[The Diet declares its sittings per- 
manent, and elects a Committee of 
Safety ; it is later forced to remove 
from Vienna, and is established at 
Kremsier, Moravia.J 

Sept. 11. Hung. A counter revolu- 
tion, chiefly by Slavonians, is led by 
Jellachich, Ban of Croatia. 

It is instigated and supported by the 
Austrian government and. in opposition 
to Hungary. (See Army.) 

Sept, 2S. Hung. Count Lamberg, the 
military governor, is murdered by a mob 
at Budapest. 

The Hungarian Diet appoints a pro- 
visional government under the patri- 
ots Louis Kossuth and Louis Batthy- 
anyi. 

Oct. 6. Aust. The emperor openly de- 
clares against the Hungarians. 

He annuls the decrees of the Diet, 
suspends the civil authorities, and makes 
Jellachich, the anti-Hungarian revolter, 
the commander of the Austrian army. 

* * Hung. The Diet denies the authority 
of the emperor, organizes a Commit- 
tee of Safety, with Louis Kossuth, 
president. 

Vienna. A second insurrection 

breaks out. 

The garrison departs to suppress the 
Hungarians, and a revolt follows. A 
deputation asks their return, and being 
refused, the people take the arsenal by 



Oct. * Aust. The National Diet peti- 
tions the emperor for a new Ministry, 
the revocation of the edict against the 
Hungarians, and the dismissal of Jella- 
chich, with amnesty for rioters. 

Oct. 7. Aust. The emperor returns an 
evasive address, and [flees to Olmtitz, 



M<. 



Oct. 11. Aust. The Hungarian army 
approaches within sis miles of the city. 

Nov. 2. Vienna. The Imperialists are 
in possession. 

Dec. 1. Francis Joseph, son of Arch- 
duke Francis Charles by the Princess 
Sophia, daughter of Maximilian I. of 
Bavaria, is declared of age. 

Dec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand abdicates 
the throne of the Empire in favor of his 
nephew Francis Joseph, his brother 
Francis Charles having declined it. 

Heign of Francis Joseph, Emperor 
of Austria and King of Hungary. [The 
emperor at the present time.] 

Dee. 5. Prus. The National Assem- 
bly is dissolved, and substituted by a 
constitution providing for two cham- 
bers, the second elected by universal 
and equal suffrage. 

Dec. 8. Hung. The Diet refuses to rec- 
ognize the abdication of Ferdinand I. 

It denounces as traitors all who ac- 
knowledge the Emperor of Austria as 
the King of Hungary, 

* * Hungary is treated as a conquered 
country, and subjected to great cruel- 
ties. 

1849 Mar. 4. Aust. The emperor dis- 
solves the Austrian Reichstag at Krem- 
sier, arrests its liberal members, gives a 
new constitution of his own for Aus- 
tria, and abolishes the ancient Hunga- 
rian constitution, annihilating the in- 
dependence of Hungary, and making it 
a Crown land of Austria. 

Apr. 14. Hungary declares herself 
free. On motion of Kossuth the Diet 
deposes the House of Hapsburg-Lor- 
raine. Kossuth is made governor of 
Hungary. 

Apr. 26. Hung. Russian interven- 
tion in aid of Austria against Hungary 
is agreed upon. 

May * Prussia. A party in the German 
National Assembly at Frankfort at- 
tempts to form Germany into an inte- 
gral empire, from "which Austria is 
excluded. 

* * Bosnia. A rebellion breaks out. 
May* Prussia. Many representatives 

to the Parliament of Frankfort are re- 
called. [It adjourns to Stuttgart.] 

June 18. Wiirtemberg, The rump Par- 
liament at Stuttgart, having dwindled 
in number and influence, is dispersed by 
the Wiirtemberg government. 

June * Prussia. It is decided that the 
administrator of the German states shall 
be superseded by a central power to be 
executed by Austria and Prussia al- 
ternately, "for the German Con- 
federacy." 

Aug. 11. Hung. Kossuth accuses Gor- 
gey of treachery in surrendering the 
army, resigns bis office, and retires into 
exile. 

Aug.* Aust. The whole Lombard- 
Venetian kingdom is again subject 
to Austria. 



Aug. 21. Hung. The patriots Kossuth, 
Bern, and others flee to Turkey, and 
are protected at New Orsova. 

Oct. 6. Hung. Count Batthyanyi, a 
conservative Hungarian, is executed at 
Budapest, and 13 patriots at Arad, who 
had voluntarily surrendered ; Gb'rgey is 
spared. 

Oct. 19. Hung. Amnesty is granted to 
patriots who return from their refuges. 

* *Aust. Prince Felix Schwarzenberg 
resumes the Ministry of Foreign Affairs. 

1850 * * Prussia advocates a German 
Federal State with Austria excluded. 

Feb. 27. Bavaria. A treaty is signed 
at Munich by Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, 
and Wiirtemberg, for the maintenance 
of the German Union. 

Mar. 20. Saxony. The Parliament of 
Erfurt (Central Germany) is opened, 
and proceeds to consider a new German 
Union. [Apr. 27. It concludes its dis- 
cussions.] 

May 9-16. Prussia. A congress of 
German princes assembles in Berlin. 
The opposition of the Elector of Hesse- 
Cassel, Frederick William I., to the pro- 
posed union is made known. 

Sept. 2. Prussia. Austria attempts to 
frustrate the plans of Prussia by 
means of the Frankfort Parliament, 
which reopens, with representatives 
from Austria, Bavaria, Saxony, Han- 
over, Wiirtemberg, and other states. 

Sept. 7- Prussia. Hesse-Cassel is pro- 
nounced in a state of war by the 
elector ; resistance is given to the un- 
popular Minister, Hassenpflug, and other 
officials, and the courts. 

Oct. 2. Prussia. The Diet appoints 
General Haynau military dictator 
in the electorate of Hesse. 

Oct. 14. Prussia. The Elector of 
Hesse-Cassel formally applies to the 
Frankfort Diet of Princes for assistance 
to reestablish his authority in Hesse. 

M"ov. 6. Prussia. An Austro-Bava- 
rian force of 10,000 men enters Hesse, 
and war is imminent. 

Austria delivers her ultimatum at 
Berlin, demanding that Prussia evacu- 
ate Hesse in eight days, dissolve the 
Erfurt League, and recognize the Diet ; 
Frederick William responds by calling 
out the entire military force of the 
kingdom. 
Nov. 7. Prussia. A Prussian force en- 
ters Cassel in the north. 
Nov. 28, 29. Moravia. A conference 
is held at Olmtitz, under the mediation 
of Czar Nicholas, respecting Hesse-Cas- 
sel. 

Efforts for union are made, and Prus- 
sia, represented by Von Manteuffel, 
yields to all the demands of Austria rep- 
resented by Schwarzenberg; the Danes 
are to have SL-hleswig-IIolstein, and the 
Elector of Hesse is to be restored to his 
authority. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1850 July 18. Galicia. Cracow is 
nearly destroyed by fire. 



524 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1851 July 19. It. Marshal Radetzky 

from Mouga declares the Lombardo- 

Venetian kingdom to be in a state of 

aiege. 

1853 Feb. 6±. It. Marshal Radetzky 
suppresses an outbreak in Milan. 

1854 Aug. * lioumania. The Austrians 
enter the Danubian principalities 
of Wallachia and Moldavia. 

; Sept. 6. lioumania. The Austrian army 
enters Bucharest, the capital of Wal- 
lachia. 

1855 June 24. Aust. The army is 
reduced to a peace footing. 

1857 Mar. * Austria recalls her troops 
from the Danubian provinces. 

1859 Feb. * -Mar. * Austria prepares 
for war by increasing her armies in 
Italy, and fortifying the banks of the 
River Ticino, which forms the boundary 
between her Italian provinces and Sar- 
dinia. 

* * Aust. "War with France and Sar- 
dinia. (See State.) 
. Apr. 26. It. An Austrian force under 
the Hungarian Gen. Franz, Count Gyu- 
lai, crosses the Ticino into Sardinia. 

Apr. 27. It. French soldiers enter 
Piedmont, Sardinia. 

May 3. Fr. Emperor Napoleon HI. 
declares war against Austria because 
of her invasion of Italy. 

May 20. It. Battle of Montebeilo, 
in Piedmont. The Austrians under Gen. 
Stadion are repulsed by the French un- 
der Gen. Forey, with a loss of 1,000 killed 
and wounded. 

May 30-June 1. It. The Austrians are 
again defeated at Palestro in Lora- 
hardy. 
- June 4. It. Battle of Magenta : The 
Emperor Francis Joseph with 75,000+ 
Austrians is defeated by 55,000± French 
and Sardinians led by Napoleon III. 
(nominally) and Marshal McMahon ; the 
allies' loss, 4,000 killed and wounded; 
the Austrians' loss, 10,000, besides 7,000 
prisoners. 
. June 8. It. The Austrians are again 
defeated at Melegnano near Milan. 

June 24. It. Battle of Solferino in 
Lombardy : The French and Sardini- 
ans, commanded by Napoleon III. and 
King Victor Emmanuel, defeat the Aus- 
trians under Francis Joseph and Gen. 
Hess, after fighting 15 hours ; Austrian 
loss, 630 officers, 19,311 soldiers ; loss of 
the allies, eight generals, 936 officers, 
and 17,305 soldiers killed or wounded. 
This battle closes the war. 

July 6. It. An armistice is agreed to 
between the French and Austrians. 

July 12. Fr. The preliminaries of 
peace are signed at Villafranca. (See 
State.) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1851 * * Dobrentei, Gabor, Hungarian au- 
thor, A 35. 
Fejer, Gyorgy, Hungarian antiquary, A85. 



1863 * * Celakowaky, Krantisck Ladislav, 
Bohemian poet, A53. 
Kollar, .Jan, Hungarian poet, scholar, AW. 
1853 Mar. 14. Haynau. Julius Jacob 
von. Baron, Austrian general, dies, A67. 
Garay, Janus, Hungarian poet, A41. 
1854* * Batthyanyi, Kasunir, count, states- 
man, A47. 

1855 * * Sophia, princess, born. 

JUailatli, JainoB Nepomuk, count, Hungarian 

historian, A69. 
1856* * Vordsinarty, Mindly, Hungarian 

poet, A56. 
Gisela, princess, born. 

1857 June 16. Gerster, Etelka. Hunga- 
rian vocalist, born. 

Czerny, Karl, composer, A66. 
Sophia, princess, dies at Buua. 

1858 Jan. 5. Radetzky, Joseph Wenzel, 
marshal, A92. 

Aug-. 21. Rudolph, arWidnke, bom. 
ITeilTfr, Ida Laura, Austrian lady traveler, 

A61. 
Chmel, Joseph, Austrian historian, A60. 
NYgrelli-iMohlelbe, Aloys von, engineer, A59. 

1859 Mar. 19. Jellachich, von. Joseph, 
de Buzin, ban of Croatia, general, A58. 

June 11. Metternich, Clemene "Wenzel 
Lothar von. prince, diplomatist, chief 
minister, A86. 
I860* * Szechenyi, Istvan, count, Hunga- 
rian statesman, A69. 

Kraitsir, Charles, philologist, A54. 

CHURCH. 

1852 Jan. 1. It is announced that the 
emperor has restored the Eoman 
Catholic clergy to influence, and re- 
established the Jesuits. 

1856 Aug. * The emperor signs a 
concordat with the Pope, giving the 
Church of Rome greater power than 
it ever had before ; the clergy are to 
have unlimited control of all ecclesias- 
tical and educational matters. 

1858 * * Bohemia. T. Mertel is conse- 
crated cardinal deacon and vice- 
chancellor of Bohemia. 

1860 Jan. 6-10 and Feb. 18. Aust 
Decrees are issued removing Jewish 
disabilities. 

1861 Apr. 8. Civil and political rights 
of Protestants are assured throughout 
the entire Empire, except in Hungary 
and Venice. 

LETTERS. 
1851 * * Aust. There are 262 colleges 
(Gymnasia) and 38 schools for the study 
of the technical sciences, 12 agricultural 
schools, three mining-schools, and 11 
academies of midwifery, 10 universi- 
ties, eight academies for technical sci- 
ences, five mining and agricultural acad- 
emies, and nine academies of surgery. 

1853 * * Ziva is issued. 

1855 Aug. 18. A decree is promul- 
gated requiring parents to send their 
children to school. 

Aug. * The emperor signs a concordat 
giving the clergy unlimited control of 
all educational matters. 

* * Hung. Budapesti Szemle is issued. 

1S57 * * The Gladiator of Ravenna, by 
Munch-Bellinghausen, appears. 

1861 Feb. 26. The statutes of the 
new constitution are published. 

SOCIETY. 
1851 Sept. 22. Hung. Louis Kos- 
suth, the patriot, and 35 other Hunga- 
rians, are sentenced to death in contuma- 
ciam at Budapest. 



1853 Feb. 18. Vienna. Libenyi, a 
young Hungarian, attempts to assassi- 
nate the emperor. 

1854 Apr. 24. Francis Joseph mar- 
ries Elizabeth of Bavaria. 

1857 May. * Aust. The emperor vis- 
its Hungary. 

1860 Jan. 6-10. Aust. The oppres- 
sive laws against the Jews are annulled. 



STATE. 

1851* * Saxony. A conference of 
Ministers is held at Dresden to promote 
the union of the German States ; Otto 
Theodore, Baron Manteuffel, of Prussia, 
is president, and Felix Ludwig Sehwarz- 
enberg represents Austria. 

Feb. 17. Hung. The Austrian and 
Turkish governments come to a settle- 
ment respecting Hungarian refugees; 
all except Kossuth, Batthyanyi, and six 
others receive full and entire amnesty 
on condition of their not entering Hun- 
gary. 

Aust. Charles Loring Brace, an 

American traveler and philanthropist, 
is arrested and imprisoned. 

He is charged with " being a member 
of the democratic committee, an agent 
of Ujhazy and Cretz, and of traveling 
with revolutionary writings, to spread 
revolutionary movements." 

May 15. Saxony. The old confedera- 
tion of the German States is reestab- 
lished by the Conference at Dresden. 

July * Aust. A new tariff is adopted. 

Aug. 20. Aust. The emperor issues 
cabinet letters declaring his ministers 
"are responsible to no other political 
authority than the throne," tl the Reichs- 
tag is to be considered the council of 
the throne," and the Minister-President 
is to take " into ripe and serious consid- 
eration the possibility of carrying out 
the constitution of March 4, 1849." 

Oct. * Aust. Jews are permitted to study 
law. 

Dec. 31. Aust. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph revokes the liberal constitu- 
tion of March 4, 1849. 

* * Bosnia. Omer Pasha quells the re- 
bellion. 

1852 Jan. 15. Aust. Trial by jury is 
abolished. 

* * * Aust. Absolutism is gradually 
reestablished in the Empire. 

Apr. 5. Prince Schwarzenberg, the 
Prime Minister, dies. 

Apr. * Count Euol Schauenstein is ap- 
pointed Prime Minister, and a change 
of commercial policy follows. 

May 9-16. Saxony. A Diet is con- 
vened at Erfurt for the reorganization 
of Germany under the presidency of 
Prussia. 

[Later a rival Diet is convened at 
Frankfort under the leadership of Aus- 
tria ; the lesser States are invited to 
send representatives to both.] 

Dec. * Aust. The bill establishing bien- 
nial parliaments becomes a law. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1851, Feb. 17-1861, Nov.*. 525 



1853 Feb. 1. Austria offers herself 
as a mediator between the Turks and 
Montenegrins. 

Feb. 19. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna ; 
a commercial treaty for twelve years 13 
signed by Austria and the Zollverein. 

Feb. * Austria sides with Montene- 
gro against Turkey, and demands the 
redress of their grievances, which is 
granted. 

June 21. Turkey. Martin Koszta is 
seized at Smyrna. 

This Hungarian refugee, who had de- 
clared at New York his intention of 
becoming an American citizen, and hav- 
ing a U. S. passport in his pocket, is 
seized by Austrian authority, and placed 
in confinement. 

July 2. Capt. Ingraham, of the U. S. 
sloop-of-war St. Louis, at 8 A.M., de- 
mands the surrender of Koszta by 
4 p.m., and threatens to take him by 
force if necessary. [It is finally agreed 
to leave Koszta in the hands of the 
French consul, where he remains until 
released. Congress votes a medal for 
Capt. Ingraham.] 

Aug. 1. Vienna. The Austrian Govern- 
ment issues a circular letter addressed 
to the Courts of Europe, protesting 
against the conduct of Capt. Ingraham. 

Aug. 29. Vienna. Austria protests 
against the proceedings of Capt. Ingra- 
ham to the Government of the United 
States. 

1854 Apr. 9. Vienna. The Treaty of 
Vienna; the representatives of Great 
Britain, France, Austria, and Russia 
sign a treaty to maintain the Turkish 
Empire. 

Apr. 20. Austria and Prussia unite in 
an alliance offensive and defensive, 
while otherwise neutral in the war. 

June 14. Austria agrees with Turkey 
to occupy the Danubian provinces. 

Aug. * The Russians retire from the 
Turkish territory in the Danubian prin- 
cipalities, and the Austrians enter and 
oppose their union. 

Dec. 2. Austria joins the allies against 
Russia. 

1855 Aug. 18. Aust. A concordat 
with the See of Rome confers extraor- 
dinary rights upon Roman Catholic 
bishops and the Jesuits, whereby they 
acquire great power in the Empire. 

1856 Feb. 1. Vienna. The prelimi- 
naries of peace are signed at Vienna. 

April 16. Paris. BuolandHubner,the 
representatives of Austria, sign the 
Treaty of Paris, terminating the war, 
abolishing privateering, and defining the 
rights of neutrals in time of war. 

May 20. Switz. The Austrian minis- 
ter at Berne is recalled. 

July 16. Aust. A general amnesty is 
granted for all political offenders of 
1848-1849. 

Nov.* Austria proclaims her neutrality 
in the Eastern war. 

-55 * * Vienna. Conferences respect- 
ing the Russo-Turkish war are held. 

* * -55 * * Hungary continues in a dis- 
turbed state. 



1857 Jan. 25. It. Amnesty is granted 
to political offenders in northern Italy. 

Feb. 10. It. The Sardinian press as- 
sails Austria with great freedom ; Aus- 
tria remonstrates. 

Mar. 23-30. Austria and Sardinia 
sever their diplomatic relations. 

Mar. * Austria withdraws its army from 
Moldavia and Wallachia [Roumania]. 

-58 * * Aust. The fortifications of Vienna 
are demolished, and the city enlarged 
and beautified. 

Apr. 19. Austria sends an ultimatum 
to Sardinia. 

May * Sung. The emperor and empress 
visit Hungary to conciliate the people, 
but they are coldly receired. 

Oct. * Aust. Alexander H. of Russia 
visits the emperor. 

1858 * * Hung. By an imperial decree, 
agricultural colonists, if of one nation- 
ality and creed, are allowed to settle in 
various parts of Hungary, with special 
exemptions from taxation. 

1859 Jan. 1. Fr. Emperor Napo- 
leon nj addresses Baron von Hubner, 
the Ausf in Ambassador, in words omi- 
nous of r, because of Austrian diplo- 
macy in ardinia. [Great excitement 
follows in European cities.] 

Jan. 4. Aust. Emperor Francis Jo- 
seph replies to Napoleon's address, 
using the identical words. 

Feb. * Austria prepares for war, and 
fortifies the banks of the Ticino on her 
frontier. 

Apr. 19. Austria announces an ulti- 
matum, which requires the disarma- 
ment of Sardinia, and the dismissal of 
volunteers from other states within 
three days. 

Apr. 26. Sardinia refuses the demand 
of Austria. 

Apr. 29. Austria declares war 
against Sardinia. 

Mar. * -Apr. * Russia intervenes in the 
interest of peace, while the preparations 
for war go on. 

May 13-18. Count Buol Schauen- 
stein, the Foreign Minister, resigns, and 
Count Rechberg is appointed to suc- 
ceed him. 

June 6. It. An armistice arrests hos- 
tilities. 

July 11. The Emperors of Austria and 
of France meet at Villafranca. 

July 12. It. The preliminaries of 
peace are arranged between Austria and 
France at Villafranca. Lombardy, as 
far as the Mincio, is to belong to Sar- 
dinia, and the four great fortresses of 
Mantua, Peschiera, Verona, and Leg- 
nano remain with Austria. 

Aug. 8-Sept. * Switz. A fruitless con- 
ference of envoys is held at Zurich to 
finally settle the new treaty. 

Sept. * Aust. An imperial patent is is- 
sued, granting increased privileges to 
Protestants. 

Nov. 10. Switz. The Treaty of Zurich 
is signed. 
Austria gives up Lombardy, excepting 



the fortresses of Mantua and Peschiera,. 
to Napoleon for transfer to Sardinia. 
Italy is to be formed into a confederation 
of states under the honorary presidency 
of the Pope, and Austria is to be a mem- 
ber on account of Venezia ; Tuscany and 
Modena are to be restored to their 
princes. Certain revolted legations are 
to be returned to the Pope, out *' with- 
out foreign intervention." 

1860 Mar. 5. Vienna. The Reichs- 
rath, the representative council, is re- 
constituted by a decree of the emperor, 
its numbers increased, and its powers 



Mar. 24. Austria advertises for a new 
loan, and issues a protest against the 
occupation of Tuscany by Sardinians. 

May 31. Vienna. The Reichsrath 
meets. 

Oct. * Hung. Francis Joseph, Emperor 
of Austria, is crowned King of Hungary 
at Budapest. 

1861 Jan. 7. Hung. Amnesty is pub- 
lished in Hungary and Croatia for po- 
litical offenses. 

Feb. 26. Aust. A Liberal constitu- 
tion for a united monarchy is published, 
though opposed by the nobility and the 
clergy. 

A fundamental law is passed providing 
for aclose Diet for theGerm;trn>-Slavonic 
lands, and provides for a Reichsrath 
composed of two bodies representing a 
united monarchy (Hungarians, etc.), 
with the exception of Venice. 

Feb. 27. Hung. The former constitu- 
tion is restored by decree to Hungary,. 
Croatia, Slavonia, and Transylvania. 

Feb. * Hung. The Hungarians and 
other non-German nationalities resist 
the new constitution, and demand 
separate constitutions with special min- 
istries. 

Apr. 8. Civil and political rights are 
granted to Protestants throughout the 
entire Empire except in Hungary and 
Venice. 

May 1. Vienna. The new Reichsrath 
opens. 

The upper House consists of 17 spirit- 
ual, 55 hereditary, and 39 peers. The 
lower House consists of 136 elected 
deputies. No representatives are pres- 
ent from Hungary, Transylvania, Vene- 
zia, the Banat, Slavonia, Croatia, and 
Istria. 

[A liberal constitution is adopted by 
the Reichsrath.] 

* * Hung. The Diet is opened by the- 
emperor. 

Nov. * Hung. The Diet of Croatia is 
abolished. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853 Sept. 8. Hung. The crown of 

St. Stephen, King of Hungary, and the 

royal insignia are discovered, and sent 

to Vienna. 

* * Aust. The rocks obstructing the 
navigation of the Danube below Grein 
are removed. 

1857 * * Hung. The railway is opened 
from Szegd to Temisvar, also from 
Szolnok to Debreczen. 

* * -58 * * Vienna. The fortifications 
are demolished, and the city enlarged 
and beautified. 



526 1861, Dec. *-1867, Nov. * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1861 Dec* Herzegovina. An anti- 
Turk insurrection breaks out. 

1862 Sept. 22. Herzegovina. Vucato- 
vitch, the leader of the insurrection 
against the Turks, surrenders to Kur- 
chid Pasha, and the insurrection ends. 

1864 * * "War with Denmark. 

Jan. * Austria joins Prussia to prevent 
the incorporation of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein with Denmark. 

Feb. 1. Prussia. Advance of the 
Austro -Prussian army into Schleswig. 

Feb.* Pntssia. The Austrians advance 
upon Danewerk, fighting their way. 

Feb. 6. Prussia. The Austrians advance 
at Oversee, and drive out the Danes. 

Apr. 18. Prussia. The Duppel forts 
are stormed by the Prussians, and the 
entrenchments captured. 

May 12-June 26. Truce and peace 
conference is held at London. (,See 
Germany.) 

Oct. * The war with Denmark ends. 
(See State.) 

1866 May* Ger. The emperor orders 
the whole army to be on a war footing. 

June 7. Ger. The Prussians enter 
Holstein, and drive out the Austrians 
without bloodshed. 

June 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus- 
sian "War of seven weeks. (See Ger- 
many.) 

It is provoked by the quarrel respect- 
ing the government of Holstein, but 
really caused by the fact that each 
power is too great to submit to the 
supremacy of the other. 

Saxony. The Prussians march upon 

Dresden, and the Saxon army retires 
into Bohemia to join the Austrians. 

The army of the Confederation 
against Prussia, at the western seat of 
war, is under Prince Charles of Bavaria. 

June 18. Prussia. The Austrians en- 
ter Silesia while the Prussians enter 
Dresden, Saxony. 

June 20. Saxony. The Prussians oc- 
cupy all Saxony except Konigsteiu. 

June 22 -July 14. The Prussians and 
the Italians are successful. 

[June 22-25. They enter Bohemia. 
June 24. Italians defeat Austrians at 
Custozza, It. June 27. Austrians de- 
feat Prussians at Trautenau ; are de- 
feated at Nachod. June 28. Hanoverians 
surrender at Trautenau ; Austrians de- 
feated at Soor and at Skalitz. June 29. 
Are defeated at Gitschin. July 3. De- 
cisively defeated at Sadowa. July 4. 
At Dermbach. July 4-14. Defeated at 
Hammelburg, Kissingen, Fredericks- 
hall, Hausen, and "Waldashaeh.] (See 
Germany.) 

July 10-22. The Prussian success 
continues. 

[July 10. Prussians enter Prague. 
July 12. Enter Briinn, and reach Vi- 
enna. July 14. Austrians are defeated 
at Aschaffenburg. July 15. " At Tobits- 
cb.au. July 16. Prussians enter Frank- 
fort, Hesse-Nassau. July 17. Occupy 



Darmstadt. July 27. Bombard Wurz- 
burg. July* Send a corps into Hun- 
gary; commence the siege of Vienna. 
July 22. Begin the engagement at Blu- 
menau, which is arrested by tidings of 
an armistice.] (See Germany.) 

July 26. Moravia. Preliminaries of 
peace are signed at Nikolsburg. 

Aug. 2. Ger. The truce is proclaimed 



n Bavari 
The Pr 



enter Wurzburg. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1862 Feb. 4. An inundation of the 
Danube causes much destruction and 
great distress. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1861 * * Teleki, Ladislaus, Hungarian pa- 
triot, A50. 
TIanka, Venceslav, Bohemian philologist, 



1864* * Fay, Andreas, Hungarian novelist, 
A78. 
.Magyar, haszlo, Hungarian traveler, in Af- 
rica, A 47. 
Pinsker, Simclia, Austrian- Jewish scholar, 
A63. 
1865 ♦ * Ivinety, George, Hungarian-Turkish 
general, A55i. 
Oct. 28. BuohSchauenstein, Karl Ferdi- 
nand von, Austrian prime minister, A68. 
.losika, Miklos, Hungarian novelist, A69. 
1866* * C/.uezor, Clergely, Hungarian poet, 

scholar, A66. 
1867 June 6. Matilda, archduchess, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1864 * * Bohemia. Prague becomes a 
mission-station of the Free Church of 
Scotland. 

1867 Nov. * Hung. The "Naza- 
renes," resembling Quakers, multiply. 

LETTERS. 
1863 Mar. 29. Hung. Newspapers 
charged with publishing seditious 
speeches are confiscated by the Gov- 
ernment. 

SOCIETY. 

1S66 Jan. 29. Hung. The emperor 
and empress arrive at Pesth. 

1867 June 10. Hung. The corona- 
tion gift to the Emperor Francis Jo- 
seph, of 50,000 ducats, is bestowed on 
orphans and invalids. 

June * Great excitement prevails over 
the military execution of Maximilian 
in Mexico. 

July 27. Vienna is visited by the Sultan. 

STATE. 

1862 Nov. 18. Hung. Amnesty is 
offered for political offenses, and a 
cessation of prosecutions. 

Dec* Bosnia. Herzegoviniaus, prompted 
by the Prince of Montenegro, revolt 
against the Turks. 

1863 Mar. 30. Prussia. The incor- 
poration of Schleswig with Denmark 
leads to the armed interference of Aus- 
tria and Prussia to execute the decree 
of the German Confederation. 



May * Aust. The Imperial crown of 
Mexico i.s offered to the Archduke 
Maximilian by an assembly of Mexican 
notables, by the Instigation of Napoleon. 

* * Prussia. The Emperor Francis Jo- 
seph invites the various potentates of 
Germany to attend a congTess at 
Frankfort to consider schemes for the 
reorganization of Germany. 

Aug. 16. Prussia. Francis Joseph opens 
the Congress at Frankfort ; the King 
of Prussia refuses to attend, and the 
meeting is fruitle.-s. 

Oct. 20. Aust. Transylvanian depu- 
ties first take their seats in the Aus- 
trian Reichsrath. 

1864 Apr. 10. Aust. Archduke Max- 
imilian definitively accepts the crown 
from a Mexican deputation, and becomes 
the nominal Emperor of Mexico. 

May 12.-June 26. Prussia. A truce 
is accepted in the war and peace 
conference at London. Austria and 
Prussia secede from the London pro- 
tocol, and the war breaks out anew. 

May 29. Mtx. Maximilian and Char- 
lotte land at Vera Cruz. 

Oct. 30. Vienna. Treaty of Vienna; 
Austria, Denmark, and Prussia sign a 
treaty by which Denmark cedes the 
duchies of Schleswig-Holstein and Lau- 
enburg to the allies. 

1865 June 6-9. Hung. The emperor 
is welcomed at Budapest, aud a new 
policy, restoring the rights of Hun- 
gary, is inaugurated. 

Aug. 14. Aust. The Treaty of Gas- 
tein, between Prussia and Austria, is 
signed. 

1. Both Holstein and Schleswig under 
the common sovereignty of both powers. 
But Austria to have the provisional ad- 
ministration of Holstein, and Prussia 
that of Schleswig. 2. Kendshurg t<> be 
a fortress of the Confederation, and Kiel 
one of its harbors ; this harbor to be 
used in common, hut Prussia to have the 
chief command there: a military road, 
a telegraph and postal line, through Hol- 
stein, are guaranteed to Prussia. 3. The 
Emperor of Austria surrenders all his 
rights to the Duchy of Lauenburg to the 
King of Prussia for two and a half mil- 
lions of rix dollars. 

* * Prussia. Vcn Gablenz is governor 
of the Duchy of Holstein. 

* * Austria, being much opposed to the 
increase of Prussian power, disputes 
the agreement, and enters into an agree- 
ment with the middle states of Ger- 
many. 

Sept. 12. Aust. An Imperial decree re- 
convokes a Transylvanian Diet. 

Sept. 21. Aust. An Imperial rescript 
suppresses the representative con- 
stitution of the Empire, preparatory to 
giving autonomy to Hungary and 
other provinces. 

Nov. 11. Hung. The moderate party, 
led by Francis Deak, rejects autonomy, 
and demands the restoration of the 
Hungarian monarchy, with a respon- 
sible government. 

Dec. 14. Hung. The emperor visits 
Budapest, and opens the Reichstag. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1861, Dec* -1867, Nov.*. 527 



Passive resistance by non-payment of 
taxes leads the emperor to consider the 
demands of Hungary tor self-govern- 
ment. 

Dec. 20. Hung. Carl Szentivanyi is 
elected president of the Eeichstag. 

1866 Jan.* While professing to desire 
peace, Austria and Prussia both pre- 
pare for war [which will determine the 
supremacy of one or the other]. 

Mar. 27. Italy enters an alliance 
with Prussia against Austria. 

May 19. Prussia. The Diet at Frank- 
fort calls on Austria and Prussia to 
disarm. 

* * Prussia calls upon Saxony, Hanover, 
aud Hesse to replace their troops on 
a peace footing, in disregard of the de- 
cree of the Diet, and to join a new con- 
federation under her lead. 

June 13. Hanover. Prussia, being re- 
fused iu her demands, invades Hano- 
ver, whose king retreats ; also Elec- 
toral Hesse, whose elector is made a 
prisoner, and takeu to Stettin. 

June 14. Prussia. Austria alleges the 
treaty is broken by the invasion of 
Holstein by Prussian troops, and is sus- 
tained by the vote of the Diet. 

Representatives of Prussia invite the 
members of the Diet to enter a new 
confederation in which Austria will 
be excluded, as the Germanic Confed- 
eration is dissolved. 

The Diet at Frankfort decrees the 
mobilization of the whole army of the 
Confederation, with the exception of 
the three Prussian corps. 

June 16. Aust. The war with Prussia. 
It is caused chiefly by the general de- 
sire for a unity of German States by re- 
organization, and the constant obstacle 
to such unity arising from divers inter- 
ests of two great powers, only one of 
which was peopled by Germans, aud Ger- 
manic in its interests. 

A special provocation exists in the 
quarrel respecting the government of 
the North Albingian duchies. Italy 
participates in the war for the purpose 
of acquiring Venezia. Each power pro- 
fesses to be forced into the war by the 
military preparations of the other. 

The Germanic Confederation falls 

to pieces ; the powerful State of Prussia 
secedes from the Confederation, which 
is thereby dissolved. 

June 18. Saxony. Prussia invades 
Saxony, whose king and army retire to 
Bohemia. 

Prussia declares war against 

Austria. 

June 20. Italy declares war against 
Austria. 

July 3. Bohemia. The victory of the 
Prussians at Sadowa secures Prussian 
supremacy in Germany, and estab- 
lishes North German unity. 

Venezia is given to Italy, and it also 
leads to the legislative independence of 
Hungary. 

July * Aust. Francis Joseph appeals to 

the mediation of France. 
Aug. 23. Bohemia. The Peace of 

Prague, between Prussia and Austria, 

is signed. 



Terms: 1. Austria recognizes the dis- 
solution of the German Confederation, 
and consents to the reorganization or 
the German States with herself ex- 
cluded, and farther consents to the an- 
nexations proposed by Prussia. Saxony 
is secured against an alteration of her 
boundary. 2. Austria's rights in Schles- 
wig-Holstein are transferred to Prussia, 
provided that the northern districts of 
Sehleswig are united with Denmark if 
its inhabitants shall so vote. 3. Aus- 
tria is to pay twenty million rix dollars 
(§15,000,000) as the costs of the war. 4. 
Venetia is ceded to Italy. (Arranged 
from Ploetz.) 

* * Prussia. The Prussian Monarchy 
is enlarged. 

Schleswig-Holstein, Hanover, Elec- 
toral Hesse, Nassau, and the free city of 
Frankfort are incorporated with Prus- 
sia, adding :>1MHJ0 square miles of terri- 
tory and three and a half millions of 
people, thus securing her supremacy 
over the German States. (Arranged 
from Ploetz.) 

Oct. 3. Vienna. The Peace of Vienna, 
between Austria and Italy, is signed. 

Austria recognizes the kingdom of 
Italy, to which Venice is united, and 
consents to the union. 

Oct. * Hung. The Moderate and Na- 
tional party in Hungary demand au- 
tonomy, and are exasperated by the 
delay to grant it. 

Oct. 11. It. The iron crown of Italy, 
which was removed from Monza to Man- 
tua by the Austrians, is surrendered 
with this city. 

Oct. * Hung. The Hungarian legions 
which joined the Prussian army against 
Austria are allowed to return to their 
allegiance. 

Oct. 30. Aust. Friederich Ferdinand, 
Baron Von Beust, a Protestant and a 
Saxon, becomes Minister of Foreign Af- 
fairs, and proceeds to reorganize the 
state on a liberal basis. 

Oct. * Galicia. Count Goluchowiski, a 
Pole, is made governor. 

Nov. 19. Hung. The Reichstag is 
opened at Budapest by an Imperial 
decree [which promises to do justice to 
the constitutional demands of the Hun- 
garians]. 

Dec. 15. Hung. Francis Deak replies 
to the Imperial decree, and is sustained 
by the Eeichstag in demanding the 
retoration of the Hungarian con- 
stitution. 

Dec. 25. Hung. The union of Tran- 
sylvania with Hungary is ratified by its 
Diet. 

1867 Jan. 3. Vienna. A special ses- 
sion of the Reiehsrath is called for 
Feb. 23. 

Jan. * Hung. Hungarians oppose the 
convocation of the Reiehsrath. 

Feb. 4. Aust, The autonomy of Hun- 
gary is announced ; Premier Richard 
Von Belcredi resigns. 

Feb. 7. Vienna. Baron Von Beust, 
the Minister of Foreign Affairs, is ap- 
pointed Premier. 

Feb. 17. Hungary becomes reconciled 
by the adoption of a dual system of 
government. 

Its self-government is secured by the 
restoration of the constitution of 1S48, 



and the appointment of Julius Andrassy 
as Premier of a separate Hungarian Min- 
istry, 

Spring. Vienna. The emperor sum- 
mons the Beichsrath to assemble for 
reorganization of the State in a liberal 
sense ; it is one result of the unsuccess- 
ful war. 

May 22. Vienna. The Germano-Sla- 
vonic Reiehsrath is opened by the em- 
peror in person. 

May± * Separate government is de- 
manded by the Czechs, Slavonians, and 
others, who strongly oppose absorption 
into the dual government. 

May 25. Hung. A protest is made by 
Croatia, a Crown land, against incor- 
poration with Hungary. 

May 27. Hung. The Croatian Diet 
at Agram, embracing Slavonia, is dis- 
solved. 

June 8. Hung. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph and the Empress Elizabeth are 
crowned at Budapest, as sovereigns of 
Hungary. 

June 9. Hung. The emperor grants 
the Hungarians amnesty for political 
offenses. 

June 19. Mex. The Archduke Maxi- 
milian is executed as a usurper. (See 
Mexico.) 

June 23. Vienna. Baron Von Beust 
is made President of the Federal Coun- 
cil, — Chancellor of the Empire. 

July * Hung. Louis Kossuth is elected 
a deputy of the Reichstag. 

Aug. 18. Aust. Napoleon HE. visits 
Francis Joseph at Salzburg. 

Sept. 13. Vienna. The plan for the di- 
vision of the public debt and other 
finances of Austria and Hungary is 
signed. 

Sept. 23. Vienna. Deputations of Hun- 
garians sign a financial convention 
with Austria. 

Sept. 28. Aust. The Church is aroused , 
and 28 bishops demand that the con- 
cordat respecting education and 
marriage be observed, and oppose the 
proposed change. 

Oct. * Hung. Kossuth writes a letter 
censuring the course of the moderate 
party. 

* * Bohemia. The Czechs insist that the 
emperor shall be crowned King of Bo- 
hemia at Prague. 

Oct. * Aust. The emperor, in a letter to 
Cardinal von Bauscher, proposes the 
complete liberty of conscience, in 
opposition to the agreement with the 
Papal power. 

Oct. 22. Ger. King "William I. of 
Prussia meets the Emperor Francis Jo- 
seph at Oos, near Baden-Baden. 

Nov. * Vienna. The Beichsrath ap- 
proves the Austro-Hungarian dualistic 
government. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1866 * * Aust. An Imperial commission 
undertakes to construct a new channel 
for the Danube near Vienna. 



528 1867,Nov.*-1878,Sept.26. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1868 Oct. 11. Aust. -Hung. Frederick 
von BeuBt, the Premier, calls for a 
standing army of 800,000 men. 

1869 Feb. 9. Hang. The Royal 
Hungarian Guard ie organized. 

Feb. 20. Aust.-Hung. The frigate 
Radetzky is blown up ; 300 lives are lost. 

1870 Dec* Aust.-Hung. The army 
consists of 864,869 regulars and 187,- 
527 landwehr (militia). 

1875* * The Herzegovinians revolt 
against the Turks because of exces- 
sive taxation and the abuse of power ; 
they are supported by Montenegro and 
Servia. 

July 12. Herzegovina. The Turks are 
defeated in an uprising at Nevesinje. 

Aug. * Herzegovina. Seryer Pasba de- 
feats the insurgents. 

* * The leaders of the revolt are Peko, 
Palovich, Socica Ljubibratich, and 
others. 

1S76 Jan. 18-20. Herzegovina. The 
insurgents are defeated at Trebinje, 
and their leader is killed. 

Apr. 29. Herzegovina. Mukhtar Pasha 
defeats the insurgents, and revictuals 
the besieged force at Nicksich. 

May * -June * Herzegovina. Unimpor- 
tant engagements occur. 

June * Herzegovina. The new Sultan, 
Murad V., grants an armistice. (See 
State, 1878, June, Treaty of Berlin.) 

July * The principalities join in the 
struggle against the Turks [and the 
Russo-Turkish "War follows]. 

1877 Apr. 12. Bosnia. The Czar of 
Russia declares war against Turkey, 
because of its refusal to grant justice to 
Bosnia. 

1878 July 31- Aug. 1. Bosnia — Her- 
zegovina. An Austrian force enters 
Bosnia and Herzegovina, and is resisted 
by a part of its inhabitants. 

Aug. 4-6. Bosnia. The Bosnians aided 
by the Turks vigorously resist the Aus- 
trian advance. 

Aug. 4. Herzegovina. Herzegovinians 
resist the Austrians at Mostar, the 
capital. 

Aug. 7, 8. Bosnia. The Austrians de- 
feat the Bosnians at Zepce and Maglai. 

Aug.* Bosnia. Travnik is occupied 
by the Austrians. 

Aug. 16. Bosnia. The Bosnians are de- 
feated at Han Belalovich by Gen. 
Filippovic. 

Aug. 18. Bosnia. The Austrians un- 
der Gen. Tegetthoff defeat the Bosnians. 

Aug. 19. Bosnia. The Austrians bom- 
bard Serajevo, the capital, and take it 
by storm. 

Sept. 7. Bosnia. The fortress of Tre- 
binje is surrendered without a battle. 

Sept. 10. Bosnia. The Austrian ad- 
vance is checked at Behacs. [Sept. 
19. It takes Behacs.] 

Sept. 21. Bosnia. The Austrians take 
the fortress of Senkorics, and capture 
military stores. 



Sept. 25. Bosnia. Zwornik is surren- 
dered to the Austrian* with its strung 
fortress. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1868 Sept. 18i. Vienna. The new- 
Palace of Fine Arts is founded by the 
emperor. 

1873* * Vienna. The 3d International 
Medical Congress is held. 

1874 Sept. 25. Vienna. Part of the 
Austro-H ungarian polar expedition 
arrives. 

* * Vienna. The minor planets, Aus- 
trea, Melibcea, and Siwa, are discovered 
by J. Palisa. [1875. He discovers Po- 
lana, Adria, Abundantia, Hilda, Scylla, 
and Xanthippe.] 

1875 June 26. Hung. Storms kill 
people at Budapest. 

1876 July 17. Aust. An earthquake 
is felt throughout the Empire. 

1877 * * Vienna. The minor planets, 
Eurykleia and Belisana, are discov- 
ered by J. Palisa. 

[1878. Also Elsa, Istria, and Deiopeia. 
1879. Also. Nausikaa, Arete, Penelope, 
Callisto, Martha, Hedda, Lacriosa, Isa- 
bella, and Isolda. 1880. Medea, As- 
chera, Eudora, Thursnelda, Bianca. 
1881. Stephania.] 

1878 Aug. 30. Hung. The town of Mis- 
kolcz is destroyed by a waterspout ; 
many lives are lost. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1868* * Gasser, Hans, Aust. sculptor, A51. 
1870* * linger, Franz, Austrian paleontolo- 
gist, A70. 
Leopold II., Grand Duke of Tuscany, Arch- 
duke of Austria, A73. 
1871 Feb. 3. Eotvos. J6zef, Hungarian 
author, patriot, ami minister, A58. 
Apr. 7. Tegethoff, Willielin von, Austrian 

admiral, A44. 
Omer PaBha. Austrian-Turkish general, 
A69. 
1872* * Gai, Ljudevit, Croatian author, jour- 
nalist, A63. 
May 28. Sophia, Archduchess of Austria, 
mother of the emperor, A67. 
1873* * C/.'nnak, .lohann Nepomuk, Bohe- 
mian physiologist, A45. 

1875 June 29. Ferdinand HI.. Empe- 
ror, A82. 

Nov. 24. Rauseher, Cardinal, prince bishop 

of Vienna, dies. 
Klein, Johann Adam, Hungarian painter, 

A83. 
Laub, Ferdinand, violinist, A43. 

1876 Jan. 29. Deak. Francis. Hungarian 
statesman, orator, A73. 

Ambros, August Willielm, Austrian histo- 
rian of music, A60. 
1878 Mar. 8. Francis Charles, Archduke 
of Austria, the emperor's father, A76. 

Horvath, Mihily, Hungarian historian, A69. 

Fogarasy, Janos, Hungarian lexicographer 
and jurist, A77. 

Rokitansky, Karl, Austrian pathologist, A74. 



CHURCH. 

1869 Jan. 1. Aust. Great opposi- 
tion to the Government is made by the 
clergy. 

* * Bohemia. The Moravian Brethren un- 
dertake to plant a mission. 

* * Aust. The Bishop of Lintz is sen- 
tenced to three months' imprisonment 
for using seditious language; pardoned 
by the emperor. 

1870 July 30. The Government sus- 
pends the concordat with Rome in 
consequence of the promulgation of the 
doctrine of papal infallibility. 



1871 July 26. Vienna. The "Old 

Catholics" hold their lirj*t meeting. 

1872 * * The American Board com- 
mences its missions. 

Prague in Bohemia, Briiu in Moravia, 
and Innsbruck in Tyrol, are speedily 
occupied. 

1873 * * Hung. John Simor is conse- 
crated cardinal priest. 

1874 Mar. 7. //. The Pope issues an 
encyclical letter condemning the new 
ecclesiastical laws. 

Apr.* Aust. The bishops protest 
against the new ecclesiastical laws; 
both of the political parties adopt the 
motto, "A free church in a free state.** 

LETTERS. 

1869 * * Croatia. The University of 
Z&gr&b, Agram, is founded. 

1872* * Hung. The University of 
Kolozsvar, Klausenberg. is founded. 

1874* * Croatia. The University of 
Agram is opened. 

1875 * * Aust. The University of 
Czernowitz is founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1868 Dec. 14. Hung. A Jewish 

Congress at Budapest is opened by the 
minister of public worship, Eotvos. 

1869 Mar. 9-10. Croatia. The sover- 
eigns visit Agram. 

1870 June 9. Hung. The remains 
of Louis Batthyanyi, the Hungarian 
patriot, are reinterred with much cere- 
mony in the public cemetery, Pesth. 

1873 Apr. 28-. Vienna. The Prince 
of "Wales visits Vienna. [June 1-7, 
The Czar ; July 30±, The Shah of Per- 
sia ; Sept. 17-22, King Victor Emman- 
uel; Oct. 17-23, Emperor "William of 
Germany.] 

Dec. 2. Vienna. Great rejoicings oc- 
cur in celebration of the 25th anniver- 
sary of the accession of the emperor. 

1874 Feb. 27. Ofenheim, the rail- 
way financier charged with fraud, is ac- 
quitted. 

July* Aug.* Eng. The empress 

visits the Isle of Wight. 
Aug. 1. Vienna. An international 

Sanitary Congress closes. 
* * Vienna. A Cremation Society is 

founded. 
1S75 Apr. 5. It. The emperor is 

warmly received at Venice by the King 

of Italy. 
June 28. Bohemia. The czar and 

emperor meet at Eger. 

STATE. 

1867 Nov. * Hung. George Klapka 
and other Liberals in the Reichstag 
join Francis Deak. 

Dec. 29. Hung. The emperor approves 
the Hungarian bills for Jewish eman- 
cipation, and for a financial arrange- 
ment with Austria. 

Dec. 30. Vienna. Prince Auersperg, 
as Premier, organizes a new Ministry. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1867, Nov. *-1878, Sept. 26. 529 



1868 Mar. 21-23. Vienna. The up- 
per House of the Reichsrath passes the 
Civil Marriages Bill, aimulling cleri- 

* * Aust. The Roman Catholic clergy 
become amenable to civil law. 

* * Aust. Secular education is placed 
under the control of the state. 

Apr. 14. Hung. Kossuth resigns as 
an elected member of the Reichstag. 

May 25. Vienna. The emperor assents 
to the Civil Marriages Bill. 

May 27. Hung. Croatia accepts union 
with Hungary. 

* * Aust. The disabilities of the Jews 
in municipal and communal affairs are 
abolished by the Galician Diet. 

Oct. 10. Bohemia. The habeas corpus 
act is suspended because of riots at 
Prague. 

Nov. 24. Hung. Croatian deputies first 
take their place in the Reichstag. 

Dec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag of 18G5 
closes. 

Dec. 14. Hung. Jews, under Jdzsef 
Eotvos, Minister of Worship and Educa- 
tion, and patriot, open a congress. 

1869 Jan.* Aust. The clergy strongly 
oppose the Government. 

Mar. 9, 10. Aust. The sovereigns of 

Austria-Hungary visit Agram in Croatia. 
Apr. 22. Hung. The Chamber of 

Deputies assembles at Budapest. 
Oct. * Aust. A successful insurrection 

arises in Dalmatia. 
Dec. 13. Vienna. The emperor opens 

the Reic hsrath . 

1870 Jan. * A Ministerial crisis oc- 
curs. 

Apr. 4. Vienna. The Ministry resigns, 
and a new one is formed with Count 
Potocki as Premier. 

July 18. Vienna. Austria-Hungary an- 
nounces its neutrality in the Franco- 
Prussian war. 

July 30. Vienna. Austria-Hungary de- 
clares the concordat of the Pope is 
suspended in consequence of the pro- 
mulgation of the decree establishing the 
infallibility of the Pope. 

The Austro- Hungarian Monarchy 
becomes the official title of the 
Empire. 

Sept. 14 -Oct. 5. Bohemia. An agita- 
tion for self-government pervades the 
kingdom, and addresses are seut to the 
emperor. 

Sept. 17. Vienna. The emperor opens 
the Reichsrath at Vienna ; Bohemian 
deputies are absent. 

Sept. 29. Vienna. The Federal and 
National parties in the Reichsrath con- 
tend for supremacy. 

Nov. 22. Vienna. The Reichsrath ad- 
journs. 

1871 Jan. * The emperor recognizes 
the new German Empire. 

Feb. 8. The Government grants com- 
plete amnesty for political offenses. 



Feb. * Potocki, the Premier, is dis- 
missed, and succeeded by Count Hohen- 
wart. 

Feb. 20. Vienna. The Reichsrath 
opens. 

Sept. 6-8. The Emperors of Austria- 
Hungary and Germany meet at Salz- 
burg. 

Oct. 25. Aust. The dissension between 
German and Slavonian parties causes 
a Ministerial crisis; the Hohenwart 
Ministry at Vienna resigns. 

Nov. 4. Vienna. Baron Kellersberg, 
Premier, forms a new Ministry. 

Nov. 8. Von Beust is dismissed from 
the control of the Government, 

Nov. 13, 14. Vienna. Count An- 
drassy becomes Minister of Foreign Af- 
fairs, and Count Lonyay Premier of 
the Hungarian Ministry. 

Nov. 25. Vienna. A new Ministry is 
formed by Prince Auersperg. 

Dec. 28. The Reichsrath opens. 

1872 Mar. 13. A new constitutional 
law is promulgated, which authorizes 
the emperor to order new elections of 
the Chambers. 

Apr. 16. Hung. The Reichstag of 1869 
is dissolved. 

July* Hung. The Constitutional 
party is sustained by the electors. 

Sept. 4. Hung. The Reichstag opens 
at Budapest. 

Sept. 6-8. Ger. The Emperors of Aus- 
tria and Germany and other sovereigns 
meet at Berlin. 

Dec. 2. Hung. The Lonyay Ministry 
resigns. 

Dec. * Hung. Szlavy succeeds in organ- 
izing a new Ministry. 

1873 Mar. 10. The Reichsrath be- 
comes a national representative as- 
sembly by a change in the law, which 
puts the elections in the hands of the 
body of electors instead of the pro- 
vincial Diets. 

Oct. 30. National elections for the 
Reichsrath are held ; 228 Constitution- 
alists and 125 Federals are chosen. 

Nov. 5. The Reichsrath opens. 

Nov. * Hung. Budapest is formally de- 
clared the capital. 

Dec. 2. Amnesty is granted to polit- 
ical offenders on the 25th anniversary 
of the emperor's accession. 

* * The Government requires 55 per cent 
of the taxes of Croatia to be paid to 
Hungary. 

1874 Feb. 11. Hung. The Szlavy 
Ministry resigns. 

Feb. 26 -Mar. 1. Hung. Baron von 
"Wenckhein forms a coalition Ministry. 

Mar. 20. Hung. The coalition Ministry 
resigns, and is succeeded by a Bitto 
Ministry. 

Spring. A bill for abolishing the con- 
cordat is introduced, and measures for 
restricting the power of the clergy 
pass both Houses. 

Apr. * The bishops oppose the new 
ecclesiastical laws. "A free church in 



a free state " is the popular aphorism 

of both political parties. 
July * Bohemia. The " Young Czech " 

party is rejected by the electors. 
Aug. 14. Hung. The Reichstag 

closes. 

1875 July * Hung. The Government is 
sustained in the elections. 

Aug. 22. Herzegovina. The Great 
Powers agree to send a commission 
to redress grievances. 

Sept.i * Herzegovina. The Bosnians 
join the insurgents against the Turks. 

Oct. 20. Hung. Koloman Tisza be- 
comes Premier. 

1876 July 8. Bohemia. The czar and 
emperor meet at Reichstadt, and unite 
in a policy of neutrality respecting 
the war between the Servians and the 
Turks. 

Nov. * The expenditures of the Govern- 
ment are found to exceed the revenue. 

1877 June 26. The Austrian and 
Hungarian Ministers announce their 
policy of neutrality in the Turco- 
Russian war. 

Aug. * Bosnia. The revolt against the 
Turks is subdued. 

1878 July 13. Ger. The Treaty of 
Berlin is signed. It provides that 
Austria shall have the administration of 
the Turkish provinces of Bosnia and 
Herzegovina, and to occupy them with 
Austrian troops, together with Sandshak 
of Novi Bazar. Count Andrassy is 
the representative of Austria in the 
Congress. (See Germany, State.) 

July * Bosnia revolts against annexa- 
tion to Austria. 

July 29. Austrian troops enter Bosnia 
and Herzegovina, in accordance with 
the Treaty of Berlin. (War follows.) 

Sept. 26. Hung. A Ministerial crisis 
occurs ; the Minister of Finance resigns. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868 July 26. Vienna. A German 
sharpshooting match opens. 

1869 Oct. * Aust. A Corespondenz 
Karte (postal card) first appears in 
Europe. 

1873 May 1. Vienna. The emperor 

opens an International Exhibition. 
May 7±. Hung. Twenty-one persons are 

killed in a railroad accident near 

Budapest. 
May 9. Aust. Europe suffers from 

financial distress, and many failures 

occur at Vienna. 
June 24. Hung. The Fiume railroad 

is partly opened. 
Aug. 18. Vienna. The Archduke 

Albert presents the prizes awarded to 

exhibitors at Vienna. 
Oct. 24. Vienna. The emperor opens 

the water-works. 
1876 May 30. Vienna. The new 

channel of the Danube is opened. 
1878 Mar. 8. The Sphinx is burnt at 

sea near Cape St. Elie ; 500 persons 

perish. 



530 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1878 Sept. 28. Bosnia. Livno, after 
bombardment, is captured by the Aus- 
trians. 

Nov. 9. Bosnia. The war ends. [No 
further resistance is offered to the Aus- 
trians ; an amnesty follows.] Austrian 
losses, about 5,000 killed, wounded, and 
missing. 

1870 Sept. 8. Bosnia. Austrians oc- 
cupy Novi-Bazar without opposition. 

* * Herzegovina. Austrian forces oc- 
cupy the Lim country. 

1882 Jan.* Dalmatia, Herzegovina, 
Bosnia. Austrian troops arrive to sup- 
press disturbances. 

Jan. 16-31. Herzegovina. The insur- 
gents are defeated in several small 
engagements. 

Feb. 16+. Herzegovina. Insurgents are 
suppressed at Glavalicevo. 

Feb. 25. Herzegovina. The insurgents 
are defeated at Cettinje. 

Mar. 14. Herzegovina. The capture of 
Dragali by the Austrians is announced. 

May 12±. Herzegovina. The insurrec- 
tion is almost suppressed, and the 
fighting is chiefly by guerrilla bands. 

Nov. 7, 8. Vienna. The army is used 
to suppress a riot of shoemakers and 
others. 

1883 Sept. 8-10. Croatia. The mili- 
tary authorities are resisted, and re- 
volters are suppressed. 

ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1879 Mar. 12,13. Hung. Heavy rains 
cause the dams on the River Theiss to 
give way, and a flood-wave destroys 
6,235 houses out of a total of 6,566 
houses in Szegedin. 

Nov. 10-16, Dec. 8. An earthquake 
in South Austria does much damage ; 
lives are lost in Agram. 

1882 Apr. 1. Aust. An Interna- 
tional Art Exhibition is opened at 
Vienna. 

Apr. 2. Aust. The Austrian Polar Ex- 
pedition starts in the Polar. 

* * Vienna. J. Palisa discovers many 
minor planets. 

Minor planets : Eos, Lucia, Rosa, 
Oceana, Henrietta, Weringia, Agathe, 
Adalinda.and Vindabona. 1883. Russia 
and Carolina. 18S4. Vera, Honoria, Ad- 
rastea, Ida, Kriemhild, and Sita. 1885. 
Walpurga, Silesia, Lameia, Bettina, 
Sophia, Dresda, and Mathilde. 1886. 
Augusta, Oppavia, and Valda. 1S87. 
Anna, Aline, and Justitia. 1S8S. Sapi- 
entia, Atropos, Philagoria, Adelheld, 
Paulina, Ccelestina, Thule, Philia, and 
Lucretia. 1889. Oct. 3. Huberta. 

1883 Jan. 10. Hung. Raab is partly 
submerged by floods. 

June 21 ±. An overflow of the River 

Neisse does much damage in Silesia. 
Aug. 22. Aust. The Austrian Polar 

Expedition returns to Drontheim. 
Sept. 15. Aust. An International 

Exhibition of graphic art is opened at 

Vienna. 

1884 Dec. 10. Aust. A destructive 
storm visits Vienna. 



Dec. 26-31. Earthquake shocks are 
felt. 

Dec. 28. Slight shocks of an earth- 
quake are felt in Carinthia and Styria. 

1885 Jan. 27-28. Aust. Slight earth- 
quake shocks are felt in Styria. 

1887 June 3±. Another inundation 
visits Szegedin. 

Sept. 29. Hung. A bronze statue of 
Francis Deak, the orator and states- 
man, is unveiled by the emperor. 

1888 Mar. * An inundation afflicts Hun- 
gary. 

May 13. Vienna. The Maria Theresa 
monument is inaugurated in the pres- 
ence of the emperor and empress. 

Sept. 15. Aust. A Meteorological 
Congress opens at Vienna. 

1889 Jan. 15. The Danube River is 
firmly frozen for 18 miles below Vienna. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1880 Oct. 10. Giskra, Karl, Austrian 
statesman, dies. 

Havmerle, Heinrieh von, Baron, statesman, 
dies, A53. 

1881 Apr. 27. Benedek. Ludwig von. 
Austrian general, .ht-s, A77. 

1884 Oct. 3. JIakart, Hans, historical 
painter, A40. 

1885 Jan. 5. Auersperg, Adolph, Prince, 
Austrian statesman, dies. 

1886 Oct. 24. Beust. Frederich Ferdi- 
nand von. Liberal statesman, chancellor, 
A84. 

July 31 . Liszt. Franz. Hungarian pianist, 
composer, dies, A75. 
1887* *Ainerling, Frederick, Austrian 
painter, A84. 

1888 * * Heller, Stephen, Hungarian com- 
poser, A74. 

1889 Jan. 5. Iieichbauer, Herr, ex-Presi- 
dent of tlie Austrian Iteichsrath, dies. 

Jan. 17. Murska, ill, lima, operatic singer, 

A46+. 
Jan. 30. Rudolph, Archduke, crown 

prince, A31. 

CHURCH. 

1878 * * It. Leo XIII. is pope. 

1879 * * Aust. F. Von Fiirstenberg, the 
Archbishop of Olmlitz, is consecrated 
cardinal priest. [1884. Nov. 10. Celes- 
tine Ganglbauer, Archbishop of Vienna. 
1885. J. Mihalovitz, Archbishop of Za- 
gabria.' 

1889 Feb. 4. The emperor addresses 
the Holy Father on the death of Prince 
Rudolph, the crown prince; [the Pope 
replies]. 

LETTERS. 

1881 Feb. 11. Bohemia. Lectures in 
the Czechic language are established 
in the University of Prague. 

Sept. 20-29. Vienna. An Interna- 
tional Literary Association meets. 
[1888. Sept. 19. Meets again.] 

SOCIETY. 

1879 Apr. 24. Aust. The emperor 
and empress celebrate their silver 
wedding. 

1881 May 10. Aust. The Archduke 
Rudolph is married to Stephanie Clo- 
tilde of Belgium. 

July * Bohemia. Czech and German stu- 
dents engage in riots at Prague. 



Oct. 28.-31. Vienna. The King and 
Queen of Italy are welcomed. 

1882 Jan. 19. Vienna. Johann Zich 
throws a stone at the Russian AiiiIin-- 
sador. 

* * Aust. An attempt is made by Over- 
dank, a soldier, to assassinate the 
Emperor Francis Joseph. 

Feb.* Mohammedans sympathize 
with Christian insurgents. 

Sept. 29. Hung. An anti-Jew riot 
breaks out at Presburg, and martial 
law is proclaimed. 

Nov. 7-8. Aust. A riot of Shoe- 
makers occurs. 

Dec. 20. Aust. Overdank, a soldier, 
who attempted to assassinate the em- 
peror, is executed. 

Dee. 27. The 600th anniversary of 
the House of Habsburg is celebrated 
throughout the Empire. 

Dec. * Bohemia. Forty-five socialists 
are sentenced to imprisonment at 
Prague. 

1883 Mar. 29. Hung. The chief jus- 
tice, George von Mailath von Szekhely, 
is murdered. 

June * Hung. Ten Jews are tried at 
Nyireghyhaza charged with the murder 
of Esther Solymosi, a Christian maid, 
on Apr. 1, 1892; Joseph Scharf is one 
of them. 

July * -Aug. * Hungary is disturbed 
by anti-Jewish riots, especially at 
Pesth, Zala, and Egersseg. 

Aug. 3. Hung. The ten Jews tried at 
Nyireghyhaza are acquitted of the mur- 
der of Esther Solymosi. 

Aug.* Croatia. Riots prevail in Agram 
and other places against the Jews ; the 
Slavs also make anti-Hungarian dis- 
turbances. 

Sept. 20. Croatia. Ten rioters are 
killed. 

Sept. 30. Croatia. The Government 
sentences 38 rioters to imprisonment. 

Oct. 6. Hung. Three men are convicted 
of the murder of Chief Justice 
Szekhely. 

1884 Jan.* Aust. Two police detec- 
tives are assassinated ; a great conspir- 
acy is suspected. 

Feb. 9. Vienna. Much Socialistic dis- 
affection ; another policeman is mur- 
dered, and the excitement increases. 

Mar. 15±. Vienna. The Government 
expels 700 Socialists. 

Apr. 17±. Turk. The Crown Prince 
Rudolph and the princess visit Con- 
stantinople. 

Apr. 22. Aust. Hugo Schenk and 
Schlossarck are executed for the mur- 
der of several servant girls. 

Aug. 8. Vienna. Corporal Hermann 
Stellmacher, the assassin of Detec- 
tive Bloch. is executed. 

Dee. * Aust. Startling bank frauds are 
discovered ; some of the culprits com- 
mit suicide. 

1886 Sep. 26. Aust. A great Inter- 
national Hygienic Congress is opened 
by the crown prince at Vienna. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1878, Sept. 28-1889, Feb. 5. 531 



Sept. 27. Aust. Incendiary fires occur 
in the suburbs of Vienna. 

Oct. 10. Aust. The discovery of a con- 
spiracy to burn Vienna is announced, 
and 17 men are arrested. 

188S May 14. Aust. The National 
Industrial Exhibition, celebrating the 
fortieth year of the emperor's reign, is 
opened at Vienna. 

June 22. Aust. A grand funeral of 
Beethoven is celebrated at Vienna on 
the transfer of his remains from Wall- 
ring Cemetery to that of Simmerung. 

June 27- Bung. Agrarian riots at 
Foeldvar are suppressed with force. 

Oct. 3±. Vienna. The German Em- 
peror "William II. visits Vienna. 

1889 Jan. 2. Aust. A Socialist Con- 
gress is held at Hainfield. 

Jan. 15. The Government sentences 19 
Nazarenes, seven of whom are women, 
to imprisonment for various terms for 
inciting people to refuse to do mili- 
tary duty. 

Moravia. Eleven hundred textile 

workers strike for an increase of 
wages. 

Jan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru- 
dolph, the crown prince, commits 
suicide. 

Hung. Hussars disperse a mob at 

Pesth. 

Feb. 5. Aust. Several persons are 
arrested in Capes for repeating rumors 
that the crown prince met his death 
at the hands of the husband of the woman 
he had betrayed. (See Feb. 25.) 

STATE. 

1878 Oct. 4. Hung. The Tisza Min- 
istry resigns. 

Oct. 22. Aust. The Auersperg Liberal 

Ministry resigns. • 

Oct. * Bosnia, with the exception of Novi 

Bazar, is occupied by Austria-Hungary. 
Dec. 5. Hung. The Tisza Ministry is 

reorganized, and resumes office. 

1879 Feb. 15. Vienna. Dr.Stremayr, 
Premier, forms a new Ministry. 

July 11±. The elections return a Lib- 
eral majority to the Reichsrath. 

Oct. 7. Aust. A secret treaty of de- 
fense against Russia is signed by Austria 
and Germany. 

Oct. 8. The Reichsrath opens at Vi- 
enna ; the Czech deputies are pres- 
ent. 

Premier Andrassy, Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, resigns, and retires 
from political life ; he is succeeded by 
Baron von Haymerle. 

1880* * Bosnia becomes quiet, and 
the reformation of the Government ad- 



June 8. All the diets of the Empire 

open. 
1881 July * Bohemia. Marshal Krause 

is appointed governor of Prague. 
Nov. 18+ . Gustave, Count Kalnoky, 

becomes Minister of Foreign Affairs. 



1882 Jan. 16. Herzegovina. An in- 
surrection breaks out. 

Jan. * Troops are required to suppress 
an insurrection in southern Dalma- 
tia, Herzegovina, and Bosnia. 

May 29±. The "New German Peo- 
ple's Party" issues a manifesto. 

Oct. 26. The Herzegovinian insurrec- 
tion is suppressed. 

1883 Sept. 6±. Hung. Gen. Bam- 
berg, a special commissioner, super- 
sedes the Ban of Croatia. 

Sept. 22, Hung. The Croatians are 
aroused against Hungary, and demand 
separation. 

Sept. * The Imperial Government at- 
tempts to conciliate the Slavs in their 
jealous opposition to Germans and Ma- 
gyars ; they desire autonomy. 

Dec. * Vienna. The Reichsrath first 
meets in the new house. 

Dee. 4. Hung. Count Khun-Heder- 
vary becomes Ban of Croatia. 

Dec. 17. Hung. The Croatian Diet 
opens at Agram in an important session. 

1884 Jan. 22. Hung. The Croatian 
Diet is dissolved. 

Jan. 30. Vienna. In apprehension of a 
great conspiracy at Vienna, Premier 
Taaffe restricts public meetings, the 
press, trials by jury, and other rights. 

Feb. 15. Vienna. The Reichsrath ap- 
proves the repressive police measures 
of the Government. 

Mar. 13±. Hung. The Government ar- 
rests many Socialists at Budapest. 

Mar. 15+ . Vienna. Seven hundred 
persons suspected of conspiracy are 
expelled. 

June 13±. Hung. A majority of the 
Reichstag are elected by the Liberals. 

Aug. 27- Hung. The Croatian Diet is 
again dissolved, and political disagree- 
ments continue, 

1885 Apr. 22. Aust. The Reichsrath 
is dissolved. 

Apr. 30. Vienna. The reform Act 
adopted by the upper House of the 
Reichsrath is approved by the emperor. 

Aug. 25, 26. Moravia. The emperor 
and Alexander III., Czar of Russia, 
meet at Kremsier. 

Sept. 22. Vienna. The new Reichsrath 
assembles. 

1887 Feb. 26. Vienna. The Reichs- 
rath votes increased army estimates. 

Mar. 5. Hung. The Reichstag votes 
increased army estimates. 

Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance is signed 
with Germany and Italy. 

Oct. * Vienna. Premier Taaffe makes a 
change in the Ministry. 

Nov. * Hung. The Croatians finally 
abandon the movement for autonomy. 

Dec. 19. Vienna. The Reichsrath votes 
money for war preparations. 

1889 Jan. 10. Vienna. Herr von 
Tisza, the Prime Minister, threatens to 
resign unless the army bill is passed by 
the Reichsrath. 



Jan. 29. Hung. The military bill is 
passed by a majority of 126 votes. 

Jan. 31. Vienna. The Archduke Charles 
Louis, the emperor's brother, is offici- 
ally announced as heir to the throne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879 Aug. S, 9. Bosnia. A great fire 
renders 20,000 persons homeless in Sera- 
jevo. 

1880 June 10-30. Hung. IvanZmer- 
tych, a Hungarian, rides his velocipede 
from Ostend, Belgium, to Budapest. 

1881 Dec. 8. Vienna. The Ring 
theater is burned, and 447 lives lost. 

1882 Sept. 23. Hung. A railway 
bridge over the Drave falls, and about 
27 soldiers in a train are drowned. 

1883 Aug. 16. Vienna. The electric 
exhibition is opened. 

Sept. 2. A princess is horn to the Arch- 
duke Rudolph and the Princess Stepha- 
nie of Belgium ; they were married May 
10, 1841. 

Sept. 12. Vienna. Bicentenary of the 
siege of Vienna raised by John Sobieski, 
King of Poland, is celebrated. 

1884 June 1. — Oct. * Aust. There are 
882 cases and 544 deaths from cholera 
in Triest. 

Sept. 20. Tyrol. The emperor opens the 
Arlberg railroad tunnel on the line 
connecting Innsbruck with Bregenz. 

Oct. * -Dec. * Hung. Cholera prevails, 
principally in Budapest and Szegedin ; 
966 cases and 499 deaths are reported. 

1885 May 2. Hung. The emperor 
opens a National Exhibition at Buda- 
pest. 

Nov. 4. Hung. The National Exhibi- 
tion at Budapest closes. 

1886 Aug. 17, 18. Vienna. Joseph 
Pircher, a gilder, secretly climbs up the 
steeple of St. Stephen's, and places a 
banner on its cross, 432 (German) feet 
high. 

Sept. 2. Hung. Budapest celebrates the 
bicentenary of its recapture from the 
Turks by Imperialists under the Duke 
of Lorraine. 

1887 July 5. Hung. Twenty-seven 
persons are killed by the accidental ex- 
plosion of dynamite at Jasz Bereny, 
near Budapest. 

Dec. 16. Vienna. The Invalide Russe 
causes a panic at the Bourse. 

1889 Jan. 3. Hung. The maize ring 
syndicate collapses. 

Jan. 5. Vienna. The Greek Govern- 
ment borrows 20,000,000 francs from a 
bank. 

Jan. 9. Hung. Diphtheria is prevalent 
in Nago, the schools are closed, and 20 
children die in one day. 

Jan. 30. Aust. The Archduke Ru- 
dolph, the crown prince, is found 
dead in his bed by his valet; apoplexy 
is announced as the cause; suicide by 
a pistol-shot is the rumored cause of 
his death. 



532 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Feb.* Hung. The Army Bill of 
M. Tisza awakens much opposition in 
Budapest. 

June 16. Bosnia. Insurgents at Novi- 
Bazar attack the Turks. 

June 22. Aust. The Government pro- 
poses the addition of 14 heavy bat- 
teries to the armament. 

July 24. Aust. The infantry is in- 
creased by an addition of 9,000 men, 
thus raising the service to a war-footing. 

Aug. 23. Aust. The War Office decides 
to supply the army with smokeless 
powder. 

Sept. * Grand military maneuvers take 
place. 

1890 Feb. 4. Hung. The landwehr 
on a peace footing is to consist of 28 in- 
fantry regiments and 60 squadrons of 
cavalry. 

Apr. 28. Galicia. Troops are detailed 
to keep the peace. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Apr. 6. Hung. A terrible storm 
demolishes many houses, and in some 
cases whole villages have been set on 
fire by lightning and destroyed. 

May 17. Moravia. At Boskowitz eight 
persons are killed by lightning. 

Thirty persons are killed by a storm 
at Zino. 

June 3, 4. A great storm prevails, 
causing great loss of life and property. 

May 21. Bohemia. Forty-five persons 
lose their lives through floods. 

July 29. Hundreds of lives are lost, 
crops destroyed, and many buildings 
damaged in Transylvania and Buko- 
wina by a cyclone. 

Aug. 4. Vienna. A new asteroid of 
the 13th magnitude is discovered by Dr. 
Palisa. 

Aug. 21. Aust. Several parts of Aus- 
tria are visited by hail-storms, and 
many persons are killed. 

Nov. 12. Hung. The Government has 
purchased 10,000 hotels throughout 
the country for schoolhouses. 

Dec. 2. Aust. Traffic is blocked by snow 
for 36 hours. 

* * The invention of another smokeless 
gunpowder, having greater carrying 
power than ordinary gunpowder, is re- 
ported. 

It creates a very thin, transparent 
smoke, which is so slight that imme- 
diately after firing one shot aim can be 
taken again. 

1890 Jan. 14. Vienna. Astronomers 
announce that the Star of Bethlehem 
has made its seventh appearance since 
the birth of Christ. 

Jan. 15. Aust. Earthquake shocks 

are felt. 
Jan. 18. Aust. Several earthquake 

shocks occur at Carinthia. 
Jan. 21±. Vienna. Dr. "Weichselbaum, 

of the University of Vienna, discovers 



the bacillus of influenza. (An- 
nounced.) 

He finds in it some similarity to the 
pneumonia bacillus, but is sure that it 
is a distinctly different microbe. 

* * Vienna. J. Palisa discovers the minor 
planets Bruna, Alice, Ludovica, There- 
sia, Baptistina, Thora, and Bavaria. 
[1891. Olga, Fraternitas, Chaldea, Con- 
stantia, Katharina. 1892. Tamara.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889 Feb. 11. Pitra, John Baptiste, Car- 
dinal, dies. 

Mar. 21. Pettenkofen, August von, Aus- 
trian painter, dies. 

Aug. 5. Philillovich, Joseph, Baron de 
Ffulippsberg, general, A71. 

1890 Feb. 18. Andraaey. Gyula (Ju- 
lius), Count, Hung, min., statesman, A67. 

CHURCH. 

1889 Feb. 6. At Laibach a crowd 

smashes the bishop's windows, and 
forces the sexton to toll the bell for the 
crown prince. 

At Meran the priests refusing to offi- 
ciate at requiem mass for the deceased 
crown prince, the people enter church, 
and conduct the service. 

Mar. * Aust. The hostility to evangeli- 
cal work by Protestants increases. 

Apr. 29. Vienna. A Catholic Congress 
of nobles and clergy meets. 

May 2. Vienna. The Catholic Congress 
closes. 

* * Hung. F. de Paul Schonborn, Arch- 
bishop of Prague, is consecrated a car- 
dinal priest. 

* * Croatia. The British and Foreign 
Bible Society reports 4,000 copies of 
Scripture sold. 

* * Bohemia. F. M. Charles, Archbishop 
of Prague, is consecrated cardinal priest. 

1890 Feb. 7. The Minister of "Worship 
and Public Instruction favors the adop- 
tion of the bill regulating Jewish re- 
ligious societies ; that is, that they may 
be independent in the control of reli- 
gious concerns among themselves. 

Mar. 5. The Government excludes the 
Old Catholics from the Roman decree, 
and they are thereby compelled to be- 
come a separate religious society. 

* * Aust. A. Dunajewsky, Bishop of Cra- 
cow, is consecrated cardinal priest. 

LETTERS. 
1889 June 21. The government sup- 
presses Socialist paper, Gleichheit. 

SOCIETY. 
1889 Feb. 6. Aust. The Emperor 

Francis Joseph in a proclamation thanks 
his peoples for their sympathy in his 
affliction. 

Feb. 12. Hung. Students make another 
riotous protest against the army bill at 
Pesth. 

Feb. 15. Hung. The Hungarian stu- 
dents' riot at Pesth is quelled; several 
arrests are made. 



Feb. 22. Aust. Galician miners em- 
ployed in Silesian coal-pits are ordered 
to quit the country. 

Feb. 25. Aust. The Countess of La- 
rish, daughter of tbe Duke of Bavaria, 
is sentenced to perpetual exile for the 
part she played in the death of Rudolph. 

Feb. 27. Aust. Baron Hirsch donates 
120,000 francs yearly to relieve trades- 
men threatened with financial ruin. 

Mar. 2. Hung. Six Hungarian stu- 
dents are arrested at Budapest for 
making demonstrations. 

Mar. 12. Vienna. Signor Romano, a 
painter, commits suicide. 

Apr. 1. Aust. The Countess Jose- 
phine Radetkzy shoots herself. 

Apr. 7. Hung. Szil, a wine-storekeeper, 
is crushed to death in a wine-press by 
robbers. 

Apr. 10. The Meyerling estate, 
owned by the late Crown Prince Ru- 
dolph, is to be used for religion and 
benevolence — the main building for a 
Carmelite nunnery, and other parts 
as an asylum for aged and infirm 
residents. 

Apr. 12. Vienna. Count Festitich 
sues for separation from his wife on the 
ground of adultery. 

Apr. 18. Aust. Labor riots continue. 

Apr. 20-24. Vienna. Astrike of tram- 
car men takes place with anti-Semitic 
rioting at Vienna ; the military are 
called out to restore order. 

May 10. Bohemia. The street-car 
companies of Prague yield to the de- 
mands of their striking drivers. 

May 24. Moravia. At Saar 10,000 
miners strike. 

May 30. Vienna. Prince Alexis 
Schwarzenberg is fatally wounded in 
a duel with a lieutenant of Hussars. 

June 1. Bohemia. The strikes are 
spreading ; over 1,500 men are out. 

June 14. Aust. Eleven thousand tex- 
tile workers at Briinn strike for higher 
wages. 

June 19. Bohemia. The police of 
Prague forbid the Russian author, 
Filipoff, to lecture in the city. 

June 22. Bohemia. Two riotous mi- 
ners are killed and 12 wounded by gen- 
darmes during a labor demonstration at 
Kladno ; striking miners wreck and fire 
many buildings. 

July 11. Aust. At Briinn 6,000 striking 
spinners resume work. 

Aug. 23K Vienna. The Shah of Per- 
sia visits Vienna. [Aug. 27. At Buda- 
pest.] 

Nov. 4. Aust. The Archduke John 
will take the name of Johann Orth, and 
enter a London ship-building yard. 

Nov. 29. Hung. A plot to assassi- 
nate Premier Tisza is discovered and 
frustrated. 

Dec. 8. Hung. Count Karolyi and 
Count Lazaro light in a duel at Buda- 
pest. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1889, Feb. 6-1890, May 20. 533 



1890 Jan. 3. Just. A letter con- 
taining $90,000 is stolen in transit 
between Vienna and Budapest. 

Jan. 5. Hung, The editor of Zustavo 
kills the editor of Branik in a duel at 
Neusatz. 

Jan. 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and 
Germans are reconciled. 

Feb. * Bohemia. Five hundred strikers 
destroy the machinery of a glass-fac- 
tory at Gablonz ; the police kill two of 
the strikers. 

Feb. * Bohemia. The manufacturers 
concede the demands of the striking 
•weavers. 

Mar. 10. Bohemia. Prague students 
are dispersed by the police, and a num- 
ber placed under arrest. 

Mar.* Bohemia. The trade societies of 
Prague have resolved that the eight- 
hour movement shall begin on May 1. 

Apr. 1. Vienna. Ten thousand build- 
ers' employees and 800 bakers' appren- 
tices strike. 

Apr. 8. Vienna. Many persons are in- 
jured by rioting strikers; 37 men are 
arrested. 

Apr. 11. Just. The Emperor ■Wil- 
liam visits the Empress of Austria. 

Apr. 14. Vienna. Six thousand car- 
penters of Gratz strike for more wages 
and shorter hours. . - 

Apr. 17. Just. Labor riots break out ; 
troops and striking miners fight. 

Apr. 22. Just. Socialists join train- 
strikers in Vienna in lighting the police 
and soldiers with stones and revolvers. 

Apr. 23. Galicia. Anti-Semitic riots 
break out in Biala ; 20 persons are killed 
and others wounded. 

Apr. 25. Vienna. Schools are to be 
closed and martial law proclaimed on 
May Day, owing to expected trouble 
from strikers. 

Apr. * Just. The miners in the large 
collieries of Count Wilczek are on 
strike. Troops have been called out 
to preserve peace. 

May 10. Vienna. Col. Frederick 
Grant, the new American Minister, 
arrives. 

May 11 + . Vienna. The Rothschilds 
inform the emperor that, unless oppres- 
sion of the Jews ceases, they will 
move their banking-house to Budapest. 

May 20. Bohemia. In a collision with 
troops at Pilsen five miners are killed 
and seven wounded. 

STATE. 

1889 Feb. 7. Vienna. The emperor 
receives the presidents of the two 
Houses of the Reichsrath, and thanks 
them for the condolence tendered by 
those bodies on the death of Crown- 
Prince Rudolph. 

Feb. 28. Hung. The action of the 
Opposition becomes so violent that 
its debate has to be postponed in the 
lower House of the Reichstag, on the 



resumption of the debate on the army 
bill. 

Mar. 16. Hung. Count Szapary is 
selected as Premier and Minister of the 
Interior. 

Mar. 19. Hung. Herr Tisza, the ex- 
Premier, is vindicated. 

Mar. 20. Hung. Prime Minister Tisza 
is hooted at and pelted with stones 
while leaving the Chamber of Deputies. 

Mar. 22. Hung. Herr Orlean in the 
Diet denounces the police for inter- 
fering with the students' demonstra- 
tions. 

Mar. 23. Hung. Herr Fabinyi, Min- 
ister of Justice, and Baron von Orczy, 
of the Interior, resign ; the latter is to 
be succeeded by Herr Baross, Minister 
of Public Works. 

Apr. 8. Hung. The new army bill as 
amended by the Diet is adopted by the 
upper House. 

Apr. 30. Vienna. The Government 
serves notice upon tramway com- 
panies that their property will be se- 
questered unless reforms promised to 
their employees are completed by May 
15. 

May 11. Vienna. The lower House of 
the Reichsrath adopts the budget, 
which shows a surplus of 2,770,059 
florins. 

June 13. Vienna, Austria, Russia, and 
Germany send an identical note to the 
Swiss Government, advising it to deal 
more severely with anarchists and so- 
cialists. 

June 24. Hang. A second strategic 
railroad from Hatvan to Miskolcz is 
commenced. 

June 25. Hung. The Government for- 
bids any demonstration at the K-a- 
vanitza Monastery on the anniversary 
of the battle of Kossova. 

Oct. 21. Vienna. A decree is issued 
that state officials shall continuaUy 
wear uniform on and off duty. 

Dec. 5. Vienna, The Diet passes a bill 
to incorporate the suburbs of Vienna 
with the city itself. 

Dec. 10. Vienna. The Archduke 
Charles Louis is appointed putative 
regent. 

Dec. 13. Vienna. A Bulgarian loan 
recently effected is a cause of complaint 
by Russia against Austria as a violation 
of the Berlin Treaty. 

Dec. 30. Hung. In the Reichstag all 
the German candidates are elected on 
the second ballot. 

Dec. * Vienna. The Government has 
warned Servia that there must be a sus- 
pension of friendly relations between 
the two countries unless the attacks of 
the Servian press upon Austria are 
stopped. 

1890 Jan. 1. Hung. Prime Minister 
Tisza declares that he believes in the 
triple alliance as the basis of peace. 

Jan. 10. Bohemia. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph personally attends to the settle- 



ment of disputes between the Czechs 
and Germans. 

Jan. 13 ±. Hung. The Reichstag pro- 
vides for the construction of war vessels 
to protect its interests on the Danube. 

Vienna. The Minister of "War states 

that the peace of Europe is not secure, 
and therefore a considerable increase 
in the army is necessary. 

Jan. 24. Hung. The Finance Minister 
and the Rothschild syndicate enter into 
an agreement for the conversion of 
302,000,000 florins of 5 per cent 
rentes into 4 per cent gold rentes. 

Jan. * Bohemia, The Diet has accepted 
the result of the German-Czech Confer- 

Mar. 11. Hung. Herr Yon Tisza, Prime 
Minister, resigns. Count Von Szapary 
is appointed to succeed him, and to form 
a new Ministry. 

Mar. * Aust. The Government proposes 
modifying her stringent laws against 
the Socialists. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Feb. 14. Vienna. An electrical 
joint-stock company, with a capital 
of 2,000,000 florins, is organized. 

May 9. Vienna. The grain-market is 
boycotted by Hungarian merchants, 
on account of the growth of anti-Sem- 
itism. 

May 22. Just. The train bearing the 
empress and her suite from "Wiesbaden 
to Vienna is derailed while being 
switched. 

Aug. 10. Vienna. A water famine is 
threatened. 

* * The crops are much below the aver- 
age. 

Aug. 19. Hung. An explosion of a 
dynamite cartridge at Doman kills five 
persons. 

Aug. 26. Vienna. The great shortage 
in the wheat crops reported seriously 
affects the Chicago market, U. S. A. 

Sept. 5. Just. A portion of the quay 
falls into the river at Szegedin. 

Nov. 20. Vienna. Four thousand em- 
ployees are out of work in the mother- 
of-pearl button factories. 

Dee. 5. Hung. A sugar factory at 
Swolerlowes coUapses, and eight per- 
sons are killed and many injured. 

Dec. 24. Vienna. Influenza is spread- 
ing, and has developed into lung inflam- 
mation. 

Dec. 27. Aust. Aloys de Nagy, Count 
Karolyi, formerly ambassador to Great 
Britain and Germany, is killed while 
hunting. 

1890 Feb. * Vienna. A life-insurance 
company announces that it will issue its 
policies without medical examinations. 

Mar. * Vienna. The importation of cer- 
tain American proprietary medicine 
is prohibited by the Government. 

Apr. 19. Hung. Hundreds are dying 
of famine in Biezwaag and Bistritz. 



584 1890, May *- 1892, Aug. * AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S90 Sept. 17. Aust. The Archduke 
Frederick is appointed to the command 
of the fifth army corps. 

1891 Apr. 8. Russia masses troops 
on the frontier. 

June 21. Istria. The naval work- 
shops at Pola are destroyed by fire. 

Oct. 19. Aust. The Government orders 
the strengthening of the frontier 
guards by a large number of troops. 

ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 July 16. Aust. Heat is intense 
in central Austria and on the Alps from 
Graubuenden to Lower Austria. 

Aug. 2. Aust. The city of Lintz is in- 
undated by an overflow of the Danube. 

Aug. 9. Bohemia. "Waterspouts and 
storms inundate the western and cen- 
tral portion of Bohemia. 

Aug. 30. Aust. Several earthquake 
shocks are felt in the Danube Valley, 
Vienna, from Amstettin to Grein. 

Sept. 3. Bohemia. A part of the city of 
Prague, also many villages in the Dan- 
ube Valley, are submerged by an over- 
flow of the Moldau River, causing 
loss of life and property. 

Sept. 4. Aust. The Drave River over- 
flows its banks, and vast tracts of land 
in Carinthia are laid waste. 

Nov. 13. Aust. The Government re- 
quests the medical faculty to send pro- 
posals to Prof. Koch for the establish- 
ment of hospitals. 

Nov. 15. Vienna. Drs. Nothnagel, Bill- 
roth, and Kowalski, of Vienna, praise 
Prof. Koch's remedy for tuberculosis, 
and say that it is the greatest discov- 
ery since that of Dr. Jenner. 

Nov. 26. Bohemia. Property valued at 
500,000 florins at Carlsbad is damaged by 
floods ; also damage is done at Rostock, 
Jena, Badkoesen, and other places. 

1891 Jan. 10. Aust. An avalanche 
buries a train near Klagenfurth, Carin- 
thia. At Triest, Carniola, an engine 
freezes fast to the rails ; traffic is sus- 
pended. 

Jan. 12. Galicia. A destructive hurri- 
cane prevails. 

Jan. 13. Bosnia. An avalanche buries 
many houses in snow, and causes the 
loss of many lives. 

July 24. In the Tyrolean Alps large 
tracts of land are devastated by ava- 
lanches. 

Aug. 18. Aust. Forty persons are 
drowned by a cloudburst at Kollman. 

Aug. 27. During a thunder-storm light- 
ning strikes a church at Tualis, and 
kills several members of its congrega- 
tion. At Piau a hunting-party is also 
struck by lightning, killing one and 
seriously injuring four others. 

Oct. 19. Vienna. The Museum of 
Fine Arts is opened by Emperor Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

1892 Apr. 20. Tyrol. Much property 
is destroyed and several lives are lost by 
a storm. 



Apr. 24. Vienna. A colossal eques- 
trian statue of Marshal Kadetzky is 
unveiled. 

May 13. Hung. Many miners are 
drowned by a sudden flood resulting 
from a waterspout. 

June 8. Disastrous floods sweep the 
Danube Valley. 

July 25. Moravia. The famous 
"Robber Tower" at Znaim, one of 
the oldest relics of the Middle Ages, 
falls, killing five persons. 

Aug. 3. Aust. A waterspout at Triest, 
Carniola, does much damage to property. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890 Oct. 9. Leidesdorf, Professor, lunacy 
specialist, dies in Vienna. 

Dec. 28. Karolyi. Gustav Siegraund, 
count, statesman, minister, dies. 

1891 Jan. 5. Saxe-Weimar, Prince Gus- 
tav of , Austrian lielrt -marshal, A64. 

Jan. 18. Salvator Charles, Archduke of 
Austria, A52. 

Jan. S3. Simor, Janos, cardinal archbishop 
and primate of lluimary, A74. 

Aug. 38. Taglioni, Mane, dancer, A58. 

Nov. 33. Henry, archduke of Austria, 
Austrian nVld-marshal, A63. 

Dec. 14. Sigisniimd, archduke of Austria, 
A65. 
1893 Jan. 8. Brucke, Ernest W., physiol- 
ogist, A73. 

Feb. 4. Ponsa, Magdalen of Vienna, A 117. 

May 17. Klapka, Gvorgy, Hungarian gen- 
eral, A72. 

Aug-. 19. Fiirstenberg, cardinal Land- 
grave F.j prince archbishop of Olmtitz, 



A78. 



CHURCH. 



1890 Nov. 8. Hung. TheRoman Cath- 
olic Primate orders tbe clergy to give 
no attention to instructions emanating 
from the Minister of Public Worship. 

1891 Jan. 3. The emperor purposes to 
erect a memorial monastery on an 
island in the Adriatic in honor of his 
brother Maximilian, shot in Mexico, and 
of his son, the late Crown Prince Ru- 
dolph. 

Dec. 17. The Methodist Church in 
Vienna is closed by decree. 

Its pastor is prohibited from preach- 
ing within the capital, because one of 
its articles of belief denounces the sac- 
rifice of the mass as " a blasphemous fa- 
ble and a dangerous deceit." An appeal 
against the decree is proposed. 

1892 Jan. 26. Austria seeks to recon- 
cile the Vatican and the Quirinal. 

Mar. 10. Hung. The primate, arch- 
bishops, and bishops of the Roman 
Catholic Church memorialize Francis 
Joseph against civil marriage meas- 
ures as being hostile to that Church. 

Apr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made 
to assassinate the Primate of Hun- 
gary. 

May 28. Aust. The Vatican and Quiri- 
nal come to an agreement concerning 
the appointment of the Patriarch of 
Venice, they jointly agreeing upon 
Santo, Bishop of Treviso. 

June 8. Galicia. Archbishop Sembra- 
towics is assaulted by 40 Polish stu- 
dents in Lemberg because he visited 
Pope Leo, his doing so being considered 
ae an act of treason to the Greek Catho- 
lic Church. 



LETTERS. 
1891 Jan. 13. OaUcia. By agreement 
with the Austrian Government, Baron 
Hirsch plans to subsidize schools for 
Jewesses, and will invest £500,000 in 
the enterprise. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 May 24. Bohemia. Tramway 
drivers are out on a strike at Prague : 
the lines are at a standstill. 

May 27. Bohemia. The tram-car em- 
ployees at Prague are fined by munici- 
pal authorities $5,000 for the cessation 
of traffic caused by the strike. 

July 31. Aust. The Archduchess 
Maria Valeria is married to the Arch- 
duke Francis Salvador at Ischl. 

Sept. 4. Vienna. The International 
Agricultural Congress is opened. 

Oct. 1. Vienna. The Emperor of 
Germany arrives. 

Oct. 19. Vienna. The tramway em- 
ployees strike. 

Nov. 17. Transylvania. Six persons 
are killed and 16 injured in a church 
fight. 

Nov. 21. Aust. Two cashiers of a "War- 
saw bank are murdered on the Vienna 
mail-train, and robbed of 55,000 roubles. 

Dec. 1. Vienna. The Sanitary Coun- 
cil decides to prohibit unauthorized 
inoculations. 

1891 Jan. 18. Vienna. Sadullah Pa- 
sha, Turkish Ambassador to Austria, 
dies from self-inflicted injuries. 

Feb. 3. Vienna. Ten thousand shoe- 
makers go out on strike. 

Mar. 6±. Bohemia. The leaders of the 
Old Czechs declare their purpose to 
retire from public life. 

Mar. 7. Galicia. In an anti-Semitic 
riot one Jew is killed and a number of 
Jewish shops are destroyed. 

Mar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag- 
nates passes the Sunday-Rest Bill, 
which defines'Siuiday as extending from 
the close of Saturday to 6 a.m. Monday. 

Mar. 27. Tyrol. At Keuf stein a promi- 
nent merchant is by mistake murdered 
by a Mafia assassin. 

May 20. Hung. Ex-Queen Natalie is 
warmly received on her way to Bucha- 
rest. 

June 22. Hung. A fierce riot breaks 
out at Balonya, in which four men are 
killed and seven wounded. 

July 27. Galicia. "Wholesale customs 
frauds are discovered in the Duchy of 
Bukowina. 

Aug. 12. Aust. Several Servians are 
decorated by Emperor Francis Joseph. 

Sept. 6. Aust. The emperor decorates 
a number of the German emperor's 
attendants. 

Sept. 27- Bohemia. The Emperor Fran- 
cis Joseph is splendidly received at 
Prague. 

Oct. 1. Bohemia. Thirteen bombs are 
exploded under a bridge near Prague, 
a few hours before the arrival of a train 
bearing the emperor. 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1890, May *-1892, Aug. : 



535 



Oct. 5. Carniola. An attempt is made to 
blow up the episcopal palace at Triest. 

Nov. 5. Oalicia. Poles in Galicia form 
a secret organization to keep alive the 
remembrances of the Polish struggle 
of former years. 

1892 Feb. 7. Vienna. Extensive re- 
lief is given to sufferers from the pre- 
vailing famine. 

Mar. 1. Vienna. The starving poor 
fight at a distribution of bread. 

Mar. 12. Vienna is shocked by a num- 
ber of mysterious murders committed 
in " Jack-the-Ripper " fashion. 

Mar. 13. Vienna. A collision occurs 
between the police and working men. 

Mar. 28. Bohemia. The Czechs of 
Prague attempt to celebrate the birth- 
day of Comenius, notwithstanding the 
Government's prohibition. The police 
several times disperse the crowds, 
after hard fighting, in which many are 
wounded with clubs and swords. 

Apr. 11. Vienna. Incendiary fires are 
still of frequent and alarming occur- 
rence. 

May 8. Hung. A notary's house in Ye- 
reez is wrecked by a dynamite ex- 
plosion. 

May 12. Hung. Anarchists make an 

' attempt to blow up a crowded street- 
car in Budapest. 

June 5. Bohemia. Twenty-seven volun- 
teer rescuers lose their lives at the 
burning Birkenberg silver-mine. 

June 6. Hung. Hungarians welcome 
Francis Joseph on the anniversary of 
his coronation as King of Hungary in 
Budapest. 

June 13. Bohemia. A miner confesses 
that he purposely fired the Birkenberg 
silver-mine. 

July 19. Hung. Riotous reapers at 
Bebar are fired upon by gendarmes ; 
twelve are killed and many wounded. 

STATE. 

1890 May 30. Hung. The lower House 
of the Reichstag rejects the bill restor- 
ing citizenship to Louis Kossuth. 

July 24. Vienna. Austria and Bulgaria 
agree to silence concerning negotiations 
between them for a commercial treaty. 

Aug. ± * Vienna. The Government 
consents to the independence of Bul- 
garia on Aug. 15. 

Aug. 7. Vienna. The Government 
grants 500,000 florins ($1,000,000) for 
repairing the damage done by floods and 
assisting the sufferers. 

Aug. 28. Hung. Herr Abranyi resigns 
his seat in the Reichstag, as a result of his 
publishing an interview with Bismarck. 

Oct. 2. Aust. Anti-Semitic members 
are elected to the lower House. 

Oct. 30. Hung. The Anti-Semitic 
Party in the Reichstag is dissolved, 
after existing for ten years. 

Dec. 2. Vienna. Count Kalnoky opens 
the conference between Austro-Hun- 
garian and German delegates, called for 



the purpose of negotiating a 
treaty. 

Dec. 4. Vienna. The Reichsrath as- 
sembles ; the Budget for 1891 places the 
expenditure at 564,473,940 florins. 

Dec. 13. Vienna. The Democratic 
Association, having for one of its ob- 
jects an agitation in favor of universal 
suffrage, is broken up by the police. 

1891 Jan. 25. Vienna. The Reichs- 
rath is dissolved by an unexpected 
decree. 

Jan. 27. Vienna. Austria resumes dip- 
lomatic relations with Brazil, the em- 
pire having given way to a republic under 
Deodora da Fonseca, president, 

Feb. 4. Vienna. The finance minis- 
ter resigns. 

Mar. 5. Vienna. The returns of the 
elections show that in the urban dis- 
tricts of Bohemia twelve German Liber- 
als, eleven Young Czechs, and three 
German Nationalists are elected to the 
lower House of the Reichsrath. 

Mar. 10. Hung. The Chamber of Mag- 
nates at Budapest passes a Sunday- 
Rest Bill. (See Society.) 

Apr. 11. Vienna. The Reichsrath is 
opened by the Emperor Francis 
Joseph with a speech strongly favoring 
peace. 

June 12. Vienna. The estimates of the 
Budget Committee of the Reichsrath 
show a surplus of 3,915,987 florins. 

June 17. Vienna. The Emperor Fran- 
cis Joseph gives special audience to 
Prince Ferdinand of Bulgaria. 

June 20. A great Central European 
Customs League has been formed by 
Germany, Austria-Hungary, Italy, and 
Switzerland. 

June 30. The triple alliance of Ger- 
many, Austria, and Italy is renewed for 
six years. 

Aug. 29. Vienna. The Government is 
watching the massing of Russian 
troops along her frontier, and in conse- 
quence adds 13,000,000 florins to her war 
budget. 

Sept. 7. Austria, as a reply to the Turco- 
Russian Convention, -will annex Bosnia 
to her dominions. 

Dec. 1. Vienna. Austria decides to 
participate in the "World's Fair at 
Chicago. 

Dec. 4. Vienna. The removal of the 
prohibition on American pork is 
formally announced. 

Dec. 10. Hung. The Reichstag is pre- 
paring to celebrate the one thousandth 
anniversary of the establishment of the 
Kingdom of Hungary by a National Ex- 
hibition in 1S95. 

Dec. 16. Vienna. Herr Gregr, the 
leader of the Young Czechs in the 
Reichsrath, demands the complete na- 
tional emancipation of Bohemia. 

1892 Jan. 4. Hung. The Emperor 
Francis Joseph dissolves the Diet. 

Jan. 30. Hung. Returns from the elec- 
tions show gains by the Opposition or 
Liberals. 



Feb. 23. Vienna. It is announced that 
reciprocity negotiations are to be 
opened with the United States. 

Apr. 28. Vienna. A motion is made 
in the lower House of the Reichsrath to 
impeach the Minister of Justice. 

July 10. Tyrol. The Provincial Diet of 
Southern Tyrol unanimously resolves 
to request the government to make 
Triest a free port. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 May* Vienna. The emperor 
opens an International Agricultural 
Exhibition. 

June 24. Hung. A second strategic 
railroad is commenced from Haven to 
Miskoleg. 

July 17. Hung. A fire at Rosenau de- 
stroys the parish church, the synagogue, 
and twenty houses. 

Aug. 1. Galicia. A mine explosion 
suffocates 80 miners. 

Aug. 4. Hung . One hundred and eighty 
houses and large stores of corn are 
burned in Puespolk Hatval. 

Aug. 8. Hung. Fire almost destroys 
the town of Moor ; 10 lives are lost. 

Aug. 25. Hung. Tokay, the center of 
Tokay-wine trade, is destroyed by fire. 

Oct. * Vienna. The press bitterly at- 
tacks the McKinley BUI of the U. S. 
Congress, calling it " a measure of vio- 
lence worthy of a nation accustomed to 
the use of the revolver." 

Nov. 17. Aust. A ship capsizes off the 
Dalmatian coast, and 38 persons and a 
number of animals are lost. 

1891 May 20. Vienna. The Interna- 
tional Postal Congress opens. 

July 1. Aust. Triest by law ceases to 
be a free port. 

Sept. 3. Hung. The town hall at Som- 
erein is blown up by gasoline, injur- 
ing three persons. 

Nov. 14. Vienna. A panic occurs on 
the Bourse, caused by a reported utter- 
ance of the emperor, to the effect that 
the European situation was critical. 

Dec. 21. Vienna. The extension of 
Vienna's boundaries is celebrated by 
the people. 

1892 Jan. 2. Hung. Many persons are 
reported to have died of starvation. 

May 11. Galicia. A raft upsets near 
Brody, and 60 persons are drowned. 

May 27. Vienna. The Chamber of Com- 
merce votes 10,000 florins towards defray- 
ing the expenses of the exhibit at the 
"World's Fair to be opened at Chicago, 
U. S. A. 

June 1. Bohemia. A fatal fire is ra- 
ging in a silver-mine at Birkenburg ; 400 
miners are missing. [June 2. Over 100 
bodies are taken out, no person escaping 
alive.] 

Aug. 25. Aust. Two dynamite ex- 
plosions occur at Triest causing only 
slight damage. 



536 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Mar. 31. Aust. The Sylander 
cuirass is adopted ; it is made of bullet- 
proof cloth one-third of an inch thick. 

Apr. 2 J:. Aust. The "War Office is plan- 
ning to increase the peace effective of 
the army. 

Sept. 18. Just. The Emperor Wil- 
liam of Germany leads a charge at 
the maneuvers. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Sept. 26. Vienna. The two hun- 
dredth anniversary of the founding of 
the Academy of Art is celebrated. 

1893 Jan. 4. Aust. A disastrous 
gale at Triest, Carniola, wrecks vessels 
and destroys life. 

May 8. Aust. The long drought is 
broken. 

May 21. Hung. The Honved monu- 
ment at Budapest is unveiled ; the Em- 
peror Joseph is present. 

Aug. 9. Aust. Earthquakes and a 
cloudburst in Styria and North Styria 
cause loss of life and destruction of 
property. 

Sept. 28. Tyrol. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph unveils at Innsbruck the statue 
of Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese pa- 
triot, shot by the French, Feb. 20, 1810. 

Dec. 29. Galicia. Snow is six feet 
deep. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892 Nov. 2. Iranyi, D., Hungarian leader, 



CHURCH. 
1893 Nov. 6. The Catholic clergy bit- 
terly oppose the bill making the civil 
service compulsory in all cases of 
marriage. (See State, Oct. 5.) 

* * Hung, L. Schlauch, Bishop of Gross- 
Wardein, is consecrated cardinal priest. 

* * Hung. Claudius Yeszary, Primate of 
Hungary, is consecrated cardinal priest. 

LETTERS. 
1893 Sept. 14. Bohemia. The author- 
ities issue an Imperial decree establish- 
ing a press censorship over the Czech 
papers published in Prague. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Sept. 14. Camiola. Miss Jane 
Armstrong of New York kills herself 
in Triest after losing her fortune at 
Monte Carlo. 

Sept. 18. Hung. Kossuth's ninetieth 
birthday is celebrated at Budapest. 

Sept. 21. Louis Kossuth forbids his 
sons visiting Hungary so long as that 
country recognizes the Emperor of Aus- 
tria as king; the sons are invited to 
represent their father at the unveiling 
of a memorial in the church at Tallva. 

Oct. 31. Hung. Count Julius Szapary, 
the Minister-President, is shot at as he 



sits in the dining-car of a train near 
Budapest. 

Nov. 6. Hung. The emperor refuses 
the permission asked by the Hungarian 
Premier, to introduce the compulsory 
Civil Marriage Bill. 

Nov. 10. Aust. Victor Raindle, the 
legal adviser to the Imperial family, 
confesses to embezzling trust funds ; 
deficit, 370,000± florins. 

Dee. 26±. Hung. During the Trefort 
Ministry at Budapest an embezzle- 
ment of 4,000,000 florins occurred in 
the Department of Education and Pub- 
lic Instruction. (Announced.) 

1893 Jan. 24. Vienna. DukeAlbrecht 
of Wiirtemberg and Archduchess 
Margaret Sophie are married. 

Mar. 2. Hung. Three rioters are killed 
in Szobozlo, the riot growing out of 
the imposition of new market tolls. 

Apr. 10. Vienna. An attempt is made 
to assassinate the Primate of Hun- 
gary. 

May 11. Aust. Hebrew officers at Trop- 
pau, Silesia, defend themselves against 
anti-Semites, 12 of the latter being 
wounded. 

May 17. Bohemia. A fight between 
Czechs and Germans occurs in the 
Diet. 

June 2. Bohemia. Disorder is preva- 
lent. 

Hung. A dynamite bomb is ex- 
ploded in a railway car at Mohacs, 
killing one person and badly injuring 
two others ; strikers suspected. 

June 17. Aust. Working men are agi- 
tating for universal suffrage. 

June 18. Vienna. "Working men and 
police are in collision; a commissary of 
police is killed, five policemen are seri- 
ously injured, and 26 working men 
wounded. 

July 8. Aust. Over 50 students are 
arrested in Gratz for raising a disturb- 
ance in the streets. 

July 9. Tlenna. Socialists make a 
demonstration in favor of universal 
suffrage. [Aug. 20. Another demon- 
stration.] 

Aug. IS. Croatia. Several men are ar- 
rested in Biskupitz for making a trade 
of crippling children for begging pur- 
poses; five mutilated children found, 
and instruments used seized. 

Sept. 12. Bohemia. The Young Czechs 
in Prague continue the anti-German 
agitation ; a number of arrests are 
made. 

Sept. 24. Aust. At Bruenn 88 alleged 
Anarchists are arrested. 

Sept. 25. Aust. A formidable Anar- 
chist plot is discovered by the police, 
and many arrests are made. 

Nov. 3. Vienna. Socialists storm a 
meeting of German Liberals, and, after 
a sharp fight, are repulsed by the police. 

Dec. 9. Ger. The absconding Vienna 
banker, Le June, is arrested in Berlin. 

Dec. 15. Bavaria. The emperor visits 
Munich in order to be present at the 



wedding of a member of the reigning 
family of Bavaria. 

1894 Feb. 25. Aust. Cashier Ferles, 
who embezzled 102,000 florins from 
the Department of Public Debt at Vi- 
enna, commits suicide. 

Mar. 4. Hung. More than 300,000 per- 
sons join in a demonstration in Buda- 
pest in favor of the Civil Marriage 
Bill. 

Mar. 21. Hungary is in mourning fur 
Louis Kossuth. 

Mar. 22. Hung. Students in Budapest 
compel several places of amusement to 
close, as a mark of respect for Kossuth. 

± Working men in Lower Austria, 

Moravia, and Bohemia are holding 
meetings in favor of universal suffrage. 

Mar. 23. Hung. Mobs of students 
and citizens are dispersed by troops in 
Budapest ; many students are wounded. 

Mar. 24. Hung. In the riots at Bu- 
dapest over 40 soldiers suffer from 
injuries received from stones, clubs, and 
other weapons. 

Mar. 28. Vienna. The Socialist As- 
sembly passes a resolution insisting 
upon universal suffrage, and advocates 
a general strike as a means of obtain- 
ing it, if necessary. 

Mar. 30. Aust. The Government for- 
bids the officers of the reserve and Hun- 
garian officials to act in any capacity at 
Kossuth* s funeral. 

The remains of Kossuth *arrive on 
Hungarian soil earlv in the morning; 
and at Budapest, late'r in the day. 300,000 
persons line the streets through which 
the funeral procession moves from the 
railroad station to the Museum. 

Apr. 8±. Vienna. Twenty-five mass- 
meetings are held by the working men 
in favor of obtaining a Universal Suf- 
frage Bill from the Government. 

Apr. 28. Bohemia. Prince Charles of 
Bourbon (pretender to the Spanish 
throne) is married to Princess Maria 
Bertha De Rohan in the cathedral at 
Prague, Cardinal von Schonborn, Arch- 
bishop of Prague, officiating. 

Apr. 30. Hernia. A three hours' fight 
between strikers and police takes place. 

STATE. 

1592 Oct. 11. Vienna. The German 
and Austrian emperors hold a frater- 
nal conference. 

Oct. 26. Hung. A Cabinet crisis is 
averted. 

Nov. 5. Vienna. The Reichsrath con- 
siders a plan to join the Oder and Dan- 
ube Rivers by a canal to make water 
connections with the Baltic and Black 
Seas. 

Nov. 6. Hung. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph refuses the request of the Pre- 
mier for permission to introduce the 
Compulsory Civil Marriage Bill. 
[Nov. 9. Count Szapary resigns in conse- 
quence. Nov. 16. A new ministry is 
formed by Dr. TVekerle.] 

1593 Mar. 20. Vienna. The Czech or 
native Bohemian party introduces a bill 



AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 1892, Sept. 14-1894, May 8. 537 



in the lower House of the Heichsrath 
for the virtual establishment of uni- 
versal suffrage. 

Apr. 6. Hung. Count Apponyi, in the 
Diet, criticises the emperor for not 
visiting Budapest in five months. 

Apr. 12. Vienna. A sensation is caused 
in European capitals by the reception 
of M. Stambuloff by the emperor. 

Apr. 21. Vienna, Count Kalnoky, the 
Premier, gives notice to Col. F. Grant, 
Minister of the United States, that an 
exequatur would not be granted to Max 
Judd as American Consul General at 
Vienna. 

May 17. Bohemia. The Czechs and 
Germans have a collision in the Land- 
tag. 

May 25. Hung. The Young Czechs 
are to be excluded from all Imperial 
Delegations' committees at Prague. 

May 27. Vienna. The emperor gives 
audience to Hungarian and Austrian 
delegations, and says that the Govern- 
ment is bound, in the interest of the 
defense of the Empire, to develop the 
military organization by a progressive 
and uniform process. 

Sept. 12. Bohemia.. The Anti-Ger- 
man agitation of the Young Czechs 
continues in Prague ; thirty-eight Young 
Czechs are arrested. 

Sept. 13. Bohemia. The "Government 
suspends some of the rights of the citi- 
zens of Prague in order to put a stop to 
the Young Czech agitation. 

Sept. 14. Hung. The session of the 
Austro-Hungarian Delegations 
opens at Budapest, and the budget is 
presented. 

Sept. 17. Hung. In the Austro-Hunga- 
rian Delegations the Young Czechs 
protest against the foreign policy of 
Count Kalnoky, which imposes a griev- 
ous burden upon the people through the 
triple alliance. 

Sept. 26. The Emperor "William and 
the Emperor Francis Joseph meet at 
Hetzendorf. 

Oct. 3.. Hung. A bill granting liberty 
of worship to aU sects is debated in 
the upper House ; the Catholic prelates 
are in opposition. 

Oct. 5. Hung. The upper House of the 
Reichstag passes the bill granting lib- 
erty of worship to all religious be- 
liefs. 

Oct. 10. Hung. The Government is 
sustained by the rejection of " no confi- 
dence" in the lower House of the 



Vienna. The Reichsrath is opened, 

and the Prime Minister introduces a bill 
extending the right of suffrage. 

Oct. 18. Vienna. Herr H. Von Henger- 
var is named as the Ambassador to 
"Washington, U. S. A. 

Oct. 19. Vienna. A Cabinet crisis is 
averted by Count Taaff e's offer to aban- 
don the Franchise Bill. 

Oct. 23. The Austrian and Hungarian 
Governments concur respecting the 



terms of an Austro- Russian Trade 
Treaty. 

Vienna. The Suffrage Bill is dis- 
cussed in the lower House of the Reichs- 
rath. 

Oct. 29. Vienna. The emperor has de- 
cided to dissolve the Reichsrath. 

Oct. 30. Vienna. The Cabinet re- 
signs ; the leaders of the Opposition 
submit a coalition program to the 
emperor. 

Nov. 3. Vienna. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph requests Prince "Windisch- 
graetz to form a Ministry. 

Nov. 5. Vienna. Prince Windisch- 
graetz forms a new Ministry. 

Nov. 6. Vienna. The emperor gives his 
assent to the introduction of a bill mak- 
ing the civil service compulsory in 
all cases of marriage ; the Catholic 
clergy are bitterly opposed to the bill. 

Nov. 14. Vienna. The Prime Minister 
announces a new Franchise Bill to be 
presented at the opening of the Reichs- 
rath, Nov. 23, though not based upon 
universal suffrage. 

Nov. 23. Vienna. A Young Czech test 
motion for urgency is defeated in the 
Reichsrath by a vote of 171 to 87, after 
the Premier had stated the new Cabinet's 
policy. 

Dec. 2. Vienna. The Government sub- 
mits the Civil Marriage Bill to the 
Diet. 

Dec. 9. Vienna. The upper House of 
the Reichsrath adopts the Convention 
with Great Britain for the protection 
of literary copyright. 

Dec. 10. Vienna. The Hungarian laws 
dealing with disputes between Church 
and State have received the royal sanc- 
tion. 

Dec. 11. Vienna. Francis Joseph has 
received ten thousand telegrams from 
different parts of Hungary, conveying to 
him homage and congratulations for his 
action in sanctioning the ecclesiastical 
bills. 

1894 Jan. 15. Bohemia. The trial of 
77 members of the Omladina Society, 
on the charge of high treason, is begun 
at Prague. 

Feb. 6. Hung. A bill making civil 
marriage compulsory is passed by the 
House of Representatives. Vote, 281-106. 

Mar. 28. Hung. The Emperor Francis 
Joseph commends the concessions 
made by the Ministry to the Hungarian 
popular sentiment respecting the fu- 
neral of Louis Kossuth. 

Apr. 10. Hung. Francis Kossuth, who 
has become a subject of the King of 
Hungary, proposes to carry on his 
father's work by taking an active part 
in politics. [Nov. 26. He takes the oath 
of allegiance to the king.] 

Apr. 11. Vienna. The Premier speaks 
in the lower House of the Reichsrath in 
defense of the Cabinet's Electoral Re- 
form Bill. 

Apr. 26. Austria and Hungary are to 
share the benefits of the Russo-German 
commercial treaty. 



May 8. Hung. The trial of 23 mem- 
bers of the Executive Committee of 
the Roumanian National Party be- 
gins at. Klausenburg ; it issued a docu- 
ment denouncing the union of Austria 
and Hungary ; it also declared that the 
union of Transylvania with Hungary 
unjustly deprives the former of its 
autonomy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Sept. 19. Galicia. Cholera is 
spreading. 

Sept. 21. Hung. Fire does great dam- 
age in the town of Paks ; hundreds of 
people are homeless, and 400 buildings 
are destroyed. 

Oct. 1. Berlin. The Austro-German 
military ride from Berlin to Vienna 
and return is commenced. [Oct. 4. Com- 
pleted, 10 per cent of the horses having 
been killed by overwork in the ride. 
The best records are made by 12 Aus- 
trian officers.] 

Oct. 4. Hung. Cholera is spreading in 
Budapest. 

Oct. 8. Hung. Fifty-three cases and 19 
deaths are reported from cholera in 
Budapest. [Oct. 21. Eighteen new cases 
and eight deaths are reported. Nov. 18. 
Eleven new cases.] 

1893 Jan. 24. Bohemia. Eighty 
miners are killed and many injured by 
an explosion of fire-damp at Dux. 

Jan. 27. Hung. An explosion fol- 
lowed by fire occurs in a coal-mine ; 19 
bodies are recovered, and 130 men still 
in the burning mine. 

Feb. 11. The empress contributes 
$40,000 to a new reading-room in 
the Vatican. 

Mar. 29. Atist. Many deaths from 
cholera are reported. 

June 3. Galicia. Eighteen people are 
drowned by floods. 

Aug. 14. Great destruction of life 
and property is caused by floods. 

1894 Jan. 14. Hung. Thousands of 
peasants are on the verge of starva- 
tion. 

Mar. 22. Hung. Kossuth's remains 
are to be buried at Budapest, where the 
students compel several places of amuse- 
ment to close until the interment. 

Mar. 25. Hung. Kossuth's library is to 
be placed in the National Library at 
Budapest. 

Mar. 31. Hung. The bodies of Kos- 
suth's wife and daughter, taken from 
the English cemetery at Genoa, are in- 
terred together after simple but impres- 
sive services at Budapest; his remains 
are lying in state, and viewed by a con- 
tinuous stream of people in the National 
Museum. 

Apr. 20. Vienna. An International 
Exhibition is opened by Emperor Fran- 
cis Joseph. 

Apr. 27. Aust, Seven cave- explorers 
are imprisoned by floods at Luglock, 
Gratz. [May 7. They are rescued ; all 
are alive, but one woman is insane.] 



538 1894, May 9-Dec. 21. AUSTRIA-HUNGARY. 



ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 

1894 June 7. Vienna. A fierce hail- 
storm occurs. 

Oct. 12+. Vienna. Jubilee of the mu- 
sician, Johann Strauss, is celebrated. 

CHURCH. 
1894 May 11. Hung, Pope Leo 

thanks Cardinal Veszary for his 
efforts in defeating the Civil Marriage 
Bill at Budapest, and gives his blessing 
to all who aided him. 

Aug. 1. Hung. Pope Leo sanctions a 
form of prayer appealing to the Virgin 
and the patron Saint Stephen to save 
Hungary from the enemies of the 
Church. 

The prayer is to be repeated daily in 
the Hungarian churches by everybody 
attending them, and the Pope therewith 
grants 300 days' indulgence. 

Sept. 28. Hung. Pope Leo in a letter 
to the Hungarian bishops instructs them 
to work for a modification of the laws 
relative to children of mixed mar- 
riages. (See State, Oct. 29.) 

SOCIETY. 

1894 May 9. Aust. Wine striking 
miners are killed and 20 wounded in a 
battle with the police. 

May 30. Vienna. Prince Augustus of 
Saxe-Coburg-Gotha and the Arch- 
duchess Caroline Immaculata of 
the Tuscan branch of the Hapsburg- 
Lorraine are married. 

July 9. Bohemia. One person is killed 
and several are severely injured by a 
bomb explosion in Pilsen ; other bombs 
are found and fuses extinguished in time 
to prevent explosions. 

July 29. Aust. The Archduke Wil- 
liam is thrown from his horse, receiving 
injuries from which he dies in a few 
hours. 

Sept. 2. Hung. The International Hy- 
gienic Congress opens in Budapest. 

Sept. 26. Vienna. Seventy Socialists, 
including many party leaders, are ar- 
rested. 

Sept. 30. Vienna. A demonstration in 
behalf of universal suffrage is held ; 
15,000 persons march in the parade. 

Oct. 12. Vienna. The Johann Strauss 
Jubilee begins. 



Oct. 13. Tyrol. A " Jack-the-Rip- 
per " is arrested on the charge of killing 
and mutilating two women near Amras. 

Oct. 14. Vienna. The Strauss Jubi- 
lee is celebrated ; he is in receipt of 
numerous gifts and messages. 

Dec. 7±. Hung. Francis Kossuth at- 
tends a banquet given in Budapest by 
independent members of the Hungarian 
Diet, and promises to advance all his 
father's ideas except those regarding 
the dynasty. 

Dec. 8. Vienna. It is announced that 
the bodies of Stanislas Helicius, a leader 
of the Young Czechs, and his wife 
were found on their doorstep near 
Prague. 

Dec. 13. Hung. Ten thousand persons 
march in procession through the streets 
of Budapest, in order to celebrate the 
passage and royal sanction of the Re- 
ligious Freedom Bills. Of this number 
5,000 carry torches. 

STATE. 

1894 May 9. Hung. Great excitement 
prevails in Budapest over the debate on 
the Civil Marriage Bill in the House 
of Magnates ; the members of the body 
favoring the measure are threatened by 
postal card that if the bill is adopted 
the Chamber will be blown up. The 
bill is rejected. Vote, 139-118. 

May 10. Vienna. The government's 
policy in the recent strike is sustained 
in the lower House. Vote, 182-83. 

May 21. Hung. The House of Repre- 
sentatives again passes the Civil Mar- 
riage Bill. Vote, 271-105. 

May 25. Hung. The lower House at 
Budapest passes by a large majority a 
bill transferring the registration of 
marriages, births, and deaths from 
the clergy to state officials, supple- 
mentary to the Civil Marriage Bill. 

May 28. Hung. The Council of Minis- 
ters demands that the emperor create 
enough new members to insure the pas- 
sage of the Civil Marriage BiH in the 
House of Magnates. 

May 31. Hung. The Ministry under 
Dr. Wekerle resigns, because the king 
refuses to insure the passage of the 
Civil Marriage Bill by creating Liberal 
Magnates. 



June 1. Hung. The emperor instructs 
Count Khuen Hedervary, the Ban of 
Croatia, to form a new Hungarian Min- 
istry. 

June 3. Hung. All the men asked to 
join the new Hungarian Cabinet refuse 
to serve. The Liberals unanimously 
ask Dr. Wekerle to retain the Liberal 
leadership. 

June 4. Hung. The emperor has sum- 
moned Dr. "Wekerle to an audience at 
Budapest. 

June 5. Hung. The emperor has an- 
other conference with Dr. "Wekerle. 

June 6. Hung. Dr. Wekerle forms 
a new Hungarian Cabinet. 

June 10. Hung. The emperor yields to 
the demand that D-. von Szilagyi be ap- 
pointed a member of the Wekerle Cabi- 
net as Minister of Justice. 

June 12. Hung. The emperor recog- 
nizes the Hungarian Civil Marriage 
law as a political necessity. 

June 21. Hung. The House of Mag- 
nates at last passes the Civil Marriage 
Bill. Vote, 128-124. [June 30. Parlia- 
ment adjourns.] 

The object of the bill is to establish 
a uniform marriage contract and guar- 
antee its equal binding force. It pro- 
vides that the civil contract must pre- 
cede any religious ceremony. 

July 6. A commercial treaty between 
Russia and Austria-Hungary is ratified. 

Oct. 29. Hung. Three bills granting 
freedom of religious worship and 
recognizing the Jewish religion are 
passed by Parliament. [Dec. 10. Ap- 
proved by the king.] 

Dec. 21. Hung. Dr. "Wekerle resigns. 
[1895. Jan. 16. A new ministry is 
formed by Baron Banffy.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894 June 15. Aust. Two hundred 

miners are killed by explosions in 

coal-mines at Karwin. 
July 9. Bohemia. Several dynamite 

bombs are found in Pilsen; one explodes 

and injures several persons. 
Aug. 2S. Bohemia. The town of Plass, 

including the castle of the Metternich 

princes, is devastated by fire. 
Sept. 2. Hung. The International Hy- 
gienic Congress is opened in Budapest. 
Sept. 15. Gaticia. Cholera is spreading. 



BALUCHISTAN. 



Baluchistan is a territory of southwestern Asia, having Khelat for its capital. Area estimated at 130,000 square miles: 
population, 500,000±. The Khan is under the influence of the British, who maintain a garrison at Quetta, and pay a subsidy. 
The southeastern part of Afghanistan is called British Baluchistan. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1778 * * Nusseer Khan, the usurper, 
routs the Afghan army sent by Ahmed 
Shah to subdue him. 

* * The Afghans defeat Wusseer Khan 
in a pitched battle. 

* * Nusseer Khan is besieged in Khelat, 
but finally obtains a treaty of»peace from 
the Afghans. 



1839 * * A detachment from the British 
army in Afghanistan storms and cap- 
tures Khelat, the capital, to punish the 
treachery of Muhammad Khan. 

About 400 Baluches are killed, includ- 
ing Merhab Khan, and 2,000 prisoners 
are taken. 

1S40 July * The British garrison at 
Khelat is overpowered by the natives. 

JSosr. * The British retake Khelat and 
hold it [for a short time]. 



1875 * * The military power of the 

Khan is less than 40.000 men , if all should 

respond to his summons. 
1880 July * The Khan proffers military 

aid to Gen. Roberts, after the latter's 

defeat by the Afghans. 

STATE. 
1739 * * Nusseer Khan becomes Beg- 
ler-bey after assassinating his tyranni- 
cal brother, Hajee Muhammad Khan, 



BALUCHISTAN. 



1739,** -1893, Aug.* 539 



1778* *Nusseer Khan declares his do- 
minions independent of Afghanistan, 
and war with the Afghans follows. 

1795 * * Nusseer Khan dies in extreme 
old age. 

June * Muhammad Khan, the oldest 
of three sons, succeeds his father. 

His weak and tyrannical reign reduces 
his dominions by the revolt of many 
provinces. 

* * A rebellion by Beheram Khan is 
quelled. 

1839* *Mehrab Khan annoys the 
British. 

* * The British establish a governor at 
Khelat, the capital. 

1840 * * The British governor and gar- 
rison are overpowered by the natives. 

1841 * * Nusseer Khan, son of Mehrab 
Khan, is enthroned by the British, who 
evacuate the country after securing a 
satisfactory treaty. 

1854 * * Meer Nusseer Khan rules the 
Khelat State. 

May 14. Meer Nusseer Khan concludes 
a treaty with Great Britain, by which 
his government is to be subsidized ; the 
terms of the treaty are arranged by Gen. 
John Jacob. 



1856 * * Meer Nusseer Khan dies. 

* * Meer Khodadad, 12 years of age, 
succeeds his brother as khan. 

1857 * * The British send a political 
agent, Maj. Henry Green, to aid the 
Khan in controlling his people during 
the revolt in India. [Maj. Malcolm 
Green follows him.] 

1863 * * Khodadad Khan is attacked 
and severely wounded by his cousin, 
Shere dil Khan, while riding; he then 
flees to British territory. 

* * Shere dil Kb an is elected and pro- 
claimed ruler. 

1864 * * Shere dil Khan is murdered 
in the Gundava Pass. 

* * Khodadad Khan is restored by his 
revolting subjects. 

A condition of irrepressible anarchy 
prevails ; the rulers of several provinces 
revolt. 
1873* *The British withhold the 
stipulated subsidy, as the conditions 
have not been observed. 

1874 * * The British suspend diplo- 
matic relations with the Khelat State. 

1875 * * Maj. Robert Sandeman ne- 
gotiates a new treaty. 



* * The annual revenue of the Khelat 
State is about 300,000 rupees, equal to 
$150,000. 

1877* *A British force occupies 
Quetta, which soon becomes a peaceful 
and prosperous station. 

1887 * * The announcement is made that 
Quetta, with the districts of Pishin Thai 
Chotiali, and Sibi, are to become Brit- 
ish territory. 

1893 Aug.* Mir Muhammad suc- 
ceeds to the office of khan. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

* * * The Church Missionary Society 
establishes a mission station at 
Quetta. 

1889 * * The mission station at Quetta 
reports one missionary and his wife, 18 
persons baptized, and 11 communicants. 

* * * Three of the four Gospels have 
been translated into Baluchi. 

* * * A railroad connects Quetta with 
the Punjab in India. 

* * * The population is estimated at 
500,000. 

* * * The religion of the Baluchi is Mo- 
hammedanism. 



BELGIUM. 



Belgium is a state of Western Europe, having Brussels for its capital. Its area is 18,600 square miles ; population in 1895, 
6,410,783. It is divided into the provinces of Antwerp, Brabant, East Flanders, Hainaut, Liege, Limburg, Luxemburg, Namur, 
and West Flanders. The government is a constitutional monarchy administered by an hereditary monarch. The people are 
chiefly Roman Catholics, and speak the French and Flemish languages. 

Note. — The following abbreviations are here used to locate the events described: Ant., Antwerp; Bra., Brabant; E. F., East Flanders; 
H., Hainaut; Lim., Limburg; Lux., Luxemburg; L., Liege; N., Namur; W. F., "West Flanders; Brussels, the capital, is also used as a locality 
word. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
51 * * B.C. Flanders is conquered by 
Julius Caesar. 

1382 Nov. 27. A. d. At Rosebecque 
Charles VI. of France defeats the 
Flemings, who had revolted against 
their count. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 

930 * * Hucbald of Flanders invents a 
system of scales wherein the semitone 
is always between the second and third 
of a tetrachord. 

1014 Sept. 28. Nearly the whole of 
Flanders is submerged in a storm. 

1108 * * W. F. Ostend is inundated 
and entirely covered by the sea. 

1320 * * Very delicate lace is made in 
Flanders. 

1340 * * The iron manufacture is well 
established ; coal is alleged to have been 
used at Marche-les-dames. 

1350 * * Ant. The Gothic cathedral of 
Notre Dame at Antwerp is founded. 

1402 * * Oil is first used in painting 
by Jan Van Eyck. 

1415 * * W.F. Jan and Hubert Van Eyck 
of Bruges, two brothers, become foun- 
ders of the Flemish school of painting. 

1432 * * E.F. Jan Van Eyck is exempt- 
ed from taxes at Ghent on account of 
his great merit as a painter. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1058 * * Bouillon. Godfrey, de, hero of 
the First Crusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.J 

1818 * * Goetbals, Hendrik, Flem. theolo- 
gian, born. [1293. Dies. A75.] 

1335 * * Maerlant, .Jakob van, Flem. poet, 
born. [1309. DieB. A65.] 

1340 * * Artevelde, Chilipvan, revolutionary 
leader, born. [1382. Dies. A 42:] 

1366 * * Eyck, Hubert van. Flem. painter, 
born. [1426. Dies. A60.] 

1390 * * Bruges, John of, Flem. painter, 
born. [1440. Dies. A50.] 
Eyck, Jan van. Flem. painter, born. [1440, 
July 9. Dies. A50.1 

1403* * Chastelain, Georges, Flem. chron- 
icler, born. [1475. Dies. A72.] 

1430* * Goes, iliigo van der, Flem. painter, 
born. [1480+. Dies. A60+.J 



CHURCH. 

1010 * * Brussels. The Cathedral of 
St. Gudule is begun. 

1099 * * Lux. Godfrey of Bouillon, of 
the Grand Duchy of Luxemburg, founds 
the order of Knights of the Holy- 
Sepulchre. 

1206 * * -20 * * L. St. Francis estab- 
lishes the Beguine order of Nuns at 
Liege. 

1273 * * Brussels. The Cathedral of 
St. Gudule is completed. 



SOCIETY. 
1338 * * Ant. A magnificent tourna- 
ment celebrates the birth in this city 
of the Duke of Clarence, son of Edward 
III. of England. 

STATE. 
51 * * b. c. Belgium becomes a part of 
the Roman Empire by conquest under 
Julius Caesar. 

1st Century. The inhabitants are chiefly 
Celtic tribes. 

5th Century. The inhabitants are chiefly 
Germans. 

837 * * Antwerp falls into the hands of 
the Northmen. 

870 * * After the treaty of Mersen the 
Netherlands provinces chiefly belong 
to Germany, and form a dependence 
of the duchy of Lotharingia. 

1008 * * Antwerp is a marquisate of 
the Holy Roman Empire. 

1406 * * Ant. The marquisate of Ant- 
werp returns to Brabant, after being 
held by the Count of Flanders and the 
House of Burgundy. 



LETTERS. MISCELLANEOUS. 
1426* * Bra. The University of Lou- 1448 ** 1570 ** Antwerp is very pros- 
vain is established ; it is controlled by perous; 2,500 ships are seen in the 
the authorities of the Catholic Church. ' river at one time. 



540 1450, * *-1678, Sept. 17. 



BELGIUM. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1451* *#. F. Ghent rebels 

Philip of Burgundy. 
1539 * * E. F. Ghent rebels against 

the Emperor Charles V. 
1564 * * 1648 * * "War of Liberation 

in the Netherlands. 

1566 * * A great insurrection is pro- 
voked in the Netherlands by an attempt 
of Philip to establish the Inquisition. 

1567 * * The Duke of Alva with 20,000 
Spaniards arrives to suppress the re- 
volt. 

1568 * * Bra. "William of Orange en- 
ters Brabant with an army, but the 
Duke of Alva declines a battle. 

1572 * * William of Orange is elected 
commander-in-chief of the rebel forces. 

* * Brille on the mouth of the Meuse is 
captured by the "Water Beggars. Rapid 
spread of the insurrection. 

1574 Apr. 14. Spaniards win a vic- 
tory at Mookerheide, where two 
brothers of the Prince of Orange fall. 

Oct. * William of Orange relieves Ley- 
den. 

1576 * * Antwerp is taken by the Span- 
iards, and given up to three days of pil- 
lage. 

1583 * * Antwerp is besieged by the 
Due d'Alencon, who is successfully re- 
sisted. 

1584 July 10. William of Orange is 
murdered by Balthazar Gerard. 

1585 Aug. 17. The Duke of Parma 
makes a triumphal entry into Antwerp 
after a successful siege. 

1601 July * W. F. The Spaniards be- 
siege Ostend. 

1604 Sept. * W. F. Ostend capitu- 
lates to the Spaniards. 

1622 Aug. 30. H. The indecisive bat- 
tle of Fleurus is fought between the 
Catholic League under Gonzales de Cor- 
dova and the Protestant Union. 

1667 * * -68 * * War of Conquest on 
account of the Spanish Netherlands. 

Brabant, Flanders, etc., are claimed 
by Louis XIV. on the death of his father- 
in-law, Philip IV. of Spain. 

* * Part of Flanders and Hainaut are 
conquered by the French under Tu- 

1672 * * -78 * * Second War of Con- 
quest by France against Holland. 

1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by 
Louis XIV. of France. 

* * -79 * * Peace of Nimeguen, Hol- 
land. France and the United Provinces 
sign a treaty of peace. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1450 * * An t. The Church of St. James 
is erected at Antwerp. 

1468 * * A severe winter occurs in Flan- 
ders ; the wine distributed is cut by 
hatchets. 

1471* *Hand guns are used by 300 
Flemings who accompanied Edward IV. 
of England when he landed at Kaven-. 
spur. 



1475 * * Diamond polishing is invented 
by Ludwig von Berkem. 

1518* * Ant, The cathedral of Notre 
Dame in Antwerp is completed. 

1531 * * Ant. The Exchange, one of 
the finest buildings of its kind in Europe, 
is built at Antwerp. 

1537 * * The dissection of the human 
body is performed by Vesalius. 

1544 * * A severe winter occurs in Flan- 
ders ; the wine is frozen solid. 

1556 * * Mercator's Charts are pub- 
lished, in which the world is treated as 
a plane ; Gerard Mercator, or Kauif- 
mann, is the alleged constructor. 

1603 * * Democritus and Heractitus is 
painted by Rubens. 

1608* * Ant. Rubens is called to 
Antwerp by the death of his mother. 

1609 * * Van Dyck is apprenticed to 
Hendrik Van Balen. 

* * Ant. Rubens is made court painter 
by the Archduke Albert of Antwerp. 

1611* * Ant. Rubens agrees to paint, 
for the Guild of Harquebusiers, the 
great altar piece [which since 1614 has 
decorated their altar in the Antwerp 
cathedral], containing the famous De- 
scent from the Cross, the Visitation, the 
Presentation, the St. Christopher, and a 
Hermit. 

Rubens builds and decorates for 
himself a beautiful house in Antwerp. 

1615 * * Ant. Anthony Van Dyck 
enters the studio of Rubens. 

1619 * * Battle of the Amazons is painted 
by Rubens. 

1620 * * Rubens procures Van Dyck a 
commission to paint an altar piece. 

1622 * * Fr. Rubens is called to Paris 
by Maria de Medici, to decorate the 
Luxembourg palace with twenty-one 
great pictures representing the events 
in her life up to the period of her recon- 
ciliation with her son, Louis XIII. 

1624 * * Van Helmont introduces the 
term gas. 

1629 * * Portrait of Charles I. of Eng- 
land is painted by Rubens. 

1638 * * Crucifixion of St. Peter is painted 
by Rubens. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1450* * Despres, Josquin, Flem. musician, 

born. [1530+. Dies. A80.] 
1455 * * Lefevre, Peter B., bishop, born. 

[1537. Dies. A82.] 
1460* * Matsys, Quentin, Flem. painter. 

born. [1529. Dies. A69.] 
1462* * Badius, Jodorus or Josse, Flem. 

poet, born. [1535. Dies. A73-] 
1485 1. * * Cleef or Cleve, .loost van, Flem. 

painter, born. [15^0 + . Dies. A45.] 
1495* * Mending, Huns, Flem. painter, dies. 
1497* * Coxoie, Michael, Flem. painter, 

born. [1552. Dies. A55.] 
1499+ * * Mabuse, -Ian or Gossaert, Flem. 

painter, born. [1562. Dies. A63+.] 
+ Lombard, Lambert, Flem. architect, born. 

[1568. Dies. A59 + .] 
1510* * A' pies, Charles de, painter, born. 

[1563. Dies. A53.] 
+ Cleef, Henry van, painter, born. 
1512 * * Mercator, Gerard, Flem. geog., b. 
1513* * Baius, Michael, Flem. cl., born. 

[1589. Dies. A76.] 
1520+ * * Floris, Frans, Flem. painter, born. 

Lasso. Orlando, eoniposer, born. 
1522 * * Busbecq, Augier Gluslen, Flem, 

scholar, traveler, born. 



Horn, Philip de Mont, Flem. statesman, born. 

[1568. Dies. A46.) 
Egmont, LamoraL Flem. count, born. [1568. 

Dies. .Ufi.j 
1624 * * Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp- 
tor, born. 
1526 ■ • Colin, Alexander, sculptor, born. 
1531" * Brederode, Hendrik, Flem. count, 

born. [1568. Dies. A37.J 
1533* * Vermeulen, Jan, Flem. theologian, 

born. [1585. Dies. A52.] 
1548 * * Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist, b. 
Aldegonde, Philippe van MarnL-c, Seigneur 

de Mont-saint, diplomatist, litterateur, 

born. [ 1598. Dies. A50.] 
Mander, f'arel van, Flem. painter, born. 
1550* • Steenwyk, Hendrik, Flem. painter, 

born. 
1555* ' Calvart, Dionist, Flem. painter, b. 
1550 * * Bril, Paul us, Flem. painter, bora. 
1557* * Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, b. 
1560* * Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter, 

Gruter or Gruvtere, Jan, Flem. antiquary, b. 
1569 * * Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, born. 
1570* * Fiona, Frans, Flem. painter, A50. 
1577 June27. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem. 

painter, born. 
* * Helmont. Jean Baptistevan, Flem. pbys.,b. 
1578* * A lard, Francis, Flem. Protestant 

theologian, dies. 
1579 * * Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, b. 



1584* "Ayala, Balthasar de, Flem. jurist, 

A36+. 
1589 Cleef, Henry van, painter, A79+. 
1592* * Honthors't, Gerard, Flem. painter, b. 
Busbeeq, Augier Ghislen, Flemish scholar. 
A70. 
1594* * Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculp- 
tor, born. 
Ulercator, Gerard, Flemish geographer, A82. 
Jordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, born. 
1597 * * Hock. Jan van, Flem. painter, born. 

1599 * * Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter, 

Eykens, or Evckens, Pieter, historical paint- 
er, born. [1649. Dies. A50-.] 
Miel, or Meel, Jan, Flem. painter, bora. 
Van Dyck.. Sir Anthony. Flem. painter, b. 

1600 * * Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, b. 
1602* * Champagne, PhUippe de, Flem. 

painter, born. 
1604* * Steemvvk, Hendrik, Flem. painter, 
A54. 

1606 * * Peters, Francis Lucas, painter, born. 
Wander, Carel van, Flem. painter, A58. 
Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, born. 

1607 * * yui j llyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter, b. 
1608* * Bologna, Giovanni di, Flem. sculp- 
tor, A 84. 

1609 * * Arminius or Hannensen, Jakobus, 
dies, A49. 

16 10 * * Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter, 
born. 

Teniers. David, the younger, Flem. painter, b. 
1611* * Hobbema, Mynderhout, Flem. paint- 
er, born. 
1612 * * Colin, Alexander, sculptor, A86. 
1614* * Wouters, Francois, Flem. painter, b. 

Peters, Bonaventure. Flem. painter, born. 

Coqnes, Gonzales, Flem. painter, born. 
1616* * Bourignon, Antoinette, Flem. fa- 
natic, born. 
1619 * * Calvart, Dionisi, Flem. painter, A64. 

1625 * * Lingelbach, Jan, Flem. painter, b. 
Berchem, Nicholas. Flem. engraver, A65. 
Fyt, or Feyt, Jan, Flem. painter, bora. 

1626 * * Bril, Paulas, painter, A70. 
1627* * Gruter, Jan, Flem. antiquary, A67. 
1630* * Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem. 

painter, sctdptor, born. 
1632 * * Balen, Hendrik van, Flem. painter, 

A72. 
1634* * Menlen, Antoon Frans van der, 

Flem. painter, born. 
1635 * * Peters, John, painter, bora. 

1640 May30. Rubens, Peter Paul, Flem. 
painter, A63. 

Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk missionarv, b. 

1641 * * Van Dyck. Sir Antnony, Flem. 
painter, A42. 

Oort, Adam van, Flem. painter, A84. 

1642 * * Breughel, Jan, Flem. painter, A73. 
1644 * * Helmont, Jean Baptiste van, Flem. 

physician, A67. 
1646 * * Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, born. 

Duquesnoy, Francois, Flem. sculptor, A52. 
1649 * * Teniers, David, the elder, Flem. 

painter, A67. 
1650* * Hock, Jan van, Flem. painter, 



A47. 



1651 * * Utrecht, Adriaan van, Flem. painter, 
paint- 



BELGIUM. 



1450, * *-1678, Sept. 17. 541 



born. 
1656* * Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem. 

painter, born. 
1657 * * Snyders, Franz, Flem. painter, A78. 
Lapide, Cornelius, Flem. commentator, dies. 
1659 * * Wouters, Francois, Flem. painter, 

A45. 
1660* * Honthorst, Gerard, Flem. painter, 

A68. 
1663* * Audenaerde, Kobert van, Flem. 

painter, born. [1743. Dies. A80.] 
1664* * Miel, Jan, Firm. painler, A65. 
1669* * Grayer Gaspard ik j , Flem. painter, 

A 87. 

1671 * * Oost, Jacob van, Flem. painter, A71. 
Fyt, Jan, Flem. painter, A46. 

1672 * * Breughel, Abraham, Flem. paint- 
er, born. 

1674 * * Champagne, Philippe de, Flem. 

painter, A72. 
1677 * * Peters, John, marine painter, A42. 
1678* * Quellyn, Erasmus, Flem. painter, 

A71. 
Jordaens, Jakob, Flem. painter, A84. 



CHURCH. 

1516* *-56* *The Protestant reli- 
gion begins to spread through Belgium 
amid much persecution. 

1556 * * -98 * * Reign of Philip II. ; he 
cruelly opposes Protestants and intro- 
duces the Inquisition. 

* * Switz. George David, a Flemish fa- 
natic, professing to he the Messiah, and 
founder of the Davidists, dies at Basel. 

1567 * * The Duke of Alva arrives 
with 20,000 Spaniards to subdue the 
Protestants; by cruelty and' oppression 
he drives them to rebellion. 

* * William of Orange is converted to 
Protestantism. 

1568 Feb. * A sentence of the Inquisi- 
tion condemns to death, as heretics, 
nearly all the inhabitants of the Nether- 
lands. 

1597* * Brussels. Lady Mary Percy 
founds a convent. [In 1794 the nuns 
are forced to leave for England.] 



LETTERS. 

1529 Oct. 14. Brussels. Placards an- 
nounce death by burning to persons 
concealing prohibited books. 

1605* * Ant.- Nieuve Zijdinghen is is- 
sued at Antwerp. 

1637 * * -44 * * Gazette Extraordinaris 
Posttijdinghen is issued. 

1649 * * Brussels. Courrier veritable des 
Pays-Bas is issued. 

1667 * * E.F. Gazette van Ghent is is- 
sued at Ghent. 

SOCIETY. 

1385 * * The counts of Flanders being 
without male heirs, their possessions 
go to the House of Burgundy [which 
soon gains possession of all the Nether- 
lands]. 

1567 * * The Duke of Alva persecutes 
the Protestants, devastating the coun- 
try, and erecting scaffolds in every city. 

1584 July 10. William the Silent, 
Prince of Orange, is assassinated at 
Delft by Balthazar Gerard. 

1609 Oct. 13. Rubens marries Isa- 
bella Brandt. 



STATE. 

1477 * * Mary of Burgundy, heiress of 
Charles the Bold, marries the Archduke 
Maximilian, son of Emperor Frederick 
IV., and thus transfers the Nether- 
lands to the House of Austria. ' 

1493 * * Maximilian . I. becomes Em- 
peror of Germany. 

1494 * * Maximilian resigns the gov- 
ernment of the Netherlands to his son, 
Philip the Handsome, 17 years of age, 
who becomes regent. 

1496* * Philip marries Johanna, 
daughter of Ferdinand and Isabella of 
Castile, having one son [later Charles V.] . 

1507 * * Brussels becomes the capital 
of the - low countries under Philip the 



1516* *-56* * Reign of Charles I. 
(Emperor Charles V.), King of Spain. 

1544 * * William of Orange, "The 
Silent," inherits the estates of Brabant, 
Flanders, Holland, and the small prin- 
cipality of Orange in France, from a 
childless cousin. 

1556* *-98* * Philip II. reigns; he 
is son of Charles I., King of Spain, and 
inherits the Netherlands on the abdica- 
tion of his father. 

1567 Apr. 22. William of Orange 
resigns his offices, and, with many thou- 
sand Netherlanders, leaves his country 
on the arrival of the Duke of Alva. 

1568 * * The long war of liberation 



It is caused by the fact that ancient 
and important privileges are jealously 
prized, while the Spanish garrison, the 
penal edicts against heretics, the deed 
of the introduction of the Spanish In- 
quisition, lead to a league of the nobles, 
headed by Philip Marnix of St. Alde- 
gonde. 

* * Offense is given Spain by the pres- 
entation of the petition of 300 nobles 
("Beggars"), the insurrection of the 
lower classes, and the destruction of 
images, and sacking of churches. 

Feb. * By a sentence of the Inquisition 
all the inhabitants of the Netherlands, 
with a few exceptions, are condemned 
to death. 

June 5. Brussels. Lamoral, Count Eg- 
mont, Horn, and many Protestants 
are executed. 

* * The estates of Protestants who fail 
to appear before the Spanish tribunal 
are confiscated; that of William of 
Orange is among those confiscated. 

1572 * * Many cities of Holland raise 
the standard of William of Orange, 
who is appointed leader of the rebellious 
provinces. 

1573 * * The Duke of Alva is recalled 
at his own request ; Luis de Requesens 
y Zuniga is his successor. 

1576 * * Requesens dies of fever. 

* * E.F. Pacification of Ghent. 

All the provinces of the Netherlands 
unite to drive out the Spaniards, after 
the sacking of Antwerp, Maestricht, 
Ghent, and other cities by royal troops ; 
national and religious differences are 
ignored. 



1577 * * Don John of Austria succeeds 
Requesens, but is not recognized by the 
majority of the provinces ; he fails to 
quiet them. 

1578* * Don John dies. 

* * Alexander Farnese, Duke of Parma, 
is governor; he subdues the southern 
provinces (Belgium), which adhere to 
the Catholic faith ; he promises the res- 
toration of their old political freedom. 

1579 Jan. 23. The Union of Utrecht 
founds a famous republic. 

Seven provinces declare their indepen- 
dence of Spain : Holland, Zealand, 
Utrecht, Gelderland, (imningen, Fries- 
land, Overyssel ; William of Orange is 
made stadtholder ; the southern portion 
(Belgium) continues under Spanish rule. 

1584 * * Maurice of Nassau succeeds 
his murdered father as head of the Seven 
Provinces. 

1598 * * -1621 * * Philip m. of Spain 
reigns. 

He cedes Belgium to his daughter Isa- 
bella and the Archduke Albert, her hus- 
band. 

1609 * * -21 * * A truce is maintained 
by the Netherlands and Spain, on the 
basis of possession at the time. 

1621 * * King Albert dies without is- 
sue, and the country reverts to Spain. 

* * -25 * * Philip rV. of Spain reigns. 
1646 * * Peter Stuyvesant is appointed 

governor of New Netherlands, America. 

1648 * * The independence of the Re- 
public of the United Provinces is recog- 
nized by Spain and the Empire, at the 
Peace of Westphalia. 

1659* * By the Treaty of the Pyrenees 
the county of Artois, Thionville, and 
other districts are ceded to Prance by 
Spain. 

1664 * * The New Netherlands (Amer- 
ica) is granted to the Duke of York. 

1668 * * By the Peace of Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle, Lille, Charleroi, Oudenarde, 
Courtray, and other towns are ceded to 
France. 

1678 * * -79 * * The Peace of Nime- 
guen restores to Spaiu some of the ter- 
ritory previously ceded, but cedes to 
France Valenciennes, Nieuport, Cam- 
bray, St. Omer, Ypres, and Charlemont. 
[These are in part returned at the Peace 
of Ryswick.] 

1678 Sept. 17. France cedes to 
Spain Limburg, Ghent, Waes, etc. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1450+ * * Trade flourishes in Flanders ; 
all the nations of Europe have ware- 
houses at Bruges and Ghent. 

1516 * * A post-office is established be- 
tween Vienna and Brussels. 

1531 * * The Exchange is built in Ant- 
werp. 

* * The rising Commercial Company is 
sacrificed to the jealousy of the Dutch. 

1585± * * The glory of Antwerp rap- 
idly declines. 

1648 * * The Scheldt is closed to the 
commerce of Antwerp by the treaty of 
"Westphalia. 



542 1680, * *-1831, Aug. 2. 



BELGIUM. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1690 July 1. The Prince of Wal- 
deek is defeated by Marshal Luxem- 
burg at Fleurus. 

1692 July 1. Namur is taken by the 
French. 

1695 Aug. * Brussels is bombarded 
by the French under Marshal Villeroi ; 
14 churches and 10,000 houses are con- 
sumed, 

Sept. * Namur is retaken from the 
French by Bang William III. of England. 

1706 May 23. Bra. Battle of Ramil- 
lies. 

The allieB under the Duke of Marl- 
borough defeat the French and Bava- 
rians under Marshal de Villeroi ; the 
French are seized with panic, and the 
defeat becomes a rout. French loss, 13,- 
000; allies' loss, 3,500. [The French soon 
lose all the fortresses in the Low Coun- 
try.] 

* * E. F. Ghent is taken by the British 
under the Duke of Marlborough. 

1708 July 11. The allies under Marl- 
borough and Prince Eugene defeat 
the French besiegers under Louis Jo- 
seph Due de Vendome and the Duke of 
Burgundy at Oudenarde. 

1745 May * The French commence the 
subjugation of the Austrian Nether- 
lands by an army under Marshal Mau- 
rice of Saxony. 

May 11. H. Battle of Fontenoy, near 
Tournay. The French under Marshal 
Maurice of Saxony defeat the army of 
the Pragmatic Sanction (English, Han- 
overians, Dutch, and Austrians) under 
the Duke of Cumberland, with the loss 
of 12,000 men ; the French lose nearly 
the same number. 

1746 Feb. 16. Brussels. Marshal 
Saxe takes the city. 

1748 * * The French retire by treaty 
from their conquests in the Austrian 
Netherlands. 

1756 * * IF. F. The French garrison 
Ostend for Maria Theresa. 

1789 Dec. 11. Brussels. TJprising 
against the Austrians ; the garrison is 
compelled to capitulate. 

1790 Nov. * An Austrian army en- 
ters Belgium, and easily subdues the 
people. 

1792 Nov.* Brussels. The French 
under Gen. Dumouriez take the city. 

* * Antwerp is occupied by the French. 

1793 * * E.F. Ghent is taken by the 
French. 

Nov. 6. H. At Jemappes the French 
Republican army, 40,000 strong, under 
Gen. Dumouriez, defeat 19,000 Aus- 
trians, and drive them from their de- 
fenses ; the Austrians lose 10,000 men 
and the French 12,000. [The victory 
gives to France the country to the south 
of Liege.] 

1794 June 26. H. The army of 
France under Marshal Jourdan defeats 
the allies under the Prince of Coburg 
at Fleurus; it overthrows the rule of 
Austria. 



* * -1814 * * French troops occupy 
Antwerp. 

1815 June 16. Bra. The allies, under 
the Duke of Brunswick, the Prince of 
Orange, and Sir Thomas Picton, repulse 
the French, under Marshal Ney, at 
Quatre-Bras. 

//. Napoleon defeats the Prussians 

under Blucher at the battle of Ligny, 
near Fleurus. 

June 18. Bra. Battle of "Waterloo. 
Napoleon, with an army of 71,947 men, 
having 24G guns, is defeated by the al- 
lies under Wellington, who have 67,661 
men and 156 guns ; the battle rages from 
10 A. m. till five P. M., when reenforce- 
ments arrive for the allies, — 16,000 
Prussians, and by seven o'clock 50,000 
men and 104 guns under Blucher ; Wel- 
lington moves the whole army forward 
and crushes the French. Loss, allies, 
4,206 killed, 14,539 wounded. 

1830* *-31* * Civil "War; the Bel- 
gians rise against the House of Orange. 

1830 Sept. 23. The state troops 
enter the city [and, after fighting the 
revolutionists three following days, re- 
tire without results]. 

Oct. 27. Ant. The state troops, being 
attacked by revolutionists, bombard 
Antwerp with red-hot balls. 

Dec. 23. Ant. Revolutionists take 
Antwerp; the citadel is not captured. 

1831 Aug. 2. The Dutch army in- 
vades Belgium with 45,000 infantry and 
6,000 cavalry. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1680* * Bourignon, Antoinette, Fleni. fa- 
natic, A 64. 
1683* * Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem. 

painter, born. 
1684* * Coques, (iun/,:ik's, Flem. painter, 

A70. 
1685* * Ostade, Adrian van, Flem. painter, 

A75. 
1687 * * Clouet, Peter, Flem. engraver, A81. 

Lingelbaeh, Jan, Flem. painter, A62. 
1690 * * Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, born. 
Teniers, David, the voimger, Flem. painter, 

A80. 
Kega, Henri J., Flem. physician, born. 
Meulen, Antoon Frans van der, Flem. 

painter, A5fi. 
1699* * Hennepin, Louis, Flem. monk mis- 
sionary, A59. 
Hobbema, Miinlerhout. Flem. painter, ATI. 
1705 * * Koos, Philip Peters, Flem. painter, 

A50. 
1715* * Quellyn, Hans Erasmus, Flem. 

painter, A86. 
1716 * * Cleef, Jan van, Flem. painter, A70. 
1726* * Helmont, Segres Jacob van, Flem. 

painter, A43. 
1735* * Feller. Francois X. de, author, born. 

[1802. Dies. A67.] 
1740 * * Bloemen, John Francis van, Flem. 

painter, A84. 
1754* * Rega, Henri J., Flem. physician, 

A 64. 
1764 * * Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, horn. 
1768* * Mons, Jean Baptists van, pomolo- 

gist, born. 
1773* * Brie, MatthaeusZ. van, Flem. paint- 

1775'* * Dens, Peter, Flem. theologian, A85. 

1784* * Fetis, Francois Joseph, composer, b. 

1785* * Gerlaehe, Etienne C, Baron, histo- 
rian, statesman, born. 

1786* * Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist, 
born. 
Brie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, born. 

1787* * Navez, Francois Joseph, Flem. 
painter, born. 

1790* * Leopold I., king, born. 

1793* * Willems, Jan Frans, Flem. histo- 

1796 *'* Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques, 
astronomer, statistician, writer, born. 



IK 

(iachard, Louis Prosj^r, archivist, bora. 

1801 * • De Srnet, Peter John, Jesuit mission- 
ary, born. 

Plateau. Joseph Antolne F., physicist, born. 

1802 * • BeziOt, Charles Auguste de, violin- 
ist, born. 

1804 * * Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, historian, 
born. 

1805 * • Duvse, Prndenfl van, poet. born. 
1806* * WVriz, Aiitomt- Jusepb, painter, b. 

Geefs, Willem, sculptor, born. 

Schendel, Petrus van, painter, born. 
1808 * * Geerts, Charles Henri, sculptor, b. 
1810 * • Gallait, Louis, painter, born. 
1812* "Conscience, Hendrik, Flem. novel- 



1815 * * Chavee. Honore Jos., philologist, b. 
Leys, Jean Auguste Henri, painter, born. 

[1869. Dies. A54.] 

1816 * * Clesse, Antoine, song-writer, born. 
1818 * * Potvin, Charles, poet, born. 

Juste, Theodore, historian, born. 

1820 * * Vieuxteinps, Henri, violinist, born. 
Portaels, Jean Francois, painter, born. 

1821 * * Brialmont, Alexis Henri, engineer, 

1822 • * Laveleye. Emile Louis Victor, 
political economist, writer, b. 

1830 * * Pauwels, Ferdinand, painter, born. 

CHURCH. 
1741 * * Maria Theresa opposes undue 

power of the clergy. 
1765 * * Joseph II. excites the religious 

antagonism of the people by curbing- 

the power of the priests. 

1815 * * The differences in religion 
make the union of Holland and Belgium 
difficult ; Catholics and Protestants op- 
pose each other. 

1818 * * The Jesuits are expelled. 
1827 * * The Government enters into a 

concordat with the Pope respecting 

bishoprics. 

LETTERS. 

1750+ * * The Belgian Academy of 
Sciences is founded by Maria Theresa. 

1756* * -93 * * Journal Eneyclop&dique 
is issued by P. Rousseau at Liege. 

1772* *-1818* *i' Esprit dts Jour- 
nalise is issued at Liege. 

1773 * * Brussels. The Academy of 
Belles Lettres is founded. 

1788 * * Lux. Journal kistorigue et lit- 
t&raire is issued at Luxemburg [then at 
Maestricht]. 

1816 * * A new university is founded 
at Liege. 

* * E. F. The University of Ghent 
is founded. 

1820 * * E. F. Den Vaderlander is is- 
sued at Ghent. 

1826 * * The Government is strongly op- 
posed in its attempt to regulate the 
education of the Belgians and to im- 
prove the education of the priests. 

1S27 * * The Government enters into a 
concordat with the Pope respecting 
education. 

1830± * * Brussels. The Moniteur Btlyc 
is issued. 

* * Brussels. Le National \s issued. 



SOCIETY. 

1S30 Aug. 25. The revolutionary 

mob attack the National, a Government 



BELGIUM. 



1680, * *-1831, Aug. 2. 543 



newspaper, also the residence of its 
editor at Brussels. 
Aug. * Riots against the Dutch break 
out in nearly all the cities of Belgium. 

STATE. 

1697 Sept. 30. Peace of Kyswick, 

near The Hague. 

The conquests of France and Holland 
are restored, and the chief fortresses of 
the Spanish Netherlands to be garrisoned 
by Dutch troops as a barrier between 
France and Holland. (See France.) 

1701 * * -14 * * "War of the Spanish 
Succession. 

1701 Sept. 7. A grand alliance of 
the naval powers is formed with the Em- 
peror Leopold I., against France, aim- 
ing to secure to the Austrian House the 
Spanish possessions in the Netherlands, 
and other objects. (See France.) 

* * Brussels is taken by the French. 
1703 * * Marlborough invades the Span- 
ish Netherlands. 

1706 June 6. Antwerp surrenders 
to the allies. 

* * Brussels, Antwerp, Ghent, Ostend, and 
other places are taken from the 
French by the allies after the vic- 
tory of Marlborough at Ramillies over 
Villeroi. 

1713 Apr. 11. By the Peace of 
Utrecht, Belgium is assigned to Aus- 
tria, and called Austrian Wether- 
lands. 

1714* * Austria takes possession of 
the Spanish Netherlands. 

1715 Nov. 16. The Barrier treaty is 
signed, by which the Dutch reserve the 
right to garrison Namur, Menin, Ypres, 
Tournai, and other towns. 

* * By treaty Belgium delivers over to 
Holland, her commercial rival, several 
of her fortresses as a barrier against 
France. 

* * Holland closes the Scheldt, to di- 
vert the trade of Antwerp to itself. 

1748 * * The whole country, which had 
fallen into the hands of the French, is 
restored to Austria by the Peace of 
Aix-la-Chapelle. 

* * Prosperity attends the mild rule of 
Maria Theresa and her husband, Fran- 
cis of Lorraine. 

1781 * * Joseph II. of Austria and Em- 
peror of Germany compels Holland to 
evacuate the Belgian fortresses. 

* * Reaction follows hasty advancement. 

* * Joseph II. offends the States by 
attempting to overturn civil govern- 
ment in order to reform abuses. 

1785 * * Joseph II. proposes exchange 
of territory. 

Bavaria to be ceded to Austria in ex- 
change for the Austrian Netherlands 
(Belgium), excepting Luxemburg and 
Namur, as the kingdom of Burgundy: 
the League of the German Princes is 
formed against the proposal and it fails. 

1789 * * -90 * * Unsuccessful revolt 
from Austria. 

1789 Dec. 27. Bra. The States make 
a declaration of independence. 



1790 Jan. 11. Other provinces having 
asserted independence, they all unite 
to form an independent state, called 
United Belgium, and establish a con- 
gress. 

Feb. * Emperor Joseph II. dies. 

Mar. 3. Leopold II., Emperor of Ger- 
many, promises to restore the Consti- 
tution if the States return to their 
allegiance ; the people refuse, and war 
follows. 

1791* *The former Constitution 
(Maria Theresa's) is restored, and peace 
follows. 

1792 * * Austria is at war with France, 
and Belgium suffers. 

* * Belgium is conquered by the 
French. 

1794 June 26. The defeat of the Aus- 
trians at the battle of Fleurus ends 
Austrian rule in Belgium. 

* * The French make Antwerp the cap- 
ital of Deux Nethes. 

1795* * Antwerp is annexed to the 
Republic of France. 

* * -1806 * * The Batavian Republic 
is founded, which surrenders Dutch 
Flanders to France. 

1797 Oct. 17. By the Peace of 
Campo-Formio, Austria cedes Bel- 
gium to France, and the dre'am of inde- 
pendence is dissipated. 

1805 Dec. 26. Peace of Presburg 
between France and Austria. The 
Netherlands is transformed into the 
kingdom of Holland. 

1810 Apr. * The Netherlands is an- 
nexed to France by Napoleon, who 
claims the country as " the alluvial de- 
posit of the French rivers." 

1813 Nov. 15. An uprising takes 
place in Holland against the French. 

1814 May 30. Belgium is ruled by an 
Austrian governor [for some months 
after the fall of Napoleon], by decree of 
the first Peace of Paris. 

18'15 Mar. 23. Belgium is united 
with Holland. 

Belgium is given to Holland as a re- 
ward for great service to the allies, ren- 
dered by Prince William Frederic of 
Orange-Nassau ; the Dutch accept it as 
the spoils of victory. 

May 31. Aust. The Congress of Vi- 
enna determines the relations and 
boundaries of the new kingdom of the 
Netherlands. 

Aug. 24. The new Constitution is pro- 
mulgated, and is detested by the Bel- 
gians. 

1829 * * The Dutch Government decides 
on energetic proceedings with the 
Belgians. 

* * -1830 * * Only one of the seven Gov- 
ernment Ministers is a Belgian ; the 
State is ruled in the interests of Hol- 
land. 

May* The Dutch disregard 640 peti- 
tions against a new law of the press. 

Aug. 28. Prominent citizens at Brussels 
prepare a petition to the king, asking 



for reforms in government to secure 
the rights of the people. [They receive 
an unsatisfactory reply.] 

* * The representatives of the citizens 
demand a separation from Holland, 
and also pledge therewith loyalty to the 
House of Orange. 

* * The kingdom of the Netherlands is 
verging to dissolution of the enforced 
union of the Protestant commercial 
State of Holland with the Catholic man- 
ufacturing State of Belgium, which is 
pervaded with French culture. 

Aug. 25. There is an outbreak of a 
mob in Brussels, after a performance 
of the Muette de Portici ; the mediation 
of Prince William of Orange fails of suc- 
cess. 

1830* * Revolution and indepen- 
dence. 

Sept. 13. Special meeting of the 
States- General at The Hague, 

It provokes renewed hostility by its 
dilatory action ; the riot is converted 
into a revolution. 

Sept. 20. Brussels. The council of the 
king orders the troops to take posses- 

Oct. 4. The Dutch Government is de- 
posed. 

Oct. * When too late the council consents 
to separate a dminis tration of govern- 
ment. 

Nov. 10. Brussels. A national Bel- 
gian Congress meets ; 200 deputies 
present. 

Nov. 18. A declaration of indepen- 
dence is made by the Congress. 

* * A provisional government is organ- 
ized. 

Dec. 20. Eng. The C onf erence of 
London, called by Holland, proclaims 
the dissolution of the kingdom of the 
Netherlands, and procures cessation of 
hostilities. 

1831 Jan. * The allied powers acknowl- 
edge the independence of Belgium. 

Feb. * Belgium adopts a liberal mon- 
archy as its form of government. 

Feb. 3. Due de Nemours is elected 
king, but declines, as his father, the 
French king, refuses his consent. 

Feb. 24. Baron Surlet de Chokier is 
elected regent. 

June 4. Prince Leopold of Saxe-Co- 
burg is elected king by the National 
Congress. Yote, 152-40; 4 absent. 

July 12. Leopold accepts the crown. 

July 19. Brussels. Leopold publicly 
enters the city. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1723 * * The Ostend East India Com- 
pany is established. 

173 1 * * The Ostend East India Company 
is dissolved. 

1798 * * The English destroy the works 
of the Bruges Canal at Ostend. 

1803 * * Napoleon visits Antwerp, aiid 
expends £2,000,000 sterling in the con- 
struction of docks. 



544 1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28. 



BELGIUM. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1831 Aug. 9. Brussels. TheDutchat- 
tack the city, and the king narrowly es- 
capes capture in the retreat of his forces. 

Aug. * France sends 50,000 troops to 
assist Belgium against the Butch, who 
enter an armistice. 

1832 Nov. 30. Ant. The French un- 
der Marshal Gerard besiege Antwerp. 

Dec. 4. Ant. The French bombard the 

citadel at Antwerp. 
Dec. 23. Ant. Marshal Gerard takes 

the citadel from Gen. Chasse. 

1833 * * The war with Holland ends. 
1853 May 10. It is voted to increase 

the army to 100,000 men. 
1860 Aug. * The military volunteer 
movement proves successful. 

* * .4712. The new fortifications are 
erected at Antwerp. 

1870 Sept. 1-2. Many French sol- 
diers cross the line into Belgium after 
suffering defeat at Sedan ; they are dis- 
armed and interned. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1836 * * Quetelet discovers the perio- 
dicity of meteoric showers, occurring 
ahout the 10th of August. 

1853 * * Brussels. The first Interna- 
tional Statistical Congress is held, 
largely due to the work of M. Quetelet. 

* * A Maritime Conference is held, to 
ohtain uniform meteorological observa- 
tions. 

1860 * * N. A Government Agricul- 
tural Institute is founded at Gembloux. 

1861 Apr. 25. A partially articulate 
electric telephone is exhibited at 
Frankfort by Philip Reiss. 

Aug. 17-20. Ant. A Fine Arts Fete 
is held in Antwerp. 

1865 Sept. 22-25. Bntssels. An In- 
ternational Society Science Associa- 
tion is in session. 

1867* * Montefiore-Levi and Kunzel in- 
vent an alloy of copper, tin, and phos- 
phorus known as phosphor-bronze. 

1865 July 26. L. A monument to 
Charlemagne is unveiled at Liege. 

Aug. 2. Ant. A statue of Leopold is 
unveiled at Antwerp. 

1870 * * The Royal Botanical Garden is 
laid out at Brussels. 

1871 * * Ant. The first International 
Congress of Geographers is held at 
Antwerp. 

1872 * * Ant. The Exchange in Ant- 
werp, rebuilt in the same Gothic style 
as before, is reopened. 

1877 Aug. 20±. The Plantin Mau- 
retus Museum at Antwerp is opened. 

1878 * * King Leopold II. convenes a 
Congress of African travelers and 
explorers for the study of the Upper 
Kongo. 

1879 Oct. 1. Bra. A statue of Van 
de Weyer is inaugurated at Louvain. 

* * Brussels. Physicians use vaccine 
direct from the animals. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1834 * * Iliel, Emanuel, port, born. 

1835 ' * Leopold II., Louie Philippe Marie 
Victor, King of ti,.- Belgians, born. 

1836" * Alma-Tadema, Laurence, painter, b. 



renoe, painter, t 
i mini of, Kin 



1839 * * Brie, MatthaeusZ. van. Flem. paint- 
er, A 66. 

1840 * * Dael, Jan Frans van, painter, A76. 
Brie, Philip Jacob van, Flem. painter, A54. 

1842* * Mons, Jean Baptiste van, pomolo- 
gist, A 74. 

1846* * Willeins, Jan Frans, Flem. philolo- 
gist, A 53. 

1850* * Louise, Queen, dies. 

1858 * * Louise, Princess, born. 

1859 * * Leopold Ferdinand. I'rinre, born. 
Potter, Louis Jos. de, revolutionist, A73. 
Duyse, Prudens van, Flem. poet, A54. 

1865* * Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, painter, 
A60. 
Leopold L, Ceor^es Chretien Frederick, King 
of the Belgians, A75. 
1869* * Leopold Ferdinand, crown prince, 
duke of Brabant, dies. 
Baldwin, heir of Philip, Count of Flanders, 

born. 
Nave/., Fraiu;ois Joseph, painter, A82. 
1870* * Beriot, Charles Auguste de, violin- 
ist, A 68. 
Srhendel, I'etrus van, painter, A64. 
1871 * * Fetis, Francois Joseph, composer, 
A87. 



CHURCH. 

1834 * * The Antwerp and the Belgian 
Foreign and the Ghent Bible Society- 
is organized. 

1839 * * The Belgian Bible Association 
is organized. 

1842 * * The Clerical Education Bill 
passes. 

1844 * * The Netherlands Society for 
Promoting Christianity among the 
Jews is founded. 

1857 June * The Religious Chari- 
ties BiU meets with great opposition. 

* * The population is chiefly Roman 
Catholic; all ministers are paid by the 
State. 

1S62 Jan. * Bitter dissensions arise 
between the Roman Catholics and the 
Protestants. 

1866 * * Religious houses for males 
number 178 ; for females 8,144, with 15,205 
persons in the latter. 

1874 * * The Government has a sharp 
conflict with the Papacy respecting ec- 
clesiastical orders and educational 
laws. 

1875 May * -June * Riots expressive 
of popular opposition to religious pro- 
cessions occur. 

Sept. * A Roman Catholic pastoral of 
the heirarchy against the Government 
plan of mixed education is published ; 
the sacraments of the Church are re- 
fused to parents and teachers who con- 
form to the education law. 

1879 Jan. 16. The Roman Catholics 
are successful in the elections ; riots 
follow at Brussels and Antwerp. 

1880 June 28. Ecclesiastical d i s- 
putes lead to a suspension of diplomatic 
relations with Rome. 



LETTERS. 

1831 * * Brussels. The Independent is 

established. 

1833 * * The magazine Messager des Sci- 
ences historiques appears at Ghent. 

1834 Brussels. The Free University 
of Brussels is founded. 

* * Nederduitsche Letteroefenigen is is- 
sued. 

1835 * * Brussels. The Observateur is 
founded. 

* * Ant. The Pricurseur is issued. 

* * -43 * * Revue Beige is issued. 

* * -44 * * Biograpkie L'nirerselledes Mu- 
siciens appears. 

1836* *-±G* * Bet giesch Museum is is- 
sued. 

1837 * * -48 * * Revue de Bruxelles is 
issued. 

1840 * * -43 * * Kunst- en Letttrblad is 
issued. 

1842 * * Bulletin de V Industrie is issued. 

* * -43 * * Tresor National is issued. 

1843 * * Annates des Travaux Publics is 
issued. 

1844 * * The Glaneur Missionaire ap- 
pears. 

* * Vlaemoche Rederyker is issued. 

* * -47 * * Revue de LUge is issued. 
1846± * * Broderland is issued. 

* * -51 * * Revue de Belgique is issued. 
1850* * Chr&Uen Beige et I* Union is 

founded. 
1852 * * The Pricis Historiques, LitU- 

raires et Scienttjiques appears. 
1854 * * The TtMgraphe is issued at 

Brussels. 

* * The Revue Catholique appears. 

* * Brussels. Revue Trimestrielle is is- 
sued. 

1858 * * Journal des Beaux-Arts is issued. 
1868 * * Revue de Belgique is reissued. 

* * Athenseum Btlge is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1832 Aug. 9. "King Leopold marries 
the daughter of Louis Philippe, King of 
France. 

1834 Apr. 5. Brussels. Riots occur. 
The mob destroys the furniture of 16 
houses in resentment for a display of an 
attachment to the House of Orange. 

1852 Aug. 10. The Queen of Eng- 
land is warmly received on her visit. 

Oct. 18. King Leopold and his son visit 
England. [I860. June* He repeats his 
visit.] 

1853 Aug. 22. Leopold marries Arch- 
duchess Maria Henrietta of Austria. 

1S56 Sept. * Brussels. An Interna- 
tional Philanthropic Congress is he Id. 

1861 Aug. 17-20. Ant. AFineArts 
Fete is given. 

1S62 Sept. 22-25. Brussels. An in- 
ternational association for the ad- 
vancement of social science meets. 

1863 Aug. 3. Ant. A fete is given to 
celebrate the abolition of the Scheldt 
dues and the opening of the port. 



BELGIUM. 



1831, Aug. 9-1880, June 28. 545 



1866 July 5. Leopold II. and his 
queen visit England. [July * They go 
to Ghent.] 

Oct. 12-16. A national rifle-meeting 
is held. 

Oct. 20. Brussels. Benjamin S. Phil- 
lips, Lord Mayor of London, with 
1,100 volunteers, visits Belgium ; the 
king gives a magnificent banquet in 
their honor. 

1867 Jan. 18. The Chambers vote 
against the bill to abolish capital 
punishment. 

Feb. 1-2. The miners of Marchienne- 
au-Pont become riotous on account of 
a reduction of wages, and are suppressed 
by the military. 

Apr. 25. Philip, Count of Flanders, 
marries Mary, Princess of Hohenzol- 
lern-Sigmaringen. 

July* About 2,400 soldiers of the 
guard civique and volunteers cross over 
to England. 

July 12. London. Thomas Gabriel, the 
Lord Mayor, receives the Belgian 
visitors. 

July 13. Eng. The Prince of 'Wales 
receives the Belgian soldiers at Wimble- 
don. [July 16. They arrive at "Wind- 
sor.] 

1868 Mar. 25-29. Riots break out 
in the mining-districts, and 10. lives are 
lost in suppressing them by the military. 

"Nov. 6-13. Brussels. An Interna- 
tional Congress of "Working men is 
held. 

1869 Sept. 19. L. An international 
rifle-meeting is held. 

1873 May 22. Brussels. Alexander 
II., Czar of Russia, visits the city. 

1875 Feb. 4. Princess Louise mar- 
ries Philip, Duke of Saxony. 

Aug. 22-25. The king's silver wed- 
ding is celebrated. 

Sept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. The fourth 
International Health Congress is 
held. 

Sept. * E. F. Socialists hold a great 
congress at Ghent. 

Dec. 3. Eugene T'Kindt de Roodenbeck, 
a clerk of the Bank of Belgium, is 
convicted of 149 thefts amounting to 
20,000,000 francs ; Fortamps, the gov- 
ernor, is also convicted of fraudulent 
transactions. 

1877 Aug. 13. Ant. The centenary of 
Rubens's birth is celebrated. 

1879 May 29. King Leopold II. visits 
England. 

* * The "La Ligue Patriotique contre 
l'alcoolisme " is started under the title 
"L' Association Beige contre l'abus des 
boissons alcooliques." 

Its work is (1) to collect and dissemi- 
nate information regarding the drinking 
habits of the people, and the evils re- 
sulting therefrom ; (2) to endeavor to 
get temperance legislation enacted. 

1880 Mar. * Princess Stephanie is 
betrothed to Archduke Rudolph of 
Austria. 



STATE. 

1531 Nov. 15. London. The five great 
powers convene, and sign 24 articles of 
pacification. 

1532 Aug. 9. King Leopold I. mar- 
ries Louise, eldest daughter of Louis 
Philippe, King of France. 

Oct. 4. Charles L. Rogier is appointed 
Minister of the Interior. 

Oct. 22. France and England sign a 
convention against Holland. 

1833 May 21. A preliminary conven- 
tion with Holland is signed. 

1S39 Apr. 19. London. A final settle- 
ment and peace with Holland are made 
by a treaty signed. 

1S57 Nov. 9. A new Ministry is 
formed under Charles L. Rogier. 

Dec. 10. The Chambers reassemble. 

1859 May * The king proclaims the 
neutrality of Belgium in the Italian 

1S60 June 13. Loyalty to the king 

. is warmly expressed on the circulation 
of vague rumors of annexation to 
France. 

July 21. The octrois, taxes levied at 
the gates of towns on articles of food, 
are abolished. [The popularity of the 
Government is increased thereby.] 

1861 May 1. A commercial treaty 
with France is signed. 

1S62 Aug. 22. The Chambers adopt a 
commercial treaty with Great Britain. 

Feb. 4. The Ministry having resigned, 
it again resumes office. 

July 17. The Chambers are dis- 
solved. 

1864 Aug. * The Liberals have a ma- 
jority in the election. 

1865 Dec. 17. Leopold II. succeeds 
his father. 

1866 Nov. 13. The Chambers are 
opened by the king. 

1838 Jan. 3. A new Liberal Anti- 
clerical Ministry under Herbert J. W. 
Frere-Orban is formed. 

1870 June* The Catholics unite with 
the Radicals or Progressionists and 
some offended Liberals. 

June 19. The Frere-Orban Ministry 

resigns. 
July 3. Baron D'Anethan's Catholic 

Ministry is formed. 
Aug. 9. Belgium signs a treaty of its 

neutrality as between Great Britain 

and Prussia. 
Aug. 11. The treaty for the neutrality 

of Belgium is signed by France. 
Nov. 22-25. Brussels. The Ministry is 

opposed by M. Bara and others ; riots 

occur. 

1871 Dec. 7. Baron D'Anethan re- 
signs, and Julius Malou, a moderate 
Catholic, forms a Ministry. 

1S72 Feb. 17- Ant. The Due de 
Bordeaux (Comte de Chambord), the 
Bourbon heir to the French throne, ar- 
rives. [Feb. 27. Popular demonstrations 
cause him to retire from Belgium.] 



Mar. 29. The commercial treaty with 
France is denounced by the Govern- 
ment. 

1873 Feb. 5. A new treaty of com- 
merce is signed with France. 

July 27- Aug. 28. Brussels. An in- 
ternational conference respecting the 
rights of neutrals is held, but no results 
are obtained. 

1874 * * The Government has a sharp 
conflict with the Papacy respecting 
ecclesiastical orders and educational 
laws. 

1875 Feb. * The German Government 
complains of Belgian publications up- 
holding the censured German ecclesi- 
astics. 

Apr. 15. Germany protests against the 
Duchesne proposal to the archbishop 
to assassinate Bismarck. 

June 13, 14. A Catholic minority is 
returned by the elections. 

June 20. The Catholic Malou Ministry 
resigns, and Herbert J. "W. Frere- 
Orban forms a new one. 

1879 July 1. The new law of public 
instruction is sanctioned by the king, 
Leopold II. 

1880 June* Elections for Parlia- 
ment are held. 

The Liberals and the Clerical party 
oppose each other regarding education, 
and the former are sustained by the 
elections. 

June 18. Diplomatic relations with 
Rome are suspended by the recall of 
the representative to the Vatican on 
account of ecclesiastical disputes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1853 * * Brussels. A maritime con- 
ference is held to obtain uniform mete- 
orological observations. 

1858 Aug. 2. Ant. The Exchange at 
Antwerp is burned. 

June * H. A railroad accident occurs 
near Mons, and 21 are killed. 

1860 * * Ant. The ancient fortifica- 
tions are destroyed. 

1861 Dec. 2. Ant. The great Napo- 
leon wharf is burned ; loss, £400,000 and 
25 lives. 

1862 Aug. * Great distress prevails, 
caused by the decline of trade. 

Dec. 31. Population, 4,S36,56G. 

1865 Dec. 1. Population, 4,984,451. 

1866 Dec. 31. Population, 4,S29,320. 
1870 Dec. 31. Population, 5,0S7,105. 
1874 Sept. 5. Brussels. The Belgian 

Industrial Exhibition is opened. 

1876 June 26. Brussels. The king 
opens an international exhibition of 
articles relating to health and safety. 

Sept. 27-Oct. 2. Brussels. A health 
congress is in session. 

1878 July 28. L. A gigantic dam 
for supplying water is inaugurated at 
La Gillepe, near Verviers. 

1879 Dec. 31. Population, 5,530,146. 

1880 June 16. Brussels. The king 
and queen open the National Exhi- 
bition. 



540 1880, July 18-1892, Mar. 17. BELGIUM. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1880 July 21. A statue of Leopold 
I. is unveiled at Laekeii. 

1884 Aug. * Henry M. Stanley re- 
turns from the Kongo, and reports to 
King Leopold II. 

Sept. 29. Brussels. An International 
Artistic Convention is held. 

1890 June 15. lira. A monument 
to the Duke of Brunswick is unveiled 
on the spot where he fell at Quatre Bras, 
"Waterloo. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1881 * * Vieuxtenips, Henri, violinist, A61. 
Verboeekhoven, lutein.' .Joseph, A83. 

1882 * * Monckhoven, Desire von, savant, 
A51. 

1883 * * Geefs, \V litem, wulplor, A77. 
Conscience, Hemlrik, Hem. poet, A73. 
Deschamps, Cardinal, ai-rlibishop of Mech- 
lin, the primate, dies. 

Plateau, Joseph Antolne P., physicist, A82. 
1885* * Rogier, Charles Latour, statesman, 
A 85. 

1887 * * Keyser, Niraist* <le, painter, A74. 
Gallait. Louis, painter, A77. 

1888 * * Juste, Theodore, historian, A70. 

1889 * * Clesse, Antoine, poet, A73. 

Nov. 34. Pendleton, George H., U. S. min- 
ister to Germany, A64. 
Paepe, Dr. Caesar de, socialist, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1880 Oct. 10. A royal decree is issued 
in favor of American missions in Kongo 
Free State, Africa, for the evangeliza- 
tion of the natives. 

Dec. 5. The Salvation Army is recog- 
nized in Ghent as a sect, and persons 
who disturb its meetings are fined. 

* * Archbishop Goossens of Mechlin is 
created a cardinal priest. 

1891 Feb. 11. The Mechlin Catho- 
lic Congress decides to convoke an in- 
ternational congress to claim the resto- 
ration of the Pope's temporal power. 

LETTERS. 

1884 Sept. 27. Brussels. The Inter- 
national Literary Association meets. 

1889 Jan. 16. Brussels. A letter 
from Henry M. Stanley, dated Aug. 
17, 188S, is received, confirming the news 
of his arrival on the Aruwhimini. 

SOCIETY. 

1880 July 18. The national inde- 
pendence is celebrated by a great jubi- 
lee. 

Sept. 6-10. Aji international con- 
gress in the interest of commerce and 
industry is held. 

* * Brussels. An international congress 
discusses the temperance question. 

Aug. 16. Brussels. A patriotic fete is 
given in connection with the exhibition. 

1882 Nov. * Public interest is felt in 
the trial of Armand and Leon Pelt- 
zer for the murder of Wilhelm Bernays, 
whose wife was an alleged accomplice in 
the crime. 

Dec. 22. The two murderers, Armand 
and Leon Peltzer, are sentenced to be 
executed. [The sentence is commuted.] 



1883 Feb. 23. Dynamiters cause one 
death by an explosion at Ganshoren. 

Oct. 18. Netherlands. Amsterdam gives 
the king and queen a hearty welcome. 

1885 * * Ant. An international con- 
gress against the abuse of alcoholic 
liquors is held. 

It leads to the introduction into Bel- 
gium of the Swiss temperance society, 
known as "La Croix Bieue" (the Blue 
Cross), a total abstinence organization. 

1886 * * Labor strikes are numerous. 
Mar. 22-29. The coal-miners on 

strike between Namur and Liege be- 
come riotous ; many are killed and 
wounded by the military ; convents and 
country houses suffer from maurauders. 

Mar. 27, 28. H. Riotous demonstra- 
tions occur at Charleroi, Mons, and other 
places. 

Apr. 7. The workmen allege that the 
disorders are caused hy the criminal 
classes. 

May 30. The strikers renew the agita- 
tion, aided by French dynamiters; 
universal suffrage is demanded. 

June 2. A scandalous sensation is 
caused hy the trial of M. Yandersiuis- 
sen, a clerical member of the Chamber, 
who is convicted of killing his wife ; 
he is sentenced to penal servitude for 15 
years. 

1889 Jan. 16. Brussels. A letter from 
Henry M. Stanley to Tipoo Tib is re- 
ceived. 

Jan. 28. The king establishes the Afri- 
can Society of the Red Cross. 

Feb. 5. Collisions occur between the 
striking glass-workers and the police 
at Charleroi. 

Apr. 10. The Duke of Nassau, the 
new regent, is warmly welcomed at 
Luxemburg. 

Brussels. Gen. Boulanger of France 

is present at a soiree given in the city. 

Apr. 19. The Government decides to 
inform Gen. Boulanger that he will 
not be allowed to conspire in Belgium 
against France. 

May 5. King Leopold proposes another 
Kongo conference. 

May * -June * Strikes continue. 

June 6. H. The Marchioness De 
Chasteleer is murdered at Chateau 
Moulbaix at Mons. 

June 14. Ant. The stokers on steam- 
ships strike. [June 19. The Red Star 
Line increases wages and the strike 
ends. Oct. 15. The engineers of 
trans-Atlantic steamers strike. Nov. * 
The dock laborers strike.] 

June 24. Brussels. The Shah of 
Persia arrives. 

July 6. Brussels. An African Con- 
ference is held. 

Aug. 7. Brussels. The International 
Penal Law Congress assembles. 

Oct. 29. H. At Mons 4,000 hands join 
the strikers. [Oct. 30. A strike of 
miners begins. Dee. 30. The miners' 
strike ends.] 



Oct. ♦ Brussels. The Patriotic League 

establishes a " raft* pupulaire." 

All spirituous liquors are excluded; 
there is a reading-room titted up with 
a librarv and newspapers, and amuse- 
ments are provided. 

Nov. 18. Brussels. The Antislavery 
Conference opens. 

Nov. 24. King Leopold receives the 
members of the Antislavery Con- 
ference. 

Dec. 2. The Antislavery Conference re- 
commends the establishment of mili- 
tary stations with exceptional powers 
in all the African territory for the sup- 
pression of the slave traffic. 

Dec. 7. A package of 750,000 francs 
is stolen between Ostend and Antwerp 
while on its way to Amsterdam. 

1890 Jan. 5. Brussels. The Anti- 
slavery Society arranges for an expedi- 
tion to Lake Tanganyika. 

Jan. 22. The Miners* Conference 
opens. 

Jan. 27. Brussels. The Antislavery 
Conference resumes its sessions. 

Mar. 28. The Antislavery Conference 
adopts regulations restricting the liquor 
traffic in Africa. 

Apr. 19. Henry M. Stanley arrives 
from Africa with several of his com- 
panions. 

Apr. 20. Brussels. Stanley is the re- 
cipient of many honors; he is a guest 
of King Leopold. [Apr. 26. Stanley 
leaves for Dover.] 

May 20. Brussels. An International 
Miners' Conference opens ; it adopts 
resolutions favoring a working-day of 
eight hours. 

July 2. Brussels. The General Act of 
the Antislavery Conference is signed. 

July 21. The 60th anniversary of 
Belgian independence and the 25th 
year of the reign of King Leopold are 
celebrated in Brussels. 

Aug. 10. Brussels. A Socialist dem- 
onstration in favor of universal suffrage 
is held ; 40,000 persons take part in it. 

Aug. 14. Brussels. The Working Men's 
Suffrage Congress is held. 

Aug. 21. //. Eight thousand miners 
strike in the Borinage District. 

Sept. 7. L. The Social Science Con- 
gress opens in Liege ; 2,000 delegates are 
present from all parts of Europe. 

Oct. 7. Ant. The gendarmes quell a 
riot at Malines ; several rioters are 
wounded and 20 arrested. 

Oct. 27. King Leopold starts for Ber- 
lin to visit the Emperor of Germany. 

Nov. 9. Many public meetings are held 
in favor of an eight-hour working-day 
and universal suffrage. 

Dec. 25. Brussels. A delegation from 
the Radical Association presents a 
petition to the Municipal Council in 
favor of universal suffrage. 

1S91 Jan. 1. Brussels. At a meeting 
of the Royal Geographical Society, 
King Leopold severely criticises Stan- 
ley's "pitiless mode of action." 



BELGIUM. 



1880, July 18-1892, Mar. 17. 547 



Jan. 29. Brussels. The funeral of 
Prince Baudouin takes place. 

Feb. 9. King Leopold receives a dele- 
gation of the Workman's Council of 
Industry, and pledges to support the 
demand for universal suffrage. 

Feb. 17. Meetings of workmen are held 
throughout Belgium with the object of 
organizing for a general strike, be- 
cause of the Chamber of Deputies refus- 
ing to grant the people's demand for 
universal suffrage. 

Mar. 29. The police at Seraing arrest 
three anarchists with 500 pounds of 
dynamite in their possession. 

Apr. 5. Miners declare in favor of a 
general strike in case the Government 
refuses to assent to the revision of the 
Constitution. 

May 5. Houses in Lii5ge and Mons are 
damaged by dynamite cartridges. 

May 8. About 200,000 men are out on 
strike. [July 9. The miners' strike 

ends.] 
May 9. Brussels. The Federation of 

Labor party decides to support the coal- 
May 10. Many arrests for intimidating 

workmen have been made at Litige and 

Charleroi. 
Aug. 16. Brussels. The International 

Socialist "Workmen's Congress 

opens. 
Aug. 19. Brussels. In the International 

Socialist Workmen's Congress, British 

delegates refuse to adopt the radical 

reports of the Committee ; an American 

delegate advocates a labor war. 
Aug. 30. Brussels. Gen. Boulanger 

commits suicide in a cemetery. [Oct. 3. 

His funeral takes place.] 
1892 Mar. 17. Brussels. A dynamite 

cartridge is found on the door-step of a 

judge's house. 

STATE. 

1882 Aug. 17. The Representatives 
pass the Parliamentary Reform Bill. 

1884 June 10±. The elections return 
to the Parliament a majority of Cleri- 
cals, owing to the dissensions of their 
opponents. 

June 11. The Liberal Ministry under 
Frere-Orban resigns. 

June 12, 13. A moderate Catholic 
Ministry under Julius Malou is formed. 

June * The Senate is dissolved. 

July * The new Senate is organized by 
the Clericals. 

Aug. 30. The Chamber of Representa- 
tives adopts the Educational Bill; 
vote, 80-49. 

Sept. 7. Riots are incited by the Lib- 
erals at Brussels and Antwerp. 

Sept. 10. The Senate adopts the Edu- 
cational Bill ; vote, 40-25. 

■Sept. 13. Royal assent is given to the 
Educational Bill. 



Oct. 19. The communal elections 

take place, and return a great Liberal 

majority to Parliament. 
* *A Ministerial crisis ensues, and 

Malou, Jacobs, and Woeste, Catholic 

members, resign. 
Oct. 24. Auguste Bernaert becomes 

Premier with Catholic Ministry. 
Nov. 11. Parliament opens. 

1889 Feb 24. Brussels. The Radical 
Congress supports military educa- 
tion, but demands abolition of the con- 
script law. 

Apr. 9. The Government warns Gen. 
Boulanger to refrain from political 
agitation. 

Apr. 19. Notice is served on the Govern- 
ment that the doings of the Boulan- 
gists in Brussels displease the French 
Government. 

Apr. * The Government asks Gen. Bou- 
langer to leave. [He goes to London.] 

July 23. The Chamber of Representa- 
tives votes 10,000,000 francs for the Kon- 
go Railroad. 

July 27. The Senate sanctions the 
credit asked for by the Government for 
the Kongo Railroad. 

Nov. 30. The Minister of Justice of 
Brussels drafts a bill to deprive un- 
worthy parents of the guardianship of 
their children, to educate abandoned 
and depraved children, and increase the 
severity of the penalty for demoralizing 
children. 

1890 Jan. 5. The Government stops 
the exportation of coal because of the 
small supply. 

Jan. 16. Premier Bernaert. introduces 
a relief bill, devoting 1,000,000 francs 
to the relief of disabled workmen. 

June 18. King Leopold appoints Henry 
M. Stanley governor of the Kongo 
State. [He is to enter upon the duties 
of the office in 1891.] 

July 8. The Premier introduces the 
Kongo State Bill in the Chamber of 
Representatives. 

July 19. The Chamber of Representa- 
tives passes the bill which empowers the 
Government to purchase the Kongo 
Free State within 10 years, the other 
powers having consented to it. [July 28. 
It adopts the Kongo Bill.] 

July 30. The Senate ratifies the grant- 
ing of a loan of 25,000,000 francs to the 
Kongo State. 

Nov. 27. A bill extending the fran- 
chise is introduced in the Parliament 
by the Premier. 

1891 Jan. 20. Brussels. About 4,000 
persons march in the procession to the 
Hotel de Ville, and present to the Burgo- 
master a petition for the revision of the 
Constitution. 

Mar. 18. Brussels. The Chamber of 
Representatives adopts the general act 
of the Antislavery Conference, with 
the clauses annexed relating to tariff 
duties in the Kongo basin. 



Apr.* Ant. The Government raises 
Antwerp to the rank of a first-class 
port. 

Aug. 21. TheSenatevotes$15,000,000 
to fortify the Meuse. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1882 Dec. 17. Brussels. The Com- 
mercial Museum is opened. 

1883 Oct. 15. Brussels. The king 
opens the new Palace of Justice. 

Dec. 6. Brussels. The Parliament 
Houses are burned and the library is 
destroyed with a loss of $2,400,000. 

1885 May 2. Ant. The king opens 
the Universal Exhibition. 

July 26. Ant. The new quays are 
opened by the king. 

Aug. 8. Brussels. An international 
railway congress meets. 

1887 Dec. 31. Population, 5,974,743. 
Mar. 5. A mine explosion at Mons 

colliery causes the loss of about 87 lives. 

1888 Nov. 13. A mine explosion at 
Dour causes the loss of 121 lives. 



1889 Feb. 3. Brussels. A train col- 
lides with a bridge near Gronendael ; 
14 are killed and 50 injured. 

Mar. 29. The mail-boats Countess of 
Flanders and the Princess Henriette 
collide in a fog; the captain of the 
former and 14 others are killed ; Prince 
Napoleon Bonaparte escapes. 

June 6. Subscriptions are being taken 
to build a railroad from Kongo Falls to 
Stanley Pool, Africa, 262 miles through a 
mountainous country. 

Sept. 6. Ant. A dynamite explosion 
in a cartridge factory kills 16 persons, 
injures some 550 others, and destroys 
much property, valued at 30,000,000 
francs. 

Dec. 13. Ant. The influenza appears. 

Dec. 24. Brussels. The prevalence of 
influenza causes the public schools to 
close. 

1890 Jan. 1. The castle of Laeken, 
thesurburban residence of the king and 
queen, is partially destroyed by fire. 

1891 Jan. 3. The Scheldt is closed by 
ice. 

Sept. 19. A mine explosion at Char- 
leroi kills 29 persons. 

1892 Jan. 3. Influenza rages all over 
the country. 

Jan. 6. Brussels. Dock improvements 
are inaugurated. 

Jan. 24. Brussels. The Duke of Ar- 
enberg's castle is burned ; the Count 
Egmont cabinet, remaining unchanged 
since 1567, and the Pavilion Egmont, 
with all the valuable treasures con-, 
tained therein, are totally destroyed, to- 
gether with many other works of art. 

Jan. 31. H. One-fourth of the town of 
Chhnay is destroyed by fire. 

Mar. 11. A fire-damp explosion oc- 
curs in the Anderlues colliery ; 200 
miners lose their lives. 



548 1892, Apr. 2-1894, Dec. 23. 



BELGIUM. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Apr. 17. The Government calls 
out all the militia; rioting occurs in 
the streets of Antwerp, Moris, Gram- 
mont, and other places. 



ART —SCIENCE -NATURE. 

1894 Dec. 23. Great damage is caused 
by a storm. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894 * * Rolvyns, Baron, diplomatist, dies. 
Ritter, Frederick I,., musical composer, A57. 
Cllimay, Prince Joseph de, statesman, A5b. 



1892 Apr. 2. The Conservative As- 
sociation declares against universal suf- 
frage. 

Apr. 5. It is discovered that 200 dyna- 
mite cartridges have been stolen from 
a colliery. 

May 2. Two houses in Liege are par- 
tially wrecked by dynamite cartridge 
explosions. 

May 4, Important arrests of Anar- 
chists are made, a plot having been 
discovered to cause many explosions. 

June 14. At the elections disorders oc- 
cur between the Liberals and Catholics. 

June 22. Bra. Rioting occurs at Lou- 
vain between students and Socialists ; 40 
arrests are made. 

June 27. Brussels. The Socialists 
overpower the police, injuring sev- 
eral with their own weapons ; many ar- 
rests are made. 

July 19. L. At Li£ge 16 Anarchists are 
placed on trial. 

Aug. * E. F. A fashionable cafe" in Os- 
tend is dynamited ; three persons are 
fatally hurt and several wounded. 

'Nov. 7. E. F. A violent Socialist dem- 
onstration takes place at Ghent. 

Nov. 8. Brussels. The universal suf- 
frage movement is the cause of re- 
newed rioting. [Nov. 18. Continued.] 

1893 Jan. 8. Brussels. The cashier 
and clerk of the Brussels branch of the 
New York Life Insurance Company 
abscond, it is alleged, with $226,000. 

Jan. 10. L. The Catholic Club at Sera- 
ing is destroyed by a dynamite explo- 
sion, supposed to be the act of German 
Socialists. 

Jan. 19. Brussels. A large body of un- 
employed are charged and dispersed 
by gendarmes ; many are hurt. 

Apr. 2. E. F. Socialists meet in con- 
vention at Ghent ; a resolution is passed 
for a general strike in case Parliament 
grant plurality of votes to property own- 
ers and holders of university diplomas. 

Apr. 11. "Workmen go on strike be- 
cause the Chamber of Deputies have 
voted against universal suffrage. 



Apr. 12. Rioting occurs, growing out 
of the strikes ordered on account of re- 
jection of the Universal Suffrage Bill. 
[Apr. 18. The bill passes.] (See State.) 

Apr. 13. Rioting continues ; several 
fights occur between gendarmes and 
strikers. 

Apr. 14. The strikes spread; much 
rioting follows. 

Apr. 15. Rioting continues ; in a con- 
flict between gendarmes and strikers, 
one woman is killed and several men 
wounded. 

Apr. 16. The strike spreads and rioting 
continues ; the mayor of Brussels is 
severely beaten by Socialists ; the situ- 
ation at Mons is serious. 

Apr. 17. Disorder prevails in many cit- 
ies ; the Government promptly subdues 
the riotous strikers by military force. 
(See Army — Navy.) 

Apr. 19. Work is resumed, and quiet 
reigns. 

May 22. Brussels. The International 
Congress of Miners opens. 

May 23. Brussels. Two of the French 
delegates to the Miners' Congress are 
expelled from Belgium by order of 
the Government. 

May 24. Brussels. The Miners' Con- 
gress votes for the eight-hour day and 
for an international strike to compel its 
establishment. 

Aug. 30. H. Ten thousand coal- 
miners strike iu the Charleroi district. 

1894 Apr. 18. Ant. Mme. Joniaux, a 
prominent woman of Antwerp, is ar- 
rested on a charge of poisoning three 
relatives to get insurance money. 

Apr. 22. L. There are bomb explo- 
sions in Liege. 

May 3. L. Two persons are injured and 
a house is wrecked by a bomb explo- 
sion at Liege ; the perpetrator is not 
known. 

May 24. Anarchist munitions of war 
are found. 

May 28. Brussels. Prince Charles of 
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen and Prin- 
cess Josephine of Flanders, niece of 
the King of Belgium, are married. 



STATE. 

1892 May 10. The Chamber of Repre- 
sentatives decides to revise the Con- 
stitution and to increase the electorate. 
Vote, 131-7. 

June 11. Count M6rode, son of the late 
President of the Senate, is appointed 
Minister of Foreign Affairs, as suc- 
cessor to Prince de Chimay, deceased. 

June 16. The election of members of 
the Constituent Assembly results in a 
small Liberal majority. 

July 12. It is announced that the Parlia- 
ment will meet as a Constituent As- 
sembly. 



July 26. The Chamber ol Representa- 
tives passes the bill providing f<-r :i re- 
vision of the Constitution. Vote, 104-1$. 

Nov. 19. Brussels. The Chamber re- 
jecta ;i motion favoring universal suf- 
frage. Vote, 89-21. 

Nov. 22. Brussels. The International 
Monetary Conference meets. [Nov. 
25. The American delegates submit pro- 
posals outlining the policy of the dated 
States ; Senator Allison speaks. Dec. 17. 
It suspends its sessions until May 13. 
1893.] 

1593 Jan. 17. Brussels. Unemployed 
workmen in a body make known their 
starving condition to the Minister of 
Public "Works and to the Chamber of 
Representatives. 

Mar. 26. Ant. An unofficial referen- 
dum favors manhood suffrage. Vote, 
15,794-2.007. 

Apr. 18. The Chamber of Representa- 
tives, terrified by the riotous uprising, 
passes a Universal Suffrage Bill with 
a plural voting clause ; the labor lead- 
ers recommend discontinuance of the 
strike. 

Apr. 21. The Senate approves the bill 
extending the suffrage. 

June 1. A clause is adopted in the 
Chamber making it compulsory on the 
newly enfranchised electors to record 
their votes. 

July 13. The Chamber votes such a re- 
vision of the Constitution as will enable 
Belgium to acquire colonies. 

July 15. The Chamber of Representa- 
tives adopts a proposal that three- 
fourths of the Senate shall be elected 
by universal suffrage, and the other 
fourth by communal councils. 

Sept. 2. The Senate passes a bill for the 
revision of the Constitution, by a 
large majority. 

The struggle for revision of the Con- 
stitution is thus completed after four 
years' discussion. 

Dec. 30. The new Spanish provisional 
commercial treaty becomes operative. 

1594 Mar. 16. The Chamber rejects 
the Cabinet's project of proportional 
representation. Vote, 75-49. 

Mar 20. The Cabinet resigns in con 
sequence of the failure of the Propor- 
tional Representation Bill. 

June 6. The Chamber passes the Elec- 
toral Reform Bill. Vote, 70-44. 

Sept. 20. Parliament is dissolved. 

Oct. 15. Returns show that iu the elec- 
tions the Liberals lose 31 seats in the 
Chamber of Representatives, some of the 
Catholic gains arising from the fact that- 
many priests have three votes. 

Dec. 6. The Socialist Representatives of 
the Chamber refuse to cheer for the 
king, and an uproar results. 

Dec. 13. Brussels, Parliament con- 
venes. 



BELGIUM. 



1892, Apr. 2-1894, Dec. 23. 549 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S92 Sept. 13. Cholera reports show 
several deaths in Belgium. [Sept. 15. 
Spreading in Antwerp. Oct. 11. A few 
cases yet at Antwerp.] 

"Nov. 20. Brussels. The International 
Monetary Conference begins its ses- 
sions. 

[Nov. 28. It appoints a committee to 
consider the Rothschild proposition 
for purchasing £5,000,000 silver annu- 
ally; Mr. Cannon is the committeeman 
for the United States. Nov. 30. The 
committee holds its first meeting. Dec. 
1. It reports unfavorably on the Roths- 
child plan. Dec. 6. The Rothschild plan 
is withdrawn from consideration. Dec. 
8. President Andrews of Brown Uni- 



versity, U. S. A., addresses the Confer- 
ence. Dec. 9. Bimetallists in the Con- 
ference express indignation at the 
obstruction offered by Great Britain. 
Dec. 11. Senator Allison, U. S. A., tells 
the Conference that American delegates 
might accept a different ratio than 16 
to 1 between gold and silver. Dec. 14. 
Bimetallists in the Conference charge 
duplicity on the part of their opponents. 
Dec. 15. The committee makes its re- 
port, which formulates no plan. Dec. 17. 
The Monetary Conference reserves final 
judgment on the propositions submitted, 
and votes to resume its sittings May 13th 
next.] 

1893 Aug. 10. Ant. Four cases of 
cholera reported. [Dec. 13. Cholera 



breaks out at Namur. Jan. 17. Twelve 
deaths from cholera occur at Auvelais.] 

Dec. 10. Ant. Twenty thousand tons 
of grain are burned; total loss, 
$1,GOO,000. 

1894 Jan. 12. Ant. The Jesuit Col- 
lege is burned ; loss, $200,000. 

May 5. Ant. King Leopold, with a 
number of royal and notable person- 
ages, opens the "World's Exhibition. 

July 4. Ant. The American section 
of the exhibition is dedicated. 

Nov. 12. Ant. The "World's Exhibi- 
tion is closed. 

Dec. 16. Bra. A monument to the 
memory of Father Damien, the mis- 
sionary to lepers, is unveiled at Louvain. 



BOKHARA. 



Bokhara is a khanate of Central Asia subject to Russian influence, and having Bokhara for its capital. Its area is estimated 
at 92,000 square miles ; its population numbers about 2,500,000. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism. 



ARMY — STATE. 

323 * * b. c. Bokhara is overrun by the 
Mongols and Thibetans. 



6th Century. Bokhara is conquered by 

the Turks. 
7th Century. The country is conquered 

by the Chinese. 
705+ * * The country is conquered by 

the Arabs. 
707 * * The Arabs occupy Samarcand. 
856 it * * Yacubbin-Leis is governor. 
876 ± * * The country is conquered by 

Ismael, the first sovereign of the Sas- 

saneau dynasty [which is maintained in 

power for about 200 years]. 
1216 * * The country is subdued by the 

celebrated Mohammed Shah TChare- 

1220 * * Mohammed is dispossessed by 
Genghis Khan, who devastates the 
country. 

* * * Octai Khan, son of Genghis Khan, 
is ruler, and the country prospers. 

1372 * * The handsome college of Ab- 
dullah is erected at Bokhara, the 
capital. 

1400± * * Tamerlane conquers the 
country. 

1404 * * Buy Gonzalez de Clavijo, a 
Spanish ambassador to Tamerlane, is 
the first European to visit the country. 

1505 ± * * The country is overrun by 
the Uzbeck Tartars under Ebulkher 
Khan, the founder of the Shel'bani dy- 
nasty, with which the history of the coun- 
try properly begins. [They have held it 
till modern times.] 

1558 * * -59 * * Anthony Jenkinson, the 
English traveler, visits the country. 

1580+ * * A Kirghiz invasion desolates 
the country. 



* * * A disputed succession distracts 
the people. 

1598 * * Baki Mehemet Khan ascends 

the throne, introducing the dynasty of 

the Ashtarkhanides. 
1605 * * Veli Mehemet is enthroned as 

the successor of Mehemet Khan, his 

brother. 
1629** The mosque of Mesdjdi 

Mogak is built at Bokhara, the capital. 

* * * Veli is supplanted by his nephew 
Imamkuli. 

1680 * * Subhankuly is enthroned. 

1702 * * Subhankuly dies, and a war of 
succession ensues between his two sons. 

1707 * * Obeidullah finally triumphs 
over his brother, and ascends the 
throne. 

1740* * Obeidullah, a feeble king, is 
murdered by Behim Bi Atalik, his 
vizier, who takes his throne. 

1781 * * Mir Maasum, the usurper, re- 
conquers from the Afghans territory 
south of the Oxus. 

1802 * * Mir Maasum dies, and is suc- 
ceeded by his fanatical* son, Emir Said 
Khan. 

1820 * * Meyendorff and Nagri visit 
the country. 

1826 * * rJasrullah Bahuder, a royal 
oppressor, is enthroned ; he murders his 
brother, and is cruel to his people. 

1832 * * Sir Alex. Burnes visits the 
country. 

1866 * * Mir Maasum proclaims a holy 
war against the Bussians. 

* * A Russian army invades Bokhara. 

May * The Bokharians are decisively de- 
feated at Irdjar , on the left bank of the 
Jaxartes. 

1867 July 11. The Bokharians reluc- 
tantly sign a forced peace with the 
Russians. 



* * The war is renewed by the Bokha- 
rians. 

1868 May 25. The Russians again de- 
feat the Bokharians. 

May 26. The Russians occupy Samar- 
cand. 

June 13-20. The Russian garrison at 
Samarcaud is besieged, and finally re- 
lieved by Gen. Kaufman. 

Nov. * Russia secures Samarcand by 
treaty. 

1873 Dec. * A new treaty with Bussia 
is published. No foreigner is to be ad- 
mitted without a Russian passport. 

1885 Nov. 12. Seid Abdul Ahad be- 
comes ameer. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1264 * *-74 * * The brothers Polo, 

the Venetian travelers, visit the coun- 
try. 

[1740. By Cladisheff the traveler. 
1838. By Robert Wood. 1841. By Kan- 
ikhoff and Lehmann. 1842^43. By 
Gen.MikhaelovskiDanilevsky. 1842. 
By Dr. Joseph "Wolff. 1862. By Ar- 
menius Vambery, the Jewish trav- 
eler.] 
188S+ * * The Bokharians claim to have 
365 mosques in the capital city ; the 
most important is oiie originally built 
by Tamerlane and restored by Abdullah 
Khan, occupying a square of 300 feet and 
a dome 100 feet high. 

* * * Bokhara now, as for a long time 
past, is the intellectual center of 
Central Asia, and is celebrated for its 
schools. About one-fourth of the people 
are able to read and write. 

* * * The Russian Trans-Caspian Bail- 
road runs through Bokhara from Char- 
gui on the Oxus to a station near the. 
capital and thence to Samarcand. 



550 1544,* *-1894, July 7. 



BOLIVIA. 



Bolivia is a state of central South America, without a seacoast, and having a movable capital. Its area is G7G.3G0 square 
Tniles ; the population is estimated at 1,434,800. It has a republican government, administered by a President ; its Congress con- 
sists of a Senate and Chamber of Deputies, who represent the eight political departments of the country. Its religion is Roman 
Catholic, and its language Spanish. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1780 * * -82 * * An insurrection of In- 
dians breaks out. 

All Spanish possessions within their 
reacli are burned ; 130,000 bi-siege the city 
of La Paz, where their leader, Tupac 
Amaru, is captured by the Spaniards, 
and cruelly put to death. 

1782 * * The Spaniards subdue the In- 
dians. 

1809 July* -25 Aug.* Civil war 
is carried on intermittently between the 
Spanish loyalists and the patriot forces ; 
actions occur chiefly in the Argentine 
provinces of Salta and Jujuy, and on 
the shores of Lake Titicaca. 

1811 May* The patriot army cele- 
brates its second victory over the 
Royalists, near Lake Titicaca. 

June * The patriots are defeated by 
the Spanish force under Gen. Goyeneche, 
and are driven back into Jujuy. 

1815 * * The patriots are totally routed 
between Potosi and Oruro by the 
Royalist army. 

* * The Indians of the Southern prov- 
inces rise against the Spaniards for a 
short time. 

1816 * * The maneuvers of the Spanish 
Gen. Jose" de la Serna are completely 
defeated. 

* * _22 * * Guerrilla warfare is main- 
tained by the patriots of Upper Peru 
[Bolivia]. 

1823 June * The army of Gen. Santa 
Cruz enters Upper Peru in two di- 
visions. 

July * -Aug. * The whole country be- 
tween La Paz and Oruro is occupied by 
Gen. Cruz, till driven back and finally 
routed. 

1824 * * Great victory of patriots at the 
battle of Ayacucho in Lower Peru ; it 
secures independence. 

* * Gen. Sucre leads a part of his suc- 
cessful army into Upper Peru. 

1825 Feb. * Universal uprising of pa- 
triots in Upper Peru, and capture of La 
Paz. 

Mar. * The Spanish Gen. Olaneta is 
mortally wounded by some of his own 
troops, who had revolted. 

1835 Nov. 20. President Santa Cruz 
leads an army into Peru, and, at the 
battle of Yngavi, defeats one of the fac- 
tions struggling for supremacy. 

1841 Aug. * Peruvians invade Bo- 
livia, and besiege La Paz with the 
hope of annexing that province, but are 
defeated, routed, and many are killed. 

* * Bolivians invade Peru, but are pro- 
hibited from conquest by the Chileans. 

1865 Feb. * The revolutionary troops 
under Gen. Melgarejo defeat Presi- 
dent Acha near Potosi. 
1866 Jan. 24. Melgarejo completely 
defeats Arguedas at Viacha. 



1867 * * -70 * * Civil war prevails. 
1872 * * The Indians again revolt. 
Jan. 28. Gen. Ramon Gonzalez defeats 

8,000 Indians at Cururuyuqui. 
1879 Apr. * Bolivia and Peru unite in 

war with Chile. 
1883 * * Peace is made with Chile. 
1888 May * An uprising of Indians 

in Sucasica is suppressed. 
1891 Aug. 13. The state of siege in 

Bolivia is raised. 

1893 Jan. ±* An attempted revolt 
under Gen. Camacho is suppressed. 

1894 June 16. Bolivia and Ecuador 
in peace are preparing for war by 
making large purchases of war material. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1783* * Bolivar, Simon, liberator, born. 

1793* * Sucre, Antonio Jose" de, patriot, 
born. [1830. Murdered. A37.] 

1794± * * Santa Cruz, Andreo, President, 
born. [1865. Dies A71±.] 

1810* * Morales, Augustin, general. Presi- 
dent, born. 

1818* * Melgarejo, Mariano, soldier, born. 

1830 * * Bolivar. Simon, liberator of Bo- 
livia, A47. 

1861 Oct. 25. Cordova, Jorge, President, 
assassinated, A39. 

1871 Nov. S3. Melgareio, Mariano, sol- 
dier, A53. 

1872 Nov. 28. Morales, August in. general, 
President, assassinated, A62. 



CHURCH. 

1S27 * * A translation of the New 
Testament from the Vulgate into 
Aiinara, the language of the Republic, 
is made by Pazos Ranki. 

1832 * * The Gospel of St. Luke is is- 
sued in the Aimara language by the 
British and Foreign Bible Society. 

1887 Oct.± * Strong opposition is 
made at La Paz to the stay of the 
Jesuits. 

SOCIETY. 
18th Century. Universal abuse and ex- 
tortion are practised by the Spaniards 
in their intercourse with the Indians. 



The 1,400 mines of Peru are worked by 
compulsory labor, tbe Indians being 
chosen by lot, which is regarded as 
equivalent to a sentence of death. 

A tribute of $8 is required of every 
Indian between IS and 55 years of age. 

The Indians are compeUed to 
marry early in life, the men at 15 years 
and the women at 13, to increase the 
taxable population and mine-workers. 

The Indians, by the law of rcparti- 
miento, are compeUed to purchase 
worthless articles at extravagant 
prices. [Such abases finally lead to the 
insurrection of the Indians in 17S0.] 
1836 * * Slavery is abolished by the 

Government. 
1891 Aug. 17. A plot to assassinate 
the President is discovered ; a number 
of persons are arrested on suspicion. 



1894 July 7±. Ex-President Arce is 
assassinated at La Paz, and his body 

horribly mutilated by bis murderers. 

STATE. 

[Note.— For the early history of the country 
see Peru, of which Bolivia forms a tiart tUl 
1825. J 

1780* *-82* *The unendurable out- 
rages practised on the Indians by the 
Spaniards occasion the insurrection, led 
by the Inca Tupac Amaru, who devas- 
tates the country from Cusco to Jujuy. 

1782 * * The Spaniards succeed in put- 
ting down the insurrection. 

1825 Aug. 6. The Declaration of In- 
dependence is made by an Assembly 
of 54 deputies, at Chuquisaca. 

Aug. 10. The country is named Bolivia 
in honor of Gen. Bolivar, its deliverer. 

Oct. 6. The first Assembly of Depu- 
ties is dissolved, and a new Congress 
is summoned. 

1826 May 25. The Congress assem- 
bles at Chuquisaca, and considers the 
Constitution prepared for the new Re- 
public by Bolivar. 

* * The Constitution is approved, ami 
Gen. Sucre is chosen President for life. 

* * Repeated risings occur against the 
Republic, till finally President Sucre 
is driven from La Paz. 

1828 Apr. * A new Congress assem- 
bles at Chuquisaca, which modifies the 
Constitution, and chooses Marshal 
Santa Cruz for President. 

1829 * * A revolution led by Gen. 
Elemco temporarily overthrows the 
Government. 

1831 * * President Cruz restores order, 
repairs the finances, and promulgates 
the code of laws which bears his name. 

1835 * * Much internal disorder pre- 
vails. 

* * President Santa Cruz enters Peru to 
assist one of the factions aiming to con- 
trol the Government. 

1836 Oct. 28. Peru. President Santa 
Cruz seeks to unite Peru and Bolivia by 
the forming of the Peruvian- BoHvian 
Confederation, with himself at its head 
as " Protector." 

1S39 Jan. * Peru. Gamara and other 
fugitive Peruvians, having obtained aid 
from Chile, attack and defeat President 
Santa Cruz at Yimgay. [Santa Cruz 
leaves the country, and the Confedera- 
tion is broken up.] 

Feb. 9. Gen. Velasco becomes Presi- 
dent. 

1841 * * Jose" Ballivian becomes Pres- 
ident. 

1848 Dec* Gen. Belzu becomes 
President, by a successful military 
revolution. 



BOLIVIA. 



1544, * *-1894, July 7. 551 



1S53 * * Free trade is proclaimed. 
1855 * * Gen. Jorge Cordova becomes 
President. 

1857 Sept. * A revolt spreads through- 
out the country, and compels the Presi- 
dent to go into exile. 

1858 Mar. 31. JosS Maria Linares 
by revolution seizes the government, 
and proclaims himself Dictator. 

1860* * Jorge Cordova becomes 
President under the Constitution. 

1861 * * Fresh disturbances arise, and 
Maria De Acha is chosen President. 

1862 * * A treaty of peace and com- 
merce with the United States is ratified. 

1863* * A similar treaty with Belgium 
is ratified. 

1865 Feb. * De Acha becomes Dic- 
tator. 

Mar. * De Acha subdues a rebellion 
under Belzu. 

Feb. * A military revolution is led by 
Maria Melgarejo, who assumes the 
government after defeating President 

' De Acha. 

1866 Jan. * Dictator Melgarejo pub- 
lishes an amnesty. 

Oct. 17. Melgarejo puts down a revolt. 

1867 Dec. 21. Melgarejo proclaims an 
Amnesty. 

* * _7o * * Civil war prevails. 



1871 * * A. Morales becomes Presi- 
dent. 

1873 Apr. * Don Adolf o Ballivian is 
chosen President. 

1874 Feb. 14. Dr. Thomas Frias be- 
comes President. 

Sept. * An insurrection led by Corral 



1876 May 4. Gen. Hilarion Daza be- 
comes President. 

1880 June 1. A revolution breaks 
out ; President Daza is deposed, and 
Gen. Campero is accepted as his suc- 
cessor. 

Oct. 28. The Constitution is adopted. 

1882 Chile takes the seacoast from 
Bolivia, at the end of the war. 

1883 Dee. * A treaty of peace is 
signed with Chile. 

18S6 * * A boundary treaty is made 
with Peru. 

1887 Feb. 16. A boundary treaty is 
signed by Bolivia and Paraguay. 

Apr. 7. The Minister at Washington is 
recalled, and the legation is "with- 
drawn. 

1888 Aug. 15. Aiceto Arce becomes 
President. 

Oct. * The President suppresses a revo- 
lution. 

1889 Jan. 1. The Chilean tariff 
conies into operation in Bolivia. 



1891 May 29. The recognition by 
Bolivia of the Chilean rebels is for- 
mally published ; it is asserted that 
Bolivia will furnish them troops on con- 
dition of Chile canceling the Bolivian 
debt. 

1892 May 3. The presidential elec- 
tion is held ; Ex-President Pacheco is 
elected, and Gen. Cumacho is defeated. 

* * A treaty is entered with Chile. 

Aug. 6. President Baptista assumes 
office, and the recently elected Con- 
gress opens its first session. 

Aug. 7. An insurrection is successful ; 
many prominent men are exiled. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1544 * * The silver mines of Potosi 

are discovered. 
1660 * * A mine is discovered in the 

district of La Paz from which the silver 

may be cut out with a chisel. 
1877 * * La Paz is lighted with gas. 
1887 * * Don Aiceto Arce undertakes to 

found a college on a grand scale at 

La Paz. 
1890 Jan. 13. The reported shortage 

of the banks of La Paz amounts to 

$300,000. 
1892 May 15. A branch railroad is 

completed to the mining district of 

Oruro. 



BORNEO. 



Borneo (Pulo Kalamantin) is the largest island of the East India group. Area, 286,161 square miles. It has no political 
unity, and its inhabitants are of various races. The estimated population of the Butch division in the south is 1,100,000 ; of the 
British territory in North Borneo, 175,000; and in Sarawak, 300,000. Sarawak, Brunei, and North Borneo constitute a British 
protectorate. 



ARMY — STATE. 

1503 * * -07 * * Ludovico Barthema 
visits the Archipelago [and makes men- 
tion of the island]. 

1518 * * The island is discovered by Lo- 
renzo de Gomez, a Portuguese [or by 
Don Jorge de Menezes in 1526]. 

1573 * * Spaniards appear as rivals of 
the Portuguese traders, hut are not 
successful. 

1575 * * There is an extensive Chinese 
immigration. 

1580 * * The Sultan of Brunei, being de- 
throned, appeals to the Spaniards, 
who restore htm. 

1608* * Samuel .Blommaert is ap- 
pointed Dutch resident. 

1609 * * The English appear in the island. 

1645 * * The Spaniards send an expedi- 
tion to punish the natives for piratical 
depredations. 

1698 * * The English have an impor- 
tant settlement at Banjermassin. 

1733+ * * The Dutch bring about the 
expulsion of the English traders, and 
secure a monopoly of the trade on the 
west and south coasts. 

1756 * * The English obtain possession 
of the island of Balambangan, and all 
the northeast promontory of Borneo. 



1774* *The English conclude a 
treaty with the Sultan of Brunei. 

1775 * * The English military post is 
surprised and destroyed by the na- 
tives, who resent the cession of their 
territory. 

1779± * * The Dutch acquire authority 
over all strangers. 

1795 * * English influence is at an end. 

1809 * * The Dutch abandon their set- 
tlements by order of Marshal Hermann 
W. Daendels, governor of the Dutch 
East Indies. 

1810 * * The natives increase in pirati- 
cal lawlessness and violence. 

1811* * The Sultan of Banjermassin 
appeals to the English for help, and 
makes a treaty with them. 

* * An expedition is sent by the British 
against Sambas. 

1813 * * The British punish the pirates 
of Borneo. 

1818 * * The Dutch possessions are re- 
stored, and Dutch influence revives. 

1823 * * The Sultan surrenders half the 
kingdom of Banjermassin to the Dutch. 
[1825. He makes further concessions.] 

1836 * * The Sultan of Sooloo makes his 
submission to the Spaniards. 



1825 * * The piracy carried on by the 
natives is unendurable. 



CHURCH. 

16th Century. Antonio Ventimiglia, a 
Theatine monk, attempts to Christian- 
ize the natives, and meets an untimely 
death. 

1836* *The Reformed (Dutch) 
Church of America establishes and 
sustains a mission, under the manage- 
ment of the American Board. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

15th Century. Early in this period the 
Portuguese begin trade in Brunei, and 
later in various maritime states. 

1580 * * The Spaniards gain favor, and 
enjoy trade with the island. 

1604 * * The Dutch trade with Borneo 
on the west coast. 

1609 * * The Dutch factories are estab- 
lished. 

1623 * * The Dutch factories are aban- 
doned. 

1776 * * The Dutch reestablish their 
factories. 



552 1839, * *-1889, Oct. 4. 



BORNEO. 



ARMY — STATE. 

1839 * * -40 * * Sarawak, the most 
southerly province of Brunei, rebels 
against the tyranny of the governor. 

1840 * * Sir James Brooke assists the 
Sultan, Muda Hassim, in suppressing the 
Sarawak rebellion. 

1841* * An English, settlement is 
made at Sarawak by Sir James Brooke. 
[He reforms government, and introduces 
a code of humane laws.] 

* * Sir James Brooke is appointed ra- 
jah of Sarawak by Muda Hassim. [Sept. 
24. His title is confirmed by the Sultan.] 

1843 Mar. * * Capt. Sir Henry Keppel 
of the British navy and Rajah Brooke 
chastise the pirates of the Seribas 
River. 

1844 * * The British defeat the pirates 
of Batang Lnpar. 

* * The Sultan of Kuti acknowledges the 
Dutch protectorate. 

1S46 Dec. * The British conclude a 
treaty with the Sultan. 

The Island of Labuan, northwest of 
Borneo, is incorporated with the British 
Empire, and possession is formally 
taken by its representatives. 

The English form a settlement on the 
island of Labuan, and later work a coal- 
mine there. 

* * Bajah Brooke is appointed governor 
of the British colony of Labuan, and 
consul-general of Borneo. 

1847 * * The Sultan of Brunei agrees 
to make no cession of territory without 
the consent of representatives of Great 
Britain. 

Oct. * Rajah Brooke visits England. 

±* * Rajah Brooke succeeds in restoring 
order in the district. 

1849 * * Rajah Brooke attempts to con- 
clude a treaty with the Sultan, but in 
deference to Spanish protests it is not 
ratified. 

* * Rajab Brooke leads an expedition 
against the Seribas and Sakuran Dyaks, 
who persist in piracy; he defeats them, 



destroys their fort at Patusan, and kills 
a great number of the pirates. 
1851* *The Sultan acknowledges all 
his territories to be integral parts of 
Spain. 

1857 Feb. 17, 18. Rajah Brooke sup- 
presses an insurrection of Chinese, in 
which a number of Europeans are mas- 
sacred ; 2,000 Chinese are killed, 

* * -60 * * Capt. J. Johnson (Capt. 
Brooke), a nephew of Rajab Brooke, is 
made governor in the absence of the 
Rajah on a visit to England. 

1858 * * Sir J. Brooke makes an unsuc- 
cessful appeal to the British Cabinet for 
help. [1860. Nov. 20. He returns from 
England.] 

1859 May 1. A terrible massacre of 
Europeans takes place at Kalangan,ou 
the south coast. 

1868 * * Charles Johnson, a younger 
nephew of the Rajah, becomes governor. 

1870 June* An expedition of Malays 
and Dyaks under the Rajah of Sarawak 
inflicts severe punishment on a maraud- 
ing tribe of Dyaks. 

* * The Sultan of Sooloo rebels against 
Spain, and [a desultory war follows]. 

Nov. 8. The British Borneo Company 
is gazetted. 

Nov. * Spain makes a threatening pro- 
test, and declares a blockade ; she stops 
British and German vessels ; a diplo- 
matic dispute follows. 

1877 * * Great Britain, Germany, and 
Spain agree to freedom of trade in 
the Archipelago. 

* * Dent's Company takes possession. 

1878 * * Spain reduces its vassal, and 
exacts a new declaration of allegi- 
ance. [The British government protests 
against the protectorate.] 

1881 * * Alfred Dent secures a charter 
for his possessions in northern Borneo. 

1883 * * Civil administration is organ- 
ized. 

1884 * * The British Company's terri- 
tory is enlarged. 



1885 * * North Borneo, Sarawak, and 
Brunei are formed into a British pro- 
tectorate. [1888. North Borneo alone.] 

1889 * * A rebellion against the British 
breaks out. 

Feb. 10. The rebels are defeated in 
North Borneo. 

CHURCH. 

1839 * * Mandomai becomes a mission- 
station of the Rhenish Society. 

1848 * * The Dutch Government embar- 
rasses the mission-work of Americans, 
and the American Board withdraws 
its missionaries. 

1851* * Sarawak becomes a mission- 
station of the British Society for the 
Propagation of the Gospel. 

1853 * * Lundu becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the British Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel. 

1855 Oct. 8. Rev. F. J. Macdougall is 
consecrated bishop at Calcutta, the first 
of the English bishops consecrated in a 
province; his bishopric is the island of 
Labuan, near the north coast. 

1858 * * A revised version of the New 
Testament is published in the Dyak 
language. 

1859 * * Mandomai ceases to be a mis- 
sion-station of the Rhenish Society. 

1864 * * Undop becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the British Society for the Propa- 
gation of the Gospel. 

1866 * * Kwala Kapnas becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the Rhenish Society. 

1869* * Mandomai again becomes a 
mission-station of the Rhenish Society. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 June 11. Sir James (Rajah > 
Brooke dies in England. 

1881 Nov. 8. The Worth British 
Borneo Company is chartered. 

1889 Oct. 4. Six Chinese despera- 
does are executed for conspiracy at 
Sarawak. 



BRAZIL. 

Brazil is a republic of South America, having an estimated area of 3,209,878 square miles, and an estimated population (1SSS) 
of 14,002,335. The government is administered by a President ; the Senate has 63 and the Chamber of Deputies 205 members, rep- 
resenting 20 States. The prevailing religion is Roman Catholic, and Portuguese is the language of the people, who are Brazilians. 
Indians, negroes, and mixed races, with numerous colonists, chiefly Germans, Italians, and SwioS. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1560* *The Portuguese destroy the 

French settlement at Rio de Janeiro. 
1567 Jan. 21. Mem de Sa utterly de- 
feats the French and their Indian allies 

at Rio de Janeiro. 
1586* *An English force led by 

Witherington plunders Bahia. 
1591* *The Spanish colony of Sao 

Vicente is burned by the English 

under Thomas Cavendish. 
1593 * * James Lancaster captures 

Pernambuco from the Spaniards. 



1595 * * English under Lancaster take 
Olinda. 

1624 * * A Dutch fleet takes Bahia. 

1625 May* The Dutch are compelled 
to capitulate to the Portuguese and 
natives at Bahia. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 
1549± * * Gold is discovered at Bahia. 
1553± * * Manuel de Nobrega, chief 
of the Jesuits and joint provincial, es- 
tablishes a college, named Sao Paulo. 
[It greatly benefits the rising state.] 



1629 * * Gold-mines are discovered in 
Minus, Goyaz, and Cuyaba by slave- 
hunting expeditions. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1526 * * Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, explorer, n. 
1596 * * Mascarenhas, Garcia de, poet, born. 

CHURCH. 

1500 Apr. 26. Easter is celebrated 

by religious services at Porto Seguro, 

by the Portuguese commander, Pedro 



BRAZIL. 



1499, June *-1630, * *. 553 



Alvarez Cabral, who commemorates 
the event by the erection of a stone 
cross. [He names the country, The 
Land of the Holy Cross.] 
1549 Apr. * Six Jesuits arrive at 
Bahia with the first governor-general ; 
they undertake the spiritual culture of 
the savages, and the Portuguese, who 
are scarcely less savage. 

* * Abandoned priests foster the licen- 
tiousness of the colonists, and oppose 
the efforts of the Jesuits. 

1552 * * The first bishop arrives, and 
checks the disorders of the priests. 

1553 * * Luis de Gran, at the head of 
a company of Jesuits, arrives. 

* * Nobrega, the chief of the first mis- 
sion, is appointed joint provincial. 

* * Governor-General Duarte opposes the 
good work of the Jesuits. 

* * jr r , Coligni sends a Protestant col- 
ony under Nicolas de Villegaignon, in 
two ships, to the Bay of Kio de Janeiro. 

1555 * * Rio de Janeiro. The first Prot- 
estant mission in the world is opened. 

The Church of Geneva sends 14 mis- 
sionaries to Brazil, who land on an 
island in the harbor. 

1556± * * Chevalier de Villegaignon, the 
leader of the Protestant colony, joins 
the Catholics, and dissension follows. 

155S * * The Jesuits have more success 
under the rule of the new- captain-gen- 
eral, Mem de S3. 

1559+ * * The French Huguenots are 
persecuted at Rio de Janeiro by their 
false leader, Villegaignon, and are 
obliged to return to France. [Coligni's 
Protestant colony at Rio is entirely 
broken up by the Portuguese.] 

SOCIETY. 
1629 * * Raids into the interior to pro- 
cure Indians as slaves commence ; the 
converted Indians of Jesuit missions in 
Paraguay are not spared. 

DISCOVERY— STATE. 

1499 June * Brazil is discovered by 
Vincente Yafiez Pinzon, a companion of 
Columbus ; he coasts with four ships 
from near Cape St. Vincent to the mouth 
of the Amazon. 

1500 Apr. 22. Pedro Alvarez Ca- 
bral, a Portuguese commander, driven 
by adverse winds out of his designed 
course for India, arrives at Porto 
Seguro ; he takes possession of the 
country for the crown of Portugal, 
and calls it Tierra de Santa Cruz. 

May 2. Cabral, continuing his voyage, 
sails for India, after despatching a small 
vessel to Lisbon, to announce his dis- 
covery. 

1501 May 10. Port. The King sends 
Amerigo Vespucci with three vessels 
to explore the country discovered by 
Commander Cabral. 

Aug. 16. Vespucci arrives at Cape St. 
Roque, in " the Land of Parrots." 

1502 Jan. 1. Vespucci discovers and 
names the Bay of Rio de Janeiro. 



1503 * * Christovao Jaques, a Portu- 
guese, coasts southward to about 52° 
south on the coast of Patagonia. 

* * Vespucci arrives again with six ships, 
visits Bahia, and builds a fort at Cape 
Frio, which be leaves in charge of 12 
men with guns and provisions. 

[The Portuguese Government nearly 
forgets its possessions in South America 
for 30 years, while private citizens de- 
velop a small trade with the country.] 
1504* * A Portuguese colony is 
planted on the coast at All Saints [in 
Bahia], and others follow. 

* * Brazil begins to be named for South 
America. 

1510* * Diego Alvarez, a Portuguese, 
is shipwrecked on the coast near Bahia. 
He gains the friendship of the Indians. 

1511 * * The Portuguese appear in Kio 
de Janeiro Bay. 

1515* * Brazil is colonized by the 
Portuguese ; it is their first agricul- 
tural colony. 

1521 * * Port. John III. becomes King 
of the Portuguese. 

1527 * * Christovao Jaques, the Portu- 
guese governor, founds the first settle- 
ment at Pernambuco. 

1528 * * Governor Jaques is recalled. 

1530 * * Brazil is divided into captain- 
cies by the Portuguese, and is first per- 
manently occupied. 

1531 Jan. 1. Martin Affonso de 
Sousa, possessing a grant from John 
III., arrives with an expedition, and 
gives its name to Rio de Janeiro. 

* * Sousa establishes a settlement at Sao 
Vincente Piratininga, in the [present 
province of Sao Paulo]. 

* * Pero Lopes de Sousa, receiving a 
captaincy, founds a settlement at Sao 
Amaro, near his brother. 

* * Vasco Fernandes Coutrnho brings 
over a company of colonists, including 
60 fidalgos, and sinks a fortune in at- 
tempting the settlement of ( * Our Lady 
of the Victory." 

* * Pedro de Campo Tourhxho takes 
up the captaincy of Porto Seguro. 
[Sugar-works are established.] 

* * Jorge de Figueiredo, receiving the 
captaincy of Hheos, sends out Fran- 
cisco Romeiro to take possession. 

* * Francisco Pereira Coutinho re- 
ceives the captaincy of the coast from 
the Rio Sao Francisco to Bahia. 
[Later all the bays and creeks are 
added to the grant.] 

* * The captaincy of Pernambuco is 
granted to Don Duarte Coelho Pereira. 

* * Pedro de Goes obtains the captaincy 
of Peraiba [but is driven off by the 
natives after a struggle of seven years]. 

* * Joao de Barros, the historian, re- 
ceives the captaincy of Maranhao, but 
his grand expedition is wrecked and the 
effort fails. 

1548 * * Jews banished from Portugal 
come to Brazil. 



* * The colony attains sufficient impor- 
tance to attract the attention of the 
mother country. 

The power of captaincies is revoked ; 
their grants are continued ; a governor- 
general is appointed with civil and crimi- 
nal powers; the judicial and financial 
functions of each province are vested 
in the Ouvidor. 

1549 Apr. * Thome" de Sousa arrives 
at San Salvador [Bahia] to establish 
a city, and as the first governor-gen- 
eral of Brazil. 



1553 * * Duarte de Costa succeeds to 
the office of governor-general. 

1555 * * Nicolas Durand Villegaig- 
non establishes a colony on an island 
near Rio de Janeiro, bearing his name. 

1557* * Port. Sebastian becomes King 
of the Portuguese. 

1558 * * Port. Mem de Sa is sent out 
as governor-general. 

* * Huguenots and colonists from Genoa 
found a settlement at Rio de Janeiro. 

1560 * * The Portuguese capture the 
French settlement at Rio de Janeiro. 

1567 * * The Portuguese found a colony 
on the ruins of the French settlement at 
Rio de Janeiro. 

* * Sebastian is founded. 

1572 * * Mem de Sa ceases to be gov- 
ernor-general ; an attempt is made to 
divide the colony. 

1574 * * The colony is divided into 
two governments. 

1578 * * The territory is reunited into 
one province as an appanage of Spain, 
with Diego Laurenco da Veiga as 
governor. 

* * Portugal is annexed to Spain. 

* * Port. Philip II. of Spain usurps 
the crown of Portugal, and the colonies 
are neglected. 

* * Port. Henry, the Cardinal, brother 
of John III., becomes King of Portugal 
as Henry I. 

1586 * * English anti-Spanish adven- 
turers transiently destroy prosperous 
settlements. 

1612 * * The French plant a colony on 
the Island Marajo. 

1615 Dec* Belem, or Para, is founded 
by Caldeira. 

1618 * * The French settlement at 
Marajo is surrendered to Spain. 

1624 * * Invasion of the Dutch. 

1630 * * The Dutch seize the coast, 
and establish a colony at Olinda in Per- 
nambuco ; Count Maurice comes as 
Dutch governor [and prosperity follows]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1515 * * Brazil is the first American col- 
ony founded on an agricultural basis ; 
all others were mining speculations. 

1549 * * The languishing Portuguese col- 
onies become prosperous by the dis- 
covery of gold. 



554 1630,* *-1863, June 18. 



BRAZIL. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1630* ''The Dutch take Olinda after 
a feeble resistance. 

1649 * * War with the Dutch colo- 
nists begins. 

* * The Brazil Company of Portugal send 
out their first fleet to aid the colonists 
against the Dutch. 

1654 * * The Dutch yield Olinda, and 
Brazil is fully restored to the Portu- 
guese. 

1710* *A French squadron lands 
1,01)0 men under Duclerc at Rio; half 
are killed in battle, the remainder cap- 
tured and barbarously treated. 

1711 Sept. 12. A French squadron 
with G.000 troops, under Adm. Duguay- 
Trouin, attacks Rio de Janeiro, and 
takes the town after a battle of four 
days. 

Oct. 10. To prevent the burning of 
Rio de Janeiro by the French, the 
governor capitulates. (See State.) 

1809 * * An expedition captures French 
Guiana for annexation to Brazil. 

1817 * * A force of 5,000 troops totally 
defeats the Artigas, and occupies 
Montevideo in Uruguay. 

1823 * * Port. The Cortes sends a large 
force to Bahia to suppress the revolu- 
tion. 

July 2. Bahia, the headquarters of the 
Portuguese troops, is so vigorously be- 
sieged by the patriots that the Portu- 
guese army is forced to reembark. 

* * The Brazilian squadron under Sir 
Alex. Inglis Cochrane attacks the Por- 
tuguese vessels, and captures several. 

1825* * The war against Buenos 
Ayres is sustained in a feeble way. 

1828 * * The army is defeated by the 
Argentines, through the incapacity of 
its leader. 

1834 * * Para and Rio Grande, the re- 
bellious provinces, are subdued. 

1849 * * The Ministry send reenforce- 
ments to Paraguay and Montevideo 
against the army of Buenos Ayres. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1710± * * Diamonds are discovered in 
Minas. 

1722i * *The Arabian coffee-plant is 
introduced from Cayenne. [1810. It be- 
comes an article of commerce.] 

1729 * * Diamonds are discovered in 
Sezzo Frio. 

1807* * The National Library is 
founded at Rio de Janeiro. 

1808 * * The first printing-press is 
set up. 

1809 * * Rio de Janeiro. The king in- 
troduces the cultivation of the tea- 
plant in the botanical gardens. 

1810 * * Swedes erect two small refining 
furnaces at Ipanema. 

1817 * * Rio de Janeiro. A National 
Museum of natural history is founded. 



* *The first daily newspaper is estab- 
lished at the capital city, the Diario do 

Rio. 
1823 * * Rio de Janeiro. Journal de Com- 

mercio is issued. 
1838* *The Historical, Geographical, 

and Ethnographical Institute of Brazil 

is founded. 

1841 * * Beds of bituminous coal are 
discovered along the banks of the Tu- 
barao. 

1844 * * Diamonds are discovered north 
of the river Paraguass. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1656 * * Mascarenhas.Garciade,poet,A60. 

1684* * Andrada, Gomes Freire de, Portu- 
guese governor of Rio, Count of Bobadilla, 
born. [1763. Jan. 1. Dies. A79.] 

1765 June 13. Andrada e Silva, Jose" 
Bonifacio de, statesman, mineralogist, 
born. [1388. Apr. 6. Dies. A73.] 

1773 Nov. 1. Amlruda Maohado e Silva, 
Antonio Carlos Riln-irodr, statesman, horn. 
[1845. Dec. 5. Dies. A72.] 

1774* * Gonzaga, Thomaz Antonio, poet, 
born. [1807. Dies. A33.] 

1798 * * Pedro I., emperor, born. 

1806 * * Porto-Alegre, Jlanoel de Araujo, 
poet, born. 

1807 Jan. 22. Andrade Neves, Jose Joa- 
quim de, general, born. [1869. Jan. 6. 
Dies.] 

1811* * Magalhaens, de Domingos, Jos6 
Goncalves, poet, born. 

1816* * Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de, 
historian, born. 

1822 Mar. 14. Theresa, princess, Em- 
press, born. 

* * Gonealvez Diaz, Antonio, poet, born. [1864. 

Dies. A40O 

1825 * * Pedro II., emperor, born. 

1826 Apr. 30. Peixoto Floriano, gen., 
President, born. 

1827 Aug-. 5. Fonseca. Manuel Deodoro- 
da, gen., 1st President, born. 

1834 Pedro I., emperor, A36. 
1840 * * Tavares-liastos, Aureliano Candido, 
patriot, born. 

1842 Apr. 29. Eu. Louis P. M. F. G. d" Or- 
leans, Comte d' , prince, general, born. 

1844 Moraes, Prudente de. President, b. 
1846 Isabella, princess, born. 

CHURCH. 

1566 * * In order to terrify his country- 
men, John Boles, a Huguenot mission- 
ary, is put to death by the Portuguese 
after an imprisonment of eight years. 

1577 * * Many of the Protestant colo- 
nists return to France. 

1594 * * French Catholics establish a 
colony on the Island of Maranhao. 

1620 * * Jesuitsettlements are formed ; 
communism prevails. 

1760 * * Great opposition is made to 
the Jesuits under a false pretext ; they 
are expelled from the country. 

1761 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Imperial 
chapel is erected. 

1836 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Methodist 
Episcopal Church of the United States 
sends Rev. Mr. Spaulding as a mission- 
ary to Rio de Janeiro. 

1838* * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. D. B. 
Kidder (TJ. S. A.) joins the Methodist 
mission. [1841. The Methodist mis- 
sion is closed through financial embar- 
rassments.] 

1851± * *-53 * * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. 
J. C. Fletcher labors as missionary. 

1854+ * * Rio de Janeiro. Rev. Dr. 
Kalley, a Scotch physician, begins 
evangelistic labor at his own ex- 



pense. [He continues his work for 
several years.] 

1859 Aug. * Rio de Janeiro. Mission- 
aries of the Presbyterian Church 
(North, U. S. A.) arrive. 

1860 * * Rio de Janeiro becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the Southern Baptists 
(U. S. A.J. 

* * The Protestant Episcopal Church 
(U.S.A.) starts its first mission in Brazil 

1861 May* Rio de Janeiro. The Pres- 
byterian mission is opened for public 
preaching. [18G2. It is organized as a 
church, with two members.] 

SOCIETY. 

1630 * * The Dutch send an expedition 
to Africa, and capture a Portuguese 
settlement in order to obtain slaves 
for the colony at Olinda. 

1637 * * Maurice, the Dutch governor, 
promotes the amalgamation of the 
various native races with the colonists. 

1640 * * Numerous southern tribes are- 
reduced to slavery by the Portuguese. 

* * A hardy race of men appear at Sao 
Paulo from the intermarriage of colo- 
nists with the natives. 

1830 * * Rio de Janeiro. Political dis- 
orders are caused by the enemies of the 
emperor. 

1831 Apr. * Dom Pedro embarks for 
Portugual. 

1841 * * Rio de Janeiro. The hospital 
of Dom Pedro li. (La Misericordia) 
is erected. A lunatic asylum is also 
erected with funds obtained by selling 
titles of nobility at a fixed tariff. 

1843 Sept. 4. It. Dom Pedro II. 
marries Princess Theresa of Naples. 

1852 * * The slave-trade is suppressed. 

1861 June 7±. Natives plunder the 
wreck of the British ship Prince of 
Wales at Albardas, and kill some of the 
crew. 

STATE. 

1636 Jan. * -44 May * Maurice of 
Nassau is governor-general of the Dutch 
conquests in Brazil ; the colony prospers 
under his administration. 

* * Brazil. Maurice, the Dutch gov- 
ernor, promotes the amalgamation of 
the natives and colonists by marriage. 

1640* * Numerous Southern tribes are 
reduced to slavery by the Portuguese. 

* * Brazil is restored to the possession 
of the Portuguese by the Spaniards. 

* * Port. John of Braganza becomes 
king of the Portuguese. 

1641+ * * A feeble attempt is made for 
independence. 

1644 * * The Dutch recall Count Mau- 
rice. 

1645 * * The tyranny of the Dutch 
drives the colonists of the North to re- 
volt, Joao Fernandes Tieyra is leader. 

1654 * * After overthrowing the Dutch, 
the colonies again unite under the 
royal authority of Portugal. 

1661* *The Dutch surrender the 
country. 



BRAZIL. 



1630, * *-1863, June 18. 555 



1667* * The French colonists are 
driven out of Villegaignon by the Portu- 
guese, who found the city of S2,o Sebas- 
tiao, or Rio de Janeiro. 

1682 * * An insurrection of the Dutch 
breaks out at Maranham. 

1710* * The French invade Rio de Ja- 

1711 Oct. 10. The governor-general 
signs a capitulation as required by 
Duguay-Trouin, the French admiral, and 
pays 610,000 crusados, 500 cases of sugar, 
and provisions for the fleet. 

1720 * * The district of Minas, having 
five settlements with royal charters, sep- 
arates from Sao Paulo. 

1721 * * Port. King John V. abolishes 
the Brazilian Company, which had 
done much for the country. 

1730 * * The discovery of diamonds is 
first announced to the Government. 

1755 * * Marquis de Pombal, the gov- 
ernor-general, reestablishes a Brazilian 
Company to trade exclusively with 
Maranhao and Para. 

1759 * * Pombal charters another Bra- 
zilian Company for Paraiba and Per- 
nambuco. 

1763 * * The capital is transferred 
from Bahia to Rio Janeiro. 

1774 * * Maranhao (Northern Brazil) is 
attached to Brazil. 

1777 * * Court intrigues force Pombal 
from his prosperous governorship. 

* * Port. Donna Maria Francesco and 
her husband, Peter HI., succeed to 
the throne. 

17S9 * * A conspiracy for independence 
is formed in Minas, under the lead of 
Silva Xavier ; it is unsuccessful. 

1808 Jan. 21. The Queen Donna Ma- 
ria I., the royal family, all the great of- 
ficers of state, and numerous nobility, 
driven out of Portugal by Napoleon, 
arrive at Bahia. 

Mar. 7. The royal fugitives arrive at 
Rio de Janeiro ; they set up their court 
there, with Don John as regent. 

1809 * * The Portuguese retaliate upon 
the French by sending an expedition to 
capture French Guiana and annex it 
to Brazil. [1815. It is restored to France 
by the Treaty of Vienna.] 

1815 Jan. 16. Brazil becomes a 
kingdom by decree of the regent ; the 
Portuguese sovereignty is entitled the 
United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil s 
and Algarves. 

1816 Mar. * Donna Maria dying, the 
regent, Don John, becomes King of the 
Portuguese, as John VI. 

1817 * * A conspiracy against the Gov- 
ernment is formed in Pernambuco, and 
a republic is established for 90 days. 

* * A conspiracy to establish a republi- 
can government is smothered at Bahia. 

1821 Feb. 26. A revolt breaks out 
among the Portuguese troops at Rio de 
Janeiro. [They compel the king to ap- 
point a new Ministry, and grant a repre- 
sentative system of government.] 



* * Port. The Cortes recall King John 
VI. from Brazil. 

* * Port. John VI. returns, and Dom 
Pedro, his sou, becomes regent of Brazil. 

Brazil becomes an independent 
state. 

1822 Sept. 7. The independence of 
Brazil is proclaimed. 

Oct. 12. Dom Pedro is proclaimed at 
Rio de Janeiro the constitutional Em- 
peror of Brazil. 

Dec. 1. Dom Pedro I. is crowned Em- 
peror of Brazil. 

1823 May* The constitutional As- 
sembly opens at Rio de Janeiro, the 
capital of the Empire. [There is much 
angry, contention over a proposed new 
Constitution.] 

July * The emperor resolves to dismiss 
from the Ministry the two brothers An- 
dradas, and is much opposed. 

Nov, * The emperor dissolves the con- 
tentious Assembly, and exiles to 
France two Ministers, the Andradas 
brothers ; he calls a new Assembly to 
deliberate on a more liberal Constitution. 

* * A republic is proclaimed in the 
provinces of Pernambuco andCeara; a 
rebellion breaks out in Cisplatina. 

1824 Mar. 25. The emperor ratifies 
the new Constitution. 

1825 * * Brazil declares war against 
Buenos Ayres for the possession of Uru- 
guay. 

Aug. 29. By treaty Brazil assumes the 
Portuguese debt of £2,000,000, and 
Portugal recognizes its independence. 

1826 * * A treaty is made for the aboli- 
tion of the slave-trade. 

1827 * * The public debt is consoli- 
dated. 

1828* * Great disaffection exists 
toward the Government because of the 
foreign policy of the emperor and finan- 
cial embarrassments. 

1829 * * At the elections many ultra- 
Liberals are elected to oppose the Gov- 
ernment in tbe Assembly. 

1830 * * The Chambers abolish the death 
penalty for political offenders. 

1831 Mar. * The emperor selects a 
Ministry favorable to absolutism and 
opposes the Liberals ; much excitement 
follows ; public meetings of protest 
are held in which the troops take part. 

Apr. 7. A revolution occurs at Rio de 
Janeiro ; Dom Pedro I. abdicates in 
favor of the heir apparent, who is only 
five years of age. 

* * Dom Pedro IX, a minor, becomes 
emperor. 

* * A provisional Ministry is formed. 

Fierce political struggles take place 
between the Republican partv and the 
Government, and an Imperial party fa- 
voring the restoration of Dom Pedro. 
1834 Aug. 12. The regency is re- 
formed by reducing its three members 
to one, who is to be chosen by the whole 
body of electors. 



Sept. 18. Ex-minister and priest, Diego 
Antonio Feijoo, is elected regent. 

* * A rebellion breaks out in the prov- 
inces of Para and Rio Grande. 

* * Araujo Lima is elected regent. 

* * The Republican Government is dis- 
credited by many disorders. 

1840 May 12. The Constitution is 

again reformed. 
July 23. The Legislature passes a bill 

dispensing with the age qualification of 

the emperor, and declaring Dom Pedro 

II. emperor. 

1848 * * Great Britain is hostile because 
of Brazil's neglect to suppress the slave- 
trade according to the treaty of 1826. 

1849 * * The Ministry conclude an al- 
liance with the governors of Monte- 
video and Paraguay, pledging the 
integrity of the republics of Uruguay 
and Paraguay against annexation by 
Buenos Ayres. 

1855* * The emperor sends a squad- 
ron, 11 men-of-war and 11 transports, 
up the Parana to settle the question of 
a right of way and other disputes ; but 
the expedition fails. 

1862 June 17. British officers are 
arrested at Rio de Janeiro for disor- 
derly conduct. [Diplomatic correspon- 
dence follows.] 

Dec. 31. Brazil refusing to make repara- 
tion to England for the plunder by Bra- 
zilians of the wrecked ship Prince of 
Wales, the British make reprisals, seiz- 
ing five Brazilian merchant-ships. (See 
Society.) 

1863 Feb. 26. London. Brazil by its 
Minister pays, under protest, to Great 
Britain an indemnity of £3,200. 

May * London. Brazil, through its Min- 
ister, requests the British to express 
regret for taking reprisals. [Refused, 
and diplomatic intercourse is sus- 
pended.] 

June 18. A dispute occurs with Great 
Britain respecting the arrest of British 
officers at Rio de Janeiro, and the con- 
troversy being referred to the King of 
the Belgians for arbitration, he decides 
in favor of Brazil. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1640 * * A m inin g craze injures the set- 
tlements. 

1649 * * Port. The Brazil Company 
sends out its first fleet. 

1686 * * The terrible malady called bixa 
[supposed to be a modified form of chol- 
era] makes its first appearance at Per- 
nambuco. 

1849 * * The yellow fever first ap- 
pears ; it is introduced by the slave- 
trade. 

1850 * * A steamship line to Europe 
commences its trips. 

1852 * * Railways are commenced. 
1854 * * Rio de Janeiro is lighted with 

gas. 
Apr. 30. The first railroad is opened 

in the presence of the emperor. 



556 1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. * 



BRAZIL. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1864 * * Paraguay, under the dictator, 
Lopez, commences war on Brazil with- 
out previous declaration. [It continues 
for six years.] 

Oct. 7. The U.S. war-steamer Wachusett 
seizes the Confederate privateer 
Florida in the port of Bania, while claim- 
ing the protection of Brazil. 

1865 Jan. 2. Uru. "War with Uru- 
guay. A force of Brazilians bombards 
and take Paysandu, and set out for 
Montevideo. [The war ends.] 

* * _7o * * "War of the Triple Alli- 
ance or Paraguayan War. (See Para- 
guay.) 

Aug. * Uru. The emperor joins the 
army. 

Sept. 18. Uru. At Santayuna on the 
Uruguay the three allies under Gen. 
Flores defeat the Paraguayans. 

The allies receive the surrender of 
Uruguay ana. 

1866 Feb. 25. Uru. An indecisive 
battle is fought at Paso de la Patria. 

Apr. 16-17. Arg. Rep. The allies are 
victorious on the Parana. 

May 2. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans are 
again defeated at Estero Velhaco. 

May 24. Arg. Rep. Another battle is 
fought at Estero Velhaco without de- 
cisive results. 

June 14. Arg. Rep. The Paraguayans 
bombard the camp of the allies on 
the Parana River. 

July 16-18. Para. The allies are de- 
feated in a battle at Tuyuty. 

Sept. 17, 19, 22. Para. The allies are 
defeated in an attack on Curupaiti, and 
lose many men, 

Oct. 18. Para. The Paraguayans bom- 
bard the camp of the allies. 

Oct. 30. Para. The allies repulse the 
Paraguayans at Tuyuty. 

1867 June 13. Para. The Brazilians 
defeat the Paraguayans at Corumba, 
and take the city. 

Sept. 24. Para. The Paraguayans 
have the advantage in an indecisive 
action. 

Oct. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are 
defeated. [Oct. 31. Defeated again.] 

Oct. * The allies decline a peace pro- 
posed by Gen. Lopez. 

Nov. 3. Para. The Paraguayans are 
severely defeated at Tuyuty. 

Nov. 6. Para. Gen. Lopez decrees 
freedom to slaves who shall enlist as 
soldiers. 

1868 Feb. 17. Arg. Rep. The allies 
send three monitors up the Paraguay 
River. 

Feb. 21. Para. The allies force the 
passage of Humaita with six iron- 
clads, and the Paraguayans abandon 
Asuncion. 

June * Para. The Paraguayans con- 
tinue the struggle. 

Dee. 11. Para. The allies totally de- 
feat Gen. Lopez at Villeta. 



1869 Mar. 24. Para. The allieB ap- 
point Comte d'Eu commander of the 
united army. 

May 8. Para. The Paraguayan gar- 
rison of Rosario is surprised and 
captured. 

Aug. 12, 16, 18, 21. Several severe 
conflicts take place, iu which Gen. 
Lopez is defeated. 

1870 Apr. 1. Para. Gen. Lopez is 
defeated and killed by the allies, near 
the Aquidaban, and the war ends. 

1890 Jan. 2. Two regiments refuse 
to recognize the Republic ; a fierce fight 
follows ; 100 soldiers are killed. 

Jan. 14. Mutineers are shot and the 
ringleaders arrested. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1864 * * The publication of the Imprensa 
Evangelica is begun by missionaries. 

1865 July * A scientific expedition 
under Louis Agassiz is favored by the 
Government. 

1870 * * The Presbyterians (North) of the 
U. S. A. open an American School at 
Sao Paulo. 

1871 June * -Aug. * The emperor and 
empress visit public and scientific insti- 
tutions and the manufactories of Europe, 
for the promotion of the arts and sciences 
in Brazil. 

1874 * * Rio de Janeiro. Fifty news- 
papers and reviews are issued in this 
city. 

1885 * * Miss Bruce founds a girls* 
school in the suburbs of Rio de Janeiro, 
which is directed by the Methodist Epis- 
copal Church (U. S. A.). 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1875 Pedro, prince, heir to the throne, b. 
1878 Varnliiiuni. Frannsn. A. de, historian, 

A52. 

CHURCH. 

1863 Oct.* Sao Paulo is occupied as a 
mission-station by Rev. A. L. Blackford 
of the Presbyterian Church (TJ. S. A.). 

1865* * Presbyter ians organize a 
church at Sao Paulo. [A training- 
school follows.] They organize another 
in Brotas. 

1869 * * The Southern Presbyterian 
Church (U. S. A.) starts a mission in 
Campinas, province of Sao Paulo [from 
which many churches are established]. 

1871 * * The Presbyterians open a mis- 
sion at Bahia. 

1873 Sept. * -Dec. * The Government 
prosecutes the Archbishop of Pernam- 
bueo and other Catholic prelates for 
infraction of the Constitution. 

* *Pernambuco becomes a mission- 
station of the Southern Presbyteri- 
ans (U. S. A.). Dr. Kalley organizes a 
church. 

* *Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.) 
open a day and hoarding school at 
Campinas. 



1874± * * Presbyterians tend a mission- 
ary to Sorocaba. [The work extends 
rapidly. Four churches are organized 
in a few years.] 

1875 * * Presbyterians start a mission 
and organize a church at Cachoeira. 

* * Sao Paulo becomes a miselon-etation 
of the Southern Methodists (l\ S. A.). 

* * Rio de Janeiro becomes a mission 
station of the Southern Methodists 
(XT. S. A.). 

1876 * * Dr. Kalley retires from mission- 
work in Brazil, leaving two churches 
with pastors. 

1877 * * Rev, E. Vanorden starts an 
independent mission in the city of Rio 
Grande do Sul. [It becomes a Presby- 
terian church.] 

1881* *The Southern Baptists 
(U. S. A.) start a mission. 

* * The Methodist Episcopal Church 
South (U. S. A.) opens a boarding- 
school for girls at Piracicaba. 

1882 ± * * Presbyterian mission-stations 
are opened in the provinces of Ceara, 
Maranhao, and Alagoas. 

1884 * * A Presbyterian church is or- 
ganized in Larangeiras, and another 
in Campanha, province of Minas 
Geraes. 

* * Presbyterians start a mission-station 
in Bagagem, province of Goyaz. 

* * Two Presbyterian churches are 
organized in the province of Parana. 
[A phenomenal growth follows.] 

1885 * * Rio de Janeiro. The Presby- 
terian Church reports more than 3'_*0 
members received ; the church becomes 
self-supporting. 

* * Maranhao becomes a mission-station 
of the Southern Presbyterians (U. S. A.). 

1886 * * The Southern Methodists 
(U. S. A.) send Rev. J. Ransome to in- 
augurate mission-work in Brazil. [1SS7. 
A church is organized.] 

1887 * * Bagagem becomes a mission- 
station of the Southern Presbyterians 
(U. S. A.). 

1888 * * Para has a Methodist Episcopal 
church with 29 members. 

Aug.* The Presbyterians (North and 
South) unite their missions in Brazil, 
by forming them into one Presbyterian 
synod. 

1S89 Nov. 24. The United States of 
Brazil is officially blessed by the 
Roman Catholic archbishop. 

1890 Jan. 8. The Government decrees 
the separation of church and state, 
guarantees religious liberty and equal- 
ity, and to continue the life stipends 
granted under the monarchy. 

SOCIETY. 

1S64 Oct. 15. The Princess Isabella 
marries Louis Comte d ? Eu, son of the 
Due de Nemours. 

1865 Feb. 7- £ng. The Comte d'Eu 
and Princess Isabella, visiting Eng- 
land on their marriage tour, land at 
Southampton. 



BRAZIL. 



1863, Oct. *-1890, Mar. * 557 



1866 July 15-22. Rio de Janeiro. The 
Duke of Edinburgh visits the city. 

1871 Sept. * A law is enacted that 
every child born of slave parents from 
this date shall be free, and all slaves 
belonging to the state or Imperial house- 
hold are to be free at once. 

Nov. * Slaves owned by the state become 
henceforth free on joining the army as 
soldiers. 

1872 Mar. 31. The emperor and 
empress return from Europe to Brazil. 

1874 July 20-26. The military and 
citizens attack and kill a band of Ger- 
man fanatics, popularly styled 
Muckers (hypocrites) at Porto Alegre. 
Their leader is Jacobina Maurer, "who 
claims to be a prophetess and a female 
Christ. ; Hans Georg Maurer is her priest, 
and they destroy the property of their 
neighbors who refuse to be converted. 

1876 May 10. U. S. A. The em- 
peror and empress attend the open- 
ing of the Centennial Exhibition aft 
Philadelphia. 

1877 Sept. * Rio de Janeiro. The em- 
peror and empress return from 
Europe. 

1884 * * The slave population is reported 
at 1,200,000. 

1889 Mar. * Rio de Janeiro. Agitation 
for the overthrow of the Brazilian mon- 
archy becomes threatening ; the Govern- 
ment prohibits public discussion and 
suppresses Republican newspapers ; 
riots are frequent, and a number of 
people are killed at Rio de Janeiro. 

July 17. Rio de Janeiro. Dom Pedro 
is fired at by a Portuguese in a theater, 
but escapes unhurt. 

Nov. 30. Dom Pedro arrives at St. 
Vincent, Cape Verde Islands ; he is 
courteously received by the Brazilian 
and resident foreign Ministers. 

Dec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law 
is proclaimed. 

Dec. * Port. The deposed emperor 
arrives at Lisbon. 

1890 Jan. 16. Fr. The ex-Emperor 
Dom Pedro arrives at Cannes. 

Jan. * Civil marriage is established by 
law. 

STATE. 

1864 Aug. 30. A new Ministry is 
formed, with F. J. Furtado, president. 

May 1. Brazil signs a treaty of alliance 
with the Argentine Republic and Uru- 
guay against Gen. Lopez of Paraguay. 

1865 Aug. * Diplomatic relations with 
Great Britain are restored. 

1870 June 20. A treaty of peace is 
made with Paraguay. 

Sept. 29. A new Ministry is formed 
under Viscount St. Vincent. 

1872 Sept. 27, 28. A bill for the 
gradual extinction of slavery is passed 
by the Senate. 

Oct. 21. The emperor, as umpire, re- 
ports the just boundary line between 
United States and the English posses- 



sions in Canada. (The San Juan 

Question.) 
1873 Jan. * A treaty is made with the 

Argentine Republic. 
1S76 June 25. The Duke de Caixias 

is appointed president of the Ministry. 

1884 Aug. * -Sept. * The law abol- 
ishing slavery is nullified by the plant- 
ers ; the agitation against slavery in- 
creases ; the Emancipation Bill of Sefior 
Dantas is rejected by the Assembly, and 
a Ministerial crisis follows ; it is esti- 
mated that there are 1,200,000 slaves in 
Brazil. 

* * The antislavery policy of Dantas, the 
Liberal Minister, is supported by the 
emperor. 

1S85 May 5. Dantas resigns because 
of a hostile majority in the Assembly. 

* * A law is passed declaring all sexage- 
narian slaves free. 

1885 May 10, 14. A law is passed 
for the immediate total abolition of 
slavery. 

1889 May 4. The Assembly is opened 

by the emperor. 
June 10. A Liberal Ministry is formed. 
July 29. The Government appoints a 

commission to represent Brazil in the 

International Congress to be held in 

Washington. 
Aug. 29. The Government negotiates a 

loan of $10,000,000 at 4 per cent, 

the issuing price being 90. 
Sept. 13. The general elections result 

in the return of 95 Liberals and 30 of 

opposition parties. 

REVOLUTION : A REPUBLIC. 

Nov. 15. A revolution takes place; 
the emperor, Dom Pedro, is dethroned, 
and Brazil proclaimed a republic, with 
Manuel Deodoro da Fonseca as Presi- 
dent. 

"Nov. * Dom Pedro refuses the offer of 
a pension from the new Government. 

Nov. 16. The emperor and his fam- 
ily are placed on hoard the Alagoas in 
the harbor of the Rio de Janeiro. [They 
sail for Portugal accompanied by an 
iron-clad.] 

Nov. 18. The new republic is consti- 
tuted as the t( United States of Bra- 
zil." 

Wov. 21. The provisional Government 
decrees suffrage to all males who are 
able to read and write. 

Nov. 22. The provisional Government 
confirms all pensions hitherto granted. 

Uruguay and Argentine Republic 

recognize the United States of 
Brazil. 

Nov. 26. French officials in Brazil are 
instructed to hold friendly relations with 
the new Government. 

Nov. 27- The provisional Government 
directs that Brazilian Ministers are to 
give Dom Pedro a genial reception 
on landing. 



Nov. 29±. France, Switzerland, and 
the United States informally recognize 
the Republic of Brazil. 

Nov.* The provisional Government 
adopts the old flag. 

Dec. 6. The Portuguese Minister 
recognizes the provisional Government. 

Dec. 9. Dom Pedro declines to abdi- 
cate. 

Dec. 21. A decree is issued banish- 
ing the ex-Emperor Dom Pedro and 
the other members of the royal family. 

Dec. 26. The provisional Government 
decrees that traitors to the Republic 
shall be tried by a military tribunal. 

1890 Jan. 6. The new Government in- 
creases the duty on coffee from 31 to 
15 per cent. 

Jan. 17. Arg. Rep. The Argentine 
Republic formally recognizes the Re- 
public of Brazil. 

Jan. 19. The Government divides the 
country into three banking districts, 
and establishes three issue banks, with 
$250,000,000 capital. 

Jan. 26. Civil marriage is established 
by Government decree. 

Jan. 29. The United States formally 
recognizes the Republic of Brazil. 

Jan. * A decree is issued that foreigners 
residing in Brazil shall be considered 
citizens unless they register declaration 
to the contrary ; another decree orders 
the discontinuance of the use of the 
saints' names in the calendar, and 
the substitution therefor of Comte's Posi- 
tivest Calendar. 

Feb. 1. Sefior Ribero, Brazilian Min- 
ister of Agriculture, resigns his port- 
folio. 

Feb. 2. The banking-law is revised ; 
the Republic is divided into four bank- 
ing-districts, with a total paper cur- 
rency of 200,000,000 milreis. 

Feb. * Sefior Aristides Lobo, Minis- 
ter of the Interior, resigns because of a 
disagreement with President Fonseca. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1867 * * Six short lines of railroad are 
in operation. 

1873 * * There are 15 lines of railroads. 

1874 June * The submarine telegraph 
cable connecting Brazil with Europe is 
completed. 

1889 Jan. 3. The Pernambuco steamer 
Stephen D. Hooper, from Calcutta for 
New York, is burned at sea. 

June 15 ±. Small-pox and yellow fe- 
ver are raging in virulent form ; the 
death-rate of victims in some places 
reaches 70 per cent. 

1890 Jan. 7. Port. The body of the 
late Empress of Brazil is placed in the 
Pantheon of the Braganzas in Lisbon. 

Jan. 24. Rio de Janeiro. The National 
Bank of the United States of Brazil is 
incorporated, the capital, $300,000,000, 
being quickly subscribed. 

Mar. * Yellow fever again prevails. 



558 1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26. 



BRAZIL. 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1890 Mar. 21. An ironclad is launched 
at Rio de Janeiro. 

May 15. An uprising in Rio Grande 
do Sul is put down by force. 

1891 Jan. 20. Near Rio de Janeiro 
160 prisoners overpower their guards, 
seize two forts, and demand the res- 
toration of Da Fonseca. [The forts are 
recaptured.] 

Dec. 10. In a revolt against the Peixoto 
government at Campos 10 persons are 
killed. 

Dec. 23. The fighting against the au- 
thorities is renewed. 

1892 Feb. 19. After serious fighting 
in the province of Ceara, the Governor 
is deposed, and the insurgents assume 
control. 

.Apr. 11. A seditious movement in Rio 
de Janeiro is promptly suppressed, and 
a three days' state of siege is pro- 
claimed. [Apr. 14. Raised.] 

May± * A Brazilian turret-ship and 
120 lives are lost at the mouth of the 
Rio de la Plata. 

June 7. Rebels in Matto-Grosso are 
put to rout, and two rebel gunboats 
surrender to the Brazilian Minister in 



1893 Mar. 27. The troops of the State 
of Rio Grande do Sul have a desperate 
battle with the revolutionists ; there 
are heavy losses on both sides. 

May 19. In Rio Grande do Sul the 
Government troops are drawn into an 
ambuscade and routed by the in- 
surgents. 

July 16. The Jupiter, with the rebel 
Adm. Waudenkolk on board, is cap- 
tured by two Brazilian gunboats. 

July * An important battle occurs in 
Rio Grande do Sul, in which the Govern- 
ment troops are routed and their com- 
manding officer killed. 

.Sept. 7. The squadron revolts, and 
the Government is unable to prevent 
the bombardment of Bio de Janeiro 
by its own vessels. 

The Italian cruiser Dogali is or- 
dered to protect Italian residents at Rio 
de Janeiro. 

.Sept. 8. The foreign admirals .agree to 
prevent the bombardment of Rio 
de Janeiro by the insurgent squadron. 

Sept. 13. Adm. Mello, commander of 
the rebel Brazilian fleet, cannonades 
Rio de Janeiro for six hours without 
doing much damage. 

Sept. 18. The rebel fleet again bom- 
bards Rio de Janeiro for three hours, 
after which it sails southward. 

-Sept. 20. Adm. Mello demands the 
surrender of Rio de Janeiro, threat- 
ening another bombardment if his de- 
mand is not immediately complied with. 

Sept. 23. A part of the rebel fleet 
blockades the port of Santos in Sao 
Paulo ; the insurgents in the province 
of Tucuman are driven back. 

Sept. 264-. Rio de Janeiro. Some of the 
forts hold out against the bombard- 



ment by the rebel fleet, which attempts 
to capture the city. 

[Sept. 30. Adm. Mello refrains from 
bombarding the city on the request of 
the commanders of the foreign war- 
ships. Oct. 1. He bombards the city, 
causing a panic. Oct. 6. He again bom- 
bards the city. Oct. 10, 12, 16. He bom- 
bards the forts. Several men are killed 
on the 12th. Oct. 17. Rebel shells greatly 
damage the city. Nov. 8. Two of the 
rebel war-ships are badly damaged by 
the fire of the forts. Nov. 12. The offi- 
cers of the insurgent fleet decide to raise 
the Imperial flag. Nov. 13. The fleet and 
forts have a severe engagement ; many 
killed and wounded. Nov. * A number 
of houses are burned, and the gas-house 
is destroyed. Nov. 22. The rebel war- 
ship Javary is sunk by the fire of the 
Nictheroy battery; all on board are lost. 
Dec. 2±. Fort Villegaignon, held by the 
rebels, is destroyed. l>ec. 12. Adm. da 
Gama notifies the foreign vessels that 
he assumes command of the rebel fleet. 
Dec. 13. He gains possession of Copas 
Island and Enchado, in the bay. Dec. 
14. The port is entirely closed. Dec. 
14+. The Nictheroy battery arrives off 
the coast in support of the Government. 
Dec. 16. President Peixoto recovers the 
island of Gobernador in the harbor. 
Dec. 20. Adm. Mello sails to meet the 
Nictheroy battery off the coast. 1S94. 
Jan. 8. The commanders of foreign ves- 
sels refuse to protect the Island of En- 
chado, used for hospitals, from the rebel 
fire. Jan. 13. A mutiny on the Nicthe- 
roy is suppressed. Jan. 14. The rebels 
on Cobras Island bombard the shore bat- 
teries of the Government. Jan. 15. The 
rebels are ambuscaded and killed on an 
island in the harbor. Jan. 21. The rebels 
are reenforced by Gen. Saraiva and 8,000 
troops from Paranagua. Jan. 29. The 
rebels capture Bom Jesus Island in the 
harbor; 25 killed and many wounded. 
Jan. 30. The rebel fleet tires on Ameri- 
can merchant vessels ; Adm. Benham, of 
the Detroit, returns their tire, and Adm. 
da Gama ceases his attack. Feb. 14. A 
rebel transport is sunk by an explosion. 
Mar. 3. The Government establishes a 
cordon of troops along the bay shore. 
Mar. 10. The Government fleet arrives. 
Mar. 13. The Government refuses terms 
of surrender, and reopens tire on the 
rebels, who abandon Forts Villegaignon 
and Cobras ; their war-ships are hidden 
among the merchantmen. Mar. 14±. 
The rebels surrender unconditionally to 
President Peixoto. Mar 16±. Adm. da 
Gama and bis staff take refuge on a 
Portuguese war-ship. President Peixoto 
demands their siu-render of the Lisbon 
Government. Mar. 19. Adm. da Gama 
and 70 of his officers sail on two Portu- 
guese war-ships for Buenos Ayres.] 

Sept. 29. The city of Desterro surren- 
ders to a part of Adm. Mello's fleet, also 
the island of Santa Catharina with its 
military stores. 

Oct. 12. The rebels surprise and defeat 
the Government troops at Rio Grande 
do Sul. 

Nov. 28. An indecisive battle is fought 
at Rio Grande do Sul ; the Government 
commander is captured, and the rebels 
claim the victory; losses heavy. 

Dec. 28+. The Government announces a 
victory at Rio Grande do Sul ; and an- 
other at Nictheroy. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 

LETTERS. 
1890 Apr. 17. Religious instruction 

in the State schools is suppressed by the 

Government. 
Nov. 11±. President Fonseca compels 

the newspapers of Rio Janeiro which 



do not support him to suspend pub- 
lication. 

ErRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891 Jan. 22. Constant, lien jamin, minis- 
ter of war, dips at Rio de .Jan.-in>. 

Dec. 5. Pedro II., ex-enijjeror, dies in 
France, A66. 

1892 Aug-. 23. Fonseca Manuel Deodo- 
roda. ex-president, gen., AK>. 



CHURCH. 
1890 Apr. * Religious instruction in 
the state schools is suppressed. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Mar. * Leagues are formed in 
Rio de Janeiro, Bahia, Para, Santos, and 
Pernambuco, Brazil, to boycott Brit- 
ish, in favor of using American goods. 

Mar. 2. Fr. The ex-Emperor Dom 
Pedro refuses to receive the proceeds 
of a forced sale of his property. 

Apr. 5. Fr. The ex-Emperor Horn 
Pedro is seriously ill. 

Apr. * Liberty of the press and of pub- 
lie meetings is proclaimed. 

Nov. 15. Rio de Janeiro. The first an- 
niversary of the proclamation of the 
republic is celebrated. 

Dec. * Rio de Janeiro. It is announced 
that all the jewels of the ex-empress 
have been stolen. In the collection 
were the finest Brazilian diamonds in 
the world. 

1891 Apr. 2S. A scheme is advocated 
for transporting Hebrews from Po- 
land and southeastern Europe to unoc- 
cupied land in Brazil. 

Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. Rioting occurs. 
1S92 Jan. * Election riots occur in 

Pernambuco. 
June 21. Fifteen lives are lost in the 

seditious disturbances in Rio Grande 

do Sul. 
July * Italian riots occur. 

1893 Oct. 9. Rio de Janeiro. The 
panic is subsiding, and business is re- 
sumed. 

1894 Nov. 16. Rio de Janeiro. Riot- 
ing occurs in the streets. 

Dec. 7- Rio de Janeiro. A plot to kill 
both President Moraes and ex-President 
Peixoto is exposed ; two men having 
bombs have been arrested. 

STATE. 

1S90 Apr. 20. Gen. Peixoto assumes 
the "War portfolio in place of Gen. Con- 
stant, who becomes Minister of Educa- 
tion, Posts, and Telegraphs. 

Apr. 24. A Cabinet crisis in the repub- 
lic occurs, and some of the Ministers 
resign. 

Apr. 27. President Fonseca receives 
the resolutions of congratulation by 
the Congress of the United States of 
America. 

May 15. An uprising in Rio Grande 
do Sul is suppressed by the military. 

May 19. The Government decrees that 
after July 1 all customs duties must 
be paid in gold. 



BRAZIL. 



1890, Mar. 21-1893, Dec. 26. 559 



May 29. Conspiracies unsettle confi- 
dence in the Government. 

May * The Government decides to ac- 
cept the arbitration clause adopted 
by the Pan-American Congress in Wash- 
ington. 

June 22. The Constitution is signed 
by President Fonseca. 

June 23. A new Constitution is pro- 
mulgated. 

It is based on that of the United 
States ; it provides for a Senate and 
House of Representatives, for President 
and Vice-President having official terms 
of six years, and for a Supreme Court. 

Aug. 3. A decree is promulgated at Rio 
de Janeiro establishing the National 
Mortgage Bank with a capital of 
100,000 contos of reis, gold. 

Sept. 3. At Rio de Janeiro a decree is 
issued granting a Government guaran- 
ty of State loans amounting to 50,- 
000,000 milreis. 

Sept. 15. The elections for members 
of the Constituent Assembly begin in 
Rio de Janeiro. [The Government can- 
didates receive 300,000 votes, and the op- 
position, 100,000.] 

Sept. 25. Viscount Pacoarcos is ap- 
pointed Portuguese Minister to Brazil. 

Sept. 28. The Minister of Education 
resigns his portfolio. 

Nov. 17. The Government rescinds 
the decrees of banishment against 
ex-Premier Preto and the ex-presidents 
of Rio de Janeiro and Rio Grande do Sul. 

'Nov. 21. The Constituent Assembly 
at Rio Janeiro recognizes the legality of 
the Provisional Government. Vote, 175- 
47. It asks it to continue its functions 
until a vote is taken upon the question 
of a federal Constitution. 

Dec. 5. The Bepublie is recognized 
by Germany. [Dec. 9. By Spain. 1891. 
Jan. 6. By Denmark.] 

Dec. 9. Two Brazilian banks consoli- 
date by decree of the Government under 
the title of Banco de Republica. 

1891 Jan. 21. In the Assembly the 
Constitution is read for the first time. 

Jan. 22 ±. The Ministry resigns. 

Jan. 22. A new Ministry is formed. 

Feb. 24. The Assembly finally adopts 
the proposed Constitution; the 
United States of Brazil is now a repub- 
lic de jure. 

Feb. 25. Gen. Deodoro da Fonseca 
is formally elected President. 

Feb. 26. Gen. Fonseca takes the oath 
of office as President. 

May 19. The Government decides that 
all custom duties must be paid in 
gold. 

Nov. 5. President Fonseca proclaims 
himself dictator, dismisses the Con- 
gress, and asks the nation to elect new 
representatives. 

Fonseca is supported in his dictator- 
ship by both the army and the navy. 

Nov. 10. The province of Rio Grande 
do Sul declares its independence of 
the Republic, also the province of Grao 
Para, 



Nov. 13. The governor of Bio Grande 
do Sul is deposed, and a provisional 
government is formed. 

Nov. 17. Gen. Barrelto Lieta is chosen 
governor of Porto Alegre by the Na- 
tionalist party of Rio Grande do Sul. 

Nov. 18. The Junta is in full control of 
the province of Bio Grande do Sul, 
and preparing for war. 

Nov. 19. The Junta of Bio Grande do 
Sul adopts a new flag. 

Nov. 22. Dictator Fonseca appoints 
Feb. 26 as the date for holding the elec- 
tion, and summons Congress to meet 
May 3. 

Nov. 23. Rio de Janeiro. President and 
Dictator Fonseca is deposed by an up- 
rising of the people ; he resigns his office. 

Nov. 24. The insurrection in Bio 
Grande do Sul ends with the resigna- 
tion of Fonseca. 

Nov. 25. Gen. Floriana Peixoto be- 
comes President ; he issues a manifesto 
summoning Congress to reassemble 
Dec. 18 ; the manifesto is received with 
general satisfaction. 

Nov. 30. Bio Grande do Sul refuses 
to comply with orders of the Govern- 
ment to reinstate the former State 
officers. 

Dec. 5. The Government and the 
Church coming in collision, it is de- 
cided to separate their interests. 

Dec. 10. A revolt breaks out in 
Campos against the Peixoto Govern- 
ment ; 10 persons are killed. 

Dec. 15. The governor of the State of 
Sao Paulo, yielding to popular demand, 

Dec. 23. Another revolt occurs in the 
State of Rio Grande do Sul. 

Dec. 27. A revolt breaks out in Des- 
terro, capital of the province of Santa 
Catharina. 

1892 Jan. 19±. Near Rio de Janeiro 
1G0 prisoners overpower the guards, 
seine two forts, and demand the res- 
toration of Fonseca ; the forts are re- 
captured. 

Jan. 22. The Chambers are prorogued 
until May. 

Jan. 23. Rio de Janeiro. The Chambers 
confer unlimited powers on President 
Peixoto. 

Feb. 19. The governor of the province 
of Ceara is deposed by armed insur- 
gents, who assume control. 

Apr. lib. Rio de Janeiro. A seditious 
movement is suppressed. 

Apr. 12. The Legislature of Matto 
Grosso declares its independence of 
Brazil. 

A majority of Congressmen decide 

to approve the acts of the Govern- 
ment without proceeding to the election 
of a President. 

Apr. 17. The blockade of the State of 
Matto Grosso is raised. 

June 20. The governor of Bio Grande 
do Sul is deposed by adherents of 
Fonseca. 



July 3. Diplomatic relations between 
Italy and Brazil are strained on ac- 
count of recent Italian riots in Brazil. 

July 4. Congress extends the term 
of President Peixoto to the end of 1894. 

July 23. The Chamber of Deputies 
passes the bill granting amnesty to all 
political exiles. 

Dec. 16. A revolt to make ex-Gov. 
Portella President is suppressed. 

1S93 July 11. The Government for- 
bids the use of cipher codes in tele- 
graphic communications. 

July 23. A revolution to depose the 
Governor breaks out in the State of 
Santa Catharina. 

Sept. 6. The officers of the naval fleet 
at Bio de Janeiro demand the resig- 
nation of President Peixoto for veto- 
ing a bill making it impossible for the 
Vice-President to become President. 

Sept. 9±. Rio de Janeiro. Martial law 
is proclaimed. 

Sept. 20. Adm. Mello of the insurgent 
fleet demands the surrender of Bio 
de Janeiro under penalty of bombard- 
ment if refused. 

Oct. 7. President Peixoto is invited by 
foreign powers to withdraw his troops 
from Rio de Janeiro under penalty of 
having the insurgents recognized as 
belligerents. 

Oct. 23. Senor Frederico Lorefia is pro- 
claimed provisional President by 
Adm. Mello. 

Nov. 17. Adm. Mello proclaims Count 
d'Eu's eldest son, the grandson of 
Dom Pedro, as Emperor of Brazil. 

Rio de Janeiro. The naval repre- 
sentatives of eight nations agree not 
to allow munitions of war to be landed. 

Dec. 17- Rio de Janeiro. Adm. Mello of 
the rebel fleet is aided by a royalist 
manifesto issued by Adm. da Gama. 

Dec. 26. Rio de Janeiro. The foreign 
Ministers decide not to recommend that 
belligerent rights be granted to the 
insurgents. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Aug. 2. Rio de Janeiro. A cof- 
fee syndicate, with a large capital, is 
organized. 

1891 Max. 7. Yellow fever is again 
prevalent. 

Sept. 1. The new submarine cable 
line, providing direct communication 
between Brazil and the United States, 
is formally opened. 

Sept. 14. Rio de Janeiro. Yellow fe- 
ver is raging. 

1893 Sept. 7. The Government stops 
all general communication by wire 
with Europe. 

Sept. 30. Brazil orders quarantine 
against all European ports. 

Nov. 11. Brazil buys five fast sea- 
going steamers in West Prussia, to 
be converted into warships to operate 
against the rebel Brazilian fleet. 



560 1894, Jan. 2-Dec. 1. 



BRAZIL. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues an- 
other manifesto. 

Jan. 11. The rebels are repulsed at Uic- 
theroy, and lose many prisoners. 

Jan. 14. The rebel war-ship Aquidaban 
opens lire on Ponta da Arora. 

Jan. 16. The rebel force besieging Bage 
is routed with heavy loss ; the forts at 
Nictheroy repulse an attack from the 
rebel fleet. 

Feb. 9-12. The rebels are repulsed at 
Nictheroy; they claim to have cap- 
tured live towns in the State of Kio 
Grande do Sul. 

Feb. 12. The rebels are defeated at Rio 
Grande do Sul, losing 250 killed and 
wounded. 

Feb. 13. The rebels are repulsed at 
Nietheroy ; Adm. da Gama is wounded, 
and four officers and 200 men are killed- 
and wounded. 

Mar. 2. The rebels are defeated at 
Larondi. 

Mar. 19. The U. S. fleet at Rio de Ja- 
neiro disbands. 

Mar. 23. Adm. Mello, as head of the 
provisional government, declares the 
war will be continued. 

Mar. 26. Adm. da Gama and officers 
arrive at Buenos Ayres. 

Apr. 9. Adm. da Gama and his staff es- 
cape from the Portuguese war-ship. 

Apr. 13. Adm. Mello is forced to leave 
Rio Grande. 

± After the sinking of the insurgent 

war-ship Aquidaban by a Brazilian Gov- 
ernment torpedo boat, Adm. Mello con- 
cludes to seek asylum in the Argentine 
Republic and surrender his fleet. 

Apr. 14. Uru. Adm. Mello and his 
1,500 troops surrender to the Uru- 



guayan authorities, and the rebel- 
lion is practically over. 

Apr. 15±. About 350 insurgents and 100 
Government troops are killed and 
wounded in a battle at Rio Grande do 
Sul. 

May 6. The insurgents are defeated in 
Santa Catharina and Bio Grande do 
Sul. 

May 16. The Government forces are 
defeated by insurgents in Rio Grande 
do Sul with the loss of 140 men. 

June 27. The rebels are defeated at Bio 
Grande do Sul, losing over 1,000 men. 

Dec. 1. An armed revolt breaks out in 
Kio Grande do Sul. 

CHURCH. 
1894 Aug. 6. Pope Leo, in an ency- 
clical letter to the Roman Catholic bish- 
ops of Brazil, urges them to educate 
and enlighten the people with all the 
at their command. 



STATE. 

1894 Jan. 2. Adm. da Gama issues a 
second manifesto. 

Jan. 8. A plot to assassinate President 
Peixoto at Rio is discovered; several 
persons involved are shot. 

Feb. 28. Rio de Janeiro. The state of 
siege is abolished preparatory to the 
presidential election. 

Feb. * President Peixoto offers to par- 
don privates in the insurgent force if 
application is made within two months. 

Mar. 1. Senors Prudente Moraes and 
Pereira are elected respectively 
President and Vice-President of 
Brazil. [Nov. 15. Inaugurated.] 

Mar. 10. Rio de Janeiro, Pernambuco, 
Santo Catharina, Sao Paulo, and Parana 
are now the only States under martial 
law. 



Mar. 12. Adm. da Gama offers to sur- 
render on condition that amnesty be 
guaranteed the insorgentB. 

Mar. 13. The revolution ends by the 
BUrrender <<f the insurgents. 

Mar. 22. President Peixoto revives the 
Imperial decrees authorizing the exe- 
cution, without trial, of all rebels and 
persons guilt; "f aiding and abetting 
rebellion, whether natives or foreigners. 

Mar. 24. Adm. Mello is declared presi- 
dent of a rebel provisional govern- 
ment over the three States of Parana, 
Santo Catharina, and Rio Grande do Sul, 
with the capital at Destero. 

Uruguay. Adm. da Gama arrives 

at Montevideo. 

Apr. 14. Brazil withdraws her Lega- 
tion from Lisbon, and sends the Portu- 
guese Minister at Rio and his staff their 
passports because of the aid extended 
to the rebels by Portugal. 

Apr. 21. The Government notifies for- 
eign Ministers that the republic is at 
peace. 

Apr. 22. Uruguay. The insurgents 
from Brazil decline President Peixoto's 
offer of amnesty. 

Apr. 27. Brazil accepts England's 
offer of mediation in her quarrel with 
Portugal. 

Nov. 17. A decree of amnesty is ac- 
cepted by large numbers of rebels. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1894 Jan. 5. Rio de Janeiro. Y ellow 

fever breaks out again. 
June 1. Port. The Brazilian refugees 

arrive, and are taken to Peniche fortress. 
Oct. 22. Sixty persons are killed by an 

explosion caused by a soldier dropping 

a shell while removing the contents of 

an insurgent magazine. 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 



British East Africa is a distr 
as far as Albert Edward Nyanza ;, it i 



et of equatorial country extending about 500 miles along the coast, and into the interior 
eludes the kingdom of Uganda and the Island of Zanzibar down the coast. 



EXPLORATIONS. 

Note. — To serve the convenience of those 
who desire speedy access to the various ac- 
counts of explorations in East and Central 
Africa, the chief expeditions are entered to- 
gether, without respect to the countries from 
which they start, or those they traverse. 

1840 * * David Livingstone sails for 
Cape Town as a missionary of the Lon- 
don Missionary Society. 

1843 * * Livingstone selects Mabotsa 
for a mission-station. 

1849 Aug. 1. Livingstone first be- 
holds Lake N'gami. 

1851 June* Livingstone reaches the 
Zambesi River. 

The ill health of his family occasions 
explorations for two years, :" 
healthy site for the mission, 

1853 May 23. Livingstone reaches 
Linvanti on the Chobe in Makololo. 



Nov. 11. Livingstone begins to trace 
the course of the Zambesi River, to Lake 
Dilolo. 

1854 May 31. Livingstone, having 
crossed the continent, arrives at St. 
Paul de Loanda, on the west coast. 

1855 Sept. * Livingstone arrives at 
Linyanti, South Africa, on bis return 
journey. 

1856 Mar. 2. Livingstone arrives, in 
an emaciated condition, at Tete, the far- 
thest Portuguese outpost. 

* * Ldvingstone discovers Victoria Falls 

on the Zambesi. 
May 20. Livingstone arrives at Quili- 

mane, on the Indian Ocean, after recross- 

ing the continent. 
Dec. 12. Livingstone embarks for 

England. 



16 years. [His narrative attracts atten- 
tion to Africa.] 

1S57 Mar. * Livingstone starts on his 
second expedition. [He ascends the 
Zambesi and Shire Rivers.] 

* * Capt. John H. Speke discovers Vic- 
toria Nyanza, the largest lake in Africa. 

Apr. IS. Livingstone discovers Lake 
Shirwa. 

1S59 Sept. 16. Livingstone discovers 
LakeNyassa. [1S61. He visits it again.] 

1S63 Feb. * Capt. Speke and James 
A. Grant announce the discovery of 
the source of the Nile in [Victoria Ny- 
anza]. 

1864 Mar. 14. [Sir] Samuel Baker 
discovers Victoria Nyanza. 

1865 Mar. 24. Great Britain appoints 
Livingstone consul at Quilimane for 
inner Africa. 

July 23. Livingstone returns to Eng- 
land from his second expedition. 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 



1505-1884. 



561 



1866 Mar. * Livingstone leaves Zan- 
zibar to continue Ms search for the 
sources of the Nile. [Aug. 8. He reaches 
Lake Nyassa.] 

1867 Mar. 2. Livingstone writes a 
letter at Bembo. 

Apr. * Livingstone discovers Lake Tan- 
ganyika, 450 miles long. 

July 9. Eng. E. D. Young sails with 
an expedition organized to search for 
David Livingstone. [1868. Jan. 27. 
It returns without tidings of the mis- 
sionary traveler.] 

Dec. * Latest tidings of Livingstone. 

1868 July 7. Livingstone dates a de- 
spatch to Lord Clarendon. 

July 28. Livingstone discovers Lake 
Bangweolo, or Bemba, 150 miles long, 
lying near the center of the continent. 

1869 Mar. * Livingstone reaches Ujiji 
on Lake Tanganyika. [July 2. He starts 
westward. Sept. 21. He reaches Ban- 
barre in Manuemba. Oct. 23. Living- 
stone is forced to return to Ujiji.] 

May 30. Livingstone dates his letter. 

1870 Oct. 28. An expedition conducted 
by Henry M. Stanley, and equipped 
by the New York Herald, at a cost of 
340,000, finds Livingstone at Ujiji. 

1871 * * Livingstone and Stanley jour- 
ney together to Unyamyembe. 

!Nov. 15. Livingstone dates his home 
despatches. [1S72. Nov. 1. Eng. Re- 
ceived.] 

1872 Feb. 9. An expedition of the 
Royal Geographical Society, led by 
Lieut. Dawson, starts to find Living- 
stone. [Feb. * Livingstone writes an- 
other letter.] 

Mar. 15. Livingstone and Stanley 
part. 

July 1. Livingstone dates another let- 
ter. [Oct. 2. Eng. Received.] 

July 26. New York. The Herald pub- 
lishes a letter from Livingstone, at 
Ujiji, of November, 1871, describing his 
explorations and meeting with Stanley. 

July 29. Eng. Livingstone* s Febru- 
ary letter, describing the horrors of the 
slave-trade, is given to the public. 

Nov. 20. A British expedition under 
Sir Bartle Frere sails for Zanzibar to 
suppress the slave-trade in East Africa. 
[1873. Jan. 12. He arrives at Zanzibar.] 

1873 May 1. David Livingstone, mis- 
sionary, scientist, traveler, dies at Ilala, 
on the south shore of Lake Bangweolo. 

1875 * * Henry M. Stanley, supported 
by the New York Herald and the London 
Daily Telegraph, meikes & survey of Vic- 
toria Nyanza — 230 miles long and 180 
miles wide. 

1879 May 14±. The British Royal 
Geographical Society starts an expedi- 
tion from Zanzibar under A. Keith 
Johnston. 

1880 June 28. A. K. Johnston dies. 
Joseph Thompson takes charge of the 
expedition. 



June * The Johnston expedition re- 
turns [to England]. 

1882 Dee. 13. At a cost of £2,600, the 
Royal Geographical Society of Great 
Britain starts an expedition for East 
Africa under Joseph Thompson. 

1883 Aug. 9. Dr. Robert Moffat, 
Scotch missionary and traveler, dies, 
aged 87. 

CHURCH. 

1842 * * Missionary work is begun by 
John L. Krapf from Abyssinia in Galla- 
land. He represents the English Church 
Missionary Society. 

1844 The English Church Missionary 
Society begins work at Mombasa, in 
Masai-land, 

John L. Krapf, a missionary, lands 
at Mombasa, having a letter to the gov- 
ernors and people commending him as 
" a good man who wishes to convert all 
the people to God." 

1846 * * John Rebmann joins Krapf, 
and they open the Kisulutini mission- 
station of the (English) Church Society. 

1851 * * The Church of England Mission- 
ary Society attempts to open a station 
in Central Africa ; but sickness, death, 
and desertion cause it to fail. 

1860 Dec. * Eng. The Universities 
Mission to East Central Africa, con- 
sisting of Charles F. Mackenzie, Bishop 
of Central Africa, and others, starts for 
Zanzibar. [1861. Feb. * They arrive at 
the Zambesi.] 

1861 * * Magomero, on Lake Shirwa, 
Central Africa, near the Shire River, 
becomes a mission-station of the Uni- 
versities Mission. 

1862 Jan. 31. Bishop Charles F. 
Mackenzie, of the Universities Mis- 
sion, dies in Central Africa. 

[The location of the mission is changed 
from Magomero, near Lake Shirwa, to 
the mainland near Zanzibar.] 

1864 * * All excepting two of the seven 
missionaries of the Universities Mis- 
sion have died ; those surviving return 
home. 

1865 * * Galla, bordering Abyssinia, be- 
comes a mission-field of the Swedish 
Evangelical Society. 

1874 * * Frere Town, near Mombasa, is 
established by Church of England mis- 
sionaries and Christian African workers 
brought from Bombay. 

1876 May 29. Alexander M. Mac- 
kay arrives at Zanzibar as a Church of 
England missionary for Uganda. [1878. 
Nov. * He arrives in Uganda after en- 
during much sickness.] 

June * A Church of England mission- 
party leave Zanzibar to open a mission 
in Uganda. 

1877 June 30. Two Church of England 
missionaries, Lieut. Smith and Mr. "Wil- 
son , arrive at Rubaga, and are welcomed 
by Mtesa, King of Uganda, who avows 
himself a Christian seeking further 
instruction 



* * The London Society undertakes 
mission-work in Central Africa. 

1879 Dec. * Influenced by a sorceress, 
Mtesa and his chiefs publicly prohibit 
both Christianity and Mohammedism in 
Uganda, and return to heathenism. 

* * Seven Church of England missionaries 
are in Uganda. 

* * The first Roman Catholic mission- 
aries arrive in Uganda. 

* * Mombasa becomes a mission-station 
of the English Church Society. 

1880* * The mission in Uganda, in 
charge of Mackay and Pearson, patiently 
endures the opposition of the king. 

1881 Mar.* Mtesa's envoy returns 
from England, and the Uganda mission 
prospers. 

1882 Mar. * The first converts are bap- 
tized in Uganda by Mackay ; the 
French priests depart after a resi- 
dence of three and a half years. 

May 17. James Hannington sails from 
England as a missionary for Uganda. 

* * Missionary Mackay baptizes five con- 
verts in Uganda. 

1883 Jan. * Hannington starts from 
Uganda for England to regain his 
health. 

* * The Church Missionary Society opens 
a mission-station at Sagalla, about 100 
miles from the east coast, in Masai-land. 

1884 * * A mission steamer is purchased 
- for use on Lake Nyassa, Central Africa. 

* * A mission church is organized at 
Uganda with 86 members, including a 
daughter and granddaughter of the 
king. 

STATE — MISCELLANEOUS. 
1505 * * Portuguese capture the great 
city of Kilwa, with its 300 mosques ; also 
the city of Mombasa the "Magnifi- 
cent." 

* * Portuguese capture the city of Ma- 
lindi, and Magdoshu the " Immense." 

1856 * * The Sayid of Muscat dies, and 
his dominions are divided between his 
two sons ; Barghash has Zanzibar. 

1862 Mar. 10. The independence of 
the Sultan of Zanzibar has been recog- 
nized by France, England, and Ger- 
many. 

1870 Oct. 7. Madjid, one of the sons 
of the Sultan of Muscat, after a contest 
with his brother, Barghash-bin-Said, ob- 
tains Zanzibar. 

1876 Apr. 18. Sayid Barghash issues 
a decree for the confiscation of slaves 
brought to Zanzibar. 

1884 Oct. 10. KLng Mtesa of 
Uganda dies, and is succeeded by 
Mwanga, his son. 

Oct. 29. The Anglo-German Con- 
vention, defining the boundaries of 
Zanzibar, is signed by the two powers at 
London. Masai-land is allotted to Eng- 
land, by a convention marking " spheres 
of influence." 



562 



1885-189L 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 



EXPLORATIONS. 

1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley 
starts from London for the relief of 
Emin Pasha. [June 2. He is opposed 
by the Aruwimi tribus.J 

Jan. 23. Count Telekis' expedition 
starts for the Masai country. 

1888 May 25. Stanley starts on his 
return journey. 

May 29. Stanley meets Emin Pasha 
on the Albert Nyanza. 

July 19. Maj. Barttelot is assassinated 
near the Aruwimi River by his carriers, 
while conveying supplies to Stanley and 
Emin Pasha. 

Aug. 17. James S. Jameson, the suc- 
cessor of Barttelot, dies. 

Stanley meets Mr. Bonney with 71 

men, the remains of Major Barttelofs 
party. 

Sept. * The Royal Geographical Society 
sends an expedition to southwest Zan- 
zibar under J. T. Last. 

1889 Feb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters starts 
with an expedition having 100 soldiers 
to relieve Emin Pasha. 

Apr. 3. Stanley's letter is published in 
England, in which he narrates his terri- 
ble sufferings. 

Nov. 4. Stanley reports another great 
lake, called Albert JSyanza. 

CHURCH. 
18S5 Jan. * Eng. James Hannington 
is consecrated as bishop of Equatorial 
Africa, and sails for Uganda. 

* * Mwanga, King of Uganda, op- 
presses the mission ; three boys who had 
been baptized are roasted to death. 

* * Bishop Hannington visits Masai- 
land. 

July * The Church of England Mission in 
Uganda reports 35 communicants. 

Oct. 29. Martyrdom of Bishop James 
Hannington by King Mwanga. 

" Go tell Mwanga that I die for the Ba- 
ganda, and that I have purchased the 
road to Uganda with my life." 

1886 June * The mission in Uganda 
suffers persecution ; 50 or GO Protestant 
and Catholic converts are tormented 
and put to death, yet 20 baptisms take 
place within a month. 

1887 July 20. The Arabs persuade 
the King of Uganda to expel Alex. 
M. Mackay. [He goes to the south end 
of the lake, and remains three years at 
Usambrioa.J 

188S Apr. * Rev. R. H. Walker joins 
the mission of the Church of England 
in Uganda. 

Oct. * The Universities Mission is warned 
to retire from the mainland by the Brit- 
ish Government, as operations against 
slave-traders by England and Germany 
imperil their stay. 

Oct. * The English and French Catholic 
missionaries are expelled from 



Uganda ; they meet Henry M. Stanley 
at Usagala. 

Dec. 31. The Sultan of Zanzibar leases 
land to the German Evangelical Mis- 
sion Society of East Africa on which 
to build a church and hospital. 

1889 Jan. 11. Mwanga, King of 
Uganda, has overthrown and expelled 
his elder brother, King Kimewa ; the 
English and French missions are 
destroyed and the converts mas- 
sacred. 

Jan. 11-13. Eight missionaries are 
kiUed. 

1889 Jan. 19. An English missionary 
named Brooks and 26 of his converts 
are massacred near Saadani in German 
East Africa. 

Feb. 8. The agent of East Africa Com- 
pany obtains release of Catholic mis- 
sionaries held by the native insurgents. 

Mar. 12. The missionaries captured by 
native insurgents are released on pay- 
ment of $3,000 in addition to ransom 
money; the followers of Chief Busheri 
retreat into the interior. 

* * Islamism is checked in Uganda by 
the laws of the country, which, while 
they permit murder, forbid mutilation, 
thereby excluding circumcision. 

* * The English Universities Mission is 
established at Zanzibar. 

1890 Feb. S. Alex. M. Mackay, mis- 
sionary of the Church of England So- 
ciety, dies of fever, aged 41 years. 

Mar. 7±. Mwanga, King of Uganda, 
conquers the native rebels with the aid 
of the missionaries, and proclaims him- 
self a Christian ; the principal posts are 
given to the Protestants and Catholics, 
between whom a jealousy exists. 

Apr. * Eng. Alfred It. Tucker is con- 
secrated bishop of Equatorial Africa. 

May 9. King Mwanga and the mis- 
sionaries are again expelled from 
Uganda. 

July 25. Missionary Stokes and Bis- 
hop Tucker's caravan start for 
Uganda from Saadani, German East 
Africa. 

July 27. It is announced that King 
Mwanga has rejoined the Protes- 
tants, and also that the French bishop 
urges the Catholics to continue the war 
against the Protestants. 

STATE — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885 May * The Zanzibar coast is the 
subject of territorial disputes with the 
German East Africa Company. 

1SS6 Aug. 19. The treaty between 
England and Germany respecting 
East Africa comes into force. 

1887 * * The city of Zanzibar has a 
population estimated at 100,000. 

1S88 Feb. * -Mar. * Zanzibar and 
Portugal dispute respecting the non- 
cession of territory. "War follows, last- 
ing five weeks. 



Mar. 26. Sayid Barghash-bin-Said, 
Sultan of Zanzibar, dies, aged 51. 

Mar. 27. Sayid Khalifa- bin-Said be- 
comes sultan of Zanzibar. 

June 6. The cession of territories by the 
late Sultan occasions a dispute with 
Italy. 

Sept. 3. The Imperial British East 
Africa Company is chartered by the 

Sept. 7. The charter of the Imperial 
British East Africa Company is ga- 
zetted in London. 

Sept. 23. Germans land from a man- 
of-war and kill about 100 natives at 
Bagamoyo. 

Sept. * A great uprising of natives 
against the Germans occurs along the 
coast of Zanzibar. 

Oct. 9. The Sultan of Zanzibar signs the 
concession of a large territory on the 
coast to the British East Africa Com- 
pany. 

Oct. 17. Lieut. Cooper captures a 
dhow, but is killed in the action. 

Oct. * The German settlement on the 
coast collapses ; alleged cause, the ac- 
tion of the Arab slave- dealers. 

Dec. 2. Germany and England block- 
ade the coast. 

Dee. 7. The chiefs burn Bagamoyo, 
and retire on the approach of a German 
force. 

1889 Jan. 1. One hundred slaves are 
liberated on Jsew Year's Day. 

Jan. 7. The agent of the British East 
Africa Company gives hundreds of 
slaves their freedom at Zanzibar. 

Jan. 11. King Mwanga of Uganda 
is deposed by his body-guard, and is a 
prisoner. Kiwiwa, his brother, is made 
king. 

[Abloodv and property-destroying out- 
break against missionaries follows, and 
efforts are put forth to reestablish Mo- 
hammed anism.] 

Jan. 11-13. The Arab slave-dealers 
attack some of the German stations in 
Zanzibar, and carry off the freed slaves ; 
four missionaries are killed and three 
captured. 

Jan. 12. A letter received in Zanzibar 
says that Stanley had landed in Decem- 
ber on the southeastern shore of the 
Victoria Nyanza ; he had rejoined Emin 
Pasha since August and left him. 

Jan. 14. The Sultan of Zanzibar offers 
to mediate between East Africa Com- 
pany and natives on a plan suggested by 
the company's general agent. 

Jan. 19. Sir John Kirk starts from 
London on a special mission to Zanzibar, 
for the settlement of difficulties in East 
Africa. 

Jan. 24. A fresh revolution has 
broken out in Uganda. King Kiwiwa 
has been deposed, and his younger 
brother is raised to the throne, the 
former having poisoned two of the prin- 
cipal Arab instigators of the expulsion 
of English i 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 



1885-1891. 



563 



Feb. 4. A French vessel is boarded 
by the commander of a British man-of- 
war at Zanzibar ; measures are taken 



lv.lr 



Feb. 5. A body of Walsire Arabs sur- 
rounds the Sultan's palace at Zanzi- 
bar, and demands a suspension of tlie 
blockade. 

Feb. 14. A hitch occurs in negotiations 
for release of missionaries on the Zan- 
zibar coast. 

Apr. 5. The German flag is raised over 
the consulate at Zanzibar, and Capt. 
Wissmann assumes command of Ger- 
man interests. 

May 8. In Zanzibar Capt. Wissmann, 
aided by 200 German sailors, defeats a 
coast Chief Bushiri, and destroys his 
camp, with little loss ; the natives lose 
SO killed and 20 prisoners. 

May 15. Fever ravages the crews of 
English and German vessels. 

June 7+. Adm. Deinhard bombards 
Saadani, and Capt. Wissmann burns 
Wingi. 

June 12. The German East Africa 
Company recalls their agent. 

July 8. "Wissmann captures Pangani 
on the coast. 

July 27+. Mr. Neilson, an officer of 
the German East Africa Company, is 
murdered by Chief Bushiri ; Capt. Wiss- 
man offers a reward for his arrest. 

July * Nearly seven-eighths of the popu- 
lation of Zanzibar are slaves. 

Some owners have 1,000. A negro boy 
costs about §20, a strong workman about 
§100 or 8120, a prt'ttv young negress from 
S50toS100, Abyssinian women from S200 
to §500, while the women from Jeddiah, 
in Arabia, bring very high prices. 

Sept. 2. The Sultan of Zanzibar con- 
cedes the Lamu Islands and Benan- 
ger coast line to the British East Africa 
Company. 

Sept. 10. Stanley is approaching Mom- 
basa, British East Africa, after much 
fighting with hostile tribes. 

Sept. 12. Stanley is reported to be 
west of Victoria Nyanza, and his ad- 
vance held in check by natives. 

Sept. 21 + . The Sultan of Zanzibar has 
issued an edict empowering Great 
Britain and Germany to search all 
Zanzibarese dhows and other boats 
with the object of suppressing the slave- 
trade. The edict also declares that every 
person entering Zanzibar after Nov. 1 
shall be free. 

Sept. ±* The Sultan of Zanzibar concedes 
the government of the Island to the 
British East Africa Company. 

Oct. 19±. The Sultan of Zanzibar gives 
a written promise to the British consul 
that all children born in his domains 
after Jan. 1, 1S90, shall be free. 

Oct. 27- Mr. Stevens of the New York 
World returns to Zanzibar, having 
failed to find Stanley. 

:N"ov. 22. Supplies for Stanley's party 
are sent from Zanzibar 
on the coast. 



Dec. 2. Dr. Peters and Lieut. Lied- 
mann, African explorers, are reported 
in Zanzibar to be dead. 

Dec. 4. Emm Pasha falls from a bal- 
cony and is seriously injured at Baga- 
moyo. 

Dec. 6. H. M. Stanley arrives at Zan- 
zibar. [1S90. Jan. 2. He sails for Egypt.] 

Dec. 17. Mwanga reconquers Uganda, 
and regains his throne. 

Dec. 30. At Seilah, two French mis- 
sionaries and their escort of eight 
Greeks are reported murdered. 

1890 Jan. 2. Agent McKenzie of the 
East Africa Company dislodges a chief 
on British territory at Vitu; English 
post-offices are opened at Mombasa 
and Lamu. 

Jan. * The cable from Mombasa to 
Zanzibar is completed. 

Feb. 1. The British East Africa Com- 
pany hoist the British flag in Manda 
and at Patta. 

Feb. 8. England and Germany consent 
to submit to arbitration their respec- 
tive claims to the islands of Patta and 
Manda. 

Feb. 13. The Sultan of Zanzibar dies 
of sunstroke, aged 43. 

Sayid Ali, a brother of Seyjid Kha- 

lifah, becomes sultan. 

Feb. 14. Severe fighting occurs in 
Uganda; Mwanga, assisted by Euro- 
peans, defeats the Arabs. 

Feb. 28. The new Sultan releases pris- 
oners who have been imprisoned 18 
years "without a trial. 

Mar. 18. Arab masters at Mombasa 
unanimously accept the terms of Agent 
Mackenzie, by which 3,000 runaway 
slaves have settled in Fulladoyo, pro- 
cure their freedom by doing work equiv- 
alent to fifty shillings each. 

Mar. 23. English agents seize 200 rifles 
and a ton of powder at Aden, under the 
prohibitory law, from a German expedi- 
tion, -which was to found a settlement 
at Laliete on the Somali coast. 

Apr. 6. Capt. Casati leaves Zanzibar 
for Rome. 

Apr. 14±. The Sultan has canceled the 
concession of the islands of Manda 
and Patta to the British, because of 
German threats. 

Apr. 30. The British East Africa Com- 
pany's expedition to Uganda con- 
cludes a treaty with Mwanga, placing 
Uganda exclusively under British influ- 

May 4. All natives connected by treaty 
with the British East Africa Company 
are to be recognized as free without 
payment of compensation. 

May 9±. Karema, aided by Arabs, recon- 
quers Uganda and dethrones Mwanga. 

June 17. The Government sends 300 
Soudanese and 300 Indian troops, 
commanded by English officers, from 
Zanzibar to Mombasa to enter the ser- 
vice of the British East Africa Com- 
pany. 



Germany cedes Soman' and Vitu 

to England, in return for Heligoland, 
Europe, which is ceded to Germany. 

June 24. Lord Salisbury states that the 
Sultan of Zanzibar's dominion, men- 
tioned in the Anglo-German African 
agreement, includes a large portion of 
the mainland. 

June 27. The Anglo-German agree- 
ment is finally concluded. 

July 1. The Anglo-German agree- 
ment in reference to Africa is signed at 
Berlin by Chancellor Von Caprivi and 
Dr. Kranel for Germany, and Sir E. 
B. Malet and Sir Percy Anderson for 
England. 

July 28. All foreigners, except Ger- 
mans, welcome the establishment of a 
British protectorate at Zanzibar. 

Aug. 1. Slavery still exists on the Zan- 
zibar coast as before the Anglo-German 



Col. Enan Smith, the Sultan, issues 

a decree somewhat antislavery in its 
character. 

Aug. 4. A mass-meeting of Arabs at 
Zanzibar approves the slavery decree. 

Aug. 6. The agreement between France 
and England in regard to Zanzibar is 
signed. 

Aug. 26. The Mombasa and Nyanza 
Equatorial Railway is inaugurated in 
the presence of British and other con- 
suls. 

Sept. 13. Mwanga, King of Uganda, is 
stripped of his despotic power; the prin- 
cipal offices are divided amongst Pro- 
testant and Catholic missionaries. 

Sept. 17. An Arab is publicly hanged 
at Zanzibar for slave-dealing. 

Sept. 27. The British admiral is or- 
dered to "Witu to inquire into a recent 
massacre of Germans. [Oct. 20. He is 
ordered to destroy the town of "Witu 
unless the murderers of the Germans 
be delivered to German authorities for 
punishment.] 

Nov. * The island of Pemba is ceded to 
the British East Africa Company by the 
Sultan. 

* * British influence is established by 
special treaty in Uganda. 

* * The District of "Witu, previously 
occupied by Germany, is ceded to the 
British East Africa Company. 

1891 Feb. 10. The King of Uganda, 
under French influence, refuses to rec- 
ognize the English protectorate, and 
the East Africa Company's agents [tem- 
porarily] retire from the neighboring 
country. 

Mar. 18. The Sultan of the interior, 
Tippoo Tib, is stricken with paralysis 
at Zanzibar. 

He is also known as Hamidi bin Mu- 
hammad ; he rendered valuable assist- 
ance to Verney L. Cameron's exploring 
expedition in 1874. He also became gov- 
ernor of the Stanley Falls district of the 
Kongo State. 



364 



1891-1894. 



BRITISH EAST AFRICA. 



CHURCH. 

1893 June 17. Europeans in Uganda 
are in great danger through a Moham- 
medan revolt, favored by Selim Bey. 
The insurrection is suppressed by Cap- 
tain Macdonald, and Selim is taken 
prisoner and dies. 

STATE — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 Aug. 31. Zanzibar is declared 
by its Sultan to be within the zone of 
the Brussels spirit non-importation 
act. 

Dec. 19. Zanzibar, except for alcohol 
and munitions, is to be a free-trade 
port after next February. 

1892 Jan. 24. A battle for British 
supremacy is fought at Mengo, the 
native capital ; the Catholics side with 
the natives and the Protestants with the 
British. 

* * The defeated Catholics of Uganda 
sign a treaty to restrict their work to 
the district of Budu. 

Mar. 4. Eng. The House of Commons 
votes £20,000 toward a railroad from 
Mombasa to Victoria Nyanza. 

May 28. Seventeen Arab slave-tra- 
ders are sentenced to be hanged at 
Zanzibar. 



June 13. Captain Lugard makes 
terms with Mwanga at Uganda, and is 
ordered to remove to a point midway 
between that place and the coast. 

July 1. The free-trade zone of the 
Kongo Basin is extended to the coast. 

Oct. 1. Lord Roseberry consents to the 
evacuation of Uganda if the East 
Africa Company cannot make its occu- 
pation pay. 

Oct. 30. Great Britain decides not to 
retire from Uganda. 

* * Revenue duties for the year are about 
$100,000. 

1893 Jan. 26. Commander d' Han is 
defeats Arab slave-dealers led by 
Tippoo Tib's son, taking 500 prisoners 
and GOO rifles. 

Mar. 5, Ali Bin Said, Sultan of Zanzi- 
bar, dies. 

An attempt made by the son of the 

dead Sultan to seize the throne is de- 
feated by the British, who install the 
Sultan's nephew, the rightful heir. 

Hamid-bin-Thwain becomes sul- 
tan of Zanzibar. 

Apr. * The expenses of the East Africa 
Company to date are £448,000. 

Apr. 10. A dhow sailing under French 
colors, having on board 60 enslaved 



children, is captured by a British crui- 
ser near Zanzibar. 

Mar. 17. Sir Gerald Portal arrives at 
Mengo. 

Apr. 7. Catholics in Uganda receive 
an extension of mission territory and 
important offices near the king. 

July 5. Somalis are routed by British 
marines, and 50 Hottentots and their 
chief killed by Portuguese troops dur- 
ing a stubborn fight. 

July 6. African slave-traders are de- 
feated in two engagements, leaving their 
munitions of war and over 100 barrels 
of gunpowder in the hands of the vic- 
tors. 

Aug. 7. The Zanzibar troops and Brit- 
ish marines storm the town of Witu 
and capture it. 

Aug. 11. Native soldiers revolt, and 
join the tribesmen at Kismaya. 

1894 Jan. 14. The Protestant na- 
tives in Uganda defeat the Mohamme- 
dan natives, of whom 30 are killed and 
1,500 taken prisoners. 

Apr. 11. King EZabba Bega, ruling 
the country adjoining Uganda, has been 
defeated by a force sent out under 
Major Owen, and his kingdom may be 
included in its protectorate. 



BRITISH HONDURAS. 



British Honduras is a Crown Colony of Great Britain, 
population in 1891 of 31,471. The capital is Balize. 



Central America, having an area of 7,562 square miles, and a 



1667 * * English settlers arrive from 
Jamaica. [They are often disturbed, 
and sometimes expelled, by the Span- 
iards.] 

1754 Apr. * The Spaniards send a 
military force against the English set- 
tlement at Balize ; 1,500 men are routed 
by 250 Englishmen. 

1779 Sept. 15. A sudden attack is 
made by the Spaniards, who defeat the 
English settlers, and carry them away 
as prisoners. 

1783 * * The settlement is reestablished; 
the British settlers cease to be disturbed 
by the Spaniards. 



Sept. 3. A treaty is made between 
Great Britain and Spain, providing for 
peaceful occupation of Honduras by 
British settlers. 

1786* * A new treaty with Spain makes 
a grant of additional territory between 
the rivers Sibun and Balize. 

1798 July 10. A Spanish force of 
2,000 men arrives for the purpose of de- 
stroying the settlement at Balize ; it is 
successfully resisted by the settlers. 

1814 * * A new treaty with Spain re- 
vives the provisions of 1786. 

1836 * * Claimsof additional territory 
are made by Great Britain. 



1859 May 1. A treaty respecting 
boundaries is signed by Great Britain 
and Guatemala. 

1861 * * The population is given by a 
census at 25,635. 

1867 * * James R. Longden is governor. 
[1870, William "W. Cairns; 1874, Maj. 
Robert Miller Mundy ; 1877, F. P. Bar- 
lee ; 1SS4, Roger Tackfield Goldsworthy.] 

1881 * * Population, 27,452. 

* * Revenue for the year, £41,588. 

1889 * * Balize is a mission-station of 
the Wesleyan Methodist Missionary 
Society, having two missionaries and 941 
church-members. 



BULGARIA. 120 b. c. -a. d. 1877 Sept. 28. 565 



Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia form a principality of southeastern Europe, having Sofia for its capital. Area, 37,860 
square miles ; population, 3,309,S16. The people are chiefly Bulgarians and Turks, and commonly speak the Servian language. 
The government is a constitutional principality administered by an elected prince, who is tributary to Turkey ; the legislative 
chamber is called the Sobrauje. The religion of the Greek Church is approved. Its literature is meager and light. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
687 * * Justinian U. defeats the Bul- 
garians. 
1014 July 29. The Emperor Basil 

defeats the Bulgarians at the battle of 
Zetunium. 

He takes ir>,000 prisoners, and destroys 
the eyes of all but 150, who are per- 
mitted to have one eye that they may 
guide the blind Bulgarians home. 

1018 * * After a long struggle Basil sub- 
dues the Bulgarians. 

1396 * * The kingdom is conquered by 
the Turks under Bajazet. 

1444 Nov. 10. Battle near Verna. 
Hungarians under King Ladislaus and 
John Hunniades are utterly defeated 
by the Turks under Amurath II. ; the 
Hungarian king is killed and the brave 
general is captured. 

1876 May 1, 2. The Bulgarians, 
spurred by foreign agitators, revolt 
against Turkish rule. 

May 7. Turkish officials and troops sub- 
due the revolt with great cruelty. 

Seventy-nine villages and towns are 
wholly or partially burned, including 
9,000 houses ; 72,000 persons are made 
shelterless, $50,000,000 of property is 
destroyed or taken away, 15,000 persons 
killed, two-thirds being women and chil- 
dren,— and all to revenge the seizure of 
15 villages and the slaying of 115 Turkish 
officials in self-defense. 

1877 Apr. 24. Russia declares war 
against Turkey for the suppression of 
cruelty in Bulgaria and elsewhere. 

Apr. *-7S Mar.* Turko-Russian 
"War. 

Bulgaria is the chief battlefield; the 
Grand Duke Nicholas is commander of 
the Russians, and Abdul-Kerim com- 
mands the Turks. (See p. 1158.) 

June 22. Passage of the Danube on 
208 pontoons by a Russian corps under 
Gen. Zimmerman. The Grand Duke oc- 
cupies Drobudsha after a loss of 289 men. 

June 27. The main army crosses the 
Danube at Shistova. 

July 5±. Biela is taken by the Russians. 

July 6. Plevna is occupied by the 
Russian army. 

July 6, 7. The Russian cavalry general, 
Joseph V. Gourko, captures Tirnova. 

July 12. The Turks reoccupy Bayazid. 

July 13. Mulch tar Pasha drives the 
Russians out of Ears. 

Gen. Gourko crosses through the 

Shipka Pass into Rumelia. 

July 15. A division of the Russian army 
captures Nicopoli, with two pashas, 
6,000 men, two monitors, and 40 guns. 

July 17-19. Russians drive the Turks 
from the important Shipka Pass, con- 
necting Bulgaria and Rumelia. 

July 18~. Plevna is retaken by the 
Turks. 



July 19, 20. Plevna is held by Osman 
Pasha after a severe struggle with 
Schildner-Schuldner. 

July 21±. Suleiman Pasha arrives at 
the Shipka Pass. 

July * Mehemet Ali assumes su- 
preme command of the Turkish 
troops. The Russians retreat. 

July 26 or 28. Aziz Pasha is killed at 
Esinje, near Rasgrad. 

July 29, 30. Severe fighting occurs at 
Plevna; Gen. Krudener defeats the 
Russians, who lose 2,000 killed and 4,000 
wounded. 

Aug. 11±. Russians are driven out of 
Rumelia ; Gen. Gourko returns to the 
Shipka Pass. 

Aug. 20-27. Suleiman Pasha makes a 
desperate effort, with great losses, to 
regain the Shipka Pass, which is held 
by the Russians. 

Aug. 21. Gen. Radetzky reenforces the 
Russians in Shipka Pass. 

Aug. 30±. Osman Pasha makes an 
unsuccessful sortie at Plevna. 

Sept. 3. Gen. Skobeleff captures Lovatz 
from the Turks. 

Sept. 7±. The siege of Plevna by the 
Russians under Gen. Eduard Ivano- 
vitch Todleben begins with a cannon- 
ade which lasts three days. 

Sept. 11, 12. A general assault is 
made at Plevna by Russians and Ru- 
manians under Todleben ; the strong 
entrenchments at Gravitza are taken 
and held with a loss of about 20,000 
men. 

Sept. 17. Suleiman Pasha takes Fort 
St. Nicholas in Shipka Pass, but is un- 
able to hold it. 

Sept. 22 1. Chefket Pasha reenforces 
Osman Pasha at Plevna. 

Sept. 28. Gen. Todleben is promoted 
to the command of the Russian staff. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1847 Jan. 4. Nicholas of Mingrelia, 

prince, born. 
1857 Apr. 5. Alexander I., Prince of 

Bulgaria, born. 
1861 Feb. 36. Ferdinand of Base-Co- 

burg. Prince of Bulgaria, born. 

CHURCH. 

862 * * Christianity is introduced by 
Boris or Bogoris [864 ?]. 

1118* * Basil, a physician, is burned 
alive for heresy. He rejected the Penta- 
teuch, the eucharist, and baptism, and 
taught communism. 

1833 * * The Bulgarians ask for a Bul- 
garian bishop, instead of two Greek 
bishops, and are denied. 

1840* *A Bulgarian is appointed 
bishop of Widdin. 

1857 * * A mission is founded north of 
the Balkans by the Methodist Episcopal 
Church, TJ. S. A. 



1858 * * Rev. Mr. Morse enters the Bul- 
garian mission-work of the American 
Board at Adrianople. 

1859 * * Sofia, Star a-Z agora, and 
Philippopolis have mission- stations 
established by the American Board. 

1862 * * The American Board start mis- 
sion-work in Samokov. 

1870 Feb. 28. The Bulgarian Church 
receives an independent exarchate. 

1872 Feb. * Reestablishment of the 
Bulgarian Church under a Bulgarian 
exarch, bishops, and clergy. 

1873 * * The American Board start mis- 
sion-work in Monastir, 

STATE. 

120* * b. c. Bulgarians are first 

known, as a band under the leadership 

of Chieftain Vound, which takes refuge 

in Armenia. 

499* *-676* *a.d. A Slavonic tribe, 
called Bulgarians, harasses the East- 
ern Empire and Italy. 

660 * * A kingdom is established in 
modern Bulgaria. 

Bulgarians are divided into Beveral di- 
visions ; the leading one under, Aspa- 
rueh, settles in Moesia [now Bosnia, 
Servia, and Bulgaria], and subjugates 
the Slavonic population. 

803 * * -927 * * Reign of Simeon; the 
most prosperous period of the ancient 
kingdom. 

1018 * * The Byzantine Emperor Basil 
II. subdues the Bulgarians. 

1186 * * Insurrection under the broth- 
ers Peter and Asan or Yusan ; the 
Bulgarians unite with the Wallachs in 
revolt against Byzantine rule; the Bul- 
garian kingdom is reestablished. 

1396* * After subduing the kingdom, 
Bajazet annexes it to the Turkish 
Empire. 

1827 * *Uprising of Bulgarians 
against their masters. 

1829 * * Varna is restored by the Rus- 
sians, and the fortifications dismantled. 

1848 * * The Bulgarians again revolt 
against the Turks. 

1858 * * A national assembly is called 
to consider reform. 

1862 * * Another uprising breaks out. 

1870 * * Another uprising occurs. 

1875* *-76* * The Bulgarians support 
the revolt in Herzegovina, and ask 
the Porte for the redress of grievances. 

1876 May * Young Bulgarians urge a 
general uprising. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875* *Fourteen newspapers are 

started this year. 
1876 * * Fifty-one newspapers are 

published in Bulgaria. 



566 1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. * 



BULGARIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1876 Oct. 2, 3. Suleiman Pasha suc- 
ceeds Mehemet AH to the supreme com- 
mand of the Turks, and sends Raouf 
Pasha to Shipka Pass. 

Oct. 8. A T'urkish monitor in the 
Danube is blown up by torpedoes. 

Oct. 9t. The Turks succeed in getting 
relief and supplies into Plevna. 

Oct. 19, 20. Rumanians seize and soon 
lose the Gravitza entrenchments at 
Plevna. 

Oct. 24. An indecisive battle is fought 
at Gornij Dubnik, near Plevna ; losses 
about 2,503 on each side. 

Oct. 23. Indecisive battle of Sofia 
Road, near Plevna ; Russians drive the 
Turks out of position at Telche. 

Nov. 1±. Mehemet Ali collects an army 
for the relief of Plevna, where the Turks 
need supplies. Azli Pasha succeeds 
Suleiman Pasha to the supreme com- 
mand, and the latter is given command 
of the army of Rumelia. 

Nov. 8±. A Russian army 120,000 strong 
invests Plevna for 30 miles around. 

Nov. 12. The Russians are repulsed 
in an attack at Plevna. 

Nov. 15. The .Turks make three at- 
tacks on the Russians, and are repulsed. 

Nov. 16±. Osman Pasha declines an 
invitation to surrender Plevna. 

Nov. 21. Rumanians take Rahova on 
the Danube, above Nicopili. 

Dec. 9, 10. Osman Pasha attempts to 
break through the Russian lines at 
night and is totally defeated ; he un- 
conditionally surrenders Plevna and 
his army of 30,000 men. Losses are 
very heavy. 

Dec. 19. Gen. Todleben assumes com- 
mand at Rustchuk. 

Dec. 31±. Gen. Gourko, having re- 
crossed the Balkans, defeats the Turks 
at Sofia. 

1879 Jan. 3. Sofia is taken by Gourko. 

Jan. 8-10. Gens. Radetzky and Sko- 
beleff defeat the Turks at Senova, 
near Shipka Pass, and the war ends. 

* * The army law compels every Bulga- 
rian to serve 12 years in the army, 
four of which shall be in the active 
army. 

Jan. 9i. Russians under Gen. Radetzky, 
having crossed the Balkans, take the 
Trojan Pass. 

July 17±. Russians vacate Bulgaria. 

Aug. 3. The evacuation by Russians is 
complete. 

1885+ * * "War with Servia respecting 
rebel refugees and boundaries. 

Nov. 14. Bulgaria, being invaded by 
Servia at four points, Prince Alexander 
solicits help from the Turks. 

Nov. 15. The Bulgarians defend the 
Dragoman Pass against 40,000 Servi- 
ans, but soon retire. 

Severe fighting near Raptcha ; 

the Servians enter the city, and the Bul- 
garians retire to Slivnitza. 



Nov. 16. Battle of Trn; the Servians 
are repulsed. 

Nov. 17. The Bulgarians are de- 
feated in northwestern Bulgaria, be- 
tween Kula and Widdin. 

The Servians renew the battle at Trn 

and take many prisoners. 

Nov. 17-19. Alexander defeats the 
Servians under King Milan at Slivnitza. 

Nov. 19. Alexander orders the evacu- 
ation of Eastern Rumelia on the 
demand of Turkey. 

Nov. 21. Complete victory of the 
Bulgarians in engagements near the 
Dragoman Pass. 

Nov. 23. The Servians are again de- 
feated near Zaribrod, and the city is 
occupied by the Bulgarians. 

Nov. 24. Servians have left Bulgaria 
and retreat to Pirot, Servia. 

Nov. 26,27. Prince Alexander, fighting 
his way, finally occupies Pirot. 

Nov. 27. Servians besiege "Widdin ; a 
Bulgarian rally is repulsed. 

Nov. 28. Austria procures an armistice. 

1S86 Mar. 3. Peace is signed by the 
two Governments. 

Aug. * The soldiers revolt in favor of 
the provisional Government. 

Sep. 8. Sofia, the capital, is in a state 
of siege on the retirement of Prince 
Alexander. 

Oct. 28. Sofia is again in a state of 
siege. 

Nov. 1, 2. Russian sailors land from 
the war-ships at Varna. 

CHURCH. 
1878 * * The Bulgarian missions of the 

American Board report recent rapid 

progress. 
1881 * * Loftcha becomes a mission of 

the American Methodists. 

1883 A Methodist Episcopal Girls' High 
School is founded in Loftcha. 

* * Methodist Episcopal Literary and 
Theological Institute is founded in 
Sistof. 

1884 * * Varna becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Methodist Episcopal Church 
of America. 

SOCIETY. 

1S79 June 5. Eng. Prince Alexan- 
der is received by Queen Victoria. 

1881 June 21. Zancoff and other 
Liberals are arrested for insulting 
Alexander in their election addresses. 

July 23. Zancoff and other Liberals 
are again arrested. 

STATE. 

1S76 Oct. 9. London. Zancoff and Ba- 
labanow, Bulgarian delegates, are re- 
ceived with enthusiasm. 

Dec. * A conference of great powers 
at Constantinople vainly seeks pledges 
to prevent Turkish atrocities in Bul- 
garia. 



1877. Mar. 31. London. Bepi 

tives of six great powers sign a pro- 
tocol making ineffective demands on 
Turkey to recede from its cruel course. 

1878 Mar. 3. The peace of San Ste- 
fano, on the Marmora, near Constanti- 
nople, is concluded between Russia and 
Turkey. 

It provides that Bulgaria shall re- 
main a principality tributary to Turkey, 
but to have a Christian prince with a 
separate administration and militia, and 
accept a Kussian occupation by 50.000 
men for two vears. fit is much modified 
by the Treaty of Berlin.] 

June 13 -July 13. Congress of Berlin. 
The powers limit the principality of 
Bulgaria to the country between the 
Danube river and the Balkan moun- 
tains, yet including Sofia and its terri- 
tory. The southern portion of Bulga- 
ria, with its boundaries reduced, is left 
under the immediate rule of Turkey, 
with the title Province of East Ru- 
melia. and is to have a separate militia, 
and administration by a Christian gov- 
ernor-general ; only in specified cases 
are regular Turkish troops to enter it. 
The Russian troops to evacuate East 
Rumelia and Bulgaria inside of nine 
months and Rumania inside of a year. 
(Ploetz.) 

Oct. 29. A petition having 50,000 Bul- 
garian signatures protests against the 
division of Bulgaria. 

Nov. 11. A meeting of Bulgarians is 
held at Philippopolis to oppose the work 
of the commission for organizing East- 
ern Rumelia. 

1879 Feb. 22+. The first National 
Assembly, or Assembly of Notables, 
meets at Tirnova by adjournment : the 
new Constitution is presented. It in- 
vests a single chamber, called the So- 
branje, with the legislative power. 

Apr. 28. The Assembly closes. 

Apr. 29. The Assembly for the election 
of a prince convenes. Prince Alexan- 
der of Battenberg is elected Prince 
of Bulgaria as Alexander I. by the 
Notables. 

July 5. AlexandervisitsConstantinople. 
and receives the berat of investure, 
and then sails for Varna. 

July 6. Alexander arrives at Varna. 

July 8. Alexander arrives at Tirnova. 

July 9. Alexander I. takes the oath to 
maintain the Constitution, at Tirnova. 

Aug. 15±. The Ministry issues a 
manifesto, in which it proposes to 
prevent disorders and organize internal 
government. 

Sept. 5±. A monster meeting at Tirnova 
votes a want of confidence in the 
Ministers because of their unconstitu- 
tional acts. 

Nov. 2. The Prince opens the As- 
sembly of Notables. 

Nov. 3. The large majority of Liberals 
in the Assembly occasions the resig- 
nation of the Ministers. 

Dec. 18. The National Assembly is 
dissolved. Alexander appoints a Min- 
istry with M. Bourmof, president. 

1SS0 Apr. 4. Alexander opens the 
Assembly of Notables. 

Nov. 1. The second Assembly of the 
Notables opens. 



BULGARIA. 



1876, Oct. 2-1887, Jan. * 567 



1881 May 9. Alexander dissolves 
the Assembly of Notables, and declares 
the Constitution is superseded. It is 
an arbitrary and irregular procedure. 

June 27. Elections are held for the Na- 
tional Assembly. 

July 13. The National Assembly 
meets, and accepts the proposals of Alex- 
ander, and votes to give him arbitrary 
power for seven years. 

Sept. 28 i. An amnesty for political 
offenses is offered. 

1883 Mar. 15. Gen. Skobeleff and 
M. Kypriak organize a new Ministry. 

* * Russian influence causes a lib- 
eral reaction against Alexander ; it is 
proposed to restrain the power of the 
Prince by a new Constitution. 

Sept. 16+. The National Assembly is 
in session. 

Sept. 20. Alexander issues a manifesto 
restoring the original Constitution. 

Oct. 26. Alexander dismisses Col. 
Redigher , Minis ter of "War, and other 
Russiau officers. 

Nov. 15±. The strained relations with 
Russia are relaxed. 

Dec. 14. The amendment to the 
Constitution is adopted. 

1884 May* -June* Servia complains 
against the reception of rebel refugees 
by Bulgaria, and disputes the national 
boundary. 

July 13. The Zancoff Ministry re- 
signs ; Karaveleff , as bis successor, or- 
ganizes a new Ministry. 

Sept. 11. Alexander announces a com- 
mission to elaborate a Constitution. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Bulgaria protests against 
the Servian raids. 

Sept. 18±. The reunion of Bulgaria 
with Eastern Rumelia is announced, 
Bulgarians forming the chief part of 
the population ; they rise up, and over- 
throw the Turkish government. 

Oct. 27- The regular session of the 
Sobranje, or popular Assembly, opens. 

1885 Sept. 17. The governor-general 
of Eastern Rumelia is deposed, and 
the union of that province with Bulga- 
ria is proclaimed. 

Oct. 15 + . Bulgaria and Rumelia make 
preparations for war, but cease their 
activity by advice of the Great Powers. 

Nov. 13. Servia issues a declaration 
of war against Bulgaria, alleging cer- 
tain aggressions. (See Army.) 

Nov. 14. Alexander denies the allega- 
tions of Servia, in a circular note to the 
powers. 

Nov. 19. Alexander yields to the au- 
thority of the Sultan, and orders the 
evacuation of Eastern Rumelia by 
Bulgarian troops. 

Nov. 28. Austria procures the suspen- 
sion of hostilities. 

Dec. 2±. Servia makes unacceptable 
proposals of peace. 

Dec. 21. An international commis- 
sion signs a protocol. 



1S86 Jan. 12. The Powers present a 
collective note requiring Greece, Bul- 
garia, and Servia to disarm. 

Jan. 16±. A collective note to secure 
peace in the Balkans is disregarded ; 
Greece and Servia refuse to disarm. 

Jan. * The Powers sanction a nominal 
union of Eastern Rumelia with Turkey, 
while it is virtually united with Bul- 
garia ; Prince Alexander is to govern 
for five years as the representative of 
the Sultan. 

Feb. 2. The decree of the union of 
Eastern Rumelia with Bulgaria is pro- 
mulgated. 

Feb. 4. Great Britain, France, and Italy 
approve the Tureo-Bulgarian agree- 
ment. 

Mar. 3. A treaty of peace is signed 
at Bucharest by Bulgaria and Servia, 
yet the latter refuses to enter a treaty 
of friendship, or to resume diplomatic 
intercourse. 

The Porte ratifies the peace be- 
tween Bulgaria and Servia. 

Mar. 15±. Alexander demands the 
governorshi p of Eastern Rumelia for life. 

Mar. 17. The National Assembly 
ratifies the peace. 

Apr. * The "Western Powers unite in 
a conference at Constantinople for 
a settlement of the Turco-Bulgarian 
question. 

Apr. 5. The Powers sign a protocol of 
the modified agreement concerning the 
union of Bulgaria and Eastern Rumelia. 
The Powers agree to nominate Prince 
Alexander as governor of Eastern Ru- 
melia for a term of five years. 

Apr. 8. Prince Alexander accepts the 
proposed governorship conditionally. 

June 14i. The National Assembly 
convenes, with deputies present from 
Eastern Rumelia. 

Aug. 7. Alexander renounces the 
throne, as Russian influence is against 
him. 

Aug. 20. The Revolution. Soldiers 
and officers occupy the palace and seize 
the Prince and his Ministers. 

It is a movement of the pro-Russian 
party. The chief conspirators are ex- 
Minister Zancoif, Maj. Grueff, Clement 
the Metropolitan, and Col. Stojanoff. 

Aug. 21. The abdication of Alexander 
is announced. 

Evening. A provisional govern- 
ment is announced under the presi- 
dency of Clement. 

Aug. 24. Alexander is taken out of 
the country. 

Aug. 28. Alexander starts to return, 
a counter-revolution having opened the 
way. 

Aug. 25. The officers of the rebel gov- 
ernment are either prisoners or 
fugitives. 

Aug. 29. Alexander is cordially wel- 
comed on his return to Rustchuk ; be 
issues a proclamation. 

Aug. 30. Alexander makes his last 
attempt to conciliate the Czar. 



Sept. 1. Alexander arrives at Philip- 
popolis. 

Sept. 3. Alexander arrives at Sofia. 

Sept. 4. Ex-Miuister Zancoff and 
other conspirators are released from 
prison. 

Alexander is forced to submit to 

Russia, and announces his intention to 
abdicate. 

Sept. 6. A regency is nominated, 
consisting of Stambuloff, Mutkuroff, 
and Karaveloff. 

Sept. 7. Alexander formally re- 
nounces the throne, as Russian influ- 
ence is against him, after confiding to 
a regency the executive power. 

Sept. 8. Alexander leaves Sofia. 

Sept. 25. Gen. Kaulbars, the agent of 
Russia, arrives, and introduces a policy 
of intimidation. 

Oct. 4. The Radoslavoff Ministry op- 
pose Gen. Kaulbars. 

Oct. * Gen. Kaulbars fails to dominate 
the Bulgarians. 

Oct. 10. An election of members for 
the National Assembly gives a majority 
for the Regency ; Vote, 400-20 ; only 78 
members favor the Zancoff rebellion. 

Oct. 18. The unpopular Russian policy 
is abandoned. 

Oct. 20. The Regency resist the effort 
of Gadban Effendi, the Turkish envoy, 
to secure delay by impugning the elec- 
tions. 

Nov. 1. The National Assembly 
opens, and the rebel officers are set free. 

Gen. Kaulbars makes threats ; a 

small force of Russians lands at Varna. 

Nov. 4. A pro-Russian insurrection 
is attempted at Bourgas, but fails. 

Nov. 10. The National Assembly 
elects Prince Waldemar of Denmark 
as Prince of Bulgaria. 

Regent Karaveloff resigns, and 

Zifkoff succeeds him. 

Nov. 13. Waldemar declines. 

Nov. 20±. Gen. Kaulbars, having re- 
ceived no answer to his ultimatum, 
leaves Bulgaria, and the Russian con- 
suls also depart. 

Dec. 23. Stambuloff and others form 
a loyal provisional government at 
Tirnova, and issue a manifesto in the 
name of the Prince, Alexander I, 

Dec. * Three delegates are sent to visit 
the Courts of great Powers. [They are 
favorably received at London and Paris, 
unofficially received at Vienna and Ber- 
lin, but not received at St. Petersburg.] 

Dec. * Russia recommends the Prince 
Nicholas of Mingrelia to Bulgaria. 

Aug. * The proclamation of the provis- 
ional government, under Zancoff, is dis- 
avowed by the army and people in 
various towns. 

Dec. * The rebel soldiers protect the 
rebel government from the enraged 
people. 

1887 Jan. 18. It. The insurgents' 
delegates are received at Rome. 



568 1887, Peb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. BULGARIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1887 Mar. 1, 2. The military revolt 
at Silistria in northeast Bulgaria. 

Mar. 3. The military revolt at Rust- 
chuk on the Danube. Many persons are 
killed in the uprising. 

Mar. 4. The people assist the militia in 
suppressing the revolt at Rustchuk. 

Sofia is again, in a state of siege. 

Mar. 6. Several leading insurrection- 
ists are executed at Rustchuk. 

Mar. 8, 9. Many insurrectionists are 
imprisoned at Rustchuk. 

Sep. * The state of siege at Sofia is 
closed. 

Nov. 16±. E.Jium. Seventeen soldiers 
are killed in the suppression of an in- 
surrection at Stara-Zagora. 

1889 July 20. At Dennrisch, near 
Adrianople, the Russian agents are 
collecting deserters from the Bulga- 
rian army. 

Aug. 23. Bulgaria purchases 10,000,- 
000 cartridges and 50,000 rifles. 

1890 Feb. 1. Army officers are ar- 
rested. 

Nov. 7. Prince Alexander, formerly 
of Bulgaria, is elevated to the rank of a 
full colonel in the Austrian service. 

1893 Dec. 1. A Bulgarian ex-army 
officer is arrested at Sofia, confessing 
that he had been engaged by Panslavists, 
Grujeff and Bendereff, to bill Prince 
.Ferdinand. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889 July 9. Prince Nicholas, once can- 
didate for the throne, A42. 

1893 Nov. 17. Prince Alexander, of 
Battenberg, ex-Prince of Bulgaria, A36. 

CHURCH. 

1889 Jan. * The Government quar- 
rels with the Church. 

Jan. * The Holy Synod meets at Sofia, 
and its members refuse to call on 
Prince Ferdinand or the Premier, Stam- 
buloff. 

Jan. * The Government is offended at the 
attitude of the prelates, and declares 
the Synod illegal because of irregular- 
ity in the election of some of its mem- 
bers, and orders it to disperse. 

Jan. 11. The prelates are conducted to 
their homes by a military guard. 

1890. May 21. Bishop Theodosius 
is expelled from Uskuto for trying to 
effect a revolt in Macedonia. 

Aug. 30. The Exarch, with Premier 
Stambuloff's approval, appeals to the 
Czar of Russia to adopt a conciliatory 
policy toward Bulgaria. 

SOCIETY. 

1887 Mar. 31. An assassin shoots M. 

Mantoff, prefect of Rustchuk. 
Aug. * The Bulgaria publishes a libel 

concerning the German Consul, Herr 

Loper. 



Sept. * The Government causes a retrac- 
tion to be published, and suppresses the 
paper. 

Oct. 7. Political riots occur at Plevna, 
with 10 deaths. 

1888 July 8. Macedonian brigands 
carry off two railroad officials to secure 
ransom money. 

July 15. The Government takes pos- 
session of the Bellova-Vakarel rail- 
road, for the alleged purpose of pro- 
tecting it from brigands. 

1889 May 16. Five brigands are 
hanged at Sofia. 

July± * Mohammedans raise disturb- 
ances in Rasgrad. 

Oct. 21. Eng. Prince Ferdinand 
visits London. 

Nov. 22 + . The marriage of Prince 
Ferdinand to Princess d'Alencon is 
abandoned. 

1890 Jan. 3. All of the persons ac- 
quitted of complicity in a recent Pa- 
nitza conspiracy, with one exception, 
are expelled from Bulgaria. 

Feb. 5. A plot is discovered among 
Bulgarian officers, inspired by Russians 
adverse to Prince Ferdinand. 

Feb. 8. Five conspirators implicated 
in a plot to kill Prince Ferdinand are 
shot. 

Feb. 9. A Russian is under arrest 
at Rustchuk for complicity in the con- 
spiracy. 

Feb. 20. A Russian plotter is arrested, 
with documents in his possession com- 
promising Gen. Ignatieff and several 
Russian consuls. 

Feb. 26. The birthday of Prince 
Ferdinand is celebrated at Sofia. 

Mar. 20. Major Panitza confesses to 
conspiracy against Prince Ferdinand 
in order to reconcile Bulgaria and 
Russia. 

May 15. Trial of Major Panitza begins 
at Sofia. 

May 21. Major Panitza denies that 
Russia was implicated in the plot against 
Prince Ferdinand. 

May 30. Major Panitza is sentenced 
to death, nine others to varying terms 
of imprisonment. 

June 20. The Court of Cassation con- 
firms the sentences passed upon Major 
Panitza and the other conspirators. 

June 28. Major Panitza, the conspira- 
tor, is shot at Sofia. 

1891 Feb. 11. Three men are arrested 
at Sofia on suspicion of plotting 
treason. 

Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, Minister of 
Finance, is shot at Sofia by an unknown 
assassin, while walking with Premier 
Stambuloff. 

Mar. 28. Thirty persons are arrested 
in Sofia on suspicion of complicity in 
the assassination of the Minister of 
Finance. 

Mar. 29. The funeral of the assas- 
sinated Minister of Finance, Balt- 



chetf, is conducted with great pomp at 
Sofia. 

Mar. 30. Several arrests are made of 
suspected complicity in the killing of 
the Minister of Finance. 

Apr. 4. Prince Ferdinand and his 
mother, Princess Clementine, receive 
letters threatening their death unless 
they leave the country ; the Minister 
of Foreign Affairs is threatened with 
assassination. 

Apr. 7. M. Socbovukopf, the Kavass of 
the Russian Agency at Sofia, is expelled 
from Bulgaria for sending threaten- 
ing letters to Prince Ferdinand and 
others. 

Apr. 11. It is reported that a reward 
of 20,000 florins has been paid to a 
Hungarian, whose name is not revealed, 
for detecting the murderers of the Min- 
ister of Finance. 

July 15. Two students are arrested 
in Sofia who confess that they are the 
murderers of M. Baltcheff, Minister of 
Finance. 

They accuse Dr. Tzatcheff , Dr. Moloff, 
and Col. Kissoff of hiring them to com- 
mit the deed ; these three are also placed 
under arrest. 

1892 Jan. 14. Plots against the life 
of Prince Ferdinand are discovered. 

Feb. 25. An attempt is made to assas- 
sinate the Bulgarian agent at Con- 
stantinople. 

Apr. 24. Fifteen conspirators against 
the Government are arrested. 

Apr. 29. Another plot is discovered 
against the lives of Prince Ferdinand 
and Premier Stambuloff. 

July 8±. The trial of the conspirators 
against the life of Prince Ferdinand and 
several officials of high rank takes place ; 
one witness confesses the details of the 
plot. [July 27. Four are hanged.] 

1893 Feb. 14. Prince Ferdinand of 
Bulgaria and Princess Marie Louise, 
daughter of the Duke of Parma, are 
officially betrothed. 

Apr. 20. Prince Ferdinand of Bul- 
garia and Princess Marie Louise of 
Parma are married. 

June 10. Prince Ferdinand and his 
bride enter Sofia in state. 

STATE. 

1887 Feb. 22. The Porte accuses 
Zancoff of bad faith, and refuses to 
treat with him any longer. 

Feb. 26. The insurrection breaks out 
prematurely in Silistria. 

Feb. 29. Capt. Krivandoff refuses to 
join the revolting officers, and seizes the 
fortress in Silistria for the Govern- 
ment. 

Mar. 4. The Government places Sofia 
in a state of siege, and makes many ar- 
rests, including the ex-Regent Karavel- 
off, and the present Regent, Nikoforoff. 

Mar. * At Rustchuk 14 rebels are exe- 
cuted. 

Apr. 6. The regent and ex-regent are 
released. 



BULGARIA. 1887, Feb. 22-1894, Jan. 30. 569 



June 12. Prince Alexander positively 
declines reelection. 

-July 4. The Sobranje opens at Tir- 
nova. 

July 7. The Sobranje unanimously elects 
Prince Ferdinand of Saxe-Coburg 
and Gotha as Prince of Bulgaria. 

July 9. Ferdinand conditionally ac- 
cepts tlie office. 

The Ministry resign. 

July 12. The Stoiloff Ministry is 
formed. 

July 14±. The Regency withdraws its 
resignation. 

Aug. 11. Ferdinand assumes office as 
Prince of Bulgaria. 

Aug. 14. Ferdinand arrives at Tir- 
nova, the capital, and signs the Consti- 
tution, and issues a proclamation. 

Aug. 15. Russia protests against the 
assumption of authority by Ferdinand. 

Aug. 21. Ferdinand is welcomed at 
Fhilippopolis. 

Aug. 22. Ferdinand is welcomed at 
Sofia. 

Turkey asserts the authority of Fer- 
dinand is illegal, being contrary to the 
provisions of the Treaty of Berlin. 

Aug. 31. The Stambuloff Cabinet is 
formed, representing both the Liberal 
and Conservative parties. 

Sept. * The Government publishes a con- 
tradiction to the libelous statement of 
the Bulgaria respecting the German 
consul, and suppresses the paper. 

The state of siege at Sofia ends. 

Oct. 9. The elections return to the 
Sobranje a majority favorable to the 
Ministry (260-32). 

1888 Feb.+* Russia issues a circular 
note to the powers concerning the ille- 
gality of Ferdinand's position. 
France and Germany approve ; Austria, 
England, and Italy are non-committal. 

Mar. 6. The Porte informs the Stam- 
buloff Ministry that Ferdinand's posi- 
tion is illegal. 

Apr.±* Major Popoff, the patriot who 
distinguished himself in opposing the 
conspiracy, is arrested with four other 
officers, on the charge of malversation 
of public money. 

[He is condemned to four years im- 
prisonment by a court martial for the 
crime of his subordinates.] 

June 12. The Liberals in the Ministry 
with Stambuloff resign because of the 
injustice done to Popoff. 

June 24. Ferdinand remits the pun- 
ishment of Popoff, and the Ministry 



July* The boundary of the Servian 

frontier is settled. 
Dec. 22. The Stambuloff Ministry is 

reconstructed. 
1889 Jan. 4. The treaty with Ser- 

via, respecting the boundary lines, is 

ratified. 
Jan.* The Government quarrels with 

the Church. (See Church.) 



Feb. 5, 6. The Premier arrests 60 
prominent citizens for petitioning the 
Exarch at Constantinople, as construc- 
tively favoring the rebellion of Zancoff. 

Mar. 12. Prince Alexander of Batten- 
berg writes to the Bulgarian Govern- 
ment, claiming a million francs as the 
purchase price of his estates. 

Apr. 13. Bulgarian exiles are plotting 
an invasion of Bulgaria from Rumania 
and Russia. 

Sept. 8. The Government orders 33,- 
000 Berdan rifles and 2,000,000 car- 
tridges. 

Oct. 16. The Government effects a loan 
of 25,000,000 francs. 

Nov. 3. Bus. At St. Petersburg the 
Czar, in an interview with, the Bulga- 
rian ambassador, presses his right to 
select the head of Bulgarian Gov- 
ernment. 

Prince Ferdinand delivers a speech 

at the opening of the National 
Assembly. 

Nov. 12. The Sobranje, in reply to the 
speech, from the throne, expresses the 
hope that the Suzerain power will 
take the initiative in recognizing Prince 
Ferdinand as ruler. 

1890 Jan.* Maj. Panitza, one of 
Alexander's favorites, conspires to kill 
Prince Ferdinand, Stambuloff, Mut- 
kuroff, and Col. Pelroff, chief of staff. 

Feb. 1. Major Panitza is arrested. 

Feb. 8. Ferdinand offers to abdi- 
cate, but his Ministers oppose. 

Feb. 10. Many arrests made of plotters 
against Prince Ferdinand. 

Feb. 20. Russia is to be officially rep- 
resented at the trial of Major Panitza 
for conspiracy in Sofia. 

Feb.* Russia demands 3,000,000 
roubles from Bulgaria to pay for the 
Russian occupation during 1878 and 1879. 

Apr. 2. A new quarrel between Bul- 
garia and Servia breaks out. 

Apr. 5. Bulgaria yields to Servia's de- 
mands, and appoints a new diplomatic 
agent at Belgrade. 

June 5. The charges implicating the 
Russian Government in connection 
with the Panitza conspiracy are with- 
drawn for lack of proof. 

July 11. The Premier emphatically 
denies the rumor that Prince Ferdinand 
intends to abdicate. 

July 19. Russia is stirring up strife 
in Bulgaria. 

Aug. 9. Great preparations are mak- 
ing for proclaiming the independence 
of Bulgaria and electing Prince Ferdi- 
nand as king on Aug. 15. 

Aug. 10. Russia is still opposed to 
Prince Ferdinand as the ruler of Bul- 

Aug. 12. Bulgaria refuses to pay the 
total amount of the Russian claims for 
arms and ammunition supplied during 
the war with Turkey, on the ground 



that the amount due is 100,000 rubles 
less than the sum demanded. 

Sept. 7. The elections result in a great 
triumph for the Government. 

Oct. 9. Russia refuses to recognize 
the right of Prince Ferdinand to rule 
Bulgaria. 

Oct. 27. Ferdinand opens the So- 
branje in person. 

He says that the Government plans 
to perfect the army, construct railways 
between Sofia and Tirnova and Kasit- 
chan, conclude treaties of commerce 
and friendship with the Sultan, grant 
berats to Bulgarian bishops, etc. 

1891 Mar. 27. M. Baltcheff, the 

Minister of Finance, is assassinated at 
Sofia. 

Mar. 31. The Government offers 
$5,000 for the securement of the assas- 
sins of the Minister of Finance. 

Nov. 21. Russia demands that Bul- 
garia arrest 13 alleged Nihilists now in 
that country. 

Dec. 14. The Sobranje passes measures 
for pensioning of Prince Alexander. 

France breakes off diplomatic rela- 
tions with Bulgaria. (See France.) 

1892 Jan. 5. The Government re- 
fuses the demand of France that it 
should withdraw the decree expelling 
M. Chadourne. 

Jan. 17- The Government has agreed to 
a note from the Porte to France, closing 
the Chadourne affair with France. 

Apr. 17. The Government requests the 
Porte to demand of Russia the extradi- 
tion of the alleged assassins of Dr. 
Valkovitch. 

Apr. 24. Fifteen arrests of alleged 
conspirators against the Government 
are made. 

1893 Dec. 1. The Ministry is to be 
reorganized. 

1894 Jan. 30. The brothers Ivanoff, 
charged with conspiracy to murder 
Prince Ferdinand and M. Stambuloff, 
are sentenced, one to 15 years, the other 
to three years' imprisonment. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888 May 18. The Salonica railroad 

is officially opened. 
July 5. The Bulgarian railroad is 

opened for internal traffic. 
Aug. 12. The Bulgarian railroad is 

opened to Constantinople, with festiv- 
ities. 
Aug. 14. The first anniversary of 

Prince Ferdinand is celebrated. 
1890 June 1. The northern part of 

Sofia is "wrecked by a hurricane; 

many lives are lost. 
Aug. 14. The third anniversary of 

Prince Ferdinand's accession to the 

throne is celebrated. 
1892 Apr. 21. Russian papers are 

excluded from Bulgaria. 
Oct. 14. Violent shocks of earthquake 

occur in the Balkans. 



570 1894, Mar. 9 -Dec. 21. 



BULGARIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1894 June 1. Civil war breaks out; 
the troops demand the reinstatement of 
Stambuloff as premier. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 May 30. A riot occurs in 
Sofia, in consequence of the resigna- 
tion of the Stambuloff Ministry. 

May 31. The rioting in Sofia continues ; 
the mob is fired on by the militia. 

June 1. A bloody conflict occurs in 
Sofia between the police and part of the 
military who declared for Stambuloff, 
and the troops that stand by Prince 
Ferdinand. 

Sept. 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is 
jostled and stoned by a mob in Sofia. 



STATE. 

1894 Mar. 9. M. Stambuloff, Prime 
Minister, resigns. 

May 29. The Stambuloff Ministry 
resigns, and M. Grecoff is trying to re- 
construct the Cabinet. 

May 30. One person is killed and over 
HO are wounded in a riot in Sofia, pre- 
cipitated by the resignation of the Stam- 
buloff ministry. 

June 2. A conspiracy is said to exist, 
having for its object the deposition of 
Prince Ferdinand, and to place upon the 
throne the four-year-old son of the late 
Prince Alexander, the former Prince of 
Bulgaria. 

June 3. Soldiers are patrolling the 
streets in Sofia, and the general excite- 



ment is somewhat quieted. The doom 
of the public offices are sealed. 

The capital is peaceful; all public 

meetings are prohibited. 
July 6. Ex-Premier Stambuloff is to 

be indicted on the charge of abuse of 

power at Sofia. 
Aug. 27. Ex-Premier Stambuloff in 

an interview says that he had an offer 

of half a million rubles from St. 

Petersburg, if he would depose Prince 

Ferdinand. 
Dec. 21. The Cabinet is reconstructed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 July 27. Earthquakes are felt 
in Bulgaria. 



CANADA. 



The Dominion of Canada consists of a confederation of the British Provinces of Quebec, Ontario, New Brunswick. Nova 
Scotia, Prince Edward Island, Manitoba, British Columbia, and the Northwest Territories. Area, 3,406,542 square miles ; 
population, in 1891. 4,829,411. Ottawa is the capital, and the Government is administered by a Governor-General appointed by the 
British Crown, assisted by a Privy Council ; the Parliament consists of two houses ; a Senate having life-members appointed by 
the Governor-General, and a House of Commons having members elected by the people. Each Province has its own Ministry and 
Legislature. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1501 * * Gasparo Cortereal captures 57 

Indians, and takes them to Portugal 

to be sold as slaves. 
1598 * * Fr. The Marquis de la Roche 

obtains from the king a commission to 

conquer New France. 
1607* *-10 Spring. A r . 8. Port 

ftoyal is deserted. 
1614 * * N. S. The English from the 

colony of Virginia descend in force 

and expel the French, claiming the 

territory by right of discovery. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1497 * * John Cabot of England dis- 
covers Labrador and Newfoundland. He 
is the first to land on the mainland [of 
America]. 

1498 * * Sebastian Cabot of England 
sails up Davis Strait, seeking a North- 
west Passage to China. 

1500 * * Gasparo Cortereal, a Portu- 
guese navigator, visits Newfoundland 
and Labrador. 

* * Miguel Cortereal sails in search of 
his brother, who was lost, and is himself 
lost. 

1524 * * Estevan Gomez, a Spaniard, 
sails for a Northwest Passage to the 
Maluccas. 

* * Giovanni de Verrazano sails along 
the coast of North America, from Caro- 
lina to the St. Lawrence ; and visiting 
Newfoundland, lays the basis of French 
claims to the island. 

1527 * * Robert Thome of Bristol sails 
in search of the Northwest Passsge and 
is lost. 

1534 * * -35 * * Jacques Cartier ex- 
plores the St. Lawrence in an attempt 
to reach the Pacific. 



1576 June 8. Eng, Frobisher's ex- 
pedition of discovery sails for the Arc- 
tic regions in the Northwest. 

1577 * * Sir M. Frobisher, seeking the 
Northwest Passage, visits Meta Inco- 
gnita, at the entrance of Hudson Bay. 

* * Sir Francis Drake of England visits 
the west coast, seeking the Northwest 
Passage from the Pacific. 

1578 * * Eng. A fleet of 15 vessels 
sails from Harwich for Frobisher Strait 
to find gold. 

1585 * * Eng. John Davis sails from 
Dartmouth with two harks to discover 
a Northwest Passage. 

15S6 * * John Davis again explores the 
Arctic seas. 

1587 * * John Davis sails again, and 
reaches N. Lat. 72° 41' in Davis Strait. 

1602 * * George Weymouth, who is 
sent out by the Muscovy Company, en- 
ters Hudson Strait, but is stopped by a 
mutinous crew. 

1606 * * John Knight is sent out by the 
Muscovy Company to find the Northwest 



1610 * * -11 * * Henry Hudson passes 
the winter in the north, and is set adrift 
by his mutinous crew. 

Aug. 2. Hudson enters the strait 
which bears his name, and thinks he 
discovers the Pacific [Hudson Bay]. 

1611* *Sir Thomas Button passes 
Hudson Strait, and winters at Port 
Nelson. 

1612 * * Hull and ■William Baffin en- 
ter Cockin's Sound. 

1615* * Ont. Samuel Champlain vis- 
its Lake Huron. 

* * Robert Bylot and Baffin are sent 
out to examine Hudson Bay in search of 
the Northwest Passage. 



1616 * * Bylot and Baffin are sent up 
Davis Strait ; "Wolstenholme's Sound, 
Lancaster Sound, and Baffin Bay are 
discovered. 

1618* * Baffin reaches the 78° of lati- 
tude in the bay which bears his name. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1567* * Champlain, Samuel de. explorer, 
founder, governor, born in France. [1635. 
Dec. 25. Dies. A68.J 

CHURCH. 

1534 * * Jacques Cartier consecrates 
New France to Christianity by the 
erection of a great wooden cross on an 
eminence near the Baie des Chaleur, as 
if to signify a religious mission in his 
discovery. 

1578* * Batfntand. Master "Wolfall, an 
Englishman, celebrates a communion on 
the shores of Frobisher Strait, the first 
communion recorded in America. 

1605 * * It. Leo XI. is elected pope 
[later Paul V.]. 

1608 * * Recollect and Jesuit mission- 
aries arrive [and later explore the wil- 
derness in all directions with terrible 
hardships, sufferings, and heroism]. 

* * A T . B. De Monts plants his first Jes- 
uit mission at the mouth of the St. 
Croix, on Bonn Island. 

1610 * * The Order of the Jesuits is 
confirmed in certain privileges by De 
Biencourt. 

1611 June 12. A r . 5. Two Jesuit 
missionaries arrive at Port Royal, but 
their work among the Micinacs is frus- 
trated by the Government. 

1612 * * P. Q. Franciscan monks come 
from France, and preach to the Indians. 

* * P. Q. De Biencourt ascends the 
Kennebec with Father Biart, and con- 
verts the Indians. 



CANADA. 



1007, **-1627,**. 571 



1615 * * Ont. Le Caron, a Franciscan, 
carries the Roman Catholic religion to 
the Indians of eastern Maine, and west- 
ward to the Hurons. 

1619 * * JV. S. Reformed Franciscans 
begin mission-work in Acadia. 

1621 * * It. Gregory XV. is elected 
pope. [1623, Urban VIII.] 

1626 * * Ont. Fathers Brebeuf and 
Daniel, Recollects, begin work among 
the Hurons. 

LETTERS. 

1603 * * Des sauvages, a work on the In- 
dian tribes of America, by Samuel de 
Champlain, appears. 

1613 * * -32 * * Voyages, by Samuel de 
Champlain, appears. 

1625 * * P. Q. The foundation of a semi- 
nary is laid in Quebec by the Jesuits. 

* * Les muses de la Noavelle France, by 
Marc Lescarbot, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1502 * * Fr. Cortereal sails again to 
capture Indians and obtain a cargo of 
slaves. 

1536 May 10. Jacques C artier de- 
coys nine Indian chiefs on board his 
vessel, and sails away for France. 

SETTLEMENT — STATE. 

1007 * * JV. £. Colonies are planted in 

Newfoundland and Nova Scotia by the 

Norwegians, but are soon abandoned. 

1497 June 24. K. S. Prima Vista 
(Newfoundland or Cape Breton) and the 
coast of Canada are discovered by John 
and Sebastian Cabot in the English ser- 
vice. It marks the first discovery of 
the American continent. 

1498 * * Fr. Louis XII. is enthroned. 
1500 * * Labrador is visited by Gas- 

paro Cortereal, a Portuguese ; he ex- 
plores the shores of Canada for 600 or 
700 miles, and discovers and names Con- 
ception Bay. 
1504 * * JV. F. The fisheries are much 
visited by French and Spanish fisher- 

* * JV. S. Cape Breton fisheries are 
visited by Breton, Norman, and Basque 
sailors. 

1506 * * The Gulf of St. Lawrence is 
examined and sketched by Jean Denys 
of Honfleur, and Camart of Rouen. 

1508* * P. Q. Thomas Aubert touches 
at Newfoundland, and thence carries 
the French flag up the St. Lawrence 
River. He takes captured Indians with 
him on his return to France. 

1515 * * Fr. Francis I. is enthroned. 

1518* * A r . S. Baron de Leri attempts 
to plant a colony on Sable Island, 
but only succeeds in introducing cattle. 

1524 * * New France has its first (tem- 
porary) settlement, made by the expedi- 
tion under the French flag by Giovanni 
da Verrazano. 

1525 * * JV. S. A [short-lived] Portu- 
guese colony is planted at Cape Breton 
Island. 



1534 June * -Aug. * Jacques Car- 
tier, a French navigator, with two 
vessels and 61 men, surveys the coast of 
Newfoundland, and enters the mouth 
of the St. Lawrence, on the banks of 
which he plants across surmounted with 
the lilies of France. 

1535 * * P. Q. Cartier brings a colony, 
and founds Montreal. [It is soon 
abandoned.] 

Oct. 2. P. Q. Cartier arrives at 
Hochelaga (Montreal), having ex- 
plored the great river to this point ; in- 
formation is received of the Great Lakes. 

1536 * * Ont. Cartier again explores 
the upper St. Lawrence country, arid 
takes "possession of it for France. 

1540 Jan. * P. Q. The French, hav- 
ing failed with two colonies, abandon 
the colonization of the southern 
coast, and turn northward. The Mar- 
quis de la Uoque obtains a commission to 
establish a colony on the St. Lawrence. 
[A colony of criminals is sent out and 
fails.] 

1541 * * -1627 * * New France is a 
vice-royalty. 

May 22. Fr. Cartier sails from St. 
Malo with five ships belonging to an 
expedition of De la Roque. [He visits 
the St. Lawrence, and founds the 
fortress at Charlesbourg.] The colonists 
are chiefly noblemen and amateurs, and 
many of them are robbers, swindlers, 
and murderers. 

1542 June* Fr. Cartier returns 
with his ships. 

1547 * * Fr. Henry II. is enthroned. 
1549 * * P. Q. Francis de la Roque 

(Roberval) again attempts to colonize 

Canada. [Unsuccessful.] 

1559 * * Fr. Francis II. is enthroned. 

1560 * * Fr. Charles IX. is enthroned. 
1574 * * Fr. Henry III. is enthroned. 
1578 May * -Sept. * Frobisher 

makes his third voyage, having afleet 

of 16 sail and 100 colonists, [Failure.] 
June * Eng. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 

receives his charter to any territory be 

may discover. 
1583 Aug. 5. Sir Humphrey Gilbert 

takes possession of Newfoundland 

for Great Britain. 

1586 * * Labrador. John Davis, on 
his second voyage, visits Labrador. 

1587 * * Can. Davis, on his third voy- 
age, discovers the Cumberland Is- 
lands, London coast, Lumley's Inlet 
(Frobisher Strait). 

1589 * * Fr. Henry IV. is enthroned. 

1592 * * Spaniards under Juna de 
Fnca visit the northwest coast of the 
American Continent. (?) 

1598 * * Fr. Henry IV. grants the Edict 
of Nantes, by which toleration is given 
to Protestants. 

* * JV. S. The Marquis de la Roche se- 
cures a patent for a colony in New 
France (Nova Scotia) from Henry IV. 

[La Roche establishes a colony, chiefly 
taken from the prisons of France, on 
Sable Island.] 



1600 * * Fr. Chauvin of Rouen, and 
Pontgrave of St. Malo, undertake to 
establish a colony of 500 persons in New 
France. [They are driven back by the 
severity of the winter.] 

1603 * * Fr. Samuel Champlain is 
commissioned by a company of French 
merchants of Rouen to explore the 
country of the St. Lawrence, and estab- 
lish a trading-post. 

1605 Nov. 14. JV. S. De Mbnts es- 
tablishes the first permanent French 
settlement in the country at PortRoyal 
(Annapolis) in Acadia. 

It is the only active settlement except 
those in Central and South America, 
after 100 years of exploration. 

1608 July 3. P. Q. The first per- 
manent settlement in Canada is made 
at Quebec, a semi-military and semi- 
religious enterprise, led by Samuel 
Champlain. 

+ * * JV. S. The De Monts and their 
successors develop the island and the 
shore of tbe mainland. 

1610 * * Fr. Louis XTTT. is enthroned. 
1612* * Fr. The Protestant Prince 

Conde" becomes viceroy of the 
French Empire in North America. 

* * P. Q. Champlain visits the St. Law- 
rence as an explorer and trader. 

1613* * P. Q. Champlain explores the 
country north of the St. Lawrence. 

1614* *JV. S. Virginia colonists break 
up the French settlements. (See Amer- 
ica.) 

1615 * * Me. The French under De 
Saussaye plant a mission-station on 
Mount Desert Isle. 

* * Champlain visits Lake Huron. 

1616 July* P.Q. Champlain returns 
to Quebec from his explorations north 
of the St. Lawrence. 

1621 * * Sir 'William Alexander ob- 
tains from the crown of Scotland a pa- 
tent for all Acadia, under the title of 
Nova Scotia. [An unsuccessful attempt 
is made at colonizing.] 

Only 48 French settlers remain in 
Canada. 

1622 * * Samuel Champlain is gov- 
ernor of Canada. 

1623 * * JV. S. Scotch colonists sent 
out by Sir William. Alexander arrive in 
Nova Scotia, but return when they find 
French adventurers already established 
there. 

* * JV. S. The French frustrate tbe at- 
tempt to plant an extensive English 
colony. 

1627 * *-63 * * New France is under 
the rule of the Hundred Associates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1611 June 21. Henry Hudson, his 
sons, and five others are sent adrift by 
his mutinous crew [and perish in Hud- 
son Bay]. 

1615 * * JV. S. Capt. Argall of Va. 
burns the deserted hamlet of Port 
Royal in Acadia ; he destroys every 
building of a French colony at the 
mouth of the St. Croix River. 



572 1627, * * -1692, Feb. * 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1628 * * Sir David Kirk, with au Eng- 
lish squadron, captures the first ships 
sent with stores for the subsistence of 
Chaniplain and the French settlers. 

* * Samuel de Champlain repulses 
David Kirk in his attempt to capture 

, Quebec ; Port Royal falls into the hands 
• of the English. 

1629* *The English take Quebec 
from the French. All Canada is surren- 
dered to the English. 
1632 * * Quebec and all Canada are re- 
duced by the English. 

* * Canada, Acadia, and Cape Breton are 
restored to France. 

1636 * * Ont. The less warlike Hurons 
are driven from the peninsula of Upper 
Canada by the Iroquois Indians. 
.1649 * * The Huron Indians are mas- 
sacred at St. Ignatius by the Iroquois. 

1654* * N. S. Oliver Cromwell 
sends a strong force against the 
French. 

1659 July 26. P. Q. Indians mas- 
sacre more than 1,000 people at Mon- 
treal. 

1666 Jan. * P. Q. The French ex- 
pedition of Courcelles and Tracy goes 
against the Mohawk Indians. 

1668 * * P. Q. Peace is made between 
the French and the Five Nations. 

1671 * * Ont. The region of Lakes Huron 
and Superior is taken for France. 

1673 July * Ont. Fort Frontenac is 
built. 

1681 * * ///. La Salle erects Fort St. 
Louis, on the Illinois River. 

1682 * * Ont. The French attack and 
capture all the Hudson Bay Com- 
pany's trading-posts. 

1684 * * A long war begins between 
the Five Nations and the French, chietly 
on the upper lakes. 

The French Jesuits repeatedly fail to 
persuade the Five Nations to break their 
peace with the Dutch and English. 

The French erect a fort at the Falls of 
Niagara. Under De la Barre they in- 
vade the country of the Iroquois, but 
the mighty Mohawks and the brave 
Oneidas drive them back with much 
slaughter. 

1687 June 13. P. Q. Denonville 
leaves Montreal to attack the Senecas 
in New York. [Driven back.] 

■ * The French attempt to form an alli- 
ance with all Indians as far as the 
Mississippi. 

16S9* *-97* *King "William's war 
with the French ; a part of the general 
war against Louis XIV. 

1689 * * P. Q. Comte Louis de Buade 
Frontenac assumes the offensive, 
and makes three descents upon the 
English settlements. 

One party of 110 under De Mantel, 
Sainte H61ene, and D'Iberville, burns 
Schenectady, N. Y. ; the second party 
of 52 arc under Ilertel de ltouville at 
Salmon Falls, N. H„ while the third 
devastate Casco Bay, Me. (See Amer- 
ica.) 



Aug. 4, 5. /'. Q. The Iroquois attack 
Lachine. 

Aug. 25. /'. Q. The Isle of Montreal 
at Lachine is surprised by 1,500 Iro- 
quois; 200 inhabitants are massacred, 
and 200 more are taken captive. 

* * N. Y. Gov. Donegan is ordered by 
the English Ministry to protect the 
Five Nations from the French. 

1690 Apr. * \. S. The English under 
Adm. Phips seize Port Royal [Annapo- 
lis]. 

Oct. 16. /'. Q. A Massachusetts fleet 
of 34 vessels, under the incompetent 
Phips, arrives before Quebec. 

Oct. 21. P. Q. The invaders reembark 
for Boston without making an attack. 

Oct. * Part of the returning New England 
fleet is wrecked. 

Nov. * U. S. The exhausted and debt- 
burdened colonies of England content 
themselves with the defense of their 
frontiers against the French. 

1691 * * P. Q. Maj. Schuyler makes a 
raid on the French settlements on 
the Sorel. (See America.) 

1692 Feb.* P. Q. The French go 
against the Mohawks. 

Frontenac sends 300 French with In- 
dians against the hunting parti 
Senecas in Upper 

tkes to subdue t 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1631 * * Capts. James and Fox are sent 
to find the Northwest Passage ; Luke 
Fox discovers Fox Channel ; touches 
Cape Peregrine. James discovers 
James's Bay and " New South Wales." 

1663 Feb. 5. A remarkable earth- 
quake occurs. 

It continues at intervals for more than 
six months. Mountains and rivers dis- 
appear, and new lakes are formed. 

1669* * P. Q. Robert de la Salle 
leaves Montreal, and begins his explo- 
rations. 

* * Louis Joliet explores the Great Lakes. 
1680* * Louis Hennepin visits the 

farthest sources of the St. Lawrence. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1661* * Iberville . Pierre le Moyne d\ 
commander, born. [1706. Dies. A45-] 

1688* * Vincennes, de. Jean Baptiste 
Bissot. Sieur, born. 

CHURCH. 
1632* * The conversion of the heathen 

is committed solely to the Jesuits. 
1633 P. Q. Jesuit missionaries resume 

work in the St. Lawrence Valley. 
1634* * Ont. The Jesuits, Brebeuf and 

Daniel, join the barefoot Hurons on 

their returning from Quebec to their 

own. country. 

* * _47 * * The wilderness is visited by 
42 Jesuit missionaries and IS assis- 
tants. 

1636 * * Fifteen Jesuit missionaries 
are among the Indians. 

163S * * Eminent French Catholics en- 
dow a public hospital for Indians, 
and three nuns are sent to serve it. 



1639 * * An Ursurline convent for the 
education of girls is established at ^u*-'- 
bec. 

1640 * * /'/-. Kev. Jean Jacques Olier, 
priest of St. Sulpice, Paris, forms a com- 
pany, with Sieur de Maisonneuve gov- 
ernor. 

It purchases the island of Montreal 
from Associate Lauson for a mission- 
site. [1041 Forty men arid live nuns 
are sent as far as Quebec. 1&12. May 17. 
Montreal is consecrated by Father Vi- 
mont and Madame de la Peltrie and 
Mile. Mance begin their work.] 

Ont. Charles Raymbault and 

Claude Picart labor in the Huron Mis- 
sions, and carry the gospel to the In- 
dians of Michigan. 

1641 Oct. 4. Ont Two French Jesu- 
its. Father Charles Raymbault with 
Father Isaac Jogrues, are sent to con- 
vert the Chippeways on the Great Lakes. 

Starting from Sault Ste. Marie, for sev- 
enteen days they sail westward; and on 
landing they are met by two thousand 
Chippeways, who welcome them. 

1642 * * Father Jognes, the French Jes- 
uit, is captured by the Mohawk Indians, 
and made their slave; yet he opens a 
mission, in which he has 70 converts 
when rescued. 

1644 Out. Father Francis Joseph 
Bressani, a French Jesuit, is captured 
and tortured by the Iroquois, when en 
route to the Hurons. 

* * It. Innocent X. is elected pope. 

1648 * * Ont. The Iroquois burn the Hu- 
ron mission at St. Joseph's, on Lake 
Simcoe, and kill Father Daniel, the 
missionary. 

1649 * * Ont. The Iroquois sack the 
mission at St. Ignace, on Georgian 
Bay, and torture the pious Father Bre- 
beuf with distressing ingenuity ; his 
companion, Gabriel Lallemand, lingers 
for 17 hours in terrible sufferings. 

1655 * * It. Alexander VH. is elected 
pope. 

1656* * Ont. Two French mission- 
aries begin work among the Ottawas 
by request of the chiefs. One is mor- 
tally wounded in an attack by the Iro- 
quois, and both are captured. 

1658 * * P. Q. The vicarate apostolic 
of Quebec is founded. 

Francois de Laval-Montmorency is 
consecrated bishop of Petra and vicar- 
apostolic. [1674. Translated to Quebec] 

1660 Aug.* Ont. Father Rene" Me- 
nard, an aged man, responds to the re- 
quest of the Indians, and opens a mission 
near Keweenaw, where he is neglected, 
persecuted, and finally dies. 

1664* * P. Q. The Island of Mon- 
treal is given to the religious Order of 
St. Sulpice by a royal grant. 

1665 Sept.* Ont. Claude Allouez 
goes to Montreal, intending to return to 
the mission left vacant by the death of 
Mesnard. [He opens a mission among 
the Chippeways on the shores of Lake 
Superior.] 

1667 ± Aug.* Father Lewis Nich- 
ols goes to the Indians of the northwest. 

* * It. Clement IX. is elected pope. 



CANADA. 



1627, **-1692, Feb. 



573: 



1668* * Ont. The [celebrated] Father 
Marquette leaves Quebec, in company 
with Father Le Bcesme, to join the 
Ottawa mission. 

* * Ont. Sault Ste. Marie is founded by 
Father Marquette at the entrance of 
Lake Superior. 

1669 * * P. Q. A mission for the Iro- 
quois is begun opposite Montreal by 
French Jesuits. 

1670* * Ont. Father Andre* is in 
charge of the Ottawa tribes on the islands 
and shores of Lake Huron, and Father 
Druillettes enters the work at Sault 
Ste. Marie. 

* * It. Clement X. is elected pope. 

1671 * * Ont. Father Henry Nouvel 
enters the mission-work at the Falls of 
Ste. Marie. 

1672 * * Ont. Many of the Ottawas 
settle at Marquette mission. 

1674 * * P. Q. The diocese of Que- 
bec is founded. 

Francois de Laval-Montmorency be- 
comes the first Roman Catholic 
bishop of Quebec, his see extending 
from Maine to Louisiana. 

1675 * * Ont. The Recollects are ac- 
tive, and Louis Hennepin is among 
them. 

1676 * * Rivalry appears between the 
Jesuits and other orders. 

* * It. Innocent XI. is elected pope. 
1680* * Ont. Father Hennepin is 

captured by the Sioux, and attempts 
mission-work among them, but without 



1683 * * P. Q. Mission of St. Francis 
de Sales is established at the Falls of 
the Chaudiere; the work spreads into 
Maine. 

1688 * * P. Q. Bishop Laval resigns ; 
John Baptist de la Croix Chevrieres de 
St. Vallier is consecrated bishop for the 
R. C. diocese of Quebec. 

1689**/;. Alexander VLTI. is elected 
pope. [1G91, Innocent VII; 1700, 
Clement XI.] 

LETTERS. 
1632* *-72* *'Les Relations Je"suites 

are issued. 
1641 * * P. Q. The Ursuline Convent is 

founded at Quebec. 
1663 * * P. Q. Bishop Laval founds a 

seminary at Quebec for training young 

priests. 

SOCIETY. 
1639* * P. Q. The Hotel Dieu is 

founded in Montreal for the cure of the 

sick, by the Duchess of Aiguillon. 

STATE. 
1627 * * Fr. The charters for planting 
colonies in New France are revoked, 
and the French Empire in America is 
committed to the One Hundred Associ- 
ates, with Samuel Charaplain governor. 
It obtains a perpetual monopoly of the 
fur-trade, besides the commercial con- 



trol for 16 years. Cardinal Richelieu is 
the ruling spirit. 

* * P. Q. The colony of Quebec is 
transferred to the* One Hundred Asso- 
ciates under Cardinal Richelieu. 

1628 * * Fr. The Edict of Nantes is 
again confirmed, to the great joy of 
Protestants. 

1629 * * P. Q. Quebec falls into the 
hands of the English in the reign of 
Charles I. 

* * N. S. James Stewart settles a small 
English colony at Cape Breton. 

1632 Mar. 29. Canada, Acadia, and 
Cape Breton are restored to the 
French by the Treaty of St. Ger- 
main- en-Lay e . 

1635 * * P. Q. The Island of Montreal 
is given to M. de Lauson, an Associate. 

1637 * * M. de Montmagny succeeds 
Champlain as governor of Canada. 

1643 * * Fr. Louis XTV. is enthroned. 

1647 * * M. de Ailleboust is appointed 
governor of Canada. 

1648 * * P.Q. The entire Island of Mon- 
treal becomes the property of the Sul- 
pioians of Paris by royal grant. 

1649 * * Fng. The Commonwealth is 
set up. 

1651 * * M. de Lauson is appointed 
governor of Canada. [Later, M. de 
Argenson and M. de Avaugour succeed 
him, and are the last governors for the 
Hundred Associates.] 

1654 * * A r . S. Cromwell sends over a 
a strong force to protect the colonists. 

1656 * * Fng. Cromwell grants Aca- 
dia and Nova Scotia to St. Fjtienne and 
others. 

* * Fr. The seigniority of Montreal is 
ceded to the Seminary of St. Sulpice in 
Paris. [1657. It takes possession ; a con- 
flict of proprietors ensues.] 

1658 * * Fng. Kichard Cromwell is 

Protector. 
1660 * * Eng. Charles LE. is enthroned. 

1663 Feb. 14. Fr. The Hundred As- 
sociates surrender their charter, and 
New France becomes a royal prov- 
ince, with De Mesy governor. 

* * -1763 * * Canada is under the rule 
of the French Crown. 

1664 * * Can. Courcelles becomes gov- 
ernor of New France ; much emigration 
and rapid growth ensiie. 

1665 * * Father Claude Allouez car- 
ries the gospel among the Chippeways 
of the far West, and claims the country 
for France. 

* * P. Q. The Marquis de Tracy ar- 
rives at Montreal with a regiment of 
French soldiers, to protect the settlers. 

The government of New France is in 

the hands of three officers, a governor, 

a bishop, and an intendant. 

1667 July 25. Holland. By the Treaty 

of Breda Nova Scotia is ceded to France. 

* * Zacharia Gillam passes through Hud- 
son Strait, and builds a fort on Prince 
Rupert River. 



1669 * * Ont. Robert Cavelier, Sieur 
de la Salle, leaves Montreal and begins 
his explorations. 

* * Louis Joliec explores the Great Lakes. 

1670 May 2 . The Hudson Bay Com- 
pany is chartered ; its territory is as 
large as all Europe. 

1671 June * The French hold a great 
congress at the Falls of St. Mary, with 
Indian envoys from distant tribes, and 
inform them that they are under the 
protection of the French flag. 

1672 * * P. Q. Comte de Frontenac, 
the new governor, arrives at Quebec. 

1673 * * P. Q. Jacques Marquette, ac- 
companied by a few Frenchmen and Al- 
gonquins, sets out for the discovery of 
the Mississippi River, of which he has 
received some rumors. 

1675 May 13. Fr. Louis IV. grants 
La Salle a manor at Fort Frontenac 
(Kingston). 

1676 * * Ont. La Salle returns as pro- 
prietor of a large tract near Fort Fron- 
tenac. 

1678 * * Fr. Comte de Frontenac, 
is appointed governor of Canada. 

16S1 * * La Salle descends the Missis- 
sippi River. His companions are Tonti, 
an Italian veteran, and Louis Hennepin, 
a Franciscan. 

Apr. 9. La Salle reaches the mouth 
of the Mississippi River, and sets up 
a cross and the arms ot France, having 
descended from the confluence of the 
Illinois River to the Gulf of Mexico ; he 
calls the great valley Louisiana. [One 
of the most remarkable exploits in the 
history of America.] 

1682 **Frontenac is recalled to 
France; Barre is his successor. 

1683 Nov. * La Salle returns from his 
explorations. 

1684* * Fr.. The Mississippi Company 

is established in favor of La Salle. 
1685 * * Denonville becomes governor. 

* * Eng. James II. is enthroned. 

* * Fr. The Edict of Nantes is revoked, 
and quickens the emigration of Protes- 
tants, yet ruins the colonial policy of 
France. 

1687 * * French diplomacy aims to per- 
vade the "West, and concerts an alli- 
ance with all Indians to the Mississippi. 

1688 * * The French census shows a pop- 
ulation of 11,249 colonists ; the Eng- 
lish colonies have 20 times as many. 

1689 * * Fng. "William ILL and Mary 
are enthroned. 

* * Frontenac again becomes governor, 
and decides to make a triple descent 
upon the English colonies. 

1690 * * The English colonists meet in 
Congress in Rhode Island to devise 
retaliation and protection against the 
French ; they resolve to attempt the 
conquest of Canada. 

1692 Jan. 26. iV. S. Acadia (Nova 
Scotia) becomes a part of Massachusetts. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1679 May* Ont. The Grijfin is. 
launched on Lake Erie, the first vessel 
to sail the Great Lakes. 



574 1692, July 2-1766, Feb. 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1692 Nov. 26. N. S. Port Royal 
[Annapolis] surrenders to a French 
ship. 

* * Maj. Schuyler leads a successful 
war-party of Iroquois against the 
French settlements beyond Lake 
Champlain. 

1693* * P. Q. Frontenac leads a 
French expedition against the Mohawks. 

1694 * * P. Q. Frontenac conducts his 
last campaign against the Iroquois. 

1696 July 28. P. Q. The French 
under Frontenac for the last time 
invade northern New York. [They are 
defeated by the colonists and their Iro- 
quois allies.] 

1700 Sept. 8. P. Q. A treaty of peace 
is made with the Iroquois at Montreal. 

1701 Aug. 4. P. Q. The French make 
a treaty with the Iroquois. 

1702 * *-13 * * Queen Anne's "War, 
between French and English ; it is known 
in Europe as the War of the Spanish 
Succession. 

* * III. The French vacate their post 
on the Illinois. 

1707 * * iV. S. Massachusetts attempts 
the conquest of Acadia by a costly 
expedition. 

May * U. S. Two regiments leave Nan- 
tucket, Mass., to attack the French at 
Port Royal [Annapolis, N. S. The at- 
tempt to bombard the fort fails]. 

1708 * * P. Q. A war-council at Mon- 
treal resolves to invade New Eng- 
land. 

Aug. 30. N. H. The French and Indi- 
ans surprise Haverhill on the Merri- 
mac, killing 40 and carrying away 100 
prisoners. 

1709 * * U. S. The English colonies pre- 
pare to aid a British fleet in the con- 
quest of Canada; the fleet fails to 
arrive. 

1710 Sept. * -Oct. * N. S. The Con- 
quest of Acadia [Nova Scotia] by the 
English. (See America.) 

Aug. * A truce is effected between 

England and France. 
1713 Mar. 31. Belgium. The Peace 

of Utrecht ends the hostilities with 

Canada. 
1719* *War between France and 

Spain. 
1720 * * A 7 . S. The French begin the 

defenses of Louisburg. 
1726 * * Ont. The French retake Fort 

Denonville, near Niagara river. 

* * N. Y. The French build Fort Niag- 
ara [at Lewis ton]. 

1731 * * JST. Y. The French establish a 
fortress at Crown Point. (See Amer- 
ica.) 

1735 Apr.± * A/a. The French send 
one expedition from the South and 
another from the North against the 
brave Chickasaws. [Both expeditions 
are defeated.] (See America.) 

1744* *-48* *King George's "War 
between Great Britain and France. 



Mar. 15. France declares war against 

Great Britain. 
May * Me. A French force from Cape 

Breton surprises the'garrison at Canso, 

and destroys the fort. 

1745 June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the 
chief stronghold of the French in Amer- 
ica, is taken by 4,000 colonists from 
New England, led by William Pepperell, 
a wealthy merchant of Maine. 

Nov. 16. &. T. The French and In- 
dians surprise the village of Saratoga. 

1746 Aug. 20. Mass. The French and 
Indians take Fort Massachusetts; a 
part of the prisoners are massacred. 

* * X. S. A French fleet having arrived, 
the English colonists abandon their 
projected conquest of Canada. 

1747 Jan. 31. X. S. The French re- 
pel the English in the battle of Minas. 

Feb. 4. K. S. Col. Noble is surprised 

at Grand Pre\ 
June * P. Q. The English make a raid 

into Montreal. 

1748 17. The Indians are defeated 
by the English at Marlborough. 

1749 * * Out. Fort Rouille [Toronto] 
is built. 

1750 Apr.* N.S. A question of boun- 
daries excites hostilities between the 
French and English in Acadia. 

1752 * * 0. The French destroy the 
English trading-post at Pickawillany. 

1754 Apr. 18. Pa. The French cap- 
ture the Virginians and their stockade 
[at Pittsburg], and proceed to erect Fort 
Du Quesne on the same site. 

May 28. Pa. Col. George Washing- 
ton with a force of Virginians surprises 
a French force under M. Jumonville at 
Great Meadows ; the leader and 10 of 
his men are killed, and 22 survivors are 
captured. 

July 4. Pa. A French force defeats 
Col. "Washington at Fort Necessity ; 
the Virginians capitulate. 

Aug. 27. N. Y. The French and In- 
dians break up all the English settle- 
ments at Hoosick and Schaghticoke. 

1755 * * -63 * * The French and In- 
dian W a r, between England and 
France — a part of the seven years' con- 
flict in Europe. It is a struggle to ac- 
quire supremacy in the New World. 
(See America, p. 6S.) 

Sept. 5. X. S. The exile of the Aca- 
dians is announced. (See p. GS, 70.) 

1756 May 17. Eng. After fighting the 
French for two years, Great Britain 
makes an open declaration of war. 

June 9. France formally declares war 
against Great Britain. (See America.) 

* * 77/. The French construct a system 
of forts in the interior, westward, near 
the Illinois River. 

1757 The French seem triumphant 
everywhere. 

The campaigns of the last two yeai-s 
have been disgraceful to the British 
flag; imbecility of the management and 
cowardice is the cause. France now pos- 
sesses 20 times as much American terri- 
tory as England. 



1758 July 26. .\ . S. England takes 
Nova Scotia. 

After a siege of a few weeks Louisburg 

capitulates to Gens. Wolfe and Amherst; 
Cape Breton, Prince Edward Island, and 
nearly G,(XMJ prisoners (all to the ISrilish. 

Aug. 27- Out. The liritish under Col. 
John Bradstreet take Fort Frontenac 
(Kingston;, also 46 cannon, 9 vessels of 
war, and a large military store. 

/'. V- Montreal is surrounded by 
walls. 

1759 June 21. P. Q. The English 
fleet approaches Quebec. 

June 27. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe lands an 
army of about 8,000 a few miles below 
Quebec. A French force of 13,000 is in 
the city. 

June 30. P. Q. Gen. Wolfe takes pos- 
session of Point Levi, where he pro- 
ceeds to erect batteries. 

July 18. P. Q. Some of Wolfe's vessels 
pass above Quebec. 

July 25. P. Q. Fort Niagara capitu- 
lates to the British under Sir William 
Johnson after a bloody battle. 

French communication between Can- 
ada and Louisiana is forever broken off. 
Gen. Prideaux is killed by the bursting 
of a gun during the siege. 

July 31. P. Q. Gen. Wolf e is checked 
in an impetuous assault on the French 
at Quebec, in which he loses 400 men. 

A'. Y. The French abandon the 

important fortress at Crown Point, and 
surrender the valley of the Champlain 
without a battle. 

Sept. 13. P. Q. The first battle on the 
Plains of Abraham. 

After a siege of 69 days Quebec is as- 
saulted and the French defeated ; Gen. 
Wolfe falls with his third wound, and 
the equallv brave French general, Mont- 
calm, is mortally wounded. Great Brit- 
ain wins a vast empire by a single battle, 
" one of the most momentous victories 
in the annals of mankind." (Bancroft.) 

Sept. 18. P. Q. Quebec capitulates to 
the English. 

1760 Apr. 28. P. Q. The French 
(temporarily* defeat the English in a 
second battle on the Plains of Abra- 
ham. 

May 16. P. Q. English reenforcements 

arrive, and the French retire from 

Quebec. 
Sept. 8. P. Q. Montreal falls into the 

hands of Gen. Amherst, at the head of 

three powerful armies. 
Amherst approached the city from up 

the river, while Murray ascended from 

below, and Havilami marched from the 

Lake Champlain region. 

1763 Feb. 10. The treaty of Paris 
closes the French and Indian War. by 
which France loses the greater part of 
the American continent. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1694 * * P. Q. A company of amateur 
actors give a theatrical performance at 
Quebec. 

1719 * * The Hudson Bay Company sends 
out an exploring expedition under 
James Knight and Barlow, to dis- 



CANADA. 



1692, July 2-1766, Feb. *. 575 



cover copper-mint's ; it is lost on Marble 
Island. 
1731 May 19. Man. Verendre sets 
out to explore the far "West, and, visits 
Manitoba. 

1741 * * Capt. Christopher Middleton 
visits "Wagner Inlet and Repulse Bay, in 
the Arctic region. 

1742 * * -43 * * Verendre and bis sons 
discover the Rocky Mountains. 

1746 * * Wagner Bay is visited by Capts. 
Moore and Smith. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1708* * Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xa- 
vier de, the first II. C. bp. of Quebec, A86. 

1724 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, governor, born. 

1736* * Vincennes. de, Jean Eaptiste 
Bissot, Sieur, founder of Vincennes, 



Indif 



A48. 



1759 Sept. 13. Wolfe, James, general, 
victor at Quebec, A32. 

Montcalm. Gozon de Saint-Veran, de, 

Louis Joseph, ^lavqius, general, the van- 
quished at the battle of Quebec, A47. 



CHURCH. 

1701 June* Mich. De la Motte Car- 
dillac, with a Jesuit missionary and 100 
Frencb, is sent from Canada to occupy 
Detroit. 

* * Jesuits try to live with the Iroquois 
[remaining eight years]. 

1710 * * The Jesuits have become the 
protectors of the natives against the 
colonists. 

1714* * Religious liberty is granted 
to Komau Catholics by the British. 

1717 * * French priests have flanked 
the English colonies with more than 60 
missions lying between Montreal and 
New Orleans on the great lakes and 
rivers. 

1720 * * Pierre Francois Xavier Charle- 
voix, the Jesuit missionary, arrives. 

1721 * * Mich. The Mackinaw mission 
is reopened by the Jesuits. 

* * It. Innocent XHE. is elected pope. 
[1724. Benedict XHI. 1730. Clem- 
ent XH. 1740. Benedict XTV. 1758. 
Clement XHI.] 

1728 * * P. Q. Louis Francis Duplessis 
de Mornay is consecrated bishop for 
the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 

1734 * * p. Q, Pierre Herman Dosquet 
is consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio- 
cese of Quebec. [1740, Francis Louis 
de Pounoy de l'Auberiviere. 1741. 
Henry Mary Dubreuil de Pontbriand.] 

1737 * *P.Q. The Order of Grey Nuns 
is founded at Montreal. 

1752* * Labrador. The Moravian mis- 
sionaries arrive. 

1755* *N. S. About 7,000 Catholic 
Acadians are banished and scattered 
among the English colonies, for refus- 
ing to take the oath of supremacy to 
the King of England, as their spiritual 
head. 

1763* * N. B. The first Baptist 
church in British America is formed 
at Nei 



LETTERS. 
I744 * * History of New France, by 

Pierre Francois Xavier de Charlevoix, 

appears. 
1751 * * N. S. The Halifax Gazette is 

issued at Halifax. 
1764 * * P. Q. The Gazette is issued at 

Quebec. 

SOCIETY. 
1693 * * P. Q. The general hospital 

is established at Quebec. 
1776 * * Loyalists from the American 

Colonies begin to arrive, and are aided 

by the Government. 

STATE. 

1692 Nov. 26. Nova Scotia is again 

under the French flag. 
1694* *Eng. "William HI. is sole 

sovereign. 

1696 July 2S. JST. V. The French 
under Frontenae for the last time in- 
vade northern New York. [They are de- 
feated by the colonists and their Iro- 
quois allies.] 

1697 * * Netherlands. Treaty of Rys- 
wick; France is to retain all of Hud- 
son Bay and the places held at the 
beginning of the "war. 

1699 * * Callieres becomes governor. 

1700 Sept. 8. A treaty is made with 
the Iroquois. 

1701 * * Iberville makes his third voy- 
age from France to the Gulf of Mexico. 

Aug. 4. The French make a treaty with 
the Iroquois. 

1702 * * Eng. Anne is enthroned. 

1703 * * Vaudreuil becomes governor. 

1708 * * A war-council at Montreal re- 
solves to invade New England with 
an expedition of Indians and 100 picked 
Canadians led by French officers. 

* * The French press forward their great 
design of uniting the region of the Great 
Lakes with the valley of the Mississippi 
by means of trading-posts and mis- 
sions. 

1712 * * Anthony Crozart secures a 
monopoly of the Mississippi Company's 
business for five years. 

1713 Apr. 11. Netherlands. ThePeaee 
of Utrecht ends hostilities with Canada. 

Hudson Bay, Newfoundland, and Nova 
Scotia are surrendered to the English, 
the French retaining only the valleys of 
the St. Lawrence and the Mississippi. 
The disputes between the French and 
English colonies continue. 

1714 * * Eng. George I. is enthroned. 

* * N. S. Gen. Nicholson is governor. 

[1717, Gen. Philips ; 1724, Col. Lau- 
rence Armstrong : 1740, Capt. Paul Mas- 
carene ; 1749, Lord Cornwallis ; 1752, 
Peregrine Thomas Hopson; 1753, Maj. 
Lawrence.] 

1715* * Fr. Louis XV. is enthroned. 
1721 * * Pierre Charlevoix descends the 
Mississippi. 

1726 * * Beauharnois is appointed gov- 

1727 * * Eng. George II. is enthroned. 



1742 * * Christopher Middleton and 
Moore make their discoveries in Hud- 
son Bay. 

1746 * * Marquis de la Gallissonniere 
becomes governor. 

1748 * * Ger. By the treaty of Aix-la- 
ChapeUe, Cape Breton is restored to 
the French in exchange for Madras. 

1749 * * _52 * * Marquis de la Jon- 
quiere is governor. [1752, Quesne ; 
1755, Vaudreuil again.] 

* * N S. Great Britain seriously at- 
tempts to colonize this Province in or- 
der to checkmate the French ; more 
than 4,000 emigrants with their families 
arrive. Halifax is founded by Gov. Corn- 
wallis. 

1753 * * N. S. Lunenberg, near Hali- 
fax, is settled by 2,000 Germans. 

1756 May * P. Q. Marquis de Mont- 
calm arrives in Quebec, and assumes 
command of the French forces. [He be- 
comes the greatest of the governors.] 

1758 * * N. S. Great Britain grants a 
Constitution. 

1759 Sept. IS. P.Q. Ramezayisgov- 
ernor at Quebec. 

1760* * Eng. George IH. is enthroned. 
Sept. 8. -74* * The British hold all Can- 
ada under military rule. 

* * N. S. Jonathan Belcher, governor. 

1762 * * N. B. The French gain [tempo- 
rary] possession of St. John. 

1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris 
closes the French and Indian War [one 
of the most important and far-reaching 
in its results]. 

France cedes to Great Britain all of 
Canada, Cape Breton, St. John's Island, 
and all the islands fringing the coast 
except Miquelon and St. Pierre, which 
the French are to hold as fishing-stations. 
The 65,000 French Canadians become 
British subjects. 
Oct. 7. N. S. Cape Breton is annexed 
to Nova Scotia. 

* * Gen. Murray is appointed governor- 
general. 

* * N. S. Col. Wilmot becomes governor. 

[1766, Lord William Campbell ; 1773, 
Francis Legge ; 1782, John Parr; 1792, 
John Wentworth.] 

1764 * * N. B. A body of Scotch labor- 
ers and farmers arrive, and settle in 
the Miramichi and other districts. 

1765 * * Labrador. The coasts are at- 
tached to Newfoundland. 

Feb. 27, Mar. 8. Eng. Passage of the 
Stamp Act by Parliament, by which 
Americans are alienated. [Mar. 22. It 
becomes a law.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1734* * P. Q. The population of 

Quebec and its suburbs amounts to 

4,603. 
1749 * * Eng. Emigrants are sent to 

Nova Scotia at the expense of the British 

government, and Halifax is founded. 
1763* *The French population is 

about 65,000. 
1765 May 18. P.Q. Afire in Montreal 

consumes 108 houses ; loss, 8464,000. 



576 1766,**-1818,** 



CANADA. 



ARMY — STATE. 

176S * * X. ,S. Louisburg, Cape Bre- 
ton, is evacuated by the British 
troops. 

1775 Apr. 19-83 Nov. 30. "War of 
the American Revolution. 

Apr. 19. Mass. The Battle of Lexing- 
ton begins the war ; 13 colonies rebel 
against Great Britain, but Canada re- 
mains loyal. 

Sept. 24. P. Q, Col. Ethan Allen, 
with S3 men, attempts to take Mon- 
treal ; all are made prisoners. 

Nov. 9. P. Q. Gen. Benedict Ar- 
nold, with 1,000 men, arrives before 
Quebec ; they are deterred from taking 
the city by the want of boats. 

Nov. 12. P. Q. The Americans under 
Gen. James Montgomery, having in- 
vaded Canada, attempt to surprise the 
British and take Montreal. 

Dec. 1. P. Q. Gens. Arnold and 
Montgomery unite their forces on the 
St. Lawrence. 

Dec. 8. P. Q. The siege of Quebec 
begins. 

Dec. 30. P. Q. Gen. Montgomery is 
defeated and killed before Quebec ; 
Gen. Arnold continues the fruitless 
siege. 

1776 Mar. * P. Q. The Americans 
are expelled from Canada by Sir Guy 
Carleton. 

May 19. P. Q. Gen. Arnold, with 900 
Americans, captures the British post at 
the Cedars, releasing 500 American 
prisoners. 

May * P. Q. The Americans are de- 
feated at Three Rivers. 

Gen. Thomas retreats from Quebec 
in command of the northern army. • 

June 2. P. Q. Gen. Thomas dies of 
smallpox. 

June 15. P. Q. The British retake 
Montreal from the Americans. 

±* * XT, S. Gen. "William Howe leaves 
Halifax, and sails with his army for 
New York Bay. 

June 18. Canada is entirely evacu- 
ated by the Americans, " defeated, dis- 
contented, dispirited, diseased." 

Oct. 11-13. U. S. A. Sir Guy Carleton 
defeats Gen. Benedict Arnold in a naval 
battle on Lake Champlain. (See 
America.) 

* * X. S. Col. Graham defends Fort 
Cumberland. 

1777 Mar. * P. Q. Lieut.-Gen. John 
Burgoyne, the successor of Sir Guy 
Carleton , arrives at Quebec to take com- 
mand of the British forces in Canada. 

He proposes to cut the colonies into 
two sections, by an expedition moving 
through Lake Champlain and down the 
Hudson River, 
June 1. X. Y. Gen. Burgoyne, with 
a British force, enters New York via 
Lake Champlain. [June* He advances 
to Crown ^*oint. Oct. 17. He surren- 
ders his army to the Americans.] (See 
America.) 



1812 June 18 -15 Feb. 15. The "War 
of 1812, between Great Britain and the 
United States. (See America, p. 118+.) 

1814 Dec. 14. Belgium. The war 
ends — on paper, by the signing of the 
treaty of Peace at Ghent. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1769* *-72* *_V. W. T. Samuel 

Hearne visits the Arctic Region; he 

catches a view of the Polar Sea, from 

the mouth of the Coppermine River. 
1771 * * X. W. T. Hearne follows the 

Coppermine River down to the Polar 

Sea. 
1776* * Lieut. Pickersgill visits the 

Polar Sea, to cooperate with Capt. Cook's 

Pacific Expedition. 

* *_80* *Capts. Cook and Clark ex- 
plore the coast of Bering Strait. 

1778* *-79* * Capt. James Cook 
seeks the Northwest Passage by way of 
Bering Strait. 

1783 Oct. 16. A strange darkness 
occurs about two o'clock p.m., continu- 
ing about 40 minutes, and afterward is 
repeated, but of less duration. 

1789 June 3. N.W.T. Sir Alexander 
Mackenzie leaves Fort Chippewyan in a 
birch bark canoe, going northward to the 
Polar Sea. • 

June 29. N. W. T. Mackenzie discov- 
ers Mackenzie Biver. 

Sept. 12. A 7 . W. T. Mackenzie returns 
from exploring Mackenzie River to Fort 
Chippewyan. 

1790* * Capt. George Vancouver 
makes explorations along the Pacific 
coast. 

1792 Oct. 10. Mackenzie leaves Fort 
Chippewyan on an expedition [during 
which he ascends the Peace River, 
crosses the Rockies, and reaches the 
Pacific]. 

* * Ore. A Boston ship enters the mouth 
of the Oregon River, and the captain 
names it the Columbia. 

1793 July 22. Mackenzie arrives at 
the Pacific. 

Aug. 24. Mackenzie arrives at Fort 
Chippewyan,. 

1818 * * Capt. John Ross, in the Isa- 
bella, visits Lancaster Sound. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1780* * Feller. Henrietta, philanthropist, b. 

1787 * * Baptist, John, R. 0. bishop of Que- 
bec, dies. 
Papineau, Louis .Joseph, politician and pa- 
triot, born. 

1791 * * Kobinson. Sir John B., jurist, born. 

1792 * * Nelson, Wolfred. physu-ian, born. 
Durham, J. G. Lambton. lord, gov.-gen., b. 

1793 * * Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler, 
lieut.-gov. Upper Canada, born. 

1795 * * Ma.'kenxie. William 1.., insurgent, b. 
1796* * Haliburton. Thomas Chandler. 

1798* * MacNab, Sir Allan Napier, states- 
Logan, Sir Win. Edniond, geologist, born. 

1799* * Faillon, Michel Etienne, Sulpician 
monk, publisher, born. 

1800* * Caron, Rene' Edouard, statesman, 
born. 

1803* * Ryerson, Adolphus Egerton, edu- 
cator, born. 

1 804 * * Medley, John P., bp. of N. B., b. 



1805 * ■ Read, Sir Edmund Walker, gov- 
ernor-general, born. 
Eerland, Jean Baptist* Anloine, historian. 

1807 * • Hlncks, Sir Francis, statesman, b. 

1608* • Carleton. Sir Guy. Lord Dorches- 
ter, governor of Quebec, AJM. 

1809 * " (iarneau, Franqou Xavier, histo- 
rian, born. 

1811 ■ * Elgin. Earl of, James Bruce, gov- 
ernor-general, born. 

1812 Oct. 13. Brock, Sir Isaac, major-gen- 
eral, A43. 

1814 * • Cartier, Sir George Etienne, stales- 
man, born. 

1816 * * Heavvsege, Charles, poet, born. 

1817* • Gait. Sir Alexander Tilloch. 
statesman, born. 



CHURCH. 
1766 * * P. Q. John Olivier Briand is 

consecrated bishop. 

1769 * * .V. S. The Burgher Presby- 
tery of Truro is formed. 

* * It. Clement XIV. is elected pope. 

1771* * Labrador. Nain becomes a 
-station of the Moravian Bretb- 



1774 * * Religious liberty is confirmed 
by the English to Roman Catholics. 

1775 * * It. Pius "VT. is elected pope. 
1778 Oct. 29. X. S. The first Bap- 
tist church is formed at Horton. 

17S0 * * Methodism is introduced by 

a local preacher. 
1781 * * Ont. On the death of the two 

missionaries at Mackinaw the Jesuit 

missions in the Northwest come to a 

close. 
1782* * Labrador. Hopedale becomes 

a Moravian mission-station. 
1784* * P. Q. Louis Philip Marian- 

cheau d'Esglis is consecrated bishop 

for the R. C. diocese of Quebec. 

1787 * * Nova Scotia is erected into a 
bishopric of the Church of England. 

* * P. Q. The first congregation of Pres- 
byterians is formed in Quebec. 

1788 * * P. Q. John Francis Hubert 
is consecrated bishop for the R. C. dio- 
cese of Quebec. 

1790 * * P. Q. A Presbyterian congre- 
gation is formed in Montreal. 

1791* * Eng. The "Clergy Re- 
serves" are established by Parliament. 
(See State.) 

1792* * P. Q. St. Gabriel Street 
Presbyterian church is erected in 
Montreal, [probably the oldest Presby- 
terian church in America]. 

1793 * * P. Q. .The first presbytery is 
formed in Montreal. 

* * The Protestant Episcopal bishop- 
ric of Canada is established. 

* * P. 0. A Protestant bishop of Que- 
bec is appointed by the home Govern- 
ment. 

1794* * P. Q. The first Baptist 
church in the province is formed at 
CadwelFs Manor, near Vermont. 

1797 * * P. Q. Pierre Denaut is conse- 
crated bishop for the R. C. diocese of 
Quebec. 

1793* *_ 1841 * * Ont. Robert Mc- 
Dowell, a Presbyterian minister, or- 
ganizes a congregation in this Province. 



CANADA. 



1766, **-1818,** 577 



1800 * * It. Pius VH. is elected pope. 

* * X. S. Organization of the first Bap- 
tist Association in Nova Scotia and 
New Brunswick, at Granville. 

1803 * * P. Q. The first Baptist Asso- 
ciation is formed in this province. 

1S04 * * P. Q. A Protestant cathedral 
is erected at Quebec. 

1806 * * P. Q. Joseph Octave Plessis is 
consecrated bishop of the R. C. diocese 
of Quebec. 

1817* * X. S. The Presbyterian 
Church of Nova Scotia is formed by 
the union of the Burgher and Anti- 
Burgher presbyteries. 

1818 * * An attempt to unite all the 
Presbyterian churches into one body 
fails of success. 

* * JV. S. The Roman Catholic dio- 
cese of Halifax is established. 

LETTERS. 
1778 * * P. Q. The Weekly Gazette is 

issued at Montreal. 
1783 * * X. S. The Royal Gazette is 

issued at Halifax. 
1788 * * X. S. King's College is founded 

at Windsor. 
1797* * Out. A grant of 500,000 acres 

of unoccupied land is set apart for the 

purpose of establishing and endowing a. 

university and four royal foundation 

grammar schools. 
1805 * * P. Q. The Mercury is issued at 

Quebec. 
1307 * * X.F. The Royal Gazette is is- 
sued at St. Johns. 
1808 * * P, Q. Le Canadien is issued at 

Montreal. 

* * The Weekly Herald is issued at Mon- 
treal. 

1810* * Ont. The Weekly News is is- 
sued at Kingston. 

1813 * * X. S. The Acadian Recorder is 
issued at Halifax. 

* * P. Q. James M'Gillof Montreal dies, 
and bequeaths his property to the found- 
ing of a college. 

STATE. 

1766 Mar. 18. Eng. The Stamp Act 
is repealed. 

* * Sir Guy Carleton becomes governor- 
general. 

1770 * * The government of Prince Ed- 
ward Island is separated from that of 
Nova Scotia. Capt. Walter Patterson 
becomes the first governor. 

[1775-80, Calbeck de Brisay, adminis- 
trator ; 1780, Capt. Patterson"; 1786, Geo. 
E. Fanning; 1805+ , Col. J. F. W. De 
Brisay; 1813, C. D. Smith; 1824, Col. 
Ready.] 

1773 * * X. S. A legislative assembly is 
constituted. 

* * JV. S. Celtic settlers arrive. 
1774* *-91* * Canada is governed 

under the Quebec Act. 

* * Eng. The Quebec Bill passes Parli- 
ament ; it grants unusual concessions 
to the Catholics of Canada, to secure 



their fidelity during the revolt of the 
English colonists. 

The old French laws are declared bind- 
ing in respect to civil rights and prop- 
erty, while the English criminal laws 
are to be enforced, and the Catholics 
are secured in their religion. 

1776 July * Col. Guy Johnson holds a 
conference with the Indians at Mon- 
treal ; many chiefs agree to support the 
king's cause against the colonists [but 
accomplish very little]. 

1778 * * Br. Col. Nootka Sound (Van- 
couver Island) is discovered by Capt. 
James Cook. 

* * Gen. Frederick Haldimand be- 
comes governor-general. 

1781 * * Br. Col. Vancouver Island, 
near the Pacific coast, is first settled. 

1783 May 18. X. B. A large body of 
Loyalist settlers from the United States 
arrive. [Total, nearly 50,000.] 

Sept. 3. Eng. Great Britain acknowl- 
edges the independence of the United 
States. 

1784 * * Nova Scotia is divided into 
two Provinces by the erection of the 
Province of New Brunswick, with Col. 
Thomas Carleton governor. Cape Bre- 
ton is also separated, and Sydney be- 
comes its capital. 

* * P. Q. Gov. Haldimand sends sur- 
veyors to lay out in great lots the coun- 
try along the St. Lawrence and bay of 
Quinte and near Niagara and Amherst- 
burg, for the occupation of Loyalist 
refugees from the United States. 

1786 * * Br. Col. A British settlement is 
made on Vancouver Island. 

* * Lord Dorchester becomes governor- 
general ; later, Gen. Prescott. 

1788 * * X. B. Fredericton is made the 
capital of New Brunswick. 

1789 * * Br. Col. The settlement at Van- 
couver is seized by Spaniards. 

1791 * * -1840 * * Canada is governed 
under the Constitution. 

* * Canada is divided into two govern- 
ments, Upper and Lower Canada, and 
a Constitution granted providing for an 
elective legislature. Total population, 
150,000 ; only 20,000 in Upper Canada. 

* * P. Q. The wild lands called " Clergy 
Reserves" are set apart by Parliament 
as an endowment for the support of the 
Protestant clergy. The Roman Cath- 
olic clergy are already endowed. The 
lands constitute one-seventh of all. 
[Great irritation follows.] 

1792 Br. Col. George Vancouver goes 
to British Columbia to receive the 
Spanish possessions at Nootka Sound. 

Dec. 17. P. Q. The Parliament of 
Lower Canada firsts meets, in Quebec. 

* * Ont. York [Toronto] is founded. 

* * John Graves Simcoe becomes the 
first governor of Upper Canada. 

[1796, Peter Russdl (administrator); 
1799, Gen. Peter Hunter; 1S06, Francis 
Gore : 1812, Gen Brock ; later Gen. 
Sheaffe, Gen. Murray, and Gen. Robin- 
son, administrators. J 



1793 May * Ont. The second session 
of the Parliament of Upper Canada 
is held at Newark. 

Aug. * Ont. The seat of government 
is transferred from Newark to York. 

1799 * * Lower Can. Sir R. S. Miles be- 
comes governor. [1808, Absentee gov- 
ernor ; 1824, Sir F. N. Burton.] 

1S00 * * A great company of Highland- 
ers arrives at Cape Breton. 

1807 * * Sir James H. Craig becomes 
governor-general. 

1808 * * X. S. Sir George Provost be- 
comes governor. 

[1811, Sir John Coape Sherbrooke (ad- 
ministrator) ; 1816, Earl of Dalhousie ; 
1820, Gen. Sir James Kempt; 1828, Sir 
Peregrine Maitland.] 

1809 X. B. Gen. W. Huntley, adminis- 
trator. 

[1817, Gen. G. S. Smyth ; 1324, Gen. Sir 
Howard Douglas ; 1832, Gen. Sir Archi- 
bald Campbell.] 
1811 * * Scot. Highlanders under the 
patronage of the Earl of Selkirk set out 
for the Northwest [Manitoba]. 

* * Gen. Sir George Provost becomes 

1S12 June 18. The United States 
declares war against Great Britain. 

* * Man. The Highlanders found the 
Selkirk settlement. 

* * Red River Settlement. Capt. Miles 
Macdonell becomes governor. 

[1815, Alex. Macdonell; 1822, Capt. A. 
Bulger; 1823, Robert Pelley ; 1825, Don- 
ald McKenzie ; 1833, Alex. Christie; 
1839, Duncan Finlayson ; 1844, Alex. 
Christie; 1846, Col. Crofton ; 1847, Maj. 
Griffiths; 1848, Maj. Caldwell; 1855, 
Judge Johnson ; 1858, Win. McTavish.j 

1814 Dec. 24. Belghun. A treaty of 
peace is signed at Ghent. 

1815 * * Sir Gordon Drummond is ad- 
ministrator. 

* * Upper Can. Francis Gore becomes 
governor. 

[1818, Sir Peregrine Maitland ; 1828, Sir 
John Colbome ; 1S36, Sir Francis Bond 
Head ; 1838, Sir George Arthur.] 

1816 * * Man. Lord Selkirk arrives with 
more Highlanders. 

* * Sir John Coape Sherbrooke be- 
comes governor-general. 

1817 * * P. Q. Public agitation against 
the " Clergy Reserves " increases. 
(See 1791.) 

* * X. S. Halifax is declared a free port. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791* *The population of Lower 
Canada is about 130,000 ; that of Upper 
Canada about 50,000. 

1803 June 6. P. Q. The church, Jes- 
uit college, prison, and many other 
buildings at Montreal are burned. 

1811* * Ont. The first reliable census 
is taken; population, 77,000. 

1815 Sept. P. Q. A fire in Quebec 
destroys public and private property to 
the value of $1,300,000. 

1817 * * P. Q. The Bank of Montreal 
and the Bank of Quebec are estab- 
lished, the first in Canada. 



578 1819, * *-1846, Mar. * 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. The Papineau 
anti-English rebellion breaks out at 
Montreal; Louis J. Papineau is leader 
in Lower Canada, and William L. Mac- 
kenzie in Upper Canada ; the revolters 
call themselves Fits de la Liberty. 

Dec. * Ont. A party of 400 rebels at- 
tempt to surprise Toronto to gain 
possession of arms, but are thwarted. 

Dec. 14. Ont. The insurgents are 
defeated at St. Eustace by the loyal 
militia under Sir Allan McNab. 

1838 June 5. Ont. Sir F. B. Head 
defeats the insurgents near Toronto. 

Nov. 3. P. Q. The rebellion again 
breaks out at Beauharnois. 

Nov. 6. Ont. The insurgent Dr. Wol- 
fred Nelson and his followers at Na- 
pierville are routed, and many killed. 

Nov. 17. Ont. The insurgents are again 
defeated at Prescott, and the insur- 
rection is suppressed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1819 * * Lieut. Wm. E. Parry enters 
Lancaster Sound. 

1820 * * Capts. John Franklin, Hood, 
Richardson, and Sir George Back de- 
scend the Coppermine River to Corona- 
tion Gulf, and explore eastward. 

1821 * * -23 * * Parry coasts along the 
eastern shores of Melville Peninsula. 

1824 * * -25 * * Parry explores Prince 
Regent's Inlet. 

1825 * * -27 * * Sir John Franklin 
and Sir John Richardson make a sec- 
ond journey northward from Canada to 
the Polar seas. 

1833* *-34* *Back descends the 
Great Fish or Black River, from Fort 
Reliance to its mouth. 

1837* *-39* *Dease and Thomas 
Simpson, officers of the Hudson Bay 
Company, explore the northern coast 
westward from Return Reef to Cape 
Barrow, and eastward from Point Turn- 
again, north of Bathurst Inlet, to the 
Castor and Pollux River. 

1845 May 19. Eng. Sir JohnFrank- 
lin sails with the Erebus and Terror in 
search of the Northwest Passage [he is 
known to have entered Lancaster Sound, 
but never returned]. 

[Thirty vessels have searched for the 
discovery of Franklin, or traces of his 
presence.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1819* * Binney, Herbert, lord bishop of 

Nova Scotia, born. 
1820 * * Dawson, John William, geologist 
and naturalist, horn. 
Canveau, Pierre J. O., statesman, born. 
Taschereau, Elzear- Alexandre, cardinal, 
archbishop of Quebec, born. 
1824* * Kirk, John Foster, historian, editor, 

born. 
1825 * * Lewis, John T., bishop of Ontario, 
born in Ire. 
Plessis, Joseph Octave, R. C. archbishop of 
Quebec, dies. 
1823 * * Langevin, Sir Hector Louis, states- 
man, born. 
Dufferin, Earl of. F. T. H. B.. governor- 
general, born. 
Douglas, Geo., Meth. <-l., font, pres., born. 
1833 * * lioss, Alex. Hilton, naturalist, b. 



1833* *Panet, Bernard Claude, JC. C. an-h- 
bishop of Quebec, flies. 

1834* * Cornish, Geo. H., Methodist ch, h. 
Coughlan, Lawrence, Meth. pioneer clergy- 
man in Nova Scotia, A74. 

1836* • UrigHS, Win., M. K. ebrjo'inan, b. 

1837* * De Mille, James, novelist, horn. 

1839* * Frechette, Louis Honored poet, born. 

1840* * Durham, E;nl of, John G. Lambton, 
governor-general, A48. 
Vernor, Henry G., meteorologist, born. 

1841 * * Lent, Charles, journalist, historian, 
born. 

1844* * Rankin, Arthur MeKee, actor, Sand- 
wich, born. 
Kiel, Louis, insurgent, born. 

1845 * * Lome, Marquis of, John George 
Edward Henry Doug-las Sutherland 
Campbell, governor-general, born. 

CHURCH. 
1810 * * P. 0. Joseph Octave Plessis 
is elevated to the archbishopric. 

* * Ont. The upper Canada Baptist As- 
sociation holds its first meeting. 

1821 * * The Baptist Association di- 
vides into the Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick Associations. 

1823 * * It. Leo XTT. is elected pope. 

1824 * * Ont. The Methodist Confer- 
ence of Upper Canada is formed. 

* * The Missionary Society of the Meth- 
odist Church in Canada is organized. 

1825 * * P. 0. Bernard Claude Panet is 
consecrated bishop for the R. C. diocese 
of Quebec. 

1826* * Man. The mission of the 
Church (of England) Missionary So- 
ciety is started on the Red River. 

Jan. 27. Ont. The Roman Catholic 
diocese of Kingston is established. 

1827 * * The Canada Education and 
Home Mission Society is organized. 

1828* *The Methodist Episcopal 
Church of Canada is organized. 

1829 * * It. Pius VIH. is elected pope. 

* * P. E. I. The Roman Catholic diocese 
of Charlottetown is established. 

1830 * * Labrador. Hebron becomes a 
Moravian mission-station. 

* * P. Q. The first Baptist Church of 
Montreal is organized. 

* * The Synod of the Presbyterian 
Church of Canada is formed, in con- 
nection with the Church of Scotland. 

1831 * * Two missionaries are sent from 
England by the Bible Christian For- 
eign Missionary Society. 

1833 * * P. Q. Joseph Signay is con- 
secrated bishop for the R. C. diocese of 
Quebec. 

Oct. 2. The Methodist Episcopal Church 
resolves to unite with the Wesley- 
ans. 

* * The Ojibway Methodist missions 
are placed under the care of the "Wes- 
leyan Missionary Society. 

1834 * * The Missionary Presbytery 
of the Canadas is formed. 

* *-35* * Revivals prevail in Baptist 
churches in eastern Canada. 

1836 May 13. P.O. The Roman Cath- 
olic diocese of Montreal is estab- 
lished. 

* * Mr. "Wilkes, missionary of the Colo- 
nial Missionary Society of England, com- 



' - Ont. The first meeting of the Ottawa 
Association of Baptist churches. 

1837 * * Canada becomes a mission-field 
of the New Connection Methodists. 

* * Joyful Te iJeums are sung in the 
churches on the accession of Queen 
Victoria. But in Lower Canada the 
French Canadians walk out of church 
during the singing. 

1838* * X. S. A Baptist society for 
the maintenance of foreign missions 
is organized at Chester. 

1839 * * Rev. John Addyman of Eng- 
land begins organizing church-exten- 
sion work. 

It results in the establishment of 177 
churches, having more than 4,000 mem- 
bers. [They become connected with the 
Methodist Church.] 

* * N. F. The Roman Catholic diocese of 
Newfoundland is established. 

1840* * Ont. The United Synod of 
Upper Canada unites with the Synod 
in connection with the Church of 
Scotland. 

* * The union of Methodist bodies with 
the "Wesley ans of England is severed, 
forming the Wesleyan Methodists and 
British Wesleyans [for 7 years]. 

1841 Dec. 17. Ont. The Roman Catho- 
lic diocese of Toronto is established. 

1842* *iV r . B. The Roman Catholic dio- 
cese of St. John is established. 

1843 * * The Canada Baptist Union 
is formed. 

1844 * * P. Q. The Roman Catholic 
archdiocese of Quebec is created ; 
Joseph Signay, acting archbishop. 

Sept. 21. X. S. The Roman Catholic 
diocese of Arichat is established. 

* * Scotch Presbyterians are divided, 
following the action of the parent 
church. 

* * Ont. The Young Men's Christian 
Association is organized in London by 
George Williams, a junior clerk in a dry- 
goods house. 

LETTERS. 

1S20 * * X. S. The Xova Scotian is is- 
sued at Halifax. 

1821 * * P. 0. M'Gill College (Prot.) is 
founded at Montreal. 

* * X. S. The corner-stone of Dalhousie 
College (Prot.) is laid in Halifax. 

* * P. Q. The Protestant University of 
Montreal is founded. 

1825* *P.Q. The M'Gill College (Prot.) 

is made a university. 
1S26 * * Ont. The Journal is issued at 

St. Catharines. 

* * P. Q. La Minerve is issued weekly at 
Montreal. 

1827 * * Ont. The University of To- 
ronto (King's College) is founded. 

* * A movement is started which results 
in the issue of the Baptist Missionary 
Magazine. 

1828* * X. B. King's College is 
founded at Fredericton. 

* * Ont. The Sentinel Star is issued at 
Cobourg. 



CANADA. 



1819,* —1846, Mar.*. 579 



1829 * * Ont. The Christian Guardian 
(Meth.) is issued at Toronto. 

* * Ont. The Upper Canada College 
is founded at Toronto. 

1831 * * Ont. The Guide is issued at 
Port Hope. 

1832 * * N.F. The Times and General 
Commercial Advertiser is issued at St. 
Johns. 

1833 * * P. Q. The Gazette and Eastern 
Townships Advertiser is issued at Quebec. 

* * Ont. The Intelligencer and The Onta- 
rio are issued at Belleville. 

1834 * * Ont. The Weekly British Whig 
is issued at Kingston. 

* * Ont. The Courier is issued at Perth. 

1836* * Ont. The Victoria University- 
is founded atCobourg, and supported by 
Methodists. 

* * Ont. The Upper Canada Academy 
(Meth.), Toronto, is opened. 

1837 * * N. B. The Carleton Sentinel is 
issued at "Woodstock. 

* * The Christian Messenger is issued. 

* * Clockmaker, or the Sayings and Doings 
of Sam Slick of Siickville, first series, by 
Thomas Chandler Haliburton, ap- 
pears. [1838. Second series. 1840. Third 
series. 1839. The Bubbles of Canada. 
1843. Sam Slick in England; also The 
Old Judge, or Life in a Colony.} 

1838± * * P. Q. The Canada Baptist 
College is founded at Montreal. 

* * Ont. The Albert College (Meth.) is 
founded at Belleville. 

1839 * * P. Q. The Congregational 
Theological College of Canada is 
founded at Montreal. 

1841 * * Ont. The Queen's Univer- 
sity of Kingston is founded and sup- 
ported by Presbyterians. 

1842 * * N. B. The Royal Gazette is is- 
sued at Fredericton. 

1843 * * N. S. The Eastern Chronicle is 
issued at New Glasgow. 

* * P. Q. Bishop's College (Prot.) is 
founded at Lennoxville. 

1844 * * N. B. The Reporter and Freder- 
icton Advertiser is issued at Fredericton. 

* * Ont. The Globe is issued at Toronto. 

1845 * * P. Q. The Weekly Witness is is- 
sued at Montreal. 

* * -46 * * Histoire du Canada, by Fran- 
cois Xavier Garneau, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1822 * * P. Q. A general hospital is 
founded at Montreal. 

1837 Nov. 6. P. Q. Kiots occur in 
opposition to the Government, at Mon- 
treal. 

1841 Oct. 12. M'Leod, charged with 
the destruction of the Caroline, is ac- 
quitted at Utica, N. Y. (See p. 148.) 

STATE. 
1818 * * A convention with the United 
States is made. 

It provides that Americans may fish 
on certain coasts of Newfoundland, of 
Labrador, and of some expressly defined 



islands, but are prohibited the liberty 
to take, cure, or dry fish within three 
marine miles of coasts not thus specified. 

* * The Duke of Richmond becomes 
governor-general. 

1819* * Ont. Sir Peregrine Maitland 
is lieutenant-governor of Upper Canada. 

1820 * * N. S. Cape Breton is rean- 
nexed. 

* * Eng. George IV. is enthroned. 

* * The Earl of Dalhousie becomes gov- 
ernor-general. 

1822 * * A legislative union is pro- 
posed for Upper and Lower Canada. 

1828 * * N". S. Highlanders arrive at 
Cape Breton. 

* * Sir James Kempt becomes adminis- 
trator. 

1829* *Sir John Colborne (Baron 
Seaton) is governor of Canada. 

1830* * Eng. "William IV. is en- 
throned. 

* * Lord Aylmer becomes governor-gen- 
eral. 

1831 * * P. E. I. Col. A. "W. Young be- 
comes governor. 

[1836, Col. Sir J. Harvey ; 1837, Sir C. 
A. Fitzroy; 1841. Sir H. V. Huntley; 
1847, Sir Donald Campbell : 1851, Sir A. 
Bannerman ; 1854, Doniinick Daly ; 1859, 
George Dundas ; 1870, W. C. F. Robin- 
son.] 

1834 * * iV. S. Sir Colin Campbell be- 
comes governor. 

[1840, Viscount Falkland; 1846, Sir 
John Harvey (administrator) ; 1852, Sir 
J. G. Le Marohant; 1858, The Earl of 
Mulgrave (administrator); 1864, Sir R. 
G. Macdonnell ; 1865, Sir Fen wick Wil- 
liams.] 

1835 * * The Earl of Gosford becomes 
governor-general. 

1837 June 20. Eng. Victoria suc- 
ceeds to the throne. 

* * N. B. Gen. Sir John Harvey becomes 
governor. 

[1841, Sir "William Colebrook ; 1848, Sir 
E. W. Head; 1854, J. H. Sutton; 1862, 
A. Gordon ; 1866, Gen. Doyle.] 

Nov. 6. An anti-English rebellion 
breaks out under Louis J. Papineau in 
Lower Canada and Dr. William L. Mac- 
kenzie in Upper Canada. (See Army.) 

1838 Jan. 16. Lord Durham is ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

* * Lord Durham makes his important 
report on the state of Canada. 

He recommends, (1) a federal union 
of the Provinces, (2) the construction of 
an intercolonial railroad, (3) the organi- 
zation of an Executive Council which 
shall be responsible to the Assembly. 
Apr. 12. The insurrectionists Lount 
and Matthews are hanged. 

* * Ont. Insurgent Mackenzie issues 
a proclamation declaring Canada a, 
republic, and raises a flag having two 
stars, one for each Canada. 

Oct. 9. Lord Durham resigns the office 
of governor-general. 

Dec. * Sir John Colborne becomes gov- 
ernor-general. 

Dec. 5. P. Q. Lord Gosford, governor 
of Lower Canada, offers a reward of 
£1,000 for the apprehension of Papi- 
neau, 



* * Gov. Sir John Colborne leaves Can- 
ada in haste, resembling a flight. 

* * The Hudson Bay Fur Company 
monopolizes the government of a vast 
territory. 

1839 Sept. * Chas. Powlett Thomp- 
son (Lord Sydenham) becomes governor- 
general. 

He is commissioned to carry out the 
union scheme of Lord Durham. 
Nov. 4. P. Q. Martial law is pro- 
claimed at Montreal to suppress rebel- 
lion, etc. 

1840 * * -67 * * Canada is governed 
under the Union Bill. 

Feb. 10. Upper and Lower Canada are 
reunited in legislative union, after a 
separation of 49 years. The country is 
called the Province of Canada. 

1841 June 13. Ottawa. The first 
Parliament of Canada opens with great 
ceremony. 

Oct. * Sir Charles Bagot becomes gov- 
ernor-general. 

1842 Aug. 9. U. S. A. The Ash- 
burton Treaty is signed at Washing- 
ton by Lord Ashburton and Daniel Web- 
ster. 

It settles a vexing boundary question 
respecting 12,000 square miles of terri- 
tory between Maine and New Brunswick, 
and allots 7,000 to the United States and 
5,000 to Great Britain. 

1843 Feb. * Sir Charles T. Metcalfe 
(Lord Metcalfe) becomes governor-gen- 
eral. 

1846 * * Br. Col. The Hudson Bay 
Company select Victoria, on Vancou- 
ver Island, as their port and capital. 

Mar. * The Earl of Cathcart becomes 
governor-general. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1821 * * P. Q. The Lachine Canal is 

commenced, for passing the rapids of 
the St. Lawrence. 

* * Ont. The Welland Canal is com- 
menced. 

1825 Oct. 7+. N. B. The Miramichi 
fire is a great calamity. Many lives and 
dwellings are lost. [Aid is sent to the 
sufferers from the United States.] 

* * The population of Canada is 581,920. 
[1831. Population is 1,069,000.] 

1832 June 8. P. Q. The first case 

of cholera in America occurs at Quebec. 

[It sweeps through all the large towns 

and villages.] 
1834 * * Ont. Name of the city of York 

is changed to Toronto. 
1836 July* The first railroad is 



1837 * * The commercial crisis in the 
United States causes a crisis in Canada, 
especially in Lower Canada. 

1844 * * There are only 14 miles of 
railroad in the country. 

1845 May 28. P.Q. A fire in Quebec 
destroys 1,650 houses, the homes of 12,000 
persons. 

June 29. P. Q. A second fire in 
Quebec destroys 1,365 houses; two- 
thirds of the town having been consumed 
by the two fires. 

1846 Jan. 12. P. Q. Fifty lives are 
lost in the burning of a theater at 
Quebec. 



580 1846, * *-1864, Oct. 19. 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1858 * * A regiment is raised for the 
British Army, and called the 100th of 
the line. 

1859 Jan. 10. Eng. The Prince of 
"Wales presents the colors to the 100th 
of the line at Shornclirle Camp. 

1861 Dec. * Eng. The British govern- 
ment sends 3,000 soldiers to Canada, 
and makes other warlike preparations, 
because of the seizing of Mason and 
Slidell on the Trent. (See U. S. p. 200.) 

1864 Oct. 19. P. Q. A force of Con- 
federate raiders leave Canada and at- 
tack St. Albans, Vermont. They rob 
the bank, steal horses, kill one man, and 
wound others. [Oct. 21. Arrested.] 

ART - SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1846* *-47* * Dr. 'John Eae, by 
sledge journeys of more than 1,200 miles, 
explores Boothia. 

1848 * * N. W. T. Dr. John Kae makes 
a journey in search of Franklin from 
the Mackenzie to the Coppermine River. 

1850 * * Br. Col. Gold is discovered 
near Fraser River, and coal on Vancou- 
ver Island. 

185 1 * * Rae explores the southern shores 
of "Wollaston and Victoria Lands, tra- 
cing 700 miles of coast. 

* * Sir Robert McClure enters Bering 
Strait, and crosses to Lancaster Sound, 
thus accomplishing the Northwest Pas- 
sage, but he is compelled to abandon his 
ship. 

1853 * * Rae explores the Quoich River 
for 200 miles. 

1854 * * Rae proves by exploration that 
King "William's Land is an island. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1848 * * Allen, Grant, author, born. 
1861 * -Mackenzie, "William Lyon, 
leader of insurgents, A66. 

1865 * * MaeNab, Sir Allan Napier, states- 
man, A 64. 

1863 * * Elgin, Earl of, James Bruce, 
statesman, novt-'rimr-peneral, A52. 
Robinson, Sir John B., jurist, A72. 

CHURCH. 

1846 * * Ore. A Roman Catholic see 
is erected in Oregon, dependent on Can- 
ada. 

* * It, Pius IX. is elected pope. 

1847 July 25. Ont. The Roman Cath- 
olic diocese of Ottawa is established. 

* * N.S. The Congregational Conf er- 

* * The "United Presbyterian Synod 
in Canada" is organized. 

* * N. B. The Baptist Association di- 
vides into Eastern and "Western Associ- 
ations. 

* * Man. The Roman Catholic diocese 
of St. Boniface is established. J. N. 
Provencher is its first bishop. 

* * The Methodist Union with the Brit- 
ish Wesleyan Conference is restored. 

* * Br. Col. The diocese of Vancou- 
ver Island is established. 



1849 * * P. Q. The Episcopal bishopric 
of Montreal is established. 

1850 * * P. Q. Peter Flavian Turgeon 
is consecrated bishop of the R. C. dio- 
cese of Quebec. 

* * N. B. The Southern Baptist Asso- 
ciation is formed. 

1851 Nov. 23. Alex. A. Tache is con- 
secrated Roman Catholic bishop. 

Dec. 9. P. Q. Organization of the Mon- 
treal Young Men's Christian Asso- 
ciation. 

1852 * * P. Q. St. Peter's Cathedral 
at Montreal is projected by Bishop 
Bourget. 

* * P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese 
of Three Rivers is established. 

May 4. N. S. The archdiocese of 
Halifax is created, comprising all but 
three counties of Nova Scotia proper, 
and Bermuda Islands. 

June 8. P. Q. The Roman Catholic di- 
ocese of St. Hyacinthe is established. 

1853 June 7. Man. Alexandre Anto- 
nin Tache becomes R. C. bishop of St. 
Boniface. 

* * The Congregational Missionary So- 
ciety is organized. 

* * The Congregational Conference of 
Canada is organized. 

1854 * * The Wesleyans of eastern Can- 
ada and of the Hudson Bay missionary 
work are incorporated into the Metho- 
dist Church of Canada. 

1855 * * Several Methodist circuits in 
Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, and New- 
foundland are formed into a confer- 
ence. 

1856 * * Ont. The Roman Catholic dio- 
cese of Hamilton is established. 

Feb. 21. Ont. The Roman Catholic di- 
ocese of London is established. 

1859 Nov. 30. Man. V i t a 1 i s J. 
Grandin [Bishop of St. Albert] is con- 
secrated bishop of Satala and coadjutor 
bishop of St. Boniface. 

1860 Apr. 15. N. B. John Sweeny 
is consecrated R. C. bishop of St. John. 

May 8. N. B. The Roman Catholic di- 
ocese of Chatham is established. 

Aug. 15. N. B. James Rogers is con- 
secrated R. C. bishop of Chatham. 

P.E.I. Peter Mclntyre is conse- 
crated R. C. bishop of Charlottetown. 

* * N.S. The Presbyterian Church of 
Nova Scotia and the Free Church 
unite. 

1861 * * The Presbyterian Church and 
the United Presbyterian Church unite 
in forming "The Canadian Presby- 
terian Church." 

* * The Free Church and the United 
Presbyterian Church unite. 

1862 * * The R. C. vicariate apostolic of 
Athabasca-Mackenzie is established. 

* * Br. Cot. The Christian settlement 
of Metlakahtla, on the const, is founded 
by the agent of the Church (of England) 
Mission Society. 



LETTERS. 

1846 * * Ont. The Citizen is issued at 
Ottawa. 

1847 * * Ont. The Weekly Free Press Is 
issued at London. 

* * Ont. The Examiner is issued at Peter- 
borough. 

* * P. Q. The Chronicle is issued at Que- 
bec. 

* * P. E. I. The Examiner and Island 
Argus is issued at Charlottetown. 

1848 * * N. S. The Presbyterian Wit- 
ness and Evangelical Advocate is issued 
at Halifax. 

* * Ont. The Freeholder is issued at Corn- 
wall. 

* * Ont. The Weekly Spectator is issued 
at Hamilton. 

* * Ont. The school system of Upper 
Canada is remodeled. 

* * Baptists start the Christian Visitor. 

* * Oliver Cromtvell and the Protectorate, 
by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears. 

1849 * * Ont. The title of King's Col- 
lege, Toronto, is changed to the Uni- 
versity of Toronto. 

1850 * * -V. S. The Wesleyan is issued 
at Halifax. 

1851** Ont. The University of 
Trinity College, Toronto, is founded 
on the suppression of the faculty of 
King's College. 

* * Archaeology and Prehistoric Annals of 
Scotland, by Sir Daniel Wilson, appears. 

1852 * * N. S. The Casket is issued at 
Antigonish. 

* * Ont. The Weekly Expositor is issued 
at Brantford. 

* * P. Q. The Laval University (Rom. 
Cath.) is founded at Quebec. 

1853 * * Ont. The Christian Messenger 
[1854. The name is changed to the Cana- 
dian Baptist] is started at Toronto. 

* * N. B. The Religious Intelligencer is 
issued at Fredericton. 

* * Ont. The Review is issued at Peter- 
borough. 

1854 * * Ont. The Weekly Beacon is is- 
sued at Stratford. 

1855 * * P. Q. The Advertiser is issued 
at Waterloo. 

* * Nature and Human Nature, by 
Thomas Chandler Haliburton, ap- 
pears. 

* * Ode on Shakespeare, by Charles Heavy- 
sege, appears ; also Jephtha's Daughter. 

* * Acadian Geology, by John William 
Dawson, appears. 

1S56* * Ont. The Canadian Baptist 
College is founded. 

1857 * * Ont. The "Wesleyan Female 
College of Hamilton is founded by 
Methodists. 

± * * N. B. The Mount Allison "Wes- 
leyan College (Meth.) is founded at 
Sackville. 

* * Ont. The Tribune is issued at Wel- 
land. 



CANADA. 



1846, * *-1864, Oct 19. 581 



* * P. Q. he Courrier du Canada is is- 
sued at Quebec. 

* * Saul : A Drama in three Parts, by 
Charles Heavysege, appears. 

1858 * * B. C. The Colonist is issued at 
Victoria. 

* * N. S. The Colonial Standard is is- 
sued at Pictou. 

* * Ont. The Times is issued at Hamilton. 

* * Archala, by John "William Dawson, 
appears. 

* * Helena*s Household, by James De 
Mille, appears. 

1859 * * N, B. The Globe is issued at 
St. John. 

* * Ont. The Free Press is issued at Lon- 
don. 

* * Ont. The Southern Counties Journal is 
issued at St. Thomas. 

* * XT. F. The Standard is issued at Har- 
bour Grace. 

1860 * * P. Q. The Witness is issued at 
Montreal. 

1861 * * -65 * * Cours d'histoire du Ca- 
nada, by JeanBaptiste Antoine Ferland 
and Laverdiere, appears. 

1862 * * iV. B. The Telegraph is issued 
at St. John. 

* * Prehistoric Man, by Sir Daniel Wil- 
son, appears. 

1863 * * Ont. The Advertiser is issued 
at London. 

* *-68* * History of Charles the Bold, 
by John Foster Kirk, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1849 Apr. 25. P. Q. The Loyalists of 
Montreal enter the Parliament House, 
djive out the members, and set fire 
to the building ; they also burn the 
Library of the Provinces ; the disorder is 
occasioned by dissatisfaction concerning 
the payment for losses suffered during 
the rebellion. 

1853 June 6. P. Q. Alessandro Ga- 
vazzi, the Italian priest and agitator,, 
lectures in Quebec against " popery," and 
raises a riot. 

June 9. P. Q. A mob attacks Father 
Gavazzi while lecturing at Montreal ; 
military fire ; 10 killed and 16 wounded. 

* * The Sunday closing of liquor-shops 
is enforced. 

1860 * * The Prince of "Wales visits 
Canada to take a part in laying the cor- 
ner-stone of the Government buildings 
at Ottawa, and to honor the opening of 
the "Victoria Bridge across the St. Law- 
rence at Montreal. 

[July 30. N. S. He arrives at Hali- 
fax. Aug. 18. He arrives at Quebec. 
Aug. 25. He arrives at Montreal. Sept. 
1. He arrives at Ottawa. Sept. 20. He 
leaves Canada for the United States.] 

1864 June 8. Many Fenians flee be- 
cause of the suspension of the Habeas 
Corpus Act. 

STATE. 
1847* * Eng. The Imperial Govern- 
ment abandons all control over the 
customs of Canada, 



Jan. 30. The Earl of Elgin takes oath 
as governor-general. 

1849* * Br. Col. The Hudson Bay 
Company declines to refer a question 
respecting their trade and territory to 
the Judicial Committee of the Privy 
Council. The British Government 
grants Vancouver Island to the com- 
pany ; R. Blanshard, governor. 

* * The Government dismisses 17 ma- 
gistrates implicated in an address in 
favor of the annexation of Canada to 
the United States. 

1850 Feb. * A movement for annex- 
ation to the United States is made ; 
Earl Grey, Colonial Secretary, sends a 
despatch warning against the movement 
as an act of high treason. 

1851 Jan. 27. Earl Grey, Secretary 
of State for the Colonies, relinquishes to 
the Legislature of Canada the right to 
dispose of the Clerical Reserves. 

* * The Canadian Post-office Depart- 
ment is received from the British Gov- 
ernment, and a uniform postage rate of 
threepence for a half-ounce is estab- 
lished. 

* * Vancouver Is. James Douglas be- 
comes governor. [1864, Capt. Kennedy.] 

1853 May 9. Eng. Parliament abol- 
ishes the " Clergy Reserves." 

1854 * * Sir Edmund Head becomes 
governor-general. 

June 5. The Reciprocity Treaty with 
the United States is signed. [It lasts 10 
years. 1 

1855 * * An Act is passed which leads to 
the organization of the first volunteer 
force. 

1856 * * It is provided that the mem- 
bers of the Upper House or Legislative 
Council, formerly nominated by the 
Crown, shall be chosen hereafter by the 
votes of Canadian electors. 

Apr. 17- P. Q. Quebec is made the 
seat of the Government. 

1857 * * The Hudson Bay Company 
is restricted by the Crown in estab- 
lishing monopolies of government and 
trade. 

1858 * * A constitutional crisis occurs. 
The Queen is asked to decide upon a 

seat of government iu Canada ; and five 
cities claim the honor, including Quebec, 
Toronto, Montreal, and Bytown (Ot- 
tawa). 
Aug. * Ont. The Queen selects Ot- 
tawa as the site for the capital. [The 
decision is unpopular.] 

1859 * * Br. Cot. James Douglas be- 
comes governor. 

1861 Nov. 28. Lord Monck assumes 
the office of governor-general. 

1862 May 20-23. Ottawa. The Min- 
istry of Sir George E. Cartier is de- 
feated on a Militia Bill. John A. 
Macdonald becomes the premier of a 
new Ministry. 

July* Ottawa. The Assembly passes a 
Militia Bill providing 5,000 militia and 
5,000 reserves. [English complaint is 
expressed at the small provision made 
for the public defense.] 

1863 May 20. Ottawa. Sir John A. 
Macdonald is again appointed premier. 



Sept. * Ottawa. A new Militia Bill 
passes the Assembly. 

Sept. * Peace with the United States is 
threatened by the belligerent action 
of two Confederates. 

Confederates seize two American 
steamboats, the Philo Parsons and the 
Island Queen, for the purpose of releas- 
ing Confederate prisoners on Johnson's 
Island, in Lake Erie. 

* * The rights of the Hudson Bay Com- 
pany are sold to a new proprietary, hav- 
ing Sir Edmund Head for chairman. 

1864 June 5. The United States 
closes the Treaty of Reciprocity. 

The alleged reason is to hasten annex- 
ation by the commercial depression of 
Canada. Canadians claim to fall back 
on the Convention of 1818 respecting the 
fisheries. 

Sept. 1. The governments of Nova 
Scotia, New Brunswick, and Prince Ed- 
ward Island are represented in a meet- 
ing at Charlottetown by delegates, which 
arranges for the union of the three 
Provinces. 

Oct. 10. P. Q. The Quebec Scheme 
of Confederation is devised. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847 * * The Grand Trunk Railroad 
is commenced. 

1850 * * P. Q. Montreal suffers from a 
great fire. 

Nov. 11. Xf. B. A fire at Fredericton 
destroys 300 dwellings. 

1851 * * The population is 2,482,000. 

1852 July 8. P. Q. Montreal is par- 
tially destroyed by fire; the loss is 
estimated at a million sterling. 

1854 Feb. 1. P. Q. The splendid 
Parliament House at Quebec is burned 
with valuable philosophical apparatus. 

May 24. P. Q. The Victoria Rail- 
road Bridge at Montreal is com- 
menced. 

* * The Great "Western Railroad is 
commenced. 

1855 Jan. 5. P. Q. Much damage ia 
done to the Victoria Tubular Bridge 
at Montreal by floating ice. 

1856 Nov. 12. Ont. The Grand 
Trunk Railroad, 850 miles long, is 
opened from Quebec to Toronto. , 

Dec. 10. P. Q. The cathedral at Mon- 
treal is destroyed by fire. 

1858 * * N. F. The Atlantic Cable is 
laid. (See U. S. A.) 

* * -QG * * There is a great influx of 
gold-diggers into British America. 

1860 Aug. 25. P. Q. The Prince of 
"Wales formally opens the Victoria 
Railroad. 

1861 * * -B5 * * Canada is commercially 
benefited by the Civil War in the United 
States, which increases the demand for 
farm stock and provisions at abnormally 
high prices. 

* * N. S. Gold is discovered. 

* * The population numbers 3,090,561. 
1864 June 29. P. Q. A train runs 

off the bridge at St. Hilaire, and kills 
about 83 persons, and wounds 200. 



582 1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24. 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1864 Oct. 20. P. Q. About 20,000 vol- 
unteers meet at Quebec to consider 
the advisability of forming a Canadian 
Confederation. The basis of a Con- 
federation is agreed upon. 

Dec. * Great excitement follows Gen. 
Dix*s proclamation threatening repri- 
sals if Confederate invasions continue. 

1866 Mar. 9. Fenians threaten an 
invasion from the United States. 

Mar. 15. The Government calls out 
10,000 volunteers to repel the Fe- 
nians. 

June 1. Ont. A force of 1,500 Fenians 
under Gov. O'Neil cross the Niagara 
near Black Rock into Canada. 

June 2. Ont. The Fenian raiders are 
repulsed by the volunteers, (p. 252.) 

The American troops capture many 

returning Fenians. 

June 7. P. Q. Fenians under Spear 
enter Canada from "Vermont. 

June 8. Canada has about 3 5,000 
men under arms. 

June 9. P. Q. Many Fenians return 
to the United States. 

1868 May 24. P.Q. The Fenians 
make another raid from the United 
States, and are repelled. 

1869 July 23. Man. An expedition 
of 1,200 men, led by Col. Garnet Wolse- 
ley, lands at Fort Garry, and quiets 
the settlers by a proclamation. 

The settlers object to being a colony 
of a colony, and complain that they were 
not consulted in the transfer to the Do- 
minion. 

1870 Jan. * Man. The Kiel rebellion 
occurs. 

1871 Oct. 12 + . The Fenians pro- 
pose an attack on Manitoba, but are 
frustrated by the United States troops. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1866 Nov. * Ont. Gold is discovered 
in Hastings County. 

1870 Oct. 20. P.Q. An earthquake 
does much damage at Quebec. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1865* * Haliburton, Thomas Chandler 
(Sam Sttr/i-), Nova Seotiun humorist, A (1!). 
Nelson, Wolfml, physician, A73. 
1866* * (iariu-au, Fraiin.Ls Xavier, historian, 
A57. 

1867 * * Turgeon, Peter Flavian, R. C. arch- 
bishop of Quebec, dies. 

1868 * * Head. Sir Edmund Walter, gov- 
ernor-general, A63. 

Feller, Henrietta, Swiss nhilan., A88. 
1870* * Faillon, Michel Etienne, Monk of 

St. Sulpiee, publisher, A71. 
Baillargeon, Francis, R. C. archbishop of 

Quebec, dies. 

1871 * * Papineau, Louis Joseph, politi- 
cian, revolutionist, AM. , 

1873* * ('artier. Sir George Etienne, states- 



A59. 



CHURCH. 



1864 Nov. 29. Henri- Joseph Faraud 
is consecrated vicar apostolic of Atha- 
basca-Mackenzie. 

1865 * * Labrador. Zoar becomes a Mo- 
ravian mission- station. 



1866 Oct. 18. Ont. The Auxiliary to 
the American Baptist Missionary- 
Union in Beamsville is organized. 

* * N. S. — N. B. The churches of Nova 
Scotia and New Brunswick unite to 
form the Presbyterian Church of the 
Lower Provinces. 

1867 Jan. 15. P.Q. TheRomanCath- 
olic diocese of Rimouski is established. 

Feb. 25. P. Q. Louis F. Lafieche is 
consecrated R. C. bishop of Three Rivers. 

May 1. P. Q. Jean Langevin is conse- 
crated R. C. bishop of Rimouski. 

Aug;. 15. J. Clut is consecrated coad- 
jutor vicar apostolic of Athabasca-Mac- 
kenzie. 

Oct. 17. Rev. A. V. Trinpany and his 
wife, with Miss June Bates, are desig- 
nated the first missionaries to the 
heathen of the Ontario and Quebec 
Baptists. 

Nov. 10. Ont. John "Walsh is conse- 
crated R. C. bishop of Sandwich [arch- 
bishop of Toronto]. 

* * P. Q. Charles Francis Baillargeon is 
consecrated R. C. bishop of Quebec. 

1868 * *N.S. — N. B. The Presbyte- 
rian Synods of Nova Scotia and New 
Brunswick and the Church of Scotland 
unite in forming one synod. 

* * P. E. I. The Baptist Association 
is formed. 

1870 Mar. 18. Ont. The Roman Cath- 
olic archdiocese of Toronto is created. 

May 22. N. S. John Cameron is con- 
secrated bishop at Rome. [Afterward 
translated to Antigonisk.] 

* * The first General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church is held. 

1871* * Labrador. Raman becomes a 
Moravian mission-station. 

Mar. 19. P. Q. El zear- Alexandre [Car- 
dinal] Taschereau is consecrated R. C. 
archbishop of Quebec. 

Sept. 22. Alberta. The Roman Catholic 
diocese of St. Albert is established, 
with Vitalis J. Grandin as bishop. 

— — Man. The Roman Catholic diocese 
of St. Boniface is made an archbish- 
opric and Alexandre Antonin Tache is 
nominated archbishop. 

* * The "Woman's Board of Foreign 
Missions is organized. 

1873 May 1. P. Q. Edward C. 
Fabre is consecrated R. C. bishop of 
Montreal. 

* * The Baptist Convention of Ontario 
and Quebec surrender their organization 
to an independent Board of Foreign 
Missions under their Convention. They 
send out seven missionaries. 

1874 Oct. 25. Ont. Joseph T. Duha- 
mel is consecrated Roman Catholic 
bishop of Ottawa. 

* * P. Q. The Roman Catholic diocese 
of Sherbrooke is established. 

Oct. 18. P. Q. Antoine Racine is con- 
secrated R. C. bishop of Sherbrooke. 

* * The "Wesleyan and New Connec- 
tion Methodists unite, and form the 
Methodist Church of Canada. 



* • Albert Carman is elected bishop of 

the Canada Methodist Episcopal Church. 

1875 June* The four Presbyterian 
branches meet in Montreal, and com- 
bine to form the Presbyterian Church 
of Canada. 

Oct. 24. Br. Col. Paul Durien is con- 
secrated R. C. bishop of New Westmin- 
ster. 

LETTERS. 

1866* * The Dodge Club, by James De 
Mille, appears. 

1867 * * Ont. The Gazette is issued at 
Almonte. 

* * P.Q. UEvknement is issued at Quebec. 

* * N. S. The Hants Journal is issued at 
"Windsor. 

* * La voix d'un exile, by Louis Honore - 
Frechette, appears. 

1869 * * Chatterton, by Sir Daniel Wil- 
son, appears. 

1870* * Ont. The Packet is issued at 
Orilla. 

* * The American Baron, by James De 
Mille, appears. 

1871 * * Man. Le Manitoba is issued at 
St. Boniface. 

* * N. B. The School Act is passed, re- 
quiring trustees to provide accommoda- 
tions for all persons between the ages of 
five and twenty, free of charge. 

* * The Comedy of Terrors, by James De 
Mille, appears; also The Cryptogram. 

1872 * * Man. The Manitoba Free Press 
is issued at Winnipeg. 

* * K. S. The Advocate is issued at Syd- 
ney. 

* * Ont. The Mail is issued at Toronto. 

* * Story of the Earth and Man, by John 
William Dawson, appears. 

1873 * * Caliban, the Missing Link, by 
Sir Daniel Wilson, appears. 

1874* * Ont. The Echo is issued at 
Amherstburg. 

* * Ont. The Ontario Ladies' College 
(Meth.) is founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1868 Apr. 7- Ont. Thomas D'Arey 
McGee, M. P., is assassinated when 
returning from Parliament. Fenians 
are suspected. 

Sept.± * Prince Albert is in Canada, 
and visits the Provinces. 

1869 Feb. * Ont. A man named 
"Whelan, convicted of the murder of 
Thomas D'Arey McGee, is executed. 

1870 Mar.± * Man. An insurrection 
breaks out in the Northwest. (See 
Army.) 

1873 ** Aug. 13. Ont. The Ministry 
is charged with corruption in connec- 
tion with the Pacific Railroad. 

1S75 Sept.* P. Q. The attempt to 
bury Joseph Guibord in consecrated 
ground, while under the censure of the 
Roman Catholic Church, for possessing 
forbidden books, causes a riot in 
Montreal. [His right to burial against 
the decision of the clerical authorities 
is maintained by the judicial committee 



CANADA. 



1864, Oct. 20-1875, Oct. 24. 583 



of the Privy Council after niucli liti- 
gation.] 

* * A convention of temperance men is 
lield in Montreal. 

[Out of this Convention has grown 
" The Dominion Alliance for the Total 
Suppression of the Liquor Traffic."] 
Sept. 26. P. Q. A riot, in which one 
man is killed, attends a Roman Catholic 
memorial procession in Montreal. 
STATE. 

1864 Dec. 14. P. Q. The Confed- 
erate raiders into St. Albans, Vt., are 
discharged by Judge Coursol. 

1865 Feb. * P. Q. The Legislatures of 
Upper and Lower Canada meet in Que- 
bec, and adopt the Union Scheme by 
a large majority. 

Mar. 7. New Brunswick rejects the 
plan of Confederation. 

Mar. 23. Eng. Parliament grants 
£50,000 for the defense of Canada. 

Mar. 30. P. Q. The St. Albans Con- 
federate raiders are finally discharged 
by the court. 

Apr. 10. Secretary Seward of the 
United States abandons the effort to 
extradite the Confederate raiders. 

Nov. 22. Ottawa. The Executive first 
meets here. 

* * The Dominion allows the United States 
the temporary use of the fisheries as 
under the Reciprocity Treaty, by the 
payment of a nominal license fee of 50 
cents a ton. 

1866 June 8. Ottawa. The Parlia- 
ment is opened for the first time by 
Lord Monck, Governor-General. 

* * The Treaty of Reciprocity with the 
United States is abrogated. 

* * Br. Col. The Province of British 
Columbia is formed by uniting the 
immense British territory in the north 
under one government. 

* * Canada calls on the United States to 
pay its expenses in repelling Fe- 
nians; the President issues a procla- 
mation calling upon the Fenians to dis- 
perse. 

1867 Mar. 29. Eng. Parliament 
passes the British North America 
Act. 

It provides for the voluntary Imperial 
union of the four provinces, Ontario, 
Quebec, Nova Scotia, and New Bruns- 
wick; the Confederation, is to be called 
the Dominion of Canada, and have a 
Parliament of two houses,— a Senate 
and a House of Commons. 

Apr. 12. Quebec. Parliament passes the 
Railway Loan Act. 

July 1. The Act of Confederation 
takes effect, uniting the four Prov- 
inces. 

July 2. Ottawa. Lord Monck, the 
Governor-General, is sworn into office 
as Viceroy of the Dominion. 

Nov. 6. Ottawa. The new Dominion 
Parliament meets. 

* * N. B. Gen. Doyle is appointed admin- 
istrator. 

[1868, L. A. "Wilmot, governor ; 1873, S. 
L. Tilley; 1878, E. B. Chandler; 1S80, 
B. D. Wilmot ; 1885, Sir S. L. Tilley.] 



* * Ont. Gen. Stisted becomes adminis- 
trator. [1868, W. P. Rowland; 1873, 
John Crawford ; 1875, D. A. Macdonald ; 
1S80, J. B. Robinson.] 

* * N. S. Sir Charles H. Doyle is lieu- 
tenant-governor. Gen. Williams, admin- 
istrator. 

* * Que. Sir N. F. Belleau becomes gov- 
ernor. [1873, R. E. Caron ; 1876, Lettelier 
de St. Just ; 1879, T. Robitaille.] 

1868 * * iV. B. Lemuel A. "Wilmot is 
lieutenant-governor. 

* * N. S. Gen. Doyle becomes governor. 

[1873, Joseph Howe ; later, A. G. Ar- 
chibald ; 1883, M. H. Richey.] 
Dec. 29. Ottawa. Lord Monck having 
resigned, Sir John Young (Lord Lis- 
gar) is appointed governor-general. 

1869 Mar.* Newfoundland declines 
to enter the union with Canada. 

Dec. 1. The Hudson Bay Company 
parts with its monopoly of government 
in the Northwest ; it is transferred to 
the Dominion of Canada. 

1870 Jan. * A revolt against the an- 
nexation of the Northwest is led by 
Louis Kiel, who proclaims the inde- 
pendence of the people, and seizes the 
funds of the Hudson Bay Company. 

May 12. Man. The Province of 
Manitoba is formed of Rupert Land, 
with Adams G. Archibald governor ; he 
is also appointed governor of the Red 
River Settlement. 

Aug. 9. The Loan Act for Canadian 
defenses is passed. 

* * Br. Col. The new Province of 
British Columbia is added to the Do- 
minion of Canada. 

* * The Hudson Bay Company finally 
closes its ports with its government in 
the Northwest. 

The Northwest Territory is transferred 
to the Dominion for £300,000 compensa- 
tion and possession of its ports and trade, 
with a right to the twentieth part of 
lands surveyed for future settlers and 
for protection against exceptional taxa- 
tion. 

* * The Manitoba Act passes ; it defines 
the boundaries of the Prairie Province. 

* * Manitoba is created a province, and 
Lepine and Louis Kiel, two half- 
breeds, rebel against the authorities of 
the Dominion. Louis forms a provis- 
ional government, confiscates prop- 
erty, and banishes persons. 

* * The Fisheries Dispute with the 
United States is limited to the question 
of the three-mile limit. 

Canada claims that it extends directly 
across from headland to headland, re- 
gardless of bays and other indents. The 
United States claims a line following the 
sinuosity of the coast. 

1871 May 8. The Treaty of Wash- 
ington is signed. 

It provides for the settlement of four 
disputes: 1, the San Juan ownership; 
2, the Alaska boundary line; 3, the sub- 
ject of fisheries, providing an arrange- 
ment to continue for 12 years ; 4, Ex- 
penses incurred by repelling Fenians. 
June 29. Eng. Parliament passes the 
British North American Act author- 
izing the Parliament of Canada to estab- 
lish new Provinces. 



June * Canadians oppose the Treaty of 
"Washington in disapproval of the fish- 
eries clause. 

Dec. 23. Ottawa. A Liberal Ministry 
is organized, with Edward Blake pre- 
mier. 

* * British Columbia, including Van- 
couver Island, is admitted into federal 
relations with the Dominion. 

* * _72 * * Man. A great immigration 
of Russian Mennonites enters the North- 
west. 

* * -72 * * Br. Col. The San Juan Isl- 
and is settled by British herders and an 
American squatter. [The shooting of 
a pig raises the question of territorial 
rights, and invokes the San Juan dispute. 
See p. 279.] 

* * Br. Col. J. W. Trutch becomes gov- 
ernor ; also governor of Vancouver 
Island. [1876, A. N. Richards ; 1881 , C. F. 
Cornwall.] 

1872 * * P.E. I. The Province of Prince 
Edward Island is admitted into the 
Confederation. 

May 22. Eng. Lord Dufferin is ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

June 25. Ottawa. Lord Dufferin 
(Earl) is inaugurated governor-general. 

* * Bed River Settlement. Alex. Morris 
becomes governor. [1877, Joseph E. Cau- 
chon ; 1882, J. C. Aikins.] 

1873 June 1. N. S. Joseph Howe is 
appointed lieutenant-governor. [He 
soon dies.] 

* * N. S. Adams George Archibald 
becomes lieutenant-governor. 

Aug. 13. Ottawa. Parliament is sud- 
denly prorogued ; charges of corrup- 
tion in connection with the Canadian 
Pacific Railroad are made against the 
Ministry of Sir John A. Macdonald. 

Sept. * Premier Macdonald admits to the 
Commission of Inquiry that money was 
received from Sir Hugh Allan. 

Oct. 23. Ottawa. Parliament meets. 

Nov. 5. Ottawa. The Macdonald 
Minis try resigns. 

Nov. 7. Ottawa. A new Ministry is 
formed, with Alexander Mackenzie 
premier. 

1874 * * Prince Edward Island unites 
with the Dominion of Canada under cer* 
tain conditions. 

* * P. E. I. Sir P. Hodgson becomes 
governor. [1879, T. H. Haviland j 18S4, 
A. A. Macdonald.] 

1875 Feb. 4. U. S. A. The Senate re- 
jects the new Reciprocity Treaty with 
Canada. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866 Oct. 14. P. Q. A fire in the 

French quarter of Quebec destroys 

2,500 houses and 17 churches, leaving 

nearly 20,000 persons homeless. 

* * 2f. E. The Great Eastern steamship 
successfully lays another cable. 

1870 May 24. P. Q. A fire destroys 

500 houses at Quebec. 
1871* *The population numbers 

3,833,000. 



>84 1875, * *-1887, May. * 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1885 * * Man. Kiel's second rebellion 
breaks out. Troops are hastened for- 
ward from various parts of the Domin- 
ion. 

Mar. 25-27. Saskatchewan. Capt. Cro- 
zier attacks the rebels, and kills many, 
yet they force him to fall back. Col. 
Irvine evacuates and burns Fort Carl- 
ton, and falls back. 

Apr. 1. Saskatchewan. Indians be- 
siege Battleford. 

Col. Irvine remains at Prince Al- 
bert, unable to move against the rebels. 

Apr. 24. Saskatchewan. Col. Otter 
defeats the Indians and relieves Bat- 
tleford. Col. Middleton defeats the 
rebels in a fight at Fish Creek. 

May 3. Saskatchewan. The rebels make 
a determined resistance near Battle- 
ford, but are finally defeated by Col. 
Otter. 

May 9. Saskatchewan. Gen. Middleton 
carries the rebel defenses at Batoehe, 
aided by Capt. Howard of the United 
States. 

May 14. Saskatchewan. The Indians, 
led by Poundmaker, capture a supply 
train of 31 waggons, which they succeed 
in retaining. 

May 15. Saskatchewan. Louis Riel 
surrenders, and many of his men. 

Big Bear and Poundmaker, with 
1,500 Indians, refuse to surrender. 

May 26. Saskatchewan. Chief Pound- 
maker and other Indians surrender. 

May 28-29. Saskatchewan. Gen. Strange 
attacks the intrenched camp of Big 
Bear, near Port Pitt, and drives him 
out. 

June 7. Saskatchewan. Big Bear's 
army is divided and pursued by Gens. 
Middleton and Strange, who report his 



July 3. Saskatchewan. Big Bear is 
captured. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1883 July 11, 12±. Ont. A flood in 
the Thames Valley does much damage, 
and causes about 30 deaths. 

1886 Apr. 17,18. P.Q. Anice-gorge 
at Montreal causes an inundation ; dam- 
age, $1,500,000. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1875 * * Head, Sir Francis Bond, traveler, 

lieutenant-governor of I'pper Canada, AH2. 
* * Logan, Sir William Edmund, geologist-, 
A77. 

1876 * * Caroii, Rene - Edouard, statesman, 
A76. 

Heavvsege, Charles, poet, A60. 
1880 * * be Mille, James, novelist, A43. 
1882 * * Ryerson, Adolnlms Egerton, educa- 
tionist, A79. 
1885* * Hiiii-ks, Sir Francis, statesman, A7S. 
Sept. 30. Glover, Sir John H,, governor 

of Nova Scotia, dies. 
Nov. 16. Riel, Louis, insurgent, A40. 

CHURCH. 
1876 Jan. 16. P. Q. Louis Z. Mo- 
reau is consecrated R. C. bishop of St. 
Hyacinthe. 



* * The Woman's Boards of the Bap- 
tist Church is organized. 

* * The Woman's Foreign Missionary 
Society of the Presbyterian Church is 
organized. 

1877 * * Br. Col. Greenville becomes 
a mission-station of the Methodist 
Church of Canada. 

1878 * * It. Leo XTTT. is elected pope. 
May 28. P. Q. The Roman Catholic 

diocese of Chicoutimi is established. 

1880 Nov. 21. Ont. James Vincent 
Cleary is consecrated R. C. bishop of 
Kingston, at Rome. 

1881 Nov. * Ont. Organization of the 
"Woman's Missionary Society of the 
Methodist Church, at Hamilton. 

* * The Canadian Foreign Missionary 
Society is organized ; it works through 
the channels of the American Board. 

* * Br. Col. W. Duncan ceases to be 
a missionary of the Church Missionary 
Society. [He works with Americans in 
Alaska.] 

1882 * * P.Q. The R. C. prefecture 
apostolic of the Gulf of St. Lawrence is 
established. 

May 29. P. Q. F. X. Bosse is nomi- 
nated R. C. prefect apostolic of the Gulf 
of St. Lawrence. 

July 11. Ont. Vicariate apostolic of 
Pontiac is established. 

July 14. Ont. The Roman Catholic di- 
ocese of Peterborough is established. 

Sept. 21. Ont. Narcisse-Zephirih Lor- 
rain is consecrated vicar-apostolic of 
Pontiac. 

* * The Montreal "Woman's Mission- 
ary Society is organized. 

1883 Jan. 31. JS T . S. Cornelius 
O'Brien is consecrated R. C. archbishop 
of Halifax. 

* * The Domestic and Foreign Mission- 
ary Society of the Church of England 
in Canada is organized. [Its contrihu-" 
tions are sent to other societies.] 

* * Br. Col. Aiyonsh becomes a mission- 
station of the English Church Mission- 
ary Society. 

1885 July 10. P. Q. The Koman 
Catholic diocese of Nicolet is estab- 
lished. 

Aug. 2. P. Q. Elphege Gravel is con- 
secrated at Rome R. C. bishop of Nicolet. 

* * Br. Col. Albany, in Moosonee, be- 
comes a station of the Church Society 
(Eng.), having one missionary and wife. 

1886 June 7. P. Q. Archbishop El- 
zear- Alexandre Taschereau is cre- 
ated cardinal. 

June S. P. Q. Bishop Fabre is made 
archbishop of Montreal. 

Ont. The Roman Catholic archdio- 
cese of Ottawa is created. 

June 10. Ont. The Canada Congrega- 
tional "Woman's Board of Missions is 
organized in a parsonage at Ottawa, by 
four ladies. 

* *The "Woman's Auxiliary to the 
Board of Diocesan Domestic and For- 
eign Missions of the Church of England, 
in Canada is organized. 



* * Ont. The International Missionary 
Union meets at Thousand Island Park. 

* * Ont. Bishop Duhamel is made Roman 
Catholic archbishop of Ottawa. 

* * .V. S. The diocese of Arichat is 
changed to Antigonish. 

1887 May 1. Ont. Thomas J. Dowling 
is consecrated R. C. bishop of Hamilton. 

LETTERS. 

1875** Man. The Manitoba Wes- 
leyan Institute is erected in Winnipeg. 

* * K. S. The Weekly Herald is issued at 
Halifax. 

* * Ont. The separate Roman Catho- 
lic schools in this Province number 170. 
with 22,073 names on the rolls. 

* * The Dawn of Life, by John William 
Dawson, appears. [1877. The Origin of 
the World.] 

1876 * * Ont. The Evening Telegram is 
issued at Toronto. 

1877 * * N. B. The Times is issued at 
Moncton. 

* * The Chien d'or, The Golden Dog, by 
William Kirby, appears. 

1878 * * Reminiscences of Old Edinburgh, 
by Sir Daniel "Wilson, appears. 

1879 * * A r . W. T. The Bulletin is issued 
at Edmonton. 

* * Ont. Le Canada is issued at Ottawa. 
1880* * Ont. Tlie Evening Kews is is- 
sued at Toronto. 

* * Papineau, and Felix Poutre, by Louis 
Honore" Frechette, appear. 

* * Louis Honore Frechette is crowned the 
poet of the year by the French Academy 
for his Les fieurs bortales, etc. 

* * The Change of Life in Geological Time, 
by John William Dawson, appears. 

1881 * * N. B. The World is issued at 
Chatham. 

* * Canada since the Union of 1841, by 
John Charles Dent, appears. 

1882 May 25. The Marquis of Lome 
founds the Society for the Advance- 
ment of Literature and Science. 

* * Man. Tlie Sun is issued at Brandon. 

* * Mail. The N'or^west Farmer is issued 
at Winnipeg. 

* * N. F. The Evening Herald is issued 
at St. Johns. 

* * N. B. The Transcript is issued at 
Moncton. * 

1883 * * Man. The Register is issued at 
Neepawa. 

* * Man. The Manitoba Liberal is issued 
at Portage la Prairie. 

* * X. W. T. The Herald is issued at Cal- 
gary. 

* * X S. The Tribune is issued at Wind- 
sor. 

18S4 * * Man. The Review is issued at 
Portage la Prairie. 

* * Ont. The War Cry is issued at To- 
ronto. 

* * P. Q. La Presse is issued at Montreal. 

* * Professor Conant, by Lucius Seth 
Huntington, appears. 



CANADA. 



1875,** -1887, May*. 585 



1S85 * * Out. The Canadian Freeman is 
issued at Kingston. 

* * -86 * * The Story of the Upper Can- 
ada Rebellion, by John Charles Dent, 
appears. 

1886 Oct. 22. Baptists lay the corner- 
stone for a college building at Wood- 
stock. 

* * N. W. T. The Tribune is issued daily 
at Calgary. 

SOCIETY. 

1876 Nov. 16. P. Q. Joseph Gui- 
bord, who died in September, is finally 
buried under the protection of the mili- 
tary and police at Montreal, (p. 582). 

Dec. 17. P. Q. Bread riots break out 
in Montreal. 

1877 July 12t. P. Q. Riots are 
raised by Orangemen, with fatal re- 
sults, at Montreal. 

1878 Nov. 25. A. S. The Marquis 
of Lome and the Princess Louise 
arrive at Halifax. 

1881 July * -Oct. * The Marquis of 
Lome, as Governor-General, is enthusi- 
astically received in his progress 
through the Provinces. 

Nov. 14. Eng. The Marquis of Lome 
arrives at Birkenhead. 

1882 Jan. * The Marquis of Lome 
returns to the Dominion. 

1883 * * The number of Indians is re- 
ported at 110,505, and their condition is 
progressive. 

Apr. * Ont. The Marquis of Lome re- 
turns from the Northwestern Provinces 
to Ottawa. 

1884 Apr. 30. Ont. The discovery of 
dynamite cartridges under the Parlia- 
ment House at Toronto causes great 
excitement. 

Oct. 22. P. Q. The Marquis of Lans- 
downe arrives at Quebec as the Viceroy 
of Canada. 

1885 July 20. Assiniboia. Louis Kiel's 
trial begins at Pegina. [Aug. 1. Con- 
victed. Nov. 16. Executed.] 

Aug. 5. At Regina, 28 prisoners plead 
guilty of treason felony. 

Sept. 29. Compulsory vaccination, 
causes riots. 

Nov. 17. P. Q. The French at Mon- 
treal and Quebec make demonstra- 
tions against the Government. 

Nov. 27. Saskatchewan. Eight Indi- 
ans are hanged for murder at Battle- 
ford. 

1887 May 11. P. Q. "William O'Brien 
of Dublin, editor of United Ireland, and 
a conspicuous agitator for Home Rule, 
arrives at Montreal. 

May * Wm. O'Brien makes a tour of 
the principal cities, and is received with 
enthusiasm by Home Rule sympathizers, 
but stoned by the Orangemen. 

STATE. 

1877 June 15. ST. S. The Canadian 
and United States Fishery Commis- 
sion convenes at Halifax. 



The members are Sir Alex. Gait for 
Canada, E. T. Kellogg for the United 
States, and M. Detloss for Belgium. 

Sept. 19±. The general election is 
held, and returns an anti-administration 
majority. 

Oct. 5. Eng. The Marquis of Lome 
is appointed governor-general. 

Oct. 19±. Ottawa. The Mackenzie 
Ministry resigns, and a Conservative 
Ministry is formed under Sir John A. 
Macdonald as premier. 

Nov. 23-24. N. S. The Fisheries 
Commission awards $5,500,000 to Can- 
ada, with Mr. Kellogg dissenting. 

1880 * * N, B. Robert Duncan Wil- 
mot is lieutenant-governor. 

1881 Feb.* Ottawa. The Assembly 
ratines the Canadian Pacific Kail- 
road contract. 

1882 Apr. 20. Ottawa. The Canadian 
Pacific Railroad Bill is passed. 

June * General elections are held ; the 
majority favor a protective tariff. 

July * Ottawa. An Order in Council di- 
vides the vast territory beyond Mani- 
toba into four territories, called As- 
siniboia, Saskatchewan, Alberta, and 
Athabasca. 

1883 Feb. 8. Ottawa. The new Par- 
liament meets. 

* * The Marquis of Lansdowne be- 
comes viceroy. 

1885 Feb.* Canada offers to assist the 
Imperial government in the Soudan 
campaign. 

Mar. * Saskatchewan. The Kiel insur- 
rection breaks out in the new territo- 
ries beyond Manitoba, because the in- 
habitants were not consulted in dividing 
the territory. 

It is alleged that the Government has 
failed to give the political and social 
rights it had promised. 

1886 May 8. N.S. The U.S. fishing- 
schooner David J. Adams is seized at 
Digby for violating the fishing-laws. 

May± * Canadians send out an armed 

fleet to enforce the fisheries regulations 

on the Americans. 
May 30. The Americans retaliate by 

seizing the Canadian vessel Sisters in 

American waters. 

* * -87 * * A total of 35 vessels are 
seized by the two Governments. 

July 9. Saskatchewan. A general am- 
nesty to the insurrectionists is pro- 
claimed, and only murderers are ex- 
cepted. 

1887 Jan. 17. Ottawa. The Parlia- 
ment is dissolved. 

Feb. * Eng. Sir Alex. Campbell is ap- 
pointed high commissioner for Canada. 

Feb. 23. Elections favor the govern- 
ment. 

Mar. 3. U. S. Congress passes the Fish- 
eries Bill. 

Apr. 2. Americans seize British seal- 
ing- vessels in the North Pacific. [Apr. 
9, 12, 17 others are seized.] 

Apr. 13. Ottawa. The House opens. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1876 June 18. A. B. The commer- 
cial district of St. John is destroyed 
by fire. [Subscriptions are started in. 
Great Britain.] 

1879 Sept. 27. Ont. The Marquis of 
Lome opens the Dominion industrial 
exhibition at Ottawa. 

Dec. 1. The ^ Bonis sia, a Dominion 
steamer, from Liverpool, springs a leak 
in the Atlantic after leaving Coruna, 
and sinks. 

Dec. 2. Ten of the Borussia's crew of 
over 300 are saved by boats. 

1880 * * Ont. The Canada Pacific 
Railroad is commenced. 

1881* * The population numbers 

4,500,000. 
May 24. P. Q. The steamer Victoria 

upsets on the Thames, and several 

hundred are drowned. 
June * P. Q. Quebec loses 600 small 

wooden houses by fire. 

1882 Sept. 14. Ont. The steamer Asia 
founders between Ontario and Sault 
Ste. Marie; about 98 are lost. 

Nov. * N. S. About 31 persons per- 
ish in the burning of an almshouse at 
Halifax. 

1883 Jan. 23. P. Q. The ice palace 
is erected at Montreal, and a carnival 
held. 

Feb. 8. Ont. The opera house at To- 
ronto is burned. 

Apr. 19. P. Q. An incendiary burns 
the Parliament buildings at Quebec, 

Sept. 8. The Northern Pacific Railroad 
of 2,500 miles is opened. 

Sept. 12. Ont. An industrial exhibi- 
tion is opened by the Marquis of Lome 
at Toronto. 

1884 Jan. 2. Ont. A collision occurs 
on the Grand Trunk Line, near Toronto, 
and 31 are killed. 

Sept. * Famine causes much distress in 
Labrador. 

1885 Oct. 1. P. Q. The new Parli- 
ament buildings at Quebec are de- 
stroyed by dynamite explosions. 

Oct. * Montreal has 1,622 deaths from 
smallpox in this month. 

Nov. 6. Eng. The Queen sends a mes- 
sage of congratulation to the people of 
Canada. 

Hov. 7. The Canadian steamer Algoma 
founders in Lake Superior; 45 per- 
sons perish. 

Nov. 8. Sir Donald Smith drives the last 
spike in finishing the Canadian Pacific 
Railroad, 2,909 miles west from Mon- 
treal. The entire length of the Domin- 
ion road is 2,569 miles. 

1886* *-87* * Statistics: Revenue, 
£7,364,916; expenditure, £7,326,920; im- 
ports, £23,197,035; exports, £18,393,660. 

1887 * * -88 * * P.Q. Montreal suffers 
from great fires. 

May 4. Br. Col. A mine explodes at 
Nanaimo, Vancouver Island ; over 170 
persons perish. 



586 1887, July 6-1889, June 4. 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1389 May 29. N. 8. The Canadian 

cruiser Vigilant seizes the Gloucester 

schooner Mattie Winship off Cape North. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1888 Aug. 16. A terrific storm dam- 
ages Ontario and Quebec to the amount 
of §1,500,000 ; many persons are killed 
by lightning. 

1889 Jan. 18. Br. Col. The steamer 
Cariboo Fly returns from an exploring - 
trip on the Skeena River. 

Jan. 23. Out. Natural gas in paying 
quantities is struck at Kingsville. 

Feb. 5. P. Q. A shock of earthquake 
is felt at Grand Metis. 

Apr. 6. Out. Petroleum is discovered 
at Kingsville. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1888 Apr.* White, Thomas, minister of 
the interior, A58. 

1889 Jan. 22. Hughes, Joshua, bishop of 
St. Asaph, dies. 

Feb. 20. Stewart, James, senior Presbyte- 
rian clergyman in Toronto, dies. 

Feb. 26. Young, Ccorge Fax ton, professor 
of mental and moral science at the Uni- 
versity College, Toronto, dies. 

Mar. 28. Howard, R. P., dean of medical 
faculty of MoGill College, Montreal, dies. 

Apr. 11. Dunsmnir. Robert, president of 
the council at Victoria, B.C., dies. 

June 4. Brompton, F., general manager of 
Great Western Railway, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1887 Aug. 12. N. S. Charles Inglia 
is consecrated, at Lambeth, England , 
bishop of Nova Scotia. 

1888 Oct. 28. P. Q. L. W. Begin is 
consecrated Roman Catholic bishop of 
Chicoutimi. 

1889 Jan. 17. Ont. Rev. Canon Knox- 
Little commences a series of mission- 
services at Toronto. 

Jan. 20. Chicago. Great excitement 
is caused by Father Dowd's denunciation 
in Montreal of the Illinois Catholic Or- 
der of Foresters. 

Feb. 2. Ont. A deputation from the 
Church of England Defense Associ- 
ation waits upon Bishop of Niagara at 
Hamilton to protest against ritualistic 
practises. 

Feb. 9. P. Q. The incorporation and 
endowment of the Jesuits cause 
great excitement. 

Feb. 10±. P. Q. The ostensory — in 
which the host is placed — recently 
given by Pope Leo to Cardinal 
Tasehereau, arrives in Quebec. It is 
richly ornamented with precious stones. 

Feb. 17. In Protestant churches in 
Quebec and Ontario Provinces resolu- 
tions protesting against the $400,000 
grant made to the Jesuits at the last 
session of the Quebec Legislature are 
read, and petitions largely signed to give 
effect to the resolutions. 

Feb. 24. Ont. A meeting of Catho- 
lics is held at Ottawa to express sym- 
pathy for the Pope, and demand the res- 
toration of the temporal power. 



Mar. * P. Q. A resolution is intro- 
duced in the Quebec Legislature by the 
Ultramontanes, asking the Queen to 
UBe her influence in restoring to the 
Pope his temporal power. 

May 1. Ont. Richard A. O'Connor 
is consecrated Roman Catholic bishop 
of Peterborough. 

May 7. Out. The Toronto Presby- 
tery nominates Principal Grant for the 
moderatorship. 

May 24. N. S. Archdeacon Gilpin is 
promoted to be dean, and Rev. J. A. 
Kaulback of Truro is made archdeacon. 



LETTERS. 

1887 * * Man. Den Skandinavislce Cana- 
diensaren is issued at "Winnipeg. 

* * Ont, The Weekly Empire is issued at 
Toronto; also The Saturday Night. 

* * La Ugende d'un peup/e, by Louis Ho- 
nor^ Frechette, appears. 

1888 * * Ont. The Empire (daily) is is- 
sued at Toronto. 

* * Man. The Loegberg (Icelandic) is is- 
sued at Winnipeg. 

1889 Feb. 23. The Holy See re- 
fuses permission to the Jesuits in Can- 
ada to confer university degrees. 

Mar. 6. Ont. The customs authorities 
at Toronto seize and destroy 100 copies 
of Zola's novels, as they are said to be 
of immoral character. 

May 2. Ont. An injunction is served to 
restrain the federation of Victoria 
College with Toronto University. 

May 14. Ont. The senate of the Vic- 
toria University meets at Cobourg, and 
considers the federation with Toronto 
University. 

SOCIETY. 

1888 May 23. The Marquis of Lans- 
downe leaves Canada. 

June 30. The average consumption per 
capita of all intoxicating liquors is 4.61 
gallons ; of malt liquors, 3.76 gallons. 

1889 Jan. 11. Sir John Macdonald 
receives numerous congratulations on 
his 74th birthday. 

Feb. 4. P. Q. The Montreal ice carni- 
val begins. 

Ont. The Women's Enfranchise- 
ment Association is formed at Toronto. 

Feb. 12. Ont. The order of the Sons of 
England holds a convention at Ottawa. 

Feb. 14. Ont. Two hundred weavers go 
out on strike at Cornwall. 

Feb. 15. Man. The half-breeds of Da- 
kota resist the collection of taxes, 
and the militia is called out. 

Feb. 20. Ont. Peterborough votes to 
adopt high license. 

A congress of jailers is held at 

Toronto. 

Mar. 5. Ont. The Jesuit Fathers bring 
a libel suit for §50,000 damages against 
The Toronto Mail. 

Mar. 7. Man. Gov. Schultz offers a site 
for a hospital at Selkirk, 



Ont. "White Caps flog an alleged 



\Ut-Ur.vU- 



r'-'et'i 



Mar. 14. Ont. Black Caps organize at 
Kingston, and warn idlers and wife- 
beaters to beware. 

Mar. 19. Ont. The striking weavers 
decide to return to work at Cornwall. 

Mar. 26. Out. W. H. Harvey is ar- 
rested at Toronto for shooting his wife 
and two children. 

Mar. 30. Ont. The new Surgical 
Hospital for "Women is opened at 
Toronto by the Bishop of Toronto. It 
is under the control of the Anglican 
sisterhood. 

Apr. 9. Ont, The police of Berlin are 
ordered to ring the town bell at 9 p. m. 
daily, and arrest all children under 15 
years of age who may be found on the 
streets after that hour. 

A convention of dairymen meets in 
Ottawa. 

Apr. 16. N. S. The Supreme Court de- 
clares the wholesale license clause of 
the Provincial law to be ultra vires of the 
local legislature. 

Gabriel Dumont, Kiel's lieutenant 

in the late rebellion in the Northwest 
Territory, and but lately pardoned, is 
stirring up the half-breeds. 

May 18. Ont. Plasterers of Toronto 
demand an additional two and a half 
cents an hour, and being refused, go out 
on strike. 

May 21. Ont. Thomas Johnson, col- 
ored, is arrested, charged with beating 
his child to death. 

The Grand Legion of the Ancient 

Order of United "Workmen hold the 
seventh annual conclave in Toronto. 

June 2. Man. Martin Burke, con- 
nected with the murder of Dr. Cronin, 
is identified by a Chicago officer at "Win- 
nipeg, and arrested. 

STATE. 

1887 Aug. 30±. Eng. A Joint Com- 
mission is appointed by Great Britain 
and the United States to settle the fish- 
eries dispute. 

1SS8 Feb. 15. I). C. The Joint Com- 
mission signs the Fisheries Treaty at 
Washington. 

Apr. 7. Ottawa. The Assembly defeats 
a bill for trade reciprocity with the 
United States. 

May 1. Eng. Lord Stanley of Preston 
is appointed governor-general. 

May 2. Ottawa. Parliament approves 
the Fisheries Treaty. 

June 11. Ottawa. Lord Stanley, the 
successor of the Marquis of Lansdowne, 
takes the oath as governor-general. 

Aug. 21. D. C. The U. S. Senate re- 
fuses to ratify the Fisheries Treaty. 

Sept. * Commissioners report to the 
Government the attractions of the basin 
of the Mackenzie River for settlers. 

18S9 Jan. 18. Br. Col. John Grant is 
elected mayor of Victoria. 

Jan. 24. Ont. The Ontario Legisla- 
ture opens. 



CANADA. 



1887, July 6-1889, June 4. 587 



Jan. 31. Ottawa. Parliament opens. 
Feb. 17. Ottawa. Sir Richard Cart- 
wright's resolution in favor of the Do- 
minion assuming treaty-making 
powers is rejected by the House. 
Feb. 19. Ottawa. Notice is given in the 
Dominion Parliament of the introduc- 
tion of a resolution in favor of Home 
Rule. 

The Dominion Government pardons 
Gabriel Dumont, Louis Kiel's first 
lieutenant in the Northwest rebellion. 

Feb. 26. Ottawa. The Senate passes 
bills for repealing bills of lading, to per- 
mit the suspension of sentence in the 
case of first offenses, and for amending 
the Weights and Measures Act. 

Mar. 2. Ottawa. The Dominion Parlia- 
ment rejects a continuation of the 
modus vivendi in force, and a resolu- 
tion providing for closer trade relations 
with the United States. Vote, 65-108. 

Mar. 15. Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdon- 
ald threatens to resign the premier- 
ship, and go before the country on the 
Jesuit question, if the anti- Jesuit reso- 
lution promoted by the Orangemen is 
persevered in. 

Mar. 23. Ottawa. The Government is- 
sues modus vivendi licenses to sealing- 
vessels, which are good until Dec. 31, 18S9. 

Mar. 25. Ottawa. Statistical" returns 
strongly reenforce the Reciprocity 
Party in House of Commons. 

Mar. 26. Ottawa. In the House of Com- 
mons a resolution is moved concerning 
the action of the Quebec Legislature in 
the Jesuits* Estates matter. 

That it is beyond the power of that 
House to enact such legislation : 1. Be- 
cause it endows from public funds a re- 
ligious organization, thereby violating 
the unwritten but undoubted constitu- 
tional principle of the complete separa- 
tion of Church and State. 2. Because 
it recognizes the usurpation of the right 
by a foreign authority — the Pope of 
Rome — to claim that his consent was 
necessary to empower the Provincial 
Legislature to dispose of a portion of 
the public domain, and also because the 
Act is made to depend upon the will, and 
the appropriation of the grant thereby 
made is subject to the control, of the 
same authority. 3. Because the endow- 
ing of the Society of Jesuits, an alien, 
secret, and politico-religious body, is 
fraught with danger to the civil and re- 
ligious liberties of the people of Canada. 

Mar. 28. Ottaioa. The debate on the 
Jesuits' Estates question continues in 
the House of Commons. 

Mar. 29. Ottawa. The O'Brien Jesuits' 
Disallowance Amendment is defeated 
in the Dominion Parliament. 

Apr. 1. Queen Victoria is asked to in- 
terfere concerning the Jesuits' Estates 
matter. 

Apr. 5. Br. Col. The Provincial Par- 
liament ends its business of session. 

Apr. 7. P. Q. M. Mercier, the pre- 
mier of Quebec, says that the treasury 
of Quebec is empty, and it will be neces- 
sary to pass a special act to procure 
the $400,000 to be handed over to 
the Roman Catholic authorities un- 
der the Jesuits' Estates Act, 



Apr. 9. Out. The House of Commons 
passes the bill to amend the Fisheries 
Act, which prohibits net-fishing in tidal 
waters. 

Apr. 26. Ottazoa. The Weldon Extra- 
dition Bill is passed by the Senate. 

Speeches strongly maintaining the 
Canadian claims in Bering Sea are 
made in the Dominion Parliament. 

Apr. * Ottawa. The Senate expresses its 
views on unrestricted reciprocity. 

"It would not be in the interest of 
Canada to establish an entire reciprocity 
of trade w r ith any foreign nation upon 
any condition that would restrict, with 
regard to others, entire freedom of ac- 
tion by this country in protecting its 
own industries, in dealing with its own 
sources of revenue, and in regulating its 
own foreign trade, or that would make 
necessary the adoption of duties discrim- 
inating against imports from other na- 
tions, and more especially the mother 
country." 

May 2. Ottawa. The Parliament is 
prorogued. 

May28±. Ottawa. The Alaskan boun- 
dary line is in dispute. The Govern- 
ment seeks a settlement. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887 July 6, 7. P. Q. A fire breaks 
out in the citadel at Quebec ; the pow- 
der magazine is saved. The damage 
amounts to about $150,000. 

July 16. Out. Petroleum ignites and 
explodes at St. Thomas, killing and 
wounding many. 

July 30. P. Q. The great railroad 
bridge over the St. Lawrence at Lachine 
is completed. 

Sept. 6. Out. An industrial exhibition 
is opened by Lord Lansdowne at Toronto. 

Sept. * Ottawa. Government sub- 
sidies are pledged for the support of a 
fortnightly mail service from London, 
Eng., to tht. East by the Pacific Rail- 
road. 

1888 Sept. 11. Out. Lord Stanley 
opens an exhibition at Toronto. 

1889 Jan. 3. £7-. Col. The Welling- 
ton coal-mines of British Columbia are 
shut down. 

Jan. 16. P. Q. Typhoid fever is epi- 
demic at Bale St. Paul. 

Jan. 24. Out. A natural gas-well is 
torpedoed at St. Catharines. 

Jan. 28. Man. The Supreme Court de-' 
cides that the Manitoba government may 
extend the Red River Railroad across 
the Canada Pacific line. 

Jan. 28±. Ottawa. Parliament re- 
fuses to sanction the erection of the 
extension of the Red River Railroad 
across the Pacific Railroad, as an in- 
fringement of rights. 

Jan. 30±. Ottawa. Canada decides not 
to take part in the Paris Exposition. 

Feb. 7. Ont. The opera-house at 
Napanee collapses. 

Feb. 12. Saskatchewan. An epidemic 
of a virulent character rages among the 
Chippeway Indians at Fort Pitt. 

Feb. 27. Ont. A passenger-train is 
wrecked at St. George, on the Great 



"Western Railroad ; 10 persons are killed 
and many seriously injured. 

Feb. * P. Q. Harbor improvements to 
cost $4,000,000 are commenced in Mon- 
treal. 

They include four miles of wharfage, a 
still-water basin of six square miles, and 
the dredging of the river. 

Mar. 4. P. Q. Several lives are lost by 
the fall of a mill-roof in Montreal. 

Mar. 5. P. Q. The Montreal Board of 
Trade's Council approves the Extradi- 
tion Bill introduced into Parliament, 
and framed so as to include American 
defaulters. 

Mar. 7±. Ont. Many cases of smallpox 
and eight deaths occur in Fingal and 
Southwold. 

Mar. 14. N. S. A gold-mine in Duf- 
ferin, Halifax Comity, sells at auction 
for $145,000. 

Mar. 20. N~. S. The British war-ship 
Lily arrives at Halifax with a case of 
yellow fever on board. 

Mar. 21. Customs authorities seize the 
American fishing-schooner W. H. 
Foye. 

Apr. 11. The annual report of the De- 
partment of Fisheries shows a de- 
crease of $967,593 in the value of the 
fisheries. 

Apr. 16. Ont. The Welland Canal is 
opened for navigation. 

Thousands of seals are killed in the 
Lower St. Lawrence. 

Apr. 25 + . Ont. The Grand Trunk Rail- 
way decides to cease running freight- 
trains on Sunday. 

Apr. 28. Ont. The limited express on 
the Grand Trunk Railroad from Chicago 
to Hamilton runs off the track and 
takes fire ; IS persons are burned to 
death and about 20 injured. The train 
passengers were on their way to New 
York City to participate in the Centen- 
nial celebration. 

May 1. N. F. Fourteen lives are lost in 
the wrecking of the schooner Shiloh 
at Grand Banks. 

May 10. Eng. The House of Commons 
approves the cable contract for Hali- 
fax and Bermuda. 

May 14. Ont. Forest fires do much 
damage at Belleville. 

The steamer Cynthia comes in col- 
lision with the steamer Polynesian, and 
sinks in the St. Lawrence River opposite 
Longue Point ; eight sailors lose their 
lives. 

May 16. P. Q. About 700 houses are de- 
stroyed by fire in a suburb of Quebec ; 
property worth $600,000 is burned, one 
man killed, and one fatally hurt. 

May 29. A Canadian schooner is 
wrecked on Gallos Island, in Lake On- 
tario, and eight sailors are missing. 

June 2. A train of the Canadian Pacific 
railroad crosses Maine on the short 
line to the Maritime Provinces. 

June 3. y. S. The steamer Bessie Mor- 
ris from Montreal for Sydney goes ashore 
in Aspy Bay. 



588 1889, June 5 -Nov. 13. 



CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S89 June 11. Man. The 91st Bat- 
talion is organized with companies at 
St. James, Kildonan, Selkirk, Spring- 
field, Stonewall, and "Woodlands. 

June 14. Ont. The formation of six 
companies for a battalion at London 
is ordered. 

July 3. P. Q. The 5th district mili- 
tary camp at St. Johns is inspected by 
Sir Frederick Middleton. 

Aug. 4. The British squadron of the 
Pacific goes to protect British ships. 

Sept. 10. P. Q. Artillery competition 
opens at Isle of Orleans, Quebec. 

Sept. 18. P. Q. The Charlottetown bat- 
tery of Prince Edward Island takes the 
first prize in artillery by competition 
at Grosse Island. 

Sept. 19. Ont. Maj. Todd declines the 
colonelcy of the Governor-General's foot- 
guards at Ottawa. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 July 17. Br. Col. Petroleum is 
discovered at Vancouver in the center of 
the city. 

July 29. N. S. Two seams of good hard 
coal are discovered near Truro. 

Aug. 17. Ont. The Canadian College 
of Music is established at Ottawa. 

Sept. 3. Ont. The American Associa- 
tion for the Advancement of Science 
closes its session at Toronto. 

Sept. 6. N~. S. Gold is discovered at 
Princess Ledge, near Halifax. 

Sept. 19. P. Q. Several thousand tons 
of rock slide from Cape Diamond to 
Champlain Street, in Quebec, 300 feet 
below, demolishing in their course seven 
dwellings, and killing or injuring a 
number of persons. 

Oct. 2. P. Q. A large piece of roek 
falls at Quebec, near the scene of the 
former disaster, and crushes in and 
wrecks a building, but without loss of 
life. 

Nov. 4. N. S. Coal deposits are dis- 
covered, containing millions of tons of 
coal. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889. 
June 5. Gray, John Hamilton, justice of 

Supreme Court, at Victoria, B. C, dies. 
June 6. Jones, W. C, editor of the Star 

Transcript* dies. 
June 12. Cecil, Lord A. P., is drowned at 

Adolphustown, Ont. 
July 1. Theresa, Mother, head of the Order 

of Our Lady of Loretto, at Toronto, dies. 
July 18. Harel, Ablxi Telesphore, chan- 
cellor of an'hdio'-t'SL' of Montreal, dies. 
Aug. 3. McConnell, P., Baptist pioneer 

missionary, dies. 
Aug. 13. Miller, Father, vicar-general of 

Montreal, dies. 
Nov. 4. St. Louis, Mother, superioress of 

Good Shepherd Convent, Quebec, dies. 
* * Richards, Sir William Buel, jurist, A74. 

CHURCH. 

1889 June 6. P. Q. The Conference 
of the Methodist Church of Canada 
opens its sixth annual session at Sher- 
brooke. 

Ont. The Bay of Quinte Methodist 

Conference meeting is held at Belle- 
ville. 



The Congregational Union, Brant- 
ford, opens. 

June 11. Ont. The Anglican Synod 
of Toronto convenes. 

June 12. Ont. Lord A. P. Cecil, a 
noted evangelist, is drowned at Adolph- 
ustown. 

June 13. P. Q. The Baptist Church 
Eastern Association convenes at Sher- 
brooke. 

Ont. The Presbyterian General 

Assembly is held at Toronto. 

June 18. P. Q. The Synod of Mon- 
treal convenes. 

Ont. The Ontario Diocesan Synod 

meets at Kingston. 

June 19. A'. S. The Methodist Con- 
ference meets at Liverpool. 

June 21. Ont. The Toronto District 
Baptist Association convenes. 

July 3. Ont. The Presbytery of Kings- 
ton elects M. TV. Maclean moderator. 

July 10. Man. The Baptist Conven- 
tion elects J. "W. Whitman of Emerson 
president. 

July 31. Ont. The Canada District of 
the Lutheran Synod closes at Ottawa. 

Aug. 17. Ont. The Reformed Epis- 
copal Synod elects its officers at Ot- 
tawa. 

Aug. 21. A T . S. The Presbytery of Hali- 
fax meets. 

Aug. 26. P. Q. The petition of Louis 
Aronson and others for an order to es- 
tablish a Jewish congregation is granted 
at Montreal. 

Sept. 7. P. Q. Cure Sentenne denounces 
Labor Day from the pulpit in Montreal. 

Sept. 11. P. Q. The Synod of the 
Church of England in Canada opens 
in Montreal. 

Sept. 12. Ont. The Privy Council re- 
fuses to refer the Jesuits' Estates case 
to the Supreme Court. 

Sept. 15. Ont. Bishop John Walsh is 
appointed archbishop of Toronto. 

Sept. 18. Father Paradis of Quebec is 
summoned to return from Home. 

Oct. 3. P. Q. Cardinal Taschereau 
confirms 300 children at Quebec. 

Oct. 13. P. Q. The ceremony of bless- 
ing the amalgamation of Laval and 
Victoria Universities is celebrated in 
Notre Dame Cathedral at Montreal. 

Oct. 14. Ont. The census of attendance 
at Protestant churches is taken at Ot- 
tawa ; attending number, 7,328. 

Oct. 16. Ont. The Baptist Conven- 
tion is held at Ottawa. 

Oct. 24. Ont. The cloistered nuns 
are exempted from appearing in Court 
by Justice Mathieu, in "La Banque 
Ville Marie vs. Hotel Dieu" case at 
Montreal. 

Oct. 30. Man. The Anglican Synod 
closes at "Winnipeg. 

Nov. 2. Ont. Premier Mercier re- 
ceives papal benediction from Rome. 

Nov. 12. Ont. The eighth annual 
meeting of the Baptist Congress of 
America is held at Toronto. 



Md. At the Baltimore Catholic 

Congress, Premier Mercier makes 
an address on the impartiality of French 
Canadians in the treatment of Protes- 
tants and Catholics. 

LETTERS. 

1889 Sept. 26. The Catholic Board 
of Public Instruction decides to re- 
duce the grant to classical colleges by 
10 per cent. 

Oct. 9. P.O. The Laval and Victoria 
faculties are amalgamated at Montreal. 

Oct. 14. P. Q. The will of the late Mr. 
"Workman bequeathed $120,000 to 
the McGill University at Montreal. 

Oct. 21. Ont. The Minister of Educa- 
tion issues an order that English shall 
be the language of instruction. 

Oct.* Ont. The foundation stone of the 
new public library is laid at Hamilton. 

* * Ont. The Herald is issued at Hamil- 
ton. 

Nov. 12. Man. The half-breeds of St. 
Laurent hold a meeting, and condemn 
the proposed abolition of separate 
schools and a dual language. 

S0CLETY. 

1889 June 11. Out. The second an- 
nual Convention of the Dominion 
Womans' Christian Temperance 
Union is held at Toronto. 

X. B. Lucian Freeman Villa his 

mother and John Morgan at Meriden. 

Ont. The tenth annual meeting of 

the High Court of the Canadian Or- 
der of Foresters is held at London. 

June 12. Alberta. The Dominion Gov- 
ernment is warned that the Mormon 
colonists are practising polygamy, and 
will soon control the electorate. 

X. B. A convention of locomotive 

engineers is held at Moncton. 

June 18. A'. S. The carpenters of Hali- 
fax strike. 

June 25. Ont. The annual session of 
the Canada Grand Lodge of Good 
Templars is opened at Toronto. 

July 10±. Man. Martin Burke is com- 
mitted at "Winnipeg for extradition, as 
the murderer of Dr. Cronin. 

July 18. Ont. The Canadian Press 
Association holds its annual meeting 
at Toronto. 

July 22. A". B. The carnival opens. 

July 25. Ont. The Brotherhood of 
Brakemen is in session at Ottawa. 

Aug. 4. P. Q. The corner-stone of a 
hospital is laid at Rimouski. 

Aug. 5. A". S. The carnival opens at 
Halifax. 

Aug. 7. Ont. The tenth convention of 
the American Electric Light Associ- 
ation meets at Niagara Falls. 

Aug. 21. Ont. The sixth annual Con- 
vention of Photographers is held at 
Toronto. 

Aug. 23. Ont. The Brooklyn 13th 
Regiment is received at Hamilton, 



CANADA. 



1889, June 5 -Nov. 13. 589 



Sept. 3. P. Q. A Labor Congress, con- 
sisting of the Knights of Labor and the 
Dominion Trades and Labor Congress, 
opens in Montreal. 

Sept. 5. P. Q. The Dominion Labor 
Congress at Montreal adopts resolu- 
tions. 

It calls on the Dominion and Provin- 
cial Governments to abolish the system 
of subsidizing railways by land and 
money grunts, ;is detrimental to the in- 
terests of the country ; recommending 
that all wage-earners be paid weekly, 
and that power to call out the militia in 
case of riots be vested only in the Adju- 
tant-General of the Province and may- 
ors of cities. 

Sept. 11. Ont. Dancing exhibitions 
cause an agitation at Toronto. 

Sept. 21. P. Q. The City Council of 
Quebec votes $5,000 toward relieving 
the sufferers by the falling-rock dis- 
aster. 

Oct. 2. P. Q. Tlie sixth annual Con- 
vention of the Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union opens at Montreal. 

Oct. 3. Ont. The principal members of 
the Cranbourne Club at London are 
found guilty of gambling, and fined. 

P. Q. The First Regiment of the 

Connecticut National Guard, accom- 
panied by Gov. Bulkeley and Senator 
Hawley, arrives in Montreal. 

Oct. 6. Ont. Father Boyle, a priest, 
is sentenced to death for an assault on 
a young woman. 

Oct. 30. A judgment for $500 is 
given against Le Monde for styling Mr. 
Noyes an Orangeman. 

Nov. 4. A Canadian smuggler returns 
$2,500 to the Government by Dwight 
L. Moody, the evangelist. 

Nov. 5. Ont. A great Orange demon- 
stration is held at Ottawa. 

STATE. 

1889 July 17. 2V. S. The Govern- 
ment loan of $300,000 at 4 per cent, 
to run 30 years, is taken at from 1£ to li 
per cent, premium. 

July 28. The law officers of the Crown 
decide the Jesuits' Estates Act was al- 
ready within the powers of the Provin- 
cial Legislature, and that there is no 
case to send to the Judicial Committee 
of the Privy Council. 

July 30. Man. A full Court at "Winni- 
peg agrees in an order committing Mar- 
tin Burke for extradition. 

— r- Canadians are indignant at the seiz- 
ure of the Black Diamond in Bering 
Sea, calling it an American outrage. 

July 31. Ottaiua. The Dominion Minis- 
ter of Justice signs the extradition 
warrant for Martin Burke. 

Aug. 2. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen- 
eral, in reply to a delegation of the 
Equal Rights Association, states that 
in his opinion and that of bis advisers 
there are no grounds either for disallow- 
ance of the act of the Quebec Legislature 
as to the Jesuits' Estates Act or for 
the dissolution of Parliament. 



Aug. 3. Br. Col. John Robson is sworn 
in as premier at Victoria. 

Aug. 6. Ottawa. The Minister of Cus- 
toms receives official report of the seiz- 
ure of the Black Diamond in Bering 
Sea, but no demand as yet for compen- 
sation by her owners. 

Aug. 29. Br. Col. Several sealers are 
seized in the Bering Sea. 

Aug. * British Columbia is endeavoring 
to establish reciprocity with the United 
States. 

The rich iron deposits, the abundance 
of timber, the large supply of fish, make 
reciprocity desirable. 

Sept. 3. Br. Col. A sealer with prize crew 
on board continues sealing despite his 
protests, and after securing 509 sea-otters 
sailed for and arrives safely at Victoria. 

Sept. 17. Lord Stanley, the Governor- 
General, starts on a tour to the North- 
west. 

Oct. 14. P. Q. It is announced that 
payments to the Jesuits are soon to 
be made in Quebec. 

Oct. 25. Eng. The Weldon Extra- 
dition Act is disallowed by the Imperial 
authority. 

Oct. 28. N.S. The American fishing- 
schooner D. Adams is confiscated at 
Halifax for violating the treaty of ISIS. 

Oct. 29. Ont. The People's Political 
Party is organized at Kingston. 

Nov. 4+. Ottawa. Sir John A. Mac- 
donald resigns the Presidency of the 
Council, and takes the portfolio of Rail- 
ways and Canals. C. C. Colby, Deputy 
Speaker of the House of Commons, is 
chosen to succeed him. 

Nov. 5. P. 0. Premier Mercier pays 
over $400,000 to the Jesuits' Estates 
at Montreal. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 June * The Canadian Pacific 
New Soo line is opened. 

June 7- Ont. A great jam of logs 
breaks up at Belleville. 

June 9. P. Q. The Grosse Isle Cable 
is laid, and goes into operation. 

June 21. N. S. Halifax celebratesthe 
140th anniversary of its settlement. 

June 30. Ont. The largest ferry 
steamer on the Upper St. Lawrence 
goes down while ferrying railroad cars 
from Morristown to Brockville. 

July 6. The St. Lawrence Yacht 
Club race for the vice-commodore's 
cup is won by the Lulu. 

July 9. Ont. A natural gas- well is set 
on fire at Ruthven. 

July 10. Br. Col. The Board of Trade 
favors reciprocity with the United 
States. 

July * Ont. Col. Hamilton obtains a 
grant from the Government to set up an 
electric generating machine under 
Niagara Palls. 

Aug. 1. Ont. The palace steamer St. 
Lawrence, of Thousand Islands Steam- 
boat Company, is wrecked at Hog Island 
in the St. Lawrence. 



Aug. 3. Br. Col. The schooner Black 
Diamond, seized by United States cut- 
ter Bushy sails into the harbor of "Vic- 
toria. 

Aug. 4. P. Q. The Dominion line 
steamship Montreal, from Montreal to 
Liverpool, owing to icebergs and fog, is 
totaUy wrecked at Belle Isle. 

Aug. 7. Ont. The American Electric 
Light Association opens its 10th con- 
vention at Niagara Falls. 

Aug. 23. Ont. An English syndi- 
cate purchases a Toronto distillery for 
$6,000,000. 

Aug. 28. JST. S. During the last six 
months 13,626 ounces of gold have been 
mined. 

Aug. 30. Br. Cot. Two of the sealers 
captured in Bering Sea arrive at Vic- 
toria, one with a prize crew of one man 
on board. 

Sept. 2. The Bering-Sea schooner 
Minnie arrives at Victoria after being 
seized and sent to Sitka by the United 
States cutter Rush. 

Sept. 5. The cable telegraph system 
conuects the Canadian Pacific with the 
Mack ay-Bennett line. 

Sept. 10. Ont. The Annual Exhibition 
in Toronto is opened by Sir John A. 
Macdonald. 

Sept. 13. N. B. Forest fires do great 



Ont. Toronto's millionaire philan- 
thropist, Wm. Gooderham, drops 
dead as he finishes a prayer in the 
House for Fallen Women, which was es- 
tablished by him. 

Sept. 17. Ottawa. Lord Stanley starts 
on a tour to the Northwest. 

Sept. 20. P. Q. The Hochelaga Ex- 
hibition at Montreal is opened. 

Sept. * P. Q. A mass of rock falls, and 
many are killed at Quebec. 

Sept. 22. P. E. I. The business portion 
of Kensington is burned. 

Oct. 17. The Northern Pacific Rail- 
road authorizes the issue of $160,000,- 
000 new 5 per cent bonds. 

Labrador. Fishermen are suffer- 
ing, owing to failure of fisheries at Es- 
quimaux Point. 

Oct. 24. Ont. Four lives are lost and 
several persons are injured by the burn- 
ing of the steamer Quinte, near Des- 
eronto. 

Oct. 26. The people of Current Island, 
Belle Isle Strait, are starving, owing 
to the failure of the fisheries. 

Nov. 2. A wrapping-paper trust is 
formed. 

Nov. 4. N. S. Many families in Ter- 
ence Bay are starving through failure 
of the fisheries. 

P. Q. The Montreal pig-iron boom 

collapses. 

Nov. 13. Ont. A breaking dam at 
Alton causes much disaster to mills, 
dwellings, bridges, etc. ; several lives 
are lost. 



590 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. CANADA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Dec. 4. Lieut. Eric Streatfield 
is appointed A.D.C., vice Capt. Wise, 
A.D.C. 

Ont. Lieut. J. A. Moore is placed 

on the list as instructor at the Royal 
Military College at Kingston. 

1890 July 12. Out. The Official Ga- 
zette of Ottawa contains Gen. Middle- 
ton's farewell to the Canadian mili- 
tia. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Nov. 23. Out. A rich find of 
coal is made near Sharbot Lake. 

Dec. 5. N. S. A valuable seam of red 
hematite is discovered near Maitland. 

1890 Apr. * P. Q. Millet's VAngelus 
is on exhibition in Montreal. 

May 7. The Government purposes ex- 
ploring Mackenzie Basin. 

June 5. Disastrous floods occur. 

June 9. Orders are issued for a complete 
survey of the Gulf of St. Lawrence, 
and elaborate observations of tidal 
movements. 

July 31. Ont. Natural gas is struck at 
Kingston. 

Aug. 3. Man. Much damage is done by 
storm. 

Sept. 14. Atha. Extensive petroleum 
fields are discovered along the Atha- 
basca River. 

Sept. 28. P. Q. A shock of earth- 
quake is felt in Quebec. 

Oct. 7. P. Q. A fatal landslide occurs 
at St. Pierre du Sud, Quebec. 

Nov. 24. N m S. Lives and property are 
lost on the coast ; cause, violent gales. 

BERTHS— DEATHS. 

1890 Jan. 23. Lemoine, G., Abbe\ chap- 
lain of Urauline Convent, at Quebec, dies. 

Feb. S3. Oxenden, Ashton, bp. of Mon- 
treal, and i[ietro|iniLtan of Canada, A84. 

June 3. D'Herbomez, Joseph Louis, vicar 
apostolic of R. C. diocese of B. C, A68. 

CHURCH. 

1889 Nov. 21. Ont. The Diocesan 
jubilee is celebrated at Toronto. 

Nov. 24. P. Q. Rev. E. Owen of St. 
Bartholomew's of Montreal resigns on 
account of dispute on the surplice 
question. 

Dec. 9. It. Pope Leo thanks Cana- 
dian Roman Catholics for their pro- 
test against the usurpation of the tem- 
poral power of the papacy. 

Dec. 28. Ont. The diocese of Kingston 
becomes a metropolitan see. 

James "Vincent Cleary is made arch- 
bishop of Kingston. 

1890 Jan. 21. Ont. The Roman Cath- 
olic diocese of Alexandria is estab- 
lished. 

Apr. 10. Ont. Archbishop Cleary of 
Kingston orders that all those who re- 
fuse to support Roman Catholic 
parochial schools shall be denied 
absolution from their sins. 

June * Ont. Alexander MacDonnellis 
consecrated R. C. bishop of Alexandria. 



Sept. 7. Br. Col. The Roman Catholic 

diocese of New "Westminister is 
established. 

Sept. 10. P. Q, The third General 
Conference of the Methodist Church 
of Canada meets in Montreal. 

Oct. 10. P. Q. Bishop Lafleche of 
Three Rivers issues an order for farm- 
ers to pay a tithe of $7.50 per 1,000 
bundles of hay to their cure", or be 
refused the sacrament if they neglect 
to do so. 

Oct. 19. Ont. Dennis O'Connor is 
consecrated R. C. bishop of London. 



LETTERS. 

18S9 Nov. 20. Man. The Indian 
Industrial School is handed over to 
the Church of England authorities at St. 
Paul. 

Nov. 27- P. Q. A movement is made 

to endow Faculty of Applied Science 

in McGill University, Montreal ; cost, 

§100,000. 

Night schools are opened in Montreal. 

Dec. 27. Man. The English-speak- 
ing Roman Catholics denounce the 
proposed legislation abolishing the 
teac hin g of French in public schools. 

1890 Mar.* Man. Roman Catholics 
are denied the right to have sepa- 
rate schools, and all classes are re- 
quired to patronize the national schools. 

Apr. 7. P. Q. Gifts amounting in value 
to $1,000,000 are made to McGill 
University, Montreal. 

Apr. 26. Ont. The Toronto Univer- 
sity is to be rebuilt at a cost of §22,000, 
exclusive of library building, which is 
to be fireproof, and to cost §50,000. 

Oct. 3. Ont. A memorial signed by 
10,000 Roman Catholics, including 
Archbishop Tache, of "Winnipeg, Mani- 
toba, is presented to the Governor-Gen- 
eral of Canada, asking him to disallow 
the acts passed by the Manitoba Legis- 
lature abolis hin g Roman Catholic 
schools and the dual language. 

Nov. 24. Man. Judge Killam decides 
adversely to the appeal of the Roman 
Catholics against the Act of the last 
Legislature abolishing separate schools. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Jan. 6. P. Q. Gov. Augers in- 
forms the Legislature on its opening 
that a bill will be presented, offering 
100 acres of land to the parents of 
every family of 12 children. 

Jan. 14. P. Q. A meeting of the Pro- 
vincial Dominion Alliance at Quebec 
condemns Mercier's speech on the pro- 
hibition question. 

Jan. 17. Ont. Lady Stanley refuses 
to receive a divorced lady, the wife of 
an American Minister, at a state dinner 
at Ottawa. 

Mar. * Br. Col. "Wild Indians in the 
eastern part have been burning and rob- 
bing houses, and threatening the settlers. 



Mar. * Ont. A Government bill is intro- 
duced in Parliament making polygamy 
a crime. 

Mar. * P. Q. A Canadian Indepen- 
dence League is formed in Montreal 
to make a determined and systematic 
movement -for emancipation from Brit- 
ish rule by the year 1892. 

Mar. * Ont. A bill is introduced in the 
Parliament at Ottawa which makes 
marriage a misdemeanor if con- 
tracted by persons related by consan- 
guinity nearer than the fourth degree. 

May 12. Ont. Gen. Middleton is con- 
victed by Parliament of looting valu- 
able furs while commanding the militia 
in the Riel rebellion. 

May 13. Canals are to be closed on 
Sundays. (Announced. ) 

May 14. A new secret Irish Associa- 
tion is formed, with head centers in 
Montreal and Quebec. 

May 21. B.C. The Duke and Duch- 
ess of Connaught arrive at Victoria. 

[May 22. They are welcomed at Van- 
couver. May 27. Man. They leave Win- 
nipeg for the East. June 12. They leave 
for England.] 

June 12, 13. Ont. The Women'sEn- 
franchisement Association convenes 
in Toronto. 

July 24. X. S. " Jack the Ripper" 
is said to be in jail at Halifax ; he is a 
medical student ; information given by 
his sister was the cause of his arrest. 

Aug. 5. P. Q. The American For- 
estry Association closes its sessions in 
Quebec. 

It recommends the proper manage- 
ment of public timber lands, and that 
young men be sent to Europe to study 
forestry. 

Sept. 6. Ont. The Labor Congress at 
Ottawa passes a resolution demanding 
the right of the people of Canada to 
elect their own Governor-General, in- 
stead of having this official appointed 
by the British Government. 

Sept. 1 1 . Subscription lists are opened 
in several Canadian cities to secure funds 
for the relief of the famine- threat- 
ened districts in Ireland. 

Sept. 22. Ont. The trial of Reginald 
Birchall for the murder of F. C. Ben- 
well begins at "Woodstock. 

Sept. 29. Ont. Birchall is convicted of 
the murder of Benwell, and sentenced 
to be hanged. [Nov. 14. Hanged.] 

Oct. 27+. The Comte de Paris visits 
Canada. 

ISTov. 6. Thanksgiving Day is observed. 

STATE. 

1889 ISTov. 22. Ont. Miss F. Mer- 
cale, an Indian, is appointed to a place 
in the department of Indian Affairs ; it 
is the first appointment of the kind. 

Dec. 4. Ottawa. A new extradition 
treaty between Canada and the United 
States is submitted by the British Gov- 
ernment to the Canadian Government. 

Dec. * The sentiment in favor of annex- 
ation with the United States is re- 



CANADA. 1889, Nov. 20-1890, Nov. 26. 591 



ported to be growing among prominent 
men. 
1890 Jan. 8. P. E. I, The Legisla- 
ture is dissolved. 

Jan. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament 
opens with a speech by Gov.-Gen. Lord 
Stanley. 

Jan. 20. jV. B. An election is held by 
which the. Government gains 22 ; Opposi- 
tion, 17 ; Independents, 2. 

Jan. 21+. Ottawa. An effort is made to 
bring up the question of annexation 
in the House of Commons. 

P. Q. Mayor Grenier of Montreal 

is reelected by acclamation. 

Jan. 24. Eng. Canada's right to le- 
gislate on questions involving the royal 
prerogative is allowed by the Crown. 

Jan. 25. Ottawa. Official notice is given 
of the expiration of the modus vivendi 
on Feb. 15 between the United States 
and Canada. 

Jan. 30. Ont. The Ontario Legisla- 
ture is opened at Toronto. 

Man. The Legislature opens. 

Jan. * Ottawa. A bill is introduced in 
Parliament to repeal the act authoriz- 
ing the use of the French language 
in the Northwest Territories. 

Feb. 13. Man. The Legislature passes 
a resolution abolishing the use of 
French as the official language of the 
Province. 

Feb. 15. Ottaiva. The House of Com- 
mons debates the Dual Language bill. 

Feb. 17. Br. Col. A judge decides that 
the United States has no jurisdiction 
outside the marine league limit in Be- 
ring Sea. 

Feb. 22. Ottawa. The Dominion Parli- 
ament refers the question of the official 
use of French to the Northwest Assem- 
bly. 

Feb. 24. C. H. Tupper, Minister of 
Marine and Fisheries, starts for Wash- 
ington as the Canadian representative 
at the pending fisheries negotiations. 

Feb. * P. Q. The Club National, the 
leading French Canadian political club 
of Canada, repudiates Parliament's loyal 
address to the Queen, and declares for 
Canadian independence. 

Feb. * Br. Col. The various American, 
English, and Canadian trading-vessels 
seized by the Columbian authorities 
are released. 

Mar. 7- P. Q. A resolution opposing 
Imperial federation is unanimously 
carried in the Quebec House of Assem- 
bly. 

Mar. 24. Ottawa. Minister Tupper 
returns from the "Washington confer- 
ence regarding Bering Sea. 

Mar. * Man. The Legislature unani- 
mously adopts a resolution praying that 
steps be taken by the Dominion Parlia- 
ment to negotiate with the U. S. Govern- 
ment for unrestricted reciprocity of 
trade between the two countries. 

Mar. * Canada seeks representation in 
the British Parliament. 



Apr. 9. The Government decides to re- 
new the modus vivendi with the United 
States for another year. 

Ottawa. The Dominion House of 

Commons defeats an amendment to 
the budget favoring reciprocity. 
Apr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion Sen- 
ate passes a bill extending the modus 
vivendi with the United States. 
Apr. * Ottawa. The Government de- 
cides to guarantee the interest on 
$5,000,000 of the bonds to be issued 
by the Winnipeg and Hudson Bay Rail- 
way and Navigation Company for the 
construction of that road. 
May 10. P. Q. The Quebec Legisla- 
ture is dissolved. 
May 16. Ottawa. The Dominion Par- 
liament is prorogued. 
May 25. Ottaiva. The Dominion Gov- 
ernment informs Canadian sealers 
that in case of arrest by U. S. ships 
they cannot be protected. 
May 28. Ottawa. The Government de- 
cides to enforce the treaty of 1818 in 
reference to the Atlantic fisheries, ex- 
cept to holders of modus vivendi licenses. 
May 29. Ottawa. The Government or- 
ders the whole international boundary 
line from the Kocky Mountains to Mani- 
toba to be patrolled by mounted po- 
lice in order to prevent smuggling. 
June 18. P. Q. The French Nation- 
alists win in the Quebec elections. 
July 14. N. S. M. B. Daly is. sworn 
into office as lieutenant-governor in 
the Legislative Council Chamber at 
Halifax. 
Sept. 24. Ottawa. The Governor-Gen- 
eral is petitioned to veto the Anti- 
French Bill passed by the Manitoba 
Legislature. 
Oct. 10. Ottawa. Canadahaa issued 119 
licenses to U. S. vessels under the mo- 
dus vivendi, as against 78 last year. 
Nov. 3. Ottawa. It is officially an- 
nounced that the Dominion Government 
has decided to reduce the rate of post- 
age to a two-cent rate throughout Can- 
ada and to the United States. 
Nov. 7. Ottawa. The Dominion Govern- 
ment refuses to interfere with the 
sentence of Birchall. (See Society, 
Sept. 22.) 
Nov. 26. N. F. Newfoundland prom- 
ises not to enforce the Bait Act against 
the Dominion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1889 Dec. 9. P. Q. The court-house 

at Inverness is destroyed by fire. 
Dec. 22. Ont. Fire destroys property 

in Petrolia to the amount of about 

$100,000. 
Dec. 23. Man. The Ogilvie Milling 

Company have secured a corner in all 

the wheat in this Province. 
Dec. 27. Br. Col. Many buildings in 

New Westminster are destroyed by 

fire. 



1890 Jan. 17. Br. Col. The total pack 
of salmon during 1889 is reported to be 
414,294 cases. 

Jan. 21. Manitoba Indians are dying 
from the grip. 

Jan. 25. Ont. The grip causes the high 
schools of Colborne to be closed. 

Jan. 26. P. Q. An ice-bridge ia 
formed in the river at Montreal. 

Feb. 10. The new bridge over the St. 
Lawrence at Coteau Landing is opened ; 
it is a mile and three-fourths long. 

Feb. 14. Ont. Toronto loses by the 
University fire $1,000,000, which in- 
cludes the library, valued at $100,000, 
and all its equipment, besides records 
and valuable historical and other docu- 
ments. 

Mar. * Ottawa. Sir John A. Macdonald 
has promised leading men from all parts 
of the Dominion that the entire system 
of St. Lawrence canals shall be deep- 
ened to 14 feet. 

Mar. * Ont. The Government has de- 
cided to spend $30,000 for seed wheat 
for Northwest farmers ; many of the 
farmers, owing to their heavy indebted- 
ness, are mortgaging their farms, and 
leaving for the United States. 

May 6. P. Q. The Insane Asylum of 
St. Jean de Dieu at Longue Point, near 
Montreal, is burned. 

Over 100 of the women patients and 
several nuns perish in the names ; many 
insane men and women escape to the 
woods ; financial loss, about $700,000. 

June 6. Br. Col. Sealing poachers in 
Bering Sea utilize a swift steamer to 
take their cargoes from the Aleutian 
Islands to "Victoria. 
June 29 ±. N. S. Boston capitalists are 
developing a new seaport at the east 
end of the Strait of Canso. 
June 30. The reports of the Con- 
solidated Fund of the Dominion for 
the fiscal year show the total revenue 
to have been $38,843,173.14, and the ex- 
penditures $30,939,772.26, leaving a sur- 
plus of $7,903,400.88, the largest since 
the Confederation. 
July 8. Br. Col. Sailing-vessels have 
gone into Bering Sea in large numbers 
from Victoria in expectation that there 
will be no seizures this year. 

The cable connecting Bermuda 

with Canada and the rest of the world 
is completed, and there is much con- 
gratulation over the fact. 
July 11. JV. S. A drowning disaster 
at Dartmouth, involving a great loss of 
life, is caused by the collapsing of a 
ferry landing-stage. 
July 17. P. Q. Five persons are burned 

to death at Quebec. 
July 18. An American syndicate 

buys a controlling interest in all the 

twine factories in Canada, save one 

in Ontario. 
Aug.+ * An English syndicate is buy- 
ing brewery plants in Canada. 
Nov. 7. Man. Coal-pits are on fire at 

Fort William. 



592 1890, Nov. *-1891, Dec. 29. 



CANADA. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Dec. 6. X. S. A heavy snow- 
storm prevails at Halifax. 

1891 Apr. 18. P. Q. Much damage is 
caused by inundation in the Chaudiere 
Valley, Quebec. 

July 12. Br. Col. One white woman 
and 40 Indians are killed by a landslide 
on the banks of the Skeena River. 

Aug. 26. N. B. Two pilots and three 
others report seeing a sea-serpent, 200 
feet long, off the Riehibucto shore. 

It has a flat-shaped head, with eyes on 
top like a frog, and in body about as 
thick as a man. 

Sept. 8. X. 8. A destructive gale at 
Halifax works disaster among the ship- 
ping. 

Sept. 9. Ont. Rich gold-bearing 
quartz is discovered at Port Arthur. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891 May 31. Dorion, Sir A. A., chief 
justice of (.jtH'cii's Ik'iirh Court in Que., d. 

June 6. Macdonald. Sir John A., pre- 
mier, dies :tl KanisrliiTe, near Ottawa, A76. 

Nov. 30. Murdoch. Sir Thomas Wro. 
Clinton, chief secretary in Canada, dies. 

Dec. 29. Futvoye, Geo., lieut.-col., deputy 
minister for militia, A83. 

CHURCH. 

1891 Feb. 25. P. Q. Roman Catholic 
priests in Quebec are instructed to 
support Sir John Macdonald in the 
coming elections. 

June 17. Ont. The Methodist Con- 
ference at Toronto suspends the Rev. 
James Thompson for one year for 
preaching the heresy that " there is no 
material hell." 

LETTERS. 

1890 * * X. B. The Globe is issued at 
Fredericton. 

* * Man. The Tribune is issued at Win- 
nipeg. 

* * P. Q. Le Samedi is issued at Mon- 
treal. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Dec. 20. Ont. The Toronto City 
Council decides that the street-cars shall 
not run on Sundays in that city. 

± The churches in Canada take action 

in the line of petitioning the House 
of Commons and the Senate for a law 
prohibiting the manufacture, importa- 
tion, and sale of all alcoholic liquors 
for beverage purposes in Canada. 

1891 Feb. 2. Man. The action of the 
Manitoba Legislature abolishing sep- 
arate schools is sustained by a full 
Court on appeal, one judge dissenting. 

Mar. 7+. X. S. Funds are collected to 
aid sufferers by the Spring Hill 
m inin g disaster. 

Mar. 14. The proposed arbitration con- 
cerning Newfoundland is limited to the 
lobster fisheries and canning factories. 

Mar. 23. Ont. Farmers are organiz- 
ing under the name of Ontario Farmers' 
Union. 



Br. Col. The Chinese administer 

punishment according to their own civil 
and criminal code in British Columbia, 
and this unknown to the authorities. 

Mar. 31. Sir Charles Tupper leaves 
Ottawa for Washington. 

May 8. X. 8. "Woman suffrage is de- 
feated. 

June 2. Out. Sir John Macdonald, 
the premier, is very ill. [June G. Dies.] 

June 9. Ont. Sir John Macdonald's 
body lies in state in the Senate Cham- 
ber, Ottawa ; eulogies upon the dead 
premier :ire pronounced in the Domin- 
ion Parliament. 

June 10. Ont. The funeral of Sir John 
Macdonald takes place at Ottawa, the 
largest ever seen in Canada. 

June 13 1. The Prince of "Wales is 
much criticised for being identified with 
the baccarat scandal. 

June 30. Eng. It is officially announced 
in London that Lady Macdonald, 
widow of the late premier of Canada, 
has been raised to the peerage. 

July 9. N. B. The National Division of 
the Sons of Temperance of North 
America hold their 47tli annual session 
at St. John. 

July 10. Ont. The National Educa- 
tional Association is in session at 
Toronto. 

The Chief Engineer of the Public 
"Works Department at Ottawa is sus- 
pended for accepting a present. 

July 14. Ont. The annual convention 
of the National Educational Associ- 
ation of America is formally opened 
in Toronto in the presence of about 
6,000 persons. 

July 19. P. Q. The 201st anniversary 
of the Battle of the Boyne is cele- 
brated by the Orangemen of Montreal ; 
at a mass-meeting the Rev. Dr. Justin 
Fulton makes an address bitterly de- 
nouncing Catholicism. 

July 21. Baroness Macdonald re- 
ceives an autograph letter from 
Queen Victoria, in which her Majesty 
expresses her sympathy with Lady Mac- 
donald in her bereavement. 

Aug. 14. Ont. Investigations of the 
scandals concerning public officials con- 
tinue at Ottawa. 

Aug. 19. Ont. In the investigation 
of corruption Premier Mercier is 
further implicated. 

Aug. 23. Ont. A new scandal in rela- 
tion to alleged jobbery in the construc- 
tion of the harbor works is announced 
at Toronto. 

Sept. 1. Ont. Secretary of State Chap- 
leau, at the corruption investigation, 
spirits away witnesses and documents, 
and is alleged to be in a worse position 
than Sir Hector Langevin. 

Sept. 9. P. Q. More than 100 Hebrew 
exiles, in destitute condition, and ut- 
terly unable to speak in French or Eng- 
lish, arrive in Montreal. 

Dec. 27. P. Q. A riotous political 
meeting is held in Montreal. 



STATE. 

1891 Feb. 3. Ottawa. The Govern- 
ment dissolves Parliament, and will 
go to the country for a mandate to nego- 
tiate reciprocity with the U. S. Govern- 
ment ; the election will take jdace on 
March 5. 

Feb. 4. Ottawa. Canada's proposals 
for reciprocity are made public. 

Feb. 9. Sir John A. Macdonald issues 
an address to the electors, in which he 
defines the policy of his party, and de- 
nounces unrestricted reciprocity with 
the United States. 

Out. A great Liberal demonstration 

is held in Toronto ; the speakers favor 
reciprocity with the United States. 

Feb. 14. Ont. The Commercial Union 
Club of Toronto issues an address to the 
people favoring reciprocity ; the ad- 
dress is signed by Prof. Goldwin Smith 
and G. Mercer Adam. 

Feb. 17. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov- 
ernment sends a protest to the Impe- 
rial Government against the conven- 
tion between Newfoundland and the 
United States. 

Feb. 28. Br. Col. The Legislature re- 
solves to make the Chinese poll-tax 
$100, abolishes return certificates, and 
restricts the number carried inland by 
steamships. 

Mar. 5. The general elections for Par- 
liament give a majority of 22 to the 
Conservatives. 

Apr. 13. Ottawa. The Dominion Gov- 
ernment proposes to allow American 
fishermen the same privileges in the 
Maritime Provinces as last season. 

P. Q. The premier and treasurer of 

Quebec are negotiating a new loan of 
$10,000,000. 

Apr. 19. Ottawa. Petitions are filed to 
unseat Sir Adolphe Caron, Minister 
of Militia, and Sir Hector Langevin, 
of Public Works, for corrupt practises. 

Apr. 22. P. E. I. The Ministry re- 
signs. 

Apr. 29. Ottawa. The Dominion 
Parliament opens. 

May 11. Ottawa. Fraud is charged 
against the Dominion Minister of Public 
Works, involving a contract of $5,000,000. 

May 19. X. S. The Legislature is 
prorogued. 

May 23. P. Q. The negotiations for 
the Quebec loan are not successful. 

May 27. Ottawa. The Senate passes 
the bill renewing the modus Vivendi 
with the United States for the fishing 
season of 1S91. 

June 13. Ottaica. Senator J. C. Ab- 
bott, leader of the late Government in 
the Senate, is summoned to form a new 
Ministry, succeeding Sir John A. Mac- 
donald as the premier. 

June 16. Ottawa. Premier Abbott 
forms a Cabinet ; all the members of 
the late Ministry retain their port- 
folios. 



CANADA. 



1890, Nov. -1891, Dec. 29. 593 



Ministers: Premier, Jolin J. C. Ab- 
bot; Finance, George E. Foster; Cus- 
toms, Mackenzie Bowell ; Militia, Sir 
Adolphe P. Caron ; Postmaster-General ', 
John Haggart ; Agriculture, John Car- 
ling; Inland Revenue, John Castigan; 
Secretary of State, Joseph A. Chapleau ; 
Interior, Edgar Dewdney ; Justice, Sir 
John S. D. Thompson ; Marine and Fish- 
eries, Charles Tapper ; Privy Council, 
John J. C. Abbott ; without port/olios, 
Frank Smith, J. A. Ouimet, and George 
A. Kilpatrick. 

June 18. Ottawa. It is announced that 
the policy of Sir John A. Macdonald 
trill be continued by the government un- 
der Premier Abbott. 

June 25. Ottawa. The House of Com- 
mons passes an amendment in favor of 
a commission to obtain data respect- 
ing the working of the prohibition of 
the manufacture and sale of intoxicants 
in other countries. Vote, 107-88. 

June 30. The Dominion debt is $2S9,- 
899,230. 

July 7. Ottawa. In the House of Com- 
mons the motion to place binding- 
twine on the free list is defeated. Vote, 
80-100. 

July 10. Ottawa, Sir George Baden- 
Powell and Dr. Dawson, the British 
Commissioners, leave for Bering Sea. 

July 18. P.Q. Premier Mercier of Que- 
bec arrives from Europe ; he expresses 
himself as opposed to a protective 
policy in Canada against American 
products, and in favor of reciprocity. 

July 27. Ottaiva. Sir R. Cartwright's 
unrestricted reciprocity resolution is 
voted down in the Dominion House. 
Vote, 88-114. 

Aug. 5. Ottawa. The Dominion trade 
policy is sustained in the House of 
Commons by a majority of 22. 

Aug. 11. Ottawa. After a denial of 
alleged charges of corruption made 
against him, Sir Hector Langevin re- 
signs his position as Minister of Public 
"Works. 

Aug. 19. P. Q. In the Corruption 
Investigation, Premier Mercier is 
further implicated ; Thomas McGreevy, 
member for Quebec, tenders his resig- 
nation in the House, and the Speaker 
issues a writ for a new election. 

Sept. 3. P. Q. The scandals are still 
under investigation. 

Sept. 10. Ottawa. The Railway Com- 
mittee of the Senate, in its report on 
the " Act Respecting the Baie Chaleurs 
Railway Company," finds that among 
those who profited by the misapplication 
of funds was Premier Mercier of the 
Province of Quebec. 

Sept. 25. Ottawa. The House adopts 
the majority report, exculpating Sir 
Hector Langevin from the charge of 
complicity in dishonest practises. Vote, 
101-86. 

Premier Abbott in a speech asks Great 
Britain to take steps to place Canada 
in a position to negotiate a reciprocity 
treaty with the United States. 

Sept. 30. Ottawa. The seventh Par- 
liament is prorogued by Gov.-Gen. 
Stanley. 



Oct. 9. Ottawa. The demands of Mr. 
Chapleau, Secretary of State, are creat- 
ing much trouble in the Dominion 
Cabinet ; a Ministerial crisis seems 
probable. 

Oct. 21. Ottawa* The British Bering 
Sea agents arrive. 

Oct. 27. Ottawa. Mr. Chapleau has 
tendered his resignation to Premier 
Abbott. 

Nov. 5±. Ottawa. The Dominion Cab- 
inet is being reconstructed. 

Dec. 2. Nova Scotia, New Brunswick, 
and Prince Edward Island discuss a 
project for union as one province. 

Dec. 8. Ottawa. Canada imposes a 
duty on all fish imported from New- 
foundland. 

Dec. 16. P. Q. The Quebec Cabinet 
is dismissed from office by Lieut.-Gov. 
Angers. 

Dec. 22. P. Q. The new Quebec 
Ministry, with M. de Boucherville as 
premier, is sworn in. 

Dec. 24. P.Q. The deficit of Premier 
Mercier's Government is now found 
to be $2,223,000. Another royal com- 
mission is appointed to investigate 
further irregularities. 

Dec. 25. Ottawa. The authorities de- 
cide to enlarge canal facilities in the 
Dominion. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Nov. * P. Q. The Dominion Gov- 
ernment has decided to expend §2,000,000 
in constructing a new canal on the north 
side of the St. Lawrence, at Coteau, in 
order to pass the Cedar Rapids. 

Dec. 8. Quebec. An ice-bridge is 
formed across the St. Lawrence. 

1891 Jan. 1. Canada's total exports 
for 1890 were $97,74S,149, and the imports 
$128,S5S,241 ; exports to United States, 
§40,000,000 ; imports from United States, 
§52,000,000. 

Feb. 12. Quebec. A worsted factory 

boiler explosion kills 20 persons and 

injures a number of others. 
Feb. 16. Br. Col. New "Westminster 

loses §500,000 and one fireman at a fire. 
Feb. 21. JV. S. An explosion in the 

Spring Hill colliery destroys 120 

lives. 
Mar. 2. Prof. Goldwin Smith de- 
nounces the Canadian Pacific R. R. 

in a letter for its activity in behalf of 

the Conservatives. 
Mar. 4. Silver mines in Canada are 

bought by a syndicate of Englishmen 

and Americans ; the cost is about ten 

million dollars. 
Mar. 20. Quebec. Great activity is 

shown at the Government cartridge 

factory. 
Apr. 8. The Government is taking steps 

to abolish the use of the purse-seine in 

fishing. 
Apr. 23. P. Q. A company is organized 

at Three Rivers to ship frozen meat 

to England; capital, $2,000,000. 



May 11. Out. A train is ditched by a 
burning bridge ; one man killed. 

June 1. Can. The opening of the" bac- 
carat trial" in England arrestspublic at- 
tention; it involves the Prince of Wales. 

June 18. Br. Col. The North Star is 
seized for smuggling Chinamen into 
the United States. 

June 19. Eight cordage works in Canada 
are bought by the National Cordage 
Company of New York for $3,000,000. 

June 20. Bush fires are raging. 

June 28. Br. Col. Two sealers sail 
from Victoria for Bering Sea. 

June 29. P. Q. A Quebec loan of 
$10,000,000 is floated by a Belgian and 
French Syndicate. 

July 1. Dominion Day is celebrated 
throughout Canada. 

The new Banking Act goes into 

operation. 

July 6. Ottawa. The Ontario and New 
York Bridge Company is incorporated, 
-with a capital of $1,000,000, to bridge 
the Niagara River. 

July 8. Br. Col. The steamer Danube 
arrives at Victoria with 18,000 seal- 
skins on board, secured outside of Be- 
ring Sea. 

July 12. N. S. The schooner Georgb- 
ana, while being towed to Halifax, cap- 
sizes, and the captain and crew, 16 in 
number, are drowned. 

July 13. Br. Col. The sloop Flora, with 
400 Chinamen on board, is seized at 
Victoria, charged with intending to 
smuggle them into the United States. 

July 14. N. B. Eugene Underhill and 
Murray Boocock arrive at St. John, hav- 
ing traveled in a canoe from Moose- 
head Lake to the mouth of St. John 
River, a distance of 500 miles. 

July 17. Br. Col. Sealers at Victoria 
relate to the British Bering Sea Com- 
missioners their grievances. 

Aug. 15. Br. Col. The City Council of 
Victoria decides to submit to the vote 
of the people the question of appropri- 
ating nearly $3,000,000 for railroad 
subsidies. 

Aug. 20. The wheat crop amounts to 
63,000,000 bushels. 

Aug. 26. The census gives the popu- 
lation as 4,823,344, an increase of 11.52 
per cent in ten years. 

Sept. 8. Ont. The Toronto Industrial 
Exhibition opens. 

Sept. 18. Labrador. Thirteen persons 
are drowned by the wrecking of fish- 
ing-vessels during a terrific storm off 
the coast. 

Oct. 13. ± P. Q. A branch ofiice of the 
Louisiana State Lottery Company 
has been established by its agents in 
Montreal. 

Nov. 10. The debt of Canada to date 
amounts to $235,000,000. 

Dec. 24. P. Q. Last year's deficit in 
the Province, placed by the Mercier 
Government at $600,000, is found to be 
more than $2,200,000. 



594 1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20. 



CANADA. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1892 Jan 1. The Dominion militia 
numbers 36,618 men. 

It includes 1,963 cavalry, 1,440 field 
artillery, 179 engineers, and 31,123 in- 
fantry. 

Aug. 17. The French war-ship Are- 
tkusa enters the St. Lawrence on her 
■way to Montreal. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Jan. 17. Out. A silver cave is 
discovered near Peterborough. 

June 18. P. Q. A storm at Quebec 
causes the loss of three lives, injuries to 
eight persons, and destruction of prop- 
erty. 

July 17. i\T. B. A disastrous storm. 

July 22. N. S. Forest fires in Cape 
Breton threaten farmhouses and vil- 
lages. 

July 29. Man. A cold wave arrives, 
and harvesting is not yet finished. 

Dec. 25. Ont. An earthquake shock, 
lasting nearly a minute, is felt at Corn- 
wall. 

1893 Jan. 12. Ont. The thermometer 
registers 40 degrees below zero near 
Ottawa. 

May 8. P. Q. Floods prevail. 

July 15. The Falcon, carrying the expe- 
dition of Lieut. Robert Edwin Peary, 
is compelled by heavy storm to put back 
to St. Johns, N.F. 

July 31. Labrador. Lieut. Peary en- 
counters heavy seas and bad storms 
that greatly delay his progress. 

Aug. 14. Labrador. A volcanic erup- 
tion occurs on the summit of Cape Har- 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

189S Jan. 26. Langevin. Jean P. F., bishop 
of Rimouski, archbp. of I.ennfopolis, A70. 

Apr. 17. Mackenzie, Alexander, pre- 
mier of the Dominion, A 70. 

May 34. Campbell, Sir Alexander, states- 
man, Toronto, A70. 

Aug. 7. Wilson, Sir Daniel, President of 
Toronto I'nivei-sity, A76. 

Aug-. 30. Gisborne, F. N., electrician, 
Ottawa, A68. 

Church, Levi Ruggles, jurist, A56. 

Sept. 9. Medley, John, bp. of Fredericton 
(N.B.) and metropolitan of ( 'anatia, A87. 
1893 Mar. 32. Buck, John, bead chief of 
the Six Nations, dies. 

Sept. 14. Belleau, Sir Narcisse Fortunat, 
the first lieut. -governor of Quebec, A85. 

Sept. 19. Gait, Sir Alexander T., states- 
man, A76. 

CHURCH. 

1892 Aug. 23. P. Q. The fiftieth 
anniversary of Cardinal Tasche- 
reau's consecration as a priest is cele- 
brated at Quebec. 

Nov. 14. P. Q. Archbishop Fabre of 
Montreal forbida Roman Catholics read- 
ing the Canada Revue and L'Echo di 
Deux Montagues on pain of withholding 
the sacrament ; cause, vigorous agitation 
against clerical abuses. 

Nov. 15. P. Q. A. Filletrault, the edi- 
tor of the Canada Revue, who was 
publicly excommunicated by Arch- 
bishop Fabre on Sunday, is arrested, 



charged by Father Baillarge with crimi- 
nal libel. 

1893 June 8. P. Q. The Convent 
Ville Marie near Montreal is burned ; 
loss, over §1,000,000; two firemen are 
killed. 

July 5. P. Q. Ten thousand delegates 
to the Christian Endeavor Conven- 
tion arrive in Montreal. 

July 6. P. Q. The Christian En- 
deavor delegates convene in Montreal. 

July 11. The Rev. John Campbell, 
Professor of Church History and Apol- 
ogetics in the Presbyterian College of 
Canada, is put on trial for denying the 
inerrancy of the Scriptures. 

LETTERS. 

1892 Jan. 5. Ont. Toronto votes in 
favor of free text-books for public- 
school children. 

Jan. 7. Ont. In Toronto three women 
are elected members of the School 
Board; the first instance of women 
holding such office in Canada. 

Jan. 14. Man. The majority have voted 
against separate schools in the recent 
election. (Announced.) 

July 28. The French Canadians are 
indignant at the opposition in Manitoba 
to separate schools. 

Nov. 7. Man. The Roman Catholic mi- 
nority makes appeal to the Privy 
Council as to parochial school rights in 
that Province. 

Nov. 30. Ont. Sir John Thompson, 
the new premier, will not interfere with 
the Privy Council's decision abolis hin g 
State aid to Roman Catholic public 
schools in Manitoba. (Announced.) 

Dec. 31. Ont. The first issue of the 
Sun, an evening paper advocating the 
annexation of Canada to the United 
States, appears in Toronto. 

* * The Lost Atlantis, by Sir Daniel Wil- 
son, appears. 

1893 Sept. 10. P. Q. The college 
of Mount St. Louis at Montreal is 
burned; loss, §500,000. 

SOCIETY. 

1892 Jan. 11. Ont. Judge Mathieu, 
of the Supreme Court, Donald MacMas- 
ter, Q. C, and Dumane Mason, mer- 
chant, form the Royal Commission to 
investigate the charges of malfea- 
sance in office laid against the Mercier 
Government. 

Feb. 6. Ont. The Toronto Globe pub- 
lishes serious charges of ** boodling" 
against Sir Adolph Caron, Minister of 
Militia, and M. Tarte. 

Feb. 27. Ont. Latest revelations go to 
prove that $100,000 had been re- 
ceived by Mercier, Langelier, and 
Pacaud. (See Nov. 4.) 

Mar. 6. Ont. Several opium smug- 
glers are arrested at Windsor. 

Mar. 20. Br. Col. The strike on the 
Canadian Pacific Railroad extends to 
the Pacific Coast. 



Mar. 23. Br. Col. The Canadian Pacific 
Railroad strike ends, all the men be- 
ing reinstated. 

May 4. P. Q. The Montreal authorities 
are prosecuting venders of lottery 
tickets. 

Sept. 21. Man. Lord Pagin, an Irish 
peer, is arrested for vagrancy at Win- 
nipeg ; cause, drink. 

Oct. 10. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier is 
to stand trial for malfeasance in 
office. (Announced.) 

Oct. 26. P. Q. The trial of ex-Premier 
Mercier and Pacaud begins at Quebec. 

Nov. 4. P. Q. Mercier is acquitted. 

Dec. 28. Ont. The Law Society of To- 
ronto decides to allow women to prac- 
tise in the courts. 

1893 Mar. 25. Ont. Magistrate Bax- 
ter of Toronto fines a cab-driver S2 
or ten days in jail for driving a lady 
along the public streets on Sunday, 
the 19 inst. 

Apr. 9. Man. W. A. McDonald, Oppo- 
sition leader in the Legislature, is un- 
seated for election bribery. 

June 24. P. Q. A public works scan- 
dal is unearthed at Montreal in connec- 
tion with the construction of two iron 
bridges across the Lachine CanaL 

July 8. P. Q. The Christian En- 
deavor delegates assembled in inter- 
national convention are attacked by a 
Catholic mob in Montreal. 

July 9. P. Q. More than 50 men are 
arrested in Montreal for trying to de- 
stroy the tent of the Christian En- 
deavor Convention. 

July 25. Ont. The 79th anniversary 
of the battle of Lundy'sLane is cele- 
brated on the old battle-ground. 

Sept. 7- Ont. Car-running on Sun- 
days in Toronto is defeated for the sec- 
ond time by 1.003 majority out of a total 
vote of 27,311. 

Sept. 9. P. Q. A partially successful 
attempt is made to blow up the Met- 
ropolitan Turf Commission rooms at 
Montreal ; the cause is said to be re- 
venge for gambling losses. 

Sept. 15. Eng. Queen Victoria confers 
the order of knighthood on the Hon. 
C. H. Tupper, Canadian Minister of Ma- 
rine, for services rendered in connection 
with the Bering Sea question. 

Nov. 20. P. Q. Several prominent 
young French Canadians are arrested 
while preparing to blow up with 
dynamite the Nelson monument in 
Montreal. 

STATE. 
1892 Jan. 1. Total militia, 3S,618 

Jan. 15. Ottaica. The Dominion Par- 
liament is summoned to meet Feb. 18. 

Jan. 25. Ottaica. Three places in the 
new Cabinet are filled ; M. Chapleau 
accepts the Ministry of Customs. 

Feb. 10. Br. Col. The Victoria Min- 
istry resigns, and W. Shiels is forming 
a new cabinet. 



CANADA. 



1892, Jan. 1-1893, Nov. 20. 595 



Feb. 16. The Reciprocity Commis- 
sioners return from Washington. 

Feb. 25. Ottawa. The Dominion Par- 
liament is opened with a speech by 
the Governor-General, Lord Stanley of 
Preston. 

Mar. 7. Br. Col. A motion that the de- 
fenses of Esquimalt be at once com- 
pleted is debated and defeated in the 
House of Commons. 

Mar. 8. P. Q. The Quebec election 
returns indicate a Conservative victory. 

Mar. 10. P. Q. Mr. Mercier resigns 
his seat in the Legislature. 

Apr. 26. Newfoundland declines 
Canada's suggestion of a conference. 

May 2. y. B.—N. S. Both the New- 
Brunswick and Nova Scotia Legislatures 
affirm by resolutions the desirability of 
a union of the Maritime Provinces. 

May 3. y. F. The Legislature passes a 
resolution renewing the tariff discrim- 
inating against Canada. 

May 21. P. Q. Ex-Premier Mercier's 
financiering largely increases the in- 
debtedness of Quebec Province ; a 
floating indebtedness of SS,500,000 is dis- 
covered. 

May 23. y. F. It is reported that New- 
foundland and Canada have reached an 
agreement upon the tariff, and the 
tariff war will end. 

May 28. Ottawa. Canada by proclama- 
tion revokes the duties imposed on 
Newfoundland fish and fish products. 

June 30. The Dominion debt is $295,- 
333,274. 

July 5. Out. An annexation party is 
in process of formation, to unite the Do- 
minion with the United States. 

Aug. 12. P. Q. An Order in Council 
has been passed abolishing, at the end of 
the present season, the rebate in canal 
tolls favoring Montreal, and now awaits 
the signature of the Governor-General. 

Aug. 25. Man. The Provincial Govern- 
ment is defeated in a " want of confi- 
dence" vote in the Northwest Legisla- 
ture. 

Sept. 7. P. Q. An Order in Council 
prohibits all immigration by water or 
land to Quebec. 

Sept. 13. Ottawa. The Government 
orders a 20 days' quarantine on vessels 
carrying immigrants from cholera-in- 
fected ports to Canada. 

Sept. 30. Br. Col. Arrangements are 
completed for planting a colony of 
Scottish crofters on Vancouver Island. 

Oct. 24. N. B. At the Provincial elec- 
tions the Liberal Adrninistration is 
sustained. 

Oct. 26. P. Q. The trial of Mercier 
and Pacaud is begun in Quebec. 

Nov. 10. Man. Orders for the dissolu- 
tion of the Legislature and the issu- 
ance of a writ for a general election are 
sent to Lieut.-Gov. Royal of the North- 
west Territory. 

Nov. 25. Ottawa. Sir John C. Abbott 
resigns as premier, and Sir John 
Thompson is sworn in as his successor. 



Dec. 5. Ottawa. Sir John Thompson, 
the new premier, completes the forma- 
tion of his Cabinet. 

Dec. 7. Ottawa. The new Ministry is 
sworn into office. 

Ministers : Prime Minister and Jus- 
tice., Sir John S. D. Thompson; Public 
Works, J. A. Ouimet ; Trade and Com- 
merce, Mackenzie Do well ; Railways and 
Canals, John Haggart ; Militia, J. C. 
Patterson ; Agriculture, A. K. Angers ; 
Secretary of State, John Costigan ; Fi- 
nance, George Foster ; Marine and Fish- 
eries, C. H. Tupper ; Postmaster-General, 
Sir Adolphe P. Caron ; Interior, Thomas 
M. Daly ; President of Privy Council 9 
W. B. Ives ; Comptroller Inland Revenue, 
John I. Wood ; Comptroller Customs, 
N. Clarke Wallace; Solicitor-General, 
J. J. Curran; without portfolios, Frank 
Smith and John Carling. 

Dec. 13. P. Q. The Quebec Ministry 



Ottawa. Justice Strong is appointed 

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court of 
the Dominion. 

Dec. 15. P. Q. L. O. Taillon accepts the 
position of premier in Quebec, with 
the portfolio of President of the Execu- 
tive Council. 

1893 Jan. 16±. Ottawa. The Domin- 
ion Government plans the establishment 
of a swift line of ocean steamers be- 
tween Canada and Great Britain, and to 
deepen navigation on a 14-foot basis 
from Lake Superior to the ocean. 

Jan. 26. Ottawa. Lord Stanley opens 
the third session of the Dominion 
Parliament with a speech. 

Mar. 2. y. S. Cape Breton coal-mines 
are leased by legislative action to the 
Whitney syndicate, the bill being signed 
by the Lieutenant-Governor. 

Mar. 4. Br. Col. The steamer Haytien 
Republic is seized by the Admiralty offi- 
cials at Vancouver. 

Mar. 27. Ottawa. The Dominion Par- 
liament passes the bill incorporating the 
Worth American Canal Company. 

It is to construct a canal from Lake 
Erie to Lake Ontario, deepen the St. 
Lawrence Canal, cut a canal from Lake 
St. Francis to Lake Champlain, and 
thence to the Hudson River. 

Apr. 1. Ottawa. Parliament closes. 

Apr. 22. P.E.I. The Legislature passes 
a bill abolishing both the Legislative 
Council and the House of Assembly, and 
providing for one house only, half 
of its members to be elected by real- 
estate qualification and half by man- 
hood suffrage. 

May 11. Eng. The Earl of Aberdeen 
is appointed governor-general. 

May 27. Ont. The Ontario Parliament 
is prorogued. 

Among the bills passed is one to estab- 
lish a national park of twelve thousand 
square miles in the northern part of the 
Province, and another providing that a 
plebiscite be taken in January next on 
the question of prohibiting the importa- 
tion, manufacture, or sale of intoxicat- 
ing liquor as a beverage. 

June 13. Ottawa. The Government as- 
sents to the seal-fishery agreement 
entered into between Great Britain and 
Russia. 



June 20. Ottawa. The Liberal Con- 
vention opens. 

June 27. P. Q. The International 
French Congress, in session at Mon- 
treal, favors political union between 
Canada and the United States. 

July 15. Ottawa. Lieut.-Gen. Moore 
is sworn in as administrator of the Gov 
ernment until the arrival of the new 
governor. 

Sept. 18. Ottawa. The Earl of Aber- 
deen is sworn in as governor-general. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Feb. 13„ Cotton-mills are in 
process of consolidation by a syndicate. 

Feb. 21. N. S. The Loodiana is burned 
at sea, and all on board perish. 

Mar. 18. Sealing is successfully pur- 
sued in the Gulf of St. Lawrence. 

July 18. P. Q. A fire in Montreal 
causes a loss of half a million dollars. 

July 23. Canada secures 10,000 square 
feet for her exhibits at the "World's 
Fair at Chicago. 

Aug. 31. Br. Col. The American bark 
Majestic arrives at Victoria. 

It brings the captains and crews of 
four schooners flying the British flag 
and one American schooner, which were 
seized by the Russian warship Zabraka 
late in July, and sent to Petropaulovski 
to be sold, the captains and crews being 
held as prisoners. 

Sept. 8. P. Q. A fire at Hedleyville, a 
suburb of Quebec, burns 400 houses. 

Sept. 17. Ont. Seven men are killed by 
a boiler explosion at Staples, near 
Comber. 

Oct. 7. The Hamburg-American 
Packet Company decides to withdraw 
its steamers running to Montreal on ac- 
count of stringent quarantine regula- 
tions at that port. 

1893 Jan. 5. Indians on the east shore 
of Lake Winnipeg are attacked by 
starving "wolves. 

Feb. 10. Ont. The United States 
Treasury Agent at Smith's Falls is 
withdrawn. 

Feb. 11. N. S. News is received that 
five cabin passengers and six of the crew 
of the Allan Line steamer Pomerania 
were washed overboard and drowned 
by a heavy sea that swept away the deck- 
saloon, chart-house, bridge, and boats ; 
the captain was fatally crushed ; the 
disabled vessel returns to Greenock un- 
der command of the third mate. 

Mar. 31. P. Q. The third big fire in 
30 days occurs in Montreal; loss, 
$100,000. 

June 19. P. Q. The Columbian cara- 
vels arrive at Montreal, and are escorted 
up to the harbor by a marine procession. 

June 22. N. B. Gibson loses $2,000,000 
by fire. 

June 27. Ont. The Columbian cara- 
vels arrive at Toronto. 

Aug. 23. y. S. Eighteen persons are 
drowned by the sinking of a steamer 
and her tow near Halifax ; many small 
vessels are wrecked on the Cape Breton 
coast. 



596 1894, Jan. 1- Dec. 21. 



CANADA. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Apr. 30. P. Q. Four lives are 
lost and half a million dollars' damage 
is done to property by a landslide 
which fills up part of the St. Anne 
River, near Quebec. 

May 28. Br. Col. Great destruction of 
property and loss of life by floods along 
the Fraser River and its tributaries. 

June 4. P. 0. Another landslide in 
Charlevoix County precipitates ten 
houses into the Red River, causing great 
loss of life. 

June 5. Br. Col. Great devastation 
along the Fraser River ; steamers are 
rescuing people from housetops and 
trees. 

Aug. 13. P. Q. Archibald Stuart and 
an Indian guide have made a trip from 
Lake Saint John to Mistassini, the in- 
land sea in the far north. 

They have discovered large areas of 
merchantable timber and large tracts 
of agricultural land where it had been 
supposed was only a worthless wilder- 

Aug. 31. Ont. The bronze memorial 
statue of Sir John A. Macdonald is 
completed at Toronto ; it is nine feet, 
eight inches high, and weighs 1,980 
pounds. 

Sept. 1. Labrador. Messrs. Low and 
Eaton, of the Dominion Geological Sur- 
vey, discover in the great Labrador 
Peninsula 60,000 square miles of iron- 
bearing formation, a lake 100 miles long 
by 30 to 40 miles wide, and that the big 
falls at Hamilton River are the largest 
in America. 

Dec. 12. P. Q. Earthquake and vol- 
canic outbreaks occur at Yamaska. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



R. C. 



1894 June 22. Tache, Antoii 
archbishop of Winnipeg, A71. 

Oct. 30. Mercier. Honore. premier of 
Quebec, A54. 

Abbott, Sir John, premier, dies. 

Nov. 9. Taschereau, H. E., judge of the 
Supreme Court of Quebec, A57. 

Dec. 12. Thompson, Sir John, pre- 
mier of the Dominion of Canada, A50. 

Dec. 21. Bain, Francis, historian and bota- 
nist, at Charlottetown, P. E. I., A52. 



1894 Aug. 7. P. Q. Protestant mis- 
sion-houses and Salvation Army 



barracks in Quebec are wrecked by a 
mob of rioters in three different parts 
of the city ; several persons are injured ; 
property loss is heavy. 

LETTERS. 
1894 Apr. 10. P. Q. The Canada Be- 
vtie, of Montreal, begins a suit in court 
against Archbishop Fabre for unlaw- 
fully acting as censor of that publica- 
tion. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Feb. 17. Ont. About 500 un- 
employed men march in procession to 
the City Hall, Toronto, and request the 
mayor to provide work. 

Apr. 25. Ont. Drunken militiamen 
pull down the American flag at the 
United States consulate in St. Thomas ; 
an investigation is ordered by the Do- 
minion Government. 

June 29. P. Q. A bomb explosion is 
the cause of some damage in The Wit- 
ness printing-office at Montreal ; no clew 
to perpetrators. 

STATE. 

1894 Jan. 1. Ont. The Province votes 
prohibition by a majority of two to one. 

Mar. 15. Ottawa. The Parliament is 
opened with a speech from the throne 
by Gov. -Gen. Lord Aberdeen. 

Mar. 27. Ottawa. Finance Minister 
Foster outlines in the Dominion Parlia- 
ment the proposed changes in the 
tariff. 

Apr. 21. Ottawa. A decree is officially 
published prohibiting seal-catching 
within a 10-mile zone on all the Russian 
coasts of Bering Sea and the North Pa- 
cific Ocean, and within a zone of 30 miles 
around the Kormanborsky Islands and 
Robson Island. 

June 28. Ottawa. The Intercolonial 
Conference opens. 

July 4. About 700 islands, of the 
Thousand Islands, in the Saint Lawrence 
River are sold for §40,000. 

July 20. Ottawa. Confidence is voted 
the Government in the Dominion House 
of Commons. 

July 23. Ottawa, The Parliament is 
prorogued. 



Aug. 11. Man. The Dominion Govern- 
ment proposes to set apart as perma- 
nent timber reserves the heavy tim- 
bered lands in Manitoba' west of the 
Red River. 

Sept. 8. Ottawa. The deficit in the 
Dominion revenue for the year ending 
June 30 is nearly §2,000,000. 

Nov. 27. Ft, The French Chamber 
votes in favor of a commercial treaty 
with Canada. 

Dec. 11. Ottawa. The official figures 
show an increase of $10,800,000 in 
the national debt during the month, or 
$■21,000,000 during the year, making the 
debt $321, 000,000. 

The national debt of Canada has in- 
creased 83 per cen* since the present 
Government came in power in 1878. 

Dec. 13. Ottawa. Mackenzie Bowell 
has accepted the premiership. 

Dec. 19. Ottawa. The new Ministry 
is completed. 

Dec. 21. Ottawa. The new Cabinet is 
sworn in. 

Ministers : Premier and President of 
Privy Council, Sir Mackenzie Bowell"; 
Public Works, J. A. Ouimet ; Trade and 
Commerce, W. B. Ives; Raihcays and 
Canals, John G. Haggart ; Militia and 
Defence, A. R. Dickie : Agriculture, Va- 
cant; Secretary of State, W. H. Mon- 
tague; Finance, George E. Foster; Ma- 
rine and Fisheries. John Costigan ; Post- 
master- General , Sir Adolphe P. Caron ; 
Interior and Indian Affairs, Thomas M. 
Daly ; Justice, Sir Charles H. Tupper ; 
Comptroller of Inland Revenue, John F. 
"Wood ; Comptroller of Customs, N. Clarke 
Wallace ; Solicitor' General, Vacant: 
without portfolios, Sir Frank Smith and 
Donald Ferguson. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 June 7. Br. Col. Floods cause 
damage and great suffering in the 
Fraser River Valley. 

Large loss of life is feared, both of man 
and beast ; steamers are still engaged in 
rescuing whole families from floating 
houses and rafts, and many are nearly 
starved. 

June 10. A Canadian Pacific express- 
train plunges through a burning 
bridge near Fort William into the river 
Mattawa; several persons are injured 
and missing, one being drowned. 

Aug. 6. Labrador. Great suffering is 
prevalent among Indians in Labra- 
dor ; many are dying of starvation. 



CAPE COLONY. 1487, * *-1829, Oct. 



597 



Cape Colony is a British possession in South Africa, and includes an extended protectorate over a vast region of country. 
The area of Cape Colony proper, including Kaffraria, Tembuland. and East Griqualand, is estimated at 221,311 square miles, and its 
population, in 1891, at 956,485. Cape Town is the capital. The inhabitants consist of British settlers, descendants of the Dutch 
Boers or farmers, and the native colored people, called Kafirs, Hottentots, and many Malays. The government is administered 
by a Governor and Council appointed by the British Crown, and a Parliament of two houses, — a Legislative Council, and a House 
of Assembly ; the members of both houses are elected by the people. 

Note. — Tlie parts of South Africa designated by the following names are here included as parts of Cape Colony, they being British posses- 
sions or protectorates; liasutolaml, lieehuanaland, Kaffraria, Griqualand, Khamas Country, Mambimbidand, Matabeleland, Natal, Namaqua- 
land, and Zululand. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1795 Sept. 16. Cape Colony. The col- 
ony at Cape Town is captured from 
the Dutch by the English, under Sir 
George Keith Elphinstone and Gen. 
Clarke. 

1796 Aug. 17. Adm. Elphinstone cap- 
tures, without resistance, a Dutch 
squadron under Adm. Lucas in Sal- 
dauka Bay. 

* * Godongwana, the Zulu chief, forms a 
celibate army. 

1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony. Cape 
Town is again taken by the British 
under Sir David Baird and Sir Home 
Popham. 

1811* *-12* * Cape Colony. "War 
with the Kafir tribes. 

1819 * * Another war is waged with 
the Kafirs, led by the prophet Mo- 
kanna ; they attack Graham's Town, and 
are repulsed with great loss. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1820 * * The Royal Observatory is es- 
tablished near Cape Town. 

1824 * * The first newspaper is pub- 
lished in Dutch and English. 

1827 * * The Government suppresses 
the colonial newspaper. 

1828 * * The Colonists secure from the 
king the boon of a free press. 

CHURCH. 

1736* * Kaffraria. The Moravians 

commence their missions among the 

Hottentots. 
1737 * * Cape Colony. Moravians land 

at Cape Town. They begin work among 

the Hottentots. 

* * Cape Colony. Gnadendal becomes a 
Moravian mission-station. 

1792* * Cape Colony. The Moravian 
mission at Gnadendal is resumed after 
a suspension of 50 years. 

1798* * Kaffraria. The London Society 
begins mission-work among the Kafirs. 

1808 * * Cape Colony. Mamre becomes 
a Moravian mission-station. 

1814 * * Cape Colony becomes a mis- 
sion-field of the "Wesleyans, notwith- 
standing the prohibition of the governor. 

* * Cape Colony. The London Society 
begins work among the Bushmen. 

1816 Oct. 31. Bng, Robert Moffat, 
the missionary, sails for South Africa. 

1817 * * Natal. Robert Moffat arrives 
at Cape Town ; the governor of Natal 
refuses him permission to proceed in- 
land. 



1818 Jan. 26. Robert Moffat, mis- 
sionary of the London Society, arrives 
among the Africaner men beyond the 
Orange River. 

* * Cape Colony. Enon becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the Moravians. 

* * Cape Colony. Kurman becomes a 
mission-station of the London Mis- 
sionary Society. 

1819 * * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat 
returns to Cape Town from his inland 
work on a visit, bringing Africaner with 
him, formerly a scourge, now a Christian. 

1820 * * Cape Colony. "Wesleyans open 
a mission with the consent of the gov- 
ernor. 

* * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat and his 
bride leave Cape Town for Griqua Town, 

* * Cape Colony. A chaplain is sent out 
by the Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel. 

1821 * * Kaffraria becomes a mission- 
field of the Free Church of Scotland. 

* * Cape Colony. The bishopric of Cape 
Town is founded, and Robert Gray is 
consecrated its first bishop. 

1822 Jan. * The Rev. Mr. Leitner and 
his English wife enter upon their self- 
denying, repulsive, and then supposed 
perilous, duties, at Hemel en Aarde, 
among the lepers of South Africa. 

* * Bechuanaland is entered by Wes- 
leyan missionaries with partial success. 

1823 June* Kaffraria. The Scotch 
missionaries baptize five Kafirs, their 
first converts. 

* * Kaffraria. "Wesleyans send "William 
Shaw to Kaffraria, and Wesleyville 
becomes a mission-station. 

1824* * Cape Colony. The Moravians 
start a mission at Elim, 80 miles south- 
east of Gnadendal, among the Hotten- 
tots. 

1825 * * Kaffraria. "Wesleyans open a 
second station at Mount Coke. 

1826 * * Cape Colony. King "William's 
Town becomes a mission-station of the 
London Society. 

1827 * * Kaffraria. "Wesleyans open a 
third station at Butterworth. 

1829 Easter. Rev. Mr. Leitner, 
Moravian missionary to the lepers, 
dies while baptizing a convert. 

Oct. * Cape Colony. The first Rhenish 
missionaries arrive for South Africa. 

S0CD3TY. 

1652± * * As the Dutch extend their 

settlements inland, they reduce the 

natives to serfdom, taking their coun- 



try partly by so-called contracts and 

partly by force, 
i* * The Dutch introduce Malays or 

negroes as slaves. 
1819 * * Cape Town. Robert Moffat, 

missionary, marries Mary Smith. 

STATE. 

1487 * * The Cape of Good Hope is dis- 
covered by Bartholomeu Diaz, and 
called Tormentoso. 

1497 Nov. 19. Vasco da Gama, a 
Portuguese navigator, doubles the Cape, 
and discovers the passage to India. 

Dec. 25. Natal. Gama discovers the 
bluff headland near Durban. 

1652 * * Cape Town is founded by the 
Dutch under the auspices of the Dutch 
East India Company. 

1721 * * Natal. The Dutch attempt a 
settlement. 

1740 * * The Dutch begin to pass their 
boundary in the Gamtoos River, and 
come into collision with the Kafirs. 

1795 * * The colonists attempt to throw 
off the yoke of the Dutch, but are sup- 
pressed by the English as the allies 
of the Dutch. English governors fol- 
low. 

Sept. 11. The English take forcible 



1802 Mar. 25. Fr. Cape Colony is re- 
stored to the Dutch at the Peace of 
Amiens. 

1806 Jan. 9. Cape Colony is again 
taken by the English [and hereafter 
continues in British possession]. 

1812+ * * Zululand. Chaka becomes 
king and grows powerful ; he destroys 
the males of Natal, and takes the women 
and cattle as booty. 

±* * Natal. The Zulu power is estab- 
lished. 

1814 Aug. 13. Cape Colony is finally 
ceded to the English by the King of the 
Netherlands. 

1820 * * About 5,000 British immi- 
grants arrive. 

1823 * * Natal. Lieut. Farewell, with 
a party of immigrants, founds a settle- 
ment. [It is broken up four years later.] 

1827 * * The Board of Landrost and 
Heemraaden, long ago established by 
the Dutch, is abolished. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1795* * Scot. Robert Moffat, the mis- 
sionary traveler, is born in Ormiston. 

1827* * William Immanuel Bleek, 
writer, is born, 



598 1829, **-1867, **. 



CAPE COLONY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1834 Oct. * The Kafirs raid the English 
settlements, and ravish Graham's Town. 

1835 * * A third war with the Kafirs is 
fought. Sir Benjamin D' Urban advances 
the boundary line to the River Kei. 

1837 * * The Boers, under Maritz and 
Potgieter, in revenging the massacre of 
some immigrants, attack and utterly de- 
feat the Zulus under Moselehatze. 

1838 Feb. * The Boers under Pieter 
Retief are defeated and routed by the 
Zulus. 

Feb. 2. Chief Dingaan massacres 70 
Boers and their servants who had recov- 
ered his stolen cattle. 

Dec. * Dingaan massacres about 800 
Boers, who are saved from extermina- 
tion by Andries Pretorius. 

1840 Jan. * Dingaan is crushingly de- 
feated. 

1846 * * The fourth Kafir war occurs. 

1848 * * Sir Harry Smith terminates 
the war. 

1850 * * -53 * * The fifth Kafir war is 
carried on by Gov. Sir Harry Smith and 
later Gov. Sir George Cathcart. 

1852 Feb. 26. The steamer Birken- 
head, laden with troops, is wrecked off 
Simon's Bay, and 454 out of 658 soldiers 
and crew perish. 

Dec. 20. Gov. Cathcart attacks and de- 
feats the Kafirs. 

1853 Mar. 9. The Kafirs accept condi- 
tions of peace, and the war ends. 

* * Armed and mounted police are 
formed for the frontier, numbering 750 
men. 

1857 * * Andries Pretorius, the Boer, 
invades the Orange Free State. 

June 1. Peace is made by negotiation 
in Orange Free State. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 
1829 * * The South African College is 

founded in Cape Town. 
1831 July 16. Great damage is done 

by a terrible storm at Cape Town. 

1860 * * A public library with 40,000 
volumes is inaugurated at Cape Town. 

1861 * * Two collegiate institutions 
are endowed in Natal, one for Pieter- 
maritzburg, and the other for Durban. 

* * A mission- college is founded at Gra- 
ham's Town. 

1865 * * The Education Act, providing 
for three orders of schools, is passed. 

1867 * * Diamonds are discovered in 
Transvaal, and gold-fields in the inte- 
rior are announced. 

Mar. * Cape Colony. Diamonds are dis- 
covered. 

CHURCH. 

1829 * * Robert Moffat's first church 
is formed at Kruman. 

* * Kaffraria. Wesleyans open a fourth 
station at Morley. 

* * Robert Moffat visits the Matabele 
tribes south of the Zambesi, and starts 



1830 * * Cape Colony. Wupperthal he- 
comes a mission-station of the Rhenish 
Society. 

* * Cape Colony. Robert Moffat finishes 
the translation of St. Luke ; it is printed 
at Cape Town. 

1833 * * Cape Colony. Morija becomes 
a mission of the Paris Evangelical So- 
ciety. 

1834* * Zutuland. Six missionaries and 
their wives establish the Zulu mission 
of the American Board at Umlazi, near 
Port Natal. It is broken up by the war 
which follows with the Boers. 

* * West G-riqualand. Beaconsfield be- 
comes a mission-station of the Berlin 
Missionary Society. 

1835 * * Natal. The American Board 
of Commissioners for Foreign Missions 
opens its mission. 

1837 * * Kaffraria. Kaffraria becomes 
a mission-station of the Glasgow Mis- 
sionary Society. 

1838 * * Zululand. The mission of the 
American Board to the Zulus is re- 
sumed. 

1839 * * Robert Moffat goes to England 
to get his complete translation of the 
New Testament printed. 

1840 Dec. 8. Bng. David Living- 
stone sails as a missionary for -Cape 
Town. 

* * Cape Colony. The United Presby- 
terian Church of Scotland establishes 
a mission at Glenthorn. 

1841 * * Natal becomes a mission-field of 
the British "Wesleyans. 

1842 * * Great Namaqualand and 
Damaraland, in Southwest Africa, are 
visited by missionaries, chiefly of the 
Finnish Lutheran, the Rhenish So- 
ciety, and the English "Wesleyans; 
great results have followed. 

1843 * * Zululand. The treachery of the 
Zulu king, Dingaan, occasions the sus- 
pension of the mission of the American 
Board. 

1844* * Zululand. The Nor we gi an 
Society start a Zulu mission at Schreu- 
der. 

* * Zululand. British supremacy permits 
the resumption of the Zulu mission, 
and the first convert, an old woman, is 



1845 * * Natal becomes a mission-field 
of the Norwegian Society. 

1846* * Cape Colony. Graaf Reinet 
becomes a mission-station of the Society 
for the Propagation of the Gospel. 

1847 * * A bishop of Cape Town is ap- 
pointed. 

* * Natal becomes a mission-field of the 
Berlin Society. 

* * Natal. Emmaus becomes a mission- 
statiou of the Evangelical Lutheran 
Society. 

1849 Aug. 1. David Livingstone first 
beholds Lake Nganii, South Central 
Africa. 

* * Zululand. The American Board 
reports nine churches with 123 members. 



1850* * Cape Colony. The Moravians 
open a mission at <ioshen. 

1851 * * Natal. Pie term aritzburg be- 
comes a mission-station "f the Society 
for the Propagation of the Gospel. 

1852 * * Cape Colony. Dmtwalume In- 
comes a mission of the American 
Board. 

1853* * Natal is made a bishopric; 
John "William Colenso is the first 
bishop. 

* * Kaffraria. David Livingstone rep- 
resents the London Missionary So- 
ciety. 

* * Namaqualand. Hoachanas becomes 
a mission-station of the Rhenish So- 
ciety. 

* * Cape Colony. Amalienstein becomes 
a mission-station of the Evangelical 
Lutherans. 

1854 * * Natal. A mission is begun at 
Christian enburg by the Berlin Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Society. 

1855* * Kaffraria. Wartburg becomes 
a mission-station of the Berlin Evan- 
gelical Lutherans. 

* * Namaqualand. A beautiful stone 
chapel, costing £1,000, is erected for the 
Wesleyan mission without foreign aid. 

1857 * * Cape Colony. Riversdale be- 
comes a mission-station of the Society 
for the Propagation of the Gospel. 

* * Natal. Pinetown becomes a mission- 
station of the Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel. 

1858* * Cape Colony. Engolini be- 
comes a Moravian mission-station. 

* * Natal. Rock Fountain mission is 
started among the Kafirs. 

1859 * * Cape Colony. Laingsburg be- 
comes a mission-station of the Berlin 
Evangelical Lutheran Society. 

* * Cape Colony. Saint Matthews, Gra- 
ham's Town, becomes a mission-station. 

* * Natal. Ifumi becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Am erican Board. 

* * Natal. Ladysmith becomes a Lu- 
theran mission- station. 

1860* * Natal. Emmaus becomes a 
Hermannsburg mission-station. 

* * Natal. Stendal becomes a mission- 
station of the Berlin Evangelical So- 
ciety. 

1861 * * Bishop Charles F. Macken- 
zie, leader of the Universities Mission, 
on his way up the Zambesi, meets a gang 
of slaves. He liberates them, settles 
them at Magomero, on Lake Shirwa, 
north of the Zambesi River, and begins 
their education and conversion. 

* * Natal. "Wesleyans open a mission to 
coolies. 

1862 Oct.+ * Natal. Bishop Colenso 
publishes his work on The Pentateitch. 

** Cajye Colony . King "William's Town 
becomes a mission-station of the Soci- 
ety for the Propagation of the Gospel. 

1863 Apr. 27. Livingstone's wife 
dies at Shapunga on the Zambesi. 

May 20. The English House of Bishops 
condemns Bishop Coleuso's work on 
The Pentateuch. 



CAPE COLONY. 



1829, **- 1867, * 



599 



* *-65 * *The bishop of Natal and the 
bishop of Cape Town have an earnest 
dispute. 

1864 Apr. 16. Bishop Colenso of 
Natal is deposed by his metropolitan, 
Dr. Gray, bishop of Cape Town. 

* * Kaffraria. Enidiseni becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the Berlin Evangelical 
Lutheran Society. 

1865 * * Natal. Pietermaritzburg be- 
comes a mission-station of the Free 
Church of Scotland. 

1866 Jan. 5. Bishop Colenso of Natal 
is excommunicated by Bishop Gray, 
the metropolitan, at Cape Town. 

* * Cape Colony. «* The Church of 
South Africa," independent of the 
Church of England, is organized by 
Bishop Gray. He is unwilling to accept 
the decision of the Privy Council of 
England, declaring his excommunication 
of Bishop Colenso null and void. 

* * Cape Colony. Massitissi becomes a 
mission-station of the Paris Evangeli- 
cal Society. 

1867 Apr. * Livingstone first beholds 
Lake Tanganyika, in Central Africa. 

SOCIETY. 
1834 * * The emancipation of slaves by 
British authority is much opposed by the 
Dutch Boers. 

1838 Mar. 22. Bechuanaland. Chief 
Moroka prohibits the introduction of 
ardent spirits because of its ill effects, 
and authorizes confiscation, with all 
other property of the transgressor. 

1839 * * A scheme of public schools is 
drawn up by Sir John Herschel. 

1849 Sept. 19. The colonists are ex- 
asperated by the arrival of the Neptune 
with 2S9 British convicts, among whom 
is John Mitchel ; the Anti-Convict 
Society is formed. [The convicts are 
withdrawn, and sent to Van Diemen's 
Land.] 

1854* * Herman Potgieter and family 
are murdered in Transvaal by the na- 
tives. [The massacre is avenged by 
Pretorius at Makapan's Cave.] 

Nov. 8. Basutoland. The liquor-traf- 
fic is prohibited by Chief Moshesh. 

" Whereas, the strong drink of the 
whites was unknown to the progenitors 
of our tribe, Matie, Motlomi, up to Bo 
Monageng ; and our father Mockachane, 
now advanced in years, never used any- 
thing for his drink save water and milk ; 
and inasmuch as we are of opinion that 
a good chief and judge who uses any- 
thing to intoxicate him is not in a proper 
state to act as in duty bound ; and since 
strong drink causes strife and dissension 
and is a cause of destruction of society 
(the strong drink of the whites is nothing 
else but fire) : 

" Be it hereby made known to all that 
the introduction and sale of the said 
drink into the country of the Basutos is 
forbidden from this forward ; and if any 
one, white or colored, shall act in op- 
position to this interdict, the drink will 
be taken from him and spilled on the 
ground, without apologv or compensa- 
tion. Moshesh, Chief." 

1856* *The apprentice law estab- 
lishes a disguised slavery in Trans- 
vaal, the natives being its victims. 



* * The national suicide of about 
50,000 Kafirs takes place. 

They are deluded by the prediction 
that all the great men and warriors of 
their nation would rise in new strength 
on a certain day if they would make a 
complete sacrifice of themselves and 
their property ; about one-third of the 
tribe perishes. 

1858 * * The Fundamental Law in 
Transvaal draws the color-line against 
the natives. 

1860 July +* Prinee Alfred of Eng- 
land visits Cape Colony. 

1867 Aug. 17+ . The Duke of Edin- 
burgh visits Cape Colony. 

STATE. 

1834 * * The Dutch Boers become dis- 
affected because of the emancipation 
of slaves. 

1835 May 5. Zululand. KingChaka 
is assassinated ; his brother Dingaan is 
his successor. 

May 6. Natal. Captain Allen Gardiner 
signs a treaty with the Zulus. 

* * -36 * * Kaffraria. The Boers re- 
move in large numbers beyond the 
limit of the colony, cross the Orange 
River, and enter the Kafir country. 

Some of the Boers under Peter Retief 
enter Natal, and establish a republican 
government. 

* * British forces advance the boundary 
to the River Kei [but it is soon brought 
back to the Keiskamma]. 

1837 * * Cape Town. The entire gov- 
ernment of Cape Colony, which is a 
Governor and Council, is changed, and 
a Legislative Council is established. 

1840 * * Dingaan, king of the Zulus, is 
killed, and his brother Umpanda sue~ 
ceeds him. 

1842 May 12. Natal. The Republic 
of the Boers yields to the British au- 
thority, and is called Natalia (Natal). 
The Boers retire across the Drakenburg, 
and settle in [Orange Free State]. 

1843 Aug. 2. Natal is annexed to the 
British possessions as a district of Cape 
Colony. 

1847 ** Natal. Sir Henry G. W. 
Smith is appointed governor. 

1848 Feb. 3. Cape Town. The Gov- 
ernment proclaims its authority over 
the Orange River sovereignty. 

* * The Boers beyond the Orange River 
are unable to maintain their inde- 
pendence, but yield to the governor of 
Cape Colony. 

* * -58 * * The Basutoland is under a 
British protectorate. 

1849 Sept. 19. The colonists succeed 
in preventing the establishment of a 
penal colony. 

1851 Mar. * The Orange River ter- 
ritory is annexed to Cape Colony. 

1852 Jan. 17. The British sign the 
Sand River Convention, establishing 
the virtual independence of the Trans- 
vaal. 

Dec. 31. Cape Town. Gov. Smith pro- 
claims martial law, and orders all the 



inhabitants to hasten to the frontier for 
the defense of the colony. 

* * Cape Town, An armed police is or- 
ganized for the protection of the fron- 
tier. 

1853 July 1. Cape Town. Represen- 
tative government is established ; 
the Colonial Constitution is promul- 
gated with general rejoicing. 

It is modeled after that of Great Bri- 
tain. The Legislature consists of the 
governor appointed by the colonial offi- 
cers, and two chambers elected by the 
people ; the right of suffrage is limited 
to British subjects who are property 
owners and enjoy a stated income, 
thereby excluding the immense major- 
ity of the aborigines. 

1854 Jan. 30. The colonial jurisdic- 
tion over the Orange River territory 
is abandoned because of the difficulty 
in maintaining government. 

Mar * The Orange River territory is 
formed into the Orange Free State. 

July 1. Cape Town. The members 
elected to the first Parliament meet. 

1856 * * Natal is separated from Cape 
Colony and becomes an independent 
colony, having a Constitution of its 
own. 

* * Basutoland, no longer under a Brit- 
ish protectorate, suffers greatly from 
wars with the Boers. 

Aug.±* The Kafirs are deluded by a 
prophet named Amaxosa, who foretells 
a resurrection of all their dead warriors 
and heroes on condition that the Kafirs 
sacrifice their lives and property ; Gov. 
Grey succeeds in quieting them after 
about 50,000 have perished. 

* * About 2,000 immigrants from North 
Germany occupy the Kafir lands, which 
were depopulated by a national suicide. 

1858 * * The Dutch African Republic 
becomes the South African Republic. 

1859 * * Andries Pretorius is elected 
president of Orange Free State as well 
as Transvaal. 

1861 ** Cape Town. Sir Philip E. 
Woodhouse is appointed governor. 

1863 * * Transvaal. Pretorius returns 
to Transvaal. 

1865 * * The provinces of British Kaffra- 
ria are incorporated with the colony 
as King "William's Town and East 
London. 

* * Little Namaqualand, lying south of 
the Orange River, is incorporated with 
Cape Colony. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859 * * Cape Town. The first railroad 
is begun. 

1860 Dec.± * The railroad from Cape 
Town to "Wellington, a distance of 58 
miles, is opened. 

* * Work is begun on the great break- 
water at Table Bay, near Cape Town. 

1865* * About 187,000 Europeans 
are in the colony, and constitute 33 per 
cent of the entire population. 

1867 * * -70 * * The discovery of dia- 
monds leads to disputes between the 
free States and the natives. 



600 1867, * *-1880, May 



CAPE COLONY. 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1872 Oet. * Cetewayo improves bis 
army, which is styled by Sir Henry 
Frere, "the celibate man-slaying war- 
machine." [Zululand.] 

1873* * Cape Colony. Two British 
regiments of infantry, besides detach- 
ments of artillery and engineers, are here 
quartered. 

Nov. *-Dee. * Natal. The Kafirs, 
under Langalibalele, their chief, rise in 
an insurrection, and are suppressed. 

1875 * * Transvaal. The Boers are at 
■war with Sikokuni, chief of the Bahedi. 

1877 Sept. 24, 29. Kaffraria. Kreli, 
chief of Galekas, is repulsed in an at- 
tack upon the Fingoes and their Brit- 
ish protectors, at Ibeka. 

Oct. 9. Kaffraria. Chief Kreli is de- 
feated and his kraal burned. 

Dec. 2. Kaffraria. The Galekas are 
defeated by the British, and driven 
from their lands. 

Dec. 30±. Kaffraria. The Galekas 
again rise under Chief Sandilli. 

1878 Jan. * Kaffraria. Cetewayo, 
King of the Zulus, disturbs the English 
colonists, and England is asked to send 
reenforcements to the colony. 

Jan. * Kaffraria. The 90th Regiment 
and a battery of artillery are sent to 
aid the British. 

Jan. 24-26. Kaffraria. The rebels un- 
der Sandilli, one of their chiefs, are de- 
feated. 

Feb. 7. Kaffraria. The natives are 
again defeated at Quintana. 

Mar. 12. Zululand. The Zulus capture 
a convoy and supply-train near the 
Itombi River, and kill Capt. David Mo- 
riarty. 

Mar. 18. Zululand. Oham, a brother of 
King Cetewayo, is announced as a British 
ally ; he has 600 warriors with him. 

Mar. 18, 19. Kaffraria. The natives 
are again defeated by Gen. Thesiger, 
losing 400 killed ; Capt. Donovan, Lieut. 
Ward, and Capt. Shaw are also kiiled. 

Mar. 28. Zululand. Col. Evelyn 
"Wood has an engagement with the 
Zulus among the Zoblani Mountains, 
and suffers a heavy loss. 

Mar. 29. Zululand. Col. "Wood de- 
feats the Zulus at Kambula, near the 
Blood River. 

Reenforcements advance to relieve 
the besieged British, who are entrenched 
at Ekowe, not far from the coast. 

Mar. *~May * Kaffraria. Frequent in- 
decisive actions occur. 

Apr. 2. Zululand. The British defeat 
the natives at Ginghilovo. 

Apr. 2,3. Zululand. The siege of 
Ekowe is raised, and Col. Pearson 
marches out. 

May * Eng. Sir Garnet Wolseley sails 
for Cape Colony, as governor of Natal 
and commander of the British forces. 

May 27. Zululand. The British report 
a total loss of 1,1S6 killed, and 86 who 
have died of disease. 



June * Kaffraria. Sandilli is reported 
dead, and his sons are captured by the 
British. 

July 2k. Kaffraria. Amnesty is pro- 
claimed to all Kafir rebels who surren- 
der. 

* * Kaffraria. The Kafir war ends. 

1879 Jan. 11. Zululand. The time 
elapses for Cetewayo to surrender the 
leaders of the raid, and avoid war. 

Jan. 12. Zululand. The Zulu war be- 
gins. It is brought on by raids into Brit- 
ish territory. Lord Chelmsford, with 
12,000 British, crosses the river Tugela 
into Zululand. 

Jan. 21. Zululand. British under Col. 
Pearson defeat Zulus under Cetewayo, 
and enter Ekowe. 

Jan. 22. Zululand. The Zulus, 15,000 
strong, surprise the British en- 
trenched camp at Isandurla, on the 
Blood River, and kill about 837 men ; 
about 2,000 Zulus are killed. Lieuts. 
Chard and Bromhead finally repulse the 
natives at Rorke's Drift. 

Jan. 24. Zululand. ,Col. Evelyn Wood 
repulses an attack of Zulus at Inkan- 
yana. 

Feb. 19 f. Eng. Troops hastily em- 
bark to reenforce the British troops 
in fighting the Zulus. 

Feb. * Basutoland. Chief Moiroso at- 
tacks the settlers in predatory sallies 
from his entrenchment in the mountain. 

Mar. 11. Natal. Reenforcements 800 
strong, by the Tamar, arrive at Pieter- 
maritzburg from England. 

June * Eng. The Stafford House South 
African Aid Committee is organized. 

June 1. Zululand. The Zulus surprise 
a British reconnoitering party, under 
Capt. J. Brenton Carey, with Prince 
Louis Napoleon acting as commander, 
at Imbabani. The Prince is killed. 

June 12. Zululand. The time men- 
tioned in the British ultimatum sent 
to Cetewayo expires ; it requires him to 
surrender cannon, and yield a full sub- 
mission to British authority. 

June 23. CapeColony. Sir Garnet 
Wolseley arrives. 

July 4. Zululand. About 23,000 Zulus 
are totally defeated by Lord Chelms- 
ford at TJlundi, the capital ; they lose 
about 1,500, and the British lose 27 
killed and about 53 wounded. [The war 
virtually ends. Cost of the war, £4,- 
922,141.] 

Aug. 28. Zululand. Major Richard 
Marter captures the fugitive Cete- 
wayo. 

Nov. 20. Basutoland. Moiroso's en- 
trenchments are captured, and the chief 
is killed. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1869 * * Diamonds are found at Kim- 
berly, "West Griqualand. 

1870 Sep. * Griqualand. Rich dia- 
mond-fields are discovered. 



1872 * * By Act of Parliament, a public 
university like that of London is es- 
tablished. 

1878 * * A council of education is cre- 
ated in Natal. 

1880 Feb. 12. A great diamond is 
found at Kimberley, weighing 150 carats, 
and worth $300,000. 

Feb. IS. A new comet is seen at the 
Cape observatory. 

CHURCH. 

1867 * * Natal. Impolweni becomes a 
mission-station of the Free Church of 
Scotland. 

1868 Wov. * Livingstone discovers 
Lake Bangweolo, or Bemba, north of 
the Zambesi River. 

Dec. * Natal. The clergy, having failed 
to depose Bishop Colenso for unsound 
doctrine, W. E.. M&crorie is sent out 
as bishop to act with the clergy opposed 
to Colenso. 

* * Cape Colony. Riversdale becomes a 
mission-station of the Berlin Evangel- 
ical Society. 

Dec. 31. Cape Colony. Ovambo be- 
comes a mission of the Finland Society. 

* * Kaffraria. The Free Church of 
Scotland start a mission in Cunning- 
ham, Transkei. 

* * Cape Colony. Mbulu becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the United Presbyteri- 
ans of Scotland. 

* * Natal. Hoffenthal becomes a mis- 
sion-station of Berlin Evangelical 
Lutherans. 

1869 * * Cape Colony. East Somerset 
becomes a mission-station of the United 
Presbyterians of Scotland, 

1870 * * East Griqualand. Missionary 
Dower of the London Society comes 
to Koskstad, and they love him so 
much that they refuse to let him go. 

1871 Nov.* H. M.Stanley findsLiv- 
ingstone near Lake Tanganyika (Ger- 
man East Africa). 

* * Zululand. A bishop of Zululand is 
appointed. 

* * Cape Colony. Port Elizabeth be- 
comes a mission-station of the Primi- 
tive Methodists of England. 

1872 * * Transvaal. Ha Tsevase be- 
comes a mission-station of the Berlin 
Lutherans. 

* * Cape Colony. Herbertsdale becomes 
a mission-station of the Berlin Evan- 
gelical Lutherans. 

1S73 May 1. David Livingstone dies 

at Ilala, near Lake Bangweolo, and is 

found kneeling by his bed. 
1874 * * Blantyre, near Lake Shirwa, 

becomes a mission of the Established 

Church of Scotland. 

* * Bishop Colenso goes to England to 
advocate bis case. 

* * Natal. The Gordon Memorial, a 
station of the Free Church of Scot- 
land, is established by means of funds 
given by the Countess of Aberdeen as a 
memorial to her son, Hon. J. H. Gordon. 



CAPE COLONY, 



1867, * *-1880, May 



601 



1875 * * The Livingstonia Mission of 
the Free Church of Scotland is sent 
to open a mission-tield around Lake 
Nyassa and half way north to Lake 
Tanganyika. 

* * Griqualand. Kimberley becomes a 
mission-station of the Evangelical 
Lutherans. 

* * Cape Colony. The State churches 
are disendowed by law. 

1876 * * Zululand. Chief Cetewayo 
opposes the missionaries. 

1877 Dec. 13±. A mission-camp is 
attacked, and all but one of the members 
killed, at Lake Nyassa. 

* * East Griqualand. The Society for 
the Propagation of the Gospel estab- 
lishes a mission-station in Koskstad. 

1879 * * Cape Colony. Mossel Bay be- 
comes a mission-station of the Berlin 
Evangelical Society. 

* * Natal. The Swedish State Church 
founds a mission at Aangeleken, to do 
its chief work among the Zulus. 

* * Natal. Rock Fountain becomes a 
mission-station of Mr. and Mrs. E. S. 
Clarke (Friends). 

SOCIETY. 
1872 * * A great robbery of diamonds, 
valued at over £35,000, occurs. 

* ^Diamond seekers shamefully op- 
press the natives. 

1878 Aug. 1. The colonists celebrate 
the restoration of peace with Kafirs by 
a day of thanksgiving. 

1879 Aug. 22. The sentence declared 
against Capt. Carey, for his connection 
with the death of Prince Napoleon 
by Zulus, is quashed. 

Sept. 15. Cape Town. Cetewayo, the 
Zulu chief, arrives on his way to Eng- 
land. 

1880 Mar. 20±. The post-off ice at 
Cape Town is robbed of diamonds 
valued at £50,000. 

STATE. 

1867 * * The discovery of diamonds 
leads to territorial complications ; 
the tribes disputing the claims of the 
government. 

* * Natal. Kobert William Keate is 
governor. 

1868* * Transvaal. Pretorius enlarges 
the boundaries to Lake Ngami and Del- 
agoa Bay. [Disputes with Portugal fol- 
low.] 

1870 Aug. * Sir Henry Barkly is ap- 
pointed governor of the Cape of Good 
Hope. 

1871 ** Transvaal. The southwest 
boundary disputes are settled by arbi- 
tration. 

* *Basutoland is annexed to Cape 
Colony. Population, 378 whites and 127,- 
223 natives. 

* * Griqualand is annexed. 

Oct. 27. The colony of "West Griqua- 
land is constituted, with Kimberley for 
its capital. 



Nov. 17. The diamond-miners bail the 
unfurling of the British flag with great 
rejoicing. 

1872 Oct. 1. Zululand. Encouraged 
by the English, Cetewayo, son of Urn- 
panda, King of the Zulus, kills his 
brothers. 

* * Cape Town. A responsible govern- 
ment is established. 

1873 Nov. * -Dec. * A slight insur- 
rection of Kafirs under Langalibalele 
is easily suppressed. 

* * Zululand. Cetewayo is recognized as 
the heir of Umpanda, and enthroned. 

* * Natal. Anthony Musgrave is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1874 Aug. 4. Natal. Langalibalele, 
the revolting chief of Natal, is sent to 
Robber Island after a trial alleged to be 
unjust ; others are sentenced to impris- 
onment for participating in the insur- 
rection. 

* * Cape Colony. The colony is divided 
into seven provinces for convenience in 
government. 

* * Natal. Sir Benjamin C. C. Pine is 
governor of Natal. 

1875 Feb.* Natal. Sir Garnet 
"Wolseley is made temporary governor. 

July * The Delagoa Bay country is 
awarded to Portugal by Marshal Mac- 
Mahon, the arbitrator. 

Aug, * Natal. Langalibalele is released 
from captivity. 

Aug. * Natal. Gov. "Wolseley retires 
from the governorship. 

Oct. 22. The Earl of Carnarvon, the 
Colonial Secretary, makes the proposal 
that the Cape Parliament transfer the 
conference respecting a South African 
Confederation to England. 

Nov. 11±. Cape Town. The Cape Par- 
liament debates the proposition for a 
Confederation. 

Nov. 26. Cape Town. The Cape Par- 
liament is prorogued. 

* * Kaffraria. The Transkei and Fin- 
goland, with other parts of Kaffraria, 
are annexed. 

* * Natal. The Constitution is modified. 

1876 Aug. 5. London. The delegates 
to the conference respecting a South 
African Confederation meet with the 
Earl of Carnarvon. 

* * Zululand. Cetewayo organizes 
"armed resistance against the British. 

1877 Feb.* Cape Town. TheMolteno 
Ministry is dismissed. 

Feb. 12±. Cape Town. J. Gordon 
Sprigg forms a colonial Ministry. 

Apr. 12. The Transvaal Republic is 
annexed to Cape Colony by the procla- 
mation of Sir Theophilus Shepstone. 

Sept. * Kaffraria. Disputes between the 
Fingoes and Galekas lead to war. 

Oct. * Kaffraria. The lands of the de- 
feated chiefs of Kaffraria are annexed 
by the British. 

Nov. * Sir H. Bartle E. Frere is appointed 
governor and lord high commissioner for 
South Africa. 



* * Transvaal. Anarchy follows a war 
with the Kafirs until England inter- 
venes. 

* * Transvaal. Sir W. Owen Lanyon 
is appointed British administrator. 

1878 July 2. Cape Toion. The Kafir 
war having ended, the governor an- 
nounces that amnesty will be granted 
to ex-rebels. 

July * Zulus make a raid into British 
territory. 

Sept. * Natal. Sir H. Ernest Bulwer 
is governor. 

Dec. * Zululand. Cetewayo, King of the 
Zulus, refuses to give up the principal 
raiders. Gov. Bartle Frere sends an 
ultimatum, demanding the surrender of 
the offenders within 30 days. (The Zulu 
war follows.) 

* * Natal. The laws of the Zulus are 
modified, and reduced to writing. 

1879 May* Natal — Transvaal. Sir 
Garnet "Wolseley is governor. 

June 28±. Natal. Governor Wolseley 
is sworn in as high commissioner at 
Pietermaritzburg, the capital. 

July 12±. Natal. Governor "Wolseley 
receives the Zulu chiefs. 

Sept. 1. Natal. A treaty is signed with 
the Zulu chiefs, by which Natal is 
divided into 13 districts, over each of 
which a chief is appointed, with a gov- 
ernor resident over all, and a local resi- 
dent in each ; the lands are to be 
reserved for the British, and John 
Dunn is to be chief. 

* * Natal has representative government. 
Dec. * Transvaal. An insurrection 

breaks out against the British. 

1880 May* Natal. Sir George Pome- 
roy Colley becomes governor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869 Feb. * Fire sweeps over a large 
territory. 

1870 Mar. 11. Moshesh, chief of the 
Basutos, dies. 

July 12. Cape Town. The Duke of Ed- 
inburgh inaugurates the new harbor, 
breakwater, and docks. 

1872 * * The diamond-mines are re- 
markably productive. 

Sept. 1. Robert Gray, bishop of Cape 
Town, dies. 

Sept. 11. Makomo, a Kafir chief, dies. 

1876 * * Cape Town. The Government 
votes to appropriate £5,000 sterling 
for the construction of four trunk- 
lines of railroads. 

1877 Apr. 5. Cape Town. Sir H. 
Bartle E. Frere opens an exhibition. 

1879 Aug. 23. Telegraph connec- 
tion is made with Europe by way of 
Natal and Mozambique. 

Dec. 25. Cape Town. The first tele- 
gram is received by the new line which 
completes connection with England. It 
is sent by the Queen to Sir H. Bartle 
E. Frere. 

Dec. 29. Cape Town. The telegraph 
line is opened for the public. 



602 1880, June 20-1890, 



CAPE COLONY. 



ARMY — NAVY, 

1880 June* Basutoland. "War is 
waged against the Basutos near the 
head waters of the Orange River, be- 
cause they have attacked the settlers, 
and refuse to give up their arms. 

June * Basutoland. The chiefs who sur- 
render are attacked by those who re- 
bel against the colonists. 

Sept. 13. Basutoland. The chiefs carry 
the war against the colonists. 

Sept. 21. Basutoland. Col. Carrington 
defeats the rebel chief Lerothodi in an 
attack on Mafeling. 

Oct. 19. Basutoland. Col. Clarke re- 
lieves the colonists besieged at Mafe- 
ling, after a hot fight. 

Oct. 22. Basutoland. The colonists 
storm the village of Chief Lerotholdi, 
and scatter his army. 

Oct. 31. Basutoland. Col. Clarke storms 
the defenses of Moletsane. 

Oct. * Basutoland. Magistrate Hope is 
treacherously murdered by Chief Uin- 
hlonhlo, with other colonists. 

Nov. 12. Basutoland. The defeat of 
Umhlonhlo is announced. 

Dec. 21. Basutoland. The natives are 
utterly defeated by colonists under 
Baker. 

1881 Jan. 10-14±. Basutoland. Col. 
Carrington defeats the natives in sev- 
eral engagements. 

Feb. 18-24. Basutoland. The colonists 
grant an armistice. 

Mar. 26. Basutoland. The war is re- 
newed, and Col. Carrington is wounded. 

Apr. 16i. Basutoland. The Basutos are 
severely defeated. [May * Make peace.] 

July 30±. Zululand. John Dunn sup- 
presses a revolt. 

Sept.* Basutoland. Chief Masupha 
submits to the colonists. 

Dec. * Zululand. Order is restored. 

1882 Oct.* Basutoland. Chief Masu- 
pha again vexes the settlers. 

* * Basutoland. Gen. Charles G. Gor- 
don (Chinese Gordon) resigns his mil- 
itary appointment to South Africa. 

Dec. * Basutoland. Order is restored. 

1883 Apr. 25. Zululand. It is re- 
ported that King Cetewayo has a con- 
flict with the chiefs. 

May 16. Zululand. It is announced 
that Cetewayo is defeated by Chief 
Oham with the aid of others. 

May * Basutoland. The fighting chiefs 
finally subside. 

July 20. Basutoland. Chief Usibepu 
attacks Cetewayo at Ulundi, and defeats 
him. 

Aug. 16. Zululand. Cetewayo defeats 
Usibepu in a great battle. 

Nov. * Zululand. Chief Usibepu is de- 
feated by the other chiefs. 

1884 Jan. 31±. Zululand. Chief 
Zibedu defeats Chief Usutus. 

Mar. 15, 16. Basutoland. Jonathan 
defeats Joel in a bloody battle. 



Mar. 23. Basutoland. Chiefs Khelisu, 
Masupha, and Lerothodi fight each 
other. 

Mar. * -May * Zululand. Natives con- 
tinue their fighting. 

June 14. Basutoland. The Boers de- 
feat Chief Usibepu, and Chief Usutus 
becomes a fugitive. 

Nov. * Bechuanaland . A force is organ- 
ized to subdue the Dutch freebooters. 

1886 Oct. 20. Cape Colony. The Pon- 
dos invade Xesibeland. 

Dec. 9. Cape Colony. Order is restored 
in Xesibeland. 

1888 June 2. Zululand. The police 
and military punish the cattle thieves. 

July 2. Zululand. The revolt led by 
Ishingana is suppressed by a severe 
conflict. 

July 11. Zululand. The revolt of 
Dinizulu is announced. 

Aug. 1. Zululand. It is announced that 
Somkeli, the revolting chief, submits. 

Aug. 10. Zululand. Chief Dinizulu 
leads about 1,000 revolting natives with 
their cattle into the Transvaal Territory. 

Aug. 29. Zululand. It is announced 
that the revolt of Dinizulu is ended. 

Sept. * Transvaal. Dinizulu stir-ren- 
ders to the authorities. 

Sept. 19. Zululand. Chief Undabuko, 
the uncle of Dinizulu, surrenders. 

Sept. 27- Zululand. Undabuko is 
brought to trial. 

Nov. 12. Zuhdand. Ishingana, a re- 
volting chief, surrenders. 

Nov. * Zululand. Dinizulu surrenders 
to the British. 

Nov. 22. Zululand. Somhlolo, con- 
victed of high treason, is sentenced to 
imprisonment and hard labor for five 
years. 

Dec. 1. Zululand. Other chiefs are 
convicted of high treason, and sentenced. 

1S89. Apr. 27. Zululand. The re- 
volting chiefs are sentenced to im- 
prisonment, — Dinizulu 10 years, Unda- 
buko 15 years, Ishingana to 12 years. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1883 * * Zululand. The translation of 
the Scriptures into the Zulu language 
is completed by the missionaries of the 
American Board. 

18S4 Mar. 27. Griqualand. The" Vic- 
toria " diamond, weighing 302 carats, is 
found at Kimberley. 

1886 Sept. 26. A new comet is discov- 
ered at the Cape observatory by Mr. 
Finlay. 

CHURCH. 

1881 Aug. 20. Natal. John Mer- 
cer arrives at Durban, and proceeds to 
the Garenganze mission in Central Af- 
rica, having a climate favorable to Eu- 
ropeans. [A station at Bih6 is also 
maintained.] 

* * Ft. Mr. and Mrs. Coillard organize 
the Evangelical Mission of the Paris So- 
ciety on the Upper Zambesi. 



1882* * Zululand. A minion is opened 
at Ehlobane by the Herman nsburg 
Missionary Society. 

* * Kajfraria. Malan becomes a mission- 
station of the United Presbyterians of 
Scotland. 

1883 * * Cape Colony. Laingsburg be- 
comes a mission-station of the Berlin 
Evangelical Lutherans. 

* * Zululand. The Scriptures are trans- 
lated into Zulu. 

1884 * * Cape Colony. Somervitte be- 
comes a mission-station of the Free 
Church of Scotland. 

1885 * * Cape Colony. "Worcester be- 
comes a mission-station of the Society 
for the Propagation of the GospeL 

* * Mambunda Country. Mr. and Mrs. 
Coillard start an evangelical mission at 
Sesheke, Upper Zambesi. 

1886* * Mambunda Country. The Evan- 
gelical Mission open a station at Sefulu, 
Upper Zambesi. 

1888 * * Cape Colony. Goederwacht 
becomes a mission-station of the Mora- 
vians. 

SOCIETY. 

1882* * Aug. 3. Eng. Cetewayo 

Aug. 9. Eng. Cetewayo visits TV. E. 

Gladstone, the premier. 
Aug. 14. Eng. Cetewayo is received 

by the Queen. 
Aug. 16. Eng. Cetewayo is received 

by the Prince of "Wales. 

* * Cape Colony. The half-castes are 
called Griquas, and are active, vigor- 
ous, enterprising, and courageous, and 
much superior to the aborigines. 

* * CapeColony. Hottentots are but 
slightly civilized, and preserve tribal re- 
lations in the remote western sections 
where they abound. 

* * Cape Colony. Bushmen are a dimin- 
utive people of light yellowish-brown 
complexion, and inhabit the western 
part of the country. 

1886 * * Gold-seekers outnumber the 
Boers in Transvaal. 

1890* * Kafraria. "The social con- 
dition of the natives is very bad, owing 
to their poverty and their use of intoxi- 
cating liquors." (Encyc. of Missions.) 

Sept. 17. Cape Colony. A Portuguese 
steamer loaded with kidnapped na- 
tives arrives at Cape Town on its way 
from Mozambique to the west coast. 

* * Bechuanaland. Great changes have 
been produced by the missionaries in 
the costume, houses, customs, and re- 
ligion of the people. 

* * Bechuanaland. The Bechuanas are 
a people of fine physique, which is main- 
tained by getting rid of the feeble and 
sickly. 

* * Bechuanaland. Young men and 
women are subjected to severe physi- 
cal tests before they are declared " men " 
and " women ; " the dead are buried with 
their face due north, whence came their 
ancestors. 



CAPE COLONY. 1880, June 20-1890 * *. 603 



* * Natal. The Zulus believe in witch- 
craft, demons, and ancestral spirits. 

* * Polygamy prevails in Central Africa, 
there being no limit to the number of 
wives. 

There is no law to forbid the marriage 
of near relatives. Women are really 
servants, and with the slaves do all the 
domestic labor, leaving the men free for 
feats of arms. 

STATE. 

1880 June 24±. Cape Town. The As- 
sembly rejects the Government's plan 
for a conference of delegates to promote 
confederation. 

Aug. 1. SirBartle E. Frere, Governor 
and Lord High Commissioner, is re- 
called. 

Aug. 21. London. Sir Hercules G. R. 
Robinson is appointed high commis- 
sioner. 

1881 Feb. 27. Natal. Sir George 
Pomeroy Colley, the governor, is killed 
in battle at Majuba Hill. 

Mar. 21. Transvaal. A treaty of 
peace is signed. 

May 6, 7. Cape Toion. The Sprigg 
Ministry resigns ; another Ministry is 
formed by Messrs. Scanlen and Mol- 
teno. 

July 11±. Eng. The Queen refuses the 
petition of Cetewayo, as king, to be re- 
stored to his dominion. 

Aug. 8. Transvaal. A republic is es- 
tablished by Boers, by a vote of the 
Volksraad ; Peter J. Joubert is the first 
president. 

Sept.* Zululand. Gen. Sir Evelyn 
"Wood makes important changes. 

Nov. * Natal. "Walter J. Sendall is 
appointed governor. 

Nov. * Natal. The colonists are disaf- 
fected toward the governor. 

Dec. * Natal. Sir Henry E. G. Bulwer 
is nominated governor. 

1882 Mar. 4. Natal. Governor Bul- 
wer arrives. 

Aug. * Eng. The Government consents 
to Cetewayo's partial restoration to 
authority. 

Oct. * Basutoland is again disturbed by 
Chief Masupha. 

Dec. * Basutoland. Peace prevails. 

1883 Jan. 29. Zululand. The resto- 
ration of Cetewayo as king of the 
Zulus is proclaimed at Ulundi. 

Feb.* Basutoland. The Go vernment 
graats self-government to the natives. 

Junei * Basutoland. The British re- 
sume a conditional government over 
the Basutos. 

July 27. Cape Town. The Parliament 
approves the agreement made by the 
Ministers "with the Basutos. 

* * Transvaal. S. J. Paul Kruger is 
elected president of Transvaal, now a 
republic under the " suzerainty " of 
Queen Victoria. 

Oct. 15. Natal. Cetewayo surrenders 



himself to the British, and is taken to 
Durban. 

Nov. 5. Natal. Cetewayo is removed 
to Ekowe in Zululand. 

Dec. 8. Basutoland. The Basuto 
chiefs, with the exception of Joel, ac- 
cept the British proposal. 

1884 Jan. 27, 28. Zululand. Cete- 
wayo escapes, and is recaptured. 

Feb. 27. London. A convention is 
held which recognizes the South Afri- 
can Republic as a State, and restricting 
the Queen's suzerainty. 

May 7. Cape Town. A Ministerial crisis 
ensues ; the Ministry resigns, and an 
Upington Ministry succeeds it. 

May 21. The Boers crown Dinizulu 
king of the Zulus ; he pledges his fidel- 
ity to the British. 

Aug. * Bechuanaland. The Dutch 
party force Mr. Mackenzie, the British 
resident, to resign, and he is succeeded 
by Cecil Rhodes. 

Sept. * Filibustering Boers seize [and 
hold for a short time] the British terri- 
tory of Montsioa. 

Oct. * The Ministry is committed to the 
use of Imperial troops in suppressing 
the Boers. 

Oct. * Bechuanaland. The Imperial gov- 
ernment appoints Sir Charles Warren 
as special commissioner. 

Dec* Zululand. The British raise the 
flag of Great Britain in St. Lucia's Bay. 

* * Namaqualand, with the only harbor 
on the neighboring coast at "Walfisch 
Bay, is annexed to Cape Colony. 

1885 Jan. 29. Bechuanaland. Com- 
missioner "Warren comes to an agree- 
ment with President Kruger. 

Feb. 24+. Bechuanaland. Commis- 
sioner Warren establishes mili tary 
government. 

Mar. 23. Bechuanaland. The British 
protectorate is proclaimed. 

June* Stellaland. The Republic of Stel- 
laland becomes a crown colony. 

1SS6 Oct. 22+. Natal. The Legisla- 
tive Council of Natal offers to admin- 
ister and sustain the government of 
Zululand as a barrier against the Boers. 

Oct. 27+. Cape Town. The British Gov- 
ernment declines the offer of Natal. 

Nov. 4. The Boer Republic agrees to 
the projected South African Repub- 
lic. 

Nov. * Cape Town. A British protec- 
torate over Zululand is proposed. 

Nov. 25 ±. Cape Town. A new Ministry 
is formed, with Sir J. Gordon Sprigg 

' premier. 

1887 June 21. Natal. The annexa- 
tion of Zululand by Great Britain is 
proclaimed at Durban. 

Aug.* Cape Town. The Parliament 
passes a new registration Act, which 
disfranchises many natives. 

Nov. 5 + . Natal. Dinizulu, king of the 
Zulus, creates disturbances. 

Nov. 7±. Natal. Many of the Zulus 
submit to the British. 



Nov. 13±. Natal. King Dinizulu sub- 
mits to the British. 

1888 Feb.* Cape Town. Delegates 
from Cape Colony, Natal, and the Orange 
Free State meet in conference, and 
discuss measures for a customs union. 

Feb. 18. Cape Town. The conference 
of delegates closes, 

Oct.± * Bechuanaland opposes annex- 
ation to Cape Colony by an adverse vote. 

Nov. 15. Undabuko, the king's uncle, 
and Somkeli, a Zulu rebel chief, are 
brought to trial for treason. 

1889 June 3. Cape Town. Sir Her- 
cules Robinson retires from the com- 
missionership of South Africa. 

June 22. Sir Henry Brougham Lock 
accepts the governorship of Cape Colony. 

July 29. Cape Town. The U. S. Con- 
sul charges the Government with im- 
prisoning American citizens. 

Oct. 29. Cape Town. The British 
South African Company receives its 
charter. 

1890 Mar. 18. The British consul at 
Mozambique is reported to have raised 
and saluted the British flag in the 
Shire district. 

* * An Anglo-German agreement de- 
fines the sphere of British influence. 

July 16. Cape Town. A new cabinet is 
formed, with Cecil Rhodes premier. 

July 28. Cape Town. In the Legisla- 
tive Assembly, Premier Rhodes gives no- 
tice of a motion expressing regret that 
the Colony has not been consulted 
on the Anglo-German agreement, so 
far as it relates to the territory south of 
the Zambesi river. 

Aug. 1. Cape Town. The Franchise 
Bill passes the Legislative Assembly. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883 June 20. Natal. John Wm. 
Colenso, bishop of Natal, dies. 

Aug. 9. Robert Moffat, Scottish mis- 
sionary, dies. 

1884 Feb. 8. Cetewayo, a Zulu chief, 
dies. 

1885 Nov. 28. The railroad to Kim- 
berley is opened. 

1886 * * Cape Colony has a population 
of 1,252,347. 

1887 Dec. 15. Sir Hercules Robinson 
opens the South African Jubilee Ex- 
hibition at Graham's Town. 

1890 Feb. 26. Immigrants by the 
hundred are pouring into Nyassaland 
and southeastern Africa. 

* * One-third of the population of Cape 
Colony are breeders of stock. 

July 30. Zululand. Famine prevails. 

Aug. 26. London. A company is organ- 
ized to develop the country south of 
Lake Tanganyika. 

Sept. 6. Premier Rhodes announces that 
connection will be made with the Dela- 
goa Bay railroad line at Vaal River. 

Sept. 20. Cape Town. The Cape of Good 
Hope Bank suspends payment. 



604 1890,** -1894, Dec. 13. CAPE COLONY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 July 2. Mashonaland. Armed 
Boers begin the " big trek," but are 
driven out by British troops and police. 

1893 Jan. 15. The Umzizi tribe in 
Pondoland defeats Chief Sigeau in battle, 
killing 250 of bis men. 

Oct. 3. The Matabele warriors attack 
the police of the South African Char- 
tered Company. Sir Henry Lock, com- 
missioner at Victoria, is preparing to 
repel their attacks. 

Oct. 4. The Matabeles under King Lo- 
bengula are marching on Fort Victo- 
ria ; a strong force is sent to meet them. 

Oct. 6. Fighting occurs in Mashonaland 
between the Matabeles and the British 
South African Company's forces. 

Oct. 20. The Matabeles are twice de- 
feated by the British forces, with a loss 
of 100 warriors. 

Oct. 24. Gov. Sir Henry Lock, of the 
Cape of Good Hope, notifies the Chair- 
man of the British South African Com- 
pany that sole control of the operations 
against the Matabeles has been placed 
in his hands by the home Govern- 
ment. 

Oct. 27. In a battle between the Mat- 
abeles and the troops of the British 
South African Company, the former are 
severely defeated with 300 killed. 

Nov. 1. The British forces defeat the 
Matabeles with heavy loss, and cap- 
ture Buluwayo, their capital. 

Nov. 2. The Matabeles are defeated 
with a loss of five hundred warriors, and 
the British forces are in pursuit of King 
Lobengula. 

Nov. 8. A Matabele attack is repulsed 
by a British force, sixty of the former 
being killed. 

Nov. 9. The British forces are in pos- 
session of Buluwayo, King Loben- 
gula's capital, after a battle, in which 
over a thousand Matabele warriors are 
killed or wounded. An ultimatum is 
offered by the British. 



Nov. 20. Lobengula, King of the 
Matabeles, declares that he is ready to 
surrender, but that his young warriors 
will not give their consent. 

Nov. 22. The Matabeles under King 
Lobengula are again defeated, and run 
away after the battle. 

Nov. 23. The Matabele army is dis- 
persed, and Lobengula is a fugitive. 

Nov. 26. It is announced that the Mat- 
abeles are completely subjugated; 
that King Lobengula has fled, and his 
men are ready to lay down their arms. 

Nov. 27. London. Reports are received 
of the massacre of Capts. "Wilson and 
Barrow and their entire forces by the 
Matabeles. 

Dec. 13. Part of Major Forbes' s com- 
mand is attacked by Lobengula's war- 
riors, and forced to retreat. 

1894 Jan. 13. The tidings that Capt. 
"Wilson and his command were mas- 
sacred by the Matabeles is confirmed. 

Jan. 20. King Lobengula with a few 
of his followers is entrenched close to 
the Zambesi River ; quietness rules else- 
where. [Jan. '23. He dies of fever.] 

Aug. 16. So. Af. Republic. Kafirs still 
continue to devastate the Boer farms, 
and kill the farmers and their families ; 
Government troops are on the way to 
the scene of trouble. 

Aug. 17. So. Af. Republic . Aforcesent 
by the Boers against the Kafirs in the 
Transvaal is defeated, and the outrages 
on the part of the Kafirs continue. 

Aug. 24±. So. Af. Republic. Kafir Chief 
Malaboch and seven companions sur- 
render to the Boers. 

Sept. 25. A large force of Kafirs, led 
by Chief Mahazula, is marching to at- 
tack the town of Lourenco Marquez in 
Portuguese South Africa on Delagoa 
Bay ; the streets of the town are barri- 
caded, and defended with Nordenfeld 
guns, the British residents and other 
foreigners forming a volunteer garrison. 
[Sept. 26. The town is besieged by 
7,000 Kafirs. Oct. 13. The Kafirs have 
captured part of the town.] 



ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 
1890 * ♦ Kaffraria. The Dutch, Eng- 
lish, and Kafir languages are spoken. 

* *~Knffniria. The Bible and many 
other books have been given to the 
people in their native language. 

1894 Apr. 4. Matabeleland. Ancient 
Roman coins are found. 

STATE. 

1892 May 3. Cape Town. A new 
Ministry is formed, with Cecil Rhodes 
premier. 

May 11. Natal. The Legislative 
Council establishes responsible govern- 
ment. 

June 20. Cape Colony. The Cape Par- 
liament opens. 

July-1. Bechnanaland. The Bechua- 
naland Protectorate enters into a cus- 
toms union. 

* * Cape Colony and South Africa have 
2,250 miles of railroads. 

1893 July 4. Natal. Sir Charles Mit- 
chell, the governor, proclaims the new 
Constitution. 

Aug. 25. Matabeleland. Lobengula, 
the King of the Matabele, demands that 
Mashonaland should be given up to 
him by the British. 

* * A petition signed by 10,000 Malays is 
sent to the Imperial Government against 
an Asiatic influx from the Orient. 

1894 Jan. 6. Cape Town. The Gov- 
ernment has appointed a committee to 
inquire into the leprosy question. 

Feb. 22. Nyassaland district becomes 
"The British Central Africa Pro- 
tectorate." 

Apr. 25. Matabeleland. Thecountryis 
thrown open to people of every na- 
tion under the general land and mining 
laws. 

* * Matabeleland. Buluwayo rapidly ad- 
vances in population and importance. 
Salisbury suffers a corresponding de- 
pression. A telegraph line is extended 
into the region beyond Buluwayo. 



CHILE. 

Chile is a republic extending along the west coast of South America, having Santiago for its capital. Area, about 250,000 
square miles ; population in 1891, estimated at 2,817,552. 

The government is administered by a President and a Congress that consists of two houses, a Senate and a Chamber of 
Deputies. The senators are elected by twenty-three provinces, and the deputies by the departments. The popular language is 
Spanish, and the prevailing religion is Koman Catholic. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1450 * * The Peruvian Inca Yupanqui 
leads an army into Northern Chile, and 
either wins or conquers the Indians. 

1535 * *(or 1536) Diego de Almagro 
leads the first Spanish invasion in 
search of gold and glory, and is driven 
hack with much loss, chiefly because of 
the climate and starvation. 

1535-!- * * "War with the Axaucanians 



1540± * * Don Pedro deValdivia leads 
an army which is driven back by the 
brave Araucanians. 

1541 * * Valdivia, with Indian allies, con- 
quers nearly all of Chile, under order 
of Pizarro. [1543. Indians besiege Val- 
divia, till relieved by reenforcements.] 

1547 * * Valdivia goes to Peru as an 
ally of Gasca. 

1549 * * The assaults of the Arauca- 
nians imperil the very existence of the 
Spaniards. 



1550 * * Valdivia returns with a fresh 
army, and is resisted by Araucanians 
under the brave Lautaro, an escaped 
captive. 

1554 Jan. 1. Valdivia is defeated and 
killed by the Indians at the battle of 
Tucapel. 

1556 * * Count Garcia Hurtado de 
Mendoza succeeds to the command of 
the Spaniards. 

The Indians are finally repulsed [and 
a doubtful war of conquest is continued 
by the Spaniards for nearly 50 years]. 



CHILE. 



1450, **-1808, 



605 



1557 ** -65 * *Mendoza gathers a 
force of Spaniards, and leads tbem 
against the Indians under Caupolican ; 
several battles are fought, and the Span- 
iards are finally victorious. 

1586 * * Three ships, commanded by Sir 
Thomas Cavendish, land in Quintero 
Bay, and attempt to subjugate the 
country to British rule. 

1723* * "War begins between the 
Spaniards and the Indians [continu- 
ing intermittingly for 50 years]. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1500± * * Chileans practise weaving 

and agriculture. 
1570 * * An earthquake destroys 2,000 

lives at Concepcion. 
1712 * * Am^de Francois Fr^zier, the 
French military engineer, visits the 
coast. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1564 Jan. 1. Valdivia, Pedro de, com- 
mander, A54+. 

1610 Aug. 10. Ramon, Garcia, eminent 
for his ability, humanity, and public 
worth, dies. 

1630 Nov. SO. Ulloa, Lopez de, governor, 
dies. 

1778 * * Infante, Jos6 Mig-uel. statesman, 
born. 

1800 * * Perez, Jose" Joaquin, president, b. 

CHURCH. 

1553 * * The Dominicans and Fran- 
ciscans arrive, and establish settle- 
ments. 

1563 * * Pope Pius IV. appoints Ft. Bar- 
toleme Roderigo Gonzales Marmolejo 
first bishop of Santiago. 

1567 * * Fr. Fernando Banioneuvo is 
elected bishop. 

1570 * * A bishopric is established in 
the city of Imperial ; Fr. Antonio de 
San Miguel y Solier, a Franciscan, is 
appointed the first bishop. 

1593 * * The Jesuits arrive with Loyola, 
a nephew of the founder of the order. 

1595 * * The Augustines arrive. 

1615 * * The Hospitallers of St. John 
of God arrive. 

1767* * The Jesuits are expelled from 
the country. 

SOCIETY. 
1590 * * Janequeo determines to avenge 
the death of her husband, and leads 
an army against the Spanish. 

STATE. 
1450 * * The Peruvians acquire terri- 
tory from the Indians inhabiting Chile. 
1516 * * Sp. Charles I. is enthroned. 

1533 * * The Peruvian dominion in 
Chile ceases. 

1534 Jan.* Diego deAlmagro receives 
his commission as governor of New Cas- 
tile (Chile). 

Nov. 13. Francisco Pizarro and Alma- 
gro make a fruitless effort to settle 
their disputed boundaries. 

1538* * Pedro de Valdivia, an officer 
of Pizarro, explores the west coast of 
South America to 40° South. 



1541 Feb. 12. Valdivia founds San- 
tiago. 

* * The conquests of Almagro make 
Chile a Spanish province. 

1544 Sept. 3. Valdivia founds Valpa- 
raiso. 

1547 ± * * The appointment of Francisco 
de Villagran as captain-general marks 
the close of the period of conquest. 

1550 * * The Spanish under Pedro de 
Valdivia found the city of Concepcion. 

1553 * * The Indians destroy Concep- 
cion. 

1556 * * Sp. Philip II. is enthroned. 

1557 Apr. * Garcia Hurtado de Men- 
doza arrives in the Bay of Concepcion 
as captain-general. 

1568* * Philip II. detaches Chile from 
Peru, and a Royal Audencia is estab- 
lished. 

1575 * * The court of Spain becomes dis- 
satisfied with the condition of affairs, 
and dissolves the Royal Audencia, 
and orders its members back to Peru. 

* * Rodrigo de Quiroga is appointed gov- 
ernor. 

1580 * * Martin Ruiz de Gamboa is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1583 * * Alonso de Sotomayor is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1593 * * Martin Garcia Ofiez de Loyola 
is appointed governor. 

1598 * * -1600 * * Holland sends five 
war-ships to the coast. 

* * Sp. Philip 111, is enthroned. 
1599* * Francisco Quinones is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1600+ * * Alonso Garcia Ramon is ap- 
pointed governor ; later, Alonso de Ri- 
vera. 

1610 * * Luis Merlo de la Fuenta is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1612 * * Alonso de Rivera is again ap- 
pointed governor. 

1617 * * Fernando Talaveranno is ap- 
pointed governor ; ten months later, 
Lopez de Ulloa. 

1620 * * Cristoval de la Cerda is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1621 * * Sp. Philip IV. is enthroned. 

* * Pedro Sorez de Ulloa is appointed 
governor. 

1624 * * Francisco de Alva y Nornena 

is appointed governor ; six months later, 

Luis Fernandez de Cordova y Arce is 

appointed. 
1629 * * Francisco Laso de la Vega is 

appointed governor. 
1641 Jan. 6. A treaty of peace is 

entered between the Spaniards and the 

Araucanians. 
1645 * * Martin de Muxica is appointed 

governor. 

* * * Alonso de Cordova y Figuerva is 
governor. 

* * * Antonio de Acuna y Cabrera is 
governor. 

1655* *-65* * Pedro Portale Casanate 
is appointed governor ; later, Diego Gon- 
zales Montero, Angel de Pereda, and 
Francisco de Meneses. 



1665 * * After vainly trying for 100 years 
to drive the Indians south of the Biobio, 
the Spaniards make a treaty of peace. 

* * Sp. Charles II. is enthroned. 
1667 ± * * The Marquis of Navamor- 

quende is appointed governor. 

1670 * * -1717 * * The governors are : 
Montero, a second time, Juan Henu- 
quez, Jose de Gano, Tomas Martin de 
Poveda, Francisco Ibanez de Peralta, 
Juan Andres de Ustariz, and Jose" de 
Santiago Concha. 

1700 * * Sp. Philip V. is enthroned. 

1707* *-17* * The French blockade 
all the ports of Chile, and take possession 
of the commerce. 

1720+ * * Gabriel Cano de Aponte is 
governor. 

1722 * * After a struggle of 180 years 
the Chileans make a treaty with the 
Spaniards, separating a part of the coun- 
try to form Spanish Chile. 

1724 * * Sp. Louis I. is enthroned ; 
later in the year Philip V. is again en- 
throned. 

1735 *' * The governors are : Francisco 
Sanchez de laBaneda, Manuel de Sala- 
manca, and Jose de Manso. 

1742 * * Manso founds nine cities by 
order of the king to collect the inhabi- 
tants of the country in urban societies. 

±* * Francisco de Obando is governor ; 
later, Domingo Ortiz de Rosas. 

1746* * Sp. Ferdinand VI. is en- 
throned. 

1753+ * * Manuel Amat is appointed 
governor. 

1759 * * Sp. Charles III. is enthroned. 

* * * Antonio de Guill y Gonzaga is ap- 
pointed governor. 

* * * Francisco Xavier de Morales is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1773 * * Agustin de Jauregui is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1778 * * The ports of Spain are thrown 
open to the colonies, and free com- 
merce with the French is permitted. 

1781 * * Ambrosio de Benavides is ap- 
pointed governor. 

1787 Nov. 21. Ambrosio O'Higgins 
is appointed governor-general. [He 
proves to be a superior governor.] 

1788 * * Sp. Charles IV. is enthroned. 
1796 Sept. 18. Gen. Gabriel deAviles 

is appointed governor. 

1799 Mar. 15. Joaquin del Pino is 
appointed governor. 

1802 Jan. 30. Luis Mufioz de Guz- 
man is appointed governor. 

1808 * * Francisco Antonio Carrasco is 
appointed governor. 

* * Sp. Ferdinand VII. is enthroned ; 
and later in the year, Joseph Bona- 
parte. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1747 * * The University of San Felipe 
is established at Santiago. 



606 1810, **-1889, 



CHILE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
WAR OF THE REVOLUTION. 

1811 Apr.* The patriots rout a 
body of Spaniards in Santiago, with 
much loss on both sides, and thus shed 
the first blood for independence. 

1813 * * Gen. Faroja brings a powerful 
Spanish army ; they are twice defeated 
by tbe patriots, but being reenforced, 
are finally victorious. 

1817 * * The patriots are reenforced 
from Buenos Ayres. 

1818 Feb. 12. The Spaniards are 
suddenly attacked by Gen. O'Higgins at 
Chacabuco, in the plains of Maipo, and 
defeated with heavy loss, while the pa- 
triots thereby secure the independence 
of Chile. 

* * The Chileans send a force to aid the 
Peruvians against the Spanish. 

Feb. 19. The patriots under Jos3 de 
San Martin are defeated at the battle 
of Chaneh Rayada with great loss. 

Apr. 5. The patriots under San Martin 
win a decisive battle at the Maipo. 

* * * The Cumberland is purchased in 
London, and renamed San Martin. 

Oct. 28. The San Martin captures the 
Maria Isabel from the Spanish. She is 
taken to Valparaiso, remounted, and re- 
named the O'Higgins. 

± * * The navy is greatly strengthened 
by the adding of the Galvarino, Arau- 
cano y Intrepid, and the Independencia. 

1820 Feb. 2,3,4. Naval battle; 
Lord Cochrane in the O'Higgins takes 
Valdivia. 

1851 Apr.* Battle between the Gov- 
ernment troops and insurrectionists ; 
Col. Urriola and 200 or 300 others 
are killed. 

Sept. * Insurrectionists under Gen. 
Jose" Maria de la Cruz resist the Gov- 
ernment ; 4,000 lives are lost in the series 
of conflicts. 

Dec. 8. The revolt is crushed by the 
defeat of Gen. Cruz at the battle of 
Longamilla. 

1858 Dec* The insurrection of Pedro 
Gallo breaks out. 

1859 Apr. * The insurrection is com- 
pletely suppressed. 

Oct. * The war is renewed under Presi- 
dent Perez. 

1866 Mar. 31. "War with Spain; a 
Spanish force bombards Valparaiso. 

Apr. 14. The blockade by Spain is 
ended. 

1878 Dec. * Chileans seize the Boliv- 
ian forts. 

1879 * * A long war with Peru and 
Bolivia. Cause, dispute concerning a 
strip of coast territory, rich in guano 
and nitrate of soda, and because of a 
secret treaty between Peru and Bolivia. 

Feb. 14. Chileans under Col. Soto- 
mayor occupy the Bolivian port of 
A ntof agasta. 



Mar. 23. An indecisive engagement is 
fought at Calama on the banks of the 
Loa. 

Apr. 5. Chileans blockade Iquique. 

Apr. 18. Chileans bombard Pisaqua. 

May 21, 23. In a naval action near 
Iquique, the Peruvian iron-clad, tur- 
reted steam-ship Huascar rams the 
Chilean wooden corvette Esmeralda, in 
which about 110 men perish, and the 
Peruvian iron-clad Independencia is run 
on a rock while chasing the Covadonga, 
and becomes a total wreck. The block- 
ade is raised. 

July 29. The Huascar captures two 
Chilean vessels in the port at Iquique, 
and raises the blockade. 

Oct. 8. The Chilean fleet of six vessels 
captures the Peruvian ironclad Hu- 
ascar off Mejillones; the admiral and 
many others are killed. 

Nov. 2+. Gen. Escala lands 10,000 Chile- 
ans, bombards Pisagua, in the prov- 
ince of Tarapaea, and takes the city 
from Gen. Buendia. 

TCov. 19. The Chileans defeat the allies 
at San Francisco. 

Nov. 22. Battle of San Francisco ; 
Iquique surrenders to 5,000 Chileans, 
who have defeated the combined armies 
of Peru and Bolivia, 11,000 strong, near 
the city. 

Nov. 27±. The allies are again de- 
feated near Tarapaca-, and the town 
is taken by the Chileans; both sides 
suffer heavy losses. 

Dec. 18. The retreating Peruvians 
arrive at Arica. 

1880 Feb. 27. An indecisive naval en- 
gagement takes place near Arica. 

Apr. 18. The Chileans blockade Cal- 
lao, Peru, and alarm Lima. 

Apr. 22^-. The Chileans bombard Cal- 
lao. 

May 10. The Chileans again bombard 
Callao. 

May 26. The allies are defeated in a 
bloody battle at Tacna, Chile, by the 
Chileans, and the town surrenders. 
Chilean loss, 2.12S killed and wounded; 
Peruvian loss, 2,500 killed and wounded ; 
Bolivian loss, not estimated. 

June 7. The Chileans, under Gen. Man- 
uel Baquedano, take the port of Arica 
by assault. 

July 3. Peruvians sink the Chilean 
transport Loa by means of a torpedo or 
infernal machine. 

* * Extended negotiations for peace ar- 
rest the military movements. 

Sept. 14. While bombarding Callao, the 
Peruvians blow up the Covadonga, 
near Chancay, by means of torpedoes 
concealed in a captured gig. 

Oct. 9. The Peruvians attempt to 
blow up Chilean ironclads by means 
of a sunken boat filled with powder, but 
fail in the attempt. 

Dec. 30+. Tbe Chileans send a force of 
2,500 men to Peru. 



1881 Jan. 4. The Chileans, 23,600 
strong, storm Lurin, which is defended 
by 33,500 men and 200 cannon. 

Jan. 13. The Chileans again defeat the 
Peruvians in a severe battle at Chorri- 
Uos. Chilean loss, 2,000 to 3,000 ; Peru- 
vian, loss over 4,000, besides many more 
taken prisoners. 

Jan. 15. Peru. The Chileans again de- 
feat the Peruvians at Miraflores in a 
bloody battle. The Peruvian army is 
routed, and the fleet is now annihilated. 

Jan. 17±. Peru. The victorious Chile- 
ans enter Lima, and Pierola flees. 

Jan. 23. Peru. The Chileans take 
Callao, and the war virtually ends. 
Total loss to the Chileans, 10,000 men in 
killed and wounded. The Chileans have 
not lost a battle during the entire cam- 
paign. 

1882 July * The war is resumed be- 
cause of the interference of outside par- 
ties, and several indecisive engagements 
favor the Chileans. 

1883 July 10. Peru. Tbe Peruvians 
are defeated in a severe battle at Hu- 
anuco. 

July 13. Peru. The Peruvians are de- 
feated by Gen. Grostiago. Peruvians 
lose 900 killed and as many wounded ; 
Chileans lose 56 killed and 104 wounded. 
[July 15. The Peruvians defeated. 
July 16. Again defeated. July 19. Col. 
Grostiago defeats the Peruvians at 
Huanuco.] 

Oct. 23. Peru. Chileans evacuate Lima. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1822 Nov. 19. Santiago suffers from 
an earthquake ; the coast of Chile is 
permanently raised. 

1829 * * Santiago is again damaged by 
an earthquake. 

1835 Feb. 20. An earthquake does 
immense damage ; not a house left stand- 
ing in the City of Concepcion. 

1851 Apr. 2. An earthquake wrecks 
more than 400 houses at Valparaiso. 

1858 * * The first issue of the Revista 
Medica-Quirurjica, the Hevista del Pa~ 
cijico, and the Correo Literario. 

* * Prominent newspapers are the El 
Mercurio de Provincias and El Mercurio 
del Vapor and tbe Revista de Ciencias 
y Letras, a superior literary paper. 

1871 Oct.* Gold-mines are discov- 
ered near Iquique. 

1S80 Sept. 13. A.n earthquake at 
Illapel near Valparaiso kills about 200 
people. 

1S89 Jan. 14. A great storm rages 
at Valparaiso. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1826 * * Baquedano, Manuel, general, bom. 

1830* * Sotomayor y V aides, Ramon, jour- 
nalist, born. 

1844* * Infante. Jose Miguel, statesman, 
A 66. 

1850 * * Carev, Eleanor, actor, born. 

1873 Nov. 23. Cruz, .lose Maria de la, 
general. A72. 

1886* * Vicuna, Benjamin Vicuna Mao- 
kenna, historian, A55. 



CHILE. 



1810, ** -1889, 



607 



CHURCH. 
1854 * * The second chamber rejects the 

resolution of the Senate to readmit the 

Jesuits. 
1861 * * Lota becomes a mission-station 



* * A constitution is promulgated, which 1879 Feb.* The Government orders 
temporarily reconciles contending the towns in territory claimed by Bo- 
parties, livia to be garrisoned, and the coast 
1830 Mar. 31. Tom&s Ovalle is blockaded, 
elected president. Mar. 1. Bolivia declares war against 
of the South American Missionary 1831* * Gen. Pueto is elected president. Chile; it has Peru as an ally. 
* A convention is called to revise the A P r - 5 - Chile declares war. 
Constitution. . Cause of the war; disputes respect- 
ig a strip of coast territory, very rich 
guano and nitrate of soda. It was 
■iginally supposed to be barren and 
orthless. 



Society; is opened by Capt 
Gardiner of Londi 

1863 Dec. 8. The Jesuits' church at 1833 May 22. The Constitution is 

Santiago is consumed by fire on the established [and continues] ; good gov- 

feast of the Immaculate Conception of ernment and general prosperity follow, 

the Virgin Mary, when brilliantly il- 1841 » * Gen . Bulnea is eIected presi . 

luminated, and having many combus- dent . [He is reelected.] 

tible ornaments ; inorethan J.nno nersi.us , m « _ * * • *• .... 

t)firiBh ' 1851 Apr. * An insurrection is led by 

Col. TJrriola. 



perish 

Dec. 20. The Government orders the 
church of the Jesuits at Santiago to bo 
razed to the ground ; public indigna- 
tion at the fanaticism of the priests. 

1865 July * An act of toleration in 
religion is passed. 

1880 * * Concepcion becomes a mission- 
station of the Presbyterian Church 
(North) of U. S. A. 



May 8. A new tariff is introduced. 
Oct. 18. Manuel Montt is elected 

president. [He is afterward reelected.] 
Sept. * An insurrection is led by Gen. 

Cruz, the defeated candidate at the last 

election ; it comes perilously near a 

revolution. 
1852 June 30. A treaty with France 

is concluded. 
1856 Apr. 30. A treaty with the Feb. * Peru solicits the intervention of 

Argentine Republic is concluded. England. 

Nov. * A treaty with Great Britain, July 23. By treaty with the Argen- 

and one with Ecuador, and another with tine Republic, Chile gains about 57,000 

Peru are made. square miles of territory. 

1886* *In the elections 46 men are * * Treaties are made with the United Sept.* Spain confirms the treaty made 
killed and 160 are wounded. States and with Sardinia. ^^ cMi e . 

1861 * * Jose" Joaquin Perez is elected Sept. 18. Santa Maria Domingo, a 



SOCIETY. 
1882 * * Two men are killed and seven 

wounded in the elections. 
1885 * * In the elections 17 men are 

killed and 165 wounded. 



1880 June 28. Peru. Perseverance 
in the war is declared by Nicolas de 
Pierola, the dictator, who proceeds to 
enforce a levy en masse. 

Sept. * U. S. A. The United States of- 
fers to mediate between the three coun- 
tries ; and her services are accepted, but 
ineffective. 

1881 Jan. 30+. The Chileans de- 
mand of Peru the cession of valuable 
territory, the payment of $750,000,000 in- 
demnity, and propose to occupy Callao 
and work the mines till the indemnity 
is paid. 



1889 Mar. 18. The Government issue; 
a decree prohibiting the immigration president. Liberal, 

of Chinese laborers, but offering free 1864 Mar. 1. A rupture occurs be- Oct. 23. 



passage, board, and lodging to Euro- 
peans. 

STATE. 

1810 * * All the Spanish rulers have 

treated the Chileans with injustice and 



elected President, 
k. dispute respecting the 



tween Chile and Bolivia respecting boundary of Patagonia is settled by 

the valuable guano islands. • a treaty between Chile and the Argen- 

May 20. The Spanish Minister settles tine Republic, 

the dispute between Chile and Spain 1882 Jan. 25. A treaty of peace is 



respecting Peru. 



exasperating selfishness, which prepares July 25. Sp. The Government disap- 
them for revolution. 



REVOLUTION BEGINS. 

July * Spain being helpless under the 
feet of France, the Chileans assert in- 
dependence by deposing the Spanish 
president. 

Sept. 10. Chileans declare their in- 
dependence of Spain. 

The executive power i 
a committee of seven men. 

1811 Dec. 20. A triumvirate is ap- 
pointed to conduct the government. 

1813* *The sovereignty of Spain is 1865 Jul y !■ The aet o£ religious 
finally reestablished by the army of toleration is passed. 
Paroja [and continues three years]. 



made with Bolivia, who surrenders 
her coast territory, and breaks her alli- 

- ance with Peru. 

Mar. * Chile and Peru agree to a peace 
protocol. 



proves of the settlement made respect- 
ing Peru. 
Sept. 17. Satisfaction is claimed by 

the Spanish admiral Jose Manuel Pa- Sept. 28. Bolivia. Peace is reported, 

reja y Septien at Valparaiso for Chilean and Tarapaca and Tacna are ceded 

interference in the war with Peru. to Chile. 

Sept. 21. The Chileans refuse the Oct. 8±. The peace negotiations fail, 

satisfaction demanded by Spain. Oct. 20. The treaty of peace is signed 

otrusted to Sept. 24. Adm. Septien declares a block- by Chile and Peru at Ancon ; Tacna and 

ade. Arica are ceded to Chile for 10 years. 

Sept. 29. War is declared by Chile 1883 * * The civil marriage law is 

against Spain. passed. It is bitterly opposed by the 
clergy and the women. Twenty-three 
per cent of all children born are illegiti- 

Dee. 5. Chile joins Peru. m ate. 

1818 Feb. 12. Chile is again declared 1866 Jan. 14. An off ensive and def en- 1884 Apr. 4. The final treaty with 

independent of Spain ; Gen. O'Higgins sive treaty between Peru and Chile Peru is signed. 

is dictator. against Spain is formally announced. 1885 Mar.* The general e'lectionrj 

1823* *A popular uprising compels 1871* * Federico En&zuris is elected give the Liberals an increased ma- 

O'Higgins to resign, and a provisional president. . jority. 

triumvirate holds the government for 1873 Feb. 6. Bolivia and Peru enter 1886 Sept. IS. Jose" Manuel Balma- 

a few weeks. i nt0 a secret treaty to guarantee the ceda is elected president by the Liberal 

1826 * * -30 * * The government is ad- independence of each other. [Later it party, 
ministered by six different directors causes war with Chile.] 

in addition to a second provisional 1874* * -79 * *Disputes respecting MISCELLANEOUS, 

triumvirate. boundaries and niter beds lead finally 1874* * The Tacua, an overloaded 

1827 * * Gen. Fuere is elected first to war, with Chile against Peru and vessel, sinks soon after leaving Val- 
president. Bolivia. paraiso, and 19 lives are lost. 

1828 May 8. Gen. Francisco Anibal 1876 Sept. 18. Anibal Pinto is in- 1875 Oct. 31. The International Ex- 
Pinto is elected president. augurated president. hibition is opened to the public. 



608 1890, Mar. *.-1894, Apr. 8. 



CHILE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 July 16. Forty riotous Chile- 
ana are shot in aconflict with the troops. 

1891 Jan. 7. A part of the Chilean 
navy revolts against the Balmaceda 
Government, and favors that of the Con- 
gress. 

Jan. 12. The Chilean navy declares 
against President Balmaceda. 

Jan. 13. The Chilean army is loyal 
to the Government. 

Jan. 16. Two Chilean insurgent war- 
ships blockade the ports of the country. 

Jan. 19. The garrison of Pisagua re- 
volts. 

Jan. 20. Fr. French men-of-war are 
ordered to Chile. 

Jan. 21. The revolt is spreading; a 
number of Government troops join the 
insurgents at Valparaiso. 

Jan. 23. The insurgents are de- 
feated at Izpiza Hospicio. 

Jan. 24. The insurgents continue to 
gain strength and confidence, their 
forces being greatly increased by the 
workmen of Valparaiso ; the Govern- 
ment has declared the large towns to be 
in a state of siege. 

Jan. 26. The insurgents bombard 
Coronet until it surrenders. 

Jan. 30. Iquique is recaptured by the 
Government troops. 

Feb. 2. A Chilean war-ship defeats 
one of the insurgent ships. 

Feb. 5. The Government troops near 
Pisaqua shoot their officers and join the 
insurgents. 

Feb. 7. The insurgents are seizing 
ships, and threaten an attack on Val- 
paraiso. 

Feb. 15. The town of Pisaqua is bom- 
barded and burning ; it surrenders to 
the insurgents. 

Feb. 17- The insurgents are gaining 
strength, only a few towns being loyal 
to the Government. 

The Government troops have 
been defeated at Coquimbo and Qui- 
llota, and the insurgent forces are rapid- 
ly increasing m numbers, and are ad- 
vancing upon Santiago. 

Feb. 25. The Government troops after 
hard fighting suffer defeat at Dolores. 
Iquique surrenders, after being partly 
burned, to the insurgent fleet. 

Feb. 26. In the ruins at Iquique 200 
women and children perish, and the 
principal houses are all pillaged by the 
insurgents. 

Feb. 28. President Balmaceda is trying 
to buy a fast cruiser from Argentine. 
His force now consists of 30,000 ill- 
equipped men. 

Mar. 3. Part of the Government troops 
shoot their officers, and join the in- 
surgents. 

Mar. 6. The insurgents are short of 
ammunition. 

Mar. 7. The insurgents gain an im- 
portant victory over the Government 
troops near Pozo Almonte. 



Mar. 1 1 . The revolution is at a stand- 
still ; a plot to destroy the Government 
squadron at Valparaiso has been foiled. 

Mar. 13. The Government troops re- 
take Pisagua. 

Mar. 16. The Government troops 
are routed, their leader killed, after 
having massacred their general officers 
on March 6. The rebel loss is heavy. 

Mar. 20. The insurgents occupy Tal- 
tal, Iquique, and Pisagua, and the 
rest of the country is reported quiet. 

Mar. 22. The insurgents are bombard- 
ing Autofagasta. 

Apr. 4. Important insurgent suc- 
cesses are reported. 

The Chilean ironclad Pilcamayo 
joins the insurgents, giving them an 
effective force of 40 vessels of all grades. 

Apr. 5. Ger. A German squadron is 
ordered to Chile. 

Apr. 11. Further successes of the in- 
surgents are reported. 

Apr. 16. The insurgents defeat a Gov- 
ernment force at Caldera. 

Apr. 23. The Government troops are 
defeated by the insurgents at Iquique. 

Apr. 25. A torpedo destroys the iron- 
clad Blanco Encalada, recently captured 
by the insurgents, causing the loss of ISO 
lives. 

Apr. 27. The Chilean insurgents' tur- 
reted ironclad Huascar is sunk by a 
torpedo. 

May 14. The Chilean war-ship Esme- 
ralda leaves Acapulco. 

May 17. An engagement between 
Chilean torpedo boats and the insurgent 
fleet occurs at Pisagua. 

May 23. The Esmeralda is at Acapulco, 
unable to obtain coal. 

June 4. The Chilean insurgent trans- 
port Itata surrenders to Acting Rear- 
Adm. McCann, U.S.N., in the harbor 
of Iquique, turning over all the arms 
brought from San Diego, consisting of 
5,000 rifles and 2.000,000 rounds of ammu- 
nition. 

June 10±. The Itata leaves Iquique for 
California, accompanied by the Charles- 
ton (TJ.S.N). 

June 16+ . Pisagua and Iquique are 
boinbarded by Government war-ships. 

June 21. A number of the crew of the 
Chilean war-ship Esmeralda, landing at 
the Lobos Islands for provisions, are 
killed by the working-men. 

June 22. The insurgent army is in- 
creasing gradually, and will soon assume 
the offensive. 

June 23. President Balmaceda is in- 
creasing his army. 
July 1±. Heavy fighting between the 
Government and insurgent forces on 
both land and sea is reported. 
July 2. The insurgent army occupies 

Huasco, and Balmaceda's army flees. 
July 8. Balmaceda's army is defeated 

by the insurgent forces. 
July 12. A plot to destroy the Govern- 
ment squadron at Valparaiso is foiled. 



July 14. Two Government ve?s*-N are 
nearly destroyed in an engagement 

with the insurgent cruiser Maxe- 
ll anes. 

July 26. The insurgent forces are mass- 
ing at Huasco, and an attack upon 
I loquimbo is expected. 

Aug. 4. Balmaceda'sforcesaremobil- 
ized near Santiago, and a sham battle is 
fought near that city, 

Aug. 23. Heavy fighting is reported, 
with contradictory reports as to results. 

Aug. 26. A battle is progressing at 
Valparaiso between the insurgents and 
the Government troops. 

Aug. 28. Balmaceda's army is routed 
at Vina del .Mar, and Valparaiso is sur- 
rendered to the insurgent army ; the 
American, German, French, and English 
admirals preserve order. 
Decisive battle of Concon. 
The insurgents land at Quintero a 
force of 8,000 infantry, GOO cavalry, and 
800 men of the naval brigade, with 3 
batteries of field artillery, and a battery 
of Gatling guns. Gen. Alzerreca, with 
a force of about equal numbers, attacks 
them at Concon, and is routed. Balma- 
ceda loses between 2.000 and 3,000 killed 
and wounded ; the insurgents lose about 
1,000 men. 

Aug. 31. The insurgents take San- 
tiago. 

Nov. 4. Chile is preparing for war by 
strengthening the forts at Santiago. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S91 May 4. Fifteen craters, throw- 
ing out masses of mud, in a Chilean 
valley, carry ruin in every direction, and 
sweep away houses, cattle, and people. 

1893 Apr. 16. A total eclipse of the 
sun is visible in Chile and other South 
American States. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



SOCIETY. 

1890 Mar.* The native laboring 
class threatens the Government with a 
revolution unless foreign immigration 
is checked. 

June. * The Araucanian districts are in- 
fected with bandits. 

July 7. Rioting is reported at Iquique ; 
commercial and shipping operations are 
suspended. 

July 16. A strike of 7,000 men occurs 
in the nitrate districts. 

July 24. A mob in Santiago sacks a 
number of stores; quelled by the mili- 

1S91 Apr. 30. A dynamite bomb is 
thrown at the palace of President Bal- 
maceda, but does no damage. 

May 8. An uusuccessfulattemptismade 
to assassinate the leading members of 
the Cabinet. 

July 4. Balmaceda is still cruelly perse- 
cuting the families of the officers of the 
insurgent army and others. 



CHILE. 



1890, Mar. * -1894, Apr. 8. 609 



Sept. 17. At Valparaiso all the business 
bouses are closed and great festivities 
are in progress during the national 
holidays. 

Sept. 23. The restoration of peace 
festivities is celebrated without politi- 
cal disturbances. 

Oct. 16. A mob attacks eight sailors of 
the cruiser Baltimore (U. S. A.) in the 
streets of Valparaiso ; two die of their 
injuries. [The assailants are sentenced 
to punishment.] 

Nov. 1. Troops guard the U. S. Lega- 
tion in Santiago, on account of appre- 
hensions that an attempt might be made 
by a mob to capture the refugees shel- 
tered there. 

Nov. 27. The American and Spanish 
Legations at Santiago are still guarded 
by Chilean troops. 

STATE. 

1890 Aug. 2. Popular opposition is 
made to the effort to establish commer- 
cial reciprocity with the United States. 

Aug. 4. Political relations between 
the Executive and Congress are some- 
what strained. 

Aug. 12. Senor Belisario Prat is to 
form a new Cabinet. 

Oct. 17. Balmaceda closes the session 
of the Congress. 

1S91 Jan. 1. Balmaceda issues a 
manifesto declaring his purpose to ob- 
serve the Constitution. It starts a revo- 
lution. 

Jan. 7. Civil war begins. 

Jan. 15. The dictatorship is assumed 
by President Balmaceda. 

To interrupt the nitrate trade, the in- 
surgents declare the ports to be block- 
aded. 

Jan. 16. The Government is taking 
active measures against the insur- 
gents. 

Jan. 17- The revolt is spreading rap- 
idly. 

Jan. 23. The insurgents are masters of 
the situation. 

Jan. 24. The President declines to 
resign, and the trouble spreads. Fac- 
tories and railroads are at a standstill. 

Jan. 31. President Balmaceda is willing 
to open negotiations with the insur- 
gents. 

Feb. 5. The Government prohibits the 
export of nitrates. 

Mar. 10. The convention in Santiago 
nominates Senor Vicuna for the 
presidency. 

Apr. 1. The elections have resulted in 
a Liberal triumph. 

Apr. 8±. The Government seizes the 
German steamship Romulus; the Romu- 
lus was loaded with nitrate, and paid 
export duty on it to the revolutionists. 

May 2. The insurgents establish a pro- 
visional junta for the provinces in 
their bands. 

May 7. President Balmaceda rejects 
the proposition from the insurgents for 



a peace conference ; [an unsuccessful 
attempt is made to assassinate the 
leading members of the Chilean Cabinet]. 

May 30. Bolivia formally recognizes 
the insurgents. 

June 1. The newly elected Congress 
meets; it favors Balmaceda. 

June 18. The House of Deputies author- 
izes a forced loan of $20,000,000 ; all 
the gold and silver (metallic reserves) in 
the treasury are sold at auction. 

June 27. A new Cabinet is organized, 
to work primarily for the restoration of 
internal order. 

July 6. The Peruvian Government 
seizes a steamer chartered by Balma- 
ceda. 

July 25. Claudio Vicuna, the candi- 
date of Balmaceda, is elected to the 
presidency [but not inaugurated]. 

July 28. The election of Claudio Vi- 
cuna to the presidency is confirmed 
by the Electoral College. 

July 29. The Congressional party is- 
sues a statement to the effect that the 
election of Vicufia as president is null 
and void. 

Aug. 16. The Governor of Pisagua, 
reinstated by Balmaceda's troops, puts 
to death many of the dictator's oppo- 
nents in that city, and locks up the 
grain ; the people are starving. 

Aug. 22. President Balmaceda is said 
to have seized $1,000,000 in silver 
bullion sent by a British war-ship to 
Montevideo. (Sot- Miscellaneous.) 

Aug. 29. Chile claims heavy dam- 
ages from Mexico for permitting the 
Esmeralda to leave Acapulco on May 14. 

Aug. 30. The insurgent party is in pos- 
session of Santiago. Balmaceda re- 
signs in favor of Gen. Baquedano, and 
the country is tranquil. 

Sept. 4. Patrick Egan, U. S. Minister 
to Chile, recognizes the Provisional 
Government formed by the Congress 
party. 

Sept. 9. The Junta begins legal pro- 
ceedings in England to recover the 
§1,000,000 in silver shipped on the British 
gunboat Espieyle at Balmaceda's re- 
quest. 

Sept. 19. Ex- president Balmaceda 
shoots himself in his room at the Ar- 
gentine Legation in Santiago. 

Oct. 18. A general election is held. 

Oct. 21. In the general elections the 
Liberals defeat the Clerical Party over- 
whelmingly. 

Oct. 26. Pursuant to instructions from 
the U. S. Government, Minister Egan 
demands reparation for the assault 
upon U. S. seamen. (See Society.) 

Oct. 2S. The Government replies 
pertly and arrogantly to Minister Egan. 

Nov. 6. Adm. Montt accepts the presi- 
dency. 

Nov. 7±. A Liberal majority is ob- 
tained in the Congress. 

Nov. 11. The Congress assembles, 
and the Junta formally surrenders its 
power to that body. 



Nov. 12. The Cabinet appointed by the 
Junta resigns. 

Nov. 19. Adm. Jorge Montt is unan- 
imously elected president of Chile. 

Dec. 26. Adm. Montt is inaugurated 
as president. 

1892 Jan. 24. The Minister of Foreign 
Affairs informs Minister Egan that the 
Santiago Government would reply at 
once to the ultimatum of the United 
States. (See United States.) 

Feb. 5. In Santiago, Minister Egan's 
house is guarded by the police ; the 
sentences of the assailants of the Balti- 
more's men are made more severe. 

Feb. 26. Chile declines to participate 
in the "World's Fair at Chicago be- 
cause of the expense involved. 

Mar. 14. A new Cabinet is announced ; 
it is composed of Liberals. 

July 19. The Government agrees to pay 
$75,000 to the families of the American 
sailors murdered by the mob in Val- 
paraiso in October last. 

July 27. The Senate favors the pas- 
sage of a General Amnesty Bill, but 
there is much opposition in the House 
of Deputies. 

Aug. 11. Chile agrees to the establish- 
ment of a Claims Commission, to meet 
at Washington, for the settlement of 
claims growing out of the Baltimore 
affair. 

Oct. 8. A new agreement is entered 
into between Chile and Peru concerning 
the guano beds. 

Nov. 6. The Ministry resigns. 

Nov. 12. President Montt has induced 
his Cabinet to remain in office. 

1893 Mar. 16. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a law compelling the Presi- 
dent to sell in three years the famous 
nitrate lands which Chile acquired by 
conquest from Peru. 

1894 Apr. 5. A new Cabinet is 
formed. 

Apr. 6. The new Cabinet resigns. 
Apr. 8. A new Liberal Cabinet is 
formed, with Sefior Borgono as premier. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 May 24. A $2,000,000 fire oc- 
curs in Iquique, and only two war-ships 
are left to the Government. 

July 6. A fire in Santiago destroys, 
among other buildings, the one occupied 
by the British Legation ; loss, from 
$2,000,000 to $3,000,000. 

Sept. 16. The Moselle arrives at South- 
ampton with $800,000 in silver 
shipped by President Balmaceda. 

Oct. 4. The Chilean steamer Itata starts 
from San Diego, U. S. A., for Val- 
paraiso. 

Nov. 13. The whaleback steamer 
Charles T. Wetmore, from U. S. A. y 
arrives at Valparaiso. 

1892 Jan. 19. The mail steamer John 
Elder is wrecked in the Straits of Ma- 
gellan. 



610 2700b.c.-126 a.k 



CHINA. 



China is a great empire, comprising five divisions, Manchuria, Mongolia, Turkestan (Eastern), Tibet, Dzungaria, and China 
proper ; the area of the latter is 1,336,841 square miles, and its population numbers 386,853,029 ; area of the whole Empire, 4,218,401 
square miles ; and the population, 402,680,000. The government, an absolute monarchy, is administered by the Emperor's Court 
at Peking and by the viceroys of the provinces. The principal religions are Sinism, Buddhism, and Taoism. 



Note.— Tlic chronology of emperors 
semi-mythical hiBtory begins in 2367 b. <:. 



nd dynasties which follow ig 
Some Chinese authors claim i 



after D. C. Boulger's Short History of China. The period of 
i antiquity extending many thousands of years before this date. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

936* *b. c. The Tartars invade the 
Empire, and are driven back by the Em- 
peror. 

246* *-210* *b. c. Tsin Ching 
"Wang raises an army of 300,000 men, and 
drives the Tartars who survive his at- 
tacks from the borders of the Empire. 
He is the first to organize what may be 
called a standing army. 

201 * * b. c. The Emperor begins the 
Great Wall, to protect Northern China 
from the incursions of the Tartars. 

211* * -206* *b. c. Civil war pre- 
vails ; Lew-Pang and Heang Yu are the 
leaders of two parties. 

121 * * b. c. The Emperor Vouti sends 
an expedition which subdues the 
Heung-noo, and annexes their territory. 

* * *b.c. The general, Wei Tsing, de- 
feats the Tartars, takes 15,000 prisoners 
and the spoil of their camp. 

73 + * * b. c. Emperor Sieunti sends an 
expedition against the Tartars, and 
drives them westward to the country be- 
tween Turkestan and the Caspian Sea. 

* * * The Emperor's war of 50 years 
with the Tartars ends in defeat. 



1* *A, d. The rebellion of Wang 

Mang partly succeeds. 
23 * * The rebels are defeated by the army 

of Lew Sew. 

* * *Pauchow, Mingti's great general, 
subdues the Huns, and distinguishes this 
reign. 

90+ * * Pauchow drives back the Huns 

as far as the Caspian Sea. 
93 * * The Heung-noo rebel* and are 

driven completely out of Eastern Asia by 

the army of the Emperor. 

ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 

2700 * * B. c. The Chinese claim to be- 
gin their first cycle. 

2650 * * b. c. Fohi, the founder of the 
Empire, teaches the art of writing. He 
also introduces the divisions of the year. 

* * * The Emperor ShunNung, the succes- 
sor of Fohi, invents the plow , and intro- 
duces agriculture and medical science. 

2400 + * * b. c. The magnet is known. 

2207* * b. c. The records become 
more or less reliable. 

1200 * * B. c. Umbrellas are known. 

1084+ * * b. c. The art of stamp-cut- 
ting is known. 

* * * Emperor Wangti invents weapons, 
wagons, ships, clocks, musical instru- 
ments, and introduces coins, weights, 
and measures (?). 



* * * The Emperor Tikou establishes 
schools. 

651 * * b. c. Se-ma-tsien fixes the first 
dates of his history. 

644 * * b. c. A remarkable display of 
meteors is mentioned. 

600 * * b. c. Jupiter is known as a 
planet, and inserted in a chart of the 
heavens, in which 1,460 stars are accu- 
rately described. 

551+ * * b. c. Confucius, the philoso- 
pher, is born. 

400+ * * b. c. The Chinese wall is 
built (?). 

246 * * -210 * * b. c. The Emperor 
Ching "Wang erects a magnificent pal- 
ace, builds roads, and erects the great 
wall. 

221+* * b. c. Tsin Chi Hwangti 
builds palaces. 

He builds the royal palace within the 
walls, and Palace of Delight beyond the 
walls. The Hall of Audience he orna- 
ments with 12 great statues. 

211 * * b. c. The great walls are com- 
pleted after 10 years of labor. 

Ching Wang orders the destruction 
of all the books in the Empire, because 
the schoolmen oppose his reforms by 
lauding the feudal system and ths men 
of former times. 

206 * * B. c. Kaou-te dreads the influ- 
ence of the schoolmen, and continues 
the law requiring books to be burned, 
while he repeals all others made by 
Ching Wang. 

202+ * * b. c. Literature and the art 
of printing are encouraged. 

180+ * * b. c. Emperor Wenti restores 
and encourages literature. 

160 * * b. c. Paper is made from the 
inner bark of trees (bast). 

160+ * * b. c. Cotton paper is used. 

141-f * * b. c. Emperor Vouti becomes 
a patron of art and science. 

120 * * b. c. The theory of eclipses is 
known. 

108± * * b. c. Porcelain is known. 

60± * * a. i>. Mingti constructs a-dyke 
30 miles long for the relief of Hoang- 
Ho from inundations. 

89+ * * The Emperor Hoti introduces the 
culture of the grape. 

95+ * * Linen paper is invented. 

107 * * The first credible historian ap- 
pears among the Chinese. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

565+ * * b. c. Lao-tse, or Lao Tseu, the phi- 
losopher, born. 
55X * * b. c. Confucius b. [479. Dies. A72.] 



370- * 
289 * • 
250 * • 
246* • 
dies. 
210 ' • b. c. Chtng Wang, emperor, dies 



Mencius, the philosopher, b. 
Mencius. philosopher, A81+. 
Chow Siang Wang, emperor, d. 
Chwang Slang Wang, emperor. 



565± * * b. c. Laotze the sage is born 
in the province of Honan. His followers 
(Taose) are called " The Disciples of 
Reason." 

[His religious teaohines affirm the ex- 
istence of a Supreme Being (Tao , com- 
mend universal benevolence, and predict 
the final absorption of all pure and en- 
lightened souls into the Mipreintr. eternal 
Spirit.] 

350+ * * b. c. The use of the tablet 
begins, for the souls of ancestors. 

202 * * b. c. Katosou (Lew Pang) comes 
to the throne, and exchanges the wor- 
ship of the gods of the soil of Thsin for 
that of Hun, Lis native state. 



68+* *A. D. Ho-Shung, a Buddhist 
priest from India, introduces Bud- 
dhism, and [the Armenians allege that] 
the Apostle Thomas introduces Chris- 
tianity. 

70± ** Buddhism is officially intro- 
duced by envoys who had been sent to 
India to study it. 

S0CLETY. 

2650+ * * b. c. Fohi introduces mar- 
riage. 

2285+ * * B. c. The Emperors are radi- 
cally opposed to intemperance, and 
banish an inventor of an alcoholic 
beverage, which he obtained from rice. 

2200+ * * b. c. Yao the Great is an ab- 
stainer from wine. [Mencius says], " Yu 
hated the pleasant wine." 

During the reigns of Yao and Chun 
virtue pervades the land, and crime is 
unknown, while prosperity aboumds. 

1770+ * * B. c. Kia, the tyrant, is also 
a voluptuary. 

To gratify his favorite concubine, he 
provided "her with a splendid palace, 
and in the park that surrounded it a 
lake of wine was formed at which * three 
thousand men drank at the sound of a 
drum,' while the trees hung with dried 
meats, and 'hills of flesh 1 were piled 
up." (Cyc. of Temperance.) 

479 * * b. c. After devoting his life to 
virtue and good government, Confucius 
dies a retired, neglected, and disap- 
pointed man, 

246-1- * * b. c. Ching "Wang is a re- 
former, and unpopular with the upper 

202 * * B. c. Near the beginning of the 
Han dynasty [and afterwards], a fine of 
four ounces of silver is put on all guilty 



CHINA. 



2700 B.C. -126 a. d. 611 



of meeting together and drinking in 
companies of more than three per- 

179± * * b. c. The Emperor Wenti orders 
that all old men shall be provided 
with corn, meat, and wine, besides silk 
and cotton for wearing-apparel. 

* * * B. c. "Wenti abolishes punishment 
by mutilation. 

98 * * b. c. Liquors can be made and 
sold only by the Government. (Cyc. 
of Temperance and Prohibition.) 



STATE. 

* * * b. c. The mythical Fohi, a pred- 
ecessor of Hwangti, according to native 
writers, founds the Empire, introduces 
cattle-raising, teaches writing, intro- 
duces divisions of the year, and insti- 
tutes marriage. 
2637 * * B. <J. Hwangti (the Heavenly 

Emperor) is enthroned. 
2577 * * B. c. Chaohow is enthroned. 
[2457, Chwenhio ; 2397, Tikou ; 2366, 
Tichi.] 
2357 * * B. c. Yao is enthroned [and 
becomes the most famous of the early 
rulers]. 

The brilliant period of the early his- 
tory begins. The theory of governmej t 
is based on the popular will. 

Yao organizes the political system of 
the country, builds canals and roads, 
and fosters agriculture and commerce. 
He establishes the capital at Ke-choo 
and Shan-tung. 

History is somewhat evolved from its 
mists [by the dates furnished by Con- 
fucius]. 
2285 * * b. c. Chun becomes associate 

emperor. 
2257 * * b. c. Chun is sole emperor. 
The golden age of national felicity 
is enjoyed. 
2224 * * b. c. Tu is associate emperor. 
2208 * * b. c. Yu the Great is sole em- 
peror. 

He founds the dynasty of Hia. [He 
is the first to unite the supreme ecclesi- 
astical power with the temporal power.] 
2207 * * b. c. The legendary history 

ends. 
2200±**b. c. The Chinese settle 
around the bend of the Yellow River. 

The Hia dynasty rules the Empire. 

2197 * * B. c. Tiki seizes the throne of 
the deceased emperor, his father, and 
[becomes the first of 17 emperors], 

2188 * * b. c. Taikang is enthroned. 
[2159, Chungkang; 2146, Siang; 2118, 
Chokang; 2057, Chou; 2040, Hoai ; 2014, 
Mang; 1996, Lie; 19S0, Poukiang ; 1921, 
Kiung; 1900, Kin; 1879, Kukiang; 1848, 
Kao ; 1837, Fa.] 

1818* * b. c. Kia is enthroned. He is 
licentious, cruel, faithless, and disso- 
lute. 

1776* *b. c. The Chang dynasty 
rules the Empire. 



A revolution by popular uprising 
overthrows the dynasty of Kia, and re- 
stores that of Chang or Yin [which 
gives 28 rulers, most of whom are vicious 
and cruel, but otherwise unworthy of 
note]. 

•+* * b. c. Chang is enthroned, and by 
wise rule prosperity in large measure 
returns. 

1753** B.C. Taikia is enthroned. [1720, 
Wouting; 1691, Taikeng; 16G6, Siaokia ; 
1649, Yungki ; 1637, Taiwou ; 1562, Chung- 
ting ; 1549, Waijen ; 1534, Hotankia ; 1525, 
Tsouy; 1506, Tsousin ; 1490, Woukai ; 
1465, Tsouting; 1433, Nankeng ; 1408, 
Yangkia; 1401, Pankeng ; 1373, Siaosin ; 
1352, Siaoy ; 1324, Wouting ; 1225, Linsin ; 
1219, Kengting; 1198, Wouy ; 1194, Tait- 
ing; 1191, Tiy; 1154, Chousin.] 

1122+ * * b. c. The Chao dynasty, of 
873 years, is the longest recorded in his- 
tory. 

1122* * b. c. A popular revolution, 
led by Wou-Wang, overthrows the ef- 
feminate Chang dynasty and establishes 
that of Chow. [It regenerates the Em- 
pire, and continues S73 years, abounding 
with revolutions, usurpations, and wars 
with the Tartars.] 

* * B. c. Wou-Wang is enthroned. 

["Wang divides the country into 72 
feudal states.] 

1115* * b. c. Ching Wang is enthroned. 
[1078, Kang Wang; 1052, Chao Wang; 
1001, Mou Wang ; 946, Kung Wang ; 934, 
Y Wang ; 909, Hiao Wang ; 894, I Wang ; 
878, Li Wang; 827, Siuan Wang; 781, 
Yeou Wang ; 770, Ping Wang ; 719, Hing 
Wang ; 696, Chwang Wang ; 681, Li 
Wang ; 676, Hwei Wang ; 651, Siang 
Wang; 61S, King Wang; 612, Kwang 
Wang ; 606, Ting Wang ; 5S5, Kien 
Wang ; 571, Ling Wang ; 544, King 
Wang ; 519, Keng Wang ; 475, Youan 
Wang; 468, Chingting Wang; 440, Kao 
Wang; 425, Weili Wang; 401, Gan 
Wang ; 375, Lie Wang ; 368, Hien Wang ; 
320, Chintsen Wang ; 314, Nan Wang.] 
255 * * b. c. The Emperor is deposed 
by one of his powerful vassals, and re- 
duced to an humble position. 

The Tsin dynasty rules the Empire. 
255 * * b. c. Chow Siang is enthroned. 

He subdues the independent vassal 

states, and unites the Empire. 
250 
249 

throned. 
246 

throned, 



c. Hiao Wang is enthroned, 
c. Chwang Siang Wang is ei 



3. Ching "Wang is en- 
He assumes the title emperor, 
instead of king. [He is the first " uni- 
versal emperor."] 
221 * * b. c. Tsin Chi Hwangti is en- 
throned at the age of 13 years. 

* * * b. c. The fame of the dynasty 
reaches its highest point. 

* * * b. c. The Emperor divides the 
Empire into 36 provinces, and or- 
ders by special decree that roads be 
made in all parts of his dominion. 



The Emperor adopts a civil service 
requiring the non-employment of the 
officials in their native provinces. 

211 * * -206 * * b. c. Civil war; Lew- 
Pang and Heang Yu struggle against 
each other to secure the throne of the 
effeminate emperor. 

209 * * B. c. Eulchi Hwangti is en- 
throned. 

206 * * b. c. Tsoupa Wang is enthroned. 

The Han dynasty rules the Empire. 

202 * * b. c. Katosou (Lew-Pang) is en- 
throned. 

194 * * B. c. Hiao Hweiti is enthroned. 

187 * * b. c. Kaohwang is enthroned. 
The Empress Liuchi rules as regent. 

179 * * b. c. Wenti is enthroned; he is 
friendly to literature. 

156 * * b. c. Kingti is enthroned. 

140* * b. c. Vouti is enthroned; he 
favors the arts and sciences. 

* * * b. c. He has an unsuccessful war 
with the Tartars. 

* * * b. c. He annexes Szchuen. 
86 * * b. c. Chaoti is enthroned at the 

age of eight years. 

73 * * B. c. Sieunti is enthroned ; he 
punishes the Tartars, and drives them 
westward as far as the Caspian Sea. 

48 * * B. c. Yuenti is enthroned. 

32 * * B. c. Chingti is enthroned. 

6 * * B. c. Gaiti is enthroned. 

1 * * A. d. Pingti is enthroned, 

* * Wang Mang leads a successful rebel- 
lion against Pingti, the infant heir to the 
throne. 

6 * * The usurper, Wang Mang, is en- 
throned, but gains only a slender follow- 

23 * * Lew Sew leads a revolt against 
Wang Mang, and defeats him. Ti Yuen 
is enthroned. 

25 * * Kwang Vouti (Lew Sew) is en- 
throned. 

58 * * Mingti is enthroned. 

* * * The states of Shen Shen, Khoten, 
Kuche, and Kashgar, are annexed as 
appanages of the Empire. 

76 * * Changti is enthroned. 
89 * * Hoti is enthroned at the age of 10 
years. 

106 * * Changti II. is enthroned. 

107 * * Ganti is enthroned. The widow 
of Hoti is regent. 

126 * * Chunti is enthroned. [Several 
rebellions occur. 145, Chungti ; 146, 
Chiti; 147, Hiuenti ; 168, Lingti. The 
Empire rapidly declines. 190, Hienti.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
2357* * -2258* * B.C. During the reign 
of Emperor Yao roads and canals are 
built, and commerce is fostered. He es- 
tablishes marts and fairs throughout 
the land. 

* * * Chun the Great labors nine years in 
draining the flooded lands of north- 
ern China. 

200 * * B. c. Canton is founded. 



612 129,**-123(V 



CHINA. 



AEMY — NAVY. 

129 * * The Chinese aid the Scythians 
in a battle with the Phraates, and ravage 
tbe coasts of the Caspian Sea. 

220± * * Chang Keo, the impostor, is 
defeated by Tsaou Tsaou. 

222 * * -264 * * "War prevails between 
the three kingdoms ; power slips from 
tbe hands of the rival emperors into the 
hands of their generals. 

* * * The Emperor Sui is at war with tbe 
Tartars and Koreans. 

310* * Tartars under Linsong, the 
Han chief, invade China, and capture 
Loyang and the Emperor. 

610+ * * The usurper Yangti sends expe- 
ditions against the Tartars, and leads 
one against tbe Ouigours. 

627+ * * Taitsong raises a standing army 
of 900,000 men, and provides for the train- 
ing in arms of more than 250,000 men. 

658 * * -670 * * China is at war with 
Korea on both land and sea. The Ko- 
reans are aided by the Japanese. 

713 * * -756 * * The Emperor Yuen- 
Tsung reigns ; he sends an army to aid 
the king of Kholand, and has an unsuc- 
cessful war with the Khitans. 

757 * * Artillery is said to have been 
used at the defense of Taiguen, by a 
lieutenant of the Emperor. 

9th Century — 12th Century. The Tar- 
tars ravage the Empire. 

907± * * Taitsou defeats the Prince of 
Han, and captures the fortress of Loo- 
chow. 

* * * Taitsou subdues the revolting gov- 
ernor of Szchuen by entering his prov- 
ince with 60,000 men. 

* * * Taitsou subdues the province of 
Kiangnan by defeating the revolting 
Princes of Tang. 

960 * * Gen. Chaou Kwang-yin prose- 
cutes tbe war against the Tartars with 
varying success. 

1139 * * The Kins are defeated in battle 
by the Jlongols under Kabul Khan. 

1161+ * * War with the Kins. 

1206 * * Tibet is subdued by Genghis 
Khan. 

1213+ * * Genghis Khan, with three 
armies, overruns Northern China, com- 
pletely defeating the Kins. 

* * * Genghis Khan divides his army 
into four divisions, and advancing south- 
ward sweeps the country, destroying 
more than 90 cities, and desolating the 
country. 

1215 * * Genghis Khan with his Mon- 
gols sacks Peking. 

1216 * * The invaders take the impor- 
tant mountain pass between Eastern 
and Western China at Tung-Kwan. 

1220 * * The Mongols take Tse-nan Foo, 
the capital of Shan-tung. 

1225 * * Genghis Khan marches an 
army into Hea, which completely con- 
quers the Kins forces. 



1230 * * "War with the Kins continues, 
and Segan-Foo and CO important posts 
are taken. 

ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 

166 * * Tschang Heng studies astron- 
omy. 

2dCentury. Porcelain is manufactured 
from earth, kaolin. 

449± * * The Chinese claim the discov- 
ery of America. 

589-1- * * The Emperor Soui "promotes 
science and education. 

* * * The Emperor Soui adds 5,000 vol- 
umes to the 10,000 volumes in the 
Imperial library. 

593 * * Block printing is invented. 

605-f- * * The Emperor Tangti increases 
the Imperial library to 54,000 vol- 
umes. 

Yangti attempts to make Honan the 
most magnificent city of the world, 
and employs 2,000,000 people to embellish 
it, and causes 50.000 merchants to make 
it their residence. 

Yangti completes nearly 5,000 miles 
of canals in bis brief reign. 

The Grand Canal, 40 yards wide, is lined 
with stone, and its banks bordered with 
elms and willows. 

618* *-907* *The Golden Age of 
literature is placed during the Tang 
dynasty. 

627± * * The Empress Changsunchi 
is a patron of letters ; and the Imperial 
library and college at the capital are 
established by her influence. 

7134- * * The Emperor Jouitsong encour- 
ages literature and learning. 

757 * * The Chinese claim to have first 
used artillery at the defense of Taiguen. 

960-i- * * Taitsou encourages the arts 
and sciences. 

10th century. The Peking Gazette is tradi- 
tionally said to be issued. [Unsupported 
by evidence.] 

1040± * * Jintsong promotes educa- 
tion and patronizes literature. 

He restores the colleges founded dur- 
ing the Tang dynasty, builds a school or 
academy in every town, and directs that 
the examinations shall be frequent and 
impartial. 

* * * Szemakwang writes an important 
history of the Tangs, and an idyl called 
the Garden of Szemakwang. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

604 * * a, d. Yang Keen, emperor, dies. 

617 * * Yangti, the usurper, is assassinated. 

650 * * Taitsong, emperor, dies. 

684 * * Kaotsong, emperor, dies. 

705 * * Woo How, empress, dies. 

763 * * Sontsung, emperor, dies. 

976 * * Taifsun, emperor, dies. 



CHURCH. 

505* * Nestorian missionaries intro- 
duce the Christian religion. 

566 * * The Emperor abolishes both Bud- 
dhism and Taonism because of their 
jealousies and strifes. 



569 ± * * Taonism deelim-s. 

625 * * -57 * * The Taonists having be- 
come insolent are banished to the prov- 
inces of Kwangtung and Kwangsi. 

627 * * -640 * * The Nestorian mis- 
sionaries are welcomed by the Emperor* 

835 * * O-lo-peen, a Nestorian priest, 
arrives from Rome, and soon builds a 
church and has 'li) priests in service. 

845 * * Emperor "Woutsong abolishes all 
temples, closes monasteries, nunner- 
ies, and other ecclesiastical establish- 
ments, orders their inmates to return to 
their families, and foreign Christians, 
Buddhist and Magi teachers, to leave 
the Empire. 

860* *-874* * Reign of Ytsong; he 
discovers a bone of Buddha, and brings 
it to the capital in great state. 

905 * * Buddhism is dominant in Tibet. 

960± * * Under the Sung dynasty 
Taonist priests are forbidden to marry. 

SOCIETY. 

180± * * a. d. Chang Keo, a Taonist 
priest, claims to cure the long prevail- 
ing plague by magic, and thereby se- 
cures the control of the northern prov- 
inces. 

459± * * The Emperor of the Northern 
AVei dynasty makes a very severe pro- 
hibitory law. All liquor-makers, liq- 
uor-vendors, and liquor-drinkers are to 
be beheaded. 

601+ * * Yangti, the second son of Soui, 
reaches the throne by compelling his 
brother to strangle himself. 

* * Yangti levies a laborer from each 
family, and also employs the army in 
the construction of public works. 

617 * * Yangti is murdered by a fa- 
natic. 

618 * * -908 * * China is the most civi- 
lized country in the world. 

* * The Emperor Kungti is murdered. 

620 * * Taitsong gains the throne by 
poisoning his predecessor. 

660± * * The Emperor Kaotsong mar- 
ries "Woo How, one of his father's 
widows. 

683 * * Notwithstanding the common dis- 
regard for women, "Woo How gains su- 
preme influence, and usurps the throne. 

710 * * Chungtsong, the rightful heir of 
the throne, is poisoned by his wife. 

781* *Tetsong invents a peculiar 
scheme of prohibition. 

All the liquor-shops are divided into 
three grades, to pay a monthly tax to 
the government according to size, and 
then all persons, officers, and people 
are strictly forbidden to buy or drink. 

821 * *Eientsong is poisoned by the 
chief of the eunuchs. 

1160± * * The law requires that all offi- 
cials who drink intoxicants shall be 
beheaded. 

STATE. 

220* *-265* * The Empire is di- 
vided into three kingdoms, and ruled 



CHINA. 



129, 



1230, 



613 



by various minor princes, chief among 
whom are Tasou Pei, Lew Pei, and Sun 
Keuen Khan. 

The Later Tsin dynasty rules the 

Empire. 
265 * * Vouti proclaims himself emperor 

and is enthroned. The Empire is again 

united. 
284 * * Roman ambassadors from Theo- 

dosius arrive. 
290* * Hwaiti is enthroned. [307,Hoaiti; 

313, Mingti.] 
315 * * -582 * * Nanking is the capital 

of China. 
317* *Yuangti is enthroned. [323, 

Mingti ; 326, Chingti ; 343, Kangti ; 345, 

Mouti; 362, Gaiti ; 366, Tiy; 371, Kian 

"Wenti ; 373, Hiao Vouti ; 397, Ganti ; 419, 

Kungti.] 

The Song dynasty rules the Empire. 

[Discord and confusion, domestic 
wars and religious dissensions and pal- 
ace intrigues, prevail for nearly 200 
years, with scarcely more than a sem- 
blance of united authority.] 
420 * * Vouti is enthroned. 

423 * * Ying "Wang is enthroned. 

Mh Century. The Turks conquer the 
provinces of Tchao and Northern Liang. 

424 * * "Wenti is enthroned. [454, VouCi ; 
465, Mingti ; 473, Gou "Wang ; 477, Chunti.] 

The Tsi dynasty rules the Empire. 

479 * * Koti is enthroned. [4S3, Vouti ; 

494, Mingti; 499, Paokwen ; 501, Hoti.] 

The Leang dynasty rules the Em- 
pire. 
502 * * Vouti is enthroned. [550, "Wenti ; 
552, Yuenti ; 555, Kingti.] 

The C hin dynasty rules the Empire. 
556 * * Vouti is enthroned. [564. Vouti 
is dethroned, and succeeded by "Wenti. 
567, Petsong ; 569, Suenti.] 

The Soui dynasty rules the Empire. 
Yang Keen, a prince Soui, having 
subjected the Tartar kingdom, over- 
turns the southern kingdom, and re- 
unites the Empire [and proves a wise 
and able ruler]. 

Commerce and industry are encour- 
aged. 

A new and improved code of laws is 
instituted. 

580 * * "Wenti (Yang Keen) is enthroned. 

601 * * Vouti is enthroned. [He trans- 
fers the capital from Nanking to Honan.J 

605 * * Yangti is enthroned, after for- 
cing the heir to strangle himself. [The 
usurper gives himself up to debauchery 
and afterward to conquests.] 

* * * Yangti annexes Lew Kew Island to 
the Empire. 

€17 * * Kungti, the rightful heir, is en- 
throned. 

The Tang dynasty rules the Empire. 
[The Golden Era.] 
618 * * Kaotsou (Liyuen) is enthroned. 



627* *Taitsong (Lichimin) is en- 
throned on the abdication of his father. 

+ * * Taitsong raises a standing army of 
900,000 men. 

+ * * Taitsong pun- liases an alliance with 
the powerful Turks. 

+ * * Taitsong recovers the Empire in 
Central Asia and in Ouigour. 

643± * * The fame of China brings am- 
bassadors from Wepaul, Magadha, 
Persia, and Rome to pay court to the 
Emperor. 

650 * * Kaotsong is enthroned. 

670± * * The kingdom of Siulo, Korea, 
becomes a province of China [for 60 
years]. 

683 * * "Woo How, wife of the deceased 
emperor, excludes the rightful heir, 
Chungtsong, and seizes the throne. 

[She rules with discretion and reestab- 
lishes imperial authority in the west, and 
recovers territory from the Tibetans.] 

704 * * "Woo How, the usurper, 80 years 
of age, is compelled to abdicate. 

710* * Jouitsong is enthroned. 

712* * Mingti (Yuen-Tsung) is en- 
throned. 

[He introduces reforms, rules with dis- 
cretion, but is finally driven from the 
throne by a rebellion, and the Empire is 
brought near the brink of ruin.] 

756 * * Soutsong is enthroned. [Aided 
by allies he suppresses a rebellion.] 

763 * * Taitsong II. is enthroned. 

[He is harassed by the incursions of 
the Tibetans, and purchases assistance 
of the Ouigours.] 

* * * The eunuchs of the palace have 
great power, and abound in intrigues. 

780 * * Tetsong is enthroned. [He is 
greatly assisted by Kwo Tsey, his able 
general and best adviser. 805, Chunt- 
song ; 806, Hientsong; 821, Moutsong ; 
825, Kingtsong; 827, "Wentsong ; 841, 
"Woutsong. He turns the government 
against Christians and other religious 
teachers, and orders their expulsion.] 

S47 * * Hiuentsong is enthroned. 

860 * * Ytsong is enthroned. 

[The repressive measures against re- 
ligion are abandoned, and Buddhism is 
favored.] 

874 * * Hitsong is enthroned. 

* * * Hitsong is driven from the capital 
by Hwang Chao, a rebel. The Emperor 
finds an ally in the Turkish chief Like- 
yong (Tungani), who commands 40,000 
Mohammedans, called, from the color of 
their uniform, " The Black Crows." 

889 * * Chaotsong is enthroned. 

905 * * Chao Hiuenti is enthroned. 

907 * * -954 * * Five small dynasties 
rule the Empire. 

Three Leangs, later four Tang, two 
Later Tsin, two Later Han, and two 
Later Chow. 

[These brief dynasties have nominal 
power over the Empire, but real power 
only within narrow limits, and govern- 
ment is greatly disorganized.] 



907 * * Prince Leang profits by dissen- 
sions in the Empire, and gains the throne 
as Taitsou. 

* * * Taitsou annexes the rich province 
of Szchuen, and adds 40,000,000 subjects 
to the Empire. 

913 * * Chouching is enthroned. [915, 
Ching; 923, Chwangtsong; 926, Mingt- 
song ; 934, Minti ; and later in the same 
year, Lou "Wang ; 936, Kaotsou ; 943, Tsi 
"Wang; 947, Kaotsou; 948, Ynti ; 951, 
Taitsou; 954, Chitsong.] 

The Sung dynasty rules the Empire. 

960 * * Taitsou is enthroned. [976, Tait- 
song; 998, Chintsong I.J 

1023 * * Jintsongis enthroned at 13 years 
of age. His mother conducts the gov- 
ernment [for ten years]. 

1064* * Yngtsong is enthroned. 

1068 * * Chintsong II. is enthroned. 

* * * The Minister Wangauchi fails in his 
socialistic reform. 

1086 * * Chutsong is enthroned at the age 
of 10 years. The government is con- 
ducted by the Empress Tefei. 

* * The Mongols begin to invade the 
northwestern frontier. Hitherto they 
have been vassals of the Kin Tartars, but 
now are independent and strong. 

1101 * * Hweitsong is enthroned. 

Hweitsong invites the Tartars to 
come and expel the Khitans from Leaou- 
tung ; they drive out the enemy, and then 
occupy the country themselves. 

1115* * The Kin dynasty rules the 
northern part of the Empire beyond the 
Hoang-Ho, while the Sung dynasty con- 
tinues to rule the southern part. 

* * Taitsou is enthroned in the north. 
1123 * * Taitsong is enthroned in the 

north. 
1126* * Kingtsong is enthroned. 
1127 * * Kaotsong is enthroned. 

* * * The Tartars overrun several prov- 
inces, and advance their conquests to the 
line of the Yang-tse-Kiang. 

1135* * Hitsong is enthroned- in the 
north. [1149, Chuliang ; 1161, Chitsong; 
1163, Hiaotsong.] 

1185* *Ogdai succeeds his father, 
Genghis Khan, as head of the Mongols. 
He forms a code of laws, and establishes 
custom-houses. 

1190 * * Changtsong is enthroned in the 
north; Kwangtsong in the south. [1195, 
Ningtsong; 1209, Choo Yungki in the 
north ; 1213, Hiuentsong ; 1224, Gaitsong ; 
1225, Litsong.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

173 * * a. d. A virulent pestilence pre- 
vails throughout the country, and con- 
tinues for 11 years. 

610+ * * The usurper Yangti erects a 
magnificent palace at Lo-yang. 

807± * * Paper money is used. 



614 1232,**-1692, 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1232 * * Mongols under Too-le take 
Fung-tseang Foo and Han-chung Foo ; 
100,000 citizens of the latter perish in 
their flight. 

[He continues his victories along the 
River Han, destroying 140 towns and 
fortresses.] 

* * The Mongols secure the army of 
Sung as an ally, and prosecute the war 
against Kin vigorously. 

The Kin emperor retreats from Kai- 
fungFoo, and burns himself in his palace 
at the fall of Joo-ning Foo. 

1234+ * * Ogdai sends 300,000 Mongols to 
ravage the country bordering the Cas- 
pian Sea, and 600,000 more into Sze- 
chuen to subdue it. 

1235 * * The Mongols, with three ar- 
mies, comprising half a million men, 
attempt the complete destruction of the 
Sung power. 

1274 * * Chitsou 3ends an expedition 
against the Japanese, which is de- 
feated. 

1294 * * Kublai Khan dies, after con- 
quering Burma, Cochin China, and 
Tongking. 

1356* * Choo Yuen-Chang captures 
Nanking from the Mongols. 

1366 * * Choo sends two great armies to 
drive the Mongols out of the provinces 
north of the Yang-tse-Kiang, the only ter- 
ritory remaining in their possession. The 
main army has 250,000 men, under Suta. 

1367 * * Suta's army crosses the Hoang- 
Ho, and soon completes the overthrow 
of the Mongols. 

1368+ * * The Emperor subdues the 
Mongol power in Tartary and later in 
Leaou-tung. 

1401 * * Wenti, with 600,000 soldiers, for 
several continuous days fights a battle 
at Techow with the Prince of Yen, and 
is finally defeated and his army routed. 

1506 * * -22 * * In this reign Prince 
!Ning rebels, and is defeated with the 
loss of 30,000 men. 

1522 * * The invasion of the Manchu 
Tartars begins. 

1542* * Yen-ta the Manchu lays waste 
the province of Shen-se, and threatens 
the capital. [Later a Japanese fleet dev- 
astates the littoral provinces.] 

1573* *-1620* *In this reign the 
Japanese under Fashiba(Taiko Sama) 
invade and then claim Korea, but are 
defeated, and compelled to sue for peace. 

1597 * * The Japanese again invade 
Korea and defeat the army and navy 
sent against them. 

1616 * * Goaded by injustice, the Man- 
chu Tartars invade China, and defeat 
the army sent against them. 

1619 * * The Manchus are again victo- 
rious. 

1626 Sept. * The Manchus under 
Noorhaehu are repulsed at Ningynen. 

1635* * -44 ** Bloody internecine 
wars occur. 

The Tartars side with the Imperial 
party, defeat the usurper Li Tseehing, 



and enter Peking, and establish them 
selveB in power. 

1642 * * The rebel army cuts the dikes 
of the Yellow River in the siege of Kaig- 
f ung Foo, and the city becomes a heap of 
ruins, while 200,000 inhabitants perish. 

1656 * * The Manchus defeat an expe- 
dition Bent against them under Koshinga 
at Nanking. 

1671+ * * Wou Sankwei leads a rebel- 
lion in the southwest, and prolongs the 
struggle for nine years. 

1678 * * Galdan, a prince of Jangaria, 
conquers Kashgaria, and becomes the 
ruler of Central Asia. [He strains the 
military power of China for many years.] 

1679* * The rebellion of "Wou Sankwei 
ends with his death. 

1689 * * Galdan is checked by Kang-hi. 

ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 

1275 * * Marco Polo, the Venetian, 
visits the "Great Khan," Kublai. 

1380* *Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian, 
makes a voyage to China. 

1400+ * * The Yu Ho canal is com- 
pleted. 

1403* *-1425* *The Emperor 
Yonglo encourages literature and the 
fine arts. 

1430 * * The Porcelain Tower at Nan- 
king is completed, after 19 years are 
spent in its construction. 

1470± * * The canal from Peking to the 
Pee-Ho is made, for the transportation 
of grain. 

* * * The Emperor employs 50,000 soldiers 
in repairing the Great "Wall. 

1511 * * Raphael Perestralo sails from 

Malacca to China. 
1662* *-1721* *The Emperor orders 

the printing of a cyclopedia of 6109 

volumes, containing all the valuable 

hooks of the times. 

* *-1723* *The Emperor establishes 
schools and colleges, and promotes lit- 
erature and science. 

* * An earthquake visits Peking, and 
400,000 people perish. 

* * Emperor Yung-Ching expels the 
quarreling missionaries from the 
schools. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1259* * Maumi, Moimul emperor, dies. 

1294* * Kublai-Khan, founder of the 
Mongol dynasty, dies. 

1308 * * Ohingtsong, emperor, dies. 

1321 * * Jintsong, emperor, dies. 

1398 * * Honcrwou, emperor, dies. 

1425* * Yonglo, emperor, dies. 

1567 * * Kea-tsing, emperor, dies. 

1606* * Martinez, Francis, Jesuit martyr, d. 

1610* * Ricci, Matteo. the Jesuit mis- 
sionary, dies. 

1620 * * Wanleh, emperor, dies. 

1621 * * Kwantsong, emperor, dies. 
1627 * * Teen-ke, emperor, dies. 
1661* * Cliuntche, emperor, dies. ' 

CHURCH. 

1275+ * * Mohammedanism is intro- 
duced into Yunnan. 

12S0+ * * Kublai Khan favors Bud- 
dhism. 



1292 * * The first Roman Catholic 
missionaries, led by Cardova, enter 
China. 

1294 * * John de Monte Corvino is 
sent by the Pope to Peking. 

1368* * * Hongwou, as a quondam Bud- 
dhist priest, favors Buddhism to the 
exclusion of Taonism, whose priests 
were held in contempt by intelligent 
people for their pretended magical arts 
and their search after the philosopher's 
stone. 

1403+ * * Yonglo revives the law pro- 
hibiting Buddhism. 

1552 * * Francis Xavier, an inten- 
tional missionary to the Chinese, dies 
on Sancian Island near Macao, after 
crying, out " Rock, rock, when wilt 
thou open?" 

1575 * * Jesuit missionaries are sent 
from Rome by Pope Gregory XIII. [and 
are successful for a season]. 

1580* * Michael Euggiero, of the 
Jesuits, arrives at Macao. 

1582 * * Michael Roger, a Jesuit, be- 
gins mission-work. 

1583* * Matteo Ricci, an Italian Jesuit, 



1584 * * The Roman Catholic mission- 
aries baptize their first convert. 

1598 * * Matteo Ricci becomes the head 
of the Jesuit mission in Shanking. 

1600 * * Ricci is admitted to Peking, and 
finds favor with the Emperor. 

He conforms Christianity to agree in 
many respects with the traditions of 
Confucius, and gains many converts, 
some of whom are mandarins. 

1606 * * The Jesuit Francis Martinez, 
missionary and first martyr, dies. 

1618 * * The Emperor banishes all mis- 
sionaries except those following the 
Jesuit teachings of Ricci, favoring an- 
cestral worship. 

1630* * Hainan becomes a Roman 
Catholic mission-station. 

1645 * * Pope Innocent X. issues a de- 
cree condemning and prohibiting the 
idolatrous "worship of ancestors, a 
practise concerning which the Jesuits 
and Dominicans were divided in opinion. 

1648 * * The Dominican Francis de 
Capillas is beheaded. 

1650 * * Jesuits claim 150,000 converts. 

1656 * * Pope Alexander VII. approves 
the Jesuits, and tolerates the worship 
of ancestors by Chinese Christians, as 
a civil rather than a religious rite. 

1661* *-62* * The Jesuits enter 
Tibet. 

1664 * * The Jesuits claim 257,000 con- 
verts. 

1665 * * Five Christian mandarins are 
beheaded. 

* * The Emperor issues an edict against 
the Jesuit missionaries because of 
their interference in affairs of state. 

1671 * * The Emperor Kangi restores 
the Christian churches to thei 



1680 * * Strife divides the Jesuits from 
the Dominicans respecting the attitude 



CHINA. 



1232,**-1692, 



615 



of the Church toward the worship of Con- 
fucius, deceased ancestors, and heaven. 
1692 * * The Tribunal of Rites decides 
that foreigners may publicly practise 
their religion. [This decision is called 
the Great Charter of Christianity in 
China.] 

* * The French missionaries save the 
life of the Emperor after his own doc- 
tors have abandoned hope of his recovery. 

SOCIETY. 

1279 * * The Mongol emperor has a law 
that all liquor-makers shall be ban- 
ished and enslaved, and all their prop- 
erty;and children shall come under the 
control and care of the government. 

1323 * * Yngtsong is murdered by con- 
spirators. 

1621* * At the siege of Leaoutung, by 
the Manchus, the pigtail is enforced 
on the Chinese as a badge of subjuga- 
tion, and the one condition of immu- 
nity from massacre. 

1642 * * Rebellion brings want ; human 
flesh is sold for food in the besieged 
city of Kaifung Foo. 

1650 * * The shaved head and pig- 
tail, the symbol of Tartar sovereignty, 
become more and more universally 
adopted. 

STATE. 
1232 * * The Mongols enter an alliance 

with the State of Sung against the Kins. 
1234 * * The dynasty of the Kins comes 

to an end. 

1241 * * Cheliemen succeeds Ogdai, his 
grandfather, as nominal head of the 
Mongols. 

* * Toliekona, a woman, seizes the gov- 
ernment of the Mongols, and rules for 
four years. 

1245 * * Toliekona places her son Kwei- 
yew on the throne as great khan. 

1248 * * Mangu, the eldest son of Too-le, 
is proclaimed emperor by the Mongols. 

1255* *-1720* * Tibet is gradually 
subdued and annexed. 

The Mongols are supreme. 

The Mongol or Yuen (Original) 
dynasty rules the Empire. 
1260 * * Chitsou (Kublai Khan) is en- 
throned. 

* * Nanking becomes the capital. 

* * * Kublai Khan assumes complete 
jurisdiction as Emperor of China, on 
the subjugation of Sung; he executes 
public works and befriends the poor, yet 
is regarded with animosity as an alien. 

The nation becomes more illustrious, 
and its power is more widely felt, than 
ever before. 

1265 * * Toutsong is enthroned. [1275, 
Tihien; 1276, Touantsong; 1278, Tiping.] 

1280 * * -1368 * * Peking is the capi- 
tal of China. 

1294 * * Timur succeeds his grandfather, 
Kublai, with the title Yuen-Ching. 

1295 * * Chingtsong is enthroned. [1308, 
Woutsong ; 1312, Jintsong. He pays 
honors to both Chinese and Mongols.] 



1320 * * Three years of disorder fol- 
low the death of Jintsong. 

1321* * Yngtsong is enthroned. [1320, 
Taitingti ; 1328, Wentsong ; 1333, Chunti 
(Johan Timour).] 

* * * Disorders and confusion increase, 
till Chunti is compelled to fly before 
Choo Yuen-Chang, a Chinese laboring 

The Chinese regain supremacy. 
1355 * * Choo Yuen-Chang, having re- 
volted and captured Nanking, proclaims 
himself the Duke of Woo [and remains 
master of the Empire for 13 years]. 

The Ming dynasty, the first native 
line of emperors, rules the Empire. 
1368* *-1403* * Wanking is again the 
capital of China. 

* * Hongwou (Choo) is enthroned. 
1398 * * Kien Wenti is enthroned. 

* * * Successful rebellion of the Prince 
of Yen. 

1403 * * Yonglo (Prince of Yen) is en- 
throned. [He annexes Cochin China and 
Tongking.] 

1410 * * Peking is again made the capi- 
tal of China. 

1425 * * Gintsong is enthroned. 

1426 * * Suentsong is enthroned. 

* * * Cochin China rebels, and becomes 
independent. 

1428 * * Tongking ceases to be a Chinese 
province, and becomes a tributary State. 

1435 * * Yngtsong is enthroned. 

1450 * * Yngtsong is captured by Yesien 
the Tartar [and finally liberated; while 
a captive, his brother Kingti administers 
the government]. 

1458* * Yngtsong is restored to the 

throne. 
1465 * * Hientsong is enthroned. 

* * * Hientsong creates the Grand Coun- 
cil of Eunuchs as a star chamber. 

1488 * * Hiaotsong is enthroned. [He 
builds granaries for storing 100,000 bush- 
els in every district of ten villages.] 

1506 * * Woutsong is enthroned. 

1517 * * Don Ferdinand Perez D'An- 
drade, a Portuguese, sails with a squad- 
ron into the Canton River. 

1522 * * Chitsong is enthroned. 

1523 * * D'Andrade is arrested and exe- 
cuted for the depredations of Portu- 
guese. 

1567 * * Moutsong is enthroned. 
1573 * * "Wanleh is enthroned at six years 
of age. 

* * * He pun-bases peace by making Yen- 
ta, the invading Tartar, a prince with 
certain commercial privileges. 

* * * Popai, the Turk, leads an unsuccess- 
ful revolt. 

["Wanleh grants land in Shen-se to 
Yen-ta.] 
1592 * * The Japanese invade Korea, 
and are driven away ; Korea is annexed 
to China. 

1596 * * The British send an unsuccess- 
ful expedition to China. 

1597 * * The Japanese make a second 
and successful invasion, yet voluntarily 
retire. 



1601* * Ricci, the Italian Jesuit mis- 
sionary, is received at court, where he 
wins favor, and becomes the scientific 
adviser of the Emperor. 

1604 * * The Dutch arrive in three ves- 
sels, but are not admitted. 

1616 * * The oppressed Manchu Tar- 
tars successfully invade the empire, and 
soon defeat two armies and possess Le- 
aou-tung. 

1620 * * The Emperor dies of grief. 

* * Kwantsong is enthroned. 

1621* * Kwantsong drinks of "the 
liquor of immortality," by advice of his 
doctors, and dies. 

* * Teen-ke is enthroned. 

* * Chiti is enthroned. 

1622 * * The Dutch attempt to enter by 
force and are defeated, They establish 
themselves on one of the Pheng-hoo Isl- 
ands. [1653. Again repulsed.] 

1624* * Hitsong is enthroned. 

1628 * * Hoaitsong is enthroned. 

[Troubles abound, rebellions multiply, 
and the Government is paralyzed. Li 
tseching leads a strong rebellion, is de- 
feated by aid of the Manchu Tartars, 
who enter Peking, and establish the pres- 
ent Manchu dynasty.] 

The Manchu, or Tatsing, dynasty 
rules the Empire [till the present time]. 

1644* *Chuntche, or Chitsou, is en- 
throned. 

Having been educated by Adam Schaal, 
a German Jesuit, he makes him nominal 
president of the board of mathemati- 
cians, but in fact, prime minister. 

1656 * * The Russians arrive, but the 
envoy refuses to kotow before the Em- 
peror, and is sent back without an audi- 

1661 * * Kang-hi is enthroned at eight 
years of age, with four co-regents to 
conduct the government. 

[He consolidates the Empire, surveys 
the provinces by aid of Europeans, and 
encourages education and religion. His 
reign is glorious. Formosa and Tibet 
are conquered and annexed. J 

1671+ * *Wou Sankwei, having su- 
preme authority in southwest China, 
rebels against Kangi. 

1672 The Kalmuck Tartars are ex- 
pelled, and settle in the region of the 
Volga. 

1692 * * The Tribunal of Rites passes 
a decision in favor of foreigners who 
wish publicly to practise their religion. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1278 * * Marco Polo visits Tibet. 

1342 * * A famine destroys 13,000,000 
people. 

1517* * Europeans visit Canton. 

* * * Chinese porcelain is introduced 
into England, and is in great demand. 

1536 * * Macao is granted to the Portu- 
guese merchants. 

1660 * * England first receives tea from 
China. 

1680 * * Trade with the East India 
Company begins, and an English fac- 
tory is established at Canton. 



616 1695, * *-1843 ; Oct. 9. 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1695 * * Galdan is totally defeated by 
the Emperor's army at Chowmodo. 

1736-f- * * An army subdues Hi, and it is 
annexed ; twice Burma is invaded with- 
out conquest. The Mussulmans are de- 
feated in Kansuh. 

1755 1- * * Keen-Lung subdues Davatsi 
and his opponent, Amursana, in Central 
Asia. 

1792 * * The war against the Goorkhas 
extends the triumphs of Keen-Lung 
within GO miles of British frontiers. 

1808 * * The English occupy Macao, 
and are peremptorily ordered to retire. 

1831 * * The British opium-trade being 
destroyed by the laws prohibiting its use, 
a military expedition is sent to Canton. 

* * England sends men-of-war to Canton, 
and arms the lorchas of the opium- 
smugglers. 

1834 * * The British send another expe- 
dition to Canton. 

Sept. 5. A battle between two British 
ships and the natives begins the war ; 
several Chinese are killed. 

1838 July 12. Admiral Maitland ar- 
rives at Macao. 

1839 Aug. 23. Hong-Kong is taken 
by the British under Capt. Elliot. 

Aug. 24. The British boat Black Joke is 
attacked, and the crew murdered. 

Nov. 3. The British frigates Volage 
and Hyacinth are attacked off Chuen- 
pee by 29 armed junks, four of which 
are sunk. 

1840 * * The British declare war. The 
first opium-war begins. 

Feb. 28. The Chinese fire-ships unsuc- 
cessfully attack the British fleet. 

May 22. Armed junks attack the Brit- 
ish ship Hellas. 

June 28. A British fleet of 15 men-of- 
war and 25 transports arrives at Canton, 
and the blockade begins. Sir Gordon 
Bremer commands the first part of the 
expedition. 

July 2. The Chinese fire on a flag of 
truce at Amoy. 

July 5. The British under Capt. Bremer 
occupy the island of Chu-san. 

July 10. The British proceed to block- 
ade the coast. 

"Nov. 6. Capt. Elliot enters into a truce 
with the Chinese Commissioner Keshen. 

1841 Jan. 6. The British cease to ne- 
gotiate, owing to a breach of faith by 
Chinese. 

Jan. 7. The Bogue forts at Chuenpee 
and Taikok, with their armaments, 173 
guns, are taken by the British. 

Jan. 9. A preliminary treaty of peace 
is signed. [It proves unsatisfactory to 
both parties.] 

Feb. 23. The British resume hostili- 
ties, as the Emperor disapproves the 
terms of peace. 

Feb. 24. The British evacuate the 
island of Chusan. 



Mar. 2. Sir Hugh Gough assumes 
command of the British army at Canton. 

Mar. 3. Hostilities are suspended at 
the request of the Chinese. 

Mar. 6. Fighting is renewed. 

Mar. 18. The British forces destroy an 
armed flotilla. 

May 21. Capt. Elliot advises all for- 
eigners to leave Canton immediately. 
At night the Chinese batteries open on 
the British. 

May 23. The British destroy the Chi- 
nese batteries and 40 war-junks. 

May 25. The British, 4,000 strong, take 
the heights behind Canton. 

May 31. Canton is ransomed for 
$G,000,000, and hostilities cease. 

June 1. British forces withdraw from 
Canton. 

July 5. The British bombard Tinghai. 

Aug. 10. The British resume offensive 
operations on the eastern coast. [Aug. 

27. They take Amoy, after a brief re- 
sistance. Sept. 4. Destroy the Bogue 
forts. Oct. 1. Take Ting-hai, and cap- 
ture 136 guns ; Chusan is taken the sec- 
ond time and reoccupied. Oct. 10. Sir 
Hugh Gough takes Chinhai. Oct. 13. 
Take Ning-po; the inhabitants shut 
themselves in their houses, and write on 
their doors " Submissive People." Dec. 

28. Take Yu-yaou ; most of the garri- 
son drown themselves to escape capture.] 

1842 Mar. 10. The Chinese suddenly 
attack Ning-po and Chinhai, and are 
repulsed with great loss. 

Mar. 15. The British rout 8,000 Chi- 
nese near Tze-kee. 

May 17. The British attack the port of 
Chapoo, rout 2,000 soldiers, and destroy 
the defenses. 

June 13. The British squadron, sailing 
for Nanking, enters the Kiang River. 

June 16. The British capture Woo- 
sung, the port of Shanghai, and take 
230 guns. [July ID. Take Shanghai. 
July 6. Ascend the Yang-tse-Kiang. 
July 21. Take Chin-Keang by storm.] 

Aug. 5. The entire British fleet arrives 
off Nanking. 

Aug. 29. The war ends. (See State.) 

ART —LETTERS — NATURE. 

1719 June 11. An earthquake occurs ; 
1,000 people buried in the ruins. 

1731 Nov. 30. A terrible earthquake 
overwhelms 100,000 persons at Peking, 
destroys the palace, and lays the suburbs 

1736 -f * * Emperor Keen-Lung is fond 

of art, and embellishes Peking; he 

writes poetry and prose, and collects 

libraries. 
1750 * * An observatory is erected at 

Peking. 
1830 May 26, 27. Earthquakes near 

Canton cause the death of more than 

6,000 persons. 
1S33 Oct. * At Canton 10,000 houses 

and 1,000 lives are destroyed by a flood. 



A like calamity visits other purtB ; all 
caused by incessant rains. 
1841 * * The Bong-Kong Gazette is first 
published. [1860. The Daily Press.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1710 * * Kien-Lung. emperor, born. 
1722 * • Kantfi. enijwror, «l»-s. 
1732 • • liuves, .loach, -it-suit missionary, d. 
1735 Oct. 7. Yung-Ching, enireror, dlea. 
1799 Feb. 8. Klen-Lungr. ^inj>eror, A88. 
1813 * " lluiig-tsiiien, rebel leader, born. 
1820 Sept. 2. Kiaking, emperor, dies. 
1835 * • Kung. Prince, born. 



1700 * * The Emperor Kangi informs the 
missionaries that the worship of Tien 
(heaven) is the worship of the true God, 
and the other rites are merely civil., 

1715* * The Roman Catholic missions 
have great success, and claim 1,100 
churches in Kiangnan and Kiangsi 
alone, and 100,000 converts. 

1718± * * Pope Clement XI. decrees that 
Tien does not mean the true God, 
and the rites are idolatrous; this decis- 
ion turns the Emperor from the Chris- 
tians to Confucius. 

1722± * * Emperor Yung Ching expels 
the missionaries from the schools in 
consequence of their quarrels among 
themselves. 

1735* *-96* *The Emperor perse- 
cutes the Christians during a part of 
his reign. 

1736 * * The Jesuits are expelled by 
an edict of the Emperor. 

1742 * * The Jesuits are commanded 
by the Pope to make no accommodations 
with paganism. 

1792± * * A great famine is charged 
against the missionaries. 

1805 * * Cruel persecution of Catholic 
Christians prevails. 

1807 Sept. 7. Eobert Morrison of 
England, the first Protestant mission- 
ary, arrives. 

* * The London Society begins work in 
China. 

* * *An edict against Christianity is 
published. 

1813 * * "William Milne from England 
arrives in Canton to aid Morrison. 

1816 Sept. 3. The Emperor Kaiking is 
dethroned because of religious differ- 
ences. 

* * The Catholic Christians are perse- 
cuted. 

1820 * * Catholic Christians are perse- 
cuted, and many killed, including the 
vicar apostolic and bishop in partibus. 

1830 Feb. 25. Elijah C. Bridgman 
and David Abul, missionaries of the 
American Board of Commissioners for 
Foreign Missions, arrive in Canton. 

1831 * * Missionary Bridgman issues the 
first number of the Chinese Repository. 

1833 * * Baptist missions for the Chi- 
nese begin by establishing a station at 
Bangkok, Siam, for its Chinese popula- 
tion. 

1836* * An American Baptist mis- 
sion-post is established on the Island of 
Macao. [1S42. Moved to Hong-Kong.] 



CHINA. 



1695, * *-1843, Oct. 9. 617 



1840 * * Amoy becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Protestant Episcopal Church. 

-t* * The opium-war suspends mission- 
ary labor, 

1842 * * David Abul establishes a mis- 
sion of the American Board at Amoy. 

* * Amoy becomes a mission-station of 
the Reformed Church (U. S. A.). 

1843 Oct. 8. A supplementary treaty 
is signed giving all foreigners at treaty 
ports the same rights as British subjects. 

* * The British and Foreign Bible Society 
begin work at Shanghai. 

SOCIETY. 

1730+ * * In order to check the growth 
of the population beyond the means of 
subsistence, rewards are offered by the 
Government to certain classes of persons 
who remain single. 

1754 * * Keen-Lung orders that every 
Mussulman above 15 years of age in 
Kansuh be put to death, in order to 
prevent another war. 

1767 * * The importation of opium 
amounts to about 1,000 chests annually, 
and the traffic is wholly in the hands of 
the Portuguese. 

1781 * * The East India Company (Brit- 
ish) takes charge of the opium-trade 
[and the importation is about 1 ,000 chests 
a year]. 

1785 Feb. 14. The Emperor Keen- 
Lung makes a feast to the ancients of 
his kingdom. 

Ancients of 100 years receive 50 bushels 
of rice and two pieces of silk ; those of 90 
years, 30 bushels of rice and two pieces 
of inferior silk ; and others in same pro- 
portion down to 50 years. 

1800* * The Government becomes 
greatly alarmed, and an edict is issued 
forbidding the importation of opium 
by any person for any purpose whatever. 
The severest penalties are prescribed 
for those violating the law, — nothing 
less than the confiscation of the vessel, 
the destruction of the opium, and the 
capital execution of the smugglers. 

1832 * * Strangling is the penalty for 
selling opium; and an offender is thus 
executed at Macao, in the presence of a 
crowd of foreigners. 

1839 * * The Imperial Commissioner Lin 
writes to Queen Victoria imploring 
her to put an end to the traffic. 

1841+ * * The Emperor Taoukwang, in 
reply to Sir Henry Pottinger's demand 
for the legalization of the opium -trade, 
said : " True, I cannot prevent the intro- 
duction of the poison; but nothing will 
induce me to raise a revenue from the 
vice and misery of my people." The 
Emperor, himself a reformed opium- 
smoker, has lost three sons by the vice. 

± * * The secret society called The Green 
"Water lily becomes formidable and 
turbulent in Hoonan. 

STATE. 

1719 * * Peter the Great of Russia 
sends a splendid embassy to Peking, 
which is opposed by ministers but re- 
ceived by the Emperor. Russia is ad- 



mitted to commercial intercourse, while 
other European nations remain ex- 
cluded. 

1722 * * Yung Ching is enthroned. 

1735 * * Keen-Lung is enthroned. 

[He extends the empire over the great- 
er portion of Central Asia.] 

1793 Sept. 14. Lord Macartney, the 
British ambassador, arrives at Peking. 

Oct. 7. The Emperor orders him to de- 
part. 

1795 * * The Dutch send an embassy to 
Peking, which is treated with contumely. 

1796 Feb. 6. Keen-Lung abdicates 
the throne. 

* * Kaiking (a son) is enthroned. 

[He is voluptuous and cruel. Many 
rebellions and audacious pirates and dis- 
sensions disturb the empire. 

1805 * * Russia sends an imposing em- 
bassy to Peking. 

1816 * * Lord Amherst, the British am- 
bassador, is dismissed from Peking be- 
cause he refuses to kotow before the 
Emperor. 

1821 * * Taoukwang is enthroned. 

[He distinguishes his reign by his en- 
deavor to keep out the opium-trade of 
England; many insurrections occur, 
which cannot be quelled by the army.] 

1826+ * * Insurrections arise against 
Chinese authority in Kashgar. 

1828 * * Severe prohibitory laws against 
the use of opium destroy the perni- 
cious trade and exasperate the British 
merchants. 

1832 * * The oppressed Miaotze rise in 
a formidable rebellion. 

1833 Dec. * Eng. Lord Napier is ap- 
pointed chief superintendent of trade 
with China, with John Davis as one of 
his two assistants. 

July 15. Lord Napier arrives as super- 
intendent of British commerce. 

1834 July * Lord Napier reaches 
Canton. [The Chinese refuse to have 
dealings with him, and interdict all 
trade with those associated with him.] 

Oct. 11. Lord Napier dies at Macao, 
and is succeeded by [Sir] John Davis. 

Nov. * The British dispute with the Chi- 
nese respecting the opium-trade, which 
the Emperor prohibits. 

1836 Dec. 14. Capt. George Elliot 
is appointed superintendent of trade by 
the British Government. 

1837 Mar. * The opposition is relaxed, 
and Elliot establishes himself at Canton. 

1839 Jan.* The Emperor appoints Lin 
Tishseu special commissioner to visit 
Canton, and break up the opium-trade. 

Mar. *- June* Capt. Elliot agrees that 
all the opium in the hands ot the Eng- 
lish shall be given up, on condition that 
the native trade in it shall stop. 

Mar. 18. Governor Lin concentrates a 
military force near Canton, and orders 
the seizure of British opium to prevent 
its being smuggled into the Empire. 

Mar. 19. The British residents and other 
foreigners of Canton are forbidden to 
leave. [May 24. The British leave.] 

Apr. 3. The Chinese seize 20,283 
chests of British opium, valued at more 
than $20,000,000, and destroy it. [This is 



regarded by the British Government as 
casus belli.] 

Aug. 19-21. The English at Macao 
seek refuge on the shipping off Hong- 
Kong. 

* * The Chinese demand the entire aban- 
donment of the opium-trade, which 
the British refuse to promise. 

Dec. 6. British trade is interdicted. 

1840 Jan. 5. The Emperor issues an 
edict prohibiting all trade and inter- 
course with England forever. 

Sept. 16. Imperial Commissioner Lin is 
finally degraded, and Keshen appointed 
in his place. 

Nov. 20. The British Plenipotentiaries 
arrive. 

1841 Jan. 20. Commissioner Keshen 
cedes Hong-Kong to the British, and 
promises an indemnity of $6,000,000 
within 10 days. 

Jan. 29. Hong-Kong is declared a Brit- 
ish possession. 

Feb. 11. The Emperor refuses to ap- 
prove the preliminaries of peace. 

Mar. 12. Commissioner Keshen is de- 
graded, and Eleang takes his place. 

Apr. 14. New commissioners meet 
the British at Canton. 

July 16. British trade is reopened at 
Canton. 

July * The Canton Convention is 
signed by the Imperial commissioners. 

Aug. 10. Sir Henry Pottinger arrives 
at Macao, as British Minister Plenipo- 
tentiary, and issues a proclamation stat- 
ing his aims. 

1842 Aug. 12. The Chinese Peace 
Commissioners arrive at Nanking. 

Aug. 29. The Treaty of Nanking is 
signed. 

Terms : (1) Canton, Amoy, Shanghai, 
Ning-po, and Fuchau are to be opened to 
British trade; (2) Hon^-Kong is ceded 
to England ; (3) the Chinese to pay an 
indemnity of $21,000,000; (4) a regular 
tariff to be fixed ; (5) official intercourse 
is to be on the basis of equality. 

1843 July 22. The ratifications of the 
Treaty of Nanking are formally ex- 
changed. 

July 27. The port of Canton is opened 
to the British. 

Oct. 9. By a supplementary treaty the 
British are permitted to own real es- 
tate in the treaty-ports, and to travel a 
certain distance into the interior; also 
all foreigners are to have the same rights 
as British subjects. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1771 * * The Kalmucks return to Mon- 
golia from the Volga region, and thou- 
sands perish on the journey. 

1822 * * Canton loses 15,000 houses by fire. 

1834 Apr. 22. The East India Com- 
pany's monopoly ends, and trade be- 
comes free. 

1835 Jan. 31. The Argyle is seized by 
the Chinese, and her crew held in cap- 
tivity. 

Feb. 23. The Chinese fire the con- 
demned opium at Canton. . 



618 1843,* *-1858,**. 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1847 Apr. 3. The British capture the 
Bogue forts, near Canton. 

1849* * Pirates, led by Shapuntsai, 
control a large fleet and well-equipped 
force, which levies blackmail from Foo- 
chow to the Gulf of Tongking. 

1850 Mar. 4. The British steamship 
Medea destroys 13 pirate junks. 

Aug. * The Tai-ping Rebellion breaks 
out in Kuang-si, Southern China. 

The leader, Hung-tsiuen, calls himself 
Tien-teh, " Celestial Virtue," claiming 
to have a heavenly commission as a polit- 
ical and religious reformer. (See State.) 

1852 Apr. * Tien "Wang, Hung-tsiuen, 
with the Triad chiefs as allies, begins his 
northern march. 

June 19. The rebels defeat the Im- 
perialists under Commissioner Leu, and 
destroy a large part of his army, 

Dec. 23. The rebels sack the city of 
Han-Yang and the commercial em- 
porium of Han-Keu. 

1853 Jan. 12. The rebels take the 
fortress of Hu-Kuang by storm. 

Mar. * -Apr. * The European powers 
refuse to aid the Emperor against the 
rebels. 

Mar. 19, 20. The Tai-pings take Wan- 
king, and massacre nearly 20,000 Man- 
chus ; they proclaim the inauguration 
of the Tai-ping dynasty. 

May 19. The rebels take Nanking. 

May * The Tai-ping army is increased 
to 80,000 men. 

Sept. 7. The rebels take Shanghai. 

Oct. * The Tai-pings are besieged in 
their fortified camp at Tsinghai. 

Nov. * The rebel army is checked by 
two Imperial army corps. 

1854 July 19. The rebels are com- 
pelled to retreat toward Nanking. 
Nanking is taken by the Imperialists. 

July * Another rebellion, chiefly for 
plunder, breaks out in Canton. 

Aug. * -Nov. * The rebels besiege Can- 
ton without success. 

1855 Jan. * The European powers 
undertake to suppress rebellion in the 
seaports, and the French Admiral La- 
guerre makes two attacks on Shanghai, 
which the rebels repulse. 

Feb. 15. The British and Americans 
unite, and drive the rebels from Shang- 
hai. 

Mar. * The rebels retire from the siege 
of Canton. 

* * The Imperialists retake many impor- 
tant places. 

* * The rebels fail in an attack on Pe- 
king. 

1856 * * The rebels suffer from dissen- 
sions. 

The "King of the North" massacres 
the "King of the East" with all his 
men ; afterward the former and his ad- 
herents are destroyed. 
May 19. The Panthay rising occurs 
in the southwest. 

The Mohammedans of Yunnan rise 
against the Chinese, who have planned 
their destruction en masse. 



Oct. 8i. The Chinese capture the 
Chinese crew of the Chinese loreha Ar- 
row, When flying the British flag, and 
engaged in smuggling British goods. 
The British consul demands satisfac- 
tion for the " outrage." 

Oct. 23. The British take the forts near 
Canton. 

Nov. 3, 4. Sir Michael Seymour bom- 
bards Canton. 

Nov. 6. The defeated Imperialists re- 
tire from Shanghai. 

Nov. 12, 13. Sir Michael Seymour cap- 
tures the Bogue forts on both sides of 
the river, at Canton. 

Nov. 15. The Chinese, of the Barrier 
Fort, fire on an American boat " by 
mistake." 

Nov. 21, 22. Com. Armstrong of the 
TJ. S. frigate Portsmouth avenges the 
attack on an American boat by destroy- 
ing four forts, mounting 165 guns. 

Nov. 25. The rebels capture Kuriking. 

Dec. * The British capture more forts. 

Dec. 14. The anti-foreigner mob burns 
the property of Europeans, 

Dec. 30. The crew of the British vessel 
Thistle is murdered by Chinese. 

* * The rebels are hemmed in and ac- 
complish little, yet repelling the Impe- 
rial army in the direction of Su-chao. 



May 20. The expedition arrives at the 
city of Tien-Tsin, DO miles from J-. 
king ; the Emperor sues for peace. 

June * The rebels make an unsuccessful 
attack on Soochoo, and then march on 
the city of You-Kiang. 

June * "War is renewed because <»f in- 
fraction of the treaty by the Chinese. 

Aug. "-Sept.* The British destroy about 
130 armed junks maimed by pirates. 

* * The Mohammedan rebels under 
Ma Sien are repulsed in an attack on 
the city of Yunnan. 

* * Ma Sien is again repulsed at Linan. 

ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 
1853* * The Porcelain Tower at Nan- 
king is destroyed by the Tai-pings. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1847 Aug. 19. Lcw-rie, Walter M., mis- 
sionary, murdered. 

1848* * Capillas, Francis de, Dominican, be- 
headed. 

1849 Jan. 5. Pohlman, John TVilliam, 
martyr, A3". 

1850 Feb. 24. Taonkwang-. emperor. A69. 

1851 Aug. 9. cut/hiii. Karl, missionary, 
A48. 

1856 Apr. 27. Ki-tsiang, emperor, born. 



1857 * * -60 * * "War with Great Brit- 
ian allied with France. 

Mar. * British reenforcements arrive 

from England and Madras. 
May 26, 27. Destruction of the Chinese 

fleet of 40 armed junks by the British 

under Com. Elliot. 
June 1. Sir M. Seymour and Com. 

Keppel complete the destruction of the 

Chinese fleet of 72 junks, near Hyacinth 

Island. 
July 16. The British are diverted from 

China by the Sepoy Rebellion ; Lord 

Elgin departs for India. 
July * Canton is declared to be in a state 

of siege by the British. 
Aug. * The British blockade Canton. 
Sept. 12. The Chinese declare war 

against England. 
Sept. 20. Lord Elgin returns from 

India to Hong-Kong. 
Oct. 19. Gen. Straubenzee assumes 

command of the British forces. 
Dec. 15. The allies occupy the Island 

of Do-dar, opposite Canton. 
Dec. 2S, 29. The allies bombard Can- 
ton, and take the city. 

1858 Jan. 5. The allies enter the city 
of Canton in three detachments. 

Jan. * Teh, the governor-general of 
Canton, is taken prisoner, and sent to 
India. 

Feb. 10. The blockade of Canton is 
raised. 

May 20. The English and French forces 
move up the Pei-Ho River towards 
Peking, and take the Taku forts, mount- 



CHURCH. 

1843 * * The American Baptists com- 
mence a mission at Uing-po and three 
substations, — Sbaohing, Kinhwa, and 
Huehau. 

1844 * * The treaty rights of mission- 
aries are first secured. (Also see State, 
1845, Aug. 25.) 

* * Ning-po becomes a mission-station of 
the American Presbyterians (North). 

1845 * * The Church of England opens a 
mission at Shanghai. 

* * The American Baptists (South) begin 
■work in Canton. 

* * Canton becomes a mission-station of 
the Presbyterian Board. 

* * Ning-po becomes a mission-station of 
the Presbyterian Board. 

1846 * * The first converts in the mis- 
sion of the American Board at Amoy 
are baptized. 

* * The first Protestant Episcopal con- 
vert is baptized on Easter Day. [He 
becomes a clergyman.] 

* * The Rhenish Society sends a mission- 
ary to Canton. 

* * The Basle Missionary Society begins 
work in Hakkas, province of Canton. 

1S47 Aug. 19. "Walter M. Lowrie, 
American Presbyterian missionary, is 
murdered at sea, aged 2S. 

Sept. 4. The first Methodist missiona- 
ries, Collins and White, enter Fuchau. 

* * The mission of the American Board is 
opened in Fuchau. 

* * The American Presbyterians open a 
mission at Canton. 

* * The Rhenish Mission at Canton is 
organized. 

* * The Basle Missionary Society sends 
two missionaries to Hong-Kong, who 
proceed to the mainland. 



CHINA. 



1843, **-1858,**. 619 



* * The English Presbyterians start a mis- 
sion in Hong-Kong and vicinity. 

* *Tke American Seventh-day Baptists 
start a mission at Shanghai. 

* * Kucheng becomes a mission-station 
of the English Church Society. 

1848 Sept.* Shanghai becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the Methodist Episcopal 
Church (South), U. S. A. 

* * The American Baptists (South) begin 
work in Shanghai. 

* * The (Eng.) church mission at Shang- 
hai is enlarged to include Ning-po. 

1S49 Jan. 5. John "William Pohl- 
man, missionary and martyr, dies, 
aged 37. 

1850 * * The American Presbyterians 
(North) open a mission in Shanghai. 

* * The (Eng.) church mission is opened 
in Fuchau. 

* * The (Eng.) church mission is opened 
in Fuhkien. 

* *The Berlin Foundling Asylum is 
started by Berlin ladies at Canton. 

* * Presbyterians open the first successful 
day mission-school in China at Can- 
ton. / 

* * The Tai-ping rebellion assumes a 
semi-religious character, and evinces 
some knowledge of Christianity. 

1851 * * The mission of the English Pres- 
byterians is removed from Hong-Kong 
to Amoy. 

1852 * * The (Eng.) Wesleyan Methodists 
begin a mission at Canton. 

* * The Basle Missionary Society form a 
station at Li Long. 

* * Mr. Piercy, who had labored for some 
time at his own expense, becomes an 
agent of the "Wesleyans, and establishes 
their first China mission at Canton. 

1853* * Boys' and girls' boarding- 
schools are established by the Ameri- 
can Board at Fuchau. 

* * Hung-tsiuen claims to be the second 
born Son of God, and the legitimate 
ruler of the world ; that his new reli- 
gion is modified Christianity. 

1854 * * Civil war interrupts the mission- 
work in Canton. 

* * The property of the Southern Baptists 
(U. S. A.) at Canton is destroyed during 
the rebellion. 

* * Missionaries Blodget and Aitchison 
join Mr. Bridgman at Shanghai, and or- 
ganize a mission of the American Board. 

1855 * * The first Methodist Episcopal 
Church edifice is erected at Fuchau. 

1856 May 19. The Chinese fix upon 
this day for a general massacre of Mo- 
hammedans in Yunnan, but are only 
partially successful. 

* * War with England interrupts mission- 
work. 

* * The American Reformed (Dutch) mis- 
sionaries assume the work of the Amer- 
ican Board in Amoy. 

* * Kyelang, Little Tibet, becomes a Mo- 
ravian mission-station. 

1857 July 14. Ting Ang, the first 
Methodist convert, is baptized. 



* * The Basle Missionary Society begins a 
mission at Hong-Kong. 

* * Ning-po becomes a station of the In- 
land Mission. 

* * The first mission church of the Amer- 
ican Board is organized in Fuchau, con- 
sisting of four members. 

SOCIETY. 

1845 * * The treaty concessions to for- 
eigners are partly neutralized by the 
intense hostility of the people. 

1848* *-49* * Numerous bands of 
robbers infest the provinces of Kuang-si 
and Kuang-tung ; the execution of 1,500 
robbers at Canton alone does not check 
their increase. 

1853+ * * Over 100,000 persons, most 
of whom are innocent, are executed in 
blood at the capture of Canton from the 
rebels. 

1856 Dec. 14. An anti-foreigners 
mob burns all the dwellings and store- 
houses of Europeans at Canton, and takes 
the lives of some. 

1856 * * A Chinese smuggler, bearing the 
British flag and manned by a Chinese 
crew, is fired on by the Chinese ; and 
this insult to the British flag is made 
the pretext for bombarding Canton, 
while England and France advance to- 
gether up the Pei-Ho toward Peking. 
[The Emperor is compelled to legalize 
the opium trade by British opium.] 

1858 * * The murder and assassina- 
tion of Europeans is common in Canton 
because of the rage of the inhabitants. 

STATE. 

1844 Feb. 16. Sir John Davis be- 
comes British Minister. 

July 3. Caleb Cushing, the U. S. Com- 
missioner, negotiates a treaty with China 
which is more liberal than the British 
treaty. 

Oct. 23. A treaty is made with France. 

1845 Jan. 16. U. S. A. The Govern- 
ment at Washington ratifies the treaty 
with China. 

Aug. 25. France negotiates a treaty by 
which Christianity is to be tolerated 
in the five ports. 

[All the treaty concessions are wrested 
from the Government in opposition to 
the strong feeling of the Chinese people, 
who hate the foreigners.] 

1846 * * Simmerings of disaffection 
among the Mohammedans are noted 
in Yunnan. 

1*847 Apr. 2. "Warlike demonstra- 
tions are used to compel the Govern- 
ment to respect the stipulations of the 
treaties made with foreign governments. 

Dec. * "Warlike demonstrations are re- 
peated by the foreign powers. 

1849± * * The Government is held in 
popular contempt because of its inabil- 
ity to exclude the foreigners. 

1850 Feb. 25. Hienfung (Prince Yih- 
choo) is enthroned ; he styles himself 
Tien-te. 



Aug.* In Kwangsi, Hung-tsiuen (Tien 
Wang) leads the great Tai-ping re- 
bellion. 

He aims at the overthrow of the exist- 
ing dynasty, and professes to be commis- 
sioned of God, by whom he is instructed 
in visions; "general peace" is written 
on his banners. 

* *A special commissioner is sent to 
Kwangsi and then two generals. 

1851 * * The Government becomes anx- 
ious, and sends the Prime Minister to 
Kwangsi. 

* * The Mohammedans in the province 
of Yunnan take advantage of the rebel- 
lion, and successfully strike for inde- 
pendence. 

1852 * * Dr. John Eowring becomes 
British Minister. 

1853 * * Hung-tsiuen is proclaimed 
emperor ; he takes the name Tien "Wang, 
(Heavenly King). 

Apr. * The Emperor appeals to the rep- 
resentatives of European powers for 
help against the rebels, and is flatly re- 
fused. 

May* Sir G. Bonham goes to Nanking 
to obtain friendly assurances from the 
rebels. 

Sept. * A successful insurrection breaks 
out at Shanghai. 

1854 * * The successes of the Emperor 
lead the representatives of England and 
the United States to proffer him aid, 
which he declines. 

1856 May 19. The persecuted Mo- 
hammedans in the province of Yunnan 
rebel [and achieve a temporary inde- 
pendence]. 

1857 Mar. * Lord Elgin is appointed 
British envoy. [June 3. Arrives at Sin- 
gapore. July* Arrives at Hong-Kong.] 

Nov. 7. Minister Reed of the United 
States arrives, and with Russia unites- 
in a pacific policy against that of force 
adopted by England and France. 

1858 * * -59 * * Diplomatic complica- 
tions arise between France and China ; 
the former attempts the conquest of 
Cochin China, and the latter claims a 
suzerainty over it. 

May 28. The Russians secure a treaty 
ceding all the country on the left bank 
of the Araoor to Russia. 

June 13. Russia secures a commercial 
treaty. 

June 18. William B. Reed also secures 
a commercial treaty for the United 
States. 

June 26, 28, 29. A treaty is concluded 
with Great Britain. 

It provides for freedom of trade, in- 
cluding the importation of opium, and 
residence of ambassadors at both courts, 
toleration of Christianity, and China to 
pay the war expenses, SlO.snn.OOO to Eng- 
land and $0,000,000 to France; the tariff 
revised, and Europeans no longer to he 
called " barbarians." It also opens four 
more ports, provides for free navigation 
of rivers, and permits foreigners to travel 
in China. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1850 * * Chinese emigration to the 
United States begins. 



620 1859, May *-1870, Sept. 15. 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1859 June* The British envoy, James 
Bruce, is fired on by the Taku forts 
when on his way to Peking. 

June 25. Admiral Hope is repulsed 
in attempting to force a passage past 
the Taku forts ; he loses SI killed and 
390 wounded. 

* * Yunnan Fu capitulates to the Mo- 
hammedans on terms which secure a 
temporary peace to the province. 

Oct. * A joint expedition against China 
is arranged by the English and French. 

1860 Mar. * Sir Hope Grant arrives 
at Hong-Kong, and takes command. 

Mar. 19. Rebels under Chung "Wang 
capture Hangchow. 

May 3. The Tai-pings attack the Im- 
perialists at Nanking, and compel them 
to raise the siege. 

Julyi * Frederick "Ward, an Ameri- 
can, enters the service of the Empire. 

Aug. 1. The allies land above Taku, 
on the Pei-Ho. 

Aug. 12. The British under Sir Hope 
Grant and the French under Gen. Mon- 
tauban defeat the Chinese in a skir- 
mish. 

Aug. 18-20. The Tai-ping rebels at- 
tack Shanghai, and are repulsed by 
the allies and volunteers. 

Aug. 21. The allies take the Taku 
forts at the mouth of the Pei-Ho ; the 
Tartar general, San-ko-lin-sin, retreats. 

Sept. 8. The allies send an advance 
force forward from Tien-Tsin. 

Sept. 18-21. Advancing on Peking, the 
allies defeat the Chinese at Chan-chia- 
wan and Pa-li-kao. 

Sept. 21. San-ko-lin-sin, by treachery, 
captures Capts. Anderson and Bra- 
bazon and 16 others, while arranging 
for a meeting of the ministers. 

Oct. 6. The French ravage the Empe- 
ror's summer palace near Peking. 

Oct. 8. The Chinese restore those of the 
captives who have not died of ill usage. 

Oct. 12. Peking is surrendered to the 
allies. 

Oct. 18. The British burn the summer 
palace. 

Oct. 24. Peace is restored. (See State.) 

Nov. 6. The allies evacuate Peking, 
leaving it in a desolate state and its in- 
habitants scattered and indigent. 

1861 * * A British and French force oc- 
cupy Tien-Tsin. 

Dec. * The rebels lay waste Ning-po 
and Hangchow. 

1862 Jan.* The rebels advance on 
Shanghai ; it is fortified by the English 
and French as allies of the Emperor. 

Jan. * The rebellion begins to wane. 
Apr. * The rebels are twice defeated by 

the allies. 
May 10. Ning-po is retaken by aid of 

the allies. 
May 17. The rebels are attacked, and 

the French admiral, Protet, is 

killed. 

* * Gen. "Ward gives great aid by reor- 
ganizing the army. 



July * The Europeans assist the Impe- 
rialists against the rebels. 

Oct. * Capt. Sherard Osborn organizes 
a small fleet of gunboats to aid the Im- 
perialists. 

Oct. * The Imperialists take Kah-sing 
and other towns. 

1863 Mar. 24. Maj. Charles Gordon 
Of the British Royal Engineers enlists 
with the Imperialists [and transforms 
the army in a short time]. 

May 1, 2. Maj. Gordon captures Tait- 

san from the Tai-ping rebels. 
May 31. Gordon takes Qninsan. 
July 27 + . Gordon takes Kahpoo. 
July 28. Gordon receives the surrender 

of Wokong. 
Oct. * The Tai-pings under Burgevine 

are defeated by the Imperialists under 

Maj. Gordon. 
Nov. 27. Gordon fails in a night attack 

on Soochoo. 

1864 Mar. 21. Gordon is repulsed 
in an attack on Kintang. He is dis- 
gusted with the conduct of the Chinese 
in treacherously murdering the rebel 
chiefs. 

Apr. 23. Gordon takes the stockades 
near the west gate of Changchow. 

May 11. Gordon takes Changchow by 
storm. 

July 19. Gordon recaptures Nanking 
from the rebels, after exploding 40,000 
pounds of powder under the walls ; the 
rebel generals, Chang-wang and Kan- 
wang, are executed. This practically 
ends the rebellion. 

1865 Jan. * -Mar. * The Tai-ping rebels 
hold Mingchow. 

May 23. The rebels evacuate Ming- 
chow. 

July* The Nien-fei rebels in the north 
threaten Peking. 

July * The distinguished Tartar general, 
San-ko-lin-sin, is defeated and killed. 

1866 Mar.i * The Kien-fei rebels in 
the northwest are defeated. 

* * The Tungani of Kashgaria revolt, 
and Mohammed Yakoob Beg assumes 
supreme office and independence of 
China. 

1868 Oct. * Ning-po is occupied by the 
rebels. 

Nov. 8. The British send a squadron 
to Nanking to enforce a demand for 
redress of injuries to missionaries at 
Tang-Chow. 

1870 May± * The Mohammedans un- 
der Suleiman rebel in Yunnan and in 
Kan sua. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1861 Aug. 22. Hienfung. emperor, d. 
* * Bridgman, Elijah C, missionary, AGO. 
1862* * Culbertson, MatthewS.. 



1863 July 2. Rankin, Henry, missionary, 



July 17. Boone, William Jones, American 

Episcopal missionary bisliop, A59. 
Bonnev, Samuel \\\, missionary, A 4ft. 
Aug. 7. Chung Wang, Tai-ping leader, be- 



CHURCH. 

1859 * * To-Cheng becomes a in 1fb ion- 
station of the American Methodists. 

[Also Formosa of the Roman Catho- 
lics. Shanghai of the New Connection 
Methodists of England. Hangchow of 
the Presbyterian Board.] 

* * Methodist Episcopal Women's and 
Girls' High School is founded in Fu- 
chau. 

* * Rev. S. L. Baldwin and others reen- 
force the Methodist missions. 

I860* * Tien-Tsin becomes a mission- 
station of the American Board. 

* * The Methodist New Connection (Eng.) 
begins work in Tien-Tsin. 

* * The American Baptist Union opens a 
mission at Double Island, at the en- 
trance of the bay leading to Swatow. 

* * The American Protestant Episcopa- 
lians start a mission in the interior at 
Wuchang. 

* * Poklo becomes a mission-station of 
the London Society. Also Chefu of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church. 

* * The English Baptists open a mission 
in Chefu. 

* * Tung-Chow becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the (Am.) Southern Baptists. 

* * Shantung becomes a mission-field of 
the Southern Baptists. 

* * American Presbyterians in Shanghai 
baptize their first convert. 

* * The American Board changes the loca- 
tion of their mission from Shanghai to 
Tien-Tsin [and its name is changed to 
North China Mission two years later]. 

1861 * * The American Baptists com- 
mence a mission at Swatow. 

Mar.* Two converts are baptized in the 
Fuchau mission. 

* * The American Methodists (North) start 
a printing-press at Fuchau. [It pub- 
lishes each year 1,000,000 pages of Scrip- 
ture.] 

* * The (Eng.) "STesleyan Methodists start 
a mission in "Wuchang. 

* * Ching-king becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the London Society. 

* * The American Presbyterians (North! 
start missions at Hangchow and Tung- 
Chow. 

* * American Baptists (South) begin work 
in Tung-Chow. 

* * Hankow becomes a mission-station of 
the London Society. 

1S62 Jan. * The First Presbyterian 
church in Canton is organized with 
seven members. 

* * The Basle Missionary Society begins 
work in Chung Tsun. 

* * The Church of England opens a mis- 
sion at Hong-Kong and Peking. 

* * Hankow becomes a mission-station of 
the "Wesleyans. Also Chiang Chin of 
the London Society. Chefu, in the 
northeast, of the American Presbyte- 
rian church. 

* * The Tungani, Mohammedans , revolt, 
and massacre the Buddhists in Central 
Asia. 



CHINA. 



1859, May * -1870, Sept. 15. 621 



1863 * * The American Methodists suc- 
ceed in opening a station within the 
walls of Fuchau. 

* * The American Presbyterians start a 
successful mission in Peking. 

* * The American Baptist Union opens a 
mission at Kak Chieh, on the mainland. 

* * Formosa becomes a mission-station 
of the Presbyterian Church of England. 

1864 * * N"ing-po becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the (Eng.) Methodist Free 
Churches. 

* * The Rhenish mission at Fa Men is 
begun. 

* * The Bridgman School is established 
in the North China Mission of the Amer- 
ican Board. 

* * Severe persecution by the natives is 
firmly endured by the converts at Fu- 
chau. 

* * A mob destroys property of Metho- 
dists in Fuchau, and Rev. Carlos R. 
Martin, wife, and children have a mar- 
velous escape. 

1885 Jan.* -Mar.* The Mohamme- 
dans in Huran rebel. 

* * The Church of England opens a mis- 
sion at Hangchow. 

* * The English Presbyterians begin work 
in Formosa. [Great success follows.] 

* * Kargan becomes a mission of the 
American Board. Also "Wuchang of 
the London Missionary Society. 

* * The Basle Missionary Society begins 
work at Nyen Hang Li. 

* * The United Presbyterian church of 
Scotland begins medicinal work at 
Ning-po. 

1866 * * Shaohing becomes a mission- 
station. 

* * The China Inland Mission at Ning-po 
is organized. 

* * The American and Methodist Episco- 
pal Boards publish the first edition of 
the New Testament in the Fuchau di- 
alect. 

* * The English New Connection Metho- 
dists begin work at Lao Ling, in the 
province of Shantung. 

1867 * * "Wuchang becomes a mission- 
station of the London Society. 

* * This is a revival year in the American 
Methodist mission ; 451 members are re- 
ported. 

* * Hangchow becomes a mission-station 
of the Presbyterian Church (South), U. 
S. A. 

* * The English New Connection Metho- 
dists begin work at Chu Chia Tsai. 

* * Tai-chair becomes a station of the 
Inland Mission. Also Tung-Chow of 
the American Board. Kiukiang of the 
American Methodists. "Wuchang of the 
Protestant Episcopal church. 

1868 Aug. 22. The Protestant mission- 
houses at Yang-Chau are destroyed by 
persons who are incited by the" literati." 

* * The Central China Mission is estab- 
lished by American Methodists (North). 

It includes the districts of Kiukiang, 
Nanking, Chinkiang, and "Wuhu, with a 



and 339 church- 
members. 

* * Yang-Chau becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Methodist Inland Mission. 
Also Kiukiang of the American Metho- 
dists. Uewchwang of the Irish Pres- 
byterians. 

* * The National Bible Society of Scot- 
land begins work in China. 

* * The United Methodist Free Churches 
(Eng.) begin work in Ning-po. 

* * The Presbyterian Church (South) be- 
gins work in Hangchow. 

1869 * * The Methodist EpiscopalChureh, 
U. S. A., organizes the North China 
Mission, including the districts of Pe- 
king, Tien-Tsin, Shantung, Tsunhua, 
and Lanchou, with 15 missionaries and a 
church-membership of 782. 

* * The China Inland Mission opens its 
first station in the Gan-hwuy prov- 
ince. 

* * The American Methodists begin their 
mission in Peking. 

* * The American Board set up the only 
press controlled by Protestant missions 
in Northern China. 

* * The Presbyterians of Ireland begin 
work at Yingtse. 

1870 June 21. A mob massacres the 
French consul at Tien-Tsin, Roman 
Catholic priests, 21 Sisters of Mercy, 
and many children from the orphanage. 
Their Chinese enemies allege that the 
missionaries have kidnapped the chil- 
dren. 

SOCIETY. 

1868 * * An anti-foreigners' riot breaks 
out in Yangchow, in which missionaries 
are maltreated and their houses burned 
down. 

1870 June 21. Rioters at Tien-Tsin 
brutally murder 21 foreigners and an 
unknown number of Christian converts. 
The French and Russian missionaries 
are among the dead. 

July * The hatred of foreigners in- 
creases, and the Government proceeds 
against the murderers of Europeans with 
remarkable deliberation. 

Aug. 22±. Ma, the viceroy at Nanking, 
is assassinated because of his regard 
for foreigners. 

STATE. 

1859 May * Lord Elgin returns to 
England. 

July 29. The Chinese violate the 
treaty, in refusing to permit the U. S. 
Minister Reed to meet the Emperor with- 
out submitting to degrading ceremonies. 

Nov. 24. The United States secures a 
commercial treaty. 

1860 Oct. 24. Lord Elgin and Prince 
Kung sign a Convention in Peking. 

The Chinese ratify the treaty of Tien- 
Tsin, and agree to pay a large indemnity 
immediately ; also to give a cash com- 
pensation to the families of the British 
captives who were murdered by the 
Chinese. 



ISTov. 14. China makes a treaty grant- 
ing territories and free trade to Russia. 

1861 Mar. * England and France es- 
tablish embassies at Peking. Sir Fred- 
eric Bruce represents England. 

Oct. 21. Canton is restored to the Chi- 
nese by the British. 

Nov. * Several Chinese Ministers are 
put to death in a Ministerial crisis. 

* * Tungche is enthroned. 

Dec. 13. Prince Kung is appointed 
regent. 

1862 * * The great uprising in the 
northwest begins in a quarrel between 
the Chinese and Mohammedan militia 
in the province of Shensi. It spreads 
into the province of Kansuh. 

1863 Jan. 14. A commercial treaty, 
with Prussia is ratified by China. 

1864 June 30. Hung-tsiuen, the rebel 
emperor, commits suicide. 

1865 Apr. 2. Prince Kung is de- 
graded by the two Regent-Empresses, 
charged with arrogance. 

May 8. Prince Kung is reinstated in 
all his offices except that of President of 
the Council. 

Nov. 26. Sir Rutherford Alcock is ap- 
pointed British Minister to Peking. 

* * A successful rebellion in Kashgar is 
led by Yakoob Beg. 

1866 July * Li Hung Chang and Tseu- 
kw»-fan, the rival leaders, struggle for 
political power. 

1868+ * * Anson Burlingame, U. S. A., 
is appointed the representative of the 
Chinese Government to eleven of the 
principal countries of the world ; Chin 
Kang and Sun Chia Su, two mandarins, 
and a certain number of Chinese stu- 
dents, are to accompany him as members 
of the embassy. 

July. 4. V. S. A. The Chinese Embassy 
enter a treaty "with the United States 
at Washington. 

Oct. 28. A treaty with the United 
States is negotiated. [1869. Ratified.] 

Nov. 14. The British demands for re- 
dress are acceded to, and the viceroy is 
superseded. 

* * Mohammed Yakoob Beg is recog- 
nized as ruler of Kashgar by the govern- 
ments of Europe. 

* * The Government declines to redress 
the outrage committed against the Prot- 
estant missions at Yang-Chau. 

1869 Oct. 24. A commercial supple- 
ment to the Treaty of Tien-Tsin is 
signed. 

1870 May * The Mohammedans re- 
bel in Yunnan and Kansuh. 

June+ * A. wave of anti-foreign preju- 
dice sweeps over the country. (See So- 
ciety.) 

Sept. 26. The Government refuses to 
accept the ultimatum of the French, 
respecting the murderers of the nuns. 

Sept. 15+. In punishment for outrages 
15 coolies are beheaded and more are 
exiled. [The Government offers a cash 
indemnity ; France is appeased.] 



622 1870, **-1884, Dec. * 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1870 * * Most of the towns in the south 
and north of Yunnan are recovered 
from the Mohammedan rebels. 

1872 * * The Government is aroused 
to a vigorous prosecution of the war by 
Suleiman's effort to secure the recogni- 
tion of England. 

1873 Feb.* The Mohammedan capital, 
Talif oo, is recaptured by the Imperial- 
ists, and thousands of rebels are mas- 
sacred. 

•f * * "War is prosecuted against the Mo- 
hammedans in Kashgar. 

* * The Mohammedan rebellion is 
suppressed. 

1875 Feb. 21. The Chinese attack a 
British exploring expedition under 
Col. Horace Browne at Manwyne, and 
kill one Englishman and five Chinese 



Feb. 22. Col. Browne is compelled to 
retire to Rangoon. 

1876 * * "War is waged against the 
Tungani. 

Jtfov. 6. Manas is surrendered by 
Haiyen, the Mohammedan leader, and 
many rebels are killed. 

1877 Mar.i * The Kasgarians are 
driven out of Pidjarn. 

May * Yakoob Beg of Kashgar is assas- 
sinated, after being totally defeated by 
the Chinese under Tso-tsung-tang. 

Dec. * The taking of Kashgar and other 
rebellious towns ends the war. 

1879 Jan. * Li-Yang-tsai, the leader of 
the rebels in Hainan Island, invades 
Annam. 

July * Maj. Gordon meets Li Hung 
Chang, governor of the metropolitan 
provinces. 

July 15. It is announced that the pro- 
posed war with Russia respecting ter- 
ritory is abandoned. 

1884 * * "War with France in the de- 
fense of Tongking. (See p. 482.) 

June 23. The Chinese, in violation of the 
Treaty of Tien-Tsin, attack the French 
while marching to occupy Langson in 
Tongking. (See Annam.) 

Aug. 5,6. Adm. Lespes bombards Ke- 
lung, Formosa, because of alleged 
treachery, and destroys the forts. 

Aug. 10. The French Adm. Courbet 
arrives at Fuchau. 

Aug. 23. Adm. Courbet sails up the Min 
River, and destroys the Chinese fleet. 

Aug. 26-28. Adm. Courbet bombards 
the defenses at Fuchau, and destroys 
those at Mingan and Kimpai. 

Sept. 16±. The French defeat the Chi- 
nese at Kimpai Pass. 

Oct. 1. The French take Kelung. 

Oct. 2. Adm. Lespes bombards Tam- 
sin. 

Oct. 23. The French blockade For- 
mosa on the north and west. 

Nov. 2. The French defeat 1,000 Chinese 
near Tamsin. 



"Nov. 12: r. The French are repulsed in 
an attack on Kelung. 

ART — LETTERS — NATURE. 

1874 Sept. 22. A typhoon at Macao 
and Hong-Kong does great damage. 

1881 Oct. 8. About 300,000 people per- 
ish by a typhoon at Haifong. 

1882 * * A translation of the United 
States Constitution into Chinese is 
completed. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1871 A.us- 14. Kwangsu (Tsaitien), em- 

1872 * * Tsenge Kwofan, statesman, dies. 

1873 Jan. 15. Tu "Wensin (Sultan Suli- 
man) dies by self-poisoning. 

1875 Jan. 13. Tungche, emperor, A18. 
1878 May 21. Hall, William N., mission- 
ary, A49. 

May 29. Hunt, Phineas R., missionary, 
dies at Peking. 
1881 * * Tsze-Au, the elder of the two em- 
presses, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1870 * * Ning-po becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the United Scotch Presbyterians. 

* * The English Baptists open a mission 
in Chiug Cho Fu. 

* * The Church of England opens a mis- 
sion at Shaou-hing. 

1871 * * Soochoo becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Presbyterian Board. 

* * Eng. "William Murray, the remark- 
able colporteur, sails for China as agent 
of the National Bible Society of Scot- 
land [where he learns '2,000 Chinese 
characters in four months and enters his 
work]. 

1872 * * Wewchwang, Haichung, and 
Iiiaoyang become mission-stations of 
the United Scotch Presbyterians. 

* * The second (Am.) Presbyterian church 
is organized. 

* * Che-nan-foo becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the (Am.) Presbyterian Board. 

* * Soochoo becomes a mission of the 
Presbyterian Church (South). 

* * Kinchau becomes a mission-station 
of the Inland Mission. 

* * The American Methodists open a mis- 
sion at Tien-Tsin, and found a Biblical 
Institute in Fuchau. 

* * Formosa becomes a mission-field of 
the Canadian Presbyterians. 

1873 * * Ta-ku-tang becomes a station 
of the Inland Mission. 

* * The Inland Mission (Eng.) opens its 
first station in the Kiang-si province. 

* * The work of the Scotch Presbyterians 
is transferred to Manchuria. 

1S74 * * "Wuchang becomes a mission- 
station of the Inland Mission. 

* * The North China Mission is estab- 
lished by the Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel. Chefu, Northeast China, 
becomes a mission-station. 

1875 * * Kihhwa becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Inland Mission. 

* * Tieling, Kaiyereu, and Saiping- 
Kow become mission-stations of the 
United Scotch Presbyterians. 



* * Chi-nan-fuli' me-sami-sion-station 

of the American Presbyterians. 

* * The American Bible Society enters 
China. 

* * C. W. Mitchil, an English Wesleyan 
layman, engages in mission-work at hiw 
own cost. 

1876 * * The Inland Mission opens its 
first station in the Ho-nan province. 

* * Moukden becomes a mission-station 
of the United Presbyterian Church. 

* * Nanking becomes a mission-station 
of the American Presbyterian Board. 

1877 Feb. 1. The decree of equal 
rights to native Christians is i.-su._-d. 

* * The English Baptists finally succeed 
in establishing a mission in China. 

* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- 
tion in the Shan-si province. 

* * Tai-yuen and Yuh-shau become sta- 
tions of the Inland Mission. 

* * The Fuchau Conference of the 
Methodist Episcopal Church, U. S. A., 
is formed. 

It comprises the mission districts of 
Fuchau, Hokchiang. Hinghwa, Ing- 
chung, Kucheng, Yongping. and Hai- 
tang, under the care of six missionaries, 
and with a church-membership of 2.441. 

* * The American Baptists open a mission 
at Bhamo, Southwestern China. 

* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- 
tion in the Kwei-chau province. 

* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- 
tion in the Sz-chuen province. 

* * The society for spreading Christian 
Literature throughout China is organ- 
ized at Shanghai. 

* * A new college building nearly com- 
pleted is destroyed by a mob at Fu- 
chau, and the missionaries are driven 
out of the city. 

1S7S Aug. 30. A mob destroys the 
mission property at Wu-slish-shan ; 
the mandarins are indifferent. 

* * A mission is begun at Ichang by the 
Established Church of Scotland. 

* * Fau-Cheng becomes a station of the 
Inland Mission. 

* * The Inland Mission opens its first sta- 
tion in the Kan-sun province. 

* * Wen-Chau becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the United Free Methodists. 

1879 * * The Inland Mission opens in the 
Shen-si province. 

* * Manchuria becomes a mission-field 
of the Irish Presbyterians. 

* * The Woman's Association of the Eng- 
lish Presbyterian Church begins work 
in Amoy. 

* * Ping-yang becomes a station of the 
Inland Mission. 

* * Taishan-fu is opened as a mission- 
station by the Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel. 

* * The American Presbyterians open a 
mission at Chi-nan-fu, 300 miles inland 
from Cheefu. 

* * Chefu, Northeast China, becomes a 
mission-station of the Inland Mission. 

1880 * * Fang-chuang becomes a mis- 
sion-station of the American Board. 



CHINA. 



1870, **-1884, Dec. * 623 



1881 * * A Methodist Episcopal Anglo- 
Chinese College is founded in Fuchau. 

* * The Female College of the Fuchau 
mission is dedicated by the American 
Board. 

* * Chentu-fu becomes a mission-station 
of the Inland Mission. 

* * The American Methodists, of the "West 
China Mission, with a station at Chun- 
king, where still two missionaries are 
holding the outpost, is established. 

* * The Church of England opens a mis- 
sion in Canton. 

'■* * The Chinese Inland Mission opens its 
first station in the Yunnan province. 

* * The American Methodists start a suc- 
cessful hospital, under lady physicians, 
at Tien-Tsin. 

* * The third American Presbyterian 
church is organized. 

* * The Society for the Propagation of the 
Gospel receives the work of the (Eng.) 
Church Missionary Society in Peking. 

-* * Mr. Jeremiassen, an independent 
self-supporting missionary, begins 
Protestant mission-work on the island 
of Hainan. 

1882 * * Yunnan becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the Inland Mission. AlsoTsun- 
hua of the Methodist Episcopal Church, 
U. S. A. 

* * "Wei-Hien becomes a mission-station 
of the American Presbyterians.. 

* * A mission is opened at Canton by the 
Berlin Missionary Society. 

■* * The American Board opens the Shansi 
mission. 

* * The American Baptists begin an inter- 
esting work among the Hakka people. 

1883 * * Tai-ku becomes a mission-sta- 
tion of the American Board. 

* * Kinhwa becomes a mission-station of 
the American Baptists. 

* * The American Board opens the Hong- 
Kong mission. 

* * The London Missionary Society opens 
a station at Hong-Kong. 

* * Kaying-chau becomes a station of 
the Basle Missionary Society. 

* * Chinkiang becomes a mission-station 
of the Presbyterian Church (South). 

* * The American Baptists (South) begin 
work in Chinkiang. 

* * Methodist Episcopal Training- School 
for Bible Women is founded in Tien- 
Tsin. 

** Methodist Episcopal University is 
founded in Peking. 

SOCIETY. 

1872 Oct. 16. Ki-tsiang marries Ah- 
luta, a Manchu lady. 

1873 June± * The Government pro- 
hibits female infanticide. 

1875 Feb. 21. Mr. Margary, a British 
officer with Col. Browne's expedition 
into Western China, is massacred, with 
others, at Manwyne. (See Army.) 

1877 Aug.* The Government an- 
nounces that opium-smoking will be pro- 
hibited after three years. 



1883 Oct. * Great excitement against 
foreigners prevails in Canton. 



1871* * Russia annexes Kulja [until 
China establishes her power in that 

1872 * * Suleiman sends Prince Hassan 
to London to secure the recognition of 
England for his rebellion ; this arouses 
the Emperor to a vigorous prosecution 
of the war. 

1873 Feb. 23. The Emperor Tungche 
reaches his majority, and assumes the 
government. 

Feb. * The Empresses as regents resign 
the government of the country, which 
they have controlled since the death of 
Hien-fung. 

June 29. The Ministers of the principal 
powers urge the right of audience, 
and are received by the Emperor 
Tungche. 

1874 July-h * China enters a dispute 
with Japan because of the massacre of 
Japanese sailors on the Island of For- 

Oct. 31. A treaty is made with Japan. 
Dec. 18. An edict orders the Empress 

Dowager to assume the administration 

of government. 

1875 Jan. 12. The Emperor Fung- 
che dies, leaving no offspring. 

Jan. 13. Kwangsu (Tsai Tien), a cousin, 
is chosen by the Empress ; he is three 
years of age. 

* * Kwangsu is enthroned. 

Feb. 4. The succession of Kwangsu is 
proclaimed. 

Oct. 4. An edict announces liberty of 
intercourse between Ministers of foreign 
governments and the chiefs of depart- 
ments. 

1877 Apr. 1. Four additional ports 
are open to trade. 

Aug. * The Government announces that 
opium-smoking will be interdicted after 
three years. 

1879 Sept. * Chung-How signs a boun- 
dary and indemnity treaty with Russia, 
at Lavadia. It cedes to Russia Western 
Kulja for a payment of 5,000,000 rubles. 
[It produces great excitement and indig- 
nation in China.] 

Dec. 2+. The rebel chief, Li-yang-tsai, 
is taken prisoner. 

1880 Jan. 27. Chung-How, the Am- 
bassador to St. Petersburg, is cashiered 
for exceeding his powers in ceding the 
Kulja territory to Russia. [It is not rati- 
fied by China.] 

July 15. It is reported that Chung-How 
is released and threatened war averted. 

1881 Aug. 19. A treaty with Russia, 
negotiated by Marquis Tseng, is signed. 

* * A treaty with the United States is 
negotiated by James B. Angell. 

1882 * * A threatened war with Japan 
is avoided by Chinese diplomacy. 

1883* * -84 * * France conquers 
Tongking in disregard of China's 
claims. 



Sept. * A dispute occurs with the French 
concerning Tongking. 

Nov. * Annam is claimed as a depen- 
dency of China in a circular note. 

1884 Apr. 11. Prince Chun, the fa- 
ther-in-law of the Emperor, becomes 
dictator by a coup d'etat at Peking, and 
Prince Kung is dismissed from all his 
posts and consigned to obscurity. 

May 11. AtreatyissignedwithFrance 
at Tien-Tsin by Capt. Fournier and Li 
Hung Chang. 

China recognizes the French protecto- 
rate in Annam and Tongking, and opens 
to commerce three southern provinces. 

June 23. The Chinese disregard the 
treaty with France, and attack the 
troops en route for Langson, in Tong- 
king. The ratification of the treaty of 
May 11 is denied by the Chinese. 

July 30. It is reported that the Chinese 
consent to surrender the frontier 
towns, but refuse to pay the indemnity. 

July * The Regent Empress and the Vice- 
roy, Li Hung Chang, are unpopular with 
the war party. 

July * France demands the evacuation 
of the Tongking forts by the Chinese and 
an indemnity of $50,000,000. 

Aug. 17. France declines the media- 
tion of the powers in the Tongking mat- 
ter, and issues a circular note. 

Aug. 19. France reduces its claim for 
indemnity to $16,000,000 ; China declines 
to pay it. 

Aug. 21. The French Minister, Se- 
malle\ leaves Peking. [War follows.] 

Aug. 28±. The viceroy, Li Hung Chang, 
is degraded from his highest offices. 

Sept. 6±. China officially declares war 
against France. 

Sept. 24±. Li Hung Chang is restored 
to the office of viceroy. 

Dec. * The English Minister, the Earl of 
Granville, fails in an effort to mediate 
with Marquis Tseng. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1876 Mar. 16. A train of cars first 
runs from Shanghai to Woosung, a dis- 
tance of 11 miles. 

June 13. The first railroad in China 
is opened for public service (one-half of 
the hue). 

* *-78* * A terrible famine afflicts the 
provinces of Honan, Shansi, and most 
of Northern China. 

* * The Chinese emigrate to America 
in great numbers, chiefly males, and 
commonly under the control of the " Six 
Companies," viz., Sam Yup, Yung Wo, 
Kong Chow, Wing Yeung, Yan Wo, and 
Hop Wo. 

Oct. 31. The opposition to the railroad 

from Shanghai causes the suspension of 

operations. 
Dec. * The running of railroad trains is 

resumed. 
1878* *The long-continued famine in 

North China is reported to have caused 

9,500,000 deaths. 

* * The railroad plant is removed from 
Shanghai to Formosa. 



624 1884, * *-1891, Nov. 30. 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1885 Jan. 25. The French assault and 
carry the Chinese works near Kelung. 

Mar. 2. The French bombard Chirihai. 

Mar. 2, 3. The French besiege Tuyen 
Quan. 

Mar. 4-12. The French capture several 
forts at Kelung. 

Mar. 30,31. The French capture the 
Pescadores Islands near Formosa. 

June 23i. The French evacuate For- 
mosa. 

1887 * * The Chinese fleet is strength- 
ened, by the purchase of rive ironclads 
in Europe, which are placed under the 
command of A dm. Lang. 

1890 Jan. 3. Fighting occurs between 
Chinese and Formosans ; 100 of the for- 
mer and 400 of the latter are killed. 

Feb. 6. Chinese troops subdue For- 
mosa, and destroy its strongholds, with 
heavy loss. 

June 16±. Adm. Lang, of the Chinese 
fleet, resigns. 

1891 July 27. In the Fukien province 
the rebels are several thousand strong, 
and have captured one city. 

Oct. 20. China sends 40,000 troops to 
Pamir. 

Nov. 4. Three thousand insurgents cap- 
ture Tebhau; Imperial troops are on 
the way to quell the disturbance. 

Nov. 14. The insurgents sack Tehwei. 

Nov. 27. The rebels are moving south- 
ward and towards Peking. 

Nov. 29. The defeat of 4,000 Impe- 
rial troops by the rebels is announced. 

Nov. 30. Several thousand Imperial 
troops march to meet the rebels who 
are approaching Peking ; the mission- 
aries are alarmed. 

ART— LETTERS — NATURE. 
1884* *The Peking Gazette, originally 
an official organ, becomes political and 
popular. 

1887 Sept. * -Oct. * The Hoang-Ho 
River overflows, and destroys about 
1,500 villages, and the city Chuhsien 
narrowly escapes ; millions of persons 
are reported drowned, and famine is 
imminent. 

1888 May8±. The Canton River over- 
flows, and 3,000 people are drowned. 

1889. June 2. A waterspout over- 
whelms the Chang Ping and Ping Quen 
districts, and several villages are de- 
stroyed with a loss of 6,000 lives. 

June 4. A hurricane at Hong-Kong 
causes the loss of 10,000 lives, and 
does great damage to property. 

July 26. The Hoang-Ho again over- 
flows its banks, inundating 10 large gov- 
ernmental districts, causing immense 
loss of life and property. 

Sept. 27. Gold is discovered near Can- 
ton. 

1890 Feb. * One hundred people are 
reported drowned by a cloud-burst in 
Tsin Li Chow. 



Aug. 4. Peking, Tung-Chow, and Tien- 
Tsin, are submerged, and business is 
paralyzed. 

* * Shanghai is the literary center of the 
foreigners in China. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1885 Jan. 22. Parker, Sir Henry, am- 

Sept. * Tso Tsung-Tang-, statesman, dies. 
1888 Apr. i. Mackenzie, J. Kenneth, 

missionary of the London Society, d. 
1890 Jan. 1. Chun, Prince, statesman, d. 
Apr. 12. Chitchze Tzeng, statesman and 
minister to London, Paris, and St. Peters- 
burg, A56. 
Aug. 28. Williamson, Alexander, 



ary, A6L 

1891 Oct. 5. Boone, Wm. J., missionary 
bishop, A42. 



CHURCH. 

1884 * * The Christian Society begins 
mission-work. 

* * The English New Connection Method- 
ists begin work in Kai Ping and Yung 
Piug. 

* * Wuhu becomes a mission-station of 
the American Methodists. 

* * Chau-Kia-Keo, Northeast China, be- 
comes an Inland Mission station. 

* * Chin-h.ua becomes a station of the 
Inland Mission. 

* * The Book and Tract Society of China 
is organized. 

1885 July 14. The Pope appoints M. 
Agliardi internuncio. 

July * The French constrain the Em- 
peror to receive an agent from the 
Pope for the protection of the Roman 
Catholic missionaries. 

Sept.± * The Pope's scheme is op- 
posed by the French, and deferred. 

Nov. * The French yield to the Empe- 
ror's request for the removal of the 
Pehtang cathedral from a site near 
his palace. 

Nov. * The French protectorate over 
all Christians is annulled by the Chinese. 

* * The Central . China Wesleyan Lay 
Mission is started, seeking unoccupied 
territory. 

* * Lan-chau becomes a mission-station 
of the American Methodists. AlsoNing- 
hia of the Inland Mission. 

* * The American Presbyterians open a 
mission-station in Formosa. 

* *The English Bible Christian Society 
sends two missionaries to Yunnan, un- 
der the auspices of the China Inland 
Mission. 

* * Lett, Lesser Tibet, becomes a Mora- 
vian mission-station. 

1886 * * A Methodist Episcopal Lay 
Training-School is founded in Fucb.au. 

* * The Southern Methodists in China 
organize their work into a conference. 

* *The American Presbyterian Board 
sends two missionaries to the island of 
Hainan. 

* * Kwei-hwa-cheng becomes a station 
of the Inland Mission. Also Hunchung 
of the English Friends. 



■ * Lin-ching becomes a mission-station 

of the American Board. 

* Chung-king Mission if. assaulted, 

and all the resident* are driven »ui <<t 
the mission-houses. [1888. They return.] 

* * The Church of England opens a mission 
at Pakhoi. 

* * The American Disciples of Christ enter 
work in Wanking. 

* * Ta-tung be.-om.-* a BtatiOD «.f the In- 
land Mission. 

* * The Book and Tract Society of 
China begins work. 

1887 * * Cheng Ku, North China, be- 
comes a mission-station of the Inland 
Mission. Also Tsing-kiang-pu of the 
American Presbyterian Church (Sonth). 
Nankangof the Inland Mission. Lu- 
gan of the Church Society. 

* * The English Baptists open a mission 
in Chi Nan Fu. 

* * The Inland Mission commences its 
itineracy in the Kwang-si province. 

1888 Dec. 8. The new Roman Catholic 
cathedral at Peking is consecrated. 

* * An undenominational Christian col- 
lege is started in Canton, and is under 
the care of American Presbyterians. 

* * Tien-Tsin becomes a station of the 
Inland Mission. 

* * The Canadian Presbyterians start a 
mission at Honan. 

* * The translation of the Old Testament 
into the Fuchau dialect is completed. 

* * The Canadian Presbyterians enter 
Tang Chuang, in Shantung. 

1889 Feb. 21±. Missionaries are at- 
tacked by rioters in Chefu. 

Dec. 5. A presbytery is founded at Ho- 
nan by Canadian Presbyterians. 

* * The American Presbyterian Mission 
at Shanghai issues, during this year, 
6,17S,S06 pages from its mission-press. 

* * The American Reformed Church opens 
a hospital in- Sio Khe. 

* * The English Baptists open a mission 
in Chow Ping. 

* * "Kin-Kiang becomes a mission-station 
of the Inland Mission. Chining Chow 
and Tchowfoo of the Presbyterian 
Board. 

* * The Roman Catholic Christians in 
China are reported at 483,403 ; European 
priests, 471 ; native priests, 2S1 ; schol- 
ars, 25,219. 

* * The number of missionaries in 
China is 1,295, belonging to 42 different 
organizations. 

The increase of 1SS9 over 1SSS was 172. 
The number of native communicants 
was 37.2S7, an increase of more than 2S6 
per cent, since 1S76. The contributions 
of the native Christians (only) for the 
vear is .S3ti,SS4..i4. an average of nearly 
one dollar a member for all the native 

1890 May 7-17. A missionary con- 
ference is held at Shanghai, with 400 
representatives present. 

1S91 May 26. Natives at Nanking pil- 
lage Christian mission buildings aud 
burn them. 



CHINA. 



1884, * *-1891, Nov. 30. 625 



June 23. Missionaries at Wu Hu and 
other places are attacked by the na- 
tives. 

July 3±. Pagan societies are making 
riotous attacks on Christian missions. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Feb. 4, 5. Rioters bum the 

British consulate and the houses of for- 
eigners at Ching-Kiang-Fu. 

Feb. 22±. InChee-Foo famine prevails, 
and riots occur daily ; missionaries are 
attacked by Chinese mobs led by man- 
darins. 

Feb. 25. The marriage of the Em- 
peror to Yeh-ho-na-la, a Manchu lady, is 
announced. 

Mar. 4. The English consulate at Shang- 
hai is burned by a "mob, and damage is 
done to the American consulate. 

Aug. 18. Rioters in the Fokien prov- 
ince, after murdering between 400 or 500 
men, women, and children, flee before 
approaching soldiery. 

Nov. * It is decreed that drowning of girl 
babies by their parents is to be punished 
by tfO blows of the bamboo. 

1890 Aug. 6. A mob destroys the rail- 
road to Lutai on the pretense that the 
road caused the recent floods in the Pei- 
Ho River. 

1891 Jan. 6. The murderers of 
Christians at Szechuen are brought to 
justice. 

Mar. 11±. Three hundred pirates 
and robbers are beheaded. 

May 13. An anti-European riot takes 
place in "Woo Hoo. 

June 12. More anti-foreign rioting oc- 
curs ; a number of missionaries flee for 
their lives. [Aug. 1. More rioting.] 

Aug. 27±. Chinese pirates in the prov- 
ince of Wenchow are burning villages 
and murdering the residents ; they also 
hold some captives for ransom. 

Sept. 4. Foreigners' houses are 
burned by Chinese at Ichang, on the 
Yang-ste-Kiang. 

Sept. 11. Rioters at Hankow are cowed 
by British blue jackets without fighting. 

Oct. 9. The disorder in Amoy is sup- 
pressed ; several mandarins and other 
officials are killed by rioters. 

Nov. 12. Cheu Kin Lung, leader of 
Kowao Hui, a secret society that had 
much to do in causing the uprising in 
Hoonan, is captured ; but despite torture 
he refuses to make any disclosures. 

STATE. 
1885 Jan. 23. The Foreign Enlistment 

Act is proclaimed at Hong-Kong. 
Apr. 5. The preliminaries of peace with 

France are signed. 
June 9. The treaty with France is signed. 

China recognizes the French control of 

Annam. 



July 19. London. A convention is signed 
to regulate customs-duties on the ex- 
port of opium from China. 

July 24. A convention is signed at Pe- 
king with England, respecting trade and 
Burmese frontiers ; a tribute mission 
from Burma is to be received once in 
ten years. 

Aug.±* The Government changes its 
policy respecting the introduction of 
railroads, and authorizes their con- 
struction. 

Aug.±* China and Japan come to an 
agreement respecting affairs in Formosa. 

Nov. 28. The French treaty is ratified. 

Nov. * The Chinese annul the protecto- 
rate over all Christians held by the 
French. 

1887 Jan.* The Government proclaims 
protection for all missionaries and con- 
verts, and excludes foreign protection. 

July 24. A convention with Great Brit- 
ain is signed ; it relates to Burma and 
Tibet. 

Aug. * A commercial treaty is made 
with France. 

1888 Mar. 14. V. S. A. A treaty is 
signed allowing immigration from China 
for 20 years, with certain exceptions. 
[Sept. China refuses to ratify it.] 

July 27. The Empress Regent announces 
the resignation of the administration of 
the government, preparatory to its as- 
sumption by the Emperor. 

Dec. * Italy and Germany enter conven- 
tions to secure protection for their mis- 
sionaries. 

1889 Jan. 5. China demands that Ko- 
rea depose its king, and declare its de- 
pendence. 

Feb. * The Empress Regent resigns. 
Oct. 19. The Red River is declared 
open for trade. 

1890 Feb. 15. It is announced that 
China is to have a system of silver coin- 
age for the whole country. 

1891 Apr. 22. The Rajah of Sikkim 
renounces British "protection," and 
flees to Tibet. 

June 9. French and American Minis- 
ters at Shanghai demand of the Impe- 
rial authorities protection for Euro- 
pean and American residents. 

Aug. 17. The foreign Ministers in China 
threaten a naval demonstration unless 
the Government makes speedy repara- 
tion for recent attacks on foreign resi- 
dents in China. 

Sept. 30. The governor of Wuhu, 
where outrages on foreigners took place, 
has been removed from his office. 

Oct. 13. China asks of Russia an ex- 
planation in regard to her intentions 
respecting the Pamir expedition. 

Oct. 15. The relations with the Euro- 
pean powers are becoming harmonious. 

Oct. 21. The Government forbids the 
selling of land outside of treaty ports 
to foreigners, the seller to be severely 
punished. 

Nov. 4± . A revolution is reported in the 
province of Fukien. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1886* *The Decanville railroad is 
opened. 

1888 Nov. * The railroad from Tien- 
tsin to Taka, a distance of 86 miles, is 
opened. It is the first railroad for pas- 
senger service in China. 

1889 Jan. 13. Ten thousand people 
are said to have lost their lives in a fire 
at Soochow, an inland town. 

Feb. 14. A famine prevails in Anhoui 
and Kiangsu ; several millions of people 
are suffering. 

Mar. * The number of deaths caused by 
the great famine in Shantung is ap- 
palling. 

Many of the inhabitants are commit- 
ting suicide through despondency, there 
being still three months to wait for the 
harvest. 

Apr. * The famine is spreading, and the 
death-rate is increasing. 

Apr. 11. France and China agree to 
connect the China and Tongking tele- 
graph-lines, and thus establish com- 
munication between Saigon and Peking. 

July 15. The Emperor decides to issue 
an edict for the construction of the 
Lung- Chow railroad; the Marquis 
Tseng is appointed general director of 
railroads. 

July 23±. A fire in Soochow destroys 
87,000 dwellings; over 1,200 persons per- 
ish in the flames, and 400 others killed. 
Great destitution prevails, and many 
are perishing from want and exposure 
daily. 

Aug. 31. Tenders for the construction 
of the first section of a railroad from 
Peking to Chinkiang have been re- 
ceived, the rails and plant to cost 
$70,000,000. 

Oct. 30. It is decided to light Peking 
with electricity. 

ISTov. 21. The Government refuses to 
grant a concession for a telegraph-line 
from Siberia to Peking. 

Dec. 3. The platform of a theater at 
Wienhen, in Shantung, collapses dur- 
ing a performance, and 500 persons are 
killed. 

1890 May 5. The port Chan-King is 
opened. 

May * The telegraph-line connecting 
Tongking and China is completed. 

Aug. 15. A syndicate begins to lay rails 
from Hankow to Peking. 

Sept. 26. The Temple of Heaven at 
Peking is destroyed by fire. 

Oct. 13. During the performance in a 
theater at Hauting, the whole wall 
gives way, precipitating the audience 
from a high terrace to the street below. 
Two hundred bodies have been taken 
from the ruins. 

Nov. 26. The Government consents to 
the erection of a telegraph-line con- 
necting Peking and the Siberian town 
of Kiachta. 

Dec. 8. A powder explosion and flame 
i-half of the city of Pa Chow. 



626 1891, Dec. 3-1894, Dec. 30. 



CHINA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Dec. 3+. The insurgents have 
been defeated in two engagements, 
with a loss of over 600 killed. 

Dec. 6. Insurgents meet with a crush- 
ing defeat by Imperial troops near 
Chaoyang. 

Dec. 9. Imperial troops again defeat 
the insurgent forces. 

1892 Mar. 27 + . Numerous engage- 
ments between Imperialists and rebels 
take place ; over S,000 of the latter have 
been killed. 

1894 June 25. A revolutionary 
army, armed with spears, bows, and 
slings, and about 15,000 strong, is on the 
border of Korea. 

June 29. China is preparing for war 
with Japan. 

July 23. Japanese troops repulse an 
attack made by Koreans and Chinese 
at Seoul. 

July 25. Chinese troops occupy the Las 
Chas Islands, and 12,000 Chinese sol- 
diers are said to have landed in Korea. 

July 25. The Chinese war-ship Tsao- 
Kiang is captured by a Japanese vessel 
after a fight, in which the former loses 
100 men killed and wounded ; nearly 1,000 
lives are lost with the Chinese troop-ship 
Kow-Shing. 

July 31. The Chinese battle-ship Chen- 
Yuen is sunk by the Japanese, and 
nearly 1,000 lives are lost; two cruisers 
are also captured by Japan. 

Aug. 2. The Emperor issues a manifesto 
accepting war with Japan, and throw- 
ing the blame for bloodshed upon that 
country. 

Aug. 3. The Emperor puts the entire 
military power of the Empire in the 
hands of Li Hung Chang. 

Aug. 4. The Chinese fleet returns to 
Chefu. 

Aug. 5±. Another engagement oc- 
curs off the Korean coast, in which three 
Chinese war-ships are captured by the 
Japanese. 

Aug. 6. Li Hung Chang remains in 
command of the Chinese army, though 
divested of the yellow jacket ; mob vio- 
lence is feared by foreigners in China. 

Aug. 9±. Both China and Japan are 
hurrying troops to Korea, the Chinese 
Emperor levying a war tribute upon the 
viceroys of the different provinces. 

Aug. lOi:. Twenty thousand Japa- 
nese troops are concentrating upon 
Korea's capital from the north and 
south. 

Aug. 11±. Several encounters take 
place between Chinese and Japanese on 
both land and water ; heavy losses re- 
ported. 

Aug. 13±. A Chinese fleet sails to in- 
tercept Japanese transports carrying 
troops to Korea. 

Aug. 17. A Japanese cruiser of the 
first class is sunk by the Chinese war- 
ship Tsi- Yuen. 

Aug. 18. The Chinese fleet is cruis- 
ing in search of Japanese war-ships in 
the Gulf of Pe-Chi-Li. 



Aug. 20. Chinese gunboats and war- 
ships are guarding the coast to prevent 
the landing of Japanese troops. 

± The Chinese forces in Korea defeat 

the Japanese in several engagements. 

Aug. 21. In two battles at Ping- Yang 
and Chung-Ho the Japanese are de- 
feated with heavy losses. 

Aug. 24. An Imperial edict orders 100,- 
000 Manchus and Pekingese to hold them- 
selves in readiness for war service. 

Aug. 25±. The Chinese are putting to 
death many Japanese spies. 

In a conflict between Japanese and 
Chinese forces, the loss of Japanese is 
reported at over 1,300 men. 

Aug. 26. Gen. Yeh has effected a junc- 
tion with the main body of the Chinese 
army at Fing-Yang. 

Aug. 27. Li Yuna is made commander- 
in-chief of the Chinese forces. 

Aug. 29±. The Chinese forces in Korea 
defeat the Japanese in several engage- 
ments. 

Aug. 31±. Japanese war-ships are 
bombarding Port Arthur. 

Aug.* The viceroy of Kwangtung 
has engaged 5,000 Black Flags to 
strengthen the fortifications in the 
neighborhood of Canton. 

Sept. 3. Skirmishes between Chinese 
and Japanese are occurring at several 
points in Korea ; Gen. Yeh is rewarded 
for his last victory by an edict of the 
Chinese Emperor. 

Sept. 4. The Chinese in Japan and the 
Japanese in China are under the pro- 
tection of American consuls. 

Sept. 5. The Chinese are strengthening 
the defenses of "Wei-Hai-Wei to resist 
expected Japanese attackB. 

Two Japanese spies are beheaded 
at Shanghai. 

±* * Heavy Chinese losses occur at Seik- 
wan and Gazan. 

Sept. 6. A strong Japanese force oc- 
cupies an island 40 miles from Port 
Arthur. 

Sept. 9. The Chinese Adm. Ting has 
been degraded for incapacity and cow- 
ardice; troops are drafted from the in- 
terior for the coast garrisons. 

Chinese and Japanese troops are hur- 
ried to the northern part of Korea. 

Sept. 13. Chinese troops are ordered to 
Tien-Tsin, a Japanese invasion being 
feared. 

Sept. 15 ±. Two battles are fought in 
Korea ; in one the Japanese advance 
guard is defeated, and in the other a 
Chinese fortress is captured. 

Sept. 16. Twenty-one transports leave 
Japan to invade China; China is mass- 
ing troops at Heijo for a decisive battle. 
Fifty thousand Japanese troops have 
been landed in Korea. 

- — + The Japanese defeat the Chinese 
at Ping- Yang, Korea, after a battle of 
two days' duration, and take the city ; 
2,600± Chinese are killed, wounded, and 
made prisoners. 



Sept. 17. Four Chinese warships de- 
stroyed and three .Japanese damaged 
in a naval battle at the mouth of the 
Yaloo River; Japanese loss, 115 killed, 
1,034 wounded; Chinese loss, nearly 1,000 
killed and wounded. 

Sept. 17±. Li Hung Chang is further 
degraded for mismanagement of the 
campaign. 

Sept. 20-. The Japanese army i* 
marching toward the Chinese frontier. 

Sept. 23. The missing Chinese trans- 
ports reach Ta-ku, on the Gulf of Pe- 
Chi-Li. The Chinese are fortifying 
Moukden. The Kov-Shuny affair has 
been settled by the Japan Government 
apologizing, and paying an indemnity 
of S75,000. 

Sept. 24. The Chinese transports land 7,000 
troops at the mouth of the Yaloo River. 

Sept. 26. The British steamer Pathan 
is seized by a Chinese war-ship on suspi- 
cion of carrying contraband of war: a 
Japanese army of 30,000 men is em- 
barking at Hiroshima. 

Oct. 6. Two thousand Chinese soldiers 
desert their colors. 

Oct. 7. The Japanese forces are rapidly 
nearing Moukden ; all the Chinese 
troops have been withdrawn from Korea. 

Oct. 9. Fuehau, a treaty port, is closed 
by China's act in blocking the mouth of 
the River Min. 

Oct. 11. The Japanese succeed in cap- 
turing Wi-Ju, routing its force of 
2,000 Chinese soldiers. 

Oct. 1S±. The Chinese are hastily for- 
tifying Wei-Hai-Wei ; a revolt has 
broken out near Fuchau. 

Oct. 28. The Chinese fleet is gathering 
in Kinchow Bay to defend Port 
Arthur; the Russian fleet is at Chefu. 
and a Japanese squadron at Port Arthur. 

Oct. 30. The Japanese capture a fort at 
Port Arthur. 

Nov. 1. Li Hung Chang offers to pur- 
chase four British war-ships now in 
commission. 

Nov. 5. Li Hung Chang is removed 
from the viceroyalty of Chi-li, and Vi- 
ceroy Lutal, of the Liang-Kiang prov- 
inces, is summoned to succeed him. 

Nov. 7. China's fleet is shut up in Port 
Arthur ; the Japanese are vigorously 
attacking the place by land and sea. 

Nov. 15. The Chinese have retaken 
Kin-Chow, and are in possession uf 
two forts at Talien-Wan. 

Nov. 16. The Japanese garrison at 
Feng-Huang defeats a Chinese force 
numerically superior to it. 

± The Chinese generals Yeh and Nieh 

have been degraded. 

Nov. IS. England and Russia agree to 
prohibit attacks by the Japanese upon 
Nanking or Shanghai. 

Nov. 21. The Japanese troops capture 
Port Arthur and massacre practically 
the entire population in cold blood. 

The foreign correspondents, horrified 
by the spectacle, leave the army in a 
body. (Cor. of New Yark World.) 



CHINA. 



1891, Dec. 3-1894, Dec. 30. 627 



Nov. 22. The Chinese war-ship Chen- 
Yuen is damaged by striking a rock ; 
her captain commits suicide. 

Nov. 27. The Chinese evacuate New- 
chwang. 

Nov. 28. A great number of Tonghaks 
attack Koshin, but are defeated by 
the Japanese with great slaughter; two 
rebel chiefs are killed. 

Dec. 10, The Japanese under Gen. Oya- 
ma have advanced as far as Furantuen, 
and fears are entertained for Fuchau. 

Dec. 12. The Japanese have effected a 
landing at Shanhaikwan and near 
Taku, and number about 35,000 men. 

A detachment of the second Japanese 
army has occupied Fuchau, 75 miles 
north of Port Arthur ; the Chinese are 
retreating in a northeasterly direction 
towards New-chwang. 

Dec. 14. Part of Marshal Oyama's army 
has arrived within 16 miles of New- 
chwang. 

Chinese Gen. "Wei is beheaded I^y 

proxy. 

Dec. 15. JA Hung Chang is reinstated 
as a possible peacemaker. 

Dec. 16. A large Chinese force is de- 
feated by the Japanese garrison at 
Feng-Huang. 

Dec. 21. The Emperor grants plenipo- 
tentiary powers to Chang Yin Huan 
to make peace with Japan. 

Dec. 22. The Mohammedans of Man- 
churia are uprising. 

Dec. 23. A fugitive Chinese garrison is 
defeated after a fierce five-hour battle 
by a Japanese force under Gen. Katsura. 

Dec. 30. Liu Kun Yi, viceroy of Li- 
ang-Kiang, is appointed commander- 
in-chief of the Chinese forces, super- 
seding Li Hung Chang. , 

ART— LETTERS — NATURE. 

1891 Dec. 31+. Thousands of lives are 
lost in a gale at Hong-Kong. 

1892 Sep. 23. The Hoang-Ho (Yel- 
low River) overflows its banks ; 12 
towns are inundated and many lives lost. 

1893 July 6. Disastrous floods occur. 

1894 Jan. 18. An earthquake in 
Tibet destroys the Grand Llama's mon- 
astery and over 800 houses ; over 200 
lives are lost. 

Sept. 1. Disastrous floods occur at Pe- 
king ; many people are homeless and 
starving. 

CHURCH. 

1891 Dec. 21. A retired Taotai of 
Changsha is circulating thousands of 
books vilely assailing Christianity. 

1892 May 23. Fresh anti-Christian 
disturbances occur in Manchu and in 
districts bordering on Tongking. 

June 3. Manyanti-Christian placards 
are posted in certain districts. 



SOCIETY. 

Dec. 4. The foreign consuls at Tien-Tsin 
ask naval protection. 

1892 Jan. 1. Lawlessness in North 
China is renewed. 

June 20. The English residents in the 
Yang-tse valley are attacked by Chi- 
nese. 

STATE. 

1892 Aug. 8. The Chinese withdraw 
from the Pamirs. 

Aug. 15. China protests against Rus- 
sian occupancy of the Pamirs as a 
breach of the Treaty of Livadia. 

1893 Dec. 3. It is announced that 
China is to rule the " buffer state " be- 
tween the English and French posses- 
sions at Siam. 

1894 Aug. 1. The Japanese Govern- 
ment formally declares war upon 
China ; Chinese victories in a land en- 
gagement in Korea are reported. 

Aug. 3. England, Germany, Italy, and 
the United States enter into an agree- 
ment to neutralize the treaty ports of 
China and Japan ; the degradation of 
Li Hung Chang by the Emperor causes 
great excitement in China. 

Aug. 7. Great Britain declares neu- 
trality in the Korean war; Russia 
threatens to interfere if her trade suf- 
fers. 

Aug. 22. The King of Korea declares 
himself independent of China. 

Aug. * Efforts to bring about peace 
between Japan and China fail, the lat- 
ter positively refusing to resign from its 
suzerainty of Korea. 

Aug. 25. A treaty of alliance is signed 
by Japan and Korea ; Chinese soldiers 
are reported to be suffering from starva- 
tion, the Japanese maintaining a strict 
blockade of the coast. 

Sept. 9. Adm . Ting is degraded for in- 
capacity ; China is drafting troops from 
the interior for the coast garrisons. 

Oct. 11. Japan is said to have rejected 
China's proposals for peace as inade- 
quate. 

Oct. 14. Germany rejects England's pro- 
posal to join the powers in interven- 
tion in the war in the East. 

Oct. 31. The Emperor calls together 
his viceroys and governors at Peking, 
to learn why they have failed to crush 
Japan. 

Nov. 20. Negotiations for peace be- 

■ tween China and Japan are proceeding 
satisfactorily through the American 
Ministers at Peking and Tokio. 

Nov. 24. China sends a special agent to 
Japan with instruction to accept any 



terms of peace except the cession of any 
portion of China proper. 

Dec. 4. Japan informs China that no 
peace proposals will he received except 
through a regularly accredited am- 
bassador. 

The foreign consuls at Tien-Tsin ap- 
ply for naval protection. 

Dec. 6. The Imperial Council for For- 
eign Affairs has decided to send a spe- 
cial ambassador to Tokio, with full 
authority to negotiate a treaty of peace. 

Dec. 13. Prince Kung has been ap- 
pointed President of the Grand Council, 
and thereby the virtual dictator of the 
Empire. 

Dec. 15±. The Government communi- 
cates to the foreign Ministers its ob- 
jections to receiving military guards 
for the Ministers -in Peking, and gives 
assurance of their efficient protection. 

Dec. 28. The United States is reported 
to have demanded satisfaction from 
China for violation of its promise re- 
garding the surrender of the two (stu- 
dents?) Japanese spies. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 Feb. 6. Flood, fire, and fam- 
ine work great destruction of life and 
property. 

June 13. The grip prevails with 

severity. 
Nov. 3. Hankow, a treaty port, is in 

flames; many lives are lost. Fifteen 

hundred houses are burned. 

1892 June 13. The steamer Nainchow 
sinks in the China Seas ; 414 persons 
drowned. 

Sept. 4. A terrific fire occurs among the 

shipping at Ichang, Hong-Kong ; over 

150 lives lost. 
Nov. 1. Cholera is raging. 
1894 Jan. 2. There are 700 deaths from 

the black plague in Hong-Kong in one 

week. 
Apr. 4. A thousand buildings are 

burned in Shanghai. 
June 12. A plague in Hong-Kong 

causes about one hundred deaths a day. 
June 17. Nearly two thousand deaths 

have occurred from the plague in 

Hong-Kong up to this date. 
July 6. The epidemic of s * Bubonic 

Plague" at Hong-Kong has caused 

2,500 deaths. 
Aug. 31. At least 1,000 lives are lost 

by a fire among the flower-boats 

moored in the Canton River. 
Sept. 14. A fire in Shun-King causes 

a loss of 100 lives, over 2,000 buildings, 

and a loss of 10,000,000 taels (about 

815,000,000). 



628 1499,**-1894, Dec. 30. COLOMBIA. 



The Republic ok COLOMBIA (formerly called New Granada) lies in the northwestern part of South America, and includes 
the Isthmus of Panama. Bogota is the capital. Area, 504,775 square miles ; population, 4, 17ti,000. The government is adminis- 
tered by a President, with a Congress consisting of a Senate and Chamber of Representatives ; the members are elected by nine 
Departments. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1526 * * Panama. Francisco Pizarro 
sails on his second expedition to Peru. 
[He makes five starts.] (See pp. 18, 20.) 

1536* * -37 * *Spaniards under 
Ximenes de Quesada conquer New- 
Granada [Colombia]. 

1546 Nov. * Panama. Pedro de la 
Gasca gains possession of the fleet in 
the interest of the Spanish crown. 

1547 Apr. * Panama. Gasca sails 
with a considerable force to maintain 
royal authority in Peru. 

1696* * Cartagena on the north coast 
is taken by buccaneers. 

1719 * * Panama. The Indians de- 
stroy several towns which the Catholic 
missionaries had established. 

1739 Nov. 22. Panama. Adm. Ed- 
ward Vernon, with six English men-of- 
war, takes Porto Bello from Spain. 

1740 Mar. 24. Adm. Vernon attacks 
San Lorenzo Castle. (See p. 64.) 

1811* *-24* * Colombia is at war 
with Spain for independence. 

Dec. * Civil war follows the declara- 
tion of independence. 

1821 June 24. The royalists are de- 
feated by the patriots at Carabobo. 

1840 * * -41 * * Civil war follows the 
election of Marquez to the presidency, 
who defeats his enemies. 

1859 * * Civil war grows out of an in- 
surrection fostered by ex-President Mos- 
quera and the Liberal party. 

1861 July. * The Liberal partizans cap- 
ture Bogota. 

1863 Nov. 20, "War follows the re- 
fusal of Ecuador to join the Union. 

Dec. 6. The Ecuadorians are de- 
feated by the troops of the United 
States of Colombia. [Dec. 30. Peace.] 

1864 * * Rebellions disturb the State. 
1868 Nov. 12. President Correoso 

defeats the partizans of his opponent. 

1885 Mar. 2. The insurrection 
breaks out afresh at Barranquilla, and 
the Government's force is defeated. 

July 13±. The Government troops de- 
feat the insurgents. 

July 31±. Peace is restored, and order 
prevails. 

1890 Jan. 2. The gunboat La Popa 
seizes two American vessels. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 
1797 Feb. 4. An appalling earth- 
quake destroys the country from Santa 
Fe' to Panama ; the cities of Cuzco and 
Quito are ruined, and 40,000 people are 
entombed in a second of time. 
1843 * * Education is fostered by the 
Government. 



1870 * * Congress takes the management 
of public instruction, which is organ- 
ized on the German systems, and places 
it in the hands of the State ; it adopts 
compulsory education. 

1871* * Educational reforms take 
place. 

1875 May 16-18. A series of earth- 
quakes destroy San Jose de Cucuta and 
other towns ; about 14,000 lives are lost. 

1882 Sept. 7, 9, 10. Panama. A se- 
ries of earthquakes partly destroy the 
Panama Railroad. 

1889 June 21. Panama. An earth- 
quake destroys the town of Guaneve. 

1893 Mar. 24. Much loss of life and 
destruction of property are caused by an 
earthquake. 

1894 Dec. 30. Great floods cause a 
loss of 50 lives and great damage to 
property on the coast. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1783 July* Bolivar. Simon, general, b- 

1793 * * Santander, Francisco de Paula, gen- 
eral, politician, born. 

1793 * * Sucre, Antonio .1. de, general, born. 

1798 * * Lopez, .lost- Ililario, President, b. 

1815* * Murillo-Toro, Manuel, President, 
born. [1880. Dies, A65.] 

1830 Dec. 17. Bolivar. Simon, deliverer, 
A53. 
Perez, Santiago, President, born. 
Sucre, Antonio .1. tie. general, A37. 

1835* * JMiro, Gregorio, President of Pana- 
ma, born. 

1840 May 36. Santander, Francesco de 
Paula, general, politician, A48. 

1869* * Lopez, .lose Ililario, President, A7I. 

1 880 * * jH iro Gregorio, Pres. of Panama, A45. 

1882 Dec* ZaMna, President, dies. 

1894 Sept. 18. Nunez, Rafael, Pres., A61. 

SOCIETY. 

1852 Jan. * Slavery is entirely abol- 
ished. 

1889 Feb.* Panama. There is a strong 
military force along the line of the 
canal to maintain order. 

Apr. 9. Panama. The British consul 
distributes bread among the distressed 
negroes along the canal works. 

1893 Jan. 23. Fatal rioting occurs 
in Bogota. 

Feb. 4. Rioters defeat the police in 
Bogota, but are subdued by troops, 23 
rioters being killed and 56 wounded ; the 
leaders are arrested and some are exiled. 

1894 June 8±. Panama. Ex-Presi- 
dent Ezeta of Salvador visits Panama- 

STATE. 

1499 * * New Granada [Colombia] is dis- 
covered by Alonzo de Ojeda, a Span- 
ish cavalier. 

1502 * * Columbus visits the coast. 

1508 * * Ojeda obtains from the Spanish 
crown a grant of the coast westward 
from Cape Vela to the Gulf of Darien, 
and Diego de Nicuessa receives the rest 
of the country from the gulf to Cape 
Gracias-a-Dios. 



1514 * * The two grants are united, 
forming Tierra-Firme. 

1536 * * The Spaniards settle in the in- 
terior of New Granada. 

1538 * * Belalcazar is at Bogota. 

1539* * Nicholas Federmann, the 
traveler, visits Bogota. 

1690* * Darien. About 1200 Scots, 
besides women and children, establish 
a colony. [They are driven away by 
the Spaniards the following year.] 

1695 * * Eng. A company for coloniz- 
ing Darien is formed. 

1700 Mar. 30. Darien. The English 
settlements are surrendered to the 
Spaniards. 

1718 * * The province of New Granada 
becomes a Spanish vice-royalty. 

1719* *To reduce expenses the prov- 
ince becomes a simple presidency. 

1739 * * The new Kingdom of Gra- 
nada is reestablished as a vice-roy- 
alty, and also includes Venezuela and 
Ecuador. 

1777 * * Several provinces are separated 
to form Venezuela. 

1790 * * Panama. Spaniards make a 
treaty of peace with the Indians, 
and abandon all their forts. 

1811 ** An insurrection against 
Spain commences ; New Granada forms 
a republic, having Bogota as its capital. 

1819 Dec. 17. Under Simon Bolivar, 
the national hero, the province unites 
with Venezuela, and forms the Repub- 
lic of Colombia. 

June 30. Colombia and Mexico enter 
into an alliance. 

1825 * * Spain recognizes the indepen- 
dence of Colombia. 

1826 Aug. * Bolivar is nominated for 
the presidency by the Congress at Lima. 

Nov. 23. Congress nominates Bolivar 
as dictator. 

1828 Feb. 10. Bolivar becomes dic- 
tator. 

Apr. 9. An insurrection is led by Pa- 

dilla. 
Sept. 25. The Liberals' conspiracy 

against the life of Bolivar fails. 

1829 Nov. * Venezuela withdraws 
from the republic. 

1830 Apr. 4. Gen. Bolivar resigns the 
dictatorship. [Dec. 17. Dies.] 

1831 Nov. 21. The Republic of New 
Granada is formed. 

1832 * * A Constitution is promulgated, 
and the territory divided into 18 prov- 
inces, each having control of its local 
affairs. 

Mar. 9. Francisco de Paula Santander is 
elected 1st President for a term of four 
years. 

1837 * * Jose" Ignacio de Marquez is 
elected the 2d President. [1S40. The op- 
position brings on civil war.] 



COLOMBIA. 



1499, * *-1894, Dec. 30. 629 



1840 * * The province of Cartagena se- 
cedes. 

1841 May* Pedro Alcantara Herran 
is elected tlie 3d President. 

* * Panama and Veragua secede, but 
soon return to the Union. 

1843 * * The Constitution is remod- 
eled, and a treaty concluded with Eng- 
lish creditors of the republic. 

1845 * * Gen. Mosquera is elected the 
4th President. 

1849 * * Gen. Jose" Hil ario Lopez is 
elected the 5th President. 

1853 * * Gen. Jose" Maria Obando is 
elected the 6th President ; Vice-Presi- 
dents Obaldia and Mallarino complete 
his term. 

* * An important alteration is made in 
the Constitution, by which every prov- 
ince has the right to govern its own 
affairs, and to hold merely federal con- 
nection with the central republic. \ 

1856 * * -57 * * Antioquia and Pana- 
ma become federal States by legal en- 
actment. 

1857 * * Mariano Ospina is elected the 
7th President. 

1858 June 15. The Republic of 
New Granada becomes the Grana- 
dine Confederation, including Boli- 
var, Antioquia, Panama, Cundinamarca, 
Boyaca, Cauca, Sautander, and Magda- 
len a. 

1861 Jan. * The Conservatives strug- 
gle to retain the old Government ; the 
Liberals, headed by Mosquera, organ- 
July 18. After capturing Bogota, Gen. 
Mosquera and his Liberal partizans de- 
pose President Ospina and seize the Gov- 



Sept. 20. A Congress of the several 
States is held at Bogota, which deter- 
mines to form a Union to be called the 
United States of Colombia; a new- 
Constitution is adopted, and Mosquera is 
made dictator. 

Julio Arboleda, leader of the Conser- 
vatives, is successful in the west, and 
forms an alhance with the President of 
Ecuador. 

Nov. 1. Arboleda being assassinated, 
Canal succeeds him, and makes terms 
with the President. 

1863 Dec. 30. Ecuador maintains 
its independence against Colombia. 

* * The Constitution, modeled in some 
respects after that of the United States, 
is formulated. 

May 8. The new Constitution is estab- 
lished, and Gen. Mosquera, having re- 
signed as dictator, is elected President. 

Aug. * Gen. Mosquera invites Venezuela 
and Ecuador to rejoin the Confedera- 
tion. 

Nov. * Ecuador declines to join the 
Union. 

1864* *Manuel Murillo Toro is 
elected President. Rebellions follow. 



1866 Mar. 11. Ex-President Mos- 
quera is elected President for the third 
time. 

He enters into a struggle with the 
majority of Congress, anil iinally arbi- 
trarily arrests (kS Representatives and 
Senators. To avoid impeachment he de- 
clares himself dictator. 

1867 May 23. Santos Acosta deposes 
Gen. Mosquera, and becomes provisional 
President. 

Nov. 1. Gen. Mosquera is sentenced 
to exile for two years. 

1868* * Gen. Santos Gutierres is 
elected President. 

Aug. 29. Gen. Ponce, who had made a 
revolution iu Panama, is succeeded by 
Correoso. Rebellions abound, and 
Panama is quite disorganized. 

1871 * * Gen. E. Salgar is elected Presi- 
dent. 

* * A treaty is made with the United 
States respecting an interoceanic 
canal. 

1872 Apr. 1. Manuel Murillo-Toro 
again becomes President. 

'[1874, Apr. 1, Santiago Perez; 1876, 
Apr. 1, Aquileo Parra ; 1878, Apr. 1, 
Gen. Trujillo; 1880, Apr. 1, Rafael 
Nunez; 1884, F. J. Zaldua; 1882, Dec. 
22, J. E. Otalora; 1884, Apr. 1, R. Nu- 
nez ; 18S6, Aug. 7, R. Nunez again ; 1892, 
Aug. 7, R. Nunez, with M. A. Caro as 
Vice-President.] 

1890 Feb. 24. American and British 
vessels seized for contravention of cus- 
tom laws are now released. 

Aug. 19. The Government grants an ex- 
tension of the concession to the Pan- 
ama Canal Company for 12 years, un- 
der the conditions that the Company is 
entirely reorganized, and actively at 
work within 18 months. 

Oct. 1. The Colombian Congress unani- 
mously approves the American Inter- 
national Railroad Conference, and 
appoints three commissioners. 

1892 Aug. 7. Miguel A. Caro, elected 
Vice-President, assumes the Presidency : 
President-elect Nunez declining. 

The President declines to receive more 
than #12,001) as salary, instead of §36,000 
per annum set apart for that office, dis- 
penses with the services of a private sec- 
retary, renounces the use of the guard of 
honor, and will reside in a private resi- 
dence instead of in San Carlos palace. 

1893 Feb. 20. Panama. The Govern- 
ment grants a temporary extension 
of the Panama Canal concession. [Mar. 
31. Another month. Apr. 5. Twenty 
months in which to resume work."] 

Apr. 7. Panama. The terms of a new 
contract between the Government and 
the liquidator of the Panama Canal 
Company are published. 

Apr. 8. Panama. The Government has 
given to the Panama Canal Company an 
extension of ten years in which to 
complete the work. 

Sept. 3. Several leaders of the liberal 
party are under arrest. 

1894 Aug. 17. Colombia reestab- 
lishes her legation in Costa Rica. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1748 * * Panama. Porto Bello is the 
great commercial mart for the rich com- 
merce of Chile and Peru. 

1833 * * Steamboats begin to make reg- 
ular trips on the Magdalena River be- 
tween Honda and Barranquilla. 

1855 Jan. 28. Panama. The first 
train passes over the Panama railroad. 

* * Aspinwall [Colon] is founded by W. 
H. Aspinwall (U. S. A.). 

1856 * * The American Presbyterians 
(North) open a mission at Bogota. 

1870 * * Panama. Hydraulic appli- 
ances are introduced in some of the 
mineral workings. 

1875* *The Republic has over 1,000 
miles of telegraph and two lines of 
railroad; Panama line, 46 miles long, 
and Barranquilla line, 17 miles long. 

1881 * * Panama. The Panama Canal 
Company is formed in France. 

1888 Dec. 25. Panama. "Work is 
abandoned for the present on the 
Panama Canal. 

1889 Jan. 8. Panama. Two large con- 
tractors stop construction work on the 
Panama Canal, and 4,000 laborers are 
idle. 

Jan. 10. Panama. Contractors on the 
Culebra section of the Panama Canal 
offer to continue work at their own 
expense until January 15. 

Feb. 13. Panama. Less than 3,000 
men are at work on the Canal. 

Feb. 19. Panama. Canal laborers are 
lessening in number. A strong mili- 
tary force is kept on the line of the 
canal to maintain order. 

Mar. 7. Panama. The British vessel 
El Dorado passes through the canal 
from Aspinwall to Chagres, a distance 
of 15 miles. 

Mar. 18. Fr. The Company announces 
in Paris that a further extension of 
provisional contract has been arranged 
with contractors. 

Mar. * Fr. The attempt to f«rm a new 
canal company has failed. 

July 17. Panama. Yellow fever 
breaks out at Colon (Aspinwall). 

Nov. * Fr. The Panama Canal Com- 
pany has been ordered by the Civil Tri- 
bunal, through its liquidator, to pay off 
the discharged workmen. 

1890 Sept. 23. Panama. Three-quar- 
ters of Colon are destroyed by fire ; loot- 
ers are fired upon by soldiers, and 
several killed, 

1894 Feb. 12. Panama. The steam- 
ship City of Para arrives at Colon with 
the officers and crew of the wrecked 
Kearsage of the U. S. N. on board. 

Apr. 4. Fr. A new company to com- 
plete the Panama Canal is planned by 
persons holding 722,000 shares, and pro- 
viding a subscription at once of twenty 
million francs. (See France.) 

June 13. Panama. Property valued at 
more than $1,000,000 is destroyed by fire. 



630 1502, Oct. 5-1894, May 8. COSTA RICA. 



Costa Rica is the southernmost republic of Central America ; San Jose is the capital. Area, 
in 1802, 243,205. The government is administered by a President, with a Congress consisting of a 

Spanish, and the religion is Roman Catholic. 



rules ; population 

The language is 



ARMY — STATE. 
1502 Oct. 5. Costa Rica is discovered 
by Columbus. 

* * The first Spanish settlement is 
made. (?) 

1509 * * Diego de Nicuesa is appointed 
governor, and plants a colony near the 
coast. 

1522 * * Gil Gonzalez de Avila traverses 
the territory of Costa Rica. 

1523 * * Francisco Hernandez founds 
the city of Bruselas, the first colony es- 
tablished. 

1526 * * Pedrarias de Avila takes posses- 
sion of the Isle of Chira. 

1530 * * George de Alvarado subdues 
the Indian tribes. 

1539 Apr. 30±. Hernan Sanchez 
de Badajoz, the governor, arrives, and 
founds the city of Badajoz. 

1540 * * The province is called New 
Carthage. 

1541 * * Diego Gutierrez is governor. 

1542 * * Fra Pedro Alonzo de Betan- 
zos comes to America, and becomes the 
founder of the Convent of San Francisco 
at Cartago. 

1561 Jan. * Juan de Cavallon is gov- 
ernor. 

1562 Apr. * Juan Vasquez de Coro- 
nado is appointed alcalde mayor of the 
provinces of Cartago and Costa Rica. 
On his arrival he proceeds to conquer 
the country. 

* * P. Juan de Estrada Ravago is gov- 
ernor. [Nov. 20, Juan Vasquez de 
Coronado ; 1564, Miguel Sanchez de 
Guido ; 1566, Pedro Venegas de los Rios ; 
1568, Perafau de Rivera.] 

1568 * * Perafau de Rivera founds the 
port of Rivera on the west coast. 

1569 * * Antonio Pereira is governor, 
[1574, Alonso de Anguciana de Cam- 
boa.] 

1574 * * The colony completes its organ- 
ization. 

1576 July* Diego de Artieda Cherino 
is governor. [1578. Cherino founds 
Esparza.] 

1579 * * Francis Drake, the English 
seaman, visits the Pacific Coast. 

1586* * Padre Juan Pizarro is attacked 
by Indians while preaching to them, and 
tortured to death. 

1590 * * Velasquez Ramirez is governor. 
[1591, Capt. Antonio Pereira ; later, 
Capt. Bartolonie" de Lences ; 1595, Capt. 
Gonzalo de Palma; later, Fernando 
de la Cueva; 1600, Gonzalo Vasquez 
de Coronado; 1605, Juan de Ocon y 
Trillo.] 

1605 Oct. 10. Diego de Sojo y Pena- 
randa founds the city of Talamanca. 

1610 July* The Indians burn San- 
tiago. 

1611 * * The Talamanca Indians rise, 
and massacre their cruel Spanish task- 
masters. 



1612 * * Gonzalo Vasquez de Coronado 
is governor. [1615, Juan de Medrano y 
Mendoza; 1G22, Alonso de Guzman y 
Casilla ; 1628, Fray Fuan de Chauz.] 

1630 * * George de Alvarado subdues 
the Indian tribes, and founds a colony, 

1637 * * Gregorio de Sandoval is gover- 
nor. 1647, Juan de Chaves.] 

1651 * * Juan Fernandez Salinas y Cerda 
is governor. 

1656 * * Governor Vasquez drives away 
the pirates. 

1659 * * Andres Arias Maldonado, Mtre. 
Cpo is governor. 

1660 * * Spaniards reappear, and again 
subdue the rebellious Indians. 

* * Rodrigo Arias Maldonado y Velazco 
is governor. 

* * The Spaniards resubject the Tala- 
manca Indians, and reopen the mines. 

1665 * * The depredations of pirates 
cause great disquietness among the colo- 
nists. 

* * Juan de Obregon is governor ; later, 
Juan Lopez de la Flor. 

1666 * * The English buccaneers Mor- 
gan and Mansfelt arrive with a strong 
force, and enter the interior. 

1674 Apr. 26. Juan Francisco Saenz 
Vasquez is governor. [1679, Francisco 
Antonio de Rivas Contrera; 1681, July 
24, Miguel Gomez de Lara.] 

±* * Pirates maraud the coasts, and sack 
and burn the city of Bagaces. 

16S4 * * The pirates are defeated at 
Nicoya. 

1693 Apr. * Manuel de Bustamante y 
Vivero is governor. [1698, May 28, Fran- 
cisco Bruno Cerrando de Reyna ; 1705, 
May 8, Diego de Herrera Campuzano ; 
1707, Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y 
Balbin.] 

1709 * * A second massacre of Span- 
iards by Indians enslaved in the gold- 
mines paralyzes the colony. 

1713 * * Jose Antonio Laeayo de Balbin 
is governor. [* * * Pedro Ruiz de Bus- 
tamante ; 1718, Nov. 26, Gen. Diego de 
la Haya y Fernandez.] 

1727 May* Baltazar Francisco de Val- 
derrama is governor. 

1734* *The port of Caldera is re- 
opened, and the province revives. 

1736 * * Antonio Vasquez de la Cuadra 
is governor. [1738, Francisco Antonio 
Carrandi y Menan ; 1739, Francisco de 
Olaechea; 1740, June 22, Juan Geinmir 
y Leonard.] 

1743 * * The fort of San Fernando is 
built in Matina. 

1747 Dec. * Luis Diez Navarro is gov- 
ernor. [1750, Jan. * Cristobal Ignacio 
de Soria.] 

1750 * * The alcaldia mayor of Nicoya 
is suppressed, and that district is an- 
nexed. 



1755 * * Francisco Fernandez de la Pas- 
tora is governor. [1758, Manuel Soler; 
1762, Francisco Xavier Oreamuno ; 1771 , 
Jose" Joaquin de Nava ; 1773, Juan Fer- 
nandez deBovadillay Cradi; 1778, June * 
Jose Perie; 17S0, Aug. * Juan Fernan- 
dez de Bovadilla y Cradi; 1781, Apr.* 
Juan Florez; 1785, Josri Perie; 1789, 
Jose Antonio Oreamuno; 1790, Juan 
Pinillos ; Jose Vazquez y Tellez; 1797, 
Apr. * Tomas de Acosta.] 

1797 * * A period of prosperity begins 
with the new governor. 

1810 Oct. * Juan de Dios de Ayala is 
governor. 

1812 * * The Spanish Constitution is 
promulgated. 

* * The abuses of Guatemala incense 
the people. 

1813 Aug. 14. A petition for the re- 
moval of restrictions on the commerce 
with Panama is denied by the captain- 
general of Gautemala. 

1819 * * Ramon Jimenez is governor ; 
later, Juan Manuel de Canas. 

1821 Sept. 15. A declaration of in- 
dependence is made by all the provinces 
of the kingdom of Gautemala. 

Two parties appear ; the Imperialists, 
who advocate union with Mexico, under 
the dynasty of Iturbide, and those who 
favor an independent republic. 

Nov. 12. The Superior Gubernative 
Provisional Union is installed. 

Dec. 1. The Compact or Constitutive 
Law is subscribed to by deputies of all 
the peoples. 

1822 Jan. 10. Union with Mexieo is 
formally proclaimed. 

Apr. 5. A civil war begins. 

1S23 Apr. 5. A revolt of the Impe- 
rialists is quelled in the plains of 
Ochomogo. 

July 1. Costa Rica unites with other 
republics to form the federation of the 
Central American States. 

* * The seat of gover nm ent is changed 
from Cartago to San Jose\ 

1824 Sept. 8. Juan Mora is Presi- 
dent. 
The first Congress meets. 

1S25 Jan. 22. The first political Con- 
stitution of the State is decreed. 

1833 Mar. 9. Jose Rafael deGallegos 
is President. [1S35, May 5, Braulio Car- 
rillo; 1S37, April 7, Manuel Aguilar 
[deposed] ; 1S38, May 27, Braulio Car- 
rillo.] 

1840 * * The union of Central Ameri- 
can Republics is dissolved ; Costa Rica 
becomes an independent state. 

1841 * * The Deputation of Costa Rica 
attempt to withdraw from the guar- 
dianship of Guatemala. 

1S42 Apr. 11. Invasion of Gen. Mo- 
razan to reestablish the federation of 
Central America by force. [He is warmly 
welcomed for a time, and then opposed.] 



COSTA RICA. 1502, Oct. 5-1894, May 8. 631 



Apr. 12. Gen. Francisca Moranza is 
president. [Sept. 27, Jose Maria Alf aro ; 
1S44, Not. 29, Francisco Maria Orea- 
murio ; 1S46, June 7, Jose Maria Alf aro ; 
1&47, May 8, Dr. Jose Maria Castro ; 
1849, Nov. 23, Juan Rafael Mora.] 

1856 * * Costa Kicadeclares war against 
Wm. "Walker, the American filibuster. 

Mar. 11. President Rivas of Nicaragua 
declares war against Costa Rica. 

1859 Aug. 14. President Juan Mora 
is suddenly deposed. 

Dr. Jose Maria Montealegre is Pres- 
ident. 

Dee. 27. The Constitution is adopted. 

1863 May 8. Jesus Jamenez is Presi- 
dent. [1S66, May 8, Dr. Jose Maria Cas- 
tro; 1868, Nov. 1, Jesus Jamenez; 1S70, 
Apr. 27, Bruno Carranza ; Aug. 8, Gen. 
Tomas Guardia]. 

1871 Mar. 12. Vicente Quadra is pro- 
claimed President. 

* * J. M. Guardia is elected President ; 
term, 1S72-1S76. 

* * The seventh Constitutionis adopted. 
1876 May 8. Aniceto Esquivel is 

President. [July 30, Dr. Vicente He- 
rrera ; 1S77, Sept. 17, Gen. Tomas Guar- 
dia by a revolution.] 

1882 Apr. 26. The Constitution is 
adopted. 



July 20. Gen. Prospero Fernandez is 
President. 

1885 Mar. 12. Bernado Soto is Presi- 
dent. 

1889 Apr. * It is reported that the five 
Central American Republics, Costa 
Rica, Guatemala, Nicaragua, Salvador, 
and Honduras, have agreed upon a 
treaty. 

1890 June 17. The President agrees 
to accept the draft of the resolutions 
regulating the Central American 
Union. 

He will send a commission to each of 
the republics to arrange concerning the 
liberty of the press, a regular succession 
of the executive, and the sanctity of 
human life — omitted by the conference. 

Feb. 15. Costa Rica declares against a 
Central American confederation. 

Mar. * The Government invites immi- 
gration. 

May 8. JosS J. Kodriguez enters the 
presidency. 

July 22. The Ministers of Costa Rica 
and Nicaragua sign a treaty of alliance 
with Guatemala. 

1891 Apr. 31. A revolution breaks 
out, and is immediately suppressed by 
the Government. 

May 6. A revolution breaks out. 
1893 Mar. * The rebellion has been 

suppressed by the prompt action of the 

Government. 



1894 Mar. 6. Another revolution 

breaks out. 
May 8. Kafael Iglesaias enters the 

presidency. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1722 Feb. 16±. The volcano Irazu 

commences a memorable eruption. 
1819 * * The coffee-tree is introduced. 
1841 * * Cartago is destroyed by an 

earthquake. 
1850 * * The Pope erects Costa Rica 

into an independent see. 
1871 * * The railroad from Alajuela to 

the capital is commenced. 
1873 Dec. * The railroad is opened for 

42 miles. 
1875 * * Two hundred miles of telegraph 

line are opened. 
1885 Mar. * Prospero Fernandez, the 

President, dies. 

1888 Dec. 30. Earthquakes in differ- 
ent parts cause great destruction of life 
and property. The damage is estimated 
at $5,000,000. 

1889 Jan. 3. Earthquakes visit San 
Jose de Costa Rica ; several persons are 
killed, much damage is done to property. 

"Nov. 7. An uprising occurs between 

rival political factions. 
1893 Aug. 4. A financial panic, 

caused by the condition of the silver 

market, prevails. 



CUBA. 

Cuba is the largest of the West India Islands, being 760 miles long, and having an average width of sixty miles ; area, 41,655 ; 
population, 1,631,687, including 489,249 colored people. Cuba, together with its dependencies, forms a captain-generalcy of Spain, 
with Havana for its capital. It sends deputies to the Cortes at Madrid, and its government is administered by a captain-general 
sent from Spain. The population consists of Spaniards, Negroes, Chinese, and Europeans; the language is Spanish, and the 
religion is Roman Catholic ; freedom of worship is permitted. [1898. Surrendered to the United States.] 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1511* *pon Diego Velasquez leads 
300 Spaniards from Haiti to conquer 
Cuba. 

1538* * Havana is burned by a French 
privateer ; this leads to the erection of 
a fortress to protect the town. 

1554 * * The French again attack and 

destroy Havana. 
1589± * * Two other fortresses are 

built for the defense of Havana — Moro 

Castle and La Punta. 
1665+ * * The walls of Havana are 

commenced. 
1669 * * Morgan, the buccaneer, takes 

Havana. 
1741 July 20-Nov. 20. A British 

expedition is at Cuba. 
* * The English colonies in America 

participate in an attack upon this island. 
1762 June 6. An English squadron 

of 32 men-of-war and 200 transports, with 

20,000 men, under the command of the 

Duke of Albemarle and Adm. Pocock, 

appears off Havana. 
July 30. The English take Moro Castle 

hy storm. 



Aug. 13. The governor of Havana ca- 
pitulates. 

The English gain nine ships of the line 
and four frigates, and 14.000 prisoners, 
besides spoil valued at §10,000,000. 



SOCIETY. 

1524 * * Negro slaves are introduced. 

1534 * * Cuban officials apply to the King 
of Spain for *' 7,000 negroes, that they 
might become inured to labor before 
the Indians ceased to exist." 

1553 * * Wot one Indian is said to be 
left on the island after this date. 

1763* *-89* * About 1,000 slaves 
are yearly introduced. 



1502 * * Columbus makes his third 

visit. 
1508 * * Sebastian de Ocampo discovers 

the harbor of Havana. 
1511* * Don Diego Velasquez, the son 

of Columbus, arrives with 300 men, and 

makes a settlement at Baracoa. 
1514* *The Spaniards found Santiago 

and Trinidad. 
1515 July * They found San Cristoval 

de la Havana [a name later given to 

the capital]. 
1550± * * The capital is removed from 

Santiago to Havana. 
1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is 

signed, restoring Havana to Spain in 

exchange for Florida. 



STATE. 

1492 Oct. 28. Columbus discovers 
Cuba on his first voyage. 

1494 June 12. Columbus again vis- 
its this island. 

He signs a document, drawn by a no- 
tary, attesting the discovery of continu- 
ous" land, — the coast of Cuba, 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1506+ * * Sugar-cane is transported to 
the West Indies. 

1580 * * The settlers generally begin to 
raise tobacco, instead of cattle as here- 
tofore. 

1761 Summer. Yellow fever first ap- 
pears at Havana. 



632 1768, Oct. 5-1886, May \ 



CUBA. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1781 * * A force of 13,000 men leave 
Havana to aid the French in attacking 
Jamaica. 

1833 Manuel Quesada is general-in- 
chief of the Cuban patriot forces. 

1850 May 19. Gen. Narciso Lopez, 
with a company of GOO American u fili- 
busters, " lands at Cardenas with a view 
to liberate the island from the dominion 
of Spain. [He ia defeated.] 

* * U. S. Another Cuban expedition is 
agitated. 

1851 Aug.* Lopez again invades 
Cuba at Play Has, 30 miles west of Ha- 
vana, with 500 men. [They are defeated. 
Sept. 1. Lopez is garroted at Havana.] 

1855 Jan.± * The leaders of a revolu- 
tionary movement are betrayed, and 
thrown into prison. 

1868 Sept. *- Nov. * Carlos Manuel 
de Ce)spedes leads an insurrection of 
Creoles which aims to expel the Span- 
iards. Lersundi, the governor, raises 
a volunteer force. 

Oct. 18. The Creoles take the town of 

Bayamo. 
Oct. 28. The district of Holguin revolts. 
Nov. 4±. The Creoles defeat a force of 

Spaniards. 

1869 May 17- A filibusters' attack is 
repelled. 

1871 Jan. * - Nov. * Insurrections 
abound ; a reign of terror exists. 

1872 Dec* The war continues; great 
cruelty is shown to the Cubans ; no quar- 
ter is given. 

1873 Oct. 31. The American steamer 
Virginius, with regular papers, is cap- 
tured. (See p. 283.) 

* *The campaign in Eastern Cuba, un- 
der Gen. Calixto Garcia, is the most 
active of the war. He is known as 
Marques de Santa Lucia. 

Nov. 4-7. The captured " filibus- 
ters" are taken to Cuba, where 53 are 
killed, and others delivered only by the 
timely arrival of the British sloop-of- 
war Niobe. 

1874 Feb. * Ex-President Cespedes 
is surprised when alone in the moun- 
tains of San Lorenzo, resists capture, 
and fights till he falls lifeless. 

Feb. * The Marquis Santa Lucia and 
5,000 insurgents are defeated by Basco- 
nes at Naranjo. 

1876 Nov. * Sp. It is declared in the 
Cortes that Spain has sent 145,000 sol- 
diers to Cuba during the last eight years. 

1877 Apr. * Gen. Campos opens ne- 
gotiations with the Cubans for peace. 
The Spaniards are reenforced by 25,000 
troops from Spain. 

Summer. The struggle continues, but 
with less success for the Cubans. 

Dee. 23, 24. Many insurgents surren- 
der. 

* * Gen. Martinez Campos is sent out 
from Spain to conduct the war against 
the Cubans. 

1878 Jan.± * An armistice is agreed 
to in Camagiiey, the seat of the Cubans' 
government. 

Feb. 10. The surrender of Lanjon ter- 
minates the struggle of 10 years against 



1879 Sept. 19. Spain declares a state 
of siege. 

Dec. 3. The insurgents are totally de- 
feated at Placeta. 

1880 * * Sp. The strength of the per- 
manent army of Cuba is 40,000 men. 

May* Calixto Garcia disembarks near 
Santiago de Cuba with 15 men. 

* * The Spanish losses during the war 
amount to 8,000 officers, 200,000 pri- 
vates, besides others not recorded in the 
war-office at Madrid. The number of 
Cubans killed in battle is estimated at 
from 40,000 to 50,000, and the outlay on 
both sides is estimated at $3 00,- 
000,000. 

1882 Dec. *-83 Mar. * Gen. Maceo 
and the insurgents surrender to the 
Spanish at Gibraltar. 

1883 * * Sp. The strength of the Span- 
ish forces in Cuba is fixed at 25,653 
men. 

1884 Spring. American filibustering 
expeditions are unsuccessful. 

Apr. * Gen. Aguerro is at the head of 

the forces in Cienfuegoes. 
Apr. 23 ±. A party of insurgents are 

defeated. 

* * A band of 18 Cuban revolutionists 
land near Cardenas. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1768 Oct. 5. A great cyclone strikes 
Havana ; 4,043 houses and 1,000 lives are 
destroyed. 

1791 June 21. A flood near Havana 
sweeps away 3,000 persons. 

1842* * Education begins to make 
great progress. 

1846 Oct. 11. A hurricane at Ha- 
vana wrecks 100 vessels and 1,275 houses. 

1852 Mar. * Hail falls at Havana, the 
first known. 

1853 * * A severe earthquake visits 
Santiago de Cuba. 

1856 Dec. 24, 25. Snow falls at 
Havana for the first time on record ; the 
mercury drops to 43° F. 

1857* * Forty newspapers are pub- 
lished. 

1870 Oct. 14. A hurricane destroys 
about 2,000 lives. 

18S6 May * A botanical garden is 
begun. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1799 * * Lopez, Narciso, revolutionist, born. 

1803* * Heredin, .lose Maria, poet, born. 

1819 * * Cespedes. Carlos Manuel de, pa- 
triot, born. 

1830* 'Quesada. Manuel, gen.-in-ehief 
patriot forces, born. 



1874 Feb.* Cespedes. Carlos Manuel de. 
President, of the revolutionary republic of 
Cuba, A55. 



CHURCH. 

1787 * * The Roman Catholic see of Ha- 
vana is erected. 



1880 Aug. 3. The anniversary of the 
founding of the Order of Jesuits is cel- 
ebrated in the province of tiuipuzcoa 
with great ceremony. 

1882* • U.S.A. The American Bible 
Society sends Rev. E. T. K. Fripp to Ha- 
vana as a colporteur. 

1883 * * -84 * * Bible colporteurs are 
engaged to canvass many towns by the 
American Bible Society. [Their work 
has been continued.] 

18S4 Dec. * Rev. A. J. McKim begins 
a house-to-house visitation as colpor- 
teur of the American Bible Society, and 
visits the extreme parts of the island. 

± * * Sunday-schools are opened in Ha- 

S0CIETY. 

1789 * * The Spanish slave-code is pub- 
lished, and its monopoly in the slave- 
trade ended ; the trade is free. 

1809 Mar. 20. The French are 
plundered by the populace of Havana. 

1810* *-20* * Average yearly impor- 
tation of slaves is 11,500. 

1817* *-42* * The average importation 
of slaves rises to 13;000 yearly. 

1844 * * An insurrection of the black 
population breaks out. 

1845 * * By the energy of Gov .-Gen. Con- 
cha the slave-trade is nearly suppressed. 

1847 * * Importation of coolies com- 



1848 * * The Lone Star, a secret so- 
ciety, is formed in the southern part of 
the United States for the acquisition 
of Cuba. 

1853± * * Indians are introduced from 
Yucatan on the " contract plan." 

1854 * * The law forbidding the inter- 
marriage of blacks and whites is ab- 
rogated. 

1860* * About 40,000 slaves are 
landed. 

1870 July 4. The Spanish government 
issues a decree, declaring that every 
child born of a slave mother after 
this date is to be free ; also all slaves 
who had aided the Spaniards against 
the Cubans. 

1871 Nov. 25. Don Gonzalo Castanon 
is murdered by the Cubans : medical 
students desecrate his tomb. 

Nov. 27. Students are shot. (See 
State.) 

1880 Feb. 13. The gradual emanci- 
pation of slaves is proclaimed. 

1SS3 Sept. 26±. Aguerro calls upon 
the Cubans to revolt. 

STATE. 

1771 * * The port of Havana is no longer 
monopolized by Seville and Cadiz, but 
is open to all nations for certain articles 
of trade. 



1S0S July * Xews is received of the de- 
position of the royal family by Napo- 
leon ; every member of the Cabildo 



CUBA. 



1768, Oct. 5-1886, May 



633 



swears to preserve the island for tlie 
deposed sovereign. 

1809* *-ll * * The island becomes prac- 
tically open to foreign vessels. 

1825 May 28. A royal decree au- 
thorizes the governor-general of Cuba 
to exercise unlimi ted power in the ad- 
ministration of government. [This de- 
cree continues the fundamental law till 
this time.] 

1829 * * The » Black Eagle " conspir- 
acy is formed against the Spaniards. 

1834 * * Gen. Tacon is governor-gen- 
eral. He persecutes Cubans, and favors 
Spaniards. 

1836 * * Cuba is deprived of the privilege 
of being represented in the Cortes. 

1844 * * An insurrection of negroes 
takes place. 

1845 * * A law is passed making it a 
criminal offense to import slaves. 

1848 * * The conspiracy of Lopez is 
suppressed. 

* * President Polk (U. S. A.) proposes 
the purchase of Cuba for the sum of 
$100,000,000. [Declined.] 

1849 Aug. 11. XT. S. A. President 
Taylor issues a proclamation denoun- 
cing the object of the filibusters. 

1852 * * President Filmore declines to 
join with England and France to guar- 
antee Cuba to Spain. 

1854 May 31. U. S.A. President Pierce 
issues a monitory proclamation against 
the organization of expeditions against 
Cuba. 

Oct. * Fr. The " Ostend Manifesto" 
is issued by the U. S. Ministers, James 
Buchanan, John Y. Mason, and Pierre 
Soule\ (See p. 177.) 

1867 * * Cuban commissioners return 
from Spain with the promise of the 
redress they seek. [War follows.] 

1868 Sept. * -Nov. * A formidable in- 
surrection of Creoles breaks out in 
the east. 

Oct. 10. Carlos Manuel de Ce"spedes 
of Bayamo starts an insurrection at 
Yara, in Eastern Cuba. [In a few weeks 
his 128 followers become an army of 
15,000, but wretchedly armed.] 

1869 Apr. 10. The insurrectionists 
proclaim a constitution at Guaimaro. 

1870 June * U. S. A. President Grant 
declines to recognize the insurgents as 
belligerents. 

Dec. * Capt.-Geu. De Rodas resigns. 

1871 Nov. * Forty-three medical 
students of the University of Havana 
are tried by court-martial for the 
alleged crime of scratching the glass 
plate of a vault containing the remains 
of a volunteer. 

Nov. 26. The court-martial condemns 
8 students to death and 31 others to 
imprisonment for six months. 

Nov. 27. The eight condemned students 
are shot. [An outbreak of indignation 
follows.] 

1872 Dec. 9. U.S.A. The Government 
sends F. Delano to report the actual 
condition of the struggle in Cuba. 



1873 Feb. * Sp. The establishment of 
the Spanish republic under the leader- 
ship of Castelar [temporarily] suspends 
hostilities. 

Nov.* The Cuban Chamber deposes 
President Ce'spedes, and he is suc- 
ceeded ad interim by Salvador Cisne- 
ros. 

Dec. 19. The Virginius is surrendered 
to the Americans after much corre- 
spondence. 

1876 Oct.* Sp. Gen. Martinez Cam- 
pos is appointed governor-general with 
plenary powers. [He succeeds in pacify- 
ing the revolting Cubans.] 

Sept. * U. S. A. A Cuban League is 
formed to obtain from the American 
government recognition of the insur- 
gents as belligerents. 

1878 Feb. 21. The insurgents' gov- 
ernment surrenders, and the insur- 
rection is officially declared at an end. 

Mar. 2. A royal decree is published 
at Havana, announcing that Cuba shall 
have its own deputies, municipalities, 
and council-general. 

Mar. * Amnesty is declared by the 
Government ; slaves presenting them- 
selves before March 31 will be freed. 

June 9. A royal decree is issued, per- 
mitting Cuba to elect to the Spanish 
Cortes one representative for every 
40,000 white and free colored inhabitants. 
The island is divided into six prov- 
inces. 

June 14. Gens. Campos and Jovellar 
enter Havana. 

Aug. * The Liberal party is organized. 

* * Marshal Martinez Campos assumes 
command as captain-general. 

* * Captain-General Martinez Campos is- 
sues a decree, virtually suspending spe- 
cie payments. 

1879 Aug. * A fresh rising is quelled, 
chiefly by public opinion and the atti- 
tude of the Liberal Autonomist party. 

June * Sp. Cuba is represented in the 
Chambers of the Cortes by 12 senators 
and 40 deputies. 

Aug. 27. A new rebellion breaks out in 
the districts of Holguin and Santiago. 

Dec. 21. Sp. The Senate at Madrid 
passes a bill for the gradual emanci- 
pation of Cuban slaves. 

18S0 Jan. 21. Sp. The Chamber of 
Deputies at Madrid passes the Emanci- 
pation Bill. Vote, 230-10. 

Feb. 18. Sp. The new law for the grad- 
ual abolition of slavery in Cuba is 
proclaimed. 

Apr. 1±. Amnesty has been granted to 
382 persons, including several leaders. 

Dec. * A plot is discovered to create dis- 
turbances among the Creoles. 

Dec. 15. It is planned that a general 
uprising of free blacks and mulattoes 
shall take place in the mountains near 
Santiago de Cuba. [Many arrests are 
made.] 

1883 Sept. 28. Don Ignacio Maria 
del Castillo, the commander-in-chief 
and captain-general, arrives. 



Nov. * The new captain-general endeav- 
ors to secure justice in Spain for the 
30,000 slaves illegally held in bondage 
since 1870. 

1884 Mar, 1. A new commercial ar- 
rangement with the United States 
comes into force. 

June 7. A commission of inquiry on 
the condition of Cuba arrives from 
Madrid. 

June 1 1 . The Tribunal of Havana sen- 
tences the El Trifuno to 20 days sus- 
pension for printing an article respect- 
ing the sale of Cuba. 

Oct. 6. Sp. A new sugar tariff is 
signed by King Alfonso. 

1886 * * Don Emilio Calleja e" Isasi is 
commander-in-chief and captain-gen- 
eral. 

Apr. 26. Sp. A reciprocity treaty 
with Great Britain is signed at Madrid. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1796 Jan. 19. The brass coffin con- 
taining the bones and chains of Colum- 
bus is brought from Santa Domingo to 
Havana. 

1801 * * The commercial monopoly of 
Spain is broken. 

1802 * * Jesu Maria, a populous suburb 
of Havana, is burned, and 11,400 people 
are made homeless. 

1818 * * The port of Havana is opened 

to foreign commerce. 
1830 * * Copper-mines are reopened by 

Englishmen after being closed for 100 

years. 
1833 Feb. 26. Spasmodic cholera 

appears ; 7,000 deaths follow in 30 days. 

1837 * * The first railroad is opened 
from Havana to Bejucal, 15 miles. 

1838 * * A railroad is opened from Ha- 
vana to Guines, 45 miles. 

1852 * * The telegraph is introduced. 

1853 * * Only one-nineteenth of the isl- 
and is under cultivation. 

1857 Jan. * The first issue of paper 

1867* * Population: 833,157 whites; 
248,703 free colored; 344,615 colored 
slaves ; total, 1,426,475. 

* * The Virginius founders on her way to 
New York. 

1877 * * Total population, 1,434,747. 

1883 Oct. 8. An important meeting is 
held at Santiago de Cuba for advancing 
the immigration of Europeans. 

1884 Nov.* Planters of Manzanillo 
hold a meeting, and arrange the prices 
to be paid for labor. Field and factory 
laborers are to receive 65 cents a day, 
and cartmen 73 cents. 

* * The first sugar refinery in Cuba is 
built at Cardenas, costing §673,258. 

1885 Mar. 16. The branch line of 
railroad between Santa Domingo and 
La Esperanza is opened to traffic. 

June * A new daily mail line is estab- 
lished between New York and Havana, 
via Tampa and Key West. 

Nov. 6. The railroad between Holguin 
and Gibara is opened. 



634 1886, Oct. 6-1884, Nov. 16. 



CUBA. 



ARMY- NAVY. 

1889 * * The navy consists of one crui- 
ser, the Jorge Juan, and one torpedo- 
boat, 13 canonnicres, and two gunboats. 

1891 * * The armed force maintained 
by Spain is 26,340 men. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE — 
LETTERS. 

1887 Sept. 23. An earthquake visits 
Santiago, doing little harm. 

1888 Sept. 4, 5. A cyclone sweeps 
the island, and destroys property valued 
at millions of dollars and 1,000 lives. 

1890 Jan. 16. A tanner of Havana 
discovers an electrical process for tan- 
ning hides in GO hours. 

Mar±. * A long and severe drought in 
Havana causes great damage to sugar- 
crops, cattle-feed, and water. Many of 
the cattle are dying, and nearly a third 
of the sugar-cane has been destroyed by 
fires. 

May 29. Villages are submerged, and 
much damage is done by floods resulting 
from excessive rains. 

1892 June 18. Matanzas loses about 
$900,000 by floods. 

July 4. Floods are raging. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1886* * Quesada, Manuel, commander of 
Cuban patriots, A56. 

1891 Jan. 38. Poey, Felipe, philosopher, 
naturalist, dies. 

CHURCH. 
1890* *A Presbyterian mission 
church is organized in Havana and an- 
other in Santa Clara by the Presbyte- 
rian Church (South), U. S. A. 

SOCIETY. 

1886 Oct. 6. The queen's decree abol- 
ishes the last vestige of slavery. 

Oct. 7. Sp. A royal decree abolishes 

the (( patronato," or semi-slavery. 
Oct. * A cigar-makers' strike throws 

20,000 operatives out of employment at 

Havana. 
Nov. 18. The cigar-makers return to 

work under an arbitration agreement. 

1887 Aug. 18. Extensive frauds, 
with the connivance of custom-house 
officials, are discovered. 



1889 Feb. 3. Lawlessness is preva- 
lent. 

Mar. 23. SeQor Francisco Cardoso, a 
planter, is kidnapped by bandits Dear 
.Santa Clara, and released only on pay- 
ment of $4,000 in gold. 

Apr. * Martial law is declared in five 
provinces to suppress brigandage and 
kidnapping. . 

May 22. Cuba makes Spain an offer of 
$100,000,000 in 20 annual instal- 
ments for independence, and as a 
token of sincerity offers to submit to a 
protectorate of the United States until 
said amount is paid. 

1890 Jan. 3. The bandits release 
their prisoners ; the amount of ransom 
paid is unknown. 

May 10. Three men are executed in 

Matanzas for kidnapping. 
June 1. Victor Maelin, a brigand 

chief, is executed at Havana. 
July 4. Manuel Ramos, the kidnapper, 

is captured. 
Aug. 8. Garcia's band of insurgents 

creates a reign of terror. 
* * A reign of terror prevails on account 

of bandits. 

1891 Jan. 2. Sixto Verela, a famous 
bandit, is killed, and several of his band 
are wounded in an encounter with troops. 

Aug. 13. Seuor Sardina pays $12,000 
in gold to bandits as ransom for being 
released. 

1S93 May 15. The Infanta Eulalie 
and her husband sail from Havana for 
New York, on their way to the "World's 
Fair. 

1894 Nov. 16. The streets of Ha- 
vana are patrolled by soldiers armed 
with Winchester rifles, and the police 
are heavily armed. 

STATE. 

1887 * * The commander-in-chief and 
captain-general is Don Saba Marin ; 
and the segundo cabo, Seuor Sanchez 
Mira. 

18S8 Mar.* The port 'of Mariel is 
made a port of entry. 

June 12. The Modus Vivendi treaty 
respecting differential duties is signed 
by Spain and the United States. 

1889 Mar. 13. Don Manuel de Sala- 
manca y Negrete is commander-in- 
chief and captain-general. 



1890 Feb. 7. Gen. J. Chinchilla is 
appointed to succeed Salamanca as cap- 
tain-general. 

June 10. Gen. Polavieja is appointed 
captain-general. (Aug. 28. He enters 
office.] 

1891 Jan. 26. Sp. Areciprocity 
treaty between Spain and the United 
States is Bigned at .Madrid. 

Sept. 1. The reciprocity treaty with 
the United States goes into force. 

1892 May 31. Gen. A. R. Arias is 
appointed captain-general in place of 
Gen. Polavieja. resigned. 

July* Sp. The Ministry approves the 
project of farming out the Cuban cus- 
toms revenue. 

1894 May 4. An insurrection occurs. 

[As soon as oue is put down another 
breaks out.] 

May 5. The rebellion is suppressed. 

Aug. 10. Gen. E. Calleja is appointed 
captain-general. 

Sept. 19. The election is held, electing 
Reformists, 22; Autonomists. 1*; Anti- 
Reformists, 10: Independents. 1. 

Nov 12. The revolt is declared to have 
been quelled. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

18S6 Dec. 7. The Government decrees 
assistance to societies for promoting 
free immigration. 

1887 July 2. The mortal remains of 
Christopher Columbus are removed 
from the cathedral of Havana to be 
taken to Genoa. 

1889 Nov. 22. The Government 
awards the contract for the new water- 
works to an American firm, which is to 
receive §2,000,000. 

1890 Feb. 9. The funeral services of 
Gen. Salamanca take place at Havana. 

May 19. A powder explosion in Ha- 
vana kills 34 persons, and wounds over 
100. 

Oct. 10. The funeral of the Count of 
Casa More, the leader of the Conser- 
vative party, takes place in Havana. 

1592 Apr. 11. A bomb explodes in a 
church in Havana. 

* * Cuba has about 1,000 miles of rail- 
road. 

1593 Jan. 15. Sixteen persons are 
killed by a railroad accident. 

Apr. 15. The Columbian caravels. S<utta 
Maria and Pinta, leave Havana for the 
United States. 



DENMARK. 



Denmark is a kingdom in Northern Europe, having an area of 15.2S9 square miles, and a population in 1S00 of 2,185.335. be- 
sides 11-1,229 more in its colonies. It is divided into seven provinces, besides its foreign possessions in the Faroe Islands, Ice- 
land, Greenland, and the islands of Santa Cruz, St. Thomas, and St. John, in the "West Indies ; the capital is Copenhagen. The 
government is a constitutional hereditary monarchy ; the legislative branch consists of a Rigsdag, having an upper house, called 
the Landsthing, of 66 members, and a lower house, called the Folkething, of 102 members. The established religion is Lutheran, 
and it embraces almost the entire population ; but complete toleration is enjoyed. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
8th Century±. Battle of Bravalla 



tween Sigurd Ring, King of Sweden, and 783* * The Danes first invade En 
Harald Hildetand, King of Denmark; land. 



the Swedes are victorious, and obtain 787* * Eng. The Danes land near Pi: 
the supremacy. beck. Dorsetshire. (See Great Brita 

for Danish invasions.) 



794 Jan. 8. Eng. The Danes invade 



DENMARK. 



60 b. c.-a. d. 1241. 635 



Northumberland, and destroy a church 
at Lindisfarne ; they are repulsed, and 
afterward perish by shipwreck. 
795 * * -796 * * Scot. — Ire. Danish in- 
vaders land. 

895 * * Fr. The Danes, led by Rollo, re- 
ceive presents under the walls of Paris. 

896 * * The Danes ravage the French 
territories as far as Ostend. 

903 * * It. The Danes attack Italy. 
985 * * Ger. (?) The tributary "Wends 

successfully revolt. 
1028 * * Canute conquers Norway. 
1047 * * -64 * * The Danes are at war 

for 17 years with Harold Hardrada, 

King of Norway. 
1069 * * Ger. The Danes are at war 

with the "Wends. 
1134* *-57* * Civil war over the suc- 
cession occurs. 
1160± * * Ger. (?) The Danes complex e 

the subj ugation of the troublesome 

"Wends. 

* * Waldemar captures Ancona on the 
island of RUgen. 

* * Waldemar suppresses a revolt in 
Skaania, caused by the severity of Arch- 
bishop Absalon, the primate. 

1184 * * A naval expedition of the 
Wends, aided by the emperor, is de- 
feated by Archbishop Absalon. 

* * Ger. War occurs with the Count of 
Holstein and other German princes. 

* * Ger. Lubeck and Hamburg are 
taken by the Danes. 

* * Ger. Adolf of Holstein is captured. 
1210± * * Ger. Waldemar II. conquers 

Oesel, a large part of Prussia. 

1219* * Russia. Waldemar II. over- 
runs and conquers Esthonia, and con- 
verts the conquered pagans. 

Waldemar II. first unfurls the na- 
tional standard, a white cross on a 
blood-red field. 

1223 * * Waldemar II. sails with a fleet 
of 1,000 boats, and makes extensive 
conquests. 

1227 * * Ger. Waldemar II. is defeated 
in the battle of Bornhceved, while 
seeking to regain Holstein. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Great. dies. 

1035* * i an ute the Great, King of Denmark, 
Norway, and England, A40. 

1128* 'Absalon, or Axel, statesman, war- 
rior, archbishop of Lund, born. [1201 d.] 
* Aagesen, Svenu, earliest historian, 



1130 

born 
1131 + * 
1134± * 
1181 * 
1208* 
1241 * 



* Waldemar I., the Great, king, b. 

* Saxo Graniinatiiuis, historian, b. 
Wahleniar I., the Croat, king, A50±. 
Saxo GraiMinatious, historian, A74. 
Waldemar II., king, dies. 

CHURCH. 



822 * * Christianity is preached in Den- 
mark by Ebbo, archbishop of Rheims. 

823 * * Prankish monks are sent by 
Louis le Debonnaire to preach Christian- 
ity; little more is accomplished. 

826 * * Anscarius, the "Apostle of the 
North," fails to convert the inhabitants. 



827* * Christianity is again intro- 
duced into Denmark under Harold. 

860 * *-935 * * Gorm the Old, a devout 
heathen, persecutes the Christians 
[till forced to refrain by Henry I. of 
Germany]. 

878 * * Guthrum leads his followers to 
England, and becomes a Christian. 

1012 * * The Danes murder Archbishop 
Alphege. 

1026 * * Canute the Great makes a pil- 
grimage to Rome. 

1219* * Russia. "Waldemar conquers 
and forcibly converts the pagans of 
Esthonia. 



783+ * * For more than 200 years the 
Danes terrorize the nations of North- 
ern Europe. 

STATE. 
60* * B. c. (?) Reign of Skiold, the al- 
leged first king. 

8th Century, a. d. Predatory maritime 
expeditions of the Danes to England 
and Scotland. (See Great Britain.) 

794* * Sigurd Snogoje is enthroned. 

803 * * Hardicanute is enthroned. 

850 * * Eric I. is enthroned. 

854 * * Eric II. is enthroned. 

878 * * Many Danes emigrate to Eng- 
land. 

883 * * 1042 * * The Gorm's line of 
monarchs occupies the throne. 

* * Gorm the Old is enthroned. 

He is the first king of all Denmark, 
and reigns 53 years ; with him the true 
history begins. 

* * * Gorm enlarges his kingdom; it in- 
cludes Schleswig! Holstein, .skaania, and 
some provinces in Norway, with con- 
quests in Russia and others in Germany. 

10th Century. Authentic history com- 
mences. 

911 * * The King of France grants Neus- 
tria to Hollo and his Normans [hence 
the name Normandy appears]. 

946 * * Harold the Blue Tooth is en- 
throned. 

991 * * Suenon, or Sweyn, the Twy- 
beard, is enthroned. 

1014 * * Harold is enthroned in Den- 
mark. 

Feb. * Eng. The Danish peers elect Ca- 
nute II., the Great, King of England. 

1016 * * -28 * * Canute the Great con- 
quers Norway. 

1017 * * Canute becomes sole King of 
England after Edmund's death. 

1035 * * Canute III., from England, is 

enthroned. 
1042 * * Eng. The Danish dynasty 

ends. 

* * -47 * * Magnus of Norway is en- 
throned. 

Denmark is subject to Norway. Ca- 
nute III. ends his war with Magnus by 
an agreement that be who survives the 
other shall inherit his kingdom. 
1047 * * 1412 * * The House of Es- 
tridsen reigns. 



* * Suenon Estridsen (or Sweyn II.) is 
enthroned as King of Denmark. 

1073 * * Interregnum. 

1076 * * Harold Heju, the Simple, is en- 
throned. 1080, Canute TV., the Saint ; 
1086, Olaus IV., the Hungry; 1095, 
Eric Eigodl., the Good; 1105, Nicho- 
las I.; 1134, Eric II.; 1137, Erie HI,, 
the Lamb. 

12th Century. The feudal system is in- 
troduced. 

1147 * * Suenon III., or Sweyn, is en- 
throned. The sovereigns struggle with 
the barons for supremacy. 
Canute V. is enthroned. 

1157* *-81* * "Waldemar I., the 
Great, is elected. [He conquers the 
country north of the Elbe.] 

* * Waldemar builds Copenhagen. 
1182* *1202* * Canute VI., the 

Pious, is enthroned. 

Canute VI. refuses to recognize the 
suzerainty of Frederic Barbarossa, as 
his father had done. 

1200 * * Philip Augustus of France di- 
vorces Ingebord of Denmark, and a 
quarrel ensues between those countries. 

1202* *-41* * "Waldemar U., the 
Conqueror, reigns. 

The early part of his reign is the most 
brilliant period of Danish history ; after- 
ward he becomes unfortunate. 

* * Adolph of Holstein is released after 
conceding all Holstein to "Waldemar, 
who gives it as a fief to his nephew, 
Albert of Orlamund. 

* * 'Waldemar unsuccessfully interferes 
in Norway and Sweden. 

1213 * * Frederick II. cedes to Walde- 
mar all conquests in Germany north 
of the Elbe and the Elde, in return for 
his recognition as emperor over his 
rivals. 

1220+ ** Waldemar XL loses his 
power more rapidly than he gained it. 

1223 * * Ger. The king and his son 
are captured by treachery, and impris- 
oned [three years] by Henry, Count of 
Schwerin, in Hanover. 

1225 * * Waldemar II. cedes Holstein to 
Adolf the Young. 

1226** Ger. "Waldemar II. is re- 
leased on condition of renouncing all 
his conquests south of the Elbe and 
those in Slavic countries. 

1227 * * Waldemar II. fails in an effort 
to regain Holstein by arms, after the 
Pope annuls his renunciation of it. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

8th Century. (?) With the battle of Bra- 
valla ends the purely mythical age. 

1012* * Eng. The Danes receive £48.000 
as tribute, and murder Alphege, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

1018 * * Canute changes his chief resi- 
dence from Denmark to England. 

1109 * * Toll is first paid by vessels pass- 
ing the Stade on the Elbe. 

1124* * The historian Saxo Grammati- 
cus mentions skating on ice. 



636 1241,**-1699, 



DENMARK. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1248 * * The people of LUbeck attack 

Copenhagen. 
1252± * * Ger. "War occurs with 
Schleawig concerning the succession. 
King Abel declares it is only an heredi- 
tary fief ; the king claims it is a personal 
one. 

* * Abel has a conflict with the arch- 
bishop, Jacob Erlandsen. 

1259 * * Prince Yarimar of Riga at- 
tacks Copenhagen. 

1306 * * The Norwegians attack Copen- 
hagen, and are repelled. 

1332 * * Ger. War occurs with Geert, 
Count of Holstein, who invades the 
kingdom, and is assisted by discontented 
nobles. 

1362 * * Copenhagen is captured by the 
opponents of Waldemar Atterdag. 

1363 * * A general war occurs with 
Sweden, Mecklenburg, and theHanseatic 
League, etc., without decisive results. 

1368 * * The war is renewed against 
Denmark ; Copenhagen is again cap- 
tured by the opponents of Waldemar. 

1370 * * The war ends with loss to 
Denmark. 

1389* * Sice. Battle of Falkoping; 
Albert, King of Sweden, is defeated and 
captured by Margaret ; he obtains his 
liberty by renouncing his crown. 
.1523+ * * Copenhagen holds out against 
Frederick I. for more than a year. 

1536 * * Copenhagen yields to Christian 
III. after a siege of one year. 

1618* * Ger. Denmark sends reenforee- 
ments to the Protestant cause in the 
European religious war between Pro- 
testants and Catholics. 

1626* * The Danes are compelled to 
flee before the invading army of "Wal- 
lenstein. 

1637* *-45* *War occurs with 
Sweden; it is incited by jealousy. 

1643 Sept.* Ger. Gen. Lennart Tor- 
stenson, the Swede, by forced marches 
speedily conquers Holstein and Schles- 
wig, and invades Jutland with a German 
army. 

* * The French allies are surprised and 
defeated by the Austrians and Bavarians 
at Duttlingen. 

1644 * * The Danes are hard pressed both 
by land and sea by the field-marshal, 
Count Gustav Wrangel. 

1645 Jan.* Ger. The Imperial force, 
sent for the relief of the Danes, is re- 
pulsed by Torstenson and Count 
Konigsmark and pursued into Germany 
and nearly annihilated at Magdeburg. 

Mar. 6. Au-st. Brilliant victory of Swedes 
under Torstenson over Imperialists at 
Jankau in Bohemia. [Moravia is soon 
conquered and Vienna approached.] 

May* Ger. The French marshal, Tu- 
renne, is defeated at Mergentheim in 
Franconia by Imperialists under John 
of Werth. 

Aug. * Turenne defeats the Bavarians at 
Allerheim. (See Germany.) 
Peace is made with Sweden. 

.1652 * * Denmark is an ally of England 
in the war with Holland. 



1658 * * -60 * * Invasion of Charles 
Gustavus. 

The King of Sweden overruns Holstein, 
invades Denmark, and unsuccessfully 
besieges Copenhagen. 

1659 Feb. * The Swedes try to take 
Copenhagen by storm and fail, but a 
blockade continues. 

* * Another war with Sweden ends. 

1699 ** Frederick IV. invades Hol- 
stein, whicb, being the ally of Sweden, 
is defended by the Swedish king, Charles 
XII. [Copenhagen is invested, but peace 
is obtained by a money payment to the 
Swedes.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1460* * Horse passengers cross from 
Denmark to Sweden on the frozen 
Baltic. 

1571 * *-1601 * * Tycho Brahe, hav- 
ing built an observatory, makes impor- 
tant astronomical discoveries. [1577. He 
demonstrates that comets are extrane- 
ous to our atmosphere.] 

1609+ * * Jansen invents a telescope. 

1650+ * * Thomas Bartholin discovers 
the lymphatic, an absorbent vessel con- 
nected with the digestion. 

1657* * The astronomical tower is 

erected at Copenhagen. 
1658 * * The Belts are frozen over ; 

Charles X. of Sweden crosses with his 

army on the ice. 

1662 * * Steno discovers " Steno's duct." 
[He studies fossils and petrifactions.] 

1669 * * Bartholin explains double re- 
fraction. 

1675 * * Discovery by Romer of the ve- 
locity of light. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1259 * * Christopher I., king, dies. 

1376* * Christopher II., king, b. [1333. Dies. J 

1353 * * Margaret, queen, " Semiramis of 

the North," born. [1412. Dies. A59.] 
1375 * * Waldemar III. or IV., king, dies. 
1426* * Christian I., king, b. [1481. Dies.] 
1481* * Christian 1 1., king, b. [1559. Dies.] 
1502 * * Christian III., king, b. [1559. D.] 
1535* * Kaas, Nikolaus, statesman, regent, 

born. [1559. Dies. A59.] 
1546 * * Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, born. 
1562 Longomontanus, Christian, astrono- 
mer, horn. 
1577 * * Christian IV., king, born. 
1585 * * Bartholin, Kaspar, phvs., scbol., b. 
1587* * Arrebue, Anders, poet, born. 
1588 * * Worm, ohms, physician, author, b. 
1601 * * Brahe, Tycho, astronomer, A56. 
1603 * * Japix, (ivshert. poet, born. 
1609 * * Frederick III., king, born. 
1612* * I.aiindsen, Niels, scholar, born. 

Aagaard, Niels, poet, scholar, born. 
1616* * Bartholin, Thomas, physician, 

scholar, writer, born. 
1617 * * Bearing, Vitus, poet, historian, b. 
1620* * I'onloppidan, Erie, bishop of Dron- 

theim, poet, born. 
1622* * Adelaar, Cord Sivertsen, admiral, 

born in Norway. 
1629 * * duel, Nicholas, admiral, born. 

Bartholin, Kaspar, physician, scholar, A 44. 
1630* * Cibber, Cains (iabriel. sculptor, b. 
1634* * KingO, Thomas, bishop of Fiinen, 

poet, born. 
1635 * * Criffenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh- 

macher, statesman, born. 

1637 * * Arreboe, Anders, poet, A50. 

1638 * * Steno, Nicolas, anatomist, born. 
1644* * Homer, olal. astronomer, born. 
1646 * * Christian V., king, born. 

1647* * Lougoniuiuanus, Christian, astrono- 
mer, A 85. 
1648 * * Christian IV., king, ATI. 
1654 * * Worm, Ohms, physician, au., A 86. 
1657 * * Aagaani, Niels, poet, scholar, A45. 
1666 * * Japix, Cvsbert, poet, A63. 
1670* * Frederick 111., king, A61. 
1671 * * Frederick IV., king, born. 



1675 * • Bebrlng, Vitus, poet, historian, A5& 

Adeiaar, Cord Sivertaen, admiral, A53. 
1678 • * Bontoppldan, Eric, bishop of Dron- 

theim, poet. A68. 
1680* * Bartholin. Thomas, physician, 
scholar, writer, A64. 
Bebrlng, Vitus, navigator, born. 

1684 " ■ Holberj?, Ludwlg, baron, scholar, 
poet, dramatist, born. 

1685 " * Gram, Johan, or Hans, philologist, 
born. 

1686- • Egede, Hans, founder of Danish 



1698 * * Ponioppidan, Erik, bishop, histo- 
rian, born. 

1699 * * GrifTenfeld, Count of, Peter Schuh- 



macher, 
Christian V., king, A53. 
Christian VI., king, born. 

CHURCH. 

1320 * * -34 * * The privileges of tlie 
clergy are confirmed in this reign. 

No ecclesiastic can be tried in a secu- 
lar court, nor the tenants of ecclesias- 
tical foundations ; no bishop be impris- 
oned without the consent of the Pope; 
no taxation of ecclesiastics or their prop- 
erty ; the king cannot declare war with- 
out the consent of the nobles and the 
clergy. 

1521 * * The Reformation begins to 
spread in Denmark. 

1525 * * Frederick I. becomes a Prot- 
estant; the inhabitants are both Cath- 
olic and Protestant in faith, and the 
religion of both classes is tolerated. 

1527 * * Lutheranism is introduced. 

1536 * * Lutheranism is established by 
Christian III., who annexes the church 
lands to the Crown. 

* * * The National Assembly authorizes 
free preaching, and permits the mar- 
riage of ecclesiastics. 

* * * Abbeys, convents, and monaste- 
ries decline in importance and suceess. 

1618* * The great religious war 
breaks out in Europe, and Christian IT. 
sends an army to aid the Protestants of 
Germany. 

LETTERS. 

13th Century. A treatise on medicine by 
Henrik Harpestring appears. 

1300 * * -1500 * * The Kjcempeviser, or 
Danish ballads, appear, — about 500 epic 
and lyrical poems. 

1386 * * The first royal edict written in 
Danish appears. 

1397 * * The Act of Union at Calmar is 
written in Danish. 

1479 * * The University of Copen- 
hagen is founded. 

1490 * * The first printing-press is 
set up in Copenhagen by Gottfried of 
Ghemen. 

1495 * * The [famous] Ri'i nitron ike, a his- 
tory of Denmark in rhymed Danish 
verse, attributed to Niels, a monk, ap- 
pears. 

1500* * -54 * * Karl MaanusnxidHolffer 
Dcniske, by Christian Pedersen, appears. 

1506 * * Gottfried of Ghemen publishes 
a collection of proverbs, attributed to 
Peder Lolle. 

1514* * The Hose-Garland of the J'iryin 
Man/, The Creation, and Human Lif>, 
by Mikkel, priest of St. Alban's Church 
in Odeuse, appear. 

* * Fr. Gesta Danorum, by Saxo Gram- 
maticus, is published at Paris by Chris- 
tian Pedersen. 



DENMARK. 



1241, **-1699, * 



637 



1529 * * The Book of Psalms and tlie New 
Testament are published. 

1533± * * The Royal library is founded 

at Copenhagen by Christian III. 
1550 * * The Bible is published in Danish 



1555 * * EeinecM Fuchs, in Danish, ap- 
pears. 

1559 * * The first authorized Psalter ap- 
pears. 

1575 * * A translation of Saxo-Germma- 
ticus appears. 

1591 * * Kja'mpeviser, to the number of 
100, are collected and published by A. G. 
Vedel. 

1595* *-1604* * Chronicle of the King- 
dom of Denmark, by Arild Hirlfeld, ap- 
pears. 

1633+ * * A translation of Snorri-Stur- 
luson's Heimskringla, by Peder Claussen, 
appears. 

1641 * * Hexaemeron, by Anders Arreboe, 
appears. 

1663 * * Earopaische Zeitung is issued. 

1666 * * Danske Meravims is issued. 

1668 * * Gramatica Danica, by Bishop 
Erik Pontoppidan, appears. 

1689 * * Winter Psalter, by Thomas 
Kingo, appears. 

1699 * * Kingo's Psalter, by Thomas 
Kingo, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

15th Century. The sovereigns endeavor, 
■with only partial success, to prevent the 
plundering of merchantmen wrecked 
on the coast. 

1513 * * Christian II., the Nero of the 
North, causes the nobility and senators 
of Stockholm to be killed, though inno- 
cent of crime. 

[1522 He is dethroned for his tyranny, 
and for 27 years confined in a dungeon.] 

1521+ * * Even the bishops unite with the 
people in plundering wrecked vessels. 

± * * A law enacted to prevent the plun- 
dering of wrecked vessels is publicly 
burned. 

1660 * * The unpopularity of the no- 
bility enables the king to make radical 
changes in the government and the suc- 
cession. 

STATE. 

1241 * * "Waldemar H. dies, and few of 

all his conquests remain to Denmark. 

[He divides his kingdom among his sons 

at his death ; disputes follow.] 

* * -50 * * Eric IV". reigns. 
1250 * * -52 * * Abel reigns. 

* * Abel gains the throne by assassinat- 
ing his elder brother Eric. 

* * The towns begin to send representa- 
tives to the Council. 

1252 * * Abel is killed in an expedition 
against the Friesians. 

* * -59 * * Christopher I. reigns. 
1259 * * Christopher is poisoned. 

13th Century. The struggle between 
the sovereigns and the barons con- 
tinues. 

* * -68 * * Eric V. reigns. 

* * The towns obtain charters by which 
they are exempt from the control of the 
barons. 



1286* *-1319* * Eric "VI. reigns. 
1319* *Kegency of the queen 
mother. 

Denmark is in a deplorable condition. 
Danish and German nobles are granted 
the larger part of the kingdom. 

1320 * * -33 * * Christopher II. is en- 
throned. 

The crown is weakened by the capitu- 
lations which the nobles aiid clergy ex- 
tort from the king. [These concessions 
continue for 340 years.] 

* * * Confirmation of the privileges 
of the clergy. (See Church.) 

The nobles are not obliged to follow 
the king beyond the limits of the king- 
dom ; if captured, are to be ransomed by 
the king within a year, and if he fails to 
do so, will lose the right of demanding 
their military service. The king can de- 
clare war only with the consent of the 
nobles and the clergy. 

14th Century. Many struggles with the 
Hanse Towns because of the toll de- 
manded at the entrance of the Baltic. 

1332 * * Christopher II. is driven from 
his kingdom by the invaders from Hoi- 
stein and the discontented nobles. 

* * -40 * * Anarchy prevails. 

* * * Skaania, Halland, and Eleking 
annex themselves to Sweden. 

1340 * * -75 * * "Waldemar HI., Atta- 
dag, the youngest son of Christopher, 
reigns. 

He devotes himself to the recovery of 
the Crown lands by purchase or by 
force. 

1341 * * The Danes first demand tolls 
of vessels passing the Sound. 

1359 * * The kingdom regains Skaania, 
Halland, and Bleking from the king 
of the Swedes. 

1370 * * The war ends ; Denmark is 
forced to sign a treaty securing to her 
rivals most extensive commercial privi- 
leges. 

1372 * * Waldemar III. accepts the peace 
of Stralsund. 

1376 * * -87 * * Olaus V., five years of 
age, the son of the late king's youngest 
daughter, reigns. 

1380 * * Olaus V. succeeds his father 
Hakon as king of Norway, and his mother 
Margaret, as regent, governs both lands 
well. 

1387 * * Olaus dies, and Margaret is 
elected queen of both countries. 

1388 * * Sweden rebels against King 
Albert, and offers the crown toMargaret ; 
" the Semiramis of the North," is en- 
throned queen of Sweden, Norway, and 
Denmark. 

1397 * * Denmark, Norway, and Swe- 
den united. 

The three kingdoms are united by the 
Union of Calmar, each having its own 
parliament and laws, and the monarchy 
is made elective. [The Union lasts till 
1522.] 

1412 * * -40 * * Eric vH., a nephew of 
Margaret, reigns. 

1440 * * -AS * * Christopher HI., king 
of Sweden, reigns as king of Norway and 
Denmark. 

1443 * * Copenhagen becomes the capi- 
tal. 



1448 * * -1863 * * The House of Ol- 
denburg reigns. 

* * Christian I., count of Oldenburg, is 
elected king of Denmark. 

1457 * * Christian I. is elected king of 

Sweden. 
1481 * * John succeeds Christian I., his 

father. 
1490 * * The English agree to pay sound 

dues on all vessels entering or leaving 

the Baltic. 
1513* *-23* * Christian II., the 

Cruel, succeeds John, his father. 

1522 * * The Union of Calmar is dis- 
solved by the insurrection of the- 
Swedes ; Denmark and Norway remain 
united. 

1523 * * Christian II. is deposed be- 
cause of his tyranny, and is confined in 
a dungeon 27 years. 

DENMARK AND NORWAY. 

* *-33* * Frederick I., Duke of Hol- 
stein, son of Christian I., nephew of 
Christian II., reigns ; he rules wisely. 

1533+ * * The feuds of the counts arise. 

* * Christian IH. is enthroned. [By his 
good rule he becomes known as the 
Father of his People.] 

1559* * Frederick II. is enthroned. 

1588* * Christian IV. is enthroned. 

1612 * * The Danish East Indian Com- 
pany is established. 

1629 * * The Protestant league chooses 
Christian IV. as their leader against 
the German emperor. 

* * Ger. The Danes, having sent an un- 
successful army to aid the Protestant 
cause, sue for peace, which is signed at 
liUbeek, binding them to non-interfer- 
ence with the affairs of Germany, and 
recognizing Wallenstein as Duke of 
Mecklenburg. 

1643* * Negotiations for peace with 
Sweden are opened in Osnabriick. 

1645 * * Prus. Peace of Bromsebro. 
Peace is made with Sweden after a war 
of eight years, occasioned by jealousy of 
the growing power of Denmark ; Chris- 
tian is obliged to surrender the islands 
of Gottland and Oesel.- 

1648 * * Frederick HI. is enthroned. 
1652 * * Denmark aids England in the 
war with Holland. 

1660 * * Peace is made with Sweden 
by the treaty of Copenhagen, ceding to 
it certain islands and free passage 
through the Sound. 

* *Lex Regia. Frederick III., being 
popular with the middle classes, unites 
with the clergy in extending the royal 
prerogative, and changes the Consti- 
tution from that of an elective to a 
hereditary monarchy. 

1670 * * Christian V. is enthroned. 
1679 * * A treaty of peace with Sweden 

is signed, which nearly restores the 

ante-bellum conditions. 

1699 * * Frederick TV. is enthroned. 

* * Frederick TV. invades the territory 
of the Duke of Holstein ; he is com- 
pelled to make peace by the siege of 
Copenhagen, by Charles XII, of Sweden,, 
who comes to the aid of his ally. 



C38 1700/ -1839,* 



DENMARK. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1700* * Copenhagen is bombarded by 
the combined fleets <>l Kngiand, Holland, 
and Sweden. [Peace is obtained by a 
money payment to the Swedes.] 

1712+ * * Holstein, Schleswig, and the 
fortresses of Ton n in gen and Stralsund, 
are taken by Frederick TV. ; Weisman 
is conquered, and the Swedes are driven 
out of Norway. 

1801 Apr. 2. Because of Denmark's 
alliance with the Armed Neutrality, the 
British under Lord Nelson and Adm. 
Parker bombard Copenhagen and take 
18 Danish ships of the line. [The colo- 
nies in the East and "West Indies are 
temporarily lost.] 

1807 * * England opens another war to 
get possession of the Danish navy. 

July 26. The British, under Admiral 
Gam bier and Lord Cathcart, take 18 
ships of the line, 15 frigates, and 31 brigs 
and gunboats. (See State.) 

Sept. 7. The Danish fleet surrenders 
to Adm. Gambier and Lord Cathcart, 
after three days' bombardment of Co- 
penhagen. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1717 * * A part of Zealand overflows, and 
1,300 inhabitants are drowned. 

1819 * * Electro-magnetic action is dis- 
covered by Hans Christian Oersted of 
Copenhagen. 

1820 * * Oersted discovers the deflection 
of the magnetic needle by the voltaic 
current. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1 700 * * Cibber, Cains Gabriel, sculptor, A70. 
1710* * Kbuier, ulaf, astronomer, A66. 
1712* * Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst 

von, count, statesman, born. 
1720 * * Tordenskjold, Peter, admiral, A29. 
1723 * * Frederick V., king, born. 

Kingo, Thomas, bishop of Fiineji. poet, ash. 
1728 * * Siilmi, Peder Fredenk, historian, b. 
1730* * Midler, Otto Fredenk, naturalist, b. 

Frederick IV., king, A59. 
1734* * Most, Georg*. traveler, statesman, b. 
1735 * * Baden, Jakob, philologist, born. 
1737 * * Struensee, Johann Friedrich, von 

count, physician, statesman, born. 
1740* * Bugtie, Thomas, astronomer, geog- 
rapher, born. 

Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, born. 

Abikigaard, Peter Christian, physician, b. 
1741 * * Behring, Vitus, navigator, A61. 

1743 * * Evald, Johannes, poet, born. 

1744 * * Altildgaard, Nikolai A., painter, li. 
Abrabamson, Werner Hans Friedrich, au- 
thor, born. 

1746 ' * Christian VI., king, A47. 

1748 * * Gram, Joban or Hans, philologist, 

1749 * * Thaarup, Thomas, poet, born. 
Christian VII., king, born. 

1750* * Christian, David, missionary to 



painter, born. 
Holberg, Ludwig, baron, scholar, poet, 
dramatist, A70. 
1755* * Zoega, Georg, archeologist, born. 

Adler, -Jacob Georg, orientalist, born. 
1756 * * Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, 
journalist, mis. writer, born. 

1758 * * Heiberg, Peder Andreas, poet, dram- 
atist, born. 

Egede, Hans, founder of Danish missions in 
Greenland, A72. 

1759 * * Nyerup, Nasmns, historian, anti- 
quary, born. 

1760 * * Rabbek, Knud Lyne, an., critic, b. 
1764 * * Baggesen, Jens Inimannel, poet, b. 

Pontoppidan, Knk, bishop, historian, A 66. 



1770 * * Thurvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, b. 
1772* * Bernstorff, Johann Hartwig Ernst 
vou, count, statesman. A 60. 
Struensee, Johann Iriedrieh von, states- 
man, A35. 
Berger, .Johann Eric, scientific writer, born. 
Host, Jens Kragh, historian, born. 
Brandt. Count, beheaded. 
1773* * Gylleiiibourg-Ehrensvard, Thomas- 

ine Christine Bunt/.en, novelist, born. 
1775 * * Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, 
writer, born. 
Matilda, queen, A24. 

1777 * * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro- 
magnetist, born. 

1778 * * Oersted, Anders Sandbe, jurist, 



1835 • • Bergsoe, W'ilhebn, naturalist, jmet, 



1780* * Schumacher, Hendrick Christ! 

astronomer, born. 
1781* * Brbndsted, Peter Olaf, archaeolo- 
gist, born. 
Evald, Johannes, poet, A38. 
1782* * Blicher, Steen Steensen, poet, novel- 
ist, born. 
1783 * * Mulbech. Christian, historian, born. 
Eckersberg, Christoph Wilhehn. painter, b. 



1784* * M uller. Otto Fredenk, naturalist, 

A54. 
1786* * Callisen, Adolf Karl Peder, physi- 
cian, born. 
Christian VIII., king, born. 
1787 * * Kask, Kasiuus Christian, orientalist, 

philologist, born. 
1789* * Ingemann, Bernhard Severin, poet, 
novelist, born. 
Scbouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, born. 

1790 * * llaucb, Johannes Carsten von, poet, 
born. 

1791 * * Abildgaard, Sbren. naturalist, A60±. 
Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, born. 
Heiberg, Johann Lndvig, poet, dramatist, b. 

1793 * * Clausen, Hendrik Nicolai, theolo- 
gian, statesman, born. 
1794* * Forchhammer, Johann, mineralo- 
gist, chemist, geologist, born. 
1795* * Kafn, Karl Christian, arch., born. 
1797 * * TJssing, Tage Algreen, jurist, born. 
BiUe, Steen Andersen, rear-admiral, born. 
Bang, Peder Ceorg, jurist, statesman, born. 
1798* * Carstens, Asmus Jakob, historical 
painter, A34. 
Hertz, Hendrik. poet, novelist, born. 
Suhm, Peder Fredenk, historian, A70. 
Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai 
St.-Aubain), novelist, born. 
1800* *Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet,b. 
1801 * * Abildgaard, Peter Christian, physi- 
cian, A61. 
1802* * Irminger, Carl Lndwig Christian, 
admiral, born. 

1804 * * Madvig, Johann Xikolai, statesman, 
phQologist, born. 

Koppen, Adolph bonis, srholar, author, b. 
Baden, Jakob, philologist, A69. 

1805 * * Andersen. Hans Christian, poet, 
novelist, wr. of fairy tales and travels, b. 

Engelstoft, Christian T., theologian, reli- 
gions historian, born. 
Adler, Jacob Georg, orientalist, A50. 
1808* * Christian VII., king, A59. 
Jan. 20. Frederick VTI., king, born. 
Martensen, Hans Lassen, bishop, tbeol., b. 
1809* * Hammericb, Frederik Peder Adolf, 
clergyman, poet, mis. writer, born. 
Abildgaard, Nicholas A., painter, A65. 
Paludan-M idler, Frederic, poet, born. 
Zoega, Georg, archeologist, A54. 
1811 * * Bart'od, Paul Frederik, historian, b. 

Hoist, Hans Peter, poet. born. 
1812* * Abrabamson, Werner Hans Freder- 

ieh, author, A6S. 
1813 * * Petersen, Carl, explorer, born. 
1815* * Bugge, Thomas, astronomer, geog- 
rapher, A75. 
"Westergaanl, Niels I.udwig, orientalist, b. 
1817 * * (Jade, Niels Wilhehn, composer, h. 
1818* * Christian IX.. king, born. 
1819* * Goldschmidt, Meyer Aaron, novel- 
ist, born. 
1821 * * Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen, an- 
tiquary, born. 
Pram, Christian Henriksen, poet, journalist, 

mis. writer, A65. 
Thaarup, Thomas, poet, A72. 
1824 * * Callisen, Hendrik, surgeon, A84. 
1826 * * Baggesen, Jens Immanuel, poet, 
A 62. 
Malte-Brun, Conrad, geographer, wr., A51. 
1829* * Nverup, Nasmus, historian, anti- 
quary, A70. 



CHURCH. 

1710 * * Hans Egede publishes his 
mission pamphlet, A Proposition for 
Greenland's Conversion and Enlighten- 
ment; great opposition follows. 

1714* * The Royal College of Mis- 
sions, for training missionaries, is 
opened in Copenhagen. 

1721 May 3. Hans Egede, with a few 
colonists, leaves Denmark to open the 
first mission in Greenland. 

1814 * * The Danish Bible Society is 
organized. 

1821 June 17. The "Danish Mis- 
sionary Society" is formed by Bone 
Falck Bonne, priest, with the motto, 
" Be not fearful, only believe." 

1823* * Priest Eonne has mission- 
boxes hung up in the parsonages, for 
which Bishop Plumb indicts him in the 
court of chancery ; Konne is rebuked, 
and the boxes taken down. 

LETTERS. 

1719 * * Peder Paars, by Ludvig Hol- 
berg, appears. 

1720 * * Nye Tidender is issued. 

1722 * * Den Voegelsindede (The VTa- 
verer). Jen n de Fro nee . Jeppe paa Bjerget. 
and Gert the Westphalian,hy Ludvig 
Holberg, appear. 

1723* * Barselstuen (The Lving-in 
Room), The Eleventh of July. Jakob von 
Thyboe, Den Bund, /oV.TIk- Figet), Eras- 
mus Mont anus, Don Ranudo, Ulysses of 
Ithaca. Without Head or fail. Witch- 
craft, and Melampe, by Ludvig Holberg, 
appear. 

1724 * * Henrik and Pernille, by Ludvig 
Holberg, appears. 

1729 * * Description of Denmark and 
JS r oricay, by Ludvig Holberg, appears. 

1731* * The acted comedies, with five 
others, of Ludvig Holberg, appear. 

1737 * * Description of Bergen, by Hol- 
berg, appears. 

1740* *A great Psalm Bool; by Hans 
Adol Brorson, appears. 

1741* *Xicolai Klhtii Iter Subterra- 
neum, by Ludvig Holberg, appears. 

1742 * * The University of Copenhagen 
is reopened after the conflagration. 

1744 * * The society for improving the 
Danish Language is founded by Lange- 
hek. 

1749 * * Berlingske Tidende is issued in 
German. 

1764* * LyWcens Tempel (The Temple of 
Fortune), by Johannes Ewald, ap- 
pears. 

1766 * * Three Elegies, by Johannes 
Ewald, appear. 

1767* * Adam og Eva, by Johannes 

Ewald, appears. 
1770 * * BolfKrage, by Ewald, appears; 

also Philet. 



DENMARK. 



1700, **-1839, ** 639 



1771 * * Ve Dm tale Klappers, by Ewald, 
appears. 

1772 * * Phi/emon and Baucis translated, 
and Harlequin Patriot, by Ewald, ap- 
pear. 

1773 * * Pebersvendene (Old Bachelors), 
by Ewald, appears. 

1774 * * Balder's Dod (The Balder'a 
Death), by Ewald, appears. 

1779 ** Fiskeme (The Fishers), by 
Ewald, appears. 

1785 * * -1819 * * The Minerva is is- 
sued. 

1786+ * * Comical Tales, by Jens Im- 
manuel Baggesen, appears. 

1789+ * * Alpenlied, in German, by Bag- 
gesen, appears. 

1790* * Labyrinth, by Baggesen, ap- 
pears. 



1802 * * Guldhornene, by Adam Goti- 

lob Oehlenschlager, appears. 
1S03 * * Sanct Hansafteii-Spil, by Adam 

Gottlob Oehlenschlager, appears. 

* * -05 * * Thors Jieise til Jolunheim, 
Lang el and srei sen and Alladin's Lampe, 
by Oehlenschlager, appear. 

1805 * * Hakon Jarl, by Oehlenschla- 
ger, appears. 

* * Litteratiir-Se/skabs Skriffer is issued. 

1807 * * Baldur hin Gode and Paluatoke, 
by Oehlenschlager, appear. 

1808 * * Nordens Mytholog-ie (Mythology 
of the North), by Nicola'i F. S. Grund- 
tvig, appears. 

* * Uxel og Valborg, by Oehlenschlager, 
appears. 

1809 * * Correggio, in German, by Oeh- 
lenschlager, appears. 

1811* * -36 * * Idtteratur-Tidende is is- 
sued (the continuation of Lasrde Efter- 
retninger). 

* * Digte, by Bernhard Severin Ingemann, 
appears. 

* * All og Gulhyndi, by Oehlenschlager, 



1812 * * St&rkodder, by Oehlenschla- 
ger, appears. 

1813 * * -17 * * The Athene is issued. 
1814* * De Sorte Piddere (The Black 

Knights), by Bernhard S. Ingemann, ap- 
pears. 

* * Helge, by Oehlenschlager, appears. 

1815 * * Masaniello, by B. S. In; 



1822 * * Geography of Plants, by Joa- 
chim Frederic Sehouw, appears. 

1826 * * Waldemar the Victor, by Inge- 
mann, appears. 

1827 * * Love and Policy, by Henrik 
Hertz, appears. 

1828 * * Flyttedagtm, by Henrik Hertz, 
appears. 

* * Two volumes of dramas, including 
Tiberius, Bajazet, and Hamadryaden, by 
Johannes Carsten von Hauch, appear. 

1829 * * -38 * * Maanedsskrift for Lit- 
terature is issued. 

* * Hrolf Krake, by Oehlenschlager, ap- 
pears. 

1830* * Amor's Strokes of Genius, by 
Henrik Hertz, appears. 

* * Gjengangerbrevene, by Henrik Hertz, 
appears. 

1832 * * -42 * *, 1843 * * TidssJcrifffor 
Litterature og Kritick is issued. 



* * Nature and Art and Four Poetical 
Epistles, by Henrik Hertz, appear. 

* * Cupid at Court, by Frederik Paludan- 
Miiller, appears. 

1833 * * Dandserinden (The Danseuse), 
by Frederik Paludan-Miiller, appears. 

1834 * * Gamle og Nye Noveller of For- 
fatteren til en Hrerdags Historic (Novels 
Old and New, etc.), by Thomasine Chris- 
tine Buntzen Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard, 
appears. 

* * -38 * * History of Denmark in the 
Heathen Times, by Niels Matthias Pe- 
tersen, appears. 

1835** The Improvisator, by Hans 
Christian Andersen, appears. 

* * The Only Fault, by Henrik Hertz, 
appears. 

* * The first collection of Fairy Tales, by 
Hans Christian Andersen, appears. 

* * Prince Otho of Denmark, by Ingemann, 
appears. 

1836* * The Savings Bank, by Henrik 

Hertz, appears. 
1837 * * -43 * * Figyelmezo is issued. 

* * Svend Dyring's House, by Henrik 
Hertz, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1746 * * Frederick V. marries Prin- 
cess Louisa, daughter of George II. of 
England. 

1766 * Christian VII. abolishes slavery. 

1772 Jan. 18. Matilda, the queen 
dowager, to save the life of her supposed 
lover, Struensee, confesses a plot 
against the Ministers, and is condemned 
to imprisonment for life in the castle 
of Zell. 

1784 * * Prince Frederick becomes re- 
gent, and becomes the leader of Europe 
in opposing the African slave-trade, 
and begins the gradual emancipation 
of peasants living on crown lands. 

1837 Sept. * Frederick VI. separates 
from his first wife. 



STATE. 

1720 * * A treaty is made between 
Denmark and Sweden, in which the 
latter is spoiled. 

Denmark restores all her conquests, 
and Sweden in return pays 600,000 rix 
dollars, gives up its freedom from cus- 
toms duties in the Sound, and abandons 
the Duke of Holstein-Gottorp, whom 
Denmark deprived of his share of 
Schleswig. (Ploetz.) 

1730 * * -46 * * Christian VI. succeeds 
his father to the throne of Denmark and 
Norway, and reigns in peace. 

1746 * * -66 * * Frederick V. reigns. 

1760 * * Denmark finally joins Russia 
and Sweden in declaring the Baltic 
neutral for commerce. 

1766 * * Christian VII. is enthroned. 

1772* * Counts Struensee and Brandt, 
after introducing reforms, are beheaded 
through a conspiracy. 

* * Andreas Peter Von Bernstorff, "the 
Oracle of Denmark," first becomes 
Minister. 



1780* * Denmark has a contention 
with England regarding the northern 
trade in hemp by neutral vessels. 

1784* * The increasing imbecility of 
the king requires the appointment of 
his son as regent. 

* * Prince Frederick is declared regent. 
1801 * * War with England results 

from a defensive alliance with Russia, 
Prussia, and Sweden. 

1807 * * An alliance with France is 
entered. 

* * England demands the surrender 
of the Danish navy upon the condition 
of its being restored at the close of the 
war with Napoleon, fearing its capture 
and use against herself by him; the 
crown prince refuses, and England sends 
a fleet and army to take it. 

Sept. 6. The Danes secure peace by sur- 
rendering the fleet to England. 

Sept. * The Danes are exasperated by 
the seizure of their fleet, and declare 
war against England, and become an 
ally of France. 

1808 * * Frederick VI. is enthroned. 

1814 Jan. 14. A treaty of peace is 
signed with England and the allied 
sovereigns. 

Denmark is to surrender Norway to 
Sweden, and to receive Pomerania, or as 
a substitute a sum of money and a dis- 
trict in Lauenburg, and also the return 
of its colonies in the East and West 
Indies. 

DENMARK ALONE. 

Nov. 3. By the Congress of Vienna, the 
King of Denmark is declared a mem- 
ber of the Germanic body on account 
of Holstein and Lauenburg, and invested 
with three votes in the Diet ; he is to 
have the tenth place in rank. Sweden 
retains Norway, and Denmark is indem- 
nified with the transfer of Lauenburg. 
(See p. 521.) 

* * Pomerania and Eiigen are annexed 
to Denmark and Norway. 

1815 * * Denmark cedes Pomerania 
and Riigen to Prussia for a small dis- 
trict of Lauenburg adjoining Holstein. 

1824 * * A treaty of commerce is en- 
tered with England. 

1831 * * A new Constitution is granted 
by Frederick VI. 

1839 * * Christian VHI. is enthroned. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1728* * GreatfireinCopenhagen ; more 

than 70 streets and 3,785 houses are 

burned. 
1736 * * The Bank of Copenhagen is 

formed. 
1785 May 14. The canal is opened 

between the Baltic and North Seas. 

1794 Feb.* The palace at Copenhagen 
is burned ; loss, £4,000,000 and 100 lives. 

1795 June* Fire in Copenhagen; 
the arsenal, admiralty, and 50 streets 
are destroyed. 

June 9. One-fourth of Copenhagen is 
burned. 



640 1840, **-1864,**. 



DENMARK. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1848 * * -51 * * Three wars of Schles- 
wig-Holstein against Denmark. 

Mar.* The first war with the duchies of 
Schleswigand Holstein occurs ; they rise 
in rebellion against Frederick VII. 

Mar. 24. Ger. The fort of Rendsburg 
in Holstein is seized by the rebels. 

Apr. 9. Ger. The rebels are defeated 
near Flensburg in Schleswig. 

Apr.+ * Ger. The Prussians and Ger- 
man confederacy send an army to the 
aid of Schleswig. 

Apr. 23. Ger. The Prussians under 
Gen. Wrangel defeat the Danes near 
Danewerk. [They advance into Jut- 
land.] 

Aug. 1. Denmark blockades the North 
Sea. 

Aug. 26. Swe. A truce is signed at 
Mai mo by the influence of the European 
Powers. 

1849 Mar. 25. — July* The second 
war with the duchies begins on the ex- 
piration of the truce of Malmo. 

Apr. 5. Ger. The ship of the line Chris- 
tian VIII. is fired by cannonade at Eck- 
ernforde in Schleswig, and the frigate 
Gefion is captured. 

Apr. 10. The Danes defeat the Hol- 
steiners and Prussians. 

Apr. 13. Ger. Bavarian and Saxon 
troops storm the redoubts of Diippel in 
Schleswig. 

Apr. 20. The Danes are defeated at 
Kolding, Jutland, by the Schleswig- 
Holstein army led. by Gen. Bonin, a 
Prussian. 

* * Indifferent conduct of German and 
Prussian troops is caused by the threat- 
ening attitude of England, France, and 
Russia. 

* * At the siege of Fredericia, Jutland, 
the Danes inflict much damage by a 
sortie. 

July 10. Ger. The truce of Berlin be- 
tween Prussia and Denmark is signed. 

1850 Jan. — 51 July* The third war 
■with the duchies. 

[It ia conducted by Schleswig-Holstein 
alone, with Gen. Willisen, formerly of 
the Prussian army, commander.] 
July 24, 25. Ger. Battle of Idstedt, 
Schleswig-Holstein ; the Danes, with an 
army of .38,000, defeat the Schleswig- 
Holsteiners under Gen. Willisen with 
27,000 men ; 7,000 are killed and wounded 
on both sides. 

July * Ger. Schleswig is occupied by 
the Danes. 

Sept. 12. Ger. The Danes again defeat 
the Schleswig-Holstein troops at Mis- 
sunde, in Schleswig. 

Sept. 29-Oct. 4. Ger. TheHolsteiners 
bombard Friedriehstadt, Schleswig, 
and almost destroy the town. Kepulsed 
with heavy loss. 

Dec±. * The German Confederacy en- 
forces the cessation of hostilities. 

1851 * * Ger. Holstein is occupied by 
Austrian troops with the consent of 
Prussia, and delivered to the Danes. 

1852 Mar. 2. Ger. Holstein is evac- 
uated by the Austrians. 

1863 Dec. * Ger. The succession to 
the Danish throne being in dispute on 



the death of Frederick VII., Austrian 
and Prussian troops occupy the duchies 
of Holstein-Schleswig. 

Dec. * Ger. The Danes, to avoid en- 
countering the Federal troops, with- 
draw from Holstein. 

Dec. 31. Ger. Kendsburg, Holstein, 
is evacuated by the Danes. 

1864 Jan. 21. Ger. Federal troops 
under Marshall Von Wrangel invade 
Holstein. 

Feb. * -Oct. * "War occurs with Aus- 
tria and Prussia. 

Expecting the aid of England and 
France, Denmark declares war against 
Germany. 

Feb. * The Danes send Gen. de Meza 
with 40,000 men to defend the Danne- 
werk, the trans-peninsular defenses in 
Schleswig. 

Feb. 1. Ger. The Prussians under Mar- 
shal Von Wrangel and Prince Frederick 
Charles take Eckernfoide, in Schleswig. 

Feb. 2, 3. Ger. Missunde, Schleswig, 
is bombarded and burned by the Prus- 
sians. 

Feb. 5. Ger. The Danes, being out- 
flanked, abandon the Dannewerk to 
save their army. 

Feb. 6. ' The Austrian advance under 
Gen. Von Wrangel defeats the Danes at 
Over-see. Schleswig ; Srhleswig is taken 
after an obstinate resistance. 

Feb. 7. Ger. Flemsburg, Schleswig, is 
occupied by the Federal allies. 

Feb. 13. Ger. The allies begin their 

attack on Diippel, Schleswig. 
Feb. 18. The Prussians enter Jutland, 

and take Kolding. [The Danes fortify 

the island of Alsen.] 
Mar. 1. Gen. Gertach succeeds Gen. 

de Meza as commander of the Danes, 

whose conduct of operations causes much 

dissatisfaction. 
Mar. 8. The Danes are defeated by the 

Prussians at Sonderbygaard and Veill. 
Mar. 15. Thesiegeof the entrenchments 

of Diippel by the Prussians commences. 
Mar. 17- The Prussian squadron obtains 

a naval victory. 

Ger. Diippel, Schleswig, is bom- 
barded and taken by the Prussians. 

Mar. 20. Ger. The Prussians bombard 
Fredericia, Schleswig. 

Mar. 28. Ger. The Prussians are re- 
pulsed in an attack on the fortress of 
Fredericia. 

Apr. 18. Ger. The Prussians capture 

the fortress of Diippel. 
Apr. 29. Ger. The Danes withdraw 

from Fredericia and other fortresses, 

and retreat to Alsen, Prussia. 
May 6+. Jutland, refusing to pay a 

war tribute to the Prussians, is pillaged. 
May 9. An armistice is agreed to for 

one month, commencing on May 12 

[while a peace conference assembles at 

London]. 

Ger. The Danes defeat the allies in 

a sea-fight off Heliogoland. 

June 9. The armistice is prolonged for 
two weeks. 

June 26. Ger. The conference in Lon- 
don having failed to secure peace, hos- 
tilities are resumed. [The Prussians 
bombard Alsen.] 

June 29. Ger. The Alsen batteries are 
captured, and 2.400 Danes made prig 



July * Alsen is taken, and Jutland occu- 
pied by the allies. 
July 18. Another armistice is accepted. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1862 Oct. 21. The planet Frtia is dis- 
covered by Heinrich Ludurg d'Arrest. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1841 • • Heiberg, Peder Andreas, dramatist, 
poet, A83. 

1842* * lirandes, Georg Morris Cohen, lec- 
turer, critic, mis. writer, born. 
Prbiidsted, Peter Olaf, areha-<'l"y:ist. AHl. 

1843 June 3. Frederick, son of the Lmke 
of Schleswig-Holstein, born. 

1844 • * Host, .lens Kragh, historian, A72. 
Thorvaldsen, Albert, sculptor, A74. 

1848 * * Blither, .stneti Meenseii. poet, A66. 
Christian VIII.. king, A62. 

1850 * * Oljlriisrliht.-t-r. Aiian i < >utllob,poet, 
A 71. 

Schumacher. Hendrick Chris., astron., A70. 

1851 • * Oersted, Hans Christian, electro- 
magnetist, A74. 

1852 * * Schouw, Joachim Fredric, botanist, 
A63. 

1853 * * Eckersberg, Christoph "William, 
painter, A70. 

1856* * Aarestrup, Carl Ludvig Emil, poet, 
A56. 
Gyllembourg-Ehrensvard. Thomasine Chris- 
tine Iiunt/.cn, novelist, A83. 
1857 * * Gjellerup, Karl Adolf, novelist, b. 

Alolbech, Christian, historian, A74. 
I860* * Heiberg, Johann Ladwig, poet, 
dramatist, A69. 
Oersted, Anders Sandoe, jurist, statesman. 
A82. 

1861 * * Bang, Peter Georg, jurist, states- 
man, A64. 

1862 * * Ingeinann, Bernhard Severin, poet, 
novelist, A73. 

Petersen, Niels Matthias, historian, A71. 

1863 June 29. F re de ri ck - Ferdinand, 
prince, uncle of Frederick VII., d. 



CHURCH. 

1857 * * Methodist Episcopal preach- 
ers from U. S. A. begin mission-work in 
Denmark. 

1860 June * It is decided at a meeting 
held in Nyburg, that hereafter the Da- 
nish Society shall take the lead in all 
mission-work, and that local unions be 
formed. 

1862 June* A Danish mission-school 
is founded near Copenhagen for mission- 
workers. 

1863 * * A Greek Danish Missionary 
Society is formed by Victor Block. 

LETTERS. 

1840 * * Xinon, by Henrik Hertz, ap- 
pears. 

* * Historisk Tidsskrift is issued. 

1841 * * -48 * * Adam Homo, by Fred- 
erik Paludan-Muller, appears. 

1842 * * Lyriske Digte (Lyric Poems), by 
Johannes Carsten von Hauch, appears. 

* * FHna, by Oehlenschlager, appears. 
1845 * * Fern oq tyre Fabler (Five-an.l- 

twenty Fables), by Christian Winther. 
appears. 

* * King Kent's Daughter, by Henrik 
Hertz, appears. 

1848* *-49* * Xnrd og Syd is issued 
[still published as I'de 6g Hjemme], 

1853* * Robert Fulton, by Johannes Car- 
sten von Hauch, appears. 

* * A Sacrifice, by Henrik Hertz, appears. 

1854* *-64* *Nordisk Universitets 

Tidsskrift is issued. 
The Youngest, by Henrik Hertz, ap- 



pea 
1S58 i 



: Dansk Manndesskri/f is issued. 



DENMARK. 



1840, * *-1864, * * 641 



SOCIETY. 

1842 May 26. Duke of Scbleswig-Hol- 
stein-Sonderburg-Gliieksburg [afterward 
Christian IX.] marries Princess Louisa 
of Hesse-Cassel ; both are descended 
from George II. of England. 

1846 Sept. * Frederick II. separates 
from his second wife. 

1850 * * Frederick H. marries mor- 
ganatically Louisa, Countess of Danner. 

1863 Mar. 10. Eng. The Prince of 
"Wales marries Princess Alexandra of 
Denmark, at Windsor. 

1864 Feb. 24. A subscription is started 
in London for the relief of wounded 
Danes. 

STATE. 

1846 July 8. An "open letter" of 
King Christian VIII. arbitrarily de- 
crees the union of the duchies of 
Schleswig and Holstein with Den- 
mark, in spite of the different laws of 
inheritance in the two states. [This 
leads to war.] 

1848 Jan. 20. Frederick VLT. is en- 
throned. 

Jan. 28. A revolutionary movement by 
the Casino party at Copenhagen compels 
the king to proclaim a new Constitution. 

Mar. 23. Insurrections arise in the 
duchies, especially in Holstein; a pro- 
visional government is established at 
Kiel, with Prince Frederick of Augus- 
tenburg at the head. (See Germany.) 

1849 June 5. A new liberal Consti- 
tution is sanctioned by the king. 

July 10. Prussia signs an armistice, 
which is converted into a peace. 

By its terms Schleswig is to be occu- 
pied by Swedish troops in the north, in 
the south by those of Prussia, and to 
receive a new administration. (Ploetz.) 

1850 July 2. A separate peace is 
concluded with Prussia. 

July 4. The great powers, England, 
France, Prussia, unite with Sweden to 
guarantee the integrity of Denmark. 

Aug. 23. Eng. To solve the question 
concerning the succession to the throne, 
a protocol is signed in London by all 
the Ministers of the great powers. 

Nov. 28, 29. Moravia. Conference at 
Olmiitz. (See p. 523.) 

1851 Jan. 10. Ger. The rights of the 
country are placed under the protec- 
tion of the Germanic Confederation 
by a proclamation of the Stadtholders of 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

1852 May 8. Ger. Hanover, Saxony, 
and Wurtemberg recognize the treaty 
of London granting the throne to 
Christian of Sonderburg-Gliicksburg, 
Frederick VII. having been childless, 
and the female line next in succession 
withdrawing their claim. Christian, 
Duke of Augustenburg-Holstein, con- 
sents to surrender his rights in the 
duchies for a sum of money. 

1854 July 29. Frederick VII. promul- 
gates a new Constitution. 

1855 Oct. 1. The new Constitution 
set forth by the king is adopted. 

1857 * * The Sound dues are abol- 
ished, Great Britain paying £1,125,206 
as her share. 



Oct. * -62 * * Dissensions arise be- 
tween the Government and the duchies ; 
the family pretensions of the Duke of 
Augustenburg to the rule of the duchies 
is agitated at home and abroad. 

1S58 Mar. 27. The Government de- 
crees the erection of fortifications 
about Copenhagen. 

1860 Feb. 11. Ger. The Assembly of 
Schleswig alleges that the promise of 
equality of national rights, pledged 
by the Treaty of London in 1S52, has not 
been recognized. [Mar. 1. It formally 
protests against being united to Den- 
mark.] 

1861 Jan.* The Government announces 
that a declaration of war will be made 
if Prussian soldiers enter the duchies. 

Feb. * Active preparations for war are 
made. 

I T une * The Rigsdag adopts a decimal 
coinage. 

1863 Mar. 30. Frederick VII. grants 
independent rights to Holstein, but 
annexes Schleswig to Denmark. 

Apr. 17. Austria and Prussia protest 
against the annexation of Schleswig. 

June 6. Frederick VII. accepts the 
crown of Greece for Prince William 
George. 

July 9. Ger. The Diet threateningly 
demands the annulment of the action 
of Frederick VII., on March 30, granting 
independent rights to Holstein and an- 
nexing Schleswig. (See p. 526.) 

Aug. 1. Preparations are made to in- 
crease the army. 

Aug. 27. Frederick VII. replies that an 
armed occupation of the duchies by 
Germany will be accepted as a declara- 
tion of war. 

Aug. * Sweden declines to enter an 
alliance with Denmark. 

Oct. 1. Ger. The Diet of the German 
Confederation demands the immediate 
execution of its decree to support Prince 
Frederick as Duke of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Nov. 13. The new Constitution is af- 
firmed by the Kigsdag. 

Nov. 15. The House of Giiicksburg 
begins to reign. 

Christian IX. is enthroned accord- 
ing to the Treaty of London. 

Nov. 16. Ger. Prince Frederick of 
Augustenburg claims the government of 
Schleswig and Holstein, although his 
father had renounced them for a com- 
pensation. (See 1852, May 8.) 

Nov. IS. Christian IX. signs the Con- 
stitution. [Dec. 1. It is published.] 

Nov. 21. Ger. The announcement of 
Prince Frederick's claim causes great 
excitement in Holstein ; public officials 
refuse to take oath to the new king, 
Christian IX. 

Nov. 26. Ger. Prince Frederick is 
supported by several German States ; 
they proceed to send troops into the 
duchies. 

Dec. * The Austrian and Prussian 
Ministers prepare for their departure 
from Copenhagen if the Constitution is 
not annulled. 



Dec. 19. Denmark protests against the 
proposed occupation of the duchies by 
the German States. 

Dec. 21. Ger. The representatives of 
German States, to the number of 000, 
assemble at Frankfort, and agree to sup- 
port the claims of Prince Frederick 
against those of Denmark. 

Dec. 24. Ger. The Saxons, as repre- 
sentatives of the Federal authority, en- 
ter Altona in Schleswig-Holstein. 

Dec. 25. Ger. The Federal Commis- 
sioners attend the army of occupation, 
and assume administrative powers in 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

Dec. 30. Ger. Prince Frederick at 
Kiel, in Holstein, claims authority as 
Duke of Schleswig and Holstein. 

1864 Jan. 16. Austria and Prussia 
unite to demand the abrogation of the 
Constitution of Nov. 18, uniting Schles- 
wig with Denmark, within two days. 

Jan. 18. Denmark asks for six weeks 
to act on the peremptory demand of 
Austria and Germany. 

Jan. 21. Ger. Holstein is invaded by 
German troops. 

Feb. * "War with Germany. 

Cause : Austria and Prussia demand 
the repeal of the November Constitution, 
which conflicts with the agreement of 
Denmark " to respect the rights of the 
duchies," which implied that Schleswig 
should not be incorporated as a part of 
Denmark. The latter refuses the joint 
demand. 

Feb. 6. Ger. Prince Frederick Charles 
is proclaimed Duke of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Feb. 13. Ger. The Commissioners of 
the German States protest against the 
occupation of Altona by Prussia. 

Feb. 23. England, having proposed a 
conference on Danish ;i flairs, the allies 
accede to it. [Apr. 25, meets. June 22, 
ends.] 

Mar. 22. The Rigsdag adjourns, after 
resolving to support the king. 

* * It seems as if Denmark must cease to 
exist as a nation in consequence of its 
reverses. 

* * Prussia and Austria secede from the 
London Protocol ; the war is renewed. 

July 9. The administration of Jutland 
is assumed by Prussian officers. 

The Government sends Prince John 
to Berlin to make negotiations for 
peace. 

July 26. Aust. A conference for 
peace opens at Vienna, 

Oct. 30. Aust. Peace of Vienna. 

Terms : the King of Denmark re- 
nounces all his rights to the duchies of 
Schleswig, Holstein, and Lauenburg in 
favor of the Emperor of Austria and the 
King of Prussia ; he agrees to recognize 
whatever disposition these monarchs 
shall make of these states. (Ploetz.) 

Nov. 16. King Christian IX. by proc- 
lamation releases the inhabitants of 
Schleswig-Holstein and Lauenburg from 
their allegiance to Denmark. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1847 Sept. 26. A great fire at Copen- 
hagen ; valuable Icelandic literature is 
destroyed, including over 2,000 unpub- 
lished MSS. 



642 1865, * *-1894, Oct. 27. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1872 Oct. 18. The new theater at Co- 
penhagen is founded by the king. 

1873 Oct. 6. A statue of Frederick 
VII., erected at Copenhagen, is un- 
veiled. 

1884 Aug. 10. The 8th International 
Medical Congress is held iu Copenhagen. 

1889 May 21. Dr. Hansen and his 
companions arrive at Copenhagen on 
their return from an exploring expedi- 
tion to Greenland. 



DENMARK. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1865 * * Forchhanimer, Joliann Georg, min- 
eralogist, chemist, geologist, A51. 
Bernhard, Karl (pseud, of Andreas Nicolai 
St. Aubain), novelist. A65±. 
1866* * Callisen, Adolf Karl I'eder, physi- 
cian, A80. 
1870 Sept. 37. Christian, crown prince, b. 

Hertz, Hendrik, poet, novelist, A72. 
1872 * * Ussing, Tage Algrcen. jurist, A75. 
Grundtvig, Nicolai Frederik Severin, clergy- 

raan, poet, mis. writer, A89. 
Haueh, Johannes Carstu'ii von, poet, A71. 
1875 * * Andersen. Hans Christian, poet, 

novelist, wr. of fairy tales, travels, A70. 
1876* * Paludan-Muller. Frederik, poet, A61. 
1877* * Hammerich, Frederik Peder Adolf, 
clergyman, poet, mis. writer, A68. 
Clausen, Ilenrik X., theolo., statesman, A48. 
1878* * Westergaard, Niels Lad wig, orien- 
talist, A63. 
1880 * * Petersen, Carl, explorer, A67. 
1883* * Bide, steen Anderson, rear-admiral, 
A86. 

1884 July 27. Lndvigsen, Anna Kristiane, 
author of patriotic songs, AM. 

3Iartensen, Hans Lassen. Insluip, theol., A72. 

1885 * * Worsaae, Jens Jacob Asmussen, 
antiquary, AtiL 

1886 * * Madvig, Joliann Nikolai, philologist, 



1888* * Irminger, Carl Ludwig Christian, 
admiral, A86. 

1889 July 16. Augusta, Princess, sister of 
Queen of Denmark, dies. 

July 23. Sparre, Count, dies. 

1890 Dec. 22. cade, Niels Wilbelm, com- 
poser, conductor. A73. 

1894 Oct. 27. Plong, Carl, poet, politician, 
journalist, A81. 

CHURCH. 

1866 Jan. 6. The first Methodist 
Episcopal church in Denmark is dedi- 
cated. 

1872* *Lorenthal's Mission is 
founded. Motto, " Be born again." 

1874 * * The Danish Mission Society 
founds two seminaries for the training 
of missionaries. [1875. United.] 

1876 * * The mission to the Danes is he- 
gun by the Christian Society, U.S.A. 

1884 Aug. 30. The Evangelical Al- 
liance holds its Sth meeting in Copen- 
hagen. 

1887 * * The American Baptists set off 
the Denmark mission from the Ge 



1888 * * A Methodist Episcopal theo- 
logical school is founded in Copen- 
hagen. 

SOCIETY. 

1866 Nov. 9. Prince Alexander of 
Russia marries Princess Dagmar. 

1869 July 2S. The Crown Prince 
Frederick marries Princess Louisa of 
Sweden. 

1874 July* -Aug.* Christian IX. vis- 
its Iceland. 



1878 Dec. 11. The Duke of Cumber- 
land marries Princess Thyra. 

1888 Nov. 15. The 25th anniversary 
of the accession of the king to the throne 
is celebrated. 

1889 June 24. Christian IX. confers 
the knighthood of the Order of Danne- 
brog upon Capt. Hamilton Murrell. 

The people present him with an oil 
painting of the scene of the transfer of 
the passengers and crew of the sinking 
steamer Danmark. (See Miscellaneous.) 

1890 Mar. 25. The Minister of "War 
announces that no Socialist workmen 
will be employed in State workshops. 

May 26. The crown princess gives birth 

to a daughter. 
Nov. 8. A son is born to Prince Wal- 

demar. 
1892 May 23. The celebration of the 

golden wedding of King Christian 

begins at Copenhagen. 
May 29. A procession of 100,000 people 

marches from Copenhagen to the castle 

to do honor to the king and queen. 

STATE. 

1866 July 19, 27. A new Constitu- 
tion is approved by both Chambers of 
the Kigsdag. 

July 28. The king sanctions the new 
Constitution. 

1867 Oct. 25. Proclamations are is- 
sued, proposing to sell the Danish 
islands in the "West Indies, St. 
Thomas and St. John, to the United 
States for $7,500,000. [Approved by the 
colonies, but not carried out by the 
United States.] 

1868 Jan. 30. The Assembly approves 
of the proposed sale of two islands in 
the West Indies. 

1870 Aug. * Denmark decides to re- 
main neutral in the Franco-Prussian 

1874 Mar. 29. The Folkething de- 
feats the Government on the question 
of fortifications ; the Assembly is dis- 
solved. 

Oct. * Continued contests occur between 
the king and the Landsthing and Folke- 
thing. 

Dec. * A crisis is reached respecting the 
supplies. 

1877 Apr. 4. The Rigsdag closes 
without settling the budget. 

Apr. 12. The king makes provision for 
the budget in harmony with the pro- 
vision of the Constitution. 

1881 May 10±. The king dismisses 
the Folkething, alleging its ineffi- 
ciency. 

* * -84 * * Legislation is obstructed 
by the Opposition members of the Folke- 
thing. 

1884 June * The elections return to 
the Folkething 82 Liberals and Opposi- 
tion, besides 20 Conservatives. 

1885 Mar. 21. The king refuses to 
dismiss the Ministry. 

May 5. The Government prohibits the 
importation and possession of arms, and 
forbids drilling. 



Oct. 16. The budget is rejected by the 
Folkething. 

Dec. 21. The laws restraining the lib- 
erty of the press are condemned by 
the Kigsdag. 

1886 Jan. * M. Berg, president of the 
Folkething, obstructs the police at a 
meeting; he is condemned, and sentenced 
to six months' imprisonment. 

Jan. 26. The budget is rejected by the 

Folkething. 
Feb. 8. The Rigsdag is discordant, 

and the session closes. * 

Oct. 26. The two parties in the Rigsdag 

unite in opposing the Government. 

1887 Jan. 8. The Folkething is dis- 
solved. 

Apr. 1. The budget is rejected. 

1888 Apr. 1. The budget is rejected. 
Apr. 8. The political prisoners are 

granted amnesty on the king's 70th 
birthday. 

1889 Feb. 11. The regulations relat- 
ing to Greenland coast fisheries forbid 
trading with the inhabitants, and fish- 
ing is prohibited within one Danish mile 
from the coast. 

Mar. 6. The Rigsdag announces that 
the British Minister at Athens has been 
selected as an arbitrator in the Butter- 
field claim between the United States 
and Denmark. 

Apr. 1. The budget is rejected; the 
Government collects the revenue by a 
royal decree. 

1890 Jan. * The elections result in 91,159 
votes for the Ministerial party, 139,354 
for the Opposition, and 17,232 for the 
Socialists. 

Feb. 4. The arbitrators decide in favor 
of Denmark in the dispute with the 
United States respecting damages for 
vessels lost near St. Thomas, W. 1. 

1891 Jan. 6. The Government oflieial- 
ly recognizes the Republic of Brazil. 

July 10. The Minister of State, Baron 
Akerheilm, resigns, and is succeeded 
by Baron Bostrom. 

Sept. 8. Denmark removes the prohibi- 
tion of the importation of American 
pork. 

1894 Apr. 2. Premier Estrup tenders 
his resignation to the king. 

Aug. 7. The Cabinet is reconstructed, 
with Baron Eeedtz-Mott as Premier. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S6S Aug. 31. The Anglo-Danish tele- 
graph from Xewbiggin to Copenhagen is 
completed. 

1SSS May IS. The King of Denmark 
opens the Scandinavian Exhibition in 
Copenhagen. 

1SS9 Apr. 6. The steamer Danmark 
sinks about S00 miles from Newfound- 
land ; Capt. Murrell of the Missouri 
rescues all on board, about 735 persons. 

Apr. 12. The steamer Danmark. of the 
Thingvalla line, is seen floating in a 
wrecked condition, without a person on 
board, GOO miles off the coast of Ireland. 



DOMINICAN REPUBLIC. 1844, Feb. 27-1887, * *. 648 

Tins Republic occupies the eastern and greater part of the island of Santo Domingo, or Haiti, West Indies. Its area is esti- 
mated at 1S,045 square miles, and its population at 010,000. The capital is Santo Domingo. The government is under a Constitu- 
tion, its President is elected every four years by universal suffrage, and its Congress of 22 members by restricted suffrage. The 
people are chiefly of mixed blood, — Spaniards, Indian, and negro, with only a few whites. Spanish is the language of the people ; 
and Roman Catholicism is the state religion, but all religions are tolerated. 

For the early history of the island, and the struggles between the two republics, see Haiti. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1844 Feb. 27. Following the revolu- 
tion in the west against President Boyer, 
the inhabitants in the eastern part of 
the island assert their independence 
of the Haitian Republic, and form a 
State called the Dominican Republic. 

* * A Constitution is adopted. 

Apr. 9. An army of 20,000 Haitians is 
defeated near Santiago, and forced to 
abandon its effort to subdue the Do- 
minicans, led by Pedro Santana, the 
" liberator." 

1S48 Oct. 22. France recognizes the 
independence of the Republic, and en- 
ters a treaty of commerce. 

1849 Apr. 22. At Las Carreras 400 
Dominicans, under Santana, defeat the 
invading Haitian army, 20,000 strong, 
under Soulouque. 

* * Jimenes, of Caucasian blood, is 
elected President. [He secretly con- 



spires with President Soulouque of Haiti, 
who invades the country.] 
Apr. * Jimenes abandons his office, and 
flees to Haiti. 

* * Buenaventura Baez is elected con- 
stitutional President. 

1850 May* Great Britain recognizes 
the independence of the Republic, and 
enters a treaty of amity, commerce, and 
navigation. 

* * Soulouque again leads an invasion, 
and is defeated. 

1853 * * Baez, having favored the Cler- 
ical party, is rejected by the people, and 
Gen. Santana is chosen his successor. 

1854 Oct. 5. President Baez signs a 
treaty with President Pierce, IT. S. A., 
secretly stipulating for the cession of 
the Bay of- Samana to the United 
States. [It fails of ratification at 'Wash- 
ington.] 



1857 Feb.* By the influence of French 
and British agents, Baez is reelected 
president. 

Sept. * Gen. Santana successfully leads 
a revolutionary movement against 
President Baez. 

1858 * * President Baez is overthrown 
by the Revolutionists, and Liberal rule is 
established. 

1S62 * * -65 * * The Dominion is held 
by Spain. 

1865 * * The Constitution is modified. 

1S69 Nov. 29. President Baez and 
President Grant sign a treaty for the 
annexation of the Dominican Repub- 
lic to the United States. 

1870 June 30. U. S. A. The Senate 
at Washington rejects the annexation 
treaty. 

1886 Sept. 1. Gen. Ulises Heureaux 
is elected President. 

1887 * * A new Constitution is adopted. 



ECUADOR. 



Ecuador is a republic of South America, bordering the Pacific, and lying nearly under the equator. Area claimed, 275,964 
square miles, of which about 155,000 are in jurisdiction ; population, estimated at 1,260,000. Capital, Quito. The government is 
republican in form ; the executive is a President elected for a term of four years ; the Congress consists of an upper and a lower 
house. The inhabitants are whites of Spanish descent, Indians, and people of mixed blood ; the language chiefly spoken is Span- 
ish ; and the only religion tolerated is the Roman Catholic, the religion of the state. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1460 ± * * During the reign of Hualcopo 
Duchisela the conquest of Quito is 
undertaken by Tupac Yupanqui, the 
Inca of Peru. 

* * *Huaina-Capac, his son, completes the 
conquest of Quito by a great victory 
in the battle of Haluntaqui. 

1531* * Atahualpa, King of Quito, de- 
feats and imprisons his brother Huascar, 
King of Peru, in his capital, and rules 
the two kingdoms. 

1809 * * A revolution is attempted by 
the colonists, who are defeated in five 
or six battles. 

1821* *-24* * War with Spain. Gen. 
Bolivar aids the colonists to indepen- 
dence. Under Antonio Jose" de Sucre 
they defeat the Spaniards. 

1822 May 22. The Spaniards are de- 
feated in a battle fought on Mount 
Pichincha, 10,200 feet above the sea. 

May 24. The Spaniards capitulate. 

1824 Dec. * A decisive battle is fought 
at Ayacucho ; the Spaniards are de- 
feated by the Colombian troops. 

1828 * * -29 * * War with Peru ; the 
Colombians defeat 8,000 Peruvian in- 
vaders. 

1860 Aug. * Gen. Flores defeats Gen. 
Franco in a battle. 

1861 ± * * The army under Gen. Flores 
is completely routed by that of New 
Granada. 



1875 Sept. * Quito is declared in a 
state of siege after the assassination of 
the President. 

1876 Dec. 14. The revolutionary army 
under Gens. Vientemilla and Urbino, at 
Galte, defeats the constitutional army 
under Gen. Aparicio. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1755 Apr. * Quito is destroyed by an 
earthquake. 

1796 Feb. 4. An earthquake destroys 
the entire country between Santa F<5 
and Panama ; 40,000 persons in the cities 
of Cuzco and Quito are killed in one 
second. 

1859 Mar. 22. An earthquake at 
Quito kills about 5,000 persons, and does 
great damage to property. 

1863 Aug. * An earthquake kills 30,- 
000 people, ruins the public buildings of 
Quito, and completely destroys many 
towns. 

1877 June 26. The most notable erup- 
tion of Cotopaxi occurs. Quito is in 
complete darkness from the showers of 
ashes. 

1883 Dee. 13. Cotopaxi is in eruption. 

1884 Dec. 13. An earthquake at 
Guayaquil does much damage. 

1885 July 23. Cotopaxi is in a state 
of eruption, and a portion of Chimborazo 
at foot of Chimborazo is overflowed with 
lava ; Quito is in darkness for eight 
hours. 



* * A placer gold-mine is discovered 
between Chordeley and Gualaceo ; this 
gives a great impulse to gold-mining. 

1886 Jan. 11-16. The volcano Tun- 
gurahua is active; ashes cover the 
neighboring country a decimeter in 
depth. 

1889 Mar. 4. Several earthquake 
shocks are felt at Guayaquil. 

LETTERS. 

1874 May 4. The Academy of Ecua- 
dor is inaugurated. (Colleges are in the 
larger towns.) 

1876 * * Public instruction is still en- 
tirely under the control of the clergy and 
the Christian Brothers. 

1890 * * Primary education is gratui- 
tous and compulsory. 

SOCIETY. 
1845± * * A convention is entered into 

with England for the suppression of the 

slave-trade. 
1854 * * Slavery is abolished. 

1875 Feb. * The Government orders 
$12,000 to be paid to the bishop of Guay- 
aquil in compensation for his trouble 
and expense in erecting an orphan asy- 
lum and free schools. 

Aug. 6. President Moreno is assassi- 
nated in the corridor of the Public 



G44 280, * *-1892, Aug. 30. 



ECUADOR. 



Treasury in Quito by three men, one of 
whom is shot on the spot. 
1886 Feb. 6. An unsuccessful attempt 
is made to assassinate the President; a 
riot ensues at Guayaquil. 

CHURCH. 

1850 * * President Diego Noboa recalls 
the Jesuits. 

1867 * * By great concession, Protes- 
tants are permitted to have a burial- 
ground at Quito 

1870 * * President Moreno subordinates 
the authority of the Government to 
that of the church. 

1872 Dec. * A day is set apart for 
thanksgiving and prayer for the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

1874 * * Ten per cent of the revenue of 
the church belonging to the State is 
made an offering to the Pope, in spite 
of the depressed condition of the 
finances. 

* * * The oath of a Protestant has no 
force in a court of justice. 

STATE. 

280 * * A foreign tribe is said to have 
forced its way inland along the valley of 
the Esmeraldas, and established a king- 
dom at Quito [which lasts for about 
1,200 years]. 

1460+ * * Quito is conquered by Peru- 

1475 * * Huaina Capac the Great rules 
the two kingdoms 38 years. 

1525 * * The kingdom of Huaina Capac 
is divided between his two sons; Ata- 
hualpa takes the kingdom of Quito, and 
Huascar all that remains beside it. 

1530 * * "War breaks out between the 
two brothers. 

1532 * * Huascar is defeated and cap- 
tured by Atahualpa, who rules both 
kingdoms. 

Nov. 16. Atahualpa meets Pizarro. 
(See p. 20.) 

1533 Aug. 29. Pizarro executes 
Atahualpa. (See p. 20.) 

* *_34* * pizarro gains possession of 
the country. 

1534 * * Pedro de Alvarado, governor 
of Guatemala, heads an expedition of 
400 men against Quito. [Near Riobamba 
he is met by forces under Pizarro's lieu- 
tenants, Almagro and Benalcazar, and 
is induced to retire.] 

1539 * * Gonzalo Pizarro is appointed 
to command the province of Quito. (See 
p. 21.) 

Dec. 25. Gonzalo Pizarro explores the 
interior. (See p. 21.) 

1710* * The colony is attached to the 
Spanish vice-royalty at Santa Fe\ 

1718* * The province of Quito is de- 
tached from Peru, and annexed to 
New Granada. 

1722 * * The colony is restored to Peru. 
[For many years the colony Ian- 
] 



* * An insurrection of Indians breaks 
out; the insurgents kill the proprietors, 
and destroy all traces of the mines. 

1809 * * The colonists make an unsuc- 
cessful effort for freedom from Span- 
ish rule. 

1821 July * The Republic of Colom- 
bia is formed by the union of Ecuador, 
New Granada, and Venezuela. 

1831 * * Ecuador withdraws from Co- 
lombia, following the example of Ven- 
ezuela ; Gen. Juan Jose" Flores is the 
first President. 

* * — 1852* * History becomes a series 
of pronunciamentos and attempted rev- 
olutions. 

1835 * * Vicente Rocafuerte becomes 
President. 

1839 * * Gen. Flores regains the presi- 
dency. 

1843 * * The Constitution is adopted. 

* * Gen. Flores is elected President for 
the third time. 

He soon accepts the title generalis- 
simo and a sum of 20,000 pesos, and 
leaves the country to his rivals. 
1845 * * Gen. Roca is elected President. 

A period of great confusion follows. 
1850 * * Diego Noboa is elected Presi- 
dent. 

A ^rupture occurs with New Granada 
respecting the harboring of refugees. 

* * Urbina, a Democrat, becomes a prac- 
tical dictator. 

1852 * * The Constitution is modified. 

1856* * Gen. Francisco Robles is 
elected President. 

[He secures the adoption of the French 
system of coinage, weights, and meas- 
ures.] 

1859 Aug. 21. President Robles abdi- 
cates after refusing to sign the treaty 
with Peru. 

* * Gen. Franco becomes President. 

1861 Jan. * Dr. Gabriel Garcia Mo- 
reno is elected President by the Conser- 
vative party. 

1864 * * President Moreno resigns, but 
his resignation is unaccepted. 

1865 May * The Democrats under Ur- 
bino, Franco, and Robles lead an in- 
surrection, and seize a government 
war-steamer at Guayaquil. 

June * President Moreno seizes a mail- 
steamer sailing under the British flag, 
and captures three small steamers of 
the insurgents, and quells the rebellion ; 
20 of the captured rebels are shot, among 
whom are the leaders. 

Aug. 4. Geronimo Carrion is elected 
President. 

1866 Jan. * Ecuador unites with Chile 
and Peru in an alliance for the banish- 
ment of all Spanish subjects. 

1867 Nov. * President Carrion re- 
signs because of a vote of censure hav- 
ing been passed upon him by Congress. 

* * Pedro Jose de Arteta, Vice-Presi- 
dent, assumes control of the Govern- 
ment, and the old Cabinet is recon- 
structed. 



* * Congress revokes the extraordinary 
powers of the President, by which he 
u;i- allowed to Imprison any person con- 
sidered dangerous to public order. 

1868 Jan. * XavierEspinosa is elected 
President. 

1869* * Ex-president Moreno heads a 
revolution, and seizes the government. 

1873 * * Copper money becomes legal 
tender. 



* * -Dec. 8. Dr. Borreo is elected Pres- 
ident. 

1876 Sept.+ * Vientemilla, military com- 
mandant at Guayaquil, leads a success- 
ful revolt against the Government. [He 
becomes President.] 

1877 * * The Conservatives are over- 
thrown by the "Terrorists of the 
North," led by Gen. Yepez. 

* * Political matters are in a state of an- 
archy. 

1878 * * Two Vice-Presidents are ap- 
pointed to replace the President should 
circumstances require it. 

1882 Aug. * Vientemilla provokes a 
revolution to enable him to again be 
appointed Supreme Chief , an office which 
he had filled for six years. 

1883 Jan. * The revolutionary move- 
ment having become general, Gen. Sa- 
lazai leads a successful attack. 

Jan. * Gen. Alfaro becomes dictator. 

1S84 Feb. 12. Jose* Maria Placido 
Caamans is elected President. 

Nov. 6. Gen. Alfaro leaves the Bay of 
Panama at the head of a rebel force. 

1SS5 July* Congress passes anew tar- 
iff bill, raising the import and export 
dues. 

* * Lighthouse dues are levied. 

1885 Dec. * The Government sends a 
colonising expedition to the Galapa- 
gos Archipelago. 

1889 Sept. 22. The Government issues 
an order prohibiting Chinese immi- 
gration. 

Oct. 30. A new m inis try is formed. 
and consists of Carlos K. Tabor, of Inte- 
rior and Foreign Affairs ; Francisco Cam - 
po, of Finance ; Elias Lazo, of Public 
Instruction and Justice ; and Gen. Julio 
Saenz, of War. 

1890 Oct. 13. The Government de- 
crees that in future all profits realized 
from the sale of gunpowder (a Gov- 
ernment monopoly) shall be devoted to 
the furtherance of missionary work in 
the eastern and almost unknown regions 
of the Republic. 

1892 Aug. 30. President Cordera's 
Cabinet is announced, with Seflor Vi- 
cente Lucio Salazar as Minister of Inte- 
rior and Foreign Affairs. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1495± * * Atahualpa, Inca., is born. 

1525 Nov.* Huyana Capac, the 
Great, dies. 

1859 * * The first carriage is intro- 
duced into Quito. 



EGYPT. 



5004 b.c-3633 B.C. 645 



Eg vpt is a country in Northeastern Africa, tributary to Turkey, but under the control of England. Egypt proper consists of 
the fertile valley of the Nile, a territory averaging eight miles wide in its fertile part, with the desert beyond, and extending 850 
miles to Wady Haifa, at the Second Cataract. There are 14 provinces, with Cairo as the capital ; area, 10,698 square miles ; popu- 
lation, 6,S17,265. The ruler is a hereditary despot, called the Khedive; the inhabitants are a mixture, — Egyptians, Nubians, 
Abyssinians, Levantines, Turks, Negroes, Armenians, Jews, and European races ; the common language is Arabic, though many 
use the Coptic or native Egyptian tongue, and the Mohammedan religion chiefly prevails. 

The prosperity of the country has ever depended on the inundation of the Nile, which begins about the middle of June at 
Cairo, and subsides about the middle of November. 

The chronology favored by Mariette is followed until the time of the conquest by Alexander the Great ; many important 
events, however, have additional dates, approved by other authorities. " The chronological riddle [of ancient Egypt] is unsolv- 
able. The list of early kings furnished by Mantheo, who wrote 2,000 years after their time, has no certain value." (Kawlinson.) 
Many of the kings have two names, a throne and a personal name. Nearly all dates have an uncertain value until the Fourth 
Dynasty, B. c. 4235, when the monuments afford dates for Egyptian events. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
3733± * * B. C. Khufu is exceptionally 
a warrior king. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

4300± * * B. c. The first recorded fam- 
ine occurs, during the reign of the fourth 
king. 

4133 * * b. c. An earthquake destroys 
many lives. 

3766 * * b. c. The history of Egyptian 
monument-bunding begins with Sene- 
feru, who appears to be the same as 
Soris. 

3733* *b.c. Khufu (Cheops) builds the 
Great Pyramid for his tomb. 

It is the most prodigious construction 
ever erected by the hands of man : He- 
rodotus says it required the labor of 100,- 
000 men for 20 years in its construction ; 
10 years were previously employed in 
making the road from the quarry to the 
selected site, a distance of 3,051 feet, and 
constructed of highly polished stone 
with figures engraved' upon it. 

3666 * * b. c. Two statues of this pe- 
riod [remain], representing King Khaf- 
Ra; they are in green basalt. 

* * b. c. Khaf-ra builds the second pyra- 
mid. 

" It is probable that Khaf-Ka built the 
small temple behind the Sphinx, which 
he adorned with his statues. The stones 
are polished, and fit to a hair's breadth." 
(Kawlinson.) 

The pyramids are placed with astro- 
nomical exactness. 

3633* *b.c. Men-kau-Ra builds a 
modest tomb. [Succeeding monarchs 
follow his example.] 

Art in Egyptian statuary never sur- 
passed this period, yet it is exceedingly 
inferior to that of archaic Greek. 

Men-kau-Ra builds the third pyra- 
mid at Gizeh. 

Monuments cease to reveal the history 
of Egypt [for more than 400 years]. 

CHURCH. 

Note. — The religion of Eg-ypt may natu- 
rally divide its history into three periods, — 
the heathen. Christian, and Mohamme- 

The following descriptions of the reli- 
gion of the early Egyptians are chiefly 
taken from Kawlinson. 
4100 * * b. c. Ka-Kau (Kaiechos) intro- 
duces the worship of the bulls of Apis 
at Memphis; the worship of Minerva 
is observed at Memphis near the Delta. 

The real practical religion of the 
primitive period is the worship of 
ancestors. 



period ; here hymns are sung, offerings 
made, and services conducted, from 
which both the dead and the living are 
expected to derive advantage. 

The early Egyptians "viewed their 
ancestors as still living, and as inter- 
ested in the condition and prospects of 
their descendants ; they regarded them 
as invested with a quasi-divinity." 

There appears " at the root of the 
Egyptian religion the belief in a future 
life, and of happiness or misery beyond 
the grave." 

Embalming is practised long before 
the construction of the pyramids. 

The composition of the Book of the 
Dead " was ascribed to the gods." 
3666 * * b. c. The queen of Khaf-Ka 

is high-priestess of Thoth. 
3633± * * b. c. In the reign of Men- 
kau-Ka religion no longer regards the 
souls of the just " as retaining their 
individuality in the other world, but as 
identified, each and all, with Osiris him- 
self, and were thought to be at any rate 
temporarily absorbed into his divine 
being." 

* * b. c. King Men-kau-Ra pays special 
attention to religion, and dedicates 
himself to Ra, the sun-god, and cares 
for the temples. 

LETTERS. 

* * * b. c. The records of the first dy- 
nasties of Egypt exhibit a literature 
already existing and elaborated. 

The walls of the interior of sepulchral 
chambers are covered with long inscrip- 
tions which gave the titles and employ- 
ments, honors, and possessions of tlie 
deceased. " The different kinds of hier- 
oglyphs, symbolic, determinative, pho- 
netic, are all in use." (Kawlinson.) 

4366 * * B. c. King Athothis, a physi- 
cian, writes anatomical books. 

3766± * * b. c. Seneferu, the first of the 
pyramid kings, "is the first Egyptian 
monarch who has left behind him an in- 
scription "— the tablet at Wady Ma- 
gharah. (Kawlinson.) 



SOCIETY. 

4066 * * b. c. In the reign of Ba-en- 
neter (Binothris) a law is passed per- 
mitting women to hold the sovereign 
power. 

3733± * * b. r. Egyptian society is di- 
vided into classes. Intolerable bond- 
age is caused by the labor of building 
the pyramids. 

3633± * * b. c. Men-kau-Ra selects a 
youth named Petah-ases from among 



the common people, and rears him in 
the palace with his own children. 

STATE. 

5004±* * -3064i:* *b.c. The An- 
cient Empire: it lasts 1,940 years. 

The foundation of the Egyptian mon- 
archy begins. (Mariette.) 

I. Dynasty : It is established at Thinis in 
Upper Egypt. 

4400 * * b. c. Mena is the first authen- 
tic king. 

Mena, or Misraim, the half mythical 
founder of the nation, is said to have 
conquered lower Egypt, and built his 
capital at Memphis. (Bbckb, b. c. 5702 ; 
linger, 5(1 1. "i ; Lenonnant, 5004 ; Brugsch- 
Bey, 4455; Lauth, 4157. Lepsius, 3892; 
Bunseu, 3628; Poole, 2717; Wilkinson, 
2691 ; Rawlinson, 2700.) 

4366 * * b. c. Teta reigns. He founds 
the palace at Memphis. [4333, Atet ; 
4300, Ata; 420(1, Hesep-ti ; 4233, Mer-ba- 
pen; 4200, Senien-Ptah ; 4166, Qebh.] 

H. Dynasty: Established at Thinis in 
Upper Egypt. 

4133 * * B.C. Neter-bain (Boethosor Bu- 
tan) reigns. [4100, Ka-Kau (Kaiechos).] 

4066 * * b. c. Ba-en-neter (Binothris) 
reigns. A law is passed decreeing that 
women may hold the sovereign power. 
[4033, Uat, -nes ; 4000, Senta.] 

HI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis 
in Middle Egypt, south of Cairo, on the 
Nile. 

3966 * * b. c. T'at'ai reigns. 

3933* *b. c. Neb-Ka (Necherophes) 
reigns. The Libyans revolt, and then 
return to their allegiance. [3900, Ser ; 
3S66, Teta ; 3833, Set'es ; 3S00, Nefer-ka- 
Ra and Huni reign.] 

3766 * * B. c. Seneferu (Senoferu, or 
Soris) reigns. Prosperity attends this 
good and beneficent king. 

XV. Dynasty: Established at Memphis 
in Middle Egypt ; it has been called the 
pyramid dynasty, and is the culminat- 
ing period of the Ancient Empire. 

* * b. c. Egyptian history now emerges 
from the mists of obscurity, and discloses 
a genuine and progressive civilization. 

3733** B.C. Khufu (Suphisl, or 
Cheops) reigns. 

He is the greatest king; of this period, 
and distinguishes his reign by building 
the Great Pyramid ; he holds his people 
in a condition of intolerable bondage 
while building bis monuments. 

3700 * * b. c. Tat-f-Ra (Ratatf) reigns. 

3666 * * Khaf-Ra (Shafra) reigns. 

[He is the first of the kings who has 
given to modern times his statue; two 
of the statues are known.] 



646 



3633 b.c. -1700 e.c. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
3533= * * B. c. King Sahu-Ra leads a 
military expedition into the Sinaitic 
region of Arabia. 

* * The kings of this period are disin- 
clined to war. 

3433+ * * b. c. User-en-Ra leads a mil- 
itary expedition into the Sinaitic pe- 
ninsula. 

3233 = * * b. c. A martial spirit is first 
seen in the VT. Dynasty; Una, the com- 
manding general for King Pepi I., con- 
ducts five niilitary expeditions against 
the Herusha, who dwell in the desert 
east of lower Egypt. 

3166=* *b. c. Pepi II. is the first 
Egyptian king given to "war. 

He leads an expedition into the Sina- 
itic peninsula against Mentuon and an- 
other against the Amu and the Herusha ; 
he also subdues the negroes, and gathers 
an immense army for his expeditions ; 
the war spirit inspires his people. 

2466 * * -2266 * * b. c. The Egyptian 
kings carry on military operations 
against the troublesome Ethiopians ; the 
fortresses of Kumneh and Semneh are 
built on either side of the Nile to protect 
the realm from invaders. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

3566 * * b. c. TJser-ka-f builds a small 
pyramid, and calls it TJab-asu, "the 
most holy of all places." 

= Dancing of a solemn and formal 
movement, with the sexes apart from 
each other, is practised ; the harp, 
flute, and pipe are employed at ban- 
quets. 

3533 * * b. c. King Sahu-Ra erects a 
pyramid, and calls it Sha-ba, or "the 
rising of the soul." 

3500 * * b. c. Kakaa begins the tomb 
of Ti, " the marvel of Succarah." 

3433 * * b. c. User-en-Ra builds the 
Pyramid of Abousir, the smallest of 
the three great pyramids, the base be- 
ing only 274 feet square, and the eleva- 
tion 171 feet and four inches. Many 
magnificent tombs are erected in his 
reign. 

3400=* * b. c. Representations of King 
Men-kau-Hor are cut in relief on the 
walls of the great Serapeum near Mem- 
phis. 

3166 * * b. c. King Pepi builds a pyra- 
mid tomb which he calls Mennefer, 
" the good abode ; " he repairs the Tem- 
ple of Athor at Denderah and Ham- 
manat. 

3066 * * -2630 * * b. c. Eor a period of 
436 years the monuments are almost 
silent respecting the history of Egypt. 

2433 * * b. o. Usertsen erects the obe- 
lisk of pink granite [which still stands], 
66 feet high, upon the site of Heliopolis ; 
" the earliest monument of the kind pos- 
sessing any considerable grandeur." 
(Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. Usertsen constructs temples 
at Tanis, at Abydos, and Eileithyia, 
"which were adorned with sculptures, 
inscriptions, and colossal statues." 

2400 * * b. c. Indigo-dyeing is known. 



2300* *-2266* *b.c. Amen-era-hat 
III. is famous for his engineering works ; 
he builds a dam 27 miles long, averaging 
30 feet high, by which the artificial lake 
called Moeris is formed; it is 14 miles 
long, 6 to 11 wide, and covers 40 square 
miles ; it is constructed for storing 
water. He also builds the famous Laby- 
rintb, a large palace for ceremonial acts 
and sacrifices. 

± * * b. c. The Temple of Amnion is 
commenced by Amen-em-hat, at Karnak, 
opposite Thebes. 

He also builds a palace adorned with 
gold, having a roof of blue, and walls 
of stones fastened together with iron 
clamps ; he said it was made for eternity 
[but it has disappeared]. 

2240 * * b. c. Glass is known and used. 

2000 * * b. c. XT. and XVI. Dynasties : 
The Hyksos arrest tbe production of 
art ; no monument exposes this miser- 
able period of Egyptian history. (Mari- 
ette.) 

Glass and pottery increase in ele- 
gance ; the Egyptians brew beer from 
barley ; tanning is known. 

1700* * -1400* * b.c. Egyptian arch- 
itecture reaches its highest perfection 
under the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties. 

The arts of life are much developed; 
costumes are more elaborate ; houses 
more artistic and increased provision 
for comfort appear. Horses are intro- 
duced from Asia ; the chariot takes the 
place of the palanquin. "The young 
dandy prided himself on the strength 
and lightness of his vehicle, the perfect 
shape and condition of his carriage 
horses, the beauty of their trappings, and 
his own skill in driving them." (Raw- 
linson.) 

* * * b. c. Aahmes is a liberal patron 
of art ; his colossi are immense. 

XVTII. Dynasty: Monuments are 
erected along the Nile in both Upper 
and Lower Egypt. 

* * * b. c. The hypogea of Beni-Hasan 
and of Siut are erected during the time 
of the Middle Empire ; also the Colossi 
of San and of Abydos and the obe- 
lisks of Materiyeh and Beyig. 

XVXTX Dynasty: Queen Hatshepsu 
commences the two great obelisks at 
Karnak, one of which is completed and 
crowned with pyramidions of pure gold 
taken from conquered foes ; she also 
builds the Temple of Der-el-Bahari. 

CHURCH. 

3533 * * B. c. Sahu-Ra announces him- 
self on his sculpture as "the great god 
who strikes down all nations." 

Sahu-Ra names the pyramid he erects 
Sha-ba, " the rising of the soul," to 
mark his belief in the resurrection of 
the dead. 

3466 * * b. c. Nefer-f-Ra builds a pyra- 
mid tomb called Menaukh, " the abode 
of life." 

* * * b. c. The Egyptians divide their 
gods into two classes, the universal 
and the local. 

3433* *B. c. User-en-Ra takes the titles 
of divinity, the great god, lord of the 
two lands, king of Egypt, king of the 



upper and lower countries conquering 
Horus, and son of tbe sun. 

* * * b. c. During the V. Dynasty the 
ancient gods are worshiped, including 
Ra, Set, Thoth, Hor, Osiris, Isis-Atbor. 
Phthah, and Anabis ; there are traces 
of the worship of Nut, Seb.Khen. Kneph, 
Neitb, Ma, Saf, and Heka. 

* * * b. c. The "prophets" include 
persons of both sexes. The passage of 
souls through the lower world is plainly 
taught. Osiris is worshiped as tbe 
great ruler of the dead. Animal wor- 
ship is practised; a white bull and a 
sacred heifer are regarded as possessing 
a divine character. 

* * * b. c. The Sothiac festival is first 
discovered during tbe XI. Dynasty ; 
feasts are held at stated periods in 
honor of tbe gods Khem, Phthah-Sokari, 
and Thoth. 

* * * b. c. Ammon, the great god, is 
worshiped ; his chief temple and oracle 
is at Thebes. 

* * *b. c. XII. Dynasty : Religion is 
modified by the elevation of Ammon 
to the headship of the Pantheon. 

* * *b. c. Sabak is advanced "from a 
local or subordinate position to one of 
high rank among tbe universal divini- 
ties of the country." (Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. The kings are more absolutely 
■worshiped than in previous dynasties. 

2876= * * b. c. Abraham visits Egypt. 
(Wilkinson.) 

* * * b. c Joseph, the Hebrew slave, 
is elevated to the office of prime minister 
under one of the Shepherd kings, prob- 
ably Apepi ; and being of a kindred race, 
it more easily explains his remarkable 
promotion. 

Apepi introduces the worship of Set, 
or Sutekh, into tbe Delta, and sends a 
message to Sakenen-Ra, a native prince, 
to give up the worship of Amen-Ra, and 
honor the new divinity alone ; his refusal 
brings on general war and the expulsion 
of the Hyksos. 
2754 * * b. c. The Israelites migrate 
from Canaan to Egypt. ("Wilkinson.) 

* * * b. C. The Hyksos are monotheists, 
and hate polytheism, therefore they 
destroy the temples indiscriminately and 
with them the records they contain ; 
they also forbid the worship of the 
native gods. 

1700= * * b. c. Aahmes restores the 
temples which had been thrown down 
by the Hyksos. 

LETTERS. 
3366= * * b. c. A papyrus is written dur- 
ing the reign of Tat-Ka-ra by Ptah- 
hotep, " probably the most ancient 
manuscript in the world." 

" Its subject is the proper conduct of 
life, and the advantages to be derived 
from right behavior ; it is called the 
book of the Prim-e Ptali-hotep. The 
writer says he is 110 years old when 
writing." (Rawlinson.) 

* * * B. c. " Literature grows in repute 
as a profession." (Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. The birth of history occurs 
in the form of a lengthy biographical 
memoir of an official, " which is in- 
scribed on his tomb. 



EGYPT. 



3633 b.c-1700 b.c. 



647 



SOCIETY. 

3566 * * b. c. During the VI. Dynasty 
simplicity of dress yields to ornamenta- 
tion ; wine becomes an important prod- 
uct of the land ; both wine and beer 
are drunk by the Egyptians. 

3066 1 * * b. c. Queen Nitoeris avenges 
the assassination of her brother by in- 
veigling his murderers into a subterra- 
nean gallery, where they are drowned by 
flooding the passage. 

* * * b. c. During the XI. Dynasty Egypt 
is the only country in the world that 
is both cultivated and civilized ; bar- 
barism abounds elsewhere. 

2466± * * B. C. During the XII. Dynasty 
civilization advances in all of its 
branches, especially during the reign of 
Usertsen III. 

* * * b. c. The second civilization oC 
Egypt occurs. 

Unlike the first, which " was egoistic, 
self-seeking, stately, cold, cruel," it 
" was utilitarian, beneficent, appealing 
less to the eye than to the mind, but ju- 
dicious, far-sighted in its aims, and most 
successful in the results." (Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. Productive pursuits sup- 
plant monument building; the welfare 
of subjects, instead of the glorification 
of rulers, becomes the aim of civilization. 

* * * b. c. Luxury increases; "Pal- 
aces are painted, and adorned with gold." 

Bracelets are worn by both men and 
women and anklets by the latter exclu- 
sively; men sometimes wear artificial 
beards attached U* their wigs ; grandees 
are carried in highly ornamented lit- 
ters. (Rawlinson.) 
2240+ * * b. c. XA r . and XVI. Dynasties: 
The invading Hyksos massacre the peo- 
ple, and pillage and destroy the temples 
with their records ; after a time they 
adopt the ways and dress of the Egyp- 
tians. 

* * * b. c. The civilization of Egygt is 
a nnihil ated by the Hyksos, but an im- 
proved civilization follows. (Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. In the XVIII. and XIX. Dy- 
nasties indecency of dress is common. 

* * * b. c. Punishment is inflicted by 
the bastinado on both men and women 
stripped naked. 

* * * b. c. Captives are subject to sla- 
very or death. 

* * * B. C. To keep the fealty of the 
slaves, their bodies are systematically 
mutilated. 

* * * b. c. Polygamy is introduced, and 
honored by royal prestige. 

STATE. 

3633 * * b. c. Men-kau-Ra (Mencheres), 
the founder of the third pyramid, reigns; 
he is a just ruler and a kind man. 

3600 * * b. c. Shepses-ka-f reigns. 

"V. Dynasty : Established at Elephan- 
tine, near the First Cataract. 

3566 * * b. c. User-ka-f reigns. [3533, 
Sahu-Ra ; 3500, Kakaa.] 

3466* *b.c. Nefer-f-Ra(Shepses-ka-Ra) 
reigns. He has a double name, both a 
throne and personal name, like many 
following kings. 

3433 * * User-en-Ra and An reign. 



3400 * * n. <\ Men-kau-hor reigns. He 
is enthroned while yet a youth. 

3366 * * b. c. Tat-Ka-Ra (Assa) reigns. 
[3333, Unas.] 
VI. Dynasty: Established at Memphis. 
A new family succeeds to the throne, 
having its origin at Memphis. History 
begins to assume greater importance, 
and Egypt begins to appear as a united 
monarchy. 

3300 * * B. c. Teta reigns. [3266, User- 
ka-Ra (Ati) ; 3233, Meri-Ra (Fepi I.); he 
has a long and successful reign.] 

3200* * b. c. Mer-en-Ra (Hor-em-sa-f ) 
reigus, succeeding his father in a short 
reign. Una is made governor of Upper 
Egypt. 

3166 * *b. c. Nefer-Ka-Ra (Pepi H., or 
Apappus) succeeds his older brother; 
he reigns 20 years, and is described as a 
giant. [Many believe that his mother 
was associated with her son.] 

3133* *b. c. Mer-en-se(?)-em-sa-f 
reigns. 

3100* * b. c. Neter-ka-Ra reigns. 

3066 * * b. c. Men-ka-Ra (Nit-aqert, or 
Queen Nitocris) reigns. [She is the only 
queen having a sole reign ; she is cele- 
brated for her beauty and nobility of 
mind.] 

[3066-2600 B. c. The monuments give 
scarcely any information.] 

VH.-XI. Dynasties: Egypt is disin- 
tegrated. 

The kingdoms of Memphis, Heracle- 
opas, and Thebes are mentioned ; and 
the latter becomes a free city of much 
importance, and the seat of sovereign 
power. 

Civilization appears arrested, and 
Egypt seems to disappear from the na- 
tions for 436 years. 

3033* * b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra reigns. 
[3000, Nefer-ka-Ra-nebi; 2966, Tat-ka- 
Ra-Maat ; 2933, Nefer-ka-Ra-khentu ; 
2900, Mer-en-Hor; 2866, Se-nefer-ka-Ra; 
2S33, Ka-en-Ka ; I'xno, Xefer-ka-Ra-terer ; 
2766, Nefer-ka-Hor ; 2733, Nefer-ka-Ra- 
Pepi-senb ; 27O0,Nefer-ka-Ra-annu ; 2666, 
Nef er-k a u-R a.] 

* * The Middle Kingdom : Extending 
from the XI. Dynasty to the XVLU. It 
lasts 1,361 years. 

2600 * * b. c. Nefer-kau-Hor reigns. 

2566* * b. c. Nefer-ari-ka-Ra reigns. 

2533 * * b. c. Neb-kher-Ra (Mentu-ho- 
tep V.) reigns. He sinks wells in the 
desert for the use of caravans, and ex- 
tends commerce. 

* * * Many immigrants arrive in fertile 
Egypt. 

2500 * * b. c. Se-ankh-ka-Ra reigns at 
Thebes. 

XII. Dynasty : Established in Upper 
Egypt. 

Thebes is chosen for the first time the 
seat of sovereign power ; the nation 
awakes from its long [slumbers ; great 
changes take place, so that old family 
names, the titles of officials, the writ- 
ing, and even the religion seem new. 

* * * B. C. A brilliant epoch follows the 
long night of 436 years. The Usertsens 
and Amen-em-hats become forever fa- 

2466 * * b. c. Se-hotep-ab-Ra (Amen- 
em-hat I.), the founder, rules with 
great energy and success, and probably 
extends the power of Egypt up the Nile 
and over a part of Nubia. 



2433 * * b. c. Kheper-ka-Ra (Usertsen 
I.) succeeds his father, after being asso- 
ciated with him for a few years. 

One of afamous line of energetic kings, 
he reigns for 35 years after his father's 
death ; the Km pin- is in the highest pros- 
perity since the IV. Dynasty ; he con- 
tinues the conquests of Amen-em-hat I., 
and erects obelisks. 

2400 * * b. c. Nub-kau-Ra (Amen-em- 
hat II.) succeeds his father, after being 
associated with him for six years, and 
reigns alone for 13 years : the Empire 
flourishes. 

2366 * * Kha-kheper-Ra (Usertsen H.) 
reigns, and prosperity continues. 

2333 * * b. c. Kha-kau-Ra (Usertsen 
ill ,) reigns. [He is one of the most 
famous kings of this dynasty.] 

He introduces a settled government in 
Nubia, and annexes Northern Nubia ; 
Egyptian civilization is probably at its 
highest point. 

2300* *Maat-en-Ra (Amen-em-hat 
in ,) reigns for 43 years, and builds the 
famous Labyrinth, and constructs Lake 
Meoris. (See Art.) 

2266 * * b. c. Maat-Khern-Ra (Amen- 
em-hat TV.) reigns. His sister Sabak- 
nefrn-Ra reigns conjointly with him 
for the last four years. 

XIH . Dynasty: Established at 
Thebes. [Time, 453 years.] 

The Ne-fer-hoteps and Sebek-hoteps 
are preeminent ; the prosperity of Egypt 
continues. 

2240 * * b. c. (Wilkinson's date.) Prob- 
able invasion of Lower Egypt by the 
Hyksos, or Shepherd kings, about 
the close of the XIII. Dynasty. They 
are wandering tribes of Semitic descent. 
(Mariette.) 

* * B. c. (Wilkinson's date.) Salatis, the 
first of the Shepherd kings, reigns ; he is 
followed by Beon, then Apachn» Apo- 
phis, Janias, and Assis, the founders of 
the line. 

XT V. Dynasty: Established at Xoite 
in the Delta. [Time, 1S4 years.] "We 
know absolutely nothing of the XTY". 
Dynasty." (Mariette.) 

XV. Dynasty: Established at 
Thebes; a sudden decline of the glory 
of Egypt ensues. 

Civilization is brought to a standstill 
by the invading Hyksos, who subdue 
northern Egypt for four centuries, while 
the kings arc banished into the Thebaid, 
with the invaders for neighbors and 
probably for masters. 

XVI. Dynasty: Established at 
Thebes ; rival sovereigns in Upper and 
Lower Egypt continue. 

XVH. Dynasty: Sekenen-Ra reigns ; 
rival sovereigns continue ; Upper Egypt 
is a thoroughly civilized state, and Lower 
Egypt is recovering ; a fresh dynasty of 
the Hyksos (Khetas) begins in Lower 
Egypt, at Tanis ; the barbarous Hyksos 
, become in a measure civilized through 
the reaction of Egyptian civilization 
upon them. 
2240± * * b. c. The Hyksos invaders 
take Memphis, and establish a garrison 
in Egypt of 240,000 men. 



648 



1700 b.c. -1100 b.c. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

* * * b. c. Thothnies III. invades Asia, 

subdues Syria, and enters Mesopotamia. 
(See State.) 

* * * Thothmes III. defeats the Hittites 
in a great battle at Megiddo [in Pales- 
tine] ; he takes 5,900 prisoners, 924 char- 
iots, and great booty. 

1566± * * b. c. Amenophisll. captures 
Nineveh. 

1366i * * b. c. Seti I. invades and con- 
quers Northern Syria, defeats the 
Hittites, and leads military expeditions 
into Arabia and Ethiopia. 

1333+ * * B. c. Ramses II. engages in 
war on land and sea, and has many 
brilliant victories ; he subdues the re- 
volting negroes and the Ethiopians in 
the south, tights the Khetas (Hittites) in 
Asia for 18 years, and then makes a 
treaty of peace with them. 

1300+ * * Libyans having fair hair and 
blue eyes invade the desert west of 
the Delta. 

+ * * b. c. The army of Egypt is over- 
whelmed in the Red Sea while pur- 
suing the fugitive Hebrews. 

1200+ * * b. c. Kamses III. engages in 
many wars on sea and land. 

He defeats the Shashu, of the Pales- 
tine desert, called the Bedawin plunder- 
ers of the monuments, the Libyans of 
Africa, and the confederate nations of 
Asia Minor ; he also repels the invasion 
of the Mashuasha of North Africa. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1500 + * * B. c. Amenophis III. raises 
monuments unsurpassed in grandeur 
and perfection of finish. 

He erects the Temple of Gebel-Barkal 
in Sudan and that at Soleb near the 
third cataract, also a part of the temple 
at Luxor. 

He erects one of the most important 
edifices on the Nile. [Now destroyed, 
and only two colossi remaining.] 

Amenophis III. as a builder " may 
claim a place among the most distin- 
guished Egyptian uionarchs." (Rawlin- 
son.) 

He erects magnificent palaces and 
temples at Thebes ; two gigantic statues 
representing the king in sitting posture 
which were nearly 70 feet high [yet 
remain]. 

1461+ * * b. c. Thothmes III. becomes 
" one of the greatest of Egyptian build- 
ers and patrons of art." (Rawlinson.) 
He erects immense obelisks, two of 
which are 1G2 feet high, two others of 
105 feet. [One of these now stands in 
Rome before the Church of St. John 
Lateran ; one of his monoliths, which 
originally adorned the entrance to the 
Temple of the Sun at Heliopolis, has 
been removed to London, and another 
to Central Park, New York.] 

1400+ * * b. c. The arch is used in ar- 
chitecture. 

1366± * * b. c. Seti I. erects the great 
hypostyle hall at Karnak, called the 
HaU of Columns, a masterpiece of ar- 
chitecture, also the grand Temple of 
Abydos; and during his reign the sub- 
terranean tomb of the king is excavated 
at Bab-el-Moluk. (Mariette.) 



Seti is the first to join the Red Sea 
and the Nile by a canal ; he sinks an 
artesian well on the caravan road to 
Gebel-A toki . (Mariette.) 
1333 + * * b. C. Ramses II. is the great- 
est of all the builders. 

Among his works are the two temples 
of Abu-Si mbel, the Ramesseum at 
Thebes, the small temple at Abydos, and 
many large buildings elsewhere. (Ma- 
riette.) 

[He builds obelisks, statues, and co- 
lossi ; one of his monoliths now stands 
on the Place de la Concorde in Paris ; it 
is a pink syenite granite shaft exqui- 
sitely carved, and is 82 feet high.] 

Ramses II., by slave-labor, builds the 
** Great "Wall," 90 miles long, extend- 
ing from Pelusium to Heliopolis ; he cov- 
ers Egypt with magnificent buildings, 
and constructs "theHouse of Ramses," 
south of Karnak, and the Temple of Am- 
nion; also the "Great Canal" from 
the Nile to the Red Sea. 
1200+ * * b. c. Ramses III. constructs 
the magnificent temple at Medinet- 
Habu. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



CHURCH. 

* * *b. c. Thothmes II., of the XVIII. 

Dynasty, is a devotee ( >f the god Amnion, 

whose temple he improves. 
1600+ * *b. c. The Israelites live 

peaceably in Egypt under the reign of 

Thothmes III. of the XVIII. Dynasty. 
1466* * b. c. Amenophis IV. introduces 

the Semitic religion. 

* * b. c. A religious revolution occurs; 
Amenophis IV. becomes a heretic. 

He advocates the substitution of 
monotheism in sun worship for the 
ancient worships, and is bitterly opposed 
by the priests of the old religion ; he 
proscribes the worship of Amen, the 
supreme deity ; Amenoph is substituted, 
and the temples are despoiled which 
are dedicated to Amen. 

1433+ * * B. c. King Horus restores the 
old Egyptian polytheistic worship. 
(1364, Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. In the XX. Dynasty, it ap- 
pears, from the calendar of feasts, that 
during the first five months of the year 
one day in five is observed as sacred. 

1400+ * * B. c. "Ramses I. names his 
eldest son Seti, a name commonly writ- 
ten with the figure of the god Set, and 
implying a dedication of his first-born 
to that divinity." (Rawlinson.) 

* * * b. c. About 40 deities are wor- 
shiped by the Egyptians. 

1366+ * * b. c. Seti favors the old poly- 
theistic religion, as policy requires him 
to do. 

1333+ * * B. c. Ramses II. surpasses 
other kings in fostering king-worship 
by associating himself with Phthah dur- 
ing his lifetime, and also with Amnion 
and Horus, claiming equally religious 
regards from his subjects. 

1300+ * * b. c. Moses appears at the 
court of Meneptah H., the son of 



Ramses the Great, and intercedes for 
the Hebrews. 

* * * b. c. Sacrilege becomes fashion- 
able ; the bodies of the dead are treated 
with ill-usage and contempt. 

1100= * * b. c. The priest-order in- 
creases in power, and finally dominates 
the throne, and claims royal honors and 
authority. 

LETTERS. 

1670± * * b. c. A galaxy of writers ap- 
pears in the XVIII. and XIX. Dynasties. 
Among them is Pentaour the " epic- 
poet," who celebrates the victories of 
Ramses II. "History, divinitv, practi- 
cal philosophy, poetry, epistolary cor- 
respondence, novels, or tales, occupied 
the attention of numerous writers." 



"A public library is established at 
Thebes, under a director named Amen- 
em-au" (Rawlinson). Copies of earlier 
writings are made, such as The Instruc- 
tors of Amenem-hat, The Tate of the Tiro 
Brothers, The J'mist of Lt-n ruing, and 
the larger part of The Book of the JJead. 
1600+ * * b. c. A chronology of the 
kings of Egypt is arranged by Thothmes 
III. 



SOCIETY. 

1633+ * * b. c. Thothmes I. is " married 
to a wife, Aahmes, who is thought to 
have been his sister." 

1566+ * * b. c. Queen Hatshepsu as- 
sumes male apparel, and the style and 
title of a king. 

* * * b. c. Slave-labor enables Thoth- 
mes III. to accomplish his numerous 
great creations in architecture, as shown 
by the figures and writings of monu- 
ments. (Rawlinson, 1461.) 

1500+ * * b. o. Female influence is 
conspicuous in the reign of Amenophis 

m. 

* * * b. c. Bricks are made by slave- 
labor for erecting temples and other 
buildings, while overseers with stick in 
hand look on. 

1333 * * b. c. Ramses II. marries a Hit- 
tite princess. 

He takes many captives in his African 
war, who become slaves ; slave-hunting 
expeditions are organized. 

* * * b. c. Ramses II. becomes the fa- 
ther of 59 sons and 60 daughters. 
[He was probably a polygamist.] 

* * * B. c. Ramses II. becomes the en- 
emy of his royal father's fame, and 
erases his name from many monu- 
ments, and substitutes his own. 

1230± * * b. c. A thieves' society is 
organized for robbing royal tombs ; some 
of its members belong* to the priest- 
class. 

* * * b. c. The grossest social inde- 
cency is manifested. 

* * * b. c. Monkeys are kept as pets. 
1200 * * b. c, Ramses III. plants trees 

and shrubs over the whole land of Egypt 
to give the inhabitants shade. 

* * * b. c. Public safety is accomplished 
by good government; "The weakest 
woman could travel unmolested whither- 
soever she wished." (Rawlinson.) 

* * *B. c. Abelief in thepowerof magic 
prevails. 



EGYPT. 



1700 b.c. -1100 b. c. 



649 



It is thought possible to compass the 
death of another, to bewitch his mind, or 
to paralyze his limbs, by the use of wax 
figures and a traditional formula. 

* * * b. c. Female conspirators against 
Ramses III. are " condemned to the 
penal servitude of keeping a beer- 
house, which is thought sufficient pun- 
ishment for ladies of delicacy and refine- 
ment." (Rawlinson.) 

* * b. c. Society is classified as priests, 
warriors, herdsmen, artificers, husband- 
men, interpreters, huntsmen, and boat- 
men. 

STATE. 
1700± * * b. c. The Hyksos King Apepi 
picks a quarrel with the native Prince 
Ra-Sekenen, ruler of Upper Egypt, which 
results in a general Egyptian uprising 
against the Hyksos, and finally in their 
expulsion. 

* *± b. c. Aahmes carries on war for 
five years against the Hyksos, both by 
land and water. 

He leads a military expedition against 
the negroes of the south, and eventually 
subdues them; he also leads an army 
into Palestine, and later forces his way 
into Nubia. 



XVHI. Dynasty: The ISTew Em- 
pire (1670-525, Lepsius; 1525, Rawlinson) ; 
established at Thebes ; it lasts 1,371 years. 

The Empire, reunited, ^ revives and 
prospers ; the losses of five centuries 
are soon regained ; viceroys are sent 
into the Sudan. 

Egyptian garrisons are stationed on 
the Euphrates and Tigris, and also in 
Mesopotamia. 

* * b. c. Neb-peh-tet-Ra (Aahmes I., 
Aniosis, or Amasis I.) reigns. 

He advances Egypt to the zenith of 
her fame, after driving out the Hyksos. 
[His coffin and mummy are now in the 
museum of Gizeh.J 

Aahmes marries the black Ethiopian 
princess, who takes the name of Nefert- 
ari-Aahrnes, or "the beautiful compan- 
ion of Aahmes." (1499, Rawlinson.) 
1666 * * b. c. Ser-ka-Ra (Amen-hotep 
I., or Amenophis I.) succeeds his father ; 
he enlarges the northern and southern 
frontiers of Egypt. 

Taxation is heavy during the XVIII. 
and XIX. Dynasties. 
1633 * * b. c. (1478, Rawlinson.) Aa- 
kheper-ka-Ra (Tehuti-mes I.) reigns ; 
Amenset regent ; he reigns 21 years ; 
Egypt becomes a conquering nation. 

± * * b. c. Thothmes I. invades Asia, 
and ravages Syria and Mesopotamia, and 
makes conquests in Nubia and Assyria. 

1600* * b. c. Aa-kheper-en-Ra (Tehuti- 
mes II. or Thothmes II.) and his sister 
Makara reign; he succeeds his father, 
and subdues the country above the Cata- 
racts, and annexes it. 

* * *b. c. Maat-ka-Ra (Hat-shepset- 
khnem-Ainen, or Queen Hatshepsu) 
reigns. 

She is the guardian of her brother, the 
young king, and rules as nominal regent, 
but actually an usurper for 17 years, in 
which she has a brilliant reign. Hat- 
shepsu is the daughter of Thothmes I., 
and the wife of Thothmes II. ; she enters 
into notable commercial relations with 
Punt, a country bordering the Gulf [of 
Aden]. 



* * * b. c. The New Empire rapidly 1 
to power, and extends its territory. 

* * * b. c. (1461, Rawlinson; 1438-1388, 
Lepsius.) Men-kheper-Ra (Tehuti-mes 
II. or Thothmes III.) reigns. 

He succeeds his brother when prob- 
ably a mere child, and reigns 47 years; 
on his accession his sister Ihilshepsu con- 
tinues to take a part in public affairs; 
after her death he becomes the greatest 
of Egyptian monarchs ; order and prog- 
ress prevail ; Egypt is expanded ; " she 
placed her frontier where she would;" 
tribute is exacted of Babylon. Egypt 
includes Abyssinia, the Sudan, Nubia, 
Syria, Mesopotamia, Irak-Arabia, Kur- 
distan, and Armenia. 

Thothmes 111. gathers enormous trib- 
ute or booty from subject countries ; 
"above 11,000 captives, 1,670 chariots, 
3,639 horses, 4,491 larger cattle, more 
than 35,000 goats, silver to the amount 
of 3,940 pounds, and gold 9,054 pounds." 

1566 * * B. c. Aa-kheperu-Ra (Amen- 
hotep-neter-haq-Annu II., or Ameno- 
phis II.) succeeds his father, and reigns 
ten years. 

1533 * * b. c. Men-kheperu-Ra (Tehuti- 
mes IV., or Thothmes IV.) reigns 31 
years, and preserves the vast empire se- 
cured by Thothmes the Great. 

1500 * * b. c. (1400, Rawlinson.) Maat- 
neb-Ra (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Ame- 
nophis III.) reigns. 

He consolidates the vast Empire, and 
makes successful expeditions against 
the Syrians and against the Ethiopians. 

1466 * * b. c. Nefer-kheperu-Ra-ua-en- 
Ra (Amen-hotep-haq-Uast, or Khun- 
Aten, also Amen-hotep IV., or Ameno- 
phis TV.) reigns. 

He has three names, the third by his 
change of religion ; being opposed be- 
cause of his religious innovations, he 
builds the new city of Khu-aten, and 
there establishes his court. 

1433 * * b. c. Ser-kheperu-Ra-sotep-en- 
Ra (Amen-meri-en-Hor-em-heb, or Ho- 
rus) reigns. 

He is a wise and able ruler, and main- 
tains the unity of the great Empire ; one 
generation of heretic kings. 

XIX. Dynasty: Established at Thebes 
in Upper Egypt. 

1400 * * b. c. (1424, Rawlinson.) Men- 
pehtet-Ra (Ra-messu, or Ramses I.) 
reigns. 

1366** B.C. (1438-138S, Lepsius; 1322, 
Rawlinson.) Men-Maat-Ra (Amen-meri- 
en-Seti, or Seti I., also called Meri-en- 
Ptah, or Meneptah I.) reigns. 

* * * Repeated revolts break out against 
Egypt in "Western Asia, 

1333* *b. c. (1388-22, Lepsius; 1311, 
Rawlinson.) User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra 
(Ra-messu-meri-Amen, or Ramses H. 
the Great) succeeds Seti, his father ; 
he is the greatest of all the Egyptian 
builders, and the probable oppressor of 
the Hebrews. 

* * * Revolts occur in the Sudan and in 
Syria ; expeditions are necessary to sup- 
press them, and they are not successful 
in Asia ; he concludes an alliance offen- 
sive and defensive with the Hittites 
(Khetas), after a great battle ; he reigns 
67 years, and has 170 children. [Tradi- 
tion transforms him into a military hero, 
known to the Greeks as Sesost'ris, or 
Sesoosis, making fabulous expeditions 
to Thrace and India.] 



1300 * * B. c. (1322-02, Lepsius ; 1245 
Rawlinson.) Ba-en-Ra-meri-e u-Amen 
(Ptah-meri-en-hotep-her-Maat, or Me- 
neptah II.), the 13th son, succeeds his 
father, and has a troubled reign. Moses, 
the appointed leader of Israel, appears 
at court to intercede for the Hebrews. 

* * * b. c. The IsraeHtes escape from 
Egypt, and the king perishes in the Red 
sea. 

1280* *-1100* *b. c. During this 
period Egyptian history is almost 
wholly a blank. (Rawlinson.) 

1266* * B. c. Khu-en-Ra-sotep-en-Ra 
(Ptah-meri-en-se-Ptah, or Meneptah 
III.) reigns. 

1233 * * B. c. User-khau-Ra-meri-Ameu 
(Ra-meri-Amen-merer-Set-nekht, or Set- 
nekht) reigns. 

XX. Dynasty: Established at Thebes. 
1200 * * B. c. (1269, Lepsius ; 1219, Raw- 
linson.) User-Maat-Ra-meri-Amen (Ra- 
meses-haq-Annu, or Ramses ITT.) reigns 
31 years, and divides the officials in five 
classes. 

* * * B. c. Revolts in Asia and the 
Sudan ; the unity of the Empire weak- 
ens. Egyptian authority in Syria is only 
nominal. 

1166* * b. c. User-Ra-sotep-en- Amen 
(Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Ra-haq-Maat or 
Ramses IV.) reigns. 

* * * b. c. The collapse of Egypt com- 
mences after a glorious period of more 
than three centuries. 

* * *E. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en- 
kheper-Ra (Ra-meses-meri-Amen-Amen- 
suten-f, or Ramses V., the usurper) 
reigns. [* * * Ra-Amen-Maat-meri-neb 
(Ra-Amen-meses-neter-Annu, or Ramses 
VI.) (Rawlinson, 1280); * * * Ra-user- 
Amen -meri - sotep - en - Ra (Ra - Amen - 
meses-ta-neter-haq- Annu, or Ramses 
VII.) ; * * * Ra-user-Maat-khu-en-Amen 
(Ra-Ameu-meses-meri-Amen, or Ramses 
VIII.) ; * * * Se-kha-en-Ra-Meri-Amen 
(Ra-meses-se-Ptah, or Ramses IX.) ; * * * 
Nef er-kau-Ra-sotep-en-Ra (Ra - meses - 
merer- Am en-kha-Uast (?), or Ramses X.) ; 
* * * Ra-kheper-Maat-sotep-en-Ra (Ra- 
mes-suten-Amen, or Ramses XL); * * * 
TJser-Maat-Ra-sotep-nu-Ra (Amen-mer- 
Ra-meses, or Ramses XII.) reigns for 33 
years.] 

1133 * * b. c. Men-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Ra 
(Ra - meses-merer-Amen-kha-Uast-neter- 
haq-Annu, or Ramses XIII.) reigns 26 
years. 

* * * b. c. The high priests forcibly 
appropriate the crown of the Pharaohs. 

* * * b. c. The Empire is reduced to 
the smallest limits, the conquered ter- 
ritories having fallen off one by one. 

* * * b. c. Egypt is surrounded by ene- 
mies more powerful than herself. 

XXI. Dynasty: Established at Tanis 
in the Delta. 

The Empire is divided ; the self-made 
sacerdotal kings reign at Thebes and the 
legitimate dynasty at Tanis ; the former 
choose Semitic names for their sons ; 
Asiatic influence locates the capital in 
the Delta. 



650 1100 u.c-300 H.c. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY— WAVY. 

966+ * * ij. c. Sheshonk I. invades Sy- 
ria, captures Jerusalem, plunders the 
temple of the Jews during the reign of 
Rehoboam, the son of Solomon, and re- 
quires him to pay tribute to Egypt. 
(949, Lepsius.) 

939+ * * b. c. Zerah the Ethiopian, king 
of Upper Egypt, invades Palestine with 
a million men to subdue the revolting 
Israelites, and is defeated by King Asa 
at Mareshah. 

730± * * b. c. The Ethiopians under 
Shabak (Sabaco) conquer Egypt, and 
[hold it for 58 years]. 

725 + * * B. c. Piankhi,Kingof Ethiopia, 
in a single brilliant campaign, defeats 
all rivals, and captures both Middle 
and Lower Egypt. 

720+ * * b. c. Sennacherib, the Assyrian, 
defeats an Egyptian army nearEkron, 
in Palestine. 

668+ * * B. c. Tirhakah is vanquished 
by Assyrians, and flees to Napata, Ethio- 
pia ; Memphis and Thebes fall. 

Tirhakah returns and defeats the As- 
syrians, capturing Memphis. 

The Assyrians again invade Egypt, 
and defeat. LJrdainen, sack Thebes, and 
carry the entire population into captivity. 

666+ * * b. c. Psammetichus attempts 
the conquest of Asia ; he invades Pales- 
tine, and besieges Ashdod [for 29 years]. 

652+ * * b. c. Psammetichus, aided by 
Carian, Phoenician, and Ionian allies, and 
the King of Lydia, succeeds in a war for 
independence of the Assyrians. (Lep- 
sius.) 

* * * b. c. A gTeat mutiny, because of 
jealousy concerning Greek mercenaries, 
breaks out in the army of Psammeti- 
chus ; 240,000 men march into Ethiopia, 
and receive lands from its king. 

650+ * * b. c. Urdamen, son-in-law of 
Tirhakah, captures Pharaoh Necho, 
the vassal king, and puts him to death. 

* * -527 * * b. c. Thebes, for many ages 
the most magnificent city in the world, 
falls into decay; cause — war and po- 
litical confusion. 

612+ * * b. c. Under Necho I., the vas- 
sal king, fortresses are garrisoned with 
Assyrian troops. 

609 * * b. c. Necho attempts to recon- 
quer Eastern Asia, and kills Josiah, 
King of Judah, in a battle at Megiddo, 
the key to the route to the Euphrates. 

605 * * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, King of 
Babylon, defeats the Egyptians under 
Necho at the battle of Carchemish ; 
Egypt losses all her possessions in Asia 
and much of her prestige. 

595+ * * b. o. Psammetichus U. con- 
ducts an expedition against Ethiopia 
[but without success]. (Lepsius.) 

591+ * * b. c. Apries energetically at- 
tacks Syria by sea and land ; his "fleet 
defeats the King of Tyre, and a land 
force attacks Sidon. 

589* *-570* *b. c. War with Baby- 
lon; Apries fights Nebuchadnezzar and 
the tribes of Libya without important 
results. (Lepsius.) 



572* *b. c. The revolting native Egyp- 
tian troops defeat the mercenary force 
of Apries and dethrone him. (5C9, Raw- 
linson.) 

570 * * b. c. The army of Apries re- 
volts, and he is captured and slain by 
Carian and Ionian mercenaries. 

568* * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar invades 
Egypt. 

532+ * * b. c. Cambyses HI. meets 
with military disasters ; one expedition 
is defeated by Carthaginians. 

527 * * b. c. Egypt carries on a war 
with Cyprus, and compels the pay- 
ment of tribute. 

527 * * b. c. Battle near Pelusium in 
the Delta; Psammetichus HI. is de- 
feated by the Persians under Cambyses 
ILT., losing 50,000 men ; Egypt is made a 
province of Persia. Persian loss, 7000. 
[Memphis is also taken.] 

Cambyses loses an army corps de- 
spatched, against the Temple of Jupiter 
Ammon in the Great Oasis, not one 
man returning from the desert. 

378 * * b. c. An immense Persian army 
under Pharnabazus the satrap invades 
Egypt ; it is defeated in a battle near 
Mendes and retreats. 

322 * * b. c. Ptolemy H. conquers the 

Cyrenaica, in Northern Africa. 
321 * * b. c. Egypt is invaded by Per- 

diccas, the regent of the Greek Empire 

for a brief time. 
306 * * b. c. Ptolemy is defeated in a 

sea-fight off Salamis by Demetrius. 
305 * * -304 * * b. c. Ptolemy aids the 

Rhodians when besieged by Demetrius, 

King of Macedonia. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

666+ * * b. c. The Saite kings erect at 
Sais wonderful porticoes. 

653 * * B. c. Sais, the new capital, is 
built in the Delta, where Psammetichus 
I. erects a magnificent palace. 

* * * b. c. Necho builds fleets on both 
seas. 

605+ * * b. c. Necho attempts, by a 
ship canal, to connect the Nile with 
the Red Sea by the Arabic Gulf. [The 
enterprise fails, after the loss of 120,000 
lives.] 

Necho sends Phoenician mariners on 
a voyage of discovery. 

They leave the Red Sea, round the 
Cape of Good Hope, and return through 
the Strait of Gibraltar and the Mediter- 
ranean to Egypt. 

600+ * *b. c. "Writing by demotic 

character is invented. 
550 * * b. c. Amasis II. erects numerous 

Grecian temples in Naucratis ; also 

magnificent buildings, especially at 

Sais. 



4th Century, b. c. Helena depicts the 
Battle of Issus in mosaic. 

300 * * b. c. The first observatory re- 
corded in authentic history is erected at 
Alexandria. 

300+ * * b. c. Euclid, the geometri- 
cian, is a citizen of Alexandria. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

525 it. o. Amasie, king, born. 

367 B. c. Ptolemy I.. Sunt, king. born. 

316 B. C. Arsinue, daughter of Ptolemy 1., 



CHURCH. 
10th Century. B. c. Jeroboam, King of 

the ten tribes of Israel, has Sheshonk, 

King of Egypt, for his ally. 
Tirhakah responds to the appeal of 

Hezekiah, the king of Judah, for aid 

against Assyria, whose army is destroyed 

by the interposition of God. 
535 * * b. c. Pythagoras, the Greek 

philosopher, comes from Samos, and is 

instructed in the mysteries of Egyptian 

theology. 
350 * * b. c. The temples of Egypt are 

pillaged by the Persian conquerors. 

LETTERS. 

666* *b. c. XVI. Dynasty: Liberal 
ideas prevail ; letters and scholars 
from Greece are welcomed. 

323+* * b. c. Ptolemy I., Soter, founds 
[the famous] Hbrary and museum at 
Alexandria; he cultivates letters him- 
self. 

* * XX. Dynasty : literature declines 
greatly. 

* * b. c. XXII. Dynasty : No enduring 
literature is created. 

* * XXVI. Dynasty : The enchorial or 
demotic writing is invented ; this easier 
written form soon supersedes the more 
complex hieratic. 

314 * * b. c. Ptolemy Soter is said to 
have founded an academy at Alexan- 
dria. 

SOCIETY. 

1100+ * * B. c. The Prince of San sends 
an Egyptian princess to the harem of 
Solomon. 

653+ * * b. c. Egypt is open to foreign- 
ers, who are favored in the army, and 
settle at various points. 

525 * * b. c. Cambyses puts the chil- 
dren of prominent people to death, 
both male and female, and makes the 
country a waste. 

Cambyses sends 50,000 men across 
the desert to destroy the Temple of Jupi- 
ter Ammon ; they all perish in the burn- 
ing sands. 

STATE. 

1100 * * b. c. (1091, Lepsius ; 1085, Raw- 
linson.) Neter - hen - hotep - en - Amen 
(Her-Hor-se-Amen or Smendes) reigns. 

He is a high priest of a foreign family 
from the eastern frontier of the Delta ; 
Egypt loses supremacy over Ethiopia, 
where the kingdom of Napata, or Meroe, 
is founded. 

* * * b. c. Pai-net'em I. reigns. 

* * * B. c. Kheper-kha-Ra-sotep-en- 
Amen, also called Amen-meri-Pai-net'em 
II., reigns. 

* * * b. c. A great, influx of foreigners 
appears during this dynasty. 

* * * b. c. An alliance is made between 
Solomon and Pharaoh. 



EGYPT. 



1100 b. c-300 b.c. 



651 



980 * * B. c. XXII. Dynasty : Estab- 
lished at Bubastis. 

966 * * B. C. Kheper-sekhet-Ra-sotep-en- 
Ba (Amen-meri-Shashanq I.}, or She- 
shonk I., reigns. [Tbe Shishak of the 
Bible.] 

Having welcomed Jeroboam, the con- 
spirator and fugitive, he invades and 
plunders Palestine to establish Jero- 
boam as king of Israel, bringing the 
treasures of the temple at Jerusalem 
into Egypt ; he reigns 21 years. 

* * * b. c. Kherp-kheper-Ra-Sotep-en- 
Ba, also called Amen-meri-Uasarken 
(Osorkon I.), reigns 15 years. 

* * * b. c. Het'-kheper-Ra-sotep-en-Ra, 
also called Amen-meri-Auset-meri-tha- 
keleth (Takeleth I.), has a short reign. 

* * * b. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Aruen, 
also called Amen-meri-Uasarken (Osor- 
kon II.), reigns 22 years. 

* * * b. c. Kheper-sekhem-Ra-Sotep-en- 
Amen, also called Aiuen-meri-Shash 
[anq] II. (Sheshonk II.), has a short 
reign. 

* * * b. c. Takeleth II. reigns. 

* * *B. C. User-Maat-Ra-Sotep-en-Amen, 
also called Amen-nieri-se-Bast-Shashanq 
III., reigns. 

* * * B. c. User-Maat-Ra-sotep-en-Amen, 
also called Anien-ineri-Pa-rnai, reigns. 

* * * b. c. Aa-kheper-Ra, also called 
Shash [anq] IV., reigns. Under She- 
shonk IV. Egypt is disintegrated by in- 
ternal dissensions, with rival dynasties. 

XXIH. Dynasty: Established at 
Tanis. 

Northern Egypt is divided into several 
petty states ; the Sudan becomes inde- 
pendent in the South. 
766 * * b. c. Amen - meri - Peta - se - Bast 
reigns. 

* * * B. c. Aa-kheper-Ra- so tep-en-Amen, 
also called Ra-Amen-nieri-Uasarkena, 
(Osorkon III.), reigns. 

XXIV. Dynasty : Established at Sais 
in the Delta. [Time, six years.] 
733 * * b. c. Bakenranf (Bocchoris) 
reigns six years ; he is captured by Sa- 
baco, the invader, who burns him alive, 
and occupies the country as far as the 
Mediterranean. 

XXV". Dynasty: It is Ethiopian. 
[Time, 50 years.] 

* * * b. c. Pa-ankhi (Piankhi) and his 
queen, Ameniritis, reigning at Thebes, 
become tributary to the Sudan. 

* * * B. c. Pa-ankhi, having defeated all 
rival claimants to the throne, permits 
the small princes to rule as vassals. 

700 * * b. c. Nefer-ka-Ra, also called 
Shabaka, or Sabaco, reigns; he is an 
Ethiopian who first conquers, and then 
rules Egypt as a conquered province. 
(704, Rawlinson.) 

Sabaco is called So in the Bible ; 
Hosea, King of Israel, sends him pres- 
ents by an embassy, and a treaty is 
made ; Hosea is promised assistance 
against Assyria (but the promise is not 
kept). He loses a great part of Egypt 
when defeated by the Assyrians. 

* * * b. c. Tat-kau-Ra, also called Sha- 
bataka (Sebicus, or Shabatok), reigns. 

He succeeds his father in Upper Egypt, 
and loses Ethiopia ; and is slain by Tirha- 
kah, the Ethiopian king, after a reign 
of 14 years. 

* * * b. c. Ra-nefer-tem-khu, also called 
Taharaqa (Tirhakah, Farcus). 



After reigning 2G years, 12 Egyptian 
chiefs unite their forces to expel the 
Ethiopians from the Northern provinces, 
and then asume royal authority over the 
12 kingdoms into which they divide the 
country j they rule for 15 years. (Some 
authorities discredit this account.) (690, 
Rawlinson.) 
672* *b. c. The Assyrians, under 
Esarhaddon and his son Sardanapalus, 
capture Memphis and Thebes, and en- 
tirely destroy Ethiopian rule, and ap- 
point 20 governors, who are chiefly 
natives, to administer the government ; 
they rule for three years. (Lepsius.) 

XXVI. Dynasty: Established at Sais 
in the Delta ; time, 38 years. 

The Empire is prosperous, but its mili- 
. tary fame is almost extinguished. 

666* * b. c. Uah-ab-Ra, also called 
Psamthek (Psamm etichns I.), reigns. 
(653, Lepsius ; 664, Rawlinson.) 

He dethrones two kings [according to 
some authorities], overthrows the Ethi- 
opians, and reconquers Egyptian terri- 
tory as far south as the First Cataract. 

* * * b. c. By the aid of allies, Uah-ab-Ra 
overthrows the Assyrian rule, and be- 
comes independent sovereign. The 
Greeks settle in Egypt, and the country 
revives. Jerusalem pays tribute ; em- 
igrants settle along the Nile as far as 
Ethiopia. (Lepsius.) 

612* *b. c. Nem-ab-Ra, also called 
Nekau(!Necho,orNekul), reigns. (610- 
595, Lepsius ; 610, Rawlinson.) 

He pays tribute to Assyria, fails in his 
attempt to reopen the canal of Seti I. 
between the Red Sea and the Nile ; he 
sends a fleet manned by Phoenician sea- 
men by way of the western coast and 
the Cape of Good Hope around the con- 
tinent of Africa. 

596 * * b. c. Nefer-ab-Ra, also called 
Psammetichus II., [reigns five and a 
half years]. (594, Rawlinson.) 

591 * * b. c. Haa-ab-Ra, also called 
Uah-ab-Ra (Apries, or Hophra), reigns. 
(588, Rawlinson.) 

He is the Pharaoh Hophra of the 
Bible; has war with Babylon. Zede- 
kiah, King of Judah, enters an alliance 
with Hophra, then revolts against Baby- 
lon, and the Jewish captivity follows. 

572+ * * b. c. Khnem-ab-Ra, also called 
Ahmes-se-Nit (Amasis H.), reigns 44 
years. (569, Rawlinson.) 

He is an Egyptian of low origin, whom 
the army elects after overthrowing 
Apries ; he legitimates his claim by 
marrying the granddaughter of Psam- 
metichus I. ; Egypt flourishes, yet con- 
tinues the tribute to Babylon ; immigra- 
tion is encouraged, especially that of 
the Greeks. 

538 * * b. c. The fall of Babylon brings 
independence to Egypt. 

528 * * b. c. Ankh-ka-en-Ra, also called 

Psamthek (Psammetichus HI.), reigns 

six months, as successor to his father. 

(525, Rawlinson.) 

He is conquered by Cambyses, King of 

PERSIAN RULE. 

XXVII. Dynasty : Persian. 

527* * b. c. Cambyses defeats the 
Egyptians at the battle of Pelusium, 
and Egypt becomes a Persian province. 
(525, Rawlinson.) 

Kambathet the Persian reigns. 

[He murders the last of the Pharaohs, 
and rules with severity ; five years of 
prosperity are followed by military re- 
verses ; disaster enrages the King, and 



he pillages the temples and the tombs 

of the kings.] 
486* * b. c. Khashaiarsha (Xerxes the 

Great) reigns ; the Egyptians revolt, 

but are soon subdued. 
465 * * b. c. Artakhshashas (Artaxer- 

xes) reigns ; the Egyptians, led by Am- 

yrtieus and Inarus, maintain a revolt 

against the Persians for six yearB. 
421 * * B. c. Ra-meri-Amen, also called 

Antherirutsha (Darius Xerxes, Darius 

Hystaspes), reigns. 

XXVIII. Dynasty: Established at 
Sais in the Delta. 

* * * b. c. Independence of Persia is 
obtained by Amyrtoeus, aided by the 
Greeks. Native rulers hold authority. 

* * *B.C. Amen-rut (Amyrtasus) reigns. 
(460, Rawlinson.) 

XXIX. Dynasty: Established at 
Mendes in the Delta. 

399 * * b. c. Wiafaaurut reigns. 

393* * B. c. Khnem-Maat-Ra, also- 
called Haker (Hakor, Achoris), reigns. 
(399, Rawlinson.) 

380 * * B. c. User-Ra-sotep-en-Ptah, also 
called Psamut (Psammnthis), reigns. 

XXX. Dynasty: Established at Se- 
bennytus, in the Delta. 

378* * B. c. S-net'em-ab-Ra-sotep-en- 
Amen, also called Nekht-Hor-hebt-meri- 
Amen (Nectanebo I.), reigns. (Rawlin- 
son, 384.) 



* * * b. c. Kheper-ka-Ra, also called 
Nekht-neb-f (Nectanebo II.), reigns. 

351 * * b. c. Artaxerxes HI. (Ochus) 
comes to the throne after defeating and 
deposing Nectanebo II. 

340 (?) * * b. c. The ancient Empire 
falls easily before the Persians under 
King Artaxerxes III. (Ochus). 

* * * B. c. The Egyptians welcome 
Alexander the Great as a deliverer 
from the Persian yoke, [and Egypt be- 
comes Greek]. 

XXXI. Dynasty : Persian. Egypt is 
again for a short time a province of 
Persia. 

GRECIAN RULE. 

332 * * b. c. XXXII. Dynasty: Mace- 
donian. 

Alexander the Great overthrows the 
Persian rule, and subjects Egypt to his 
authority. Alexandria is founded as 
his capital ; its walls are six miles in 
circuit. 

323 * * b. c. XXXIH. Dynasty: Ptol- 
emaic. 

Ptolemy I., son of Lagus, also called 
Soter, one of Alexander's generals, re- 
ceives Egypt in the division of the 
Macedonian empire [and rules for 38 
years with ability and wisdom]. 

306 * * b. c. Ptolemy assumes the title 
of king. 

301± * * b. c. Ptolemy loses Cyprus by 
his defeat in the battle of Ipsus. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
322 * * b. c. Alexander the Great is 
buried at Alexandria. 



652 298 b. c.-A.D. 273. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

250 * * b. c. Antiochus H. concludes 
a peace with Egypt. 

245* * b. c. Ptolemy HI., Euergetes, 
makes war on Syria to avenge the inju- 
ries of his sister Berenice. 

He returns from the invasion of Syria 
laden with spoils, including 250 statues 
and vessels of gold and silver that Cam- 
byses had obtained by despoiling the 
Egyptian temples. 

243* * b. c. Ptolemy III. captures 
Babylon; a revolt in Egypt occasions 
his recall. 

217* *B. c. PtolemyIV.,Philopator,by 
the aid of Arsinoe 1 , his sister, defeats 
Antiochus III. the Great, King of 
Syria, at Raphia, in Palestine, 

171* *-168* *b. c. Antioclius IV., 
Epiphanes, makes war on Egypt. 

He invades Egypt, reduces several 
cities, and captures the young King Ptol- 
emy Philometor, and takes the disputed 
provinces in Asia Minor. 

168 * * b. c. Antiochus returns from 
Egypt by the peremptory demand of 
Propillius the Roman. 

154 * * b. c. Philometor defeats his 
brother Euergetes, and leaves him only 
the kingdom of Cyrene. 

151* * b. c. "War occurs with Deme- 
trius Soter, Kingof Syria; Ptolemy sub- 
dues the country, and is hailed as the 
deliverer of Syria. 

150* * b. c. Philometor favors the 
usurper, Alexander I. (Balas), and 
gives his daughter Cleopatra to him in 
marriage. 

128 * * b. C. Ptolemy VII., Euergetes, 
defeats the Egyptians, and recovers 
his throne. 

122* * b. c. "War with Demetrius H., 
in support of Alexander II., the usurper, 
against whom Ptolemy turns, and defeats 
Mm, and puts him to death. 

82 * * B. c. A revolt occurs in Upper 
Egypt. [Thebes is ruined by the siege 
which follows for three years.] 

-* * Cleopatra advances from Syria to re- 
gain the throne. 

48 * * b. c. Civil war occurs between 
[the famous] Cleopatra VI. and Ptolemy 
XII. 

Csesar intervenes, and besieges Alex- 
andria with a small army. Cresar defeats 
the king, who is drowned while attempt- 
ing to escape. 

32 * * b. c. Octavius [Csesar Augustus] 
declares war against Cleopatra. 

31 Sept. 2.* *b. c. Greece. Octavius 
defeats Mark Antony in a naval battle ; 
Cleopatra flees. [Antony follows her to 
Egypt, and both commit suicide.] 

24 * * A. D. Candace, the queen of Me- 
roe, in Upper Nubia, invades Egypt, but 
is repulsed by iElius Gallus, the Roman 
prefect. 

194 * * Niger, the usurper, is defeated 
by Severus, and slain. 

270* *Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, 
conquers Egypt. 

273 * * The Emperor Aurelian defeats 
Zenobia at Edessa, and carries her cap- 
tive to Rome. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

298± * * b. c. Ptolemy I. Soter adorns 
Alexandria by erecting the Museum, 
Serareum, Pharos, and other tine edi- 
fices ; he also begins the library. 

284+ * * b. c. Heron of Alexandria con- 
structs (?) the eeolipile (a toy sugges- 
tive of the steam-engine). 

283* *-222* * b. c. Ptolemy Philadel- 
phus and Ptolemy Euergetes complete 
many of the works begun by Ptolemy 
Soter. 

The Pharos is a tower built of white 
marble, and [it was regarded as one of 
the seven wonders of the world]. A per- 
petual fire on its top serves as a beacon 
for sailors. 

247 * * B. c. Ptolemy III. rebuilds many 
of the old temples, and founds new ones. 

222 * * -205 * * B. c. Galaton of Alex- 
andria paints a picture to cast ridicule 
on the epic poets of that city. 

100* *-170* *A.D. Ptolemy -dis- 
courses on geography. 

He founds the Ptolemaic system of 
astronomy, and discovers the places 
and distances of the planets. 

120± * * Ptolemy writes a treatise on 
optics. 

139 * * The Sothiac cycle begins. 

150 * * Claudius Ptolemy teaches that 
the major tone shall be below the 
minor ; [the principle that now directs 
the intonation of the scale]. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

3rd Century b. c. Ammonius, Lithotomus, Al- 
exandrian physician, born and dies. 
Manetho, historian, born and dies. 

383+ B. C. Ptolemy I., king, A84. 

34 7 b. c. Ptolemy II., Philadelphus, king, 
A62. 

2d Century, b. c. Aristobulus, Jewish phi- 
losopher, born. 

181 b. c. Ptolemy V., king, dies. 

174 b. C. Cleopatra I., recent, dies. 

146 b. c. Ptolemv VI., i'hilumetor, king, d. 
117 b. c. Ptolemy VII., Kuerijetes II., d. 
81 b. c. Ptolemy VIII., Lothyrus, dies. 
69 b. c. Cleopatra, queen, born. 
39+ B. c. Didyinus, inannnarian, author, d. 
30 B. C. Cleopatra, queen, A39. 

1st Century, a. d. Apion, grammarian, b. 

Ptolemy, Claudius, astrun., ^i-o^rapher, b. 
161 * * Antoninus Titus, Pius, emperor, dies. 

175 * * Avidius Cassias, .neneral, dies. 
180* * Marcus Aurelins Anluiiinus, em., d. 
185 * * Orig-en, Adamantius, Christian Fa- 
ther, theological writer, born. 

2d or 3d Century. Clement of Alexandria, 
Christian Father, author, born. 

304* * Plotinus. Creek-Egyptian philos., b. 

341 * * Anmionius. Saccas, philosopher, dies. 

351 * * Anthony. St., fdr. of asceticism, h. 

354* * Orig-en. Adamantius, Christian Fa- 
ther, theological writer, A69. 

356 * * Ariue. presbyter of Alexandria, fdr. 
of Arianism, born. 



CHURCH. 

283 * * b. c. Jews are very numerous 

at Alexandria. 
222 * * B. c. Ptolemy IV. proves a cruel 

persecutor of the Jews ; he founds the 

temple of Edfoo. 

37 * * A. d. The Jews suffer bitter per- 
secution. 

60* * Christianity is introduced by St. 
Mark. 



231 * * -633 * * Alexandria becomes the 

seat of 17 church councils. 
204 * * An edict is issued against JewB 

and Christians. 

230 * * The Neo-Platonists arise at 
Alexandria, and attempt to combine the 

good of all philosophical systems with 
hristianity. 

254* * Origen, a distinguished presby- 
ter of Alexandria and a Greek Father, 
suffers martyrdom at Tyre. 

263* * Persecution : Diocletian's edict 
against Christians is rigorously executed 
in Egypt. 

LETTERS. 
284**b.c. Ptolemy Philadelphus 
founds a public library at Alexandria. 
283* *-274* *b. c. In the reign of 
Ptolemy Philadelphus the Septuagint 
version of the Hebrew Scriptures is 
written. 

Manetho's history of ancient Egyp- 
tian kings is written. 

Demetrius Phalerius is librarian at 
Alexandria. 

Euclid is at the head of the mathe- 
matical school at Alexandria. 

The poets Theocritus, Callimachus, 
and Philaetus flourish in Egypt ; Alex- 
andria is made the heart of the learning 
of Greece. 

246 * * b. c. Artists and authors are 
patronized by Ptolemy III. 

230 * * b. c. Ptolemy III. revises the 
Egyptian calendar. 

47 * * b. c. Julius Caesar besieges and 
burns Alexandria ; the remarkable 
library of 400,000 manuscript books is 
consumed. 

36 * * b. c. Antony replaces the burnt 
library of Alexandria with another 
brought from Pergamus, Asia Jlinor. 



80* *a. 
vented. 
180* *254 ; < 



The Coptic alphabet is in- 



SOCTETY. 

285* * b. c. Ptolemy Philadelphus 
marries his full sister, Arsinoe II. 

247 * * b. c. Berenice II. is the first 
Egyptian queen to have the same regal 
style as her husband. 

222 * * B. c. Ptolemy Philopator puts 
lus mother Berenice and others of his 
nearest Viri to death, and abandons 
himself to luxury. 

216 * * B. c. Ptolemy IV. puts his wife 
Arsinoe to death, after winning the 
victory at Raphia largely by her courage. 

146 'Nov. * B.C. Ptolemy VII., Euer- 
getes. marries his brother Philometor's 
queen on the day of her husband's 
death; on the day of his nuptials he 
murders the infant son of Philometor 
while in its mother's arms. 

* * * Incest is not uncommon among 
Egyptian sovereigns. 

51 * * b. c. Ptolemy Auletes at his death 
leaves his kingdom to his son Ptolemy 
XII. and bis daughter [the famous] Cleo- 
patra ; he directs that they marry each 
other. 



EGYPT. 



298 b.c. -a. d. 273. 653 



43 * * b. c. Queen Cleopatra poisons 
her brother, 14 years of age. 

41 * * b. c. Cleopatra appears before 
Mark Antony to answer for the crime of 
murdering her brother [he is so fasci- 
nated by her beauty that he follows her 
into Egypt]. 

70 * * a. d. The Emperor Vespasian 
visits Egypt. 

215 * * The Emperor Caracalla massa- 
cres the youth of Alexandria to revenge 
an insult. 

STATE. 

295 * * b. c. Ptolemy seizes and holds 
the island of Cyprus. [It becomes a 
valuable possession.] 

285 * * b. c. Ptolemy abdicates, and 
is succeeded by his son, Ptolemy II., 
Philadelphus, who reigns 38 years. 

* * * b. c. Greek genius and energy 
contribute much to the prosperity and 
glory of Egypt ; the period of its high- 
est prosperity culminates. 

269 * * b. c. Ambassadors are first sent 
to Rome. 

266 * * b. c. Egypt recovers Phoenicia 
and Coele-Syria. 

247* *b.c. Ptolemy m.,Euergetes, 
reigns [for 25 years]. 

[He reunites Cyrena'ica to his realm, 
makes extensive but transient con- 
quests in Asia Minor, and retains his 
conquests in Abyssinia.] 

243 * * b. c. Ptolemy m. is recalled 

by a revolt in Egypt from his campaign 

in Babylon. 
222 * * b. c. Ptolemy rV., Philopator, 

reigns with incompetence and cruelty. 

The decline of the Empire begins. 

217 * * b. c. Antiochus the Great, 
King of Syria, makes an attempt to seize 
all tbe eastern provinces, and is defeated 
by Ptolemy near Baphia, in Palestine. 

205 Nov. * b. c. Ptolemy "V. comes 
to the throne at the age of 13 or 14 years ; 
M. iEmilius is regent. 

200 * * B. C. The regent is sent on an 
embassy to Rome to seek aid against 
Philip V. of Macedon and Antiochus of 
Syria. 

199* * b. c. Aristomenes is Roman 



185* * b. c. A revoltln Lower Egypt is 
suppressed with great cruelty. 

181 Oct. * Ptolemy "VX, Philometor, 
succeeds his father ; Cleopatra is regent. 

169* * b. c. Philometor reigns con- 
jointly with his brother Physcon. 

170 *. * B. c. Ptolemy is captured by 
Antiochus Epiphanes, and his brother 
Physcon proclaims himself king. 

164 * * b. o. Ptolemy Euergetes drives 
Philometor from Alexandria ; he seeks 
aid at Rome ; the Senate decides to re- 
instate him. 

146** B.C. Ptolemy "VTE. (Physcon, or 
Euergetes II.) usurps the throne. 

[He is a depraved and cruel king, the 
worst of all the Ptolemies ; he marries 
Cleopatra, his brother's widow, and puts 
her young son, the heir apparent, to 
death. The prosperity of Egypt declines.] 

130 * * b. c. Ptolemy VII. is expelled 
from Alexandria, his capital, by the en- 



raged populace. Cleopatra II. becomes 
queen. 

127 * * b. c. Ptolemy VII. recovers 
his throne, and has a more peaceful 
reign. 

117* *b. c. Ptolemy VIH. (Soter, 
Lathyrus) reigns conjointly with Cleo- 
patra, his mother. 

107 * * b. c. Cleopatra expels Ptolemy 
VIII. , and elevates her favorite son Ptol- 
emy IX., Alexander. 

89 * * b. c. Ptolemy Lathyrus governs 
Cyprus as a separate kingdom. 

* * B. c. Alexander gains supremacy and 
causes his mother's death ; dissensions 
follow. 

* * *b. c. Ptolemy VHI., King of Cy- 
prus, is restored to the throne of Egypt. 

82* *b. c. Upper Egypt revolts. 
[Thebes is besieged for three years, and 
destroyed.] 

81 * * b. c. Berenice HI., daughter of 
Lathyrus, succeeds him; she soon mar- 
ries her step-son, Alexander II., who or- 
ders her death. 

80* * b. c. Ptolemy XI., surnamed 
Auletes and Neus Dionysius, the illegiti- 
mate son of Ptolemy VIII., succeeds to 
the throne on the extinction of the line 
of Ptolemies. 

* * *B. c. A popular tumult avenges 
the murder of Berenice III., in the 
death of Alexander. 

58 * * b. c. Ptolemy XI. is expelled 
by his subjects because of oppressive 
taxation. 

Cleopatra V., his wife, and Berenice 
IV., his daughter, reign together. 

* * * b. c. Cyprus becomes a Roman 
province by conquest. 

* * * B. C On the death of Cleopatra, 
Berenice reigns alone. 

55 * * B. c. Supported by Gabinius, pro- 
consul of Syria, Ptolemy XI., Auletes, 
regains the throne ; he punishes his 
daughter Berenice with death. 

51 * * B. c. Ptolemy XI. leaves his king- 
dom to Ptolemy XII., surnamed Dio- 
nysius H., and to Cleopatra his [fa- 
mous] daughter. 

48 * * B. c. Dionysius II. expels Cleo- 
patra, and she flees into Syria. 

* * * b. c. Cleopatra gains the interest 
of Caesar. 

47 * * b. c. Ptolemy XII. is drowned 
while crossing the Nile after his defeat. 

46* * b. c. Cleopatra marries her 
younger brother, Ptolemy Necteros, and 
reigns conjointly with him ; he is only 
a phantom king. 

45 * * b. c. Cleopatra goes to Rome 
with her brother and young Ptolemy 
Csesar, her son, wishing to be acknowl- 
edged Ciesar's wife, and their son to be 
his heir. [He is rejected.] 

43* * b. c. Cleopatra poisons her 
brother in his 14th year, and reigns alone. 

41 * * b. c. Cleopatra visits Antony, 
the ruler of the Eastern world, at Tar- 
sus, in Syria, and immediately capti- 
vates him. 

36 * * b. c. Antony deserts his wife Oc- 
tavia, and hastens to Cleopatra. 



* * * B. c. Cleopatra secures from the 
infatuated Antony the grant of Phoeni- 
cia, Cyrene, and Cyprus. 

34 * * B. c. Antony gives to Cleopatra 
all Asia, from the Mediterranean Sea 
to the Didus River. 

31 Sept. 2. b.c. Octavius [Augustus] 
appears with a Roman army against 
Antony and Cleopatra, who, being de- 
feated at the battle of Actium, kill 
themselves ; and Egypt becomes a polit- 
ical province and the great granary 
of the Roman empire. 

27 * * b. c. Cornelius Gallus, the Ro- 
man prefect, governs Egypt. 



14 



, d. Tiberius is emperor at 



[37, Caligula ; 41, Claudius ; 54, Nero ; 
08, Gallia ; OH, Otto, Vitellius, Vespasian ; 
79, Titus; 81, Domitian ; 96, Nerva ; 98, 
Trajan.] 

70 * * Vespasian visits Egypt. 

98 * * A great Jewish revolt is followed 
by the withdrawal of many privileges 
formerly enjoyed by the Jews. 

117 * * Hadrian is emperor of Rome. 

130 * * The Emperor visits Egypt, and 
renews the old privileges, besides grant- 
ing new ones. 

134 * * Hadrian again visits Egypt. 

138 * * Antoninus Pius is emperor of 
Rome. [161, M. Aurelius.J 

175 * * Avidius Cassius is prefect of 
Egypt ; having suppressed a revolt, he 
usurps the purple, and is acknowledged 
by the armies of Syria and Egypt. [Slain 
by his adherents.] 

180 * * Commodus is emperor of Rome. 
[193, Pertinax, D. Julianus, Septimus 
Severus. 211. M. Aurelius Antoninus 
(Caracalla).] 

193 * * Prescennius Niger, the Roman 
general in Egypt, is proclaimed emperor. 

194 * * Niger is defeated and slain by 
Severus. 

200* *The Emperor Severus visits 
Egypt. 

217 * * Macrinus is emperor of Rome. 
[218, Elagahalus ; 222, Alexander Sev- 
erus : 235, ilaximin ; 238. Gordian III. ; 
244, Philip : 249, Decius ; 251, Gallus ; 
253, iEmilian, by the action of the troops 
at Alexandria, Valerian ; 260, Gallicuus ; 
268, Claudius IX ; 270, Aurelian.] 

270 * * Zenobia, Queen of Palmyra, af- 
ter failing in a former invasion, again 

. invades and conquers Egypt [but 
holds it for only a short time]. 

273 * * Aurelian takes Egypt by defeat- 
ing Zenobia ; a revolt in Egypt is also 
suppressed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

31 * * A. d. Industrious Egypt becomes 
the granary of indolent Rome. 

41 * * Egypt is on the Roman highway 
to India. 

122 ** Alexandria is restored by 
Hadrian. 

128 * * The pestilence prevails. 

252 * * A devastating plague prevails. 



654 275, **-1517, 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

297 * * Alexandria is taken by Diocle- 
tian after a long siege, and Achilleus, 
the usurper, is put to death. 

450 * * Upper Egypt is overrun by the 
Nubians, led by Silco. 

491 * * The Persians invade Egypt. 

500 * * Arabs overrun Egypt. 

* * * The monasteries are used as for- 
tresses. 

616 * * Chosroes III., King of Persia, in- 
vades and captures Alexandria ; he 
holds the country for ten years. 

638 June * The invasion of the Sara- 
cens begins. 

641 Dec. 10. The Saracens, led by 
Califf Omar's successful general, Amru, 
capture Alexandria, and conquer 
Egypt. 

908 * * The Fatimite Arabs invade [and 
conquer] Egypt. 

1062 * * Civil war breaks out in Lower 
Egypt between the Blacks and the Turks. 

1099 July 15. The Crusaders cap- 
ture Jerusalem from the Saracens. 

Aug. 12. The Crusaders under Godfrey 
of Bouillon defeat the Egyptian army at 
Ascalon, in Palestine. 

1160* * Egypt is at war with Woored 
Deen of Aleppo, North Syria, and also 
with Amalric, King of Jerusalem. 

1166 * * The citadel of Cairo is founded 
by the Saracens. 

1186* * War begins between Saladin 
and the Crusaders. 

1187 * * Battle at Nazareth, Palestine ; 
130 Knights Hospitallers and Templars 
and a few hundred foot-soldiers are over- 
whelmed by superior numbers, and only 
the Grand Master and two knights es- 
cape. 

* * Saladin, with 80,000 men, totally de- 
feats the Crusaders near Lake Tibe- 
rias; it is a heavy blow to the invaders. 

1189 * * Acre is besieged by the Cru- 
saders. 

1191 * * Saladin is defeated by heavy re- 
enforcements to the Crusaders, at the 
siege of Acre ; 2,700 Mussulmans are 
massacred in cold blood, after surren- 
dering. 

1204* *E1 Adiel defeats the Crusa- 
ders, and drives the newly arrived King 
of Jerusalem back to Europe. 

1219* * The Saracens defeat the Crusa- 
ders at Mansurah, in the Delta. 

1249 June 5. The Crusaders, invad- 
ing Egypt, capture Damietta, with 
stores, by the treachery of the com- 
mander : 54 principal officers are put to 
death by the Sultan. 

1250 * * The Crusaders under Louis IX. 
of France are overwhelmed and defeated, 
and the King is captured at Mansurah 
by the Moslems. [St. Louis soon sur- 
renders his army.] 

* * St. Louis ransoms himself and army 
by promising the payment of 400,000 
livres and the evacuation of Egypt. 

1259 * * Mozuffer conquers Syria. 

1260 * * Mozuffer commences a series of 
campaigns against the Christians. Ez 
Zaher Beybars conquers Armenia. 



1279* * El MansonrKalaoon takes Trip- 
oli from the Christians, slaughtering tin- 
people. 

1291 * * Ashrof Khaleel takes Acre, the 
last stronghold of the Crusaders in 
Syria; many thousands of the inhabi- 
tants are massacred. 

1294* * The Ketbogba insurrection is 
defeated by El Mansoor Lageen. 

1399 * * The calif is at war with the 
Tartars under Tamerlane, and is de- 
feated at Aleppo. 

1424* *The calif takes Cyprus and 
Jeddah. the port of Mecca, from John 
III. 

1468 * * Successful expeditions are sent 
against the Turks under Bajazet. 

1508* * An luisnccessful expedition is 
sent against the Portuguese. 

1516* * The Saracens are defeated at 

Aleppo, Palestine, and annexed by the 

Turks under Selim I. 
1517 * * Cairo is taken by the Turks 

from the Egyptian sultans ; Egypt is 

subdued by Selim I. 

ART — SCIENCE -* NATURE. 

642 ± * * The Mosque of Amro at Cairo 

is erected. 
710 * * The nilometer is erected on the 

Island of Rhoda ; it notes the rise and 

fall of the Nile. 
813 * * The Great Pyramid is opened. 
879+ * * The Mosque of Tooloon at 

Cairo is erected. 
1058+ * * The inundation of the Nile 

fails for seven successive seasons. 
1300+ * * An earthquake half destroys 

Cairo ; Alexandria and other towns also 

suffer. 

1351* *The Mosque of Hassan is 
erected. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

292 * * Paehomius, Saint, one of the found- 
ers of monasticism, born. 

296 * * Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Al- 
exander, Christ ian Father, controversialist, 
author, born. 

307 * * Catherine, Saint, of Alexandria, mar- 
tyr, dies. 

309 * * Didymus, the " Blind " scholar, theo- 
logian, born. 

336 * * Arius. presbyter of Alexandria, fdr. 
of Arianism, A80. 

348 * * Piicliouiius, saint, one of the founders 
of monasticism, A57. 

356 * * Anthony, Saint, founder of asceti- 
cism, A 105. (?) 

370 * * Hypatia, of Alexandria, mathemati- 
cian, philosopher, born. 

376 * * Cyril, bishop of Alexandria, born. 

395 * * Didymus, the " Blind " scholar, theo- 
logian, A86. 
Athanasius, Saint, Patriarch of Alexandria, 
Christian Father, controversialist, an., ATT. 

415 * * Hypatia. of Alexandria, mathemati- 
cian, philosopher, A45. 

5th Century. Achilles, latins, rhetorician of 
Alexandria, horn. 

444 * * Cyril, Saint, of Alexandria, A68. 

884 * * Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon. founder of 
the Tooloon ide dynasty, A48+. 

892 * * Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Gaon, 
Jewish philosopher, horn. 

933 * * Tekeen Fl Cezeree, txyiqueror, dies. 

941 + * * Saadia, Ben Joseph Saadias-Caon, 
Jewish philosopher, A49±. 

1021 * * Hakim, founder and messiahof the 



CHURCH. 

284* * The Coptic writers date the era 
of the martyrs from the accession of 
Diocletian. 

303 * * A savage persecution of Chris- 
tians occurs. 

305 * * Monachism begins in Egypt ; St. 
Anthony of Thebes is its founder. 

311 * * An edict of toleration is issued 
by the emperor. 

324 * * The Emperor Constantine ad- 
vises all subjects to become Christians, 
as he had become one. 

* * The Christian Church is divided into 
two Greek churches, the first schism in 
Egypt. 

326* * Athanasius, the opponent of 
Arius, is made archbishop of Alexan- 
dria. [335. Athanasius is exiled by 
the Arians. 342. Athanasius returns.] 

354 * * George of Cappadocia is made 
(Arian) archbishop of Alexandria. 

355 * * Athanasius is again exiled. 

362 * * George of Cappadocia is killed 
by a mob while awaiting trial. 

363 * * Athanasius is finally restored. 
389 * * The temple and worship of 

Serapis are destroyed by Theodosius I. 
Christians triumph over the pagans; 
the old Egyptian religion is proscribed, 
yet most of the learned and scientific 
classes remained pagans. 

412 * * Cyril becomes bishop of Alex- 
andria ; he is one of the most intemper- 
ate of the church Fathers. 

He persecutes the Jews, plunders their 
possessions, and one dav expels every 
one of them from the city. 

415± * * Hypatia, the pagan philoso- 
pher, is murdered by monks through 
the alleged instigation of St. Cyril. 

* * Jews are massacred in Alexandria. 



Dr 



s, die 



1137* * Saladin. sultan of Egypt and Syr 

born. 
1193* * Saladin. sultan, A56. 
1238 * * El Kamil, sultan, dies. 
1257* * Aibek-Az:id-rd-l »in, sultan, dies. 



431 * * Cyril presides over the Council of 
Epbesus. 

451* *The 4th General Council of 
Chalcedon denounces the doctrines of 
the Coptic or Egyptian Church as 
heretical; this causes its separation 
from the orthodox church. 

754 * * El Mansoor becomes a cruel per- 
secutor of Christians in Syria and 
Egypt. 

1048 * * The Calif of Egypt permits the 
Knights of Malta to build a pilgrims' 
house at Jerusalem. 

1299 * * Jews and Christians are severely 
persecuted. 

1303* * Christians are compelled to 
wear blue turbans, and Jews to wear 
yellow, and both are forbidden to ride 
on horses or mules, or to receive any gov- 
ernment employment ; many churches 
are destroyed and all closed. 

1322± * * Christians are again perse- 
cuted; the principal churches are de- 
stroyed by the Moslems; Christians 
retaliate by burning the mosques. 

The threats of the mob induce the 
sultan to consent to the murder and 
plunder of any Christians met in the 
streets. 



EGYPT. 



275, **-1517, 



655 



LETTERS. 

312 * * The Coptic Bible is written. 

389 * * The pagan temple of Serapis pos- 
sesses 700,000 volumes; a mob de- 
stroys tliem with the temple. (?) 

€40 * * Calif Omar takes Alexandria, and 
destroys its library of 700,000 vol- 
umes; these supply the baths with fuel 
for six months ; learning is banished for 
a time. 

754 * * El Mansoor is a patron of liter- 
ature. 

800± * * The Augustinian Age of Sara- 
cenic literature appears. 

813 * * El Mainoon patronizes litera- 
ture. 

975* * El Azeez patronizes literature; 
he founds the University of Cairo. 

SOCIETY. 

321 * * Religious feuds between the or- 
thodox Athanasians and the heterodox 
Arians disturb Alexandria. 

884 * * Ahmed dies, leaving a costly es- 
tablishment. 

It consists of 7,000 mounted Mame- 
lukes, 300 picked horses for his own use, 
a body-guard of 24,000 slaves, besides 
0,000 asses and mules, 10,000 camels, and 
100 wherries. 

* * The prisons contain 18,000 prisoners. 
1257 * * Sultan Eybek is put to death 

by his wife; she in turn is beaten to 
death by the wooden clogs of the female 
slaves belonging to another wife of 
Eybek. 

STATE. 

275 * * Tacitus is emperor of Rome. 
[276, Probns, after serving as governor 
of Egypt ; 2S2, Carus, Numerian is co- 
regent ; later. Carinas ; 2S4, Diocletian ; 
286, Maximian.] 

292 * * A formidable revolt breaks out ; 
Achillens assumes the title of Emperor 
Donritus Domitanus. 

296* * Diocletian enters Egypt, and 
takes Alexandria. 

297 * * Domitanus, sustained by the 
Egyptians, again revolts, and captures 
Alexandria; the emperor returns, and 
takes the city, and puts his rival to 
death. 

305* * Constantius and Galerius are 
emperors. 

[306, Maxentius ; 307, Severus, Lici- 
nius,and Constantine ; 323, Constantine ; 
337, Constantine II., Constantius and 
Constans coregents ; 353, Constantius; 
361, Julian ; 363, Jovian ; 364, Valentin- 
ian; Valensenre.gent ; 367, Gratian; 375, 
Valentinian II. ; 379, Theodosius ; 3S3, 
Maximus; 392, Eugenius ; 394, Theodo- 
sius.] 

395 * * Egypt becomes a part of the 
Byzantine Empire on the final division 
of the Roman Empire. 

639 * * Egypt is invaded by the Mos- 
lems ; 'Amr-Ibu-Ei-As with 4,000 men 
enters Syria. 

641 * * Grand Cairo is founded. 

* *-86S* * Moslem rule. (Seep. 485+.) 

Egypt is governed by a succession of 
viceroys appointed by the califs of Bag- 
dad and Damascus. 
644 * * Othman-ibin-Affan, a descendant 
of the Prophet, reigns. [He is killed by 
conspirators.] 



646 * * Cyprus is regained. 

648 * * Cyprus is retaken by the Greek 
emperor. 

656 * * Ali-Ib-Abu-Taleb is calif. 

[661, Moawiyeh I., the founder of the 
Ommiade dynasty; 680, Yezeid I.; 083, 
MoawiyehlL ; 6S4,Merwanl. ; later, Abd- 
el-Melek, who discontinues tribute to 
Constantinople ; 705, El Weleed ; 744, 
Merwan.] 

714 ± * * Seven califs have brief and 
unimportant reigns. 

750 * * -1258 * * The dynasty of the 
Abbassids; Bagdad is the capital. 

* * Abul Abbas is calif, and founds the 
dynasty. 

754 * * Al Munsur reigns ; he is a cruel 
persecutor, yet a patron of learning and 
science. 

[775, Mahdi ; later, Hadee; 786, Harun- 
al-Raschid, brave, benevolent, and a pa- 
tron of science ; 809, El Ameen ; 813, El 
"Mainoon, a patron of learning; 840, El 
Mantussin ; 847, El Motawukkel ; 861, 
ElMuntusser; 863, Kl Mostain; later,El 
Mantuz ; later, Ahmed Ibn y Tooloon as 
viceroy of the calif, and founder of the 
Tooloonide dynasty.] 

868 * * Ahmed throws off allegiance to 
the calif, and establishes indepen- 
dence for Egypt [lasting 37 years]. 

884* * Khamaraweeyeh reigns. [S96, 
Asaker, Haroon, Maghazee.] 

* * * Long period of anarchy. 

906 * * Muktuffee is calif, and indepen- 
dence is lost, and the Abbassid dynasty 
is restored. 

908 * * Muktuddir reigns. 

* * The Mahdee, or Arabian Fatimites, 
invade Egypt. 

* *-1171* *The Fatimite dynasty 
reigns over Egypt, part of Northern 
Africa, and Syria. 

932 * * El Kaher is calif. 

[936, El Radee, Mohammad el Alkh- 
sheed, founder of the Alksheed dynasty ; 
948, Abool ; 967, Abool Kasem ; later, 
Kafoor ; 969, Abool Fowaris, later, El 
Moez, founder of the Fatimite dynasty 
of califs ; the Fatimites come from North- 
ern Africa.] 

973 * * Cairo is founded by the Fati- 
mites. [It causes the decay of Alex- 
andria.] 

975 * * El Azeez is calif. 

996 * * El Hakim is calif ; the founder 
of the sect of the Druses. 

1021 * * Ez Zahir is calif. 

[1036,ElMustansir : 1094, El Mustalee ; 
1101, El Amer ; 1132, El Hafuz ; 1152, El 
Dhafer ; 1157, El Fiygez.] 

1171 * * Salah ed Deen [the famous Sa- 
ladin] is proclaimed sultan; he founds 
the Ayoobite dynasty. 

1192 * * Saladin is forced by the Cru- 
saders to accept a truce for three years. 

1193 * * Saladin dies, and his dominions 
are divided. 



1229* * El Kamil cedes Jerusalem, 
Bethlehem, Nazareth, and other parts 
of Palestine, to Frederick U., Emperor 
and Crusader. 

1249 * * Sheger-ed-Durr, widow of the 
sultan, assumes the regency. [El Moez- 



1250 * * 1517 * * The Mamelukes, 
having usurped the supreme power, rule 
Egypt [for 267 years]. 

* * El Moez is sultan, and founder of 
the Baharite Mameluke dynasty. The 
Mamelukes were originally Moslem 
slaves. 

1256 * * El Mansoor is sultan ; soon put 
to death, and succeeded by Eybek. 

[1257, Eybek is assassinated by order 
of his wife : 1259, El Mozuffer ; 1260, Ez 
Zaher Bey bars ; 1279, El Mansoor Kala- 
oon ; 1290, El Ashrof Khaleel ; 1293, El 
Nasr Mohammed, who is soon exiled.] 

1294 * * An insurrection breaks out 
under Ketbogha, the regent. 

1299 * * El Nasr Mohammed is restored 
to the throne. 

1308 * * The sultan abdicates. El Mo- 
zuffer Bayleers is his successor. 
1310 * * El Nasr is again restored. 

1341 * * The seven sons of Nasr follow 
in succession ; [reigns are chiefly short 
and troubled ; the sultans are exiled 
or put to death]. 

1348 * * Hassan is deposed from author- 
ity by Es Saleh, his brother. 

1351 * * Hassan is restored. 

1361 * * El Mausoor Mohammed reigns 
a few months. 

1363 * * ElAshraf Shaban, son of Hassan, 
is sultan. [He is finally strangled.] 

1377 * * Es Salah is sultan ; later his 
brother, El Mansoor Ali. 

1382 * * Ez Zahir Berkook, the usurper, 

is sultan. 
He founds the Circassian Mameluke, or 

Eorgite, dynasty, and rules with ability 

and justice; he also favors learning. 

These sultans were originally Circassian 

slaves. 
1399 * * En Nasr Fareg of Berkook is 

sultan. 

* * * A. revolt in Syria is overcome. 
1412 * * El Moaiyud begins a prosperous 

reign. 
1422 * * El Ashraf Bursabey, a sultan of 

virtue, reigns with ability. 
1438 * * Gekmeh reigns ; later Abdel 

Azeez, who is deposed. 
1453 * * Eenal reigns ; later Othman 

[who is overthrown by intrigue]. 
1461 * * Khoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed, 

a Greek by birth, is sultan. 

1467 * * Tumr Bogha reigns. 

1468 * * El Ashrof Kaitbey reigns ; he is 
successful in military enterprises. 

1496 * * Mohammed reigns ; he is weak 
and barbarous ; later, Kansooh Nasr 
reigns five months, and abdicates. 

1500 * * G-ambalat reigns six months ; 
Toman Bey reigns a few months, and is 
killed. 

1501 * * El Ghoree Kansooh reigns. 
1517 * * El Ashrof Toman Bey reigns. 

* * The Mamelukes are overthrown. 
Cairo is taken by Turks under Selim 
I., and Egypt is reduced to a Turkish 
pashalic. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

491 * * The invasion of the Persians is 
followed by a famine. 

684 * * The first Arab coin is issued. 

1062± * * A famine lasts for seven 
years. 

1424 * * The Indian trade is monopo- 
lized by the Egyptians. 



656 1543, * *-1868 ; Mar. 18. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1767* *AU Bey, the Mameluke, con- 
quers Arabia and Syria by an army 
under Mohammed. Bey. 

1786 * * Cairo is captured by Turks 
under Hassan Pasha. 

1798 * * -1801 * * The French send an 
expedition against Egypt, having for 
its ultimate object tbe overthrow of the 
British empire in the East. 

July 5. Napoleon, with an army of 
30,000 men, takes Alexandria by as- 
sault. 

July 21. Battle of the Pyramids; Na- 
poleon defeats and nearly annihilates 
the Mamelukes, 60,000 strong; 15,000 
men fall. 

July 22. Napoleon captures Cairo. 

1799 Apr. 16. Napoleon defeats the 
Turks at Mt. Tabor, Palestine. [Pesti- 
lence breaks out in the French army, 
and it returns to Egypt. Gen. Kleber 
succeeds Napoleon as commander of the 
French.] 

July 25. Gen. Murat with 5,000 French 
defeats 15,000 Turks at Aboukir, near 
a mouth of the Nile. 

Aug. 1,2. Battle of the Nile; the 
French fleet is destroyed by the British 
fleet under Adm. Nelson in Aboukir 
Bay ; the French lose 13 out of 17 ves- 
sels, and 9,000 men. 

1800 * * Gen. Kleber defeats a force of 
70,000 Turks under the grand vizier at 
Heliopolis, in the Delta. 

June 14. Gen. Kleber is assassinated 
at Cairo ; Gen. Menou assumes command 
of the French. 

1801 Mar. 2. A British army, under 
Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson, ar- 
rives in Aboukir Bay. 

Mar. 8. Sir Ralph Abercromby defeats 
the French, and captures Aboukir. 
[Mar. 21. He defeats the French under 
Gen. Menou at Alexandria.] 

Mar. 25. The British army is reen- 
forced by the Turks. 

Mar. 28. Gen. Abercromby dies of 
his wounds at Alexandria. 

Apr. 19. The French are defeated at 
Rosetta, a town in the Delta. 

June 27. Cairo is taken by the British 
and Turks ; 60,000 French capitulate. 

Sept. 2. Gen. Menou and 10,000 French 
surrender to Gen. Hutchinson at Alex- 
andria. 

Sept. * The French rule ends in the 
evacuation of Egypt. 

1802± * * A Turkish force of 14,000 men 
is defeated by a small force of Mame- 
lukes in Demenhoor, who also secure 
guns and ammunition. 

1803 Mar.* The British evacuate 
Egypt. 

May* The Egyptian troops revolt 
against Khusruf Pasha, v/ho is com- 
pelled to flee. 

* * Mehemet Ah, with a force of Alba- 
nians and Mamelukes, takes Damietta, 
in the Delta, after an obstinate resist- 
ance ; Khusruf Pasha is captured. 



sheed Pasha, the rivals for supreme 
power. 

May 19. AH besieges Kursheed, the 
Mameluke chief, in the citadel of Cairo. 

Aug. 17. Tbe first massacre of the Ma- 
melukes in Cairo by the Turks occurs. 

1806 July 1. The Porte sends 3,000 
troops to subdue the beys. 

1807 Mar. 17. A force of 5,000 British 
troops arrives to aid the beys against 
the Sultan. 



Sept. 14. The British under Gen. Fra- 
zer evacuate Alexandria after failing 
in their unfortunate enterprise. 

1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali invites the 
Mamelukes to the citadel, and massa- 
cres about 470 of them, and destroys 
their power. 

* * Mehemet Ali sends 8,000 men, includ- 
ing 2,000 horse, under Toosoon Pasha, 
against the Wahabis, who repulse them. 

1812 * * -15 * * Toosoon is reenforced, 
and renews the campaign ; he takes 
Medina after a siege, also Jiddah and 
Mecca. 

1816 * * A successful expedition is sent 
to Arabia by Mehemet Ali. (See p. 4S3.) 

1820 * * Mehemet Ali sends several thou- 
sand men into Southern Egpyt to ob- 
tain captives to form the nucleus of a 
new army. 

1821 * *-22 * * Ali sends 7,000 or 8,000 
men to aid the Turks in subduing the 
tbe Greek insurrection. 

1822 * * Mehemet All's youngest son, 
Ismail, and his retinue, are put to 
death by Nimr, an Arab chief. 

* * An army composed chiefly of slaves is 
organized by French officers into dis- 
ciplined troops. 

1824* * The regular army is raised to 
24,000 men. 

* * Insurgents numbering 20,000 or 30.000, 
led by the false prophet, are subdued. 

1831 * * -33 * * "War with Turkey ; 
Mehemet Ali revolts, invades [and soon 
subdues] Syria. 

* * In a battle near Gaza, Egyptians 
under Ibrahim Pasha defeat the Chris- 
tians ; 30,000 Christians and Moslems 
fall; the former retreat. [1S32. Jeru- 
salem is captured by the Egyptians 
under Es Salih ; they also take Damas- 
cus.] 

1832 July 8. "With 16,000 disciplined 
Egyptian troops, Ibrahim Pasha, son of 
Ali, defeats 30,000 Turks at the battle 
of Hims. 

May 27. Ibrahim takes Acre from the 

Turks after a long siege. 
Dec. 2,1. Ibrahim defeats 60,000 Turks at 

Konich, and captures the grand vizier. 

1833 Apr. 3. Ibrahim advances on 
Constantinople, which is entered by 
Russian auxiliaries. 

May 4. The war with the Turks ends 
with the convention of Rutayah. 

1839 * * Mehemet Ali again revolts 
against the Sultan, claiming hereditary 
powers. 

June 24. Ibrahim Pasha defeats the 
Turks at Nezib on the Euphrates. 



* * Through the treachery of officers the 
Turkish fleet falls into the hanchi of 
the viceroy of Egypt. 

1840 Oct. 10. Adm. Napier bombards 
Beyrout. 

Nov. 3. The British and Austrian fleets, 
under Adm. Sir Robert Stopford, take 
Acre. 

Nov. 21±. Ibrahim is expelled from 
Syria by the action of the powers, Eng 
land, Austria, Russia, and Prussia hav- 
ing agreed to hold Syria fur th« Sultan. 

1864 May * The pasha sends a force to 
repress insurgents in Arabia. 

May 10. [Sir] Samuel W. Baker is ap- 
pointed commander of a military expe- 
dition to ascend the Xile, and suppress 
the slave-trade. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1754 Sept. * An earthquake engulfs 
half of the houses in Grand Cairo ; 40,000 
persons perish. 

1815* * Giovanni Battisa Belzoni, the 
antiquarian, arrives. 

1S16 * * Belzoni removes the colossal 
statue of Memnon from near Thebes to 
Alexandria. 

1817 * * Belzoni explores temples, and 
opens the pyramid of Cephren. 

1820 * * The Mahmoud canal is opened, 
connecting Alexandria with the Nile. 

1829 Nov. 26. The water of the Nile 
rises to 26 instead of 22 feet. 

1834 * * Burnt bricks are found in the 
Nile that are believed to be 20.000 vears 
old. 

1852 * * Ferdinand de Lesseps pro- 
jects a canal for connecting the Bay of 
Pelusium with the Red Sea. 

He proposes to cut a canal 90 miles 
long, create ports, and deepen shallow 
waters. 

1858 * * The Suez canal is begun by 
French engineers. 

1861 * * The Bulak Museum is estab- 
lished. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1728 ' 
1735i 
1769 = 
1773' 
1789' 
1806' 
1807 
1813' 
1816' 



* Ibrahim Pasha, vicerov, born. 

* El Bardeesee Paslia d:es. 
Jan. 30. El-elfee Bey dies. 

* Abbas Pasha, viceroy, born. 

* Ibrahim Bey. Hameluke chief, 
1±. 

Dec. 3 1 . Ismail Pasha born. 
Nov. 10. Ibrahim Pasha dies. 
Aug-. 3. Mehemet Ali Paslia dies. 
July 14. Abbas Paslia, A41. 
Jan. 18. Said Paslia. viceroy, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1S0S * * The Bible is translated into 
Amharic language by an Abyssinian 
monk called AbuRumi, assisted by the 
French consul, Asseline. 

1S54 Nov. 15. The United Presbyte- 
rian Church of U. S. A. starts a mission 
in Cairo. 

1S62 * * Miss "Whately, daughter of Arch- 
bishop Whately of Dublin, starts a 
school at Cairo for the children of 
Copts and Mohammedans. 

1863* *The first native Protestant 
church is organized at Cairo by the 
United Presbyterians. 



EGYPT. 



1543, * *-1868, Mar. 18. 657 



1865 * * Assiout and Koos become mis- 
sion-stations of the United Presbyterians 
ofU. S. A. 

[1S6G, Modeenet, El Fayoom, and 
Mansura, in the Delta ; 1SGS, Sinoris 
El Fayoom ; 1869, Mooteea and Na- 
khaileh, near Assiout; 1873, Bagore, 
Fahta, Rhoda, Suft Meedoom, and 
Luxor; 1S74, El-Jawily, in the prov- 
ince of Assiout, North Egypt, Goorneh, 
near Luxor; 1875, Ahnoob, near Assi- 
out, and Sinhore, on the Fayoom ; 1S76, 
Esneh and Erment, south of Luxor, 
Kosair, on the Red Sea, and Zerabi, 
near Assiout; 1S77, Dweir, Moosera, 
Beezadeeza, Marees, and Bulak ; 1S7S, 
Beni-Adi and Manfaloot; 1S79, Sana- 
lio, Akhmeem, on the east bank of the 
Nile, province of Girgeh, and El Baya- 
deeyya, province of Assiout, Upper 
Egypt; 1SS0, Deir Aboo-Hinnis, and 
Tanta; 1881, Azaimeh, near Esneh, 
Kinneh, Tameeyah, and El Kome 
El Akhdar; 1882, "Wast a, Moir, 
Tanda, and Benisouef; 1S83, Tima, 
Abooteeg, and Furkus ; 18S4, Edfos, 
Aboo-Kerkas, and Daminhoor; 18S5, 
Deir El-jenadily, Kome-es-paht, 
Busra, Menharg, M ah a 11a, Kafr- 
Bilmisht, Zagazig, and Mist Ehamr ; 
1SS6, Deir-Birsha, Nezlet-Rooman, 
Fesh, Gerobeea ; 1887, Assouan at the 
First Cataract, Hammam, Serokina, 
rTezlet-Nahkly, Dakoof, Tanbody, 
Safaneezah, and Atf -Haider.] 

SOCIETY. 
1801 * * On the departure of French 
troops from Egypt, many of the Moslem 
women whom they had married, or 
bought as concubine slaves, are forth- 
with tied up in sacks and drowned. 

STATE. 

1543 * * -1798 * * Turkish rule in 
Egypt. 

The title calif is assumed by the sov- 
ereigns of Turkey. 

* * Egypt is divided by the Turks into 
24 districts. 

Each is under a Mameluke bey, the 
chief of whom is sheikh el-beled ; over 
the 2-i beys is a council of seven Turkish 
chiefs, aud superior* to all a supreme 
pasha. 

1763 * * All Bey, the Mameluke, is pro- 
moted to the office of sheikh el-beled. 

1767* *Ali Bey usurps authority, 
and becomes supreme pasha ; he declares 
Egyptian independence, [lie is poisoned 
after four years.] 

1772 * * Mohammed Aboo Dahab re- 
bels, and contends for the office of su- 
preme pasha [is recognized by the Sultan 
of Turkey]. 

1773 * * Supreme authority divided by 
Murad Bey and Ibrahim Bey. [Con- 
fusion and civil war follow for many 
years.] 

1786 * * M u r a d and Ibrahim are de- 
throned ; Ismail is made supreme pasha. 

1791* * Murad and Ibrahim are re- 
stored to their former office on the death 
of Ismail. 



1798 Aug. * -1801 Sept. * French 
rule. 

1799 * *Napoleon Bonaparte leaves 
Gen. Kleber in authority. 

1801 * * The French invaders are dis- 
possessed by the British invaders un- 
der Gens. Abercromby and Hutchinson. 

Sept. * The French evacuate and aban- 
don Egypt. 

* * Turkish rule is restored. 

* * The Turkish government gives orders 
to the Turkish high-admiral to ensnare 
and put to death the principal beys ; 
this begins the struggle between the 
Mamelukes and the Turks ; civil war 
ensues. 

* * Gen. Menou concludes a treaty with 
the English at Cairo. 

Egypt is to be restored to Turkey, and 
the French army transported to France 
by the English fleet. 

* * Mohammed Khusruf is pasha. 
1803 Mar. * The British evacuate 

Egypt. 
May* Khusruf Pasha is driven out of 
Cairo by a revolt of unpaid soldiers. 

* * Tahir Pasha is pasha. He is killed 
in 23 days for refusing to pay the Turk- 
ish troops. 

* * Confusion and anarchy ensue. 
1805 May * Mehemet All is chosen 

pasha. 

June * (?) Ali receives a firman as pasha 
from the Sultan, and the struggle in 
Cairo ceases. 

Aug. 17. Mehemet Ali's first massacre. 
(See Army.) 

1806* * Mehemet Ali is appointed gov- 
ernor of Upper Egypt; he claims su- 
preme power. 

July 1. A successor of Ali arrives, accom- 
panied with 3,000 regular troops, yet he 
only succeeds in retaining his position 
by paying 4,000 purses to the Porte. 
[He greatly develops the country.] 

1811 Mar. 1. Mehemet Ali's seeond 
massacre. (See Army.) 

1822 * * The territory of ancient Nubia 
is added by conquest. 

1831* * Mehemet Ali declares Egypt 
independent, invades Syria, and threat- 
ens Constantinople. 

1833 May 14. By the intervention of 
European powers a treaty is concluded 
between Mehemet Ali and the Porte ; 
Syria and Adneh are ceded to Ali on 
condition of his paying tribute to Turkey. 

1839 * * Mehemet Ali, encouraged by 
France, demands of the young Sultan, 
Abdul-Medjid, the hereditary investi- 
ture of all lands under Ali's government. 

1840 * * In opposition to the demands of 
Ali, England, Austria, Prussia, and 
Russia, to the exclusion of France, con- 
clude an alliance favorable to thePorte, 
which threatens the peace of Europe. 

Nov.+ * Ali withdraws from Syria. 

1841 July 15. By the Convention of 
Alexandria peace is restored. 

By the demand of Great Britain, Me- 
hemet Ali relinquishes Syria, but is con- 



firmed by the Sultan in hereditary rule 
of Egypt. 

1848 * * Ibrahim Fasha is viceroy; he 
is the adopted son of Ali. 

* * Abbas Pasha, son of Toosoon, suc- 
ceeds his uncle Ibrahim ; retrogression 
begins. 

1851 May 27. The Porte confirms the 
hereditary succession to the pashalic of 
Egypt, and concedes the right of coining 
money, but increases the tribute from 
£400,000 to £750,000. 

1854 * * Said Fasha is viceroy ; he is 
the fourth son of Mehemet Ali. [Fa- 
vorable to reforms.] 

1863 * * Ismail Fasha, the commandant 
of the army, becomes viceroy. 

Apr. 7. The Sultan of Turkey arrives 
in Egypt. 

1867 May 14. Ismail Pasha secures a 
firman from the Porte at great cost, 
which grants the title Khedive, and 
removes the chief restrictions imposed 
by the treaty ; the office is also confirmed 
to the line of direct succession. 

June 9. The sultan designates the Khe- 
dive as sovereign. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791 * * The plague appears. 

1792 * * The plague prevails ; about 
800,000 people perish. 

1820 * * "Khartum, at the confluence of 
the Blue and White Nile, is built by 
Mehemet Ali. 

1831 * * Cholera prevails. 

1851 * * A railway from Cairo to Alex- 
andria is opened. 

1858 * * The dredging of the Suez Canal 
is commenced by Daniel Lange of Eng- 
land ; estimated cost, £8,000,000. 

1859 May* A telegraph line is 
opened between Aden and Suez. 

1862 * * Mediterranean waters are ad- 
mitted into a channel communicating 
with Lake Timsah. 

1863 Mar. 4. The name of the new 
town is changed from Timsah to Is- 
mailia. 

Aug. * The Egyptian Government com- 
pels the Canal Company to abandon 
compulsory labor. 

* * -67 * * The war in America stimu- 
lates the cultivation of cotton. 

1865 Feb. * M. de Lesseps reports the 
passage of a vessel containing 30 per- 
sons through the entire canal. 

June * Cholera rages in Alexandria. 

Aug. 15. A part of the Suez Canal is 
opened. 

The waters of the Nile are admitted 
into the smaller canal, and a vessel 
passes from the Mediterranean to the 
Red Sea. 

1867 Feb. 17. The first ship, named 
the Prima, passes through the canal 
from sea to sea. 

Nov. * A loan is raised in France for the 
Suez Canal. 

1868 * * The canal is used by both 
French and English vessels. 

Mar. 18. The Mediterranean waters 
are admitted to the salt lakes. 



658 1868, * *-1884 ; Feb. 11. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1870 Feb. 8. '(lie Baker expedition 
leaves Khartum. 

[1871. Apr. 25. It arrives at Gondokoro, 
later called Ismailia. July *-Sept. * 
It has engagements with the Baris of 
Belinian. 1872. Mar. 6, It arrives at Fa- 
liko. Apr. 25. It arrives at Masindi in Un- 
yoro. June 8. The treachery of Kaba 
Kega toward the Baker expedition is pun- 
ished by burning Masindi. July 18. It 
arrives at Foweera, and is well received. 
Aug. 2. It suppresses an insurrection 
of slave-dealers.] 

1875 * * -76 * * "War with Abyssinia. 
Ismail Pasha makes a disastrous attempt 
to conquer territory. (See p. 2.) 

1877 June* Negotiations for peace are 
entered. 

1879 May 5. A rebellion of slave- 
dealers in the Sudan is suppressed by 
Lieut. Gessi of Col. Gordon's command. 

1881 July* Sheik Mohammed Ahmed 
proclaims himself a Mahdi, and raises 
an insurrection. 

Nov. * The Mahdi defeats the Egyptian 

troops. 
Dec±. * Ahmed the Mahdi is defeated 

in the Sudan, retires up the Blue Nile, 

and gathers a large army beyond the 

"White Nile. 

1882 June 11. Arabi Pasha begins a 
rebellion of the national party against 
the Anglo-French control of Egypt. 

Alexandria suffers from a riot, the 
town is ravaged, and about 60 Europeans 
are killed ; the Egyptian troops suppress 
the rioters. 

June 14. The Mahdi overwhelms and 
massacres about 6,000 Egyptian troops 
in the Sudan. (Reported.) 

July 4. The English and French admi- 
rals formally protest against the erec- 
tion of fortifications at Alexandria by 
Arabi Pasha. [July 9. Adm. Seymour 
threatens to bombard the city.] 

July 6. The subjects of Great Britain 
are warned to leave Egypt. 

July 11. Adm. Seymour bombards 
Alexandria for the preservation of his 
fleet from Arabi's batteries ; British 
loss, six killed, and 28 wounded. 

July 12. The Sultan protests against 
the bombardment. 

± The British send 1,000 marines 
from Malta to Alexandria. [July 17. 
About 5,000 soldiers land.] 

Arabi Pasha and part of the Egyptian 
army abandon Alexandria, and retreat 
into the interior ; a mob fires the city ; 
it plunders and massacres Europeans 
and Christians. 

July 20±. Arabi Pasha cuts off the 
water supply from Alexandria, and calls 
upon the people to rise. 

July 24. Sir A. Alison has a skirmish 

with the rebels ; he captures Ramleh. 

± Arabi proclaims a holy war. 

July 25±. The British bring troops 
from England and India. 



Aug. 19, 20. The British occupy Port 
Said, Ismailia, and Kantara, positions 
which control the canal. 

Aug. 21. Gen. Macpherson arrives at 
Suez with the Indian troops. 

Aug. 25. The advance from Ismailia has 
a slight cavalry and artillery engage- 
ment ; Egyptians are routed. 

Aug. 26. Gen. Graham occupies Kassas- 
sin with 2,000 troops. 

Sept. 13. After several skirmishes the 
British capture Tel-el-Kebir, losing 52 
killed, 3S0 wounded ; Egyptian loss, 
3,000. 

Sept. 14. The British enter Cairo; 
Arabi Pashi with about 10,000 men sur- 
renders to the British. 

Sept. 17. The Khedive dissolves the 
Egyptian army. 

Oct. 24. The Mahdi defeats the Egyp- 
tians in the Sudan. 



Bee. 16. Col. Stewart arrives at Khar- 
tum. 

Dec. 22. Sir Henry Evelyn "Wood, 
commander of the new Egyptian army, 
arrives at Cairo. 

1883 Jan. * The Mahdi repulses the 
British in the Sudan three times. 

[Jan. 5. The Mahdi captures Bara 
and Obeid. Feb. 23±. The Mahdi is re- 
pulsed. Apr. * Gen. Hicks defeats the 
Mahdi at Sennaar.] 

Mar. * Col. Hicks Pasha starts for Kor- 
dofan with an army. 

[Apr. 29. He totally defeats the 
Mahdi near Berber. May 14±. Again 
near Khartum. Sept. 20. He advances 
up the Nile to Duem.] 

Nov. 3, 5. Battle of K ash gal, near 
El-Obeid; Col. Hicks is overwhelmed 
in a defile by 11,000 Mahdists, and the en- 
tire Egyptian force is exterminated. 

Nov. 6. The Mahdi surprises and de- 
feats an Egyptian detachment at Tokar 
near Suakim ; it loses 150 men. 

Nov. * Col. Coetologon gathers an Egyp- 
tian army at Khartum. 

Nov. * A general uprising against the 
British takes place. 

Nov. 26.-Dec. 2. The Mahdists, com- 
manded by Osman Digna, an impover- 
ished slave-dealer, attack the forts at 
Suakim ; a force of 720 Egyptians is al- 
most totally destroyed. 

1884 Jan. 18. London. Gen. (Chi- 
nese) Gordon is ordered to the Sudan 
to assist the Khedive in withdrawing his 
troops, they being overpowered by the 
Mahdists. 

Feb. 4. The Mahdists defeat Baker 
Pasha near Tokar. 

Feb. 7±. Adm. Hewitt assumes com- 
mand at Suakim ; the town is besieged. 

Feb. S. Tewfik Bey makes a desperate 
sortie from Sinkat ; the entire force is 
killed, and the town taken. 

Feb. 11. Gen. Gordon arrives at Ber- 
ber, and proclaims the Mahdi sultan of 
Kordofan. [Feb. IS. At Khartum.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 
1876 Jan. 1. The Gregorian style of 
the calendar is adopted. 



CHURCH. 
1868* * The Apostelstrasse (" the A ve- 
nue of the Apostles '^missions are with- 
drawn from the interior, and devoted to 
the successful school at Alexandria. 

1881 Nov. *+: Mohammed Ahmed, call- 
ing himself El Mahdi, the prophet, ap- 
pears in Sudan with 1,500 followers, 
declares a holy war, and defeats the 
Egyptian forces. 

1882 July 24*. A Mohammedan reli- 
gious war against unbelievers is pro- 
claimed by Arabi Pasha. 

* * The strength of the various religions 
is shown by the census returns : 

Mohammedans 6,051,625 

Christians (Copts, Roman Catho- 
lics, Greeks, Protestants, and 

Arminiansj 514.521 

Jews 15,796 

SOCIETY. 

1S80 July * The Khedive decrees the 
abolition of slavery. [Slaves are to be 
emancipated by July 31, 1881.] 

1882 Apr.* The trial of 43 persons con- 
victed of uniting in a conspiracy to kill 
Arabi Pasha, and dethrone the Khedive, 
ends with the sentence of exile ; sentence 
confirmed by the Khedive. 

May 29. Anarchy prevails; Europeans 
are leaving Egypt. 

1882 June 11. Savage riots and 
massacre of Europeans occur at Alex- 
andria. 

June 15±. A state of panic prevails 
because of the rebellion ; great emigra- 
tion of Europeans from Alexandria en- 
sues. [20,000 leave Egypt.] 

June 28±. Arabi Pasha is decorated 
by the sultan. 

Nov. * The trial of Arabi Pasha begins 
with the secret examination of wit- 
nesses. 

Dec. 3. Arabi Pasha pleads guilty of 
rebellion ; he is first sentenced to death, 
then the sentence is commuted to ban- 
ishment for life. 

Dec. 9. Arabi Pasha and others are to 
be sent to Ceylon for exile. 

1883 June 9. Suleiman Sami is con- 
victed of the firing and plundering at 
Alexandria and inciting the massacre 
[and hanged on June 11]. 

STATE. 
1S69 Apr. 1. Sir Samuel Baker is 
commissioned to assume authority for 
four years from this date in the country 
south of Gondokoro ; he is to extend the 
boundaries of Egypt. 

1871 May 26. Baker arrives at Gon- 
dokoro, names it Ismailia, and formally 
annexes the country to Egypt. 

1872 Apr. 1. Baker returns to Gon- 
dokoro. 

1873* *" Chinese" Gordon is ap- 
pointed the successor of Sir Samuel 
Baker in the Sudan. 

June 8. The Sultan issues a firman, 
making Egypt practically indepen- 
dent; the Khedive is prohibited, how- 
ever, from making treaties with foreign 



EGYPT. 



1868, * *-1884, Feb. 11. 659 



*y, 



building 



1875 June 28. The Khedive opens an 
international court of justice. 

Nov. * It is announced that the Khe- 
dive's shares in the Suez Canal have 
been purchased by Great Britain. 

Dec. * Great Britain sends Stephen 
Cave to Egypt on a special mission re- 
specting the finances. [He reports a 
bad condition, owing to extravagance 
and ■waste.] 

1876 Jan. 1. The mixed courts are 
first opened. 

Jan. 4. Nubar Pasha, the Minister of 
Foreign Affairs, resigns. 

May 14, 25. The Khedive signs the de- 
crees consolidating the debt of £91,- 
000,000 at 7 per cent, and providing for a 
sinking-fund. 

July * The international law court is 
closed by M. Haakman, in consequence 
of the Government's refusal to accept 
its decisions. 

Oct. 14. George J. Goschen of Eng- 
land and M. Joubert of France arrive 
at Cairo to devise a scheme to protect 
the creditors of the Khedive. [Egyp- 
tian bankruptcy is imminent.] 

[They propose a plan for reducing the 
debt of £91.Ii0ii,(H)(i t<> £r.!).ni)(i,ooo, and rate 
of interest from 7 per cent to 6 per cent.] 

"Nov. * Ismail Sadyk, the Finance Min- 
ister, is banished. 

1877 Feb. * Col. Gordon returns to 
England. [He is made governor of the 
Sudan and the equatorial provinces of 
Egypt. Oct. * He resigns.] 

June * Col. Gordon negotiates peace 
with Abyssinia. 

1878 Aug. 15. Uubar Pasha is again 
appointed Minister of Foreign Affairs. 

Sept. * England and Prance partici- 
pate in the Government under an agree- 
ment of joint control; Bivers "Wilson 
is appointed Minister of Finance and 
[M. de Blignieres Minister of Works]. 

1879 Feb. 18. The dissatisfied officers 
make a riotous attack on the European 
members of the council and Nubar 
Pasha. 

Feb. 19. Nubar Pasha resigns. 

Feb. * A definitive peace is announced 
with Abyssinia. 

Mar. 5±. Prince Tewfik Pasha is ap- 
pointed President of the Council, and 
Nubar Pasha Foreign Minister. 

Apr. 7. The Khedive issues a new 
financial scheme, and dismisses Tewfik 
Pasha and the European members of 
his council because of the jealousy of 
the natives ; Cherif Pasha forms a new 
Ministry. 

May 5±. England andFrancein a joint- 
note demand the appointment of Euro- 
pean Ministers in the council. 

June 20+ . The powers recommend the 
Khedive to resign. 

June 26. The Sultan deposes the Khe- 
dive, and appoints Prince Tewfik, his 
son, to the califate. [Aug. 8. He as- 
sumes office.] 



June 30. The Khedive sails for Na- 
ples. 

Sept. 4. The Khedive appoints Sir Eve- 
lyn Baring and M. de Blignieres 
comptrollers-general. 

Sept. 9. The Biaz Pasha Ministry is 
announced. 

1880 June 30. Peace is signed with 
Abyssinia. 

Aug. 18. A new ministry is appointed, 
with the Khedive as President of the 
Council. 

1881 * * The revolt in the Sudan by 
Ahmed, called El Mahdi, begins. 

He claims to be the predicted prophet 
of Islam, whose coming was foretold 1,300 
years ago. 

Sept. 9. Cherif Pasha is again ap- 
pointed Minister. 

Oct. 7. The Khedive receives the en- 
voys of the Sultan. [This awakens 
the jealousy of England and France, 
and the envoys soon depart.] 

1882 * * It is alleged that the Khedive is 
controlled by the army, which num- 
bers 15,000 men. Arabi Bey, the favo- 
rite of the army, is appointed under- 
secretary of war. 

Jan. 27 ±. The deputies demand the en- 
tire control of the Ministry. 
Feb. 2. Cherif Pasha retires from the 

Feb. 3. Mahmoud Pasha forms a new 
Ministry. 

Mar. * M. Blignieres resigns the joint 
comptrollership. 

Apr. 10+ . An alleged conspiracy of 
Circassian officers is formed to assassi- 
nate Arabi Pasha. [It fails.] 

May 23. Arabi Pasha refuses to com- 
ply with the demand of Great Britain 
and France, that he resign from the 

May 25. Great Britain and France send 
war- vessels to Egypt; they arrive at 
Alexandria. 

Arabi yields to the ultimatum of the 
consuls and resigns. They demand the 
resignation of the Ministry and the ban- 
ishment of Arabi ; the Khedive's author- 
ity is restored so as to protect European 
interests. 

May 27, 28. Arabi Pashi is restored 
to his office, and anarchy follows. 

June 11. Jealousy of Europeans 
causes a general uprising against them 
in Alexandria. 

June 24. A Conference of the powers 
opens at Constantinople. 

July * Great Britain alone undertakes 
to suppress the rebellion of Arabi 
Pasha, after failing to secure the coop- 
eration of France. 

July 23. The Khedive proclaims Arabi 
Pasha a rebel. 

July 18. The powers issue an identical 
note, inviting the Porte to support the 
Khedive. 

Aug. 14±. The powers agree to the in- 
ternational protection of the Suez 
Canal. 



Aug. * The Khedive surrenders au- 
thority to the British commanders tem- 
porarily to preserve order. 

Dec. 1±. A proclamation of general 
amnesty is issued ; the release of po- 
litical prisoners is promised. 

* * Arabi Pasha's sentence of death is 
commuted to banishment for life. 

1883 Jan. 11. The joint control of 
Egyptian affairs by Great Britain and 
France is abolished. 

Jan. 24. Sir Auckland Colvin is ap- 
pointed British financial adviser to the 
Khedive. 

Jan. 27±. All the powers except France 
and Turkey accept the proposals of the 
British circular note respecting inter- 
ference in Egyptian affairs. 

Great Britain proposes to make the 
canal free with certain restrictions in 
time of war, and defines its relation to 
the Egyptian army. 

Apr. 30. The Egyptian Constitution is 
signed by the Khedive. 

May 4. The Constitution is promul- 
gated. 

Oct. 10±. The Khedive grants general 
amnesty to political offenders. 

1884 Jan. 6. The British Government 
requires a change in the line of defense 
respecting the Sudan. 

Jan. 24. " Chinese" Gordon arrives 
at Cairo on a peaceful mission to the 
Sudan ; he goes alone. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1869 Nov. 23. The canal is for- 
mally opened to the commerce of the 
world in the presence of the Emperor 
of Austria, the Empress of France, and 
the Khedive of Egypt. 

1871 May 15. "Work is begun on the 
new port of Alexandria. 

1872 Aug. * A French company com- 
pletes a bridge over the Nile at Cairo ; 
length, more than 1,300 feet. 

1873 Apr.* The Canal Company raises 
its toll charges one-half. 

1875 Nov. 26. It is announced that 
the British Government has pur- 
chased the Elhedive's shares in the 
Suez Canal ; £4,080,000 are paid for 176,- 
602 shares out of the entire issue of 
400,000. 

1877 May*-June* Great Britain 
claims the neutrality of the canal. 

1878 Aug. * On the report of a British 
Commission respecting the bad condi- 
tion of the finances, the Khedive and 
his family give up real estate to the 
State. 

1880 Apr. 4. An international com- 
mittee on the State debt is appointed. 

* * Postal privileges are increased. 

1882 June 29. It is reported that 
30,000 Arabs are starving in Alex- 
andria. 

* *Only 20,000 to 30,000 Turks are re- 
ported to be in Egypt. 

1883 June 23±. Cholera breaks out 
in Bamietta [and at various towns soon 
after]. 



660 1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10. 



EGYPT. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1884 Feb. 21. Tokar surrenders to 
theMahdists after a siege. [Mar. 1. Re- 
taken by the British.] 

Feb. * Osman Digna besieges Kassala. 

Feb. 29. Battle of El-Teb in Eastern 
Sudan ; Gen. Gerald Graham defeats 
Osman Digna; British loss, 24 killed 
and 142 wounded. 

Mar. 13. Battle of Tamanieb; Gen. 
Graham defeats the Mahdists near Sua- 
kim ; British loss, 86 killed, 111 wounded, 
and 10 missing. 

Mar. 15 ±. Gen. Gordon defeats the 
Mahdists, and relieves the garrison at 
Haifa. 

Mar. 16. Gen. Gordon's 1,500 troops 
are defeated by the Mahdists through 
treachery. [Mar. 23. The Turko-Egyp- 
tian generals, Hassan and Said Pasha, 
are tried and shot.] 

Apr. * The Mahdists invest "Khartum ; 
Gen. Gordon and Col. Stewart are the 
only British officers in the city. 

May 27-June 10. The Mahdists make 
many unsuccessful attacks at Suakim. 

May 28. Gen. Gordon makes a success- 
ful sally from Khartum. 

June 10 fc. Berber falls to theMahdists. 

July 12. Assouan is occupied by the 
British. 

July 24±. Gen. Gordon defeats the 
Mahdists at Khartum. 

Aug. 12. Gen. Gordon repulses an at- 
tack of the Mahdists in strong force at 
Khartum. 

Aug. 23. British troops, advancing to 
relieve Gen. Gordon, begin to arrive 
at Wady Haifa, Gen. Earle in command. 

Aug. 30. Gen. Gordon again defeats 
the Mahdists. 

Sept.±* Preparations are made to as- 
cend the Nile in S00 flatboats navi- 
gated by Canadian Indians. 

Sept. * Gen. Gordon by telegraph urges 
the Government to send him assistance. 

Sept. 17±. Suakim is relieved by the 
aid of friendly native tribes. 

Sept. 24. Lord John Hay and the Brit- 
ish fleet arrive at Alexandria. 

Oct. 5. [Lord] Wolseley arrives at 
"Wady Haifa. [Dec. 15. At Korti.] 

Oct. 6. The British take Shendy. 

Col. Stewart and 40 men iu a steamer 
are wrecked near the Fifth Cataract, 
and are massacred through the treachery 
of Arabs. 

Nov. 1±. Gen. Gordon defeats the reb- 
els near Khartum, and returns to that 
city ; total British force in Egypt and 
the Sudan, 16,000 men. 

Nov. 3. [Lord] "Wolseley, commander 
of the relief expedition, arrives at Don- 
gola. 

Nov. 3, 4. The British repel attacks at 
Suakim. [Again on Dec. 3 and S,] 

Nov. 1S±. The rebels have disabled 
two steamers. 

Dec. 28. The advance on Khartum 
begins. 



Dec. 29. Gen. Gordon writes a mes- 
sage stating that he can hold out for a 
year. 

Dec. 30. Gen. Stewart starts from 
Korti with 1,000 men to make rapid 
marches across the desert to Metemneh. 
[Gen. Earle advances also, by ascending 
the Nile.] 

1885 Jan. 17. Gen. Stewart, with 1,500 
men, defeats 6,000 Arabs near Abu-Klea 
"Wells, 120 miles from Khartum ; Brit- 
ish loss, 65 killed and 85 wounded. 

Jan. 19. The British square repels an 
assault with very heavy loss. 

Jan. 24. Communications are opened 
with Khartum ; Gen. Earle marches 
for Beber. 

Jan. 26. Col. "Wilson attempts to com- 
municate with Khartum by means of 
three steamers found at Metemneh. 

Khartum is stormed and taken by 
the Mahdists through the treachery of 
the garrison, and Gen. Gordon is killed 
with his faithful followers. 

Jan. 28±. Col. "Wilson sails up the 
Nile, and reaches the outskirts of 
Khartum. [In his retreat his steamers 
are wrecked by Arab pilots. Feb. 9. 
Col. "Wilson returns to Korti.] 

Feb. 10. The British force under Gen. 
Earle repels an attack of Arabs at Kir- 
bekan. 

Feb. 17. The Arabs are defeated at 
Abu-Klea by Maj. "Wardrop. Sir Eve- 
lyn "Wood arrives at Gakdul,and takes 

Feb. 22. The Kassala garrison repel a 
severe attack of Arabs. 

Mar. 12. Lord Wolseley's army is 
chiefly concentrated at Korti. 

Mar. 22. Gen. McNeil's brigade is sur- 
prised, yet defeats the Arabs near Sua- 
kim; British loss, 100 killed. 

Mar. * The British evacuate Korti, and 
descend the Nile. [June 15. They 
evacuate Dongola.j 

Apr. 1. Gen. Grenfell succeeds Sir 
Evelyn Wood as commander-in-chief. 
[July 6. Sir E. Stephenson.] 

May 2. Lord "Wolseley arrives at Sua- 
kim. 

June 15, 16. The garrison at Kassala 
repels an attack of the Arabs, in which 
many rebels are killed. 

Aug. 10. The rebels are defeated at 
Suakim. 

Aug;. 16. The rebels surprise and take 
Sennaar. 

Dec. 12. The attack of 3.000 Arabs is 
repulsed at Mograkeh, near Kosheh. 

Dec. 30. The attack of 6,000 Arabs is 
repulsed at Giniss, near Kosheh. 

1886 Feb. 11. The rebels attack Sua- 
kim, and are repulsed. [May 1G±. The 
British evacuate the town.] 

Apr. * The Sudan country south of 
"Wady Haifa is abandoned to the Mah- 
dists by the Egyptian Government. 

Oct. 7. A combination of Arabs over- 
throws Osman Digna; Tamai, his 
stronghold, having large military stores, 
is captured. 



1887 Jan. 21. Henry M. Stanley 
leaves London with a small force to re- 
lieve IJnin Pasha in the Sudan. 

Apr. 29. The Egyptians under Col. 
Chermside defeat the dervishes at 
Sarras, near Wady Haifa. [Many skir- 
mishes follow.] 

Oct. 25. An Arab attack at "Wady Haifa 
is repulsed. 

Dec. 29. Osman Digma is defeated by 
Arabs who are friendly to the Egyptians. 

18S8 Jan. * The rebels attack Suakim, 
and are repulsed. 

Apr. * Osman Digma'a forces are dispers- 
ing. 

July 20. The dervishes are defeated 
near Wady Haifa. 

Aug. 27. The dervishes are severely 
repulsed in an attack on Fort Khor- 
moussa. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Suakim is invested by 
Arabs, and fighting frequently occurs. 

Oct. 30. An attack of Arabs in strong 
force is repulsed at Suakim. [Nov. 
5. The town is reenforced by Gen. Gren- 
fell. Dec. 20. He puts the Arabs to 
flight.] 

1889 Jan. 4. Gen. Grenfell and part of 
his army leave Suakim. 

Jan. 19. The Mahdi's forces are de- 
feated on the White Nile by Emin 
Pasha's troops. [Feb. 27. They defeat 
dervishes in Bahr-el-Gazel province.] 

Feb. 11. Handoub is taken and burned 
by the Mahdi's forces. 

Feb. 26. Dr. Carl Peters, with an ex- 
pedition including 100 soldiers, starts to 
relieve Emin Pasha. 

Mar. 1±. On the White Nile Emin 
Pashadefeats an expedition sent against 
him by Kbalepa Abdullah. 

Mar. 23±. Emin Pasha routs 6,000 der- 
vishes at Bor, capturing their steamers 
and ammunition. [Apr. 19, June 2, 19, 
and July 4. The dervishes are repulsed 
by the British.] 

July 10. Gen. Grenfell arrives at As- 
souan to prosecute the campaign against 
the Sudanese dervishes. 

The invading force, under British offi- 
cers, consists of 6,000 men and S00 cam- 
els : more troops are ordered from Malta 
to Egypt. 

July 16. Gen. Grenfell assumes com- 
mand in the field. 

July 26. The British forces shell the 
dervish camp. 

Aug. 3. Gen. Grenfell defeats the der- 
vishes near Toski, killing and wound- 
ing 1,500 and capturing 1,000 men. 

The dervish army is completely broken 
up, every emir, save one, being killed in 
the battle. 

Aug. 5. Egyptian troops occupy Sar- 
ras; 2,000 of Nad-el-Imin's followers 
submit. 

Aug. 6. Gen. Grenfell returns to Cairo. 

1S90 Jan. 17. The Mahdi releases his 
European prisoners. 

1891 Feb. 19. The Egyptians defeat 
Osman Digna at Tokar. [Feb. 20. Tokar 
is occupied by Egyptian troops. Feb. 22. 
Osman Digma flees toward Kassala.] 

1S92 Feb. 15. Civil war is raging in 
and around Khartum. 



EGYPT. 



1884, Feb. 21-1894, Sept. 10. 661 



1893 Jan. 2. The dervishes are re- 
pulsed by Egyptians, after a fierce fight 
near Wady Haifa, with considerable loss. 

Jan, 5. The dervishes repulse an 
Egyptian attack near Ambigol ; the 
Egyptian loss is heavy. 

1894 Apr. 2±. An invading army has 
a battle with Bornu troops in the Su- 
dan ; thousands are killed or wounded. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1886 Feb.* Gen. Grenf ell discovers the 
ancient necropolis at Assouan. 

Mar. *-Apr. 24. Petroleum is discov- 
ered at Jebel Zeit, on the Red Sea. 

1890 Jan. 10. The tomb of Cleo- 
patra is discovered. 

1894 June 16. The tomb of a prin- 
cess is discovered, which yields many 
treasures of ancient jewelry hidden away 
in two boxes. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1885 June* Ahined, El Mahdi, dies. 

1887 Nov. 17. Baker, Valentine, pasha, 
general, A62. 

1888 Mar. 22. Hassan, prince, dies. 
1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Mohammed Pasha, 

khedive, A39. 
1894 Sept. 10±. Bru&Bcb. Pasha. Egyp- 
tologist, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1886 * * The Church (of England) Mis- 
sionary Society opens a medical mission 
at Aden, Arabia [which is later removed 
to Egypt]. 

LETTERS. 
1892 Dec. 6. A Greek manuscript of 
the Gospel of Peter, etc., is found in a 
tomb in Upper Egypt. 



1884 May * Great Britain proposes a 
conference of the powers respecting 



the disorder in the finances of Egypt ; 
Germany, Austria, Italy, France, Russia, 
and Turkey accept. 

June 28. The conference of the Pow- 
ers meets in London. [Aug. 2. It ad- 
journs — no results.] 

Sept. 9. Lord iNorthbrook as high 
commissioner, and Lord Wolseley as 
commander-in-chief, arrive at Cairo. 

1885 Feb. 15. Prince Hassan, the 
Khedive's brother, is appointed commis- 
sioner in the Sudan. 

Oct. 24. A Turkish convention is 
signed with Sir H. Drummond Wolff ; it 
is agreed that the departure of the 
British from Egypt shall be deferred 
till their occupation is no longer needed. 

1886 May 28. An Anglo-Turkish 
convention respecting Egyptian affairs 
is signed at Constantinople. 

By its terms the British are to evacu- 
ate Egypt after three years ; if necessity 
arises the Turkish troops will preserve 
peace in Egypt or British troops will re- 



July 15. The British commissioner 
leaves Constantinople without the 
Sultan's assent to the convention. 

1888* *-89* * The retirement of 
Emin Pasha from the equatorial prov- 
inces causes their loss to Egypt. 

1889 Feb. 20. Suakim is declared 
open to commei'ce. 

Aug. 6. Documents found in the der- 
vish camp prove the existence of wide- 
spread treason among native leaders of 
Egyptian society. 

Dec. 12. The corve' is abolished, and 
the land-tax is substituted. 

1891 Feb. 13. The Khedive accepts 
the resignation of the Ministry. 

Feb. 18. The revenue of the last year 
is announced as $53,750,000, an advance 
on previous years. 



Mar. 8. The Khedive's proclamation of 
amnesty is read to the assembled sheiks 
in the Sudan. 

1892 Jan. 7. Tewfik Pasha dies ; Ab- 
bas Pasha, the hereditary prince, suc- 
ceeds him. 

Apr. 14. The investiture of the Khe- 
dive takes place at Cairo. 

1893 Jan. 17. The Khedive expresses 
regret for having dismissed his Premier 
and Ministers without consulting the 
British Government, on receiving a de- 
spatch from Lord Rosebery ; he substi- 
tutes Riaz Pasha for Fakri Pasha, the 
recent appointee. 

1894 Apr. 14. The Cabinet resigns. 
Apr. 15. Nubar Pasha constructs a new 

Cabinet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1885 Feb. 5. Plans for widening the 
canal are adopted. 

1889 May 23. The British steamer 
Curfew sinks in the Suez Canal by col- 
lision with the British steamer Nyanza. 

Aug. 25. A famine prevails at Khar- 
tum and other Nile towns. 

Dec. 7. The Egyptian cotton-crop i3 
reported at 318,500,000 pounds. 

1890 May * An appalling famine pre- 
vails in the Sudan. 

People are eating dogs, cats, rats, and 
snakes to keep from starving ; hundreds 
are dying daily. The British Govern- 
ment affords some relief. 

July 31. The cotton-worm is ravaging 
in the Nile districts. 

Aug. 17. The cholera continues in 
Cairo, Mecca, and Jeddah. 

1891 May 21. Fire destroys a cotton 
warehouse in Alexandria, loss, $2,500,000. 



July 24. The tower of the Munaier 
Mosque, in Alexandria, collapses dur- 
ing a religious service, killing several 
hundred people. 



FRANCE. 

Frajjce is a country of Western Europe, having Paris as its capital. It is one of the Great Powers of Europe. Its coast- 
line borders the English Channel on the north and the Mediterranean Sea on the south. This state is a republic ; and it is 
politically divided into 87 departments, including Corsica. The executive is a President, having a term of seven years ; the 
legislature consists of two houses, a Senate having 300 members and a Chamber of Deputies having 584 members. About 78 per 
cent of the people adhere to the Roman Catholic faith. The principal colonial possessions and protectorates are 14 in number. 
In Africa : Algeria, Senegal, and its dependencies, French Sudan and Ivory Coast, French Kongo or Gabun Reunion, Mayotte, 
Noissi-Be, Sante-Marie, Obock, French Sahara, and Madagascar. Tunis, and the Comoro Islands, are protectorates only. In Asia : 
Pondicherry, Tongking, Cochin-China, Annam, and Cambodia, the last two being protectorates. In Oceanica : New Caledonia, 
Tahiti, Marquesas Islands, Tuamotu Islands, Wallis, Raiatea. In America : French Guiana, Martinique, Guadeloupe and depen- 
dencies, St. Pierre, and Miquelon. Area: 204,092 square miles: population in 1896, 38,342,948. Area of colonial possessions, 
2,600,747 square miles ; their population, 41,949,800. 



STATE. 
1100 * * b. c. The Phenicians found a 
colony at Nimes, on the shore of the 
Mediterranean. 



600+ * *B. c. Greeks from Phocsea 
found a colony at Marseilles. [360, 
Cyrrus (Corsica) ; 5th Century, Nice.] 



400+ * * b. c. [France] is known to the 
Romans as Gallia Transalpina. It has 
1,200 cities and a dense population. 

218* * b. c. Marseilles becomes an 

ally of Rome. 
191 * * b. c. Gallia Cisalpina, south of 

the Alps, becomes a province of Rome. 

2d Century. Cyrrus [Corsica]. Two Ro- 



man colonies are founded ; Aleria by 
Sulla, and Mariana by Marius. 

123 * * b. c. The Romans, under the 
proconsul Caius Sextius Calvinus, col- 
onize Aix ; they gradually extend their 
territory, forming Provencia. 

118* * b. c. The Romans found a col- 
ony at Warbonne (or 116). [It becomes 
the capital of Narbonensis.] 



662 550, b.c. -a. d. 496. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

550± * * b. c. [Cisalpine] Gaul is set- 
tled by the Bituriges, who enter as in- 
vading armies. 

390 Julyl6.± B.C. It. The Senonian 
Gauls, under their Brennus, or chief, 
defeat the Romans at the river Allia, 
near Koine [and sack the city ; they are 
expelled by Marcus Furius CamillusJ. 

295 * * b. c. It. The Gauls and Sain- 
nites are decisively defeated at Senti- 
num [Sentino] by the Romans under 
Fabius Maximus and Decius Mus. 

284± * * b. c. It. The Senonian Gauls 
and Italian Confederacy defeat the Ro- 
mans at Arretium [Etruria], where 
Metullus is killed. 

283 * * b. c. It. At the Vadimonian 
Lake, the Gauls and Etruscans are 
totally defeated by the Romans under 
Dolabella. 

282 * * b. c. It. The Gauls are again 
defeated by the Romans at Fopulonia. 

280 * * b. c. Gr. The Gauls invade 
Greece, and are defeated under their 
Brennus at Delphi [Kastri] in Phocis. 

231* *B. c. Corsica. The Romans ex- 
pel the Carthaginians. 

225 * * b. c. It. Battle of Telamon : the 
invading Gauls, 70,000 strong, are al- 
most annihilated by the Romans under 
the Consul Regulus. 

222* * b. c. The insubrian Gauls, uuder 
Viridomar, are totally defeated at Clas- 
tidum by the Romans under Marcellus. 

218 * * B. c. Many of the Gauls' follow 
Hannibal into Italy. 

202 * * b. c. JV. Afr. Scipio Africanus 
defeats the army of Hannibal at Zama. 
(See Italy.) 

121 * * -158 * * B. c. The Romans gain 
many victories over the Gauls in Gal- 
lia Cisalpina and Gallia Transalpina. 
[102. Marius totally defeats the Cim- 
brian Gauls of Central Europe at Aqua^ 
Sextia? (Aix). 101. He annihilates the 
Cimbrians at Vercella? (Vercelli), Italy.] 

* * b. c. Nimes is conquered by the Ro- 
mans. 

113 * * b. c. The Cimbrians and Teu- 
tons invade Gaul, and attack the Ro- 
mans. 

60 * * B. c. Gaul is invaded by the Ger- 
mans under Ariovistus. 

59 * * b. c. Julius Caesar is given com- 
mand of the Romans in Gaul and Illyr- 
ium for five years. 

58* *-50* * b. c. In eight campaigns 
Caesar subdues the whole of Gaul. 

* * b. c. Ger. Caesar defeats Ariovistus 
in a great battle in Alsace ; 50,000 Ger- 
mans are slain. 

57 * * b. c. Belg. Csesar subdues the 
Belgian Gauls, defeating the Nervii in 
a great battle on the Sambre. [56. He 
subdues Brittany and most of Aqui- 
tania. 53. He suppresses an insurrec- 
tion led by Ambiorix, and subdues the 
tribe of the Eburones.] 

52 * * b. c. The Gauls revolt under 
Vercingetorix, the chief of the Arvenni ; 



Caesar lays waste their country, and be- 
sieges and captures Avaricum [Bourges] 
and Alesia [Alise] ; Vercingetorix sur- 
renders [and is put to death in Rome]. 
49 * * b. c. Caesar besieges and takes 
Marseilles. 

40* *A. D. The Roman Emperor Calig- 
ula leads an expedition into Gaul. 

69 * * -71 * * The Batavians and Gauls 
led by Claudius Civilis unsuccessfully 
revolt against Rome. [70. He is de- 
feated by Cerealis.] 

197 * * The Emperor Severus defeats his 
rival, Clodius Albinus, near Lyons. 

253± * * The Franks [freemen], a Ger- 
man tribe, invade Gaul. [271i. They 
are defeated by the Emperor Aurelian 
in Umbria, Italy. 276. By the Emperor 
Probus. 281. By the Emperor Maxi- 
mian. 

287 * * Maximian suppresses a general 
insurrection of the peasants of Gaul. 

306 * * The Emperor Constantius de- 
feats invading Franks. 

355* *-59* *The Emperor Julian, 
"the Apostate," wins great victories 
over the invading Franks and Alemanni 
[Germans]. [357. He defeats them at 
Argentoratum (Strasburg).] 

368 * * The Gauls are surprised, defeated, 
and dispersed by Romans under Jovin- 
ius. 

383 * * Maximus leads revolting sol- 
diers from Britain into Gaul, and de- 
feats the Emperor Gratian at Lyons. 
Gratian is killed in flight. 

406* *Vandals and Burgundians 
penetrate Germany : they invade and 
desolate Gaul. [RheimsJ is sacked and 
ravaged. [407. Nimes is plundered.] 

419 * * Tolosa [Toulouse] is taken by 
"Wallia, King of the "West Goths. 

428 * * Belg. Belgic Gaul is conquered 
by Clodion, chief of the Salian Franks. 
[447. He is defeated by Aetius the Ro- 
man governor at Lutchia (Paris).] 

451 * * The Huns under King Attila, the 
" Scourge of God," invade and ravage 
the country. Attila is defeated by 
Aetius at Aurelani [Orleans] and near 
Catalaunum [Chalons]. 

456 * * Corsica. The Vandals gain pos- 



458 * * Childerie conquers the country 
as far as the Loire, and takes Lutchia 
[Paris]. 

470± * * Massilia [Marseilles] and 
Aries are taken by Euric. 

486 * * Clovis defeats the Roman gover- 
nor Syagrius at Soissons, and destroys 
the Roman power in Gaul. 

496 * * Prus. Clovis defeats the Ale- 
manni with great slaughter at Tolbia- 
cum [Ziilpich] near Cologne. [500. He 
attacks and defeats the Burgundians 
at Dijon.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

* * * The early Gauls live in round wat- 
tled huts, which are clay-plastered 
within, and thatched with straw over- 
head ; they are ignorant of the art of 
raising walls and cementing masonry. 



* * * The arts of the Gauls are chiefly 
those that minister to their vanity. 

They make brilliant dyes, and weave 
gaily plaided cloths. They plate metals, 
veneer woods, make embroidered car- 
pets, and garments decorated with orna- 
mentB wrought in silver and gold. 

539 * * b. c. The rudiments of civiliza- 
tion are introduced by Greek and Phe- 
nician colonists. 

The arts of writing, mining, and work- 
ing of metals, the planting <_>f the olive 
and the vine, are traceable to them. 

280* * The Emperor Probus reintroduces 
the culture of the vine, which had 
been torn up and destroyed by order of 
Domitian. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

197 * * Albinus, Decimus Clodius, governor 

of Gaul, dies. 
202 * * IrenieuB, Saint. Greek bishop of 

Lyons, A78. 
205 • * Denis. Saint, patron saint of France, 

born. [272. Dies. A67.] 
3O0 * * Hilary, Saint, bishop of Poitiers, 

writer, born. [367. Dies. A67-] 
316 * * Martin. Saint, bishop of Tours, born. 

[400. Dies. A84.] 
358 * * Germain, Saint, bishop of Auxerre, 

preacher, born. [448. Dies. A90O 
390* * Drepuriius. I.utiiiius Pacatus, poet, d. 
406* * Hilarv, or Hilarius, Saint, bishop of 

Aries, born. [449. Dies. A43-] 
411 * * Meroveeus. founder of Merovingian 

dynasty, born. [449. Dies. A46.] 
422 * * Genevieve. Saint, patron saint of 
' Paris, born. [512. Dies. A90-] 
439± * * Iieiny, or Remi, St., bp. of Reims, 

apostle of the Franks, b. [533. Dies. A94.J 
460 * * Avitus, Saint, poet, born. 
466* * Clovis I., kinw. h. [511. B. A45.] 
475 * * Clotilde, Sainte. wife of Clovis I., born. 

[545. Dies. A70.J 
481 * * Childeiric I., king, dies. 
497* * Clotairel., king, b. [560. D. A63-] 



CHURCH. 

40 * * The Emperor Claudius proscribes 
the religion of the Druids. 

100 * * -150 * * Christianity is intro- 
duced. 

160+ * * Pothinus is bishop of Lyons. 
[177. Irenasus.] 

177 * * Christians suffer persecution in 
Lyons and Vienne. 

Many Christians are barbarously tor- 
tured in the amphitheater. Pothinus 
and Blandina suffer. [197. Martyrdom 
is renewed in Lyons. 202. Again re- 
newed. Irenseus, one of the Fathers of 
the Church, suffers.] 

3d Century. Massilia [Marseilles] is 
Christianized. 

287 * * Crispin and Crispinianus, two 
brothers, are [legendary] saints. 

They travel to propagate religion, and 
support themselves by making shoes. 
[Crispin is the patron saint of shoe- 
makers. Oct. 25. Crispin is put to death 
by being thrown into a caldron of melted 
lead.] 

300 * * Rouen becomes a bishopric. 

314 * * An important church council is 
held at Aries. 

345 * * _500 * * The churches are dis- 
turbed by the Arian controversy. 

353 * * [St.] Hilary, an anti-Arian 
leader, becomes bishop of Poitiers. 

257 * * Christians suffer persecution. 
[2S6, 2SS. Persecution is renewed.] 

360± * * [St.] Martin founds a convent 
near Poitiers, and labors to complete the 
conversion of the Western Gauls. 



FRANCE. 



550, b.c-a. d. 496. 663 



371 * * [St.] Martin is consecrated bishop 

of Tours. 
402 * * Home. St. Innocent I. is pope. 
406 * * The church at Reims lias been 

erected before this date. 
407± * * Many thousand Christians are 

massacred in the church at Mentz by 

the invading Vandals and Burguudians. 
417 * * Rome. St. Zosemus is pope. 



* * Gondicar, King of the Buxgundians, 
is converted to Christianity. 

483 * * Rome. St. Felix III. is pope. 

[492, St. Gelasius I. ; 496, St. Anastasius II.] 

496 * * The fleur-de-lis becomes the 
emblem of France. 

It is alleged to have been brought to 
Clovis from heaven by an angel, as a sig- 
nal of divine favor, after he had vowed 
to embrace Christianity if favored in 
battle with the Alemanni. 

Dec. 25. Clovis is baptized in the ca- 
thedral at Reims, chiefly through the 
influence of Clotilde his wife. [He be- 
comes a patron of the church.] More 
than 3,000 Franks are baptized the same 
day. 

LETTERS. 

40± * *b. c. Massilia [Marseilles], " the 
Athens of Gaul," is celebrated for its 
excellent schools. 

320± * * A. D. Lactantius writes Divine 
Institutions, Anger of God, Death of Per- 
secutors, and many other works. 

340 * * -380 * * Decimus Magnus Auso- 
nius writes Ordo Nobilium Urbium, an 
historical work, Actio ad Gratianwn, Pe- 
riochae in Iliadem et Odysseam, Idyllia, 
Epistolse, Play of the Seven Sages, etc. 

358± * * The Emperor Julian writes an 
account of his campaigns in Gaul, after 
the style of Csesar's Commentaries. 

359 * * -360 * * St. Hilary, bishop of 
Poitiers, writes 12 books on the Trinity, 
against Arianism. 

393ir * * St. Paulinus of Nola writes Epis- 
tolse Carmina, Passio S. Genesii, etc. 

403 ± * * "Vigilant ius writes a work 
against relic worship, s„aint worship, and 
the celibacy of the clergy. 

425± * *Joannes Eremita Cassianus 
writes Institutions of Monasteries, Dia- 
logues, The Incarnation, etc. 

430± * * Prosper of Aquitaine writes a 
poem, Adversus Ingratos, against the 
Pelagians. 

455+ * * Porsper of Aquitaine writes a 
Chronicle, a poem on Grace, Epigrams, 
and other works. 

465± * * Apollinaris Sidonius writes Let- 
ters, Poems, Panegyrics on different em- 
perors, and other works. 

486* *-1495* * Period of the Middle 
Ages. 

So-called "Bark Ages," "INight of a 
Thousand Tears." Scholastic learning 
chiefly prevails. 

SOCIETY. 

* * * In the earliest times the Gauls 
dress in skins, tattoo their flesh, drink 
out of the skulls of their foes, and treat 
all strangers as their natural enemies. 

1100+ * * b. c. The Phenicians elevate 
the rude society of Gaul, and the advent 
of Greek colonists marks the begin- 
nings of civilization. 



* * * The Gauls are of large stature, fair 
complexion, usually haviug yellow hair 
and tierce mustaches. 

They have descended from a Celtic 
race, as a branch of the Indo-European 
family of nations. 

277± * * The Emperor Probus puts to 
death 400,000 barbarian invaders of 
Gaul. 

287 * * Their insurrection having failed, 
the peasants of Gaul are for the most part 
reduced to a condition of servitude. 

They suffer from the complicated tyr- 
anny of the barbarians, the Roman sol- 
diers, and the collectors of the revenue. 

406+ * * The Confederated Suevi, Van- 
dals, Alani, and Burgundians cross the 
Khine, and ravage peaceful and pros- 
perous Gaul. 

" The barriers which had so long sepa- 
rated the savage from the civilized na- 
tions of the earth were from that fatal 
moment leveled with the ground. " (Gib- 
bon.) 

493 * * Clovis espouses Clotilda, a Bur- 
gundian princess. 

STATE. 

113 * * E. c. The Gallic natives form a 
league against the Romans. [112. Dis- 
solved after defeat.] 

* * b. c. The Cimbri and Teutons aid 
the Gauls against the Romans. 

60 * * B. c. Invading Germans under 
Ariovistus overrun Eastern Gaul. 

59* *b. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is 
founded by a colony of Greeks. 

58* *b. c. Julius Csesar is proconsul 
of Gallia Narbonensis and Gallia Cisal- 
pina. He proceeds to subdue the Gauls. 
(See Army.) 

49 * * B. c. Lugdunum [Lyons] is devel- 
oped by Romans under Munatius Plan- 
cus. [59 A. D. Burned in one night.] 

27 * * a. d. Augustus divides Transal- 
pine Gaul into four provinces, — Nar- 
bonensis [Narbonne], Aquitania [South- 
west Prance], Lugdunensis [valley of 
the Loire and lower valley of the Seine], 
and Belgica [Belgium]. 

68 * * C. Julius Vindex, who represents 
the Romans in Gaul, rebels, and pro- 
claims Galba emperor ; Galba ascends 
the throne. 

120 * * The Emperor Hadrian visits 
Gaul on a tour of inspection, and con- 
fers many benefits on the people. [He 
is called the restorer of the Gauls.] 

193 * * The Roman armies in Gaul and 
Britain proclaim Clodius Albinus em- 
peror. 

238 * * The name Franks [Freemen] is 
first mentioned. 

They are a confederation of Germanic 
tribes, and are among the most danger- 
ous enemies of Rome. [" The powers of 
learning and ingenuity have been ex- 
hausted in the discovery of their unlet- 
tered ancestors." (Gibbon.)] 

242 * * Vandals settle [in Burgundy. 
254-481. Gaul is overrun by barbari- 
ans]. 

292 Mar. 1. Diocletian and Maximian 
divide the Roman Empire into four 
governments, and give Gaul to Con- 
stantine, who bears the title of Casar. 



306 * * Constantine is proclaimed em- 
peror of Gaul by his soldiers. 

357 * * Julian arrives to relieve Gaul, 
which has been desolated by barba- 
rians j he assigns lands in Northern 
Gaul to the Salian Franks. 

361 * * Paris. Julian is proclaimed em- 
peror. 

392 May 15. The Emperor "Valentin- 
ian II. is put to death at Vienne by Ar- 
bogast, the Frankish general. 

406 * * The invading Vandals, Burgundi- 
ans, and Franks ravage the opulent 
provinces of Gaul. 

* * The Kingdom of Burgundionum 
[Burgundy] is established under King 
Gondicar. 

412+ * * King Atawulf leads the West 
Goths from Italy into Gaul ; they settle 
in Aquitania [Southwest France], 

418 * * The Emperor Honorius first as- 
sembles [annually] the representatives 
of the seven provinces of Gaul at Aries. 

* * -500 * * The Franks, under Phara- 
mond, from the lower Rhine, settle in 
Gaul. 

419 * * Tolosa [Toulouse] is the capital 
of the West Goths. 

423 * * Aetius the Roman drives the 
Franks beyond the Rhine. 

424 * * The Salic Law, by which females 
are excluded from inheriting the crown 
of France, is instituted by Pharamond. 

428 * * -448 * * Clodion the Hairy is 
king of the Salic Franks. 

432 * * Vienne is the capital of Bur- 
gundy. [436. Gunderic is its king.] 

448 * * Merovceus, or Merovee, son-in-law 
of Clodion, becomes king of the Franks. 
[He reigns 10 years.] 

458 * * Childe'ric I., son of Merov^e, be- 
comes king of the Franks. 

[He is driven from his throne for his 
infamous conduct, and JEgidius, the 
Roman commander, is voluntarily 
chosen by the Franks to be their sove- 
reign. 464. .ZEgidius is murdered, and 
Child^ric recalled.] 

466 * * Euric is king of the West Goths 
in Aquitania. [475. All Gaul west of 
the Rhone is ceded to the West Goths.] 

476 * * The Roman Empire of the West 
comes to an end, and the kingdom of 
the Franks is established. 

481 * * -751 * * The Merovingian Dy- 
nasty. The scepter is a golden rod. 

481 * * Clovis the Great, aged 15, the 
founder of the dynasty, becomes king 
of the Merovingian Franks. 

He is chosen by the Franks living in 
and around the city of Tournay [Bel- 
gium]. 

486 * * The Franks become supreme by 
the victory at Soissons. 

496 * * Clovis is converted to Christi- 
anity. 

All the bishops of Gaul aid in extend- 
ing his authority and consolidating 
his kingdom. He is crowned by Remi- 
gius, Archbishop of Reims. [Reims is 
thenceforth the crowning-place of the. 
French kings till 1830.] 



664 498, * *-796, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

507 * * Clovis defeats tke Visigoths un- 
der Alaric H. at VougW near Poitiers ; 
Alaric is killed, and Clovis gains nearly 
all Aquitania [Southwest France], He 
captures Toulouse. 

510* * Clovis is defeated at Aries by 
Theodoric the Great, King of the East 
Goths and of Italy, who acquires Pro- 
vence. 

562 * * -584 * * The Avars and Lom- 
bards make frequent incursions. 

567 * * -613 * * Bloody civil wars oc- 
cur ; they are caused by the division of 
the kingdom. 

687 * * Battle of Testri. 

PfSpin, palace mayor of the Austrasian 
Franks, defeats Berthar, palace mayor 
to Thierry III., King of the Neustnan 
Franks. The struggle between the two 
kingdoms is ended, and Pepin becomes 
"duke and prince of all the Franks." 

689 * * Ger. The Franks are supreme. 

720 * * The Saracens under Zama in- 
vade Gaul from Spain. 

728 * * The first French navy is formed. 

8th Century. Lyons is plundered by the 
Saracens. 

732 * * Charles Martel defeats the Sara- 
cens under Abd-er-Rahman in a great 
battle between Poitiers and Tours. 

The victory averts from Christian Eu- 
rope the danger of Mohammedan con- 
quest ; it is one of the decisive battles of 
the world. 

755* * It. Pe"pin the Short enters 
Italy. 

He brings an army to aid Pope Stephen 
against Aistulf, King of the Lombards, 
who had taken Ravenna. Aistulf is de- 
feated, and P4pin makes a gift to the 
Pope of Ravenna, Bologne, Ferrara, and 
other Italian territory ; it is known as 
the "donation of P^pin," and is the 
origin of the temporal dominion of the 
papacy 

759 * * P£pin, after fighting for several 
years, compels the Saracens to surren- 
der Narbonne, their capital, and last 
stronghold in Gaul. 

772* *-803* * Ger. Charlemagne 
subdues the Saxons after many bat- 
tles. 

774 * * Charlemagne conquers Desi- 
derius, the last king of Lombardy, who 
had invaded the dominions of the Pope. 

778 * * Sp. Battle of Roncesvalles. 
On Charlemagne's return from an ex- 
pedition in aid of the Spanish Arabs, his 
rear-guard is attacked and annihilated 
by the Basques or the Moors; Koland, 
Charlemagne's nephew, is among the 
killed. 

788* *-796* * Pannonia. Charle- 
magne conquers the kingdom of the 
Avars, and captures their camps or 
rings, gaining great treasure from these 
storehouses of plunder. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

6th Century. Worms are brought from 
India to introduce the manufacture of 
silk. 

600± * * St. Eloi of Limoges is famous 
as a worker in the precious metals. 



628 * * King Dagobert builds the church 
of St. Denis [near Paris, the burial- 
place of the French Kings. [He is first 
of all buried here]. 

* * Paris. The Louvre is the residence of 
the king. 

757 * * The Emperor Constantine sends 
an organ to France. 

760 * * The only clock in the world [so 
far as now known] is sent to Pepin by 
Pope Paul I. (Haydn. ) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

525 * * Avitus, Saint, Alcimus-Ecdieius, arch- 
bishop of Vienne, Latin poet, A65. 
539* * Chilperic I., king, b. [584. D. A45.] 
540 * * Gregory, bishop of Tours, hiBtorian, 

born. [594. Dies. A55±.J 
545* * FnMeVoiHli-, win- of < 'hilperic I., born. 

[597. Dies. A51-] 
554* * Tlieodebald, king, dies. 
558 * * Childebert I., king, A70. 
570* * Childebert II.. king, born. [596. 

Dies. A26.] 
584* * Clotairell.. king, b. [628. D. A44.] 
588 * * Eloy. or Eligius, liisliup of Tournay 

and Noyon, bom. [650. Dies. A62.] 
592* * Fredeguire. author, b. [660. D. A68.] 
593 * * Gontnm, Kinn of ISnru'iindy, dies. 
633* * Clovis II., king, b. [655. D. A22.] 
649 * * Childeric U.. king,b. [673. D. A24.] 
670* * Chilperic II., king, b. [720. D. A50.J 
682* * Clovis III., king, b. [695. D. A13.J 
683* * Childebert III., king, born. [755. 

Dies. A72.] 
714* * Pepin the Short, king, born. [768. 

Dies. A54.] 
720 * * Clotaire IV., king, dies. 
742* * Charlemagne. Charles the Great, 
Emperor of the West, King of France, 
born. [814, Jan. 28. Dies. A72.] 
771 * * Carloinan, joint, ruler, dies. 
Eginhard, or Einhard, secretary of Charle- 
magne, born. [1844. Dies. A73.] 

778 * * Louis I., king. Emperor of the West 
of France, born. [840. Dies. A62.J 

779 * * Ago ban I, an'hlushop of Lyons, born. 
[840. Dies. A6L] 



CHURCH. 

498* * Rome. St. Symmachus is pope. 

[514, St. Hormisdas; 523, St. John I.; 526, 
St. Felix IV.; 530, Boniface II.; 532, John 
II.; 535, St. Asapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius; 
538. Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.J 
543 * *St. Maur, of the Benedictine Order 
of monks, introduces the monastic life 
into "Western Europe. 

[This order reforms the monkish clergy, 
and becomes famous for extent, wealth, 
members of note, and transmission of 
ancient literature through the Dark 
Ages.] 

550 * * Bells are introduced. 
560 * * Pome. John III. is pope. 

[574. Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590, 

St. Gregory I. the Great; 604, Sabinianus; 

607, Boniface III. ; 60S, St. Boniface IV.; 615, 

St. Adeodatus I.; 619, Boniface V.; 625, 

Honorius l.J 
572 * * Gregory is elected bishop of 

Tours. 
588* *659* * St. Eloi lives, the patron 

of smiths and artists. 
613±* * Paris. The church of St. Denis 

is founded by Dagobert I. 

628 * * 638 * * Dagobert I. fills France 
with churches and convents, and 
makes enormous gifts to the clergy. 

640 * * Rome. Severinus is pope ; later 
John TV. 

[642, Theodorus I. ; 649, St. Martin T. ; 655, 
St. Eugenius I.; 657, St. VitaUanus; 672, 
Adeodatus 11.; 676, Donus I.; 678, St. Aga- 
thon; 682, St. Leo II.; 684, St. Benedict II.; 
685, John V.; 686, Oonon; 687. St. Sergius I.; 
701, John VI.; 708, Sisinnius, later Con- 



stantine; 715. St. Cn.-uorv II.; 731, St. Greg- 
ory MI.; 741. St. Zarharv; 752, St. Stephen 
II., later Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768, 
Stephen IV.] 

720 * * Charles Martel confiscates the 
enormous accumulation of clerical 
property for the benefit of his success- 
ful soldiers ; he appoints his officers to 
the high dignities of the Church. 

* * Priests for the most part are grossly 
illiterate, and live in open concubinage. 

732 Oct. 10. Charles Martel rescues 
Christianity from overthrow by the 
Mohammedan power. (See Army.) 

743 * * Adelbert, a Gaulish pretender, 
deludes the people. 

He claims to possess a letter from the 
Redeemer, which was received from 
heaven at Jerusalem ; numerous fol- 
lowers dwell in the woods with him in 
imitation of John the Baptist. [745. He 
is condemned at Rome.] 

744 * * A Church Council is held at 
Soissons. 

752* * Pepin favors religion, and de- 
rives great aid from the Pope ; he places 
himself at the head of the national 
church. 

755* * "The Donation of P^pin" lays 
the foundation of the temporal power 
of the popes. (See Army.) 

771 * * Pome. Adrian I. is pope. 
[795, St. Leo m.; 816, Stephen V.J 

774 * * -806 * * Ger. Charlemagne 
fights the Saxons till they accept Chris- 
tianity ; he becomes the eminent pro- 
tector of the Holy See. [779. He com- 
pels them to submit by thousands to 
the army of priests who attend him, and 
receive baptism. They choose baptism 
rather than annihilation.] 

779 * * Charlemagne imposes tithes for 
the support of the clergy, churches, 
schools, and the poor. 

782 * * The revolting Saxons repudiate 
their Christian faith, and drive priests 
and missionaries out of the country. 

785 * * Witikind, King of the Saxons, 
finally submits to receive baptism. 

787* * Asia Minor. The Sth Council of 
the Church is held at Nice to establish 
the worship of images. [794. Charle- 
magne convenes a counter synod at 
Frankfort, Germany.] 

* * * Agobard is archbishop of Lyons. 



500± * * The Lex Gundibaldia, or Loi 
Gombette, a codification of the Burgun- 
gian law, is published by Gundibald. 

570 * * -591 * * St. Gregory of Tours 
writes History of the Franks, on Mira- 
cles, and many other treatises. 

600± * * Fortunatus, bishop of Poitiers, 
writes Poems. 

7th Century. The Lingua Romana is men- 
tioned as distinguished from the Teutonic 
dialects. A short song celebrating the 
martyrdom of St. Eulalia, probably the 
first in merit of the very early French 
writings, appears. 

760± * * Fredegaire writes a biography 
of Bishop Gregory of Tours. 



FRANCE. 



498, 



796, 



665 



782 £ * * Charlemagne establishes a 
school of the palace. 

A course of study for royal students 
embraces the seven liberal arts ; Alcuin 
is its head. 

7S9± * * Charlemagne requires bishops 
to establish elementary schools. 

They are for gratuitous instruction of 
the children of freedmen and the labor- 
ing classes in cathedral cities. 

796 * * Alcuin is appointed head of the 
Abbey of St. Martin's at Tours by Char- 
lemagne. 

* * * Transcribing manuscripts be- 
comes a fashionable occupation. 

SOCIETY. 

545± * * Chilperic marries Fre"de~gonde, 
who was formerly a mistress and a slave ; 
she leads him into infamy. 

545-1- * * Outside of Romanized cities, 
horrible barbarism, license, drunken- 
ness, and cruelty abound; among the 
kings and nobles many wives are taken 
by one man. 

560 * * Clotaire condemns one of his own 
sons, with his wife and daughters, to be 
burned alive, because the son stirred 
up rebellion. 

566 * * Sigebert of Austrasia marries 
Brunehaut, a Visigoth princess. 

575 * * King Sigebert is murdered by 
emissaries of Fredegonde. 

* * Chilperic publicly acknowledges Fre- 
degonde his mistress, and takes her to 
his palace. His wife is soon strangled, 
and his mistress becomes queen. 

584* * Chilperic, King of Neustria, is 
assassinated. 

597* *Fre~d6gonde dies a natural 
death, after her brother-in-law, her step- 
son, and her own husband have succes- 
sively fallen by the daggers of her emis- 

613 * * Brunehaut, the Gothic queen of 
Sigebert of Austrasia, of refined educa- 
tion and queenly dignity, is lashed to 
the tail of a ■wild horse, and kicked to 
death. Clotaire II. ordered her death. 

628± * * King Dagobert I. has three 
queens-consort, besides numerous mis- 
tresses. 

673 * * Childeric II., his wife, and child, 
are all assassinated. A younger son 
escapes by the aid of a vassal, 

760 * * Society begins to recover from 
the ignorance and misery of the age 
of confusion which preceded Charle- 
magne. 

768 * * Charlemagne, horn in Bavaria, 
is a German in blood, speech, and man- 
ners. 

He is described as a giant seven feet 
high ; an athlete, and gifted with a noble 
presence. After death his body is sepul- 
chred sitting on a marble throne, under 
the dome of the church at Aix-la-Cha- 
pelle, in royal robes, with the crown on 
his head, and his horn, sword, and book 
of the Gospels on his knee [where it 
remains for more than 350 years]. 

778 * * Rise of chivalry ; Roland the 
Frank, one of the paladins of Charle- 
magne, is its romantic hero. 



* * * "Nine-tenths of the population of 
Gaul are slaves." (Fisher.) 

'* * * Feudalism prevails in the social 
state. 

STATE. 

500 * * The kingdom of Burgundy be- 
comes tributary to Clovis. 

505 * * The Eastern Emperor Anastasius 
creates Clovis a patrician. 

507 * * Clovis unites his conquests from 
the Loire to the Pyrenees. 

908 * * Clovis fixes his court at Paris. 
He makes a treaty of peace with Theo- 
doric in Italy. 

511 Nov. 27. Paris. Clovis dies. 

* * The kingdom is divided among the 
four sons of Clovis. 

Childebert has Paris, Clotaire I. has 
Soissons [Neustria], Clodomir, Aureli- 
ani [Orleans], and Frederic Thierry has 
Mentz. 
523 * * -534 * * The sons of Clovis con- 
quer the Burgundians. 

558 * * His brothers dying, Clotaire I., 
fourth son of Clovis, becomes sole king 
of the Franks ; he reunites the several 
parts of the kingdom. 

561 * * Clotaire I. dying, the kingdom 
is again divided among his four sons. 

Charibert becomes king of Paris ; Gun- 
tram, king of Orleans and Burgundy; 
Chilperic 1., king of Neustria, Soissons ; 
and Sigebert, king of Mentz. 

567 * * Charibert dies. 

The kingdom is redivided into three 
parts, Austrasia [West Germany?], capi- 
tal, Reims ; Neustria [North France 
and Flanders], capital, Soissons; Bur- 
gundy [valleys of the Saone and lower 
Khone.eto.], capital, Orleans. Guntram 
acquires Aquitaine [Southwest France.] 

584 * * Chilperic I., King of Neustria, 
is assassinated ; Clotaire II., infant son 
of Chilperic, becomes king. [He rules 
till 628, reunites the kingdom, and se- 
cures tranquillity.] 

588 * * Paris is destroyed by fire. 

593 * * Guntram, King of Burgundy, 
dies. 

596 * * Thierry H. is king of Austrasia 
and Burgundy, these divisions being 
united, and leaving the kingdom divided 
into Austrasia and Neustria. 

613 * * Fe"pin the Elder becomes mayor 
of the palace, or major-domus. [632. 
He exercises the power of the govern- 
ment.] Thierry II. dies. 

615 * * Paris. A great council is held. 
It is enacted that all benefices of fiefs 

shall be hereditary and irrevocable, that 
clergy and people have the right of 
electing to ecclesiastical offices, and 
that bishops and nobles may appoint 
judges and tribunals in their jurisdic- 
tions without reference to the Crown. 

616 * * Clotaire II. holds a kind of mov- 
able parliament called placita [whence 
comes the word pleas]. 

622 * * Clotaire II. cedes Austrasia to 
his son Dagobert. [628. He becomes 
King of the Franks. 638. Dies.] 

631* *-761* * The Dukes of Aquitaine 
reign at Toulouse. 

633 * * Sigebert I. becomes king of Aus- 
trasia. 



* * The kingdom of the Franks is again 
divided between Clovis II. (five years 
of age), and Sigebert II. (18 years of age), 
two sons of Dagobert. 

Clovis takes Neustria, and Sigebert 
Austrasia. [Clovis and his two succes- 
sors are the "lazy" or "do-nothing" 
kings; in their reigns the whole ruling 
power is in the hands of the palace- 
mayors]. 

656 * * Elbroin, a despot, is palace- 
mayor of Neustria. 

676 * * Pe"pin of H^ristal becomes ma- 
jor-domus of Austrasia. 

687 * * 714 * * P6pin, as sole major- 
domus of all the Franks, rules kings 
and subjects of both divisions. 

691 * * Clovis III. is nominal king under 
Pepin. [695. Childeric III. 714. Dago- 
bert III. Pepin dies. 715. Chilperic 
II.] 

714 * * -741 * * Charles Martel, Duke 
of Austrasia, son of P^pin, becomes 
palace-mayor. [719. He exercises kingly 
power.] 

719* *-732* * Charles Martel distrib- 
utes lands on condition of personal 
military service by the vassal when re- 
quired by his superior (feudalism). 

720 * * Thierry TV. is nominal king ; 
Charles Martel, the real ruler. 

741* *Pope Gregory IH., being in 
fear of the Lombard kings, places him- 
self under the protection of Charles 
Martel. 

741 Oct. 22. Charles Martel dies, 
after assigning his kingdom to his three 
sons. 

[Grifton is seized by his brothers, and 
placed in a convent ; Carloman resigns 
after reigning five years, and -enters a 
monastery, leaving all France to Pe"pin 
the Short.] 

752-987 The Carlovingian Dynasty. 
Paris is ruled by counts. 

* * Pope Zacharias authorizes P6pin to 
assume the crown. 

[Pe^pin reestablishes his authority in 
.Aquitania, and extends it by the con- 
quest of Septimania, a province lying 
between the Rhone and the Pyrenees, 
which had been held by the Saracens.] 

759 * * Septimania is taken from the 
Saracens, and annexed to the French 
Crown. 

768 Sept, 24. P6pin dies, leaving the 
kingdom to his two sons, Carloman and 
Charles. 

The former obtains Austrasia, Swabia 
[South Germany], and Thuringia [Cen- 
tral Germany] ; the latter has the re- 
maining part. Charles usurps the 
power, and becomes king of all France 
on the death of his brother Carloman. 

768-814 Charlemagne, or Charles I., 
reigns. 

774* *Having annexed Lombardy, 
Charlemagne assumes the iron crown 
of Italy, as King of the Franks and Lom- 
bards. [796. Prvs. He makes Aix-la- 
ChapeUe the capital.] 

778 * * Toulouse county is created out 
of Aquitaine. 



666 800, **-1016, * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

839 * * The Saracens sack Marseilles. 

841 June 25. Battle of Fontenailles 
[Fontenay]. 

Lo thai re, claiming nearly the entire 
realm, is defeated by his brothers, Louis 
the German and Charles the Bald. 

* * Northmen, Vikings, enter the Seine 
■with 120 galleys, and capture and pillage 
Rouen. 

[Finally it becomes the capital of 
Normandy. 845. They take possession 
of Paris, which is abandoned to them. 
856. They invaded Neustria (Northwest 
France), and lay waste the country.] 

843 * * -876 * * Louis the German is at 
war with the Slavs, with his brother 
Charles the Bald, and with invading 
Scandinavian Vikings. 

852 * * Corsica is conquered by Pisaus. 

857 * * Paris. The Northmen again 
enter Paris, and butcher many thou- 
sands of the inhabitants. 

859 * * Saracens pillage Nice. [Again 
in S80.] 

862 * * Robert the Strong vigorously op- 
poses the Northmen. 

875 * * Charles II. invades Italy, to pos- 
sess the dominions of his deceased 
brother, whose army he defeats. 

885* *-886* * Paris is besieged by 
Northmen under Kollo. 

It is bravely defended by the citizens, 
led by Bishop Gnzlin and' Count Eudes 
(or Odo, Count of Paris), riving Charles 
the Fat, consenting to buy off the North- 
men, is deposed.] 

890 * * Alan, Count of Vannes, defeats 
the Northmen. 

891 * * Louis III. defeats the Northmen 
at Saucourt. 

911 Aug.* The Northmen are routed 
with great loss before Chartres by Rich- 
ard of Burgundy, and Robert, Duke of 
France. 

923 June * Battle of Soissons : Robert 
I. is killed by his brother ; King Charles 
seeks safety in flight. 

940 * * Civil war. The barons conspire, 
and fight the king. 

978 * * Otho H. , King of the Bohemians, 
invades France with G0,000 men ; after 
remaining for three days before Paris he 
retires without a battle. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

800 * * Charlemagne encourages agri- 
culture and horticulture. Heraldry 
as an art is first ascribed to him. 

801 * * An earthquake occurs, which is 
also felt in Germany and Italy. 

802 * * Harun-al-Raschid, the Calif of 
Bagdad, seeking an alliance with Charle- 
magne, presents him with an artistic 
striking clock, having automatic fig- 
ures which mark the hour by playing on 
musical instruments. 

873 * * Swarms of locusts die, putrefy, 
and occasion great mortality. 

950 * * Belg. Flanders has great manu- 
factories of linens and woolens. 

996 * * "Wheel-clocks are invented by 
Abbe - Gerbert. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

806* * Hinrmur, urdibishop of Reims, born. 

[882. Dies. A76.: 
814* * Anjrilbert, writer, friend of Charle- 
magne, dies. 
823* * Charles II.. the Bald, king, born. 

[877. Dies. A54.J 
839* 'Charles III., the Fat, born. [888. 

Dies. A49.] 
Uth r, ntury. Abbo Cernuus, monk, an., b. 
860 * * Kollo, lJuke of Normandy, born. 

OI30. Dies. A70O 
877 * * Baldwin, lirst. count of Flanders, d. 
894 * * Flovard, canon of Reims, author, 

born. [966. Dies. A72±.] 
923 * * Bernard de Menthon, Saint, fdr. 

the hospices, Great and Little Bernard, 

born. [1008. Dies. A85.] 
940* * Capet. Hug-h, king, b. [996. D. A 56.] 
945* * Abbo Flon;n'.-iisis, abbot of Fleurv, 

born. [1004. Dies. A59.] 
956 * * Hugh the Great. Comte de Paris, d. 
987 * * Louis V. , king, dies. 
998 * * Bercimer <L- •fours, ecclesiastic, born. 

[1088. Dies. A90.] 
1005* * Henry I., king, b. [1060. D. A55.] 



CHURCH. 

800* * Charlemagne reforms the 
Church as well as the State. 

817 * * Home. St. Paschal I. is pope. 

[824, Eugenius II.; 827, Yalentinus, later 
Gregory IV.; H44, Sergius II.; 847, St. Leo 
IV.; 855, Benedict III.; 858, Si. Nicholas I., 
the Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John VIII.; 
882, Marianus I.; 884, Adrian III.; 885, 
Stephen VI.; 891, Formosus ; *%, Boniface 
VI.] 

828 * * Missionaries are sent to Sweden 
from France. 

833 Nov. 11. The bishops condemn 
Louis I. to perpetual penance, and give 
him a penitent's dress to wear. 

849 * * Gottschalk, a monk of Soissons, 
advocating absolute predestination and 
reprobation, is condemned by a coun- 
cil at Kiersy. 

897 * * Home. Stephen VLT. is pope. 

[898, Bomanus, Theodoras II., John IX.; 
9011, Benedict IV.; 903, Leo V., Christopher; 
904, Sergius III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, 
Lando; 915, John X.; 928, Leo VI.] 

912 * * Kollo the Bane is baptized as 
Kobert of Normandy. The Normans 
in France embrace Christianity. 

929 * * Home. Stephen VIII. is pope. 
[931, John XI. ; Leo VII. ; 939, Stephen IX. ; 
943, Marinus II.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956, 
John XII.; 964, I'.emMi.-t V."; 965, John XIII.; 
972, Benedict VI.; 973, Don ns II.; 975, Ben- 
edict VII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface 
VII., later John XV.; 996, John XVI., later 
Gregory V.] 

998 * * King Robert n. is excommuni- 
cated by the Pope, and his kingdom" put 
under an interdict. (See Society.) 

999* * Home. John XVII. is pope ; later 
Sylvester II. 

[1003, John XVIII., later John XIX. ; 1009, 
Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict VIII.; 1024, 
John XX.] 

1000 * * Public excitement is caused by 
the expectation of the second coming 
of Christ. 

LETTERS. 

800± * * Charlemagne patronizes learn- 
ing. 

He gathers learned men at his palace 
from many countries ; he tries to learn 
to write in his old age ; attendants read 
to him while at his meals. Learning has 
a temporary revival. 

804 * * Schools are established at Tours 
by Alcuin. 



* * Eginhard, the historian, is secretary 
of Charlemagne. 

829+ * * Tnrpin, archbishop of Reims, 
writes De Vita Carol* Magni at Roland i, 
Life of Charlemagne, and Roland. 

842 * * The record of the oaths between 
Charles the Bald and Louis the German 
are written in French. 

843 * * -877 * * John Scotus Erigena 
writes JJe Divina Predestinatione, Com- 
mentary on Marciaffvus Copt IU . \ 

don of Dumytiw the AreopagiU, De 
Divisione Xaturie, etc. 
9th Century. The poem on B&thius and 
a Commentary on the prophet Jonah ap- 
pear. 

10th or Uth Century. The poems Passion 
and The Life of tit. Leger appear in the 
Provencal language. 

1000 * * -50 * * The date of a fragment 
of 257 decasyllabic verses is written by 
Raynouard in his Choix de poesies ori- 
ginates des Troubadors. It is the oldest 
literary monument of the Provencal lan- 
guage. 

* *-1300* * Period of the Trouba- 
dours; the Provencals, or minstrels of 
the south of France. 

They are the first European authors to 
employ their native tongue for composi- 
tion ; their poetry consists of chanzos, or 
poems of love and gallantry, and sirven- 
tes, or lays of chivalry and war. 

SOCIETY. 

819 * * Louis I. marries Judith of Ba- 
varia, who gains unbounded ascen- 
dency over her feeble-minded husband. 

986 * * Louis V., the last of the Carolin- 
gians, is poisoned by his queen (or by 
his mother). 

890+ * * Jouists, or Tournaments, be- 
come frequent. 

995 * * Robert the Pious turns from 
his wife, and marries Bertha, his cousin, 
daughter of Conrad, King of Aries and 
Burgundy ; she is the mother of six 
children. 

[998. The Pope commands him to sepa- 
rate from Bertha, because of their tem- 
poral and spiritual affinity. But Robert 
holds out seven years against the mis- 
eries of the Pope's interdict.] 

1000+ * * The commons of France are 
oppressed. 

With their wives and children they are 
mere "chattels" of their master," and 
can acquire no property, contract no 
marriage, make no bequest, or inherit 
any possession without their lord's con- 
sent. 

1005+ * * The king marries Constance, 
daughter of the Comte de Toulouse and 
Quercy. 

1016 * * Excitement and indignation 
widely prevail over the destruction of 
the Holy Sepulcher at Jerusalem by 
Hakim, Calif of Egypt. 

Many Jews are put to death with 
great cruelty ; they are everywhere per- 
secuted, as the alleged inciters to the 
destruction of the Holy Sepulcher. 

STATE. 

800 * * The Empire of Charlemagne. 

Dec. 28. Home. Charlemagne is 

crowned by Leo III. as Emperor of the 



FRANCE. 



800, **-1016, **. 667 



West, using the words " coronato a Deo" 
" crowned by God." [He regards himself 
as the rightful successor of the Roman 
emperors.] 

± * * Charlemagne introduces couriers, or 
mail-posts. 

814 Jan. 28. Charlemagne dies, 
leaving the empire to his sons. 

Charles becomes regent of Fiance and 
Germany ; Pepin, regent of Italy ; Louis, 
governor of Aquitaine, Gascony, and the 



814-840 Louis I.(Debonnaire), the Ami- 
able, is Emperor of the Holy Roman 
Empire. 

817 * * Louis establishes an order of 
succession. 

Lothair, his eldest son, is to inherit the 
imperial title, with Austrasia and the 
greater part of Germany; Pepin and 
Louis, the younger sons, will receive the 
remainder of the empire. 

818 * * Bernhard, King of Italy, nephew 
of Charlemagne, revolts. [He is sub- 
dued and killed.] 

822* * Louis I. submits to canonical 
penance for the crime of murdering his 
nephew Bernhard. [He loses the respect 
of his people ; confusion, disgrace, and 
misery mark his reign.] 

829 * * Louis makes a new division of 
the realm to provide for Charles, a son 
by Judith, his second wife. 

[His other sons revolt, and consign 
Judith and Louis I. (830) to a cloister ; 
he is soon restored ; Louis is permitted 
to remain nominal ruler, while his son 
Clotaire wields the power.] 

833 June 24. Louis I. Is again de- 
throned 

Nov. 11. Louis I. is condemned by 
the bishop to perpetual penance for his 
crimes. 

834 Mar. * Louis I. is again restored 
by the efforts of his sons, Pepin and 
Louis of Germany. 

835 * * Louis I., solicited by his wife, 
again divides the empire. 

837 * * A redivision of the empire is 
made. [838. Dec. * Rescinded.] 

839 * * Louis I. again divides the em- 
pire between his sons Lothaire, Louis, 
and Charles ; Charles receives all of 
France lying west of the Rhone, and 
Louis the German rebels. 

840 June 20. Louis I. dies. 

840-987 Carolingian kings of the 
Franks. 

840-877 Charles I., the Bald, reigns. 

Charles the Bald, son of Louis le De- 

bonnaire, becomes King of France, and 

as Charles II., Emperor of the Romans. 

Aug. * The Treaty of Verdun is con- 
cluded between the three sons. (843.) 

It divides the empire among them » 
Charles gets the territory west of the 
Rhone — the West Frankfsh lands [and 
the beginning of modern France]; Louis 
the German gets the East Frankish 
lands— the region between the Rhine 
and the Elbe [the beginning of modern 
Germany] ; Lothaire receives the title of 
emperor, with Italy and the territory be- 
tween the Rhine and Rhone — the center 
Frankish lands. Aquitaine (Central 



France), Septimania (South France, on 
the coast), and Brittany (Northwest 
France), defy and resist the authority 
of Charles the Bald. 

* * The Northmen invade and ravage 
France; they pillage Paris. 

845* * Paris. Charles II. pays the 
Northmen 7,000 pounds of silver to re- 
tire from France. 

848 * * Brittany becomes an indepen- 
dent kingdom. 

866 * * Charles II. again buys off the 
Northmen. 

He pays them 4,000 pounds of silver and 
compensation for every Norman killed 
by the Franks. 

870 Aug. 9. By the Treaty of Mer- 
sen, Charles II. and Louis the German 
divide between them Lotharingia [Lor- 
raine], the dominion of their deceased 
nephew. 

875 Dec. 25. Home. Charles H. is 
crowned Emperor of the Romans. 

876 Aug. 28. Louis H., the German, 
dies. 

877 Oct. 6. Charles dies, leaving the 
empire to his son, Louis II. 

877-879 Louis the Stammerer reigns. 

Louis becomes King of France, and 

Emperor of Italy. [879. Apr. 10. He 

dies. He is succeeded by two sons of 

Louis the German.] 

879-882 Louis HI. reigns in the North. 

* * -884 * * Carloman H. reigns in 
Aquitaine. . 

* * -933 * * Vienne is again the capital 
of Burgundy. Boso, its duke, revolts. 

882 Aug. * Louis III. dies; Carloman 

H. is sole emperor. 
884 Dec. * Carloman II. dies of injuries 

received from a wild boar. 

884-887 Charles II., the Fat, reigns. 

884 * * Charles the Fat, son of Lords the 
German, becomes king or regent of 
France during the minority of Charles 
the Simple. 

[Through his imbecility the kingdom 
goes to pieces, forming France, Italy, and 
Germany, and the lesser States of Lor- 
raine, Burgundy, and Navarre.] 

886 Sept. * Charles II. concludes a hu- 
miliating treaty with the Northmen. 
887* * Paris. Charles H. is deposed 
. by his subjects, led by Arnulf. 

They are indignant because of the pay- 
ment of 800 pounds of silver to the North- 
men who retire from Paris. [888. Jan. 
13. He dies.] 

888-898 Eudes reigns. 

* * Eudes, or Odo, Count and defender of 
Paris, is elected king by the nobles, in 
opposition to Charles the Simple, son of 
Charles the Fat. 

893-923 Charles m., the Simple. 
Charles the Simple is elected king by 
his partizans in opposition to Eudes. 
898 * * Charles HI., the Simple, son of 
Charles the Fat, becomes sole king of 
France by the death of Eudes. 

[911. He purchases peace from the in- 
vading Northmen, and cedes part of 



Neustria [Normandy] to Rollo, their 
chief. It becomes one of the most pros- 
perous and best-regulated provinces of 
France ; Rouen is the capital.] 

920 * * Robert, Duke of France, brother 
of Eudes, revolts against Charles, 

922 June 29. Robert is proclaimed 
king. 

[923. Robert is killed at the battle of 
Soissons.] 

923 July* * Rudolf, son-in-law of Rob- 
ert, Duke of France, is elected king. 
[936. Jan. * He dies without issue.] 

929 Oct. 7- Charles TXT. dies in cap- 
tivity at the castle of Peronne. 

936-954 Louis IV., from beyond the 
seas (England). 

Louis, son of Charles III., reigns. 
Hugh the Great, Count of Paris, is the 
real ruler. 

942± * * France is ruled by many pow- 
erful barons. 

They assume the authority of sover- 
eigns in their respective domains, while 
the royal authority is often limited to 
the city in which the court resides. 

950 * * Civil strife prevails. 

Hugh the Great, son of Robert, Duke 
of France, revolts [and afterwards makes 
peace with the king]. 

954 * * Louis IV. dies. 

954-986 Lothair reigns. He is son of 
Louis IV. 

956 June 16. Hugh the Great, a no- 
bleman more powerful than the king, 
dies; he is succeeded by his son Hugh, 
surnamed Capet. 

960* * Dunkirk is founded by Bald- 
win, Count of Flanders. 

980 * * Lothair renounces his claim to 
Lorraine, contrary to the advice of Hugh 
Capet. 

986 Mar. 2. Lothair dies. 

986-987 Louis V. reigns. 

986 Mar. 2. Louis V., " Le Faineant " 
(the do-nothing), son of Lothair, be- 
comes king. [He reigns one year, and 
is the last of the Carlovingian dynasty. 
987. May * He dies.] 

987-1328 The Capetian Dynasty. 

987 July 1-996* * Hugh Capet reigns. 
He is elected by the nobles and clergy, 

to the exclusion of Charles of Lorraine, 
uncle of Louis V. Each of the great 
dukes and the counts surpass the king 
in military power and extent of domin- 
ions. [He becomes the founder of the 
Capetian dynasty. 996. Oct. 24. He 
dies.] 

988 * * Paris again becomes the capital 
of all France. 

996-1031 Robert the Pious, son of 
Hugh, reigns ; the royal power is a mere 
shadow. 

997 * * The oppressed peasants in Nor- 
mandy revolt against the nobles. 

1000± * * The king is almost destitute 
of power; the feudal system grows 
stronger, and the influence of the mon- 
archy weaker. 



'668 1022, * *-1150, * * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1032 * * Henry I., aided by Robert, 
Duke of Normandy, defeats his brother 
Robert, whose claims to the throne are 
supported by Constance, his mother. 

1047 * * William, Duke of Normandy, 
defeats Guido of Macon at Val de 
Dunes. 

1058 * * Henry I. and Count Geoffrey of 
Anjou, invading Normandy, are de- 
feated at Varaville by Duke William 
[the Conqueror, of England]. 

1063* * Duke William conquers Maine 
in Northern France. 

[1066. He becomes king of England 
by his victory at the battle of Hastings.] 

1071 * * Philip I. is at war with Robert, 
Count of Holland. 

[1076. He becomes the ally of "William 
toe Conqueror's revolting vassals in Brit- 
tany; they compel William to raise the 
siege of Dol.] 

1077 * * Robert II. raises a rebellion 
against his father in Normandy ; he is 
aided by his mother Matilda. [10S0. 
War follows ; William is wounded while 
besieging Gerberoi, and is compelled to 
raise the siege.] 

1087 * * "William invades Vexin, and 
fires the town of Mantes, where he is 
killed by the plunging of his horse 
through the burning cinders. 

1095 * * Pope Urban II. preaches at Cler- 
mont in favor of the First Crusade. 

1096* *-99* * Robert II., Duke of 
Normandy, joins the First Crusade. 
Hugh, Count of Yermandois, and Ray- 
mond of Toulouse also join the move- 
ment. 

1099 July 15. The Crusaders, mainly 
French, storm and capture Jerusalem, 
after a siege of five weeks. 
1101* *Eng. Robert, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, lands with an army to claim the 
throne of his father William ; he resigns 
his claim in favor of his brother Henry. 

1106 Sept. 28. Battle of Tinchebray. 
Henry I. of England defeats his brother 
Robert [and takes possession of Nor- 
mandy : he detains Robert in prison for 
life]. 

1119 Aug. 20. Louis VI. is defeated at 
the battle of Brenneville by Henry I. 
Louis had aided "William Clinton, Duke 
Robert's son, in seizing Normandy. 

.1143 * * Thibaut rebels against Louis 
VII. 

The king attacks and sets fire to the 
count's Castle of Vitry; the flames 
spread to the town, and 1,300 persons are 
burned to death. 

1148 Asia Minor. The Crusaders win a 
brilliant victory at Nicsea. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1033. June 29. A memorable eclipse 
of the sun is observed in France ; it is 
dark at noonday. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1035* * Kobert of Normandy dies. 
1040 * * Bruno, Saint, founder of Carthu- 
sian order, born. [1101. Dies. A61.J 



Raslii, Halilu-mi Shi'loiui'li Yashaki, greatest 

rabbi of Middle Ages, Bib. and Talmudic 

scholar, writer, born. [1103. Diej. A65.] 
1045* * Raymond IV., Cointe de Toulouse, 

born. [1105. Dies. A60.] 
1050 * * Peter the Hermit, preacherof First 

Crusade, born. [1115. Dies. A65.] 
Anselme, or Ansel, of Laon, theologian, born. 

[1117. Dies. A67.] 
Baldcric, bp., chronicler, b. [1130. D. A80±.] 
1052* * Philip I., king, b. [1108. D. A56.] 
1053 * * Champeaux, Guillaume de, fdr. 

of Realists, horn. [1129. Dies. A76.] 
1058 * * Godfrey de Bouillon, hero First 

Crusade, born. [1100. Dies. A42.] 
1060 * * Bohemond I., Marc, prince of An- 

tioeh, crusader, horn. (1111. Dies. A55. ] 
1070 * * Gilbert de la Porree, bp. of Poitiers, 

theol., phil., born. [1154. Dies. A84.] 
1078+ * * Louis VI., le Gros, king, born. 

[1137. Dies. A59.] 
Tanered, crusader, born. [1112. Dies. A34.] 
1079 * * Abelard. Pierre, philosopher, born. 

[1142. Dies. A63.] 
1082 * * Suger, abbe" of St. DeniB, minister, 

writer, born. [1152. Dies. A70.] 
1091 * * Bernard, Saint, abbe" of Clair- 

veaux, teacher, wr., b. [1153. D. A62.] 
IIOO* * Heloise. abbess, lover of AbeUard, 

born. [1164. Dies. A64.]" 
Lombard. Pierre, s.'lmlui, theologian, horn. 

[1164. Dies. A64.J 
1114* * Alain de Lille, theologian, born. 

[1203. Dies. A89.] 
1120* * "Waldo, Pierre, reformer, fdr. of 

Waldenses, born. [1179. Dies. AM.] 
1122 * * Roscelm, Jean, philosopher, dies. 
1127 * * Felix ot Valois, Saint, hermit, born. 

[1212. Dies. AS5-] 
1134 * * Harding, Stephen, abbot of Citeaux, 

reformer, born. 
1150* * Chretien de Troyes. poet, born. 

[1191. Dies. A41±.] 
Montfort, Simon de, crusader, born. [1218. 

Dies. A68. ] 
Rigord, historian, born. [1207. Dies. A57.] 

CHURCH. 

1022 * * The persecution of the Albi- 
genses begins. 

* * The heretics of Orleans suffer. 

A church council held at Orleans, to ex- 
tirpate heresy ; two priests and eleven 
others are condemned and burned. The 
first to suffer death for religion since the 
days of heathen supremacy.] 

1027 * * A synod at Roussillon decrees 
that enemies at war should not make 
an attack between Saturday evening 
and Monday morning. 

1033 * * Rome. Benedict IX. is pope. 
[1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Clement II.; 
104X, Damasus II. ; 1049, St. Leo IX. ; 1055, 
Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Benedict 
X.; 1059, .Nicolas II.] 

1035 * * « The Peace of God" is es- 
tablished by council and is very popu- 
lar, but practically inoperative for the 
lack of a power to enforce its provisions. 

* * Robert the Norman makes a pilgrim- 
age to the Holy Sepulcher. 

1041± * * "The Truce of God" is in- 
troduced by the Church to take the place 
of " the Peace of God." 

It provides that private feuds shall 
cease on the more important church fes- 
tivals and fasts ; that there shall be no 
attack upon an enemy between "Wednes- 
day evening and Monday, during every 
week, leaving hut SO days for war during 
the year. Laborers in the fields are to be 
undisturbed. 

1060 * * [St.] Anselm assumes the mo- 
nastic habit at Bee, near Brionne. 

[1063. He becomes prior of Bee. 1078. 
Its abbot. 1093. Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, Eng.J 

1061 * * Rome. Alexander II. is pope. 
T1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.; 

1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II. ] 



1066 * * The edifice Abbaye aux Dames, 
or Trinity, at Caen, is founded by 
Queen Matilda. 

11th Century. The cathedral of Pe"ri- 
gueux is erected. 

1070± * * Philip I. provides revenue to 
indulge in gross licentiousness. 

He sells bishoprics and other ecclesi- 
astical preferments to the highest bidder. 
[1073. The Pope remonstrates and threat- 
ens. 1094. He excommunicates Philip 
I. and Bertrada, and puts the realm un- 
der the ban. 1095. Again anathema- 
tized, and interdict is laid on all places 
where they may sojourn.] 

1076± * * Stephen Auvergne establishes 
in Limousin the Grandmontines, a 
monastic order. 

1077 * * The edifice Abbaye aux Hommes, 
or St. Etienne, at Caen, is founded by 
William the Conqueror. 

10S0 * * All Jews are banished. 

It is alleged against them that in the 
celebration of tbeP:issover at Paris, they 
sacrificed a youth, the son of a rich mer- 
chant, for which the criminals are exe- 
cuted. 

1092 * * A church council is held at 
Soissons. 

1095 * * A church council is convened 
by Pope Urban II. at Clermont. 

Present : four archbishops, '225 bishops, 
and an immense number of the lower 
clergy. It proclaims the First Crusade, 
forbids the investiture of the bishops by 
laymen, opposes clergymen assuming 
feudal obligations to laymen, and excom- 
municates Philip I. for repudiating his 
wife Bertha, and marrying Bertrade, the 
wife of Fulc, Count of Anjou. 

* * Peter the Hermit preaches the First 
Crusade. 

1096* * Peter the Hermit, and "Walter 
the Penniless, a French knight, secure 
the support of the nobility. 

Godfrey de Bouillon, Hugh of Ver- 
mandois, Kobert of Normandy, Kobert of 
Flanders, Stephen of Chartres, Raymond 
of Toulouse, with Bohemond, son of 
Robert Guiscard, and Tancred, son of 
Otto the Good, lend ('.00.000 infantry and 
100,000 cavnlrv toward the Fast in the 
First Crusade'. 11099. July 15. Jeru- 
salem is taken by assault.] 

1098± * * Robert, a Benedictine abbot of 
Molesme, establishes the Cistercian 
Order of monks. 

Their name comes from Citeaux, the 
site of the first convent in France. The 
monks observe silence, abstain from eat- 
ing flesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither 
shoes nor shirts. 

1104* * Philip undergoes public pen- 
ance for his sins, yet retains Bertrada as 
queen-consort. [1108. He assumes the 
habit of a Benedictine monk.] 

1108 ** -1116 * * The prelates assist the 
king in suppressing the brigandage of 
the barons. 

1115 * * [St.] Bernard founds the mon- 
astery of Clairvaux. 

1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope. 

[lI19,CalixtusII.; 1124, HonoriusII. ; 1130, 
InnocentlL; 1143, C'eiestine II. ; 1144, Lucius 
II.; 1145, Eugenius III.] 

1120+ * * Pierre AbeHard a theologian 
of Breton, teaches doctrines savoring 
of heresy, and is opposed for many years 
by St. Bernard. [1121 Abelard is cited 
before a council at Soissons and there 



FRANCE. 



1022, 



1150, 



669' 



condemned to burn his treatise called 
Introduction to Theology. 1133. Ab6- 
lard is confuted and condemned by the 
Pope, and then retires to a convent.] 

* * The "White Canons, or Prsemonstra- 
tensian order, is founded by St. Norbert, 
a monk, at Pre" Montre, near Laon. 

* * The cathedral of Angouleme is 
erected. 

1123* * Home. The 10th Church 
Council, first Lateran, is convened to 
settle the dispute concerning investiture. 

1128 * * [St.] Bernard draws up the stat- 
utes of the newly founded order of 
Templars. 

1130 * * Pierre de Bruys, a reformer, is 
burnt as a heretic at St. Gilles, Langue- 
doc. His followers are called Petro- 
Brusianes. 

1139 * * Home. The llth Council, the 
second Lateran, is held to condemn the 
errors of Arnold of Brescia and others. 

1144* * Louis seeks absolution of the 
Pope. 

1146* *-49* * Second Crusade ; 100,- 
000 soldiers follow the king. 

1147 * * Louis VII. joins in the Crusade 
to atone for his sins. 

LETTERS. 

1050+ * * La Vie de Saint Alexis appears. 

llth Century. Chanson de Roland is writ- 
ten. Le lioi Louis and Le pUerinage de 
Charlemagne appear. 

1100* *-1500* * Period of the Trou- 
veres of Normandy. 

They write in the old French language, 
the Walloon, or langue d'oU ; their pro- 
ductions consist of satires and romances, 
tales of knavery and adventure, legends 
aud historical anecdotes. 

1100-1- * *The poems of V/illiam IX., 
Count of Poitiers, written in Proven- 
cal, Assises de Jerusalem of Godfrey de 
Bouillon and La Vie de Saint Grigoire 
appear. 

* * Montpellier's school of medicine be- 
gins to acquire fame. 

1125+ * * Le Voyage de Saint Brendan, 
by Benedict, appears. 

1135 * * -48 * * Marcabrnm the trouba- 
dour writes about 40 poems of much 
merit. 

SOCIETY. 

1031 * * -32 * * Famine produces de- 
moralization. 

The famine is caused by deranged sea- 
sons, and the neglect of tillage by second- 
advent expectations. Human flesh is 
sold in the public market at Tournus ; 
children are decoyed and killed to fur- 
nish food for the starving. Corpses are 
left unburied in the streets because of 
the great mortality. Troops of wolves 
prey upon the smitten people. [1034. A 
prodigious harvest is gathered.] 

1035 * * The Peace of God is com- 
manded by the clergy ; it aims to prevent 
private wars and personal feuds ; its en- 
forcement is impossible, as it prohibits 
all war. 

1041± * * The Truce of God is estab- 
lished. (See Church.) 

1051 * * Henry marries Anne, daugh- 
ter of the grand-duke of Muscovy, in 
Russia. 



1070± * * Philip I. is given to habitual 
licentiousness and debauchery ; he ob- 
tains money by simony to pay the ex- 
penses of vice. 

1092* * Philip I., having imprisoned 
Bertha, his wife, elopes with Bertrade 
de Montfort, wife of Comte de Anjou, 
and bribes a bishop to bless the union. 
[Both are excommunicated.] 

1100+ * * Domestic comforts multiply. 
All houses are covered with thatch, 
neither tiles nor slate are used ; window- 
glass and carpets are not wholly un- 
known ; floors of common houses are 
strewn with clean rushes every morning. 

1108 * * -16 * * Contests arise between 
the king- and the barons. 

They pillage travelers, or confine 
them in dungeons for ransom, plunder 
churches and monasteries, and destroy 
public order and government. 

STATE. 

1028* *-35* *Eobert I., "The 
Devil," is Duke of Normandy. 

1030 * * Lille is founded by Baldwin IV. 
of Flanders. 

1031-1060 Henry I., son of Robert I., 
reigns. 

Henry's brother Robert contends for 
the throne; he is encouraged by his 
mother Constance ; the rebellion is sup- 
pressed by the aid of Robert, Duke of 
Normandy. 

1032* * Provence, in Southeastern 
France, is reunited to the German Em- 
pire by Conrad II. 

1035 July 22. Robert I. dies at Ni- 
ca?a. 

1041 * * The Truce of God is intro- 
duced. (See Church.) 

1044 * * Touraine is ceded to Geoffrey, 
Comte dAnjou. 

Henry I. marries Anna, daughter of 
Taroslaf, Duke of Russia. 

1046 * * William [the Conqueror] con- 
tends with William of Arques for the 
duchy of Normandy. 

1060 Aug. 4. Henry I. dies. 

1060-1108 Philip I., aged eight years, 
son of Henry, reigns ; Baldwin V., Count 
of Flanders, is guardian and regent 
(10G0-67). 

1066 Eng. "William I., Duke of Nor- 
mandy, obtains the Crown of Eng- 
land by the defeat of Harold at the 
battle of Hastings, and transfers his 
capital from Rouen to London. [Reigns 
until 1087.] 

1075+ * * Robert Curthose, Duke of 
Normandy, son of "William the Con- 
queror, rebels against his father for 
several years. 

1087 Sept. 9. "William I., the Con- 
queror, dies near Rouen. 

1092 * * Philip I. deserts his wife [and 
is excommunicated by the Pope]. 

1099 July 23. Godfrey de Bouillon, 
Duke of Lorraine, is made King of Jeru- 
salem by the Crusaders. [1100. He dies.] 

* * The sovereignty of France reaches its 
lowest degree of power. 



± * * There is a notable growth of town 
liberties. 

1100* * Philip I., fearing his excom- 
munication may lead to dethronement, 
crowns his son Louis, but becomes 
jealous and persecutes him. 

± * * Provence passes to the counts of 
Barcelona [later to Aragon]. 

1106* * Henry I. of England takes 
possession of Normandy after defeating 
his brother, Duke Robert, at the battle 
of Tinchebray. 

1108 July 29. Philip I. dies. 

1108-1137 Louis VI., the Fat, son or 
Philip I., reigns. 

He is an able sovereign, of tireless ac- 
tivity and great bravery; he secures 
much support from the clergy and laity 
of the cities, and forces many nobles into 
submission ; Suger, Abbot of St. Denis, - 
is Minister. 

Several cities obtain charters by which 
they are erected into communes with 
self-government; and on payment of 
a tax are freed from court interfer- 
ence. 

* * -16 * * Contests occur with the 
nobles. (See Society.) 

1110* * Maine, in Northern France, is 

united with Anjou. 
1112 * * Marseilles becomes a republic 

[but soon passes under the rule of a 

bishop]. 
1119 Aug. 20. Normandy is secured 

to the Crown of England by Henry I. 

on the defeat of Louis VI. at the battle 

of Brennville. 
1129 * * Louis crowns his eldest son 

Philippe as joint king. [1131. Killed 

by a fall from his horse.] 

* * Geoffrey Plantagenet of Anjou mar- 
ries Matilda, daughter of Henry I. of 
England. 

1135 * * Charters are granted to cities 

and towns by Louis VI. 
1137 Aug. 2. The king's son Louis 

marries Eleanor, daughter of William 

of Aquitaine, and heiress of Poitou, Gui- 

enne, and Gascony. 

* * Louis VI. dies. 

1137-1180 Louis VH., the Young, son. 
of Louis VI., reigns. 

He is enthroned at the age of 17 ; 
Suger is Minister. 

1142 * * The Pope lays the kingdom un- 
der interdict because of the opposition 
of Louis to the papal nomination of an 
archbishop of Bourges. 

1143 * * Louis sets fire to the castle of 
the rebel Thibaut, Count of Champagne, 
at Vitry. The flames spread to the 
church, to which the inhabitants of tbe 
town had fled for refuge, and 1,300 per- 
sons are burned to death. 

1144 * * Louis invests Geoffrey Plan- 
tagenet with the duchy of Normandy, 
for which he had waged war against 
Stephen of Blois. 

1147 * * Louis VII. joins the Second. 
Crusade, and goes to the East. [1149,. 
He returns.] 



670 1150,**-1245/ 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1187 * * Asia Minor. Guy of Lusignan 
is defeated and captured by Saladin, and 
the kingdom of Jerusalem is over- 
turned. 

1189 * * Philip II. creates the first mili- 
tia; they are called Ribalds. 

1190 * * Philip II. sets out on the Third 
Crusade. 

[1191. Syria. Aereistaken. Philip 
returns, and attacks Hormandy in the 
absence of Kichard of England.] 

1194 * * Philip II. is defeated at Fre- 
teval by Kichard of England, who re- 
covers Normandy. [1199. Five years 
truce with England.] 

1202 * * Philip II., espousing the claim 
of Prince Arthur to the crown of Eng- 
land, is at war with the reigning King 
John. [Aug. 1. King John captures the 
Castle of Mirabeau, near Poitiers.] 

1203 * * Philip II. invades Normandy ; 
his pretext is revenge for the killing of 
Prince Arthur. 

[1204. He besieges and captures the 
fortress of Chateau Gaillard, on the 
Seine ; he conquers and annexes to 
the crown of Frame the greater part of 
Normandy, together with Anjou, Maine, 
Touraine, and a portion of Poitou ; he 
enters Rouen, the Norman capital, in tri- 
umph.] 
1208 * * -29 * * A crusade of perse- 
cution, under the leadership of Simon 
de Montfort, is carried on against the 
Jews and Albigenses. 

[1209. July 22. He storms and captures 
Be*ziers, in which the Albigenses had 
taken refuge ; he massacres the inhabi- 
tants by the thousand, and burns the 
city. * * He takes Carcassone on the 
Aude ; 450 of the Albigenses are burned. 
* * The whole of Languedoc, except the 
county of Toulouse, submits to the per- 
secuting Crusaders. [1211. He defeats 
Raymond VI., Count of Toulouse (and 
the county of Toulouse is conquered).] 

1213 Sept. 12. De Montfort totally de- 
feats the Albigenses under Raymond VI., 
Count of Toulouse, and Pedro II., King 
of Aragon, at Muret ; Pedro is killed. 

1214 Aug. 29. Battle of Bouvines. 
Philip II. defeats 150,000 Germans, 

Saxons, and English under the Emperor 
Otto IV., who is in alliance with Ferrand 
of Flanders and John of England, against 
France. Loss of Otto, 30,000. 

1216 May 30. Eng. Louis, son of 
Philip, lands with an army in England 
on the invitation of disaffected barons, 
who offer him the English crown. (See 
State.) 

[* * Eng. Dover resists the French. 
1217. May 20. The French invaders are 
defeated at the battle of Lincoln. Aug. 
24. A French fleet is sent from Calais 
to aid Prince Louis in England ; later, 
it is defeated by Hubert de Burgh, and 
the expedition to England becomes hope- 
less. J 

1217 Sept. 13. Raymond enters Tou- 
louse [and is there besieged by Simon 
de Montfort. 1218. June 23. Simon 
de Montfort is killed by a stone at this 
siege] . 

* * Philip U. sends his son Prince Louis 
with 30 counts and 10,000 archers against 
the Albigenses. 



1219 * * The Prince Louis joins Amaury 
Montfort at the siege of Marmande 
on the Garonne, and the inhabitants are 
massacred after surrendering. 

1223* * -26 * * Another crusade is car- 
ried on against Raymond VI., Count of 
Toulouse, whose lands are declared for- 
feited by Louis VIII. 

1224* * Louis invades Poitou, and 
takes Rochelle. 

1226* * Louis besieges Avignon on the 
Rhone, which surrenders after heroic 
resistance ; many of the inhabitants are 
massacred. 

1241 * * Louis IX. attempts to make his 
brother Alphonse Lord of Poitou and 
Auvergne ; the barons resist, and are 
aided by Henry III. of England. 

1242 July 20. Battle of Taillebourg. 
Louis defeats Henry III. of England 

and the revolting Baron Hugh de Lusi- 
gnan, Comte de La Marche. [July 21. 
Defeated again with La Marche at the 
battle of Saintes; later, a five years 
truce with England is concluded.] 
1244 * * The war with the Albigenses 
ends by their extermination. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1156 * * Raymond VI.. Comte de Toulouse, 
defender of Albigenses, born. [1222. lues. 
A 66.] 
1165* * Villehardouin, Geoffroy de, his- 
torian, diplomatist, b. [1213. D. A48.] 
Philip II.. king, born. [1223. D. A58.] 
"William the Breton, historian, born. [1220. 
Dies. A 55.] 
1169* *John de Matha, Saint, Provencal 

monk, born. [1213. Dies. A44.] 
1183 Aug. 3. Arnoul, bishop of Lisieux, 

writer, dies. 
1201* * Thibaut, Comte de Champagne, 
troubadour, born. [1253. Dies. A52.] 
Foulques de Nt'inlly, clergyman, orator, d. 
Sorbon, Robert de, tliculugiftn, t'dr. Sorbonne 
College, born. [1274. Dies. A73.J 
1209 * * Atnalric of Dene, heretic, dies. 
1215 * * Auvergne, Pierre d', troubadour, d. 
Louis IX., Saint Louis, king, born. [1268. 
Aug. 25. Dies. A55.] 
1224* * Joinville, Jean, Sire de, chroni- 
cler, born. [1319. Dies. A95.] 
1235 * * Xorris, Guillaume de. poet, born. 
[1265. Dies. A30.] 
Arnoldus. Villa Nova de, pbys., theol., 
astrol., alchemist, b. [1314. D. A79.] 
1240* * Kamchi (Kiinhi), David, Hebrew 

scholar, dies. 
1244 * * Molay, or Molai, Jacques de, last 
grand master of the Templars, born. [1314. 
Dies. A70.] 

CHURCH. 

1153 * * Borne. Anastasius IV. is pope. 
[1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander TIL; 
1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187, 
Gregory VIII. ; later, Clement III.] 

1167* *The word " transubstantia- 
tion" is first used by Peter of Blois. 

1170 * * Archbishop Becket returns to 
England. 

* * The advance gnard of Protestant- 
ism appears. 

The AValdenses appear, chiefly at Albi- 
geois and Toulouse. They derive their 
name from Peter Waldo, a merchant re- 
siding in Lyons ; they spread over the 
valley of Piedmont, and circulate the 
Scriptures. 

1174 * * [St.] Bernard is canonized by 
the Pope. 

1179 Mar. 5-19. Rome. The 12 th 
Church Council. 

It is the third Lateran, and is convened 
to condemn the " errors and impieties" 
of the Waldenses and Albigenses. 



1182 * * Philip II. banishes the Jews 
from France, and confiscates their prop- 
erty. 

1189* *-92* *The Third Crusade; 
Kichard Creur-de-Lion, leader. (See 
Great Britain.) 

1190 * * King Philip joins the Crusade. 

1191* * Rome. Celestine III. is pope. 
[1198. Innocent III.] 

1198+ * * John de Matha and Felix de 
Talois found an order of the Trinity, 
called Mathurins. 

* * Matha founds the Order of Mercy 
for the redemption of captives held by 
the Saracens. 

1200 Jan* The Pope excommunicates 
Philip II. 

He issues an interdict against him for 
rejecting his lawful wife ; the churches 
are closed for eight months, and the 
offices of religion are for the most part 
suspended. 

1202* *-04* * The Fourth Crusade. 
It is instigated by Pope Innocent III., 
and chiefly directed against Egypt; the 
powerful French barons, assisted by 
Baldwin, Count of Flanders, and Boni- 
face, Marquis of Montferrat, are leaders. 

1203 * * Innocent III. sends two legates 
to extirpate heresy among the Albi- 



* * Paris. A Cistercian convent [Port 
Eoyaldes Champs] is founded by Bishop 
Odo. 

1208 * * By the proclamation of Innocent 
III. the massacre of the Albigenses and 
"Waldenses at Toulouse begins. 

[Simon de Montfort is the merciless 
leader ; thousands fall by the sword and 
thousands more by the gibbet. 1223. 
The crusade continues.] 

1215* * Rome. The 13th Church 
Council. It is the fourth Lateran, and 
asserts and confirms the dogma of tran- 
substantiation and the necessity for the 
reformation of abuses and the extirpa- 
tion of heresy. 

1216* * Rome. Honorms III. is pope. 
[1227. Gregory IX.] 

* * The Dominicans in France are called 
Jacobins because their first convent is 
a hospital for the pilgrims of St. James 
(Jacobus) at Paris. 

1225 * * A church council is held in 

Bourges ; Louis is charged to extirpate 

the heretics. 
1228* *-29* * -Frederick II., Emperor 

of the West, leads the Fifth Crusade ; 

Jerusalem is regained for a short time. 
1229 * * The inquisition is established 

in Toulouse as a regular tribunal. [1233. 

In Aragon.] 

* * The Council of Toulouse forbids the 
laity to have in their possession any 
copy of the Old or New Testaments 
except the Psalter. 

1241 * * Rome. Celestine IV. is pope. 
[1243. Innocent IV.] 

LETTERS. 
1150 * * -1350 * * Period of the Fa- 
bliaux. 

The Fabliaux poets are wandering 
minstrels, chiefly of the North, who earn 



FRANCE. 



1150, * *-1245, 



671 



[The best known of their productions 
are] : Les deux Bordeors Ribaux, Le 
Voir Palefroi, La Housse Partie, Sire 
Hainet Dame Anieuse, Hrunain la Vac he 
au Prestre, Le LHt des Perdrix, Le sot 
Chevalier, The Two Englishmen and the 
Lamb, The Boy and the Mantle, Le Vi- 
tainMire, Le Vilain qui rouquist Paradis 
par Plaist, Flore la Courtisane, Landri, 
and the several versions of the German 
fable, Reynard the Fox. 

1157 * * Llle et Galeron, by Gautier d' Ar- 
ras, appears. 

1158± * * Paris has colleges of theology, 
philosophy, and law. 

* * * The lays, Daniel, the Ten Virgins, 
Adam, and St. Nicholas, appear. 

* * * Alexandre, by Lambert the Short 
and Alexandre of Bernay, appears. 

* * * Benoist de Sainte Maure writes His- 
toire des Dues de Xormaiulie, Le Roman 
■d'Eneas, Roman de Troie, etc. 

* * * Le Charroi de Nwies appears ; also, 
La Chevalerie Vivien ; the chansons, Gi- 
rardle houssill ou and Hitonde Bordeaux; 
the Horn, a tale, and the chansons, 
Raoul de Cambrai, Amis et Amiles, Jour- 
dain de Blaie, .Roman des Loherains, 
Aliscans, and Couronnement de Louis. 

* * * Ogier le de Dan-marche, by Kaim- 
bert of Paris, appears. 

* * * Guinqlain, by Renaud, appears. 
1160 * * Montpellierhas a school of law. 

[1180. The University is founded ; 
1181. "William VIII., Lord of Montpel- 
lier, proclaims the Montpellier school 
one of free resort.] 

* * Paris. The Sentences, compiled by 
Peter Lombard, appear. 

1170+ * * Chrestien de Troees writes 
Chevalier au lion, Lancelot en lacharette, 
Perceval le Gallois ; author of a trans- 
lation of Ovid, Tristan, Erec y Cliges, etc. 

1180* *-82* *Quesnes de Bethune 
writes ten songs. 

1185+ * * La Chanson de Jerusalem, by 
Graindor de Douai, appears. 

1200+ * * Paris. The University of 
France is founded. 

± * * The chansons, Le Chevalier au 
Cygne, La Prise d* Orange, Le Moniage 
Guillaume, Garin de Loherain, Hugues 
Capet, Fierabras, and Macarie, appear. 



± * * Jean Bodel writes Chansondes Sax- 
ons, Jeu de Saint Nicolas, etc. 

± * * Audefroi le Bastard writes Belle 
Idoine, etc. 

1205 * * -89 * * L'Histoire de Baudouin 
appears. 

1208* * Paris. [The University] 
founded by "William Champeaux as a 
school of dialectics receives its first writ- 
ten statutes. 

1212* *-25* * Bertrand d'Alamanon 
writes Aimeri de Narbonne, Girard de 
Vienne, and other poems and legends. 

1220+ * * Marie de France is the author 
of poems, Gugemer, Equitan, Le Frhie, 
Le Biscloveret, Lanval, Les Deux A- 
mants, Yivenec, J,e Laustic, Milun, Le 
Chaitivel, Le Chvvrefeuille, Eliduc, 
G-raelent, and L'Epine. 

1223 * * Paris. The schools of Paris 
are incorporated into one body, and 
take the title of university. 

1229+ * * A university is established at 
Toulouse. [1333. It receives from the 
Pope its full privileges.] 



1237 * * Guillaume de Lorris writes the 
Roman de la Rose. 

SOCIETY. 

1152* * The king divorces Eleanor be- 
cause of her disgraceful conduct. (See 
State.) She marries Henry II. [of Eng- 
land, and inspires the revolt of his sons]. 

1183 July 20. The 7,000 fanatical mer- 
cenaries who were employed to extermi- 
nate the Albigenses are massacred at 
Chateaudun by " capuchons." 

1193 * *-95 * *The people suffer from 
a severe famine followed by pestilential 
fever. 

1198 Jan. 1-1438* * Paris. The Fes- 
tival of Fools is celebrated by acts of 
buffoonery and a variety of absurdities. 

1223+ * * Wood platters and pewter 
trenchers are employed for plates, and 
drinking-vessels are of silver, horn, or 
earthenware. 

1224 * * Louis VIII. gives freedom to 
his serfs. [1261. He suppresses private 
wars and judicial combats.] 

STATE. 

1152 * * Abbot Suger, of St. Denis, the 
king's minister, dies. 

Mar. * Louis divorces his wife, Elea- 
nor of Poitou. 

* * Eleanor marries Henry of Anjou. 

Henry thereby obtains possession of 
Poitou, Guienne, Gascony, and Maine 
[until 1152 ; they are added to the do- 
minions of England on his accession in 
1154]. 

1154* * Bordeaux is held by the Eng- 
lish kings. 

1156* * Henry LT., King of England, 
does homage to Louis at Rouen for the 
English possessions in Aquitaine. 

1159 * * Thomas a Becket conies to 
France as an ambassador from England 
to affiance King Henry's son to the 
daughter of Louis. 

1174* *The principality of Orange is 
ruled by the house of Giraud Adhemar. 
[1182. By the house of Baux.] 

1180 Sept. 18. Louis VII. dies. 

1180-1223 Philip H., Augustus. 

Philip, son of Louis TIL, becomes 
king. 

[He is enthroned at the age of 15, and 
is the most sagacious prince of his time ; 
he consolidates and nearly doubles the 
extent of the dominion of France.] 

1184* *1648* *Besanpon is a free 
imperial city. 

13th Century. Paris has a remarkable de- 
velopment during the reigns of Philip 
Augustus and St. Louis. 

1186 * * Vermandois is united to France 
by Philip II. 

* * Guy of Lusignan succeeds to the 
throne of Jerusalem at the death of 
Baldwin V. [1187. He is conquered by 
Saladin, and released after surrendering 
his right to the throne.] 

1191 * * Artois is annexed to France. 

1192 * * Philip n. marries Ingeburga, 
sister of the King of Denmark. 



[He divorces her, and marries Agnes de 
Meranie ; but the Pope, by laying France 
under interdict, compels him to discard 
the latter, and reinstate Ingeburga.] 

* * Guy of Lusignan, after surrendering 
his claim to the kingdom of Jerusalem 
to Saladin, transfers his right to Richard 
I. of England in exchange for Cyprus. 

1195* *-1222* *Kaymond VI. is 

Count of Toulouse. 
1200 * * Louis [VIII.] marries Blanche, 

granddaughter of Henry II. of England. 

1202 * * Philip supports Prince Ar- 
thur's right to the throne of England. 
[1203. Apr. 3. Arthur is murdered, 
probably by orders of his uncle, King 
John, in the castle of Rouen.] 

1203 * * Touraine is seized by Philip 
Augustus. [1204. He conquers all Nor- 
mandy except the Channel Islands.] 

* * Philip summons John to answer for 
the murder of Arthur. 

John failing to appear, Philip declares 
his possessions in France forfeited to 
the French Crown, and he seizes Nor- 
mandy, Anjou and Poitou, Maine and 
Aquitaine. 

* * Philip rejects the Pope's claim to ar- 
bitrate between France and England. 

1210* * Gr. Geoffroy Villehardouin 
obtains the Frankish principality of 
Achaia. 

1213 * * The Pope invites Philip II. to 
make war upon England, then under 
the ban of the Church ; Philip prepares 
an expedition, but King John meanwhile 
makes peace with the Pope. 

1214* * A league formed against France 
by Otho, the German emperor, is joined 
by John of England. 

* * Marseilles becomes a republic. [1251. 
It becomes subject to the counts of 
Provence.] 

1215* * Vermandois is again incorpo- 
rated with the monarchy. 

1216 * * Louis, son of Philip, is invited 
to England by the barons. 

He is crowned at London ; but the 
English refusing to support him after 
King John's death, lie is obliged to aban- 
don the expedition and return to France. 

1223 July 14. Philip n. dies. 

1223-1226 Louis VIII., the Lion, son 

of Philip II., reigns. 
1226 Nov. 8. Louis VILT. dies at 

Montpensier. 

1226-1270 Louis IX. [St. Louis], aged 
11 years, son of Louis VIII., reigns ; his 
mother, Blanche, is regent during his 
minority. 

1229 * * Part of the county of Toulouse 
is annexed. 

1234 May 27. Louis IX. marries Mar- 
guerite, daughter of the Count of Pro- 
vence. 

Chartres (purchased), Blois, and San- 
cerre are ceded to the Crown. [1239. 
Macon is purchased.] 

1245 * An edict is issued that fiefs 
shall not be held under both the King of 
England and the King of France. 



672 1245,* *-1320,**. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1248* * Louis undertakes the Sixth 
Crusade. 

[1249. Egypt. He captures Damietta 
ou the Nile. 1250 Apr. 6. He proceeds 
against Cairo, and is defeated at the bat- 
tle of Mansurah on the Nile, hy the 
Sultan Tooranshah (Almoaden) ; he sur- 
renders his entire army to the Saracens : 
later, for his ransom lie pays a sum of 
money, and restores Damietta to the 
Turks.] 

1259 * * Peace is concluded with Eng- 
land. 

1266 Feb. 26. It. Charles of Anjou, 
brother of Louis IX., defeats Manfred, 
King of Sicily, at Benevento [and 
makes himself King of Naples andSicily]. 

1267 * * -70 * * Afr. Louis carries on a 
crusade against the Moslems in Tunis, 
but fails ; he dies of fever. 

1282 * * France is involved in the war 
between Charles of Anjou and Pedro of 
Aragon, both of them claiming the 
throne of Naples and Sicily. 

A holy crusade is organized against 
the Aragonese and the rebellious Sicil- 
ians ; the French are expelled from 
Sicily. (See Society, Sicilian Vespers.) 

1284 * * The first French admiral is 
appointed. 

1285 Sept. 7. Sp. Gerona capitu- 
lates to the French after a siege of three 
months [but the campaign is unsuccess- 
fal]. 

1291 * * The war with Aragon is con- 
cluded by a treaty. 

1297 * * The French successfully invade 
Flanders. 

1299 * * -1304 * * Belg. The French 
besiege Ghent, as an ally of the Flem- 
ings against theircount, Guy Pampierre ; 
Ghent surrenders, and a French governor 
occupies Flanders. 

1302 Mar. * Belg. A revolt breaks 
out against the oppression of the French 
governor ; 3,000 French are massacred. 

1302 July 11. Belg. Battle of Cour- 
trai. 

The Flemings, 20,000 strong, defeat 
40,000 French under Robert of Artois. 
[It is called the " Battle of the Spurs," 
4,000 gilt spurs having been captured.] 

1304 Aug. 18. King Philip VI. de- 
feats the Flemings at Mons-en-P6- 
vele. [He concludes peace.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1253* * Paris. The Academy called the 
Sorbonne is established by Louis IX., 
Robert Sorbon, and Guillaume de Saint 
Amour. 

* * * Arts multiply. 

Paper is manufactured from linen rags, 
the art of silk weaving and dyeing is in- 
troduced. Windmills are set up, cane- 
sugar and Turkey wheat are brought in. 

1270 * * Paris. The church of Notre 

Dame is built. 
1278* * Paris. Philip III. authorizes 

the confraternity of surgeons, formed 

by Jean Pitard. 
1317* * Paris. Entry of Henri IV. is 

exhibited by Francois Gerard in the 

Salon. 
1320 * * Delicate lace is manufactured. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1245* * Philip m.. the Bold, king, born. 

[1285. Dies. A40.] 
1250 Feb. 7. Robert, Count of Artois, 

killed at Mansurah. 
1268* * Philip IV.. the Fair, king, born. 

[1314. Dies. A46-] 
1280* * Meung-, Jean de, romancer, born. 

[1330. Dies. A50.] 
Duraiul, Guillaume de, St., Pourcain, bishop, 

born. [ 1332. Dies. A52±.] 
1293* * Philip V., king, b. [1322. D. A29.] 

Philip VI., king, born. [1350. D. A570 
1294* * Charles IV., the Fair, born. [1328. 

Dies. A34,] 
1296 * * Beaumanoir, Philippe de, jurist, d. 
130O* * Cervolle, Arnaud de, adventurer, 

born. [1366. Dies. A66.] 
1 3 1 1 * * Coney, Robert de, architect, dies. 
1315 * * Buridan, Jean, philosopher, born. 

[1358. Dies. A43.] 
1320* * Duguesclin, Bertrand, constable, 

born. [1380. Dies. A66.] 



CHURCH. 

1245 June 28. The 14th Church 

Council. 

Itisthefirst ecumenical synod of Lyons; 
it convenes to promote the Crusades, re- 
store ecclesiastical discipline, etc. 

1248 * * -54 * * Louis IX. leads the un- 
important Sixth Crusade. 

13th Century. Several religious orders 
commence alms-begging. 

1251 * * Uprising of the Pastoureaux. 
Multitudes of ignorant peasants, led by 

an adventurer, " le Maitre de Hongrie," 
overrun the provinces, clamoring against 
the Church, the bishops, and the monas- 
tic orders, and occasionally sacrificing 
lives. At Orleans the whole populace 
rise against the priests, and twenty-five 
are massacred. It is put down by force, 
and the leaders killed. 

1252 * * Paris. Robert de Sorbon founds 
the Sorbonne society of ecclesiastics. 
The members live in community, devote 
themselves to study and to teaching with- 
out pay. 

1254 * * Rome. Alexander IT. is pope. 
[1261, Urban IV ; 1265, Clement VI.] 

1269 * * [St.] Louis IX. confirms the 
rights of the nation and safeguard of 
the Gallican Church by the Pragmatic 
Sanction. 

1270 * * Paris. The church of Notre 
Dame is built. 

* * Louis IX. leads the Seventh [and last] 
Crusade ; he goes to Tunis, where he 
and most of his army perish by sickness. 

1271* * Pome. Gregory X. is pope. 

[1276, Innocent V.; later, Adrian "V.; later, 
John XXI. ; 1277, Nicholas III. ; 1281. Mar- 
tin IV- ; 12S5, Flonorms IV. ; ]2«s, Nicholas 
IV.; 1294, [St.] Oles tine V. ; later, Boniface 
VIII.] 

1274 May 7-June 17. The 15th Coun- 
cil of the Church. 

It is the second ecumenical synod of 
Lyons, convenes to promote the union 
of the Greek and the Latin Churches ; a 
temporary union is effected, members 
being present from the East. 

The council reduces the numerous 
mendicant friars to four orders, Domin- 
icans, Franciscans, Carmelites, and 
Augustines. 

1296 * * The Pope has a contention with 
Philip IV. (See State.) 

1297 * * It. Louis LX. is canonized. 

1301 * * It. Pope Boniface "VIII. issues 
his anathema against the king. 

1302 * * The three estates convene in 
general diet. 



They unanimously maintain the inde- 
pendence of France against the as- 
sumptions of Pope Boniface, who de- 
clares every one a heretic who does not 
believe in the temporal subjection of the 
king and people to the Pope. [France 
is placed under an interdict.] 

1303 * * Philip IV. seizes the person of 

the Pope. 
** Benedict XI. is pope. [1304-05. The 

Holy See is vacant two years. 1305. 

Clement V.] 
1307* *-08* * The Knights Templars 

are persecuted and suppressed. 
1309 * * The Holy See is removed from 

Rome, and established at Avignon, 

South France. [It remains for 70 years.] 

* * Paris. Many Templars are burned 
for witchcraft. 

1311 Oct. 16-12, Apr. 3, May 6. The 
lGth Council of the Church, the synod 
of Vienne, convenes to suppress the 
Knights Templars, etc. 

1314* * The immense property of the 
Knights Templars is confiscated to the 
State. 

1316 * * John XXLT. is pope. 
Nicholas V., the anti-pope, is nomi- 
nated by Louis IV., who holds his court 
at Rome, where he is seized by Pope 
John and imprisoned. 

1317 * * A papal bull condemns a sect of 
strict Franciscan monks called Pratri- 
celli, or Little Brethren; they suffer 
persecution. 

1318 * * The king joins in the persecu- 
tions of the Franciscan mendicants. 

Under the title of Spirituals they vig- 
orously attack the corruptions of the 
papacy, and are denounced as heretics; 
many are burned at the stake in Langue- 
doc and Provence. [1319. More Fran- 
ciscans are burned.] 
1320 * * A second uprising of the Pas- 
toureaux occurs. 

They roam the country with arms, and 
commit frightful excesses, especially 
against the Jews ; they are excommuni- 
cated by the Pope, surrounded near 
Aigues Mortes, and massacred by hun- 
dreds and thousands. 

LETTERS. 

1245 * * Gautier de Metz translates vari- 
ous Latin works into verse, and forms a 
sort of cyclopaedia. 

1247 * * The first concordance to the 
Bible is made by monks, under the direc- 
tion of Hugo de St. Caro ; it is based on 
one compiled by St. Anthony of Padua. 

1250+ * * The University of Orleans 
is a "studium generale." 

[1305. It is endowed with new privi- 
leges. 14th Century. It becomes emi- 
nent for its faculty of arts.] 

* * * The University of Angers receives 
its charter. 

* * * The Renaud de Montauban appears. 

* -* * Roman de Renart, Le Coitronnemenf 
de Renart, Renart le Nouvel, Renart le 
Contrefait, Renart le Bestonne, and other 
versions of the German epic, Reynard 
the Fox, appears. 

* * * The Roman de la Poire appears ; also 
De Venus la Diesse d' Amors, Livres de 
liaison, Huon de Bordeaux, Audigier, Au- 
cassin et Nicolette. 

* * * The Lay of the Honeysuckle, tradi- 
tionally assigned to St. Tristan, appears. 



FRANCE. 



1245, **-1320, 



673 



13th Century. Jeude la Feuille and Jen fie 
Robin et Marion, by Adam de la Halle, 
the Hunchback of Arras, appear. 

1252* * Paris. Robert deSorbon founds 
the college called the Sorbonne, for 
secular ecclesiastics to study theology. 

1253 * * Thibaut de Champagne, King of 
Navarre, author of 70± chansons and 
jeux-partis, dies. 

1260 * * The Chronique de Reims appears. 

1275± * * Adans le Roi writes versions 
of the Chansons de (testes — Les enfances 
Ogier, Berte aux grans Pies, nn&Bueves 
de Commarchis. 

1277± * * Roman de la Rose (continua- 
tion), by Jean de Meung, appears. 

1285± * * Rutebceuf the trouvere is the 
author of many "works. 

La Pauvrete' Rutebceuf, La Mariage 
Rutebceuf, Renart de Bestourne, Le t)it 
des Cordeliers, Frere Denise, Le Dit de 
I'Frbirie, Complainte d'Outremer, Com- 
plainte de Constantinople, JJit de la Vote 
de Tunes, D6bat du ( 'roise ct du Decroise', 
La Repentance Rufebmuf, Le Voie de Pa- 
radis, Thhrphile, a miracle play, etc. 

1289 Oct. 26. The University of 
Montpellier is raised by Pope Nicholas 
IV. to the rank of "studium generale." 

1300 * * The University of Lyons is 
founded. 

1303 * * The University of Avignon is 
first recognized as a " studium generale." 
[1421. Its faculty of theology is recog- 
nized by the Pope.] 

1304 * * Guillaume Guiart writes a poet- 
ical chronicle of the thirteenth century. 

* * -09 * * Histoire de Saint Louis, by 
Jean de Joinville, appears. 

1310+ * * Baudoin de S&bourg appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1273 * * King Philip III. grants his first 
patent of nobility to his goldsmith, as 
an attack upon the feudal barons and 
all the aristocracy. 

1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves- 
pers ; the French are massacred at Pa- 
lermo and throughout the island. 

1291 May 1. Philip IV. causes all the 
Italian money-lenders in France to be 
imprisoned, so as to obtain ransom 
money. 

* * * The Crusades have unexpected, 
valuable, and far-reaching results. 

The spirit of adventure is stimulated, 
literature is revived, the arts and sciences 
promoted, and free thought and liberal 
ideas are increased in the world. 

1305 * * Duelling by civilians is pro- 
hibited. 

1310 May 10. Paris. Fifty-four 
Knights Templars are burned alive ; the 
king covets their property. 

1312 Mar. 23. Pope Clement, under 
the pressure of Philip, abolishes the 
order of Knights Templars through- 
out Europe. 

Their property is to go to the Knights 
Hospitallers, and two-thirds of their 
movable property to France. The cu- 
pidity of the French kings is the cause 
of their suppression. 

1314 Mar. 18. Paris. J a que s de 
Molay, the last grand master of the 
Knights Templars, is burned alive. 



* * Sumptuary laws enacted. 

The size of the cloak and robe, the 
breadth of the trimming, and the num- 
ber of suits possessed by each person, are 
regulated by law. Also the diet, in- 
eluding the hour of meals and the num- 
ber of dishes. It is genteel to eat from, 
each other's plates. 

* * Marguerite, wife of Louis X., is con- 
victed of adultery, imprisoned, and 
strangled. She is an obstacle to the 
king, but her crime is unproved. 

1315* *-16* *A terrible famine oc- 
curs; the people devour the flesh of 
horses, dogs, cats, and vermin. 

STATE. 

1245 * * The gradual introduction of Ro- 
man law, and the regular constitution 
of the Parliament, forming a high court 
of justice, greatly aids royal power in 
suppressing feudal jurisdiction. 

1246 * * Charles of Anjou founds the 
Angevin line of counts of Provence. 

1248 Aug. 25. The king sails for the 
Holy Land. {1250. Apr. 5. The king is 
taken prisoner in Egypt ; later, he ran- 
soms himself by restoring Damietta to 
the Turks. 1254. Sept. 7. He returns to 
Paris.] 

1255 * * Louis limits feudal jurisdic- 
tion, and establishes the right of appeal 
to the king from feudal courts. 

1257 * * Perche is annexed by escheat. 
[1258.^ Guienne is ceded to England. 



1259. Nimes is united to France. 1261. 
Burgundy is acquired, and annexed to 
France. 1262. Aries, Forcalquier, Foix, 
and Cahors are annexed.] 

1264 Jan. 23. The Mise of Amiens is 
announced by Louis IX., concerning the 
obligation of Henry III. to observe the 
Provisions of Oxford. 

1265 * * Charles, Count of Anjou, is 
appointed king of the two Sicilies by the 
Pope. 

1268 * * The Pragmatic Sanction of 
Louis IX. is promulgated. 

It forbids papal exactions of money 
without permission of the State, and 
provides for an appeal in certain cases 
from the ecclesiastical to the State 
court. 

1270 July 1. Louis sails at the head 
of the Seventh Crusade. 

Aug. 25. Louis IX. dies of the plague 
at Tunis. 

1270^1285 Philip HI., the Hardy, son 
of Louis IX., reigns. 

1271 * * Toulouse is again united to the 
French monarchy. [1272+ . The province 
of Languedoc is annexed to the Crown 
territory. 1277. Dijon is acquired. 
1286. Chartres is annexed to the Crown 
by purchase.] 

1284 * * Philip IV. marries Joanna, 
heiress of Navarre. 

1285 Oct. 5. Philip HI. dies at Per- 
pignan. 

1285-1314 Philip TV., the Fair, son of 

Philip III., reigns. 
Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Vespers. (See 

Society.) 



1287 * * Ecclesiastics are removed from 
parliament. 

1296 Feb. 12. Pope Boniface VIII. 
issues " Clericis Laicos." 

He forbids the clergy to pay to the 
civil power taxes on ecclesiastical prop- 
erty without papal approval ; Philip re- 
taliates by forbidding his subjects to 
export money or valuables without his 
permission. 

1299 June 19. A treaty of peace is 
signed by France and England at Mon- 
treuil-sur-Mer, on the basis of mutual 
retention of present possessions. 

Sept. * Philip's eldest sister, the Princess 
Marguerite, is married to Edward I., 
King of England, and his daughter Isa- 
bella to the Prince of Wales [Edward II.]. 

1302* *The bull « Ausculta Fili," 
claiming for the Pope supremacy over 
all kings, is burned by Philip. 

Apr. 10. Paris. The States-General 
— nobles, clergy, and burghers — first 
meet ; they sustain the king against 
the Pope. 

Nov. 18. Rome. The Pope issues the 
bull " Unam Sanctam," claiming supe- 
riority of the spiritual power. 

* * Belg. Another revolt against the 
French breaks out in Flanders. 

1303 Apr. 13. The Pope excommu- 
nicates the king. 

[The king holds a second council at the 
Louvre, and presents an act of indict- 
ment against the Pope, charging him 
with scandalous crimes.] 

Sept. 7. It. The Pope is seized at 
Anagni by Nogeret, the chancellor of 
Philip. [He is released by the people.] 

1305 * * Philip secures the election of a 
Frenchman as pope (Clement V.). 

June 5. Belg. Philip recognizes the in- 
dependence of Flanders. 

1307 Oct. 13. The Knights Templars 
are arrested by orders of Philip, who 
charges them with heresy and other 
offenses. (See Society.) 

* *Part of Lyonnaise is added to the 
Crown by conquest. 

1309 * * The residence of the Pope is 
changed from Rome to Avignon on the 
Rhone. 

1312 * * Lille is ceded to France. 

1314 Nov. 29. Philip TV. dies. 

1314^1316 Louis X., the Quarrelsome, 
son of Philip IV., reigns. 

* * Sp. Tfavarre is united to France 
[until 1328]. 

1316 June 5. Louis X. dies. 

1316-1322 Philip V., the Tall. 

Philip is the brother of Louis X. He 
first rules as regent for the queen, who 
is with child ; the queen's son dies soon 
after birth, and Philip declares himself 
king. 

rTov. 11. John I., son of Louis X., dies ; 
aged eight days. 

1317 Jan. 9. Philip "V". is crowned at 
Reims. 

* * The States-General issues a formal de- 
cree declaring females incapable of 
inheriting the crown of France. 



674 1321, * *-1382, Nov. 27. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

132S Aug. 28. Philip VI. defeats the 

Flemings near Cassel, and restores the 
authority of Louis, Count of Flanders. 

1339 * * -1453 * * There are frequent 
ware with England. 

"War is caused by the English king, 
Edward HI., who claims the French 
Crown in right of his mother Isabella, 
sister of the late king of France. (The 
Hundred Years* "War.) 

1340 * * Neth. The 240 ships of Edward 
III. defeat and nearly annihilate a 
French fleet of 400 ships at the battle of 
Sluis ; 30,000 Frenchmen perish. [A 
truce is signed for two years.] 

1342 * * Edward III. conducts a campaign 
in Brittany. 

1346 July 12. Edward III. and his 
son, the Black Prince, invade Nor- 
mandy with an army of 30,000 men. 

Aug. 26. Battle of Crecy, in Northern 
France. 

Philip VI., commanding about 80,000 
men, is defeated by. '50,000 u> 40,000 Eng- 
lish under Edward* III. Philip is twice 
wounded ; French loss, 30,000; his allies, 
the kings of Bohemia and Majorca, the 
Due d'Alencon, commander-in-chief, 11 
princes, 80 nobles, and 12,000 knights are 
among the killed. 

1347 * * Calais capitulates to the Eng- 
lish. After a distressing siege of 11 
months, Eustache de St. Pierre and oth- 
ers present themselves with ropes round 
their necks and the keys of the city in 
their hands, as a ransom for their f ellow- 
townsmen ; Edward spares their lives at 
the intercession of his queen, Philippa. 
A truce for six years is soon concluded. 

1355 * * Carcassonne is sacked by the 
Black Prince. 

1356 Sept. 19. Battle of Poitiers. 
The Black Prince, with 8,000 men, de- 
feats 60,000 French under John II., who 
is taken prisoner [and conveyed to Eng- 
land]. 

* * P£rigueux is taken by the English. 

1357 Easter. A truce of two years is 
made with England. 

1359 Oct. * Edward again invades 
France with an English army. [1360. 
He unsuccessfully besieges Reims.] 

1364 May 16. Battle of Cocherel. 
Bertrand Duguesclin defeats the Eng- 
lish and the rebels in Navarre, under 
Charles the Bald. 

Sept. 29. Battle of Auray. 

Charles de Blois, claimant to the duke- 
dom of Brittany, and Duguesclin, who 
supports his claim, are defeated by Jean 
V., Duke of Brittany, and John de'Mont- 
fort. Duguesclin is made prisoner. 
[Montfort takes possession of the duchy.] 

1365 Nov. * Duguesclin leads the law- 
less bands of Grand or Free Companies 
into Spain to fight against Don Pedro the 
Cruel, on behalf of the latter's brother, 
Henry of Trastamare. 

1367 Apr. 13. Sp. Battle of Nojara ; 
Edward the Black Prince and Pedro the 
Cruel defeat and capture Duguesclin. 

1370 Apr. 22. Paris. Charles V. be- 
gins the erection of the Bastile to de- 
fend the city against the English. [1383, 
completed.] 

* * Limoges, on the Vienne, is captured 
and pillaged by the Black Prince ; more 
than 3,000 citizens are massacred. 



* * "War is declared against England. 

* * Duguesclin is made constable of 
France. 

1372 * * Duguesclin, by brilliant move- 
ments, recovers for France the territory 
between Loire and Gironde. B-ochelle 
surrenders to Duguesclin, and is restored 
to France. 

1373 * * Duguesclin and Olivier de 
Clisson, the Butcher, are successful in 
Brittany ; most of the Breton fortresses 
are taken, and De Montfort driven 
across the Channel. 

1375 June * A truce for two years is 
made with England by the interposition 
of the Pope. 

1377 * * The war with England is re- 
newed ; the fleets of Castile and France 
ravage the English coasts. 

1378 * * Charles V. possesses the strong- 
holds of Charles the Bad in Normandy, 
with the exception of Cherbourg. 

1382 Nov. 27. Belg. Battle of Roose- 
beke. 

The Flemings, who revolt against their 
count, are defeated by the French under 
Charles VI. ; Philippe Van Artevelle, 
their leader, is killed. [The towns in 
Flanders are pillaged and the inhabi- 
tants massacred.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1346 Aug. 26. Cannon and fire-arms 
are first used at the battle of Crecy. 

1364 * * Paris. The Louvre palace is 
occupied. 

1370+ * * Paris. A perfect clock is 
made by Viek ; three clocks are placed 
on public buildings. 

±: * * Theatrical performances are in- 
troduced. Spectacles are invented. 

1380 * * The Mysteries are played. 

Chiefly The Passion, the Resurrection, 
the Incarnation, and St. Catherine. The 
Moralities are also played, being ab- 
stract alleogri«-:il characters, as Youth, 
Despair, Great-heart, etc. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1330* * Flamel, Nicolas, alchemist, bene- 
factor, born. [1418. Dies. A88.] 

1333* * FroiBsart. John, poet, chronicler, 
born. [1410. Dies. A73.] 

1337* * Charles V., the Wise, king, born. 
[1380. Dies. A43.] 

1350* * Aillv, Pierre d\ cardinal, theologi- 
cal writer. [1425. Dies. A75.] 
Basselin, Olivie, poet, h. [1419. D. A69.] 

1352* * Armasnac, Comte d\ Bernard, 
constable, born. tl418. Dies. A66,] 

1359 * * Caillt't, <; ml l:iini ir, insurgent, dies. 

1360* * ('laments, 3Iat.heiu N. de, theolo- 
gian, horn. [1440. Dies. A80-] 

1363 * * Gerson, John (lliarlier de, ecclesi- 
astic, author, horn. [1429. Dies. A66.] 

Christine de Pisan. noet, horn. [1415. 
Dies. A52.] 

1364 * * John II.. king, dies. 

1372 * * Dabentone, Jean, prophetess, mar- 



tyr 



CHURCH. 



1321 * * Persecution continues. 

Lepers are tortured and many of them 
burned. At Chinon, in Touraine, 160 
Jews of both sexes are hurled into a 
burning pit, while the richer class are 
imprisoned till their property is discov- 
ered, and a sum of 150,000 livres trans- 
ferred to the king. 



1324 * * The Cathedral of Perpignan 
is founded by Sancho II., King of 
Majorca. 

1334 * * Rome. Benedict XII. is pope. 
[1342, Clement VI. ; 1352, Innocent VI. : 
1362, Urban V.; I.'iTi), Greunrv XI.; 1378, 
Urban VI. ; 1389, Boniface IX. ; 1404, Inno- 
cent VII. ; 1406, Gregory XII.] 

1350+ * *The Flagellants wander 
about the streets half naked, macerating 
themselves with whips, to appease the 
anger of God because of their sins. 

1360+ * * The Jews unite with any one 
annoying the Christians, to avenge the 
injuries they have received from them. 

1378 * * -1447 * * The Great Schism 
of the "West. 

A contest occurs between French and 
Italian cardinals, in the election of 
popes. A rival line of popes reside at 
Avignon [until 1824. Anti-popes : Clem- 
ent VII. ; Benedict XIII.]. 

1380 * * The Passion, Resurrection, In- 
carnation, and St. Catherine are intro- 
duced as theatrical plays on the Sab- 
hath, as means of religious instruction. 

LETTERS. 

1325 * * Boi Modus appears. 

1332 June* The University of Cahors 
receives full powers from the Pope as a 
" studium generale." [1367. It receives 
civil privileges.] 

1339 * * The University of Grenoble 
receives its charter. 

1349 * * The first University of Perpi- 
gnan is founded. (Or 1379.) 

1350 * * Paris. The Royal Library is 
founded by King John. 

14th Century. Attnagier de Paris appears. 

1363 * * -64 * * Livre du Voir-Dit, by 
Guillaume de Machaut, appears. 

1364 * * Paris. A coHege of medicine 
and astrology is founded by Charles V. 

1365 * * The University of Orange is 
founded by Charles V. 

1369 * * Prised* A lexandrie, by Guillaume 
de Machaut, the author of 80,000 verses, 
appears. 

1370 * * A translation of Aristotle's 
Ethics, by Nicole Oresme, appears. [1371, 
of Aristotle's Economics.] 

1376 * * -78 * * Le Songe du Vergier ap- 
pears. 

1377 * * A translation of St. Augustin's 
De civitate Dei, by Raoul de Presles, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1348 * * The people are smitten with the 
Plague of Florence, or the Black Vomit. 
It destroys one-fourth of the people of 
France : the ignorant people accuse the 
Jews of poisoning the waters, and de- 
stroy thousands of them. 

1350+ * * Much courtesy is shown to 
men of gentle blood, and scarcely any 
to those without it. 

1358+ * * Guillaume Caillet assumes the 
name Jacques Bonhomme. 

He leads bands of peasants, who revolt 
against their oppressors, and ravage the 
country during the imprisonment of 
King John ; they are suppressed with 
much bloodshed. Few peasants venture 
to sleep in their cabins for fear of rob- 
bers, but such as can do so sleep in 
boats anchored in the water. 



FRANCE. 



1321, * *-1382, Nov. 27. 675 



1361 * * -62 * * Paris. An appalling 
mortality is caused by the Black Pes- 
tilence. [1367-69. A frightful mortal- 
ity prevails.] 

1364* * Wretchedness abounds. 

The country is laid waste by fire and 
sword of contending barons, wandering 
outlaws, and insurgents. Fields are un- 
titled, houses in ruins, and Paris itself is 
forlorn and desolate. 

* * Paris Only a few of the main streets 
are paved, and the by-streets are filled 
with ordure and filth. 

1380+ * * Manners are rude. 

Gentlewomen scamper in the streets, 
turn and stare at passers-by, peep into 
windows of private houses, and giggle at 
mass. Ladies are told to wipe their lips, 
not their noses, on the table-cloths, and 
never to steal or tell wilful falsehoods. 



1381' 



: Paris. Riots break out. 



The soldiers demand their pay, and the 
citizens rise against illegal taxes and for 
restored liberties. 



STATE. 
1322 Jan. 3. Philip Y. dies. 

1322-1328 Charles IV., the Fair, 

brother of Philip V., reigns. 
* * Many towns are independent. 

1328 Jan. 31. Charles IY. dies. 

1328-1498 (1589) The House of Valois 
is enthroned. 

1328-1350 Philip VI., son of Philip 
IY.'s brother, Charles of Valois, reigns. 

1329 * * Edward of England does feu- 
dal homage to Philip for his duchy of 
Guienne in Southwest France. 

1330 * * Robert of Artois, ill-treated 
by Philip VI., takes refuge in England. 

Philip becomes Edward's enemy, de 
stroying English merchant-ships, foster- 
ing pirates, and encouraging the Scots to 
war with England. 

1337* * Eng. Edward claims the 
French crown in right of his mother, 
Isabella, sister of Charles IV.; the Flem- 
ings acknowledge and proclaim him 
King of France. 

1339* *-1453* * The Hundred Years' 
"War. (See Army.) 

1341 * * John deMontfort and Charles 
of Blois, nephew of Philip, contend for 
the dukedom of Brittany. [Montfort 
has the aid of Edward of England, whom 
he recognizes as King of France.] 

1343 Nov. 29. Paris. Fifteen bar- 
ons of Brittany, invited to a tourna- 
ment, are seized by order of Philip, and 
put'to death without trial, on suspicion 
■of favoring the English. [War with 
England follows.] 

1347 * * Calais becomes an English pos- 
session. [1349. Montpellier is acquired 
from Spain.] 

1349 * * The province of Dauphine' is 
sold to Philip on condition that the eld- 
est son of the King of France he called 
the dauphin. 

1350 * * Philip enforces the gabelletax, 
under which the sale of salt is made a 
government monopoly. 

Aug. 22. Philip VI. dies. 



1350-1364 John II., the Good, son of 
Philip IV., reigns. 

He is unworthy of his surname ; for 
four years he debases the coinage, con- 
fiscates the goods and securities of for- 
eign merchants, and stops payment of 
his debts. 

* * Comte D'Eu, Constable of France, 
is beheaded by order of John, on sus- 
picion of designing to surrender his cas- 
tle to the English. 

1354 Jan. 19. La Cerda, the Consta- 
ble of France, is assassinated by Charles 
the Bad, King of Navarre, King John's 
son-in-law. [A feud between the king 
and Charles follows.] 

1355 * * Edward of England becomes 
the ally of Charles the Bad against 
John n. 

1356 Apr. * King John seizes Charles 
of Navarre, while a guest at a banquet 
given at Rouen by the dauphin, and 
sends him to prison ; he seizes four other 
guests, and orders them to be beheaded. 

Sept. 19. King John is taken prisoner 
by the English at the battle of Poitiers. 
[He is conveyed to England, and Charles 
the Dauphin becomes regent.] 

1357 Feb. * Pa?-is. The States-Gen- 
eral meet, and demand reforms in the 
government. 

They include the appointment of a 
council or commission of 36 delegates 
from the three estates — prelates, 
knights, and burgesses— to direct pub- 
lic affairs. [The reforms are reluctantly 
conceded by the request of Charles, but 
the concession is niter wards annulled by 
the king.] 

Aug. * The dauphin, Charles, dismisses 
the 36 commissioners, and takes the 
reins of government in his own hands. 

Nov. * Paris. The populace revolt un- 
der the leadership of Stephen Marcel 
and Charles the Bad, who is released 
from prison. 

1358 Feb. 22. Paris. A number of 
the revolters headed by Marcel march 
to the palace. 

In the presence of the dauphin they 
kill two marshals who have been pro- 
scribed by the States, but retained by 
the regent ; they compel Charles to pub- 
licly declare his approval of the act. 

* * Anarchy prevails ; the throne is en- 
dangered by the mercenary troops and 
adventurers, who ravage the provinces 
and oppress the peasantry. 

May * The peasants begin a war of ex- 
termination against the nobles. 

They organize into an army of 20,000, 
and go through the country, pillaging 
and demolishing castles, and massa- 
cring the inmates ; their leader is Guil- 
laume Caillet, who gets the name of 
Jacques Bonhomme [hence the term 
Jacquerie]. (See Society.) 

July 31. Paris. Jean Maillart, a par- 
tizan of the dauphin, surprises and kills 
Marcel. 

1359 May 25. Paris. The States-Gen- 
eral reject a treaty agreed to by their 
king in England. 

He ceded to the English the western 
half of France, from Calais to Bayonne, 
and proposing 4,000,000 crowns as John's 
ransom. 



1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny 

is concluded with the English. 

The treaty gives Edward Poitou, Gui- 
enne, and Gascony in full sovereignty ; 
he renounces his claim to the crown of 
France ; John's ransom is fixed at 3,000,- 
000 crowns, to be paid in six years ; 40 
hostages are given to England to be held 
pending payment. 

July 8. Eng. King John, liberated 
from imprisonment, returns to France. 

1363 * * Burgundy is occupied by John, 
and given to his son, Philip the Bold 
[who becomes founder of the Burgun- 
dian line of the House of Valois]. 

1364 * * Eng. The king's sons, Louis 
and John, hostages for their father, 
break their parole, and flee to Paris ; 
King John, to save his honor, surren- 
ders himself to the English king, who 
treats him with great courtesy. 

* * Charles V. reforms the current coin. 
Apr. 8. John II. dies in England. 

1364-1380 Charles V., the Wise, son of 
John II., reigns. 

He is a ruler of ability, patronizes 
learning and literature, and by his wise 
and vigorous administration quells the 
disorders arising fron the war of the 
jacquerie. 

* * Bertrand Duguesclin, Constable of 
France, retakes nearly all the territory 
ceded to England by the captive King 
John. 

1365 Dee. * Sp. Don Pedro (Peter 
the Cruel) is driven out of Castile by 
Duguesclin. 

1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Pedro is restored 
by the victory at Najara. 

1368 .June 30. The lords of Gascony 
and Guienne make complaint to 
Charles against the money exactions of 
the Prince of Wales, and they appeal to 
him to redress their grievances. 

1369 Jan. 25. Charles summons Ed- 
ward of England to appear to answer 
the complaint of his vassals of Gascony 
and Guienne. [The Prince of Wales re- 
plies that he will appear "with 60,000 
men."] 

* * Charles V. gives Lille to Louis de Male. 
[It passes to Burgundy and finally to 
Austria and Spain.] 

* * Sp. Peter the Cruel is killed by his 
brother Henry. 

1379 * * Belg. The Flemish towns re- 
volt, and expel Louis their count. 

1380 * * The maladministration of the 
Duke of Anjou causes a revolt in Lan- 
guedoc, Southern France. 

* * Paris suffers from civil strife. 
Sept. 16. Charles V. dies. 

1380-1422 Charles "VX, 11 years of 
age, son of Charles V., reigns ; his uncle, 
the Duke of Anjou, is regent during his 
minority. 

1381 * * Duke of Anjou becomes re- 
gent. [He seizes the public treasure to 
help to secure for himself the kingdom, 
of Naples.] 



676 1382, **-1440, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1386 * * Charles threatens to invade 
England, but abandons the expedition. 

1388 * * Dunkirk is burned by the Eng- 
lish. 

1408 Sept. 23. Battle of Hasbain ; 
John, Duke of Burgundy, is victorious. 

1410 * * Civil war occurs between the 
factions of the Dukes of Orleans and 
Burgundy. 

1415 Aug. 14. "War with England. 
Henry V. of England, making claim to 
the French crown, lands with an army 
of 30,000 men at Havre. [Sept. 22. Har- 
fleur, after a brief siege, surrenders to 
Henry.] 

Oct. 25. Battle of Agincourt. 

About 50,000 French under Constable 
d'Albret are defeated by about 15,000 
English under Henry V. of England. 
The chivalry of France is decimated ; 
the Dukes of Orleans and Bourbon are 
captured, and 10,000 French, including 
the Constable id France and six dukes 
or princes, are killed. English loss, 1,600. 

Nov. * Henry reembarks for England. 

1417 Aug. 1. Henry returns, and lands 
at Touques, near Honfieur. [He cap- 
tures Caen, Bayeux, Falaise, Evreux, 
Coutances, Laigle, Saint-L6, and Cher- 
bourg.] 

1419 Jan. 13. Rouen capitulates to 
Henry after a siege of five months. The 
city is spared on the payment of 300,000 
golden crowns. 

1420 * * Paris. The English occupy 
the city. 

1421 * * Many soldiers from Scotland 
enter the French military service. 

1423 June 11. Battle of Cravant. 
The allied English and Burgundians 
under the Duke of Bedford defeat the 
allied French and Scotch who fight for 
Charles VII. [1424. Aug. 17. He defeats 
them again at the battle of Verneuil.] 

1428 Oct. 12. The English under the 
Earl of Salisbury commence the siege of 
Orleans. 

1429 Feb.* "Battle of the Her- 
rings." 

The besieged at Orleans make a sortie 
and attack a contingent conveying a 
supply of herrings to the English ; they 
are driven back with great slaughter. 

Mar. 9. Joan of Arc [the Maid of Or- 
leans] announces her mission to King 
Charles at Chimon. 

Apr. * Charles puts Joan of Arc in com- 
mand of French troops. 

[Apr. 29. Joan crosses the Loire, and 
enters Orleans without opposition from 
the English, who are besieging the town. 
May 7. Joan captures from the English 
the bastile of Tournelles before Or- 
leans; she is wounded in the attack. 
May 8. The English retire ; the siege 
of Orleans is raised. Joan is called the 
Maid of Orleans.] 

June 12. The French, encouraged by 
Joan of Arc, storm and capture Jargeau. 

June 18. Battle of Patay. 

The French under Jean, Comte de Du- 
nois, making the attack on the advice of 
Joan of Arc, defeat the English led by 
Lord Talbot. 

July 10. Troyes capitulates to the 
French under Joan of Arc. 



Sept. 8. Paris. The French make an 
assault against the English [and are 
repulsed]. 

1430 May 24. Joan of Arc is cap- 
tured in a sortie from Compiegne, while 
the town is besieged by the Duke of 
Burgundy. 

1436 Apr. 13. Paris. The English are 
forced to evacuate ; the city is occu- 
pied by Constable de Richemont. 

1439 * * Charles VII., with the approval 
of the States-General, establishes a 
standing army of 22,000 foot and 900 
horse ; it is the first standing army on 
record. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1391* * Paris. The Academy of 
Painting is established. 

1392 * * Cards are invented to amuse 
Charles VI. 

1404 * * Paris. Hats are first made by a 
Swiss. 

1414 * * Muskets are used by Burgun- 
dians at Arras. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1385+ * * Ch artier, Alain, poet, b. [1449. 

Dies. A64+.] 
1390* * Aleman, Louis, cardinal, archbp. of 

Aries, statesman, b. [1450. Dies. A60.] 
Monstrelet, Engiien'aiul (It:, chronicler, born. 

[1453. Dies. A63.] 
1391 * * Charles Inn- d'Orleaus, soldier, poet, 

born. [1466. Dies. A75.] 
1400* * Cceur. Jacques, gold and Silver 

smith, born. [1461. Dies. A6I.] 
1403* * Basin, Thomas, historian, born. 

[1491. Dies. A89.J 
Dunois, Jean,<'omte <lc, lc itatardd 'Orleans, 

general, born. [1468 . Dies. A66.] 
1403 * * Charles VII., the Victorious, king, 

born. [1461. Dies. A58.] 
1405* * L'Krtnile, Tristan, courtier, born. 
1406* * Rais, or Retz, Gilles de Laval de, 

marshal, born. [1440. Dies. A34.] 
1410± * * Chahannes, Antoine tie, Comte tie 

Dammartin, gen., b. [1488. Dies. A78.] 
1411 * * Joan of Arc, the Maid of Orleans, 

heroine, born. [1431. Dies. A20.] 
1416* *Fouquet, Jchan, painter, born. 

[1475. Dies. A60.] 
1420* * Daiu, Olivier lc, Comte de Meulent, 

favorite, born. [1484. Dies. A64-] 

1432 * * ISaluc, .lean de la, cardinal, born. 
1423 * * Aubusson, Pierre d', general, states- 
man, born. [1503. Dies. A80.] 

1434* * Louis XI., king, born. [1483. Dies. 

A60.] 
Landini, Christoforo, savant, born. [1504. 

Dies. A80.] 
1435 * * Betliencourt, Jean de, chamberlain 

to Charles VII., conq. Canary Islands, d. 
1428* * .Tansun, Nicolas, printer, inventor, 

born. [1481. Dies. A53.] 
1439 * * Margaret of Anjou, wife of Henrv 

VI. of England, born. [1481. Dies. A52-] 

1433 * * Barbazan, Arnauld G. de, general, 
dies. 

1433 * * Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur- 
gundy, born. [1477. Dies. A44.] 

1440* * Mai I lard, olivicr, pulpit orator, born, 
[1502. Dies. A62.] 

CHURCH. 

1407 * * France is laid under an inter- 
dict by the Pope. 

1409 * * Rome. Alexander V. is pope. 
[1410, John XXIII. ; 1417, Martin V. ; 1431, 
Kugenius IV. ; 1417, Nicholas V. ; 1455, Ca- 
lixtus III. ; 1458, Pius II. ; 1464, Paul II. ; 
1471, Sixtus VI. ; 1484, Innocent VIII.] 

1414* *Switz. The 17th Council of 
the Church is convened at Constance. 

It asserts the authority of an ecumen- 
ical council over the Pope, and con- 
demns the doctrines of John Huss and 
Jerome of Prague. It is attended by the 



western churches, and continues in ses- 
sion four years. 

1431 July 31-49 May 7. Switz. The 
18th Council of the Church is convened 
at Basel. 

It attempts a reformation of discipline 
and in the constitution of the Roman 
Catholic Church. [All its acts are re- 
garded null and void by the Ultramon- 
tanes.] 

* * Joan of Arc is condemned by the 
Church. (See Society.) 

1438* * Charles VII. publishes the 
Pragmatic Sanction. 

This ordinance asserts the rights of the 
Church in France, and declares the authority 
of a general council superior to the dictum 
of a pope. It forbids the clergy to appeal to 
Rome on any point aftVri ing the secular con- 
dition of the nation, also, the appropriation 
of any vacant benefice by the Pope, who is in 
no case to appoint any to a bishopric or a 
parish church. 

LETTERS. 



* * -92 * * Livre des Cent Ballades, a col- 
lection of poems by different authors, 
appears. 

1387 * * Deduits de la Ckasse, by Gaston 
de Foix, appears. 

1390 * * Livre des faits du Marichal de 
Boucicaut, appears. 

1392 * * Art de Dieter, by Eustache Des- 
champs, author of 1,500 ballads, etc., 
appears. 

1394 * * Trissor de Venerie, byHardouin, 
appears. 

1409 * * The University of Aix is 
founded by Pope Alexander V. 

1415 * * -40 * * Prince Charles of Or- 
leans, a prisoner in England, writes 400 
rondeaux, 100 ballads, and 100 chansons. 

± * * Livre des Quartre Dames, by Alain 
Chartier, appears. 

1426 * * Belle dame sans merci, by Alain 
Chartier, appears ; also author of Br&- 
viaire des nobles, Le Curial, etc. 

1429 * * Christine de Pisan composes a 
national song on Joan of Arc. 

1431 * * The University of Poitiers is 
instituted by Charles VII. 

1435* *-89* * Memoir es, by Olivier 
de la Marche, appears. 

1437 May * The University of Caen 
is founded under English auspices. [1452. 
Oct. 30. Receives a new charter.] 

SOCIETY. 

1382 * * Paris. The insurrection of the 
Maillotins against taxes on bread and 
produce occurs. 

± * * The Scotch archers are formed into 
the king's bodyguard, because he dare 
not trust his life to the care of French- 
men. 

1407 ISTov. 23. Louis Valois, Duke of 
Orleans, is assassinated by the king's 
brother, the Duke of Burgundy. 

[1410. Nov. 23. An illusory treaty of 
peace is made between the two parties 
after the army of the Armagnaes had 
ravaged the country up to the gates of 
Paris without a battle.] 

1412* * Paris. Cabochiens, or ruffians, 
led by Simonet Caboche, a butcher, from 
the dregs of the population, reform (?) 
the government. 



FRANCE. 



1382, 



1440, 



677 



1416 * * Queen Isabella is exiled to 

Tours. 
Because of her disgraceful vices she 

and her paramour are enclosed in a 

leathern sack, and cast into the river. 
1418 June 12. Paris. The massacre 

of the Armagnacs begins by direction of 

John, Duke of Burgundy [3500 persons 

are killed in three days]. 
1420 * * Philip the Good of Burgundy 

institutes the military Order of the 

Golden Fleece. 
1430± * *Gipsies, or Bohemians, a 

class of public vagrants, appear. 

* * Misery prevails in city and in country ; 
poverty, neglect, and despair abound ; 
tillage is neglected, and buildings are 
unrepaired. 

* * Feudatories commit the wildest ex- 
cesses ; 300 nobles in Auvergne live in 
habitual incest, rapine, and violence. 

1431 Feb.+ * Trial of Joan of Arc. 

[Revelations are drawn from her by a 
priest, under the seal of the confessional, 
and taken down by concealed notaries ; 
these are used by the prosecution.] 

(Feb. 21.) Joan's trial commences at 
Itouen, before Cauchon and the vicar of 
the Inquisitor-General of France, with 
50 doctors as assessors, and the Maid is 
without an advocate. 

(Apr. 18.) The revelations of Joan are 
pronounced to have come from the Evil 
One; she is found guilty of blasphemy, 
imposture, indecency, and of schismati- 
cal opinions upon the unity and author- 
ity of the church. 

(* *) Joan is overcome by threats of 
death by fire, and signs a confession of 
deliberate deception, and is condemned 
to the penance of perpetual imprison- 
ment, with bread and water diet. 

(* *) Alleged scandalous means are 
used to induce Joan to retract her abju- 
ration. 

(* *) Joan resumes her male attire, 
and communicates fresh visions. 

(May 30.) After being condemned as a 
witch, Joan is burned at the stake at 
Rouen, as a relapsed penitent, but with 
her last breath declaring the voices had 
not deceived her. 

* * Thomas Conecte, a popular preach- 
er, employs boys to run after ladies, and 
upset the absurd horns worn on their 
heads, against which he preaches. 

1436 Summer. Paris. Brigandage 
and disorders are created by " Les Ecor- 
cheurs " (Flayers). 

They desolate France and Belgium, 
stripping their victims to their shirts, 
and flaying the cattle. 

1437 July 3. The nobility attend the 
sacred play called The Passion, in the 
Park of Vexmeil. 

1438 * * Paris. The Festival of Fools 
ceases to be celebrated. 

* * A famine occurs ; bread is made from 
fern-roots. [1453. Another famine oc- 
curs.] 

1440± * * The " Praguerie," companies 
of disorderly soldiers, appear, and fo- 
ment rebellion. 

STATE. 

1382 * * Paris. The populace revolt 
against a bread tax; with maillotins 
(iron mallets) they kill the tax-gather- 
ers ; hence they are called malleteers. 



The malleteers, though promised am- 
nesty and repeal of the tax, are cruelly 
punished without trial ; some are sewn 
in sacks, and thrown into the Seine. 

1384 * * The king's uncles confiscate 
the wealth of the great cities, Rouen, 
Reims, Chalons, Troyes, Seris, and Or- 
leans, but squander it on themselves, 
leaving the treasury empty. 

* * Douai is transferred from Flanders 
to Burgundy. [13S8. Nice is annexed 
to Savoy.] 

Sept. 20. Louis. of Anjou dies in Italy 
[and Philip of Burgundy becomes re- 
gent]. 

1385 July 17. Charles VI. marries 
Isabella, daughter of the Duke of Ba- 

1388 Oct. * Charles assumes the gov- 
ernment. 

1392 Aug. 5±. Charles becomes in- 
sane. The Dukes of Burgundy and 
Berry are made regents. [1393. Jan. * 
Again made insane by the tragic ending 
of a masked ball.] 

1396 * * A treaty of peace is made with 
England. 

1404 Apr. * The Duke of Burgundy 
dying, the Duke of Orleans becomes 
regent. 

1407 Nov. 23. Paris. The Duke of 
Orleans is assassinated by order of 
John the Fearless, the Duke of Bur- 
gundy, a brother of the king. 

1408 Mar. * The Duke of Burgundy, 
having brought an army to Paris, ac- 
quires almost supreme authority in the 
government. 

Nov. * Paris. Fearing to see the king in 
the power of the Duke of Burgundy, 
the queen and princes persuade him to 
depart ; the royal family retreat to 
Tours. 

1409 Mar. 9. An illusory treaty of 
peace is concluded at Chartres between 
the royal family and the Burgundians ; 
the king grants the duke a full pardon 
for the murder of the Duke of Orleans. 

1410 * * Charles of Orleans, son of the 
murdered duke, marries the daughter of 
the powerful Count Bernard d'Ar- 
magnac, who becomes head of the Or- 
leans party against the Burgundians. 

* *-15* * Civil war prevails between 
the Burgundians and the Armagnacs. 

The Armagnacs are favored by the 
royal family and the nobility ; the Bur- 
gundians are favored by the populace of 
Paris, their principal allies being the 
butchers. 

1412 * * Paris. The Cabochiens, allies 
of the Duke of Burgundy, led by the 
butcher, Simonet Caboche, commit 
atrocities, plundering and murdering all 
who oppose them. 

1413 * * Paris. The Armagnacs, led 
by the dauphin, gain supremacy, and put 
an end to the rule of the Cabochiens. 

1414 Aug. * Henry "V. of England de- 
mands Normandy, Anjou, and Maine, 
and Charles VI. 's daughter Catherine 
in marriage, with a dowry of 2,000,000 
crowns. [War follows a refusal.] 



1415 Dec. * The Dauphin Louis dies ; 
his brother John, Duke of Touraine, be- 
comes dauphin. 

1416* *The Dauphin John dies; the 
king's youngest son, Charles, 14 years of 
age, becomes dauphin. 

1417 * * Queen Isabella is banished to 
Tours on a charge of secret communica- 
tion with the Duke of Burgundy, and for 
other offenses. [Nov. 1. She is rescued 
by the Duke of Burgundy, and escapes 
with the duke to Chartres. Nov. 12. 
She announces herself regent.] 

1418 May * Paris. The Burgundians 
again become masters, one of the gates 
of the city being treacherously opened 
to an army of their partizans. 

June 10-13. Paris. The Armagnacs 
are brutally massacred by the Burgun- 
dians ; 3,000 persons are killed. 

1419 Sept. 10. John the Fearless, 
Duke of Burgundy, while in conference 
with the da'uphin on the bridge of Monte- 
reau, is assassinated by Tanneguy 
Duchatel and other Orleanists, of the 
dauphin's attendants. 

1420 May 21. The Treaty of Troyes 
is signed after being approved by the 
insane king, at the prompting of the 
Burgundian enemies of the dauphin. 

It gives the Princes? Catherine in mar- 
riage to Henry V. ; also the crown and 
kingdom of France to Henry and his 
heirs, after the death of Charles VI. ; it 
makes Henry regent during the life of 
Charles. 

June 2, Henry V. of England is mar- 
ried to the Princess Catherine. 

1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies at Vin- 



Oct. 21. Charles VI. dies. 

Oct. 29. Paris. Henry VI., infant son 
of Henry V. of England, is recognized 
by the parliament of Paris as King of 
France and England ; the Duke of Bed- 
ford is regent. 

1422-1461 Charles VII., the victorious. 

Oct. 30. Charles, son of Charles VI., as- 
sumes the title of king in the castle of 
Mehun-sur-Yevre, near Bourges ; he is 
derisively called " King of Bourges." 

1429 July 17- Charles VII. is crowned 
at Reims. 

Joan of Arc assists in the ceremony, 
dressed in full armor, and holding in her 
hands the sword of state. 

1434 * * -51 * * England loses all her 
possessions in France except Calais. 

1435 Aug. * A peace congress is held 
at Arras. 

Sept. 21. The Treaty of Arras, between 
Charles VII. of France and Philip the 
Good of Burgundy, is signed. 

Philip the Good agrees to recognize 
Charles as king, on condition of receiving 
Auxerre, Macon, Pe'ronne, Montdidier, 
and the towns on the Sonime, and ex- 
emption from rendering feudal homage. 

1436 * * Paris is recovered from the 
English. 

1438 * * Charles VII. publishes the Prag- 
matic Sanction. (See Church.) 

1439 Oct. * The States- General meet 
in Orleans. Instead of "free com- 
panies," it begins a standing army. 
(See Army.) 



678 1440, **-1507, **. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1444 Aug. 26. The French defeat the 
Swiss at the battle of St. Jacob. 

* * A five years' truce is made with Eng- 
land. 

1449 * * Another war with England 
begins; it is caused by the invasion of 
Brittany by English adventurers. 

Nov. 10. Charles VII. enters Rouen, 
the English under the Duke of Somerset 
and Gen. John Talbot being compelled 
to evacuate the town. 

1450 Apr. 15. The Constable deRiche- 
mont defeats the English at For- 
migny ; the English lose 3,700 men. 

* * Caen is retaken from the English. 

1451 June 29. Comte de Dunois occu- 
pies Bordeaux in the name of King 
Charles. [1452, Oct. 22. Reoccupied by 
Gen. Talbot.] 

1453 July 17. Gen. Talbot is defeated 
and killed in an attempt to raise the 
siege of Castillion ; the town surrenders 
to King Charles. 

Oct. 17. Bordeaux capitulates to King 
Charles. 

The only English possessions now in 
France are Calais and Guines ; the 
Hundred Years' War. is over. 

1464 * * Civil war begins, the nobles 
fighting against the king. 

1465 July 16. At Montlhe"ry the 
King and Comte de Charolais are de- 
feated by Charles the Bold, Duke of Bur- 
gundy, leader of the League of the Public 
Good. 

Nov. * Louis takes Rouen with little 
opposition. 

1467 Oct. 30. Lie'ge, having rebelled, 
is captured and pillaged by Charles the 
Bold. [1468. He again sacks Liege.] 

1472 * * The Burgundians pillage the 
town of Nesle. 

June * Charles the Bold besieges Beau- 
vais ; women aid in its defense, led by 
Jeanne Hachette. [July 12. The siege 
is raised. 1474. He makes war on the 
Swiss.j 

1475 June 22. Edward IV. of Eng- 
land lands at Calais with a large army. 

* * Louis XI. takes Perpignan. 

1476 Mar. 3. Switz. Charles the Bold 
(40,000 to 50,000) is defeated by the Swiss 
(20,000) at the battle of Granson. [June 
22. They defeat him at Morat. 1477, Jan. 
5. He is defeated and killed by the 
Swiss at Nancy.] 

1477 * * -82 * * France is at war with 
Austria over the territories of the Duke 
of Burgundy, whose daughter Mary be- 
comes the wife of the Austrian Arch- 
duke Maximilian. 

1479 Aug. 7. Louis is defeated by 
Maximilian, Archduke of Austria, at 
Guinegate, between St. Omer and The- 
rouanne. 

1484 * * Kegent Anne vanquishes the 
princes who had antagonized her re- 
gency ; she is victorious in Guienne, 
Picardy, and Brittany. 



1488 July 28. The Confederates 
against the Regent Anne are defeated 
at Aubin-du-Cormier ; the Duke of Or- 
leans and many other French nobles are 
made prisoners. 

1494 Sept. * //. Charles VIII. enters 
Italy with an army of 50,000 men. [Nov. 
17. He enters Naples,] 

1495 May 20. It. Charles, having 
conquered Italy, leaves Naples for 
France. [July 6. At Fornovo he de- 
feats 35,000 Italians under Gen. Gonzaga, 
with 10,000 French, and secures a safe 
retreat into France.] 

1499 * * It. Louis invades Italy, and 
conquers the Milanese. [Sept. * The 
French enter Milan without firing a 
shot.l 

1501 * * Sicily. The Two Sicilies are 
conquered by France and Spain ; they 
quarrel and finally go to war over the 
partition. 

1503 Apr. 21. It. The Spaniards un- 
der Gen. Andrada defeat the French 
under Gen. DAubry at Seminara. 

Apr. 28. The Spaniards (G,300) under 
Gen. Gonzalvo de Cordova defeat the 
French (6,000) under Gaston de Foix, 
the Duke of Nemours, at Cerignola. 
French loss, over 3,000. [Dec. 28. They 
defeat and rout the French under 
Francis, Duke of Mantua, on the banks 
of the Garigliano, driving them out of 
Naples. 1504. Jan. 1. The French sur- 
render the fortress of Gaeta.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1483± * * The arquebus comes into use. 

* * * Transfusion of blood begins to be 
practised for the purpose of prolonging 
life. Louis XI., when dying, drinks the 
warm blood of infants. (Henault.) 

1489± * * Paris. The monks of St. Vic- 
tor erect for their cloister a Gothic 
church [Panth6on]. 

1499 Oct. 25. Paris. The bridge of 
Notre Dame falls. 

1500+ * * Descharges, a ship-builder at 
Brest, first provides war-vessels with 
port-holes. 

± * * Glass-painting is executed at Mar- 
seilles ; it soon attains great perfection. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1443 * * Cauchon, Pierre, bishop of Beau- 
vais, judge of Joan of Arc, dies. 

1445 * * Comines. Philippe de, Seigneur 
d'Argenton, statesman, historian, born. 

1450 * * Sorel, Agnes, beauty, mistress of 
Charles VII., dies. 
Faber, Jacobus, poet, b. [1536. D. A86+.] 
Seyssel, Claude de, bp. of Marseilles, au., b. 

1455* * Lefevre d'Ktaples, Jacques, theolo- 
gian, polygraphed born. [1537. D. A82.] 

1460 * * Amboise, George d', cardinal, states- 
man, born. [1510. D. A50O 

1463* * Duprat. Antoine, cardinal, states- 
man,^ [1535. Dies. A72-] 

1464 * * lsaure, ('lenience, poet, born. [1500. 
Dies. A36-] 

1467* * ISude, Cinlkiunie, Hellenist, author, 
born. [1540. Dies. A73.] 

1470+ * * Etienne, Henry, printer, b. [1520. 
Dies. A50.] 

1472 * * Chamapier, Svniphoren, physician, 
born. [1539. Dies. A67-] 

1475* * Guillaunie, de Jimiieges Fre.re, 
painter on glass, born. [1537. 1>. A62.J 



born. [1524. Dies. A 49.] 
1483 * * Juda, Leo, Protestant clergyman, b. 

[1542. Dies. A60.] 
1487* * Lambert, Francois, reformer, born. 
1489 * * Farel, < luillaume, reformer, born. 
1490* * Bourbon, Charles, Due de, general, 
born. [1527. Dies. A37.] 
Longueil, Christophe, de, Latin scholar, 

writer, born. [1522. Dies. A32.] 
Gilles, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, writer, 
born. [1555. Dies. A65.] 
1491 * * Balue, -lean ile la, cardinal, A69. 
1492* * Margaret, Queen of Navarre, author, 
born. [1549. Dies. A57.] 
Montmorency, Due de. Anne, first consta- 
ble, born. 
1493 * * L'Ermite, Tristan, courtier, A78. 
1494* * Cartier, Jacques, navigator, ex- 
plorer, born. [1555. Dies. A6L] 
Fine, Oronce, math., ineeFi.,b. [15,55. D. A61.] 
Francis I., king, born Sept. 12. 
I'annentier, Jean, nav., b. [1530. D. A36.] 
1495* * Marot, Clement, poet, born. 
Rabelais. Francois, physician, philosopher* 



II., born. 
1500* * Cousin, Jean, painter, born. 

Dumoiilin, Charles, jurist, born. 

Dorat, Jean, poet, born. 
1503 * * FJtienne, Robert, printer, schol.,b. 

Nostradamus, Michel de, astrologer, physi- 

1504* * L'Hdpital, Michel de, chancellor, b. 
1505 * * Cosse, Charles de, Comte de Brissac, 
marshal, born. • 

Ilry, Thierry de, surgeon, born. 
1507* * Chevalier, Antoine de Kodolphe> 
Hebraist, writer, born. 
Bondelet, William, savant, born. 



1492 * * Rome. Alexander YI. is pope. 
[1503. Pius III.; later, Julius II.: 1513. 
Leo X.] 



1445 * * Salade, by Antoine de la Salle, 
appears. [1448. Les Quinze joies de ma- 
nage; 1459, Le Petit Jean de Samtri ; 
1461, Cent XouvelU'S JS'ouvelles, Romances 
in prose.] 

1450 * * The Passion, by Arnoul Greban r 
appears ; also Actes ties Jpotres, and Les 
Blasphhnateurs. 

1452 * * The University of Valence is 
founded. 

± * * The Siege of Orleans and The De- 
struction of Troy, by Jacques Millet, ap- 
pear. 

1456 * * Le Petit Testament, by Francois 
Villon, appears. 

1457± * * Georges Chastellain writes 
Chronique de Messire Jacques de La- 
laing. 

1458± * Le Vieux Testament appears. 

±* * Paris. The University has a Greek 
professor. 

1460 * * -63 * * A translation of Jo- 
sephus, by Guillaunie Coquillart, ap- 
pears. [1477. Plait/over (Ventre la, simple 
et la ruse and Les Droits nouveaux, etc.] 

* * The Grand Testament, by Villon, ap- 
pears. 

1463 * * The University of Nantes is 
founded. [1465. The University of 
Bourges.] 

15th Century. Chronique Scandaleuse,\>y 
Jean de Troyes, appears. 

1470± * * The comedy, L'Avocat Paielin r 
appears. 

1486 * * The Passion, by Jean Michel, 
appears. 

1500± * * Memoires et Lettres et Negotia- 
tions, by Philippe de Comines, appears. 



FRANCE. 



1440, **-1507, 



679 



± * * Martial de Paris, or d'Auvergne, 
writes Daiise Macahre <fcs fannies, Arnault 
rendu, cordelier a l* observance d' amour, 
Arrets d 7 Amour, etc. 

SOCIETY. 

1449* * Hats and caps begin to take the 
place of chaperons and hoods. 

1461 * * The style " Your Majesty " is 
first given to Louis XI. He succeeds in 
humbling the nobles. 

1470* * Post-houses are first estab- 
lished by the king, through his eagerness 
to obtain news. 

14S3 ** -98 ** Queen Anne gathers 
about her person a company of beautiful 
young ladies, called * ' maids of honor.' ' 

1492 * * -94 * * Many Jews are ban- 
ished. 

1498 Apr. 7. Anne of Brittany, widow 
of Charles VIII., is the first to wear 
black in mourning, instead of white. 

1499 May* A bull is hanged for 
homicide after a formal trial and con- 
viction, near the Abbey of Beaupres. 

* * * It is commonly believed that there 
are many witches in France. 

STATE. 
1440 * * The Pragueri rebellion is sup- 
ported by the dauphin. 

It is an organization of the nobles 
against a standing army ; their head- 
quarters are at Prague, and they propose 
to make the dauphin king ; the rebellion 
is suppressed. 

1444 * * Peace is made with England. 

1445 Apr. 22. Henry, King of Eng- 
land, marries Margaret of Anjou, a 
niece of the queen of France. 

1449 * * "War with England is renewed. 

1450 Aug. 12. Cherbourg is retaken 
from England. 

1451* *Gascony is recovered from 
the English after three centuries of pos- 
session. [1452. A revolt against France 
is suppressed.] 

1461 July 22. Charles VII. dies. 

1461-83 Louis XI., son of Charles 
VII., reigns. 

Wov. 27. Paris. Louis abrogates the 
Pragmatic Sanction defining the liber- 
ties of the Church in France ; the par- 
liament refuses to ratify its abolition. 
(See Church, p. 676.) 

1462 * * Roussillon and Cerdagne are 
acquired by mortgage ; Amiens, Abbe- 
ville, and St. Quentin are redeemed from 
Burgundy. [1465. Sept. 27. Rouen is 
ceded.] 

1464 ± * * The League of the Public 
"Weal is formed. 

It is a conspiracy of the Dukes of Brit- 
tany. Bourbon. Lorraine, Alencon. Berry, 
and ComtedeChainlais against the king, 
its alleged object being '*to remonstrate 
with the king upon the bad order and in- 
justice he kept in his kingdom." 

1465 * * Louis breaks up the League 
of the Public Weal by bribes and prom- 
ises of concessions [which are never exe- 
cuted]. 

1466 Jan. * Louis extends his sway over 
the duchy of Normandy. 



1467 June 15. Charles the Bold suc- 
ceeds his father Philip as Duke of Bur- 
gundy. [He commences a struggle of 
ten years with Louis.] 

1468 Sept. 10. A treaty of peace is 
signed at Ancenis between Louis and 
the Duke of Brittany, whom the Duke 
of Burgundy had persuaded to join him 
against the king. 

Oct. * Louis visits Charles of Burgundy 
at Peronne. 

During the visit Charles hears that 
Louis has instigated the people of Liege 
to rebel; he resolves to kill the king, 
but releases him on Louis agreeing to 
abandon his suzerainty over the territo- 
ries of Burgundy, to cede to his brother, 
Charles of France, the province of Cham- 
pagne, and to march with the Burgun- 
dians against the rebels of Liege. 
1470 July 26. Paris has its first post- 
1472 * * Charles of Burgundy and Ed- 
ward IV. of England agree to join 
forces, conquer France, and divide the 
territory between them. 
June 2. The Duke of Burgundy declares 
war against France. 

1474 * * Louis instigates the Swiss Re- 
public to attack Burgundy. 

Brisach revolts with Swiss aid, and 
murders the Burgundian governor; 
Charles retaliates by invading Cologne, 
but is driven back. 

1475 Aug. 29. The Peace of Pic- 
quigny is signed by Louis and Edward 
IV. 

A truce for seven years is concluded; 
Edward agrees to withdraw his army 
from France ; Louis agrees to pay Ed- 
ward 75,000 crowns and 50,000 crowns 
annually during the lives of both, a»d 
that his eldest son Charles shall marry 
Edward's daughter Elizabeth when they 
are of age. 

1477 Jan. 5. Charles is killed in bat- 
tle ; the duchy of Burgundy is united 
to the Crown of France. 

* * Alencon, Perche, and Guienne are 
united to France. 

1478 * * Douai becomes a part of the 
Spanish Netherlands. 

1481 * * Maine, Provence, and Mar- 
seilles are united to France. 

1482 * * Anjou is united to France on 
the extinction of the house of Anjou. 

* * Treaty of Arras. 

Louis XL receives Artois, Burgundy, 
and other territories from Maximilian I. 

1483 Aug. 30. Louis XI. dies. 

1483-98 Charles VUL, the Affable, 
reigns. 

Charles, son of Louis XL, becomes 
king at the age of 14 ; his sister, Anne 
of Beaujeu, is his guardian, and acts as 
regent. 

1484 Jan. * Paris. The States-Gen- 
eral is convoked to meet at Tours. 

It relaxes oppressive ordinances of 
Louis XL, and releases many of his im- 
prisoned victims. 

1488 * * The Dukes of Brittany and Or- 
leans, jealous of the power of Anne, re- 
solve to revolt. 

Sept. 9. On the death of the Duke of 
Brittany [Anne resolves to seize the 
duchy]. 



1490 * * Anne of Brittany is espoused 
by proxy to Maximilian of Austria, King 
of the Romans. 

1491 Dec. 13. Anne of Brittany mar- 
ries Charles VLTI. ; Brittany becomes 
a part of the realm of France. 

1492 Nov. 9. The Treaty of Etaples 
is made with England ; Charles receives 
a large indemnity for the cost of the war 
in Brittany. 

1493 Jan. 19. By a treaty concluded 
at Barcelona, Charles VIII. restores 
Koussillon and Cerdagne to Ferdinand, 
King of Arragon. 

May 23. By a treaty concluded at Sen- 
lis, Charles VIII. cedes Franche-Comte, 
Artois, and Charolais to Austria, to ap- 
pease the Emperor Maximilian for fail- 
ing to give his daughter Anne in mar- 
riage after her espousal. 

* * Arras is acquired by Austria. 

1494 Sept. * It. Charles enters Italy 
and invades Naples, which he claims by 
inheritance from Charles, Count of 
Maine and Provence. 

Nov. 25. It. Charles concludes a 
treaty with Florence, which permits 
him free passage through its territory, 
and gives him 120,000 florins to help his 
expedition against Naples. 

1495 Mar. 31. A league is concluded 
against Charles by the Pope, the Aus- 
trian Emperor, the Duke of Milan, Ven- 
ice, and the King of Spain ; Charles 
abandons his conquest of Naples. 

1498 Apr. 7. Charles VIII. dies, leav- 
ing no children. 

1498-1589. Houses of Orleans and 

Angouleme enthroned. 

1498-1515. Louis XII., Duke of Or- 
leans, reigns. 

Louis, grandson of Louis of Orleans, 
brother of Charles VI., is king. He is 
known as the Father of the People ; 
he is fond of knowledge, laborious, and 
estimable. 

1499 * * Louis divorces his deformed 
wife, and marries Anne of Brittany, 
widow of Charles VIII., thus securing 
Brittany to his realm. 

Feb. 9. The Treaty of Blois is signed ; 
it provides for an alliance of France 
and Venice against Milan. [Louis 
sends an army to Milan to enforce his 
claims to the dukedom ; the usurper, 
Ludovico the Moor, is driven out.] 

1500 Jan. 25. It. The Milanese re- 
volt against Trivulzio, the oppressive 
French viceroy. 

Uov. 11. A treaty is concluded at 
Granada with Ferdinand of Arragon for 
the conquest of Naples and its partition. 

1501 * * It. The Two Sicilies are con- 
quered by France and Spain ; they dis- 
agree concerning the division ; war 
follows. 

1504 Mar. 31. A three years' truce is 

concluded with Spain. 
Sept. 22. An alliance is formed with 

the emperor and Pope Julius II. against 

Venice. 



680 1508,**-1547, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY— NAVY. 
1509 May 14. It. War with Venice: 
Battle of Agnadello. 

The French under Louis XII. defeat 
the Venetians, and thereby end the 
campaign ; Brescia, Bergamo, Crema, 
and Cremona surrender. 



1512 Feb. * Gaston de Foix, Due de 
Nemours, relieves Bologna from its 
siege by the Pope. 

Feb. 19. Gaston de Foix takes Brescia 
by storm, massacres the inhabitants 
[and pillages the city for seven days ; 
the French army is demoralized by its 



Apr. 11. It. Battle of Ravenna. 

The French, under Gaston de Foix, 
defeat the united Spanish and papal 
armies, and take many prisoners of 
rank. De Foix is killed. 
1513 June 6. It. Battle of Navara. 
The Swiss defeat the French, who re- 
tire from Lombardy ■with, the loss of 
their cannon and half their army. 

July * The English invasion. 

Henry VIII. lands at Calais with 30,000 
men. [The Emperor Maximilian arrives 
with a corps of horse and some foot sol- 
diers. He serves as a volunteer in the 
ranks, receiving 100 crowns a day.] 

Aug. 16. Battle of the Spurs. 

Teroiianne being besieged by the Eng- 
lish and Swiss under Henry VIII., the 
Due de Longueville, marching to its 
relief, is defeated at Guinegate; the 
French use their spurs more than their 
swords. [Aug. 22. Teroiianne capitu- 
lates.] 

1515 * * The war in Italy is renewed. 

Sept. 13-14. It. Francis I. defeats the 
Swiss at Melegnano, in the Battle of 
Giants. 

Oct. 4. It. Milan is surrendered to the 
French. 

1521 Apr. * "War begins with Charles 
V. in the Low Countries. 

1522 Apr. 27. It. The French and 
Swiss under Marshal Lautrec are de- 
feated at Bicocea by the emperor's 
aririy under Prospero Colonna. 

1523 * * -24 * * It. A disastrous cam- 
paign in Italy forces the French to 
retire. 

1524 Apr. 30. It. Chevalier de Bay- 
ard, *' the knight without fear and with- 
out reproach," is slain at the river Sesia 
in the retreat from Italy. 

Aug. 19. Siege of Marseilles. 

It commences after Frejus, Toulouse, 
and Aix have been reduced by the army 
of the Emperor Charles V., under the 
Constable Bourbon. [Sept. 28. Raised ; 
the Imperialists hasten over the border, 
pursued by the French.] 

Oct. 26. It. Francis enters Milan . 

1525 Feb. 24. It. Francis I. is de- 
feated by Gen. Charles Lannoy at Pa- 
via, taken prisoner, and carried to 
Madrid. All the most distinguished 
generals of France are killed on the 
spot. 

1527 Jan. * It. Jacques de Bourbon 
leads the Germans against the Pope. 

May. 6. Rome is taken by assault. 
Bourbon is killed in the battle [and Pope 
Clement VII. is imprisoned by the em- 
peror]. 



* * -29 * * It. Second war with Charles 
V. ; Francis alleges the peace of Madrid 
was void because extorted by force. 

1528 Apr. 29. It. A French army un- 
der Marshal Lautrec appears before 
Naples. [The Pope escapes from the 
Castle of St. Angelo.] 

* * The French army, decimated by 
disease, returns to France. 

1536 July 25. Charles V. invades 
Provence with 50,000 men. 

[Francis wastes the country before the 
invaders, and the Imperialists retire 
after a few months with a decimated 
army.] 

1538 June 15. The Truce of Nice is 

signed for ten years. 
1544 Apr. 14. The French under the 

Due d'Enghien [Prince de Cond^] defeat 

the Imperialists and Spaniards under 

the Marquis of Guasto, at Ce>isoles; 

Imperial loss, 12,000. 
July * The English land 30,000 men at 

Calais ; [they take Boulogne. 1550. It 

is restored.] 
Sept. 18. Peace is made at Crespy. (See 

State.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1515+ * * Period of the Renaissance. 
1520 * * Silk is manufactured in Lyons. 
1527 * * Knitting becomes known. 

1529 * * -41 * * Francis begins to con- 
struct palaces. 

He secures the most learned men and 
celebrated artists of the world, and be- 
comes a munificent patron of art. 

1533 * * Paris. The Hotel de Ville [a 
historic building of great size] is begun 
by an Italian, Domenico da Cortona. 

1536 * * Paris. The boulevards are 
commenced. 

1541 * * Paris. The Louvre, begun in 
the 13th century, is improved by new 
buildings, and [the existing palace is 
begun]. 

1543 * * Paris. The Academy of Mu- 
sic is founded. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1509 * * Calvin, John, theol., reformer, b. 
Dolet, Etienne, scholar, born. 
Comines, Philippe de, statesman, hist., A64. 
1510* * Lescot, Pierre, architect, born. 
Palissy. Bernard, enameler, potter, born. 
Birague, liene de, cardinal, statesman, bom. 
Postel, Gnillaiime, orientalist, visionary, b. 
1513 * * Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, born. 

Brusquet, " buffon de court," born. 
1513 * * Amyot, Jacques, bishop, author, b. 
Dalechatnps, .Jacques, phys., botanist, born. 
Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, baron, Hu- 
guenot leader, b. 
1515 * * Castalio, Sebastien, theologian, b. 
Gonjon, Jean, sculptor, born. 
Ramus, Peter, or Pierre de la Ramee, phi- 
losopher, scholar, born. 
1517 * * Re Ion, Pierre, naturalist, trav., b. 
Colig-ni, Gaspard de, adni., leader of Hu- 
guenots, born. 
Granvelle, Antotne de Perreuotde, cardinal, 

statesman, born. 
Pare, Ambrois<\ snrt,'., father of Fr. surg.,b. 
.1518* * Delorme, Philibert. architect, b. 
Henry II. , king, born. 
Languet, Hubert, political writer, born. 
Beze, Theodore de, reformer, Calvinistic 

theologian, born. 
Catherine deM6dicis, wife of Henry IT., b. 
1519* * Guise, Due de. Francis of Lor- 
raine, general, statesman, born. 



1520 * * Bullant, Jean, architect, born. 
Castelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel, diplo- 
matist, born. 

Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, born. 
Ribault, or Ribaut, Jean, navigator, born. 
.Seyssel, Claude de, bishop of Marseilles, au- 
thor, A70. 

1521 * * Benoit, Ren6, theologian, born. 
Tyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, born. 

1523 * * Aumont, Jean d', gen., marshal, b. 
Cujas, Jacques, jurist, born. 

1524 * * Bellay. Joachim du, poet, born. 
Hotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, born. 
Ronsard, Pierre de. poet, born. 

1525 * * Aumale, Due d', Claude II., gen., b. 
Lorraine, Charles de, cardinal, statesman, b. 

1528 * * Lab£, Louise, poet, born. 

L6cluse, Carolus, botanist, born. 
1527 * * Doneau, Hughes, writer, born. 
1528* * Belleau. Remi, poet, born. 

Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiquary, poet, b. 

Etienne, Henry, printer, born. 

Foix, Paul de, junsl, an-hbp. Toulouse, b. 

Jeanne d' Albret, Queen Navarre, born. 
1539 * * Pasguier, Etienne, hist., lawyer, b. 

1530 * * Rodin, Jean, lawyer, polit. wr., b. 
Boetie, Etienne de la, writer, born. 
Cond6, Louis de Bourbon de, general, b. 
Lambert, Francois, reformer^ A43. 
Nicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, born. 

1531 * * Bnsson, P.aruabe, lawyer, philol.,b. 
La Noue, Francois de. general, born. 

1533 * * Baif, Jean Antoine de, poet, born. 

Jodelle, FJtienne, poet, born. 
1533 * * Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, 
essayist, born. 

Garnier, Robert, dramatist, born. 
1536 * * Ayvault, Pierre, jurist, born. 

Harlay, Achille de, jurist, born. 

1538 * * Badk.it, Guillanine de, med. wr., b. 

1539 * * Pithou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, born. 
1540* * Brantome, Pierre de Rourdeilles, 

historian, born. 
Cbastelard, Pierre de Boscosel de, poet, born. 
Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, born. 
Scaliger, Joseph J., philologist, born. 
"Vieta, Frauciscus, mathematician, born. 
1541 * * Charron, Pierre, philosopher, born. 
Bauhin, Jean, botanist, physician, born. 
Chrestien, Florent, poet, satirist, born. 
Crillon, Louis des Ralbes de Berton de, Due, 

de Quiers, general, born. 
1543* * Chabot, Philippe de, "Adm. de 

Brion," general, A63+. 
Lesdiguieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne, 

constable, general, born. 
1544* * Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste 

du. poet, born. 
Marot. Clement, poet, A49. 

1545 * * Despovtes, Philippe, abbot, poet, b. 
Junius, Franciscus, Prot. theologian, born. 

1546 * * Dolet, Etienne, scholar, A35. 

CHURCH. 
1510 * *The Pope excommunicates 

Louis XII. 
1512 * * The Reformation spreads into 

France. 

1516 Aug. 18. Francis signs the con- 
cordat with the Pope, by which he sur- 
renders many important liberties of the 
Gallic Church. (See State.) 

1517 * * The attention of the Church is 
arrested by the preaching of Martin 
Luther, a monk iu Germany. 

1521 Apr. 15. Paris. The heresy of 
Luther is condemned by the Faculty of 
Theology. 

* * The first Protestant congregation is 
formed at Meaux near Paris, the bishop 
of the city being a convert. 

1522 * * Pome. Adrian VI. is pope. 
[1523, Clement Yll.] 

1529 * * The Reformation spreads rap- 
idly, chiefly among the higher classes. 

1530 * * The persecution of Protestants 
begins. 

1532** Paris. John Calvin, the Re- 
former, preaches. 

[1533. Calvin flees for his life, and finds 
shelter at length in Angouleme, with 
Louis du Tallet. * * * He is recognized 



FRANCE. 



1508, **-1547, 



681 



as the champion of the Reformation in 
France.] 

* * John Stephens prints a Latin Bible. 

1534 Aug. 15. Paris. Ignatius Loy- 
ola lays the foundation of the Society 
of Jesus [Jesuits]. 

Having returned from a pilgrimage to 
the Holy Land, and prosecuted a course 
of study, he organizes a society to wage 
a relentless warfare against the powers . 
of darkness ; his six followers take the 
vows of chastity and poverty. 

* * Paris. The walls are covered with 
placards against the mass and tran- 
substantiation ; one is posted in the 
king's bedchamber. 

* * Rome. Paul III. is pope. 

1535 Jan. * Paris. The king presides 
at a ceremonial of expiation. 

Protestants are lowered into the fire 
by a machine, and then withdrawn to 
prolong their sufferings. [Cruelties con- 
tinue several months.] 

* * Persecution drives Calvin out of 
France ; he joins the German reformers 
at Basel, Switzerland. 

[1536. His Institutes of the Christian 
Religion are published in Latin at Basel. 
He goes to Geneva; (See Switzerland.)] 

1543 Feb. 14. Paris. The parliament 
orders Calvin's Institutes to be publicly 
burned. 

1545 * * Aust. The Council of Trent, 
in the Tyrol, is called to secure the peace 
of the Church ; only Italian and Spanish 
prelates are present. 

Jan. * Barbarous persecution. 

Francis attempts to extirpate heresy 
among the Albigenses with cruelty un- 
paralleled. Three towns and 22 hamlets 
are totally destroyed, 3,000 unresisting 
men, women, and children are butchered. 
[1546. Persecution arises in Meaux.j 

LETTERS. 

1508 * * Histoirc Singuliereof Louis XII., 
by Claude de Seyssel, the "Father of 
Modern French Literature," appears. 
[1519, Great Monarchy of France.] 

1512 * * Prince des Sots. L y Homme just et 
Phomme mondain, by Pierre Gringore, 
appear. [1514, The Mystere de Saint- 
Louis; 1527, Notables Fnseignements.] 

1525+ * *Guillaume Cretin writes a 
chronicle in rhyme. 

1529 * * Francis I. founds the College of 
France. 

1530 * * U Adolescence CUmentine, by 
Clement Marot, appears. 

1531 * * A royal printing-press is estab- 
lished. 

1532 * * -64 * * Pantagruel, by Rabe- 
lais, appears. [1535, Gargantua.] 

1536* * Institution of the Christian Reli- 
gion, by John Calvin, appears. 

1537* * The Cymhalum Mundi, by Jean 
Bonaventure, appears. 

1539+ * * The use of the French lan- 
guage in legal procedure is enjoined. 

1542 * * The University of Grenoble 
is reorganized by Francis of Bourbon. 

1545 * * The Pleiade is organized. 

It is a society for the reformation of 
the French language and literature by 
study and imitation of the ancients ; is 
formed by Pierre du Ronsard, Du Bellay, 
Belleau, Baif , Daurat, Jodelle, and Pon- 
tus de Tyard. 



1546* *-48* * Contre un, or Discours 
de la servitude -rolontaire, by Etienne de 
la Bo^tie, appears. 

1547 * * The University of Reims is 
founded by Cardinal Lorraine. 

* * Marguerites de la Marguerite, by Mar- 
garet of Navarre, appears. 

* * Propos Rustiques et Facetieux, by Noel 
du Fail, appears. [1548, Bali 
or Contts nouveaux d'EutrapeL] 



SOCIETY. 

1528 * * Francis I. challenges the Em- 
peror Charles V. to fight a duel. 

1535+ * * "Wheel-breaking is a punish- 
ment ordered for robbers by Francis I. 

1546 Aug. 3. Etienne Dolet, a learned 
man, is burned at Lyons on the false 
charge of atheism. 

STATE. 

1508 Dec. 10. The League of Cam- 
brai is formed against Venice. 

Maximilian, Louis XII., Pope Julius 
II., and Ferdinand '-the Catholic," of 
Spain, enter the coalition. [Maximilian 
takes a part of the territory of Venice 
the next year ; the Pope withdraws in 
1511.] 

1510* * A council of clergy is held at 
Tours to support the king. 

1511 Oct. 9. Pope Julius II. forms the 
Holy League with Spain, Switzerland, 
and Venice, againstLouis XII., to depose 
him in Italy. [1512. England joins the 
Holy League.] 

1513 Mar. 14. France signs at Blois 
an alliance offensive and defensive with 
Venice. [1514. Aug. 7. A like alliance 
with Henry VIII.] 

1515 Jan. 1. Louis XII. dies. 

1515-1547 Francis I., Count of An- 

gouleme, reigns. 

Francis, the husband of Claude, the 
daughter of Louis XII. and Anne, be- 
comes king ; he is great-great-great 
grandson of Charles V. [an able, pop- 
ular, and brave king, and styled patron 
of literature]. 

July * The king makes his mother re- 
gent while he is absent in the Italian 
campaign. 

Nov. 7. A treaty of peace is made with 
Switzerland. 

1516 Aug. 13. France and Spain unite 
in a treaty of peace and alliance at 
Noyon. [Nov. 29. Another.] 

Aug. 18. A concordat is signed with 
Leo X. 

The Pragmatic Sanction of 1438 is re- 
scinded, the kingis to choose the bishops 
and abbots of France, and the Pope to 
receive the annates, or the revenue of 
every ecclesiastical benefice. Francis 
also abandons the claim that the Pope is 
subordinate to an ecumenical council. 

* * Henry d'Albret rules Lower Na- 

1517 July 24. Paris. The Parliament 
refuses to ratify the concordat. [151S. 
Mar. 22. It accepts under protest.] 

1519 June 18. The ambition of Fran- 
cis is thwarted by the election of Charles 
of Spain as King of the Romans and Em- 
peror of Germany, with the title Charles 
V. 



1520 June 7-25. Magnificent inter- 
views take place near Calais, on the 
"Field of the Cloth of Gold," be- 
tween Francis I. and Henry VIII. of 
England. 

The nobility of both kingdoms are 
present, and each one seeks to rival the 
magnificence of the other. 

1522 May* Henry VIII. becomes an 
ally of the emperor, and declares war 
against France. 

1523 Aug.* Louise of Savoy, the 
king's mother, ruins the Constable 
Charles, Duke of Bourbon, and he joins 
the emperor. 

1525 Aug. 30. Henry Vm., alarmed 
at the increased power of the emperor, 
concludes a treaty of alliance "with 
France. 

* * Sp. Francis undergoes a tedious cap- 
tivity at Madrid. 

1526 Jan. 14. Sp. Francis signs a hu- 
miliating treaty at Madrid. 

He resigns all claim to Milan and Na- 
ples, and cedes to Charles Burgundy, 
Flanders [and Artois, and gives his two 
sons as hostages. 1527. Repudiated]. 
Mar. 18. King Francis returns to 
France. [Together with Leo X. he inau- 
gurates the Great Renaissance.] 

1529 Aug. 5. The Ladies* Peace of 
Cambray. 

It is made by Louise of Savoy, mother 
of Francis and Marguerite of Austria, the 
emperor's aunt ; it surrenders Italy to 
Charles V. ; the latter surrenders Bur- 
gundy, and agrees to release the sons of 
Francis for a ransom of two million 
crowns. 

1530 * * The House of Chalons and the 
House of Nassau rule the principality of 
Orange. 

1533 Oct. 28. Francis's second son, 
Henry, marries Catherine de Me"dicis, 
daughter of the Duke of Urbino, a niece 
of Pope Clement VII. 

1541 * Francis declares war against 
Charles V. 

1543 * * Francis concludes an alliance 
with the Sultan Soliman II. against 
the emperor, and thereby gives great 
offense to his subjects. 

Feb. 11. Henry VUI. of England con- 
cludes an alliance with the emperor 
against Francis and the Turks. 

1544 Sept. 18. Peace is signed with 
the emperor at Crespy. 

Francis renounces his claims to Naples 
and the sovereignty of Flanders ; the 
emperor renounces his claims to Bur- 
gundy. 

1546 June 6. Peace is signed with 
England ; England is to restore Boulogne 
within eight years, and to receive two 
million crowns indemnity. 

1547 Mar. 31. Francis I. dies. 

1547-1559 Henry U. reigns. 

Henry, son of Francis I., becomes 
king. He is much under the influence 
of his mistress, Diane of Poitiers, and 
the Constable de Montmorency. [1548. 
He secures the hand of Mary Stuart as 
queen-dauphin.] 



1529* *-35* * 
town of Havre 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

35 * * Francis I. builds the 



32 1547, * *-1572, July 9. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1552 * * "War Is begun against Charles 
Y. Henry II. invades Germany; 
Toul, Metz, and Verdun are taken. 

Oct.* Ger. The Imperialists, 60,000strong, 
under the Duke of Alva and the Mar- 
quis of Marignano, besiege Metz. [Dec. 
26. Raised.] 

1553 June 20. Terouanne, after a 
siege, surrenders to the Imperialists. 

1554 Aug. 3. It. The French are 
defeated by the Florentines at Marci- 
ano. 

1557 May 15. It. The Duke of Guise 
is forced to raise the siege of Civitella. 

Aug. 10. The Spaniards under Philibert 
Emmanuel, Duke of Savoy, defeat the 
French under the Constable de Mont- 
morency, at St. Quentin. 

1558 Jan. 8. Calais, after a week's 
siege, capitulates to the French under 
the Duke of Guise. [Jan. * Guines 
and Ham surrender to him.] 

June 23. Thionville is taken by the 
Duke of Guise. 

July 13. The French under Marshal 
Seigneur de Thermes are defeated by 
Lamoral, Count of Egmont, at Grave- 
lines. 

1562 * * -98 * * Wars against the Hu- 
guenots. 

Religion divides the French into two 
parties ; both strive for the control of 
the government. Cruel persecutions 
compel the Huguenots to take up arms ; 
their army is conspicuous for severe 
discipline/every man is ready for martyr- 
dom, no games of chance, or oath, or 
licentious habits are allowed ; troops 
are moved with the singing of psalms, 
and public worship led by a Calvinistie 
minister precedes a battle. 

Mar. 1. The First "War begins. 

An attack is made by the attendants 
of the Duke of Guise on Protestants 
■while at worship in the town of Vassy ; 
60 slain, 200 wounded. [Spain sends 
6,000 troops to reenforce the Catholics, 
and England sends the same number 
in aid of the Protestants.] 

Oct. * Eouen is besieged by 18,000 men 
under the King of Navarre and the 
Duke of Guise. [Oct. 26. It is taken 
by storm, sacked, and pillaged for eight 
days with great fury.] 

Dec. 19. The Catholics defeat the 
Protestants at Dreux. 

St. Andre is killed and Montmorency 
taken prisoner by the Protestants, whose 
commander, tie Cotide, is captured by the 
Catholics. [1563. He is liberated.] 

1563 Feb. * The Duke of Guise be- 
sieges Orleans. 

Mar. 19. Peace of Amboise. (See 
State.) 

1567 Sept. 29. Protestants massacre 
Catholics at Nimes. [Being on St. Mich- 
ael's Day, it is called the Michaelade.] 

Sept. * The Second War, 

It is renewed by the Huguenots, the 
religious liberty of Protestants having 
been violated by the king's party. 

Nov. 10. The Huguenots are de- 
feated at St. Denis, but the Constable 
Montmorency is killed. 



1568 Mar. 23. The Peace of Longju- 
meau. (See State.) 

1569 Mar. 13. The Third "War begins. 
The Huguenots under Prince de 

Conde and Gen. Gaspard de Coligny are 
defeated at Jarnac by the Duke of An- 
jou, and de Conde is murdered after the 
battle. 
Oct. 2, 3. The Huguenots under Co- 
ligny are defeated by Catholics under 
Duke of Anjou, at Moncontour. 

1570 Aug. 8. The Peace of St. Ger- 
main-en-Laye. (See State.) 

1572* *-73* * The Massacre of St. Bar- 
tholomew leads to the Fourth Civil 
"War. (See Church.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1551* * Paris. The Fountain of the 

Innocents is erected. 
1553 * * Oronce Fine, a mathematician, 

begins his planetary clock. 
* * Bernard Palissy begins his experi- 
ments in enamels. 
1558 * * Musical notes are printed with 

movable type by J. Sanlique. 
1566 July 12. Paris. Thefirststoneof 

the walls of the Palace of the Tuile- 

ries is laid. 
1570+ * * Paris. Bernard Palissy makes 

Faience ware. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1547* * Francis I., king, A53. 

1549 * * Desjurilins, .lean, physician, dies. 

Godefroi, Denis, jurist, born. 

Mornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Flessis, 
statesman. Protestant theul., historian, h. 
1550* * Certon, Salomon, poet, born. 

Charles IX., king, born. 

Guise, Henri tie Lorraine tie, gen., stman.,b. 

Robin, .lean, hotaiiist, born. 

Aubigne, Theodore Agrippad', historian, 
satiric poet, born. 
1551* * Henry III., king, born. 
1553 * * Conde, Prince de, Henry I. de 
Bourbon, born. 

Duehatel, Pierre, bp. of Orleans, traveler, d. 

1553 * * Marguerite de Valois, queen, b. 
Chicot, court jester, born. 

Thou. Jacques Auguste de. statesman, 

historian, born. 
Henry IV.. king, born. 
Rabelais, Francois, phvs., satirist, A58. 

1554 * * Aumale, Due d', Charles de L.,gen., 
born. 

Mayenne, Due tie, Charles tie L., gen., b. 

1555 * * Malherbe. Francois de. poet, b. 
Bouillon, Henri de la Tour d' A. de, marshal, 

1556* * Duvair, Gudlaume, moralist, wr., 

Duperron, Jacques, D., cardinal, archbishop 
of Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, born. 

1557 * * Freniinet, Martin de, painter, "Fr. 
Michael Angelo." born. 

1558 * * Morel, Frederic, litterateur, printer, 
born. 

1559* *Casaubon, Isaac, commentator, 
Greek scholar, critic, born. 

Etienne, Robert, printer, scholar, A53. 

Henry II., king, A41. 
1560 * * Arnaukl, Antnine, orator, born. 

Bauhin, Gaspanl, naturalist, born. 

Bellay, Joachim du. poet, A36. 

Sully. Due de. Maximitien de P.cthune, 
Baron de Kosnv, general, born. 

Moots, Pierre tlu coast, tie, colonizer of Aca- 
dia, born. 

1562 * * Emmanuel I.. Charles the Great, 
Due de Savoy, born. 

Brusquet, "buffon de court," A50. 

1563 * * Boetie, Ktienne de la, writer, A33. 
Castalio, SeOastieii, theoloLiiaii, A 48. 
(iiastelar.l, Pierre tie Bnscosel tie, poet, A 23. 
Cosse, Charles tie, Cotnte de Bnssace, mar- 
shal, A58. 

Guise, Due de, Francois de Lorraine, gen- 
eral, statesman, A44. 

1564 * * Calvin. John, theol., reformer, ASS. 
Cotton, Pierre, Jesuit, confessor of Henry 

IV., born. 



Hiliault, or Kihaut, .lean, navigator, A45. 

1566 * * Diane de Poitiers, mistress of Henry 
II., A67. 

Dumoulin, Charles, jurist, A66. 
Gournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, born. 
Lahe, Louise, poet, A40. 

Nostradamus, Michel tie, astrol., phys., A63. 
1! lelet, Cuillauine, savant, A59. 

1567 * * Champlain. Samuel de. navigator, 
explorer, foamier of Canada, born. 

Francis de Sales. Saint, bishop of Geneva, 
orator, writer, born. 

Gombauld, Jean 0., poet, born. 

Montmorency, Anne de, constable, mar- 
shal, A74. 

Crfe, Honore d', writer, born. 
1569 * * Audiguier, Vital, Seigneur de la 
Menor d', poet, born. 

Conde, Prince de, Louis I. de Bourbon, 
general, A 39. 
1570* * Bertant, Jean. lip. of Seez, poet, b. 

Chamier, Daniel, Protestant theologian, b. 
1571 * * Estrees, Gabrielle d', mistress of 
Henry IV., born. 

Lescot, Pierre, architect, A61. 
1572* * Chantal, Jean, F. F. de, baroness, 
devotee, born. 

Chevalier, Antoine Kodolphe de, Hebraist, 
A65. 

Coligni, Gaspard de, admiral, leader of 
Huguenots, A55. 

Jeanne, d' Albert, Queen of Navarre, A44. 

Ramus, Peter, or Pierre de la Kamee, phi- 
losopher, scholar, A57±. 

Goujon, John, sculptor, A57. 



CHURCH. 

1550 * * Rome. Julius III. is pope. 

[1555, MarcellusII.; later, Paid IV.; 1559, 
Pius IV.] 

1552 * * Aust. The Council of Trent 
breaks up in alarm because of the ad- 
vance of Luther's doctrines. 

1554 * * Paris. The Sorbonne condemns 
the Jesuits. 

1555* * Paris. The first Protestant 
church in the city is established. 

1558+* *The Kef ormationmakes 
rapid progress. 

About 2,000 places are dedicated to 
Protestant worship, having 400,000 at- 
tendants. 

1559 * * The Protestants hold a synod. 

* * A royal edict is issued, making heresy 
punishable with death; judges are for- 
bidden to remit or to mitigate the pen- 
alty. 

1560 Feb. 1. The Huguenots aim at 
revolution. 

"With Louis Conde as leader, they decide 
to address a petition to the king, and in 
case of its rejection to put down the 
Guises by force of arms, take the king 
prisoner, and make Conde ruler of the 
realm. [The conspiracy is discovered.] 
May * Paris. The king issues an edict 
giving to parliament the right of decid- 
ing questions of faith, but reserves to 
the bishops the discovery of heretics. 

1561 Sept. 9. The Poissy Conference 
is called by Catherine de Medicis. 

It is composed of the leading clergy of 
the two Churches, and is designed to 
effect a reconciliation ; great, dignitaries 
and a brilliant audience listen to discus- 
sions of doctrines, which fail to unite the 
Churches. 

* * The Reformers take up arms against 
their persecutors. 

1562 Jan. 1. A measure of religious 
liberty is extended to the Huguenots. 

An edict of pacification permits the 
exercises of the Reformed religion near, 
but outside, all the cities and towns in 
France, 



FRANCE. 



1547, * *-1572, July 9. 683 



Jan. 17. An edict is issued guarantee- 
ing to the Protestants liberty of wor- 
ship. 

Mar. 1. The Duke of Guise massacres 
Protestants at Vassy in disregard of 
the edict of toleration ; 60 are killed and 
200 wounded. 

* * -98 * * Religious wars with some 
intermission devastate France till the 
Edict of Nantes. 

1563 Mar. 19. Reformed worship is 
permitted in the houses of the nobility. 
(See State.) 

1566 * * Rome, [St.] Pius V. is pope. 

1567 Sept. 29. The Huguenots, 
alarmed at the preparations for exter- 
minating heresy, again resolve to secure 
the person of the hoy-king, and defeat 
Catherine. 

156S * * The edicts of pacification are 
revoked, and the Reformed ministers 
are given 15 days to leave France. 

1570 Aug. 8. Peace of St. Germain. 
(See State.) The Government guaran- 
tees the protection of Protestant liber- 
ties. 

1571 * * The General Synod of the 
Reformed Church is held by permission 
of the king. 

LETTERS. 

■ 1548 * * Art Poitique, by Thomas Sibilet, 
appears. 

1549* * Difense et illustration de la 
langue frahcaise, the manifesto' of the 
Pleiade, by Joachim DuBellay, appears ; 
also Olive. 



1550* * Odes, by Ronsard, appears. 
[1552, Les Amours de Cassandra^ 1553, 
Hymnes, le Bocage Royal, Les Amours de 
Marie.] 



* * * Mignardises amoureuses de I'Ad- 
mire'e, by Jacques Tahureau, appears. 

1551 * * Abraham Sacrifiant, by Theo- 
dore de Beze, appears. *[He also writes 
a Life of Calvin and a Histoire ecclesias- 
tique des ecjfises reforme'es.] 

1552 * * CUopatre and Eugene, by Eti- 
enne Jodelle, appear. [1558, Argonautes ; 
later, JMdon.] 

1555 * * A treatise on Logic, by Pierre 
de la Rame'e, appears ; it is the first 
philosophical work in the vernacular. 
[He writes also Dia/ectiqtie, and works 
against Aristotle, 59 in all.] 

* * Prophetical Centuries, by Michel de 
Nbstredame, or Notredame (Nostrada- 
mus), appears. 

1556 * * mbat de la folie et de I'amour, 
by Louise Labe^ appears. 

1557 * * A translation of AnacrSon and 
Petites Inventions, by Remi Belleau, 
appear. [1565-72, The Bergeries ; 1566, 
Pierres prScieuses.} 

1558 * * Xourel/t'S Rtcj'eafions et Joyeux 
Devis, by Bonaventure des Periers, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Heptam&ron, by Margaret of Na- 
varre, appears. 

* * AntiquitH de Rome and Jeux Rustiques, 
by Dii Bellay, appear. [1559, Les Re- 
grets; later, Vanueur, Polite Courtisan.] 

* * Trfaoriere, by Jacques Grevin, ap- 
pears. [1560, Mort de Cdsar and Les Fs- 
bahis.] 

1559 * * Sonnets and Odes, by Oliver de 
Magny, appear. 

1560 * * Recherches de la France, by Eti- 
enne Pasquier, appears. s 



1562 * * Saul Far'wiix and Corrivaux, by 
Jean de la Taille, appear. [1573, Ga- 
baonites ; later, Courtisan retire" , Mar- 
guerite, and Le -Xegromante.] 

* * A Roman Catholic university is 
founded at Douai by Philip II. 

1563 * * Ricette Writable, by Bernard 
Palissy, appears. 

1565 1 La TraitS de la conformity dufran- 
cais avec le grec, by Henry Estienn'e, ap- 
pears. [1566, Apologie pour Herodote, 
1572, Thesaurus Grsecse Lingux.\ 

* *The University of Grenoble is 
united with that of Valence. 

1568 * * Poi-cie, by Robert Gamier, ap- 
pears. [1573, Ilippoh/tt ■■ ; 1574, Cornel-it ■; 
1578, Marc Antoine and the Troade.] 

1570 * * Le but de la guerre et de lapaix, 
by Michael de L'Hospital, appears. 

* * Commentaires, by Blaise Montluc, ap- 
pears. 

* * Histoire de France, by Bernard de Ge- 
rard du Haillan, appears. 

* * The Vaux de Vire, by Jean Le Houx, 
appears. 

1572 * * The Franciade, by Ronsard, ap- 
pears. 

* *The Pope confirms a university 
founded at Pont-a-Mousson by Cardinal 
Lorraine and Due Charles III. 

SOCIETY. 

1559 June 29±. Tournaments are 
abolished after Henry II. has his eye 
knocked out in a tilt, causing his death. 

1562 * * A massacre of Huguenots. 
(See Church for massacres of Protes- 
tants.) 

1563 Feb. * The Duke of Guise is as- 
sassinated. 

STATE. 
1548 * * Bordeaux revolts against the 
the salt-tax, and receives severe punish- 
ment. 



1550 Mar. 24. Peace is concluded be- 
tween England, Scotland, and France. 

England agrees to accept the reduced 
sum of 400,000 crowns for the restoration 
of Boulogne. 

1551 * * Henry H. joins the Confed- 
eracy against the Emperor Charles V. 

1552 Apr. 13. Toul is taken, and re- 
united with France. 

* * Metz, Verdun, and all of Lorraine 
are annexed. 

1555 * * Jeanne d'Albret and her hus- 
band, Antoine de Bourbon, are sover- 
eigns of Lower Navarre. 

1556 Feb. 5. A truce for five years is 
concluded at Vaucelles between France 
and Spain [but is broken soon after], 

1558 Jan. 8. Calais is lost to England 
after holding it 210 years. (See Army.) 

Apr. 24. The dauphin, King Henry's 
son, Francis, marries Mary Stuart, 
the Queen of Scots. 

1559 Apr. 2, 3. The Peace of Cha- 
teau-Canibre'sis is concluded between 
France and England, and between 
France and Spain. 

The French restore most of their con- 
quests except Calais, Metz, Toul, and 
Verdun. 
July 10. Henry XL. dies 11 days after 
being accidentally injured at a tourna- 
ment. 



1559-1560 Francis II. reigns. 

Francis, son of Henry II., 16 years of 
age, and husband of Mary Queen of 
Scots, becomes king. The Duke of Guise 
and the queen-mother, Catherine de M6- 
dicis, are the power behind the throne. 
Protestants are persecuted, The two 
Guises, at first rivals of Catherine and 
later allies, conduct all affairs of state, 
and seek the overthrow of the Protes- 
tant princes, Antoine, King of Navarre, 
and Louis Cond£. 

* * Corsica comes under the rule of 
Genoa. 

1560 * * The Amboise Plot is formed. 
The Huguenots form a conspiracy to 
seize the king at Amboise, and compel 
the dismissal of the Duke of Guise and 
his brother, who are the persecutors of 
the Protestants. 

Mar. 18. In the riot at Amboise the 
Protestant leader Bariis killed ; the re- 
volt against the Guises is suppressed 
by the merciless execution of 1,200 Prot- 
estants. 

1560 Dec. 5. Francis n. dies. 

1560-1574 Charles IX. reigns. 

Charles, brother of Francis II., ten 
years of age, becomes king. Catherine 
de Medicis is regent. 

1562 Jan. * The edict of January. 
Delegates from the several parliaments 

of France meet, and grant the Huguenots 
liberty of conscience except in certain 
districts. The two religious factions he- 
come two political parties ; the leaders 
of the Catholic party, the "Triumvi- 
rate," are the Duke of Guise, the Mar- 
shal St. Andre, and the Constable of 
France, Count de Montmorency ; the 
Protestant leaders are Louis, Prince of 
Cond£, and Adm. Coligny. 

* * -98 * * "Wars of the Huguenots. 
(See Army.) 

* * The Huguenots transfer Havre to the 
English [but it is besieged and captured 
during the following year by Charles IX.] . 

1563 Feb. 18. Francis, Duke of 
Guise, is waylaid and shot near Orleans 
by John Poltrot, a Huguenot. [Feb. 24. 
The duke dies.] 

Mar. 19. The peace of Amboise is con- 
cluded between the Catholics and Prot- 
estants. 

The Reformed worship is authorized in 
the houses of the nobility, in the do- 
mains of the justiciary nobles, and in 
one city of each bailiwick. 

1568 Mar. 23. The peace of Long- 
jumeau. 

It is signed by Catholics and Protes- 
tants ; it partly restores religious free- 
dom to the Protestants. [It lasts only a 
few months.] 

1570 Aug. 8. The conditional Peace 
of St. Germain- en-Lay e is concluded, 
giving the Huguenots concessions of re- 
ligious liberty, and four fortified cities 
for security. 

1572 July 9. Paris. Jeanne of Na- 
varre suddenly dies, soon after being 
invited to court. [Huguenots are sus- 
picious of treachery, and many escape 
by leaving Paris.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1547± * * Stockings of silk are first 
worn by Henry II. 

1559* * Paris. Coaches are intro- 
duced ; also forks for eating. 

1570* * Turkeys and guinea-fowls are 
introduced. 



-684 1572, Aug. 24-1597, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1573 Feb. 26-Junel3. La Rochelle 
is unsuccessfully besieged by the Duke 
of Anjou. 

1574 * * Fifth Civil "War. 

.1577 * * Sixth Civil "War. The Hugue- 
nots are defeated. 

* * Seventh Civil "War. 

1580 * * Henry of Navarre seizes the 
city of Cahors, it being a part of his 
wife's portion ; war follows for a short 
time. 

Nov. 26. Treaty of Fleix. 

1582 * * Belg. The Duke d'Alencon at- 
tempts to seize Antwerp, hut is de- 
feated. 

1585 * * -89 * * Eighth Civil "War. 
The war of the three Henrys, — King 
Henry III., Henry of Navarre, and 
Henry, Duke of Guise. 

1587 Oct. 20. The Huguenots un- 
der Henry of Navarre defeat the Holy 
League under the Due de Joyeuse, at 
Coutras. 

1589 July* Paris is besieged by 
Henry III. and the King of Navarre. 
[July 31. Henry III. is assassinated.] 

Sept. 21. Henry XV. defeats the Duke 
of Mayenne at Arques. 

Oct. 31. Paris. Henry carries part of 
the suburbs, but retires at the approach 
of the Duke of Mayenne. 

1590 Mar. 14. Henry defeats the 
Catholic Leaguers under Mayenne, at 
Ivry-la-Bataille. 

May 7. Paris. Henry besieges the city 

[and occupies the suburbs]. 
Aug. 23. Paris. Henry raises the 

siege on the arrival of the Duke of 

Parma with a large Spanish army to aid 

Mayenne. 

1591 Nov. 11. Henry besieges 
Rouen. [1592. Apr. 21. He retires on 
the approach of the Duke of Parma.] 

1595 Jan. 17. "War with Spain is de- 
clared. 

Oct. 5. Battle of Fontaine-Francaise. 

1596 Apr. 24. Calais is taken by the 
Spaniards. [1598. Evacuated. 1597. 
Mar. 11. They take Amiens. Sept. 25. 
Retaken by Henry.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1578 * * Paris. The Pont Weuf over 
the Seine is begun. 

1595 * * Paris. The Hdtel des Inva- 
lided is erected. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1673* * Aumale, Due d', Claude IT., sol- 
dier, A48i. 
Jodelle, iStienne. dramatist, A41. 
Marie de Me"dicis, wife of Henry IV., horn. 
L'Hopital, Michel tie, chancellor, A68. 
Regnier, Mathurin, poet, born. 
1574* * Charles IX.. king, A24. 
Guise, Charles de, cardinal de Lorraine, 
statesman, A49. 
J.575 * * Berulle. Pierre, cardinal, founder 
Carmelite order in France, born. 
Chatel, Jean, fanatic, born. 
Sctaombei'g, ('unite de, Henri, marshal, born. 
1576* * Caus, or Caux, Salomon de, engi- 

Vincent de Paul. Saint, R. C. reformer, 
founder Sisters of Charity, horn. 
J.577 * * Belleau. Remi, poet, A49. 
Delorme. Philibert. architect, A59. 



1578 * * Albert, Charles d\ Due de Luynes, 
Constable of France, horn. 

Bullant, Jean, architect, A58+. 

1579 * * Bassompierre, Francois, marshal, 
author, born. 

Ravaillac, Francois, regicide, born. 
Rohan, Due de. Henri. Huguenot, gen., b. 

1581 * * Duvergierde Hauranne, Abbe de 
Saint-Cyran, Jans-'iust, theologian, born. 

Languet, Hubert, political writer, A63. 
Postel, (iinllaiiiiie, orientalist, visionary, A71. 

1582 * * Barclay, Jean, writer, born. 

1583 * * Birague, de Rene, cardinal, states- 
man, A73. 

Caussin, Nicholas, Jesuit, author, born. 
Petau. Denis, chronologist, born. 
Soubise, Benjamin de It., Seigneur de, Hu- 
guenot, soldier, born. 

1584 * * Duchesne, Andre - , geog., hist., born. 
Foix, Paul de, jurist, archbishop ot Toulouse, 

A56. 

1585 * * Cappel, Louis, theologian, born. 
Richelieu, Due de, A. J. Duplessis, cardi- 
nal, statesman, born. 

Ronsard, Pierre de, poet, A61. 
Vaugelas, Claude Kavre de, grammarian, b. 
1586* * Grauvelle, Antoine de I'errenot de, 

cardinal, statesman, A69. 
1587* * Aiirets, Francois de Beaumont, 
baron, Huguenot leader, A74. 
(larnssoh-s, Antome, 1'rot. cl., poet, born. 

1588 * * Arnauld d'Andilly, Robert, wr., b. 
Dalechatiips, Jacques, phvs., botanist, A75. 
Obifflet, Jean Jacques, physi.-ian, born. 
Conde, Prince de, Henry I. de Bourbon, A36. 
Guise, Due de, Henry I. de Lorraine, gen- 
eral, statesman, A38. 

Mersenne, Marin, philosopher, born. 
Rambouillet, Marq. de, Catherine de Vivonne, 

leader of society, born. 
Salmasius, Claudius, scholar, born. 

1589 * * Bait, Jean Antoine de, poet, A57. 
Catherine de Medicis, wife of Henry II., 

A70. 
Cousin, Jean, painter, A89. 
Fenelon, Marquis de la Mothe, Bertrand de 

Salignac, diplomatist, litterateur, dies. 
Henry III., king, A38. 
Palissy, Bernard, enameler, potter, A79. 

1590 * * Pare, Ambroise, father of French 
surgery, A63±. 

Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, poet, 
A46. 

Cujas, Jacques, jurist, A70. 

Gamier. Robert, dramatist, A56. 

Hotman, Francois, jurist, publicist, A66. 

Vouet, Simon, painter, born. 
1591* * Brissoii, Baniabe, lawyer, phil., A60. 

Caseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, born. 

Chicot, court jester, A38. 

Doneau, Hughes, l»*gal writer, A64. 

Kspagne, Jean d', Protestant, theologian, b. 

La Noue, Francois -U-, general, AGO. 

Jlorin, Jean, Biblical critic, born. 
1593* * Boisrobert, Francois le Metal de, 
writer, wit, born. 

Castelnau de la Mauvissiere, Michel de, 
diplomatist, A72+. 

Gassendi, Pierre, philosopher, born. 

Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, essay- 
ist, A 58. 

1593 * * Amyot, Jacques, bishop, au,, A80. 
Callot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, born. 
Lalemant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in Can- 
ada, born. 

1594 * * Chatel, Jean, fanatic, A19±. 
Belon, Pierre, naturalist, traveler, A77. 
Daille, Jean, Protestant clergyman, born. 
Marca, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, born. 
Poussin, Nicolas, painter, born. 
Turnebus, Adrianus, scholar, A82. 

1595 * * Aubertin, Kdmond, cle.r., author, b. 
Aumont, Jean d', marshal, A73. 

Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmea, diplo- 
matist, born. 

Chapelatn, Jean, poet, critic, born. 

Drelinconrt, Charles, Protestant eler., born. 

Erlach, Jean Louis d', marshal, born. 

Montmorency. Due de, Henri II., marshal, 
born. 

1596 * * Amyraut, Moise, Protestant cl., b. 
Bodin, Jean, lawyer, political writer, A66. 
Chrestien, Florent, poet, writer, A55. 
Descartes. Rene, philosopher, born. 
Pitbou, Pierre, jurist, satirist, A57. 

1597 * * Balzac. Jean Louis Guez de. au- 
thor, born. 

CHURCH. 

1572 Aug. 24+. The massacre of 
Protestants begins on St. Bartholo- 
mew's Day, to exterminate Protestant- 



for the massacre of St. Bartholomew; 
medals are struck in its honor, and can- 
non fired. 

* * Sp. Philip II. of Spain extols the 
massacre of the Protestants as a mem- 
orable triumph of Christianity. 

* * The Court of England receives the 
French ambassador with all Us members 
clothed in mourning. 

* * Pome. Gregory XIII. is pope. 

1573 July 8. The Edict of Boulogne 

closes the war favorably to the Protes- 
tants. 

1576 May 6. The Peace of Mon- 
sieur. (See State.) 

* * "The Holy Catholic League" is 
established for the protection of the 
Roman Catholic cause. 

Apr. * Paris. Henry III. issues an edict 
of pacification. [Dec. * It is revoked. 
1577. Oct. * It is renewed for six years.] 

1577 Sept. 17. Peace of Poitiers. 
(See State.) 

1578 * * The Hew Testament is pub- 
lished at Reims. 

1585 July 7. The Edict of Nemours 
is issued. 

All modes of worship except that of 
the Roman Catholic Church are forbid- 
den in France ; Huguenot ministers are 
given one month, anil laymen six months, 
to leave France. (See State.) 

* * Pome. Sixtus V. is pope. 

[1590, Urban VII.; later, Gregory XIV.; 
1591, Innocent IX. ; 1592, Clement VIII.] 

1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures 
Protestantism. (See State.) 

1594 * * The Jesuits are expelled from 
France. 

1595 * * Pome. The Pope grants absolu- 
tion to Henry IV. for his former heresy. 



1573 * * Judith, an epic poem, by Guil- 
laume de Salluste Du Bartas, appears. 
[1579, La Semaine.~\ 

* * _74 * * Franco- Gallia, by Francois 
Hotman, appears. 

1574 * * Amadis Jamyn writes a Poeme 
de la chasse. 

* *-1611* * R&gistres-joumaux, by Pierre 
de l'Estoile, appears. 

1575 * * The Ars Poetique, by Jean Vau- 
quelin de la Fresnaye, appears. [Later, 
Eoresteries, Satires.] 

* * Discours sur la vie et la mort, by Du- 
plessis-Mornay, appears. [15S1, Traite" 
de la veriti de. la religion chi-etienneJ] 

1577* *94* * Les Tragiques, by Agrippa 
d'Aubigne^ appears. 

1578 * * De la Ptpublique, by Jean Bodin, 
appears. 

* * Les deux dialogues du nouveau lan- 
gage franqais italianisi, by Henry Es- 
tienne, appears. [1579, The Projet ; De 
la Pre'ccellence de la languefrancaise.] 

1579 * * Esprits, by Pierre Larivey, ap- 
pears. 

* * Antigone, by Gamier, appears. [1580, 
Brand'amante ; 15S3, Sedecie.] 

* * -1601 * * Les Antiquitfis gauloises 
francoises, by Claude Fauchet, appears. 

1580 * * Discours Admirables, by Bernard 
Palissy, appears. 

* * Apologieet Voyages, by Ambroise Pan5, 
appears. 

* * Discours politiques et militaires, by 
Francois de la Noue, appears. 

* * -88 * * Essays, by Michael du Mon- 
taigne, appears. 



FRANCE. 



1572, Aug. 24-1597, 



685 



1581 * * Histoire de France, by Lancelot 
de la Popeliniere, appears. 

* * Mimes, by Jean-Antoine de Baif , ap- 
pears. 

* * The Jtecueil de l f Origins de la Langue 
et Po&sie J'rangoise, by Claude Faucbet, 
appears. 

1583 * * De emendatione temporum, by J. 
J. Scaliger, appears. 

1584+ * * Pierre de Bourdeilles, abbot of 
Brantome, writes Vies d?s hommes illus- 
tires, Vies des dames illustres, Vies des 
dames galantes, and other works. 

1585* * Contes et discours d'Eutrapel, 
by Noel du Fail, appears. 

* * Esther and Aman, by Pierre Mathieu, 
appear. [I5S9, Clytemnestre, and the 
Guisade.] 

1587 * * Larmes de Saint Pierre, by Fran- 
cois de Malherbe, appears. 

1593 * * GuUlaume Du Vair's oration in 
defense of the S:ilic law appears. [Later, 
Sainte Philosophie and the Philosophic 
Morale des Sto'iques.] 

1594 * * The Satyre Menippe'e, a power- 
ful satire on the League, the work of sev- 
eral eminent lawyers and churchmen, — 
Leroy , Gillot, Passerat, Rapin, Chrestien, 
Pithou, and Durant, — appears. 

1595 * * The University of Paris is re- 
habilitated by Henry IV. 

1596 * * Sophonisbe, by Antoine de Mon- 
chrestien, appears. [1599, Lace.nes, or 
Constance, and L'Ecossaise, or Mary 
Stuart; lflOO, David, or Adultere; 1601, 
Aman, or VaniU ; 1603, Hector; 1615, 
Traiti d'economie]. 

1597 * * Etendard de la croix, by St. 
Francis de Sales, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of 
St. Bartholomew. (See State.) 

1577+ * *The king abandons himself 
to a life of debauchery almost unparal- 
leled ; the Court is given over to frivol- 
ity, prostitution, duels, and assassina- 
tions. 

1580* *-95* * Alleged "witches are 
burned ; 900 in Lorraine alone. 

1588 Dee. 23. Henry, Duke of Guise, 
is assassinated by order of Henry III. 
[Dec. 24, Also Louis of Guise, Cardinal 
of Lorraine.] 

1589 Aug. 1. Henry HI. is assas- 
sinated. (See State.) 

1593 July 25. Henry IV. changes his 
faith to escape assassination. 

1594 Dec. 27. Jean Chatel fails in an 
attempt to assassinate Henry IV. 

STATE. 
1572 Aug. 24. Paris. Massacre of 
St. Bartholomew. 

By orders of the king, instigated by 
his mother and brnther, Protestant men, 
women, and children are murdered in 
Paris on the feast of St. Bartholomew, 
at the signal of the bell of St. Germain, 
at two o'clock in the morning; Coligny 
is among the killed ; neither age nor sex 
is spared ; in other cities Protestants are 
massacred ; about 30.1)00 Huguenots are 
killed in the whole kingdom. 

* * Henry TV. [king in 1589] is sovereign 
of Lower Navarre. 

Aug. 26. Paris. King Charles holds a 
ft bed of justice" in the parliament. 

He avows and justifies the massacre of 
St. Bartholomew, which he declared was 
necessary to preserve the royal family 
and the State from a conspiracy of the 
Huguenots. 



1573 June 24. The Peace of La Rc- 
chelle is signed. 

It grants to the Protestants liberty of 
conscience in La liochelle, Nimes, and 
Montauban, and the recovery of seques- 
tered estates, offices, and honors. 



1574 May 30. Charles IX. dies. 

1574-1589 Henry HI. reigns. 

Henry, King of Poland, brother of 
Charles IX., a debauched weakling, is 
king. 

1575 Feb. * The Compact of Mil- 
haud. 

It is a league signed by the Huguenots 
with the young Prince de Conde as their 
head, and the Politiques or liberal Cath- 
olics led by Marshal de Damville and 
others, thus forming a new party. 

* *Paris. TheDued'Alencon, the king's 
youuger brother, abandons the court, 
and joins the Huguenots as the head of 
their party. 

1576 * * Henry of Navarre escapes 
from court, and rejoins the Calvinists. 

May 6. The Peace of Monsieur. 

It is signed at Chastenay by the king's 
brother, through the combined influence 
of three parties. Protestant worship is 
authorized in all France except Paris. 

* * The Holy League of violent Catho- 
lics is formed. 

It aims at the elevation of the Guises 
to the throne and the annihilation of the 
Huguenot party ; its head is Henry, Duke 
of Guise. 

Dec. * The States- General meets at 
Blois ; under the influence of the Holy 
League, they revoke the "Peace of 
Monsieur," and the Huguenots fly to 
arms. 

1577 Sept. 17. The Peace of Eer- 
gerac, or Poitiers. 

It is favorable to the Huguenots, yet 
prohibiting all political confederations; 
it is concluded by the king. [Entirely ig- 
nored by the king, who revokes all con- 
cessions, and pledges the Holy League 
to expel the Protestants; the Protes- 
tants renew the war.] 

1580 Nov. 26. The Treaty of Fleix 
is concluded, confirming the favorable 
conditions of former treaties. 

15S2 * * The calendar is changed to 
new style. 

1584 June 10. Francis, Duke of An- 
jou, formerly Due d'Alencon, the king's 
brother, dies. 

■ The Council of Sixteen is formed 
by the Holy League. 

It aims to promote the claim of Charles, 
Cardinal de Bourbon, uncle of Henry of 
Navarre, to the throne as successor to 
the reigning monarch. 
Dec. 31. A secret convention is con- 
cluded at Joinville between Philip of 
Spain and the Guises. 

It is agreed that heresy shall be exter- 
minated, and that, on the death of Henry , 
the crown shall pass to the Cardinal cf 
Bourbon. 

1585 July 7. Henry signs the Treaty 
of Nemours with the leaders of the 
Holy League, who favor the Duke of 
Guise, of whom Henry is jealous because 
of his great popularity. (See Church.) 



1588 May 9. Paris. The Duke of 
Guise enters Paris in spite of the king's 
prohibition, and is enthusiastically wel- 
comed by the people. 

May 12. Paris. Popular insurrection. 
The people rise against the king and 
in favor of the Duke of Guise ; barri- 
cades are erected in the streets. [May 
13. Henry III. flees to Chartres.] 

July 19. Henry III. issues at Rouen the 
Edict of Union. 

It makes the Duke of Guise lieutenant- 
general and supreme in the war with the 
Huguenots, and prohibits the succession 
of a Protestant to the throne. 

Oct. 16. The States- General meet at 
Blois ; the members are exclusively 
Catholics. 

Henry III. is compelled to observe and 
enforce the Edict of Union, and renew 
the sentence of exclusion from the 
throne against the Bourbons. 

Dec. 23. Paris. The Duke of Guise 
is murdered by assassins employed by 
the king, who has failed to obtain aid 
from the States-General. [His brother 
also.] (See Society.) 

1589 Jan. * Paris. Explosion of popu- 
lar fury against the king. 

The people of Paris and other towns 
declare against the royal murderer ; even 
the Catholic party detest him. and the 
Sorbonne, being consulted, decides that 
Frenchmen are released from their oath 
of allegiance to Henry. FA provisional 
government is formed with the Duke of 
Aumale at its head.] 

Jan. 5. Catherine de M€dicis dies. 

Feb. 15. Paris. The Duke of May- 
enne, brother of the Duke of Guise, ar- 
rives, is received with enthusiasm by the 
people, and takes control of the govern- 
ment. 

Apr. 3. The king makes an alliance 
with Henry of Navarre against the Holy 
League. 

July 31. Henry m. is assassinated at 
St. Cloud by Jacques Clement, a monk. 

1589-1792 (1S30) House of Bourbon 
enthroned. 

1589-1610 Henry TV. reigns. 

He becomes the pride and glory of 
France. 

Aug. 2. Henry of Navarre is acknowl- 
edged king by the Protestants and some 
Catholic leaders. 

Aug. 4. Henry IV. issues a manifesto 
promising to maintain equal freedom 
for Catholics and Protestants. 

Aug. 7. The Duke of Mayenne, of the 
Holy League, proclaims Cardinal de 
Bourbon king, as Charles X. 

1590 Mar. 5. Paris. The parliament 
issues a decree recognizing Charles X. 
as lawful king. 

1593 July 25. Paris. Henry abjures 
Protestantism. 

His Protestant faith is the chief ob- 
stacle to his acceptance, and he is re- 
ceived into the Catholic Church by the 
Archbishop of Bourges at the Church of 
St. Denis. 

1594 Feb. 27. Henry is anointed 
king at Chartres. [Due de Sully is min- 
ister. Mar. 22. Henry enters Paris.] 

1595 Jan. 15. Henry declares war 
against Spain. 

1596* *-98* * The Spaniards hold pos- 
session of Calais. 



686 1598, * *~1629, Apr. 24. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1598 May 2. The Peace. (See State.) 
1600 * * Henry IV. declares war against 

the Duke of Savoy, who claims disputed 

territory. 

1621 Aug. 18. Montauban, a Hugue- 
not stronghold, is besieged by the 
Duke of Mayenne. [Oct. 26. Raised.] 

1622 Sept.* Montpellier is surren- 
dered by the Huguenots. 

Nov. * The peace of Montpellier. (See 
State.) 

1624 Nov. * ft. The French seize the 
Valtelline. 

1627* *-28* * "War with the Hugue- 
nots, who are supported by England. 

1627 July 22. The English under the 
Duke of Buckingham attack the Isle 
of Ke\ 

1628 Oct. 28. LaRochelle,"thelast 
bulwark of religious liberties," surren- 
ders to Due de Richelieu after a siege of 
15 months, during which English fleets 
had made three unsuccessful attempts 
to relieve the town. 

1629 Jan. * It. Louis goes to aid the 
Duke of Nevers against Spain. [Mar. 
18. He is compelled to raise the siege of 
Mantua.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1606 * * Paris. The Hotel Dieu is 
founded. 

* * Tapestry is made by Flemings. 

1610± * * Paris. The Palais Koyal is 
built. 

1611* *-20* * Paris. The Palace of 
the Luxembourg is begun by Jacques 
Debrosse for Marie de Medicis. [1616. 
The magnificent porch is erected.] 

1612+* * A steam-apparatus is in- 
vented by Solomon de Caus, [1615. He 
publishes, at Heidelberg, a work on mo- 
tive power which advances a theorem on 
the expansion and condensation of 
steam.] 

1617 * * Muskets with flint-locks and 
battery are invented. 

1621* * Paris. Pastel-painting is in- 
vented by Bouet. 

1622 * * Paris. Rubens decorates the 
Luxembourg Palace with 21 great 
paintings representing events in the life 
of Marie de Medicis. 

1629± * * Paris. The French Acad- 
emy is founded by the informal meet- 
ing of eight men of letters. [1635. Jan. 
2. It is formally established by Cardinal 
Richelieu ; it consists of 40 members.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1598 * * Colletet, Guillaume, poet, born. 

Ktienne, Henry, printer, A70. 

Mansard, or Mansart, Francois, archi- 
tect, born. 

Mellan, Claude, designer, engraver, born. 

Voiture, "Vincent, poet, born. 
1599* * Baron, Pierre, polemical writer in 
England, dies. 

Boehart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol. born. 

Estrees, Gabrielle d\ mistress of Ilenrv IV., 
A28±. 

Hery, Thierry de, suru't'on, A94. 
1600* * Harms, Martin de, clergyman, born. 

Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de It. M., 
beauty, intriguer, born. 



Nicot, Jean, diplomatist, litterateur, A70. 

Claude Lorrain, painter, born. 

Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, born. 
1601 * * P.eaune, Klonmond de, math., born. 

Ferrnat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, born. 

Louis XIII., king, born. 

Tristan l'Merinite, Francois, poet, born. 
1602* * Anne of Austria, wife of Louis 
XIII., born. (Or 1601, Sep. 22.) 

Boissard, Jean Jacques, antiq., poet, A74. 

Junius, Kraneiseus, Protestant theol., A57. 

Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, statesman, born. 

Roberval, Giles Personne de, math., born. 
1603 * * Charron, Pierre, philosopher, A62. 

Viete, Francois, mathematician, A63. 
1604* * Ayrault, Pierre, jurist, A68. 

Baron, Vincent, Dominican theol., writer, h. 

Mairet, Jean, dramatist, born. 

Pagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military 
engineer, born. 
1605 * * Beza, Theodore, Calvinistic theolo- 
gian, poet, historian, diplomatist, A8(i. 

T'eXclixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, hist., b. 

Tavernier, Jean P.aptiste, traveler, A83. 

Tyard, Pontus de, bishop, poet, A84. 
1606* * Ablaneonrt, Nicolas-l'errold', wri.,b. 

P.arrelier, Jacques, botanist, born. 

Corneille. Pierre, poet, dramatist, born. 

Desportes, Philippe, abbot, poet, A61. 

Errant, Charles, painter, architect, born. 
1607* * Estrades, Comte d', Godefroi, gen- 
eral, statesman, born. 

Flacour, Etienne de, com. at Madagascar, b. 

Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., b. 

Labb6, Pliilijipe, Jesuit polygrapher, born. 

Scudery, Madeleine de, author, born. 
1608 * * Benoit, Rene, theologian, A87- 

Olier de Vernenil, Jean Jacques, clergyman, 
fdr. of the Order of Saint Sulpice, born. 

Orleans, Due d', Jean Baptists Gaston, son 
of Henry IV., born. 

Lemaistre, Antoine, jurist, born. 
1609* * Gassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal,!). 

Lgcluse, Garolus, botanist, A83. 

Rotrou, Jean de. dramatic poet, born. 

Scaliger, Joseph Justus, philologist, A69. 
1610* * La Calprenede, Gantier de Costes 
de, Seigneur, novelist, born. 

Certon, Salomon, poet, A60±. 

Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, hist., philol., b. 

Duquesne, Abraham, admiral, born. 

Henry IV., king, assassinated May 14, A57. 

Labadie, Jean de, mystic, born. 

Maimbourg, Louis, historian, born. 

Me^eray, Francois Kndes de, historian, born. 

Mignard. Pierre, painter, born. 

Ravaillac, Francois, regicide, A31i. 

Scarron, Paul, poet, satirist, born. 
1611 * * Bertaut, Jean, l'Abbe, bishop of 
Seez, poet, A59. 

Chaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit missionary 
in Canada, born. 

Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint., poet, b. 

Mayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine, gen- 
eral, A57. 

Monts, Sieur de, Pierre du Guast, colonizer 
of Acadia, A51±. 

Turenne, Vicomte de, Henri de la Tour 
d'Auvergne, marshal, born. 
1612* * Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, b. 

Benserade, Isaac de, court poet, born. 

1613 * * Bauhin, Jean, botanist, phy., A72. 
Chevreau, Crbain, author, born. 
Dughet, Gaspard, painter, born. 
Guillemeau, Jacques, surgeon, A93 + . 
Lenotre Andre, artist, garden designer, b. 
Menage. Gilles. critic, born. 
Perrault. Claudius, architect, born. 
Kegnier, Mathurin, jioet, A40. 
Rochefoucauld. Due de la, Francois, 

moralist, born. 
Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, b. 
Saint EVremond, Charles de M. de St. Denis 

de, wit, born. 

1614 Brantoine, Pierre de Bourdeilles, histo- 
rian, A74. 

Casaulion, Isaac, critic, commentator, Greek 

scholar, A55. 
Retz, Jean Francois Paul de Gondi de, 

cardinal, statesman, born. 

1615 * * Crillon, Louis des Balhes de Berton 
de, general, A74. 

Fouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, 

financier, born. 
Lancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, born. 
Lefevre Tanncgui, critic, scholar, born. 
Marguerite de Valois, queen, A63. 
L'Enclos, Anne de Ninon de, courtesan, b. 
Pasquier, Ktienne, historian, lawyer, A86. 

1616 * * Auberv, Antoine, historical writer, b. 
Baillou, Guillaume, de, medical writer, A78. 
Beaufort, Due de, Francois de Vendome, 

soldier, born. 
Bourdon, Sebastien, painter, born. 
1617* * Ancre, Concini Concinio (Italian), 
marshal, dies. 
Blondel, Francois, architect, military eng.,b. 



Lesueur, Eustache. painter, born. 
Thou, Jacques A. de, statesman, hist., A 64. 
1618* * Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger, 

satirist, born. 
Charas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, born. 
Duperron, Jacques Daw. cardinal, archbp. 

of Sens, diplomatist, litterateur, A62. 

1619 * * Arnauld, Antoine, orator, A59. 
Claude, Jean, Protestant leader, born. 
Colbert. JeanEaptiste, Marquis de Seigne- 

lay, financier, statesman, born. 
Felibien, Andre, architect, writer, born. 
Harlay, Achille de, jurist, A83. 
Lebrun. Charles, painter, born. 
Longueville, Duchesse de, Anne, Genevieve 

de Bourbon Conde. political agitator, b. 

1620 * * Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, b. 
Bergerac, .Savinien Cyrano de, dramatist, 

novelist, duelist, born. 
Charpentier, Francois, author, born. 
Cinq-Mars, Marquis de, Henri de Ruz6 de, 

conspirator, born. 
Furetiers, Antoine, philosopher, born. 
Mariotte, Edme, physicist, born. 
Picard, Jean, astronomer, born. 
Thevenot, Melcbisedech, compiler, author, b. 

1621 * * Albert, Charles d', Due de Luynes, 
constable of France, A43. 

Barclay, Jean, writer, A 39. 

Chainier, Daniel, Protestant theol., A51+. 

Cond6, Prince de, Louis II. de Bourbon, 
Due d'Knghien, general, born. 

Duvair, Cuillaiinie, moralist, writer, A65. 

Frontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov- 
ernor of Canada, born. 

Courtois, Jacques, painter, born. 

Godefroi, Dennis, jurist, A72. 

Gramont, Comte de, Pbilibert, courtier, 
author, born. 

La Fontaine, Jean de. poet, fabulist, born. 

Rapin, Ren6, Jesuit Latin poet, born. 

1622 * * Francis de. Sales, saint, bishop of 
Geneva, orator, writer, A55. 

Jeannin, Pierre, statesman, A82. 
Moliere. Jean Baptiste Poquelin.dram., b. 
± Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, b. 
Puget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., b. 
Savary, Jacques, (inancicr, born. 

1623 * * Bouillon, Due de, Henri de la Tour 
d'Auvergne, marshal, A68. 

Mornay, Philippe de, Seigneur du Plessis- 

Marly, statesman, Prot. theol., hist., A71. 
Pascal. Blaise, philosopher, author, born. 

1624 * * Arnauld, A ngelique, mm, writer, b. 
Bauhin, Gaspard, naturalist, A64. 

Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les- 
diguieres, marshal, born. 

La Chaise, Francois d'Atx, Pere, Jesuit con- 
fessor of Louis XV., born. 

1 625 * * Cassini, Jean Dominique, astr., b. 
Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, born. 
Domat, Jean, jurist, born. 

Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur, 

diplomatist, born. 
Herbelot, Partheleniy d*, orientalist, born. 
Nicole, Pierre, novelist, horn. 
L T rfe\ Honore d', writer, A58. 
1626* * Cans, or faux, Saloman de, engineer, 
A51. 
Cotton, Pierre, confessor of Henry IV., A62. 
Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet, born. 
Lesdignieres, Due de, Francois de Bonne, 

constable, general, A 83. 
Quintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, horn, 
lianee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, re- 
former of monastery of La Trappe, born. 
Sevigne, Marie de Kabul 1 n -Chant aide, wr.,b. 
1627* * Cousin, Louis, historian, born. 
Cotelier, Jean Bapliste, Greek scholar, born. 
Bossuet, Jacques B.. bishop of Meaux, 

pulpit orator, born. 
Montpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. d'O., 
author, born. 
1628* * Boubours, Dominique, Jesuit crit., b. 
Camhert, Kobert, composer, born. 
Courtois, < in ilia nine, painter, born. 
Girardon, Francois, sculptor, born. 
Malherbe. Frangois de. poet, A73. 
l'arrault, Charles, author, born. 
Luxembourg. TJuc de. Francois Henri de 
Montmorency Hon lev i lie, marshal, born. 
1629 * * Itarbevrac, Charles, physician, born. 
BeruUe. Pierre, cardinal, founder Carmelite 

order in France, A54. 
Kobin, Jean, botanist, A79. 



CHURCH. 

1598 Apr. 15. Henry IV. grants to tbe 
Protestants tbe Edict of Nantes [whicb 
brings brigbter days]. (See State.) 

* * Henry IV. devises a fantastic plan to 
establish a universal Christian re- 
public. 



FRANCE. 



1598, * *-1629, Apr. 24. 687 



It proposes six hereditary monarchies, 
— France, England, Spain, Denmark, 
Sweden, and Loinbardy ; live elective 
monarchies, — the Empire, Papacy, Hun- 
gary, Poland, and Bohemia ; four repub- 
lics, — Switzerland, Italy, Venice, and 
Belgium. 

1603 * * Henry IV. recalls the Jesuits 
by the advice of the Pope. [1604. Jan. 
2. They are reinstated. ] 

1605 * * Home. Leo XL is pope ; later 
Paul V. 

1605 * * Paris. Angelica Arnanld re- 
vises and reforms the Cistercian Con- 
vent [Port-Koyal des Champs]. 

1610 * * The English (Roman Catholic) 
version of the Bible is printed at Douai, 
where priests are educated for service in 
England. 

1619 Feb. 19. Lucilio Vanini, an 
Italian philosopher and skeptic, is burned 
at Toulouse as an atheist. 

1621* * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope. 
[1623, Urban VIII.] 

1622 Sept. 5. Marie de Medicis com- 
pels the king to grant Eichelieu a car- 
dinal's hat. 

1625 * * St. Vincent de Paul, a reformer, 
founds the congregation of the Laza- 
rists, the Priests of the Mission, who de- 
vote themselves to education. 

* * Richelieu attempts the reduction of 
Protestants, and the Huguenots revolt. 

* * Paris. The Cistercian convent is 
removed from the suburb into the city. 

1626 Feb. * Richelieu receives the in- 
vectives of the Catholic world because 
of his leniency toward defeated Hugue- 
nots. 

1628 Nov. * The Huguenot cause is 
ruined in the surrender of La Rochelle. 
Huguenots are no longer an armed 
political party, but a tolerated sect. 
[Protestantism is utterly prostrate. It 
numbers only about one-half its num- 
ber preceding the massacre of St. Bar- 
tholomew.] 

July 14. The Pacification of Nimes 
is issued ; it gives toleration to the 
Huguenots. 

LETTERS. 

1600 * * TraiU de la Sagesse, by Pierre 
Charron, appears. 

■*" * The Letters of Cardinal d'Ossat ap- 
pear. 

* * -30 * * Alexandre Hardy produces 700 
plays. 

1601 * * -05 * * Stances a Du Pen-ier sur 
la mort de safttle, by Malherbe, appears. 

1606 * * Thesaurus temporum, by J. J. 
Scaliger, appears. [1610, Opuscula va- 
riaJ] 

* * Jean Passerat writes Catin, J'ai perdu, 
ma tourterelle. 

1608 * * Introduction a la vie de'vote, by 
St. Francis de Sales, appears. [1614, 
TraitS de I'amour de Dieu.] 

± * * Histori.a met temporis, by Jacques- 
Auguste De Thou, appears. 

* * -13 * * Satires, by Mathurin Regnier, 



1617 * * Amours tragiques de Pyramt et 
Thisbe", by Theophile de Viau, appears. 

1619 * * The Bergeries, by Honorat de 
Bueil, Marquis of Racan, appears. 

1620± * * The Negotiations of the Presi- 
dent Jeannin appear. 

1622* * La CaHfie, by Marin Le Roy de 
Goinberville, appears. [lGo2-li7, Polex- 
andre; 1639, Cyth&re'e.] 

1624 * * A collection of letters by Jean- 
Louis Guez de Balzac appears. [1631, 
The Prince.] 

* * Endynvion, by Jean Ogier de Gom~ 
bauld, appears. [1631, Amaranthe.] 

* * Pierre Corneille takes the oaths as 
advocate four years before the regular 
time. 



1628 * * Tyr et Sidon, by Jean de Sche- 

landre, appears. 
* * Les Me'moires de Marguerite de Valois 



1610* *-27* * AstrSe, by Honore D'Ur- 
fe\ appears. 

1611 * * Fidelle, by Larivey, appears. 

1612 * * Le Moyen de Parrenir, by Bero- 
alde de Verville, appears. 

1616* *-20* * Histoire Universe lie, 
1550-1601, by Theodore A. D'AubigmS, 
appears. 



1629* * Paris. The French Academy 

is founded. 
* * Melite, bv Corneille, is acted. [1632, 

Clitendre; 1633, La Veuve; 1634, Galerie 

du Palais and La Suivante ; 1635, La 

Place lioyale and Me'de'e.] 



SOCIETY. 

1605± * * Henry TV. is extremely licen- 
tious even in his old age ; he is infatu- 
ated to possess the wife of Henry, Prince 
of Conde. 

1610 May 14. Ravaillac assassinates 
Henry IV. 

[He is terribly punished by burning, by 
hot pincers, pouring hut lead into gaping 
wounds, and finally pulled by horses to 
tear him asunder.] 

1616 * * Paris. The people rise against 
Concini ; his palace is plundered and de- 
stroyed. 

Apr. * Paris. The populace is brutal. 

It is delighted with the overthrow of 

Concini ; men disinter his body, drag it 

through the streets, tear it to pieces, and 

burn it. 

1617 * * The queen-mother is exiled to 
Blois, and Be Luynes, the king's favo- 
rite, is in full control of public affairs. 

* * The wife of Concini, Leonora de Gali- 
gai, is executed for exercising sorcery 
on the queen-mother, and her vast es- 
tates are confiscated. 

1621 Apr. * Louis XII. takes the field, 
and disgusts the nation by making his 
■weak favorite the constable of France ; 
his incapacity defeats the army. 



STATE. 

1598 Apr. 13. Henry IV. signs the 
Edict of Nantes. 

It gives partial religious liberty to cer- 
tain Protestant nobles anil the citizens of 
a certain number of cities and towns, but 
prohibits Protestant worship in episco- 
pal cities and within 20 miles of Paris ; 
itstipulates f<>r the State payment of the 
Protestant clergy and makes Protestants 
eligible for public office, they having 
equal political rights. Their buildings 
are restored. 
May 2. The Treaty of Vervins with 
Spain. Conquests are mutually restored. 

1599 Dec. 17. Henry is divorced 
from his wife, Marguerite de Valois. 
[1600. Oct. 5. He marries Marie de 
Mtidicis of Tuscany.] 



1600 * * The Duke of Savoy refuses to 
surrender the marquisate of Saluzzo, 
and Henry declares war. [1601. Jan. 
17. By treaty the duke surrenders La 
Bresse and other territory.] 

1602 * * Charles de Gontault, Duke of 
Biron, admiral of France, enters into a 
conspiracy with Spain and the Duke 
of Savoy, to dethrone Henry. [June* 
-July * Biron is tried, and convicted of 
treason. July 31. He is executed.] 

1606 * * Bouillon is compelled to admit a 
royal garrison into his tower of Sedan. 

1608 * * Can. Quebec is colonized. 

1610 May 13. The Queen Marie de 
Me'dicis is crowned. 

May 14. Henry XV. is killed by an as- 
sassin, Francois Ravaillac. 

1610-1643 Louis XIII. the Just, 
son of Henry IV., reigns. 

His mother, Marie de Medicis is regent ; 
she is controlled by Concini and his wife, 
two Italian adventurers. 

1610 May 22. The Edict of Nantes, 
favoring Protestants, is confirmed by 
Louis XIII. 

1611 Jan. * Due de Sully resigns his 
office of " Superintendent of the Fi- 
nances," because of the cabals of Con- 
cino Concini, the chief Minister, and 
others. 

1614 Sept. 28. The "King assumes the 
government, having attained his ma- 
jority (14 years). 

Oct. 20. Paris. The session of the 
States- General is opened by the king. 
[Armand. John Duplessis de Richelieu 
is a member.] 

1615 Mar. 24. Paris. "The Great 
Revolution ; " the Assembly is dis- 
solved. [It is not convoked again for 
174 years.] 

Oct. 18. Louis XIIL, 15 years of age, 
marries Anne of Austria, daughter of 
Philip III. of Spain. 

1616 Aug. 31. Prince Henry of 
Conde" is imprisoned in the Bastile by 
advice of Richelieu. 



1617 Apr. 14. Concino Concini, 
Marshal d'Ancre, resisting arrest, is as- 
sassinated. 

1620 * * Navarre is annexed to France. 

1622 Nov. 17. The Peace of Mont- 
pellier. 

The Huguenots are deprived of all 
their fortified towns except La Rochelle 
and Montauban. 

1624* *-42* * Administration of 
Cardinal (and Due de) Bichelieu. He 
controls the king, rules the people 
harshly, but displays ability. 

1625 * * The Huguenots revolt under 
the Dukes of Rohan and Soubise, because 
of Richelieu's attempts against the Prot- 
estant party. 

1626 Mar. 5. The Treaty of Monpon 
is concluded between France and Spain. 

July 31. Louis issues an edict for the 
demolition of castles. 

1629 Apr. 24. England concludes a 
peace ■with France without any stipula- 
tion in favor of the Protestants. 



1629, June 28-1650, * * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1630 Mar. 20. It. Richelieu besieges 
the fortress of Pignerol. [It surren- 
ders after three days ; the passes into 
Italy are soon taken.] 

1632 June* Gaston d'Orleans, the 
king's brother, and the Duke of Mont- 
morency raise a revolt in Languedoe. 

Sept. 1. Gaston d'Orleans and Mont- 
morency are defeated by the king's 
troops, under Comte de Schomberg, at 
Castelnaudary. 

-1634 Dec. 23. Ger. The French com- 
pel the Germans to raise the siege of 
Heidelberg. 

1635 * * -£8 * * "War with Austria. 
Richelieu raises four large armies, and 

sends them to Flanders, Milan, Valtel- 
line, and to the Rhine; little glory and 
no advantage is gained for France. 

1636 * * Gascony is invaded by Spain, 
and Picaxdy by Imperialists. 

Aug. 15. Corbie surrenders to the 
Spaniards. [1637. Nov. 14. Corbie sur- 
renders to Richelieu.] 

1640 Sept. 24. It. Turin surrenders 
to the French under Gen. D'Harcourt. 

1641 July 6. Louis de Bourbon, 
Comte de Soissons, joins Spain in a plot 
against Richelieu ; he utterly defeats 
the royal army at Sedan. 

July 16. Comte de Soissons is de- 
feated and killed at La Marfee, near 
Sedan. 

1642 Sept. 9. Perpignan surrenders 
to the French after a siege of two years. 

* * France takes possession of Kous- 
sillon. 

1643 May 19. The Spaniards are de- 
feated by the French under the Due 
d'Enghien, son of the Prince of Conde, 
at Rocroi. 

Aug. 10. Ger. Thionville [Dieden- 
hofen] is taken by the French after a 
siege of four months. 

Nov. * Sp. The French are driven from 
Aragon by Philip IV. 



Aug. 3-5. Ger. The Due d'Enghien, 
Prince of Conde, and Marshal Turenne 
defeat the Bavarians under Baron 
Mercy at Freiburg. 

1645 May 5. The French under 
Marshal Turenne are defeated at Ma- 
riendal. 

Aug. 7. Ger. The French under Tu- 
renne and d'Enghien [the Great Conde] 
defeat the Spaniards at Ndrdlingen, in 
Bavaria. 

Nov. 9r. Prus. Turenne takes Treves. 

1646 June 29. Belg. Courtrai sur- 
renders to the French. 

Oct. 12. The French under the Due 
d'Enghien [Conde], aided by the Dutch 
Adm. "Van Trorap, take Dunkirk from 
Spain after a siege. 

1648 Aug. 20. Conde utterly defeats 
the Germans and Spaniards under the 
Archduke Leopold William, at Lens. 

1649 Jan.* Paris is blockaded by 
Conde. 



Feb. 8. The Royalists under Conde at- 
tack and defeat the Frondeurs at 
Charenton, and put 3,000 of them to the 
sword. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1631 Nov. 7. Pierre Gassendi observes 

the transit of Mercury. 
1640* *The bayonet is invented at 

Bayonne. 
± * * Umbrellas are in use. 



1646 * * Blaise Pascal proves that the at- 
mosphere has weight. 

* * The first French opera, Akebar, Roi de 
Mogul, is composed by Abbe Mailly. 

1648 * * Paris. [The Academy of Fine 
Arts], which originated in an association 
of painters in the 14th century, is recog- 
nized as the Academy of Painting and 
Sculpture. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1630* * Aubigne. Theodore Agrippa d\ 
historian, satiric poet, A SO. 

Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, born. 

Audiguier, Vital d', Seigneur de la Menor, 
poet, A6I. 

Baluze, Etienne, historian, born. 

I'.ernier, Francuis, traveler, phvsician, b. 

Charles Emmanuel I. the Great, Due de 
Savoy, A 68. 

Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of ALx, born. 

Huet, Pierre D.,bp. of Avranehes, schol., b. 

Morel, Frederic, printer, litterateur, A72. 

Nanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, born. 

Rousseau, Jacques, painter, born. 

Santeul, Jean de, poet, born. 
1631* * Auinale, Due d', Charles de Lor- 
raine, a chief of the League, A77. 

Coulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emmanuel, 
song-writer, born. 

Millet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, born. 
1632* * Bourdaloue. Louis, Jesuit, pulpit 
orator, born. 

Flechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, born. 

Lauzun, Antoine Nompar de Caumont de, 
general, courtier, born. 

Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine, author, born. 

Montmorency, Due de, Henri 11., marshal, 
A 37. 

Schomberg, Comte de, Henri, marshal, A57. 

Gallois, Jean, critic, journalist, born. 
1633 * * Lulli, or Lully, Jean Baptiste, Ital- 
ian-French composer, horn. 

Thevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, b. 

Vauban. Sebastien L. de. military engi- 
neeiymarshal, born. 
1634* * Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham 



Jules, prearher, author, born. 
Lafayette, Comtesse de, Mane M. P. de la V., 
author, born. 

1635 * * Arvieux, Laurent C. d', oriental., b. 
Champlain, Samuel de . navigator, ex- 
plorer, founder of Canada, AGS. 

Callot, Jacques, engraver, etcher, A42. 
Mamtenon, Frances d'Aubigne, queen, born. 
Piles, Roger de, dip., painter, author, born. 
Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste, painter, born. 
Qtiinault. Philip, dramatic poet, born. 

1636 * * Baume, Nicholas A. de la marshal, 
born. 

Boileau-Despreaux. Nicolas, poet, sati- 
rist, critic, born. 

Chamilly, Marquis de, Noel Ronton, gen., b. 

Le Pays, Kene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve, 
poet, born. 

Masson, Antoine, engraver, born, 

1637 * * Catinat, Nicolas de. general, born. 
Jurieu, Pierre, Protestant theologian, author, 

born. 

Marquette. Jacques, explorer of Missis- 
sippi, born. 

Tillemont. Sebastien Lenain de, hist., cl.,b. 

1638 * * Begon, Michel, antiquary, born. 
Malebranche, Nicolas, philosopher, born. 
Louis XIV., king, born. 

Rohan, Due de, Henri, Huguenot gen., A59. 
Simon, Richard, philns., Biblical critic, born. 
1639* * Chaulieu, Guillaume, Anifrye de, 
poet, born. 
Ferriere, Claude de, jurist, born. 



Louvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states- 

Hacine, Jean, dramatic poet, born. 

1640 * * Audran, Gerard, hist, engrav., born. 
Boullougne, Bon, painter, born. 
Chauvin, Etienne, Protestant el., born. 

Coysevox, Antoine, Span, sculptor in Fr., b. 
Pesjardins, Marie Catherine, author, born. 
Duchesne, Andre, geographer, hist., A65. 
Fleury, Claude, L'Abbe, author, born. 
Fourier, Pierre, religious reformer, A75. 
Hubert, Matthieu, preaeher, born. 
Jardins, Marie Catherine des, author, born. 
Lahire, Philippe de, geometer, born. 
Lafosse, Charles de, historical painter, born. 
Philip, Due d'i trleans, son of Louis XIII., b. 

1641 * * Allix, Pierre, Protestam theob, b. 
Arnaud, Henri, past., leader of Waldenses,b. 
Cbantal, Baronne de, Jeanne Franchise Ere- 

miot, devotee, A69. 
Motitespan, Marquise de, Francois Athenais 

de Roeheehniiart, mistress Louis XIV. b. 
Sully, Due de, Maximilien de B6thune. 

Baron de Rosny, statesman, A81. 
Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud, 

governor-general of Canada, born. 
Vieusscns, Kaimond, anatomist, born. 

1643 * * Cinq-Mars, Henri de Kuze de, con- 
spirator, A22. 

Mane de Medieis, wife of Henry IV., A75. 
Richelieu, Due de, Annand Jean Duplessis, 

cardinal, statesman, A57. 
Soubise, Seigneur de, Benjamin de Rohan, 

Huguenot soldier, A 59. 
Tourville, Anne H. de C. de, marshal, born. 
1643* * Collet, Philibert, writer, born. 
La Salle. Robert de, cavalier, explorer, b. 
Louis XIII., king, A42. 
Moreri, Louis, clergyman, bis'orian, born. 
Pontehartrain. Louis V. de, statesman, born. 
1644* * Boufflers, Marquis de, Louis Fran- 
cois, marshal, born. 
Champiiiesle. Mane Desmares, actor, born. 
Cbardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, born. 
Choisy, Francois 1 linolton de, author, born. 
D'Orleans, Pierre J., historian, born. 
Lamoignon, Chretien Francois, statesman, b. 
Valliere, Duchesse de la, hranc.oise L. de la 

B. La Blanc, favorite of Louis XIV., born. 
Villeroi, Due de, Francois de Neufvlile. 

marshal, born. 
1645* * Callieres, Francois de, statesman, 

author, born. 
Gournay, Maria le Jars de, writer, A79. 
Joliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of the 

Mississippi, born. 
Lemery, Nicholas, chemist, born. 
Mansard, Jules Hardouin, architect, born. 
1646* * Bassompierre, Francois, marshal, 

author, A67. 
Bruyere, Jean de la, author, moralist, b. 
Galland, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, born. 
Hamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer, 

born in Ireland. 
Hardouin, Jean, writer, born. 
Jogues, Isaac, Jesuit missionary in Am., A39. 
Plumier, Charles, botanist, born. 

1647 * * Alacoque, Marguerite, nun, prophet- 
ess, horn. 

Bayle, Pierre, philosopher, critic, born. 
Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, born. 
Cassion, Comte de, Jean, marshal, A38. 
Hautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, au., b. 
Jouvenet, Jean, historical painter, born. 

1648 * * Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, b. 
Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, born. 
Guyon, Jeanne, M. B. de la Motte, mystic, 

author, born. 
Mersenne, le Pere Marin, philosopher, A60. 
Voiture, Vincent, poet, A50. 

1649 * * Vouet, Simon, painter, A59. 
Baillet, Adnen, scholar, author, born. 
Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, born. 
Edelinck, Gerard, Flemish engraver in Fr.,b. 

1650* *Aunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de, 
Marie Catherine J. de B-, author, born. 

Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmes, diplo- 
matist, A55±. 

Descartes, Rene, philosopher, math., A54. 

Dumont, Jean, historian, born. 

CHURCH. 
1634 * * The Order of Sisters of Charity 
is organized at Chatillon by Vincent de 
Paul, for service to the sick poor. 

1644 * * Home. Innocent X. is pope. 
[1655'. Alexander VII. 1667. Clement 
IX.] 

LETTERS. 

1631 * * Conjuration de Fit-ague, by Jean 
.Francois Paul de Gondi, appears. 



FRANCE. 



1629, June 28-1650, * *. 6S9 



* * Gazette de France is issued by Theo- 
pliraste Renundot. [1635-42, Bureau d'- 
Adresse.] 

1634 * * Corneille is selected as the com- 
poser of a Latin elegy to Richelieu. 

* *-62* * Me moires, by Maximilien de 
Bethune, Duke of Sully, appears. 

1635 * * Mart de Mithridate, by Gautier 
de Costes, Knight of La Calprenede, ap- 
pears. [103U, i'omte d" Essex; 1642-45, 
Cassandre; 1647, C/Sopdtre.] 

* * Marianne, by Tristan PHermite, ap- 
pears. 

* * The ComSdie des Tuileries, by Claude 
de L'Estoile, Boisrobert, Colletet, Cor- 
neille, and Rotrou, appears. 

1636 * * Sosies, by Jean Rotrou, appears. 
[1637, Laure Persecute?.; 1646, Saint Ge- 
nest; 1647, Venceslas and Don Bernard 
de Cabrere.] 

* * Le Cid and U illusion comique, by Cor- 
neille, appear. [1639^0, Horace and 
Cinna; 1640, Polyeucte; 1642, La Mort de 
Pompie and Le Menteur ; 1644, Rodo- 
gune; 1647, Heraclius.] 

1637 * * Discourse on the method of rea- 
soning well and investigating scientific 
truths by Rene Descartes, appears. [1641, 
Meditaiiones de prima philosophia.\ 

1638 * * Uranie, by Vincent Voiture, ap- 
pears. 

1639 * * Alcyonie, by Pierre Du Ryer, ap- 
pears. [1647, Scevo'le.] 

* * Philandre, by Francois de Maynard, 
appears. 

* * Job, by Isaac de Benserade, appears. 
1641 * * Ibrakam, by Madeleine Scudery, 

appears. [1640-53, Artamene,orthe.Grand 
Cyrus; 1660, Almahide.] 

* * The Guirlande de Julie, by 19 poets, 
appears. 

* * Corneille appears as a contributor to 
the Guirlande de Julie. 

1643+ * * Les Comedies Acad&miciennes 
and the Comedie des operas, and the es- 
says, Sur la morale d Epicure, Reflections 
sur les divers genies du jieuple romain,hj 
Charles de Saint-Denis, appear. 

* * Moliere plays with, and helps in the 
management of, the Theatre Ulustre. 

* *-51 * * Histoire de France, by Fran- 
cois Eudes de Mezerai, appears. 

1644 * * Typhon, by Paul Scarron, ap- 
pears. [1645, Jodel'et, on le m ait re valet; 
164S, Virgile Travesti ; 1649, Mazarinade ; 
1651, Roman Comique.] 

* * Discours, by J. L. G. de Balzac, ap- 
pears. 

1645 * * -54 * * P&dant Joui and Mort 
d'Agrippine, by Cyrano de Bergerac, ap- 
pear. 

1646 * * Memoires of Francois de la 
Rochefoucauld appear. 

* * Moli&re leaves Paris with the Theatre 
Ulustre. 

1647 Jan. 22. Corneille, after having 
twice been rejected on frivolous pleas, 
is admitted to the Academy. 

* * De Vita, Moribus, et Doctrina Epicuri, 
- libri octo, by Gassendi, appears. [1649, 

Syntagma Philosophic Ejucuri.] * 

* *The Court grants Descartes a pen- 
sion of 3,000 livres. 

1649 * * Cosroes, by Rotrou, appears. 

* * The Traits des Passions de I'&me, by 
Descartes, appears. 

* * Racine is sent to the College de Beau- 
vais at Beauvais. 



appears. [I653±, Histoire comique des 

Hats et empires du soleil.] 
1650+ * * Mois-Sauv£, and other poems, 

by Marc-Antoine de Gerard (Saint- 

Amant), appear. 
* * -65 * * Muse Historique, by Jean Lo- 

ret, appears. 

SOCIETY. 



1650* * Originesde laLanguefr 
by Gilles Menage, appears. 

* * Andromede and Don Sanche d'Aragon, 
bv Corneille, appear. [1651, Nicom&de; 
1653, Pertharite.} 

* * Histoire comique, ou Voyage dans la 
lune, by Savinien Cyrano de Bergerac, 



1644 Jan. 1. Paris. MichobAder,the 
"Wandering Jew, appears, and creates 
a great sensation ; he claims to speak all 
languages, and to be 1,600 years old. 

1648 * * St. Vincent de Paul establishes 
a foundling hospital. 

STATE. 

1629 June 28. The "Edict of 
Grace" terminates the religious wars. 

The Protestant leader, the Duke of 
Rohan, having submitted to the king, a 
treaty is signed at Alais granting reli- 
gious liberty, amnesty for all acts of 
rebellion, and reestablishing Catholic 
worship in " reformed towns." 

1630 Oct. 30. Bavaria. The Treaty 
of Ratisbon is concluded between 
France and the German Emperor. 
[Richelieu soon after declares it null 
and void.] 

Nov. 12. Richelieu's dismissal, on 
which the king had apparently resolved 
at the instigation of Marie de Medicis, 
Gaston d'Orleans, and others, is an- 
nulled [and the influence of the Cardi- 
nal becomes greater than ever; hence it 
is called the Day of Dupes]. 

1631 Jan. 25. The Treaty of Eern- 
wald is concluded between France and 
Sweden against Germany. 

Apr. 6. The first Treaty of Cherasco, 
between Richelieu and the Emperor Fer- 
dinand II., ends the Italian expedition. 
France gives up conquests in Italy. 
[By a second treaty made by Richelieu 
with Amadeus, Duke of Savoy, France 
secures Pignerol.] 

1632 Jan. 6. By the Treaty of "Vie 
Lorraine is made subject to France. 

1633 * * The French take Nancy from 
Burgundy. [1G61. They restore it.] 



1634 * * Lorraine is annexed to France. 
Nov. * A treaty is concluded between 

the French and Swedes against Ger- 
many. 

1635 Feb. * * An alliance is formed be- 
tween France and Holland against Spain 
for the partition of Flanders. 

May 10. France declares war against 
Spain. 

* * Martinique is settled by the French. 

1638* * Marie de Medicis takes refuge 
in England, having been dismissed from 
court through the influence of Riche- 
lieu. 

1642 Sept. 12. The Marquis de Cinq- 
Mars is beheaded, after trial and con- 
demnation, for treasonable compact with 
Spain aiming at the overthrow of Riche- 
lieu. 

Dee. 3. Cardinal Mazarin, an Italian, 
is made prime Minister. 

Dec. 4. Paris. Richelieu dies; bonfires 
express the people's joy. 



During Ms :uh nil list ration ho destroyed 
the power of the nobles, restored French 
influence in Italy, the Netherlands, and 
Germany, establishing it in Sweden, and 
raised France to the highest eminence. 

* * Perpignan is annexed to France. 
1643 May 14. Louis XIII. dies. 

1643-1715 Louis XIV. reigns. 

Louis, son of Louis XIII., five years 
old, becomes king ; his mother, Anne of 
Austria, daughter of Philip III., King of 
Spain, is regent. 

1645* * Paris. The parliament of 
Paris refuses to register taxes proposed 
by the queen ; they are enforced by royal 
edict. 

1647* *The Treaty of Dim. (See 
Austria, p. 512.) 

1648 * * Paris. The four courts, the 
parliament, the grand council, the cham- 
ber of exchequer, and the court of aids, 
unite for resistance to the despotic 
measures of the regent and Mazarin, 
and for the reform of abuses in the 
government. 

Aug. 26. Paris. Broussel and other 
members of the parliament are arrested 
by order of the queen. 

Aug. 27. Paris. The Civil "War of the 
Fronde begins. 

The people take up arms, barricade the 
streets, and attack the royal guards, de- 
manding the release of Broussel ; they 
are called f rondeurs (slingers) as if they 
were school-boys fighting with slings ; 
their cause is espoused by De Godi, coad- 
jutor bishop of Paris [Cardinal de Retz], 
the prince of Conti (brother of Cond£), 
Marshal Turenne, the Duke de Longue- 
ville, and several other nobles. 

Oct. 24. Prus. The Peace of West- 
phalia is concluded between France, 
Germany, and Sweden. 

It ends the Thirty Years' War ; France 
receives the feudal overlordship of the 
empire, and gets Lower Alsace ; Sweden 
gets the greater part of Pomerania ; the 
religious and political rights of the Ger- 
man States are established ; and the in- 
dependence of the Swiss Confederation 
is recognized by Germany. (See p. 513.) 

* * Belfort is annexed to France ; Besan- 
con is ceded to Spain. 

1649 Jan. 7. Paris. Anne secretly de- 
parts with the young king, and retires to 
St. Germain. 

Jan. 8. Paris. Parliament proclaims 
Mazarin an enemy to the king and the 
State, and orders him to leave the king- 
dom. 

Mar. 4. A deputation from the parlia- 
ment of Paris, headed by the president, 
Mathieu Mole, confers with the queen at 
Ruel, and a temporary peace is ef- 
fected. 

1650 Jan. 18. Prince Conde", having 
insulted the queen-regent, is arrested 
with his brother Conti and his brother- 
in-law Longueville. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1632 * * Louis XIII. provides a hunting- 
seat at Versailles, which is a small vil- 
lage in a great forest. 

* *Uncommon mortality prevails 
throughout France; 60,000 people per- 
ish in Lyons. 

* * * Paris is occasionally lighted by 
means of burning pitch and other com- 
bustibles in pans. 

1640 * * Paris. The first louis d'or 

pieces are struck. 
1649 * * The plague ravages Marseilles. 



690 1650, **-1669, ** 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1650 Dec. 15. Marshal Tureime is 

defeated by the royal troops at Khetel. 

1652 Apr.* Spaniards under Conde" 
defeat the Royalists under Turenne at 
Bleneau. 

July 2. Paris. Conde" is defeated at 
the Porte St. Antoine by Turenne, who 
has gone over to the Royalists ; at the 
last moment the gates are opened to 
Cond£, and closed against Turenne. 

1653 * * The Spaniards, led by Conde, 
continue the war in Pieardy; Turenne 
checks his progress. 

1654 Aug. 25. Turenne defeats the 
Spaniards under Conde at Arras. 

1656 * * Conde 1 routs a division of Tu- 
renne's army at the siege of Valen- 
ciennes. 

1658 June 14. Turenne defeats the 
Spaniards under Cond£ on the Dunes, 
near Dunkirk. (N. S. June 4.) 

June 23. Dunkirk surrenders to the 
French [who give it up to the English], 

1662 * * "War is declared against the 
Pope, and the city of Avignon is seized 
by French troops. 

1667* *-6S* * Betg. First war of 
Conquest. (See State.) 

May * The French under Louis and Tu- 
renne cross the Flemish frontier, and 
take Armentieres, Charleroi, Douai, and 
Tournay. 

Aug. 27. Louis enters and takes posses- 
sion of Lille after a brief siege. 

* * The Grenadier corps, armed with 
hand-grenades, is established. 

* * Louis sends a fleet against the Bar- 
bary pirates. 

1665 Feb. * Louis and Conde" conquer 
Franehe-Comte", capturing the towns 
of Besaneon, Salins, Dole, and Gray 
within 22 days. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1650 * * First attempts at stenography 
are made. 

± * * Passage of the Granicus is painted 
by Charles Lebrun. 

1651 * * It. Blind Men of Jericho is 
painted by Nicolas Poussin at Rome. 

1655 * * Cassini de Thury, director of the 
observatory, draws his meridian line of 
Paris, after Dante. 

1662+ * * Paris. Louis XTV. purchases 
the house of Jean Gobelin, a tapestry- 
maker, for a factory in which adorn- 
ments of palaces should be made. 

± * * Abbe" Jean Claude R. de Saint-Nou 
invents aquatinta, by which a soft ef- 
fect is given to engravings. 

1663 * * Paris. The Academy of In- 
scriptions and Belles-Lettres is estab- 
lished by Jean Baptiste Colbert. 

1666 * * Paris. The Academy of Sci- 
ences is established by Colbert. [1669. 
It is approved by Louis XIV.] 

1667* * Paris. The Royal Observatory 
is established. 

1669 * * Robert Cambert, the composer, 
and his librettist, Abbe Perrin, obtain 
a patent for the Acadtmie Itoyale de 31ic- 
sique, which they had instituted. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1650 * * Erlach, Jean Louis d', marshal, A55. 
Rotrou. Jean de, dramatic poet, A41. 
Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, gram., A65. 

1651 * * Hart, .lean, seaman, born. 
Caussin, Nicolas, .Jesuit, author, A68. 
Chamillard, Micbel, minister, born. 
Dacier, Andre, scholar, critic, born. 
Fenelon, Francois dc Salignac de laMothe 

de, archbishop of Cambrai, author, born. 

Carissoles, Antoine, Prot. cl., poet, A64. 

La Salle, Jean Baptiste de. cl., edu., b. 

Pourchot, Edme, philosopher, born. 
1652* * Anselme, Antoine, pulpit orator, 
poet, born. 

Aubertin, F.dmonde, clergy man, writer, A57. 

Eeaune, Florimond, mathematician, A51. 

Caseneuve, Pierre de, philologist, A61. 

Petau. Denis, chronologist, A69. 
1653 * * Alegre, d'Vves, Marq., marshal, b. 

Aviler, Augiistin Charles d', architect, born. 

Basnage de Beauval, .Jacques, historian, b. 

Fleury, Andre Hercule de, cardinal, states- 
man, born. 

Duvergier de Hauranne, I/Abbe de Saint- 
Cyran, Jansenist, theologian, A72. 

Salmasius, Claudius, scholar, A65. 

Villars, Due de, Claude I,. H., general, born. 
1654* * BaPzac. Jean Louis Guez de, au- 
thor, A60. 

Dorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, born. 

Fontenay, .lean Haptiste Plain de, painter, b. 

Hareourt, Due d', Henri, general, dip., born. 

Abbadie, Jacques, Prot, clergyman, born. 

Imbert, Joseph (labriel, painter, born. 

Varignon, Pierre, maihematician, born. 

Vendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen., b. 

1655 * * Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Lud- 
wig W., general, born. 

Bergerac, Savmien Cyrano de, dramatist, 

novelist, duelist, A35. • 
Qaseendi. Pierre, philosopher, A63. 
Lesueur, Eustache, painter, A38. 
Montfaucon, Bernard de, critic, antiquary, 

philologist, born. 
Regnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, b. 
Tristan rjlernute, Francois, poet, A54. 
Vertot, Rene Auhert de, historian, born. 

1656 * * Basnage de Beauval, Henri, clergy- 
autbor, born. 

Cainpistron, .lean (ialbert de, dramatist, b. 
Dubois, (iuillauiue, cardinal, statesman, b. 
Forbin, Claude, admii'al, born. 
Tournefort. Joseph Pittonde. botanist, b. 

1657 * * Chazelles, Jean de, physicist, born. 



Olier de Vernetnl, .Jean Jacques, cleiiiviiian, 
founder of Order of St. Sulpice, A49. 
1658* * Boulainvdliers, Comte llenri de, his- 
torian, critic, born. 

Oappel, boms, theologian, A73. 

Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de, cler- 
gyman, author, born. 

Coustou, JNicolas, sculptor, born. 

LemaistiT, Antoine, advocate, jurist, A50. 

Kale, Sebastien, Jesuit, missionary to Aben- 
aki Indians, born. 
1659* * Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant 
clergyman, theologian, born. 

Colletet, (iuillauiue, poet, A61. 

Kspasme, .Jean d', Prot. theologian, A68. 

Morin, Jean, Biblical critic, A68. 

Rigand, Hyacinthe, jiainter, born. 

1660 * * Campra, Andre, composer, born. 
Chifflet, Jean Jacques, physician, A72. 
Estrees, Due d', Victor Marie, admiral, 

statesman, born. 

Flacour, Btienne de, commander at Mada- 
gascar, A53. 

FeuiUet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astron., b. 

Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer, 
founder Detroit (U. S.), born. 

Orleans, Due d', Jean Baptiste Gaston, son 
of Henry IV., A52. 

Scarron, Paul, poet, satirist, A50. 

Vincent de Paul, Saint, R. C. reformer, 
founder " Sisters of Charity," A84. 

1661 * * Jintber, Claude, philosopher; born. 
Coypel, Antoine, painter, born. 
Dancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, born. 
Hecquet, Philippe, physician, author, born. 
Lentant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., born. 
I/llopital, (iuillaume F. A., Marquis de 

Saint- Mesme, geometrician, born. 
Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, slatesinan, A59. 
Polignac, Melchior de, cardinal, states- 

Rollin, Charles, historian, born. 

Unpin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., b. 

1662 * * Ayinar, Jaipies, impostor, born. 
Marea, Pierre de, archbishop of Paris, A68. 
Boisrobert, Francois le Metel de, writer, wit, 

A70. 



Pascal, Blaise, philosopher, author, A39. 
1663 * * Amontons, Guillaume, physicist, b. 

Calprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de 
Costes, novelist, A53. 

Eugene, Prince, Francois Eugene de Savoy, 
general, born in Paris. 

Laba, Jean Baptiste, monk, missionary, au- 
thor, born. 

Massillon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit orator, 

1664* *Ablancourt, JS'icolas-Perrot d', 
writer, A58. 

Amyraut, Moses, Protestant clergyman, A68. 

Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, born. 

Conti, Prince de, Francis Louis de Bour- 
bon, general, born. 

Vaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, born. 
1665* * Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, paint- 
er, poet, A54. 

Fermat, Pierre de, geometrician, poet, A64. 

Lelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, born. 

Pagan, Comte de, Blaise Francois, military 
engineer, A61. 

Poussin, Nicolas, painter, A71. 

Rainbouillet, Marquise de, Catherine de Vi- 
vonne, leader of society, A77. 

Regis, Jean Baptiste de, geographer, born. 
1666* * Anne of Austria, wife of Louis 
XIII., A64. 

Desmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author., born. 

Gombauld, Jean Ogier de, poet, A99. 

Mansart, or Mansard, Francois, arch., A68. 

Victor Amadeus II., Due de Savoie, King of 
Sardinia, born. 

1667 * * Audran, Jean, engraver, born. 
Bocbart, Samuel, scholar, Prot. theol., A68. 
Demoivre, Abraham, mathematician, born. 
Gacon, Francois, poet, satirist, born. 
Sanson, Nicolas, geographer, A67. 
Thevenot, Jean de, traveler, composer, A26. 

1668 * * Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', chan- 
cellor, orator, author, born. 

Le Sag-e, Alain Rene, romancer, dram., b. 

1669 * * Beaufort, Due de, Francois de Ven- 
d6me, soldier, A53. 

Drelincourt, Charles, Prot. clergyman, A74. 
Folard, Jean C. de, soldier, tactician, born. 
Vaillant, Sebastien, botanist, author, born. 

CHURCH. 
1652 * * Louis XIV. confirms the Edict 

of Nantes. 
1658 * * Antoinette Bourignou founds 

the Bourignonist sect. 
Its members claim to restore the true 

church, wear the Augustine habit, and 

travel ; it teaches that religion is chiefly 

a matter of inward feeling. 
1667 * * Borne. Clement IX. is pope. 

LETTERS. 

1651 * * Alcidiane, by Gomberville, ap- 
pears. 

* * Racan writes amorous lyrics, and par- 
aphrases of the Psalms. 

1652 * * Socrate ChHtien, by J. L. G. de 
Balzac, appears. [1657, Les Entretiens; 

1658, Aristippe.) 

1653 * * Bivales, by Philippe Quinault, 
appears. [1656, Mort de Cyrus.] 

* * Histoire de V Acadimie Franqaise, by 
Paul Pellison, appears. 

* * Dom Japhet d'Armenie, by Scarron, ap- 
pears. 

1654 * * AlariCj by Georges de Scudery, 
appears. 

* * Treatise on the Truth of the Christian 
Beligion, by Jacques Abbadie, appears. 

* * Lives of Tycho Brahe, Copernicus, 
and other astronomers, are published by 
Pierre Gassendi. 

* * Eunuchus of Terence is translated by 
Jean de La Fontaine. [1658, Adonis ; 

1659, Clymhie; 1661, El egie aux nymp he s 
de Faux.] 

1655 May 30. Paris. The Journal des 
Savons is published by Denis de Sallo, 
ecclesiastical councillor in the parlia- 
ment of France. [It is the earliest peri- 
odical critical work in French.] 

* * A translation of Lucan's Pharsalia, 
by Guillaume de Brebeuf, appears. 



FRANCE. 



1650,**-1669,**, 691 



* * L'JStourdi, Moliere'sfirst finished play, 
is given at Lyons. [1656, Le Dbpit Amou- 

1656 * * Timocrate, by Thomas Corneille, 
has the longest run on the stage of any 
play of the century. [He writes 16 other 
tragedies.] 

* * Pucelle, by Jean Chapelain, appears. 

* * Paris. The Fort-Royal des Champs 
becomes the retreat of the Arnaulds, 
Tillemont, Pascal, Lancelot, and other 
eminent Jansenists, "who devote them- 
selves to education, and produce the 
Port-Royal grammars, logic, and other 
works. 

± * * Corneille writes a verse translation 
of the Imitation of Christ, Discourses on 
Dramatic Poetry, and the Examens. 
[1658, (Edipe; 1660, La Toisson d'Or; 
1662, Sertorius; 1663, Sophonisbe; 1664, 
Othon; 1666, Age's Has ; 1667 , Atilla.] 

* *-57 * * Provincial Letters, by Pascal, 
appears. 

1657 * * Clovis, by Jean Desmarets, ap- 
pears. [He writes also Visionnaires.] 

1658 * * Nouvelle AUegorique, by An- 
toine Furetifere, appears. [1666, Roman 
Bourgeois.] 

Oct. 24. Moliere's troupe appear for 
the first time before Louis XIV. 

1659 Nov. 1 8. Les PrScieuses Ridi- 
cules, by Moliere, appears. 

1660 * * Grammaire Ghibrale, by An- 
toine Arnauld, appears. [He writes also 
Art de penser.] 

* * Mademoiselle de Montpensier and Com- 
tesse de Tende, or La Princesse de Cleves, 
by Marie Madeleine, Comtesse de Lafa- 
yette, appear. 

* * Adieu of a Poet to the City of Paris, 
by Boileau, appears. 

* * Sganarelle, ou le cceur imaginaire, by 
Moliere, appears. 

1661 Feb. 4. Don Garcie de Navarre, 
a tragi-comedy, by Moliere, appears and 
fails. 

June 24. L'Ecole des Maris, by Moliere, 

appears. 
Aug. 15-20. Les Fdcheux, by Moliere, 

is played before the king at Vaux-le- 

Vicomte. 

* * JMstoire du Roi Henri le Grand, by 
Hardouin de Beaumont de Perefixe, ap- 
pears. 

* * -63 * * Faramond, by La Calprenede, 
appears. 

1662 Dec. 26. L'Ecole des Femmes, by, 
Moliere, appears. 

* * -79 * * Memoir es, by Jean Francois 
Paul de Gondi, Cardinal de Retz, ap- 
pears. 

1663 * * The Society of Four is estab- 
lished by Boileau, La Fontaine, Moliere, 
and Racine. 

* * Portrait du Peintre, by Edme Bour- 
sault, appears. [1670, Critique des Sa- 
tires.] 

1684 Feb. 15. Le Mariage Ford, by 
Moliere, appears. 

June 20. Le Theba'ide, by Racine, is pro- 
duced by Moliere's company at the Pa- 
lais Boyale Theatre. 

Aug. 22. Racine receives a pension 
from Louis XIV. 

* * Princesse d'Elide, and the first three 
acts of Tartufe, by Moliere, appear. 
Tartufe offends many persons among 
the clergy and nobility, and it is sup- 
pressed. 

* * Astrate, by Quinault, appears. [1665, 
La Mere Coquette.] 

1665 Sept. 22. L'Amour Midecin, by 
Moliere, appears. 



* * Histoire amoureuse des Gautes, by 
Roger de Rabutin, appears. 

* * Festin de Pierre, or Don Juan, by Mo- 
liere, appears. 

* * Maxims, by La Rochefoucauld, ap- 
pears, [1665-78, Refections sur les seiv- 
tences et -max hues morales.'] 

* * -66 * * Contes et Nouvelles, by La 
Fontaine, appeal's. 

1666 June 4. Le Misanthrope, by Mo- 
liere, appears. 

* * Paris. The Academy of Sciences is 
founded. 

1667 Aug. 5. Tartufe is played [but 
stopped after the first night]. 

* * Les neuf Epitres, by Boileau, appears. 

* * MatMlde, by Scudery, appears. 

1668 Jan. 13. Amphitryon, by Moli- 
ere, appears. [Sept. 9, L'Avare; later, 
George DandinT] 

Dec. 5. Les Plaideurs, by Racine, is 
printed. 

* * The first six books of Fables, by La 
Fontaine, appear. 

* * Abrege Chronologique, by Mezerai, ap- 
pears. 

1669 Feb. 5. Tartufe is at last played 
with extraordinary success. 

Sept. 17. M. de Pourceaugnac, by Moli- 
ere, appears. 

Dec. 13. Britannicus, by Racine, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 



1654 * * Twenty women are put to death 
as witches. 

1655 * * The forms of etiquette are ex- 
tremely majestic, but cumbrous. 

The license of manners among the no- 
bility is very great, and the greater part 
of the court is affected. 
1660+ * * The nobles have lost political 
influence, and all their privileges consist 
in waiting on the king at court, being 
exempt from taxation, and absorbing all 
military 



STATE. 

1651 Feb.* The queen is obliged to 
liberate Conde and the other princes. 

Mar. * Mazarin flees from France, the 
parliament having issued orders for his 
arrest. 

* * Marshal Turenne and de Retz join 
the court party, and the Parisians are 
forced to submit ; Conde^ accused by the 
queen of treasonable intrigues with 
Spain, flees to Gnienne, where he raises 
an army. 

1652 Jan.* Mazarin returns to power. 
[The parliament becomes merely the 
recorder of royal decrees.] 

Aug. 19. Mazarin is removed from 
power by Louis at the demand of the 
people [and a general amnesty is pro- 
claimed]. 

Oct. 15. Paris. Cond^ departs in dis- 
gust [and enters the service of Spain un- 
der the Duke of Lorraine, for which he 
is proclaimed a traitor]. 

1653 Feb. * Mazarin again returns to 
power. 

1655 Oct. 24. A treaty of alliance is 
formed between France and England. 

1657 Mar. 23. A treaty of alliance, 
offensive and defensive, is concluded at 
Paris between France and England. 

1658 * * Dunkirk is ceded to England. 



1659 Nov. 7. The Peace of the Pyr- 
enees is signed between France and 
Spain. 

France gains a great part of Artois, 
most of Eoussillon, and several places 
in Flanders, Hainault, and Luxemburg; 
Spain gains territory held by France in 
Catalonia and Franche-Comte" ; Louis 
XIV. is to marry Maria Theresa, daughter 
of Philip IV., she renouncing all claim 
to the Spanish throne ; Conde" is par- 
doned, and restored to his honors and 
dignities. 

1660 June 2. Louis XIV. marries 
Maria Theresa, eldest daughter of the 
King of Spain. 

* * Marseilles loses its ancient privileges. 

1661 Mar. 9. Cardinal Mazarin dies. 
Mar. * Louis takes the reins of power 

into his own hands. 

1662* * Jean Baptiste Colbert is made 
controller of finance. [He makes exten- 
sive and beneficial reforms in the finan- 
cial and commercial affairs of the king- 
dom]. 

Nov. * Dunkirk is sold to France by 
Charles II. of England for five millions 
of livres. 

* * The Treaty of Montmartre is signed ; 
it gives to the king the right of succes- 
sion to the dukes of Lorraine. 

1664 Feb. 22. The Treaty of Pisa is 
concluded between the Pope and France. 

1666 Jan. 16. Louis declares "war 
against England in aid of Holland. 

1667 May * Belg. Louis invades the 
Spanish Netherlands. 

The Spanish King Philip VI. being 
dead, Louis claims Flanders and 
Franche-Comte' in right of his wife, 
Philip's daughter by his first marriage ; 
he bases his claim on the Hainault law 
of devolution, which entitles children by 
a first marriage to inherit certain terri- 
tory to the exclusion of children by a 
subsequent marriage. 
July 21. The Peace of Breda is con- 
cluded between England, France, Hol- 
land, and Denmark. Acadia [Nova 
Scotia] is restored by England and con- 
firmed to France. 

1668 Jan. 23. Neth. The Triple Al- 
liance of England, Holland, and Swe- 
den, against France, is signed at The 
Hague. 

Jan. * A secret treaty is concluded be- 
tween Louis and the German Emperor 
Leopold, regulating the future partition 
of the Spanish monarchy. 

Feb. * Conde" occupies the free county of 
Burgundy with astonishing success. 

May 2. Prus. The Peace of Aix-la- 
Chapelle is concluded. 

Louis restores Franche-Comte" to Spain 
after dismantling the fortresses, and re- 
tains 12 fortified towns on the border of 
the Spanish Netherlands ; they include 
Lille, Tournay, and Oudenarde. 

* * The first embassies are received from 
Russia. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1662± * * The invention of the omni- 
bus [is ascribed to Pascal]. 

1664 * * -81 * * The Languedoc canal 
is constructed ; it joins the Mediterra- 
nean and the Atlantic. 

* * The French East India Company is 
formed. 



692 



1669,* *-1685, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1672* *-78* *The second war of 
conquest. 

It is directed against Holland as a 
member of the triple alliance and a 
refuge for political and abusive writers 
against Louis. 

Apr. 23. Paris. War with Holland 
begins ; Louis leaves with, an army of 
100,000 men. 

May 28. Eng. Battle of Southwold. 

The French and English fleets under 

Count D'Estrees and the Duke of York 

[James II.] tight the Dutch under Adm. 

liuyter off Norfolk ; result indecisive. 

June * Neth. Auheim and Deventer 
surrender to Turenne. The Prince of 
Orange abandons Utrecht, which is occu- 
pied by the French. 

June 12. The French under Louis and 
Conde" cross the Rhine between the 
Wahal and the Yssel ; the Dutch, takeu 
by surprise, make but slight resistance; 
the Duke of Longueville is killed. 

1673 June 30. Neth. Louis takes 
Maestricht after a siege of 20 days. 

Sept. 8. Prus. Treves is taken for 
France by Marshal Yauban. 

Nov. 12. Prus. Bonn is taken by Wil- 
liam of Orange. 

1674 May* -June* Louis invades 
Franche-Comt6, which he overruns, 
and subdues in a six weeks' campaign. 

June 16. Ger. Marshal Turenne de- 
feats the Imperialists at Sinslieim [and 
devastates the Palatinate]. 

Aug. 11. Belg. Prince Conde - and "Wil- 
liam of Orange engage in an indecisive 
but sanguinary battle at Seneffe. 

Oct. 4. Ger. Marshal Turenne defeats 
the Imperialists at Entzheim. [Dec. 
31. And again at Mulhausen, in Alsace.] 

1675 Jan. 5. Ger. The Elector of 
Brandenburg and the Imperialists are 
defeated by the French under Mar- 
shal Turenne at Turkheim, in Alsace. 

July 27- Baden. Marshal Turenne is 
killed in a skirmish at Sasbach ; the 
French retreat across the Rhine. 

1676 Jan. 7. Adm. Duquesne de- 
feats the Dutch under Adm. De Ruyter 
in a naval battle in the Mediterranean, 
off Stromboli. 

Apr. 22. Sicily. Adm. Duquesne de- 
feats the Dutch and Spanish fleets under 
Adm. De Ruyter off Syracuse ; De liuy- 
ter is mortally wounded. 

1677 * * Louis captures Valenciennes, 
Cambrai, and St. Omar. 

Apr. 11. Prus. The Prince of Orange 
is defeated by the Duke of Orleans at 
Cassel. 

Nov. 18. Switz. Freiburg is captured 
by the French. 

1678 Mar. 9. Ghent is taken by the 
French. 



Aug. 10. A treaty of peace. (See 
State.) 

1681 Sept. 30. Ger. Strasburg is 
seized by Louis. 

1682 Aug. *-Sept. * Alg. Algiers is 
bombarded by the French under Adm. 
Duquesne. (See Algiers.) 



1683 Nov. * Belg. The French enter 
Flanders, and capture Courtrai and Dix- 
mude. 

1684 June 4. Belg. Luxemburg is 
taken by Marshal Crequi. 

Aug. 15. Ger. A truce for 24 years 
is signed at liatisbon by France, Spain, 
and the Empire, the two latter acquies- 
cing in Louis's new conquests. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

the size 

* * Paris. The Academy of Architec- 
ture is established. 

* * Paris. Robert Camber t composes the 
opera Pomone ; he is the first French 
musician to compose one. 

* *_72 * * Paris. Giovanni Domenico 
Cassini, at the Observatory, discovers 
four of the satellites of Saturn. 

1672 * * Paris. The arch of St. Denis 
is erected. 



1674 * * Jean de Hautefeuille displays 
talent in regulating watches. (The in- 
vention of the spiral-spring watch is 
more justly claimed by Huggens.) [1678. 
He suggests a heat-engine, using an 
explosion of gunpowder to move the 
piston.] 

1680 Aug. 18. Paris. The National 
Theater is founded by a royal decree. 
[Aug. 25. The first performance is given 
by 27 actors, 12 of whom are women.] 

* * The Venus de Medicis, found near 
Tivoli, is removed to France. 

1681* * Denis Papin invents " Papin's 
digester," applicable to the steam- 
engine. [1687. He presents his first 
hydraulic wheel to the Iloyal Society of 
London.] 

1684 * * Paris. Giovanni Domenico Cas- 
sini discovers two other satellites of 
Saturn. 

BERTHS — DEATHS. 

1670 * * Beauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de, 
geographer, dies. 

Berwick, Iiuke of, .James Fitz-James, mar- 
shal, born. 

Cerqeau, Jean-Antoine du, Jesuit, poet, his- 
torian, born. 

Coigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot, 
marshal, born. 

Daille\ .lean, Protestant clergyman, A76. 

Dubos, Jean Baptiste, publicist, critic, horn. 

Gagnier, .lean, orientalist, born. 

Rousseau, .lean Baptiste, poet, born. 

1671 * * Bourdon, Sebaslien, painter, A55. 
Capperonnier, Claude, Immiist, critic, born. 
Pereflxe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, histo- 
rian, A66±. 

Valois, Charles de, antiquary, born. 
1672* * Gal met, A u gust in, Benedictine 
monk, Biblical scholar, born. 

Lefevre, Tanncmi, critic, scholar, A57. 
1673 * * Barrelier, Jacques, botanist, A67. 

Cavlus, Marquise de, Martha Marguerite de 
Villette de Murcay. woman of fashion, t>. 

Courtois, Jacques, painter, A52. 

Duguay- Trunin, Rene, admiral, born. 

Lalleinant, Jerome, Jesuit missionary in 
Canada, A 80. 

Moliere, Jean Eaptiste Poquelin, drama- 
tist, A51. 

Philip II., Due d' Orleans, son of Philip, b. 

Picart, Bernard, designer, engraver, born. 
1674* * Arnauld, Robert d'A udilly, am, A86. 

Baron, Vincent, Dominican theol., an., A70. 

Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist, historian, born. 

Caron, Francois, director-general in India, d. 

Chapelain, Jean, poet, critic, A79. 

Crebillon. Prosper Jolyot de. dram., b. 

Duhahle, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit geog., born. 

Lahadie, Jean de, mystic, At>4. 

Pecquet, Jean, anatomist, discoverer, A51. 

Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, born. 



Bonneval, Comte de, Claude Alexandre, ad- 

Dughet, Caspard, painter, A62. 
Delisle, Guillaume geographer, born. 
Marquette, Jacques, explorer of Mississippi, 

A38. 
Roberval, de. Giles P.. mathematician, A73. 
Turenne. Marshal de. Henry de la Tour 

d'Auvergne, A 64. 

1676 * * BrinviLLiers, Marquise de, Marie 
Marguerite d'Aubray, poisoner, A25±. 

Courtois. Jacques, painter, A55. 

La Grange, Joseph de chancel de, poet, b. 

1677 * * Cambert, Robert, composer, A49. 
Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, born. 
Girard, Gabriel, grammarian, born. 
Saurin, Jacques, Protestant pulpit orator, b. 

1678 * * Barcos, Martin de, clergyman, A78. 
Bourguet, Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b. 
BondeSaint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, writer, 

scholar, born. 
Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, born. 
Nanteuil, Robert, painter, engraver, A48. 
Noailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal, 

statesman, born. 

1679 * * Abanzit, Firmin, mathematician, b. 
Cavalier, Jean, leader of Camisards, born. 
Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan, 

A79. 
Courtois, Guillaume, painter, A51. 
L'Angeb, last of titled court fools, A59. 
Longueville, Duchesse de. Anne Cenevievede 

Bourbon Conde. political agitator, A60. 
Retz. Cardinal de, J. F. P. de Gondi. 

statesman, A55. 
Psalmana/,er, Ceorge. literary impostor, b. 
1680* * Destoucites, Philippe Nericault, 

dramatist, born. 
Fouquet, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, 

financier, A 65. 
Perrin, Pierre, first writer of Fr. operas, (?) d. 
Moreri, Louis, clergyman, historian, A37. 
Rochefoucauld, Due de la, Pranqois, mor- 
alist, A67. 
1681 * * Courayer, Pierre Francois le, E. C, 

clergyman, author, born. 
1683 * * Claude Lorrain, painter, A82. 
Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, historian, b. 
Premier, Amedee Francois, eng., traveler, b. 
Olivet, L'Abbe d', Joseph Thoulier, author, 

critic, born. 
Picard, Jean, astronomer, A62. 
1683 * * Colbert. Jean Baptiste, Marquis de 

Seiguelay, financier, statesman, A64. 
Furetiere, Antoine, philosopher, A63. 
Fourmont. Etienne, orientalist, author, born. 
Desjardins, Mane Catherine, author, A43. 
Rameau, Jean Philippe, composer, author, b. 
Mezeray, Francois Eudes de, historian, A73. 
Reaumur, Rene de. natural phil., entomol.,b. 
1684* * Arnauld, Angelique, nun, wr., A60. 
Astruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, born. 
Corneille. Pierre, poet, dramatist, A78. 
Mariotte, Edma, physicist, A64. 
Watteau, Antoine, painter, born. 
Sacy, Louis Isaac, Jansenist, tr. of Bible, A71. 
Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, born. 
1685 * * Chauvelin, Germain Louis de,states- 

1 'esfontaines, Pierre, Fran. Guyot, critic, b. 
Renault, Charles Jean Francois, historian, 
poet, born. 



CHURCH. 

1670* * Rome. Clement X. is pope. [1676, 
Innocent XI.] 

1675 ** Paris, Pere Lachaise be- 
comes the king's confessor, and obtains 
great influence with him ; he is partly 
responsible for the revocation of the 
Edict of Nantes. 

1678 Sept. 17- Religious liberty is con- 
firmed to the Lutherans by the Peace 
of Nimeguen ; they are numerous in 
Alsace. 

1682 * * Louis convokes an assembly of 
the clergy, which provokes a quarrel 
with the Pope. 

It strongly asserts that the Pope has 
no right to meddle with the State in 
matters temporal; that his power must 
be limited by the ecclesiastical canons ; 
that bis decrees are not authoritative or 
infallible without the assent of a gen- 
eral council ; that be cannot ordain any- 
thing contrary to the constitutions and 
liberties of the French church. 



FRANCE. 



1669,** -1685, 



693 



1685 Oct. 22. Paris. The Edict of 
Nantes is revoked by the sole authority 
of Louis. 

The Reformed religion is entirely pro- 
scribed (except in Alsace), the churches 
to be leveled, and the ministers to quit 
France in 15 days, and private worship 
prohibited; laymen are forbidden to 
leave under pain of confiscation of goods 
and condemnation to the galleys for life ; 
and the children of Protestants to he 
baptized henceforth by the parish 
priests, and to be educated in the Roman 
Catholic religion. [ Te Deums are sung in 
Rome, and the Pope sends congratula- 
tions to Louis. Terrible suffering and 
prolonged miseries are caused by en- 
forcing the king's requirements ; 50,000 
families are driven out of France.] 

LETTERS. 

1669 * * IS Exposition de la doctrine ca- 
tholique, by Bossuet, appears. [1669-79, 
L'Bistoire abregee de la France, La 
Politique tirie de VEcriture sainte, and 
Traits de la connaissance de Dieu et de 
soim&me.] 

* * -74 * * Art PoStique, by Boileau, ap- 
pears. 

* * -93 * * Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, 
Marquise de Sevigne, writes over 1,500 
Letters. 

1670 Feb. 10. Les Amants Magni- 
fiques, by Moliere, appears. [Oct. 23. 
Le Bourgeois Gentilhomme.] 

* * Zaide, by Madame de Lafayette, ap- 
pears. 

* * Pensies de Pascal appears. 

* * Berenice, by Racine, appears. 

± * * Letters t by Gui Patin, appear. 

± * * Historiettes, by Ged^on Tallemant 

des Reaux, appears. 
± * * Conspiration de Wal stein, by J. Sar- 

rasin, appears. 

1671 May 7- Psyche appears. 
Moliere and Pierre Corneille collab- 
orate in the dialogue, while Quinault 
composes the words for the music by 
Lulli. 

* * Exposition de la Doctrine de VEglise 
catholique sur lesmaiieres de controverse, 
by Bossuet, appears. 

* * Several Fables, by La Fontaine, ap- 
pear. 

* * Les Fourberies de Scapin, by Moliere, 
appears. 

* * Conversations of Aristes and Eugenius 
and Remarks and Doubts on the French 
language, by Dominique Bouhours, ap- 
pear. 

* * -86 * * Qurnault writes 14 librettos 
for Lulli. 

* * -95 * * Essais de morale, by Pierre 
Nicole, appears. 

1672 Jan. 4. Bajazet, by Racine, ap- 
pears. 

Feb. 2. La Comtesse d'Escarbagnas, by 
Moliere, appears. [Feb. 11, Les Eemmes 
Savantes.] 

* * Conjuration des Espagnols, by L'Abbe' 
" de St. Real, appears. 

* * Paris. Mercure Galant is issued. 

* * Journal du Palais is issued. 

* *-83* * Lutrin, by Boileau, appears. 

1673 Jan. 13. Mithridate, by Racine, 
appears. [1674, IphigSnie.~\ 

Feb. 10. Le malade Imaginaire, by Mo- 
liere, appears. 

* * Louis Moreri's Dictionnaire historique 
appears. 

* * Observations, by Manage, appears. 

1674 * * De la recherche de la verity, by 
Nicolas de Malebranche, appears. 

* *An academy is established at Sois- 
sons. 



* *-96* * The Delphin Classics, pre- 
pared by order of Louis XIV., under the 
direction of Bossuet and Huet, appear. 

1677 Jan. 1. Phedre, by Racine, " the 
greatest tragedy of the classical French 
school, is all but driven from the stage 
on its presentation." 

Oct. * Racine and Boileau are made his- 
toriographers-royal 3 with a salary of 
2,000 crowns. 

* * Phedre et Hippolyte, by Nicolas Pra- 
don, appears. 

1679 * * ComSdie sans Titre, by Bour- 
sault, appears. 

* * Noxtvelles Decouvertes dans toutes les 
Parties de la Medecine is issued. 

16S0 * * Paris. Courses in French civil 
law are given for the first time in the 
University of Paris. 

* * TraitS de V education des filles and 
TraitS de la nature et de la grace, by 
Francois de La Mothe Fenelon, appear. 

* * Proserpine, by Quinault, appears. 
[1685, Poland ; 1686, Annide.] 

* * Genseric, by Antoinette Deshoulieres, 
appears. 

* * Journal Ecclesiastique is issued. 

± * * Memoires, by Mme. de Motteville, 

appears. 
1681 * * Discours sur VHistoire univer- 

selle, by Bossuet, appears. 

* * Mosursd'-s Israelites, by Claude Fleury, 
appears. [1686, Du choix et de lamSthode 
d'Studes.] 

1683 * * Dialogues des marts, by Bernard 
le Bovier de Fontenelle, appears. [16S6, 
Entretien sur la PluralitS des Mondes.] 

1684* * TraitS de morale, by Nicolas de 
Malebranche, appears. 

* *-1718* * Nouvelles de la RSpublique 
des Letters is issued by Bayle. 

SOCIETY. 

1676 July 16. Paris. Marie Mar- 
guerite de Brinvilliers is executed for 
her intrigues and crimes. 

1679 * * The prisoner called the man 
with the iron mask is closely confined 
at Pignerol. [1703. Nov. 19. He dies 
in the Bastile ; five different persons are 
alleged to have been the mysterious 
prisoner.] 

1681 May 22. Paris. Female dancers 
are first introduced on the Paris stage, 
in the opera Le Triomphe de I' Amour. 

1685 Oct. 18. The Edict of Nantes 
is revoked. 

More than 50,000 families, including 
military leaders, men of letters, and 
most of the artificers of France, are com- 
pelled to emigrate to foreign countries 
by this act. (See Church.) 

* * Louismarries Madame de Maintenon, 



STATE. 

1670 May * A secret treaty between 
the kings of France and England, signed 
at Dover, is negotiated by Henrietta, 
Duchess of Orleans. 

Charles engages to openly join the 
Catholic Church, Louis to aid Charles 
by 2,000,000 livres ; the two kings agree 
to declare war against Holland, Louis to 
pay Charles 3,000,000 livres every year, 
to carry on the war. 

Nov. 1. A convention is secretly 
signed between Louis and the German 
emperor, binding each not to help the 
other's enemies. 

1672 Feb. 12. A public treaty is 
concluded between France and England. 



Mar. * -Apr. * France and England de- 
clare war against Holland. 

Apr. 14. Swe. The Treaty of Stock- 
holm is concluded between France and 
Sweden. 

Sweden engages, for an annual subsidy 
from Frame of 000,000 livres, to take 
arms against any of the German princes 
who should support Holland. 

1673 Mar.* France declares war 
against Holland. 

June 6. Ger. The Peace of Vossem is 
concluded between Frederick "William, 
Elector of Brandenburg, and Louis, who 
agrees not to aid the Dutch against the 
elector. 

Aug. 15. Xeth. The League of The 
Hague is formed against France by the 
Dutch, the Spaniards, and the German 
emperor. 

1674 Feb. 9. Charles II. of England, 
compelled by Parliament, makes peace 
with HoUand. 

* * Germany, Spain, Denmark, and Hol- 
land unite in a quadruple alliance 
against France. 

June * The Emperor Leopold I. declares 
war against France. 

* * Alsace is united to France by con- 
quest. 

1676 Feb. 17. A secret treaty for 
annual pension is signed between Louis 
and Charles II. of England. 

1678 May 12. Kobert Cavelier de La 
Salle receives a grant for the construc- 
tion of forts, taking lands, and holding 
a monopoly of trade, in the "West 
[Canada — Michigan]. 

May 17. Another secret treaty be- 
tween Louis and Charles II. of England 
is signed. 

Aug. 10. At the Congress of Nimeguen 
a treaty of peace is signed between 
France and Holland. [Sept. 17. Be- 
tween France and Spain ; 1679. Feb. 6. 
Between France and Germany. It paci- 
fies Europe.] 

French conquests in Holland are re- 
stored to the Dutch; France gains 
Franche-Comte" and Valen ci ennes , 
Conde\ Bouchain, Maubeuge, Cambrai, 
St. Omer, Aire, Ypres, and Cassel. 

1679 June 29. A treaty is concluded 
at St. Germain-en-Laye between France, 
Sweden, and the Elector of Branden- 
burg, who is obliged to cede most of hi3 
conquests in Pomerania to Sweden. 

Sept. 2. The Treaty of Fontainebleau 
is concluded between France and Den- 
mark. 

* * Louis XIV., the Great Monarch, is 
at the height of his power and glory. 

* * Louis establishes ' e Chambers of Re- 
union" for the purpose of asserting 
claims, through old feudal titles, to ter- 
ritories on the German frontier. 



1684 Aug. 15. The Truce of Ratis- 
bon. (See Army.) 

Aug. 25. Strasburg and its district are 
formally ceded to France, also the prov- 
ince of Luxemburg. 

1685 * * Louis persecutes the Protes- 
tants. (See Church.) 



694 1685, * *-1702, Aug. 19. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1688 * * -97 * * Ger. The third war to 
obtain the Palatinate. (See State,) 

Oct. 29. Ger. Philippsburg surren- 
ders to Louis. [Mannheim, Speyer, 
Worms, and other towns are rapidly 
taken.] 

1689 * * Ger. Ruthless devastation of 
the Palatinate. (See Society.) 

JVCar. * Louis sends a French squadron of 
13 vessels with troops to Ireland, to aid 
James II., who seeks to recover the 
throne of England. 

1690 June 30. South Eng. In a naval 
battle off Beachy Head the French un- 
der the Comte de Tourville defeat the 
Dutch and English fleets under Adm. 
Torrington. 

July 1. Belg. The Due de Luxem- 
bourg defeats the allies under the 
Prince of Waldeck at Fleurus. 

1691 Apr. 8. Belg. The French under 
Louis take Mons. 

Apr. 13. Nice surrenders to the 
French under Marshal Catinat. 

* * Louis sends Gen. St. Ruth with a force 
to Ireland to aid James II. (See Great 
Britain.) 

1692 May 19. Vice-Adm. Tourville is 
decisively defeated by the English 
and Dutch fleets under Adm. Russell off 
La Hogue. 

June 5. Belg. Namur capitulates to 

the French. 
Aug. 3. Belg. Marshal Luxembourg 

defeats the allies under "William III. 

at Steenkerke. 

1693 June 29. Port. Vice-Adm. Tour- 
ville defeats the English fleet under 
Adm. Rooke off Cape St. Vincent. 

July 29. Belg. The allies under Wil- 
liam III. are defeated by Marshal Lux- 
embourg at Neerwinden, or Landen. 

Oct. 4. Marshal Catinat defeats the 
Duke of Savoy at Marsaglia. 

!Wov. 29. St. Malo is unsuccessfully 
bombarded by the English. 

1694 July * Dieppe and Havre are un- 
successfully bombarded by the English 
and Dutch. 

Sept. * Dunkirk and Havre are unsuc- 
cessfully bombarded by the English. 

1695 Aug. 26. Belg. ISTamur is taken 
by William III. 

1696 June * It. Peace of Turin. 

1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Byswick. 

1701 * * -14 * * "War of the Spanish 
Succession. 

June * It. Prince Eugene of Savoy 
commences the war by invading Italy 
with an Austrian army ; he resents the 
rejection of his proffered services. 

July 9. It. The allies under Eugene 
defeat the French under Marshal Cati- 
nat at Carpi, Lombardy. 

Sept. 1. It. The Austrians under Eu- 
gene defeat the French under Marshal 
Villeroi at Chiari, Lombardy. 

1702 July 26. It. The French win at 
the battle of Santa Vittoria. 

Aug. 14. Ger. The French under Gen. 
Villars defeat the Germans at Fried- 
lingen. 



Aug. 19. Sp. The French under Capt. 
Du Casse are defeated in a naval battle 
off Cartagena by the British under 
Adm. Benbow. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1688 * * Cast mirrors are invented. 

* * * Enameled pottery is made at St. 
Cloud. 

* * Denis Papin invents a heat-engine. 
[1698. He attempts to construct an en- 
gine.] He devises a steam-engine while 
residing in Germany. 

* * Guillaume Amontons invents a system 
of telegraphy by means of signals from 
station to station. 

1692* * Paris. Giovanni DomenicoCas- 
sini executes a chart of the full moon. 

1694* * Paris. Joseph Pitton de Tourne- 
fort publishes a botanical system. 

1700+ * * Jean Louis Petit explains the 
structure of the eye. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1686 * * Chapelle, Claude E. L., poet., A60. 

Blondel, Francois, arch., military eng., A69. 

Conde, Louis II. de Bourbon de, Due 
d'Engh it'll, general, A65. - 

('atelier, .lean Baptiste, Greek scholar, A59. 

Fstrades, ( 'ointe d', < iodefroi, gt-ni-rul, states 
man, A79. 

Leroy, Julien, horologist, author, born. 

Mairet, Jean, dramatist, A82. 

Maimbourg, Louis, historian, A76. 
1687* * Aubery, Louis, Sieur du Maurier, 
historical writer, dies. 

Claude, Jean, Protestant leader, A68. 

La Salle, Sieur de, Robert cavalier, explorer, 
A44. 

Crequi, Francois de Bonne de, Due de Les- 
diguieres, marshal, A63±. 

Rapin, Rene, Jesuit Latin poet. A66. 

Lulli, Jean Baptiste, It.-Fr. corhp., A54. 
1688* *Bernier, Francois, trav.,phys., A58±. 

Castel, Louis l'.ertrand, mathematician, born. 

Bronioy, Pierre, classical scholar, A58±. 

Ceillier, Doni Itemi, theologian, born. 

Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, born. 

l)u Cange, Charles du Fresne, historian, phi- 
lologist, A78. 

Duquesne, Abraham, admiral, A78. 

Freret, Nicolas, antiquary, historical critic, b. 

Lemoine, Francois, historical painter, b. 

Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, 
dramatist, born. 

Mellan, Claude, designer, engraver, d. 

Perrault, Claude, architect, A75. 

Quinault, Philippe, dramatic poet, A53. 

Quintinie, Jean de la, pomologist, A62. 

Tavernier, Jean B., Baron d'Aubonne, trav- 
eler, A83. 

1689 * * Errard, Charles, painter, arch., A83. 
Montesquieu, Baron, Charles de Seeon- 

dat, jurist, philosopher, born. 

Piron, Alexis, dramatist, poet, wit, born. 
1090 * * Alucoijiie, .Marguerite, nun, prophet- 
ess, A43. 

Allouez, Claude Jean, explorer, A70. 

Le Brun, Charles, painter, A78. 

Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, born. 

Le Pays, Rene de, Sieur Plessis-Villeneuve, 
poet, A54. 

Savary, Jacques, financier, A68. 

1691 * * lienserade, Isaac, court poet, A69. 
Louvois, Marquis de, Francois L. M., states- 
man, A50. 

1692 * * Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., b. 
Auzout, Adrien, mathematician, A62±. 
Burigny, Jean Levesque de, author, born. 
Caylus, Comte de, Anne C. P. de Tubieres, 

antiquary, author, born. 

Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivellede la, dram- 
atist, born. 

Menage, Gilles, critic, A79. 

Racine, Louis, poet, born. 

Thevenot, Melchisedcch, compiler, au., A72. 
1693* * Bussy-Rabutin, Comte de, Roger, 
satirist, A75. 

Belidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili- 
tary writer, born. 

Cartouche, Louis 1>., bandit, born. 

Chaumonot, Pierre M. J., Jesuit, missionary 
in Canada, A82. 

Crevier, Jean Baptiste Louis, historian, b. 

Lafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la 
V., author, A59. 



Fremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, litterateur, 
diplomatist, A68±. 

Montpensier, Duchesse de, Anne M. L. D'O.. 
A66. 

Rousseau, James, painter, A63. 
1694* * Arnauld, Antoine, philosopher, A82. 

Boissy, Louis de, litterateur, born. 

Deshoulieres, Antoinette, poet, A60±. 

Quesnay, Francois, economist, born. 

Voltaire. Francois M. A. de. poet, dram- 
atist, historian, mis. writer, born. 

1695 * * Aubery, Antoine, hist, writer, A79. 
Duval, Valentin daim'iav, antiquary, born. 
Domat, Jean, jurist, A70. 

Felibien, Andre, architect, writer, A76. 
Herbelot, Barthelemy d', orientalist, A70, 
La Fontaine, Jean de. poet, fabulist, A74. 
Lancelot, Dom Claude, grammarian, A80. 
Luxembourg, Due de. Francois Henri de 

Montmorericy-Bouteville, marshal, A67. 
Meissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor, 

architect, born. 
Mignard, Pierre, painter, A85. 
Nicole, Pierre, novelist, A70. 
Puget, Pierre, sculptor, painter, arch., A73. 
Rouhiliac, Louis Francois, sculptor, born. 

1696 * * Bruyere, Jean de la. author, mor- 
alist, A 50. 

Daviel, Jacques, oculist, horn. 

Richelieu, Due de, Louis Francois Armand 

Emmanuel Duplessis, courtier, born, 
Sase, Hermann Maurice, general, born. 
Sevign6, Marie de Eabutin Chantal de, 

writer, A70+. 

1697 * * Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon 
d', geographer, born. 

Carpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, born. 
Deffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy- 

Chamrond, author, born. 
Drevet, Pierre, engraver, born. 
Dupleix, Marquis, Joseph, general, born. 
Morand, Sauveur Francois, surgeon, born. 
Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., b. 
Santeul, Jean de, clergyman, poet, A67. 

1698 * * Pouchardon, Kdme, sculptor, born, 
Bouguer, Pierre, mathematician, born. 
Bourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, born. 
Champinesle, Marie Desmares, actor, A44. 
Charas, Moise, chemist, pharmacist, A80. 
Duf ay, Charles Fraiu;ois de Cisternay, phy- 
sician, born. 

D'Orleans, Pierre J., historian, A54. 

Frontenac, Comte de, Louis de Buade, gov- 
ernor of Canada, A77. 

Maupertuis. Pierre Louis Moreau de, 
mathematician, born. 

Tillemont, Sebastien le Nain de, clergyman, 
historian, A71. 

1699 * * Barbeyrac, Charles, physician, A7G. 
Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., born. 
Galien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, born, 
Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, born. 
Labourdonnais, Bertraml Francois Mane de,. 

naval commander, born. 
Monnoyer. .U-au Baptiste, painter, A64. 
Pothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, born. 
Racine, Jean, dramatic poet, A60. 

1700 * * Adam, Lambert Sigisbert, sculptor,, 
born. 

Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', dram, poet, b. 

Aviler, Augustin Charles d', architect, A47. 

Bourcet, Pierre Joseph, tactician, mil.,wr.,b. 

Lenotre, Andre, artist, garden design., A87. 

Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo- 
mist, botanist, born. 

Joliet, Louis, one of the discoverers of Mis- 
sissippi, A55. 

Masson, Antoine, engraver, A64. 

Nollet, Jean Antoine, L'Abbe, natural phi- 
losopher, born. 

Ranee, Armand Jean le Bouthillier de, monk, 

reformer of monastery of La Trappe, A74. 

1701* * Bridame, .iaci|iit's, pulpit ora., born.. 

Condamine, Charles Marie de la, traveler, 
geographer, scientist, writer, born. 

Chevreau, Urbain, author, A88. 

Daran, Jacques, surgeon, born, A88. 

Philip, Due d'orleans, son of Louis XIII., 
A61. 

Maurepas, Comte de, Jean Frederic Phelip- 
peaux, politician, born. 

Scudery, Madeleine de, author, A94. 

Sourville, AnneH.de C. de, adm., mar., A59.. 

CHURCH. 
1685 * * Louis persecutes the Huguenots. 
They are excluded from all public 
functions, from the liberal professions,, 
the universities, and from engaging in 
various branches of commerce and in- 
dustry; also forbidden to marry Cath- 
olics, and children seven years of age- 
are to be permitted to choose the Catho- 
lic religion. 



FRANCE. 



1685, * *-1702, Aug. 19. 695 



* * The king'a soldiers in Languedoc are 
quartered among Huguenots, and create 
a reign of terror. Brutal violence and 
excesses abound. 

* * Sixty thousand " converts" to Cathol- 
icism in Guienne are reported in a single 
month. 

* * * Monasticism reaches the climax of 
literary culture in some congregations 
of Benedictines and Oratorians. 

1689* * Rome. Alexander VIII. is pope. 

[1691. Innocent XII.] 
1691 July 12. It. The Pope condemns 

F6nelon. 

* * Louis XIV. sends an embassy to Siam 
for the purpose of converting its king. 

1693 * * The Jansenist dispute is re- 
vived. 

1694 June 3. The Duke of Savoy, at 
the instance of England and Holland, 
decrees freedom in religion to the 
Vaudois. 

1695 * * Paris. Madam Guyon is sent 
to the Bastile in punishment for writing 
devotional books. . [1705. She is re- 
leased.] 

1699 Mar. * Fenelon's book, Maximes 
des Saints, is condemned by the Pope. 

1700 * * Rome. Clement XI. is pope. 

LETTERS. 
1685 Oct.* The Protestant University 
at Sedan is abolished after the revoca- 
tion of the Edict of Nantes. 

* * Andronic and Alcibiade, by Jean Gal- 
bert de Campistron, appear. [1691, Ti- 
Hdate.] 

1686* *-93* * Bib/iotht-que. Universelle 
et Historique is issued. 

1687 * * Steele de Louis le Grand, by 
Charles Perrault, appears. [1688-93, Pa- 
rallele des Anciens et des Modernes.] 

* * Chevalier a la mode, by Florent Carton 
Dancourt, appears. 

* * Caracteres, by Jean de La Bruyere, 
appears. 

* * -1704 * * Histoire des Ouvrages des 
Savants is issued. 

1688 * * Divorce, by Jean Francois R<3- 
gnard, appears. 

* * L f Histoire des Variations des Eg Uses 
Protest-antes, by Bossuet, appears. [He 
writes also Notes and Annotations of the 
Books of Scripture, Defense de la doc- 
trine du clergi de Fraiice, and Funeral 
Orations.'} 

1689 * * Esther, by Racine, appears. 

* * Histoire des revolutions de Portugal, 
by L'Abbe Renne Aubert de Vertot 
d'Aubert, appears. [1696, Histoire des 
revolutions de Suede.] 

1690 * * Mtmoires sur la cour d'Espagne 
and Aventures d'lfippofyte, Comte de 
Douglas, by Marie Catherine D'Aulnoy, 
appear. [1698, Contes des F6es.] 

* * Dictionary of the French Language, by 
-Antoine Furetiere, appears. 

± * * Le Mercure galant, Esope a la ville, 
and Esope & la cour, by Edme Boursault, 



* *-1712* * Me" moires pour servir a V his- 
toire eccUsiastique des six premiers sie- 
cles, by S^bastien le Nain de Tillemont, 
appears. [1690-1738, Histoire des empe- 
reitrs et des autres princes quiont r£gn£ 
pendant les six premiers siecles'de 
I'egtise.] 

1691* * Grondeur, by David Augustinde 
Brueys and Jean Palaprat, appears. 

* * Athalie, Racine's last drama, appears. 
[1695, History of Port-Royal.] 

* * -1720 * * Histoire Ecclesiastique, by 
Claude Fleury, appears. 



1692* *-1724* *Joueuse, Esprit de 
Contradiction, Double Veuvage, Desin, 
and 14 other plays, by Charles Riviere 
Dufresny, appear. 

1693* * -1703 * *Boileau writes his 
three last Satires. [1695, his three last 
tpUres.] 

1694 * * Thomas Corneille's Dictionnaire 
des Arts appears. 

* * Joueur, by Regnard, appears. [1697, 
Distrait; 1700, Democrite Amoureux.] 

1696* *-1710* * Homme s Tllustres,bj 
Perrault, appears. [1697, Histoires ou 
Contes du temps passe.] 

1697* * Explication des maximes des 
saints, by Fenelon, appears. 

* * Histor/ced and Critical Dictionary , by 
Pierre Bayle, appears. 

1699* * Les Ave nt ares de Te'le'maque,by 
Fenelon, appears. [1710, Examen de la 
conscience (Tun roi.] 

1700 * * Bourgeoises de quality, by Dan- 
court, appears. [1710, Com4diedes Come- 
diens.] 

* * Epitrcs, and other poems, by Guil- 
laume Amfrye, appear. 

* * Panthde, and several poems, by Charles 
Auguste, Marquis of La Fare, appear. 

1701 * * -67 * * Memoires pour servir a 
I'Histoire des Sciences et des Arts is is- 
sued. 

SOCIETY. 
1689 * * The Palatinate is devastated. 
Louis orders it to be burned, as he can- 
not hold his conquests ; cities, towns, 
farm-buildings, crops, trees, etc., are 
burned. Europe is exasperated by the 
brutality. 
1693 * * The Order of St. Louis is in- 
stituted. 
1700+ * * Paris. The court of Louis 
XIV. is conspicuous. 

It is the most formal and brilliant of 
any in the history of France ; it abounds 
in magniticence, luxury, and mistresses. 

* * * Courtiers show contempt for mar- 
riage, abound in licentiousness, have a 
rage for gambling, and flimsily veil reli- 
gious hypocrisy with courtly polish and 
address. 

* * * "Women have remarkable influence 
in high society. 

As favorites of the Crown, they rule 
the state, also the realm of letters and 
fine arts. Ministers and generals rise 
and fall to their wishes ; members enter 
the Academy or fail, and books are read 
or unread at their words. Society was 
never more decorous or more corrupt. 

* * * Paris. During the national re- 
verses, vigils, fasts, and penances 
take the place of revels in court society. 

STATE. 
1686 July 9. The League of Augs- 
burg is formed. 

It is a confederation of the German 
States with Holland, Sweden, Spain, and 
Savoy, to compel France to observe the 
Treaties of Westphalia and Nimeguen. 

1688 * * Lower Rhine. The French in- 
vade and devastate the Palatinate. 

Louis claims most of the country for 
the Duchess of Orleans, sister of the 
late elector palatine ; he also resents 
the election of a Bavarian prince to the 
electorate of Cologne, in opposition to 
his choice. 

1689 May 2. The Grand AUiance. 
(See Austria.) 

[The campaign is principally waged in 
the Netherlands.] 
1695± * * France is in a deplorable 
state because of continuous wars. 



1696 June * It. A separate treaty of 
peace is concluded at Turin between 
France and Savoy. 

Victor Amades, Duke of Savoy, recov- 
ers Savoy, Susa, Nice, and Pignerol; he 
guarantees to France the neutrality of 
Italy, and Ins daughter, Mary Adelaide, 
is to marry the eldest son of the dauphin, 
Louis's grandson. Savoy promises to re- 
main neutral. 

1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace 
of Ryswick is signed by France, Eng- 
land, Spain, and Holland. [Oct. 30. Also 
by the Empire and the emperor.] 

It confirms the peace made with Savoy; 
Louis restores all places won by him since 
the Peace of Nimeguen from Kngland and 
Holland, also those taken from Spain with 
the exception of s2 places ; lie recognizes 
William III. as King of Kngland and Anne as 
his successor, and agrees not to aid William's 
enemies. The chief fortresses in the Span- 
ish Netherlands are to be a barrier between 
France and Holland by receiving Dutch gar- 
risons; Lorraine is restored to its German 
duke, and the claims of the princess pala- 
tine to the lower Palatinate are commuted 
for money. 

1698 Oct. 11. The First Partition 
Treaty is signed by England, France, 
and Holland. 

It divides the Spanish realm among three 
claimants, in view of the expected death 
without issue of Charles II., the Spanish 
king, the Electoral Prince of Bavaria, 
Joseph Ferdinand, grandson of the Empress 
of Germany, sister of the Spanish King 
Charles, to receive the American dependen- 
cies and the Spanish Netherlands; the dau- 
phin (nephew of Charles of Spain) to have 
Naples, Sicily, certain seaports in Tuscany, 
and the province of Guipugcoa; the Arch- 
duke Charles of Austria, nephew by mar- 
riage of Charles of Spain, to have the duchy 
of Milan. 

1700 Mar. 13. The Second Partition 
Treaty is signed by Louis XIV. and 
William III. 

The Archduke Charles to have Spain 
and the Indies ; the dauphin to have 
Naples, Sicily, and the duchy of Lor- 
raine ; The Duke of Lorraine to have 
Milan in exchange for the duchy. 

Oct. 2. Charles II. of Spain signs a 
will making Philip of Anjou, son of 
the Dauphin of France, his heir. 

Nov. 16. The Duke of Anjou, grand- 
son of Louis, is proclaimed at Fontaine- 
bleau King of Spain as Philip V., the 
Spanish King Charles having died with- 
out issue. 

[This causes the war of the Spanish 
Succession, the proclamation of Philip 
as King of Spain being a violation of the 
Partition Treaty of March 13, and the 
great naval powers, England and Hol- 
land, are jealuus "ft he increase of French 
power by the union of the two crowns.] 

1701 Feb. 6. Neth. The barrier 
towns of the Spanish Netherlands open 
their gates to the French on an order 
from the King of Spain ; thus the Peace 
of Ryswick is violated. 

Sept. 7. The Second Grand Alliance 
is formed between William III., the Em- 
peror Leopold L, and the Dutch Re- 
public. 

The object is to secure the possessions 
of Philip V. in the Netherlands and It- 
aly for the Austrian House, to restore 
the barrier towns to Holland, to secure 
an indemnity to Austria because of the 
exclusion of the Archduke Charles from 
the Spanish throne, and to secure the 
definite severance of the crowns of 
France and Spain. 

Sept. * Eng. On the death of James II., 
his son, " the Pretender," is recognized 
as King of England by Louis. 



696 1702, Aug. * -1718, * * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1702 Aug. * Sp. Cadiz is attacked by 
the English and Butch under Sir George 
Rooke. 

Oct. 12. The French fleet is nearly 
destroyed in the Bay of Vigo by the Eng- 
lish and Dutch fleets under Sir George 
Rooke. 

Oct. 23. Belg. Liege is taken by the 
English under Gen. Marlborough. 

1703 Sept. 20. Ger. The French and 
Bavarians under Marshal Villars de- 
feat the Imperialists at Hochstadt. 

1704 July 2. Ger. The Duke of Marl- 
borough defeats the French at Donau- 
worth. 

July 24. Sp. A dm. Rooke, without 
warning, takes Gibraltar from the Span- 
iards. 

Aug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim in 
Bavaria. 

The English, German, Dutch, and 
Dane allies under Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene, numbering 52,000 men, 
defeat and nnit56,0Ui) French and Bavari- 
ans under Marshals Tallard and Marsin ; 
the French and Bavarians lose 40,000± 
men ; the allies lose 11,000 to 12,000. 

Marshal Villars suppresses the revolt 
of the Protestant Camisards among the 
CeVennes Mountains. 

1705 July 18. Belg. Marlborough de- 
feats the French at Tirlemont. 

Aug. 16. It. The Imperialists under 
Prince Eugene are defeated by Gen. 
Vendome at Cassano. 

Oct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders to 
the English Adm. Peterborough. 

1706 Apr. * Gen. Vendome routs the 
Imperialists at Calcinato. 

May 23. Belg. The French and Ba- 
varians under Marshal Villeroi are de- 
feated by Marlborough at Ramillies in 
Flanders ; the French lose 13,000 men, 
and the allies over 3,500. 

Sept. 7. It. The French are defeated 
by Imperialists under Prince Eugene at 
Turin. 

1707 Mar. * The French by a conven- 
tion agree to abandon North Italy. 

Apr. 25. Sp. The French and Spanish 
under the Duke of Berwick defeat the 
British, Dutch, and Portuguese allies 
under Lord Galaway at Almanza. 

June 30. France is invaded by the 
allies under Prince Eugene and the 
Duke of Savoy [who boiuba-rd Toulon, 
but are forced to raise the siege]. 

IWov. 11. Sp. The French capture Le- 
rida. 

1708 July 11. Belg. Battle of Oude- 
narde. 

The allies under Marlborough and 
Prince Eugene defeat 100,000 French un- 
der Gen. Vendome and the Duke of Bur- 
gundy at Oudenarde; the French lose 
3,000 killed and 7,000 prisoners. 
Oct. 25. Belg. Lille is taken by Prince 
Eugene and Marlborough. [Ghent and 
Burges surrender.] 

1709 Sept. 11. The English, Dutch, 
and Austrians (120,000), under Prince 
Eugene and Marlborough, defeat the 
French (90,000) under Marshal Villars at 



Malplaquet ; allies' loss, 20,000± , French 
11,000 to 14,000. Villars is wounded. 
Oct. 25. Belg. Mons surrenders to the 
allies. 

1710 July 17. Sp. The allies under 
Count Starhemberg and Earl Stanhope 
defeat the Spaniards at Almenara. 

Aug. 20. Sp. The Austrians defeat 
Philip V. at Saragossa. 

1711 Aug. 5. Marlborough forces the 
French lines at Arleux. 

* * * Marlborough crosses the fortifica- 
tions extending from Arras to Bouchain 
on the Schelde. 

Sept. 13. Marlborough captures Bou- 
chain. 

[He is now recalled to England through 
the influence of the Tories.] 

1712 July 27. The French under Mar- 
shal Villars defeat the allies under 
Prince Eugene, at Denain ; [they recap- 
ture Douai, Le Quesnoy, and Bouchain.] 

1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht. 
Ifov. 7. Switz. The French under Vil- 
lars take Freiburg. 

1714 Mar. 6. Peace. (See State.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



* * * Paris. Beign of Louis XIV. 

Many works of art are produced, among 
which is the arch of St. Martin and St. 
Denis. Great additions are made to 
the Tuileries and Louvre. 

The gardens of the Tuileries, like those 
of Versailles, are laid out by Andre" Le- 
ndtre. 

Among the palaces completed are the 
Place du Carrousel, the Place des Vic- 
toires, and the superb Place Vendome. 
The quays are also built. 

The Champs 3i!lys6es are converted 
into a public promenade. [1828. Ceded 
to the city.] 

1715 * * The French Opira Comique ap- 
pears. 

1716 * * Paris. Marius submits plans for 
an instrument with hammer action to 

the Acad^mie Boyale des Sciences. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1702 * * Arvieux, Laurent Chevalier d', ori- 
entalist, A 67. 

Bart, Jean, naval hero, commander, A51. 
Bouhours^ Dominique, Jesuit, critic, A74. 
Charpentier, Francois, author, A82. 

1703 * * Cosine, .Jean Baseilhae, surgeon, lith- 
otomist, born. 

Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, born. 
The man with the iron mask dies at the 

Bastile, Nov. 19. 
Louis, Due d'Orleans, son of Philip II., born. 
Mascaron, Jules, pulpit orator, author, A67. 
Parrault, Charles, author, A75. 
Saint Evremond, Charles de, M. de St. 

Denis de, wit, author, A90. 
1704* * Argens, Marquis d', Jean Baptiste 

d', soldier, writer, born. 
Bourdaloue. Louis, Jesuit, pulpit ora., A72. 
Bossuet. Jacques B., bishop of Meaux, 

pulpit orator, author, A74. 
Duclos, Charles I'ineau, author, born. 
Jaucourt, Louis < 'hevalier ile. author, born. 
L'HQpital, or [/Hospital, Guillaume F. A., 

de. Marquis de Samt-Mesnie, geometrician, 

A43. 
Plumier, Charles, botanist, A58. 
1705 * * Amontons, Guillaume, physicist, 

A42. 
Aunoy, or Aulnoy, Comtesse de, Marie Cathe- 
rine Jumelle de P.erneville, author, A55±. 
Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, born. 
Fontaine, Alexis, geometer, born. 



L'Enclos, Anne, Ninon de, courtesan, A90. 

Vanloo, Charles Andre, painter, horn. 
1706* * Amelot de la Houssaye, Abraham 
Nicolas, author, A72. 

Baillet, Adrien, scholar, author, A57. 

Bayle, Pierre, critic, philosopher, A59. 

Chastelet, Marquise du, Gabrielle, scientific 
author, born. 
1707 * * Baden-Baden, Margrave of, Ludwig 
Wilhelm, general, A52. 

Buffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Le- 
clerc, naturalist, philosopher, born. 

CouBin, Louis, historian, A80. 

Edelinck, Gerard, Flemish engraver in 
France, A58. 

Gallois, Jean, critic, journalist, A75. 

Grammont, Comte de, Philibert, courtier, 
author, A 86. 

Jouvenet, Jean, painter, A60. 

Mabillon, Jean, Benedictine monk, au., A75. 

Montespan, Marquise de, Franchise Athenais 
de Rochechouart, mistress of Louis XIV 
A 66. 

Vauban, Sebastien L. de, military engi- 
neer, marshal, A74. 
1708* * Cosnac, Daniel de, archbishop of 
Aix, A78±. 

Gravier, Jacques, missionary in America, d. 

Mansart, or Mansard, Jules Hardouin, archi- 
tect, A63. 

Perronet, Jean Rodolphe, engineer, born. 

Tournefort. Joseph Pitton de, bota., A52. 

1709 * * Barbeu-Dubourg Jacques, scien., b. 
Brosses, Charles de, antiquary, born. 
Colle, Charles, poet, song-wnter, born. 
Comi, Prince de, Francois Louis, general, 

Corneille, Thomas, dramatist, A 84. 

Dupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, born. 

Cresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, poet, drama- 
tist, born. 

Mably, L'Abbe" de, Gabriel Bonnot, publi- 
cist, born. 

Lachaise, Pere, Francois d'Aix, Jesuit con- 
fessor of Louis XIV., A85. 

La Mettrie, J alien off ray de, philosopher, b. 

Lamoignon, Chretien Francois de, states- 
man, A65. 

Lepaute, Jean Andre", horologist, born. 

Piles, Roger de, diplomatist, paint., \vr.,A74. 

Regnard, Jean Francois, comic poet, A54. 

Silhouette, Ltienne de, financier, born. 

Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, born. 

1710 Feb. 15. Louis XV., king, born. 



Begon, Michel, antiquary, A72. 

Boccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, b. 

Chazelles, Jean Mathien de. physicist, A53. 

Favart, Charles Simon, dramatist, born. 

Flechier, Esprit, pulpit orator, A 78. 

Gabriel, Jacques Ange, engineer, arch., born. 

Vallierre, Duchesse de la, Framboise L. de 
la B. L. B., favorite of Louis XIV., A66. 
1711 * * Boileau-Despreaux. Nicolas, poet, 
satirist, critic, A75. 

Boufners, Due de, Louis Francois, marshal, 
A67. 

Cheron, Elizabeth S., artist, poet, A63. 

Millet, Pierre, missionary in Canada, A80. 
1712* * Cassini, Jean Dominique, astrono- 
mer A87. 

Catinat, Nicolas de, general, A75. 

r^pee, Charles Michel de 1', philan., born. 

Fournier, Pierre Simon, engraver, type- 
founder, born. 

Montcalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph, 
general, born. 

Papin, Denis, natural philosopher, A65. 

Rousseau, Jean Jacques, philosopher, 
writer, born in Geneva. 

Simon, Richard, philosopher, Bib. critic, A74. 

Vendome, Due de, Louis Joseph, gen- 
eral, A58. 
1713* * Batteux, Charles, rhetorician, mis. 
writer-, born. 

Benezet, Anthony, philanthropist, born. 

Caille, Nicolas Louis de la, astronomer, b. 

Chardin, Jean, merchant, traveler, A70. 

Clairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, born. 

Diderot, Denis, philosopher, journalist, 
mis. writer, born. 

Ducarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, born. 

Jurieu, Pierre, I'roteslant clergyman, A7fc>. 

R a y n a 1, L'Abbe Guillaume Thomas 
Francois, historian, philosopher, born. 
1714 * * Cassini, Thury, Cesar F. de, astron- 
omer, typographer, born. 

Clement, Francois, historian, born. 

Damiens, Robert P., regicide, born. 

Ferriere, Claude de, jurist, A75. 

Montalembert, Marquis de, Marc R., mili- 
tary engineer, born. 

Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, born. 

Soufflot, Jacques Germain, architect, horn. 

Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, born. 



FRANCE. 



1702, **-1718, * *. 697 



1715 * * Aymur. .lacrjues, impostor, A53-t. 
BaUSchou, Jean Joseph Nicolas, engr., b. 
Ciiamilly, Mart], de, Noel Bouton, gen., A79. 
Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, writer, b. 
Condillac. IStienne B. de, philosopher, 

metaphysician, born. 

Fenelon, Francois de la Mothe. arch- 
bishop of Oainbray, author, A64. 

Fontenay, Jean Uaptiste Blain tie, painter, 
A61. 

Foulon, Joseph Francois, financier, politi- 
cian, born. 

Gallami, Antoine, antiq., orientalist, A69. 

(Jirardon, Francois, sculptor, A87. 

■Guettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, mineralo- 
gist, born. 

Helvetius, Claude Adrien, philos., born. 

Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, b. 

Lemery, Nicolas, chemist, A70. 

Louis XIV.. king, A77. 

Malebranche. Nicolas, philosopher, A77. 

Vieussens. Raymond, anatomist, A74. 

1716 * * Barthelemy. Jean J., archeologist, 
author, born. 

Baume, Nicolas A. de la, marshal, A80. 
CoiUanges, filarquis de, Philippe Emmanuel, 

song-writer, AH5. 
Coustou, Guillaiune. sculptor, born. 
Daubenton, Louis J. M., naturalist, born. 
Lafosse, Charles de, historical painter, A76. 
Loriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, born. 
Vien, Joseph -Marie, historical painter, born. 

1717 * * Alembert. Jean le Kond d' , geom- 
etrician, philosopher, author, born. 

Allix, Pierre, Protestant theologian, A76. 
Beauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, born. 
Boullongne, Bon, painter, A77±. 
Callieres, Francois de, statesman, au., A72. 
Carmontelle, Louis t'arrogis. dram, wr., b. 
Chamousset, Chevalier de. Claude Humbert 

Piarron, philanthropist, born. 
Guyon, Jeanne .Marie p.ouvier de la Motte, 

Madame, mystic, author, A69. 
Hubert, jMathieu, pulpit orator, A77. 
Mothe-Cadillac, Antoine de la, explorer, fdr. 

of Detroit, U. S. A., A57. 



1703 * * -10 * * The Protestant Cami- 
sards, among the Cevennes Mountains, 
revolt. 

1704 * * The surviving remnant of the 
Camisards are sent into exile. 

* * * The two millions of Reformed gather 
no congregations, except as they as- 
semble in the wilderness. 

1709 * * Paris. Louis authorizes the 
suppression and demolition of the con- 
vent of Port Royal des Champs. 

1713 Sept. 8. Rome. Pope Clement XI. 
issues the bull " TJnigenitus," con- 
demning propositions from Reflexiones 
Morales of the Jansenists; the church 
and realm are convulsed thereby. 

* * The Jesuits are agitated because of 
the influence of Madame Guyon and 
other mystics, called Quietists. 

1715 * * Cardinal de Noailles is placed 
at the head of ecclesiastical affairs. 

LETTERS. 
1701 * * Menechmes, by Regnard, ap- 
pears. [1708. L&gataire Universel. Later 
Epitres, La Provencale, and Voyages.] 

1703 * * -14 * * Bibliotheque Chois&e is 
issued. 

1704 * * -06 * * La Clef du Cabinet des 
Princes de I ' Europe is issued. 

* * -08 * * The Thousand and One Nights, 
or Arabian Nights' Entertainments , 
translated from Arabian and Turkish 
MSS., by Antoine Galland, appears. 

1706 * * The Avocat Pathelm, by Brueys 
and Palaprat, appears. 

1707 * * Atrie et Thyeste, by Prosper 
Jolyot de Cr^billou, appears. 

* * Crispan rival de son maitre, and Le 
diable boiteux, by Le Sage, appear. 
[1709, Turcaret.] 



* * -16 * * Commentary on the Bible, by 
Dom Augustine Calmet, appears. 

1708 * * -17 * * L'Bistoire de VAcad&mie 
des sciences and the E/oges des acadimi- 
ciens, by Fontenelle, appear. [Later, 
Pastorales and a Vie de Corneille.] 

1711 * * Rhadamiste et Zenobie, by Pros- 
per Jolyot de Crebillon, appears. 

1713 ** L'Irre'solu, by Philippe N£ri- 
cault Destouches, appears. 

* * Memoires du Comte de Grammont, by 
Anthony, Count of Hamilton, appears. 

* * -22 * * 1729 * * -36 * * Journal Lit- 
teraire is issued. 

* * Histoire de France, by Gabriel Daniel, 
appears. 

1714 * * Lettre a M. Dacier sur les occu- 
pations de I'Acadcmit' franraise, by Fe> 
nelon, appears. [Later, three Dialogues 
de ^eloquence, Fables, Dialogues des 
morts, and Lettres spirituelles.] 

* * _27 * * Bibliotheque Ancienne et Mo- 
derne is issued. 

1715* *-31* * Gil Bias de Santillane, 

by Le Sage, appears. 
± * * Memoires, by Mme. de Maintenon, 

appears. 

1716* *-28* * Bibliotheque Anglais is 
issued. 

1718 Nov. 18. Paris. <Edipe,by Vol- 
taire, is acted at the Theatre Francais. 

SOCIETY. 

1712 July 27^ Neth. A disgraceful 
quarrel occurs between the French and 
Dutch plenipotentiaries at Utrecht. 

1715 * * Paris. Philip, the regent, is 
shamelessly dissolute, and his example 
most pernicious to society. 

The doors of the Bastile are opened, 
a*id prisoners released, many of whom 
were confined for unknown causes. 

+ * * Paris. The Duchess of Berry ob- 
tains notorious preeminence in profli- 
gate society. 

1716* * Paris. John Law, a Scotchman, 
with others, founds the Banque Gene- 
rate, which issues paper currency. 

* * Paris. The Government prosecutes 
its creditors for fraud, and demands 
heavy 



STATE. 

1703 Oct. 25. The Duke of Savoy 
withdraws from France, and joins the 
allies. 

* * Portugal joins the allies. 

1704* *The Archduke Charles is pro- 
claimed King of Spain as Charles HI. 
by the allies. [1706. Sept. 24. He is pro- 
claimed at Madrid. Sept. 4. At Milan.] 

1706 * * Belg. By the victory at Ramil- 
lies, Brabant is won from Spain. 

Sept. * It. By the victory of the Austri- 
ans at Turin, Spain loses Lombardy. 

1708 * * Louis negotiatesforpeace.but 
the allies demand that he dethrone his 
grandson Philip V., and that the Bour- 
bons be forever excluded from the suc- 
cession. 

1709* * Neth. France, humbled by 
many defeats, opens negotiations for 
peace at Gertruydenburg. 

Louis consents to the dethroning of 
Philip in Spain, but the allies insist he 
shall send his own armies to do this ; 
Louis refuses, and the war is renewed. 



1710 Dec. 10. Sp. By the victory of 
Yillaviciosa Philip V. of France re- 
gains the throne of Spain. 

1711 Apr. * The dauphin, the king's 
only legitimate son, dies. 

1712 Jan. 29. Neth. The Peace Con- 
gress opens at Utrecht. 

Sept. 14. Antony Crozat is granted a 
monopoly of trade and 50,000 francs 
annually for settling the Southwest. 
[Louisiana, U. S. A.] 

1713 Apr. 11. The Treaty of 
Utrecht is signed by France and Spain, 
and by England, Savoy, Portugal, Prus- 
sia, and Holland. 

Philip V. of France is acknowledged 
King of Spain, but he is not to succeed 
to the crown of France. Prussia is rec- 
ognized as a kingdom. Sicily is given to 
the Duke of Savoy, whose possessions 
are made a kingdom. France abandons 
its conquests in Holland, gives New- 
foundland, Nova Scotia, and Hudson Bay 
to England, with permission to hold Gi- 
braltar and Minorca, and also to have 
the contract for supplying African slaves 
for the Spanish colonies ; it also ap- 
proves the Protestant succession to the 
British throne. [Germany, refusing to 
sign the treaty, continues the war.] 

* * Douai is annexed. 

1714 Mar.-i- * Aust. The Peace of 
Radstatt is concluded between France 
and the German Empire. 

Naples, Sardinia, Milan, and Nether- 
lands, taken from Spain, are given to 
Germany ; the frontiers of France are 
preserved, but her pride is humiliated, 
and her people burdened with debt. 

1715 Sept. 1. Louis XXV. dies. 

1715-74 Louis XV. reigns. 

Louis, the great-grandson of Louis 
XIV., becomes king. Philip, Duke of 
Orleans, is made regent ; his favorite is 
Cardinal Dubois, who panders to the 
king's pleasures. 

1716 May * John Law, a Scotchman, 
projects the Mississippi Scheme. 

Its proposed object is to develop the 
resources of the regions along the Mis- 
sissippi, believed to abound in the pre- 
cious metals, and by the profits of the 
enterprise to pay off the national debt. 

* * With permission of the regent, John 
Law opens a bank for the issue of paper 
money; the national finances are in a 
deplorable condition. 

1717 Jan. 4. A triple alliance is 
formed between England, France, and 
Holland, to check the ambition of Spain. 
[The King of Spain claims the regency, 
as uncle to the King of France.] 

Sept. * The Western Louisiana Com- 
pany obtains its grant. [Illinois is an- 
nexed.] 

1718 Aug. * By the adherence of the 
Emperor Charles VI. ? the triple alliance 
becomes the Quadruple Alliance. 
(See Great Britain.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1703 Nov. 19. The man with the iron 
mask dies in the Bastile after an im- 
prisonment in various prisons of 24 years. 

1709 * * Famine prevails. 

1718* * Shares in Law's Mississippi 
Scheme rise from £500 to £18,000. 



698 1718, **-1737, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1719 Jan. 10. "War is declared against 

Spain. 
Jan.* Sp. Marshal Berwick with 40,000 

men invades Spain; England joins 

France. 
June 18. Sp. Fontarabia capitulates 

to Marshal Berwick. 
Aug. 19. Sp. Marshal Berwick takes 

St. Sebastian. 
Dec. 11. Sp. Gen. Vendome defeats 

the Imperialists under Charles and 

Count Starhemberg at Yillaviciosa. 

1733 Oct. 10. France declares war 
against Austria in support of the claim 
of Stanislaus Lesczynski to the Polish 
throne. 

Oct. 19. Ger. Kehl is captured by 

Marshal Berwick. 
* * It. The French conquer Milan. 

1734 May 8. Prus. Treves is taken 
by the French. 

May 13. Ger. Philipsburg is invested 
by Marshal Berwick. [July 18. Sur- 
rendered.] 

June 12. Marshal Berwick is killed by 
a cannon-ball before Philipsburg. 

June 29. The French and Imperialists 
fight an indecisive battle near Parma. 

Sept. 19. It. The French defeat the 
Austrians at Guastalla. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1718 * * Paris. Jean Louis Petit invents 
the screw tourniquet for suppressing 
the flow of blood in surgical operations. 

1721 * * Paris. Rameau's L'Endriaqite 
appears. 

1722* * Pans. The Palace of the 
Deputies is erected. 

1729 Aug. 10. Paris. The bronze 
equestrian statue of Louis XTV., in 
tbe Place Vendome, the largest ever 
made, is demolished. 

1731 * * Paris. The Academy of Sur- 
gery is established. 

1732* * Paris. Charles Francois DuFaye 
discourses on two kinds of electricity, 
the vitreous and the resinous. 

1735* * -36 * *Two expeditions are 
sent out to ascertain the figure of the 
earth. 
Pierre Bouguer and Charles de la Con- 
s go to Peru to 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1718 * * Arnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard 

d', mis. writer, born. 
Amiot, or Amyot, Joseph, Jesuit missionary, 

born. 
Baluze, Etienne, writer of histories, dies in 
Paris, A88. 

Collet, Philibert, writer, A75. 
Hareourt, Due d*, Henri, gen., diplo., A64. 
Lahire, Philippe de, geometrician, A78. 
1719* * Auvrigny, ilyaeintbe Kobillard d', 

historian, A44. 
Biheron, Marie C, anatomist, horn. 
Choiseul. Due de, Etienne Francois, 

statesman, born. 
I>upin, Louis EUies, theol., historian, A62. 
Freron, Elie Catherine, critic, born. 
Leroy, Pierre, watchmaker, born. 
La Salle, Jean Baptiste de, el., edu., A63. 
Maintenon, Franeoise d'Aubigne\ queen, 

A84. 



1720 * * Aigullion, Due d', Arniand Vignerot 
Duplessis Richelieu, born. 

Aublet, Jean Baptiste Christophe F., bota- 
nist, born. 

Cardonne, Denis Dominique, orientalist, b. 

Chaulieu, Guillaume Amfrye de,poet,A81. 

Coysevox, Antoine, Sp. seulp. in Fr., ABO. 

Favier, Jean Louis, author, born. 

Montbeillard, Gueneau de, naturalist, au.,h. 

Hamilton, Count Anthony, courtier, writer, 
A74±. 

Levis, Due de, Francois, marshal, horn. 
1721* * Arnaud, Henri, clergyman, leader 
of Waldenses, A80. 

Cartouche, Louis Dominique, bandit, A28. 

Chamillard, -Michel, statesman, A70. 

Guignes, Joseph de, orientalist, born. 

Huet, Pierre Daniel, bishop of Avraaches, 
scholar, A91. 

Lelong, Jacques, cl., bibliographer, A56. 

Malesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi- 
gnon, judge, philanthropist, horn. 

Pompadour, Madame J. de. mistress of 
Louis XV., born. 

TVatteau, Antoine. painter, A37. 
1722 * * Borden, Theophile de, med. wr., b. 

Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, historian, 
critic, A64. 

Coypel, Antoine, painter, A61. 

Dacier, Andre, scholar, critic, A71. 

Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, financier, b. 

Varignon, Pierre, lnatheniatieian, A68. 

Vaillant, Sebastn-n, botanist, A53. 
1723* * Basan, Pierre Francois, author, en- 
graver, born. 

Basnage de Beauval, Jacques, theol., A70. 

Brotief, Gabriel, classical scholar, born. 

Briason, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, born. 

Caftieri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, born. 

Campistron, Jean ( .albert de, dramatist, A67. 

Chabert, Joseph B. de, navigator, astrono- 
mer, geographer, born. 

Ch^nier, Loins de, historian, horn. 

Clairon, Claire Joseph L. de L., actor, born. 

Dubois, G ml la nine, cardinal, statesman, A67. 

Fleury, Claude, L' Abbe, author, A83. 

Grasse, Francois Joseph Paul de, Marquis 
de Grasse-Tilly, admiral, born. 

Holbach, Paul Thiry d\ philosopher, horn. 

Lauzun, Antoine Kompar de Caumont de, 
general, courtier, A91. 

Marmontel, Jean Francois, critic, miscel- 
laneous writer, born. 

Philip II., Due d'Orleans, A50. 
1724* * Choisv, Francois Tinioleon de, au- 
thor, A80. 

Dufresny, Charles Riviere, dramatist, A76. 

Hautefeuille, Jean de, mechanician, writer, 
A77. 

Bale, Rale, or Kasles, Sebastien, Jesuit mis- 
sionary to the Abenaki Indians, A66. 

1726 * * Chauvni, Etienne, Prot. cler., A85. 
Court de Gobelin, Antoine, author, born. 
Dancourt, Florent Carton, comedian, A64. 
Epinay, Louise d', mistress of Eousseau, au- 
thor, born. 

Gacon, Francois, poet, satirist, A58. 

Louis Philippe, Due d Orleans, son of Louis, 
born. 

Latude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of statue, b. 

Montucla, Jean Etienne, mathematician, b. 

Rochambeau, Marquis J. B. Donatien de 
Vimeur, marshal, born. 

Kapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, hist., A64. 

Vaudreuil, Marquis de, Philippe de Rigaud, 
governor of Canada, A83±. 
1726* * Abbatucci, Giaeomo Pietro, Corsi- 
can general, born. 

Beautnelle, Laurent. Angliviel de la, au., b. 

Clerc, Nicolas G., physician, historian, born. 

Danican, Francois Andre, "Phdidor," com- 
poser, chess-player, born. 

Dumont, Jean, historian, A76±. 

Gaillard, Gabriel Henri, hist., mis, wr., b. 

Greuze, Jean Baptiste, painter, born. 

Lisle, Guillaume de, geographer, A51. 

Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, historian, b. 

Paoli. Fasquale de, Corsican general, b. 

1727 * * Abbadie, Jacques, Prot. cler., A69. 
Adanson, Michel, botanist, horn. 
Commerson, Philibert, botanist, born. 
Darcet, Jean, physician, chemist, born. 
Fabre, Jean, "the honest criminal," born. 
Favart, Marie Justine Benoite, actor, born. 
Lhomond, Charles Francois, educator, born. 
Pontehartrain, Comte de, Louis P., states- 
man, A85. 

Turgot. Anne Robt. J., Baron de l'Aulne, 
financier, born. 

1728 * * Baunie, Antoine, chemist, horn. 
Charost, Armand J. de B. de, philanthro- 
pist, born. 

Daniel, Gabriel, Jesuit, author, A79. 
Eon de Beaumont, Charles L. A. A. T. d', di- 
plomatist, born. 
Lekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, born. 



Lenfant, Jacques, Protestant cl., hist., A67. 
Leroy, Julien David, architect, born. 
1729 * * Boyer, Abel, lexicographer, A62. 
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator,. 

discoverer, born. 
Brunck, Richard Francois Philippe, scholar, 

critic, born. 
Caylus, Marquise de, Marthe Marguerite de 

Villette de M urcay, woman of fashion, A56- 
Coster, Joseph Francois, economist, rinan- 

Estaing, Comte d\ Chas. Hector, adm., b. 
Hardouin, Jean, Jesuit, writer, A83. 
Lebrun, Ponce D. 13., poet, born. 
Vestris, Gaetano A. Baldassare, dancer, h. 
Wailly, Charles de, architect, horn. 
1730* * Aboville. Francois M., general, b. 
Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary, horn. 
Bezout, Etienne, mathematician, born. 
Bossnt, Charles, inatheniatician, born. 
Ceroeau, Jean Antoine du, poet, A60. 
Chabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, born. 
Cossigny de Palma. Joseph Francois Char- 

pentier, naturalist, born. 
D'Agincourt, Jean B., archeologist, born. 
Didot, Francois A., printer, type-founder, b. 
Lecouvreur, Adrienne, actor, A40±. 
Messier, Charles, astronomer, born, 
Pajou, Augustin, sculptor, born. 
Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, b. 
Saurin, Jacques, Prot. pulpit orator, A53. 
Villeroi. Due de, Francois de Neuiville, 

marshal, A86. 
1731 * * Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hya- 

cinthe, orientalist, born. 
Aubert, L'Abbe, Jean Louis, poet, critic, 

fabulist, born. 
Cadet de Gassieourt, Louis Claude, chem.,b. 
Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, born. 
Julien, Pierre, sculptor, born. 
1732* * Eeaumarchais, Pierre A. C. de, 

dramatist, born. 
Feuillet, Louis, naturalist, geog., astro., A72. 
Lalande, Joseph J6rome LeFrancaisde. 

astronomer, born. 
Lespinasse, Julie Jeannie Eleonor de, letter- 
writer, leader of society, bom. 
Neclcer. Jacques, financier, statesman, 

Victor Amadeus II., Duke of Savoy and 
King of Sardinia, A66. 

1733* * Alegre, Marquis d', Yves, marshal, 
A80i. 

Antoine, Jacques Denis, artist, born. 

Arcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaudd', 
engineer, born. 

Borda, Jean C, mathematician. astron.,b. 

Const on, Nicolas, sculptor, A75. 

Ducis. Jean F., poet, dramatist, born. 

Forbin. Claude, admiral, A77. 

Montyon, J. B. Robert Augier de, philan., b. 

Picart, Bernard, designer, engraver, AtjQ. 

Robert, Hubert, painter, born, 

Tott, Baron de, Francois, diplomatist, born. 
1734* * Auger, L'Abbe, Alhanase, classical 
scholar, translator, born. 

Barthez, Paul Joseph, physician, born. 

Berwick, Duke of, James FiU-James, mar- 
shal, A64. 

Chastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen- 
eral, author, born. 

Dion is <lu Sejour, Achille P., geometrician, b. 

Dorat, Claude Joseph, poet, born. 

Lantier, Etienne Francois de, author, born. 

Pourchot, Edmc, philosopher, A83. 

Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, states- 
man, born. 

"Villars, Due de, Claude Louis Hector, gen- 
eral, A81. 
1735 * * Crevecceur, Hector Saint Jean de, 
agriculturist, born. 

Keilermann, Francois Christophe, Due de 
Valmy, marshal, born. 

Vertot, Rene Aubert. de, historian, A80. 
1736* * Badly, .lean Sylvain, astronomer, 
philosopher, statesman, born. 

Boissieu, Jean Jacques de, engr., born. 

Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, phil., horn. 

Duquay-Trouin, Ken*-, admiral, A63. 

Eugene, Prince. Francois Fugene de Savoie, 
general, A73. 

Houel, Jean P. L. L., painter, engraver, b. 

Levesque, Pierre Charles, historian, trans- 
lator, born. 

Lagrange, Joseph Louis, geometrician, h. 

Linguet, Simon N. H., advocate, polemical 

1737* *Anselm, Antoine, pulpit orator, 

poet, A85. 
Buffier, Claude, philosopher, A76. 
Estrees, Due d', Victor Marie, admiral, 

statesman, A77. 
Gnyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, chem* 

ist, scientific writer, horn. 
Hecquet, Philippe, physician, author, A76. 
Lemoine, Francois, painter, A49. 



FRANCE. 



1718,* *-1737, 



699 



Regis, Jean I'-aptisI- 1 <U\ i^'ot^rapher, A72±. 
Saint Pierre, Jacques Jienri ISernardin de, 
author, born. 

CHURCH, 
1721 * * Rome. Innocent III. is pope. 
[1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII.; 
1740, Benedict XIV.] 
1724 May 14. Paris. Louis XV. pro- 
claims [the last] severe law against the 
Protestants. It attempts to force them 
into the Catholic Church. 



1725** The "Appellants," led by 
Cardinal de Noailles, appeal from the 
Pope's bull "Unigenitus" to a general 
council, but without success. 

1730± * * The bishop of Senez is sus- 
pended, and banished from his diocese, 
for opposing the bull Unigenitus. 

* * Paris. Persecution of the Jansenists. 

A struggle occurs between Louis XV. 
and the parliament concerning the en- 
forcement of a second registration of 
the papal edict. 

* * -44 * * The Protestants enjoy com- 
parative quiet. 

1732 Aug. 8. Paris. A royal order 
forbids the magistrates to receive ap- 
peals respecting the matter in dispute. 
[They return a positive refusal, and are 
exiled from Paris.] 

* * Paris. Many miracles are alleged to 
occur at the cemetery of St. Me^dard, 
a Jansenist saint. The archbishop of 
Paris attributes them to Satan. 

Extravagances and excesses are al- 
leged against the "Convulsion- 
naires" in their nocturnal meetings. 

The Government closes the gates of 
the cemetery of St. Me"dard against 
the Jansenists. 

LETTERS. 

1713 * * Petit Camere of ten. sermons, 
by Jean Baptiste Massillon, appears. 
[1723-42, Discours synodaux.] 

* * Doctrine of Chances, a translation by 
Abraham de Moivre, appears. 

* * -20 * * L'Europe Savante is issued. 

1719 * * lie flexions critiques sur lapoisie 
ct lapeinture, by Jean Baptiste Dubos, 
appears. 

* * Histoire des revolutions de la re'pu- 
blique romaine, by Vertot d'Aubert, ap- 
pears. [1726. Histoire des chevaliers de 
Matte.] 

1720 * * Dictionary of the Bible, by Dom 
Augustine Calmet, appears. 

* *-40* * Bibliotheque germanique is 
issued. 

* * -24 * * Memoires Lit tir aires de la 
Grande Bretagne is issued. 

± * * Memoires, by Mme. La Duchesse 
D'Orl^ans, appears. 

1721 * * Les Lettres Persanes, by Mon- 
tesquieu, appears. 



1727 * * Philosopke Marie, by Philippe 
N^ricault Destouches, appears. [1732, 
Glorieux.] 

* * Histoire de Vancicn gouvernement de la 
Prance and L'Etat de la France, by 
Comte Henri de Boulainvilliers, appear. 
[1731, Histoire des Arabes.] 

1728* *The old Mercure Galant [now 
Nouveau Mercure] is changed to Mercure 
de France. 

* *-30* * La Spectatrice is issued. 

* * -58 * * Bibliotheque Paisonne'e des 
Ouvrages des Savants is issued. 

1730 * * Jeu de Vamour et du hasard, by 
Marivaux, appears. [1731-42, Marianne ; 
1735, Pay son 1'aree/i it ; 1736, Faitsses 
confidences and Le Legs.] 

* * -38 * * Ancient History, by Charles 
Rollin, appears. [1738-41, History of 
Pome.] 

1731 * * Charles XII., by Voltaire, ap- 
pears. [1732, Aug. 13, Jtfaire. 1733, Let- 
tres Philoseijif/i(/ues sur les Anglais and 
Temple du Goat; 1736, Alzire.) 

* * Lettres de fa marquise, by Claude Pros- 
per Jolyot de Crebilluii, appears, [1736, 
Egare du cozur et de I* esprit: 1745, 
Sophia.] 

1733 * * Histoire Litteraire de la France 
is begun by the Benedictines. 

* * Fausse antipathic, by Pierre Claude 
Nivelle de la Chausse, appears. 

* * Manon Lescaut, by L'Abbe" Prevost, 
appears. 



1723 * * Ines de Castro, by Antoine Hou- 
dart de la Motte, appears. 

* * -40 * * Le Pour et le Contre is issued. 

* * History of England from the Roman 
Conquest to the Death of Charles I., by 
Paul de Rapin, appears. 

1724 Mar. 4. Marianne, by Voltaire, 
appears. [Later, La Henriade.] 

1726 * * -31 * * Traite des Etudes, by 
Charles Rollin, appears. 



1734 * * Considerations sur les causes de 
la grandeur dm domains et de leur deca- 
dence t by Montesquieu, appears. 

* * Usage des remains, by Lenglet du 
Fresnoy, appears. 

* * Histoire critique de fesiablissement de 
la monarchic ifrangaise dans les Gaules, 
by Dubos, appears. 

* * Vert-Vert, by Jean Baptiste Louis 
Gresset, appears. 

* *-48* * Supplement des Nouvelles Ec- 
cUsiastiejues is issued. 

1735 * * Prejuge a la mode, by le Chausse, 
appears. [1741, Melanide; 1744, Ecole 
des Meres.] 

* * -43 * * Observations sur les Ecrits 
Modemes is issued. 

1736 * * Les poemes de la Pucelle, by Vol- 
taire, appears. 

* * -59 * * Essay on Moral Philosophy, 
The Balistic Arithmetic, The Measure of 
the Northern Degree, Discourse on tlie 
Figure of the Stars, ami several treatises 
on geometry, by P. L. M. de Maupertuis, 
appear. 

SOCIETY. 

1719 * * Paris. Avarice, corruption, and 
licentiousness abound. John Law's 
*' Mississippi Scheme," for the coloniza- 
tion of Louisiana, becomes popular as 
a short cut to wealth. [Thousands of 
families are involved in financial ruin.] 

1720 * * Paris. John Law, hooted and 
imperiled, is driven out of France. 

STATE. 

1718 * * The conspiracy of the Prince 
of Cellamare, the Spanish ambassador, 
the Duchess of Maine, and others, to de- 
pose the regent, Orleans, is discovered, 
and the conspirators are punished. 

* * Law's bank is made the Royal Bank 
of France, with exclusive authority to 
coin money, the privileges of the old 
East India Company, the trade of Loui- 
siana and the Mississippi, the tobacco 



monopoly, and the right of receiving all 
taxes and government imposts. 

It issues notes to the extent of 3,000,- 
()0o,(H)O francs, based on the land of the 
kingdom ; its shares rise to twenty-fold 
the original value — more than SO times 
the amount of the specie of France. 
1719 Jan. 10. France declares war 
against Spain. 



1720 Jan. 25. Spain accepts the terms 

of the Quadruple Alliance. 
May * An edict practically acknowledges 

the insolvency of the Royal Bank. 
July * The Mississippi Scheme fails, 

the Royal Bank suspends payment ; 

panic and financial disaster follow. 

1722 * * The king assumes the govern- 
ment. 

1723 * * The Duke of Bourbon (Louis 
Henri) becomes prime minister. 

1725 Sept. 4. Louis XV. marries 
Marie Leszcynski, a daughter of Stan- 
islaus, the exiled King of Poland. 

1726 June * The Due de Bourbon is 
dismissed, and Cardinal Fleury be- 
comes prime minister. 

1728 June 14. At the Congress of 
Soissons a [temporary] arrangement is 
made of points in dispute between Aus- 
tria and Spain, France and England. 

1729 Nov. 9. Sp. A treaty of peace 
is signed by France, Great Britain, and 
Spain at Seville, to end the war between 
England and Spain. England retains 
Gibraltar, and the three powers unite in 
close alliance. (SeejGreat Britain.) 

1733 * * -35 * * The war of the Polish 
succession follows the death of Augus- 
tus II. 

It is caused by rival claimants for the 
throne; a majority of the nobles elect Stan- 
islaus Leszcynski, tin- father-in-law of Louis 
XV. of France, whose influence is exerted 
in the election; a minority, under the influ- 
ence of Russia and Austria, elect Augustus 
III., Elector of Saxony, and provide an 
armed force to sustain the election against 
France, Spain, and Sardinia. 

Oct. 19. A treaty of alliance is formed 
between France, Spain, and Sardinia. 

1735 Oct. 3. PreHminaries of peace 
are signed at Vienna between France 
and Austria. 

It ends the war of the Polish succes- 
sion ; Stanislaus I. abandons his claim 
on Poland, and receives the duchies of 
Lorraine and Bar, which after his de- 
cease fall to France. 

1736 * * Corsica. Revolutionists over- 
throw the authority of Genoa, and es- 
tablish a kingdom, with Theodore Neu- 
hoff as king. [He soon goes to England 
for aid, and dies there.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1720 * * The gold-fields on the banks of 
the Mississippi are found to be a myth, 
and every shareholder is anxious to sell. 
[Shares worth £160,000 a year ago are 
now sold for a sovereign.] 

* *-26** More than 80.000 victimsto the 
plague fall at Marseilles ; the disease 
was brought from Syria in a vessel. 

1734 June 24. The Anzin coal-mines, 
near Valenciennes, North France, are 
first opened. 



700 1737, * *-1754, Jan. * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1741 Sept. * Aust. The French with 

the Bavarians invade Austria. 
JSTov. 26. -Bohemia. Prague is taken 

by the French and Bavarians. [1742. 

Dec. * The French under Marshal Belle 

Isle retreat.] 

1743 June 27. Ger. The French un- 
der Marshal Noailles and the Due de 
Grammont are defeated at Dettingen 
by the British and German allies of 
Maria Theresa under George II. of Eng- 
land and the Earl of Stair. 

1744 Feb. 11. The French and Span- 
ish fleets defeat the British off Toulon. 

JMar. 15. "War is declared against Great 

Britain. 
Oct. 16. Ger. The French capture 

Munich. 

1745 May 11. Belg. The French un- 
der Louis XV. and Marshal Saxe defeat 
the allies at Fontenoy. [Several of the 
principal cities of Flanders surrender.] 

1746 May 19. Belg. Antwerp is 
taken by Marshal Saxe. 

June 4. It. The French and Spaniards 
are defeated at St. Lazaro by the Sar- 
dinians and Imperialists. 

June 16. It. The Imperialists and Sar- 
dinians under Prince Lichtenstein de- 
feat the French and Spaniards at Pia- 
cenza. 

'Sept. 19. Belg. Marshal Saxe takes 
Namur. 



Oct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe defeats 
the Austrians and their allies under 
Charles of Lorraine at Raucoux. [1747. 
Saxe is made marshal-general of France.] 



1747 Apr. 17. Louis declares war 
against Holland. [Marshal Saxe and 
106,000 men cross the frontier, and take 
the fortresses lining the Scheldt from 
Antwerp to the sea.] 

JMay 13. The French fleet of 38 sail 
is captured off Cape Finisterre by the 
British Adm. Anson. 

June 16. The French "West-India fleet 
is captured by the British Commodore 
Fox. 

July 2. Neth. Saxe defeats the Duke 
of Cumberland with a loss of 8,000 men 
at Laffeldt. 

July 19. The Sardinians defeat the 
French at Exilles. 

Sept. 15. Neth. Bergen- op-Zoom is 
taken by Saxe. 

Oct. 14. The British Adm. Hawke de- 
feats the French fleet off Belle Isle. 

1748 May 7- Neth. Maestricht sur- 
renders to the French under Saxe. 

Apr. * Suspension of hostilities. 
Oct. 18. Peace. (See State.) 

1750 Nov. 30. Marshal Saxe dies. 

1751 * * Paris. The Military Acad- 
emy is established. 

* * _54 * * e. I. War with the English. 

■* * E. X. Col. Robert Clive captures and 
defends Arcot against the French. The 
French are victorious at Trichinopli. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1738 * * Bouguer makes the first attempt 
to measure the earth's density. 

1747 * * Turkey-red dye is introduced. 

1749 * * Georges Louis Leclerc Buffon's 
Natural History appears. [It is trans- 
lated into all the languages of Europe.] 

1750* * Louis Daubenton's Anatomy 
appears. 

* * Paris. Machines for making cards 
are invented by a Bavarian. 

1751* *Lelande is sent to Berlin to 
make observations on the distance of 
the moon from the earth. 

1752* * Jeroboam, painted by Jean Ho- 
nor^ Fragonard, receives the grand 
prix de Rome. 

1753* * Paris. Bouguer invents the 
heliometer for measuring small angles. 

± * * Encaustic painting is perfected by 
Count Caylus. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1738* * Beausobre, Isaac de, Protestant cler- 
gyman, theologian, A79. 

Blanchard, Francois, aeronaut, born. 

Delille, L'Abb§, Jacques, poet, born. 

Fleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret, 
navigator, hydrographer, statesman, born. 

Guillotin, Joseph Ignatius, physician, in- 
ventor of guillotine, born. 

Lahat, .lean Kaptiste, monk, missionary, au- 



Bouille, Francois Claude Amour de, gen- 
eral, writer, born. 

Chalgrin, Jean F. T., architect, born. 

Dufay, Charles Francois de Cisternay, physi- 
cist, A 41. 

Dumouriez, Charles Francois, general, born. 

Drevet, Pierre, engraver, A42. 

Entrecasteaux, Joseph A. B. d*, admiral, b. 

La Harpe. Jean Frangois de. dramatist, 
critic, born. 

Lebrun, Due de, Charles Francois Piacenza, 
statesman, author, born. 

Vaniere, Jacques, Latin poet, A75. 
1740* * Camus, Armand Gaston, legislator, 
writer, born. 

Carrere, Joseph B. F., physician, born. 

Cavalier, Jean, leader of Cainisards, A61±. 

Charriere, Madame de Saint- Hyacinthe de, 
Isabelle Agnes Van Tuyel, novelist, born. 

Custine, Comte de, Adam Philippe, born. 

Gagnier, John, orientalist, A70. 

Imbert, Joseph <;abriel, painter, A86. 

Lafitau, Joseph F.. Jesuit missionary, dies. 

Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, mechanician, 
inventor, born. 

Oberlin, .lean Frederic, philan., reformer, b. 
1741 * * Barthelemon, Francois H., musi- 
cian, born. 

Chamfort (Champfort), Sebastien Rocb 
Nicolas, poet, litterateur, born. 

Coste\ Jean Francois, physician, writer, b. 

Gretny, Andre Ernest Modeste, composer, 
born. 

Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, born. 

Laclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolutionist, au- 
thor, born. 

La Perouse, Comte de, Jean Francois de 
Galaup, navigator, born. 

Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, diplomatist, b. 

Montfauoon, Bernard de, antiquary, critic, 
philologist, A86. 

Rollin, Charles, historian, A80. 

Rousseau, Jean Baptiste, poet, A71. 
1742* * Bourguet, Louis, antiquary, natu- 
ralist, A64. 

Brurnoy, 1'terre, classical scholar, A54. 

Dombey, Joseph, botanist, traveler, born. 

Dorigny, Louis, painter, engraver, A88±. 

Dubos, Jean Bapliste, publicist, critic, A72. 

Dupuis, Charles Francois, philosopher, sa- 
vant, bqrn. 

Massillon, Jean Baptiste, pulpit ora., A79. 

Portal, Antoine, Karon, physician, born. 

Sicard, L'Abbe, Roch A. C, teacher of deaf 
mutes, horn. 
1743 * * Auvigny, Jean du Castre d', writer, 
A38+. 

Condorcet, Marquis de, Marie J. A. K. C, 
metaphysician, born. 

Dutiable, Jean Baptiste, Jesuit, geographer, 



Fleury, Andre Hercule de, cardinal, states- 
man, A90. 

Geoffroy, Julien Louis, critic, editor, born. 

Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author, 
soldier, born. 

Haiiy, L'Abbe, Rene Just, mineralogist, b. 

Latour d' Auvergne, Tbeophile M. C. de, 
army officer, born. 

Lavoisier, Antoine L., chemist, born. 

Legrand, Jacques Guilhumie. architect, b. 

Rigaud, Hyacmtlie, portrait painter, A81. 

Saint-Pierre, Charles Irenee Castel de, 
clergyman, writer, A85. 

1744 * * Avril, Jean Jacques, engraver, b. 
Barbeyrac, Jean, jurist. historian, A71. 
Bertrand de Molleville, Marquis de, Antoine 

Francois, statesman, born. 
Bosquillion, Edouard F. M., physician, b. 
Callet, Jean Francois, mathematician, born. 
Campra, Andre, composer, A84. 
Capperonmer. Claude, linguist, critic, A73. 
Desault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, horn. 
Duvoisin, Jean Baptiste, bishop of Nantes, 

theological writer, born. 
Lamarck. Chevalier, Jean B., P. A. de M., 

naturalist, born. 
Marat. Jean Paul, revolutionist, born. 
Mechain, Pierre Francois, astronomer, born. 

1745 * * Auguis, Pierre Jean B., revolution- 

Desfontaines, Pierre Francois Guyot, 

critic, A60. 
Desmaiseaux, Pierre, scholar, author, A79. 
Fourmont, Etienne, orientalist, author, A62. 
Freteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel M. M. 

P., politician, born. 
Kerguelen-Tremarec, Yves J. de, navigator, 

Montgolfier, Jacques Etienne, inventor of 

balloon, born. 
Pinel, Philippe, physician, alienist, born. 
Portalis, Jean E. M., jurist, statesman, born. 
Vanloo, Jean Baptiste, painter, A61. 

1746 * * Banldeloeqne, Jean Louis, surg., b. 
Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, electri- 

Chaussier, Francois, anatomist, born. 

Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, A68. 

Dorigny, Sir Nicolas, engraver, A89. 

Genlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicite, mis- 
cellaneous writer, born. 

L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, bota- 
nist, born. 

Maury, Jean Siffrein, cardinal, pulpit orator, 
politician, born. 

Michaux, Andre, botanist, born, 
, Monge, Gaspard, Comte de Peluze, geome- 
trician, born. 

Roland, Philip, sculptor, born. 
1747* * Biron, Due de, Armand Louis de 
Gontaut, Due de Lauznn, gen., pol., born. 

Bonneval, Comte de, Claude Alexandre, ad- 
venturer, A72. 

Bourne, Vincent, scholar, writer, A49. 

Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de Stanislas, 
statesman, born, 

Denon, Dominique V., Baron, archeol., born. 

Fouquier-Tinville, revolutionist, public 
prosecutor, born. 

La Rochefoucauld- Liancourt, Due de, Fran- 
cois Alexandre Frederic, philan., pol., b. 

Le Sagre. Alain Rene\ romancer, drama- 
tist, A79. 

Orleans, Due d', Louis Philippe Joseph, 
PhUippe Egalite, statesman, born. 

1748 * * Agier, Pierre Jean, judge, born. 
Bansset, Louis Francois de, cardinal, au., b. 
Berthollet, Claude Louis, chemist, horn. 
Chainbon de Montaux, Meolas, physician, b. 
David, Jacques Louis, painter, born. 
Ginguene, Pierre Louis, critic, author, born. 
Girard, Gabriel, grammarian, A71+. 
Jussieu, Antoine Laurent, botanist, born. 
Sieyes, L'Abbe, Emmanuel Joseph, publicist, 

born. 
Vicq-d'Azyr, Felix, anatomist, born. 

1749 * * Berquin, Arnaud, writer, born. 
Kousmard, Henri J. B. de, military eng., b. 
Ccrisier, Antoine Marie, historian, born. 
Chastelet, Marquise, r.abrieiie, scientific au- 
thor, A43. 

Delambre, Jean Baptiste Joseph, astron., b. 
Freret, Nicolas, antiq., historical critic, A61. 
Garat, Dominique. Joseph, revolutionist, b. 
Lamballe, I'rincessc de, .Marie Therese Louise 

de Savoie-Carignan, born. 
Laplace, Pierre Simon, astron., math., b. 
Mirabeau, Comte de, Honore Cabriel de 

Riquetti, orator, statesman, born. 

1750 * * Abrail, Joseph Andre", statesman, b. 
Allart, Mary r.ay, novelist, born. 
Arnould, Ambrose Marie, political econo- 
mist, born. 

Aubry, Francois, revolutionist, born. 
Baeri, Baron, Alexandre Balthasar Francois 
de Paule, senator, author, born. 



FRANCE. 



1737, **-1754, Jan. *. 701 



Bergasse, Nicolas, jurist, writer, born. 
Bonaparte, Letitia, mother of Napoleon, b. 
Brueys, Francois Paul, admiral, born. 
Chopart, Francois, surgeon, born. 
Collot d" Herbois, Jean Marie, revolution- 
ist, born. 
Cornet, Comte de, Mathieu Augustin, states- 

Dolom'ieu, Deodat G. S. T. de Gratet de, 
geologist, born. 

Ferrand, Count, Antoine Francois Claude, 
author, born. 

Francois de Neufchateau, N. L., writer, poli- 
tician, born. 

Girard, Stephen, merchant, banker, million- 
aire, born. 

Meissonier, Justus A., painter, sculptor, arch- 
itect, A55. 

Petit, Jean Louis, surgeon, A76. 

Savary, Nicolas, traveler, author, born. 

Villoison, Jean Uaptiste (iaspard d'Ansse de, 
Greek scholar, born. 

Nov. 30. Saxe, Comte de, Hermann 
Maurice, general, A54. 
1751* * Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', 
chancellor, nnitor, legislator, author, A83. 

Gilbert, Nicolas J. L., poet, born. 

Lacre telle, Pierre Louis de, lawyer, writer, b. 

Lally-Tollendal, Marquis de, Tropuime G., 
politician, born. 

La Mettrie, J alien Offray, de, philos., A42. 

Sonnini de Manoncourt, Charles Nicholas 
Sigisbert, naturalist, born. 

1752 * * Athenas, rural economist, born. 
Beurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel, 

marshal, statesman, born. 
Cabarrus, Francois, merchant, born. 
Campan, Jeanne Louise Henriette Genest, 

teacher, author, born. 
Choiseul-Gourner, Comte de, Marie Gabriel 

F. A , traveler, author, born. 
Folard, Jean Charles de, soldier, military 

writer, A83. 
dullard, Nicolas Francois, lyric poet, born. 
Jacquard, Joseph M., inventor Jacquard 

loom, horn. 
Legendre. Adrien Marie, math., born. 
Louis, Due d'Orleans, A 49. 

1753 * * Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', dra- 
matic poet, A53-t. 

Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Wa- 
gram, marshal, born. 

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, mathe- 
matician, strategist, born. 

Chardon de la Rochette, Simon, philologist, 
Hellenist, born. 

Dalayrae, Nicolas, musical composer, born. 

Dumas, Comte Mathieu, general, author, b. 

Parny, Evariste Desire De Forges de,poet,b. 

Pigault-Lehrun, Charles Antoine Guillaume, 
novelist, born. 

Segur, Comte de, Louis Philippe, statesman, 
author, born. 

Vaillant, Francois Le, traveler, naturalist, b. 

CHURCH. 

1744 * * The Protestants hold their first 

public National Synod. (See 1559.) 

* * Protestants enjoy external peace, but 
the Reformed Church declines, chiefly 
for the lack of trained and educated pas- 
tors ; fanaticism disturbs its peace. 

1749 * * Paris. An edict of mortmain 
is issued, prohibiting the foundation of 
new religious establishments, and order- 
ing a survey of ail ecclesiastical property 
for the purpose of taxation ; the clergy 
■ are exasperated. 

* * Paris. Archbishop Beaumont renews 
the persecution of the Jansenists, who 
are supposed to be the authors of the 
obnoxious edicts. 

* * Cures are ordered not to absolve the 
dying unless they have attested their 
acceptance of the bull Unigenitus ; 
society is shaken by the struggle of all 
orders and parties. 

+ * * Paris. Freethinkers, headed by 
Voltaire, scoff at religion, and plot for 
the overthrow of established ideas. 

LETTERS. 

1737 * * Treatise on the Attack of Places, 
and. Treatise on the Defense of Places, 
by Sebastien Le P. de Vauban, appear. 



1738 * * Metromanie, by Alexis Piron, ap- 
pears. 

1740 * * ParalHle des Remains et des 
Frangais, by Gabriel Bonnet Mably, ap- 
pears. 

± * * Mimoires, by Louis de Rouvray, Due 
de Saint-Simon, appears. 

1741 * * Mahomet, by Voltaire, appears 
at Brussels. [1742, Merope appears at 
Paris.] 

* * Memoir on the Integral Calculus, by 
Jean le Bond d'Alembert, appears. 
[1743, Treatise on Dynamics: 1746,0??. the 
General Theory of the Winds.] 

1742 * * Confession du Comte de , by 

Charles P. Duclos, appears. [1749, Con- 
siderations sur les ma'iirs de ce siecle.] 

1744* * Compendium of the History of 
France, by Charles C." J. Henault, ap- 
pears. 

* * -48 * * Mimoires Secrets de la Repu- 
blique des Lettres is issued. 

1745 * * Dialogue de Sylta et d'Eztcrate, 
by Montesquieu, appears. 

* * Account of a, Voyaye in South America, 
by Charles M. La Condamine, appears. 
[1749, The .Figure of the Earth deter- 
mined.] 

* * Sur le merite et la vertu, by Diderot, 
appears. [1746, Philosophic Doubts; 
1747, Sceptics' Walk; 1749, Lettre sur les 
aveugtes.'] 

* * Histoire naturelle de VAme, by Julien 
Offrayde de Lamettrie, appears. [1747, 
La faculte vengee; 1748, IJ Homme ma- 
chine and V Homme plante.} 

1746 * * Introduction to the Knowledge of 
the Human Mind, by Marquis de Vau- 
venargues, appears. 

* * Essay on the Origin of Human Knowl- 
edge, by Condillac, appears. [1749, 
Traiti des Systemes.] 

* * -59 * * Nouvelli! Uibliotheque Brita?i- 
nique is issued. 

1747 * * Gouvernante, by La Chausse, ap- 
pears. 

* * Mechant, by Jean Baptiste Louis Gres- 
set, appears. 

* * Mimoires sur la vie de Jean Racine, by 
Louis Racine, appears. [Later, a trans- 
lation of Paradise Lost.] 

1748 * * Droit publique de P Europe, by 
Mably, appears. [1751, Observations sur 
les Romains.] 

* * V Histoire. du Stat houderat, by L'Abb£ 
Raynal, appears. 

* * Esprit des Lois, by Montesquieu, ap- 
pears. 

1749 * * -52 * * Observations sur la Lit- 
tirature Moderne is issued. 

* * -54 * * Letters on Certain Contempo- 
rary Writings is issued by £lie C. Fre- 

* * -85 * * Histoire naturelle, generate, et 
particuliere, by Jean Louis Leclere, 
Count of Buff on, appears. 

* * Jean Jacques Rousseau takes the 
prize offered by the Academy of Dijon 
for an essay on the effect of the progress 
of civilization on morals. 

1750 * * Ri flexions philosophiques sur 
Vorigine des animaux and Les animaux 
phis que machines, by Lamettrie, ap- 
pears. 

* *-57* * Journal Britannique is issued. 

1751 * * Journal of an Expedition made 
by Order of the King to the Equator, by 
La Condamine, appears. 



'< *_77* * The Encyclopaedia appears; 
it is first conducted by Diderot and 
D'Alembert, afterwards by Diderot 
alone. 



* * Diatribe du Docteur Alcakia, by Vol- 
taire, appears. 

* * The operetta Devin du Village, by 
Jean Jacques Rousseau, appears. 

[1753, Sur la Musiqite fraueaise and Dis- 
cours sur P economic politique : 1755, Dis- 
cours sur Porigine et les fondements de 
Vinegalite parmi Its hommes.] 

* * Pieces fugitives, by Michel Jean Se- 
daiue, appears. 

1753 * * Histoire de la pairie de France et 
du partem ent de Pans, by Boulainvil- 
liers, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1745 * * -64 * * Paris. The Marquise 
de Pompadour, the king's mistress,, 
has a remarkable influence over him. 

"When her attractions wane, she main- 
tains her empire by sanctioning the infa- 
mous seraglio, called Pare aux Cerfs,. 
in her beautiful retreat at Marseilles. 



STATE. 

1738 Nov. 18. The Treaty of Vienna 

is signed between France and Austria. 

It ratifies the preliminaries of peace; 
Lorraine is ceded to France ; France re- 
signs Milan and Mantua to the emperor ; 
Austria cedes the Two Sicilies to Don 
Carlos of Spain, as a secundogeniture; 
he cedes Parma and Piacenza to Aus- 
tria ; the Duke of Lorraine receives 
Tuscany. 

1740 * * France aids Charles Albert, 
Elector of Bavaria, in his claim to the 
throne of Austria on the death of the 
Emperor Charles VI. 

1743 Jan. 29. Cardinal Fleury dies,, 
and the king takes the government 
into his own hands ; Marquise de Cha- 
teauroux is the power behind the throne. 

1744 Mar. 15. France declares war 
against Great Britain. 

May* Neth. Louis XV. invades the 
country. 

June 5. A secret treaty is formed be- 
tween Frederick II. and France. 

An alliance is formed at Frankfort, 
uniting France, Prussia, the Emperor 
Charles VII., and Sweden, against Aus- 
tria. 

1745 * * -64 * * Madame de Pompa- 
dour, the king's chief mistress, rises to 
power and influence in public affairs. 

1747 Apr. 17. Louis declares war 
against Holland. 

1748 Oct. 18. The Treaty of Aix-la- 
Chapelle, between France, Great Brit- 
ain, Holland, Germany, Spain, and 
Genoa, is signed. (See Austria.) 

1749 * * A tax is levied of one-twentieth 
of all incomes, including those of the 
privileged orders. 

A struggle occurs between the Church, 
the Parliament, and the Crown relating 
to taxes and billets de confession. 

1753 * * The Royal Chamber is estab- 
lished to do the work of refractory ma- 
gistrates. [1754, Suppressed.] 

1754 Jan.±* Disputes arise with Eng- 
land concerning territory in America 
and trading-posts in the East Indies. 



702 1754, May *-1768, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1754 May* U.S.A. The English send 
Maj. George "Washington of Virginia 
to Ohio to stop the erection of French 
forts. 

1755+ * * The struggle for supremacy 
in the New World begins ; France and 
England engage in the Seven Years* 
"War, called the French and Indian war 
in America. (See America.) 

July 9. TJ. S. A. The British Gen. 
Braddock is defeated and killed by the 
French near Fort Du Quesne. (See 
America.) 

* * Corsica. Pasquale de Paole is chosen 
generalissimo of the Corsicans. [For 
ten years he sustains conflicts with in- 
surrectionists and the Genoese.] 

1756 May 17. England declares war 
against France. 

July * The French attack and take the 
Island of Minorca from the English. 

1757 * * Ger. Hanover is invaded by 
the French. 

Nov. 5. Prus. Frederick the Great, 
commanding 22.000 Prussians, utterly 
defeats the united armies of the French 
under Marshal Soubise and the Impe- 
rialists under the Prince of Sase-Hild- 
burghausen at Rossbach; Prussian 
loss, 5,000± ; allies, 1,700 killed and 7,000 
prisoners. 

1758 June 23. Prus. The Prussians 
under Ferdinand of Brunswick defeat 
the French under the Comte de Cler- 
mont at Krefeld. [After several small 
battles the French are forced to retreat 
from the Elbe to the Rhine.] 

June * The British burn over 100 French 
vessels in Cancale Bay. 



* * The fortifications of Cherbourg are de- 
stroyed by the English. 

1759 Jan. 2. Prus. The French sur- 
prise and capture Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

Apr. 13. Prus. The allies are defeated 

at Bergen. (See Germany.) 
Aug. 1 . Ger. The French are defeated 

at Mi n den. (See Germany.) 
Sept. 13. Can. The French are defeated 

in Canada. France loses an empire in 

the New World by the fall of Quebec. 

(See p. 574.) 

* * E.I. The British Adm. Pocock de- 
feats the French fleet. 

Nov. 20. Adm. Hawke with 23 English 
vessels annihilates a French fleet of 
21 vessels under Comte de Conflans off 
Belle Isle, in Quiberon Bay. 

* *PJ. I. The French lose nearly all 
their military power in the success of 
the British. (See India.) 

1760 Feb.* Ire. Com. Thurot with 
1,800 men invades Ireland ; is unsuc- 
cessful and retreats. [Feb. 21. He is 
met at the Isle of .Man by British ships, 
defeated, and killed.] 

July 31. Prus. Ferdinand defeats the 
French at Warburg. 

1761 June 7. Belle Isle is captured 
by the English. 

1763 Feb. 10. Peace. (See State.) 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1756 Feb. 4. A mummy is disin- 
terred near Auvergne. 

* * The St. Cloud porcelain manufactory 
is removed to Sevres. 

1761* *The sun's distance is first 
measured by the transit of Venus ; Jo- 
seph Delisle's method is introduced. 

1763 * * Paris. Aquatinta is greatly 
improved. 

1764** Paris. The [Panthe'on] is com 
menced as the Church of St. Genevieve ; 
it takes the form of a Greek cross, and 
Louis XV. supplies the funds. 

* * SO ** Paris. Joseph Louis Lagrange 
investigates the libration of the moon. 

* * Paris. Claude Francois Joseph, 
Count of Auxiron, [is said to have] sailed 
a little steamboat on the Seine. [1775. 
Jacques Perier said to have done the 
same. Claude Francois Dorothee, Mar- 
quis de Jouffroy, repeats the same ex- 
periment on the Doubs.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1754* * Brissot de Warville, Jean P., Gi- 
rondist, writer, born. 
Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelledela,drania- 



Destouches. Philippe Nericault, drama- 
tist, A74. 

Halle, Jean Noel, physician, born. 

Joubert, Joseph, moralist, born. 

Kleber. Jean Baptiste. general, born. 

Moneey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de 
Conegliano, marshal, born. 

Perignon, Marquis de, Dominique Catherine, 
marshal, born. 

Feb. 13. Talleyrand-Perigord, Charles 
Maurice de, statesman, born. 

Mar. 17. Roland, Madame Marie Jeanne 
Philipon, Girondist, author, born. 

Aug. 23. Louis 2T7T., king, born. 
1755 * * Aiguebere, John Dumas, dram., A63. 

Barras. Paul Francois J. N. de. states- 
Bar &re de Vieuzac, Bertrand, revolu- 
tionist, born. 

Casabianca, Louis, naval captain, born. 

Cont6, Nicolas Jacques, painter, mechani- 
cian, born. 

Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, born. 

Fabre d'FJglantine. Philippe Francois Ja- 
cobin, born. 

Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, born. 

Foureroy, Antoine Francois, chemist, born. 

Gail, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, author, born. 

Hebert, Jacques Bene, demagogue, born. 

Humbert, Joseph Aiuahle, general, born. 

Labourdonnais, Bertrand Francois Mah(§ de, 
admiral, 56±. 

Lefebvre, Francois J., Due de Dantzig, mar- 
shal, born. 

Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, general, di- 
plomatist, born. 

Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, gram., born. 

Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois 
Marie Kiche, engineer, mathematician, b. 

Feb. 10. Montesquieu, Baron, Charles 
de Secondat, jurist, philosopher, A66. 

Nov. 2. Marie Antoinette, wife of Louis 
XVI., born. 

Nov. 17. Louis XViil., king, born. 
1758 * * Audran, Jean, engraver, A89. 

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, born. 

Cassas, Louis Francois, painter, architect, b. 

Cassini, Jacques, astronomer, A79. 

Dampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie 
Picot, general, born. 

Gallait, Jean Pierre, author, born. 

Lamolie, Jeanne de Valois, adventuress, b. 
1757* * Augereau, Pierre, Due de Casti- 
gliontS, marshal, born. 

Blissot, Jean, revolutionist, author, born. 

Boyer, Alexis, .surgeon, born. 

Cahanis, Pierre J. G., phys., philos., au., b. 

I 'almel, Auguslm, Benedictine moid:, Bibli- 
cal scholar, A85. 

Cartellier, Pierre, sculptor, born. 

Castel, Louis Bertrand, mathematician, A70. 

Fontanes, Marquis de, Louis, author, born. 

Fontenelle, Bernard le Bouvier de, advo- 
cate, philosopher, poet, misc. writer, A 100. 

Frochot, Comte, Nicolas Therese Benoit, ad- 
ministrator, born. 



Sept, 6. Lafayette, Marquis de, Marie 

Jean Paul Koch Yves Gilbert Motier, states- 
man, b. 

Oct. 9. Charles X., king, born. 
1758* * Abancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph 
Franqueville, minister, born. 

Boissy, Louis de, litterateur, A64. 

Bouguer, Pierre, mathematician, A60. 

Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, politi- 
cian, born. 

Eble, Jean Baptiste, general, born. 

Ganilh, Charh-s. economist, born. 

Gensonne, Armand, statesman, Girondist 
leader, born. 

Hulin, Comte, Pierre Augustine, general, b. 

La Grange, Joseph de Chaneel de, poet, A*2. 

Massena, Andre, Prince d'Essling, Due de 
Rivoli, marshal, born. 

Mounier, Jean Joseph, statesman, born. 

Proudhon, Jean Baptiste Victor, jurist, born. 

Saey, Baron de Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori- 
entalist, born. 

Vernet, Antoine C. Horace, painter, born. 

May 6. Robespierre. Maximilien Marie 
Isidore, revolutionist, born. 
1759 * * Adam, Lambert, sculptor, A59. 

Arhogast, Louis F. A., mathematician, born. 

Auhert du Bayet, Jean B. A., general, born. 

Audebert, Jean B., naturalist, engraver, b. 

Augustin, Jean B. J., miniature painter, b. 

Bonchnnip, Marquis, Charles Melchior Artus, 
general, born. 

Bosc, Louis Augustin Guil., naturalist, born. 

Chery, Philippe, historical painter, born. 

Coigny, Due de, Francois de Franquetot, 
marshal, A89. 

Danton, George Jacques, revolutionist, 

Leroy, J alien, horologist, author, A73. 

Millin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, naturalist, b. 

Montcalm, Marquis de, Louis Joseph, gen- 
eral, A 47. 

Maupertuis. Pierre Louis Moreau. math- 
ematician, A61. 

Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, orator, states- 
man, born. 
1760* * Assas, Chevalier d', Nicolas, cap- 
tain regiment of Auvergne, dies. 

Avrigny, Chas. J. La>uilhml d\ poet, born. 

Carrou, Guy Toussaint J ulien, cL, writer, b. 



author, born. 

Lameth, Comte de, Alexander Theodor Vic- 
tor, revolutionist, born. 

Landon, Charles Paul, painter, writer on 
art, born. 

Le Sueur, Jean Francois, musical comp., b. 

Louvet de Couvray, Jean Baptiste, revolu- 
tionist, born. 

Rouget de l'Isle, Claude Joseph, poet, born. 

Oct. 17. Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude 
Henri, socialist, philosopher, born. 

1761 * * Andreossi, Antoine Francois, mili- 
tary engineer, born. 

Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolutionist, 
born. 

Belidor, Bernard Forest de, engineer, mili- 
tary writer, A68. 

Bon de Saint-Hilaire, Francois Xavier, wr., 
scholar, A83. 

Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, b. 

Cellier, Dom Itemi, theologian, A73. 

Charlevoix, Pierre F. X., Jesuit, hist., A79. 

Daunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, author, b. 

Joly, Maria Elizabeth, actor, born. 

Moreau, Jean Victor, general, born. 

Pelletier, Bertrand, chemist, born. 

Plchegru. Charles, general, born. 

Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, born. 

Raynouard. Francois, J. M., misc. wr., b. 

1762 * * Allemand, Zacharie J. T., adm., b. 
Bessicres, Jean Baptiste, Due d' Istria, mar- 
shal, born. 

Bouchardon, Edme, sculptor, A64. 

Caignie/,, Louis Charles, dramatist, born. 

Caille, L'Abbe. Nicolas L.de la.asiron., A49. 

Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste. revolutionist, b. 

Championnet, Jean E., general, born. 

Chauvelin, Germain Louis de, statesman, 
A77. 

Chedel, Quentin Pierre, engraver, A57. 

Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, poet, dram- 
atist, A88. 

Daviel, -Jacques, oculist, A66. 

Desmoulins, Camille, revolutionist, au., b. 

Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, arch., b. 

Jourdan, Jean Baptiste, marshal, born. 

Latreille, Pierre Andre, naturalist, born. 

Poniatowski, Josef Anton, Polish general, 
marshal, born, 

Kouhilliae, Louis Francois, sculptor, A67. 

Vdlenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au- 
thor, born. 



FRANCE. 



1754, May *-1768,**. 703 



Oct. 30. Chenier, Andr6 Marie de. poet, 
born. 
1763 * * Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem- 
ist, born. 

Brune, Guillaume Marie Anne, marshal, b. 

Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, Jacobin dema- 
gogue, born. 

Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, born. 

Chappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, b. 

Drouais, Jean Germain, painter, born. 

Dupleix, Marquis Joseph., general, A66. 

Fesch, Joseph, cardinal arehbp. of Lyons, b. 

Fouche\ Joseph, Due d'Otrante, minister of 
police, born. 

Maret, Hugues B., Due de Bassano, states- 
man, born. 

Marivaux, Pierre Carlet de Chamblain de, 
dramatist, A75. 

JVtehul, Etienne Henri, composer, born. 

Prevost d'Exiles, Antoine Francois, au., A66. 

Racine, Louis, poet, A71. 

Koyer- Collar d, Pierre Paul, statesman, born. 

Talma, Francois Joseph, actor, horn. 

Vauquelin, Louis N., chemist, born. 

Villeneuve, Pierre C. J. B. S. de, adm., born. 

June 23. Josephine, Marie Josephe Rose 
Tascher dela Pagerie, wife of Napoleon I., 
born. 
1764* * Baheuf , Francois Noel, revolution- 
ist, born. 

Beauregard, Charles Victor, general, born. 

Chenier, Maria Joseph de, poet, dram., b. 

Damas, Francois Etienne, general, born. 

Didot, Firinin, publisher, typographer, born. 

Jouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, born. 

Legouve\ Gabriel Marie Jean Baptiste, dra- 
matic poet, born. 

Maistre, Comte de, Xavier, novelist, born. 

Percler, Charles, architect, born. 

Prevost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, born. 

Rameau, Jean Philippe, composer, au., A81. 

Victor, or Victor-Perrin, Claude, Due de 
Belluno, marshal, born. 

Apr. 15. Pompadour, Marquise de, 
Jeanne Antoinette, mistress of Louis XV-, 
A43. 

1765 * * Balechou, J. J. Nicolas, engr., A50. 
Barbier, Antoine A., bibliographer, horn. 
Berchoux, Joseph, poet, born. 

Clairaut, Alexis Claude, geometrician, A42. 

Crevier, Jean Baptiste, historian, A72. 

Curaudau, Francois R., chemist, inventor, b. 

Dutens, Joseph Michel, polit. economist, h. 

Dufrenoy, Adelaide ( iillette Billet, poet, b. 

Freron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, born. 

Genet, Edmond Charles, diplomatist, born. 

Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., born. 

Macdonald, Etienne Jacques J. A., Due 
de Tarente, marshal, horn. 

Niepce, Joseph Nieephore, chemist, one of 
the inventors of photography, born. 

Thihaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire, revolu- 
tionist, historical writer, horn. 

Vanloo, Charles Andre, painter, A60. 

Villers, Charles F. D. de, philosopher, born. 

1766 * * Albert, Jean Louis, physician, born. 
Allier, Louis, numismatist, born. 
Arnault, Vincent Antoine, author, born. 
Astruc, Jean, medical writer, teacher, A82. 
Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe, philosopher, born. 
Bertin, Louis Francois, journalist, born. 
Chaussard, Pierre .lean Baptiste, author, b. 
Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., born. 
Fonfrede, Jean B. B., politician, born. 
Grouchy, Marquis, Kininimuel, marshal, b. 
Lacretelle, Jean Charles de, historian, born. 
Larrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surgeon, b. 
Las Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D. M. 

J., companion of Napoleon, born. 

Lescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie de, Ven- 
dean chief, born. 

Maine de Biran, Marie F. P. G., metaphysi- 
cian, born. 

Noailles, Due de, Adrien Maurice, marshal, 
A88. 

Apr. 22, Stael-Holstein, Madame de, 
Baronue, Anne Louise Germaine, author, b. 

1767 * * Abauzit, Firmin, math., A88. 
Barbaroux, Charles Jean Marie, revolution- 
ist, born. 

Barraband, Pierre Paul, artist, born. 

Beauchamp, Alphonse de, author, born. 

Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, born. 

Bridaine, Jacques, pulpit orator, A66. 

Carpentier, Pierre, antiquary, author, A70. 

Constant de Rebecque, H. B., orator, states- 
man, writer, born. 

Daru, Comte, Pierre Antoine, statesman, 
writer, born. 

Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, drama- 
tist, born. 

Fievee, Joseph, litterateur, born. 

Girodet-Trioson, Anne L., painter, born. 

Isabey, Jean Baptiste, miniature painter, b. 

Michaud, Joseph, historian, born. 

Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Reggio, 
marshal, born. 



Fasquier, Due Etienne 1>., statesman, horn. 
Saint-Just, Antoine Louis L., revolutionist, 

1768 * * Almeras, Louis, general, born. 
Bonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I., 

King of Naples and Spain, born. 
Camus, Charles Etienne Louis, math., A69. 
Cheverus, Jean Louis A. M. L., cardinal, b., 
Corday, d' Annans Marie Anne C. de, 

heroine, horn, 
Delisle, Joseph Nicolas, astronomer, A80. 

CHURCH. 

1758 * * Rome. Clement XIII. is pope. 

1760 £ * *The principles of toleration 
begin to prevail ; the school of Voltaire 
encourages their diffusion. 

1762 Aug. 6. Paris. The parliament 
decrees the abolition of the Society of 
Jesus, secularizes its members, and con- 
fiscates its enormous property. 

1764 Nov. 26. Paris. A royal edict 
confirms the suppression of the Jesu- 
its. 

* *The corrupt state of the church 
multiplies infidels. 



LETTERS. 

1754 * * Traitt des Sensations, by Condil- 
lac, appears. 

* * -56 * * Researches on Various Impor- 
tant Point so/ the System of the Universe, 
by D'Alembert, appears. 

* * -62* * Le Journal Etranger is issued. 

* * -74 * * M&moires politiques de V Eu- 
rope, by L'Abbe" Raynal, appears. 

* * -80 * * Bibliotheque des Sciences et 
des Beaux Arts is issued. 

* * -90 * * The Literary Year is issued. 

* * Orphelin de la Chine, by "Voltaire, ap- 
pears. [1759, Candide.] 

1756 * * Philosophical and Literary Re- 
flections on the Poem o/ Natural Religion, 
by Antoine L. Thomas, appears. 

* * Fables and Stories of the French Poets 
from the 11th to the 16th Centuries, by 
'Etienne Barbazan, appears. 

1757 * * Fits naturel, by Diderot, ap- 
pears. [175S, Pere defamille.] 

1758 * * Economic Picture, by Francois 
Quesnay, appears. 

* * On the Mind, by Helvetius, appears. 

* * Lettre a d 'Alembert contre les Specta- 
cles, by Kousseau, appears. [1760, La 
Xouneile Heloise; 1762, < 'out rat Social, 
and Emile ; 1763, Lettrts de la Montague; 
1767, Dictionary of Music] 

* * -61 * * L' Observateur Litteraire is is- 
sued. 

1759 * * Compendium of the History of 
Spain and Portugal, by Charles C. J. 
H^nault, appears. 

* * Milanges de Li tte' rat lire et de la Philo- 
sophies and Elements of Philosophy, by 
D'Alembert, appears. 

* * Journal de Commerce is issued. 

* * -78 * * Journal des Dames is issued. 

* * -89 * * Mercurial.es, instructions, and 
other works, by Henri Francois D'Agues- 
seau, appears. 

* * Courrier de la Mode is issued. 

* * Philosophes, by Charles Palissot de 
Montenoy, appears. 

* * Claude Joseph Dorat writes Idie de la 
poe"sie allemande. 

1761 * * Contes moraux, by Marmontel, 

appears. [1763, Poetujue Fran raise; 1767, 

Belisaire.) 
1762* * -87 * * Memoires de Bachaumont 

is issued. 
1763 * * Warwick, by Jean F. de la Harpe, 

appears. 

* * Entretiens de Plwcion, by Mably, ap- 
pears. 



1764 * * Considerations sur le gourerne- 
ment de la France, by Marquis K. L. V. 
D'Argenson, appears. 

* * -66 * * Gazette LitUraire is issued. 



* * Philosophe sans le savoir, by Sedaine, 
appears. 

* * Siege de Calais, by Pierre Lau. de 
Belloy, appears. 

* * Observations sur Vhistoire de France, 
by Mably, appears. 

* * Eugenie, by Beaumarchais, appears. 

SOCIETY. 
1757 Jan. 5. Paris. Robert Francois 
Damiens, a servant, attempts to assas- 
sinate the king, and wounds him with a 
dagger. 

[Damiens is tortured ; his right hand 
is burned with a slow fire; he is torn 
with hot pincers, and burned with hot 
lead in open wounds, and his body torn 
apart by four horses.] 

1762 Mar. 9. Jean Calas is broken on 
the wheel at Toulouse on the charge of 
having put his son to death to prevent 
him from becoming a Catholic. 

STATE. 
1754 Sept. 4. Paris. Parliament re- 
enters, having triumphed over the court, 
and is welcomed by the people. 

1756 * * An alliance of Russia and Aus- 
tria to recover Silesia for the latter is 
joined by France; the Seven Years' 
"War follows. 

* * Paris. The parliament opposes the 
clergy and the court. 

Dec. * Paris. Louis enforces the regis- 
tration of edicts, and forbids parlia- 
ment to interfere with ecclesiastical 
disputes ; he orders that members must 
serve 10 years before they have the right 
to vote; 180 members resign, and the 
court yields. 

1757 Jan. 5. Robert Damiens attempts 
to assassinate the king with a penknife. 

1760 Sept. 8. Can. The French gov- 
ernor, the Marquis of Vaudreuil, signs 
a convention at Montreal surrendering 
Canada to the British Crown. 

1761 Aug. 15. The "Family Com- 
pact" is formed by Louis XV. and the 
king of Spain. It is a mutual guaran- 
ty of support against all enemies. 

1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris is 
concluded between France, Great Brit- 
ain, Spain, and Portugal. 

It ends the Seven Years' War. France sur- 
renders to England Cape Breton, all Canada, 
all Louisiana lying east of the Mississippi, 
Grenada, Tobago, St. Vincent, Dominique, 
Senegal i W-.'st Africa), and Minorca; France 
receives Martinique, St. Lucia, Belle Isle, her 
factories in the East Indies, the right of 
fishing on the coast, of Newfoundland, with 
the islandsof St. Pierre and Miquelon. Spain 
cedes Florida to England, and receives the 
western part of Louisiana, Havana, and other 
British conquests in Cuba. 

1766 * * Nancy is acquired. 

1767 May 15. Corsica. The Genoese, 
despairing of their ability to maintain 
authority, sell the entire island to 
France. 



704 1768, **-1783, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1769* * Corsica. A French force of 
20,000 under Count Vaux lands, and at- 
tacks and completely defeats Gen: Paoli 
[who barely succeeds in cutting his way 
through the. enemy and escaping to Eng- 
land on board an English frigate.] 

1777 Apr. * Marquis de Lafayette 
joins the Americans in the War of Inde- 
pendence. (See America.) 

1778 June 16. Two frigates, the Licorne 
and Beth' P»uk\ are raptured in the Eng- 
lish Channel by the British under Adm. 
Keppel. 

July 10. France declares war against 
England. 

July 27. A French fleet of 32 vessels, 
having left Brest to aid Americans, is 
driven back by a British fleet. 

1779 * * -82 * * Gibraltar is unsuccess- 
fully besieged by the French and Spanish. 

1781 Sept. 10. U.S.A. Comte de 
Grasse with a French fleet arrives in 
Chesapeake Bay. [Assisted by an Amer- 
ican naval force he blockades Lord 
Cornwallis at Yorktown. Oct. 19. Corn- 
wallis surrenders to Gen. Washington.] 

1782 Feb. 4. The French and Spanish 
fleets under Due de Crillon capture 
Minorca from the English after a siege 
of five months. 

Feb. * E. I. The British under Sir Ed- 
ward Hughes defeat the French in a 
series of naval battles. 

Apr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats 
the French fleet under Adm. de Grasse 
off Dominique. 

1782 Sept. 21. The English defeat 
the Spanish and French fleets in the 
Bay of Gibraltar. 

1783 Sept. 3. Peace. (See State.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1775 * * Laplace investigates and ex- 
plains the tides. 

1776* * Paris. Lagrange proves the sta- 
bility of the planetary orbits. 

1778 * * Antoine Laurent Lavoisier over- 
throws the theory of " phlogiston" by 
proving the action of oxygen. 

1779 July 27- Paris. A description of 
the celerifere, invented by Francois 
Blanchard, appears in the Journal de 
Paris. 

1780. A steamboat is sailed on the 
Saone, at Lyons, by the Marquis of Jouf- 
froy. [1783. Marquis de Jouffroy pro- 
pels a boat (pyroscaphe) on the Saone by 
means of a steam-engine.] 

* * Celestial inequalities are found by 
Lagrange. 

1782 Nov. * Joseph Michel Montgol- 
fier makes the first balloon; it is a 
silken bag, which ascends at Annonay 
by heated air. 

1783 June 5. Joseph and Stephen 
Montgolne.r ascend and descend safely 
by means of a fire-balloon 35 feet in di- 
ameter at Annonay, near Lyons. 

Aug. 27. Paris. A balloon filled with 
hydrogen makes an ascent. 

* * Francois Blanchard, the aeronaut, 
constructs and uses the parachute. 

* * Paris. Lavoisier decomposes water 
into oxygen and hydrogen gases. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1788 Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An- 
toine, general, born. 
Deparcieux, Antoine, mathematician, A65. 



Fourier, Baron, Jean Baptiste Joseph, sa- 
vant, born. 

Hoehe. Lazare. general, horn. 

Lafttte, Jacques, banker, statesman, born. 

Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre 
Bernard Law, marshal, born. 

Mortier, Edouard A. C. J., Due de Tervise, 
marshal, born. 

Olivet, L'Abbe, Joseph Thoulier d', author, 
critic, A86. 

Tissot, Pierre F., author, born. 

Sept. 14. Chateaubriand. Vicomte de, 
Francois Auguste, author, born. 
1769* * Belliard, Comte, Augustin D., gen- 
eral, diplomatist, horn. 

Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist, 
philosopher, born. 

Cadoudal, Ceorges, Breton royalist, born. 

Chenedolle, Charles <h\ poet, born. 

Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, poet. born. 

Joubert, Bnrthelemy Catherine, gen., b. 

Keratry, Auguste Ildarion de, author, horn. 

Lannes, Jean, Due de M out el icllo, marshal, b. 

Lavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamans, min- 
ister of Napoleon, born. 

Ney, Michel, Hue d' Elchingen, Prince de 
la Moskowa, marshal, born. 

Picard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, born. 

Soult. Nicolas J. de Dieu. Due de Dal- 
matie, marshal, statesman, born. 

Tallien, Jean Lambert, revolutionist, born. 

Aug-. 15. Bonaparte. Napoleon, 
peror, greatest general of modern times 
horn in Corsica, 

Aug. 23. Cuvier, Baron Georges C. L. 
F. Dagobert, naturalist, horn. 

1770 * * Cambronne, Baron de, Pierre J. E. 
general, born. 

Davout, Louis Nicolas, Prince d'Eckmuhl. 

Due d' Auerstadt, marshal, born. 
Gerard, Baron, Francois Pascal Simon. 

painter, born. 
Henault, Charles Jean Francois, historian 

poet, A85. 
Jacotot, Joseph, educational writer, born. 
Lamarque, Comte iUaxinnlien, general, pol 

tlcian, born. 
Lobau, Comte de, Georges M., marshal, born. 
Miehaux, Francois Andre, botanist, born. 
Kollet, L'Ahbe, Jean Antoine, natural ph: 

losopher, A70. 
Senaneour, Etienne Pivert de, author, born 
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Dued'Albufera, mai 

shal, born. 
Vandamme, Comte, Dominique, general, b. 

1771 * * Baillot, Pierre Marie Franeois de 
Sales, Tiolinist. born. , 

Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian, 
statesman, born. 

Chavigny, Theodore, diplomatist, dies. 

Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, born. 

Creuze de Lesser, Auguste F., dramatist, 
poet, born. 

Dupaty, Louis M. C. H, M., sculptor, born. 

Fontaine, Alexis, geometer, A66±. 

Gros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, born. 

Junot. Andoche, Due d'Abrantes, mar- 
shal, born. 

Lemercler. Louis Jean Nepomucene, 
dramatist, born. 

Murat, Joachim. King of Naples, marsh., b. 

Salverte, Anne J. E. B., miscellaneous wr., b. 

Walckenaer, Cbas. Athanase, author, born. 

Dec. 26. Helv6tius, Claude Adrien., 
philosopher, A56. 
1772* * Auger, Louis Simon, critic, writer, b. 

Beauvais, Charles Theodore, general, born. 

Broussais, Francois, Joseph Victor, phys., b. 

Campenon, Vincent, poet, born. 

Castellan. Antoine Louis, painter, arch., b. 

Courier de Mere, Paul Louis, poet, satirist, h. 

Ducloe, Charles Pineau. author, A68. 

Duroc, Gerard, C. M., Ducde Friuli,gen.,b. 

Fauriel, Claude Charles, philologist, hist., b. 

Favart, Mane J ustine, actor, A45. 

Gerando, Joseph Marie de, philosopher, b. 

Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, general, born. 

Pothier, Robert Joseph, jurist, A73. 

Apr. 7. Fourier, Francois, C. M., social- 
ist, born. 

Apr, 15. Geoffroy 8 alnt-Hilair e. 
Etienne, naturalist, born. 
1773* * Aubry, Comte d', Claude Charles, 
general, born. 

Bertrand, Comte de, Henri Gratien, gen., b. 

Bonpland, Amu' 1 , botanist, traveler, born. 

Bourmont, Louis A. V., marshal, born. 

Boivin, Marie A. V. G., physician, au., b. 

Catel, Charles Simon, musical composer, b. 

Caulaincourt, Annan d A. L. de, Due de 
Vicence, oihcer, diplomatist, born. 

Chahrol de Volvic, Gilbert J. G., politician, 
writer, born. 

Chamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Humbert 
Piarron, philanthropist, A66. 

Cn^zy, Antoine Leonard de, orientalist, born. 



Chimay, Princesse de, Jeanne Marie, I. L 

de Cabarrus, born. 
Cottin, Sophie Kistand, novelist, born. 
Commerson, I'hiUbert, botanist, A46. 
Cuvier, Frederic, naturalist, born. 
Delessert, Benjamin, financier, naturalist, b. 
Droz, Francois Xavier Joseph, historian, b. 
Francceur, Louis Benjamin, geometrician, b. 
Gerard, Etienne Maurice, marshal, born. 
Habert, Baron Pierre J., general, horn. 
Morand, Sanveur Francois, surgeon, A76. 
Piron, Alexis, poet, dramatis!, wit, A84. 
Rev, Jean, manufacturer, writer, born. 
Villele, Comte de. Jean B. S. J., statesman, b. 
Oct, 6. Louis Philippe, Due d'Orhians, 



Boissonade. Jean Francois, philologist, b. 
Daudin. Francois ^larie. naturalist, born. 
Dumeril, Andr6 Marie Constant, naturalist, 

Laborde, Comte de, Alexandre Louis Joseph, 
antiquary, litterateur, born. 

Lallemand, Baron, Charles Francpis A., gen- 
eral, born. 

Marmont, Auguste F. L. V. de. Due de 
Raguese, marshal, born. 

May 10. Louis XV., king, A64. 

Dec. 16. Quesnay, Francois, economist, 
A80. 
1775 * * Ampere, Andre Marie, mathemati- 
cian, natural philosopher, born. 

Berlin, -lean Louis, painter, born. 

Boieldieu, Francois Adrien, composer, horn. 

Bonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napoleon I., 
Prince de Canino, born. 

Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, politL, b. 

Duval, Valentine Jameray, antiquary, A82. 

Foy , Maximilien Sebastien, general, born. 

Malus, Etienne, engineer, physicist, born'. 

Manuel, Jaques A., politician, orator, born. 

Sehastiani, Comte, Horace Francois, mar- 
shal, statesman, horn. 

Vidocq, Eugene F., chief detective police, b. 

Virey, Julien J., physician, medical writer, h. 
1776* * Ballanche, Pierre, S., philosopher, b. 

Bordeu, The'ophile de, medical writer, A54. 

Courayer, Pierre Francois le, It. C. clergy- 
man, author, A95. 

Dugas-Montbel, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, b. 

Freron, Elie Catherine, critic, A57. 

Gay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist, b. 

Lespinasse, Julie Jeannie Eteonore de, letter 
writer, leader of society, A44. 

Marcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, hist., born. 

Martignac, Jean B. S. G. de, statesman, b. 

Mirtiel, Charles Francois B. de, naturalist, b. 
1777* * Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of 
Louis Philippe, born. 

Blainville, Henri de, zoologist, phys., horn. 

Cordier, Pierre Louis A., mineralogist, born. 

Coustou, Guillaume. sculptor, A6L 

Daumesntl, Pierre, general, horn. 

Duvernoy, Georges Louis, anatomist, born. 

Edwards, Guillaume. Frt?d6ric, ethnologist, 
physiologist, born. 

Gresset, Jean Baptiste L., poet, dram., A68. 

Jussieu, Bernard de, botanist, A78. 

P6rier, Casimir. statesman, born. 

Thenard, Baron Louis Jacques, chemist, b. 

Viennet, Jean Pones G., politician, au., horn. 

Dec, 3. Recamier, Madame Jeanne 
Francois Julie Adelaide Bernard, leader 
of society, born. 
1778* *Angoul£me, Duchesse d', Marie 
Therese charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI. 
and Mane Antoinette, born. 

Aublet, Jean Baptiste C'hnstophe Fusee, 
botanist, A58. 

Bertrand, Comte de, Henri G.. general, born. 

Bonaparte, Louis, brother of NapolCon 1., 
King of Holland, born. 

Berry, or Berri, Due de, Charles F. d'Artois, 
son of Charles [X.]i born. 

Dupuytren, Baron, Guillaume, surgeon, an- 
atomist, born. 

Etienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, b. 

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, born. 

Hausse/,, Baron d\ Charles L. de Longpre, 
minister, natural philosopher, traveler, b. 

Lekain, Henri Louis Cain, actor, A50. 

Mars, Anne F. II. Boutet Monvel, actor, h. 

Pevronnet, Comte, Charles Ignace, pol., b. 

Portalis, Comte, Josepli M., jurist, states., b. 

May 30, Voltaire. Francois M. A. de, 
poet, dramatist, historian, writer, A84. 

July 3. Rousseau, Jean Jacques, phi- 
losopher, author, A 66. 
1779 * * Barbeu-Duhourg, Jacques, scientist, 
A70. 

Desnoyers, Baron, Auguste G. L. Boucher, 
engraver, born. 

Du Sommerard, Alexandre, antiquary, born. 

Freycinet, Louis Claude D. de, navigator, b. 

Jaucourt, Louis de, scholar, A75. 

Jomini, Baron, Henri, military author, born. 



FRANCE. 



1768, * *-1783, * * a 705 



1780 * * P.atteux, Charles, writer, A67. 

Beranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet, b. 

Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste G. M., 
naturalist, t^cuM'i'ajilicr, born. 

Bonrcet, Pierre .)., tactician, mil. wr., A80. 

Brnnet, .Jacques < 'harlcs, bibliographer, b. 

Dsffand, Marquise du, Alarie de Vichy-C'bam- 
roud, author, A83. 

Decazes, Due, Klie, statesman, born. 

Dorat, Claude .Joseph, poet, A46. 

Gilbert, Nicolas Joseph L., poet, A31. 

Latitte, Jean, privateer, born. 

Polignac, Prince, Auguste J. A. M. de, 
statesman, born. 

Segur, Comic de, Philippe Paul, historian, b. 

Aug-. 3. Condillac. Etienne E. de, phi- 
losopher, metaphysician, AGS. 
1731 * * lieauharnais, Eugene de, stepson of 
Napoleon I., born. 

Cosine, -lean r.asciliiac,snr.,litliotomist, A78. 

Habeneek, Antoine Francois, musician, b. 

Ingres, Jean Dominique Augnste, painter, b. 

Laennec, Rene Theodore Hyacinthe, physi- 
cian, born. 

Martin, Louis A hue, author, born. 

Maurepas, Cointe de, Jean Frederic Phelip- 
peaux, politician, A80. 

Mol6, Cointe, Louis Mathieu, statesman, b. 

Poisson, Simeon I>., mathematician, born. 

Soufflot, Jacques (.ierinain, architect, A67. 

Mar, SO. Turg-ot, Anne Robert Jacques, 
financier, statesman, A"54. 

1782 * * Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, phys,, b. 
Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', geog- 
rapher, A85, 

Argout, Antoine M. A. d', financier, born. 

Barante, Baron de, A unable Guillaume Pros- 
per Bru^iere, statesman, historian, born. 

Duhamel du Monceau, Henri Louis, econo- 
mist, botanist, A82. 

Gabriel, Jacques Ange, eng., archeol., A72±. 

Galien, Joseph, physician, philosopher, A83. 

Lamennais, Ungues de, author, born. 

Loriot, Antoine Joseph, mechanician, A66. 

Marie Anielie, wile of Louis Philippe, born. 

Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, born. 

Paixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor, b. 

Quatremere, Etienne Marc, orientalist, born. 

Swetchine, Anne Sophie, au., b. in Russia. 

Vaucanson, Jacques de, mechanician, A73. 

ViUerme, Louis Kene, author, born. 

1783 Oct. 39. Alembert, Jean le Rond 
d\ geometrician, philosopher, writer, Alifi. 

Beauharnais, Hortense Eugenie de, wife of 

Louis Bonaparte, born. 
Beyle, Marie Henri, writer, born. 
Berard, Augusle Simon Louis, statesman, 

director-general of mines, born. 
Bezout, Etienne, mathematician, A53. 
Cardonne, Denis l)oniinique, orientalist, A63. 
Chambray, Marquis de, Georges, general, 

historian, born. 
- Coll6, Charles, puet, song writer, A74. 

Dupin, Andre", M. J. J., lawyer, politician, b. 
Epinay, Louise Florence Pr^tronille de la 

Live d', mistress of Ihmssean, an., A58±. 
Gasparin, Cointe Adrien E. P., statesman, b. 
Gourgaud, liaron Caspard, general, au., b. 
Magendie, Francois, physiologist, born. 
Montholon. Marquis de, Chas. T., gen., born. 
Nodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, born. 

CHURCH. 

1769 * * Rome. Clement XIV. is pope. 
[1775. Pius VL] 

1773* * Borne. Pope Clement XIV. abol- 
ishes the order of Jesuits. 

LETTERS. 
1768 * * Journal d 'Education is issued. 

* * Gageure Imprivue, by Sedaine, ap- 
pears. [Later, Richard, Cceur de Lion.] 

* * _78 * * Le Journal des Sciences et des 
Beaux Arts is issued. 

1769* * The Georgics of Vergil are trans- 
lated into French, by Jacques Delille. 

* * Shakespeare's Hamlet, hy Jean F. 
Ducis, appears. 

* * Les Saisons, by Jean Francois de Saint 
Lambert, appears. 

* * E-loge de Moliere, by S. R. M. Cham- 
fort, appears. [1770, Le Marc hand de 
Smyrne ; 177G, Mustapha et Zdanger.] 

1770 * * System of Nature, by P. H. T. 
Holbach, appears. 

* * Le Journal des Theatres is issued. 

* * Le Journal de Musique is issued. 



* * Deux Amis, by Beaumarchais, appears. 
1771* * Voyage Around the World, by 

Louis Antoine de Bougainville, appears. 
1772 * * Man, his Faculties and his Edu- 
cation, by Helv^tius, appears. 

* * Diable Amoureux, by Jacques Cazotte, 
appears. 

* * Shakespeare's Romeo and Juliet, by 
Ducis, appears. 

* * Women in All Ages, by A. L. Thomas, 
appears. [1773. Essay on Eulogies.] 

* *-1818* * L" Esprit des Journaux ia 
issued. 

1773* * Voyage a I'Isle de France, by 
Bernardin de Saint-Pierre, appears. 

± * * Memoir on Differential Equations 
and the Secular Inequalities of the Plan- 
ets, by Pierre Simon Laplace, appears. 

1774* *_93* * Correspondence LittS- 
raire Secrete is issued. 

1775 * * Barbier de Seville, by Beaumar- 
chais, appears. 

* * Le Radoteur is issued. 

* * ZHx-kuitieme siecle, by Nicolas Joseph 
Laurent Gilbert, appears. 

* * On Errors and on Truth, by Marquis 
L. C. de Saint-Martin, appears. [17S2. 
Natural View of the Relations which ex- 
ist between God, Man, and the Universe."] 

* * -89 * * Bibliotheque universelle des 
romansj by La Yergue de Tressan, ap- 
pears. 

* * -84 * * Voyage en Hollande, Projet 
d'une university pour let Bitssie, Le rtve 
d' Alembert, The Nun, James the Fatal- 
ist, and Essay on the Reigns of Claudius 
and Nero, by Diderot, appear. 

1776 * * Perpendicular Fortification, or 
the Defensive Art superior to Offensive, 
by Marquis M. R. de Montalembert, ap- 
pears. 

* * A version of Homer's Iliad, by Le 
Brun, appears. 

* *-83* * Journal de Monsieur is issued. 

1777 Jan. 1. Journal de Paris is issued. 

* * Incas, by Marmontel, appears. 

* * Analysis of Chess, by Francois Andre 
Danican (Fhilidor), appears. 

* * -92 * * Annates Politiques, Civiles, et 
Litteraires is issued. 

1778 * * Journal de Marine is issued. 

* * -79 * * Le Babillard is issued. 

* *-1821* * Forest of Navarre and The 
Orchard, by Comte Louis de Fontanes, 
appear. 

1779 * * Mois, by Jean Antoine Roucher, 
appears. 

* * La Nouvelle Bevue is issued. 

* *-82* * Le Journal de Litt erature, des 
Scieiices, et des Arts is issued. 

* * Paris, duck's opera Iphig&nie en 
Tauride appears. 

1780 * * Les Jardins, by Delille, appears. 

* * Researches on the Nature of Animal 
Substances, by Comte C. L. B'erthollet, 
appears. 

1782 * * Adele et Theodore, ou lettres sur 
V Education, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap- 
pears. 

* * Confessions, by Rousseau, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1769 * * -74 * * Unparalleled immoral- 
ity and extravagance of the court. 

The king comes under the dominating 
influence of the shameless prostitute, 
Jeanne Vaubernier, who, having been 
married by the king's command to a 
superannuated courtier, is introduced 
as the Comtesse Du Barry. 

1770 * * The dauphin marries Marie 
Antoinette, daughter of Francis I. and 
Maria Theresa of Austria. 



± * * Among the great, all pretense to 
morality, religion, and decency is 
abandoned. 

A dissolute frivolity and supercilious- 
ness are commonly affected. Ladies 
married and single indulge in the most 
indecent jokes, and swear profane oaths 
in nearly every sentence. Women of 
position amuse themselves by breaking 
plates and glasses ; men by embroidery 
or card-painting, or playing with dan- 
cing paper figures. 

1771* * Comte de Provence [Louis 
XV1JJL.] marries Marie Josephine Lou- 
ise de Savoie. 

1772 * * The " Pacte de Famine " hold a 
monopoly of the corn. 

They artificially produce an immense 
rise in its price ; the king is a share- 
holder ; no one dares to speak against 
it. 

1778 Mar. 13. The Due de Bourbon 
wounds the Comte d'Artois in a duel. 



1770 May 16. The dauphin, Louis, is 
married to Marie Antoinette, daugh- 
ter of Maria Theresa of Austria. 

* * Paris. Louis has a contest with the 
parliament; the administration of jus- 
tice c 



Dec. 29. Paris. The contest results in 
the dismissal of the Minister de Choi- 
seul at the solicitation of Madame du 
Barry and the Jesuits. 

1771 Jan. 19. Paris. Louis exiles 
the parliament. 

Jan. 23. The parliament is abolished 
by the Chancellor Maupeou, and super- 
seded by a grand council. 

1774 May 10. Louis XV. dies. 

1774^1792 Louis XVI. reigns-. 

Louis, grandson of Louis XV., becomes 
king. [Aug. * Cointe de Maurepas be- 
comes prime minister, with Anne Ro- 
bert Jacques Turgot as comptroller-gen- 
eral of finance.] 

1776 Dec. 12. Paris. Benjamin 
Franklin, Silas Dean, and Arthur Lee, 
ambassadors for the American Colonies 
at the court of France, are publicly re- 
ceived. 

1780 June 17. The States-General of 
France form themselves into the Na- 
tional Assembly. 

* * Marshal Rochambeau sends a force 
of 6,000 men to aid the struggling Amer- 
icans to attain independence. 

1781 * * Jacques Necker, director-gen- 
eral of the finances, publishes bis 
** Compte Rendu," the first public 
exposition of the revenue and expenses 
of the State. 

May * Maurepas, fearful of the dissen- 
sions caused by Necker's reforms, forces 
him to resign. [17SS. Recalled.] 

* * Comte de Vergennes becomes the 
king's favorite. 

1783 Jan. 20. The preliminaries of 
peace are signed at Versailles. 

Sept. 3. A treaty of peace is concluded 
between Great Britain, France, and 
Spain. 

* * France recovers her former posses- 
sions, Tobago, Senegal, and Gor^e. 



706 1783,* *-1790, ** 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
17S5 * * Napoleon Bonaparte is a lieu- 
tenant in the artillery. 

1789 July 14. Paris. The Bastile 
fortress and prison are pulled down by 
the mob, who thus inaugurate the Revo- 
lution. 

July * Paris. The National Guard is 
organized by Lafayette, its commander. 

1790 * * An unsuccessful military sedi- 
tion occurs at Nancy. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1784 * * Oath of the Horatii is painted 
by Louis David. 

* * The exploring expedition of Jean 
Francois de La Perouse sails in two 
vessels. [1788, It is shipwrecked off the 
island of Vanikoro ; all perish.] 

1786 * * Paris. Berthollet invents mu- 
riatic powder. 

1787 May 18. The first attempt to en- 
grave on glass is made at Toulouse. 

* * Machinery is first used in France to 
spin cotton. 

1788 * * Paris. Fulminating silver is 
discovered by Berthollet. 

1789 * * Paris. Antoine Laurent de Jus- 
sieu founds the national system of 
plants. 

* * * Gabriel Honore" Biquetti Mirabeau 
is the leading orator in France. 

1790 May 8. The French system of 
measures is established by decree. 

* *An optical telegraph is made by 
Claude Chappe. 

* * Paris. Claude Chappe establishes the 
first telegraph-line from Paris to Lille. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1784 * * Auber, Daniel F. E., composer, b. 
Baudin des Ardennes, Charles, viee-adm., b. 
Benezef, Anthony, philanthropist, A71. 
Bonaparte, Jerome, King of Westphalia, b. 
Bugeand de la Piconnerie, Thomas, Due de 

Toly, marshal, horn. 

Carerhe, Marie Antoine A., chef de cuisine, b. 

Cassini, Cesar Francois de Thury, astrono- 
mer, topographer, A70. 

Court de (iebelin, Antoine, author, A59. 

Daran, Jaeijues, surgeon, A83. 

Dupin, Baron, Franrois Pierre Charles, geom- 
etrician, statistician, politieian, born. 

Favier, Jean Louis, author, A(J4. 

Junot, Madame, Laure Pennon, Duchesse 
d'Abranles, author, born. 

July 31. Diderot, Denis, philosopher, 
journalist, miscellaneous writer, A71. 

1785 * * Iierenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist, 
magistrate, born. 

Boucbet, Claude Antoine, surgeon, horn. 
Broglie, Due de, Achille C. h. Victor, states 

Burigny, Jean Levesque de, historian, A93. 

Choiseul, Etienne Francois de, statesman, 
A66. 

Clerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, born. 

Ducarel, Andre Coltee, antiquary, A72. 

Flahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Auguste 
C. J., general, born. 

Koechlin, Daniel, eheinist, manufacturer, b. 

Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, dramatist, b. 

Leroy, Pierre, watchmaker, A66. 

Louis Philippe, Hue d'Orleans, A60. 

Louis XVII., dauphin, born. 

Mably, L'Abbe, Catmel Ponnot de, publicist, 
A76. 

MiUot, Claude Fr;meis Xavier, historian, A59. 

Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, sculptor, A7I. 

Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, painter, b. 
1786* * Arago. Dominique Francois, as- 
tronomer, natural phdosopher, born. 

Binet, Jacques, mathematician, astro., b. 

Biheron, Marie t '., anatomist, A(i7. 

Ohevreul, Michel F.ugene, chemist, horn. 

Galin, Pierre, musician, born. 

Cnettard, Jean Etienne, botanist, A71. 

Duperrey, Louis Isidor, navigator, horn. 

Labedoyere, Comte de, Charles Angelique 
Huchet, general, born. 



Naudet, Joseph, scholar, historian, born. 
Nicollet, Jean N., astronomer, geologist, b. 
Serres, Etienne R, A., physiologist, born. 
Vicat, Louis .inscpii., engineer, born. 

1787 * * Auditlret, Marquis d , C. L. Gaston, 
financier, senator, born. 

Beudant, Francois Sulpice. physicist, born. 
Cailliaud, Frederic, traveler, born. 
Chapsal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, horn. 
Clinchamp, Francois E. V., painter, au., b. 
Cloquet, Hyppulite, anatomist, born. 
Cortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born. 
Delalande, Pierre A., naturalist, traveler, b. 
Letronne, Jean Antoine, antiquary, critic, b. 
Levis, Due de, Francois, marshal, A67. 
Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., b. 
Orfila, Mateo Jose" B., chemist, born. 
Prevost, Louis Constant, geologist, born. 
Oct. 4. Guizot, Francois Pierre Guil- 
laume, historian, statesman, born. 

1788 * * Aiguillon, Due d', Armand de Vigne- 
rot Duplessis Kiehelieu, statesman, A68. 

Bec.querel, Antoine Cesar, physicist, born. 

Boucher de Perthes, Jacques, archeologist,b. 

Buffon, Georges Louie Leclerc. natural- 
ist, philosopher, A81. 

Cabet, Etienne, socialist, born. 

Chastellux, Marquis de, Francois Jean, gen- 
eral, author, A54. 

Chomel, Auguste Francois, physician, born. 

Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis M. de la Haye, 
jurist, writer, born. 

Drouais, Jean Germain, painter, A25. 

Engelmann, Codeirov, manufacturer, an in 
ventor of lithography, born. 

Fresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, horn. 

Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, born. 

Grasse, Francois Joseph, Paul de, Marquis de 
Grasse-Tilly, admiral, Ati5. 

Guiraud, Baron, Pierre Mane T he rese Alex- 
andre, dramatist, born. 

La P6rouse, Comte de, Jean Franyois de 
Galaup, navigator, A47+. 

Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, born. 

Poneelet, Jean Victor, geometrician, born. 

Kiehelieu, Due de, Louis F. A. F. Huplessis, 
courtier, A92. 

Pemusat, Jean Pierre Abel, orientalist, b. 

Savary, Nicolas, traveler, author, A38. 

1789 * * Arlincourt, Vicomte d', Victor, poet, 
novelist, born. 

Beauzee, Nicolas, grammarian, A72. 
Brotier, Gabriel, classical scholar, A66. 
Cauchy, Augustin L., mathematician, poet,b. 
Dag-uerre, Louis Jacques Mande, painter, 

inventor daguerreotype process, born. 
David, Pierre Jean, sculptor, born. 
Epee, Charles Michel de P, philan., A77. 
Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, bota., b. 
Foulon, Joseph Francois, iiuan.ier, pol., A74. 
Hautpoul, Marq. d', Alphonse Henri, gen., b. 
Holbach, Paul Thierry d', phil., A66. 
Lepaute, Jean Andre, horologist, A80. 
Vernet, Claude Joseph, painter, A75. 
Vernet, Fmile Jean Horace, painter, born. 
1790* * Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor, 

writer, traveler, born. 
Berger, Jean Jacques, senator, born. 
Berryer, Antoine Pierre, pol. ora., leader, b. 
Cloquet, Baron Jules Germain, phys., b. 
Cochin, Charles Nicolas, engraver, wt., A75. 
Couder, Louis Charles Auguste, pain., b. 
Didot, Ambroise Firmin, print., publisher, b. 
Dnbufe, Claude Marie, portrait painter, b. 
Dumont d'Urville, Jules S. C, navigator, b. 
Fieschi, Joseph Marie, conspirator, born. 
Gericault, Jean Louis Theo. Andre, horn. 
Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., author, 

soldier, A47. 
Lallemand, Claude Francois, pliys., surg., b. 
Roehette, Desire Kaonl, archeologist, born. 
Vaillant, Jean l'.aptiste Phil inert, marshal, b. 
Villeinain. Abel F., hist., educationist, born. 
Oct. 21. Lamartine, Alphonse Marie 

Louis de, poet, ora., hist., statesman, b. 

CHURCH. 

1788 Nov. * Paris. Louis XVI. pub- 
lishes an edict of toleration. 

1789 * * Paris. The National Assembly 
gives to all religious denominations 
equal rights and privileges. 

May 20. The clergy renounce their 

privileges. 
Nov. 2. The property of the clergy is 

ordered to he confiscated. 

1790 * * Paris. The Port Royal and 
other monasteries are suppressed, 
also the abbeys. 



Nov. 27. Paris. The National Assem- 
bly decrees that all ecclesiastical officers 
shall take an oath subscribing to the 
civil constitution of the clergy, or lose 
their offices as a penalty. 

LETTERS. 

1783 * * Galatie, by Jean Pierre Claris 
de Florian, appears. 

* * Philoctete, by J. F. de La Harpe, ap- 
pears. 

* * -94 * * Bucoliques, Hermes, Invention, 
Amerique, EUgies, Epitres, Odes, lambes, 
etc., by Andr£ Marie de Chenier, appear. 

1784* * Shakespeare's Macbeth and King 
Lear, by Ducis, appear. 

* * Essay on the Universality of the French 
language and a translation of Dante's 
Inferno, by Antoine Rivarol, appear. 
[1788. Little Almanac of Great Men.] 

* * Mariage de Figaro, by Beaumarchais, 
appears. 

* * Etudes de la Nature, by Bernardin de 
Saint-Pierre, appears. 

* * Paris. The first public school for 
the blind is established by Valentin 
Haiiy. 

* * Paris. The Abb£ de r£pe"e estab- 
lishes an institution for the deaf and 
dumb. 

1786 * * Inconstant, by J. F.Collin d'Har- 
leville, appears. 

* * Numa PompUius, by Florian, appears. 

1787 * * Etourdis, by Francois G. An- 
drieux, appears. 

* * Elements tic /literature, by Marmontel, 
appears. [Later, Sur la langue fran- 
caise.] 

1788 * * Analytical Mechanics, by Joseph 
L. Lagrange, appears. 

* * Lettres sur le caractere et les e'erits de 
J. J. liousseau, by Madame De Stae'l, ap- 
pears. 

* * Voyage dujeune Anarcharsis, by Jean 
Jacques Barthelemy, appears. 

1789 May 2. Paris. Lettres a ses Com- 
met tants is issued. [It shortly afterwards 
becomes Courrier de Provence.'] 

May 5. Le Moniteur is issued [and 11 
years later becomes the official organ of 
the Government]. 

May* Paris. Journal des Etats-Gineraux 
is issued ; also the Bulletin des Seances de 
l' AssembUe Nationale. 

June* Parts. Patriote Francais is 
issued. 

July * Paris. Pevolutions de Paris is is- 
sued; also the Courrier de Versailles. 

Aug. * Paris. Journal des Debats is is- 
sued ; also Ami du Peuple, by Marat; it 
is first called Le Publicist Parisien. 

Nov. 24. Paris. Le Moniteur Univer- 
selle is issued. 

Nov. * Revolutions de France et de Bra- 
bant is issued. 

* * Paris. The Society of the Sorbonne 
is broken up. 

* * Chateaux en Espagne, by Jean Fran- 
cois Collin-d'Harleville, appears. [1792, 
Old Bachelor and Vieux cMibataire.] 

* * Paul et Virqinie, by Saint-Pierre, ap- 
pears. [1790, La Chaumicre Indienne.] 

* * Charles IX., by Marie Joseph de Che- 
nier, appears. [1791, Henry VIII; 1792, 
Caius Gracchus; 1794, Timoleon.] 

1790 June * Ami du Poi is issued. 

* * The University of Reims is sup- 
pressed. 

* * Elements de Vartdelapeinture, by Ber- 
thollet, appears. 



FRANCE. 



1783, **-1790, 



707 



SOCIETY. 

17S5 Feb. 24. Corsica. Charles 
Bonaparte, father of Napoleon, dies, 
leaving his family poor. 

1789 July 14. Paris. A great riot oc- 
curs; the mob storms the Bastile ; it 
is finally surrendered to the assailants. 

Aug. 4. Paris. The privileged classes 
are abolished by law. 

Oct. 5, 6. Paris. Terrifying mobs visit 
the palace at Versailles, and attend the 
king on the way to Paris. 

Oct. 19. Paris. Francois, a Parisian "ba- 
ker, is murdered by a mob because 
the return of the king had not reduced 
the price of bread. 

Oct. * Paris. About 40 gentlemen and 
men of letters meet in the hall of the 
Jacobin friars to discuss political and 
other questions, and thus originate the 
[Jacobin] " Club Breton." [Jacobin 
clubs spring up in all important towns.] 

* * The Republican leaders are derisively 
called Sansculottes, because of their 
negligence in dress. [Later they assume 
the title with pride.] 

1790 June 20. Paris. Titles of no- 
bility and feudal right are abolished. 

July 14. Paris. The Fete of the Fed- 
eration is celebrated on the anniversary 
of the taking of the Bastile. 

* * Paris has several prominent clubs ; 
the Regency club [the oldest in Paris] 
is established. 

The Jacobins, who rapidly increase 
and dominate the State, led by Robes- 
pierre ; Cordeliers, led by Danton, Ma- 
rat, Camille Desmoulins; Feuillants, 
moderate monarchists, who had with- 
drawn from, the Jacobins, led by Lafa- 
yette and Bailly. 

STATE. 

1784 Oct. 30. Charles Alexandre 
de Calonne becomes comptroller of 
finance. [He is extravagant, and con- 
tracts enormous debts.] 

1785 * * Public indignation is [unjustly] 
excited against Queen JIarie Antoinette 
by the diamond necklace transac- 
tion; the court is discredited. 

The Comtesse De La Motte persuades Car- 
dinal de Rohan to negotiate the purchase in 
the«iueen's name of a necklace for #2%,000, 
which the Comtesse receives and applies to 
her benefit; a trial follows the jewelers' 
demand on Marie Antoinette for payment, 
and results in the condemnation and pun- 
ishment of De La Motte, the banishment 
of the cardinal, and much scandal in con- 
nection with the queen. 

1787 Jan. 29. An Assembly of No- 
tables, called by the king, meets at Ver- 
sailles. [It rejects Calonne's proposal 
to tax ecclesiastical property.] 

* * Calonne is dismissed, and Arch- 
bishop de Brienne is appointed min- 
ister of finance. 

* * Paris. The Assembly of Notables 
sanctions a land and stamp tax, but 
the parliament of Paris refuses to regis- 
ter the edict embodying them. 

* * The Parliament of Paris is sum- 
moned to Versailles, and the king in a 
bed of justice registers the tax edict 
on his own authority ; the parliament 
protests, and is banished to Troyes. 

IMay 25. The Assembly of Notables 
is dismissed. 



* * Brienne makes a compromise -with 
the parliament, the tax edict being with- 
drawn, and a progressive loan substi- 
tuted. 

Sept. 20. Paris. The parliament is 
recalled and assembles ; several mem- 
bers, including the Duke of Orleans, ob- 
jecting to the loan, it is registered by 
royal authority. 

* * The Duke of Orleans is banished, and 
two other members of the parliament 
are imprisoned for resistance to the 
kin g's edict. 

1788 Jan. 4. Paris. The parliament 
passes a decree annulling arbitrary ar- 
rests, and recalling its exiled members. 

* * The Ministry and parliament com- 
promise ; the parliament returns to 
Paris. 

Jan. * Parliament presents to the king a 
statement of grievances ; its obnoxious 
leaders are arrested. 

* * The king abolishes the parliament. 

1789 May 5-1791 Sept. 30. The 
Constituent National Assembly. 

May 5. Paris. The States-General 
meet at Versailles ; 1,145 members are 
present, — 291 clergy, 270 nobility, 584 of 
the Tiers-Etat (third estate, or corn- 
June 17. Paris. The Tiers-Etat assume 
the title of National Assembly, and 
invite the other orders to join them. 

June 20. Paris. The meetings of the 
National Assembly are suspended for 
three days by proclamation under the 
pretext of preparing the hall. 

The members take oath in a tennis- 
court not to separate until they have 
given a constitution to France. 

June 22. Paris. In spite of the Court's 
efforts to prevent it, the meeting of the 
National Assembly takes place in a 
church, 149 deputies of the clergy also 
attending it. 

June 23. Paris. The royal sitting of all 
the orders is held without results, the 
king commanding the three orders to 
sit separately. 

June 27. Paris. The three orders 
unite at the special entreaty of Louis, 
■who -weakens under opposition. Comte 
de Mirabeau is the chief orator of the 
Tiers-Etat. 

July 11. Paris. Necker is dismissed. 

July 14. Paris. Humors of the king 
using the army against the people pre- 
vail ; a mob, wearing the tricolor, after 
a struggle of five hours captures the 
Bastile, murdering De Launay, the gov- 
ernor, and three of his officers. 

July 15. Paris. The king promises to 
yield to the popular demands to dismiss 
foreign troops and recall Necker. 

A provisional government is formed 
at the Hotel de Ville. 

Marquis de Lafayette is made comman- 
der of the newly established National 
Guard. The nobles begin to emigrate. 

July 22. +- Paris. The mob becomes 
uncontrollable, and Lafayette is unable 
to rescue Minister Foulon from death. 
Paris is subject to mob law. 

* * Revolts occur in the provinces against 
the feudal lords. 



Aug. 4. Paris. The Assembly votes a 
general immolation of the Constitution. 
The nobles voluntarily surrender all 
feudal rights and privileges for their 
order. Tithes are abolished. 
Aug. 27. Paris. The Assembly makes 
a declaration of the Rights of Man; 
the veto power is discussed. 
Sept. 7. Paris. A deputation of the 
"wives of artists makes a present of 
jewels for the State, and patriotic gifts 
for the national debt and the poor. 
Oct. 5. Paris. A furious mob, being 
pressed by hunger, and shouting 
"Bread, bread," marches to Ver- 
sailles, led by frantic women. 
Oct. 6. Paris. Lafayette, with the Na- 
tional Guard, delivers the royal family 
from the mob, but is compelled to return, 
and conduct royalty back to Paris. 
Oct. 16. Paris. The Assembly decrees 
that the title of Louis XVL, "King of 
France," should be changed to "King 
of the French." [Nov. 1. It decrees 
the abolition of lettres de cachet. 
Nov. 3. It suspends the parliament of 
Paris ; about 200 members resign from 
the Assembly.] 
Dec. * Paris. A national bank is estab- 
lished. 
1790 * * A monarchical democratic Con- 
stitution is adopted. 

It provides one chamber having legis- 
lative power, sole right of initiation of 
laws, declaring war and making peace, 
and signing treaties. 
Feb. 4. Paris. Louis XVI. takes the 
oath to maintain the new Constitution. 
Feb. 13. Paris. The Convention abol- 
ishes monastic establishments, and 
confiscates their lands. 
Mar. * Ecclesiastical property is con- 
fiscated to the State. 

Assignats, notes of the Government 
secured by the confiscated public lands, 
are issued ; the clergy are to be sup- 
ported by the State. 
July 14. Paris. National Federation. 
The king takes an oath to support the new 
Constitution before an immense assembly of 
350, 000 persons at Champ de Mars. 

The old divisions of France are abolished, 
and the country Is divided into 83 depart- 
ments, named after rivers and mountains ; 
these are divided into 374 districts and can- 
tons, with communes remaining as before. 

Each department is to have a local assem- 
bly ; nobility titles and ecclesiastical orders 
are abolished, except such orders as are edu- 
cational or humanitarian; pastors are to be 
chosen by the voters of the districts, and the 
bishops by those of the departments. 

[Two-thirds of the ecclesiastics decline to 
accept the Constitution by taking the re- 
quired oath.] 
* * The rights of primogeniture are abol- 
ished. 
Sept. * Necker, having lost his influence, 
retires to Switzerland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1786 July 31. AboothatMontpellier 
falls during a play ; 500 persons are 
killed. 

1789 * * A famine produces wide dis- 
tress. 

1790+ * * Trees of Liberty are planted 
in Paris and many parts during the Rev- 
olutionary Era. 



708 1791, Mar. 3.-1793, Aug. 28. FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1792 * * -97 * * War of the first coali- 
tion against France. (See p. 518.) 

Apr. 28. The French are repulsed at 
Quievrain. 

June 20. Paris. The mob, following 
the red cap of liberty, march to the 
Tuileries to make demands on the king. 

Aug. 10. Paris. The Swiss Guards 
retained to defend the king are mas- 
sacred by the mob in the Tuileries ; 5,000 
are killed. 

Aug. 20. The invading Prussians in- 
vest Longwy [which soon capitulates]. 

Aug. * The "War of the Vendue breaks 
out against the Republic. [It is chiefly 
confined to Vendee and Brittany.] 

* *Iiafayette withdraws from the 
French army, and takes refuge with the 
Austrians [by whom he is held in prison 
five years]. 

Sept. * Verdun is taken by the Prus- 
sians. [Soon surrendered.] 

Sept. 20. The French under Marshal 
Kellerman and Gen. Dumouriez defeat 
the troops of the coalition under the 
Duke of Brunswick at Valmy. 



Sept.+ * Ger. The French Gen. Custine 

takes Speyer (Sept. 30), Mentz (Oct. 23), 

and Frankfort-on-t he-Rhine. 
Kov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes. 

(See p. 518.) 
'Nov. 14. Belg. Gen. Dumouriez takes 

Brussels. 

* * The Austrians unsuccessfully besiege 
Lille. 

* * Nice is conquered. [1814. Restored.] 
1793 Feb. 1. "War is declared against 

England and Holland. [Feb. * Eng- 
land declares war against France.] 

Mar. 18. Belg. French defeat at Neer- 
winden. (See p. 518.) 

May 8. The English defeat the French 
at St. Amand. 

May 23, July 26. The Austrians and 
English under the Count of Ferraris and 
the Duke of York defeat the French 
at Valenciennes, and capture the city. 

June 9. The Vendeans defeat the Re- 
publicans, and capture Samur. 

July* Valenciennes is captured by the 
Austrians and English under Ferraris 
and the Duke of York. 

Aug. 18. Net h. The English under Gen. 
Lake defeat the French at Lincelles. 

Aug. 23. Marseilles, having rebelled 
against the Convention, is reduced. 

E. 2nd. Pondicherry is again taken 

from the British by the French. 

Aug. 27. Toulon surrenders to the 
British and allies under Adm. Lord 
Hood. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1792 Sept. 21. At midnight a new 
calendar, established on philosophical 
principles, fixes the first year of the Era 
of the Republic. [1793. Nov. 24. Estab- 
lished by decree.] 

* *The hydraulic ram is greatly im- 
proved by Joseph Michel Montgolfier. 

* * Paris. Philippe Pinel treats luna- 
tics at the Bicetre in an enlightened 



and humane 



1793 July 1 2. The first official trial is 
made of the Claude Chappe's optical 
telegraph ; despatches are successfully 
transmitted 48 leagues in 13 minutes and 
40 seconds. 



and with great priests [drives 40,000 of them out of 
France]. 

Sept. 2-5. Paris. In the massacre of 
1/200 persons taken from prison, 100 
priests are killed. 

Oct. 16. Paris. The Convention de- 
clares death an eternal sleep. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1791 * * Abbatucci, Jacques Pierre Charles, 
diplomatist, born. 

Barrot,Caniille HyaHnthe < Millon, states., b. 
Berquin, Amand, writer, A42. 
Champollion, Jean Francois, EgyptoL, b. 
Herold, Louis Jos. Ferdinand, romp. born. 
Lamotte, Jeanne de Valois, advent., A35+. 
Luzerne, AnneOesar ilela, diplomatist, A50. 
Magnan, Bernard P., marshal, born. 
.Matter, Jai-qiu's, philosopher, historian, b. 
Pouillet, Claude Servais M., physicist, b. 
Scribe, Augustin Kimene. dramatist, born. 
Apr. 13. Mirabeau, Comte de. Honore 

Gabriel de Kiquelti, orator, statesman, A42. 
Dec. 12. Marie Louise, second wife of 

Napoleon I., born in Vienna. 
1793 * * Ahancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph 

Franqueville, minister, A34. 
Ancelot, Marguerite V. C., author, born. 
Auger, L'Ahhe, Atlianase, rlas. scholar, A58. 
Caffieri, Jean Jacques, sculptor, A68. 
Chahanon, Michel Paul Guy de, writer, A62. 
Charlet, Nicolas Toussamt, painter, engr.,b. 
Clermont-Tonnerre, Comte de, Stanislas, 

statesman, A45. 
Civiale, Jean, physician, born. 
Cousin, Victor, metaphysician, phil., born. 
Despretz, Cesar Mansuele, savant, born. 
Dulrenoy, Pierre Armand, geologist, born. 
DuvauceJ, Alfred, naturalist, born. 
Favart, Charles Simon, drama) ist, A82. 
Genoude, Antoine E., journalist, historian, h. 
Isambert, Francois A., politician, jurist, b. 
Lamballe, I'rincesse <b\ Marie Therese Louise 

de Savoie-Carignan, A42. 
Pradier, Jacques, sculptor, born. 
Richer, Edouard, author, born. 
1793 * * Afl're, Denis Auguste, archbishop of 

Paris, born. 
Bailly, Jean Sylvain, asfron., philos., A57- 
Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., revolu., A32. 
Biron, Due de, Armand Louis de Gontaut, 

Due de Lauzun, general, politician, A46. 
Bonchamp, Marquis de, Charles Melchior 

Artus, general, A34. 
Brissot de Warville, Jean Pierre, Girondist 

leader, writer, A39. 
Changarnier, Nicolas A. T., general, born. 
Chasles, Michel, geometrician, born. 
Chazal, Antoine, artist, born. 
Chevallier, Jean B. A., chemist, born. 
Clement, Francois, historian, A59. 
Corday d' Annans , Charlotte, heroine, A25. 
Custine, Comte de, Adam Philippe, gen., A5.1. 
Dampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri Marie 

Picot, general, A37. 
Delavigne. Jean Francois Casimir, dram- 
atist, born. 
Entrecasteaux, Joseph Antoine Bruni d', 

admiral, explorer, A54. 
Fonfrede, Jean Baptiste Hover, pol., A27. 
Gensonne, Armand, Girondist leader, A35. 
Hittorf, Jacques Ijmace, arch., antiq., born. 
Lescnre, Marquis de, Louis Marie, Vendean 

chief, A27. 
Marat, Jean Paul, revolutionist, A49. 
Orl6ans, Due d\ Louis Philippe Joseph, 

statesman, A46. 
Roland, Madame Marie Jeanne Phlipon, 

Girondist, author, A39. 
Roland de la Platiere, Jean Marie, states- 

Tott, Baron de, Francois, officer, Tur., ABO. 
Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, slates., A34. 
Jan. 31. Louis XVI., king, A39. 
Oct. 16. Marie Antoinette, queen, A38. 



CHURCH. 

1791 Mar. 3. Paris, The churches' 
plate is sent to the mint for coinage. 

Apr. 13. It. The Pope declares it is 
impossible for the clergy to take the 
prescribed oath. [Bishops are chosen 
in accordance with the new law, and con- 
secrated without confirmation by the 
Pope.] 

May 4. Paris. The Pope is burned in 
effigy. 

1792 Aug. 26. Paris. The decree of 
the National Assembly against the 



1791* * Memoires secrets des regnes de 
Louis XIV. et de Louis XV., by Duelos, 
appears. 

* * Gonzalve de Cordove, by Florian, ap- 
pears. [1792, Fables; 1794, (iiiiNaiurir 
Tell.] 

1792 June 25. The records of the no- 
bility, 600 volumes, are burned. 

* * The Marseillaise Hymn is composed by 
an engineer officer named Kouget de 
Lille, or L'Isle, at Strasburg. [It be- 
comes universally popular.] 

* * The New Man, by Saint-Martin, ap- 
pears. 

Sept. * La Quotidienne is issued. 

* * L'Enfant du Carnival, by Pigault Le- 



* * Shakespeare's Othello, by Ducis, ap- 
pears. [1~'X>, Abiifar. or the Arab Fam- 
Up.] 

SOCIETY. 

1791 Apr.± * Paris. The royal fam- 
ily is imprisoned in its o"\vn palace, 
and subject to daily insults. 

May 31. Paris. Punishment by the 
wheel is abolished. 

Aug. 26. Paris. A decree of the Na- 
tional Assembly occasions the exile of 
40,000 priests, who are forbidden to 
exercise the offices of worship. 

1792 Sept. 2-5. Paris. Prisons 
crowded with adherents of aristocracy 
are burst open, and 12,487 massacred by 
Jacobins. 

Sept. 3. Paris. Princess de Lam- 
baHe, the superintendent of the royal 
household, having refused to take the 
oath against the monarchy, is literally 
torn into pieces by the mob. 

1793 Mar. * -94 July* The Reign 
of Terror. 

It is preceded by great confusion and 
disorder, and begins with the Revolu- 
tionary TrilmnalVind ends with the over- 
throw of Maximilien Robespierre and 
his associates. 
July 13. Paris. Charlotte Corday, 
the heroine, mortally stabs Jean Paul 
Marat, the bloody leader of the Jaco- 
bins. [July 17. She is guillotined.] 

STATE. 

1791 Apr. 2. Mirabeau, the presi- 
dent of the Assembly, dies. 

May 21. Paris. The Commune, a 
municipal council, is definitely consti- 
tuted. 

June 20. Paris. The royal family 
flees at midnight, the king being in dis- 
guise. 

June 21. The king is captured at Va- 
rennes, ami brought back to Paris amid 
the hooting of the mob ; guards are 
placed in the rooms of the royal family 
day and night. 

* * Paris. The Girondists become con- 
spicuous. 



FRANCE. 1791, Mar. 3-1793, Aug. 28. 709 



July 17. Paris. The Assembly makes 
an. unprovoked and murderous assault 
on a meeting in. the Champs de Mars ; 
Lafayette, Mayor Bailly, and tlie As- 
sembly are brought into discredit. 

Aug. * Ger. Declaration of Pillnitz. 
The Emperor Leopold and Frederick 
"William, King of Prussia, unite in a dec- 
laration that all the sovereigns of Eu- 
rope have a common interest in the con- 
dition of the King of France. 

Sept.* Avignon is annexed. 

Sept. * Paris. The king is reinstated 
as sovereign by the moderate party. 

Sept. 15. Paris. The king accepts the 
revised and completed Constitution. 

Sept. 30. Paris. The president dis- 
solves the National Assembly, its 
work being completed. 

Oct. 1. — 92 Sept. 21. Paris. The 
Legislative Assembly. 

Oct. 1. Paris. A meeting takes place 
of 745 representatives, mostly from the 
middle class. 

They form three parties : the Conserva- 
tives, who prefer to stop where they are ; 
the Girondists, virtuous, upright men, who 
favor afemlal republic ; and the Jacobins, 
like Robespierre, Danton, aud Marat, who 
are Radicals, and advocates of a united and 
indivisible republic. 

* * Paris. Acts are passed depriving the 
emigrants who leave France of their 
property, and placing the clergy under 
surveillance ; the king vetoes these acts, 
and thereby enrages the people. 

1792 Feb. * An alliance is formed be- 
tween Austria and Prussia against 
France. 

Mar. * Paris. A change of Ministry oc- 
curs ; the conservative Girondists are 
in power. 

Apr. 20. Paris. France declares "war 
against Austria. 

Three armies are on the frontier, — Ro- 
chambeau (43,000}, Lafayette (52,000), 
Luckner (42,000). (See Army.) 



June 18. Paris. The Jacobin Club de- 
clares its sittings permanent. 

June 20. Paris. A mob invades the 
Tuileries, and compels the king to put 
on his head a red cap, the emblem of the 
revolution ; it is dispersed by the mayor. 

July 25. The Duke of Brunswick, the 
commander-in-chief of the allied armies, 
issue's athreatening and impolitic mani- 
festo. 

Aug. * Paris. The Assembly becomes 
the instrument of the Commune. 

Aug. 3. Paris. The sections of the city, 
with Mayor Potion as leader, demand 
that the Assembly depose the king. 
[Aug. S. The Assembly by a large ma- 
jority vote against it.] 

Aug. 9-10. Paris. Municipal author- 
ity is usurped. 

The Commune of Paris is expelled 
from office, and its place filled by com- 
missioners named by the 4S sections of 
the city, thus forming a new commune 
of 288 members. 

Aug. 10. Paris. " The Tenth of Au- 
gust." Downfall of the monarchy. 

The mob storms the Tuileries, and 
is driven back by the fire of the Swiss 
troops; the king and his friends escape 
to the Legislative Assembly, and he or- 
ders the S*wiss to cease firing, thus leav- 



ing these brave followers of his at the 
mercy of the enraged mob by whom they 
are massacred ; the Assembly is forced 
to suspend the king provisionally. 

Aug. 13. Paris. A great number of 
suspected persons are arrested. 

* * The Jacobins have everything their 
own way. 

Aug. 16. The royal family is impris- 
oned in the gloomy fortress of the Tem- 
ple, and is subject to rigorous treatment. 

Aug. 19. Paris. The new Municipality 
is sworn in ; it becomes the Revolution- 
ary Tribunal. It is established to take 
cognizance of all attacks directed against 
the Republic, the Revolution, or the 
public good. 

Aug. 20. Paris. Being impeached and 
proscribed by the Assembly, Lafayette 
flees to the camp of the allies, and is de- 
tained as a prisoner of war at Olmiitz. 

Aug. 30. Paris. The barriers are closed, 
and 3 9 000 persons are arrested and 
imprisoned, being suspected of hostility, 
to the Revolution. 

Sept. 2-4. The Prussian army enters 
France in the interest of the royal fam- 
ily, to the consternation of the nation. 

Sept. 2-7. Paris. A jail delivery and 
massacre of Royalists takes place un- 
der the Jacobins. 

The imprisoned Royalists and Consti- 
tutionalists are delivered by Georges 
Jacques Danton, the minister of justice, 
to Millard and his paid cutthroats, and 
cruelly murdered. Similar atrocities 
take place at Versailles, Lyons, Reims, 
M(5aux, Orleans, and other places. 

Sept. 21.— 1795 Oct.* Paris. The 

National Convention is in session. 

It is composed of 749 members, all Re- 
publicans, and is divided into two par- 
ties : the Right, led by Robespierre, the 
Duke of Orleans, Danton, and Collot 
d'Herbois ; and the Left, led by Ver- 
gniaud, Brissot, and others. 

Sept. 21. Paris. The Convention votes 
to abolish the monarchy, and France 
is declared a Republic. 

Sept. 22. Paris. The Convention makes 
this day the first of the Year One of 
the French Republic. [Nov. 24. Estab- 
lished as the Revolutionary Era.] 

The Convention decrees that the fugi- 
tive emigrants be perpetually banished ; 
that the usual titles of courtesy (Mon- 
sieur and Madame) be suppressed, and 
the title Citizen be used. 

Nov. 19. Paris. A declaration of 

fraternity is made with all nations that 
desire to be free, and they are offered 
help. 

Nov. * Nice and Savoy are annexed to 
France. 

Dec. 11. Paris. Trial of Louis XVI. 
The Committee of Safety arraigns the 
king for tyranny, and for attempting to 
destroy the liberty of the French people 
by inviting foreign powers to invade 
France. 

Dec. 20. Paris. A decree of perpetual 
banishment against the Bourbon fam- 
ily is promulgated. 

Dec. 26. Paris. Louis XVI. appears 
before the Convention for the last time ; 
Barrere is prosecutor ; Chretien de 
Malesherbes and two others are ad- 
vocates for the king. 



The Assembly debates and adjourns 
day after day without arriving at a de- 
cision. The Girondists propose an ap- 
peal to the people, which shall decide 
the king's fate, but it is rejected. 

1793 Jan. 15. Paris. The Conven- 
tion decides that the king is guilty of 
treason against the sovereignty of the 
people, and for conspiracy against the 
State. Vote, 683 out of 721. 

The majority includes the Duke of Or- 
leans (Phil i j ■[ .. Kualih'i, his nearest kins- 
man and the first prince of the blood ; 
the minority vote is divided for impris- 
onment, banishment, or death with a 
respite. [Jan. 16. He is condemned to 
unconditional death by a majority of 
one vote (361) ; a formal rupture with 
European powers follows.] 

Jan. 21. Paris. Louis XVI. is be- 
headed. 

* * Louis XVTI. is proclaimed by the 
emigrant army. 

Feb. 1. Paris. "War is declared 
against Great Britain, Holland [and 
later against Spain] , they having entered 
an alliance against France. 

* * Belgium is annexed. 

Mar. * A Royalist insurrection breaks 
out against the Republicans in Vendue 
and Brittany in Northwest France. 

Mar. 9-10. Paris. The Revolution- 
ary Tribunal is established. 

A life-and-death struggle occurs in the 
Convention between the Girondists and 
the Mountain party, or extremists. The 
Orleanists of the Mountain party en- 
deavor to make the Duke of Orleans 
(Philippe Egalite) protector, but they 
are not successful. 

Apr. 6. Paris. In consequence of the 
coalition against France the Commit- 
tee of Public Safety is appointed; it 
consists of nine members, with Barrere 
and Danton as leaders. [Later three 
more are added.] 

June 2. Paris. Fall of the Girondists. 
An armed mob (80,000), organized by 
the Commune, having artillery, demand 
an immediate decree for the arrest of 
the Girondist members; the Convention 
votes at the point of the bayonet, and 
32 are arrested. The Commune, ruled by 
a commission of 12, are the real power 
of the State. 

June 2-94 June* Paris. Reign of 
Terror. [So called because obnoxious 
persons are executed, regardless of age, 
condition, or sex.] 

July 13. Paris. Jean Paul Marat, the 
President of the Commune, is assassi- 
nated by a young provincial girl named 
Charlotte Corday. " One man have I 
slain to save a hundred thousand." 
[July 17. She is executed.] 

July * Paris. Robespierre, Antoine St. 
Just, and Georges Couthon are added 
to the Committee of Public Safety, 
which dictates the government ; Robes- 
pierre becomes the head of the State. 

Terrible atrocities are committed in 
the large cities by the agents of the 
Committee of Public Safety. 

Aug. 10. Paris. The new Constitu- 
tion is inaugurated by a national cele- 
bration. 

Aug. 23. A levy en masse of all citi- 
zens capable of bearing arms is decreed, 
and soon 14 armies are organized. 



Aug. 28. Paris. Gen. Adam Philippe 
de Custine is guillotined. 



710 1793, Sept. 7-1795, * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1793 Sept. 7, 8. The French under 
Gen. Hoche defeat the Duke of York at 
his siege of Dunkirk. The English re- 
treat, abandoning their heavy artillery 
and ammunition. 

Sept. 11. Austrians take Qnesnoy. 

Sept. 14. Bavaria. The Prussians under 
the Duke of Brunswick defeat the 
French under Gen. Moreau at Pirnia- 
sens. 

Oct. 9. Lyons, having revolted against 
the Convention, is taken by the Repub- 
licans after 70 days siege under Marshal 
Kellermann; pillage and bloodshed fol- 
low. 

Oct. 15, 16. The French under Marshal 
Jourdan defeat the Austrians under the 
Prince of Coburg and Gen. Clerfayt at 
Wattignies. 

Oct. 25. The Vendean insurrectionists 
under Laroche defeat the Republicans 
under Westerinann near Laval. 

Nov. 15. Toulon is taken by the Eng- 
lish. 

Dec. 12. The Vendeans under Comte 
Henri de La Roehejaequeiein are de- 
cisively defeated at Le Mans by Re- 
publicans under Gens. "Westermann and 
Marceau. 

Dec. 19. Toulon is taken. 

It having received an Anglo-Spanish 
fleet, is besieged and taken by the French 
chiefly through the' skilful action of 
Colonel of Artillery Napoleon Bona- 
parte ; it his first distinguished service. 
[He is made a brigadier-general.] 

1794 Jan. * Union of allies against 
France. (See p. 518.) 

Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is taken 

from the French by the British. 
Apr. 18. Neth. Gen. Pichegrn defeats 

the allies at Turcoing. [May 18. Again 

defeated by Gen. Moreau,] 
Apr. 24. The French are defeated at 

Cambrai. 
Apr. 26. Belg. Gen. Pichegru leads an 

invasion. 
Apr. 30. Belg. The allies capture Trois- 

ville. [May 22. They take Vespierre. 

The French are repulsed at Tournay.] 

(See p. 518.) 
June 1. Lord Howe defeats the French 

fleet off the Isle of Ushant. 
June 26. Belg. Austrians defeated at 

Fleurus. (See p. 518.) 
July 28. The Vendeans are defeated 

at Misdon. 
Aug. 17. Valenciennes is retaken by 

the French under Gen. Scherer. 
Sept. 14. The French defeat the Duke 

of York at Bois-le-Duc. [Sept. 17. At 

Bortel.] 
Oct. 28. Neth. The French defeat the 

British under the Duke of York at 

Nimeguen. [Nov. 3. The French are de- 
feated. Nov. 8. They regain the town.] 

1795 Jan. * Allies of Austria with- 
draw. (See p. 518.) 

Jan. 1 8. Neth. The French enter Am- 
sterdam without a battle. 

Mar. 8. Sir Edward Pellew with a Brit- 
ish fleet takes 15 French ships and 
bui\ua seven out of a fleet of 35. 



Mar. 14. Lord Hotham defeats the 
French fleet in the Mediterranean, and 
captures two ships. 

Apr. 5. Peace. (See State.) 



June 27. English and emigrants land 
at Quiberon under Count de Puisaye to 
assist the Royalists of Chouans off Brit- 
tany. [July 5. Quiberon is taken, July 
20. Retaken by Gen. Hoche ; many emi- 
grants are executed.] 

Sept. 6. Prus. Allies repulsed at Dus- 
seldorf. (See p. 51S.) 

Sept. 20. Ger. The French under Gen. 
Pichegru bombard and take Mann- 
heim. [Oct. 23, 29. Retaken by Mar- 
shal Wurmser.] 

Oct. 5. Paris. Napole*on Bonaparte 
suppresses the insurrection of the Sec- 
tions. 

Oct. 11. Prus. Jourdan is defeated at 
Hochst. (See p. 518.) 

Nov. 23, 24. It. The French under 
Marshal Massena defeat the Austrians 
at Loano. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1795 Apr. 7. Paris. The meter is 
made the legal unit of length and the 
base of the metric system. It is one ten- 
millionth part of the distance between 
the poles, and equal to 3.2808 Englishf eet. 

Oct. 25. Paris. All the five Royal 
Academies are combined in one body, 
called " Institut National" [later, 
Royal, Imperial, and National]. 

* * Paris. The " Conservatoire des Arts 
et Metiers " is established. 

* * Paris. The Academy of Natural 
Philosophy is established. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1794 * * Amiot, Joseph, Jesuit miss., A76. 

Ancelot, Jacques A. P. F., poet, novelist, 
dramatist, born. 

Artaud, Nicolas Louis, wr., Greek scholar, b. 

Bab met, Jacques, natural philosopher, b. 

liarbaroux, Chas. Jean Marie, revolu., A27. 

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, demagogue, A38. 

Chamfort ( Champiort), Sebastien Roch-Ni- 
colas, poet, litterateur, A53. 

Chaumette, Pierre tiaspard. Jacobin, A31. 

Chenier, Andre Marie de, poet, A32. 

Condorcet. Marquis de, Marie Jean An- 
toine Nicolas (aritat, metaphysician, A51. 

Damiron, Jean P., eclectic philosopher, b. 

Danton, Georges Jacques, revolu., A35. 

Desmoulins, Camilla, revolutionist, A32. 

Dionis du Sejour, Achille I'., geometri., A 60. 

Estaing, Comte d', Charles Hector, adm., A65. 

Fabre d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois N. 
Jacobin, A39. 

Florian, Jean Pierre Claris de, author, A39. 

Flourens, Mane Jean Pierre, physiol., born. 

Freteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel Marie 
Michel Philippe, politician, A49. 

Ciiiigniaut, Joseph l>aniel, scholar, antiq., b. 

Hebert, Jacques Kene, demagogue, A39. 

Kock, Charles Paul de, novelist, dram., b. 

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, chemist, A 51. 

Linguet, Simon N. H., polemical writer, AW. 

Lbomond, Charles Francois, educator, A67. 

Malesherbes, Chretien de, G. de Lamoi- 
gnon, judge, philanthropist, A73. 

Pelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de Malakoff, 
marshal, born. 

Perronet, .lean Itodolphe, engineer, A86. 

Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, physcian, born. 

Itaspail, Francois Vincent, revolutionist, b. 

La Rochejacquelein. Comte de, Henri du 
Verger, Vendeim general, A22. 

Saint-Just. Antoine Louis Leon de, revolu- 
tionist, A27. 

Say, Horace l^mile, political economist, b. 

Vicq d'Azyr, Felix, anatomist, A46. 

July 28. Robespierre, Maximilien Marie 
Isidore, revolutionist, A36. 
1795* * Baraguey d'Hilliers, Achille, mar- 
shal, born. 



Barthelemy, Jean Jacques, archeol., A80. 

Barye, Antoine Louis, sculptor, born. 

Beaufort, Loins de, historical writer, dies. 

Caussin de Perceval, Armand P., orient., b. 

Caventou, Joseph B., chemist, born. 

Chopart, Francois, surgeon, A45±. 

Clot-Bey, Antoine, Lgvptologist. phys., born. 

Coquerel, Anthanase Laurent Charles, Prot- 
estant clergyman, born. 

Danican, Francois Andre, composer, chess- 
player, A68±. 

Desault, Pierre Joseph, surgeon, A51. 

Dupuy, Louis, journalist, writer, A86. 

Fouquier-Tinville, Antoine Quentin, rev- 
olutionist, prosecutor, A48. 

Payen, Anselme, chemist, born. 

Ravignan, Gustave F. X. D. de, Jesuit, pul- 
pit orator, born. 

Salvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au- 
thor, born. 

Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, his- 
torian, born. 

Troplong, Kaymond Theodore, jurist, born. 

Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surgeon, born. 

Mar. 27. Louis XVII., dauphin, A10. 

CHURCH. 

1793 Nov. 10. Paris. The Conven- 
tion declares Christi anit y abolished. 
The worship of the Goddess of Reason- 
is established as a substitute. 

1794 Mar. 31. Paris. The National 
Convention decrees the announcement 
that there is no God. 

May 7. Paris. Robespierre in Conven- 
tion becomes the champion of the Su- 
preme Being, and favors the restora- 
tion of the acknowledgment of God, who 
had been abolished by a decree. 

The National representatives vote that 
" the French people acknowledge the 
existence of the Supreme Being and the 
immortality of the soul." 
June 8. Paris. The "Fete de l'rLtre 
Supreme,'' Robespierre as high priest. 
The festival dedicated to the Supreme 
Being. 

LETTERS. 

1793 Sept. 16. The Convention issues 
an order suppressing throughout the 
Republic the faculty of theology, medi- 
cine, law, and arts. 

1794 * * Adele de Senanges, by Marquise 
A. M. E. F. Souzu-Botelho, appears. 



* * Historical Sketch of the Human Mind, 
by Condorcet, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1793 Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie 
Antoinette, condemned at 4 a. m., is be- 
headed by the Jacobins, amid scoffs and 
insults. 

Nov. 6. Paris. King Louis XVI. is 
guillotined. 

Nov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is 
guillotined. Last words, "O Liberty! 
what crimes are committed in thy name." 

Nov. 10. Paris. The Festival of Rea- 
son is celebrated in Notre Dame. 

Nov. 15. Paris. The National Conven- 
tion decrees the suppression of all lot- 
teries. 

* * -94 * * Divorces are frequent ; 7,000 
are legalized in Paris alone. 

1794 Apr. 5. Paris. Georges Jacques 
Danton, who led the attack on the Tui- 
leries, a member of the Committee of 
Public Safety overthrown by Robes- 
pierre, is guillotined; others also suffer 
with him. 

May 10. Paris. Madame Elizabeth, 
sister of Louis XVI., is guillotined. 



FRANCE. 



1793, Sept. 7-1795, * *. 711 



July 9. Paris. Seventy-one persona are 

guillotined. 
July 28. Paris. Robespierre, after 

having put to death 2,774 persons, whose 

ages ranged from 14 to 97, is himself 

guillotined. 
Nov. 9. Paris. The mob attacks the 

Jacobin Society. 
Nov. 11. Moravia. Lafayette escapes 

from the prison at Olmiitz. [Recaptui'ed. 

1796. Aug. 25. Released.] 

* * Paris. The Convention decrees the 
abolition of the slave-trade. 

1795 May 20. Paris. Bread riots 
occur. 

The populace unsuccessfully rise 
against the Convention, and are subdued 
by the use of artillery. 

June 8. Paris. Louis XVII. dies in 
prison, in consequence of a series of bar- 
barities practised by his jailers ; only 
the emigrants acknowledged him as 
king. 

STATE. 

1793 Sept. 17. Paris. A maximum 
price for a great number of Commo- 
dite^s, and the rate of wages, are estab- 
lished. 

* * All persons suspected of being un- 
friendly to the Republic are impris- 
oned. 

Oct. 12. Paris. The Convention decrees 
the demolition of Lyons, because of 
its opposition to the Government, and 
three commissioners are sent to carry 
out the decree. 

Oct. 16. Paris. Queen Marie Antoi- 
nette is beheaded. 

Oct. 30, 31. Paris. The Revolutionary 
Tribunal execute 21 Girondists in the 
night. 

Dominance of the Revolutionary Tri- 
bunal and the guillotine ; Fouquier- 
Tinville is public prosecutor ; legal 
forms are set aside, and 60 persons are 
executed in one month. 

Nov. 6. Paris. Louis Philippe Joseph 
(FJgalite), Duke of Orleans, is executed 
by the Jacobins. 

Nov. 8. Paris. Madame Roland is be- 
headed because her husband is obnox- 
ious to the Jacobins. 

Nov. i* Paris. Christianity is pro- 
scribed. 

The worship of God is abolished ; the 
Goddess of Reason (from the Opera 
House) is enthroned in Notre Dame ; 
" Death is an eternal sleep " is written 
on the entrance of the cemeteries. 

Nov. 24. Paris. The Revolutionary 
Era (see 1792, Sept. 22) is established in 
place of the Gregorian Calendar. Sept. 
22, 1792, beginning the Year One. 

1794 Feb. 3. Paris. The Convention 
receives three deputies from St. Do- 
mingo : two are blacks and one white. 

Mar. 24. Paris. Nineteen Ultra-Revo- 
lutionists, including Herbert, their 
leader, are executed by the Jacobins for 
attempting to organize an insurrection 
of the Sections. 

Mar. 29. Paris. The Dantonists are 

condemned. 
Apr. 6. Paris. Danton, Benoit Camille 
Desmoulins, a pamphleteer, with several 
associates, are executed. 



Apr. 19. The Treaty of The Hague is 

signed by England and Prussia ; it pro- 
vides subsidies for 60,000 men to carry 
on the war against France. 

Apr. + * Paris. The Committee of 
Safety has unchecked domination. 

Robespierre abolishes the worship of 
reason, and causes the Convention to 
pass a resolution acknowledging the ex- 
istence of a Supreme Being. 

* * Corsica. Pasquale Paoli organizes a 
successful revolt; he is elected gene- 
ralissimo, and president of the council 
of Carte. 

June 10. Paris. Additional and fright- 
ful powers are granted by the Conven- 
tion to the Revolutionary Tribunal. 

"Witnesses are not required ; juries 
convict without evidence or argument, 
and death is the sole penalty for all 
offenses ; executions increase to 354 a 
month. 

June 17. Corsica. Paoli, despairing of 
the success of the revolution in main- 
taining independence, agrees to a union 
with Great Britain; George III. is ac- 
knowledged king. 

June * Paris. The Mountain party (Rad- 
icals) and the Moderates organize a con- 
spiracy against Robespierre. 



July 27. Paris. Robespierre falls. 
The two Robespierres, Couthon, St. 
Just, Lebas, and Henriot, members of 
the Commune, are arrested by order 
of the Convention ; they are released by 
the Commune, but they are surprised 
and rearrested in the night at the Hotel 
de Ville. 

July 28. Paris. Robespierre and 71 
others are beheaded ; the Commune is 
nearly extinct. 
The Reign of Terror ends. 

* *-95* * Paris. The Moderates con- 
trol the National Convention. 

The Committees of Public Safety and 
General Security are remodeled, and 
political suspects are released from 
prison. 

Nov. 9. Paris. An association of young 
men attacks the hall of the Jacobin 
Club, and drives out its members. 

Nov. 12. Paris. The Jacobin Club is 
closed, and tbe Society is dissolved by 
the Convention. 

Dec. 8. Paris. The surviving Giron- 
dists are readmitted to their seats in 
the Convention. 

Dec. 16. Jean Baptiste Carrier is con- 
demned and executed for cruelty to in- 
surrectionists at Nantes, 32,000 of whom 
he had massacred in a few weeks, 500 of 
whom were orphaned children of mur- 
dered parents. 

Dec. 24. The maximum, fixing the 
prices of commoditis, is repealed. 

1795 Jan. * The depreciation attending 
the increased issues of the Assignats 
causes much public misery. 

Feb. 5. The Vendean insurgents sign 
a treaty of peace with the Convention. 

Apr. * Paris. An insurrection breaks 
out against the Government. 

The Convention Hall is invaded by a 
mob which demands bread; it is dis- 
persed by the troops. The Terrorists, 
Collot, Billaud, Barrere, and Vaudier, 
are sentenced to transportation. 

Apr. 5. Switz. Peace is signed at 
Basel with Prussia, Saxony, Hanover, 
and Hesse-Cassel. 



France is to hold tbe left bank of the 
Rhine until peace shall be concluded 
with the empire ; a line of demarcation 
fixes the neutrality of Northern Ger- 
many. 

A secret article is signed by which 
Prussia absolutely cedes the left bank 
of the Rhine to France on the assurance 
of a recompense through secularization. 

May 7. Paris. Antoine Quentin Fou- 
quier-Tinville, the public prosecutor 
under Robespierre, is guillotined. 

Neth. The Batavian Republic is es- 
tablished by France. (1795-180G. See 
Netherlands.) 

It makes an alliance with France, to 
whom it surrenders Dutch Holland. 

May 20. Paris. Unsuccessful Prairial 
insurrection by the populace. 

A mob of 30,000 attacks the Conven- 
tion, demanding the enforcement of the 
Constitution of 1793, the release of im- 
prisoned "patriots," and the restoration 
of the Jacobins; it is dispersed after 
much bloodshed, and the ringleaders 
are executed. 

June * The Vendean insurgents again 
assemble under Charette and Stofllet. 

They are suppressed [and their leaders 
executed. 1796, Feb.* StofSet is exe- 
cuted. Mar. 29, Also Charette-1 

June 8. The dauphin, son of Louis XVI. 
and Marie Antoinette, styled by the Roy- 
alists Louis XVII., dies, aged ten years. 

July * Switz. The Peace of Basle is 
concluded with Spain. 

Spanish St. Domingo is ceded to 
France, which restores all other Span- 
ish conquests. 

Aug. 22. The Convention accepts the 
new (third) Constitution establishing 
a Directory. 

The legislative power is to be vested 
in two councils, the Council of Elders 
(250), and the Council of Five Hundred ; 
the executive is to consist of a board of 
five directors called a Directory. Two- 
thirds of the number are to be taken 
from the present Convention. 

1795-1799 Government of the Di- 
rectory. 

Aug. 23. Paris. The Convention orders 
the suppression of all clubs. 

Sept. 23. Paris. The Convention an- 
nounces the acceptance of the new 
Constitution in the provinces ; much 
hostility is manifested in Paris to the 
limitation of membership. 

Oct. * Paris. Royalists stimulate insur- 
rection in the Sections. The Conven- 
tion appoints Barras chief-in-command, 
Lieut. -Gen. Bonaparte second. 

Oct. 5. Paris. "Day of the Sections," 
13th Vendemiaire. 

Bonaparte crushes the revolt of the 
Sections with artillery in the Rue St. 
Honore, before the Church of St. Roche ; 
300 are killed ; and again at Pont Neuf ; 
time one hour and a half. 

Oct. 26. The Convention ends after 
three years duration. 

Nov. * Mandats, representing a specific 
amount of land, substitute the assi- 
gnats, which have become almost value- 
less, 45,000,000,000 francs having been 
issued. 

* * Corsica. The British viceroy, Sir Gil- 
bert Eliott, opens parliament. 



712 1796, Mar. 9-1799, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1796 * * Three French armies raised. 
(See p. 518.) 

Apr. 12. It. Bonaparte, beginning his 
first Italian campaign, defeats trie Aus- 
trians under Gen. D'Agenteau at Mon- 
tenotte. 

Apr. 14. It. Bonaparte is victorious at 
Millesimo. 

Apr. 22. It. Bonaparte defeats the 
Piedmontese under Gen. Colli at Mon- 
dovi. 

May* The French cross the lower 
R hin e. 

May 10. It. Bonaparte, the " Little 
Corporal," with. 6,000 men, charges and 
defeats 16,000(?) Austrians at the Bridge 
ofLodi. Austrian loss, 2,500; French 
loss, estimated at 2,000. [May 15. Milan 
falls.] 

June 3. It. The French under Mar- 
shal Rfassena take Verona. 

June 4. Prus. The French defeat the 
Austrians at Altenkirchen. [June 16. 
The French are forced back.] 

July 5. Aust. Gen. Moreau defeats the 
Austrians at Badstadt. [July * Bona- 
parte besieges Mantua.] 

Aug. 3. It. Victories of Lonato [and 
Castiglione and Medola]. (See p. 51S.) 

Aug. 10. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats 
the Austrians under the Archduke 
Charles at Neresheim. [Aug. 24. Jour- 
dan defeated at Amberg. Sept. 3. At 
Wurzburg. ] (See p. 518.) 

Sept. 4. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the 
Austrians under Marshal "Wurmser at 
Roveredo. [Sept. 8. Again at Bas- 
sano, It.] 

Sept. 16. Prus. The Austrians defeat 
the French at Altenkirchen. 

Oct. 2. Ger. The French defeat the 
Austrians at Biberach. [Oct. 20. Mo- 
reau driven across the Rhine.] (See 
p. 518.] 

Nov. 12. It. Bonaparte repulsed at 
Caldiero. (See p. 518.) 

Nov, 15-17. It- Austrians defeated at 
Areola. (See p. 518.) 

Nov. 21. Aust. Bonaparte defeats the 
Austrians at Castelnuovo. 



1797 Jan. 14, 15. It. Austrians de- 
feated at Rivoli. (See p. 518.) 

Feb. 2. It. Marshal Wurmser and 
20,000 Austrians capitulate to Bona- 
parte at Mantua. 

Feb. 9. It. Ancona capitulates. 

Feb. * W. The French invade "Wales ; 
they soon surrender. 

Feb. 14. The Spanish fleet of 27 vessels 
is defeated by a British fleet of 14 vessels 
under Adm. Jervis off Cape St. Vin- 
cent; the Spaniards lose four ships. 

Mar. 16. It. Bonaparte defeats the 
Austrians at Tagliamento. 

Mar. * -Apr. * It. Bonaparte crosses 
the Alps. (See p. 518.) [Sept. 17. War 
ends.] 

May 12. "War is declared against Ven- 
ice ; the Republic is occupied by French 



troops, the Senate abdicates, and a 
democratic government is proclaimed. 

Aug. 23. Prus. The Archduke Charles 
defeats Gen. Bernadotte at Neumark. 
[Sept. 3. He defeats Marshal Jourdan 
at Wurzburg.] 

1798 Feb. 19. Rome. Marshal Mas- 
selna is made commander of the army of 
occupation. 

Apr. * Switz. Conquest of Switzer- 
land. (See State.) 

May 19. Bonaparte sails from Toulon 
for Egypt with 36,000 men and 20 war- 
ships. [June 12. He takes the Island 
of Malta. July 2. He takes Alexan- 
dria, Egypt.] 

July 21. Egy. At the battle of the 
Pyramids Bonaparte defeats the Mame- 
lukes under Murad Bey. [July 22. He 
captures Cairo.] 

Aug. 1, 2. Battle of the Nile. 

The British Adm. Nelson defeats the 
French Adm. Brueys, who is killed ; the 
French lose 13 out of 17 vessels and 9,000 
men. (See Great Britain.) 

Aug. 27. Ire. The French auxiliaries 
under Gen. Jos. A. Humbert (15,000) with 
Irish insurgents compel the British un- 
der Gen. Lake to retreat at Castlebar ; 
the French and Irish occupy the town. 
[Sept. 8; Defeated at Ballinamuck by 
the British under the viceroy, Lord Corn- 
wallis.] 

Oct. 12. Ire. The British take five 
French ships sent to help the Irish. 
(See Great Britain.) 

Oct. 22. Egy. A revolt breaks out in 
Cairo against the French ; 5,000 natives 
are massacred. 

1799 * * -1801 * * "War of the second 
coalition. Russia, Austria, England, 
Portugal, Naples, and Turkey are 
united against France. 

Feb. 9. The British capture the La Pru- 
dente. (See Great Britain.) 

Feb. 18. Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes 
El Arisen, the frontier fortress of Syria. 
[It is soon retaken.] 

Mar. 13. France again declares war 
against Austria. 

Asia Minor. Bonaparte takes Jaffa 

by assault ; he [is accused] of the mas- 
sacre of 1,200 Turkish prisoners. [Mar. 
18. He besieges Acre.] 

Mar. 25. It. The French defeated at 
Stockach. (See p. 518.) 

Mar. 28-30. It. The Austrians defeat 
the French at Verona. 

Apr. 5. It. The Austrians under Baron 
von Eray defeat the French Gen. 
Scherer at Magnano. 

Apr. 16. Asia Minor. Bonaparte de- 
feats the Turks at Mount Tabor. 

Apr. 27. It. French defeat at Cassano. 
(See p. 518.) 

May * Gr. A Russi an-Turki sh fleet takes 
the Ionian Islands from France. 

May 20. Asia Minor. After a desper- 
ate assault, Bonaparte; repulsed by Sir 
Sydney Smith, abandons the siege of 
Acre, and departs for Egypt. 

June 5. Switz. The French under 
Marshal Masstfna are defeated at Zu- 
rich by the Austrians under the Arch- 
duke Charles. 



June 17-19. It. Battle of Parma. 
(See p. 518.) 

July 21. It. The French are driven 
from Alessandria, the capital of a de- 
partment, by the Russians under Suva- 
roff. 

July 25. Egy. The French under Mar- 
shal Murat defeat the Turks at Abou- 
kir. 

Aug. 15. It. Battle of Novi. (See p. 
518.) 

Aug. 22. Egy. Bonaparte transfers the 
command to Gen. Kle"ber. 

Sept. 9. Neth. The French are de- 
feated at Zuyper Slays. 

Sept. 19. Neth. The French underMar- 
shal Brune defeat the allies at Bergen. 

Sept. 25, 26. Switz. Marshal Massena 
defeats the Russians under Marshal 
Suvaroff at Zurich. 

Oct. 6. Neth. The Ihike of York, 
commanding the Anglo-Russian army, 
capitulates to the French at Alkmaar. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1798 * * Chromium and beryl are dis- 
covered by Louis Nicolas Vauquelin. 

1799* *A -weaving-machine is made 
by Joseph Marie Jacquard, near Lyons. 



* * Paris. Laplace's Micanique Celeste 
appears. 

* * * Paris. Georges Cuvier introduces 
an approved system of anatomical clas- 
sification. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1796 * * Bautain, L'Abbe", LouiB E. M., phi- 
losopher, born. 

Barthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet, born. 

Bourdon, Isidore, physician, author, born. 

Buchez, Philippe J. B., philosophical wr., b. 

Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, revolution- 
ist, A46±. 

Cremieux, Isaac A<lulpln\ politician, born. 

Demetz, Frederic Auguste, philan., born. 

Pombey, Joseph, botanist, traveler, A54. 

Knfantin, I'.aitheleniv Prosper, socialist, b. 

Jouffroy, Theodore S., philosophical wr., b. 

Mignet, Kraiicuis Auguste Marie, hist., born. 

Mirbel, Lizinska A. Z. R. de, miniaturist, b. 

Kaynal, Abbe, Guilhimne Thomas Francois, 
historian, philosopher, A83. 

Saint-Arnaud. Jacques Achille Leroy de, 
marshal, born. 

1797 * * Andral, Gabriel, physician, born. 
Aubert du Bayet, Jean Baptiste Annibal, 

general, A38. 

Audouin, Jean Victor, entomologist, com- 
parative anatomist, born. 

Auger, Hippolvtp Nicolas Just, novelist, b. 

Auzoux, Theodore Louis, physician, born. 

Babeuf, Francois Noel, revolutionist, A34. 

Hasan, Pierre Francois, an., engraver, A74. 

B6rard, Pierre Honore, surgeon, born. 

Bertin, Edouard Francois, journ., artist, b. 

Carlowitz, Baronnc, Aloise Christine, au., b. 

Oarniouche, Pierre Fred., Adolphe, dram., b. 

Ilejacet, .Marie Virginie, actor, horn. 

Delaroche. Paul (Hyppolyte), historical 
painter, born. 

Fabre, Antoine F. H., medical writer, born. 

Fabre, .lean, "the honest criminal," A 7d. 

Fanehe, Ilippolvte, Sanskrit scholar, born. 

Ilenriquel-lnipont, Louis Pierre, engraver, b. 

Hocbe. Lazare, general, A29. 

Kergtielen-Treinarec, Yves Joseph de, navi- 

■ gator, A52. 

Leuret, Francois, physician, author, born. 

Louvet de Couvrav, Jean l'.apt., rev.,A37. 

Pelletier, Pert rand, chemist, A 36. 

Querard, Joseph Marie, bibliographer, born. 

Kcmusal, Comte de, ('has., F. M., philos., b. 

Robert- Fleurv. Joseph N., hist, painter, b. 

Thiers. Louis Adolphe, hist., President, b. 

Thierry, A medee Simon Ihmiinique, hist.,b. 

Vigny, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, born. 



FRANCE. 



1796, Mar. 9-1799, * *. 713 



1798* * Bertini, Henri Jerome, composer, 
pianist, born. 

Blanqui, Jerome A., political economist, b. 

Boniface, Joseph Xavier (Saintine), an., b. 

Brneys d'Aigalliers, Francois P., adm., A48. 

Callet, Jean Francois, mathematician, A54. 

Casabianca, Louis, naval captain, A43i. 

Clerc, Nicolas Gabriel, physician, hist., A72. 

Jan. 19. Comte, Isidore Auguate M. F, 
X., philosopher, founder positivism, born. 

Duvergier de Hauranae, Prosper, states- 
man, born. 

Glaire, Jean Bapt., theol., orientalist, born. 

Henry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, born. 

Jasmin. Jacques, poet, born. 

Joly, Marie Elizabeth, actor, A3S. 

Leroux, Pierre, socialist, writer, born. 

Leroy d'Etiolles, Jean, surgeon, born. 

Marbeau, Jean Baptiste l-'innin, philan., b. 

Mery, Joseph, author, born. 

Michelet, Jules, historian, born. 

Orsay, Comte d', Alfred (.1. G., artist, born. 

Veron, Louis Desire, journalist, born. 

Vuillaume, Jean I'.aptiste, violin-maker, b. 

Wailly, Charles de, architect, A69. 

CHURCH. 
1796* *Pope Pins VI. makes submis- 
sion to the French. Republic. 

1798 Feb. * It. The Pope is taken a 
prisoner by the French, and removed to 
Florence ; [later, is ordered to Paris, 
and dies on the journey.] 

LETTERS. 

1796 * * Theorie du pouvoir civil et reli- 
gieux, by L. G. A. de Bonald, appears. 

* * Consider at ions sur In revolution fran- 
?aise, by Joseph M. Maistre, appears. 

* * Exposition of the System of the Uni- 
verse, by Laplace, appears. ' [1799-18'25, 
Treatise on Celestial Mechanics.'] 

1797 * * Agamemnon, by Louis J. A. Le- 
mercier, appears. [Later, TartiiffRevoln- 
tionnaire, Ophis, Char/em.agne, Baudoin, 
St. Louis, Columbus, and other plays.] 

* * Des Plantes, by Rene R. L. Castel, ap- 
pears ; [Later Forest of Fonfainebleau.'} 

* * Anecdotes of the Rerohtt ion in Russia, 
by Claude Ca'rloman Rulhiere, appears. 
[1798± , Histoire de V Anarchic de Pologne.] 

* * Essay on the Revolutions, by Chateau- 
briand, appears. 

* * -1800 * * Le Catichisme universel, by 
Saint-Lambert, appears. 

1795 * * Treatise on Membrane s,\)y M. F. 
X. Bichat, appears. [1S00, Researches 
on Life and /hath; 1801, General Ariat- 
omy applied to Physiology and Medi- 

* * La dot de Suzette, by Joseph Fievee, 
appears. 

* * -1800 * * Flora Atlantica, by Rene 
Louiche Desfontaines, appears. 

* * -1805 * * Nouvelle bibfintheque des 
romans, by La Vergne de Tressan, ap- 
pears. 

1799 * * Frederic, by Joseph Fievee, ap- 
pears. 

* * The"orie des fonctions analytiques, by 
Lagrange, appears. 

* * Guerre des Dieux, anciens et modernes, 
by A r iscount Parny, appears. [Also, 
Poemes e'rotiques.] 

SOCIETY. 

1796 Mar. 9. Napoleon Bonaparte 
marries Josephine, widow of Vicomte 
de Beauharnais. 

STATE. 
1796 May 12. A conspiracy against 
the Directory, composed of Socialists, 
Anarchists, and Jacobins, under the 
leadership of Francois Noel B-abeuf and 
others, is discovered r ~ J 



Bonaparte requires Victor Amadeus to 
cede Savoy and Nice to France, and to 
surfer the French to garrison the Pied- 
numtese fortresses. 



Oct. 22. Corsica. The people having 
declared for the French, the British 
leave the island. 

1797 Feb. 19. It. The Pope signs the 
humiliating Treaty of Folentino. 

He cedes to France Bologna, Ferrara, 
and the Roniagua and Avignon with its 
territory ; 15,UiH),i)uO Irancs, and 100 valu- 
able works of art treasures are also ex- 
acted. 

Apr. 18. Aust. Preliminary Peace of 
Leoben. 

A Congress to mediate for peace with the 
empire on the basis of its undivided terri- 
tory. Austria cedes to France the Belgian 
provinces and the region beyond the Oglio; 
in return, Austria is to receive the greater 
part of the mainland of Venice, including 
the territory between the Oglio, Po, and 
Adriatic, after she has conquered it; also 
Venetian Dalmatia and Istria, with the for- 
tresses of Mantua Peschiera and Palmo 
Novo. She is (o recognize the Cisalpine Ke- 
public of Northern Italy when formed by 
ltonaparte. Venice to receive Komagna, 
Bologna, and Ferrara. 

May * Bonaparte declares war against 
Venice because of the massacre of a 
French garrison at Verona, Italy. 

May * It. Bonaparte establishes popu- 
lar government in Venice ; aristocracy 
is abolished. 

* * Royalists elect more than 200 mem- 
bers to the Council of Five Hundred. 

May* It. Bonaparte organizes the Cis- 
alpine Republic, with Milan for its 
capital. (Milan, Modena, Ferrara, Bo- 
logna, and Romagna.) 

May* It. Bonaparte erects Genoa with 
part of Sardinia Into the Ligurian Re- 
public, with French control. 

July 15. The exiled French ministers 
are permitted to return on taking an 
oath to support the Constitution. 

Sept. 4. Paris. The Coup d'Etat suc- 
ceeds. 

The Republicans are victorious over 
the Royalists in the Council of Five 
Hundred, the Council of Ancients, and 
in the Directory. Lazare Nicolas Carnot 
and Francois Barthelemy are deposed 
from the Directory by aid of the army. 
Members from 53 departments, includ- 
ing Barthelemy and Gen. Pichegru, the 
president of the Five Hundred, are trans- 
ported for conspiracy. Carnot contrives 



tot 



lane. 



May * Sardinia makes a separate peace 
with France. 



Oct. 17. It. The Peace of Campo 
Formio is concluded between France 
and Austria. (See Austria-Hungary.) 

Dec. 10. Paris. Bonaparte returns, 
and receives a public ovation from the 
Directory. 

1797 Dec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Ger. The 
Congress of Rastadt meets to treat of 
the general peace with the Germanic 
powers, and fails through disagreement. 
(See Germany.) 

1798 * * Bonaparte persuades the Direc- 
tery to send him on an expedition 
against Egypt. 

Feb. * It. The French under Marshal 
Berthier occupy Rome, and proclaim 
the Roman Republic. 

Pope Pius VI. is taken prisoner, and 
removed to Florence ; he is ordered to 
Paris, and dies on the road. 



Apr. * Switz. Solicited by the oppressed 
AValdenses, the French enter and con- 
quer Switzerland. 

Apr. 12. Switzerland is formed into 
the Helvetian Republic, after the model 
of France ; Geneva is annexed to France. 

May 11. Paris. The elections having 
disappointed the Government, another 
coup d'Uat follows, and many radical 
deputies are expelled. 

Aug+. * It. The Power of France is 
diminished by many military disasters. 

1799-1801 Apr. * Second coalition 
against France. 

Great Britain, Germany, Russia, Naples, 
Portugal, and Turkey enter under the leader 
ship of Paul I., Emperor of Russia and Grand 
Master of the Knights of Malta. 

The allies propose an English army under, 
the Duke of York to operate in the Nether- 
lands; an Austrian army under the Arch- 
duke Charles for Germany and Switzerland; 
a Russian- Austrian army under Marshal 
Suvaroff for Italy. 

1799 Spring. The elections are hostile 
to the Directory, and a cabal is formed 
for the overthrow of the Government. 

June 18. Paris. Revolution of the 
30th Prairial against the Convention. 

The Republicans, under Abbe Siey^s, 
having forced the retirement of Director 
Count Treilhard for Louis Jerome Go- 
hier, now dismiss Larevelilere and Phi- 
lippe Antoine Merlin, who are succeeded 
by Roger Ducos and Gen. Moulin. 

Aug. 23. Bonaparte returns from 
Egypt. 

* * Paris. Bonaparte offers his services 
to the new Directory. 

Nov. 9. Paris. The legislative body 
called the Ancients is persuaded to re- 
move to St. Cloud, as a place of greater 
freedom. 

A bloodless revolution occurs: 
downfall of the Republic. 

The Coup d'Etat of the 18th Bru- 
maire. Bonaparte dissolves the Coun- 
cil of the Ancients as incompetent. 

Nov. 10. Paris. Bonaparte expels the 
Council of Five Hundred by the aid 
of the army, and assumes control of the 
Government. 

1799 * * -1804 * * Government of the 
Consulate. 

Bonaparte is chosen First Consul for 
ten years; he selects Jean -Jacques Regis 
de CambactSres and Charles Francois 
Lebrun for his two consultation col- 
leagues. 
Dec. 13. Paris. The new (fourth) Con- 
stitution is promulgated. [Ratified ; 
vote, 3,000,000-1,567.] 

There are to be three consuls, for terms of 
ten years and reeligible; the tirst to hold all 
the power, and the other two lor consultation. 

Legislation is to be initiated by a Council 
of State, appointed by the First Consul. Its 
laws are to be discussed by a Tribunate of 
One Hundred, who are then to pass them on 
to be discussed before the Legislative liody 
(300) by three orators, and then by three 
Counsellors of State nominated by the Gov- 
ernment, and to be finally ratified or re- 
jected by a secret ballot, without debate. 
A Senate of 80 life-members, to confirm or 
annul all acts sent to it on constitutional 
grounds. Senators to name the Consuls, Tri- 
bunes, and Legislative Body, choosing them 
from 5,000 persons who are chosen by univer- 
sal suffrage. Senators to be elected to va- 
cancies by joint action from a list of three 
candidal es presented by (he Legislative Body, 
the Tribunate, and the First Consul. 

Napoleon Bonaparte rapidly in- 
his popular influence. 



714 1799,* *-1805, Oct 14. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1300 Mar. 20. Egy. Gen. Kleber de- 
feats the Turks at Heliopolis. [The 
French are again dominant in Egypt.] 

Apr. * It. The French under Marshal 
Masse'na are defeated at Voltri. 

May 3. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the 
Austrians at Engen. [May 4. Again at 
Stockach. (See p. 518.) May 6. Again 
at Biberach.] 

* * Napoleon completes the subjugation 
of the Boyalist insurrectionists in Ven- 
due. [May 15-20. He crosses the Alps 
into Italy. June 2. He enters Milan.] 

June 4. It. Marshal Mass^na surren- 
ders Genoa to the English and Aus- 
trian s. 

June 9. It. The French under Marshal 
Lannes defeat the Austrians under Gen. 
Ott at Montebello. 

June 14. Egy. Gen. EHe'ber is assas- 
sinated at Cairo by Suleyman, a fanatic. 
Gen. Menou assumes command. 

It. Battle of Marengo. 

Bonaparte defeats the Austrians un- 
der Gen. Melas. French, 28,000+ ; loss, 
7,000±; Austrians, 33,000i; loss, 10,000 
to 12,000. Bonaparte gains Upper Italy. 

June 19. Ger. Gen. Moreau defeats the 
Austrians at Hochstadt. [July 2. He 
enters Munich. July 15. Armistice.] 

Sept. 5. Malta surrenders to the British. 

Dec. 3. Saxony. Battle of Hohenlin- 
den. 

Gen. Moreau defeats and routs the 
Austrians under the Archduke John ; 
Austrian loss, 8,000 killed and wounded, 
and 12,000 prisoners. [Dec. 15. He takes 
Salzburg.] 

Dec. 25, 26. It. Battles on the Min- 
cio. (See p. 518.) 

1801 Feb. 9. Peace of Lune"ville. 
Mar. 8. Egy. The English under Sir 

Kalph Abercromhy defeat the French at 
Aboukir, and capture the town. [Mar. 
21. He defeats Gen. Menou at Alexan- 
dria; Abercromhy is fatally wounded. 
Mar. 28. Dies.] 
May 22. Egy. The French army at 
Cairo capitulates to the English [and is 
conveyed to France in English vessels]. 

1802 Feb. * W. I. An army of 40,000 
men is sent to Santo Domingo to sup- 
press the revolt of the blacks under 
Toussaint. [May 7. W. I. Toussaint 
L'Ouverture surrenders.] 

1803 May* The English seize all 
French vessels in their harbors ; Bona- 
parte retaliates by making English 
travelers in France prisoners of war. 

May * The French under Marshal Mor- 
tier invade Hanover ; Naples is occupied 
by another French army under Marshal 
Laurent Gouvion-Saint-Cyr. 

* * Napoleon forms a great encamp- 
ment at Boulogne, and makes prepa- 
rations to invade England. 

INov. * W. I. The French army in Santo 
Domingo capitulates to the English. 

1805 Sept.* "The army of Eng- 
land" is transferred from Boulogne to 
Germany. 

Oct. 14. Ger. The French under Mar- 
shal Ney defeat the Austrians at El- 
chingen, Bavaria. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1800 * * Paris. Baron George Chretien 
L. F. D. Cuvier lectures at the College 
of France on anatomy. 

1801 * * Abbe Rene Just Haiiy publishes 
his Treatise on Mineralogy. 

1802 Sept. 4. Andre 1 Jacques Garnerin, 
the aeronaut, descends 8,000 feet in his 
parachute. 

* *Etienne Geoff roy Saint-Hilaire 
brings zoological collections from Egypt. 

1803 Aug. 9. Paris. Bobert Ful- 
ton's steamboat Clermont sails on the 
Seine. 

* * Narcotin is discovered by Charles 
Derosne. 

1804+ * * The Plague of Jaffa is painted 
by Antoine Jean Gros. 

Aug. * Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac and 
Jean Baptiste Biot ascend in a balloon 
to ascertain the intensity of the mag- 
netic force, and reach a height of 13,000 
feet ; it is the first ascent made for scien- 
tific purposes. [Sept.* Gay-Lussac as- 
cends alone to the height of four and 
one-third miles above the level of the 
sea.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1799 May SO. Balzac, Honor6 de, nov- 
elist, born. 

Barrande, Joachim, geologist, born. 
Beaumarchais. Pierre Auguste Caron de. 

dramatist, A67. 
Borda, Jean Charles, math., astron., A66. 
Bourdon, Louis Pierre .Marie, math., born. 
Cadet de Gassicourt, L. Claude, chemist, A68. 
Caille, Rene, traveler, born. 
Chasles, Victor E. Philarete, critic, au., b. 
Delacroix, Ferdinand V. E., painter, born. 
Geruzey, Eugene, litterateur, born. 
Grand-Pierre, Jean Henry, Protestant el., b. 
Ilalevy, Jacques Francois F. E., comp., b. 
Joubert, Barthelemy Catherine, general, 

A30. 
Julien, Stanislas, orientalist, born. 
Lemonnier, Pierre Charles, astronomer, A84, 
Montucla, Jean Etienne, math., A74. 
Montgol tier, Jacques Etienne, balloonist, A54. 
Quicherat, Louis, lexicographer, born. 
Reybaud, Mane Roch Louis, author, born. 
Sainte-Hilaire, August, de. botanist, born. 
Vaulabelle, Achille Tenaille de, writer, born. 
Dec. 31. Marmontel, Jean Francois, 

critic, mis. writer, A71. 

1800 * * Agoult, Marie de Flavigny d', au- 
thor, born. 

Ampere, Jean Jacques, author, born, 

Arcon, Jean Claude FJeonor le Michaud d', 
engineer, A67. 

Aubry, Francois, revolutionist, A50±. 

Audebert, Jean P.apiiste, natural., engr., A41. 

Audrein, Yves Marie, politician, writer, d. 

Auvray, Felix, painter, born. 

P.astide, Jules, journalist, politician, born. 

Biard, Francois \uguste, painter, born. 

Billard, Charles Michel, physician, born. 

Botta, Paul Emile, areheologist, born. 

Bouill6, Marquis de, Francois Claude Amour, 
general, writer, A61. 

Carrel, Nicolas Arinand, political wr., born. 

Chaix d'Est-Ange, C.ustave L. A. V. C, ad- 
vocate, born. 

Championnet, Jean Etienne, general, A38. 

Charost, Arinand Joseph de Bethune de, phi- 
lanthropist, A72. 

Dantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, born. 

Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, natural., A84. 

DesaLx de Veygoux, Louis Charles Antoine, 
general, A32. 

Dumas, Jean Baptiste, chemist, born. 

Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, tinan., A7.8. 

Fould, Achille, financier, statesman, horn. 

Gay, Claude, botanist, historian, born. 

Guignes, Joseph de, orientalist, A79. 

Johannot, Alfred, engraver, painter, born. 

Kleber, Jean Baptiste. general, A46±. 

Latour d'Auvergne,- Theopbile Malo C. de, 
soldier, A57. 

L'Heritier de Bru telle, Charles Louis, bota- 
nist, A54. 

Lemaitre, Frederic, actor, born. 

Migne, L'Ahbe, Jacques Paul, editor, born. 

Milne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist, born. 

Monod, Adolphe. Prot. clergyman, born. 

Montalembert. Marquis de, Marc Rene, mil- 
itary engineer, A86. 



Pereire, Emile, financier, a fdr. of Credit 

Mobilier, born. 
Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, author, b. 
Pouchet, Felix Arcliimede, physiologist, b. 
Ricord, Philippe, physician, born. 
Soulie, Melcboir Frederic, novelist, born. 
Soyer, Alexis, cook, writer, born. 

1801 * * Antoine, Jacques Denis, artist, A68. 
Barchou de Penhoen, Baron, Auguste T. H., 

writer, born. 

Bastiat, Frederic, political economist, b. 

Bertin, Louis .Mane Armand, journalist, b. 

Bonnechose, Francois P. E. B. de, historian, 
writer, born. 

Burnouf, Eugene, orientalist, born. 

Carnot, Lazare Hippolyte, politician, writer,, 
born. 

Cavaignac, Eleonore Louis G-, journalist, b. 

Chevalier, Sulpiee G. P., caricaturist, born. 

Cournot, Antoine Augustin, math., born. 

Darcet, Jean, physician, chemist, A74±. 

Dolomieu, D£odat G. S. T. Gratet de, geolo- 
gist, A51i. 

Bumeril, Edelestand Pontas, scholar, born. 

Dumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, b. 

Fournet, Victor, geologist, born. 

Garnier, Adolphe, philosopher, born. 

Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, born. 

Lartet, Edouard, areheologist, born. 

Littre, Maximilien Paul Emile, -philologist, 
philosopher, born. 

Manas!, Armand, journalist, politician, b. 

Pauthier, Jean I'. G., Chinese scholar, born. 

Saint-Marc Girardin, Francois Auguste, au- 
thor, politician, born. 

Taschereau, Jules A., biographer, critic, b. 

Trousseau, Armand, physician, born. 

1802 * * Arago, Etienne, poet, dram., journal- 
ist, born. 

Balard, Antoine J., chemist, born. 

Beaumont de la Bonniere, Gustave A. de, 
writer, born. 

Berard, Auguste, surgeon, born. 

Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex- 
icographer, born. 

Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, anatomist, 
physiologist, A 31. 

Boccage, Marie Anne Le Page du, poet, A92. 

Boussingaull, Jean P. J. 1)., chemist, born. 

Capetigue, Jean Baptiste Honore Raymond, 
historian, born. 

Carrere, Joseph I'.arthelemi Francois, physi- 
cian, A62. 

Caumont, Arcisse de, antiquary, born. 

Cavaignac, Louis E., general, born. 

Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novel., dram., b. 

Dupanloup, Felix A. P., bishop of Orleans, b. 

Freron, Louis Stanislas, revolutionist, A37. 

Fournevron, Benoit, inventor turbine, born. 

Giraud, Charles Joseph Paiiheleini, jurist, b. 

Guibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch- 
bishop of Paris, born. 

Gudin, Jean Antoine Theodore, marine paint- 

Halevy, L6on, poet, born. 

Hugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, born. 

Lacordaire, Jean B. H., R. C. clergyman, 
orator, author, born. 

Leclerc, Victor Emmanuel, general, A30. 

Lecoq, Henri, naturalist, born. 

Lenormant, Charles, areheologist, hist., born. 

Luynes, Due de, Honored, areheologist, born. 

Miehanx, Andre, botanist, A58. 

Kiel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, b. 

Orbigny, Alcide D., naturalist, born. 

Texier, Charles Felix Marie, areheologist, b. 

Uhrich, Jean Jacques Alexis, general, born. 
1803* '"Adam, Adolphe C, musical com- 
poser, horn. 

Arbogast, or Arbogaste, Louis Francois An- 
toine, mathematician, A 44. 

Berlioz, Hector, musical composer, born. 

Bonaparte, Charles Lucien J. L., writer on 
natural philosophy, born. 

Brunck, Richard F. P., scholar, critic, A74. 

Chenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, engineer, b. 

Clairon, Claire Josephe Leyris de Latude, 
actor, A 80. 

Conneau, Henri, physician, born. 

Cont6, Nicolas Jacques, painter, mechani- 
cian, A48. 

Daumas, Melchior J. E., general, writer, b. 

Decamps, Alexandre Cabnel, painter, born. 

Duehatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states- 
man, author, born. 

Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, b. 

Faucher, Le\">n, economist, statesman, born. 

Fauveau, Felicie de, sculptor, born. 

Foucher, Victor A., jurist, born. 

Gamier-Page's, Louis Antoine, polit., b. 

Gerard, Jean Ignace Isidore, artist, carica. 
turist, born. 

Ilippean, Celeslin, educationist, author, b. 

Joliannot, Tony, painter, wood engraver, b. 

Jollivet. Pierre Jules, painter, born. 

Laclos, Pierre A. F. C. de, revolu., an., A62. 



FRANCE. 



1799, * *-1805, Oct. 14. 715 



La Ilarpe, Jean Fnuieois, dram., critic, A(i4. 
Leroy, Julien David, architect, A77±. 
Libri-Carucci, Count, G. B. I. T., Italian- 
French mathematician, born. 
Lucas, Charles ,!ean .Marie, reformer, born. 
Merimee. Prosper, novelist, born. 
Qui net, Eii^ir. phdosopher, author, bora. 



Louis, general, born. 
Baume, Antoine, chemist, A76. 
Cadoudal, Ceorges. Breton royalist, A35. 
Camus, Armand (iastun, legislator, \vr., A64. 
Cornu, Sekislien Melehior, painter, born. 
Daudin, Fraurois Marie, naturalist, A30±. 
Didot, Francis A., printer, type-founder, A74. 
Buret, Franeisque, sculptor, born. 
Forey, lilie Frederic, marshal, born. 
Girardin, Delpliine de, author, born. 
Isabey, Eugene Louis Cabnel, painter, born. 
Janin, Jules Gabriel, critic, born. 
Julien, Pierre, sculptor, A73. 
Lavalle"e, Theophile Sciiasiieu, historian, b. 
Moigno, Francois X. M., scientist, born. 
Moquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, b. 
Necker, Jacques, financier, statesman, A72. 
Fichegru, Charles, general, A43. 
Regnier, Jacques A. A., philologist, born. 
Sand, Georg-e, Armantine Lucile Aurore 

Dupin, Baroness iMidevant, novelist, b. 
Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, born. 

CHURCH. 

1800 * * Rome. Pius "VH. is pope. 

1801 July 15. Paris. A concordat is 
signed by Bonaparte and Pius VII. for 
the reestablishment of religion. 

1802 Apr. * Agreeable to the terms of 
the concordat, the Christian religion 
is reestablished- by Bonaparte as the 
religion of a majority of Frenchmen. 

LETTERS. 

1799 * * Principles of General Grammar, 
by Baron A. J. S. de Sacy, appears. 

* * Reveries r on the Primitive Nature of 
Man, by Etienne P. de Senancour, ap- 
pears. [180-4, Oberman.] 

* *-1805* * Course de Litte'rature an- 
cienne et moderne, by Jean F. de La 
Harpe, appears. [1801-07, Correspondance 
litteraire.] 

1800 * * Homme des Champs, by Delille, 
appears. • 

* *Ontke Spirit of Things, by Saint-Mar- 
tin, appears. 

* * Researches on the Laics of Affinity, by 
Berthollet, appears. [1803, Essay on 
Chemical Statics.} 

* * Treatise on Mineralogy, by Rene - Just 
Haiiy, appears. [1803, Elementary Trea- 
tise on Physics.] 

* *The "Universities" are reorgan- 
ized. 

Higher education is made dependent 
upon the Government. The Institut 
National and its division are reorgan- 
ized into the four [afterwards five] acad- 
emies. 

* * Atala, by Chateaubriand, appears. 
[1802, Gin ie da Christianisme ; [1809, Les 
Martyrs.] 

* * Entomological Bibliography, by 
Charles Nodier, appears. [1808+ , 
Painter of Saltzburg, The Exiles, and 
La Napolkone; 1808, Dictionary of 
French Onomatopmia.] 

* *-15* * Elements </' ideologic, by Comte 
A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy, appears. 

1802* * Legislation primitive, by de 
Bonald, appears. 

* * Mademoiselle de Clermont, by Comtesse 
de Genlis, appears. 

* * Delphine, by Madame de Stael, ap- 
pears. [1807, Corinne; 1810, De VAlle- 
mand.] 

* * Rapports du phisique et du morale de 
I'Homme, by Pierre J. J. Cabanis, ap- 
pears. 



* * Jeremy Bentham's TraiU de la Legis- 
lation, edited by Pierre Etienne Louis 
Dumont, appears. 

1803 * * Treatise on Political Economy, 
by Jean Baptiste Say, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1800 Jan. 20. Paris. Bonaparte gives 
his sister in marriage to Gen. Mnrat. 

Oct. 10. Attempted assassination. 

The life of Bonaparte is saved by the 
fast driving of an intoxicated coachman ; 
an infernal machine explodes a half- 
minute late, killing 20 persons and 
"wounding 53 others. 

[Again Bonaparte's life is imperiled by 
an infernal machine when on his way 
to the theater ; 52 persons are killed by 
its explosion.] 

1802 May 19. Paris. The Legion of 
Honor, for rewarding distinguished ser- 
vices to the State, military, civil, and 
scientific, is instituted. 

1803 Dec. 24. U. S. A. Jerome Bo- 
naparte marries Elizabeth Patterson, 
an American lady. [Marriage annulled 
in France.] 

1804 July 25. Paris. Georges and 11 
of his companions are guillotined as 
conspirators against Napoleon. 

STATE. 

1800 Jan. 1. Napole"on sends over- 
tures of peace to the King of England. 

Feb. 19. Paris. The First Consul takes 
the Tuileries for his official residence. 

Dec. 24. Chevalier attempts to assassi- 
nate !N"apole~on. 

1801 Feb. 9. The Peace of Lune- 
ville. (See Austria-Hungary.] 

Mar. 18. It. The Peace of Florence 
is made with Naples. 

The harbors are to be closed to British 
and Turkish vessels. Neapolitan pos- 
Central Italy and the island 



of Elba are to be ceded to France. 
French garrisons are to occupy several 
Italian towns. 

Prussia joins the Convention of the 
North against England. 
July 15. The concordat is signed by 
Napoleon and Pius VII. 

The Roman Catholic religion is declared to 
be that of the state; 10 French archbishops 
and 50 bishops are to be appointed by the 
Government, and continued by the Pope. 

The Pope sanctions the previous confisca- 
tion of Church property; the Government is 
to make adequate provision for the mainte- 
nance of the clergy. The Pope is to be recog- 
nized in the possession of the Papal States, 
excluding Ferrara, Bologna, and Rornagna. 

Aug. 31. The French army in Egypt en- 
ters a convention with the English ; 
it agrees to withdraw from Egypt, and 
is to be transported in English ships to 
France. 

1802 Jan. 25. It. Napoleon is elected 
president of the Italian, late Cisalpine, 
Kepublic. 

Mar. 27. The Peace of Amiens is con- 
cluded with England, Spain, and Hol- 
land. 

England surrenders all her conquests 
except Trinidad, W. I., which is ceded 
by Spain, and Ceylon is ceded by the 
Batavian Kepublic to England. France 



recognizes the Republic of the Seven 
Ionian Islands. Malta to be restored to 
the possession of the Knights of Malta. 

Apr. * Paris. An amnesty is granted 
to the emigrants. 

May 8. Paris. Napoleon is elected 
consul for ten years. 

Aug. 2. Paris. Napole*on is elected 
First Consul for life by a national 
vote of 3,568,885 ; he is also to name his 
own successor. 

* *The new (fifth) Constitution is 
adopted. 



* * Peace is made with Turkey. 

* * -07 * * The Simplon, a mountain 
road, leading over the Alps from Switz- 
erland into Italy, is constructed by Na- 
poleon for army use. 

It winds up passes, crosses cataracts, 
and passes by galleries through solid 
rock, and has eight principal bridges. 
From 30,000 to 40,000 men were employed. 

1803 Mar. 21. The Code Napole'on, 
a digest of national law, is completed 
and promulgated. 

* * A dispute arises with Great Britain 
respecting the non-evacuation of Malta 
by the British. (See Great Britain.) 

Apr. 1. The Bank of France is estab- 
lished. 

May 13. Paris. Lord Whitworth, the 
British ambassador, demands his pass- 
ports. 

May 22. "War is declared against Eng- 
land in connection with the Malta dis- 
pute. 

1804 Jan. 1. W.I. The Haitians an- 
nounce their independence of France. 

Feb. 15. Paris. Gen. Charles Piche- 
gru, the leader, and 40 others, includ- 
ing Gen. Moreau, are arrested for 
conspiracy against the life of Napoleon. 

Mar. 21. Paris. Napoleon puts the 
Bourbon Due d'Enghien to death 
after an alleged trial at Vincennes. 

Apr. 6. Paris. Gen. Pichegru is found 
strangled in prison. 

1804-1814 (1815). Napoleon I., heredi- 
tary emperor. 

May 18. Paris. The Tribunate and 
Senate proclaim !Wapol§on I. Em- 
peror of the French, and the throne 
hereditary in his family. 

May 28. Gen. Moreau is sentenced to 
two years' imprisonment ; Napoleon 
commutes it to exile in the United 
States. 

Dec. 2. Paris. The emperor is 
crowned at Notre Dame, Pope Pius 
VII. officiating ; Napoleon takes the 
crown out of the hands of the Pope, and 
places it on his own head ; he then 
crowns the empress. 

1805 May 26. It. Napoleon is 
crowned King of Italy at Milan ; his 
stepson, Eugene de Beauharnais, is made 
viceroy of Italy. 

June 30. It. Genoa is incorporated 
with France. 

Aug. * The third coalition is formed 
against France ; England, Kussia, Aus- 
tria, and Sweden unite for the restora- 
tion of the balance of power in Europe. 
Spain joins France. 



716 18uo, Oct. 17-1809, Feb. 21. FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1805 Oct. 17. Ger. Ney is victorious 
at Ulm. [Oct. 29-31. Massena at Caldi- 
ero.] (See p. 518.) 

Oct. 21. Battle of Trafalgar. 

Off Cape Trafalgar, Spain, the British 
Adm. Nelson destroys the French- 
Spanish fleet under the French Adm. 
Villeneuve, and the Spanish Adms. Gra- 
vina and Alava. British fleet, 27 ships of 
the line and four frigates. French- 
Spanish fleet, 33 ships of the line and 
Ave frigates. Nelson and Gravina are 
killed. The allies lose 19 ships. 

Nov. 13. Aust. Napoleon enters Vi- 
enna. 

Deo. 2. Aust. Battle of Austerlitz; 
"Battle of the Three Emperors." 

Napoleon with 60,000+: French defeats 
the Russo-Austrian army of 80,000± men 
under Marshal Kutusoff. French loss, 
12,000; allies loss, over 30,000. 

Dec. 26. Hung. Peace. (See p. 519.) 

1806 July 4. It. The British under 
Sir John Stuart defeat the French un- 
der Gen. Reynier at Maida. 

* * -07 * * "War with Prussia. 

Causes : The erection of the Confed- 
eracy of the Rhine, the annexation of 
Wesel to France, the seizure of Essen 
and Verden, and the placing of French 
troops in the garrisons of Germany ; 
also the bitterness of Prussians because 
of the execution of Palm of Nuremberg, 
who published strictures upon Napoleon. 

Oct. 10. Ger. The French under Mar- 
shal Lannes defeat the Prussian advance 
at Saalfeld [in Saxe-Meiningen] under 
Prince Louis Ferdinand, who is killed. 

Oct. 14. Ger. Battle of Jena. 

Napoleon with 100,000 troops defeats 
the 60,000 Prussians and Saxons under 
Prince Hohenlohe : Prussian loss, 12,000 
killed and wounded, and 15,000 prisoners. 
Battle of Auerstadt, near Jena. 
Here 35,000 French under Marshal Da- 
vout defeat 50,000 Prussians under the 
Duke of Brunswick, losing 7,500 men; 
Prussian loss, 10.000, including the com- 
mander. King Frederick William III. 
is present. 

Oct. 17. Saxony. The French storm 
Halle, defeating the Prussian reserve 
under the Prince of "Wurtemberg. 

Oct. 27. Prus. French occupy Berlin. 

Oct. 28. Prus. Prince Hohenlohe with 
12,000 Prussians surrenders to the 
French under Marshal Murat at Prenz- 
lau. 

"Nov. 6. Ger. French occupy Lubec. 

Nov. 8. Saxony. The French occupy 
Magdeburg. [Erfurt, Spandau, Stet- 
tin, Kustrin, and Hameln are speedily 
given up to the French.] 

Nov. 14. Vienna. Napole*on enters as 
conqueror. 

Nov. 30. Prus. Napoleon advances 
into Poland to meet the Russians. 

Dec. 26. Pus. Battle of Pultusk. 

The French under Marshal Lannes 
fight the Russians and Prussians under 
Gen. Bennigsen ; result indecisive. [The 
Russians retreat after the battle.] 

1807 Jan. 25. Prus. Battle of Moh- 
rungen. 

The French under Bernadotte narrowly 
escape destruction by the Russians and 
Prussians, whom they defeat. 
Jan. * Poland. Breslau is taken by the 
French. 



Feb. 7, 8. Prus. Indecisive battle of 

Eylau. 

Napoleon with 70,000 troops engages 
80,000 Russians and Prussians under Gen. 
Bennigsen and Gen. Lestocq. French 
loss, 20,000 ; Russian and Prussian, 18,000. 

Feb. 16. Pus. The French under Mar- 
shal Oudinot defeat the Russians un- 
der Count Essen at Ostrolenka, Poland. 

Mar. * Invasion of Spain. 

Marshal Murat enters with a French 
army of occupation, 20,000 strong, to fore- 
stall the English. [Mar. 23. He occupies 
Madrid.] 

May 24. Prus. Danzic is captured by 
the French under Marshal Lefebvre. 

* * Ger. Kolberg and Gaudenz continue 
to resist the French. 

June 14. Prus. Battle of Friedland. 
Here 75,000± under Napoleon defeat 

55,000 to 70,000 Russians and Prussians 

under Gen. Bennigsen. French loss, 

7,500± ; allies, 25,000+. 
July 7, 9. Peace. 
"Nov. 30. Port. The French under Gen. 

Junot enter Lisbon. 

1808 * * -14 * * Sp. Napoleon is at war 
with Great Britain in Spain and Por- 
tugal. ("Peninsula "War." SeeGreat 
Britain.) 

May 27. Sp. The "Sicilian Vespers" 
are reenacted in Spain ; the French gar- 
rison at Madrid is murdered without 
mercy. 

July 14. Sp. The French under Mar- 
shal Bessieres defeat the Spaniards un- 
der Gen. Cuesta at Medina de Bio Seco. 

July 21. Sp. Battle of Baylen. 

The Spaniards under Gen. Castafios 
defeat the French under Gen. Dupont ; 
20,000 men lay down their arms. [The 
French are allowed to leave Spain, but 
the capitulation is rejected by the Junta 
of Seville, and all but the superior offi- 
cers are sent to the galleys at Cadiz.] 

Aug. 21. Port. Sir Arthur Wellesley, 
commanding the British, defeats the 
French under Gen. Junot at "Vimeiro. 

Nov. 23. Sp. The French under Mar- 
shal Lannes defeat the Spaniards at 
Tudela. 

Dec* Sp. !N"apole*on augments his 
army to 250,000 men. 

* * -13. Sp. The French occupy Ma- 
drid. 

1809 Jan. * Sp. The British army 
retreats into Galicia. 

Jan. 16. Sp. The British under Sir 
John Moore, while retreating from Ma- 
drid, defeat 20,000 French under 
Marshal Soult at Corunna ; Sir John is 
killed. [Jan. 17. The British embark.] 

Feb. 21. Sp. Saragossa taken. 

After a prolonged siege and an obsti- 
nate defense, the French under Marshal 
Lannes take the city from the Spaniards 
under Gen. Palafox. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S06 Nov.* Berlin. Napoleon removes 
pictures from the royal galleries to 
France. 

* * Paris, Pont deslnvalides is erected. 
1808 May 3. Paris. M. de Granprt* 

and M. Le Pique ascend in balloons near 
Paris, and the latter is killed. 
±* * feienne Louis Mains discovers polar- 
ization of light by reflection. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1805 * * Anquetil-Duperron Abraham Hya- 
cintbe, orientalist, A74. 

Arnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard d', mi8. 
writer, A87. 

Battard, Victor, architect, born. 

Barbier, Henri Auguste, poet, born. 

Barthedemy Saint- Hilaire, Jules, statesman, 
philosopher, orientalist, born. 

Bertiu, Louise Angelique, singer, comp., b. 

Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie, states., b. 

Blanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, born. 

Lrasoassat, .Jacques Pa\ inoinl. painter, born. 

Cazalgs, Jacques Antoine Marie de,pol., A47- 

Ohahert, Marquis de, Joseph Bernard, navi- 
gator, astronomer, geographer, A78. 

Charriere, Madame Saint Ilyaeinthe de, nov- 
elist, A65±. 

Chappe, Claude, inventor of a telegraph, A42. 

Christotle, Charles, manufacturer, born. 

Clement, Ambroise, economist, born. 

Considerent, Victor, socialist, born. 

Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, statesman, b. 

Gabourd, Amtkiee, historian, born. 

Gratry, Auguste .Ids. Alphonse, theol., wr., b. 

Greuze, Jean F.aptiste, painter, A79. 

Houdin, Hubert, prestidigitateur, born. 

Jacqnand, Claudius, painter, born. 

Latude, Henri Masers de, prisoner of state, 
A80. 

Lesseps, Vicomte de, Ferdinand, diplo- 
matist, engineer of the Sue/, canal, born. 

Maret, Henri Louis Charles, theologian, born, 

Meehain, Pierre Francois Andre, as'tron., A6I. 

JJiepce de Saint-Victor, Claude Fedix Abel., 
chemist, inventor photog. on glass, born. 

Schneider, Eugene, manufacturer, politician, 

Tocqueville, Alexis C. H. Clerel de. 

statesman, political philosopher, writer, b. 
Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspardd'Anssede, 
scholar, A55±. 

1806 * * Adanson, Michel, botanist, A79. 
Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste, dram, author, b. 
Barthez, Pan! Joseph, physician, A72. 
Bassanville, Comtesse de, Anais L., au., b. 
Brisson, Mathurin Jacques, naturalist, A83. 
Carniontelle, Louis Carrogis, dram, wr., A89. 
Chevalier, Michel, political economist, born. 
Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, phil., A72+. 
Didron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeologist, b. 
Duprez, Gilbert Louis, tenor singer, comp., b. 
Gaillard, Gabriel Henry, historian, mis. 

writer, A80. 
Girardin, Emile de, journalist, born. 
Gozlan, Leon, dramatist, born. 
Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis de, gen., b. 
Mounier, Jean Joseph, statesman, A48. 
Nisard, -lean Marie Napoleon hesire\ critic, 

litterateur, born. 
Souvestre, Emile, journalist, author, born. 
Pelreir, Isaac, liuaucier, one of the founders 

of the Credit Mobilier, born. 
Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste 

Silvestre de, admiral, A43. 

1807 * * Bousmard, Henri J. B. de, military 
engineer, A58. 

Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, naturalist, A46. 

Charton, Edouard. litterateur, born. 

Coste, Jean Jacques Cyprien Victor, natural- 
ist, born. 

Cottin, Sophie Ristand, novelist, A34. 

Faroehon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, artist, born. 

Frossard, Charles Auguste, general, born. 

Gr6vy, Fram;ois Paul Jules, President, b. 

Guilinetli, Alexandre Auguste, ureheol., b. 

Laborde, Comte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon 
Josepli, traveler, writer, born. 

Lacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, born. 

Lalande. Jos. J. le Francis de, astrono- 
mer, A75. 

Lebrun, Ponce D. E., poet, A78. 

Legrand, Jacques < luillauiiie, architect, A64. 

Mallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, born. 

Nelaton, Auguste, surgeon, born. 

Paoli, Pas quale di, ('orsican general, A81. 

Pelouze, Theophile Jules, chemist, born. 

Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, jurist, states- 
man, A62. 

Eochambeau, Marquis de, J. B. Dona- 
tion de "Vimeur, marshal, A82. 

Saulcy, Louis Felicien Jos. Caignart de, 
archeologist, born. 

Ternaux, Henri i Teniaux-Campans), au., b. 

1808 * * Barthelemon, Francis H., musician, 
composer, A67. 

Cabanis, Pierre Jean G., physician, philoso- 
pher, author, A5L 

Chenavard, Paul, painter, born. 

Chenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, born. 

Colloinbet, Francois Zeiion, author, born. 

Etex, Antoine, sculptor, born. 

Granier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard, 
journalist, politician, historian, horn. 

Jacqiiemart, Albert, hist:, of ceramics, born. 



FRANCE. 



1805, Oct. 17-1809, Feb. 21. 717 



Karr, Jean liaptiste A lphonse, novelist, born. 
Ledru-Kollin, Alexandre Augusta, socialist, l>. 
Mnlibran, Maria Felicite, singer, actor, born. 
MacMahon, Comic de, Marie Edtne Patrice 

Maurice, l>uede Magenta, President, born, 

in Sully, June 13. 
Apr. 20. Napol6on III., Charles Louis 

Napoleon Bonaparte, emperor, born. 
l'i-rsigny, .lean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de, 

statesman, born. 
Planche, Jean P>aptiste G., litterateur, born. 
Robert, Hubert, painter, A75. 



CHURCH. 

1806 May 30. Napoleon decrees an as- 
sembly of Jewisli deputies for the pur- 
pose of forming a Sanhedrin. [July 23. 
They meet.] 

1807 * * A Methodist society of 70 per- 
sons has been established at Arras. 

1808 Feb. 2. It. The French subvert 
the papal government at Rome. 

Dec. 4. Napoleon abolishes the inquisi- 
tion. 

LETTERS. 

1805 * * Achilles at Scyros, by Luce de 
Lancival, appears. 

* * Tibkre, by M. J. de Cheuier, appears. 

* * The Templars, by Francois J. M. Ray- 
nouard, appears. 

* * Ode a la grande armee, by Pierre An- 
toine Lebrun, appears. 

* * Elementary Treatise on Physical As- 
tronomy, by Jean B. Birot, appears. 

1806* * Henry IV. of France, by Le- 
gouv£, appears. 

* * Ckrestomathie arabe, by Baron A. J. 
S. de Sacy, appears. [1S10, Arabic Gram- 

* * Elizabeth, ou les Exiles de Sibe'rie, by 
Madame S. R. Cottin, appears. 

1807 * * The Genius of Man, by C. J. P. 
de Chenedolle, appears. 

* * Introduction to the Scientific Labors of 
the 19th Century, by Claud H. Saint- 
Simon, appears. J1S14, The Reorganiza- 
tion' of European .Society:] 

1808 * * Theory of Four Movements and 
General Destinies, by F. M. C. Fourier, 
appears. 

* * Picture of French Literature in the 
18th Century, by A. G.P. B. de Barante, 
appears. 

* * Eugene de Rotkelin, by Marquis A. M. 
E. F.'Souza-Botelho, appears. 

* * Napoleon gives attention to public in- 
struction, and revives education. 

He establishes the General University 
to superintend national education. 



SOCIETY. 

1806 Nov. * Napol6on exhibits coarse 
behavior toward Louisa, the high-spir- 
ited queen of Prussia. 

* * The Conseils de Prud'hommes are 
organized as trade tribunals, composed 
of employers and workmen, to arbitrate 
trade disputes. 

1807 Aug. 12. Je'rome Bonaparte 
marries Catherine of Wiirtemberg. 

1808 Mar. 1. Paris. The new nobil- 
ity of France is created. [Many of the 
old families decline the titles.] 

STATE. 

1805 Dec. 26. Hung. The Peace of 
Presburg. {See p. 519.) 



Dec. * It. Napoleon by proclamation 
dethrones the Bourbons in Naples for 
violating the treaty of neutrality with 
France. 

1806 Jan. 1. Napoleon repeals the 
Republican Calendar, and restores the 
Gregorian Calendar and the Christian 
Era. 

Feb. * It. A French army in Naples 
compels the court to withdraw to Sicily ; 
Napoldon appoints his elder brother, 
Joseph, King of Naples. 

* * Napoleon's brother Louis Napo- 
leon is made King of Holland, now 
called the Batavian Republic ; Joachim 
Murat, his brother-in-law, is created 
Grand-duke of Berg, and Marshal Ber- 
thier, Prince of Neuchatel. 

July 12. The Confederation of the 
Rhine is established. 

Napoleon dissolves the ancient Ger- 
manic body, and unites 14 princes of the 
South and West into the Confederation 
of the Rhine, with himself as protector. 
The Confederation is finally joined by 
all the German princes except Austria, 
Prussia, Brunswick, and the electorate 
of Hesse. 

Aug. 6. The Confederation of the Rhine 
terminates the Holy Roman Empire. 
(See Germany.) 

Sept. * Frederick of Prussia is deeply in- 
censed at the slanderous language of 
Napoleon respecting his queen. 

Oct. 1. Paris. The Prussian minister 
peremptorily demands that all French 
troops shall immediately evacuate Ger- 
many [and war follows; France is 
ready, and Prussia ill-prepared], (See 
Army.) 

* * Napoleon improves all branches of the 
public service. 

Nov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin 
decree. 

It announces a (paper) blockade of the 
British Isles, the interdiction of all trade 
with England under heavy penalties, and 
prohibits vessels which had touched at Brit- 
ish ports, at or from its colonies, entering 
France. All trade in English goods unlaw- 
ful, and its merchandise a lawful prize. Its 
trade to be shut out from the Continent. 
(This "Continental System" is soon found 
to be impracticable.) 

Dec. 11. Ger. The Elector of Saxony 
signs a separate peace with Napoleon, 
and enters the Confederacy as king of 
Saxony. 

1807 June 25. E. Prus. Napoleon 
holds an interview with the czar at Til- 
sit, on a raft moored in the middle of 
the River Niemen. 

July 7. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between 
France and Russia. 

July 9. Prus. Peace of Tilsit between 
France and Prussia. 

1. Russia recognizes the newly formed 
duchy of Warsaw, formed out of parts of 
Prussia, under the king of Saxony. 2. Dan- 
zig to be a free city again. 3. Part of New 
East Prussia is ceiled to h'ussia, and a small 
portion to Saxony. 4, To recognize Joseph 
BonaparteasK inu'"f Naples. Louis Bonaparte 
as King of Holland, and .Jerome Bonaparte as 
King of Westphalia, -when the kingdom is cre- 
ated; also, to recognize the Confederation of 
the Rhine, which is to include the region west 
of the Elbe ; to accept the mediation of Napo- 
leon with the Turks, ami Alexander to medi- 
ate with England in behalf of France. A 
secret article liinds the two emperors in an 
alliance against England if peace is refused. 



1. Prussia cedes to Napolgon for his dis- 
posal the territory between the Khine and 
Elbe; to Saxony the circle of Cottbus, and 
forthe creation of the grand duchy of War- 
saw; to cede the lands taken from Poland 
since 1772, also to cede the city and territory 
of Danzig. 2. Also, to recognize the sov- 
reignty of Napoleon's brothers. 3. To close 
all Prussian harbors and lands to British 
commerce and trade until she makes peace 
with France. 4. The Prussian army is lim- 
ited to 42,000 men. Large indemnities are 
also to be paid. Prussia becomes a second- 
class power, with its territory reduced from 
89,120 to 46,032 square nuies. 

July 12. Prus. Treaty of Konigsberg 
with Prussia. 

The Prussian provinces and fortresses to 
be restored and evacuated when war indem- 
nities are paid, which by Prussian calcula- 
tions amount to B), mm, nun francs, but are 
lixed by the French at i'Ji),rtil(U)UO. [Itaised 
in 1808 to 140,000,000-3 

Aug. * Ger. The kingdom of "West- 
phalia is founded by the decree of Na- 
poleon, — one-half the domai n is reserved 
for himself. 

Sept. * Den. The British take possession 
by force of the Danish fleet, to prevent 
its use by France. (See p. 639.) 

* * Denmark enters an alliance with 
France. 

Oct. 27. The secret Treaty of Fontaine- 
bleau for the partition of Portugal is 
signed. 

Nov. * Portugal refuses to join the Con- 
tinental System, and is invaded by 
France. 

Dec. 13. France and Spain unite to pro- 
claim the deposition of the House of 
Braganza. 

Dec. 17. It. Napoleon's Milan decree 
is issued against British commerce. 

1808 Feb. 1. Port. Gen. Junot pro- 
claims that Portugal is to be governed 
henceforth by France as a conquered 
kingdom. 

A French army (100,000) enters Spain 
on the pretext of guarding the coasts 
against the attacks of the British. 

May 1. Sp. Charles IV. of Spain ab- 
dicates in favor of "his friend and ally," 
Napoleon. 
!N"apole5on is at the height of his 

tlory, nearly all of Western Europe 
ominated by him. 
May 27. Sp. In consequence of the 
royal abdication in favor of Napoleon, 
an insurrection arises. 
June 12. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte en- 
ters Madrid as King of Spain. [Gen. 
Murat takes the vacated throne of 
Naples.] 

* *The indignant Spaniards uprise against 
the French intruders. 

July 29. Sp. Joseph Bonaparte re- 
tires from Madrid after the French de- 
feat at Bayleu. 

Aug. 30. Port. The Convention of 
Cintra is entered by the French and 
English ; Gen. Junot agrees to evacuate 
Portugal immediately. 

Sept. 27. Prus. Napoleon meets the 
assembly of princes at Erfurt. 

Four kings and 34 princes and other 
German rulers do him reverence. He 
strengthens his alliance with the czar, 
who undertakes to subdue Sweden, and 
promises to support Napoleon against 
every hostile power. 

Dec. 4. Sp. Napoleon enters Madrid. 



718 1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. 13. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1809 Apr.* Aust, Napole"on is at war 
with Austria for French supremacy; 
England is an ally of Austria. 

Austria puts nearly 400,000 men in the 
field. Archduke Charles commands in 
Bavaria, and the Archduke John in 
Italy. The German people are sum- 
moned to aid in breaking the yoke of 
France ; Tyrol alone responds, under 
Andreas Hofer. 

Apr. 20. Bavaria. Napoleon defeats 
the Austrians under Charles at Abens- 
berg. [Apr. 21. And again at Land- 
shut.] 

Apr. 22. Bavaria. Battle at Eckmiihl. 
Marshal Davout defeats the Austrians 
under Charles, taking '20,000 prisoners, 
all the artillery, and 15 standards. 

Apr. 23. Bavaria. The French drive 
the Austrians from Ratisbon ; Napo- 
leon receives his slight and only -wound 
in the heel. 

Apr. * Sp. The French under Marshal 
Soult occupy Oporto. 

May 4. Aust. The French defeat the 
Austrians at Ebelsberg. 

May 11. Aust. Napoleon takes Vi- 
enna for the second time. [May 13. 
He enters the city.] 

May 12. Sp. Battle of Douro. 

Wellesley with a British and Portu- 
guese army (35,000) takes Oporto from 
the French under Marshal Soult, Duke 
of Dalmatia. 

May 21, 22. Aust. Battles of Aspern 
and Essling. (See p. 518.) 

July 5, 6. Aust. Battle of Wagram. 
(See p. 518.) 

July 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera 
de la Reina. 

Sir Arthur "Wellesley and Gen. Cuesta 
with 64,000 English and Spanish troops 
defeat the French under Marshal Victor 
and King Joseph. 

July 28. Viscount "Wellington (Sir Ar- 
thur Wellesley) is made British com- 
mander-in-chief in Spain. 

Oct. 14. Peace. (See State.) 

Nov. 14. Paris. Napoleon is con- 
gratulated for his victories. 

'Nov. 19. Sp. Marshal Mortier defeats 
the Spaniards at Ocafia. 

* * -10 * * Aust. The brave Tyrolese 
continue the war alone with France. 
[Andreas Hofer, the Tyrolese patriot, 
is shot.] (See p. 519.) 

1810* * Sp. Napoleon increases his army 
in Spain to 280,000 men. 

* *-ll* * Port. "Wellington and 
Masse'na struggle for victory. 

July 10. Port. Marshal Massena cap- 
tures the fortress of Ciudad Bodrigo. 

Sept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco. 

"Wellington, with 40,000 British and 
Portuguese troops, repulses 65,000± 
French under Marshal Massena. 

Oct. 9. Port. "Wellington retreats to 
the fortified lines of Torres Vedras, 
which he successfully defends against 
the French under Marshal Masse'na. 

1811 Mar. 5. Sp. The British under 
Gen. Graham defeat Marshal Victor at 
Barosa. 



Mar.+ * Port. Massena makes a mas- 
terly retreat before Wellington into 
Spain. 

Mar. 11. Port. Badajoz is taken by 
the French under Marshal Soult. 

* * Port. "Wellington besieges Almeida, 
and recaptures it from the French. 

May 3-5. Port. "Wellington, at 
Fuentes-de-Onoro, checks Massena, 
who soon retreats into Spain. 

May 16. Sp. Battle of Albuera. 

Gen. Beresford, commanding 30,000 al- 
lies, defeats Marshal Soult, commanding 
20,000 French. 

Sept. 10. Sp. The Spaniards defeat 
French at Ximena. 

Oct. 28. Sp. Gen. Rowland Hill de- 
feats French at Merida. 

1812 Jan. 4. Sp. Marshal Suchet de- 
feats the Spaniards at Albufera. 

Jan. 9. Sp. Valencia is taken by the 
French under Marshal Suchet, with its 
garrison of 16,000 men and immense 
stores. 

Jan. 19. Sp. "Wellington surprises 
Ciudad Bodrigo, and takes it by storm. 
(Jan. 8. Invested.) 

Jan. 27. Prus. Marshal Davout with 
20,000 French invades Swedish Pom- 
erania without any previous declaration 
of war. Sweden had offended by disre- 
garding the Continental System. 

Apr. 6. Sp. "Wellington takes Bada- 
joz after a siege. 

Apr. 11. Sp. Gen. Cotton defeats Mar- 
shal Soult at Lilerena. 

* * "War with Bussia. 

Napoleon provides for an army of 420,- 
000 men [later increased to 553,000]. 

June 6. Napole"on crosses the Vistula, 
and enters "West Bussia. [June 22. 
He arrives on the Niemen.] 

June* W. Bus. Vilna is occupied. 
Russians under Marshal Barclay de 
Tolly retreat. 

July 16. W. Pus. The advance of the 
French army begins. 

July 22. Sp. "Wellington completely 
defeats the French under Marshal Mar- 
mont at Salamanca. 

July 23. Bus. The French defeat the 
Bussians under Prince Peter Bagration 
at Mohilow. 

July 30, 31. Bus. A battle occurs be- 
tween the French and Russians at Po- 
lotzk. 

Aug. 17-18. Bus. Battle of Smo- 
lensk. 

The whole army assaults Smolensk ; 
during the night the Bussians under 
Marshal Barclay de Tolly and Prince 
Peter Bagration lire the city and retreat. 

Aug. * Sp. King Joseph Bonaparte, 
commander of the French, evacuates 
Madrid. [Aug. 12. The British enter.] 

Sept. 7. Bus. Battle of Borodino. 
The Bussians under Marshal Mikhail 
Kutusoff are forced to retire at Borodino 
and Mozhaisk, on the Moskva; each 
side has 140,000 men and suffers terrible 
losses. The French lose 30,000 h , the Rus- 
sians, 50,000± ; the latter retreat in good 
order. 

Sept. 14. Bus. The Russian army re- 
tires from Moscow, followed by most 



of the inhabitants ; the French army, 
95,000 strong, enters. 

Sept. 15. Bus. Napole"on establishes 
headquarters in the Kremlin. 

Sept. 16-19. Bus. Burning of Mos- 
cow. 

The Russian patriots sack and burn 
7,000 houses to deprive the French army 
of shelter. 

Sept. * Bus. Napoleon proffers a truce, 
which is held back and finally refused. 

Oct. 19. Bus. Betreat from Moscow. 
After a halt of five weeks Napoleon 
commences his disastrous retreat with 
120,000 men ; swarms of Cossacks and 
the Russian -main army under Kutusoff 
follow in pursuit. 

Oct. 19, 20, Bus. The Russians retake 
Polotzk. 

Oct. 24. Bits. A desperate and success- 
ful contest of one corps of the French 
army occurs at Yaroslavez. 

Nov. 3. Bus. One corps of the French 
army has a hard tight with the Russians. 

Nov. 6. Bus. Cold weather com- 
mences ; much snow falls, and terrible 
sufferings follow. 

Nov. 12. W. Bus. The French army 
arrives at Smolensk. 

Nov. 14. W. Bus. , The Russians defeat 
the French at Vitebsk. 

Nov. 17. W. Bus. Napoleon delivers 
the remnant of his army from 60,000 
Russians at Krasnoi. 

Nov. 26-28. W. Bus. The French 
make a disastrous passage of the Be- 
resina, near Studianka. 

Two bridges are constructed ; one gives 
way under the artillery. Marshals Ney 
and Oudinot with 8,500 men force a pas- 
sage against 25,000 Russians. The re- 
treat becomes a rout and wild flight ; 
the Russians take 16,000 prisoners. 

Dec. 5. Bus. Napoleon transfers the 
command to Marshal Murat, and de- 
parts for Paris. 

Dec. 13. W. Bus. The French army, 
100,000 strong, crosses the Niemen, 
having lost 100,000 as prisoners. [Total 
loss of the French and their allies, 
300,000±.] 

1813 * * -14 * * "War of Liberation. 
The powers of Europe unite in an alli- 
ance against Napoleon. The allies are 
commanded by Prince Karl Philip von 
Schwarzenberg, an Austrian general. 

Jan.± * Napoleon raises another army 
of 300,000 men. 

Feb. 13. IV. Bus. The Saxons are de- 
feated by the Russians at Kalisz. 

Mar. 11. Ger. The Russian troops en- 
ter Berlin, and are welcomed. 

Mar. 27. Ger. Prussians under Mar- 
shals "Wittgenstein and Blucher occupy 
Dresden. 

The French army is concentrated, and 
its contingents occupy Franconia, Thu- 
ringia, and the bank of the Elbe. 

Apr. 5. Prus. Prince Eugene defeats 
the Russians at Mockern. 

Apr. 13. Sp. Sir J. Murray defeats Mar- 
shal Suchet at Castalla. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1809 * * Jean Baptiste P. A. de M. 

Lamarck propounds a theory that all 



FRANCE. 



1809, Apr. 6-1813, Apr. 



719 



animals have been developed from " mo- 
nads," living minute particles. 

* * CEdipus and the Sphinx is painted by 
Jean Auguste Dominique. 

1812 * * Paris. Iodine is discovered by 
M. De Courtois, a manufacturer of salt- 
peter. 

* * Paris. Former periods of life on 
the globe are proved by Cuvier in bis 
Discourse on the Revolution of the Sur- 
face of the Globe; he also restores the 

fossil animals of Paris. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Oanrobert, Francois Certain, 

Olapisson, Louis, composer, born. 

Cossimiv ile Palma, Joseph Francois, natur- 
alist, A79. 

Dalayrae, Nicolas, musical composer, A56. 

Douay, Cluu-lcs Abel, general, philosopher, b. 

Dupu'is, Charles Kraneois, savant, A67. 

Favre, Jules Li. C, orator, statesman, born. 

Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, areheol- 
ogist, born. 

Flandrin, Jean Hippolyte, hist, painter, b. 

Franck, Adolplie, philosopher, born. 

Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de, chemist, A54. 

Oigoux, Jean Francois, painter, born. 

Haussmann, Baron (ieorijes Eugene, pol., b. 

Jeanron, Philippe Au^nsle, painter, born. 

Lacroix, Jules, bibliographer, antiquary, b. 

Lannes, Jean, Due <le Montebello, marshal, 
A40. 

LebcBuf, Edmond, marshal, born. 

Marmier, Xavier, traveler, litte"rateur, born. 

Michel, Francisque Xavier, archeologist, b. 

Pajou, Augustin, sculptor, A79. 

Peyrat, Kapoleon, poet, historian, born. 

Proudhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, born. 

Vacherot. Ktienne, philosopher, born. 

Vien, Joseph Marie, historical painter, A93. 
1810* * Abbadie, Antoine Tomson d,' trav- 
eler, born. 

Auguis, Pierre Jean Baptiste, revolu., A65±. 

Largos, Jean Joseph Leandre. orientalist, b. 

Boissieu, Jean Jacijues de, enslaver, A74. 

Baudelocipie, Jean Louis, surgeon, A64. 

Beauregard, Charles Victor, general, A46. 

Bosquet, Pierre ¥. Josepli, marshal, born. 

Cabarrus, Francois, merchant, A58. 

Chaudet, Antoine Denis, sculptor, A47. 

■Charras, Jean Baptiste A., military writer, b. 

€olet, Louise, nte. Uevoil, novelist, poet, born. 

David, Felieien Cesar, musical composer, b. 

Eon de Beaumont, Charles (ienevieve Louis 
Auguste Andre 'I'ituolhee <V, diplo., A82. 

Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Aehille de, gen- 
eral, born. 

Faugere, Armand Prosper, author, born. 

Felix, Ce" lest in Josepli, pulpit orator, horn, 

Ferdinand Philippe, Due d' Orleans, born. 

Fleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret, 
navigator, hydrographer, statesman, A72. 

Gasparin, Age"nor E. de, Protestant reformer, 
author, born. 

IVIaisonneuve, Jules G. F., surgeon, born. 

Martin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, born. 

Minie - , Claude Ktienne, (ilinierifle-bullet),b. 

Montalembert, Comte de, Charles Foi'bes, 
statesman, orator, author, born. 

Montgolfier, Joseph Michel, mechanician, 
inventor, A70. 

Moreau, Hegesippe, poet, born. 

Musset, Louis Charles Alfred de, poet, b. 

Quatret'ages de Breau, Jean L. A.,nat.,born. 

Keguault, Henry Victor, chemist, born. 

Walewski, Comte, Alexandre Florian Joseph 
C, natural son of Napoleon I. (?), states- 

Wolowski, bonis Francois M., economist, b. 
1811 * * Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, antiquary, 
A81. 

Altaroche, Marie Michel, humorist, born. 

Bazaine, Francois Aehille, marshal, born. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon II., or Napoleon Fran- 
cois Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I. and 
Maria Louisa, born. 

Bravais, Auguste, scientist, born. 

Chenier, Marie Joseph de, poet, dram., A47. 

Chalgrin, Jean Fran<;ois Theresc, arch., A72. 

Clairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, dramat- 
ic writer, born. 

Delsarte, Francois A. N. C. singer, elocu- 
tionist, born. 

Duruy, Victor, historian, statesman, born. 

Esmenard, Joseph Alphonse, poet, A44. 

Falloux, Vieomte, Frederic Alfred Pierre, 
statesman, writer, born. 



Fortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honored writer, b. 

Galois, Kvariste, mathematician, born. 

Gautier, The'ophile, author, poet, born. 

Laboulaye. lildouard Rene Lefebvre, ju- 
rist, historical writer, born. 

Leverrier, Frbain -lean Jos., astronomer, b. 

Longet, Francois A., physician, born. 

Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, painter, b. 

Morny, Comte Cliarles Auguste L. J., pol., h. 

Perier, Casimir, financier, slatesman, born. 

Sandeau, Leonard Svlvain Jules, novelist, b. 

Wiiiqiffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, b. 
1812* * Abbatucci, ( iiacomo Pietro, Corsican 
general, AM. 

Albitte, Antoine Lotus, Jacobin, dies. 

Arago, Francois Victor Emmanuel, lawyer, 
diplomatist, born. 

Arnould, Ambrose Marie, political econo- 
mist, author, A(i2. 

Autran, Joseph, poet, born. 

Breton, Francois P. II. Ernest, artist, born. 

Cabat, Nicolas bonis, landscape painter, b. 

Cissey, Ernest L. O. C. de, gen., politician, h. 

Cocbet, L'Abbe, Jean Baptiste Desire^ anti- 
quary, born. 

Combes, Kdmond, traveler, writer, born. 

Uunieril, Auguste Henri Andre, naturalist, b. 

Ebl£, Jean Baptiste, general, A54. 

Favre, Pierre Ktienne Lazare, linguist, born. 

Feuillet, Octave, novelist, dramatist, born. 

Haureau, Jean Bartheleini, historian, publi- 
cist, born. 

Jullien, Louis Georges, musician, born. 

Legouve\ Gabriel Marie J. 1'.., dram. poet,A48. 

Levesque, Pierre < 'harles, historian, A76. 

Malus, Ktienne Louis, eng., physicist, A37. 

Mireeourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, born. 

Pitra, Jean Baptiste, cardinal, scholar, born. 

Seguin, Ednnanl, physician, alienist, born. 

Sonnini de Manoncourt, ('harles Nicolas Si- 
gisbert, naturalist, A6I. 

Wallon, Henri Alexandre, historian, born. 



CHURCH. 

1809 May 17. Paris. Napoleon issues 
a decree abolishing the temporal au- 
thority of the Fope. 

June 10. Pome. Pope Pius VII. excom- 
municates Napoleon. 

July* -14* *Napol£on deposes the 
Pope, and holds him in captivity. (See 
State.) 

July 7. Pome. French soldiers surround 
the Quirinal at midnight, capture the 
aged Pope, and transport him under 
guard across the Alps to Grenoble. He is 
later placed on prisoner's allowance, and 
lived nearly three years, almost entirely 
upon alms. 

1811* * Paris. A synod convoked by 
Napoleon refuses to make the French 
Church independent of Rome. 

1812 June * Napoleon fixes the Pope's 
residence at Fontainebleau. [After the 
Peace of Paris the Pope returns to 
Rome.] 

LETTERS. 

1809 * * Lettres., by Mile, de Lespinasse, 
appears. 

* * Hector t by Luce de Lancival, appears. 

1810 * * Essai sur le principe generateur 
des institutions humaines, by Joseph M. 
Maistre, appears. 

1811 Mar. 25. Every newspaper ob- 
noxious to Bonaparte is suppressed. 

* * Les Derviches, by Augustine Eugene 
Scribe, appears. 

* * Jeremy Bentham's ThSorie des peines 
et des Recompenses, edited by Dumont, 
appears. [1815, Also Tactique des As- 
semblies legislatives.'] 

* * Recherches pht/sico-chimiques, by Gay- 
Lussac and Thehard, appears. 

* * -19 * * Commentaire sur V esprit des 
lots, by Comte A. L. C. Destutt de Tracy, 
appears. 

* *-40* * Biographie Universelle,hj 
Joseph F. Michaud and Louis G. Mi- 
chaud, appears. 



1812 * * 'Le l&preux de la cite" d'Aoste, by 
Count X. de Maistre, appears. [1815, 
Lajeune Siberienne and Prisonniers du 
C'aucase.] 

* * The Analytic Theory of Probabilities, 
by Laplace, appears. [1814, Philosophic 
Essay on Probabilities/] 

SOCIETY. 

1809 Nov. 25. Louis Philippe [king] 
marries Marie Aniclie, daughter of Fer- 
dinand IV., King of Naples. 

Dec. 16. Napoleon is divorced from 
Josephine by the Senate. [1810. Apr. 2. 
He marries Maria Louisa of Austria.] 

1810 Jan. 9. Paris. The marriage 
of Napoleon to Josephine is declared a 
nullity by the Diocesan Court. 

STATE. 

1809 Apr. 9. The fifth coalition against 
France by England and Austria. 

July 6.-14 * * The Pope is held a 
captive. 

The Pope having refused to recognize the 
Continental System or recognize Murat as 
King of Italy, Napoleon annexes the Pontifi- 
cal States to France, and assigns to the de- 
posed Pope two millions of francs as an 
annual revenue, and the enjoyment of his 
palaces. The Pope excommunicates Napo- 
leon and his counsellors. 

Oct. 14. Aust. Peace of Vienna (p. 519). 

1810 Jan. 6. Sweden joins the " Con- 
tinental System." 

* * Aust. Southern Tyrol is annexed to 
the kingdom of Italy. 

Apr. 2. Napoleon marries Maria Lou- 
isa, Archduchess of Austria, 19 years of 
age. 

July* JSfeth. Louis Bonaparte, King 
of Holland, refuses to ruin his country 
by joining the " Continental System," 
and is forced to abdicate, and fly to 
England. 

July 11. Neth. Napoleon annexes 
Holland as the " alluvial deposit of 
French rivers." [The empire contains 
130 departments and 50,000,000 of sub- 
jects.] 

1811 Jan. 1. Ger. Hamburg is for- 
mally annexed to France. 

Mar. 20. Queen Maria Louisa gives 
birth to a son [Napoleon II. J, who is 
styled King of Italy. 

1812 Mar. 10. Napoleon denational- 
izes all flags that submit to the British 
orders in council. 

Apr. 14. Napoleon's overtures of 
peace are rejected by England. 

June 22. France declares war against 
Hussia. 

Causes : Russia's failure to strictly 
carry out the Continental System, which 
had ruined her commerce, offends the 
master of the European continent. 

1813 Feb. 3. Prus. Frederick William 
III. appeals to the patriotism of the 
Prussians, and the young men enlist 
en masse. 

Feb. 28. Alliance of Kalish; Russia 
and Prussia unite against France. 

Mar. 3. England and Sweden enter a 
treaty; the latter furnishes the allies 
30,000 men. 

Mar. 16. Prussia declares war against 
France. 

Mar. * Ger. A revolt breaks out against 
France in Hamburg. The Dukes of 
Mecklenburg withdraw from the Con- 
federacy of the Rhine. 



720 1813, May 2-1815, Mar. 29. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1813 May 2. Saxony. The allied Rus- 
sians and Prussians, 70,000± strong, at- 
tack Napoleon, 115,000 strong, and are 
defeated at Liitzen. 

May * Saxony. The allies withdraw to 
Lusatia. 

May 18. Prus. Swedish troops under 
the Crown Prince Bernadotte land in 
Pomerania. 

May 20, 21. Saxony. Battle of Baut- 
zen. 

Napoleon with 140,000+ men (40,000 ab- 
sent on the first day) defeats 90,000± 
Russians and Prussians at Bautzen and 
Wurschen, but they retire in good order ; 
French loss, 20,000+, including Napo- 
leon's favorite general, Marshal Duroc ; 
allies, 13,000±. 

May 214-. Prus. The allies retreat to 
Silesia. 

May 22. Saxony. The French defeat 
the Austrians and Russians at Hoch- 
kirehen. 

May 30. Ger. The French under Mar- 
shal Davout occupy Hamburg, and 
brutally maltreat the people. 

June 4. An armistice for eight weeks is 
signed. [Later prolonged to Aug. 10.] 

June 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria. 

"Wellington, commanding the allies, 
routs King Joseph and Marshal Jour- 
dan (7o,000) ; the French lose 151 cannon 
and all their baggage, provisions, and 
treasure. They now abandon Spain. 

July 28. Sp. Wellington defeats Mar- 
shal Soult in the Pyrenees. [Aug. 2. 
He again defeats him.] 

Aug. 10. Ger. Hostilities are renewed. 

Aug. 12. Austria joins the allies. (See 
p. 521.) 

Aug. * English subsidies enable the allies 
to place three great armies (370,000) in 
the field. 

(1) The Bohemian army under Marshal 
Schwarzenberg. (2) The Silesian army 
under Marsha] Blucher. (3) The North- 
ern army under Marshal Bernadotte. 
Crown Prince of Sweden. 

Aug. 23. Prus. Battle of Gross- 
beer en. 

The Prussians under Gen. Marshal Von 
Bulow defeat the French army undei 



Oct. 3. Prus. The allies are reen- 
forced by 60,000 Russians under Gen. 
Bennigsen. 

Battle of Wartenburg ; the allies 
against Gen. Bertram! defeat the French. 

Oct. 7. The British enter France. 

Oct. 8. Ger. The King of Bavaria 
withdraws as an ally of the French. 

Oct. * Prus. Napole'on retreats to pre- 
vent the allies concentrating in his rear. 

Oct. 16. Marshal Blucher defeats the 
French under Marshal Marmont at 
Mockern. 

Oct. 16, 18, 19. Battle of Leipsic, 
called the Battle of the Nations. Allies 
army combined, 200,000, and later 300,- 
000± ; French 130,000. 

(Oct. 16.) Indecisive action between 
Napoleon and the Russians and Prus- 
sians under Gen. Schwarzenberg at 
Washau. 

(Oct. 17.) Napoleon makes offers of 
peace with extravagant conditions. 

(Oct. 18.) The allies win a great vic- 
tory after fighting nine hours. The 
troops of Saxony and Wurtemberg go 
over to the allies in the beat of the 
battle. 

(Oct. 19.) The allies storm Leipsic, 
and capture the Kiug of Saxony. The 
French retreat with a loss of 30,000 men, 
and many troops are drowned by the pre- 
mature blowing up of the bridge over the 
Elster, with Marshal Poniatowski among 
them. 

Oct. 30, 31. Prus. Napoleon (70,000±) 
defeats the Bavarian army (30,000) 
under Marshal Wrede at Hanau. 

Oct. 31. Sp. Pamplona is surrendered 
to the Spaniards by the British. 

Nov. 2. Ger. Napole'on gains the bat- 
tle of Hochheim, and crosses the Bhine 
at Mentz, with his army reduced to 70,000 
men. 

Nov. 11. Ger. Dresden falls into the 
hands of the allies. 



Dec. 21 + . The Austrian army crosses 
the Rhine, and advances to Langres. 

1814 Jan. 1+. The army of Blucher 
crosses the Rhine, and occupies Nancy. 
A third army of the allies finally estab- 
lishes itself on the road to Paris by 
Laon and Soissons. 



Feb. 14. Marshal Marmont defeats the 
Prussians under Marshal Blucher at 
Vauchamps. 

Feb. 17. Marshal Marmont defeats the 
main army of the allies at Fontaine- 
bleau. 

Feb. 18. Napole'on defeats the allies 
under the Crown Prince of Wurtemberg 
at Montereau. 

Feb. * The allies retreat to Troyes. 

Feb. 27. The allies under Gen. Schwarz- 
enberg defeat Marshal Oudinot and 
Gen. Macdonald at the battle of Bar-sur- 
Aube. 

"Wellington defeats Marshal Soult at 
Orthez in the south of France. 

Mar. 7. Napoleon checks the advance 
of the allies at Craonne. 

Mar. 9-10. The united armies of the 
allies under Marshal Blucher defeat 
Napole'on at Laon, inflicting heavy 
loss. 

Mar. 12. The allies occupy Bordeaux. 

Mar. 13. Napoleon defeats the Rus- 
sians under Comte de Saint-Priest at 
Reims, and retakes the city. 

Mar. 20. "Wellington defeats the 
French under Marshal Soult at Tarbes. 
Napoleon throws himself in the rear 
of the allies to cut off their communica- 
tions. 

Mar. 25. The allies defeat Marshals 
Marmont and Mortier at Fere Champe- 

Mar. 28. Napoleon is defeated at St. 

Dizier. 
Mar. 30. Paris. The allies defeat 

Marshals Marmont and Mortier, who 
capitulate. Montmartre is stormed. 

Mar. 31. Paris. Gen. Marmont evacu- 
ates the city, and the allies enter, 230,000 
strong. 

Apr. 10. Battle of Toulouse. 

"Wellington defeats Marshal Soult at 
Toulouse in the last battle of the Pe- 
ninsular War ; Soult is forced to retreat ; 
British loss, 4,500 ; French loss, 10,000. 

* * Chalons is taken by the allies. 

1815 Mar. 21. Paris. Napole'onen- 
ters the city. 



Aug. 26. Prus. The allies (90,000) un- 
der Gen. Blucher defeat the French 
(100,000) under Marshal Macdonald on 
the Katzbach near Wahlstatt. French 
loss, 12,000 killed and wounded. 

Aug. 26, 27- Saxony. The allies are 
defeated at Dresden. (See p. 520.) 

Aug. 30. Bohemia. The allies are vic- 
torious at Kulm. (See p. 520.) 

Aug. 31. Sp. Gen. Graham takes San 
Sebastian by storm ; the British sol- 
diers commit excesses and atrocities. 

Sept. 6. Prus. Battle of Dennewitz. 
The allied Prussians, Russians, and 



Swedes under Gen. Von Billow and Gen. 
Tauenzein defeat the French under 
Marshal Ney. 

Sept. 17. Bohemia. Repulse at Nol- 
lendorf. 

Gen. Schwarzenburg repulses Napo- 
leon ; Gen. Vandamme is defeated by 
the Prussians under Marshal Kleist. 



Jan. * The allies in France are nearly 
200,000 strong. 

Jan. 26. The French defeat the allies 
at St. Dizier. 

Jan. 29. Napoleon defeats Marshal 
Blucher at Brienne, and drives him 
back. 

Feb. 1. Marshal Blucher and the Prince 
of Wurtemberg with 100,000+ men de- 
feat Napoleon and 45,000 French at 
La Rothiere, and drive him across the 
River Aube. 

Feb. 8. -ft. Eugene de Beauharnais 
defeats the Austrians in an engagement 
on the banks of the Mincio. 

Feb. 10-12. Napole"on defeats the al- 
lies under Prince O s t e n-S a c k e n at 
Champaubert. 

Feb. 11. Napoleon defeats the allies 
under the Duke of York, and drives 
the Marne at Montmirail. 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1814* * Joseph Nicephore Niepce begins 
his researches on the action of light on 
prepared surfaces. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1813 * * Aubrv, Claude Charles, general, A40. 
Bernard, Claude, physiologist, born. 
Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Due d'lstria, 

marshal, A45. 
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis, author, politi- 

Cahours, Auguste, chemist, horn. 

Coster, Joseph Francuis, economist, flnan- 
. cier, A84. 

Creveeoeur, Hector Saint-Joan de, agricul- 
turist, A78. 

Cumudau, Francois Rene, chemist, inventor, 
A48. 

Darboy, Georges, archbp. of Paris, born. 

Delille, I/Abbe Jacques, poet, A75. 

Duroc, Gerard C. M., Due de Friuli, gen- 
eral, A41. 

Puvoisin, Jean ISaptiste, bishop, author, A69. 

Galimard, Nicolas Aiiiinslc, painter, born. 

Junot, Andoche, Due d'Abrantds, general, 
A42. 



FRANCE. 



1813, May 2-1815, Mar. 29. 721 



Grelry, Andre Ernest Modeste, comp., A72. 
Hue, L'Abbe" Evariste Re'gis, missionary, b. 
Houel, Jean P. L. L., painter, engraver, A77. 
Lagrange, Joseph Louis, geomet., A77. 
Levizac, Abb6, .lean P. V. L. de, gram., dies. 
Maquet, Auguste, novelist, born. 
Moreau, Jean Victor, general, A52. 
Napoleon Victor, Prince, son of Prince Napo- 
leon Jerome and Princess Clotilde, born 

July 16. 
Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, statesman, 

soldier, A58. 
Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur, 

born. 
Poniatowskl, Prince, Josef Anton, Polish 

general, marshal, A51. 
Troyon, Constant, painter, born. 
Veuillot, Louis, journalist, author, born. 
1814* * Aubert, L'Abbe Jean Louis, poet, 

critic, fabulist, A83. 
Bernardin de Saint Pierre, Jacques Henri, 

author, A77. 
Bossut, Charles, mathematician, A84. 
Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, navigator, 

discoverer, A 85. , 

Brasseur de lionrbourg, Charles E., archeol- 

ogist, born. 
Caveher, Pierre .Miles, sculptor, born. 
Chardon de la Rocliette, Simon, philologist, 

Hellenist, A61. 
Cle"singer, J. I!. Auguste, sculptor, born. 
D'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George 

Seroux, archeologist, A84. 
Sainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, geologist, b. 
Ebelmen, Jacques Joseph, chemist, born. 
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, born. 
Faye, Herve Auguste E. A., astronomer, b: 
Fisch, George, Swiss Protestant clergyman, b. 
Fremy, Edinoinl, rhemist, horn. 
Geoffroy, Julien Louis, critic, editor, A7L 
(iuillard, Nicolas Francois, lyric poet, A62. 
Guillotin, Joseph [gnaee, physician, inventor 

guillotine, A76. 
Josephine, Marie J. R. T. de la Pagerie, 

empress, A51. -■ 
La B^dolliere, Emile Gigault de, litterateur, 

Nemours, Due de, Louis Charles Philippe 
Raphael d'Orle"ans, son of [King] Louis 
Philippe, born. 

Palissot de Montenoy, Charles, satirist, A84. 

Parny, Evariste Desire" Desforges de, poet, 
A61. 

Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, born. 

Rouher, Eugene, statesman, born, 

Saisset, Emile Edmond, philosopher, born. 

Simon, Jules, statesman, born. 

Viollet-le-Due, Eugene E., architect, born. 



Aug. 12. Austria declares war against 

France. 
Sept. 9. Austria concludes an alliance 

with Russia and Prussia. (See p. 521.) 

Oct. 8. Aust. Treaty of Ried. (See 

p. 521.) 

Oct. 19. Saxony. The defeat of Napo- 
leon at Leipsic has important political 
results. 

King Jerome flees from Cassel ; the 
kingdom of Westphalia and the duchies 
of Frankfort and Berg are abolished, 
while Cassel, Brunswick, Hanover, and 
Oldenburg are restored to their former 
rulers. 

Nov. 5. Napole'on arrives at St. Cloud. 

Nov. 8. The allies propose peace, with 
the Alps and the Rhine for boundaries ; 
but distrusting Napoleon, they resolve 
to press the war, and cross the Rhine. 

Nov. * The Confederacy of the R hin e 
vanishes. 

WUrtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, 
Baden, and remaining members of the 
Confederacy of the Rhine, withdraw. 

Nov. 15. Netk. Holland is detached 
from France by the expulsion of French 
officials, and is restored to the House of 
Orange. 

Nov. 21. Prus. The allies possess Stet- 



CHURCH. 

1813 * * Napoleon extorts important con- 
cessions from the Pope in a new con- 
cordat. [Mar. 24. Revoked by the 
Pope. Mar. 25. Published as law.] 

1814 June * Louis XVIII. proclaims 
the Roman Catholic religion as the 
religion of the State, but promises toler- 
ation for all religions. 

LETTERS. 

1813 * * On the Spirit of Conquest and 
Usurpation, by Benjamin Constant de 
Rebecque, appears. 

1814* * Geographical Description of 
Egypt under the Pharaohs, by Jean 
Francois Champollion, appears. 

SOCIETY. 



* * The term Legitimists is applied to 
those who support the royal claims of 
the elder branch of the Bourbon family. 

1815 Mar. 29. Xapoleon abolishes the 
slave-trade. 

STATE. 
1813 June 15. England concludes a 
subsidy treaty with Prussia and Russia 
at Reichenbach. 

July 5+. Bohemia. Fruitless negotia- 
tions for peace are made at Prague. 



tin. 

Nov. * Paris.' The Senate grants the em- 
peror a fresh levy of 300,000 men. 

Dec. 5. Ger. The allies possess Lubec. 

Dec. 26. The allies possess Zamosc,Mod- 
lin, and Torgau. 

Dec. 30. The allies possess Danzic. 

Paris. The Legislative Assembly is 

prorogued si7ie die because of a petition 

for political rights. 
* * Sp. The French are nearly all driven 

out. 
1814 Jan. 12. Saxony. Wittenburg 

is possessed by the allies under Tauen- 

Jan. 25. Paris. Napoleon departs, after 
making the empress his regent. 

Feb. 5-Mar. 19. Congress of Chatil- 
lon on the Seine. 

The allies propose to make the boun- 
daries of France the same as in 1792. 
The discussion is made fruitless by the 
dubious aud haughty conduct of Napo- 
leon. 

Mar. 12. The royal banner of the Bour- 
bons is raised at Bordeaux. 



Apr. 2. Paris. The Senate decrees that 
Napoleon Bonaparte has forfeited his 
throne by violating the rights and liber- 
ties of the people and the laws of the 
Constitution. 

Apr. 6. Napole~on abdicates in favor 
of his son, at Fontainebleau, naming the 
empress as regent. 

The Senate founds a limited monar- 
chy on the basis of the French and 
American Constitutions, with Louis 
XVIII. king. 

Apr. 11. Napoleon abdicates uncon- 
ditionally. 

The allies give him the sovereignty of 
the Island of Elba, with an annual in- 
come of two million of francs. 

Apr. 12. Comte d'Artois, as lieutenant- 
general, enters Paris. 



Apr. 28. Napoleon embarks at Frejus 
for Elba. [May 3. He arrives.] 

House of Bourbon restored. 
May 3. Pa?*is. Louis XVI.'s brother, 
Comte de Provence, first appoints his 
younger brother, the Comte d'Artois, 
vice-regent, and then enters Paris ; he 
assumes the title Louis XVIII. 

1814-1824 Louis XVIII. 

May 30. First Peace of Paris between 
France and the allies, including Great 
Britain, Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 



the independence of the States of the Neth- 
erlands, as enlarged, also all German and 
Italian Slates, and Switzerland. England 
restores to France the colonies of Tobago, 
St. Lucia, and Isle de France, but to re- 
tain Malta. The allies remit all claims for 
moneys in payment of supplies, advances. 
etc. France promises England to abolish 
the slave-trade. 

June 4. Paris. The king proclaims a 
liberal Constitution. 

The Senate is replaced by the Chamber 
of Peers, who are nominated by the king. 
Religious liberty, the freedom of the 
press, responsible ministers, and non- 
removable judges are guaranteed; the 
lower house is to be elected by the peo- 
ple. 

Sept. * -15 June * Aust. Congress of 
Vienna. 

Acts: France is Teduced to the boundaries 
of 1790, and restores the Austrian and Prus- 
sian monarchies. The kingdom of the Neth- 
erlands is formed, comprising the former 
kingdom of Holland and Austrian Belgium. 
A German confederacy is created to substi- 
tute the Old Empire; it comprises 39 sover- 
eign States, and includes four free cities, and 
to be under the leadership of Austria. Rus- 
sia receives the greater part of the grand- 
duchy of Warsaw, as the kingdom of Poland; 
Kngland retains .Malta, Heligoland, part of 
the French and Dutch colonies, and assumes 
the protectorate of the Republic of the Seven 
Ionian Islands; Sweden retains Norway, and 
cedes Lauenburg to indemnify Denmark. 
The cantons of Switzerland are increased to 
22. The old dynasties are restored in Spain 
and Sardinia (the latter receives Genoa), 
in Tuscany, in Modena, and in the Papal 
States. 

* * Nice is tranferred to Sardinia. 

* * Corsica is finally annexed to France. 
1815 Feb. 26. Napoleon escapes 

from Elba. 

Mar. 1. Napoleon again appears in 
France : he lands at Cannes with 1,500 
men. 

[He marches in haste to Paris, and is 
welcomed by the citizens of Lyons ; 
troops are sent against him, but they 
join him.] 

Mar. 6. Paris. Louis XVIII. pro- 
claims Napole"on to be a traitor and a 
rebel, entering France by force of arms. 

Mar. 10. Napoleon enters Lyons. 

Mar. 13. A ban against Napoleon is 
proclaimed by the sovereigns of Austria, 
Great Britain, Prussia, Russia, France, 
Spain, Portugal, and Sweden. 

Mar. 19. Paris. Louis XV ill. leaves 
the Tuileries at the approach of Napo- 
leon, and flees to Ghent. 

Mar. 20. Paris. Napoleon enters in 
triumph. The "Hundred Days" 
commence. 

Mar. 25. Aust. The powers unite in an 
alliance at Vienna. (See p. 521.) 



722 1815, May 3-182 V 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1815 May 3. It. Neapolitans underMar- 
shal Muxat are defeated at Tolentino 
by Austrians under Marshal Bianchi. 

May 9. Marshal Soult is made com- 
mander of tlie whole army. [June 2. 
He is made a peer of France.] 

May 22. Naples is captured. 

June 1. In seven weeks Napoleon has 
reorganized the army, and secured 
217,000 men under arms, besides a 
superb body of cavalry, in addition to 
the National Guard of 150,000 men. 

June 14. Napoleon crosses the Bel- 
gian frontier with 115,500 men, to at- 
tack "Wellington and Marshal Bliicher. 

June 16. Belg. Napole"on defeats the 
Prussians under Bliicher at Ligny; Prus- 
sian loss, 12,000; French, 8,000. 

The Prince of Orange repulses the 
French under Marshal Ney at Quatre 
Eras. [Both of these battles are pre- 
liminary to "Waterloo.] 

June 18. Belg. Decisive battle of 
"Waterloo. 

Napoleon commands 72,000^ French; 
Wellington, 67,000+ British, Dutch, and 
German troops ; Marshal Bliicher, 50,- 
000± Prussians, who appear near the 
close of the battle and participate in it 
and in the pursuit. The battle lasts 
from 11.30 a. m. till evening, when the 
allies repel the charge of the Old Guard, 
and the combined armies advance 
against the French. The rout is com- 
plete. The allies lose 22,000±, and the 
French 22,000 + , besides many prisoners. 

June 25. !N"apole"on makes his fare- 
well address to his soldiers. 

July 1. Paris. The allies arrive before 
the city. [July 7. It is surrendered and 
entered.] 

July 15. Napoleon, having failed in his 
attempt to escape to America, surren- 
ders to the British, Capt. Maitland of 
the Betlerophon off Bochefort. 

Aug. 8. Eng. The British transfer Na- 
poleon to the Northumberland at Tor- 
hay, and he sails for St. Helena. 

Aug. 18. Valenciennes is surrendered 
to the Prussians. 

Oct. 13. It. Marshal Murat is shot at 
Pizzo, after trial by court-martial. 

Oct. 15. Napoleon arrives at St. Helena 
[and is left in exile for life]. 

Paris. The Imperial Guard is dis- 
solved by Louis XVIII. 

Dec. 7. Paris. Marshal Ney is shot as 
a traitor after condemnation by the 
House of Peers, in a trial lasting from 
Nov. 21 to Dec. 6. 

* * Bandits burn Mimes, plunder and 
massacre Bonapartists and Protestants 
alike. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1816** Paris. Ren6 Theodore Hya- 
cintheLaennec invents the stethoscope, 
or " breast-explorer," the principle of 
which is now termed " auscultation." 

1817 * * Baron Cuvier's Animal King, 
dom is published. 

1818 Nov. 26. "Eneke's" Comet is 
discovered by Jean Louis Pons, director 
of the Observatory at Marseilles [but 
named by astronomers after Prof. Jo- 
hann Franz Encke of Berlin for his 
success in detecting its orbit, motions, 
and perturbations]. 



* * A Velocipede is invented by Joseph 
Nicephore Niepce. 

* * Paris. The " dandy-horse, or Drai- 
sena," is patented for the Baron von 
Bade, commonly, Drais von Sauerbron. 

1819* * Andre" Marie Ampere conceives 
the idea of applying electro-magnetism 
to the telegraph. 

[1820. He invents his telegraphic 
arrangement, employing the magnetic 
needle and coil and the galvanic bat- 
tery.] 

1820 * * The daguerreotype s a picture 
formed on a metallic plate by the chem- 
ical action of light, is invented by Louis 
Jacques MandtS Daguerre. 

* * Paris. Percussion-caps are invented 
by Bellot. 

* * Sloping tramways are used. 

* * Quinine, an alkaloid, is discovered 
by Pierre Joseph Pelletier and Joseph 
Bienaime" Caventou. 

* * Francois J. D. Arago and Pierre Louis 
Dalong experiment on the elastic force 
of steam at different temperatures. 

± * * Dominique F. Arago magnetizes a 
needle by the electric current, and at- 
tracts iron filings by the connecting wire 
of a galvanic battery. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1815* * Abbadie, Arnaud Michel d', trav- 
eler, born. 

Berthet, Elie Eertrand, novelist, born. 

Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Prince of Wa- 
gram, marshal, A62. 

Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Chas., art critic, b. 

Brune, Guillaume Marie Ann.', marshal, A5U. 

Calmon, Marc Antoine, economist, born. 

Couture, Thomas, painter, born. 

Fleury, Emile F., general, statesman, born. 

Frere, Charles Theodore, painter, born. 

Houssaye, Ars6ne, author, born. 

Laheiloyere, Comte de, Charles AngeTique 
Huchet, general, A29. 

Millet, Jean Francois, painter, born. 

M tiller, Charles Louis, painter, born. 

Murat, Joachim, King of Naples, mar- 
shal, executed Oct. 13, A44. 

Ney, Michel, Prince de la Moskwa, Due 
d'Elching-en, marshal, executed, A46. 

Pape-Carppiitier, Marie, educator, horn. 

Philippoteaux, Felix Emmanuel Henri, his- 
torical painter, born. 

Scherer, Edmond Henri Adolphe, Protes- 
tant clergyman, critic, statesman, born. 

Trochu, Louis -Jules, general, born. 

Villers, Charles Francois Dominique de, phi- 
losopher, A50±. 
1816* * Augereau, Pierre, Due de Casti- 
glione, marshal, A59. 

Beaumont- Vassy, Vieomte de, Edouard F. de 
la Bonniere, historian, born. 

Bosquillon, Edouard Francois Marie, physi- 
cian, scholar, A72. 

Bourbaki, < harles Denis Sauter, general, b. 

Dejoux, Claude, sculptor, A85. 

Delauny, diaries E., astronomer, born. 

De Trobriand, Philip Regis, French colonel 
U. S. A., born. 

Ducis, Jean Francois, poet, dramatist, A83. 

Gerhardt, Charles Frederic, chemist, born. 

Gervais, Paul, naturalist, born. 

Gignoux, Francois Regis, painter, born. 

Gihguene, Pierre Louis, critic, author, A68. 

Guyton de Morveau, Louis Bernard, chemist, 
scientific writer, A79- 

Lafarge, Marie C, poisoner, born. 

La Gueronniere, Arthur de, B on apart is t, 
political writer, born. 

Millevoye, Charles Hubert, poet, A34. 

Millet, Aim6, sculptor, born. 

Roland, Philip, sculptor, A70. 
1817 * * Aboville, Francois M., general, A87. 

Ciiabas, Franc Joseph, Egyptologist, born. 

Choiseul-Gourher, Comte'de, M. Gabriel F-, 
traveler, author, A65. 

Daubigny, Charles Francois, painter, horn. 

Ducrot, Augtisle Alexandre, general, born. 

Duple, Giovanni. Franco-Italian sculptor, b. 

Feval, Paul Henri Corentin. novelist, b- 

Gerard, Jules Ceeile Basile, " Lion-Killer,"b. 

Larousse, Pierre, editor, author, born. 

Lefebure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, born. 



Massema, Andre", Due de Rivoli, Prince 
d'Essling, marshal, A59. 

Maury, Louis Ferdinand Alfred, antiq., \vr., b. 

Maury, Jean Siffrein, cardinal, pol., A71. 

Me'hul, Etienne Henri, composer, A52. 

Messier, Charles, astronomer, A87. 

Mocquard, private sec. to Napoleon, d. Dec. 9. 

Stael-Holstein, Baronne de, Anne Louise 
Gennaine, author, A51. 

Rochet, Louis, sculptor, born. 

Taillandier, Rene G. E., philosopher, critic, b. 

Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, horn. 

Yvon, Adolphe, historical painter, born. 

Zaccone, Pierre, novelist, born. 
1818* * Beaurepaire-Rohan, Henri de, trav- 
eler, born. 

Bertrand de Molleville, Marquis, Antoine 
Francois, statesman, A74. 

Brown-S6quard, Edouard, physiologist, b. 

Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-Claire, chemist, 

Douay, Felix Charles, general, born. 

1'aidherbe, Louis L. C, general, writer, born. 

Fanniere, Francois Auguste, engr., carver, b. 

Janet, Ange Louis, painter, born. 

Joinville, Prince de, Francois Ferdinand 
Philippe Louis Marie d'Orleans, adm., b. 

Leveque, Jean Charles, phdosopher, born. 

Lome"nie, Louis Leonard de, author, born. 

Millin, Aubin Louis, antiquary, natural., A59. 

Monge, Gaspard, Comte de Peluie, geometer, 
A72. 

Perignon, Marquis de, Dominique Catherine, 
marshal, A64. 

Roumanille, Joseph, Provencal poet, born. 

Thouvenel, Edouard, Antoine, politician, di- 
plomatist, born. 

TJbicini, Jean Henri Abdolonyme, author, b. 

June 17. Gounod, Charles Francois, musi- 
cal composer, born. 

1819 * * B ilia ud-Vare lines, Jean N., Jacobin, 
A63. 

Carre, Michel, author, born. 
Costg, Jean F., physician, writer, A78. 
Courbet, Gustave, painter, born. 
Fizeau, Hippolyte Lotus, mathematician, b. 
Figuier, Lotus Guillaume, author, bom. 
Foucault, Leon, natural philosopher, born. 
Fournier, Edouard, litterateur, born. 
Frere, Pierre Edward, painter, born. 
Gramont, Due de, Antoine A. A., states., b. 
Jalabert, Charles Francois, painter, born. 
Lenoir, L'Abbe", Charles Pelage, author, b. 
Offenbach, Jacques, comp. of comic operas, b. 
Vacquerie, Auguste, dramatist, poet, born. 
Vapereau, Louis Gustave, biographer, born. 

1820 * * Augier, Guillaume V. E., dramatist, 
poet, born. 

Bachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, historian, b. 

Becquerel, Alexandre Ediuond, physicist, b. 

Berry, or Berri, Due de, Charles F. d'Artois, 
son of Charles X., A42. 

Castille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi- 
cal writer, born. 

Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D. 
d'Artois, head of elder branch of Bourbon 
dynasty, born. 

Coquerel, Athanase Josue", rationalistic cL, b. 

Dubufe, Edouard, portrait painter, born. 

Forcade-Laroquette, Jean L. L. D. de, states- 
man, born. 

Fouche, Joseph, Due d' Otranto, minister of 
police, A57. 

Fromentin, Eugene, painter, born. 

Callait, Jean Pierre, author, A64. 

Kellermann, Due de Valmy, Francois 
Christophe, marshal, A85. 

Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie, poet, b. 

Lefebvre Francois J., Due de Dantzic, 
marshal, A 65. 

Montyon, J. B. Robert Auget de, philan- 
thropist, A 87. 

Merode, Franyois de, R. C. prelate, philan., b. 

Rachel, Elisabeth Rachel Felix, trag. actor, b. 

Tallien, Jean Lamberl, revolutionist, A51. 

Thenard, Arnould Paul Edmond, chemist, b. 

Vechte, Antoine, goldsmith, born. 

Volney, Comte de. Constant in Francois 
ChasseboMif, philosopher, trav., au., A(j3. 

Zeller, Jules Sylvain, historian, born. 

1821 * * Allart, Mary Cay, novelist, A7l. 
Baudrillart, Henri, economist, born. 
Baudelaire, Charles, poet, born. 
Beurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel, 

marshal, statesman, A69. 
May 5. Bonaparte, Napoleon, emperor, 

greatest general of modern times, A52. 
Broglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, born. 
Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., chemist, 

philosopher, A52. 
CaiTon, Gui Tonssaint Julien, cl., writer, A61. 
Feydeau, Ernest Aime\ author, born. 
Flaubert, Gustave, novelist, born. 
Fontanes, Marquis de, Louis, author, A64. 
llamon, Jean Lotus, painter, born. 



FRANCE. 



1815, May 3-1821,* 



723 



1816 Nov. 15. Paris. The bells of 
Notre Dame are formally baptized by 
the name of the Duke of Angouleme. 

* * The "Waldensian Bible Society is or- 
ganized at La Tour. 

1817 * * The Apostolic Congregation ob- 
tains a concordat from the Pope, revok- 
ing that of 1801, and substituting that 
of 1516 for it. 

1818 * * Paris. The Protestant Bible 
Society is organized. 

1820 * * A great revival commences in 
the Protestant churches. 

LETTERS. 

1815 * * L' Independent is issued [which 
shortly becomes Le Constitutional]. 

* *-18* * Liqonsdf philosophic, by Pierre 
Laromiguieri, appears. 

* * -33 * * Songs, by Pierre J. de Beran- 
ger, appear. 

1816 * * -21 * * Elements de la gram- 
maire romaine, and La Choix des poesies 
originates des Troubadours, by Ray- 
nouard, appear. 

* * Annates de Ckimie et de Physique, 
a monthly journal of science, is com- 
menced by Francois J. D. Arago and 
Joseph Louis Gay-Lussac. 

* * Treatise on Experimental Physics and 
Mathematics, by Birot, appears. 

* * line Nuit de Garde Nationale and 
Flore et Ziphire, by Scribe, appear. 
[1817, The Solicitor.] 

* * Paris. The French Academy is re- 
organized. 

It is composed of 40 members, elected 
for life, alter persomil application and 
the submission of their nomination to 
the head of the State. It is " the high- 
est authority on questions relating to 
language, grammar, rhetoric, and po- 
etry, and the publication of the French 
classics." 

1817 * * History of Painting in Italy , and 
Lives of Haydn, Mozart, and Metas- 
tasio, by Marie Henri Beyle, appear. 

* * -23 * * Essay on Indifference in the 
Matter of Religion, by Lamennais, ap- 
pears. [1319-35, Essays on Religion and 
Philosophy.] 

1818 * * Melanges de LitUrature, and 
Philosophy of the 18th Century, by An- 
dre 1 Morellet, appear. 

* * MSmoires et correspondance de Ma- 
dame de la Live d'Epinay, appears. 

* * Considerations sur la rivolulion fran- 
caise, by Madame de Stae'l, appears. 
[1321, Dix Annees d'exil and Essais 



* * Selmours et Florian, and La Tour de 
Faveur, by Emile Descharnps, appear. 

* * Jean Sbogar, by Nodier, appears. 
[1319, TkM'se : 1X20,' Ph-l urcsque and Ro- 
mantic Travels in Ancient France.] 

* * -20 * * La Mhierve Franeaise is is- 
sued. 

* *-20* * Bibliolheque Historique is is- 
sued. 

* * -22 * * Anatomical Philosophy, hy'&ti- 
enne Geoffroy Saint-Hillaire, appears. 

* * 23 * * Borgnis* Dictionnaire Mica- 
nique appUque"e aux Arts, appears. 

1819 * * Le Conservateur Litteraire is 
founded by "Victor Hugo. 

* * Free Meditations of a Recluse, by Se- 
nancour, appears. 

* * Du pape, by J. M. Maistre, appears. 
[1821, De I'egiise ga/licane and Soiries 
de Saint PHersbourg.] 



* * Panhypocrisiade, by L. J. N. Lemer- 
cier, appears. [Later, the Atlantiade.] 

* * Les Vepres siciliennes, by J. F. C. De- 
lavigne, appears. [1821, Le Paria, Les 
Com4diens, and La Varsovienne.] 

1320 * * Researches into the Tartar Lan- 
guages, by Jean P. A. Remusat, appears. 
[IS'2'2, Elements of the Chinese Grammar.] 

* * L'Ours et le Pacha, by Scribe, ap- 
pears. 

* * Georgette, by Charles Paul de Kock, 
appears. 

* * Marie Stuart, by Le Brun, appears. 
[1821, Poeme lyrique sur la mort de A r *- 
polion; 182S, Voyage en Grece.] 

* * Meditations, by Lamartine, appears. 
1821 * * Gustave, ou le mauvais svjet, 

by Charles Paul de Kock, appears. [1822, 
Mon voisin Raymond ; 1825, Andre" le Sa- 
voyard ; 1S26, Le bar bier de Paris.] 

* * -44 * * Hisioire des Franqais, by Sis- 
mondi, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1815 June 20. Paris. Napoleon 
returns from Waterloo after his defeat. 
[July 3. He arrives at Rochefort, seek- 
ing passage to America.] 

Dec. 20. Count Lavalette, condemned 
to death for joining Napoleon, escapes 
from prison disguised in his wife's 
clothes. [His wife loses her reason.] 

1816 Jan. 21. Twenty-three years after 
his execution public mourning is gen- 
erally observed on account of the death 
of Louis XVI. 

* * Paris. A peace society is formed. 
1820 Feb. 13. Paris. The Due de 

Berry, second son of the Comte d*Ar- 
tois, is assassinated by Louvel, an anti- 
Bourbon Radical. 

STATE. 

1815 May 21. Paris. !N"apole"on pub- 
lishes " An Act Additional to the Consti- 
tutions of the Empire," being a conces- 
sion to the Liberal party. 

June 22. Napoleon abdicates in favor 
of his son. 

June 29. Napoleon at Rochefort 
vainly seeks to escape to America. 

July 3. Paris. A convention is signed 
at St. Cloud, by which Paris is to be 
surrendered to the allies within three 



July 7. Paris. The French army (150,- 
000) withdraws, and the allies enter. 

July 8. Paris. Second Restoration 
of the Bourbons. Louis XVDZE. re- 
enters Paris ; Talleyrand is chief min- 
ister. 

July 15. Napole"on throws himself on 
the generosity of England by placing 
himself in its power ; he surrenders 
himself to Capt. Maitland of the Belle- 
rophon. 

July * The troops of the allies are dis- 
persed through the provinces. 

Aug. 19. Gen. Labedoyere is shot as a 
traitor. 

Sept. * Paris. Talleyrand resigns his 
office. 

Sept. 15-18 Dec. 29. Paris. Ministry 
of the Due de Richelieu. 

Sept. 26. The Holy Alliance is found- 
ed. (Seep. 521.) 

Oct. 15. It. Gen. Murat, a brother-in- 
law of Napoleon, and the ex-king of Na- 
ples, is shot for treason, after trial by a 
court-martial. 



Oct. 16. Napoleon arrives at St. He- 
lena, an island of the South Atlantic, 
1,200 miles west of Africa and 1800 miles 
east of South America [where he re- 
mains in exile the remainder of his life 
— five and a half years]. 

Nov. 20. Second Peace of Paris. 

Terms: France is reduced nearly to the 
limits of 1790; it surrenders tour frontier 
fortresses to the German Confederation and 
Saarbriicken to Prussia. Her possession in 
Savoy is ceded to Sardinia. The fortress of 
Huningen to be demolished. Seventeen for- 
tresses on the northern frontier are to be 
garrisoned for five years by the allies at the 
expense of France. An indemnity of 700,- 
000,000 francs is to be paid to the allies, for 
the expenses of the war. Also the art treas- 
ures requisitioned by Napoleon from various 
countries are to be restored. 

Dec. 7. Paris. Marshal rTey is shot as 
a traitor, he having deserted to Napo- 
leon. 

1816 Jan. 12. Paris. The law of 
amnesty is passed, forever excluding 
the family of Napoleon from the terri- 
tory of France. 

1817 * * A new election law places the 
elective power chiefly in the hands of 
the small proprietors and the bour- 
geoisie. 

* * The people are divided into numerous 
parties. 

The Court party advocates the old mon- 
archical, government, and it is led by Riche- 
lieu; the Doctrinaires advocate a constitu- 
tional monarchy with a strong administra- 
tion, they are led by Guizot; the Legitimists 
hold to the l'.ourbon line, and are led by De- 
cazes; the Liberals, whose leaders are Perier 
and Lafayette; and Republicans who cling 
to the Bonapartes. 

1818 Oct. 9. The Congress of Aix-la- 
Chapelle. 

The great powers resolve to with- 
draw the army of occupation from 
France. 
Dec. 29-19 Nov. * Paris. The Minis- 
try of Dessoles-Deeazes. [1819, Nov. 
10 to 1820. Feb. * Decazes.J 

* * * Rise of the Independents (Liber- 
als and Anti-Bourbons). 

* * France joins the "Holy Alliance." 

1820 Feb. 13. Paris. Charles Ferdi- 
nand, Due de Berry, the second nephew 
of Louis XVIII. , is assassinated by Lou- 
vel, an anti-Bourbon radical. 

Feb. 20. Decazes retires from the Min- 
istry. 

He is succeeded by the Due de Riche- 
lieu, an Ultra-Royalist, as premier. The 
restriction of the freedom of the press 
and of elections follows. 

Sept. 20. Birth of Henry Charles Ferdi- 
nand, Comte de Chambord, Due de Bor- 
deaux, posthumous son of the Due de 
Berry. " Henry V. " ; " Europe's Child." 

Mov. * The new laws secure a large ma- 
jority for the government (Ultra-Royal- 
ists) in the general election. 

1821 Jan.* Aust. The Laibaeh Con- 
gress meets. (See p. 521.) 

May 5. Napoleon I. diesatLongwood, 
St. Helena. 

Dec. 13-28 Jan. 4. Paris. The Due 
de Richelieu resigns his office [and is 
succeeded by Comte de Villele, an Ul- 
tra Royalist, as premier]. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1819 * * Paris. Gas light is introduced 



724 1821,**-1830, Dec. 21. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1823 Apr. 7. An army of 100,000 men 
under the Due d'Angouleme enters 
Spain to suppress the Constitutional 
party. [May 24. Arrives at Madrid.] 

Aug. 31. Sp. The French defeat the 
Spaniards at Cadiz. [Oct. * Cadiz is 
surrendered.] 

1827 Apr. 13. The National Guard is 
dissolved by the king. 

Oct. * France unites with Great Britain 
and Russia in sending a squadron against 
the Turkish fleet for the protection of 
Greece. 

Oct. 30. Or. The Turkish fleet is an- 
nihilated at the battle of Navarino by 
the allied fleet under Sir Edward Cod- 
rington. 

1828+ ** War with Algeria. (Algeria, 
p. 8.) 

* * Spring. Gr. The Turks evacuate 
the Morea, and the French army occu- 
pies it. 

1830 July 27-29. Paris. The war of 

the barricades occurs. 
July 29. Charles X. reestablishes the 

National Guard ; Lafayette becomes 

its commander. [Nov. 26. He resigns.] 
July 31. Louis Philippe, Due d'Or- 

leans, is made lieutenant-general. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1822 * * The diorama is invented by 
Louis Jacques Mande Daguerre and 
Bouton. 

1826 * * Bromin is discovered by An- 
toine Jerdme. 

* * The Death of Queen Elizabeth is 
painted by Paul Delaroche. 

* * Apotheosis of Homer is painted by Jean 
Auguste Dominique Ingres. 

1827 * * Jean Civiale receives a prize of 
6,000 and 10,000 francs for his method of 
operation in lithotrity. [1S29. He re- 
ceives another prize of 10,000 francs.] 

* * A turbine is invented by BenoitFour- 
neyron. 

±* * Joseph Nicephore Niepce gives spe- 
cimens of photogalvanography, the art 
of producing engravings by the action of 
light and electricity. 

1828 Feb. 29. Daniel Auber's opera, 
Muette di Portici, is produced at the 
Grand Opera. 

Apr. 11±. Paris. The use of the omni- 
bus is revived. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1831* * Jobbe-Duval, Armand M. Felix, 

painter, b. 
Kock, Heuri de, novelist, bom. 
Mariette, Auguste Edouard, archeologist, 

Egyptologist, born. 
Meryon, Charles, etcher, born. 
Picard, Ernest, statesman, born. 
Robin, Charles Philippe, anatomist, micro-' 

scopist, born. 
Viardot, Michelle Pauline Garcia, actor, born. 
Ziem, Felix, painter, born. 
1622 * * Aumale, Due d\ Henri E. P. L. d' 

Orleans, general, son of Louis Philippe, b. 
Barbier, Paul .iules, dramatist, born. 
Barrias, Felix .Tuseph, artist, born. 
Berthollet, < 'laude Louis, chemist, A74. 
Bonaparte, Napoleon Joseph Charles Paul, 

son of Jerome, born. 
Bonheur, Rosalie, painter, born. 
Calmels, Anatole Celestin, sculptor, born. 
Campan, Jeanne L. H. J., educa., au., A70. 
Clement, Felix, composer, born. 
Delambre, Jeiin Baptists .Inscpli, astron., A73. 
Du Camp, Maxime, critic, author, born. 



Erckmann, Emile, litterateur, born. 

Fanniere, Francois Joseph, engr., carver, b. 

Fauvelet, Jean Baptiste. painter, born. 

Galin, Pierre, musician, A36. 

Got, Fram.'ois Jules Edmund, comedian, b. 

Gouvy, Theodore, musical composer, born. 

Halle, Jean Noel, physician, A68. 

Haiiy, Rene Just, mineralogist, A79. 

Masse, Victor, composer, born. 

Pasteur, Louis, biologist, born. 

Pen-ens, Francis Tommy, historian, bora. 

Sicard, Roch Ambroise Cucurron, deaf-mute 
teacher, A80. 

Zier, Victor Casimir, painter, born. 
1823 * * Agier, Pierre Jean, judge, A75. 

Almeras, Baron, Louis, general, A55. 

Avrigny, Charles Juseph L.euillard d', A63. 

Banville, Theodore Faullain, poet, born. 

Cabanel, Alexandre, historical painter, born. 

Carnot, Lazare Nicolas Marguerite, military 
administrator, strategist, A70. 

Chanzy, Antoine E. A., general, born. 

Charles, Jacques Alexandre Cesar, electri- 
cian, A77. 

Chaussard, Pierre Jean B., author, A57. 

Cluseret, (iustave Paul, soldier, born. 

Davout, Louis Nicolas, Prince d'Eckmuhl, 
Due d'Aucrstadt, marshal, A53. 

Delalande, Pierre Antoine, naturalist, trav- 
eler, A 36. 

Dumouriez. Charles Francois, republican 
general, A84. 

Humbert, Joseph Amable, general, A68+. 

Janet. Paul, philosopher, born. 

Morin, Frederic, writer, born. 

Prevost, Pierre, painter of panoramas, A59. 

Kenan, Joseph Erneste, orientalist, critic, 
philosopher, born. 
1824* * Bausset, Louis F. de, cardinal, au- 
thor, A76. 

Beauharnais, Eugene de, stepson of Napo- 
leon I., A43. 

Boiste, Pierre Claude Victoire, lexicog., A59. 

Cambaeeres, Due de, Jean Jacques Regis, 
statesman, jurist, A67. 

Chabrillan, C. V. de, Comtesse de Moreton, 
circus rider, author, born. 

Cheri, Rose Marie Cizos, actor, born. 

Colani, Timothee, Protestant cl., critic, born. 

Dumas. Alexandre, Jils, novelist, dram., b. 

Duvaucel, Alfred, naturalist, A32. 

Fremiet, Emmanuel, sculptor, born. 

Gerome, Jean Leon, painter, born. 

Gericault, Jean Louis Theodore Andre, pain- 
ter, A34. 

Girodet Trioson, Anne Louis, painter, A57. 

Joubert, Joseph, moralist, A70. 

Lacretelle, Pierre Louis ^h\ lawyer, wr., A73. 

Lebrun, Due de, Charles Francois Pia- 
cenza, statesman, author, A85. 

Louis XVIII., king, A69. 

Maine de Biran, Marie Francois Pierre Gon- 
thier, metaphysician, A58. 

Montpensier, Due de, A. M. P. L. d'Orleans, 
5th son of Louis Philippe, born. 

Picou, Henri Pierre, painter, born. 

Pressense, Edmond D. de, Protestant theo- 
logian, orator, statesman, born. 

Vaillanl, Francois I.e. traveler, natural., A71. 

1825 * * Baert, Baron de, Alexandre Bait ha- 

sar Francois de Panic, senator, author, A75. 

Barbier, Antoine Alexandre, bibliog., A60. 

Courier de Mere, Paul Louis, polit. wr., A53-L. 

David, Jacques Louis, painter, A77. 

Denon, Dominique Vivant. artist, au., A78. 

Dufrehoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, poet, AGO. 

Dnpaty, Charles Mercier, sculptor, A54. 

Ferrand, Comte, Antoine Francois Claude, 
author, A74. 

Foy, Maxiniilien S^bastien, general, A50. 

Gamier, Jean L. C, architect, born. 

Habert, Baron, Pierre Joseph, general, A52. 

Lacepede, Comte de, Bernard G. S. de la 
ViUe, naturalist, A69. 

Monselet, Charles, novelist, born. 

Ollivier, Emile, advocate, politician, born. 

Oppert, Jules, orientalist, born, 

Saint-Simon, Comte de, Claude Henri, so- 
cialist, philosopher, A65. 
1826* * Allemand, Zacliarie J. T.,adm., A64. 

Bellot, Joseph Rene, naval ofricer, born. 

Beule, Charles Ernest, archeologist, pol., b. 

Boissv d'Anglas, Francois Antoine, states- 
man, A70. 

Cbamlion tie Montaux, Nicolas, pbys., A78, 

Chatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, born. 

Eugenie, empress, wife of Napoleon III., b. 

Godefroy, Frederic, lexicographer, born. 

Joubert, Leo, critic, author, born. 

Laennec, Rene Theodore llvaeinthe, physi- 
cian, A45. 



Lantier, Etienne Francois de, author. 
Oberlin, Jean Frederic, philanthropist, 
former, A 86. 



Pinel, Philippe, physician, alienist, A8I. 

Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Due d'ATbufera, mar- 
shal, A 56. 

Talma, Francois Joseph, actor, A63. 

Waddingtonj William Henri, archeologist, 
statesman, born. 

1827 * * Allier, Louis, numismatist, A61. 
Bail, Charles Joseph, statist, A50. 
Breton, Jules A. A. L., painter, born. 
Cassas, Louis Francois, painter, arch., A71. 
Caulamcoui't, Armand Augustin Louis de, 

officer, diplomatist, A54. 

Fresnel, Augustin Jean, optician, geometri- 
cian, A39. 

Gidel, Charles Antoine, author, born. 

Laplace, Pierre Simon, astronomer, math- 
ematician, A78. 

La Rochefoucauld-Iiiancourt, Due de, 
Francois A. F., philanthropist, A80. 

Loyson, Charles, Fere llyacinttie, pulpit ora- 
tor, born. 

Manuel, Jacques Antoine, pol.. ora., A52. 

1828 * * About, Edmond Francois Valen- 
tin, author, born. 

Abrail, Comte, Andre-Joseph, lawyer, A78. 

Andreossi, Comte, Antoine Francois, mili- 
tary engineer, A 67. 

Baudry, Paul Jacques Ainie, painter, born. 

Bosc, Louis Augustin Gudlaume, natural- 
ist, A 69. 

Cerisier, Antoine Marie, historian, A79. 

Chaussier, Francois, anatomist, A82. 

Damas, Francois Etienne, general, A64. 

Faure, Constance C. Lefebvre, vocalist, b. 

Francois de Neuf chateau, Comte, Nicolas 
Louis, writer, politician, A78. 

Froehot, Comte, Nicolas Therese Benott, ad- 
ministrator, A71±. 

Houdon, Jean Antoine, sculptor, A82. 

Lanfrey, Pierre, historian, born. 

Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre 
Bernard Law, marshal, A60. 

Picard, Louis Benoit, dramatist, A59. 

Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, historian, phi- 
losopher, critic, born. 

Verne, JuleB, author, born. 
1829* * Athenas, Pierre Louis, rural econo- 
mist, A77. 

Auger, Louis Simon, critic, writer, A57. 

Baxxas, Paul Francois J. N. de, states- 
man, A74. 

Cavaignac, Jean Baptiste, revolutionist, A67. 

Daru, Comte Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, 
statesman, writer, A62. 

Dubois-Pigalle. Paul, sculptor, born. 

Gail, Jean Baptiste, Hellenist, author, A74. 

Lamarck, Chevalier de, Jean Baptiste 
Pierre Antoine de Monet, natural., A85. 

Lameth, Comte de, Alexandre Theodore Vic- 
tor, revolutionist, A69. 

Monnier, Marc, litterateur, born. 

Ponson du Terrail, Pierre Alexis de, novel., b. 

Prevost- Par adol, Lucien Anatole, orator, 
journalist, diplomatist, born. 

Saux, Sophie de, genre-painter, born. 

Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, chemist, A66. 

Vogue, Charles Jean Melchior, archeologist, 
diplomatist, born. 



CHURCH. 

1822 Nov. * Paris. The Evangelical 

Society is organized. 

1823 * * Rome. Leo XLT. is pope. [1829, 
Pius VI11. ; 1831, Gregory XVI.] 

1827 * * The bishops and Jesuits are 
incensed with the ordinance transferring 
the direction of the Academies from 
the Jesuits to the University of Paris. 

1828 June 16. A royal ordinance 
closes the schools of the Jesuits. 



LETTERS. 

1822 * * Odes et poesies diverses, by Vic- 
tor Hugo, appears. [1823, Han d'islande ; 
1824, X'nurefles odes; 182G, Odes et Bal- 
lades and Bua-Janjal ; 1827, Cromwell; 
1829, Le dernier jour d'un condamne', 
Amy Robsart, and Les Orientates.'] 

* * Memoires sur la vie privie de Marie 
Antoinette, by Madame Campan, ap- 
pears. 

* * Treatise on Crystallography , by Rene 
Just Haiiy, appears. 

* * Clytemnestra and Saul, by Alexandre 
Souinet, appear. [Later, Le Divine 
Epopee and Joan of Arc] 



FRANCE. 



1821, * *-1830, Dec. 21. 725 



* * Treatise on Domestic ami Agricultural 
Association, by P. M. C. Fourier, appears. 

* * Th&orie analytique de la Chaleur, by 
J. B. J. Fourier, appeal's. 

* * System of Positive Politics, by Au- 
guste Comte, appears. 

1823 * * Tablettes du Juif Errant, by 
Edgar Quiiiet, appears. 

* * La mort de Socrate, by Lamartine, ap- 
pears. [1S25, Le Dernier chant du pUe- 
rinage de Childe Harold; 1S29, Harmo- 
nies poetiques et religieuses.} 

* * Jeremy Bentham's Preuves Judici- 
aires, edited by Bumont, appears. 

* * Discours et MUanges litteraires, by 
Abel F. Villeinain, appears. 

* * Chemical Researches on Fat Sub- 
stances of Animal Origin, by Micbel 
Eugene Chevreul, appears. 

* * -27 * * Hi stoirede la. Revolution fran- 
gaise, by Louis A. Thiers, appears. 

1824 * * Essais poetiques, by Madame B. 
G. de Girardiu, appears. 

* * Apology for the Romantic School, by 
A. P. Paris, appears. 

* * Summary of the Hieroglyphic System, 
of the Ancient Egyptians, by Jean F. 
Champollion, appears. 

* * History of the French Revolution from 
1789 to 1814, by Francois A. M. Mignet, 
appears. 

* * Rome, Naples, and Florence in 1817, 
and Life of Rossini, by Beyle, appear. 

* * History of NapoUon and the Grand 
Army in 1812, by Philippe P. Segur, ap- 
pears. 

* * Pamphlet des Pamphlets, by Courier, 
appears. 

1825 * * La Revue Rritannique is issued. 

* * M&moires, by Comtesse de Genlis, ap- 
pears. 

* * Charivari, by Jacques Jasmin, ap- 
pears. 

* * New Christianity , by Saint-Simon, ap- 
pears. 

* * Histoire de la conquete de VAngleterre, 
by Jacques Nicolas Augustine Thierry, 
appears. [1827, Lettres sur I* histoire de 
France.] 

1826 * * Cinq-Mars, or a Conspiracy 
under Louis XIII., by Be Vigny, ap- 
pears. [1827, Ancient and Modern Poems. .] 

* * Philosophic Fragments, by Victor 
Cousin, appears. 

* * History of the Dukes of Burgundy , by 
A. G. P. B. Barante, appears. 

* * Les Natchez, by Chateaubriand, ap- 
pears. 

1827 * * -56 * * History of the Revolu- 
tion in England, by Guiz'ot, appears. 

1828 June 13. A royal ordinance sup- 
presses the educational institutions 
of the Jesuits, and places all academies 
under the direction of the University 
of Paris. 

* * French and Foreign Studies, by Emile 
Beschamps, appears. 

* * Essay on the History of Philosophy in 
France in the 19th Century, by Jean P. 
Bamiron, appears. 

* * Historical and Critical Picture of 
French Poetry and the French Theater 
in the 16th Century, by Charles Augus- 
tin Sainte-Beuve, appears. [1829, Life, 
Poetry, and Thouqhtsnf Joseph Delorme; 
1830, Consolations ; 1832-39, Literary Por- 
traits.] 

* * Jeremy Bentham's Organisation judi- 
ciaire et Codification, edited by Bumont, 
appears. 

* * Princesse Aure'lie, by Belavigne, ap- 
pears. [1829, Marino Faliero.] 

* * -30 * * La Revue Francaise is issued. 

* * -38 * * Lectures on French Literature, 
by Villemain, appears. 



1829 * * Le dernier Chouan, by Balzac, ap- 
pears. [1830, La physioloqie du mariage 
and the first of the Contes drolatiques; 
1831, La peau de chagrin and La femme 
de trente ans ; 1831-50, La Com&die hu- 
mainej] 

* * -45 * * Paris. La Revue de Paris is 
issued. 

1830 Feb. 25. Hernani, ou VHonneur 
Castilian, by Victor Hugo, appears. 

July 25. Charles X. orders that the lib- 
erty of the press be suspended. 

Oct. 18. L'Avenir is issued by Lamen- 
nais. 

SOCIETY. 

1828 Dec. 10. Paris. Pierre Jean de 
Beranger, the poet, is fined 10,000 francs 
and imprisoned [for five months] for 
writing political songs. 

1830 July* Paris. The mob sacks 
the Tuileries. (See State.) 

STATE. 

1823 Apr.* France interferes against 
liberal government in Spain with mili- 
tary force. 

Oct. Sp. French arms liberate Ferdi- 
nand VII., and reestablish an odious 
despotism. [A cruel reaction and numer- 
ous executions follow.] 

1824 Apr.± * The Government secures 
a Chamber of Beputies with only 19 
Liberal members, by corruption, 
fraud, and intimidation. 

* * The election laws are changed so 
as to elect a new House every seven 
years, instead of one-fifth part of the 
Chamber each year. 

Sept. 16. The king dies at the Tuile- 
ries ; he is succeeded by his brother, 
Charles Philippe, Comte d'Artois. 

1824-1830 Charles X. 

1825 Mar. * Returned refugees are 
paid. 

They receive a grant of a milliard francs 
($200,000,000) as compensation for their 
estates, which have been confiscated by 
the Government of the Revolution. 
May 29. Charles X. is crowned in the 
cathedral at Reims. 

1827 Apr. * A popular outcry prevails 
against the Jesuits; the National 
Guard participates. [Apr. 30. It is dis- 
banded by royal ordinance.] 

July 6. France joins Great Britain and 
Russia to stop hostilities between the 
Porte and the revolting Greeks. 

"Nov. 5. Paris. The Government creates 
76 new peers. 

1828 Jan. 4-29 Aug. 8. Paris. De 
Villele resigns his Ministry, and is suc- 
ceeded by M. de Martignac, a Liberal- 
Royalist, as premier. 

June 13. The Ministry make conces- 
sion to public opinion by a bill suppress- 
ing the educational establishments of 
the Jesuits, and giving the control of 
all seminaries to the University of Paris. 

1829 Aug. 8-30 July* Paris. The 
Martignac Ministry is dismissed, and 
Prince Polignac, an Ultra-Royalist, 
succeeds as premier. [The Ministry vio- 
lently suppresses the liberty of the 
press.] 

1830 Mar. 18. Paris. An address is 
voted, plainly declaring a want of con- 



fidence in the Ministry. Vote, 221-181. 
[May 16. The Chamber is dissolved.] 

Mar. * Paris. Charles X. declares his 
purpose to firmly sustain his ministers 
against the Chamber ; " No compromise, 
no surrender," his motto. 

* * A new election for the Chambers is 
held. 

The Liberals gain an increased major- 
ity by the election ; 202 of the 221 voting 
against the Ministry are elected. 

July * Algiers is conquered with an im- 
mense spoil, valued at 4S,000,000 francs, 
and permanently annexed as aprovince. 
(See p. 9.) 

July 27-29. Paris. The July Kevo- 
lution, " The Three Bays' Revolution," 
" The Great Week." 

The populace rises in fury against the 
king; Charles X. and his family flee before 
it. The revolt is caused by the publication of 
the three (five) ordinances on ..inly 26: (1) de- 
claring the recent elections illeeal; (2) chan- 
ging the electoral system arbitrarily so as 
limit the riidit of suffrage to rich land-own- 
ers, who are chiefly loyalists; (3) the prohi- 
bition of newspapers ami pamphlets not 
having the permit of the king. 
A popular revolt occurs. 
Barricades appear in the streets, and 
fights with the troops occur. 

July 28. Paris is declared in a state of 
siege. 

The bourgeoisie, or middle class, join 
the revolt ; and the troops, badly led, be- 
come infected, and part of them join in 
the popular cause. The Hotel de Ville 
is captured, every house becomes a for- 
tress, and the victory is complete. 

July 29. Paris. The Louvre is taken, 
and the troops retire. 

The Tuileries is sacked, and wild 
excesses abound. 

"When too late, Charles dismisses his 
ministers, revokes the obnoxious ordi- 
nances, and reestablishes the National 
Guard. 

A provisional government is formed. 
Gen. Lafayette is placed in command of 
the National Guard, and Louis Thiers 
and Francois Mignet urge the transfer of 
the crown to the Buc d' Orleans. 

July 30. Paris. The Due d'Orlgans, 
of the younger line of Bourbons, accepts 
the office of lieutenant-general of the 
kingdom, on the invitation of the peers 
and deputies. 

Aug. 2. Charles X. and his son ab- 
dicate in favor of the Buc de Bordeaux. 

The House of Orleans. 

1830-1848 Louis Philippe I. reigns. 

Aug. 9. Paris. Louis Philippe, Buc 
d'Orleans, accepts the tendered crown 
from the Legislature. 

In this act he rejects the doctrine of 
the " divine right of kings," and ac- 
knowledges the people as the source of 
sovereign power. 

Aug. 11-36* * Paris. The Ministry 
of Achille C. Broglie, Francois P. Gui- 
zot, and Marquis de Lafayette. 



Nov. 2-31 Mar. 13. Paris. Ministry 

of Jacques Lafntte. 
Dec. 21. Paris. Prince Jules A. de 

Polignac and other ministers are tried 

for high treason, and sentenced to per- 
petual imprisonment. 



726 1830, **-1838, 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1832 Feb. 22. It. French troops re- 
occupy Ancona. 

Nov. * Neth. Under a treaty with the 
English, the French army of 50,000 men 
under Marshal Gerard besieges the 
citadel of Antwerp. [Dec. 23. The 
Dutch capitulate, and surrender the 
fortress.] 

1834 * * Algeria. The French incorpo- 
rate the Turkish cavalry, called Spa- 
his, in the army. 

1835 * * Algeria. Abd-el-Kader, the 
religious enthusiast, opposes the French 
[for 15 years], (p. 8.) 

Nov. 23. Algeria. The Arabs under 
Achmet Bey defeat two assaults, and 
the French retire, 

1838 Nov. 27. Mex. The French 
bombard St. John of Ulloa ; after four 
hours the Mexicans surrender. [Vera 
Cruz is also bombarded.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1830± * * Raised printing for the blind 
is invented by Charles Barbier. 

± * * Psychrometer, an apparatus for 
measuring the amount of elastic vapor 
in the atmosphere, is invented by Joseph 
Louis Gay-Lussac. [1S4S, It is modified 
by Iteguault.] 

1832+ * *Narcein is discovered by 
Pierre Joseph Pelletier, 

* * Cromwell gazing on the Corpse of 
Charles I. is painted by Paul Delaroche. 

1834* * A sewmg-maehine is [said to 
have been] invented by Thimonnier. 

* * Execution of Lady Jane Grey is painted 
by Paul Delaroche. 

* * Martyrdom of St. Symphorian is 
painted by Jean Auguste Dominique 
Ingres. 

1835 * * Assassination of the Duke of 
Guise is painted by Paul Delaroche. 

1836* * Battle of Jena is painted by 
Horace Vernet. 

* * Paris. The Luxor obelisk is erected. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1830* * Aulnaye, Francois Henri Stanislas, 
de 1', writer, A91. 

Beauvais, < 'liarles Theodore, general, A58. 

Catel, Charles Simon, musical comp., A57. 

Constant <ie Relieco,iie, Henri Benjamin, ora- 
tor, statesman, writer, A63. 

Faure, Jean I'.aptiste, singer, born. 

Fourier, Baron, Jean Eaptiste Joseph, 
savant, A 62. 

Genlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Feiicite, 
mis. writer, A74. 

Lally-Tollernial, .Marcjiiis de, Trophime Ge- 
rard, politician, A79. 

Laugel, Antoine Auguste, author, born. 

Lavalette, ('omte de, .Marie Cliamans, officer, 
minister of Napoleon, A61. 

Mistral, Frederic, Provencal poet, born. 

Keclus, .Jean Jacques Klisee, geographer, b. 

Segur, Comte de, Louis Philippe, author, 
statesman, A77. 

Vandaiiime, Dominique Kene, general, A60. 

1831 * * Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d', French- 
Chinese admiral, born. 

Cartellier, Pierre, sculptor, A74. 
Girard, Stephen, merchant, hanker, million- 
aire, A81. 
Pons, Jean Louis, astronomer, A70. 
Rood, Ogden, naturalist, horn. 
Sardou. Victorien. dramatist, born. 

1832 * * Adet, Pierre Auguste, envoy, chem- 
ist, A69. 

Augnstin, Jean Raptiste Jacques, miniature 

painter, A73. 
Avril, Jean Jacques, engraver, A88. 
Baudrillart, Jacques Joseph, agriculturist, 

author, A58. 
Beauchamp, Alphonse de, author, A65. 



Belliard, Comte Augustin D-, general, di- 
plomatist, A 63. 
Bergasse, Nicolas, jurist, writer, A82. 

p.illard, Charles Michel, physician, A32. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon II., or Napoleon Fran- 
cois Charles Joseph, son of Napoleon I. 
and Marie Louisa, A21. 

Champollion, Jean Francois, EgyptoL, A41. 

Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chante- 
loup, chemist, statesman, A76. 

Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, pol., A66. 

Cherbuliez, Victor, novelist, born. 

Chezy, Antoine Leonard dc, orientalist, AM. 

Cornet, Comte de, Mathieu Augustin, states- 
man, A 82. 

Cuvier, Baron. Georges Chretien Leopold 
Frederic Dagohert, naturalist, At>3. 

Daunicsnil, Pierre, general, A55. 

Dclpech, Jacques M., phys.,surg., wr., A57. 

Dore, Paul Gustavo, artist, born. 

Droz, Antoine Gustave, novelist, born. 

Galois, Evariste, mathematician, A20. 

Jacquemont, Victor, naturalist, A31. 

Lamarque, Comte Maximilien, general, poli- 
tician, A62. 

Maitmna.-. \'icomte de, Jean B. S- G., states- 
man, A56. 

Mcilhac, Henri, dramatist, born. 

Perier, Casimir, statesman, A55. 

Portal, Laron, Antoine, physician, A90. 

liemusat, Jean Pierre Ahel, orientalist, A44. 

Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), ('omte, de 
Kochefort-Ludcay, journalist, politician, b. 

Say, Jean Papliste, polil n-;i 1 economist, AG5. 

Apr. 5. Ferry, Jules, statesman, born. 
1833 * * Auvray, Felix, painter, A33. 

Boyer, Baron Alexis, surgeon, A76. 

P.racquemond, Joseph Felix, artist, born. 

Careme, Marie Antoine, cook, A49. 

Chassepot, Antoine A., inv. of gun, b. 

Chenedolle, Charles J. Pioult de, poet, A64. 

Favart, Marie, actor, born. 

Garat, Dominique Joseph, revolutionist, A84. 

Ilerold, Louis J. F., musical composer, A4L 

Jourdan, Jean Baptiste. marshal, A71. 

Latreille, Piwrre Andre, naturalist, A71. 

Legendre, Adrien Marie, math., A81. 

Nicpee, Joseph Nicephore, chemist, one of 
inventors of photography, A(i8. 

Schneider, llortense Catherine, actor, born. 
1834* * Arnault, Vincent Antoine, au., A68. 

Bartholdi. Frederic Auguste. sculptor, b. 

Iloieldieu, Francois Adrien, composer, A59. 

Bourriennc, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, di- 
plomatist, author, A65. 

Choron, Alexandre Etienne, musician, A63. 

Dugas-M out liel, Jean I'.aptiste, Hellenist, AM. 

Duranil, Jean Nicolas Louis, architect, A74, 

Gaboriau, Emile, author, born. 

Gencst (Genet), Edmund Charles, diploma- 
tist, A69. 

Halevy, I.udovie, dramatist, librettist, born. 

Jacquard, Joseph M., inventor of Jacquard 
loom, A 82. 

Naquet, Alfred Joseph, physician, author, b. 

Pailleron, Edouard, poet, dramatist, born. 

Richer, Edouard, author, A42. 

May 30. Lafayette, Marquis. Marie Jean 
Paul Koch Yves t ■ ill km t Mofier, slati-sman, 
A 77. 
1835 * * Chimay, Prineesse de, Jeanne Marie, 
society leader, A62. 

Cladel, Leon, novelist, born. 

Courvoisier, Jean Joseph Antoine, pol., A60. 

Du Chaillu, Paul B., traveler in Africa, b. 

Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, historian, A81. 

Dupuytren, Baron Guillaume, surgeon, 
anatomist, A 57. 

Gros, Baron, Antoine Jean, painter, A64. 

Lenormant, Francois, archeologist, born. 

Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Joseph, 
Due de Trevise, marshal, A67. 

Pigault-Lehrun, Charles A. G., novelist, A 82. 
1836* * Ampere, Andre Marie, mathemati- 
cian, natural philosopher, A61. 

Carrel. Nicolas Anna rid, political writer, A 36. 

Cheverus, .Jean Louis A. M. L. de, cardinal, 
A68. 

Didot, Firmin, publisher, lyjiograplier, A72. 

Fieschi, Joseph -Marie, Corsiean conspirator, 
regicide, A 46. 

Ganilh, Charles, economist, A78. 

Jussieu, Antoine Laurent de, botanist, A88. 

Malibran, Marie Feiicite (Garcia), singer, 
actor, A28. 

Kaynouard, Francois Juste Marie, mis- 
cellaneous writer, A75. 

Rouge t <le l'lsle, Claude Josepli, poet, A76. 
Sieves, Emmanuel Joseph, publiidst, A88. 

Tracy, Comte de, A. L. C. Destutt, philos- 
opher, author, A80. 

Vernet, Antoine c. Horace, painter, A78. 

Nov. 6. Charles X.. king, A79. 
1837 * * Alibert, Jean Louis, physician, A71. 

Beauharnais, llortense Eugenie de, wife of 
Louis Bonaparte, Queen of Holland, A54. 



Carnot, Marie-Francois Sadi. President,b. 
Dumas, Comte Mathieu, general, au., A84. 
Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, socialist, 

A65. 
Gerard, Baron Francois P. S., painter, A67. 
Jacquemart, Jules F., author, born. 
Johannot, Alfred, engraver, painter, A37. 
Le Sueur, Jean Francois, m iisieal comp., A77. 
Louis, Baron Louis Dominique, rlnan., A82. 
Rosny, Leon de, orientalist, born. 



CHURCH. 
1830 * * Ey the Revolution the Roman 
Catholic Church loses the prerogative 
of being the religion of the State. 

* * The Abb£ Chatel fails in an attempt 
to found a new French Catholic 
Church, in the spirit of liberalism, hut 
without a basis of Christian doctrine. 

1831* * The Jesuits are expelled. 

"Nov. * About 64 English and Irish Trap- 
pists are transported to Cork, Ireland, 
on the charge of rebellion and conspir- 
acy. [The order is noted for the auster- 
ity of its discipline, and for keeping a 
perpetual silence.] 

1832 * *The American Baptists begin 
a mission. 

* *The Soci€te 3i!vange"lique de 
France is founded. 

1833 Apr. 23. The foundation is laid 
of the first Protestant Episcopal 
church erected in France. 

* * Paris. The French and Foreign Bible 
Society is organized. 

* * The St. Vincent de Paul Charitable 
Society is founded by 12 young men. 

* * The Roman Catholic Church assails- 
the proposed plan to put popular edu- 
cation under the superintendence of 
the University. 

LETTERS. 

1830 * * Kermocl; le Pirate, by Eugene 
Sue, appears. [1831, Flick et Plock and 
Atar Gull; 1832, La Salamandre; 1833, 
La Vigie de Koatven.] 

* * Fra Diavolo, by Augustine E. Scribe, 
appears. 

* * Contes (VEspaqne et d 1 Italic and Nuit 
Venitienve, by Alfred I>e Musset, appear. 
[1831, Poesies direrses; 1832, Le spectacle 
dans un fautenil ; 1833, Andre" del Sarto 
and Les Caprices de Marianne; 1S34, On 
lie badine pas avec f amour. 1 

* * On Religion considered in its Source* 
its Fonns,'and its I'ecelopments, by Ben- 
jamin Constant de Kebecque, appears. 

* * La Gre.ce Moderne, by Quinet, appears. 
[1833, Ahasverus, Napoleon, and Pro- 
mpt ne'e.] 

* * -36 * * Lettres d'un voyageur, by 
George Sand, appears. [1832, Indiana 
and Valentine ; 1833, Lttia'; 1834, Le Se- 
cretaire intime and Jacques."] 

1831 Feb. * Notre Dame de Paris, by 
Victor Hugo, appears. [Later, Les 
PenHles cCAutomne; 1832, Nov. 22, Le 
Roi s' amuse ; 1833, Feb. 2, Lucrece Bor- 
gia; Nov. 6, Marie Tudor; 1834, Litera- 
ture et philosophic melees and Claude 
Gueux; 1S35, Apr. 28, later, Les Chants 
dn Crtpuscule; 1836, Esmeralda; 1S37,. 
Les Voix Interieures; 1838, Nov. 8, Ruy 
Bias."] 

* * Le Rouge et le Noir. by Beyle, appears.. 
[1S38, Memoirs of a Tourist.] 

* * Barnave, by Jules G. Janin, appears. 

* * Rose et Blanche is written by Jules 
Sandeau in conjunction with George 
Sand. 

* * La Revue des Deux Mondes appears. 



FRANCE. 



1830, 



1838, 



727 



* * Iambes, by Auguste Barbier, appears. 
1332 * * Marie, by J. A. P. Brizeux, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Quiz, by Madame D. G. de Girar- 
din, appears. [Later, La Canne de M. 
de Balzac. .] 

* * Louis XL, by Delavigne, appears. 
[1S33, Les En/ants d'Edouard; 1835, 
Don Juan d'Autriche.] 

* *-39* * History of the French from the 
Time of the Gauls to 1S30, by Theophile 
S. Lavallee, appears. 

1833* * Melanges philosophiques, by 
Theodore S. Jouffroy, appears. 

* * Eugene Grandet, Le m&decin de cam- 
pagne, and L'Histoire des Treize, by 
Honore de Balzac, appear. [1835, Se"ra- 
phita,La recherche de Vabsolu, and Pere 

Goriot; 1836, Le lys dans la valUe; 1837, 
Illusions perdues.] 

* * A Double Mistake, by Prosper Me>i- 
mt*e, appears. [1S35, Notes of a Journey 
in the South of Fran a- ; 1S3(J, Notes of a 
Journey in the West of France.} 

* *-36* * L'Histoire de France, by 
Henri Martin, appears. 

1834 * * Vicomte de Biziers, by Melchior 
F. Soulie, appears. [183(5, La May net i- 
seur and Diane et Louise; 1S3S, The 
Man of Letters.] 

* * Le Bulletin Monumental is issued. 

* * Considerations on the Philosophic Sys- 
tem of Lamennais, by Jean Baptiste 
Henri Lacordaire, appears. [1835-50, 
Sermons at Notre Dame : 1838, Letter on 
the Holy See.] 

1835 * * Mile, de Maupin, by Gautier, 
appears. 

* * La Nuit de Mai and La Confession 
d'un Enfant du Steele, by De Musset, 
appear. [1838, Le Poete dechu; 1839, 
Caprice and Nouvelles; 1840, Comedies 
et proverbes.] 

* * Le voyage en Orient, by Lamartine, 
appears. [1836,Joceh/n; 1838, Chute d'un 
Ange; 1S39, lieeueillemcnts poetiques.] 

* * Cours de droit natural, by Jouffroy, 
appears. 

* * Stello, or the Blue Devils and Chat- 
terton, by De Vigny, appear. 

* * Commentaries on the Tacua, by Eu- 
gene Burnouf, appears. 

* * Destruction of Paganism in the West, 
by Arthur A. de Beugnot, appears. 

* * Papillotes, by Jacques Jasmin, ap- 
pears. [1836, The Blind Girl of Castel- 
Cuiltt; 1840, Fianconnetto.] 

* * -40 * * On Democracy in America, by 
A. C. H. C. de Toequeville, appears. 

* *-45* * Monuments of Egypt and Nu- 
bia, Egyptian Grammar, and a Hiero- 
glyphic Dictionary, by Jean F. Cham- 
pollion, appear. 

1836 * * Picciola, by Xavier Boniface, or 
Saintine, appears. 

July 1. La Presse is issued. 

* * Le Siecle is issued. 

* * Mauprat, by George Sand, appears. 
[1839, Spiridion.] 

* * Life of St. Elisabeth of Hungary, by 
Comte C. F. de Montalembert, appears. 

* * (Euvres inidites, by Madame de Stael, 
appears. 

* *-50* * Tresor de numismatique et de 
glyptique, by Charles Lenormant and 
others, appears. 

1837 * * Modem Slavery, The Book of 
the People, Polities for the People, and 
other works, by Lamennais, appear. 

* * La Society des Gens de Lettres is 
founded by Balzac, Lamennais, Dumas, 
and George Sand. 

* * Latriaumont, by Eugene Sue, appears. 
[1838, Arthur; 1S39, La marquise de L&- 
toriere and Deity tar ; 1840, Jean Cava- 
lier and Deux histoires ; 1841, Mat hilde 
and Le commandeur de Malte.] 



* * History of Political Economy, by Je- 
rome A. Blanqui, appears. 

* * Sacred Biography , by A. L. C, Coque- 
rel, appears. [1842, Modern Orthodoxy.] 

* * -67 * * History of France, by Jules 
Michelet, appears. 

1838 * * /decs Napoleon ieunes, by Prince 
Louis Napoleon, appears. 

* * On the Material Intei'ests of France, 
by Michel Chevalier, appears. 

* * Sports for the Winds, by Joseph Au- 
tran, appears. 

* * Treatise on the Metaphysics of Aris- 
totley by Cousin, appears. [183S-40, A 
new series of Philosophic Fraoments ; 
1840, Course of Moral Philosophy ; 1842, 
Lectures on Kant.] 

* * Gerfaut, by Charles de Bernard, ap- 
pears. [1839, Paravent ; 1841, Peau du 
Lion.] 

* * Le capitaine Paul, by Dumas, pere, 
appears. [1839, Acte; 1S40, Aventures de 
John Davy, Le capitaine Pamphile, 
Maitre Adam le Calabrais, and Othon 
V 'archer ; 1841, Praxe.de; 1842, Aven- 
tures de Lyderic] 

* * -44 * * Dictionary of the Language 
of the Troubadours, by Raynouard, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1831 Dec. 31. Paris. Election riots 
occur, in which barricades are made, and 
several persons killed. 

1832 June * Paris. A collision occurs 
between the military and the people be- 
cause of the Republican demonstration 
at the funeral of Gen. Lamarque. 

Sept. 18. Scot. Charles X. leaves Holy- 
rood Palace for the Continent. 

"Nov. 21. Lyons is at the mercy of a 
mob ; a strike for higher wages throws 
out of employment 30,000 persons. 

1833 May * The Duchess of Berry 
gives birth to a daughter, and the scan- 
dal ruins her cause. [It is alleged that 
the scandal was invented by jealous en- 

1834 Apr. * Paris. The Government 
indicts the « Society of the Rights of 
Man" and the "Society of Prog- 
ress." 

Apr. 12-14. Paris. The insurrection- 
ists are brutally suppressed ; persons of 
all ages and both sexes are massacred, 
even in their own homes. 

1835 July 28. Paris. Joseph Marie 
Fieschi attempts to assassinate the 
king while reviewing 40,000 troops on 
the Boulevards. 

An infernal machine is discharged; 
the king and his sons escape, but Slar- 
shal Mortier, Duke of Treviso, and three 
others are killed, and more than 40 in- 
jured. [1836. Jan. 31. Fieschi, with four 
others, is brought to trial. Feb. 12. 
Fieschi, Morey, and Pepin are convicted 
and sentenced to be executed ; one is sen- 
tenced to imprisonment, and the other is 
acquitted. Feb. 19. Fieschi, Morey, and 
Pepin are executed.] 

1836 . une 26. Louis Alibund attempts 
to assassinate the king with a walking- 
stick gun, but misses his aim. [1840. 
Oct. 15. Another by Darmes with an 
overloaded rifle, which kills himself.] 

Nov. 23. Prince Polignac and others are 
set at liberty from Ham, and they are 
sent out of France. 

Dec. 27. Paris. Meuniers fires at the 
king when on his way to open the Cham- 



1S37 * *The Due d'Orl^ans (heir ap- 
parent) marries the Princess Helena of 
Mecklenburg. 

* * Paris. Gaming-houses are no longer 
licensed. 

STATE. 

1831 Feb. 17. The Crown of Bel- 
gium is offered to the king's son, the 
Due de Nemours, and declined by his 
father. 

Mar. 13-32 May* Paris. Ministry 
(Conservative) of Casimir P€rier. 

Dec. 27. Paris. The abolition of the 
hereditary peerage is decreed by both 
Chambers ; the peers concur. Vote, 
103-70. 

1832 Jan. * The Duchess of Berry and 
the Legitimists attempt a rebellion in 
favor of her son, the Comte deChambord. 
An insurrection breaks out in Lyons. 
[Nov. 30. The duchess is imprisoned.l 

Mar. 22. Paris. The peers pass a bill 
banishing the. families of Napoleon and 
Charles X. Vote, 80-30. 

June 5, 6. Paris. TheA.B.C.(abaiss^s) 
insurrection is suppressed. 

Oct. 11.-36. Feb. * Paris. The Min- 
istry of Marshal Soult, Thiers, Guizot, 
and Broglie. 

1833 June 9. The Duchess of Berry 
is sent to Palermo, after giving birth to 
a female child and asserting her secret 
marriage to Prince Lucchesi-Palli, an 
Italian. 

Sept. 11. Kepublican insurrection in 
Lyons. [Oct. 14. Another in Paris.] 

1834 Apr. 24. France joins with Eng- 
land, Spain, and Portugal, in a quadruple 
alliance, to put down the Carlists in 
Spain. 

July 15. Paris. Marshal Ge"rard be- 
comes minister of war. 

1835 Feb. * The Due de Broglie be- 
comes foreign minister. 

May* Paris. Republicans renew the dis- 
turbances. 

Sept. * The freedom of the press is lim- 
ited by " the laws of September." 

1836 Jan. * Paris. The Ministry is 
defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on 
the question of the budget. 

Feb. 22. Paris. Guizot and Broglie 
retire from the Ministry ; the Ministry 
of Thiers, a Progressionist, follows. 

Sept. 6. Paris. The Ministry of Count 
Mole" ; Guizot is minister of public in- 
struction. 

Oct. 30. Louis Napole"on, nephew of 
Napoleon I., makes a venturesome at- 
tempt to get himself proclaimed emperor 
by the soldiers at Strasburg; the con- 
spiracy fails. 

Nov. 15. Napoleon is taken on board a 
frigate to be sent to America by the 
French Government ; he is to receive 
15,000 francs annuity from the king's pri- 
vate purse. 

1837 Apr. 15. Paris. The Ministry 
of Mole - without Guizot begins. 

May 8. Paris. Amnesty is granted for 
political offenses. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1832 * * Paris. Cholera has 18,000 vic- 
tims during one summer month. 



1838, **-1347, Dec. * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1840 * * Paris. Fortifications are con- 
structed for the defense of the city. 

1841 * * Gen. Bugeaudis sent to Algeria, 
and terrifies the Arabs into submission. 

1842 May 1. So. Pacific. Adm. Du- 
petit-Thouars occupies the Marquesas 
Islands. 



1843 * * So. Pacific. A French force oc- 
cupies Tahiti, of the Society Islands. 

1844 May* "War with Morocco. 
[Sept. 10. Peace follows, and Abd-el- 
Kader is banished.] 

June * Morocco. Prince de Joinville, 
with a naval squadron, bombards and 
takes the fortified town of Mogador. 

Aug. 14. Algeria. Marshal Bugeaud 
defeats the Moors on the hanks of the 
Isly River. 

1845 June 18. Algeria. Gen. Pelissier 
suffocates nearly 1,000 Arabs in the 
Caves of Dahra. (See Algeria.) 

1847 Sept. 26. Marshal Soult suc- 
ceeds Marshal Oudinot, deceased, as 
general of France. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1839 * * Paris. Louis Jacques Mandt5 
Daguerre publishes his method of mak- 
ing daguerreotypes. [A lif e pension 
of 6,000 francs is awarded him by the 
Government.] 

* * Stratonice is painted by Jean Auguste 
Dominique Ingres. 

1840 Aug. 15. A bronze statue of 
Napole'on is placed on the column of 
the Grande Arm^e, Boulogne. 

Oct. 31-Nov. 4. A great inundation 
occurs. 

The Saone pours its waters into the 
Rhone, breaks through its banks, and 
covers 60,000 acres ; Lyons is inundated ; 
in Avignon 100 houses are swept away ; 
218 houses are carried away at La Guil- 
lotiere ; and upwards of 300 at Vaise, 
Marseilles, and Nimes ; the Saone had 
not attained such a height for 238 years. 

* * Napoleon at Foittaiuebleau is painted 
by Paul Delaroche. 

1843 * * Paris. Illusions Lost is exhib- 
ited by Gabriel Gleyre, at the -Salon. 

* * Arabia. Paolo Emilio Botta com- 
mences his explorations at Khorsabad. 

1845* *-46* *Urbain Jean Joseph 
Leverrier works out the position of 
Neptune, and finally discovers it on Sept. 
23, 1S4G ; Johann G. Galle of Berlin finds 
the planet on the same night. 

1846 Oct. 22. An inundation occurs. 
In the center, west, and southwest of 

France numerous bridges, with the Or- 
leans and Vierzun viaduct, swept away ; 
the latter had cost -SI, 200,000. The dam- 
ages exceeded $20,000,000. The Loire 
rises 20 feet in one night. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1838* * Broussais, Francois J. V.,physi.,A66. 
Butin, Clysse, painter, born. 
Caille, or < 'aillie, Kene, traveler, A39. 
Castellan, Antoine Louis, painter, arch., A66. 
Chery, Philippe, painter, A79. 
Cuvier, Frederic, naturalist, A65. 
Junot, Madame, Laure Pennon, Duchesse 

d'Abrantes, author, A54. 
Lecoq de Boisbaudran, Paul Einile Francois, 

chemist, born. 



Lobau, Comte do, Georges M., marshal, A68. 

Horeau, Hegesippe, poet, A28. 

Paris, Comte de, Louis Philippe, Orleans 
prince, born. 

Pereier, Charles, architect, A74. 

Pieot, Georges Marie Kene, historian, publi- 
cist, born. 

Proudhon, ..lean Baptiste Victor, jurist, A80. 

Sai'V, Baron de, Antoine Isaac Silvestre, ori- 
entalist, A80. 

May 17. TalleyTand-Perigord, Prince 
de, Charles Maurice, statesman, A84. 

Oct. 30. Gambetta, L6on Michel, states- 
man, born. 
1839 * * Berehoux, Joseph, poet, A74. 

Bonaparte, Letizia, mother of Napoleon, A89. 



, dramatist, poet, AGS. 

Emeric-David, Toussaint Bernard, archeolo- 
gist, A 84. 

Engeimann, Godefroy, manufacturer, one 
of inventors of lithography, A51. 

Fievee, Joseph, litterateur, A72. 

Fesch, Joseph, card., archbp. of Lyons, A76. 

Gamier, Mane Joseph Francois, explorer, b. 

Lallemand, Baron, Charles Francois Antoine, 
general, A65. 

Maret, Hugnes Bernard, Due de Bassano, 
statesman, A76. 

Michaud, Joseph Francois, historian, A72. 

Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois 
Marie Kiche, engineer, mathematician, A84. 

Salverte, Anne J. E. B., mis. writer, A68. 

Wiirtemberg, I uichess of, daughter of Louis 
Philippe, sculptor, dies. 
1840 * * Bonaparte, Lucien, brother of Napo- 
leon I., Prince de Canino, A65. 

Chartres, Due de, Itobert Philippe L. E. F., 
prince, born. 

Claretie, Jules A. A., author, critic, born. 

Daudet, Alphonse, humorist, novelist, b. 

Daunou, Pierre C. F., statesman, au., A79. 

Duveyrier, Henri Danny, explorer, born. 

Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, physi- 
cian, alienist, A68. 

Jaeotot, Jean J., educafional writer, A70. 

Lemercier, Louis Jean N., dramatist, A69. 

Macdonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph 



l, Simeon Denis, geometrician, A59. 
Zola, Emile, novelist, born. 

1841 * * Audouin, Jean Victor, entomologist, 
comparative anatomist, A44. 

Baceiocehi, Felice Pasqnale, eonsort of Napo- 
leon's sister, Marie Elisa, A79. 

Barere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, revolution- 
ist, A 86. 

Berlin, Jean Louis, painter, A66. 

Berlin, Louis Francois, journalist, A75. 

Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, historian, 
statesman, A70. 

Boivin, Marie Anne Victoire Gillain, physi- 
cian, author, A68. 

Clemenceau, Eugene, politician, born. 

Coquelin, Benoit Constant, actor, born. 

Hulin (Hullin), Comte 1'ierre Augustin, gen- 
eral, A83. 

Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, grammarian, 
A8t>±. 

Victor (Victor-Perrin), Claude, Due de Bel- 
luno, marshal, A77. 

1842 * * Baillot, P. M. Francois de Sales, vio- 
linist, A71. 

Beyle, Marie Henri, writer, A59. 

Caigniez, Louis Charles, dramatist, A80. 

Cambronne, Pierre J. Etienne de, gen., A72. 

Coppee, Francois Edouard J., poet, born. 

Degerando, Joseph Marie, metaphysical phi- 
losopher, A70. 

Dumont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste, 
archeologist, born. 

Dumont d'l'rville, Jules S. C, navigator, A52. 

Du Sommerard, Alexandre, :uitii]uary, A63. 

Duval, Alexandre Vincent l'ineu, dram., A75. 

Edwards, Guillamne Frederic, ethnologist, 
physiologist, Alio. 

Ferdinand Philippe, son of King Louis Phi- 
lippe, A32. 

Flammarion, Camille, astronomer, born. 

Freycinet Louis Claude I >esaulses de, navi- 
gator, A63. 

Gerando, Joseph Marie, ] philosopher, A70. 

Joufl'roy, Theodore .S., philosophical writer, 
A46. 

Lalionie, Comte Alexandre de, antiquary, 
litterateur, A68. 

Larrey, Baron, Dominique Jean, surg., A76. 

Las Cases, Marquis de, Emmanuel A. D. 
M. J., soldier, A76. 

Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de 
Conegliano, marshal, A88. 

Pelletier, Pierre Joseph, chemist, A54. 

1843 * * Bouvart, Alexis, astronomer, A76. 
Campenon, Vincent, poet, A71. 



Chabrol de Volvie, Comte Gilbert Joseph 
Gaspard, civil oflieer, politician, wr., A70. 

Cortot, Jean Pierre, sculptor, d. 

Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, poet, 
dramatist, A50. 

Granier de Cassagnac, Paul A. M. P. de, 
journalist, born. 

Lacroix, Sylvestre Francois, math., A78. 

Nicollet, Jean Nicolas, asiron., geol., A57. 
1844* * Agar, Jean Antoine Michel, finan- 
cier, A73. 

Bernhardt, Sarah, actor, born in Paris. 

Bertrand, Comte de, Henri G ration, gen., A71. 

Bonaparte, Joseph, brother of Napoleon I., 
King of Naples and Spain, A76. 

De Belleville, Frederick, actor, born. 

Fauriel, Claude Charles, philol., hist., A72. 

Geoffroy Saint-Hilaire, Etienne, natu- 
ralist, A72. 

Grousset, Paschal, journalist, communist, b. 

Lafitte, Jacques, banker, statesman, A76. 

Nodier, Charles, poet, litterateur, A61±. 

Peynaud, Antoine Andre Louis, math., A73. 

"Wyse, L. N. llonaparte, hvdrog., poet, born. 
1845 * * A/.ais, Pierre Hyaeinthe, plid., A79. 

Becker, Georges, painter, born. 

Cavaignae, Eleonore Louis Godefroy, jour- 
nalist, A44. 

Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, paint., engr., A53. 

Etienne, Charles Guillaume, dram, poet, A67. 

Uoyer-Collard, Pierre Paul, statesman, A82. 
1846* * Berard, Auguste, surgeon, A44. 

Bonaparte, Louis, hrolher of Napoleon I., 
King of Holland, A68. 

Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste George 
Marie, naturalist, geographer, A6fj. 

Bourmont, Comte Louis A. V., marshal, A73. 

Jouy, Victor Joseph E. de, author, A82. 

Koze, Marie, actor, born. 

Senancour, Ftienne Pivart de, author, A76. 

Villenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, au- 
thor, A84. 

Virey, Julien Joseph, physician, medical 
writer, A71. 

CHURCH. 

1840 * * The English Baptist missionary 
society sends a missionary to Breton. 

1845 * * The Jesuits are expelled. 

1846 * * Miracles are alleged to be 
wrought at La Salette. [Apr. * Impos- 
tors are prosecuted.] 

* * Rome. Pius IX. is pope. 



LETTERS. 

1839 * * New Literary Tales and Jour- 
ney in Italy, by Janin, appear. 

* * The Carthusian Nun of Parma, by 
Beyle, appears. 

* * The Literary History of France before 
the 12th Century, by Jean J. Ampere, 
appears. 

* * Life of Washington, by Guizot, ap- 
pears. 

* * San Mariana, by Sandeau, appears. 

* * Bibliotheque de Vitcole des Chartes is 
issued. 

* * History of Landed Property in Europe, 
by Edouard R. L. de Laboulaye, appeai'6. 

1840 * * Lt&cits des temps m&rovingiens, 
by Thierry, app'ears. 

* * Studies on the Theodicea of Plato and 
Aristotle, by Jules Simon, appears. 
[1844-45, History of the School of Alex- 
andria. ,] 

* * Life of St. Dominic, by Lacordaire, 
appears. 

* * Poesies completes, by Entile Des- 
champs, appears. 

* * What is property ? by Pierre J. Proud- 
hon, appears. [1S4C, St/slime des contra- 
dictions economiques.] 

* * Les rayons et les ombres, by Victor 
Hugo, appears. [1842, /thin ; 1843, Les 
Burgraves."] 

* * Vautrin, by Balzac, appears. 

* * -43 * * Studies on Modern Reformers 
or Socialists, by Marie R. L. Reybaud, 
appears. 

* * -62 * * History of Port Royal, by 
Sainte-Beuve, appears. I 



FRANCE. 



1838,* *-1847, Dec. 



729 



1841 Mar. 30. A law is made fixing 
the duration of copyright to 30 years 
after the author's death. 

* * The Rhin Allemand, by De Musset, 
appears. 

■* * Colombo., by Merimee, appears. [1844, 
Studies in Roman History and the Con- 
spiracy of Catiline.] 

■'* * Theory of Universal Unity, by F. CM. 
Fourier, appears. 

* * History of the Crusades, by J. F. 
Michaud, appears. 

* * Docteur Herbeau, by Sandeau, appears. 

* * The Crown Diamonds, by Augustin 
E. Scribe, appears. [1S42, The Glass of 
Water and Bertraud et Raton.] 

* *_46* * Sketch of a Philosophy ,by La- 
mennais, appears." 

* * -46 * * History of the Ten Years, 
1830-1840, by Louis Blanc, appears. 

■* * -48 * * La Revue. Ind&pendante is is- 
sued. 

1842 * * Ginie des Religions, by Quinet, 
appears. 

* * The Mysteries of Paris, Therese Dn- 
noyer, and Lemorne au (liable, by Eugene 
Sue, appear. 

* * Memoirs of the Devil, by Soule\ ap- 
pears. 

* * The Two Angels, by Pierre Dupont, 



* * Les Cariatides, by Theodore de Ban- 
ville, appears. 

* * Travels in Icaria, by Etienne Cabet, 
appears. 

* * Practical Exercises of Chinese Syntax 
and Lexicography , by Stanislaus Julien, 
appears. 

* * Consuelo, by George Sand, appears. 
[1846, La mare an (liable and Francois 
le Champi ; 1846--48, La petite Fadette ; 
1851, Claudie.] 

* * PensSes, maximes, et correspond ance 
de Joseph Joubert, by Paul Raynal, ap- 
pears. 

* *_48* * La revue de I'Empire is issued. 

1843 * * Tras los Monies, by Gautier, ap- 
pears. 

* * Le Correspondant is issued. 

* * Jirdme Paturot, by Reyland, appears. 

* * La Religion de VUnivers is issued. 

* * Georges, Ascanio, and Le chevalier 
d'Hanhental, by Dumas, pere, appear. 
[1844, The Three Musketeers, Cecile, Fer- 
nande, Amaury, Gabriel Lambert, and 
Le chdtean d'Eppstein; 1845, Twenty 
Years After, Les freres corses, Une fille 
du regent, and La reine Margot ; 1845- 
46, r .La guerre des femmes: 1846, Le che- 
valier de Maison-Rouge, La Dame de 
Monsoreau, and Le bdiard de Mauleon; 
1846-48, Memoire d'un medecin.] 

■* * Lucrece, by Francois Ponsard, ap- 
pears. 

* * Recherches sur la condition civile et 
politique des femm.es, by E. It. L. de La- 
boulaye, appears. 

* * -63 * * Cours de littirature drama- 
tique, by Francois A. Saint-Marc Girar- 
din, appears. 

1844 * * History of the Tiro Restorations 
to the Fall of Charles X., by Achille 
Tenaille de Yaulabelle, appears. 

* * History of the Romans, by Victor Du- 
ruy, appears. 

* * Discours sur VEsprit positive and 
Philosophic Treatise on Popular Astron- 
omy, by Comte, appear. 

* * Les mysteres de Londres, by Paul H. 
G. FeVa'l, appears. [1847. Le fils du 
diable.] 

* * Marthe la fille, by Jasmin, appears. 
[1845, Les deux freres jumeaux ; 1849, 
La semaine d'un Jils.] 

* * -45 * * The Count of Monte Cristo, by 
Dumas, pere, appears. 



* * -47 * * Funeral Orations, by Lacor- 
daire, appear. [1845, Sermons at Lyons 
and Grenoble.] 

* * -50 * * Gallery of Portraits of the 
18th Century, by Houssaye, appears. 
[1846. History of Flemish and Dutch 
Painting.] 

* * -57 * * Elite des monuments ckramo- 
graphiques, by Charles Lenormant and 
others, appears. 

1845 * * Ilfaut qu'une porte soit ouverte 
oufermee, by I>e Musset, appears. [1848- 
51, Bettine and Carmosine ; 1850, Po&sies 
Nouveiles.] 

* * History of Civilization, by Guizot, ap- 
pears. 

* * Biography of Jacqueline Pascal, by- 
Cousin, appears. 

* * Introduction to the History of Bood- 
hism, by Eugene Burnouf, appears. 

* * Voyage autour de monjardin, by J. B. 
A. Karr, appears. 

* * -63 * * History of the Consulate and 
the Empire, by Thiers, appears. 

1846 * * Studies of Ancient and Foreign 
Literature, by Villemain, appears. 

* * The Wandering Jew, by Sue, appears. 

* * Essay on the History of Philosophy, 
by Jean P. Damiron, appears. 

* * History of Provencal Literature, by 
Claude Charles Fauriel, appears. 

* * Histoire des Ch&teaux de France, by 
M. Bailly, appears. 

* * Les Stalactites, by De Banville, ap- 
pears. 

* *-50* * Critical History of the Alex- 
andrian School, by Etienne Yacherot, 
appears. 

1847 May 15. Lacordaire pro- 
nounces, in the Cathedral of Nancy, 
[the famous] funeral oration on Gen. 
Drouot. [Lacordaire's masterpiece.] 

SOCIETY. 

1839* *The Reformatory School at 
Mettray, near Tours, is founded by M. 
de Metz, for the reformation of juvenile 
delinquents. 

1840 Oct. 15. St. Helena. The re- 
mainsof Napole'onl. are removed from 
the tomb for transference to France. 

[Oct. 16. They are placed aboard the 
French frigate Belle Poule, commanded 
by Prince de Joinville. Nov. 30. The 
Belle Poule arrives at Cherbourg.] 
Dec. 15. Paris. The remains of !KTa- 
pole"on I. are solemnly reinterred under 
the dome of the chapel of the Hotel des 
Invalides. 

The obsequies are witnessed by 1,000,000 
people, including 150,000 soldiers and the 
royal family, and all the high person- 
ages of the realm. The family of Na- 
poleon are absent, being in exile or in 
prison. 

1841 Sept. 13. An attempt is made to 
assassinate the king's son, the Due 
d'Aumale, on his return from Africa. 

1844= * * Paris. Creches are estab- 
lished for the temporary care of the 
young children of -working mothers. 

1846 Apr. 16. Lecompte attempts to 
assassinate the king at Fontainebleau. 

July 29. Joseph Henri makes the 
seventh attempt to assassinate the 
king. 

Oct. 10. Don Francis d'Assisi marries 
his cousin, Isabella II., Queen of Spain. 



1847 Aug. 18. Paris. The Due de 
Praslin murders his wife, the daughter 



of Marshal Sebastian!. [He commits 
suicide on the eve of his trial.] 
Oct. 10. Je'rdme Bonaparte returns 
from exile, having been absent 32 years. 



STATE. 

1S39 May 12. Paris. A Republican 
insurrection is led by Armand Barbes, 
Bernard, and others. 

May 12.-40 Mar. 1. Paris. The Min- 
istry of Marshal Soult ; Guizot, Thiers, 
and Odillon-Barrot are excluded. 

* * Peace is made with Mexico. 

1840 Mar. 1-Oct. 29. Paris. The 
Ministry of Thiers (second time pre- 
mier). 

May 12. Paris. The removal of Napo- 
leon's remains from St. Helena to France 
is decreed by the Chambers. 

July 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and 
Russia make a quadruple treaty of al- 
liance with Turkey to the exclusion of 
France, the assumed ally of Mehemet 
Ali, the viceroy of Egypt. 

Aug. 6. Louis Napoleon and Gen. 
Montholon with 50 followers ineffec- 
tively attempt an insurrection at Vime- 
reux near Boulogne. [Oct. 6. Napoleon 
is sentenced to imprisonment for life.] 

Oct. * Paris. The Government deserts 
the cause of the viceroy of Egypt. 

Oct. 29-48 Feb. 24. Paris. Fall of 
Thiers ; the Ministry of Soult and 
Guizot. 

* * Trouble with England arises respecting 
the arrest of Mr. Pritchard,its consul at 
Tahiti, by Capt. D'Aubigny; redress is 
demanded and granted. 

1842 July 13. The Due d'Orle~ans, 
the king's eldest son, dies. 

* * The chief political parties are the 
Legitimists, led by Comte de Chambord, 
Orleanists, Bonapartists, and Republi- 
cans. 

1843 * * -46 * * Trouble occurs respect- 
ing the Spanish marriages. (See So- 
ciety.) 

* * An extradition treaty with England 
is signed. 

1844 * * The Due de Nemours is ap- 
pointed regent in the event of a va- 
cancy by death. 

1846 May 25. Louis nSTapole'on es- 
capes from imprisonment at Ham in the 
disguise of a mason. 

1847+ * *The Socialists agitate the 
country. 

* * Popular clamor cries for reform, 
electoral, parliamentary, and adminis- 
trative. The prime minister refuses to 
grant the reforms asked for. 

Dec. 28. Paris. The Legislative Cham- 
bers meet, but promise no reforms, and 
refuse all concessions. 

Dec.i: * Paris. The Government prohib- 
its a proposed reform banquet. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1842 July 13. The Due d'Orlgans, 
heir to the throne, is killed by a fall 
from his carriage. 

1847 July 8. The canal from Durana 
to Marseilles is completed. 



730 1847, * *-1852, Jan. 10. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1848 Feb. *+ Paris. Insurrections 
arise. (See State.) 

1849 Jan. 29. Paris. Gen. Changar- 
nier makes a military demonstration to 
forestall an anticipated insurrection of 
the Republicans. 

Apr. 25. It. The French expedition to 
Rome, comprising three divisions of 
infantry and a brigade of cavalry, lands 
at Civita Vecchia. 

Apr. 30. Garibaldi repulses the advance 
at Rome. [May 1-July 3. Siege of 
Rome. May 17. An armistice. June 
3. Hostilities are resumed. July 4. The 
garrison surrenders unconditionally to 
the French.] 

1850 Jan. 1. The President creates his 
uncle Jerome a marshal of France. 

1851 Jan. 9. Kapoleon deprives Gen. 
Changarnier of the command of the 
National Guard. 

Dec. 3-4. Paris. The troops are at- 
tacked, and defeat the rioters. 

1852 Jan. 10. Paris. The National 
Guard is disbanded, reorganized, and 
placed under the control of the Presi- 
dent. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1847* * Paris. Saccharometer, an 
instrument for determining the amount 
of sugar in solutions, is invented by Jean 
Baptiste Francois Soleil. [It is after- 
wards improved by Jules Duboscq.] 

1848 * * The Golden Age is painted by 
Jean Auguste Dominique Ingres. 

1849 Apr. 12. The planet Hygeia is 
discovered by A. de Gasparis. 

* * The Telocity of light is measured by a 
method invented by Hippolyte Louis 
Fizeau. 

1850 May 11. The planet Parthenope 
is discovered by A. de Gasparis. 

!Nbv. 2. The planet Egeria is discovered 
by A. de Gasparis. 

* * Bonaparte at Saint Bernard is painted 
by Paul Delaroche. 

± * * Leon Foucault and Hippolyte Louis 
Fizeau make important improvements 
in photography, and develop the the- 
ory of light. 

1851 July 29. The planet Eunomia is 
discovered by A. de Gasparis. [1852, 
Sept. 19, Massilia; Apr. 5, Themis; 1861, 
Feb. 10, Ausonia; 1865, Apr. 26, Beatrix.] 

Sept. 13. A statue of Joan of Arc by 
Marie d'Orleans (M. C. C. A. F. L. de Va- 
loisj is inaugurated at Orleans. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1847* * Adelaide, Eugenie Louise, sister of 
Louis Philippe, A70. 

Aime-Martin, Louis, author, A66. 

Ballanche, Pierre Simon, philosopher, A7I. 

Brongniart, Alexander, rheinist, naturalist., 
A77. 

Delessert, Benjamin, financier, natural., A74. 

Dutrochet, Rent; Joachim Henri, physiolo- 
gist, natural philosopher, A71. 

Gerard, Jean I. I. Grandeville, artist, cari- 



(jluirauil, Iiaron, Pierre Marie Therese Alex- 
andre, dramatist, A59. 

Guillon, Ahb6, Marie Nicolas Silvestre, au- 
thor, A87. 

Maria Louisa, second wife of Napoleon L, 
A56. 

Mars, Mademoiselle Anne F. H. Boutet 
Monvel, actor, A69. 

Oudinot, Nicolas Charles, Due de Eeggio, 
marshal, A80. 



Polignac. Prince de, Auguste Jules Ar- 
mand Marie, statesman, A67. 

Roll, Albert Philippe, painter, born. 

Soulie, Melrlnoi- l-ivilrrie, novelist, A47. 
1848 * * Afire, Denis Auguste, archbishop of 
Paris, A55. 

Bastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, born. 

Chateaubriand. Vicomte de Francois, 
Augusts, author, A80. 

Dutens, .Joseph Michel, jiol. economist, A83. 
1849* * Bugeaud de la Piconnerie, Thomas 
Robert, marshal, A65. 

Francceur, Louis Benjamin, geomet., A76. 

Genoude, Antoine Eugene, journahst, histo- 
rian, A57. 

Habeneck, Antoine Francois, musician, A68. 

Mirbel, Lizinska A. Z. R. de, miniaturist, A5.3. 

Quatremere de Quincy, Antoine Chrysos- 
tome, art critic, archeologist, A94. 

R6camier, Madame Jeanne F. J. A. B., 
accomplished lady, A71. 

Key, Jean, manufacturer, writer, A76. 
1850* * Aneelot, Jacques A. F. P., drama- 
tist, poet, novelist, A56. 

Balzac, Honore de. novelist, A51. 

Bastiat, Frederic, political economist, A49. 

Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, zoolo- 
gist, physician, A73. 

Chanibray, Marquis de, Georges, hist., A67±. 

Droz, Joseph, historian, A77. 

Gautier, Judith, author, born. 

Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, chemist, natural 
philosopher, A72. 

Aug. 26. Louis Philippe, Due d'Orleans, 
king, at Claremont, Eng., A77. 

Planquette, Robert, composer, born. 

Vidocq, Kutieiie Francois, chief of detective 
police, A75. 
1851 * * Aii:_"'ulrine, Puehesse d', Marie The- 
rese Charlotte, daughter of Louis XVI. 
and Mane Antoinette, A73. 

Bailly, Antoine, historian, dies. 

Daguerre, bonis J. M., artist, A62. 

Golembeski, Jean, centenarian, A126. 

Leuret, Francois, physician, author, A54. 

Sebastiani, Horace Francois, marshal, states- 
man, A76. 

Silvestre, Baron de, Augustin Francois, rural 
economist, A89. 

Soult, Nicolas J. de D., Due de Dalmatie, 
marshal, statesman, A82. 



CHURCH. 

1848 June 26. Paris. The arch- 
bishop of Paris is killed by the Red Re- 
publicans -while attending the dying. 

Nov. 24. Rome. The Pope leaves in 
disguise, and takes refuge from the pop- 
ulace in Gaeta, in the Neapolitan terri- 
tory. 

1850 Apr. * Pome. The Pope returns, 
having his authority restored by the 
army of France. 

LETTERS. 

1847 * * Aventures de guatre femmes et 
d'unperroquet, by I)um;is,,/i/,i, appears. 
[1848, CSsarine and La Dame aux Camel- 
lias; 1849, Le docteur Servan, Anto- 
nine, and Tristan le Roux; 1850, Trois 
Hommes, and Henri de Navarre.'] 

* * Carmen, by Merimee, appears. [1848, 
History of Von Pedro /., King of Cas- 
tile.] 

* * La Belle Pose, by Louis A. E. Achard, 
appears. 

* * Histoire des Girondins, by Lamartine, 
appears. [1849, Histoire de la revolution 
defevrier; 1852, Graziella.] 

* * Chien-Callon, by Champfleury, ap- 
pears. [1852, Les dies de Noel.] 

* * Monuments of Nineveh, by Paolo E. 
Botta and others, appears. 

* * - 53 * * History of the French Revolu- 
tion, by Michelet, appears. 

* * -62 * * History of the French Revolu- 
tion^ by Louis Blanc, appears. 

1848 Aug. 24-28. La Gazette de 
France is suspended. 

Aug. 30. La Gazette de France resumes 
as Le Peuplv Franrais; Journal de I'Ap- 
pel a la Nation is issued. 



* * Mile, de la Seigliere, by Sandeau, ap- 
pears. [1851, Sacs et Parchemins.] 

* * Vie de Boh&me, by Murger, appears. 
[1851, Claude et Marianne; 1852, Pays 
latin; 1853, Adeline Protat ; 1854, Bu- 
veurs.] 

* * The Daughter of jEsckylus, by Joseph 
Autran, appears. 

* * L'Evinement is founded by Victor 
Hugo. 

* * Histoire de I'esclavaqe dans I'anti- 
quite", by Henri Alexandre Wallon, ap- 
pears. 

* * Les Revolutions d' Italic, by Quinet, 
appears. [1853, Les Esclaves; 1854, 
Marnix de Ste. Aldegonde.] 

* *-50* * Dix arts plus tard, ou le Vi- 
comte de Bragelonne, by Dumas, pere, 
appears. [1S49, Les mille et unfantomes ; 

1851, La femme au collier de velours; 

1852, Olympe de Cloves, Un Gil Bias en 
Californie, and Isaac Laquedem; 1853, 
Le pasteur d'Ashbourn, El Salvador, 
and Conscience Vinnocent.] 

1849 * * Gabrielle and L'Aventuriere, by 
Fjmile Augier, appear. 

* * Harmonies Economiques, by Frederic 
Bastiat, appears. 

* * Adrienne Lecouvreur, by Scribe, ap- 
pears. 

* * Histoire de la jeune Allemagne, by 
Ren6 G. E. Taillandier, appears. 

* * -50 * * La Chasse Royale, by L. A. E. 
Achard, appears. ■ 

1850 Sept. 26. The Government adopts 
measures restricting the liberty of the 
press. 

* * La Critique et la Foi, by Edmond H. 
A. Scherer, appears. [1853, Alexandre 
Vinet.] 

* * The Nun of Toulouse, by Janin, ap- 

Sears. [1851-57, History of Dramatic 
■iterature.] 

* * Charlotte Corday, by Francois Pon- 
sard, appears. [1853, Honor and Money.] 

1851 * * History of Mary Stuart, by 
Mignet, appears. 

* * Les deux Frondes, and Diane de Lys y 
by Dumas, yr/.s', appears. [1852, Le regent 
Mustel; 1S53, ('.'antes et n owe lies; 1854, 
Un cas de rupture and La Dame aux 

perles.] 

* * Mercadet, by Balzac, appears. 

* * -54 * * Systeme de Politique positive, 
ou TraitA de Sociolmjie instituant la Re- 
ligion de VHumaniU, by Comte, appears. 

* *-57* * Causeriesde Lundi, by Sainte- 
Beuve, appears. 

* *-63* * Histoire de la restauration, by 
Lamartine, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1848 Feb. * Paris. The mob sack the 
Tuileries. About 16,000 citizens are 
killed or wounded during the riots. 
(See Army and State.) 

Mar. 3. Eng. The ex-king and his wife 
arrive at Newhaven. 

Mar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro- 



Slavery is abolished in all the 
French colonies, chiefly through the 
agency of Victor Schoelcher, after 
the labor of 20 years. 

1849 Aug. 22. Paris. A peace con- 
gress is opened ; representatives are 
present from all parts of the world. 

1850 Aug. 15. A Grand banquet is 
given to Louis Napoleon at Lyons. 

1851* *-52* *The Monts de Fie"te" 
are regulated by law. 



FRANCE. 



1847, * *-1852, Jan. 10. 731 



1S52 Jan. 1. The Prince-President is 
installed at Notre Dame, and the day is 
observed as a national holiday. 

STATE. 
1848 Jan. * Paris. It is resolved to 
hold a reform banquet notwithstanding 
the prohibition. 

Banquets are held in Strasburg, Char- 
tres, and elsewhere. It is proposed to 
hold one on the 22d of February ; but it 
is again prohibited, and abandoned, 

* * The Socialists are called Commu- 
nists, and become a powerful political 
body. 

Feb. 4. Paris. A great debate takes 
place on the Reform Bill. 

Feb. 22-24. Paris. The Revolution 
of February. Cause : the spirit of dis- 
content, and contempt for the existing 
government. 

Feb. 22. Paris. Mobs, chiefly directed 
by Socialists, come into conflict with 
municipal guards, which are defeated. 

Feb. 23. Paris. The National Guard is 
called out, barricades thrown up, the 
Tuileries ransacked, the prisons 
opened, and frightful disorders com- 
mitted ; a partial defection of the guards 
occurs ; Guizot resigns [and Count Mole 
succeeds him as premier, but later gives 
way to Thiers]. 

Feb. 24. Paris. The king abdicates 
the crown in favor of his grandson, the 
Comte de Paris. 

The Duchess of Orleans and her two 
sons in the Chamber of the Deputies. 
An armed mob rush in and proclaim a 
Republic : " No more Bourbons ! " " No 
regency ! " " The Republic forever ! " 

A Provisional Government is ap- 
pointed having 11 members ; Lamartine 
is president. 

Feb. 26. Paris. A Republic ia pro- 
claimed from the steps of the Hotel de 
Ville. 

1848 * * -51 * * The Second Republic. 

Feb. * National workshops (Ateliers 
Nationaux) are established by the Pro- 
visional Government. 

[Private trade is thereby deranged ; 
100,000 workmen demand the govern- 
ment work and pay. June * The shops 
are abolished.] 

Feb. * Paris. Louis Blanc, the journal- 
ist and Socialist, is placed at the head of 
a commission of laborers, with a view to 
the "organization of labor" by the 
Provisional Government. 

Mar. 4. Paris. A grand funeral pro- 
cession marches in honor of the victims 
of the Revolution. 

The National Assembly meets. [It 
is no longer called the Chamber of Dep- 
uties.] 

May 7. Paris. The Provisional Govern- 
ment yields to an Executive Com- 
mission elected by the National As- 
sembly. 

Members : Dupont de l'Eure, Arago, 
Garnier-Pages, Marie, Lamartine, Le- 
dru-Rollin, and Cremieux. 

May 15. Paris. The people's attack on 
the Assembly is suppressed. 



May 26. Paris. A decree of perpetual 
banishment is issued against Louis 
Philippe and his family. 

June 13. Louis Napoleon is elected to 
the Assembly for the department of the 
Seine and three other departments. 

June 22. The Assembly decrees that a 
certain number of workmen shall join 
the army, or be excluded from the na- 
tional workshops if they refuse. 

June 23-26. " The Days of June." 
A popular insurrection breaks out, 
with much bloodshed in Paris, because 
of the closing of the government work- 
shops. 

(June 23.) Rise of the Red Repub- 
licans. Fighting with the National 
Guard continues all night in Paris ; more 
than 300 barricades are erected in the 
streets. 

Gen. Cavaignac is nominated as dic- 
tator. The executive committee resigns. 
(June 25.) Paris is declared to be in 
a state of siege. 

(June 27.) Affre, the archbishop of 
Paris, is killed by a random shot while 
attempting a pacification. 

(June 28.) The last barricade is 
stormed by the troops, and the insur- 
rection ends, and order is restored. 

June 28.. Paris. Gen. Cavaignac sur- 
renders the dictatorship, and is ap- 
pointed president of the council. 

July 4. Paris. Cavaignac orders the 
national workshops closed. 

Sept. 26. Paris. Louis Napoleon 
takes his seat in the National Assembly. 

Oct. 20. Paris is relieved from a state 
of siege, after being shut up for four 
months. 

Nov. 4. Paris. A new Constitution is 
adopted. It provides for a single legis- 
lative chamber of 750 members. [Nov. 
12. Promulgated.] 

Dec. 1. Louis Napoleon publishes an ad- 
dress announcing himself as a candidate 
for the presidency. 

Dec. 11. Paris. Louis Napole'on, the 
nephew of Napoleon I., is elected Pres- 
ident of the French republic. [Dee. 20. 
Proclaimed for four years.] 

1848-1871 Louis rJapole"on in power. 
Dec. 20. He is proclaimed President of 

the Republic. Vote : Napoleon, 5, 327 ,345 ; 

Cavaignac, 1,474,(187; Ledru-Rollin, 381,- 

02G; Raspail, 37,121 ; Lamartine, 21,032; 

and Changarnier, 4,975. 

1849 Apr. * Louis Napoleon sends an 
expedition to Rome to restore the 
authority of the Pope. 

June 11. Paris. Great excitement pre- 
vails, and an impeac hm ent of the Presi- 
dent is proposed, because of his aiding 
the.cause of the Pope. 

June 15. An insurrection in Lyons is 
suppressed by the military. 

Oct. 31. Paris. The President changes 
his Ministry, and nominates ministers 
favorable to his aims. 

1850 May 31. Paris. The Assembly, 
alarmed by the Socialists, restricts the 
suffrage to citizens domiciled for three 
years in the same commune. 

June 24. Paris. A donation bill is 
passed, giving the President 2,160,000 
francs per annum. 



Sept. 26. Liberty of the press is re- 
stricted. 

1851 Jan. 3. Paris. The Ministry 
resign. 

Jan. * Paris. The President by a decree 
deprives Gen. Changarnier of the com- 
mand of the garrison. [July 14-19. The 
Assembly warmly debates this removal.] 

July 19. Paris. The majority in the 
Assembly who vote for the revision of 
the Constitution is 97 less than the three- 
fourths required. 

Nov.* Paris. The Assembly makes fac- 
tious opposition to the Government; 
alleged plots are announced. 

Dec. 2. Paris. Coup d'etat of Louis 
Napole'on. The President becomes dic- 
tator. 

In complicity with Saint-Arnaud,Persigny T 
Mauras, De Morny, and utliers, lie causes the 
arrest before daylight ut leading Republicans 
and Orleanists ; Cavaignac, Changarnier, 
Charras, Lainorictere, P.edeaus, Thiers, Vic- 
tor Hugo, and several others are imprisoned. 
He dissolves the National Assembly, annuls 
the Constitution, and restores universal suf- 
frage. He appeals to the people to elect him 
President for ten years. Paris is occupied by 
troops. 
A new Ministry is announced. 
Members : Count Morny, minister of 
the interior; Gen. Saint-Ariiaud, minis- 
ter of war; M. Fould, minister of finance ; 
and M. Rouher, minister of justice. 

Dec. 18. Paris. The Napoleon succes- 
sion, in default of issue from the em- 
peror, is determined in favor of Prince 
Jerome-Napoleon and his heirs male. 

Napoleon arrests 180 members of 
the National Assembly who attempt to 
meet. 

Dec. 3,4. Paris. Partial insurrections 
are suppressed. 

Dec. 12. Paris. A Consultative Com- 
mission is founded. 

Dec. 20, 21. Paris. Louis Napoleon is 
elected President for 10 years by a na- 
tional vote (7,473,431-641,351). 

He is clothed with monarchical power, 
and permitted to issue a Constitution for 
France. 

1852 Jan. 1. Paris. Louis Napoleon 
is installed President in the Cathedral 
of Notre Dame, and the day is made a 
holiday. The Prince-President resides 
in the Tuilieries. 

Jan. 9. The President arbitrarily ban- 
ishes his most powerful opponents, in- 
cluding Changarnier, Lamoriciere ; they 
are conducted to the Belgian frontier. 

Jan. 10. The President banishes 83 
members of the Legislative Assembly ; 
575 persons are also arrested for making 
resistance to the coup d'etat, and taken 
to Havre for transportation to Cayenne. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1848 * * Paris. Trees of liberty are 

planted. 
1850* *The vine disease reaches the 

trellieed vines, and many vineyards lose 

the entire crop, at Versailles. 
1851 Nov. 13. An electric telegraph 

is opened between France and England. 
* * Louis Napoleon makes the Tuileries 

his residence, and [greatly renovates itj. 



732 1852, Jan. 14-1857, * * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1852 Mar. 28. The Departments are 
released from a state of siege. 

1853 Mar. 20. The fleet is sent into 
Turkish, waters, and joins that of Eng- 
land. 

Sept. * A military camp is established at 

Satory, near Paris. 
Oct. 4. Turk. The Anglo-French fleet 

enters the Dardanelles. [Nov. 15. It 

enters the Bosporus.] 
1854* *-56* *The Crimean War. 

(For events, see Great Britain.) 
Sept. 20. Bus. Battle of Alma. (See 

Great Britain.) 
1856 Mar. 30. Peace is made with 

Russia. 
July 5. Rus. The French leave the 

Crimea. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1852 Nov. 15. The planet Lutetia Is 
discovered by Hermann Goldschmidt. 
[1854, Oct. 26, Pomona ; 1856, May 22, 
Daphne ; 1857, Sept. 9, Melete ; Sept. 19, 
Doris, also Pales; Sept. 10, Alexandra; 
1860, Sept. 9, Danae; 1861, May 5, Pano- 
psea.] 

* * * Paris. The Horse Fair, painted by 
Rosa Bonheur, is exhibited at the Salon. 

1853 Apr. 6. The planet Pfiocsea is dis- 
covered by Jean Chacornac. [1S55, Apr. 
6, Circe; 1856, Apr. 8, Lsetitia; 1860, Sept. 
12, Olympiad 

Dec. 7. Paris. A bronze statue of 
Marshal Ney, by M. Rude, is erected 
on the spot where he fell 38 years before. 

1854 Oct. 28. The planet Polyphymnia 
is discovered by M. Chacornac. [1856, 
Jan. 12, Leda.] 

* * Joan of Arc is painted by Jean Auguste 
Dominique Ingres. 

1855 * * Paris. Ernest Wilfred Gabriel 
Baptiste Legouve is elected a member of 
the Academy. [1862, Jacques Victor 
Albert, Due deBn.ulie; 1X65, Charles Ca- 
mille Doucet ; 1870, Emile OHivier and 
Xavier Marmier: 1871, Henry Eugene 
Orleans, Due d'Aumale ; 1874, Jan. 30, 
Alexandre Dumas, Jils.] 

* * The Girondists in Prison is painted by 
Paul Delaroche. 

1856 * * Paris. Jules Duboscq's electric 
lamp is exhibited. 

May * -June * Disastrous inundations 
occur near Lyons and elsewhere in the 
south ; whole villages are swept away. 

1857 * * Small photographic portraits, 
called carte-de-visite, are first taken 
by M. Ferrier at Nice. [The Duke of 
Parma has his portrait placed on his 
visiting-cards ; the custom soon becomes 
fashionable.] 

Aug. 14. Paris. The magnificent build- 
ings of the new Louvre, begun by Napo- 
leon I., are opened with splendid cere- 
i by Napoleon III. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1852* * Beudant, Francois Sulpice, physi- 
cist, A65. 

Burnouf, Eupene, orientalist, A51. 

Ebelmen, J;icc,ues -Joseph, chemist, A38. 

Fayolle, Francois Joseph -Mane, musician, 
critic, litterateur, A78. 

Gerard, Count, Etienne Maurice, marshal, 
A79. 



Gay, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, novelist, 
A76. 

Gourgaud, i;asp:mi, general, author, A6S). 

Graux, Charles, philologist, born. 

Johannot, Tony, painter, wood engr., A49. 

Lafargt.', Marie C, poisoner, A36. 

Maistre, Comte Xavier «le, novelist. A88. 

Marrast, Arinaml, journalist, politician, A51. 

Marmont, Auguste F. L. V., Due de Raguse, 
marshal, A78. 

Orsay, Comte <V, Alfred Guillaume Gabriel, 
artist, leader of fashion, A54. - 

Pradier, .Jacques, sculptor, AGO. 

Walckenaer, Baron Charles Athanase, au- 
thor, A81. 
1853* * Arago, Dominique Francois, astron- 
omer, natural philosopher, A67. 

Arrighi, Due de 1'adoue, marshal, dies. 

Bellot, Joseph Rene, Artie navigator, A27. 

Collombet, Francois Zeimn, author, A 45. 

Fabie, Antoine F. H., medical writer, A56. 

Fontaine, Pierre Francois Leonard, architect, 
A91. 

Montholon, Comte Charles Tristan de, gen- 
eral, author, A70. 

Orfila, .Mateo Jose l'.onaventura, chem., A66. 

Samt-Hilaire, Auguste de, botanist, A54. 

1854 * * Baudm des Ardennes, Charles, vice- 
admiral, A70. 

Beautemps-Beaupre", Charles Francois, hy- 
drographer, A88. 

Bertin, Louis Marie Armand, journalist, A53. 

Blanqui, Jerome Adolphe, political econo- 
mist, A56. 

Bourdon, Louis Pierre Marie, math., A55. 

C nazal, Antoine, artist, A61. 

Faueher, Leon, economist, siatcsman, A51. 

Haussez, Charles L. de Longpre d', minister, 
natural philosopher, A76. 

Lallemand, Claude Francois, physician, sur- 
geon, A64. 

Lamennais, L'Abbe, Ifugues I-Vlieite" Robert 
de, religious and political writer, A72. 

Marcel, Jean Joseph, orientalist, hist., A78. 

Mirbel, Charles F. B. de, naturalist, A78. 

Paixhans, Henri Joseph, general, inventor 
of guns, author, A72. 

Peyronnet, Charles Ignace, lawyer, pol., A76. 

Rochette, Desire Kaoul, areheologist, A64. 

Saint- Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de, 
marshal, A58. 

Rouvestre, Emile, journalist, author, A48. 

Thibaudeau, Comie Antoine Claire, revolu- 
tionist, historical writer, A89. 

Tissot, Pierre Francois, author, A86. 

Villele, Comte de, Jean Baptiste Seraphin 
Joseph, minister of finance, A81. 

1855 * * Arago, Jacques Etienne Victor, trav- 
eler, writer, A(i5. 

Barchou de Penhoen, Baron Auguste T. H., 
writer, dies. 

Chenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, eng., A52. 

Duvernoy, Georges Louis, zoologist, anato- 
mist, A78. 

Girardin, Delphine Gay de, author, A51. 

Isabey, Jean liaptistc, miniature paint., A88. 

Laere. telle, Jean Charles de, historian, A89. 

Magendie, Francois, physiologist, A72. 

Michaux, Francois Andre", botanist, A85. 

Mole:, Comte, Louis Mathieu, slatesman, A74. 

1856 * * Adam, Adolphe Charles, musical 
composer, A53. 

Arlincourt, Vicomte d', Victor, poet, novel- 
ist, Ao7. 
Binet, Jacques Philippe Marie, mathemati- 

Cabet, Etienne, socialist, A68. 

David, Pierre Jean, sculptor, A67. 

Delaroche, Paul (Hyppolyte), historical 
painter, A59. 

Fortoul, llippolvtc Nicolas Honored, wr., A45. 

Gerhardt, Charles Frederic, chemist, A40. 

Monod, Adolphe, Protestant eler., A56. 

Napoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of 
Napoleon III., born. 

Prevost, Louis Constant, geologist, A69. 

Salvandy, Comte de, Narcisse Achille, au- 
thor, A61. 

Thierry, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, histo- 
rian, A61. 
1857* * Abbatucei, Jacques Pierre Charles, 
diplomatist, A66. 

Beranger, Pierre Jean de, lyric poet, A77. 

Boissonade, Jean I-'raneois, philologist, A83. 

Bonaparte, Charles Lucien Jules Laurent, 
writer on natural philosophy, A54. 

Caucliy, Augustin Louis, math., poet, A68. 

Oavaignac, Louis Eugene, general, A55. 

Comte, Auguste. phil., fdr. positivism, A59. 

Dnfre'noy, Pierre Armand, geologist, A65. 

Desnoyers, Auguste G.L. Boucher, engr., A78. 

lsauibert, Francois A., politician, jurist, AW). 

Musset. Louis Charles Alfred de, poet, 
A47. 

Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d', natural., A55. 

Blanche, -Jean Baptiste Gustave, litterateur, 
critic, A 49. 



i.*iia1reiiicrc, Kiicnnc Marc, orientalist, A75. 
Sue. Marie Joseph Eugene, novelist, A53. 
Swctchine, or Svetchin, Anne Sophie, au- 
thor, A75. 
Th^nard, Louis Jacques, chemist, A80. 



CHURCH. 

1852 Mar. 26. Louis Napoleon decrees 
the reestablishment of the law of 
1802. (See p. 715.) 

1853 Jan. 3. Paris. The Pantheon is 
reopened as the Church of St. Gene- 
vieve. 

July 17. Sacred relics are exhibited at 
Aix-la-Chapelle ; 60,000 pilgrims view 
them. 

Aug. 19. Paris. The first meeting is 
held of the "World's Conference of 
Young Men's Christian Association 
Societies. 

1855 * * Paris. The Evangelical Alli- 
ance holds its third meeting. 

1856 * * The mission of the American 
Baptists is left in the hands of French 
pastors. The theological seminary at 
Douai is closed. 

1857 Feb. 11. Miracles are alleged 
to take place at Lourdes. 



LETTERS. 

1852 * * History of Ancient Greece, and 
History of France, by Victor Duruy, ap- 
pear. 

* * Vatic hi. sine posit iriste, ou Sommaire 
Exposition de la Religion universelle, by 
Comte, appears. 

* * Les Illumines, on les Precurseurs du 
Socialisme, by Gerard de Nerval, ap- 
pears. 

* * Poemes antiques, by C. M. Leconte de 
Lisle, appears. [1854, Poemes et po&sies ; 
1859, Le chemin de la croix.] 

* * Le regent 'Must W ,by Alexandre Dumas, 
fits, appears. [1853, Diane de lys ; 1S55, 
Le Demi-Monde ; 1857, La question d' ar- 
gent ; 1858, Lejils naturel; 1859, Unpere 
prodige.'] 

* * La Revue Contemporaire is issued. 

* * KapoUon le Petit, by Victor Hugo, ap- 
pears. [185.3, Les chdtiments ; 1856-57, 
Les contemplations.] 

* * -54 * * Tard's Dictionnaire de Hy- 
giene is published. 

1853 * * Essays on Literary History, by 
Eugene Gerusez, appears. 

* * Lc Tiers-Etat, by Thierry, appears. 

* * The True, the Beautiful, and the Good, 
by Cousin, appears. 

* * Essay on the Fables of La Fontaine, 
by Hippolyte Adolphe Taine, appears. 
[1854, Essay on Titus Livius; 1855, A 
Tour Through the Pyrenees; 1856, The 
French Philosophers of the 19th Cen- 
tury J] 

* * Le pressoir, Moliere, and Les maitres 
sonneurs, by George Sand, appear. 
[1854, Lucie and Histoire de ma Vie; 
1S55, Mont Reveche; 185S, Elle et lui; 
1859, L'Homme de neige.~] 

* * Les faux Demitrius: Episode de P His- 
toire de Russie, by Merimee, appears. 

* * Le Mercure de France, begun in 1672, 
ceases to appear. 

* * -55 * * La comtesse de Vharny, by 
Dumas, pere, appears. [1854, Catherine 
Blum and Inqenue; 1854-58, Les Mohi- 
cans de Paris; 1855-50, Sal rotor; 1857, 
Les compagnoiis de Jehu ,- lS59,Zes louves 
de MachecouL] 

1854 * * Les bourgeois de MoJinehart, by 
Champfleury, appears [1S57, La Succes- 
sion de Vannis.] 



FRANCE. 



1852, Jan. 14-1857, 



733 



* * -56 * * Causer ies tittiraires, by Ar- 

mand A. J. M. F. Pontinartin, appears. 
[1857-81, Causeries du Samedi ; 1861-63, 
Semaines tittiraires ; 1862, Les Jeudis 
de Mme. Charbonneau.] 

1855 * * he Cabinet Historique is issued. 

* * Tolla, by About, appears. [1856, Le 
Roi des Montagues; 1857, Germaine ; 
1858. Trente et Q'ltd rantc ; LS62, Homme & 
Voreille cassd and tbe Nez d y un notaire; 
1863, Madelon.] 

* * M&langes historiques et litter aires, by 
Merimee, appears. 

* * La famille, by Paul Janet, appears. 
[1S58, Histoire de la philosophic morale et 
politique ; 1S60, Etudes sur la dialectique 
dans Platon et H&gel ; 1862, La pkiloso- 
pkie du bonheur.'] 

* *-56* * Political History of the United 
States, by Fj. R,. L. de Laboulaye, ap- 
pears. [1862, Unitid Stales and France; 
1S64, Paris in America.] 

1856 * * Revue Critique d'Histoire et de 
Litt&rature is issued. 

* * The Old Regime and the Revolution, by 
De Tocqueville, appears. 

fc Natural Religion, by Jules Si 



pea 



,ap- 



* * L'Jllemagne et la Russie, by Taillan- 
dier, appears. [1S65, Maurice de Saxe.] 

* * Symphonies, by P. M. V. R. de Paprade, 
appears. 

* * Les Ode'lettes, by Theodore Faullain 
de Banville, appears. 

* * Emauxet Camies, by Gautier, appears. 
1857* * L' histoire des Gaulois, by A. 

Thierry, appears. 



* * Memoir on the Rural Economy of 
France, by L. G. L. G. Lavergne, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1852 Jan. * Paris. The Government 
inaugurates a reaction against republi- 
canism. 

The inscription, " Liberty, Fraternity, 
Equality," is proscribed and to be 
everywhere erased; "trees of liberty" 
are cut down and burned ; old names of 
public buildings, places, and streets are 
restored. 

July 1. Paris. A plot for the assassi- 
nation of the Prince-President is dis- 
covered. 

Aug. 15. The birthday of Napoleon I. 
is celebrated as the only national holi- 
day. 

Sept. 23. The police discover and seize 
an infernal machine at Marseilles, 
prepared against Louis Napoleon. 

* * Napoleon III. restores the hereditary 
peerage. 

1853 Jan. 30. Napole"on IU. mar- 
ries EugeTnie Marie de Montijo de Guz- 
man. 

Feb. 2. More than 4,000 political pris- 
oners are pardoned. 

Mar. 13. Paris. An immense Social- 
istic demonstration occurs at the fu- 
neral of Madame Raspail ; 40,000 persons 
march in the procession. 

Mar. 28. A peace address, signed by 
40,000 Englishmen, is presented to Na- 
poleon III. by Englishmen. 

July 7. Paris. A plot to assassinate the 
emperor while on his way to the opera is 
discovered. [Nov. * Ten persons are 
transported for life.] 

Sept. * Paris. Bread riots break out. 
1855 Apr. 28. Pianori unsuccessfully 
attempts to kill the emperor. 



* * Paris. An International Statistical 
Congress meets. 

1856 Mar. 16. Paris. Napoleon Eu- 
gene Louis Jean Joseph Bonaparte, 
prince imperial, is born. Amnesty 
is granted to 1,000 political prisoners. 

1857 Jan. 3. Jean "Verger, a priest, 
assassinates Sibour, the archbishop of 
Paris. 

July 11. Paris. A conspiracy to assas- 
sinate the emperor is detected. [Aug. 
6, 7. The conspirators are sentenced to 
transportation.] 

STATE. 

1852 Jan. 14. Paris. A new Consti- 
tution is published j it resembles that 
of the first empire. 

The Senate is reestablished in place 
of the Chamber of Peers. 

Jan. 22. Paris. A decree confiscating 
their appanages, and obliging the Or- 
leans family to sell all their real and 
personal property in France within a 
year, is issued. 
Napoleon issues another decree. 
It annuls the settlement made by Louis 
Philippe upon his family in 1830, and an- 
nexes the property to the public domain. 

Mar. 29. Paris. The Legislative 
Chambers are installed. 

Aug. 8. Louis Adolphe Thiers and others 
are permitted to return from exile. 

Sept. 13. Paris. The Senate prays for 
"the reestablishmentof the hereditary 
sovereign power in the Bonaparte 
family." 

Sept. 16. Paris. Napoleon commences 
a tour through Southern France. 

[Sept. 19. He is welcomed at Lyons. 
Sept. 27. Visits Toulon. Oct. 7. Visits 
Bordeaux. Oct. 16. Returns to Paris.] 

Oct. 10. The President releases Abd- 
el-Kader after an imprisonment of five 
years (p. 9). 

Oct. 19. Paris. Napoleon convokes the 
Senate to deliberate on the restoration 
of the empire, when a senatus consitl- 
tum will be proposed for the ratifica- 
tion of the French people. 

Oct. 25. Comte de Chambord makes a 
protest. 

Nov. 4. Paris. Napoleon announces in 
his message to the Senate the contem- 
plated restoration of the empire, and 
orders the people to be consulted upon 
this change. 

Nov. 7. Napoleon is proclaimed em- 
peror by a senatus consultum, subject 
to ratification by the people. 

Nov. 21, 22. The action of the Senate 
is ratified by a public vote; for the 
empire, 7,854,189; opposed, 253,145 ; null, 
63,326. 

Dec. 2. Paris. Louis Napoleon is pro- 
claimed Emperor of the French, un- 
der the name of Napole"on HI., at the 
Hotel de Ville. 

Dec. 2.-70 Sept. 2. The Napole*on 
Dynasty restored. 

1853 Jan. 11. Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia finally acknowledge Napo- 
leon JIT, as Emperor of the French. 



Jan. 30. Amnesty is granted to 4,312 
political prisoners and exiles. 

Feb. 5. Paris. Gen. Saint-Priest and 
many other Legitimists are secretly ar- 
rested, under charges of communicating 
with the Comte de Chambord, or for send- 
ing false news to foreign newspapers. 

Feb. 17. Application is made to Great 
Britain for possession of Napoleon 
Bonaparte's will. [Granted.] 

May 28. Paris. A bill is passed restor- 
ing capital punishment for attempts 
on the life of the emperor, or to subvert 
the imperial government. 

Nov. 17. The two branches of the Bour- 
bon family become reconciled to each, 
other. 

The Due de Nemours, on behalf of 
the entire Orleans House, makes peace 
with the Comte de Chambord. 

1854 Mar. 28. Paris. "War is declared: 
against Russia by France as an ally 
of Turkey. (See Great Britain.) 

1855 July 9. Paris. A bill is passed 
to effect a loan of 750,000,000 francs on 
account of the war with Russia. 

[On the 30th the total sum subscribed 
amounted to 3,652,591,985 francs, nearly 
five times the amount required ; 2,533,- 
888,450 francs were from Paris ; the num- 
ber of subscribers was 316,864.] 

1856 Feb. 25. Paris. A peace con- 
ference is opened. 

Mar. 16. Paris. Napoleon Eugene Louis 
Jean Joseph, son of Napoleon III., is, 
born, and styled Prince Napoleon. 

Mar. 30. Paris. The tripartite treaty , 
a treaty of peace with Russia, is signed. 

Apr. 16. Paris. The treaty of Paris. 
It is signed by the representatives of Great 
Britain, France, A nstria, ltttssia, Prussia, 
Turkey, and Sardinia. The powers agree 
that privateering shall «be abolished; that 
neutrals may carry an enemy's goods not 
contraband of war; that neutral goods not 
contraband are free even under an enemy's. 
flag; and that hloekades t<> be binding must 
be effective. [1861. The United States ac- 
cedes to these provisions.] 

±* * The empire is at the zenith of its 
glory. 

1857 June 21-22. General elections; 
are held ; 3,000,000 voters elect 257 depu- 
ties. Gen. Cavaignac is elected a deputy,, 
but declines to take the oath. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1852 Nov. 18. Paris. The Credit 
Mobilier, a joint-stock company, is es- 
tablished by Isaac and Fjnile Pereire,. 
and others. 

It undertakes trading enterprises of 
all kinds, applying to them the principle 
of limited liabilities ; and is authorized 
to use its own scrip to replace the shares 
or bonds of any, and also to carry on 
the ordinary business of banking. 

1853 Aug. * The site of a Roman cir- 
cus of great size is discovered at Tours. 

±* * A disease breaks out among the silk- 
worms which reduces the value of the 
silk crop to about one-third. [1858. A 
commission of inquiry is appointed.] 

1854 June 9. Paris. The emperor 
and empress attend the first agricul- 
tural exhibition held. 

Nov. * A telegraph-line is opened be- 
tween Paris and Bastia. 

1857 Mar. 12. Many persons are killed 
in a railroad accident at the bridge of 
Les Jardins canal. 



734 1857, * *-1862, Nov. * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1857* *-60* *A French and Eng- 
lish expedition visits China. 

The war is caused by the Chinese, who 
disregard the treaty of 1842, and hostili- 
ties are assumed by the English in Octo- 
ber, 1856, at Canton. The French sup- 
port the English to secure alterations 
in their commercial treaty with China. 
(See p. 618.) 

* * Paris. Napoleon lays out the camp 
of Chalons. [It is later used for ma- 

135S Feb. * The Government divides 
France into five military depart- 
ments. 

June 26. Treaty of Tien-Tsin with 
China. (See p. 619.) 

* * France, cooperating with Spain, be- 
gins a war with Siam. 

1S59 Apr. * -July * It. France is at 
war with Austria. 

May * It. The Austrian invasion of Sar- 
dinian territories causes France to de- 
clare war, and the French enter as allies 
of Sardinia ; the empress is appointed 
regent. 

May 12. It. The emperor arrives at 
Genoa, and assumes the chief command. 
[May 20. The Austrians are driven 
back at Montebello. June 4. Battle of 
Magenta. June 24. Battle of Solferino. 
July 12. Peace (p. 524).] 

June* China. The Chinese violate 
the Treaty of Tien-Tsin, and turn back 
the ambassadors of England, France, 
and America. 

Oct. * -60 Oct. 24. China. The French 
and English are at war with China. 
[They capture Peking.] (See p. 620.) 

ISTov. 10. Peace of Zurich. 

* * The French navy consists of 51 ships 
of the line and 398 other vessels, includ- 
ing those recently ordered to be built. 

1860 May * China. The French under 
Gen. Montauban and the English under 
Gen. Grant land and storm the camp 
of the Chinese near Shanghai, while 
the united fleet sails up the Pei-Ho river. 

Aug. 5. Asia Minor. French troops are 
sent to Syria to punish the murderers 
of Christians. 

Sept. 18. It. The Italians under Gen. 
Caldini defeat the Papal army under 
Marshal Lamoriciere at Castelfidardo. 

* * The ironclad La Gloire is completed. 

1861 Mar. * The army numbers 687,000 
men. 

June * The ironclads Solferino and Ma- 
genta are launched. 

Aug. 18. Sivitz. A conflict occurs be- 
tween French and Swiss soldiers at 
Yille-la-Grande. 

Oct. 27. Switz. French troops enter 
the valley of Dappes to prevent an ar- 
rest. 

Oct. 31-67 Mar. * Mex. A French 

force aids the revolution in Mexico. 

The allies [fail in an attempt to secure 

the throne to Maximilian of Austria]. 

(See Mexico.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1857 * * Jules A. A. L. Breton paints the 
Blessing the Harvest. 



* * Paris. The Gleaners is exhibited at 
the Salon by Jean Francois Millet. [1859, 
Angelus.] 

* * Marc Antoine Gaudin makes artificial 
sapphires out of equal parts of alum and 
sulphate of potash heated in a crucible. 

1858 Jan. 22. The planet Nemausa is 
discovered by Laurent. 

1859 Mar. 19. Paris. Charles Fran- 
cois Gounod's Faust is produced. 

Mar. 26. The planet Vulcan, having its 
orbit between Mercury and the sun, is 
said to be discovered by M. Lescarbault, 
a physician. [Not seen since.] 



1860 * * Paris. The great aquarium at 
the Jardin d'Acclimatation is built. 

1861 Mar. 4. The planet Angelina is 
discovered by M. Tempel. [Mar. 8, Max- 
imilia, later called Qybkle ; Aug. 29, 
Galatea; 1S64, Sept. 30, Tcrjisirhore ; 
1868, Feb. 17, Clotho ; Sept. 13, Clymene.] 

1862 Sept. 8. Paris. An electric 
safety lamp for miners, made by MM. 
Dumas and Benoit, is exhibited. 

Nov. * Paris. A daily international 
meteorological bulletin of the Impe- 
rial Observatory is first published. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1858 * * Argout, Comte d', Antoine M. A., 
financier, A76. 

Berard, Pierre Honorc, surgeon, A61. 

P.onpland, Ainu-, botanist, traveler, A85. 

Cliajisal, Charles Pierre, grammarian, A71. 

Chomel, Augusu* Francois, physieian, A70±. 

portal is, ('unite Joseph .Mane, jurist, states- 
man, A80. 

Rachel, Elisabeth Rachel Felix, actor, A38. 

Kavignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela- 
croix de, Jesuit, pulpit orator, A63. 

Soyer, Alexis, cook, author, A58. 

Stanhope, Adelaide, actor, born. 

1859 * * llerger, Jean Jaeipies, senator, A69. 
Bernard, Angnste Simon Louis, statesman, 

director -general of mines, A76. 

Keratry, Auguste Ililariun de, author, A90. 

Lenormant, ( 'harles, areheologist, AS7. 

Tocqueville, Alexis 0. H. Clerel de, states- 
man, political philosopher, writer, A54, 

1860 * * Bonaparte, J6r6me, King of West- 
phalia, A76. 

Decamps, Alexandre Gabriel, painter, A57. 
Decazes, Elie, Due, statesman, A80. 
Dumeril, Andre ilarie Constant, natu., A86. 
Jullien, Louis, musician, A48. 
Leroy d'Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, sur- 
geon, A62. , 
Say, Horace Emile, political economist, A66. 

1861 * * Artaud, Nicolas Louis, writer, Greek 
scholar, A67. 

Bourdon, Isidore, phvsieian, author, A65. 
Cheri, Rose ^larie t'izas, actor, A37. 
Cordier, Pierre Louis Antoine, ge " 

mineralogist, A84. 
Lacordaire, Jean B. H., clergyman, theolo 

gian, orator, author, A55). 
Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, paint., ATfi. 
Scribe, Augustin Eugene, dramatist, A70. 
Vicat, Louis Joseph, engineer, A75. 
1863* * Adelon, Nicolas Philibert, physician. 

writer, A80. 
Biot, Jean B., mathematician, phil., A88, 
Bosquet, Pierre Francois Jos., marshal, A52, 
Clement, Ambroise, economist, A57. 
Damiron, Jean I'hilihert, eclectic phil., Af>H. 
Gasparin, Comte de, Adrien E. P., states 

man, A79. 
Hale"vy, Jacques Francois Fromental Elie 

composer, A63. 
Pasquier, Due, Etienne Denis, states., A95. 



1860 Mar. 9. Pome. The Pope vir- 
tuaUy excommunicates the emperor, 
together with the King of Sardinia, be- 
cause of the annexation of Romagna by 
Sardinia. 

Nov. * The public levying of Peter's 
pence on behalf of the Pope is forbid- 
den, and the free issue of pastoral letters 
is checked. 

Dec. 31. The emperor advises the Pope 
to surrender his revolted Italian prov- 
inces [and is severely condemned by the 
clergy of the Roman Catholic church]. 

1861 Feb. 15. La France, Home, et 
Vltalxe, relating to the Pope's temporal 
power, is published. [Feb. 27. The 
bishop of Poitiers sharply replies, and. 
compares the emperor to Pilate.] 

Mar. 1. Prince Napoleon makes a speech 
against the Pope's temporal power. 

Apr. 11. A circular is issued forbidding 
the priests to meddle with politics. 

Oct. * Paris. The St. Vincent dePaul 
(charitable) Society excites the jealousy 
of the Government, which suppresses its 
central committee. 



CHURCH. 

1857 * *-75* * Pilgrimages are made 
to Boulogne to adore an image of the 
"Virgin and Child, said to have been 
miraculously brought in a boat in 633. 

1858 Feb. 14. The Virgin is said to 
have appeared to two girls at Lourdes, 
in the Pyrenees. 



LETTERS. 

1857 * * La tentation de Sainte Antoine 
and Madame de Bovary, by Flaubert, 
appear. 

* * -60 * * Le Seraphim de Memphis, by 
Auguste fidouard Mariette, appears. 

* * -61 * * Histoire des usages funebres, 
byFeydeau, appears. [\$5&, Fawny ; 1861, 
Silvie; 1S63, Un debut a Vop&ra; 1864, Ze 
Secret du Bonheur.] 

1858 Mar. 11. Napoleon III. et VAn- 
gleterre is published. 

Oct. * The pamphlet Un Dibat sur I'Inde, 
eulogizing English institutions, by Comte 
de Montalembert, appears. 

* * La maison de Penarvan, by Sandeau, 
appears. 

* * La Revue germanique is issued. 

* * I? oman d'un jenne homme pauvre, by 
Feuillet, appears. [1862, The Story of 
Sybille; 1S63, Montjoye.] 

* * Le Bossu, by Feval, appears. 

* * Histoire de mes Idies, by Quinet, ap- 
pears. 

* * Le Poi Voltaire, by Houssaye, appears. 
[I860, Histoire de Varl francais.] 

* *-78* * Memoirs to illustrate the His- 
tory of My Time, by Guizot, appears. 

1859 Feb. * Napotton III. et Vltalie is 
published. 

Dec. * Le Pape et le Conqres is published. 
[50,000 are sold in a few' days.] 

* ■* lllustre docteur Matheus, by Erck- 
mann-Chatrian, appears. [1862, Le Fou 

Yogof; 1863, Madame ThSre.se; 1864, 
L'Ami Fritz and Histoire d'un conscrit 
de IS 1 3.] 

* * The first part of La Ldgende des Siecles, 
by Victor Hugo, appears. 

* * La Revue EuropSenne is issued. 

* * Gazette des Beaux Arts is issued. 

* * The Democracy, by "Vacherot, appears. 

* * Le testament de Cisar Giro dot, by 
Belot and Villetard, appears. 

* * MirHo, by Frederic Mistral, appears. 

1860 Jan. 29. Paris. L'Univers, an 
Ultramontane journal, is suppressed 
for publishing the Pope's letter to the 
emperor. 

Apr. 7. The press is censured for its 
attacks on England. 

* * La Revue National e is issued. 

* * Le Tour du Monde is issued. 



FRANCE. 



1857, 



-1862, Mov. 



T35 



* * La Revue archiologique is issued. 

* * Le Roman d'une Nuit, by Catulle 
Mendes, appears. 

* * Jeanne D'Arc, by Wallon, appears. 

* * Jean de la Roche, Constance Verrier, 
and Flavii, by George Sand, appear. 
[1861, Tamaris and Antonia ; 1864, Mile, 
de la Quintinie and Laura.] 

* * Melanges de critique religieu'se, by E. 
H. A. Scherer, appears. [1863-78, Etudes 
critiques sur la lUterature contempo- 
raine; 1864, Melanges d'histoire reli- 
gieuse.] 

* * The Half Open Pomegranate, by Jo- 
sepb M. J. B. Aubanel, appears. 

* * Un cheval de Phidias, by Cherbuliez, 
appears. [1863, Le Comte Kostia; 1S64, 
Paul Mere, Le roman d'un honnete 
femme, and Le prince Vitale.] 

* * Les Cotillions c&lebres, by Gaboriau, 
appears. [1S61, Le 13me Hussards ; 1862, 
Les Gens de Bureau.'] 

* * Paris. The Royal Library is said to 
contain 815,000 volumes, 84,000 MSS. 

* * -61 * * M. Ge"rat and Les prhs Saint- 
Gei'vais, by Victorien Sardou, appear. 
Also Nos Inlimes and Les paties de 
mouche. [1862, Les Gamackes ; 1865, La 
Famille Benoiton; 1866, Les bons villa- 
geois, and Maison neuve.] 

* * -68 * * The Monies of the West, by 
Montalembert, appears. 

1861 Jan. 6. Rome et les Ev&ques is 
published. 



* * Les Mistrables, by Victor Hugo, is is- 
sued simultaneously in Paris, Brussels, 
London, New York, Milan, Leipsic, Ant- 
werp, Madrid, Warsaw, Pesth, and Rio 
Janeiro. 

* * History of the French Language, by 
Littr6, appears. [1863-73, Dictionary of 
the French Language; 1&67 , La Philoso- 
phic Positive.] 

* * Merlin I ' 'Enchanteur , by Quinet, ap- 
pears. 

* * Poemes barbares, by C. M. Leconte de 
Lisle, appears. 

* * Sal&mmbo, by Flaubert, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1858 Jan. 14. Felix Orsini, an Italian, 
with, other conspirators, attempts to as- 
sassinate the emperor ; three shells are 
exploded, two persona killed, and many 
wounded. 

1859 Jan. 30. It. Prince Napoleon 
marries Clotilde of Savoy at Turin. 

Jan. * The conveying of free negroes 
from Africa to the French colonies 
ceases. 

1861 Jan 25-Feb. 15. Jerome Bo- 
naparte, son of Jerome Bonaparte and 
Elizabeth Patterson, an American lady, 
fails in his suit claiming his legitimate 
rights. 

1862 Oct. * Paris. Due de Grammont, 
angered by a newspaper attack , kills Mr. 
Dillon in a duel. 

STATE. 

1858 Feb. 19. Paris. A. public safety 
bill is passed by the Assembly, allowing 
the Government to arrest and banish 
persons in certain cases without trial ; 
Emile Ollivier makes a bold protest 
against it. 

Mar. 9. A Republican outbreak at 
Chalons is suppressed. 

Aug. 19. Paris. A conference respect- 
ing the Danubian principalities closes. 



Oct. 23. A dispute with Portugal re- 
specting the condemned slaves, Charles 
et Georges, is settled. 
1859 Jan. 1. The emperor's address to 
the Austrian ambassador causes a war 
sensation. (See p. 525.) 

" 1 regret that our relations with your 
government are not as good as formerly, 
hut I beg of you to tell the emperor that 
my personal sentiments for him have not 
changed." 

May 12. Austria having invaded the 
territory of Sardinia, France declares 
war in behalf of her ally. 

It. The emperor arrives at Genoa. 

May * Paris. The empress is appointed 
regent during the absence of the em- 
peror in the Austrian war. [July 17. 
He returns.] 

May 21. A war loan of 20,000,000 francs 
is raised. (Only 500,000 were proposed.) 
Number of subscribers, 525,000. 

June* China. The ambassador to Peking 
is turned back. (See Army and Navy.) 

July 11. The preliminaries of peace' are 
signed. (See p. 525.) 

Aug. 8-!N"ov. * Switz. A conference 
of Austrian and French envoys is held 
at Zurich. (See p. 525). 

Aug. 17. Paris. Napoleon grants am- 
nesty to political offenders after his vic- 
torious campaign in Italy. 

Sept. 22. Jap. A treaty with Japan is 
ratified at Jeddo [Tokio]. 

Nov. 21. The ratifications of the Treaty 
of Zurich are exchanged. 

Dec. 31. The emperor advises the 
Pope to cede Romagna to Sardinia. 

1860 Jan.* Paris. Count Walew- 
ski, the foreign minister, resigns. [Jan. 
24. Fjdouard Antoine Thouvenel 
succeeds him.] 

Jan. 5. Paris. The emperor announces 
a free-trade policy. 

Jan. 11= A treaty with Nicaragua is 
ratified. 

Jan. 23. A commercial treaty with 
England is signed by Richard Cobden 
and the French ministers. 

Mar. 24. It. A treaty is entered with 
Victor Emmanuel for the annexation 
of Savoy and Nice to France; it is 
signed at Turin. [Switzerland protests.] 
[June 12. Vote of Savoy on annexa- 
tion, 131.744 for, and l 1 :;:; against ; vote of 
Nice, 24,44S for, and 160 against.] 

Oct. 1. The new tariff becomes effec- 
tive. 

INTov. 24. Paris. A decree is issued al- 
lowing greater liberty of speech to the 
Chambers by permitting address to the 
throne. 

Dec. 11. The severity of the restric- 
tions on the press are relaxed by Min- 
ister Persigny [but soon restored]. 

Dec. 16. Paris. It is announced that 
passports for Englishmen are to cease 
after Jan. 1, 1861. 

* * Cochin-China. The French establish 
a colony at Saigon, after defeating the 
Chinese. 

* * Les Alpes Maritimes are ceded to 
Italy. 



1861 Feb. 2. One-third of the terri- 
tory of the principality of Monaco is 
purchased by France for 4,000,000 francs. 

Feb. 4. A commercial treaty with 
Great Britain is ratified. 

It provides for the admission of a large 
portion of the manufactures of each 
country into the other free of duty, and 
nearly all the remainder at a greatly 
reduced tariff. 

Feb. * -Mar. * The struggle in Italy, 
between the Pope for temporal sover- 
eignty and Victor Emmanuel, Gari- 
baldi, and others for a " kingdom of 
Italy," causes great excitement. 

The emperor decides to remain neu- 
tral ; and his action is approved of by 
the majority of parties, but is fiercely 
denounced by the clergy. 

Mar. 1. A liberal commercial treaty is 
entered with Belgium. 

Apr. 11. The criticism of the Govern- 
ment by the clergy having become abu- 
sive, the minister of justice orders the 
strict enforcement of the law punishing 
censure of the Government by ministers 
of religion. 

Apr. 13. Paris. The Due d'Aumale's 
severe letter to Prince Napoleon, who 
favors Italian unity, is published. [May * 
The printer and publisher are fined and 
imprisoned.] 

June 11. Paris. A declaration of neu- 
trality in the conflict between the 
United States of America and the Con- 
federate States is issued. 

June 24. Paris. The kingdom of It- 
aly is officially recognized. 

June* France withdraws her troops 
from Syria, which she had occupied to 
suppress the insurrection and bloody 
massacres of 1860. 

Oct. * The Society of St. Vincent de Paul 
is suppressed for aiding the clergy 
against the Government. 

* * The Orders of the Redemptorist Fa- 
thers of Douay and the Capuchins of 
Hasbrouck are dissolved by the Gov- 
ernment, and their members are expelled 
from the country, having been charged, 
with gross immorality. 

1862 June 5. E.I. A treaty of 
peace with Annam is signed. (See p. 481.) 

Aug. 2. A new commercial treaty with 
Prussia is signed. 

Sept. * Paris. The emperor disclaims 
any intention of imposing a government 
on Mexico. 

Sept. 12. A commercial treaty is en- 
tered with Madagascar. 

Oct. 15. Paris. Edouard Drouyn de 
Lhuys succeeds J^douard Antoine Thou- 
venel as foreign minister. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1857 * * Longwood, the residence of 
Napoleon I. at St. Helena, is bought 
for 1SO,000 francs. 

1861 Mar. 31. Paris. The body of Na- 
poleon I. is finally placed in its crypt at 
Les Invalides. 

* * The canal of Languedoc (Canal du 
Midi), connecting the Atlantic with the 
Mediterranean, 148 miles long, is com- 
pleted. 



736 1862, Dec. 7-1867, Nov. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1862 * * CocJiin-China. War with the 

natives. France is eager for Eastern 

possessions. [Jan. 20. The province of 

Bienhoa submits.] (P. 4S1.) 

1866 * * France intervenes, and causes 
the cessation of war between Prussia, 
Italy, and Austria. 

Dee. 2-12. It. The French troops quit 
Home. 

* *The Chassepot rifle, a modified 
needle-gun and breech-loader, is adopted 
by the Government. 

1867 Feb. 5. Mex. The French army 
finally evacuates the country. 

Oct. 30. It. The French troops again 
enter Rome to aid the Pope against the 
insurgents. 

"Nov. 5. It. The Italian insurgents un- 
der Garibaldi are defeated at Mentana 
by the French under Gen. Failly ; French 
loss, 1,000±. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1862 * * Paris. Leon Forcault exhibits 
a reflecting telescope, the mirror of 
which is 31i inches in diameter ; the 
focal length, 17J feet. 

1863 Mar. * A human jaw is said to 
have been found in the drift at Moulin 
Quignon, near Abbeville. 

* * Paris. Naclar's balloon, the largest 
ever made, raises 35 soldiers. 

* * M. Villerne's employment of photo- 
graphs in the formation of sculpture 
is announced. 

* * Paris. The sphygmograph, an in- 
strument for investigating disease by 
showing the state of the pulse, is in- 
vented by M. E. J. Marey. 

* * _74 * * Paris. The Grand Opera 
House is erected under the supervision 
of Jean Louis Charles Gamier. 

1865 * * Paris. Joan of Arc is exhibited 
at the Royal Academy by Jules Bastien- 
Lepage. 

1866 Mar. 16. Paris. At the Koyal 
Institution, M. Baudre plays on a stone 
pianoforte, formed of a series of flints 
and other stones of various sizes, col- 
lected in France, and arranged by him- 
self. 

Aug. 6. The planet Julia is discovered 
by M. Stephan. 

Sept. 14. A slight earthquake occurs 

near Tours and Blois. 
Nov. 4. The planet ^Et/ina is discovered 

by Alphonse Borellv'. [1868, May 28, 

I)ilce; 1870, Apr. 19, Lydia; 1S71, Sept. 

12, Lomia ; 1872, Apr. 10, Lachesis.] 

* * Paris. The use of nitrous oxide gas 
(laughing-gas) is introduced. 

* * Paris. A steel bridge is constructed 
by M. Joret. 

* * Inundations cause 1,702 communes to 
be flooded ; loss, §10,000,000. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863 * * Billault, Auguste Adolphe Marie, 
statesman, A58. 

Bravais, Auguste, scientist, A52. 

Carlowitz, Baronne de, Aloise Christine, au- 
thor, A66, 

Christofle, Charles, manufacturer, A58. 



Delacroix, Ferdinand Victor Eugene, paint- 
er, A64. 

Despretz, Cesar Mansuele, savant, A71. 

Moquin-Tandon, Horace B. A., botanist, A59. 

Saisset, Eniile Ldmond, philosopher, A49. 

Vernet, Eniile -lean Horace, painter, A74. 

Vignv, Comte de, Alfred Victor, poet, novel- 
ist, A 66. 

ViUernie, Louis Ilene, author, A81. 
1864* * Ampere, Jean Jacques, author, A64. 

Dubufe, Claude Mane, portrait painter, A74. 

Dupetit-Thouars, Abel Aubert, rear-admiral, 
A71. 



dies, A55. 
Gerard, Jules, "the Lion-Killer," officer, A47. 

Gamier, Adolphe, philosopher, A63. 

Jasmin, Jacques, " the barber-poet of Agen," 
A66. 

Hachette, Louis Christophe Francois, libra- 
rian, editor, A64. 

flatter, Jacques, philosopher, historian, A73. 

Pelissier, Aimable J. J., Due de IVIalakoff, 
marshal, governor of Algeria, A72. 
1865* * Boniface, Joseph Xavicr (Saintine), 
author, A67. 

Buchez, Philippe J. B., philosoph. \vr., A69. 

Charras, Jean Baptiste Adolphe, military- 
writer, A55. 

Duperrey, Louis Tsidor, navigator, A79. 

Dupin, Andre" Marie Jean Jacques, jurist, 
statesman, A82. 

Duret, Franc-isque, sculptor, A61. 

Geruzey, Eugene, litterateur, A66. 

Hautpoul, Marquis d', Alphonse Henri, gen- 
eral, A76. 

Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju- 
chault de, A59. 

Magnan, Bernard Pierre, marshal, A74. 

Marie Amelie, daughter of Louis Philippe, b. 

Morny, Comte de, Charles Auguste L. J., 
politician, A54. 

Prondhon, Pierre Joseph, socialist, A56. 

Querard, Joseph Mane, bibliographer, A68. 

Troyon, Constant, painter, A52. 
1866* * Barante, Baron de, Aimable Gui- 
llaume Prosper Brugiere, states., hist., A84. 

Beaumont de le Buiuiiere, Custave A. de, 
publicist, A 64. 

Berenger, Alphonse M. M. F., jurist, A81. 

Chevalier, Sulpice Guillaume Paul, carica- 
turist, A65. 

Clapisson, Louis, composer, A57. 

Foucher, Victor A., jurist, A63. 

Gozlan, Leon, dramatist, A60. 

Lavallee,TheopIiilc sebastien, historian, A62. 

Marie Amelie de Bourbon, wife of Louis 
Philippe, A84. 

Mery, Joseph, poet, novelist, A68. 

Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, pol., dip., A4£t. 
1867 * * Barthelemy, Auguste Marseille, poet, 
satirist, A71. 

Bautain, Louis, philosopher, clergyman, A71. 

Baudelaire, Charles, poet, A46. / 

Brunet, Jacques Charles, bibliographer, A87. 

Cbampollion-Kigeac, Jacques Joseph, arche- 
ologist, A89. 

Civiale, Jean, physician, A75. 

Cousin, Victor, philos., metaphysician, A75. 

Duchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, states- 
man, author, A64. 

Didron, Adolphe Napoleon, archeol., A61. 

Flourens, Marie Jean Pierre, physioL, A73. 

Fould, Aclulle, financier, siatesinan, A67. 

Fourneyron, I'.enoit, inventor, A65. 

Gabourd, Ainedee, bislorian, A62. 

Hittorf, Jacques Ignace, arch., antiq., A74. 

Ingres, Jean Domini* pie Auguste, paint., AS-li. 

Luvnes, Due de, llonore Theodoric Paul J. 
d'Albert, A65. 

Pelouze, Ttieophile Jules, chemist, A60. 

Poneelet, Jean Victor, geomeirician, A79. 

Ponsard, Francois, dramatist, A53. 

Trousseau, Artnand, physician, A66. 

Velpeau, Alfred A. L. M., surg., anato., A72. 

Veron, Louise Desire, journalist, A69. 

CHURCH. 

1863 * * Charles M. A. Lavigerie ia 
consecrated bishop of Nancy. [1867. 
Archbishop of Algiers and Carthage.] 

1864 * * The Bible Society of France ia 
organized. 

1865 Jan. 5. The archbishop of Besan- 
con and other prelates read the pro- 
hibited papal encyclical of Dec. 8 in 
the churches ; great excitement prevails. 

1866 * * The Jesuits in France number 
2,422. 



Dec. 3-11. Pome. The French troops 
depart. 

LETTERS. 



* * Contes a Ninon, by Zola, appears. 

* * Madame de Chamblay, by Dumas, pere y 
appears. [1864-65, La San FUice ; 1867- 
68, Les Blancs et les Bleus.] 

* * Life of Jesus, by Ernest Kenan, ap- 
pears. 

* * Victor Hugo, raconte par un temoin de 
sa vie, appears. 

* * Les dieux et Irs demi-dieux de lapein- 
ture, by St. Victor, Gautier, and Hous- 
saye, appears. 

* * Five Weeks in a Balloon, by JuleB 
Verne, appears. [1864, Journey to the 
Centre of the Earth ; 1865, A Trip to the 
Moon.] 

* * -65 * * A Sanskrit-French Diction- 
ary, by E. L. Burnouf, Lenpol, and 
others, appears. 

1864 * * L'Amidesfemmes, by Alexandre 
Dumas^^s, appears. [1866, The Clhnen- 
ceau Case ;1SH" ', Les id&esde Mine. Aubray.] 

* * William Shakespeare, by Victor Hugo, 
appears. 

* * Life of Jesus, by "Wallon, appears. 

* * Le Catholicisme et le Protestantisme, 
by A. J. Coquerel, appears. [1867, Libres 
ttudes.] 

* * History of English Literature, by 
Taine, appears. [LSC5, Philosophy of Art; 
1866, Philosophy of Art in Italy and Tour 
through Italy , 1867, Notes on Paris ; 1868, 
Philosophy of Art in the Netherlands.] 

* * Le mat&rialisme contemporain en Al- 
lemagne, by Paul Janet, appears. 

1865 * * Paris. The publication is begun 
d'une Histoire generate de, Paris, a col- 
lection of original documents. 

* * Chansons des Rues et des Bois, by Victor 
Hugo, appears. [1866, The Toilers of the 
Sea.] 

* * Histoire de la caricature, by Champ- 
fleury, appears. 

* * Waterloo and Histoire d'un homme du 
peupie, by Erckmann-Chatrian, appear. 
[18C6, La' qu<T re and La maison forest i- 
ere; 1867, Bloous.] 

* * Histoire de la Campagne, by Quinet, 



* * Stances et Pobmcs, by K. F. A. Sully- 
Prudhomme, appears. 

* * La Bevue germanique is changed to 
La Revue moderne. 

* * La Confession de Claude, by Zola, ap- 
pears. 

* * Grand Diet innnairt' Universal duX!X e 
Siecle, 15 vols., by Pierre Larousse, ap- 
pears. 

1866 * * Le Parnasse Contemporain, a 
collection of poems by different authors, 
appear. [A similar collection appears 
in 1869 and 1876.] 

* * Gringoire and Les Exiles, by deBan- 
ville, appear. [Later, I 'it 'y I 'les prussiennes 
and Trente-six Ballades.] 

* * Histoire poHiqne de Charlemagne, by 
G. B. P. Paris, appears. 

* * La RUiquaire, by Francis E. J. 
Coppee, appears. [1868, Intimitis ; 1869, 
Poemes moderne.] 

* * RScit d'une Smur, by Pauline Craven, 
appears. [1868, Anne S&v&rin.] 

* * Monsieur Sylvestre, by George Sand, 
appears. [1869, Pierre qui route ; 1870, 
Le Beau Lawrence ; 1872, Nanon.] 

* * Monsieur, Madame et B4be, by Droz, 
appears. [1867, Entre-nous ; 1872, Babo- 
lein.] 

* * The Apostles, by Renan, appears. 
[1867, Saint, Paul and his Mission.] 

1867 Kov. * NapoUon III. et V Europe 
en 1S67 appears. 



FRANCE. 



1862, Deo. 7-1867, Nov. * 737 



* * Paris. An international congress for 
treating prehistoric subjects meets. 

* * M. de Camors, by Feuillet, appears. 

* * File JVb. 113, and The Mystery of Orci- 
val,by G;iboriau, appear. [KSU'J, Monsieur 
Lecog; 1870, La Vie in female ; 1871, La 
d&gringoiade ; 1873, La corde au cou.] 

* * Odes Fanambulesques, by de Banville, 
appears. 

* * Calendau, Pouemo nouveau, and The 
Golden Shoes, by Frederic Mistral, ap- 
pear. 

* * History of Julius Csesar, by Napoleon 
III., appears. 

* ■* Homines et dieu.r. by Paul de St. Victor, 
appears. [1869, The Women of Goethe.'] 

* * Miss Multon, by Belot and Eugene 
Nus, appears. 

* * -76 * * History of NapoUon I. y by 
Pierre Lanfrey, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1864 Jan. 3. Grego and otber conspir- 
ators to assassinate the emperor are 
arrested. [Feb. 27. They are sentenced 
to transportation and imprisonment.] 

Apr. 24. An attempt is made to assas- 
sinate the secretary of the Russian em- 
bassy. 

May 3-27. Algeria. The emperor 
makes a visit. 

Aug. 15+-. The French entertain the of- 
ficers of the British fleet at Cherbourg 
and Brest. [Aug. 29+-. The British re- 
turn the compliment to the French at 
Portsmouth.] 

Dec. 18. Paris. Republican students 
create a riot. [Several are expelled 
from the College of Medicine.] 

1866 Aug. 8. Paris. Charlotte, Em- 
press (?) of Mexico, arrives. 

1867 Mar. 7. Emile de Girardin is 
fined for a libel published in La Liberie". 

June 6. Paris. Berezowski attempts to 
assassinate the Czar of Russia. 

STATE. 

1863 Jan. 9. France offers to mediate 
between the United States and the 
Southern Confederacy. 

Jan. 17. A treaty of commerce with 
Italy is signed. 

Feb. 26. E. I. The revolt in Annam 
against the assumption of the French is 
suppressed. 

Feb. 27. A convention regulating the 
French and Spanish frontiers is con- 
cluded. 

May 20. A convention between France 
and Japan is signed. 

May * Minister Persigny issues arbitrary 
injunctions to electors. 

May 31-June 1. An election for a 
new legislature takes place. 

Paris elects Thiers, Ollivier, Favre, and 
four other opposition candidates. 

June 23. The elections cause a change 
in the Cabinet. 

The Due de Persigny resigns, and is 
succeeded by M. Billault ; M. Baroche 
becomes minister of justice and worship; 
M. Rouher, president of the council of 
state ; M. Boudet, minister of the in- 
terior; M. Behic, of public labors; and 
M. Duruy of public instruction. 

Oct. 13. Paris. G-ustave Billault, the 
" speaking minister," dies. [Oct. 18. 
Succeeded by Eugene Rouher.] 

Nov. 9. Paris. Thiers and his friends 
form a new opposition in the Assem- 



bly ; it consists of Jules Favre, Jules 
Simon, Thiers, Berryer, Emile Ollivier, 
and many others. 

1864 Jan. * A conspiracy against the 
emperor's life is discovered. [Feb. 26. 
Four Italians charged with the crime 

• are sentenced to imprisonment.] 

June 20. Paris. A convention be- 
tween France and Japan is signed by the 
Japanese ambassadors. 

June 30. Paris. A convention of 
commerce between France and Switzer- 
land is signed. 

Sept. 15. A convention between France 
and Italy respecting the evacuation of 
Rome is signed ; the former agrees to 
withdraw her troops in two years. 

Dec. 7. Paris. Louis Antoine Gar- 
nier-Pages and 12 others who had met 
at his residence for election purposes 
are convicted as members of a society 
" of more than 20 members." 

1865 Feb. 14. A treaty with Sweden 
is signed. 

Apr. * Napoleon agrees to withdraw his 
army from Mexico between November, 
1866, and November, 1867, under the ac- 
tion of the United States. 

Aug. * -66 Feb. * The United States 
protests against French intervention 
in Mexico. [A prolonged correspond- 
ence ensues.] (See Mexico.) 

1866 May 26. A treaty is signed with 
Spain at Bayonne concerning the defi- 
nite regulation of the frontier of the 
Pyrenees. 

July 4. The Emperor of Austria cedes 
Venetia to France, and invites the em- 
peror's intervention with Prussia. 

Aug. 8. Paris. The Empress Char- 
lotte of Mexico arrives on a mission 
to Napoleon III. and Pope Pius IX., to 
secure assistance for her husband, Maxi- 
milian, who is sorely pressed by the Re- 
publicans in Mexico. [She is unsucces- 
ful.] 

Aug. * A note to the Prussian govern- 
ment, desiring rectification of the 
French frontier to what it was in 
1814, is declared by Prussia to be inad- 
missible. 

Sept. 2. Edouard Drouyn de Lhuys, 
minister of foreign affairs, resigns. 
[He is succeeded by the Marquis de 
Moustier.] 

Dec. 1. Paris. A gold medal, sub- 
scribed for by 40,000 persons, is placed 
in the hands of the American minister 
for presentation to Mrs. Abraham 
Lincoln. [1867. Jan. 3. Received by 
Mrs. Lincoln.] 

Dec. 11. A commercial treaty with 
Austria is signed. 

Dec. 29. Paris. A decree is issued 
abolishing tonnage dues in French 
ports except for vessels whose nations 
impose differential duties upon French 
vessels in their own ports. [1S67. Jan. 
1. Operative.] 

1S67 Jan. 19. Paris. An imperial 
decree is published. 

It suppresses the discussion by the 
Legislature of the address in reply to 
the speech from the throne, and grants 
the right of interpellation to the mem- 
bers of the Senate and Chamber ; re- 
striction on the press is modified. 
The Ministry resigns. 



Eugene Rouher becomes minister of 
finance ; Adolphe Niel, minister of war ; 
Rigault de Genoully, navy; and M. de 
Forcade la Roquette, of agriculture, 
commerce, etc. 
Mar. 18. Paris. Thiers severely ar- 
raigns the Government's foreign policy 
in the Assembly. 

Mar. * Prussia strongly opposes Napo- 
poleon's desire to purchase Luxem- 
burg, as that province had formed a 
part of the extinct Germanic Confede- 
ration. 

Mar. 29. Paris. Count Walewski, 
president of the Chamber, resigns. 
[Apr. 11. Joseph Eugene Schneider 
succeeds him.] 

May 7-11. London. In consequence of 
a diplomatic contest between France 
and Prussia for possession of Luxem- 
burg, a conference of the Powers 
guarantees its neutrality and its evac- 
uation by Prussia. 

June 17-July 9. Paris. An interna- 
tional monetary conference is held. 
The adoption of the gold standard is ad- 
vQcated and agreed upon. 

June 25. E. I. Three provinces in An- 
nam are annexed to the French empire. 
(See p. 481.) 

July 15. Paris. The Siamese ambassa- 
dors sign a treaty recognizing the French 
protectorate over Cambodia. 

July 18. Paris. A law abolishing im- 
prisonment for debt is adopted by the 
Senate. 

Aug. 18-21. Aust. The emperors of 
France and Austria meet at Salzburg. 

* * Intervention in Italy is proposed in 
behalf of papal rule. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862 Dec. 7. Paris. The emperor 

inaugurates the Boulevard Prince 

Eugene. 

Dec.± * Great distress is caused in the 

luf acturing diy I ric ts t h r< > u.^li the cot- 



1863* * The grape-vine disease is much 
abated. 

1864 May 16. A convention is made 
between France, Brazil, Italy, Portugal, 
and Haiti, for laying a telegraphic ca- 
ble between Europe and America. 

1865 July * -Oct. * Cholera is preva- 
lent at Marseilles, Paris, Madrid, and 
Naples. [Sept. 30. It continues its rav- 
ages in Marseilles and ToulOn.] 

* * A new grape-vine malady caused by 
the phylloxera vastatrix is observed in 
South France. 

1866 July 9. Paris. An establish- 
ment for the sale of horse-flesh as 
human food is opened with success ; its 
use as food is strongly advocated. 

1867 Apr. 1. Paris. The Interna- 
tional Exhibition is opened. 

June 17-July 9. Paris. An Interna- 
tional Conference respecting coinage 
and monetary currency is held. 

Oct. * Emile and Isaac Pereire, origina- 
tors of the Credit Mobilier, withdraw 
from the management ; the company 
fails, and the capital is alleged to have 
disappeared. 



738 1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY— NAVY. 

136S Jan. 1. Paris. The Legislature 
passes a new army bill. Vote, 206-60. 
It provides for an annual addition of 
100,000 men to the army, the reorgani- 
zation of a National Guard, and raising 
the total military force to 1,200,000 men. 

Mar. 20+. Enlistments for the new na- 
tional Guard provoke riots in Bordeaux 
and other towns. 

1370 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The 
Franco-Prussian war. (See State.) 

July 23. Baden. The bridge across 
the Rhine at Kehl is blown up by the 
Prussians. 

July 26. Alsace. A Bavarian officer is 
killed in a skirmish at Nierderbronn. 

July 29. Lorraine. The emperor as- 
sumes the chief command of the French 
at Metz ; Marshal Edmund Lebceuf, 
chief of the general staff. 

The French arrange for an advance of 
four corps : one under Marshal Mac- 
Mahon from Strasburg; another under 
Gen. De Faillyfrom Bitsch in Lorraine ; 
another under Marshal Bazaine from 
Metz; another under Gen. Ladniirault 
at Thionville (Diedenhofen) in Lorraine. 
The reserve of 320,000 men consists of the 
corps of Marshal Canrobert at Chalons, 
of Gen. Felix Charles Douay at Belfort, 
and the National Guard under Gen. 
Charles Bourbaki at Nancy. 

Aug. 2. Prus. The first action of the 
war occurs at Saarbriick; a battalion 
of Prussians is driven out with small loss 
by three divisions of the French. 

Aug. 4. Alsace. Battle of "Weissen- 
berg. 

The Germans, with a numerically 
stronger force under the the Crown 
Prince of Prussia, defeat the French un- 
der Gen. Douay, who falls in battle. It 
is the first battle of the war ; the French 
fight with obstinate courage. 

Aug. 6. Alsace. Battle of Worth. 
The Crown Prince of Prussia defeats 
the French under Marshal MaeMahon; 
German loss, 10,000± ; French loss, 
8,000±, besides 9,000± prisoners. [Mae- 
Mahon retires to Saverne [Zaberne] to 
cover Nancy.] 

Lorraine. Battle of Forbach [Spi- 

cheren]. 

The Germans under Gens. Von Goeben 
and Von Steinmetz defeat the French 
under Gen. Charles Auguste Frossard ; 
the French retire, abandoning Saar- 
briick. Loss on both sides, 4,000. 

Aug. 7. The Germans advance, and oc- 
cupy Forbach and Saargemiind in Lor- 
raine, and Hagenau in Lower Alsace. 
[The first army advances on Metz ; the 
second army upon Pont a Mousson, to 
cut off the French from Paris.] 

Aug. 8. Marshal Bazaine is appointed 
to command the army at Metz, 130,000+: 
strong. [Aug. 9. He assumes command.] 
Marshal MaeMahon commands 50,000:b 
near Saverne, and Marshal Canrobert 
50,000± at Nancy. 

Aug. 9. The Germans occupy St. Avoid ; 
they also invest Pfalsburg. 

Aug. 10. Alsace. The Germans under 
Gen. Von TVerder invest Strasburg. 

[Aug. 11. Communication with the 
besieged is cut off. Aug. 16. They re- 
pulse a sally. Aug. 24+. They bombard 
the city.] 

Prws. Lichtenburg [Sankt-Wendel] 

capitulates to the Germans. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1867* * Paris. The first International 
Medical Congress is held. 

± * * A machine for converting spher- 
ical into rectilinear and other motions, 
and for producing perfectly parallel 
motion, is discovered by M. Peaucellier, 
an engineer officer. 

1868 Feb. * The siderostat, an appa- 
ratus for observing the light of stars 
in precisely the same way in which the 
light of the sun may be studied in the 
camera obscura, is constructed by Le'on 
Foucault. 

Feb. 17. The planet ^Egle is discovered 
by M. Coggia. 

July 27. Paris. The nephoscope, an 
apparatus for measuring the velocity of 
clouds, invented by Karl Braun, is re- 
ported to the Academy of Sciences. 

1869 June 17. The European end of 
the French Atlantic cable is laid at 
Brest (p. 267). 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1868 * * Berryer, Antoine Pierre, political 
orator, leader, A78. 

Boucher de Pert-lies, .Jacijues, arclieol., A80. 

Carmouilu', Pierre Frederic Adolphe, dram- 
atist, A71. 

lot, Antoine Barthelemy 
tologist, physician, A73. 

Coquerel, Athanase L. ('., Protestant cl., A73. 

Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la 
Haye, jurist, writer, A80. 

Foucault, Lean, natural philosopher, A49. 

Meryon, Charles, etcher, A47. 

Pouillet, Claude Servais 7>l., physicist, A77. 

Serres, fitienne R. A., physiologist, A82. 

Vechte, Antoine, goldsmith, A48. 

Viennet, Jean Pons G., politician, au., A91. 

Walewski, Cnmte Alexandre Florian Joseph 
Colonna, statesman, writer, A58. 

1869 * * Herlioz, Hector, musical comp., A66. 
Cailliaml, Frederic, traveler, A82. 

Clerc, Laurent, teacher of deaf mutes, A84. 

Dantan, Jean Pierre, sculptor, A69. 

Fauche, Ilippnlyte, Sanscrit seholar, A72. 

Fournet, Victor, geologist, A68. 

Jomini, Baron Henri, military author, A90. 

Laruartine. Alphonee Marie Louis de. 
poet, oratur, historian, salesman, A79. 

Laborde, Comte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon 
Joseph, writer, traveler, A62. 

Lefebure-Wely, Louis J. A., composer, A52. 

Libri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus 
Icile Timoleon, Italian-French math., Atiii. 

Niel, Adolphe, marshal, minister of war, A(i7. 

Troplong, Raymond Theodore, jurist, states- 
man, A74. 
1870* * Botta, Paolo Emilm, arclieol., A70. 

Broglie, Due de, Achille C. L. V., states., A85. 

Cornu, Sebastien Melehior, painter, A66. 

Douay, Charles Abel, general, A61. 

Dumas, Alexandre, pere, novelist, dram- 
atist, A 68. 

Humeril, Auguste Henri Andre, natu., A58. 

Flahaut de la Billarderie, Comte de, Au- 
gust C. J., general, A85. 

MCrimee, Prosper, novelist, historian, A67. 

Montalemhert, Charles Forbes, statesman, 
orator, author, A 60. 

Kiepce de Saint- Victor, Claude Felix Abel, 
inventor photography on glass, A65. 

Prevost-Paradol, Lncien Anatole, orator, 
journalist, diplomatist, A41. 

Villemain, Abel Francois, historian, educa- 
tionist, A80. 

CHURCH. 

1867* *C. P. Place, archbishop of 
Kennes, is consecrated cardinal priest. 

* * It. France intervenes in behalf of the 
Pope's sovereignty over the States of 
Italy, and defeats the invaders at Monte 
Botundo, near Eome. 

* * Paris. The "Bible Stand" at the 
exhibition gives away 2,338,968 portions 
of Scripture in 17 languages. The ex- 
penses ($60,000) are met by the dona- 
tions of 6,000 Christian people. 



1869 Sept. 20. Paris. Charles Loy- 
son, known as Pere Hyacinthe, a Car- 
melite preacher, protests against papal 
infallibility and encroachments, and 
resigns by letter from his order. 

LETTERS. 

1868 Mar. 20. Les Titres de la By- 
nastie Imperiale, appears. 

Aug. * Rochefort's weekly satirical pam- 
phlet, La Lanterne, is suppressed, and 
he and his printer are condemned to 
fine and imprisonment. [They escape to 
Belgium.] 

* * La petite chose, by Alphonse Daudet, 
appears. [1871, Lettres a un absent; 
1S72, The Strange Adventures of Tartarin 
of Tarascon and Les Petits Robinson 
cave.'] 

* * Manuel d'liistoire avcienne de V Orient, 
by Francois Lenormant, appears. 

* * La Religion, by Vacherot, appears. 
[1870, Science and Conscience.] 

* * The Countess of Chalis, by Feydeau, 
appears. 

* * Le Cakier bleu de Mademoiselle Cabot, 
by Droz, appears. 

* * Prosper fiandoce, by Cherb/uliez, ap- 
pears. [1869, L'Aventure de Ladislas 
Bolski ; 1S72, La revanche de Joseph 
JSmrel.] 

1869 * * Kain, by Leconte de Lisle, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Man who laughs, by Victor Hugo, 
appears. 

* * Hesperus and Le Soleil de Minuit, by 
Catulle Mendes, appear. 

* * Lions et Penards, by fimile Augier, 
appears. 

* * L' Education sentiment ale, by Flau- 
bert, appears. 

* * Abydos, by Mariette, appears. 

1870 July * The publication of the 
Marseillaise of Rochefort ceases. [Sept. 
8. It reappears ; Rochefort resigns the 
editorship, disclaiming connection on 
account of a violent article ; it ceases to 
appear soon after.] 

SOCIETY. 

1868 June 9. Paris. Election riots 

June 11. Paris. The emperor and em- 
press publicly appear, and bravely ride 
through the Boulevards. 

Aug. 1. The Pereires and other direc- 
tors of the Credit Mobilier are held 
liable for claims by the High Court of 
Appeal ; it decides that damages should 
be given to the shareholders. 

Sept. 4. Paul Granier de Cassagnac, a 
Bonapartist, and M. Lissagaray, jour- 
nalists, tight a duel; the latter is run 
through. 

1869 Aug. 15. The centenary of the 
birth of Napoleon I. is celebrated ; am- 
nesty is granted to political prisoners, 
and pensions increased to war veterans. 

Sept. 19±. Paris. Great excitement 
follows the discovery of the murder of 
the Kinck family at Pantin by Trop- 
mann. [1870. June 19. The murderer 
is executed.] 

1870 Jan. *-Mar. * Iron and steel 
workers at Creuzot strike. 

Cause, a quarrel about a benefit fund 
and the dismissal of an obnoxious work- 
man by the employers. The military 
suppress the workmen. 

Jan. 10. Pierre Bonaparte kills Victor 
Koir, a journalist, at Auteuil, when inter- 
viewed respecting a challenge sent by 



FRANCE. 



1867, Dec. 5-1870, Aug. 11. 739 



M. Rochefort. [Mar. 27. Acquitted, but 
sentenced to pay §5,000 to Noir's family.] 
Jan. 22. Paris. Henry Rochefort, editor 
of the Marseillaise, is sentenced to a fine 
and imprisonment for publishing a libel. 
The populace is greatly excited during 
the trial. 

Mar. 12. Sp. Due deMontpensier kills 
Prince Henry (Don Enrique) in a duel, 
near Madrid, under great provocation. 

Mar. 21. Paris. The insurgents levy- 
requisitions on the shopkeepers. 

Mar. 22. Paris. The Friends of Or- 
der make an unarmed demonstration, 
and are fired upon by insurgents ; 10 are 
killed and 20 wounded. 

Apr. 20±. A young man named Baurie 
is arrested at Blois as a conspirator 
against the life of the emperor. [Aug. 
S. Several conspirators are sentenced 
to long imprisonment.] 

STATE. 

1S67 Dec. 5. Paris. Minister Rouher 
announces to the Legislative Assembly 
the policy of the State, " We declare 
that Italy shall never seize upon Rome." 
[The Government is sustained ; vote 
23S-17.] 

1868 Jan. * Ten newspapers are fined 
for printing comments on legislative de- 
bates . 

Jan. 29. Paris. Pierre Magne an- 
nounces a deficiency in the budget ; 
he also announces a loan for £17,600,000. 

Jan. 30. Paris. An army bill passes 
the Senate. Vote, 125-1. [Jan. 30. The 
bill becomes law.] 

June * Paris. A new law giving greater 
freedom of the press is introduced in 
the Legislature. [Feb.* The "Arcadi- 
ans," a new ultra-conservative party, 
strongly oppose it. Mar. * It is passed. 
Vote, 242-1. June* It becomes opera- 
tive.] 

Mar. 17. Paris. The Claims of the Na- 
poleonic Dynasty,, a pamphlet, is pub- 
lished at the imperial pr in ting-press. 

Its principal object is to show that the 
empire was established with almost the 
unanimous sanction of the people. 

Dec. * Marquis de la Valette succeeds 
De Moustier as foreign minister ; For- 
cade la Roquette becomes minister of 
the interior. 

* * A law on the right of meeting is 
passed. 

1869 Jan. 1. Paris. The Moniteur is 
replaced by the Journal officiel. 

May 23-27. A general election takes 
place. 

Although the Opposition carries Paris, 
Lyons, Marseilles, and other large cities, 
the Government obtains a complete vic- 
tory. Vote, 4,455,237-3,643,271. 

June 28. Paris. The new Legislative 
Chamber meets, having an increase of 
Republican members, making the Op- 
position to the Government threefold 
stronger than in the last Assembly. 
[Riotous demonstrations follow.] 

July 13. Paris. A message from the 
emperor announces political changes 
introducing ministerial responsibility, 



and making concessions toward con- 
stitutional government. 
The ministers resign. 

July 17. A new Ministry is formed. 
It consists of J. B. M. Duvergier (justice 
and of worship), Prince de la Tour d'Au- 
vergne-Laurannn:iis (foreign affairs), M. De 
Foreade la Koquette (interior), M. Magne 
(finance), Adni. Kiyault <U- Genouilly (navy 
and colonies), L. O. Bourbeau (public in- 
struction), M. (iressicr (public works), M. 
Le Koux j agriculture and commerce), M. Le- 
boeuf (war), Marquis J. N. S. P. Chasseloup- 
Laubat (president of council of state), and 
Marshal Vaillant (imperial house and fine 
arts). 

July 20. Paris. M. Rouher is made 
president of the Senate. 

Oct. * -Dec. * Agitation against free 
trade occurs. 

Nov. 8. Paris. An imperial decree is 
issued. The principle of personal gov- 
ernment is relinquished, and it is pro- 
posed to introduce gradually that of 
constitutional government. 

Nov. 16±. Paris. The Left (Ultra-Re- 
publicans) of the Chambers issue a firm 
and temperate manifesto in opposition 
to the Government. 

Nov. 22. Paris elects Henri Roche- 
fort, the journalist, a deputy. 

Dec. 27. Paris. The resignation of 
the ministers is announced. 

* * Paris. The censorship respecting 
foreign newspapers is removed. 

* * The " livrets," or service-books of 
working-men, are abolished. 

1870 Jan. 3. Paris. A new (Liberal) 
Ministry is formed. 

Members: Kinile Ollivier (justice and re- 
ligion), Count Napoleon Darn (foreign), 
Chevandier de Valdrome (interior), Louis 
Joseph Buffet (finance), Marshal Edmund 
Leboeuf (war), Kegault de Genouilly (Ma- 
rine), Emile Alexis Legris (public instruc- 
tion), Marquis de Talhouet (public works), 
Esquirou de Parieu (president council of 
state), Charles Lou vet i agriculture and com- 
merce), and Maurice Richard (fine arts). 

Jan. 6.± Paris. Georges Eugene 
Haussmann, prefect of the Seine, is 
dismissed. 

He had greatly embellished Paris, and 
improved its sanitary condition, water 
supply and sewer system. 

Feb. 22. Paris. Jules Favre makes 
an attack on the Ministry in the Cham- 
ber, and is defeated. Vote, 236-18. 

Mar. 28. Paris. A senatus consul- 
turn, relating to the modification of the 
Constitution of the Senate, is communi- 
cated to the Senate. [Apr. 20. Adopted.] 

Apr. 10. Paris. A ministerial crisis 
occurs; Ministers Dam and Buffet 
oppose a proposed general election re- 
specting changes in the Constitution. 
[They resign.] 

Apr. 13. Paris. The Ollivier Ministry 
is reconstructed. 

May 8. The people approve the con- 
stitutional changes. Vote, 7,527,379- 
1,530,909. 

May 9, 10. Paris. Rioting occurs and 
barricades are erected. [May 14. About 
100 rioters are arrested; many are sen- 
tenced to imprisonment.] 

May 15. Paris. The Due de Gram- 
mont becomes foreign minister. 

June 19. Paris. The Orleans princes 

address the Legislative Assembly, de- 



manding their right to return to France. 
[July 2, Refused. Vote, 173-31.] 

July 5-7. France is offended because 
of the nomination of Prince Leopold for 
the throne of Spain. 

It causes great excitement, being re- 
garded as a Prussian intrigue endanger- 
ing the safety oi Prance. Count Vincent 
Benedetti, the French ambassador, re- 
quests William I. to forbid its accept- 
ance, but he refuses. The ministers 
make warlike speeches. 

July 12. Prince Leopold withdraws 
his acceptance. 

France demands guaranties from 
Prussia, "never again to permit the 
candidacy of a German prince for the 
Spanish throne." King "William refuses 
to discuss the matter, and refers the am- 
bassador to the regular course through 
the Ministry at Berlin. This refusal 
is telegraphed as Prussia's insult to 
France. 

July 13. Paris. France decides to de- 
clare war against Prussia, anticipating 
the neutrality of South Germany ; the 
Left oppose the war. [July 17. The de- 
claration is signed.] 

July 19-71 Mar. 3. The France- 
Prussian "War. 

Its actual cause is the desire of the 
French nation to repossess the territory 
on the left bank of the Rhine, and their 
jealousy of the greatly increasing power 
of Prussia among the German States 
since the war of 1864 and 1866. 

July 20. Ger. The States of Wurtem- 
berg, Bavaria, Baden, and Hesse-Darm- 
stadt declare war against France, and 
provide military support for Prussia. 

July 23. Paris. Emperor Napoleon is- 
sues a war proclamation. The empress 
is appointed regent. 

July 25. Prus. King William issues a 
proclamation of war against France. 

July 28. The emperor joins the army. 

Aug. 3. Paris. The Due de Grammont, 
foreign minister, publishes a reply to 
Bismarck's charges against France. 

Aug. 6. Gen. Turr publishes statements 
of Bismarck's proposals for the annex- 
ation of Luxemburg and Belgium by 
France in 1866 and 1867. 

Aug. 8. Paris. The Government appeals 
to France and Europe against Prussia. 

Aug. 9. Paris. The Ollivier Ministry 
is forced to resign. 

Aug. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is or- 
ganized. 

Members: Gen. Cousin-Montauban, Comte 
de Palikao (war), M. Ch^vereau (interior), 
Pierre Magne (finance), Cle'ment Duvernois 
(commerce and agriculture), Adm. Rigault 
de GCnouilly i marine), Baron Jerome David 
(public works), Prince de la Tour d'Au- 
vergne (foreign affairs). 

The Government declares against any 
negotiations contemplating peace. 

Aug. 11. France signs a treaty with 
Great Britain guaranteeing the neu- 
trality of Belgium, as Germany had 
done on Aug. 9. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1868 July 8. The French Atlantic 
Telegraph Company is formed to lay 
a cable to America. 

The Government grants a concession 
for 20 years to Julius Reuter and Baron 
Einile'd'Erlangen. 



740 1870, Aug. 13 -Oct. 8. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY —NAVY. 

1870 Aug. 13. The emperor appoints 
Marshal Bazaine to command the 
French Army of the Rhine. 

Aug. 14. Ger. The Germans begin the 
bombardment of Strasburg. 

d= Many French sharpshooters join 
the army. [The Germans refuse to rec- 
ognize them as soldiers.] 

Toul is besieged. The emperor es- 
tablishes his headquarters at Verdun. 

Lorraine. The first German army 

under Gen. Von Steinmetz attacks Mar- 
shal Bazaine at Colombey-Nouilly, and 
checks the union of the French armies. 
German loss, 4,906; French loss, 3, 60S. 
(Battle of Courcelles.) 

Aug. 15. Ger. Nine French ironclads 
blockade the German ports on the Bal- 
tic coast. 

Aug. 16. Lorraine. Drawn battle of 
Vionville (Mars-la-Tour), 12 miles west 
of Metz. 

Prince Frederick Charles, with 67,000± 
Germans of the second army, and Mar- 
shal Bazaine with 120,000 to 128,000 
French, engage in a terribly bloody bat- 
tle ; it prevents the retreat of the French 
from Metz to Verdun. German loss, 
16,000 killed and wounded ; French loss, 
17,000 killed, wounded, and prisoners. 

The French repulse an attack on 

Pfalsburg. MacMahon's army reaches 
Chalons-sur-Marne. [Aug. 20. It is 
joined by the emperor.] 

Aug. 18. Lorraine. Battle of Grave- 
lotte (R^zonville). 

The first and second armies, number- 
ing 200,000±, under King AVilliam, deci- 
sively defeat 120,000± French under Mar- 
shal Bazaine, seven miles west of Metz ; 
the French are driven into Metz. French 
loss, 12,000 to 15,000 , German loss, 20,156. 

± Paris. Gen. Trochu fortifies the 

city. 

Aug. 19. Alsace. The Germans fiercely 
bombard Strasburg. 

Aug. 20. The emperor, with between 
130,000 and 150,000 men, unites his army 
with the Army of the Rhine under Mac- 
Mahon at Chalons-sur-Marne. 
_ ± The Army of the Rhine, 300,000 h 
strong, retreats before the advancing 
Prussians, 500,000±: strong, under King 
William and the Crown Prince Freder- 
ick Charles. 

Marshal MacMahon aims to relieve 
Marshal Bazaine by a circuitous march 
to the northeast. [He fails.] 

Aug. 23. The combined French army at 
Reims advances to join the army of 
Marshal Bazaine, which the Germans 
have shut up in Metz. 

Aug. 23-26. Alsace. The Germans vig- 
orously bombard Strasburg. 

Aug. 24. The Germans under the Crown 
Prince and the Prince of Saxony pursue 
the French. 

The Prussians establish headquar- 
ters at Bar-le-Due, only 125 miles from 
Paris. 

Aug. 25. The French repulse an attack 

on Verdun. [Nov. * They capitulate.] 

The Germans capture 800 national 

guards at St. Me"nehould ; they occupy 

Chalons-sur-Marne. 

The French surrender the small for- 
tress at Vitry-le-Francois. 



Aug. 26. Lorraine. The Germans re- 
pulse a sortie of the French in strong 
force at Metz, frustrating Marshal Ba- 
zaine's desperate attempt to escape. 

+ Ger. Three armies of the reserve are 
formed, and a fourth to aid in opera- 
tions against Paris. 

Aug. 27. Lorraine. The Germans in- 
vest Thionville (Biedenhofen). [Nov. 
24. Bombarded and taken.] 

The Germans nearly destroy a regi- 
ment of French Chasseurs at Busancy. 

Aug. 28. The two German armies, 220,- 
000 strong, advance on Paris, driving 
the French before them. They meet re- 
sistance at Dun, Stenay, and Mouzon. 

Aug. 29. The Germans storm Vrizy, 
between Vouzeire and Attig. 

Aug. 30. The army of MacMahon (150,- 
000+) retreats northward. 

The Germans surprise and defeat Gen. 
de Failly near Beaumont, enabling 



Aug. 31. The Germans repulse the 
French at Carignan. 

They attack the French at Douzy, and 
finally defeat them. The French retreat 
to Sedan. 

Aug. 31, Sept. 1. Lorraine. The army 
of Marshal Bazaine attempts to break 
through the German lines, and is de- 
feated at Noisseville, five miles from 
Metz. 

Sept. 1. Battle of Sedan. 

The Germans, 250,000 ± strong, under 
the personal command of William I., de- 
feat the French, 140.0(H)': strong, under 
Napole'on III., Marshal MacMahon, and 
Gen. Emmanuel Felix de "Wimpffen ; 
MacMahon is wounded, and Wimpffen 
assumes command. At three o'clock the 
French are surrounded. Napoleon III. 
gives his sword to William I., and be- 
comes a prisoner. 

Sept. 2. The French capitulate at Sedan. 

Their army comprises 39 generals, 

2,300 officers,' 84,000 men, besides 25,000 

captured in battle ; 10,000 French escape 

to Belgium. 

Alsace. The Germans direct a vigor- 
ous artillery fire on Strasburg, and re- 
pel a sortie of the French. 

Sept. 5. King William I. establishes his 
headquarters at Reims. 

Sept. 7. Paris. Gen. Vinoy arrives 
with a corps which was sent too late to 
aid MacMahon. The Germans occupy 
St. Dizier. 

Sept. 8. The Germans invest Strasburg 
with 60,000 men. The French vigorously 
resist the Germans at Verdun. 

Sept. 9. Five corps of the Germans ad- 
vance on Paris. 
Laon surrenders. 

The explosion of the powder-magazine 
by a soldier causes the death of 95 Ger- 
man riflemen and 300 French soldiers. 

Sept. 10. The French repulse an attack 
by the Germans on Toul. [Sept. 23. It 
capitulates.] 

Sept. 12. The French blow up the 
bridge over the Oise, at Creil, 30 miles 
north of Paris. 

Sept. 14. Alsace. The Germans occupy 
Colmar. 

Sept. 15. Paris. The Germans begin 
the investment of the city ; permits are 
required of those who enter or leave it. 



Sept. 18. The Prussians fix their head- 
quarters at Meux, 20 miles from Paris. 

Sept. 18, 19. The French sink vessels 
in the Seine and the M arne rivers against 
the approach of the Germans. 

Sept. 19. King William fixes his head- 
quarters at Ferrieres near Lagny, fifteen 
miles east of Paris. 

Gen. Vinoy with three divisions at- 
tacks the Prussians on the heights of 
Sceaux, and is repulsed with the loss 
of seven guns and 2,500 prisoners. 

The French troops at Versailles sur- 
render. [Sept. 20. The Crown Prince 
of Prussia enters.] 

Sept. 19-71 Jan. 28. Siege of Paris 
by the Germans. 

Sept. 20. It. The French troops are 
withdrawn from Rome; the Italians 
capture the city, and abolish the tem- 
poral power of the Pope. 

Sept. 21. Lorraine. Prince Frederick 
Charles assumes chief command before 
Metz. 

Sept. 22. Sevres, two and a half miles 
from Paris, surrenders to the Germans. 

Sept. 23, 24, 27- Lorraine. The French 
are repulsed in desperate sallies from 
Metz. 

Sept. 23. Paris. Three actions take 
place in the suburbs, at Drancy, Pierre- 
fitte, and Villejuif. 

A levy en masse of all men under 
twenty-five years is ordered by the Gov- 
ernment. 

Sept. 25. The Germans invest Verdun. 
[Nov. * It capitulates.] 

Sept. 26. The Germans occupy all the 
departments of the Seine and Marne. 

The crown prince, standing beneath 
the statue of Louis XIV. at Versailles,, 
bestows the iron cross on thirty soldiers 
as a reward for bravery. 

Sept. 27. Clermont is subdued and oc- 
cupied by the Germans. 

Alsace. Strasburg capitulates. 

Sept. 28. Alsace. Strasburg formally 
surrenders. 

The Germans having made a breach in 
the wall preparatory to an assault, Gen. 
Uhrich surrenders nearly 18,000 men to 
Gen. Von Werder. German loss, 906 
men and 43 officers. 

The Germans attack Soissons. [Oct. * 
It capitulates.] 

Sept. 30. Paris. Gen. Vinoy sends out 
a sortie, which is repulsed by the Ger- 
mans after fighting two hours. The Na- 
tional Guards in the city are said to 
number 375,000. 

The French are defeated in an action 
at Rouen, losing 1,200 killed and 
wounded and 300 prisoners. 

The Germans take Beauvais, forty- 
three miles northeast of Paris. [Oct. 1. 
Mantes is taken.] 

Oct. 5. Paris. King William removes 
his headquarters to Versailles; Bis- 
marck and Von Moltke are with him. 
Gen. Treskow commands an army 
which is ordered into Southern 
France. 

Gen. Regan, with the advance guard 
of the Army of the Loire, defeats th& 
Germans near Thoury. 



FRANCE. 



1870, Aug. 13 -Oct. 8. 741 



Oct. 6. Gen. Dupre, commanding part of 
the Army of Lyons, is defeated by the 
Germans at St. Eemy; German loss, 
450 ; French loss, 1500± and 660 prisoners. 

Oct. 7. Lorraine. A sortie of 40,000 
French is made from Metz ; after four 
hours of hard fighting the French are 
driven, back, with the loss of 2,000 men ; 
German loss, GOO. 

Oct. 8. The Germans bombard Weu 
Briesach. 

The French repulse an attack on St.- 
Quentin. [Oct. 21. Taken.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1870 Sept. 28. The planet Zelia is dis- 
covered by Prosper Henry, [Sept. 11, 
Liberatrix ; Nov. 5, Johanna.] 

SOCIETY. 

1870 Sept. * Eng. The impress and 
prince imperial reside at Camden House, 
Chiselhurst, Kent. 

STATE. 

1870 Aug. 17. Paris. Gen. Louis 
Jules Trochu, an Orleanist, is ap- 
pointed governor of the city, and charged 
with its defense. 

Aug. 21. Paris. The Government for- 
bids the exportation of food. A loan 
of 750,000,000 francs is announced. 

Aug. 26+. Paris. M. Thiers is placed 
on the Defense Committee. 

Aug. 28. Paris. Gen. Trochu issues a 
decree for the expulsion of all foreign- 
ers not naturalized. 

Aug. 30, 31. Ger. Protests against 
foreign intervention for peace are 
passed at municipal meetings at Berlin, 
Kbnigsberg, and other cities. 
Aug. 30. Ger. Count Bismarck- 
Bohlen is installed governor of Alsace 
at Haguenau. 
Sept. 2. The emperor becomes a pris- 
oner of war at Sedan. (See Army.) 
■Sept. 3. Paris. A deputation from 10,000 
persons calls on Gen. Trochu to assume 
the gover nm ent of the country; he 
declines. 
Sept. 4. Paris. The surrender at Sedan 
is announced to the Legislative Assem- 
bly. 

Jules Favre proposes the uprising of 
the nation for its defense, attacks the 
imperial dynasty, and proposes to give 
the chief command to Gen. Trochu. On 
the motion of M. Thiers, the chamber ap- 
points a commission of government 
and national defense, and orders the 
convocation of a constituent assembly, 
and adjourns. 

Revolution. The empire is at an 
«nd. 

The Assembly resumes its sitting, and 
is invaded by a disorderly crowd, who de- 
mand a republic. 

A few Liberal deputies remain, and 
proclaim the deposition of the imperial 
■dynasty and the establishment of the 
Republic of France. 

The Senate meets for the last time, 
and upholds the imperial government. 

A government of defense is pro- 
claimed. 



Members: Gen. Louis Trochu, president; 
L^onCamlictlii (interior i, Jules Simon (pub- 
lic instruction), Jules Favre (foreign), Isaac 
Adolplie Cremieux (justice), Ernest Picard 
(finance), Gen. Le Flo ( war), Martin Fouri- 
chon (marine), M. Matmin , (agriculture), 
M. Dorian (public works), Ltienne Arago 
(mayor of Paris). 

The empress, the Comte de Palikao, 
and other ministers secretly leave, and 
hasten to Belgium. 

Sept. 5. Paris. The Legislative Cham- 
ber is dissolved ; the Senate is abolished ; 
the regular troops and National Guard 
fraternize with each other. 

Henri Rochefort is added to the pro- 
visional government. 

Jules Favre calls on the United States 
of America for moral support. 

Prus. The ex-emperor Napole'on 

arrives at Wilhelmshohe, near Cassel. 

Sp. The Republican deputies in the 

Spanish Cortes give greeting to the 
French Republic. 

The Red Republican flag is raised at 
Lyons. 

Sept. 6. Paris. Jules Favre issues a 
circular. 

He informs French diplomatic repre- 
sentatives at foreign courts that France 
desires peace, hut "will not cede either 
an inch of our territories or a stone of 
our fortresses." 

Gen. Trochu issues a proclamation 
assuring the safety of Paris. 

The police are replaced by National 

Guards for the preservation of order. 

The Government again declines the 

proffered services of the Orleans 

princes. 

Victor Hugo and Louis Blanc arrive in 
the city. 

Sept. 7±. The Prussians seize imperial 
correspondence of much importance. 
[Oct. * Published.] 

Paris. The Provisional Government 

proclaims that to-day, as in 1792, the 
Republic signifies the hearty union of 
the army and people for the defense of 
the country. 

Sept. 8. The United States of America 
and Spain recognize the Republic. 
[Sept. 9. Switzerland.] 

Paris. The Defense Committee sum- 
mons the King of Prussia to retire im- 
mediately from French territory. 

A decree is issued convoking the Con- 
stituent Assembly, to be composed of 
750 members. 

Sept. 13-16. Paris. Bismarck issues 
circular letters. 

He recounts French aggressions on 
Germany in the past, and asserts the 
necessity of obtaining material guaran- 
ties for the future safety of Germany, 
and for removing the frontiers and point 
of attack farther west. 

Sept. 16. ± Bismarck consents to receive 
Jules Favre. 

[Sept. 19. Thev meet at Chateau de la 
Haute Maison. Sept. 20. They meet at 
King William's headquarters near 
Lagny. Both interviews are fruitless.] 

Sept. 17. Paris. Jules Favre issues a 
diplomatic circular. 

He asks that France he left to the free 
action of the Constituent Assembly, and 
it will repair the wrong she has done by 
a measure of justice. 



Sept. 18. A Government delegation un- 
der Isaac A. Cremieux, minister of jus- 
tice, meet at Tours ; the foreign ambas- 
sadors proceed there. 

Sept. 18.± Paris. The Red Republicans 
issue a manifesto signed by Gustave 
Paul Cluseret ; it is placarded through- 
out the city. 

Sept. 19. Paris. The struggle for the 
military possession of the city begins. 
The first siege of Paris is begun by the 
Prussians. 

Sept. 21. Jules Favre reports Bis- 
marck's demands. 

Terms : The cession of the department of 
the Upper and Lower Rhine ami part of Mo- 
selle, with Metz, Chateau Salins, and Sois- 
sons ; France must surrender Strasburg, 
Toul, and Verdun (or Pfalzburg according 
to Favre), and Mont Valerien; if the Assem- 
bly meets at Paris, an armistice may be 
agTeed to, in order that the French Constitu- 
ent Assembly may meet. The French Govern- 
ment positively rejects these terms of peace. 

Sept. 26+. All citizens of France be- 
tween 20 and 25 years of age are prohib- 
ited from leaving the country. 

Sept. 28. The National Guard suppresses 
an insurrection of the Red Republicans 
at Lyons : Gen. Cluseret, the war min- 
ister of the Commune, flees [into exile]. 

Paris. The National Guard main- 
tains order. 

Sept. 29-Oct. 1. The delegates assem- 
bled at Tours order elections of 753 
members for the Constituent Assembly, 
to take place on Oct. 16. 

Oct. 1. Paris. The Government for de- 
fense orders the elections deferred till 
they can be carried out throughout the 
whole extent of the Republic. 

Gen. Ambrose E. Burnside, U. S. A., 
visits Minister Favre. [Oct. 7. He vis- 
its Bismarck.] 

Bismarck issues a circular letter, dis- 
claiming any intention of reducing 
France to a second-rate power. 

Oct. 2. The conquered country, in 
addition to Alsace and Lorraine, is 
placed under the grand dukes of Meck- 
lenburg at Reims. 

Oct. 3. Isaac A. Cremieux succeeds 
Adm. Fourichon as delegate minister of 
war at Tours, remaining minister of 
marine. 

Oct. 6. The diplomatic mission of 
Louis A. Thiers to foreign courts is 
reported a failure. 

Oct. 7. Le"on Gambetta escapes from 
Paris in a balloon. 

[Oct. 8. He arrives at Rouen. Oct. 9. 
He arrives at Tours, and becomes min- 
ister of war as well as of the interior.] 

Oct. 8. The Government prohibits all 
Frenchmen under 60 years of age from 
leaving France. 

* * Gambetta becomes the virtual dicta- 
tor of France. 

Aust. M. Thiers again appeals to 

Vienna for aid against Germany. [Oct. 
at Florence, Italy.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 Sept. 23. Paris. M. Buroufina 
post-balloon ascends with mail-bags ; 
he arrives at fivreux, and reaches Tours. 



742 1870, Oct. 8.-1871, Jan. 9. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — KAVY. 

1870 Oct. 9. Garibaldi is received 
with great enthusiasm at Tours; lie re- 
views the National Guard. 
Oct. 10. The Germans burn Albis near 
Paris in retaliation for treachery, sleep- 
ing soldiers having been killed. 

Bavarians under Gen. Von der Tann 
defeat part of the Army of the Loire at 
Artenay, near Orleans, and capture 
2,000 prisoners. [Germans occupy Or- 
leans.] 

The French repulse an attack on 
Cherizy. 
Oct. 11. The French fleet appears off 
Heligoland in the North Sea. 

Paris. The Germans fire the first 

three shots into the suburbs of the city. 

Gen. Von der Tann captures Orleans 
and 4,000 prisoners. 

After nine hours fighting (35,000+: on 
each side), the defeated Army of the 
Loire under Gen. La Motte Pouge re- 
tires behind the Loire River. [The city 
pays a war contribution of $;>00,000±.] 

The French garrison at Montm^dy 
captures Stenay. 
Oct. 12. Gen. Bourhaki takes command 
of the French at Tours ; Gen. D'Aurelle 
de Paladines takes command of the 
Army of the Loire. 

Garibaldi is appointed commander of 
French irregular troops. 

Germans capture Epinal. They also 
take Breteuil after a sharp resistance. 
Oct. 13. Weu Breisach is wholly in- 
vested by the Germans. 

The French surprise the Prussians, 
and make a successful attack at Ba- 
gneux, near Paris. 
Oct. 13, 14. Paris. St. Cloud is fired 
on and burned by the French. 

Oct. 14±. Lorraine. Frequent sorties 
are made from Metz. 

Oct. 14. A sharp fight takes place at 
Ecouis; the French elude an attempt 
to surround them. 

Gen. Boyer, aid-de-camp to Marshal 
Bazaine, commander at Metz, meets 
Bismarck at Versailles. 

Oct. 16. Soissons surrenders to the 
Germans under the Grand Duke of Meck- 
lenburg, having been invested three 
weeks and bombarded four days. The 
French lose 99 officers, 4,633 men, and 128 
guns. 

Oct. 17. Gen. Bourbaki is appointed 
to command the Army of the North ; 
Gen. Maziere to that of the Loire. 

The Germans attack Montdidier, 

and capture 150 Mobile Guards. 

Oct. 18. The Germans defeat 4,000 
French near Chateaudun, in a 10 hours' 
fight ; the barricaded town is stormed 
and burned. Gen. Von Werder takes 
Nuit, near Dijon. 

Oct. 21. Paris. The French make a 
vigorous sortie against Versailles and at 
Malmaison; they are forced to retire 
after fighting three hours and losing 400± 
killed and 100 prisoners. 

Chartres, 48 miles southwest of Paris, 
is taken by the Germans. Vesoul is 
also captured. 

— — Germans attack and take St.-Quen- 
tin after cannonading for half am hour. 
[Oct. 23. They evacuate.] 



Oct. 22. Alsace. Schlettstadt is bom- 
barded by the Germans., [Oct. 24. 
Taken, with 120 guns and 2,400 prison- 
ers.] 

The French "Army of the East" 
is defeated in the Vosges. 

Gen. Cambriels repulses an attack 
by the Germans on Chatillon le Due ; 
M. de Keratry assumes command of the 
French army in Brittany. 

Oct. 26. Paris. The Imperial Guard 
is suppressed. 

Oct. 27. Marshal Bazaine surrenders 
Metz and his army. 

Gen. Von Werder defeats the French 
near Gray, Haute Saone, northeast of 
Dijon. 

Oct. 28. The French recapture Le 
Bourget near Paris. [Oct. 30. Retaken 
with 1,200 prisoners, by the Germans.] 

The French defeat Badenese troops 
near Bascon ; they repulse an attack by 
the Prussians on Formerie on the Oise. 

Oct. 29. The crown prince and Prince 
Frederick Charles are created field- 
marshals. 

Oct. 31. The Germans capture Dijon 
after bombardment. The Wiirtemberg- 
ers defeat the francs-tireurs between 
Montereau and Nangis. 

It is estimated that 856,000 Ger- 
mans are in France and 223,000 French 
in German prisons. 

Oct. 31-Dec. 27. The Germans occupy 
and hold Dijon. 

Nov, 1. The Germans invest Thion- 
ville. [Nov. 7. Bombarded.] 

Nov. 3±. Garibaldi issues a proclama- 
tion appealing to other nations to help 
France. 
The Germans besiege Belfort. 

Nov. 4. Paris. The Government orders 
the mobilization of all able-bodied men 
between 20 and 40 years of age. 

Nov. 6. The French recapture Cha- 
teaudun. [Nov. 18. Indecisive action.] 

Nov. 7. The French repulse an attack on 
the Army of the Loire at Marehenoir. 

Nov. 8. Verdun capitulates to the 
Germans with 4,000 men. 

Ger. The French fleet appears off 

Heligoland. 

Nov. 9. The Germans enter Montbe"- 
liard, Doubs, near the Swiss frontier. 
[Nov. 10. The French are repulsed.] 

The French defeat Gen. Von der 
Tann between Coulmiers and Baccon, 
near Orleans ; they retire to Thoury. 

Nov. 10. The French under Gen. D'Au- 
relle de Paladines retake Orleans. 
French loss, 2,000; German loss, 700± 
and 2,000 prisoners. The Germans take 
Neu Breisach, with 5,000 prisoners and 
100 guns. 

jtoov. 13. The Germans occupy Cole, 
near Dijon. 

Nov. 14. Prince Frederick Charles 
and the Grand Duke of Mecklenburg 
are put in command of the armies in 
Central France. 

Nov. 15. The Germans completely in- 
vest Montme"dy. 

The Germans repulse French sorties 
from M€zieres. 



Nov. 17. The Grand Duke of Mecklen- 
burg repulses the French Army of the 
Loire near Dreux; the army is cap- 
tured by Gen. Von Treskow. 

The French make a successful sortie 
from Me"zieres; German loss, 500 men. 

Nov. 18. The National Guard repulses 
the Germans at Evreux. 

Nov. 20±. Paris. The Germans engir- 
dle the city with a second line of in- 
vestment. 

The Germans repulse the French at 
La Fere, 14 miles from Laon; the 
French suffer heavy loss. [Nov. 27. 
Surrendered by the French with 70 guns 
and 2,000 men, after two days' bombard- 
ment.] 

Nov. 21. The Germans defeat the Mo- 
bile Guard at Bretoncelles. 

Nov. 22. The Germans begin the bom- 
bardment of Thionville. [Nov. 24. 
The French capitulate ; 2,000 prisoners 
taken.] The Prussians occupy Ham. 

The Germans are repulsed near Ami- 
ens and also near Stagil. 

Nov. 27. The Germans under Gen. Von 
Werder defeat the Garibaldians near 
Pasque, Cote d'Or. 

The Prussians under Gen. Manteuffel 
defeat the Army of the North near 
Amiens. [Nov. 28. The city surren- 
ders. Nov. 30. The citadel is taken.] 

Nov. 28. Battle near Beaune-la-Bx>- 
lande, Loiret. 

The French Army of the Loire under 
Gen. d'Aurelle de Paladines lias a severe 
engagement with the Prussians under 
Gen. Voigts Ehetz. Prince Frederick 
Charles arrives during the battle, and 
turns the day ; the French retire with 
the loss of 6,700± ; the Germans suffer a 
heavy loss. 

Nov. 29-Dec. 4. The army in Paris and 
the Army of the Loire make unsuccess- 
ful efforts to unite. 

Nov. 29. Gen. Charles Denis Sauter 
Bourbaki is appointed to command the 
6th Army Corps. 

Paris. The Prussians repulse sor- 
ties from various parts of the city. 

Nov. 30. Paris. A grand sortie is made. 

The French (120,000) take Champigny 

and Brie. [Dec. 2. They are driven 

back by the Germans. Losses on both 

sides are heavy.] 

Dec. 2. The Army of the Loire under 
Gen. Chanzy is defeated at Bazoche des 
Hautes by the Grand Duke of Mecklen- 
burg. 

Dec. 3. The Germans begin the bom- 
bardment of Belfort. [The siege con- 
tinues.] 

Dec. 4. Orleans again surrenders to the 
Germans ; Gen. D'Aurelle de Paladines 
retreats with 100,000± men, losing 10,000 
prisoners, 77 guns, and 4 gunboats. 

Dec. 5-71 July 22. Marshal Manteuf- 
fel, commanding the Prussian Army of 
the North, occupies Rouen. 

Dec. 7. The Grand Duke of Mecklen- 
burg attacks the French Army of the 
Loire at Beaugency, without decisive 
result. [Dec. 8. The Germans take the 
town and 1,100± prisoners.] 



FRANCE. 



1870, Oct. 8-1871, Jan. 9. 743 



Dec. 8. Marshal Manteuffel advances 

on Havre with a part of his army, and 

with the remainder occupies Cherbourg. 
Dec. 9, 10. The Army of the Loire 

is defeated by the Germans in severe 

engagements, and retreats. 
Dec. 12. The Germans occupy Dieppe. 
They bombard Montme"dy. [Dec. 14. 

It surrenders.] The siege of Pfalzburg 

in Lorraine ends by its surrender be- 
cause of famine. 
Dec. 13. The Germans occupy lilvreus: 

and Blois. 
Dec. 14. The Germans take and later 

abandon Fre"teval. 
Dec. 18. The Germans under Gen. Yon 

Werder defeat the French under Gen. 

Cremer at Nuits, 14 miles from Dijon. 
Dec. 21. Tours is partly shelled by the 

Germans, and submits ; the Germans 

fail to occupy the city. 
Dec. 23. Indecisive battle at Pont- 

NoyeUes. 
The Germans are under Marshal Man- 

teuffel, and the French under Gen. Faid- 

herbe ; the latter retreats. 

Dec. 27. The Germans besiege Pe"- 
ronne. [1871. Jan. 10. It capitulates.] 
Gen. Bourbaki forces the Germans un- 
der Gen. Von Werder to evacuate Dijon. 

Dec. 29. Paris. The French at Mont 
Avron are bombarded and driven out. 

* * Nancy and Chalons are taken by the 
Germans. 

1871 Jan. 1, 2. Me"zieres with 2,000 
men and 106 guns is surrendered by the 
French. 

Jan. 2, 3. The Germans under Marshal 
Manteuffel defeat the French under 
Gen. Von Goeben, near Bapaume; the 
French retreat. 

Jan. 4. Paris. The Germans bombard 
the eastern front of the city and the 
southern forts. 

Jan. 5. The Germans take the fortress 
of Roeroi, near the Belgian frontier. 

Jan. 6. The French under Gen. Chanzy 
have an indecisive engagement with 
Prince Frederick Charles, near Dijon 
le Mans. 
The Germans storm Daujoutin. 

Paris. The Germans silence Forts 

Issy and Vanves. 

Jan. 7. The Germans defeat Gen. Roy 
near Jumie'ges, on the Seine. 

Jan. 9, 10. Paris. The Germans bom- 
bard the city, injuring many buildings 
and killing many citizens. [Jan. 10-13. 
Sorties.] 

Gen. Von "Werder defeats the French 
at Villersexel. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1870 * * Gulliver and the Lilliputians is 
painted by Georges Jean Vibert. 



CHURCH. 

1870 Oct. 8. The suppression of the 
schools of the " Brethren of the Chris- 
tian Doctrine" by the Republicans 
causes much dissatisfaction. 



LETTERS. 

1870 Nov. 4. London. Campagne de 
1870, par un officier attache" a Vetat 
major-general e [a pamphlet ascribed to 
the Emperor Napoleon III.] appears in 
the Daily Telegraph. 

Dec. * A pamphlet [attributed to the 
Emperor Napoleon] is published under 
the name of the Marquis de Grincourt, 
throwing the blame of the war upon the 
French nation. 

* * La Creation, by Quinet, appears. [1871, 
Le Sie-ge de Paris et hi Defense Nation- 
ale;. 1872, La B&publique.] 

* * Mademoiselle Giraud ma femme, by 
Adolf Belot, appears. [1871, Article 47.] 

* * Twenty Leagues under the Sea and 
The Mysterious Island, by Jules Verne, 



-75 * * History of France, by Guizot, 



: * -.76 * * Apercu de I'histoire d'Egypte 
and Dendirah, by Mariette, appears. 



1870 Oct. 12. The people at Honfleur 
oppose the embarkation of cattle for 
England ; a riot breaks out. [Oct. 15. 
Like riots at St. Malo.] 

Dec. 20. The mob murder Gen. Ar- 
naud, the commander of the National 
Guard at Lyons, after an alleged trial, 
for resisting them. 

* * Statistics show the consumption of 
wine to be, per capita, 37.90 gallons ; of 
distilled spirits, 0.58 gallons. 

STATE. 

1870 Oct. 10, 11. Paris. The Red 
Republicans, led by Louis Auguste 
Blanqui, Gustave Flourens, Alexandre 
Auguste, Ledru-Rollin, Felix Pyat, are 
defeated in their attempts to overthrow 
the present government and establish the 
Commune. [Oct. 14+. Henri Rochefort 
effects a reconciliation.] 

Oct. 10. Direct mediation is declined 
by Russia, Spain, and Great Britain. 

Leon Gambetta issues a proclama- 
tion from Tours. 

He says Paris has 560,000 troops, that 
cannon are cast daily, women help the 
cause by making cartridges, and urges 
cooperation and devotion everywhere 
in maintaining the struggle. 

Oct. 12. Aries Du Four, from Lyons, ap- 
peals to the British public for active 
sympathy in endeavoring to obtain 
peace. 

Paris. Auguste de Kerartry, as for- 
eign envoy, leaves in a balloon. [Oct. 
19, 20. He fails to obtain assistance from 
Gen. Prim, premier at Madrid.] 

Oct. 18. Jules Favre issues a circular 
from Tours against Prussia. 

" She coldly and systematically pursues 
her task of annihilating us. France has now 
no illusions left. For her it is now a ques- 
tion of existence. "We prefer our present 
sufferings, our perils, and our sacrifices to 
the consequences of the inflexible and cruel 
ambition of our enemy. France needed per- 
haps to pass through a supreme trial; she 
will issue from it transfigured." 

Oct. 19. Marseilles is disturbed by Red 
Republicans. 

Oct. 21. The British Government, sup- 
ported by the neutral powers, inter- 
venes for an armistice that France may 
elect a National Assembly. [Oct. 28. 
Bismarck replies that overtures must 
come from France, and will be accepted.] 



Oct. 24. M. Thiers undertakes to nego- 
tiate with Bismarck for an armistice. 
[Oct. 28. He is given a safe conduct. 
Oct. 30. He enters Paris, bringing news 
of the surrender of Metz.] 

A girl who claims to be successor of 
Joan of Arc appears at Tours. 

Oct. 25. Paris. The Government issues 
a decree for a loan of 250,000,000 francs. 

Oct. 28. Leon Gambetta issues a circu- 
lar condemning the surrender of 
Metz as a crime. [Nov. 1. He calls on 
the army to avenge the dishonor.] 

Oct. 30-Nov. 1. Paris. Louis Thiers 
receives authority from the Provisional 
Government to treat with the Prussians 
for an armistice, and has interviews 
with Bismarck. 

Oct. 31. Paris. The Commune rise 
against the Government, and temporar- 
ily overthrow it. 

The Defense Government is impris- 
oned in the Hotel de Ville, and Ledru- 
Rollin, Victor Hugo, and Gustave Flou- 
rens are made a Committee of Safety 
under Louis Picard. The National 
Guard succeeds in restoring order. 

Prus, The ex-empress joins the 

ex-emperor at "SVilhtlinshohe. [Nov. 3. 
She returns to Chiselhurst, England.] 

Nov. 1. Paris. A popular vote is or- 
dered to be taken on Nov. 3, to learn if 
the people support the National Defense 
Government. [Nov. 3. Vote, 557,976 for 
it; 62,638 against it.] 

Nov. 2. Marshal Bazaine publishes a 
letter repelling the charge of treason in 
the surrender of Metz. 



Nov. 3. Count Bismarck offers an ar- 
mistice of 25 days for the election of a 
National Assembly. [Nov. 7. The French 
decline the offer] 

Paris. Revolutionists attempt to 

overthrow the Government, but are de- 



The Government orders the mobiliza- 
tion of all able-bodied men between the 
ages of 20 and 40. 

Nov. 6. Paris. The negotiations for an 
armistice fail. 

Count Bismarck refuses to permit food 
to enter Paris during the armistice with- 
out any military equivalent therefore ; 
Louis Thiers is ordered to cease negotia- 
tions. 

Nov. 7. Jules Favre issues a circular 
defending the course of the French in 
the armistice negotiations. [Nov. 8. 
Count Bismarck gives the German side 
in like manner.] 

Nov. 10. Paris. The Government de- 
crees the melting of some of the 
church-beUs into cannon. 

Dec. 10. The Delegate Government 
is transferred from Tours to Bordeaux ; 
it also becomes the seat of the National 
Assembly. 

Dec. 19. Due d'Aumale and the Prince 
de Joinville are permitted to take their 
seats as members of the National As- 
sembly at Bordeaux. 

1871 Jan. 9, 10. The Government ap- 
peals to foreign powers because of the 
bombardment of Paris. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 Oct. 12. Balloons bring favora- 
ble intelligence from Paris. 



744 1871, Jan. 11 -June 26. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1871 Jan. 11, 12. The Germans under 
Prince Frederick Charles defeat the 
Army of the Loire under Gen. Chanzy 
in attempting to raise the siege at Le 
Mans; the French lose 20,000± prisoners. 
[The French retreat.] 
Jan. 13. Paris. The French make vig- 
orous sorties, and are repulsed. 
Jan. 15, 16. The Germans defeat Gen. 
Chanzy near the Vosges. [Jan. 18. 
He retreats southward.] 
Jan. 15-17. Battle of Belfort. 

Gen. Bourbaki forces the besieging 
Prussians under Gen. "Von "Werder to 
change their position without raising 
the siege ; the French are finally forced 
to retreat. [Feb. 13. Belfort capitu- 
lates with military honors.] 
Jan. 17. The Germans begin the bom- 
bardment of Longwy, in Northeastern 
France. [Jan. 25. It capitulates, sur- 
rendering 4,000 prisoners and 200 guns.] 
Jan. 19. Gen. Von Goeben defeats the 
French under Gen. Faidherbe at St.- 
Quentin, on the Somme. German loss, 
3,100; French loss, 15,000±, including 
4,000 prisoners. 

Paris. Gen. Trochu with 100,000 men 

makes [the last] grand sortie; he is re- 
pulsed with the loss of 1,000 killed and 
5,000 wounded. 

Communication with the outside is 
maintained during the siege by the use 
of pigeons and balloons. 
Jan. 20-Feb. 1. Gen. Manteuffel 
drives 80,000 French under Gen. Bour- 
baki into Switzerland near Pontarlier, 
after losing G,000 prisoners. 
Jan. 22. Paris. The Germans refuse 

an. armistice for two days. 
— — The Germans bombard St. Denis 

and Cambrai. 
Jan. 23. Paris. Gen. Trochu resigns 
as governor. [Jan. 24. Gen. Vinoy suc- 
ceeds him as governor and commander.] 
Jan. 28. Paris. Capitulation of the 
French; an armistice for 21 days is 
signed by Jules Favre and Count Bis- 
marck. 
Jan. 29. The Germans occupy the forts 

round Paris. 
Jan. 30. The advance of German 

troops into France is suspended. 
Feb. 1. The Germans occupy Dijon 
after a siege in which Garibaldi makes 
an ineffective defense. 

The army of Gen. Bourbaki takes 
refuge in Switzerland, after failing to 
break through the German lines. 
Feb. 16. The Belfort garrison marches 

out, and the war terminates. 
Mar. 1. German loss during the war, 
killed or dying soon after the war, 17,570 ; 
died of wounds eventually, 10,707 ; total 
killed and wounded, 127,867. 

Paris. The Emperor William reviews 

100,000 troops at Longchamps, a race- 
course near Paris. Paris is entered. 
Mar. 1-3. Paris. About 30,000 Ger- 
mans enter the city, and remain 48 
hours. 
Mar. 10. Paris. A meeting of the 
National Guard is suppressed. 



Mar. 12. Paris. The German army 
leaves Versailles. 

Mar. 18. Paris. Uprising of the 
Commune. 

It rises against Gen. Vinoy, the com- 
mander of the city, when he attempts 
to take possession of defenses and can- 
non held by the workingmen, at Mont- 
martre and Belleville, in the northeast- 
ern part of the city. [The Germans 
remain in the forts, and observe a strict 
neutrality.] 

Paris. Several regiments of the 
National Guard join the Communists. 
They shoot Gens. Lecomte and 
Thomas. Barricades are erected in the 
streets, and Gen. Vinoy, commanding 
the gendarmerie, retires from the insur- 
gents across the Seine. 

Apr. 2. Paris. The troops of the Na- 
tional Assembly engage the insurgents at 
Courbevoie, one and a half mile north- 
west of the fortifications of Paris. 

Gustave Flourens leads the armed 
mob called the National Guard to Ver- 
sailles. [It ends in a disorderly retreat.] 

Apr. 3. Paris. The insurgents occupy 

Forts Issy, Vanves, and the castle at 
Meudon, five miles southwest of Paris. 
[Apr. 4. They shoot Gen. Duval, a pris- 
oner.] 

Marshal MacMahon is appointed 
commander-in-chief of the National 
forces. 

Apr. 6. — May 22. Paris. The second 
siege of the city by the National troops, 
under Marshal MacMahon ; the insur- 
gents make a vigorous defense. 

Apr. 9. Paris. The insurgents attempt 
to take Chatillon, and are repulsed ; 
they bombard the southern forts aud 
Paris itself from the parallels con- 
structed by the Germans. 

Apr. 11. Paris. Marshal MacMahon 
invests Fort Issy, southwest of the 
city. 

Apr, 14. Paris. The insurgents capture 
the redoubt of Gennevilliers. 

Apr. 17. Paris. The insurgents capture 

the Chateau de Be"con, a post of im- 
portance. 
Apr. 20. Paris. The insurgents occupy 

Bagneux. 
Apr. 26. Paris. The insurgents keep 

up a severe fire from their batteries 

against the Federal forts. 
Apr. 27. Paris. The National troops 

capture Les Moulineaux, an outpost 

of the insurgents. 
Apr. 29. Paris. The insurgents take the 

cemetery and park of Issy in the night. 

[Apr. 30. They demand the surrender 

of the fort, and are refused.] 

May 1. Paris. The insurgents take the 
station of Clamart and the Chateau of 
Issy. 

May 8. Paris. The battery of Mon- 
tretout, mounting 70 guns, opens fire. 
The insurgents evacuate the Fort Issy. 

May 12. Paris. The troops occupy the 
Convent des Oiseaux at Issy, and the 
Lyceum at Vanves. [May 13. Fort 
Vanves is taken.] 

May 14. Paris. The batteries of Cour- 
bevoie, B^con, Asnieres, open a vigorous 
fireon the villages, Levallois and Cli- 
chy. 

May 21. Paris. The National troops, 
under Marshal MacMahon, enter the 



city, and, fighting their way, take 10,000+ 
prisoners. 

May. 23. Paris. The troops under Gen. 
Charles Felix Douay take Montmartre 
from the insurgents. 

May 25. Paris. The insurgents evacu- 
ate Forts Montrouge, Hautes-Bruyeres, 
Bicetre. 



May 28. Paris. The troops under Gen. 
MacMahon take the Buttes Chaumont, 
invest and capture Belleville, and the 
insurrection is suppressed. 

Total losses in seven days' fighting: 
regular troops, 877 killed, 545 wounded, 
and 183 missing; insurgents, 50,000± 
killed, 25,000 prisoners. All the leaders 
are killed or captured, and about one- 
fourth of Paris is destroyed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1871 Feb. 2. Dupuy de Lome, at Vin- 
cennes, ascends with 13 persons in his 
navigable balloon. 

CHURCH. 

1871 Apr. 5. Paris. Archbishop 
Georges Darboy is arrested by the 
Commune while ministering to the dy- 
ing. [May 24. He is executed in the 
prison of La Roquette with 64 others.] 

May 17. Silver ornaments in the 
churches are seized by the Commune. 

June 7. Paris. The funeral of Arch- 
bishop Darboy is celebrated. 

LETTERS. 
1871 Mar. 11. Paris. Le Vengeur 
and four other violent journals are sup- 
pressed by Gen. Vinoy. 

SOCIETY. 

1871 Jan. * A short strike of 10,000 
miners occurs at Le Creuzot, Burgundy. 

Mar. 18. Paris. Gen. Claude Martin 
Lecomte is shot ; Gen. Thomas is assas- 
sinated at the same time. 

Feb. * Four -workmen, members of the 
Workingmen's International Congress, 
are elected members of the National As- 
sembly. 

Apr.+ * Paris. The reign of terror 
suspends the liberty of the press, of 
public meeting, of conscience, and of 
person. 

Apr. 6. Paris. The Guillotine is 
burned on the Place Voltaire. 

Apr. 29. Paris, The Freemasons 
make an ineffective attempt at recon- 
ciliation with the Commune. 

May 6. Paris. The newspapers are 
suppressed. [May 16. The Colonne 
Vendome is overthrown by the Com- 
mune.] 

May * Paris. Henri Kochefort is ar- 
rested. (See Sept. 21.) 

May 30. Belg. Victor Hugo, an exile, 
is expelled. 

Paris is put under martial law; 

50,000 insurgents commit disorders. 
Many prisoners are executed. 

STATE. 

1871 Jan. 19. Paris. The Prussians 
refuse to permit foreigners to leave the 
city. 



FRANCE. 



1371, Jan. 11 -June 26. 745 



Jan. 23. Paris. Disturbances arise, but 
they are suppressed by the army. 

Jan. 24. Paris. Jules Favre opens ne- 
gotiations with. Bismarck. 

Jan. 28. Paris. The Capitulation of 
Paris is signed by Jules Favre in the 
Convention of Versailles. 

Conditions: The forts and munitions of 
war to be surrendered, and the city wall to be 
disarmed. All the suldu-rs m Paris become 
prisoners of war, except 12,000 left to aid the 
National Guard in preserving order. The 
city to be provisioned by French officials, 
and to pay 5 milliards of francs. A truce will 
include all France except the departments 
of Doubs, Jura, and Cote d'Or, and con- 
tinue for three weeks, during which time a 
free election of members to the National 
Assembly is to be held, by which the ques- 
tion of peace or war will be decided. 

Jan. 31. Leon Gambetta disavows the 
armistice, at Bordeaux. [Feb. 6. He 
resigns as minister of the interior and 
member of the Government of Defense.] 

Feb. 1. The Due d* Aumale, the son 
of Louis Philippe, issues a manifesto in 
favor of a constitutional monarchy. 

Feb. 3. Paris. Food given by the con- 
tribution of the English people arrives. 

Feb. 4. Paris. The Defense Govern- 
ment justifies the capitulation by an- 
nouncing that provisions for only ten 
days were left for 2,000,000 of people. 

It annuls a decree issued by Gam- 
betta for the continuance of the struggle. 

Feb. 8. Prus. The ex-emperor issues a 
proclamation. 

He condemns the overthrow of the 
Napoleon dynasty, and affirms that his 
government was four times confirmed 
in 20 years. 

Feb. 12. The National Assembly- 
meets at Bordeaux, and [Feb. 15] elects 
Francois Gre*vy its president. "Vote, 
519 out of 538. 

Feb. 15. Paris. The supplemental ar- 
mistice is signed. 

Feb. 16. A provisional government 
is formed at Bordeaux. [Feb. 17. Louis 
Thiers is elected chief. Feb. 18. Kec- 
ognized by the great powers.] 

Members : Jules Dufaure (justice), Jules 
Favre (foreign), Joseph Picard (interior), 
Jules Simon (public instruction), M. Lam- 
brecht (commerce), Gen. Adolphe Le Flo, 
(war), Adm. Pothuan (marine), M. De 
Larcy (public works). 

Feb. 22-24. Louis Thiers and Count 
Bismarck negotiate for peace. 

Feb. 25. Thiers, Favre, and 15 delegates 
of the National Assembly m^et at Ver- 
sailles, and accept the preliminaries of 
peace. 

It includes the ceding of parts of 
Lorraine, including Metz and Thionville 
and Alsace less Belfort; also the pay- 
ment of five milliards of francs ($1,000,- 
000,000). 

Feb. 26. The treaty is signed at Ver- 
sailles. (See Germany.) 

Mar. 1. The treaty is accepted by the 
National Assembly at Bordeaux. Vote, 
546-107. 
The third Republic. 
The National Assembly unanimously 
confirms the setting aside of the Napo- 
leonic empire for the Republic. 

Mar. 6. Paris. The party of the Left, 
led by Victor Hugo, Louis Blanc, and 



Edgar Quinet, demand the impeachment 
of the Defense Government. 

Pries. The ex-emperor protests 

against the overthrow of his govern- 
ment. 

Mar. 10. The National Assembly vote 
to remove the seat of government 
from Bordeaux to Versailles. 

Mar. 12. Jerome Adolphe Blanqui, 
Marie Flourens, and others are con- 
demned for participating in the insur- 
rection of Oct. 31, 1870. 

Mar. 15. The Central Committee of 
the republican confederation of the 
National Guards (termed " The Govern- 
ment of the Buttes ") meet, depose Gen. 
Vinoy, general-in-chief, and appoint 
Garibaldi as his successor. 

Mar. 18, Paris. The Commune re- 
volts against the Government. 

It nominates a Central Committee of 
the armed mob called the National 
Guard, with workman Assy as chief. It 
takes possession of the public offices. 
Two governments hold authority ; one, 
the Commune in Paris, and the regular 
authority at Versailles. (See Society.) 

Mar. 19. Paris. The Central Commit- 
tee orders a communal election. [Mar. 
20. It liberates about 11,000 political 
prisoners.] 

Mar. 20. The National Assembly meets 
at Versailles. [Propose conciliatory 
measures to the Commune, and appoint 
a committee to support the Government.] 
± The Communists exact " advances," 
amounting to several million of francs, 
from the Bank of France, for the pay- 
ment of the National Guard. 

The Journal des D&bats and other 
newspapers denounce the Commune's 
Central Committee. 

Mar. 21. The National Assembly ap- 
peals to the nation and the army. 

Mar. 22. Paris. The Communists fire 
on a parade of the unarmed Friends of 
Order ; 10 are killed and 20 wounded. 

Mar. 23. Paris. Adm. Saisset is ap- 
pointed commander of the National 
Guard for the Assembly. 

Mar. 26. Paris. In a m uni cipal elec- 
tion a majority of two-thirds of the vo- 
ters favor the Communists. Only 200,000 
out of 500,000 votes are polled. 

Mar. 28-May 22. Paris. The Social- 
istic Commune rules the city. 

Mar. 28. Paris. The Government of 
the Commune is proclaimed at the 
Hotel de Ville. 

Mar. 29. Paris. The Communistic 
leaders, Gustave Flourens, Jerome 
Adolph Blanqui, and Felix Pyat, pro- 
pose a republic after the pattern of the 
Italian republics of the Middle Ages. 

The Commune orders the remission 
of a part of the rents due from tenants. 

Apr. 4. The Communists at Marseilles 
are suppressed. ■ 

Apr. 5. Paris. The Communists arrest 
the archbishop of Paris. 

Apr. 5-16. Thiers, Picard, Favre, 
and others are impeached and their 
property confiscated ; 34 anti-communis- 
tic newspapers are suppressed. 



Apr. 6-May 22. Second siege of Paris 
by the National troops. 

Apr. 14. The National Assembly pass 
the new municipal bill. Vote, 419-18. 

Apr. 16. Paris. A court-martial is or- 
ganized under Col. Rossel. 

Apr. 19. Paris. The Communists ap- 
peal to the nation against the National 
Assembly. 

Apr. 29. Paris. The Commune exacts 
a sum of 2,000,000 francs from the 
railway companies. 

May 8. Paris. The Commune organ- 
izes a Committee of Public Safety. 

May 10. Ger. A definite treaty of 
peace with Germanyis signed at Frank- 
fort. [May 12. Laid before the Assem- 
bly and ratified. Vote, 440-98. May 
IS. Ratified by the National Assembly.] 

Paris. Louis Charles Delescluze is 

appointed delegate of war by the Corn- 
May 11. Louis Thiers is opposed in 
the Assembly, and offers to resign ; a 
vote of confidence is given him. Vote, 
495-10. 

May 17. Paris. The Communists are 
divided by a secession ; a central club 
is formed, and a battalion of women 
is formed. 

The Communists enforce a stringent 
conscription in Paris. 

May 21. Paris. Henri Rochefort is 
brought a prisoner to Versailles. 
The Commune holds its last sitting. 

May 24. The Commune executes in 
prison the archbishop of Paris ; also 
L'Abbe' Deguerry and President Bon- 
jeau with 64 others, all held as hostages. 

May 29. Premier Thiers issues a decree 
for disarming Paris, and abolishing the 
National Guard of the Seine. 

June 8. The laws of proscription are 
abrogated by the National Assembly. 
Vote, 484-103 ; the elections of the Due 
d'Aumale and the Prince de Joinville 
are declared valid. [Dec. 19. Seated.] 

June 26. Paris. The loan of two mil- 
liards of francs ($400,000,000) is decreed. 
[June 27. Subscriptions are opened. 
June 28. About four milliards are sub- 
scribed for in France alone.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1871 Feb. 3. Paris. The distress is 
relieved by the arrival of food from 
London. 

Mar. 20. Eng. Napoleon HI. arrives 
at Dover. 

May 17. Paris. Silver ornaments are 
seized in churches. 

A cartridge factory explodes near the 
Champ de Mars ; 100 persons are killed. 

May 24. Paris. The Palais Royal 
buildings are much injured by the Com- 
munists, who partly burn them. 

[Estimated loss of property through 
the insurrection is §160,000,000+.] 

May 25-27. Paris. Petroleum be- 
comes a destructive weapon in the hands 
of the insurgents. 

June 20±. Paris. Theaters and public 
places are reopened. 



746 1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1873 June 3. Paris. Gen. Ladmi- 
rault succeeds Gen. MacMahon at Ver- 
sailles as the military governor. 

July 10. Paris. A grand review of 
the renovated army is given. 

Aug. 2. The Germans complete the 
evacuation of France, with the excep- 
tion of Verdun. [Sept. 16. Total evac- 
uation accomplished.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1872 Apr. 22. Paris. The French As- 
sociation for the advancement of the 
sciences is established by the General 
Assembly. 

Mar. 26. The skeleton of a man, sup- 
posed to have been a contemporary of 
the mammoth and cave-bear, is found, 
also polished flint implements, by M. 



NVlatnn, Aiiu'nsle, surgeon, A66. 
Pauthier, .lean P. <!., Chinese scholar, A72. 
Segur, Co mt i> de, Philippe Paul, hist., A93. 
Ysahean, Victor Frederic Alexandre, rural 

economist, A80. 
Yvan, Melchior, traveler, A70. 



!Nov. 5. The planet Velleda is discov- 
ered by Paul Henry. 

* * Paris. Idyl, painted by Jean Jacques 
Henner, is exhibited in the Salon. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1871 * * Auber, Daniel F., musician, com- 
poser, A87. 

Bertin, Kdotianl Francois, journ., au., A74. 

Bourgeois, Auguste, dramatic author, A65. 

Darboy. Georges, archbishop of Paris, A58. 

JDaumas, Melchior Joseph Eugene, general, 
writer, A68. 

Delsarte, Francois A. N. C, singer, A60. 

DumenI, Edelestand I'onlas, scholar, A70. 

Farochon, -Jean I'.aptiste Eugene, artist, A64. 

Gasparin, Comte de, Agenor Etienne, Prot- 
estant reformer, author, A61. 

Houdin, Uobert, prestidigitateur, mech., A66. 

Jollivet, Pierre Jules, painter, A68. 

Kock, Charles Paul de. novel., dram., A77. 

Koschlin, Daniel, chem., cotton manuf., A86. 

Lecoq, Henri, naturalist, A69. 

Leroux, Pierre, -socialist, writer, A73. 

Longet, Francois Aehille, physician, A60. 

Payen, Anseime, chemist, A76. 

Ponson du Terrail, Vicomte de, Pierre Alexis, 
novelist, A42. 

Texier, Charles Ffilix Marie, archeol., A69. 

1872 * * Babinet, Jacques, natural phil., A78. 
Capeflgue, Jean Baptiste Honore" Raymond, 

historian, A70. 

Carre, Michel, author, A53. 

Caussin de Perceval, Arniand Pierre, orien- 
talist, A77. 



Forey, Elie Frederic, marshal, A68. 

Gautier, Thtiophile, author, poet, A61. 

Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, theolo- 
gian, writer, A67. 

Janet, Ange Louis, painter, A54. 

Louis, Pierre Charles Alexandre, phys., A85. 

Persigny, Jean Gilbert Victor de Fialin de, 
statesman, A64. 

Pouchet, Felix Archimcde, phwsiologist, A72. 

Vaillant, Jean Eaptiste Plulii.ert, marshal, 
A82. 
1873 * * P.arrot, Camille Ilyaeinthe Odillon, 
statesman, AS2. 

Couder. Louis Charles Auguste, historical 
painter, A83. 

Caumont, Areisse de, antiquary, A71. 

Coste, Jean J. C. V., naturalist, A66. 

Chasles, Victor E. Philarele, critic, an., A74. 

Demetz, Frederic Auguste, pliilan., A77. 

Dupin, Francois P. C, geometrician, statis- 
tician, politician, A89. 

Freydeau, Ernest Ain»3, author, A52. 

Gaboriau, Emile, novelist, A39. 

Gamier, Marie Jos. Francois, explorer, A34. 

Gay, Claude, botanist, historian, A73. 

Saint-Marc Cirardin, Francois Auguste, jour- 
nalist, A72. 

Henry, Etienne Ossian, chemist, A75. 

Jullen, Stanislaus, orientalist, A74. 

Lebrun, Pierre Antoine, poet, novelist, A88. 

Napoleon III., Charles Louis liapol^on 
Bonaparte, emperor, A 65. 



1871 * * Paris. Miss De Broen 
the Belleville Mission in behalf of the 
widows and orphans of executed Com- 
munists. 

1872 Jan. 17. Paris. The McAll 
Mission is opened at Belleville by Dr. 
Robert W. McAll ; it aims to dissemi- 
nate a religion of freedom and earnest- 
ness. 

Feb.* Paris. The AbbtS Michaud begins 
the Old Catholic movement in this 
city. 

June 7-K Paris. The Reformed Church 
of France meets in General Synod to 
propose a return to early doctrine and 
discipline. 

(Ju:ne 20) The Synod approves a con- 
fession of faith, acknowledging the au- 
thority of the Bible, the divinity and 
the resurrection of Christ, amid strong 
opposition from the " Liberal party." 
Vote, 61-45. 

Aug. * The apparition of our Lady of 
Salette is alleged to have been wit- 
nessed. 

Oct. 6. The grotto of the Virgin Mary 
at Lourdes is visited by 20,000+ pilgrims, 
who are drawn thither by reports of al- 
leged miracles. 

LETTERS. 

1871 * * Une visite de noces and Laprin- 
cesse Geon/es, by Alexandre Dumas, Jils, 
appear. [1373, La ft mine de Claude and 
Monsieur Alphonse; 1876, L'Etr anger e.] 

* * -72 * * Lettres assyriologiques et 6pi- 
graphiqiKs, by Francois Lenormant, ap- 
pears. [1874-75, Les Scie7ices occultes en 
Asie.] 

1872 * * Julie de Trtcamr, by Feuillet, 
appears. [1878, Diary of a Lady.] 

* * Problems of the Nineteenth Century, 
by Paul Janet, appears. [1S75, Philoso- 
phic de la revolution f ran raise; 1876, 
Les causes finales; 1878, Saint Simon, 
etc.; 1879, La philosophic francaise con- 
temporaine.~\ 

* * L' 'Annie terrible, by Victor Hugo, ap- 
pears. [1872-76, Actes et paroles'; 1878, 
Le Pape ; 1S78, La pitie supreme ; 1880, 
L'Ane, and Les religions et les irrUi- 
yions.] 

* * Pound the World in Eighty Days, by 
Jules Verne, appears. [1S76, Michel 
Strogoff.] 

* * Notes on England, by Taine, appears. 

* * Rabagas, by Sardou, appears. [1875, 
Ferrkol; 1877, Dora; 1878, Une Page 
d'Amour.] 

SOCIETY. 

1871 Sept. * The Socie*te* de Pre*voy- 
anee, established to counteract the In- 
ternationale, becomes permanent. 

Sept. 2. Paris. Theophile Charles 
Ferre and Lullier, leaders of the Com- 
mune, are sentenced to death. [Nov. 
28. Executed.] Others are sentenced 
to transportation or imprisonment. 

Sept. 5. Paris. Three women are sen- 
tenced to execution for setting houses 
on fire with petroleum. 

Sept. 21- Paris. Henri Rochefort, 
editor of Za. Lanterne, is sentenced to 
life imprisonment. [1872. He is ban- 



ished to New Caledonia. 1874. He es- 
capes to England. 1880. He returns to 
Paris.] 
Nov. 18. Eight of the murderers of 



Dee. 23. Joseph Lemettre is con- 
demned to death for many brutal mur- 
ders. [1872. Mar. 5. Executed.] 

1872 Jan. 23. Paris. The assassins 
of Archbishop Darin >y are convicted, and 
one is sentenced to death. 

Feb. 1. Paris. The Radicals are much 
excited over Sardou's new play, Iiabayu» y 
which satirizes them. 

Feb. * The League for Commercial Lib- 
erty is formed. 

Feb. 17. Paris. Five Communist mur- 
derers of Dominicans on May 25, 1S70, 
are sentenced to death. 

± Louis Auguste Blanqui, a Social- 
istic agitator, is sentenced to transpor- 
tation and confinement in a fortified 
prison. 

Mar. 14. Paris. The Assembly pro- 
scribes the proposal of Spain, that the 
Workingmen's International Asso- 
ciation be crushed by combined govern- 
ment action. 

Apr. 2. Paris. The publishers of Figaro 
are convicted of libeling Gen. Trochu, 
and receive a light sentence. 

May 25. Paris. Three condemned 
Communists are shot. 

[July 25. Three murderers of hostages 
are executed at Satory. Sept. 15. Three 
more Communists are shot at Satory. 
1S73. Jan. 22. Also three more.] 

Dec. 23. Poitevin, a traitor, is exe- 
cuted. 

* * Paris. Sir Richard Wallace, an Eng- 
lishman, presents to the city 50 drink- 
ing fountains for the especial use of 
the poor. 

1873 July 5. Paris. The Shah of 
Persia arrives. 

July 7- Paul de Cassagnac and M. Rane 
fight a duel; de Cassagnac is wounded. 

STATE. 

1871 July 14 i. France pays 500,000,000 
francs of the indemnity due Germany. 

July 15. Prince Jerome Napoleon is 
expelled from France. 

July 23±. Jules Favre, minister of 
foreign affairs, resigns. [Aug. 3±. Suc- 
ceeded by Charles de Re"musat.] 

Aug. 8. Paris. The trial of Commu- 
nist prisoners begins. 

Aug. 24. Great dissensions occur in 
the National Assembly between the 
Monarchist and Republican parties. 
The Assembly dissolves the National 
Guard. 

Aug. 31. Premier Thiers's powers are 
prolonged, and he is nominated Presi- 
dent of the French Republic by the 
vote of the Assembly ; he is to continue 
in office till the Assembly shall termi- 
nate its sessions. 

Sept. 6. A bill is adopted by the Na- 
tional Assembly for making the whole 
nation bear the war losses of the in- 
vaded provinces. A loan of 350,000,000 
francs for Paris is ratified. 



FRANCE. 



1871, July 14-1873, Aug. 5. 747 



Sept. 8. Gen. Kcssel, a Communist, is 
sentenced to death. [Sept.* Others 
are also tried by court-martial. Many 
leaders are shot, and many transported, 
to New Caledonia.] 

Sept. 12. The Assembly authorizes the 
President to conclude a treaty ■with 
Germany, to hasten the evacuation of 
several departments by the German 
troops in exchange for reduced import 
duties. 

Sept. 25. A "permanent commit- 
tee " of 25 different parties is appointed 
by the National Assembly to watch over 
the course of the Government during 
the recess. 

Oct. 8. General elections are held for 
the Council General. 

Lambrecht, minister of the interior, 

dies. [Oct. 10. Succeeded by Casimir- 
P6rier.] 

Oct. 12, 13. A convention is signed 
with Germany for the evacuation of six 
departments. 

Oct. 25±. Tunis. The dispute with 
Tunis is settled. 

Mov. * Algeria. The Anti-French insur- 
rection ends. 

Nov. 28. Rossel, Ferre, and Bourgeois, 
condemned Communist leaders, are shot 
at Satory in presence of 3,000 soldiers. 

'Nov. 30. Gaston Cr6mieux is executed 
at Marseilles. 

Dec. 4. The territory held by Germans 
is put into a state of siege. 

Dec. 28. An income tax is proposed, 
and negatived by the National Assem- 
bly. 

* * Belfort is retroceded to France. 

1872 Jan. 9. Berlin — Paris. The 
French and the German ambassadors 
each meet with a friendly reception. 

Jan. 19. President Thiers urges upon 
the National Assembly the necessity of 
a new tariff. 

After much discussion, a resolution is 
passed providing only for the taxation 
of raw materials. Vote, 376-307. [Jan. 
20. The President and ministers resign, 
but resume their posts at the earnest 
and unanimous request of the Assem- 
bly. Mar. * The proposal to tax raw 
materials is abandoned, other means of 
raising revenue having been found.] 

Feb. 2. The National Assembly passes a 
bill abrogating the commercial treaties 
with Great Britain and Belgium ; it also 
opposes a proposed return of the body 
to Paris. Vote, 377-318. 

Feb. 5. Paris. M. Casimir-Pe"rier, 
minister of the interior, resigns. [Feb. 
6. He is succeeded by Victor Lefranc. 
M. Goulard is made minister of com- 
merce.] 

Feb. 21i. Paris. About 280 members 
of the " Right" sign a manifesto in favor 
of a constitutional monarchy. 

Feb. * Universal subscriptions begin 
to be taken for the early payment of the 
indemnity due to Germany. 

Mar. 7. Two milliards of the "war in- 
demnity, with interest to date on the 
remaining three milliards, are paid at 
Strasburg. 

Mar. 14. A bill providing for the pun- 
ishment of any one joining the Inter- 
national Society or any similar organ- 



ization is passed by the Assembly. Vote, 
501-104. [Apr. 22. The law is placarded.] 

May 12. Eng. The ex-emperor in a 
letter assumes for himself all the re- 
sponsibility for the surrender at Sedan. 

June 22. Paris. The Assembly passes 
a bill for the reorganization of the 
army. 

June 26±. Paris, President Thiers ad- 
vocates a duty on raw material, and 
opposes an income tax. 

June 29. A new convention is signed 
between Germany and France, respect- 
ing the speedy payment of the indem- 
nity and the evacuation of territory. 

July 26. Paris. A loan of 3,000,000,000 
francs at 6\ per cent is announced for 
the speedy payment of the indemnity 
and the evacuation of the provinces held 
by the Germans. [Nearly 12 times the 
amount of the loan is subscribed, chiefly 
in France.] 

July * The majority in the National As- 
sembly support Marshal MacMahon 
as President and to displace Thiers. 

Sept. * Paris. President Thiers and 
the Ministry are established in the 
city. 

Oct. 9. Paris. The supreme council 
of war is appointed, and meets. Mem- 
bers : Marshal MacMahon, Marshal Can- 
robert, Due d'Aumale, and several other 
distinguished generals. 

Oct. 13. Prince Napole"on and his 
wife, visiting France, are ordered to 
quit French territory ; they depart un- 
der protest. 

Oct. * Nov. * The Germans evacuate 
Haute-Marne and some other depart- 
ments. 

Nov. 5. London. A new commercial 
treaty with Great Britain is signed. 

Nov. 11. The Assembly reopens at 
Versailles. [Nov. 12. M. Grevy is chosen 
President.] 

Nov. 13. President Thiers in his inau- 
gural address declares that the whole 
available capital of the commercial 
world has been offered to France. 

Nov. 18. A motion censuring the violent 
Grenoble speech of Gambetta (Sept. 26), 
and proposing a vote of confidence in 
the Government, is passed by the As- 
sembly. Vote, 267-117. 

Nov. 21. The Assembly passes a trial- 
by-jury bill. Vote, 416-178. 

It intrusts the task of drawing up the 
jury-lists to a committee of justices of 
the peace and mayors. 

Nov. 26-29. The General Assembly 
adopts the proposal making changes in 
the Constitution providing for a re- 
sponsible Ministry, and excluding the 
President from participation in the dis- 
cussions. Vote, 370-334. 
Nov. 30. A vote of censure on Lefranc, 
the home minister, prevails. Vote, 305- 
299. He resigns. 

Dec. 5. The appointment of a commit- 
tee of thirty, proposed by M, Dufaure, 
to prepare a project for a Constitution, 
causes much agitation : it consists of 19 
for the Right, 11 for the Government. 
[1873. Feb. 20. Reports.] 



Dec. 9. Paris. M. Goulard is ap- 
pointed minister of the interior, Leon 
Say minister of finance, and M. Four- 
tou minister of public works. 

* * The territory of Belfort on Haut- 

Khin is formed. 
1873 Jan. 9. Eng. The ex-emperor, 

Napoleon III., dies at Chiselhurst. 
Feb. 28-Mar. 13. Paris. The new 
Constitution proposed by the commit- 
tee of thirty is discussed by the Assem- 
bly. Thiers speaks in favor of it, Gam- 
betta against it ; it is finally adopted. 
Vote, 411-234. 
Mar. 15. Ger. A convention for the 
total evacuation of the departments by 
the Germans in September on the pay- 
ment of the indemnity is signed at Ber- 
lin. 
Mar.* Germany is notified that the 
fourth milliard of the war indemnity 
would be paid on May 5, 1873, instead 
of Mar. 1, 1874, and that the last would 
be paid before the end of 1873. 
Apr. 1. Francois M. GreVy resigns the 
presidency of the National Assembly 
on account of the disrespectful conduct 
of the party of the Right. [Apr. 4. 
Succeeded by M. Buffet.] 
May 18. Paris. M. Casimir-Perier suc- 
ceeds M. De Goulard as minister of the 
interior, W. H. Waddington of Cam- 
bridge (Eng.) succeeds Jules Simon as 
minister of public instruction, and M. 
Fortoul is made minister of public wor- 
ship. 
May 19. The National Assembly meets. 
[May 21. The Government introduces 
its constitutional bills.] 
May 24. The Governmentis defeated, 
in a discussion in the Assembly relating 
to its administration, by the coalition of 
the Legitimists, Orleanists, and Bona- 
partists. Vote, 362-348. 

President Thiers and his Ministry 
resign; the resignations are accepted. 
Vote, 368-339. 

Marshal MacMahon, Due de Ma- 
genta, is elected President of the Re- 
public by 390 votes of the National As- 
sembly ; the Left refrains from voting. 
May 26. Paris. The new ministry is 
completed. 

Members: Due de Broglie (foreign affairs 
and vice-president council of ministers), M. 
Ernoul (justice), M. Boule" (interior), M. 
Magne (finances), Gen. de Cissey (war), 
Vice-Adm. de Dampierre d'Harnoy (navy), 
M. Batbie (public instruction), M. Desseil- 
legny (public works), and M. De la Bouil- 
lerie (agriculture and commerce). [May 29. 
Gen. de Cissey resigns, and is succeeded by 
Gen. du Barail.] 

Aug. 5. The Legitimist and Orlean- 
ist parties unite ; Comte de Chambord 
is recognized by the Comte de Paris as 
the head of the Bourbon family, and the 
only legitimate claimant of the throne ; 
homage is offered to him as Henry V. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1872 Jan. 24. A train is thrown into 
the river Brague, on the Antibes rail- 
way, between Nice and Cannes ; 12 per- 
sons are killed. 

Feb.* A universal subscription begun 
to pay the indemnity to the Germans. 



748 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1S73 Oct. 6 + . Marshal Bazaine is 

tried for surrendering Metz in 1870 with 

170,000 men. 
[Dec. 10. He is condemned to death. 

Due d'Aumale, president. Dec. 12. The 

sentence is commuted to imprisonment 

for 20 vears. 1874. Aug. 9. He escapes 

to Madrid.] 
Oct. 8+. Annam, A naval expedition 

subdues Tongking (p. 480). 

1874 June 28. Pans. A grand re- 
view of 00,000 troops takes place at 
Longcharnps. 

1875 Aug. 31. The iron-clad frigate 
Magenta is destroyed by fire. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1874 Apr. 18. Coggia's comet is dis- 
covered at Marseilles by M. Coggia. 
[Aug. 1. It gradually increases in bright- 
ness, and passes out of sight in Europe 
in a few weeks. Aug. 1. It appears 
brilliant at Melbourne.] 

May 19. The planet Tolosa is discovered 
by M. Perrotin. [1875, Sept. 21, Medusa; 
1876, Apr. 26, Erignne ; 1877. Jan. 10, Ma- 
ria, or Mi/ rr/ta ; 1878. Jan. 29, Garumna; 
1885, Oct. 27, Clementina.] 

Aug. 31. Paris. The Vendome col- 
umn is restored. 

Sept. 7. Paris. An exhibition of in- 
sects, illustrating their structure, food, 
and habits, is opened in the garden of 
the Tuileries. 

* * Cornu's improved tooth-wheel appara- 
tus for measuring the velocity of light 
gives 300,400 kilometers in a second of 
mean time. 

* * Pans. Homer and his Guide is exhib- 
ited by William Adolphe Bouguereau at 
the Salon. 

* * Alfred Jean Francois M^zieres is 
elected a member of the Academy. 
[1875, John Emile Lemoinne ; 1876, Jules 
Francois Simon and Maria Louis Antoine 
Boissier ; 1877, Victorien Sardou ; 1878, 
Joseph Ernest Renan, Hippolyte 
Adolphe Taine,and Edinond Armand, 
Due d'Audiffret-Pasquier.] 

1875 Jan. 5. Paris. The Grand 
Opera House is opened with elaborate 



Jan. 13. The planet Lumen is discovered 
by Paul Henry. [Nov. 2, Mala; 1876, 
Jan. 26, Emilia ; Apr. 21, Laurentia ; July 
12, Eva; 1877, Nov. 5, Irma.] 

Mar. 2. Paris. A diplomatic confer- 
ence on the metric system is held ; 20 
ambassadors are present. 

A.pr.± * M. De la Bastie invents the pro- 
cess for tempering or toughening 
glass by plunging it when heated into a 
hot bath of oleaginous or alkaline com- 
pounds. 

June 8. The planet Lucina is discovered 
by A. Borelly. [Dec. 1, Dejanira; 1877, 
Jan. 13, Ophelia; Feb. 5, Baucis; Aug. 
2, Ino; 1879, June 13, Ampella; 1883, 
May 11, Asterope; 1884, Aug. 24, Vana- 
dis; 1887, June 9, Adorea.] 

June 23. A large part of Toulouse is 
destroyed by an inundation of the Ga- 
ronne; St. Cyprien is like a sepulcher ; 
about 1,000 lives are lost. 

Aug. 1. Paris. An International Con- 
gress of Geographers is held. 

-Aug. 7. The planet Gallia is discovered 
by Prosper Henry. [Nov. 6, Bertha; 1878, 
Apr. 6, Celuta.] 



* * Urbain J. J. Leverrier analyzes the 
orbits of the planets. 

* * Gyn&ceum is painted by Gustave Bou- 
1 anger. 

* * Paris. Cigale et Fourmi is exhibited 
at the Salon by Jehan Georges Vibert. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1874 * * Baltard, Victor, architect, A69. 

Beule, Charles Ernest, politician, A48. 

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etienne, 
clergyman, ethnologist, author, A60. 

Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire,bota., A85. 

Fori^ide-Laroiiuette, Jean L. L. A. de, states 
man, A53. 

Grand-Pierre, Jean Henri, Protestant cl., A75. 

Guizot. Francois Pierre Guillaume. his- 
torian, statesman, A87. 

Hainon, Jean Louis, painter, A53. 

Janin, Jules G., critic, A7D. 

Ledru-lloUin, Alexandre Auguste, socialist, 
A 66. 

Lucas, Charles Jean Marie, reformer, A71. 

Michelet. Jules, historian, A76. 

fllorin, Frt5d6ric, writer, A51. 

Tiiseliereau, Jules Antoine, biographer, A73. 

Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, violin -maker, A76. 



CHURCH. 

1873 Aug. 21. The 13th biennial meet- 
ing of the synod of the Union of Evan- 
gelical Churches in France is held 
at St. Jean-du-Gard ; Theodore Monod, 
preacher, and M. Bersier of Paris, presi- 
dent. Members reported, 2,551. 

Nov. 20. Paris. The synod of the Ke- 
formed Church of France meets in 
the Church du Saint-Esprit. The reor- 
ganization of the church on an ortho- 
dox basis is completed. 

± * * Pilgrimages become popular. 

1874 * * Paris. A medical mission for 
the poor is opened by Miss De Broen. 

1875 May * Petitions both for and 
against the opening of museums on 
Sunday are sent to the Government. 

Sept. * Belgium and German pilgrims 
visit Lourdes. 

LETTERS. 

1873 * * Jean de Thommeray , by Sandeau, 
appears. 

* * Lettres a une inconnue, by Me>imee, 
appears. 

* * Antichrist, by Renan, appears. 

* * La Terreure, by Wallon, appears. 

* * History of Gregory VII., by Villemaiu, 
appears. 

* * Meta Holdenis, by CherbuHez, appears. 
[1376, Le fiance' de Mile. Saint-Maur; 
1S77, Sam net lirokl et Cie. ; 1S78, U Idee de 
Jean TUeroL] 

* * Lesgr&dins and Le chevalier Casse Con, 
by Fortune Abraham Boisgobey, appear. 

* * Contes du Lundi and Contes et recits, 
by Baudet, appear. [1874, Robert Hel- 
mont, Les fern mes (fartisfes, and Fremont 
jeuneet Risler aini; 1876, Jack; 1877, Le 
nabob.] 

1874 Nov.* St. Genest's pamphlet, 
L'AssembUe et la France, appears. 

* * Le Chevalier de Keramour, by Feral, 
appears. [1879, Les merveilles du Mont 
St. Michel.] 

* * Quatre-vingt-treize, by Victor Hugo, 
appears. [1877, Z' Art d'&tre grand-pere 
and the second series of La L&gende des 
siecles.] 

* * Le Mot de I'Enigme, by Craven, ap- 
pears. [1877, Le Travail d'une Ame.] 



* * Spectres lumineux. Spectres prisma- 
tigues, by Paul E. F. Lecoq de Boisbau- 
dron, appears. 

1875 July 11. Paris. The Figaro is 
suspended for 15 days for attacking the 
Assembly. 

Aug. * Les Responsabilites, a pamphlet 
recommending the Conite de Chambord 
to resign his rights to the crown, ap- 
pears. 

* * The National Assembly passes an Act 
enabling Roman Catholics to establish 
free universities of their own. 

* * L'Art is issued. 

* * Le Livre de V Exile, by Quinet, ap- 
pears. 

* * Les Etangs, by Droz, appears. 

* * Karnah, by Mariette, appears. 

* *-90* * Origins of Contemporary 
France, consisting of Ancient Regime, 
French Revolution, and Modern Regime, 
by Taine, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1873 Nov. 7. Conspirators are con- 
victed of planning at Autun to seize the 
Marchioness MacMahon. 

Nov. 27. Prince Soutza kills N. Ghilka 
at Fontainebleau in a duel. 

1874 Mar. 16. Eng. Louis Napo- 
leon IV. comes of age (18 years), and 
6,000 Frenchmen unite in a demonstra- 
tion at Chiselhurst in his honor. 

Mar. 25. Gabriel Hugelmann, a po- 
litical spy and swindler, is sentenced to 
imprisonment for five years. 

± Contractor Ferrand, who ac- 
cumulated $400,000 during the war, is 
fined and imprisoned. 

1875 Apr. 14. Cle~ment Duvernois, 
ex-minister and politician^ is arrested 
for alleged fraud. [Nov. 25. Sentenced 
to imprisonment for two years.] 

June 6. The Communist Bonnard, 
condemned for murder, is shot. 

Sept. 6. Paris. An International Peace 
Congress meets. 

Sept. 17. Col. Villette and others are 
sentenced to imprisonment for aiding 
Marshal Bazaine to escape. 

Sept. 29. The murderer Poirier is exe- 
cuted at Chartres for five murders. 

Dec. 3. Eng. Queen Victoria re- 
ceives four ornamental volumes, convey- 
ing thanks for British relief furnished 
during the war-famine, and having 
12,000,000 signatures. 

STATE. 

1S73 Aug. 15. At the celebration of 
the fete Napoleon, the Imperial Prince 
Napoleon declares the policy of his 
family to be " Everything by the people, 
for the people." 

Sept. 5. The last instalment of 250,000 
francs of the indemnity of five milliards 
of francs is paid to Germany. 

Sept. 26. Prince Jerome Napoleon 
joins the Republican party. 

Sept. 30. The Republic is divided into 
18 new military regions, and 18 gen- 
erals are appointed to command. 

Oct. 18. Paris. The Monarchists is- 
sue a manifesto. 

It proposes the restoration of the mon- 
archy under Comte de Chambord as 
Henry V., a grandson of Charles X., 



FRANCE. 1873, Aug. 15-1875, Dec. 9. 749 



and pledging the preservation of all ne- 
cessary tributes. [The movement fails.] 

Nov. 5. The National Assembly- 
meets. 

Marshal MacMahon asks for increased 
power, to be continued 10 years ; this is 
referred to a committee of fifteen, and 
voted urgent. Vote, 360-350. M. Buffet 
is reelected president of the National 
Assembly. 

RTov. 13. Eight of the committee of 
fifteen vote for prolongation of Mar- 
shal MacMahon's presidency for five 
years, beginning with the date of the 
meeting of the next Legislative Assem- 
bly ; the others vote for 10 years' ex- 
tension. 

Nov. 19. The National Assembly pro- 
longs the presidency of Marshal Mac- 
Mahon for seven years, -with the title, 
* ( President of the Republic." Vote, 
3S3-317. [Nov. 20. Decreed.] 

Nov. 20. Paris. The ministers resign 
[but remain in office until the reconstruc- 
tion of the Cabinet]. 

Nov. 25. Paris. The Ministry is re- 
constructed. 

Most of the members of the old Cabinet 
retain their positions. The Due de De- 
cazes becomes minister of foreign af- 
fairs; M. Depeyre, justice; and M. de 
Larcy, public works. 

1874 Jan. 9. Paris. The Ministry 
resigns because the Assembly postpones 
the discussion of the Nomination of 
Mayor's Bill. Vote, 268-223. [Jan. 12. 
Vote of confidence, 379-329. Jan. 13. The 
Ministry resumes office.] 

Jan. 17-20. The Assembly passes the 
Nomination of Mayor's Bill. Vote, 
361-324. 

It gives the Government absolute 
power to name the mayors in all the 
36,000 communes of the country. 

Mar. 11. In the Assembly a new elec- 
toral law is introduced ; it will disfran- 
chise about three millions of citizens. 

Mar. 27. The Assembly negatives a Le- 
gitimist's proposal that on June 1 the 
Assembly should vote for either a 
monarchy or republic. Vote, 330-256. 

May 16. The Assembly defeats the Min- 
istry on the electoral law. Vote, 3S1- 
317. The Ministry resigns. 

May 23. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed. 

Members : Gen. Cissey (war and vice- 
president of council), II. Denizes (foreign), 
M. Fourtou (interior), M. Mayne (finance), 
M. Caillaux (public works), Itt. Grivart 
(commerce), M. Camons (public instruc- 
tion), M. Tailnaud (justice), and M. Mon- 
tagnac (navy). 

Prince Hohenlohe, the new German 
ambassador, is received by President 
MacMahon. 

June 1. The National Assembly passes 
the Electoral Bill to a second reading. 
Vote, 393-318. [June 10. It fixes the 
ages of electors at 21 years instead of 
25, in opposition to the Ministry.] 

June 14, 15. M. Casimir-Perier, the 
leader of Left Center in the National As- 
sembly, moves for the recognition of 
the Republic, with Marshal MacMahon 
President till Nov. 20, 1880, and for a 
revision of the Constitution ; urgency is 
voted. Vote, 345-341. 



June 15. In the National Assembly the 
Due de Rochefoucauld-Bisaccia's mo- 
tion for the restoration of the legiti- 
mate monarchy is negatived. [June 29. 
Negatived by the committee of thirty.] 

June * Paris. The legislative fusion be- 
tween Legitimists and Orleanists ends ; 
the Republicans and Bonapartists strug- 
gle for supremacy. 

July 4. Paris. The Ministry suspends 
V Union, a Legitimist paper, for pub- 
lishing a Legitimist manifesto by Comte 
de Chambord. 

July 8. The Ministry is defeated on 
a motion referring to the suspension 
of £' Union. Vote, 368-331. [Their resig- 
nations are declined by the President.] 

July 13. The National Assembly rejects 
M. Casimir-Pe>ier's motion to proclaim 
the Republic as the definite form of 
government. Vote, 375-333. 

July 15. Paris. The constitutional 
committee of thirty lays before the As- 
sembly a draft of new laws. 

Nov. 30. The National Assembly con- 
sists of six parties. 

Extreme Right, the Legitimists who 
adhere to Henry V. ; Moderate Right, 
Monarchists ; Right Center, Septen- 
nates, Imperialists, or Bonapartists ; 
Left Centre, Moderate Republicans, hav- 
ing Louis Thiers as leader; Left, more 
pronounced Republicans ; Extreme Left, 
Radicals, having L£on Gambetta as 
leader. 

Dec. 5. A bill for freeing superior 
education from State control passes 
its second reading in the Assembly. 
Vote, 553-133. 

1875 Jan. 6. The National Assembly 
passes a motion against constituting 
a Senate, which the President's mes- 
sage had recommended. Vote, 420-250. 
The Ministry resigns. [Jan. 7. The 
President refuses to accept the resigna- 
tion of the ministers.] 

Jan. 21, 22. Paris. The Assembly 
passes to a second reading the Trans- 
mission of Powers Bill. Vote, 53S-145. 
It provides that the public power be 
vested in a National Assembly, a Sen- 
ate, and the Marshal President, and the 
executive power be transferred to the 
successor of Marshal MacMahon by a 
Congress consisting of the Chamber of 
Deputies and the Senate. 

Feb. 2. An amendment to the constitu- 
tional laws, providing for the election 
of « the President of the Republic " 
by the Senate and Chamber of Depu- 
ties is adopted. Vote, 449-249. 

Feb. 11. The Assembly passes an 
amendment to the constitutional laws 
providing for the election of a Senate 
by the same electors as those who are 
to choose the Chamber of Deputies. 

Feb. 12. A motion to dissolve the 
National Assembly is negatived, after 
rejecting the third reading of the Con- 
stitutional Bill by a vote of 357-345. 
Vote, 407-266. 

Feb. 24. The National Assembly passes 
the bill to provide for a Senate, by the 
union of Republicans and the mod- 
erate Monarchists, and in opposition 



to the Legitimists and Bonapartists. 
Vote, 448-241. 

It will consist of 300 members, 75 to be 
life senators, elected by tlie National As- 
sembly ami afterward by the Senate itself; 
225 senators will be elected for a term of 
nine years by electoral colleges. The Presi- 
dent will possess the executive power; and 
be is to be elected by the Senate and Cham- 
ber of Deputies, in joint session, for seven 
years, and then to be eligible for reelection. 
The President will govern through a respon- 
sible Ministry, and be liable to impeachment 
by the Chamber of Deputies before the Sen- 
ate for high treason. 

Feb. 25. The National Assembly passes 
the new Constitution, thereby estab- 
lishing the Republic. Vote, 436-2G2. 
[Feb. 28. The new law is promulgated.] 

Mar. 10. Paris. A new Ministry is 
organized. 

Members: M. Buffett (interior), Jules Pn- 
faure (justice), Leon Say (finance), Henri 
Wallon (instruction), M. de Meaux (agri- 
culture and commerce), Ernest Cissey 
(war), Louis Deca/.es (foreign), M. Mon- 
tagnac (marine), M. Cadlaux (public 
works). 

Mar. 11. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas- 
quier is elected President of the Na- 
tional Assembly. 

May 18. Part of the committee of 
thirty resign because of the rejection of 
a bill regulating the relations between 
the public powers. [May 26. New mem- 
bers are elected for this committee ; 
they are mostly Republicans.] 

June 21. The Assembly unanimously 
votes $120,000 to procure a worthy rep- 
resentation at the United States Cen- 
tennial Exhibition. The Public 
Powers Bill is reintroduced and dis- 
cussed. [July 7. Passed.] 

Aug. 2. The bill constituting- the Sen- 
ate passes the Assembly. Vote, 559-73. 

Nov. 10. Paris. The National Assembly 
passes a new election law. Vote, 357- 
326. 

It adopts the scrutin tVarrondissement, 
restricting the right to ballot for a can- 
didate residing in the district for which 
he wishes to stand, instead of scrutin de 
liste, permitting votes to be cast for any 
Frenchman. 

Dec. 9. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas- 
quier is elected by the National Assem- 
bly senator for life ; the first one so 
elected. [Dec. 21. The entire 75 senators 
have been elected, of whom 52 are Re- 
publicans.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1873 Sept. * Paris. Cholera rages se- 
verely. 

~Nov. 22. The Ville de Havre sinks in 
mid-ocean. 

Thismail steamer, of 5, 100 tons, running 
from New York for Havre, is run into 
near midnight by a Glasgow clipper, 
Lochearn, and sinks in 12 minutes; 226 
out of 313 persons perish. [1870, Jan. * 
On judicial examination, the Lochearn 
is exonerated in England, but censured 
in France.] 

1875 June * A large part of Toulouse 
is destroyed by the overflow of the 
Garonne; 1,000 lives are lost and much 
property destroyed. 

July * Paris. An International Mari- 
time Exhibition is held. 



750 1875 ; Dec. 27-1879, Mar. * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1875 Dec. 29. The state of siege is 
raised except in Paris, Versailles, Lyons, 
and Marseilles. The Assembly votes 
against raising it in Paris. Vote, 369-279. 

1876 Sept. * Paris. The new fortifi- 
cations are nearly completed. 

1878 Jan. 10, 11. Gen. Ducrot is 
dismissed from command of the 8th 
Corps for suspected connection with pro- 
jected coup d'etat. 

Sept. 15. A review of 50,000 soldiers 
takes place at Vincennes. 

1879 Mar. 19. The iron-clad battery 
Arrogante sinks off Hyeres Islands ; 47 
men'are drowned. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1875 Dec. 27. Paris. The statue of 
Napoleon I. is replaced on the top 
of the Vendome column. 

1876 Aug. 22. The Observatory at 
Puy de Dome, near Clermont, is inaugu- 
rated. 

Oct. * Paris. Paul Jablochkoff' s inven- 
tion of an electric candle is reported to 
the Academy of Science by M. Dena- 
vrouse. 

It is an electric current passed through 
two carbons side by side with a slip of 
kaolin between them, producing a soft, 
steady, noiseless light ; the earbons burn 
like wax. 

1877 Dec* A steam-hammer is made 
at Schneider's works, Creuzot; weight 
between 75 and 80 tons. 



1878 Apr. 11. The planet Lamberta 
is discovered by Coggia. [1S79, Feb. 28. 
Ambrosia; 1880, Apr. 10, Cleopatra.] 

* * Paris. Hay Harvest is exhibited at 
the Salon by Jules Bastien-Lepage. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1875* * Aiguebelle, Paul A. N. d\ French- 
Chinese admiral, A44. 

Ancelot, Marguerite, author, A83. 

Barye, Antohie Louis, sculptor, A80. 

Beaumont- Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F. 
de la Bonniir-re, historian, A59. 

Bonnechose, Francois Paul Eniile Boisnor- 
maml de, historian, mis. writer, A74. 

Breton, Francois P. H. Ernest, artist, au., A63. 

Cochet, L'Abbe", Jean Baptiste, Desire", anti- 
quary, A63. 

Coquerel, Athanase .Tosue, rational, cl., A65. 

Dejazet, Marie Virginie, actor, A78. 

Jacqueiuart, Albert, historian, A67. 

La Gueronniere, Vicomte Arthur, Bonapart- 
ist, A59. 

Larousse, Pierre, editor, author, A58. 

Marbeau, -lean Baptiste Firmm, philan., A77. 

Migne, L'Abbe, Jacques Paul, publisher, A75. 

Pereire, Eniile, financier, a founder of Credit 
Mobilier, A75. 

Quinet, Edgar, philosopher, author, A72. 

Remusat, Comte de, Charles l-'rancois Marie, 
philosopher, statesman, A78. 

Schneider, Eugene, manuf., politician, A70. 

Waldeck, Count .lean t'red, Bohemian paint- 
er, dies at Paris, A 109. 
1876 * * Agoult, Marie C. S. de Flavigny d', 
author, A76. 

Andral, Gabriel, physician, A79. 

Balard, Antoine Jerome, chemist, A74. 

Bertini, Henri, Eng.-Fr. comp. pianist, A78. 

Broglie, Due de, J. V. Albert, author, A55. 

Brongniart, Adolphe Tbeophile, botanist, A75. 

Chaix d'Est-Ange, Gustave Louis Adolph 
Victor Charles, advocate, A76. 

Colet, Louise (Kevoilt, novelist, A66. 

David, Felieien Cesar, niusieal comp., A66. 

Didot, Ambroise Firuiin, publisher, A86. 

Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, novelist, A62. 

Flandin, Eugene Napoleon, painter, archeol- 
ogist, A67. 

Fromentin, Eugene, painter, A56. 

Guigniaut, Joseph Daniel, schol., antiq., A82. 

Leniaitre, Fr6d£ric, actor, A76. 



Mallet, Charles Auguste, philosopher, A69. 

P6rier. Casimir. financier, statesman, A 65. 

Sand, George (A. L. A. Dupin, Madame 
Dudevant), novelist, A72. 

Sain te-Claire-Dev die, Charles, geologist, A62. 

Wolowskt, L. F. M. Raymond, econ., A66. 
1877* * Aurelle de l'aladines, Claude Mi- 
chel Louis, general, A73. 

Autran, Joseph, poet, At>5. 

Bertin, Louise Angclique, singer, comp., A72. 

Caventou, Joseph Bienanne, chemist, A82. 

Changarnier, Nicolas Anne Theodule, gen- 
eral, A84. 

Conneau, Henri, physician, A74. 

Courbet, Gustave, painter, A58. 

Cournot, Antoine Augustin, math., A76. 

Jeanron, Philippe Augusie, painter, A68. 

Lanfrey, 1'ierie, historian, A49. 

Leverrier, Urbain Jean Joseph, astron- 
omer, A76. 

Picard, Ernest, statesman, A56. 

Sept. 4. Thiers, Louis Adolphe, histo- 
rian, President, A80. 
1878 * * AiuhrTret, Marquis d', Charles Louis 
Gaston, financier, senator, A91. 

Baraguey d'llilhers, Aehille, marshal, A83. 

lieequeret, Anionic Cesar, physician, A9Q. 

Bernard, Claude, physiologist, A65. 

Charton, Edouard, litterateur, A71. 

Daubignv, Charles Francois, painter, A61. 

Dupanloup, Feilix A. P., bishop of Orleans, 
writer, A76. 

Fremy, Edinond, chemist, A64. 

Gamier- Pages, Louis Antoine, financier, A75. 

Jaeqnand, Claudius, painter, A73. 

Lomenie, Louis Leonard de, author, A60. 

Naudet, Joseph, sciiolar. historian, A92. 

Pape-Carpentier, Marie, educator, A63. 

Kaspail, Francois Vincent, chemist, revolu- 
tionist, A84. 

Regnault, Henri Victor, chemist, born. 

Rochet, Louis, sculptor, A61. 

CHURCH. 

1876 June 1. Paris. The Midmay 
Mission to the Jews is founded by Rev. 
John Wilkinson. 

1877 * * A society of Catholic young peo- 
ple called the Militia of Jesus is organ- 
ized to support the papal cause by moral 
agencies. 

1878 * * Rome. Leo XTTT. is pope. 

1879 Mar. * Paris. M. Ferry intro- 
duces education bills to check clerical 
influences, abolishing Jesuit colleges, 
etc. 

* * J. F. Desprez, archbishop of Tou- 
louse, is consecrated cardinal priest. 

* * Rome. The miracles claimed for the 
shrine of La Salette are discredited by 
the Pope. 

* * Paris. Pere Hyacinthe founds a 
Galilean congregation. 

LETTERS. 

1876 Jan. 10. Paris. The new Catho- 
lio university is inaugurated. 

* * Paris. The National Library is said 
to contain 1,700,000 volumes and MSS. 

* * Flamarande, by George Sand, appears. 

* * La Pasquet, by Champfleury, appears. 

* * La Revtte Philosophique is issued,. 

* * La Revue Historique is issued. 

* * Le Divorce, by £inile Augier, appears. 

* * Monuments divers, by Mariette, ap- 
pears. [1877, Deir-el-Bahari; later, 
Itineraire de la Haute- tgypte and Mas- 
tabas.] 

1877 * * Le luthier de Crtmone, by F. 
E. J. Copp^e, appears. 

Apr. * Rochefort's Lanteme is repub- 
lished. 

* * Trois Contes, by Flaubert, appears. 

* * L'Assommoir, by Zola, appears. [1880, 
Nana; 1882, Pot-Bouitle.) 

* * Le dhni-monde sous la Terreur, by 
Boisgobey, appears. [1880, La main 
couple..] 

* * -78 * * History of a Crime, by Victor 
Hugo, appears. 



1878 June 17. Paris. An Interna- 
tional Literary Congress meets, with 
Victor Hugo presiding. [June 28. The 
members form themselves into an In- 
ternational Literary Association.] 

* * Justice and Bonheur, by Sully-Pru- 
dhomme, appear. 

1879 July 9. Paris. M. Ferry's law 
of superior public instruction is passed 
by the House of Deputies. 

* * Les rois en exil, and Contes choisis, la 
fantaisie et I'kzstoire, by Daudet, appear. 

[18S1, Numa Roumestan ; 1883, Les cigo- 
gnes, and L'ltvange'liste.] 
*; * The Christian Church, by Renan, ap- 
pears. [1880, Marc-Aurele et la fin du 
monde antique.] 

* * Jm philosophie francaise contempo- 
raine, by Paul Janet, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1875 Dec. 27. Total Communists 
convicted to date, 9,596; sentenced to 
death, 110. 

1876 Jan. 1. France adopts the pos- 
tal system approved by the Interna- 
tional Postal Convention. 

June 28-Dec. 2. Paris. Many Com- 
munists are pardoned ; others have 
their sentences commuted. 

1877 Apr. 6. Paul de Cassagnac is 
fined and imprisoned for publishing a 
libel against the Chamber of Deputies 
in the Pays. 

Aug. 25 + . Leon Gambetta and editor 
Murat are prosecuted. 

The Republique Francaise having pub- 
lished Gambetta's remark, that the 
Marshal " must submit or resign " [Sept. 
11. Gambetta is sentenced to three 
months' imprisonment and a fine of 
0. Sept. 22. Sentence reaffirmed on 



Oct. 12. Paris. L6on Gambetta is 
convicted for placarding his address, and 
sentenced to pay $750, and imprisonment 
for three months. 

1878 Apr. 7. Paris. The International 
Postal Congress meets. 

July * -Aug. * Brief strikes of working- 
men take place. 

Sept. 3. Paris. The death of Thiers is 
solemnly commemorated at Notre Dame. 

Sept. 4. Paris. The International Con- 
gress on Weights and Measures meets. 

"Nov. 16. Leon Gambetta and De For- 
tou fight a harmless duel. 

1879 Jan 26.' Paris. The drawing of 
the Great Lottery begins : total value of 
prizes, $1,150,000 ; tickets sold, 12,000,000. 

The Lottery was organized to raise a 
fund to pay prizes to International Fair 
exhibitors, and the expenses of work- 
ing-men as visitors. 

STATE. 
1875 Dee. 29. The National Assembly 
passes a new press-law, introduced 
Nov. 12. 

By its provisions the state of siege is 
to be raised except in Algiers and the de- 
partments of the Seine, Rhone, Bouches- 
du-Rhone, and Seine-et-Oise. It also 
provides that numerous press offenses, 
such as insults to the authorities, false 
intelligence, and instigation to crime, 
shall be tried by the correctional tri- 
bunals, instead of by a jury. 



FRANCE. 



1875, Dec. 27-1879, Mar. *. 751 



1876 Jan. 17. The election of senators 
in the Departments commences. [Jan. 
30. Louis Thiers and Victor Hugo are 
elected.] 

3Teb. 20-Mar. 5. General election of 
deputies ; Republicans have a large 
majority. [Also in the Senate.] 

Feb. 21. Paris. M. Buffet, having 
been defeated in four districts, resigns 
his office. 

Mar. 8. The Senate and the Assembly 
meet. 

One half of the Senators are Republi- 
cans, and the other half belong to the 
three Monarchical parties. The Repub- 
licans have a decisive majority of the 
Deputies. 

Mar. 9. Paris. Jules Dufaure is ap- 
pointed premier. 

Cabinet. : Louis Decazes (foreign), Jean 
Baptiste Say (finance), Ernest de Cissey 
(war), and others. 

Mar. 13. The Due d'Audiffret-Pas- 
quier is elected president of the Senate, 
and Paul Jules Gre~vy, president of 
the Assembly. 

Mar. 21. Both Chambers unanimously 
vote urgency on Victor Hugo's motion 
proposing a general amnesty for all acts 
committed during the reign of the Com- 
mune. [May 18. Rejected by Deputies. 
Vote, 394^52.] 

May 18. Paris. Gen.de Cissey, minister 
of war, is dismissed at his own request, 
and is succeeded by Gen. Berthaut. 

Aug. 17. Paris. Pardon is granted to 
68 Communists. [Dec. 2. Pardon and 
commutations are granted to many 
more.] 

Dec. 2. Paris. The Ministry resigns, 
having been defeated in the Chamber of 
Deputies on the question of giving mili- 
tary honors to civil legionaries, and in 
the Senate on a bill for the cessation of 
prosecutions of the Communists. 

Dec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is 
organized under Jules Simon (interior), 
Louis Joseph Martel (justice), other 
members same as before. 

1877 Feb. 5. The severe Press Decree 
of Jan. 17, 1852, is repealed. 

Feb. 22. Paris. The Ministry removes 
53 sub-prefects who are hostile to the 
Eepublic. [May 22. Sixty-two more.] 

Apr. 4r-7. Paris. A Catholic Con- 
gress meets. 

May 16. Paris. The Jules Simon Min- 
istry is displaced by Marshal MacMa- 
hon, because it allows the repeal of a se- 
vere press law passed two years before. 

May 17. Paris. The Due de Broglie 
forms a Ministry of combined Royal- 
ists and Imperialists, representing the 
minority in the Chambers. 

Members: M. De Fourtou (interior), M. 
Oailloux (finance), M. Paris (public works), 
M. De Meaux (acrimlture), M. Brunet (in- 
struction), Louis iH-razes (t'ort-iutn), M. Ber- 
thaut (war). 

The Deputies pass a resolution offered 
by Leon Gambetta favoring parlia- 
mentary government. Vote, 355-154. 
[May 18. A protest against the arbitrary 
act of the President is signed by 363 Lib- 
eral deputies.] 



May 20 k. Louis Thiers becomes the 
leader of the Republicans. 

June 1. Paris. Bonnet Duverdier, the 
chief of the municipality, is arrested for 
offensive remarks concerning President 
MacMahon. [June 8. Fined and im- 
prisoned.] 

June 19. The Deputies vote against the 
Government. Vote, 363-158. 

June 22. The Senate votes for the dis- 
solution of the Chambers. Vote, 150-130. 
[June 25. Decreed.] 

Oot. 14. The Republicans defeat the 
Bonapartist and clerical parties in a 
general election. Deputies elected : 
325 Republicans, 112 Bonapartists, 96 
Monarchists. 

Nov. 10. F. Paul Jules Gre"vy is re- 
elected president of the Chamber of 
Deputies. 

Nov. 19. The Senate votes for a resolu- 
tion indirectly reflecting on the minis- 
ters. [Nov. 20±. They resign.] 

Nov. 23. Paris. Gen. Rochebouet forms 
a Royalist Cabinet. 

Its members not connected with either 
Chamber, and in disregard of the senti- 
ments of the majority in the Chambers, 
it is termed a "Ministry of Affairs." 
[Nov. 2-4. The Deputies vote no confi- 
dence in the Ministry. Vote, 323-208. 
Dec. 7. The Ministry resigns.] 

Dec. 13. Paris. After repeated failures 
in forming Ministries opposed to the 
Chambers, Marshal MacMahon submits 
to the majority. 

Dec. 14. Paris. Jules Dufaure is made 
premier, and forms a Republican Min- 
istry- 
Members: Dufaure (justice), M. De Mar- 
cere (interior), William H. Waddington, a 
Protestant (fort'isn allairs), Alienor Bardoux 
(instruction), Gen. Jean Louis Borel (war), 
Vice-Adm. Pothnau (marine), Leon Say (fi- 
nance), Teisserenc de Bort (commerce), 
Charles Louis de Freycinet (public works). 

Dec. 15. The Ministry remove restric- 
tions on the press. 

* * W. I. The Island of St. Bartholomew, 
ceded to Sweden in 17S4, is restored to 
France. 

1878 Jan. 24.. The Assembly adopts a 
bill granting amnesty for press offenses 
from May 16 to Dec. 14, 1877. 

Feb. 8. The Chamber passes a bill de- 
claring that a state of siege cannot be 
proclaimed without its consent. 

June 13-July 13. William H. Wad- 
dington represents France in the Berlin 
Conference. 

Aug. 16. Paris. The first International 
Monetary Congress meets. [1881. 
Apr. 19. Meets again.] 

* * The Court of Cassation decides that 
the marriage of a priest is illegal, and 
that the children of priests have no legal 
rights. 

1879 Jan. 13. Paris. Gen. Borel, 
war minister, is forced to resign, and is 
succeeded by Gen. Gresley. 

Jan. 15. Louis Joseph Martel is elected 
president of the Senate. 

Jan. 17. Paris. The President issues a 
decree for the pardon of 2,245 Com- 
munists. 

Jan. 26. Paris. The drawing of the Na- 
tional Lottery begins. (See Society.) 



Jan. 28. Paris. President MacMahon 
refuses to change officers of the four 
army corps in the ministerial attempt to 
displace officials who are opposed to the 
Republic. President MacMahon escapes 
from his conflict with the Chambers by 
resigning the presidency. 

Jan. 30. Jules Gr6vy is elected Presi- 
dent of the Republic of France, by 
the Senators and Deputies assembled in 
joint meeting as «« The National As- 
sembly." Vote, 563 for Grevy, Repub- 
lican ; 99 for Gen. Antoine Eugene Alfred 
Chanzy, Monarchist. 

Jan. 31. L§on Gambetta, a Republi- 
can, is elected president of the Chamber 
of Deputies. [Feb. 1. Jules Dufaure, 
the premier, resigns.] 

Feb. 4. Paris. "William Henry Wad- 
dington is made premier, and forms a 
new Ministry. 

Members: 31. le Rover (justice), Jules Ferry 
(instruction), M. Lei^-re (agriculture), Adm. 
Juurt'giuberry (inarini'i, Leon Say (finance), 
M. de Marcere (in(.erinr), M. de Freycinet 
(public works), Gen. Gresley (war). 

Feb. 21. The Chamber of Deputies 
passes an amnesty bill in behalf of 
Communists. [Feb. 28. Passed by the 
Senate.] 

Mar. 3. Paris. Owing to a police scan- 
dal, M. de Marcere, minister of the 
interior, resigns. [Mar. 4. Succeeded 
by M. Lepere.] 

Mar. 15. Jules Ferry introduces in the 
Chamber of Deputies two educational 
bills. 

One relates to higher education and 
the other to the Supreme Council of 
Public Instruction. [1880. Jan. 30. The 
latter is passed by the Senate. Feb. 21. 
By the Deputies.] Their object is to 
secularize education, and limit the in- 
fluence of religious orders in institutions 
of learning. 

Mar. 19. The Chamber of Deputies 
passes a bill providing that within four 
years normal schools for the instruc- 
tion of primary schoolmasters and 
schoolmistresses should be established 
in every department of France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1876 Jan. * General prosperity pre- 
vails ; the Government's revenue for 
the past year has not been surpassed. 

June 9. The bodies of King Louis Phi- 
lippe and others of his family, having 
been removed from England, are buried 
in the mausoleum at Dreux. 

July * A great destruction of vines 
occurs by disease; $60,000 reward is 
offered for a remedy. 

1877 Nov. 8. The census announces 
the population as 36,905,788, being an in- 
crease of 802,867 over 1872. 

1878 May 1. Paris. President Mac- 
Mahon opens the International Exhi- 
bition. 

* * Many embarrassed subsidiary railway 
lines are purchased by the Government 
for $55,000,000. 



752 1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1880 Aug. 19. The great ironclad De- 
vastation is launched. 

1881 Mar. * -Apr. * Algeria. An ex- 
pedition is sent to chastise the Kru- 
mirs ; it invades Tunis (p. 10). 

May 12. A treaty with the Bey of Tunis 
is signed at Bardo (p. 10). 

1882 * * France sends a force to occupy 
Tongking (p. 481). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1880 Oct. * Ozone is liquefied by Haute- 

feuille. 

* * Paris. Maximo du Camp and Aime" 
Joseph Edmond Rousse are elected mem- 
bers of the National Academy. [1881. 
Rene" Francois Armand Sully-Prud- 
homme, Louis Pasteur, Charles Victor 
Cherbuliez, Adolphe Louis Albert Per- 
raud, Edouard Jules Henri Pailleron, 
and Louis Charles de Mazade-Percin ; 
1884, Francois Edouard Joachim Cop- 
pee, Ferdinand Marie de Lesseps, Jean 
Victor Duruy, Joseph Louis Francois 
Bertrand, and Ludovic Halevy ; 1S86, 
Charles Marie Leconte de Lisle, Aime 
Marie fidouard Herve, Vallery Clement 
Octave Greard, and Jean Baptiste L6on 
Say.] 

* * Paris. Diamonds are artificially 
made. 

* * Paris. A prehistoric and Gaul mu- 
seum is established. 

1881 May * Paris. The electric ac- 
cumulator, or secondary battery, a 
modification by M. Faure of Gaston 
Plante's powerful lead battery of 1860, is 
exhibited. 

Aug. * Paris. An electric tramway is 
set up. 

Sept. 22. Paris. An Electrical Con- 
gress is held. 

Oct. 1. Paris. Louis Pasteur has suc- 
cessfully vaccinated 68,900 sheep up 
to this date. 



* * Paris. Herculanhtm is exhibited in 
the Salon by Hector Leroux. 

1882 Aug. 12. The planet Philoso- 
phia is discovered by Paul Henry. 

Sept. 4. Fourth International Congress 
of Geographers is held at Bordeaux. 

* * Paris. El Jaleo is exhibited at the 
Salon by John S. Sargent. 



: * Ensilage, a system of preserving corn 
and green fodder for cattle in pits made 
air and water tight, comes into practise. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1879 * * Bastide, Jules, journalist, A79. 

Chenu, Jean Charles, naturalist, A71. 

Chevalier, Mii-litl, economist, A73. 

Chevalier, J. B. Alphonse, chemist, A86. 

Clairville, Louis Francois Nicolaie, drama- 
tist, A68. 

Couture, Thomas, painter, A64. 

Douay, Feaix Charles, general, A61. 

Glaire, Jean Uapiisti-, theol., orientalist, A81. 

Gervaise, Paul, naturalist, A63. 

Le Moyne, Julius, advocate of cremation, d. 

Minis, Claude E., inv. Minie rifle-bullet, A69. 

Napoleon, Eugene Louis Jean Joseph, son of 
Napoleon III., A23. 

Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, physi'-ian, A85. 

Reybaud, Marie Iloi-b Louis, author, A80- 

Taillandier, Rene 1 Gaspard Ernest, philoso- 
pher, critic, A62. 

Viollet-Le-Duc, Eugene E., architect, A65. 



Vaulahelle, Achille Tenaille de, journalist, 
statesman, A80. 

1880 * * Au/.oux. Theodore Louis, phys.,A83. 
Chasles, Michel, gcumelrician, A87. 
Olincliamp, Francois E. V., paint., au., A93. 
Cremieux, Isaac Adolphe, advocate, A84. 
Favre. Jules G. C. orator, statesman, A71. 
Flaubert, Gustave, novelist, A59. 
Fournier, Edouard, litterateur, A61. 
Galimard, ISieulas Auguste, painter, A67. 
Granier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard, 

journalist, politician, historian, A72. 
Gudin, Jean A. T., marine painter, A78. 
Gramont, Due de, Antoine Agenor Alfred, 

statesman, A61. 
Jacquemart, Jules F., author, A43. 
Mirecourt, Eugene de, novelist, writer, A68. 
Offenbach, Jacques, composer of comic 

operas, A61. 
Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, au., A80. 
Pereir, Isaac, financier, a founder of Credit 

Mobilier, A74. 
Saulcy, Louis F. J. de Caignart de, archeol- 

ogist, A73. 
Seguin, Edouard, physician, alienist, A68. 

1881 * * Auger, Hippblyte Nicolas Just, nov- 
elist, A 84. 

Blanqui, Louis Auguste, socialist, A76. 

Drouyn de Lhuys, Edouard, statesman, A76. 

Deville, Henri Etienne Sainte-t Taire, chem- 
ist, A63. 

Duvergier de Hauranne, Prosper, states- 
man, A83. 

Fisch, George, Swiss-Fr. Protestant cl., A67. 

Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, artist, A93. 

Girardin, Emile de, journalist, A75. 

Giraud, Charles ,1. B., jurist, A79. 

Graux, Charles, pinlologist, A39. 

Littre, Masimilien Paul Emile, philolo- 
gist, A80. , 

Mariette, Auguste Edouard, Egyptolo- 
gist, A60. 

Uhrich, Jean J. A., general, A 79. 

1882 * * Barbier, Henri Auguste, poet, A77. 
Biard, Francois Auguste, painter, A82. 
Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Charles, art-critic, 

A67. 
Blanc, Jean Joseph Louis, pol., author, A 69. 
Cissey, Ernest L. O. C. de, general, pol., A70. 
Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre, general, A65. 
Dupre, Giovanni, Franco- Italian sculp., A65. 
Gambetta, Leon Michel, statesman, A44. 
Gignoux, Francois Kegis, painter, A66. 



CHURCH. 

1880 Mar. 29. Benedictine monks 
with other orders are expelled. A de- 
cree is issued dissolving the Order of 
Jesuits; it also abolishes many con- 
vents. 

[Apr. * Many bishops protest against 
the expulsion bills.] 
June 30. The expulsion of the Jesuit 
Order is effected. [Oct. 16+. The Car- 
melites and other orders are expelled.] 

* * -82 * * The American Baptist theo- 
logical school is reopened. 

1881 Oct. 1. Pome. The Pope releases 
the Capuchins from their monastic 

1882 * * Charles Martial Allemand La- 
vigerie, archbishop of Carthage, is con- 
secrated cardinal priest. 

LETTERS. 

1880 * * Le Livre is issued. 

* * Le roman d'un brave Jiomme, by About, 



* * Daniel Eockat and Divorcons, by Sar- 
dou, appear. [1885, Georgette.] 

* * Moliere, bv Houssave, appears. [1885- 
91, Confessions.] 

* * Amours fragiles, by Cherbuliez, ap- 
pears. [1881, Xoirs et rouges; 1883, La 
ferme du Choquart; 1885, Olivier Mau- 
gant.] 

k * _82 * * L'JTtstoire du tribunal rivolu- 
timmaire de Paris, by Wallon, appears. 

* * -82 Lesoripinesdef'fiistoired'apresla 
Bible, by Francois Lenormant, appears. 



1881 Feb. 27. Paris. Victor Hugo 
is fHed by a number of his admirers ; a 
procession of children assemble at his 
residence in the Avenue d'Eylau. 

* * La prince sse de Bagdad,hy Alexandre 
Dumas, Jils, appears. [1885, Denise; 
1887, Frangillon.} 

* * Petit Traitk. de Versification Fran- 
caise, by de Banville, appears. 

* * Les quatre vents de Cesprit, by Victor 
Hugo, appears. 

* * Madame de Maintenon, by F. E. J, 
Coppee, appears. 

* * Serge Panine, by Georges Ohnet, ap- 
pears. [1X82, Le maitre de forges; 1883, 
La comtesse Sarah ; 1884, Lise Fleuron ; 
1885, La grande mariniere ; 1886, Les 
dames de Crolx-Mort.'] 

* * La maison Tellier, by Henri R. A. 
Guy de Maupassant, appears. [1882, 
Mademoiselle Fiji; 1883, Contes de la 
be'easse, and Une vie ; 1S84, Miss Harriet, 
J^es sceurs Rondoli, Au soleil, Clair de 
lime, and Yvette.] 

1882 Oct. 2. The Compulsory Edu- 
cation Act goes into operation. 

* * La Bibliographie artistique, historique, 
et litUraire de Paris avant 1789, by 
L'Abbe^ V. Dufour, appears. 

* * La revanche de Fernande, by Boisgo- 
bey, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1879 Apr. 20. Blanqui, a convict, is 
elected to the Assembly, for Bordeaux. 
[June 11. Pardoned.] 

June 1. So. Afr. Napoleon IV. is 
killed by natives in Zululand -while 
serving under the British flag. [July 12. 
His remains are buried beside his father 
at Chiselhurst.] 

1880 July 14. Paris. The first Grand 
Republican national f6te is celebrated. 
The fall of the Bastille is celebrated with 
elaborate ceremonies. 

Oct. 19. Paris. Felix Pyat. editor of 
the Commune, convicted of justifying 
regicide, is fined and imprisoned. 

Oct. 21+. Paris. The 200th anniversary 
of the establishment of the Com£die 
Franeaise is celebrated. 

1881 Jan. 15. London. The French 
National Society is organized for social, 
commercial, and artistic purposes. 

May 13+. Much excitement prevails 
at Marseilles following the signing of a 
treaty with the Bey of Tunis. 

[June 22. Dissensions and conflicts 
occur between the French and Italians ; 
several deaths occur and 200 arrests.] 

Aug. 15-lSTov. 15. Paris. The Inter- 
national Electrical Congress meets, 
and holds an exhibition. [1882. Oct. 11. 
Another opens. Oct. 16. An Interna- 
tional Submarine Conference meets.] 

1882 Aug. * An organization of an- 
archists is discovered. 

It is alleged to have been originated in 
Geneva by Prince Krapotkin ; tracts 
are used to disseminate their doctrines. 

Oct. 27. A mob creates a panic at 
Lyons; business and amusement places 
are closed. [Oct. 28+ . The troops restore 
order.] 

Nov. 23. Paris. Crown jewels valued 
at $500,000 are stolen from the Cathedral 
of St. Denis. 

Nov. 27. Le*on Gambetta is acciden- 
tally shot by a. revolver which he was 



FRANCE. 



1879, Apr. 8-1883, Jan. 28. 753 



handling; the wound is fatal. [1SS3. 
Jan. G. A state funeral is given.] 
.Dec. 20. Two directors of the Union 
Ge"n6rale are imprisoned for gross 
frauds, which caused great distress. 

This financial company was patronized 
by Legitimists, the clergy, and the mid- 
dle classes. 
Dec. 21±. Prince Peter Krapotkin, a 
Russian Socialist and Anarchist, is ar- 
rested under the law directed against 
the Internationalists. 

[18S3. Jan. 8+. He is tried at Lyons 
with 50 others. Jan. 19. He is sentenced 
to imprisonment for five years and to 
pay a fine. 18S6. Released.] 

STATE. 

1879 Apr. 8. Paris. The pardon of 
252 Communists is decreed. [May 24. 
Also 400 more. June 5. Also 288 more.] 

June 4. The Chamber of Deputies an- 
nuls the election of' Louis Auguste 
Blanqui, a Socialist and convict, elected 
for Bordeaux. [June 11. He is par- 
doned.] 

June 29. The Congress of Senate and 
Deputies vote for the return of the 
Legislature to Paris. Vote, 526-249. 
[Nov. 27. It meets in Paris.] 

July 9. Paris. The Deputies pass the 
Ferry Bill for superior public instruc- 
tion. (See Mar. 15 and 19.) 

July 20. Prince Napole'on Je*rome is 
coldly accepted by the Bonapartists as 
their leader. 

Dec. 21. Paris. The Waddington Min- 
istry resigns. 

Dec. 28, 29. Paris. M. de Freycinet 
forms a new Ministry ; it includes Jules 
Ferry (instruction) and Leper© (interior) 
[Gen. Farre (War)]. 

* * The Government sends out an expe- 
dition to Central Africa; a fort is 
built at Bafoulahe. thus bringing the 
French frontier nearer the Niger. 

1880 Jan. 30. Paris. A proclamation 
is issued disbanding the Jesuits. 

Feb. 12. Paris. The Chambers reject 
plenary amnesty for Communists. 

Mar. 9. Paris. The clause of the Lib- 
erty of Education Bill abolishing Jesuit 
schools is rejected by the Senate. Vote, 
149-129. [Mar. 15. Passed. Mar. 16. 
Passed by the Deputies.] 

Mar. 29. Paris. Under the Ferry Edu- 
cational Bill a decree is issued dissolv- 
ing the Order of Jesuits and other 
religious orders. 

[Apr. * Many bishops and other per- 
sons protest against it. May 1. M, Le- 
pere, minister for the interior, resigns. 
May 18. M. Constan succeeds him.] 

May 25. Paris. Gen. Martel, president 
of Senate, resigns, and is succeeded by 
Leon. Say. 

June 21. Paris. The Chambers pass 
the bill granting amnesty for political 
offenses committed since 1870, incen- 
diaries and assassins excepted. Vote, 
333-140. [July 3. Passes the Senate. 
Vote, 143-138.] 

June 29. Tahiti, the largest island of 
the Society group, lying in the South 
Pacific Ocean, is annexed to France. 

June 30. The Jesuit Order is expelled 
amid much opposition. 



July 10. President Grevy grants a gen- 
eral amnesty to Communists. 

July 12. Paris. Henri Kochefort is 
warmly received on his return from 
exile. 

Aug. 1. The Republicans obtain a great 
majority at the elections held by the 
councils general on anti-clerical and 
anti-Bonapartist issues. 

Sept. 20. Paris. Premier de Freyci- 
net resigns because of his disapproval 
of the Jesuit exclusion decree. 
A new Ministry is formed. 
Members : Jules Ferry (premier and 
instruction), Adm. Cloute (marine), Ma- 
rie Sadi Carnot (public works), Barthe- 
lemy Saint-Hilaire (foreign) ; other of- 
fices unchanged. 

Oct. 9. Paris. The International Postal 
Congress meets. 

Nov. * Paris. The Senate approves of a 
bill establishing a high school for girls, 
which had been previously passed by the 
Deputies. 

1881 Feb. 15. Paris. A bill extend- 
ing the liberty of the press is passed 
by the Deputies. 

Mar. * An expedition is sent to Tunis 
ostensibly to enforce the claims of the 
Soci^te" Marseillaise to certain lands 
in Tunis ; it ends in an attempt to estab- 
lish a protectorate. 

May 12. A treaty is signed with the 
Bey of Tunis establishing a French 
protectorate. [May 23. The Chamber 
ratifies a treaty. Vote, 453-1. Nov. 9. 
Confirmed by Deputies.] 

May 18. Paris. A bill for the scrutin 
de liste urged by Gambetta is adopted 
by the Chamber of Deputies. Vote, 243- 
235. [June 9. Rejected by the Senate. 
Vote, 148-114.] 

Aug. 2li. The Republicans make 
great gains in the general elections. 

Nov. 3. Paris. M. Brisson is elected 
president of the Chamber of Deputies. 

Nov. 10. Paris. The Ministry resign. 

Nov. 13. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed. 

Members : Leon Gambetta (premier, and 
foreign affairs), Main* Sadi Harriot (justice), 
W aide ck- Rousseau (interior), Francois Rene" 
Allain-Targa (finance), Gen. Campenon 
(war), M. Gougeard (marine), Paul Bert 
(education and worship), M. Raynal (public 
works), Maurice Rouvier (commerce and 
colonies), M. Coebery (posts and telegraphs), 
M. Deves (agriculture), and M. Proust (arts). 

1882 Jan. 9. Paris. Republicans pre- 
dominate in the Senate ; it now stands 
207 Republicans and 93 opposition. 

Jan. 26. Paris. The Government is de- 
feated by the Deputies, who reject the 
scrutin de liste. Vote, 305-119. 
Premier Gambetta resigns. 

Jan. 30. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed. 

Members : Charles Louis de Freycinet 
(president of the council and foreign affairs), 
Leon Say (finance), Jules Ferry (instruction), 
M. Goblet (interior and worship), M. Hum- 
bert (justice), Gen. Billot (war), Adm. Jau- 
r^guiberry (marine ) , M. Varroy (public 
works), Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (com- 
merce), M. Mahy (agriculture), M. Cochery 
(posts and telegraphs). 

Mar. 31. Paris. A new education bill 
is passed, notwithstanding the interfer- 
ence of the Government. 

May* Paris. The Deputies pass a hill 
establishing a law of divorce. 



June 1. Paris. The Government re- 
ceives a vote of confidence. Vote, 298- 
70. [July 20. Again respecting Egypt. 
Vote, 28&-105.] 

July 29. Paris. The Deputies negative 
the vote of credit for the protection of 
the Suez Canal on motion of M. Cle- 
menceau. Vote, 416-75. The Ministry 
resigns. 

Aug. 7. Paris. A new Ministry is or- 
ganized. 

Members: M. Duclere (president of the 
council and foreign alTairs), P. Paul Emman- 
uel Tirard (finance), 11. lteves (justice), M. 
de Fallieres (interior i, Pierre Lecrand (com- 
merce and public works), Gen. Billot (war), 
Adm. Jaurn^'uiberry (navy), M. Cochery 
(posts and telegraphs), M. de Mahy (agricul- 
ture), M. Duvaux (instruction). 

Aug. 31+. The Bonapartists select 
Prince Victor as leader of their party. 

Aug. * An attempted insurrection by 
Anarchists at Montceau-les-Mines is 
suppressed. [Many are arrested and 
some convicted.] 

July * Paris. The Ministry defends the 
claims of France to a protectorate over 
the northwest part of Madagascar, in 
diplomatic correspondence with Great 
Britain; the claim is founded on a 
treaty made in 1841 with rebel chiefs. 

Nov. 21. The treaty negotiated with 
the King of [French] Kongo by Count 
Pierre Braganza is ratified. 

** Nickel is ordered to be substituted 
for bronze coinage. 

1883 Jan. 16. Prince Napoleon, hav- 
ing published a manifesto against the 
Government, is arrested. [Feb. 9. In- 
dictment quashed, and the. prince re- 
leased.] 

Paris. M. Floquet introduces a bill 

for the expulsion of the Bourbons and 
the Bonapartes. A Government bill is 
introduced to effect the same end. 

Jan. 28. Paris. The expulsion bill 
having been adopted by the committee, 
the Duclerc Ministry resigns. [Jan. 29. 
It is reconstituted under M. Fallieres. 
Feb. 13. It resigns.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879 June * The new French trans- 
atlantic cable to he laid from Brest to 
St. Pierre leaves by the Faraday. [Oct. * 
It connects with Halifax ; 1SS0. June 1. 
The line from Paris to New York is 
opened.] 

* * Seven vessels sail with emigrants for 
Port Breton, an isle near New Cale- 
donia, South Pacific ; they meet with 
misery, disease, and to a large extent 
with death. 

1880 Mar. 3. Paris. The Panama 
Canal Company is organized. 

Nov. 24. L'Oncle Joseph, a French 
steamer, is sunk by collision with the 
Ortigia, an Italian steamer, off Spezzia ; 
about 250 lives are lost. 

1881 Sept. 5. A collision occurs on 
the Lyons railway at Charenton ; 20 per- 
sons are killed. 

1882 Jan. 1. Paris. Over speculation 
causes a panic on the Bourse. [Jan. 30. 
The Union Generate Company fails, and 
the panic is renewed.] 

Dec. * Paris. The Ex-Empress Eugenie 
presents the Pharo Chateau and Park 
to the city. [1883. July * Accepted.] 



754 1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1883 * * Madagascar. The French fleet, 
under Adm. Pierre, bombards Tama- 
tave. (See Madagascar.) 

1884 * * Gen. Georges Ernest J. M. Bou- 
langer commands the army of occupa- 
tion in Tunis. 

* * Open war occurs with China respect- 
ing Tongking (p. 482). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1883 July 14. Paris. A colossal 

statue of the Republic is unveiled. 

1884 Feb. * Messrs. Goupil's process of 
photogravure, rivaling mezzotint, is 
reported highly successful. 

Apr.±*-May* Paris. An International 
Conference on electrical units is held. 

Apr. 14. A statue of Gambetta, by 
Falquieres, erected at Cahors, is un- 
veiled by Jules Ferry. 

July 4. Paris. A colossal statue of 
Liberty, made by Fr*ide>ic August© 
Bartholde, to be given to the United 
States, is unveiled by Jules Ferry. 

Aug. * Louis Pasteur discovers a method 
for mitigating the effect of hydro- 
phobia, analogous to vaccination. He 
experiments successfully upon dogs. 

Dec. 14. Louis Pasteur inoculates 40 
persons against hydiuphobia. 

* * Massacre of Marchicoul is painted by 
Francois Fla'meng Flaurenc. 

1886 Feb. *± Paris. Volaptik, an at- 
tempt at a universal commercial lan- 
guage, is invented by L'Abbe' Schlever. 

May * Paris. An international hospi- 
tal [afterwards termed the Pasteur In- 
stitute] is opened by President Carnot. 

Aug. 10. A violent storm occurs in the 
northeast ; much damage is done at 
Keims, Nancy, and other places. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1883 * * P.arrande, Joachim, geologist, A84. 

Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas, grammarian, lex- 
icographer, A8I. 

Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D., 
head of the chief elder branch of Bourbon 
dynasty, A63. 

Chanzy, Antoine Eugene A., general, A60. 

Clesinger, J. B. Augusts, sculptor, A69. 

Cloquet, Baron Jules Germain, physician, 
surgeon, A93. 

Dor6, Paul Gustave, artist, A51. 

Dubufe, Edouard, portrait-painter, A63. 

Gigault, Emile de la liedolliere, author, A71. 

Halevy, Leon, poet, A81. 

Hippeau, Celestin, educator, A80. 

Laboulaye, Edouard Ren6 Lefebre, jurist, 
historical writer, A72. 

Lagrange, Comte, Frederic, horseman, A67. 

Lenormant. Francois, arrlit-olugist, A46. 

Martin, Bon Louis Henri, historian, A73. 

Sandeau, Jules Leonard Sylvain, novel- 
ist, A72. 

Veuillot, Louis, journalist, author, A70. 
1884* * Allaruciie, Mane Michel, humorist, 
A73. 

Bastien-Lepage, Jules, painter, A36. 

Damont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste, 
archeologist, A42. 

Dumas, Jean I'.aptiste, chemist, A84. 

Dumont, Augustin Alexandre, sculptor, A83. 

Fleury, Emile E., general, statesman, A69. 

Lacroix, Paul, novelist, mis. writer, A77. 

Masse, Victor, composer, A62. 

Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie, histo- 
rian, A 87. 

Moigno, L'Abb(5, Francois Napoleon Marie, 
scientist, A80. 

Pelletan, Pierre Clement Eugene, litterateur, 



Regnier, Jacques Auguste Adolpbe, philolo- 
gist, A 80. 

Thenard, Arnould Paul Edmond, chemist, 
A64. 

I'bicini, Jean H. A., author, A66. 

Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, general, A73. 

Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, chemist, A67. 

1885 May 22. About, Edmond, novelist, 
dramatist, journalist, A56. 

Clement, Felix, composer, A65. 

Hugo, Victor Marie, novelist, poet, A83. 

Milne-Edwards, Henri, naturalist, A85. 

Monnier, Marc, litterateur, A56. 

Robin, Charles I'hilippe, anatomist, A64. 

1886 * * Baudrv, Paul Jacques Aimee, paint- 
er, A 58. 

Castille, Charles Hippolyte, novelist, politi- 
cal writer, A66. 

Falloux, Vicomte de, Fre!d£ric Alfred Pierre, 
statesman, writer, A75. 

Frere, Pierre Edouard, painter, A67. 

Guibert, Joseph Hippolyte, cardinal, arch- 
bishop of Paris, A84. 

Isabey, Eugene Louis G., painter, A82. 



ployed artisans to violence. [Many ar- 
rests are made. Mar. 30. Michel is 
arrested. June 23. Imprisoned for - a 
term of six years.] 
Sept. 29. Paris. The President receives 
Alfonso XII., King of Spain; the mob 
hoot him in the streets. 

Oct. 29. Paris. An International Con- 
ference of Workmen meets. 



CHURCH. 

1883 June 23. President Grevy re- 
ceives a letter from the Pope censuring 
the hostility of the Government toward 
religious orders. [Aug. 8. Pome. A firm 
reply is returned.] 

1884 Feb. 11. A papal encyclical 
urges the bishops to increased vigilance 
against heresy and infidelity. 

1886 Apr. 1. Paris. Archbishop Gui- 
bert protests by letter against President 
Grevy prohibiting monks and nuns 
from teaching in the schools. 

* * Pome. V. F. Bernardow, archbishop 
of Sens, and B. M. Langenieux, arch- 
bishop of Reims, are consecrated car- 
dinal priests. 

LETTERS. 

1883 * * M. Pasteur's Lliistoire d'un Sa- 
vant appears. 

* * Third series of La legende des siecles, 
by Victor Hugo, appears. 

* * Les maitres de la pensie moderne and 
Pes origines du socia/isme confe/nporain, 
by Paul Janet, appear. [18S5, Victor 
Cousin.] 

* * My Reminiscences, by Renan, appears. 

1884 Mar. * An Anti-Clerical Educa- 
tional BiU passes. (See State.) 

* * Trist esses et sourires and L' Enfant, by 
Droz, appear. 

* * Sappho, by Daudet, appears. 

* * Pohnes tragiques, by Leconte de Lisle, 



1885 * * Tartarin in the Alps, by Daudet, 
appears. 

* * Bel- Ami, Conies du jour et de lanuit, 
and Conies et noure/U's, by Maupassant, 
appear. [1S86, M. Parent, La petite 
Rogue, and Toine ; 1SS7, Contes choisis, 
Mont Oriol, and Le Bforla.] 

1886 Apr. 6. Avant la Bastille, by M. 
Bartheleiny, advocating the reconquest 
of Alsace and Lorraine, appears. 

Oct. 26. Paris. The Education BiU 
permitting lay teachers only is passed 
by the Chamber. 

* * La Jin de Satan, and Xe th&dtre en 
liberie, by Victor Hugo, appear. [1887, 
Glioses; 1888-93, Tout la lyre; 1889, Les 
jumeaux ; 1890, En J'onage: Alps et Py- 
rknkes; 1891, Ltieu.] 

* * Ija bande rouge, by Boisgobey, appears. 

* * La belle Nivernaise, by Daudet, ap- 
pears. [1887, Twite ans de, Paris; 1888, 
JS Immortelle ; 1890, Port Ta ra scon ; 1892, 
Pose et Ninette ; 1894, La petite Paroisse.] 

SOCIETY. 

1883 Mar. 9. Paris. Louise Michel, 
the anarchist, and others incite unem- 



1884 Oct. 10. Capt.Fournierand Henri 
Rochefort because of an attack in the 
Intransige'ant fight a duel; both are 
slightly wounded. 

1885 June 1. "Victor Hugo is buried 
in the Pantheon; the funeral proces- 
sion is three miles long, all Paris being 
spectators. 

July 21. Paris. The Fourth Interna- 
tional Monetary Conference meets. 

Oct. 29. Paris. Minister de Freyeinet 
is shot at in the Place de la Concorde. 

1886 Jan. 13. M.Barreme, the prefect 
of Eure, is assassinated in a railway 
carriage. 

Jan. 26. a reduction of wages causes a 
strike at the Decazeville iron mines and 
works in Aveyron. 

Watrin, the engineer in charge, is 
trampled to death by the strikers, who 
number 3,000. [June 10. It ends by a 
compromise. June 20. Four of the mur- 
derers of Watrin are sentenced to eight 
or more years imprisonment.] 

* * The reports show the average con- 
sumption of wine per capita to be 26.74 
gallons; distilled spirits, 1.24 gallons. 

Aug. * -Oct. * Labor disturbances oc- 
curring in Paris and in Vierzon are sup- 
pressed by the military. 

STATE. 

1883 Feb. 1. Paris. M. Fabre's bill 
permitting the Bourbon and Bonaparte 
princes to remain in France, but with 
the loss of civil rights, passes the 
Chamber. Vote, 343-163. 

Feb. 12. Paris. The Senate rejects 
the expulsion bill, but adopts an 
amendment of MM. Say and Wadding- 
ton providing for expulsion after trial 
and conviction. Vote, 165-127. 

Feb. 15. Paris. The Deputies adopt 
the Barbey Bill, giving the President 
power to expel the princes when they 
become dangerous to the State. [Feb. 
17. Rejected by the Senate.] 

Feb. 21. Paris. Jules Ferry, Oppor- 
tunist, or Moderate Republican, forms a 
new Ministry. 

Members: Jules Ferry (premier and in- 
struction), Pierre Marie Paul A maud Chal- 
leniel-Lacour (foreign affairs), M. Wakieck- 
Kousseau (interior), Felix Martin Feuilhl 
(justice), Gen. Tliibaudin (war), Charles 
Marie Brim (marine), Paul Emmanuel Ti- 
rard (finance l, Iiavid Kaynal (public works), 
Felix Jules Meline (agriculture), Louis Co- 
clierv (posts and telegraphs), Anne Charles 
Ilerisson (commerce). [Nov. 17±. Challe- 
mal-Lacour retires; other changes follow.] 

Feb. 24. Paris. The Deputies approve 
the decree for the retirement of the 
Orleanist princes from the army. 
Vote, 295-103. It aims at the Due d'Au- 
male, the Due de Chartres, and the Due 
D'Alencon. 

Sept. 20. Paris. A great Royalist meet- 
ing is held. 



FRANCE. 



1883, Feb. 1-1887, Mar. 14. 755 



Oct. 5. Paris. Gen. Tkibaudin resigns 
as minister of war. [Oct. 9. Succeeded 
by Gen. Campenon.] 

Oct. 27-31. Paris. The Deputies give 
the ministers a vote of confidence re- 
specting Tongking, the French protec- 
torate being threatened by the presence 
of Taiping refugees and Black Flags. 
[Dec. 10, 18. Also again.] 

Dec. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties votes to postpone the Algerian col- 
onization scheme, appropriating tribal 
lands for French colonists. 

* * The Chambers pass a bill for the re- 
form of the judicature. 

It proposes to reduce the excessive 
number of judges, increase the salaries, 
and recruit the bench entirely from the 
legal profession. 

1884 Feb. 4. Pans. A committee of 
investigation to inquire into the condi- 
tion of the working class, "who are suf- 
fering from the commercial crisis, is ap- 
pointed by the Deputies. "Vote, 254-249. 

Mar. 27. Paris. The Chambers vote to 
support French honor in Madagascar. 
Vote, 450-32. 

Mar. * Paris. The Chambers pass a bill 
establishing boards of arbitration to 
settle future disputes between mine- 
owners and workmen. 

Mar. * The Deputies pass a bill debarring 
the clergy and members of religious or- 
ders from the direction of primary 
schools as teachers, inspectors, mem- 
bers of the educational councils, or of 
the officially appointed school boards. 

June * Prince Victor is acknowledged 
the leader of the Bonapartist party. His 
father publishes a painful correspon- 
dence. 

July 31. Paris. The Deputies accept a 
modified Senate bill for the revision of 
the Constitution. 

Aug. 4-K Paris. The Senate and Depu- 
ties meet as a Congress. [Aug. 13. The 
Congress accepts the revision of the 
Constitution. Vote, 509-172.] 

The Congress provides for the gradual 
abolition of Senator for life as vacancies 
occur. New Senators are to be elected 
for nine years by the departments. 

Aug. * The Senate passes a bill to pro- 
vide for the transportation to Cayenne 
of recidivists, or persons convicted of 
repeated offenses of a certain class. 

Oct. 4. Paris. A decree is issued creat- 
ing a staff of French civilians for Tunis, 
thus establishing the protectorate over 
that country. 

23ov. 4. Paris. A hill is introduced in 
the Senate for revising the organiza- 
tion of the Senate. [Dec. 15. Passed 
by both Chambers.] 

It merges the 75 life-senatorships as 
they fall vacant with the 225 department- 
al senatorships. The scale of senatorial 
electors is to be : one elector to com- 
munes with 10 municipal councillors, 2 
for 12 councillors, 3 for 15, 6 for 21, 9 for 
23, 12 for 27, 15 for 30, 18 for 32, 21 for 34, 
24 for 36, and 30 for Paris. 

Nov. 28. Paris. The Deputies vote a 
credit for the war in Tongking. Vote, 
282-187. [Dec. 11. Passed by the Sen- 
ate.] 



1885 Jan. 4. Paris. Gen. Campenon 
resigns as war minister, and is suc- 
ceeded by Gen. Lewal. 

Mar. 24. Paris. The Deputies pass a 
bill for the election of all the deputies 
of each department on a single ticket 
(the " scrutin de liste"). Vote, 402-91. 
[It is amended and passed by the Sen- 
ate. June 8. Passed again by the Dep- 
uties.] 

Mar. 28. Paris. The Senate votes a 
duty on foreign grain and meal. 

Mar. 30. Paris. The Ferry Ministry, 
defeated in the Chamber of Deputies on 
a vote of credit for the Chinese war, re- 
signs. Vote, 308-161. [Mar. 31. A credit 
of 50,000,000 francs is voted. Apr. 7. 
Also 150,000,000 more.] 

Apr. 5. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed by Henri Brisson. 

Members: Henri Brisson (president and 
justice,, M. de Freycinet (foreign), Allain- 
Targe" (interior), M. Goblet (instruction and 
worship), Gen. Campenon (war), Adm. Gab- 
ber (marine), M. Clamagrraii i finance), Sadi- 
Carnot (public works), Pierre Legrand (com- 
merce), Herve-Mangon (agriculture), M. Sar- 
rien (posts and telegraphs). 

Apr. * Paris. The Government is in- 
censed by the suppression by the British 
on Feb. 29, 1884 of the Cairo newspaper 
Bosphore Egyptien. [A dispute with 
Great Britain follows, but ends ami- 
cably.] 

May 12. Paris. Bills for the depor- 
tation of relapsed criminals and mis- 
demeanants and for abolishing public 
executions are passed by the Senate. 

May 24. Paris. Anarchists make a 
demonstration at P&re La Chaise, which 
is suppressed by the police. 

June 9. Peace between France and 
China is declared. 

July 17. Paris. The Deputies pass a 
bill imposing a duty of 50 per cent, on 
imports from Eoumania. 

Oct. 4. The parliamentary elections 
are held, returning 200 Conservatives, 
230 Moderates or Opportunists, 150 Radi- 
cals. [Oct. 6, The ministers, Herve- 
Mangon and Legrand, not being elected, 
resign. 
M. Gomot becomes minister of corn- 
Dec. 2S. F. P. Jules Gr<§vy is elected 
President of the Republic of France for 
seven years. Vote, Grevy, 457 ; M. Bris- 
son, 68. 
Dec. 29. Paris. The Brisson Ministry 

resigns. 
Dec. * Peace between France and Mada- 
gascar is declared. 
1886 Jan. 7. A new Ministry is 
formed. 

Members: Charles Louis de Saulces de 
Freycinet (president and foreign affairs), 
Charles Etienne Demole (justice), Jean L. 
F. Sarrien (interior), Itene" Goblet (instruc- 
tion), Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot (finance), 
Gen. Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine 
and colonies), M. Baihaut (public works), 
M. Develle (agriculture), Edouard E. A. S. 
Lockroy (commerce), Etienne A. F. Granet 
(posts and telegraphs). 

Jan. 14. Paris. Amnesty is granted to 

political prisoners. 
Feb. 8. Paris. The Senate passes a 

new school law forbidding the employ- 



ment of members of religious orders as 
teachers in the State schools. It will 
deprive 10,000 monks and nuns of em- 
ployment. [Oct. 28. Passed by the Dep- 
uties.] 

Feb. 16±. Paris. The Eepublican 
majority is increased by new elections. 
Republican Deputies, 400 ; the Right,184. 

June 11. Paris. The Deputies pass a 
bill providing for the immediate expul- 
sion from France of the heads of fami- 
lies and the heirs of former dynasties. 
[June 22. Passed by the Senate. "Vote, 
137-122.] 

June 23. The Bonapartists leave 
France. [June 24. The Comte de 
Paris and family leave. July 23. The 
Due d'Aumale is exiled.] 

Dec. 3. Paris. The Deputies having 
passed an amendment to the budget, 
abolishing sub-prefects, the ministers 
resign. 

Dec. 12. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed. 

Members : Rene" Goblet (president of coun- 
cil and interior), Leopold Emile Flourens(for- 
eign), H. Albert Dauphin i finance), M. Ber- 
thelot(instruction), M. Sarrien (justice), Gen. 
Boulanger (war), Adm. Aube (marine), M. 
Granet (posts and telegraphs) , Edouard 
Lockroy (commerce), Edouard B. P. Millaud 
(public works), Jean Paul Denelle (agri- 
culture). 

1887 Mar. 14. Paris. The Deputies 
adopt a bill for increasing the duty on 
imported corn. Vote, 31S-248. [Mar. 
25. It is adopted by the Senate. Later, 
the duty on imported meat is raised.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883 June 20. A museum of Revolu- 
tionary relics is established at Mar- 
seilles. 

* * _84 * * The phylloxera is checked in 
"West France, and vintages prosper. 

1884 June 14. The cholera appears 
at Toulon. [June 28. Deaths to date, 
45. June 27. It appears at Marseilles. 
Sept. 15. Total deaths at Marseilles, 
1,671. July 6. A cholera panic occurs 
at Toulon. Sept. 15. Total deaths by 
cholera are 5,000. Oct. 26. Registered 
deaths at Toulon, 880 since June 18.] 

* * Pa?-is. A crematory is established. 

1885 Aprr^^May* Paris. The Inter- 
national Commission sits ; English and 
French schemes regarding the Suez 
Canal are discussed. [May* A treaty 
is prepared. 1S86. June 13. The Com- 
mission adjourns.] 

Aug. 1. Cholera rages at Marseilles ; 
1,250 deaths are reported. [Aug. 20. A 
slight outbreak appears at Toulon ; six 
deaths occur; it soon diminishes.] 

Dec. * Great commercial depression 
occurs ; it is attributed to Government 
prodigality. 

1886* * Paris. An International 
Trade-Union Congress is held. Inter- 
national legislation for the protection of 
laborers is discussed. 

Feb. * Paris. Telephonic communica- 
tion is established with Brussels by 
means of Dr. Cornelius Herz's micro- 
telephone. 



756 1887, Apr, 16-1889, Mar. 15. FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1887 Aug. 31. The 17th Army Corps 
is mobilized near Toulouse. 

1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is 
deprived of his command for insubor- 
dination in visiting Paris against orders. 

[Mar. * He is tried by a court of five 
generals. Mar. '26. He is sentenced to 
retirement. Mar. 27. The sentence is 
confirmed.] 

* * The navy numbers 256 vessels. 

1889 Jan. 14±. The construction of 
two iron-clad cruisers and 15 torpedo- 
boats is authorized. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1887 Apr. 16-26. Paris. An Astro- 
nomical Congress is held ; it makes ar- 
rangements for photographing charts of 
the heavens at different observatories. 

May 27. The planet Tirsa is discovered 
by Charlois. [1888, Feb. 4, Antonio. ; 
May 3, Elvira; 1889, Jan. 4, Ctarinda; 
Jan. 29, Emma; Feb. 8, Amalia; May 
29, Regina.'] 

June 27. Paris. A British commission 
for inquiry, consisting of Sir James 
Paget, Dr. Bunion Sanderson, and oth- 
ers, arrives to investigate Louis Pas- 
teur's method of treating hydro- 
phobia. [Its report is highly favorable.] 

Aug. 13. Parts. MM. Jovis and Mallet 
report that thev reached the altitude of 
7,000 meters 'in a balloon ascent. 

Oct. 12. Paris. The Astronomical 
Society of France is inaugurated. 

* * Nice is severely damaged by an earth- 
quake. 

1888 July 13. Paris. A monument 
to Gambetta is unveiled by President 
Carnot. 

A central laboratory of electricity 
is inaugurated at Grenelle by the Inter- 
national Society of Electricians. 

Oct. 14. Paris. A statue of Shake- 
speare is unveiled in the Boulevard 
Haussinann. 

* *OtheninPauldeCleron (Comted'Haus- 
sonville), Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la 
Graviere, Jules Arnaud Arsene Claretie 
Henri Meihac, and Eugene Marie Mel- 
chior (Vicomte de Vogue), are elected 
members of the Academy. [1890, Charles 
Louis de Saulces de Freycinet ; 1891, 
Louis Marie Jurien Viand (Pierre Loti): 
1892, Ernest Lavisse ; 1893, Mar. 23, Paul 
Challemel Lacour ; later, Vicomte Henri 
de Barnier, Paul Louis Thureau-Dangin, 
and Marie Ferdinand Brunetiere; 1894, 
Feb. 22, M. de Heredia ; May 31, Paul 
Bourget and Albert Sorel. 

1889 Jan. 3. Floods in the southern 
departments of France cause enormous 



Feval, Paul Henri Corentin, novelist, A70. 

Michel, Fnmrisque Xavier, archeol., A78. 

Oudine, Eugene Andre, sculptor, A77. 
1688 Sept. 23. Bazaine, Francois 
Achille, marshal, A77. 

Baron, Felix l'latel, writer, A55. 

Carnot, Lazare Uqumlvte, politic., wr., A87. 

Colani, Tiniothee, Protestant cl., critic, A64. 

Etex, Antoine, sculptor, A80. 

Frere, Charles Theodore, painter, A73. 

Labiche, Eugene Marin, dramatic au., A73. 

Lebceuf, Edmund, general, marshal, A79. 

Maquet, Auguste, novelist, A75. 

Monselet, Charles, nov.-list, A63. 

Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire, critic, 
litterateur, A82. 
1889 Jan. 29. Mariani, M., diplo., dies. 

Jan. 23. Cabanel, Alex., painter, A6ti. 

Mar. 14. Jaures, admiral, minister of ma- 
rine, A66. 

CHURCH. 

18S7 * * Paris. A mission to the 
Jews is founded by two English ladies. 

1888 Feb. 14. The French Society 
for the Evangelization of Israel is 
founded. 

LETTERS. 

1887 * * Studies respecting Napoleon I., 
by Taine, appears. 

* * La Tosca, by Sardou, appears. [1889, 
La Marquise, and Jielle-Maman; 1890, 
Cliop&tre; 1891, Thermidor.] 

* * History of Philosophy, by Paul Janet 
and G. Seailles, appears. 

* * La Terre, by Zola, appears. [1888, The 
Dream; 1890, La Bete Humaine; 1891, 
L' Argent; 1892, La Debacle; 1S93, %e 
JJocteur Pascal; 189-1, Lourdes.'] 

* * Noir et Rose, by Ohnet, appears. [1888, 
Volonte and Docteur Rameau; 1S90, Le 
dernier amour and IS time de Pierre ; 
1391, Dette de hainv ; 18*J2, Nemrod et Cie. ; 
1893, Le Lend ema in des amours.] 

* * LaBUe, by Cherbuliez, appears. [1888, 
La vocation du Comte Chislain ; 1890, 
Une gageure.'] 

* *-94* * History of the People of Israel, 
by Kenan, appears. 

1888 May 8. Boulanger's (alleged) 
German Invasion No. 1 appears ; it has 
a great circulation at lirst [ hut soon falls 
off]. 

* * Pierre et Jean, Sur Peau, and Le 
rosier de Mine. Hanson, by Maupassant, 
appear. [1889, Fort coinn'tc la mart and 
La main gauche ; 1890, Histoire d'une 
file de ferine, La vie errante, L' Inutile 
beaute", and Notre catur.] 

1889 Feb. * Paris. An enterprising 
newspaper, on the day of the Boulanger 
election, engages 250 special re- 
porters, each of whom it provides with 
a cab, and 30 bicyclists, to bring in the 
results in each section with the greatest 



Jan. 7. A violent storm does much dam- 
age in Pyrenees Ori en tales. 

Feb. 5. Paris. Two professors of the 
Pasteur Institute succeed in identifying 
the generative microbe of diphtheria. 
[Mayl. The Institute hasinoculated 1,673 
patients for hydrophobia in one year.] 

Feb. 24. The villages of Nivollet and 
St. Michel in Savoy are destroyed, and 
four persons are killed by avalanches. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1887 * * Boussingault, Jean B. J. D., chem- 
ist, A83. 
Faugere, Armand Prosper, author, A77. 



SOCIETY. 

1887 July 3 1 ± . Pranzini, a profligate, 
is convicted of the murder of Marie 
Regnault and two other women. [Aug. 
31. Executed.] 

Nov. 14. Gen. Count D'Andlau and 
Mine. Rattazzi are lined and imprisoned 
for selling decorations. [M. Wilson, 
the son-in-law of President Grevy, is im- 
plicated.] 

1888 Mar. 1. M. "Wilson is fined 3,000 
francs, sentenced to imprisonment for 
two years, and the loss of civil rights for 
five years, for trafficking in decorations. 
[Mar. 26. The Court of Appeal quashes 
the sentence.] 

Apr. 29. Paris. M. Habert kills M. 
Felix Dupuis, an artist, in resentment 
for satirical verses. 



May 27. Paris. Anarchists and Com- 
munists fight at an annual celebration 
of the Communist insurrection of Pere 
La Chaise. [They are stopped by the 
police.] 

July 13. Gen. Boulanger and M.Floquet 
fight in a duel ; the former is seriously 
and the latter slightly wounded. 

July 25-Aug. 20. Paris. Laborers in 
the building-trade, numbering 10,000, un- 
successfully strike. 

Aug. * Unsuccessful strikes occur at 
Amiens, Besseges, and Calais. 

1889 Jan. 14. Paris. Henri Roche- 
fort, editor of L' Intransigent, and M. 
Lissagaray, editor of La Bataille, fight 
in a duel. 

Jan. 15. Paris. M. Euhrussi gains the 
$120,000 Panama Canal lottery prize. 

Jan. 19. The Freemasons issue a pro- 
nunciamento against Gen. Boulanger. 

Jan. 23. Paris. The National exposes- 
Gen. Boulanger's private life. 

Jan. 24. Paris. Deputy Comudett fights 
in a duel with editor Chabrouillaud. 

Jan. 25. Paris. The "Woman's Con- 
gress opens with an oration by M. d© 
Raismes. 

Feb. 14. Strikes increase in northern 
France. 

Feb. 24±. The Socialists in many parts 
of France are dispersed by the police. 
They are not allowed to hold meetings. 

Feb. 28. Paul de Roulede, president of 
the Patriotic League, and others are 
arrested for signing the Atchinoff mani- 
festo, disapproving of the Government. 

Mar. 4. Paris. The police seize 5,000 
letters in the offices of the Patriotic 
League. [Mar. 17. They earch the 
residences of members.] 

STATE. 

1887 May 17. Paris. The Ministry is 
defeated on the Budget Bill. Vote, 275- 
257. It resigns. 

May 30. 'Paris. Maurice Rouvier forms 
a Moderate Ministry. 

Members: JVI. Rouvier (finance, posts, and 
telegraphs), Leopold E. Flourens (foreign 
affairs), M. Bousquet (justiee), J\I. Fallieres 
(interior and worship), M. Spuller (instruc- 
tion), M. Burbey (marine ami ei»h>nies), Gen. 
Ferron (war), M. de Heredia (public works), 
M. Barbe (agriculture). 

Oct. 13. Paris. A scandal is brought 
to light in the war-office. 

Gen. Caffarel is convicted by a mili- 
tary court of dishonorable conduct in 
selling decorations. [Nov. 7. His trial 
ends in acquittal.] 

Oct. 14. Gen. Boulanger is under ar- 
rest [for 30 days] because of offensive 
remarks relating to the traffic in dec- 
orations. 

Oct. 24. Paris. Conventions respect- 
ing the Suez Canal and the New Hebrides 
are signed. 

Dec. 1. Paris. President Grevy refus- 
ing to resign when opposed by a com- 
bination of parties,*:;! used by the action 
of Daniel Wilson, son-in-law of Presi- 
dent Grevy, the Chamber of Deputies 
immediately adjourn. Vote, 531-3. 

President Gre"vy resigns the presi- 
dency. 

Dec. 3. Paris. The Deputies and Sena- 
tors meet as a Congress at Versailles, and 



FRANCE. 



1887, Apr. 16-1889, Mar. 15. 757 



elect Marie Francois Sadi-Carnot, 
President of the Republic of France. 
Yote, Carnot, a Moderate Independent, 
616; Gen. Saussier, 188. 

Dec. 10. Paris. An unsuccessful at- 
tempt is made to kill Jules Ferry. 

Dec. 12. Paris. Pierre Emmanuel Ti- 
rard, as premier, forms a new Ministry. 
Members: M. Tirard (finance), M. Flou- 
rens (foreign affairs), M. Fallieres (justice), 
M. Sarrien (interior), Etienne Leopold Faye 
(education and worship), Francois C. de 
Mahy [later, Adm. Krautzj (marine and col- 
onies), Emile Loubet (public works), Lucien 
Dautresme (commerce), M. Viette (agricul- 
ture), Gen. Logerot (war). 

Dec. 18. Paris. The parliamentary 
session of the Chambers closes. [18S8. 
Jan. 10. It opens.] 

1888 Mar. 15. Gen. Boulanger is ar- 
rested. (See Army.) 

Mar. 30. Pa?-is. The Tirard Minis- 
try resigns, being defeated by the Depu- 
ties when opposing urgency for a revision 
of the Constitution. Vote, 268-234. 

Apr. 3. Paris. Charles Floquet, as 
premier, forms a new Ministry. 

Members: Charles Floquet (president and 
interior), M. de Freycinet (war), M. Goblet 
(foreign affairs), Adm. Krantz (marine and 
colonies), M. Peytral (finance, posts, and 
telegraphs), Rf. Edouard Lockroy (instruc- 
tion, fine arts, and worship), M. Deluns 
Montaud (public works), M. Ferrouillat 
(justice), M. Pierre Legrand (commerce and 
industry), M. "Viette (agriculture). 

Apr. 8. Gen. Boulanger, an advocate 
of the revision of the Constitution, is 
elected a deputy for the Dordogne. 
Vote, 59,500-35,750. [Apr. 15. For the 
Nord. Vote, 172,528-75,901.] 

Apr. 19. Paris. The Deputies give the 
Ministry a vote of confidence. Vote, 
379-177. 

The Ministry is defeated on the ques- 
tion of revising the Constitution. Vote, 
340-215. 

Apr. 28. Paris. The Chambers agree 
to the Panama Canal Loan Bill. 

May 8. The circular attributed to Gen. 
Boulanger, entitled German Invasion 
Ho. 1, is in immense demand. 

July 12. Paris. Gen. Boulanger 
creates an excitement in the Chamber 
of Deputies. 

He demands dissolution ; and during 
the debate which follows he accuses 
Premier Floquet of falsehood, resigns 
his seat, and leaves the Chamber. [A 
duel follows.] (See Society.) 

July 17. Paris. The Chambers vote 
67,000,000 francs for the military de- 
fense of Toulon, Cherbourg, and Brest, 
and pass the army bill reducing the 
term of military service, but making 
the obligation to serve universal. 

Aug. 19. Gen. Boulanger is returned 
to the Chamber of Deputies by three 
departments, the Nord, Somme, and 
Charente. 

Aug.* France has a diplomatic dispute 
with Italy respecting Massowah, Abys- 

Sept. * France takes possession of the 

Marquesas Islands, previously a 

French protectorate. 
* * The League of the Rose is formed, 

to promote the reestablishment of the 

monarchy. 



Oct. 15. Paris. Premier Floquet intro- 
duces a bill for the revision of the 
Constitution, for which urgency is 
voted. 

Oct. * The public demonstrations in favor 
of Gen. Boulanger multiply. [Oct. 30. 
The police seize Boulangist pictures.] 

Dec. * The Government receives 1,218,000 
francs by the termination of a tontine 
begun in 1791 to diminish the national 
debt. 

1SS9 Jan. 14. Paris. The Senate 
passes the bankruptcy bill as desired 
by the Panama Canal Company, to 
enable it to judicially liquidate its obli- 
gations. 

Jan. 18. Paris. The Senate approves 
the scheme for the utilization of the 
sewage of the city. [Mar. 25. It is 
passed by the Deputies.] 

Jan. 27. Paris. Gen. Boulanger is 
elected deputy in the department of 
the Seine over M. Jacques, an advanced 
Republican. Vote, 245,236-162,000. 

Feb. 2. Paris. Premier Floquet discov- 
ers that the Patriotic League has ar- 
senals well supplied, and is ready to 
equip with arms 100,000 men. 

Feb. 4. Pai^is. M. Ferrouillat, minis- 
ter of justice, resigns. [Feb. 5. He is 
succeeded by M. Gulot-Dessagen.] 

Peb. 11. Paris. The Deputies adopt a 
bill for replacing the scrutin de liste 
by the scrutin d'arrondissement. Vote, 
26S-222. [Feb. 13. The Senate approves. 
Vote, 228-54.] 

Feb. 14. Paris. The Deputies reject 
the scheme of the ministers for a revis- 
ion of the Constitution. Vote, 307-218. 
The Ministry resigns 

Feb. 15. Paris. The Senate passes a 
bill providing that press offenses bo 
punished by correctional police tribu- 
nals. [Rejected by the Chamber.] 

Feb. 19. The Government expresses its 
determination to take possession of the 
Leeward Islands of the Society group, 
although stoutly opposed by the natives. 

Feb. 21. Paris. M. Tirard forms a new 
Ministry of mixed parties. 

Members: M. Tirard, Premier (commerce 
and agriculture), M. Constans (interior), M. 
Spuller (i'orcijm affairs), M. de Freycinet 
(war),'M. M. Rouvier (finance), M. Th6venot 
(justice), Adm. James [later Adm. Krantz] 
(marine), M. Failures (education), Yves 
Guyot (public works), M. Faye (agriculture), 
M. De Courcel (foreign affairs). 

Feb. 25. Paris. A bill providing for 
the freedom and secrecy of the ballot 
is passed in the Chamber. 

Feb. 27. Paris. The Assembly Room 
of the League of Patriots is searched, 
and proceedings are begun against MM. 
Dermlede and Richard, signers of the 
call for subscriptions. 

Feb. 28. Paris. The League of Pa- 
triots, numbering 240,000 members, is 
suppressed because of its devotion to 
Gen. Boulanger and its seditious spirit. 
[Mar. 2. Deputies approve.] 

Mar. 7. Paris. The decree for the ex- 
pulsion of the Due d'Aumale is re- 
voked by the Ministry. 

Mar. 8. Paris. The Court of Appeals 
declares that the Panama Canal Com- 
pany is a civil association, and not a 
commercial society as decided by the 
Tribunal of Commerce. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887 May 12-23. Paris. The crown 
jewels aresold for nearly 7,000,000 francs. 

May 25, 26. Paris. The Ope"ra Co- 
mique is destroyed by fire ; 131 persons 
perish. ' 

Oct. 24. Paris. A convention is signed 
for England and France, neutralizing 
the Suez Canal, and placing it under a 
joint commission. 

1888 Jan. 9. Eng. The remains of 
Napole'on HI. and son are removed , 
from Chiselhurst to the mausoleum at 
Earn borough. 

Mar. 1. The Panama Canal share- 
holders resolve to issue bonds for 340,- 
000,000 francs to complete the canal. 

June * Much indignation is caused by 
the German Government's adoption of 
vexatious passport regulations for the 
purpose of making the entrance into 
Alsace-Lorraine very difficult to French- 
men. 

Aug. 6. Paris. Communication by tele- 
phone "with Marseilles is opened. 

Sept. 13. The La France and the Sud 
America (Italian) collide off the Canary 
Islands ; 87 lives are lost. 

"Nov. 3. A mine explosion occurs at 
Averyron; 40 lives lost. 

Nov. 10. Turk. The first through ex- 
press-train from Paris arrives at Con- 
stantinople. 

1889 Jan. 7. A meeting of the bond- 
holders of the Panama Canal offers M. 
de Lesseps the chairmanship of the new 
canal company. 

Jan. 14. Paris. An agreement is signed 
with the Banque Parisienne for a fresh 
issue of GO, 000, ono shares for sustaining 
work on Panama Canal. 

Jan. 17. Paris. A Bussian loan of 
1100,000,000 is announced. 

The Banque Parisienne assumes the 
entire cost of the issue of the bonds and 
•construction of the new Panama Canal 
Company. 

Jan. 22. Paris. M. de Lesseps issues 
circulars inviting subscriptions for sixty 
thousand 500-franc Panama Canal 



Feb. 4+. The dissolution of the old 
Panama Canal Company is decreed, 
and M. Brunet is appointed the official 
liquidator. 

Feb. 6. Paris. F.de Lesseps announces 
that the Panama Canal enterprise must 
be abandoned if the sixty thousand 500- 
franc bonds issued through the Banque 
Parisienne are not taken. 
Panama Canal shares close at 60. 

Feb. 11. Paris. Leading financial 
houses are trying to form a combina- 
tion to complete the Panama Canal. 

Feb. 18. Paris. The Tribunal of Com- 
merce decides the Panama Canal Com- 
pany to be a commercial company. [Re- 
versed.] 

Feb. * Paris. A fall occurs in the shares 
of the Comptoir d'Eseompte through 
speculations in copper. 

Mar. 8. Paris. Afinancialpanicoccurs. 
The Bank of France advances 100,000,000 
francs to the Comptoir d'Escompte to 
meet the withdrawal of deposits. 

Mar. 15. Six men are injured and 14 
killed by a fire-damp explosion in a 



758 1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Mar. 23. A torpedo-boat foun- 
ders off Cherbourg ; the captain and 14 
of the crew are drowned. 

Aug. 20. Fifty-nine army officers are 
adjudged guilty of participation in po- 
litical offenses, and suffer punishment. 

Oct. 19. Paris. The Cabinet expels 
Laisant, a Boulangist, from the army. 

Dec. * The Government orders three new 
ironclads, to cost §2,400,000 each ; two 
will be cruisers, each carrying eight 
guns. 

1890 Feb. *-Oct. 5. W. Afr. War 
with the King of Dahomey. (See North 
Guinea.) 

It is caused in large measure by the 
arrogance of the new king, a young man 
who takes slaves from adjoining French 
territory. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Mar. 15. Paris. Belle Maman, 
by Sardon and Des Landes, is produced 
at the Gymnase. 

Mar. 28. Paris. The Chamber grants 
credit of 20,0011,000 francs for the erec- 
tion of a memorial of the Revolution. 

Apr. 17. Paris. The French version of 
Phillips's As in a Looking Glass, under 
title of Lena, is produced by Sarah 
Bernhardt, at the Variety Theater. 

May 30. Paris. An earthquake shock 
is felt on left bank of the Seine. [June 
7. Another at Brest.] 

June * Severe storms have been raging, 
doing immense damage ; in many places 
the country is almost devastated. 

July 1. Paris. At a sale of M. E. Secre- 
tan's famous collection of paintings, 
Jean Francois' Millet's The Angelus is 
purchased for $111,000 by Proust. 

Aug.* Paris. A colossal statue of 
Coligny is unveiled. 

Sept. 21. Madame Pommery of Reims 
purchases Millet's Xes Glaneuses, and 
presents it to the French nation for 
preservation in the Louvre. 

Oct. 12. A monument commemorat- 
ing Gambetta's escape from Paris in 
a balloon during the siege in 1870-71 is 
unveiled at Epinouse. 

Oct. 16. Paris. A new statue of The 
Republic is placed on the Place de Na- 
tion. 

1890 Jan. * Paris. The Pasteur Insti- 
tute has treated 850 patients for hydro- 
phobia without a single death. 

Feb. * Sarah Bernhardt is announced 
to appear in a new Passion Play as the 
Virgin Mary. [In response to public 
sentiment the authorities prohibit the 
production.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Oct. 25. Augier, Guillaume V. E., drama- 
tist, author, A69. 

Dec. 6. Polfrey, T. w., gen., historian, d. 

Miazerolle, Alexis Joseph, painter, A63. 

Pitra, .lean Haptiste, cardinal, srhol., A77. 

Pyat, Felix, agitator, dramatist, A79. 

Ysabeau, Alexandre Clement, army officer, 
author, A69. 
1890 Feb. 4. Montpensier, Due de, A. M. 
P. L. d'Orleans, 5th son of Louis Philippe, 
A65. 

Feb. 20. Daru, Comte Napoleon, states- 
man, A83. 

CHURCH. 

1889 Nov. 20. Paris. The papal 
nuncio is instructed by the Vatican to 
favor adhesion to the Conservative Re- 
publican party by Catholics. 

Dec. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves 
Cardinal Lavigerie's policy of uniting 
Church and State. 

Dec. 31+. Paris. The Government 
prosecutes 300 priests for meddling 
with politics. 

* * J. A. Eoulon, F. M. Richard, and G. 
D'Annibile, prefect of the Sacred Con- 
gregation, are consecrated cardinal 
priests. 

LETTERS. 

1889 June 20. Paris. The Interna- 
tional Literary Association meets. 

June 28. The first Protestant semi- 
nary is created at Nimes. 

* * Centenaire de 1789, by Paul Janet, 
appears. [1890, La philosophic de La- 
mennais and Lectures varices, etc.} 

* * The French Army in Germany, by M. 
Galli, appears. 

* * History of French Society during the 
Revolution,' \>y De Goncourt, appears. 

* * France and Ire/and during the Revo- 
lution, Roche and Humbert, by M. E. 
Guillon, appears. 

* * La Clievre d'Or, by Paul Arene, ap- 
pears. 

* * .Diplomatic Correspondence of Talley- 
rand from 1791-1834 appears. 

* * The Journal (1810-14) of Stendhal 
appears. 

* * A Chancellor under the Old Regime, by 
Charles de Mazade, appears. [1893, 
L' Europe et tes Neutralite's.'] 

* * Ma Vocation, by Ferdinand Fabre, 
appears. 

* * Biography of the Emperor Frederick, 
by M. E. Simon, appears. 

* * Cousin Babylas, by Gaston Bergeret, 
appears. 

* * Henriette, by Francois Coppee, ap- 
pears. [1892, Les vrais riches ; 1894, 
Contes tout simples.] 

* * Three Emperors of Germany, by Er- 
nest Lavisse, appears. [1890, Vue 'Gfoie- 

de VHistoirc Politique de V Europe 



A74. 

Ulbacli, Louis, journalist, A67. 

Apr. 2. Jobbe-Duval, Arinand M. Felix, 
painter, A68. 

Apr. 10. Chevreul, Michel Kugene, chem- 
ist, A 103. 

Sept. 28. Faidherbe, Louis L6on C6sar, 
general, writer, A71. 

Sept. * Coulanges Muma, Denis Fustel de, 
historian, A59. 

Oct. 6. Melinimc, Caston, painter, dies. 

Oct. 7. Dupn'', .lull's, painter, dies. 

Oct. 21. Ricord, Philippe, physician, A89. 



1893, Le Grand FrhUric avant I'avene- 
ment.] 

* * Passionn&ment, by Albert Delpit, ap- 
pears. 

* * Life and Manners on the La Plata, 
by M. Daireaux, appears. 

* * Autobiography of Michelet the Histo- 
rian, with his Journal and Letters, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Works and Correspondence of 
jyAlembert, edited by M. Chi Henri, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Mar. 19. Paris. Senator Naquet 
and Deputies Laguerre and Turquet of 
the Patriotic League are arraigned be- 
fore a magistrate. [Apr. 2. Also one 
senator and four deputies are fined 100 
francs each.] 



Apr. 11. Dock-workers strike at Mar- 
seilles. 

May 11. Ten thousand cotton-weavers 
strike at Thizy, Department of the 
Rhone. 

June 1. Paris. Minister Reid assem- 
bles the Americans to express their sym- 
pathy for the sufferers in Pennsylvania 
by the Johnstown flood. [The U. S. 
Legation subscribes $10,000; the Paris 
Municipal League, 5,000 francs.] 

June 12-18. Paris. The cabmen 
strike, and greatly incommode citizens 
and visitors. 

June 13. Paris. Buffalo Bill's Wild 
West Show gives a benefit performance 
for the Johnstown sufferers. [$2,000 
contributed.] 

June 25. Paris. The International 
« ( Council of Women," advocating 
women's rights, meets. 

June 30. The dock-laborers of Mar- 
seilles strike. 



June * Paris. The International Elec- 
tricity Congress meets. 

July 5. Paris. Six Nihilists are sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for three years. 

July 9. Paris. Bull-fights at the Ex- 
position are stopped by the police. 

July 14. Forty journals are fined for 
publishing the indictment against Gen. 
Boulanger. 

July 18. Paris. The International 
Labor Congress meets. 

It demands a universal maximum of 
eight hours for a day's labor, one holiday 
a week, and the non-employment of chil- 
dren under 14 years of age. 

The centennial anniversary of the 
Fall of the Bastille is celebrated. 

Aug. 26. Paris. The names of Gen. 
Boulanger and Count Dillon are erased 
from the roll of the Legion of Honor. 

Sept. 9. Paris. The municipal author- 
ities give a banquet to Thomas A. 
Edison, the American scientist. [Mr. 
Edison gives 10,000 francs fqr the relief 
of the poor.] 

Sept. 16. Paris. The International 
Commercial Congress opens. 

Sept. 27. Paris. A Sunday Observ- 
ance Congress is in session. 

It advises that when Sunday observ- 
ance is impossible, that employees be 
given a weekly holiday and that pay-day 
be other than Saturday or Sunday. 

"Nov. 26. Paris. About 500 employees 
of the "Western Railway Company strike 
for higher wages. 



STATE. 
1889 Mar. 17. Gen. Boulanger is 

enthusiastically greeted while journey- 
ing from Paris to Tours. 

Mar. 18. Gen. Boulanger issues a 
manifesto to the Department of the 
Nord against the Government. 

Mar. 29. Paris. The Senate passes a 
bill constituting itself a high court 
of justice in cases of plots against the* 
State. Vote, 207-63. 

Apr. 1. Gen. Boulanger, Henri Roche- 
fort, and M. Dillon avoid arrest by a 
sudden departure in the night for Brus- 



FRANCE. 



1889, Mar. 15-1890, Feb. * 759 



Apr. 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties, at the Government's request, votes 
to sanction the prosecution of Gen. 
Boulanger for treason. 
I Apr. 10. Paris. "Warrants are issued 
for the arrest of Gen. Boulanger and 
his companions in exile, Count Dillon 
I and Henri Rockefort. 

Apr. 12. Paris. The Senate meets as a 
high court of justice, and begins the trial 
of Gen. Boulanger for treason against 
the State and the embezzlement of 252,000 
francs. [He pronounces the charges to 
be falsehoods.] 

Apr. 24. Belg. "Warned by the author- 
ities, Gen. Boulanger leaves Brussels 
for London. 

Apr. 27. Paris. A law is passed regu- 
lating the different methods of burial. 

May 5. Paris. The centenary of the 
meeting of the States- General is cel- 
ebrated ; President Carnot delivers a 
eulogium on the Revolution before a 
grand assembly. [On his way to Ver- 
sailles a lunatic named Perrin attempts 
to assassinate him. May 28. Perrin is 
sentenced to four months' imprison- 
ment.] 

June 11. Paris. The Senate passes the 
Panama Canal Bill. [June 28. The 
Chamber of Deputies passes it.] 

It empowers the liquidator of the company 
to place, on the best conditions possible and 
regardless of the legal limit as to price, the 
800,000 francs of the bonds which have not 
yet been subscribed for. It also authorizes a 
subscription of 34,000,000 francs to cover the 
expenses necessary for the maintenance of 
the works pending an inquiry into the ques- 
tion of the completion of the canal. 

July 4±. Paris. The Government gives 
a final refusal to assent to the Egyptian 
Conversion scheme. 

July 7. Paris. The indictment against 
Gen. Boulanger is presented. 

It charges him, when director of infantry in 
1882, with courting popularity by corruption 
and other means, and when Minister of War 
in 1886 willi malversation of public money, 
and plotting against the State, with Count 
Dillon, H. Rochefort, and others; they are 
cited to appear on Aug. 6, or else suffer the 
loss of civil rights and seijiu'sliation of prop- 
erty. 

July 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a new army bill. 

It reduces the term of service from five 
years with exemptions to three years, 
nominally without exemptions. 

July 10. Paris. The Chamber of Dep- 
uties passes a bill providing for the 
purchase of telephones by the Gov- 
ernment. [July 28. It takes formal 
possession ; protests are unheeded.] 

July 15. Paris. The Senate passes the 
Multiple Candidate Bill. The Cham- 
ber of Deputies approves the bill provid- 
ing for a credit of 58,000,000 francs, 
spread over five years, for building 
war- ships. 

July 29. Election of Councils-Gen- 
eral. 

Out of 1,344 cantons the Boulangists 
carry only 12 ; 949 Republicans and 489 
Conservatives are elected. 

Aug. 7. Paris. The Senate, as a high 
court of justice, begins the trial of 
Gen. Boulanger. 

[Aug. 14. It finds him and his con- 
freres guilty of a " felonious attempt 



against the safety of the State and of 
embezzling public funds." Count 
Dillon and Henri Rochefort are guilty 
as accomplices, and all are sentenced to 
be deported to a fortified prison.] 

Sept. 1. The telephones throughout the 
country become the property of the 
Government by law. 

France declines to annex the New 
Hebrides Islands. 

Sept. 6. Gen. Boulanger demands of 
the Prime Minister Tirard a trial by 
court-martial. 

Sept. 11. Paris. An International Bi- 
metallic Congress opens. 

Sept. 22. The general elections are 
held. Results: Republicans, 158; Op- 
position, 89, elected ; Chamber of Depu- 
ties, 365 Republicans and 211 Opposition. 

Sept. 23. Paris. It is claimed that 
Gen. Boulanger is elected Deputy from 
Montmartre. [Nov. 27. The electoral 
bureau decides that he is not elected.] 

Oct. 12. Paris. A committee of five — 
four Frenchmen and one Belgian — is 
appointed by the Government to inspect 
and report on the condition of the Pan- 
ama Canal. 

Nov. 12. Paris. A Boulanger dem- 
onstration is made. [The police arrest 
150 participants.] 

U"ov. 11. Eng. Gen. Boulanger issues 
a manifesto* to the French people from 
the Isle of Jersey. 

Nov. 25. Paris. Deputy Farrail moves 
a resolution to grant 750,000 francs to 
assist the striking miners. 

Nov. 28. Paris. The Senate rejects an 
amendment to a hill supported by Pre- 
mier Tirard and the Chamber, to pro- 
hibit the employment of working-women 
in factories at night. Vote, 125-110. 

Dec. 25. Paris. The Government no 
longer insists upon the evacuation of 
Egypt by England as a condition to the 
conversion of the Egyptian preference 
loan from five to four per cent stock. 

Dec. * Paris. The Senate agrees to a 
law by which the Government assumes 
the monopoly of the manufacture of 
matches. 

* * A law is passed providing for the re- 
sponsibility of employers for acci- 
dents and the insurance of laborers. 

1890 Jan. 14. Paris. M. Floquet is 
elected President of the Chamber of 
Deputies. [The Senate choses M. Le 
Roger president.] 

Feb. 7. Paris. Louis Philippe Robert, 
Duke of Orleans, son of the Comte do 
Paris, applies for admission into the 
army ; he is arrested for entering the 
country in violation of the law forbid- 
ding the territory of the Republic to 
royalist princes. [Feb. 12. He is tried, 
and sentenced to two years imprison- 
ment. Feb. 24. He is removed to Clair- 
vaux prison. June 3. He is pardoned 
by the president, and conducted across 
the Swiss frontier.] 

Feb. 20. Paris. A Libel Law is passed 
in the Senate. Vote, 178-107. 

Feb. 24. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties defeats a motion to grant amnesty 
to convicted strikers. 

Feb. * Paris. A bill to tax foreigners 
and employers of foreign labor passes 
the first reading in the Chamber of 
Deputies. 



1890 Feb. * Paris. Editor Dreyfus is 
wounded in a duel with the Marquis de 
Mores. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Mar. 16. Paris. Financial panic; 

75,000,000 francs are taken out from Bank 
of France ; in addition, 100,000,000 francs 
are advanced to Comptoir d'Escompte. 
Mar. 18. Paris. The Societies Metaux 
stops payment, the Comptoir d'Es- 
compte is in the hands of a receiver, 
and copper drops heavily in Paris, Lon- 
don, and New York. 

Mar. 24. Paris. Twenty million francs 
are subscribed to the Comptoir d'Es- 
compte on the condition that the Bank 
of France subscribes a million. 

Mar. 31. Paris. The Eiffel Tower is 
inaugurated ; Premier Tirard delivers 
an oration. [May 15. Opened.] 

Mar. * - May * The Comptoir d'Es- 
compte, supported by Messrs. Roth- 
schild and other bankers, is successfully 
reorganized. 

Apr. 21+. Paris. The liquidator of the 
Panama Canal Company makes an 
unsuccessful attempt to borrow $3,000,- 
000 in London to continue the work. 

May 6. Paris. President Carnot for- 
mally declares open the Universal Ex- 
hibition in France. 

May 19+. Paris. The daily attendance 
at the Exposition averages 71,000 per- 
sons. 



May 26. Paris. In the Machinery De- 
partment of the Exposition, the Amer- 
ican exhibit occupies one-third the 
space. 

June 3. The new harbor at Calais is 
opened by President Carnot. 

July 3. An explosion of fire-damp in 
a coal-pit at St. Etienne causes the death 
of 200 miners and 60 horses. 

July 27. Paris. The issue of Panama 
Canal bonds to the amount of 8,935,000 
francs at 105 has been fixed for July 27. 

Aug. 1. Paris. M. Brunet, the liquida- 
tor, informs the shareholders that a fi- 
nancial syndicate has taken the whole 
amount of the new lottery bonds of 
the Panama Canal Company. 

Aug. 4. Paris. The bodies of Carnot, 
Merceau, D'Auvergne, and Baudin are 
deposited in the Pantheon with impos- 
ing ceremonies. 

Aug. 20. Pai-is. Lightning strikes the 
Eiffel Tower without injuring it. 

Sept. 30. Paris. Although the day is 
rainy, 307,000 tickets are taken in at the 
Exposition ; the highest record of the 
season. 

Nov. 6. Paris. The Exposition is 
closed. Total number of visitors about 
25,000,000. 

Dec. 27. Paris. At a meeting of 4,000 
Panama Canal bond-holders, they ex- 
press unshaken confidence in De Lesseps 
and the canal. 

1890 Jan. 27. Paris. The Panama 
Canal Commission reports that it will 
take 20 years and a cost of 1,737,000,000 
francs ($347,400,000) to complete the 
canal. 



760 1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1S91 Jan. 18±. The French troops 

rout the Sultan of Ahmadou's forces, 

and take 1,500 prisoners, including the 

sultan's wives. 
Mar. 12. E. I. A French garrison in 

Tongking is overcome by natives, who 

sack the town, and kill the French 

officials. 
May 7. A torpedo-boat collides with a 

cruiser, and goes down off Cherbourg. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 May * Paris. Jean Louis Ernest 
Meissonier's original picture, 1814, is 
bought by M. Conchard for §170,000. 

May * Paris. The new Salon is opened. 

June 29+. A statue of Joan of Arc, 
by Emmanuel Fremist, presented by the 
city of Paris, is unveiled at Nancy. 

July 31. A comet is discovered at Mar- 
seilles by M. Coggia. 

Aug. 17. A monument to Admiral 
Courbet is unveiled at Abbeville. 

Aug. 22. Paris. St. Cloud is struck by 
a violent wind-storm, which wrecks 20 
houses, and kills and injures a number 
of the residents. 

Nov. 13. Paris. Announcement is made 
that The Angelus has been sold to the 
Government for §150,000. 

Nov. * A scientific expedition to explore 
Central Asia has been organized. 

* * The planets JVenetta, Brasilia, Felicia, 
Phsetusa, Csecilia, and Clarissa are dis- 
covered by Charlois. [1891, Gordonia, 
Nike, Margarita, Claudia, Pierretta, 
Rosalia, Goberta, Roxana, and two 
others ; 1892, Demboicska, Columbia, and 
10 others ; 1893, twenty more (un- 
named).] 

1891 Jan. 9. Paris. The Committee 
of Physicians appointed to inquire into 
the Koch system of inoculation report 
that injurious efrVrts sometimes follow 
the injection of the lymph. 

Jan. 26. Paris. The Chamber votes 
500,000 francs for excavations in 
Delphi. 

Jan. 27. Paris. The performance of 
Sardou's Thermidnr is suppressed by the 
Government. [Jan. 29. Sharply debated 
in the Chambers.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Oct. 13. Calmon, Marc Antoine, econo- 
mist, politician, A75. 

Dec. 18. Belot, Adolphe, dram.,nov., A61. 

Dec. 28. Feuillet, Octave, nov., dram., A78. 

Chatrian, Alexandre, litterateur, A64. 

Robert-Fleury, Joseph Nicolas, historical 
painter, A93. 
1891 Jan. 2. Peyret, Alphonse, senator, 
author, A78. 

Jan. 6. Leuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas, 
A4B. 

Montaland, Celine, actor, A48. 

Jan. 10.. Careil, Comte, Louis S. F., sena- 
tor, author, dies. 

Jan. 11. Haussmann, Georges Eugene, 
magistrate, A82. 

Jan. 14. Millet. Aime, painter, sculptor, 
A75. 

Jan. 31. Meissonier, Jean L. E., paint- 
er, A76. 

Feb. 1. Berthet, Elie B., novelist, A76. 

Feb. 26. Iioisgobey, Fortune du, novelist, 
A70. 

Mar. 12. Banville, Theodore Faullain de, 
poet, A68. 

Mar. 16. Campenon, J. B. M. E., general, 
statesman, A72. 



Mar. 17. Bonaparte, NapoU-im Joseph 
Charles Paul, Prince Napoleon, son of 
Jerome, A69. 

Bonaparte. Marianne, princesse, dies in 

Apr. 2. Pouyer-Quertier, A.T., states., A71. 

Apr. 8. Pressensse, Edmond I>. de, Prot- 
estant theologian, orator, statesman, AG7. 

Apr. 21. Chapu, Henri 51. A., sculp., A58. 

May 13. Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, 
physicist, A71. 

May 19. Weiss, Jean Jacques, author, 
statesman, A62. 

July 6. Felix, Celestin Joseph, pulpit ora- 



tor, A81. 



CHURCH. 



1890 Feb. * Paris. A new semi-reli- 
gious order is formed, called " Brothers 
of the Cross; " object, to propagate re- 
ligious socialism. 

1891 Feb. 5. Pope Leo declines to 
address the bishops as to their attitude 
toward the Republic. 



LETTERS. 

1890 * * Histoire de la chanson popnlaire 
en France, by Julian Tiersot, appears. 

* * Six Arts Soldat, by Ch. Mismer, ap- 
pears. 

* * La Cadet, by Richepin, appears. 

* * Les Souvenirs des Comte de Roche- 
chouart appears. 

* * Letters of the Duke of Orleans, edited 
by the Comte de Paris and the Due de 
Chartres, appears. 

* * Question d' Alsace appears. 

* * L^lnde francaise avant Dupleix, by 
Castonnet des Fosses, appears. 

* * Life of Jesus, by Pere Didon, appears. 

* * HUene and La maison de I'ogre, by J. 
B. A. Karr, appears. 

* * The Purchase of the North Pole, by 
Jules Verne, appears. 

1891 Apr. 6. Emile Zola is elected 
president of the Society des Gens de 
Lettres. 

* * Memoirs of Prince Talleyrand, by the 
Due de Broglie, appears. 

* * Le Refine du Silence, by M. Rodenbach, 
appears. 

* * Un Cwitr de Femme, by Paul Bourget, 
appears. [1892, La Terra. Promise and 
t'osmopolis ; 1894, Oittre-Mer.] 

* * Hallali, by Henri Rabusson, appears. 

* * Monsieur Bien-Aime', by Paul Foucher, 
appears. [1894, Rechain Avare.] 

* * La Peine Jeanne, by M. F. Mistral, 
appears. 

* * Parliamentary History of the Second 
Republic, by M. E. Spuller, appears. 

* * Romance of the Prince Imperial and 
Man-Hunting, by Comte d'He>isson, ap- 
pear. [1S0'2, Les lifsponsahi life's de l' An- 
nie Terrible.'] 

* * Les Represenfnntsdu Peuple en Missnn, 
et la Justice Rero/ufionnaire, by Henri A. 
Wallon, appears. 

* * Diplomatic History of Europe, by M. 
Debidour, appears. 

* * La Politique francaise en Tunise ap- 
pears. 

* * R&ves et Impressions, by Ch. No, ap- 
pears. 

* * Xaviere, by M. F. Fabre, appears. 

* * Le Thidtre des Marionnettes de No- 
hant, by M. Sand, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Apr. 24. Paris. Employers no- 
tify workmen that they will be dismissed 
on May 1st if absent from their work. 

May 2, 3. Strikes and labor disturb- 
ances occur in the North, 40,000 men 



leaving work in Roubaix, Turcoing, Lan- 
noy, Croix, and other places. [Louise 
Michel and the Marquis de Mores are 
arrested for inciting disturbances ; the 
latter is sentenced to three months' im- 
prisonment.] 
May 5. Paris. M. Secretin and other 
directors of the Comptoir d'Escompte 
de Paris are tried for fraud in connec- 
tion with the copper "corner" of last 
year. 

[May 23. M. Secretin is sentenced to 
six months' imprisonment and to a tine 
of 10,000 francs; others receive lighter 
sentences.] 

May 16. Paris. An International Tele- 
graph Conference opens. 

May 21. Cuba. Eyraud, the murderer, 
is arrested in Havana. [June 16. De- 
livered to French authorities. July 2. 
He confesses the murder of Notary 
Gouffe\ Aug. 7. He fails in an attempt 
to commit suicide. Dec. 20. He is con- 
demned to be executed, and Mile. Bom- 
pard is sentenced to imprisonment for 
20 years.] 

May 28. Paris. Many Nihilists are ar- 
rested as conspirators against the Czar; 
15 are charged with manufacturing ex- 
plosives. [June 3. Another plot is dis- 
covered.] 

Sept. 21. Paris. Cardinal Lavigerie 
opens the Antislavery Conference. 

He says that he does not desire the im- 
mediate abolition of slavery, as it would 
entail the starvation of slaves, but that 
man-hunting must be suppressed. 

Sept. 28. Paris. About 3,000 lace-work- 
ers in Calais strike. 

Oct. 9. Madame Bonnet, who confessed 
that she was a spy employed by the Ger- 
man Government, is sentenced to impris- 
onment for five years at Nancy. 

Oct. 14. Paris. The Americanist 
Conference opens. 

Nov. 19. Paris. Gen. Seliverskoff, a 
Russian agent, is killed by Nihilists. 

1891 Feb. 19. Paris. Anarchists 
meet at St. Denis, and denounce the con- 
scription law ; they resist the police, and 
20 are arrested. 

Feb. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties decides to suppress immediately 
every kind of betting on races. 

Mar. 31. Paris. The International 
Miners' Conference meets. [It decides 
to organize a general strike on principle 
only.] 

Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45 
Anarchists. 

Apr. 24. Gen. de Negrier, of the 7tb 
Army Corps, is wounded in a duel with 
Gaston le Grand. 

May 25. Paris. The stage-drivers 
strike. [May 26. The strike is settled 
in favor of the men.] 

June 22-24. Horse-car employees in 
Bordeaux successfully strike. 

June 23. Paris. Charles and Victor de 
Lesseps are examined before a magis- 
trate in regard to the Panama Canal 
charges. 

June 25 i. Paris. About 6,000 bakers 
strike. 

July 1. Paris. The strikers do not al- 
low the omnibuses to run. 

July 15. Paris. About 4,000 railroad 
employees order an immediate strike 



FRANCE. 



1890, Feb. *-1891, July 26. 7G1 



along the line of the five great railroads 
entering Paris. 

[July 16. Seven thousand men on the 
Northern Railroad strike. July IS. Six 
thousand strikers resolve to lay griev- 
ance before the Chamber of Deputies. 
July 23. The police of Paris disperse 
riotous mobs.] 

July 25. Paris. An explosive powder 
is sent to Mine. Constans, wife of the 
Minister of the Interior. 

July 26. Paris. Anarchists rout 4,000 
Boulangists who attempt a demonstra- 
tion. 

STATE. 

1890 Mar. 2. Paris. Minister Con- 
stans resigns, and is succeeded by L^on 
Bourgeois. 

Mar. 13. Paris. The Government de- 
cides to occupy Whydah, a province 
of Dahomey on the west coast of Africa. 

Mar. 14. A modus vivendi is agreed to 
between France and Great Britain re- 
garding the Newfoundland fisheries. 

Paris. The commercial treaty 

with Turkey having expired on March 
13, a temporary arrangement is made, 
to last till 1892. 

The deputies from wine districts pro- 
test ; the Government is defeated in the 
Senate, and the Mini stry resigns. 

Mar. 17. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed. 

Members: Charles de Freycinet (president 
of council, war), M. Ribot (foreign), M. 
Rouvier (finance), A. Fallieres (public wor- 
ship), M. Bourgeois (instruction and fine 
arts), M. Constans (interior), M. Yves Guyot 
(public works), .Jules Ilcx-he (commerce), M. 
Develle (agriculture), Vice Adm. Barbey 
(marine). 

Apr. 27. Paris. The Boulangists are 
totally defeated in the municipal elec- 
tions. 

Apr. 28-May 2. Paris. The Marquis de 
Mores, Louise Michel, and 300 others are 
arrested on suspicion of being engaged 
in an Anarchist plot. 

Apr. 30. The discovery of the plot to 
proclaim the Duke of Orleans King of 
France leads to the flight of the Duke 
of Luynes. 

May 14. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a bill imposing a penalty of 
three months' imprisonment on employ- 
ers for dismissing unlawfully members 
of trades-unions. 

May 18. Gen. Boulanger publishes a 
letter deprecating any further agitation 
in favor of his views. 

June 3. France, Germany, Russia, and 
Switzerland sigu a treaty for the re- 
pression of anarchy. 

July 16. A French vessel, while tak- 
ing bait, is fired on by the Newfound- 
land bait-cruiser Fiona. 

Aug. 2. Paris. The Government issues 
a decree of partial or complete amnesty 
to persons convicted of offenses con- 
nected with labor-strikes. 

Aug. 5. London. The Anglo-French 
Agreement respecting Africa is signed 
by Lord Salisbury and Ambassador Wad- 
dington. 

The British protectorate over Zanzibar 
and the French protectorate over Mada- 
gascar are recognized ; and the delimita- 
tion of territories in Africa, subject to 



the influence of France, is to be settled 
by two commissioners at Paris. [1893. 
J uly * A delimitation convention is 
signed.] 

Aug. 20. The Government establishes a 
protectorate over the Society Islands, 
after subduing the natives and killing a 
number who refuse to submit to the in- 
vaders. 

Oct, 5. A treaty of peace is concluded be- 
tween France and the King of Dahomey, 
France to have possession of Kotonou, 
and a protectorate over Porto Navo. 
[Jan. 27. Rejected by Committee of 
Deputies.] 

Oct. 20. Paris. AGeneralCustomsHigh 
Tariff Bill is introduced in the Cham- 
ber of Deputies. 

It contains a clause empowering the 
Government to retaliate against all 
countries which discriminate against the 
products of France. 

Oct. * Paris. The Union for the Promo- 
tion of Free Trade in Raw Material, 
etc., is formed. 

Nov. 11. Paris. The Chamber of Dep- 
uties passes the Secret Service Vote. 
Vote, 310-120. 

1891 Jan. 4. Elections for the Senate 
are held ; Premier Freycinet receives 
579 votes out of a total of 605, and Jules 
Ferry 723 votes out of a total of 997 ; in 
the first ballots the Republicans gain ten 
seats. 

Jan. 13. Paris. The Senate and Cham- 
ber meet ; M. Floquet is reelected presi- 
dent of the Chamber. 

Jan. 22. Paris. A Supreme Council 
of Lahor is created by law. 

Mar. 14. Paris. President Carnot signs 
the agreement by which England and 
France undertake to submit to arbitra- 
tion the Newfoundland dispute. 

[Mar. 16. The arbitrators chosen by 
France are : Prof. Martens of the St. 
Petersburg University ; M. River, the 
Swiss Consul at Brussels; M. Gram, ex- 
judge of the Supreme Court of Norway.] 

Mar. 16. Paris. The Government ac- 
cedes to the request of the Chilean revo- 
lutionists that the Chilean warships, 
recently built at Toulon for the service 
of President Balmaceda, should be al- 
lowed to depart. 

Mar. 17. It. Prince Napoleon, son of 
Jerome dies ; his will designates Prince 
Louis, his second son, as the head of 
the Bonaparte house, Prince Victor be- 
ing disowned. 

Mar. 25±. A formal treaty of alliance 
is concluded between France and Rus- 
sia. 

May 4. Pay-is. The Government is sus- 
tained by a vote of confidence. .Vote, 
356-33. 

In the debate on the May-day tragedy 
at Fourmies, M. Rouche calls M. Con- 
stans, minister of the interior, a mur- 
derer, and is removed from the Chamber 
by force. 

May 13. Paris. Race-tracks are 
placed under Government supervision, 
and betting on horses is regulated by 
law. 

May 27. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a bill providing for the sto- 
rage of grain in every fortified town of 



France, sufficient to feed its people for 
two months in time of siege. 
May 2S. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes the high Tariff Bill recom- 
mended by the Committee. 

May 30. The Czar, as the arbitrator in 
the dispute between Holland and France 
regarding the Guiana boundary, de- 
cides in favor of Holland. 

June 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties adopts a motion to limit the hours 
of labor of employees of public com- 
panies to 12 daily. Vote, 406-3. 

June 8. Paris. The Senate passes the 
bill reducing the duties on corn. 
Vote, 208-49. 

June 9. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties decides that cocoons and raw silk 
shall be admitted free of duty, but 
that manufactured silks shall be subject 
to a duty of 300 francs. 

June 26. Paris. An injunction is is- 
sued ordering the sequestration of 
Chilean cruisers built in the shipyards 
at La Seyne, near Toulon. 

July 8. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties adopts a bill to establish a Govern- 
ment Labor Bureau. 

July 17. Paris. Senate passes a bill to 
regulate the working of women and 
children in factories, establishing a ten- 
hour working-day, forbids night duty, 
and prescribes one rest-day in seven. 

July 18. Paris. The Deputies pass a 
protectionist customs tariff bill. Vote, 
385-111. 

July 26±. Paris. France annexes Ta- 
hiti on the death of King Pomare, and 
placates the heir-apparent by the pay- 
ment of 12,000 francs. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Apr. * Paris. The Eiffel Tower 

is opened again for the season. On the 
first day 10,000 persons ascend. 

May 6. Paris. The report of the Special 
Committee on Panama Canal estimates 
that the total cost of completion would 
be 900,000,000 francs. "Work done and 
material valued at 470,000,000. Time re- 
quired, eight years. 

May 11. Panama Canal shares fall 17 
francs in consequence of the report of 
the Commission. 

July 29. A fire-damp explosion at St. 
IStienne causes the death of 120 men and 
a number injured. 

Aug. * Paris. The final report of the 
Panama Canal Company's affairs 
shows that its total expenditures amount 
to .§1262,000,000, and that its assets on 
March 3 were §3,200,000. 

1891 Jan. 15. Paris. It is announced 
that a new Panama Canal scheme has 
obtained the approval of the Govern- 
ment, but the Bourse is not favorably 
disposed to the plan. 

Mar. 18. Telephone communication 
is effected between Paris and London. 

Apr. 19. Paris. Lieut. Wyse makes a 
report to the liquidator of the Panama 
Canal Company, in which he says that 
the canal can be completed in five years, 
at a cost of $ 120, 000 ,000. 

July 24. The official census report is 
made; population of 38,095,150, an 
Increase of 20S.584 since last census. 



762 1891, Aug-. 5-1892, Nov. 18. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Aug. 21. Eng. The French and 
British, fleets are reviewed by Queen Vic- 
toria off Spithead. 

Sept. * Another expedition sails against 
the Dahoineans, "West Africa. (See North 



CHURCH. 



' * Le The'dtre, by Octave Feuillet, Fran- 
cois Coppee, Ferdinand Dugue, Gondi- 
net, and. Jean Jullien, appears. 
* Michel Lando, by Maurice Bonchor, 
appears. 



Gu 



Aug. 16. The exhibition of a "Holy 

Coat" at Argenteuil attracts crowds of 

pilgrims. 
Sept. 19. Home. The Pope receives 

the first contingent of the pilgrimage 

of French workmen, whom he addresses 1891 Aug. 11. Paris. The Grand. 



SOCIETY. 



1892 Jan. 19±. W. Afr. A native 
force is repulsed by a French garrison 
in Dahomey; 250 natives are killed. 

Jan. 22+ . Algeria. A French force in 
the Sudan defeats a hostile tribe, kill- 
ing hundreds of natives. [Feb. 5±. It 
routs the native forces.] 

May 4±. The King Samadou, in the 
French Sudan, recaptures two towns 
from the French, taking SI French pris- 
oners and a number of Senegal natives. 

May 18±. E. I. The French capture a 
pirate stronghold in Tongking, losing 58 
men and the pirates 125. 

[July2±. In another battle with pi- 
rates at Thanhoa, the French carry the 
pirates' position.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Sept. 16. Paris. Lohengrin is 
successfully performed for the first time. 

Oct. 4. The Mayor of Nice unveils a 
monument to Garibaldi in the pres- 
ence of a representative of the Govern- 
ment. 

1892 Apr. 24. A statue of Rouget de 
l'lsle is unveiled at Choisy-le-Roi. 

July 12. St. Gervais-les-Bains is de- 
stroyed by an avalanche from Mont 
Blanc ; 200 bodies are taken from the 
ruins. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891 Aug. 5. Villi, Auguste, dram, critic, 
A68. 

Sept. 8. Bundy, Jonas M., journalist, A56. 
Sept. 9. GreVy. Francois Paul Jules. 

President, A84. 
Sept. 12. Kibot, Augustin T., painter, A6S. 
Sept. 30. Boulansrer. Georges Ernest 

Jean Marie, general, politician, A54. 
Dec. 22. Wolff, Albert, dram, critic, ASK. 
Dec. 25. Pommeray, Henri de la, crit.,A52. 
Koumanille, Joseph, Provencal puet, A73. 

1892 Jan. 5. Cambriels, Albert, gen., A76. 
Jan. 13. (JiiatrefaL'es ile lireau, Jean Louis 

Armand de. naturalist, A82. 

Jan. 20. Dupont, Henrique N., engr., A94. 

Jan. 22. Miiller, Charles Louis, historical 
painter, A77. 

Jan. 24:. Batidnllart, Henri J. L., political 
economist, A71. , 

Feb. 9. Arago, Etienne, dram., pol., A90. 

Feb. 12. Maury, Louis r'erdinand, arche- 
ologist, librarian of the Tuileries, A75. 

Mar. 6. ])e la Craviere, J. B. E. Jurien, 
vice-admiral, A79. 

Apr. 14. Kock, Henri de, novelist, dram- 
atist, A71. 

Apr. 23. Duveyrier, Henri Daring, ex- 
plorer, A52. 

May 7. Guiraud, Ernest, composer, A55. 

May 20. De Laveaucoupet, M., gen., A83. 

May 26. Martin, Joseph, explorer in Asia, 



July 29. Bort de Teisserenc, 1'n-rre, states- 
man, A78. 

Aug". 17. Trebelli-Bettini, Zelia, opera- 
smger, A54. 

Sepc. 24. De Bourbon, Prince Francois de 
Paule, Cointe de Trapani, A65. 

Sept. 29. Cremieux. Hector J., dram., A64. 

Sept. 30. Giraud, Charles, artist, A73. 

Oct. 1. Erlanger, Michael, financier, dies. 

Oct. 2. Kenan, Joseph Erneste, critic, 
philologist, historian, A69. 

Oct. 11. Marmier, Xavier, litterateur, A83. 

Oct. 20. Housset. CamilleF. M.,hist., A71. 

Nov. 5. Herve% Floriinond, composer, A67. 

Nov. 15. Failly, Pierre L. C. de, gen., A82. 

Nov. 18. Reinach, Baron J., financier, A56. 



on the labor question. 

Sept. 29. Dr. Dreyfus is installed chief 
rabbi of France. 

Oct. 5. Pome. French, pilgrims, num- 
bering 1,200, attend low m 
by the Pope in St. Peter's 



Duke Alexis is received with enthusi- 
astic demonstration. 
Aug. 29. Paris. The May-day Anar- 
chists are sentenced — Descamps to im- 
prisonment for five years, and Darcare 
to three years — for firing at the police. 
Nov. 24. The Archbishop of Aix is g t 3Q m Q 



j celebrated 



fined. (See State.) [Nov. 30. The prel- 
ate is congratulated by the Right.] 

Nov. 25. The Government sends a 
friendly note to the Pope. 

Dec. 9. Paris. The Senate pledges the 
Government to avail itself of its rights 
to compel the clergy to respect the Re- 
public, and to submit to its laws. Vote, 
211-57. 

Dec. 10. Paris. Notice is given in the 
Chamber of Deputies of a motion de- 
manding the Government to introduce 
a bill as a prelude to the separation of 
Church and State. 

Dec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes a 
resolution accusing the clergy of jeop- 
ard! z 
the rights of the state. Vote, 211-5' 

1892 Jan. 2. Paris. Minister Fail 



commits suicide at Brussels. 
Oct. 12. About 3,500 coal-miners strike 

Oct. 25. A league to establish a Social- 
ist Republic is formed. 

1892 Feb. 7. A Congress of Labor 
Exchanges agrees to federation. 

Feb. 18. Edwin Parker Deacon, an 
American, shoots and kills his wife's 
lover, M. Abeille, at Cannes. 

[May 20. He is sentenced to imprison- 
ment for one year. Sept. 21. He is par- 
doned by President Carnot. Oct. 13. He 
brings an action against his wife for a 
divorce. Nov. 21. The Court of Appeal 
gives a judgment in favor of Mrs. Dea- 
'0 



I?!??!! an jL° f Jf^* ing Feb. 27. Paris. An explosion of dyna- 
mite occurs in the Rue de Clichy; several 
persons are injured. 

tops the salary of the bishop of — , , „„ „ . m , _ . 

,«™ i™. ^ i.«.. i™ ^ rt * Feb. 28. Pans. The destruction of 



li< 

Carcassone because he left his diocese 
without first obtaining legal permission. 
Feb. 19. Paris. The Catholic papers 
publish an encyclical from Pope Leo to 
the clergy, saying that the Government 
must be obeyed. 

May 7. Six bishops are cut off from 
treasury stipends for interfering in elec- 
tions. 

May 13. Paris. Pope Leo calls upon mite. 
the French Catholic Congress to comply Mar. 15. Paris. A sensational duel is 
■with the monitions in his encyclical en- foughtbetween M. Isaac, sub-prefect of 



property by dynamite is made a capital 
offense by the Chamber. 

Feb. 29. Paris. A dynamite explo- 
sion, attributed to Anarchists, occurs in 
the house of the Princess of Sagan. 

Mar. 4. Paris. An attempt is made to 
blow up a police-station. 

Mar. 12. Paris. An attempt is made to 
wreck the house of a judge with dyna- 



government. 

July 20. The Roman Catholic episco- 
pate asks Pope Leo to arrangi 
cano niz ation of Joan of Arc. 



the former is severely 



* * Pome. B. L. Thomas, archbishop of 
Rouen, J. C. Ernest Bournet, archbishop 
of Rodez, Victor L. Lecot, archbishop of 
Bordeaux, and G. Rene 1 Meignan, arch- 
bishop of Tours, are consecrated cardi- 
nal priests. 

LETTERS. 
1892 * * Souvenirs du G&n&ral Jarras ap- 



wounded. 
fo"r the Mar. 27. Paris. Seven persons are se- 
riously injured by a dynamite explo- 



sion. 

[Mar. * An Anarchist named Ravachol 
is supposed to have caused the recent explo- 
sion, and is arrested; 40 foreign Anarchists 
are to be expelled from France. Mar. 31. 
Several Anarchists under arrest confess to 
participation in two recent explosions, and 
turn informers against Ilavaehol, who admits 
the commission of several crimes. Apr. 2. 
Anarchists ale leaving the city in haste. Apr. 
3. Ravachol makes a full confession concern- 
ing the explosion. Apr. 13. He and his five 
accomplices are indicted. Apr. 26. He and 
another are found guilty, and sentenced to 
penal servitude for life; the other Anarchists 
are acquitted.] 



; * Autour de Bonaparte, by L. Xavier de 
Ricard, appears. 

' * Life of Mirabeau, by A. Mezieres, ap- 
pears. 

: * Correspondence of Madame AcJcerman, Apr. 6. Anarchists blow up the police- 
edited by Cointe" dMIaussonville, ap- station at Angers [Apr. ,. Another 
peacs# explosion occurs in Roubaix.] 

: * Enqulte sur V Evolution Litteraire, by Apr. 22. Paris. The police arrest 45 

Jules Huret, appears. Anarchists, also a large number in 

1 * Histoire Anecdoiique des Marionnettes other cities. [Apr. 23. They arrest 200 

Mod ernes, by Lemorcier de Nouville, ap- _ 

pears. more -l 

* Le Culte du Moi, by Maurice Barres, Apr. 25. Paris. Caf^ Very is destroyed 

appears, b Y dynamite in revenge for Ravachol's 

: * Feuilles dUacMes, by Renan, appears. arrest ; six persons are injured. 

: * Le Lait d'un Aulre t by Alexandre May 13. The house of a miner overseer 

Hepp, appears. at Lens is wrecked by dynamite. 



FRANCE. 



1891, Aug. 5-1892, Nov. 18. 763 



May 21. Paris. A dynamite car- 
tridge is found in the house of the public 
prosecutor. 

May 23. Paris. Madame Reymond, in 
her husband's presence, shoots and theu 
stabs his paramour to death. 



June 23. Paris. The Marquis de Mores 
fights a duel, wounding his opponent, 
Capt. Mayer, fatally. [June 24. The 
Marquis de Mortis is arrested. Aug. 2. 
He is tried. Aug. 30. Acquitted.] 

June 25. Paris. The plans of the 
French defenses are sold to Germany 
and Italy. 

The criminal is M. Grenier, a clerk in 
the office of the Keeper-General of the 
National Archives ; Capt. Henry Borup, 
attached to the American Legation, is 
accused of being an accomplice. [Sept. 
6. Grenier is sentenced to 20 years' penal 
servitude and 20 years' banishment.] 

July 16. Paris. Daniel Wilson, son-in- 
law" of President Gre>y, is found guilty 
of using illegal means to secure his elec- 
tion, and is fined 1,000 francs. 

July 26. Sixteen Anarchists are con- 
victed at Liege ; Moireau is sentenced 
to 25 years' penal servitude, "Wolf and 
Beaujean to 20 years each. 

July 28. Paris. Four Anarchists are 
convicted at Versailles of procuring dy- 
namite for the May-day explosion. 

Sept. 3. Three sacks of registered let- 
ters, valued at £3,500, are stolen from a 
train between Paris and Lyons. 

Sept. 12. Paris. The Social Congress 



Sept. 22. The Centennial of the First 
Republic is celebrated throughout 
France ; brilliant ceremonies and illu- 
minations take place in Paris. 

Oct. 13. Striking miners at Carmaux 
tear down the prefect's decree forbid- 
ding public meetings ; a large force of 
troops is present to preserve the peace. 

[Oct. 20. The Carmaux miners decide to 
submit their dispute to arbitration, Oct. 26. 
The President of the Chamber of Deputies as 
arbitrator decides that M. Calviguae, whose 
discharge caused the troubles, shall be rein- 
stated, and that all strikers except those con- 
victed of rioting shall he taken back. Oct. 
29. Ten of the rioters are pardoned. Oct. 31. 
The strike at Carmaux is ended, the miners 
returning to work, and the rioters are released 
from prison.] 

Nov. 8. Paris. A dynamite bomb is ex- 
ploded at the police-office in Bois de 
Boulogne. 

STATE. 

1891 Oct. 30. Paris. The hill impos- 
ing a duty on salted meats is passed 
by the Senate ; the prohibition against 
American pork is removed. 

Its entry is limited to four ports, Bor- 
deaux, Dunkirk, Havre, and Marseilles. 
[Dec. 5. Decreed.] 

Oct.* W.Afr. The Senegambians con- 
cede new territorial rights. 

Nov. 24. Archbishop Xavier Gouthe 
Soulard of Aix is fined 3,000 francs for 
writing an insulting protest against a 
a circular of M. Fallieres respecting pil- 
grimages. 

Dec. 11-13. Paris. The Government's 
support of the Concordat is approved 
after a stormy debate in the Chamber of 
Deputies. "Vote, 243-223. 



Dec. 14. France severs diplomatic re- 
lations with Bulgaria on account of its 
expulsion of M. Chadonine, a French 
journalist. 

Dec. 17. Paris. The Senate passes a 
new Tariff Bill. [Dec. 27. Passed by 
the Chamber of Deputies. 1892. Jan. 
27. Approved by President Car not. 
Feb. 1. Becomes operative.] 

Dec. 22±. Ruptured relations exist be- 
tween France and Madagascar. 

Dec. 26. Paris. The Senate passes, the 
Commercial Treaties Bill. 

Dec. * Paris. The Chamber passes a res- 
olution indirectly censuring the clergy 
for their political activity. Vote, 243- 
223. 

1892 Jan. 5. Paris. The Chamber of 
Deputies passes a resolution demanding 
that energetic measures be taken against 
those responsible for the condition of 
the Panama Canal Company. 

Jan. 7. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a tariff bill, introducing high 
protection. Vote, 394-114. 

Jan. 9. A reconciliation between 
France and Bulgaria is effected by Italy. 
[Jan. 21. The Government accepts Bul- 
garia's note of apology.] 

Jan. 12. Paris. The Senate and 
Chamber meet; M. Floquet is again 
reelected president of the Chamber. 

Jan. 13. A new customs ' convention 
is made with Norway and Sweden. 

Jan. 15. A commercial treaty is con- 
cluded with Holland. 

Jan. 26-Feb. 19. The declaration of 
Cardinal Lavigerie and four other cardi- 
nals recognizing the Republic is accepted 
by 76 bishops. 

Feb. 16. Pope Leo's encyclical to the 
French bishops enjoining submission 
to the Republic is published. 

France and the Sultan of Morocco 
reach an agreement touching the sov- 
ereignty of the Touat Oasis, in a 
measure favoring the former. 

Feb. 18. Paris. The Deputies discuss 
the Associations Bill, abolishing 
licenses as requisite for associations. 

M. de Freyeinet denies that it is aimed 
at religious confraternities ; bis request 
for a vote of <-nnridenee is refused. Vote, 
282-210. The Ministry resigns. 

Feb. 19. The Pope issues an encycli- 
cal in which he takes exception to the 
attitude of the cardinals and arch- 
bishops. 

Feb. 28. Paris. A new Ministry is 
formed by M. Loubet, after Maurice 
Rouvier declined to take office. 

Members: M. Loubet (interior), M. de 
Freyeinet (war). M. Ribot (foreign affairs), 
M. Rouvipr (finance), M. Bourgeois (public 
instruction), M. Iti^ard [justice and public 
worship), M. Oavaipnae (marine), M. Develle 
(agriculture), Jules Roche (commerce), M. 
Viette (public works). 

Feb. 29. France and the United States 
come to an agreement for a commer- 
cial treaty. [Mar. 15. It is signed by 
President Carnot.] 

Mar. 10. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties adopts a bill to give women the 
right to vote for members of the Con- 
seils des Prudhommes, hut disallows 
their election thereto as members. 



Mar. 31. Paris. An anti-dynamite 
bill passes the Senate. 

Apr. 11. Paris. The Budget Committee 
passes a credit of 300,000,000 francs for 
an expedition against Dahomey. 

Apr. 22. Paris. Orders are issued for 
the prosecution of the archbishop of 
Avignon and four other bishops for in- 
citing Catholic electors against the 
State. 

May 10. Paris. The Cabinet votes 300,- 
000 francs to pay for indemnity for loss 
from dynamite outrages. 

May 25. Spain and France arrange a 
commercial modus vivendi. 

June 9. Paris. The Due de la Roche- 
foucauld's letter to Pope Leo declar- 
ing submission in matters of faith, but 
not in state affairs, is signed by 40 of the 
70 Royalist deputies. 

July 11. Paris. Minister Godefroy Ca- 
vaignac resigns because of censure in 
relation to Dahomey; he is succeeded 
by M. Burdeau. 

July 13. Paris. A decree is signed for 
the Universal Exhibition, 19U0, May 
5-Oct. 31. 

Aug. 1. The triennial elections held in 
the provinces for members of the Coun- 
cils General show a Republican gain of 
150 seats. [Aug. 8. By supplementary 
elections increased to 195.] 

Aug. 23±. France takes possession of 
Gloriosa Island near Madagascar, also 
St. Paul and Amsterdam Islands, be- 
tween Madagascar and Australia. 

Oct. 27. Pans. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties rejects a motion to grant amnesty 
to the Carmaux rioters. 

Oct. 29. Paris. A bill regulating the 
labor of women and children in fac- 
tories, first introduced in 1S79, is passed. 

Nov. 15. Paris. A bill abolishing the 
duty on wine, beer, cider, and other 
"hygienic" drinks, and increasing the 
spirit duties, is introduced in the Cham- 
ber of Deputies. [Dec. 21. Passed. 1893. 
June 26. Passed by Senate.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 Dec. 6. In a mine in St. £tienne, 
73 miners are killed by an explosion of 
fire-damp. 

1892 Feb. 18. The 21st anniversary of 
the Commune is celebrated. 

July 9. Paris. Cholera has recently 
appeared ; several new cases are re- 
ported. [July 16+. More deaths are 
reported.] 

July 13. Paris. President Carnot signs 
a decree providing for the holding of a 
Universal Exhibition in Paris in 1900, 
from May 5 to Oct. 31. 

1892 Sept. 3. Paris. Physicians report 
59 new cases of cholera, and 42 deaths. 
[Oct. 8. Cholera appears at Marseilles. 
Nov. 11. An alarming increase of cholera 
in France is reported. 1893. Feb. 8. 
Choleraic disease causes 44 deaths this 
day in Marseilles. Feb. 12. Eight more. 
Aug. 3. It is reported that 826 deaths 
have occurred in the last four weeks 
from cholera. Sept. 11. An alarming in- 
of cholera is reported in Nantes.] 



764 1892, Nov. 15-1893, Sept. * 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

.1893 Apr. 4. E.I. The French take 
possession of Knone Island, in the Me- 
kong Kiver, the Siamese withdrawing 
without offering resistance. 

May 17±. E. I. A battle, with consid- 
erable loss of life, is reported between 
the French and Siamese. 
.June 25 ±. E. I. Siamese islands are 
occupied by the French without re- 
sistance. 

July 17±. E. I. French marines cap- 
ture two Siamese forts on the Upper 
Mekong River ; a Siamese force is re- 
pulsed with great loss by Annamite 
militia. 

■ July 24. France gives notice to the pow- 

ers of her intention to blockade the Si- 
amese coast. [Aug. 4. liaised.] 
Aug. 2. Paris. It is announced that 
Gen. Dodds will lead another expedition 
against the King of Dahomey in Septem- 
ber. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Dec. 27. Paris. The gold medal 
of the Academy of Sciences is given to 
Louis Pasteur on his 70th birthday in 
the presence of a large company. 

1893 Apr. * Paris. By the will of M. 
Meissonier the State receives many valu- 
able paintings. 

-June 4. Paris. A statue of Theophraste 
Renaudot, the first editor of the Gazette 
de France, is unveiled. 

■ June 11. Paris. A statue of the phi- 

losopher D. F. Arago is unveiled. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892 Nov. 26. Lavigerie, Charles Alle- 
mand, cardinal, archbp. of Carthage, A67. 

Dec. 14. Lemoinne, John Emile, states- 
man, A77. 

1893 Jan. 4. Delpit, Albert, dramatist, 
poet, A 44. 

Mar. 6. Taine, Hippolyte Adolphe, 
philosopher, critic, historian, A65. 

Mar. 17. Ferry. Jules, statesman, A61. 
.July 6. Maupassant, Guy de, novelist, A43. 

Aug-. 18. Charcot, Jean Martin, physi- 
cian, A68. 

Sept. 12. Miribel. .Marie Francois, general, 
A62. 

Sept. * Yvon, Adolphe, hist, painter, A76. 



LETTERS. 
.1893* * The total number of publica- 
tions for the year is 11,076. 

* * NapoUon intime, by Arthur Levy, ap- 
pears. 

* * NapoUon et les Femmes and NapoUon 
chez liii, by Frederic Masson, appears. 

* * Memoirs of General Thiebault appears. 

* * Memoir es du Chancel 'wr Pasquier, ed- 
ited by the Duke d'Audiffret-Pasquier, 
appears. 

* * Souvenirs du G&neral du Barail ap- 
pears. 

* * Histoire du Cardinal de Richelieu, by 
Gabriel Hanoteaux, appears. 

* * Life of Madame de Lamballe, by George 
Bertun, appears. 

* * Lamartine, by Emile Deschanel, ap- 
pears. 

* * Victor Hugo apres 1852 (vol. iv.), by 
Edmond Bir'e, appears. 

* * Le Masque: Conte miUsien, by Gilbert 
Augustin-Thierry, appears. 

* * Les Trophies, by J. M. de Heredia, ap- 
pears. 

* * Jacqueline, by Th. Bentzon, appears. 

* * Diborah, by Count Stanislaus Rze- 
wuski, appears. 



1892 Nov. 15. A general strike of 
miners is declared in the north. 

[Nov. 16, Sixteen thousand go out. Nov. 
17. In the department of Pas-de-Calais 33,- 
000 miners are out on strike; some rioting 
occurs. Nov. 18. Strong bodies of troops 
are at the scene of the strike. Nov. 19. The 
Chamber of deputies considers the strike, and 
appoints an Arbitration Commission. Nov. 
20. Disorderly strikers in Pas-de-(.'alaiscome 
in contact with the police who are guarding 
the miners, and are repulsed. Nov. 23. The 
striking miners refuse to accept the Govern- 
ment Arbitration Board. Nov. 29. The strik- 
ing miners capture a mine at Rive de Gier. 
Nov. 30. The strike is ended.] 
Nov. 25-r. Paris. The committee ap- 
pointed by the Chamber of Deputies to 
investigate the workings of the Pan- 
ama Canal Company, which failed in 
September, 1891, is in session. 

(Dec. 10.) Several witnesses testify; a 
aub-comniittee is appointed to examine docu- 
ments. Charles de Lesseps tesuiies concern- 
ing the blackmail levied on the Panama 
Canal Company. 

(Dec. 16.) Charles de Lesseps, Fontaine, 
and Sans-Leroy are arrested tor alleged con- 
nection with the canal frauds ; the police 
search many houses, and secure 14 van-loads 
of documents bearing on the scandal. 

(Dec. 17.) Bail is refused in the case of 
Charles de Lesseps and the other Panama 
Canal officers under arrest. 

(Dec. 18.) Drumont's paper says the ag- 
gregate amount, of the Panama Canal Com- 
pany's bribes is 21 1, 01) If, 1)00 francs. Letters in- 
criminating senators and deputies are found 
in the Panama «'anal Company's office. 

(Dec 24.) M. Castelbon, who was on the 
Thierry list as having had a cheek for 20,000 
francs, testiries that he handed back 15,000 
francs to Senator Deves, who cashed the 
check. 

(1893, Jan. 20.) M. Andrieux refuses to say 
whose name lie cut out of the list of 104 
Deputies which he showed when he was ex- 
amined in December; Dr. Herz is arrested 
in England. 

(Jan. 21.) M. Clemenceau denies all knowl- 
edge of bribery by Dr. Herz or any other 
person. 

(Jan. 23.) It is said that the committee's 
sub-committee has discovered enormous 
frauds among the records of syndicates which 
helped to float the Panama loans. 

(Jan. 24.) M. Ktephane repeats his charges 
against M. cle'nienceau. 

(Jan. 25.) It is announced that the Par- 
liamentary Commission of Inquiry has ended 
its investigations of the Panama Canal scan- 
dal. 

Nov. 25. Paris. The International 
Emigration Congress opens. 

Dec. 23. Paris. MM. Clemenceau and 
Deroulede fight a harmless duel with 
pistols. 

Dec. 30. Paris. Anti-Socialist and An- 
archist manifestoes are issued. 

1893 Jan. 6. Paris. M. de Mores, at 
a great anti-Semitic meeting held at the 
Tivoli Vauxhall, bitterly assails the He- 
brews, and holds them as primarily re- 
sponsible for the Panama scandal. 

Jan. 7. Paris. The persons implicated 
in the Panama frauds are tried, 

MM. Baihout, Blondin, Fontaine, Cotta, 
and Charles de Lesseps are examined to- 
gether. Charles de Lesseps and M. Fontaine 
make full statements to the Government. 

(Jan. 12. ) Charles de Lesseps admits hav- 
ing bribed public functionaries. 

(Jan. 14.) Ex-minister P.aihant confesses 
the bribery charges. 

(Jan. 27.) M. Franqueville, magistrate, 
returns true bills of accusation against 14 
persons, among them ex-ministers Rouvier 
and Baihout, and Senator Albert (irevy and 
Charles de Lesseps, for connection with Pan- 
ama frauds. 

(Feb. 9.) The judges arrive at a decision. 
M. F. de Lesseps and M. C. de Lesseps each 
is sentenced to ttve years' imprisonment, 
and to pay a line of 3,000 francs; M. Fon- 
taine and M. Cotta each three years, and a 



fine of 3,000 francs; M. Eiffel, two years, 
and a fine of 20,000 francs. 

(Feb. 10.) MM. C. de Lesseps, Baihaut, 
Blondin, Cotta, and others are arraigned on 
an Indictment charging corruption in the 
matter of the Lottery Bonds Bill. 

(Feb. 15.) M. Le Cuay and M. Prevost 
are convicted of complicity in the frauds, and 
sentenced, the first to imprisonment for five 
years, and to pay a fine of 3,000 francs, and 
the latter, for three years, and a fine of 100 
francs. 

(Mar. 8.) The trial of those accused is 
begun in the Assize Court; Charles de Les- 
seps testifies at length. 

(Mar. 9.) M. Baihaut, ex-minister of pub- 
lic works, confesses his guilt. 

(Mar. 10.) MM. Floquet, Clemenceau, 
and Freyeinet testify. 

(Mar. 11.) Sensational disclosures are 
made by M. Andrieux and Mine. Cotta; M. 
Bourgeois, minister of justice, resigns; there 
is much excitement. 

(Mar. 21.) In the Assize Court, the Pan- 
ama trials culminate in the sentence Of M. 
Baihaut, ex-minister of public works, to im- 
prisonment for live years, to pay a fine of 
750,000 francs, and to a forfeiture of civil 
rights; M. Blondin ("go-between" in the 
bribery of Baihaut), imprisonment for two 
years; M. Charles de Lesseps (who bribed 
Ba ilia ut ) , imprisonment " to run concur- 
rently with the live years' sentence already 
imposed ; " the other defendants are ac- 
quitted. 
Jan. 28. By decree, the name of Dr. 
Cornelius Herz has been expunged from 
the roll of the Legion of Honor. 
Feb. 2. Serious bread riots occur in 
Marseilles. [May 1. More serious riot- 
ing.] 
Feb. 21. The centenary of the execu- 
tion of Louis XVI. is celebrated in vari- 
ous parts of France, both by Royalists 
and Republicans. 

Feb. 22. Paris. The police seize large 
parcels of revolutionary proclama- 
tions imported by local Anarchists. 

Mar. 14. The President of Haiti, sail- 
ing for Monte Cristo with Su"2,000 pur- 
loined from the French Bank, is cap- 
tured by French cruisers. 

Mar. 22. Paris. The State funeral of 
Jules Ferry, late president of the Sen- 
ate, takes place at the Luxembourg. 

Mar. 28. Paris. Otto Brandes, the 
Paris correspondent of the Berliner 
Tar/eblatt, is mobbed while leaving 
with his family. 

Apr. 1. Paris. M. Andrieux and M. 
Henry Moret, editor of the Radical, 
fight a duel ; neither is hurt. 

Apr. 11. Paris. The Bering Sea Court 
of Arbitration holds a secret session of 
six hours. (See Index.) 

Apr. 13. Paris. The Court of Cassation 
rejects the appeal of Charles de Les- 
seps from his last sentence to imprison- 
ment and fine. 

Apr. 28. At the navy-yard in Nantes, 
8,000 workmen strike. 

June 15. Paris. In the Court of Cassa- 
tion, the sentences of the Panama defen- 
dants are set aside ; MM. Eiffel and 
Fontaine are liberated, but C. de Lesseps 
has to serve out a concurrent sentence 
for bribery. [Sept. 1. Released.] 

July 4. Paris. The streets are barri- 
caded, and many injured on both sides 
by collisions between the cavalry and 
rioters. 

[July 5. Troops occupy Paris. Several 
stubborn fights occur between soldiers, 
police, and rioters. July 7. Rioting is 
renewed ; bitter speeches are made con- 
cerning the Government's action in clos- 
ing the Labor Exchange. July 8. A 



FRANCE. 



1892, Nov. 15 - 1 8 9 3, Sept. *. 765 



large number of rioters are under arrest, 
and quietness is gradually restored.] 
July 13. Paris. Emile Zola, the novel- 
ist, is appointed,an officer in the Legion 
of Honor. 

July 14. Paris. M. Duloz, editor of the 
Revue ties Deux Monrfva, disappears after 
having paid 16,250,000 francs to black- 
mailers. 

Aug. 5, 6. Paris, Fjdouard Ducret is 
sentenced to one year's imprisonment, 
and a mulatto named Norton to three 
years, for concocting the "Cocarde" 
forgeries. (See State, June 22.) 

Aug. 5. Paris. President Carnot con- 
fers the Cross of the Legion of Honor on 
Baron Usedom. 

Aug. 17. Ten men are killed in a fight 
between French and Italian working- 
men in Aigues-Mortes. 

[Aug. 20. Anti-French demonstra- 
tions occur in Koine. They are caused 
by the Aigues-Mortes massacre of Ital- 
ians; mobs attack a seminary, and 

• threaten the French Embassy. 

Aug. 21. The French government de- 
cides that all foreign residents in 
France must be registered. 

STATE. 

1892 Nov. 19. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties, after an exciting debate, passes a 
Press Bill to check anarchical publi- 
cations. 

Nov. 21. Paris. Deputies unanimously 
vote for a parliamentary inquiry into 
the Panama Canal Company's af- 
fairs, after a stormy debate. 

Nov. 25. Paris. A motion of urgency 
on a proposition to enlarge the powers 
of the Panama Canal Investigating 
Committee is defeated by the Deputies, 
the Government opposing it. 

Nov. 28. Paris. The Chambers censure 
the Government for neglecting an au- 
topsy on the body of Baron Jacques, a 
suicide, and director of the Panama 
Canal Company, also for neglecting to 
seal his papers. Vote, 304-219. The Min- 
istry resign. 

Dec. 5. Paris. M. Ribot forms a new 
Ministry. 

Members: M. Ribot (foreign affairs), M. de 
Freycinet (war), M. Rouvier (finance), M. 
Loubet (interior), Charles Sarrien (public 
instruction), M. Bourgeois (public worship 
and justice), M. Harden u (murine), M. Sar- 
rien (commerce), M. Develle (agriculture), 
M. Viette (public works). 

Dec. 8. Paris. The new Cabinet states 
its policy, and the Deputies pass a vote 
of confidence. Vote, 30G-104. 

Dec. 15. Paris. M. Bouvier, Finance 



The Chamber of Deputies decides 
against a proposal to invest the Panama 
Investigating Committee with judicial 
powers. Vote, 271-265. 
Dec. 23. Paris. After a stormy debate, 
the Chamber of Deputies votes confi- 
dence in the Government. Vote, 353-91. 

* * A commercial treaty is made with 
Switzerland. 

The minimum tariff on watches, 
cheese, embroideries, silks, and other 
Swiss products, is lowered. 

* * The Government and the United 
States of America make reciprocal tariff 
arrangements. 



1893 Jan. 8. A formal friendly 
agreement is signed by France and 
Russia at the instigation of Pope Leo 
and others. 

Jan. 10. Paris. The Ministry resigns. 

Jan. 12. Paris. The Ribot cabinet is 
reconstructed. 

Members : A. Felix J. Ribot (premier, 
interior), Jules Develle (foreign affairs), 
Pierre Emmanuel Tirard (finance), Ltkm 
Bourgeois (justice), Gen. J. L. Loizellon 
(war), CharlesDupuy (education), Albert 
Viger (agriculture), '.I ules Siegfried (com- 
merce), Francois Viette (public works), 
Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies). 

Casimir Perier is elected president 
of the Chamber of Deputies in place of 
M. Floquet. Vote, 408-253. 

The Chamber of Deputies sustains the 
Government's course in expelling 
Nihilists. 

Jan. 25. Paris. News of the occupa- 
tion of Timbuctu by a French expe- 
dition arrives. 

Jan. 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties votes the Secret Service Fund. 
Vote, 303-182. 

Feb. 3. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes the bill for punishing authors 
of baseless attacks on savings-banks. 

Feb. 7. Paris. The Deputies sustain 
the Cabinet's refusal to interfere di- 
rectly in getting an extension of the 
Panama concessions. Vote, 374-34. 

Feb. 8. Paris. The Deputies adopt M. 
Cavaignac's motion for sustaining prose- 
cution of official corruption, and order 
their action to be placarded throughout 
France. Vote, 446-3. 

Feb. 9. Paris. A treaty for reciprocal 
trade -with Canada is signed. 

Feb. 24. Paris. Jules Ferry is elected 
to succeed Philippe Elie de Rover as 
president of the Senate. [Mar. 17. He 
dies. Mar. 27. He is succeeded by M. 
Challemel-Lacour. ] 

Mar. 6. Paris. The Deputies sustain 
the Cabinet by passing a bill directed at 
libelous attacks on ambassadors. 
Vote, 257-138. 

Mar. 12. Paris. M. Bourgeois resigns 
as minister of justice, and is succeeded 
by M. Develle. 

Mar. 29. Paris. The Deputies vote an 
annual pension of 6,000 francs to Ernst 
Kenan's widow. 

Mar. 30. Paris. The Deputies decide 
to retain the Liquor-Law Amend- 
ment Bill as part of the budget, though 
opposed by the Government. Vote, 247- 
242. The Cabinet resigns. 

Apr. 4. Paris. Charles Dupuy forms a 
new Ministry. 

Members: Charles Dupuy (interior), Jules 
Develle (foreign affairs), Paul Louis Peytrol 
(finance), Eugene Guerin (justice), Ray- 
mond Poinrnre i mstruetioui, Gen. Loizellon 
(war), Adm. Rieunier (marine and colonies), 
Louis Terrier (commerce), Francois Viette 
(public works), Albert Viger (agriculture.) 

Apr. 28. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties votes to separate the liquor tax 
from the budget at the request of the 
Government. 

May 4. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a bill to abolish the octroi 
duties on articles of food and drink 
brought into towns, and empowering 
the municipal authorities to levy other 
taxes to make good the consequent loss. 



June 11. Albert Ferry is elected sena- 
tor to succeed the late Jules Ferry. 

June 22. Paris. In the House of Depu- 
ties, M. Millevoye, a Boulangist, ac- 
cuses M. Clenienceau and others of com- 
plicity in the publication in the Cocarde 
of forged documents alleged to have 
been stolen from the British embassy. 
They consist of pretended letters from Eng- 
lish diplomats, in which certain French pol- 
iticians are spoken of as hired spies and 
intriguers, and gives a list of bribes paid by 
the Kritish Government to the Journal des 
Debats, MM. Burdeau, C16menceau, Roche- 
fort, and Edwards. 

The Deputies indignantly reject the docu- 
ments as spurious. Vote, 389-4. 

July 8. Paris. A Franco-Russian com- 
mercial convention is decreed. [July 
12. Becomes effective.] 

July 19. Paris. The Government sends 
an ultimatum to Siam demanding repa- 
ration for alleged outrages, and requir- 
ing an answer within 48 hours. 

July 22. Paris. The reply of Siam is 
given ; M. Develle refuses the request 
of the Siamese minister for an extension 
of time. 

July 24. Paris. The reply of Siam be- 
ing unsatisfactory, France gives notice 
to the powers of her intention to block- 
ade the Siamese coast; the French 
minister at Bangkok informs the Siam- 
ese Government that he will leave the 
city. [Aug. 8. Returns.) 

July 29. Paris. Siam at last consents 
to surrender territory and pay indem- 
nity according to the French ultimatum. 
[July 30. Answer accepted. Aug. 1. 
Siam gives guaranties.] 

Aug. 6. Paris. The Franco-Siamese 
agreement is ratified. 

Aug. 20-Sept. 3. A general election 
is held ; 292 Government candidates, 35- 
" Rallied" Republicans, and 58 Mon- 
archists are elected. 

Aug. 24. Siam. The demands of th& 
French special envoy exceed those of 
the ultimatum. 

[Aug. 29. France demands immediate- 
acceptance. Aug. 30. The envoy pre- 
sents for acceptance the draft of a 
treaty superseding the convention pre- 
viously submitted, saying it must be ac- 
cepted without alteration within 48 
hours. Oct. 1. Siam yields, and the 
trouble is ended. Oct. 3. The treaty is 
signed.] 

The Government agrees to call a con- 
ference of the members of the Latin 
Union to decide the question of the 
nationalization of fractional silver 
currency. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Feb. 25. Paris. The Panama 
Canal report. 

The Government accountant reports 
that the total amount received by con- 
tractors for real or supposed work and 
supplies was 4G2.G2U.0G4 francs, of which 
102,358,444 represent labor said to have 
been paid for, and 77,747,504 profits of 
contractors 

Apr. 4. Paris. The Bering-Sea Court 
of Arbitration begins its sessions. Argu- 
ments are made by counsel on both 
sides. [Apr. 25. It adjourns for a week.], 



766 1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22. 



FRANCE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1893 Oct. 27. The war-ship Jauregui- 
berry is launched at Toulon. 

1894 Jan. 2±. W.Jfr. KingBehan- 
zin surrenders to the French com- 
mander in Dahomey, and. will be sent to 



Jan. 8±. Fr. Sudan. The French are 
badly defeated at Timbuetu by 
Tuaregs. Col. Bonnier, commander of 
the force, is killed by the Tuaregs, with 
78 officers and soldiers. (See p. 10). 

Jan. 21. E. I. A French force at Tong- 
king is attacked from ambush by pi- 
rates, and loses 20 men killed and 
wounded. 

Apr. 15. The new ten-thousand-ton war- 
ship, the Magenta, is declared to be vir- 
tually worthless by M. Lockroy, who 
was sent to make an examination of the 
fortifications, etc., at Toulon ; the find- 
ings not yet accepted. 

* * The estimated strength of the French 
army, with its various reserve and ter- 
ritorial forces, is 4,375,000 trained men. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 Apr. 4. Paris. An International 
Sanitary Congress meets to adopt anti- 
cholera measures. 

Dec. 6±. Henry Houssaye is elected a 
member of the Academy. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893 Oct. 17. MacMahon, Marie Edme 
Patrice Maurice <1p, marshal, Pres., A85. 

Oct. 18. Gounod, Charles, composer, A75. 

Nov. 4. Tirard, Pitrre E., statesman, finan- 
cier, A66. 

1894 Jan. 13. Waddington, William 
Henri, statesman, A68. 

Feb. 8. Sax, Adolph, inventor of musical 
instruments, A80. 

Feb. 9. Du Camp, Maxlme, author, A72. 

Mar. 28. Darmeister, James, scholar, A45. 

Apr. 2. Brown-Sequard, Charles, Edouard, 
physiologist, A6H. 

June 24. Carnot, Marie Francois Sadi, 
President, A57. 

July 17. Leconte de Lisle, Charles Marie 
Ren6, poet, A74. 

Aug. 7. Cain, Auguste, sculptor, A72. 

Sept. 8. Paris, Comte de, Louis P. A.d'Or- 
leans, pretender, A56. 

Oct. 15. Jacque, Charles Kniile, artist, A81. 

Nov. 8. Figuier, Guillaume Louis, writer, 
A75. 

Nov. 18. Magnard, Francois, editor Fi- 
garo,, A 57. 

Nov. 25. Duruy, Victor, states., hist., A83. 

Nov. 28. Thierry, Kdouard, dram., A8I. 

Dec. 7. Lesseps, Ferdinand de, finan- 
cier, diplomatist, A89. 

Dec. 10. Gigoux, .lean Francois, painter, 
A85. 

Dec. 12. Burdeau, Auguste, politician, A43. 

LETTERS. 

1894 Feb. 2. The Revue de Paris, ed- 
ited by MM. Gander, Long, and Darmes- 
teter, first appears. 

* * Histoire ghierale du Second Empire, by 
M. de la Gorce, appears. 

* * Histoire milit aire d it Siege de Paris par 
lesPrussiens, by Alfred Duquet, appears. 

* * Combats constitutionnels, and other 
works, by J. J. "Weiss, appear. 

* * Souverainetedu Peuple etdu Gouveme- 
ment, by Eugene d'Eiehthal, appears. 

* * L' Annie phUosophigue, by MM. Beau- 
nais and Binet, appears. 

* * Histoire de r Art dans PJntiguite, vol. 
vi., by MM. Perrot and Chipiez, appears. 

* * Histoire ancienne des Peuples de l' Ori- 
ent classigue, by G. Maspero, appears. 



: * Histoire de V Art pendant la Renais- 
sance italienne, by M. Muntz, appears. 

■ * Pleureuses, by Henri Barbusse, ap- 
pears. 

: * Les Demi- Vierges, by Marcel Provost, 
appears. 

: * Le Lys rouge, by Anatole France, ap- 
pears. 

* V Armature, by Paul Hervieu, ap- 
pears. 

: * L* Education du Prince, Maurice Dou- 
nay, appears. 

■ * Marionnettes, by Henri Lavedan, ap- 
pears. 

* Annies d'Aventures, by Alfred Capus, 



* * Les MorticoleSy by Leon Daudet, ap- 
pears. 

* * Myrrka, by Jules Lemaitre, appears. 

* * La Silence and Rochesblanches, by 
Edouard Hod, appear. 

SOCIETY. 

1893 Oct. 13^-. The visit of the Russian 
war-ships is enthusiastically welcomed. 

(Oct. 13.) The Russian war-ships arrive 
at Toulon. 

(Oct. 17.) The admiral and officers of the 
Russian fleet arc enthusiastically welcomed 
at Paris; a dinner and ball are given in the 
evening at the Klysee in their honor. 

(Oct. 19.) The Ministry of Marine enter- 
tains the Russian naval officers at a lunch- 
eon in Paris, and at night a large torchlight 
procession passes ilirmigh the streets. 

(Oct. 21.) They are entertained by Pre- 
mier Dupuy; the Czar and President Carnot 
are toasted. 

(Oct. 23.) They are guests at a luncheon 
at the War Office, at a banquet on the 
Champ de Mars, and at a supper at the Mili- 
tary Club; also at river fetes and a tine dis- 
play of fireworks. 

(Oct. 24.) They leave Paris for Lyons. 

(Oct. 26.) They are enthusiastically wel- 
comed at Marseilles. 

(Oct. 29.) The Russian fleet leaves Toulon 

(Nov. 1.) It arrives at Ajaccio, Corsica. 

Oct. 22. Paris. The public funeral of 
Marshal MacMahon is held ; Premier 
Dupuy pronounces the eulogy. 

Nov. 8. Serious riots occur at Mar- 
seilles. 

Nov. 16. An infernal machine is ex- 
ploded at the residence of Gen. Mathe- 
lin of the 15th Army Corps, at Marseilles ; 
the houses adjoining suffer, all the win- 
dows being broken. 

Dec. 9. Paris. A dynamite explosion 
occurs in the Chamber of Deputies ; 
seven Deputies are hurt, one said to be 
dying ; the usher is killed. 

[Dec. 10. Auguste Vaillant. the Anar- 
chist who threw the bomb in the Chamber, 
is arrested, and confesses be wanted to kill 
M. Dupuy; he himself is badly injured. 
Dec. 17. A package is found in the street 
containing ten dynamite cartridges, and 
papers threatening reprisals in case Vaillant 
is put to death.] 

Dec. 15. Paris. The Government de- 
clares that it does not favor an inter- 
national league against Anarchists. 

Dec. 18. Paris. Jacques Merigeau, an 
Anarchist, tries to murder the leader 
of a body of police-officers who arrested 
him ; a large quantity of explosives are 
found in his room ; 220 supposed Anar- 
chists are to be expelled. 

1894 Jan. 1. Paris. The police have 
searched 10,000 houses occupied by sup- 
posed Anarchists, and made many ar- 
rests. 



Jan. 4. Paris. The appeal of Vaillant, 
the bomb-thrower, for postponement of 
his trial, is rejected by the Court of Cas- 
sation. * 

[Jan. 9. The Vaillant jurors are espe- 
cially guarded, both at home and to and 
from court. Jan. 10. Vaillant is con- 
victed and sentenced to deatli in the As- 
size Court. Feb. 5. He is guillotined.] 

Feb. 5. Paris. Nine more Anarchists 
are arrested. 

Feb. 12. Paris. E. Henry, an Anar- 
chist, throws a bomb in the cafe" of the 
Hotel Terminus, wounding 20 persons ; 
he is captured after shooting a police- 

Feb. 13. Paris. Paul Bernard, an An- 
archist leader, is arrested. 

Feb. 20. Paris. A bomb left in a hotel 
explodes, and injures several persons. 

Feb. 23. Paris. An Anarchist who 
stabbed the Servian envoy is sentenced 
to penal servitude for life. [May. 4. 
Thirteen Anarchists are arrested. May 
5. Nine more Anarchists are arrested.] 

Apr. 4. London. The Anarchist Meu- 
nier, whose bomb destroyed a cafe" in 
Paris two years ago, and killed the pro- 
prietor, is recognized by the police and 
arrested. 

Paris. Three persons are injured by 

a bomb explosion. 

Apr. 5. Paris. A bomb explodes in 
the Place du Luxembourg, near the 
Senate Chamber. 

Apr. 26. Paris. A bureau chief of the 
War Department, Felix Feneon, is ar- 
rested on suspicion of being an Anar- 
chist. 

Apr. 27. Paris. The trial of lilmile 
Henry, the defiant Anarchist, who 
threw a bomb in the cafe" of the Hotel 
Terminus, is begun. 

[Apr. 28. He is found guilty, and is 
sentenced to death. The members of 
the jury receive letters threatening their 
lives. May 20. Guillotined.] 

May 24. Editor Hinault, in Dijon, is 
sentenced to imprisonment for two 
years, and to pay a fine of 2,000 francs, 
for defaming the army. 

June 5. Paris. The Suez Canal Com- 
pany reelects Charles de Lesseps a 
director, and grants a pension of 16,000 
francs annually to Madame de Lesseps, 
and the same amount to the 13 de Les- 
seps children. 

June 24. While visiting the Lyons Ex- 
hibition, President Carnot is assassi- 
nated by a young Italian named Santo 
Caserio, who is believed to be an Anar- 
chist ; intense excitement prevails. 

[June 25. The body of President Carnot 
leaves Lyons for Paris; anti-Italian riots 
occur in Lyons and Paris. June 20. Anti- 
Italian riots continue throughout France; a 
caucus of senators and deputies at Paris, on 
the election of a new President, degenerates 
into a free right. June 29. Investigation 
shows that Caserio drew the lot to kill Presi- 
dent Carnot at a meeting of conspirators in 
Crete.] 

July 1. Paris. The funeral of Presi- 
dent Carnot takes place with imposing 



Dupuy and MM. Challemel- 
Lacour and de Mahy pronounce orations 
at the Pantheon ; services areheldinsev- 
eral European capitals. 



FRANCE. 



1893, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 22. 767 



July 13. An Anarchist attempts to burn 
the ironclad Lazare Carnet as she is be- 
ing launched at Toulon. 

■July 20. Paris. Placards are posted 
throughout, threatening bomb-explo- 
sions in retaliation for the Anti-Anar- 
chist Law. 

July 26. Paris. Meunier, the Anar- 
chist, is found guilty of having blown 
up Cafe Very, and is sentenced to penal 
servitude for life. 

July 27. MM. Clemenceau and Dascha- 
nel tight a sword duel; the latter is 
wounded. 

Aug. 2. The trial of Santo Caserio, 
the murderer of President Carnot, be- 
gins at Lyons. [Aug. 3. He is found 
guilty, and sentenced to death. Aug. 16. 
He is guillotined.] 

Aug. 30. Abbe - Bruneau is guillotined 
at Laval for murder, robbery, and arson. 

'Oct. 1. Eight Anarchists are arrested 
in Marseilles. 

■Oct. 12. Paris. Casimir Pener deco- 
rates Verdi with the Grand Cordon of 
the Legion of Honor. 

Oct. 16. Paris. The Government con- 
fers the Cross of the Legion of Honor 
upon Captain von Susskind, the German 
military attachS. 

Dec. 10. The Emperor of Germany tele- 
graphs a message of condolence to 
M. de Lesseps. 

Dec. 22. Paris. Capt. Albert Dreyfus 
is found guilty by the court-martial, and 
sentenced to life imprisonment in a for- 
tress, and to degradation from all mili- 
tary rank and honors, for stealing mili- 
tary documents, and selling military 
secrets. 

STATE. 
1893 Nov. 26. Paris. The Cabinet 
resigns because of differences with 
President Carnot ; violent attacks are 
made upon the Government in the Cham- 
ber of Deputies. 

Dec. 2. Paris. Casimir Purler forms a 
new Ministry. 

Members: Casimir Perier (premier and 
foreign affairs), David Caynal (interior), M. 
Dubost ( j ustiee) , Auguste Burdeau ( finance) , 
Gen. Mercier (war), Adm. Pefore (marine), 
M. Marty (commerce), The^ophile Delcasse" 
(colonies), Eugene Spuller (public instruc- 
tion), M. Viger (agriculture), M. Jonnart 
(public works). 

* * Paris. To check undesirable immi- 
gration, it is enacted that all foreigners 
entering France for work or business 
shall declare themselves within a week 
of their entry. > 

Dec. 5. Paris. Ex-Premier Dupuy is 

. elected president of the Chamber of 
Deputies to succeed M. Casimir Perier. 

Dec. 9. Paris. Vaillant throws a bomb 
into the Chamber. (See Society.) 

Dec. 11. Paris. The Senate passes a 
restrictive press law against Anarchists. 
Vote, 413-63. 

Dec. 15. Paris. The Government dis- 
favors an international league against 
Anarchists ; the Chamber passes three 
anti-anarchist bills. 



1894 Jan. 16. Paris. The Deputies 
pass the Rentes Conversion Bill, to 
convert the four and a half per cent 
Rentes into three and a half per cents. 
[Jan. 17. Adopted by the Senate.] 

Feb. 8. Paris. The Cabinet decides to 
impose an additional duty on wheat 
imported from other countries than 
those of Europe. 

Feb. 27. Paris. The Senate approves 
of the bill passed by the Deputies levy- 
ing a duty on corn of seven francs per 
quintal. 

Mar. 19. Paris. The Senate approves 
the creation of the Ministry of the 
Colonies. [Mar. 21. Senator Boulan- 
ger-Bernet is appointed minister.] 

Apr. 19. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties rejects the bill to abolish capital 
punishment and the bill for private 
executions. 

May 11. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes a motion of urgency regard- 
ing the method of executing criminals. 
Vote, 252-242. 

May 17. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties sustains the Government's course in 
regard to the papal nuncio's circular 
to the bishops. Vote, 334-142. 

May 23. Paris. The ministers resign 
because of defeat on a labor question. 

May 29. Paris. M. Dupuy forms anew 
Ministry. 

Members : Charles Dupuy (premier, inte- 
rior, public worship), M. PoincartS (finance), 
M. Guerin (justice), Georges Leygues (pub- 
lic instruction), M. Hanotaux (foreign af- 
fairs), Gen. Mercier (war), Felix Faur (ma- 
rine), M. Delcasse" (colonies), M. Barthou 
(public works), M. Lourties (commerce), 
Albert Viger (agriculture). 

June 2. Paris. Ex-Premier Casimir 
Perier is elected president of the Cham- 
ber of Deputies. 

June 8. Paris. France enters a protest 
against the concession of 225 square 
miles in the rubber district on the south 
coast of Madagascar, granted to J. L. 
Waller, ex-United States Consul at 
Tamatave, and declares that without 
her permission concessions shall not be 
made to foreigners in that region. 

June 9. Paris. The Deputies approve 
of the bill, passed by the Senate, creat- 
ing pensions for miners. 

June 12. Paris. The Senate votes 
1,900;000 francs for African reenforce- 
ments. 

June 14. France and Italy consent to 
act with Spain in averting civil war in 
Morocco. 

June 21. Paris. The Deputies uphold 
the Government in its treatment of So- 
cialistic professors in State colleges. 
Vote, 389-71. 

June 24. President Carnot is assas- 
sinated. (See Society.) 

June 27. Paris. M. Casimir Pe"rier 
is elected President of France by the 
National Assembly at Versailles. Vote, 
451 out. of 845 votes. 

Order is restored in Lyons. More than 
2,000 arrests are made of those who par- 
ticipated in the recent riots. 

July 1. Paris. M. Dupuy and his Cabi- 
net agree to remain in office. 

July 5. President Casimir Perier par- 
dons 374 political and other prisoners in 
recognition of his being chosen Presi- 
dent of France. 



July 13. Paris. The Board of Pardons 
confirms the death sentence of Santo 
Caserio, the murderer of President Car- 
not. 

July 15. Paris. On the anniversary of 
the taking of the Bastile, President 
Casimir Perier signs 1,314 pardons 
and commutations. 

July 26. Paris. The Chamber of Depu- 
ties passes an Anti- Anarchist Bill after 
final protests by Radical and Socialist 
Deputies. Vote, 368-163. [July 27. It 
is passed by the Senate. Vote, 205-27.] 

Sept. 11. France sends an ultimatum 
to the Madagascar Government. 

Sept. 14. France makes her demands 
of Madagascar. 

She claims the Bay of Diego-Suarez 
and the whole peninsula between that 
part of the coast and Cape Amber, to- 
gether with privileges that are to be free 
to Frenchmen, but to no others except 
by consent of the French Resident Gen- 
eral. 
A French-Kongo treaty is signed. 
The French territory will extend to 
the Kongo and Nile basins. The treaty 
modifies the Anglo-Kongo State treaty, 
the Kongo State renouncing the lease 
Great Britain granted. 

Oct. 17. France's ultimatum to Mada- 
gascar is given, to be decided in eight 
days. 

France claims to exercise an exclusive 
protectorate over the country, and de- 
mands that there shall be a permanent 
French garrison stationed at Antanana- 
rivo. [Nov. 5. The natives decide to 
resist.] 

Nov. 10. Diplomatic relations between 
Prance and Madagascar are sus- 
pended. 

Nov. 13. Paris. The Government asks 
the Chamber to vote 65,000,000 francs 
for the proposed campaign against 
Madagascar. [Nov. 26. Voted by the 
Deputies. Dec. 6. Approved by the 
Senate.] 

Nov. 27. Paris. The Chamber of Dep- 
uties adopts a commercial treaty with 
Canada. 

Nov. 29. Paris. The Malagasy Govern- 
ment replies to the French ultima- 
tum. 

It agrees that the French Resident 
shall become intermediary between 
Madagascar and other powers, and that 
France shall effect such public works as 
the Malagasy authorities shall deem 
necessary ; also providing that the boun- 
daries of the French territory around 
Diego-Suarez shall be definitely settled. 
[Dec. 7. France begins hostilities.] 

Dec. 17. Paris. The Ministry escapes 
defeat by a majority of five on the ques- 
tion of depriving the Panama swin- 
dlers of their decorations. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Apr. 29. The Lyons Exhibition 
of Arts, Sciences, and Industries is for- 
mally opened. 

Sept. 22. Paris. New Panama Canal 
shares to the amount of 30,000,000 francs 
are issued. [Oct. 10. The new company 
for the completion of the canal is defi- 
nitely constituted.] 

Oct. 19. Paris. Lafayette's grave is 
decorated by Americans. 



340 b. c-500 a. d. 



GERMANY. 



Germany is a country of Central Europe. The government is a constitutional monarchy, and the ting of Prussia the hered- 
itary emperor. The imperial legislative power is vested in a Parliament of two houses, free from veto, — the Bundesrath, or 
federal council, of 5S members, and the Reichstag, consisting of 307 members, who are elected for five years by universal suffrage 
and ballot. It has possessions in New Guinea, Bismarck Archipelago, the Solomon Islands, and the Marshall Islands. It has a 
protectorate called Cameroons, also Damara-land, on the west coast of Africa, and a section of the Zanzibar coast in East Africa. 
The language chiefly spoken is German ; but Poles, Lithuanians, Wends, Czechs, Danes, French, and Walloons are numerous, 
and use their own tongues. The predominating religion is Protestant ; but about 35 per cent of the population are Roman Cath- 
olics, who are numerous in the Southern States. Area, 208,738 square miles ; population in 1890, 49,428,470. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
225 * * b. c. It. The Romans under 
iEmili us defeat 200,000 invading Germans 
under Britomar, near the River Tela- 
mon. (See Italy for German contests 
with Romans.) 

31 * * B. c. Augustus makes the first 
serious attempt to conquer Germany, 
in order to give his legions employment. 

13 * * -9 * * b. c. The Roman attempt 
at conquest is defeated. 

Drusus, stepson of Augustus, con- 
ducts several expeditions into Germany. 
He defeats the natives in many battles, 
builds fortresses, and constructs a canal 
from the Rhine to the Yssel, but makes 
no lasting conquests. 

13 * * b. c. Hesse. Drusus erects a for- 
tified camp [Mentz]. 

21 * * A. D. Saxony. The Romans hav- 
ing been driven away, several tribes 
revolt, and Arminius, the liberator 
of Germany from the Romans, is killed 
by a confederacy of German chiefs. 

69* *-71* *The Batavians revolt 
(p. 662). 

90± * * The Romans build a line of for- 
tifications. 

It extends from Aschaffenburg on the 
Maine to Regensburg on the Danube, 
following chiefly the line of the great 
rivers ; soldiers are settled on bordering 
lands for its defense. 

238 * * Ft. A confederation of German 
tribes, called Franks, invade Gaul. 

250 * * The Goths from the Lower Dan- 
ube and Ostrogoths from South Russia 
invade and ravage Germany. 

376 * * Hung. Hermanric, King of the 
East Goths, is defeated by the Huns. 

451* * Fr. Attila, King of the Huns, 
" the Scourge of God," invades and rav- 
ages Gaul. 

With 700,000 men he destroys Mentz, 
besieges Orleans, but fails to subdue it. 
He is defeated by Aetius. the Roman gen- 
eral, on the Cat-ahum hm Fields atTroyes, 
near Chalons-sur-Marne. 

476 * * Odoaeer, the leader of Herulian 
and other German bands, overthrows 
the Western Roman Empire (p. 663). 

496 * * Clovis I. defeats the Alemanni 
(p. 662). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

* * * The chief employments of the an- 
cient Germans are hunting, caring for 
cattle, and the use of arms. 

276 * * The EmperorProbus reintroduces 
the grape-vine. 

330 * * Sawmills are set up. (Haydn.) 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1st Century, a. d. Civilis, Claudius, Bata- 



477 * * Genseric, King of Vandals, A71. 

CHURCH. 

* * * b. c. The ancient Germans believe 
in the immortality of the soul, and wor- 
ship or fear gods, demigods, or giants ; 
they have non-professional priests, 
hards, and sacred groves, and believe 
in fairies, elves, and dwarfs, and use 
images in worship. 

__ Woden and his wife Fria, or Friga, 
'a, and Fro £ 



480 * * Persecutions of the Christians. 
Hunerich, son of Geiserich, persecutes 
the Catholics, and condemns Iodocas, 
patriarch of Carthage, to be burned alive 
in the market-place; he closes all the 
monasteries and Catholic churches, and 
sentences the priests, monks, and nuns 
to be broken on the wheel, or driven 
naked from the country. 

500 * * Graitis, King of the Heruli, re- 
ceives Christian baptism, and is con- 
sequently murdered by his subjects. 



the principal divinities. 

Woden, the "All-Father," is the su- 

divinity, and the god of the air 



and the sky, the giver of the fruits of 
the earth, and one who delights in war ; 
and is represented as an imposing figure 
in a large white mantle, mounted on a 
white horse. 

Donar (Thor) is armed with a hammer 
and a thunderbolt, and presides over 
thunder and the weather. Thiu (Tur) 
answers to the Roman Mars, the god of 
war. Fro (Freyr) is the god of love ; 
Frauna (Freya) is his sister. 

Worship consists in the formal repeti- 
tion of invocations, and the offering of 
sacrifices. 

Particular days [from which we have 
the modern names for the days of the 
week] are set apart for the worship of 
each deity ; festivals ai*e held in honor 
of the gods ; sacrifices consist of domes- 
tic animals, including horses ; human 
sacrifices, especially prisoners of war, 
are sometimes offered. The will of the 
gods is known by the chance of a lot, 
the neighing of wild horses, and by the 
movements of birds in their flight. 

Lofty trees are esteemed sacred to the 
gods, and the oak and the red ash are 
set apart to Donar ; trees are decorated 
with wreaths of flowers and lighted 
candles. 

1st Century (?) a. d. Eh. Prus. The 

bishopric of Treves is founded. 
3d Century. Lorraine. Christianity is 

introduced at Metz. 
283 * * Home. [St.] Caius becomes pope. 

(For following popes see Italy.) 
284-305 Bavaria. Christianity is in- 

troduced into South Germany by 

Bishop Narcissus. 
314 * * Eh. Prus. Agricius is bishop of 

Treves. Cologne is a bishopric. 
366 * * Borne. St. Damascus is pope. 
385* * Eh. Prus. A council of the 

church is held at Treves. 



4th Century. Bishop Ulfilas prepares a 
clear, faithful, and simple rendering of 
the Scriptures for the Goths. 

SOCIETY. 

: * * b. c. The ancient Germans have 
fair hair and blue eyes ; they are taller 
than the Eomans, and seem to them as 
giants ; they pay great respect to women 
and aged people ; they honor chastity in 
women as they do bravery in men ; the 
women are the companions and subjects 
of their husbands, and work while their 
husbands are idle, or absent in war or 
the chase. 

; * * b. c. The Germans, with their cat- 
tle, live together in rude huts built of 
wood, are fond of social gatherings, and 
indulge in the vices of gambling and in- 
toxication. 

: * * B. c. The people are divided into 
three classes, nobles, freemen, and 
serfs. 

' * * B. c. The people are chiefly free- 
men and land-owners ; they carry arms, 
and own serfs, later consisting chiefly of 
prisoners taken in war, with their off- 
spring. The nobles are men of higher 
birth, but without special prerogatives ; 
an intermediate class, called the liti, 
hold land under some superior. 

: * * B. C. Courts are held in the open 
air; judges, assessors, or jurymen try 
causes. 

: * * B. c. Private injuries are avenged 
by the person injured or his family. 

: * * B. c. "The Germans are, above all, 
distinguished by a strong sense of per- 
sonal independence. In their faithful- 
ness, courage, and personal purity they 
are emphatically contrasted with other 
barbarous peoples." (Fisher.) 

' * *b. c. The land surrounding the vil- 
lages is held in common, the remainder 
being chiefly forests. 



353 * * A. D. Magentius, on the eve of 
the great battle of Mursa, entreats the 
gods for victory, after sacrificing a 
maiden on the altar, and mixing her 
blood, with wine, which the army drank. 

408 * * The Vandal Stilichs is murdered 
by command of the Emperor Honorius, 
whom he had defamed. 



STATE. 

340 * * B. c. The Greek Pytheas gives 
to Southern Europe the first authentic 
account of the Germans who dwell on 
the Baltic coast. [222 b. c. First men- 
tioned in the Capitoline records.] 

320± * * B. C. Prussia is inhabited by 
the Venedi. [They are conquered by the 
Borussia.] 

* * * The German freemen elect their 
chiefs, who are often called kings by the 
Romans. 



GERMANY. 



340, b.c. -500, a. d. 769 



113 * * b. c. The German nations, Cim- 
bri and Teutons, begin a great migra- 
tory movement. . 

37± * * b. c. Oppidum Ubiorum [Co- 
logne], the chief town of the Ubii, is 
founded on the Rhine. 

27 * * B. c. The Roman provinces of 
Upper and Lower Germany are 
formed on the western bank of the Elbe. 

21 b. c.-14 A. d. Caesar Octavianus 
Augustus is emperor of the Romans. 

15 * * B. c. Bavaria. Augusta [Augs- 
burg] is built by Augustus. 

13 * * B. c. Lorraine. Moguntiacum 
[Metz] is built. 

4 * * b. c. Tiberius establishes the Ro- 
man power over a part of the Germanic 
tribes on the right bank of the Elbe. 

9 * * a. d. Quintilius Varus is Roman 

governor. 
14^37 Tiberius is Roman emperor. 

He settles 40,000 of the subdued Sicam- 
bri tribe at the mouth of the Rhine. 
15 * * The Romans nominally subdue 
the country. 

Tiberius begins the construction of 
fortresses and the planting of colonies. 

* * * The folly of Varus alienates the 
Germans, and provokes a revolt. 

* * * The Romans being driven away, 
Arminius is recognized as chief of the 
the tribes. [21. Assassinated.] 

* * * Augustus abandons the attempt to 
subjugate the Germans. 

37-41 Home. Caligula is emperor. 

[41-54, Claudius (Tiberius Claudius Xero).] 
50* *(51?) Hh.Prus. Claudius Agrip- 

pa plants a Roman colony on the Rhine 
^Cologne], at the suggestion of Agrip- 

pina, his wife. 
54-68 Rome. Nero is emperor. 

[6S-69, Galba; 69, Otho and Vitellius; 69- 

79, Vespasian; Til-si, Titus; fcil-89, Domitian; 

96-98, Nerva ; 98-117, Trajan; 117-138, Ha- 



101* *E.Hung.h Decebal, the de- 
feated king of the Dacians, agrees to 
become a dependent prince under the 
suzerainty of Rome. 

105 * * E. Hung.^ The Dacians revolt, 
but are soon subdued or destroyed by 
Trajan. 

107 * * E. Hung. Dacia is made a Ro- 
man province by Trajan. [It includes 
Wallachia, Moldavia, Eastern Hungary, 
and Transylvania.] 

* * * Roman towns are founded. 

* * * Rh. Prus. Treves is founded [and 
becomes one of the most important 
cities of the Roman Empire, and at times 
the residence of its emperors]. 

150 * * The Saxons dwell north of the 
Elbe estuary. 

167 * * The German tribes enter a con- 
federacy [and struggle against the 
Romans for 15 years], 

180 * * Commodus purchases peace with 
the Germans by the payment of tribute. 

* * *E.Hung. The Goths invade Dacia. 
193-284 Rome. Imperators rule the 

empire ; they are for the most part ap- 
ppinted by the soldiers. 

[193. Fertinax isimperator; be is murdered 
after three months, ami followed liy Didius 
Julianus. 193-211, .Septimus Servernsj 211- 



217, Caracalla; 217, Macrinus; 218-222, Ela- 
nabalus. 222-23.1. Severus Alexander; he is 
killed by his mutinous troops on the lthine. 
235-238. Maximums Thrax is imperator; he 
devastates the German townships. 237, Gor- 
dianus isimperator; Gordianus 11., his son, 
is co-regent; 238-244, Gordianus II.; 244- 
249, Philip "the Arabian "; 249-251, Deems; 
251-253, Gallus; 253, .-Eimlianus; 253-260, 
Valerianic; 268-271), Claudius II.; 270-275, 
Aurelianus.] 

251 * * A confederacy of the Franks 
is formed, extending from the Rhine to 
the Elbe. 

274 * * E. Hung. Aurelianus abandons 
Dacia to the Goths and Vandals, who 
thereby have complete possession of the 
region north of the Danube. 

* * * A period of almost unbroken 
peace between Goths and Romans pre- 
vails for 90 years. 

276-282 Rome, Probus is imperator. 
Pro bus drives out of Gaul the Bur- 
gundians, Franks, Alemanni, and Van- 
dals ; he enters Germany, and strength- 
ens the line of fortifications connecting 
the Rhine aud the Danube. He enrolls 
many generals in his army, rescues 70 
towns, destroys 400,000 invaders, and 
exacts tribute in money from the Ger- 
mans, besides 10,000 recruits. 

[282-283, Cams; 282-284, Numerian, co- 
regent; 2*2 2X5, ( 'artanus, co-reyciit. 284-305, 
Diocletian is imperator; his residence is at 
Milan. 286, Maximian. co-regent; 293, Con- 
stantius and Galerius. Caesars; 306, Con- 
stantiusand Galerius, Augusti; 307, Severus, 
Licinius, and Constantine, Augusti; six per- 
sons wear the title august us at the same time; 
313-333, Const an tine and Licinius alone.] 

287 * * The Saxons aid the rebellion of 
the Roman general Carausius. 

300 * * Hung. Hermanric, King of the 
East Goths, subdues the country from 
the Danube to the Baltic. 

323-337 Rome. Constantine the Great 
is sole emperor. 

[337-340, Constantine II. rules the West; 
337-361, Constantius rules the East; 337- 
350, Constans rules Ulvrieum and a part of 
Africa. 361 363. Julian is emperor. 363-364, 
Jovian; 364 37.'), Valentinian, with his court 
at Milan; 364-37K, Valens is co-regent; 367- 
383, Gratian is co-regent; 375-392, Valentin- 
ian is co-regent.] 

330 * * Constantine the Great makes 
Constantinople the capital of the 
Roman Empire. 

350 * * -409 * * Fr. Julian drives the 
German invaders back from Gaul, and 
restores the fortresses which had been 
erected against them. 

354 * * The city of Borbetomagus 
["Worms] is plundered by the Alemanni. 

357 * * Julian utterly defeats the seven 
chiefs of the Alemanni near Argentora- 
tum [Strasburg]. 

375 * * The Teutonic tribes begin to 
migrate westward. 

376 * * The Huns, a Mongolian race, 
drive the Goths across the Danube, and 
about 200,000 of them are permitted to 
settle in Germany under the protec- 
tion of the R( 



395 * * On the death of Theodosius the 
Roman Empire is [permanently] divided. 
Arcadius rules the East, and Honorius 
the West. 

400 * * Alsace. Strasburg is governed 
by the Alemanni. 

406-413 Hesse. A Gothic tribe, of Ger- 
man origin, called Burgundians, settles 
on the middle Rhine [near Worms]. 

413 * * The Burgundians enter Gaul, and 
found the first kingdom of Burgun- 
dy. [It lasts till 534, when it is absorbed 
by the Franks.] 

419 * * Theodoric I., King of the West 
Goths, settles the region along the Dan- 
ube. 

425-455 Ravenna. Valentinian III. is 
imperator. 

[455. Ravenna. PretoniusMaximus; 455- 
456, Avitus; 457-461. lUajorian; 461-465, Li- 
bius Severus; 465-467, Interregnum; 467-472, 
Anthemius; 472, Olyhrius; 473, (ilycerius; 
473-475, Julius Nepos; 475-476, Romulus Au- 
gustus.] 

443* * Alsace. The Alemanni settle in 
the Roman province of Germania Supe- 
rior [Alsace and part of Switzerland.] 

445 * * Attila, "the Scourge of God," 
becomes King of the Huns [and extends 
his dominion over the Germanic tribes]. 

449 * * The Britons secure the aid of 
the piratical Angles and Saxons, who 
dwell on the coasts of the German ocean, 
to repel the incursions of Northern rob- 
bers, called Picts and Scots. [Hengist 
andHorsa found eight states in Britain.] 

450 * * Germanic tribes migrate to Gaul 
in great numbers. 

451* * Hesse. Borbetomagus [Worms] 

is plundered by Attila. 
453 * * Theodosius U. is King of the 

East Goths on the death of Attila ; the 
tribes become free. 



* * * The Emperor Valens permits the 
Christian Goths to settle in Mcesia, 
with some others, when driven before 
the Huns. 

378 * * The Goths revolt against their 
Roman protectors, and Valens is slain. 
[Theodosius purchases peace.] 

379-395 Rome. Theodosius the Great 
becomes co-regent. 



476 * * The line of the Western emperors 
comes to an end by the overthrow of the 
empire by Odoacer, the German general, 
who rules as the vicar of the Eastern 
emperor, under the title of patricius. 

477* * Enq. iElle,aSaxon, withhis three 
sons, lands in the southwest, and con- 
quers the country south of the forest of 
Andred's weald. 

484* *Alaric H. is king of the West 
Goths. 

486 * * Belg. The Merovingian mon- 
archy of the Salian Franks of the lower 
Rhine region is established by Clovis I., 
who becomes sole ruler. 

490+ * * Alsace. Strasburg passes into 
the hands of the Franks. 

493 Feb. 27. Ravenna. Peaceismade 
between Odoacer and Theodoric the 
Great. 

Theodoric gains the throne as joint 
king over the East Goths in Italy ; 
Odoacer is to be Theodoric's military 
subordinate. [Mar. Odoacer is slain, 
and Theodoric becomes sole ruler.] 

* * The Franks become the founders of 
the German and French kingdoms. 

495 * * Eng. Cedric and Cynric, the 
Saxons, settle on the southwest coast.' 



770 511* *-800 * *. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

520 * * Eng, The Saxon invaders are 
repulsed by Arthur, King of the Silures, 
in the battle of Mons Badonicus. 

596 * * Prus. The Avars from the Dan- 
ube region, and also the Saxons, invade 
Thuringia. 

687 * * Fr. Battle of Testri (p. 664). 

716 * * Charles Martel leads the Aus- 
trasians against the Frisii [Friesians]. 

719* * Fr. Charles Martel defeats the 
Basques and Goths, under Eudes, Duke 
of Aquitania, at Soissons. [725. He sub- 
dues the Bavarians.] 

732 * * Fr. Charles Martel, at the head 
of the German Austrasians, completely 
defeats the Saracens, and delivers Eu- 
rope (p. 664). 

738 * * Fr. Charles Martel defeats the 
Goths and Arabs at Narbonne. 

745 * * Carloman gains victories over 
the Saxons. 

746* * Carloman defeats the Alemanni, 
and executes Theudewald and many 
noted prisoners with great cruelty. 

772-804 The Franks subjugate the 
Saxons. 

772 * * "War with the Saxons is re- 
solved upon in the May-field Assem- 
bly at Worms. 

* * The Franks capture Eresburg, and 
cast down the Irminsul. Saxons west 
of the Elbe are subdued. 

775 * * The Franks capture Sigibnrg. 
778 * * Charlemagne is at war with 
Spain. 

* * The Saxons are again subdued by 
the army of the East Franks and the 
Alemanni. 

779* * Westphalia. Charlemagne 
gains a complete victory over the Saxons 
at Bocholt on the Aa. 

782 * * The Frankish army is defeated 
by the revolting Saxons while crossing 
the Sandel mountains. Charlemagne 
takes the field against the rebels. (See 
State.) 

783 * * Charlemagne defeats the Sax- 
ons, led by Wittekind, at Detmold ; 
again at Hase in a general engagement. 

788 * * The Franks are at war with the 
Scandinavian Germans, called North- 
men, and with the Slavs. 

789 * * Prus. Charlemagne, at war with 
the Slavs, defeats the Wiltzi, and ad- 
vances to the river Peene. 

791-799 Charlemagne engages in wars 
with the Avars of the Danube region, 
the allies of the Duke of Bavaria ; Char- 
lemagne's son Pepin is commander-in- 
chief. 

793-804 "War occurs with the Danes 
for receiving Saxon refugees ; Gottfried, 
King of Denmark, invades the Frankish 
mark. 

796 * * Hung. Duke Erich storms the 
chief circular camp of the Avars (The 
King's Bang) between the Danube and 
the Theiss (p. 502). 

799 * * Charlemagne undertakes a naval 
expedition against the Moors in Spain, 
but is called into Suxonv. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

800* *Heraldry is introduced by 
Charlemagne. He encourages agricul- 
ture and horticulture. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

533 * * Remy, or Remi, Saint, apostle of the 
Franks, bi6hop of Reims, A58. 

625 * * Theodelinda, Bavarian princess, wife 
of Autharic, dies. 

657 * * Wilbrord, or Willibrod, Saint, apos- 
tle of the Frisians, b. [738. 1). A81+.] 

680* * Boniface. "Wilfrid. Saint, apostle of 
Germany, born. [755. Dies. A75+.J 

694 * * Charles Martel, Duke of Austrasia, 
King of the Franks, ^i an.lfatlxT of Char- 
lemagne, born. [741. Dies. A47.] 

714* * Pepin le Oros, or Pepin of Heristal, 
Duke of Austrasia, father of Charles Mar- 
tel, dies. 

743 Apr. 3. Charlemagne, King of 
France, Emperor of the West, born. [814, 
Jan. 28. Dies. A72.] 



CHURCH. 

579 * * It. The Langobardi surrender 
their idols, and embrace Christianity, 
at the request of their favorite, Queen 
Tbeodolinda. 

590-604 Rome. [St.] Gregory I. the 
Great is bishop and pope. 

He is a great statesman as well as 
churchman, builds schools ami churches, 
sends out missionaries to many lands, 
and increases the numbers and wealth 
of the church, and lays the foundation 
of the great power of the papacy. 

717 * * St. Boniface [Winfried], an Eng- 
lish missionary, begins the successful 
work of converting the Germans to 
Christianity. [Apostle to the Ger- 

He preaches in the country of the 
East Franks in Thuringia, Hesse, and 
Friesland. [723. He is consecrated 
bishop.] 

731* * Rome. [St.] Gregory III. becomes 
pope. [741. [St.] Zachary.] 

732 * * Winfried is consecrated arch- 
bishop, and named Boniface, and be- 
comes the apostle to the Germans. 

* * Fr. By the victory of Charles Martel 
at Tours, over the Saracens, the liberties 
and religion of Europe are saved. 

742 * * Germany recognizes the Pope 
as the head of the church (Concilium 

745 * * Hesse. Mentz becomes the seat 
of an archbishopric. 

746 * * The Apostles' Creed is trans- 
lated into the Saxon tongue. 

752 * * Rome. St. Stephen II. becomes 
pope. 

[752, St. Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768, 
Stephen IV.; 771, Adrian I.] 

755** It. The Popes' temporal power 
begins in the government of the exar- 
chate of Ravenna. 

June 5. Neth. Bishop Boniface is mur- 
dered [in Friesland]. 

779 * * Charlemagne imposes tithes for 
the support of the clergy, churches, 
schools, and the poor. 

782 * * Hanover. Charlemagne massa- 
cres 4,500+ Saxons at Verden, who had 
rebelled, and lapsed into idolatry. 

785 * * Saxony. The Saxons, after a 
fruitless contest of 32 years, submit to 
Charlemagne, and become Christians. 



787 * * Asia Minor. Council of Nice 
(p. 664). 

794 Prus. The Council of Frank- 
fort meets at Frankfort-on-the-Main 
under the presidency of Charlemagne. 

It is attended by 300 bishops from Ger- 
many, Gaul. Italy, Spain, and England, 
and condemns Adoptiomsm and the wor- 
ship of images. 

795 * * Rome. St. Leo III. becomes pope. 
[799. He is attacked by a band of con- 
spirators, and driven out of Rome. 
Later he is restored by Charlemagne.] 

800 * * Saxony. Bishoprics are estab- 
lished. 

Osnabruck, Verden, Bremen, Pader- 
born, Minden, Minister, IIildesheim,and 
Halberstadt become bishoprics. 

* * The Eastern Empire is separated 
from the Western, and the Pope is rec- 
ognized as supreme bishop of the later. 

LETTERS. 

689 * * The Teutonic language is in- 
troduced. 



* * * Charlemagne revives learning to 
some extent. (See France.) [S09. His 
Homilarium appears.] 

782**Alcuin, the Anglo-Saxon 
scholar, and Paul, the Langobard, 
are called to Charlemagne's court. 

796+ * *Einhard, the historian, be- 
comes secretary to Charlemagne. 

SOCIETY. 

524 * * Sigismnnd, his wife and child, are 
drowned in a -well because of his cru- 
elty in murdering his son, Siegerich, for. 
mocking the awkward walk of the queen, 
his stepmother. 

* * * Under Charlemagne, freemen are 
liable at any moment to be ordered to a 
distant part of the empire to fight, leav- 
ing their fields neglected and their fami- 
lies in direst poverty. 

* * * "Wealthy freemen buy exemption 
from military service from the counts, so 
that the hardships of the wars fall on 
the poorest people. 

* * *Vitiges, having conquered Milan, 
spares the garrison, but puts 300,000 
of the inhabitants to the sword, and 
yields the city a prey to his Burgundian 
auxiliaries. 

* * * Theodobert of Austrasia offers a 
sacrifice of young children (Goths) to 
the rive]' god, casting them into the Po. 

539 * * The Gothic women, indig- 
nant at the treachery and folly of the 
men, spit in their faces with contempt. 

* * * Ildebard is killed by a jealous 
Goth, who severs his head with one 
stroke, at a banquet, and rolls it upon 
the table. 

552 * * Tejas, lender of the Goths, marches 
through Italy murdering every Roman 
that crosses his path ; Marses, the Ro- 
man general, murders the Goths in like 



* * * The Langobardi put all their old 
men to death, and the widows volun- 
tarily burn themselves alive. 

572 * * Alboin conquers the Romans in 
the country of the Po, and reduces them 
to servitude, to which they submit 
without a struggle. 

573 * * Beautiful Rosamunda, formerly 
wife of Alboin, poisons her later hus- 



GERMANY. 



511, **-800, * *. 771 



band, Helmicliis ; he discovers her 
crime in time to compel her to drink the 
dregs of the cup, and share his painful 
fate. 

575 * * Kleph, King of the Langobardi, 
is killed by one of his subjects. 

576 * * Sigebert I., made King of Paris, is 
assassinated by the tools of his brother. 

* * * Prince Childebert, three years of 
age, is saved from murderers by the 
act of his nurse, who secretes him in a 
grain-bag. 

* * *Brunehilde, the Visigoth princess, 
is aprisoner in the handsof Fredegunda. 

579 * * Queen Theodolinda gains such in- 
fluence over the people that they sur- 
render their favorite guds, and embrace 
Christianity at her request. 

* * * Queen Fredegunda has licentious 
relations with Landerich, her husband's 
major-domus. [584. Chilperic discovers 
her infidelity, but dares not punish it.] 

591 * * The Langobardi permit the beau- 
tiful Theodolinda, the widow of the 
king, to select his successor, as king and 
husband. 

* * * Fredegunda is celebrated alike for 
her beauty and ferocity. 

* * * Chilp^ric marries Galaswintha; se- 
curing her rich dower, he soon murders 
her, and in a few days proclaims Frede- 
gunda, his mistress, to be his wife. 

* * Chilpdric is put to death, while fol- 
lowing the chase, by the queen's tools. 

* * * Brunehilde, Queen of Austrasia, 
takes bloody revenge on her nobles, 
who have deprived her of her husband, 
Merowich, and separated her from Lu- 
pus, her faithful attendant. [Later, Fre- 
degunda attempts to assassinate her, 
'but fails.] 

* * * Brunehilde causes the JEgila Aus- 
trasian major-domus to he murdered, 
and his office given to her paramour. 

* * * Brunehilde causes the Bishop De- 
siderius to be stoned to death for 
preaching repentance to her, and drives 
Columban, the Irish saint, out of the 
country, for reprobating her crime. 

600+ * * Brunehilde introduces car- 



611* *Romilda, widow of the grand 
duke of Gisulph, offers to betray the 
city of Frioul into the hands of Cacan, 
Khan of the Avari, the murderer of her 
husband, on condition that he make her 
his wife ; the agreement is kept, and he 
takes her to Hungary, when the marriage 
is celebrated, and the following morning 
he causes her to be impaled alive. 

612 * * Brunehilde onuses her grandson 
Theudebert to be confined in a monas- 
tery, where he is murdered by his 
brother Theuderich, and the brains of 
his little son are dashed out on a rock. 

* * * Brunehilde revenges herself upon 
her son Theuderich by administering 
poison to him. 

■* * * Brunehilde, alarmed at the general 
revolt at her feuds and crimes, flees to 
Metz, and attempts to murder her ma- 
jor-domus because of his wavering fidel- 
ity. [She is entirely deserted by her 
followers near Chalons, and she is deliv- 
ered up to Glotaire, her adversary.] 

613 * * Clotaire punishes Brunehilde, 80 
years of age, by having her suffer ex- 
cruciating tortures. 

For three days she is tortured, then 
paraded through the camp on a camel's 
hack ; finally he ties her by one arm and 
one foot to the tail of a wild horse, and 
ends her miserable life. 



* * Sigebert and Corous are murdered 
by order of Clotaire, as descendants of 
Brunehilde. 

* * Adalulf's criminal advances to the 
Queen of Lombardy are scornfully re- 
jected ; and he revenges himself by ac- 
cusing Tafo of illicit intercourse, and 
he is put to death. [Her innocence is 
afterwards fully proved.] 

750 * * Profligacy and misery charac- 
terize the people. 



STATE. 

511 * * Clovis I., King of the Franks, 
dies ; his kingdom is divided (p. 665). 

512 * * Lorraine. Metz is the capital of 
Austrasia under Thierry, or Theodorie 
II. 

530 * * The German confederations 
are nominally subject to the successors 
of Clovis, but are practically free; each 
is ruled by its own duke, and the office 
becomes hereditary in certain families. 

530-532 Thuringia. Theodorie, the 

eldest son of Clovis, conquers the king- 
dom of Thuringia, and the two younger 
sons subdue the Eurgundians. 

536 * * Fr. Provence is ceded by the 
Burgundians to the Franks. 

547 * * Scot. The Angles, under Ida, 
"the flame-bearer," settle in the Low- 
lands. 

550-600 Eng. The Saxons settle the 
country north of the Thames [Essex]. 

553 * * It. The kingdom of the East 
Goths in Italy falls ; Teja, the king, is 
killed in the battle at Mount Lactarius. 
[556. Narses terminates the kingdom.] 

558-561 The whole kingdom of the 
Franks is again reunited. [561 and 567. 
Again divided. 613. Reunited.] (P. 665.) 

560-788 Bavaria is governed by dukes 
of the Agilo-Finger family. 

577± Eng. The Angles of North Ger- 
many [Schleswig-Holstein] settle in the 
west [Norfolk, Suffolk]. 

603 * * Witteric, the usurper, takes the 
throne of the West Goths. 



622-678 The kingdom of the Franks 
is divided into two parts ; Austrasia and 
Neustria, together with Burgundy, are 
peepled chiefly by Germans (p. 665). 

625 * * Paris. A general assembly is 
convoked to establish peace. 

631 * * Bohemia. The Slavs break out 
in revolt. 

638 * * Lorraine. Sigebert I. becomes 

King of Austrasia ; Metz is the capital. 

[674. Dagobert U. 676. Pepin of 

Heristal becomes major domus, or 

mayor of the palace.] 

680* * Pepin of Heristal, Duke of Aus- 
trasia, compels the German dukes to re- 
turn somewhat to their allegiance as 
subjects of the Frankish kings (p. 565). 

714* * Lorraine. Charles Martel is 
practically king. [725. He becomes 
mayor. 741. He dies.] (P. 665.) 

* * * The Saxons are independent, and 
unsubduable by the Franks. 

741-987 The Carlovingian line of 

French kings (p. 665). 
752 * * It. Pepin compels Astolphus, 

King of the Lombards, to cede Kavenna 



and the Pentapolis, the territory of Bo- 
logna and Ferrara, to the Pope, thus 
founding the Papal States. The city 
of Rome is not included in the gift. 
With the Pope's consent P^pin assumes 
the title, King of the Franks. 

754 * * It. Pope Stephen anoints Pepin 
and his sons Charles and Carloman as 
kings of the Franks. Pepin com- 
mences the style " By the grace of God.** 

768-771 Charlemagne [Charles the 
Great], with his brother Carloman, 
reigns over the Franks [France and 
Germany, etc.]. (P. 665.) 

768-814 R7i. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la- 
Chapelle], the northern capital of 
Charlemagne, is a free imperial city. 

771 * * On the death of his brother Carlo- 
man, Charlemagne becomes sole 
ruler of the Franks, by usurping the 
government. 

772 * * Saxony. A rebellion breaks out 
against Charlemagne. [It lasts 30 years ; 
he subdues it seven times.] 

* * Hesse. A May-field, or national as- 
sembly, held at Worms unanimously 
votes for war with the Saxons. 

773-774 It. The kingdom of the Lom- 
bards is destroyed by Charlemagne be- 
cause Desiderius, its king, threatens the 
Pope, and favors the succession of Carlo- 
man's sons. 

774 * * Charlemagne becomes King of 
Northern Italy. 

776-777 The Franks again subjugate 
the Saxons. 

776 * * Westphalia. The first May- 
field, or national assembly, in the land 
of the Saxons assembles at Paderborn. 

778* * The Saxons again revolt against 
the Franks on receiving the news of 
Charlemagne's defeat in the Pyrenees; 
Wittekind of Westphalia, their leader, 
wastes the country of the Franks as far 
as Cologne. 

780 * * Westphalia. A general revolt 
of the Saxons subject to Charlemagne 
breaks out under Wittekind. 

The Saxon part of his army revolts, and 
suddenly cuts down the French part 
while crossing the Sandel Mountain. 
[782. He massacres 45,000 armed Saxons 
on the Aller in revenge, and this pro- 
vokes a new and mad revolt.] 

785 * * Wittekind, the leader of the re- 
volting Saxons, submits to Charlemagne, 
and embraces Christianity. 

788 * * Bavaria. Tassilo II., the revolt- 
ing Duke of Bavaria, is deposed by 
Charlemagne, and the margravate is 
established. 

* * Bremen is founded by Charlemagne. 
791 * * Hung. The Avars are subdued 

after a war lasting rive years (p, 503). 

The country between the Ems and the 
Raab is annexed to the Frankish Em- 
pire, and settled by German colonists, 
chiefly Bavarians. 

793 * * New revolts occur among the 
Saxons. 

794 * * Frankfort is the residence of 
Charlemagne. 

799 * * Westphalia. The Pope, being 
expelled from Rome by the relatives of 
his predecessor, finds refuge in the camp 
of Charlemagne at Paderborn. [Charle- 
magne restores the throne to the Pope.] 

800 Dec. 25. Pome. Charlemagne is 
crowned (p. 667). 



772 802,**-962, 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

80S * * The Danes are defeated by 
Charles, son of the emperor ; they retire 
beyond the Eider. [810. Charlemagne 
himself takes the field against the 
Danes under King Gottfried.] 

833 June 29. Alsace. Louis is de- 
serted by all his troops in the night, on 
the Field of Lies, near Colmar. 

841 June 25. Fr. Battle of Fonte- 
nay in Burgundy. 

The Emperor Lothaire, claiming the 
imperial title, is defeated by his broth- 
ers, Louis the German and Charles the 
Bald; 100,000 men fall. 

843 * * With ferocious energy the Scan- 
dinavian sea-warriors (Vikings) simul- 
taneously attack the Franks. 

845 * * The Northmen attack all three 
of the Frankish kingdoms. 

848 * * The Slavs invade the Frankish 
lands. 

858 * * Fr. Louis the German invades 
France, but is compelled to retire. 

876* *Iik.Prus. Battle of Andernach; 
Charles the Bald is defeated by the sons 
of Louis the German. 

884+ * * Hung. The Magyars conquer 
Hungary. 

891 * * Belgium. Arnuf of Bavaria de- 
feats the Northmen on the river Dyle 
at LQUvain. 

893 * * By an alliance with the Magyars, 
a nomadic Finnish tribe, Arnulf defeats 
Svatopluk II., the founder of the king- 
dom of Moravia. [S96 Arnulf takes 
Rome.] 

899 * * Germany is furiously invaded 
by the Magyars of Hungary. [908. They 
overrun Bavaria and Franconia, enter 
Thuringia and Saxony, desolating the 
country.] 

910 * * Bavaria. Louis the German is 
defeated by the Magyars in the vicinity 
of the river Lech. 

910± * * Internecine feuds break out 
in Franconia. 

The Conradines defeat Adalbert of 
Babenberg, and execute him before his 
castle. 

911-918 Conrad is constantly at war. 
He repels the invasions of the Danes, 
Slavs, and Magyars; his own subjects 
resist his sovereignty. 

924 * * The Magyars renew their inva- 
sions. 

Henry buys them off from Saxony and 
Thuringia by agreeing to the payment 
of tribute for nine years. 

929 Sept. 4. Brandenburg. Henry de- 
feats the "Wends (Slavs) at Lenzen. 

933 * * The Magyars renew their inva- 
sions ; a great victory is won on the 
Unstrut by Henry. [934. The Danes, 
Vandals, and Bohemians also defeated.] 

937 * * Bavaria. Hordes of Hungarians 
cross Franconia. (See Austria.) 

938* * Otho defeats the rebellious 
dukes of Bavaria and of Franconia. 

939 * * King Otho's younger brother, 
Henry, leads a rebellion and is sub- 
dued. 

946-950 Otho interferes in the French 
"wars, protecting King Louis IV. against 
Hugo, Count of France, — all three are 
brothers-in-law. 



951* * It. Otho invades Italy nominally 
in support of Queen Adelaide, widow of 
Lothaire, but really for conquest. [952. 
July 29. Berengar II. is defeated in the 
battle of Firenzuola.] 

* * "War occurs with the "Wends. 

Margrave Gero commands the Ger- 
mans; another war with t ho Danes, Otho 
in command ; and another with Boleslav, 
duke of Bohemia. 

953-954 Civil war shakes the throne 
of Otho, until the appearance of the 
Hungarians alarms and unites the peo- 
ple. 

954 * * The Magyars sweep through 
Germany to France, and become allies of 
the rebel dukes, who, after a severe 
struggle, are reconciled to the king. 

955 Aug. 10. Battle of Lechfeld [Augs- 
burg] ; Otho I. utterly defeats the Mag- 
yars. Conrad is killed. [* * He defeats 
the Wends on the Rekenitz.] 

957 * * It. Berengar U. rebels, and 
Lindolf, son of Otho, is killed in the ef- 
fort to subdue him. Otho defeats the 
Slavonian invaders in Saxony. 

961 * * Second expedition to Italy. 
Otho defends the Pope from Berengar 
II, [963. He captru*es Rome. 964. He 
captures Rome the second time, de- 
poses Pope Benedict, and restores Pope 
Leo.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

802 * * Charlemagne is presented with a 
striking clock by Harun-al-Raschid the 
[famous] calif of 'Bagdad. 

820 * * Hop-gardens nourish. 

925 * * The first dyers' guild is estab- 
lished. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

9th Century. Otfried, monk, poet, born, dies. 

806 * * Louis I.. King of Havana and tier- 
many, born. [876. Dies. A70.] 

808 * * Gottschalk, monk, theologian, born. 
[860. Dies. A52±.] 

856 * * Rabanus Maurus, archbishop of 
Mentz, scholar, author, A80. 

876 * * Henry I., Emperor of Germany, 
born. [936. Dies. A60.] 

883* * Louis II., or III., King of Bavaria 
and Germany, dies. 

890* * TJlrich, 8aint. bishop of Augsburg, 
statesman, born. [973. Dies. A83.} 
Otho I., emperor, born. [973. Dies. A6I.] 

900* * Louis in., or IV., King of Bavaria 
and Germany, A7. 

918 * * Conrad, or Konriul I., Duke of Fran- 
conia, King of Germany, dies. 

939 * * Adalbert, Saint, apostle of Prus- 
sians, born. [997. Dies. A58-] 



CHURCH. 

* * * Reign of Charlemagne. 

The king rules the Church, setting up 
and putting down archbishops, bishops, 
and abbots; he begins a reformation. 

* * * Bishoprics and many monasteries 
are founded by the king, and enriched 
by gifts of land. 

* * * Prelates are invested with some of 
the authority pertaining to civil, but 
not criminal courts. 

816 * * Borne. Stephen V. becomes pope. 
[817, St. Paschal J.; 824, Eugenius II.; 827, 

Valentius; S27, (injury IV.; M4. Sergins II.; 

847,St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.: 8SS, NV- 

olas I. the Great; 867, Adrian II.; 872, John 

VI1I.J 
825 * * Louis the Pious reintroduces the 

worship of images and pictures which 

Charlemagne had prohibited. 
834-1223 Hamburg is the seat of an 

archbishopric. 



836* * Westphalia. The relics of St. 
Anthony Vitus are removed. 

They are borne in solemn procession 
from Paris to the monastery of Corvey. 
Parisians weep at their departure. 

9th Century. Rh. Prus. The archbish- 
opric of Treves is founded. [It is the 
oldest in Germany.] 

873 * * Rh. Prus. The Mimsterkerehe 

of Essen is consecrated. 
882* * Rome. Marin us I. becomes pope. 
[884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 891, 

Formosns and Sergius, anti-pope; S96, lioni- 

face VI.; Wl, Stephen VII.; W8, Konianus, 

Theodorus II., and John IX.] 

899 * * Frequent conflicts occur between 
the bishops and the nobles. 

900 * * Rome. Benedict IV. is pope. 
[903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Sergiue 

III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando; 915 

John X.] 

* * * Veneration for saints abounds ; 
the passion for relics becomes very 
general. 

921 * * The Bohemians are converted 
to Christianity. 

928 * * Rome. Leo VI. becomes pope. 
[929, Stephen VIII.; 931, John XI.; 936, 
Leo VII.] 

936-973 * * P?ms. Otho I. founds the 
bishoprics of Havelberg and Bran- 
denburg. 

937 * * Saxony. Otho the Great estab- 
lishes a monastery at Magdeburg. 

939 * * Rome. Stephen IX. is pope. 

[MarinusII.; 946, Agapetus II.; 956, John 
XII. becomes pope; he contends with the 
emperor respecting investiture,} 

* * * Monks have great influence. 

LETTERS. 

822-847 Hesse-Xassau. Rabanus Mau- 
rus is abbot of the monastery of Fulda ; 
he makes Fulda " the first and most 
esteemed school of Germany." 

830 * * The Heljand, a religious didactic 
poem, appears. 

9th Century. The HUdebrandslied ap- 
pears. 

9th Century. Bavaria. The MuspUla ap- 
pears. 

870+ * * A poetical version of the Gos- 
pels, by Otfried, a monk of Weissenburg, 
appears. 

890± * * Ludwigslied, apoem celebrating 
the victory of Louis III. over the Nor- 
mans, appears. 

900 * * The first German book appears. 

930 * * The poem, Walter of the Strong 
Hand, appears. 

10th Century. The Merseburger Gedichte 



10th Century. Brunswick. Roswitha, a 
nun of Gandersheim, the first German 
poetess and dramatist, writes Life of 
Otho the Great, Sacred Legends', and 
Gallicanus, Dulcitius, Abraham, Calli- 
machus. 

SOCIETY. 

850 * * Roman and common law are 
gradually introduced. 

909 * * The growth of feudalism is 
promoted by the havoc caused by invad- 
ing Magyars, while Germany is ruled by 
a child king, as the people are obliged to 
protect themselves. 

* * * The feudal tenure of land prevails. 

925 * * King Henry constructs fortresses 
and walled towns for defense. 

To build them he requires the labor of 
every ninth man, and the eight men re- 



GERMANY. 



802,**-962, * *. 773 



maining in his group to till his fields ; 
they are also to store one-third of their 
harvests for days of trouble. 

941 * * Henry, Otho's youngest brother, 
fails in a murderous assault upon the 
monarch, after having been forgiven his 
rebellion ; he is forgiven the second time. 

951 * * Otho leads an army into Italy to 
release Queen Adelaide, widow of 
Lothaire, who is imprisoned by the King 
of Lombardy because she refused to 
marry his son. [Otho himself soon mar- 
ries the fascinating widow.] 

STATE. 

802 * * Charlemagne adds a second head 
to the eagle to show that the empires of 
Italy and Germany are united in him. 

806 * * Lorraine. The Diet of Dieden- 
hofen.Thionville, is held. 

* * Charlemagne distributes the admin- 
istration of the empire among his three 
sons as his lieutenants, each having the 
title of king. 

808 * * Pirns. Hamburg is founded by 
Charlemagne. 

813-1531 Eh. Prus. Aachen [Aix-la- 
Chapelle] is the crowning-place of the 
German emperors, and also the seat of 
numerous diets and councils. 

814 June 28. Pit. Prus. Charlemagne 
dies at [Aix-la-Chapelle] [succeeded 
by Ludwig, his son.] (P. 667.) 

814-840 Louis I. le D^bonnaire is em- 
peror. 

817 * * Louis shares the realm with 
his three sons (p. 667). 

829 * * A new division among his four 
sons. [Revolt and civil war.] (P. 667.) 

833 June 29. Alsace. Louis's fol- 
lowers to a man desert him during the 
night near Colmar on the Field of Lies. 

[He is deposed bv three sons. 834. Re- 
stored. 835. A redivision. 837. Redi- 
vision. 838. Redivision rescinded.] (P. 
667.) 

838 * * Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is en- 
closed with walls by Louis. 

839 * * Pepin, one of the sons of Louis I., 
dies, and his part of the empire is 
divided between Lothaire and 
Charles; Ludwig, the other brother, 
rebels. 

840 June 20. Hesse. Louis I., em- 
peror, dies, near Mentz. 

* * Lothaire I. assumes the imperial 
power. [He is defeated by his brothers 
at Fontenay.] (P. 666.) 

* * Poland. The Slav dynasty is estab- 
lished. 

842 Feb. 14. Alsace. Louis and 
Charles take the federation oath, which 
is repeated by their armies, at Strasburg. 

843 Aug.* Fr. Treaty of Verdun; 
the Empire is divided by the two sons 
of Louis I. into France, Germany, and 
Italy (p. 667). 

843-911 The Carolingian dynasty 
reigns. 

843-876 Louis the German reigns. 
Germany for the first time is ruled by 

a king who rules nowhere else. 
843* * Hesse- Nassau. Frankfort is 

made a capital city. 



850 * * Saxony. The duchy is estab- 
lished. 

± * * Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is 
founded. 

855 Sept. * Prus. Lothaire I. dies in 
a monastery at Prum. Lotharingia is 
divided among his three sons. 

± * * Lorraine becomes a kingdom under 
Lothaire, son of the Emperor Lothaire. 

856 * * Louis II., son of Louis the Ger- 
man, has Italy with imperial dignity. 
He establishes his court at Pavia in 
Lombardy. 

861* * Lorraine. Brunswick is founded 
by Bruns, Archbishop of Cologne. 

870 * * Lorraine is divided by the treaty 
of Mersen (p. 667). 

The German portion (Friesland, Lor- 
raine) is ceded to the East Franks 
(France) ; the Romance portion (Bur- 
gundy, Provence) is ceded to the West 
Franks (Germany). 

875 Dec. 25. Charles II., the Bald, 
King of France, invades Italy, and is 
crowned by the Pope Emperor of the 
Holy Roman Empire, comprising the na- 
tions of western and central Europe, be- 
ing chiefly German-speaking peoples. 
[877. Poisoned.] 

876 Aug. 23. Louis II., the German, 
dies, and is succeeded by his brother. 

877-887 Charles III., the Fat, son of 

Louis II., reigns. 
He is emperor conjointly at first with 

his brothers Carloman and Louis. His 

claims are successfully resisted on the 

Rhine and in Italy. 
881 * * Charles III., the Fat, becomes 

sole emperor, and is crowned. 
[884. Fr. He is elected King of the 

West Franks with exception of a part of 

Burgundy ; thus the Empire is again 

united.] 

* * Germany is still called East Francia. 
887 * * Charles III. is deposed by the 

great Diet at Tribur for cowardice in 
yielding to the Northmen at the siege of 
Paris ; he abdicates the throne. 

887-899 Fr. Arnulf reigns. 

Arnulf,the illegitimate son of Carlo- 
man and grandson of Louis, is elected 
King of Germany by the East Franks. 
[896. Crowned at Rome. 897. Dec. 3. 
Dies at Ratisbon.J 

895* * Bavaria. The Margrave Leopold 
is styled the first duke. 

899-911 Louis "the Child," son of 

Arnuf, six years of age, succeeds to the 
empire. 

Heisdomin.'ited by Hatto, Archbishop 
of Mentz. The Magyars invade Ger- 
many, and devastate the country. A 
period of national weakness and gloom 
follows. The monarchy is ready to fall 
to pieces, and form separate duchies, as 
Saxony, Franconia, Bavaria, Swabia, 
Lotharingia. 
900+ * * Silesia. Breslau is founded. 

* * * The empire becomes elective. 
911* * Otho the Illustrious, Duke of 

Saxony, is offered the crown, but declines 
it because of old age. 
912 Nov. 8. The German princes de- 
clare their independence, and elect Con- 
rad I., Duke of Franconia, their king. 

His authority is strongly resisted by 
the Franks and by many of his own sub- 
jects. 



919-1024 The Saxony Dynasty. 
919-936 Henry I., "the Fowler," son 

of Otho, Duke of Saxony, is founder of 
the German monarchy. 

He subdues the revolting Saxon lords, 
and abolishes the prevailing anarchy. 
924* * Henry prudently agrees to pay 
tribute to the li ungarhiiis for nine years, 
and thus secures peace. 

925 * * Lorraine. Lotharingia is re- 
gained by Henry I. 

* * The margraves, or military gover- 
nors, are first appointed. 

* * * Germany is virtually a federal 
state. The growth of towns is pro- 
moted by Henry I. 

930 * * Prus. The North Mark of Sax- 
ony is established by the Emperor Henry 
I., and forms the beginning of the 
Prussian State. 

933 * * Henry I. refuses to pay tribute 
to the Magyars ; they renew their in- 
vasions. 

936 July 2. Saxony. Henry I. dies 
at Menleben [and is succeeded by bis 
eldest son by Matilda]. 

936-973 Otho I., "the Great," is 
elected by the Saxons and Franks King 
of Germany. 

* * The four court officers first appear. 
The Duke of Lotharingia as chamber- 
lain; Dukeof Franeonis, steward ; Duke 
of Swabia, cup-bearer ; and Duke of Ba- 
varia, marshal. 

940 * * Burgundy becomes a fief of the 
empire. 

941 * * Henry, the king's brother and 
an ex-rebel, is forgiven and becomes 
Otho's chief supporter. [946. Otho makes 
him Duke of Bavaria.] 

944 * * Lorraine. Otho gives Lotharin- 
gia to Conrad the Red. 

946-950 Otho interferes in the French 
wars, and protects Louis IV. against 
Hugh, Count of Paris. 

948 * * Baden. Otho appoints his son 
Lindolf duke of Swabia. 

950 * * The Bohemians pay tribute to 
Otho ; Boleslav becomes the vassal of 
Germany. 

* * Saxony is governed by the House of 
Billing. 

952 * * It. The defeated king, Eerengar 

II., accepts Otho as his suzerain. 
953-954 Civil war prevails. 

953* * Bruno, archbishop of Cologne 
and Duke of Lorraine, becomes a chosen 
counsellor of Otho. 

* * Otho's son Lindolf, and Conrad, 
Duke of Lotharingia, the king's son-in- 
law, rebel. 

954 * * Hungarians cross the country in 
their invasion of France and ravage it; 
they become the allies of the rebellious 
dukes. 

955 Aug. 10. Bavaria. The East 
Mark [duchy of Austria] is reestab- 
lished (p. 503). 

10th Century. W. Prus. Danzig is 
founded. 

957 * * Ph. Prus. Cologne becomes an 
imperial city. 

962 Feb. 2. Beginning of the continu- 
ous union of Germany with the Holy 
Roman Empire. (962-1806.) 

Otho by conquest includes Italy in his 
dominions, and is crowned emperor at 
Rome by the Pope. [Germany alone does 
not become an empire.] 



774 963, * *-1076, Oct. * 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

966-967 Otho leads a third expedition 
to Italy. 

978* * Fr. Lothaire, King of France, 
surprises Otho, who escapes with diffi- 
culty ; Otho reconquers Lotharingia 
[Lorraine], invades France, and makes 
an unsuccessful attempt to take Paris. 

980-983 Wars in Italy. 

Otho crosses the Alps, and advances on 
Rome, and into Southern Italy.. 

981 * * It. Otho defeats the Saracens 
and Greeks at Colonne. 

982 July 13. It. The German army 
under Otho is annihilated by the Sara- 
cens and Greeks in an ambuscade ; he 
escapes only because of the swiftness of 
his horse. 

983 * * The Danes and Wends rise in re- 
bellion. 

They successfully invade Germany ; 
the bishoprics of Brandenburg and Ha- 
velberg are destroyed. 

996 * * Otho's first expedition goes to 
Koine. 

998-999 Otho's second expedition 

against Rome. 
999 Apr. 29. It. Crescentius, the 

usurper, is defeated at St. Angelo. 
He attempted to throw off the Germ an 

yoke, and reestablish the ancient Roman 

Republic ; he is executed. 
1001* * Otho's third expedition against 

Rome. The Romans revolt against the 

Germans. 

1002 * * Lorraine. Civil war prevails 
[for ten years]. 

1003 * * Henry's first expedition} the 
emperor defeats the Margrave Henry 
and Henry Count of Luxemburg at 
Creusen. 

1004 * * It. Ardoin of Ivrea, King of 
Italy, and a rival for the empire, is de- 
feated by Henry. 

1004-18 Henry II. is at war with Bo- 
leslav, King of Poland ; he is compelled 
to surrender Bohemia, hut retains Lusa- 
tia. [1015. Henry II. is defeated.] 

1014 * * It. Henry conducts a second 
expedition to Italy, to surprise the up- 
rising under Ardoin. 

1016-18 Fr. Henry II. leads an army 
to secure his inheritance in Burgundy, 
which had been resigned in his favor by 
Rudolf III. before his death. 

1022 * * It. Henry's third expedition 
to Italy. 

He attacks the Greeks in Lower Italy, 
and is aided by the Norman settlers in 
subduing them. 

1026 * * It. Conrad H. leads an expe- 
dition into Italy. 

He is crowned King of Italy at Milan, 
and maintains his sovereignty by force 
of arms in Pavia and Ravenna. 

1029 * * The Poles invade Germany, 
and carry into captivity 10,000 prisoners. 

They ravage the country as far as the 
Saale. [1031. Conrad attacks the Poles, 
rescues prisoners, and restores Lusatia 
to the Empire.] 

1030 * * Conrad makes an unsuccessful 
attack on the Hungarians. 

1041-44 Henry III. conquers the Bo- 
hemians in three campaigns, wasting the 
country with fire and sword. 

1044 * * Hung. Henry defeats the Hun- 
garians at Menf ew. (See State.) 



1046 * * It. Henry III. makes his first 
expedition to Rome to suppress the 
rival popes. 

1049 * * A protracted war ensues with 
Godfrey the Bearded, Duke of Upper 
Lotharingia, for the succession of the 
dukedom. 

1052 * * Hung. Henry III., after a ten 
months' siege of Presburg, is obliged 
to retreat in haste because of the dis- 
affection of some of his nobles. 

1055* * It. Henry's second expedition 
goes to Italy. 

1075 * * Henry IV. defeats the revolt- 
ing Saxons on the Unstrut. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1000 * * Glass-painting is invented. 
Brunswick. The Karzburg mines are 



1007* * Alsace. The cathedral at 
Strasburg, built by Clovis, is destroyed 
by lightning. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

965 * * Bruno the Great, archbishop of 
Cologne, scholar, statesman, dies. 

973* * Henry II.. emperor, born. [1024. 
Dies. A50.] 

10th Century. Hrotsvitha, nun, Latin poet, 



born. [1072. Dies. A72.]' 

1009* * Bruno, Saint, sometimes called 
Apostle of Prussia, dies. 

1017* * Henry III., emperor, born. [1056. 
Dies. A 39.] 

1040* * Bruno, Saint, founder of Carthu- 
sians, born. [1101. Dies. A61.] 

1050 * * Henry IV.. emperor, horn. [1106. 
Dies. A56.] 

1076 * * Adam of Bremen, church hist., d. 

11th Century. Franco, or Francon, scholar, 



writer c 



. born and dies. 



CHURCH. 

963 * * It. Pope John flees from Rome 
when it is taken by Otho. 

* * It. The Romans are compelled to 
promise never to elect another pope 
■without the consent of the Emperor 
of Germany. 

* * Rome. Pope John is deposed by a 
synod, and Leo VIII., the anti-pope, is 
elected. 

964 * * Rome. Benedict V. is elected 
pope by a council of Romans. 

[965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes 
and scandals cause his banishment.] 

967 * * Saxony. The archbishopric of 
Magdeburg is founded. 

972 * * Borne. Benedict VI. is pope. 

[973, Donus II.; 974, Benedict VII.; 984, 
JohnXIV.; iwft, Boniface V 1 1 , John XV.; 996, 
John XVI., Gregory V.; 999, Sylvester II.; 
1(103, John XV If.; later, John XVIII.; 1009, 
serums IV.; IIH'J, Benedict VIII.; 1024, John 
XIX.; 1033, Benedict IX., aged 10 years.} 

975 * * Hesse. The Cathedral of Mentz 

is founded. 
993* * Rome. Saints are first canonized. 
996 * * Prus. St. Adalbert, bishop of 

Prague, devotes himself to missionary 

work among the Prussians. [997. Apr. 

23. W. Prus. He is murdered.] 
1000 * * Prus. The emperor makes a 

pilgrimage to the bones of St. Adalbert 

at Gnessen, Poland ; he founds the 

archbishopric of Gnessen. 
1007 * * Bavaria. The bishopric of 

Bamberg is founded. 

* * Alsace. The cathedral of Strasburg 
is destroyed by lightning. [It is recon- 



structed, and more than four centuries 
are required to complete it.] 

1009 * * The monasteries are reformed. 

* * Benedict IS. demands and receives ten 
times as much as was previously paid 
for the confirmation of German prel- 
ates. 

Archbishops and bishops buy their 
places at public auction at the papal 
court, and in their jurisdiction sell the 
ecclesiastical offices to others. 

1038* * Rome. The Pope is driven 
from the city because of his vices, but 
is restored by Conrad. 

1039 * * Morality among the clergy is 
at its lowest ebb, while simony is uni- 
versally practised. 

* * * The papacy is despised because 
of the character of successive popes, and 
the rivalries of three contemporaneous 
popes, who excommunicate each other. 

1042 * * Henry III. claims the right of 
deposing and appointing popes. [He 
appoints successively Damascus II., Leo 
IX., and Victor II.] 

1044* * Rome. The Pope is again de- 
throned, and followed hy Sylvester III. 
as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also pope. 

1046 * * Borne. Clement II., bishop of 
Bamberg, becomes pope. 

The emperor enters with his army, and 
deposes the three contemporaneous 
popes, each of whom is accused of 
simony. 

* * It. The Council of Sutri gives the 
emperors the right to nominate the 
popes. 

1048-49 Borne. Damascus II. is pope 
for 23 days, and followed by [St.] Leo IX. r 
who is the first Pope to provide himself 
with a regular army. 

1052* * Prus. Breslau is made the 
seat of a bishopric. 

1054 * * Pope Leo is defeated by the Nor- 
mans, and taken prisoner. 

* * * Borne. The papal throne is vacant 
for one year. 

1055* * Borne. Victor II. becomes pope. 

[1057, Stephen X.; 1058, Giovanni de Vel- 
letri is pope for nine months; he is called 
"Benedict X." [by some anti-pope]; 1059, 
Nicholas II. A conclave of cardinals first 
elect a pope.] 

The church improves in piety and pu- 
rity under the influence of Hildebrand, 
its real head. 

1061 * * Borne. Alexander II. is pope. 
The papacy is at the summit of its 
power ; it claims supreme dominion, 
temporal and spiritual, over every Chris- 
tian state. 

1072 * * Rome. The emperor is sum- 
moned before the Pope for selling the 
investiture of bishops ; he regards the 
summons with contempt. [1073. Sum- 
moned the second time.] 

1073* * Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde- 
brand) is elected pope. 

His chief endeavors are directed 
towards the establishment of the su- 
premacy of the papacy within the 
church, and the supremacy of church 
over state, the strict celibacy of the 
clergy, and the abolition of simony and 
lay investiture. 

1074 Mar.* Rome. A synod is held at 
which simony is condemned, and the 
old stringent laws of celibacy ordered 
to he enforced. 

1075 Feb.* Rome. A synod con- 
demns lay investiture, and approves 



GERMANY. 



963,* * -1076, Oct.*. 775 



the decrees of the first synod, and 
threatens excommunication to those 
who disohey them. 
1076 Jan.* Home. The Pope sum- 
mons the Emperor Henry IV. to Rome 
to answer to charges of simony, sacri- 
lege, and oppression ; Henry dismisses 
the Pope's legates with insults. 

Jan. 24. Hesse. Henry IV. holds a Diet 
at 'Worms, and declares Pope Gregory 
deposed on charges of tyranny, magic, 
and adultery. [The Pope excommuni- 
cates Henry.] 

Feb. 22. Rome. The Pope excommu- 
nicates all the bishops who attended 
the Diet of Wormy, and deposes and ex- 
communicates the emperor. 

Sept. * Hesse. At a Diet at Tribur all 
the clergy withdraw from alliance with 
Henry, signify their contrition to the 
Pope, and discuss the election of a new 
emperor. 

LETTERS. 

995 ± * *The Emperor Otho III., be- 
cause of his great intellectual endow- 
ments, is called the " Wonder of the 
World." 

1020± * * Wotker Labeo writes several 
philosophical works, and translates Be 
Consolatione of Boethius and two of Aris- 
totle's works into German. 

1050+ * * Rudlieb, a Latin poem, ap- 
pears. 

1065± * * Bavaria. A song on the Life 
of Christ is composed by Eggo and Willo, 
two priests of Bamberg. 

* * * A prose translation and paraphrase 
of the Hong of Solomon, by Williram, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1016 * * The people of Europe are dis- 
tressed by a severe famine. 

1030 * * Hesse. Polygamy in Christian 
countries is prohibited by the Jewish, 
synod at Worms. 

STATE. 

963 * * Otho, having captured Rome, 
requires the Romans to promise never 
to elect another pope without the con- 
sent of the emperor. 

964 * * It. The Romans rise in a re- 
volt; it is speedily suppressed. 

973 May 7. Pr. Saxony. Emperor 
Otho I. dies at Menleben [and is suc- 
ceeded by his son]. 

973-983 Otho H. is emperor (already 
crowned during the reign of his father). 

976* * Bavaria. A conspiracy is 
formed by Henry, Duke of Bavaria, the 
Quarrelsome, against Otho his cousin ; 
he is subdued and deposed. Bavaria is 
given to Otho of Swabia, son of Lindolf ; 
Carinthia is taken from Bavaria, and 
made a duchy ; and the East Mark (Bava- 
rian) is given to Luitpold of Babenberg. 

978* * Lorraine. Lothaire, King of 
France, is compelled to surrender to 
Otho all claim of Lorraine. 

10th Century. Alsace is incorporated 
with, the German empire. 

983 Dec. 7. Rome. Otho H. dies [and 
is succeeded by his son, three years of 
age]. 

983-1002 Otho m. is King of Germany 
and Emperor of the Holy Roman Empire. 

983 * * Bavaria, without Carinthia, is 
returned to Henry the Quarrelsome. 



* * The king's Grecian mother, Theo- 
phano, is regent in Germany, and his 
grandmother, Adelheid, regent in Italy. 

985 * * Lorraine. Metz is made a free 
imperial city. 

± * * Prus. The victorious Wends com- 
pel the Germans to confine themselves 
to the North Mark. 

991* * Theophano, the regent, dies ; and 
Willigris, Archbishop of Mentz, and 
Adelheid conduct the Government. 

995* *Otho HI., 15 years of age, as- 
sumes control of the Government. [996. 
Crowned emperor by Gregory V. at 
Rome.] 

999 * * Young Otho III. cherishes a 
scheme to make a world-wide empire, 
with " Golden Rome " for its center and 
imperial residence. [This visionary and 
impracticable ruler is called the " Won- 
der of the World."] 

1001 Jan.* It. Otho HI. dies at Rome, 
and is succeeded by the son of Henry 
" the Quarrelsome." 

1002-24 Henry II., " the Saint," Duke 
of Bavaria, is elected king at Mentz, and 
crowned at Aix-la-Chapelle. 

He is the great grandson of Henry the 
Fowler, and is called the Holy and 
Lame. 

Hermann of Swabia, his competitor, 
disputes the sovereignty. 

1002* * It. Ardoin, margrave of Ivrea, 
is elected King of Italy, and disputes 
the realm with Henry. 

1004 * * //. Henry II. is invited into 
Italy by the German party ; Ardoin re- 
signs after losing most of the realm. 

1005 * * //. Henry is crowned King of 
Italy at Pavia. [1014. Rome. Crowned 
emperor.] 

1014 * * It. Ardoin ceases to resist 
Henry. 

1015 * * Henry receives from Poland an 
annual tribute. 

1018* * Prus. Boleslav of Poland 
avenges the murder of St. Adalbert by 
terrible ravages in Prussia. 

* * Saxony. Henry makes peace with 
Poland at Bautzen. 

1024 July 15. Henry dies; he is the 
last of the Saxon house. 

1024-1125 House of Franconia, or 

Salian emperors. 

1024-39* * Hesse. Conrad II., the Sa- 
lic, is emperor. 

He is elected at Oppenheim ; the first 
election in which all the princes and 
tribes participate. 

1025-30 Ernst, Duke of Swabia, re- 
volts ; he claims to be the heir of Henry 
II. in Burgundy. [1030. Dies in battle.] 

1026 * * It. Conrad H. is crowned 
King of Italy at Milan. [And maintains 
his sovereignty by force of arms. 1027. 
Crowned emperor.] 

* * The Eider is fixed as the boundary 
between Germany and Denmark, and 
Schleswig is surrendered thereby to the 
Danes. 

1032 * * Pr. Burgundy is annexed to 
the empire, it having been bequeathed 
to Conrad by Rudolf III., whose niece 
Gisela is Conrad's wife. 

* * Mieczeslav, Duke of Poland, becomes 
the vassal of the German emperor. 

1036 July 4. Conrad returns from 
his expedition to Italy, and dies at 



Utrecht. [He is succeeded by his son, 
who had been crowned in his boyhood.] 
1039-56 Henry HI., » the Black," is 
emperor. 

* * * The imperial power attains its 
greatest height. 

1042-1- * * The Bohemians struggle for 
independence, but are conquered by 
Henry 111. ; Peter, King of Hungary, 
becomes a vassal of the empire. 

* * Bavaria,. The Bavarian East Mark 
is extended to the river Leitha. 

1043 Fr. Henry suppresses a revolt in 
Burgundy. 

1046* * Rome. Henry goes to Home to 
remove the scandal of three reigning 
popes, and to cleanse the Church. 

Dec. 25. Rome. Henry is crowned 

emperor by Clement 1L. 

* * It. Henry creates Drogo, son of Tan- 
cred of Hauteville, duke of Apulia. [It 
results in the revolt of the Lombards.] 

1050 * * The last years of Henry III. form 

a turning-point in German history ; 

direct and absolute authority diminishes 

henceforth ; feudalism develops. 
Henry favors the " Truce of God," 

and proclaims a general king's peace 

throughout the empire. 
11th Century. Bavaria. Nuremberg is 

founded. 
Oldenburg begins to be ruled by 

counts. 
1056 Oct. 28. Brunsunek. Henry IH. 

dies at Gozlar [and is succeeded by his 

son, six years of age, and already 

crowned.] 
1056-1106 Henry IV. is emperor ; the 

Empress Agnes is regent. 

* * * The regent gives Bavaria to Otho 
the Saxon, Graf of Nordheim ; Carinthia 
to Berthold of Zahringen, and Swabia, 
with Burgundy, to Rudolf, Graf of 
Rheinfeld, her son-in-law. 

1062 * * Rh. Prus. The young king is 
abducted from Kaiserswert to Cologne 
by Archbishop Anno; his distressed 
mother resigns the regency. 

1065 * * Adalbert, archbishop of Bre- 
men, a rival for the regency, compels 
Archbishop Anno to yield the adminis- 
tration to him. 

* * The Saxon princes through jealousy 
form a conspiracy against Adalbert, 
the favorite of the emperor. 

1066 * * Hesse. An imperial diet is held 
at Tribur. [Adalbert is in seclusion for 
three years. 1072. Dies.] 

* * Bavaria. Count Otho is accused of 
conspiracy ; Bavaria is taken from him 
and given to Welf, son of the Margrave 
Azzo of Este, who becomes its duke. 

* *The Saxons revolt because of the 
erection of fortresses by Henry IV. 

1073 * * Hesse. Henry IV. secretly flees 
from Harzburg to escape the enraged 
Saxons, who besiege and take it ; he is 
forced to agree to a humiliating peace. 

1073-1123 The emperor has disputes 
with the Popes relating to ecclesiasti- 
cal investitures. 

1076 * * Pope Gregory VH. forms an 
alliance with Robert Guiscard, Duke of 
the Normans, and with certain disaf- 
fected princes in Germany. 

* * The Pope excommunicates and de- 
thrones the emperor, and releases his 
subjects from their oath of allegiance 
[the boldest step ever taken by a pope]. 

Oct. * Hesse. The Diet of Tribur sus- 
pends Henry IV. from the imperial office, 
and refers the final decision of his case 
to a future Diet [Augsburg, February, 
1077]. 



776 1076, Dec. 20-1159, 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1078 Aug. 7. Fr. A pitched battle is 
fought at Melridestadt in Franconia, 
between the papal and anti-papal fac- 
tions ; it is bloody but indecisive. 

1080 Jan. 27. Thuringia. Henry IV. 
again attacks Rudolf, the rival king, 
near Miihlhausen, and is defeated. 

Oct. 15. Saxony. Henry IV. invades 
Saxony, and is again defeated by Rudolf 
of Swabia at Molsen ; Rudolf is mortally 
wounded. 

1081 May 21. Rome. Henry IV. ap- 
pears with a besieging army. (See Italy.) 

1083 June 3. Rome. After a siege of 
seven months, Henry takes a part of 
Rome by storm. Pope Gregory VII. is 
besieged by Henry in the castle of St. 
Angelo. [He is released by Robert 
Guiscard.] 

1086 Aug. 11. Henry is defeated at 
Bleichfeld by Eekbert, Welf, and Ber- 
thold. 

1089-97 Henry goes on a third expe- 
dition to Italy. 

He attempts the overthrow of the sup- 
porters of the papal power with only 
small success. Mantua surrenders after 
a siege of eleven months. 

1097 * * Henry returns from Italy. 
Germany is crossed by armed bands 
of the first Crusaders under Walter of 
Perejo and Peter the Hermit. 

1109* * Poland. Henry V. is defeated 
by Boleslav. 

1113 * * Saxony. The emperor sur- 
prises his revolting subjects and defeats 
them near Warmstadt. 

1115 * * The Saxons are victorious over 
the rebellious Wends at Kothen. 
Battle of Welfesholze. 
The imperial army is defeated by the 
Saxons on the same day ; the emperor 
seeks safety by flight. 

1122 * * The Saxons march against the 
emperor, whose situation is full of peril. 
[Sept. 23. Peace.] (See State.) 

1140+ "War of the Ghibellines and 
the Guelfs ( Welfs) — the Papal and Im- 
perial parties ; each contends for the 
possession of the crown. 

* * Wurtemberg. Battle of Weinsberg. 

Conrad III. defeats Count Welf, and 

the city surrenders to him ; the faithful 

women save the men by carrying them 

on their backs out of the city (p. 504). 

1147-48 Conrad III., influenced by St. 
Bernard, leads an army which joins 
the Second Crusade [and is destroyed 
by Greek treachery]. 

1154-77 "Wars in Italy between Fred- 
erick and the cities and the Pope. 

Frederick's campaign is against the 
powerful Republican cities of Lombardy 
and Pope Alexander III. ; lib restores 
imperial rights, which have become 
much impaired by neglect ; six expedi- 
tions are made. 

1154-55 Frederick's first expedition 
to Italy ; it maintains imperial author- 
ity in the cities. 

1157 * * Frederick I. conducts a cam- 
paign against the Poles. 

1158-62 Frederick's second expedi- 
tion to Italy ; it subdues Milan and 
other Lombard cities. [1159. July * He 
attacks Crema.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1138-1208 Magnificent churches in 
Gothic style gratify and develop the 
feeling for art. 

1150* * Bavaria. The [modern] method 
of gold-beating is invented in Nurem- 
berg. Here glass-cutters flourish. 

12th Century. Rlt. Prus. Franco of Co- 
logne codifies the uses of measured 
music. 

1152* * Frederick B arb arossa intro- 
duces or improves the art of heraldry. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1093* * Conrad III., king, born. '[1152. 
Dies. A59.] 

1106* * Adolphus, ('cunt of Holstein, born. 
[1131. Dies. A25.] 
Albert I., the Bear, Margrave of Branden- 
burg, founder ut House of Brandenburg, 
born. [1170. Dies. A64.] 

1121* * Frederick I., Barbarossa, em- 
peror, born. [1190, June 10. Dies. A69.J 

1129 * * Henry " The Lion," Duke of Saxony 
and Bavaria, born. [1195. Dies. A. 66.] 

1137* ^Adalbert, archbishop of Mentz, 
statesman, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1076 Dec. 20. Henry, finding resist- 
ance useless, sets out to make his sub- 
mission to the Pope. (See State.) 

1077 Jan. 25-27. Rome. The Pope 
humbles the emperor. 

He compels Henry to stand three days, 
in the depth of winter, barefooted, at the 
gate of the castle of Canossa, to implore 
pardon, and then only gives him condi- 
tional absolution. 

* * It. Matilda of Tuscany makes a re- 
visionary grant of her vast estates in 
Northern Italy to the Church of Rome. 

1078 * * Rome. The Pope sets up Ru- 
dolf as emperor of Germany. 

1080* * Rome. Henry IV. is excom- 
municated the second time; Clement 
III. becomes anti-pope. 

1084* *The Order of Carthusian 
Monks is founded by St. Bruno of Co- 
logne at Chartreuse. 

* * * The "War of Investitures, between 
the emperor and the Pope, lasts for over 
200 years, and is a prominent feature of 
medieval history. 

1085 May 25. It. Pope Gregory dies 

in exile at Salerno. 
1087 * * Rome. Victor III. is pope. 



1095 * * Peter the Hermit preaches the 
Crusade for the recovery of the Holy 
Sepulcher. 

1097* *The First Crusade. (See 
Army.) 

1106 * * Rome. Henry V. is excommu- 
nicated by the Pope. [1112. Again by 
a second council at Vienna.] 

* * Rh. Prus. The Empress Helena is 
said to have brought the seamless 
"Holy Coat" of Christ to Treves. 

1109* * Rome. Henry V. makes the 
Pope a prisoner. 

1111* * Emperor Henry V. determines 
to separate the church from the 
state. 

He forces Pope Pascal II., his prisoner, 
to acknowledge the imperial right of in- 
vestiture. 



* * Rome. The Late ran Council de- 
clares the concessions to Henry V. in- 
valid because extorted by force. 

1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope. 

[1119, CalistusIL; 1124,Honorius II.; 1130, 
Innocent II., Anacletus 1 1., anti-pope; 1143, 
Celestin II.; 1144, Lucius II.; 1145, Eugenius 
III.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.; 
he is opposed by four anti-popes; in 1159 by 
Victor IV., in 1164 by Pascal III., in 1164 by 
Calistus III., in 1178 by Innocent 111.] 

1122 Sept. 23. Hesse. The disputes 
regarding investiture are compromised 
by the Concordat at Worms. 

The election of German bishops and abbots 
is to take place in the presence of the empe- 
ror or his representatives; investiture by the 
emperor must precede consecration, and to 
be conferred by the scepter instead of the 
ring and the staff. 

In Italy and Burgundy investiture is to 
follow elections and consecration, and all 
ecclesiastics possessing secular benefices are 
to perform the feudal duties. 

1125-37 Sax. Prus. The "Wends are 
converted to Christianity in increasing 
numbers. 

1 146 * * Rome. Arnold of Brescia 
preaches the deposition of the Pope, and 
the restoration of the ancient republic. 

1147-49 The Second Crusade; it is 
conducted by Conrad III. of Germany 
and Louis VII. of France [without re- 
sult]. 

1155 * * Rome. Arnold of Hrescia, a 
scholar of the schoolman Abelard, a pop- 
ular preacher, opposed to the notorious 
corruption of the clergy, and an advo- 
cate of civil and religious reform, is con- 
demned and burned. 

1159-77 Schism in the Church. 

A majority of cardinals elect Alexan- 
der III. ; a minority, influenced by the 
emperor, elect Victor IV., who is recog- 
nized by the council held at Pavia and 
by the Emperor Frederick. 

* * The Carmelite Order is instituted. 



1120+ * * The Alexander lied, by Lam- 
brecht, appears. 

1135-37 The poem, King Rother, ap- 
pears. 

1139+ * * The Ro/andslied, by Conrad, a 
priest, appears. 

1 140 * * Bishop Otto von Freising intro- 
duces the peripatetic philosophy. (?) 

1143-46 The Universal History, by 
Bishop Otto von Freising, appears. 
[1157. The Life of Frederick Barba- 
rossa.'] 

12th Century. The JS'ibehmgenot, or Nibel- 
uiigenlied, an epic poem composed of 
various ancient mythical poems, termed 
sagas, appears. 

1157+ * * The Latin drama, Antichrist, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1077 * *Pope Gregory VII. excommu- 
nicates the Emperor Henry IV., and 
absolves his subjects from their "alle- 
giance. [His excommunicated body lies 
for five years above ground after death, 
no one daring to bury it.] 

1089 * * Matilda of Tuscany marries 
Guelf V., son of Guelf , Duke of Bavaria. 

1105* * Henry IV., the deposed em- 
peror, is forced to sell his boots to ob- 
tain food. 

1150* * Chivalry, having much in its 
nature that is fantastic and insincere, 
keeps alive a grand ideal of manliness, 
courtesy, and generosity. 



GERMANY. 



1076, Dec. 20-1159, * *. 777 



* * * The Crusades awaken the intellect 
and arouse the genius of the people. 

* * * "Women never held a higher place 
or received greater honor than during 
this period. 

* * * The population is divided into 
classes, — prelates, dukes, palsgraves, 
margraves, landgraves, counts, knights, 
freemen, and serfs. 

STATE. 

1076 Dec. 20i. Bavaria. Henry IV. 
secretly leaves Speier with his wife, son, 
and a solitary knight, and makes a pain- 
ful journey across the Alps, in a severe 
winter to placate thePope. (SeeChurch.) 

1077 Mar. * Bavaria. At the instiga- 
tion of the Pope the emperor, Henry IV., 
is deposed by some of the German princes 
at Porchheim ; they elect Rudolf, Duke 
of Swabia, as his successor. 

1078 * * Fr. Franconia is the seat of 
war between the emperor's party and 
the party of St. Peter. 

1079 * * Swabia is fortified, and given to 
Frederick of Hohenstaufen, Henry's son- 
in-law. 

1080 Mar. 7. Rome. Henry TV. is ex- 
communicated for the second time by 
the Pope. 

* * Rudolf of Swabia, the rival king, is 
mortally wounded in battle. 

1081 Aug.* Hermann, son of the 
Count of Luxemburg, is elected by the 
dissatisfied Saxou princes as a rival king 
at the suggestion of the Pope. [10SS. 
Abdicates and dies.] 

1089 * * Egbert, Margrave of Meissen, 
who had been set up as a rival king, 
dies. 

* * Saxony. The Saxons submit to 
Henry, and are assured of the preserva- 
tion of their ancient privileges and es- 
tates. 

* * It. Matilda of Tuscany marries 
"Welf V. (Guelf), son of Duke Welf of 
Bavaria. 

1092 * * Conrad, son of the emperor, is 
encouraged by the Pope to rebel against 
his father. [1095. He is crowned at 
Milan.] 



1101 * * Bavaria. Guelf II. is duke. 

1104 * * Henry, the emperor's youngest 
and beloved son, under encouragement 
by the Pope, rebels against his father, 
whom he imprisons. 

1105 * * Henry XV. is betrayed by his 
followers, flees from his son Henry, and 
is forced to abdicate. [1106. Aug. 7. 
Belg. He dies at LUttich [Liege], and 
is succeeded by his son Henry.] 

1106-25 Henry V. is emperor. 
1111 * * Rome. Henry V. forces Pope 
Pascal II., his prisoner, to perform his 
ronation, and acknowledge the emper- 



or's 



£ht of investitu 



1112 * * Aust. The Synod of Vienna ex- 
communicates Henry V. because he 
refuses to give up the right of investi- 
ture. [1122. Restored.] 

1114* * Lothaire and Louis, the rebel- 
lious princes, beg for mercy. 

* * Hesse. The emperor marries Ma- 
tilda, daughter of Henry I. of England, 
at Mentz, with ceremonies of great 
splendor. 



1116 * * Rome. Henry V. is crowned 
by a Portuguese archbishop, Pope Pascal 
being a fugitive. 

* * Henry V. takes possession of the 
lands of the Countess Matilda in the 
name of the empire. 

1119* * Pope Calixtus II. is enthroned, 
and immediately renews the alliance 
with Adalbert and the enemies of the 
emperor in Saxony. 

1120* * Bavaria. Henry the Black is 
duke. 

1121 * * Westphalia. Minister, having 
sided with the emperor's party, and ex- 
pelled its bishop, is besieged and burned 
by the Saxons. 

1122 Sept. 23. The Concordat of 
"Worms is agreed to, and settles the 
trouble with the Pope concerning inves- 
titure. (See Church.) 

1125 May 23. Neth. Henry V. dies 

at Nimeguin. 
1125-37 Lothaire, Duke of Saxony, is 

King of Germany. 
1126* * Bavaria. Henry the Proud, 

son-in-law of Lothaire, is duke. [Later, 

Duke of Saxony.] 
1128-58 Lippe is governed by Bernard, 

the founder of the [present] reigning 

family. 

* * * The decay of royal power pro- 
gresses. 

1130* * The title landgrave com- 
mences with Louis III. of Thuringia. 

1132-33 Lothaire II. visits Italy on 
his first expedition. 

1133-37 Lothaire H. is emperor. 

He is elected, but the Hohenstaufens, 
Frederick, Duke of Swabia, and Conrad, 
nephew of Emperor Henry V., reject 
his authority. 

1133 * * Rome. Lothaire H. is crowned 
by Pope Innocent II. 

He consents to restore to the Pope all 
the property confiscated to the empire 
by Henry V., and to receive them back 
as fiefs from the Pope. As a vassal of 
the Pope he receives the investiture of 
Matilda's heritage with his crown. 

1134* * Prus. Lothaire II. invests Al- 
bert the Bear with the North Mark 
[Margrave of Brandenburg. 1136. Al- 
bert conquers most of Mittelmark, and 
its name is changed to Brandenburg, 
from its chief city]. 

1136-37 Lothaire H. revisits Italy on 
his second expedition. 

He curbs the insolence of Roger the 
Norman, and drives him out of Italy to 
Sicily, he having claimed to be King of 
the two Sicilies. 

1137 Dec. 3. Bavaria. The Emperor 
Lothaire H." dies at Breilenwang. 

1138-1254 House of Hohenstaufen, 
or the Swabian Dynasty, reigns. 

1138 Mar. 13. Conrad m., Duke of 
Franconia, is chosen king by an irregu- 
lar election of the anti-Saxons. 

1138-52 Conrad III. is emperor. 
Oct. 20. Conrad III. puts Henry the 

Proud, of Bavaria, under the ban of the 

empire. 

* * Germany's political power gradually 
diminishes. 

* * Bavaria. Leopold, Margrave of Aus- 
tria, is duke. 

* * Saxony. Conrad HI. gives Saxony 
to Albert the Bear. 



1139 * * Bavaria. Henry the Proud 
dies, but the claims of his young son to 
Saxony are maintained by his relatives. 

* * "Welf VI., brother of Henry the 
Proud, claims. Bavaria. 

* * Saxony. Henry the Lion, of Saxony 
and Bavaria, becomes duke. 

1140* *The Guelf s and the Ghibel- 
lines begin their bitter contentions for 
the crown. 

Otho of Saxony and the Papal party 
belong to the former, and Philip of 
Swabia, the Imperialists, and the Aristo- 
cratic party belong to the latter, [For 300 
years they desolate Germany and Italy.] 

* * The Hanseatic League is formed by 
the port towns for protection against the 
piracies of the Swedes and the Danes. 

1141* * Bavaria by inheritance falls to 
Henry Jasomirgott of Austria. 

1142* * Saxony. Duke Albert the 
Bear abdicates; the Mark of Branden- 
burg, an imperial fief, and his other pos- 
sessions, are restored to him from his 
enemies. 

1147^48 Conrad III. engages in the Sec- 
ond Crusade. 

1152 Feb. 11. Conrad III. dies [and 
is succeeded by his nephew Frederick of 
Swabia]. 

1152-90 Frederick I., Barbarossa, is 
King of Germany. 

He is elected without opposition, and 
becomes one of the most heroic persons 
in the history of the Middle Ages, and 
one of the greatest sovereigns of Ger- 
many. He carries on wars against the 
German nobility, and leads six expedi- 
tions into Italy. 

1152* * Ben. Sven becomes king of 
Denmark, and a vassal of the German 
Empire. 

1153* * Baden. Frederick and the 
Papal See hold a convention at Con- 
stance. 

1154* * Bavaria is restored to Henry 
the Lion, son of Henry the Proud, the 
ancestor of the Brunswick family. 

1155 * * Rome. Frederick is crowned 
emperor by Pope Adrian IV., who had 
solicited his aid against the Romans. 

* * Liibeck is founded. 

* * Austria is separated from Bavaria, 
and made an hereditary duchy in both 
the male and female line. 

1156* * Frederick holds the Diet of 
Batisbon, and gives the duchy of Saxony 
to Henry the Lion. 

12th Century. Brunswick flourishes un- 
der the rule of Henry the Lion. Hesse 
is ruled by the landgraves of Thuringia. 

1157 * * Bavaria. The Diet of Wiirz- 
burg assembles. 

It has representatives from nearly all 
the German States of the West ; the 
nobles do homage to the emperor of the 
Holy Roman Empire. 

* * Bohemia. Frederick I. confers the 
kingly crown on Ladislaus, son of 
Belas I. 

1158 Nov. 11. It. A Diet meets on 
the Roncaglian Plains. 

The emperor's rights as against the 
cities are denned, and their jurisdiction 
transferred from the consuls to an officer 
of the empire ; the cities are prohibited 
from the right of private war between 
each other. 

* * Bavaria. Munich is founded by 
Henry the Lion. 



778 1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY— WAVY. 

1160 Jan. 27. It. After a terrible 
siege Frederick takes Crema, the ally 
of Milan ; the 20,000 burghers receive 
permission to depart with their wives 
and children. 

1162 Mar. 6. It. After a resistance 
for three years, famishing Milan sur- 
renders to Frederick. [Mar. 19. He 
orders all the inhabitants to leave 
Milan within eight days.] 

Mar. 26. It. Frederick proclaims the 
utter destruction of Milan ; the tow- 
ers and walls are pulled down ; the 
neighboring cities of Lombardy finish 
the destruction. 

1163 * * Frederick makes a third ex- 
pedition to Italy, without an army. 

1164* * Wurtemberg. Frederick defeats 
the Welfs at Tubingen. 

1165 * *-It. Pope Alexander III. re- 
volts against Frederick, and enters 
Koine in triumph. 

1166-68 Frederick's fourth expedition 
to Italy to subdue the Pope is disastrous. 

1167 * * It. Frederick captures Rome, 
but loses 25,000 soldiers in eight days by 
disease. 

Aug. * -Sept. * It. The Lombards are 
masters of Upper Italy ; they occupy the 
Alpine passes ; the fragments of Fred- 
erick's army retreat through by-roads 
beyond the Alps to Pavia. 

1172 * * Frederick restores German in- 
fluence in Poland, Bohemia, and Si- 
lesia by a single campaign. 

1174-77 Frederick's fifth expedition 
to Italy, by passing over Mont Cenis, 
ends in disaster. 1174. He unsuccess- 
fully besieges Alessandria. Henrythe 
Lion deserts the emperor, and returns 
to Germany. 

1176 May 29. It. The Lombard League 
utterly defeats Frederick at the battle 
of Legnano. [An armistice with the 
cities and the Pope follows.] 

1184-86 Frederick's sixth expedition 
goes to Italy without a military force. 



bering 150,000± 
knights. 



, and having 20,000± 



1190* * King Henry, son and vice- 
gerent of the emperor, takes the field 
against Henry the Lion, who prema- 
turely returns from exile. 

* * The vicegerent makes peace with 
him, granting a full amnesty and part 
of Lubeck, 

1191 * * The first expedition of Henry 
VI. goes to Italy to overthrow Tancred, 
the usurper. [He destroys Tusculum, 
and besieges Naples unsuccessfully for 
three months, when sickness drives the 
army out of Italy. 1192-94. He subdues 
the Two Sicilies.] 

1192 * * War is again waged against 
Henry the Lion for breaking the first 
treaty ; it ends in a compromise. 

1194 * * Henry conducts a second expe- 
dition to Italy, where he prosecutes a 
successful war with the widow and son 
of Tancred. 

1197 * * A third expedition is sent to 
Italy : a conspiracy against the emperor 
is suppressed with great cruelty. 



1198-1215 Civil war breaks out be- 
tween the Hohenstaufen party and the 
"Welfs. 

1199* * Alsace. Strasburg is besieged 
by Philip ; Otho IV., with an army of re- 
lief, is defeated. 

1214 July 27. Fr. Battle of Bou- 

vines (p. 670). 
1221 Apr.* Battle of Bornhoeved. 

The Danes are utterly defeated by the 
princes of North Germany, assisted by 
German Crusaders. 
1221-26 It. Frederick subdues the 
Saracens in Sicily. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1200 * * A kind of gunpowder is used 
for blasting in the Hartz mountains. 

* * * Bavaria. Augsburg has many brew- 
eries. The Minnesingers, lyric poets 
or love singers, flourish. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1165* * Henry VI.. emperor, born. [1197 

Dies. A52-] 
1170* * Walther von der Vogelweide, ] 

nesinger, born. [1228. Dies. A58+.] 
1177 * * l'liilip, Duke- of Swabia, king, born. 

[1208. Dies. A31-] 
1193* * Albertns Magnus, theologian, phi- 
losopher, born. [1280. Dies. A87.] 
1194* * Frederick II.. Emp. of Germany. 

K. of KaplesandSii-ilv, b. [lL'nll. D. A56, 
1'Jth Century. Oftenlingen, H e in ri ch vol 

minstrel, born and dies. 
1218* * Rudolf of Hapsburg'. emperor, 

torn. [1291. Dies. A73.] 
1220* * Kschenbach, Wolfram von, minne 

singer, dies. 

CHURCH. 

1160* * Hesse. Arnold, Archbishop of 
Mentz, is killed by the citizens for hav- 
ing expelled his predecessor. 

1164* * Frederick I. quarrels with 
the Pope. [1177. Reconciliation.] 

1165* * Rh. Rrzis. Charlemagne is 

canonized by Pascal III. at Aix-la- 

Chapelle. 
1172* * Henry the Lion undertakes a 

pilgrimage to Jerusalem. 
1181 * * Rome. Lucius HI. is pope. 
[1185, Urban III.; 1187, Gregory VIII.; 

later. Clement III.; 1191, Celestine III.; 

1198, Innocent III.] 

1182± * * Westphalia. The Vehmic 
Tribunals flourish, and possess great 
power. 

The secret tribunals are established to 
maintain religion and the public peace ; 
they have their origin in the time of 
Charlemagne. Persons of exalted rank 
are subjected to their decisions, being 
frequently seized, tried, and executed. 
[The emperors are unable to suppress 
them until the 16th century.] 

1189-92 The Third Crusade. Fred- 
erick II. leads an expedition from Re- 
gensburg [Ratisbon]. 

* * * Rome. Henry VT. is threatened 
with excommunication for withhold- 
ing the vast estates of the Countess 
Matilda of Tuscany from the Pope. 

1198 * * The Order of the Holy Trin- 
ity is established. 

1202-04 The Fourth Crusade; it 
ends in the establishment of the Latin 
Empire at Constantinople. 

1210 Nov. 18. Rome. The Pope ex- 
communicates Otho IV. [1212. De- 
posed.] 

1215* * Rome. The Lateran Council 
is held. 



Members : 71 prelates and archbish- 
ops, more than 400 bishops, and 800 ab- 
bots and priors, 8 kings, and countless 
princes and envoys from cities (p. 670). 

1216 * * Rome. Honorius III. is pope. 
[1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 
1243, lnuoceni IV.; 1254, Alexander IV.; 
1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.] 

1220 * * Frederick promises the Pope to 
enter a crusade. 

* * * Laymen are forbidden to read the 
Scriptures. 

* * *The Order of Teutonic Knights, 
aided by the Knights of the Sword, con- 
quer Poland in rescuing it from hea- 
thenism. 

1225 * * Frederick again promises to en- 
ter a crusade. 

Mar. 29. Prus. Henry Minike, pro- 
vost of Goslar, condemned as a heretic, 
dies at the stake for saying in his ser- 
mons and poems " that the wisdom of 
God surpassed that of the Virgin Mary." 



LETTERS. 

1160+ * * A satirical poem on the life of 

priests, and other satires, by Heinrich 

von Molk appear. 
1170* * The oldest German poem on 

Reincke Fuchs is written by Heinrich 

der Glichezarl. 

* * The poems Count Rudof, Eloris, and 
Tristant appear. 

1173+ * * Herzog Ernst and the Anegenge 
appear. 

1184* *The AZneid, by Heinrich von 
Veldeke, appears. 

1187+ * * The poem, King Orendel, ap- 
pears. 

1192-1202 Hartmann von Aue writes 
Ereck, Gregorius, Buchlein, Armer, Hein- 
rich, hcein, and other poems. 

1205-20 Wolfram von Eschenbach 
writes Parzival Tagelieder, Willehalrn 
Tituret, and other poems. 

1210 * * The epic poem, Tristan and 
Isolde, by Gottfried of Strasburg, ap- 
pears. 

* * A translation of Ovid's Metamorphoses 
is begun by Albrecht von Halberstadt. 

* * The epic of Gudrum and the Wigalois 
of Wirent von Grafenberg appear. 

1215± * * Welsche Gast, by Thomasin 

Zerklar, appears. 
1220-75 The Sachsenspiegel and the 

Scjnrabenspiegel, two great collections 

of local laws, the earliest prose works, 

appear. 

SOCIETY. 
1191 * * The Teutonic Order of mili- 
tary knights is established in the Holy 
Land by the Germans (Teutones). 

Theyministerto the sick and wounded 
of the Christian army, under Guy of 
Lusignan, before Acre." [On their return 
the knights are invited to subdue and 
Christianize the Prussians.] 



STATE. 
1160* * Rome. Pope Alexander III. 

puts the emperor and all his adherents 

under the ban. (See Church.) 
1163* * Silesia. Breslau becomes the 

capital of the duchy. 
* * Berlin is founded by the Margrave 

Albert the Bear, who brings a colony 

from the Netherlands. 



GERMANY. 



1160, Jan. 27-1225, Nov. * 779 



1164 May* It. Padua, Verona, Vi- 
cenza, and other cities of the March of 
Verona, unite in a league for mutual 
defense [the precursor of the Lombard 
League]. 

* * Feuds and devastation afflict "West- 
phalia on the Rhine and Swabia ; princes 
and lords are arrayed against each other. 



1166* *A feud arises between Henry 
the Lion and his enemies, the archbishop 
of Bremen and of Magdeburg, with Al- 
bert the Bear and others. 

* * New disturbances arise in Italy. 
12th Century. Brunswick. The city is 

enlarged and fortified by Henry the 
Lion, and becomes one of the most im- 
portant cities of Northern Germany. 

1167 Apr. 7. It. The League of the 
Lombard cities is formed. 

Cremona, Bergamo, Mantua, and Fer- 
rara, together with the cities of the 
Veronese March, — Verona, Vicenza, 
Padua, Treviso, — conclude a defensive 
alliance against the emperor. 

Dec. 1. It. The cities sign another and 
greater league of all the cities of 
Northern Italy. [The emperor at Pavia 
soon proclaims the cities of the Lom- 
bard League in outlawry.] 

* * It. The Guelfs and Ghibellines unite 
and rebuild Milan on a handsome scale, 
and also the city of Alessandria. 

1168* * Bavaria. Diet of Bamberg; 

peace is made between Henry the Lion 

and his enemies. 
1169* * The emperor causes- his son 

Henry, five years of age, to be elected 

and crowned king of Germany. 

1176 Nov. * The emperor and the 
League sign the proclamations of 
peace. 

1177 June 22. Venice. A peace is 
signed by the emperor, Pope Alexander 
III., and the Lombard League for six 
years ; and by Frederick and the king of 
Sicily for 15 years. 

1180 Jan. 15. Bavaria. Henry the 
Lion, failing to appear at four Diets to 
which he had been summoned, is put 
under the ban of the empire. 

1180-1212 Saxony. Bernard of As- 
cania is duke; Anhalt and Wittenberg 
become parts of Saxony. 

1180 * * Bavaria is taken from Henry 
" the Lion " by Frederick, and granted to 
Otto, Count Wittelsbach, Henry having 
refused aid in the war in Italy against 
the Pope. 

* * Saxony. Duke Henry is overthrown 
by Frederick, and the electorate is di- 
vided. 

1181 Nov. 30. Henry the Lion, of 
Bavaria, throws himself at the emperor's 
feet at the Diet of Erfurth. 

Frederick refuses to restore the old 
right, but permits Henry to hold the al- 
lodial estates of Braunschweig [Bruns- 
wick] and Luneburg. 

1183 June 25. Baden. A perpetual 
peace by a diet at Constance is made 
between the emperor and the Lombard 
cities. 

The emperor renounces his regalian claims 
on the cities of the League, and consents to the 
reestablish ment of the independence of the 
republics of Italy, acknowledging their right 
to levy armies, erect fortifications, and exer- 
cise civil and criminal jurisdiction, and also 
to extend tlu-ir i-ont'cdHration. The cities are 
to maintain all just rights of the emperor 



and to acknowledge his overlordship by the 
payment of a sum of money, and each is to 
accept an imperial judge. 

* * Bavaria. Louis becomes duke. 

1184 * * Hesse. A great imperial festi- 
val is held at Mentz in celebration of 
unity and peace between Germany and 
Italy. 

1 184-86 Frederick's peaceful expedi- 
tion visits Italy. 

1186 Jan. 27. It. Frederick's son and 
heir, Henry, marries Constance, 
daughter of Roger II., aunt and heiress 
of "William II. , the last of the Norman 
kings of Naples and Sicily. 

1189 Nov.* "William IX, Norman 
King of the Two Sicilies, dies, andPrince 
Henry inherits the kingdom. 

1190 May* Bavaria. Frederick leaves 
Ratisbon, and joins the Third Crusade ; 
his son Henry is vicegerent in his ab- 
sence. 

June 10. The Emperor Frederick 
Barbarossa is drowned in the Saleph 
[Calycadnus] in Syria. [He is succeeded 
by his son.] 

1190-97 Henry VI is King of Ger- 
many. 

1191 Apr. 15. Borne. Henry VI. re- 
ceives the imperial crown of Germany, 
Italy, and the Two Sicilies, after surren- 
dering Tusculum to the Romans. 

He besieges Naples in vain to rescue 
his inheritance by Constance his wife, 
from Tancred of Lecce, the usurper, who 
had been elected king by the natives of 
Palermo. 

1193 Mar. 23. Henry secures the sur- 
render of the captive Richard the 
Lion-Hearted, by paying Duke Leo- 
pold of Austria 50,000 marks. (P. 505.) 

July 29. Hesse. Richard the Lion- 
Hearted signs a treaty at Worms fixing 
his ransom at 100,000 marks of silver 
with other conditions. [1194. Feb.* He 
is liberated.] 

* * It. Henry VI. is crowned King of 
Naples and Sicily at Palermo. 

1195 Aug. 6. Brunswick. Henry 
the Lion dies. 

1196 Apr.* Bavaria. The Diet of 
Wiirzburg. 

Henry fails to secure the approval of hia 
plan to make Germany and the .Sicilies a 
great hereditary monarchy by allowing the 
great fiefs of the crown to be annexed by in- 
heritance to the crown lands, also to make 
the monarchy hereditary through either the 
male or female line. It is opposed by the 
Saxon princes and the lesser nobility, to whom 
he vainly offered concessions for the sur- 
render of the right of electing a sovereign. 
Dec. * Hesse-J^assau. The princes of the 
empire at Frankfort-on-the-Main unani- 
mously elect Frederick's son, Freder- 
ick Roger, two years of age, the emper- 
or's successor. 

1197 Sept. 28. It. Henry VX dies 
at Messina when contemplating grand 
plans of conquest in the Eastern Empire. 

1198-1208 Rival kings. 

The princes elect and recognize Philip 
of Swabia, youngest son of Frederick 
Barbarossa, as King of Germany. 

They ignore the pledges of December, 
1196, " made to a child still unbaptized," 
and elect Philip of Hohenstaufen. 

The Welfic, or Guelfic party, of inferior 
numbers, chiefly from Low Germany, 
elect Otho IV., son of Henry the Lion, 
as King of Germany. 
1198-1208 Philip of Swabia reigns. 



1198-1215 (1218) Otho IV. reigns. 

1198-1215 Civil war prevails between 
the Hohenstaufen party and the Welfs. 
The two parties divide the towns and 
homes of Germany. The former is up- 
held by the bishops of North Germany 
and the princes of Bavaria, Austria, etc. ; 
the latter by a very weak faction in Ger- 
many, having Knghind and Denmark as 
allies, and is favored by the Pope. 

12th, 13th Centuries. Pi'ussia is largely 
repeopled by colonies of Germans. 

1201 Mar. 1. Rome. Pope Innocent 
ILT. acknowledges Otho as the lawful 
head of the empire, and releases high 
and low from their allegiance to the 
Hohenstaufen. 

1208 June 21. Bavaria. KingPhilip 

is assassinated at Bamberg by the Count 
Palatine, Otho of "Wittelsbach, 

Oct. 4. Rome. Otho IV. is crowned 
emperor by the Pope, after renewing 
his former concessions to the Holy See, 
which include the surrender of the es- 
tates of Matilda of Tuscany. 

* * Cities rise to new importance, and 
form leagues against the exactions of 
nobles. 

1210 Nov. 18. Otho IV. withholds 
Tuscany, and is excommunicated by 
Pope Innocent III. [1212. Deposed.] 

1212* * The Pope puts forward his pro- 
tkgb, Frederick, King of Naples and 
Sicily, son of Henry VI., as an anti- 
emperor. 

Apr. * It. Frederick H. leaves Sicily 
to take possession of the crown of Ger- 
many. 

1212-50 Frederick II., son of Henry 
VI., is elected King of Germany by the 
Ghibelline party (Hohenstaufen). [He 
is the most brilliant of all the German 
emperors.] 

1214 * * The Palatinate falls to Bavaria. 

1215 Dec. 9. R. Prus. Frederick II. 
is crowned King of Germany at Aachen 
[Aix-la-Chapelle] by Archbishop Sieg- 
fried of Mentz. 

Nov. 30. Rome. Innocent III., as presi- 
dent of a great council and " lord over 
kings and peoples," confirms the deposi- 
tion of the Emperor Otho IV. [1218. 
May 19. Otho dies at Harzburg, Bruns- 
wick.] 

1217 * * S. Ger. Frederick II. gives 
Swabia to his young son Henry. 

1218 Apr. 15. Switz. Berne is made 
a free imperial city. 

1219 * * Bavaria. Nuremberg is made 
a free imperial city. 

1220* * Frederick II. has his sonHenry 
elected King of Rome. 

* * Frederick leaves Germany [and is 
absent for 15 years]. 

Nov. 22. Rome. Frederick II. is 
crowned emperor by Honorius III., 
after pledging himself to support the 
feudal supremacy of the Holy See over 
his hereditary lands, which should ever 
be kept separate from Germany. 

1222 * * Rh. Prus. Henry, son of the 
emperor, is crowned king at Aachen 
[Aix-la-Chapelle] ; Archbishop Engel- 
bert of Cologne is his royal adviser. 

1225 Nov. * It. Frederick marries 
Iolanthe, daughter of John of Brienne, 
and heiress of Lombardy. 



780 1225,* *-1290, 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1227 Sept. 9. Frederick embarks an 
army of 40,000 Crusaders. 

1229 Sept. * //. Papal troops invade 
his realm, and Frederick drives them 
out. 

1230-40 Prussia is conquered by the 
Order of Teutonic Knights, aided by 
the Knights of the Sword, the object 
being to convert it to Christianity. 

1234 * * About 40,000 Crusaders attack 
the Frisian Stedingers as heretics, and 
nearly annihilate this tribe of peasants, 
which numbers 11,000. 

-* * Hesse. Henry rebels against Frede- 
rick, his father, and is repulsed at 
"Worms by loyal Imperialists. 

1236 * * It. The Lombards are de- 
feated by Frederick, supported by the 
Ghibellines, in a brilliant campaign. 

1237 Nov. 27. It. Battle of Corte- 
nuova. 

The Lombards are again decisively 
defeated and routed. The Pope inter- 
feres, his claims on Sardinia being 
threatened. 

1239-50 It. Frederick is at war with 
the popes. 

1239 * * It. Ancona is taken by King 
Enzio, a natural son of Frederick. 

1241 Apr. * It. King Enzio gains a 
great naval victory near Meloria over 
the Genoese fleet. [1249. Mar. 28. He is 
captured at the battle of Fossalta, and 
imprisoned in a dungeon 23 years, till 
death.] 

* * Germany is threatened with an in- 
vasion of Mongols. Breslau (in Sile- 
sia) is burnt by the Mongols (p. 504.) 

1242 * * Civil war breaks out on the 
Lower and Middle Rhine between the 
Imperial and Papal parties. [It ends in 
favor of the emperor.] 

1246 * * Frankfort. Henry Raspe, the 
anti-king, defeats the young King 
Conrad. 

1247 Jan. * Wilrtemberg. Raspe be- 
sieges Ulm, until driven by Conrad into 
Thuringia. 

June 16. It. The Papal party, here 
the Aristocratic party, by the aid of the 
Lombard League, captures Parma from 
Frederick. [Aug. 2. He besieges Parma. 
1248. Feb. 18. He is repulsed before 
Padua.] 

* * Hordes of Mongols from the East 
appear on the Eastern frontier, and are 
bravely resisted by Henry, Margrave of 
Leignitz. 

1253 Oct. 10. It. Naples surren- 
ders to Conrad, and the revolters beg 
for mercy. 

1254 Dee. 2. It. Battle of Foggia. 
Manfred defeats the Papal party, and 

drives it out of Sicily. 

1255 * * Prus. Ottocar II. of Bohemia 
conducts a crusade against the heathen 
Prussians. [1467. Another.] (P. 504.) 

1262 Mar. 11. Alsace. The Stras- 
burgers defeat Bishop Geroldseck at 
Hausberg. 

1266 Feb. 26. It. Battle of Bene- 
vento (p. 672). 

* * Prussia is nearly depopulated by the 
barbarity of the Teutonic Knights. 

1267 Oct. * * It. Conradin, Duke of 
Swabia, the heir of Conrad IV., sup- 



ported by an army, appears in Italy, and 
is welcomed as its liberator. 

1268 Aug. 23. It. Conradin is de- 
feated by the French Tagliacozzo on 
Sago di Celano [and soon captured and 
beheaded at Naples — the last of the Ho- 
henstaufen line]. 

1274 * * Rudolph I. is at war with Otto- 
car II. (p. 504). 

1276 Nov. 21. Peace. (See State.) 

1278 Aug. 26. Aust. Battle of 
Marchfeld (p. 504). 

* * Rudolph conquers the Austrians. 

1285 July * Rudolph, with a strong 
force, marches against the false Fred- 
erick. [Captures him by trickery, and 
burns him as a heretic near Wetzlar.] 

1286* * Wilrtemberg. Rudolph reduces 
Swabia, Eberhard of Wurtemberg, Ru- 
dolph of Baden, and sixteen other 
counts, who burn the castle of Stuttgart. 

1289 * * Fr. Rudolph conducts a cam- 
paign in Burgundy. [Also in Swabia, 
where by his direction the oppressed 
cities rise against Count Eberhard I. of 
Wurtemberg.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1248 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The cathe- 
dral of Cologne is founded by Arch- 
bishop Conrad von Hochstade ; the 
architect is Gerhard von Riehl, or Rile. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1235 * * Engelbert, Saint, archbishop of 
Cologne, dies. 

1228* * Conrad IV.. Emperor of Germany, 
King of Italy, born. [1254. Dies. A26.] 

1250* * Eckhart, Meister, Father of Ger- 
man mysticism, born. [1328. D. A78±.] 

1252 * * Adolplius of Nassau, emperor, born. 
[1298. Dies. A 46.] 

1262* * Henry VIE, emperor, horn. [1313. 
Dies. A5E] 

1286 * * Louis TV., or V., King of Bavaria, 
Emperor of Germany, b. [1347. D. A62.] 

1290* * Tauler, .Joliann, mystic, preacher, 
born. [1361. Dies. A71.] 



CHURCH. 

1228-45 The Pope excommunicates 
Frederick II. four times. [The ban is 
removed.] 

1228-29 The Fifth Crusade; it is 
conducted by Frederick II. A conta- 
gious disease in the army compels him 
to relinquish the expedition. 

1231 * * Hesse. The cathedral of Mar- 
burg is founded. 

1234 Feb. * Hesse, Nassau. Heretical 
offenses are assigned to secular courts. 
(See State.) 

1237* *Frederick II. is accused of 
heresy by the Pope, and is excommuni- 
cated again. 

1240 * * Sh. Prus. The cathedral of 
Wetzlar is finished. 

1243 * * Innocent IV. abandons Italy 
to Frederick II., and fixes his residence 
at Lyons, France. 

* * The Flagellant sect appears. 

1245 June 28. Fr. Innocent TV. 
calls a council at LyonB, and renews the 
ban against Frederick, and formally de- 
poses him, and provides for the election 
of his successor (p. 672). 

1248 Aug. 15. Ph. Prus. The [great] 
cathedral of Cologne is commenced. 



1248-50 The Sixth Crusade ; it is con- 
ducted by Louis of France. (Fruitless.) 

1255* * Bavaria. The cathedral at Rat- 
isbon is begun by Andrew Egl. 

1262 * * Hesse. St. Catherine's cathe- 
dral at Oppenheim is begun. [1317. 
Finished.] 

* * * The monastic orders, by their 
strict discipline, great numbers, wealth, 
and popular influence, greatly aid the 
Popes in accomplishing their purposes 

* * * Clement IV. succeeds in his long 
struggle for the dominion of Italy, and 
places Charles of Anjou on the throne 
of Naples. 



1270-71 The Seventh Crusade; it is 
conducted by Louis IX. of France. 
(Fruitless, p. 672.) 

1271* * Pome. Gregory X. is pope. 
'[1276, Innocent V., four months; Adrian 
V., one month; John XXI., eight months; 
1277, Nicholas III.; he introduces nepotism, 
and enriches his family; 12*1, Martin IV.; 
1285, Honorms IV.; 12SS, Nicholas IV., a dis- 
tinguished patron of literature and art; St. 
Celestine V. ; he soon abdicates ; later, Boni- 
face VIII.] 

LETTERS. 

1225+ * * Ortnit and Wolfdietrich ap- 
pear. 

1225-54 Rudolph of Ems writes Guter 
Gerhard, Barlaam and Josaphat, and 
other poems, and Wit helm von Orleans, 
Alexander, Trojan War, Universal 
Chronicle, and other prose works. 

13th Century. The first systematic expo- 
sition of Aristotle is produced by Al- 
bertus Magnus. 



* * * Bescheidenheit, by Freidank, ap- 
pears. 

1260-70 The later Titurel, by Albrecht, 
is written. 

1275 * * The Frauendienst, by Ulrich von 
Lichenstein, appears. 

1276 * * Bruno von Schonebeck trans- 
lates the Song of Solomon. 

1290+ * * Bavaria. A poem on the Le- 
gend of Lohengrin is written. 

SOCIETY. 

1235 * * Engelbert, archbishop of Co- 
logne, is murdered. 

1249 * * Enzio, the king's natural son, is 
taken prisoner by the Bolognese [and 
kept in a dungeon 23 years]. 

STATE. 

1225 * * Anhalt becomes an indepen- 
dent principality. 

1226 * * It. Frederick summons a Diet 
at Cremona for support against the 
cities of the Lombard League. 

* * Some. Frederick is placed under the 
ban of the church for abandoning the 
crusade; Frederick in return lays the 
ban of the empire on all the cities or 
the Lombard League. 

± * * Ioibeck becomes a free town and 
one of the leading cities of theHanseatic 
League. 

1227 * * By their defeat at Bornhoeved, 
the Danes' [permanently] lose the prov- 
inces of Holstein, Liibeck, Hamburg, 
Mecklenburg, and Pomerania. 

1228 Mar. * Some. The Pope repeats 
the promulgation of the ban against 
Frederick. [1230. He is released.] 



GERMANY. 



1225, **-1290, 



781 



June * //. Frederick sails as a Crusa- 
der from Brindisi for Palestine. [1229, 
June 10. It. Returns.] 

1229 Feb. * Frederick signs a treaty 
with El Kernel, ceding to Christians 
the Holy Land, including Jerusalem, 
Bethlehem, Joppa, Nazareth, and Sidon. 

Mar. 18. Palestine. Frederick crowns 
himself King of Jerusalem. 



1230 f * * Prussia is conquered for 
Christianity and civilization. 

* * Frederick restores the office of grand 
chancellor of the empire, and appoints 
Bishop Siegfried of Ratisbon to till it. 

* * * Switz. To this period is assigned 
the legend of "William Tell in the up- 
rising against the House of Hapsburg. 

1231* * It. A great diet is held at 
Capua. 

* * TV. Prus. Thorn is founded by the 
Teutonic Knights. 

* * Bavaria. Otho U. becomes duke ; he 
is soon assassinated. 

1234 Feb. * Hesse-Nassau. The Diet 
of Frankfort. 

It decrees that offenses against the 
faith shall be tried in the secular courts 
and according to regular judicial pro- 
cedure. Borne. [Gregory IX. publishes 
ecclesiastical laws opposing the codes 
of Frederick.] 

* *The young King Henry revolts 
against Frederick, his father. 

The lower German nobility and the 
Lombard cities support him as allies ; 
he aims at the separation of Italy from 
Germany. [Henry is taken, and placed 
in close confinement till his death in 
1241.] 

* *Hesse. Henry marries his fourth wife, 
Isabella, the sister of Henry III. of 
England, at Worms. 

1235 Aug. * Hesse. TheDietof Mentz 
sustains the war of the empire against 
the Italian cities. 

* * Brunswick. Otho, grandson of Henry 
the Lion, becomes first duke. 

* * It. Frederick draws up the Consti- 
tutions of Melfi for legislation in Lower 
Italy ; the feudal system is repressed, 
and the power of the throne is exalted. 

1237 June * Bavaria. At the Diet of 
Speier, the princes, by request of Fred- 
erick, elect Conrad, "his son, as succes- 
sor to the throne of Germany. 

1239 * * Borne. The Pope again excom- 
municates Frederick. 

1241 * * The Hanseatic League is fully 
established. 

Liibeck, Cologne, Brunswick, and 
Danzig, and other towns on the Baltic 
coasts, unite for the protection of com- 
merce against the exactions of the 
nobles. [1370. The League is composed 
of 66 cities and 44 confederates.] 

1245 * * Rh. Prus. Frankfort is made 
an Imperial city. 

* * Fr. Frederick U. is deposed by the 
Council of Lyons, and his subjects urged 
to revolt. (See Church.) 

1246 May 22. Henry Raspe, Land- 
grave of Thuringia, is ineffectively set 
up by the Papal party as emperor. 

He is nicknamed " the parsons' king." 
[The pope sends Kaspe 10,01)0 marks, and 
latter 15,000 more. 1247. Feb. 16. Henry 
Raspe, the anti-king, dies at "Wart- 
burg.] 



May * Borne. The Pope issues a severe 
edict against Frederick ; his supporters 
are not to give testimony in court, and 
are denied the right of asylum, and pro- 
hibited from trade. 

Oct. 3. Bh.Prus. "William, Count of Hol- 
land, 20 years of age, is elected a second 
anti-king at "Worringen by the Papal 
party, but he has a small following in 
Germany. [1256. Jan.* He falls in battle 
in Friesland.J 

1249 Feb. * It. Frederick II. causes 
the arrest of Peter de la "Vigne, the 
chancellor at Cremona, charged with at- 
tempting to poison the emperor ; 
Frederick alleges that Peter is the tool 
of the Pope. 

* * * Period of national splendor. 

Frederick possesses six crowns, — the 
Imperial, German, Burgundian, Lom- 
bard, Sicilian, and the crown of Jerusa- 
lem. 

1250 Dec* It. Frederick dies at 
Florentino [and is succeeded by his son 
Conrad]. 

1250-54 Conrad IV. reigns ; he re- 
mains in Italy, as did his father, and 
rarely visits Germany during his reign. 

* * * Germany is torn by the factions 
supporting the rival kings, Conrad and 
William. 

1252 * * Conrad abandons the struggle 
for the crown of Germany, and retires 
to bis Sicilian kingdom. 

1253* * Bavaria. Louis JX, the Severe, 
becomes duke. 

1254 Mar. * It. The Pope confers the 
kingdom of Sicily on Fldmund, son of 
Henry III. 

May 27. It. King Conrad dies at La- 
vello, perhaps by poison. 

July 13. Hesse. The first great meeting 
of the Rhenish League of the cities is 
held at Mentz, the head of the League. 

1255 * * E. Prus. Konigsberg is found- 
ed by the Teutonic Knights. 

* * Bavaria. Munich becomes the capi- 
tal. 



1256-73 The Great Interregnum occurs ; 
club-law ; only the right of the strongest 
prevail. 

1257 Jan. 13. Richard Plantagenet, 
Earl of Cornwall, younger son of King 
John of England, is elected king by five 
of the princes. [He is crowned at Aachen 
(Aix-la-Chapelle), and his sovereignty 
recognized along the Rhine.] 

Apr. 1. Bh. Prus. The elector of Treves 
secures the election of Alphonso X. of 
Castile at Cologne. 

* * The Electoral College first appears. 
It comprises the persons of seven pow- 
erful princes, who claim complete ex- 
clusive power to elect whom they will. 
The nation takes little interest in king 
or anti-king. 

1258 Aug. * It. Manfred, brother of 
Conrad, as usurper, assumes the crown 
of Sicily. Conradin, son of Conrad IV., 
claims it [and struggles to gain it]. 

1260 * * Saxony is divided into two 
duchies, Saxe-Lauenburg and Saxe-Wit- 
tenberg ; they are ruled by Duke Ber- 
nard's two grandsons, John and Albert. 

1262 * * Alsace. Strasburg is made a 
free Imperial city. 

1263 * * Hesse. Henry of Brabant be- 
comes landgrave and prince. 



1265 Feb. * It. The Pope transfers the 
kingdom of Sicily to Charles of Anjou, 
the brother of Louis IX. of France. 

* * Wiirtemberg is set apart from Swa- 
bia, and made a county. 

1266 Feb.* It. King Manfred of Si- 
cily falls at the battle of Benevento. 

1268 Oct. 29. It. Conradin, the last 
of the Hohenstaiif'en House, being cap- 
tured, is beheaded at Naples. 

1272 Aug. * The spiritual princes and 
the Pope unite in offering the crown 
of Germany to Ottocar II., King of 
Bohemia. 

1273 Sept. 29. Rudolph I., Count of 
Hapsburg and By burg, is elected (p. 505). 

1273-1740 The House of Hapsburg. 

1273-1291 Rudolph I. reigns. 

Oct. 24. Rudolph is crowned by Engel- 
bert II., archbishop-elector of Cologne. 

1276 Nov. 21. Ottocar, King of Bo- 
hemia, and R\idolph agree to a [brief] 
treaty of peace. 

Ottocar acknowledges Rudolph as king 
of Germany, agrees to abandon Austria, 
Styria, Carinthia, and Carniola, but to 
hold Bohemia and Moravia, as fiefs of 
the empire. [Nov. 26. He does homage 
to Rudolph.] 

* * The free cities, Frankfort, Freiberg, 
and Oppenheim, revolt, and raze the 
castles which Rudolph had erected with- 
in their precincts as threatening their 
freedom. 

* * Bavaria. Augsburg becomes a free 
Imperial city. 

1282 Dec. 25. Bavaria. Dietof Augs- 
burg. 

Rudolph proposes to raise his sons Al- 
bert and Rudolph to the rank of princes, 
and to invest them with Austria, Carni- 
ola, Styria, the Wendish Mark, and 
Parlenan. [The nobles consent.] Thus 
Rudolph becomes the founder of the 
House of Hapsburg-Austria. 

* * It. Peter of Aragon is King of Si- 
cily. 

Charles of Anjou is King of Naples. 

1283-85 A false Frederick deceives 
the people, and maintains himself in 
"Western Germany against Rudolph. He 
is approved by the malcontents. 

1283 * * Rudolph makes Albert his son 
sole duke of Austria by promising 
valuable considerations to his brother 
Rudolph. 

1285 * * The Papal See grants the tithes 
revenues of four German bishoprics 
to the King of France as a " contribu- 
tion for a war against the King of 
Aragon." 

1286* * Prus. The new city of Konigs- 
berg becomes the capital of Prussia. 

1288 * * Bh. Prus. Dusseldorf is raised 
to the rank of a town. 

* * Fr. Philip TV., the French king, 
takes advantage of Rudolph's weakness, 
and annexes the city and bishopric of 
Verdun. 

1289* * Fr. Burgundy is again forcibly 
united to Germany. 

1290 * * Fr. Philip, King of France, 
takes Lyons, belonging to the German 
Empire, under French protection. 

* * The defection of the cities from 
Rudolph increases because of oppressive 
subsidies demanded in the style of an 
absolute monarch. 



782 1291, June 20-1373,* * 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

2294 * * Saxony. Adolf, with 
rles, enters Meissen, and suppresses 
the revolt against confiscation to the 
empire by wasting the country. 

1298 Apr. * Albert of Austria with all 
his forces marches through Bavaria, to 
the Rhine, for the overthrow of Adolf. 

July 2. Rh. Prus. Battle of Gbllheim. 
Albert of Austria defeats Adolf, and 
kills him on the field. 

1301 * * Albert defeats the allied eccle- 
siastical electors of Mentz, Treves, and 
Cologne, with the Count Palatine, who 
conspire against him. 

1307 May 31. Thuringkt. Albert's 
army is defeated at Luca by the Thu- 
ringians under Philip of Nassau ; the in- 
heritances of Frederick and Diezmon 
are preserved for the emperor. 

1310-13 Henry VII. conducts an expe- 
dition to Italy. 

He goes to restore order and peace 
in the cities between the contending 
Guelfs and Ghibellines. 

1313 May* It. Henry marches with 
a great force against Naples, where the 
Guelfs rule. 

* *(1314?) A German monk first discov- 
ers the use of cannons. 

1314-47 Civil war (p. 504). 

1315 Nov. 15. Sivitz. Battle of Mor- 
garten {p. 504). 

1322 Sept. 28. Battle of Ampfing. The 
flower of the Austrian nobility is left 
dead or wounded on the field (p. 504). 

1326 Jan. * Prus. At the Pope's sug- 
gestion, Wladislaw the Short, of Poland, 
with heathen allies, attacks the Mark of 
Brandenburg. [More than 6,000 Chris- 
tians are killed or taken prisoners.] 

1327-30 Italian expedition of Louis. 

1327 Oct. 11. ft. Pisa admits Louis 
after a siege of five weeks, promising to 
pay 60.000 gold pieces of Florence as in- 
demnity, and to lose none of its liber- 
ties. [The king's promises are broken.] 

1341* * It. The Bohemians are driven 
out of Tyrol by Margaret and the no- 
bility. 

1347 * * "War occurs with the Bavarian 
party. 

1354-55 Charles makes his first expe- 
dition to Rome. 

1361 * * "War between the Hanseatic 
League and Denmark. 

John "Wittenborg of the Hansa invades 
Denmark, and captures Copenhagen, but 
is finally defeated before Helsingborg by 
"Waldemar IV. [ and is executed at Lu- 
beck]. 

1367+-70 Second war between the 
Hanseatic League and Denmark. 

The Hansa compels Waldemar IV. to 
fly; conquers several cities, including 
Copenhagen and Elsinore. [The war 
ends with an advantageous peace for the 
League.] (P. 636.) 

1368 * * Charles makes his second ex- 
pedition to Italy as the ally of the Pope 
against John Galeazzo Visconti, Duke 
of Milan. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1296* *Sulfureous carbon is produced 
by Lampadius. 

1299 * * "Windmills first appear. 



1320-40 Brunswick. Gunpowder is 
invented (?) by Bertholdus or Michael 
Schwartz, a Cordelier monk of Goslar 
[but many authorities maintain that it 
was known long before in various parts 
of the world], 

1322* * Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. The play 
of The Wise and Foolish Virgins is pro- 
duced at Eisenach. 

* * Bavaria. Sawmills are introduced 
at Augsburg. [1427. In Breslau, Silesia.] 

1324 * * Lorraine. Firearms are used 
in the defense of Metz. 

1325 * * Stoves are first used. 

1337* * Bavaria. A parchment fac- 
tory is established at Nuremberg. 

1340 (?) * * Bavaria. A process of wire- 
drawing; is invented bv Rudolph at Nu- 
remberg. [1410 (?). By drawing the iron.] 

1350* * Refining-houses are built. 

1365 * * Bavaria. Pins are invented at 
Nuremberg. [1370. Weedlemakers are 
here incorporated and their sales are 
rapidly extended.] 



1350 * * The Flagellants cruelly abuse 
their bodies for the comfort of their 
souls (p. 674). 

1354 * * Pome. Rienzi, the reformer, is 
killed. 

1362 * * Avignon. Urban V. is pope. 
[1370, Gregory XL; 1389, Boniface IX.; he 
resides at Koine; IW4. benedict XIII.; 1404, 
Innocent VII.; 140l>, Gregory XII.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1318* * Erwin von Steinbacb, archeologist, 
architect, dies. 
Fnuienlob, Heinrich von Meissen, poet, d. 
1365 * * Jerome of Pragrue, religious re- 
former, comp. of Huss, b. [1416. D. A51-] 
1368* * Sigismund. emperor, born. [1437. 
Dies. A69.J 

CHURCH. 
1298 July* The Jewsarehorriblyper- 
secuted throughout South Germany, 
chiefly through the lust of blood and 
plunder, but their enemies alleging "it 
is God's will." 



1303 * * Borne. Benedict XI. is pope. 

[1305, Clement V.; 1314, Avignon, The 

papal throne is vacant. 1316. Avignon, John 

XXII.; 1334, Avignon, Benedict XII.; 1342, 

Avignon, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI. J 

1308 * * Ft. The Pope's residence is 
removed from Rome to Avignon. 

1311 * * Fr. The 6th General Coun- 
cil at Vienne. (Synod of Viennein Gaul, 
p. 672.) 

1316* *The Pope informs Louis IV. 
that he cannot wear the German crown 
without papal sanction. 

1324 * * Louis IV. is excommunicated 
by the Pope, and his supporters inter- 
dicted ; he appeals to a general council. 

1337* * W'urtemberg. The cathedral at 
Ulm is begun. 

1338 * * Jews are persecuted. 

Mayer Bon, a Jew, accused of forgery 
and swindling, is condemned and burned; 
Archbishop Walram, his creditor, is 
thereby freed. 

* * The Diet of Frankfort declares that 
the Pope has no temporal power in the 
empire. 

* * *"A gay enjoyment of the world as 
it is existed side by side with almost 
superhuman spirituality.'* 

* * * " All classes, clerical as well as lay, 
looked upon resistance to papal preten- 
sions as a necessity imposed by national 
honor." 

1348 * * Alsace. The Jews are accused 
of causing the Black Death by poison- 
ing the wells; the mobs in Strasburg 
burn 1300 of these people before their 
synagogue. 



LETTERS. 

1293 * * The Legend of St. Martin, by 
Hugo von Langenstein, appears. 

1300 * * Benner, by Hogo von Trimberg, 
appears. 

± * * Ulrich Boner, a Dominican monk of 
Bern, writes the Jewel, the oldest Ger- 
man Table-book. 

* * * Der Winsbecke and Krieg auf der 
Wartburg appear. 

1314 * * Wilhelm von Oesterreich, by Jo- 
hannes von WoTzburg, appears. 

1336-98 Hesse-Nassau. The Limburg 
Chronicle appears. 

1340± * * Die Jagd, an allegory, is writ- 
ten by Hadamar'von Laber. 

1348 * * Bohemia. The Emperor Charles 
IV. founds a University at Prague. 

1352 * * Kulmann Merswin writes the 
Book of the Nine Rocks. 

SOCIETY. 

1298 * * Adolf of Nassau, the King of 
Germany, falls in a personal conflict 
with Albert I. of Austria. [1308. May 1. 
Albert is assassinated by his nephew 
John.] 

1313 Aug. 24. Henry VII. is poi- 
soned by a priest by the consecrated 
wafer. 

1348* * Europe. Massacre of 1,500,000 
Jews as the supposed cause of pesti- 

1350 * * The people are distressed by the 
black plague. 

STATE. 

1291 June 20. Rudolph's despotism 
towards Valenciennes [occasions a revolt 
of the citizens, who renounce the Ger- 
man Empire, and seek the protection of 
France]. 

July 15. King Rudolph I. dies. 

Aug. 1. Sioitz. The men of the Helve- 
tian cantons meet to throw off the yoke 
of Hapsburg despotism, and they form 
" a perpetual league." [It is the first 
authentic movement towards a Swiss 
confederacy.] 

* * Interregnum. 

1292 May 5. Adolf, Count of Nassau, 
a relative of the archbishop of Mentz, 
is elected king, excluding Albert, son of 
Rudolph. 

1292-98 Adolf reigns; he is poor in 
possessions, in movables, and in preroga- 
tives. [1298. He is deposed. July 2. 
Killed at the battle of Gdlleim.] 

1294 * * Bavaria. Louis HI. becomes 
duke. 

1296 * * Hamburg becomes a free Im- 
perial city by permission of the Dukes 
of Holstein. 

1298 July 27. Rh. Prus. Albert of 
Austria, son of Rudolph, is unani- 
mously elected by the electors at Frank- 
fort [and crowned king of Germany at 
Aix-la-Chapelle]- 



GERMANY. 



1291, June 20-1373, * * 783 



1298-1308 Albert J., is emperor. 

1299 Dec. * Albert enters an alliance 
with Philip the Fair of France against 
the Pope. 

1300 Oct. 14. The three ecclesiastical 
electors and the Count Palatine form 
an alli ance against the king, whose 
election was not continued by the Pope. 
[They are defeated.] 

1301 * * Wenceslaus becomes King of 
Poland, Hungary, and Bohemia. 

1307* * "William Tell (?) shoots the 
tyrant Gesler, and the Swiss revolt. 

1308 May 1. Baden. King Albert is 
killed (p. 505). 

* * Henry, Count of Luxemburg, a half- 
Frenchman, is elected king. 

1308-13 Henry VII. reigns. 

* * jr. Prus. Danzig passes under the 
rule of the Teutonic Knights. 

1309 Jan. 6. Bk.Prus. Henry VU. 
is crowned kingat[Aix-la-Chapelle.] 

* * Switz. A confederation of three 
cantons is formed, consisting of Schwyz, 
Uri, and Unterwaldeu. 

1310 * * Bohemia. Henry's son, [Blind] 
John, is enthroned by the National 
Assembly. 

1311 Jan. 6. It. Henry VII. is crowned 
King of Lombardy. 

1312 June 29. Borne. Henry is crowned 
King of Italy, and Emperor of the Holy 
Roman Empire. 

1313 Aug. 24. It. Henry VU. dies 
near Sienna, probably poisoned by the 
Guelfs. 

1314 Oct. 19. Hesse-Nassau. The elec- 
tors being unable to agree, those of 
Cologne, the Rhenish Palatinate, elect 
Frederick, Duke of Austria, son of 
Albert, in the suburb of Frankfort. 

Oct. 20. Hesse-Nassau. The electors of 
Mentz, Treves, Brandenburg, and Bohe- 
mia elect Louis of Bavaria at Frank- 
fort. The votes of electors are sold at 
high prices in both elections. 

1314-47 Louis IV. of Bavaria reigns. 

1314-30 Frederick of Austria reigns. 

Nov. 25. Bk. Prus. Louis IV. is 
crowned King of Germany at Aix-la- 
Chapelle ; Frederick is crowned at 
Bonn. 

* * With two kings [civil war prevails 
for eight years]. 

1315 Dec. 9. Switz. The confederated 
cantons of Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden 
renew their league forever at Brun- 
nen. 

1316 * * Switz. King Louis IV. con- 
firms the confederation, and recog- 
nizes the immediate dependence of the 
cantons on the empire ; Austrian power 
is broken in Switzerland. 

1322 Sept. 28. Bavaria. Frederick 
of Austria is captured by Louis at the 
battle of Amphng [and imprisoned. 
1325. Released], (P. 505.) 

1323 Mar. * Brandenburg. Louis IV. 
gives the Mark of Brandenburg, one of 
the great fiefs, to his son Louis [who 
later marries Margaret Multasch, the 
heiress of Tyrol and Carinthia]. 

Oct. 8. Fr. Pope John, at Avignon, 
summons King Louis IV. to lay down 
"his assumed government of the Ger- 
man Empire," as he had not obtained 



papal confirmation 
is threatened. 

1324 Mar. 23. Fr. The Pope at Avi- 
gnon excommunicates Louis IV. 

May 22. Louis IV. issues a protest 
against excommunication, and makes 
a statement of the sins of the Pope. 

July 11. Fr. The Pope at Avignon de- 
clares Louis IV. deposed, and his ad- 
herents and territories under the curse 
of the church. 

1327 Jan. 17. Borne. Louis IV. is 
crowned emperor. [May * Crowned 
King of Lombardy at Milan.] 

1325 Apr. 18. Borne. Louis IV. de- 
poses Pope John for heresy and 
treason. 

Aug. 4. Borne. Louis IV., becoming un- 
popular because of his greediness and 
despotic acts, is driven out of the city by 
an insurrection of the people. 

1329 * * The Palatinate is separated from 
Bavaria ; yet a part of Bavaria, the 
Upper Palatinate, goes with it. 

* * Saxony. The margrave obtains pos- 
session of Altenburg. 

1330 Jan. 13. Frederick, the rival of 
Louis IV., dies. 

1332 Jan. * Bade7i.+ Nine free cities 
of Swabia petition the Elector Baldwin 
of Treves that Germany resume its 
original right to elect an emperor, 
whether the Pope be for or against him. 
[Nothing more is done for six and a half 
years.] 

* * Alsace. The guilds are admitted to 
a share in the government of Strasburg. 

1333 Nov. 14. To ease his conscience, 
and secure the removal of the papal ban, 
Louis secretly signs a renunciation of 
the crown. [He denies it when aroused 
by the electors.] 

1335 * * Silesia. Breslau passes under 
the jurisdiction of the Bohemian crown. 

1338 July 16. Electoral meeting at 
Rense. 

Six electors sign a declaration of Ger- 
many's independence of the Holy 
See, the emperor deriving his authority 
alone from the votes of a majority of 
the electors ; it denies the Pope's tem- 
poral power in the empire. 

* * Louis IV. sides with the English iu 
the struggle with France. 

1342 Feb. 10. Tyrol. Louis IV. mar- 
ries his son Louis to the divorced Mar- 
garet of Tyrol, thereby gaining to his 
House this province. 

Apr. 25. Fr. Pope Benedict XII., the 
enemy of Louis IV., dies. 

1344 Sept.* Hesse,-Xassau. A national 
Diet is held at Frankfurt to consider the 
concessions to his temporal power de- 
manded by the Pope. 

1346 Jan. 15. Louis IV. invests his 
wife, the sister of the deceased Count 
William of Holland, with the latter's 
estates, thus alarming the electors by 
the increase of family power. [It 
provokes the setting up of an anti-king.] 

July 11. Charles of Luxemburg, 
" The Parson King," is elected anti- 
king by live electors at Rense (p. 507). 

They had revolted against Louis IV. 
because of his violence in increasing his 
power. The electors are paid a high 
price for their votes. 

1346-78 Charles IV. is emperor. 

1347 Sept. 2. Bohemia. Charles IV. 
is crowned King of Bohemia. 



ation Oct. 11. Ba 



Louis IV. dies at 



Mu 

* *The imperial crown is offered to 
Edward III. of England. 

* * Bavaria. Stephen I. is duke. 

1348 * * Bohemia. The city of Prague 
is rebuilt by the Emperor Charles IV., 
who makes it his capital. 

* * Mecklenburg is made a duchy. 

* * Brandenburg. The false Waldemar 
appears in opposition to Louis, and fa- 
vorable to Charles IV. 

1349 Jan. 1. Hesse-Nassau. Gunther, 
Count of Schwarzburg, is elected em- 
peror at Frankfort by the Bavarian 
party; Charles, King of Bohemia, bribes 
his friends to desert Gunther. [June 14. 
Gunther dies, alleged to have been poi- 
soned.] 

May 26. King Gunther sells his claim 
to Charles IV. for 20,000 marks of silver 
for himself and men, besides deliverance 
from debt. 

July 25. Bh.Prus. Charles is crowned 
emperor at Aix-la-Chapelle, having 
been elected by all the electors. 

1350* *The league of the cities 
greatly prospers. Town markets are 
established. 

1355 Apr. 5. Borne. Charles IV. is 
again crowned emperor by two car- 
dinals acting in the Pope's name. 

* * Bohemia. Silesia and Lower Lusa- 
tia are united with Bohemia. 

1356* * Hesse-Nassau. Frankfort-on- 
the-Main is recognized as the seat of 
imperial elections. 

* * Charles IV. issues the [famous] Golden 
Bull to regulate the election of sover- 
eigns ; it becomes the fundamental 
law of the empire. 

The election is entrusted to seven electors, 
three ecclesiastics ami four seculars, namely, 
the archbishop of Mentz as arch-chancel- 
lor of Germany; the archbishop of Treves 
as arch-chancellor of Italy; the archbishop 
of Cologne, arch-chancellor of Burgundy; 
the King of Bohemia, as areh-senesriml; 
Count Palatine, as arch-steward; Duke of 
Saxe- Wittenberg, as arch-marshal; and the 
Margrave of Brandenburg as arch-chamber- 
lain. Practically the same electors as here- 
tofore. [It continues in force till 1806.] 

"With this edict commences the Diet 
of the German Empire ; it is com- 
posed of three colleges; viz., the elec- 
tors, the princes, and the imperial towns. 

* * Saxony. The dispute between the 
two Saxon duchies regarding electoral 
privileges is decided by the Golden 
Bull in favor of "Wittenberg. 

1363 June 15. Bohemia. "Wences- 
laus, son of Charles, is crowned King of 
Bohemia. [1376. June 12. Elected King 
of the Romans. Price of votes, 100,000 
gulden.] 

* * Aust. Tyrol acquired (p. 507). 
1365+ * * A League of the Rhine cities, 

with some others, is formed to insure a 
stricter enforcement of the public peace. 

1370* * Peace is made with Denmark 
by the Treaty of Stralsund. 

±* * Saxony. Rudolph IT. of "Wittenberg 
is the first duke to style himself elector. 

1373 * * Brandenburg. Treaty of Fiir- 
stenwalde. 

Otho " the Lazy," in return for an an- 
nuity, transfers to Charles IV. the Mark 
of Brandenburg. 



784 1375, * *-1450, June 22. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1377± * * "Wars between the nobles 
and the cities commence. 

1377 May 21. Battle of Reutlingen. 
The Swabian League severely defeats 
Ulrich, son of Eberhard, Count Eber- 
hard " tlie Grumbler ; " SG noble knights 
fall. 

1386 July 9. Switz. Battle of Sem- 
pach. 

The South German cities withdraw 
their aid from Switzerland ; the Austri- 
an^ under Leopold are defeated by the 
Swiss peasants (p. 506). 

1388 Apr. 9. Switz. Battle of INTafels. 
Duke Albert, brother of Leopold, 
with German princes as allies, is de- 
feated by a small body of Swiss, losing 
2,000 men, including "l88 knights and 
squires. 

Aug. 24. Wurtemberg. Battle of Dof- 
fiugen, between the aristocrats and the 
citizens. 

Eberhard of Wiirtemberg defeats the 
army of the Swabian cities at Doffing- 
en ; Count Ulrich is mortally wounded. 

1401 Oct. 24. It. Battle of Brescia. 
Visconti defeats Rupert. 

1410 July 16. E. Prus. Battle of Tan- 
nenberg. 

The Teutonic Order is disastrously 
defeated by the Poles ; 200 knights and 
40,000 warriors fall. 

1419-36 Bohemia. Hussite war (p. 506). 

1420 July 14. Bohemia. Ziska de- 
feats the emperor at the siege of Prague, 
and drives him into Hungary. [1422. The 
imperial troops enter Bohemia, but are 
soon driven out.] 

1422 Jan. 8. Bohemia. Battle of 
Deutsch-Brod (p. 506). 

1431 Aug. 14. Bohemia. The impe- 
rial army, having 40,000 cavalry and 
90,000 infantry, is defeated and routed by 
the Hussites near Riesenburg. 

1434 May 30. Bohemia. Battle of 
Bohmisch-Brod (p. 506). 

1438* * Bohemia. Civil war rages. 

1439 * * Alsace-Lorraine. The Count of 
Vaudemont, with French Armagnac 
hirelings, is at war with the bishop of 
Metz. 

1440-46 Switz. Zurich enters atreaty 
with Frederick III., and civil war pre- 
vails. 

Zurich, allied with Austria, oppresses 
the Swiss Confederation ; Zurich troops 
are defeated, and the city is besieged. 

1442 * * Westphalia. The city of Soest 
resists the oppressive exactions of Arch- 
bishop Dietrich II, of Cologne, and war 
follows. 

1443 May 23. Switz. Battle of Frien- 
bach. 

Itel Boding, commanding the Swiss 
Confederates, defeats the Zurich-Aus- 
trian allies. [May 24. Again atHirzel.J 

1444 July * Switz. The King of France 
sends Frederick 24,000 Armagnacs, ac- 
companied by 20,000 other ruffians, to 
subdue the Swiss Confederates. 

[Aug. 26. The Armagnacs, 30 times as 
strong, cut down 1,600 heroic Confeder- 
ate soldiers at St. Jacob. Aug. * The 
French army under the dauphin sur- 
prises Mompelgard, and abuses the cit- 
izens.] 

* * Lorraine. Metz undergoes a seven 
months' siege by King Charles VII. of 



France. [The siege is raised on the pay- 
ment of a ransom of 100,000 florins.] 

1446 * * Switz. The Swiss defeat the 
Germans at Kagaz, and become practi- 
cally independent. 

* * Casimir IV. of Poland aids the na- 
tives of Prussia in an uprising against 
the oppression of the Teutonic 
Knights. 

* * "War with Hungary. Cause, its re- 
fusal to surrender the young prince Wa- 
ladislas. 

1447 July 2. Westphalia. The arch- 
bishop of Cologne besieges Soest with 
60,000 men. [They ravage the country, 
and fail of provisions for their own sup- 
port. July 20. The last assault is made 
and repelled.] 

1449-1- * * a. second great war between 
the cities and the princes breaks out, 
and lasts seven years ; many counts and 
barons side with the German princes 
against civil liberty. 

1450 Mar. 11. Bavaria. TheNurem- 
bergers severely defeat the Margrave 
of Pillenreut. 

Apr. 14. Bavaria. Albert defeats the 
citizens of Nuremberg and part of their 
allies. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



1381 * * Augsburg. The gun as a fire- 
arm is known. 

1390 * * The first mill for making linen 
paper is established. 

1403* * Bavaria. Ribbon and lace 
workers thrive at Augsburg. 

1413* * Pr. Saxony. Fulminating gold 
is discovered by Valentine, a monk, at 
Erfurt. 

1419* * Bavaria. File-cutters ply their 
trade in Nuremberg. 

1423 * * Bavaria. The art of engrav- 
ing on wood for printing pictures is 
invented by Kepler at Nordlinger. 

1430 * * Bavaria. Gester invents an 
air-gun at Nuremberg. 

1436* * Hesse. The art of printing 
from movable type is invented by Jo- 
hannes Gutenberg at Mentz. 

1439 * * Alsace. The lofty tower of the 
Strasburg cathedral is completed. 

1440 * * The art of copper-plate en- 
graving is invented by liuprecht Rust. 

1444+ * * Bavaria. Bleaching- works 
are established in Nuremberg. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1376 * * Hubs, John, religious reformer, 
horn. [1416. Dies.- A40.] 

1380* * Kempis. Thomas a. monk, as- 
cetic, writer, born. [1471. Dies. A91.] 

1400* ♦Gutenberg', Johann. or Henne, 
inventor of printing, b. [1468. D. A68.] 

1414* 'Albert. Elector of lirainlenburg, 
born. [1486. Dies. A72.] 

1423* *Purbach, Georg, astronomer, born. 
[1461. Dies. A 38.] 

1434* * Wohlgemuth, Michael, painter, b. 

1435 * * Scb offer, Peter, impr. of printing, b. 

1436 * * l'.eliaim, Martin, navigator, geog., b. 
Regiomontanus, Johann M., astronomer, 

born. [1476. Dies. A40.] 

CHURCH. 

1378 * * » The Schism of the "West." 
England and the empire acknowledge 
Urban VI. as pope, while France. Spain, 
and Scotland acknowledge Clement VII. 
Rival popes reciprocally excommunicate 
each other (p. 674). 



* * * Mysticism awakens in many minds 
an aspiration which the church in its 
corrupt state could not satisfy. Mystics 
are much opposed, and charged with im- 
morality, pantheism, communism, and 
maintaining private inspiration. 

1386 * * Christianity is introduced into 
Lithuania. 

1409 * * It. The Council of Pisa. 

It deposes Popes Gregory and Bene- 
dict, and elects Alexander V. ; as neither 
of the deposed Popes will yield, there are 
three Popes (p. 506). 



1410 ' 
1412* 



fc Rome. John XXIII. is pope. 
; Bohemia. The Reformation is 



John Huss denounces the bull of Pope 
John XXIII. against King Ladislaus of 
Naples, and together with Jerome of 
Prague opposes the sale of indulgences. 

1414-18 Baden. The Council of Con- 
stance. 

It is a council of the empire, yet having 
prelatieal visitors front Italy, France, Eng- 
land, and Spain, besides numerous princes 
Willi their imposing (ruins. The great Assem- 
bly includes Pope John XXIII., live patri- 
archs, :i;i cardinals, L'Uii archbishops and bish- 
ops, and 80,000 laymen. 

Its objects are to suppress the Bohemian 
heresy, heal the papal schism, and reform 
the church. It proclaims its superiority over 
the Pope, condemns the doctrines of John 
Huss, deposes Pope John XXIII., and pre- 
vails on Pope (iregory XII. to abdicate, and 
later deposes 1'ope Benedict XI11. It is pro- 
posed to reform the church, but by the ac- 
tion of Spain, the effort fails; Martin V. is 
elected pope; the council adjourns without 
accomplishing any effective reformation of 
abuses (p. 506). 

(Mar. 20.) Pope John XXHI. a fugi- 
tive. 

In disguise of a stable-boy he flees from 
Constance when it is proposed that the coun- 
cil investigate bis crimes; many prelates and 
cardinals follow him, but they do not break 
up the council. [ He is captured, imprisoned, 
and deposed.] 

(.Iine 15.) Communion in one kind 
only is authoritatively sanctioned by the 
council. 

(1417. Mar. 16.) The University of Prague 
demands the communion in both kinds for 
both clergy and laity. 

(1418* *) The council suspends all the 
privileges of the university because of its de- 
mand. 

(Apr. 22.) Pope Martin V. leaves the 
council. 

1420 Mar. 17. Bohemia. Sigismund 
burns Crasa at the stake, after having 
dragged him through the streets of 
Prague. 

1421 July* Bohemia. The emperor 
and the Crusaders against the heretics 
attack the city of Prague. (See 
Army.) 

1423 * * Rh. Prus. A church council 
is held at Treves. 

1429* * Rome. "The Schism of the 
West" is ended by the resignation of 
Clement VIII. 

1431* * Rome. Eugenius IV. becomes 
pope. [Felix is anti-pope.] 

July 23-49 May 7. Sioitz. The Gen- 
eral Council of Basel is held ; Julian 
is president. 

(July 23.) It meets to effect, the union 
of the Greek and Roman churches, recon- 
cile the Protestants, and promote the 
reformation of the church. 

(1433 * *) The council settles the Bo- 
hemian controversy by the Compact of 
Prague, by which the Hussites are 
granted the use of the cup in the Eu- 
charist. 

(1439. Oct. 29.) Eugenius, refusing to 
recognize its authority, is deposed. (Oct. 
30.) Felix V. is elected (anti-pope). 
[Its decisions are in part recognized 



GERMANY. 



1375, * *-1450, June 22. 785 



by the Gallican Church, but rejected by 
the Ultramontanes.] 

1433* *-39* *It. The Council of 

Ferrara-Florenee. 

Tt decrees the Seven Sacraments ; viz., 
baptism, confirmation, the eucharist, 
penance, extreme unction, holy orders, 
and matrimony. It proclaims the union 
of the Greek and Roman churches'. 

* * * The spiritual princes have all the 
faults of the secular princes, besides spe- 
cial defects of their own. 

Simony universally prevails ; the scan- 
dalous social life of the inferior clergy, 
with cold and unimpressive services, 
weakens the hold of the church on the 
public mind. 

1445 * * The emperor attempts to frus- 
trate the efforts made to reform the 
church, and compels the German bish- 
ops to quit their antagonism to Rome ; 
he receives 100 prebends and other con- 
siderations from the Pope. 

1446 Mar. * Hesse-Nassau. A league 
is formed at Frankfort by the Diet. 

It proposes general resistance of the 
attacks of the emperor and pope on the 
rights of the leaguers, and to compel a 
recognition of the reforms of the Coun- 
cils of Constance and Basel. [The league 
is broken up by bribery.] 

* * Vienna. The Concordat of Vienna 
is concluded with the Pope, who aban- 
dons the reforms promised in the Coun- 
cil of Basel. 

1447 * * Rome. Nicholas V. is pope. 

1448 * * Bavaria. The Concordat of 
Aschaffenberg is signed by Frederick, 
thus perpetuating the evils in the church 
which had been partly reformed. 

LETTERS. 

1379 Sept. 16. Pr. Saxony. The Uni- 
versity of Erfurt receives its charter 
from the anti-pope, Clement VII., as a 
" Studium generate " in all the faculties. 

13S5 Oct. 23. Baden. The Univer- 
sity of Heidelberg receives its charter 
from Pope Urban VI. [1336. Oct. 19. 



1388 May 21. Eh. Prus. The Uni- 
versity of Cologne is chartered as a 
"Studium generale," by Pope Urban 
VI. ; it is under the influence of the 
Dominicans. 

1389 May 4. Pr. Saxony. The Uni- 
versity of Erfurt is founded afresh by 
Pope Urban VI. without any recognition 
of the former action of the anti-pope, 
Clement VII. It is under Franciscan 
influence. 

1398 * * Bohemia. John Huss becomes 
a professor in the University of Prague. 

1399 * * Bohemia. Aclcermann aus Boh- 
men, by Johannes Ackermann of Saaz, 
appears. 

1400-1500 Bavaria. Nuremberg is a 
great center of literature. 

1409 Sept. 9. Saxony. The Univer- 
sity of Leipsic is founded as a " Stu- 
dium generale," by Pope Alexander V. 

* * Bohemia. The Hussite troubles in 
Prague and a change in the university 
statutes occasion the withdrawal of all 
German professors and students from 
the university ; they go to Leipsic. 

1419 Feb. 13. Mecklenburg-Schwerin. 
The University of Rostock is founded 
and authorized by the Pope's bull. 



1430± * * The Thuringian Chronicle, by 
Rothe, appears. (?) 

1432* * Mecklenburg-Schwerin. The fac- 
ulty of theology is added to the Univer- 
sity of Rostock. 

1433 * * The History of the Emperor Sigis- 
mund, by Eberhard Windeek, appears. 

1442 * * Hesse. Johann Fust estab- 
lishes a printing-office at Mentz, and 
prints the Tractatus Petri Hispani. 

15th Century. The \He Idenbuch appears. (?) 

SOCIETY. 

1400 * * Frederick (III.) is assassinated 
immediately after his election. [He is 
seldom placed in the list of emperors.] 

* * Nuremberg is the center of art, 
trade, and intelligence. 



STATE. 
1376 * * Bavaria. John becomes duke. 

* * Wilrtemberg .+• The Swabian city 
league is formed for mutual defense 
against the nobility. [1377. Recognized 
by the emperor.] 

* * The Association of Nobles (middle 
nobility) is organized to oppose the 
league of the cities. 

The imperial knights of Swabia, Fran- 
conia, and on the Rhine, with others, 
unite to maintain their independence 
against the higher nobility, and espe- 
cially the princes of the empire who 
were ambitious for territorial sover- 
eignty. 

The Martins vogel, Schlegler, and Lo- 
welbund Associations are formed. 
1378 Nov. 29. Prague. Charles TV. 
dies. 

He had already given his lands to his 
three sons, Bohemia and Silesia to AVen- 
ceslaus, Brandenburg to Sigismund, and 
Lusatia to John. 

1378-1400 Wenceslaus, King of Bo- 
hemia, is also King of Germany. 

1381 * * The Swabian League of the 
cities unites with that of the Rhine. 

1384 * * The emperor proclaims a new 
public peace, called the Heidelberg 
Statlung, for four years. [The king re- 
turns to Bohemia.] 

1385* * Ph. Prus. Diisseldorf is chosen 
as a place of residence by Count Adolf 
of Berg. 

1389 May 2. Bohemia. A council of 
the princes meets at Eger. 

A new public peace for eight years 
js proclaimed by Wenceslaus ; he orders 
'the dissolution of the Swabian League 
and all union of cities. 

1393-94 Bohemia. "Wenceslaus is im- 
prisoned by the nobles at Prague be- 
cause of his cruelty and indolence. 

1397* * Bavaria. Ernest becomes duke. 

1400* * Brunswick. "Wenceslaus is de- 
posed by a section of the Rhenish elec- 
tors. [1410. German crown renounced. 
1419. Aug. 16. Dies.] After much in- 
trigue the crown is given to Rupert, 
Count Palatine. 

1400-10 Rupert, Count Palatine, is 
King of Germany. His authority is 
feeble. He fails in his attempt to reach 
Rome. 

1405 Sept. 14, Alsace. The League 
of Marbach is formed of 17 Swabian 
cities and Strasburg, for the purpose of 
resisting the oppressions of Rupert. 



1409 * * Brunswick. Henry I. becomes 
duke of Brunswiek-Liineburg. 

1410-37 Sigismund reigns. [1419. In 
Bohemia.] (p. 507.) 

1410 May 18. Hesse. King Rupert 
dies at Oppenheim. 

Sept. 20. Three electors, including the 
candidate, who is represented by proxy, 
elect Sigismund, the brother of Wen- 
ceslaus, King of Germany. 

* * Jossus, Marquis of Moravia, is chosen 
emperor by a party of the electors. 
[1410. He dies. July 21. At a second 
election his two votes are given to Sigis- 
mund.] 

1415 * * The Swiss Republic is formed. 

* * Sigismund sells to Frederick IV. of 
Nuremberg the Margravate of Branden- 
burg. 

1416 * * Brunswick. William I. and 
Henry II. become dukes of Brunswick. 

1419 * * Prus. Frederick I. of Nurem- 
berg, of the House of Hohenzollern, be- 
comes elector. 

1420-60 Westphalia. Period of the 
greatest power of the secret tribunals. 

1422* * Saxony. The Ascanian line 
becomes extinct at the death of Albert 
III., [and (1428) the Emperor Sigismund 
confers the electorate and duchy upon 
Frederick, Margrave of Meissen]. 

1431* * It. Sigismund is crowned King 
of Italy. [1433. He is crowned em- 
peror by Pope Eugenius IV.] 

1437 * * Sigismund is driven from the 
throne ; and Albert II., his son-in-law, 
Duke of Austria and King of Hungary 
and Bohemia, is elected emperor. [Dec. 
0. Sigismund dies.] 

1438-1740 The Hapsburg Dynasty: 
the House of Austria reigns. 

1438-39 Albert H. reigns. 

1438 * * Bohemia. Albert I. is duke. 

1439 Oct. 27. Albert II. dies, and is 
succeeded by Frederick, Duke of Styria, 
his cousin. [Destructive feuds follow.] 

* * The Pragmatic Sanction is issued 
(p. 509). 

1440-93 Frederick HE. (or IY.) reigns. 
[1442. June 1. Crowned king. 1452. 
Crowned emperor at Rome, the last Ger- 
man ruler so honored.] 

Feb. 2. Frederick HI. is elected em- 
peror. 

He is a physical weakling of inferior in- 
tellect, anil, unt'oi'tiiiKiU'ly for his subjects, 
remains longer than any of his predecessors; 
he is powerless both in (iennuny and in his 
own lands. [1449, July* Piccolomini (later 
Pope Pius III.) is his adviser.] 

Feb. 20. W.Prus. The estates of Prus- 
sia form a union, called the Prussian 
League, against the domination of the 
Teutonic Knights. [Confirmed by the 
emperor.] 

1445* * Saxony. Thuringia is sepa- 
rated from Saxony. [1482. Reunited.] 

1446 * * Prus. Casimir IV. of Poland 
assists the native Prussians in resisting 
the oppressions of the Teutonic 
Knights. 

1448* * Den. Oldenburg- is annexed to 
Denmark (p. 637). 

1449 Apr. 2. Westphalia Peace is 
made between the archbishop of Co- 
logne and the city of Soest, which re- 
tains its independence. 

1450 June 22. Bavaria. The Peace 
of Bamberg is concluded ; each party 
is to restore all it has seized, and to for- 
get the past. 



786 1450,**-15XV 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1451 * * It. Frederick leads an expedi- 
tion to Rome. 

* * * The discovery of gunpowder leads 
to the custom of depending on hired 
troops, a few of whom outmatch many 
who are armed in the former style. 

1458 * * Frederick I. of the Palatine 

defeats eighteen princes and counts at 

Pfeddersheim. 
1460 * * Frederick III. is at war with 

Albert. 
1462 June 30. Baden. Battle of 

Seckenheim. 
Frederick I. of the Palatine severely 

defeats the allied forces of Baden and 

WUrtemberg. 

* * Vienna. The emperor is besieged 
(p. 508). 

1468 * * Belg. Charles the Bold, Duke 
of Burgundy, destroys Li£ge, massa- 
cres the male citizens who surrender, and 
throws several thousand women, tied 
hack to back, into the Meuse. 

1469-80 The Turks invade the realm 
in aid of the Hungarians. (See Austria.) 

1474 * * "War with Charles the Bold, 
who demands the title, King of Bur- 
gundy. 

1475 * * Swiiz. Charles the Bold mas- 
sacres the garrison of Granson after its 
surrender under the promise of protec- 
tion. 

1476 Mar. 3. Switz. Battle of Gran- 
son. 

An army of 20,000 Confederate Swiss 
utterly defeats 40,000 h of the army of 
Burgundy, who lose 420 cannon and im- 
mense treasures. 

June 22. Switz. Charles the Bold is 
again defeated and routed by the Swiss 
Confederates at Morat. [1477. Jan. 5. 
He is defeated and killed by the Swiss 
and Alsatians near Nancy.] 

1485 * * Frederick III. is driven out of 
Austria by Matthias Corvinus, King of 
Hungary. 

1494 * * It. The emperor enters the 
war in Italy (p. 678). 

1498-99 Switz. The emperor engages 
in war against the Swiss ; the immedi- 
ate cause is a dispute regarding land- 
marks ; he is sustained by the Swabian 



1499 * * It. Louis XII. of France in- 
vades Italy (pi 678). 

1500 * * Holstein. The Ditmarshes en- 
ter a serious war with Denmark. 

1502 Mar. 15. The Peasants' "War 
begins in South Germany ; it is caused 
by the oppressions of the clergy and no- 
bles. [May- June. Cruelly suppressed.] 

1504 * * Bavaria. The emperor is in- 
volved in a petty war of succession." 

1509* * It. Maximilian vainly besieges 

Padua, after taking part of Venetian 

lands. 
1510* * It. Vicenza is taken by the 

imperial troops. 
1511* * Holstein. An invading army 

of Danes is cut to pieces by the Ditmarsh 

peasants. 
1512* * It. The Swiss join the emperor 

and Pope, and drive the French out of 

Milan. 
1513 * * Fr. The emperor joins Henry 

Vm. in the Battle of the Spurs (p. 680)., 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1450 * * Bavaria. A large-sized para- 
bolical burning reflector is made by 
Johann Hegiomontanus. 

1457 Aug. 14. Hesse. Johann Fust 
and Schoeffer of Mentz make the first 
book with a printed date ; it is the Book 
of Psalms. 

1460 * * Printing in dyes is invented. 
The decimal system in arithmetic is 
worked out by Johann Regiomontanus. 

1467 * * Maps are made by wood-en- 
graving by the monk Donis. 

1477 * * Bavaria. "Watches are first 
made at Nuremberg. [1510. Here Philip 
Hele invents pocket watches.] 

1486 * * Bavaria. Diirer studies under 
Michael Wohlgemuth. 

1490 * * Chiaroscuro engraving is first 

practised. 
1498 * * Saxony. The rifled gun is 

first used at Leipsic. 
1506 * * Bavaria. Durer paints Christ 

on the Cross, also The Feast of Hoses, and 

Garchus in Italy. 
1509 * * Rh. Prus. The building of the 

cathedral of Cologne is suspended. 
1511 * * Bavaria. Albert Diirer paints 

the Trinity. [1512. He invents etching. 

1515. Nuremberg gives him a yearly 

pension of 100 gulden.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1455 * * Reuchlin, Johann, philologist, Hel- 
lenist, Hebraist, born. 
1458* * Brandt, Sehnstian, poet, born. 

1459 * * Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, born. 

1460 * * Fust, Johann, an inv. printing, d. 
Froben, Johann, printer, born. 
Maximilian I., emperor, born. 

1461 * * Zasius, Ulric, jurist, born. 

1465 * * Peutinger, Conrad, archeologist, b. 

1466 * * Aventinus, Johannes, historian, b. 
1470* * Baldung, Hans, artist, born. 
1471 * * Diirer. Albert, painter, engr., b. 
1472* * Cranach, or Kranach, Lucas von, 

painter, engraver, born. 
1473 * * Burgknmir, Hans, engr., paint., b. 
Feb. 19. Copernicus, Nicholas, astron- 

1475 * * Faber, Johann, Dominican monk, 

theologian, adversary of Luther, born. 

Murner, Thomas, satirist, controversialist, b. 

1478 * * Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer, 
Biblical critic, born. 

1479 * * Cochlaus, Johann, Catholic theolo- 
gian, controversialist, born. 

Folz, or Volz, Hans, poet, reformer, born. 
14SO * * Berlichingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von, 
soldier, born. 

Capito, Wolfgang F., theol., reformer, born. 

Faust, or Faustus, Dr. Johann. necro- 
mancer, born. 

Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maximil- 
ian I. and Mary of Burgundy, born. 

1481 * * Sickingen, Franz von, general, re- 
former, born. 

1482 * * Oecolampadius, Johannes, reformer, 
born. 

1483 * * Amsdorf, Nicolaus von, reformer, b. 
Carlstadt. Andreas, reformer, born. 
Nov. 10. Luther, Martin, monk, leader 

of German reformation, born. 
1485 * * Bugenhagen, Johann, reformer, b. 
1486± * * Agrippa, Heinrich C, physician, 

theological writer, born. 
Eck, or Eckins, Johann von, theologian, b. 

1487 * * Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hel- 
lenist, born. 

1488 * * Altdorfer, Albrecht, paint., engr., b. 
1489* * Albert, an-hhp. of Magdeburg, born. 

Aquila, Casper, theologian, born. 

Hutten, Ulneh von, poet, theologian, born. 

1490 * * Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, born. 
Agricola, Johann, reformer, founder An- 

tinomians, born. 

Albert of Brandenburg, first Duke of Prus- 
sia, born. 

Friedland, Valentin, educator, born. 

Sehwenckfehl, Knspar, religionist, born. 

1491 * * Barer, Martin R., reformer, born. 

1494 * * Sachs, Hans, shoemaker, poet, born. 

1495 * * Apian, Peter, math., astronomer, b. 
Lufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, born. 



1496 * * Beham, Bartholomaus, painter, b. 
Menno Simons, reformer, fdr. Mennon- 

ites, born. 

1497 * * Holbein, Hans, painter, born. 
Melanchthon, Philip, reformer, born. 

1498 * * Althammer, Andreas, reformer, b. 
Osiander, Andreas, reformer, born. 

15th Century. Alkinar, Henry von, poet, b.,d. 

1500 * * Beham, Hans S., engraver, born. 
Camerarius, Joachim, classical scholar, b. 
Charles I. (V.), King of Spain, Emperor of 

Germany, born. 

1501 * * Fuchs, or Fuchsius, Leonhard von, 
botanist, born. 

1503 * * Schoeffer,Peter, impr. printing, A67. 

1503 * * Ferdinand I., emperor, born. 

1504 * * Fagius, Paul, reformer, born. 
1506* * Behami, Martin, nav., geog., A70. 

Sleidan, Johann, historian, born. 
1507* * Sturm, Johann, classical Bcholar, 

teacher, born. 
1508 * * Celtes, Conrad, poet, scholar, A49. 

1511 * * Eber, Paul, clergyman, Hebraist, b. 
1513* * Aurifaber, Andreas G. y physician, 

teacher, born. 

CHURCH. 

1455±* * Hesse. The Bible is first 
printed. (See Letters.) 

1455 * * Rome. Calixtus III. is pope. 
[1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471, Sixtus 
IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alexander 
VI. (Borgia), a tyrannical ruler and moral 
monster. 1503. Pius III. ispope for 26 days; 
he is succeeded by Julius II., a military pon- 
tiff, by whom Europe is embroiled in war, 
the church discipline neglected, and the 
spirit of religion discredited.] 

1483 Nov. 10. Pr. Saxony. Martin 
Luther is born at Eisleben. 

[1507. Becomes a priest. 1508. The 
vicar-general of the Augustinian monks 
sends Martin Luther from Erfurt to 
"Wittenberg to be a professor of philoso- 
phy. 1510. Sent to Rome on the busi- 
ness of his order. Here he ascends 
Pilate's staircase on his knees with beg- 
gars and peasants, pausing to weep and 
pray when a voice seems to cry within 
him, "The just shall live by faith." 
1512. He takes the degree of a doctor of 
divinity.] 

1485* * Rh. Prus. The Jews are ex- 
pelled from Cologne. 

1502 * * John Diez (Tetzel) begins the 
selling of absolutions. Tetzel's rates : 
witchcraft, two ducats ; polygamy, six ; 
murder, eight ; sacrilege and perjury, 
nine. 

1511* * It. A council is called at Pisa 
by some of the cardinals, the French 
king, and the emperor, to restrain the 
ambitious Pope, and reform religion. 
[Its labors are fruitless.] 

1512 * * Rome. A council is called at 
the Lateran palace, composed chiefly 
of Italians, which condemns the council 
of Pisa; Julius dies before the work is 
completed. 

1513 * * Rome. Leo X. becomes pope. 
[He needs much money for artists, scholars, 

the splendor of his court, for building St. 
Peter's, and as many allege, for the dowry 
of his favorite sister; he attempts to obtain 
' money by " a voluntary tax of the Germans," 
collected by the sale of absolutions.] 
* * * The general state of religion is de- 
plorable ; public worship is ceremonious 
and heartless, sermons are often mere 
theological quibbles, warnings of purga- 
tory, and expositions of the utility of in- 
dulgences. 

* * * Many of the bishops are luxurious 
and prodigal, and buy and sell sacred offices; 
priests are indolent, unchaste; monks are 
numerous and indole.nl ; Hie lienedictinesare 
wealthy and forgetful of their rules; the 
mendicants add ignorance to lax observance 
of rules; the Dominicans preside over the 
terrible tribunal of the Inquisition. 

LETTERS. 
1450 * * Rh. Prus. The University of 
Treves receives its charter. 



GERMANY. 



1450,** -1514,** 787 



1450* *-55* *The earliest book 
printed with movable type, a Vul- 
gate Bible, sot up by Gutenberg and 
Fust, appears at Mentz. 

1451-53 Hermann von Sacksensheim 
writes Spiegel, Mohrin, and otber poems. 

1455 Apr. 20. Baden. The Univer- 
sity of Freiburg is cbartered by a papal 
bull. 

1456 May. 29. Pomerania. The Uni- 
versity of Greifswald is established 
by the bull of Pope Calixtus III. 

1457 * * Bavaria. The Gazette appears 
at Nuremberg ; it is the first newspaper 
printed from metal type. 

1459 Apr. 7. Bavaria. The Univer- 
sity of Ingolstadt receives a papal 
charter. 

1460 * * Baden. The University of 
Freiburg opens its first session. 

* * Hesse. The " CathoLicon" an attempt 
at a Latin lexicon, by Friar Johannes 
Balbus Januensis, is printed at Mentz. 

1463* * Hesse. Cicero de Officiis is 
printed by Fust at Mentz. 

1472* * Bavaria. The University of In- 
golstadt is founded. 

± * * Albrecht von Eyb translates the 
Menchsemi and Baccides of Plautus. 

* * Rh. Prus. The University of Treves 
opens its first session. 

1476 Nov. 9. Wurtemberg. The Uni- 
versity of Tubingen receives a papal 
charter. 

Nov. 23. Hesse. The University of 
Mentz receives a papal charter. 

* * The German ballads appear, — war- 
songs of Veit Weber. 

1480 * * Theodorich Schemberg writes 

his play, Frau Jtitte. 
± * * Buch der Abenteuer, by Ulrich 

Futrer, appears. 
1483 * * The stories of Till Eulenspiegel 

appear. 

* * Bavaria. A Bible in the German 
language is printed at Nuremberg. 

1486 * *De Tmitatione Christi, by Thomas 

a Kempis (?), appears. 
1494* * skip of Fools, by Sebastian 

Brandt, appears. 
1498 * * Lubeck. Reynard the Fox, a 

Low-German version of tbe Flemish poet 

Willem's Rtinaert, by Hermann Bark- 

husen, appears. 

1502 Feb. 2. Pr. Saxony. The Uni- 
versity of Wittenberg is constituted 
a " Studium generale " in all the facul- 
ties by tbe papal legate. 

July 6. Pr. Saxony. The University 
of "Wittenberg receives its charter from 
Maximilian I. by imperial rather than 
papal decree. 

* * Amores, by Konrad Celtis, appears. 
1505* * Jacob "Wimpfeling writes in 

Latin the first history of Germany. 

* * Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther is made 
a master of arts and instructor at Er- 
furt. 

1506 Mar. 15. Brandenburg. The 
University of Frankfort- on-the 
Oder is chartered by a papal bull. 
[Oct. 16. It receives an imperial char- 
ter.] 

1508 * * Pr. Saxony. Martin Luther 
becomes a professor in Wittenberg. 

1512 * * Exorcism of Fools, by Thomas 
Murner, appears. 



1458± * * Leip sic becomes celebrated 
for its fairs. 

1514-24 Bands of revolting peasants, 
termed the Bund, or league, of Poor 
Conrad, appear ; about 100,000 lives are 
sacrificed ; the insurrection of the Ana- 
baptists is incited. (See State.) 

STATE. 
1450 * * Frederick III. is forced to give 
up portions of Austria to his brother 
and cousins. 

1452 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The emperor 
dissolves the Prussian League. [Dec. 
22. He is bribed with 5,400 gulden, and 
again recognizes the League.] 

1453 Dec. 1. W. Prus. The bribes of 
the Teutonic order — 80,000 gulden — se- 
cure a new order from the emperor for 
the immediate dissolution of the union 
of Prussian estates. 

1454* * Wurtemberg. Esslingen puts 
itself under the protection of Baden for 
60 years to escape taxation in the league 
of cities. 

1455 * * W. Prus. Danzig is ceded to 
Poland. 

1457 * * Hungary and Bohemia elect na- 
tive kings, whom Frederick is forced to 
recognize (p. 509). 

1457-1525 E. Prus. Konigsberg is the 
residence of the Grand Masters of the 
Teutonic Order. 



1462* * Vienna. The emperor be- 
sieged, and delivered (p. 508). 

1464 * * Saxony is divided between Al- 
bert and Ernest, sons of Frederick II. 

Thus originate the Albertine and Er- 
nestine lines. Albert receives Meissen 
and the remaining parts of eastern Sax- 
ony ; and Ernest retains the electoral 
duchy, Thuringia, half of Osterland, and 
Naumberg. 

1465 * * Bavaria. Albert XT. is duke. 

1466 Oct. 19. W.Prus. The Teutonic 
Order is forced to conclude a treaty at 
Thorn ceding West Prussia to the crown 
of Poland ; East Prussia is left with the 
order. 

1470 * * Brandenburg. Albert HE. be- 
comes margrave. [1476. John HX] 

1474 May 9. Peter von Hagenbach, 
governor of Burgundy, is beheaded. 

1477 Aug. 19. Belg. Maximilian 
marries Mary of Burgundy at Ghent ; 
he thereby acquires for his House Bur- 
gundy and the Netherlands. 

1482* * Brunswick. Frederick and 
William U. become dukes of Bruns- 
wick-Wolfenbiittel. [Henry TH. and 
Eric in 1495.] 

* * Wurtemberg. Stuttgart is made the 
capital. 

1485* * Saxony. Dresden becomes the 
residence of the Saxon sovereigns. 

1486-1525 Saxony. Frederick DX, 
the Wise, is duke of a part of Saxony; 
he is an imperial elector, and a cham- 
pion of the Reformation. 

1486* * Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian, 
son of Frederick III., is elected King of 
the Romans by the Diet of Frankfort. 

* * Prus. John 111, becomes an imperial 
elector. 

1488 Feb. * Wurtemberg. The great 
Swabian League is formed at Ess- 



lingen, consisting of princes, nobles, and 
towns, for tbe establishment of peace. 

1493 Aug. 14. Frederick IU. dies. 

1493-1514 Maximilian I. reigns. 

Maximilian I. is elected emperor of 
the Holy Roman Empire, and crowned 
at Aix-la-Chapelle ; one of the best and 
most popular emperors. 

1493 * * Aust. All the Austrian lands 
are now in possession of Maximilian I. 

1494 * * "Wurtemberg is made a duchy 
for Duke Eberhard I. 

1495 Aug. * Rh. Prus. Imperial Diet 
of "Worms. 

Public and perpetual peace is pro- 
claimed ; the right of feud is abolished 
under the protection of the Swabian 
League. 



* * Hesse-Nassau. Maximilian establishes 
the imperial chamber at Frankfort. 

1498* * Alsace. The first extensive con- 
spiracy of the peasants is formed at 
Schettstadt. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Ulric becomes duke. 

1499 * * Prus. Joachim I. is elector. 

± *■ * Switzerland, being practically in- 
dependent, becomes gradually detached 
from the empire. 

1500 * * Saxony. George becomes elec- 
tor of a part of the duchy. 

1501 * * The Imperial Aulic Council 
is established by Maximilian I. Ger- 
many is divided into six circles for the 
administration of justice (p. 509). 

1504 * * It. Maximilian I. is forced to 
invest Louis XII. of France with the 
duchy of Milan by treaty, for 200,000 
francs. 

1508 * * Maximilian I. goes to Italy to 
be crowned by the Pope ; Archbishop 
Lange of Salzburg takes the Pope's 
place. 

* * Maximilian joins the League of 
Cambrai against Venice (p. 681). 

* * Bavaria. "William I. becomes duke. 



1511* * The Pope withdraws from the 
League of Cambrai, and enters the Holy 
League with Venice and Ferdinand 
against France. 

1512 * * It. The French are driven out, 
and Max Sforza is restored to the 
ducal throne of Milan. 

* * The Diet of Cologne increases the 
divisions of Germany to ten circles for 
the better maintenance of public peace. 

The ten circles include (1) Austria, (2) Ba- 
varia, (3) Swabia, (4) Franconia, (5) the 
Upper Rhine, (6) the Lower Khine, or the 
three electorates of Mentz, Treves, and Co- 
logne, (7) Burgundy, (*) Westphalia, (9) 
Lower Saxonv, (10l Upper Saxony; Bohe- 
mia, Moravia, Silesia, laisalia, Prussia, and 
Switzerland are not included in the circles. 

1513* * Maximilian joins the Holy 
League against France. 

1514* * Wurtemberg. The "Poor Con- 
rad" conspiracy. 

It throws off the mask of a society for 
the amusement of peasants who suffer 
from oppression of the lords. [July 31. 
Suppressed.] . 

* * Henry IV. becomes duke of Bruns- 
wick- Wolf enbiittel. 



T88 1515, **-1527,**. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1515* * The revolting peasants attack 
tlie fortresses of Maichau, take the no- 
bles prisoners, and behead the two lords 
of Mundorf . 
1521* *-26* *War in the Low 
Countries. 

First war of Charles V. with Francis 
I. of France, in supporting his claims to 
Milan and the duchy of Burgundy. 
1522 Apr. 27. It. Battle of Bicocca 

(p. 6S0). 
Aug. 27. Bh. Prus. The war of the 
nobles begins against the oppression of 
spiritual principalities ; it is conducted 
by Baron Franz von Sickingen and Ul- 
rich von Hutten. [1523. They are de- 
feated.] 
* * Bh. Prus. Sickingen vainly besieges 
Treves. [1523. May * Besieged and 
killed at Landatuhl.j 
1523-24 It. Disastrous French inva- 
sion under Seigneur de Bonnivert (p. 
680). 
1524-25 The Peasants' "War. 

It is occasioned by the oppression of 
the nobles and the clergy; terrible de- 
vastation and outrages occur in Swabia 
and Franconia. In Saxony it becomes a 
religious war. 

(1525, Feb. 24.) Decisive battle of 
Pavia (p. 680). 

(Apr. 18.) Wurtemberg. The peas- 
ants utterly defeat Count Louis Helfrich 
at Weinsburg; "The Revenge of 
"Weinsburg. 

(* *) Thuringia. Thomas Munzer, 
a preacher, leads 8,000 insurgent peas- 
ants against the nobility and clergy at 
Muhlhausen. 

(May *) Prus. The peasants besiege 
Frauenburg. [May 15. Their assault is 
repulsed.] 

(May 12.) Wiirtemberg. The peas- 
ants are defeated at Boblingen by the 
Steward of the Swabian League. 

(May 15.) Munzer is defeated at 
Frankenhausen, and captured in flight. 
May 30. Executed. 

(June 9.) Hesse-Nassau. F lorian 
Geyer, leader of the Black Band, is 
killed near Vellburg. 

(June 25.) Prus. Twenty-three thou- 
sand peasants are defeated in Upper 
Swabia by the Steward of the Swabian 
League. 

(July 2.) Prus. The peasants are 
defeated at Konigshof en by the Stew- 
ard of the Swabian League. . 

(July 3.) Ausf. The peasants sur- 
prise and defeat the nobles near Salz- 
burg, killing 3,000 men. 

(* *) Battle of Muhlhausen. The 
German princes defeat the peasants, 
4,000 of whom are killed. The war ends 
after 130,000 lives have been lost in the 
struggle of the people against the 
princes. 

1526 M.&y*Aust. The Salzburg peas- 
ants besiege Eadstadt. [May 4. Mi- 
chael Geismayer raises the siege.] 

July 5. Aust. Geismayer escapes from 
the Leaguers at Iiadstadt by a retreat in 
the night, having disbanded the chief 
part of the peasant army. 

1526-32 Hung. "War with the invad- 
ing Turks, who favor John Zapola (p. 
508). 

* * Transylvania. Zapola, aided by the 
Turks, defeats the emperor and estab- 
lishes his independence (pp. 508, 509). 

1527 May 6. It. Rome is assaulted 
and taken by Spanish and German mer- 
cenaries (p. 680). 

1527-29 Second war with Francis I. 
(p. 680). 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1516* * Saxony. Encaustic painting 
is introduced by Lukas Cranach. 

1517 * * Bavaria. The matchlock 
musket is invented at Nuremberg. 

1518* * Bavaria. Fire-engines are 
first made at Augsburg. 

1520 * * Saxony. Lace-making is in- 
troduced into Annaberg by Barbara 
Uttlman. 

* * Prus. Copernicus at Frauenburg de- 
scribes attraction as an appetence or ap- 
petite which the Creator impressed upon 
all parts of matter. 

1521 * * The musket is commonly em- 
ployed in the armies of the Emperor 
Charles V. 

1526 * * Hanover. Broiham, a kind of 
beer, is invented by Cord Broiham. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1519* * Aurifaber, Johann, clergyman, pul- 
pit orator, editor, born. 

Maximilian I., emperor, A60. 

"Woldgemuth, Mirhai.*!, painter, A85. 
1520* * Kaln-r, Basil, scholar, born. 

Flacius, -Matthias (lllyricus), theologian, l>. 
1521 * * Brandt, Sebastian, poet, A63. 

Maurice. Elector ot Saxony, born. 
1522* * Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, born. 

Reuchlin, Jobann, philologist, Hellenist, H»- 
braist, A67. 

Waldseeniiiller, Marl in, compiler, A52+. 
1523 * * Hutten, Cinch von, poet, theologian, 
A35. 

Sickingen, Franz von, general, reform., A42. 
1525 * * Frederick III., " the Wise," Elec- 
tor of Saxony, A62. 
1536 * * Berg, Joachim von, philan., born. 

1527 * * Froben, Johann, printer, A57. 
Maximilian II., emperor, born. 
Ortelius, or Oertel, Abraham, geographer, b. 

CHURCH. 

1516* * Bavaria. Balthazar Hub- 

meyer, an Anabaptist, preaches to 
great crowds in the cathedral at Ratis- 
bon. 
1517+ * * The Reformation begins and 
rapidly advances. 

(1517. Oct. 31.) Pr. Saxony. Martin 
Luther nails to the church door at Wit- 
tenberg his thesis containing 95 propo- 
sitions. 

He condemns as wicked the traffic in 
indulgences by which John Tetzel, a 
Dominican friar, the bishop's agent, col- 
lected money, and all his accomplices ; 
also the doctrine which lay at the root 
of the offense. 

(* *) Sylvester Prierias, the general 
of the order of Dominican monks, James 
Hoogstrat of Cologne, and John Eckins 
of Ingolstadt furiously assail Luther. 

(* *) Luther writes modest letters to 
the Pope to show the justice of his cause. 

(1518* *) Bavaria. Luther, sum- 
moned before the Diet of Augsburg, re- 
fuses to abjure, but appeals to the 
Pope. 

(Oct. *) Bavaria. Luther holds three 
interviews at Augsburg with Cajetan, 
the Pope's legate, who requires submis- 
sion without argument. 

(Nov *) Borne. The Pope issues a 
bull condemning the attacks on indul- 
gences. He asserts that hehusthepower 
of delivering sinners from all punish- 
ments due to every sort of transgression. 

(Nov. 25.) Pr. Saxony. Luther at 
Wittenberg appeals from the Pope to a 
council of the whole church. 

(1519. Jan. *) Karl von Miltitz, the 
Pope's legate, prevails upon Luther to 
write a very submissive letter to the 
Pope. 

(Mar. 3.) Luther writes a letter to 
the Pope. He promises silence if the 
same be observed by his adversaries. 

(* *) Borne. The Pope writes a kind 
letter to Luther. 



(Juke 26.-July 16.) Saxony. Luther 
and his friend, Andrew Bodenstein of 
Carlstadt, have a public disputation at 
Leipsic with John Eck at Pleissenburg 
Castle. The controversy takes a new 
shape ; Luther attacks not only indul- 
gences, but the authority of the church 
and of the Pope. 

(* *) Pr. Saxony. Luther continues his 
preaching, lecturing, and writing, at 
Wittenberg, gaining many thousands of 
adherents. 

(1520. June 26.) Pr. Saxony. Luther 
issues an address to the German nobles. 
He attacks church corruption and the 
authority of the Pope, and advocates 
" Germany for the Germans," civil gov- 
ernment uncontrolled by ecclesiastics, a 
married clergy, and a national system of 
education. 

(July 15.) Borne. The Pope issues a 
bull condemning 41 of Luther's tenets. 
He adjudges his writings to the dames, 
and commands his submission, with sup- 
plication of papal clemency, within 68 
days, on peril of being cast out of the 
church. 

(Oct. 6.) Pr. Saxony. Luther issues 
his work, the Babylonian Cajitivity of the 
Churchy in which he argues that faith 
alone is sufficient for salvation. 

(Oct. 12.) Bh. Prus. The papal legate, 
Miltitz, has another interview with 
Luther, who expresses bis willingness to 
test the questions in dispute by appeal 
to a council. 

(Oct. *) Saxony. The Pope's bull 
is published at Leipsic by John Eck, and 
also, posted up in the various German 
towns [where it is torn down by the 
students]. 

(Dec. 10.) At Leipsic Luther publicly 
burns the Pope's bull, with a copy of 
the canon law, thus signifying his with- 
drawal from the fioman Catholic 
Church. 

(Dec. 17*) Saxony. Luther draws up 
a solemn protest at Leipsic, appealing 
from the Pope to a council. 
1518 * * Pr. Saxony. Philip Melanch- 
thon becomes professor of Greek at Wit- 
tenberg. [1519. Switz. Ulrich Zwingli 
inaugurates the Preformation.] 

1520 * * Bome t The Pope appeals to the 
new emperor, Charles V-, to crush the 
reform movement ; Frederick of Sax- 
ony advises caution and a regard for 
German laws ; it is resolved to summon 
Luther to a Diet at Worms. [Mar. 6. 
Summoned.] 

1521 Jan. 28+.. The Diet of "Worms. 
(Jan. 2Sr) Hesse. The Diet is opened 

by the emperor. 

The suggestion of the papal nuncio, 
Hieronymus Alexander, that Luther be 
condemned and punished without a 
hearing, is rejected ; and a list of 100 
grievances of the German nation 
against Rome is presented. 

(Apr. 5.) Saxony. Luther starts from 
.Wittenberg, though strongly advised not 
to go. 

(Apr. 16.) Hesse. Luther arrives at 
Worms, and is met by more than 2,000 
people. 

(Apr. 37.) Hesse. Luther appears 
before the Diet. 

The distinguished assembly includes 
the emperor, the Archduke Ferdinand, 
six electors; 24 dukes, seven margraves, 
30 bishops and prelates, and many 

Erinces, counts, lords, and ambassadors ; 
uther acknowledges his writings and 
opinions, and refuses to recant. "Here 
I stand; I cannot do otherwise. God 
help me. Amen." The emperor despoti- 
cally declares his purpose to proceed 
against Luther as an open heretic. 

(Apr. 20.) The Diet condemns 
Luther, and places him under the ban 
of the empire. 

(Apr. 25.) Luther receives the impe- 
rial order to leave Worms, proceed to 



GERMANY. 



1515,* *-1527, 



789 



Wittenberg, and cease to disturb people 
by preaching or writing. 

(Apr. 26.) Hesse. He rides out of 
Worms accompanied by the imperial 
herald and many Franconian knights. 
[He is secretly hid in the castle of Wart- 
burg.] 
* * Melanchthon publishes Loci Com- 
munes, his principal theological work 
[which passes through GO editions in his 
lifetime, and greatly advances the Ref- 
ormation]. 



* * Thomas Miinzer [organizer of the 
Anabaptist movement] becomes an evan- 
gelical preacher. 

1522* * Saxony. Luther translates the 
New Testament into the popular tongue. 

Mar. * Pr. Saxony . Luther leaves the 
castle of Wartbiirg, and appears before 
his adherents at Wittenberg. 

* * Rome, Adrian VI. becomes pope. 
[He reigns 13 months. 1523. Clement 
VII.] 

* * The German princes, in the absence 
of the emperor, demand a free council, 
and pass a decree forbidding further in- 
novations in religion till the council 
should determine what ought to be 
done. 

1524 * * Aust. Ferdinand of Austria is 
hostile to the Reformation. 

* * The Reformation spreads in Prussia. 

* * The Emperor Charles joins in the 
Pope's demand for the execution of the 
decree of the Diet of Worms, which 
the princes engaged to enforce. 

* * The Reformation gains, strength 
daily throughout all Europe. 

* * The Sacrament controversy dis- 
turbs the reformers. 

* * Luther prepares the German Cate- 
chism. 

* * The Anabaptists are active in Thu- 
Tingia. 

* * Bavaria. Hans Kock and Leonard 
Meyster, the first martyrs of the Ref- 
ormation, suffer death at Augsburg. 

1525 May 5. Saxony. Frederick III., 
the Wise, Elector of Saxony, Luther's 
powerful friend, dies. 

June 11. Luther marries Katharina 
von Bora, an ex-nun. 

* * Brandenburg. Albert of Branden- 
burg;, grand-master of the Teutonic 
order, renounces Catholicism, embraces 
Lutheranism, and is acknowledged 
duke of East Prussia, a fief of Poland. 

* * Tkuringia. Thomas Munzer becomes 
preacher in Muhlhausen. 

He makes himself master of the city, 
deposes the city council, and introduces 
a democratic communistic form of gov- 
ernment. (See Army.) 

* * Bavaria. Nuremberg is the first 
Imperial city to accept the Reformation. 

1526* * Saxony. The Alliance of 
Torgau is formed by the Protestants. 
(See State.) 

June 26- Aug. 27. Bavaria. A diet is 
held at Speyer. 

It grants the German princes the con- 
trol of religious matters in their own 
dominious till a general council as- 
sembles. 

1527 * * Michael Setler, an Anabaptist, 
formerly a monk, has his tongue cut 
out, his flesh torn with red-hot pincers, 
and his body finally burned. 

* * The Pope's war on the emperor 
helps the reformers' cause. 

* * King Ferdinand declares death the 
penalty for Anabaptism. 



LETTERS. 

1515* * Pr. Saxony. Epistolse Obscuro- 
ritm virorum, a collection of 41 letters 
denouncing the ignorance and corrup- 
tion of the clergy, the work of Ulrica 
von Hutten, C rot us Uubiunus, and other 
scholars of the University of Erfurt, 
appear. [1517. Epistolse Obscurorum 
virorum, second part.] 

1517* * Martin Luther's 95 Theses 
against In<i ut ge n res appear . [1520, June * 
Address to the Christian Nubility of the 
German Nation on the Reformation of 
ChHstendom ; Oct.* The Babylonian Cap- 
tivity of the Church ; 1521, Passional 
Christiund Antichrist; 1522, Sept. 22, 
translation of the New Testament; 1534, 
Old Testment.] 

* * Hans Sachs writes his first carnival 
.play. 

* * Theuerdank, by Melchior Pfinzig, ap- 
pears. 

1517-21 Hutten writes Teh hab's gewagt 
wit Sinnen, Dialogi, and several songs 
and dialogues. 

1520 * * Eccius dedolatus, by Willibald 
Pirkheimer, appears. 

1521 * * Funfzehn Bundgenossen, essays 
on the Reform movement, by Eberlm 
von Gunsberg, appears. 

REVIVAL OF LEARNING. 

1522 * * The Great Lutheran 7<Y>o/,asatire 
on the Reformation, by Thomas Murner, 
appears. 

* * Jesting and Seriousness, a collection 
of medieval anecdotes, by Johannes 
Pauli, appears. 

1522-23 Luther writes Contra Henri- 
cum regem Angiise, and more than 200 
other treatises. [1530, Aesop's Fables.] 

1523* * Wittenberg Nightingale, a de- 
fense of Luther, by Han's Sachs, appears. 
[1524, Dialogues; 1527, Lucretia.'] 

1524 * * Luther, in conjunction with his 
friend Walther, issues a collection of 
poems for choral singing. 

1526 * * Bavaria. The Gymnasium iEi- 
dianum of Nuremberg, the precursor of 
Altdorf University, is founded. 

1527 May 30. Hesse-Nassau. Mar- 
burg University, the first Protestant 
university in Germany, is founded 
by Philip the Magnanimous. 

* * A German translation of the New 
Testament, by Hieronymus Einser, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1525 * * The peasantry revolt under 
Thomas Munzer. (See Church.) 

* * The Grand Master of the Teutonic 
Order is made a prince of the empire, 
and the order much weakened. 



STATE. 

1515-1798 Alsace. Muhlhausen is in 
close alliance with the Swiss Confedera- 
tion. [1798. It is annexed to the French 
Republic. 1871. Annexed to Germany, 
with Alsace-Lorraine.] 

* * Eastern Friesland submits to the 
emperor. 

1519 Jan. 12. Aust. The Emperor 
Maximilian I. dies at "Wels ; Francis I. 
of France and Charles I. of Spain become 
competitors for the empire. 

July 29. Charles, son of the archduke 
Philip of Austria, and grandson of Max- 
imilian I. and Mary, Duchess of Bur- 
gundy, is elected emperor. 

1519-56 Charles V. reigns. 



1520 Oct. 22. Rh.Prus. The emperor 
visits Germany for the first time, and ar- 
rives from Spain at Aix-la-Chapelle 
for coronation. 



[Apr. 28. The Diet opens. Later, 
Luther is condemned.] 
May 8. The young emperor makes a 
secret treaty with the Pope, agreeing to 
have the same friends and the same 
enemies. 

* * Brandenburg incorporates a large 
part of the possessions of the Teutonic 
Knights. 

* * The archduke Ferdinand of Austria, 
the emperor's brother, marries Anne, 
sister of Louis, thus bringing Bohemia 
and Hungary to the House of Haps- 
burg. 

1522 * * Prus. Franz von Siekingen 
becomes the head of a league for the 
forcible introduction of the Reforma- 
tion and the overthrow of the bishops 
and princes. 

1523 * * Mecklenburg . The Landes- 
Union of prelates, nobility, and burgh- 
ers is formed. 

1524 Aug. 24. Saxony. The 12 arti- 
cles of Muhlhausen are drawn up by 
Henry Pfeiffer, defining the rights of the 
peasants as being the true rights of man 
in a constitutional state. 

* * Bavaria. A Roman Catholic 
League is formed at Ratisbon to ex- 
terminate Lutheranism. 

* * Ferdinand of Austria, entrusted with 
the Hapsburg lands in Germany, at the 
instigation of the papal legate Campeg- 
gio, enters an alliance to oppose the 
religious changes. 

1525-1618 E.Prus. Konigsberg is the 
residence of the dukes. 

* * Aust. A popular uprising of the 
peasants against the nobles occurs in 
Swabia and Franconia ; a great struggle 
ends in failure. 

Apr. 17. Baden. The treaty of Wein- 
garten is signed by the Steward of the 
Swabian League with the armed peas- 
ants whose leaders are bribed. 

Sept. 1. Aust. The Salzburg peasants 
enter a compact with Cardinal-Arch- 
bishop Lange. 

The cause of the people against the 
princes is everywhere defeated, and the 
nobles are jubilant. 

* * E. Prus. Albert of Brandenburg, 
Grand-Master of the Teutonic Order, 
having freed the land from the suprem- 
acy of the Poles, renounces the Roman 
Catholic religion, embraces Lutheran- 
ism, and makes the land a temporal 
dukedom for himself, to be held as fief 
of Poland. 

* * Saxony. John becomes elector of a 
part of Saxony. 

1526 Jan. 14. Sp. The Peace of 
Madrid (p. 681). 

* * Charles V. marries Isabella of Portu- 
gal. 

* * Pr. Saxony. An alliance is formed 
at Torgau by Saxony, Hesse, and other 
Protestant powers against the Roman 
Catholic Church. 

1527-29 The concessions of the Peace of 
Madrid being forced, and therefore in- 
valid, Francis renews the war with 
Charles V. 

An alliance is formed at Cognac against 
the emperor ; Francis, the Pope, Venice, 
and Francisco Sforza unite against him. 



790 1527,**-1548, 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1527* *The Pope unites with the 

French, and Venetians against Charles 

V. 
1529 * * The Turks invade Germany 

(p. 510). 

* * It. The French army is driven out 
of Italy by the plague. 

1534 Easter. Westphalia. The Ana- 
baptists, led by John of Leyden(Bockel- 
son), seize Minister, and behead their 
opponents. 

1535 June 25. Westphalia. Miinster 
is carried by storm after a siege of 14 
months, by the bishop and neighboring 
princes; the Anabaptists are utterly 
defeated. 

* *The emperor sends an expedition 
against Tunis; the city is taken, the 
pirates subdued, and the Christian slaves 
are liberated. 

1536-38 It. The third war between 
the emperor and Francis I. 

After the death of Francesco Sforza II. 
without issue, Francis I. claims the duchy 
of Milan, and Charles resists. Charles in- 
vades Provence; and Francis enters Savoy 
and Piedmont, and tinds an ally in Solyman 
II. the Turk, who appears in Hungary, and 
sends his fleets to ravage the coast of Italy; 
it ends by the truce of Nice (p. 680). 

1541* * Unsuccessful expedition 
against the pirates of Algiers (p. 8). 

1542-44 The fourth war between the 
emperor and Francis I. Charles V. 
gathers an army of 32,000 infantry and 
8,000 cavalry. 

1543 * * The allied Turkish and French 
fleets bombard and pillage Nice. 

1544* * Charles V. finds an ally in 
Henry VIII. of England, and subdues 
the Duke of Cleves. 



1546± * * War with Protestants. 

June 26. "War occurs between the em- 
peror and the Protestant princes united 
in the League 'if Sehmalkald ; its leaders 
are John Frederick, Elector of Saxony, 
and Philip, Landgrave of Hesse. 

Dec. * Saxony. The Elector of Saxony, 
at the he;td of 20.000 men, completes the 
expulsion of the Imperialists under his 
cousin Maurice. 

* * The allies conduct the war with ir- 
resolution in Northern Germany, and 
finally the elector and landgrave retire 
each to his own land. 

* * The emperor places a Spanish garri- 
son in the cities that submit. 

* * John Frederick reconquers his elec- 
torate from Maurice of Saxony. 

1547 Apr. 24. Pr. Saxony. Battle of 
Miihlberg. 

Charles V. defeats the Protestants, 
and takes prisoner the Elector of Sax- 
ony. 

* * Philip of Hesse throws himself on 
the mercy of Charles, and is detained a 
prisoner in violation of pledges. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1530+ * * Brunswick, The spinning- 
wheel is invented by Jiirgem at Wolfen- 
buttel. 

* * Saxony. The first mineral system is 
laid down by Georg Agricola. 

1532 * * Bavaria. A striking machine 
ram is invented by Weber at Nurem- 



1533 * * Bavaria. Brass is made from 
copper and zinc byElner at Nuremberg. 

1540 * * Bavaria. The padlock is in- 
vented by Beecher at Nuremberg. 

* * Prus. The first meridional instru- 
ment is invented by Copernicus. 

1543 * * Prus. The Copernican sys- 
tem of astronomy is published. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1528 * * Andrea, Jakob, Lutheran theol., b. 
Durer, Albert, painter, engraver, A67. 
Lotich, Peter, poet, born. 
1530* * Chytraus, David K., schol., theol., b. 
Margaret of Austria, daughter of Maxuud- 
ian I. and Mary of Burgundy, A50. 
1531* * (.IV'>I;uii)>;i.i1;uk, -loliannes, reformer, 

A48. 
1533 * * Xylander, Wilhehn, classical schol- 
ar, translator, born. 
1533 * * Caselius, Johannes, philol., wr., b. 
1534* *Aventinus, Johannes, Bavarian 
historian, AK8. 
Camerarius, .loaehim, botanist, born. 
Ursinus, Zaeharias, el., controversialist, b. 
1535* * Agnppa, Mcinrieh C, physician, the- 
ologian, writer, A 49. 
Zasius, Ulric, jurist, A74. 
1536* * Kiiippcriiollme, r.ernhard, fanat.,d. 
Murner, Thomas, satirist, controver., A6I. 
1537* * Clavius, Ohristoph, Jesuit, math.,b, 
1538* * Altdorfer, Albrecht, painter, en- 
graver, A50. 
Faust, Johann, necromancer, A58. 
1540* * Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, born. 
Beham, IJaitlioloinaus. painter, engr., A44. 
Scapula, John, philologist, born. 

1541 * * Oipito, Wolfgang F., theologian, re- 
former, A 6 1. 

Carlstadt, Andreas, reformer, A58. 

Faber, Johann, Dominican monk, theolo- 
gian, adversary of Luther, A66. 
1543* * Copernicus, Nicholas, astrono- 
mer A70. 

Eck, or Eckins, Johann M. von, theol., A57. 

Holbein, Hans, pander, A46. 

1545 * * Albert, arehbp. of .Magdeburg, A56. 
Fischart, Johann, satirist, born. 

1546 * * Don Juan, or John, of Austria, gen- 
eral, statesman, born. 

Luther, Martin, leader German Reforma- 
tion, A63. 
1547* * Frischlin, Nicodemus, phdologist, 
poet, born. 

CHURCH. 

1527 * * Prus. The Reformation flour- 
ishes. 

1528 Mar. 10. Aust. Balthazar Hub- 
meyer, Anabaptist, having been taken 
to Vienna, is burned. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Leonard Schoener, an 
Anabaptist, formerly a barefooted 
monk, is beheaded and. burned at Rot- 
ten burg. 

1529 Mar. 13-Apr. 22. Bavaria. A 
Diet is held at Speyer. 

The Catholics, being in the majority, 
declare that the doctrines of Luther 
must not be spread ; the minority, 
headed by the Elector of Saxony, the 
Landgrave of Hesse, and Melanchthon, 
protest against this decision. [Hence 
they receive the name PROTES- 
TANTS.] The Diet ordains the pun- 
ishment of death for Anabaptists. 
(See State.) 
Oct. * Prus. Luther and Zwingli, and 
other Swiss reformers who hold to a 
free interpretation of the Bible, have a 
fruitless conference for union at Mar- 
burg. 



* * Hesse. At Alzei 350 Anabaptists are 
executed as fast as the executioner can 
put them to death. 

1530 June 20-Nov. * Bavaria. ADiet 
is held at Augsburg. 

(June 20.) It meets at the call (Apr. 3) of 
the emperor to hear the reasons advanced 
by the reformers for breaking away from the 
Catholic Church. A statement of their doc- 
trines, drawn up by Luther, Melanchthon, 



and other reformers, and called The Confes- 
sion of Augsburg, is read (June 25) by Chris- 
tian Bayer [and becomes the reformers* 
standard of doctrine]; the Diet breaks up 
with the decision that the Protestants should 
have till the following spring to consider 
whether they should return to the Catholic 
Church, or, being obstinate, measures shall 
be taken for their extermination. ( See State.) 

1531 Feb. 27. The Alliance of 
Sehmalkald is formed. 

It is a defensive alliance, composed of 
nine Protestant princes and 11 imperial 
cities, who unite for protection against 
the edict of Augsburg. [Later five other 
princes and 10 imperial cities join the 
league.] 

* * Sicke Snyde, an Anabaptist, is be- 
headed. 

Oct. 11. Stvits. Huldreich Zwingli 

falls in the battle of Kappel. 
1532-35 Westphalia. The Anabaptists 
attempt to establish a theocracy. 

Fanatical persons announce a commis- 
sion to set up a holy empire on the 
ruins of all human institutions, and place 
John Bockhold a tailor of Leyden, at 
the head of their new commonwealth in 
the city of Miinster. 

(1534. Feb. * ) They drive out of 
Miinster the bishop, Count Waldeck, 
together with all other evangelical or 
Roman Catholic opponents. 

(Apr. *) Count Waldeck lays siege to 
the city. 

(Apr.*) The fanatic Mathieson 
makes a sally from Miinster with 30- 
followers, but is annihilated. 

(1535. June 24.) The Anabaptists 
surrender Miinster to Count Waldeck. 

(1536. Jan. *) Bockhold and other 
Anabaptists are cruelly tortured and 
executed at Miinster. 

1534 * * Rome. Paul III. becomes pope. 

1535 * * Fr. John Calvin is exiled be- 
cause of his religion, nml goes to Basel, 
Switzerland. [153U-38. He abides in Ge- 
neva. 1538-41. He abides in Strasburg.} 

* *The emperor issues an edict against 
the Anabaptists. 

1536 * * The empire is about equally 
divided between Catholics and Protes- 
tants. 

1537 * * Menno Simons, formerly a 
Catholic priest, becomes a teacher and 
leader.of the Anabaptists. [His followers 
are known as Mennonites.] 

1539 * * Tiaeart Keynerts is put to- 
death for sheltering and refusing to re- 
veal the hiding-place of Menno, his 
brother. 

1540 * * Rome. The Pope approves of 
the establishment of the Society or 
Company of Jesus by Ignatius Loy- 
ola, who proposes the conversion of in- 
fidels and the checking of Protestantism. 

±** * A sect of Lutherans called Ubiqua- 
rians, teaching that the natural body of 
Christ is everywhere, is founded by 
Brentius. 

1541-64 Switz. John Calvin is head 
of the state in Geneva, where he intro- 
duces the Reformation, from whence it 
spreads to France and Scotland. 

1541 * * Bavaria. A Diet is held at 
Ratisbon for uniting the Protestants 
to the Church of Rome. 

Melanchthon and John Eckius and 
others discuss without agreement the 23 
articles of faith drawn up by the Prot- 
estants. The emperor orders the con- 
troversy to be referred to a general 
council, the Protestants in the meantime 
being allowed to retain their religion. 



GERMANY. 



1527, **-1548,**. 791 



1542 * * Saxony. The first consistory 
for regulating ecclesiastical discipline 
and worship in the churches is estab- 
lished at Wittenberg. 

1545 Dec. 13-63 * * Aust. The Coun- 
cil of Trent meets (p. 510). 

1546 Jan. 17. Saxony. Martin Lu- 
ther preaches his final sermon at Witten- 
berg. [Feb. 18. He dies at Eisleben, 
his native town.] 

* * Bavaria. A second diet is held at 
Ratisbon. 

None of the Protestant princes being 
present, the Catholic majority resolves 
to abide by the decision of the Council 
of Trent. 

July 20. The Emperor places the Pro- 
testant Confederates under the ban of 
the Empire. [They declare war.] 

July 26. The Emperor and Pope Paul 
III. enter into a secret league against 
the Protestants. 

1547 * * Protestantism is apparently 
ruined by the success of Charles V. 

1548 May 15. Bavaria. The Interim 
of Augsburg. 

A compromise composed of 26 articles 
of faith, for uniting the Catholics and 
Protestants, is drawn up by order of the 
Emperor. [It is rejected by both parties.] 

LETTERS. 

1527 * * Fables, in imitation of JEsop, by 
Burkard Waldis, appears. [1548, JEsop's 
-Fables.] 

1528 * * Proverbs, by Johann Agricola, 
appears. [1537, Johann Huss^] 

1531* * A Universal History, by Sebas- 
tian Franck, appears. [1532, Proverbs; 
1534, A History of the People of Ger- 
many, ] 

1532 * * Susanna, by SixtBirck, appears. 

1533-39 Fiersbras, HaimonsJcinder, Kai- 
ser Octavianus, Dieschone Magelone y and 
Ritter Galmy, appear ; they are among 
the first German novels. 

1534 * * A translation of the Bible, by 
Johann Dietenberger, appears. 

1537 * * A translation of the Bible t by 
Johann Eck, appears. 

1538 * * Pammachius, by Thomas Nao- 

?eorg, appears. [1540, Mercator; 1541, 
ncendia; 1543, He /nanus ; 1551, Hiere- 
mias; 1552, Judas Iscariotes.\ 

1540 * * Verlorner Sohn, by Jorg Wick- 
ram, appears. [1550, Tobias; 1551, Ga- 
briottounrf Hi inliurd ; 15,") 4, Knabenspiegel 
and Goldfaden ; 1555, Rollivagenbuchlein ; 
1556, Guie und bose Nachbarn.~\ 

1543* * Bavaria. Copernicus publishes 
atNuremberg his Revolution of the Heav- 
enly Bodies, and revives the true doc- 
trine of the planetary bodies, and lays 
the foundation of modern astronomy. 

1544 Aug. 17. E.Prus. The Lu- 
theran University of Konigsberg is 
founded by Albert III., Margrave of 
Brandenburg. 

* * Hofteufel, by Johann Chryseus, ap- 
pears. 

SOCIETY. 

1529 * * The sweating sickness afflicts 
North Germany. 

* * * The Levelers appear. 

They are fanatics headed by Muncer 
and Storck, who teach that all distinc- 
tions of rank are usurpations on the 
rights of mankind. Muncer, with a 
force of 40,000 men, commands the sov- 
ereign princes of Germany and the 
magistrates of cities to resign their 
authority. 



STATE. 

1529 Mar. 13+. Bavaria. The second 
Diet of Speyer meets for the settlement 
of the disturbances of the Empire. 

The recent victories of the Emperor 
Charles V. in Italy and Ferdinand [the 
King of the Romans] make the Catholic 
party more aggressive, and decide on a 
more strict execution of the decree of 
the Diet of Worms. 

(Apr. 19.) The minority in the Diet 
of Speyer favoring the Reformation — 
the Elector of Saxony, the princes of 
Hesse, LUneberg, Anhalt, Brandenburg, 
and 14 imperial cities — present a pro- 
test. (See Church.) 
Aug. 5. Fr. The Peace of Cambrai. 

(p. 6S1). 
1529-32 "War with the Turks. 

The Hungarians are divided into two 
parties, each seeking the vacant king- 
ship, one under Ferdinand, brother of 
the emperor, and the other under John 
Zapolya, who is aided by the Turks. 

1530 * * It. Charles V. is crowned 
emperor at Bologna by the Pope ; the 
last of the German emperors crowned by 
the pontiff. 

Aug. 7. Bavaria. Diet of Augsburg. 

The Landgrave of Hesse leaves the 
Diet of Augsburg after the emperor has 
demanded submission and threatened 
the Protestants, to prepare for defense. 
[The Catholic party assumes a gentler 
tone.] 

(Sept. 23.) The Protestant princes 
declare that they cannot conform to 
the emperor's demand, as it is contrary 
to their consciences ; they leave the city 
at noon ; their representatives remain. 

(Oct. 17.) Sixteen free cities have now 
united in a refusal to pay the "Turk- 
ish tax" unless they are assured of a 
general peace in their own country. 

(Nov. 11.) The decision of the Diet 
is again read to the members ; the Prot- 
estants object that the emperor has no 
right to give orders in matters of faith, 
and leave the city. 

(Nov. 19.) The decision of the Diet 
against Protestants is proclaimed ; the 
Diet adjourns. 

1531 Feb. 27. Hesse-N'assau. Nine 
Protestant princes and 11 imperial cities 
enter the League of Schmalkald. 

It is a defensive alliance against the 
emperor for nine years in his attack upon 
religion. [Later five other princes join, 
also 10 other imperial cities.] 

The Elector of Saxony and the Land- 
grave of Hesse are appointed its chiefs. 

* * The Emperor causes his brother Ferdi- 
nand of Austria to be elected King of 
the Romans, and to be crowned at 
Aachen [Aix-la-Chapelle] ; the Elector 
of Saxony protests in the name of the 
Protestants. 

1532-47 Saxony. John Frederick 
" The Magnanimous " is duke. 

He is defeated in the Schmalkald war, 
and captured by the emperor Charles V., 
who compels him to sign the capitulation 
of Wittenberg, by which the electorate 
and various territories are transferred 
to Maurice, of the Albertine line. 

July 23. Bavaria. The religious Peace 
of Nuremberg is signed. 

The Turks and their French allies 
threatening war, it is deemed prudent 
to revoke the edict of Augsburg, sus- 
pend all processes, and permit freedom 
of worship to the Protestants, until the 
meeting of a new council to be held 
within a year. 



1534 * * The Protestants consent to rec- 
ognize Ferdinand as King of the Ro- 
mans on condition that he renounces his 
claim on Wurtemberg, which had been 
given him by the emperor. 

1535 * * Brandenburg . Joachim II. be- 
comes margrave. 

1536+ * * Difficulty with France. (See 
Army.) 

1538 June 18. Fr. The Council of 
Nice assembles. 

The Pope, emperor, and King of France 
meet. Peace is concluded for 10 years 
on the basis of present possession. 

1539 * * Saxony. Henry becomes elec- 
tor of a part of Saxony. [1541. Mau- 
rice.] 

1542* *-44* * The fourth war be- 
tween the emperor and Francis I. occurs. 
It is caused by the investiture of Phil- 
ip, son of Charles, with Milan ; its pre- 
text is the killing at Milan of two secret 
agents sent there by Francis to Solyman 
the Turk, who, with the Duke of Cleves, 
becomes the ally of the French. 

1544 Sept. 18. The Peace of Crespy. 
The difficulty between the emperor 
and Francis is settled by the proposed 
marriage of the Duke of Orleans to a 
princess of the imperial family, who will 
receive Milan. [The duke dies, and the 
emperor retains Milan, but ^'ivesitnom- 
inally to his son Philip as a fief.] (P. 681.) 

* * A truce of five years is signed with 
the Turks, and the emperor turns towards 
the Protestants. 

* * The emperor prepares for a struggle 
with Francis I. in Italy. 

The crown of France disputes with the 
House of Hapsburg for possession of 
Milan, Piedmont, Naples, Flanders, and 
Artois. 



gious war. 
June 26. The emperor makes an alli- 
ance with Pope Paul for a religious war. 
He pledges himself to compel the 
submission of the Protestant princes 
to the Holy See, the Pope having prom- 
ised 200,000 scudi for the expenses of the 
war, and 12,000 foot and 500 horse. 

July 4. Pome. T'he Pope astonishes 
the Protestants by announcing his alli- 
ance with the emperor (June 26) for a 
new crusade to extirpate heresy. 

July 20. Charles places the Protestant 
leaders under the ban of the empire. 

July 29. Pome. The Pope announces a 
sentence of outlawry against the Protes- 
tant leaders, — the Elector of Saxony 
and the Landgrave of Hesse. [The 
Protestants prepare for war.] 

1547 * * Altenburg is assigned to the 
Ernestine line of the House of Saxony. 

* * Bavaria. The emperor holds a Diet at 
Augsburg. 

1548 Mar. 15. Bavaria. Charles "V. 
publishes an imperial decree from Augs- 
burg, "how religion and church prop- 
erty were to be treated till the decision 
of a general council" — called the In- 
terim Law. [It is disregarded by most 
of the Protestant princes.] 

* * Saxony. Duke Maurice of the Al- 
bertine line is made elector in place of 
John Frederick the Protestant; he sus- 
tains the emperor ; the Ernestine line 
retains Weimar, Jena, Eisenach Gotha, 
etc. 

* * Even the Catholic princes are alarmed 
at the success and domination of 
Charles V. 

* * Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is placed 
under the ban of the empire. 



792 1549,** -161 2, 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1550-51 Pr. Saxony. Magdeburg is 
besieged and taken by Maurice of Sax- 
ony. 

1552-56 Ft, "War between Henry II. 
of France and the emperor. 

* * Maurice of Saxony with an army 
suddenly marches southward, captures 
Augsburg, is repelled at Ulm, hastens to 
Allgau, defeats Imperialists posted at 
Reiti, and forces the Pass of Ehrenberg, 
opening the road to Innsbruck, nearly 
captures the emperor, who flees secretly 
in disguise. 

Oct. 31-53 Jan. 15. Lorraine. Metz 
is successfully defended by the Duke of 
Guise (p. 682). 

1553 July 9. Prus. Maurice of Sax- 
ony defeats the predatory Albert, 
Margrave of Brandenburg-* 'ulmbach,at 
Sievershausen, but is mortally wounded. 
[Henry, Duke of Brunswick, continues 
the war.] 

Oct. 18 Fr. Terouanne surrenders to 
the Imperialists after a siege. 

1560 * * Hung. Constant war prevails. 
[1564. King Ferdinand is finally forced 
to abandon Hungary in great part to the 
Turks. 1566. A truce.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1550 * * Bavaria. The sextant, con- 
taining 60 degrees of the sixth part of a 
circle, is invented by Tycho Brahe at 
Augsburg. 

* * Saxony. The madder is cultivated. 
1557 * * Saxony. The first treatise on 

the art of surveying is published by 
Agricola. 

1560 * * Bavaria. A press for stamp- 
ing leather is invented by Hans Lob- 
stnger at Nuremberg; also an air-gun. 

16th Century. Germany is visited by a 
band of English comedians, who 
travel about, acting in their own lan- 
guage. 

1561 * Hesse-Nassau. The first observa- 
tory is established at Cassel. 

1565 * * Veneer-mills are invented by 

Keener at Augsburg. 
1580* * Saxony. Serpentine is first 

worked by Brendel. 
1594* * Aust. Johann Kepler studies 

the planets. 

1597 * * Bohemia. Kepler joins Tycho. 

1598 * * Aust. Kepler first satisfactorily 
explains the theory of the tides. 

1599 * * Aust. Kepler's Eudolphine 
tables are begun. 

1602 * * Hesse. The measuring- com- 
pass is invented by Jost Bing. 

1603 * * Bavaria. The pantagraph, an 
instrument for copying, reducing, or en- 
larging plans, is invented by Christopher 
Scheiner. 

* *The areometer is used for determin- 
ing the density of cold water. 

1609 * * Kepler's first two laws con- 
cerning planetary motions appear. [1618. 
Bohemia. Kepler's third law.] 

1611 * * Bohemia. Kepler makes a tele- 
scope. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1550 * * Baldung, Hans, artist, A80. 
Beham, Huns S., iTiuraver, A50. 
Fagius, Paul, reformer, A46. 

1551 * * Apian, Peter, math., astron., A56. 
Bucer, Martin, reformer, A60. 

1552 * * Cochlaus, Johann, R. C. theol., A73. 
Gaultier, Leonhard, t-nyraver, born. 
Osiander, Andreas, reformer, A54. 
Rudolph II., emperor, born. 



1553 * * Agricola, Georg, mineralogist, AG3. 
Alber, Erasmus, preacher, poet, dies. 
Cranaeh, or Kranach, Lucas von, painter, 

engraver, A81. 
Maurice, Elector of Saxony, A32. 

1555 * * Arm], Johann, Lutheran cl., au., b. 

1556 * * Calvisius, Seihus, chronologist, b. 
Friedland, Valentin, educator, A66. 
Pellican, Conrad, scholar, reformer, Bibli- 
cal critic, A78. 

Sleidan, Johann, historian, A50. 
1558* * Huuenlia'-'cn, Johann, reformer, A73. 

Charles I. (V.), K. of Spain, Emp.Ger., A58. 
1559* * Aurifaber, Andreas G., physician, 
teacher, A47. 

Burgkniair, Hans, painter, A86. 

Tilly, Count of. Johann Tsi-'irlaes, gen., b. 
1560* * Albertinus. /F.^idins, satirist, born. 

Aquila, Casper, theologian, A71. 

Lotich, Peter, poet, A32. 

Melanchthon, Pbilip. reformer, A63. 

Schwenekfeld, Kaspar, religionist, A70. 
1561 * * Menno Simons, reformer, foundei 

Mennonites, A65. 
1562* * Berliefiiimrn, Gotz, or Gottfried von, 

soldier, A82. 
1564 * * Althammer, Andreas, reformer, A66. 

Buxtorf, Johann, Hehraist, born. 

Ferdinand I., emperor, A61. 
1565* * Amsdurf, N ikolaus von, reformer, 

A82. 
1566* * Agricola, Johann, reformer, founder 
of Antinomians, A76. 

Fuchs, or Euchsins, Leonhard von, bot., A65. 

Sigisnmnd 111., King of Poland, born.' 

1567 * * Acidaliiis, Valens. scholar, born. 

1568 * * Albert, first Duke of Prussia, A78. 
Aurifaber, Johann, Lutheran cl., A51. 
Christian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen- 
eral, born. 

1569 * * Eber, Paul, cl., Hebraist, A58. 
Vorstius, Conrad, cl., controversialist, born. 

1571 * * Kepler, Johann, astronomer, born. 

PraHorius, Michael, composer, born. 
1573* * Bayer, Johann, pul. ora., astron., b. 
1 5 74 * * Camerarius, Joachim, classical 
scholar, A74. 

Elsbeimer, Adam, painter, born. 

Gonthier, Johann, physician, Hellenist, A87. 

1575 * * Aurifaber, Johann, cl., ora.,ed., A56. 
Bohme, or Bohm, Jakob, mystic, born. 
Faber, Basil, scholar, A 55. 

Flacius Matthias < Illyricus), theol., A55. 

1576 * * Maximilian II.. emperor, A49. 
Sachs. Hans, shoemaker, poet, A82. 
Scioppiiis, Caspar, scholar, born. 

Xy lander, Willielm, class, schol., trans., A44. 
1577* * Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop 
of Cologne, prince-bishop of Liege and 
Minister, born. 
Kirsten, refer, physician, orientalist, born. 
Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philoL, au., b. 
1578 * * Don Juan, or John of Austria, gen- 
eral, statesman, A32. 
Ferdinand II., emperor, born. 
1579* * Kilian, Lucas, engraver, born. 
Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical 
scholar, soldier, born. 
1580* * Oliver, Philipp, linguist, geog., b. 
1581 * * Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma- 
tist, general, born. 
llelvicus, t hrislophcr, philol., chronolo., b. 
1583* * Alting, Heinrich, Calvinistic theo- 
logical writer, born. 
Lufft, Hans, printer, bookseller, A88. 
Ursinus, Zacharias, cl., controversialist, A 49. 
Wallenstein, Count of, Albrecht Eusebius 
von, general, born. 

1585 * * Mansfeld, Count, Ernest, gen., b. 

1586 * * Andrea, Johann von, satirist, born. 
Calixtns, GeorgLus, Lutheran cler., au., b. 
Chemnitz, Martin, theologian, A64. 

1587 * * Jung, Joachim, philosopher, born. 
Reinesius, Thomas, phvsieian, philologist, b. 

1588 * * Alsted, Johann IL, author, born. 
1589* * Sturm, Johann, classical scholar, 

1590 * * Andrea, Jakob, Luth. theol,, A62. 

Fischart, Johann, satirist, A45. 
Frischlin, Jucodenms, philol. , poet, A43. 
1595 * * Acidalius, Valens, scholar, A28. 
Carpzov, Benedict, jurist, author, born. 
Scultetus, Johannes, surgeon, born. 

1597 * * Opitz, Martin, poet, born. 

1598 * * Camerarius, Joachim, botanist, A64. 
Ortelius. or Oertel, Abraham, geog., A71. 

1599* * lluxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, born. 

Olearius, or ("Hschlager, Adam, orientalist, b. 
1600* * Alberti, Salomon, anatomist, A60. 

Busembauin, Hermann, Jesuit, author, liorn. 

Chytrans, David K., scholar, theol., A70. 

Galen, Christopher B. von, prince-bishop of 
Miinster, general, born. 

Scapula, John, philologist, A60. 
1602 * * Berg, Joachim von, philan., A76. 

Guericke, Otto von, natural philosopher, in- 
ventor of air-pump, born. 

Kircher, Athanasius, Egyptologist, pbil., b. 



1603 * * Balde, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, born. 
1604* * Bernhard, duke of Saxe-Weimar, 
general, born. 
Glauber, Johann P.., chemist, born. 

1 605 * * Ayrer, or Eyer, Jacob, dram, poet, d. 

1606 * * Gerhardt, Paul, clergyman, poet, b. 
1607* * Hollar, Wencelaus, engraver, born. 

1608 * * Frieiisheun, Johann, seholar, bora. 

1609 * * Fleniming, Paul, poet, born. 

1610 * * Schneider, Conrad, anatomist, born. 

161 1 * * Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, b. 
1612* * Caluv, Abraham, Lutheran cl., born. 

Clavius, Christoph, Jesuit, math., A75. 
Dietrich, Johann C. t phUol., historian, born. 
Rudolph II., emperor, A60. 
Zwicker, Daniel, syncretist, born. 



CHURCH. 
1550 * * Borne. Julius TTT , is pope. 



1552 July 31. Bavaria. The Peace 
of Passau (p. 510). 

1555 Sept. 25. Bavaria. The Keli- 
gious Peace of Augsburg is agreed to 
by the Catholics and Lutherans. 

All accepting the Augsburg Confession 
are declared exempt from the jurisdic- 
tion of the Holy See, and guaranteed 
equal rights in everything with the 
Catholics. 

1556* * Lippe. Bernard "VTLT., who 
styles himself Count of Lippe, embraces 
the tenets of the He formation. 

1564 * * The emperor favors the with- 
drawal of the state from religious dis- 
putes, and Protestantism flourishes. 

* * New quarrels occur over the ecclesi- 
astical reservation. 

1571* * Aust. Maximilian grants liberty 
of conscience to his subjects. 

1572 * * Rome. Gregory XIII. is pope. 
[1585, Sixtus V.; he displays activity, and 
corrects abuses in the church. 15!i(J, Urban 
VII.; Gregory XIV.; 1591, Innocent IX. 
reigns two months; 15H2, Clement VIII.; 
1605, Leo XI. reigns 25 days; later Paul V. 
(Borghese).] 

1576 * * The Jesuits gain ascendancy 
over the new emperor. 

1576-1612 An anti-Protestant reac- 
tion occurs as the successful result of 
the labors' of the Jesuits. 

1578 * * The concessions made to Prot- 
estants are revoked by the throne. 

1585 * * Rh. Prus. The electorate of 
Treves becomes subject to the arch- 
bishop. 

1594* * Wurtemberg. Protestants 
unite in a defensive league at Heilbronn. 

1608 May 4. The Protestant Union. 
(See State.) 

1609 * * The Bohemians receive reli- 
gious liberty. (See State.) 

* * The Catholic League. (See State.) 

LETTERS. 

1549 * * Grobianus, by Friedrich Bede- 
kind, appears. 

1550 * * Bavaria. The Royal Library 
is founded at Munich by Albert III. 

1555 * * The History of the Reformation 
and of Charles V. } by Johannes Sleida- 
nus, appears. 

1556 * * Carriage-Book, by Jacob Prey, 
appears. 

* * Menno Simons, founder of the Men- 
nonites, publishes his True Christian 
Belief. 

1557 * * Joumey-Shortener, by Monta- 
nus, appears. 

* * HurnenrSeufrid, a tragedy, by Hans 
Sachs, appears. 



GERMANY. 



1549 **-1612 **. 793 



1558 Feb.' 2. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. 
The Lutheran University of Jena, 
fouuded by John Frederick the Magnan- 
imous, Elector of Saxony, is opened'. 

1559 * * Nachtbuchlein, by Valentine 
Schumann, appears. 

1561 Sept. 27. E. Prus. King Sigis- 
mund of Poland gives a charter to the 
University of Konigsberg, as both the 
imperial and papal sanction are with- 
held. 

1563 * * Cheer for Low Spirits, by Kerch- 
hof , appears. 

1566 * * Life of Luther, by Johann Ma- 
thesius, appears. 

* * Speculum vitas cmltcas (Reineke Fuchs), 
by Hermann Schopper, appears. 

1572 * * A version of Till Eulenspiegel, 
by Johann Fischart, appears ; also, The 
Grandmother of all Prognostication, a 
satire on prophetical calendars. [1573, 
Flohhatz (Flea-hunt) ; 1575, History of 
Garyantua: 157 G, Fortunate Ship; 1577, 
Book of Comfort in Gout and Susaiuta; 

1578, A'farriage-Book ; 1579, Beehive ; 1530, 
Jesuit Hat.] 

1575 May 8. Brunswick. The Lu- 
theran University of Helmstadt re- 
ceives its charter from Maximilian II, 

* * Bavaria. The Gymnasium iEgidi- 
anum of Nuremberg is removed to Alt- 
dorf, and is the nucleus of the Univer- 
sity of Altdorf. 

1576 * * Rebecca, by Nicodemus Frisch- 
lin, appears. [1578, Priscianus vapalaus; 

1579, HUth'tjir-nlis magna and Frail Wen- 
del gard; 1580, Phasnia; 15Si, Julius re- 
divivus.] 

1578 * * * Hans Sachs, poet, dramatist, 
novelist, miscellaneous writer, dies ; his 
works number more than 6,000. 

* * A Grammar of the German Language, 
by Johannes Clajus, appears. 

* * Bavaria. The University of Altdorf 
receives its charter from the emperor 
Rudolph II. [1580. Opened.] 

1589 * * Pr. Saxony. John E. Avenar's 
Dictionarium Hebraicu m appears at Wit- 
tenberg. 

1595 * * Froschmauseler, by Georg Rol- 
lenhagen, appears. 

1596 * * Mysterium cosmographicum, by 
Johann Kepler, appears. 

1605-12 On True Christianity and Das 
Paradies-Gartlein voll christlicher Tu- 
genden, by Johann Arnd, appear. 

1607 May 19. Hesse. The Univer- 
sity of Giessen receives its charter from 
the emperor. 

* * Ganskoniy, by "Wolfbart Spangenberg, 
appears. 

1609 * * Astronnmia Xova, by Kepler, ap- 
pears. [1611, Dioptrice.] 

1612 * * Aurora, or the Morning Redness, 
by Jacob Boebme, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1563 * * Bavaria. The imperial knight, 
Wilhelm Grumbach, has a feud with 
the Bishop of Wurzburg, and plunders 
the city. [1564. Grumbach is pro- 
tected by John Frederick, Duke of 
Saxony. 1567. He is cruelly executed.] 



STATE. 

1550 * * Bavaria. Albert HE. becomes 
duke. 

* * Wurtemberg. Christopher the Pa- 
cific becomes duke. 
.1551 Oct. 1. Hesse. The Treaty of 
Friedewald. 



It is secretly agreed to by Henry II. of 
France, the League of Schmalkald, and 
Maurice of Saxony, whereby an alliance is 
formed against the emperor ; nominally to 
release Philip, Landgrave of Hesse, really to 
advance German liberties and the Protestant 
religion. 

1552 July 16. Bavaria. The Treaty 
of Passau. 

It is signed by King Ferdinand for the 
empire, with Maurice of Saxony and the 
other five electors ; it grants freedom of 
religion to the Lutherans until the next 
Diet. 

1553 Mar. 3. Saxony. Duke Mau- 
rice dies. [Augustus becomes elector.] 

* * Predatory nobles disturb the peace, 
and create wild disorder. 

1555 Sept. 25. The religious peace 
of Augsburg is established. (See 
Church.) 

Oct.= * Charles V., made despondent by 
ill-success, resolves to abdicate his 
two thrones, Germany and Spain, giv- 
ing the former to his brother Ferdi- 
nand [later King of Hungary and Bohe- 
mia], and the latter to his son Philip. 

Oct. 25. Brussels. Charles V. resigns 
the Netherlands to his son Philip. 
[1556. Jan. * He cedes to Philip the 
kingdoms of Spain and Naples.] 

1556 Aug. 27. Charles "V". signs a 
deed resigning the German Empire to 
his brother. 

Sept. 7. The abdication of Charles V. 
is announced to the estates. 

Oct.± The ex-emperor resolves to retire 
to a monastery. 

1556-64 Ferdinand I. reigns. 

The Hapsburg lands go with the impe- 
rial dignity ; but the crown of Spain and 
the colonies — Naples, Milan, Franche 
Comte, and the Netherlands — go to 
Philip, son of Charles V. 

* * Coronation by the Pope is relinquished 
by the emperor. 

1557 Feb. 27. Sp. The ex-Emperor 
Charles V. enters the monastery of St. 
Justus, not as a monk, but as a private 
individual, with only 12 domestics. 

1558 Feb. 25. Hesse-Nassau. The 
electors at Frankfort formally transfer 
the imperial dignity to Ferdinand I. 

Sept. 21. Sp. Charles V., ex-empe- 
ror, dies. 

* * Hung. Ferdinand is confirmed (p. 
511). 

1559 * * Holstein. The Ditmarsh men 
submit to the rule of the King of Den- 
mark. 

1562 * * Maximilian II. is elected King 
of the Romans. [1563. King of Hun- 
gary.] 

1563+ * * Bavaria. The imperial knight 
Grumbach is under the ban of the em- 
pire for plundering "Wurzburg. 

1564 July 25. Ferdinand I. dies. 
[Succeeded by his son.] (P. 511.) 

* * Maximilian H., King of Hungary 
and Bohemia and the Romans, is elected 
emperor. 

1564-76 Maximilian H. reigns. 

1566 * * A truce is entered with the 
Turks ; Selim II. and the emperor agree 
that each shall retain his possessions. 



1576 Oct. 12. Maximilian II. dies. 

[He is succeeded by his son Rudolph.] 
Oct. * Rudolph II., King of Bohemia 

and Hungary, is elected emperor. 
1576-1612 Pudolphll. reigns. 

1579* * Bavaria. "William H. becomes 
duke. 

* * * The princes disregard imperial au- 
thority, and war among themselves. 



1589 * * Brunswick. Henry Julius be- 
comes duke of Brunswiek-Wolfenbuttel. 

1591* * Saxony. Christian LE. becomes 
elector. 



1594 * * Prus. The dukedom of Prussia 
is annexed to the electorate of Bran- 
denburg. 

1596* * Bavaria. Maximilian the 
Great becomes duke. 

1597 * * Hesse-Homburg is separated 
from Hesse-lUirmstadt, and established 
as a landgraviate. 

1598 * * Brandenburg. Joachim-Fred- 
erick becomes margrave. 

1603-72 Altenburg is an independent 
state. 

1606 * * Baden. Mannheim is founded. 

1608 May 4. The first meeting of the 
princes is held as the Protestant Union 
of Germany, with Frederick IV., Elec- 
tor-Palatine, as leader ; its object is mu- 
tual defense for ten years. 

* * Brandenburg. John Sigismund be- 
comes elect or i and duke of Prussia. 



1609* * The Catholic League is formed 
in opposition to the Protestant Union, 
with Maximilian and the Duke of Ba- 
varia leaders, " to see that the old, true 
religion, which alone could save, was 
not extirpated." 

* * Rudolph II. conciliates the Bohemians 
by granting them a royal charter, 
which permits the free exercise of reli- 
gion by the three estates of lords, knights, 
and royal cities (p. 511). 

* * The elector of Brandenburg and the 
Prince of Neuburg are claimants for 
the succession to the duchy of JUlich- 
Cleves ; a quarrel ensues. 

1610 Oct. 29. The Protestant Union 
concludes a peace with the Catholic 
League. 



1612 Jan. 20. HudolphH.dies. [He 
is succeeded by his brother.] 

June 13. Matthias is elected emperor. 
[Crowned June 24.] 

1612-19 Matthias reigns. 

He is strongly anti-Protestant, and 
secures for his Catholic cousin, Ferdi- 
nand, Duke of Styria. Corinthia and Car- 
niola, the succession of Bohemia and 
Hungary, though much opposed by the 
Protestant estates. 



794 1613, * *-1635, May 30. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1618 * * -48 * * Bohemia. The Thirty 
Years' "War. The emperor aims to de- 
stroy Protestantism (p. 510). 

Nuremberg, Saxony, and "Wiirtem- 
berg suffer greatly dm ing the war. Gus- 
tavus Adolphus is besieged in Nurem- 
berg by Wallenstein ; about 10,000 of 
the inhabitants die of want or disease 
during the blockade ; Saxony changes 
sides frequently. 
Leipsic is besieged and taken. 

1618-23 The "War in Bohemia and 
County Palatine. 

Aug.* Bohemia. The imperial troops en- 
ter. [1640. Subdued.] 

* * Bohemia. The Margrave John 
George of Jagerndorf Wrings 300 troops 
from Silesia and Lusatia to aid the re- 
volt. 

1619 * * Aust. Count Thurn marches on 
Vienna. [1619. Nov. * Again.] (P. 510.) 

* * Bohemia. Counts Mansfeld and Thurn 
defeat the imperial Army at Pilsen. 

1620 * * Bohemia. Catholic invasion 
(p. 510). . 

Nov. 8. Bohemia. Battle of White 
Mountain (p. 510). 

1622 * * The seat of war is transferred 
from Bohemia to the Palatinate, which 
is soon subdued. 

Apr. 29. Mansfeld defeats the Impe- 
rialists under Tilly at Wiesloch. 

May 6. Hesse. Tilly defeats the Mar- 
grave of Baden-Durlaeh at "Wimpfen. 

June 10. Hesse-Xassau. Tilly defeats 
Christian of Brimswick at Hoehst. 

1623 Aug. 6. Westphalia. Tilly again 
defeats the Administrator Christian of 
Halberstadt at Stadtlohn. 

1625-29 Saxony. The seat of war is 
in Lower Saxony (Danish Period) ; allies 
aid the Protestants (p. 512). 

* * Prince "Wallenstein becomes com- 
mander of the imperial army, which 
he recruits himself, and then provisions 
by a system of robbery. 

1626 * * Anhalt. "Wallenstein defeats 
Count Mansfeld at the Bridge of Des- 
sau, and then pursues him through 
Silesia to Hungary, where Mansfeld 
joins Bethlen-Gabor. 

Aug. 27. Brunswick. Tilly utterly de- 
feats Christian IV. of Denmark at 
Lutter. 

1627 * * Holstein. Tilly and "Wallen- 
stein conquer Holstein. 

* *N.Ger. "Wallenstein alone conquers 
Schleswig and Jutland. The Dukes of 
Mecklenburg flee the country, and the 
Duke of Pomerania makes his submis- 
sion. 

1628 * * Prus. "Wallenstein vainly be- 
sieges Stralsund for 10 weeks, while its 
heroic citizens defend themselves. 

1629 * * Magdeburg is blockaded, and 
successfully resists Wallenstein. 

May * Peace of Liibeck (p. 637). 
1630-35* * Swedish period of the 
Thirty Years' War. 

1630 June* Gustavus Adolphus, 
King of Sweden, becomes an ally of the 
Protestants (p. 512). 

July * "Wallenstein is dismissed from 
imperial service. 

1631 Apr. * Tilly opposes Gustavus. 
(.Gustavus captures Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder ; later he takes Spandau.] 



May 20. Tilly takes Magdeburg (p. 
512). [May 21. Only 5,000 of 35,000 in- 
habitants remain alive.] 



* * Fr. Gustavus takes Mentz. [* * N. 
Prus. He drives the imperial forces 
from Pomerania, and proceeds up the 
Oder.] 

* * Tilly takes and burns Halle, Eisleben, 
Merseburg, and other cities. 

Sept. 7 (o. s.). Saxony. Gustavus with 
the Saxons wins a brilliant victory over 
Tilly at the battle of Leipsic. 

Imperial loss, 6,000 killed, besides the 
wounded and prisoners, and all their ar- 
tillery ; allies' loss, Saxons, 12,000, Swedes, 
700 (p. 512). 

* * Bohemia. The Saxons invade Bo- 
hemia. 

* * Gustavus marches to the Rhine 
through Thuringia and Franconia. 
[Hesse. He crosses the Rhine at Oppen- 
heim, and goes into winter quarters at 
Mentz.] 

* * Bohemia. The Saxons under Arnim 
capture Prague. 

1632 * * Bavaria. Gustavus marches 
for the Danube by way of Nuremberg. 

Apr. 15. Bavaria. Gustavus is victo- 
rious at Rain (p. 512). 

* * "Wallenstein is recalled, and by re- 
quest of Ferdinand collects an army and 
receives uncontrolled command. 

* * Bohemia. "Wallenstein recaptures 
Prague, and drives the Saxons out of 
Bohemia. 

* * Bavaria. Gustavus vainly besieges 
Maximilian in Ingolstadt ; WaUenstein 
hastens to his relief. [Gustavus forces 
Munich to surrender.] 

July *-Sept. * Bavaria. Gustavus and 
"WaUenstein face to face in a fortified 
camp near Nuremberg, the latter de- 
clines a battle. 

* * The Swedes receive reenforcements, 
and attack Wallenstein's entrench- 
ments, hut are repulsed with fearful 
loss. 

* * Gustavus advances to the Danube, 
and Wallenstein enters defenseless Sax- 
ony, and fearful depredations are com- 
mitted. 

* * Schwarzhurr/Sondershausen. Gusta- 
vus hastens back at the call of the elec- 
tor of Saxony, and joins forces with 
Bemhard of Saxe-Weimar in Arnstadt. 

Nov. 16. Battle of Liitzen (p. 512). 

1633* * Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard, 
having succeeded Gustavus, leads an 
expedition to Franconia ; he takes 
Bamberg and H6chstadt s and drives 
back the Bavarians under Count Al- 
dringer. 

Feb. * Bohemia. "WaUenstein tries and 
punishes many of his officers with death 
while at Prague. 

* * Silesia. "Wallenstein, having re- 
cruited his army, marches into Silesia, 
and fights the troops of Saxony, Bran- 
denburg, and Sweden. 

Oct. * Hung. A Swedish corps is cap- 
tured at Steinam-on-the-Oder. 

* * "Wallenstein invades Brandenburg, 
sends raiders to Berlin, and plunders 
Lusatia. 

Nov. * Bavaria. Gen. Bernhard cap- 
tures Regensburg [Batisbon]. 

1634 Feb. 25. Bohemia. "WaUenstein 
is assassinated (p. 512). 



Aug. 17. Bavaria. Swedes defeated at 

Nordlingen (p. 512). 
Dec. 23. Siege of Heidelberg raised 

(p. 512). 



1635 May 30. Bohemia. Peace. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1617* * Bohemia. Beacon telegraph is 
invented by Kepler. 

1625 * * Bavaria. The helioscope, a 
telescope for observing the sun without 
injury to the eye, is invented by Christo- 
pher Scheiner. 

1627 * * Saxony. Heinrich Schultz 
writes music to a translation of Perie 
Daful, which is performed for a court 
wedding at Torgau. 

Apr. 13. Saxony. Daphne, by Opitz, 
the first German opera, is produced at 
the court of the Elector John George 1. 

1628 * * Bohemia. Kepler completes his 
Kudolphine tables, and foretells the 
transits of Venus and Mercury. 

1633* * Bavaria. The Passion of Christy 
a miracle-play, is performed at Ober- 
Ammergau. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1613* * Caselius, Johannes, philol.,wr M A80. 

1614 * * Fisi'hfirt, Johann, satirist, A69. 

1615 * * Calvisius, Sethus, chronologist, A59. 
1616* * Grvpluus, Andreas, poet, dram., b. 
1617* * Helvicus, ( iinstopher, pliilol., A36. 
1618 * * Altins, Jarob, theol., Hebraist, b. 

Rachel, Joachim, satirical poet, born. 

Voasius, Isaac, classical scholar, mis. wr., b. 
1619* * Rupert, Prince, gen. in Eng., born. 

Struve, Georg A., jurist, born. 
1620* * Alheitinns, .Emilias, satirist, A60. 

Klsheimer, Adam, painter, A46. 

Feb. 16. Frederick William, " the Great 
Elector," of Brandenburg, founder Prus- 
sian monarchy, born. 
1621 * * Arnd, johann, Luth. el., au., A66. 

Pra-torius. ."Michael, composer, A50. 
1632 * * Adam," .Mclchior, biographer, dies. 

Glaubers, Johann, philosopher, born. 

Vorstius, Gonrad, clergyman. A55. 
1623* * Cluver, I'hilipp, linguist., geog., A43. 

Meninski, Francis ?.l., orientalist, born. 
1624* * Bohme, or Kolun, Jakob, mystic, 
A 49. 

1626 * * Mansfeld, Count, Ernst von, gen- 
eral, A41. 

Seckendorf, Veit Ludwig von, scholar, theo- 
logian, statesman, born. 

1629 * * liuxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A55. 
1630* * Becher, Johann J., chemist, born. 

Christian, Prince of Anhalt-Bernburg, gen- 
eral, A62. 
Kepler. John, astronomer, A59. 
1632 * * Gravius, Johann G., scholar, born. 
Pufiendoii, i'.unni, Samuel, jurist, born. 
Sigismund III., Kins of Poland, A66. 
Tilly. Count de, Johann Tserclaes, general, 
A73. 
1634 * * Amman, Paul, botanist, born. 



CHURCH. 
1618 * * Bh. Prus. The Protestants are 
expelled from Cologne. 

1620 Nov. 8. Bohemia. The disastrous 
battle of Prague ruins the Protestant 
Union ; Protestantism is extirpated in 
Bohemia (p. 510). 

1621 * * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope. 
[1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.; 

1655, Alexander VI L; 1667, Clement IX.; 
1670, Clement X. ; 1676, Innocent XI.; 1689, 
Alexander VIII.] 

1627 * * Bohemia. An edict of the em- 
peror requires the Protestants to apos- 
tatize. 

1629 Mar. 6. The Edict of Restitu- 
tion (p. 512 ; see State). 

1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague. 
(See State.) 



GERMANY. 



1613, * *-1635, May 30. 795 



LETTERS. 

1615 * * Frankfurter Journal is issued. 

* * The Confessio liosese Cruets appears. 
[Attributed to Valentine Andreas.] 

The Rosicrucians swear fidelity, prom- 
ise secrecy, and write hieroglypnically, 
and affirm' that the ancient philosophers 
of Egypt, the Chaldeans. Magi of Persia, 
and Gymnosophists of the Indies taught 
the same doctrine. 

1616 * * Germania Antigua, by Philip 
Cluverius, appears. 

* * The Frankfurter Ober postants Zei- 
tung is issued, alleged to be the first 
daily paper in the world. 

1617 Aug. 24. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. 
The Fruchtbringende Society for the 
advancement of the arts, sciences, and 
literature, is formed at Weimar. 

1618-19 Oden und Gesange, by Rudolf 

Weckherlin, appears. 
1619 * * Harmonicc mundi, by Kepler, 

appears. 

* * A newspaper is issued at Hildesheim. 
1621 July 17. Besse-Nassau. The 

University of Rinteln is founded by 
the emperor. 

* * Alsace-Lorraine. The University of 
Strasburg is founded. 

1623 * * Bavaria. The University of 
Altdorf is authorized to create doctors 
of law and medicine. 

1624 * * Opiccii Teutscke Poemata, by 
Julius W. Zincgref, appears. 

* * Book of the German Art of Poetry, by 
Martin Opitz, appears. 

1625* * Hesse. The University of 
Giessen is transferred to Marburg. 

1627 * * Tabulae Rudolpliinse, by Kepler, 
appears. 

1630 * * Westphalia. A newspaper is 
issued at Herford. 

* * An Encyclopedia, in seven volumes, 
by Johann H. Alsted, appears. 

1634 * * Musa teutonica, by Johann Rist, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1618-48 The Thirty Years' War reduces 
the population from 20,000,000 to 7,000,000, 
whole towns are laid in ashes, and fertile 
districts become deserts. 

1627-29 Bavaria. At "Wiirzburg 157 
witches are burned ; all classes are rep- 
resented, old and young, learned and 
ignorant. 

1631 May 20. Saxony. Magdeburg is 
captured, and the unbridled soldiers 
massacre the people, sack and burn 
the city. 

STATE. 



1618* * Prus. The duchy of Prussia is 
united with Brandenburg. 

* * Bohemia. The irritation of the Pro- 
testants is increased by changing the 
administration of the country, giving 
it to ten governors, seven of whom are 
Catholics. 

May 23. Bohemia. The Protestants 
revolt (p. 511). 

* * The Protestant Union sends Count 
Mansfeld to aid the Bohemians. 



1619 May 20. Matthias dies. [He is 
succeeded by his cousin Ferdinand, 
King of Hungary.] 

Aug. 18. Bohemia. The Assembly of 
Prague declares Ferdinand the heredi- 
tary enemy of the evangelical religion, 
and to have forfeited the throne of Bo- 
hemia. [Sept. 5. Deposed.] The Thirty 
Years* War follows. 

* * The Bohemians elect young Fred- 
erick V., Elector Palitine and head of 
the Protestant Union, as king ; he is a 
son-in-law of James I. of England. 

Aug. 28. Ferdinand is elected em- 
peror by six electors, three of whom are 
Protestants. [Sept. 9. Crowned at 
Frank f ort-on-the-M ain . ] 

1619-37 Ferdinand H. reigns. 

He seeks to extirpate Protestantism 
by energetic measures ,* the Bohemians 
refuse allegiance, and elect Kudolph Y. 
in opposition. 

* * Ferdinand II. enters a league with 
Maximilian, Duke of Bavaria, the head 
of the Catholic League, who becomes his 
ally in subduing the Austrian estates. 

* * Ferdinand II. enters a league with 
Spain. Also with the Lutheran Elec- 
tor of Saxony. 

* * Prus. G e o r g e - William becomes 
duke. 

* * Bohemia. The elector Frederick V. 
of the Palatinate accepts the tendered 
crown of Bohemia. 

1620 July 3. Wiirtemberg. A treaty 
of peace is signed at Ulm, by which 
Frederick V. of the Palatinate loses 
Bohemia. 

Nov. 8. The Protestant Union is prac- 
tically ruined by the disastrous battle 
of Prague. 

Bohemia becomes Catholic, its royal 
charter destroyed, and the country 
nearly ruined by losing two-thirds of 
its population. 

Hov. * Frederick, Count Palatine, is 
put under the ban of the empire, and 
his lands confiscated. 

1621 Feb. 21, 22. Bohemia. Fred- 
erick arrests 43 illustrious Bohe- 
mians; 27 of them are executed on the 
scaffold at Prague. 

May* The Protestant Union of princes 
holds its last meeting. 

1622 * * The Protestant Union is dis- 
solved. 

1623 Feb. 25. Bavaria. Maximilian 
U. receives the electoral vote belonging 
to Frederick V. and the Rhine Palati- 

- nate, the electoral dignity being trans- 
ferred to Bavaria by the Catholic elec- 
tors at Ratisbon. 

* * Wallenstein becomes a prince of the 
empire. [1624, Duke of Friedland; 1628, 
Duke of Mecklenburg.] 

1625 * * Christian TV., King of Den- 
mark and Duke of Holstein, is leader of 
the Protestants of the Lower Saxon 
Circle. 

1628 * * Bavaria. The restoration of 
the Upper Palatinate is secured. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Eberhard III, becomes 
duke. 

1629 Mar. 29. Ferdinand II. issues 
the Edict of Restitution. 

The adherents of the Augsburg con- 
fession alone are to have free exercise 
of religion, all other sects to be exter- 
minated. (Mar. 6?) (P. 512.) 



May 22. The Peace of Liibeck. 

Christian IV. receives his conquered 
lands back from the emperor, and prom- 
ises to abandon his allies, and abstain 
from interference in German affairs. 

May 25. King Christian of Denmark 
makes a separate peace with Wallen- 
stein, leaving his allies in the lurch. 

* * The Dukes of Mecklenburg are put 
under the ban of the empire, and their 
lands bestowed upon Wallenstein. [1630. 
Restored.] 

1630 June 5. Bavaria. An electoral 
assembly meets at Ratisbon. 

Wallenstein's enemies, chiefly from 
Bavaria and in the Catholic League, are 
alarmed at his power ; they successfully 
demand bis dismiss:*! und the disbanding" 
of a large part of the army, because of 
the terrible extortion and cruelty prac- 
tised upon Catholics and others. 
Oct. 13. Bavaria. The emperor con- 
cludes the Peace of Ratisbon with 
France, thus terminating the war for 
the Mantuan succession (p. 689). 

1631 Apr. 6. It. The Peace of 
Cherasco (p. 689). 

* * Saxony. The elector John-George 
forms an anti-imperialist alliance with 
Gustavus Adolphus of Sweden. 

1633 * * Wiirtemberg. The League of 
Heilbronn. 

The Swedes and German Protestants 
form an alliance for the prosecution of 
the war against the imperialists. 

* * "Wallenstein loses favor with the im- 
perial court, where the Spanish party 
seeks his overthrow. 

* * Treason of "Wallenstein. 

He negotiates secretly ■with the Saxons, 
the Swedes, and the French ; he pro- 
poses to use the army to secure independ- 
ent action for himself, and deliver the 
emperor from the Spanish party, and 
compel a peace, if necessary, and. then 
reorganize the empire : the court suc- 
ceeds in detaching his loading generals 
from his cause. [1634. Jan. 24. The 
conspiracy is proclaimed. Feb. 18. He 
is deposed.] 

1634 Feb. 24. Bohemia. "Wallenstein 
goes to Eger, expecting to meet Bernhard 
Saxe-Weimar and Arnim. 

Feb. 25. Bohemia. "Wallenstein is as- 



He is killed by Capt. Devereaux, at 
the instigation of the Irish Gen. Butler, 
and with the evident approval of the 
emperor, but without his command. 
[The assassins of the great general and 



* * Brunswick. Augustus becomes tbe 
Duke of Brunswick-Wolfenbuttel. 

1635 May 30. The Peace of Prague 
ends the war between the emperor and. 
the Elector of Saxony. 

(1) The elector receives Lusatia and t T e 
archbishopric of Magdeburg; the latter for 
his son August, only for life. 

(2) Confiscated ecclesiastical estates to re- 
main with the possessor, il confiscated before 
the convention of Passim; if after, it then to 
be held by tbe possessor for forty years, ami 

.in certain cases forever; those estates held 
immediately of the emperor excepted. 

(3) Amnesty is granted, except to those 
guilty of disturbances in F.nhemia and the 
Palatinate; Saxony is to aid the emperor 
against Sweden; the Lutherans (alone) are 
to have freedom in religion. The peace is 
accepted by most of the Protestant States. 



796 1635, * *-1681, Sept. 28. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1636-48 Swedish-French period of 
the Thirty Years' "War (p. 512). 

Sept. 24 (o. S.). Brandenburg. Battle of 
Wittstoek (p. 512). 

* * Gallas defeats the Swedes. 

1638 Mar. 3. Switz. Duke Bernhard 
of Saxe-Weiuiar defeats the army of 
the Imperialists and the Bavarians at 
Rheinfelden. 

1639* * Saxony. The Swedish Gen. 
Baner defeats the Imperialists in the 
battle of Olsnitz and Brandiez. 

1641 * * Gen. Lennart Torstenson he- 
comes commander of the Swedes. 

1642 K"ov. 2. Saxony. Second battle 
of Leipsic. 

The Imperialists under Leopold of 
Austria and Gen. Piccolomini are de- 
feated by the Swedes under Count Tors- 
tenson. 

1643-45 "War between De nm ark and 
Sweden; it is caused by envy at Swe- 
dish success in Germany (p. 636). 

Sept. * Schleswig-Holstein is conquered 
by Swedes. The Danes are compelled 
to desert Austria (p. 636). 



=* * Battle of Duttlingen. 

The French under Count Rantz are 
surprised and defeated by an Austro- 
Bavarian army under Gens. Mercy and 
Werth. 

* * Marshal Turenne and the Duke of 
Enghien, 21 years of age, are appointed 
to command the French troops. 

1644 * * The French force the Bavarians 
under Gen. Mercy to retreat. 

* * Baden. The Duke of Enghien takes 
Mannheim, Speyer, and Philippsburg. 

* * Hesse. CountTurenne takes Worms, 
Oppenheim, Mentz, and Landau. 

* * Gen. Gallas with an Imperial army 
goes to the relief of the Danes against 
the Swedes (p. 636). 

* * Hung. Prince Rakoczy invades 
Hungary. [* * Hesse. The French cap- 
ture Mentz.] 

1645 Jan. * Battle of Magdeburg (p. 
636). 

Mar. 6. Bohemia. Battle of Jankau(p. 
512). 

Mar.* Aust. Count Torstenson and 
Prince Rakoczy conquer the whole of 
Moravia, and threaten Vienna. 

May * Wilrtemberg. Battle of Mergen- 

theim (p. 636). 
Aug. 3. Bavaria. Battle of Allerheim. 
The French under Prince Conde and 

Hessians under Marshal Turenne defeat 

the Imperialists under Gen. Mercy, who 

is killed. 

Aug. 7. Bavaria. Battle of ISTbrdlingen 
(p. 512). 

* * Peace is concluded between Sweden 
and Denmark. 

* * Bohemia. The plague occasions the 
retreat of the Swedes from Bohemia 
after an ineffective siege of Briinn. 

* * Gen. "Wrangel succeeds Count Tors- 
tenson (ill) in command of the Swedes. 

1646 ** Bavaria. The French and 
Swedish armies are joined at Giessen ; 
they invade Bavaria (p. 512). 

1647 * * Bavaria. Truce of Ulm (p. 512). 



1648* * Bavaria. Maximilian having 
broken the truce of Ulm, the French 
and Swedes make a second invasion, 
committing terrible ravages. 

May 17. Bavaria. Marshal Turenne 
and Gen. "Wrangel defeat the Imperial- 
ist and Bavarian army under Gen. Hol- 
zapfela-Susmarshausen ; it is the last 
pitched battle of the Thirty Years' War. 

Oct. 24. Westphalia. Peace of "West- 
phalia. (See State.) 

Mov. 2. Bohemia. The Swedes begin 
the bombardment of Prague. 

!N"ov. 3. Bohemia. Messengers bring tid- 
ings of peace ; the Thirty Years' "War 
ends. 

1658+ * * Holstein is overrun by Gus- 
tavus. [1659. By Frederick IV.] (P. 636.) 

1661-64 The first war with the Turks. 
Cause (p. 513). 

1664* * Hungary is invaded by the 
Turks. 

Aug. 1. Hung. Battle of St. Gothard. 
[A truce for 20 years which favors the 
Turks follows.] (P. 512.) 

1673 * * "War between France and Aus- 
tria (p. 692). 

1674* *War with France. (Quad- 
ruple Alliance.) 

June 16. ' Baden. Battle of Sinsheim 
(p. 692). 

Oct. 4. Defeat at Entzheim. [Dec. 31. 
At Muhlhausen.] (P. 692.) 

1675 Jan. 5. Alsace. Battle of Turk- 
heim (p. 692). 

June 18. Brandenburg . Frederick Wil- 
liam, elector of Brandenburg, surprises 
and defeats the Swedes at Fehrbellin, 
near Berlin. 

* * The French under Gen. Crequi are 
defeated by Gen. Consarbruck. 

* * Fr. Treves is taken by the Austrians. 
July 27. Baden. Action at Sasbach 

(p. 692). 
1680 * * Alsace. A great part of Alsace 
is seized by the French. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1640 * * It. Athanasius Kircher invents 

the magic lantern. 
1643 * * Hesse. Mezzotinto, a kind of 

copper engraving, is invented by Col. 

Ludwig von Siegen. 

1647* * W. Pries. A map of the moon's 
surface is first drawn at Danzig. 

* * Saxony. Otto von Guericke of Magde- 
burg constructs the first electrical ma- 
chine, — a globe of sulphur. 

1648 * * Mezzotinto- engraving is im- 
proved by Prince Rupert. 

1650 * * Saxony. Guericke invents the 
air-pump. 

[He is the inventor also of the air- 
balance, and the anemoscope, a species 
of weather-cock, and is said to have dis- 
covered the property of electro-repul- 
sion.] 

* * The pearl-barley mill is invented. 
1652 * * It. The speaking-trumpet is 

improved by Athanasius Kircher. [1660. 

He invents the eolian harp.] 
1661 * * Saxony. The barometer, for use 

as a weather-glass, and the manometer, 

are invented by Otto von Guericke. 
1667 * * Phosphorus is discovered by 

Brandt of Hamburg. 



1670 * * Bavaria. Fluoric acid is used 
for etching by Schwanhard at Nurem- 
berg. 

1674 Feb. 5. W.Prus. A parhelion, 
or mock sun, appears on the horizon be- 
neath the material sun; it is seen near 
Marienburg. 

1678 * * Bavaria. An observatory is 
established at Nuremberg. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1635 * * Kirehmaier, Georg K., chemist, b. 

Spener, Philipp J., theologian, born. 

1636 * * A del Lire if. Johann A., fanatic, dies. 

1637 * * Ferdinand II., emperor, A59. 
Kilian, Lucas, engraver, A58. 

1638 * * Alstt-d, Johann H., cl., author, A50. 
Cellarius, Christoph, critic, geographer, b. 
Eimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, born. 

1639* * Bernhard, Duke of Saxe- Weimar, 
general, A35. 

Marhof, Daniel, scholar, born. 

Netseher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, born. 

Opitz. Martin, poet, A42. 
1640* * Bohm. . Johann, physician, author, b. 

Flemming, Paul, poet, A31. 

Kirsten, Peter, physician, orientalist, A63. 

Leopold I. the Great, emperor, born. 

1641 * * Arnheim, Johann G. von, diploma- 
tist, general, AGO. 

1642 * * Abraham a Saneta-Clara, Augustin- 
ian friar, orator, author, born. 

1643* * Bach, Johann C, composer, or- 
ganist, born. 

1644 * * Alting, Heinrich, theol., au., A61. 

1645 * * Scultetns, Johannes, surgeon, A50. 
Wedel, Georg W., physician, writer, born. 

1646 * * Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, phi- 
losopher, born. 

1648 * * Kneller, Sir Godfrey, painter, b. 

1649 * * Vossius, or Voss, Gerard J., philol- 
ogist, author, A72. 

Scioppius, < aspar, scholar, A73. 
1650* * Ferdinand of Bavaria, archbishop 
of Cologne, prince-bishop of Munster and 
Liege, A73. 
Fischer von Erlach, Baron Johann B., archi- 
tect, born. 
Ludwig, Prince of Anhalt-Coethen, classical 
scholar, soldier, A71. 
1651 * * Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, b. 
1653* * Guntber, Anton, Prince of Anhalt, 

general, born. 
1654 * * Andrea, Johann V., satirist, A68. 

Dantz, or Danz, Johann A., orientalist, born. 
1656* * Calixtus, Georgius, Lutheran cler- 
gyman, author, A70. 
1657 * * Frederick I. , first k. of Prussia, b. 

Jung, Joachim, philosopher, A79. 
1660* * Baver, Johann, preacher, astrono- 
mer, A88. 
Fretnsheim, Johann, scholar, A52. 
Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, born. 
Hoffmann, Friedrich, physician, born. 
Stahl, Georg ¥.., chemist, born. 
1661 * * Schulembourg, Johann M., gen- 
eral, born. 

1663 * * Francke, August H., cl., philan., b. 

1664 * * Buxtorf, Johann, Hebraist, A65. 
Gryphius, Andreas, poet, dram., A48. 

1665 * * Clauhcr^, Johann, philosopher, A43. 
Camerarius, Rudolf J., phys., botanist, b. 

1666 * * Oarpzov, Benedict, jurist, au., A71. 
Friscb, Johann L., naturalist, pliilol., born. 

1667 * * Buddffius, Johann, Luth. theol., au., 
born. 

Canstein Baron Carl H. von, philan., born. 
Keinesins, Thomas, physician, pliilol., A80. 

1668 * * liable, Jakob, Jesuit, poet, A65. 
Busenbaum, Hermann, Jesuit, author, A68. 
Glauber, Johann, chemist, A64. 

1669* * Dietrich, Johann, philologist, histo- 
rian, A57. 

1670 * * Augustus I., Frederick, King of Po- 
land, born. 

1671 * * Olcarius, or (tlseliliiger, Adam, trav- 
eler, orientalist, A72. 

Struve, Burkhanl G., jurist, born. 
1672* * Se.hmoik, Benjamin, hymn-writer, b. 

1673 * * Reiser, Beinhanl, composer, born. 
Seckendorf, fount Frieilrieh Heinrich von, 

general, diplomatist, born. 
Waebter. Johann, scholar, archeologist, b. 

1674 * * Eckhart, Johann G. von, antiquary, 
historian, born. 

1675 * * Gerhardt, Paul, cl., poet, A69. 
Hederiek, Benjamin, pliilol., lexicog., born. 

1676* * Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessau, 

general, born. 
1677* * Hollar, Wenceslaus, engraver, A70. 
1678 * * Galen, Obristoph von, prince-bishop 

of Munster, general, A78. 
Zwicker, Daniel, syncretist, A6S- 



GERMANY. 



1635, * *-1681, Sept. 28. 797 



1679 * * Alting, Jacob, theol., Hebraist, A61. 

"Wolf, Johann von, philosopher, born. 
1680* * Kireher, Athauasius, Egyptologist, 
philosopher, A78. 

Schneider, Conrad V., anatomist, A70- 



1644 * * The peril of invasion forces the 
emperor to concede the demands of the 
Protestants. 

1648 * * The Peace of "Westphalia es- 
tablishes the principle of toleration in 
religious belief. (See State.) 

* * * The Cocceians, a small sect be- 
lieving in a visible reign of Christ in this 
world after a general conversion of the 
Jews and all other people to the Chris- 
tian faith, is founded by John Cocceius 
of Bremen. 

LETTERS. 

1638 * * Melpomene, by Philipp von 
Zesen, appears. [1645, Adriatische Rose- 
mund.] 

* * De Vanitate Mundi, by Jacob Balde, 
appears. [1643, Carmina lyrica.] 

1640 * * Geschichte Philanders von Sitte- 
wa.lt, by Hans M. Moscherosch, appears. 

1642 * * SpiriMtal and Secular Poems, by 
Paul Flemming, appears. 

1643 * * History of Arminius, by Hagel- 
gan, appears. 

1648 Sept. 1. Bavaria. The Univer- 
sity of Bamberg is opened. 

1649 * * Guldenes Tugendbuch and Trutz 
Nachtigall, by Friedrich Spee, appear. 

1650 * * Leo Arminius, by Andreas Gry- 
phius, appears. [1657, Katharina von 
Georgien, Car den in und Celinde, Carolus 
Studrdus, and Peter Squenz; 1659, Papi- 
nianus ; 1660, Die Geiiebte Dornrose ; 1663, 
JHorriqilicribrifax.'] 

* * Hesse. The University of Giessen 
is removed back to Giessen from Mar- 
burg. 

1652 * * Four Comic Poems, by Johann 
Lauremberg, appears. 

1654 * * Sinngedichte, a collection of epi- 
grams, by Friedrich von Logau, appears. 

1657 * * Cherubimischer Wandersmann 
and Heilige Seelentust, by Johann Schef- 
fler, appear. 

1659* * Simplicisshnus, by Christoffel 
Grimmelshausen, appears. 

1660* * Saxony. A newspaper is issued 
at Leipsic. 

1663 * * Gotthold's Occasional Medita- 
tions, by Christian Scrivt 
[1675-91, Soul's Treasure.} 

* * Justus G. Schottelius writes a gram- 
mar and history of the German language. 

* * Erbauliche Mounts iinterrcdungen is is- 
sued by Johann Bist. 



1665 * * The Gothic Gospels of Bishop 
Ulfilas are published by Franciscus Ju- 

* * Schleswig-Hol stein. The University 
of Kiel is founded. 

1666 * * De Arte Combinatoria, by Gott- 
fried W. Leibnitz, appears. [1671, The- 
ory of Concrete Motion and Theory of 
Abstract Motion.] 

1667 * * One hundred and twenty Hymns, 
by Paul Gerhardt, appear. 

1668* * Uberjfttss/ge Gedanken der gru- 
nenden Jug end, by Christian Weise, ap- 
pears. [1671, Die drei Hauptverderber ; 
1672, Die drei kiugsten Leute.] 

1670-1704 Miscellana curiosa medico 
physica is issued. 



1675 * * Sinn/iclie Hetraclitung der vier 
letzten Dvnge, by Johann Scheffler, ap- 
pears. 

* * Pia desideria, by Spener, appears. 

1679 * * Bundeslieder und Danlcpsalmen, 
by Joachim Neander, appears. 

* *Merks Wien, by Father Abraham 
Sancta Clara, appears. 

1680 * * Anni Fruneiscaiiorum is issued. 



SOCIETY. 

1660 * * The Order of Concord is in- 
stituted by Christian Ernest, Duke of 
Prussia, to commemorate the important 
part he had taken in restoring peace to 
Europe. 

1662 * * Bavaria. The citizens of Passau 
are distressed by the burning of the 
greater part of the town, including the 
cathedral. 

STATE. 

1637 Feb. 15. Ferdinand II. dies. 
[He is succeeded by bis son Ferdinand.] 
1637-57 Ferdinand HI. is emperor. 

* * Pomerania. The ducal house becomes 
extinct. 

1640* * Brandenburg. Frederick Wil- 
liam of Prussia, "The Great Elec- 
tor," succeeds his father. 

1640-88 Prus. Keign of Frederick 
William. 

Brandenburg-Prussia is raised to the 
head of the German States, and becomes 
recognized as a European power; its 
territory is increased to 43,000 square 
miles, its revenue multiplied fivefold, 
and its small army nowhere surpassed 
in efficiency. 

* * Saxe- Weimar. The principality is 
founded by William, brother of Ernest 
the Pious. 

* * Schaumburg-Lippe. Philip, the young- 
est son of Simon VI., inherits a large 
part of the countship of Schaumburg, 
including Buckeburg, and adopts the 
title of Count of Schaumburg-Lippe. 

1641 * * Hamburg. Preliminaries of 
peace are discussed, and a Congress is 
agreed upon. 

1643* * Hanover. Negotiations for 
peace begin at Osnabriick between the 
Swedes and the emperor. [1644. Also 
in Munster with the French.] 

1644 * * The emperor is forced to yield 
to the demands of the Protestants. 

* * FJisenaeh is annexed to Saxe-Weimar. 
1648 Oct. 24. Westphalia. The Peace 

of Westphalia is signed at Munster. 

Switzerland anil The Ne therlands are recog- 
nized asimlepenileni Slates; Sweden receives 
territory Including Stettin, three votes in the 
Imperial Diet, and a money indemnification; 
France receives the. lower part of Alsace, and 
is confirmed in the possession of the cities of 
Metz, Toul, and Verdun; Brandenburg re- 
ceives three bishoprics and the archbishopric 
of Magdeburg as a duchy; Hesse-Cassel a 
part of Minden and money; Mecklenburg 
receives two bishoprics as principalities; and 
Brunswick receives alternate presentation to 
the bishopric of Osnabriick. 

Catholics and Protestants stand on an 
equality before the law; the " balance of 
power " is secured ; the Thirty Years' War is 
ended (p. 513). 

* * The Rhine Palatinate is restored by 
Bavaria to its former rulers, and an 
eighth electoral dignity is created for it ; 
the Upper Palatinate is not detached 
from Bavaria. 

* * Bremen is acknowledged a free city. 
1651 * * Bavaria. Ferdinand Mary 

rules the duchy. 



1657 Apr. 2. Ferdinand UX dies. 

* * Poland is constrained to acknowledge 
Prussia as an independentstate under 
Frederick William, the Great Elector. 

1658 July 18. Leopold of Austria, 
son of Ferdinand III., is elected empe- 
ror. 

1658-1705 Leopold I. reigns. 

1663 * * Bavaria. The Imperial Diet 
becomes a permanent body, meeting at 
Batisbon. Corpus Catholicorum and 
Corpus Evangelicorum. 

1664 * * Prus. Altona is made a city. 
1665* * It. The Tyrol is annexed to 

Austria. 

* * Germany becomes a maze of little 
despotisms, with a few larger States as 
Prussia and Austria. 



1666* *The quarrel concerning the 
succession of Cleves-Julich is settled. 

Brandenburg receives Cleves, Mark, 
Bavenstein, and half of Bavensburg. 
[Later, all of Bavensburg in place of 
Bavenstein.] 

1667* * Oldenburg passes under tno 
rule of Denmark. 

1672 * * Altenburg is divided between 
Gotha and Weimar. 

* * Saxe-Weimar is divided into Saxe- 
Weimar and Saxe-EIsenach. 

Apr. 26. Prus. Frederick William, the 
elector, concludes an armed alliance 
with Holland against France. 

1673 June 6. Peace of Vossem (p. 693). 
July 10. Prus. Frederick William signs 

a treaty of neutrality with France. 
Aug. 15. League of The Hague. 

1674 May 28. The German Empire 
unites in the quadruple alliance, and de- 
clares war against France (p. 693). 

* * Wurtemberg. "William Louis be- 
comes duke. 

* * The Palatinate and Bavarian lands 
are again united. 

1676 * * The Hungarians, led by Em- 
eric, unite in a widespread revolt. 

1677* * Wurtemberg. Eberhard Louis 
becomes duke. 

1679 Feb. 6. The emperor signs a 
peace with France, ending the Seven 
Years' War. 

June 29. Brandenburg. Frederick 
"William is forced to sign a peace with 
France (p. 693). 

* * Baden. Charles "William becomes 
margrave of Baden-Dourlach. 

* * Bavaria. M aximi lian Emanuel be- 
comes duke. 

1680* * Saxony. John George HI. be- 
comes elector. 

* * Magdeburg is annexed to Branden- 
burg. Alsace is seized. 

* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. The elder line 
of Saxe-Coburg is founded by Albert, 
second son of Ernest the Pious. 

* * Saxe-Meiningen. The duchy is founded 
by Bernhard, third son of Ernest the 
Pious. 

1681 Sept. 28. Alsace. Louis XIV. 
seizes Strasburg. 

' He also takes most of Alsace, claiming- 
that, in gaining Austrian lands in Alsace, 
he should have all that had belonged to 
those lands. [1671. Confirmed by the 
Peace of Byswick.] 



798 1681,**-172V 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1681 * * Alsace. Strasburg is seized by 

Louis XIV. of France. 
1682-99 Second war with the Turks. 
1683 July 14. Vienna is besieged by 

the Turks with an army of 270,000 men 

(p. 512). 
Sept. 12. Vienna. Siege raised (p. 512). 

1686 Sept. 2. Bung. Buda is stormed, 
and the Turks driven out. 

1687 Aug. 12. Hung. Battle of Mo- 
hacs (p. 512). 

1688-97 Third war with France ; it 
aims to obtain the Palatinate (p. 694). 

1688* * Hesse. Mentz is again captured 

by the French. 
Sept. 30. Rh.Prus. French troops un- 
der Gen. Melac suddenly appear. [They 
occupy Cologne and Treves, Mentz and 
Woi-ms. The French devastate the Pa- 
latinate to make it a desert ; 400,000 are 
made homeless.] 

Oct. 29. Baden. Philippsburgis taken 
by Louis. 

1690* * Imperial troops defeat the 
Turks. 

1691 Aug. 19. Slavonia. Battle of 
Slankamen (p. 512). 

1693 * * Louis of Bavaria assumes the 
chief command of the forces brought 
against the French invaders. 

1697 Sept. 11. Hung. Battle of Zenta 
(p. 512). 

Sept. 20. Neth. Peace. (See State.) 

1699 Jan. 26. Hung. The Turks con- 
clude a peace (p. 513). 

1701-14 "War of the Spanish Succes- 
sion. 

The most of the German princes grad- 
ually come to the support of the em- 
peror. Cause : (p. 695.) 

Battles: 1703, Sept. 20, Hochstadt; 
1704, July 2, Donauworth, Bavaria ; 170S, 
July 11, Oudenarde, Belg. ; 1709, Mal- 
plaquet, Fr. ; 1712, July 27, Denain, Fr. 
(pp. 694, 696). 

1702 Aug. 15. It. At Luzzara a 
drawn battle is fought by the Imperial- 
ists under Prince Eugene and the 
French and Spanish allies under Due 
de Vendome. 

Sept. 9. Wurtemberq. Maximilian of 
Bavaria, an ally of" France, captures 
the Imperial city of Tllm. 

1707 Sept. 24. Baden. The Imperial- 
ists under Marshal Mercy defeat the 
French at Offenburg. 

1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697). 

Sept. * JVurtemberg. The French under 
Marshal Yillars cross the Rhine and 
threaten Ulni. [Peace is negotiated.] 

* * Schleswig-Holstein. Altona is burned 
by the Swedes. 

1714-18 "War of the Turks with Venice 
and after 1716 with Germany (p. 514). 

1716 Aug. 5. Hung. Battle of Peter- 
wardein (p. 514). 

1717 Aug. 15. Servia. Prince Eugene 
defeats the Turks at Wisnetza near 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



1685 * * Andreas Cassius describes the 
preparation of gold purple used by 
Kunkel to make red glass, and for other 
purposes. 

1687 * * Cinnebar is prepared in the 
fluid state by Schultze. 

1690 * * Bavaria. The clarionet is in- 
vented by Johann C. Denner of Leipsic 
at Nuremberg. 

* * Saxony. Telescopes with a single 
lens are invented by Ehrenfried \V. 
Tschirnhausen. 

* * Saxony. August Q. Rivinus proposes 
to give two names to each plant. 

1698-99 Br. Saxony. The orphano- 
tropheon at Halle is established by 
August Francke. 

1700 * * Saxony. The first European 
porcelain [Dresden china] is made at 
Dresden, by Johann F. Bottcher. 

1702* * Berlin. The Academy of Sci- 
ences is established. 

1709 * * Prussic acid is accidentally 
discovered by Diescach, a chemist [and 
first obtained in a separate state by 
Scheele]. 

1710 * * Saxony. Spoons are forged out 
of iron plate in the Erz-Gebirge. 

1711* * Berlin. The observatory is 
erected under Leibnitz's direction. 

1717* * Saxony. ChristophG. Schroter, 
the inventor, 'presents a model of his 
pianoforte to the court of Saxony. 

1720* * Paper is made from 

* * Saxony. Hose without s 
vented by Bok at Leipsic. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1681 * * Ileineeeius, Johann, jurist, born. 
1682* * Rupert, Prince of the Palatinate, 
general in England, A63. 

1683 * * I'n'enbach, Zarkarias C. von, schol- 
ar, born. 

1684 * * Haas, Johann, historian, born. 
Kohler, or Koehler, Johann I>., historian, b. 
Netscher, Gaspar, or Kaspar, painter, A45. 

1685 * * Each, Johann S., composer, musi- 
cian, horn. 

Becher, Johann J., chemist, A55. 

Denner, Balthasar, painter, born. 

Klein, Jacob, naturalist, born. 

Handel, Georg Frederick, composer, born. 
1686* * Fahrenheit, Gabriel IK, physicist, b. 

Calov, Abraham, Lutheran clergyman, A74. 

Guerieke, Otto, natural philosopher, inventor 
of air-pump, A84. 

Neuliof, Baron, Thedor von, adventurer, b. 
1687 * * Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., born. 

Hevelius, Johannes, astronomer, A76. 
1688* * Frederick "William, "the Great 
Elector " of Brandenburg, fdr. of Prus- 
sian monarchy, A68. 

Vossius, Isaac, classical scholar, miscellane- 
ous writer, A70. 

1690 * * Bogatzky, Karl H., theol. writer, b. 
Canz, Israel G., philosopher, born. 
Schmauss, Johann J., legal writer, born. 

1691 * * Amman, Paul, botanist, A57. 
Gesner, Johann M., philologist, born. 
Morhof, Daniel G., scholar, A52. 

1692* * Halm, Simon, historian, publicist, h. 

Pollnitz, Karl von, adventurer, hist, wr., b. 

Seckendorf, Veit L. von, scholar, theologian, 
statesman, A66. 

Struve, Gcorg A., jurist, A73. 
1693* * Biitinger, (i.-org B., phys., math., b. 

1694 * * Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, born. 
Hartzheim, Joseph, Jesuit historian, born. 
Mosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. historian, h. 
Puffendorf, Baron Samuel, jurist, A62. 
Kiemarus, Hermann S., philologist, born. 
Sehopflin, Johann D., historian, born. 

1695 * * I-iiedinger, Johann, designer, engr., b. 
Trew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, b. 

1696 * * Albums, Bernard S., anatomist, b. 
Bruckner, Johann, cl., schol., historian, b. 
Keith, James, field-marshal, horn. 

Saxe, Count of, Hermann Maurice, gen., b. 

1697 * * Charles VII., Charles Albert, em- 
peror, born. 

Hamberger, Georg E., physician, born. 
Tersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mvstic, born. 

1698 * * Foque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte, 
general, born. 

Meniski, Francis M., orientalist, A75. 



1699* * Daman, Christian, classical schol., b. 
Hasse, Johann, composer, born. 
Ziethen, Hans J. von, general, born. 

1700 * * Coltsehed, Johann, critic, born. 
Kirchmaier, (ieorg K., chemist, A65. 
Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Count von, Ni- 

kolaus Ludwig, founder (or restorer) of 
Moravians, born. 

1701 * * Hontheim, Johann 7$. von, jurist, b. 
Moser, Johann J., jurist, born. 

170S* * Oetinger, Friedrich C, theol., born. 
1703 * * Bach, Johann C, composer, organ- 
ist, A60. 
Gravius, Johann, scholar, A71. 
1704* * Cartheuser, Johann F., physician, b. 
Spangenberg, August G., founder Moravian 
church in America, born. 

1705 May 5, Leopold I., the Great, em- 
peror, A 65. 

Eimmart, Georg C, artist, astronomer, A67. 
Spener, Philipp J., theologian, A70. 

1706 * * Baumgarten, Siinsmund J., theol., b. 

1707 * * Cassel, Johann P., philologist, born. 
Cellarius, Christoph, critic, geog.,A69. 
Ernesti, Johann A., critic, born. 

1708 * * Engau, Johann R., jurist, writer, b. 
Hagedon, Friedrich von, poet, born. 

1709 * * Abraham a Saucta-Clara, Augustin- 
ian friar, pulpit orator, author, A67. 

Gmelin, Johann G., botanist, born. 
Holzer, Johann, fresco-painter, engr., born. 
Ludwig, Christian G., botanist, born. 
Marggraf, Andreas, chemist, born. 
18th Century. Balthasar, Theodor, inventor 
of solar microscope, born. 

1710 * * Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, born. 
Breitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, born. 

1711 * * Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of 
Lutheran church in America, born. 

1712 Jan. 24. Frederick II., the Great, 
King of Prussia, born. 

Dietrich, Christian "W., painter, b. 

1713 Feb. 25. Frederick I., first king of 
Prus., A56. 

Ha^edorn, Christian L., art critic, wr., born. 

1714 * * Bach, Karl P. E., composer, born. 
Baumgarten, Alexander G., philosopher, b. 
Daries, Joachim c, jurist, philosopher, b. 
Gleditsch, Johann (.:., botanist, born. 
Gluck, Johann C. von, composer, born. 
Gunther, Anton, Prince of Anhalt,gen., A61. 
Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, born. 
Trench, Baron Franz von der, general, h. 

1715 * * Crusins, ( 'hnstian A., theol., born. 
Gellert, Christian F., poet, mis. wr., born. 
Kleist, Ewald C. von, poet, born. 

Wille, Johann G., engraver, born. 

1716 Nov. 14. Leibnitz, Gottfried W. 
von, philosopher, A70. 

Hasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., b. 
Kampfer, Engelbrecht, botanist, A66. 
Reiske, Johann J.. Arabic scholar, born. 

1717 May 13. Maria Theresa, Empress 
of Germany, Queen of Hungary, born. 

Michaelis, Johann, orientalist, Bib. critic, b. 
Oeser, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, b. 
Winekelmann, Johann J., archeologist, b. 
1718* * Bohn, Johann, physician, an., A78. 
Fink, Friedrich A. von, general, born. 

1719 * * Achcnwall, < ,ot t tried, statistician, b. 
Canstein, Baron Karl H., philan., A52. 
Kantner, Abraham, poet, math., born. 
Lichtwer, Magnus G., poet, fabulist, born. 

1720 * * Eckhof, Conrad, " the German Gar- 
rick," actor, born. 

Eisenhart, Johann, F., jurist, born. 
Haberlin, Franz D., historian, born. 
Munchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich 
Hieronymus von, soldier, romancer, born. 
Hz, Johann P., lyric poet, born. 

1721 * * Baralier, Johann P., linguist, born. 
Brunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, general, h. 
Camerarius, Rudolf J., botanist, phys., A66. 
Sender, Johann S., theologian, born. 
"Wedel, Georg W., physician, writer, A76. 



CHURCH. 

1689+ Saxony. The Pietists, a Lu- 
theran sect, is founded in Leipsic by 
Philip James Spener, a professor of 
theology. 

They assert that the church is corrupt, 
the ministry unfaithful, and the people 
cursed with spiritual death. [1760. He 
establishes " colleges of pietists."] 

1691 * * Borne. Innocent XII. is pope. 

C1700, Clement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII. 

1724, Benedict XIII.; 1730, Clement XII 

1740, Benedict XIV.; 1758, Clement XIII. 

1769, Clement XIV.] 

1706 * * A Danish Protestant mission is 
planned by Frederick IV. 



GERMANY. 



1681,**-1721,* 



799 



LETTERS. 

1682 * * Acta Eruditorum Lipsiensium is 
issued under the editorship of Leibnitz. 

1686 * * Ephemericles Litterarise is is- 
sued at Hamburg. 

1688 * * The Asiatic Banise, by Anselm 
von Zeigler, appears. 

* * Monatsgesprache is issued by Chris- 
tian Thoinasius. 

1689 * * Monatliche Erzahlungen is is- 
sued. 

* * Arminius und Thusnelda, by Lohen- 
stein, appears. 

* * -98 * * Monatliche Unterredwngen is 
issued. 

1691 * * Life of Jesus, by Father Martin 
of Cochem, appears. 

1693 Oct. 19. P. Saxony. The Uni- 
versity of Halle is chartered by the 
emperor. 

1694* * Thesaurus Antiquitatum Boma- 
norum, by Johann G. Graevius, appears. 

1697 * * Bavaria. The University of 
Altdorf is authorized to create doctors 
of theology. 

* *A volume of epigrams by Christian 
Wernicke appears. 

1698-1708 Nova Litteraria Maris Bal- 
thici et Septentrionis is issued. 

1700 * * Nebenstunden unterschiedener 
Gedichte, by Freiherr von Cauitz, ap- 
pears. 

* * Observationes selecta ad rem littera- 
riam is issued. 

1701 * * Monatlicher Anzug is issued. 

1702 * * Neue Unterredwngen is issued. 
1703-09 Nova Litteraria Germanise col- 

lecta Hamburgi is issued. 

1704 * * Curieuse Bibliothek is issued 
(the continuation of Monatliche Unterre- 
dwngen.) 

1705 * * Geistliche Cantaten, byErdmann 
Neumeister, set to music by Johann 
Sebastian Each, appears. 

1709 * * Electa Juris Publici is issued. 
1710* * Saxony. The llostocker Zeitung 
is issued at Leipsic. 

* * Neuer Vorrath is issued at Mecklen- 
burg. 

* * Theodicee, by Leibnitz, appears. 

1711 * * Works, by Johann von Besser, 
appear. 

1712 * * Oratorio of the Passion, an opera 
by Barthold H. Brookes, appears. [17*21- 
48, Earthly Pleasures in God.] 

* * Thoughts on the Power of the Human 
Mind, by Christian Wolf, appears. [1713- 
15, Elements of Unirersal Science.'] 

* * Teutsche Acta Eruditorum is issued. 

1714 * * Hamburg. Der Vernunftler, the 
first German weekly newspaper, appears. 

* * Holsteinische Zeitungs- Correspondent 
is issued. [1716. Changed to Hamburg- 
ischer-Correspondent.] 

1715-23 Neue Acerra Philologica is is- 
sued. 
1715-32 Grundlingiana is issued. 

1715 * * Neue Zeitungen von gelehrten 
Sachen is issued. 

1715-27 Acta PhiloMophoritm is issued. 
1718* * Wiirttembergische Nebenstunden 

is issued. 
1718-20 Literarische Analekten is issued. 

Pr. Saxony. Vermischte Bibliothek is 

issued at Halle. 



STATE. 

1683 * * The Treaty of The Hague is 
concluded against the French. 

1686 July 9. The League of Augs- 
burg is signed. 

The emperor, kings of Sweden and 
Spain, the electors of Bavaria, Saxony, 
and the Palatinate, unite in a league to 
maintain the treaties of Minister and 
Kimeguen against France. 

* * Hung. Buda is taken from the Turks 
after possession for 145 years. 

1687 * * Hung. Joseph I. receives the 
crown of Hungary. 

* * Hung. The Diet of Pressburg (p. 513). 

1688 Apr. 19. Prus. Frederick 
William, the Great Elector, dies. 
Frederick HI. becomes duke of Prus- 
sia. 

1689 * * The French send a ravaging 
army into South Germany which rouses 
some of the princes. (See France.) 

May 12. Vienna. The grand alliance 
is formed (p. 513). 

1690 * * Bavaria. The Diet of Augsburg 
elects Joseph I. King of the Romans. 

1691 * * Saxony. John Georg IV. be- 
comes elector. [1694. Frederick Augus- 
tus II.] 

1692 Dec. 19. Hanover becomes the 
ninth electorate. 



1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of 
Ryswick is signed (p. 695). 

Oct. 30. Neth. The Treaty of Rys- 
wick is ratified by the empire and the 
emperor (p. 513, 695). 

* * Saxony. Frederick Augustus I., 
elector, becomes the king of Poland ; he 
adopts the Catholic faith. 

* * Schwarzburg - Sondershausen is 
made a principality. 

1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Peace of Kar- 
lowitz is signed by Austria, Poland, 
Russia, Venice, and Turkey (p. 513). 

* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Albert dying 
childless, John Ernest, seventh son of 
Ernest the Pious, succeeds as ruler. 

1701-14 "War of the Spanish Succes- 
sion. Cause (see p. 512). 

1701 Jan. 18. Prus. Prussia first 
becomes a kingdom- 
Frederick III., Elector of Branden- 
burg, in an assembly of the States at 
Konigsberg, crowns himself and his wife, 
and is proclaimed King of Prussia by the 
name of Frederick I. 

* * Mecklenburg is divided into Meck- 
lenburg-Sch wer in and Meeklenburg- 
Strelitz. [Their later history is gener- 
ally the same.] 

* * Waldeck-Pyrmont is made a prin- 
cipality. 

Sept. 7. Second grand alliance against 
France (p. 695). 

1702 * * Crefeld is transferred from the 
House of Nassau to Prussia. 



1721 * * Die Discurse der Mailer isissued. 



1703 Apr. * Ba varia. The Elector 
Maximilian, as an ally of France, de- 
clares war against the emperor. 

1704* * Brunswick. Anthony ITlric 
becomes duke of Brunswiek-Wolfenbut- 
tel. [1714, Augustus William; 1731, 
Lewis Rudolf; 1735, Charles.] 



1705 May 5. Vienna. The Emperor 
Leopold I. dies. [His son Leopold, 
King of Bohemia, succeeds him.] 

1705-11 Joseph I. is emperor. 

1707* * Switz. Neuchatel, or Neu- 
burg, and Valengia are seized and an- 
nexed by Frederick I. ; the principality 
of Tecklenburg is purchased. 

1709 June 28. Saxony. Saxony and 
Denmark and Russia enter an alliance 
at Dresden. 

1710 * * The Treaty of The Hague is 
signed by England, Holland, and the 
Empire, to push the war away from Ger- 
man boundaries. 

1711 Apr. 17. The Emperor Joseph 
I. dies. [Dec. * His brother Charles is 
elected emperor.] 

1711-40 Charles VI. is emperor. 

[Count Linzendorf is his minister.] 
* * Schwarzburg-Rudolstadt is made a 

principality. 



1713-40 Prus. Frederick 'William I. 

is king. 
He lays the foundation of Prussian 

f:eatness, acquires great influence in 
urope, and leaves a well-disciplined 
army of 70,000 men at his death. 

1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace of 
Utrecht (p. 697). 

Apr. 19. Charles VI. issues the Prag- 
matic Sanction (p. 514). 

* * Neth. Gelderland is ceded in great 
part to Prussia. 

1714 Mar. 6. Baden. The prelimina- 
ries of peace with France are signed at 
Rastatt (pp. 514, 697). 

Sept. 17. Switz. Treaty of Baden be- 
tween the German Empire and France 
(p. 514). 

* * Bavaria. Maximilian Emanuel is re- 
stored to his dominions. 

* * Berlin. The five districts of Berlin 
are united under one magistracy. 

1717* * Spain seizes Sardinia. 

Jan. 17. Neth. At The Hague a treaty 
is signed by Spain, Savoy, and Austria. 

1718 July 22. Peace of Passarowitz 
(p. 515). 

July 26. London. The Quadruple Al- 
liance is formed against Spain. [1719. 
Holland joins.] (P. 697.) 

* * Spain seizes Sicily. 

1720 * * Prus. Vompomern and Stet- 
tin are annexed to Prussia. 

* * The Treaty of Stockholm is signed 
by Sweden and Prussia. 

Sweden cedes Hither Pomerania with 
Stettin and the islands of Usedom and 
Wollin to Prussia, and Bremen and Ver- 
den to Hanover, and receives a payment 
of money. 

* * The Pragmatic Sanction is ratified 
by the estates of the Austrian Empire 
and many of the states of Europe. 

Lands belonging to the House of Aus- 
tria are to be indivisible ; the inheri- 
tance of these lands shall devolve on 
the daughters of Charles in the absence 
of male heirs, according to primogeni- 
ture ; if the line of Charles become ex- 
tinct, the daughters of Joseph I. and 
their descendants shall inherit. 



800 1722,**-1749,* * 



GERMANY 



AMY — NAVY. 

1733-35 "War of the Polish Succes- 
sion (p. 514). 

1734 * * W. Prus. Danzig, having de- 
clared in favor of Stanislas Leszezyn- 
ski, is besieged and taken by the Rus- 
sians and Saxons. 

1736-39 War with Turks and Rus- 
sians (p. 514). 

1738 Nov.' IS. Vienna. The Peace 
of Vienna ends the war of the Polish 
Succession (p. 701). 

1740-1S Prus. War of the Austrian 
Succession (p. 514). 

1740-42 The First Silesian War. 
Saxony is an ally of Prussia (p. 514). 

1741 Apr. 10. Silesia. Battle of 
Mollwitz (p. 514). 

* * Silesia. Glogau is captured by Prus- 
sians. 

* * Silesia. Frederick H. captures 
Breslau from Austria. 

1742 May 17- Moravia. Battle of 
Chotusitz near Czaslau (p. 514). 

* * Bohemia. The French are driven out. 
June 11-July 28. Peace of Breslau 

and Berlin (p. 515). 

1743 * * The allies are driven out of 
Bavaria by the Austrians. 

June 27. Bavaria. Battle of JJet- 
tingen (pp. 514, 700). 

* * The French, are compelled to recross 
the Rhine. 

* * Prus. Frederick introduces flying 
horse artillery, and improves military 
tactics. 

17 44 4 5 Second Silesian War. 
Battles: 1745,Mayll,Fontenoy,Belg.; 

June 4, Hohenfriedburg. Silesia; Sept. 
30, Soor, Bohemia ; Dec. 15, Kesselsdorf, 
Saxony (pp. 514, 515). 
1744* * Saxony. Frederick with 80,000 
men forces his way through Saxony and 
invades Bohemia. [Takes Prague.] 

1745 Jan.* Bavaria. Munich is 
taken by the French and Bavarians. 

Dec. 25. Saxony. Peace. (See State.) 

1746 Oct. 11. Belg. Marshal Saxe 
defeats the allies of Austria at Eo- 
coux, and completes the conquest of 
the Austrian Netherlands. 

* * War in Italy between Spain, France, 
and Austria. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1722 * * E. Prus. Denis Papin's steam- 
engine is used for raising water by 
Weber and Potter at Konigsberg, near 
Chemnitz. 

1723 * * Saxony. Muslin is first made 
in Dresden. 

1726* * Neth. Gabriel D. Fahrenheit 
invents his thermometer. 

1729 * * Prus. Georg E. Stahl founds a 
system of chemistry on the theory of 
phlogiston. 

1731-63 Saxony. Johann A. Hasse pro- 
duces many operas, chiefly at Dresden. 

1732 * * Iieuss-Gera. The French lock 
is invented by Freytag at Gera. 

* * Martin, a snuffbox maker, is said to 
have learned the art of making papier- 
mache - from one Lefevre. 



1746 * * Bavaria. The pedal harp is 
invented by J. P. Vetters at Nuremberg. 

1747 * * Beet-root sugar is first pro- 
duced by Andreas Marggraf , the chemist. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1722* * Augustus Wilhelm, prince, brother 
of Frederick the Great, born. 

1723 Oct. 19. Kneller. Sir Godfrey, 
painter, A75. 

Basedow, Johann B., teacher, educational 

reformer, born. 
Bloch, Markus E., Jewish phys., natural., b. 
Cramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, born. 
Cranz, David, hist.. IWoiavian missionary, b. 
Grimm. Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic, 

author, born. 
Mayer, Johann T., astronomer, born. 
Closer, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born. 

1724 Apr. 22. Kant, immamiel, meta- 
physician, |ihi]ns"plnT, born. 

jEpinus, Franz M. IT. T., electrician, b. 
Busehing, Anton F., geographer, born. 
Fischervon F.rlarh, Huron Johann B., archi- 
tect, A74. 
Guiacnard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, author, b. 



Putter, Johann S., publicist, born. 
1726* * Chodowiechi, ] >aniel N., engr., b. 

Sehwarz, Christian F., missionary, born. 

Trench, Baron Friedriidi von der, gen., b. 

Walch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., born. 

"Weisse, Christian F., poet, dram., mis. wr.,b. 

Zacharia, Just F. W., poet, satirist, born. 
1727* * Dantz, or I)anz, Johann A., orien- 
talist, A73. 

Francke, August H., cl., philanthropist, A64. 

batterer, Johann ('., ^cuy., historian, b. 
1728* * Mengs, Anton K., painter, author, b. 

Oeder, Georg L., botanist, born. 

1729 Jan. 22. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra- 
im, dramatist, critic, born. 

Buddaeus, Johannes, Lutheran theologian, 
historian, A62. 

Forster, Johann R., naturalist, traveler, b. 

Furstenberg, Baron Friedrich W. F., states- 
man, born. 

Habn, Simon, historian, publicist, A37. 

Heyne, Christian G., philologist, born. 

Mendelssohn, Muses, philosopher, born. 

Panzer, Gcorg Wolfgang, cl., hihliog., born. 

1730 * * Chemnitz, Johann, cl., naturalist, h. 
Lckhard, John G., anliq., historian, A56. 
Hamann, Johann G., philosopher, born. 
Hedwig, Johann, botanist, born. 
Knyphausen, Baron William von, general of 

Hessians in America, born. 
Steuben, Frederick W. A ., general, born. 

1731 * * Datbe, Johann A., theol., orient., b. 

1732 * * Adelung, Johann C, philologist, b. 
Bach, Johann ('., composer, born. 
Haydn. Joseph, composer, horn. 

1733 * * Augustus 1., Frederick, King of To- 
land, AG3. 

Meamer, Friedrich A,, founder of Tnesmer- 

Nicohii, Christoph F., litterateur, born. 
Niebuhr. Karsiens, traveler, born. 
Wieland, Christopher Martin, poet, novel- 
ist, mis. writer, born. 

1734 * * Stahl, Georg ]',., chemist, A74. 
Tychsen, Olaus G-, orientalist, philologist, h. 
Un'enliai'h. Zarharias von. scholar, A51. 

1735 * * Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. wr., b. 
Schlozer, August L. von, historian, born. 
"Walter, Johann G., physician, anatomist, h. 

1736 * * Fahrenheit. Gabriel D., physicist, 
A50. 

Roseninuller, Johann G., theologian, born. 

Schmidt, Michael I., historian, born. 
1737* * Mai-kert, Philipp. painter, horn. 

Koch, Christoph W. von, historical wr., b. 

Schmolk, Benjamin, hymn-writer, A65. 
1738 * * Abl.t, Thomas, mis. writer, born. 

Baldingcr, Krnst Gottfried, phys., au., born. 

Bayer, Gottlieb S., orientalist, A44. 

Klotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, born. 

Itiedesel, Friedrich A. von, general in Amer- 
ica in British service, born. 

Struve, Burkhard G., jurist, A67. 
1739* * Amalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe- 
Weimar, born. 

Beckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural 
writer, born. 

Fberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., h. 

Hahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inventor, b. 

Keiser, Keinhard, composer, A66. 

Wrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, born. 
1740 * * Baratier, Johann P., linguist, A 19. 

Holzer, Johann, fresco-painler, engr., A31. 

Jacobi, Johann G., poet, scholar, born. 

Jung-Stilling, Johann II., mystic, born. 

Oberlin, Jean F., social reformer, philan., b, 

Sturm, Christopher C, moralist, preacher, h. 



1741 Mar. 13. Joseph II., emperor, b. 
Archenholz, Johann W., historical writer, b. 
Bahrdt, Karl F., theologian, born. 
Fueling, Christoph lb, scholar, historian, b. 
F.ngel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, born. 
Heineccius, Johann G-, jurist, A(iO. 
^aumann, Johann G., composer, born. 
Pallas, Peter S., naturalist, traveler, born. 

1742 Dec. 16. Bliicher. Gebhard L. 
von, field-marshal, born. 

Esper, Fugen J. C, entomologist, born. 
Haas, Johann M., historian, A58. 
Hoffmann, Friedrich. physician, A82. 
Licbtenberg, Georg ('., physicist, born. 

1743 * * Claudius, Matthias, poet, bom. 
Fsehenbuxg, Johann J., litterateur, born. 
F'abricius, Johann C, entomologist, born. 
Frisch, Johann L., philol., naturalist, A77. 
Jacobi, Friedrich H., novelist, philosopher, 

mis. writer, born. 

Klaproth, Martin H., chemist, born. 

Planer, Johann J., botanist, physician, born. 

Rothschild, Mayer A., banker, born. 

Zimmerman, Fberhard A. W. von, natural- 
ist, author, born. 

1744 Sept. 25. Frederick "William II., 
King of Prussia, born. 

Bauer, Ferdinand, botanical, painter, born. 
Bogat/.ky, Karl II., theological writer, A54. 
Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von, 

archhp. of Mentz, schol., writer, born. 
Erxleben, Johann C. 1*., naturalist, born. 
Gmelin, Samuel G., botanist, traveler, born. 
Herder, Johann G. von, philosopher, au., b. 
Knebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, born. 
1745* * Charles VII., Charles Albert, em- 
peror, A48. 
Frank, Johann P., physician, born. ' 
Griesbach, Johann J., theologian, philol., b. 
Schulembourg:, Johann M., general, A84. 

1746 * * Campe, Joachim H., philanthropist, 
mis. writer, born. 

Hardt, Hermann von der, philologist, A86. 
Zanner, Franz, sculptor, born. 

1747 May 5. Leopold II.. emperor, born. 
Bertucb, Friedrich J., journalist, mis. writer, 

Bode, Johann E., astronomer, born. 
Denner, Balthasar, painter, A62. 
Leopold, Prince of Anhalt-Dessan, gen., A73. 
Meiners, Christoph, historian, born. 
Schultze, Johann A. P., poet, composer, b. 

1748 * * Burger, Gottfried A., poet, born. 
Fiorillo, Johann I>., painter, art-writer, b. 
Ik-derich, Benjamin, philol., lexicog., A73. 
Holty, Ludwig H. C, poet, born. 
Weigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, born. 
Weishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, born. 

1749 Aug:. 38. Goethe. Johann Wolf- 
gang von, poet, dramatist, novelist, phi- 
losopher, born. 

Forkel, Johann N., composer, born. 
Trench, Baron, Franz von der, general, A35. 

CHURCH. 

1722 June 17. Saxony. The town of 
Herrnhut is commenced by refugee 
Moravians. 

1724* * W.Prus. Several Protestants 
are put to death at Thorn under a pre- 
tended legal sentence of the chancellor 
of Poland, for being concerned in a 
tumult occasioned by a Roman Catholic 
procession. 

1727* * The Moravian Church in 
North Germany consists of 500 persons. 

1730 Aug. 30. Switz. The German 
Christian Society is organized at Basel 
on the Upper Rhine; it is a mission- 
society. 

LETTERS. 



* * Gelehrtes Preussen is issued. 
1724* * Hamburg. Der Patriot is issued. 

* * Erlautertes Preussen is issued. 
1724-25 Poems, by .Christian Gunther, 

appear. 
1725* *The Vernwnftige Tadler-nnen is 
issued by Johann £. Gottsched. [1727. 
Continued as Biedermann.] 

* * Der musihalische Patriot is issued. 

* *Nova Litteraria is issued in Franconia. 

* * Thesaurus Antiquitatum et Historicum 
Halite, Sicilas, etc., by Johann G. Grae- 
vius and P. Burmannus, appears. 



GERMANY. 



1722,**-1749, 



801 



* * Hesse. Kurze Histoire is issued. 

* * Der patriotische Medikue is issued. 

1728 * * Die Matrone is issued. 

* *A Treatiseon Logic, by Christian Wolf, 
appears. [1730, Primitive Philosophy or 
Ontology ; 1732, Moral Philosophy or 
Ethics; 1734, Rational Psychology ; 1738- 
39, Universal Practical Philosoj>h>i ,- 
1740-49, The Law of Nature and fhe 
Laws of Nations.] 

* * Art of Rhetoric, by Gottsched, appears. 
[1730, Critische Di'chtkunst; 1732, Cato, 
and essays on literary history and the 
German language ; 1734, World-Wisdom; 
1736, Poems.] 

1729 * * Versuch einigen Gedichte, by 
Friedrich von Hagedo'rn, appears. 

* * Bavaria. The University of Bam- 
berg adds a faculty of theology. 

1730-32 Acta Borussica is issued in 
Prussia. 



1731-50 The Universal Lexicon of Sci- 
ence and Arts, 64 vols., by Johann H. 
Zedler, appears. 

1732 * * Versuch schiveizerischer Ge- 
dichte, poems by Albrecht von Haller, 
appear. 

1736 Dec. 7. Hanover. The Univer- 
sity of Gottingen is endowed by George 
II. of England, Elector of Hanover. 
[1737, Sept. 17. Opened.] 



1738 * * Fabeln und Erzahlungen, by 
Hagedorn, appears. [1747, Odes and 
Songs; 1750, Moral Poeins.] 

* * Considerations sur I'itat present du 
corps politique de !' F.urnpe, by Frederick 
II. (the Great) of Prussia, appears. [1740, 
V Antimachiavel ; 1751, Memoir esde Bran- 
delbourg.] 

1739 * * Zeitungtn von gelehrte Sachsen 
is issued at Gottingen. 

1740-58 Zuverlassige Xachrichten (the 

continuation of Teutsche Acta Erudi- 

torum) is issued. 
1740-45 German Stage, by Gottsched, 

appears. [1745-54, Neuer Buchersaal ; 

1748, Deutsche Sprachkunst.] 

1742 * * Spring, by J. P. Uz, appears. 

1743 Feb. 21. Bavaria. The Uni- 
versity of Erlangen is chartered by 
the emperor. 

1744* * Essays in Humorous Poetry, by 
J. W. L. Gleim, appears. 

* * Bremen Contributions is issued by Ma- 
giste Schwabe and other Leipsic poets. 

1746 * * Fables and Tales and The Life 
of the Swedish Countess G., by Christian 
F. Gellert, appear. [1657, Sacred Odes 
and Songs.] 



* * Gelehrte Zeitung is issued. 

1747* * Theatrical Works, by Elias 
Schlegel, appears. 

1748* * The Young Scholar, by Gotthold 
E. Lessing, appears. [1751, Trifles; 1753, 
Complete Works. Parts I. and IT. ; 1754, 
Parts III. and IV. ; 1755, Parts V. and 
VI., and Miss Sarah Simpson.] 

* * Elements of Belles-Leltres, Metaphy- 

sica,Ethica Pliilosophia, and sFsthefica, 
by Alexander G. Baumgarten, appear. 

1748-73 The Messias, by Friedrich G. 
Klopstock, appears. [1758, Religious 

Songs.] 

1749 * * Spring, by Ewald C. von Kleist, 
appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1725 Nov. * Hanov er. Peter, the "Wild 
Boy, is found in the Harzwald by King 
George I. of England and some friends 
while hunting ; he is found walking on 
his hands and feet, climbing trees like a 
squirrel, and feeding on grass and moss. 

1749* * Bavaria. Maria Renata is 
burned at Wurzburg for witchcraft. 



STATE. 

1722 * * Wilrtemberg. The duke becomes 
a Catholic. [Former dukes were Protes- 
tants.] 

1726 * * Bavaria. Charles Albert be- 
comes duke. 

1728-48 Saxe- Weimar. Under the reign 
of Ernest Augustus the principality is 
reunited. 

1731 * * Bremen is sold to Hanover. 

1733-35 "War of the Polish Succes- 
sion (pp. 515, 699). 

* * Saxony. Frederick Augustus U. 
becomes elector, and King of Poland. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Charles Alexander 
becomes duke. [1737. Charles Eugene.] 

1735 * * Brunsivick. Ferdinand Albert 
becomes duke of Brunswick-Bevern. 

* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. John Ernest's 
two sons ruling in common, acquire pos- 
session of Coburg, and, changing their 
residence, stvle themselves dukes of 
Saxe-Coburg-Saalfeld. 

1736* * Francis I., Duke of Lorraine, 
marries Maria Theresa, the heiress of 
Austria. 

1738 Nov. 18. Vienna. The Peace 
of "Vienna (p. 701). 

* * Baden. Charles Frederick becomes 
margrave of Baden-Durlach. 

1740 May 31. Prus. Frederick 
William I. dies. [He is succeeded by 
his son Frederick.] 

1740-86 Prus. Frederick II. [Fred- 
erick the Great] is King of Prussia. 

He is the greatest soldier of his time ; 
he elevates Prussia to the rank of a 
European power. 

Oct. 20. The Emperor Charles VI. 
dies, and the male line of the House 
of Hapsburg becomes extinct. [Three 
rivals claim the Austrian throne against 
Maria Theresa.] (P. 515.) 

1741 Jan. * Silesia. Breslau is con- 
quered by Frederick II. of Prussia. 

Mar. 13. Hung. Maria Theresa, Queen 
of Hungary, gives birth to a son [Jo- 
seph II.]. 

May* Bavaria. Alliance of Nyra- 
pnenburg against Austria (p. 515). 

* * Bohemia. Prague is taken into alli- 
ance with the Saxons. 

* * Aust. Charles Albert of Bavaria 
causes himself to be proclaimed arch- 
duke of Linz, while homage is paid to 
Frederick in Silesia. [Dec* He is 
crowned King of Bohemia.] 

1742 Jan. 22. Charles Albert, Duke 
of Bavaria, who had never recognized the 
Pragmatic Sanction, is made emperor by 
the aid of Louis XV. of France. 

[General war ensues. Maria Theresa 
exhibits undaunted spirit ; with her in- 
fant son, Joseph II., in her arms, she ap- 
peals to the Hungarian Diet, and the 
chivalrous Magyars respond with enthu- 
siasm.] 
1742^5 Charles VH. is emperor of 
Germany. 



Feb. 12. Frankfort. Charles VII. is 
crowned emperor at Frankfort-on-the- 
Main. 

* * Frederick II. of Prussia claims Si- 
lesia, and the electors of Bavaria and 
of Saxony dispute Maria Theresa's claim 
to the Austrian lands. Frederick de- 
clares war. 

June 11-July * The Peace of Breslau 
and of Berlin is signed by Austria and 
Prussia. 

Terms : Frederick II. withdraws from 
the alliance against Maria Theresa; 
Austria cedes Upper and Lower Silesia 
and the county of Glatz to Prussia, and 
retains only the southwestern part of 
Neisse, Troppau, and Jagerndorf ; Prus- 
sia assumes the debt of Silesia due to 
English and Dutch creditors to the 
amount of 1,700,000 rix dollars. 

1743 * * Frederick II. concludes a sec- 
ond alliance with Charles VII. and 
France. 

* * Charles Theodor becomes elector 
palatine of the Rhine. 

1744 May 22. Frankfort. The Union 
of Frankfort is signed by Frederick II. 
with the Emperor Charles VII., the 
Swedes, and Hessians. [France also 
joins. The second Silesian war follows.] 

* * Hanover. East Friesland falls to- 
Prussia on the extinction of the reigning 
house. 

1745 Jan. 20. Munich. Charles VU. 
dies. [He is succeeded by his son, Max- 
imilian Joseph.] 

Jan. * Alliance against Prussia (p. 515). 
Apr. 22. Bavaria. Peace of Fiissen 
(p. 515). 

May 18. Saxony enters a treaty of al- 
liance with Austria ; the elector is to 
receive a portion of territory in the par- 
tition of Prussia. 

Sept. 13. Francis, Duke of Lorraine, 
is elected emperor by the aid of England 
and Holland. He is an amiable nonen- 
tity; but Maria Theresa, his wife, he- 
comes a ruling spirit in Europe. 

1745-1806 House of Lorraine. 

1745-65 Francis I, is emperor. 

Dec. 25. Saxony. The Peace of Dres- 
den is concluded between Prussia and 
Austria, with Saxony, her ally. 

It ratifies the peace of Breslau and 
Berlin in the ceding of Silesin to Prussia, 
and end? the second Silesian war. 

Frederick II. recognizes Francis I. as 
Emperor of Germany ; Saxony agrees to 
pay to Prussia the impossible sum of 
1,000,000 rix dollars. 



* * *Prussia is a first-class power 
among the states of Europe. 

1748 Oct. 7. Ph. Prus. PeaceofAix- 
la-Chapelle (p. 515). 

* *A growing envy embitters Austria 
against Prussia since the latter came to 
be a great power. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1725 * * Nassau. Frederick Augustus, 
King of Poland, builds the Konigstein 
Tun. 

It is made to hold 233,667 gallons of 
wine ; and the top, enclosed by a railing, 
furnishes accommodation for 20 persons 
while regaling themselves. 



802 1750, * *-1772,** 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1756-63 The Third Silesian "War, or 

Seven Years' "War. 

Prussia is attacked by Austria aided 
by France and Russia ; it is occasioned 
by jealousy of Prussian power. 

Battles: 1756, Oct. 1, Lobositz, Bohemia 
Oct. 16, Pirna, Saxony ; 1757, May 6, .Prague 
June IIS, Kolin, Bohemia; June 26, Hasten- 
beck, Hanover; Aug. 30, Grossjiigenidorf, 
E. Prus. ; Nov. .5, Rossbacli, Saxony (p. 516) 
Nov. 22, Breslau; Dec. 5, Leutlieh, Silesia 
1758, June 23, Crefeld (p. 516) Kli. Prus.; Aug! 
25, Zorndorf, Brandenburg; (let. 14, Hocb 
kirch, Saxony; 17.^1, Julv '-'-'l, Kav, Branden- 
burg; Aug. 1, Minden, Prus.; Aug. 12, Ku- 
nersdorf; Nov. 20, Maxen, Saxony; 1760, 
June 20, Landesbut; Aug. 15, Liegnitz; Oct. 
30, Schweidint/,, Silesia; Nov. 3, Torgau, Sax 
ony; 1762, July 21, Burkersdorf, Saxony, 
(pp. 514, 516.) 

1756 Aug. * Frederick II. suddenly in- 
vades Saxony with 67,000 men, and sub- 
dues it in anticipation of a combined 
endeavor of great powers to partition 
Prussia. He captures Dresden. 

1757 * * The Prussians opposing the 
French are commanded by Ferdi- 
nand, Duke of Brunswick, brother of 
the ruling duke. 

* * The French send a second army un- 
der Soubise to unite with the Imperial 
army in liberating Saxony. 

June 28. Moravia. The Austrians un- 
der Gen. Laudon cut off the convoy of 
the Prussian army, and compel it to 
retreat. 

'Nov. * Silesia. Frederick II. leads the 
victorious Prussians into Silesia, to re- 
store the prestige lost in the defeat and 
capture of the Duke of Br uns wick-Be v- 
ern by the Austrians. 

Dee. 21. Silesia. Breslau is recovered 
by the Prussians after a siege, "with 2,000 
Austrian prisoners. 



occupied by Fred- 

fc * Moravia. Frederick unsuccessfully 

besieges Olmiitz. 
fc * The Russians under Count Fermor 

advance to join the Austrians. 
* * Ferdinand of Brunswick drives the 

French back across the Rhine. 
1 * Prus. The Russians conquer Prussia 

as far as the Mark, and then advance. 



* * Bremen is taken out of the hands of 
the French by Hanoverians. 

1759 Jan. 2. Frankfort- on-the-Main 
is surprised and captured by the French. 

Apr. 13. Ferdinand, Duke of Bruns- 
wick, is defeated by the French under 
the Duke of Broglie, in the skirmish of 
Bergen, near Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

July 1. Silisia. The fortress of Glatz is 
captured by Gen. Laudon. 

July * Saxonj/. Dresden is unsuccess- 
fully bombarded by Frederick. 

July 31. Westphalia. At "Warburg 
the French are defeated by the Duke 
of Brunswick and the allies. 

1760 Oct. 9-13. Berlin. The Russians 
and Austrians under Gen. Todleben sur- 
prise, capture, and burn the city. 



* * Berlin is laid under contribution by 
Gen. Lacy, with 15,000 Austrians and a 
Russian army; 800,000 guilders and 1,900,- 
000 crowns paid, and magazines, arsenals, 
and foundries destroyed. 

Oct. 30. Silesia. At Schweidnitz 
Frederick II. surprises and storms and 
captures the castle. [1761. Oct. 1. Re- 
captured by Austrians. 1769. Oct. 9. 
Recaptured by Frederick.] 

1761 * * Silesia. Frederick is encamped 
opposite the united armies at Bunzel- 
witz. 

* * The Russian and Austrian armies 
separate through jealousy of Gen. Lau- 
don. 

Dec. 13. Pomerania. The Russians cap- 
ture the fortress of Kolberg. 

1762 May 16. At Schweidnitz Fred- 
erick defeats the Austrians. 

July 21. Silesia. Battle of Burkers- 

dorf (p. 516). 
Oct. 29. Saxony. Battle of Freiberg 

(p. 516). 

1763 Feb. 15. The Peace of Huberts- 
burg ends the Seven Years' "War (p. 
517). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1752 * * Musical notes are printed by 
Johann G. E. Breitkoff. 

1759 * * The theory of epigenesis is ad- 
vanced by Kaspar F. Wolff in his The- 
oria Generationis. 

1760* * lieuss-Gera. Candle-molds 
of pewter are made by Freytag at Gera. 

1766 * * Frederick Anthony Mesmer, a 
physician of Merseburg, publishes his 
doctrines respecting "mesmerism." 

1767 * * Rk. Prus. A school of art, for 
landscape and religious painting, is 
founded at Dusseldorf [and becomes 
famous]. 

1769 * * Hanover. The first waterspout 
machine is made by "Winterfried in the 
Hartz Mountains. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1750 July 28. Bach. Johann Sebas- 
tian, composer, musician, A65. 

P.illinger, Georg It., physicist, math., A57. 
Hardenberg, Prince Karl A. von, Btate9.,b. 
Jahn, Johann, R. C. cl., orientalist, born. 
Saxe, Hermann Maurice, Count, of, gen., A54. 
Schneider, Johann G-, naturalist, philologist, 

lexicographer, born. 
Stolberg, Count, Friedrich von, poet, born. 
Werner, Abraham <:., geol., mineralogist, b. 

1751 * * Klengel, Johann ('., painter, born. 
Nitzsch, Karl [,., theologian, born. 
Planck, Gottlieb J., theol., church hist., b. 
Vosb, Johann H., poet, philologist, born. 

1752 * * Bengel, Johann A., theol. wr., A65. 
Blumenbach, Johann F., naturalist, physiol- 
ogist, born. 

Eichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, born. 

Tiedge, Christoph A., poet, born. 

Tnaer, Albert, agriculturist, writer, born. 

1753 * * Aehard, Franz K., chemist, born. 
Canz, Israel G., philosopher, A63. 
Gabler, Johann P., theologian, born. 
Klinger, Friedrich M., dram., novelist, born. 
Knapp, Georg C, theologian, born. 
Meissner, August. <;., dram., litterateur, b. 
Reinhard, Francis V., theol., preacher, born. 

1754* * Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist, 
writer, born. 
Hagedorn, Friedrich von, poet, A46. 
Niemeyer, August H., author, born. 
Woli. Johann O. von, philosopher, A75. 
1755* * Bauer, Georg L., rationalistic cler- 
gyman, orientalist, born. 
Blumauer, Aloys, poet, born. 
Bulow. Count Friedrich W. v6n, gen.,b. 



Clootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political en- 
thusiast in France, born. 

Engau, Johann It., jurist, writer, A47. 

Gmelin, Johann <;., botanist, A 46. 

Hahnemann, Samuel C. F., physician, fdr. 
of homeopathic system, born. 

Hamberger, Georg E., physician, A58. 

Mosheim, Johann L. von, eccles. hist., A6I. 

Kohler, or Koehler, Johann 1)., antiquary, 
historian, ATI. 

Sommering, Samuel T. von,anat.,physiol.,b. 

1756 Jan. 27. Mozart. Wolfg-ang Ama- 
dous, composer, born. 

Ackermann, Johann C. G., physician, au.,b. 
Babon, Franz M. von, dramatic writer, b. 
Chladni, Ernst F. F., philosopher, inv., b. 
La Fontaine, August H. J., novelist, mis. 

writer, born. 
Neuhof, Baron Theodor von, advent., A70. 
Seharnhorst, Gerhard I), von, gen.,au., b. 

1757 Oct. 26. Stein, Baron Heinrich 
F. K. von, statesman, born. 

Baumgarten, Sigismund J., theologian, A51. 
Bechstein, Johann M., naturalist, born. 
Beck, Christian I)., historian, philologist, b. 
Pleyel, Ignaz, composer, born. 
Schmauss, Johann J., legal writer, A67. 
Wacbter, Johann G., scholar, archeol., A84. 
1758* * Augustus Willielni, Prince, brother 
of Frederick the Great, A36. 
Panuecker, Johann H., sculptor, born. 
Gall, Franz J., phys., fdr. of phrenology, b. 
Keith, James, field-marshal, AK2. 
Olbers, Heinrich W. JM., astronomer, born. 
Keinhold, Karl L., philosopher, born. 
Tychsen, Thomas C, philologist, born. 

1759 Apr. 14. Handel, Georg- F., com- 
poser, A74. 

Nov. 10. Schiller, Johann C. F. von. 
poet, dramatist, historian, born. 

Guts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger- 
man system of gymnastics, born. 

Klein, Jakob T-, naturalist, A74. 

Kleist, Ewald C. von, poet, A44. 

Red, Johann C., anatomist, born. 

"Wolf. Friedrich August, classical scholar, 

1760 * * Ahlwardt, Christian W., philol., b. 
Bottiger, Karl A., archeologist, born. 
Demme, Hermann K., novelist, born. 
Dinter, Gustav F., teacher, wr. on educa.,b. 
Gneisenau, Count, August N. von, marsh., b. 
Hebel, Johann P., poet, born. 

Heeren, Arnold H,, historian, born. 
Ziegler, Friedrich W., actor, dramatist,' b. 
Zinzendorf und I'ottendorf, Count, Nikolaus 
Ludwig, fdr. (or rest.) of Moravians, A60. 

1761 * * Bardili, Christoph G., phil., born. 
Gesner, Johann Matthias, philol., A70. 
Kotzebue, August F. F. von, dram., b. 
Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, born. 
Paulus, Heinrich E. G., theologian, born. 
Staudlin, Karl F., theologian, born. 
Tennemann, Willielm G., philosopher, born. 
Tauchnitz, Karl C. F., printer, bookseller, b. 

1762 * * Baumgarten, Alexander G., philoso- 
pher, A48. 

Fichte, Johann G., metaphysician, born. 
Huf eland, Christoph W., physician, born. 
Kluber, Johann L., jurist, politician, born. 
Mayer, Johann T.. astronomer, A39. 
Poniatowski, Prince, Joseph A., Polish gen- 
eral, born. 
Vulpius, Christian A., author, born. 
Zobel, Benjamin, artist, born. v 

1763 Mar. 21. Richter, Jean Paul 
Friedrich. poet, novelist, satirist, born. 

Buhle, Johann G., historian of phil., born. 
Hartzheini, Joseph, Jesuit, historian, A69. 
Hayne, Friedrich G., botanist, born. 
Seckendorf, Count, Friedrich H. von, gen- 
eral, diplomatist, A9Q. 

1764 * * Buttmann, Philipp K., philol., b. 
Ebel. Johann G., geologist, born. 
Erman, Paul, physicist, born. 

Gentz, Frederick von, states., pol. wr., born. 

Hugo, Gustav, jurist, born. 

Jacobs, Frederick, C. \V., classical scholar, 

critic, born. 
Scbadow, Johann G., sculptor, born. 

1765 * * Baader, Franz X. von, phil., born. 
Daub, Karl, theologian, born. 
Kielmeyer, Karl V. von, naturalist, born. 

1766 * * Abbt, Thomas, mis. writer, A28. 
Ammon, Christoph F, von, theol., preach., b. 
Ancillon, Johann P., statesman, lust., born. 
Bouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, born. 
Ersch, Johann S., cyclopedist, born. 

Fink, Friedrich A. von, general, A48. 
Gotlsched, Johann C, critic, A66. 
Humboldt, Baron Karl W., statesman, 

philologist, born. 
Ideler, Christian L., astron., linguist, born. 
Kreutzer, Rudolf, composer, born. 
Schelling, Friedrich G , novelist, born. 
Scholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., publicist, b. 
Sprengel, Kurt, botanist, born. 



GERMANY. 



1750,**-1772,**. 803 



1767 * * Lehman n, .Tohann G., mineral., d. 
Hiedinger, John E., designer, engraver, A72. 
Schlegel, August W. von, poet, oriental- 
ist, author, "born. 

Seetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, born. 
Wrede, Karl P., prince, field-marshal, born. 

1768 Feb. 12. Francis II., emperor, b. 
Adelnng, Friedrich, philologist, born. 
Eberhard, Konrad, sculptor, born. 
Eschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta- 
physician, mystic, born. 

Kind, Johann F., poet, novelist, dram., born. 

Koch, Joseph A., painter, born. 

Krummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet, 
mis. writer, born. 

Kuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, born. 

Reimarus. Hermann S., philologist, A74. 

Rosenmuller, Ernst F. K., Bib., critic, born. 

Schleiermacher. Friedrich E. D.. theolo- 
gian, critic, mis. writer, born. 

Werner, Friedrich L. Z., dramatist, born. 

Winckelmann, John J., archeologist, A51. 

1769 Sept. 14. Humboldt. Baron, 
Friedrich Heinrich Alexander von, 
naturalist, traveler, philosopher, born. 

Accum, Friedrich, chemist, born. 
Albertini, Johann B. von, Moravian cl., pul- 
pit orator, born. 
Arndt, Ernst M., poet, political writer, born. 
Bernhardt, August F., philologist, horn. 
Gellert, Christian F., poet, mis. writer, A54. 
Pichler, Caroline von, novelist, born. 
Tersteegen, Gerhard, poet, mystic, A72. 
Trew, Christoph J., botanist, anatomist, A74. 

1770 Aug. 3. Frederick William III.. 
King of Prussia, born. 

Dec. 16. Beethoven, Ludwig van, com- 
poser, born. 
Albinus, Bernhard S., anatomist, A74. 
Bruckner, Johann J., cl., schol., hist., A74. 
Ess, Karl van, R. C. theol., Bib. sclioL, born. 
Hassel, Johann G. H., statistician, born. 
Hegel. Georg "Wilhelm Friedrich, phil., b. 
Krug, Wilhelm 'I'., philosopher, born. 
Rapp, George, fdr. of sect of Harmonists, b. 
Schopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, born. 
Trommsdorff, Johann B., chemist, born. 

1771 * * Augusti, Christian J. W., theol., b. 
Creuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philologist, b. 
Ernest, Augustus, King of Hanover, born. 
Klotz, Christian A., scholar, critic, A33. 
Rosenmirller, Johann C., anatomist, born. 
Sehopflin, Johann D., historian, A76. 
Schwartzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., b. 
Senefelder, Alois, inv. of tithograpby, born. 
Vater, Johann S.. theologian, philologist, b. 
Zschokke, Johann H. I.)., mis. writer, born. 

1772* * Achenwall. Gottfried, statistic, A53. 
Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, phys., au., b. 
Bast, Friedrich J., scholar, diplomatist, b. 
Brockhaus, Friedrich A., pub., of Leipsic, b. 
Collin, Heinrich J. von, poet, born. 
Ess, Leander van, theologian, born. 
Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi- 

losopher, mystical writer, born. 
Hermann, Jonann G. J., philologist, born. 
Lampadius, Wilhelm A., metallurgist, born. 
Perthes, Friedrich C, publisher, born. 
Schlegel, Karl W. von, philosopher, critic, b. 



LETTERS. 

1750 * * (Euvres du Philosophe de Sans 
Souci, by Frederick the Great, appears. 

1752 * * Arminius or Hermann, by Chris- 
toph M. Wieland, appears. [1761, Araspes 
and Panthea.] 

1755 * * Reflections upon the Imitation of 
the Antique , by Johann J. Winckelmann, 
appears. [1764, History of Ancient Art.] 

* * Universal Natural History and Theory 
of the Heavens, by Immanuel Kant, ap- 
pears. 

1756-63 War Songs of a Grenadier, by 
Johann W. L. Gleim, appears. 

1757 * * The Bibliothek der schonen Wis- 
senschaften is begun by Lessing, Men- 
delssohn, and Nicolai. 

1759* * Scenes from Faust, Philotas, 
Fabeln, and other works by Lessing, ap- 
pear. [1759-65, Letters on Literature.'] 

* * Memorabilia of Socrates, by Johann G. 
Hemann, appears. 

1759-68 Beitrag zum deutschen Theatre, 

by Christian F. Weisse, appears. [1767, 

Komische Opern.] 
1760-62 The German Grandson, by 

Johann K. Musaus, appears. 
1762 * * War-songs of a Royal Danish 

Grenadier, by Heinrich W. Gerstenberg, 



appears. [1776, Gedicht eines Skalden; 
1768, Ugolino.] 
1762-66 A translation of Shakespeare's 
dramas, by Wieland, appears ; it is the 
first German version of Shakespeare. 
[1764, Don Sylrio ron Rosalva; 1766, 
Agathon ; 1768, Musarion and Idris.] 

1764 * * Bavaria. The University of 
Bamberg adds a faculty of medicine. 

* * Wilhelmine, by Moritz A. Thummel, 
appears. 

* * Observations upon the Sentiment of 
the Beautiful and the Sublime, by Kant, 
appears. '[1766, Dreams of a Ghost-seer.] 

1765-1806 The Universal German Li- 
brary (162 vols.) is published under the 
editorship of Christoph F. Nicolai and 
others. 

1765 * * New Essays on the Human Un- 
derstanding, by Leibnitz, appears. 

1766 * * Laocobn, or the Limits of Poetry 
and Painting, and Humorous Tales, by 
Lessing, appear. [1767, Minna von Barn- 
helm; 1769, How the Ancients depicted 
Death; 1772, Emilia Galotti.] 

* * Kritische Wdlder is issued. 

1767* * Phsedo, a Dialogue on the Im- 
mortality of the Soul, by Moses Mendels- 
sohn, appears. 

* * Fragments concerning the More Recent 
German Literature, by Johann G. Her- 
der, appears. [1769, Critical Forests; 
1772, On the Origin of Language.] 

1767-69 Hamburg. Dramaturgic is is- 
sued by Lessing. 

1769 * * History of Osnabriick, by Justus 
Moser, is begun. [1774, Patriotic Fan- 
ciest] 

* * Hermami's Schlacht, by Klopstock, 
appears. [1771, Oden ; 1774, The Scholar 's 
Republic] 

* * Der Postzug, by Cornelius H. Ayren- 
hoff, appears. 

1770 * * The Graces, by Wieland, ap- 
pears. [1771, Amadis; 1772, The Golden 
Mirror; 1773, Alceste; 1776, Gaudelin ; 
1777, Geron the Noble.] 

1770-74 Poems, by Johann G. Jacobi, 

appear. 
1770-78 The Journey of Sophia from 

Memel to Saxony, by Johann T. Hermes, 

appears. 

1771 * * Usong, by Haller, appears. 

STATE. 

1755 * * Fr. Madame Pompadour suc- 
ceeds in overthrowing the Ministry, and 
induces the Government to give up 
Prussia and become an ally of Austria. 
France joins the alliance of Russia 
and Austria (p. 515). 

1756 * * Austria brings on the Seven 
Tears* War in seeking recovery from the 
disgrace of surrendering Silesia to a 
smaller power (p. 515). 

1756-63 Hanover and Brunswick suf- 
fer greatly during the Seven Years' War. 

1757 Jan.* * Prussia and England join 
in an alliance. 

* * "War is declared on Frederick II. {p. 
516). 

* * Sweden joins the alliance against 
Prussia. 

Sept. 8. Hanover. Richelieu and the 
Duke of Cumberland enter into the 
treaty of the Monastery of Zeven, requir- 
ing the French to occupy Hanover. [The 
English Government rejects the treaty.] 

Oct. 14. Frederick LT. receives the 
summons of the Imperial Diet at Ratis- 
bon to answer the charge of treason to 
the empire. 



1758-1828 Saxe- Weimar. Under the 
reign of Charles Albert, Saxe-Weimar is 
a famous center of learning and litera- 
ture. 

1761 * * Prus. Frederick II. suffers for 
lack of the English subsidies, which 
have been withheld since the accession 
of George III. in 1760. 

1762 Jan. 5. Bus. Elizabeth, Em- 
press of Russia, Frederick's personal 
enemy, dies, and thereby Prussia is saved 
from destruction. 

Mar. 16. W. Prus. Peter HI., Em- 
peror of Russia (an admirer of Freder- 
ick), withdraws from the Austrian alli- 
ance (p. 516). 

May 5. Peace of St. Petersburg be- 
tween Russia and Prussia (p. 517). 

May 22. The Peace of Hamburg is 
concluded betweeen Prussia and Sweden, 
restoring the situation existing before 
the war. 

Nov. 24. Maria Theresa signs a separate 
peace with Prussia, leaving her allies 
in the lurch. 

1763 Feb. 15. Saxony. The Peace 
of Hubertsburg is concluded between 
Prussia and Austria and Saxony (p. 517). 

* * Saxony. Frederick Augustus HI. 
becomes elector. 

* * Prus. Frederick II. endeavors to re- 
store prosperity ; the ravages and ruin 
of war abound ; magazine stores are dis- 
tributed and taxes remitted in several 
provinces. 

1764-1800 Saxe-Colxurg-Gotha. Ernest 
Frederick I. reigns. 

* * * The land is plunged into bank- 
ruptcy, and the measures adopted by 
an imperial commission to manage the 
finances of the nation cause a rebellion, 
which is not suppressed without the aid 
of troops from Saxony. 

1765 Aug. 18. Aust. The Emperor 
Francis I. dies at Innsbruck. [He is 
succeeded by his son.] 

1765-90 Joseph II. is emperor. 

He is co-regent only with his mother 
Maria Theresa until 1780, for the Aus- 
trian lands. 

1766 Feb. 23. Lorraine reverts to 
France on the death of Stanislaus of 
Poland. 

1771 * * Baden-Baden. Charles Freder- 
ick, Margrave of Baden-Durlach, ac- 
quires Baden-Baden. 

1772 July 25. A secret treaty is 
signed by Russia, Austria, and Prussia 
for the partition of Poland. 

Aug. 5. Poland is partitioned for the 
first time by the three powers. 

Austria gets East Galicia and Lodo- 
meria ; Prussia gets Polish Prussia 
(West Prussia) with the exception of 
Danzig, Thorn, and Ermeland, besides 
the Netze district. Russia gets the re- 
gion lying between the Duna, Dnieper, 
and Drutsch. [1773. Agreed to by Po- 
land.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1763 * * Prussia is proud of her king 
because of his heroic courage, his gen- 
eralship, and his beneficent rule. 

1770* *-72* * Many parts of Germany 
are afflicted with famine. 



804 1772,**-1791, * *. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1778-79 The War of the Bavarian Suc- 
cession. (See State.) 

* * The lower part of Bavaria is occu- 
pied by Austrians. Joseph II. and Fred- 
erick II. join their armies, and encamp 
on the boundary of Bohemia and Silesia. 
[July * Frederick and Prince Henry 
invade Bohemia. Autumn. Prince 
Henry withdraws to Saxony, and Fred- 
erick "withdraws to Silesia. Skirmishes 
occur, but no battles are fought in the 
war.] 

1779 May * The Peace of Teschen 
(p. 517). 

17S3 * * "War with Turkey (p. 516). 

Sept. 20. At Lugash the Austrians un- 
der the Emperor Joseph are surprised 
by the Turks, and compelled to retreat. 

1789 Sept. 22. At Rimnik the Aus- 
trians and Russians are victorious. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1777 * * Georg C. Lichtenberg produces 
electrical figures. 

1780 * * The circular saw is invented 
by Gervinus. 

* * E. Prus. Pressing-boards are made 
by Kanter at Konigsberg. 

* * The Meteorological Society of the 
Palatinate is established. 

1782 * * Hblstein. Vaccination is first 
performed. 

1785 * * Ft. A cylindrical printing- 
machine is invented by Christoph. P. 
Oberkampf. 

1786* * Mozart's opera Die Zauherfi'ate 
appears. [1787, Don Giovanni ; 1791, 
La Clemenza di Tito appears. He pro- 
duces his Requiem, his last work.] 

1789* * Zirconium, the metallic base 
of the earth zirconia, is discovered by 
Martin A. Klaproth. 

* * Uranium is discovered by Klaproth. 

1790 * * Goethe writes on the meta- 
morphosis of plants. 

* *The glass harmonia, with glass 
tubes, is invented by Chladnitz. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1773 * * Aretin, Baron Johann C. A. M. von, 
mis. writer, born. 

Bredow, Gabriel G., historian, born. 
Burckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, born. 
Fries, Jacob F., philosopher, born. 
Hasse ; Friedricb C. A., historical writer, b. 
Ludwig, Christian G., botanist, A64. 
Schill, Ferdinand von, soldier, born. 
Tieck. Ludwig. poet, novelist, essayist, b. 
Tittmann, Johann A., Biblical critic, born. 
Witzeleben, Karl A. F. von, novelist, born. 

1774 * * Bogatzky, Karl II., theol. \vr., A84. 
Buch, Leopold von, geologist, born. 
Dietrich, Christian W. E., painter, A62. 
Fouque, Henri A., Baron de la Motte, gen- 
eral, A76. 

Fuchs, Johann von, chemist, born. 
Gmelin, Samuel <;., botanist, traveler, A30. 
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, orientalist, 

historian, born. 
Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, A60. 
Keiske., Johann J., Arabic scholar, A58. 
Thibaut, Anton F. J., jurist, born. 

1775 * * Crusius, Christian A., theol., AGO. 
Feuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, born. 
Grotefend, Georg P., scholar, antiquary, b. 
Guisehard, Karl Gottlieb, colonel, au., A51. 
Habicht, Christian M,, orientalist, born. 
Hermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, born. 
Jacobi, Maximilian, alienist, born. 

Konig, Friedricb, inventor of steam printing- 
press, born. 

Koppen, Friedricb, philosopher, born. 

Pollnitz, Karl L., adventurer, hist, wr., A83. 

Rotteck, Karl, jurist, .statesman, historian, b. 

Schelling, Friedrich W. J. von, phil., b. 
1776* * Bretschneider, Karl G-, rational- 
istic theologian, born. 

Gorres, Jakob J., mis. writer, publicist, b. 

Herbart, Johann F., philosopher, born. 

Hoffmann, Ernst Yv\, story-teller, mis. wr, , b. 



Unity, Ludwig IL, poet, A28. 
Kleist, Heinrieh von, poet, novelist, born. 
Nees von Esenbeck, Christian G. D., bot., b. 
Niebuhr. Barthold G.. hist., philologist, b. 
Schlosser, Friedrich C, historian, born. 
Spurzheim, Johann G., phys., phrenologist, b. 
Tieck, Christian F., sculptor, born. 
Treviranus, Gottfried K. K., physiologist, b. 
1777* * Berger, Ludwig, composer, born. 
Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dramatist, b. 
Cartheuser, Johann E., physician, A73. 
Cranz, David, hist,, Moravian mission., A54. 
Erxleben, Johann C. P., naturalist, A33. 
Gauss, Karl F., mathematician, born. 
Fouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, 

poet, novelist, born. 
Ranch, Christian !>., sculptor, born. 
Rothschild. Nathan M. , financier, million- 

Zacharia, Just F. "W., poet, satirist, A51. 
1778* * Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain 
painter, born. 

Ast, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher, born. 

Damm, Christian 'I'., classical schol., A 79. 

Eckhof, Conrad, " the German Garrick," 
actor, A 58. 

Harms, Clans, theologian, born. 

Hummel, Johann N - ., pianist, composer, b. 

John, Friedricb I,., patriot writer, born. 

Neukomm, Chevalier, Sigismund von, com- 
poser, born. 
1779* * Augustus Friedrich Wilbelm Hein- 
rieh, Prince of Prussia, born. 

Bartholdy, Jakob Salomon, diplom., au., b. 

Leonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, born. 

Mengs, Anton II., painter, author, A51. 

Oken, Lorenz, naturalist, born. 

Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., paint., designer, b. 

Ritter, Karl, geographer, born. 

Savigny, Friedrich K. von, jurist, born. 

1780 * * Clausenitz, Karl von, Prussian gen- 
eral, bom. 

Crelle, August I,., architect, born. 

De "Wette, Wilhelm M. L., scholar, theolo- 
gian, Biblical critic, born. 

Doebereimer, Johann W., chemist, born. 

Hagedorn, Christian L., art-critic, wr., A67. 

Hagen, Friedrich II. von der, philologist, b. 

Gunderode, Karoline von, poet, born. 

Liechtenstein, Martin II. K., naturalist, born. 

Llndenau, Bernhard A. von, astronomer, b. 

Maria Theresa. Empress of Germany, 
Queen of Hungary, A 63. 

Marbeineke, Philipp K., author, born. 

Marggraf, Andreas S., chemist, A7I. 

1781 Feb. 15. Lessing. Gotthold Ephra- 
im. dramatist, critic, A52. 

Arnim, Ludwig A. von, poet, born. 

Castelli, Ignaz F., dramatist, born. 

Chauiisso, Adalbert von, poet, naturalist, b. 

Eichborn, Karl F., jurisconsult, historian, b. 

Ernesti, John A., critic, A74. 

Littrow, Joseph J. von, astronomer, born. 

Meckel, Johann F., anatomist, born. 

Raumer, Friedrich L. G. von, historian, b. 

Schinkel, Karl F., architect, born. 
1782* * Biela, "Wilhelm von, astron., b. 

Froebel, Friedrich. educationist, born. 

Karsten, Karl J. B., mineralogist, born. 

Maximilian, Alexander Philipp, Prince of 
Neuwied, naturalist, traveler, born. 

Oetinger, Friedrich ( '., theologian, A80. 
1783 * * I'.oisseree, Sulpice, arcik, antiq., b. 

Cassel, Johann P., philologist, A76. 

Eisenhard, Johann F., jurist, A62. 

Hasse, Johann A., composer, A84. 

Klaproth, Heinrieh J. von, orientalist, born. 

Lichwer, Magnus (I., poet, fabulist, A64. 

Tarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, born. 

Theremin, Ludwig F. F., el., author, born. 
1784* * Bach, Wilhelm F., organist, A74. 

Bessel, Friedrich W., astronomer, born. 

Depping, George I',., scholar, litterateur, b. 

Devrient, Ludwig, actor, bom. 

Dissen, Georg L., class, scliolar, philol., b. 

Klenze, Leo von, architect, born. 

Menzel, Karl A., historian, born. 

Spohr, Ludwig, composer, born. 

Thiersch, Friedrich W.. philologist, born. 

Walch, Christian W. F., eccles. hist., A58. 

Welcker, Friedrich t;., archeologist, born. 
1785 * * Arnim, Elizabeth von, mis. wr., b. 

Bekker, Immanuel, philologist, critic, b. 

Bockh, August, philanthropist, antiq., b. 

Dahlmann. Friedrich C. historian, born. 

Grimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, born. 

Giinther, Anton, philosopher, born. 



Dec. 18. "Weber, Baron Karl M. F. E. 
von. composer, musician, born. 

Adam, Albrecht, painter, born. 

Borne, Ludwig, political writer, born. 

Gesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib- 
lical critic, born. 

Gleditscb, Johann G., botanist, A72. 

Kerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, born. 

Louis I., King of Bavaria, born. 

Mendelssohn, Moses, philosopher, A57. 

Passow, Franz L. K. F., philol., lexicog.,b. 

Quaglio, Domenico, architectural painter, b. 

Sturm, Christopher C, moral., preach., A46. 

Voigt, Johannes, historian, born. 

Ziethen, Hans J. von, general, A87. 

1 787 * * Bernstein, Georg H., orientalist, b. 
Cornelius, Peter von, painter, born. 
Dreyse, Johann N. von, inv. of needle-gun, b- 
Dusch, Johann J., poet, A62. 
Ennemosi-r, Joseph, physiologist, bom. 
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, optician, bom. 
Gluck, Johann von, composer, A73. 
Grafe, Karl F. von, oculist, born. 
Haberlin, Franz D., historian, A67. 
Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, statesman, b. 
Muhlenberg, Henry M., founder of German 

Lutheran church in America, A76. 
Musaus, Johann K. A., mis. writer, A52. 
Ohm, Georg S., electrician, born. 
l'as.savani, Johann D., painter, author, born. 
Uhland, .Johann L., lyric poet, born. 

1788 * * Bach, Karl P. E., composer, A74. 
Baumgarten-Crusius L. F. O., theologian, b. 
Cramer, Johann A., theologian, poet, A65. 
Eichendorff, Baron Joseph von, poet, nov- 
elist, dramatist, born. 

Fliigel, Johann G., lexicographer, born. 
Freytag, Georg W., orientalist, born. 
Hainan n, Johann (;., philoso]>her, A58. 
Kalkbrcntn-r, Friedrich, pianist, comp., b. 
K unth, Karl S., botanist, born. 
Keicheubach, Karon Karl von, chemist, b. 
Riickert, Friedrich, poet, orientalist, born. 
Schopenhaur, Arthur, philosopher, born. 

1789 * * Cams, Karl G-, pnysiol., phys., b. 
Hase, Heinnch, antiquary, born. 
Knvphausen, Baron William von, general 

of Hessians in America, A59. 
Neander, Johann A.W., eccles. hist., b. 
Overbeck, Friedrich, painter, born. 
Planer, Johann .1., botanist, physician, A46. 
Sehadow ( iodenhaus, Friedrich W., paint., b. 
Schulze, Ernst K., poet, born. 
Fesca, Friedrich ]-;., musician, composer, b. 
Tvresten, August D. C, theologian, born. 
Winer, George B., theologian, orientalist, b. 
Zimmerman]], Clemens von, painter, born. 

1790 Feb. 20. Joseph II. , emperor, A 49. 
Basedow, Johann B., teacher, educational 

reformer, A67. 

Brandis, Christian A., hist, of philosophy, b. 

Diesterweg, Friedrich A. YV., teacher, born. 

Dieterici, Karl F. YV., economist, born. 

Gau, Fran/, C, architect, born. 

Hahn, Philipp M., mechanician, inv., A51. 

Hausemann, David J. L., statesman, finan- 
cier, born. 

Hontheim, Johann T>. von, jurist, A89. 

Leopold 1., King of the Belgians, Duke of 
Saxony, born. 

Maurer, Georg L. von, jurist, born. 

Mobius, August F., mathematician, born. 

Nitzsch, Gregor \\'., philologist , antiquary, b. 

Zeditz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72. 

1791 Dec. 5. Mozart, Wolfgang Ama- 
deus. composer, musician, A35. 

Amsler, Samuel, engraver, bom. 
Bopp, Franz, orientalist, born. 
Breithaupt, Johann A., mineralogist, born. 
Bunsen. Chevalier Christian K. J. von. 

philologist, diplomatist, theologian, born. 
Choulant, Ludwig, physician, born. 
Daries, Joachim G., jurist, pliilosopher, A77. 
Dathe, Johann A., theol., orientalist, A60. 
Doderlein, Ludwig, philologist, bom. 
Ebert, Friedrich, bibliographer, born. 
Encke. Johann F.. astronomer, bom. 
Kbrner, Karl T., poet, born. 
Meineke, Johann A. F. A., classical schol. ,b. 
Michaelis, Johann D.. orientalist, Biblical 

critic, A74. 
Oeder, Georg L., botanist, A63. 
Ohlmuller, Joseph !>., architect, born. 
Semler, Johann S., theologian, A70. 
Kitter, Heinrieh, philosopher, born. 



Moser, Johann J., jurist, A84. 

Planck, Heinrieh L., theological writer, b. 

Preuss. Johann D. E., historian, born. 

Puekler-Muskau, Prince of, Hermann Lud- 
wig Heinrieh von, traveler, author, born. 

Varnhagen von Fuse, Karl August, au., b. 
1786 Aug. 17. Frederick II. the Great, 
King of Prussia, A74. 



CHURCH. 
1773 July 21. Rome. The Pope signs 

the brief abolishing the Order of 

Jesuits. 
1775 * * Rome. Pius VI. becomes pope. 
1780 * * Wurtemberg. The Harmonist 

sect is founded by George and Frederick 



GERMANY. 



1772, 



1791, 



805 



Rapp ; the members hold their property 
in common, and consider marriage a 
.civil contract. 

1781 * * The Emperor Joseph II. issues 
an edict of tolerance, granting freedom 
of worship to all Protestants and to 
members of the Greek Church. 

1781-89 During eight years 700 mon- 
asteries are closed, and 36,000 mem- 
bers of orders are released from their 
vows. 

1782 * * Pope Pius VI. visits Frederick 
William III., and vainly pleads that the 
Church be not attacked. 

1785 July * The nuns are expelled 
from their convents throughout Ger- 
many. [The emperor suppresses 2,000 
religious houses.] 

LETTERS. 

1772 * * General History of the North, 
by August von Schlozer, appears. 

* * Leonore, by Gottfried A. Burger, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Frankfurter gelehrten Anzeigen 
is issued by Johann H. Merck, Herder, 
and Goethe. 

* * Songs for the People, by Gleim, ap- 
pears. [1773, Poems after the Minne- 
singers; 1779, Poems after Walther von 
der Vogehveide.] 

1773 * * Sebaldus Nothanker, by Nicolai, 
appears. 

-* * Golz von Berlichingen, by Goethe, ap- 
pears. [1774, Sorrows of Young Werther 
and Clavigo; 1776, Stella,] 

1773-1810 Der Deutsche Merkur is is- 
sued by "Weiland. 

1774 * * Oldest Record of Man, Provin- 
cial Leaflets for ('/< ryymrii , and Another 
Philosophy of History with Reference to 
the Development of the Human Race, by 
Herder, appear. [1778-79, Folk-Songs.] 

* * Hofmeister, by Jakob M. R. Lenz, ap- 
pears. 

* * Orbis Pictus, an elementary school- 
hook, by Johann B. Basedow, appears. 

1774-78 Brunswick. Lessing publishes 
The Wolfeubuttel Fragments (on the dis- 
crepancies of the Gospel narratives), by 
Hermann S. Reimarus, found by him in 
the Wolfenbiittel Library. [1775, Minna 
von Barn-helm ; 1778, Anti-Goer?:e and 
Ernst and Fall:., Dialogues for Free- 
masons; 1779, Nathan der }feise ; 1780, 
The Education of the Human Race.] 

1775-82 The Kinderfreund, a weekly 
paper for children, is issued by Weisse. 

1775 * * Storm and Stress, or Impulse, by 
Priedrich M. Klinger, appears. 

1775-78 Physiognomic Fragments for 
the Promo fion of the Knowledge and Love 
of Mankind, by John C. Lavater, ap- 
pears. 

1776 * * The Song of the Brave Man, by 
Burger, appears. 

* * Das Deutsches Museum is issued by 
Martin Miller. 

1779 * * Poems, by Counts Christian and 
Friedrich L. Stolberg, appears. 

* * Siegfried von Lindenberg, by Gott- 
werth' MUller, appears. 

1780 * * Oberon, by Wieland, appears. 

* * De la literature allemande, by Fred- 
erick the Great, appears. [178S, Historu 
of My Time.] 

1781 * * The Robbers, by Schiller, ap- 
pears. [1783, Fiesco ; 1784, Love and In- 
trigue; 1787, Don Carlos.] 

* * Critique of Pure Reason, by Kant, ap- 
pears. [1784, What is Enlinhteument? 

1788, Critique of Practical Reason ; 1790, 
Critique of the Power of Judgment.] 

* * A Translation of Homer's Odyssey, by 
Johann Voss, appears. [1784, Luise ; 

1789, Vergil's Georgics.] 



1781-90 Schools are established by 
the Emperor Joseph II. with the prop- 
erty of the churches. 

1782-83 Popular Legends of Germany, 
by Musaus, appears. 

1783 * * The Greenland Laiosuits, by 
Jean Paul F. Richter, appears. [1788, 
Selections from Papers of the Devil.] 

* * Poems, by Ludwig H. C. Holty, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Berlin Monatschrift is issued. 

1784 * * Jerusalem, by Mendelssohn, ap- 
pears. [1785, Morning Hours.] 

1784-91 Ideas on the Philosophy of the 
History of Mankind, by Herder, appears. 

1785 * * Anton Reiser, by Karl P. Moritz, 
appears. [1786, Essay on German Pros- 
ody ; 1787, Fragments from the Journal 
of a Visionary.) 

* * Saxe- Weimar- Eisenach. Allgemeine 
Literaturzeitung is issued at Jena. 

* * The Emperor and the Abbot, by Burger, 
appears. [1786, The Wild Huntsman.] 

1787 * * Ardinghelo, by Johann J. W. 
Heinse, appears. 

* * Poems, by Friedrich von Matthisson, 
appears. 

* * Iphigenia, by Goethe, appears. [1788, 
Egmont; 1790, Faust, a fragment, and 
Tasso.] 

1788 * * The emperor seeks to control 
the universities. 

* * The History of the Revolt in The Neth- 
erlands, The Gods of Greece, The Artist, 
and other poems, by Schiller, appear. 
[1790, History of the Thirty Years' War.] 

* * The Stranger and The Indians in 
England, by August F. F. Kotzebue, ap- 
pear. 

1790 * * Preparatory History of the World 
for Children, by Schlosser, appears. 

1791 * * Peregrinus Proteus, by Wieland, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1772* * Hesse-Nassau. Meyer A. 
Rothschild begins business as a 
money-lender and dealer in old coins in 
the house in which he was born at 
Frankfort, over which he places the 
sign of the red shield. 

1776 May * Bavaria. A secret society 
bearing the name Uluminati, opposed 
to tyranny and priestcraft, is founded 
at Ingolstadt by Dr. Adam Weishaupt. 
[.1784. Suppressed.] 

1777 * * Socialism makes progress in 
Germany. 

1781 Nov. 1. The emperor, by edict, 
abolishes serfdom in his hereditary 
states. 

STATE. 

1773 * * Oldenburg. The King of Den- 
mark agrees to a family compact for an 
exchange of territory. 

He resigns Oldenburg to the Holstein- 
Gottorp line in return for a renunciation 
on their part of all claims to Schleswig 
and Holstein. Oldenburg is created a 
duchy. 

1777 * * Bavaria. The electoral House 
of Bavaria becomes extinct by the 
death of Maximilian Joseph. [The war 
of the Bavarian succession follows.] 

* * Bavaria again acquires the Rhine 
Palatinate. 

1778-79 Saxony is an ally of Prussia 
in the war of the Bavarian succession. 
Germany takes possession of Bavaria 
(p. 516). 

1778 Jan.* The Treaty of Vienna is 
concluded. 



varia, to recognize certain old claims of 
Austria to Lower Bavaria. 

* * Bavaria. Charles Theodor, elector 
palatine, becomes duke. 

1779 May 13. Silesia. The Peace of 
Teschen is signed (p. 517). 

1780 Nov. 29. Vienna. Maria The- 
resa, Empress of the Holy Roman Em- 
pire, dies. 

1780-90 Joseph H. is emperor alone. 

* * Brunswick. Charles "William Fer- 
dinand becomes duke of Brunswick- 
Wolf enbiittel. 

1781 * * Edict of tolerance. (Church.) 

* * Disputes occur with the Dutch; the 
emperor arbitrarily removes the barrier 
treaties in The Netherlands. 

1782* * Civil reforms and liberal 
changes take place by direction of the 
emperor. [Only the abolition of serf- 
dom and the edict of toleration, of all 
his reforms, survive him.] 

1783 * * Prus. Frederick II. opposes the 
emperor (p. 517). 

1785 * * Fr. The Peace of Versailles 
is concluded. 

Joseph II. receives 10,000,000 florins 
from the Dutch, instead of the opening 
of the Scheldt, according to his previous 
demands. 

* * The emperor proposes an exchange 
of territory, which Frederick II. op- 
poses (p. 517). 

July 23. Frederick II. unites the princes 
in the formation of the Germanic 
Union (p. 517). 

* * Oldenburg. Peter Frederick be- 
comes duke. 

1786 Aug. 17- Brandenburg. Fred- 
erick U., "The Great," dies at San 
Souci. [He is succeeded by his nephew.] 

1786-97 Prus. Frederick William 
II. is king of Prussia [an unworthy suc- 
cessor of a great king]. 

1789* * Belg. A revolt is caused by the 
revocation of the Constitution of Bra- 
bant by the emperor (p. 517). 

1790 Jan. 31. Silesia. The Congress 
of Reichenbach meets, and pacifies 
Prussia. 

Feb. 20. The Emperor Joseph II. 
dies. [He is succeeded by his brother.] 

Sept. 30. Leopold H. is elected em- 
peror. 

He restores the old Constitution and 
the old privileges in the Austrian Neth- 
erlands aft t-r suppressing the revolt ; the 
empire gradually decays. 

1790-91 Leopold II. is emperor. 

* * * The nation is divided into two jeal- 
ous factions that neutralize each other, 
and only official routine is possible in 
the diet ; the empire has practically 
ceased to exist, only a loose confeder- 
ation of principalities and free cities 
remaining. 

1791 Jan. 21. Fr. " War to the pal- 
ace, peace to the cottage." Louis XVI. 
is executed. [The sovereigns of Europe 
are aroused against France.] 

Aug. 27. Saxony. The Treaty of Pill- 
nitz (pp. 519, 709) is signed. It becomes 
the basis of the first coalition. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1775 * * Berlin. The Bank of Berlin 

iB established by Frederick. 



806 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. GERMANY. 



ARMY— NAVY. 
1792-97 War of the first coalition 
against France. 

1792 * * Frederick William II. of Prus- 
sia invades France. 

Sept. 20. Fr. Battle of Valmy (p. 70S). 

Sept. * Fr. The Prussians take Verdun 
[and hold it 43 days], 

Oct. 28. Frankfort is captured by the 
French under Gen. Custine. 

Nov. 6. Belg. Battle of Jemappes (p. 
518). 

Dec. 2. Frankfort is retaken by the 
Prussians. 

1793-1803 Disastrous wars between 
Germany and France. 

The emperor loses much territory, in- 
cluding The Netherlands, the country 
•west of the Rhine, and his States in 
Italy. 

1793 Mar. 18. French defeat at Neer- 
winden (p. 518). 



Sept. 14. Bavaria,. At Pirmasens the 
Prussians under the Duke of Bruns- 
wick defeat the French under Gen. 
Moreau. 

Oct. 11-13. Alsace. The French forti- 
fications at Weissenburg on the Rhine 
are stormed and taken by the Aus- 
trians and Prussians under Marshal 
Wurmser. 

Nov. * Bavaria. At Kaiserslautern the 
Prussians under the Duke of Brunswick 
defeat the French under Gen. Hoche. 

Dec* Fr. The French under Gen. 
Pichegru defeat the Austrians under 
Marshal Wurmser. 

* * The allies retreat across the Rhine. 

[They retake Worms in Hesse ; also 
Speyer in Bavaria.] 

1794 Apr. 18. Battle at Turcoing (p. 
715)-. 

May 25. Bavaria. Battle of Kaisers- 
lautern. 

The Prussians under the Duke of 
Brunswick defeat the French under 
Gen. Hoche. [Sept. * After a second 
battle at the same place the Prussians 
retire across the Rhine.] 

June 26. Belg. Battle of Fleurus. 

[Austrians evacuate Belgium.] (P. 518.) 

* * Baden. Mannheim and Cologne are 
taken by the French. [They bombard 
Dusseldorf. 1795. Sept. 6. Austrians 
driven back.] (P. 518.) 

1795 Apr. 5. Switz. Peace (p. 711). 
Oct. 31. Baden. Near Mannheim the 

Austrians under Marshal Wurmser de- 
feat the French. 

1796 * * It. Napoleon Bonaparte in- 
vades Italy (p. 712). 

* * It. Bonaparte conquers the whole 
of Lombardy as far as Mantua, and 
compels the Dukes of Parma and Mo- 
dena, the Pope, and Naples to purchase 
peace. 

* * The French invade South Germany. 
May 15. It. Bonaparte occupies Milan. 
May* The French cross the Lower 

Rhine. 



Aug. 10. Bavaria. Battle of N"eres- 

heim (p. 712). 
Aug. 24. Bavaria. Battle of Amberg 

(p. 518). 
Sept. 3. Bavaria. At Wiirzburg (p. 

518). 

1797 Apr. 18. Aust.-Hung. Peace 
of Leoben (p. 519). 

Oct. 17. It. Peace (p. 519). 
1799-1801 War of the second coali- 
tion against France (p. 712). 

1799 Mar. 26. Baden. Battle at Stock- 
ach (p. 518). 

Oet.± * Field-Marshal Suvaroff leaves 
Switzerland after a series of terrible 
battles, and returns with his army to 
Russia. 

1800 May 3. Baden. The French un- 
der Gen. Moreau defeat the Austrians 
at En gen. 

May 4. Baden. Battle of Stockach, 
[May 6, Biberach.] (P. 518.) 

1801 Feb. 9. Fr. The Peace of 

Luneville (p. 519). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1796* * Bavaria. Lithography, or 

drawing on stone, is invented by Alois 
Sennefelfer, a Bohemian, at Munich. 

1798 * * Saxony. Spinning by machin- 
ery is introduced. 

1798-1803 F. H. A. von Humboldt 
and AimeBonp] and explore the northern 
part of South America. 

1800 * * Alsace- Lorraine. A weighing- 
machine is made by Jean Baptiste 
Schwilgue at Strasburg. 

1801* * Bavaria. JohannW. Ritter dis- 
covers chemical rays. 

1802 Mar. 28. Bremen. Pallas, the as- 
teroid, is discovered bv Heinrich Olbers. 
[Other asteroids are" discovered. 1807, 
Mar. 29. He discovers Vesta.] 

Sept. 7. A remarkable eclipse of the 
sun is observed. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1792 Mar. 1. Leopold U., emperor, A45. 
Bahrdt, Karl F., theologian, A51. 

Baur, Ferdinand ('., theologian, < ritic, born. 
Brunswick, Duke of, Ferdinand, gen., A71. 
Eckermann, Johann P., litterateur, born. 
Gieseler, Johann K., church historian, born. 
Hahn, August, theologian, born. 
Hanel, Gustav F., jurist, born. 
Hauptmann, Mori!/, composer, born. 
Kosegarten, Johann G. L., orientalist, born. 
I.ewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, born. 
Lucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, born. 
Rau, Karl H., political economist, born. 
Span gen berg, August G., founder of Mora- 
vian Chuivh in America, A88* 
Znrnpt, Karl G., classical scholar, born. 

1793 * * Allioli, Joseph F., R. C. cl., am, b. 
Busehing, Anton F., geographer, theol., A69. 
Friedmann, Friedricb T., teacher, born. 
Eschscholtz, Johann H., naturalist, born. 
Hasenclever, Peter, merchant, manuf., A77. 
Lachmann, Karl, philologist, critic, born. 
Iteiehenhach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, b. 
Schonlein, Johann L., physician, born. 
Struve, Friedrich G. W. von, astronomer, b. 
Veit, Philipp, painter, born. 

1794* * Amelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet, 
musician, born. 

Begas, Karl, painter, born. 

Breitkopf, Johann G. E., typographer, A84. 

Burger, Gottfried A., poet, A46. 

Chelius, Maximilian J., physician, born. 

Clootz, Baron Anacharsis de, political enthu- 
siast in France, A39. 

Diez, Friedrich C, philologist, born. 

Diffenbach, Johann F., surgeon, born. 

Follen, August, poet, born. 

Forster, Johann G. A., naturalist, wr., A40. 

Lappenberg, Johann M., historian, born. 

Madler, Johann 11., astronomer, born. 

Martius, Karl F. P. von, botanist, born. 

Meyerbeer. Giacomo, composer, born. 



Mitscherlich, Eilhard, chemist, born. 
Moscbeles, Ignaz, pianist, composer, born. 
Miiller, Wilhelm, lvric poet, born. 
Riippell, Wilhelm P. E. S., natural., trav.,b. 
Saphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., born. 
Schmidt, Michael I., historian, A58. 
Sclmorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, painter, b. 
Steuben, Frederick W. A., general, A64. 
Trench, Baron Friedrich von der, gen., A68. 
Waagen, Gustav F., art critic, born. 
Zunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, born. 
1796 Oct. 15. Frederick William IV.. 

King of Prussia, born. 
Bach. Johann C. F. f composer, A63. 
Ehrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, born. 
Follen, Charlea T. C, clergyman, theologian 

(in U. S. A.), born. 
Gergard, Edward, archeologist, born. 
Ilai'linger, Wilhelm, geologist, mineral., b. 
Hansen, Peter A., astronomer, born. 
Hermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist, 

economist, born. 
Meinhold, .johann W., cl., poet, novelist, b. 
Pertz, Georg H., historian, born. 
Pfeiffer, Ida, traveler, born. 
Eanke, Leopold von, historian, born. 
Rose, Heinrich, chemist, born. 
Umhreit, Friedrich W., theologian, born. 

1796 * * Ann, Johann F., grammarian, born. 
Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, born. 
Casper, Johann, physician, born. 
Hugel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, b. 
Launitz, Edward Schmidt von der, sculptor, 

born. 
Lorinser, Karl I., physician, born. 
Lowe, Johann K. G., composer, born. 
Mohler, Johann A., R. C. theologian, born. 
OlHliausen, Hermann, theologian, an., born. 
Poggendorf, Johann ('., physicist, chem., b. 
Siebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, born. 
Spindler, Karl, novelist, horn. 
I'llmann, Karl, theologian, born. 
Uz, Johann P., poet, A66. 

1797 Jan. 31. Schubert, Franz, com- 
poser, born. 

Mar. 22. "William I., King of Prussia, 
Emperor of Germany, born. 

Nov. 16. Frederick "William H., King 
of Prussia, A53. 

Dec. 13. Heine. Heinrich. poet, born. 

Berghaus, Heinrich, geographer, born. 

Bluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, jurist, horn. 

Fichte, Immanuel H.. philosopher, born. 

Hagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, born. 

Haring, Wilhelm, novelist, born. 

Miiller, Karl Otiried, classical scholar, his- 
torian, antiquary, born. 

MunchhauEen, Baron, Hieronymus K. 
F. von. soldier, romancer, A77. 

Poppig, Eduard, naturalist, traveler, born. 

Radowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., b. 

Wachter, Karl G. von, jurist, born. 

1798 * * Auffenberg, Joseph von, poet, born. 
Biihr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classical 

scholar, mis. writer, born. 

Baumgartner, Karl H., phys.,embryolo., b. 

Blumauer, Aloys, poet, A43. 

Beneke, Friedrich, philosopher, born. 

Devrient, Karl A., actor, born. 

Forster, Johann R., traveler, naturalist, A 69. 

Gans, Eduard, jurist, born. 

Hensel, Luise, religious poet, born. 

Hoffmann, August, poet, born. 

Menzel, Wolfgang, critic, historian, littera- 
teur, born. 

Moser, Friedrich K. von, juriBt. A75. 

Naumann, Moritz E., physician, born. 

Neumann, Karl F., orientalist, born. 

Reissiger, Karl G., composer, born. 

Rose, Gustav. mineralogist, born. 

Schwarz, Christian F., missionary, A72. 

1799 * * Argelander, Friedrich W. A.,astron- 

Barthold, Friedrich "W., historian, born. 
Bloch, Markus E., Jewish physician, natu- 

Dblling-er. Johann J. I., theologian, church 
hist., fdr. " Old Catholic " movement, b. 

Gagern, Baron, Heinrich W. A. von, 
statesman, born. 

Gatterer, Johann C, historian, A72. 

Hedwig, Johann, botanist, AC9. 

Leo, Heinrich, historian, born. 

Lichtenberg, Georg C^ physicist, A48. 

OeBer, or Oser, Adam F., paint., modeler, A82. 

Priessnitz, Vmeenz, fdr. of hydropathy, b. 

Rothe, Richard, clergyman, author, born. 

Schonbein, Christian F., chemist, born. 

Tholuck, Friedrich A. G., cl., author, born. 

Uhlich, Leherecht. rationalistic theol., born. 

1800 Oct. 26. Moltke. Count von, HeU- 
muth Karl Bernhard, fleld-marshal, b. 

Bandel, Ernst von, sculptor, born. 
Beer, Michael, dramatist, born. 
Chemnitz, Johann J., cl., naturalist, A70. 
Daumer, Georg F., philosopher, born. 
Dechen, Ernest H. C, mineralogist, born. 



GERMANY. 1792, Jan. 25-1802, Sept. 7. 807 



Flietlner, Theodor, philanthropist, born. 

Forster, Ernst J., paint., wr. on art, born. 

Forster, llemrieh, prince-bishop of Breslau, 
author, born. 

Goppert, Heinrich R., botanist, born. 

Haizinger, A malic, at- tor, born. 

Hase, Karl A., theologian, born. 

Kastner, Abraham G., mathematician, A81. 

Mohl, J alius von, orientalist, born. 

Olshausen, .Justus, orientalist, born. 

Riedesel, Frederick A. von, general in Brit- 
ish service in America, A62. 

Sclmlze, Johann A. 1*., composer, poet, A53. 

Uechtritz, Krieilrich von, poet, dramatist, b. 

YVohler, Frietlneh, chemist, born. 

Zabn, Johann K. W"., artist, born. 
1801 * * Ackermann, Johann C, physician, 
author, A45. 

JEpinus, Franz M. IT. T., electrician, A77. 

Chodowieeki, Daniel N., engraver, A75. 

Devrient, Philipp E., actor, dramatic wr., b. 

Fechner, Gustav T., natural philosopher, b. 

Fleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, born. 

Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, born. 

Hagenliach, Karl R., theologian, ecclesiasti- 
cal historian, born. 

Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, phi- 
losopher, mystical writer, A29. 

Heyt, August von der, statesman, born. 

Jahr, Geoig II. <;., homeopathist, born. 

John, King: of Saxony, born. 

Michelet, Karl L., philosopher, born. 

Miiller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, b. 

Miiller, Julius, theologian, born. 

Naumann, Johann G., composer, A60. 

Petermann, Julius H., orientalist, born. 

Pliicker, Julius, physicist, born. 

Rodiger, Emil, Hebraist, born. 

Schu\ze-I>elitzsch, Hermann, economist, b. 

Volkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, born. 



1800* 
1801* 



CHURCH. 

: Rome. Pius VII. becomes pope. 



LETTERS. 

1792 * * History of the World in Extracts 
and Connection, 'by Schlosser, appears. 

* * The Critique of all Revelation, by Jo- 
hann G. Fichte, appears. 

* * Letters for the Advancement of Human- 
ity, by Herder, appears. 

1793 * * The History of the Seven Years' 
War, by Johann W. Archenholz, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Invisible Lodge, by Richter, ap- 
pears. [1794, Hesperus; 1796, Quintus 
Fixlein ; 1796-97, Flower, Fruit, and 
Thorn Pieces and the Valley of Cam- 

pau.] 

* * A translation of the Iliad, by Voss, 
appears. 

1794 * * Goethe's version of Reynard the 
Fox in High (or literary) German hex- 
ameters, appears. 

* * Fundamental Principles of the Whole 
Theory of Science, by Fichte, appears. 

* * Travels through Germany, Switzer- 
land, Italy, and' Sicily, by Count F. L. 
Stolberg, appears. 

1795 * * Wilhelm Meister's Apprentice- 
ship, by Goethe, appears. [1796, Alexis 
and Dora ; 1797, Hermann and Dorothea ; 
1804, Eugenie.'] 

* * Prolegomena ad Homerum, by Fried- 
rich A. Wolf, appears. 

* * Abellino the Bandit, by Johann H. 
D. Zschokke, appears. [1796, Julius von 
Sassen.] 



1795-1800 The Almanac of the Muses 
is issued by Schiller. 

1796 * * Die Xienen, a series of satiric 
epigrams, by Schiller and Goethe, ap- 
pear. 

1797-99 Hyperion, by Johann C. F. 
Holderlin, appears. 

1797 * * Folk Tales, by Ludwig Tieck, 
appears. [1798. Franz Stembald's Wan- 
derinqs; 1799-1800, Prince Zerbino, or 
Travels in Search of Good Taste.] 



* * Ideas for a Philosophu of Nature, by 
Schelling, appears. [1798, On the Soul 
of the World: 1799. First Plan of a Sys- 
tem of the Philosophy of Nature.] 

1798 * * Allgemeine Zeitung is issued 
(first called iS'eueste Weltkunde). 

* * The Universities of Mentz and 
Cologne suspend. 

1798-1810 A Translation of Shake- 
speare's Works, by August W. von 
Schlegel, appears. 

1799 * * Discourses on Religion, by Fried- 
rich E. D. Schleiermachei', appears. 

* * Ancient History, by Arnold H. L. 
Heeren, appears. 

* * An Essay on Goethe's Hermann and 
Dorothea, by Karl AV . Humboldt, appears. 

* * Wallenstein, by Schiller, appears. 
[1799-1803, The Maid of Orleans, Mary 
Stuart, and The Bride of Tftessina ; 1801, 
The Sojw of the Bell; 1804, William 
Tell.] 

* * Lucinde and Alarcos, by Karl W. F. 
von Schlegel, appear. [1808, On the Lan- 
guage and Wisdoin of the Indians; 1815, 
Lectures 'on the History of Old and 
Modern Literature.] 

1799-1810 Erlanger Literaturzeitung 

is issued. 
1800* * Heidelbergische Jahrbuch der 

Literatur is issued. 
1800-03 Titan, by Richter, appears. 

[1804-05, The Years of Youth.] 



1801* * Urania, by Christoph A. Tiedge, 



* * Lorenz Stark, by Johann J. Engel, 
appears. 

* * Arithmetical Disquisitions, by Karl F. 
Gauss, appears. 

* * On the Differences between the Philo- 
sophical Systems of Fichte and Schel- 
ling, by Hegel, appears. [1807, Phasnom- 
enolgy.] 

* * Heinrich von Ofterdingen, by Fried- 
rich von Hardenberg, appears. 

* * Heinrich J. Colin writes Regulus, 
Coriolanus, Balboa, and three other 
tragedies. 

* * Bavaria. The University of Ingol- 
stadt is moved to Landshut. 

SOCIETY. 
1794 May 28. Fr. Gen. Beaurepaire, 
the commandant of Verdun, executes 
14 ladies for going to the King of Prus- 
sia, and beseeching him for clemency 
for the town then besieged by him. 

STATE. 

1792 Jan. 25. Paris. The Assembly 
declares war against the German 
Empire if it does not issue a pacifying 
declaration concerning French exiles in 
Treves. [Feb. 10. Issued.] 

Jan. 26. The King of Prussia issueB a 
manifesto against France. 

Feb. 7. Austria and Prussia unite in an 
alliance against France. 

Mar. 1. The Emperor Leopold H. 
dies. [He is succeeded by his eldest 
son, Francis, the King of Bohemia and 
Hungary.] 

1792-1806 Francis H. is emperor of 
the Holy Roman Empire. 

He reigns in the Austrian dominions, 
and as Francis I., Emperor of Austria, 
from 1804 [till 1S35]. 

Nov. 6. Belg. The Austrian Nether- 
lands are lost (p. 519). [First coali- 



tion : the sovereigns of Europe, except 
those of Sweden and Denmark, unite 
against France.] 

1793 * * Prussia joins Russia in the sec- 
ond partition of Poland. 

Prussia gets [Posen] and the western 
part of [Russian Poland], including 
Danzig and Thorn. Russia gets all the 
territory lying east of longitude 44°, be- 
ing the greater part of Lithuania. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Louis Eugene be- 
comes duke. 

* * * Hesse. Hesse-Darmstadt loses its 
territory on the left bank of the Rhine 
during the war of the French Revolu- 
tion. 

1795 Apr. 5. Sivitz. Peace of Basel. 
Prussia withdraws from the coali- 
tion, abandoning tlie German cause, and 
ceding to France her territory on the 
left bank of the Rhine. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Frederick I. becomes 
duke. [1797. Frederick II.] 

* * Third and last partition of Poland. 

Prussia gets a large part [ Russian Poland], 
including Misovia and Warsaw, the region 
between the Vistula, Bug, and Niemen, and 
part of Cracow (New Silesia); area, 57,000 
square miles; population, 'J,51>0,000. Austria 
gets West Galicia as far as the river Bug, 
area, 45,000 square miles; population, 3,700,- 
000. Russia gets all the remainder of Poland 
lying east, of the Niemen and the Bug. Area, 
57,000 square miles; population, 2,500,000. 

1796 Sept. * The Archduke Charles 
of Austria, by brilliant military opera- 
tions, recovers from the French the 
entire right bank of the Rhine. 

1797 Apr. 18. Hung. Preliminaries 
of Peace signed at Leoben (p. 519, 713). 

May 18. Frederick II., Duke of Wiir- 
temberg, marries the princess royal of 
England. 

Oct. 17. It. Peace of Campo Formio 
signed by France and Austria (p. 519). 

Nov. 16. Prus. King Frederick "Wil- 
liam 11. dies. 

1797-1840 Pms. Frederick "William 
in. is king. 

Dec. 8-99 Apr. 8. Baden. The Con- 
gress of Rastatt considers the question 
between France and Germany. 

It agrees to cede to France the terri- 
tory on the left bank of the Rhine, and 
to secularize certain German towns 
(p. 713). 

* * Hesse. Mentz is ceded to France. 

* * "Wiirtemberg cedes Montbeliard and 
other possessions to France. 

1798* * Alsace. Mulhausen is annexed 
to France. 

1799 * * Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph 
H. is elector. 

1799-1801 The second coalition is 
formed against France. 

It is joined by Russia, Austria, Eng- 
land, Portugal, Naples, and Turkey. 

1800-06 Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Francis 

Frederick Antony is duke. 
1801 Feb. 9. Fr. Bonaparte dictates 

the Peace of Luneville (p. 519). 

* * Prussia joins the Convention of the 
North against England. 

Mar. * Hamburg. British property is 

sequestrated. 
Apr. 3. Hanover is seized by Prussia. 



1802,* *-1809, * 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1805* * Third coalition against 
France. 

It is composed of Austria, England, 
Russia, and Sweden. 

Sept. 9. Bavaria. Austrians enter (p. 
51S). 

The Austrian army in Germany is 
under the Archduke Ferdinand and 
Gen. Mack; Napoleon in person com- 
mands the French. 

Oct. 17. Wurtemberg. At TJlm Gen. 
Mack surrenders (p. 51S). 

Dec. 26. Hung. Peace of Presburg (p. 
519). 

1806-07 France is at war with Prussia 
and Russia (p. 716). 

* * Prussia is greatly imperiled by the 
separation of the military and civil 
orders, and the miserable condition of 
the half-trained army. The Prussian 
army, under the superannuated Duke of 
Brunswick, is Concentrated in Thu- 
ringia. 

Battles with the French : Oct. 10, 
Saalfeld ; Oct. 14, Jena ; also Auerstiidt ; 
Oct. 14, Prussians surrender ; Nov. 6, Lii- 
heck ; Nov. 8, Magdeburg ; 1807, Jan. * 
Breslau ; Feb. 8, Eylau ; May 24, Dan- 
zig; Jane 14, Friedland (p. 716). 

Oct. 27. Berlin. The French enter 
Berlin. 

The French take Hamburg, Brunswick, 
Stettin, and other cities. 

1807 June 10. E. Prus. At Heils- 
berg the French under Soult and the 
Russians under Gen. Bennigsen engage 
in a bloody but indecisive battle. 

June 16. E. Prus. Konigsberg is 
taken by the French. 

June 21. Russia signs a truce with 
France. [June 25. Prussia also.] 

1809-13 Prus. The army is secretly 
reorganized on the basis of universal 
military service, by a commission 
headed by Gen. Gerhard J. D. von 
Scharnhorst. 

1809 * * Napoleon is at war with Aus- 
tria (p. 51S). 

Apr. 23. Bavaria. Napoleon, after 
five days' fighting, drives the Austrians 
under Archduke Charles into Bohemia. 

Apr. * Berlin. Maj. Frederic von Schill, 
with 600 hussars, precipitates the war 
of liberation from France. (See p. 71S.) 

Oct. 14. Peace of Vienna (p. 519). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1802 * * Ph. Prus. Bone-dust is dis- 
covered to be a manure by Kropp at So- 
1 in gen. 

1S03 * *A steam-press for printing is 
invented by Konig and Bauer. 

1804 Sept. 1. The planet Juno is dis- 
covered by Harding. 

* * Fraunhofer compares lines in the 
spectrum of the sun and stars. 

1805-14 Bavaria. Telescopes are im- 
proved by Pierre Louis Guinaud and 
Fraunhofer. 

1809 Aug. 29. Bavaria. An electric 
telegraph machine is exhibited at Mu- 
nich by Somniering. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1802 * * Botam, Theobald, Bavarian flutist, b. 
Bube, Adolpb, poet, born. 

Dindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, born. 
Engel, Johann J., critic, mis. writer, A61. 
Ettmiiller, Ernst JVI. L., philologist, born. 
Feldmann, Leopold, dramatist, born. 
Felsing, Jakob, engraver, born. 
Flugel, Gustav L., orientalist, born. 
Goldschmidt, Hermann, painter, astron., b. 
Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, born. 
Hengs ten berg, Ernst W., theologian, Bibli- 
cal critic, born. 
Kiss, August, sculptor, born. 
Kiihner, Rafael, philologist, born. 
Lange, Johann P., clergyman, author, born. 
Lenau, Nikolaus, poet, born. 
Magnus, Heinrich G., chemist, born. 
Pott, August F., philologist, born. 
Huge. Arnold, scholar, journalist, born. 
Sehwanthaler, Ludwig M., sculptor, born. 
Sichel, Julius, oculist, born. 
Stahl, Friednch ,1., jurist, born. 
Trendelenburg, Friedrich A., philosopher, b. 
Vehse, Karl E., historian, born. 
Wolff, Emit, sculptor, born. 
Zwirner, Ernst F., architect, born. 

1803 * * Amerling, Friedrich, painter, born. 
Baltzer, Johann 14., It. 0. theologian, born. 
Berthold, Arnold A., physiologist, born. 
Camphausen, Ludolf, statesman, born. 
Devrient, Gustav E., actor, born. 

Dove, Heinrich W., meteorologist, born. 
Ewald, Georg H. A., orientalist, Bib. cr., b. 
Guerieke, Heinrich E. F.. theologian, born. 
Gutzlaff, Karl, missionary, Chinese schol.,b. 
Herder, Johann G., preacher, philosopher, 

mia. writer, A59. 
Klopstock, Friedrich G., poet, A79. 
Kobell-, Franz von, poet, mineralogist, born. 
Leibig. Baron Justus, chemist, born. 
Miiller, Sophie, tragic actor, born. 
Ollendorff, Henry Godfroy, edu., gram., b. 
Roon, Alhrecht T. E. von, Prussian gen., b. 

1804 Feb. 12. Kant, Immanuel, meta- 
physician, philosopher, A80. 

P.aldmger, Ernst G., physician, author, A66. 

Beck, Johann T., theologian, born. 

Becker, Karl F., organist, composer, born. 

Benedict, Sir .Julius, composer, born. 

Erdmann, Otto L., chemist, born. 

Keuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, born. 

Hildebrandt, Ferdinand T., paiuter, born. 

Lachner, Franz, composer, born. 

Panzer, Georg \\\, bibliographer, A75. 

Perty, Joseph A. M., naturalist, born. 

Preller, Friedrich, artist, born. 

Kokitansky, Karl, physician, pathologist, b. 

Konne, Ludwig M. P., jurist, born. 

Schomburgk, Sir Robert IL, naturalist, trav- 
eler, born. 

Schleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, born, 

Schwetschke, Karl <;., satirist, bibliog., b. 

Semper, Gottfried, architect, born. 

Siebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, born. 

Strauss. Johann. composer, born. 

Weber, Wilhelm E., physicist, born. 

Weisse, Christian F., poet, dramatist, mis. 
writer, A78. 

1805 May 9. Schiller. Johann C. F. 
von. poet, dramatist, hist., mis. wr., A46. 

Albers, Johann F. H., physician, born. 
Busehmann, Johann K. E., philologist, born. 
Diriehlet, Peter <;., geometrician, born. 
Drake, Friedrich, sculptor, born. 
Erdmann, Johann E., philosopher, born. 
Fiirst, Julius, orientalist, born. 
Gervinus, Georg G., hist., critic, mis. wr., b. 
Hahn-Hahn. Countess, Ida M. L. S. F. 

G. von, poet, novelist, born. 
Herzog, Johann J., theologian, author, born. 
Kaulhach, Wilhelm von, painter, horn. 
Kurz, Heinrich, orient, schol., litterateur, b. 
Matzner, Eduard A. F., philologist, born. 
Manteiiffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, born. 
Mold, Hugo von, botanist, born. 
Rodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., b. 
Rosen, Friedrich A., philologist, born. 
Koseiikranz, .lohann K. F., philosopher, b. 
Rubens, Christoph, painter, born. 
Sohn, Karl F., painter, born. 
Venedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, born. 
Wagner, Rudolph, physician, anatomist, b. 

1806 * * Abich, Wilhelm. geologist, au., b. 
Adelung, Johann (..'., philologist, A74. 
Auresperg, Count Anton A. von, poet, b. 
Bauer, Georg I,., rationalistic cl., orient., A61. 
Diefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, born. 
Erman, Gustav A., natural phil., trav., born. 
Freund, Wilhelm, lexicographer, horn. 
Froehel, Julius, politician, mis. writer, born. 
Giinderode, Karoline von, poet, A26. 
Harless. Gottlieb (_'. A., theologian, born. 
Herz, Heinrieh. pianist, composer, born. 
Hubner, Rudolph J. P., painter, born. 
Kuhne, Gustav F., novelist, born. 



Laube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, mis. wr., b. 
Mohr, Karl, physicist, philosopher, born. 
Miicke, Heinrich K, A., painter, born. 
Peters, Christian A. F., astronomer, born. 
Sontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo- 
calist, born. 
Ritschl, Friedrich W., philologist, born. 
Speckter, Erwin, painter, born. 
Sternberg, Alexander, novelist, born. 
IJlrici, Hermann, scholar, critic, phil., born. 
Vatke, Johann K. W., theologian, born. 
Wieshach, Julius, mathematician, born. 
Wille, Johann, engraver, A91. 
Zeuss, Johann K., philologist, hist, wr., b. 

1807 * * Ainmuller, Maximilian 1>., paint., b. 
Anialie, Anna, Duch. of Saxe- Weimar, A68. 
Bischoff, Theodor L. W., anat., physiol., b. 
Blum, Robert, democratic politician, born. 
Burmeister, Hermann, naturalist, born. 
Detmold, Hermann J., statesman, born. 
Fabricius, Johann C, entomologist, A64. 
Gabelentz, Hans C. von der, politician, phi- 
lologist, linguist, born. 

Grimm, Baron Friedrich M., wit, critic, 
mis. writer, A83. 

Hackert, Philipp, painter, A70. 

Hitzig, Ferdinand, Biblical critic, born. 

Meissner, August G-, dram., litterateur, A54. 

Nast, William, founder of German Method- 
ism in America, born. 

Putter, Johann S., publicist, A82. 

Schmitz, Leonhard, class, schol., philol., b. 

Vischer, Friedrich T., phdosophical wr., b. 

1808 * * Ahrens, Heinrich, jurist, author, b. 
Andree, Karl T., geographer, born. 
Bardilli, Christoph (;., philosopher, A47. 
Cotta, Bernhard, geologist, born. 
Droysen, Johann G., historian, born. 
Haase, Heinrich G. F. C., philologist, born. 
Haupt, Moritz, philologist, born. 

Kohl, Johann C, traveler, writer, horn. 
Kugler, Franz T., critic, writer on art, born. 
Lessing, Karl F., painter, born. 
Meyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, horn. 
Mundt, Theodor, mis. writer, born. 
Oettmger, Eduard M., novelist, bibliog., b. 
Schmid, Leopold, R. C. theologian, born. 
Strauss. David F., rationalistic theol., b. 
Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phd., h. 
Vangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, born. 
Weber, Georg, historian, born. 
Weil, Gustav, orientalist, born. 
Wichern, Johann H.. cl., philanthropist, b. 
Wrisberg, Heinrich A., anatomist, A69. 

1809 Feb. 3. Mendels6ob.n-Bartb.oldy. 
Felix, composer, born. 

Bauer, Bruno, rationalistic theol., critic, b. 

Benfey, Theodor, m im talis! , philologist, b. 

Beust, Baron, Friedrich F. von, states., b. 

Braun, August E., archeologist, born. 

Dorner, Isaac A., theologian, born. 

Duller, Eduard, historian, poet, born. 

Eberhard, Johann A., philosopher, wr., A70. 

Grassmann, Hermann G., mathematician, 
orientalist, born. 

Haydn. Joseph, composer, A77. 

Hefele, Karl von, R. C. bishop of Rotten- 
burg, author, born. 

Henle, Friedrich G. J., physician, horn. 

Koch, Karl H. E., naturalist, born. 

Kurtz, Johann H., theologian, born. 

Manteuffel, Baron Edwin H. K., gen., born. 

Otto, Friedrich J., chemist, born. 

Preller, Ludwig, class, scholar, antiquary, b. 

Sauppe, Hermann, classical schol., philol., b. 

Schlozer, August L. von, historian, A74. 

Schill, Ferdinand von, soldier, A36. 

Stockhardt, Julius A., chemist, born. 

Zimmerman, Albert, painter, born. 



1805 * * Berlin. Pastor Janicke founds 
a Bible Society, which becomes the 
Prussian Central Bible Society. [1811, 
He founds a Tract Society.] 



LETTERS. 

1802 * * Pome, a poem, by K. W. Hum- 
boldt, appears. 

1803 * * Baden. The University of Heid- 
elberg is reconstituted. 

* * History of Serfdom in Pomerania and 
Rugen and* Poems, bv Ernst M. Arndt, 
appear. [1805-06, Spirit of the Time.] 

* * Bight of Possession, by Friedrich K. 
von Savigny, appears. 

* * The Family Srhro fen stein, by Hein- 
rich B. W. von KTeist, appears. [1S08, 
Penthesilea; 1810-11, Katchchen von 
Heilttronn, the Broken Jug, and Tales.] 



GERMANY. 



1802,**-1809, ** 



* * Minnesongs, by Tieck, appears. [1812- 
15, Phantasm.] 

* * Poems in the Alemannic dialect, by 
Johann P. Hebel, appears. 

1803-09 Spanish Theatre, by August W. 

von Sclilegel , appears . [ 1809-1 1 , Lectures 

on Dramatic Art ami Literature.] 
1804* * Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach. The 

Allgemeine Literal urzeitung is issued at 

Jena. 

* * The Universities of Bamberg, Dil- 
lingen, and Duisburg suspend. 

1805 * * The Cid, by Herder, appears. 

* * Bavaria. The University of Alt- 
dorf is united to tbat of JErlangen. 

1807-32 History of the Crusades accord- 
ing to Orien tal and Western Accounts, by 
Friedrich Wilkeu, appears. 

1808 * * The first part of Faust, by 
Goethe, appears. [1809, Elective Affini- 
ties; 1810, The Historif of the Doctrine of 
Colors; 1811-31, From My Life,- Poetry 
and Truths.] 

* * Pr. Saxony. The University of 
Halle is closed. 

* * Die Einsiedh r^eitung is issued. 

* * Das Heidelberg ische Jahrbuch is is- 
sued. 

* * Aspects of Nature, by F. H. A. von 
Humboldt, appears. 

* * Sigurd the Dragon-Slayer and The 
Magic Ring, hy Friedrich Fouque, ap- 
pear. [1811, Undine.] 

1808-18 History of the States and Law 
of Germany, by Karl F. Eichhorn, ap- 
pears. 

1809 * * The Universities of Rinteln and 
Helmstadt suspend. 

* * The University of Frankfort-on-the- 
Oder is united to that of Breslau. 

* * History of the Political Systems and 
Colonies of Europe, by Heeren, appears. 

* * The Twenty-fourth of February, by 
Friedrich L. Z." Werner," appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1807 June * E. Prus. The Tugend- 
bund, or League of Virtue, is formed at 
Konigsberg, tor relieving the sufferers 
by the late wars, and the revival of 
morality and patriotism. [1809. It ex- 
cites the jealousy of Napoleon ; he de- 
mands its suppression. 1815. Dissolved.] 



STATE. 

1802 * * Prussia acquires Erfurt. [1803. 
Receives more territory.] 

* * "Westphalia is made over to Hesse- 
Darmstadt. 

1803 June 5. Hanover is occupied 
and harassed by the French. 

Bonaparte expresses his contempt for 
the vanishing empire by invading Ger- 
many. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Frederick II. is made 
elector of Germany. 

* *Hesse-Cassel becomes an elec- 
torate ; William I. elector. 

* * The county of Hanau is made a prin- 
cipality. 

* * Bavaria is compelled by the Imperial 
delegations to give up certain territory, 
but receives Wurzburg, Bamberg, Augs- 
burg, and other accessions. 

* * Wiirtemberg and Baden receive ac- 
cessions of territory, and are made elec- 
torates-. 

* * The Empire of Austria is formed. 

1804 Aug. 11. Francis II., the elected 
Emperor of Germany, takes the addi- 



tional title of Francis I., hereditary 
Emperor of Austria, in view of the 
approaching dissolution of the German 
Empire. 
1805 Nov. 3. Prus. The King of Prus- 
sia and the Emperor of Russia conclude 
the Convention of Potsdam, and 
" swear eternal friendship." 

* * Third coalition against France. 

England, Austria, Russia, and Sweden 
unite against France and Spain. 

Dec. 15. Prussia is deterred from join- 
ing the coalition by a treaty with 
France, in which Hanover is promised 
in exchange for part of Cleves. 

Dec. 26. The Peace of Presburg adds 
to the humiliation of Austria (p. 519). 

* * Dusseldorf becomes the capital of the 
Napoleonic duchy of Berg. 

* * Prussia acquires Hanover in return 
for Ausbach, Cleves, and Neuchatel. 

* * Wiirtemberg. Frederick II., Elector 
of Wiirtemberg, becomes king as Fred- 
erick I. 

* * Baden receives more accessions of 
territory. 

1806^44 Saxe-Coburq-Goiha. Ernest 
IH. is the reigning duke. 

1S06 Jan. 1. Bavaria becomes a 
kingdom ; Maximilian Joseph is made 
king; Augsburg is annexed. 
Secession of German princes. 

July 12. Paris. The Confederation 
of the Khine is formed. 

The allegiance of 16,000,000 people is 
transferred to a foreign State, 258,000 
troops are pledged to aid Napoleon in 
case of war, and a Diet is established at 
Frankfort (p. 717J. 

Aug. 6. End of the old German or 

. Holy Roman Empire. 

The Union of the empire and the Ger- 
man kingdom is dissolved. The Em- 
peror Francis renounces his imperial 
Roman title, and announces himself the 
first of the emperors of Austria, with 
the title Francis I. 

Aug. 18. Napoleon decrees the erec- 
tion of the kingdom of "Westphalia. 

It is to be composed of conquests from 
Prussia, including Hesse-Cassel, Han- 
over, and the smaller States to the west 
of the Elbe. [1813. Abolished.] 

Oct. 6. Prussia joins the allies of Eng- 
land against France. [Oct. 9. Declares 
war against France.] 

Oct. 14. Prussia suffers by the fatal 
battles of Jena and Auerstadt. 

Oct. 27- Berlin. Napoleon enters the 
city. 

Nov. 21. Berlin. Napoleon issues his 
famous Berlin decree (p. 717). 

Dec. 11. Saxony withdraws from its 
alliance with Prussia (p. 717). 

The Elector Frederick assumes the 
title of king ; lie receives as a reward the 
territory of Kottbus and the duchy of 
"Warsaw, but surrenders some of his 
former territory to the new kingdom of 
Westphalia. 

* * Frankfort- on- the-Main is granted 
to the prince primate Von Dalberg. 

* * Thelandgraviateof Hesse-Homburg 
is absorbed by the grand duchy of 
Hesse. 

* * Bavaria. Nuremberg is annexed to 
to Bavaria. 

* * Saxe-Weimar is changed from a 
principality to a duchy. 



* * Baden. Charles Frederick i 
grand duke by Napoleon, a 
another addition of territory. Baden 
becomes a grand duchy. 

* * Hesse-Darmstadt becomes a grand 
duchy, with additional territory. Louis 
I. becomes grand duke. 

* * Brunswick. "William Frederick be- 
comes duke of Brunswick-Wulfenbiittel. 
[1S13. Oct * Actual reign begins.] 

1807 Apr. 26. E. Prus. Alexander 
and the King of Prussia form a com- 
pact aiming to unite all Europe on a 
new political foundation. [Vienna re- 
fuses, and the compact fails.] 

June 25. W. Biis. Napoleon meets 
Czar Alexander and Frederick William 
III. on a raft in the river Niemen; Na- 
poleon detaches Alexander from his alli- 
ance with Prussia. 

July 7-9. E. Prus. The Peace of Til- 
sit. 

(July 7.) Peace with Russia is signed 
by France. 

(July 9.) Peace with Prussia is signed 
by France. 

Frederick "William III. yields one-half 
the best part of his kingdom and more 
than half his subjects to France (p. 717). 

July 9. Saxony. Magd eburg is an- 
nexed to the kingdom of Westphalia. 

Dec. 1. Westphalia. Jerome Bona- 
parte is appointed king by his brother ; 
Hesse-Cassel and Brunswick are in- 
corporated in the kingdom. 

* * E. Prus. The Tugendbund is or- 
ganized as a patriotic society, and is 
promoted by Baron von Stein. 

* * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Napoleon occu- 
pies the country and deposes Duke 
Ernest. 

* * Waldeck-Pyrmont. Schwarzburg- 
Sondershausen and Schwarzburg- 
Budolstadt join the Confederation of 
the Rhine. 

* * Schaumburg-Lippe is made a prin- 
cipality. 

1807-20 Lippe prospers under the rule 
of the Princess Pauline. 

* *-08 Nov.* Prus. Baron von Stein 
is chief minister. 

He reorganizes the administration ; 
serfdom is abolished, municipal rights 
granted, education encouraged, all 
classes to compete for civil offices, and 
drastic military rules enforced. 

1808 Apr. 6. Austria declares war 
against France. 

Nov. 5. Berlin. The Convention of 
Berlin is signed. 

Napoleon remits to Prussia the sum due 
on the war-debt, and withdraws many 
of his troops to reenforce his armies in 
Spain. 

* * Mecklenburg- Schwerin and Old- 
enburg join the Confederation of the 
Rhine. 

1809 June * -July * Saxony. Dresden 
is held by Austria. 

Oct. 14. Vienna. The Peace of Vi- 
enna (p. 519). 

* * Hesse-Nassau. Hanauis incorporated 
with the duchy of Frankfort. 

* * Aust. The Tyrol revolts from Bava- 
ria and from French rule. 

* * Lippe-Detmold joins the Confedera- 
tion of the Rhine. [1813. It joins the 
German Confederation.] 

* * Bavaria. Salzburg is annexed. 



810 1810, Mar. 1-1816, * 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1812 * * Prussia is forced to act as an 
ally of Napoleon in his Russian cam- 
paign, and furnishes 20,000 men [but 
afterwards goes over to Russia]. 

1813-14 "War of Independence: the 
allies unite against Napoleon. 

Mar. 10. Pros. The Order of the Iron 
Cross is instituted by King Frederick 
William. 

1813 Feb. 3. Silesia. At Breslau 
Frederick William 111, appeals to the 
patriotism of the young men ; they enlist 

Mar. 17. The people rally with enthu- 
siasm toexpel the French from Germany, 
and form the " landwehr," or militia. 

Mar. 27. Preparations are made for a 
great conflict. 

The Russians and Prussians under 
Prince Willgenstein and Field-Marshal 
Bliieher occupy Dresden. The French 
army and the troops furnished by the 
Confederacy of the Rhine concentrate 
in Francouia, Thuringia, and on the 
Elbe. 

May * Napoleon has 1S0,000 men ; the 
allies, 85,000. (See battles, p. 720.) 

Battles: May 2, Liitzen ; May 20,21, 
Bautzen; Aug. 23, Grossbeeren; Aug. 
26, Katzback ; Aug. 26, 27, Dresden ; 
* * Torgau besieged ; Sept. 6,Dennewitz; 
Sept. 17, Nollendorf ; Oct. 3, Warten- 
burg ; Oct. 16, Mockern ; Oct. 16-18, Leip- 
sic ; Oct. 30, Hanau ; Nov. 2, Hochheim. 

June 4. Prus. Armistice of Poisch- 
witz (p. 720). [The allies provide three 
great armies.] (Pp. 520, 720.) 

* * Many cities are retaken by the allies. 
Nov. 11, Dresden; Nov. 21, Stettin ; Dec. 
5, Lubeck ; Dec. 26, Zamosc, Modlin, and 
Torgau ; Dec. 30, Danzig ; 1814, Jan. 12, 
AVittenberg ; Mar. 7, Kustrin. 

[* * Many cities maintain themselves 
against Napoleon until the peace, as 
Glogau, Magdeburg, Hamburg, Erfurt, 
Wiirzburg, Wesel, and Mentz.] 

* * * Hamburg is evacuated by the 
French before the advance of the Rus- 
sians into Germany. 

1814 Jan. 1. Danzig surrenders to 
the allies under the King of \Vurtem- 
berg. 

Jan. 14. Saxony. Torgau surrenders 
to the allies. 

1815 June 16. Belg. "William Fred- 
erick, Duke of Brunswick, falls at 
Quatre-Bras. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1810 * * Prus. Krupp's Cast Steel Fac- 
tory at Essen is established. [1876. It 
employs about 10,500 men, besides 5,000 
miners and others.] 

* * The harmonichord, a keyed instru- 
mant in which sounds are produced by 
friction, is invented by Thomas Kauit- 



1813 * * Galvano-plastik process is in- 
vented by Jacobi and Speueer. 

1815* * Bavaria. Joseph von Fraun- 
hofer, an optician, discovers that the 
solar spectrum is crossed by 590 lines. 



1816* * Gas-lighting is introduced by 
"Wilhelni A. Lampadius at Freiberg, 

* * Pr. Saxony. The first paper-making 
machine in Germany is made by Kerf- 
stan at Halle. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1810 * * Esper, Eugen J. C, entomol., AG8. 
Frankl, Ludwig A., poet, born. 
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, born. 

Furstenberg, Baron Friedrich W., states- 
man, A81. 
Hasse, Karl E., physiologist, born. 
Holtzmann, Adolf, philologist, born. 
Juncker, Henry D., R. C. cl. (bp. in Am.), b. 
Krupp, Alfred, inanuf. of steel guns, b. 
Kleiners, Ohristoph, historian, A 63. 
Nicolai, Karl O. E., composer, born. 
Reuter, Fritz, port, novelist, born. 
Schumann, Robert, composer, born. 
Schwann, Theodor, physiologist, born. 
Valentin, Gabriel <;., phvs., physiologist, b. 

1811 * * Bast, Friedrich J., sehoi.,diplo.,A39. 
Beckmann, Johann, naturalist, agricultural 

writer, A74. 

Bendermann, Eduard, painter, born. 

Brendel, Karl !■'., musical critic, born. 

Collin, Heinrich J. von, poet, A39. 

Gutzkow, Karl F., novelist, dramatist, born. 

Hahnel, Lrnsl .1., sculptor, born. 

Hecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., born. 

Hiller, Ferdinand, composer, born. 

Hoefer, Johann C. F., mis. writer, born. 

Keller, .Joseph, engraver, born. 

Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C. 
bishop of Mentz, statesman, mis. wr., b. 

Kleist, Heinrich von. poet, novelist, A35. 

Littrow, Karl L., astronomer, born. 

Maximilian II., King of Bavaria, born. 

Maria Louisa Augusta, wife of Emperor 
William I., born. 

Nicolai, Cliristoph F., litterateur, A78. 

Pallas, Peter S., traveler, naturalist, A70. 

Seetzen, Ulrich J., naturalist, traveler, A45. 

Vincke, Ernst. <;. von, orator, states., born. 
1812* * Archenholz, Johann W., historical 
writer, A71+. 

Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, born. 

Daniel, Hermann, theologian, geographer, b. 

lumcker, Maximilian W., historian, born. 

Flotow. Friedrich von. composer, born. 

Galle, Johann G., astronomer, born. 

(iriesbaeli, Johann .1., thenl., philol., A67. 

Heyne, Christian (I., philologist, A83. 

Junghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, born. 

Kubn, Adalbert, mvihologisi, philol., born. 

Reinhard, Francis V., theologian, pulpitora- 
tor, A59. 

Rothschild. Meyer A., banker, A69. 

Schwarz, Karl II. \\'., rationalistic tbeol., b. 

Thalberg, Sigisniund, pianist, composer, b. 

"Windthorst, Ludwig-, statesman, born. 
1813 May 32. "Wagner, "Wilhelm Rich- 
ard, composer, born. 

Bergenroth, tiustav, historian, born. 

Delitzsch, Franz, theologian, born. 

Delius, Nikolaus, philologist, critic, born. 

Fendler, August, botanist, born. 

Fernkorn, Anton ]>., sculptor, born. 

Fraiienstadt, < 'liristian M. .1., philosopher,!). 

(lass, Friedrich W. II. J., theologian, horn. 

Hebhel, Friedrich, dramatist, born. 

Koch, Ohristoph \V. von, hist, writer, A76. 

Ronge, Johannes, U. C. cl., schismatic, b. 

Korner, Karl T., poet, A 22. 

Lepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq.,born. 

Laemlein, Alexandre, painter, born. 

Meyer, Johann <;., painter, born. 

Peters, Christian H. F., astronomer, born. 

Poiuatowski, Prince, Joseph A., gen., A51. 

Red, Johann ('., anatomist, A54. 

Seharnhorst, < lerhard I>. von, gen., au., A57. 

Nchenkel, iJanicl, rationalistic tbeol., born. 

Ulrich, Titus, poet, born. 

Wagner, Moritz F., traveler, naturalist, b. 

"Wieland. Christopher Martin, poet, novel- 
ist, mis. writer, A80. 
1814* * Auer, Anton, Bavarian porcelain 
painter, A36. 

Baltv.er, Wilhelm E., rationalist, born. 

Bredow, Gabriel <;., historian, A41, 

C'aspari, Karl P., theologian, Bib. critic, b. 

Curtius. Ernst, anti<i.,archeologist, hist.,b. 

Itingelsterlt, Baron Franz von, poet, born. 

Ernst, Heinricli W., musician, born. 

Fichte. Johann G.. metaphysician, A52. 

Geinitz, Johann B., geologist, born. 

Geissler, Heinrich, physicist, born. 

(irisebach, August II. R., botanist, born. 

Halbig, Johann, sculptor, born. 

Hankel, Wilhelm i:., physicist, born. 

Heuselt, Adolpb, pianist, composer, born. 

Hubner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, b. 

Jacobi, Johann G., poet, scholar, A74. 

Kahnis, Karl F. A., theologian, born. 



Lehmann, Heinrich, painter, born. 

Mayer, Julius K., physicist, born. 

Miilbach, Luise (Mrs. Theo. Mundt), nov., b. 

Wolff, Albert, sculptor, born. 

Zeller, Eduard, theologian, born. 
1815 Apr. 1. Bismarck, Prince Otto 
Eduard Leopold, statesman, born. 

Achenbach, Andreas, painter, born. 

Claudius, Matthias, poet, A72. 

Duringsfeld, Ida von, novelist, born. 

Franz, Robert, composer, born. 

Geibel, Eumianuel, poet, born. 

(irassmann, Robert, philosopher, born. 

Kinkel, Johann (i., poet, writer on art. born. 

Leonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, born. 

Lowe, Sophie, singer, born. 

Mesmer, Friedrich A., founder of mes- 
merism, A82. 

Miehaelis, Friedrich, theologian, born. 

^Niebuhr. Karslcns, traveler, A82. 

Peters, Wilhelm K. H., zoologist, born. 

Reuter, Julius, founder of Reuter's telegraph 
news agency, born. 

Rosenmuller, Johann G., theologian, A79. 

Stein, Lorenz von, political economist, b. 

Tann, Baron Ludwig von tier, general, born. 

Tischcndorff, Lobegott F. K. von, philologist, 
Biblical critic, born. 

Tyehsen, (Hans ti., orientalist, philol., A81. 

Wunderlicb, Karl A., physician, born. 

Zimmerman, Eberhard A. W., naturalist, 
author, A72. 

Zumpt, August W., classical sehol.,antiq..b. 



CHURCH. 

1812 * * Wiirtemberg. The Wiirtemberg 
Bible Society is organized. 

1813 * * Ph. Prus. Tbe Berg Bible So- 
ciety is organized at Elberfeld. 

1814 * * The Hamburg Altona Bible So- 
ciety is organized ; also the Hanover 
Bible Society. 

* * Berlin. The Prussian Central Bible 
Society ia organized. 

* * The Lubeck Bible Society is organized. 

* * Saxony. The Saxon Bible Society is 
founded at Dresden. 

* * Ph. Prus. Great collections are made 
by Prussia- for resuming the building of 
the cathedral at Cologne. 

1815* * Pints. The Bremen, Brunswick, 
Schleswig-Holstein Bible Societies are 
organized. 

LETTERS. 

1810 * * Poverty and Riches, Guilt and 
Repentance of the Countess Dolores, by 
Ludwig A. Arnim, appears. [1811, Halle 
and Jerusalem, and Isabella of Egypt.] 

* * On German Nationality, by Friedrich 
L. Jahn, appears. 

* * Berlin. The University of Berlin 
is established. 

1811 * * Traveling Shadows, by the Magic 
Lantern Player, by Andreas J. Kerner, 
appears. 

* * History of the Religion of Jesus Christ, 
by Count F. L. S ted berg, appears. [1815, 
Life of Alfred the Great.] 

1811-32 Roman History, by Barthold G. 

Niebuhr, appears. 
1812* * Children'' s and Domestic Tales r 

by Jacob and Wilhelm Grimm, appears. 

[1816, German Legends.] 

* * Divan des Hifas, by Joseph von Ham- 
mer, appears. 

* * The Emperor Julian and his Times, by 
Johann A. W. Neander, appears. 

1812-16 Science of Logic, by Hegel, ap- 
pears. [1817, E ii eye lopsedla of the Phil- 
osophical Sciences.] 

1813 * * What is the German's Father- 
land? and other songs, by Arndt, appear. 

1813-16 Wiener Literaturzeitung is is- 
sued. 

1814* * Lyre and Sword, by Karl T. 
Korner, appears. 

* * German Poems by Freimund Raimar, 
by Friedrich Iiiickert, appears. 

* * The Wonderful History of Peter Schle- 
mihl, by Adalbert von Chamisso, ap- 
pears. 



GERMANY. 



1810, Mar. 1-1816, 



811 



1814^-16 The Bheinscher Merkitr, ed- 
ited by Jacob J. Gbrres, is issued. 

1814-22 Tales, by E. T. W. Hoffmann, 
appears. 

1815 * * Des Eplmenides Erwachen, by 
Goetbe, appears. [1816, Art and Antiq- 
uity ; lSl(J-2<), Italian Journey; 1817-2-4, 
On Natural Histary.] 

* * Poems, by Max von Scbenkendorf , ap- 
pears. 

* * Poems, by Uhland, appears. [1816, 
Fatherland Poems; 1817, Duke Ernest of 
Swabia; 1819, Louis the Bavarian; 1822, 
On Walther von del Vogeliveide.'] 

* * Presage and Presence, by Joseph, von 
Eichendortf , appears. 

* * Pr. Saxony. The University of 
"Wittenberg is united to Halle. 

SOCIETY. 

1812 * * p7*us: The greater part of the 
citizens are trained to arms by succes- 
sive terms of service in the army. 

1813 Mar. 10. The Order of the Iron 
Cross is established by Frederick "Wil- 
liam III. to honor bravery in the Franco- 
Prussian War. 

Aug. * Silesia. Gen. Bliicher is made 
Prince of Wahlstatt because of his vic- 
tory near that place. 

1815 Aug. 12. Hanover. The Guel- 
phic Order of knighthood is instituted 
for Hanover by the prince regent [George 
IV. of England]. 

STATE. 

1810 Mar. 1. Hanover. A part of this 
province is annexed to "Westphalia. 

* * North Germany is annexed to 
France as far eastward as the Trave, 
beyond the Elbe. 

It includes Oldenburg, a large part of 
Westphalia, the grand duchy of Berg, 
East Friesland, and the numerous Han- 
seatic cities, among which are Bremen, 
Hamburg, and Liibeck ; the princes are 
humiliated, and their patriotism is 
aroused. 

* *■ Hesse. Frankfort becomes a grand- 
duchy under Carl von Dalberg. 

1811 * * Napoleon, the terror of Europe, 
is at the summit of his power. 

* * Baden. Charles Lewis Frederick 
becomes grand duke. [1818. May 26. 
Baden becomes an hereditary constitu- 
tional monarchy by charter.] 

1812* * "War with Russia. (SeeArmy.) 

Sept. 16-19. The defeat of Napoleon 
at Moscow gives Germany an opportu- 
nity to free herself from France. 

1813 Feb. 3. Prus. King Frederick 
William III. successfully appeals to 
German patriotism, and calls for volun- 
teers. 

Feb. 28. Prussia and Russia enter into 
an alliance against France at Kalish. 

They agree to unite in offensive and 
defensive operations ; the Prussian mon- 
archy to be restored according to old 
political relations, and Austria and Eng- 
land to be invited to enter the alliance. 

1813-14 Mar. 17. Prus. The "War 
of Liberation. 

Frederick William signs the declara- 
tion of war, and appeals to " my people " 
and " my army " (pp. 718, 720). 

Mar.* Saxony. The King of Saxony flees 
from his kingdom. [Mar. 27. Napoleon 
enters Dresden ; the King of Saxony re- 
turns.] 



Mar. * Mecklenburg. The dukes with- 
draw from the Confederation of the 
Rhine. 

Mar. * Great preparations are made for 
the struggle on both sides of the Elbe. 

June 15. Silesia. England concludes a 
subsidy treaty against France, with 
Prussia and Russia, at Reichenbach. 

July 5, 28, Aug. 11. France, Austria, 
and Prussia are represented in the Con- 
gress of Prague ; negotiations for peace 
fail. 

July 8. Silesia. Great Britain and Rus- 
sia sign an alliance against France at 
the Convention of Peterswaldau. 

Aug. 12. Austria declares war against 
France, supported by German allies, se- 
cured by means of English subsidies. 

Sept. 9. Bohemia. Russia and Prussia 
enter an alliance with Austria against 
France at Teplitz (p. 521). 

Oct. 8. Aust. The Treaty of Bied is 
Bigned. Bavaria becomes an ally (p. 521). 

Oct. 19. Reconstruction of German 
States (p. 721). 

Nov. 6. Hanover is regained for Eng- 
land by Marshal Bernadotte. 

Nov. 13. Neth. An insurrection 
breaks out in Holland; French officials 
are expelled, and the House of Orange 
restored. 

* * Saxony, Baden, Hesse, and Wiirtem- 
berg leave the Confederation, and join 
the allies against France. 

* * Bremen, Liibeck, and Brunswick re- 
gain their independence. 

* * Hesse. The electorate of Hesse- 
Cassel is reestablished. 

* * Silesia. Breslau is again surrendered 
to the French. 

1814 Jan. 14. Schleswig-Holstein. The 
Peace of Kiel (p. 639). 

Feb. 5-Mar. 19. Fr. Congress at 
Chatillon-sur- Seine (p. 721). 

Mar. * Fr. The allies, Austria, Great 
Britain, Prussia, and Russia, sign a close 
alliance at Chaumont, and resolve to 
depose Napoleon. [The Pentarchy of 
the Great Powers.] 

Mar. 13. Paris. The allies enter the 
city; the French Senate declares that 
Napoleon and his family have for- 
feited the throne. 

Apr. 6, 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates 
(p. 721). 

May 30. Paris. The First Peace of 
Paris (p. 721). 

May * Hamburg is restored to indepen- 
dence by the allies. Magdeburg is re- 
stored to Prussia. 

June 7-22. London. The Czar Alex- 
ander and King Frederick William of 
Prussia, accompanied by their victorious 
generals, are enthusiastically received. 

Sept. 30-15 June 10. Vienna. Im- 
portant Congress of .Vienna, to settle 
the conflicting claims of various States, 
especially of Germany (pp. 521, 721). 

1814-15 Saxe-Weimar receives acces- 
sions of territory, and is formed into a 
grand duchy. 

* * Ph. Prtis. The French portion of the 
Palatinate lying west of the Rhine (in- 
cluding IMisseldorf and Cologne) is re- 
stored to Germany. 



1S15 Mar. 1. Fr. Napoleon, having 
escaped from Elba, arrives at Cannes to 
recover his throne. [Mar. 13. The ban 
against him is proclaimed by the allies.] 

Mar. 20. Paris. Napoleon arrives, and 
resumes the government of France. 

Mar. 25. Vienna. The great powers 
form a new alliance against Napoleon 
(p. 521). 

May 22. Prus. Frederick William 
III. grants constitutional law. 

May 8. Saxony. Saxony is dismem- 
bered, and a great part given to Prussia. 

June 8. Vienna. The Germanic Con- 
federation is constituted to supersede 
the Confederation of the Rhine and the 
Old Empire. [It lasts till 1866.] 
The Confederation is founded. 
Itconsists of 35 States — 31 monarchies 
and four republics. The States com- 
prise: one empire, Austria; live king- 
doms, Prussia. Bavaria, Saxony, Hano- 
ver, and Wiirtemberg; one electorate, 
Hesse-Cassel ; seven grand duchies, 
Baden, Hesse-Darmstadt, Luxemburg, 
Mecklenhurg-Schwerin, Mecklenburg- 
Strelitz, Saxe-Weimar, and Oldenburg; 
eight duchies, Holstein (with Lau- 
enburg), Brunswick, Nassau, Saxe- 
Meiningen, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, Saxe- 
Altenburg, Anhalt-Dessau Kotben, and 
Anhalt-Bernburg ; nine principalities, 
Schwarzlnirg-Sondersliausen, Schwarz- 
burg-Rudolstadt, Schaumburg-Lippe, 
Lippe-Detmold, Waldeck, Reuss the el- 
der, Reuss the younger, Hesse-Homburg, 
and Leichtenstein ; four free cities, Lii- 
beck, Frankfort, Bremen, and Hamburg. 
East and West Prussia and Posen are 
not included. 

June 22. Fr. Napoleon again abdi- 
cates. 

July 1. Paris. The allies again arrive. 

July 15. Napoleon surrenders him- 
self to the British. 

Sept. 26. Paris. The Holy Alliance 
is signed (p. 521). 

Nov. 20. Paris. The Second Peace 
of Paris is signed (p. 723). 

* * Mecldenburg,. The dukes are made 
grand dukes. Frederick Francis I. 
becomes grand duke. 

* * Bremen is restored all its old fran- 
chises. 

* * Brunswick. Charles Frederick 
William becomes duke of Brunswick- 
Wolf enbUttel. 

* * Frankfort-on-the-Main is made a 
free city, and appointed capital of the 
Germanic Confederation. 



* * Prosperity comes with 40 years of 
peace after many years of war. 

1816 Nov. ie. Frankfort. The first 
session of the First Diet of the Ger- 
manic Confederation begins. 

Nov. * Hanover. The Duke of Cam- 
bridge is appointed viceroy, and a rep- 
resentative government is established. 

* * Wurtemberg. "William I. becomes 
king. [1819. He establishes represen- 
tative government under a Constitution.] 

* * Baden. Saxe-Weimar, Bavaria, Hesse, 
Wurtemberg, and Waldeck-Pyrmont re- 
ceive new constitutions. 

1816-17 Hesse cedes Westphalia to 
Prussia ; Mentz passes under the rule of 
Hesse-Darmstadt. 



812 1816,**-1827,**. 



GERMANY. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1817 * * Bavaria. A system of stenog- 
raphy is invented by Franz Gabels- 



1818* * Frankfort. Louis Spohr's Faust 

appears. 
1819± * * Hesse- Xassau. Spohr's Zeraire 

und Azor appears at Frankfort. 
1819-51 Saxony. Arthur Schopenhauer 

advocates the doctrine of pessimism. 

1820 * * An electroscope is invented by 
Bohnenberger. 

* * Color-printing is invented. 

1821 June 18. Berlin. "Weber's Der 
Freischiitz appears. [1826. Oberon.] 

* * Rh. Prtts. A musical festival is held 
at Cologne. 

1822 Sept.* "NaturforscherVe- 
rein" is formed by a scientific associa- 
tion. 

1823 * * Thermoelectricity, produced 
by heating pieces of copper and bismuth 
soldered together, is discovered by See- 
beck. 

-* * The philosophical lamp is con- 
structed by Johann Wolfgang Doberei- 
ner ; he applies in it the property pos- 
sessed by spongy platinum of causing 
the combination of oxygen and hydro- 
gen, discovered by him. 

1824 * * Hesse. Etching on metal for 
printing is invented by Eberhard at 
Darmstadt. 

* * Cobalt blue is discovered by Joliann 
G. Kopfner. 

1825 * * Sloping tramways are used. 

* * Steam navigation on the Khine com- 
mences. 

* * Dr. von Fuchs invents "water-glass, a 
solution for hardening the exteriors of 
buildings. 

1826 * * Biela*s comet is observed. 
1826-60 Hein rich S. Schwabe proves the 

periodicity of sun-spots. He discov- 
ers that a cycle of changes in the num- 
ber of spots occurs in 11 years. 

1827 Feb.* Pomerania. Mendels- 
sohn's Overture to Shakespeare's Mid- 
summer JYight's Bream, is performed at 
Stettin. 

July 13. SUesia. Two waterspouts fall 
on the Glatz mountains, causing devas- 
tation to Hautenbach and many other 
villages, and destroying many lives. 

* * Ohm's Law, discovered by Georg S. 
Ohm, for determining the quantity of 
the electromotive force of the voltaic 
battery, is published. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1816 * * Becker, Nikolaus, poet, born. 
Biilow, Count Friedrich W. von, engi- 
neer, A 61. 

Formes, Karl, singer, born. 
Freytag, (iustav, dramatist, novelist, born. 
Gneist, Rudolph, jurist, born. 
Hackliinder, Friedrich W. von, novelist, b. 
Jahn, Johann, R. C-cl., orientalist, A66. 
Ludwig, Karl F. W., physiologist, born. 
Miiller von Kbnigawinter, Wolfgang, poet,b. 
Rethel, Alfred, historical painter, born. 
Siemens, Ernst \V., inventor, born. 
Tauchnitz, Baron Christian B., Leipsic pub- 
lisher, born. 
"Wolff, Wilhelm, sculptor, born. 
Zaeher, Ernst J. A., scholar, born. 

1817 * * Carriere, Moritz, phil. writer, born. 
Dalberg, Karl T. A. M. von, archbishop of 

Mainz, scholar, writer, A73. 
Delbruck, Martin F. R., statesman, born. 
Ebeling, Christoph D., scholar, hist., A76 
Gratz, Ilirsch, .Jewish historian, born. 
Herwegh, Georg, lyric poet, born. 
Hildebrandt, Eduard, painter, born. 
Jung-Stilling, Johann H., mystic, A77. 
Klaproth, Martin H. ; chemist, A74. 
Lotze, Rudolph 11., philosopher, born. 
Mommsen, Christian M. Theodor, jurist, 

antiquary, historian, born. 
Sehultze, Ern6t, poet, A28. 
.Sybel, Heinrich von, historian, born. 



Vogt, Karl, naturalist, physiologist, born. 
Werner, A braham T ., geol., mineralogist, A67. 

1818 * * Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player, b. 
Campe, Joachim H.,philan.,mis. writer, A72. 
Dreyschock, Alexander, pianist, composer, b. 
Du Bois, Reymond E. H., physiologist, b. 
Ebrard, Johann H. A., theologian, born. 
Forkel, Johann N., composer, A69. 
Fresenius, Karl R., chemist, born. 
Hausser, Ludwig, historian, born. 
Hofmann, August W., chemist, born. 
Kiepert, Heinrich, geographer, born. 
Kolbe, Adolf W. 11., chemist, born. 
Kollack, Theodor, composer, pianist, born. 
Kolliker, A-lbert, physiologist, born. 
Marx, Karl, economist, socialist, born. 
Pettenkofer, Max von, chemist, born. 
Schmidt, Heinrich J. critic, mis. writer, b. 
Tasehenberg, Ernst L., entomologist, born. 
"Walter, .Johann G., phys., anatomist, A83. 
Wuttke, Heinrich, historian, born. 

1819 Sept. IS. Blucher. GebhardL. von, 
field-marshal, A77. 

Abt, Franz, composer, born. 

Bodenstedt, Friedrich, poet, journalist, mis. 
writer, born. 

Evers, Carl, composer, born. 

Frerichs, Friedrich T., physician, author, b. 

George V., King of Hanover, born. 

Hoier, Edmund, novelist, born. 

Jacobi, Friedrich H., philosopher, novelist, 
mis. writer, A76. 

JafT£, I'lnlipp, historian, born. 

Jordan, Wilheliu, poet, born. 

Kotzebue. August F. F. von, dram., A5S. 

Schafer, Arnold, historian, born. 

Schwegler Albrecht, historian, born. 

Stolbi-rg, Count Friedrich L. von, poet, A69. 

Teiinctiiann, Wilhelm G., philosopher, A58. 
1820* * Amnion, Christoph F. von, theolo- 
gian, preacher, A54. 

liernhardi, August F., philologist, A51. 

Blind, Karl, political agitator, mis. writer, b. 

Curtius, Georg, philologist, grammarian, b. 

Eschenburg, Johann J., litterateur, A77. 

Kalisch, David, poet, born. 

Rosenmiiller, Johann (.'., anatomist, A 49. 

Schwarzenberg, Prince, Karl P., gen., A49. 

Spiegel, Friedrich, unt-ntalist, born. 

Teuffel, "Wilhelm S.. class. schol.,philol.,b. 

Tweston, Karl, statesman, mis. writer, born. 

Weber, Paul, landscape painter, born. 
1831 * * Achard, Franz K., chemist, A68. 

Barth, Heinrich, African explorer, born. 

Buhle, Johann G., hist, of philosophy, A58. 

lueterici, Friedi ich, orientalist, born. 

Engel, Ernst, siaiistician, born. 

Fiorillo, Johann !>., painter, art -writer, A73. 

Frank, Johann 3'., physician, A7t>. 

Goldstucker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, b. 

Gregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, historian,!). 

Hartman, Moritz, poet, born. 

Helmholtz, Hermann, physicist, born. 

Mosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, born. 

Putlltz, Gustav H. (!., litterateur, born. 

ReinkeriB, Joseph 11,, " Old Catholic " bp., b. 

Roth, Rudolf, orieiiktlist, born. 

Rustow, Wilhelm, military writer, born. 

Schleicher, August, philologist, born. 

Schwartz, Wilhelm, mythologist, born. 

Vince, Samuel, mathematician, astro., dies. 

Vlrchow, Rudolf, pathologist, born. 

1822 * * Arrest, Heinrich L. d', astro., born. 
Babo, Franz M. von, dramatist, A66. 
Bauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, born. 
Bechstein, Johann M., naturalist, A65, 
Bertuch, Friedrich , I., jour., mis. writer, A75. 
Clausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, born. 
Demme, Hermann C. G., novelist, A62. 
Ilardenberg, Prince Karl August von, states- 
man, A77. 

Hergeiii'other, Joseph, cardinnl. schol.,au.,b. 
Hoffmann, Ernst T. W., story-teller, mis. 

writer, A46. 
Meissner, Alfred, poet, born. 
Moleschott, Jacob, naturalist, physiol.,born. 
Overweg, Adolf, African traveler, born. 
I'etennann, August H., geographer, born. 
Schliemann, Heinrich. archeologist, b. 
Schneider, Johann G., naturalist, philologist, 

lexicographer, A72. 
Zauner, Franz, sculptor, A76. 

1823 * * Bamberger, Ludwig, statesman, b. 
Erockhaus, Friedrich A., Leipsic pub., A5l. 
Carus, Victor J., zoologist, author, born. 
Charles I., King of W'iirteniberg, born. 
Demmin, August F., art-critic, born. 
Dillman, Christian F. A., orientalist, born. 
Esmarch, Johannes F. A., surgeon, born. 
Falk, Johann F. G., historian, born. 
Gottschall, Rudolph, poet, born. 
Hilgenfeld, Arlolf B. C. ('., I'.iblical critic, b. 
Leuckart, Karl G. F. R., naturalist, born. 
Pauli, Georg R., historian, critic, born. 
Polke, Elise, novelist, born. 

Reinhold, Karl L., philosopher, A65. 
Siemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, born. 



Wagner, Rudolph J., chemist, born. 
Werner, Friedrich L. Z., poet, dram., A55. 

1824 * * Aretin, Baron, Johann C. A. M. von, 
missionary writer, A5I. 

Arnim, Count Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von, 

diplomatist, born. 
Auberlen, Karl A., theologian, born. 
Buchner, Friedrich K. C. L., materialistic 

philosopher, born. 
Brachvogel, Albeit E., mis. writer, born. 
Ess, Karl, R. C. tbeol., Bib. scholar, A54. 
Fischer, Kuno, philosopher, born. 
He ugl in, Theodor vr.n, traveler, author, born. 
Kapp, Ki ledrieh, lusloi ical. mis. writer, born. 
Kirchhoff, Gustav R., astro., physicist, born. 
Klengel, Johann C, painter, A73. 
Lazarus, Moritz C, philosopher, born. 
Wolf, Friedrich A., class, sdiol., critic, A65. 

1825 Nov. 14. Richter, Jean Paul 
Friedrich, poet, novelist, satirist, A62. 

Bartholdy, Jakob S., soldier, diplomatist, 

historical writer, A46. 
Baumgarten, Hermann, historian, born. 
Burckhardt, Johann K., astronomer, A52. 
Coccius, Ernst A., oculist, born. 
Eye, Johann L. A., art-historian, born. 
Julg, Bernhard, philologist, born. 
Knapp, Georg C, theologian,*A72. 
Lange, Ludwig, antiquary, archeologist, b. 
Lassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, born. 
Oppert, Jules, orientalist, born. 
Sehultze, Max, biologist, born. 
Seemann, Berthold, botanist, born. 
Strauss, Joliann, composer, born, 
tlhl, Friedrich, novelist, born. 

1826 June 5. "Weber. Baron Karl Iff. F. 
E. von, composer, musician, A40. 

I . i.i, . -i ■', i « i ... - - 1 - _ ■ < . hoi . 
Bauer, Ferdinand, botanical painter, A84. 
Bode, Johann E., astronomer, A79. 
Chrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, born. 
Fesca, Friedrich E., musician, composer, A37. 
Fraunhofer, Joseph von, Bavarian optician, 

A39. 
Gabler, Johann P., theologian, A73. 
Gegenbaur, Karl, anatomist, biologist, born. 
Hebel, Johann P., poet, A6B- 
Krupp, Friedrich, iron manufacturer, dies. 
Lang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, born. 
Lubke, Wilhelm, historian of art, born. 
Lutz, Johann von, statesman, born. 
Oberlin, Jean F., social reform., philan.,A86. 
Ottendorier. Oswald, journalist, politician. 

in America, born. 
Peschel, Oskar F., geographer, born. 
Piloty, Karl T. von, painter, born. 
Scheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, born, 
Schlagintweil, Hermann^ traveler, born. 
Staudlin, Karl F., theologian, A65. 
Ueberweg, Friedrich, philosopher, born. 
"Vater, Johann S., theologian, philol., A55. 
Voss, Johann B., poet, philologist, A75. 

1827 Mar. 26. Beethoven. Ludwig van. 
composer, A57. 

CHURCH. 

1816 * * The Strasburg, Frankfort, Lau- 
enburg-Ratzeburg, Lippe-Detmold, and 
Rostock Bible Societies are organized. 

1817 * * Prus. The 300th anniversary 
of the Reformation is celebrated by a 
jubilee. 

* * The festival of the Wartburg in Sax- 
ony is held where Luther translated the 
Scriptures. 

June 30. Prus. The Prussian Govern- 
ment orders the word evangelical to be 
used in place of Protestant, which has 
become obsolete. 

* **The Eutin Bible Society for the Prin- 
cipality of Lubeck, and the Hesse-Darm- 
stadt, the Waldeck, and Pyrmont Bible 
Societies are organized. 

* * Hesse-Nassau. TheEvangelicalChurch 
in Germany begins with a fusion of the 
Lutherans and Calvinists in Nassau. [It 
is followed by similar movements in 
many parts of Germany.] 

1818 * * The Eisenach, Gottingen, MU1- 
hausen, Hanau, and Hesse-Cassel Bible 
Societies are organized. [1820. The 
Colmar and Duchy of Baden Bible So- 
cieties.] 

1821* *The Anhalt, Bernburg, and 
Weimar Bible Societies are organized. 



GERMANY. 



1816 **-1827 * 



81S 



1822 Jan. 12. Saxon;/. The Chief 
Mission Society of Evangelical 
Lutherans, for promoting true Biblical 
knowledge among Israel, is formed at 
Dresden. 

Feb. 1. Berlin. The Society for Pro- 
moting Christianity among the Jews is 
formed at the instance of Lewis Way 
and Prof. Tholuck. 

1823* * Berlin. Pastor Janick's Mission 
Seminary develops into the Berlin Mis- 
sionary Society. 

* * Bavaria. The Bavarian Protestant 
Institution at Nuremberg [Bible Society] 
is organized. 

* * Borne. Leo XII. becomes pope. [1829. 
Pius VIII.] 

LETTERS. 

1816 * * Pr. Saxony. The University 
of Erfurt suspends. 

* * The Original Form of the Nibelungen- 
noth, by Ivarl K. F. W. Lachmann, ap- 
pears. 

* * A translation of iEschylus' Agamem- 
non, by K. W. Humboldt, appears. [1821, 
Researches on the Aborigines of Spain by 
Means of the Basque Language.'] 

* * On the Conjugation System of the San- 
skrit Language, G/ossarium Sanscritum, 
and. a Critical Grain mar of the Sanskrit 
Tongue, by Franz Bopp, appear. 

1817 * * Political Economy of the Athe- 
nians, by August Bockh, appears. 

* * A Ministry of Education is formed 
in Prussia. 

* * The Ancestress, by Franz Grillparzer, 
appears. [ISIS, Sappho; 1821, The Golden 
Fleecej lS2f>, Kina Ottokar's 'Fortune and 
End.] 

1817-18 Geography in Relation to Na- 
ture and to the History of Man, by Karl 
Hitter, appears. 

1817-41 History of the World in a Con- 
nected Relation, by Friedrich C. Schlos- 
ser, appears. [1823, History of the 18th 
Century : 1824^36, Universal 'Historical 
View of the History of the Ancient World.] 

* * Wehmuller, h'asptrl untl Junerl, Ponce 
de Lion, The Foundation of Prague, and 
Des Knaben Wunderhorn, a collection of 
national ballads by Clemens Brentano, 
appear. 

1818* * Enchanted Rose, by Ernst 
Schulze, appears. 

* * Milter Songs, by WilL?lm Muller, ap- 
pears. [1821, Songs of the Greeks.] 

* * Friedrich A. Brockhaus's Conversa- 
tions Lexicon, appears. 

* * Rh. Prits. The University of Bonn — 
the Rhenish Frederick Wilhelm Univer- 
sity — is founded. 

* * Literarisches Wochenblatt is issued. 

1819 * * The World as Will and Appear- 
ance or Representation, by Schopenhauer, 
appears. 

* * The universities are placed under 
police supervision by the Government 
to repress the progress of liberal ideas. 

* * Baron H. F. von Stein founds the so- 
ciety for the publication of the Monu- 
mental Germanis Historia, the object 
being to promote the knowledge of 
ancient German History. 

* * * Free schools are established. 
1819-31 Saxony. Hermes is issued at 

Leipsic. 

1820 * * History of the Hellenic Races 
and Cities, by Karl Otfried Muller, 
appears. [1824-30, The Dorians ; 1825, 
Introduction to a Scientific System of 
Mythology and On the Origin and An- 



cient History of the Macedonians ; 1828, 
The Etruscans; 1830, Manual of the 
Archeology of Art.] 

1821 * * Bertrand du Guesclin, by Foque, 
appears. 

* * Ghaselin and other poems, by August 
Platen, appears. 

* * Poems, by Tieck, appears. [I82G, Revolt 
of the Civennes.] 

* * The Baffle of Hermann and The Prince 
of Homburg, by Kleist, appear. 

* * Wilhelm Meister's Traveling Years, 
by Goethe, appears. [1S29. Revised]. 

1821-22 * * Christian Dogma according 
to the Fundamental Principles of the 
Evangelical Church, by.Schleiermacher, 
appears. 

1822 * * Memorable Occurences from the 
History of Christianity and Christian 
Life, by Meander, appears, [1825-52, 
General History. of the Christian Reli- 
gion and Church] 

* * Love's Spring and Eastern Roses, by 
Riickert, appear. 

* * Poems, by Heinrich Heine, appears. 
[1S23, Amansor and Radclijf; 1826-31, 
Pictures of Travel ; 1827, Book of Songs.] 

* * Saxony. The German Union of 
Natural Philosophers, the forerunner 
of the British Association, is founded by 
Oken at Leipsic ; its object is partly to 
promote political unity in Germany. 

1823 * * Walladmor, by Wilibald Alexis 
(Wilhelm Haring), appears. 

1S23-30 * * Indische Bibliothek is issued 
by August W. von Schlegel. 

1824 * * Histories of the Romanic and the 
Teutonic Peoples, 1494-1535, by Leopold, 
von Ranke, appears. [1827, Princes and 
Peoples of Southern. Europe in the 16th 
and lltli Centuries; 1S29, The Servian 
Revolution ; 1831 , The Conspiracy Against 
Venice in 16S8.] 

* * The Corpus Inscriptionum Grsecorum 
is begun by Bockh. 

* * Die sEsrhytischc Trilogie Prometheus, 
by Friedrich G. Welcker, appears. 

* * Ideas on the Politics, Commerce, and 
Trade of the Principal Nations of Antiq- 
uity, by Heeren, appears. 

* * War on the Philistines,\>y Eichendorff, 
appears. [1S2G, From the Life of a Good- 
for-Nothing .] 

1825 Aug. 2. The Wacht des deutschen 
Vaterland (""Watch of the Genman 
Fatherland "), German national hymn, 
by Reichardt, is first publicly sung. 

1826 * * Bavaria. The University of 
Landshut is moved to Munich, and. 
united to the Academy of Sciences. 

* * The Fatal Fork, by Platen, appears. 
[1S2S, Poems; 1829, Romantic (Edipus.] 

* * Lichtenstein, by Wilhelm Hauff, ap- 
pears. [1S27, The Man in the Moon, The 
Portrait of the Emperor, and other tales.] 

* * An edition of the FFibelungenlied, by 
Lachmann, appears. 

* * Die Menschenerziehung, a work on edu- 
cation, by Friedrich Froebel, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1818 * * Wurtemberg. King William I. 
abolishes serfdom. 

1819 Mar. 23. Baden. August F. F. 
von Kotzebue, a popular dramatist, on 
suspicion of being a Russian spy, is as- 
sassinated at Mannheim by a student 
named Sand. 

* * The students organize a secret so- 
ciety (Burschenschaft). [The secret 
societies are hunted out by the Govern- 
ment in suppressing liberty.] 



1818 Aug. 22. Bavaria. The king 
grants a constitutional charter. 

Oct. 9. Rh. Prus. The Congress of 
Aix-la- Chapelle. 

The sovereigns of Russia, Austria, and 
Prussia, aided by ininisler.s of <-ivat Britain, 
France, Austria, Prussia, and Russia, sign a 
convention for the -withdrawal of the army 
of occupation from Fiance, and the recep- 
tion of France into European concert. 

* * Baden. Louis "William becomes 
grand duke. [1830. Leopold.] 

1819 Aug. 1. Bohemia. The ministers 
of Austria and Prussia meet in the Con- 
gress of Karlsbad with representatives 
of minor German States. 

(Aug. 19.) The Congress is reactionary, 
and recommends the " Karlsbad Decrees," 
establishing the censorship of the press, the 
investigation of "demagogical " citizens, and 
the suppression of the Burschenschaft— a 
secret organization of students, flletternich 
is the controlling spirit. [Sept.20. Adopted.] 

* * Prus. Baron "W. von Humboldt, 
minister and privy councilor to the 
king, resigns his office because of the 
king's opposition to a liberal constitu- 
tion. 

1820 Jan. 29. Hanover. George Au- 
gustus Frederick [George IV., King 
of England] becomes king. [1S30. June 
26. William Henry ("William IV. of Eng- 
land).] 

May 17. The Confederation gives Aus- 
tria and Prussia preponderating influ- 

May * Vienna. The Final Act of Vi- 
enna is signed by the Congress of Min- 
isters in opposition to liberal govern- 
ment. 

Oct. 20-Dec. * Aust. Congress of 
Troppau. 

Russia and Austria and Prussia unite 
for the consideration of popular politi- 
cal movements, and the preservation of 
the Holy Alliance. 

1821 Jan.* Aust. The Congress of 
Laibach resolves to put down popular 
insurrections (p. 521). 

* * Hesse. "William II. becomes elector. 
[1831. Sept. 30. He abdicates in favor 
of the electoral prince as co-regent.] 

1822 * * It. The Congress of Verona 
(p. 521). 

1823 Oct. 30. Brunswick. Charles 
Frederick William assumes the gov- 
ernment of Brunswick. [The German 
Diet declares he is incapable of reigning. 
1830. Sept. 7. An insurrection breaks 
out, followed by a revolution ; the duke 
escapes by flight, and retires to En-gland. 
He is succeeded by his brother "William.] 

1825 Oct. 13. Bavaria. Louis I. be- 

* * Prus. Mail routes are established. 

1826 * * Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. Ernest re- 
signs Saalfeld to Meiningen, receiving 
in return Gotha, and assuming the title 
of Ernest I. 

* * Altenburg is assigned to the Duke 
of Saxe-Hildburghausen, who takes the 
title of Duke of Saxe-AItenburg. 

* * Saxe-Meiningen acquires Hildburg- 
hausen, Saalfeld, Kemburg, Kranich- 
feld, and other territory. 



814 1827, * *-1841, Feb. 12 



GERMANY. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1827 * * Yon Fuchs invents stereoch- 
romy, a mode of painting in -which 
water-glass serves as the connecting me- 
dium between the color and the sub- 
stratum. 

* * The needle-gun is invented by Jo- 
hann N. Dreyse of Soemmerda. 

* * Prus. Ernst von Baer of Konigsberg 
demonstrates that all mammals are de- 
veloped from a minute egg not a 
hundredth of an inch in diameter. 

1828 * * The rare metal yttrium is first 
obtained by Frederick Woler* 

1829 Apr. 9. E. Prus. Danzig is in- 
undated by the Vistula breaking 
through some of its dikes ; 10,000 head 
of cattle and 4,000 houses are destroyed, 
and many lives are lost. 

1830 Oct. 18. Bavaria. The temple 
Walhalla, the Hall of Glory,near Ratis- 
hon, is begun by Louis, King of Bavaria, 
to receive the statues and memorials of 
the great men of Germany. 

* * Hesse. Baron Justus von Liebig's 
analysis of organic substances appears 
at Giessen. [1732. He discovers chlo- 
roform and chloral.] 

1831* *Meyerbeer's opera, Robert le 
Diable, appears. [1836. The Hugue- 
nots.] 

* * Cholera morbus prevails. 

1833 * * Electromagnetic telegraph 
machines are invented by Gauss and 
Weber. The first telegraph actually 
constructed and used is set up at Got- 
tingen. 

1835 Dec. 7. Bavaria. The first rail- 
way in Germany is opened between Nu- 
remberg and Fiirth ; worked by horses. 

1836 May 22. Bh. Prus. Mendels- 
sohn's St. Paul is produced at the Lower 
Rhine festival at Dlisseldorf. 

* * Wiirtemberg. The last guild of meis- 
tersanger is dissolved at Ulm. 

1837 * * Coal-tar colors are invented by 
Otto P. Runge. 

* * A locomotive railway is opened from 
Leipsic to Dresden. 

1839 * * Belg. The cell theory is pro- 
pounded by Theodor Schwann ; it holds 
that the ultimate particles of all tissues 
consist of small cells. 

* * Agassiz publishes his work on fresh- 
water fishes. 

1840 * * Anilin is invented by Hoffmann 
and Fritzsche. 

* * Agassiz discourses on the glacial 
period and blocks carried over Europe 
by ice. 

1841 * * A system of stenography is in- 
vented by Stolze. 

Feb. 12. E. Prus. Frederick W. Bessel 
discovers the annual parallax of star 
61 Cygni. [He calculates its distance 
from the earth to be about sixty billion 
of miles.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1827* * Brugscn Bey, Heinrich K., Egyp- 
tologist, b. 

Chladni, Ernst F. E., plul., inventor, A71. 

Eichhorn, Johann G., Biblical critic, A75. 

Falk, Paul L. A., statesman, born. 

Hauff, Wilhelm, novelist, A25. 

Miiller, Wilhelm, lyric poet, A33. 

Schulte, Johann F.. "Old Catholic "theol.,b. 

Vulpius, Christian A., author, A65. 

Ziegler, Friedrich W., actor, A67. 
1828 Nov. 19. Schubert. Franz, com- 
poser, A31. 

Ablwardt, Theodor W. t orientalist, born. 

Albert, King of Saxony, born. 

Bargiel, Woldemar, musician, born. 

Becker, August, poet, born. 

Bouterwek, Friedrich, phil., critic, A57. 

Cohn, Ferdinand, botanist, born. 

Frederick Charles, Prince of Prussia, gen., b. 

Ersch, Johann S., cyelopedist, A62. 

Gall, Franz J., phy., fdr. of phrenology, A70. 

Grafe, Albrecht von, oculist, born. 



Grosse, Julius, poet, dram., novelist, born. 

Niemeyer, August H., author, A74. 

Schrever, Adolph, painter, born. 

Schilling, Johann, sculptor, born. 

Thaer, Albert, agnrulUirist, writer, A76. 
1829 * * Brehm, Alfred E., naturalist, born. 

Buttmann, Philipp K., philologist, A65. 

Deutsch, Emanuel O. TM-, orientalist, born. 

Dittes, Friedrich, educator, born. 

Fiek, Adolf, biologist, born. 

Geiger, Lazarus, scholar, born. 

Goldschmidt, Levin, jurist, born. 

Hassel, Johann G. H., statistician, A59. 

Hillebrand, Karl, historian, born. 

Kayserling, Moses, Hebrew preacher, histo- 
rian, born. 

Kekule", Friedrich A., chemist, born. 

Lasker, Eduard, statesman, born, 

Meding, Oskar, novelist, born. 

Noire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, born. 

Schlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, born. 

Schlegel, Karl W. von. scholar, hist., A57. 

Spielhagen, Friedrich, novelist, born. 

Vogel, Eduard, African traveler, born. 
1830* * Ablwardt, Christian W., philol., A70. 

Becker, Ernst A., painter, born. 

Benin, Ernst, geographer, born. 

Billow, Hans (.;. von, pianist, composer, b. 

Dummler, Ernst L., historian, born. 

Ebel, Johann G., geologist, A66. 

Heyse, Johann L. P., poet, dram., novelist, b. 

Ruber, Johann N., " Old Catholic " theol., b. 

Meyer, Leo, philologist, born. 

Miiller, Sophie, tragic actor, A27- 

Sommering, Samuel T. von, anatomist, phys- 
iologist, A75. 

TVeishaupt, Adam, jurist, philosopher, A82. 

1831 June 29. Stein, Baron Heinrich 
~E. K. von, statesman, A74. 

Oct. 18. FriedLricklll., Prince of Prussia, 
Emperor of Germany, born. 

Albertine, Johann B. von, Moravian clergy- 
man, pulpit orator, A62. 

Arnim, Ludwig A., poet, A50. 

Baumstark, Rcinhold L., author, born. 

Caprivi, de Caprara de Montecucoli, Georg 
Leo von, chancellor, born. 

Clausewitz, Karl von, Prussian general, A51. 

Conze, Alexander C. L., archeologist, born. 

Dinter, Gustav F., educationist, A7L 

Eschscholtz, Johann F., naturalist, A38. 

Gneisenau, Count August N., marshal, A71. 

Hegel, Georg' W. E., philosopher, A61. 

Hermes, Georg, R. C. theologian, A 56. 

Jadassolm. Salomon, composer, born. 

Kreutzer, Rudolf, comjioser, A65. 

Klinger, Friedrich M. von, dramatist, novel- 
ist, soldier, A78. 

La Fontaine, August II. J., novelist, A75. 

Matthisson, Friedrich von, poet, A70. 

Niebuhr, Barthold G., hist., philol., A55. 

Nitzsch, Karl L., theologian, A80. 

Planck, Heinrich L., theological writer, A46. 

Pleyel, Ignaz, composer, A74. 

Tittmann, Johann A. IL, Biblical critic, A58. 

Weigel, Christian E. von, naturalist, A83. 

Zobel, Benjamin, artist, A69. 

1832 Mar, 22. Goethe. Johann "Wolf- 
gang:, poet, dramatist, novelist, phil., A83. 

Bartscb, Karl F., philologist, born. 
Beck, Christian 1>., hist., philologist, A75. 
Devrient, Ludwig, actor, A48. 
Foerster, "Wilhelm, astronomer, born. 
Gomperz, Theodor, philologist, born, 
Gentz, Friedrich von, stales., pol. wr., A66. 
Guntber, Albert C. C. G., naturalist, born. 
Hayne, Friedrich (I., botanist, A69. 
Junkermann, August, actor, born. 
Rothschild. Nathan M., financier, A55. 
Semper, Karl, traveler, naturalist, born. 
Spiess, Heinrich, painter, born. 
Spurzheim, Johann G., physician, phrenolo- 
gist, A 56. 
"Wundt, Wilhelm M., physiologist, born. 

1833 * * Becker, Jean, violinist, born. 
Beer, Michael, dramatist, A33. 
Brahms, Johannes, composer, born. 
Christlieb, Tie-odor, clergyman, an., born. 
Dove, Richard W., jurist, born. 
Puhring, Eugen K., philosopher, born. 
Bumichen, Johannes, Fgvptologist, born. 
Feuerbach, Paul J. A., jurist, A58. 
Hauser, Kaspar, the mysterious Nuremberg 

foundling, dies. 

Konig, Friedrich, inventor of steam printing- 
press, A58. 

Meckel, Johann P., anatomist, A52. 

Passow, Franz L. C, F., philologist, lexicog- 
rapher, A49. 

Planck, Gottlieb J., theol., ebureh hist., A82. 

Schlagintweit, Robert, traveler, born. 

Scholl, Maximilian S. F., hist., pub., A67- 

Sprengel, Kurt, botanist, A67. 

1834 * * Ebert, Fried. A., bibliographer, A43. 
Haeckel, Ernst H.. naturalist, born. 
Knebel, Karl L. von, litterateur, A90. 
Hachtigal, Gustav, traveler, born. 



Rohlfs, Gerhard, explorer, born. 
Schleiermacher, Friedrich E., theologian, 

critic, mis. writer, A66. 
Seneh-lder, Alois, inv. of lithography, A63. 
Tychsen, Thomas C, philologist, A76. 
Zollner, Johann K. F., physicist, astron., b. 
1835 Mar. 2. Francis II., emperor, A67. 
Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, physician, 



Bbttiger, Karl A., archeologist, A75. 
Brack el, Ferdinande von. poet, novelist, b. 
Claus, Karl F. W., zoologist, born. 
<Joltz, Hermann von der, cl., author, born. 
Humboldt, Baron Karl W. von, philolo- 
gist, statesman, A68. 
Klaprotb, Heinrich J. von, orientalist, A52. 
Rosenmuller, Ernst F. K., Bib. critic, A67. 
Speckter, I'.rwin, painter, A29. 
1836 * * Daub, Karl, theologian, A71. 
1 1 1! f eland, Christ oph W., ph'ysician, A74. 
Plitt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, born. 
Sehrader, Khei hard, Assyriologist, born. 
Schwemfurth, Georg A., trav., explorer, b. 
Tauchnitz, Karl C. E., printer, bookseller, 



historian, A71. 
Bandmann, Daniel E., actor, born. 
Borne, Ludwig, political writer, A5l. 
Dissen, Georg L., class, scholar, philol., A53. 
Ebers, Georg, novelist, Egyptologist, born. 
Hummel, Johann N., pianist, composer, A59. 
Klulier, Johann L., jurist, politician,*A75. 
(Juaglio, honeiiico, architectural paint., A53. 
Kosen, Friedrich A., philologist, A32. 
Treviranus, r.ottfried R., physiologist, A5l. 



Chamisso, Adalbert von, poet, natural., A57- 
Dohrn, Heinrich, malacoiogist, horn. 
Mdhler, Johann A., R. C. theologian, A42. 
Wrede, Prince, Karl P., field-marshal, A71. 

1839 * * Cobnbeim, Julius F-, pathologist, b. 
Euting, Julius, orientalist, born. 

Gans, Eduard, jurist, A41. 
Guts Muths, Johann C. F., founder of Ger- 
man system of gymnastics, A80. 
Habicht, Christian M., orientalist, A64. 
Koch, Joseph A., painter, A71. 
Ohlmiiller, Joseph L>., architect, A48. 
Olshausen, Hermann, theologian, au., A43. 
Scbelling, Friedrich G.. novelist, A73. 
Witzeleben,.Karl A. F., novelist, A66. 

1840 June 7. Frederick William III.. 
King of Prussia, A66. 

Blnmenbaeh. Johann F., naturalist, physi- 
ologist, A88. 

Bohlen, Peter von, orientalist, A44. 

Dohrn, Anton, zoologist, born. 

Follen, Charles T. G, clergyman, theologian 
in (U. S. A.), A45. 

Gnauth, Gustav A., architect, born. 

Gbtz, Hermann, composer, born. 

Grafe, Karl von. oculist, A53. 

Ilartniann, Eduard von, philosopher, born. 

Littrow, Joseph J., astronomer, A59. 

Miiller, Karl Otfried, classical scholar, his- 
torian, antiquary, A43. 

Gibers, Heinrich W. M., astronomer, A82. 

Rotteck, Karl von, jurist, states., hist., A65. 

Thibaut, Anton F., jurist, A66. 



CHURCH. 

1829 June 24. Several small societies 
are united under the name of tbe Bhen- 
ish Mission Society. 

1830 * * Methodism is introduced. 

1831 * * Pome. Gregory XVI. is pope. 
1834 Apr. 23. Hamburg. American 



^ t missionaries engage _ 

work in Germany; Rev. Barnas Sears 
baptizes seven persons in the River 
Elbe. 

1833 * * A dispute occurs with the Holy 
See. [It is ended by concessions.] 

Aug. 17. Alsace-Lorraine. The Society 
of Israel's Friends is founded at Stras- 
burg. 

1836 * * Saxony. The Leipsic Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Society is founded. 

Apr. 9. The North German Mission- 
ary Society is organized. 

* * The Society for Christian Care of Jew- 
ish Proselytes is formed as a supplement 
to the Berlin Society, which confines it- 
self to purely missionary work. 



GERMANY. 



1827, 



-1841, Feb. 12. 815 



* * The Anhalt-Dessau Bible Society is 
organized. 

1837 * * Rk. Prus. The Archhishop of 
Cologne is confined in the fortress of 
Miden, having been forbidden attend- 
ance at Bonn. 

1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick William 
IV. comes to the throne, and soon makes 
concessions to the church. 

* * Prus. The Government disputes with 
Roman Catholic clergy begin ; ultra- 
montanism appears. 

* * Rev. Johann G. Oncken, the Baptist 
pastor and missionary, is imprisoned by 
the Government. 

He is prohibited from administering 
the sacraments, and all persons except 
his own household are prohibited attend- 
ance at his family worship. 

LETTERS. 

1827 * * The Jew, by Karl Spindler, ap- 
pears. 

1827-46 * * Jahrbuch fur wissenschaft- 
liche Kritik is issued by Cotta. 

1828 * * Poet-life, by Tieck, appears. 

■* * Legal Antiquities of Germany, by Ja- 
cob Grimm, appears. [1835, German 
Mythology.] 

* * A True Servant of His Master, by 
Grillparzer, appears. [1S31, The Waves 
of Love and of the Sea.] 

1829 * * The German Heroic Legend, by 
"Wilhelm Grimm, appears. 

* * The Seeress of Prevorst, by Andreas J. 
Kerner, appears. 

* * Don Juan and Faust, by Christian D. 
Grabbe, appears. [1X29-30, Friedrich Bar- 
barossa and Heinrich IV. ; 1838, Battle of 
Hermann.] 

1829-34 The Collected Writings of Lud- 
wig Borne appear. 

1829-53 History of Philosophy , by Hein- 
rich Ritter, appears. 

1830-35 Hanover. Prince Bismarck 
studies at the University of Gbttingen. 

* * Hesse. Polytechnic schools are es- 
tablished in Darmstadt. 

* * Original Documents for German His- 
tory, by FriedrichC. Dahlmann, appears. 
[1840-43, History of Denmark.'] 

1830-37 Lexicon Arabico-Zafinvm and 
Proverbs of the Arabs, by G. W. F. Frey- 



1830-44 The Dramatic Works of Ernst 
B. S. Raupach appear. 

1832 * * The Second Part of Faust, by 
Goethe, appears. 

July 16. Ph. Prus. The Diet at Frank- 
fort issues a protocol suppressing the 
liberty of the press in Baden. 

* * History of the Planting of the Apostolic 
Church, by Neamler, appears. [1837, The 
Life of Jesus Christ in its Historical Re- 
lation.] 

1833 * * History of Alexander the Great, 
by Johann G. Droysen, appears. [1S3G- 
43, History of Hellenism.'] 

1833-35 Origin of Christianity, by Jo- 
hann J. I. D'ollinger, appears.' [1S38, A 
Treatise on the History of the Church.] 

1834* * Repertorium der gesammten 
deutschen Liti-ratvr is issued. 



1834-37 Reisenovellen (Tales of Travels), 
by Heinrich Laube, appears. [1843, The 
Countess Chdteaubriand.] 

1834-37 The Popes of Rome, by Ranke, 
appears. [1839-47, German History in 
the Period of the Reformation.] 

1835 * * Wally the Skeptic, by Karl Gutz- 
kow, appears. [1841, Patkul.] 



■■ * Poems, by Ida M. S, L. Halrn-Hahn, 
appears. [1844, Countess Faustine.] 



1835-42 History of the National Poetic 
Literature of the Germans, by Gervinus, 
appears. 

1836 * * On the Myth of the Northern 
Legend of Thor, by Uhland, appears. 

1837 * * Frederick Froebel opens a 
kindergarten at Blankenburg in Thu- 
ringia. 

* * Spinoza, by Berthold Auerbach, ap- 
pears. [1839, The Pott and Merchant; 
1842, The Cultivated Citizen ,- 1843, Vil- 
lage Tales of the Black Forest.] 

* * Art of German Prose, by The odor 
Mundt, appears. [1S42, History of Con- 
temporary Literature.] 

* * Deutsche Allgemeine Zeitungis issued. 

* * Hanover. Seven professors of the 
University of Gbttingen — Jacob and 
"William Grimm, Dahlmann, Gervinus, 
Ewald, Albrecht, and Weber — are dis- 
missed and banished for signing a pro- 
test against the King of Hanover's 
abrogation of the constitution. 

1837-51 Dictionary of Chemistry, by 
Justus von Liebig, appears. [1840, Or- 
ganic Chemistry in its Application to 
Agriculture and Physiology : 1S42, Ani- 
mal Chemistry in its 'Application to Phys- 
iology and Pathology?] 

1838 * * Hallische Jahrbuch is issued. 

1839 * * Plato?iic Studies, hyEdu&rd Zel- 
ler, appears. [1844-52, The Philosophy 
of the Greeks; 1847, History of the Chris- 
tian Church.] 

1840 * * Historu of the Literature of An- 
cient Greece, by Karl Otfried Miiller, 
appears. 

1840-41 Thou shalt not have it, the Free 
German Rhine, a song by ISTikolaus 
Becker, appears, in response to the pro- 
posed annexation of the valley of the 
Rhine to France ; it is answered by Al- 
fred de Musset in the Le Rhin Alle- 
mande. 

SOCIETY. 

1829 June 11. [Emperor] "William I, 
is married to the Princess Augusta of 
Saxe-Weimar. 

1830* *The term "Philistines" is ap- 
plied by the Liberal party to the oppo- 
nents of progress — the Conservative 
party. 

1833 * * Hesse-Nassau. Ariotoccurs at 
Frankfort. 



STATE. 

1827 * * Saxony. Anthony Clement 
becomes king. [Sept. 13. A revolu- 
tion occurs ; Anthony abdicates ; Fred- 
erick Augustus [II.] is regent. Liberal 
uprisings occur throughout Europe. 
1S31. Sept. 4. A constitution is adopted. 
1S3G. Frederick Augustus becomes king.] 

1828-53 Saxe-Weimar. Charles Fred- 
erick is grand duke. 

± * *The Zollverein, or German Cus- 
toms Union, is gradually formed among 
North German States. [It paves the way 
for a national union in 1834.] 

1829 May 21. Oldenburg. Augustus 
becomes grand duke. 



1830 July 27-39* * Paris. The Rev- 
olution arrests the attention of Europe. 

* * Hesse. Louis II. becomes grand duke 
of Hesse-Darmstadt. 

* * The Customs Union includes a pop- 
ulation of 25,000,000, and a territory of 
80,000 square miles. 

1831 Jan. 5. Hesse. The Constitu- 
tion of Hesse-Cassel is given ; the Cham- 
ber receives the exclusive right of voting 
taxes. 

1832 June 28. New Confederate 
laws are passed. 

1833 * * Frankfort. Students make un- 
successful attempts at insurrection. 
1S34. [May * They fail the second time.] 

Two policemen are overpowered for a 
few hours, and the reactionary spirit 
spreads rapidly throughout Germany. 

* * Bohemia. A meeting of sovereigns 
takes place at Munchengratz ; Austria, 
Prussia, and Russia are represented. 
[Conference of ministers is held at Tep- 
litz.] 

1834 Jan. 1. The German Tariff 
Union is established. 

It is finally accomplished after long 
endeavor by Prussia, and called the 
Zollverein by Maassen, the Prussian 
Minister of Finance. [It is gradually 
joined by all the States except Austria.] 

* * Vienna. A conference of ministers 
is held. 

* * *The French Revolution has stirred 
the people of Southwestern States to a 
more vigorous political life. 

1835 Mar. 2. Aust. The Emperor 
Francis I. dies [and is succeeded by his 
son, Ferdinand I.]. 

Metternich is his councillor of state 
(p. 521). 

1836 Oct. 30. Alsace. Louis Napo- 
leon attempts to raise an insurrection 
at Strasburg (p. 727). 

1837 June 20. Fng. "Victoria suc- 
ceeds "William IV. of Hanover, her 
uncle, to the throne of Great Britain. 
[Hanover is separated from England 
on the death of "William IV., under the 
operation of the Salic law.] 

Ernest Augustus, duke of Cumber- 
land, brother of "William IV. of Eng- 
land, becomes king. [He abolishes the 
Constitution, and revives an older and 
less liberal one.] 

* * Rh. Prus. Droste von Vischering, 
archbishop of Cologne, has a quarrel 
with the Government about marriages 
between persons of different religious 
beliefs ; he is arrested. 

1840 June 7. Prus. Frederick "Wil- 
liam III. dies [and is succeeded by his 
son]. 

1840-61 Prus. Frederick "William 
TV. is king. 

1840 * * P?^us. Governmental disputes 
with Roman Catholic clergy increase. 

July 15. England, Austria, Prussia, and 
Russia enter a treaty of alliance with 
Turkey, to the exclusion of France- 
[Austria and England force its decis-- 
ion.] (P. 729.) 



816 1841, June 22-1848,* * 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1842 Nov. 12. Berlin is declared in 
a state of siege. 

1848 * * "War with Denmark respect- 
ing Sehleswig-Holstein, caused in part 
by the open letter of Christian VIII. (p. 
641). 

Mar. 24. Sehleswig-Holstein. Kends- 
burg is taken. [Apr. 9. Defeat at 
Flensburg. Apr. 23. Danes defeated 
at the Danewerk.] (P. 640.) 

Apr. * -Aug. * Sehleswig-Holstein. 
Troops are furnished to the two duch- 
ies by Prussia and the German confed- 
eracy, to form a new army. 

May 2. Den. The fortress of Frede- 
ricia is captured by the Sehleswig-Hol- 
stein troops and Prussians. 

July 25. The Italians are defeated at 
Custozza by Radetzky. 

Aug. 26. Sweden. The Truce of 
Malmb for seven months (p. 640). 

Nov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en- 
ters Berlin without opposition. 

Nov. 12. Berlin. A state of siege pro- 
claimed ; the burgher-guard is dismissed 
by the king, but it refuses to disband. 

* * Austria and Hungary are at war (p. 
521+). 

* * War between Austria and Sar- 
dinia (p. 520-h). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1841 * * A steam -railway is opened 
from Berlin to Magdeburg. 

* * Berlin. Anastatic printing, in, which 
printed matter is transferred upon zinc 
plates, is invented by Baldermus. 

1842 * * Robert W. E. Bunsen constructs 
the first carbon battery. 

1843 Jan. 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The 

astronomical clock of the Strasburg 
Cathedral, stopped for a longtime, and 
repaired by M. Schwilgue, is inaugu- 
rated. 

1845 Oct. 19. Saxony. "Wagner's 
Tannhduser appears at Dresden. [1848. 
Lohengrin.] 

* * The name odyl is given by Baron Karl 
von lieichenbach to a so-called new" im- 
ponderable or influence," said to give 
rise to luminous phenomena, visible to 
certain sensitive persons only. 

1846 Sept. 23. Berlin. The planet 
Neptune is discovered by Johann G. 
Galle. 

* * Guncotton is invented by Christian 
Friedrich Schonbein. 

1847 * * The electric light is much im- 
proved hy Moritz H. Jacobi. 

1848 Aug. 15. Rh. Prus. The body of 
the cathedral at Cologne is opened in 
the presence of the king on the 600th an- 
niversary of its foundation. 

* * An induction electrometer is in- 
vented by Peltier. 

* * Anti-phosphoric matches are in- 
vented by Bottger. 

* * Meyerbeer's opera, Le Prophete, ap- 
pears. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1841 * * Ast, Georg A. F., scholar, teacher, 
A63. 
Auguste, Christian J. W., theologian, A70. 
Haader, Franz X. von, philosopher, A7ti. 
Dannecker, Johann H., sculptor, A83. 
Herbart, Johann F., philosopher, A65. 
Hoist, Hermann E. von, historian, born. 
Kuhnoel, Christian F., Biblical critic, A73. 



Schinkel, Karl F., architect, A60. 

Tiedge, Christoph A., poet, A89. 
184:2 * * Brentano, Clemens, novelist, dram- 
atist, A65. 

Gesenius, Friedrich H. W., orientalist, Bib- 
lical critic, A56. 

Hase, Heinrich, antiquary, A53. 

Heeren. Arnold H. L., historian, A82. 

Hellwald, Friedrich A. H. von, geographer, b. 

Krug, Wilhelm T., philosopher, A72. 

Lampadius, Wilhelm A., chemist, A70. 
1843 * * Adelung, Friedrich, philologist, A75. 

Augustus, Friedrich, W. H., Prince of Prus- 
sia, A64. 

I'.aumgarten-Crusius, L. F. O., theol., A55. 

Fouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, 
poet, novelist, A66. 

Fries, Jakob F., philosopher, A70. 

Hahnemann, Samuel C. F.. physician, 
founder of homeopathic system, A88. 

Kind, Johann F., poet, novelist, (Irani., A75. 

Perthes, Christian I'., publisher, A71. 

Pichler, Caroline, novelist, A74. 
1844* * Held, Adolf, economist, born. 

Hugo, Gustav, jurist, A80. 

Kielmever, Karl F. von, naturalist, A79. 

1845 * * Becker, Nikolaus, poet, A29. 
Berger, Ludwig, composer, AbBt. 
Junghans, Sophie, novelist, born. 
Krummacher, Friedrich A., theologian, poet, 

mis. writer, A77. 
Schlegel. August W., poet, orientalist, 
critic, A78. 

1846 * * Bessel, Friedrich W., astron., A62. 
Ideler, Christian L., astron., linguist, A80. 
Marheineke, i'liilipp K., author, A66. 
Theremin, Ludwig F. F., cl., author, A63. 
Zimmern, Helen, "German author in Eng.,b. 

1847 Nov. 4. Mendelssohn-Bar tholdy. 
Felix, composer, A38. 

Pieffenbaeli, Johann F., surgeon, A53. 

Ess, Leander von, theologian, A75. 

Jacobs, Friedrich C. W., classical scholar, 
critic, A83. 

Materna, Amalie, vocalist, born. 

Kapp, George, founder of sect of Harmo- 
nists, A77. 
1848* * l'diiiu. llolicrt, democratic pol., A4I. 

Bretschneider, Karl G-, rationalistic theolo- 
gian, A72. 

Geiger, Ludwig, historian, bom. 

Gorres, Jakob J., publicist, mis. writer, A72. 

Hasse, Friedrich C. A., historical wr., A75. 

Hermann, Johann G. J., philologist, A76. 

Schwanthah-r, Ludwig 31., sndptor, A46. 

Zschokke, Johann H. D., mis. writer, A77. 

CHURCH. 

1842 June 23. Berlin. The Gossner 
Missionary Society is confirmed in its 
organization by the king's cabinet. 

* * Cologne. The cathedral repairs are 
completed, and new buildings are 
founded. 

1844-59 The Codex Sinaiticus, presu- 
mably written in the 4th century, is dis- 
covered by M. Constantine Teschendorf, 
a Biblical paleontologist, philologist, 
and critic, at St. Catherine's Monastery, 
Mount Sinai, Arabia. 

* * Lubeck. The Society of Friends of 
Israel is founded. 

* * Jih. Prus. Johannes Konge, the 
Catholic priest and reformer, attacks 
Arnoldi, bishop of Treves, for offering 
for devotion an alleged relic which he 
called the holy seamless coat of Christ ; 
being expelled, he initiates the German 
Catholic Movement. 

* * Berlin. The Berlin "Woman's Mis- 
sionary Association is organized. 

1846 * * Rome. Pius IX. becomes pope. 

1848 Aug. 15. Rh.Prus. The body of 
the cathedral of Cologne is opened on 
the 600th anniversary of its foundation, 
in the presence of the king. 



LETTERS. 

1841 * * History of the First Crusade, hy 

Heinrich von Sybel, appears. 
* * Poems, by Robert E. Prutz, appears. 

[1847, Political and Literary Essays; 1S47- 

49, Dramatic Works.] 



1841-74 Metaphysics, by Rudolph H. 
Lotze, appears. [1842, General Pathol- 
ogy and Therapeutics as Mechanical and 
Natural Sciences; 1843-79, Logic; 1851, 
General Philosophy of the Organic Life ; 
1852, Medical Psychology, or Physiology 
of the Soul .] 

* * Lieder der Gegenwart, by Rudolph 
Gottschall, appears. [1843, Madonna 
and Magdeline.] 

1844 * * The Acropolis of Athens, by 
Ernst Curtius, appears. [1851-52, His- 
tory of Greeee ; 1852, Peloponnesus.'] 

* * History of the English Revolution, by 
Dahlmann, appears. [1845, History of 
the French Revolution.] 

* * Rambling and Hunting Excursions 
through the I 'it ifed States of North Amer- 
ica, by Friedrich Gerstacker, appears. 
[1S45, The liequlators of Arkansas; 1847- 
48, Mississippi Picture's; 1848, The River 
Pirates of the Mississipju : 1849, Ameri- 
can Forest and Stream Pictures.'] 

1844-45 Ancient High and Low Dutch 
Popular So?igs, by Uhland, appears. 

1844-47 Life of Jesus, by Johann P. 
Lange, appears. [1849-52, < 'hristian Dog- 
matic; 1853-54, History of the Church.] 

1845 * * Physiological Letters, by Karl 
Vogt, appears. [1S52, Pictures from Ani- 
mal Life.] 

1845-58 Kosmos, by Friedrich H. A. 
von Humboldt, appears. 

1846 * * History of the 18th Century, and 
the 19th till the Fall of the French Em- 
pire, by Schlosser, appears. 

* * Die Valentine, by Gustav Freytag, ap- 
pears. [1853, Debit and Credit and The 
Journalists] 

1S46-51 Comparative Lexicon of the 
Indo-Germanic Language, by Lbrenz 
Diefenbach, appears. 

1847 July * Deutsche Zeitung is issued. 

* * Uriel 'Acosta, by Gutzhow, appears. 
[1850-52, Die Ritter von Geist.] 

* * Atta Troll, a Sunnn<r Night's Dream, 
by Heine, appears. [1851, Romanzero, 
and Doctor Faust ; 1853, Neuer Fruhling 
(New Spring); 1854, Das Buch des La- 
gar ■u.s.] 

1847-48 Nine Books of Prussian His- 
tory, by Ranke, appears. [1852-61, French 
History, especially in the 16th and 17th 
Centuries.] 

1848 * * Wuriemberg. W orkmen's 
schools are established. 

* * History of Philosophy, by Albrecht 
Sehwegler, "appears. [1853, Roman His- 
tory.'] 

SOCIETY. 

1842 May 4-7. Hamburg is distressed 
by a great fire, which destroys 2,000 
houses. 

1S43 Aug. 6.. The Thousand Years' 
Jubilee is celebrated in commemora- 
tion of the settlement by which the em- 
pire was divided among the three sons 
of Philip the Devout. 

* * Berlin. The Workingmen's Union 
is established. 

* * Riots occur at Frankfort and Cologne. 
1844 July 26. Prus. Two shots are 

tired at the king by the assassin Tesch. 

1847 July* Bismarck marries Jo- 
hanna von Puttkamer. 

Oct. 19. Bavaria. Lotteries are abol- 
ished by a unanimous vote of the depu- 
ties. 

1848 Mar. 18. Berlin. An insurrec- 
tion breaks out ; an assassin wounds 
the king. 



GERMANY. 



1841, June 22-1848, **' 817 



Sept. IS. Hesse-Z'assau. Prince Felix 
Lichnowsky and Gen. Hans A. E. von 
Auerswald are killed by rioters at 
Frankfort. 

1848-49 Saxony. Several riots occur. 

STATE. 
1841 June 22. Berlin. The First 
General Estates meet. 

* * * Constitutional rights and larger 
liberties are demanded by the people. 

1842* * Mecklenburg. Frederick 
Francis II. becomes grand duke. 

1843 * * Revolutionary tumults occur 
in Cologne and Frankfort ; reforms are 
instituted in Hesse-Cassel and Saxe- 
Coburg-Gotha. 

1844 July 26. Prus. The assassin 
Tesch makes a serious attempt on tbe 
life of tbe king, bring two shots at him. 

1846 July 8. Den. Christian VIII. de- 
crees the union of Schleswig-Holstein 
with Denmark (p. 641). 

* * Insurrections break out in Poland 
and Galicia. 

1847 Feb. 13. Prus. Summons are 
issued to the United Provincial Diet. 

Sept. 12. Baden. The Liberals hold a 
meeting at Orenburg. [1848. Feb. 27. 
A revolutionary assembly at Mann- 
heim, led by Itzlein, demands a German 
parliament, trial by jury, a free press, 
and the right of citizens to form socie- 
ties.] 

Oct. 10. Hesse. The Constitutional 
party hold a meeting at Heppenheim, 
[Nov. 20. Frederick "William becomes 
elector of Hesse-Cassel. 1848. Mar. 11. 
The elector is constrained to grant the 
reforms demanded.] 

* * Revolutionary agitation increases in 
■ Germany in consequence of the French 

Revolution. 

* * Prus. A representative govern- 
ment is established ; a united legisla- 
ture is formed at Berlin called the 
Landtag. 

1848 Jan. 20. Den. Frederick "VTI. 
becomes king. [Jan. 28. "\de proclaims 
a new constitution uniting Schleswig- 
Holstein more closely with Denmark.] 

Feb. 24. Paris. Outbreak of the 
He volution. 

Mar. 6. Bavaria. Insurrectionists ap- 
pear in Munich. [Mar. 20. Louis I. ab- 
dicates in favor of his son, Maximilian 
II.] 

Mar. 13+. Vienna. A revolutionary 
outbreak occurs ; Metternich flees (p. 
521). 

Mar.* Pi-us. The king promises liberty 
of the press. 

Mar. 14. Prus. Tbe king resists urgent 
demands for liberal measures. 

Mar. 15. Berlin. The students fight 
the troops behind barricades. 

Mar. 18. Prus. The king issues a decree 
demanding a federal union, and grant- 
ing liberty of the press. 

Another outbreak occurs ; 274 people 
are killed ; a new Ministry is formed. 

Mar. 19-20. Berlin. By order of the 
king, the troops leave tbe city. [A bur- 
gher-guard is formed ; anarchy prevails. 
The Liberal ministers are frequently 
changed. A constitutional assembly is 
called.] 



Mar. 20. Prus. The king announces a 
general amnesty. 

Mar. 23. Schlesivig-Hol stein. A revolt 
arises. [The aid of Prussia is required to 
subdue the rebels.] (P. 641.) 

Mar. 24. Den. The Eider Danish Gov- 
ernment declares Schleswig-Holstein 
incorporated. 

Mar. 27. Prus. The king proposes to 
lead the agitation for the reconsolida- 
tion of the German Empire. 

Mar. 30-Apr. 4. Frankfort. The Ger- 
man Preliminary Parliament meets ; 
Karl J. Mittermaier, president. 

It holds four sessions, and resolves to 
call a national German constituent as- 
sembly for the purpose of forming a con- 
stitution for the German Empire ; 500 
members present. 

* * Insurrections arise throughout all 
Germany ; the people demand freedom 
of the press, trial by jury, national in- 
stead of imperial armies, and national 
representation. 

* * Kossuth tbe Liberator. Uprising of 
the Magyars (p. 521). 

Apr. * Baden. A republican insurrec- 
tion arises. 

It 1b led by Frederick K. F. Hecker and 
Gustav von Struve and other radicals, and 
strengthened by the arrival of Georg Her- 
wegh and others of the confederation of re- 
fugees and foreign republicans. The troops 
suppress the republicans in a short time. 
[Apr. 20. Gen. Frederick von Gagern of 
the army of the German Confederation is 
treacherously shot by the volunteers in the 
disturbance.] 

Apr. 21. Prus. Bismarck in parlia- 
ment votes in disapproval of the meas- 
ures of reform granted by the king. 

Apr. * The Schleswig-Holstein ques- 
tion occasions a struggle between Den- 
mark and Prussia for possession of the 
duchies (p. 640). 

May 15. Vienna. Another insurrection 
breaks out. [May 26. Another; the king 
departs.] (P. 521.) 

May 18. Frankfort. The German 
National Assembly meets as a parlia- 
ment. [It selects Heinrich von Gagern 
as president of the National Assembly; 
Bismarck is a member. It is fruitless for 
lack of discretion, energy, and prompt- 
ness.] (Pp. 522, 523.) 

May 21. Wurtemberg. The largernum- 
berof representatives in the Assembly 
voluntarily resign their seats. 

Four parties in the National Assem- 
bly advocate various schemes of union. 
The Right advocates an imperial constitu- 
tion in harmony with the governments of the 
various States; the Left, the sovereignty of 
the people, aims at a republican confedera- 
tion bv means of a revolution; the Eight 
Center", a constitutional monarchy for Ger- 
many; the Left Outer, a central monarchy, 
with the several States subordinate, and hav- 
ing as its basis the recognized sovereignty of 
the people. 

May 29. Frankfort. The Archduke 
John of Austria is elected administrator 
of the empire (p. 523). [June 11. He 
enters Frankfort.] (P. 521). 

June 2. Aust. A Slavonic Congress 
meets (p. 523). 

June 29. Frankfort. The National As- 
sembly issues a decree convening a 
central government. 



July 12. Frankfort. The Confederate 
Diet remits its functions to the regent, 
Archduke John, and dissolves. 

July 15. Frankfort. The Archduke 
John is installed. 

The first imperial Ministry is appointed: 
for foreign affairs, Anton von Schmerling of 
Austria; for war, Gen. Eduard von Pencker 
of Prussia; for justice, Heckscber of Ham- 
burg. [For the lack of real authority, the 
central power proves insufficient, both at 
home and abroad.] 

Aug. 4. Capital punishment by civil 
authorities is abolished. 

Aug. 26. Swe. Truce of Malmo (p. 640). 

Aug. (±) * Schleswig-Holstein. A com- 
mon government is established. Popu- 
lar dissatisfaction and much agitation 
concerning the truce of Malmo. 

Sept. 5. Frankfort. The Committee of 
the National Assembly rejects the com- 
pactof Malmo. [Sept. 16. Itisaccepted 
by the National Assembly.] 

Sept. 17. Frankfort. A riot breaks out. 

Oct. 6. Vienna. "Vienna is in the hands 
of revolutionists (p. 523). 

Nov. 1. Prus. The reaction in favor of 
despotism commences. 

Nov. 9. Great excitement prevails in 
Germany, occasioned by the execution at 
Vienna of Robert Blum, a Leipsic pub- 
lisher and agitator, for aiding the insur- 
rection. 

Nov. 10. Berlin. Gen. Wrangel en- 
ters the city unopposed by the Liberals. 
[Nov. 12. He declares it to be in a state 
of siege against the Liberal party.] 

Nov. 22. Aust. Schwarzenberg be- 
comes prime minister at Vienna ; the 
first Diet of Austria meets at Kremsier. 

Nov. 29. Frankfort. The National As- 
sembly is removed from the city by the 
king because fair deliberation is alleged 
to be impossible at the capital, and it 
meets in Brandenburg Castle. 

Dec. 2. Aust. Ferdinand II., Emperor 
of Austria, abdicates in favor of his 
nephew Francis Joseph. 

Dec. 5. Frankfort. The king having 
given the National Assembly such a 
constitution as he pleased, without 
consulting the Assembly, dissolves it, 
there being no quorum present (p. 523). 

Dec. 10. Fr. Louis Napoleon elected 

■ President. 

* * Both Austria and Prussia are opposed 
to a constitution formed by a popular 
congress. 

* * Hanover. King Ernest grants a con- 
stitution with electoral rights. 

* * Bavaria. Maximilian Joseph II. he- 
comes king. 

* * Eh. Prus. Karl Marx issues a com- 
munist manifesto. 

* * Hesse. Louis m. becomes grand 
duke. 

* * Revolts occur in "Venice and Milan 
and also in Austria and Hungary. 

* * Liibeck receives a constitution. 

* * Mecklenburg-Schioerin. Unsuccessful 
attempts are made to change the feudal 
conditions. 



1849, Jan. 17-1853, 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1849 Mar. * -July * The second 
Schleswig-Holstein war. 

Apr. 5. Prus. At Eckernforde the ship 
Christian Fill, is fired (p. 540). 

Apr. 13. Schlesivig. Diippel is stormed 
(p. 640). 

Apr. 23. Den. The Schleswig-Holstein 
army under Gen. Bonin, a Prussian, de- 
feats the Danes under Gen. Biilow at 
Kolding. 

May * Prussian and other German troops 
become indifferent because of the 
threatening attitude of England, 
France, and Russia. 

June 15. Baden. A Prussian force un- 
der the Prince of Prussia enters Baden, 
and defeats the republican insur- 
gents at Waghausel. [July 23. It cap- 
tures Rastatt after a siege.] 

* * Den. Sortie at Fredericia (p. 640). 
June 23. Baden. The Prussian army 

enters Karlsruhe. 
July 10. Berlin. The Truce of Berlin 
(p. 641). 

* * Prus. Republican defection occurs 
in the army. 

1850 Jan. * -51 July* Third Schles- 
wig-Holstein war, having no aid from 
Germany (p. 640). 

July 24-25. Schleswig-Holstein. Battle 
of Idstedt (p. 640). 

Sept. 12. Schleswig. Defeat at Mis- 
sunde. [Oct. 4. Friedrichstadt bom- 
barded.] (P, 640.) 

Nov. 6. Hesse. An Austro -Bavarian 
force enters Hesse. 

Nov. 7. Prus. The whole Prussian 
army is called out, consisting of 223,000 
infantry, 38,000 cavalry, 29,000 artillery, 
■with 1,080 field-guns. A force enters 
Hesse in the north. 

Nov. 9. Hesse. The Prussians hold posi- 
tions on the military roads. 

Nov. 14. Baden. The Prussians retire 
from the grand duchy. 

Dec. 5. Hesse-Cassel. The Prussians be- 
gin their retreat. 

1851 * * Holstein. Austriahs occupy it 
(p. 640). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1850 Aug. 28. Saxe- Weimar. Wag- 
ner's Lohengrin is produced under the' 
direction of Franz Liszt. 



* * Hermann F. Helmholtz invents the 
myographion, an apparatus for deter- 
mining the velocity of the nervous cur- 
rent. 

1851 May 31. Berlin. The colossal 
statue of Frederick the Great, made 
by Christian Rauch, is unveiled. 

* * Rh. Prus. Alfred Krupp of Essen ex- 
hibits an ingot of steel weighing 4,500 
pounds. 

* * Helmholtz invents the ophthalmo- 
scope, an apparatus for inspecting the 
interior of the eye. 

1852 Sept. 19. The valleys of the Rhine 
and the Rhone are inundated. 



" * The gyroscope is invented by Prof. 
Fessel of Cologne. 

It is a rotatory apparatus, exhibiting 
the combined effects of the centrifugal 
and centripetal forces, and of the cessa- 
tion of either, illustrating the great law 
of gravitation. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



: Literarisclies Centralblatt is issued. 



1851* * Lambertine de Mi ri court, by 
Gottschall, appears. [1852, Die Gottinn.] 
1851-57 Deutsche Museum is issued. 
1852 * * Natur is issued. 



Herkomer, Hubert, painter, born. 

Kalkbrenner, Frier/Inch, eoinp., pianist, A61. 

Nicolai, Karl 0. E., composer, A39, 

Schopenhauer, Johanna, novelist, A79. 

Strauss, Johann, composer, A45. 

Zoning, Theophil, poet, born. 

Zuinpt, Karl <!., I'liissical scholar, A57. 

1850 * * Delitzsch, Friedrieh, Assyriol., born. 
Hertwig, Richard, zoologist, born. 
Kalbeck, Max, poet, born. 

Kunth, Karl S., Imlanist, A62. 

Lenau, Nikolaus, poet, A48. 

Neander, Johann A. W., eccles. hist., A61. 

Schadow, Johann G., sculptor, A86. 

1851 * * Erinan, Paul, physicist, A87. 
Ernest Augustus, King of Hanover, A80. 
Outzlaff, Karl, mission., Chinese schol., A48. 
Lachmann, Karl, critic, philologist, A58. 
Ledebour, Karl F. von, botanist, A66. 
Meinhohl, Johann W., el., poet, novel., A56. 
Oken, or Ockenfuss, Lorenz, naturalist, A72. 
Paul us, Heinrich E. G., theologian, A90. 
Prieasnitz, Vincenz, fdr. of hydropathy, A52. 
Tieck, Christian F., sculptor, A75. 

1852 * * Froebel, Friedrieh, educa., A70. 
Jahn, Friedrieh L., patriot, writer, A74. 
Overweg, Alfred, African traveler, A30. 



CHURCH. 

1849 Jan. 17. Hamburg. The first 
triennial conference of Baptists is 
opened. It reports 28 churches in Ger- 
many and 2,800 members. 

Sept. 26. Bavaria. The Bavarian Evan- 
gelical Lutheran Association for Pro- 
moting Christianity among the Jews is 
formed. 

* * The* Hermannsburg Missionary- 
Society is inaugurated by Pastor Louis 
Harms. 

1851* * Berlin. Rev. J. G. Oncken, a 
Baptist pastor and missionary, is ex- 
pelled from the city for preaching on 
the Sabbath. 

1852* * Berlin. The Jerusalem Union 
to promote German evangelical institu- 
tions and undertakings in the Orient is 
founded. 

* * The Immaculate Conception of the 
Virgin Mary is made a dogma of the 
Roman Catholic Church. 



LETTERS. 

1849 * * Researches on the Chemistry of 
Food, by Liebig, appears. 

* * Military Life in Time of War, by 
Friedrieh W. Hacklander, appears. 
[1850, Scenes from Life: 1851, Nameless 
Histories; 1852, Eugene St ill fried; 1853, 
Winter in Spain.] 

* * First German Parliament, by Laube, 
appears. 

1850 May 21. Der Evangelist, organ 
of the Methodist Episcopal Church, is 
first issued. 

* * A Studu of Shakespeare, by Gervinus, 
appears. [1855-66, A History of the 19th 
Century.] 

■* * History of Danish Politics from Acts 
and Documents, by Dfoysen, appears. 

* * Deborah, by Salomon H. Mosenthal, 
appears. [1856, Sonnenwendhoff.] 

* * Francesca von Rimini, by Johann H. 
P. Heyse, appears. [1852, The Brothers 
and Uri/.-a, 1*54, Mehaqer ; 1858, Thelda; 
1859, The Sabine Women.] 



SOCIETY. 

1850 May 22. Prus. An attempt is 
made by Sofelage, the assassin, to kill 
King William IV. 

1851 Jan. 18. Prus. King William 
IV. celebrates the 150th anniversary 
of the Prussian monarchy. 

Oct. * Prus. Permission is granted to 
the Jews to study law. 

1852 May 28. Berlin. A Prussian In- 
dustrial Exhibition is opened. 

1853 Mar. * Baden. George C. Gervi- 
nus, the historian, is tried for high 
treason for publishing his Introduc- 
tion to the History of the 19th Century, 
a prophecy of the filial victory of democ- 
racy ; he is sentenced to 10 months im- 
prisonment, and his book is ordered to 
be burned. [The sentence is not exe- 



cuted. 1 



STATE. 



1849 * * The revised Constitution of 
the German Empire is completed. 

It provides for a Diet composed of a cham- 
ber of state, and also a popular chamber; the 
former consisting of two classes of represen- 
tatives, one half to lie elected by the separate 
states, and the other halt' appointed by the 
Government, while the monarch has only a 
suspensive veto over its acts; the popular 
chamber is to be elected by universal (man- 
hood) suffrage. 

* * Two popular parties are formed, the 
Great German and SmaU German. 

The first favors the inclusion of Aus- 
tria, and the latter its exclusion, because 
of the preponderance its states would 
have, and thereby a smaller confederacy 
under the hegemony of Prussia. 

Mar. 4. Aust. A general constitution 
for Austria is promulgated (p. 523). 

Mar. 24. Prus. The king formally rec- 
ognizes the claims of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Mar. 28. Frankfort. The German Na- 
tional Assembly elects the King of 
Prussia "hereditary emperor of the 
Germans." 

Apr. 3. Prus. Reaction of imperial- 
ism. 

King- "William Frederick, not having the 
consent of all the German states, declines 
the imperial crown of the Germans, which is 
oft'ered to him by a deputation of the National 
Assembly at Frankfort; his act grieves the 
patriots. 

Apr. 12. Frankfort. The German Na- 
tional Assembly recognizes the provis- 
ional government of Schleswig-Hol- 
stein. 

Apr. 14. Hungary asserts her freedom. 

* * Frankfort. The National Assembly 
struggles for unity, but fails. 

May 3. Saxony. An insurrection 
breaks out in Dresden. [It is soon sup- 
pressed by Prussian aid.] 

May 10. Prussia is put under martial 
law. 

May 11. Baden. A republican insur- 
rection, commanded by Ludwig Miero- 
slawski, breaks out at Rastatt; the grand 
duke flees. [June 15. Insurrection sub- 
dued by Prussian soldiers. July* Again 
subdued. Aug. 18. Grand Duke of 
Karlsruhe enters.] 



GERMANY. 



1849, Jan. 17-1853, * * 819 



May 14. Prus. The king recalls Prus- 
sian members from the National As- 
sembly at Frankfort. [Many represen- 
tatives are recalled.] 

May 26. The short-lived "alliance of 
the three kings" of Prussia, Hanover, 
and Saxony is formed. [Most of the 
smaller German states soon join it.] 

May 30. Frankfort The National 
Assembly transfers its sittings to 
Stuttgart ; it is called the Rump Par- 
liament. [June 18. Dissolved by the 
Government of Wiirtemberg.] 



May* Republican defection weakens 
the army. 

June 5. Den. The king sanctions a new 
constitution of liberal character. 

June * Prus. A central power is pro- 
vided (p. 523). 

July 10. Peace with Denmark (p. 641). 

Sept. 8. Bavaria comes out for an im- 
perial constitution, with the King of 
Prussia on the throne. 

Sept. 30. Vienna. The Treaty of Vi- 
enna. 

Austria and Prussia provide a new 
central authority for a limited time; 
the governments of Germany are to be 
consulted. 

* * * Prussia seeks the leadership of 
Germany while Austria, her rival, is 
prostrated by the Hungarian war. 

* * Saxony, Hanover, and Prussia form 
an alliance. [1850. Feb. 25. Hanover 
withdraws ; later, Saxony.] 

Nov. 12. Austria protests against the 
alliance of Prussia with the smaller 
states of Germany. 

Dec. 16. Prus. Prince Charles An- 
thony of Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen, 
foreign minister, resigns. 

* * Bremen and Oldenburg receive new 
constitutions. 

* * Bismarck is first chosen a deputy to 
the Landtag meeting in Berlin. 

1850 Jan. 31. Prus. The new Con- 
stitution is adopted. [Feb. 6. The king 
takes the constitutional oath.] 

Feb. 27. Bavaria. Bavaria, Saxony, 
and Wiirtemberg sign a treaty at 
Munich for a revision of the German 
Confederation, and to maintain the Fed- 
eral Union. [Mar. 15. Announced.] 

Feb. 29. Hesse. Hassenpflug is ap- 
pointed minister in Hesse-Cassel. 

Mar. 10. Frankfort. The Diet of Con- 
federation meets. 

Prussia strongly favors a German 
federal state with Austria ex- 
cluded ; the old party of the hereditary 
empire also favors it. 

Mar. 20. Saxony. A union parlia- 
ment, consisting of two houses, meets at 
Erfurt. 

It is convoked by Prussia to discuss 
the new German union. [Apr. 27. Ends.] 
Bismarck advocates an alliance between 
Prussia and Austria. [In later years he 
revives this policy. Hesse-Cassel sends 
no representative.] 

May 9-16. Berlin. A congress of 
princes meets (p. 523). 

May 10. Frankfort. A confederate 
congress, summoned by Austria, meets. 



July 2. Prussia and Denmark agree 
to a separate treaty of peace ; Prussia 
abandons the two duchies to their fate. 

July 12. Hesse. The Cassel Congress 
of deputies from the states included in 
the Prussian Zolverein opens. 

July 19. Austria issues a call for an 
assembly of the old Confederation. 

Aug. 17. Frankfort. The German 
sovereigns meet at the call of the Em- 
peror of Austria to consider a plan of 
Federal reform. 

Aug. 25. Prussia and Austria uni- 
formly and mutually disagree. 

Sept. 2. Frankfort. Reopening of the 
Parliament. It convenes to consider 
the restoration of the Confederacy; 
Prussia and her associates do not join it 
(p. 523). 

Sept. * Hesse. A determined contest oc- 
curs; Hassenptiug repeatedly dissolves 
the Assembly of the Estates- [Sept. 7. 
The elector declares his dominions in a 
state of siege because of the attitude of 
the Chamber towards the budget; he 
flees. Sept. 21. Prussia declares to 
Austria its purpose to uphold the Con- 
stitution in Hesse-Cassel; a rupture 
between the states follows. Oct. 2. 
Gen. Hanau is appointed military dic- 
tator in electoral Hesse. Later, nearly 
all the corps of officers are dismissed.] 

* * Germany is divided into pro-Austria 
and pro-Prussia States. 

Oct. 11. Aust. Austria, Bavaria, and 
Wiirtemberg enter a league at Bregenz 
against Prussia. 

Oct. 14. FranJcfort. The Elector of 
Hesse applies to the Diet for aid in 
recovering his authority. [It is promised 
against the protest of Prussia.] 

* * The Minister Joseph Maria von Ra- 
dowitz is dismissed, and Prussia aban- 
dons her efforts for union. 

Oct. 17. Pus. Minister Brandenburg 
meets the Czar at Warsaw on a mission 
for Prussia. [Oct. 26. He meets the 
Emperor of Austria. Nov. 6. Dies.] 

Nov. 2. Berlin. The Ministerial Council 
decides to support peaceful measures. 

Nov. 6. Austria sends an ultimatum 
(p. 523). 

Nov. 9. Vienna. Minister Schwarzen- 
berg demands the abolition of the 
Prussian Union. 

Nov. 11. Aust. The Prussian policy in 
Hesse is declared a casus belli by the 
Russian ambassador at Vienna. 

Nov. 29. Moravia. A convention 
opens at Olmiitz for the pacification of 
Germany (p. 523). 

Dec. 3. A' treaty of amnesty is an- 
nounced. 

Dec. 23-51 May 15. Saxony. Con- 
ferences are held at Dresden respecting 
the German Constitution ; by the advice 
of Russia it settles the contest between 
Prussia and Austria by a simple return 
to the Diet of the Confederacy. 

Dec. 27. Hesse. The elector returns 
to his capital, the taxes having been 
paid under threat of imprisonment. [He 
remodels the < (institution ; the Chamber 
receives the right to vote the taxes. Apr. 
13. Proclaimed for Hesse-Cassel.] 

Dec. * The proposed extension of the 
Germanic Confederation beyond the 
Alps occasions the remonstrances of 



France and Great Britain. [1851. July 
17. The Confederation replies, denying 
England's right to interfere.] 

1851 Apr. 30. Prus. The Constitu- 
tion is modified. 

May 30. Frankfort. The Confederate 
Diet in its old form is established. Bis- 
marck is a member. 

May 31. Poland. The King of Prussia 
and the Czar leave Warsaw for Olmiitz 
to meet the Emperor of Austria. 

* * Period of reaction ; popular liberty 
is opposed. 

Great hopes are crushed in Germany's 
humiliation at the feet of her princes; the 
press is persecuted, (li.seunl.ent. punished arbi- 
trarily, penalties inllieteii; petty despotism is 
triumphant. Many of the people emigrate. 

Aug. 20. The Emperor of Austria 
claims absolute government (p. 524). 

Aug. 29. Prus. Bismarck is appointed 
a deputy to the Confederate Diet. 

Sept. 7. Hanover becomes a member 
of the Tariff Union. [Oldenburg and 
Schaumburg-Lippe soon follow.] She 
also signs a commercial treaty with 
Prussia. 

* * A postal and telegraphic union is 
formed between all the German States. 

Nov. 18. Hanover. George V. becomes 
king. 

1852 Jan. 12. Prus. The king revives 
the old Council of State as it was be- 
fore the revolution of 1848. 

Mar. 28. Den. The king issues a royal 
manifesto of a conservative tone. 

May 5. The great powers sign an agree- 
ment concerning Neuehatel, which re- 
volted from Prussia in 1848. 

May 8. The London Protocol, con- 
cerning the Danish succession, is 
signed. 

The five great powers and Sweden 
sign a treaty guaranteeing the integrity 
of the Danish monarchy. The treaty is 
not recognized by the German Confeder- 
ation, but accepted by Hanover, Saxony, 
and Wiirtemberg (p. 641). 

June 5. Prus. The Constitution is 
modified. [May 7, May 24, June 10 ; 1855, 
May 30; 1857, May 15. Again modified. 
June 7. A customs union with Austria 
is rejected.] 

June * The German fleet is sold at auc- 
tion. 

July * Bismarck is sent as an envoy to 
Austria. 

Dec. 23. Biennial parliaments are es- 
tablished by law. 

1853 Feb. 19. Prussia and Austria 
agree to a treaty of commerce and 
navigation (p. 525). [Apr. 8. Approved 
by the Zollverein.] 

Feb. 27. Peter becomes grand duke of 
Oldenburg. 

Mar. 29. Berlin. A democratic con- 
spiracy is discovered. [Apr. * Another.]- 

July 21. Den. The king proclaims a 
new constitution. [1S55. Oct. 2. An- 
other.] 

* * Prussia lends Russia moral support 
in the Crimean war. 

* * Saxe-Weimar. Charles Alexander be- 
comes grand duke. 



820 1853,**-1862,** 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1859 * * "War of France and Sardinia 
with Austria (p. 524). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1853 * * Von Mohl discourses on proto- 



1855 Jan. 1. Hamburg. One-half of 
the city is inundated by the Elbe. 

Apr. 17. Rh. Prus. Karl T. R. Luther, 
at the observatory of Billk, near Diissel- 
dorf , discovers a new planet. 

1856 * * Daughter of Jairus is painted 
by Gustav Eichter. 

1858 * * A telegraph line, connecting 
Cromer and Emden, is opened. 



* * Christian Schonbein announces his 
discovery of antozone, a modification 
of oxygen, hitherto found only in the 
compound state. 

* * Berlin. A set of celestial maps is 
issued under the superintendence of the 
Royal Prussian Academy. 

1860 Sept. 14. The planet Eralo is 
discovered by M. M. Foster and Lessing. 

1862 * * Rh. Prus. Krupp of Essen ex- 
hibits an ingot of steel weighing 20 



tons. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1853 * * Bueh, Leopold von, i^'olngist, A79. 
Deppins, Crorg I',., scholar, litterateur, A69. 
Duller, Kduanl, poet, historian, A44. 
Friedemann, Frieilrh-h T., teacher, A60. 
Gau, Franz, architect, A63. 

Grotefeml, Georg F., scholar, antlq., A78. 
Karsten, Karl J. li., mineralogist, A71. 
Lorinser, Karl L, physician, A57. 
Radowitz, Joseph M. von, gen., states., A 56. 
Tiecb, Ludwig. poet, novelist, essayist, A80. 

1854 * * Iiegas, Karl, painter, A60. 
Beneke, Friedrich 10. , philosopher, A56. 
Boisseree, Sulpin*, architect, antiquary, A71. 
Eckermann, Johann P., litterateur, A 62. 
Eichborn, Karl P., jurisconsult, hist., A73. 
Ennemoser, .Joseph, physiologist, A67. 
Eschenmayer, Karl A., philosopher, meta- 
physician, mystic, A86. 

Cieseler, Johann K. L., church hist., A 62. 
Llndenau, Bernhard A. von, astron., A74. 
Ohm, Georg S., electrician, A67. 
Schelling, Friedrich"W. J. von. phil., A79. 
Sontag, Mme. Henriette, Countess Rossi, vo- 
calist, A48. 

1855 * * Civile, August L., architect, A75. 
Fliigel, Johann G., lexicographer, A67. 
Follen, August, poet, A61. 

Gauss, Karl F., mathematician, A78. 
Harms, Clans, theologian, A77. 
Lucke, Gottfried C. F., theologian, A63. 
Menzel. Karl A., historian, A71. 
Spindler, Karl, novelist, A59. 

1856 Feb. 17. Heine, Heinrich, poet, 
A 58. 

Biela, Wllhelro von, astronomer, A74. 

Braum, August E., archeologist, A47. 

Detmold, Hermann J., statesman, A49. 

Fuchs, Johann N. von, chemist, A82. 

Hagen, Friedrich H. von der, philol., A76. 

Haminer-Purgstall, Baron Joseph von, ori- 
entalist, historian, A82. 

Schumann, Robert, composer, A46. 

Vogel, Ediiard, African traveler, A27. 

Zeuss, Joliann K., philol., hist, writer, A50. 
1857* * Auffenherg. .Joseph von, poet, A59. 

Eichendorf, Baron Joseph K. B. von, poet, 
novelist, dramatist, A69. 

Lichtenstein, Martin II. K., naturalist, A77. 

Rauch, Christian 1)., sculptor, A80. 

Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., painter, A78. 

Schlagintweit, Adolf, traveler, A28. 

Schwegler, Albrechi, philosopher, A38. 
1858 * * Barthold, Friedrich W., hist., A59. 

Creuzer, Georg F., antiquary, philol., A87. 

Jacobi, Maximilian, alienist, A83. 

Koppen, Friedrich, philosopher, A83. 

Kugler, Franz T., critic, writer on art, A50. 

Miiller, Johann, physiologist, anatomist, A57. 

Nees von Esenbeck, Christian G. D., bot- 
anist, A82. 

Neukomm, Chevalier Sigismund von, com- 
poser, A80. 

Pfeiffer, Ida, traveler, A63. 

Saphir, Moritz, humorous, satiric wr., A64. 



Varnhagen von Ense. Karl August, au.,A73. 
Winer, Georg B., theol., orientalist, A69. 
1859 May 6. Humboldt, Friedrich 

Heinrich Alexander von, naturalist, 

traveler, philosopher, A90. 
Arnim, Elisabeth ( Bettma), mis. wr., A74. ' 
Dieterici, Karl F. W., economist, A69. 
Dirichlet, Peter G., geometrician, A54. 
Eherhardt, Conrad, sculptor, A9I. 
Reissiger, Karl G., composer, A61. 
Iicthel, Alfred, historical painter, A43. 
Ritter, Karl, geographer, A80. 
Spohr, Ludwig, composer, A75. 
I860* * Arndt, Ernst M., poet, pol. wr., A9I. 
Bernstein, Georg H., orientalist, A73. 
Bunsen, Chevalier Christian K. J. von, 

philologist, diplomatist, theologian, A69. 
Dahlmann, Friedrich C, historian, A75. 
Kosegarten, Johann G L., orientalist, A68. 
Schopenhauer, Arthur, philosopher, A72. 
Thiersch, Friedrich W.. philologist, A76. 
Cmbreit, Friedrich W. K., theologian, A65. 

1861 Jan. 3. Frederick William IV., 
King of Prussia, AtiG. 

P.aur, Ferdinand C, theologian, critic, A70. 
Berthold, Arnold A., physiologist, A58. 
Chelius, Maximilian ,1., physician, A67. 
Choulant, Ludwig, physician, A70. 
Freytag, Georg W., orientalist, A73. 
Mundt, Thcoilor, mis. writer, A53. 
Nitzsch, Grcgor W., philol., antiquary, A7I. 
Passavant, Johann I)., painter, writer on 

art, A 7 4. 
Preller, Ludwig, class, schol., antiq., A52. 
Savigny, Friedrich C, jurist, A82. 
Schloeser, Friedrich C„ historian, A85. 
Stahl, Friedrich J., jurist, A59; 
Zwirner, Ernst F., architect, A59. 

1862 * * Adam, Albreeht. painter, A76. 
Castelli, Ignaz I-, dramatist, A81. 
Damrosch, "Walter J., musician (in 

U. S. A.), born. 
Hanke, Henrielle TV., novelist, A77. 
Harless, Gottlieb C. A., theologian, A56. 
Kerner, Andreas J., lyric poet, A76. 
Leonhard, Karl C. von, geologist, A83. 
Schadow-Godenhaus, Friedrich W. vc 

painter, A73. 
Tarnow, Fanny, novelist, mis. writer, A79 
Uhland, Johann L., lyric poet, A75. 
Zedlitz, Joseph C. von, poet, A72. 



CHURCH. 

1857 Sept. * Berlin. The Evangelical 
Alliance meets. 

1860 Apr. 7. Baden. Autonomy is 
granted to Catholic and Protestant 
churches by the grand duke. 

Oct. 16. Baden. A new ecclesiastical 
law is promulgated, which is much 
opposed by the clerical party. 

LETTERS. 

1853 * * Frederick the Great and his 
Court, by Luise Muhlbach (Mrs. Theo- 
dor Mundt), appears. 

* * The Theological System of Zwingle^y 
Zeller, appears. [1854, Acts of the Apos- 
tles.'] 

* * How is it, really, in America? by Ger- 
stiicker, appears. [1855, To America; 
1856, California Sketches.'] 

1853-67 History of the Revolutionary 
Period of 1789-1S00, by Heinrich von 
Sybel, appears. 

1854 * * German Dictionary , by Jacob 
and Wilhelm Grimm, is begun. 

* * Society, or High Life in Germany, by 
Ida Harin-Ualn), appears. [1858, A Few 
Words about the Good Shepherd.'] 

1854-55 The History of Pome, by C. M. 
Theodor Mommsen, appears. 

1855 * * History of Germany from the 
Death of Frederick the Great to the 
Formation of the Germanic Confedera- 
tion, by Ludwig Hausser, appears. 

* * Bazar is issued. 

* * Hausblatter is issued. 

* * Lauschen un Pimels, Pot ter abend ge- 
dichte, and Reis nach Belligen, by Fritz 
Reuter, appear. [1857, Blucher in Trep- 
tow; 1858, Kien Unsung; 1860, Olle Ka- 
mellen.] 

* * Berliner Revue, is issued. 



* * Mittheilungen u&er wichtige neite Er- 
forschungen auf der Gesammtgebiete der 

Geographic, a monthly journal (geo- 
graphical), is founded by August H. 
Petermann. 

1855-76 History of Prussian Politics, 

by Droysen, appears. 
1856-64 Microcosmus, by Lotze, appears. 
1856-76 Bibelwerk, or Commentary, by 

J. P. Lange, appears. 

1857 * * Ursere Zeit is issued. 
1857-70 History of Literature in the 18th 

Century, by Hermann J. Hettner, ap- 
pears. 

1857-73 Poems, by Dahn, appear. [1861- 
72, The Kings of the Germans] 

1858 * * Preussische Jahrbuch is issued. 

1859 * * The Fabians, by Freytag, ap- 
pears. [1859-61!, Pictures from the Ger- 
man Past; 1S63, The Technic of the 
Drama; 1864, The Lost Manuscript; 
1S70-S0, Our Ancestors.] 

1859-67 English History in the 16th and 
17th Centuries, by Ranke, appears. 

1860 * * Outlines of Geology, by Vogt, 
appears. [1863, Lectures on Man , his Po- 
sition in the Creation and in the History 
of the Earth.] 

* * Problematic Nature, by Friedrich 
Spielhageii, appears. [1862, In der zwolf- 
ten Stande; 1863, Die von Hohenstein; 
1864, Rose hen vm Hofe and Through 
Night to Light; 1866, In Rank and File; 
1867, Unter den Tannen; 1869, Hammer 
and Anvil.] 

1861 * * The Papacy and the State of the 
Church, by Dollin^or, appears. [1869,, 
Papal Myths of the Middle Ages.] 

SOCIETY. 

1854 Aug. 10. Aust. The King of 
Saxony is thrown from a carriage and 
killed at Innsbruck. 

1857 Oct. * Berlin. Christian K. J. 
Bunsen, the scholar and diplomatist, 
is made a baron and a life peer by King 
William IV. 

1858 Jan. 25. Prus. Prince Frederick 
William [Frederick III.] marries Vic- 
toria, princess-royal of England. 

1859 Jan. 27. Brandenburg. Prince 
Frederick William, son of the prin- 
cess-royal of England, is born. 

* * Prus. Weltmann, a bookbinder 
at Posen, poisons four wives and two 
children. 

Aug. 22. Hesse-Nassau. A peace con- 
gress meets at Frankfort in St. Paul's 
Church. 

1860 Nov.* Prus. Oppression by 

the police is disclosed ; Stieber, the 
director, is only censured. 

1S61 July 8-11. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. 
The first meeting of the National Shoot- 
ing Match is held at Gotha. 

July 14. Prus. Becker, a Leipsie stu- 
dent, attempts to assassinate the king. 
[Sept. 23. He is sentenced to 20 years' 
imprisonment.] 

1862 * * Socialism first becomes a power 
in Germany through the labors of Fer- 
dinand Lassalle, a scholar and pub- 
licist, a man of fortune, with luxurious 
habits, but eager for the elevation of the 
masses. 

STATE, 



Apr. 7. Vienna. Prussia agrees to a 
protocol for maintaining the integrity 
of Turkey (p. 525). 



GERMANY. 



1853, ** -1862,**. 821 



July 24. Frankfort. The Federal Diet 
joins in the alliance of Austria and 
Prussia. [1855. It decides to make 
preparations for war. 1856. Nov. 6. It 
resolves to assist Prussia in reconquer- 
ing Neuchatel, but its help is not 
needed.] 

Sept. 6. Prussia declares neutrality in 
the war. [Oct. * Again.] 

Dee. 2. Austria enters an alliance with 
the Western powers against Russia. 

* * Saxony. John becomes king. 
1855 Feb. * Vienna. P r u s s i a is ex- 
cluded from the conferences. 

Apr. 12. Hanover. The Constitution 
of 1848, granting electoral rights, is an- 
nulled in obedience to the decree of the 
Federal Diet. 

Aug. 18. Austria signs a concordat vir- 
tually submitting itself to the control 
of the church (p. 525). 

* * Frankfort. A Diet is elected with 
scarcely a Liberal representative, owing 
to the violent suppression of the Govern- 
ment. 

1S56 Apr. 16. Fr. The representa- 
tive of Prussia signs the Treaty of 
Paris, abolishing privateering, and de- 
fining the rights of neutrals in time of 
war. [May 15. Accepted by the Federal 
Diet.] 

INov. *-57 May* Prus. Disputes with 
Switzerland occur concerning the rights 
of Prussia in Neuchatel. [1857. May 
26. Prussia renounces its claims.] 

'* * The reaction of Feudalists reaches its 
height. 

1857 Jan. 15. Bavaria. A confer- 
ence at Nuremberg considers the gen- 
eral code of commerce. 

July 9. Baden. Arrests are made for 
political offenses. 

Oct. 23. Prus. The prince becomes 
temporary regent because of the alarm- 
ing mental illness of the king. [1S5S. 
Oct. 9. Permanent regent-] 

* * Wurtemberg . King "William I. enters 
into a concordat with Rome. 

* * Hanover. The king claims from Eng- 
land crown jewels which belonged to 
George III., valued at £120,000. [1858. 
Jan. * Given up by arbitration.] 

1858 Jan. 24. A currency conven- 
tion is concluded between all the Ger- 
man states. [1S59. Jan. 1. Becomes 
effective.] 

* * Frankfort. The Federal Diet requires 
the Danes to submit their project of a 
new political urbanization to the duch- 
ies. [Feb. 11. It declares the Danish 
Constitution of 1855 to be illegal.] 

Mar. 27. Den. The fortification of Co- 
penhagen is decreed. 

~Nov. 6. Den. Frederick VII. concedes 
that the general Constitution is invalid 
in the duchies of Schleswig-Holstein. 

Nov.* Prus. The Liber alists defeat 
the Federal party in a free election. 

1859 Mar. 5. Prus. Bismarck goes 
to St. Petersburg as representative of 
Prussia. 

Apr. 23. Austria demands the disarm- 
ament of Sardinia. [War follows.] 
(Pp. 524, 525.) 

June 11. Aust. Prince Metternich 
dies 



June 28. Baden signs a concordat with 
the Pope. [Apr. 7. Being greatly op- 
posed by the Chambers, the grand duke 
annuls it.] 

June * Great excitement prevails in the 
German states because of the French 
victories in Lombardy, and prepara- 
tions for war are hastened. 

July 17. Saxe-Weimar. ThenewLib- 
eral party holds meetings in Eisenach. 

* * * Austria and Prussia, the two rivals, 
continue to be the great impediments 
to German unity. 

Aug. 14. Saxe-Weimar-Eisenach. A 
meeting is held at Eisenach for the es- 
tablishment of the German National 
Association. 

The Liberal party ask that the im- 
perfect Federal Constitution be changed, 
that a strong central government sub- 
stitute the German Diet, that a national 
assembly be held, and that Prussia take 
the lead. 

Nov. 10. Switz. The Peace of Zurich 
is signed by Austria and France (p. 525). 

1860 Jan. 12. Prus. Prince William, 
the regent, announces that " the Prus- 
sian army will be in future the Prussian 
nation in arms." 

Feb. 10. Prus. The Government brings 
forward the military bills in the Diet ; 
they relate to service and appropriation 
of money. 

Mar. 24. Frankfort. The Hesse-Cassel 
Constitution of 1S52 is maintained by 
the Federal Diet against the opposition 
of Prussia. 

June 15. Baden. The German kings 
and princes, with the Prince-regent of 
Prussia, meet the Emperor Napoleon 
III. at Baden-Baden. 

July 2. Bohemia. At Toplitz the Czar, 
Emperor of Austria, and the Regent of 
Prussia meet for conference. 

July* Hamburg. A new Constitution 
is granted by the Senate. [1861. Jan. 1. 
Operative.] ■ 

Sept. 5. Saxe-Coburg-Gotha. A meeting 
is held at Coburg to promote German 
unity against French aggression. 

Oct. 16. Baden. The new ecclesiasti- 
cal law recently adopted by the Cham- 
bers is promulgated. 

Oct. 20. An imperial diploma is issued 
promising the restoration of the old 
Constitution in Holstein. 

Oct. 22. Bus. The Czar, Emperor of 
Austria, and the Prince-Regent of Prus- 
sia meet at "Warsaw. 

Oct. * Aust. The Emperor of Austria is 
crowned at Pesth. 

Nov. * Germany disputes with Denmark 
respecting the rights of Holstein and 
Schleswig. 

Dec. 6. Hamburg. The new Assembly 
of 191 deputies first meets. 

* * Mecklenburg. "William is grand duke. 

1861 Jan. 2. Prus. King Frederick 
"William IV". dies [and is succeeded by 
his brother William I.]. 

1861-88 Prus. "William I. is king. 

Feb. 26. Aust. A new Liberal con- 
stitution is published (p. 525). 

Mar. 8. Prus. The Hohenzollern min- 
istry resigns; August von der Heydt 

June 12. Hanover gives up the Stade 
dues for compensation. 



Aug. 23. Baden. A meeting of the 
German National Federal Associa- 
tion is held at Heidelberg ; it decides to 
form a fleet. [Soon after many sub- 
scriptions are made for it.] 

Oct. 18. F. Prus. William I. and his 
queen are crowned at Kbnigsberg ; he 
declares that he will reign by the 
" Grace of God." 

1862 Mar. 6. Prus. The Diet passes 
a bill for making the ministry respon- 
sible. 

The Ministry is opposed by the 
Chamber of Representatives respecting 
the length of military service. 

Mar. 8. Frankfort. The Austrian and 
Prussian members of the Diet demand 
the renewal of the Constitution from 
the Elector of Hesse. 

Mar. 11. Prus. The Representative 
Chamber of the Landtag persists in dis- 
cussing the items of the budget ; the 
Schwerin Ministry resigns ; the king 
dissolves the chambers, and retains the 
ministers against the request of the dep- 
uties. 

Mar. 13. Berlin. The National Asso- 
ciation recommends the formation of a 
federal form of government, with a cen- 
tral executive under the leadership of 
Prussia. 

Apr. 12. Prus. The Liberal Ministry 
resigns, and is succeeded by reactionists 
under Van der Heydt. 

May* Prus. The elections return a 
stronger opposition ; only one minister 
is elected. 

May 26. P?-us. Bismarck is sent as an 
ambassador to Paris. 

July 8. -Aug. 10. Vienna. Plenipo- 
tentiaries from the German states meet, 
and discuss federal reform. 

Sept. 11-16. Berlin. The military re- 
forms cause bitter disagreements. 

The deputies vote for a reduction of 
the budget so as to maintain an army 
of only 135,000, instead of 200,000 men. 

Sept. 28, 29. Deputies from the German 
States meet at Weimar ; they advocate 
the formation of one federal state for 
all Germany. 

Sept. 30. Prus, Bismarck informs the 
Representative Chamber of Deputies 
that the budget is deferred till 1863 ; he 
is met by the charge of unconstitution- 
ality. 

Oct. 8. Prus. Bismarck is appointed 
minister of state and president of the 
Council of Ministers. 

Oct. 11. Prus. The Upper House sus- 
tains Bismarck, and passes the budget 
without the amendments of the other 
Chamber ; the act is declared unconsti- 
tutional by the Chamber of Deputies. 
Vote, 237-2. 

Oct. 13. Prus. The king closes the 
legislative session, saying, " The Gov- 
ernment is under the necessity of con- 
trolling the public affairs outside the 
Constitution." 

Nov. * Prus. Public agitation prevails 
respecting the violating of the Consti- 
tution ; it ends in passive resistance. 
Liberal papers i 



822 1863, Jan. 22-1866, June 19. GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1863 Nov. * Holstein. The troops of 
Hanover and Saxony enter the duchies 
of Holstein and Lauenburg pending the 
settlement of the succession ; the duchies 
oelong to the Confederation. 

Dec. 23. Holstein. German troops ap- 
pear in the duchy for federal execution 
of the London Protocol (p. 641). 

1864 Jan. 21. Holstein. Federal in- 
vasion (p. 640). (See Denmark.) 

Feb. *-Oet. * Schleswig-Hol stein. War 
of Austria and Prussia against Den- 
mark (pp. 526, 640). 

* * Prussia and Austria secede from the 
London Protocol, and failing in an agree- 
ment the war is renewed. 

July 2. Schlesicig-Hol stein. Rendsburg 
is taken hy the Prussians. [July 18. 
Another armistice. Aug. 1. Prelimi- 
naries of peace.] 

1866 June 7. Holstein. The Prussians 
under Gen. Manteuffel enter theduchy ; 
the Austrians retire. 

June 13. Hanover. Prussian troops 
enter Hanover, it being on the side of 
Austria. 

June 16.-July 22. The Austro-Frus- 
sian "War ; The Seven "Weeks' "War. 

The smaller states of North Germany 
and Italy are allies of Prussia, while Ba- 
varia, Wurtemberg, Saxony, Hanover, 
Baden, and the two Hesses are allies of 
Austria. Gen. Benedek commands the 
Austrian northern army, 240,000 strong, 
in Bohemia and Moravia ; the Archduke 
Albert commands their southern army, 
the army of Venice. 

Five Prussian armies take the field. 
(1) Prince Frederick Charles commands 
93,000 men in Lusatia; (2) The Crown 
Prince Frederick William commands 
the Silesian army (115,000) ; (3) Gen. Bit- 
tenfeld commands the army of the Elbe 
in Thuringia (46,000) ;. (4) Gen. Von 
Mulbe commands the reserves at Berlin 
(24,000); (5) King William commands the 
army of the Main [later formed] (48,000) ; 
chief of the general staff, Gen. Von 
Moltke (p. 526). 

June 16-20. Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, 
Saxony, and Nassau, as allies of Austria, 
are occupied by Prussians ; the Elec- 
tor Frederick William is taken prisoner, 
and removed to Stettin. 

June 18. Silesia. The Austrian north- 
ern army crosses over into Silesia. The 
Prussians enter and occupy Dresden, 
Saxony. 

June 19. Silesia. The Saxon army, 
king, and government join the Aus- 
trians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1865 * * The extract of meat is invented 



1866 Jan. 4. Berlin. The asteroid 
Semele is discovered by F. Tietjen. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1863 * * Dbderlein, Lndwig, philologist, A72. 
Grimm, Jakob L., philologist, jurist, A78. 
Giinther, Anton, philosopher, A78. 

Hahn, August, theologian, A71. 
Hebbel, FrieOrich, dramatist, A50. 
Mitscberlk-h, Kilanl. chemist, A 69. 
Voight, .Johannes, historian, A77. 

1864 * * Auherlen, Karl A., theologian, A40. 
Casper, Johann L., physician, A68. 



Fliedner, Theodor, philanthropist, A64. 
Haussmann, David J. L., statesman, finan- 
cier, A74. 
Junghuhn, Franz W., naturalist, A52. 
Klenze, Leo von, architect, A80. 
Lassalle, Ferdinand, socialist, A39. 
Maximilian 11., King of Bavaria, A53. 
Meyerbeer, Giacomo, composer, A70. 
Hose, Hemrich, chemist, A69. 
Schonbein, .loliann L., physician, A7l. 
Struve, Friedrieh G. \V. von, astron., A71. 
Wagner, Rudolph, physician, anal umisi, A59. 
1865 * * Aim, Johann F., grammarian, A69. 
Barth, Heinrich, African explorer, A44. 
Encke. Johann F.. astronomer, A74. 
Ernst, Heinrich W., musician, A5l. 
Kiss, August, sculptor, A63. 
Lappenberg, Johann M., historian, A71. 
Leopold, King of the Belgians, Duke of Sax- 

Ollendorff, Henry Godfrey, educ, gram., A62. 

Schomburgk, Sir Hubert H., naturalist, trav- 
eler, A61. 
Ullniann, Karl, theologian, A69. 



1866 Jan.* Ith.Prus. The dispute be- 
tween the king and the chapter respect- 
ing the election of an archbishop for 
Cologne is settled. 



LETTERS. 

1863 * * Novellen in Versen, by Heyse, 
appears. 

1864 * * An Egyptian Princess, hy Georg 
Ebers, appears. [1S67-68, Egypt and the 
Book of Moses.] 

1865 * * Pietra, hy Mosenthal, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1863 Oct. 18. Saxony. The 50th 
anniversary of the battle of Leipsic is 
celebrated. 

1865 June 2. Rh. Prus. An Inter- 
national Industrial Exhibition is 
opened at Cologne by the Crown Prince. 

June 8. The 50th anniversary of the 
establishment of the Germanic Confed- 
eration is celebrated. 

1866 May 7. Carl Cohen makes an 
unsuccessful attempt to assassinate 
Bismarck. 

STATE. 

1863 Jan. 22. Frankfort. The Con- 
federate Diet rejects the proposal of 
Austria. 

Jan. 27. Prus. Bismarck offends the 
deputies by threatening to enforce his 
policy. [He recommends the king to 
dismiss the Ministry.] 

Feb. 28. Prus. The deputies recom- 
mend Prussian neutrality in the Polish 

Mar. 30. Den. The king issues an Eider 
Danish, proclamation, abandoning the 
basis of 1852, and annexing Schleswig. 
[Germany is incensed. Apr. 17. Austria 
and Prussia protest.] 

May * Prus. A controversy occurs be- 
tween deputies and Ministry. 

* * Prus. The king concludes to govern 
without a parliament. 

June 1. The press is exceedingly re- 
stricted. 

July 9. The Confederate Diet demands 
that Denmark annul the patent grant- 
ing independent rights to Holstein, and 
annexing Schleswig. [Aug. 27. Denied.] 
(P. 641.) 



July 31. The German sovereigns are 
invited to a Congress at Frankfort by 
the Emperor of Austria. 

Aug. 2. Aust. The Austrian emperor 
meets King William at Gastein. 

Aug. 16. Frankfort. The congress of 
nearly all the German princes meets. 

By the advice of Bismarck the King of 
Prussia declines to participate. Francis 
Joseph, Emperor of Austria, presides ; 
and the reorganization of Germany is 
considered, but without results. [Aug, 
21. It declares in favor of unity. Sept. 
1. They approve the Austrian plan of 
federal* reform. Sept. 22. Disapproved 
by King William.] 

Sept. 8. Prus. The crown prince is 
reconciled to the king. 

Sept. 29. Den. The parliament receives 
a bill for the incorporation of Schles- 
wig. 

Oct.* Prus. A majority of Liberal dep- 
uties is elected. 

Nov. 5. Fr. Napoleon III. proposes a 
European congress. 

Nov. 16. Schlesivig- Holstein. The dis- 
pute concerning the two duchies is re- 
vived (p. 641). 

Nov. 26. Schlesivig- Holstein. Several 
German powers, including Saxony, Ba- 
varia, and Hesse, resolve to support 
Prince Frederick of Augustenburg. 
[Dec. 2. Prussia also.] 

Dec. 7. Frankfort. The Confederate 
Diet decides to punish Holstein. [Dec. 
24. Troops enter.] (P. 640.) 

Dec. 21. Frankfort. Germany sends 
900 representatives who pledge their 
states to support Prince Frederick as 
duke of Schleswig-Holstein, and pro- 
claim their union inseparable ; a com- 
mittee of 36 is appointed. 

There is great excitement concerning 
the Danish encroachments in Schleswig, 
and Prussia is urged to occupy the 
duchies. 

Dec. 25. Schleswig-Holstein. The Fed- 
eral Commissioners in control. [Dec. 
30. Prince Frederick, as duke, en- 
ters Kiel.] 

Dec. * Frankfort. The Chamber of Dep- 
uties refuses to defray the expenses of 
the war for the duchies. 

* * Prus. The Socialistic party is or- 
ganized by Ferdinand Lassalle. 

* * Anhalt becomes a duchy by the 
union of the duchies Anhalt-Dessau- 
Kothen and Anhalt-Bernburg. 

1864 Jan. 14. Frankfort. The Con- 
federate Diet rejects by a majority of 
two votes the motion of Austria and 
Prussia to occupy Schleswig. 

Jan. 16. Austria and Prussia issue a 
peremptory demand (p. 641). 

Jan. 21. The demand being refused, 
German troops enter Holstein (p. 641). 
[Jan. 31. Austria and Prussia issue a 
joint note. Mar. 5. They sign a new 
agreement.] 

Feb. 13. Den. The Federal Commis- 
sioners protest against the occupation 
of Altona by Prussia. 

Apr. 25. London. A conference is 
opened for the settlement of the Schles- 
wig-Holstein question. [June 25. Ends.] 

June 22. Bohemia. King William and 
the Emperor Francis Joseph meet at .. 
Carlsbad. 



GERMANY. 1863, Jan. 22-1866, June 19. 823 



July 9. Den. Jutland is placed under 
Prussian administration. 

July 26. Vienna. A peace confer- 
ence opens. 

[Aug. 1. Prus. Preliminaries of 
peace are signed.] 

Aug. 22. Vienna. The sovereigns of 
Prussia and Austria meet at Schon- 
brunn. 

Oct. 27. Aust. Premier Rechberg re- 
signs. [Count Mensdorff Pouilly is his 
successor.] 

Oct. 30. Peace of "Vienna (pp. 526, 641). 
Prussia and Austria establish " a com- 
mon government " in Schleswig city. 
The final disposition of the duchies is 
postponed because of disagreements be- 
tween Austria and Prussia. 

Dec. 5. Frankfort. The Confederate 
Diet agrees to the withdrawal of the 
troops from the two duchies. 

* * Bavaria. Louis H. becomes king. 

* * Wurtemberg. Charles I. becomes 
king. 

1865 Jan. 16. Constitutional agita- 
tion is renewed concerning the control 
of the army budget. 

Feb. 22. Prussia sends to Vienna its 
demand concerning the ownership of 
the two duchies. 

Mar. 24. Prussia orders the marine 
station to be transferred to Kiel. 

Apr. 6. Frank/art. Schleswig and 
Holstein are retained by Prussia. 

The contention between Austria and 
Prussia is considered by the Confeder- 
ate Diet ; it unites with Bavaria and 
Saxony requesting Austria and Prussia 
to give up Holstein to the Duke of Au- 
gustenburg. [Apr. 6. Prussia declines. 
Apr. 17. It informs Austria of its de- 
termination to retain control of the two 
duchies.] 

May 29. Berlin. The Ministerial Coun- 
cil discusses the annexation of the 
duchies. 

June 17. Prus. The Chamber of Repre- 
sentatives is prorogued. 

It had rejected the army budget which 
provides for the reorganizing of the 
army, for increasing the fleet, and for 
war expenses in Denmark. [The king 
rules without the aid of the Lower 
House.] 

June 27. Vienna. The Schmerling 
Ministry ends [and the Belcredi Min- 
istry succeeds it]. 

July 5. Prus. The king issues at Carls- 
bad a despotic decree appropriating 
and disposing of the revenue. 

July 18, 19. Prus. The Liberal mem- 
bers are feted in the provinces. 

July 23. Aust. King "William and Von 
der Pfordten hold an interview at 
Salzburg. 

July 27. Frankfort. In the Confederate 
Diet, Bavaria, Saxony, and Darmstadt 
move to summons the estates of the two 
duchies and to admit Schleswig into 
the Confederation. 

Aug. 14. Treaty of Gastein for the 
disposal of the conquered duchies (p. 
526). 

* * Disputes arise between Austria and 
Prussia respecting the Treaty of Gastein 
(p. 526). [Oct. 1. Condemned by the Con- 
federate Diet.] 



Aug. 15. Schlesicig-Hoistein. The King 
of Prussia takes formal possession of 
Lauenburg, having purchased it with 
his own money of Austria ; Manteuffel 
and Gablenz assume the administration 
of government in Schleswig-Holstein. 

Aug. 16. Prussia concludes a naviga- 
tion treaty with Great Britain. 

Aug. 19. Aust. The sovereigns of Aus- 
tria and Prussia meet at Salzburg. 

Sept. 23. Prus. Premier Van der 
Heydt resigns, and is succeeded by the 
Count Otto Edward L. Bismarck. 

Oct. 4. Bismarck first meets the Em- 
peror Napoleon at Biarritz. 

Dec. * The German states accept a com- 
mercial treaty with Italy, and recognize 
King Victor Emmanuel. 

1866 Jan. 20. Prus. Bismarck de- 
mands of Austria the banishment of 
Prince Augustenburg of Schleswig- 
Holstein. 

Jan. 26. Prus. Bismarck seeks a quar- 
rel with Austria, and sends a sharp de- 
spatch complaining of Austria's infidel- 
ity. [Feb. 7. He receives a bitter reply ; 
a cry for war arises on both sides.] 

Jan. * Prus. The dispute between the 
king and the chapter respecting the elec- 
tion of an archbishop of Cologne is 
settled; the Pope appoints Bishop 
Melchers. 

Mar. 7. Vienna. The Council decides to 
send more soldiers to the north. 

Mar. 11. Prussia issues a decree assert- 
ing jurisdiction over Holstein. 

Mar. 24. Prussia, by a circular letter, 
formally asks the neutral German states 
to decide whether they will aid Prussia 
or Austria in the war. 

Mar. 27. Prus. The ministerial council 
decides to prepare for war. 

[Mar. 29. Orders are issued for secur- 
ing the frontiers.] 

Mar. 31. Bavaria. Baron Pfordten 
issues a note to the two great powers of 
Germany. [Apr. 22. The prime min- 
isters of the lesser German states meet 
at Augsburg.] 

Apr. 7. Austria demands that Prussia 
demobilize its army. [Apr. 21. Prussia 
agrees to a common disarmament.] 

Apr. 8. Prus. A treaty between Prus- 
sia and Italy against Austria is con- 
cluded (?), Italy having an eye to the 
acquirement of Venezia. 

Apr. 9. Frankfort. At the Diet of the 
Confederation, Bismarck disregards Aus- 
tria's demauds, and requests the convo- 
cation of a German parliament at Frank- 
fort on the basis of universal suffrage. 

Apr. 15. Berlin. A great peace meet- 
ing is held. 

Apr. 21. Austria decides to mobilize its 
forces. [Apr. 27. Italy also.] 

Apr.* -May* Recriminatory corre- 
spondence pusses between Austria and 
Prussia relating to disarmament. 

Apr.* Fr. France professes neutrality. 

May 4. Aust. Count Mensdorff declares 
the negotiations respecting disarma- 
ment to be at an end. 



May 11. Frankfort. The Confederate 
Diet decides to ask Prussia to specify 
its plans of reform. 



May 12. Bismarck secures Italy as an 
ally. 

Austria has allies in Bavaria, "Wiir- 
temberg, Saxony, Hanover, Baden, and 
the two Hesses. 

May 19. Frankfort. The Confederate 
Diet calls on Austria and Prussia to 
disarm. 

May 20. A meeting of deputies repre- 
senting the smaller German states 
condemns the approaching war. 

May 24. Fr. Napoleon III. officially 
invites the contending states to a Con- 
gress. [Austria declines.] 

May 27-28. Frankfort. The media- 
tion of France, England, and Russia is 
proffered. 

Austria makes a condition that there 
shall be no reference to an alteration 
of boundaries in any peace conference, 
and thereby frustrates the mediation. 

May 28. Schleswig-Holstein. Gov. An- 
ton von Gablenz proposes a plan of 
mediation. [It is declined.] 

June 1. Austria proposes to refer the 
matter of the two duchies to the Confed- 
erate Diet. [June 3. Bismarck protests 
against it.] 

June 2. Holstein. The Austrian gover- 
nor, Von Gablenz, holds an assembly of 
states in Holstein [and an open rupture 
with Prussia follows]. 

June 7. A Prussian force enters Hol- 
stein, the king claiming that the Treaty 
of Gastein is broken ; Von Gablenz pro- 
tests, and retreats with the Austrian 
brigade ; he goes to Hanover. 

June 10. Frankfort. Bismarck sub- 
mits to the parliament the draft of a 
new constitution for Germany. He 
sends it to all the German states. 

Prussia assumes the administration 

of Holstein. 

June 11. Austria alleges that Prussia 
has broken the treaty by invading 
Holstein. 

June 12. Austria breaks off diplomatic 
relations with Prussia. 

June 13. Hanover. Invaded (p. 527). 

June 14. Frankfort. The Germanic 
Confederation is dissolved. [The Diet 
continues its functions for a short time.] 
(P. 527.) 

June 15. Prussia declares war against 
Hanover, Hesse, and Saxony, after each 
has declined her request to disregard the 
summons of the Confederacy, and to 
replace their troops on a peace footing, 
and join a new confederation under the 
lead of Prussia. 

June 16-July 22. The Austro-Prus- 
sian "War. (For causes, see p. 527.) 

June 16. Prus. The Confederate Diet 
decides for war; the bund is to be 
mobilized. 

* * Frankfort. Prussia sends a note to 
the smaller states, requesting their 
cooperation. 

June 17. Austria and Prussia issue jus- 
tification manifestoes. 

June 18. "War is declared against 
Austria by Prussia and Italy. [June 23. 
Nearly all the Northern states side 
with Prussia.] 



824 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1866 June 20. Saxony. The Prussians 
occupy all Saxony except Kbnigstein. 

June 22. Bohemia becomes the seat 
of war. 

The crown prince, with the second 
army, enters Bohemia to forestall the 
Austrians and protect Silesia. 

June * Prussia resolves on an offensive 

June 22-25. Bohemia is entered by 
Prince Frederick Charles and the first 
army, and also by the Army of the Elbe. 

June 24. It. At Custozza 75,000 Aus- 
trians under the Archduke Albert de- 
feat 130,000 Italian allies under King 
Victor Emmanuel. 

June * Prince Alexander of Hesse is 
made commander of the Confederation 
army against Prussia. 

June 26. Bohemia. Prince Frederick 
Charles and the first army and the 
Army of the Elbe are victorious in 
severe engagements at Liebenau, Tur- 
nau, and Podol. 

June 27. Frankfort. Prince Charles 
of Bavaria is proclaimed by the Diet 
general of the Confederation troops. 

Bohemia. Several engagements 

take place. 

Prince Frederick Charles and the first 
army and the Army of the Elbe defeat 
the Confederation troops at Hiihner- 
wasser. 

The crown prince, with the second 
army, is repulsed at Trautenau by the 
Austrians. 

The Prussians under Von Steinmetz, 
with needle-guns, defeat the Austrians 
at Nachod. 

Saxony. At Langensalza, 18,000 

Hanoverians under Gen. Arendtschildt, 
while on their way to join the Bavarians, 
are attacked by 8,700 Prussians under 
Gen. Von Flies; the defeated Prus- 
sians lose 1,000 killed and wounded, and 
912 prisoners. . [June 28. The Prussian 
force is increased to 40,000 men. June 
29. The Prussians compel the Hanove- 
rians to accept honorable terms, and 
surrender.] 

June 28. Prus. At Mimchengratz 
Prince Frederick Charles, with the first 
army and the Army of the Elbe, drives 
back the Austrians and Saxons. 

June 28-29. Bohemia. Prussians are 
successful. 

At Soor the second army defeats Gen. 
Von Gablentz, and occupies Trautenau. 
At Skalitz, the left column of the 
crown prince's army defeats the Aus- 
trians with heavy losses. 

(June 29.) At Gitschin Prince Fred- 
erick Charles, with the first army and 
the Army of the Elbe, defeats the Aus- 
trians. 

The crown prince, with the second 
army, defeats the Austrians and cap- 
tures Kb'niginhof. 

At Schweinschadel the left column of 
the crown prince's army defeats the 
Austrians. 



June 30. Berlin. Having directed the 
armies by telegraph from Berlin, Xing 
"William I. and Gen. Von Moltke", 
chief of staff, now leave for the seat of 
war. 

July 3. Bohemia. Decisive battle of 
Kbniggratz (Sadowa). 

King William I., Crown Prince Freder- 
ick William, Prince Frederick Charles, 
and Gen. Von Bittenfeld, commanding 
220,984 Prussians, defeat 250,000 Austri- 
ans under Gen. Benedek, who retreat 
towards Olmiitz ; Prussian loss, 10,000 ; 
Austrian loss, 40,000. 

* * Aust. Prussia and Italy reject a pro- 
posed truce. 

* * Two-thirds of the Austrian southern 
army is sent to the northern seat of war. 

July 4. The Prussian army under Vogel 
von Falkenstein is sent against the army 
of the Confederation under Princes 
Charles of Bavaria and Alexander of 
Hesse ; it defeats the allies at Wiesen- 
thal and Dermbach. 

July 10. Bohemia. The Prussians oc- 
cupy Prague. 

Moravia. The united armies under 

King William I. advance, defeat the 
Austrian cavalry in a skirmish at Saar, 
and compel them to retreat. 

July 10, 11. Bavaria. The united 
Prussian armies under William I. are 
victorious at Hammelburg, Kissingen, 
Friedrichshall, Hausen, and Walda- 
schach. 

July 12. Bung. A Prussian corps in- 
vades Hungary. 

Moravia. Prince Frederick Charles 

enters Brunn while the main Prussian 
army marches upon Vienna. 

Gen. Benedek with an Austrian army 

marches for the capital, but is compelled 
to take a circuitous route, while the 
Prussians make rapid and direct ad- 
July 13. Bavaria. At Laufach the 
Hessians are defeated. 

July 14. Fr ankf ort is held by Prus- 
sians. 

Bavaria. At Aschaffenburg-on- 

the-Main the Prussians defeat the 
united Hessian, Austrian, and Darm- 
stadt troops, under Gen. Neipperg. 

July 15. Moravia. At Tobitschau a 
Prussian brigade defeats an Austrian 
force. 

July 16. Frankfort is entered by the 
Prussians under Gen. Falkenstein, who 
exacts heavy supplies. 

July 17. Bavaria. The Prussians oc- 
cupy Wiirzburg and Nuremberg. 

July 18. Messe-Xassau. The Prussians 
occupy "Wiesbaden. 

July 20. Dalmatia. The Austrians un- 
der Adm. Tegetthoff defeat the Ital- 
ians under Adm. Persano in a naval 
battle near Lissa. 

July 22. Aust. At Blumenau a battle 
is stopped on the reception of tidings 
of peace, and a truce for five days is 
signed. 

July 23-Aug. 1. Bavaria. The Prus- 
sian reserves under the Grand Duke 



of Mecklenburg-Schwerin occupy Pran- 
conia. 

July 24. Baden. The Prussians defeat 
the troops of Baden at Tauberbischofs- 
heim, Hochhausen, and Werbach. 

July 25. Brunswick. The Prussians 
gain victories at Neubrunn, Helmstadt, 
and Gerscheim. 

July 27. Bavaria. The citadel of 
Wurzburg is bombarded by the Prus- 
sians. 

July 31. Aust. King William I. re- 
views his army 15 miles from Vienna. 

Aug. 1. Bohemia. The Prussian army 
begins its homeward march. 

Aug. 2. Bavaria. Hostilities are sus- 
pended by a truce. 

Aug. 18. Bohemia and Moravia are 
evacuated by the Prussians. 

Aug. 23. Bohemia. Peace of Prague. 

Sept. 20. Berlin. The victorious Prus- 
sian army makes a triumphal entry into 
the capital. 

1867 Sept. 9. Luxemburg. The Prus- 
sian garrison evacuates the fortress. 

1868 Apr. 25. Eng. The iron-clad 
Konig Wilhelm is launched at Blackwall 
[afterward bought by Prussia]. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1866 June 26, 27. Fr. Krupp'snee- 
dle-guns win the victory for the Prus- 

1867 Aug. 14, 15. Hesse-Nassau. The 
cathedral of St. Bartholomew, founded 
in 1315, completed in 1512, is burned. 

1868 June 21. Bavaria. Wagner's 
Die Meistersinger von Xiirnberg ap- 
pears at Munich under the direction of 
Von Biilow. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1866 * * Diesterweg, Friedrich A. W., teacher, 
A76. 

GoMselimitlt, nermann, astron., painter, A64. 
Llebold, Philipp F. von, naturalist, A70 
Rowe, Sophie, singer, A51. 
Kiii'kt-rt. Friedrich, pod, orientalist, A78. 

1867 * * Alters, Johaiin F. H., phys., At>2. 
Bockh, August, philan., antiq., A82. 
Bopp, Franz, orientalist, A76. 
Brandis, Christian A., hist, of phil., A77. 
Cornelius, Peter von, painter, A80. 
Dreyse, Johann N. von, inventor of needle- 
gun, A80. 

Gerhard, Eduard, nreheologist, A72. 
HaaBe, Heinrich G. F. C, philologist, A39. 
Hauaser, Ludwig, historian, A49. 
Maximilian, A. P., Prince of JSeuwied, nat- 
uralist, traveler, A85. 
Mittermaier, Karl J. A., jurist, states., A80. 
Rothe, Richard, chTgyiiiaii, author, A68. 
Sohn, Karl F., painter, A62. 

1868 * * Brendel, Karl F., musical critic, A57. 
Hauptmann. Mnrit/,, composer, A76. 
Hermann, Friedrich B. W. von, publicist, 

economist, A73. 
Hildebrandt, Eduard, painter, A 51. 
Juncker, Henry D., R. C. el.(bp. in Am.), A58. 
Louis I., King of Bavaria, A82. 
Martius, Karl F. P., botanist, A74. 
JVtobiiiB, August F.. mathematician, A78. 
Plucker, Julius, physicist, A67. 
Pdppig, Eduard, nittunilist, traveler, A71. 
Preuas, Johann D. E., historian, A 83. 
Schleicher, August, philologist, A47. 
Schonbein, Christian F., chemist, A69. 
Sichel, Julius, oculist, A66. 
Sternberg, Alexander, novelist, A62. 
Waagen, Gustav F., art critic, A74. 
Welcker, Friedrich G., archeologist, A84. 

CHURCH. 

1866 June 22. Borne. Archbishop A. 
von Hohenlohe is created a cardinal 
priest. 



Gj? RMAN^- 1866, June 20-1869, Feb. 15. 825 



Sept. 5. Berlin. A synagogue, alleged 

to be the largest and most beautiful in 

the world, is consecrated. 
1868 June 25. Hesse. The Luther 

monument is unveiled at "Worms by 

the King of Prussia. 

LETTERS. 

1866 * * China and Japan, by Heinrich 
Schliemann, appears. [1869, Ithaca, Pel- 
oponnesus, and Troy.'] 

* * Generelle Morpho/nr/ieder Orfjanismen, 
by Ernst H. Haeck'el, appears. [1S6S, 
Natural History of Creation; 1S70, On 
the Origin and Genealogy of the Human 
Race.] 

1867 * * Lives of Fathers of tjie Desert, 
by Ida Hahn-Hann, appears. [18G8, Eu- 
doxia, a Picture of the 5th Century.] 

1868* * History of JEsthetics in Ger- 
many, by Lotze, appears. 

* * Military Life in Prussia, by Hack- 
lander, appears. 

* * The Salon is issued. 

1868-70 History of Roman Literature, by 
Wilhelm S. Teuffel, appears. 

1868-71 Bavaria. Anton Bachmaier 
publishes a German-French-English dic- 
tionary of pasigraphy, a system pro- 
fessing to teach people to communicate 
■with each other by means of numbers 
which convey the same ideas in all lan- 
guages ; 4334 mental conceptions, it 
is claimed, may be communicated by the 
system. 

SOCIETY. 

1S66 Nov. 17. Baden. Civil mar- 
riage is made obligatory. 

1868 Apr. 1. Saxony. Capital pun- 
ishment is abolished. 

Sept. 26-29. Berlin. A workmen's 
congress to promote centralization is 
held. 

STATE. 

1866 July 3. Austria is prostrate at 
the feet of Prussia after the battle of 
Sadowa. Prussian supremacy in Ger- 
many is assured. 

July 4. Austria cedes Venezia to 
France, and requests the intervention 
of Napoleon III. 

July 13. The Prussian army under Gen. 
Frankenstein advancing, the Confeder- 
ate Diet retires from Frankfort to 
Augsburg. 

July 16. Prus. The king invites the 
states of North Germany to form a new 
confederation, to be called the North 
German Confederation. 

July 26. Moravia. A preliminary treaty 
of peace is signed at Nikolshurg under 
French mediation. 

Prussia demands Hanover, Hesse, 
Nassau, and Frankfort ; Austria "with- 
draws from Germany. 

July 30. Prussia grants an armistice to 
the German states. 

Aug. 4. Bavaria. The dissolution of 
the German Confederation is recog- 
nized by the Confederate Diet at Augs- 
burg. 

Brunswick. A tariff convention 

meets. 

Aug. 13. Prussia makes peace with 
Wurtemberg. 



Aug. 17. Berlin. The bill for making 
annexations to Prussia is introduced 
in the Prussian parliament. 

Prussia concludes peace with Baden. 

Aug. 18. The North German Con- 
federation is formed by an alliance of 
the North German states with Prussia. 

Prussia enters a treaty of alliance, 
offensive and defensive, with 15 states : 
Saxe- Weimar, Oldenburg, Brunswick, 
Saxe-A ltenburg, Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, 
Anhalt, two Schwarzburgs, Waldeck, 
the younger Reuss, two Lippes, Liibeck, 
and Bremen. 



Mecklenburg also join. 



Aug. 23. The Peace of Prague be- 
tween Austria and Prussia is signed. 
Prussia gains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, 
Nassau, and Frankfort (p. 527). 

Aug. 24. Bavaria. The old Confeder- 
ate Diet at Augsburg holds its final 
session, and is dissolved. 

Aug. 29. Prus. Deputies hold a special 
meeting; cost of the war is given as 
$88,000,000. 

Sept. 3. Prus. Peace with Hesse- 
Darmstadt is concluded by ceding 
Hesse-Cassel, Hesse-Homburg, and other 
territory. [Sept. 15. Dominions in the 
north part ceded to Prussia.] 

Sept. 8. Berlin. The treaty of alliance 
between Prussia and the North German 
states is ratified. 

Sept. 11. Berlin. The Annexation 
Eill is passed. The kingdom of Prus- 
sia is enlarged (p. 527). 

Sept. 20. Berlin. A decree is issued for 
anne xin g to Prussia, Hanover, Electo- 
ral Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort. [Sept. 
23. Hanover's king protests to Europe.] 

Sept. 26. Thuringia. The elder Reuss 
joins the North German Confederation. 

Oct. 6. Hanover. Prussia takes posses- 
sion. [Oct. 8. Also of Hesse, Homburg, 
Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, and Frankfort.] 

Oct. 8. Prus. Frankfort-on-the-Main is 
annexed ; the legislative corps and 
15,000 citizens protest against it. 

Saxe-Meiningen joins the North 

German Confederation. 

Oct. 21. Prussia and Saxony sign a 
treaty of peace. 

Oct. 23. Berlin. The electoral law 
respecting the new German parliament 
is promulgated. 

Oct. 27- Prussia and Oldenburg enter 
a special treaty. 

Oct. * -Kov. * The Schleswig-Hol- 
stein controversy continues between 
the Diet and Austria and Prussia. 

Dec. * Berlin. Parliament obstinately 
refuses to defray the expenses of war. 

* * All the allies of Austria are forced 
to join the North German Confeder- 
ation. 

Bavaria is forced to cede some of its 
territory to Prussia because of its atti- 
tude as an ally of Austria during the 
war ; "Wurtemberg is forced to pay an 
indemnity to Prussia. 

1867 Jan. 24. Berlin. A decree is is- 
sued incorporating Schleswig and 
Holstein with Prussia. 



Feb. 24. Berlin. The King of Prussia 
opens the first North German Parlia- 
ment. 

It has been elected by universal man- 
hood suffrage, and comprises 295 depu- 
ties, from 22 states. [Mar. 2. Dr. Simp- 
son is elected its first president.] 

Apr. 17. The Federal Constitution is 
adopted. 

The Prussian monarchy is made hered- 
itary over the Confederation ; a federal 
legislative council and a Diet elected by 
the whole people is established. [July 
1. Operative.] 

May 7-11. London. A conference set- 
tles the Luxemburg question. (See Great 
Britain.) 

May 8. Prus. The Prussians accept 
the North German Constitution, thus 
sacrificing Prussian civil rights to Ger- 
man unity. 

July * Baden joins the Tariff Union. 

Aug. * Fifty deputies from parliaments 
of Bavaria, Wurtemberg, Baden, and 
Hesse-Darmstadt meet, and declare the 
union of South German states with 
North Germany to be necessary. 
The mass of the Catholic South Germany 
is opposed to union with Protestant 
North Germany. 

Sept. 7. Prus. Bismarck, by a circular 
despatch, announces that the German 
nation will not submit to interference 
or guidance on the part of any foreign 
power. 

Sept. 10. Berlin. The new North Ger- 
man Parliament meets. 

Oct. 18. Hanover. The treaty with 
Prussia is ratified. 

Oct. * -Nov. * A new German Zoll- 
verein, or Tariff Union, is formed. 

Nov. 15. Berlin. King "William opens 
the new Prussian Landtag. 

1868 Feb. 22. Berlin. A treaty with 
the United States is signed relating to 
naturalization of aliens. 

* * Hanover. The government seques- 
trates much of the property of the 
king because he maintains a Hanoverian 
legion. 

Apr. 27. — May 23. Berlin. Delegates 
from the Zollverein meet in the first 
customs parliament in Germany. 

May 20. Hanover. Hanoverians are 
convicted of incipient treason against 
Prussia. 

June * Berlin. Chancellor Bismarck 
retires temporarily because of ill health. 

Oct.* Berlin. A South German Military 
Commission is appointed alter commu- 
nicating with Bavaria, Wurtemberg, and 
Baden. 

Nov. 2. Hesse. The ex-elector has his 
property sequestrated for intriguing 
against Prussia. 

Dec. 1. Berlin. Deputies strongly op- 
pose the government; Minister Leon- 
hardt makes a violent speech. 

Dec. 8. Berlin. Bismarck, having re- 
covered his health, returns to the chan- 
cellorship. 

* * Baden proposes the union of the 
states of South Germany with the North* 
era Confederacy. 

1869 Feb. 15. Hanover. The king's 
property is sequestrated because of 
his opposition to Prussia. [Feb. * And 
again for intriguing.] 



826 1869, May 31-1872, Sept 20. (ERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1S70 July 19-71 Mar. 3. The 
Franco-Prussian "War. (See France.) 

July 23. Berlin. "War is declared 
against France ; great enthusiasm pre- 
Tails in Germany. 

Aug. 4. Alsace-Lorraine. The Germans 
invade France. Battle of Weissen- 
burg (p. 738). 

Aug. 4. William I. revives the order of 
the "Iron Cross." It is bestowed on 
the crown prince, "TJnser Fritz." (The 
first crosses were distributed in the war 
of 1S13.) 

Aug. 6. Fr. The French army com- 
mences its retreat to the Moselle. 

Sept. 4-16. Fr. The German armies all 
advance towards Paris. 

Sept. 19-71 Jan. 28. The Siege of 
Paris. 

Sept. 19. Alsace-Lorraine. AtMetzthe 
French under Gen. Ducrot make an 
unsuccessful sortie. 

Sept. 30. Alsace-Lorraine. The victori- 
ous Germans enter Strasburg on the an- 
niversary of its surrender to the French 
in 1681. 

Oct. * Alsace-Lorraine. Gen. TThrich 
receives the Grand Cross of the Le- 
gion of Honor at Strasburg. 

1871 Jan. 10, 11. Battle of Le 
Mans. 

The French army under Gen. Chanzy 
is almost annihilated by the Germans 
under Frederick Charles. 

Jan. 15-17. Fr. At Belfort a French 
army of 40,000 under Gen. Bourbaki un- 
successfully attacks the Germans under 
Gen. "Von Weder, and is compelled to 
retreat to Switzerland. 

Jan. 19. Fr. Battle of St. Quentin. 
The last army of the French is com- 
pletely defeated in several engagements 
near Paris (p. 744). 

Jan. 28. Fr. An armistice is signed, 
while the Germans occupy the Paris 
forts. The capitulation of Paris is 
effected by the Convention of Versailles. 

May 4. A provision is added to the Im- 
perial Constitution, stipulating that 
every German fit for duty is liable to 
serve for seven years in the Imperial 
army. 

May 10. Peace of Frankfort (p. 745). 

June. 16. Berlin. The victorious ar- 
mies enter the city. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1869 June 15. The second expedition 
of discovery sails for the Polar seas in 
the Germania and Hansa; it seeks to 
find a northeast passage. 

July 20. Bavaria. An International 
Exhibition is opened in the Crystal 
Palace at Munich. 

1871 June 16. Berlin. A statue of 
Frederick William TV. is inaugu- 
rated. 

Aug. * E. Prus. Fatal cholera prevails 
in Kdnigsberg. 

1872 July 9. Hesse-Nassau. A me- 
morial to Baron Heinrich F. K. von 
Stein, the patriotic statesman, is inau- 
gurated at Nassau by the emperor. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 



F.rdmann, Otto L., chemist, A65. 
Hengstenberg, Ernst W., theologian, Biblical 

critic, A67. 
Launitz, Eduard Schmidt von der, sculptor, 

A72. 
Lowe, Johann K. G., composer, A73. 
Overbeck, Frie<lrich, painter, A80. 
Kck-hcribaeli, Baron, Karl von, chemist, A81. 
Bitter, Heinrich, philosopher, A78. 
Schmid, Leopold, K. C. theologian, A61. 
Trentowski, Ferdinand F.., Polish phil., A61. 
Ziinmermann, Clemens von, painter, A80. 
1870* + Ainiinill.-]', Maximilian ]■;., painter, 

A63. 
Amelia, Duchess of Saxony, poet, musician, 

A76. 
Flugel, Gustav L., orientalist, A68. 
Geiger, Lazarus, scholar, A41. 
Grafe, Albrecht von, oculist, A42. 
Holtzniann, Adolf, philologist, A60. 
Hiigel, Karl A. A. von, trav., naturalist, A74. 
Jaffe, 1'hilipp, historian, A51. 
Magnus, Heinrich <:., chemist, A68. 
Mt'ineke, .Johann A. F. A., class, schol., A79. 
Moscheles, lgn;i/., pianist, composer, A76. 
Neumann, Karl b\, orientalist, A72. 
Otto, Friednch J., chemist, A61. 
Ran, Karl H., political economist, A78. 
Twesten, Karl, statesman, writer, A50. 
Vangerow, Karl A. von, jurist, A62. 
Vehse, Karl E., historian, A68. 
1871 * * Balt/.er, Johann B., R. C. theol., A63. 
Eekker. Immanuel. philologist, critic, AHti. 
Chrysander, Friedrich, musical critic, A45. 
Gervinus, (ieorg i;., liislorian, critic, A66. 
Haidin^er, Wilhelm, gcol., mineralogist, A76. 
Haring, Wilhelm, novelist, A74. 
Laemlein, Alexandre, pointer, A58. 
Lewald, Johann K. A., litterateur, A78. 
Tvaiimann, Moritz I 1 ',. A., physician, A73. 
1'iickler-^luskau, Prince, Hermann Ludwig 

Heinrich von, traveler, author, A86. 
Seemann, Berthold, botanist, A46. 
Tlialherg, Sigismund, pianist , composer, A59. 
Vebenveg, I-iiedrich, philosopher, A45. 
Vpnedey, Jakob, jurist, politician, A66. 
Weisbach, Jul ins, ruatlieniaticiaii, A65. 
Zahn, Johaim K. W., artist, A7l. 



CHURCH. 

1869 May 31. Hesse. A Pan-Protes- 
tant conference is held at "Worms; 
1,000 delegates are present. 

1870 May * Rome. Count Arnim, Ger- 
man representative at Rome, protests 
against the proposal to make the doc- 
trine of papal infallibility a dogma. 

July 18. Rome. The dogma of the in- 
fallibility of the Pope in regard to 
faith and morals, decreed by the Vati- 
can Council, is promulgated. [It is 
much opposed.] 

* * The opponents of papal infallibility, 
under the leadership of Dr. Johann J. 
1. von Bollinger of Munich, organize the 
" Old Catholics." 

Aug. * -Oct. * Alsace. The cathedral 
of Strasburg is much injured in the 

Dec* Rh. Prus. The "Old Cath- 
olics" of Bonn issue a circular asking 
for a church for their worship. 

They declare opposition to the Vatican 
decrees, but do not secede from the 
Catholic Church; repudiate infallibility 
and supremacy of the Pope; sanction 
reading of the Bible, and divine worship 
in the vulgar tongue, and the marriage 
of priests. 

1871 Apr. 13. Rome. Dr. Johann Jo- 
seph Ignaz Dbllinger of Munich is ex- 
communicated for antagonizing the 
doctrine of papal infallibility. 

June 1. The Central Association of the 
Evangelical Lutheran Mission among 
the Jews is formed. 



July 5. Dr. Wollner is excommuni- 
cated by the bishop of Ermland for 
denying papal infallibility. 

* * Acts of excommunication for denying 
the Pope's infallibility are disapproved 
by the Government. 

July 29. Bavaria. Dr. Dollinger is 
elected rector of the University of 



Sept. 22. Rh. Prus. An » Old Cath- 
olic" meeting is held at Bonn to op- 
pose the dogma of papal infallibility. 

Sept. 27. Bavaria. The dogma of papal 
inf allibility is opposed by the Bavarian 
minister of public worship in a letter to 
the archbishop of Munich. 

Sept. 30. Bavaria. 'The "Old Cath- 
olic " church is opened at Munich. 

Nov. 26. A law is passed forbidding the 
clergy to meddle with politics in the 
pulpit. 

* * The Roman Catholic clergy oppose the 
Government in respect to education. 

1872 Jan. 22. Dr. Paul L. A. Falk 
is appointed minister of public worship 
and instruction. [He introduces meas- 
ures giving the Government control of 
ecclesiastical affairs.] 

* * The supremacy of the state in mat- 
ters of education is asserted by the- 
Government. 

Mar. * Intense Ultramontane agitation 
arises against the Government. The 
Roman Catholic clergy vainly oppose 
Bismarck's school-inspection bill. 

Mar. * Dr. Bollinger advocates a union 
of Old Catholics with the Church of 
England. 

June 12. Berlin. The Reichstag votes 
(131-93) to expel the Jesuits because of 
their activity in behalf of papal infalli- 
bility. 

July 5. Berlin. The Government pub- 
lishes the law for the expulsion of the 
Jesuits. 

Sept. 20-22. Cologne. A Congress of 
Old Catholics meets. 

LETTERS. 

1869 * * Philosophy of the Unconscious, 
by Karl R. E. Hartinuim, appears. [1871, 
The Thing in Itself and Its Constitution,] 

1870 Aug. *-Oct. * Alsace-Lorraine. 
The library of Strasburg is destroyed 
in the siege. 

* * The Country- House on the Rhine, by 
Auerbach, appears. [1874, Little Bare- 
foot and Waldfried.] 

1871 * * Die Pioniere, by Spielhagen, ap- 
pears. [1872, Ji tcatis Ahead ; 1873, What 
the Swallow San;/'; 1874. Ultimo; 1875, 
Love for Love; 1870, Hans and Grethe; 
1878, Flood Tide.] 

1871-76 The Provinces of the Roman 
Empire, by Mommsen, appears, 

1871± The term "Reptile Bureau- 
cracy" is applied to those journalists 
in the pay of the Government. 

1872 Feb. 8-10. Berlin. The Reichs- 
tag takes a stand against clerical in- 
terference with the national schools. 

May 1. Alsace-Lorraine. The Uni- 
versity of Strasburg is restored, and 
remodeled on German principles. 

SOCIETY. 



GERMANY. 1869, May 31-1872, Sept. 20. 827 



1869 Sept. 14. The centenary of the 
birth of Alexander von Humboldt is 
celebrated. 

1870 Sept. 3. Berlin rejoices over 
the surrender of the Emperor Napoleon. 

1870-71 About 40,000 soldiers receive 
the decoration of the Iron Cross. 

Oct. * Gen. Jean J. A. Uhrich, the de- 
fender of Strasburg, receives the Grand 
Cross of the Legion of Honor. 

1871 Jan. 3. Several bankers are 
condemned to imprisonment for sub- 
scribing to the French loan. 

Mar. 22. Berlin. Bismarck is created 
a prince. 

1872 Mar. 22. Berlin. The German 
princes have a meeting in honor of the 
emperor's birthday. 

STATE. 

1869 June 17. Oldenburg. The King 
of Prussia inaugurates the first German 
military post, Wilhelmshafen, at Hip- 
pens, Bay of Jahde. 

Oct. 29. Berlin. The Landtag rejects 
the proposal to disarm. 

Baden. Universal suffrage is 

adopted by the second chamber of the 



"Nov. 25. Bavaria. The ministry resign 
(Dec. 9). [Resignations are partially ac- 
cepted by the king.] 

1870 Feb. 12. Bavaria. The Landtag 
votes a want of confidence in Prince 
Hohenlohe, its president. [Feb. 14. 
He resigns.] 

July 5±. Prus. Prince Leopold of 
Hohenzollern-Sigmaringen consents to 
become a candidate for the throne of 
Spain ; [France makes this a pretext 
for war.] 

July 12. "With the king's consent Prince 
Leopold declines the candidacy for the 
Spanish throne because of the strong 
opposition of the French government. 

July 13. The French Government re- 
quires King William to guarantee that 
no Hohenzollern prince shall again ac- 
cept the candidacy for the Spanish 
throne. [The king refusing, diplomatic 
relations between the countries are sev- 
ered, and Benedetti, the French minis- 
ter, is not received at Berlin.] 

A telegram from Ems [attributed to 
Count Bismarck], falsely stating that the 
French ambassador had been publicly 
insulted by King "William, intensifies the 
irritation of the French, as it was de- 
signed to do. 

July 15. Fr. Napoleon III. declares 
war against King William. 

* * Contrary to Napoleon's expectations, 
Bavaria, Wiirtemberg, Hesse-Darmstadt, 
and Baden uphold Prussia in the war 
against their " hereditary enemy." 

July 19. Berlin. Count Bismarck an- 
nounces the declaration of war by 
France, and declares it groundless and 
presumptuous. 

The North German Parliament 
meets, and votes to support Prussia 
against the French. 



July 20-t-. Bavaria. The king announces 
his intention of joining Prussia against 
France. [July 20+. Baden also joins. 
July * Frankfort also.] 

July 29. Berlin. Bismarck issues a cir- 
cular despatch explaining to the Ger- 
man states his dilatory treatment of 
France. 

July 31. Berlin. William issues a 
proclamation granting amnesty for po- 
litical offenses, and accepting the battle 
for the defense of the Fatherland. ' 

Aug. 3. Berlin. The king issues a proc- 
lamation to the army, and takes com- 
mand of it. 

Sept. * Negotiations are carried on be- 
tween Bismarck and Favre, but with- 
out result, the French refusing any con- 
cession of territory. 

* * The great victories in France facilitate 
German unity. 

Sept. 6±. Munich, Stuttgart, and other 
cities of South Germany, declare for 
union with North Germany. 

Sept. 13. Berlin. Bismarck by circu- 
lar letter announces that Prussia will 
not make peace with France until she 
possesses the fortifications which 
threaten German frontiers on the west. 

Sept. * -Nov. * Berlin. The Socialists 
oppose the annexation of Alsace and 
Lorraine. 

Nov. 15. Baden and Hesse-Darm- 
stadt join the North German Confeder- 
ation by treaty. [Nov. 23. Bavaria 
also joins. Nov. 25. Wiirtemberg 
joins.] 

Nov. 28. Berlin. The parliament votes 
100,000,000 thalers to continue the war. 

Dec. 3. Berlin. The imperial crown 
is offered to the King of Prussia. 

Dec. 4±. Bavaria. The king, in a letter 
to the King of Saxony, proposes the 
nomination of the King of Prussia as 
Emperor of Germany. 

Dec. 10. Berlin. The North German 
Parliament in an address requests the 
king to become emperor. Vote, 188-6. 
[Dec. 18. It is solemnly presented to 
King William in an assembly of princes, 
by President Simpson.] 

1871. Jan. 1. The German Empire 
is reestablished. 

Jan. 18. Fr. All the sovereign princes 
and the three free cities having offered 
the crown of Germany to the King of 
Prussia, William I. is proclaimed 
Emperor of Germany at Versailles. 

Jan. * Hamburg joins the Empire. 

Feb. 26. Fr. The preliminaries of 
peace are signed at Versailles (p. 745). 

Mar. 21. Berlin. First Imperial par- 
liament of Germany, called the Beichs- 
tag, is opened by Emperor William.; 
397 members are present. 

Mar. 22. Berlin. Bismarck is made an 
hereditary prince. 

Apr. 14. The Constitution of the new 
German Federal State is adopted al- 
most unanimously by the Reichstag. 

Provisions ; The presidency is connected 
hereditarily with the crown of Prussia, with 
the title of German Emperor; he has author- 



ity to decide international relations, and to 
declare war and pence, with the consent of 
the Federal Council, Lo conclude alliances, 
and to command the, army and navy. A 
federal council, called the J'.tmdesrath, is to 
consist of the representatives of the twenty- 
five governments of the empire, and the 
chancellor of the empire is to be its presi- 
dent. Prussia will have 17 votes, Bavaria 
six, Saxony and Wurieniherg each four, Pa- 
den and Hesse each three, Meckleimnrg- 
Schwerin and Brunswick each two, and the 
rest of the states one vote each. Total, 58 

The Imperial parliament, called the Reichs- 
tag, will consist of ,'jkl' members, who are to 
be chosen by manhood suffrage. 

A centralized military system requires uni- 
versal compulsory service of three years in 
the standing army, four years m the reserves, 
and rive years in the Landwehr. The postal 
and telegraph system, the coinage, and 
weights and measures are to be uniform in 
the empire. 

Apr. 17. Hamburg is confirmed in its 
privileges as a free port. 

May 4. The new Constitution of the 
German Empire becomes effective. 

May 10. Frankfort. A treaty of peace 
is signed (p. 745). [May 16. Berlin. 
Ratified.] 

May 12. Berlin. The chancellery of the 
empire is established, with Prince Otto 
von Bismarck as first chancellor. 

June 9. Berlin. The law completing the 
annexation of Alsace is enacted. 

July * The Government disapproves of 
the excommunication of bishops who 
deny papal infallibility. 

Nov. 6±. Berlin. The coinage is re- 
formed ; the introduction of a gold coin 
is approved by the Federal Council. 
[Nov. 18. The Beichstag approves.] 

1S72 Jan. 17- Berlin. Von Muhler, 
the minister of public instruction, an 
ultra Conservative, is forced to resign. 
[Jan. 22. Dr. Paul L. A. Falk is ap- 
pointed.] 

Feb. 8-10. Berlin. The Keichstag op- 
poses clerical interference with 
schools. 

May 14. Bismarck announces to the 
Keichstag that the Pope has rejected 
Cardinal Hohenlohe, the German am- 
bassador. 

May* The new " Rational Conserva- 
tive Party" is formed. 

* * Berlin. The Government creates new 
peers to sustain its measures in the Ger- 
man parliament. 

June 19. Berlin. The Reichstag votes 
for the expulsion of the Jesuits; the 
session ends. Vote, 131-93. [July 5. The 
law is published.] 

June 29. Germany and France enter a 
new agreement. 

It fixes the payment of the fourth mil- 
liard for March 1, 187-4; the fifth, March 
1, 1S75 ; a financial security for the fifth 
milliard is to be accepted by Germany 
in place of the continual occupation of 
French territory. 

July 5. Berlin. Bismarck declares that 
TJltramontanes are a peril to the empire. 

Sept. 5, 6. Berlin. A meeting of sov- 
ereigns. The Czar and the Emperor of 
Austria meet the Emperor of Germany ; 
they form a secret alliance. 

Sept. 20. Alsace. Option day arrives. 
The people of Alsace finally choose 
their nationality, and emigrate with 
their property if they prefer France. 



S28 1872, Sept*-1878, June 5. 



GERMANY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1878 May 31. Eng. The ironclad 
Grosser Kurfurst is sunk by collision 
■with Kon hi tVilhe/m; 300 lives are lost. 
[1879. July. * Adm. Batsch is sen- 
tenced to six months' imprisonment.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1872 * * Jeremiah at the Fall of Jerusa- 
lem is painted by Eduard Beniiermann. 

1873 Sept. 2. Berlin. A monument 
of victory is unveiled. 

It commemorates successes in three 
wars, with Denmark (1S54), Austria(1866), 
and France (1370-71). 

* * The Triumph of German icus is painted 
by Karl von Pilitz. 

1873-75 Paul Gussfeldt conducts a sci- 
entific expedition intoWest Africa. 

An attempt to explore the interior 
fails because of insuperable difficulties ; 
but valuable collections and observa- 
tions are made, brought back, and pub- 
lished. 

1874 * * ScMeswig-Hblstein. The seat of 
the observatory, fur a long time at Al- 
tona, is removed to Kiel. 

1875 Aug. 16. Lippe. A statue of 
Hermann (Arminius), erected at Bet- 
mold by Ernst Bandel, is uncovered by 
the emperor. 

1876 Aug. 13. Bavaria. Three series 
of performances of "Wagner's Ring des 
Nibelungen in four parts open at Bai- 
reuth, in the presence of the Emperors 
of Germany and Brazil, the King of Ba- 
varia, and many other sovereigns. 

* * The Boly Family is painted by Lud- 
wig Knaus. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1873 * * J^ahr, or Baehr, Johann C. F., classi- 
cal scholar, author, A74. 

Daniel, Hermann A., theologian, geog., A60. 
Devrient, Gustav E., actor, AG9. 
Devrient, Karl A., actor, A74. 
Feuerbach, Ludwig A., philosopher, A68. 
Goldstiicker, Theodor, Sanskrit scholar, A51. 
Hartmann, Aloritz, poet, A50. 
Kalisch, David, poet, A52. 
Maurer, Georg L, jurist, A83. 
Mohl, Hugo von, botanist, A67. 
Oettinger, Eduard M., novelist, bihliog., A64. 
Schnorr von KarolsfVld, .Julius, paint., A78. 
Trendelenburg, Friedrich A., ptiil., A70. 
Uhlich, Lehm-rht, rationalistic iheol., A73. 
1873* * Allioli, Joseph F., R. C.cl.,au.,A80. 
Breithaupt, .Johann A. F., mineralogist, A82. 
Bube, Adolph, poet, A71. 
Deutsch, Emanuel O. M., orientalist, A44. 
Fiirst, .Julius, orientalist, A68. 
John, King of Saxony, A72. 
Keller, Joseph, engraver, A62. 
Kurz, Heinrich, urit-ntalist, A68. 
Liebig-, Baron Justus von, chemist, A70. 
Menzel, Wolfgang, rritic, liistonan, A75. 
Miihlbach, Luise (Mrs. Theodor Mundt), 

novelist, A59. 
Miiller von Kdnigswiter, Wolfgang, poet, 

A57. 
Raumer, Friedrich t,. G., historian, A92. 
Rose, Gustav, mineralogist, A75. 

1874 * * Ahrens, Heninch, jurist, au., A66. 
Bluhme, or Blame, Friedrich, jurist, A77. 
Gabelentz, Hans C. von der, politician, phi- 
lologist, linguist, A67. 

HagenbaHi, Karl It., theol., eccl., hist., A73. 
Hansen, Peter A., astronomer, A79. 
Haupt, Moritz, philologist, A66. 
Heyt, August von der, statesman, A73. 
Hildebrandt, Ferdinand T., painter, A70. 
Hoffmann, August H., poet, A76. 
Kaulbaeh, Willielm, painter, A69. 
Madler, Johann H., astronomer, A80. 
Reuter, Fritz, pnet, novelist, A64. 
Rodiger, Emil, Hebraist, A73. 
Schultze, Max, biologist, A49. 
Strauss, David F., rationalistic theol., A66. 
Teschendorf, Lobegott Friedrich Constantm 
von, philolou'isl, l'.iblical critic, A59. 

1875 * * Andree, Karl T., geographer, A67. 
Argelander, Friedrich w. A., astron., A76. 
Arrest, Heinrich L. d', astronomer, A53. 
Bauer, Wilhelm, engineer, inventor, A53. 



Daumer, Georg F., philosopher, A75. 
Ewald, Georg H. A., orientalist, Biblical 
critic, A72. 

Herwegh, Georg, lyric poet, A58. 

Hitzig, Ferdinand, l'.iblical critic, A68. 

Jahr, Georg II. G., homeopathist, A74. 

Peschel, Oskar F., geographer, A49. 

Rodbertus, Karl, economist, socialist, A70. 

Rubens, Chnstoph, painter, A70. 

Spiess, Heinrich, painter, A43. 

Uechtritz, Friedrich von, dram., poet, A75. 

Vincke, Ernest G. von, orator, states,. A64. 
1876* * Auersperg, Count Anton A. von, 
poet, A70. 

Bandel, Ernst von, sculptor, A76. 

Chelius, Maximilian J., surgeon, A82. 

Diez, Friedrich (.'., philologist, A82. 

Duringsfeld, Ida von, novelist, A61. 

Ehrenberg, Christian G., naturalist, A81. 

Falke, Johann F. G., historian, A53. 

Freiligrath, Ferdinand, poet, A66. 

Gotz, Hermann, composer, A36. 

Hensel, Luise, religious poet, A78. 

Heuglin, Theodor von, traveler, an., A52. 

Lang, Heinrich, clergyman, author, A50. 

Michelet, Karl L., philosopher, A75. 

Mohl, Julius von, orientalist, A76. 

Pertz, Georg H., historian, A81. 

Petermann, Julius H., orientalist, A75. 

Kitsch], Friedrich W., philologist, A70. 

Twesten, August D. C, theologian, A87. 

Wuttke, Heinrich, historian, A58. 
1877* * Becker, Karl F., organ., comp.,A73. 

Devrient, Philipp E., actor, dram, wr., A76. 

Erman, Georg A., natural phih, trav., A71. 

Ettmiiller, Ernst M. L., philologist, A75. 

Grassmann, Hermann G., mathematician, 
orientalist, A68. 

Hacklander, Friedrich W. von, novelist, A61. 

Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, R. C. 
bishop of MeuU, statesman, author, A66. 

Littrow, Karl L., astronomer, A(i6. 

Mosenthal, Salomon H., dramatist, A56. 

I'oggendorft', Johann (.'., physicist, A81. 

Tholuck, Friedrich A. G., cl., pulpit orator, 
author, A78. 

Veit, Philipp, painter, A84. 

Volkmann, Alfred W., physiologist, A76. 

Wunderlich, Karl A., physician, A62. 

Zumpt, August W., class, seliol., antiq., A62. 
1878 * * Beck, Johann T., theologian, A74. 

Brachvogel, Albert E., writer, A54. 

Fernkorn, Anton 1)., sculptor, A65. 

George V., King of Hanover, A59. 

Gutzkow, Karl F., novelist, ilramatist, A67. 

Hanel, Gustav 1-'., jurist, A86. 

Hoefer, Johann C. F., writer, A67. 

Kohl, .Johann G., traveler, writer, A70 

Keim, Theodor, theologian, A53. 

KUhner, Rafael, philologist, A76. 

Leo, Heinrich, historian, A79. 

Miiller, Julius, theologian, A77. 

Mayer, Julius R., physicist, A64. 

Petermann, August 11., geographer, A56. 

Preller, Friedrich, artist, A74. 

Kokitanskv, Karl, phvs., pathologist, A74. 

Teuftel, Wilhelm S., class, scholar, A58. 



CHURCH. 

1872* * Berlin. Government disputes 
arise with the Roman Catholic clergy be- 
cause of their support of papal infalli- 
bility; the bishop of Ermland's salary 
is ordered to be suspended. 

1873 Feb. * The archbishops of Co- 
logne, and Gnesen and Posen issue a 
declaration against contemplated legis- 
lation on church affairs. 

Mar. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag de- 
clares the church in subjection to the 
state. 

May 11. Berlin. Dr. Falk, minister of 
public worship, secures the passage of 
the May Laws. 

They require candidates for the clerical of- 
fice to undergo a certain amount of secular 
training at the universities, and the sanction 
of the secular authorities to all ecclesiastical 
appointments, also providing for a royal tri- 
bunal for ecclesiastical matters ; the Pope 
declares these laws invalid. (See State.) 

* * A severe struggle occurs with the Ro- 
man Catholic clergy in establishing the 
supremacy of the state. 

Many penalties imposed, refractory bish- 
ops imprisoned, deposed, and banished, and 
financial support withdrawn from the clergy ; 



religious orders dissolved, and laymen are 
made administrators of church property in- 
stead of the clergy. 

June 1. The Old Catholics elect their 
first bishop, Dr. Joseph Rein kens. 
[Aug. * He is recognized by the em- 
peror and other powers.] 

Aug, 7. The Pope writes the emperor 
complaining of ecclesiastical persecu- 
tions, and asserting his authority over 
all baptized persons. 

Sept. 3. Berlin. The emperor sends a 
letter to the Pope justifying the Minis- 
try and Government, and asserting that 
there is no mediator between God and 
man but Jesus Christ. 

Sept. 18. Switz. A Congress of Old 
Catholics is held at Constance. 

[1874, Sept. 6, at Freiburg, Hanover; 
1875, Aug. 12, at Bonn, Prussia; 1877, 
Sept. 28, at Mentz, Hesse ; 1SS0, Sept. 19+, 
at Baden,] 

Oct. * Fines are imposed on Archbishop 
Ledochowski of Gnesen and Posen for 
threatening to excommunicate a pro- 
fessor, and on Archbishop Melchers for 
ordaining priests without permission of 
the Government. 

1874 Feb. 3. Archbishop Ledo- 
chowski is imprisoned for his hostility 
to the May Laws. [Apr. 15. Deposed.] 

Mar. 30. Bh. Prus. The Government 
arrests Archbishop Melchers of Co- 
logne for resisting the May Laws. 

May * The new ecclesiastical laws, 
restraining the bishops and punishing 
disobedience, are published. 

May 27. Bh. Prus. The first synod of 
Old Catholics held in Germany meets at 
Bonn. 

July 10. Westphalia. Bishop Martin 
of Paderboru resists the clerical laws. 
[Sept. 7. He is summoned to resign ; he 
refuses. Sept. 21. He is sentenced to 
imprisonment for sedition.] 

July 21. Berlin. The Roman Catholic 
associations are closed by the Govern- 
ment. 

Sept. 14. Bavaria. Dr. Ddllinger re- 
ceives delegates from Eastern and West- 
ern churches at Bonn, with a view for 
union with the Old Catholics. [After 
much discussion agreement is obtained 
on certain preliminaries.] 

Nov. 30. Berlin. The first Old Catho- 
lic church in Berlin is opened. 

1875 Jan. * Catholic bishops and priests 
are imprisoned for violating ecclesias- 
tical laws. 

Feb. 5. A papal encyclical is issued, 
declaring the church laws, based on the 
new order of things, invalid ; the Roman 
Catholic deputies in the Landtag protest 
against it. 

Apr. 2. Prus. Roman Catholic bishops 
at Fulda- address the emperor against 
ecclesiastical legislation. [Apr. 9. 
They are rebuked for disobeying the 
law.] 

Aug. * The partial submission of the 
bishops to the laws is announced. 

Oct. 6. Silesia. Prince-Bishop Forster 
of Breslau is deposed. 

* * Rome. Archbishop Ledochowski is 
made a cardinal priest. [1876. Feb. 3. 
He is released from prison.] 

1876 July * The quarrel with the 
Holy See occasions the deposition of six 
archbishops, four bishops ; the expul- 
sion of 600 persons, including 120 priests, 
from Cologne alone ; the vacancy of 476 
parishes in seven bishoprics alone. 

1878 Feb. 7. Borne. Pius IX. dies. 
[Leo XIII. enthroned.] 



GERMANY. 



1872, Sept. *-1878, June 5. 829 



LETTERS. 

1872 * * Moliere, by Paul Lindau, ap- 
pears. [1875, Beaumarchais ; 1S77, Alfred 
de Musset.] 

± * * Die Gegenwart is issued. 

* * Papyrus Ebers and Through Goshen 
to Sinai, by Ebers, appear. [1S77, (Jar- 
da; 1S7S, Homo Sum and Egypt in 
Word and Picture.'] 

1873 * * Die Kinder der Welt, by Heyse, 
appears. 

* * State and Church, by Zeller, appears. 
[1880, History of the Foundations of Gre- 
cian Philosophy.'] 

1874* * Trojan Antiquities, by Schlie- 
mann, appears. [1S77, Mycense.] 

* * Anthropogenie, by Haekel, appears. 

* * Literaturzeitung is issued at Jena. 

* * Deutsche Rundschau is issued. 
1876* * The Struggle for 7?m?i<>,byDahn, 

appears. [1878, Primitive History of the 
Germanic and Romance People and Bal- 
lads and Songs; 1S79, Reason in Law; 
1SS0, Odin's Consolation.] 
1877 Sept. 26. Hesse-Nassau. Tbe 
32d Congress of German philologists 
meets at "Wiesbaden ; Ernst Curtius is 
president. 

SOCIETY. 

1872 Sept. * The conscription causes 
great emigration of young men to Amer- 
ica. 

Oct. 31. Baden. Gambling-houses are 
finally closed. 

Dec. 2. Berlin. The Government cre- 
ates 24 new peers. 

1873 Apr. 21, 22. Hesse-Nassau. Riots 
occur in Frankfort through rise in the 
price of beer ; they are suppressed by sol- 
diers ; 37 people killed, 100 wounded. 

1874 July 13. Bavaria. At Kissen- 
gen, Kullman, a cooper's apprentice, at- 
tempts to kill Bismarck " because of 
the church laws." [Oct. 30. Sentenced 
to 14 years' imprisonment.] 

Oct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim, 
formerly ambassador at Koine and Paris, 
is suddenly arrested and imprisoned for 
refusing to give up official ecclesiastieo- 
political papers. [Oct. 28. Ill and re- 
leased on bail. Nov. 12. Rearrested. 
Dec. 19. Tried and convicted, and sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for three 
months. Later, he gets a new trial. 
Sentence confirmed.] 

1875 Jan. * A law is passed requiring 
the registration of births, deaths, and 
marriages. 

May 28. Berlin is visited by the King 
and Queen of Sweden. 

Dec. 11. A dynamite fiend is ar- 
rested. 

A man named Thomson consigns a cask 
containing dynamite to Bremerhafen, to 
be shipped by the steamer Mosel. A se- 
cret machine was to have exploded it 
in eight days, but a premature explosion 
occurs on the dock, killing 80 and wound- 
ing about 200 persons, mostly emigrants. 
[Thomson commits suicide.] 

1877 Jan. 1. Berlin. The emperor 
celebrates his 70th military anniver- 
sary. [Jan. 22. Also his 80th birth- 
day.] 

* * Socialists are alleged to constitute 
about one-tenth of the entire body of 
voters. 

1878 May 11. Berlin. EmilH.M.Ho- 
del, a young Socialist, shoots at and 
misses the emperor. [June 2. Dr. Karl 
E. Nobiling, another Socialist, wounds 
the emperor. June * -Sept. * He gradu- 



STATE. 

1872 Sept. * The great emigration of 
young men to America to avoid the con- 
scription is forbidden by the Govern- 
ment. 

Oct. 31. Berlin. The Bundesrath, or 
House of Peers, defeats the Govern- 
ment on the districts' administrations 
reform bill, which would lessen the 
power of the peers in the provinces by 
granting representatives to the peasants 
in the local assemblies. Vote, 146-1S. 

Oct. * The Emperor William arbitrates 
the San Juan boundary dispute, and 
decides in favor of the United States. 

Dec. 2. Berlin. In the Bundesrath 24 
new peers have been created to give the 
Government additional votes. 

Dec. 7. Berlin. In the Bundesrath the 
peers pass the principle of the reform 
biU. Vote, 114-87. 

Dec. 18. Berlin. It is announced that 
Bismarck resigns the presidency of the 
Federal Council, but continues the for- 
eign department. 

Dec. 31. Berlin. Diplomatic relations 
with the Pope are severed. 

Dec* Berlin. Count Eoon is made 
president of the Federal Council. 

1S73 Jan. 9. Berlin. A bill is intro- 
duced in the Reichstag by M. Falk, 
minister of public worship, for the estab- 
lishment of a royal tribunal of eccle- 
siastical affairs in opposition to the 
authority of the Pope in Germany. 
[May 11. Passed.] 

Mar. 12. Berlin. The subjection of the 
church to the state is announced by the 
Reichstag. 

Mar. 15. Berlin. The May Laws are 
passed by the Reichstag. (See Church.) 

May 11, 12. Berlin. The chancellors 
of Germany, Austria, and Russia meet. 
[May 13. They agree to an urgent 
note to Turkey on the Eastern policy. 
May * France and Italy approve. May 
19. England disapproves. Note not pre- 
sented because of a revolution in Tur- 
key.] 

June 23. Berlin. The Reichstag passes 
the monetary reform law. 

Nov. 12. Berlin. The Reichstag opens ; 
the Government has 432 votes, the Oppo- 
sition, 121. 

Dec. 3. Berlin. XJltramontanes in the 
Reichstag join the Opposition, and defeat 
the Government in restricting the 
press. 

Dec. * Berlin. In the Reichstag a new 
oath of implicit obedience to the state 
is proposed for the clergy ; the Civil 
Marriage Bill is passed. [1875. Jan. 
25. It is adopted by the Landtag.] 

* * Saxony. Albert becomes king. 

1874 Jan. 11. Parliamentary elec- 
tions are held. [Of 397 members elected, 
about two-thirds are Nationalist Liber- 
als, and about 100 Ultramontanists.] 

Mar. * Berlin. The Army Bill, requir- 
ing permanently 401,659 men instead of 
360,000, occasions a constitutional strug- 
gle in the Reichstag. [Apr. 10±. A com- 
promise, settling the army for seven 
years, is agreed to.] 



June * The German Liberal Associa- 
tion is formed against I'articularistsand 
Ultramontanists. 

Oct. 1. Berlin. A law for compulsory 
civil marriage and the civil registration 
of births and deaths is introduced into 
the Reichstag. [1875. Jan. Passed.] 

Oct. 4. Berlin. Count Harry Arnim, 
an opponent of Bismarck's anti-papal 
plans, is arrested. (See Society.) 

Dec. 16.. Berlin. The Eeichstag gives 
an adverse vote to Bismarck, and he re- 
signs the chancellorship. 

Dec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag gives 
Bismarck a vote of confidence ; he de- 
cides to retain his office. Vote, 199-71. 

1875 Mar. 16. Berlin. The clerical 
control of parish funds is taken away 
by the Reichstag ; a bill for depriving- 
the Roman Catholic clergy of state aid 
is introduced. 

July 1. The international postal 
laws become operative. 

1876 Jan. 1. Berlin. The Imperial 
Bank of Germany opens. 

Mar. 20. The Southern states oppose 
the purchase of all railways by the 
Government. 

Oct. 27. Berlin. The new Reichstag 
meets, with a Liberal majority. 

1877 Jan. 10, 11. Parliamentary elec- 
tions return a Liberal majority to the 
Reichstag ; Socialist-Democrats repre- 
sent Berlin. 

Mar. 6. Bavaria. A new Ultramon- 
tane party, called the " Popular Catho- 
lic Party," is formed. 

Mar. 21. Berlin. The Reichstag settles 
the Supreme Court at Leipsic. [1S79. 
Sept. 1. Opens.] 

* * The Reichstag enacts a new code of 
laws. 

Apr. 3. Berlin. Bismarck resigns. 
[Apr. S. He withdraws his resignation,, 
but retires temporarily for his health.. 
1878. Feb. 15. Resumes his work.] 

* * Hesse. Louis IV. becomes grand 
duke of Hesse-Darmstadt. 

1878 Feb. 19. Berlin. Bismarck an- 
nounces the German policy on the 
Eastern question; strict neutrality and 
non-interference are assured. 

Mar. 6. Ministerial crisis; Camphau- 
sen, minister of finance, resigns. 

May 24, 25. Berlin. The Reichstag re- 
jects a stringent bill for the repression 
of Socialism. Vote, 251-57. 

June 4, 5. Berlin. The crown prince 
rules on account of his father, the em- 
peror, being wounded by Nobiling. 
[Dec. 5. The emperor resumes the gov- 
ernment.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1874 June 13. Bremen. An Interna- 
tional Agricultural Exhibition is 
opened. 

1875 May 7. The Hamburg mail- 
steamer Schiller is wrecked in a fog- 
on rocks off the Scilly Isles ; 331 persons, 
are drowned. 

July 1. International postal regula- 
lations go into operation. 



830 1878, June 13-1886, Feb. *. GERMANY. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1878 * * Rh. Prus. A colossal statue of 
Frederick William III. is erected in 
Cologne. 

It is 22 feet high, with figures of 
Blucher, Humboldt, and others at the 
base; it is erected by Rhiuelanders ; it 
is unveiled by the emperor. 

1879* * Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch 
identifies the microscopical germs of 
cattle disease, consumption, cholera, 
and other diseases. 

1880 Aug. 14. Rh.Prus. The cathe- 
dral at Cologne, begun in 1248, is com- 
pleted. [Oct. 15. Opened.] 

1881 May 12. Berlin. An electric 
railway is opened near Berlin. 

Aug.* Hanover. Petroleum oil is 
found in Liineberger Heidee. 

1882 June * The German la sails on an 
arctic expedition. [Oct. 23. It re- 
turns.] 

"Nov. * -Dec. * Hesse-Nassau. A great 
rise of tbe Rhine and Danube occurs; 
five villages with 250 houses are de- 
stroyed near Wiesbaden. 

* * Berlin. Dr. Koch demonstrates that 
tubercular disease can be propagated 
by organisms termed bacilli. 

1883 Jan.* Hesse. Floods cause much 
destruction of life and property near 
Worms ; GO persons are drowned. 

May 28. Berlin. Statues of Willielm 
and Alexander von Humboldt are un- 
veiled in presence of the emperor. 

Sept. 28. Hesse-Nassau. Germania, a 
colossal monument, a national memorial 
of German unity and victories of 
1870-71, set up in the Niederwald at 
Riidesheim on the Rhine, is uncovered 
by the emperor in the presence of Ger- 
man sovereigns. 

1884 June 9. Berlin. The foundation 
of the new Parliament House is laid 
by the emperor. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1879* * Anderssen, Adolph, chess-player, 

A61. 
Cotta, Bprnliaiil, gcolngist, A71. 
Dove, Heinrich \V\, meteorologist, A76. 
Fichte, Immanuel H., philosopher, A82. 
Frauenstadt, Christian M. J., phil., A69. 
Grisebach, August H. R., botanist, A65. 
Hiibner, Karl, painter of genre pictures, A65. 
Koch, Karl H. E., naturalist, A70. 
Meyerheim, Friedrich E., painter, A71. 
Mohr, Karl F., physicist, philosopher, A73. 
Reichenbach, Heinrich G. L., naturalist, A86. 
Roon, Albrecht T. E. von, general, A76. 
Rosenkranz, Johann K. F., philosopher, A74. 
Semper, Gottfried, architect, A75. 
Wolff, Emil, sculptor, A77. 
I860* * Gag-era. Baron Heinrich W. A. 

von. statesman, A81. 
Hagen, Ernest A., novelist, wr. on art, A83. 
Hahn-Hahn. Countess Ida Marie Luise 

Sophie Friederike Gustave von, poet, 

novelist, A75. 
Held, Adolf, economist, A34. 
Leonhardt, Gerhard A. W., jurist, A65. 
Lessing, Karl 1'., painter, A72. 
Peters, Christian A. F., astronomer, A74. 
Putt, Gustav L., clergyman, author, A44. 
Ruge, Arnold, publicist, journalist, A78. 
Wachter, Karl G. von, jurist, A83. 
Wagner, Rudolph -I., chemist, A57. 
1881* * Arnim, Count Harry Karl K. E., 

diplomatist, A57. 
Bahnsen, .1 alius F. A., philosopher, A51. 
Benfey, Tlieoilor, orientalist, philologist, A72. 
Iiingeislc.lt, Baron Franz von, poet, A67. 
Forster, Heinrich, prince-bishop of Breslau, 

author, A81. 
Hecker, Friedrich K. F., lawyer, pol., A70. 
Kuhn, Adalbert, philologist, mytholo., A69. 
Lotze, Rudolf H-, philosopher, A64. 
Ruge, Arnold, scholar, journalist, A79. 
Schleiden, Matthias J., phys., botanist, A77. 
Tann, Baron Ludwig von tier, general, A66. 
Wichern, Johann H., cl., philanthropist, A73. 



1882 * * Auerbach, Berthold, novelist, A70. 
Bauer, Bruno, rationalistic thcol., critic, A73. 
Drake, Friedrich, sculptor, A77. 
Feldmann, Leopold, dramatist, A80. 
Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., engraver, A81. 
Halbig, Johann, sculptor, A68. 

Hcrzog, Johann J., theologian, author, A75. 
Hbfer, Edmund, novelist, A63. 
Hiibner, Rudolph J. B., painter, A76. 
Kinkel, Johann G., poet, wr. on art, A.67. 
Kullack, Theodor, composer, pianist, A64. 
Lehmann, Heinrich, painter, Ati8. 
Manteuffel, Baron Otto T., statesman, A75. 
Olsliausen, Justus, orientalist, A82. 
Pauli, Georg K., historian, A69. 
Schlagintwcit, Hermann, traveler, A56. 
Schwann, Theodor, physiologist, A72. 
Vatke, Johann K. W., theologian, A76. 
Wohler, Friedrich, chemist, A82. 
Zollner, Johann K. P., physicist, A48. 

1883 Feb. 13. Wagner, Wilhelm Rich ■ 
ard. composer, A70. 

Diefenbach, Lorenz, philologist, A77. 

Dindorf, Wilhelm, philologist, A81. 

Felsing, Jakob, engraver, A81. 

Fendler, August, botanist, A70. 

Flotow, Friedrich von, composer, A71. 

Marx, Karl, economist, socialist, pol., A60. 

Sehafer, Arnold, historian, A64. 

Schulze-Delitzsch, Hermann, economist, A72. 

Siemens, Karl W., physicist, inventor, A60. 

Valentin, Gabriel G., physiologist, phys., A73. 
1884* * Belim, Ernst, geographer, A54. 

Berghatis, Heinrich, geographer, A87. 

Brehm, Alfred E,, naturalist, A55. 

Cohnheim, Julius F., pathologist, A45. 

Dorner, Isaac A., theologian, A75. 

Droysen, Johann G., historian, A76. 

Geibel, Emmanuel, poet, A69. 

Goppert, Heinrich R., botanist, A84. 

Hai/.inger, Amalic, a<dor, A84. 

Hillebrand, Karl, historian, A55. 

Kapp, Friedrich, historical writer, A60. 

Kolbe, Adolf W. H., chemist, A66. 

Lange, Johann P., clergyman, author, A82. 

Busker, Eduard, statesman, A55. 

Laube, Heinrich, poet, novelist, writer, A78. 

Lepsius, Karl R., trav., philol., antiq., A71. 

Perty, Joseph A. ~M., naturalist, A80. 

Peters, Wilhelm K. II., zoologist, A69. 

Ruppel, Wilhelm P. E. S., naturalist, trav- 
eler, A90. 

Ulrici, Hermann, scholar, philosopher, A78. 
1885 Jan. 15. Frederick: Charles. Prince 
of Prussia, general, A57. 

June 2. Charles Anthony, Prince of Ho- 
henzollem Sigma ringen, A73. 

June 17. ManteuhVl, Baron Edwin H. K., 
general, A76. 

Abt, Franz, composer, A66. 

Benedict, Sir Julius, composer, A81. 

CurtiuB, Georg, jiliilologist, gram., A65. 

Heule, Friedrich G. K., physician, A76. 

HiUer, Ferdinand, composer, A74. 

Lange, Ludwig, antiquary, arch eulogist, A60. 

Meissner, Alfred, poet, A63. 

ISachtigal, Gustav, traveler, A51. 

Sehenkel, Daniel, rationalistic theol., 72. 

Schlagintwcit, Robert, traveler, A52. 

Siebold, Karl T. E. von, physiologist, A81. 



CHURCH. 

1878 * * Prus. The Mennonites, being 
always opposed to war, emigrate to 
Odessa to escape military service, and 
from thence go to America. 

1879 July 14. Berlin. Dr. Falk, min- 
ister of public worship and instruction, 
resigns, and Robert V. von Puttkamer 
is appointed his successor. 

[He endeavors to establish peace with 
the Roman Catholics, and secures the 
passage of a measure in the Landtag re- 
pealing the obnoxious provisions of the 
May Laws.] 

1880 July 3. Prussia passes a bill 
making all the clergy subordinate to 
the state. 

Oct. 15. Rh. Prus. The recently finished 
Cathedral of Cologne is opened with 
many ceremonies by the emperor and 
the German princes. 

Nov. 22±. Berlin. Mommsen, Virchow, 
and others condemn the movement 
against the Jews; the question is dis- 
cussed in the Landtag without result. 
[Dec. * Many Jews leave Berlin.] 



1881 Aug. 14. Berlin. Bismarck ap- 
proves the papal nomination of L>r. 
Felix Korum to be bishop of Treves. 

Aug.* Berlin. The emperor attempts to 
defend the Jews from persecution in 
Prussia. 

1883 Oct. 31. The fourth centennial 
of Luther's birth is celebrated at Er- 
furt, Halle, and other cities with great 
enthusiasm. 

Dec. 18. Rome. The crown-prince vis- 
its the Pope. 

LETTERS. 

1878 Dec. * One hundred and seventy- 
four clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other 
papers are suppressed by injunctions. 

1879 Jan.* Quid Faciamus nos? by 
Count Arnim, appears. 

* * Johann Martin Schleyer, inventor of 
Volapuk, publishes a book on his sys- 
tem. 

1880 * * The Sisters, by Ebers, appears. 
[1881, The Emperor; 1885, Serap/us ; 
1SS7, Vie Nilbraut.] 

1880-86 Universal History, by Ranke, 
appears. 

1881 * * Orchomesos, Reise in der Troas, 
and Ilios, by Sehlieinann, appear. [1883, 
Troja; 1886, Tinjus.] 

* * Angela, by Spielhagen, appears. [1883, 
Uklenhauns.] 

1882 * * The Heritage of Blood, by Gott- 
schall, appears. [lS83,*T/ie Paper Prin- 
cess.'] 

18S3-84 Buch der Freundschaft , by 
Heyse, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1878 July 10. Berlin. Hodel, the would- 
be assassinator of the emperor, is con- 
demned. [Aug. 10. Executed. Sept. 10. 
Dr. Nobiling commits suicide.] 

* * Parliament gives the police special 
powers for the suppression of Social- 

TJov. * A decree is issued for the expul- 
sion of Socialists and other persons ob- 
noxious to the Government. 

Dec. 21. Hanover. The King of Han- 
over marries Princess Thyra of Den- 
mark. 

1879 Mar. 13. The Princess Louise 
Margaret of Prussia is married to the 
Duke of Connaught. 

June 11. The Emperor William's gold- 
en wedding is celebrated. 

1880 Aug. 25. Bavaria. The seventh 
centenary of the founding of the reign- 
ing dynasty of dukes is celebrated. 

Oct. * Socialists are expelled from Ger- 
many. 

1881 Jan.* Berlin. The anti-Se- 
mitic league is formed ; it is opposed 
by the prince imperial and many others. 

Feb. 27. Prince "William, grandson of 
the emperor and of Queen Victoria, is 
married to Princess Augusta Victoria of 
Schleswig-Holstein. 

* * The average annual consumption per 
capita of distilled spirits is 1.09 gallons ; 
beer 24.99 gallons. 

1883 * * Berlin. The Reichstag, influ- 
enced by Prince Bismarck, passes bills 
to compel the working people, with the 
assistance of their employers and tbe 
state, to provide a fund against sickness. 

1S84 Sept. 28. Saxony. Eight dyna- 
mitards are brought to trial at Leipsic 



GERMANY. 



1878, June 13-1886, Feb.*. 831 



for attempting to kill the emperor. [Dec. 
15-22. F. A. Reinsdorf, Rupsch, and 
Kuchler are sentenced to death; two 
are imprisoned and three acquitted.] 



1885 Apr. 1. The anniversary of Bis- 
marck's 70th birthday is celebrated. 

1886 Jan. 3. The 25th anniversary 
of the king's accession to the throne of 
Prussia is celebrated. 

Feb. 11. Sarauw, having been tried 
for high treason, in giving to the French 
Government information respecting for- 
tresses, is sentenced to 12 years of penal 
servitude. 

STATE. 
1878 June 13- July 13. Congress of 
Berlin, to settle questions relating to the 
Balkan peninsula. It is caused by the 
dissatisfaction of England and Austria 
with the Peace of San Stefano (p. 566). 

Representatives present : Germany, 
Prince Bismarck ; Russia, Prince Gort- 
schakoff ; Turkey, Alexander Oaratheo- 
doi'i Pasha; Great Britain, Lord Bea- 
consfield and the Marquis of Salisbury ; 
Austria, Count Andrassy; France, M. 
Waddington ; Italy, Count Corti. 

Terras: (1) Montenegro, Servia, and Ru- 
mania are to be independent, the two former 
having new frontiers, and the latter losing 
Bessarabia, but receiving a larger territory. 

(2) Bulgaria is constituted an autonomous 
principality, tributary to the Sultan, and re- 
stricted to the territory between the Danube 
and the Balkans, with the except ion of Sophia 
and its territory of the Balkans. . 

(3) The new province of East Rumelia, 
formed out of Southern Bulgaria, having its 
boundaries narrowed towards the south and 
east, is to have a Christian governor-general 
appointed by the Sultan, and it will maintain 
a separate militia and administration. 

(4) The occupation of East Rumelia by 
Russian troops is limited to nine months, and 
of Rumania to twelve months. 

(5) Austria has the administration of Bos- 
nia, Herzegovina,. and Mi' j military occupation 
of the Sandshak of Nori Bazar. 

(6) The Porte is advised to cede a part of 
Epirus and Thessaly to Greece ; legal reforms 
are to be made in Crete. 

(7) Russia receives enlargement in Asia, 
Batoum as a free harbor, Ardaghan and 
some border territories; and Alasgird and 
Bayazid are restored to Turkey, which is to 
grant religious liberty to all her subjects. 

Aug. 3. The Berlin Treaty is ratified. 

Sept. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag opens. 
Division of parties : National Liber- 
als, 123 ; Imperialists and Conservatives, 
119 ; Center, including the Roman Cath- 
olics, 105. 

Oct. 11. Austria and Germany abro- 
gate the clause of the Peace of Prague 
favorable to freedom in Schleswig, by a 
secret treaty. 

Oct. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes 
a bill, repressing Socialism, with a 
majority of 72. 

"Nov. * Berlin. A decree is issued for the 
expulsion of Socialists and others. 

Dec* The Government has sup- 
pressed by injunctions, to date, 174 
clubs, 44 newspapers, and 157 other 
papers. 

* * Hanover. Ernest Augustus U. be- 
comes king. 

* * In the Reichstag the enemies of na- 
tional unity combine. 

The Socialists, Ultramontanes, Polish 
deputies, members for Alsace and Lor- 
raine, the so-called Particularists and 
Conservative members who are at- 
tached to ancient customs, unite against 
the Government. 



1879 Jan. 9. In the Reichstag is intro- 
duced the Parliamentary Discipline 
Bill to " muzzle" speakers; also called 
"the gagging bill.'* [May 7. Defeated.] 

Jan. * Bismarck enters a fruitless nego- 
tiation with the Roman curia respect- 
ing the Falk laws. 

These require a certain amount of secu- 
lar training for candidates for the cleri- 
cal office, and the sanction of secular 
authorities to "ecclesiastical appoint- 
ments. 

Feb. * The Treaty of Prague (of 1866) is 



May 9. Berlin. The chancellor's pro- 
tectionist tariff bill is virtually passed 
by the Reichstag after an excited dis- 
cussion. [July 12. Passed. Vote, 217-117.] 

May 20. Berlin. Von Forckenbeck 

(Liberal), president of the Reichstag, re- 
signs. [May 22. An Ultramontane is 
elected.] 

June 30. Berlin. The resignation of 
Dr. Falk, minister of public worship, 
and other ministers, is announced. 

July 9. Bismarck disclaims connection 
with the Liberal party. 

July 14. Berlin. The ministry is re- 
constructed ; Von Puttkamer is elected 
minister of religion. 

* * Russia assumes a hostile attitude 
towards Germany, and attempts to form 
an alliance with France. 

Sept. 16. Aust. Bismarck meets Ja- 
cobini, the Pope's nuncio, at Gastein, 
and attempts a reconciliation with the 
Pope. 

Sept. 21. Vienna. Bismarck makes a 
defensive alliance with Austria against 
Russia. 

Oct. 1. A new system of jurisprudence 
comes into force. 

1880 Apr. 3. Berlin. Twenty-two 
small states outvote Prussia, Saxony, 
and Bavaria in the Federal Council, re- 
specting new stamp duties. [Bismarck 
resigns. The emperor declines to accept. 
Apr. * The states yield.] 

Apr. 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes 
the new army bill, adding 27,000 men to 
the army. Vote, 186-96. 

June 16-July 1. Berlin. The Berlin 
Conference is held. 

It meets to consider the Grecian ques- 
tion, and questions relating to Monte- 
negro ; the resolutions of the Congress 
of 1S7S being unexecuted. Great Britain, 
France, and. Germany are represented. 
It agrees to a collective note to be pre- 
sented to the Sultan urging the surren- 
der of Dulcigno and cession of provinces 
to Greece. 

June 28. Berlin. The Reichstag passes 
the amended ecclesiastical laws. Vote, 
206-202. 

Aug.* The "New Liberal" party is 
organized by former members of "Na- 
tional Liberals," who have become re- 
actionary. 

1881 Feb. 19. Count Eulenburg, 
minister of the interior, resigns through 
offense of Bismarck. 

Oct. 2S. The general elections favor a 

large Liberal majority. 
Autumn. The German Reichstag and 

Prussian Landtag lean towards Rome 

and the clerical party. 



Dec. 1. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated 
in the Reichstag on a financial question. 
Vote, 169-83. 

1882 Jan. 7. Berlin. The Imperial 
rescript against parliamentary govern- 
ment is published. 

Mar. 21. Berlin. The Economic Coun- 
cil rejects Bismarck's tobacco bill. 
[June 14. The Reichstag rejects it. 
Vote, 276-43.] 

Dec. 11. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects 
the budget. 

1883 June 5. Berlin. An amendment 
to the ecclesiastical laws of May, 1873, is 
introduced in the Reichstag [which 
leads to a reconciliation with the Vati- 
can. July 2. The bill is adopted]. 

1884 May 10. Berlin. The Reichstag 
extends the anti- Socialist law two 
years. [Vote, 189-157.] 

June 9. Berlin. The emperor lays the 
foundation of the new House of Par- 
liament. 

June 18. Berlin. The Council of 
State is revived, its members being the 
crown prince, president, and royal 
family. 

Aug. * Africa. A German colony is 

founded at Cameroons, and Bimbia on 

the west coast, by Gustav Nachtigal. 
Oct. 28. A general election is held, in 

which the Liberal vote is diminished ; 

the Social Democrat vote is increased. 
Nov. 26. Berlin. Bismarck is defeated 

in the Reichstag ; votes for the payment 

of members, 180-99. 
Dec. 3. Berlin. The Reichstag repeals 

portions of the May ecclesiastical laws. 

Vote, 217-93. 
Dec* Berlin. Colonization progresses. 
Reports are received of the hoisting of 

the German flag on the north coast of 

New Guinea, New Britain, and other 



1885 Jan. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag 
votes 180,000 marks for the protection 
of colonies. 

* * Berlin. Bismarck adopts a policy of 
colonization. [Acquisitions are made 
in Africa and islands of the Pacific] 

1886 Jan. 11. Berlin. The 
"Schnapps" (dram of spirits) Mo- 
nopoly Bill is introduced in the Reichs- 
tag by Bismarck. [Mar. 12. It is re- 
jected by the committee. Mar. 27- Re- 
jected in the Reichstag. Vote, 181-3.] 

Feb. * Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis- 
marck proposes to Germanize Posen by 
the purchase of Polish estates to be set- 
tled by Germans, and 5,000,000 marks to 
be raised for the expenses. [Apr. 7. The 
money is voted.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1879 July 19. Bavaria. An Inter- 
national Exhibition opens at Munich. 

1882 Sept. 3. Baden. At Hugstetten, 
between Friedburg and Colmar, an ex- 
cursion-train leaves the track ; 70 per- 
sons are killed. 

1883 May 12-15. Berlin. The In- 
ternational Hygienic Exhibition is 
held. 

1885 Mar. 17. Rh. Prus. A mine 
explosion at Camphausen, near Saar- 
briick, causes 140 deaths. 



832 1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. *. GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Jan. 23. Adm. Von Dergoltz is 
appointed chief of the admiralty. 

Feb. 23. A fleet is sent to Samoa to pro- 
tect German interests there. 

Mar. 16. Samoa. The German war-ves- 
sels, Adler, Olga, and Eber, with three 



Amerii 



i and 16 nierch.ii 
l the reef at Apia ; ni 
n are drowned. 



officers and 87 
Oct. * The Government appropriates the 
sum of 32,000,000 marks <,$SUO,000,000±.) 
for new men-of-war. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1886 May 2. Berlin. The Interna- 
tional Art Exhibition is opened by the 
emperor. 

1888 Oct. 20. Hamburg. The emperor 
with a hammer completes the great har- 
bor works. 

Feb. 16. Brandenburg. A white marble 
statue of the Emperor William is 
erected at Charlottenburg. 

Apr. 1. W'urtemberg. Statues of 
Prince Bismarck and Count Von 
Moltke are unveiled at Stuttgart. 

June 5. Saxony. A hurricane and 
waterspout cause great loss of life and 
property at Reichenbach. 

June 17. Gastien. A monument to 
Emperor "William I. is unveiled. 

Aug. 1. Saxony. A new art academy- 
is opened in Dresden. 

Dec* Berlin. Emperor William confers 
upon Emin Pasha the decoration of the 
second-class Order of the Crown with 
the star. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1886 * * Abich, Wilhelnl H., peolo., au., A80. 
Beust, Baron Friedrieh F. von, slates., A77. 
Duncker, Maximilian W.. historian, A74. 
Julg, Bernhanl, philologist, A61. 

Meyer, Johann <;., painter, A73. 
Michelis, Frii'iiricii, theologian, A71. 
Piloty, Karl T. von, painter, A60. 
Ranke, Leopold von. historian, A91. 
Scheffel, Joseph V. von, poet, AGO. 
Schmidt, Heinrich J., critic, writer, A68. 
Stockhardt, Julius A., chemist, A77. 
Zunz, Leopold, Jewish theologian, A92. 

1887 * * Amerliiig, Knedrirh, painter, A84. 
Baltzer, Wilhelm, ]£., rationalist, A73. 
Fechner, Gustav T., natural phil., poet, A86. 
Kirchhoff, Gustav It., physicist, A63. 
Krupp, Alfred, mannf., of steel guns, A77. 
Pott, August F., philologist, A 85.' 

Ronge, Johannes, I!. C. el., schismatic, A74. 
Vischer, Friedrich T., philos. writer, A80. 
Wagner, Mont?., traveler, naturalist, A74. 
Werder, August von, general, A79. 

1888 Mar. 9. "William I., King of Prus- 
sia, Emperor of Germany, A91. 

June 15. Frederick III., emperor, A57. 
Bartsch, Karl F., philologist, A5b. 
Clausius, Rudolf J. E., physicist, A66. 
Delius, Nicolaus. philologist, i-nru*, A 75. 
Ebrard, Johann H. A., theologian, A70. 
Fleischer, Heinrich L., orientalist, A81. 
Herz, Heinrich, pianist, composer, A82. 
Kahnis. Karl F. A., theologian, A74. 
Kuhne, Gustav, novelist, A82. 
Mohl, Moritz von, poliiician, A86. 
Storm, Theodor W. T poet, A71. 
Weber, Georg, historian, A80. 

1889 Jan. 22. Montz, Count von, adm., d. 
Feb. 18. Dechen, Ernest H. C., mineralo- 
gist, A88. 

May 16. Mary, Queen of Bavaria, dies. 
Aug. 29. Weil, Gustav, orientalist, A59. 
Nov. 8. Henselt, Adolph, composer, pian- 
ist, A75. 
Bendermann, Eduard, painter, A79. 
Formes, Karl, singer, A73. 
Lewald, Fanny, novelist, A78. 
Noire, Ludwig, monistic philosopher, A60. 

1890 Jan. 7. Maria Louisa Augusta, wife 
of Emperor William I., A79. 

Jan. 10. Dbllinger. Johann J. I., theo- 
logian, founder "Old Catholics" A9I. 
Jan. 20. Lachner, Franz, musician, A86. 



1S36 Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vati- 
can sign a convention. 

1887* * Hanover. Archbishop Mel- 
chers of Osnabriick is created a cardinal 
priest. 

1888 Oct. 12. Rome. The emperor 
visits the Pope at the Vatican. 

1889 Mar. 9. Berlin. The Salvation 
Army is prohibited from carrying on its 
work. 

Aug. 15. Westphalia. The Archbishop 
of Cologne is stoned by anti-Catholics. 

Nov. 15. Bavaria. The Government 
decides to readmit the clergy of the 
Redemptorist Order. 

Dec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger of 
Storkow, Brandenburg, is appointed 
court chaplain. 

1890 Feb. 11. Silesia. The bishop of 
Breslau issues a pastoral letter favor- 
ing Catholic working-men's uni ons to 
frustrate the Socialists. 

LETTERS. 

1886 * * The Alsace Chronicle appears. 

1888 Sept. * Part of Prince Freder- 
ick's diary is published in the Kieler 
Ztitung. 

1889 Jan. 4. Berlin. The emperor 
orders that the newspapers of the 
ultra- Conservative party be not re- 
ceived at any royal palace. 

Mar. 18. Berlin. The Government sup- 
presses the \'olks-Zeitung t under the 
Socialistic law. 

Oct. 10. Saxony. The Government de- 
cides to admit women to privileges 
of the universities. 

* * Joshua and Gred, by Ebers, appear. 
[1892, Per Aspera.] 

* * Encyclopadie Allgemeine, in 164 vol- 
umes, "is published by Ersch and Gruber. 

* * New Pharaoh, by Spielhagen, appears. 

* * Dahiel der Convertet, by R. Voss, ap- 
pears. 

* * A. H uber's History of Austria, con- 
tinned by E. Reimanii, appears. 

* * Dieqo Velazquez und sein Jahrhun- 
derty by C. Justi, appears. 

1890 Feb. * Berlin. The University of 
Berlin refuses to recognize the Amer- 
ican diplomas of some 200 American 
students matriculated there ; the au- 
thorities claim the American colleges do 
not come up to the German standards. 

Feb. * There are 29,007 students in 
the universities ; of these, 5,G80 study 
theology, 6,S72 jurisprudence, 8,714 med- 
icine, and 7,741 philosophy. 

SOCIETY. 

1886 June 13. Bavafia. The King of 
Bavaria drowns himself in Starnberg 
Lake ; Dr. Gudden is drowned in the at- 
tempt to save him. 

* * Strikes increase. 

1887 Mar. 22. Berlin. A grand cele- 
bration is held in honor of the emper- 
or's 90th birthday. 

Sept. 25. The 25th anniversary of 
Bismarck's premiership of Prussia is 
celebrated. 

* * The Crown Prince Frederick William 
is attacked with cancer in the throat; 
Sir Morell Mackenzie of England is the 
attending physician. 



1888 Feb. 9. Sir Morell Mackenzie 
performs the operation of tracheotomy 
to remove a malignant growth from the 
larnyx of the crown prince; German 
doctors differ with the English surgeon. 

Mar. 16. Berlin. Solemn obsequies of 
the Emperor William take place. 

The Kings of Belgium, Saxony, and 
Roumania, the Prince of Wales, Duke of 
Cambridge, the crown princes of Aus- 
tria, Russia, Denmark, and other princes 
are present; Emperor Frederick, Bis- 
marck, and Count Moltke are absent. 

Apr. 15. Berlin. The health of the 
Emperor Frederick is stated to be 
alarming. [June 15. Brandenburg. He 
dies of cancer of the larynx. June IS. 
Impressive but simple funeral services 
are held.] 

Apr. 24-26. Queen "Victoria visits the 
emperor, and meets Bismarck. 

May 24. Brandenburg. Prince Henry 
of Prussia is married to Princess Irene 
of Hesse at Charlottenburg. 

July 19. The young Emperor William 
and the Czar of Russia meet off Cron- 
stadt. 

July 26. Sweden. The emperor visits 
Stockholm. [July 30. He visits Copen- 
hagen. Oct. 3. He arrives at Vienna. 
Oct. 11. It. At Rome. Oct. 16. At Naples.] 

1889 Feb. 18. Bavaria. King Otho 
becomes hopelessly insane. 

Feb. 23. Bavaria. Prince Pupert» 

the eldest son of Prince Ludwig, and 
heir to the throne, is pronounced insane. 

Feb. 25. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold, 
the regent, condemns the Countess of 
Larish, daughter of Louis of Bavaria, to 
perpetual exile for her part in the death 
of Rudolph, the crown prince of Aus- 
tria. 

Apr. 5. Berlin. The Courts decide that 
all the recent dispersions of Socialist 
meetings by the police were illegal. 

Apr. 8. Bavaria. A serious riot 
breaks out at Nuremberg as the result 
of a lockout declared by master joiners 
against striking employees. 

May 7. Westphalia. In a conflict be- 
tween troops and miners near Glad- 
beck in Essen, three miners and several 
soldiers are killed. 

May 8. Westphalia. About 39,000 men 
are out on a strike. 

May 13. Coal-mine owners and striking 

miners appoint a committee to confer, 

and arrange a settlement of the points 

in dispute. 

Nearly 100,000 miners are on strike. 

Berlin. The Ministry decides to sum- 
mon deputations from mine-owners 
and miners. 

May 15. Several owners in Essen and 
Dortmund concede the demands of their 
employees, and the men resume work. 

May 16-20. There are 110,000 strikers 
in Westphalia and 10,000 in Silesia. 



Berlin. About 3,000 masons strike. 

May 22. The Gelsenkischen miners re- 
solve to continue the strike, their 
terms being rejected by the owners. 

May 24. It is legally enacted that 
working- classes make provision for 
old age and infirmity. 



GERMANY. 



1886, Mar. 31-1890, Feb. 



833 



May 27. All meetings of miners are 

prohibited by the Government. 
May 31. Westphalia. The strike ends 

by compromise. 
June 24. Berlin. The marriage of 

Prince Frederick Leopold and Princess 

Louise of Schleswig is celebrated. 
June 25. Strikers are sentenced to 

terms of imprisonment varying from 18 

months to five years. 
June 27. Berlin. The editors of Gleich- 

keit, Dr. Adler and Herr Bretschneider, 

are fined for being Anarchists. 
Prince William of Holienzollern is 

married to Princess Marie of Bourbon 

at Sigmaringen. 

July 29. Westphalia. The police dis- 
perse a meeting of miners at Dort- 
mund, and arrest Kerr Dickmann, a 
member of the Socialists' Congress at 
Paris. 

Aug. 19. Westphalia. Rhenish and 
Westphaliau miners form a union in 
opposition to the union of mine-owners. 

Aug. 24. Emperor William confers the 
Order of the Red Eagle of the first 
class upon the commander-in-chief of 
the Belgian army and upon Herr Ey- 
schen, minister of state of Lusenburg. 

Oct. 20. Wiirtemberg. Prince William 
of Wiirtemberg is shot at by an as- 
sassin. 

Oct. 26. Greece. The crown prince of 
Greece and the Princess Sophie of Prus- 
sia are united in marriage at Athens. 

1890 Jan. 16. Hamburg. Sixty thou- 
sand people attend the funeral of the 
Socialist editor Wedde. 

Jan. * Westphalia. The strike is spread- 
ing. 

The miners demand eight hours and 
increased wages. Troops have been or- 
dered to suppress any demonstration 
looking toward violence. 

Feb. 18. Saxony. A Socialist riot oc- 
curs at Muhlhausen ; 30 persons are 
wounded. 

Feb. 20. Elections to the Reichstag are 
attended with much violence ; the mob 
is charged by the police, and many are 
wounded. 

STATE. 

1886 Mar. 31. Berlin. The Reichstag 
extends the Socialist law two years. 

Apr. 13. Berlin. The Federal Council 
passes a bill greatly amending the eccle- 
siastical laws. 

May 14. Berlin. A decree is issued pro- 
hibiting political meetings that are held 
without permission, 

June 10. Bavaria. Prince Luitpold is 
proclaimed regent because of the 
king's mental illness. 

Aug. 11. Prussia and the Vatican sign 
a convention. 

Dec. 3. Berlin. A bill is introduced in 
the Reichstag for adding 41,000 men to 
the army for seven years. [Dec. 17, 
Opposed by Clericals, Socialists, and 
others.] 

1887 Jan. 14. Berlin. The army bill 
is limited to three years, and then 
passes. 

Feb. 21. General elections are held; 
efforts are made to change the army 
from Imperial to parliamentary ; the 
Government gains a majority. 



Mar. 11. Berlin. The army bill is 
passed in the Reichstag. "Vote, 227-31. 

Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance with Aus- 
tria and Italy is signed. 

Mar. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag, Bis- 
marck introduces a bill softening the 
Falk laws. 

Dec. 19. Cabannes, having been con- 
victed of selling military secrets to the 
French Government, is sentenced to 10 
years' penal servitude. 

1888 Jan. 30. Berlin. In the Reichs- 
tag a more stringent anti-Socialist bill 
is urged by Von Puttkamer ; opposed by 
all parties ; it is committed. [Feb. 17. 
The bill passes.] 

Mar. 8. Berlin. It is announced that 
Prince "William, the emperor's grand- 
son, is entrusted with official powers 
during the illness of the aged emperor ; 
having so served since Nov. 17, 1887. 

Mar. 9. Emperor William dies, and is 
succeeded by his son Frederick. 

Mar. 9-June 15. The Emperor Fred- 
erick III., "The Noble," reigns. 

Mar. 21. Berlin. A rescript is issued 
authorizing the Crown Prince "Wil- 
liam to exercise official powers when 
required. 

June 7. Berlin. The parliamentary 
quinquennial bill is promulgated. 

June 15. The Emperor Frederic III. 
dies after a reign of 98 days ; [he is suc- 
ceeded by his son William.] 

June 15+. Emperor William II. reigns. 

Aug. 24. Berlin. The Government an- 
nounces its occupation of Addelah,near 
Dahomey, "West Africa. 

Oct. 15. Hamburg surrenders its privi- 
leges as a free port, and joins the Tariff 
Union, being the last of the German 
free ports. 

1889 Jan. 18. Saxony. The president 
of the Superior Court at Leipsic resigns 
on account of Bismarck's strictures. 

Berlin. Bismarck asks for 2,000,000 

marks to carry out his East Africa 
colonial scheme. [Jan. 23. The Federal 
Council approves the East Africa 
Bill. Jan. 30. The bill passes the 
Reichstag appropriating money for the 
protection of German interests, and the 
suppression of the slave-trade. Feb. 1. 
It is adopted by the Federal Council.] 

Jan. 31. The Germans declare war on 

Mataafa in Samoa. 
Feb. 4. England and Germany conclude 

an alliance for the protection of the 

northern seas and ports. 

Feb. 7. Hanover. Count "William Bis- 
marck is appointed president of the 
Landtag. 

Feb. 28. Berlin. The Army Expen- 
diture Bill is introduced in the Federal 
Council ; it provides for a loan of 12,492,- 
304 marks to meet the supplementary 
estimate. 

Mar. 19. Prus. The Government grants 
6,000,000 marks to aid in construction 
of a canal connecting the Elbe and 
Trave Rivers. 

Apr. 10. Berlin. Count von Schellen- 
dorf retires from the ministry of war, 
and is succeeded by Gen. Verdiz du 
Vernois. 



Apr. 29. Berlin. The deliberations of 
the Conference on Samoan affairs be- 
gin. [Apr. 30. The British ambassador 
and Prince Bismarck categorically deny 
the existence of a secret treaty be- 
tween England and Germany to parti- 
tion between them the Tonga and 
Samoan Islands. May 21. Germany 
accedes to demands of the United 
States Commissioners to restore King 
Malietoa. June 15. Autonomy is as- 
sured, and the Conference closes.] 

Oct. 11. Berlin. The Government sub- 
mits a bill to the Federal Council author- 
izing a loan of 249,000,000 marks. 

Oct. 17. Germany refuses to recognize 
Mataafa as King of Samoa. 

Oct. 24. Berlin. The Reichstag re- 
elects Herr von Kevetzow president. 

Oct. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath cre- 
ates a Court of Appeals, with 11 
judges on the bench. 

Nov. 26. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts 
the Socialist Bill. 

Dec. * Berlin. The Catholics of the 
Center party in the Reichstag form a 
separate political organization, with a 
program demanding liberty for the 
church denominational schools, and di- 
rect representation in the Reichstag of 
the rural population. 

1890 Jan. 23. Berlin. The Reichstag 
rejects the expulsion clause of the So- 
cialist Bill. [Jan. 25. Rejected. Vote, 
98-169.] 

Jan. 27. Berlin. The conference agree- 
ment between the Germans and Old 
Czechs is ratified by both parties. 

Feb 3. Berlin. Prince Bismarck re- 
signs his position as minister of com- 
merce. 

Feb. 6. Berlin. A new commercial 
treaty is signed with Turkey. 

Feb. 20. A general election is held. 
The Government parties lose 15 seats, 
and the Socialists double their vote in 
the Reichstag. 

Dr. Wasse, an advocate of state So- 
cialism, is appointed governor of the 
Rhine provinces. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1886 Sept. 24. 
explosion cause 

1887 June 3. Schlesvng-Hol stein. The 
emperor lays the foundation-stone of 
the opening lock of a ship canal at 
Holtenau, near Kiel. 

June 8. Prus. A mine explosion at 
Gekenkirchener causes 60 deaths. 

1888 Aug. 14. Off Sable Island in the 
North Atlantic a collision between the 
Thingvalla and the Geiser, German 
steamers, occurs ; 105 lives are lost in 
the Geiser. 

1889 June 30. Hanover. Fire destroys 
36 buildings in Luneburg. Loss, 12,000,000 
marks. 

Oct. 2. Wiirtemberg. Ten persons are 
killed and 50 injured in a railroad acci- 
dent at Stuttgart. 

Nov. 3. Silesia. An explosion in a 
dynamite factory causes 20 deaths. 

Nov. 13. At Rauban 20 miners are 
burned by a mine explosion. 

Dec. 9. Berlin. The influenza epi- 
demic has spread from St. Petersburg 
to this city. [Dec. 15. Fifteen thousand 
persons arc suffering.] 



834 1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 Apr.* Berlin. The emperor issues 
an order reducing the amount of private 
a necessary to secure a commission 



in the i 

Apr.* Duelling is forbidden in the 
army, "except in cases where a council 
of men of honor, to which all the circum- 
stances shall have been referred, shall 
declare that a duel is necessary." 

1891 Feb. 9. Gen. von Schlieffen 
succeeds Gen. von Waldersee as chief 
of general staff. 

July 8. Orders are issued to begin forti- 
fications at Heligoland. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 July 7. Bavaria. An art exhi- 
bition is opened at Munich. 

Aug. 4. Berlin. The tenth Interna- 
tional Medical Congress opens ; Prof. 
Virchow presides. There are present 
2,500 German and 2,500 foreign delegates, 
including 500 American physicians. 

Sept.* Berlin. The experiment of trans- 
mitting opera music by telephone is 
successfully made. 

Nov. * Berlin. Dr. Robert Koch, di- 
rector of the Imperial Hygienic Insti- 
tute, announces the discovery of a rem- 
edy for tuberculosis in its incipient 
stage. 

Nov. 17. Berlin. The method of pre- 
paring Prof. Koch's curative lymph is 
made public. 

~Nov. 25. Prof. Koch publishes the re- 
sults of his experiments in the Deutsche 
Me dicinische Wockenschrift ; he is 
elected an honorary member of the 
Medical Society of Vienna. 

Nov. 27. Brandenburg. A monument 
to William I. is unveiled at Charlotten- 
burg. 

1891 Jan. 15. Berlin. Dr.Kochissues 
a report as to the ingredients compris- 
ing his lymph ; the remedy consists of a 
glycerine extract derived from the pure 
cultivation of the tubercle bacilli. 

May 1. Berlin. The Art Exhibition 
opens. 

May * Prus. The Lower House of the 
Prussian Diet votes $41,000 for Prof. 
Koch's Institute. 

July 13. Brunswick. A monument 
erected by German-American musical 
societies in honor of Franz Abt is un- 
veiled. 

Sept. 9. Pr. Saxony. The Congress of 
Naturalists and Physicians opens at 
Halle; 1,215 delegates are present, in- 
cluding 218 women. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890 Mar. 4. Delitzseh, Franz, theol., A77. 
July 19. Peters, Christian H. F., astrono- 
mer, A77. 

Dec. 27. Schliemann, Heinrich, arehe- 

ologist, A68. 
Hase, Karl A., theologian, A90. 
Hergenrother, Joseph, cardinal, scholar, 

author, A78. 
Lutz, Johann von, statesman, A64. 

1891 Mar. 14. Windthorst, Ludwig, 
statesman, A79. 

Apr. 24. Moltke, Count. HelLmuth 
Karl Bernhardt von. field-marshal, A91. 

May 2. Oregorovius, Ferdinand, poet, his- 
torian, A69. 

May 22. Hahnel, Ernest J., sculptor, A80. 



CHURCH. 

1890 Apr. 24. Prus. The Supreme 

Council of the Protestant Church of 

Prussia issues a circular counseling the 

clergy to denounce Socialism. 



May 3. Wiirtemberg. The last stone of 
the spire of the TJlm cathedral s the 
highest in the world, is laid. 

July 18. Bavaria. Professor Schoen- 
felder, of the WUrzburg University, is 
nominated to be Archbishop of Bam- 
berg. 

Nov. 5. Hesse. The grand duke issues 
a prescript censuring the persecutors 
of Jews. [Dr. Stdcker, an anti-Semitic 
preacher, resigns the chaplaincy of the 
Prussian court in consequence. 

Dec. 7. Berlin. Pastor Kritzinger is 
appointed court chaplain. 

1891 Mar. 22. Berlin. The founda- 
tion of the Kaiser Wilhelm Memorial 
Chapel is laid with elaborate ceremo- 
nies. 

Aug. 15. Rome. Pope Leo approves the 
exhibition of the Holy Coat in the 
Cathedral of Treves as laudable and op- 
portune, and promises indulgences to 
pilgrims. [Aug. 20. It is exhibited. 
Sept. 5. A nail from the true cross is 
added. Oct. 3. Closed. Much money 
received.] 

Sept. 1. W. Prus. The conference of 
German Catholic societies assembles 
in Danzig, resolves that the time lias 
come to convoke an International 
Catholic Congress to consider the res- 
toration of temporal power to the 
Pope, and appoints a committee of ar- 
rangements. 

LETTERS. 

1890 May * Berlin. A motion to ex- 
clude Jews from public schools is 
passed in Upper House of Prussian Diet. 

June 10. Prince Bismarck attributes 
disaffection in Germany and Russia to 
over-education. 

Dec. 4. Berlin. The Emperor William 
speaks on the educational system. 

[The speech has amarked effect upon 
school methods. The School Reform 
Committee votes unanimously to substi- 
tute modern for ancient languages in all 
lower classes, andto make other changes 
in accord with the emperor's ideas.] 

* * Deutsche Kaiserlieder, by A. Moeser, 
appears. 

* * Eva and Alexandria, by Yoss, appear. 

* * Lebensmachte, by S. Millow, appears. 

* * SMrnvr, by Dab.n, appears. 

* * Walirheit, by K. Frenzel, appears. 

* * Schulter an Schulter, by H. Heiberg, 
appears. 

* * Unsehnbar, by Marie Von Ebner-Esch- 
enbach, appears. 

* * History of the Moor sin Spain ,by Count 
Adolf Schack, appears. 

* * Lebensbilder, by M. Carriere, appears. 

* * Geschichte der GriXndung des neuen 
deittschen lieichs, by H. von Sybel, ap- 
pears. 

1891 Aug. 9. Berlin. Six schools are 
opened for training Socialistic laborers. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Feb. * Westphalia mine-owners 
have founded an anti-strike insu- 
rance union with an initial capital of 
£60,000. 

Mar. 9. Berlin. The emperor confers 
the order of the Black Eagle on Herr 
von Boettcher. [Mar. 21. Also on Jules 
Simon ; June 18. Chancellor von Ca- 
privi ; June 27. Count von Hatzfeldt ; 
Nov. 22. Prof. Koch.] 



Mar. 15. Berlin. It is found that 41 
per cent of the crimes for which pris- 
oners are held in 32 German jails were 
committed under the influence of al- 
cohol. 

The first sitting of the International 
Labor Conference takes place ; tho 
Prussian Minister of commerce presides. 
[Mar. 19. The Committee favors the ex- 
clusion of children under twelve from 
factories. Mar. 22. The Children's 
Committee favors a maximum of six 
hours' labor for children under 14 years 
of age.] 

Mar. 21. Saxony. Several Hebrews 
are arrested in Leipsic on the charge 
of treason. 

Mar. 22. Prince Bismarck declines 
the dukedom offered him by Emperor 
William. [Apr.* He says, " I prefer to 
hear the name my work has made fa- 
mous — Bismarck."] 

Apr. 1. Westphalia. More than 1,800 
greetings and several car-loads of pres- 
ents are sent to Prince Bismarck on 
his 75th birthday. 

Apr. 21. Berlin. Strikes occur. 

May 4. Strikes prevail in many cities. 

May 23. Saxe- Weimar. Prince "Wil- 
liam is pronounced a bankrupt through 
gambling. 

May 31. Emperor William opposes the 
removal of the anti- Socialist law. 

May * Over 50,000 workmen are on 
strike; employers in Leipsic and Berlin 
form a union to tight the strikers. 

June 2. Berlin. Emperor William 
warns Prince Bismarck to stop his 
press utterances, or serious results may 
follow. 

June 12. Bremen. American riflemen 
arrive at Bremenhafen. 

Aug. 26. Berlin. Socialists hold a great 
mass-meeting ; 7,000 are present at mid- 
night. 

Sept. 30. Berlin. Great rejoicing oc- 
curs over the expiration of the anti- 
Socialist law; many exiles return. 

Oct. 12. Pr. Saxony. The Socialist 
Congress opens in Halle ; 366 delegates 
are present. [Oct. 18. Closes.] 

Nov. 9. Pr. Saxony. The shoe man- 
ufacturers at Erfurt declare a lockout 
against 3,000 men. 

Nov. 12. Berlin. Emperor William 
makes a personal gift to Prof. Koch of 
8250,000 for the prosecution of his stud- 
ies, and an equal amount to establish a 
national institute for the production of 
the lymph used in Koch's method. 

Nov. 19. Berlin. Princess Victoria of 
Prussia and Prince Adolphus of Schaum- 
burg-Lippe are married. 

Nov. * Minister von Gossler gives 850,000 
for the creation of a special hospital for 
the treatment of consumption by the 
Koch method. 

1891 Mar. 11. Berlin. The Reich stag 
rejects the petition to admit women to 
the liberal professions. 

Apr. 8. Bavaria. Troops quell a labor 
disturbance, in which 25 men are more 
or less seriously injured. 

Apr. 24. Westphalia. A strike of 10,- 
000 miners occurs at Dortmund. 



GERMANY. 



1890, Feb. *-1891, Sept. 9. 835 



May 24. Baron Hirsch proposes to buy 
5,000,000 acres of land in the Argentine 
Republic for a Jewish Colony. 

June 11. Bremen. Strikers become 
riotous. 

July 30. Berlin. Tlie Deutscbe Bank 
loses $295,000 by a clerk's frauds. 

Aug. 16. Berlin. An International 
Social Workmen's Congress opens. 

Sept. 5. Berlin. Tbe centenary of 
Meyerbeer is celebrated. 

STATE. 

1890 Mar. IS. Berlin. Prince Bis- 
marck, chancellor and foreign minister, 
and Count Bismarck, regent of Hanover, 
both tender their resignations. 

Gen. von Caprivi is selected as Bis- 
marck's successor as chancellor. 

Mar. 20. Berlin. The emperor makes 
Prince Bismarck duke of Lauenberg 
and colonel-general of cavalry, and ap- 
points Count Herbert Bismarck min- 
ister of foreign affairs. 

Mar. 25. Berlin. Count Herbert Bis- 
marck resigns, and Herr von Alvens- 
laben is nominated to succeed him. 
[Mar. 26. Declined.] 

Apr. 4. Home. The Vatican instructs 
the papal nuncio in Berlin and Bishop 
Kopp to act with, the Centrist party, 
and to yield to the Government ol. no 
point without obtaining an adequate 
concession. 

Apr. 25. Berlin. The Bundesrath re- 
peals the law of 1874, by which priests 
failing to comply with, the May Laws 
rendered themselves liable to imprison- 
ment. 

Apr. * Berlin. The Government asks 
the new Reichstag for a military credit 
of about 50,000,000 marks. 

May 3. Berlin. The peace-footing bill 
for the army adds 5,000 to the infantry, 
6,000 to the artillery, and adds 54 bat- 
teries to the field artillery. 

May 7. Berlin. Yon Levetzow is elected 
president of the Reichstag. 

May 20. Berlin. The Labor Bill is 
discussed by the Reichstag. 

It prohibits labor on Sundays and holidays, 
and the employment of children under 13 in 
factories. Women wUl not be allowed to 
work at night, or after ry.'M) o'clock on Satur- 
day evenings or on the eve of holidays. The 
hours of work for women are limited to 11. 
The bill also provides for the protection of 
the life and health of workers, and for pun- 
ishment for a breach of contract by master 
or man by a tine paid to the injured party. 

May 36. Berlin. Bismarck's state- 
ments to correspondents of newspapers 
incense the emperor. 

May 27. Berlin. Dr. von Scholz, min- 
ister of finance, resigns his office. 

May * Berlin. The new army budget 
shows that a large increase in the army 
is to be made at a cost of 18,000,000 marks. 

June 3. Berlin. The Factory BiU is 
amended in the Reichstag to provide for 
the closing of factories from midnight 
of Saturdays till six o'clock on Mon- 
days. Vote, 15-10. 

The Catholics in tbe Lower House of the 
Reichstag demand that the church authori- 
ties have full power to dispose of its funds; 
it is opposed by Minister Von Gossler as be- 
ing politically impossible, even with specific 
stipulations as to how the money appropri- 
ated should be employed. 



Germany, France, Russia, and Switzer- 
land have signed the treaty for the re- 
pression of anarchy. 

June 4. Berlin. The Clerical Fund 
Bill is passed in the Prussian Lower 
House. 

June 13. Berlin. Germany and Moroc- 
co sign a commercial convention. 

The Reichstag makes an African grant 
of 4,5 00,000 marks. 

June 17. England and Germany define 
the boundaries of their respective pos- 
sessions in Africa, with concessions 
on both sides. 

June 26. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects 
all amendments to the Army Bill, but 
passes the first paragraph, which fixes 
the peace effective force at 436,983 men 
until April, 1S94. Vote, 16-12. 

June 27. Berlin. Gen. V. du Vernois, 
minister of war, resigns. 

The Sultan cedes the Zanzibar coast 

to Germany. 

June 30. Berlin. Herr Miguel, leader 
of the National Liberals, is appointed 
minister of finance. 

July 1. Berlin. The Anglo-German 
Agreement, concerning African pos- 
sessions, is signed by Chancellor von 
Caprivi and Dr. Krauel for Germany, 
and Sir E. B. Malet and Sir Percy An- 
derson for England. 

July * A second large expedition of 
2,000 persons is sent to Africa to take 
possession of German lands. 

Aug. 10. Emperor "William arrives at 
Heligoland, and takes possession. 

Aug. 22. Constantinople. A treaty of 
commerce between Turkey and Ger- 
many is signed. 

Sept. 13. Emperor William accepts the 
extension of the Triple Alliance 
Treaty to May, 1897. 

Oct. 3. A treaty is signed by Germany 
and the Sultan of Zanzibar. 

Germany obtains the coasting-trade 
along the east coast of Africa on pay- 
ment of 4,000,000 marks to the sultan. 

Oct. 6. Berlin. The appointment of 
Gen. von Kaltenborn Strachan as 
minister of war is officially announced. 

* * Colonies are to be planted in South- 
west Africa, Morocco, and Tripoli. 

Dec. 5. Berlin. In the Reichstag the 
Center party moves to repeal the law 
excluding Jesuits from Germany. 

Dec. 8. Berlin. The hill providing for 
the defense of Heligoland passes its 
third reading in the Reichstag ; the So- 
cialist members oppose it. 

The Government recognizes the Re- 
public of Brazil. 

1891 Jan. 14. Berlin. An uproar is 
occasioned in the Reichstag by Herr 
Helldorf protesting against Herr Rich- 
ter's " coarse and vulgar attack upon 
Prince Bismarck." 

Jan. 22. Berlin. In the Reichstag a mo- 
tion is made to repeal the prohibitions 
on American pork and bacon imports. 
[Jan. 23. Defeated. Vote, 133-103. Sept. 
3, Repealed.] 

Feb. 28. Alsace-Lorraine. A decree by 
the governor announces that passport 
regulations referring to Alsace-Lor- 



raine will be carried out to the fullest 
extent. [July 9. Relaxed.] 

Mar. 11. Berlin. The resignation of Dr. 
von Gossler, minister of public works, is 
accepted. [The minister of public wor- 
ship also resigns.] 

The Reichstag rejects the petition to 
admit women to the liberal profes- 
sions. 

Mar. 18. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- 
privi removes the embargo placed upon 
American cattle landed at Hamburg. 

Apr. 6. Berlin. The Government de- 
cides to withdraw its embargo against 
American pork. 

Apr. 30. Hanover. Bismarck is re- 
turned to the Reichstag. 

May 3. The Austro-German commercial 
treaty is signed, to remain in force for 
12 years from February, 1892. 

May 9. Berlin. The Reichstag passes 
the Sugar Bill, the Spirit Taxation 
Bill, the Koch Institute Endowment 
Bill, and adjourns to Nov. 11. 

June 11. Berlin. Herr Brandenburg, 
a member of the Center party in Ber- 
senbrueck, is elected to succeed Dr. 
Windthorst in the Reichstag. 

The Russo-German treaty negotia- 
tions are ruptured. 

June 20±. A great Center European 
Customs League is formed by Ger- 
many, Austria, Hungary, Italy, and 
Switzerland. 

June 28. Berlin. Emperor William an- 
nounces the renewal for six years of the 
triple defensive alliance of Germany, 
Austro-Hungary, and Italy. 

July 30. Berlin. The imperial budget 
for 1890-91 shows a surplus of 15,14S,201 
marks over the estimates. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 Feb. * Hanover is made an Im- 
perial capital residence. 

Mar. 7. Silesia. A meat famine oc- 
curs at Breslau. The law excludes 
American pork, and the native product 
is insufficient. 

Mar. 26+. Berlin. Prince Bismarck 
leaves Berlin permanently for his coun- 
try home at Friedrichsruhe. 

May 16. Bavaria. Thirty-six children 
are drowned while returning from con- 
firmation at Ratisbon by the upsetting 
of a ferryboat while crossing the Oder. 

June 21. Hesse. The 450th anniversary 
of tbe invention of the art of printing 
commences at Mentz. 

Aug. 11. Rk. Prus. At Crefeld a house 
falls during a heavy storm, and 13 per- • 
sons are killed and 20 injured. 

Aug. 22. Berlin. Several cases of chol- 
era appear. 

Nov. 1. Bremen. Within a week 11,- 
000 Polish Jews arrive on their way 
to Brazil. 

1891 Jan. 3. Rli. Prus. Sixteen per- 
sons are killed and 10 wounded by a coal- 
shaft explosion near Diisseldorf. 

Jan. 25. Fifty-two persons are killed by 
a coal-mine explosion at Geleeiikir- 
chen. 

Feb. 5. Hamburg. A new Southwest 
African Company, with a capital of 
20,000,000 marks, is formed. 

Mar. 31. Berlin. Influenza is preva- 
lent. [Dec. 3.+ Epidemic] 

Aug. 12. Berlin. The action of the 
Russian ukase in prohibiting the export 
of rye causes a sensation ; rye bp comes 
dearer than wheat. 



836 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. GERMANY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Apr. 7. Berlin. The Government 
decides to adopt the Maxim gun, and 
orders 180 for use in the navy. 

Oct. 24. Berlin. The peace effective of 
the army is fixed at 492,0GS, and its war 
strength reorganization is at 4,400,000. 

1893 Aug. 3. Two officers and seven 
men are killed and 17 injured by an ex- 
plosion on the war-ship Baden at Kiel. 

1894 Sept. 30. Non-commissioned ar- 
tillery officers (1S3) are arrested on the 
charge of anarchism. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1892 Jan. 5. Dr. Pfeiffer, son-in-law of 
Prof. Koch of Berlin, discovers the in- 
fluenza bacillus, the smallest bacillus 
yet discovered, also the original cause 
of infection. 

1893 May 1. Berlin. The standard 
time for the empire is fixed to longitude 
15° east of Greenwich. 

Oct. 18. Bremen. A statue of Em- 
peror "William I. is unveiled by the 
emperor. 

1894 July 24. A monument to the 
memory of Field Marshal Von Bllicher 
is inaugurated near Caub, where he 
crossed the Rhine into France on the 
New Year's night of 1S14. 

Sept. 4. E, Prus. Emperor "William un- 
veils a monument to the memory of his 
grandfather at Konigsberg. [Oct. 16. 
Another at Wiesbaden.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891 Oct. 6. Charles I., King of Wiirtem- 
berg, A68. 

1892 Jan. 7. Brueke, Ernest W., physiol- 
ogist, A73. 

Jan. 26. Ludoviea, Duch. of Bavaria, A83. 
Mar. 13. Hesse, Cram I imkeof, A55. 
Apr. 19. Bodenstoilt, Frieilrx-h, poet, jour- 
nalist, A73. 
Oct. 12. Buclier, Lothar, statesman, A75. 
Dec. 6. Siemens, Ernest W., electric, A76. 

1893 Jan.* Ratibor, Duke of (House of 
Hohenlohe), A74. 

Apr. 16. Bismarck-S chier stein, Count 

von, Friedrich August Ludwig, councilor 

of legation, A83. 
May 8. Adolphua George, Prince Schaum- 

burg-Lippe, A76. 
June 5. Hefele, Charles Joseph von, 

bishop of Koth-'iiluirij, e.-rl. hist., A84. 
Aug, 22. Ernest II., Duke of Sase-C'o- 

burg-Gotha, A75. 
Dec. 16. Michelet, Karl L., phil., A92. 

1894 Feb. 6. Billroth, Theodore, surgeon, 
A63. 

Feb. 12. Biilow, Hans Guido von, pianist, 
composer, A64. 

July 4:. Dillman, Christian F. A., theolo- 
gian, orientalist, A71. 

July 24. Brunn, Henry, archeologist, A72. 

Sept. 9. Helmholtz, Hermann L. F. von, 
physiologist, naiunil philosopher, A73. 

Nov. 21. Saxe- Weimar-Eisenach, Duke of, 



A50. 



CHURCH. 



1893 Apr. 23. Borne. The Pope re- 
ceives the emperor and empress, and 
has a long interview with the emperor. 

May 9. Rome. Pope Leo receives 500 
German Catholic pilgrims. 

* * Archbishop Philip Krementz of Co- 
logne is made a cardinal priest. 

* * Prus. George Kropp, archbishop of 
Breslau, is consecrated a cardinal priest. 



LETTERS. 

1891* * Haubenlerche, by "Wildenbruch, 
appears. 

* * Einsame Menschen, by Gerhardt 
Hauptmann, appears. 

* * Sodom's Elide, by H. Sudermann, ap- 
pears. 

* *EineNeue Welt, by H. Bulthaup, ap- 
pears. 

* * Aus Eiserner Zeit, by Spielhagen, 
appears. 

* * Das Zweite Gesicht, by Oscar Bluinen- 
thal, appears. 

* * Tino-Moralt, by Walter Siegfried, ap- 
pears. 

* * Steinerne Gast, by Rudolph von Gott- 
schall, appears. 

* * Letzte Rottenburgern, by Louise von 
Francois, appears. 

* * Geschichfi der Pdpste der Renaissance, 
by Ludwig Pastor, appears. 

1892 * * Romischen Vignetten, by Marie 
Eugenie dell Grazie, appears. 

* * Seitab vom Wege, by Hans Hoffmann, 
appears. 

* * Jenseifs von Gu t und Base, by Friedrich 
Nietzsche, appears. 

* * Heimat, by Hermann Sudermann, ap- 
pears. 

* * Der Meister von Palmyra, by Adolf 
"Wilbrandt, appears. 

* * Merlin, by Paul Heyse, appears. 

* * Sonntags kind, by Spielhagen, appears. 
1893* * Hannelle Mattern's Himmel- 

fahrl, by Gerhardt Hauptmann, appears. 

* * New Poems, by Hermann Hango, ap- 
pears. 

* * Poems, by D. Saul, appears. 

* * Erster Friihling, by Maurice Reinhold 
von Stern, appears. 

* * Vestigia Leonis, by Richard Nord- 
hausen, appears. 

* * Gldnzendes Elend, by Hans Hopfen, 
appears. 

* * Melusine, by Paul Heyse, appears. 

* * Geschiclite der Malen • i im 7i<:u7izeknten 
Jahrhundert, by Richard Muther, ap- 
pears. 

1894 * * Robespierre, by Marie Eugenie 
delle Grazie, appears. 

* * Faust und Prometheus, by Hermann 
Hango, appears. 

* * The SchmettrrliugssrJiackt, by Suder- 
mann, appears ; also Es war. 

* * Stumme des Himmels, by Spielhagen, 
appears. 

* * Donna Lionarda, by Paul Heyse, ap- 
pears. 

* * Der Ring des Frangipani, by Henry 
Thode, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 Sept. 21. Pr. Saxony. The Con- 
gress of Naturalists and Physicians, 
consisting of 1,215 delegates, including 
280 women, opens at Halle. 

1892 Feb. 1. The police arrest 20 An- 
archists. 

Mar. 4. IF. Prus. A riot occurs in Dan- 
zig, the rioters looting simps and wagons. 

June 21. Vienna. Count Herbert Bis- 
marck and Countess Margarethe Hoyes 
are married. 

Nov. 1. Berlin. The Arbeit er Zeitung . an 
Anarchist newspaper, is suppressed. 

1893 Jan. 8. Rh. Prus. An attempt is 
made near Iiouplc to blow up the Cologne ■ 
express with a dynamite bomb. 

Jan. 10. Prus. Princess Marie of Edin- 
burgh and Prince Ferdinand are mar- 
ried at Sigmaringen. 



Jan. 25. Berlin. Emperor "William's 
sister Priin'css Margaret is married to 
Prince Frederick Charles of Hesse. 

Oct. 23. Rh. Prus. The National Con- 
gress of Social Democrats opens at 
Cologne. 

Nov. 6. Berlin. The Emperor "Wil- 
liam issues an edict against gambling; 
in the army. 

Nov. 27. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- 
privi receives at his official residence a 
bos containing an infernal machine. 
[Nov. 28. Another is sent to the Em- 
peror "William ; both are from Orleans, 
France.] 

Dec. 11. Berlin. Two persons are in- 
jured by an infernal machine. 

1894 Jan. 26. Berlin. Prince Bis- 
marck is received with tremendous pop- 
ular enthusiasm ; the emperor greets 
him with great warmth, and pays him 
notable honors. 

Feb. 19. Emperor "William visits Prince 
Bismarck at Friedrichsruhe. 

Mar. 25. Emperor William decrees that 
the 25th anniversary of Sedan Day 
shall be celebrated by the creation of a 
new order, to be called The Veterans 
of 1870, the medals to be worn only by 
soldiers who fought at the front. 

Apr. 19. The marriage of the Grand 
Duke of Hesse and Princess Victoria 
Melita of Saxe-Coburg takes place at 
Coburg. 

June 22. Emperor "William causes the 
arrest of Imperial Chamberlain Von 
Kotze for sending scandalous anony- 
mous letters through the mails. 

Oct. 21. The German-Socialist Con- 
gress opens at Frankfort-on-the-Main. 

Oct. 28. Berlin. The Sunday closing 
law is strictly enforced ; many trades 
which did their best business on Sunday 
have suffered heavy losses. 

Oct. 29. Emperor William confers dec- 
orations upon Gen. von Caprivi and 
Count Eulenburg. 

STATE. 

1891 Nov. 5. Berlin. An official de- 
cree is issued permitting the importation 
of American and British cattle into 
Germany. 

Dec. 1. Berlin. The German posses- 
sions in Southwest Africa are sold to a 
syndicate for 3,750,000 marks. 

Dec. 18. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts 
the commercial treaties with Alistro- 
Hungary, Italy, and Belgium. 

1892 Jan. 23 ±„ Active opposition to 
the emperor's Sectarian Education 
Bill arises throughout the empire. 

Feb. 10. Berlin. In the Reichstag the 
Center withdraws its demand that the 
Jesuits should be allowed to return. 

Mar. 1. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- 
privi is defeated in the Reichstag on 
naval estimates. 

Mar. 21. Berlin. Count von Zedlitz's 
resignation from the Cabinet is accepted. 
fMar. 24. Dr. von Posse succeeds him.] 

Mar. 23. Berlin. Count Eulenberg ac- 
cepts the premiership. 



GERMANY. 1891, Sept. 21-1894, Dec. 15. 837 



Apr. 1. Berlin. The Lower House of 
the Landtag passes the Guelph Fund 
Bill. 

May 16. Berlin. The Government 
agrees to take part in the International 
Silver Conference. 

Aug. 9. Herr Herrfuth, minister of the 
interior, resigns. 

Sept. 24. Berlin. The Federal author- 
ities yield assent to the proposition for 
two years' service in the army. 

Sept. 29. Berlin. The Social Demo- 
crats win in the municipal elections. 

Dec. 6. Berlin. The majority of the 
members of the Center of the Reichstag 
vote to support the Army Bill. 

It fixes the strength of the peace effec- 
tive at 492,068 men, the war strength at 
4,400,000 ; the time of service is generally 
reduced to two years. 

Dec. 12. Berlin. In the Reichstag Chan- 
cellor von Caprivi announces that Ger- 
many will adhere to the gold standard. 

1893 Feb. 18. Popular agitation in 
favor of the Army Bill is increasing. 

Mar. 17. Berlin. The Reichstag Com- 
mittee rejects the second reading of the 
Army Bill, and adjourns till after 
Easter. 

May 6. Berlin. The Army Bill i: re- 
jected. Voted, 210-102. The emperor 
dissolves the Reichstag ; Chancellor von 
Caprivi goes to Potsdam to tender his 
resignation ; new elections are appointed 
to be held June 15. 

May 23. The Center party declares 
against the Army Bill. 

July 4. Berlin. The new Reichstag is 
opened by Emperor "William, who urges 
the importance of passing the Army 
Bill immediately. 

July 7. Berlin. Chancellor von Caprivi 
introduces the amended Army Bill in 
the Reichstag. 

July 13. Berlin. The first article of the 
Army Bill, fixing for two years the 
peace effective at 479,229 men, is passed 
by the Reichstag by a vote of 198 to 187. 

July 15. Berlin. The Army Bill is 
passed by the Reichstag by a vote of 
200-183, in the fullest house ever known. 

July 28. Berlin. The Federal Council 
resolves to increase the duties on im- 
ports from Russia 50 per cent. 

Aug. 22. Saxe - Coburg - Gotha. Duke 
Ernst dies ; he left no children, and the 
Duke of Edinburgh, the second son of 
Queen Victoria, is formally recognized 
as the ruler of the duchy. 

Sept. 8. Berlin. Emperor William or- 
ders that all the exceptional laws en- 
forced in Alsace and Lorraine since 
the war shall be abolished. 

Sept. 19. Berlin. Emperor William ap- 
points Gen. Brousart Schellendorf as 
minister of war in place of Gen. von 
Kaltenborn-Strachan, resigned. 

Chancellor von Caprivi and the papal 
nuncio agree, if the Centrists will sup- 
port the Government, concessions "will 
be granted on the educational ques- 
tion, and the Catholic orders will be 
readmitted into Germany. 



Oct. 23. Bit. Prus. The National Con- 
gress of Socialists opens in Cologne. 

Dec. 1. Berlin. The Reichstag votes, by 
a majority of 37, to revoke the decree 
expelling the Jesuits from Germany. 

1894 Jan. 16. Bavaria. The Upper 
House decides to depose the insane 
King Otho, and transfer the crown to 
Prince Luitpold, the regent and heir 
presumptive. 

Mar. 10. Berlin. The Reichstag adopts 
the first part of the Kusso-German 
Treaty. Vote, 200-146. 

Apr. 16. Berlin. The bill permitting 
the Jesuits to return passes its third 
reading in the Reichstag. Vote, 168-145. 

Apr. 19. Berlin. The Reichstag passes 
the Bourse Taxation BUI. 

June 6. The German Imperial Silver 
Commission adjourns without having 
agreed on any solution of the silver 
problem. 

June 8. Berlin. Dr. Lieber, leader of 
the Clerical party, resigns from the 
Reichstag. 

July 9. Berlin. The Bundesrath rejects 
the bill passed by the Reichstag to re- 
peal the anti-Jesuit laws, but approves 
the admission of the Redemptorists. 

July 12. Germany declares a tariff war 
against Spain. 

Sept. 25+. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- 
privi no longer opposes severe repressive 
measures against Anarchists and So- 
cialists. 

Oct. 14. Germany rejects England's pro- 
posals to join the powers in intervention 
in the China- Japanese war. 

Oct. 26. Berlin. Chancellor von Ca- 
privi resigns his office, and Count 
Botho zu Eulenberg resigns as presi- 
dent of the Council. 

Prince von Hohenlohe-Schillings- 

fiirst is appointed imperial chancellor, 
also premier of Prussia. 

Nov. 7. Germany formally recognizes 
the Hawaiian Republic. 

Nov. 14. Berlin. The anti-Anar- 
chist Bill is introduced in the Bundes- 
rath ; it is drastic in its provisions. 

Dee. 6. Berlin. An exciting scene oc- 
curs in the Reichstag, caused by the 
refusal of the Socialists to cheer for the 
emperor. 

Dec. 10. Berlin. Baron von Ber- 
lespsch, minister of commerce, tenders 
his resignation because the Ministry re- 
jects bills he drafted. 

Dec. 14. Berlin. The Anti-Kevolu- 
tionist Bill is introduced in the German 
Reichstag. 

Dec. 15. Berlin. The Reichstag rejects 
the Government's proposal to prose- 
cute the Socialists for lese-majesty. 
Vote, 168-58. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Feb. 13. Afr. The German col- 
onization of New Guinea is a complete 
failure. 

Aug. 13. Berlin. Emperor William has 
withdrawn all official support to the 
proposed Berlin exposition. 



Aug. 23. Hamburg. The authorities 
acknowledge the presence of Asiatic 
cholera. 

Aug. 29. Cholera appears at Bremen ; 
there is an apparent abatement in Ham- 
burg. 

Aug. 31. Hamburg. The cholera is 
becoming worse. [Sept. 2. There are 
upwards of 600 new cases of cholera. 
Sept. 6. Cholera cases increase. Sept. 
14. Total cases of cholera from Aug. 
17 to this day amount to 15,663, of which 
6,764 proved fatal ; the House of Bur- 
gesses appeals to the Senate for a grant 
of 1,000,000 marks for relief purposes.] 

Sept. 29. New cases of cholera are re- 
ported in Berlin ; the disease is decreas- 
ing in Hamburg. [Oct. 9. Only two 
new cases at Hamburg.] 

Oct. 1. Berlin. The private bank of 
Schultz fails, with liabilities amount- 
ing to 30,000,000 marks. 

Oct. 4. Berlin. In the long-distance 
ride between Berlin and Vienna, Lieut. 
Miklos (Austrian) and horse arrive first 
at Berlin, and Prince Leopold (German) 
and horse arrive first at Florisdorf. 



Oct. 17. Hamburg. The official figures 
show that there have been 17,%ii eases 
and 7,508 deaths from cholera in Ham- 
burg. [Oct. 18, eight; Oct. 19, 11: Oct. 
25, 25 ; Oct. 26, 6 ; Oct. 28, seven ; Nov. 2, 
none.] 

Nov. 2. Hamburg is officially declared 
to be free from cholera. 

Dec. 3. The steamer Spree is heard from ; 
she had broken her shaft when 1,000 
miles out, and was towed into Queens- 
town by the steamer Lake Huron. 



Dec. 15. Hamburg. In one week 28 
cases of cholera occur with two deaths. 
(Dec. 16, new cases ; Dec. 22, four ; 
Dec. 25, new cases ; Dec. 27, two deaths ; 
Dec. 29, two cases ; Dec. 30, seven cases.] 

1893 Jan. 1. W. Prus. Several per- 
sons are frozen to death at Thorn and 
other places on the Vistula. 

Jan. 18. Pr. Saxony. Seven deaths from 
cholera are reported in the lunatic 
asylum at Halle. 

Jan. 21. Seventeen new cases of cholera 
are reported at the Neitleben Lunatic 
Asylum. [Jan. 29. Four new cases at 
Altona ; one death at Hamburg.] 

Jan. 28. Berlin. A fire causes a loss of 
two million marks. 

Apr. 18. Prus. A fire in the Hohen- 
zollern Palace at Siyinaringen destroys 
many works of art. 

June 18. Fr. The bodies of Prussians 
who fell at Stall in 1870 are delivered 
by French to German troops, and taken 
across for reburial. 

Aug. 15. Berlin. Cholera appears. 

Aug. 19. Explosions in two coal-pits 
kill 57 miners, and wound many others. 

Aug. 27. The business depression con- 
sequent upon the tariff war between 
Germany and Russia is increasing. 

Sept. 7. The authorities officially pro- 
claim the Rhine to be infected with 
cholera, and bathing in it has been for- 
bidden. 

Sept. 10. Four new cases of cholera 
are discovered in Berlin. [Sept. 20, 10; 
Sept. 21, three ; Sept. 23, 14 cases ; Sept. 
30, three deaths.] 

Oct. 1. Three new cases of cholera and 
one death are reported in Hamburg. 

Oct. 10. A policeman and a sanitary 
official are killed in a cholera riot in 
St. Paul, a suburb of Hamburg. 

Oct. 14. Berlin reports eight cases of 
cholera with five deaths. 



838 1862, **-l894, Oct. 30. GERMAN EAST AFRICA. 

German East Africa is a dependency of the empire, lying near the equatorial region, between the Indian Ocean and the 
Great Lakes ; its government is administered by an Imperial officer. Area, 3SO,000± square miles ; population, 1,760,000+. 



EXPLORATION — ARMY — STATE. 

1866 Mar. 22. David Livingstone 
ascends the Rovuma River. [1SG9. Mar. 
14. Livingstone reaches Ujiji, " a ruckle 
of bones." 1871. Oct 13. He returns to 
Ujiji. Oct. IS. H. M. Stanley, thecorre- 
spondentof the New York Herald, finds 
Livingstone at Ujiji. 1871-72. They ex- 
plore the north end of Lake Tangan- 
yika. 1S72. Mar. 15. They part at Un- 
yanyembe. Aug. 15. Livingstone leaves 
Unyanyembe for Lake Bangweolo. 1874. 
He visits Lake Tanganyika"] 

1867 * * Lake Tanganyika is discov- 
ered by John H. Speke. 

1887 * * Lieut. Wissmann arrives at 
Zanzibar after crossing the continent. 

18S8 * * The German East African 
Company acquire from the Sultan of 
Zanzibar a lease of the coast for 50 
years, with rights to all duties and tolls. 
This territory, with other concessions in 
Masai-land, constitutes a protectorate. 

Jan. 12. The natives under Bushiri., 
the Arab chief, attack the German mis- 
sion-station at Dar-es-Salaam, near Bag- 
amoyo, but are repulsed with heavy loss. 
[They capture and reenslave 100± freed 
natives : German missionaries are cap- 
tured. Jan.22+. The fighting continues; 
the Arabs demand that the Germans 
evacuate the coast. Jan. 25. The Arabs 
are defeated.] 

Jan. 21±. Berlin. Lieut. "Wissmann is 
appointed Imperial Commissioner for 
German East Africa. [Apr. 6. Assumes 
command.] 

3Teb. 8. Complete anarchy prevails 
along the coast. 

The Catholic missionaries are released 
by Bushiri on payment of a ransom of 
0,000 marks by the Germans. 

Mar. 3. The Germans recapture Baga- 
moyo. 

Mar. 6. Capt. "Wissmann punishes the 
Kibosh tribe. 

Mar. 10. H. M. Stanley meets Tippoo 
Tib at Ujiji. 

Mar. 22. A German force attacks Saa- 
daui. [Mar. 28. They burn KondutchL] 

May 10. Capt. Wissmann captures 
Chief Bushiii's camp. [June 7. He de- 
feats the Arabs.] 

1889 June 1. Germans proclaim war 
against the revolting natives north of 



July 9. Capt. "Wissmann attacks the 
Arabs with gunboats, and occupies 
Pangani without loss. [July 10. Shells 
and takes Tanga.] 

Sept. 6. Capt. "Wissmann with 400 men 
starts for Mpwapwa to punish Bushiri 
for killing Officer Nielsen of the East 
African Company. 

Sept. 11. Capt. "Wissmann offers £5,000 
reward for the head of Chief Bushiri, he 
having threatened to destroy the mis- 
sions in the interior. [Oct. 22. Bushiri's 
camp is surprised by a German force. 
Oct. 26. Capt. "Wissmann defeats Bushiri. 
Dec. 10. Again defeated. Dec. 17. Bu- 
shiri is captured and hanged.] 



Oct. 27. Vitu is captured and burned. 

~Nov. 4. Capt. Wissmann's expedition 
encounters 6,000 Bushiri, and repulses 
the natives, who suffer great loss. 

Nov. 12. The New York Herald sends 
an expedition, escorted by Capt. "Wiss- 
mann, to meet Henry M. Stanley. 

Dec. 4. Stanley and Emin Pasha arrive 
at Bagamoyo from Central Africa. 

1890 Jan. 6±. Capt. "Wissmann routs 
the Arabs, and captures/ one of their 
strongholds. 

Jan. 16. Thousands of Arabs accept the 
German offer of amnesty, and come to 
the coast at Zanzibar. 

Apr. 2. Emin Pasha arrives at Zanzi- 
bar. 

Apr. 7±. The German flag is raised in 
the territories of the Sultan of Man- 
dara, following the mission of Lieut. 
Ehlers. 

Apr. 30. Capt. "Wissmann leaves Baga- 
moyo with a large force to attack Kil- 
wa. [May 4. Bombards and occupies 
the town. May 13. He captures Lind.] 

May 14. Capt. "Wissmann captures Mi- 
kindani ; this places the whole coast as 
far as Zanzibar in the hands of the 
Germans. 

May 26. Capt. Wissmann leaves Zan- 
zibar for Europe. [June 23. Arrives at 
Berlin.] 

June 27. The Sultan of Zanzibar con- 
sents to cede the coast to Germany. 
[July 3. Dr. Peters arrives at Usugara. 
July 22. He leaves Zanzibar for Europe.] 

Aug. 11. The Sultan's army is defeated 
by rebel Arabs. [Aug. 20. Defeats the 
rebel Arabs at Zemmour.] 

Aug. 13. Slaves are reported to be sold 
on German territory without abatement. 

Sept. 29. Herr Von Soden is ap- 
pointed governor of German East Africa. 

Oct. 3. The Sultan of Zanzibar by treaty 
surrenders to Germany for si.iinn.uni) 
his sovereign rights over that portion 
of theEast African ('oast which is leased 
to the German East African Company. 
[Oct, 8. The Company purchase the 
whole property of the Vitu Company.] 

Nov. 19. The Sultan of Vitu raids the 
German outposts, and is repulsed with 
heavy loss. 

1891 Jan. 1. The German flag is 
formally raised at various points on the 
Zanzibar Coast, to mark its acquisition. 

Jan. 9. Emin Pasha establishes a for- 
tified station on the shore of the Victo- 
ria Nyanza. 

Jan. 31. Peace is declared in Zanzibar. 

May 16. The German government noti- 
fies the powers that Dar-es-Salaam -will 
be the capital of the German colonies 
in East Africa. 

Sept. 12. A German force defeats the 
natives, but loses 300 men, and all their 
guns and ammunition ; only two non- 
commissioned officers escape. 



Dec. 1. The German possessions in 
Southeast Africa are sold to a syndicate 
for 3,750,000 marks. 

1892 Oct. 17. The "Wahehe tribe at- 
tack the German station at Mpwapwa j 
many residents are killed or wounded. 

1893 Mar. 14. AGermanforcedefeata 
hostile natives, killing Sikki, the leader, 
and a number of his followers. [Aug. 
29. An African fortified camp is 
stormed.] 

1894 Oct. 30'. A German force storms 
and captures Kuiranga, the capital of 
the "Wahehe country. 

CHURCH — SOCIETY. 

1862* *The Universities Mission at 
Magomero, on Lake Shirwa, is moved 
to the mainland opposite Zanzibar. 

1869 * * Magila, opposite Zanzibar, be- 
comes a mission-station of Bishop Tozer. 
[1S75 * * It becomes a mission-station of 
the Universities Mission.] 

1878 * * Ujiji becomes a mission-station 
of the London Society. [1S79, Uram- 
bo ; 1887, Fwambo, near Lake Tangan- 
yika.] 

1882 * * The Moslems of Magil a in Usam- 
bara close their mosques, and become 
Christians. 

1889 Jan. 17. Arab slave-dealers kill 
eight German missionaries in Zanzibar, 
and mutilate their bodies ; they sell as 
slaves the native inmates of German 
mission-premises at Tugu, 15 miles from 
Dar-es-Salaam. 

Jan. 29. An English missionary and 1$ 
of his followers are massacred by na- 
tives. 

Feb. 27. The German missionaries held 
captive by the Arabs are liberated. 

Sept. 28. Capt. Wissmann reports that 
exportation of slaves in his territory 
has stopped. 

Oct. 30. A missionary party is massa- 
cred. 

1890 Mar. 24=. The German authori- 
ties hang a slave-dealer at Bagamoyo. 

Sept. 14. The German authorities at 
Bagamoyo publish a notice permitting 
slave-deabng, but prohibiting the ex- 
portation of slaves by sea. 

Sept. 22. A German merchant at Vitu 
and seven German employees are mas- 
sacred by natives. 

* *The English Church Missionary Soci- 
ety has a missionary station ISO miles 
inland, in the Uguru district ; another 
(Mpwapwa) 40 miles farther, in Usu- 
gara, and another (UyuiJ in the district 
of Unyanyembe. 

* * Mbweni, on the Zanzibar coast, is a 
village of 300 released slaves, with per- 
manent church, domestic! chapel, work- 
shop, traction-engine, lime-kiln, etc. 

1891 May 22. Arab slave-raids are 
frequent on the shores of Lake Tangan- 
yika. 

Dee. 16. Great cruelty is practised by 
slave-traders near Lake Tanganyika ; 
from 10 to 20 slaves are killed daily 
when they become exhausted by the 
march. 



GERMAN SOUTH-WEST AFRICA. 

German Sotjth-tvest Africa is a dependency of the empire, and comprises a territory bordering the Atlantic, and 
extending from the Orange to the Kunene Rivers. Area, 330,000 square miles ; population, about 150,000, of these 600 are 
whites. "Walfish Bay on the coast belongs to Great Britain. 



1884 * * Tbe German flag is hoisted on 
land purchased around Angra Pequefia, 
by F. A. S. Liideritz. 1885* * Here- 
roland is annexed by treaty. 1886 * * 



Portugal recognizes the boundaries. daries. 1893 * 

1838 * * Hereroland is given up. 1889 civilized chief, 

* * Hereroland is regained by force. Germans. 
1890 * * England recognizes the boun- 



fc Henric Witboy, the 
s at last defeated by the 



GREAT BRITAIN AND IRELAND. 2048b.c.-150a.d. 839 

Great Britain and Ireland is a country of "Western Europe, and classed as one of the great powers. The government 
is an hereditary constitutional monarchy, having the executive authority lodged -with the sovereign and a responsible ministry. 
The legislature consists of a Parliament of two houses ; the House of Lords having about 5G0 members, and the House of Com- 
mons, 670 members. 

The principal colonies and foreign possessions are Gibraltar, Malta, Aden, and Perim, and a protectorate along the Somali 
Coast, Bahrein Islands, British North Borneo including Brunei and Sarawak, Ceylon, Cyprus, Hongkong, India and its depen- 
dencies, Kamaran Island, Labuan, Straits Settlements, Ascension Island, Basutoland, Bechuanaland, Cape Colony, Mauritius, 
British East Africa, Natal, Niger River Territories, British Zambesia, Oil Rivers Protectorate, Saint Helena, Tristan da Cunha, 
Gold Coast, Lagos, Gambia, Sierra Leone, Zanzibar, Zululand, Bermudas, Canada, Newfoundland, Falkland Islands, British Gui- 
ana, British Honduras, Islands in the West Indies including the Bahamas, Barbados, Jamaica, Windward Islands, Leeward 
Islands, and Trinidad ; Tasmania, Victoria, New South Wales, South Australia, Queensland, Western Australia, New Zealand, 
British New Guinea ; also many groups of islands in the Pacific Ocean, including Fiji, Cook's Islands, Union, Phoenix, and Gil- 
bert Islands ; Heligoland in the North Sea is ceded to Germany in 1890. 

Area of the United Kingdom, 120,979 square miles ; population in 1891, 38,104,975. Total area of the empire and its protecto- 
rates and spheres of influence, 11,421,100 square miles ; estimated population, about 381,404,960. 

Note. — All items not having a locality word following the date are located in England. Scotland, Ireland, and Wales are designated by 
abbreviations. Many of the very early dates are of doubtful value. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

55 Aug. 26 b. c. Julius Caesar in- 
vades Britain, and encamps [on Barham 
Downs near Deal]. [54. Again invades 
it.] 

54 * * b. c. Cassivelaunus leads the 
Britons against Caesar, and is defeated. 

40* *A. d. The Roman Emperor Calig- 
ula leads a mock invasion. 

* * * "War between the Eomans and 
Britons. 

43 * * The Emperor Claudius lands an 
expedition in Britain, parades 16 days, 
then [44] returns to Rome, assumes the 
title Britannicus, and is 'worshiped as 
a god. 

45 * * [Gloucester] submits to the Ro- 
mans. 

50* * Battle of Shropshire. The Brit- 
ons are defeated by the Roman general, 
Ostorius Scapula. 

Caractacus, King of the Silures, is 
taken prisoner, through the treachery of 
Cartismandua, Queen of the Brigantes. 

* * * W, The Silures of South "Wales 
maintain an obstinate resistance to the 
Romans . 

58 * * Suetonius Paulinus commands 

the Romans. 
61 * * Britons under Boadicea revolt, 

burn London, and kill 70,000 Romans 

and strangers. 
Paulinus subdues the revolting 

Druids. 

78 * * Julius Agricola commands the 
Romans. 

He defeats and subdues the Britons in 
Anglesey, and completes the conquest of 
Britain. 

79 * * Romans establish a military sta- 
tion at Mancenion [Manchester], a 
stronghold of the Brigantes. 

81 * * Agricola builds forts between the 
Tyne and Solway to protect Britain 
against invasion from Caledonia. 

84 * * Scot. Agricola defeats Caledoni- 
ans under Galgacus in the battle of the 
Grampians. 

* * Agricola builds a line of forts from 
the Forth to the Clyde, and sends a 
fleet around the north of Scotland for 
the first time. 

121* * The Emperor Hadrian builds a 
rampart from the Tyne to the Solway. 



138 * * The Caledonians invade Britain 
and are repelled. Antoninus Pius 
commands the Romans. 

140 * * Lollius Urbicus, lieutenant of 
Antoninus, strengthens by a turf ram- 
part, called "Wall of Antoninus, the 
line of forts between the Clyde and the 
Forth. 

150± * * Ire. Tuathal organizes a 
standing army [afterwards known as 
the Fiann, or Fenians]. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 

50 b. c. — 250 a. d. London. Gothic 
architecture appears in St. Martin's 
Church, Canterbury. 

15* * b. c. London. The "London 
Stone," fixed by the Romans, is placed 
[in Cannon Street] in the center of the 
city. [1742. Removed from the oppo- 
site side of the way. 1798. Placed in 
the wall of St. Swithin's Church.] 

84 * * A. d. A Roman fleet sails round 
the north coast, and discovers Britain 
to be an island. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

62 * * Boadicea, Queen of the Iceni, dies. 



The people 
live chiefly 



clothed in skins, and 
aiilk and flesh. 



78-84 A. D. Civilization makes rapid 
progress under the mild rulo of Agri- 
cola. 



2048* * b. c. Ire. Partholan, coming 

from Greece, lands in the island. (?) 
1463* * b. c. The Darnnonii make their 



descent. 
1300* 



Ire, 



appear 



CHURCH. 

54* *B. c. The Druids serve the people 
as ministers of sacred things, teachers 
of the young, and arbiters and judges. 

* * * The Druids offer up criminals in 
sacrifice to deity. 

1st Century. A. D. St. Paul preaches in 
Britain. [Affirmed by some authorities, 
but without positive proof.] 

* * Ire. Christianity is introduced (?) 
from the East. 

LETTERS. 

1300+ B.C. Scot. — Ire. Acolonyfrom 
Spain introduces Phenician letters. 

SOCIETY. 

54** B.C. "The population is very 
great, and the buildings very nume- 
rous." (Caesar.) 

* * The Equestrian Order and the Dru- 
ids possess the power and privileges. 



Herber and Here- 
Milesian princes, come from 
Spain, and conquer the island. (?) 

1000+: * * b. c. Phenicians 
from "Western Asia. 

330 * * b. c. Scot. Camelon, King of the 
Picts, builds the castle of the " Hill of 
Edin" [Edinburgh]. (?) 

* * b. c. Scot. The monarchy is 
founded by Fergus, an Irish prince. (?) 

140 * * b. c. Scot. The southern lands 
are settled by Picts from England. 

54 * * b. c. [London] is the capital of 
of the Trinobantes. 

* * b. c. Roman rule begins under Ju- 
lius Csesar. 

4-24 A.i). Ire. Fearnidhanh-Fionfacht- 
nath reigns. (?) [24-27, Fiachadh-Fion 
(?); 127-54, Fiaehadh-FionohtidlM?); 54- 
59, Cairbre-Cincait ; 50-79, Elim (?) ; 79- 
109, Tuathal-Teachtmar. (?) He imposes 
the " boiroimhe," or cow tribute, on the 
province of Leinster. (?) 109-113, Malor 
Mail ; 113-122, Feidhlimhidh ; 122-125, 
Cathoire Mor, or the Great ; 125-145, 
Conn Ceadchadhach, the " Hero of the 
Hundred Battles;" 145-152, Condir ; 
152-182, Art-Aonfhir ; 182-212, Lughaidh 
(MacConn) ; 212-213, Fergus the Black 
Teeth.] 

Rome. Claudius Britannicus is em- 
peror. [58, Suetonius Paulinus ; SI, Duinit ian ; 
117, Hadrian; 138, .Inly 10, Antoninus Pius; 
161, Marcus Aurelius; I HO, Commortus; 193, 
Pertinax, (three months) ; later, SeptimuB 
Severus. j 

* Caractacus is leader of the native 
Britons. 



41 



61 * * Boadicea is queen of the Iceni. 
* * Londinum [London] is a large town. 

70 * * Scot. Perth is founded by Agri- 
cola [capital]. 

78 * * Agricola, the Roman consul, rules. 
Many Roman towns are built. [84. 
Recalled.] 

120 * * Hadrian is in Britain. 

140 * * Ire. Ashcled [Dublin] is built, 
and becomes the capital. (?) 



840 



156,**-580, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

184 * * Scot. TXlpius Marcellus drives 
back invading bands of Caledonians. 

207 * * Soutb Britain is invaded by tbe 
Caledonians. 

208 * * The Emperor Severus arrives 
in Britain , advances north, and strength- 
ens Hadrian's rampart by [the "Wall of 
Severus], 80 miles long. 

209 * * Severus advances to tbe Moray 
Firth, and repels tbe Caledonians. 

258 * * Scot. The Scots from Ireland 

invade Caledonia. 
296 * * The usurper AUectus is defeated 

and slain by the Romans under Asclepi- 

odotus. 



367 * * The Roman general, Theodosius, 
defeats the Saxons on the sea, in their 
first attempt to invade Britain. 

368 * * Picts and Scots devastate the 
country, and approach London, but are 
driven back by Theodosius. 

406 * * The 20th Roman legion, Vale- 
ria Victrix, evacuates [Chester]. 

410 * * The Romans finally retire from 
Britain. 

429 * * Eugenius EL of Scotland invades 
Britain. 

446 * * The Britons invoke the aid of the 
Romans against invading Picts; but 
they are struggling with the Goths, and 
decline to assist tbe Britons. 

449 * * The Saxons are invited to dwell 
in Thanet [Kent] to fight the invading 
Picts ; they come, and the Angles follow. 

455 * * Horsa the Teuton is killed in 
battle at Aylesford. 

465 * * The Britons are defeated at Wip- 
pidsfieet by the English, tbe new in- 
vaders, under Ilengist: ; and their power 
is overthrown in Northern Kent. 

473 * * Lymne in Kent is taken by the 
English. 

480 * * Kent is won by the English after 
a struggle of 30 years. 

483 * * Ire. King Oilioll is defeated 
and killed at Ocha. 



491 * * The South Saxons under JElle 
and Cissa storm Anderida [Pevensey], 
exterminate the inhabitants, and estab- 
lish the kingdom of tbe South Saxons. 

495 * * A Saxon tribe called Gewissas 
enters the great down, or Gwent, to take 
[Winchester]. 

519 * * The Britons are defeated by Cer- 
dic the Saxon at Carford. 

* * W. David orders his soldiers to place 
a leek in their caps, in honor of King 
Arthur's great victory over the Saxons. 
[It becomes the national emblem.] 

520 * * Tbe Saxons are defeated by 
Prince Arthur at Badon Hill. 

534-556 Cymric, a "West Saxon king, 

conquers [Berkshire]. 
542 * * Prince Arthur is defeated and 

killed at Comlan [Cornwall]. 



568 * * The first recorded fight in Britain 
of Englishmen against Englishmen 
occurs at Wibbandun [Wimbledon] ; 
Ethelbert, King of Kent, is defeated by 
Ceawlin, King of Wessex. 

577 * * The English under Ceawlin de- 
feat the British kings at Deorham, cap- 
ture [Bath, Gloucester, and Cirencester]. 



* * Almost incessant wars continue 
for 100 years between pagans and Chris- 
tians. 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

245 * * Many thousand acres in Lincoln- 
shire are inundated by the sea. 

253 * * An inundation in Cheshire 
causes the loss of 3,000 lives and many 
cattle. 

300 * * The country abounds in grain- 
fields and pastures. 

The tin-mines of Cornwall, the lead- 
mines of Derbyshire, and the iron-mines 
of Birmingham are worked by the Ro- 

5th Century. Aurelius Ambrosius erects 
an [alleged] sepulchral monument called 
Stonehenge, on Salisbury Plain, "Wilt- 
shire, to the memory of 460 Britons mur- 
dered by Hengist. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

311 * * Severus, Lucius Septimius, emperor, 

dies at York, A65. 
282 * * Fingal, legendary prince of Morven, 

Caledonia, born. 
293* * Carausins, usurper, murdered. 
3d Century. Ossian, Celtic bard. 



357 * * Fergus I., Kini; of Scotland., dies. 
373 * * Patrick.. Saint, missionary, patron 
saintof lre.,b. in Scot., or Fr. [460±. Di " 



Palestine. 

456 * * Horsii, Juiish chief, killed in battle. 

501 * * Fergus 1 1., king, Scot., k. in battle. 

5th Century. Vortigern, king, dies. 

621* * Columba. Saint, apostle of Caledo- 
nia, Ireland, born. [597. Dies.] 

537 * * Arthur, legendary prince, dies. 

543 * * ColinnlianiiB, Saint, Irish monk, bom. 
[615. Dies.] 

561 * * Gall, Saint, Irish theologian, bp. of 
Constance, apostle of Swiss, b. [646. d.] 

CHURCH. 

156± * * Christianity is introduced by 
Lucius, King of the Britons. [300. It 
is accepted.] 

[200+ Turtullian speaks of places 
not yet reached by the Kornans, yet sub- 
ject to Christ.] 

179* * London. The bishopric is erected 
[624, an archbishopric], also that of York. 
(Mythical.) 

212 * * Scot. Christianity is introduced. 

302 * * London. The first St. Paul's 
Church is built on the site of a temple 
to Diana. 

[It is destroyed during the persecution 
of Diocletian. 337. Rebuilt.] 

304 (?) June 23 (?). Saint Alban, the 
protomartyr of Britain, is beheaded at 
Verulam. (June 17. ?) 

314* * Fr. Three British bishops attend 
the first Council of the Church of 
Aries. 

345-500 The Arian controversy dis- 
quiets the Western Church ; contentions 
also arise concerning the celebration of 
Easter. 

347 * * British bishops attend the Coun- 
cil of Sardica. [359. Also that of 
Ariminum.] 

350 * * The see of Sodor and Man is 
erected. (Or 447.) 

* *The archbishopric of York is 
erected. 

360 * * Scot. The see of the Isles is 
erected. 



361 Apr. 23. George of Cappadocia 

is put to death after torture by Diocle- 
tian. [He is adopted as the patron saint 
of England.] 

402 * * Ire. The bishopric of Ossory is 
established. 

412* * Scot. St. Ninian establishes 
Christianity in Galloway. 

±* *Pelagius, the first British monk, 
founds the sect of Pelagians. Pelagian- 
ism disturbs the Western Church. 

429 * * The British bishops call in Sts. 
Germanian and Lupus from Gaul to re- 
fute the Pelagians at the Council of 
Verulam (St. Albans). 

430 * * Scot.— Ire. Palladius, a monk, 
is sent by the Pope to convert the Irish 
and Scots. 

432 * * Ire. St. Patrick, a Scotch monk, 
arrives, and establishes Christianity. 
[Ireland is soon known as the Island of 
the Saints.] 

* * Ire. The bishopric of Trim is cre- 
ated. [434, Killala, 444, Armagh, by St. 
Patrick ; 450, Elphin ; 454, Ardagh ; 493, 
Clogher; 499, Down ; 500+ , Ardfelt.Ag- 
hadoe, and Connor.] 

* * * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral 
is founded. 

434 * * Ire. The church of Kill ala is 

built by St. Patrick. 
450 * * Wales. The see of Llandaff , St. 

David's, is erected. [642±. Asaph.] 

* * Ire. The first cathedral at Armagh 
is built. 

5th Century. Ire. The nunnery of St. 
Bridget is founded at Kildare. 

[In a building called the fire-house, it 
is supposed, the nuns kept the inextin- 
guishable fire which existed till the 
Reformation.] 

* * * The Pelagian controversy provokes 
the disunion of the church. 

473+ * * Idolatry is revived by the 



* * Kelapse to heathenism, except in 
Wales and Cornwall [for about 150 
years]. 

The heathen Saxons invade Britain ; 
and Christianity, with its churches and 
ministers and professors, is generally 
exterminated. 

493 * * Ire. St. Patrick is buried in the 

Abbey of Saul at Down. 
500+ * * Ire. St. Cailan is consecrated 

the first bishop of Down. (?) 

* * Scot. The see of Galloway is erected. 
[5G2, Glasgow, by St. Mungo.] 

501 * * Ire. The see of Tuam is erected. 

[510, Dromore ; 516, Bangor ; 519, Kildare ; 

520, Meath ; 550, Achonry ; 534, Louth ; 

548, Clonmacnois ; 558, Clonfert (or 562) ; 

570, Ross; 598±, Ferns; 604+, Cloyne ; 

606±, Cork.] 
550± * * Ire. A church is built and a 

bishopric is established at Limerick by 

St. Munchin. 
563 * * Scot. St. Columba founds Iona. 

LETTERS. 

300 * * A. d. Scot, or Ire. Ossian, the 
Celtic bard, flourishes. 

447 * * W. St. Germain visits Wales the 
second time, and founds schools. 

473 * * The Teutonic invaders call them- 
selves Angles, or English, while the 
Celtic inhabitants call all invaders Sax- 
ons. 

516± Gildas the "Wise, the first British 
historian, flourishes ; he compiles the 
De Excidio Britannise — the subjection 
of Britain. 

577-j. * * The English language displaces 
the Welsh in nearly every part of the 
island. 



AND IRELAND. 



156,**-580, 



841 



SOCIETY. 

300 * * Public roads connect the towns, 
and facilitate the marketing of grain 
and the intercourse of the people. 

* * Owners of land dwell in towns from 
which their serfs go forth to cultivate 
the fields and tend the herds. The 
"curiales" are the aristocracy; free 
laborers abound, but slaves are more 
numerous in the Roman cities. 

449 * * The Saxons are energetic, ag- 
gressive, and practical ; they love their 
homes. 

457 * * Scot. Constantino I. is assassi- 
nated by Dougal for dishonoring his 
daughter. 

516* * Order of the Hound Table is 
instituted by Arthur. (Or 528, or 540.) 

538 * * The Council of Orleans prohibits 
Sunday labor in the country. 

580 * * Not a Briton remains on Eng- 
lish ground, all having retired before the 
conquerors, who rapidly disperse all 
over the land. 

* * * By the laws of Ethelbert, damages 
are to be paid a bishop elevenfold, a 
clerk threefold, of the value of stolen 
property. 

* * * A value is fixed on men's lives 
according to their degree, from 50 shil- 
lings to six shillings. 

* * * Slaves abound, who may be mur- 
dered or mutilated by their masters 
without accountability. 



STATE. 

208 * * Caracalla rules under his father 

Severus. 
210* * Scot. Severus concludes a treaty 

with the Caledonian chiefs. 
* * * During 70 years of peace the history 

of Britain is nearly silent. 

211 * * Rome. Caracalla is emperor. [217, 
Macrinus; '2W, II«'lk»,y:ibulus; JJ-, Alexander 
Severus; 23n, Maximums; 237, Gordianus; 
238, Balhinus; 244, Philip the Arabian; 249, 
Deeius; 251, Gallus; 253, Emilianus; later, 
Valerian.] 

213 * * Ire. Cormac Ulfada is king. 
"A prince of most excellent wisdom, and 
kept the most splendid court that ever was in 
Ireland." [He revises and codifies the an- 
cient laws of Ireland, known as the Brehon 
laws. ] 

253-254 Ire. Lughaidh-Gunait is king. 
[254-282, Cairbre Liffeachair. 282-315, 
Fiachadh.] 

360 * * Rome. Gallinus is emperor. [268, 
Claudius; 270, Aurelian the warrior; 275, 
Tacitus; 277, Probus; 2*2, Cams; 2S3, Nu- 
merian, co-regent; 2*4, Diocletian; 286, Max- 
imian, co-regent.] 

286 * * Carausius usurps sovereign au- 
thority in Britain ; it is independent of 
Rome for nine months. [292. He is 
killed by Alleetus, Ms minister, who as- 
sumes sovereign power.] 

292 * * Constantius Chlorusis assigned 
to the provinces of Britain, Gaul, and 
Spain. He overthrows Alleetus. 

296 * * Roman rule is reestablished ; 
Britain is divided into four districts. 

300 * * The active members of municipal 
bodies are the " curiales." 

There is much taxation, taxes being 
levied on polls, funerals, legacies, auc- 
tions, sales of slaves, and ores ; oppres- 
sive levies of grain, hay, and cattle are 
made. 

The Roman government is " suspi- 
cious, exclusive, rapacious, and utterly 
selfish." (Knight.) Mixed races of Ro- 
mans, British, and Teutons inhabit the 
land. 



305 * * Rome. Constantius and Gallerius 
are Augusti, co-regents. [306 July 25. 
Constantius Chlorus dies at York ; his 
son. Constantino is proclaimed emperor.] 

306 * * Rome. Maxentius is emperor ; 
four emperors reign at the same time. 
[307. Severus, Licinius, and Constantino 
are Augusti.] 

±* * London. The original walls are 
built. 

315 * * Ire. Colla Uais reigns. [319-352, 
Muireadhach Ti reach; 352-353, Caol- 
bhack; 353-300, Em-haidh M.iighmesdhin; 
360-375, Criomthan ; 375-398, Niall ; 39S- 
421, Dathy ; he is killed by a thunder- 
holt]. 

323* *Mome. Constantine the Great 
is sole emperor. [337, Constans is co- 
regent.] 

350± * *Paulus the Spaniard, infa- 
mous as a notary sent by Constantius, 
oppresses and plunders the people for 
the increase of his own wealth. 

353 * * Rome. Constantius is sole em- 
peror. 

357 * * Scot. Eugenius I., son of Fincor- 
machus, is king. 

[He is killed in battle by the Romans ; 
his death temporarily ends the kingdom 
of the Scots.] 

361 * * Rome. Julian the Apostate is em- 
peror. [363, Jovian; 364, Valentinian I.; 
Valens is en-regent ; 367, (iratian is co-regent; 
375, Valentinian II., co-regent; 379, Theodo- 
sius the Great is co-regent; 392, Eugenius; 
394, Theodosius the Great becomes emperor. \ 

36S * * The Saxons begin their invasion 
of Britain. 

383* * Fr. A British colony is 
founded in Gaul under the Roman gen- 
eral and usurper, Maximus. [It is joined 
by 100,000 warriors from Britain.] 

395 * * The Roman empire is divided. 
Honorius is emperor of the "West. 

404 * * Scot. Fergus II. revives the 
Caledonian monarchy. 

* * * Scot. Scots from Ireland settle 
on the west coasts. 

410 * * Britain becomes independent, 
the Romans having withdrawn from the 
country. 

420^451 Scot. Eugenius II. reigns. 
[451-457, Dongardus ; 457^479, Constan- 
tine I. ; 479-501, Congallus I.; 501-535, 
Goran us.] 

421-453 Ire. Laoghaire is king; he is 
killed by a thunderbolt. [453-473, Oilii .11 
Molt ; 473-493, Lughaidh ; he is killed 
by a thunderbolt ; 493-515, Murtough 



445 * * The Britons send an embassy to 

Rome to ask for help against the Picts. 
* * Vortigern is king. 
449 * * Hengist and H o r s a, Saxon 

chiefs, invited by King Vortigern, land 

in Kent to tight against the Picts. [The 

Angles follow.] 
454-5S6 The Heptarchy, seven Saxon 

kingdoms, is formed. 
454-488 Hengist is King of Kent. 
465 * * Ambrosius is King of Britain. 
488-512 ^Esc, son of Hengist, is King 

of Kent. [512-542, Octa, son of M&c. 

542-560, Hermenric, son of Octa.] 
491-514 .Ella is King of Sussex. 
491* * j^JUa and Cissa, after taking the 

fortress of Anderida [Pevensey], estab- 



lish the kingdom of the South Saxons 
[Sussex and Surrey]. 

492 * * jElla, King of the South Saxons, 
becomes Bretwalda I., or leader of all 
the Saxon chiefs in war against a com- 
mon enemy. 

500±-532± Arthur is King of Brit- 
ain. 

514-580 Cissa, son of ^lla, is King of 
the South Saxons. 

519-534 Cerdic is King of the West 
Saxons, or Wessex. [534-560, Cynric ; 
560-591, Ceawlin.j 

519 * * The Saxon chief Cerdic and his 
son Cymric found the kingdom of Wes- 
sex. [The royal line of Wessex becomes 
the royal line of England.] 

520-560 Ida is King of Deira (North- 
umbrian 

He forms the kingdom of Northum- 
bria, including Lancaster, York, Cum- 
berland, Westmoreland, Durham, and 
Northumberland. 

527±-587 ErchenwinisKingof the East 
Saxons. He founds [Essex]. 

535-558 Scot. Eugenius III. succeeds 
his uncle, Goran. [558-569, Congallus II., 
brother of Eugenius ; 569-570, Kinathal ; 
570-605, Aidanus; 6(15-006, Kenneth, son 
of Congallus II. ; 606-621, Eugenius IV., 
son of Aidanus.] 

546 * * Ire. Londonderry is first men- 
tioned. 

550-551 Ire. Feargus and his brother 
Daniel reign jointly. [551-554. Eochaidh 
and his uncle Buodan reign jointly ; 554- 
557, Ainmereach; 557-558, Baodan ; 558- 
587, Aodh; he convenes an assembly or 
parliament of nobility and clergy at 
Drumceat ; 587-591, Hugh Slaine ; 591- 
618, Aodh-Uaireodhnach.] 

560-567 Adda, son of Ida, is King of 
Bernicia(Northumbria). [567-572, Giap- 
pa: 572-573, Headwulf; 573-580, Freod- 
wulf ; 5S0-588, Theodoric ; 5S8-593, Ethel- 
ric] 

560-590 .Ella is King of Deira (North- 
umbria) ; sole King of Northumbria 
until 587. 

560-616 Ethelbert is King of Kent. 
He is the first Christian king ; he pro- 
mulgates a code of laws [which is in 
force for seven centuries]. 

560-593 Ceawlin, King of Wessex, is 
Bretwalda II. 

568 * * Surrey is made West Saxon by 
the defeat of Ethelbert. 

570 * * West Saxons become masters of 
[Oxfordshire and Berkshire]. 

571-578 Uffa is King of East Anglia. 
He founds the kingdom of East Anglia 
[including Norfolk, Suffolk. Cambridge, 
and Ely], afterwards called Angle- 
land ; Britain becomes England. 

578-599 Titilus, or Titulus, son of Uffa, 
is King of East Anglia. [599-624, Ka:d- 
wald, son of Titulus.] 

580-648 The South Saxons are almost 
totally dependent upon Wessex. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

208 * * The plague carries off 50,000 Ro- 
man soldiers. [430. A desolating plague 
sweeps through Britain ; the living are 
scarcely able to bury the dead. 644. 
London. It causes great ravages. 772. 
An epidemic at Chichester causes 34,000 
deaths. 954. The plague destroys 40,000 
lives in Scotland. 962. London. The 
plague prevails.] 



84: 



585, 



-777, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

603 * * Ethelfrith defeats the Scottish 
king Aidan at Daegsastan. [607. He 
defeats the Cymry of Strathelyde at the 
battle of Chester. 617. He is defeated 
and killed by Redwald at the battle of 
the Idle.] 

607 * * The war ceases to be English 
against Britons, and becomes English 
against English. 

620 * * The Isle of Man is subdued by 
Edwin; also Maneenion [Manchester]. 

628 * * Penda attacks and dismembers 
Wessex. 

633 * * Penda joins the "Welsh King Cad- 
wallon in an attack at Heathfield on 
King Edwin, who is defeated and killed. 

634* * Oswald defeats Cadwallon at 
Heavenfield. 

642 Aug. 5. Penda defeats Oswald at 
Maserfield; Oswald is killed. [655. 
Penda is defeated and killed at "Winaed 
[near Leeds] by Os wy, brother of Oswald.] 

676 * * Ethelred ravages Kent, and de- 
stroys Rochester. 

684 * * Ire. Egfrid, King of Northum- 
bria, invades and wastes Ireland with an 
army under Beort. [6S5. Scot. He 
crosses the Forth to subjugate the Picts ; 
he is defeated and killed by the Cymry 
at Nectansmere (Dunnechtan).] 

694 * * The Saxons under Edric, son of 
Egbert, conquer Kent. 

715 * * Ine defeats Ceolred, King of Mer- 
cia, at Wanborough. 

733 * * Ethelbald defeats the "West Sax- 
ons at Somerton. [740. Defeated by 
Badbert. 752. Again by Ceolred the 
"West Saxon, at Burford [Oxfordshire]. 

743 * * The Kings of Mercia and Wessex 
declare war against the Cymry. 

757* *The West Saxons again defeat 
the Mercians at Secandum, and thus 
maintain their independence. 

775 * * Offa conquers Kent. [777. He 
conquers West Saxons at Bensington.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

600± * * Saddles are used in riding. 

633 * * Glazed windows are occasion- 
ally seen. 

640 * * Improvement in architecture is 
manifest. 

Circular arches are introduced; many 
churches built, also forts, and the castles 
Castletown (Derbyshire), Conisborough 
(Yorkshire), and others. 

674 * * Stone buildings come into use. 

676 * * Benedict Biscop imports glass 
for windows. 

678 Aug. 3. A morning comet shaped 
like a fiery pillar [is seen for three 
months]. 

758 * * Scot. Glasgow is inundated ; 
400± families are drowned. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

585 h * * Edwin, King of Nortliumbria, born. 

[633. Dies.] 
601 * * David, Saint, patron of "Wales, dies. 

604 * * Augustine, Saint, apostle of Eng., 
first archbishop of <';intrrl<urv, dies. 

614 * * liil.lu. Saint, abbess of Whitby, born. 

[680. Dies.] 
616 * * EtheLbert, King of Kent, dies. 
634* * Wilfrid, Saint, archbishop, bishop of 

York, born. [709. Dies.] 
651 * * Aldan, Saint, bishop of Lmdisfarne, d. 
673 * * Bede, Venerable, monk, historian, 

Dorn. [735. Dies.] 
680 * * CEedmon, poet, dies. 
687* * Cuthbert, samt, monk, bishop of 

Lmdisfarne, dies. 



709 * * Aldht'lm, bishop, poet, dies. 

735 * * Alcuin, Flaccus A., scholar, teacher 

of Charlemagne in Fr., b. [804. Dies.] 
767* * Fergus HI., King of Scotland, dies. 
770* * Einhard, or Egiuhard, historian of 

Charlemagne, Scotland, born. [840i. D.J 



CHURCH. 

590± * * Christianity accepted in Kent. 
A Christian queen, Bercta (Bertha), 
wife of Ethelbert, is accompanied from 
Gaul by a Christian bishop; and the 
ruined church of St. Martin, near Can- 
terbury, is given for Christian worship. 

597 * * Pope Gregory sends Austin [St.] 
(Augustine), his legate, and 40 monks, 
as missionaries to reintroduce Chris- 
tianity into Britain; the Roman Cath- 
olic Church is established. 

* * Choir service is first introduced at 
Canterbury. 

± * * London. The pagan Saxons having 
destroyed St. Paul's Church, it is re- 
stored by Ethelhert and Sebert (604 ?). 

* * Bretwalda, the Saxon king, is con- 
verted to Christianity. 

* * St. Augustine introduces Benedictine 
monks. 

598 * * King Ethelbert becomes a Chris- 
tian, and Christianity spreads rapidly. 

* * The archbishopric of Canterbury is 
created. [St.] Augustine is the first 
archbishop. 

599 * * Rsedwald, the East- Anglian king, 
resolves to serve Christ and the na- 
tional gods together. 

* * * The conversion of the English be- 
comes one of the turning-points in the 
history of Christianity. 

600 * * The Western Church is disturbed 
by the introduction of image worship. 



602 * * The Canterbury Cathedral is 
founded by Augustine. 

604 * * The see of Rochester is erected. 

605 * * Laurentius is chosen archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

607 * * Ethel f rid. King <d" Be rnicia, causes 
the massacre of 1,200 monks of Ban- 
gor, and burns their monastery. (0r612.) 

609 * * The see of London is erected. 

612 * * Ire. The see of Glendalough is 
erected. [618, Derry; G20£, Kilmacdu- 
agh;028±,Leighiin,livSt.L;i^erian;631± t 
Lismore; 632+, Leighlin; 665, Mayo.] 

617* * Bretwalda IV. embraces Chris- 
tianity. 

* * London. St. Peter's [Westminster 
Abbey] is founded by Sebert. 

619 * * Mellitus is chosen archbishop of 
Canterbury. [624, Justus; 631, Hono- 
rius.] 

627 * * King Edwin is converted by 
means of a vision and the instructions 
of Paulinus, the bishop of his Christian 
wife. 

* * Northumbria is converted. 



630* *Theseeof East Angliaiserected. 
[635, "West Saxons.] 

* * The first convent is erected at Folk- 
stone by Eadbald. 

634* * Scot. The see of Lindisfarne, 
or Holy Island, is erected. [635, Aiden 
becomes bishop.] 

* * The inhabitants of "Wessex are con- 
verted. 



* * * The conversion of England is the 
first strictly foreign mission movement 
of the "Western Church ; in about 10a 
years all the kingdoms become Christian. 

636 * * Parish boundaries are first fi xed 
by Honorius, archbishop of Canterbury. 

640 * * Churches are built at Canter- 
bury, Glastonbury, St. Albans, and Win- 
chester. 

* *Lent is first observed in England by 
command of King Ercombert. (Or 641.) 

645 * * Ire. The abbey of Kilmallock, 
Limerick, is" founded by St. Mochoallog, 
or Molach. 

655 * * The armed strife between Chris- 
tianity and heathendom is ended by 
the defeat of Penda at "Winwa^d. The 
heathen national gods are forever aban- 
doned. 

655 * * Mercia becomes a Christian king- 
dom. [656. The see is erected.] 

* * Deusdedit is chosen archbishop of 
Canterbury. [668, Theodore ; 693, Berh- 
tuald.] 

659 * * Rivalry exists between the Irish 
missionaries and Rome: a council is 
called by Oswin, which decides against 
the Irish. 

660 * * Wina is consecrated the first 
bishop of Winchester. 

664 * * A great ecclesiastical council is 
held at Whitby. . 

The English favor Rome ; and the Irish 
Church refuses to bend to Roman au- 
thority, but finally yields. 

* * Winfrid [St. Boniface] is made a 
priest. [GG5. He is consecrated arch- 
bishop of York. He builds churches, 
and teaches the industrial arts to the 
South Saxons.] 

668* * Theodore of Tarsus is sent from 
Rome. 

He is maile archbishop of Canterbury, and 
sent to hold England in loyalty to Home. 
[The councils lie gathers are the first na- 
tional assemblies for English legislation. 
All England submits to his authority. 690. 
He completes the organization of the 
English Church.] 

669 * * The see of Lichfield, formerly 
Mercia, is erected. 

670 * * Scot. The first convent in Scot- 
landis established atColdiugham, where 
Ethelreda takes the veil. 

674 * * Tlie a bbey of "Whitby is erected ; 
the monastery of Gilling is founded. 

676 * * The see of Hereford is erected. 
[680, Lindisse; also "Worcester. 705, 
Winchester, formerly West Saxon ; Sher- 
borne.] 

681 * * Sussex is converted from hea- 
thenism by the preaching of Wilfrith 
of Northumberland. 

686 * * St. Cuthbert, prior of the mon- 
astery of Lindisfarne, dies. 

690± * * Benedict Biscop founds the 
monasteries of Wearmouth and Jar- 
row. 

700± * * The abbey of Gloucester is 
founded by King "Wulfere. (Or 679.) 

710* * St. Michael is said to have ap- 
peared on the mount in Cornwall bear- 
ing his name. [It is reputed to be holy, 
and becomes the seat of a body of monks.] 

716* *St. Boniface (Winfrid) [the 
Apostle to the Germans] is sent from 
Rome as a missionary to the Friesians. 

718* * Glastonbury Abbey is rebuilt 
by Ine. 

722 * * Priories are mentioned ; they are 
dependent on the great abbeys. 

725 * * Peter's pence are collected for 
the endowment of a Saxon college at 
Rome. (Or for a new bishop of Lichfield. 
Die. of Eng. Hist.) 



AND IRELAND. 



585, ' 



777, 



843 



726 * * King Ine makes a pilgrimage to 

Rome. 
731 * *Tcetwine is chosen archbishop of 

Canterbury. 
(735, Nothelm; 741, Cirthbert; 759, Breog- 

wine; 763, Jaenbert; 793, Ethelheard.] 
740 * * Jews are first mentioned in Eng- 
lish chronicles. 
747 * * Drunkenness of the clergy is 

forbidden by the canon law. 
777 * * APeter's-pencetaxisconfirmed 

by Offa. 
It is levied on all families possessed 

of 30 pence yearly rent in land, out of 

which they pay one penny. 

LETTERS. 

597 * * The arts and letters, which dis- 
appeared in the Angles' conquest, return 
with the Christian faith. 

620+ * * Cambridge University is com- 
menced by Sigebert. 

* * Latin is first taught in England by 
Adelmus, brother of King Ina. 

656-709 Aldhelm writes his songs, De 
Laudibus Virginitatis, De Laudibus Vir- 
ginium. 

669-671 The School of Canterbury is 
set up by Archbishop Theodore. 

670 * * Casdmon, the " father of English 
song," flourishes ; he is the first writer 
of note who composes in the Anglo- 
Saxon tongue ; he writes poems on por- 
tions of the Bible ; he is the prototype 
of Milton. 

674-682 Benedict Biscop founds libra- 
ries at Wearmouth and Jarrow. 

690± * * Ine's code of Saxon laws is pub- 
lished. 

731+ * * Basda, the Venerable Bede, 
writes his EccU-x/axtical History o£ the 
English Nation, in Latin, lives of saints, 
works on chronology and grammar, and 
commentaries on books of the Old and 
New Testament — 45 works in all. 

735 * * Birth of Alouin, or Placcus Al- 
binus. [He is scholar at York, pre- 
ceptor to Charlemagne, and author of 
numerous theological and scientific 
works ; he founds several schools, col- 
leges, and monasteries.] 



766-782 York becomes the center of 
European learning, through the ef- 
forts of Ethelbert and Alcuin. 

770+ * * Cynewulf , bishop of Lindis- 
farne, writes E/en<', Juliana, Christ, and 
several other religious poems. 

775+ * * Poems, by Cynewulf, appear. 

SOCIETY. 

621 * * Scot. King Ferchard, or Ferqu- 
hard, is confined to his palace for mis- 
deeds. 

668* * Scot. King Maldumius is 
strangled by his wife for supposed in- 
fidelity. She is burned for the crime. 

674 * * Freemasonry is introduced. (?) 

* * * The Anglo-Saxons make rapid 
advance in civilization after the intro- 
duction of Christianity. 

697 * * Ire. Women are exempt from 
military service. 

* * * Alfred's laws are remarkable for 
the great amount of Scripture incorpo- 
rated in them. He establishes trial by 
jury. 

702 * * Scot. King Amberkeletus is as- 
sassinated. 

704 * * Scot. Ruffians enter the King 
Eugenius's chamber to murder him; 
he being absent, they stab and kill his 
queen, Spontana. 



709* * Bishop "Wilfrid of Northumbria 
is the first to use silver plate and 
vessels. 

747 * * Drunkenness of the clergy is 
forbidden by the canon law. 

761 * * Scot. Eugenius VIII. is put to 
death by his nobles. 

764 * * Scot. Fergus III. is killed by 
his jealous queen ; to escape death by 
slow torture she kills herself. 



STATE. 

585 * * The kingdom of Mercia, includ- 
ing the midland counties, is formed by 
Crida. 

586-827 The Saxon Heptarchy. Pe- 
riod of fierce hostilities. 

587-597 Sledda, son of Erchenwin, is 
King of the East Saxons. [597-614, St. 
Sebert, son of Sledda ; 614-623, Saxred, 
Sigebert, and Seward rule jointly; 623- 
655, Sigebert II. ; 655-661, Sigebert III.] 

591-597 Ceolric, nephew of Ceawlin, is 
Kingof Wessex. [597-611, Ceolwulf; 611- 
643, Cynegils ; 614, his son Cwichelm 
reigns 'jointly ; 643-672, Cenwal.] 



596±-616 Ethelbert, King of Kent, has 
the supremacy as Bretwalda III. ; his 
wife is the Christian princess Bertha, 
daughter of the King of the Franks. 

597-615 Wibba is King of Mercia. [615- 
626, Ceori.] 

600+ * * Swearing on the Gospels is 
introduced into judicial proceedings. 

605 * * (or 887) The Court of Chan- 
cery is instituted. 

610-617 Esedwald, King of East An- 
glia, is Bretwalda IV. 

616-640 Eadbald. son of Ethelbert, is 
King of Kent. [640-664, Ercenbert, son 
of Eadbald.] 

617-635 EdwinisKingofNorthumbria, 
and Bretwalda V. [635-642, Oswald.] 

618-622 Ire. Maolchaba is king. [622- 
635, Suibhne ; 635-648, Domhnall ; 648- 
661, Conall, jointly with his brother 
Kellach ; 661-668, Diarmuid and Blath- 
mac ; 668-674, Seachnasch ; 674-678, Cion- 
f aola ; 678-685, Fionachta Fleadha ; 685- 
693, Loingseach; 693-702, Congal Cion- 
maghair.] 

621-632 Scot. Ferchard, or Ferquhard, 
I., reigns — "a most execrable king." 
[632-646, Donald IV., brother of Ferqu- 
hard [he is drowned in Lough Tay] ; 646- 
664, Ferquhard II., son of Ferquhard 
I ; 664-684, Malduinus, son of Donald 
IV ; 684-688, Eugenius V. ; 688-698, Eu- 
genius VI. ; 698-699, Amberkeletus ; 699, 
Eugenius VII.] 

624-627 Erpwald, or Eorpwald, is King 
of East Anglia. [627-629, Richbert ; 629- 
632, Sigebert ; 632-635, Egfrid, or Egric ; 
635-654, Anna, or Annas. J 

625-655 Penda is King of Mercia. [655- 
656, Peada, son of Penda ; 656-675, Wulf- 
here.] 

626* * Scot. Edinburgh Castle is 
founded (or rebuilt) by Edwin of North- 
umbria. 

630-634 W. Cadwallon, King of Gwyn- 
edd, reigns. [634-661, Cadwalader ; 661- 
728, Idwal.] 

634-635 Eanfrid is King of Bernicia, 
and Osric of Deira. 

635-642 Oswald, King of Northumbria, 
is Bretwalda VI. 

642-670 Oswy is King of Northumbria, 
and Bretwalda VII. 655. He is Bupreme 
over all Teutonic Britain except "Wessex, 
Kent, and Sussex. 



64S-686 Edilwald is King of the South 
Saxons. 

654-655 Ethelric is King of East Anglia; 
[655-664, Ethehvald; 664-713, Adulf, or 
Aldwulf.] 

661-663 Swithelm, or Suidhelm, son of 
Sexbald, is King of the East Saxons. 
[663-693, Sigher; (i!l.'i-7O0. Sigenard ; 700- 
709, Offa ; 709-738, Suebricht, or Selred.] 

664-673 Egbert, son of Ercenbert, is 
King of Kent. [673-685, Lothar, or Lo- 
thair ; 685-6S7, Edric ; 694-725, Wihtred, 
or Wihgtred ; 725-748, Eadbert, son of 
Wihtred ; 748-760, Ethebert II.] 

670-685 Ecfrid, or Egfrid, is King of 
Northumbria. [685-705. Aid 'rid, or Eald- 
ferth; 705-716, Osrcd, or Ealdi'erth; 710- 
718, Cenric ; 718-720, Osric ; 729-737, Ceol- 
wulf.; 737-757, Eadbert, or Egbert.] 

672-674 Sexburga, wife of Cenwal, is 
Queen of "Wessex. [674-676, Escwine and 
Centwine are joint kings ; 676-685, Cent- 
wine alone ; 685-6SS, Caidwallo.] 

675 * * Ethelred is King of Mercia. 
[This reign is one of peace.] 

678 * * Casdwalla, last king of the Brit- 
ons, reigns. 

686-689 Authun and Berthun, broth- 
ers, are kings of the South Saxons. [725. 
The kingdom is conquered by Wessex.] 

688-728 Die is King of Wessex. [He 
leaves an excellent code of laws.] 

702-719 Ire. Feargall, son of Maol- 
duin, reigns. [710-72(1, Fogartach ; 720- 
724, Kionath, he is killed in battle; 
724-731, Flahertach reigns. [He retires 
to a monastery, where he spends the last 
30 years of his life. 731-740, Hugh Al- 
lan ; 740-782, Daniel 111. ; 782-7S6, Niall 
Freasach ; 786-815, Donagh, or Donchad.] 

704-709 Cenred, or Cendred, is King of 
Mercia. [709-716, Ceolred, Celred, or 
Chelred ; 716-755, Ethelbald ; 755, Beorn- 
red, or Bernred.j 

713-746 Selred, or Ethelred, becomes 
King of East Anglia. [746-740, Alph- 
wuld ; 749-75S, Beorna and Ethelred 
jointly; 758-761, Beorna alone; 761-790, 
Ethelred ; 790-792, Ethelbert, or Ethel- 
bryght.] 

715-730 Scot. Mordach, son of Am- 
berkeletus reigns. [730-701, Etfinus, son 
of Eugenius VII. ; 761-764, Eugenius 
VIII.; 764-767, Fergus III., son of Et- 
finus ; 767-787, Solvathius, son of Euge- 
nius VIII. ; 787-819, Achaius.] 

716* * Ethelbald becomes King of Mer- 
cia. [He reigns 40 years ; he is recog- 
nized as overlord hy all Britain south 
of the Humber.] 

Britain is controlled by three States 
of nearly equal power, — Northumbria, 
Mercia, and Wessex. 

728-740 Etheiheard is King of Wessex. 
[740-754, Cuthred, his brother ; 754-755, 
Sigebright, or Sigebert ; 755-784, Cyne- 
wulf ; 784-800, Beorhtric] 

728-755 W. Rhodri, or Roderic, reigns. 
[755-818, Cynan and Howel ; 818-844, Mer- 
vyn and Essaylt.] 

738-792 Swithred is King of the East 
Saxons. [792-799, Sigeric ; 799-823, Si- 
gered.] 

757 * * Offa becomes King of Mercia. 
[During his reign of 40 years he holds " a 
position as great as any English king 
before the union of the kingdoms."] 

757-759 Oswulf, or Osulf , is King of 
Northumbria. [750-765, Edilwald, or 
Mollo; 765-774, Aired, Ailred, or Alured ; 
774-778, Ethelred; 778-789, Elwald, or 
Celwold ; 789-790, Osred ; 790-794, Ethel- 
red restored ; 794-806, Hrdulf, or Ardulf ; 
806-808, Alfwulf ; 808-809, Erdulf re- 
stored ; 809-841, Eanred.] 

760-794 Alric, son of Wihtred, is King 
of Kent. [794-796, Edbert, or Ethelbert 
Pryn ; 796-805, Cuthred, or Guthred ; 805- 
823, Baldred.] 



844 



783, 



959, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

783 * * Ire. The Danes burn the abbey 
of Londonderry. 

787 * * First recorded landing of the 
Danes and Northmen ; they appear on 
the eastern and southern coasts.. [794. 
They are defeated at Wearmouth.] 

795 * * Ire. The Danes invade Ire- 
land. 

They pillage the Isle of Recrain [Rath- 
lin] on the coast of Antrim. 

798 * * Ire. The Danes with a fleet of 
60 vessels attack and take possession of 
Dublin; they build walls round the 
city. 

823 * * Egbert, King of the "West Sax- 
ons, conquers Kent and Essex. [827. He 
conquers Mercia, and becomes virtually 
King of England.] 

832 * * The Island of Sheppey, at the 
mouth of the Thames, is ravaged by 
Northmen. 

833 * * The Northmen land from 35 ves- 
sels, and defeat Egbert in Wessex. 

* * Ire. Ulster is ravaged by Feidhlime, 
King of Munster. 

836* * Egbert defeats the Danes and 
"Welsh at Hengestesdun [Cornwall] in 
"West Wales. [1S38. Theyinvade Kent.] 

839 * * London is pillaged by the 
Danes. [S40. They defeat Ethelwolf.] 

843 * * Scot. Kenneth H. [MacAlpine] 
takes Camelon, the capital of the Picts ; 
the inhabitants are massacred. Kenneth 
becomes sole king of Scotland. 

851 * * The Danes arrive in 350 ships 
at the mouth of the Thames, land, and 
take Canterbury and London. [Ethel- 
wolf defeats them at Ockley. 852. He 
defeats them in the Isle of Thanet 
(Kent).] 

S52 * * Ire. Armagh is ravaged by the 
Danes. 

855 * * The Danes "winter for the first 
time in England, at Sheppey. 

867-870 The Danes conquer Northum- 
bria and East Anglia ; nine battles are 
fought; York is taken. [870. They take 
and burn Cambridge and Man- 
chester. 871. They defeat the Saxons 
at Merton.] 

872-901 Alfred makes all his subjects 
soldiers, forming the first standing 
army of England ; hired instead of 
feudal troops are employed. 

872 * * The Danes defeat Alfred at 
"Wilton ; they take London. [S74. They 
conquer and ravage Mercia. 875. Alfred 
defeats seven Danish ships. This is the 
first naval victory of the English. 876. 
The Danes take Wareham and Exeter.] 

877 * * Alfred compels the Danes to sur- 
render at Exeter. They take Chippen- 
ham, but lose 120 vessels. [878. The 
Danes ravage Wessex.] 

* * Alfred defeats the Danes in battle at 
Edington; they sue for peace. 

882 * * Alfred creates a fleet of "war- 
ships. [884. London. He expels the 
Danes, and repairs and fortifies the 
city.] 

894 * * The Danes are defeated at Farn- 
ham. Alfred destroys the Danish fleet 
at Appledore. [896. He defeats and 
expels Hasting, the Scandinavian vi- 
king.] 

397 * * Alfred defeats the Danes, and 
secures peace, his navy of 10 galleys cap- 
turing 300 Danish piratical vessels, near 
the Dorset and Hampshire coast. 



901 * * War is renewed with the invad- 
ing Danes. They devastate "Wales. [904. 
Scot. Under Ivar they invade the coun- 
try from Ireland.] 

905* * Edward defeats Ethelwald and 
the Danes at Bury. [910. Aug. 6. And 
again at Tettenhall.] 

918* *Ethelfleda, "Lady of the Mer- 
cians," conquers the "five boroughs" 
of Derby, Lincoln, Leicester, Stamford, 
and Nottingham. 

* * Scot. Invading Danes from Ireland 
under Reginald are defeated at Tin- 
more. 

919 Sept. 15. Ire. Danes defeat 
King Niall Glundubh, near Dublin. 

922 * * Edward the Elder defeats the 
Danes. [923. Manchester is retaken 
from the Danes.] 

933 * * Scot. An invasion under Athel- 
stan occurs. 

937 * * Athelstan, aided by his brother 
Edmond, defeats the Danes, Scots, and 
"Welsh, in the bloody battle of Brunan- 
burh. [945. He conquers Cumberland.] 

956 * * Ire. The Danes are victorious 
at Leinster. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

800-1066 Gothic architecture appears 
in Earl's Barton Church, St. Peter's, 
Lincolnshire. [It is the earliest example 
now remaining of early English style.] 

836 * * Scot. Thirty miles of country are 
flooded by the overflow of the Tweed. 

872-901 King Alfred invents lanterns 

of scraped horn. 
Horn is supposed to have been used as 

window-lights, ghtss not being commonly 

known. [886. He devises time candles, 

burning three inches an hour, six in 24 

hours.] 
937 Dec. 28. A severe frost occurs 

[and continues 120 days]. 
944 * * London. A storm destroys 1,500 

houses. 
951 * * The first authentic record is made 

of the use of organs. 
959 * * Candlesticks are used. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

837 * * Egbert, King of Wessex, dies. 

849 ** Alfred the Great, k., b. [901. D.] 

858* * Ethelwolf, king, dies. 

860 * * Ethelbald, king, dies. 

865 * * Ethelbert, king, dies. 

870* * Edward the Elder, k.,b. [925. D.] 

886+ * * Erigena, Johannes Scotus, phi- 
losopher, Ireland, dies. 

895 * * Athelstan, king, horn. [940. Dies.] 

910+ * * Asser, monk, biographer of Alfred 
the Great, dies. 

935 * * Dunstan, Saint, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, statesman, born. [988. Dies.] 

946 * * Edmund I., king, assassinated. 

955 * * Edred, king, dies. 

959 * * Edwy, king, dies. 

CHURCH. 

787 * * Tithes are first made compulsory. 

794 * * offa, King of Mercia, gives tithes 
of all his kingdoms to the church, to 
atone for his base murder of Ethelbert, 
King of the East Angles. 

* * * Period of rapid increase of monas- 
tic institutions throughout Europe. 

805 * * "Wulfred is chosen archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

[832, Fleogild; 833, Ceolnoth; 870, Athel- 
red; 890, Plegmund.] 

816 * * The Christian Era is first fol- 
lowed in Britain. 

838 * * Ethelwolf makes a pilgrimage 
to Rome. 



870+ * * Scot. The see of St. Andrews 
is created 

872 * * Anointing at coronations is in- 
troduced, 

878* * The conquered Danes under 
Guthrum become Christians by treaty 
of peace with Alfred. 

886 * * Fairs and wakes are introduced 
by Alfred. 

* * The veneration of the saints and 
relics becomes a passion among the Chris- 
tians of Europe. 

901* * Ire. The see of Cashel is created. 

904 * * Scot. Kellach goes to Rome for 
confirmation. 

909+ * * The see of Cornwall [after- 
wards Devonshire, with Eudulphus as 
its first bishop, and later Exeter] is 
created ; also the see of "Wells [with 
Ethelm, or Adelmus, for its first 
bishop]. 

914 * * Ethelm is chosen archbishop 
of Canterbury. [928, Wulielm ; 942, Odo; 
958, Alsine.] 

935 * * St. Burian's Church in Cornwall 
is made a sanctuary of refuge for crim- 
inals. 

943 * * Dunstan becomes abbot of Glas- 
tonbury. 

He dwells in a wretched hut or cave 
in which he cannot stand erect ; his mid- 
night groans under the self-inflicted 
scourge exalt him as a saint in the eyes 
of the people. [950. He becomes prom- 
inent, and establishes the supremacy 
of monastic orders, and the celibacy of 
the clergy. 960. He becomes archbishop 
of Canterbury.] 

10th Century. Violent disputes rage be- 
tween the monks and the clergy. 

958 * * Dunstan makes King Edgar sub- 
mit to seven years' penance for his 
licentious attack upon a nun. 



LETTERS. 

802 * * Pope Martin II. describes an 
academy as being in existence at Ox- 
ford. 

849-901 King Alfred the Great flour- 
ishes ; he is the restorer of learning, 
neglected during the devastation of the 
Danes ; he writes the Anglo-Saxon 
Chronicle ; he translates into Anglo- 
Saxon Bede's Ecclesiastical History, 
Boethius's Consolation of Philosophy, 
Pope Gregory's Book on the Care of the 
Soul, the t'nirersal History of Orosius, 
the Soliloquies of St. Augustine, and 
many other works ; he buys a book on 
cosmography, and pays an estate for it. 

867-876 The seats of learning in North- 
umbria are destroyed by the Danes. 

880 * * Johannes Scotus Erigena of Mal- 
mesbury writes On the Division of Na- 
ture. 

886+ * * The University of Oxford is 
founded (?) by King Alfred. 

* * King Alfred makes a code of laws, 
which is the foundation of the common 
law of England. 

915 * * Cambridge, neglected during the 
Danish invasions, from which it had suf- 
fered much, is restored by Edward the 
Elder. 

925-988 Dunstan, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, lives. He writes a commentary 
on the Benedictine rule, a liegularis Con- 
cordia, and other works. 

937 * * The Song of Brunanburh is writ- 
ten. 

10th Century. iEthelwold, bishop of "Win- 
chester, translates into English St. Ben- 
edict's Mule of a Monastic Life. 

10th Century. Neunius, a Celtic author, 
writes a History of the Britons, in Latin. 

958+ * * The monks become eminent 
as architects and painters, and write his- 



AND IRELAND. 



783, 



959, 



845 



SOCIETY. 

800 * * Edburga, wife of Beortric, tlie 

daughter of King Off a, gives poison to 

her husband's friend, which by accident 

kills her husband also ; the people drive 

her into exile. 
809 * * Scot. The Order of the Thistle 

is instituted by King Achaius I. 
831 * * Scot. King Alpine is beheaded 

by the Picts. 
837 * * King Ethelwolf marries Judith, 

daughter of Charles the Bald, King of 

the West Franks. 
843* * Scot. Kenneth.II. takes Camelon, 

the capital of the Picts, and puts every 

living creature to death. 
854* * Scot. Donald V., being dethroned, 

commits suicide. 
858 i * * Scot. Constantino IT., taken 

by the Danes in battle, is beheaded. 

* *Etbelbald marries Judith, his 
father's widow. [Matilda, wife of Wil- 
liam the Conqueror, is descended from 
her by union with Baldwin, Count of 
Flanders.] 

870 * * Scot. Drunkenness is punished 

with death by King Constantine. 
874+ * * King Eth, or Ethus, imprisoned 

for his sensuality and crimes, dies of 

grief. 
878 * + Alfred the Great, deserted by 

his subjects, retires to the woodlands of 

Somersetshire. 

* * * A turf cut from the sward, and 
handed over to the purchaser by the 
vender, is the Saxon conveyance of 
land. 

896 * * Alfred surveys and subdivides 

the country into counties, hundreds, and 

tithes. 
927 * * King Athelstan is the protector 

and defender of deposed and exiled 

princes. 

* * * King Athelstan encourages com- 
merce by legalizing the elevation of all 
merchants to the rank and privileges of 
a thane, who should make three voyages 
over the high seas with a ship and cargo 
of their own. 

946 Mar. 26. King Edmund seizes 
an uninvited guest by the hair of his 
head, and dashes him to the ground, for 
which he receives a dagger-thrust, and 
dies. 

950 * * King Edwy banishes Dunstan. 

954 * '* Scot. Malcolm I. is murdered. 

958 * * Elgiva, wife of Edwy, is dragged 
from her husband by his enemies, dis- 
figured by hot searing-irons, and 
exiled to Ireland ; she returns, and is 
hamstrung, dying in great agony. 

* * * The monks render great service to 
civilization as architects and artists, 
by copying the Scriptures, and preserv- 
ing knowledge from decay. 

* * * The ostentatious and cruel King 
Edgar is rowed down the Dee in his 
royal barge by eight royal vassals, or 
under-kings. 

* * * King Edgar kills his friend and 
foster-brother, Athelwold, by his own 
hand, and marries his widow. 

* * * A day is appointed for paying tithes, 
and nine-tenths of one's tithable prop- 
erty are forfeited by non-payment. 

* * * Pegs are ordered to be put in drink- 
ing-cups so as to prevent quarrels among 
the drinkers regarding the amount be- 
longing to each. one. 



787 ' 
794 ^ 



STATE. 

: First invasion of the Danes. 
: Egfrid, or Egferth, is King of 



Mercia. [794-819, Cenulph, Cenwulf, or 



Kenulph ; S19, Kenelm, or Cenelm ; 819- 
821, Ceolwulf; 821-823, Beornwulf ; 823- 
825, Ludecan ; 825-83S, Withlafe, or Wig- 
laf.] 

795 * * Ire. Ost- or Ox-mantown [a part 
of Dublin] is built by the Danes and 
Normans (Easterlings). 

798 * * Dublin. The Danes surround the 
city with walls. 

800* * Egbert becomes King of Wessex. 
[tie convenes a witenagemot — a council 
or parliament of the Anglo-Saxons — at 
Winchester.] 

815-837 Ire. Hugh VI., surnamed Oir- 
nigh, is king. [837-851, Connor, or Con- 
chabhar; 851-86ti, Niall-Caillie ; 866-879, 
Turgesius, the Norwegian chief, he ex- 
pels the Irish historians and burns their 
books ; S7H-897, Maol Ceachlin, or Mal- 
achy, I. ; 897-913, Hugh Fionnliath.] 

819-824 Scot. Congallus III. is king. 
[824-831, Dougal, son of Solvathius; 831- 
834, Alpine, son of Achaius ; 834-854, 
Kenneth II., his son (Mac Alpine) ; after 
conquering the Picts, he becomes (843) 
first sole monarch of Scotland ; 854- 
S58, Donald V.,his brother ; 858-874, Con- 
stantino II., son of Kenneth II.] 

827+-1066 Supremacy of the "West 
Saxon kings (Wessex). 

827-839 Egbert, King of Wessex, is 
Bretwalda VIII. ; after many victories 
he becomes King of England. [As 
such he reigns 12 years ; in his reign the 
Saxon Heptarchy ends.] 

828 ± * * Egbert holds a council at "Win- 
chester, at which the name England 
(Angles-land) is applied to the whole 
country. 

838-852 Berthulf , or Bertulf , is King of 
Mercia. [S52-874, Burhred, or Burdred ; 
874-877, Ceolwulph.] 

839-858 Ethelwolf, son of Egbert, is 

King of Wessex. 
844-877 W. Roderic the Great rules 

over the Welsh. 

857-860 Ethelbald, son of Ethelwolf, is 
King of Wessex, by a compulsory parti- 
tion of the kingdom. [860-866, Ethel- 
bert, second sou of Ethelwolf; 866-871, 
Ethelred, third son of Ethelwolf.] 

858-874 Scot. Constantine II., son of 
Kenneth II., is king. 

866 * * The Danes settle in East Anglia. 
[867. In Northumbria. 868, In Mercia.] 

870 * * St. Edmund becomes(vassal)King 
of East Anglia. [Killed by the Danes.] 

871-901 Alfred the Great, fourth son 
of Ethelwolf, is King of Wessex. 

872 * * Alfred is the first king of England 
to receive the royal crown. (?) Anoint- 
ing at coronations is introduced. 

* * Birmingham is a small town. 

874-876 Scot. Eth, surnamed Light- 
foot, reigns. He dies in prison. [876- 
893, Gregory the Great; 893-904, Don- 
ald VI., son of Constantine II. ; 904-944, 
Constantine III., son of Eth.] 

877-915 W. Anarawd is prince. [915- 
943, Idwal Voel.] 

878 * * Alfred retires to the Isle of Ath- 
elney [Somersetshire], being left with- 
out the support of his people. 

* * Alfred's fortunes revive after the de- 
feat of the Danes at Edington. 

± * * Ire. "Waterford is built. 
882* * Scot. Gregory founds Aber- 
deen. [893. It is made a city.] 



886± * * Trial by jury is introduced by 
Alfred. He institutes a Court of Chan- 
cery. [890. Frames a code of laws.] 

* * * Alfred begins the division of the 
country into shires [counties]. [895. 
He forms a privy council.] 

901-925 Edward the Elder, son of Al- 
fred, reigns. 

908 * * Etbeldeda builds the city walls of 
Chester. 

913-916 Ire. Flan Sionna reigns. [910- 
954, Niall Glundubh, son of Hugh VII. ; 
Cormac MacCulinan is King of Munster, 
and bishop of Cushel ; 954-974, Donnagh, 
or Donough ; 974-984, Congal ; 984-1002, 
Daniel.] 

920 * * Mercia is annexed to Wessex. 

924 * * Edward the Elder, after many 
victories, is generally acknowledged 
"lord and protector* ' of Britain. 

925-940 Athelstan, son of Edward the 
Elder, is King of Wessex. 

928 * * Athelstan enacts regulations for 
the government of the mint. 

934 * * A league is formed against Ath- 
elstan by the under-kings of Scotland 
and Cumberland. [937. This confeder- 
acy is overthrown by Athelstan's victory 
at Brunanburh.] 

940-946 Edmund, son of Athelstan, 
reigns. 

943-948 W. Howel Dha the Good is 
prince of all Wales. [948-972. leform 
and lago.] 

944-953 Scot. Malcolm I., son of Don- 
ald VI., reigns. [953-901, Indulfus, or 
Gondolph ; 961-965, Duff, or Duff us, son 
of Malcolm ; 975-970, Cullen, or Cul- 
lenus, son of Indulfus.] 

945 * * Edmund gives Cumberland as a 
fief to Malcolm of Scotland. 

946-955 Edred, brother of Edmund, 
reigns. 

952 * * Dunstan, abbot of Glastonbury, 
becomes the favorite of the king, and 
chief director of public affairs. 

954* * Northumberland, East Anglia, 
and half of central England — called the 
Danelaugh — submit to Edred. 

955-975 Edwy, nephew of Edred and 
son of Edmund, reigns. 

Dunstan insults the king at his coro- 
nation banquet ; he is banished from 
tbe kingdom on a charge of malversa- 
tion in office. 

958 * * The Mercians and Northumbrians 
revolt, proclaim Edgar, Edwy's brother 
and second son of Edmund, their king; 
they recall Dunstan. 

* * Elgiva, Edwy's queen, is mutilated 
and exiled. 

959 * * Dunstan is made archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

He becomes chief minister of the king, 
and real ruler of the realm. [Laws are 
revised, and a powerful navy is built, 
with which the sea is swept of pirates.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

798 * * London. A great fire nearly con- 
sumes the city. [962. Again.] 

823 * * Famine causes thousands of 
deaths in England, Wales, and Scotland. 
[868-869. Famine and pestilence do 
much damage. 954-958 Much suffering 
is caused by famine.] 

888± * * Fairs and markets become 
known. 



846 960,**-1067, * 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

961 * * Scot. Indulf defeats the Danes 
near Cullen [Banffshire], but he him- 
self is killed. 

965 + * * King Edgar has 350 galleys, and 
claims to he "lord of the ocean" sur- 
rounding Britain. 

974 * * Scot. The Scots under Kenneth 
III. defeat the Danes at Luncarty, near 
Perth. 

980 * * The last series of Danish inva- 
sions begins. 

* * Ire. Malaehi II. defeats the Danes 
at Tara. 

* *The Danes ravage Chester. [9S2. 
They ravage and plunder the southwest 
counties.] 

990 * * The Danes arrive in Essex and 
Suffolk. 

991 * * Battle of Maldon [Essex]. The 
Danes burn the city. 

994 * * Sweyn, King of Denmark, and 
Anlaf make their first invasion; they 
ravage Kent. [1003+ * * Second inva- 
sion. Sweyn is bought off by the 
promise of an annual tribute of £36,000. 
1006. A Danish fleet anchors off the 
Isle of Wight. 1010. Sweyn with Canute, 
his son, make a third invasion. 1016. 
May * He besieges London.] 

997-999 The ravages of the Northmen 
afflict England. 

1002 Nov. 2. There is a general mas- 
sacre of the resident Danes. [1010. They 
burn Cambridge. The Saxons are de- 
feated by the Danes in Suffolk. 1011. 
They capture Canterbury, and mas- 
sacre the inhabitants.] 

1014 Apr. 23. Ire. King Brian Bo- 
roihme (Boru) totally defeats theDanes 
at Clontarf, near Dublin. 

1016 * * Edmund II., King of the Eng- 
lish, and Canute, King of the Danes, 
fight six battles, and finally divide the 
kingdom between them. [1031 . Scot. 
Canute advances into Scotland.] 

1054 * * Scot. The Chieftain Macbeth 
is defeated at Dunsinane by Siward, 
Earl of Northumberland. 

1056 Dec. 5. Scot. Macbeth is de- 
feated and killed by Macduff, Earl of 
Fife, at Lumphanan, Aberdeen. (Or 
1057, Aug. 15). 

1063 * * "Wales is subjugated by Earl 
Harold. 

1066 Sept. 25. Harold II. defeats the 
Norwegians under Tostig, Earl of North- 
umbria, and Hardrada, at Stamford 
Bridge. Tostig and Hardrada are 
killed. 

Sept. 29. "William, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, lands at Pevensey. 

Oct. 14. Battle of Hastings. William 
defeats King Harold at Senlac [Battle] 
near Hastings. 

Thirty thousand men, including Har- 
old, are killed. The Saxon dynasty- 
falls, and the Norman rises. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1014* * London* A bridge over the 
Thames is built of wood. [1078. Another 
is built by Peter Colechurch.] 

* * A number of seaport towns are de- 
stroyed by an inundation. 



1016 * * A prayer for Ethelred II. is set 
to music written on the lines and in the 
spaces of a staff of four lines. 

1036 * * The fruit is destroyed by a frost 
on a midsummer day. 

1062 * * London. The Thames is frozen 
over for 14 weeks. 

1066-1135 Gothic architecture ap- 
pears in the Rochester Cathedral nave, 
in St. Bartholomew's at Smithfield, and 
St. Cives at Hants. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

975 * * Edgar the Peaceable, kincc, dies. 

995+* * Canute, King of England, Den- 
mark, Norway, born. [1035. Dies.] 

1004* * Edward 1 1 1 1 ■ Confessor, king, born. 
[1066. Dies.] 

1005 * * l.aiilianr.rii-t'liliisliop of Canterbury, 
born in Pavia, Italy, [1089. Dies.] 

1014 * * .Sweyn, Danish king, dies. 
Brian-Boroihme, King of Ireland, killed in 
I at tie. 

1016 * * Ethelred IT., king, dies. 

1017* * llanliranute. King of England and 
Denmark, born. [1042. Dies.] 

1035 * * Malaehi IT., King of Ireland, dies. 

1027* * William I.. Conqueror, horn in 
Normandy. [1087. Dies.] 

1030* * Inu'iilplms. abbot, of Crovlaud, born. 
[1109. Dies.] 

1033* * Ansebn, Saint, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, born in Piedmont. [1109. Dies.] 

1040 * * Harold I., king, dies. 

1053 * * tiodwin, earl of Wessex, states., d. 

1056 * * Macbeth, kini;, Scotland, dies. 
William 11., Kufus, king, born. [1100. D.] 

1063* * Derniot. Kins of Lcinster, Ire., d. 

1066* * Bam i no, tbane, a. -romance of Mac- 
beth, Scotland, dies. 
Harold II., king, killed at Hastings. 



1038* * Dublin. Christ's Church is 
built by the Danes. 

1040 * * The sees of Devonshire and 
Cornwall are united. 

1042 * * The see of Salisbury, formerly 
Sherborne, is named. 

1050 * * Leofric is first bishop of Exeter. 
This see, formerly Devonshire and ori- 
ginally Cornwall, is named. 



1055-65 London. "Westminster 
Church, becomingruinous, is splendidly 
rebuilt by Edward the Confessor, and 
occupied by monks from Exeter. [1065. 
Dec. 2S. Dedicated.] 

1063 * * Anselm becomes prior of Bee. 
[1078, abbot.] 

1065 * * London. The Pope appoints 
"Westminster Abbey as the place for 
inaugurating the kings of England. 

* * Harold is crowned by Eldred, arch- 
bishop of York. 



CHURCH. 

960 * * One-tenth of the produce is paid 
as tithes for the churches, priests, and 
the poor. 

* * The Sabbath day is ordained to be 
kept holy from Saturday at three p. M. 
to Monday at break of day. 

964 * * The married priests of the ca- 
thedral at "Worcester are substitutedfor 
monks. 

984 * * Alfbeah [St. Alphege] becomes 
bishop of Winchester, [iunr>, archbishop 
of Canterbury. 988, Ethelgar ; 990, Si- 
gerec ; 995, Elfric] 

995 * * The see of Durham, formerlv 
Lindisfarne, is named. 

* * The Church of Rome is at the sum- 
mit of its power in Europe, and claims 
both spiritual and temporal supremacy. 

1003* * It. John XVIIT. is elected pope; 
later, John XIX. [1009, Sereins IV. ; 1012, 
Benedict VI11. ; 1024, John XX.; Um. Bene- 
dict IX.; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1040, Clement 
II.; 1048, Damasus II.; 1049, [St.] Leo IX.; 
1055, Victor II.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, 
llenedict X. ; 1053, Nicholas II.; 1001, Alex- 
ander II.; 1073, St. (Iregorv VII.; 10«7, Victor 
III.; 1088, Urban II. ; 1099, Paschal II.] 

1012 Apr. 19. Alphege, the brave 
archbishop of Canterbury, is killed by 
the Danes. 

1013 * * Lyfing is chosen archbishop of 
Canterbury. [1020. iEthelnoth; 103S, 
Eadsige; 1050, Kobert ; 1052, Stigand ; 
1070, Lanfranc] 

± * * King Canute, the son of Sweyn, an 
apostate, becomes a convert to Chris- 
tianity. 

1015 * * A see is erected at Mortlach in 
Banffshire, with St. Beaunus as bishop. 
[1125. Kemoved to Aberdeen.] 

1016 * * King Canute patronizes the 
church. [1026. He makes a pilgrimage 
to Rome with staff in hand.] 

1019 * * Thedoctrineoftransubstantia- 
tion is opposed. [100G. Accepted.] 



LETTERS. 

960 * * Oxford is restored by Alfred. 

971* *The Blicking Homilies are writ- 
ten ; they are the result of the labors of 
./Ethelwold, bishop of Winchester, and 
Archbishop Dunstan and Oswald of Wor- 
cester. 

991-996 Elfric, the abbot, writes his 
Homilies; he is the author also of the 
first English translation of the Bible, 
a Latin Colloquy, and a Latin-English 
Glossary. 

991 * * Song of the Battle of Maldon is 
written. 

1000+ * * The introduction of the Eng- 
lish language in law-deeds, instead of 
Latin, is begun. 

1041-66 A poem entitled The Grave is 
written by an unknown author. 

1042-65 French Romance first be- 
comes known in England. 

1066 * * The Lay of Roland is brought 
from France. 

1066-1250 Norman French is the lan- 
guage of the court, and is taught in all 
the schools. 

SOCIETY. 

968 * * Scot. King Duff is murdered 
by Donald, the governor of Forres Castle. 

* * Scot. King Cullen himself avenges 
the murder of Duff, but he is assassi- 
nated by a thane whose daughter he 
had dishonored. 

979 Mar. 18. While drinking a goblet 
of wine at Corfe Castle. King Edward is 
stabbed to death at the instigation of 
his stepmother, Elfrida. 

995 * * Scot. Constantine TV. is slain. 

1002 Nov. 13. By order of Ethelred, 
a general massacre of the Danes takes 
place in the southern counties. 

It is most bloody at London, the 
churches being no sanctuary. Gunilda, 
sister of Sweyn, King of Denmark, left 
in hostage for the performance of a 
treaty but newly concluded, is among 
the victims. 

1014 * * Ire. Brian Boroihme is assas- 
sinated in his tent by a Dane, while pray- 
ing, after having defeated the Danes at 
the battle of Clontarf. 

1020 * * Jews are banished from Eng- 
land by Canute. (?) 



AND IRELAND. 



960,**-1067,**. 847 



* * * The old custom of English parents 
selling their children to the Irish for 
slaves is prohibited by Canute. 

-* * * Xhe Saxons and Danes become 
blended with the Angles into an Eng- 
lish people. 

1033 * * Scot. King Malcolm is assassi- 
nated on his way to Glamis ; in their 
flight across a frozen lake the assassins 
are drowned. 

1039 * * Scot. Duncan I. is assassinated 
by Macbeth, the thane of Fife. 

1041 Nov. 12. The people rise against 
the tax-gatherers and kill them. 

1042 * * The Truce of God is adopted. 
(See France.) 

* * Scot, The Saxon title of nobility of 
thane is abolished by King Malcolm 
III., and the title of earl adopted in its 
stead. 

1058 * * Scrofula, or king's evil, is [first 
supposed to be] cured by the touch of 
King Edward the Confessor. 

1062 * * Surnames are first employed 
by the nobility. 

1066 * y The French language, laws, 
and customs are introduced by Wil- 
liam I. 

* * Jews return to England [and settle 
chiefly in London and Lincoln], 

STATE. 

961 * * Edgar demands as a tribute from 

Wales 300 -wolves* heads. 
964 * * Ire. Dublin is named by Edgar 

in the preface to his charter, "Nobilis- 

sima Civitas." 
970-994 Scot. Kenneth III. , brother of 

Duff, reigns. [994-995, Constantine IV. ; 

995-1003, Kenneth IV., or Grimus, son of 

Duff.] 
972-984 W. Howel ap Tefan the Bad is 

prince. [984-9S5, Cadwallon , his brother ; 

985-992, Meredith ap Owen ap Howel 

Dha; 992-WX, ldwal ap Meyric ap Edwal 

Voel ; 998-1015, Aedan.] 
975-979 Edward the Martyr, son of 

Edgar, reigns. [Opposed by many of the 

clergy, but is supported by Dunstan.] 
979-1013 Ethelred II., the Unready, 

brother of Edward the Martyr, reigns. 

[He drowses on the throne, fighting the 

Danes with gold instead of with steel.] 
991 * * Ethelred compounds with the 

Danes for peace, paying them 10,000 

pounds of silver to depart. [One pound 

equals three of modern money. 994. The 

Danes are paid 16,000 pounds to depart. 

1001. Paid 24,000 pounds to depart.] 

* * Ethelred makes a treaty of alliance 
with Normandy, which is the first 
connection between Normandy and Eng- 
land. 

1002-14 Ire. Malachi resigning, Brian 
Boroihme, or Boru, reigns. [1014-22. 
Malachi restored. 1022-48. Disputed 
succession. 1048-98. Donough, or Denis, 
O'Brien. 1098-1110. Terloch.j 

* * Sweyn invades England to avenge 
the Danes maBsaered by Ethelred ; he 
resolves to conquer the country. 

1005-33 Scot. Malcolm II., son of 
Kenneth III,, reigns; he publishes a 
new code of laws. [1004. He estab- 
lishes the feudal system.] 



1007 * * The Danes are bought off by 
the payment of 36,000 pounds of silver. 
[1012. Again, by 48,000 pounds.] 

* * * The total amount of the Danish 
tribute, or Danegelt, is equal to a fee 
simple of nearly one-tenth of the acreage 
of England. 

1013* * The Danes under Sweyn become 
masters of England. 

* * Ethelred flees to Normandy. [1014. 
He returns on the death of Sweyn ; he 
is received as king by part of the nation.] 

1015-23 W. Llewelyn ap Sitsylht 
reigns. [1023-39. Jago ap ldwal ap 
Meyric. 1039-67- Griffith ap Llewelyn 
ap Sitsylht.] 

1016 Apr. 24. Ethelred dies. 

Apr. * -Nov. 30. Edmund Ironside, 
son of Ethelred, reigns. 

He divides the kingdom with Canute, 
son of Sweyn ; he is murdered at Oxford. 

1016-42 Danish supremacy. 
1017-35 Canute reigns as sole king; 

from a barbarian conqueror he develops 

into a wise ruler. 

* * * Canute creates four provincial gov- 
ernments, or earldoms, Mercia, North- 
umberland, "Wessex, and East Anglia. 

1018 * + Canute holds a national coun- 
cil at Oxford. 

1020 * * Scot. Lothian is ceded to the 
Scottish king by Earl Eadulf. 

* * Godwin is made Earl of Wessex ; he 
is the first English statesman who is 
neither king nor priest. 

1031 * * Canute compels Malcolm, King 
of the Scots, to acknowledge himself 
vassal for Cumberland and England. 

1032 * * Scot. The country is divided 
into baronies. 

1033-39 Scot. Duncan I., grandson 
of Malcolm, reigns ; he is assassinated 
by Macbeth. 

1035 Nov. 12. Canute dies. 

* * The kingdom is divided between 
Harold, called Harefoofc, and Hardi- 
canute, sons of Canute. 

1037-40 Harold, illegitimate son of 
Canute, reigns as sole king ; his life 
having been infamous, Ethelnoth, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, refuses to conse- 
crate him ; his government is cruel and 
unpopular. 

1039 * * Scot. Macbeth, having assas- 
sinated Duncan I., usurps the crown. 

1039±-57 Scot. Macbeth reigns. 

1040 Mar. 17. Harold I. dies. 
1040-42 Hardicanute, son of Canute, 

reigns ; his government is violent and 
oppressive. 

1042-66 Saxon supremacy restored. 

1042 June 8. Hardicanute dies. 

1042-66 Edward the Confessor, son 
of Ethelred, reigns. 

[His chief minister for some years is 
Earl Godwin, who rules firmly and 
wisely. Siward, Earl of Northumbria, 
and Leofric, Earl of Mercia, are also 
prominent and powerful in the state.] 

* * * In this reign is compiled a body of 
laws which is " long the object of affec- 
tion to the English nation." The king, 
having been educated in Normandy, in- 
troduces many Normans at court, 
where they soon have great influence. 



1051 * * Earl Godwin rebels against the 
influence of Normans at court; he and 
his son Harold are banished, and his son 
Sweyn, who had murdered his cousin, is 
outlawed. 

* * The Danegelt tax is abolished by Ed- 
ward. 

* * "William of Normandy [afterwards 
King William, the Conqueror] visits 
England. 

1052 * * Earl Godwin returns to Eng- 
land with a fleet ; he is reconciled to the 
king, and the Norman foreigners are ban- 
ished. 

1053 Apr. 14. Godwin dies; his 
power and earldom of Wessex pass to 
his son Harold. 

1055 * * Siward dies, and Tostig, Har- 
old's brother, becomes earl of North- 
umberland. 

1057-93 Scot. Malcolm DX, Can- 
more, son of Duncan, reigns. [1068- He 
marries Margaret, sister of Edgar 
Atheling, heir in the Saxon line to the 
throne of England ; he is killed while 
besieging Alnwick Castle.] 

1066 Jan. 5. Edward the Confessor 
dies. 

Jan. 6-Oct. 14. Harold II., son of 
Godwin and brother-in-law of Edward 
the Confessor, reigns. 

* *On the death of Edward, "William, 
Duke of Normandy, claims the crown 
because of the alleged bequest of Ed- 
ward the Confessor ; by an oath taken 
by Harold about 1064 pledging himself 
to marry William's daughter, and to se- 
cure the succession to William ; and by 
the right of Matilda his wife, a descen- 
dant of Alfred. 

1066-1154 The Norman Line. 

1066-87 William I., the Conqueror, 
reigns. 

(1066. Dec. 25. Crowned at Westmin- 
ster.) He subjugates the Anglo-Saxons 
with terrible severity and robbery of 
estates . Two nationalities — French 
and English — exist side by side, Mercia 
and Northumberland alone remaining 
aloof. 

1067 * * (or 1070). The Court of Chan- 
cery is refounded by William I. 

* * Taxes in specie are introduced by 
William I. ; he raises them arbitrarily. 

1067-73 W. Bleddyn reigns. [1073. 
Trahaern ap Caradoc. 1079-1137. Grif- 
fith ap Cynan.] 

* * Arf astus, or Herefast, chaplain to the 
king, is appointed lord chancellor. 

At this time [and to a much later pe- 
riod] the chancellor is merely a state 
functionary who admits suitors to the 
presence of the sovereign. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

981 * * Ire. Waterford is destroyed by 
fire. [982. London. A great fire oc- 
curs. 1087- London. A great part of 
the city, including St. Paul's Cathedral, 
is destroyed by fire. 1122 May 19. 
Lincoln is also destroyed. Also the sec- 
ond abbey of Gloucester.] 

1016 * * An awful famine occurs. [An- 
other in 1037.] 

1066 * * Shoeing of horses is introduced 
by William I. 



848 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1067 * * Oxford is stormed by William. 
[1068. Kent and Herefordshire revolt 
against him ; lie besieges Exeter.] 

The revolt in the north is crushed by 
William in a winter campaign : North- 
umberland is ravaged with tire and 
sword. 

1069 * * The Danes burn York, and 
kill its 3,000 Normans ; western England 
is subdued. The Trishinvade England 
without success. 

1070 * * Malcolm III., King of Scot- 
land, invades England, and ravages 
Durham. [1072. William in turn in- 
vades Scotland, and exacts homage of 
Malcolm.] 

1071 * * A revolt of the English under 
Edwin and Morear ends in the capture 
of Ely and the death of Edwin. 

1073 * * English troops are sent to re- 
conquer Maine [France] lor William. 

1075-76 Revolt of Norman barons. 
Ralph, Earl of Norfolk, and Rodger 
Pitzosbern, Earl of Hereford, aided 
by mercenaries and adventurers, rebel 
against William. The Danes aid the 
barons, and retire when they are sup- 
pressed. 

1077 * * Godred Crovan, son of Harold 
the Black, of Iceland, conquers the Isle 
of Man. 

1080 * * Robert Curthose, son of Wil- 
liam I., builds a castle [at Newcastle]. 

1085* * An invasion of Danes is 
averted by the killing of King Canute by 
his own subjects. 

1088 * * Fr. Odo of Bayeux and others 
support Robert, Duke of Normandy, in 
a rebellion against his brother William 
II. [1099. Suppressed.] 

* * The barons plunder Cambridge. 

1090 * * The revolt of the Norman bar- 
ons is suppressed by aid of the English 
of Normandy. 

1093 * * The Scots under Malcolm III. 
invade England. 

Malcolm is defeated and killed by 
Rodger de Mowbray, at the siege of 
Alnwick Castle. 

1095 * * Newcastle is taken by William 
II. 

1096 * * The Crusades begin. 

1098 * * Magnus of Norway subdues the 
Isle of Man. 

1101 Aug. 1. Robert, Duke of Nor- 
mandy, brother of Henry, invades Eng- 
land, but is persuaded to retire after 
landing at Pevensey. 

1106 Sept. 28. Fr. Battle of Tinche- 
bray. Henry I. conquers Normandy 
(pp. 668, 669). 

1119 Aug. 20. Fr. Battle of Brenne- 
ville; Normandy secured (pp. 668, 669). 

1136* * Exeter Castle surrenders to 
King Stephen. 

1138 * * The Earl of Gloucester takes 
Bristol, in defense of his sister Matilda, 
against King Stephen. 

Aug. 22. Battle of the Standard, at 
Northallerton, Yorkshire. 

Stephen's force under the Earl of Al- 
bemarle defeats David, the Scotch king ; 
in the center of the English forces a 
ship's mast, fixed to a wagon, bore upon 
its top a consecrated host. [Hence the 
name of the battle.] 



1139 * * The Empress Matilda unsuc- 
cessfully invades England in person. 
(See State.) 

1139-53 Civil war and utter anarchy 
prevail. (One of the darkest periods of 
English history.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1078 * * London. The Tower is begun 
by William I. 

1086* * London. St. Paul's Cathe- 
dral is destroyed in the great conflagra- 
tion ; Mauritius, bishop of London, un- 
dertakes to rebuild it. [10S7. The first 
stone is laid. 1240. Completed.] 

1089 * * A widespread earthquake is 
felt. 

1091 Oct. 5. A wind-storm in sev- 
eral parts of England destroys many 
churches ; 500 houses in London fall. 

1097 * * London. Westminster Hall 
is built by William Rufus for banquet- 
ing purposes. 

1100 * * The sea overflows 400 acres of 
Earl Godwin's lands, and forms an im- 
mense sand-bank on the coast of Kent. 
[Known as Godwin-Sands.] 

1101 * *The yard measure is founded 
on the length of the arm of King Edgar. 

1110± * * Henry I. enlarges "Windsor 
Castle, which William the Conqueror 
began as a residence for the British sov- 
ereigns. 

* * The miracle-play of St. Catherine is 
written ; it is acted at Dunstable, and 
it is the first [known] dramatic pro- 
duction in England. 

1120+ * * Kenilworth Castle in War- 
wickshire is built by Geoffrey de Clin- 
ton [who.se grandson sells it'to Henr'v 
II.]. ' 

1135-1272 Gothic architecture ap- 
pears in the Temple Church, London, 
and in parts of the cathedrals of Win- 
chester, Wells, Salisbury, and Durham ; 
also in Westminster Abbey. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1068* * Henrv I., king, born. [1135. D.] 

1075* * Oi'lennis Vitalis, liist.,b. (11431. D.] 

1080* * Yv'alclicr, bishup ot Durham, Earl of 
Northumberland, killed. 

1083 * * Matilda, queen of William I., dies. 

1086* * Tirloeh, king, 1 1 eland, dies. 

1093 * * Malcolm III., Canmore, k., Scot, d. 

1095* * Malmeslmiv, William of, historian, 
born. (1143. Dies.] 

1101 * * MatiMa, i lam; liter of Henry I., born. 
[1165. Dies.] 

1105* * Stephen, kin;;, born. [1154. *D.] 

1112+ * * Wace, Master Hubert, Anglo-Nor- 
man poet, born. [1174±. Dies.] 

1117 * * Becket, Thomas a, archbishop of 
Canterbury, born. [1170. Dies.] 

1120 * * Salisbury, John of, scholastic, born. 
[1180. Dies.] 

1124+ * * t.admer, or K.lmer, monk, hist., d. 

1126 * * Beverley, Alfred of, historian, dies. 

1133 ** Henry 11., king, born. [1189. D.] 

CHURCH. 

1072 * * Barons are created, and bish- 
ops receive the honor. 

1073* *The [present] 'Winchester 
Cathedral is begun. 

1076± * * William checks the aggrandiz- 
ing policy of the church. (See State.) 

He refuses to pay homage to the Pope, 
and retains for himself the appointment 
of bishops. No papal letter can be re- 
ceived or papal synod held in England, 
or appeal made to Rome, without his 
consent. 



1078 * * Jews first arrive in England. (?) 
+ *■ * Sidnacester, or Lindisse, and Dor- 
chester, two distinct sees in Mercia, are 
united. [1086. The see is removed to 
Lincoln by Bishop Remigius de Fes- 
champ, who builds a cathedral.] 



* * Dublin. The archbishop of Dublin is 
consecrated by Lanf ranc. 

1088 * * The see of Batti is erected. 

* *The [Norwich] cathedral is first 
erected by Bishop Herbert Losinga. 
[12S0. Completed.] 

1091 * * The see of Norwich, formerly 

East Anglia, is named. 
1093 * * [St.] Anselm is consecrated 

archbishop of Canterbury. [1114, Ralph 

de Turbine ; 1123, William de Curbellis ; 

1139, Theobald.] 

1096* *fre. Trinity Cathedral, Water- 
ford, is dedicated by Malchus, its first 
bishop. 

1108* * The see of Ely is erected. [1182. 
Carlisle.] 

1111 Feb.* Emperor Henry V. gives 
up the right of investiture of ecclesias- 
tics, by treaty [but other sovereigns 
resolutely refuse to concede it]. 

1118* * ft. Gelasius II. is elected pope. 
[1119, Calixtus II.; 1124. Honorms II.; 1130, 
Innocent II.; 1143, Celestine II.; 1144, Lu- 
cius II.; 1145 Etigenius III.; 1153, Anasta- 
sius IV.; 1154, Adrian IV.; 1150, Alexander 
III.; 1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.: 
1187, Gregory VIII.; later, Clement III.; 
1101, Celestine III.; 1198, Innocent III.] 

1120* * Edinburgh. St. Giles Church 
is founded (S45 ?)'. [1124-1153. Improved 
by King David.] 

1124 Scot. King David endows several 
sees ; the see of Ross is erected. [1130, 
Dunkfeld ; 1139, Holyrood.] 

1128 * * The first Cistercian monks ar- 

They observe silence, abstain from 
flesh, sleep on straw, and wear neither 
shoes nor shirts ; Gifford, bishop of 
Winchester, founds the abbey at Wa- 
verley. 

1135* * London. St. Stephen's Chapel 
of Westminster is built by Kiug Stephen. 

1136* * Ire. The see of Kilmore is 
erected. [1151. Armagh is reestab- 
lished.] 



LETTERS. 

1071+ * * The Exeter Codex and The 
Verceli Codex, containing a collection 
of ancient poetry, are compiled. 

11th Century. A Life of King Edward the 
Confessor is written by an unknown 
author. 

1080 * * Scot. English fugitives escap- 
ing from the Normans introduce the 
Saxon-English language. 

1087± * * William tries to learn the 
English language. 

1090+ * * The Charlemagne, a Norman 
poem, is written. 

1100+ Education is chiefly confined to 
the clergy ; the king's chief clerks are 
sometimes rewarded with bishoprics. 

11Q0+ * * Henry I. is called the Scholar. 

1118* *The Chronicle of Florence of 

Worcester ends. 
1120 * * Homilies, popular expositions of 

Scriptures, are written by an unknown 

author. 
1129 * * The Earlof Simeon of Durham's 

Chronicle ends. 



AND IRELAND. 1067,* *-1139, Sept. 30. 849 



1132-35-47 Geoffrey of Monmouth 
writes his History of British Kings. 

1135-54 Henry of Huntingdon writes a 
Chronicle in seven books, and On the 
Contempt of the World. 

SOCIETY. 

1068 * * Ringing of the Curfew Bell at 
eight o'clock in the evening is intro- 
duced ; all fires and candles are to be 
extinguished under severe penalties. 

* * The rights of primogeniture come 
into English jurisprudence with the feu- 
dal law. 

1074 * * William introduces beheading 
as a less ignominious mode of execution 
than others for high-born criminals. 

1079 * * "William T. lays waste a large 
tract in Hampshire to form a forest for 
his pleasure. 

1087 * * Fr. William I. burns the town 
of Nantes, not because the people had 
offended him, but because their king 
had uttered a silly jest athis expense. 

1094 * * Scot. Duncan II. is murdered. 

1096 * * Trial by Combat is introduced. 
A prisoner who pleads not guilty 
may choose whether he will put himself 
for trial upon God and his country by 12 
men, as at this day, or upon God alone. 
[A battle by single combat is fought be- 
fore William II., and the peers, between 
Geoffrey Baynard and William, Earl of 
Eu, who was accused by Baynard of high 
treason ; Baynard having conquered, Eu 
is deemed convicted, and then blinded 
and mutilated.] 

1098 * * Scot. King Edgar, having de- 
throned Donald Bane, his rival, puts 
out his eyes. 

1099 * * London. William Rufus, on his 
return from Normandy, celebrates in 
royal style the feast of Whitsuntide in 
Westminster Hall. 



1106* * Henry puts out his brother 
Robert's eyes, and confines him in a 
castle of Wales [during life, 28 years]. 

1132 * * The Hospital of Holy Cross, 

Winchester, is founded by Bishop Henry 
de Blois. 

STATE. 
1068 * * The Danegelt tax is revived. 
"Every hide of land, i.e., as much as 
one plow can plow, or as much as can 
maintain a family, is taxed at first one 
shilling [afterwards as much as seven 
shillings]." 

* * Cornwall is given by William to hia 
half-brother, Robert de Mortein. 

* * Malcolm of Scotland does homage to 
William for Cumberland. 

1070 * * The feudal system is intro- 
duced by William. 

The estates of many of the Anglo- 
Saxon nobility are confiscated, and their 
owners reduced to poverty ; most of the 
kingdom is divided into baronies, which 
are conferred on Norman followers of 
the king, on condition of stated military 
service and payments ; all government 
offices are given to Normans. 

1071* * The great earldoms of Wessex, 
Mercia, and Northumberland are abol- 
ished by William, and sheriffs are nom- 
inated for the government of the shireB 
[counties]. 

1074 * * Edinburgh. The city is forti- 
fied, and the castle is rebuilt by Malcolm 
Canmore. 

1076 May 31. Waltheof, a powerful 
English earl, is beheaded at Winches- 
ter, as a political enemy of William ; he 
is regarded as a martyr by the English. 



* * Justices of the peace are first ap- 
pointed. (?) 

* * William refuses to pay homage to 
the Pope for the kingdom of England, 
or receive papal letters, or allow apapal 
synod or a bishops' appeal to Rome 
without his sanction. 

* * London. The bishop of London erects 
a small prison in connection with the 
gate of the city. [It is gradually en- 
larged, and is the origin of the present 
Newgate.] 

* * Domesday Book, a record of the re- 
sults of a statistical survey of the king- 
dom, is completed. 

[It is one of the oldest and most valua- 
ble records of England, and is still pre- 
served in the Public Record office at 
London.] 

1087 Sept. 9. "William I. dies from 
injuries caused by the plunging of his 
horse amid the burning cinders at 
Nantes, France. 

1087-1100 WilliamH., surnamedRu- 
fus, son of William I., reigns. Ralph 
Flambard, Bishop of Durham, is his chief 
minister. 

1090 * * John, the king's chaplain and 
physician [afterward bishop of Bath and 
Wells], is the first mentioned physician 
to the king. 

1092 * * Carlisle is built. 

1093-94 Scot. Donald VII., Donald 
Bane, brother of Malcolm Canmore, 
reigns. 

1094 * * Duncan, illegitimate (?) son of 
Malcolm Canmore, wrests the crown 
from Donald Bane ; he reigns but six 
months, when he is assassinated, and 
Donald Bane recovers the throne. 

1098-1107 Scot. Edgar, son of Mal- 
colm Canmore and Margaret, sister of 
Edgar Atheling, reigns. 

1100 Aug. 2. William II. dies; he is 
accidentally shot with an arrow by Wai- 
ter Tyrrel. (Perhaps intentionally shot.) 

1100-35 Henry I., surnamed Beauclerc, 
youngest son of William I., reigns. (1100. 
Aug. 5. Crowned.) 

Nov. 11. Henry marries Matilda, or 
Maud, niece of Edgar Atheling, thus 
uniting the Norman and Saxon in- 
terests. 

± * * The power of bequeathing lands 
by the last will and testament of the 
owner is confirmed to English subjects, 
but with great restrictions and limita- 
tions respecting the feudal system. 

* * London. Henry grants a charter to 
the city. 

It secures f .o the citizens "trial by 
oath," the right of electing sheriffs and 
justiciary, and protecting their trade 
i( from toll or exaction over the length 
and breadth of the land." 

1101* * Henry publishes a charter of 
liberties, in which he engages to put 
in force the laws of Edward the Con- 
fessor. 

1105 * *The Court of Exchequer [so 
called from the chequered table at which 
it sits] is established by Henry (?), its 
function being to try causes relating to 
the public revenue, and common-law 
causes between subject and subject. 

* * Henry imprisons Robert. (Society.) 
1107 Jan. 8-24 Scot. Alexander I., 

the Fierce, and David, brothers of 
Edgar, reign ; Alexander having the 
western, David, the southern part. 
1109 * * Matilda, daughter of Henry I., 
is betrothed to Henry V., Emperor of 



1110-30 Ire. Mortough reigns. 

He is in strict friendship with Henry 
I. of England; he makes alliances with 
many foreign princes ; and he gives one 
of his daughters in marriage to Sicard, 
son of Magnus, King of Norway. 

1120 Nov. 25. Henry's son and heir, 
"WiUiam, with 140 knights, perishes in 
the White Ship, which sinks in the Brit- 
ish Channel. 

1124 Apr. 27-53 ** Scot. Alexander 
having died, David I., the Saint, brother 
of Alexander the Fierce, reigns in the 
West, sole king. 

He forms Scottish burghs (?), and es- 
tablishes feudal barons. 

1125 * * Henry takes severe measures 
against false coining ; nearly 50 false 
coiners are hanged or mutilated. 

1127 June 17. Henry's daughter Ma- 
tilda, widow of the Emperor of Ger- 
many, is married to Geoffrey Plan- 
tagenet, son of Fulk, Earl ot Anjou. 
[1136. She claims the crown of England, 
and is assisted by David of Scotland.] 

1130-50 Ire. TurloughO'Connorreigns. 
[1150-68. Murtough MacNeil MacLach- 
lin. 1168-72. Roderic, or Roger, O'Con- 

1135 Dec. 1. Fr. Henry I dies in 
Normandy from eating too plentifully 
of lampreys. 

1135-54 Stephen of Blois, son of Ad- 
ela, sister of Henry I., usurps the throne. 
(1134. Dec. 26. Crowned.) 

His reign is one of almost constant 
civil strife, and oppression of the people 
by the nobles, who multiply fortified 
castles throughout the country. 

1137-69 W. Owen Gwynedd reigns. 
[1169. Howel. 1169-94. David ap Owain 
Gwynedd.] 

1138* *The Norman Theobald [later 
archbishop of Canterbury] introduces 
the study of civil law. 

1139 July * Stephen arrests Koger, 
Bishop of Sarum [Salisbury], and Alex- 
ander, Bishop of Lincoln, suspecting 
them to he in sympathy with the claim 
of Matilda. 

Sept. 30. Matilda, accompanied by the 
Earl of Gloucester and a retinue of 
knights, lands in Suffolk to assert her 
claim to the throne. [1141. Feb. 2. 
Stephen is captured.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1071* * Fairs are encouraged by Wil- 

1086* * London. St. Paul's Cathedral 
is burned. 

1092 * * London. The mortality is very 
great. 

1095 * * Ire. The mortality ia unusual. 

1111* * London. The unusual mortal- 
ity sweeps away, besides human beings, 
cattle, fowls, and other domestic ani- 
mals. 

1120 Nov. 25. Prince William and 
140 noblemen lose their lives by ship- 
wreck in the German Ocean. 

1125 * * The first great park in England 
is formed at Woodstock by Henry I. 

1135 * * Rents are first paid in money 
instead of in kind. 

* * English commerce consists in the 
exportation of wool. 

1136 * * London. The London Bridge is 
burned. 

1137 June3. The Rochester Cathedral 
is burned. [June 4. The greater part 
of York, including the cathedral and 
39 churches, is burned. June 27. The 
city of Bath is destroyed by fire.] 



850 1140, Mar. 21-1195, * 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1141 Feb. 2. Battle of Lincoln: 
Stephen is defeated and captured by the 
Earl of Gloucester, Matilda's brother. 
[1142. The earl is defeated and cap- 
tured.] 

1142 * * Matilda is besieged at Oxford 
by Stephen, who had been exchanged. 

1150 * * Ire. Connor O'Brien defeats 
Turlough O'Connor. 

During the 12th century the five kings 
of Ireland and its petty princes are al- 
most continuously at war with each 
other. 

1153* * Scot. Somerled of the Isles 
invades England. 

1157 * * W. Henry II. leads an unsuc- 
cessful expedition into "Wales. [1163. 
Second Welsh war ; South Wales is 
subdued. 1165. Third Welsh war.] 

* * Fr. "War occurs with Louis of 
France for the succession of Toulouse. 

1169* * Ire. Fitz-Stephen with 500 
Anglo-Normans makes a successful in- 
vasion. 

1170 Aug. 23. Ire. Richard Strong- 
bow, Earl of Pembroke, lands with an 
army at Waterford. [He takes Dublin.] 

1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands 
near Waterford with 4,500 men. 

1172* * Ire. Cork is garrisoned by 
Henry II. 

[The conquest of Ireland is gradually 
effected, with the exception of Ulster, 
whose princes refuse to submit to Eng- 
lish authority.] 

1173 * * Rebellion. (See State.) 

* * Henry defeats Louis VU. of France. 

1174 July 13. The Scots under "Wil- 
liam I., the Lion, invade England to 
recover Northumberland ; they are de- 
feated at Alnwick by Ranulf de Glan- 
ville. William is taken prisoner. 

1180 * * Ire. The castle of Carlow is 
erected by John. 

1181* * The assize of arms is held; 
the militia service restored. 

1189 * * Conspiracy of Henry's sons. 
(See State.) 

1190-94 Richard I., with Philip Au- 
gustus of France, and Frederick Barba- 
rossa of Germany, engages in the Third 
Crusade. 

1191 * * Syria. Richard I. defeats Sa- 
ladin at Ascalon, and concludes a 
truce for three years. 

1194-96 Fr. "War occurs with France, 
caused by Philip's intrigues against 
Richard with King John. [1194. Battle 
at Fre"teval (p. 670). 1198. Sept. 20. 
Battle of Gisors; Richard defeats the 
French.] 

1195 * * Ire. The castle of Kilkenny 
is built by William Marshall, Earl of 
Pembroke. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1140 Mar. 21. A total eclipse of the 
sun occurs, and complete darkness pre- 
vails in England. 

1142 * * A severe earthquake is felt in 
Lincoln. 

1150 Dec. 9+. A severe frost con- 
tinues for two months and ten days. 

12th Century. The bridge at Burton 
over the Trent is built ; length, 1,545 feet. 



1171 * * The [present] building of York 
Minster is begun. 

1175 * * Canterbury Cathedral is be- 
gun under the direction of a French 
architect, William of Sens. 



1177 * * Imported glass is used in the 
windows of private houses. 

1191 June 23. An eclipse of the sun 
occurs. The stars are visible near mid- 
day ; with the true sun another appears, 
so that glasses are necessary to distin- 
guish the difference. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1146* * Giraldus Cambrensis, historian, 

bom. [1220. Dies.] 
1154* * Monmouth, Geoffrey of, chronicler, 

dies. 
1157 Sept. 8. Richard I., king, Cceurde 

Lion, born. [1199. Apr. 6. Dies.] 
1160+ * * Robin Hood, legendary outlaw, 

born. (?) 
1166+* * Laugton, Stephen, card., archbp. 

of Canterbury, states., b. [1228. Dies.] 
1167i* * John, king, born. [1216. Dies.] 
1170 * * Miidoi-, legendary Welsh prince, d. 
11734:* * Edmund, Saint, andilusliopof Can- 
terbury, born. [1240. Dies.] 
1176* * Clare, Richard de (Strongbow), 

Earl of Pembroke, dies. 
1190* * Pans, Matthew, hist., b. [1259. D.] 

Glanville, Ranulf de, jurist, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1143* * Peter de Gousla, or Gousel, 
founds the first monastery of the "White 
Canons in Lincolnshire. 

1148* * Archbishop Theobald is sent 
into exile because of a quarrel with 
King Stephen. 

1150 * * Scot. The sees of Brechin and 
Caithness are erected. 

1151-52 Ire. Cardinal John Paparo, 
the Pope's legate, divides the bishop- 
rics, and constitutes prelacies. 

* * The archbishoprics of Dublin, Ar- 
magh and Cashel, and Tuain are 
created. 

1154* * The first appeals are made to 
the Pope from the decisions of English 
tribunals. 

* * Thomas a Becket becomes arch- 
deacon of Canterbury. [1162. Arch- 
bishop.] 

1155 * * Pope Adrian IV. gives Ireland 
to England for Peter's Pence. (?) 

He permits King Henry II. to invade 
Ireland on condition that every Irish 
family shall pay a carolus to the Pope, 
and that Ireland be regarded as a fief of 
the church. 

1160* *Heretics are inhumanly 
treated. 

Thirty Germans who came to propa- 
gate their doctrines are branded in the 
forehead, whipped, and turned into the 
streets naked, to perish of the winter's 
cold, as none dare to show them compas- 
sion. 

1161 * * .ft. Henry II. pays homage to 
the Pope by holding his stirrup while 
he mounts his horse. [1170. July 22.' 
He does the same for Archbishop 
a Becket.] 

1162* * Scot. The see of Moray is 
erected. 

1170 Dec. 29. Thomas a Becket re- 
turns from France. 

He is murdered at the altar. (See 
State.) [1172. Canonized.] 

* * It. The Pope puts all England under 
an interdict. [1174. July 8. Henry 
makes a pilgrimage to the tomb of the 



murdered a Becket, and expiates his 
sin by prostration and public scourging.] 
1174* * Richard is chosen archbishop 
of Canterbury. [1185, Baldwin ; 1191, 
Reginald Fitz-Joeeline ; 1193, Hubert 
Walter.] 

1178 * * The clergy of Berkshire are re- 
lieved from keeping the archdeacon's 
dogs and hawks, during his visitation, 
by a special act of the Pope. 

1181* * $cot. The cathedral, or high 
church, of Glasgow, dedicated to St. 
Kentigern, or Mungo, is begun. 

1183±**/re. The cathedral of 
Down, formerly dedicated to the Holy 
Trinity, is, at the instance of John de 
Courcy, the conquerorof Ulster, rededi- 
cated to St. Patrick. 

1185* * London. The Temple is 
founded ; also the church built by the 
Knights Templars ; it is consecrated by 
Heraclius, Patriarch of Jerusalem. 

1189 Sept. 3. London. Priests insti- 
gate the mob to massacre the Jews at 
the coronation of Richard. 

* * King Richard I. engages in the Third 
Crusade. 

1190* * Dublin. Archbishop Comyn 
founds St. Patrick's Cathedral on the 
site of an old church. 

LETTERS. 

12th Century. Bookselling and book- 
sellers are first mentioned. 

Oxford is a center for clerical study. 
[1136. Chartered.] 

William of Malmesbury writes the 
History of the Kiwis of Enq I and (449 to 
1120), and History of English Prelates. 

Nigel Wireker, a Benedictine monk, 
writes On the Corruptions of the Church 
and Brunellus, or Speculum Stultorum, 
The Mirror of Fools, and other works 
against clerical irregularities. 

1155 * * Robert Wace writes Le Brut 
d 'Angleterre. _ 

1156-59 John of Salisbury, bishop of 
Chartres, writes Polycraticus, or De 
Nugis Curialium et Vestigiis Philoso- 
phorum, on the trifles of courtiers and 
tracks of the philosophers. 

1160 * * The Moral Ode is written. 



Walter Mapes writes De Ifugis Cu- 
rialium. [1170-90,Ze Grand Saint Graal, 
Queste de Saint Graal , Lancelot du Lac, 
and Marie d' Arthur, contributions to 
the King Arthur legends.] 



1181* * Randulph de Granville writes 
Upon the Laws and Customs of the King- 
dom of England; it is the first digest 
of English laws and customs. 

1190* * Alexander Neckam writes, in 
Latin verse, a Treatise on Science. He 
is the author of many other Latin 
poems, grammatical and theological 
treatises, and commentaries on Aris- 
totle and other works. 

±* * Educated men use three lan- 
guages, English, the common tongue ; 
French, the polite, literary, and fash- 
ionable language ; and Latin, the lan- 
guage of learning. 

SOCIETY. 

1148* * London. St. Katherine's 
Hospital is founded by Queen Matilda. 



AND IRELAND. 



1140, Mar. 21-1195,* 



851 



1154+* * Rosamond, the mistress of 
Henry II., is poisoned. 

A conspiracy is formed against her by 
the queen, Prince Henry, and the king's 
other sons. Henry keeps her in a laby- 
rinth at "Woodstock, where Queen 
Eleanor discovers her apartment by the 
clue, a silk thread, and poisons her. 

1155 * * Foreigners are banished be- 
cause they are considered too numerous. 

115S * * London. Population, 40,000. 

1170 Dee. 29. Assassination of Bec- 
ket. (See State.) 

1180 * * London. Skating is known. 

1181 * * Ire. The title Baron Kinsale is 
created. 

* * * The surname of a family is begun 
to be handed down from father to son ; 
the system is introduced by the Nor- 
mans. 

1189-90 London. Riots against the 
Jews occur. 

Some few pressing into "Westminster 
Hall at the coronation of Richard I. are 
put to death by the people, and a false 
alarm being given that the king had or- 
dered a general massacre of them, the 
people in many parts of England kill all 
they meet. Jews besieged in York Cas- 
tle cut each other's throats to escape the 
fury of the mob. 

± * * Robin Hood, the [legendary] rob- 
ber, flourishes. 

STATE. 

1141 Mar.* Matilda is crowned 
queen by the Bishop of "Winchester and 
other clergy. [She alienates her sup- 
porters by her severe and unwise gov- 
ernment.] 

1147 * * After a civil war of six years, 
Matilda, being defeated, retires to Nor- 
mandy. 

1153-65 Scot. Malcolm IV., grandson 
of David I., reigns. (1153. May 24. 
Crowned.) 

* * Henry Plantagenet, Matilda's son, 
lands in England to assert his claim to 
the crown. 

1154 Oct. 25. Stephen dies. 

1154-1399 House of Plantagenet. 

1154-89 Henry Plantagenet, son of 
Matilda, and grandson of Henry I., 
reigns as Henry H. (1154. Dec. 19. 
■Crowned.) 

He becomes the greatest monarch of 
the age ; his non-English realm includes 
(1) Touraine and Anjou, inherited from 
nis father ; (2) Maine and Normandy in 
right of his mother ; (3) the seven prov- 
inces of Poitou, Saintonge, Auvergne, 
Pengord, Limousin, Angoumois, and 
Guienne, in right of his wife Eleanor ; 
and Brittany annexed ; being altogether 
more than a third part of France. 

1155* * Thomas a Becket is made 
chancellor [and becomes Henry's favor- 
ite and chief minister]. 

* * Pope Adrian IV. issues a bull giving 
Henry sovereign authority over Ire- 
land. (See Church.) 

1162 * * Henry introduces the scutage 
system, permitting lower tenants to 
commute military service by payment 
of money. 

J.163 * * Becket opposes the king's at- 
tempt to reform the law relating to the 
punishment of clerical criminals. 



1164 Jan. 25. The barons and 
in a council at Clarendon, Wiltshire, 
adopt the "constitutions of Claren- 
don," which diminish the power and 
privileges of the clergy. [1164-70. Con- 
tested by Henry II. and Becket.] 

* * Becket flees to France after trial on 
a charge of "contempt of royal au- 
thority." 

1165-1214 Scot. "William the Lion, 
brother of Malcolm IV., reigns in the 
West. (1165. Dec. 9. Crowned.) 

1166* * The Assize of Clarendon re- 
vives the frank-pledge. 

By this the freemen of villages are 
mutually responsible for one another's 
''good behavior;" it orders that juries 
of " 12 lawful men " present to the courts 
for trial persons suspected of crime ; it 
abolishes compurgation proof of inno- 
cence by oath of neighbors. 

1168* * Ire. Dermod McMurrough,King 
of Leinster, is banished by King Koderic 
and other Irish princes, for his crimes 
and cruelties. 

1170 * * Under threat of excommunica- 
tion by the Pope, Henry becomes rec- 
onciled to Becket, who returns to 
England. 



Dec. 29. Becket is assassinated in the 
Cathedral of Canterbury by Reginald 
Fitzurse, William Tracy, Hugh de More- 
ville, and Richard Brito, who had been 
instigated to the deed by passionate ex- 
pressions of Henry. 

1171 Oct. 18. Ire. Henry II. lands 
at Waterford with an army. 

He receives the submission of some of 
the chiefs of Munster and Leinster, and 
becomes " Lord of Ireland," by which 
title the kings of England are styled 
until the reign of Henry V11I., who 
takes the title, King of Ireland.] 

1172 * * Ire. Henry appoints Hugh de 
Lacy governor of Dublin, and lord jus- 
tice of Ireland ; he divides Ireland into 
counties, and regulates the government. 

1173 * * A rebellion is led by the king's 
son Henry ; the French and English 
nobles unite in a league against the 
English king. 

1174-86 Edinburgh. The castle is held 
by the English against the French and 
English nobles and the King of Scotland. 

* * Ire. The parliament of Ireland be- 
gins with conferences of English at 
Tara. (?) 

* * Dublin. Henry grants a charter to 
the city. 

* * Scot. William the Lion, who has 
been taken prisoner by the English, 
agrees by the treaty of Falaise, Nor- 
mandy, to recognize Henry as lord para- 
mount, and to render him homage for 
Scotland. [1175. Aug. 10. The treaty 
is executed, and the homage rendered in 
the Cathedral of York.] 

1176 * * England is divided into six cir- 
cuit court districts for the administra- 
tion of justice. 

± * * Ire. John de Courcy is made Earl 
of Ulster. 

* * Ire. "William Fitzaldeln de Burgo, 
or Burke, is appointed lord deputy, or 
viceroy. 

1180* * Scot. Glasgow is made a burgh 
by King William the Lion. 



1185* * Ire. Henry grants its first char- 
ter to Cork. 

Apr. 1. Ire. Prince John, son of 
of Henry II., lands at Waterford. [Irish 
chieftains pay him homage.] 

1189 * * Richard and John, sons of 
Henry, enter into a conspiracy with 
the King of France against their father. 

July 6. Henry II. dies. 

1189-99 Richard I., Cceur de Lion, 
the lion-hearted, eldest surviving son 
of Henry II., reigns. (1089. Sept. 3. 
Crowned.) 

* * John, King Richard's brother, mar- 
ries Avisa, daughter of the Earl of 
Gloucester. Richard gives him the 
earldoms of Cornwall, Devon, Somerset, 
Nottingham, Dorset, Lancaster, and 
Derby. 

* * Richard for 10,000 marks releases 
William of Scotland from vassalage, 
and cedes to him the fortresses of Rox- 
burgh and Berwick. 

* * London. The Fleet prison is erected. 
1189-1213 London. Henry Fitz-Alwyn 

is the first mayor. 

* * Ire. Hugh de Lacy the younger is 
made lord deputy, and Stephen Ridel, 
chancellor. 

± * *■ The mode of levying money by 
licenses is introduced by Richard I. ; 
it is confined to such of the nobility as 
desire to enter the lists at tournaments. 

1190* * Richard leaves England for 
the Crusade. 

He entrusts the administration of the 
Government to the chancellor, William 
de Longchamp, bishop of Ely. [Later 
it is directed by Hubert, archbishop of 
Canterbury, and yet later by Geoffrey 
Fitz-Peter.l 

1191 May 12. Richard I. marries 
Berengaria, daughter of the King of 
Navarre. 

Oct. 8. London. At a meeting of nobles 
and prelates, Chancellor Longchamp 
is deposed, and Prince John is chosen 
chief justiciary of the kingdom. 

1192* * Aust. Richard, in returning 
from Palestine, is shipwrecked in the 
Adriatic, and driven on the coast of 
Istria. 

Dec. 20. Aust. Richard, while travel- 
ing in disguise, is arrested at Vienna by 
Leopold, Duke of Austria. 

1193 Mar. * Leopold, for 60,000 pounds, 
delivers Richard to Henry VI., Em- 
peror of Germany, who imprisons him 
inacastlein the Tyrol (pp.505, 779). [1194. 
He returns to England.] 

* * John, in the absence of his brother 
Richard, attempts to seize the crown. 

1194-1240 W. Llewelyn the Great is 

prince. 
1195 * * Ire. Its first charter is given 

to Limerick. [119S. Adam Servant is 

its first mayor.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1172* * Ire. The plague compels Henry 
II. to leave the country. 

1193-95 Famine and pestilence de- 
vastate the country. 



852 1196,**-1240,**. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1211* * Scot. Guthred lands an invad- 
ing force from Ireland. [He is defeated, 
captured, and put to death.] 

1214 * * Fr. Battle of Bouvines. The 
French defeat the English (p. 670). 

1215 May 17. The barons elect Robert 
Fitzwalter as their leader, with title 
of marshal. 

1216 * * King John, with an army of 
mercenaries, overruns the country, and 
wreaks his vengeance in blood. 

May 30. Louis, son of Philip II. of 
France, with 680 vessels, lands at 
Sandwich (p. 670). 

1217* * Louis withdraws from Eng- 
land, after suffering defeat near Lincoln 
by the Earl of Pembroke. 

1222* * Scot. The tithe rebellion 
commences in Caithness. [122S. The 
McScolane rebellion breaks out in 
Moray. 1233. The Galloway rebellion.] 

1229 * * Fr. King Henry III. leads his 
first expedition to recover Poitou from 
the French. 

1232 * * Ire. Galway is conquered by 
Richard de Burgh. 

1232-72 The barons' war. (See State.) 

1240 * * Palestine. Kichard, Earl of 
Cornwall, leader of the Seventh Crusade, 
delivers Jerusalem. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1200 * * Chimneys are introduced. 
1220 Apr. 28. The building of Salis- 
bury Cathedral is begun. 

* * London. The first 6tone is laid for 
[the present] "Westminster Abbey. 

1234 * * Coal is discovered at Newcastle. 
[1245. Used as a fuel.] 

1235* * London. The lawyers are 
brought from Westminster Hall in boats 
on account of the rising of the 
Thames. 

1237 * * "Water is first conveyed to Lon- 
don in leaden pipes. 

1240 * * London. St. Mary's, or the Tem- 
ple, Church is erected. (See 1185.) 

* * The earliest [extant] piece of music 
for several voices, a "six men's song," 
iB written. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



12 



murdered, A15. 

1205 * * Hubert, Walter, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, dies. 

)6± *" * Montfort, Simon de. Earl of 
Leicester, leader of barons, b. [1265. D.] 

1207 Oct. 1. Henry m., king, born. 
[1272. Nov. 16. Dies.] 

1210 * * Layamon, poet, A60±. 

1210+ * * JVIaps, Walter, archdeacon, poet, 
A73±. 

1214 * * Bacon, Roger, friar, scholastic, 
born. [1294. Dies.] 

1219 * * Pembroke, Earl of, Protector, dies. 

1237* * Orm, monk, poet, A50+. 

1239 June 17. Edward I.." Longshanks," 
king, born. [1307. July 7. Dies.] 



1198* *The King of England is a vas- 
sal of the Pope, the same as all other 



* * Ire. The cathedral of Limerick is 
founded by Donald O'Brien. 

1204 * * Jews of both sexes are impris- 
oned by King John. 

Their eyes or teeth are plucked out, 
and numbers are butchered with great 
savagery. 

1205 * * The death of Hubert "Walter, 
archbishop of Canterbury, is followed 
by a disputed election, which is referred 
to Rome. 

1206 * * It. ThePope excommunicate a 
the citizens of Dublin. 

1207 * * It. Pope Innocent HI. com- 
mands the election of Stephen Lang- 
ton as archbishop of Canterbury by the 
English monks. 

June 27. Innocent finally consecrates 
Langton primate of England. 

1208 * * John refuses to receive Lang- 
ton as archbishop of Canterbury. 

Mar. * It. The Pope lays an interdict 
on King John and all England for six 
years. 

The church bells are silent, the sacra- 
ments unadministered, and the dead 
lay on the ground unburied. 

1209 * * John is excommunicated. 
He retaliates by banishing the obedi- 
ent bishops, and confiscating the lands 
of the clergy. 

1212 * * It. The Pope deposes John. 
He also proclaims a crusade against 

him ; his subjects are released from al- 
legiance, and he is proclaimed an enemy 
of Christendom, 

1213 May 15. John yields, and be- 
comes the Pope's vassal. 

He kneels in homage to Pandulf, the 
Pope's legate, for his dominions, and 
binds himself and his successors to an 
annual payment of 1,000 marks. He also 
cedes Ireland to the Pope. 
1215 May 19. It. The barons are cen- 
sured by the Pope. [Dec. 16. They are 
excommunicated, and London is inter- 
dicted. 1216 * * Scot. The papal inter- 
dict is laid against the barons and their 
allies.] 

* * //. Honorius TIL is elected pope. [1227, 
Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 1243, In- 
nocently.; 1254, Alexander IV.; 1261, Ur- 
ban IV.; 1265, Clement IV.; 1271, Gregory 
X. ; 1276, Innocent V. ; later, Adrian V. ; and 
later, John XXI.; 1277, Nicholas III.; 1281, 
Martin IV.; 1285, Honorius IV.; 128R, Nich- 
olas IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later, 
Boniface VIII.] 

1217* * Ire. John forbids the consecra- 
tion of native bishops. [1224. The 
Pope restores them.] 

1225* * Dublin. Christ's Church is re- 
built. 

1226 * *The tenths of the whole king- 
dom are collected for the Pope ; large 
sums are exacted. 

* * * Archbishop Langton divides the 
Bible into chapters and verses. [1228. 
July 9±. Great loss falls to the church 
and state by his death.] 

1229 * * Laymen are forbidden to read 
the Scriptures by the Pope. 

* * Richard Weathershed is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

[1233, Edmund de Abbendon ; 1245, 
Boniface of Savoy ; 1272, Robert Kil- 
wardly ; 1279, John Peckham ; 1293, Rob- 
ert Winchesley.] 
1236 * * The [celebrated] nunnery of 
Exeter is founded. 



LETTERS. 

1198 * * "William of Newbury writes the- 
History of English Affairs. 

1199± * * Chronicle of Richard of De- 
vizes, Annals of Barnwell, Chronicle of 
Joselyn of Brakelond, and many other 
chronicles, are written. 

1200± * * The Sayings of Alfred is writ- 
ten by an unknown author. 

1202+ * * Roger of Hoveden writes An- 
nals of England, 732-1201. 

1205 * + Layamon writes the poem Brut. 

1215 * * Orm, or Ormin, writes The Or- 

mulum, a set of religious services in. 

meter. 



He is the author of Topography of Ire- 
land, History of the Conquest of Ireland , 
Itinerary of Wales, Gemina Ecclesias- 
tica, or Jewel of the Church, De Rebus 
a se Gestis, Of the things done by him- 
self, and a Symbolum Electorum, a lite- 
rary miscellany. 



1220+ * * Ancren Riwle, Rule of the An- 
choresses, is written by Bishop Poor. 

13th Century. Nicholas of Guildford 
writes Owl and Nightingale. 

1224 * * The Franciscans establish them- 
selves as teachers at Cambridge. 

1225-35 The Bestiary is written. 

1229-31 Great numbers of students 
come to Cambridge from Paris and Ox- 
ford. [1230. Henry III. grants it a 
charter.] 

1232 The University of Oxford is 
founded by William, archdeacon of Dur- 
ham. (?) [1248. A charter is granted.] 

1235-73 Matthew Paris writes his 
Greater Chronicle, History of England, 
and Lives of Earlier Abbots. 

13th Century. First mention is made of 
university chests at Oxford ; they are 
benefactions designed as funds for the 
assistance of poor students. 

SOCIETY. 

1200± * * Ire. English settlers gene- 
rally adopt Irish names and manners. 

1209 Mar. 30. Dublin. The "Black 
Monday" massacre occurs. 

A British colony from Bristol, while 
diverting themselves at Cullen's Wood, 
are attacked by the O'Byrnes and 
O'Tooles of Wicklow, and 300 of them 
are killed. 

1213 * * London. St. Thomas's Hos- 
pital, South wark, is founded by Prior 
Richard, as an almshouse. 

1218* * Trial by ordeal is abolished. 

1220* * Tournaments are prohibited by 
Henry m. 

1221 * * London. Riotous citizens de- 
molish the convent belonging to West- 
minster Abbey ; the ringleader is hanged, 
and the rest have their hands and feet 
amputated. 

1228 * * Scot. The title Earl of Suther- 
land is created. 

1236 Jan. 1. Henry LTI. causes 6,000' 
poor persons to be entertained in West- 
minster Hall, and in the other rooms of 
his palace, as a celebration of Queen. 
Eleanor's coronation. 



AND IRELAND. 



1196,**-1240,** 853 



STATE. 

1197 * * Scot. An insurrection raised 
by Harold, Earl of Caithness, is sup- 
pressed by King William. [Harold's son 
Torphin, who renews the rebellion, is 
seized, and put to death.] 

1199 Apr. 6. Fr. Richard I. dies of 
an arrow-wound inflicted by Bertrand 
de Gourdon at the siege of the Castle of 
Chalus. 

1199-1216 John,surnamedLaekland, 
brother of Richard, reigns. (1199. May 
28. Crowned.) 

* * Fr. Touraine, Maine, and Anjou ac- 
knowledge Arthur, son of John's 
elder brother, Geoffrey, as the rightful 
heir to the throne. [1201. King Philip 
supports the claimant.] 

* * Ire. Meyler Fitzhenry, natural son 
of Henry II., is viceroy. 

* * King John begins the use of "We" 
as the common language of kings. 

1200* * Fr. John, having divorced 
Avisa, takes as his second wifelsabella, 
daughter of the Count of Angouleme, 
who had been betrothed to Hugh, Count 
of La Marche. 

1203 * * Fr. Prince Arthur is mur- 
dered in the Castle of Rouen by, or at 
the instigation of, his uncle, King John. 

* * Fr. King Philip secures the trial of 
John by French peers on a charge of 
"felony and treason;" he is unani- 
mously condemned, and sentenced to 
forfeiture of all his territories in France. 

1204 * * Fr. John, being unsuccessful 
in a war with Philip, loses all his prov- 
inces in France, which are " reannexed 
to the French crown after a separation 
of 292 years " (pp. 670, 671). 

1205 * * The barons refuse to aid John 
to recover Normandy, which is now 
lost to the English crown. 

* * Ire. Hugh de Lacy is viceroy, 

* * Dublin. The foundation of the castle 
is laid by Henry de Loundres. [1213. It 
is finished.] 

1208 Mar. 24. Pope Innocent III. lays 
England under an interdict because of 
King John's refusal to accept Cardinal 
Stephen Langton as archbishop of Can- 
terbury. [1214. Removed.] 

1210 June 20. Ire. King John lands 
at Waterford with a numerous army. 

He marches to Dublin, where 20 chiefs 
pay him homage ; he divides the Anglo- 
Irish provinces into shires or counties ; 
he establishes sheriffs and other officers 
to govern the country according to Eng- 
lish law; he remodels the coin, decree- 
ing the same to pass in England and 
Ireland ; he also introduces English 
customs duties. 

1212 * * The Pope absolves the vassals 
of John from their oaths of fealty, ex- 
horts all Christian princes to unite in 
dethroning him, and commits the exe- 
cution of the sentence to King Philip 
of France. 

May 13. John yields to the demands 
of the Pope, including the admission of 
Langton to the archbishopric of Canter- 
bury. 

May 15. John gives a charter to the 
Papal legate, Pandulph. 

It grants to Pope Innocent and his 
successors the kingdoms of England 



and Ireland, to be held for the Ro- 
man see by the king and his heirs for 
an annual tribute of 1,000 marks ; he 
also takes an oath of fealty to the Pope. 
[1313. Oct. 3. Deed delivered.] 

1213 Nov. 15. First writ summoning 
representatives of counties to Parlia- 
ment is issued, ordering that " four dis- 
creet knights " from each county be 
sent to Oxford to treat with the king 
concerning the affairs of the kingdom. 

1214 May 19. London. King John 
grants a charter authorizing the annual 
election of mayor and common council. 

Nov. 20. The barons meet at St. Ed- 
monsbury, Suffolkshire [and determine 
to demand reforms from the king], 

1214-49 Scot. Alexander II., son of 
William the Lion, reigns. (1214. Dec. 6. 
Crowned.) 

1215 Jan. 6. London. The barons 
meet, and demand from the king a re- 
newal of the charter of Henry I., and a 
confirmation of the laws of Edward the 
Confessor. 

May 22. London. The barons, with 
" the army of God and Holy Church," 
led by Robert Fitzwalter, enter the 
city ; the citizens make common cause 
with them against the king. 

June 15. King John signs Magna 
Charta, the Great Charter, at Runny- 
mede, near Windsor, after several days' 
conference with the barons. 

It ratifies Henry's charter, and pro- 
vides that no freeman be arrested, or 
imprisoned, or deprived of his property, 
except by the lawful judgment of his 
peers ; it n.-milut.cs feudal dues and obli- 
gations ; and it provides for the conven- 
ing, and the selection of members, of a 
great council, to control the granting of 
supplies to the king, and regulates na- 
tional taxation. 

June 23. The barons disperse after ap- 
pointing 25 of their number to secure 
the execution of the provisions of the 
Charter. 

Aug. * Pope Innocent issues a bull an- 
nulling Magna Charta. 

Dec. * Pope Innocent excommunicates 
the barons for their refusal to submit to 
King John, and he lays London under 
an interdict. 

* * Ire. Geoffrey de Mariscis is viceroy. 
[1229. Maurice Fitzgerald. 1232. Re- 
appointed.] 

1216 Apr. * Louis of France accepts 
the crown of England from the barons, 
who declare it forfeited by John (p. 671). 

Oct. 19. King John dies. 

1216-72 Henry m., 10 years of age, 
son of John, reigns. (1216. Oct. 28. 
Crowned,) 

"Nov. 11. "William, Earl of Pembroke, 
is chosen at a great council at Bristol 
regent and guardian of the kingdom, 
and Magna Charta is revised and con- 
firmed. 

1217 Sept. 11. A treaty is signed at 
Kingston-upon-Thames. 

By it Louis of France, after an unsuc- 
cessful conflict, withdraws his claim to 
the English crown; this is the first 
written treaty made by England with 
a foreign nation. 



1219 * * The regent Pembroke dies ; the 
administration is entrusted to Hubert 
de Burgh, the justiciary, and Peter des 
Roches, bishop of Winchester, who are 
assisted by the papal legate, Pandulph. 

1220 * * Doubts having been raised re- 
specting the coronation at Gloucester, 
Henry is again crowned, Archbishop 
Langton officiating. 

* * Pope Honorius decrees that no baron 
shall hold more than two of the royal 
castles. 

1222* * The Great Charter is renewed 
and confirmed in the king's name at a 
11 at Oxford. 



1225 Feb. 11. Henry III. subscribes 
the Great Charter of English liberties 
in the presence of 13 bishops, 20 abbots, 
and 32 earls and barons. [It has since 
remained as revised.] 

1227 * * Henry declares himself of 
age, and begins his personal govern- 
ment. In 1222 he had been so declared 
by the Pope. 

1229 * * Henry grants a charter of cor- 
poration to Liverpool. 

1230 * * Fr. Henry receives homage in 
Poitou and Gascony. 

1232 * * Hubert de Burgh is charged 
with "avarice and despotism," and de- 
prived of his office of justiciary ; Peter 
des Roches, bishop of Winchester, is 
made chief minister [and foreigners be- 
come favorites of the king, and are ap- 
pointed to high offices of government]. 

1232-72 The barons* war. 

It is caused by the faithlessness of 
King Henry, and oppression by his fa- 
vorites ; it is led by Simon de Montfort, 
Earl of Leicester, and Gilbert de Clare, 
Earl of Gloucester ; it ends in the defeat 
of the barons. 

1233 * * London. Henry III. grants a 
charter to the city. [1142. Aldermen 
are appointed. 1253. The watch is or- 
ganized.] 

1236 Jan. 14. King Henry marries 
Eleanor, daughter of Raymond, Count 
of Provence. 

* * Peter des Roches is dismissed from 
the office of chief minister, owing to the 
barons' opposition to foreigners. 

* * A great council is held at Merton, 
Surrey, at which the " provisions of 
IVlerton " are passed, including an ordi- 
nance against the violation of common- 

1238 * * Simon de Montfort, Earl of 
Leicester, marries Eleanor, King 
Henry's sister. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1199-1220 London. Foreign mer- 
chants are invited to settle in the city. 

1200 * * The price of wine is raised to 
sixpence per quart for red, and eight- 
pence for white, " that the sellers may 
be enabled to live by its sale." 

1204 * * Ire. Vast numbers die of dis- 
ease. 

1208 * * Cider is first made in England, 
and called wine. 

1212 July 10. London Bridge is 
burned; 3,000 lives are lost. 

1216* *St. Nicholas Church at New- 
castle is burned. 

1220 * * The bones of Thomas a Becket 
are enshrined in gold and jewels. 

1232 * * The steelyard society is estab- 
lished ; it is the oldest commercial com- 
pany in England. 

1238 * * The first elephant said to have 
been seen in England is one of enormous 
size, presented by the King of France to 
Henry III. 

1239 * * Henry III. gives a charter for 
digging coal at Newcastle. 



854 1240, * *-1290, * * 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1242 May 19. Henry HI. embarks on 
his second expedition for France, to re- 
cover his estates, taking with him 30 
hogsheads of silver. [July 20. Defeated 
at Taillebourg. July 21. Battle of 
Saintes.] (P. 670.) 

1249 * * Scot. Alexander H. leads an 
expedition against Argyle, to subdue the 
"Western isles. 

1263 * * Scot. Hakon, King of Norway, 
with 20,000 men in 160 ships, arrives. 
[Oct. 2. They are defeated at Largs by 
Alexander III.] 

1264 May 14. Battle of Lewes, 
Sussex. 

King Henry m. and his son Edward 
are defeated and imprisoned by the 
barons under Simon de Montfort. 

1265 Aug. 4. Battle of Evesham, 
"Worcestershire. 

Prince Edward [Edward I.] defeats the 
barons ; Montfort, their leader, is killed, 
and King Henry released from captivity, 
and the barons' party is broken up. 

1266 * * Simon, son of Montfort, sur- 
renders to the forces of Henry III., after 
sustaining a siege of six months in Kenil- 
worth Castle. 

* * The Scots subdue the Isle of Man. 

1270 * * Prince Edward departs on the 
Eighth Crusade. 

1276 * * W. Edward I. begins the con- 
quest of Wales. 

1282 Mar. 21. W. Llewellyn and his 
brother David, princes of "Wales, sur- 
prise and capture Hawarden Castle. 
[They also destroy Flint and Rhuddlan 
castles.] 

1233 * * IV. Llewellyn is defeated and 
slain at Aber Edw. The Welsh are 
finally subdued by Edward I. 

1286 * * The first English admiral is 
appointed, William de Leybourne. 

1290 * * Edward I. occupies the Isle of 
Man by the wish of the inhabitants. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1245 * * London. Peter of Savoy builds 
Savoy palace. [He gives it to the fra- 
ternity of Mountjoy ; Queen Eleanor, 
his niece, purchases it for her son Ed- 
mund.] 

1250 * * Roger Bacon describes the 
principle on which telescopes [are 
afterwards] constructed. He invents the 
magic lantern. [l'29U±. Also the camera 
obscura. 1280±. Spectacles.] 

1260 * * London. Reliefs of angels are 
executed [in Westminster Abbey]. 

1267 * * The Opus Major, by Roger 
Bacon, appears, teaching the sphericity 
of the globe. 

1268 * * Street plays, or pageants, are 
first performed. 

1270 * * The Chester Mysteries are 
performed. 

1272-1377 The pointed or pure Gothic 
architecture appears in building Exe- 
ter Cathedral, Waltham Cross, and St. 
Stephen's, Westminster. 

1274 * + A widespread earthquake oc- 
curs ; Glastonbury is destroyed. 

1280* *The sea rises at Winchelsea; 
more than 300 houses are inundated. 

1290+ * * TaUow candles commonly 
substitute the tallow-dipped splinters of 
wood formerly used. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1249* * Baliol, John de, king, Scotland, 
born. [1315. Dies.] 

1S53 * * Albans, St. John of, physician, the- 
ologian, philosopher, dies. 
Grosseteste, Robert, theologian, bishop of 
Lincoln, dies. 

1355* * Robert of Gloucester, historian, 
born. [1307. Dies.] 

1369 * * Baliol, Sir John de, founder Baliol 
college, Oxford, dies. 

1373t * * Manning, Robert, monk, chron- 
icler, horn. 

1274 July 11. Robert I., Robert Bruce, 
king, Scotland, horn. [1329. June 7. D.] 
Wallace, "William, hero, patriot, Scotland, 
born. [1305. Aug. 23. Dies.] 

1280+ * * Ocean, or Ockham, William of, 
scholastic, born. [1347. Dies.] 

1282 * * Llewellyn, Prince of Wales, killed. 

1284 Apr. 25. Edward II., king, born. 
[1327. Sept. 21. Dies.] 

1287* * Morinner, linger, Earl of March, 
statesman, born. [1330. Dies.] 

1390* * Uradwardine, Thomas, archbishop 

of Canterbury, writer, horn. [1349. Dies.] 

Margaret, " Maid of Norway," Scotland, d. 



CHURCH. 
1250* * Ire. The Irish forbid the 

English clergy taking orders. 
± * * Religious plays are encouraged by 

the church ; miracle plays are given. 
1254* *Ire. The see of Kilfenora is 



A Jew having forced a Christian to 
payhim more than two shillings per week 
as interest upon a loan of 20 shillings, 
700 Jews are slain. 

1261 * * The right of presenting to every 
benefice in the world is claimed by 
Pope Urban IV. 

13th Century. The Pope makes an inter- 
vention in regard to electing bishops. 
King John originates the Cong6 
d'Elire of the king to choose a bishop. 

1264 * * The festival of Corpus Christi 
is instituted. 

1269 * * A statute is passed that no Jew 
should enjoy a freehold. 

* * * The Scotists appear. 

They adopt the doctrines of John Dun 
Scotus on diviue grace, freewill, the ori- 
gin of the moral law, the conception of 
the Virgin Mary. They are strongly op- 
posed by the Thomists, who follow the 
teachings of St. Thomas Aquinas. 

1274 * * Fr. The 14th General Coun- 
cil of the Church is held at Lyons. 

1276 * * London. The corporation gives 
the Dominican friars two streets near 
the Thames, where they erect a large 
convent [Blackfriars]. 

May 24. Capitation tax of three pennies 
is laid on all Jews above the age of 12 
years, and all above seven years are to 
wear a yellow badge. 

1279 * * The Statute of Mortmain pro- 
hibits further alienation of land to re- 
ligious bodies, so that it shall not render 
its due service to the king. 

1280+ * * Norwich Cathedral is com- 
pleted by Bishop IMiddleton. 

1285 * * The alien priories are seized 
by the king on the breaking out of war 
with France. [Restored on the return 
of peace.] 

1287* *In one day 15,660 Jews are 
apprehended, and are all banished from 
England. [1290. All Jews are ordered 
to leave under penalty of death ; 16,511 
prefer exile to apostasy.] 

1290* * London. Edward I. expels 
16,511 Jews. 



1250 * * The poem Genesis and Exodus 
is written in English by an unknown 
author. 

± * * Robert Grosseteste, bishop of Lin- 
coln, writes Chateau d' Armour, a reli- 
gious allegory, sermons, treatises on 
physical and mental philosophy, com- 
mentaries on Aristotle, and Latin and 
French .verse. 

1257* *Peterhouse College, Cam- 
bridge, is founded by Hugo de Balsham,, 
bishop of Ely. 

* * Bonaventura, the general of the Fran- 
ciscan order, interdicts Roger Bacon's 
lectures at Oxford, and sends him to 
France. 

13th Century. The Lay of Havelok the 
Dane, King Horn, and Romance of Al- 
exander, French poems by unknown 
authors, are translated into English. 

13th Century. The Dominicans establish 
themselves as teachers at Cambridge. 

1261 * * The records of Cambridge Uni- 
versity are wantonly burned by the 
townsmen. 

1263* * Baliol College, Oxford, is 

founded by John Baliol and Deborah 

his wife. 
1264+ * * Merton College, Oxford, is 

founded by "Walter de Merton, bishop 

of Rochester. 

1268+ * * Roger Bacon returns to Ox- 
ford ; he completes his philosophical 
work, Opus Major (Greater "Work) ; he 
also writes Opus Minus (Lesser "Work),, 
and Opus Tertium (Third Work). 

1272-1307 The Alexander Romance and 
the Tristan Story become popular, and 
many versions of them are written in 
English ; romances begin to be written, 
in Northumbria. 

1276 * * The discipline of Cambridge 
is reformed ; every student has a master 
within 15 days of his entrance. 



SOCIETY. 

1241 * * Maurice, the son of a nobleman, 
is hanged, drawn, and quartered for 
piracy, the first execution of its kind in 
England. 

1244 * * Robert Fitz-"Walter makes his 
curious tenure of the Manor of Dun- 
mow, Essex. 

Whatever married couple will go to the 
priory, and, kneeling on two sharp-pointed 
stones, will swear that they have not quar- 
reled nor repented of their marriage within 
a year and a day after its celebration, shall 
receive a flitch of bacon. 

1247* *The depredations of Robin 
Hood come to an end by his death. (?) 

1256 * * The pillory is recognized by 
statute. 

It is a scaffold for persons to stand on to 
render them publicly infamous, and is de- 
signed for persons convicted of forgery, per- 
jury, libeling, etc. Sometimes the head is 
put through a hole, the hands through two 
others, the nose slit, the face branded with 
one or more letters, and one or both ears are 
cut off. Persons die in the pillory by being 
struck with stones by the mob, and pelted 
with rotten eggs and putrid offal. 

1260 * * London. Seven hundred Jews 
are slain because a Jew forces a Chris- 
tian to pay him more than 2s. per week 
as interest on a loan of 20s. 

* * London. Riotous Goldsmiths' and 
Tailors' companies fight in the streets ;: 
several killed ; the sheriffs restore order,, 
and hang 13 of them. 

1264 * * The title Baron De Ros is cre- 
ated. 



AND IRELAND. 



1240,**-1290, **. 855 



[1283, Baron Mowhrav, Ne.qrave (1295), anil 
Stourton <144S>. l'iitft, l'.aron Hastings; lL'ilil, 
Baron l>e Clifford; KtON, Baron Zoucne of 
Haryngwark; 1309, Baron Beaumont. 3 

1267 * * Adulteration of food is pro- 
hibited. 

1269 * * Jews are prohibited by statute 
from owuing a freehold. 

1271* * Rioters at Norwich burn the 
cathedral and monastery ; the king 
comes to see the ringleaders executed. 

1273 * * Sea-coal is prohibited from 
being used in and near London as being 
" prejudicial to human health ; " even 
smiths are obliged to burn wood. 

* * London. St. Katherine's Hospital is 
refounded by Eleanor, Queen of Henry 

in. 

1274 * * Ire, The title Baron Dunboyn 
is created. 

* * Every Jew lending money on interest 
is compelled to wear a plate on his breast 
to show he is a usurer, or quit the realm. 

1278 * * 267 Jews, accused of clipping 
coin, are hanged and quartered. 

1282 * * A child at Northampton is cru- 
cified by Jews, for which 50 are drawn 
at horses' tails and hanged. 

1286 * * Silk mantles are worn by noble 
ladies at a ball at Kenilworth Castle. 

12S9 * * Judges are punished for bri- 
bery ; Thomas de Weyland is banished 
for this crime. 



STATE. 

1240-46 W. David ap Llewellyn reigns. 
[1246. Llewellyn ap Griffith ; he is the 
last Welsh prince. 1282. He is killed 
in battle.] 

1249-85 Scot. Alexander III., eight 
years of age, son of Alexander II., reigns. 
(1249. July 8. Crowned. 1251. He is 
married to Margarets daughter of 
Henry III. of England.) 

1253* * Simon, Earl of Leicester, 
Henry's lieutenant in Gascony, returns 
to England. 

1254 * * Pope Innocent offers the king- 
dom of Sicily, a fief of the Holy See, to 
Henry for his son Edmund ; Henry 
accepts. 

1256* *Richard, Earl of Cornwall, 
brother of Henry III., goes to Germany, 
where he disburses vast sums under the 
promise of being elected next emperor. 
[He is elected "King of the Romans " 
instead.] 

1257 * * The king demands a money 
aid from the laity to support his war 
alliance with the Pope against Germany ; 
the laity refuse, and an aid of a tenth 
of their rents is demanded from the 
clergy. 

* * The English gold coin first appears. 

1258 June 11. A great council, 
known as the "Mad Parliament," as- 
sembles -at Oxford under the direction 
of Simon de Montfort. 

It meets to " correct abuses and enact 
salutary laws ; " it appoints a " commit- 
tee of reform " of 24 members, who swear 
to allow no consideration, "neither of 
gift nor promise, profit nor loss, love nor 
hatred, nor fear," to influence them in 
discharge of their duty. 
July * The " committee of reform " adopt 
the te provisions of Oxford." 

These ordain that three sessions of 
Parliament be held annually, that sher- 
iffs for the counties be annually elected 
by the freeholders, and that four knights 
j elected by the freeholders of counties 
1 present to Parliament statements of 
I grievances. 



1259 * * Further payments to Rome, 
secular or ecclesiastical, are prohibited. 

1260 * * Henry forbids the summoning 
of a parliament. 

1261 June * Henry produces a buU 
from the Pope annulling the provis- 
ions of Oxford, and freeing him from 
his oath. 

* * London. Free-trade privileges are 
granted by Henry to the Hanse mer- 
chants. 

1263 * * Simon de Montfort lands in 
England, and leads the barons. 



* * Scot. Alexander HI. obtains the 
sovereignty of the "Western Isles. (See 
Army.) 

1264-65 The barons hold the gov- 
ernment. 

1264 Jan.* King Louis of France arbi- 
trates in the "mise of Amiens" be- 
tween King Henry and the barons ; he 
annuls the provisions of Oxford. 

May 15. In the treaty, or "mise," of 
Lewes, it is agreed between Henry's 
son, Prince Edward, and Montfort, that 
the provisions of Oxford be again sub- 
mitted to arbitration. 

* * Ire. "Walter de Burgh is made Earl 
of Ulster. (Or 1265.) 

Dec* Simon de Montfort issues 
writs to the sheriffs of counties, com- 
manding the election of two knights for 
each county, two citizens for each city, 
and two burgesses for each borough, to 
serve in Parliament. 

1265 Jan. 28. London. The knights, 
citizens, and burgesses, elected in obe- 
dience to do Mont-fort's writs, meet ; they 
form the first " English House of 
Commons." 

Sept. * Parliament confirms the vio- 
lence of the restoration, annuls the 
charter of London, and decrees the ban- 
ishment of the house of de Montfort. 

1266 * * The Dictum de Kenilworth is 
issued. 

It enacts a payment from all who had 
borne arms against the king of the value 
of their lands for periods from six 
months to seven years. 

1267 * * A parliament held by King 
Henry at Marlborough, Wiltshire, passes 
the " Statutes of Malbridge." 

1272 Nov. 16. Henry III. dies. 

1272-1307 Edward I., surnamedLong- 
shanks, eldest son of Henry HI., reigns. 
[He is called the English Justinian, be- 
cause of the improvements made during 
his reign in the laws and the adminis- 
tration of justice.] 

* * The name parliament first appears in 
a statute. 

* * Edward makes a treaty of commerce 
with the Flemings ; it is the first Eng- 
lish commercial treaty with a foreign 
nation. 

1274 Aug. 3. Edward arrivesin Eng- 
land from the Crusade. 

Aug. 19. London. Edward and his 
queen, Eleanor of Castile, are crowned 
at "Westminster. 

1275 * * Parliament imposes export 
duty on wool of six shillings and eight- 
pence on each sack. 

1276 * * Parliament passes the statute 
of bigamy. 

1277* * W. Edward forces the Welsh to 
cede the coast district as far as Conway, 
and to do homage for the rest as far as 
Snowdon. 



1278 * * A royal writ is issued, ordering 
that all freeholders holding land to the 
value of £20 receive knighthood at the 
king's hand. 

* *The "quo warranto" statute is 
passed, authorizing the issue of a writ 
calling up<»n any person to show by what 
warrant he holds any public office or 
privilege. 

1279 * * The Statute of Mortmain is 
passed. (See Church.) 

1281 * * W. The sons of Grufydd being 
treacherously drowned in the river Dee 
by the Earl Warrenne and Roger Morti- 
mer, a great insurrection breaks out. 

1283 * * "Wales is united to England. 
(See Army.) 

* * The " Statute of Merchants," for 
the registration of debts, and recovery 
by distraint of debtor's goods, is passed, 

1284 Apr. 25. W. Edward's son [Ed- 
ward II.] is born at Carnarvon. 

Oct. * The [celebrated] " Statute of 
Winchester" is passed. 

It revives the custom of requiring sure- 
ties from lodgers and strangers, it estab- 
lishes "watch and ward" from sunset 
to sunrise in all cities, and regulates the 
hue and cry. The king issues a commis- 
sion to knights in every shire, authoriz- 

' ing them to enforce the provisions of 
the statute; [these conservators of the 
peace are later styled justices of the 
peace.] 

* * W. The "Statute of Wales" is 
promulgated at Ehuddlan ; it proposes 
the introduction of English jurispru- 
dence into Wales. 

1285 Mar. 16. Scot. Alexander III. 
is killed by a fall from his horse near 
Kinghorn, Fife. 

* *The second "Statute of Westmin- 
ster" is passed. 

It defines the jurisdiction of the courts 
of King's Bench, Exchequer, and Com- 
mon Pleas, and enacts that two judges 
hold assizes in each county three times 
a year. 

* * London. The water-works are com- 
pleted after nearly 50 years of labor. 
Cheapside conduit is erected. Water is 
brought from Tyburn to West Cheap- 
side. 

1285-90 Margaret, granddaughter of 
Alexander III., the " Maid of Norway," 
reigns. 

1289 * * Edward returns to England 
from France, after an absence of three 
years, and punishes judges found guilty 
of corruption ; Weyland is banished, 
Hengham is heavily fined, and Stratton 
is fined and imprisoned. 

* * Edward I. issues a mandate for the 
destruction of wolves in several coun- 
ties of England. 

1290 * * The third Statute of West- 
minster, known as "quia entptores" is 
passed ; it provides that sub-tenants of 
alienated lands shall bold directly of 
the superior lord instead of from the 
tenant. 

* * Edward expels Jews. (See Church.) 
Sept.* Scot. Margaret, the infant 

queen, dies on her journey to Scotland 
from Norway. [A contest for the 
crown arises between John de Baliol 
and Robert Bruce, both descendants of 
King David I.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1248 * * The Merchants' of St. Thomas 

a Becket's Company is organized. 
1267 * * Toll bars first appear, on the 

grant of a penny for every wagon passing 

through a certain manor. 
1269 Oct. 13. The bones of Edward 

the Confessor are enshrined in gold. 

1286 * * Wheat is one shilling per quar- 
ter. 



856 1291, **-1332, Sept 24. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1294 * * "War occurs with France, fol- 
lowed by war with Scotland as its 
ally. 

1296 * * Berwick is captured by the 
English, and its inhabitants are mas- 
sacred. 

* * Scot. Dunbar is taken by the Eng- 
lish. 

* * Edinburgh. The city is taken by the 
English. [1385. Burned by the English. 
1401. Again.] 

1297 Sept. 12. Scot. Battle of Stir- 
ling, near Cambuskenneth. William 
"Wallace defeats and expels the English. 

1298 July 22. Scot. Battle of Fal- 
kirk. 

The English under Edward I. defeat 
the Scotch under Wallace. Scotch loss, 
15,000 killed. 

1303 Feb. 24. Scot. Battle of Bos- 
lin, near Edinburgh. John Comyn de- 
feats the English under Segrave and 
Neville. 

* * Fr. Edward recovers Gascony. 

1304 * * Scot. Stirling is taken by Ed- 
ward, after a siege of three months. 

1307 May 10. Scot. Robert Bruce 
defeats the English under the Earl of 
Pembroke, at Loudon Hill, Ayrshire. 

1308 * * The insurrection of the 
barons breaks out against Robert, the 
king's favorite. 

1311 * * Scot. Bruce captures Linlith- 
gow. [1312. Perth.] 

1312 * * The lords spiritual and temporal 
rebel against Edward H. on account 
of his favorites, the Gavestons ; [later 
on account of the Spencers]. 

1313 * * The Isle of Man is recovered 
by the Scots, 

* * Scot. Robert Bruce takes Edin- 
burgh and Inverness. 

1314 June 23. Scot. The Scots be- 
siege Stirling Castle, but are repulsed 
by the Earl of Moray. Edward invades 
Scotland with 100,000 men. 

June 24. Scot. At Bannockburn near 
Stirling Edward's great army is defeated 
by Bruce with 30,000 men. [Stirling Cas- 
tle and the rest of the fortresses in the 
hands of the English, except Berwick, 
surrender to Bruce.] 

1315* * Ire. Edward Bruce, the 
brother of Robert, invades Ireland, 

1318 Oct. 5. Ire. Edward Bruce is 
defeated and killed at Tagher, near 
Dundalk, by the English under Sir John 
de Bermingham. 

* * Scot. Robert Bruce takes Berwick. 

1321 * * The lords rebel on account of 
the Spencers. 

1322 Mar. 16. Edward II. defeats the 
barons at Boroughbridge, Yorkshire. 

1326 * * Isabella, queen of Edward II., 
successfully invades England, with 
the help of the hostile barons. 

1327 June 1. Sir James Douglas and 
Randolph, Earl of Moray, invade Eng- 
land with a Scotch army of 24,000 men. 

[June 7-Aug. 15. They ravage Cum- 
berland and vicinity. Edward III. with 
40,000 men leads an unsuccessful expedi- 
tion against them. He is forced to make 
a treaty with them.] (See State.) 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1300 * * London. The two bronze effi- 
gies on the tomb of Henry III. and 
Queen Eleanor [in "Westminster Abbey] 
are executed by William Torell. 

1318 Nov. 14. The greatest earth- 
quake ever recorded in England occurs. 

1320 * * Gunpowder is known to Roger 
Bacon. 

1326 * * Linna, an Oxford monk and 
astronomer, constructs a map of the 
Northern Seas. 

1331 * * Edward III. settles 70 families of 
cloth-workers from the Netherlands. 

* * "Woolen manufacture is established 
at York by two weavers from Brabant. 
[1390. Begun at Kendal.] 

* * Total darkness occurs from the eclipse 
of the sun. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1291 * * Scott, Michael, philosopher, sup- 
posed nia^n'iaii, Scotland, dies. 

1300 * * Mandeville, Sir John de, physician, 
traveler, writer, born, [1372. Dies.] 

1308 * * Duns Scotus, John, scholastic the- 
ologian, A40±. 

1310 * * Langham, Simon de, cardinal, arch- 
bishop tif Canterbury, born. 

1312 Nov. 13. Edward 111., king, horn. 

1316+ * * Robert II., King of Scotland, first 
of the Stuarts, born. 

1318 * * Bruce, Edward, brother of Robert, d. 

1320 * * Barbour, John, poet, hist., Scot., b. 

1324+ * * Wyclif, John, reformer, born. 
[1384. Dies. A60±.] 
Wykt'ham, William of, bishop, statesman, 
born. [1404. Dies. A80.] 

1325 * * Gower, John, poet, lawyer, born. 

1328+ * * Chaucer, Geoffrey, poet, courtier, 
diplo., scliol., b. (13-10?) [1400+. D. A72.J 

1330* * Edward (Black Prince), son of 
Edward III., born. [1376. Dies. A46.] 



1294 * * The king demands of the clergy 

one-half of their annual income. [1297. 

Refusing it, they are placed under a ban.] 
1300-1400 The great cloisters, abbots' 

houses, and the principal monastic 

buildings are erected. 

1303* * It. Benedict XI. is elected pope. 
[l.')05, Clement V.; 1316, John XXII. ; 1334 
Benedict XII.; 1342, ('lenient VI.; 1352, In- 
nocent VI.; 1362, Urban V.; 1370, Gregory 
XI.; 1378, Urban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.] 

1309-76 Fr. The residence of the 
popes is established at Avignon. 

1313 * * Walter Reynolds is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

[1327, Simon de Moepham; 1333, John 
Stratford; I34S, Johnde I'fford; 134D, Thomas 
Bradwardini*, later Simon Islip; l3lili, Simon 
Langham; 1375, Simon Sudbury; 1381, Wil- 
liam Courtenay; 1396, Thomas Arundel.] 

LETTERS. 

1292 * * John of Oxnead, a monk of the 
Abbey of St. Benet Holme, writes in 
Latin the Chronicle (449-1292). 

13th Century. Nicholas Trivet writes the 
Annals of the Six Kings of the House of 
Anjou. 

Peter Langtoft writes in French verse 
a Chronicle of England to the death of 
Henry III. 

The Land of Cockaygne, a satire on the 
clergy, is written by an unknown author. 

1297 ± * * Robert of Gloucester writes 
his Chronicle of England in rhyme, the 
tirst literary work 'of the kind known 
in England ; he also writes Lives and 
Legends of the English Saints. 

1300-38 Robert Manning of Brunne 
writes Handlynge Synne, a book of verse, 



and a translation into English of Peter 
Langtoft's Chronicle. 

± * * Duns Scotus writes several theolo- 
gical and scholastic treatises. 

1310-12 London. Lincoln's T-n-n he- 
comes an inn of court. 

1312* * Hertford College, Oxford, is 
founded. [1314. Exeter College, by 
Walter Stapleton, bishop of Exeter. 1326. 
Oriel College, by King Edward II. 1333. 
St. Mary's Hall. 1340. Queen's Col- 
lege, by Robert de Eglesfield, clerk, con- 
fessor of Queen Philippa.] 

1320+ Many stories are written about Sir 
Tristem, Sire Otuel, Guy of Warwick, 
and Bevis of Hampton. 

1320-30 Cursor Mundi, a chronicle of 
events from the creation, is written in 
rhyme. 

1322 * * The records of Cambridge Uni- 
versity are again "wantonly burned by 
the townsmen. 

1326* *Michaelhouse College is 
founded at Cambridge; also "King's 
Scholars;" later, King's Hall, by Ed- 
ward II. 

SOCIETY. 

1295 * * The use of privateers is adopted 
by Edward I. against the Portuguese. 

1296 * * Crosses in honor of Queen 
Eleanor are set up in the places where 
her hearse rested. 

1300 * * The dance called the hornpipe 
is introduced. 

* * Wine is sold by apothecaries as a cor- 
dial [and so continued for some time 
after]. 

+ * * Silver knives, spoons, and cups are 

classed as great luxuries. 
+ * * "Wax candles are esteemed a luxury, 

being but little used. Common people 

light their houses with splinters of 

fatted wood. 
1306 Feb. 10. Scot. John Comyn is 

murdered by Robert Bruce. 

* * The rich petition against the use of 
coal, as being " prejudicial to human 
health." 

* * * The Normans become absorbed 
into the substance of the nation. 

1312 June 19. Piers Gaveston, the 
favorite of Edward II., is executed be- 
cause of his pride and cruelty. 

1319 Oct. 10. London. Edward II. 
holds a tournament in Smithfield. 

1323 * * The title Baron Grey de Ruthyn 
iB created. [1332. Baron Clinton.] 

1324 * * A law is passed ordering that 
"The king shall have the custody of the 
lands of natural fools." 

1327 Sept. 21. Edward II. is cruelly 
murdered in Berkeley Castle by the 
contrivance of his queen, Isabella, and 
her paramour, Mortimer, Earl of March. 

1328* *The Preston Guild Mer- 
chants* Festival, " instituted by the 
Saxons," is celebrated. 

1329 Sept. 25. London. Solemn tour- 
naments are held by Edward III. 



STATE. 

1292* * Barristers are first appointed 
by an ordinance of King Edward in Par- 

( liament. (?) 

Nov. 17. Scot. Theclaimsof Balioland 
Bruce having been referred to the judg- 
ment of King Edward of England, he 
decides in favor of Baliol, who becomes 
King of Scotland ; [Baiiol swears fealty 
to Edward in the Castle of Norham, 
Northumberland. ] 

1292-96 Scot. John de Baiiol reigns. 

1295 * * "Writs are issued by King Ed- 
ward ordering the attendance in Parlia- 



AND IRELAND. 1291, ** -1332, Sept. 24. 857 



ment of two knights from every shire, 
and two burgesses from every city, bor- 
ough, and leading town. [Parliament 
assumes substantially its present form,] 

1296 July 2. Scot. John de Baliol 
surrenders his crown and kingdom to 
King Edward I. at Perth. [He and his 
son Edward are sent as prisoners to the 
Tower of London, where they are held 
for three years.] 

* * Scot. King Edward carries from 
Scone, Perthshire, and places in "West- 
minster Abbey, London, the famous 
stone on which the Scottish kings had 
been crowned for centuries. [This stone 
is still in Westminster Abbey, and is 
used at the coronation of English mon- 
archs.] 

1297 * * Edward issues a proclamation 
of outlawry against the clergy for re- 
fusing his demand for money. 

* * The barons refuse to follow the 
king to Flanders to aid him in his war 
with the King of France. 

* * Edward is compelled by the barons 
and prelates to sign a confirmation of 
the charter of liberty and the forest 
■charter. 

He signs articles binding him and his 
heirs not to levy taxes without the con- 
sent of the " prelates, earls, barons, 
knights, and burgesses and other free- 
men" of the realm. 

1298* * Scot. The Scots appeal to Pope 
Boniface VIII. for protection against 
Edward's attempt to assert sovereign 
authority over Scotland. 

1299 June * Pope Boniface VIII. , in a 
letter to King Edward, claims suze- 
rainty over Scotland, and demands that 
the controversy between the Scots and 
Edward be referred to him. [1301. Jan.* 
A parliament summoned by Edward at 
Lincoln rejects the claim, and refuses 
the Pope's demand.] 

■Sept. 12. Edward marriesfor his second 
wife Margaret, sister of the King of 
France. 

* * London. The Common Council fixes 
the price of provisions as follows : two 
pullets, three halfpence; a partridge, 
or two woodcocks, three half-pence; a 
fat lamb, sixpence from Christmas to 
Shrovetide ; the rest of the year four- 
pence. 

1301 * * Manchester receives a warrant 
or charter of municipal liberties and 
privileges from Thomas Gresley, lord of 
the manor. 

* * Edward again renounces the claim of 
taxing the people without the consent 
of Parliament. 

1305 Aug. 23. London. "William 
"Wallace, betrayed into the hands of 
King Edward, is executed as a rebel at 
•Smithfield. 

1306 * * The Statute of Praemunire is 



Its object is to prevent the disposal by 
the Pope of ecclesiastical benefices in 
England before they become vacant. 

Feb. 10. Scot. John Comyn, nephew 
of John Baliol, is killed at Dumfries by 
Robert Bruce, grandson of Tiobert, the 
competitor for the crown in 1292. 

1306-29 Scot. Robert Bruce reigns. 

May 27. Kobert Bruce is crowned 
King of Scotland at Scone, Perth. [Be- 
ing defeated at Methven and at Strath- 
fillen, he flees for refuge to Rathlin 
Island, off the north coast of Ireland.] 



1307 July 7. Edward I. dies at Burgh- 
on-the-Sands, near Carlisle. 

1307-27 Edward II. ,son of Edward I. , 
reigns. [1308, Feb. 25. Crowned.] 

He is a weak ruler ; Piers Gaveston, 
a foreigner and one of his favorites, is 
his chief minister. 

1308 Jan. 25. Fr. Edward marries 
Isabella, daughter of the King of 
France. 

Feb. 28. The barons demand the ban- 
ishment of Piers Gaveston, whom Ed- 
ward had made Earl of Cornwall, and 
who is chief dispenser of royal favors. 
[Gaveston leaves England, but Edward 
appoints him viceroy of Ireland.] 

* * Dublin. John de Decer is appointed 
[the first] provost, and Richard de St. 
Olave and John Stakebold [the first] 
bailiffs. 

1309 Mar. 17. At a Parliament at 
"Westminster, Edward is compelled to 
consent to the appointment of a com- 
mittee of peers, under the name of or- 
dainers, to regulate the king's house- 
hold, and redress the grievances of the 
nation. [A committee of 21 prelates, 
earls, and barons is appointed.] 

1311* * The ordain era present ordi- 
nances to the king providing for the re- 
form of abuses. 

They specify the banishment of Gav- 
eston and other favorites, and require 
that the great officers of government 
be chosen with the advice and assent of 
the baronage in Parliament, that the 
king shall not levy war without the con- 
sent of the baronage, and that parlia- 
ments shall be held at least once a year. 
The king reluctantly consents to sign 
and publish the ordinances. 

1312* * The barons, under the leader- 
ship of Thomas, Earl of Lancaster, 
grandson of Henry III., rebel because 
of the king's recalling Gaveston, who 
had been banished in accordance with 
the ordinances. 

June 19. Gaveston, who had been 
made prisoner at the Castle of Scarbor- 
ough, is beheaded at Blacklow Hill, 
near Warwick. 

* * Ire. Edmund leBotiller is appointed 
viceroy. [1320. Thomas Fitzgerald is 
appointed governor. 1321. John de 
Bermingham.] 

1316* * Ire. Edward Bruce, brother 
of Robert, is crowned king. 

1321* *The earls and barons rebel on 
account of the favorites, the two Spen- 
cers. 

In Parliament they pronounce a decree 
of exile against father and son on the 
charge of usurping the royal authority, 
causing estrangement between the king 
and the lords, and recommending un- 
constitutional measures. 

* * The king recalls the two Spencers. 

1322 Mar. 23. Thomas, Earl of Lan- 
caster, one of the leaders of the revolt- 
ing barons, after being defeated by the 
king's forces, is beheaded at Ponte- 
fract, Yorkshire. 

1323 May * Edward makes a truce for 
13 years with King Robert Bru?e of 
Scotland. 

1325 * * Queen Isabella goes to France 
to treat with her brother, the French 
King Charles IV., concerning the hit- 
ter's claim of homage from Edward for 
the province of Guienne. 



* * Fr. A conspiracy is formed against 
Edward by the Lancastrian faction, en- 
couraged by Queen Isabella and her fa- 
vorite, Roger, Lord Mortimer. 

1326 Sept. 24. Queen Isabella and the 
barons hostile to Edward land in Eng- 
land with a force of 3,000 men. [They 
declare that their purpose is to free the 
king and the nation from the tyranny of 
the Spencers.] 

Nov. 19. Edward, after an unsuccess- 
ful attempt to escape, surrenders him- 
self to the Earl of Leicester, who sends 
him a prisoner to the Castle of Kenil- 
worth. 

* * Scot. A great council or parliament 
is held at Cambuskenneth, Stirling; it 
is the first Scotch parliament at which 
representatives of cities and burghs are 
called to attend. (?) 

1327 Jan. 8. Edward II. is deposed 
by a parliament sitting at Westminster, 
and his eldest son Edward is declared 
king. [Feb. 1. Crowned. I 

1327-77 Edward III. reigns. 

* * Jre. The Earl of Kildare is ap- 
pointed governor. [1328. Koger Out- 
law, prior of Kilmainham. 1332. Sir 
John D'Arcy. 1337. Sir John Charlton. 
1340. Richard Outlaw again.] 

1323 Mar. 1. A parliament meets at 
York at which Scotland is recognized 
as an independent kingdom, and Rob- 
ert Bruce acknowledged as king. [Mar. 
17. Edinburgh. Peace is concluded 
with England. May 4. The peace is 
ratified by England.] 

1329 June 7. Robert Bruce dies. His 
son, David XT., six years of age, be- 
comes king ; Thomas Randolph, Earl of 
Moray, becomes regent. 

1329-71 Scot. David LI. reigns. 

* * Scot. The town of Leith is granted 
to Edinburgh. 

1330 Oct. 30. Edward assumes per- 
sonal direction of the Government, 
which hitherto since his coronation had 
been controlled by Queen Isabella and 
Mortimer. 

Nov. 26. Mortimer is tried by Parlia- 
ment, and condemned as a " traitor and 
enemy of the king and kingdom." [Nov. 
29. He is hanged at Tyburn, and is the 
first publicly put to death at this place 
of execution.] 

Dec. 22. Queen Isabella is sent as a 
prisoner to her own house at Castle 
Risings [where she passes the remaining 
27 years of her life]. 

1332 * * Scot. Randolph dying, the Earl 
of Mar, Robert Bruce's nephew, is 
made regent. 

Sept. 24. Scot. Edward Baliol, son of 
John Baliol, after having, by the aid of 
English barons, defeated the regent Mar 
at Dupplin Moor, is crowned king at 
Scone. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1315* * A famine occurs ; itissodread- 
ful that the people devour the flesh of 
horses, dogs, cats, and vermin. 

* * The Leeds bridge is built. 

1326 * * London. The Merchant Tail- 
ors' Company is fi.rmed. L1327, Skin- 
ners' ; 1327, Goldsmiths* ; 1345, Gro- 
cers' ; 1363, Vintners' ; 1368, Linen 
"Weavers'.] 

* * Livery companies are incorporated. 



1332, 



-1377, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1332 * * Scot. English invaders under 
Edward III. come to the aid of Edward 
Baliol. 

Aug. 11. Scot. Baliol and the English 
defeat the Regent, Earl of Mar, at Dup- 
plin Moor, Perthshire. 

Dec. 16. Scot. Sir Archibald Douglas 
and other barons defeat Baliol at An- 
nan ; Baliol becomes a fugitive. 

1333 July 19. The English under Ed- 
ward III. defeat the Scots under the 
regent Archibald Douglas at Halidon 
Hill near Berwick, killing 14,000 men, 
including Douglas and others of the 
nobility. 

* * Edinburgh surrenders to Edward III. 

[1344. Burned. 1356. He ravages the 

country.] 
1336 * * Scot. Aberdeen is burned by 

the English. 

1339 Aug. * Scot. Perth is besieged 
and taken by the Regent Robert. 

1340 June 24. The English and Flem- 
ish allies under Edward III. defeat the 
French in a naval battle off the coast of 
Holland. 

1343 * * Montacute [afterwards Earl of 
Salisbury] takes the Isle of Man. 

1346 Aug. 26. Fr. Battle of Cre"cy. 
The French defeated (p. 674). 

Oct. 17. Battle of Neville's Cross, 
near Durham. 



1347 Aug. 4. Fr. Edward III. takes 
Calais (p. 674). 

1350 Aug. 29. Edward III. defeats 
40 Spanish ships in the Straits of Dover, 
capturing 26. 

1354 * * Robert Stuart, the regent, cap- 
tures Berwick. 

1356 Sept. 19. Fr. The French de- 
feated at Poitiers (p. 674). 

* * Scot. Edward m. again invades 
Scotland, but want of supplies forces 
him to retire. 

1359 * * Fr. Edward HI. lands an in- 
vading army, and ravages and wastes 
the country. 

1360 May 8. The Peace of Bretigny 
ends the war with France (p. 675). 

1362 * * Sp. The Black Prince aids 

Don Pedro (Peter the Cruel) to recover 

his throne in Castile [Spain]. 
1364 * * "War again breaks out with. 

Prance. 
1367 Apr. 3. Sp. Battle of Najera: 

the Black Prince defeats Henry of Tras- 

tamare. [1370. He captures Limoges.] 
1369 July 20. Sent. A truce is made 

with England for 14 years. 
1376 * * A border war with the Scots 

breaks out. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1337 June * A remarkable comet is 

visible. 
1340-1483 London. The western parts 

of the nave and aisles of Westminster 

Abbey are rebuilt. 
1340* * Fr. Gunpowder is first used 

at the battle of Crecy. 

* * The first wool is spun in "Worsted, 
Norfolk [whence its name]. 



* * Blankets are first made in England. (?) 
1347 * * Manufactures develop rapidly. 
1356 * * Edward III. takes down all the 
walls of "Windsor Castle, except three 
towers, and reerecta it under the direc- 
tion of William "Wykeham, architect. 

1360 Apr. 14. " Black Monday " oc- 
curs. 

It is*' so full dark of mist and hail, 
and so bitter cold that many men died 
on their horses' backa with the cold." 
(Stow.) 

1368 * * London. A striking clock is 
set up in Weatminster. 

1377-1509 Florid pointed Gothic ar- 
chitecture appears in "Westminster 
Hall, King's College, Cambridge, St. 
George, Windsor, and Henry VII. 's 
chapel at "Westminster. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1332^* * Langland, William, clergyman, 
moralist, born. [1400±. Dies. A68.] 

1340* * Gaunt. John of, Duke of Lancas- 
ter, founder of House of Lancaster, born. 
["1399. Dies. AM.] 
Manning, Hubert, monk, chronicler, A67. 

1349* * Hull*', IvH-iiiiiii, In-mid, writer, dies. 

1358 * * Whittington, Sir Richard, lord 
mayor of London, born. 

1359± * * Glendower, Owen, chieftain, 
Wales, born. [1416+. Dies.] 

1360* * Oldcastle, Sir John, Lord Cobham, 
reformer, martyr, born. [1417- Dies.J 

1362* * Cliirhelt, Ih-nry, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, born. [1443. Dies.J 

1363 * * Hiu'ilfn, Kalph, monk, writer, dies. 

1366* * Richard II., k.,b. [1400. D. A34.] 

1370* * Beaufort, Henry, cardinal, bishop 

of Winchester, born. [1447. Dies. A77.] 

Occleve, Thomas, poet, b. [1429 D. A60.] 

1374± * * Lydgate, John, poet, born. 

1376 * * LaiiRliam, Simon de, cardinal, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, A66. 

1377 June 01. Edward III., king, A65. 



1370±* * Popular hatred of the papacy 
prevails, owing to tbe greed and scandal 
of many of its leaders. 

1375 * * Rivalry exists between tbe 
monastic orders and secular priests. 

* * Clergymen performing divine ser- 
vice are privileged from arrest for debt. 

1376 * * The residence of the popes is 
changed from Avignon to Rome again, 
after an absence of 65 years. 

1377 Feb. * London. John Wyclif , a 
popular preacher, is summoned before 
the bishop of .London as an enemy to 
Rome. 

He had attacked the inordinate wealth 
and power of the hierarchy. 

LETTERS. 

1340+ * * Richard Rolle writes the poem r 

Pricke of Conscience. 
± * * London. The Inner and Middle 

Temple are made inns of law. 
+ * * Dan Michel of Northgate writes 

Ayenbite of Inwyt. 

1341 ** Chancellor Richard de Bury 
purchases 30 <>r 40 books from the abbot 
of St. Albans for 50 pounds' weight 
of silver. 

1342 * * Clare College is founded at 
Cambridge by Elizabeth de Bourg, sister 
of the Earl of Clare ; originally founded 
in 1326 by Dr. Richard "Baden, but de- 
stroyed by fire. [1347. Pembroke HaH 
College. 1348. Gonville HaU College, 
and Caius. 1350. Trinity HaU, Cam- 
bridge, by Win. Batt'inaii, bishop of Nor- 
wich. 1352. Corpus Chris ti College.] 

± * * Ralph Higden writes the Poly chron- 
icon. 



CHURCH. 

1347 * * London. St. Stephen's Chap- 
el, Westminster, is rebuilt by the king. 
He makes it a collegiate church, to 
which are appointed a dean and 12 secu • 
lar priests. 

* * * A period of religious credulity 
and superstition, with ecclesiastical 
dominance, is fostered by a blind obe- 
dience. 

1351 * * The Statute of Provisors for- 
bids any one receiving a papal provision 
or appointment. 

1353 * * A statute is enacted to restrain 
the Pope in promoting his favorites. 

He bestows most of the bishoprics, and the 
charge of abbeys is given to the favorites 
of the papal power before vacancies occur, 
under color of providing successors with bet- 
ter qualifications. 

14th, 15th Centuries. The Lollards arise. 
They are political, socialistic, and religious 
agitators. They oppose the worship of im- 
ages and relics, pilgrimages to tombs, tem- 
poral lordship of the clergy, the hierarchy, 
the papal authority, the celebration of the 
mass, traiisiihstaniiat.ion, religions decora- 
tions, war, and capital punishment. 

1359 * * St. Nicholas Church, Newcas- 
tle, is rebuilt. 

1361 * * John Ball (" the mad priest ") 
attracts attention as a preacher ; he pro- 
motes the Wat the Tyler insurrection. 

1363 * * Ire. The see of Waterford is 
united with that of Lisnaore. 

* * Parliament refuses the Holy See's 
demands on England. 

1366 * * Ire. The English Parliament 
prohibits Irish ecclesiastical investi- 
ture by the Irish. 



14th Century. Thomas Bradwarden, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, writes On the 
Cause of God against Pelagius. 

1352 * * Sir John Mandeville, the first 
English traveler, concludes his Travels, 
after 30 years of work ; he believes that 
the earth is spherical in form, and can 
be circumnavigated. 

* * Lawrence Minot, the first English 
song-writer, composes war-lyrics. 

1355 * * Edward III. grants a charter 

to the University of Oxford. 
1357 * * London. Gray's Inn of Court 

is founded. 

1361 * * William Langland writes the 
Vision of Piers Plowman. 

14th Century. Education is confined chief- 
ly to the clergy. 

1362 ** Geoffrey Chaucer, the 
" Father of English Poetry," writes The 
Court of Love. [1362-69? Compleynt 
unto Pite. 1369.- Soke of the Buchesse.] 

1373 * * A school is established at Win- 
chester hv Bishop "William Long; [it is 
the oldest"school in England.] (1387?) 

SOCIETY. 

1340 * * Highway robbery is frequent, 
and undeterred by capital punishment. 

* * Masquerades are in fashion at the 
court. 

1344 Jan. 19. A tournament is held 
at Windsor. 



* * Patents are granted for titles of no- 
bility first made by Edward III. 

1349* *A law is passed enacting that 
none shall give alms to a beggar able 
to work. 



AND IRELAND. 



1332,** 




1377, 



859 



By the common law the poor are to be 
sustained by "parsons, rectors of the 
church, and parishioners, so that none 
should die for default of sustenance." 
Apr. 23. Edward III, institutes the Or- 
der of St. George. [Later called the 
Order of the Garter.] 

1350 * * There is a scarcity of laborers 
after the plague ; laborers are forbidden 
to leave their own parishes. 

* * An Act of Parliament allows hay- 
makers but one penny a day, maBter 
carpenters, masons, not more than three- 
pence, and their servants one and one- 
half pence. 

1351 * * William de Thorpe is hanged for 
bribery. 

1352 * * Harlots are by statute required 
to wear striped hoods of party colors, 
and their garments wrong side out. 

1357 May 24. London. Edward, the 
Black Prince, conducts his royal captive, 
John, King of France, through the 
streets. 

1360± * * Chivalry is at its height. 

± * * Edward III. establishes the Poor 
Knights of Windsor, or Alms Knights, 
as a charity, for the support of 24 [later 
26] poor persons eminent for military 



1363 * * Excess in dress is restrained 
by sumptuary laws. 

* * Edward III. begins the custom of 
giving alms on Maunday Thursday. 

Alms, food, and clothing are given to 
as many persons as the sovereign is 
years of age. 

1367 * * Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny 
is passed. (See State.) 

1368 * * The title Baron Botreaux is cre- 
ated. [1383, Baron Camoys.] 

1370 * * The working- classes are poor, 
fretful, and eager for the easing of bon- 
dage. 

1371 * * The Black Prince visits Exeter. 

STATE. 

1332 Dec. 16. Sent. Baliol being de- 
feated at Annan by the barons, flees 
from the country. 

1333 * * Edward III. claims the throne 
of Scotland in the right of his mother. 

1334 Feb. 9. Scot. Baliol, by the aid 
of Edward III , is again made king, as 
a result of the English defeat of the new 
regent, Douglas, at the battle of Halidon 
Hill. 

1337 * * King Edward makes Cornwall 
a duchy, and confers it on his eldest 
son Edward. 

* * Edward lays claim to the crown of 
France in right of his mother Isabella, 
sister of the French King Charles IV. 
[The English monarchs struggle for 
more than a century to possess the 
French crown.] 

* * Laws are passed prohibiting the wear- 
ing of any cloth but of English man- 
ufacture, and prohibiting the exporta- 
tion of wool or woolen goods. 

1338 Nov. 17. Edward by writ per- 
mits the abbots of Beading to coin 
money. 

* * Liverpool is made an independent 
port. 

1339 * * Scot. Baliol withdraws to Eng- 
land, where he is pensioned by the king. 

1340 Jan. * Edward assumes the title 
King of France, and quarters in his 
arms the French lilies with the English 
leopards. 



* * Parliament votes Edward a subsidy 
of 20,000 sacks of wool to aid him in his 
war with France. 

1341 June 4. Scot. David Bruce re- 
turns from France, to which he had fled 
during the usurpation of Baliol. [1342. 
He recovers his throne.] 

* * Parliament prohibits usury. 

±* * Parliament is separated into two 
Houses, the House of Lords and the 
House of Commons, the latter consisting 
of knights of the shire and burgesses, — 
representatives of the counties and of 
the cities and towns ; responsibility of 
ministers is established. (?) 

1344* * Ire. Sir Ralph Ufford is ap- 
pointed governor. [1346. Sir Koger 
!Darcy; later, Sir John Morris.] 

±* * A duty of two shillings on every 
tun of wine imported, and sixpence on 
every pound of goods imported or ex- 
ported, is granted to the king. [This is 
known as tunnage and poundage.] 

1347 * * Edward III. is offered the im- 
perial crown of Germany. [Declined.] 

1348 * * Ire. "Walter de Bermingham 
is appointed governor. [1356, Mar. 30, 
Maurice, Earl of Desmond ; July 26, 
Thomas de Kokeby.j 

1350 * * Parliament passes the Statute 
of Laborers, fixing the rate of wages. 

1351 * * The Statute of Treasons, de- 
fining the crime of high treason, is 
passed. 

1352± * * Lionel, second son of Edward, 
marries Elizabeth, daughter of Wil- 
liam de Burgo, and thus becomes Earl 
of Ulster and " Lord of Connaught.'' 

1353* * Another Statute of Prasmunire 
is passed. 

1354 * * London. Edward grants the 
mayor the title of lord mayor. 

1355 * * London has four representa- 
tives in Parliament. 

1356 * * Scot. Baliol sells to Edward 
III. his right to the Scottish throne for 
5,000 marks and a pension of 2,000 pounds 
a year. 

1357 * * Scot. King David H., impris- 
oned in England since his capture at 
the battle of Neville's Cross in 1346, is 
ransomed by the Scottish parliament 
[for £4,000 in modern money]. 

* * Ire. Almeric de St. Amand is ap- 
pointed governor. [1359, James, Earl 
of Ormond; 1361, Lionel, King Edward's 
son.] 

1360 May 8. Fr. The Peace of Bre- 
tigny is signed (p. 675). 

1362± * * The use of the French lan- 
guage in law pleadings and public deeds 
is abolished, and the use of English in- 
troduced. 

1364 * * Statutes are confirmed prescrib- 
ing penalties against persons seeking 
from the papal court ecclesiastical 
benefices in England. 

1367 * * Ire. The Statute of Kilkenny 
is enacted at a parliament held in Kil- 
kenny by Lionel, who has been made 
Duke of Clarence. 

It prohibits the English settlers, under 
penalties of high treason, from holding 
any intercourse with the native Irish, 
to form alliances with them by mar- 



riage, to speak their language, or to 
adopt their names or modes of dress. 
[Not enforced.] 

* * Ire. Gerald Eitzmaurice, Earl of 
Desmond, is appointed governor. [1369, 
July* Sir William de "Windsor; 1372, 
Sir Robert de Ashton.] 

1371i * * Edward's fourth son, John of 
Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster, marries Con- 
stance, daughter of the Castilian king, 
Don Pedro, Peter the Cruel, and as- 
sumes the title of King of Castile, Don 
Pedro having "been murdered by his 
brother, Henry, Count of Trastamare. 

1371-90 Scot. Robert JX reigns. 

Mar. 26. The crown passes to the House 
of Stuart. Robert Stuart, nephew of 
David II., is crowned at Scone, and pro- 
claimed king as Robert II. 

1372* *Sir Thomas Hungerford is 
chosen Speaker of the House of Com- 
mons, and is the first so styled. 

1373 * * Edward grants to Bristol the 
rights of a city and a county. 

1374* * Fr. Edward, after a war of four 
years with France, loses all his French 
possessions except Calais, Bordeaux, 
and Rayonne. 

* * Ire. Sir "William de "Windsor is 
again appointed governor. [1376. Mau- 
rice, Earl of Kildare ; later, James 
Butler, Earl of Ormond.] 

1376 * * The House of Commons elects 
Peter de la Mare Speaker. [He is the 
first regular Speaker of the House.] 

* * The Commons in Parliament, through 
their Speaker, Peter de la Mare, de- 
nounce oppressive taxation, and de- 
mand an account of expenditure ; they 
impeach the king's ministers, several of 
whom are dismissed and imprisoned. [It 
is called the Good Parliament.] 

* * The Duke of Lancaster, the leader of 
the nobles, arbitrarily annuls the Acts 
of the Good Parliament, and casts Peter 
de la Mare into prison. 

1377 * * By illegal returns made by the 
sheriffs at the request of the Duke of 
Lancaster, the House of Commons is 
packed with the duke's adherents. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1343 * * Ire. "Wool staples are estab- 
lished at Waterford, Cork,andDrogheda. 

1347 * * Wheat is imported for the first 
time. 

1348 * * A great plague occurs at Nor- 
wich. 

1348-49 The plague of Black Death 
occurs; more than half the population 
die; 200 are buried daily in Loin Ion ; labor 
becomes scarce. [1361. The plague re- 
turns; the mortality in London is very 
great. 1369. It returns for the last time.] 

1353 *■ * A famine occurs. 

1362 * * Edward III. orders all law- 
pleadings to be made in English 
instead of French, as formerly done. 

1367* * London. The mortality is great. 

1370 * * Ire. The mortality record is 
very large. 

1377 * * Subsidies in kind, as in wool, 
leather, and other products of the coun- 
try, are levied. 

* * London. Population, 3,500. 



8<>0 137 



^^|fc412, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 
1381 June* The Peasants' revolt be- 
gins. "Wat the Tyler kills a tax col- 
lector, and heads a party to oppose the 
tax. 

[June 12. The rehel peasants assem- 
ble on Blackheath near London, to the 
number of 100,000 men. June 15. "Wat 
is killed by the mayor of London, and 
the insurrectionists are appeased.] 

1384 * * The Scots invade England. 
[1385. They receive aid from France.] 

1385 Aug. * Richard invades Scotland 
with 80,000 men. The Scotch fly before 
him. Edinburgh, Dunfermline, Perth, 
and Dundee are burned. 

1388 Aug. 19. Battle of Otterbum, 
Chevy Chase, Northumberland. 

The English under the Earl of North- 
umberland are defeated by the Scots, 
under the Earl of Douglas, who is killed 
by Sir Henry Percy (Hotspur) ; both of 
the Percys are captured by the Scots. 

1394 Oct. * Ire. Richard II. lands at 
Waterford with 4,000 men-at-arms and 
30,000 archers. 

1399 July 4. Henry, Duke of Lancas- 
ter, returns from France [and incites a 
successful rebellion], 

1400-05 W. Great rebellion of Owen 
Glendower. 

[1401. He takes Radnor and other 
places. 1402. Aided by the Scots and 
the Percys, besieges Carnarvon. 1404. 
Heseizes Harlech castle. 1405. Mar. 11. 
Prince Henry defeats the Welsh rebels 
under Griffith, son of Glendower, at 
Grosmont in Monmouthshire. The re- 
bellion is soon after suppressed.] 

1400 Aug. * The English under Henry 
IV. unsuccessfully invade Scotland. 

1402 May 7 (or June 22). Battle of 
Nesbit Muir, Northumberland. 

The Scots, under Sir P. Hepburn, are 
defeated by the English, under Sir Henry 
Percy (Hotspur) and the Earl of March. 

Sept. 14. Battle of Homildon mil, 
Northumberland. 

The English, under Sir Henry Percy 
(Hotspur) and the Earl of March, defeat 
the Scotch, under the Earl of Douglas, 
who surrenders. 

1402-03 A rebellion against Henry IV. 
is incited by many of the English nobles. 

1403 July 23. Battle of Shrews- 
bury, Shropshire. 

The insurgent lords are defeated by 
Henry IV. ; Henry Percy (Hotspur), son 
of the Earl of Northumberland, is killed, 
and his ally, the Earl of Douglas, taken 
prisoner. 

1405 * * JT. The English defeat the 
French in a naval battle near Milford 
Haven, capturing eight and destroying 
15 of their ships. 

1407* *The "Welsh, aided by the 
French, cross the border, and threaten 
"Worcester. [1409. Again invade Eng- 
land.] 

1408 Feb. 19. Battle of Bramham 
Moor, Yorkshire. 

The royal forces under Sir Thomas 
Rokeby defeat the Earl of Northum- 
berland and Lord Bardolf, the leaders 
of the revolting nobles ; Northumber- 
land is killed. 

1411 July 24. Scot. The Battle of 
Harlaw, Aberdeenshire. 

Royalists under the Earl of Mar de- 
feat the Highlanders under Donald, 
Lord of the Isles; many noble families 
lose all their male members. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1397 * * London. The parish clerks at 
Clerkenwell perform plays and repre- 
sent miracles in the fields. 

* * London. The king repairs Westmin- 
ster Hall. 

He raises the walls, alters the win- 
dows, and adds a new roof, as well as a 
stately porch and other buildings. 

1404 Jan. 13. London. Parliament 
enacts that no chemist shall use his 
craft to multiply gold or silver. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1381 * * Tyler, Wat, rebel, dies. 
Sudbury, Simon of, aivhl.p. < anterbury, d. 

1382 * * lieauchamp, Richard, Earl of War- 
wick, general, born. 

1388* * Henry V.. king, born. 

1390* * Robert II.. king, founder of House 

of Stuart, Scotland, A74. 
1394* * James I., king, Scotland, born. 

[1437. D. A43.] 
1395 * * Barbour, John, poet, Scotland, A75+. 
Fortescue, Sir John, jurist, born. 
± Pecock, LViiinald, hishop of St. Asaph, 
author, born. [1460+ . Dies.] 
1401 * * Cirencester, Richard of, monk, his- 
torian, dies. 
1403 * * Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, born. 
1403* * Percy. Henry (Hotspur), warrior, 

killed at Shrewsbury. 
1408 * * Gower, John, poet, A83. 
^Northumberland, first Earl of, Henry Percy, 



dies. 



CHURCH. 



1378 * * Home. Papal schism (p. 674). 
1380 * * Wyclif teaches the doctrine 

that the Bible is the sole rule of faith, 

and opposes the church of Rome. 
1381* * Wyclif denies transubstantia- 

tion, and the Reformation begins. 
1383* *John Wyclif completes his 

translation of the Bible. 

1384 Dec. 31. "Wyclif, virulently per- 
secuted by the church, escapes martyr- 
dom by a paralytic attack, which causes 
his death. 

1385 * * Edinburgh. St. Giles Church 
is destroyed. [1387. Rebuilt.] 

1390 * * The persecution of the follow- 
ers of "Wyclif becomes severe. 

1391* * Parliament forbids the English 
clergy to cross the sea for benefices. 

1401 * * The first law directed against 
heretics is passed, permitting the bish- 
ops to arrest and burn them. 

Feb. 19. London. "William Sautre, a 
clergyman, is burned for heresy by 
the clergy ; presumably the first execu- 
tion in England on account of religion. 

1404* * It. Innocent VT I. is elected pope. 
[1406, Gregory XII.; 1409, Alexander V.; 
1410, John XXIIT.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431, 
EugeniusIV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 145S,Cahx- 
tusIII.; 1458, Pius II.; 1464, Paul II.; 1471, 
SixtasVL; 1484, Innocent VIII.; 1492, Alex- 
ander VI. J 

1409* * It. Three popes claim the 
throne. The council of Pisa deposes 
Popes Gregory and Benedict, and elects 
Alexander, but neither will yield the 
office to another. 

1410± * * Religion is chiefly the accom- 
plishment of 



LETTERS. 

1377 * * Scot. John Barbour, archdea- 
con of Aberdeen [earliest Scotch poet], 
writes The Bruce. 

1378 * * John "Wyclif writes Summa in 
Theologia. [13S3. Trialogus.] 

1380 * * The New College, or the col- 
lege of St. Mary Winton, Oxford, is 
founded by Bishop William Long. [i:iS'2. 
Chartered. 1392. New Tnn Hall.] 



1381 * * In "Wat Tyler's and Jack Straw's 
insurrection the rebels seize the Cam- 
bridge University records, and burn 
them. 

1381-1400 Geoffrey Chaucer writes As- 
sembly of Forties, Complaint of the Black 
Knight, House of Fame, The Legend of 
Good Women, Troll us and Cressida, and 
The Canterbury Tales. 

1385 * * All the grammar schools teach 
in English instead of French. 

1387 * * John Trevisa completes a trans- 
lation of Higden's Polychronicon, and 
makes additions to it. 

± * * The poems, The Cuckoo and the 
Nightingale and The Flower Leaf, are 
written by unknown authors. 

± * * The Testament of Love, an imitation 
of Boetius, is written by an unknown 
author. 

1408+ * * John Gower writes Speculum 
Meditantis (The Mirror of the Speculat- 
ing), Vox ( iamantis (Voice of One Cry- 
ing), and Confessio Amantis (Confession 
of a Lover). 

1411 * * Scot. The University of St. 
Andrews is founded by Bishop Henry 
"Wardlaw. 

1412 * * Thomas Occleve writes the De 
Begimine Frincipum, or " Governail of 
Princes." 

SOCIETY. 

1381 * * The price of wine is regulated 
by statute. 

Junel4. "Wat the Tyler's rebels murder 
Simon of Sudbury, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, and Sir Robert Hales, the royal 
treasurer. 

* * Judge de Cavendish is beheaded by 
the Suffolk rebels. 

1385 * * The first Englishman given the 
title of marquis is the favorite of Rich- 
ard II., Robert de Vere, Earl of Oxford ; 
he is created Marquis of Dublin, and 
placed in Parliament between the dukes 
and earls. 

1388 * * Chief Justice Tresilian, Sir 
Nicholas Brember, Lord Mayor of Lon- 
don, and others are executed as trai- 
tors. 

1394 * * Ire. Richard XX. visits the 
country, and confers the honor of knight- 
hood on the Irish chiefs. 

1397 * * London. In "Westminster Hall 
Richard II. holds his Christmas festival ; 
10,000 guests are entertained each day. 

1398 Nov. 1. King Henry marries 
Isabella of France, who is seven years 
of age. 

* * Scot. The title Earl of Crawford is 
created. [1401, Earl of Mar.] 

1399 Oct. 11. The Order of the Bath 
is formally instituted by Henry IV. 

Two days previous to his coronation 
he confers the order on 46 squires, who 
had watched the night before and 
bathed. 

* * The title of Grace is assumed by 
Henry IV. on his accession. 

1406-23 James I. of Scotland is im- 
prisoned at Windsor. 

STATE. 
1377 * * The first poH-tax is imposed. 
It is a tax of one shilling on every 
beneficed clergyman, and of fourpence 
on eveiy other person, male or female, 
above the age of 14 years, with the ex- 
ception of mendicants. 

June 21. Edward III. dies. 
1377-99 Richard n. reigns. 

Richard, son of Edward the Black 
Prince, and grandson of Edward III., 11 



AND IRELAND. 



1377,**-1412,**. 861 



years of age, becomes king as Richard 
H. (July 1G. He is crowned at West- 
minster.) 

1378 * * Parliament meets in Glouces- 
ter. 

* * The Statute Scandalum Magnatum 
is enacted. 

It prescribes penalties of fine and im- 
prisonment for persons found, guilty of 
speaking words derogatory to peers, 
judges, or bigli officers of Government. 

1379 Apr. * A poll-tax is assessed to 
sustain the war in France. [1380. Dec. 6. 
Another poll-tax follows.] 

1380 * * London. William of Walworth 
is lord mayor. 

* * Ire. Edward Mortimer, fourth Earl 
of March and Ulster, is appointed gov- 
ernor. [1381, John Colton, Dean of St. 
Patrick's ; 1383, Philip Courtney, a rela- 
tive of King Richard ; 1385, Robert de 
Vere, Earl of Oxford, Lord Lieutenant, 
Sir John Stanley, deputy ; 1389, Sir John 
Stanley, deputy.] 

1381 June * The peasants of Essex, 
under the leadership of a priest who 
assumes the name of Jack Straw, re- 
volt against the poll-tax. 

June * The peasants of Kent and other 
counties, led by "Wat the Tyler, revolt 
against the poll-tax and serfdom. 

They are incited to insurrection by 
John Ball, an itinerant preacher, who 
harangues them on the natural equality 
of men. They are appeased by the grant 
of a "charter of liberation." (See So- 
ciety.) 

1382 Jan.* King Richard marries 
An tip of Bohemia, daughter of the Ger- 
man Emperor Charles IV., and sister of 
Wenceslaus, King of the Romans. 
["Good Queen Anne."] 

* * London. The system of electing 
common councilmen at wardmotes, 
or ward meetings of the citizens, is 
introduced. 

1385 * * Ire. Kobert de "Vere, Earl of 
Oxford, is appointed governor. [He is 
created Marquis of Dublin and Duke of 
Ireland.] 

1386 * * Richard is compelled to agree 
to the appointment of a Continual 
Council or Commission to manage the 
affairs of government ; it is under the 
control of the Duke of Gloucester and 
the Earl of Arundel. 

* * Parliament impeaches Kobert de 
Vere, Earl of Oxford, Michael de la 
Pole, Earl of Suffolk, and other favor- 
ites of the king. 

It requires that officers of state be 
appointed either by the Parli ament or by 
the Continual Council ; it is called the 
"Wonderful Parliament," or the "Mer- 
ciless Parliament." 

* * London. The crown and regalia of 
England are pledged to the city by 
Richard II. for £2,000. 

1389 May* Richard dismisses the 
Council, and takes the control of gov- 
ernment into his own hands. 

* * Richard grants a charter to York, 
the mayor receiving the title of lord 
mayor. 

1390 May 13. Scot. Robert II. dies, 
and his eldest son John becomes king ; 
he assumes the title Kobert 111., the 
name John being unpopular because of 
the unpatriotic actions of John Baliol. 

1390-1406 Scot. Kobert TJX reigns. 



1392* * Ire. James, Earl of Ormond, 
is appointed governor. [1393, the Duke 
of Gloucester, the king's uncle; 1394, Sir 
Thomas Scroop.] 

1393* * Another Statute of Praemunire 
is introduced. 

It contains provisions against papal 
bulls granting ecclesiastical benefices in 
England without the approval of the 

1394 * * London. The system of electing 
aldermen for life is introduced. 

* * Ire. Richard II. with an army lands 
at Waterford. 

Many of the native chiefs do him 
homage ; he confers the honor of knight- 
hood on those of them who are willing 



to 



1395 * * Ire. Roger Mortimer, Earl of 
Mai oh, heir apparent to the English 
crown, is appointed governor. 

1396 Sept. 27. Richard marries as 
his second wife Isabella, eight years 
old, daughter of the French King 
Charles VI. 

* * A truce is made with France for 28 
years. 

1397 * * The Duke of Gloucester and 
the Earls of Arundel and Warwick 
are arrested and imprisoned for 
alleged treason ; they are impeached 
in Parliament and condemned, War- 
wick and Arundel to sutler death, and 
Gloucester to confiscation of estate. 

1398 * * Henry, Duke of Hereford, 
son of the Duke of Lancaster, and 
cousin of Richard, accuses the Duke of 
Norfolk of slanderous speech against the 
king. 

Norfolk denies the charge, and offers 
to prove hia innocence by duel, to which 
Hereford agrees ; Richard forbids the 
combat, and banishes Norfolk for life, 
and Hereford for 10 years. 

* * London. Richard Whittington is 
elected lord mayor. [1406. Again. 1419. 
Again.] 

* *Ire. Roger Mortimer, fourth Earl 
of March, the viceroy and heir apparent 
to the crown, is killed in an insurrection. 

* * Ire. Thomas Holland, Duke of Sur- 
rey, is appointed lord trustee. 

1399 May 31. Ire. Richard landsin 
Waterford on a second Irish expedition. 

July 4. Henry of Bolingbroke, Duke 
of Hereford, who had become Duke of 
Lancaster by the death of his father, 
lands in England, and incites a success- 
ful rebellion. 

Aug. 24. Richard H., having returned 
from Ireland, is taken prisoner by 
Henry of Lancaster [and sent a captive 
to the Tower of London]. 

1399-1461 House of Lancaster, a 
branch of the House of Plantagenet. 

Sept. 30. Parliament deposes Richard. 
It gives the crown to Henry of Lan- 
caster, son of John of Gaunt, fourth son 
of Edward III., as against the right of 
Roger Mortimer, grandson of Lionel, 
tbirdson of Edward. [Oct. 13. Crowned.] 

1399-1412 Henry IV. reigns. 

1400 Jan. * A conspiracy in favor of 
Richard is suppressed ; and the leaders, 
the Earls of Huntingdon, Salisbury, 
and Kent, and Lords Spencer and Lum- 
ley, are put to death. 

Mar. * Richard H. is murdered (?) in 
Pontefract Castle. 



* * W. Owen Glendower proclaims him- 
self the Prince of Wales, and rebels 
against Henry IV. He is a descendant 
of the last Prince Llewellyn. 

1401* * Ire. Thomas, Duke of Clar- 
ence, King Henry's son, is appointed 
governor. [1406. Again.] 

1403 * * The Percys lead a revolt in 
favor of Edmund Mortimer, Earl of 
March, the true heir to the crown. 

* * Henry IV. marries as his second 
wife Jane, daughter of the King of 
Navarre, and widow of the Duke of 
Brittany. 

1404 May 10. W. Owen Glendower 
makes a treaty with the French. 

Oct. 6. A parliament meets at Coven- 
try, from which lawyers are excluded. 
["Parliament urn indoctuni," or "Parlia- 
ment of Dunces."] 

1405 Apr. 12. Prince James, aged 
14 years, son and heir of the King of 
Scotland, having been captured by an 
English cruiser off Elamborough Head 
[is taken to King Henry, who keeps him 
in custody. He is detained in England 
for 18 years]. 

Apr. * Ire. James, Earl of Ormonde, 
who has been appointed lord lieutenant, 
convenes a parliament in Dublin, at 
which the Statute of Kilkenny is con- 
firmed. 

May * Another revolt in favor of the 
Earl of March and against the alleged 
tyranny of Henry IV. is suppressed ; and 
its leaders, Scrope, archbishop of York, 
and Lord Mowbray, son of the banished 
Duke of Norfolk, are executed. 

1406 Apr. 4. Scot. Robert III. dies. 

1406-37 Scot. James I., son of Robert 
III., reigns. The Duke of Albany is 
regent. 

* * The Isle of Man is granted in per- 
petuity to Sir John Stanley, to be held 
of the crown of England by rendering to 
the English kings a cast of falcons at 
their coronation. 

* * Ire. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is 
chosen lord justice. 

1406-23 Every county in England is as- 
sessed to send workmen to build Wind- 
sor Castle. 

1409 Mar. * Ire. The lord lieutenant, 
having appointed Thomas Butler, prior 
of Kilmainham, his deputy, returns to 
England. 

±* * Dublin. KingHenrygrantsagilded 
sword and the title of mayor to the pro- 
vost ; Thomas Cusack is the first mayor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1381 * * London. The Savoy Palace is 
burned by Wat the Tyler and. his follow- 
ers. 

* * Coal is first made an article of trade 
from Newcastle to London. 

1383 * * Ire. A great pestilence, called: 

"the fourth," prevails. 
1388 * * Side-saddles are introduced by 

Queen Anne. 
1390 * * "Wheat is one shilling and one 

penny the bushel. 
1393 * * London. Mercers* Company 

is formed. 

1399 * * King Richard II- in his will 
directs his body to be clothed " in vel- 
veto." 

1400 * * "Wine is 12 shillings a pipe. 

* * Spurs [of the present kind] come into 
use. 

* * London. Notwithstanding the many 
previous complaints against coal as a 
public nuisance, it is generally burned. 

1407 * * The great plague causes 30,000' 



862 1412,**-1459, Nov. 20. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1415 Aug. 15. Fr. Naval battle off 
Harfieur. 

The English, under the Duke of Bed- 
ford, take or destroy nearly 500 French 
ships (p. 676). 

Oct. 25. Fr. Battle of Agincourt ; the 
French defeated (p. 676). 

1417 July 23. Fr. King Henry V., 
with 40,000 men, invades Normandy. 
[It is soon conquered.] (P. 676.) 

* * An invasion is attempted by the 
Scots under the Duke of Albany, who 
retreats before the Duke of Bedford. 
("The foul raid.") 

1421 * * Fr. The third invasion of 
France. 

Henry V., as regent, attempts to sub- 
due the dauphin, who still holds out 
(p. 676). 

1424 Aug. 17. Fr. Battle of Ver- 
neuil (p. 676). 

1428 Oct. 12. Fr. The English be- 
siege Orleans (p. 676). 

1429 Feb. 12. Fr. Battle of Rou- 
vrai, or of "the herrings" (p. 676). 

Apr. * Fr. Joan of Arc appears against 

the English (p. 676). 
June 18. Fr. The English are defeated 

at Patay (p. 676). 

1430 May 24. Fr. Joan of Arc is 
captured (p. 676). 

1436 * * Hostilities are renewed with 

Scotland. 
1443 May 28. A truce of 22 months 
is concluded between England and 
France. 
1450 June-t- * Jack Cade (John Mor- 
timer), cousin to the Duke of York, 
raises a brief insurrection ; he has 20,000 
followers. 

(Juxe 24.) Cade defeats the king's 
forces under Duke Humphrey and Staf- 
ford at Sevenoaks, in Kent. 

(July 2.) Cade enters London in tri- 
umph. 

(July 4.) Lord Treasurer Say and 
several other eminent persons are put to 
death by Cade. 

(July 12.) The insurrection is sup- 
pressed, and Cade is killed in Sussex. 
1453 July 17, or 20. Fr, Battle of 
Castillion [Castillion-sur-Dordogne] (p. 
678). 
Oct. 17. Fr. Bordeaux surrenders to 

the French (p. 678). 
1455-85 "War of the Roses, between 
the houses of York and Lancaster. 

The red rose is the emblem of the Lan- 
castrians,— the party favorable to King 
Henry VI. ; the white rose is the emblem 
of the Yorkists, —the party opposed to 
the king. 
1455 May 23. First battle of St. Al- 
bans, Herefordshire. 

The Lancastrians are defeated by the 
Duke of York ; their leaders, Somerset, 
Northumberland, and Clifford, are 
killed, and the king made prisoner. 
1459 * * The Earl of "Warwick defeats 
and captures a Spanish and Genoese 
fleet in the Downs. 
Sept. 23. Battle of Blore Heath, Staf- 
fordshire. 

The Yorkists under the Earl of Salis- 
bury defeat the Lancastrians under Lord 
Audley. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1416 * * London. Guildhall is com- 
pleted. 
1425 * * Pumps are in general use. 

1433 June 7. Scot. An eclipse of 
the sun is observed, and called the 
" black hour." 

1434 Nov. 24. The Thames is frozen 
over from London Bridge to Gravesend, 
[until the following February]. 

1446 * * Excitement prevails over the 
reported discoveries on the West Coast 
of Africa by the Portuguese. 

* * G uildhall at York is erected. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1412 * * Trevisa, John, chronicler, dies. 

1413 * * Henry IV., king, A47+. 

1419 * * Gasi'ui.ime, Sir William, jurist, dies. 
1423+ * * Caxton, William, printer, born. 
1427 * * Whittmgton, Sir Richard, lord 

mayor of London, A65±. 
1428+ * * "Warwick, Earl of, Richard Ne- 
ville, " king-maker," general, b. [1471. D.] 
1430* * James II., king, Scotland, born. 

[1460. Dies. A30.] 
1431 * * Elphinstone, William, clergyman, 

statesman, Scotland, born. 
1442 * * Edward IV.. king, born. 

Grocyn, W., Prof, of Greek at Oxford, born. 
1450 * * Cade, John, Irish insurgent, dies. 

± Fabyan, Robert, chronicler, born. 
1452* * James IH., k., Scot., b. [1488. Dies. 
A36.] 
Richard m., last I'lantagenet, born. 
1457 Jan. 28. Henry VII.. king, born. 



CHURCH. 

1413 * * Sir John Oldcastle (Lord Cob- 
ham) is tried and condemned for heresy ; 
he escapes from prison. 

1414 * * The king suppresses 110 prior- 
ies. 

* * An insurrection of the Lollards is 
under the direction of Oldcastle. [1418. 
Hangedin chains and burnedas a heretic] 

* * Henry Chichele is chosen archbishop of 
Canterbury. [1443, John Stafford ; 14,W,Jolni 
Kemp; 14M, Thomas J'.ouchier; 14Kii, -John 
Morton; 1501, Henry Dene; 1503, William 
Warliam.] 

* * Alienprioriesaredissolved,andtheir 
estates vested in the crown. 

* * Switz. The Council of Constance de- 
crees that John Wyclif's bones be dis- 
interred and burned. [1415. The bishop 
of Lincoln executes the order, and casts 
his dust into the River Swift.] 

1415 * * The Church of the Blackfri- 
ars [now St. Andrew's Hall] is erected 
at Norwich. 

1435 * * Ire. The sees of Cork and 
Cloyne are united. 

* * Fr. Joan of Arc is burned by the 
English. (See France.) 

1441 * * /re. The see of Down is united 
with that of Connor. 

* * London. St. Paul's Church is nearly 
destroyed by fire. 

15th Century. Parishes are enlarged and 
the number reduced ; total number, 10,- 
000+ . 



LETTERS. 

1415* * London. Staple'slnnof Court 
is founded. [1420. Lyon's Inn of 
Court.] 

1421 * * Troy Book, by John Lydgate, 
appears. [1424-25, Falles of Princes 



and The Story of Thebes; 1456+ , London 
Lickpenny .] 

1422-1505 The Paston Letters are writ- 
ten. 

1424 * * London. Sir Richard Whit- 
tington founds a college, and dedicates 
it to the Holy Ghost and the Virgin 
Mary. 

1437 * * Scot. King James I. writes 
The King's Quair (the King's Little 
Book), and other poems. 

* *A11 Souls College, Oxford, is 
founded by Henry Chichele, archbishop 
of Canterbury. [1456. Magdalen Col- 
lege, by "William of Waynftete, bishop 
of Winchester.] 

1440 * * Galfridus Grammaticus pub- 
lishes his Promptoriam Parvulorum, the 
earliest known complete English-Latin 
dictionary. 

1441 * * Eton College, Buckingham- 
shire, is begun by King Henry VI. [1490+. . 
Completed.] 

* * King's College, Cambridge, is 
founded. [1442. Christ's College. 1448. 
Queen's College, by Margaret of 
Anjou.] 

1449* * The Repressor of Overmuch Blam- 
ing the Clergy, a defense of the clergy, 
is written by Bishop Reginald Pecock. 

1450 Jan. 7. Scot. The College [Uni- 
versity] of Glasgow is founded by Pope 
Nicholas V. (papal bull) and Bishop 
Turnbull. 

± * * Ballads are popular, especially 
among the lower classes. 

1456 * * Edinburgh. The College of St. 
Salvator's, St. Andrews University, 
is founded by Bishop James Kennedy. 

SOCIETY. 

1420 * * The Irish are expelled from 
England. 

1421 * * The title Baron Berkeley is cre- 
ated. [1442, Earl of Shrewsbury.] 

1427* * London. Mayor Rainwell con- 
demns 150 butts and pipes of wine for 
being adulterated; they are emptied 
into the channels of the streets. 

1429 * * London. Sir Richard Whitting- 
ton's charitable almshouses are 
founded. 

1437 * * scot. The title Earl of Rothes 
is created. [1442. Baron Forbes ; 1445. 
Baron Saltoun.j 

1439 * * Ire. The title Baron Dunsany 
is created. 

1440 Feb. 10. John, Lord Beaumont, 
is created Viscount Beaumont by Henry 
VI., and is given the precedence above 
all barons ; -he is the first viscount 
created by patent. 

* * Edinburgh. William Douglas is 
murdered. 

* * The Duke of Gloucester marries his 
mistress, Eleanor Cobham. 

1444* * A law is passed fixing the wages 
of a bailiff of husbandry at 23 shillings. 
four pence per annum, and clothing of 
the price of live shillings, with meat and 
drink; chief hind, carter, or shepherd, 
20 shillings, clothing four shillings : 
common servant of husbandry, 15 shil- 
lings, clothing 40 pence ; woman-servant, 
10 shillings, clothing four shillings. 

1447 * * Five gentlemen attached to the 
Duke of Gloucester are arraigned and 
condemned for treason, and at the place 
of execution are hanged, cut down alive 
instantly, stripped naked, and their 
bodies marked for quartering, and then 



AND IRELAND. 



1412, * *-1459, Nov. 20. 863 



1452 * * Scot. The title Baron Borth- 
wick is created ; also Earl of Errol. 
[1454, Baron Cathcart ; 1455, Earl of 
Caitliness; 1458, Earl of Morton. 1461. 
Ire. Baron Trimlestown.] 

STATE. 

1413 Mar. 20. Henry IV. dies. 
1413-22 Henry V., son of Henry IV., 

reigns. 
Oct.* Ire. Sir John Stanley, appointed 
lord lieutenant, lands at Clontarf . [1414. 
Jan. * He dies at Ardee.] 

1414 Jan. 11, 12. The Lollard in- 
surgents, under the leadership of Sir 
John Oldcastle, having attempted to 
seize the king, are tried and condemned. 
[Many of them are put to death ; Old- 
castle escapes. 1418. He is hanged as 
a traitor.] 

Jan.* Ire. Thomas Crawley, arch- 
bishop of Dublin, is appointed lord jus- 
tice by the nobles. [Sept. John Tal- 
bot, Lord Furnival, is appointed lord 
lieutenant. 1420. James Butler, Earl 
of Ormond.] 

July 10. Henry makes claim to the 
crown of France as the heir of Isa- 
bella, queen of Edward II. and daugh- 
ter of the French King Philip IV. 

* * The House of Commons adopts the 
use of the English language. (?) 

1415* * London. The city is first lighted 
by lanterns. 

July* A conspiracy to proclaim the 
Earl of March heir to the crown is dis- 
covered. 

[The leaders, Richard, Earl of Cam- 
bridge, cousin to the king, Sir Thomas 
Grey, and Lord Scrope, are tried, con- 
demned, and executed.] 

1420 May 21. Fr. The Treaty of 
Troyes is signed (p. 677). 

June 2. Fr. Henry "V". is married to 
Catherine (p. 677). 

Sept. 3. Scot. The Duke of Albany dy- 
ing, his son Murdoch assumes the re- 
gency. 

1421 Feb. 23. London. Henry "V. 
and Queen Catherine enter the city "with 
magnificent pageant, and are received 
with great enthusiasm ; Catherine is 
crowned at ^Westminster. 

1422 Aug. 31. Henry V. dies. 
1422-61 Henry VI. reigns. 

Dec. 5. Protectorate of Humphrey, 
Duke of Gloucester. 

The king being only nine months old, 
his uncle, the Duke of Bedford, is ap- 
pointed protector and guardian of the 
kingdom ; but being in France as re- 
gent, his younger brother, the Duke of 
Gloucester, is appointed during his 
absence "protector of the realm and 
Church of England." 

1423 Sept.* James I., King of Scot- 
land, is released from captivity in Eng- 
land. 

For this he agrees to forbid his sub- 
jects to enter the service of France, and 
the payment of £40,000 compensation 
for his expenses during detention. 
* * Ire. Edmund Mortimer, Earl of 
March and Ulster, is appointed gov- 
ernor. [1425. Lord John Talbot, lord 
lieutenant. 1427. Sir John Grey. 1428. 
Sir John Grey returns to England after 
appointing Edward Dantzy, bishop of 
Meath, his deputy.] 



1424 Feb. 13. James I., King of 
Scotland, marries Jane Beaufort, 
daughter of the Earl of Somerset, and 
niece of Cardinal Beaufort. The cere- 
mony is performed in the cardinal's pal- 
ace at South wark. 

May 21. Scot. James I. and his queen 
are crowned at the Abbey of Scone 
by Henry Wardlaw, bishop of St. An- 
drew's. 

* * Ire. John Sutton, Lord Dudley, is 
appointed deputy. [1431. Sir Thomas 
Stanley is appointed lord lieutenant.] 

1429 * * Ire. Lord Deputy Sutton con- 
venes a parliament, which makes regu- 
lations for juries to investigate criminal 
prosecutions. 

* * The crime of arson is made high trea- 
son. (?) 

* * Parliament : Laws are passed limit- 
ing the right of voting at parliamentary 
elections to resident possessors of land 
worth 40 shillings a year, and requiring 
that the representatives of cities and 
burghs be inhabitants of the same. 

Dec. 17. Fr. Henry VI., the boy-king 
of England, is crowned at Paris by 
Cardinal Beaufort. 

* * * Parliament : A law is passed for 
the personal security of members of 
Parliament while attending to their 
duties. 

1435 * * Fr. The Congress of Arras is 
held. 

The Duke of Burgundy abandons the 
alliance with England, and concludes 
peace with France (p. 677). 

1436 Apr. 13. Fr. Paris is lost to 
the English, the city being taken by 
King Charles VII. 

1437 * * Pari. The first act of natural- 
ization is passed. 

Feb. 21. Scot. James I. is murdered 
at Perth by conspirators headed by Sir 
Robert Graham and the Earl of Athol 
[both of whom are executed]. 

1437-60 James II., son of James I., 
reigns. 

* * Scot. Because of the murder of James 
at Perth, the court and capital are trans- 
ferred to Edinburgh. 

1438 * * Ire. Leon, Lord WeUs is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant. [1443. James, 
Earl of Ormond, again.] 

1440± * * The term « Grace of God" 
is assumed by kings as signifying their 
divine origin. 

1442* * Dublin. LordLieutenant "Wells 
nominates his brother "William deputy. 
The deputy holds a parliament, which 
appoints commissioners to acquaint the 
king with "the wretched state of af- 
fairs in Ireland." 

1444* * Fr. Maine and Anjou are 
surrendered to the French, in a negotia- 
tion for the marriage of King Henry VI. 
to Margaret, daughter of Ren6, titular 
King of Sicily and Jerusalem, and Duke 
of Anjou. 

1445 Apr. 22. Henry VI. marries 
Margaret of Anjou. [May 30. She is 
crowned at Westminster.] 

1446* * Ire. John Talbot, Earl of 
Shrewsbury, is appointed lord lieuten- 
ant. [1449. July±* Bichard. Duke of 
York.] 

1447 Feb. 11. The Duke of Glouces- 
ter is arrested on a charge of high trea- 
son [and murdered (?) in prison]. 



Apr. 11. Cardinal Beaufort, adviser 
of King Henry, dies. [William de la 
Pole, Earl of Suffolk, succeeds him.] 

* * Ire. A parliament held at Trim passes 
a law prohibiting taxes on merchandise 
or provisions, except in towns. 

1448 Feb. 12. Parliament grants 
Henry a poll-tax of six shillings and 
eightpence on every merchant stranger, 
and 20 pence on their clerks, and a gen- 
eral poll-tax of sixpence. 

* * Ft. Rouen is surrendered to France. 

1450 * * Fr. The second French con- 
quest of Normandy is completed. 

* * The Duke of Suffolk is arrested on 
a charge of treason, and condemned to 
banishment for five years. [He is cap- 
tured at sea on his way to France. May 
2. He is beheaded.] 

June *- July * An insurrection breaks 
out, headed by Jack Cade. (See Army.) 

* * The Government is conducted by 
Richard, Duke of York, grandson of 
the fifth son of Edward III., and son 
of Anna Mortimer, heir of the claims of 
the third line ; the Duke of Somerset, 
grandson of John of Gaunt, is his 
rival. 

1451 * * Scot. James II. grants a char- 
ter to Glasgow. 

1452* * Scot. William, Earl of Doug- 
las, having himself committed many 
murders, is killed at Stirling Castle by 
King James II. 

* * Richard, Duke of York, claimant to 
the crown, is persuaded to disband his 
army; he is then arrested, but released 
on swearing fealty to the king. 

* * Edinburgh. James II., by charter, 
gives the city preeminence over other 
Scotch burghs. 

1453 Oct. 13. The queen gives birth 
to a son, who is called Edward. 

Oct. 19. Fr. Guienne is lost to Eng- 
land by the surrender of the English 
forces occupying it. 

Oct. * King Henry sinks into a state of 
mental incapacity. L1454. Dec. * He 
recovers from his malady. 1455. Oct. * 
The king relapses.] 

Uov. 25. London. The Duke of Som- 
erset is sent a prisoner to the Tower. 

* * London. Sir John Norman goes by 
water to Westminster, to be sworn in as 
lord mayor ; he institutes the lord 
mayor's show. 

1455-85 War of the Koses. (See 
Army.) 

1455 Nov.i * The Duke of York be- 
comes protector as a consequence of 
the Yorkist victory at the battle of St. 
Albans. 

1456 Feb. 25. The Duke of York's 
commission as protector is revoked, and 
Henry, having recovered his health, 
is reinstated in sovereign authority. 

1458 Mar. * London. After a series of 
conferences, a formal but insincere rec- 
onciliation is effected between the 
Yorkists and the Royalists. 

1459 Nov. 20. A parliament meets at 
Coventry, at which the Duke of York, 
his family, and chief supporters are 
attainted of treason. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1415 * * London. Street lights are in- 
troduced. 

1430 * * England extends her trade into 
the Mediterranean. 

1438 * * London. A Drapers' Company 
is formed. U44S, a Haberdashers'.] 

* * A famine occurs ; it is so great that 
bread is made from fern. 

1439 July 16. A terrible pestilence 
breaks out. [It continues for two years.] 

1447 * * Edinburgh. An annual fair is 
granted to the city by James II. 



864 1459,* *-1484, * 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1460 July 10. Battle of Northamp- 
ton. 

The Yorkiats under the Earls of Salis- 
bury, "Warwick, and March defeat the 
Lancastrians under King Henry; the 
king is taken prisoner. 
Dec. 31. Battle of "Wakefield, York- 
shire. 

The Royalist forces under Queen Mar- 
garet defeat the Yorkists ; the Duke of 
York is killed. [1461. Jan. 1. The Ear) 
-of Salisbury is captured and killed.] 

1461 Feb. 2. Battle of Mortimer's 
Cross, Herefordshire. 

The Lancastrians under the Earl of 
Pembroke are defeated by Edward, the 
young Duke of York [afterwards King 
Edward IV.]. 
Feb. 17. Second battle of St. Albans, 
Herefordshire. 

The Yorkists under "Warwick are de- 
feated by the Royalists under Queen 
Margaret, who rescues the king. [Feb. 
28. Edward, Duke of York, having 
joined his forces to those of Warwick, 
marches into London.] 

Mar. 29. Battle of Towton, near 
York. 

Edward IV., with an army of 50,000, 
defeats the Lancastrians under the 
Duke of Somerset, with an army of 
60,000 ; over 30,000 men are killed. 

1464 Apr. 25. Battle of Hedgley 
Moor. 

The Lancastrians under Queen Marga- 
ret, aided by the Scots and French, 
make another effort to retrieve their 
fallen fortune, but are defeated by Lord 
Montague in Northumberland. 
May 8. Battle of Hexam, Northumber- 
land. 

Lord Montague totally defeats the Lan- 
castrians under the Duke of Somerset ; 
Somerset is captured [and beheaded]. 

1470 * * The war is continued by the 
Lancastrians, aided by the French, the 
Earl of Warwick, and the Duke of Clar- 

1471 Mar. 14. King Edward lands 
2,000 men at Ravenspur. [He is soon 
welcomed at York.] 

Apr. 14. Battle of Barnet, Hertford- 
shire. 

Edward TV. defeats the Lancastrians 
under Warwick, who, with his brother, 
is killed. 

May 4. Battleof Tewkesbury, Glouces- 
tershire. 

Margaret, wife of Henry VI., and her 
forces are defeated by Edward IV. and 
his brothers, the Dukes of Gloucester 
and Clarence ; Margaret and her con- 
sort are taken prisoners, and her son 
Edward is murdered after his surrender. 

1475 June 22. Fr. Edward IV. in- 
vades France (p. 678). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1470 * * John Hambovs is the first doc- 
tor of music. (1463 ? The first.) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1459 * * Fisher, John, bishop of Rochester, 
cardinal, s> 'lioiar. martyr, born. 

1460 * * Dunbar, Win., friar, courtier, poet, 
Scotland, horn. 

Linacre, Thomas, scholar, physician, born. 

± Skelton, John, poet, born. 

York, Richard Plantacenet, Duke of, dies. 

1461 * * Lydgate, John, poet, A86. 

1465 * * Boethius, or Hoece, Hector, hist.,b. 
1468i * * Lilly, "W., teacher, grammarian, b. 



1470 * * Edward V,, king, horn. 

+ Latimer. Hugh, reformer, b. (1490+ ?) 
1471i * * Wolsey, Thomas, card.. states., b. 
1472 * * James TV., king, Scotland, born. 
1473* * Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, 

statesman, general, born. 
1474 * * Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet, 

Scotland, born. 
1475± * * Barclay, Alexander, poet, Scot., b. 
1477± * * Cabot. Sebastian, navigator, b. 
1478 Feb. 7. More. Sir Thomas, theolo- 
gian, historian, statesman, born. 
1481 * * Littleton, Sir Thomas, jurist, A67. 
1483 * * Edward IV.. king, A41. 
Edward V. and his brother, murdered. 
Fortescue, Sir John, chief justice, au., A92. 
Gardiner, Stephen, bishop of Winchester, 
Btatesman, born. 
1484* * Tyndale. William, reform., wr.,b. 



CHURCH. 

1470 * * Scot. The archbishopric of St. 

Andrews is founded. (?) 
1474 * * Scot. St. Andrews is raised 

to an archbishopric. [1488. The see of 

Glasgow also.] 
1483 Apr. 9. London. Dr. Shaw, 

brother of the Lord Mayor, preaches 

from the text "Bastard slips shall not 

thrive.' * 

LETTERS. 

1460± * * Juliana Berners, prioress of 
the nunnery of Sopwell. near St. Albans, 
the first English female author, writes 
in verse, a. Book of Hunting, and in prose, 
the Art of Hawking, and the Laws of 
Arms. 

1460-1524 Thomas Linacre writes an 
Elementary Latin Grammar, a work on 
Latin composition, De Emendata Siruc- 
tura Latini Sermonis. 

1461* * Scot. Henry the Minstrel writes 
the poem Wallace. 

1465i: * * The printing types in use are 
Gothic or old German. 

1470 * * Sir Thomas Malory writes the 
History of King Arthur. [1485. It is 
printed by William Caxton.] 

+ * * The Court of Love is written by an 
unknown author. 

1471-74 The Recuyel of the History es of 
Troy, by Raoule le Fe'ure, is translated 
into English, and set up in the types of 
Colard Mansion in Bruges, by William 
Caxton ; (?) it is the first book printed in 
English. (?) 

1471* * William Caxton, a London 
mercer, sets up at Westminster the first 
printing-press known in England. 

1473+ * * Scot. The Glasgow University 
Library is founded. 

* * St. Catherine's College, or Hall, 
Cambridge, is founded. 

1474 * * The Game and Playe of the 
Chesse, a translation from the French, 
is set up and printed by Caxton; it is 
the first book printed in England. 

1475* * The University library, Cam- 
bridge, is founded. 

1477 * * The Dictes and Wise Sayings of 
the Philosophers is written by Anthony 
Woodville, Lord Rivers ; it is printed by 
Caxton. 

1478* * London. Clement's Inn of 
Court is established. [1385. The New 
Inn Court.] 

1479* * Lincoln College, Oxford, be- 
gun in 1427 by Richard Fleming, is com- 
pleted by Rotherham, bishop of Lincoln. 
[1487. St. Mary Magdalen Hall is estab- 
lished.] 

* * The Temple of Glass, by John Lyd- 
gate, is printed by Caxton. 

1480 Mar. 29. Wm. Caxton finishes 
the Cordial in folio. 



* * William Caxton prints the Chronicles 
of England. 

1481 * * The Court of Sapience, by John 
Lydgate, is printed by Caxton. 

* * Caxton prints in English the Boke of 
Tulle of Old Age — Cicero's he Senec- 
tute. 

1482 July 2. William Caxton finishes 
the printing of the Polychronicon ,- it 
contains the Berynges and Dedes of 
many Tymes in eight Bokes. 

1483 * * Statutes are first printed. 
Sept. 2. Caxton publishes the Confessio 

Amantis. (?) 

1483-84* * The Herald's CoUege is in- 
corporated and endowed by King Rich- 
ard III. 

± * * Sir John Fortescue writes De Laudi- 
bus Legum Anglias, and the Difference 
beUveen Absolute and Limited Monarchy. 

1484+ * * Scot. Robert Henryson of Dun- 
fermline writes The Morall Fables of 
Esope the Phrygian, liobeno and Makyn'e, 
the first pastoral poem in English, 
and The Bludy Serk. 

Mar. 26. JEsop's Fables, printed by Wil- 
liam Caxton, appears ; it is the first book 
having the leaves numbered. 

* * The Life of Our Lady, by John Lyd- 
gate, is printed by Caxton. 

* * John Skelton writes the poem On the 
Death of King Edward IV.; [he writes 
also the' Speculum Principle, Speke Par- 
rot, Why come Ye not to Court, Colin 
Clout.] 

* * ± Concordance of History, a history of 
Britain, is written by Robert Fabian. 



SOCIETY. 

1460 Aug. 3. Scot. James II. is killed 
by the bursting of a cannon. 

1462 * * The people wear the beaks or 
points of their shoes so long that they 
encumber themselves in walking, and 
are forced to tie them up to their knees ; 
the fine gentlemen fasten theirs with 
chains of silver or silver gilt, and others 
with laces. [1467. This is prohibited, 
and punished by the forfeiture of 20 
shillings, and cursing by the clergy.] 

1465 * * Ire. The Head Act is passed 
at Trim by the deputy, Earl of Desmond. 
It provides " that . . . any persons going 
or coining, having no faithful man of good 
name and fame in their company in English 
apparel, that it shall lie lawful to take and 
kill those, and to cut off their heads, without 
any impeachment of our sovereign lord the 
king." 

1469 * * Scot. The title Duke of Rothe- 
say is created; also Earl of Buchan. 
[1470, Baron Lovat.] 

1471 * * Edward, Prince of Wales, is 
murdered. 

1476 * * Scot. Cochrane, Earl of Mar, 
is murdered. 

* * Scot. James Stuart, second son of 
James III., is made Marquis of Or- 
monde, without territories. [Created 
Earl of Ross.] 



* * George Neville, Duke of Bedford, son 
of John, Marquis of Montague, is de- 
graded from the peerage by Parlia- 
ment because of his poverty. 

* * "Witches are convicted and executed. 
1483* *The title Baron of Norfolk is 

created. [1485, Earl of Derby.] 

STATE. 

1460 June* The Earls of Salisbury 
and March aud Warwick arrive in 
England. 



AND IRELAND. 



1459,* *-1484 I * *. 865 



July * After tlie defeat of Henry at 
Northampton, Queen Margaret, with 
lier sou, hees to Scotland. 

Aug. 23. Scot. King James II. is acci- 
dentally killed by the bursting of a 
cannon at the siege of Roxburgh Castle. 

1460-88 Scot. James III., son of 
James II., reigns. 

Oct. 7. A parliament meets at "West- 
minster ; Richard, Duke of York, claims 
the crown. 

He bases his claim on his lineal de- 
scent from Lionel, third son of Edward 
III., King Henry being descended from 
John of Gaunt, Lionel's younger brother. 

Oct. 24. Parliament, having consid- 
ered the claim of the Duke of York, 
agrees to a compromise that Henry 
shall reign during his life, and that on 
his death the Duke and his heirs shall 
succeed to the throne. 

Dec. 31. Richard, Duke of York, is 
killed at the battle of Waken eld ; his 
son Edward succeeds him as heir to 
the throne. 

* * * Debt is first incurred on the secu- 
rity ot Parliament during Henry's reign. 

1461-85 House of York, a branch line 
of the House of Plantagenet. 

1461 Mar. 4. Henry VI. is deposed, 
and Edward, son of the deceased Rich- 
ard, Duke of York, is proclaimed king 
as Edward IV. 

1461-83 Edward IV. reigns. 

Apr. * The deposed King Henry and Mar- 
garet retreat to Scotland. 

June 29. Edward IV. is crowned at 
"Westminster ; he creates his brother 
George Duke of Clarence, and his 
brother Richard Duke of Gloucester. 

1462 * * Ire. George, Duke of Clar- 
ence, is appointed lord lieutenant for 
life. 

Mints are established in Dublin, Trim, 
Drogheda, Waterford, and Galway. 

1463 Apr. 8. Scot- Queen Margaret 
sails for France to seek the aid of the 
French king. 

* * Pari. A Statute of Apparel is passed, 
prohibiting excess in dress. 

* * Pari. It is enacted that no cloths 
shall be imported except from "Wales 
or Ireland. ^_ 

1464 May 1. King Edward secretly 
marries Elizabeth Woodville, daugh- 
ter of Lord Rivers, and widow of Sir 
John Grey, a Lancastrian. 

The Earl of "Warwick is incensed, hav- 
ing by Edward's authority negotiated a 
marriage between him and the Princess 
Bona of Savoy, sister of the Queen of 
France. 

1465 * * Ire. A parliament at Trim en- 
acts that the Irish in the English prov- 
inces shall dress in the English fashion, 
and that they shall assume English 
names, and take the oath of allegiance. 

* * Parliament: The Surname Act is 
passed. 

1468* * Scot. Christian, King of Nor- 
way and Denmark, cedes the Orkney 
and Shetland Isles in mortgage to 
James III. as security for portion of the 
dowry of" his daughter Margaret, to be 
married to James. [The money not be- 
ing paid, the Isles remain attached to 
the crown of Scotland.! 

* * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Kildare, is 
appointed deputy. [1470. The Earl of 
"Worcester, lord lieutenant.] 



1469-71 "Warwick, the King-Maker. 

1469 * * The Earl of "Warwick intrigues 
against the king in the interests of the 
king's brother, George, Duke of Clar- 
ence, to whom he gives his daughter in 
marriage. [July 11- Isabella, "Warwick's 
daughter, is married to Clarence.] 

July* Scot. Margaret, daughter of the 
King of Norway and Denmark, is mar- 
ried to James III. 

July * An insurrection breaks out in 
Yorkshire, headed by Robert Hilyard, 
commonly called Robin of Redesdale. 

July 26± * * Edward IV. is taken pris- 
oner after the Yorkist defeat at Ban- 
bury. [He obtains his liberty in a few 
weeks.] 

1470 Mar. * An insurrection, osten- 
sibly against extortions by officers of 
the royal household, but instigated by 
"Warwick, breaks out in Lincolnshire ; 
it is headed by Sir Robert Welles. [Sup- 
pressed.] 

Apr. 15. "Warwick and Clarence flee 
to France, having been declared trai- 
tors after the suppression of the Welles 
insurrection. 

Sept. * Edward IV. flees to Holland, 
Warwick and Clarence having returned 
from France, and defeated the royal 
forces. [1478. Mar. 14. Returns.] 

Oct. 6. London. Henry VI. is released 
from the Tower, and restored to the 
throne. 

1471 Apr. 15. London. Henry VI. is 
again sent a prisoner to the Tower after 
Edward's victory at Barnet, where "War- 
wick, the "King-maker," is killed. 

May 21. London. Henry VI. is mur- 
dered (?) in the Tower by Richard, Duke 
of Gloucester (?), King Edward's brother. 

May * Henry Tudor, Earl of Richmond, 
[later Henry VIL], escapes to Brittany. 

1474* * Edward IV. intrigues with the 
Duke of Burgundy for the crown of 
France. 

He raises money for his war with 
France by voluntary (?) " benevolences," 
without the consent of Parliament. 

1475 Aug-. * Fr. Peace of Picquigny 
with France (p. 679). 

1477* *The Piepowder Court — the 
piedpoudreux, or Dusty- foot Court — is 
introduced. 

It is established for the summary ad- 
ministration of justice at fairs and mar- 
kets between buyers and sellers. 

1478 Feb. 7. The Duke of Clarence, 
the king's brother, is condemned to 
death for treason. [Feb. 18. He dies in 
the Tower by drowning in a butt of Malm- 
sey.] (?) 

* * Ire. Richard, Duke of York, aged 
six years, son of Edward, is appointed 
lord lieutenant ; Lord Grey is ap- 
pointed his deputy. Later, the Earl of 
Kildare.] 

1481 * * Scot. A conspiracy of the 
nobles is formed, encouraged by Edward 
IV., to dethrone James, and make his 
brother, the Duke of Albany, king. [The 
conspirators take King: James pris- 
oner.] 

* * A secret treaty is made at Fotherin- 
gay Castle, Northampton, by which the 
Duke of Albany undertakes to surrender 
Berwick and other forts to the English. 

1482 Aug. 25. Fr. Margaret, widow 
of King Henry VI., dies at Saumur. 



Dec. * Fr. Louis XI. breaks the treaty 
of Picquigny by preventing the marriage 
of his son to Edward IV. 's daughter. 

* * Edinburgh. By the Golden Charter, 
James III. confers on the provost and 
magistrates power to hold courts, levy 
lines, and impose duties on goods enter- 
ing at Leath. 

1483 Apr. 9. Edward IV. dies. 
Apr.*— June.* Edward V., aged 12 

years, son of Edward IV., reigns. 

May * London. The boy-king Edward is 
sent to the Tower ; and his uncle, the 
Duke of Gloucester, is made protector 
by a great council of the nobles. 

June * Lords Hastings and Rivers, Sir 
Richard Grey, and Sir Thomas Vaughn, 
friends of the late king, are executed 
through the agency of Gloucester. 

June * The crown is claimed for the 
Duke of Gloucester by bis adherents. 

They declare Edward IV.'s marriage 
with Elizabeth Grey to have been in- 
valid, and the attainder of the Duke of 
Clarence to have debarred him from the 
succession. 

June 26. The Duke of Gloucester, 
brother of Edward IV., usurps the 
crown, and assumes the title of king as 
Richard in. 

1483-85 Richard III. reigns. 

July 6. Richard is crowned at "West- 
minster with his queen, Anne, daughter 
of the late Earl of Warwick. 

* * London. The boy-king Edward V. and 
his brother, the Duke of York, are mur- 
dered in the Tower by order of King 
Richard 111. ; Miles Forest and John 
Dighton, employed by Sir James Tyrrel, 
are the assassins. 

Sept. 8. Richard is again crowned at 
York. 

Oct. * The Duke of Buckingham heads 
a revolt in favor of Henry Tudor, Earl 
of Richmond, grcat-giv.-it-grandson of 
John of Gaunt, son of Edward Hi. 
[Nov. 2. The duke is executed as a 
traitor, at Salisbury.] 

* * The importation of lace is prohibited. 

1484 Jan. 23. A parliament meets at 
Westminster [at which Richard's title 
to the crown is confirmed; the parli- 
ament also passes an act abolishing ex- 
actions of money by "benevolences"]. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1464 * * London. Ironmongers' Com- 
pany is formed. [14S0, Clothworkers' .] 

1466 * * Ire. A plague follows famine, 
and a great number of people die. 

1467 * * Sheep are exported to Spain 
[and the breed thereby improved to the 
detriment of English woolen manufac- 
ture]. 

1470- * * Dublin. A plague wastes the 
city. 



* * A pestilence afflicts Oxford. 

1478 * * The plague prevails throughout 
the realm ; more people die than have 
fallen during the continual wars of 15 
preceding years. 

1481 * * Riders on post-horses go stages 
of the distance of 20 miles from each 
other in order to procure the king the 
earliest news from the war with the 
Scots. 



866 1485, June 23-1527, * * GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1485 Aug. 7. Henry Tudor, Earl of 
Richmond, lands at Milford Haven. 
[He is welcomed by the enemies of Rich- 
ard in.] 

Aug. 22. Battle of Bos-worth Field, 
Leicestershire. 

Henry Tudor [Henry VII.] defeats 
Richard III., who is killed in action; 
this ends the "War of the Roses. 

Oct. 30. The yeomen of the guard are 
appointed at the coronation of Henry 
VII. ; it is the first permanent mili- 
tary band instituted in England. 

1486 Apr.* The unsuccessful insur- 
rection of Lords Lovell and Stafford 
breaks out. 

1487 * * Insurrection. 

Lambert Simnel, pretending to be 
Edward Plantagenet, Earl of Warwick, 
son of Edward IV.'s brother, the Duke 
of Clarence, claims a right to the crown. 
[June 16. Simnel and his followers are 
defeated at Stoke -upon- Trent, Not- 
tinghamshire, by the royal forces under 
Henry VII. Later, Simnel is pardoned, 
and employed as a menial in the king's 
domestic service.] 

1488 * * Henry VII. builds the Great 
Harry, considered to be the first ship 
of the royal navy. 

1492 Oct.* Fr. Henry VI., with an 
invading army, supports Maximilian, 
King of the Romans, in his claim on the 
duchy of Bretagne ; he besieges Bou- 
logne with 26,000 men. 

Nov. 9. Peace. (See State.) 

* * Ire. Perkin Warbeck, pretending 
to be a son of Edward' IV., lands at 
Cork, and assumes the name of Richard 
Plantagenet. 

1495 July * "Warbeck, attempting to 
land in Kent, is driven off by the inhab- 
itants ; 169 of his followers are captured. 

1496 * * James IV. of Scotland, with an 
invading army, supports the claimB of 
Warbeck. 

1497 * * An insurrection in Cornwall 
against the levying of taxes to support 
the war with Scotland is led by Thomas 
Flammock. 

June 22. The anti-tax insurgents are 
defeated with great loss by the king's 
troops at Blackheath, near London ; 
their leaders are captured, and 24 are 
hanged. 

Sept. 7. Perkin "Warbeck lands in 
Cornwall, where he is joined by 3,000 
men. 

[Sept. 17. He attacks Exeter, and 
burns part of the city. * * His force 
is dispersed by the king's troops at 
Taunton, Somerset ; Warbeck flees to 
the monastery of Beaulieu in Hamp- 
shire. Oct. 5. He is taken prisoner. 
1499. Nov. 23. He is hanged at Tyburn.] 

1513 Sept. 9. Battle of Flodden 
Field, Northumberland. 

The Earl of Surrey, with 26,000 Eng- 
lish, defeats 50,000 Scotch under their 
king, James IV.; the Scotch king and 
10,000 of his men are killed. 

1523 * * The Duke of Albany, as regent 
of Scotland and brother of James III., 
invades England; he is driven back. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1496 Mar. 5. John Cabot secures a 
patent to make discoveries and occupy 
territory in America. 

1497 June 24. Can. John Cabot 
makes important discoveries (p. 570). 
(See Canada for Arctic expeditions.) 

1498 May * Sebastian Cabot sails 
from Bristol, visits Davis Strait in the 
Arctic regions, and discovers the coast 
of North America. [1512. He discov- 
ers Hudson Bay.] 

1502 Jan. 24. Henry VII. commences 
the chapel in Westminster Abbey which 
bears his name. 



1508+ * * Ornamental gardening is 
introduced, chiefly from The Nether- 
lands. 

1509-1625 Rise of Elizabethan Gothic 
architecture. 

1510* * Hats are first manufactured in 
England by Spaniards. 

1513* * London has only 13 surgeons 
and doctors ; they are exempted from 
bearing arms or serving on juries. 

1520 * * The art of knitting flourishes. 
[1577. Becomes common.] 

* * Lettuce is introduced from Flanders. 

1527 * * Robert Thorpe of Bristol sails in 
search of a Northwest Passage. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1485 * * Catherine, or Katherine of Aragon, 

Richard HI., king, A33. 
1487* * Covmlale, Miles, bishop of Exeter, 
translator of the Bible, born. 

1488 * * Audley, Thomas, lord chancellor, b. 

1489 * * Cranmer, Thomas, archbishop of 
Canterbury, statesman, born. 

1490± * * Cromwell, Thomas, Earl of Es- 
sex, statesman, born. 
1491 June 28. Henry VIII., king, born. 
Caxton, "William, first English printer, A79. 
Lindsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, born. 
1494* * Beaton, David, cardinal, states- 
man, Scotland, born. 
1495 * * Bonner, Edmund, bishop of London, 
lawyer, statesman, born. 
Elyot, Sir Thomas, diplomatist, lexicog., b. 
1496* * Maitland, Sir Richard, of Leithing- 

ton, poet, Scotland, born. 
1500 Mar. 3. Pole, Reginald, cardinal, 
archbishop of Canterbury, slalesman, b. 
Ridley, Nicholas, bishop, of London, martyr, 

born. 
Rogers, John, clergyman, martyr, born. 
Somerset, Duke of, Edward Seymour, states- 
man, born. 
1502 * * Dudley, John, Duke of Northumber- 
land, Earl of Warwick, statesman, horn. 
1603 * * Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, states., b. 
1504* * Parker. Matthew, archbishop of 

Canterbury, reformer, born. 
1505 * * Cavendish, Sir William, courtier, 
writer, born. 
Knox, John, reformer, Scotland, born. 
1506* * Buchanan, (ieorge, historian, poet, 
Scotland, born. 
Leland, John, antiquary, linguist, born. 
Vdall, Nicoias, dramatist, born. 
1507* *Boleyn, Anne, wife of Henry 
V11T-, born. 
Sadler, Sir Kalph, diplomatist, historian, b. 
1509 * * Henry VII., king, A53. 

Bacon, Sir Nicholas, statesman, b. 
1511* * Craig, .lobn, rcl'ormcr, Scotland, b. 
1512* * Fabvan, Robert, chronicler, A62+. 
James V., kinjj, Scotland, born. 
I'ovnings, Sir Kdwani, statesman, Ireland, d. 
1513* * James IV., king, Scotland, A40. 
1514 * * Douglas, Archibald, " Bell the Cat," 
Earl of Angus, Scotland, dies. 
Elpiiinstone, William, <•!., stales., Scot., A83. 
1519* * Grocvn, William, prof. Greek at 
Oxford, A77. 



1522 * * Douglas, Gawin, or Gavin, poet, 
Scotland, A49. 
Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, author, b. 
1524 * * Linacre, Thomas, phys., schol., Ati4. 



1490 * * Papal admonitions are given to 
correct the gross profligacy of the mon- 
asteries. 

1503* * It. Pius III, is elected pope; later; 
Julius 11. [1.11,3, Leo X.; 1522, Adrian VI., 
1523, Clement VII.; 1534, Paul 111.] 

1504 * * It. The pope grants a dispen- 
sation permitting Henry V TTT , to 
marry Catherine, his brother's widow. 

1523* * Ire. Bishop Doran is appointed 

to the see of Leighlin. 
[He is murdered by his archdeacon, 

Maurice Cavenagh, who is hanged on the 

spot where the crime was committed.] 
1525 * * "William Tyndale translates the 

Bible from the Greek. 

LETTERS. 

1489 * * Sea-charts are first introduced 
by Bartholomew Columbus to explain 
the theory of his brother Christopher 
respecting a western continent. 

1490 * * The Boke of Eneydos is printed 
by Caxton. 

1491* * "William Grocyn settles at 
Exeter College, Oxford ; he is the first 
teacher of Greek in England. 

1494 * * scot. King's College, Aber- 
deen, is founded by Bishop "William 
Elphinstone. 

± * * A Lytel Geste of Robin Hode, Robin 
Hood and the Potter, Robin Hood and the 
Monk, and many other Kobin Hood bal- 
lads and stories are written by unknown 
authors. 

1497 * * The Hylleof Perfection is printed 
" at the instance of the reverend reli- 
gyoua fader Tho Prior of the hous of 
St. Ann." 

15th Century. The ballads of the Battle 
of Otter 'burn and Chevy Chase are written 
by unknown authors. 

1500-06 Scot. The University of 
Aberdeen is founded. 

1500 * * Stephen Hawes writes his Tem- 
ple of Glass, an imitation of Chaucer's 
House of Fame. [150U. The Pastime of 
Pleasure.] 

1501 * * Acts of Parliament are first 
begun to be printed. 

* * Scot. Gavin Douglas writes his alle- 
gory, The Palace of Honor. 

1502 * * The divinity professorship is 
founded at Cambridge. 

1505 * * Christ's College, Cambridge, is 
endowed by Margaret, Countess of 
Richmond. 

* * Edinburgh. The Royal College of 
Surgeons' is incorporated. 

1507 * * Edinburgh. The first printing- 
press is set up by William Chepman and 
Andrew Myllar in the Cowgate. 

* * John Skelton writes Bowge of Court, 
and Boke of Phyllip Sparrowe. 

1508 * * Scot. The Golden Terge, Dance 
of the Seven Deadly Sins, Lament for 
ike Makaars, The Joust, between the Tai- 
lor and the Sou tar, and Amends to the 
Tailors and Sou tars, poems by William 
Dunbar, appear ; together with William 
Kennedy he writes The Flytiug of Dun- 
bar and Kennedy. 

1509* *Brazenose College, Oxford, is 
founded by William .Smyth. Bishop of 
Lincoln, and Sir Richard Sutton. 

* * The journals of the House of Lords 
are commenced. 

* * Alexander Barclay writes The Ship 
of Fools. 



AND IRELAND. 1485, June 23-1527,* * 867 



* * London. St. Paul's school is founded 

by Dean Colet. 
1510 * * Henry VIII. grants another 

charter to the University of Oxford. 

1511* * St. John's College, Cambridge, 
is endowed by Margaret, Countess of 
Richmond. 

1512 * * Scot. St. Leonard's College, 
University of St. Andrews, is founded 
by Archbishop Stuart and John Hep- 
burn. 

St. Mary's College, University of St. 
Andrews, is founded by the Beatons. 

1513-1625 Kenaissance Period. 



1513 * * Latin Grammar, by William 
Lily, appears. 

* * Scot. Gavin Douglas finishes his 
translation of Vergil's Mneid; it is the 
first translation of Vergil, or any 
Latin classic into English verse ; [he 
also writes an allegory, King Hart}. 

* * Sir Thomas More writes History of 
Edward V. and Richard III. [1516. 
Utopia, in Latin ; it is translated into 
English by Ralph Robinson, and pub- 
lished in 1551.] 

1516 * * Corpus Christi College, Ox- 
ford, is founded by Bishop Fox of Win- 
chester. 



1521 * * Scot. History of Great Britain, 
in Latin, by John Mair, appears. 

1526 * * Scot. History of the Scots, in 
Latin, by Hector Boece, appears. [It is 
translated into English and published in 
1536 by John Bellenden.] 



SOCIETY. 

1489 * * Scot. The title, Baron Sempill, 
is created ; also Baron Sinclair and 
Baron Herries. [1492. Eng. Baron Wll- 
loughby de Broke.] 

1494 * * Any two justices have the power 
to suppress unnecessary ale-houses. 

1495 * * "Wages are regulated by law. 
A freemason, master carpenter, rough 

mason, bricklayer, mason tiler, plumber, 
glazier, carver, or joiner, are allowed from 
Easter to Michaelmas to take six pence a day 
without meat and drink, or with meat and. 
•drink, four pence ; from Michaelmas to 
Easter, to abate a penny ; a master having 
under him six men is allowed a penny a day 
extra. [1496. The law is repealed.] 

1497 Sept. 21. Perkin Warbeck finds 
sanctuary at the monastery of Beaulieu, 
New Forest. 

1501 Nov. 6. London. Prince Arthur, 
son of Henry VII., is married to Cather- 
ine of Aragon, at St. Paul's. 

1503 June 25. Prince Henry [VIII.], 

aged 12, is betrothed to Catherine of 
Aragon, his brother's widow. 

* * Princess Margaret, daughter of 
Henry VII., marries James IV., King 
of Scotland. 

* * The privilege of sanctuary being 
much abused, is limited by the Pope at 
the request of King Henry VII. [1540. 
It is further limited.] 

1504 * * The penalties for vagrancy are 
somewhat mitigated in cases of sickness 
and old age. 

1508* * London. Avaricious King 
Henry extorts money from merchants 
by prosecutions under obsolete laws. 

* * Scot. The title. Earl of Eglinton, is 
created. [1509. Baron Elphinston, and 
Earl of Cassilis.] 



1509 June 11. Henry VIII. marries 

Catherine of Aragon. [1533. Divorced.] 

* * The title, Baron Conyers, is created. 
[1523, Baron Vaux of Harrowden , Baron 
Windsor, Baron Braye, and Earl of 
Huntingdon.] 

STATE. 

1485 June 23. Richard issues a proc- 
lamation against Henry Tudor. 

July 24. Richard establishes cavalry 
posts on the high-roads for the speedy 
conveyance of intelligence. 

* * Richard levies "benevolences" in 
disregard of the law recommended by 
himself. 

1485-1603 House of Tudor. 

Aug. 22. Richard III. is killed at the 

battle of Bosworth Field. 
Henry Tudor, descendant of John of 

Gaunt, becomes King, as Henry VII. ; 

he is crowned on the battle-field. 

Oct. 30. London. Henry is again 
crowned at "Westminster, King of 
England and France. 

1485-1508 Henry VII. reigns. 

* * Henry sends the Earl of "Warwick, 
Bon of the Duke of Clarence, to the 
Tower. 

* * Ire. The Duke of Bedford is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant ; Gerald, Earl 
of Kildare, retains the office of deputy. 

1486 Jan. 18. King Henry marries 
Elizabeth, daughter of Edward IV., 
thus uniting the red and white roses. 

* * Insurrection. (See Army.) 

* * The Star Chamber Court is institu- 
ted or revived. 

It is composed of the chancellor, 
Treasurer, keeper of the privy seal, 
with a bishop, a lord of the Council, and 
chief and other justices, and has juris- 
diction to punish certain offences with- 
out trial by jury. 

1487 Insurrection. (See Army.) 

1488 June 11. Scot. James m. , es- 
caping from the battle-field of Sauchie- 
burn, is killed by the rebel Borthwick. 

1488-1583 Scot. James TV., son of 
James II., reigns. 

1489 * * A law is made prohibiting any 
one from selling any hat for above 20 
pence, or cap for above two shillings, 
eight pence. 

1492 Nov. 9. The Peace of Etaples 
ends the war with France. 

* * Ire. Warbeck's rebellion. (See 
Army.) 

1494* * Ire. The king's son, Henry, 
Duke of York, aged three years [later 
Henry VIII.], is appointed lord lieuten- 
ant; Sir Edward Poynings is appointed 
his deputy. [1496. Apr. * Henry Deane, 
bishop of Bangor, later, Gerald, Earl of 
Kildare, deputies.] 

Sept. 13. Ire. Poynings* s Law is 
passed at a parliament in Drogheda 
by Lord Deputy Poynings. 

It prohibits the convening of any par- 
liament, or the enacting of any law, in 
Ireland, unless first approved of by the 
king and his council. 

1497 * * Insurrection. (See Army.) 

1498 Aug. * A parliament at Trim 
enacts that custom-house laws passed 
in England shall be adopted in Ireland. 

1502 Jan. * A treaty of perpetual 
peace is concluded between England and 
Scotland ; James is to marry Margaret, 
the daughter of Henry VII. 

1504 * * "William Warham is made 
lord high chancellor. 



* * Ire. Gerald, Earl of Kildare, is ap- 
pointed deputy. 

* *The true English shilling is first 
coined by Henry VII. (?) 

1508* * Edinburgh. James IV. grants 

the city a charter. 
1509 Apr. 21. King Henry VII. dies. 
1509-47 Henry Vm, son of Henry 

VII., reigns. 

* * Archbishop Warham, Bishops Fisher 
and Fox, the Earl of Surrey, Sir Edward 
Poynings, and Sir Thos. Lovel are among 
the ministers and advisers of the 
king. 

June 3. Henry VIII. marries Cather- 
ine of Aragon, sister of King Philip of 
Spain, and widow of his brother Arthur. 



1510 Jan. 21. Parliament meets. 
[Feb. 23. Dissolved.] 

* * Thomas Wolsey becomes a member 
of the Council. 

1511 Feb. 4. Parliament meets. 
[1513. Mar. 4. Dissolved.] 

* * Henry becomes a member of the Holy 
League with the Pope, Ferdinand of 
Aragon, and Venice, the object being to 
expel the French from Italy. 

* * Henry receives from the Pope the title 
" Most Christian King.'* 



1513-42 Scot. James V., son of James 
IV., reigns. 

He being but one year old, his mother 
is made regent. [1514. She marries the 
Earl of Angus, head of the house of 
Douglas.] 

1514 Feb. 5. Parliament meets. 
[1515. Dec. 22. Dissolved.] 

* * Thorn as "Wolsey becomes bishop 
of Lincoln and archbishop of York . 
[1515. He is made cardinal, and ap- 
pointed lord high chancellor.] 

1515 * * Scot. The Duke of Albany 
becomes regent. 

1521 * * Ire. Thomas Howard, Earl of 
Surrey and lord admiral of England, is 
appointed lord lieutenant. 

May 17. The Duke of Buckingham is 
executed after trial and condemnation 
for high treason. 

1525* * Scot. The Earl of Angus 
usurps the ruling power while keeping 
the young king a captive. [1528. The 
king escapes. Angus and his family 
are banished.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1485* * London. Many people die of 
the Sudor Anglicus, or sweating sick- 
ness. 

1490 June 17. Claret wine is first 
imported. 

1499-1500 London. The plague being 
so dreadful. Henry VII. removes his 
court to Calais. 

1502* * London. The Fleet ditch is 
navigable. 

1505 * * Norwich is nearly consumed by 
fire. 

1506 * * Sweating sickness breaks out 
again. In many of the chief towns half 
the inhabitants die, and Oxford is de- 
populated. 

1522* * Ire. Many thousands die of the 
plague at Limerick. 



1528,**-1546, July 16. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1534 * * Ire. The insurrection of the 
Fitzgeralds or Geraldines breaks out in 
Kildare. 

It is led by Thomas, son of the Earl of 
Kildare, known as '* Silken Thomas;" 
it is suppressed. [1537. Jan. 3. Five 
of the Fitzgeralds and" Silken Thomas" 
are hanged at Tyburn, London.] 

1536 * * The insurrection against the 
suppression of monasteries, called the 
"Pilgrimage of Grace," begins. 

The 30,000 insurrectionists are sup- 
pressed by the royal forces under the 
Duke of Norfolk ; [Lord Darcy, Robert 
Aske, and other leaders are put to death.] 

1542 Oct.* Scot. TheDukeof Norfolk, 
with an invading army of 20,000 men, 
ravages the country. 

Nov. 25. Battle of Solway Moss in 
Cumberland, " the rout of Solway Moss." 
The Scotch under Lord Maxwell are 
defeated by the English under Dacre 
and M usgrave ; a thousand of the Scotch 
are taken prisoners. 

1544 May 5. Scot. The English, un- 
der the Earl of Hereford, with 200 
ships, appear in the Frith of Forth, and 
attack and burn Leith and Edin- 
burgh. [They retire after devastating 
the country.] 

June * Fr. Henry "VTLT. comes with 
45,000 men to assist the Emperor Charles 
V. in the reduction of France. 

July 18. A French fleet of 150 ships, 
under command of Annebaut, ravages 
the southeastern coast. 

They attempt to destroy Portsmouth, 
but are compelled to retire by Viscount 
Lisle, commanding the Great Harry and 
60 other vessels. 

Aug.* -Sept. 14. Fr. Henry VHT. be- 
sieges and captures Boulogne, and 
then returns to England. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1540* * London. Barbers and sur- 
geons are united in one company. 

It is enacted that " no person using any 
shaving or barbery in London shaft oc- 
cupy any surgery, letting of blood, or 
other matter excepting only the drawing 
of teeth." 

* * Pins are brought from France; first 
used by Queen Catherine Howard. [1543. 
First made in England.] 

1541 * * Dancing by cinque paces is in- 
troduced from Italy. 

1543 * * Ralph Page and Peter Baude 
make cast iron in Sussex. 

* * The first cannon cast in England is 
made at Ucktield, Sussex, by Hugget. 
Mortars are also cast. 

1544+ * * Pistols are first used by the 
cavalry of England. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1530+ * * Dunbar, Willian^poet, Scot., A70+. 
Morton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent, 

Scotland, born. 
Whitgift, Jolin, archbishop of Canterbury, b. 
1633 Sept. 7. Elizabeth, daughter of 
Henry VTTL, queen, born. 
Moray, Earl of, Janus Stii;ut, rt'irent, Scot., b. 

1535 July 6. More. Sir Thomas, theolo- 
gian, historian, statesman, A57. 

Cartwright, Thomas, I'uriian clergyman, b. 
Fisher. John, bishop of Rochester, lawyer. 

statesman, A76. 
Gascoigne, George, poet, born. 

1536 * * Boetlhus, or Boece, Hector, histo- 
rian, A71. 



Bothvell, James husband of Mary Queen of 

Scots, born. 
Dorset, Earl of, Thomas Sackville, poet, 

statesman, born. 
Frobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, born. 
Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Effing- 
ham, born. 
Tyndale, William, reformer, writer, A52. 
Walsirigliam. Sir Francis, statesman, born. 
1537 * * Edward VI., King, born. 

Grey, Lady Jane, born. 
1539 * * Gilbert, Sir H umpltrev, navigator, b. 
1540± * * Barclay, William, jurist. Scot., b. 
liirde, William, conip., organist, born. 
Ciaig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, anliq., Scot., b. 
Cromwell. Thomas, Earl of Essex, states- 
man, A50. 

* * Drake, Sir Francis, navigator, born. 
Egerton, Thomas, Baron of Ellesmere, states- 
man, born. 

Gilbert, William, physicist, born. 
Vere, Thomas il<-, inis.viknicous writer, b. 
1541± * * Essex, Karl of, Walter Devereux, 

statesman, general, born. 
1543 Dec. 7 (8?). Mary Queen of Scots. 
Scotland, born. 
Allen, Thomas, mathematician, born. 
James V., king, Scotland, A30. 
Wyatt, Sir Thomas, poet, A39. 
1544* * Audley, Thomas, Lord Chancellor, 
A56. 
Bodley, Sir Thomas, founder of Bodleian 
library, born. 
1545 * * Bannatyne, George, antiquarian, 
Scotland, born. 
Harvey, Gabriel, author, born. 
Melville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, Scot., b. 

CHURCH. 

1531 * * Henry VIII. declares the Eng- 
lish Church independent of Rome ; 
he is recognized as its head. 

1533 * * Thomas Cranmer is appointed 
archbishop of Canterbury. 

1534 Nov. 3. The Act of Supremacy 
is passed, severing the connection of the 
English Church "with Ronie. The king 
is the supreme head of the church. 

1535 Apr. 29. The monks of the 
Charter-house are hanged and beheaded 
for refusing to acknowledge the king as 
head of the church. 

* *Persecution. All conscientious 
Catholics are liable to the death of 
traitors. 

* * Thomas Cromwell is appointed vicar- 
general to inspect monasteries. June * 
A commission visits the monasteries 
and reports much dissipation in the 
smaller ones. [1536. They are dissolved.] 

June 22. London. Bishop Fisher is 
executed for denying the king's spiritual 
supremacy. [July 6. Sir Thomas 
More, " the greatest thinker of his gen- 
eration,'* is executed for like cause.] 

* * Religious primers for private devo- 
tion, containing the Ten Commandments 
and Lord's Prayer, are published. 

*.*Ire. The Reformation is promoted 
by Archbishop George Browne. 

* *Coverdale's translation of the Bible 
is appointed to be read in all the 
churches. 

1536 June 8. A convocation of Eng- 
lish clergy agrees to articles, which are 
published. 

It acknowledges transubstantiation, 
communion of one kind, vows of chas- 
tity, private masses, celibacy of the 
clergy, and auricular confession. Offend- 
ers are to be punished as heretics. 

June 9. The clergy of London agree 
upon a form of petition soliciting per- 
mission, to read the Bible for the people. 

Sept. * The Pilgrimage of Grace. 

An insurrection occurs of 30,000 men 
opposed to the dissolution of monaster- 
ies. [Oct. * They are subdued by the 
Dukeof Norfolk after taking Hull, York, 
and other towns.] 



* Henry VIII., with all England, is put 
under a papal interdict. [Published in 
1538.] Catholics are absolved from alle- 
giance to the king. 

* "William Tyndale is burned at the 
stake. " Lord, open the King of Eng- 
land's eyes." 

* * Scot. The Reformation spreads. 

* * The clergy are excluded from Parlia- 
ment. 

* * A convocation of the National Churcb 
declares the doctrines of the Baptists 
to be detestable heresies. 

1537 * * The Pilgrimage of Grace is 
revived. 

The religious insurgents opposed to 
the dissolution of the monasteries again 
take arms, but are promptly suppressed; 
and the leaders, several abbots, and 
many others are executed. 

* * Matthew's Bible a translation of the 
Bible into English, by John Rogers, ap- 
pears. 

1538 Nov. 16. Henry VIII. proclaims 
that Thomas a Becket was no saint, 
but a rebel. 

* * Archbishop Cranmer is ordered to pro- 
ceed against the Baptists and burn their 
books. 

1539 May 13. A hill is introduced in 
Parliament confiscating to the Crown 
the monastic institutions. 

[Six hundred and forty-five monaster- 
ies, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries, and 110 
hospitals, having a revenue of £161,000, 
soon after fall. St. Bartholomew's 
monastery of London is changed into 
an hospital.] 

* * Scot. The Protestants are perse- 
cuted by the regent Cardinal Beaton. 

* * Parliament passes the Six Articles 
Statute defining heresy. 

It is heresy to deny (1) transubstan- 
tiation ; (2) communion in one kind to 
laymen ; (3) celibacy of the clergy; (4) 
inviolability of the vows of chastity ; 
(5) the necessity of private masses ; (6> 
the necessity of auricular confession. 

* * The enshrined bones of Thomas a 
Becket are burned by Henry VIII. 

* *The abbots of Glastonbury, Reading, 
and others, are executed. 

* * Two new versions of the Bible ap- 
pear, — Taverner's Bible, by Richard 
Taverner, and Cromwell's, or the Great 
Bible, by Miles Coverdale. 

* * The clergy are regulated by Parlia- 
ment. 

1540 * * A revision of Tyndale's Bible 
(Cranmer's Bible), by Archbishop 
Cranmer, appears. 

1541* *The words "Lord Pope" are 
stricken out of all English books. 

* * The see of Peterborough is created ; 
also Gloucester. [1542, Bristol; also 
Chester and Oxford.] 

* * Dublin. Christ's Church is made a 
deanery and chapter by Henry VIII. 

* * The privilege of sanctuary is moved 
from Manchester to Chester. 

1542 Apr. 30. The Houses of Convo- 
cation approve the new creed, called the 
King's Book. [It becomes the stan- 
dard of English orthodoxy.] 

* * It. The tribunal of the Inquisition 
is established at Rome by Cardinal Ca- 
raffa. 

1543 Jan. 16. Parliament forbids 
women, apprentices, etc., reading the 
New Testament in English. 



AND IRELAND. 1528, ** -1546, July 16. 869 



* * Ire. Some of the English settlers em- 
brace the reformed religion. 

* * During Lent Henry VIII. permits the 
use of white meats by a proclamation. 

1544* *The first English litany is 
commanded to be used in the Reformed 
churches by Henry VIII. 

1546 Jan. 18. Aust. The Council of 
Trent assembles, and proceeds to pre- 
pare a confession of faith (p. 510). 

Mar. 29. Scot. George Wishart, re- 
former, is burned at St. Andrews. [May 
29. Cardinal Beaton is murdered at the 
same place.] 

July 16. Anne Askew, an accom- 
plished Protestant lady, is burned for 
heresy after enduring torture. 

* * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral is 
desecrated, and used as a law court. 

LETTERS. 

1528 * * Scot. Sir David Lyndsay writes 
Lyndsay* s Dream. [1529, Lyndsay'' s 
Complaint ; 1530, The Testament of the 
Papiuge, or Popinjay; 1535, A Satire of 
the Three Estates; 1536, Answer to the 

. King's Flyting, Complaint and Public 
Confession of the King's Old Hound, 
and Bagsche; 1553, The Monarchic] 

* * The Dialogue and the Supplication of 
Souls, by Sir Thomas More, appear. 

1530 * * The Practice of Prelates, by 
William Tyndale, appears. 

* * The Royal Injunctions, recording the 
views of Thomas Cromwell, mark the 
downfall of the old scholastic methods 
of study at the Universities of Cambridge 
and Oxford. 

1537* *A papal bull dedicates St. 
Mary*s College to the Blessed Virgin 
Mary of the Assumption, and adds en- 
dowments. 

1538* * Sir Thomas Elyot produces the 
first Latin-English dictionary pub- 
lished in England ; he is the author also 
of The Governor, a treatise on education, 
The Castle of Health, and a Defence or 
Apology of Good Women. 

"1539 * * Regius Professorship is estab- 
lished at Cambridge ; also professor- 
ships of law, Hebrew, Greek, and physic. 

* * Professorships of divinity, law, med- 
icine, Hebrew, and Greek, are estab- 
lished at Oxford^ 

-* * Sir Thomas Wyatt writes Sonnets and 
Lyrics. He is the first writer-of son- 
nets in English, and the first writer of 
satires in classical form. 

■* * Henry Howard, Earl of Surrey, 
writes sonnets, lyrics, and satires. 

1541 * * Ralph Roister Doister, a play, is 
written by Nicholas Udall; it is the 
earliest lcnown English comedy. 

1544 * * Roger Ascham writes Toxophi- 
lus, a book on archery. 

SOCIETY. 

1533 Jan. 25. nenry VIII. marries 

Anne Boleyn. [1536. May 19. Beheaded 
for infidelity.] 
June 1. London. The great conduit 
runs with white and claret wine, the 
whole afternoon, in honor of the wed- 
ding of Anne Boleyn. 

1535 May 8. Henry VIII., having had 
his head shaved, commands all about 
his court to follow his example. 

* * Society punishes the poor. 

A vagrant a second time convicted is 
to lose the upper part of the gristle of 
his right ear ; a third time convicted, is 
to be put to death. 

1536 May 20. Henry VIII. marries 
Jane Seymour, maid of honor to Anne 
Boleyn, on the day following the execu- 



tion of Anne. [1537. Oct. 24. She dies 
after the birth of her son Edward VI.] 

1537 Dec. 5. The expulsion of Gipsies 
is ordered. 

* * Regulations for wakes are enacted. 

1538 * * London. Bills of mortality are 
ordered to be kept. [1539. First com- 
piled.] 

* * Scot. James V. marries Mary of 
Guise. 

1540 Jan. 6. Henry VIII. marries 
Anne of Cleves. [July* Divorced. July 
28. He marries Catherine Howard. 
1542. Feb. 12. Executed for treason.] 

* * The order of the Knights of Malta is 
suppressed. [1557. Restored.] 

* * Scot. The Order of the Thistle is 
instituted by James V. 

It consists of the sovereign and 12 
knights, in imitation of Christ and his 
12 apostles. [1543. The order is discon- 
tinued. 1637. Renewed.] 

1541 May 27. The venerable Count- 
ess of Salisbury is beheaded, after 
resisting the executioner and being hor- 
ribly mangled. 

* * Margaret Davie, a young woman, is 
boiled to death for poisoning. 

* * A statue is enacted declaring all 
witchcraft and sorcery to be felony 
without benefit of clergy. 

* * Ire. The title, Baron Louth, is cre- 
ated. [1543, Baron Inchiquin.] 

1542 Dec. 13. People deemed the bet- 
ter sort are permitted to read the Bible. 

* * Scot. Princess Mary, only eight days 
old, is sent to France. 

1543 July 12. Henry VIII. marries 
Catherine Parr. [1548. Sept. * She 
dies.] 

1545 * * Circulating slanderous libels is 
made a felony. 

* * The property of guilds is confiscated. 

1546 May 29. Edinburgh. Cardinal 
Beaton, archbishop of St. Andrews, is 
assassinated at St. Andrews by the 
Protestants. 

STATE. 
1529 Nov. 3. Parliament meets. 
[1536. Apr. 4. Dissolved.] 

* * Sir Thomas More is made lord chan- 
cellor, Cardinal Wolsey having incurred 
the king's displeasure. 

* * Ire. Henry Fitzroy, Duke of Rich- 
mond and Somerset, natural son of the 
king, is appointed lord lieutenant. 

1532 May 17. Scot. A statute is 
passed instituting the Court of Session, 
the highest Scotch civil tribunal. 

* * Sir Thomas More resigns, and Sir 
Thomas Audley is made lord keeper of 
the seal. 

* * Thomas Cranmeris made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, and one of the 
king's ministers and advisers. Thomas 
Cromwell is one of the king's favorites 
and ministers. 

1533 * * Parliament fixes the price of 
beef and pork at a halfpenny a pound, 
and veal three farthings. 

1534 Nov. 3. A Parliament meets, at 
which the Act of Supremacy is passed 
declaring the king the only supreme 
head of the church; and other acts 
are passed totally abolishing the papal 
power in England. 

1536 * * An act is passed uniting and 
incorporating "Wales with England. 



June 8. Parliament meets. [July 18. 
Dissolved.] 

It passes an Act ratifying the divorce 
of Anne Boleyn, and declaring the issue 
of the king's former marriage illegiti- 
mate. 

* * Thomas Cromwell is made lord privy 
seal. 

1539 Apr. 28. Parliament meets. 
[July 24. Dissolved.] 

* * Sir Edward Montague is appointed 
chief justice. 

1540 * * Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Hen- 
ry, Earl of Surrey, Thomas, Lord Aud- 
ley, Bishop Gardiner, and Sir Ralph 
Sadler are ministers. 



July 28. Cromwell, Earl of Essex, is 

executed on a charge of treason. He had 
incurred the king's displeasure by rec- 
ommending the marriage with Anne of 
Cleves. 

* * Scot. The Hebrides are annexed by 
James V. 

1541 Jan. 16. Parliament meets. 
[1544. Mar. 28. Dissolved.] 

1542 * * Parliament : An act is passed 
making Ireland a kingdom. Henry 
assumes the title King of Ireland, in- 
stead of " lord of Ireland " used by 
previous kings. 

* * Parliament: Members are exempted 
from arrest on civil action. 

Dec. 13. Scot. James V. dies. 
1542-67 Scot. Mary Queen of Scots 

reigns. 
She being an infant one week old, the 

Earl of Arran is made regent. 

1543 Feb. 11. Henry forms an alli- 
ance with the Emperor Charles V. 

1544 * * Thomas Wriothesley is ap- 
pointed lord high chancellor. 

* * Parliament declares Henry's daugh- 
ters, Mary and Elizabeth, heirs to the 
crown, in the event of Edward dying 
without issue. 

* * Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, Lord Lisle, 
Sir William Petre, and Sir William 
Paget are the king's ministers. 

* * Ire. Anthony St. Leger is appointed 
deputy. 



1545 Jan. 30. Parliament meets. 
[Dissolved at an uncertain date.] 

Nov. 23. Parliament meets. [1547. 
Jan. 31. Dissolved.] 

* * The coin is debased ; the rate of in- 
terest is fixed at 10 per cent. 

1546 June 7. Peace is concluded 
with France ; England is to surrender 
Boulogne on the payment of a heavy 
former debt due by France. 

* * Sir Richard Lyster is appointed chief 
justice. 

* * * The king suppresses 645 monas- 
teries, 90 colleges, 2,374 chantries and 
chapels, and 110 hospitals, and confis- 
cates their revenue, amounting ti> 
£161,100. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1537 * * London. The Fishmongers* 
United Company is formed. 

1544 * * Land is [said to have been] let 
generally for one shilling per acre. 

1545 July 20. The Mary Rose from 
Portsmouth, bound for Spithead, is up- 
set in a squaU ; all on board drowned. 



870 1546,**-1555,^ 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1547 Sept. * Scot. The Duke of Somer- 
set, with a fleet and 16,000 meu, invades 
the country. 

Sept. 10. Scot. Battle of Pinkie, near 
Edinburgh. The Duke of Somerset de- 
feats the Scotch under Earls Angus and 
Huntley ; Scotch loss, 10,000 killed. 

1549 * * A rebellion breaks out in the 
southern and western counties. 

It is an uprising against the introduc- 
tion of the New Church liturgy, is 
suppressed by the royal forces under 
Lord Grey at Bridgewater, Somerset- 
shire ; the leaders are put to death. 

* * Robert Ket, a tanner and landowner 
of Norfolk, heads an insurrection 
against the new liturgy, and the M op- 
pression of the commons by the rich." 

He gathers an army of 20,000 men and 
attacks Norwich, setting fire to part of 
the city ; he is defeated at Dussing- 
dale by the royal troops under the Earl 
of Warwick, and, with other insurgent 
leaders, hanged. 

1550 * * The regiment of Horse Guards 
is first raised. 

1554 Feb. * Sir Thomas Wyatt, son of 
the poet, leads a rebellion of Kent men 
against the marriage of Queen Mary 
with Philip of Spam. [Feb. 6. He is 
taken prisoner. Apr. 11. Executed.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1550* * Pencils are made of black lead. 
16th Century. Orlando Gibbons writes 

music for the Anglican service, as well 

as secular music. 
1551+ * * The first regular comedy is 

performed in England. 

* * A musical sacred drama is first per- 
formed in an oratorio [hence its name] 
by St. Philip Neri. 

1553 May 20. An expedition sails from 
the Thames under Sir Hugh Willoughby 
and Richard Chancellor to find a north- 
east passage to China. [He discovers 
Spitzbergen in the Arctic Ocean, and 
calls it Greenland, supposing it to be a 
part of the Western Continent.] 

* * The art of starching linen is brought 
into England by Mrs. Dinghein, a Flem- 
ish woman. 

1554 Aug. 3. The first letter in Europe 
[known to be] sealed with sealing-wax, 
bears this date. 

± * * Hus. The Arctic explorer, Richard 
Chancellor, in the Edward, reaches 
Archangel and Moscow ; the rest of the 
expedition have perished off the coast of 
Lapland. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1546 * * Beaton, David, cardinal, statesman, 
Scotland, A52. 
Darnley, Lord, Henry Stuart, husband of 

Mary Queen of Scots, Scotland, born. 

Elyot, Sir Thom;is, diplomatist, lexicog., A51. 

Wishart, ceortfe, martyr, reformer, Scot., b. 

1547* * Baker, Peter, caligxaphist, one of 

the inveninrs of shorthand writing, born. 

Surrey, Earl of, Henry Howard, poet, dies. 

1549 * * Savilr, Sir Henry, hist, and math.,b. 
Sternhold, Thomas, versifier of Psalms, born. 

1550 * * Amidas, Philip, navigator, born. 
Bellenden, John, archdeacon of Moray, his- 
torian, Scotland, dies. 

Brown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder 

of the Brownists, born. 
Lancaster, Sir James, navigator, born. 
Napier, John, inventor of logarithms, born. 

1551 * * Camden, William, antiquary, born. 
1552* * Ban-lav, Alexander, poet, Scot., A77. 

Coke. Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, born. 
Raleigh. Sir "Walter, poet, courtier, histo- 
rian, traveler, statesman, born. 
Somerset, Duke of, protector t A52. 



Spenser, Edmund, poet, born. 

1553 * * Dudley, John, I Hike of Northumber- 
land, Karl of Warwick, statesman, A51. 

Edward VI., king, A16. 

Hakluyt, Richard, historian, geographer, b. 

Lilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, born. 

1554 Feb. i2. Grey, Lady Jane, claim- 
ant to the crown, A17+. 

Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, states- 
man, author, born. 
Hooker, Kiehard, clergyman, author, born. 
Sidney, Sir Philip, poet, courtier, states- 

Willoughby, Sir Hugh, arctic navigator, d. 

1555 Oct. 16. Latimer, Hugh , reformer, 
martyr, A65. 

Nov. 12. Gardiner. Stephen, bishop of 
Winchester, lawyer, statesman, A72. 

Bradford, John, clergyman, martyr, dies. 

Hooper, John, reformer, martyr, A55. 

Lyndsay, Sir David, poet, Scotland, A55±. 

Ridley, Nicholas, bishop of London, mar- 
tyr, A 55. 

Rogers, John, clergyman, martyr, A55. 

CHURCH. 

1546 * * Scot. The name Congregation 
of the Lord is taken by the Keformers 
headed by John Knox. [1547. John 
Knox becomes a preacher.] 

1547 * * The six articles defining heresy 
are repealed. (See 1539.) 

* * Protestantism is formally established 
by Edward VI. A committee is ap- 
pointed to draw up a liturgy. 

1548 Mar.* The Privy Council set forth 
a new commission office. 

Apr. 16. The reading of evening 
prayer in English begins in the chapel 
of King Edward. 

Dec. * The first prayer-book of Ed- 
ward approved by the Commons. [1549. 
Jan. * Lords approve.] 

* * A Book of Homilies, a manual for the 
use of ministers who are unable to com- 
pose sermons, is published by order of 
Archbishop Cranmer. [1563. A second 
book is published by order of Queen 
Elizabeth.] 

1549 Jan. 15. The Uniformity Act 



th 



The words "so help me God and all 
ts " are no longer used in con- 



It establishes uniform 
the churches, and provides fine and im- 
prisonment as its penalties. [May 20. 
Operative.] 

Feb. 19. Parliament permits clergy- 
men to marry on the ground that it is 
less evil than compulsory chastity. 

Apr. 12. Joan of Kent, an Anabaptist, 
is condemned to be burned. 

July 2. Vicar Welsh, of St. Thomas's, 
Exeter, is hanged on the tower of his 
church as a Cornish rebel. 

Aug. * An insurrection in Devon and 
Cornwall against the Protestant lit- 
urgy is defeated by Lord Russell. 

* * John Knox finds shelter in England, 
and is offered a bishopric in Northum- 
berland. [Refuses.] 

* * The first Book of Common Prayer 
is issued. 

* * The offices of morning and evening 
prayer are set forth [in nearly their 
present form]. 

* * The English liturgy is completed, 
superseding the Latin missal, and estab- 
lished by Act of Parliament. 

* * A new form of ordination of minis- 
ters is prepared by a committee of six 
prelates and six divines. 

* * The communion service is instituted 
[as now observed in the Church of Eng- 
land]. 

1550 It. Julius III. is elected pope. 
[1555, Marcellus II. ; later, Paul IV.; 
1659, Pius IV.] 

* * Ire. Thomas Lancaster becomes the 
first Protestant bishop of Kildare. 



luding an oath. 
1551 Mar. 8. John Hooper is con- 
secrated bishop of Gloucester. [1552. 
Bishop of Worcester.] 

* * Protestantism is established by order 
of the king. 

* * Ire. The Irish bishops are summoned 
before the deputy, Sir Anthony St. Le- 
ger, to receive the new English liturgy 
which is to supersede the Latin Service 
Book. 



* * At the solicitation of Calvin and others 
the liturgy is revised and altered. 

1552 Nov. * The second prayer-book 
is issued. 

* * The Church of England retains 
the Apostles', Nicene, and Athanasian 
creeds, with 42 articles of religion. 

* * Parliament confirms the Act of Uni- 
formity of 1549. [1554. Repealed by 
Mary.] 

1553 May* The Articles of Faith. 
drawn up by Cranmer are ratified by 
convocation and signed by the king. 

* * Dublin. St. Patrick's Cathedral is 
restored to church uses. 

1553-58 The Reformation is annulled, 
and Roman Catholicism is restored 
by Mary ; the Catholic bishops are again 
in ascendancy. 

1554 * * Persecution of Protestants by 
Mary begins. [More than 300 are put to 
death in five years.] 

Feb. 6. John Wyatt and others are 

executed as heretics. 
Nov. 20. The assembled Parliament at 

Lambeth is solemnly absolved, and the 

nation reconciled to Rome. 
Pec. 6. Cardinal Pole, the pope's legate, 

absolves and reconciles the clergy 

in convocation. [Dec. 24. Restores their 

church property.] 

* * Seven bishops are deprived of their 
office for being married. 

1555 Feb. 4. London. John Rogers, 
prebendary of St. Paul's, and the proto- 
martyr, is burned at Smithfield. 

Feb. 9. Bishop John Hooper is burned 
at Gloucester; also Bishop Taylor. 
[Mar. 30. Bishop Farrar is burned at 
Carmarthen, Wales.] 

Oct. 16. Nicholas Ridley, bishop of 
London, and Hugh Latimer, bishop 
of Worcester, are burned at Oxford. 

Dec. 18. John Philpot, a Reformer, is 
burned at Smithfield. 

* * Cruel Persecution of Protestants. 

During three years of Mary's reign 
277 persons are brought to the stake, be- 
sides those punished by imprisonment, 
fines, and confiscations. Among those 
who suffer by fire are five bishops, 21 
clergymen, eight lay gentlemen, 84 
tradesmen, 100 husbandmen, servants, 
and laborers, 55 women, and four chil- 
dren. The principal agents of the queen 
are the Bishops Gardiner and Bonner. 
(Haydn.) 

LETTERS. 

1546 * * Trinity College, Cambridge, iff 
endowed by Henry VIII. 

1547 * * The journals of the House of 
Commons are begun. 

* * St. Alban's Hall, Oxford, is estab- 
lished. 



AND IRELAND. 



1546,**-1555, 



871 



1548 * * John Bale writes in Latin the 
Summary of the Illustrious Writers of 
Great Britain; it is the first serious at- 
tempt at a history of English literature. 

1550r * * Hugh Latimer writes vol- 

* * Ire. Humphrey Powell publishes the 
Liturgy, the first book printed in Ire- 
land. (?) 

1552 * * ShenfieloVs grammar-school, 
Leeds, is founded. 

1553 * * A grammar-school is founded at 
Birmingham by King Edward VI. 

* * Books of astronomy and geometry are 
destroyed because it is alleged they are 
infected with magic. 

* * Thomas Wilson writes Rhetoric and 
Logic; it is the first systematic treatise 
on the English language. 

1554* * Trinity College, Oxford, is 
founded. [1555. St. John's College.] 

* * George Cavendish writes the Life of 
Wolsey. 



1547 * * The name Merry- Andrew is 
first given to Andrew Horde, a physician, 
because of his facetious manners. 

* * An act respecting runaways is passed. 

It enacted that a runaway, or any one 
who lived idly for three days, should be 
brought before two justices of the peace, 
and marked V with a hot iron on the 
breast, and adjudged the slave of him 
who bought him for two years. 

* * London. The Bethlehem Hospital for 
lunatics is incorporated. [It is the old- 
est in the world.] 

* * The title, Duke of Somerset, is cre- 
ated. [1550. Viscount of Hereford; 1551, 
Marquis of Winchester, and the Earl of 
Pembroke and Montford (1605); 1553, 
Earl of Devon ; 1554, Baron North ; 1559, 
Baron St. John of Bletsoe.] 

1540 Aug. 6. An annual festival is 
established at Exeter. 

1550* * Ire. The title, Viscount of 
Mountgarret, is created. 

* *The Family of Love, founded by- 
David George, an Anabaptist of Holland, 
called also Phijadelphians, from the 
love they profess to bear to all men, as- 
semble at Brewhouse Yard, Nottingham. 

1551-52 The first license law is passed. 
It requires that none shall keep ale- 
houses who are not authorized to do so 
by the Sessions of the Peace or two jus- 
tices, and those permitted or licensed 
are to give bond for good order, and are 
not to allow unlawful gaming. Any per- 
son selling without license is to be fined 
20 shillings. 

1553 * * Dublin. In a trial by combat 
in Dublin Castle, before the lords, jus- 
tices, and council, between Connor Mac- 
Cormack O'Connor and Teig Mac-Gilpat- 
rick O'Connor, the former has his head 
cut off, and presented to the lords. 

1553-54 It is enacted that none shall 
sell wines excepting in cities and mar- 
ket-towns, and then only in restricted 
numbers and under licenses issued by 
the mayors and sessions respectively ; 
the penalty for unlawful selling is £5. 

* * London. Forty taverns and public 
houses are allowed in the city, and 
three in Westminster. 

* * London. Christ's hospital is founded 
by King Edward VI. 

* * Elizabeth Croft, a girl of IS years of 
age, is secreted in a wall, and, with a 
whistle made for the purpose, utters 
many seditious speeches against the 
queen and the prince, and also against 
the mass and confession, for which she 
does penance. 



STATE. 

1547 Jan. 19. The Earl of Surrey is 

beheaded on a charge of high treason. 
Jan. 28. Henry VIII. dies. 
1547-53 Edward VI., son of Henry 

VIII., reigns. 

Ministers: Lord Wriothesley, as 
lord chancellor ; the Earl of Hertford, 
who is made Duke of Somerset and lord 
protector ; Cranmer, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury ; Lord Kussel, the Karl of Arun- 
del, Lord Seymour, Sir William Paget, 
Sir William Petre, and others. 
Nov. 4. Parliament meets. [1552. 
Apr. 15. Dissolved.] 

* * William St. John is appointed lord 
keeper. [Richard Rich, lord high 
chancellor.] 

1548 * * Ire. Sir Edward Bellingham is 
appointed deputy. 

Aug. 7. Scot. Mary Queen of Scots, 
escorted by a French fleet, sets sail at 
Dumbarton for France. [Aug. 13. She 
lands at Brest.] 

Nov. 15. Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is ap- 
pointed lord marshal. 

* * Posting is fixed at a penny a mile. 

1549 Jan. 15. Parliament : The Uni- 
formity Act. (See Church.) 

* * Dublin. Bailiff is changed to sheriff, 
and. John Ryan and Comyn are the first 
appointed. 

Mar. 20. Sir Thomas Seymour, after 
being attainted of treason without a 
hearing, is beheaded on the charge of 
seeking to marry the Princess Elizabeth. 

Oct. * Somerset is deprived of the office 
of protector [and sent a prisoner to the 
Tower ; the Earl of "Warwick becomes 
protector]. 

* * Francis Russel, son of the Earl of 
Bedford, sits in the House of Commons 
— the first time for a peer's eldest son. 

* * Ire. Sir Francis Bryan is chosen dep- 
uty by the Irish Privy Council. [1549. 
Feb. 2. He dies. 1550. Sir William 
Brabazon is chosen to succeed him.] 

1551* * The Earl of "Warwick, the 
Earl of Bedford. Bishop Goodrich, and 
Sir William Cecil are ministers. 

* * Thomas Goodrich is appointed keeper 
of the great seal. 

* * Ire. Anthony St. Leger is again ap- 
pointed deputy. 

1552 Jan. 22. The Duke of Somerset 
is beheaded on a charge of treason. 

* * Thomas Goodrich is appointed lord 
high chancellor ; Sir Roger Cholmely 
chief justice. 

1553 Mar. 1. Parliament is opened. 
[Mar. 31. Dissolved.] 

* * Northumberland intrigues to settle 
the crown on his daughter-in-law, Lady 
Jane Grey, the granddaughter of Mary, 
sister of Henry VIII. ; he persuades King 
Edward to sign a will bequeathing the 
crown to her. 

* * Ire. The office of Ulster king-of- 
arms, chief heraldic officer, is created 
by letters patent. 

July 6. King Edward VI. dies, aged 16 
years. 

July 10-19. Through the influence of 
Northumberland and others, Lady Jane 
Grey reigns as queen. 

July 19. Mary, daughter of Henry 
Vin. and Catherine of Aragon, Is pro- 
claimed queen. [She is by some called 
" the bloody.'* Oct. 1. She is crowned.] 



1553-58 Mary reigns. 

Aug. 22. The Duke of Northumber- 
land and others, after trial and convic- 
tion, are executed for high treason in 
connection with the proclaiming of 
Lady Jane Grey. 

Aug. 23. Bishop Stephen Gardiner is 
appointed lord high chancellor. 

Oct. 5. Parliament meets. [Dec. 3. 
Dissolved.] 

* * A treaty of marriage between Queen 
Mary and Prince Philip of Spain [later 
Philip II.] is concluded. 

Philip is to have the title of King of 
England, without authority in its gov- 
ernment, or right of succession to the 
English crown ; the treaty excites much 
popular opposition, in which Sir Thomas 
Carew, the Duke of Suffolk, and Sir 
Thomas Wyatt are leaders. 
Nov. 13. Lady Jane Grey, Archbishop 
Cranmer, and others, are arraigned on 
charges of high treason. [1554. Feb. 12. 
Lady Jane Grey is executed.] 

* * Sir Thomas Bromley is made chief 
justice. 

1554 Mar. 18. The Princess Eliza- 
beth, daughter of Henry VIII. and 
Anne Boleyn, is sent a prisoner to the 
Tower. 

Apr. 2. Parliament opens. [May 5. Dis- 
solved.] 

Apr. 11. Sir Thomas "Wyatt is executed. 

Apr. * Scot. Mary Queen of Scots ap- 
points her mother, Mary of Guise, re- 
gent. 

July 19. Philip of Spain lands in Eng- 
land. [Sept. * He leaves.] 

July 25. Queen Mary marries Philip 
of Spain. 

Nov. 12. Parliament meets. [1555. 
Jan. 16. Dissolved.] 

* * Sir William Portman is appointed 
chief justice. 

* * Ministers : Gardiner, Bishop of "Win- 
chester ; Bonner, Bishop of London ; 
William, Marquis of Winchester; and 
Sir Edward Hastings. 

* * London. The Uniformity Act is re- 
pealed. 

1555 Jan. * The Princess Elizabeth is 
released from prison. 

June * Ire. Pope Paul IV. issues a bull 
confirming the title of Ireland as a 
kingdom. 

Oct. 21. Parliament meets. [Dec. 9. 
Dissolved.] 

* * Ire. Thomas Badcliffe, ViscountFitz- 
walters, is appointed lord lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1550 ** JT. Afr. English merchants 
visit Guinea. 

* * The Turkey trade commences. 
1551* * The sweating sickness appears 

for the fifth time. 
Apr. 16. A pestilence breaks out at 
Shrewsbury. 

1553 * * London. The Russian trading 
company is established. 

1554 Mar. 1. Queen Mary's household 
expenses include 15 shillings given to a 
yeoman for bringing her a leek this 
day. 

1555* * London. Poultry Compter 
[one of the old city prisons] is made a 
prison-house. 



872 1555, ** -1570, Feb. 25. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1557 Aug. 10. Fr. The English and 
Spaniards defeat the French at St. 
Quentin (p. 682). 

1558 Jan. 8. Fr. The French take 
Calais (p. 682). 

July 13. Fr. The English, with twelve 
ships under Adm. Malin, and the Span- 
ish under Count Egmont, defeat the 
French under Marshal de Thermes at 
Gravelines. 

1559 June 25. Scot. The reformers 
take Perth, which had been held by a 
French garrison under Mary Queen of 
Scots. 

1564* * Ire. Shane (John) O'Neill, 
the Proud, makes war against the author- 
ity of the English in Ulster, and devas- 
tates a part of that province. [1567. 
June 2. He is defeated in battle by 
the Ulster chief, O'Donnell.] 

* * The Catholic earls, Northumberland 
and Westmoreland, head an unsuccess- 
ful insurrection to " reestablish the 
religion of their ancestors." 

1568 May 13. Scot. Battle of Lang- 
side, near Glasgow. 

The regent, Earl of Murray, defeats 
Mary Queen of Scots, who had escaped 
from prison in Loch Leven Castle, Kin- 
ross, and raised an army 6,000 strong ; 
Mary escapes [and four days after the 
battle flees to England.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1555 * * Rude carriages are used. 
1557 * * London. The manufacture of 

glass is begun at Crutched-friars. Glass 
bottles are first manufactured. 

1560 * * Sewing-needles are made by 
Chreening. 

1561 Jan. 18. London. The first tra- 
gedy, entitled Gorboduc, by Thomas 
Sackville,is performed at Whitehall be- 
fore the queen. 

1563 * * London. Knives are first made 
by Matthews of Fleet Bridge. 

1564± * * Knit worsted stockings are 
first made in England. 

1566 June 7. London. The founda- 
tion of the Royal Exchange is laid by 
Sir Thomas Gresham. 

1567 * * London. Physic gardens are 
first planted by John Gerard, a surgeon. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1556 Mar. 21. Cramner. Thomas, arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, statesman, A67. 

Lodge, Thomas, poet, born. 
Udall, Nirhnlas, dramatist, A50. 

1557 * * Cabot, Sebastian, navigator, A81±. 
Chapman, George, poet, dramatist, born. 
Cheke, Sir John, statesman, scholar, A43. 

1558 Nov. 17. Mary I., queen, A42. 
Nov. 18. Pole. Reginald, cardinal, 

statesman, A58. 
Peele, George, poet, born. 

1560 * * Cecil, Robert, Earl of Salisbury, b. 
Greene, Robert, poet, dramatist, born. 
Harriott, Thomas, mat he matiinaii, astron., b. 

1561 Jan. 23. Bacon. Francis. Lord 
Verulam, lawyer, statesman, phil., born. 

Briggs, Henry, mathematician, born. 

Harintrton, Sir John, translator, born. 

Liddel, Imuran, phvsieian, math., born. 
1562* * Abbot, George, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, born. 

Spelman, Sir Henry, historian, antiquary, b. 

Daniel, Samuel, poet, born. 
1563* * Rale, John, bishop of Ossory, re- 
former, author, A68. 

Drayton, Michael, poet, born. 

1564 Apr.* Shakespeare, "William, poet, 
dramatist, actor, born at Stratford-upon- 
Avon, Warwickshire. 



Cavendish, or Candish, Thomas, navigator, b. 
Marlowe, Christopher, dramatist, born. 
Nash, Thomas, dramatist, born. 
1565* * Ales, or Alane, Alexander, theolo- 
gian, reformer, Scotland, A65. 
1566 June 19. James VI. [James 1., Eng- 
land], king, Scotland, born. 
Alleyn, Edward, schqlar, actor, friend of 

Shakespeare, fdr. of Dulwich college, b 

Boyle, Richard, "the great Earl of Cork," 

soldier, statesman, born. 

1567* * Darnley, Lord Henry, husband of 

Mary Queen of Sects, A21. 

Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, courtier, 

general, born, f 1601. Dies, A34 ] 
O'Neill, Shane, chieftain, Ireland, dies. 
1568 * * Ascham, Roger, lecturer, school- 
master, author, A53. 
"Wotton, Sir Henry, wit, poet, dijilomatist, b. 
1569* * Bonner, Edmund, bishop of Lon- 
don, lawyer, statesman, A69. 
Davies, Sir John, poet, statesman, born. 



CHURCH. 

1555* * London. Dissenting meetings 
which are essentially congregational are 
held. 

* * Scot. John Knox, having returned 
from Geneva, gathers a congregation, 

1556 Mar. 21. Thomas Cranmer, 
Archbishop of Canterbury, is burned at 
Oxford. 

Mar. 22. Cardinal Reginald Pole suc- 
ceeds Cranmer as archbishop of Can- 
terbury. 

* * London. The Abbey of "Westmin- 
ster is reestablished by Mary. 

1567 Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The First 
Covenant is signed. 

The mass of the signers is known as 
the congregation, the nobility, and lead- 
ing subsentries as the lords of the con- 
gregation. 

1558 * * The queen orders the church 
services to be read in English. 

* * Rise of the Puritans. 

1558-1603 Roman Catholicism is abol- 
ished, and Protestantism is restored. 
Puritan dissensions begin. 

1559 May 31. Scot. The Second 
Covenant is signed at Perth. 

The former covenant having met with 
dissimulation and treachery, the Scotch 
bind themselves to render mutual assist- 
ance in the defence of religious rights. 
June 24. The use of the prayer-book 
of 1552 is made binding in the churches. 

Dec. 17. Matthew Parker is conse- 
crated archbishop of Canterbury at 
Lambeth by four bishops in regular 
form. The "Nag's Head Story ' al- 
leged that he was consecrated at the 
Nag's Head Tavern, Cheapside. He is 
a firm opponent of Puritanism. 

* * Parliament restores to the crown its 
ancient ecclesiastical jurisdiction. 

* * Queen Elizabeth demands the title 
" Supreme Governor of the Church " on 
the earth. 

* * Uniformity in religion is reenacted. 
Conformity is exacted in Scotland. 

1560 Apr. * Scot. The Privy Council 
appoints John Knox and four others 
*' to commit to writing their judgments 
touching the reformation of religion." 
[They issue for the Scotch church the 
First Book of Discipline, which is re- 
jected by the nobles, who cling to the 
patrimony of the old church.] 

* * Scot. The Reformation is estab- 
lished under John Knox. 

Aug. 17-24. Edinburgh. The Scotch 
estates abolish Roman Catholicism, 
and adopt a confession of faith 



Dec. 20. Edinburr/h. The first Gen- 
eral Assembly of the Scottish Church 
opens, consisting of six ministers and 34 
laymen. 

* * London. "Westminster Abbey is 
made a collegiate church by Elizabeth. 

1561 June 15. London. The massy 
spire of St. Paul's Church, 460 feet high, 
is struck by lightning and consumed. 

* * Scot. The Reformers organize them- 
selves into "the Congregation of the 
Lord." 

Having defeated in battle the queen- 
mother, Mary of Guise, their Parlia- 
ment replaces bishops with "superin- 
tendents," after the Genevese model. 

1562 Aug. * The papacy pronounces 
the joining in the common prayer schis- 
matical, and forbids attendance of Cath- 
olics at church. 

* * Separatists begin to appear. 

1563 Mar. 26. A bill is introduced into 
Parliament permitting the Bible and 
the church service to be translated into 
the Welsh and British tongues, and used 
in the Church of Wales. 

* * The Anglican Church, or Church of 
England, is Established. 

The convocation of the clergy arranges ■ 
and agrees to the Thirty-nine Articles, 
but the queen quietly interpolates the 
opening clause of Article XX. before 
ratifying them. 

1563-1608 Many Puritans emigrate 
to Holland. 

Dissenters or non-conformists abound 
as Presbyterians, Puritans, Brownists, 
Separatists, etc. 

1564 Jan. 26. It. The Pope issues a 
bull confirming the decrees of the Coun- 
cil of Trent. 

4- * *ThenamePuritan becomes common. 

It is given to persons who aim at 

greater purity of doctrine, a more holy 

life, and stricter discipline than others. 

1566 * * Scruples against the surplice 
leads to a formal schism. 

* * //. St. Pius V. is elected pope. [1572, 
Gregory XIII.; 1585, Sixtus V.] 

1567 * * Separatists are committed to 
Blackw.ell for assembling in worship. 

1568 * * Archbishop Matthew Parker 
publishes The His hop's Bible. 

1570 Feb. 25. The Pope issues a buU 
of excommunication against Eliza- 
beth. 

He anathematizes her and her adher- 
ents as heretics, absolving her subjects 
from their allegiance, enjoins them not 
to obey her commands. It leads to an- 
other schism. 



LETTERS. 

1556* * London. The Company of 
Stationers, in existence long before the 
introduction of printing, is incorporated, 
and has powers to repress obnoxious 
publications. 

1557 * * Scot. First Blast of the Trum- 
pet against the Monstrous -Regiment of 

Women, an invective against Mary 
Queen of Scots and Queen Mary of Eng- 
land, by John Knox, appears. 

* * Miscellany of Uncertain Authors, by 
Richard Tottel, appears. 

1558 * * Gonville and Caius College, 
Cambridge, is enlarged by Dr. John 
Caius. 

1559* *The Mirror for Magistrates, by 

Thomas Sackville, appears. 
1560 * * London. The Outer Temple is 

made an Inn of Court. 

* * Queen Elizabeth founds "Westmin- 
ster School, or St. Peter's College, for 
preparing 40 boys — the queen's scholars 
— for the university. 



AND IRELAND. 1555,* *-1570,Feb. 25. 873 



1561* * Richard Edwards writes the 
comedies, Damon and Pythias, Palamou 
and Arctte, and the poem Paradise of 
Dainty Devices. 

1562* * John Heywood writes his Epi- 
grams and Proverbs. 

* * Apologia Ecclesise Anglicanse, by John 
Jewel, appears. 

* * A translation of nine books of Vergil's 
JEneid, by Thomas Phaer, appears. 

1563 * * London. Furnival's Tnn of 
Court is established. 

* * Tancred and Grtsmnndc is produced. 

* * Book of Martyrs, by John Fox, appears. 

* * The drama Appius and Virginius is 
produced. 

1564 * * Edinburgh. Highgate School 
is founded by Sir Roger Cholmeley. 

1566 * * Two plays, The Supposes, a 
translation from Ariosto, and Jocasta, 
an adaptation from Euripides, are pro- 
duced by George Gascoigne. 

1567* * Rugby School is founded by 
Lawrence Sheriff, a tradesman of Lon- 
don. 

1568 * * Roger Ascham completes his 
work on education, The Schoolmaster. 
[1570. Published.] 

SOCIETY. 

1556 * * Crime increases. Men of rank 
become robbers. Fifty robbers are 
hanged at one time at Oxford. 

1557 Mar. 6. Lord Stourton is hanged 
at Salisbury in a halter of silk to mark 
his dignity. 

1558 * * London. Citizens' wives who 
are not aldermen's wives, nor gentle- 
women by descent, are obliged to wear 
minever caps, being white woolen, 
knit three-cornered, with peaks project- 
ing three or four inches beyond their 
foreheads ; aldermen's wives wear them 
made of velvet. 

1559* *The Poor Knights of Windsor, 
or Alms Knights, are established by 
Elizabeth. 

1560 * * A pair of knit black silk stock- 
ings is presented to Queen Elizabeth by 
her silk-woman, Mrs. Montague [and she 
never wears cloth ones any more.] 

1561 * * A commission is appointed to 
consider the question of social pauper- 
ism. 

1562 Oct.* The slave-trade is begun. 
Sir John Hawkins sails with an expe- 
dition to the coast of Africa and secures 
a cargo of negroes [which he takes to 
the West Indies and sells.] 

* * A statute against witchcraft is issued. 

* * Forgery of deeds, or giving forged 
deeds in evidence, is made punishable by 
fine, by standing in the pillory, having 
both ears cut oft, the nostrils slit up and 
seared, the forfeiture of land, and per- 
petual imprisonment. 

* * Scot. The title, Earl of Moray, is 
created. [1564, Baron Torphiehen ; 1565, 
Earl of Mar and Kellie (1619). 

* * An act is passed requiring the mayors 
of the towns and church wardens to 
draw up lists of all inhabitants able to 
contribute for the relief of the poor, 
and enforce payments. 

* * London. An inquisition officially 
taken by order of Queen Elizabeth dis- 
closes only 58 Scotchmen in the city. 

1563 * * A severe statute against sorcer- 
ers is passed. 

1566 Mar. 9. Edinburgh. David Biz- 
zio, Queen Mary's confidential secretary 
and favorite, is murdered in her pres- 
ence by Mary's husband, Lord Darnley. 

* * London. Two marshals are ap- 
pointed to clear the streets of vagrants, 
and to send the sick, blind, and lame to 
asylums and hospitals for relief. 



1569 Jan. 11-May 6. A lottery [the 
first mentioned in English history] is 
held at the western door of St. Paul's 
Cathedral. 

It contains 40,000 "lots" at 10s. each 
lot; the prizes are pieces of plate, and 
the profits are for repairing the harbors. 

STATE. 

1556 * * Nicholas Heath is appointed 
lord chancellor; Sir Edward Saunders, 
chief justice. 

1557 Mar. * Philip returns to Eng- 
land. 

June * Dublin. A Parliament is con- 
vened. 

Acts are passed confiscating for royal 
use the districts of Leix and Offaly, giv- 
ing them the names King's County and 
Queen's County, and giving to the forts 
Dingen and Leix the names of Philips- 
town and Maryborough, in honor of the 
king and queen. 

1558 Jan. 30. Parliament meets. 
[Nov. 17. Dissolved.] 

Apr. 24. Paris. Mary Queen of Scots 
is married at the Cathedral of Notre 
Dame to Francis, son of the French 
King Henry II. 

Oct.* Edinburgh. A Parliament meets 
at which the title, "King and Queen of 
Scotland," is conferred on Francis and 
Mary. 

Nov. 17. Queen Mary dies. 

1558-1603 Elizabeth reigns. She is 
the daughter of Henry VIII. 1559. Jan. 
15. Crowned ; she assumes the title 
semper eadem. 

Dec. 22. Sir Nicholas Bacon is ap- 
pointed lord high chancellor. 

* * Ire. Sir Henry Sidney is appointed 
Deputy. 

* * Ministers: Sir Nicholas Bacon, Lord 
Edward Clinton, Sir Robert Dudley, and 
Sir William Cecil. 

1559 Jan. 21. Parliament meets. 
[May 8. Dissolved.] 

Statutes are passed repealing the 
Catholic legislation of Mary, declaring 
the queen head of the Church of Eng- 
land, and reenacting the laws of King 
Edward relating to religion. 

Jan.± * Mary Queen of Scots and her 
husband, Francis, assume the title of 
King and Queen of Scotland, England, 
and Ireland, Mary being great-grand- 
daughter of the English King Henry VII. 

Apr. 23. Fr. The Treaty of Le Cha- 
teau-Cambre'sis is concluded between 
Elizabeth and the kings of France and 
Spain ; it postpones for eight years the 
restoration of Calais to England. 

Aug. * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex, 
is appointed lord deputy. 

* * Sir Robert Catlyn is appointed chief 
justice. 

1560 July 6. Edinburgh. A treaty be- 
tween Scotland and France and Eng- 
land, is signed. 

It stipulates that the King and Queen 
of France and Scotland shall abstain 
from bearing the arms of England, or 
assuming the title of the English sov- 
ereignty. [Only partly ratified.] 

Dec. 5. Fr. Francis U., husband of 
Mary Queen of Scots, dies. 

* * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Sussex, is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant. 

* * Ire. A shilling is struck, worth nine 
pence, but it is to be current at twelve. 



1561 Aug. 19. Scot. Mary arrives in 
Leith after an absence of 13 years in 
France. [She is strongly opposed by the 
Calvinists.J 

1562 * * Ire. The country is divided into 
counties. 

1563 Jan. 11. Parliament meets. 
[1567. Jan. 2. Dissolved.] 

1564 Apr. 29. Fr. The Peace of 
Troyes is concluded with France. Eng- 
land, for the sum of 'J20.000 crowns, aban- 
dons her claim to Calais. 

* * Lord Robert Dudley, who is a fa- 
vorite of the queen, is created Earl of 
Leicester. 

* * The name Puritans is first used. 

It is applied to those who refuse to 
conform to the liturgy of the English 
church, and who adopt simpler forms of 
worship and a strict discipline of con 
duct. 

1565 July 29. Scot. Mary marries 
Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley ; they are 
styled king and queen of Scotland. 

1567 Feb. 10. Scot. Lord Darnley 
is killed by a gunpowder explosion at 
the Kirk of Field, near Edinburgh ; Mary 
is charged with complicity in the deed. 

May 15. Scot. Mary marries James 
Hepburn, Earl of Bothwell, who is 
accused of the murder of Darnley. 

June 15. Scot. Mary is made pris- 
oner by her nobles at the head of an 
armed force at Carberry hill. 

June 23. Scot. Mary, a prisoner in 
Loch Leven Castle, signs an abdication 
in favor of her son, James VI., one year 
old. 

Aug. 22. Scot. The Earl of Murray is 
proclaimed regent. 

1568 May 2. Scot. Mary escapes 
from Loch Leven Castle. 

May 16. Scot. Mary, after the defeat 
of her army at Langside, crosses the 
Solway into England. [July 15. She is 
sent a prisoner to Bolton Castle, York- 
shire.] 

1569 Jan. 26. Mary is removed from 
Bolton Castle to Tutbury, Staffordshire. 

1570 Jan. 23. Scot. The regent Mur- 
ray is assassinated at Linlithgow by 
Hamilton of Bothwellhaugh. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1556 * * Sealing-wax is introduced. 

1557 July 15. Great dearth of bread- 
stuffs is reported ; wheat is £2 13s. 4tf. 
per quarter. 

* * Fatal, or Black, Oxford Assizes. 

The high sheriff and 300 persons die 
suddenly of an infection from the pris- 
oners. 
1558* * London. The Salters* Com- 
pany is formed. [1564. The Merchant 
Adventurers'.] 

1559 * * Liverpool is a paved town. 

1560 * * Milk is sold, three pints ale 
measure, for one halfpenny. 

1563 Aug. 2. London. The plague 
becomes a great scourge. 

1564 * * Excitement attends the intro- 
duction of carriages. 

1565 * * Potatoes are [said to have been] 
brought to England from Santa Fe, New 
Mexico, by Sir John Hawkins. [1586. 
Also by Sir Francis Drake.] 

* * An aulnager (measurer) is stationed 
at Manchester. 

1567 * * Flemish dyers, cloth-drapers, 
linen-makers, silk-throwers, etc., settle 
at Canterbury, Norwich, Colchester. 
Southampton, and other places, on ac- 
count of the Duke of Alva's persecution. 



874 1570, * *-1586, Oct. 29. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1574-83 Ire. The Desmond revolt 
against persecution of the Catholics is 
led by James Fitzmaurice and his kins- 
man, the Earl of Desmond. 

1577 * * Ire. The Castle of Carlo sur- 
renders to Rory Oge O'More, after a 
siege. 

1579 July * Ire. James Fitzmaurice 
lands in Kerry with 800 Italians and 
Spaniards to right for the Catholics. 
[They are treacherously lured into a 
surrender, and slaughtered by the 
queen's forces under the guidance of 
the Earl of Ormonde. [1583, Desmond 
is surprised, captured, and killed, his 
head sent to England, and exposed to 
public view on London Bridge.] 

1585 * * "War with Spain follows Eng- 
lish aggression in the Netherlands. 

1586 * * W. I. Sir Francis Drake at- 
tacks and captures San Domingo, Car- 
thagena, and several other Spanish 



Sept. 22. Neth. The Spanish and Dutch 
under the Prince of Parma are defeated 
at Zutphen by the English under the 
Earl of Leicester and Sir Philip Sidney. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



± * * Leonard Digges dies ; alleged to 
have arranged glass lenses so that he 
could see very distant objects. 

1571 Feb. 17. An earthquake at 
Herefordshire removes a hill of 26 acres 
a considerable distance. 



* * London. A Society of Antiquari- 
ans is formed by Bishop Parker and 
others for the preservation of national 
antiquities. [1604. Broken up by King 
James I.] 

1574 May 10. Queen Elizabeth licenses 
the performance of stage plays. 

Nov. 14. A remarkable aurora bore- 
alis appears. 

1575 Jan. 22. Queen Elizabeth grants 
an exclusive patent for printing music 
to Thomas Tallis and William Byrde for 
21 years. 

1576* * London. Blackfriars Theater, 
the first regular theater, is built by the 
Earl of Leicester's servants. 

* * The notion of the earth's magnetism 
is suggested by William Gilbert. 

* * London. Robert Norman discovers 
the dip of the magnetic needle. 

* * Sir Martin Frobisher makes an at- 
tempt to find a Northwest Passage to 
China. [1577. He sails again in search 
of gold.] 



Dec. 13. Francis Drake commences 
his voyage around the world. [1580. 
Nov. 3. He completes his undertaking.] 

1578 Spring. London. A "mineral 
man" pronounces a stone brought from 
Meta Incognita [Labrador] to be gold, 
and 15 vessels sail with gold-seekers. 
[They return with worthless cargoes.] 

1579 * * The art of staining linen is 
known. 

1580 Apr. 6. An earthquake is felt 
throughout England ; bells ring and 
chimneys fall ; parts of St. Paul's and 
the Temple Churches in London fall. 



* * The first paper-mills are erected at 
Dartford by Sir John Speiiman, a Ger- 
man. (1588?) 

1582 * * The Gregorian reformation 
of the calendar is adopted in most of 
the Catholic states of the Continent ; 
[but not in England until 1752]. 

1585* * London. The "Fellowship for 
the Discovery of the Northwest Pas- 
sage " is organized. 

* * Greenland is discovered by Sir Fran- 
cis Drake. 

* * Capt. John Davis's expedition sails to 
find the Northwest Passage. [1586 and 
1587. Sails again.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Middleton, Thomas, dramatist, borni. 
Murray, or Moray, Earl of, James Stuart, 
regent, Scotland, A37. 
1571 * * Jewel, John, bishop of Salisbury, 

author, A49. 
1573 Nov. 24. Knox, John, reformer, 
Scotland, A67. 
Howard, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, dies. 

1573 Oct. 7. Laud, William, archbishop 
of Canterbury, statesman, born. 

Jonson. Ben. poel, dramatist, actor, born. 
Donne, John, dean of St. Paul's, preacher, 

poet, born. 
Kirkaldy, Sir William, statesman, Scot., d. 
Southampton, Earl of, Henry Wriothesley, 

statesman, born. 

1574 * * Barnfield, Richard, poet, born. 
Hall, Joseph, bishop of Norwich, author, b. 
Parker. Matthew, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, reformer, A71. 

1575 * * Stuart, Arabella, cousin of James I. 
of England, born. 

Marston, John, poet, dramatist, born. 
1576* * Both well. Earl of, James Hep- 
burn, husband of Mary Queen of Scots, 
Scotland, A50. 
Burton, KoIhtI, philosopher, author, born. 
Dekker, Thomas, dramatist, pamphleteer, b. 

1577 * * Coryatt, Thomas, traveler, born. 
Purchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, born. 
Sandys, George, traveler, born. 

1578 Apr. 1. Harvey. William, physi- 
cian, discoverer of the circulation of the 
blood, born. 

1579 * * Smith, John, traveler, explorer, his- 
torian, born. 

Fletcher, John, dramatist, poet, born. 
1580* * Alexander, Sir William, Earl of 
Stirling, poet, Scotland, born. 
Anderson, Alexander, mathematician, born. 
Cameron, John, el., scholar, Scotland, born, 
Holinshed, Raphael, chronicler, dies. 
Taylor, John, " the Water Poet," born. 
Usher, or TJssher. James, archbishop of 
Armagh, scliol., hist., antiq., chron., Ire., b. 

1581 * * Gunter, Kduiund, math., astron., b. 
Morton, Earl of, James Douglas, regent, 

Scotland, A51. 
Wilson, Thomas, dean of Durham, rhetori- 
cian, dies. 

1582 * * Buchanan, George, historian, poet, 
Scotland, A76. 

Corbet, Richard, poet, born. 

Fiennes, Wm., Lord Saye and Sele, states- 

Eleieher, l'hineas, religions poet, born. 
Juxon, William, andibp. of Canterbury, b. 

1583 Sept. 9. Gilbert, Sir Humphrey, nav- 
igator, A44+. 

Palfour, Sir James, judge, Scotland, dies. 
Digges, Sir Dudley, statesman, born. 
Cibhons, Orlando, organist, composer, born. 

1584 * * Baffin, William, navigator, born. 
Hales, John, clergyman, critic, born. 
Massmger, Philip, poet, dramatist, born. 
Pym, John, patriot, orator, horn. 
Selden, John, scholar, antiquary, author, b. 

1585 * * Drnmniond, William, of Hawthorn- 
den, poet, Scotland, born. 



CHURCH. 

1570 * * The Presbyterian Church of 
England is virtually founded when 
Thomas Cartwright, a Puritan clergy- 
man, opposes Episcopal intolerance. 

* *Puritan clergymen hold meetings 
called prophesying, for prayer and in- 
struction in the Scriptures, especially at 
Northampton. 



1571 June 1. London. Dr. John 
Story, the persecutor of the Puritans, 
is hanged at Tyburn. 

* * The Bible is appointed to be read in 
churches. 

1572 Nov. 20. The first Presbyte- 
rian meeting-house in England is estab- 
lished at Wandsworth, in Surrey. 



1572-73 Scot. The regent Morton nom- 
inally restores Episcopacy. 

His bishops are called tulchan bish- 
ops ; tulchan is a stuffed calf's skin set 
up before a cow to facilitate milking. 

1575 Jan. 10. Edmund Grindal is 
elected archbishop of Canterbury. 

July 22. London. John Peters and 
Henry Tervoort, Anabaptists, are- 
burned in Smithfield. 

* * London. A congregation of Baptists 
is formed without Aldgate. 

1577 May 7. The meetings of Puri- 
tans for prayer and exposition of the 
Scriptures are forbidden by Queen Eliz- 
abeth ; they immediately suspend. 

1579 June 1. Matthew Hammond, 
a heretic, is burned in a ditch at Nor- 
wich for asserting that Christ was not 
the Son of God. 

1580 Jan. 16. Parliament enacts a 
penalty of £20 for persons absenting 
themselves from church. 

* * Scot. The Scotch assembly abolishes 
the office of bishop. 

* * A sect called the Family of Love is 
repressed by Elizabeth [but is revived 
in the following century]. 

1581 July * Edmund Champion, a 
Roman Catholic, is tortured. 

* * Scot. A Second Book of Discipline 
is adopted by the Scotch Assembly of 
Presbyteries. [1592. Confirmed by King 
James, and now in force.] 

1583 * * John Whitgift is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

1584 Jan. 9. London. "William Car- 
ter, a printer, is hanged, disemboweled, 
and quartered at Tyburn for printing 
lewd and " popish" pamphlets, espe- 
cially a Treatise on Schisme. 

* * The Jesuits and all priests are or- 
dered by Parliament to leave England 
■within 40 days. 

* * All preaching or reading in private 
houses is forbidden, and all the clergy 
are requested to sign the three articles. 

1585± * * Robert Brown preaches Con- 
gregational doctrines, but after 32 im- 
prisonments he eventually conforms to 
the Established Church. 

LETTERS. 

1570 * * The Elements of Geometrie of 
the most auncient Philosopher Euclide 
of Megara, the first English translation 
of Euclid, appears. 

* * The University of Oxford is incorpo- 
rated by Queen Elizabeth. 

1571* *Jesus College, Oxford, is 
founded by Dr. Hugh Price and Queen 
Elizabeth. 

* * Harrow School, Harrow-on-the-Hill t 
Middlesex, is founded by John Lyon for 
the education of poor children. 

* * Dublin. Printing in Celtic letters 
is introduced by N. "Walsh, chancellor 
of St. Patrick's. (?) 

1574 * * George Gascoigne writes The 
Princely Pleasures at the Court at Ken- 
il worth'. [1576, The Steele Glas; later, A 
Hundreth Sundrie Floures Bound up in 
one Small Poesie, The Complaint of Phil- 
omene, A Delicate Diet for Daintie- 
mouihde Droonkards, and translations 
from Euripides and Ariosto.] 



AND IRELAND. 1570, ** -1586, Oct. 29. 875 



1575± * * Gammer Gurton's Needle is 
printed. 

* * London. Gresham College is founded 
by Thomas Gresham. 

1576 * * Paradise of Dainty Devices, a 
poetical miscellany by various authors, 
appears. 

* * The Discourse to Prove a Passage by 
the North- We st to Cathay and the East 
Indies, by Sir Humphrey Gilbert, ap- 
pears. 

1577 * * Scot. The University of Glas- 
gow receives a new charter. 

* * Raphael Holinshed, with the assist- 
ance of John Hooker, Richard Stani- 
hurst, Boteville, Harrison, and other 
scholars, compiles the Chronicles of 
England, Scotland, and Ireland. 

* * John Stow writes Annals or General 
Chronicle of England. 

* * "William Camden writes Britannia, a 
work on English history. 

1578 * * Sir Philip Sidney writes The 
Lady of May. 

* * Gorgeous Gallery of Gallant Inven- 
tions, a poetical miscellany, appears. 

* * Promos and Cassandra, by George 
Whetstone, appears. 

1579 * * The Shepherd's Calendar, by 
Edmund Spenser, appears. 

* * Euphues, or the Anatomy of Wit, by 
John Lyly, appears. [1584, The Woman 
in the Moon, The Maid's Metamorphosis, 
Alexander and Campaspe, Sapho and 
Pkao.] 

* * Thomas Kyd writes his Spanish Tra- 
gedy. 

* * A translation of Plutarch's Lives, by 
Sir Thomas North, appears ; it is the 
first English translation of Plutarch. 

1580-90 The Countess of Pembroke's Ar- 
cadia, by Sir Philip Sidney, appears. 
[1581, Defence of Poesy, in reply to the 
School of Abuse, written by Stephen 
Gosson in 1579; 1582+ , Arcadia, it is 
published in 1590; 1583, Astrophel and 
Stella.'] 

* * Thomas Lodge writes a Defence of 
Poetry, Music, and Stage Plays. 

1581 * * Ten Books of Homer's Iliades, 
by Arthur Hall, appears ; it is the first 
attempt at a translation of Homer into 
English verse. 

* * Four Books of the Histories of Cornelius 
Tacitus, and a Life of Agricola, by Sir 
Henry Savile, appears. 

1582 * * Scot. The College of Edin- 
burgh is chartered by James VI. 

* * Scot. Rerum Scoticarum Historia, a 
history of Scotland in Latin, by George 
Buchanan, appears ; he is the author 
also of the Casket Letters, papers deal- 
ing with the murder of Darnley, hus- 
band of Mary Queen of Scots ; he writes 
also several poems, satires, and plays, all 
in Latin. 

* * Richard Hakluyt publishes his first 
book of Voyages. 

It contains accounts of discoveries 
made in America by Englishmen, 
Frenchmen, and others. He is the author 
also of The Principal Navigations, Voy- 
ages, and Discoveries m-ule by the Eng- 
lish Nation [which is published in 1589]. 

* * Hecafompathia, or Passionate Century, 
by Thomas Watson, appears. 

1584 * * The Arraignment of Paris, a 
pastoral play, by George Peele, appears. 
[1589. The Tale of Troy.] 

* * Handful of Pleasant Delights, a poet- 
ical miscellany, appears. 

* * Scot. Historic of the Reformation of 
Religion within the Realm of Scotland, 
by John Knox, appears. 

* * Emmanuel College, Cambridge, is en- 
dowed by Sir Walter Mildmay. 

1585 * * Every book and publication in 
England ordered to be licensed. 



* * Christopher Marlowe produces his first 
play, Tamburlaine the Great. [1588. 
Tragical History of Dr. Eaitstus."] 

* * George Puttenham writes The Art of 
English Poesie. 

* * William Webbe writes A Discourse of 
English Poetrie. 

* * Scot. King James VI. writes The Es- 
sayes of a Prentise in the Divine Art of 
Poesie. 

SOCIETY. 

1570 * * Excess in dress is restrained 
by sumptuary laws. 

1571 Sept. 6. Scot. The regent Lennox 
is murdered. 

* * Laws are passed punishing vagrancy 
■ by whipping, jailing, boring the ears, 

and death tor a second offense. 

* * A law is passed compelling every per- 
son above seven years of age to wear on 
Sundays and holidays a cap of wool, 
knit, made, thickened, and dressed in 
England by some of the trade of cappers, 
under the forfeiture of three farthings 
for every day's neglect ; certain classes 
are excepted. 

1572 * * Masks, and muffs, fans, and 
false hair for the women, devised in 
Italy, are brought to England from 
France. 

* * A statute requires justices and may- 
ors to make registers of the impotent 
poor, and find them habitations at the 
expense of the inhabitants of their lo- 
cality. 

1575* * Peter Wentworth protests 
against the queen's interference in free- 
dom of speech, and is sent to the Tower 
by Parliament. 

1578 * * John Middleton, giant, of Lan- 
cashire is born. 

He is commonly called the child of 
Hale ; his hand from the carpus to the 
end of his middle finger is 17 inches long ; 
his palm 8i inches broad ; his whole 
height 9 feet 3 inches. 

1583 * * Edward Arden is executed for 
treason, being a party to a plot against 
the queen. 

1584 * * Scot. The Earl of Gowrie is ex- 
ecuted for treason. 

* * A National Association is formed, 
headed by the Earl of Leicester, to pro- 
tect Queen Elizabeth from assassina- 
tion, in consequence of the discovery of 
several plots. 

1585 Mar. 2. Dr. William Parry is 
executed for conspiracy against the 
queen. 

1586 Sept. 20, 21. Fourteen members 
of Babington's conspiracy to assassi- 
nate the queen and to make Mary of 
Scotland queen, are executed. 

STATE. 

1570 July 12. Scot. The Earl of 
Lennox, Lord Darnley's father, is ap- 
pointed regent. 

1571 Apr. 2. Parliament meets. 
[May 29. Dissolved.] 

Sept. 3. Scot. The regent Lennox is 
killed at Stirling, and the Earl of Mar 
is made regent. 

* * Liverpool petitions the queen to be 
relieved from a subsidy. 

1572 Jan. * The Duke of Norfolk is 
tried on a charge of plotting for the 
invasion of England by Spain in the in- 
terests of Mary <, t Mie<-n of Scots. [June 
2. Executed after conviction.] 

May 8. Parliament meets. [1583. Apr. 

19. Dissolved.] 
Oct. 28. Scot. The regent Mar dies. 



Nov. 24. Scot. James Douglas, Earl 
of Morton, is made regent. 

* * Lord Burleigh (Sir William Cecil) and 
Sir Nicholas Bacon are ministers of 
the queen. 

1573 * * Sir Christopher Wray is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

1578* * Scot. The Earl of Morton 
resigns the regency ; James rules in 
person. 

1579 Oct. 20. Scot. Parliament de- 
crees that householders having lands 
or goods worth £500 shall have a Bible 
for family instruction. 

* * Sir Thomas Bromley is appointed 
lord chancellor. 

* * Ministers : Lord Burleigb , Sir Thomas 
Bromley, the Earl of Essex, the Earl of 
Leicester, the Earl of Lincoln, Sir Walter 
Mildmay, and Sir Francis Walsingham. 

1580 * * London. To restrict the en- 
largement of the city, a law is made- 
forbidding the erection of buildings 
"where no former hath been known to 
have been." 

1581* * Thomas Randolph is appointed 
first postmaster-general. 

1582 Aug. 23. Scot. Raid of Ruth- 
ven. 

The Earl of Gowrie invites King James 
to his Castle of Ruthven, Perthshire [and 
keeps him a prisoner there for nearly a 
year, to deliver him from the influence 
of his favorite, the Earl of Arrau], 

1583 June * Scot. James escapes 
from Ruthven Castle. 

1584 June * Ire. Sir John Perrot is 

appointed deputy. 
July* [U.S.A.] Sir "Walter Raleigh 

lands at Roanoke Island [Virginia], and 

takes possession in the name of the 

queen. 
Nov. 23. Parliament opens. [1585- 

Sept. 14. Dissolved.] 

1585 June 20. London. Henry Percy, 
Earl of Northumberland, is found shot 
and dead in the Tower, where he has 
been imprisoned on a charge of plotting 
against the queen. 

June 29. Elizabeth is offered the sov- 
ereignty of the Netherland States. 
[She declines, but sends an army to aid 
the Dutch Protestants against Spain.] 

1586 * * Anthony Babington, John Bal- 
lard, John Savage, and the Catholics 
engage in a plot against the life of the 
queen. 

It is discovered by Walsingham, and 
the conspirators are seized, tried, and 
executed. Mary of Scotland is impli- 
cated in the conspiracy. 

Oct. 14. The trial of Mary Queen of 
Scots begins at Fotberingay Castle. 

She is charged with an attempt to- 
transfer the sovereignty of England to 
the King of Spain, and with complicity 
in the plot to assassinate Elizabeth. 
[Oct. 29. Mary is convicted at West- 
minster and sentenced to death. 1587. 
Feb. 1. Elizabeth signs the death-war- 
rant. Feb. 8. Mary is executed at 
Fotberingay Castle.] 

Oct. 29. Parliament meets. [1587. Mar. 
23. Dissolved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1577* * "Watches are first brought from 
Germany. 

* * "Whales are killed at Newfoundland 
and Iceland for their oil only. 

1579 * * Elizabeth charters the Turkey 
or Levant company. 

1580 * * Cambrics are first worn. 
1580-94 London. Tire Thames water is~ 

conveyed into the city by leaden pipes. 



876 1586, **-1601, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1588* * Sp. King Philip organizes a 
fleet of 130 vessels and collects over 
50,000 men for the invasion of England. 
The " Invincible Armada." 

Hay 28. Port. King Philip's Armada 
sails from Lisbon. [It is soon after- 
wards dispersed by a storm.] 

July* The "Invincible Armada," 
having been recollected, enters the Eng- 
lish Channel. 

July 21-29. The English fleet of 80 
vessels, commanded by Lord Howard 
and Sir Francis Drake, in several en- 
gagements almost destroys the Armada. 
The Spanish retreat northward, and 
most of their remaining vessels are de- 
stroyed by storms. 

1589 * * Fr. Queen Elizabeth sends a 
force of 4,000 men to assist the Prot- 
estant King, Henry IV., in his conflict 
with the French Catholic nobility, sup- 
ported by Philip of Spain. 

1596 * * Sp. An English force of over 
7,000 men, under the Earl of Essex, Sir 
Walter Raleigh, and Lord Howard, in- 
vades the country. 

Sept. 15. Sp. Cadiz is taken and burned 
by the Earl of Essex. 

1597* * Sp. King Philip forms another 
armada. 

The Earl of Essex sails from Plymouth 
with a fleet to attack it ; a storm dis- 
perses both fleets. 

* * Ire. A revolt in Ulster, led by Hugh 
O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, begins. O'Neill 
storms and captures the garrison of 
Portmore, on the River Blackwater. 

1598 Aug. 14. Ire. Battle of Black- 
water, near Armagh, called by the Irish 
the battle of the "Yellow Ford;" 
Hugh O'Neill, Earl of Tyrone, defeats 
the English forces under Marshal Sir 
Edward Bagnal. 

1601 Feb. 8. London. The Earl of 
Essex attempts to incite an insurrec- 
tion ; the attempt fails. [Feb. 25. Essex 
is beheaded.] 

Sept. 23. Ire. Spanish forces under 
Don Juan Del Aguila land at Kinsale, 
Cork. 

Here they are besieged by the English 
under Sir George Carew and Deputy 
Mountjoy ; the Irish, under O'Neill, Earl 
of Tyrone, O'Donnell, and Tyrrel, at- 
tack the besiegers. [Dec. 24. They are 
defeated. 1602. Mar. 16. The Span- 
iards, having surrendered Kinsale, de- 
part for Spain.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1586 * * "William Shakespeare leaves 
Stratford for London. 



* * Scot. J. Napier invents logarithms. 
1589 * * The art of weaving stockings 

in a frame is invented by the Rev. 

William Lee, of Cambridge. 

1590* * A copper-plate mill is invented 

by a German named Box. 
1591 * * The first patent is granted for 

printing. 
1593 Sept. 5. The Thames is almost 

dry by reason of westerly winds and 

low tides. 



Shakespeare being part proprietor, 
some of his plays are first produced here, 
and he himself performs in them. The 
building is of a horseshoe form, and 
partly covered with thatch. (1599?) 

1598 * * London. Taffeta, a kind of 
silken goods, is first manufactured by 
John Tyce of Shoreditch. 

* * English whale -fishing commences at 
Spitz bergen. 

1599 * * London. Lord Chamberlain's 
Company of actors, including Shake- 
speare and Richard Burbage, occupies 
the Globe Theater. 

* * Scot. The Faculty of Physicians and 
Surgeons of Glasgow is founded. 

1600 * * Gilbert makes experiments in 
electricity. He publishes his work On 
the Magnet and Magnetic Bodies. 

* * The Lord Admiral's Company of 
actors occupies the Fortune Theater. 

* * Davis's quadrant, or backstaff for 
measuring angles, is invented. 

± * * Mulberry-trees and silkworms are 
propagated throughout the kingdom. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1586 * * Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, b. 
Ford, John, lawyer, dramatist, born. 
Maitland, Sir Richard, of Lethington, poet, 

Scotland, A90. 
Sidney. Sir Philip, courtier, poet, A32. 

1587 Feb. 8. Mary Queen of Scots, A45. 
Fox, John, iiiaityinliiLMst, A70. 

Sadler, Sir Hal pi i, diplomatist, historian, A80. 

1588 * * Fletcher, Giles, poet, born. 
Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, born. 
Wither, George, poet, born. 

1589 * * Carew, Thomas, poet, born. 
Clifford, Anne, Count, of Pembroke, au., b. 
Junius, Fram-isriis, philologist, born. 
Littleton, Lord Ivlward, statesman, horn. 

1590 * * Eliot, Sir John, .statesman, orator, b. 

1591 * * Grenville, Sir Kichanl, vice -admiral, 
A51. 

Hatton, Sir Christopher, lord chancell., A51. 
Herrick, Robert, poet, born. 

1592 * * Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard, 
statesman, born. 

Buckingham, Duke of, George Villiers, lord 
high-admiral, born. 

Cavendish, or Candish, Thoa., navigator, A32. 

Essex, Earl of, Robert Devereux, parlia- 
mentary general, born. 

Greene, Rohert, dramatist, A32. 

Newcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish, 
general, born. 

Quarles, Francis, poet, born. 

Ravenscoft, Thomas, composer, born. 

1593 Apr. 13. Strafford, Earl of, Thomas 
Wentworth, statesman, born. 

Herbert, George, poet, born. 
"Walton, Izaak, author of The Complete 
Angler, born. 

1594 * * Cosin, John, bp. of Durham, au., b. 
Frobisher, Sir Martin, navigator, A58. 
Hampden, John, statesman, born. 

1595 * * Drake, Sir Francis, admiral, A57. 
Hawkins, Sir .John, rear-adni., A75. 
Shirley, James, dramatist, born. 

1597 * * Glisson, KraiH'is. anatomist, horn. 
Waller, Sir "William, parliamentary gen- 
eral, born. 

1598 Aug. 4. Burleigh. Lord, William 
Cecil, statesman, A78. 

Peele, George, dramatist, A40. 

1599 Apr. 35. Cromwell. Oliver, gen- 
eral, statesman, protestor, born. 

Baillte, Rohert, theologian, hist., Scot., born. 
Blake, Robert, admiral, born. 
Spenser, Edmund, poet, A47. 

1600 Nov. 19. Charles I., king, born. 
Craig, John, reformer, Scotland, A89. 
Goodwin, Thomas, Puritan cl., author, born. 
Hooker, Riehard, elergynuin, author, A47. 
Lilly, or Lyly, John, dramatist, A47. 
!Nash, Thomas, dramatist, A36. 

Ogilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., born. 
I'rynne, William, 1'uritau clergyman, au., b. 
Puttenham, George, poet, critic, born. 



1587+ * * Three hundred priests arrive 
to organize an insurrection, and circu- 
late a book proving it to he the bounden 



duty of Catholics to take up arms at the 
Pope's bidding against the queen and 
English heretics. 

1588 Nov. 24. London. Special na- 
tional thanksgivings are offered at St. 
Paul's Cathedral for the defeat of the 
Spanish Armada; Queen Elizabeth is 
present. 

1589* * AHianceismadewithHenrylV. 
of France favorable to Protestantism. 

1590 * * It. Urban VII. is elected pope ; 
later Gregory XIV. [1591, Innocent IX. ; 
1592, Clement VIII. ; 1605, Leo IX. ; later, 
Paul V.] 

1592 July 28. William Hacket, hav- 
ing personated the Saviour, is hanged 
and quartered. 

Sept.* London. A Congregational 
church is founded ; it is the first 
[known] modern Congregational church 
formally organized. 

* * Scot. Episcopacy is formally abol- 
ished, and the Calvinistic organization 
of the church largely sanctioned by 
King James. 

1593 Apr. 6. Two Congregational 
martyrs are executed — John Green- 
wood and Henry Barrowe. 

May 29. John Penry» a Congregation- 
alist and principal writer of the Marprel- 
ate tracts is cruelly executed for writing 
seditious works against the queen. (See 
Letters 1586.) 

* * The act for conformity in religion is 
passed. 

1595 * * The Lambeth Articles, with 
Calvinistic leanings, proposed by Arch- 
bishop Whitgift, are withdrawn to please 
Queen Elizabeth. 

1597 * * Scot. James succeeds in brid- 
ling the liberty of the church. 

1600 * * Ire. The see of Leighlin is 
united to Ferns. 

* * Scot. King James succeeds in send- 
ing two bishops to Parliament, and pro- 
claims his divine right over all orders 
of men. 

LETTERS. 

1586 * * Albion's England, by "William 
Warner, appears. 

1588 * * Character ie, or the Arte of Shorte, 
Swifte, and Secrete Writing, by Dr. Tim- 
othy Bright, appears. It is the first 
English work on shorthand. 

1589 * * Thomas Nash writes an Anat- 
omy of Absurditie. [Later, Summer's 
Last Will and Testament.'] 

± * * Marprelate Tracts appear. 

They are written by Martin Marprel- 
ate, John Penry, John Udall, John Field, 
and Job Throckmorton, and are invec- 
tives against priestly orders and epis- 
copacy, whose defenders are Bishop 
Cooper, John Lyly, and Thomas Nash. 

* * Spanish Masquer ado, Tallies' Love, 
and Orpharion, by Robert Greene, ap- 
pear. [1592, Philomela ; later, Pandosto, 
or the Triumph, Perhnendes, a collection 
of stories, poems, and reflections, A 
Looking-Classfor Loudon and England, 
Friar Bacon 'and Friar Bungay, and 
Alphonsus, King of Arragon.] 

1590 * * Thomas Lodge writes Posa- 
lynde. [It sin^ests the plot of Shake-, 
s'peare's As You Like It.} [1593, Phillis. 
Life and Death of William Long heard, 
and the Hist org <>f L'obin the Dive 11 ; 1794, 
Tragedy of the Wounds of the Civil War 
of the Poses; later, Domestic Medicine, 
a Treatise of the Plague, Fig for Momus, 
and A Margarite of America?] 

* * The Tragedy of Sir Thomas More is 
produced. 

1590-96 Edmund Spenser writes the 
Faerie Queen e. [1591, Complaints; 1595, 



AND IRELAND. 



1586, **-1601, 



87T 



View of the Present State of Ireland, 
later, Amoretti and Epithalamion.] 

* * Peter Bales, "the famous penman," 
publishes a book on stenography. 

* * "William Shakespeare begins to 
write; Henry VI., part 1, and Pericles 
are his first plays. (?) 

1591* * Dublin. Trinity College is 
founded. 

* * Marlowe writes The Second Part of 
Tamburlaine the Great. [Later, The Jeiv 
of Malta, Edward II., the Massacre of 
Paris, and Dido, Queen of Carthage.] 

* * The Troublesome Reign of King John is 
printed. 

* *A translation of Ariosto's Orlando 
Furioso, by Sir John Harington, ap- 
pears. 

* * Patents are first granted for the ex- 
clusive privilege of printing books. 

± * * Shakespeare writes the Two Gen- 
tlemen of Verona. 

1592+ * * Shakespeare writes The Com- 
edy of Errors. 

* * Samuel Daniel writes Sonnets. [1595- 
1604, Books of the Civil Wars.] 

1593 ± * * Shakespeare writes his poem 
Venus and Adonis. 

* * True Chronicle History of King Lear is 
produced. 

* * Satires, by John Donne, appears. 

* * Scot. Marischal College, of Aber- 
deen University, is founded by George 
Keith, fifth Earl of Marischal. 

1594^1600 Richard Hooker writes the 
Laws of Ecclesiastical Polity, a work in 
defense of the Church of England. 

± * * Shakespeare writes the Rape of Lu- 



1595-1600 Shakespeare writes his 
poems, A Lover's Complaint andthePas- 
sionate Pilgrim, and his plays, Love's 
Labor's Lost, Romep and Juliet, Henry 
VI., parts 2 and 3, Richard III., Rich- 
ard II., Henry IV., parts 1 and 2, Henry 
V., The Merry Wives of Windsor, The 
Merchant of Venice, Hamlet, King John, 
A Midsummer Night's Dream, The Tam- 
ing of the Shrew, and Titus Andronicus. 

* * George Chapman writes Ovid's Ban- 
quet of Sense. 

1596 Rerum Anglicarum Script-ores post 
Bed am., by Sir Henry Savile, appears. 
[1598, A View of Certain Military Mat- 
ters, or Commentaries concerning Roman 
Warfare.] 

* * The Discovery of Guiana, by Sir Wal- 
ter Raleigh, appears. 



1597-98 Joseph Hall, bishop of Nor- 
wich, writes Satires upon the poets and 
stage-players of the day. [1608-11. Medi- 
tations ; later, Epistles.] 

1597-1624 Francis Bacon writes his 
Essays, observations and precepts on 
men and society. 

* * The Pilgrimage to Parnassus, a play 
satirizing poor authors, is acted at Cam- 
bridge. 

1598 * * John Stow publishes his Survey 
of London-. 

* * John Marston writes The Scourge of 
Villainy. [Later, The Malcontent.] 

* * Sidney-Sussex College, Cambridge, 
is founded bv Franers Sidney, Countess 
of Sussex. 

* *Du Bartas's La premiere semaine, or 
La Creation, is translated by Sylvester. 



* * The Bodleian Library, Oxford, is 
founded by Sir Thomas Bodley. [1602. 
Nov.S. Is opened. 1895. It has 400,000 
books and 30,000 MSS.] 

1598-1601 The Return from Parnassus 

is acted at Cambridge. 
159S-1609 A translation of Homer's 

Iliad, by George Chapman, appears. 

1599 * * James VI. of Scotland [James I. 
of England] writes Basilicon Doron, a 
treatise on the art of government. Later, 
Poetical! Exercises at Vacant Houres, 
Demonologie, and Counterblast to To- 
bacco.] 

* * Musophilus, by Samuel Daniel, ap- 
pears. 

1600-16 Shakespeare writes his Son- 
nets, and his plays, — 

All's Well that Ends Well, Much Ado about 
Xothmg, As You Like It, Troll us and Cres- 
sida, Timon of Athens, The Winter's Tale, 
Measure for Measure, King Lear, C'ymbe- 
line, Macbeth, Julius Caesar, Antony and 
Cleopatra, Coriolunus, The Tempest, The 
Twelfth Muht, or What You Will, Henry 
VIII., and Othello. 

1600 * * London. The Cottonian Li- 
brary is founded by Sir Robert Cotton. 
[1753. Is incorporated in the British 
Museum.] 

* * England's Helicon, England's Parnas- 
sus, and Belvedere, poetical miscellanies, 
appear. 

* * Tasso's Jerusalem Delivered is trans- 
lated by Edward Fairfax. 

* * Thomas Dekker writes The Shoe- 
makers' Holiday. [Author also of The 
Wonder of a Kingdom, and other plays, 
and The Gulls' Horn-book.] 

* * Cynthia's Revels, by Ben Jonson, 
appears. [1601, The Poetaster,- 1605, 
Votpone, or the Fox; 1609, The Silent 
Woman; 1610, TJie Alchemist.] 



1586 * * Tobacco is introduced by Sir 
Walter Raleigh and Sir Francis Drake. 
[Or by Sir John Hawkins, 1565.] 

* * A proclamation is issued against the 
use of tobacco. 



1594 * * Patrick York, an Irish fencing- 
master, is hired by Spaniards to kill the 
queen. 

June 7. Koderigo, a Jewish royal phy- 
sician, is eluirged with being bribed to 
poison the queen, and is executed. 

1597 * * Scot. For acquitting persons 
charged with witchcraft King James or- 
ders the prosecution of a whole assize. 

* * The title, Baron Howard de Walden, is 
created. [1G03. Karl of Suffolk and Berk- 
shire ; (IG'JOi, Huron Save and Sele, and 
Baron Petre; 1608, Baron Clifton]. 

1599* * Scot. The title. Marquis of 
Huntly, is created. [1602. Baroness Kin- 
loss ; 1605, Earl of Home and Earl of 
Perth and Melfort (1686) ; 1606, Earl of 
Abercorn, and Baron Blantyre ; 1607, 
Baron Balfour of Burleigh; 1609, Baron 
Colville of Culross, andBaron Dingwall.] 

1600 Aug. 5. Scot. Conspirators de- 
coy the king into the house of Ruthven, 
Earl of Cowrie, for the purpose of de- 
throning him ; the plot is frustrated, and 
the earl and his brothers are slain on 
the spot. 

1601* *An anti-effeminacy aet 
is passed, forbidding men to ride in 
coaches. 

* * Overseers of the poor are appointed 
in parishes. 

1601-02 Monopolies are so numerous 
that Parliament petitions against them, 
and many are abolished. 



STATE. 

* * * Sir Christopher Hatton is ap- 
pointed lord chancellor, though not a 
lawyer. Masters in Chancery are for 
the first time appointed to assist him in 
his legal duties. 

1586 * * Ministers: Lord Burleigh, the 
Earl of Essex, and Sir Christopher Hat- 
ton. 

1588 Nov. 12. Parliament meets. 
[1589. Mar. 20. Dissolved.] 

1589 Nov. 23. Sweden. James VI. 
of Scotland is married at Upsal to An ne, 
daughter of the King of Denmark. 

1591 * * The judges decree that England 
is an absolute empire, of which the sov- 
ereign is the head. 

* * The great seal is put in commission. 

* * Sir "Walter Raleigh is sent to prison 
for an offence at court. 

1592 June 2. Sir John Popham is 
appointed chief justice. 

* * Sir John Puckering is appointed 
lord keeper of the seal. 

1593 Feb. 19. Parliament opens. 
[Apr. 10. Dissolved.] 

* * Sir Edward Coke is chosen speaker 
of the House of Commons. 

1596 * * Sir Thomas Egerton is ap- 
pointed lord high chancellor, or "lord 
keeper." 

1597 Oct. 24. Parliament meets. [1598. 
Feb. 9. Dissolved.] 

1598 * * A large, but very base, coinage 
is struck for Ireland. 

1599 Apr. * Ire. Kobert Devereux, 

Earl of Essex, is appointed lord lieu- 
tenant. 

* * Ministers : Thomas Sackville, Lord 
Buckhurst [Earl of Dorset], Sir Thomas 
Egerton [Lord Ellesmere], and Sir Robert 
Cecil [Earl of Salisbury]. 

1600 * * St. Helena is acquired by settle- 
ment. 

Dec. 31. Queen Elizabeth grants a 
charter to " the Governor and Company 
of Merchants of London to the East 
Indies " [known as the East India Com- 
pany]. 

1601 Oct. 27- Parliament meets. 
[Dec. 19. Dissolved.] 

* * It is declared in Parliament that the 
queen has the power to make or un- 
make laws. 

"By her prerogative she may set at 
liberty things restrained by statute-law 
or otherwise, and by her prerogative she 
may restrain things which be at liberty." 

* * The first law relating to insurance is 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1588 * * Queen Elizabeth grants a patent 
to an African company. 

1590 * * Hair-powder comes into use. 

1591 * * Tea is introduced. 

1592 * * Potatoes are generally intro- 
duced into England. 

1595 * * Mahogany is brought to Eng- 
land by Sir "Walter Raleigh. 

1598 * * Scot . The first coach is seen 
in the country. 

1600 Dec. 31. The East Indian Com- 
pany is established by charter. 

* * The commercial docks at Rotherhithe 
are erected. 

* * London. The population is 300,000+. 
The city is built almost entirely of wood. 



878 1602,**-1613,**. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1608 * * Ire. The insurgents surprise 
and capture Londonderry ; Sir George 
Powlett, the governor, and the entire 
garrison are massacred. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1602 * * George Weymouth and John 
Knight sail on an Arctic expedition. 
[They stop at the entrance to Hudson 
Bay because of a mutiny of the crew.] 

* * Mr. Beaumont operates a railway 
about Newcastle. 

It has wooden rails and bulky four- 
wheel coal-cars drawn by horses. 

1603 * * William Harvey, physician 
and anatomist, engages in the practise 
of midwifery. 

1604 * * Silk is manufactured. 

1606 * * John Knight is sent on an Arc- 
tic expedition by the Muscovy Com- 
pany. 

* * Edmund Gunter invents Gunter's 
ch ain for measuring land. 

1607 May 1. Henry Hudson starts 
from Gravesend on his first voyage, in- 
structed to sail northwest, and directly 
across the pole. [1608. Apr. 22. Hesaila 
on his second voyage of discovery.] 

July 1. London. "God save the 
King,*' is first vocalized in Merchant 
Tailors' Hall by the choir of the Royal 
Chapel. 

* * The waters of a great freshet rise 
above the tops of the houses in Somer- 
setshire and Gloucestershire ; 100 lives 
are lost. 

* * Rev. William Barlow invents the com- 
pass box and hanging compass. 

1610± * * Lambeth Palace is founded 
by Archbishop Bancroft. 

* * Hudson Bay is rediscovered by 
Henry Hudson, when in search of a 
Northwest Passage to the Pacific Ocean. 

1611* *Robert Johnston writes the 
original music for Shakespeare's 
Tempest. 

1612 * * Sir Thomas Button sails on an 
Arctic voyage. [He passes Hudson 
Strait and winters at Fort Nelson.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1602* * Chilling worth, William, theological 

author, born. 
Bradshaw, John, judge, horn. 
Greaves, John, orientalist, mathematician, h. 
Leigh, Sir Edward, theol., critic, philol., b. 
Lightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, born. 
Lilly, William, astrologer, born. 
Manchester, Earl of, Edward Montagu, 

statesman, born. 

1603 Mar. 24. Elizabeth. Queen, A70. 
Cartwright, Thomas, Puritan cl., A68. 

1604 * * Bagshaw, Edward, lawyer, au., b. 
Eliot, John, "the Apostle of the Indians," b. 
Morley, Thomas, musical composer, A59-K 
Whitgift, John, archbp. of Canterbury, A74. 

1605 * * Browne, Sir Thomas, physician, b. 
Crashaw, Richard, poet, born. 
Davenant, Sir William, dramatist, born. 
Davis, John, navigator, A75t. 

Gauden, John, bishop of Exeter, author, b. 
Habington, William, poet, born. 
TJrquhart, Richard, translator, Scotland, b. 
Waller, Edmund, poet, born. 
Whitelocke, Bulstrode, statesman, born. 
1606* * Barclay, Win., jurist, Scot., A66±. 
Castell, Edmund, cl., lexicographer, born. 
Fawkes, Guy, Gunpowder Plot consp., A36. 
Lyly, John, dramatist, A52. 

1607 * * Rushworth, John, historian, born. 

1608 Dec. 9. Milton, John, poet, states- 
man, author, born. 

Clarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states- 
man, historian, born. 
Craig, Sir Thomas, lawyer, antiq., Scot., A67. 
Dee, John, mathematician, astrologer, A81. 



Fanshawe. Sir Richard, poet, diplomatist, b. 

Feltham, Owen, religious author, born. 

Fuller, Thomas, preacher, author, born. 

Greville, Robert, parliamentary general, b. 

Monk. George, duke of Albemarle, gen., b. 

Tradescant, John, botanist, born. 
1609 * * Cooper, Samuel, painter, born. 

Hale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, b. 

Muggleton, Ludowick, fanatic, born. 

Suckling, Sir John, dramatist, born. 
1610* * Butler, James, 12th Earl and 1st 
Duke of Ormonde, general, born. 

Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, author, b. 

Chilmead, Edmund, mathematician, born. 

Dobson, William, painter, born. 

Ireton, Henry, parliamentary general, b, 

Wharton, Thomas, anatomist, born. 
1611 * * Allein, Richard, Puritan cl., au., b. 

Daye, Stephen, first printer Am. colonies, b. 

Fairfax. Lord Thomas, pari, general, b. 

Harrington, James, political author, born. 

Hudson, Henry, navigator, explorer, d±. 

Leighton, Robert, archbishop of Glasgow, 
author, born. 
1612* * Boiiley, Sir Thomas, founder Bod- 
leian library, Oxford, A68. 

Butler, Samuel, poet, born. 

Gascoigne, William, inv. of micrometer, b. 

Killigrew, Henry, dramatist, born. 

Montrose, Marquis of, James Grahame, sol- 
dier, born, 

Stafford, Viscount, William Howard, states- 
man, born. 

Vane, Sir Henry, statesman, born. 



1602 * * A Congregational church is 
organized in Gainsborough, Lincoln- 
shire. 

* * Parliament orders the expulsion of 
the Jesuits. 

1603 July * The Council informs the 
leading Catholics that the fines for re- 
cusancy will be no longer enforced. 

1603-04 The canons and constitutions 
of the Church of England are passed by 
a convocation of the clergy, and become 
the chief English Church law. [1604. 
Ratified by the king.] 

1604 Jan.* Jesuits and seminary 
priests are ordered out of the land by 
proclamation. 

Jan. 14, 16, 18. The [celebrated] con- 
ference at -Hampton Court is held. 
The prelates and Puritan dissenters 
meet to effect a union of the church. 
It leads to the production of King 
James's translation of the Bible, and 
but little else. 

* * Public excitement over reported con- 
versions to the Catholic faith ; the king 
is said to be a convert. 

* * Richard Bancroft is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. [1611. Jan. * 
George Abbot; 1633, "William Laud.] 

* * The Convocation of the clergy 
meets. 

Its acts are oppressive to Puritans, 300 
of whom soon leave their livings rather 
than conform. 

* * James orders the judges to enforce the 
Elizabethan statutes against the Cath- 
olics. Roman Catholic priests are to be 
banished. 

1606 * * Penal laws are enacted against 
Catholics. 

One act provides for levying one shil- 
ling on every person absent from church 
on Sundays. 

* *A Congregational church is 
founded at Southwark. 

* * An Independent church is organized 
at Scrooby, Nottinghamshire. 

1606-10 Scot. King James consecrates 
three bishops, and attempts to reintro- 
duce Episcopacy. 

1608 * * The Independent church in 
the North of England is finally trans- 
planted to Leyden, Holland. 



1608-11 Ire. Protestant settlements 
are formed in Ulster. 

Oct. 21. London. Bishops are conse- 
crated at Lambeth for the sees of Glas- 
gow, Galloway, and Brechin. 

1611 * * "King James's version of the 
Bible is completed. 

1612 Apr. 11. Edward Wightman, a 
Baptist, is burned at Lichfield. 



1602 * * John Willis publishes his Ste- 
nographic, the second English work on 
shorthand. 

1603 * * John Florio translates Mon- 
taigne's Essays. 

* * John Fletcher writes The Woman 
Hater, anil Thierry and Thvodoret. [1610. 
The Faithful Shepherdess.'] 

* * The History of the Turks, by Richard 
Knolles, appears. 

1604 * * Oxford University receives the 
elective franchise to send two mem- 
bers to Parliament. 

1605 * * George Chapman writes his com- 
edy, All Fools. 

* * Eastward Ho, a comedy, is written by 
Jonson, Chapman, and Marston. 

* * Francis Bacon writes his Advancement 
of Learning. 

1606-16 Francis Beaumont and John 
Fletcher write plays together. 

Plays: Philaster, The Maid's Tragedy, 
A King and No Xing, The Kniuht of the 
Burning Pestle, Cupid's Revenge, The Cox- 
comb, Four Plays in One, The Scornful 
Lady, The Honest Man's fortune. The Little 
French Lawyer, Wit at Several Weapons, 
A Right Woman, and The Laws of Candy. 

1606 * * London. The melody, God Save 
the King, is [said to have been] composed 
by John Bull for a dinner given to James 
I. at Merchant Tailors' Hall. 

1607 * * The Family of Love, by Thomas 
Middleton, appears. 

1609* * London. The Stationers* 
Company agree to give a copy of every 
book published to the Bodleian Library, 
Oxford. 

* * Dublin. A charter is granted to 
Trinity College by James I. 

1610* * Giles Fletcher writes Christ's 
Victory and Triumph in Heaven and 
Earth over Death. [Author of the Busse 
Commonwealth, Sorrow's Joy, and a col- 
lection of verses.] 

1611 * *King James's edition of the 
Bible is completed, after seven years' 
labor, .by 47 ministers. 

* * The History of Great Britain, by John 
Speed, appears. 

* * News from Spain Is issued by Nathan- 
iel Butter. 

* * London. The Charter - House, a 
school for poor children, is founded by 
Thomas Sutton. 

1612* * The White Devil, or Vittoria 
Corombona, by John Webster, appears. 
[1616, The Duchess of Ma/fi; 1623, The 
Devil's Law Case.] 

* * History of England, by Samuel Daniel, 
appears. 

1612-20 ThomasShelton translates Don 
Quixote. 

SOCIETY. 

1603 June 1. London. A man is 
whipped through the streets for go- 
ing to court when his house was infected 
with the plague. 

* * James I. is proclaimed King in viola- 
tion of the will of Henry VIII. 



AND IRELAND. 



1602, * * -1613,* * 879 



* * A law is passed making tlie pretension 
to sorcery capital. 

* * The title of " Majesty" is begun to 
be used in addressing the king. 

1603-04 Tippling Acts are passed. 
They apply to both ale and -wine-sell- 
ing, and impose a fine of 10 shillings 
upon each seller allowing townsmen to 
tipple. 

1604 Sept. 29. New laws against 
witchcraft become operative. 

* * Ire. Tartistry is abolished. 

It was the equal division of lands, after 
the decease of the owner, among his 
sons, legitimate or illegitimate ; it one 
of the sons died, his son did not inherit, 
but a new division was made by the 
tanist or chief. 

1605 Aug. 5. Walter Calverly of York- 
shire is pressed to death, a large iron 
weight being placed upon his breast; he 
had murdered two of his children, and 
had stabbed his wife in a fit of jealousy, 
and being arraigned for his crime at the 
York assizes, stood mute. 

TJov. 4. The Gunpowder Plot is dis- 
covered. (See State.) 

1606 * * Englishmen are forbidden to en- 
ter foreign service without taking an 
oath not to be reconciled to the Pope. 

* * Drunkenness is legally punished by 
a fine of five shillings, or confinement 
for six hours in the stocks. 

1609-10 A law is made providing that 
any ale house -keeper convicted of vio- 
lating the law shall be disqualified for 
three years from keeping a public house. 

1611 May 23. The hereditary order of 
baronets is instituted by James I. Sir 
Nicholas Bacon is made the first baro- 
net. Patents are sold for £1,095 each, 
and the money applied foB4;he army in 
Ulster. 

1612 June 29-July 20. London. A 
lottery, granted by the king for the 
benefit of Virginia, is drawn near St. 
Paul's ; the prizes are pieces of plate. 

1613 Feb. 13. Princess Elizabeth Stu- 
art [Queen of Bohemia], daughter of 
James I., marries Frederick, Elector 
Palatine. 

Sept. 15. Sir Thomas Overbury is 
poisoned while a prisoner in the Tower ; 
he is a victim of the malice of Somerset. 
[1616. The Earl of Somerset and his 
wife are tried and condemned for the 
murder.] 

STATE. 
1603 Mar. 24. Queen Elizabeth dies. 
Apr. 5. Edinburgh. James VI. h 



1603-49 (1714) The House of Stuart. 

1603-25 James I. reigns. 

James VI. of Scotland becomes King 
of England as James I. He is the son 
of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley, and 
Mary Queen of Scots, granddaughter of 
James IV. of Scotland and his queen 
Margaret, daughter of Henry VII. of 
England. [July 25. London. He is 
crowned.] 

* * The Millenary Petition is presented 
to the king. 

It is signed by 1,000+ Puritan minis- 
ters, who ask for a reform in church 
services and a stricter observance of 
Sunday. 

'* * Ministers: The Earl of Dorset, Lord 
Ellesmere, the Earl of Nottingham, the 
Earl of Suffolk, the Earl of Worcester, 
and Kobert"T'eeil [Earl of Salisbury]. 



* * Sir Thomas Egerton, Lord Elles- 
mere, is appointed lord chancellor. 

* *The "Main" conspiracy is ex- 
posed; Lords Cobham and Grey and Sir 
"Walter Raleigh are accused of conspir- 
ing for the dethronement of James in 
favor of Arabella Stuart, a cousin of 
James I. ; also the (S Eye plot ** for the 
seizure of the king's person is devised by 
the priest Watson and others. • 

* * An alliance with France is negoti- 
ated by the French minister, Baron de 
Rosny, Duke of Sully. 

* * Cambridge University is empow- 
ered to send two members to Parlia- 
ment. (?) 

* * Ire. The whole country becomes sub- 
ject to the rule of the English. 

1604 Jan. 14, 15, 16. The king holds 
a conference of clergy at Hampton 
Court ; he resolves to make no conces- 
sions to the Puritans. 

Mar. 19. Parliament assembles. [1611. 
Feb. 9. dissolved.] 

[It receives unfavorably a scheme of 
the king for the union of England and 
Scotland, but appoints commissioners to 
treat with the Scots upon the question.] 

Aug. 18. A treaty of peace is con- 
cluded with Spain. 

Oct. 24. James is proclaimed "King of 
England, Scotland, France, and Ire- 
land." 

Nov. 17- London. Sir "Walter Raleigh 
is tried for treason. [Convicted and im- 
prisoned in the Tower. 1618. Oct. 29. 
Executed.] 

* * Sir Francis Bacon is appointed the 
first king's sergeant, the highest mem- 
ber of the bar, be ah.me being permitted 
to plead in the Court of Common Pleas. 

1605 Oct. 26. The Gunpowder Plot 
is disclosed. 

It is a conspiracy by Robert Catesby, 
Thomas "Winter, John Wright, Guy 
Fawkes, Thomas Percy, and others, to 
blow up the Parliament building during 
the sitting of both houses and the pres- 
ence of the king. [Nov. 5. Guy Fawkes 
is discovered in a vault under the Parli- 
ament house with matches and touch- 
wood in his possession, and 36 barrels of 
gunpowder are found close by. 1606. 
Jan. 30, 31. Guy Fawkes, Sir Everard 
Digby, Rookwood, "Winter, and other 
conspirators are executed. May 3. Henry 
Garnet also.] 

* * W. I. English colonists first settle in 
Barbados. 

They land from the Orange Blossom, 
erect a cross as a memorial, and cut in 
the bark of a tree the words, " James, 
King of England and of this island." 

1606 Apr. 10. James grants a char- 
ter to the London Company, and one to 
the Plymouth Company, for colonies in 
!N"orth America (p. 27). 

Apr. 12. The Union Jack is made the 
national flag. [1801 complete.] 

1607 May 13. [U.S.A.] An English 
settlement is formed at Jamestown, 
Virginia. 

June 25. Sir Thomas Fleming is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

1608 * * By the sole power of the crown, 
duties are imposed on nearly every 
article of foreign commerce. 

1609 * * Ministers : Robert Cecil, Earl 
of Salisbury, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of 
Northampton, and the Earl of Suffolk. 



* * W. I. Sir George Somers plants an 
English colony in the Bermudas. 

1609-12 Ire. English and Scotch Prot- 
estants are planted in Ulster. 

In consequence of repeated rebellions and 
forfeitures, 511,465 acres of land in Ulster 
become invested in the crown, and James I., 
after removing the Irish from their hills and 
fastnesses, divides the land among Buch of 
his English mid Scotch Pruleslants as choose 
to settle there. The colonization is begun by 
the Honorable Irish Society, a committee of 
citizens of 12 London companies. 

1610 * * The Isle of Man is restored to 
Stanley, Earl of Derby, from whose 
family it had been taken by Elizabeth. 

* * Pari. The "Great Contract" is 
discussed, hut not decided on. 

It proposes to grant the king a fixed 
sum of £200,000 per annum, in return for 
the surrender by him of his claim to 
revenue from feudal privileges. 

* * London. Twelve new granaries are 
built at Bridewell to hold 6,000 quarters 
of corn, and two storehouses for sea- 
coal to hold 4,000 loads, to prevent the 
sudden dearness of these articles by 
great increase of inhabitants. 

1611 * * Arabella Stuart is imprisoned 
at Lambeth. 

* * Ire. James grants Belfast to Sir Ar- 
thur Chichester, lord deputy. [1613. It 
is erected into a corporation.] 

* * Scot. Glasgow has freedom to elect 
its own magistrates. 

1612 * * Ministers : The Earl of North- 
ampton, Lord Ellesmere, the Earl of 
Worcester, Sir Ralph "Winwood. the Earl 
of Nottingham, Robert Carr, Viscount 
Rochester [Earl of Somerset]. 

Nov. 6. Henry, Prince of "Wales, dies. 

1613 May 19. James issues farthing 
tokens by proclamation. (?) 

* * Sir Edward Coke is appointed chief 
justice. [1616. Sir Henry Montague.] 

* * Cecil, Earl of Salisbury, dying, Rob- 
ert Carr, Viscount Rochester, becomes 
a favorite of the king, and is made 
Duke of Somerset. 

* * Ire. The London Irish Society obtains 
a charter of incorporation for Derry un- 
der the name of Londonderry. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1603 Apr. 10. Bristol men fit out two 

vessels to bring sassafras from America ; 

it is much overrated for its medicinal 

virtue. 
1603-04 Ire. A plague infests the 

country. 
* * London. A plague sweeps away 20,578 

people. 

1606 * * The springs at Tunbridge 
Wells, Kent, are discovered by Dudley, 
Lord North, who is restored to health 
by the use of the waters. 

1607 * * "Windsor Forest, situated to 
the south and west of the town of 
Windsor, is restricted to but 111 miles 
round. 

1610 Dec. 3. Great Tom, a bell seven 
feet in diameter, is placed in the steeple 
of St. Mary's Cathedral, Lincoln. 

1613 June 29. London. Shakespeare's 
Globe Theater is burned. 

Aug. 7. Dorchester is destroyed by fire. 

Sept. 29. London. The New Biver is 
opened. 

It is an artificial stream, 48 miles long, 
rising in Chadwell and Amwell in Hert- 
fordshire, and projected by Sir Hugh 
Myddleton for the purpose of supplying 
London with water. 



1613,** -1626, July* GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



* * Scot. John Napier, the inventor of 
logarithms, the indexes of the ratio of 
numbers one to another, publishes his 
canon or table. [1G1G-18. Completed 
and published by Henry Briggs at Ox- 
ford.] 

1616 * * Bylot's and Baffin's Arctic ex- 
pedition sets out. (See Canada.) 

* * Engines for plowing land are pat- 
ented by David Ramsey and Thomas 
Wildgoose. 

1619 * * The art of making tapestry is 
introduced by William Sheldon, and 
established at Mortlake by Sir Francis 
Crane. 

1620 * * Bone-setting is first scientific- 
ally practised. 

* * Broad silk is woven from raw silk. 

* * Paper-hangings made of velvet and 
floss, for hanging apartments, are used. 

* * Francis Bacon suggests that heat may 
be a motion. 

* *The Drebbel alcohol thermometer 
appears. 

1621* * Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints 
the portrait of James I. 

* * Thomas Ravenscroft's collection of 
printed harmonizations of tunes 
[which has become standard with the 
psalms] appears. 

1622 * * The botanic garden at Oxford 
is established by the Earl of Danhy. 

1623 * * Middle latitude sailing is intro- 
duced. 

1625 * * Grecian architecture is re- 
vived. 

The Banqueting House, Whitehall, 
London, and other buildings are erected 
in this style. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1613 * * Cleaveland, John, poet, born. 
Liddell, Duncan, pliys., math., Scot., d. 
Overbury, Sir Thomas, courtier, poet, A32. 
Taylor, Jeremy, Anglican clergyman, 

preacher, author, born. 

1614 * * Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey, 
statesman, born. 

More, Henry, poet, theologian, phil., born. 
Wilkins, Joim, bishop of Oh-si.t, author, b. 

1615 Sept. 27. Stuart, Arabella, cousin of 
James I., A40. 

Baxter, Ru-hard, clergyman, author, born. 
Biddle, John, theologian, author, born. 
Denham, Sir John, pm-t, born. 

1616 Apr. 23. Shakespeare, William, 
poet, dramatist, actor, A52. 

Beaumont, Francis, dramatist, A30. 

Faithorne. William, engraver, born. 

Hakluyt, llieliard. historian, geog., A63. 

Mai t land, J., Duke of Lauderdale, states., b. 

L'Estrange, sir Roger, political author, born. 

Bancroft, William, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, born. 

Thurloe, John, statesman, born. 

Wallis, John, mathematician, born. 
1617* * Ashmole, Elias, antiquary, born. 

Coryate, Thomas, traveler, A40. 

Cudworth, Ralph, religious author, born. 

Egerton. Thomas, Baron Ellesniere, states- 
man, A77. 

Hutchinson, John, colonel, politician, born. 

Jfapier, John, laird of Merchiston, inventor 
of logarithms, A67. 

1618 * * Cowley, Abraham, poet, born. 
Lancaster, Sir .lames, navigator, dies. 
Lilburne, John, political agitator, born. 
Lovelace, Richard, poet, born. 

Raleigh, Sir "Walter, navigator, statesman, 
courtier, historian, A66. 

1619 * * Anne, queen, dies. 

Dalryinple, James, first Viscount Stair, ju- 



1620* * Anderson, Alexander, mathemati- 
cian, Scotland, A40. 
Bathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theol.,b. 
Evelyn, John, writer, born. 
Ludlow, Edmund, judge, born. 
Marvell, Andrew, poet, politician, born. 
Oates, Titus, coutnverot sham popish plot, b. 

1621 * * Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen- 
eral, litterateur, born. 

Cooper, Anthony, Earl of Shaftesbury, 

statesman, born. 
Dewsbury, William, preacher (Friends), b. 
Finch, Heneage, first Earl of Nottingham, 

statesman, born. 
Harriott, Thomas, math., astronomer, A61. 
Penn, William, admiral, born. 
Vaughan, Henry, jtoet, horn. 
Vaughan, Thomas, alchemist, born. 
Willis, Thomas, physician, born. 

1622 * * Baffin, William, navigator, A38. 
Melville, Andrew, reformer, scholar, A77. 
Savile, Sir H., mathematician, historian, A73. 
Sidney, Algernon, statesman, born. 

1623 * * Camden, William, antiq., hist., A72. 
Fletcher, Giles, poet, A55. 

Petty, Sir William, economist, born. 
1624* * Fox, Georg-e. founder ( Friends), b. 

Howard, Charles, Lord Howard of Lihnghani, 
admiral, A88. 
1625 Mar. 27. James I., (VI. of Scot- 
land), king, A59. 

Cameron, John, theologian, Scotland, A45. 

Fletcher, John, dramatist, A49. 

Florio, John, grammarian, A80. 

Lodge, Thomas, poet, A 69. 

Montagu, Edward, E. of Sandwich, adm., b. 

Moreland, Sir Samuel, mechanician, inv., b. 

Sydenham, Thomas, physician, born. 



CHURCH. 

1614* *Membersof both Houses of Par- 
liament are ordered to take the sacra- 
ment to guard against the reintroduction 
of Roman Catholics. 

* * Dublin. The Protestant Convocation 
establishes the Thirty-nine Articles of 
religion. 

1618 May 24. The Book of Sports is 
published. 

It treats of the sports which may be 
lawfully engaged in after prayers on the 
Sabbath, and discusses the authority for 
Sabbath observance. 

Aug. 25. Scot. The " Articles of 
Perth," relating to religious ceremo- 
nies, are agreed to by the General As- 
sembly. 

* * Scot. A proclamation is issued allow- 
ing sports on Sunday after the morning 
service. 

1620 Dec. 21. U. S. A. New Eng- 
land is founded by the Puri tan followers 
of John Robinson at Plymouth, Mass. 

1621 Jan. 29. Scot. William Laud is 
made bishop of St. David's. 

* * It. Gregory XV. is elected pope. 
[1623, Urban VI. ; 1644, Innocent X.] 

1625 * * The Maids of the Cross are 
established. 

A community of young -women make 
vows of poverty, chastity, and obedience. 

1626 July 1. Chaplains are first ap- 
pointed to each ship in the navy. 



1613* * George Wither writes Abuses 
Stript and Whipt. [1615. Shepherd's 
Hunting.'] 

* * Scot. Tears on the Death of MeHades, 
by William Prummond, of Hawthorn- 
den, appears. [1616. Poems.'] 

* *Wadham College, Oxford, is 
founded by Nicholas Wadham. 

1613-14 Polyobion, by Drayton, ap- 
pears. 



1613-16 Britannia's Pastorals, by Wil- 
liam Browne, appears. [1614. The Shep- 
herd's Pipe.] 

1613-25 Purchas, his Pilgrimage, by 
.Samuel Purchas, appears. 

1614 * * John Shelden writes Titles of 
Honor. [1618. History of Tithes.] 

* * Sir "Walter Raleigh publishes The 
History of the. World, written during his 
twelve years' in i prison men t in the 
Tower. 

* * A translation of Homer's Odyssey, by 
George Chapman, appears. 

1615 * * The king grants to his poet- 
laureate ( Samuel Daniel?) a yearly pen- 
sion of 100 marks. 

* * Travels, by George Sandys, appears. 

1617 * * Thomas Heywood writes A 
Woman Killed with Kindness. [Later, 
War without Blows and Love toithout 
Suit, Joan as good as my Lady, An 
Apology for Actors, and General History 
of Woman.] 

1618 * * The first Book of Sports under 
the title of The King's Majestie's Declar- 
ation to His Subjects concerning Lawful 
Sports to be used on Sundays after Even- 
ing Prayers, is published by King James. 

* * Non Nobis, Domine! ("Not unto us, 
O Lord," etc., Psalm cxv. 1), a musical 
canon, sung as a grace at public feasts, 
is composed by W. Birdie. 

* * Pharmacopoeia, a book giving direc- 
tions for the preparation of medicine, is 
published by the London College of 
Physicians : it is the first work of its 
kind known in England. 

June * London. A Relation of all matters 
done in Bohemia, Austria, Sletia, France, 
etc., that is wort hit of Relating since the 
2nd of March, 1618, to the 4th of May, 
is issued by Ralph Rernithwaite. 

1619* *Dulwich College, Surrey, 
called " God : s-Gift-College," is founded 
by Edward Alleyn. 

* * Francis Bacon completes his great 
work, Novum Organum, in Latin (The 
New Organ), " on the proper methods of 
inquiry into nature ; " it is the founda- 
tion of the * ( inductive " system of phi- 
losophy. [1621, The History of Henry 

VII; 1622, Historia Ventorum; 1623, De 
Augment is Scientiarum and Historia 

Fitse et Mortis; 1624, Apothegms; 162G, 

The New Atlantis.] 

* * Francis Quarles writes A Feast for 
Worms. [1624, Job Militant.] 

1621 Nov. * London. The Coura.nt, or 
Weekly Neivs from Foreign Parts, is 
issued. 

* * The. Anatomy of Melancholy, by Wil- 
liam Burton, appears. 

* * The Witch, by Thomas Middleton, ap- 
pears. 

1622 * * Communion of Saints, a mosaic 
of Scripture quotations, is compiled by 
Henry Ains worth. 

* * London. The Weekly News from Italy , 
Germany, etc., is issued. 

* * London. The Certain News of this 
Present Week is issued. 

* * The Spanish Curate, by John Fletcher, 
appears. 

1623 * * London. The Sion College 
and Hospital is founded by the legacy 
of Dr. Thomas White, who bequeathed 
£3,000 for the purpose. [1630. Incorpo- 
rated.] 

* * Edmund "Waller writes his first 
poems. 

* * The Duke of Milan, by Philip Massin- 
ger, appears. 

* * Scot. The Ftowers ofZion, by William 
Prummond, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 



1613, **-1626, July 



881 



* * The first collected edition of Shakes- 
peare's works appears. 

1624 * *" Pembroke College, Oxford, is 
founded by Thomas Teesdale and Rich- 
ard "Wightwick. 

* * Rule a Wife and Have a Wife, by John 
Fletcher, appears. [Later, A Woman 
Hater.] 

1625 * * An Anatomy of the World, by- 
John Donne, appears/ [Later, Biatha- 
?iatos.] 



1615 * * The title, Baron Dormer, is cre- 
ated. [1616, Baron Teynham ; 1622, Earl 
of Denbigh; 1624, Karl of Westmore- 
land ; 1626, Earl of Lindsay.] 

* * George "Villiers, son of a poor knight, 
of great personal beauty, having become 
the king's favorite, is raised to the peer- 
age, and given lands valued at £80,000. 
[He soon passes to the head of the Eng- 
lish nobility.] 

* * A hospital and almshouses are erected 
at Sheffield by the Earl of Malmesbury. 

1617 * * London. Francis Bacon, lord 
chancellor, disgusts the public by his 
vanity, love of show, meanness, and cor- 
ruption. 

May 16. Edinburgh. James I. visits 
the city. 

1619 * * Scot. The title, Earl of Had- 
dington, is created. [1620, Viscount of 
Falkland; 1621, Viscount of Stormont ; 
1623, Earl of Galloway ; 1624, Earl of Lau- 
derdale ; 1627, Baron Fairfax of Cameron, 
and Baron Napier ; 1628, Baron Reay.] 

* * Transportation of criminals to 
America begins. 

1620* * U. S. A. Ninety respectable 
English women are imported by the 
planters of Jamestown, Virginia, for 
wives, at the price of 120 pounds of to- 
bacco, worth 50 cents a pound. 



Grandison and Baron Digby. [1621, Earl 
of Westmeath ; 1622, Earl of Desmond, 
and Viscounts Valentia and Dillon ; 1627, 
Earl of Meath, and Baron Sherard ; 1628, 
Earl of Fingall, and Viscounts Lumley 
and Taaffe ; 1647, Earl of Cavan.] 

1621 * * Sir Giles Mompesson and Sir 
Francis Mitchell are punished for their 
abuse of monopolies. 

1624 * * Edinburgh. George Heriot's 
hospital is founded by his will. 

1625* *An act restraining amuse- 
ments 



STATE, 

1614 Apr. 5. Parliament meets, 
[June 7. Dissolved.] 

[The session is occupied in disputes 
with the king over proposed imposi- 
tions ; no bill is passed, hence it is called 
the " Addled Parliament."] 

1615 * * Ministers : Thomas, Lord Elles- 
mere, Thomas, Earl of Suffolk, Charles, 
Earl of Nottingham, and Sir George 
Villiers [Duke of Buckingham]. 

* * Oliver St. John refuses to contribute 
to a " benevolence" for the king, and 
is fined £5,000. 

* * Sir Thomas Roe is sent on a mission 
to the Great Mogul in India. 

1616 Mar. 20. London. Sir "Walter 
Kaleigh is released from prison. [1617. 
Aug. 19. He sails from Cork with 14 
vessels to seek for gold-mines in Guiana.] 



* * George Villiers becomes a favorite 
of the king. [He is made Duke of 
Buckingham.] 

1617 Mar. 27. London. Sir Francis 
Bacon is made lord high chancellor and 
lord keeper of the great seal. He gets 
the title Lord Verulam [and is made 
Viscount St. Albans.] 

1618 Oct. 29. London. Sir "Walter 
Raleigh is beheaded in compliance 
with the demand of Spain because of 
his invasion of Spanish territory in 
America. 

* * London. Tothill Fields, Bridewell 
Prison, is built. 

* * Scot. King James establishes troy 
"weight Scots. 

* * W. Afr. The Gold Coast is settled. 
1619* * Matthew de L'Eguster is ap- 
pointed foreign postmaster. 

* * A commercial treaty is made with the 
Dutch in relation to the East Indies. 

* * Ire. Derry, with 210,000 acres, is 
granted to various companies. 

1620 * * Sir Henry Montague [Vis- 
count Mandeville and Earl of Manches- 
ter] is one of the king's ministers. 

± * * The Court Party and the Country 
Party are formed. 

[The latter becomes the Tory or landed 
interest, the former the Whig or trading 
interest.] 

* * W. Afr. The English start a factory 
in Gambia. 

1621 Jan. 30. Parliament opens. 
[1622. Feb. 8. Dissolved.] 

[It grants the king a supply to aid the 
war in support of his son-in-law, the 
elector palatine.] 

Apr. *- May* Parliament: Lord High 
Chancellor Bacon is impeached for 
bribery and corruption. 

He is condemned to pay a fine of 
£40,000, and declared incapacitated for 
life for sitting in Parliament, or holding 
office under the crown. [The fine is re- 
mitted.] 

May* Parliament: Sir Giles Mompesson 
and Sir Francis Mitchell are impeached 
and banished for fraudulent use of pur- 
chased monopolies of inn-licensing 
and gold and silver thread manufacture. 

Nov. * H. C. The Commons request 
the king to enforce the laws against 
*« papists," and to marry his son to a 
Protestant princess. 

Dec. 3. H. C. James writes to the 
Commons in angry terms, forbidding 
them to inquire into affairs of state, or 
to concern themselves about his son's 
marriage 

Dec. 18. H. C. The Commons, after 
several communications with the king, 
enters on its journals the Great Prot- 
estation, in declaration of its rights. 
The king tears the record from the 
journal. 

* * Sir James Ley is appointed chief 
justice, and John "Williams, bishop of 
Lincoln, lord keeper. 

* * Minis ters: Lionel, Lord Cranfield 
[Earl of Middlesex] ; Edward, Earl of 
"Worcester] ; John, Earl of Bristol ; John 
Williams, Dean of "Westminster ; George 
Villiers, and Sir Edward Conway. 

* * King James grants Acadia to Sir 
"William Alexander, and its name is 
changed to Nova Scotia. 



* * The great seal is in con 
1622 * * London. Sir Edward Coke, Sir 

Kobert Philips, and the Earls of Oxford 
and Southampton, popular leaders in 
Parliament, are imprisoned for their 
opposition to the king. 
1623* *E. I. The Dutch massacre 
Englishmen on the island of Amboyna 
in the Moluccas. 

* * The Statute of Limitations is passed. 

It enacts that actions for trespass or 
debt, or simple contract, must be com- 
menced within six years after the cause 
of action, and actions for assault, men- 
ace, or imprisonment, within four years. 

± * * W.I. The island of St. Christo- 
pher is settled by the English. 

1624 Feb. 19. Parliament meets. 
[1625. Mar. 27. Dissolved.] 

[It grants £300,000 to prosecute the 
war in the Palatinate ; it passes an act 
making monopolies illegal, and an act 
prohibiting subsidies,] 

* * Sir Ranulph Crew is appointed chief 
justice. 

1625 Mar. 27. James I. dies. 
1625-49 Charles I. reigns. 

He is a son of James I. [1G26. Feb. 22. 
Crowned at "Westminster.] 
May 13. Charles marries Henrietta Ma- 
ria, daughter of Henry IV. of France. 



It grants " tonnage and poundage " for 
one year, and £140,000 for the war with 
Spain. 
July 11. Parliament is adjourned be- 
cause of the great plague. 

* * Sir Thomas Coventry is appointed 
lord keeper. 

1626 Feb. 6. Parliament meets. 
[June 15. Dissolved.] 

Sir Nicholas Hyde is appointed chief 
justice. 

Feb. * H. C. The House appoints three 
committees — of religion , of grievances, 
and of evils, causes, and remedies. 

Mar. * H. C. The House resolves to im- 
peach Buckingham for oppressions 
and extortions.," 

May 11. H. C. Sir John Eliot and Sir 
Dudley Digges, leaders of Bucking- 
ham's opponents, are sent to prison by 
the king. [They are released in a few 
days, the Commons refusing to do any 
business till they are discharged.] 

June 15. Charles dissolves Parliament 
to save Buckingham from impeachment. 

July * Charles dismisses the queen's 
servants ; this leads to a quarrel with 
France. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1616 * * London. The principal streets 
are paved. 

1617 * * The apothecaries' and grocers* 
trades are separated. 

1620 * * London. The New River Com- 
pany is incorporated, and supplies the 
city with its water by conveyance of 
wooden pipes in the streets, and small 
leaden ones in the houses. 

1621* * Ire. A large part of Cork is 
burned. 

1624 * * London. The Thames is made 
navigable to Oxford. 

1625 * * London. The mortality is very 
great, 35,417 persons dying. 

* * Coal is in common use. 

* * London. Hackney coaches are first 
use<L 



32 1626,**-1640,**. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1627 June 27. Fr. The Duke of Buck- 
ingham sails with, a fleet to the aid of 
the Huguenots besieged in Rochelle. 
[The Huguenots declining to receive him, 
he returns to England.] 

1633 * * The Royal Scots regiment is 

organized. 
1637 * * The Sovereign of the Seas is 

launched. 

1639 Apr. * Scot. War against the 
Scotch Covenanters begins ; it is called 
the "Bishops' War." 

June 18. Scot. The Scots under Sir A. 
Leslie meet the English under King 
Charles, at Dunse, near Berwick, where 
the "Pacification of Dunse" is made, 
which prevents a battle. 

1640 * * The Constant Warwick, first 
frigate known in England, is built by- 
Peter Pett. 

Aug * Scot. The second Bishops' "War 

occurs. 
Aug. 20. The Scots invade England. 

[Aug. 28. They defeat the English at 

Newburn, on the Tyne.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1628 * * William Harvey makes the posi- 
tive discovery of the circulation of the 
blood. It furnishes an entirely new 
system of physiological and pathological 
speculation. 

1629 * * Peter Paul Rubens purchases 
seven of the cartoons of Raphael at 
Flanders for Charles I. to adorn Hamp- 
ton Court Palace. 

They represent the Miraculous Draught of 
Fishes, The Charge to Pete/-, Peter and John 
Beating the Lame at the Gate of the Temple, 
TheDeath of Ananias, Eli/mas the Sorcerer 
struck with Ulaalness, The Sacrifice to Paul 
and Barnabas by the People of Lystra, Paul 
Preaching at Athens. 

1631 * * Richard Norwood is the first to 
measure a degree of the meridian. 

* * Luke Fox's Arctic expedition sails. 

1632 * * Sir Anthony Van Dyck paints 
the portraits of Charles I. of England 
and his queen. 

1633 * * London. A wind sawmill, in- 
vented by a Dutchman, is erected near 
the Strand. 

* * An optical signaling telegraph is 
made by the Marquis of Worcester. 

1634* * London. Jerome Lanyer patents 

his * * velvet paper. ' ■ 
1635 * * Cannon are made of brass. 

* * Dublin. The Werburg Street Thea- 
ter is commenced ; it is the first one 
erected. 

1639 Nov. 24. The first transit of 
Venus over the face of the sun is ob- 
served by the Rev. Jeremiah Horrox, or 
Horrocks, and his friend, William Crab- 
tree, as predicted by Horrox in 1633. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1026 Apr. 9. Bacon, Francis, LordVeru- 

lam, lawyer, statesman, philosopher, Alio. 

Alleyn, Edward, actor, A60. 

Aubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, horn. 

ISoyle, Robert, chemist, philosopher, Ire., b. 

Dalgarno, George, philosopher, born. 

Gunter, Edmund, math., astronomer, A45. 

Patrick, Simon, bishop of Chichester, com- 
mentator, born. 

Purchas, Samuel, clergyman, author, A49. 
1827* * Miiblleton, Thomas, dramatist, A 57. 

Villi er s, George, Duke of Buckingham, 
statesman, author, born. 



Greville, Sir Fulke, Lord Brooke, poet, phi- 
losopher, A74. 

Grew, Nehemiah, vegetable anatomist, born. 

Ray, or Wray, John, naturalist, born. 

Temple, Sir "William, statesman, wr., b. 

Villiers, George, Duke of Buckingham, 
statesman, A36. 

1630 * * Barrow, Isaac, cl., math., born. 
Child, Sir Josiah, economist, merchant, b. 
Cotton, Charles, humorist, poet, born. 
D'Urfrey, Thomas, dramatist, poet, born. 
Godolphin, Earl of, Sidney, statesman, b. 
Halifax, Marquis of, George Savile, states- 
Harvey, Gabriel, author, A85±. 

Howe, John, chaplain to Cromwell, born. 
Tillotson. John, archbp. of Canterbury, b. 

1631 * * Cocker, Edward, engraver, arithme- 
tician, author, born. 

Briggs, Henry, mathematician, A70. 
Danby, Earl of, Thomas Osborne, states., b. 
Donne, John, clergyman, poet, A58. 
Dryden. John, courtier, poet, critic, born. 
Lower, Richard, anatomist, born. 

1632 Aug. 29. Locke, John, statesman, 
scientist, philosopher, born. 

Allen, Thomas, mathematician, ABO. 
Compton, Henry, bishop of London, au.,b. 
Cumberland, Richard, moral philosopher, 1>. 
Eliot, Sir John, statesman, A42. 
Firmin, Thomas, philanthropist, born. 
Herbert, George, poet, A39. 
Pepys, Samuel, sec. to the admiralty, au., b. 
Wood, Anthony, antiquarian, born. 
Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, born. 

1633 Oct. 14. James II., king, born. 
Abbot, George, archbp. of Canterbury, A71. 
Brown, Robert, Puritan theologian, founder 

(Brownists), A80. 
_ Flatman, Thomas, poet, born. 

Roscommon, Earl of, Went worth Dillon, 

poet, born. 
South, Robert, clergyman, wit, poet, an., b. 

1634 * * Allein, Joseph, Puritan cl., born. 
Chapman, George, poet, dramatist, A77. 
Coke, Sir Edward, jurist, statesman, A82. 
Mars ton, John, dramatist, A59±. 

1635 * * Betterton, Thomas, actor, born. 
Burnet, Thomas, author, born. 

Capel, Arthur, Earl of Essex, statesman, b. 
Fairfax, Edward, poet, dies. 
Hooke, Robert, mathematician, born. 
Parr, Thomas, centenarian, A 153. 
Stillingrleet, Edward, bishop of Worcester, 

author, born. 
Verstegaii, Richard, antiquary, dies. 

1636 * * Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, b. 
Glanvill, .Joseph, clergyman, phil., au., b. 
Mackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman, 

writer, Scotland, born. 
Russell, Lady Rachel, author, born. 
Sprat, Thomas, bishop of Rochester, poet, 

mis. writer, born. 

1637 * * Cave, Win., canon Windsor, au., b. 
Dorset, sixth Earl of, Charles Sackville, wit, 

poet, born. 

Jonson, Ben, dramatist, actor, poet, A63. 

Ken, Thomas, bishop of Math, author, born. 

North, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, born. 
1638* * Bernard, Edward, clergyman, as- 
tronomer, born. 
1639 * * Burton, Robert, author, A63. 

Carew, Thomas, poet, courtier, A50. 

Creighton, Robert, cl., musical comp. born. 

Ford, John, dramatist, A53. 

Russell, Lord William, statesman, born. 

Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, born. 

Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, born. 

Wotton, Sir Henry, poet, diplomatist, A7I. 

CHURCH. 

1627-29 Charles I. intercedes for the 
persecuted Waldenses of France. 

1628 * * Theophilus Brabourne, a clergy- 
man, publishes the first work favoring 
the Seventh day (Saturday) as the true 
Christian Sabbath ; he and several others 
suffer great persecution for this opinion. 

1630 Oct. 16. Sir John Gayler es- 
capes from a lion in Arabia. 

To commemorate the event a Lion 
Sermon is preached annually at the 
St. Katherine Crec church, London. 



1631 Apr. 2. London. A comn 
is granted to Bishop William Laud to 
restore St. Paul's Cathedral. 

1633 Sept. 12. London. The first Par- 
ticular Baptist church is formed ; John 
Spelsbury, pastor. 



Oct. 18, Boyal declaration is ordered 
to be read in churches reviving wakes, 
lawful sports, and recreations on the 
Sabbath after divine service. 



1635 * * Clergymen are ejected from 
their churches for refusing to read the 
Book of Sports to their congregations. 

1637 Apr. 30. Puritans are forbidden 
to emigrate to New England. 

July 23. Scot. By order of the king the 
liturgy is read in the churches ; a tumult 
follows at St. Giles and in Grey Friars 
church, Edinburgh. 

1638 Mar.* Scot. Scotland rejects 
Episcopacy. The National Covenant 
is signed, all over Scotland, with great 
enthusiasm. 

It is a repetition of former covenants, and 
also contains a solemn protest against prel- 
acy. They defy the king's orders to accept 
the prayer-book. [War follows.] 

Nov. 21. Scot. A General Assembly 
of the Scottish Church meets at Glas- 
gow. 

It abolishes the Episcopacy, new lit- 
urgy, and the canons. The church is 
declared independent of the state. 

Dec. * Scot. The Covenanters' Parlia- 
ment abolishes Episcopacy, deposes 
the king's bishops, and excommunicates 
four of them. 

1639 June 18. Scot. The Pacifica- 
tion of Dunse. 

1640 * * Ire. Bishop Atherton suffers 
an ignominious death for an unnatural 
crime. 

* * London. The building of the western 
parishes, including St. GileB is begun. 

* * The Broadmead Baptist church at 
Bristol is founded. 

* * London. The Devonshire Square Bap- 
tist church is formed. 

* * The bishops are excluded from voting 
on temporal affairs. [1641. Dec. 30. 
Several protesting bishops are sent to 

the Tower.] 

LETTERS. 

1628 * * The Alexandrian Codex, a man- 
uscript of the Septuagint translation of 
the Bible, in Greek, said to have been 
written in the 6th century, is presented 
to Charles I. by Cyrillus Leucaris, Pa- 
triarch of Constantinople. 

* * Essay on the Motion of the Heart and 
the Blood, by William Harvey, appears. 

1629 * * Ode on the Meaning of Christ's 
Nativity, by John Milton," appears. 
[1633, V Allegro and 11 Penseroso; 1634, 
Arcades, Comus, and Lycidas.] 

* * Tlie Lovers' Melancholy , by John Ford, 
is produced. [1633, The Broken Heart; 
1634, Perkin Warbeck,] 

1630. Mar. 26. Charles I. renews the 
patent granted by his -father to Ben 
Jonson, as poet laureate, increasing 
the 100 marks to £100, with the grace 
cup of "one tierce of Canary Spanish 

1631 * * The Temple, by George Herbert, 
appears. 

1632 * * An Arabic professorship is es- 
tablished at Cambridge. 

* * Emblems Divine and Moral, by Fran- 
cis Quarles, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 



1626, * *-1640, * *. 883 



1633 Oct. 18. The Second Book of 
Sports, with, a ratification by Charles I., 
is published. 

* * Tlie Purple Island, by Phineas Fletch- 
er, appears. 

* * A New Way to Pay Old .Debts, by 
Philip Massinger, appears. 

* * Histriomastix, by William Prynne, ap- 
pears. [1637. For indirectly criticising 
the king and queen he is sentenced to 
imprisonment and fined £5,000.] 

* * Caelum Britannicum, by Thomas Ca- 
rew, appears. 

1635 * * The Lady of Pleasure and The 
Traitor, by James Shirley, appear. 

1636 * * The Wonder of a Kingdom, by 
Thomas Dekker, appears. 

1637 July 1. The Star Chamber im- 
poses seventy restraints upon the lib- 
erty of the press, and limits the num- 
ber of master printers in London and 
Westminster. 



c * The Reliqion of Protestants : A Safe 
Way to Salvatioil, by William Chilling- 
worth, appears. 

' * Aglaura, by Sir John Suckling, ap- 
pears. [1639, Brennoralt ,- later, Con- 
stancy, Ballad on a Wedding, and Tell 
Me, Ye Juster Deities.] 



SOCIETY. 

1627 * * A law is passed subjecting ale- 
house-keepers to a penalty of whipping 
for the first offense of illegal selling, 
and for the second offense imprison- 
ment for one month. 

1628 Aug. 23. George Villiers, Duke 
of Buckingham, is assassinated at 
Portsmouth by John Felton. 

* * The title, Duke of Chesterfield, is cre- 
ated ; also Earl of Winchelsea, and Not- 
tingham (16S1) and Earl of Stamford. 

1630* *The first lottery for sums of 

money is drawn. 
1631 * * The king prevents a trial by 

combat between Lord Reay and David 

Ramsay. 

1633 June* Edinburgh. Charles I. 
visits the city. 

* * Scot. The title, Earl of Elgin and 
Kincardine (1647), is created ; also Earls 
Wemyss and March (1697), Loudon, 
Souttiesk,Kinnoull, Dalhousie, Lindsay, 
and Barou Forrester. [1639. Earlof Air- 
lie.] 

* * Shoes [as at present worn] are intro- 
duced. 

1634 * * Forgery is first made punish- 
able by death. 

1635 * * In order to discourage English 
subjects from traveling to foreign coun- 
tries and spending money there, a tax 
is levied by way of license for going 
abroad, to be paid to the crown. 

1637 June 14. William Prynne, Henry 
Burton, and Robert Bastwick are sen- 
tenced to fine and the pillory for speak- 
ing and writing against popery and 
Sabbath-breaking. 

July 23. Edinburgh. The cutty-stool 
is thrown by a woman at the head of the 
bishop in St. Giles Church. 

1639 * * The title, Earl of Carnwath, is 
created. [1640, Baron Stafford ; 1643, 
Baron Byron.] 

1640 * * The rack is abolished. 



STATE. 

1627 * * Charles exacts a forced loan to 
carry on the war with France, and im- 



prisons five persons who refuse to con- 
tribute. 

1628 Mar. 17. Parliament meets. 
[1629. Mar. 10. Dissolved.] 

June 26. Charles I., after much delay 
and opposition, assents to the Petition 
of Rights formulated by the House of 
Commons. 



that no person be imprisoned except 
specified charge, and by due process of law; 
that soldiers shall not be billeted in private 
houses; and that martial law shall not be 
executed in time of peace. 

* * Ministers: Richard, Lord Weston 
[Earl of Portland] ; Sir Thomas Coventry 
[Lord Coventry]; Henry, Earl of Man- 
chester [succeeded by the Earl of Marl- 
borough, and Viscount Conway] ; Wil- 
liam Laud, Bishop of London ; and Sir 
Albert Martin. 

* * W.I. Nevis is settled by the English. 

* * The king levies tonnage and pound- 
age, and seizes the goods of merchants 
who refuse to pay. 

* *Liverpool Is separated from the 
duchy of Lancaster. 

1629 Jan. 20\ Parliament assembles. 
[Oliver Cromwell speaks in the House 
for the first time.] 

Mar. 2. H. C. Sir John Eliot reads res- 
olutions of remonstrance. 

They declare that any person introducing 
innovations in religion, or levying tonnage 
and poundage without consent of Parlia- 
ment, or paying such duties, shall be re- 
garded as an enemy to the kingdom; the 
Speaker, being forlii.idrn l.y ihc king, refuses 
to put the resolutions; he is held forcibly In 
the chair while they are being put and car- 
ried. 

Mar. 4. The Massachusetts Bay Col- 
ony is chartered (p. 31). 

Mar. 5. H. C. Sir John Eliot and 
other members are sent to prison. [1632. 
Nov. 27. Eliot dies in prison.] 

Mar. 10. The king dissolves Parlia- 
ment [and rules for 11 years "without 
a Parliament, extorting money by ille- 
gal taxation and sale of monopolies]. 



Nov. * Thomas Wentworth [Earl of 
Strafford] is privy councillor. [1632. He 
is the king's chief adviser.] 

1630 Apr.* Peace is made with France. 
[Nov. * Peace is made with Spain.] 

* * Fifteen hundred Puritans emigrate 
in 17 ships. 

1631 Oct. 24. Sir Thomas Richard- 
son is appointed chief justice. 

* * London. Postal communication is 
opened with Edinburgh, West Chester, 
Holyhead, Ireland, Plymouth, Exeter, 
and other places. 

The rates of postage are : one letter 
carried 80 miles, 2d. ; under 140 miles, 
4d. ; above that distance in England, 6d. ; 
to any part of Scotland, 8d. 

1632 * * W. Afr. An English colony is 
planted in Gambia. (?) Also in Mont- 
serrat and Antigua, West Indies. 

* * N*. Amer. Newfoundland is settled 
by the English. 

* * William Frizell and Thomas Wither- 
ings are appointed foreign postmasters. 

1633 June 18. Edinburgh. Charles 
is crowned at Holyrood. 



1634 * * Charles levies the ship-money 
impost. 

Each county is assessed for a sum neces- 
sary to provide a certain number of ships 
for the navy, and its sheriff is required to levy 
the sum on the inhabitants; the impost ex- 
cites a spirit of resistance throughout the 
country. 

* * Liverpool is rated for ship-money in 
only £20. 

1635* * Ministers: William Laud, Arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, Lord Cottington, 
the Marquis of Hamilton, the Earl of 
Dorset, Sir John Coke, and Sir Francis 
Windebank. 

Apr. 14. Sir John Brampston is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

1636 * * John Hampden refuses to pay 
the20shillings ship-iimncy .tssessed upon 
him. [1637. June 12. The judges de- 
cide that ship-money is legal,] 

* * Scot. Glasgow fully becomes a royal 
burgh. 

* * Scot. Charles tries to set aside the 
Scotch Presbyterian Church and en- 
force Episcopacy, thus causing war. 

* * The Irish Society for the colonization 
of Ulster loses its charter. [1670. Re- 
stored.] 

1639 June 18. Scot. Charles meets 
the deputies of the Covenanters at 
Dunse. 

A treaty of peace is concluded ; the 
Scotch army is to disband, and differ- 
ences are referred to Parliament and a 
general assembly. 

* * Ire. Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, 
is appointed lord lieutenant; he boasts 
of his policy and measures as *' thor- 
ough." 

1640 Apr. 13. Parliament meets, the 
first time for 12 years. [May 5. Dis- 
solved.] 

[It refuses to grant supplies without 
redress of grievances, it is dissolved by 
the king; it is called the " Short Par- 
liament."] 

* * Ministers : William Juxon, Bishop of 
London, Sir John Finch [Lord Finch], 
Lord Cottington, the Earl of Strafford, 
the Earl of Northumberland, the Mar- 
quis of Hamilton, Archbishop Laud, Sir 
Francis Windebank, and Sir Henry 
Vane. 

Oct. 26. The treaty of Ripon is con- 
cluded between the king and the Cove- 
nanters. 

Charles agrees to pay the Scottish army 
£850 pounds a day until a permanent 
treaty is signed. 

Nov. 3. Parliament opens. [William 
Lenthal, Speaker. This Parliament 
continues in existence for 20 years, — the 
«' Long Parliament."] 

Nov. 11. H. C. The Commons impeach 
Strafford for high treason. [Dec. 18. 
Also Archbishop Laud.] 

* * Parliament : It is enacted that no 
monopolies shall in future be created 
by royal letters patent. 

* * E.I. Madras is founded by Fran- 
cis Day of the East India Company. 

* * London. Fleet prison is allotted for 
debtors. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1631 * * Calico is first imported. 

* * Clocks and watches are in common 
use. 

1635 * * Hackney coaches are limited 
by the Star Chamber. 



884 1640, **-1645, June 14. GREAT BRITAIN 



*ARMY— NAVY. 

1641 * * Ire. Roger O'More and other 
Irish chiefs head a revolt against the 
granting to British colonists the estates 
taken from native owners. 

Oct. 23. Ire. A "rising" of the na- 
tives in Ulster attempts to expel the 
British "planters." [Newry, Carrick- 
macross, and Castle-Blayney are taken 
by the Irish.] 

1642-47 The First Civil "War. 

1642 Oct. 23. Indecisive battle of 
Edgehill, Warwickshire, is fought be- 
tween the Royalists under Charles I. 
and the Parliamentarians under the Earl 
of Essex. 

* * Volunteer forces, in aid of the Par- 
liamentarians, are raised by Oliver 
Cromwell [under whose stern disci- 
pline they become famous as the 
"Ironsides"]. 

1643 Feb. 22. Queen Henrietta, 
wife of Charles I., lands at Burlington, 
Yorkshire, with arms and troops from 
Holland. 



May 16. Battle of Stratton Hill, Corn- 
wall : the Royalists defeat the Parlia- 
mentarians under Lord Stamford. 

June 19. John Hampden is mortally 
wounded at Clmlgrove, Oxfordshire, in a 
skirmish with the Royalists under Prince 
Rupert. 

July 5. Battle of Lansdown, Somer- 
setshire : the Royalists defeat Sir Wil- 
liam Waller. 

July 27. Bristol surrenders to the 
Royalists under Prince Rupert, after an 
assault with heavy losses on both sides. 

Sept. 8. Essex relieves Sir Edward 
Massey at G loucester, which is besieged 
by the Royalists. 

Sept. 20. Indecisive battle at New- 
bury, Berkshire: the Parliamentarians 
are under the Earl of Essex, and the 
Royalists under Prince Rupert. Lord 
Falkland, a Royalist, is killed. 

Sept. * Exeter is taken by Prince Mau- 
rice for King Charles I. 

* * Sir Thomas Fairfax takes Man- 
chester. 

* * Birmingham is besieged and taken 
by Prince Rupert. 

1644 Jan. 16. Scot. A Scotch army 
crosses the Tweed to aid the Parlia- 
mentarians. 

Jan. 29. Battle of Nantwich, Chesh- 
ire : Lord Fairfax defeats the Irish Roy- 
alists under Lord Byron. 

Feb. * Charlotte, Countess of Derby, 
defends Lathom House, Lancashire, 
against the Parliamentarians. [May 
27. She is relieved by Prince Rupert.] 

Apr. * York is besieged by the English 
and Scotch Parliamentary armies under 
the Earl of Manchester, Fairfax, and 
Leslie, the Earl of Leven. [July 16. 
Taken.] 

June 26. Liverpool is taken by Prince 
Rupert. 

June 29. King Charles defeats Sir Wil- 
liam Waller at Cropredy Bridge, near 
Banbury, Oxfordshire. 



July 2. Battle of Marston Moor, near 
York. 

About 22,000 Royalists under Prince 
Rupert are totally defeated by 24,000+ 
Parliamentarians under Cromwell and 
Fairfax. 

* * Scot. The Marquis of Montrose — 
formerly with the Covenanters, but now 
on the side of King Charles — organizes 
an army of Highlanders and Irish ; he 
then raises the royal standard. 

Sept. 1. The army of Essex surrenders 
to King Charles at Lostwithiel, Corn- 
wall, Essex himself escaping in a boat to 
Plymouth. 

Scot. Montrose defeats the Covenant- 
ers under Lord Elcho at Tippermuir, 
Perthshire. 

Sept. 2. Scot. Montrose captures and 
plunders Perth. 

Sept. * Scot. On the approach of the 
Marquis of Argyll, with 40,000 men, 
Montrose retreats to Athole, Perthshire. 

Oct. * Scot. Montrose captures Fyvie 
Castle, Aberdeenshire. [During the re- 
mainder of the year he plunders and 
ravages many parts of the country.] 

Oct. 27. Battle of Newbury, Berk- 
shire : the Parliamentarians under Es- 
sex, Waller, and Manchester, defeat the 
Royalists under Charles I. 

Dec* Scot. Montrose invades and rav- 
ages Argyllshire. 

1645 Feb. 2. Scot. Montrose defeats 
Argyll at Inverlochy, Inverness-shire. 

Apr. * The Parliamentarian army is 
reorganized ; Essex and other leaders 
resign their commissions, and Lord 
Fairfax is appointed commander, with 
Cromwell as lieutenant-general. 

May 4. Scot. Montrose defeats the 
Covenanters at Auldearn, near Nairn. 

June 14. Decisive battle of Naseby, 
Northamptonshire. 

The Royalists under Charles and 
Prince Rupert are totally defeated by 
the Parliamentarians under Fairfax and 
Cromwell. Each side has about 11,000 
men ; Cromwell's cavalry decide the 
struggle. The Royalists lose 5,000± pris- 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1641 Dec. 9. London. Van Dyck dies, 

and is buried in St. Paul's Cathedral. 

* * London. The pendulum is con- 
structed by Richard Harris, a clock- 
maker, and the younger Galileo. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1640* * Alexander, William, Earl of Stir- 
ling, poet, statesman, Scotland, dies. 

Dekker, Thomas, dramatist, A65+. 

Massinger, Philip, dramatist, A56. 

Shadwell, Thomas, poet, born. 

Tradescant, John, Inivrler, naturalist, dies. 

"Wharton, Marquis of, Thomas, statesman, h. 

Wycherlv, William, poet, dramatist, born. 

1641 May 12. Strafford, Earl of, 

Thomas Went worth, statesman, A48. 

Horrox, or Horroeks, Jeremiah, astro., A22 + . 

Sherlock, William, cl., religious writer, born. 

Spelman, Sir Henrv, historian, antiq., A79. 
1643 * * Behn, Aphra, novelist, dramatist, b. 

Hicks, George, non-juring cl., author, born. 

Holt. Sir John, jurist, born. 

Newton, Sir Isaac, mathematician, scien- 
tist, greatest of natural philosophers, born. 

Sunderland, second Earl of, Robert Spen- 
cer, statesman, born. 

Tyrrell, James, historian, born. 



1643 June 24. Hampden, John, states- 

Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo- 
rian, writer, Scotland, born. 

Cary, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, classicaL 
scholar, author, A33. 

Graham, John. Viscount of Dundee, Scot.,b. 

Greville, Robert, parliamentary gen., A35. 

Guy, Thomas, phdanlhmpist, born. 

Pym, John, statesman, A 59. 

sirvpe, John, clergyman, biographer, born.. 

1644 Oct. 14. Penn, "William, Quaker,, 
founder of Pennsylvania, statesman, born. 

Boyle, Richard, Earl of Cork, statesman, A78> 
Chilling-worth. "William, theol. au., A42. 
Gascoigne, Wm., inv. of micrometer, A32±.. 
Quarles, Francis, poet, A52. 
Sandys, George, poet, A67. 



CHURCH. 

1641 Oct. 23. Ire. The Catholics ini 
Ulster uprise on St. Ignatius's day and 
massacre 40,000 Protestants in order 
to expel the English. 

* * A version of the Bible by Francis- 
Rous, provost of Eton, is first published. 
[1646. Parliament orders its use in the- 
churches.] 

1642 * * The Puritans become divided. 
into two parties, the Presbyterians and 
the Independents. 

* * Thomas Hobbs advocates material- 
ism. 

1643 May 5. Parliament orders the 
Book of Sports to be burned by the 
hangman. 

July 1. London. The "Westminster 
Assembly. 

It is convoked by Parliament and com- 
prises 18 clergymen and 18 laymen, to 
consider the liturgy, government, and 
doctrines of the church. 

[The Scotch Covenant is adopted, and 
the Directory for public worship, con- 
fession, and catechism, now used by the 
Church of Scotland are drawn up. It 
continues for six years.] 

Aug;. 17. Scot. The General Assembly 
of the Church of Scotland approves The 
Solemn League and Covenant. 

It is also ratified by the Convention of es- 
tates. [Sept. 25. It is accepted and sub- 
scribed by the English Parliament and the 
Westminster Assembly.] -It is a compact 
binding the united kingdoms to mutual aid 
in the extirpation of " popery " and prelacy, 
and for the preservation of true religion and 
liberty. 

1644 Dec. * The Common Prayer is 
voted out of doors by Parliament, and 
the Directory of Worship is set up in its 
place. 



1645 Jan. 3. The liturgy of the 

Church of England is abolished by ordi- 

Jan. 10. Archbishop Laud, a supporter 
of the king, is martyred on the petty 
ground that cumulative infractions con- 
stitute treason. 

LETTERS. 

1640 * * Poems, by Thomas Carew, ap- 
pears. 

1641 Nov. * London. Diurnal Occur- 
ences, or the Heads of several Proceed- 
ings in both Houses' of Parliament is 
issued, its earliest authentic report. 

* * Of Preformation touching Church Dis- 
cipline in England, by John Milton,, 



AND IRELAND. 



1640, * *-1645, June 14. 



appears. [1612, The Reason of Church 
Government urged against Prelacy.] 
1641-1705 John Evelyn writes his 
Diary. 

1642 Aug. 22. The London Gazette is 
issued. 

* * De Give, by Thomas Hobbes, appears. 
[1650, Human Nature, or the funda- 
mental Elements of Policy.] 

* * The Holy State and the Profane State, 
by Thomas Fuller, appears. 

1643 * * Parliament passes acts repress- 
ing "disorders in printing." [Also 
in 1649.] 

Aug. 22. London. Mercurius Britanni- 
cus, is issued by Marcbmont Needhain. 
[1647, He issues Mercurius Pragmaticus.] 

Sept. 7. The Scotch Intelligence is is- 
sued. 

* * Mercurius Aulicus is issued. 

* * Ire. Ireland's True Diurnal is issued. 

* * lieligio Medici, by Sir Thomas Browne, 
appears. [165S, Hydriotaphia.] 

* * Cooper's Hill, by Sir John Denham, 
appears. 

* * Mundus Alter et Idem, by Joseph Hall, 
appears. 

1.644 * * Areopagitica ; or, a Speechfor the 
Liberty of Unlicensed Printing, by John 
Milton, appears. [1649, Eikonoklastes ; 
1650, Pro Populo Anglicano Defensio ; 
1654, Defensia Secunda.] 

* * Poems, by Edmund "Waller, appears. 

* * Ire. Mercurius Hiberuicus is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1641 Feb. 13. Judges are threatened 
with impeachment, and Berkeley is 
taken off the bench and committed by 
the Commons, on a charge of treason. 

* * Edinburgh. EZing Charles visits the 
city. 

■* * Scot. The title, Earl of Leven and Mel- 
ville (1690), is created ; also Viscount of 
Arbuthnot. [1643, Duke of Hamilton, 
Earl of Dysart,and Baron Elibank ; 1647, 
Earl of Northesk, and Baron Belhaven 
and Stenton; 1651, Earl of Balcarres, 
Baron Ilollo, and Baron Kuthven.] 

1642 * * Parliament forbids dramatic 
r epres entations . 

STATE. 

1640 * * Sir John Finch is appointed 
Lord High Chancellor. 

* * Edinburgh. The Parliament House 
is finished. 

1641 * * Viscount Falkland and Lord 
Digby are administrators. 

* * The struggle between the king and 
Parliament begins. 

Feb. 15. Parliament: The Triennial 

Act is passed, providing for meetings of 
Parliament every three years, without 
summons by the king. 

Mar. 22. Parliament: The trial of 
Wentworth, Earl of Strafford, on 
impeachment commences. [The im- 
peachment is dropped, and a bill of at- 
tainder introduced in Parliament. Apr. 
21-29. The bill passes both houses. May 
12. He is executed.] 

Mar.* Parliament : A bill for the aboli- 
tion of Episcopacy is introduced; it is 
called the " root and branch bill." 

May 10. The king reluctantly gives his 
assent to the bill of attainder against 
Strafford, and to another prohibiting the 
dissolving or proroguing of the present 
.Parliament without its own consent. 



May 18. Sir Edward Littleton is ap- 
pointed lord keeper. 

June * H. L. A bill disqualifying cler- 
gymen to hold civil office is rejected. 

July * Parliament: The Star Chamber 
Court and the High Commission are 
abolished. 

Aug. * A treaty of pacification is con- 
cluded with Scotland. 

Sept. 8. Parliament adjourns after 
each House has appointed a committee 
to sit during the recess. 

Oct. 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks 
out in Ulster under Roger O'Moore and 
Phelim O'Neill. 

Oct. * Scot. The Marquis of Montrose 
plots to seize the Duke of Argyll, the 
leader of the Presbyterians ; Charles is 
suspected of complicity, and makes a 
favorable treaty with Argyll. 

Nov. * Greatindignation prevailsbecause 
of a reported massacre of Protestants 
in Ireland ; but Parliament is reluctant 
to trust Charles with an army. 

Dec. 1. The Grand Remonstrance is 
presented to the king by the House of 
Commons ; it recites the grievances of 
the people and the king's oppressive acts. 

Dec. 28. London. Several bishops, 
who protest against Acts of Parliament 
passed while they are deprived of votes, 
are committed to the Tower. 

* * The adherents of the Parliament are 
called Roundheads, from having their 
hair closely cut ; the adherents of the 
king are called Cavaliers. 

1642 Jan. 3. H. C. The king im- 
peaches members of Parliament. 

He accuses Lord Kimbolton, Pym, 
Hampden, Haselrig, Holies, and Stroud 
of treasonable correspondence with the 
Scots in the late war; the Commons 
refuse to order their arrest. 

Jan. 4. H. C. The king attempts to 
arrest the five members. 

He visits the House of Commons with 
500 troops, but the accused are not found. 
The Commons withdraw and form a 
committee at Guildhall, guarded by citl- 

1642-46 The Civil "War ; the great re- 
bellion. 

Jan. 10. London. Charles leaves the 
city, and the rive members return in tri- 
umph to Westminster. 

Jan. 12. A Royalist rising takes 
place at Kingston under Lord Digby and 
Colonel Lunsford. 

Buckinghamshire freeholders, to the 
number of 4,000, arrive and offer their 
services to Parliament. 
The king signs the bill excluding the 



the House of Lords, but 
refuses to sign the bill giving to Parlia- 
ment the command of the militia. 

Mar. * Charles retires to York. 

Apr. 23. The king appears before 
Hull with a body of horse, but is de- 
nied admission. 

Apr. * Charles is joined by 32 peers and 
65 members of the Commons ; Parlia- 
ment is divided, and the king has the 
great seal. 

May * Parliament ceases to pass bills, 
and passes ordinances. 

May 5. Parliament passes an ordinance 
giving to itself the control of the mi- 
litia. 



June 2. Parliament submits 19 prop- 
ositions to the king, which he angrily 
rejects. 

Parliament requires tlie king's assent to 
the militia bill ; the control of fortified 
places ; the reformation of the liturgy and 
of church government; power to dismiss 
ministers ;iml appoint ^nanlians of the king's 
children, and to exclude from the House of 
Lords peers in future created. 

July * Parliament appoints a committee 
of public safety. [Sept. 2. It passes 
an ordinance closing the theaters.] 

Oct. 23. Ire. Irish independence is 
assumed by an assembly of Confederate 
Catholics at Kilkenny; 11 bishops, 14 
peers, and 226 English and Irish ooin- 
moners present. 

1643 Feb. * -Apr. * Negotiations for 
peace are renewed, and fail. 

June * -July * The plot of Edmund 
Waller, the poet, against the Parlia- 
mentarians is detected and punished ; 
he is permitted to emigrate. 

Sept. 25. The Solemn League and 
Covenant is signed by 25 peers and 288 
members of the Commons. 

It adopts the Protestant religion, and 
agrees to establish church uniformity in 
England, Scotland, and Ireland; nearly 
2,000 beneficed clergymen refuse to sign 
it, and are deprived of their livings. 

Sept.* Charles alienates friends by 
making peace with Irish insurgents, and 
enlisting them in his army. 

* * An enlarged post-office is erected by 
order of Parliament. 

Dec. 8. John Pym, the popular leader 
of the Parliamentary party, dies. 

* * Ire. The Marquis of Ormonde is 
appointed governor. 

* * Sir Robert Heath is chief justice by 
patent. [1642. Appointed.] 

* * London. The excise system is estab- 
lished by Parliament ; duties are levied 
on wines, beer, and tobacco. 

1644 Jan. 22. The king convenes his 
Parliament at Oxford. 

Feb. 15. A committee of the two king- 
doms is appointed to follow Pym's 
plans in the conduct of the war. 

Mar. 12. Archbishop Laud is tried for 
treason. [1645. Jan. 10. Beheaded.] 

Mar. 26. Parliament enjoins upon every 
family to contribute to the kingdom the 
value of one meal per week. 

July * By the victory at Marston Moor 
Parliament acquires supremacy over 
the northern counties, the king retain- 
ing those in the west. 

Oct. 24. Parliament orders that no 
quarter is to be given any "Irish Pa- 
pist" in arms for the king. 

* * A naval pay office is organized. (?) 

1645 Jan. 30. Royalist and Parlia- 
mentarian commissioners meet at Ux- 
bridge, Middlesex, to consider propos- 
als of peace. [Feb. 22. Charles rejects 
the proposals of Parliament; the com- 
missioners separate without agreement.] 

Mar. 24. Parliament votes for the omis- 
sion of the clause for the preservation 
of his majesty's person from Sir John 
Fairfax's commission. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1641 * * Coffee is introduced by Na- 
thaniel Canopus, a Cretan. 



1645, June 17-1650,**. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1645 June 17. Leicester city surren- 
ders to the Parliamentarian army under 
Fairfax. [June 28. Carlisle, Cumber- 
land, surrenders to the Parliamentari- 
ans.] 

July 2. Scot. Montrose defeats the Cov- 
enanters under Baillie at Alford, Aber- 
deenshire. 

July 23. Bridgewater, Somersetshire, 
is surrendered to the Parliamentarians. 

Aug. 15. Scot. Battle of Kilsyth, Stir- 
lingshire : the Parliamentarians under 
Baillie are defeated by Montrose with 
heavy loss. 

Sept. 11. Bristol is surrendered to 
Fairfax and Cromwell by Prince Rupert. 

Sept. 13. Scot. Battle of Philip- 
haugh, near Selkirk. 

The Covenanters under David Leslie, 
totally defeat the Royalists under Mont- 
rose. 

Sept. 24. King Charles is defeated 
by the Parliamentarians under Pointz 
and Jones at Chester. 

* * Devizes, in Wiltshire, and "Win- 
chester, in Hampshire, surrender to 
Cromwell. He takes Berkeley Castle, 
Gloucestershire, and Basinghouse Cas- 
tle, Hampshire, by storm. 

1646 Jan. 18. Dartmoor, Devon- 
shire, is taken by Fairfax. 

Feb. 19. The Royalists, 8,000 strong, un- 
der Sir Ralph Hopton are defeated by 
Fairfax at Torrington, Devonshire. 

* * Fairfax defeats the Royalists at 
Truro, Cornwall, and takes Exeter, 
Devonshire. 

May 5. Charles I. surrenders himself 
to the Scotch generals at Newark, Not- 
tinghamshire. 

June 5. Ire. Battle of Benburb, Ty- 
rone. Owen Hoe O'Neill defeats the 
English under Monroe. 

June 24. Oxford surrenders to Fair- 
fax. 

1647 Feb. 22. Dublin. The Marquis 
of Ormonde surrenders the city to the 
Parliamentarians. 

June 16. The army, through Gens. 
Henry Ireton and John Lambert, de- 
mands the impeachment of 11 mem- 
bers of the House of Commons, including 
the chief Presbyterian leaders, Denzil 
Holies, Glyn, Sir "William Waller, Sta- 
pleton, and Clotworthy. 

[June 25. The army marches towards 
London. June 26. The 31 obnoxious 
members retire from Parliament, and 
the army falls back to headquarters at 
Reading. Aug. 6. London submits to 
the army under Fairfax.] 

Aug. 8. Ire. Battle of Dungan Hill, 
Meath. 

The Irish Royalists under Preston are 
defeated by the Parliamentarians under 
Gen. Jones. 

1648-50 Second Civil War. 

1648 Apr. 28. The Scots, under the 
Duke of Hamilton, make an invasion. 



Aug. 17. Battle of Preston, Lanca- 
shire : Cromwell defeats the Scots un- 
der the Duke of Hamilton. 

Aug. 20. The Duke of Hamilton sur- 
renders to the English Gen. Lambert at 
Uttoxeter, Staffordshire. 

Aug. 27. Colchester, Essex, surrenders 
to Fairfax, after a siege of two months. 

Sept. 20. Scot. Cromwell enters the 
country [and is welcomed in Edinburgh]. 

1649 Aug. 2. Dublin. Gen. Jones, 
besieged by the Irish Royalists under 
the Marquis of Ormonde, sallies forth 
and defeats the besiegers at Rathmines. 

Aug. 15. Dublin. Cromwell arrives 
with 9,000 foot and 400 horse. 

Sept. 11, 12. Ire. Cromwell storms 
and takes Drogheda, and massacres 
the governor, Sir A. Aston, and the gar- 
rison of 3,000 men. 

Oct. 12. Ire. Cromwell takes "Wex- 
ford, and massacres 2,000 of the inhabi- 
tants. 

* * Ire. The Royalist garrisons of 
Cork, Youghal, Bandon, and Kinsale 
declare for the Parliament. 

1650 Mar. 28. Ire. Kilkenny, after 
a siege, surrenders to Cromwell. [May 
10. Clonmel surrenders.] 

Apr. 27. Scot. Montrose is defeated 
and captured at Corbiesdale, Caith- 
ness. [May 21. He is hanged in Edin- 
burgh.] 

May 29. Ire. Cromwell sails from 
Youghal for England. 

June 23. Scot. Charles U. lands in 

Scotland. 
Sept. 3. Scot. Cromwell defeats the 

Scots under David Leslie at Dunbar; 

Scotch loss, 4,000 killed, 10,000 taken 

prisoners. 
Dec. 24. Edinburgh Castle surrenders 

to Cromwell. [1651. Perth surrenders.] 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1645 * * London. The first meetings of 
the Royal Society are held. 

1648 * * Prince Rupert invents mezzo- 
tint, a peculiar manner of engraving 
figures on copper. [1662. Improved by 
Sir Christopher Wren.] 

1650 * * A railroad with wooden rails is 
built near Newcastle. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1645 Laud, William, archbishop of Can- 
terbury, statesman, A71. 
1646* * Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard, 
statesman, A54. 
Essex, Earl of. Robert Devereux, parlia- 
mentary general, A54. 
Flamsteed, .John, astronomer, born. 
Riley, .John, portrait painter, born. 
1647* * AMrifh, Henry, theol., logician, l>. 

Rochester. Earl of. .John Wilmot, states., b. 
1648* * Barclay, Robert, Quaker, religious 
writer, Scotland, born. 
Dartmouth, George Lesjtre, 1st Lord, adm.,b. 
Gibbons, (Innling, sculptor, born. 
Jeffreys, Lord Georg-e, jurist, states., b. 
Prideaux, Humphrey, dean, historian, born. 

1649 Jan. 30. Charles I., King, A4K 
Carstares, Wm., chaplain to William ITT. b. 
Claridge, Richard, (.maker preacher, horn. 
Drummond, William, of IIawthornden,poet, 

Scotland, A64. 
Johnson, Samuel, clergyman, author, born. 
Monmouth, Duke of. .James Scott, natural 

son of Charles II., born. 
Sheffield, John, I>uke of Buckinghamshire, 

poet, statesman, horn. 
Tyson, Edward, anatomist, born. 



CHURCH. 

1645 Aug. 30. Parliament orders a 
fast to invoke a blessing on Scotland 
and the abatement of the plague. 

* * Ranters, zealous religionists, appear. 

* * Scot. The General Assembly again 
ratify the Solemn League and. Cove- 
nant, together with the Directory of 
Worship. 

± * * Fifth-Monarchy Men arise. 

They suppose the period of the millennium 
to he just at hand, when Jesus Christ shall 
descend from heaven, and erect the fifth 
universal monarchy. They proceed to elect 
him king at London. 

1646 Apr. 3. Presbyterianism is es- 
tablished by Parliament, with conces- 
sions to the Independents. 

Oct. 9. The whole order of bishops is 
abolished by Act of Parliament. 

± * * The Friends or Quakers first ap- 
pear. 

George Fox, 22 years of age, George Keith, 
William Penn, and Robert Barclay of Ury, 
and others are leaders. Fox rejects all reli- 
gious ordiuances, explains away the com- 
mands relative to baptism, discards the ordi- 
nary names of days and months, and uses thee 
and thou as more harmonious with truth. 

* * The Independents appear as advo- 
cates of religious liberty. 

* * The Parliament is Presbyterian and 
the army chiefly Independents ; the 
latter favor toleration. 

1647 * * A proclamation is issued against 
the Book of Common Prayer. 

* * The "Westminster Confession is 
adopted by the Presbyterian Church of 
Scotland. 

* * George Fox traverses England on 
foot, preaching, at his own cost ; his 
disciples are called Seekers. 

1649 July 27. A missionary movement 
is incorporated by Parliament. 

A corporation for the promoting and 
propagating the Gospel of Jesus Cbrist 
in New England is authorized for work 
among the Indians. It is influenced by 
the example and success of John Eliot. 

* * The Episcopal Church is suppressed^ 
and the clergy driven off ; using the 
prayer-book is declared to be a crime. 

1650* *The Seventh- day Baptists 
form an organization. 

* * The Friends are reproachfully called 
Quakers. 

Justice Bennet of Derby gives them 
the name because George Fox admon- 
ished him to quake at the Word of the 
Lord. 

LETTERS. 

1646 * * Steps to the Temple, by Richard 
Crashaw, appears. 

1647 * * Liberty of Prophesying, by Jer- 
emy Taylor, appears. [Later, Holy Liv- 
ing and Holy Dying.'] 

* * The Mistress, by Abraham Cowley, 
appears. [1656, Pindaric Odes.] 

1648 * * Psyche, or Love's Mystery, by J. 
Beaumont, appears. 

* * Noble Numbers and Hesperides, by 
Robert Herrick, appear. [Later, Cherry 
Ripe, To Blossoms, To Daffodils, ami 
Gather Rosebuds While You May.] 

1649 * * Lucasta, To Altheafrom Prison. 
and other songs, by Sir Richard Love- 
lace, appear. 

* * The Saint's Everlasting Rest, by Rich- 
ard Baxter, appears. [1657, A Call to 
the Unconverted.'] 



AND IRELAND. 1645, June 17-1650, 



1650 * * Scot. Francis Rous's 
tlie Bible appears. 

* *Dr. "Wallis publishes a work on the 
instruction of deaf mutes. 

SOCIETY. 

1645-47 Matthew Hopkins, the" witch- 
finder, " causes the judicial murder of 
about 100 persons in Essex, Norfolk, and 
Suffolk. 

1648 * * The Puritans describe actors as 
rogues, and order every theater to be de- 
stroyed. 

STATE. 

1645 Aug. 30. Sir Richard Lane is lord 
keeper of the seal. 

1646 * * Dissensions occur in Parliament 
between the Presbyterians and a new 
sect called Independents. 

Apr. 3. Parliament : The Self-deny- 
ing Ordinance is passed ; it prevents 
members of either House from holding 
offices of command in the army. [1647. 
Reenacted.] 

May 5. Charles surrenders to the 
Scottish army at Newark. 

July 24. Charles rejects the terms 
submitted to him at Newcastle. 

It is proposed that Parliament have 
control of the militia for 20 years ; and 
that the king subscribe to the Covenant 
and support the Presbyterian Church. 

* * The great seal is in the hands of com- 
missioners. 

1647 Jan. 30. The Scots, far £400,000, 
surrender Charles to a commission 
from Parliament ; he is taken to Holmby 
House, Northamptonshire. 

* * There is strife between the army and 
Parliament. 

The commission vote for the disband- 
ing of the troops, except those needed 
for garrisons or duty in Ireland ; the 
army refuses to disband till its back pay 
is received. 

May 12. Charles agrees to accept, 
with modifications, the propositions of 
Parliament. 

June. 4. Charles is removed from 
Holmby House to the army by Col. 
Joyce. 

Oliver Cromwell flees to the army 
at Triploe Heath to escape his Presby- 
terian enemies in Parliament. [The 
army takes an oath not to disband until 
liberty of conscience is secured ; it ap- 
points a council of adjudicators.] 

June 10. The army of St. Albans peti- 
tions Parliament on the subject of ar- 
rears and the service in Ireland. 

June 16. The army demands that 11 
members obnoxious to it be expelled 
from Parliament. (See Army.) 

July 24. The army makes proposals to 
the king, which he rejects. 

It proposes that religious worship be free; 
that Parliament have military control for 10 
years, and the power to appoint officers of 
state; that I'aiiiairifiii meet triennially; and 
that the House of Commons be reformed. 

July 26. Apprentices assault mem- 
bers of the House of Commons for 
changing commanders of the London 
militia : for safety two Speakers, 14 lords, 
and 100 commoners flee to the army. 



Aug. 6. The army conveys the refugee 
members of Parliament to London and 
restores them to their places ; Charles 
is removed to Hampton Court. 

Sept 7. Parliament submits to the king 
a modification of the 19 propositions ; 
he rejects it. 

Nov. 11. Charles escapes from Hamp- 
ton Court to the Isle of Wight; he is 
detained at Carisbrooke Castle by the 
governor. 

Dec. 24. Parliament submits the "Four 
Bills" to the king. [He rejects them.] 
They provide that Parliament command 
the army for 20 years; that the king recall 
all proclamations and declarations against 
Parliament; that all peers created since the 
great seal was sent to the kirn; be prohibited 
from sitting in tlie House ; ami that the House 
adjourn at their own pleasure. 

Dec. 26. Charles signs a secret treaty 
with the Scots called "the engage- 
ment." 

He agrees to abolish Episcopacy, and 
restore Presbyterianism ; they agree to 
restore him by force to the throne. 

* * Ire. Philip de Lisle is appointed 
governor. 

1648 Jan. 15. Parliament renounces 
allegiance to Charles, and resolves to 
sever communication with him. 

* * The Second Civil "War ; Scotland is 
against England; Royalists against 
Roundheads ; Presbyterians against In- 
dependents. 

Mar. * A council of army officers re- 
solves that the king be put on trial. 

Apr. 24. Parliament : By a reaction 
of Bentiment the Presbyterians regain 
control; they incline to conciliation 
with the king. 

May 2. Parliament: An ordinance is 
passed suppressing blasphemies and 
heresies; it is designed against Inde- 
pendents, especially their leaders, Crom- 
well, Ireton, and others. 

July* Parliament: A resolution is 
passed to open negotiations with the 
king. [Sept. 18. -Nov. 29. Negotiations 
are concluded at Newport between 
Charles and its representatives.] 

Aug. 14. H. C. Holies, a leading Pres- 
byterian, resumes his seat after being 
driven out by the army. 

Nov. 15. Henry Eolle is appointed 
chief justice. 

Nov. 16. A strong remonstrance is 
made by the army against reconcilia- 
tion with the king. [Nov. 30. Parlia- 
ment refuses to consider it.] 

Dec. 1. The king is seized and taken 
to Hurst Castle by the army. 

Dec. 5. Parliament approves the king's 
proposals in the Treaty of Newport as 
the basis of an agreement; the army 
is indignant, and it proceeds to take con- 
trol of the government. 

Dee. 6. Col. Pride, hy the direction of 
Cromwell, coerces Parliament with 
military force. 

He surrounds the house with troops, 
orders 160 members of the Commons 
home, seizes 41 who are favorable to 
reconciliation with the king, imprisons 
them in a low tavern known as " hell," 
and permits only 60 Independents to 
enter the house. These are called the 



"Rump Parliament," and the act of 

exclusion is known as "Pride's 

Purge." 
Dec. 13. The Rump Parliament cancels 

the motion to proceed with the Treaty 

of Newport, and it votes to bring the 

king to trial. 
Dee. 23. The king is taken under guard 

to Windsor. 

* * Ire. The Marquis of Ormonde is 
appointed lord lieutenant. 

1649 Jan. 1. H. C. A court of 135 
members is appointed by ordinance for 
the trial of the king. 

Jan. 2. H. L. The Common's ordinance 
for the king's trial is rejected ; the 
Commons vote that the king has been 
guilty of treason in making war on Par- 
liament. 

Jan. 4. H. C. The Commons resolve 
that, as representatives of the people, 
they are the sole law-making power. 

Jan. 6. H. C. The Commons declare 
the ordinance for the king's trial to be 
law without the approval of the House 
of Lords. 

Jan. 20. The army draws up a form of 
government. 

Jan. 20-27. London. Charles I. is 
tried before the High Court of Justice 
in Westminster Hall, John Bradshaw 
presiding, and 67 members present ; the 
king makes no defense, but denies the 
jurisdiction of the court. 

Jan. 27. Charles I. is condemned to 
death. [Jan, 30. He is beheaded at 
Whitehall.] 

1649-60 The Revolution ends in the 
commencement of the Common- 
wealth. 

Feb. 5. Edinburgh. Charles H., son 
of Charles I., is proclaimed king. 

Feb. 6, 7. The Rump Parliament passes 
resolutions abolishing monarchy, and 
the House of Lords. 

* * London. A Council of State is formed 
of three chief judges, three commanders 
of the army, five peers, and 30 members 
of the Commons ; John Bradshaw is 
president. 

Mar. 15. John Milton (poet) is ap- 
pointed Latin Secretary to the Council 
of State. 

Apr. 25. The House of Lords meets 
again. 

Apr. 27. Loekyer, leader of the Level- 
ers, is shot by order of Government. 

May 30. London. The Common- 
wealth is proclaimed. 

Aug. 13. Cromwell embarks for Ireland 
to suppress a Royalist insurrection un- 
der the Marquis of Ormonde. 



1650 May 21. Edinburgh. The Mar- 
quis of Montrose is executed, after 
being defeated by the Covenanters. 

June 24. Scot. Charles H., having 
agreed to the Covenant, is proclaimed 
king. [1651. Jan. 1. He is crowned at 
Scone.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1649 Jan. 4. London. Sixty houses in 
Tower Street are destroyed by an ex- 
plosion; a child in its cradle lands un- 
hurt on the roof of Barking Church. 



1650,* *-1659, Dec. 26. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — KAVY. 

1651 July* Scot. Charles H., with 
16,000 men, invades England. 

Sept. 3. Charles II. is defeated at "Wor- 
cester hy Cromwell. [He escapes to 
France.] 

1652 May * Ire. The subjugation of 
the country is completed. [Three of its 
provinces are occupied by English colo- 
nists.] 

May 19. Naval battle in the Downs : 
Adm. Robert Blake defeats the Dutch 
under Adm . Van Tromp. [War between 
Holland and England follows.] 

1652-54 "War with Holland over navi- 
gation laws. 

Sept. 28. Adm. Robert Blake defeats 
Cornelius De Witt and Adm. De Ruyter 
in a naval battle in the Channel. 

Nov. 30. Naval battle in the Downs. 

Adm. Van Tromp defeats Adm. 

Robert Blake, and sails the Channel 

with a broom at his masthead, to show 

that he had swept the seas. 

* * The walls and fortifications of Man- 
chester are razed. 

1653 Feb. 18-20. Adm. Van Tromp 
is defeated by Adm. Robert Blake off 
Portland, after a hard struggle. [June 
2, 3. Again off North Foreland.] 

July 31. Neth. Naval battle off the 
Texel, at the mouth of the Zuyder Zee. 
Van Tromp is defeated and killed 
by the English under Gen. George Monk . 
[Rewards and medals are granted by the 
House of Commons to the victors.] 

1655 Mar. *-Apr. * Admiral Robert 
Blake punishes pirates in the Medi- 
terranean, and bombards Algiers. 

May 10. W. I. Jamaica is captured 
by the English under Adms. Penn and 
V enables. 

1656-59 "War with Spain is caused by 
English aggression on the sea. 

1656 Sept. 9. One of Admiral Blake's 
captains captures two Spanish treas- 
ure-ships of great value, off Cadiz. 

Oct. * London. Parliament reduces the 
authority of major-generals. 

* * Belg. Charles II. first raises the 
Boyal Regiment of Guards in Flan- 
ders, with Lord John Wentworth as 
colonel. 

1657 Apr. 20. Blake destroys a Span- 
ish fleet off Santa Cruz, Canary Isles. 

1658 May * Fr. Dunkirk is besieged 
by the English and French under Mar- 
shal Turenne. 

June 4. (o.s.) Fr. Battle of the Dunes, 
near Dunkirk : The English and French 
under Marshal Turenne defeat the Span- 
iards under Conde\ 

June 17±. Fr. Dunkirk capitulates. 
[It is given to the English. Ypres and 
other Flemish towns also submit.] 

1659 Aug. * A Royalist insurrection 
in Cheshire, led by Sir George Booth, 
is crushed at Winnlngton Bridge by the 
army under John Lambert. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1656 * * London. Mrs. Colman appears 
in The Siege of Rhodes at Rutland House 
in the character of Ianthe; the first 
female to take a part in a public musi- 
cal or dramatic performance in Eng- 
land. 



1657-59 Dr. Robert Hooke claims to 
discover the method of regulating the 
movement of watches by means of a 
balance-wheel. 

1658 Sept. 3. A hurricane prevails 
throughout Europe, doing very consid- 



* * The Thames ebbs and flows twice in 
three hours. 

* * Pocket "watches are first made. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1650 June 24. Marlborough, Duke of, 
John Churchill, general, statesman, b. 

Benbow, John, admiral, born. 

Collier, Jeremy, clergyman, critic, au., b. 

Crashaw. Ifichard. clergyman, poet, A44. 

Fletcher, Phineas, poet, A68. 

Gwyn, Eleanor, actor, mistress, born. 

Hauksbee, or llawkshee, Francis, phy., b. 

Heywood, Thomas, dramatist, dies. 

Montrose, Marquis of, .lames Graham, gen- 
eral, Scotland, A38. 

Rooke, Sir George, admiral, born. 

Shovel, Sir t'loudesley, admiral, born. 
1651* * Ireton, Henry, general, A41. 

Otway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, born. 

Webster, John, poet, dramatist, dies. 
1652 * * Dampier, William, navigator, born. 

Jones, Inigo, architect, A80. 

Tate, Nahum, poet, born. 

Pitcairne, Archibald, phys., au., Scot.,b. 



cal writer, Scotland, born. 
Oldham, John, satirical poet, born. 
1654* * Blount, Charles, deistical writer, b. 
Selden, John, scholar, antiquary, au., A72. 
Sewel, William, Quaker historian, born. 
Taylor, John, poet, A74. 
1656* * Fleetwood, William, bishop of Ely, 
orator, born. 
Hall, Joseph, bishop of Exeter, au., A82. 
Halley, Edmund, astronomer, math., born. 
Molyneaux, William, mathematician, born. 
Usher, James, archbishop of Armagh, 
scholar, historian, ehronologist, Ire., A76. 
1657 * * Blake, Robert, admiral, A58. 
Dennis, John, poet, critic, born. 
Derliam, William, el., natural phil., born. 
Fen wick, George, administrator, dies. 
Harvey, "William, physician, discoverer of 

circulation of blood, A79. 
Lee, Nathaniel, dramatist, born. 
Lindal, Matthew, theological writer, born. 
1658* * Cromwell. Oliver, protector, gen- 
eral, statesman, A59. 
Lovelace, Kidiard, poet, A40. 
Patterson. William, fdr. Bank of Eng., b. 
Peterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt, 

general, admiral, statesman, born. 
Purcell, Henry, musical composer, born. 



CHURCH. 

1650 * * The Muggletonians become 
prominent. 

They follow the teachings of Ludowick 
Mujigleton, a tailor, asserting that God 
the Father suffered death in human 
form on the cross, and that Muggleton 
and John Reeve were the last witnesses 
of God before the end of the world. 

± * * The term Reverend as an honorary 
appellation is first given to the clergy. 

* * Baptist churches begin to form asso- 
ciations, they being the most numerous 
of all Dissenters. 

1652 * * Jews are readmitted into Eng- 
land by Cromwell, after being excluded 
for 365 years. 

1653 July 25. Scot. The General 
Assembly of the Scottish Church, con- 
vened at Edinburgh, is dismissed by Cot- 
terel under the laws forbidding that as 
many as three of them be seen together. 

* * John Bunyan is converted, and the 
burden of his sins is gone; he becomes 
a Baptist. [1657. He begins to preach.] 

1654 June 23. South wick, a Catholic 
clergyman in his 72d year, is executed. 



1655 Oct. 19. Scot. The kirk refuses 
to observe the fast appointed by Crom- 
well — the civil power ; it is alleged that 
only the kirk can make such appoint- 
ments. 

* * Oliver Cromwell, by threats, obtains 
some degree of toleration for the perse- 
cuted Waldenses in France. 

* * London. The festival of the Sons of 
the Clergy [held annually at St. Paul's 
Cathedral] is instituted as a charity. 
[167S. July 1. Incorporated.] 

* * Anglican clergymen are forbidden 
to officiate as preachers or teachers ; 
priests are ordered to leave the king- 
dom. 

* * It. Alexander VII. is elected pope. 

1656 * * London. The first Portuguese 
synagogue is erected in King Street, 
Duke's Place. 

1658* * London. The Independents pub- 
lish an epitome of their faith drawn 
up at a conference at the Savoy. 



LETTERS. 
1651* * The Leviatkan,hy Thomas 
Hobbes, appears. [1654, Of Liberty and 
Necessity.} 

* * Reliquiae Wottonianm, by Sir Henry 
Wotton, is published by Izaak Walton. 

* * Gondibert, hy Sir William Davenant, 
appears. 

1651-52 Richard Marvell writes his 

Garden Poems. 
1651-56 Silex Scintillans, by Henry 

Vaughan, appears. 

1652 * * Priest to the Temple, by George 
Herbert, appears. 

1653 Oct. 8. London. The Public In- 
telligence is issued. 

Oct. * Scot. Mercurius Politicus is is- 
sued at Leith. 

* * Cheetham College, or Blue-coat 
Hospital, is founded at Manchester. 

1653-55 The Complete Angler, by Izaak 
Walton, appears. 

* * Revenge for Honor, by George Chap- 
man, appears. 

1655 The censorship of the press by a 
license is established. 

* * A Panegyric to my Lord Protector of 
the Present Greatness and Joint Interest 
of His Highness and this Nation, by Ed- 
mund Waller, appears ; also, On a War 
with Spain. 

1656 * * Oceana, by James Harrington, 
appears. 

* * Church History of Britain, by Thomas 
Fuller, appears. [1662, Worthies of Eng- 
land.'] 

1657* *Durham University is 
founded. [It collapses at the Restora- 
tion.] 

1658 * * Oroonolco, by Aphra Behn, ap- 
pears. 

* * Heroic Stanzas on tke Death of Crom- 
well, by John Dryden, appears. 

1658-65 Paradise Lost is written by 
John Milton. [1667. Published.] 

SOCIETY. 

1650 * * The Jews return to England by 
permission of Cromwell, after having 
been banished 365 years. 

* * The first coffee-house known in 
England is kept by a Jew, named Ja- 
cobs, in Oxford. 

1652 Apr. 29. General alarm prevails 
because of an eclipse of the sun. 



AND IRELAND. 



1650, * *-1659, Dec. 26. 



* * London. Pasquet, a Greek servant of 
an English Turkey merchant, opens the 
first coffee-house known in the city, in 
George Yard, Lombard Street. 

1653 Aug. 24. Parliament permits 
marriages to be solemnized by justices 
of the peace. 

1654 Mar. 31. Parliament prohibits 
cock-fighting. [It is called an act of 
usurpation..] 

1655 * * An unsuccessful attempt is made 
to assassinate Cromwell by Penrud- 
dock. [1657. Jan. * Another, by Sin- 
dercombe and others.] 



STATE. 

1651 Sept.* Cromwell unites Scot- 
land with the English Commonwealth. 

Oct. 9. Parliament: The first naviga- 
tion law is passed. 

It forbids the importation of goods in 
non-English vessels, excepting vessels of 
the country producing the goods ; it is 
designed to cripple the commerce of the 
Dutch, with whom it causes war. 

1652 Feb. * London. The Act of In- 
demnity and Oblivion is passed. 

Aug. 12. Parliament: The "Act for the 
settlement of Ireland" is passed. 

It prescribes various degrees of pun- 
ishment, including death, banishment, 
and confiscation of estates, for Catholics 
and Royalists. 

* * Parliament : The " Rump " contends 
with the army, and opposes the election 
of a new Parliament unless the seats of 
present members are retained. . 

* * Parliament : Members of the Com- 
mons are bribed in connection with the 
ransom of confiscated estates by Roy- 
alists. 

1653 Apr. 6. Sir Edward Herbert is 
appointed the king's lord keeper. 

Apr. 20. Cromwell dissolves the 
Rump or the Long Parliament by the 
aid of the military, and locks the doors 
of the house ; he also dissolves the Coun- 
cil of State. 

July 4. A new Parliament, summoned 
by Cromwell, assembles. 

It has 140 members [and is called the 
Little, or Rarebone's Parliament]. 

Sept. 26. Parliament: A second "Act 
of Settlement of Ireland " is passed. 

It sets aside the confiscated estates in 
Leinster, Minister, and Ulster for Prot- 
estant colonists and supporters of 
Cromwell. [Those who have borne arms 
against the Parliament, mainly Catho- 
lics, are required to " remove and trans- 
plant " themselves into Connaught be- 
fore May, 1654.] 

Dec. 12. Parliament: The partisans 
of Cromwell surrender their powers to 
him. [The majority approve the act.] 

1653-59 The Protectorate. 

1653-58. Oliver Cromwell Lord Pro- 
tector. 

Dec. 16. Parliament: An act is passed 
declaring Oliver Cromwell lord pro- 
tector for life of the Commonwealth of 
England, Ireland, and Scotland. 

A written constitution is the " instru- 
ment of government ; " it provides for a 



council, not to exceed 21 members, or be 
less than 13 ; a standing army of 30,000 
men ; a triennial Parliament, consisting 
of 460 members, and not to be dissolved 
in less than five months, and to have the 
sole power of levying taxes and grant- 
ing supplies. 

* * The post-office is farmed to John 
Manley. 

1654 Apr. 5. Peace is concluded with 
Holland. 

Apr. 23. Fr. A proclamation is sent 

out by Charles II. against "a certain 

base mechanic fellow, by name Oliver 

Cromwell, and a usurper. (?) 
Sept. 3. Parliament opens. [1655. Jan. 

22. Dissolved.] 
Sept. 12. Parliament: The protector 

excludes members who refuse to sign 

a pledge to support him. 
In this Parliament members from 

Scotland and Ireland for the first time 

sit side by side with members from 

England. 
Oct. 13. Parliament resolves that the 

office of Protector shall be elective, not 

hereditary. 

* * The great seal is in commission [dur- 
ing the Protectorate]. 

1655 Mar. * A Royalist insurrection, 
headed by Sir Joseph Wagstaff, Lord 
Wilmot, Grove, John Penruddock, and 
others is suppressed. [May 16. Penrud- 
dock and Grove are beheaded at Exeter,] 

May 10. ir. /. Jamaica capitulates 

[and is ceded to England]. 
June 15. Sir John Glynne is appointed 

chief justice. 
Oct. * It. The Pacification of Pine- 

rolo is concluded with Louis XIV. 
Cromwell secures protection for the 

persecuted Yaudois (Wahlenses), and it 

is stipulated that Charles II. be expelled 

from France. 

* * Parliament : An ordinance is issued 
imposing a tax of 10 per cent on the es- 
tates of Royalists. 

* * Parliament : England is divided 
into 12 military districts, with a major- 
general in charge of each, to levy the 10 
per cent tax, to disarm Papists and Ca- 
valiers, and imprison suspected persons. 

* * A " Board of Trade and Plantations " 
is appointed, and is the first movement 
toward a board of trade. 

1656 Sept. 17. Parliament opens. 
[1658. Feb. 4. Dissolved.] 

Sept. * Members are again excluded from 
the Commons. 

Dec. * The House of Commons assumes 
judicial powers. 

In the case of James Naylor, a Quaker, 
who proclaims himself the Redeemer, 
the House votes him guilty of blas- 
phemy, and punishes him by the pillory 
and branding with hot irons. 

1657 Jan. 3. Miles Sindercomb's plot 
to kill the protector is discovered. [He 
is condemned to execution, but is found 
dead in his bed.] 

Jan. * The power of the major-generals 

is reduced. 
Mar. 25. H. C. The Commons adopt 

the " Humble Petition and Advice," 

and present it to the protector. 
Its 18 articles provide for two Houses 

of Parliament, the non-exclusion of 



members, for toleration for all Chris- 
tians except Roman Catholics and Epis- 
copalians, and that the head of the 
state have the title of king. 

May 8. The title of king is offered to 
Cromwell, but refused. 

May ±* A tract entitled Killing no Mur- 
der, written by Col. Titus (?), is ex- 
tensively circulated ; it applauds the 
attempt of Sindercomb, and incites to 
the killing of the protector. 

May 9. Paris. A secret treaty is alleged 
to have been signed at this date by Crom- 
well and Louis XIV., for the ruin of the 
monarchy of Spain. (It is a forgery.) 

June 26. Oliver Cromwell, for the 
second time, is solemnly inaugurated 
lord protector. 

Dec. 11±. Cromwell issues writs to 60 
persons to meet at "Westminster and 
compose a House of Lords. 

* * A post-office is erected " to benefit 
commerce, convey the public despatches, 
and as the best means to discover and 
prevent many dangerous wicked designs 
against the Commonwealth by the in- 
spection of the correspondence." 

* * Ire. Henry Cromwell is appointed 
governor. 

1658 Jan. 20. Parliament meets. 
[Feb. 4. Dissolved.] 

* * Popular feeling is hostile to Cromwell. 

Roman Catholics, sceptics, mystics, 
ceremonialists, latitudinarians, and 
Presbyterians are against him ; he is 
upheld, by the army alone. 
Sept. 3. Oliver Cromwell dies, aged 
59. [Sept. 4. Richard Cromwell, his 
son, is proclaimed protector.] 

1658-59 Richard Cromwell, Protector 
of the Commonwealth. 

* * London. A council of army officers 
rules at Wallingford House. 

1659 Jan. 17. Sir Richard Newdi- 
gate is appointed chief justice. Rob- 
ert Nicholas is also appointed. 

Jan. 27. Parliament opens. [Apr. 22. 
Dissolved.] 

* *H. C. Sir Ashley Cooper bitterly 
attacks the Government ; the army offi- 
cers hotly reply, and demand the disso- 
lution of Parliament. 

Apr. 22. Yielding to the demand of the 
army, Richard dissolves the Parlia- 
ment. 

May 7. The Rump Parliament reas- 
sembles through the action of the 
army; it has 100 members, and William 
Lenthall is Speaker. [1G60. Mar. 16. 
Dissolved.] 

May 25. Richard Cromwell resigns 
the Protectorate. 

Aug. * A royalist rising in Cheshire, 
headed by Sir George Booth, is sup- 
pressed by Parliamentary forces under 
Gen. John Lambert. 

Oct. 13. London. The army under Gen. 
Lambert expels the Rump Parlia- 
ment. [It appoints a military committee 
of safety, which causes divisions in the 
army, and rouses opposition in the navy.] 

Dec. 26. London. Forced by popular 
opposition, the army restores the 
Rump Parliament. [The tyranny of 
the army weakens.] 



1652 * * Scot. 
great fire. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

s wasted by a 



890 1659 **-1664 ** 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1660 Feb. 3. London is entered by 
Gen. Monk with his army. 

Apr. * John Lambert makes an unsuc- 
cessful attempt to rouse the army 
against the Royalists. 

May 16. James, Duke of York, is ap- 
pointed lord high admiral, and warden 
of the Cinque Ports. 

July 7. Gen. Monk is created Earl of 
Torrington and Duke of Albemarle ; he 
is made captain-general. 

* * Special privileges are granted to the 
Third Buffs Regiment, formerly the 
London train-band. 

* * Col. John Russell raises a royal regi- 
ment of guards. The first foot guards 
[Grenadiers] are raised. 

* * The wall of Gloucester is demol- 
ished by order of the king, because of 
its successful resistance to Charles I- 17 
years before. 

1661 Dec. * The victualling office is 
instituted for managing the royal navy. 

The Coldstream Guards are consti- 
tuted by Duke of Albemarle the Second 
Regiment, and are the beginning of the 
standing army. 

* * The Horse Guards are revived by 
the king. 

* * The Second Queen's Royal Regi- 
ment is raised. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1659 * * The sugar refining process is 
practised (perhaps previous to this date). 

1660+* * Astronomy, chemistry, medi- 
cine, and physiology make decided ad- 
vancement. 

1660-63 London. Sir Robert Moray is 
president of the Royal Society. 

1660-1702 The spirit level and many 
other inventions are devised by Dr. 
Robert Hooke. 

1661 * * Boyle's law of compression of 
gases appears. 

1662 Feb. 18. London. An unprece- 
dented storm occurs. 

Apr. 8. Scot. An eclipse of the sun is 
observed on [" Mirk Monday "]. 

Apr. 22. London. The Royal Society is 
incorporated by Charles II. 

Its appellation is " The President, 
Council, and Fellowship of the Royal 
Society of London, for improving Nat- 
ural Knowledge." 

* * Dublin. The Orange Street [Smock- 
Alley] Theater is erected. 

* * Cb.arlesJI.is the first to encourage the 
public appearance of females on the 
English stage. 

* * London. St. Bartholomew's Hospital, 
with William Harvey the physiologist 
for its physician, has a medical school. 

1663 Apr. 2. The British Royal So- 
ciety of Arts is chartered. 

Nov. 30. London. The first anniversary 
meeting of the Royal Society is held. 
Lord Brouncker becomes president. 

* * Scot. James Gregory invents a re- 
flecting telescope. 

* * A telegraph is suggested by the Mar- 
quis of Worcester in liis Century of In- 
ventions ; he also suggests the steam- 
engine as " a way to drive up water by 
fire." 

* * The first wire-mill in England is 
erected at Mortlake. A sawmill is 
erected. 



Their introduction is violently op- 
posed ; one is erected by a Dutchman. 
[1GG5. He is forced to abandon it.] 

1663-66 The journeys of the botanist?, 
John Ray (Wray) and Francis Wil- 
loughby, are made in France, Germany, 
and Italy. 

1664 Dec. 24. A comet called the 
blazing star appears. 

* * Sir Isaac Newton discovers the Dif- 
ferential Calculus, or method of flux- 
ions. [Discovered about the same time 
by Leibnitz.] He obtains a suggestion 
of gravitation by observing the fall of 
an apple. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1659 * * Arrowsmitli, John, Puritan cl., A57. 

firadshaw, John, judge, A57. 
1660* * Amsu'orth, Robert, gram., lexic, b. 
Harcourt, Viscount, Sir Simon, statesman, b. 
Marlborough, Duchess of, Sarah Jen- 
nings, born. 
Macgregor-Campbell. Rob Roy, free- 
booter, Scotland, born. 
Shrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet, 

statesman, born. 
Sloane, Sir ilaus, physician, naturalist, b. 
Soutlierne, Thomas, dramatist, Ireland, b. 
Urquhart, or Urchard, Richard, translator, 
Scotland, A55±. 

1661 * * De Foe, Daniel, jour., novelist, b. 
Fuller, Thomas, preacher, lust., au., A53. 
Garth, Sir Samuel, poet, physician, born. 
Halifax. Earl of, Charles Montague. 

statesman, born. 
Harley, Robert, Earl of Oxford, states., b. 

1662 Apr. 30. Mary II.. queen, daughter 
of James II., wife of William III., born. 

Atterbury, Francis, bishop of Rochester, 
states., controversialist, author, born. 

Baillie, Robert, theologian, historian, A63. 

Iientlev, Richard, classical scholar, born. 

ISiddle", John, Unitarian theologian, au., A47. 

Fiennes, William, Lord Save and Sde, states- 
man, A80. 

(lauden, John, bishop of Exeter, au., A57. 

Henry, Matthew, clergyman, author, born. 

Heyli'n, Peter, lust., polemical writer, A62. 

Iniies, Thomas, historian, Scoiland, born. 

Wesley, Samuel, f. of John Wesley, cl., au.,b. 

1663 * * Brown, Thomas, satirist, born. 
Byng, George, Viscount Torrington, ad., b. 
Juxon, William, arch, of Canterbury, A81. 
Sanderson, Robert, bishop of Lincoln, moral 

philosopher, A76. 

1664 Feb. 6. Anne, queen, born. 
Cowper, Earl, William, statesman, born. 
Trior, Matthew, poet, statesman, born. 



CHURCH. 

1659 * * Quakers are persecuted. 

It is stated in Parliament that 2,000 Friends 
have endured sufferings and imprisonment 
in Newgate; and 161 Friends now offer 
themselves by name to the Government to 
be imprisoned as substitutes for the relief of 
an equal number who are in danger of death 
from close confinement. 

1660 Oct 25. The king issues a dec- 
laration avowing himself an Episcopa- 
lian, and commending toleration. 

Nov. 20. The bishops again take seats 
in the House of Lords. 

* * John Bunyan refuses to conform to 
the Church of England, and is taken to 
Bedford jail under a sentence for 12 
years. 

* * "William Juxton is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. [1G63. Gilbert 
Sheldon.] 

1660-88 Scot. The Scottish Church 
is "in the wilderness," suffering cruel 
persecutions. 

1661 Jan. 6. London. About SO Ana- 
baptists rise in insurrection, headed by 
their preacher ; they fight desperately, 
but are subdued ; 17 are executed. 

Apr. *- July* Fruitless Savoy Confer- 
ence of Episcopalians and Presbyterians 
is held for the revision of the liturgy, to 
make it acceptable to both parties. 



* * Scot. James Sharpe is made arch- 
bishop of St. Andrews, and attempts to 
introduce Episcopacy. 

May 17. Parliament votes that every 
member shall receive the sacrament 
according to the forms of the Anglican 
Church. , 

May 22. London. The Solemn League 
and Covenant is burned by the com- 
mon hangman [and afterwards through- 
out the country]. 

Oct. 19. John James, a Sabbatarian 
Baptist, is dragged out of his pulpit to 
prison. [Afterwards hanged and quar- 
tered.] 

Dec. 15. Scot. Episcopacy is restored, 
and three bishops are consecrated by 
Sheldon, Bishop of London. 

* * Scot. The National Covenant is 
signed in Greyfriars Church. 

* * Scot. The Scottish Parliament, in the 
interest of the king, reestablishes the 
royal supremacy, and annuls the Solemn 
League and Covenant. 

1662 May 10. Parliament: The Uni- 
formity in Religion Act is passed. 

It restores the Church of England, 
obliges all the clergy to subscribe to the 
Thirty-nine Articles, use the same forms, 
and the same book of common prayer. 
It requires all clergymen, fellows, and 
schoolmasters to accept and use the 
Book of Common Prayer. 

Aug. 24. "Black Bartholomew's 
Day." 

The Uniformity Act goes into opera- 
tion [which causes 2,000 non-conforming 
ministers to resign their benefices, and 
quit the Church of England.] 

Dec. * The king suspends the Conform- 
ity Act by proclamation, out of respect 
for peaceable people having tender and 
misguided consciences, but aiming at 
toleration for Catholics. 

* * The Prayer-book is revised. 

* * Non-conformists begin to be called 
Dissenters. 

1663 July 27. A bill for the better 
preservation of the Sabbath is stolen 
from the House of Commons before it 
receives the king's signature. 

1664 May 17. Parliament: The Con- 
venticle Act is passed. 

It forbids more than five persons meeting 
for religious wnrship, except such as are reg- 
ulated by the Hook of Common Prayer; also 
forbidding any person over 16 years of age 
attending anv meeting other than such as the 
liturgy of the Church of England allows; 
banishment is the penalty for the third 



offense. 



LETTERS. 



1659 * * The Whole Duty of Man appears. 
[Authorship uncertain.] 

1660 * * To the King on His Majesty's 
Happy Return, by Edmund "Waller, ap- 
pears. [Later, Go, Lovely Rose, To 
Cklorts, and many other poems.] 

* * Astrsea Redux, celebrating the Resto- 
ration, by John Dryden, appears. 

1660-69 Samuel Pepys writes his 

Diary. 
1661* *The Government represses 

" disorders in printing." 

* * Scot. Mercurius Caledonius, the first 
Edinburgh newspaper, appears. 

1662-85 Treatise of Taxes and Contri- 
butions, by Sir William Petty, appears. 

1663 * * The Lucasian professorship of 
mathematics is established at Cam- 
bridge. 

* * Coffee-houses — the literary clubs of 
the day — abound. 



AND IRELAND. 



1659,**-1664, **. 891 



* * Hudibras, by Samviel Butler, appears. 

* * The Wild Gallant, John Dryden's first 
play, appears. [1667, Annus Mirabilis.'] 

* * Algernon Sidney writes Discourses 
Concerning Government. [1698. Pub- 
lished.] 

1664-65 Mar. 6. Philosophical Trans- 
actions is first published. 

SOCIETY. 



isf action to the army, settlement of 
confiscated estates on their present pos- 



1660 July 6. Charles II. 
touching for the curing of scrofula. 

Aug. 13. Charles II. issues a proclama- 
tion against dueling. 

* * The theaters are reopened. 

* * Titles created. Earl of Sandwich. 
[1661, Earl of Essex, and Earl of Car- 
lisle ; 1663, Earl of Doncaster.] 

* * Ire. Titles created, Viscount of Mas- 
sereene and Ferrard (1797). [1661, Earl 
of Drogheda, and Viscount of Chol- 
mondeley ; 1665, Viscount of Charle- 
niont.] 

* * Scot. The title, Earl of Newburgh, is 
created. 

* * With the abolition of tenures in cap- 
ite, knights' service, etc., serfdom is 
finally extinguished. 

* * Masquerades are frequent among the 
citizens. 

1660-85 Tennis is introduced from 
France, and becomes fashionable. 

1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. Parliament 
meets, and " has a mad and roaring 
time," the men of affairs being almost 
all drunk. 

Jan. 3. London. The comedy of Beg- 
gar's Bush is produced at Lincoln's Inn 
Fields. "Here the first time that ever 
I saw a woman on the stage." (Pepys's 
Diary.) 

Jan. 30. The bodies of Cromwell, 
Bradshaw, and Ireton are dragged 
from their grand tombs in Westminster 
and hanged on the gallows, and their 
heads set on poles at Westminster Hall. 

Apr. 25. An act for licensing sellers 
of wine is passed. 

1662* * Notorious profligacy of the 
king and his court. 

Charles presents his mistress, Lady 
Castlemaine, to the queen in the pres- 
ence of his court. 

1663 Apr. 8. London. The first play- 
bill is issued from Drury Lane Theater, 
entitled Humourous Lieutenant, play to 
commence at three o'clock precisely. 

1664 May 18. " His Sacred Majesty," 
Charles II., advertises that he will at- 
tend to healing by touching during 



STATE. 

1659 * * London. The ballot-box is used 
at a Rota Club meeting. 

1660 Feb. 3. London. Gen. Monk 
enters at the head of the army [and as- 
sumes control of the Government]. 

Feb. 21. Members of Parliament ex- 
cluded in 1648 are restored by Monk ; 
the Long Parliament is reestablished. 

Mar. 16. The Long Parliament is 
finally dissolved by its own act. 

Apr. * Gen. Lambert makes a last at- 
tempt to rouse the army for the over- 
throw of the Royalists ; he is defeated 
and arrested. 

Apr. 14. Neth. Declaration of Breda. 
Charles II., at Breda, promises a gen- 
eral pardon, religious toleration, sat- 



Apr. 25. Parliament opens. [Dec. 29. 
Dissolved.] It has 556 members, chosen 
without restriction [" the Convention 
Parliament"]. 

May 1. Parliament votes that the gov- 
ernment of England shall be by King, 
Lords, and Commons, and loyally ac- 
cepts the king's Breda declaration. 

May 8. Restoration of the Stuarts. 

1660-85 Charles II. reigns. 

Charles II., son of Charles I., is pro- 
claimed by both Houses of Parliament 
as king of England, Scotland, and Ire- 
land. [May 25. He lands at Dover. 
May 29. He enters London.] 

June* Parliament: Tonnage and 
poundage are granted to Charles for 
life. 

Aug. * An act of general amnesty for 
political offenders, except regicides, is 
passed, and receives the royal assent. 

Sept. 3 . James, Duke of York, the king's 
brother, secretly marries Anne Hyde, 
daughter of Edward Hyde, Earl of Clar- 
endon. 

Sept. 4. Parliament grants to the king 
an annual income of £1,200,000. [For 
this Charles consents to the abolition of 
the feudal claims of knights' service, 
wardships, and purveyance.] 

Oct.* London. Twenty-nine persons are 
tried and convicted for connection 
with the execution of Charles I. 

Of the regicides, 25 are dead, 19 are in 
exile, 19 having surrendered under the 
king's proclamation are imprisoned for 
life, and 10 are executed — Harrison, 
Scot, Carew, Jones, Clements, Scroope, 
Cook, Axtele, Hacker, and Peters. 

Oct. * The army is disbanded, except 
5,000 men. 

Oct. * Bishops are restored to their 
sees and to Parliament. 

Dec. 27. Parliament: An act is passed 
for erecting a general post-office. (See 
1657.) It is enacted that none but the 
postmaster or his deputies shall fur- 
nish post-horses for travelers. 

* * Ministers: Sir Edward Hvde [Earl of 
Clarendon], <;eorge Monk [Duke of Al- 
bemarle], Kdwnrd Montagu [Earl of 
Sandwich], Lord Saye and Sele ; Earl 
of Manchester, Lord Seymour, and Sir 
Robert Long. 

* * Parliament: A tax of eightpence is 
levied on every gallon of tea made for 
sale. 

* * Charles establishes two Councils of 
Trade for controlling the commerce of 
the country and foreign plantations. 

* * London. The East India Company, 
with a capital of £30,000, is chartered. 

* * Sir Robert Foster is appointed chief 
justice. 

* * Edward, Lord Hyde [Earl of Claren- 
don], is appointed lord high chancellor. 

1661 Jan. 1. Edinburgh. The Scottish 

Parliament meets. 
Jan. 6. London. A rising of Fifth 
Monarchy men takes place under 
Thomas Venner, a cooper. 

They proclaim Jesus Christ as their 
king, 'and they kill many persons who 
st them. [Venner and 16 of his fol- 
> tried and executed.] 



Apr. 23. London. Charles II. is 
crowned. 

May 8. Parliament opens. [1679. Jan. 
24. Dissolved. It is called the "cava- 
lier," or Pension Parliament.] 

May 27. Scot. The Marquis of Argyll 
is beheaded as an Anti-Royalist. 

Nov. 20. Parliament: The Corpora- 
tion Act is passed. 

It requires all municipal officers and 
magistrates to receive the sacrament 
according to the rites of the Church of 
England, to renounce the League and 
Covenant, and to take oath declaring it 
to be unlawful to bear arms against the 
king for any cause. 

* * Parliament: The Covenant between 
England and Scotland, which Charles 
II. accepted in 1650, is declared to be 
illegal, and ordered to be burned. 

* *E.Did. Bombay is ceded to Charles 
by Portugal, as part of the dowry of his 
queen. 

1662 May 19. Act of Uniformity 
passed. (See Church.) 

May 20. Charles II. marries Cather- 
ine of Braganza, daughter of John IV., 
King of Portugal. 

Nov. * Dunkirk is sold to France for 
£400,000. 

* * Parliament: The Hearth, or Chim- 
ney Tax, is imposed. [It produces about 
£200,000 "hearth money" a year. 
Milled shillings are coined.] 

* * Parliament : The Act of Settlement 
for Ireland is passed. 

It makes regulations respecting the 
disposal of confiscated estates, and oper- 
ates largely against Catholics. 

* * Ire. The Duke of Ormonde is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant. 

1663 Oct. * There is another rising of 
Fifth Monarchy men in the northern 
counties. 

* * Guineas are first coined from gold 
brought from Guinea. 

* * Sir Robert Hyde is appointed chief 
justice. Sir Francis North is first 
(modern) king's counsel. The post-office 
is farmed to Daniel O'Neil. 

1664 May 17- Parliament: The 
Conventicle Act. (See Church.) 

Sept. 8. [U.S.A.] New Amsterdam [New 
York] is taken from the Dutch. 

* * Parliament: The Triennial Act of 
1641 is repealed. 

Dec* Parliament: £2,500.000 is voted 
for the expenses of war with Holland, 
growing out of commercial rivalry in 
African gold-dust and slaves. 

* * W. Afr. Cape Coast Castle is taken 
by the English. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1660 May 29. The new conduit runs 
with wine for a few hours in honor of 
the restoration of Charles II. 

Sept. 25. Samuel Pepys records his first 
" cup of tea." 

* * London. Banking is begun by Fran- 
cis Child. 

* * Toll-gates and turnpikes are first 
set up. 

1665 Apr. 26. London. The great 
plague occurs. 

Fires are kept up night and day for 
three days to purify the air ; 6S,. r .i)f; per- 
sons, some say 100,000, perish. [The in- 
fection is not totally destroyed till the 
great conflagration.] 



'892 1665, Feb. 22-1674, * * GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1665 Feb. 22-67 July 21. War 
with Holland. 

June 3. The Duke of York defeats the 
Dutch fleet off Lowestoft, taking 18 
ships, and destroying 34 ; Adm. Opdam, 
in command of the Dutch, and his crew 
are blown up. 

Sept. 4. The Earl of Sandwich takes 
12 men-of-war and two India ships from 
the Dutch. 

1666 Jan. 16-67 July 21. "War 
with France. 

June 1-4. Neth. Battle of the Downs : 
George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, with 
54 ships, defeats the Dutch under Adms. 
De Ruyter and De "Witt, with 80 ships, 
off North Foreland; English loss, nine 
ships ; Dutch loss, 15 ships. 

July 25, 26. Naval battle at the mouth 
of the Thames : The Dutch are driven to 
their ports, losing 24 ships, four admirals, 
and 4,000 men. 

* * Scot. The Scotch Presbyterians re- 
bel against the establishment of Epis- 
copacy by Charles II. 

Nov. 28. Scot. Gen. Dalziel defeats the 
insurgent Covenanters at Pentland 
Hills, near Edinburgh. 

1667 Jan. * -June * The sailors mu- 
tiny because of non-payment of wages. 

June 11. The Dutch admiral De Ruy- 
ter sails up the Thames, within 20 
miles of London, destroys some ships, 
and burns Sheerness. 

July 21. The war with Prance and with 
Holland ends. 

1671 May 10. Sir Edward Spragg 
destroys 12 Algerine ships-of-war. 

1672 Mar. * Lord Ossory attacks a 
fleet of Dutch merchantmen in the Chan- 
nel, and captures four ships. 

Mar. 17. "War with Holland begins. 

May 28. De Ruyter is defeated by the 
Duke of York in a naval battle at Sole- 
bay, or Southwold Bay, Suffolk. 

1673 Aug. 11. Sir Edward Spragg 
is killed in a naval battle off the coast 
of Holland ; Adms. d'Estrees and De 
Ruyter are defeated. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1665 * * Robert Boyle experiments on 
air, discovers its elasticity, and improves 
the air-pump. 

* * Robert Hooke studies the use of air 
in combustion; he also propounds the 
first elements of the undulatory theory 
of light. 

1666-71 Newton discourses on disper- 
sion of light, and proves its compound 
nature by means of the prismatic lens. 
He constructs his reflecting telescope. 

* * Robert Hooke conveys sounds to a 
distance by a distended wire [tele- 
phone.] [1674. He devises a system of 
gravitation.] 

* * Broadcloth is first dressed and dyed 
by Adrian Breauwer. 

1669± * * A diving-bell is used on the 
coast of Mull in searching for the wreck 
of a part of the Spanish Armada. 

* * Newton lectures on the analysis of 
light. H e originates the emission 
theory, and opposes the undulatory the- 



ory. [1670. He proves the law of grav- 
itation]. 

1670 * * John Mayow discourses on 
respiration. He discovers fire-air, and 
shows how it is used in burning. 

1670-77 London. A monument of 
London, commemorating the great fire, 
is erected by Christopher Wren. 

The pedestal is 40 feet high, and the 
edifice altogether 202 feet ; cost, £14,500. 

* * London. Drury Lane Theater is 
rebuilt by Sir Christopher Wren at a 
cost of £200,000. 

1672 * * The experiments of Jean Richer 
(France) lead Newton to prove the 
earth to be iu the shape of an oblate 

. spheroid. He is elected a member of 
the Royal Society. [1674. He makes 
discoveries in colons.] 

* * Edinburgh. The Theater of Music 
is erected. 

1673 * * Glass plate for coach windows 
and mirrors is made at Lambeth by 
Venetians, under the patronage of 
George Villiers, Duke of Buckingham. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1666* * Calamy, Edmund, Presbyterian 
clergyman, chaplain to Charles II., A66. 
Cowper, William, anatomist, born, 
Kigby, Sir Kenelm, phys. philosopher, A62. 
Howell, -lames, traveler, lexioeog., wr., A71. 
Shirley, .lames, dramatist, A70. 
Vanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., b. 

1667 Nov. 30. Swift, Jonathan, dean of 
St. Patrick's, Dublin, satirist, an., Ire., b. 

Arbuthnot, John, physician, wit, miscella- 
neous writer, born. 

Centlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ireland, b. 

Cowley, Abraham, poet, A49. 

Granville, George, Viscount Lansdowne, 
poet, dramatist, statesman, born. 

Lovat, Lord, Simon Fraser, sol.,pol., Scot.,b. 

Pomfret, John, poet, born. 

Taylor. Jeremy, Anglican el., au., A54. 

Winston, William, el., math., translator, b. 

Wither, George, poet, A79. 

Worcester, Marquis of, Edward Somerset, 
inventor i steam engine), A66. 

1668 * * Astell, Mary, author, born. 
Davenant, Sir William, dramatist, A63. 
Daye, Stephen, first printer Amer. col., A57. 
Denliam, Sir John, poet, A53. 

ilaittaire, Michael, bibliographer, born. 
"Waller, Sir Win., parliamentary gen., A71. 

1669 * * Balchen, Sir John, admiral, born. 
Beaumont, Basil, rear-admiral, born. 
Gibson, Edmund P., bp. of London, born. 
King, Peter, jurist, born. 

Prynne, William, Puritan el.,antiq.,au., A69. 

1670 * * Clarke, Jeremiah, musical comp., b. 

Congreve, William, poet, dramatist, born. 

Fitzjames. James. I > Like of Berwick, mar- 
shal, peer of France, natural son of James 
II., general, born. 

Cagnier, Jean, professor at Oxford, born. 
Monk., Georgre, Duke of Albemarle, general, 

statesman, A62. 
Toland, John, leader of English deists, born. 

1671 * * Calamy, Edmund, cl., author, b. 
Cibber, Colley, actor, poet, dramatist, born. 
Fairfax. Lord Thomas, pari, general, A60. 
Hyde, Anne, queen, mother of Mary II. 

and Anne, A34. 
Law, John, financier, Scotland, born. 
Montagu, Edward, Earl of Manchester, 

statesman, A69. 
Philips, Ambrose, poet, born. 
Shaftesbury, third Earl of, Anthony 

Cooper, philosopher, horn. 
Steele, Sir Richard, poet, essay., pol., Ire., b. 

1672 May 1. Addison, Joseph, poet, es- 
sayist, under Secretary of State, Secretary 
of state, born. 

Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games, born. 

Manley, Mary de la Hiviere, novelist, drama- 
tist, born. 

Montague, Edward, Earl of Sandwich, ad- 
miral. A47. 

Sacheverell, Henry, cl., polemical wr., b. 

Wilkins, John, bishop of Chester, au., A58. 

1673 * * Oldmixon, John, historian, born. 
Howe, Nicholas, poet, dramatist, born. 
stanhope, first Earl, James, gen., states., b. 
Wharton, Thomas, anatomist, A63. 

1674 Nov. 8. Milton, John, poet, states- 
man, A 66. 



Ayscue, Sir George, statesman, dies. 

Clarendon, Earl of, Edward Hyde, states- 
man, historian, A66. 

Gibhs, -lames, architect, born. 

Halyburton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., h. 

Herrick, Robert, poet, A83. 

Hutchinson, John, philosopher, horn. 

Nash, Richard, "Beau Nash," master of 
ceremonies, horn. 

Potter, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 
antiq., author, born. 

Sunderland, third Earl of, Charles Spencer, 
statesman, born. 

Watts, Isaac, dissenting clergyman, poet, h. 

CHURCH. 

1665 Oct. 31. Parliament: The Five 
Mile Act is passed. 

It forbids all persons from coming w.ithin 
five miles of any incorporate town, or non- 
conformist ministers from returning to any 
place where they had formerly been settled. 
as ministers, unless they have subscribed to 
the Act of Cnit'ormity, and have on oath de- 
clared it unlawful to take up arms against 
the king under any pretense. They are also 
declared incapable of teaching or keeping 
hoarders. It prevents their fining the pul- 
pits made vacant by the plague. 

1666* * Non-conformists are perse- 
cuted; William Perm is tried under 
the Conventicle Act. 

1667 * * It. Clement IX. is elected pope. 
[1670, Clement X. ; 1G7G, Innocent XI. ; 
1689, Alexander VIII.: 1691, Innocent 
XII.] 

* * Roman Catholics are excluded from 
corporate offices. 

* * London. Moravians form two small 
societies. 

1669 * * Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale 
publishes a royal decree, enabling many 
Presbyterian ministers to return to 
their flocks. 

1670 * * A second Conventicle Act is 
passed, lining minister, people, and the 
owner of the place of meeting. 

1672 * * Ire. The Regium Donum, or 
Royal Gift, is founded. 

It consists of an allowance from the sov- 
ereign for the support of the Presbyterian 
ministers in Ireland. [Later revived by 
William III.] 

* * John Bunyan is released from jail, 
and preaches to great crowds of people. 

1673 Mar. 29. Parliament : The Test 
Act is passed. 

It prohibits any person holding govern- 
mental office unless he takes the oaths of 
allegiance and supremacy, and partakes of 
the Lord's Supper according to the rites 
of the Church of England, and makes a dec- 
laration against transuhhiaiitiafioii. [1828. 
It is repealed.] 

LETTERS. 

1665 ISTov. 14. The Oxford Gazette is 
issued. [After the 24th number it be- 
comes The London Gazette.'] 

1666 Feb. 5. The London Gazette is 
removed from Oxford to London ; it is 
issued bi-weekly. 

* * Parliament censures Hobbes's Levia- 
than and De Give. 

* * London. Serjeant's Inn, Chancery 
Lane, is established. 

1667 Apr. 27. John Milton sells the 
copyright of Paradise Lost for £5. [His 
widow is paid £8 more.] 

* * London. The Koyal Society Library 
is founded. 



* * Essays, by Cowley, appear. 
1668* * An Essay on the Present State 
and Settlement of Ireland , by Sir William 



AND IRELAND. 



1665, Feb. 22-1674, * 



89S 



Temple, appears. [1671, The Empire, 
etc., a survey of the different govern- 
ments of Europe and their relations to 
England ; 1072, Observations Upon the 
United Provinces and Essay Upon the 
Original and Nature of Government; 
1679-92, Miscellanea.] 
1669* * The Lexicon Heptaglotton, by 
Edmund Castell, appears. 

1670 Aug. 18. John Dryden is created 
poet laureate. 

* *A Collection of English Proverbs, by 
John Ray, appears. 

1671 * * Paradise Regained, and Sam- 
son Jgonistes, by John Milton, appear. 
[1673, Of True Religion, Heresy, Schism, 
Toleration, etc.] 

* * The Rehearsal, by George Villiers, 
Duke of Buckingham, is produced. 

* * Love in a Wood, by William Wycherly, 
appears. [1673, The Gentleman Dancing 
Master; 1675, The Country Wife; 1676, 
The Plaindealer.] 

* * Conquest of Granada and Essay on 
Heroic Plays, by John Dryden, appear. 
[1678, All for Love.] 



SOCIETY. 

1665 Feb. 24. London. A Dutch im- 
postor is whipped through the streets. 

Mar. 31. An order is issued for the ar- 
rest of George Fox for preaching on 
the crime of building meeting-houseB 
with steeples on them. 

* * Scot. The Scottish Corporation, 
charitable, is established. 

1666± * * Valentine Greatrix, an Irish 
impostor, pretends to cure all diseases 
by stroking the patient ; his imposture 
deceives the credulous and occasions 
very warm discussion in England and 
Ireland. 

1667 * * Charles builds a stand-house 
at the race course at Newmarket for his 
own diversion. [From this time to the 
present races are annually held.] 

1667-74 Management of the House of 
Commons by bribery is [said to have 
been] begun by Clifford of the Cabal 
Ministry. [Afterwards continued by the 
Whigs and Tories.] 

* * Actresses become the mistresses of 
the king by gradual promotion from 
their being the mistresses of the king's 
servants. 

1668 May 4. London. A riot occurs 
under the pretense of destroying the 
brothels. 

1670 Jan. * Claude Duval is executed 
at Tyburn as a highwayman. 

Aug. 14. William Fenn is arrested 
for preaching to Friends. [Sept. 3. He 
is brought to trial. The jury acquit him 
and are outrageously abused.] 

Dec. 6. Col. Thomas Blood seizes the 
Duke of Ormonde, wounds him, and pre- 
pares to hang him, but is beaten off by 
the duke's servants. 

* * Louise la Querouaille, mistress of 
King Charles, is created Duchess of 
Portsmouth. [1671 Oct. 10. London. 
She is installed as chief " Miss," with 
ceremonies little short of those of the 
altar, " after the manner of a married 
bride." 

* * Dublin. A blue-coat hospital is in- 
corporated. 

1671 May 9. Col. Thomas Blood un- 
successfully attempts to steal the royal 
regalia from the Tower. He is seized 
and imprisoned. 

1672 June 12. A proclamation is is- 
sued to suppress the spreading of false 
news, and licentious talking of matters 
relating to state and government. 



* * John Bunyan is released from an 
imprisonment of 12 years by the Act of 
Toleration. 

* * Titles created, Earl of Shaftesbury, 
and Baron Clifford of Chudleigh. [1675, 
Duke of Richmond and Gordon (1870), 
and Duke of Grafton ; 1679, Earl of 
Berkeley ; 1682, Earl of Abingdon, and 
Baron of Beaufort ; 1684, Baron of St. 
Albans.] 

1673 * * Scot. Titles created, Duke of 
Buccleuch and Qm-ensberry (1684). [1675, 
Duke of Hamilton, and Viscount of 
Dumblane; 1677, Earl of Breadalbane, 
Marl of Strath more, and Earl of Kin ton- ; 
1681, Baroness Nairne ; 1682, Baron Kin- 
naird, Earl of Aberdeen, and Marquis of 
Queensberry.] 

STATE. 

1665 Oct. 9. Parliament meets at 
Oxford because of the plague in Lon- 
don. 

Oct. 31. Five Mile Act passed. (See 
Church.) 

* * H. C. The Commons enforce the 
right of appropriating the supplies to 
specified objects. 

* * Sir John Kelyng is appointed chief 
justice. 

1666* * Parliament: An act is passed 
empowering j udges to sentence criminals 
to transportation to any of the king's 
dominions in North America. 

* * Scot. Presbyterians rise in rebellion 
against Episcopacy. (See Army.) 

* * W % I. Tortola, the Virgin Islands, 
and Anguilla are settled. 

1667 July 31. The Treaties of Breda 
(p. 691). 

England gains Albany, New York, An- 
tigua, Montserrat, and part of St. Chris- 
topher ; Holland retains Surinam ; 
France receives Acadia [Nova Scotia]. 
Aug. * The Earl of Clarendon is im- 
peached and banished because of the 
unpopular acts of the Government. 

* ■* George Monk, Duke of Albemarle, 
is appointed first commissioner of the 
treasury. 

* * Ministers : Sir T. Clifford [Lord Clif- 
ford], Lord Ashley, the Duke of Buck- 
ingham, Lord Arlington, and the Duke 
of Lauderdale. They are the " Cabal 
Ministry" (the initials of their names 
spell the word cabal). [1672. Broken 
up.] 

* * Sir Orlando Bridgman is appointed 
lord keeper of the great seal. 

*■ * The poll-tax is assessed by the head ; 
a duke has to pay £100, a marquis, £80, 
a baronet, £30, a knight, £20, an esquire, 
£10, and every single private person, one 
shilling. 

1668 Jan. 23. The Triple Alliance is 
formed (p. 691). 

1669* * Ire. Lord Roberts is appointed 
lord lieutenant. [1670, Lord Berkeley ; 
1672, Arthur Capel. Earl of Essex.] 

1670 May 22. The secret Treaty of 
Dover (p. 693). 

* * Cent. Amer. British Honduras is 
partly acquired by treaty. [1786. Abso- 
lutely.] 

* ■* The Irish Society for the colonization 
of Ulster again receives its charter, with 
various changes. 

1671 * * Sir Matthew Hale is appointed 
chief justice. 

1672 Jan. 2. Charles gains fresh sup- 
plies by closing the Exchequer, and seiz- 



ing £1,200,000; a commercial panic 
follows. 
Mar. 15. Charles makes a Declaration 
of Indulgence. 

He proclaims " that all manners of 
penal laws in matters ecclesiastical 
against whatsoever sort of non-conform- 
ists or recusants be suspended ;" Catho- 
lics are excepted, but they may have 
their religious service in private houses. 
[1673. Pronounced illegal, and with- 
drawn.] 

Mar. * Lord Ossory falls upon a fleet of 
Dutch merchantmen in the Channel, and 
captures four ships in order to replenish 
the king's treasury. 

Nov. * Anthony Ashley Cooper, Earl 
of Shaftesbury, is appointed lord high 
chancellor. 

* * Ministers: Lord Clifford, the Earl of 
Shaftesbury, the Earl of Arlington, the 
Earl of Anglesey, Sir Thomas Osborne, 
Viscount Latimer, Henry Coventry, Sir 
George Carteret, and Edward Seymour. 

1673 Mar. 20. The Test Act. (See- 
Church.) [The Duke of York (lord ad- 
miral) and Lord Clifford (lord treasurer), 
decline to take the test, and resign their 
offices.] 

June 14. Charles U. becomes first 
lord of the admiralty. [July 9, Prince 
Rupert ; 1679, Feb. 14, Sir Henry Capel ; 
1680, Feb. 19, Daniel Finch; 1681, Jan. 
20, Lord Finch ; 1683, Apr. 17, The Earl 
of Nottingham.] 

June 26. Thomas Osborne, Viscount 
Latimer [Earl of Danby], is appointed 
lord high treasurer. 

Oct. 20. H. C. The Commons declare 
against the proposed marriage of the 
Duke of York to the Catholic Princess 
of Moden a. [Nov. 21. He marries Mary 
d'Este, Princess of Modena.] 

Nov. 4. The king prorogues Parlia- 
ment because of the Commons' desiring 
to address him against grievances. 

* * The Earl of Shaftesbury becomes 
leader against the court. 

* * Sir Heneage Finch is appointed lord 
keeper of the seal. 

1674 Feb. 9. Treaty of "Westminster 
(p, 693). 

June 9. Parliament is prorogued on 
account of irreconcilable differences 
between Lords and Commons ; £200,000' 
has been spent in bribing the Commons- 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



1666 * * Tea is brought into England by 
Lord Ossory and Lord Arlington from 
Holland ; being admired by persons of 
rank, it is imported and sold for 60 shil- 
lings per pound. 

* * Lanterns are hung before one house 
in ten from 6 to 12 o'clock. 

Sept. 2-6. London. The great fire oc- 
curs. 

Four hundred and thirty-six acres of 
ashes; 13.200 houses consumed; 200,000 
people encamped in Islington and High- 
gate fields. It is extinguished by blow- 
ing up houses. 

1667 * * London. Insurance of houses 
and goods against fire begins. 

* * London. The first run on the bank- 
ers occurs. 

Oct. 23. London. Charles II. lays the 
foundation stone of the Roya Ex- 
change. [1687. Sept. 28. Opened.] 

1669 * * The East India Company first 
imports tea. 

1671 Apr. 25. Oxford is nearly de- 
stroyed by fire. 



894 1674,**-1682, * * 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1674 * * The Dutch agree to strike to 
the English colors in the British seas. 

* * The Duke of Monmouth is made 
commander-in-chief. [1G7S. Made cap- 
tain-general.] 

1679 * * Scot. Brutal slaughterings of 
Convenanters occur by the authority of 
the Duke of Lauderdale. 

June 1 (o. s.). Scot. The Covenanters 
under Balfour defeat Viscount Clav- 
erhouse at Drumclog, Lanarkshire. 

June 22. Scot. The Covenanters are 
defeated by the Duke of Monmouth and 
Claverhouse at Bothwell Bridge, Lan- 
arkshire. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1675 Aug. 10. Greenwich Observa- 
tory is founded. 



* * John Flamsteed is astronomer royal. 

* * Newton, Robert Boyle, and others 
use glass in generating electricity. 

1676± * * London. The weaver's Dutch 
loom is used. 

* * Repeating-cloeks and watches are 
invented by Peter Barlow. 

* * Boyle publishes his electrical exper- 
iments. 

* * Edmund Halley proves the motion of 
the sun round "its own axis. He ob- 
serves the transit of Mercury. 

* * Dublin. The Essex bridge is built 
by Sir H. Jervis. 

1677 * * London. Sir Joseph Williamson 
becomes president of the Royal Society. 
[1680, Sir Christopher Wren ; 1682, Sir 
John Hoskyns.] 

* * Violins are introduced. 

167S Jan. 12. A remarkable darknesB 
occurs. 

* * London. A statue of Charles I. is 
set up at Charing Cross. It is the first 
equestrian statue erected in Great 
Britain. 

* * Odometers, or road-measures, are 
improved by Butterfield. 

1679 May 15. The Ashmolean Mu- 
seum at Oxford is founded. 

Nov. 3. A comet becomes visible, and 
terrifies the people by its near approach 
to the earth. [16S0. Mar. 9. Disap- 
pears.] 

* * London. Walbroke Church, a 
masterpiece of Sir Christopher Wren, is 
completed. 

* * Newton applies mechanics to astron- 
omy, parallelism of forces, and laws of 
motion. 

1680 * * Button manufactories are es- 
tablished at Birmingham. 

1681 * * The tinning of iron is intro- 
duced from Bohemia. 

1682* *Hydraulic engines are in- 
vented. 

* * John Ray publishes an important sys- 
tem of anatomical classification, called 
A New Method of Plants. 

* * Newton works out and publishes the 
laws of gravitation. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1675 * * Clarke, Samuel, cl., philosopher, b. 
Cocker, Edward, engraver, math., au., A44. 
Ditton, Humphrey, m;Ltlifiji:itU'ian, born. 
Ersklne, eleventh Earl of, John, soldier, h. 
Freind, John, physician, medical writer, b. 
•Graham, Geo., mechanician, watchmaker, b. 



Lightfoot, John, theologian, Hebraist, A73. 
Willis, Thnmas, plivsieiim, A54. 

1676 Aug-. 26. Walpole, Sir Robert, Earl 
of Orford, statesman, born. 

Boston, Thomas, polemical writer, Scot., b. 

Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar, 
statesman, Ireland, horn. 

Clifford, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, au- 
thor, A87. 

Collins, Anthony, freethinker, phil., au., h. 

Hale, Sir Matthew, chief justice, author, A67. 

Hoadley, l'.cnjamin, bp. of Winchester, au., h. 

Newcastle, Duke of, William Cavendish, gen- 
eral, A84. 

Ogilby, John, poet, geographer, Scot., A76. 

Philips, John, poet, born. 

Selkirk:. Alexander, saUor (Robinson Cru- 
soe), .Scotland, born. 

Thornhill, Sir James, historical painter, b. 

Townshend, Viscount, Charles, states., b. 

1677 * * Barrow, Issac, cl., math., A47- 
Croft, William, organist, composer, born. 
Glisson, Francis, physician, anatomist, A80. 
Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, born. 
Harrington, James, political writer, A66. 

1678* * Argyll, second Duke of, John, states- 
man, Scotland, born. 

Barrington, Viscount, John Shute, states- 
man, theological writer, born. 

Boling-broke, Viscount, Henry St. John, 
statesman, author, horn. 

Farquhar, Ceorge, poet, dramatist, Ire., b. 

Ligonier, Earl of, John, field-marshal, born. 

Marvell, Andrew, poet, A58. 

Neal, Daniel, historian, born. 

Ockley, Simon, orientalist, horn. 

Sherlock, Thomas, bishop of London, au.,b. 
1679* * Boyle, Roger, Earl of Orrery, gen- 
eral, litterateur, A78. 

Catesby, Mark, naturalist, born. 

Chubb, Thomas, deistieal writer, born. 

Goodwin, Thomas, I'uritian cl., author, A76. 

Hobbes, Thomas, philosopher, A81. 

Parnell, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born. 

Poole, Matthew, Bible commentator, A55. 
1680* * Abernethy, John, Nonconformist 
clergyman, author, Ireland, born. 

Butler, Samuel, poet, A68. 

Cameron, Richard, founder of the " Cam- 
eronians," Scotland, dies. 

Chambers, Ephraim, eyelopedist, born. 

Collier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, born. 

Ersktne, Ehenezer, preacher, chief founder 
of the Secession Church, Scotland, born. 

Glanvill, Joseph, cl., phil., author, A44. 

Long, Poger, astronomer, born. 

Sale, George, historian, orientalist, born. 
1681 * * Booth, Barton, actor, born. 

Lilly, William, astrologer, A79. 



1674 * * The Hutchinsonians appear. 
They do not form a sect, but accept the 

doctrines of John Hutchinson of Yorkshire. 
They reject, the Newtonian system, and con- 
tend that the Bible contains a complete sys- 
tem of natural philosophy. 

* * London. Work is begun preparatory 
to the rebuilding of [tbe present] St. 
Paul's Cathedral. [1675. June 21. First 
stone is laid.] 

* * Parliament : A Sabbath Observ- 
ance Act is passed. 

It restrains the performance of all servile 
works, the sale of all provisions except milk 
at certain hours and meat in public houses, 
and allows works of necessity and charity. 

1677 * * "William Sancroft is chosen 
archbishop of Canterbury. 

* * Roman Catholics are excluded from 
Parliament. 

1678* * Ire. The sees of Cork and 
Cloyne are separated. 

1681 Nov. * Scot. Test Act against 
Presbyterians. (See State.) 

Dec. 15. Scot. Frst meeting of the 
United Societies of Covenanters at Lo- 
gan House, Lanarkshire, called " The 
Persecuted Remnant," also " Society 
People." 

* * Scot. The Reformed Presbyterian 
Church secedes from the Scottish 
Church. 



LETTERS. 

1675 Nov. * London. The City Mer- 
cury , or Advertisements concerning 
Trade, is issued. 

1676 * * The Man of Mode, by Sir George 
Etherege, appears. 

1677* * London. The first city Directory 
is published. (Or 1679?) 

* * Cocker's Arithmetic, compiled by Ed- 
ward Cocker, and edited by John Haw- 
kins, appears. 

1678 * * The True Intellectual System of 
the Universe, by Ralph Cudworth, ap- 
pears. 

1678-84 The Pilgrim's Progress, by 
John Bunyan, appears. [1684, The 
Holy War.] 

1679* * London. Dome stick Intelligence 
published gratis for the Promoting of 
Trade is issued. 

* * History of the Revolution, by Gilbert 
Burnet, Bishop of Salisbury, appears. 

1680* * Edinburgh. The Advocates' 
Library is extensive and valuable. 

* * The printing of newspapers and pam- 
phlets is prohibited. 

* * London. Mercurium Librarius, or a 
Faithful Account of All Books and Pam- 
phlet's, the first literary periodical in 
English, is issued. 

* * Patriarcha, a treatise on government 
in defense of the divine right of kings, 
by Sir Robert Filmer, appears. 

1681 Jan. 16. Weekly Memorials for 
the Ingenius is issued. 

* * Edinburgh. The College of Physicians 
is incorporated. 

* * Telluris Theoria Sacra, by Thomas 
Burnet, appears. 

* * Absalom and Achitophel, by John 
Dryden, appears. [1682, The Medal, Mac- 
Flecknoe, and Religio Laid.} 

SOCIETY. 

1674* * London. The court spends 
£200,000 in bribing members of Parlia- 
ment ; " they save no man's neck, but 
they break his purse." 

1675 * * Dublin. The Royal Hospital, 
Kilmainham, for aged and disabled sol- 
diers in Ireland, is founded by Arthur, 
[Earl of Granard], marshal-general of 
the army in Ireland. [1679. Improved 
by the l>uke of Ormonde.] 

1676 * * At St. Osytbs, Essex, 17 or 18 per- 
sons are burned for witchcraft. 

1677* * Edinburgh. Coffee-houses are 
first opened. 

1678 Sept. * The " Popish Plot" rev- 
elations of Titus Oates cause great ex- 
citement. (See State.) 

Oct. 17. Sir Edmundbury Godfrey is 
found murdered. 

"Nov, 17. London. Popular anti-Cath- 
olic demonstrations take place, with 
pageants and ridiculous effigies of the 
Pope. 

1679 * * Scot. The Duke of Lauderdale 
cruelly persecutes the Covenanters. 

Mar. 9. Tbe Council issues a declaration 
forbidding pardon to any person killing 
another in a duel. 

May 3. Scot. Archbishop Sharp is 
murdered near St. Andrew's by fanatics 
led by John Balfour of Burley, because 
of his apostasy. 

1680 * * Three judges are impeached for 
favoring the levying of ship-money. 

* Ire. The title Viscount of Downe is 
created. [1684, Earl of Granard.] 

1681 Jan. 26. Edinburgh. TwoCam- 
eronian women are hanged for calling 



AND IRELAND. 



1674,**-1682, 



895 



1682 Feb. 12. London. Thomas 
Thynne, " Tom of Ten Thousand," a 
wealthy man, is murdered at the in- 
stance of Charles John, Count Konigs- 
mark, a paramour of Thynne's wife. 
[The assassins are executed, but Konigs- 
mark is acquitted.] 

Mar. 11. Chelsea Hospital is founded. 

Dee. 13. A provost marshal is appointed 
to seize ballad singers, and suppress 
stage -plays. 

* * London. A riot takes place at Guild- 
hall at the election of sheriffs. 



STATE. 

1675 Nov. * Charles receives 500,000 
crowns from Louis XIV., in considera- 
tion of which he prorogues Parliament 
to prevent the adopting of a war policy 
against France. 

Dec. 29. A proclamation is issued re- 
calling the licenses of coffee-houses 
because of the " treasonable discourses " 
carried on in them against the Govern- 
ment. [The proclamation is withdrawn, 
owing to the indignation of the people.] 

* * Lord Finch [Earl of Nottingham] is 
appointed lord high chancellor. 

1676 * * Sir Richard Rainsford is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

1677 Oct.+ * William, Prince of Or- 
ange [William III.], pays a visit to 
England. 

'Nov. 4. Mary, daughter of James, Duke 
of York [James II.], and presumptive 
heiress to the Crown, is married to 
"William, Prince of Orange [William 
III.]. 

* * Charles makes a treaty with Holland 
for the preservation of Flanders. 

* * English, troops are withdrawn from 
the French service. 

* * The Writ de tasrehico comburendo (for 
the burning of a heretic) is abolished. 

* * Ire. James Butler, Duke of Ormonde, 
is .appointed lord lieutenant. 

1678 May 17. A secret treaty is con- 
cluded with France. 

Aug. 10. Peace of Nimeguen (p. 693). 

Sept. * Titus Oates discloses the ficti- 
tious "Popish Plot." 

This clerical adventurer discloses a 
rising of Catholics, a massacre of Prot- 
estants, the burning of London, the 
assassination of the king, and a French 
invasion of Ireland ; Don John of Aus- 
tria and Pere La Chaise, the confessor 
of Louis XIV., are the alleged authors. 

Oct. 23. Five Catholic peers, the Earl 
of Powis, Viscount Stafford, and Lords 
Petre, Arundel, and Belasyse, accused 
of complicity in the «« Popish Plot," 
are arrested and sent to the Tower, 
[two thousand persons are imprisoned, 
and Catholics are ordered to quit Lon- 
don.] 

Oct. 31. H. C. On the evidence of 
Oates, a resolution is passed declaring 
the existence of the " Popish Plot." 

Mov. 30. Parliament: The Disabling 
Act is passed, excluding Catholics from 
Parliament. 

Dec. 3. Coleman, secretary to the Duch- 
ess of York, is executed on a charge of 
complicity in the Popish Plot. 

Dec* H. C. The disclosureof the king's 
intrigues with France causes surprise 



and excitement in the Commons. (See 
1675.) 

Dec. * The Earl of Danby is impeached 
forcriminalcorrespondence with France. 
[1679. Apr. 16. Committed to the Tower 
till 1685.] 

* * Sir William Scroggs is appointed 
chief justice. 

1679 Jan. 24. Parliament is dis- 
solved ; it is the " Pension " Parliament, 
which had been in existence since 1661. 

Feb. * Election bribery is practised on 
an extensive and systematic scale. 

Mar. 4. James, Duke of York, departs 
for France, because of the violent oppo- 
sition to him as a Catholic. 

Mar. 6. Parliament meets. LJuly 12. 
Dissolved.] 

Mar. 7. H. C. The king refuses to ap- 
prove of the choice of Sir Edward Sey- 
mour as Speaker. ["William Gregory 
is made Speaker.] 

Apr. 20. The king, on the advice of Sir 
William Temple, forms the Council of 
Thirty to direct public affairs. 

It is provided that half the members 
shall be high officers of State, that the 
other half shall be popular leaders in 
Parliament, and that the income of the 
thirty shall not be less than £300,000. 

May 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is 
signed by the king. 

It compels judges to issue, on applica- 
tion, a writ ordering the jailer to pro- 
duce the prisoner in court, and show 
cause for his detention ; it requires that 
accused persons shall he tried or bailed 
at the first assizes after arrest, and dis- 
charged if not tried at the second ; and 
it prohibits recommitment for the same 
offense after discbarge. 

May 27. Parliament is prorogued. 
[Oct. 7. Meets and again prorogued, 
without advice of the council. Oct. 17. 
Meets. 1680. Oct. 21. Reassembles.] 

July * The Duke of Monmouth, nat- 
ural son of Charles, and James, Duke 
of York, are rivals for succession to 
the throne. 

Oct. 20. The alleged Meal Tub Plot is 
disclosed by Dangerfield. 

It is a pretended conspiracy against 
the life of the king, the particulars of 
which are found in fabricated papers 
concealed in a tub of meal. [Dangerfield 
is imprisoned, and whipped several times. 
1685. He dies under the lash.] 

Oct. * The Earl of Shaftesbury is de- 
prived of his office of President of the 
Council. 

Oct. * Sir William Temple and Lords 
Essex and Halifax resign from the 
Council ; they are succeeded by the 
Earl of Godolphin and Lawrence Hyde, 
Earl of Rochester. 

~Nov. * At the suggestion of Shaftesbury, 
numerous popular petitions are sent 
to the king, asking for the assembling 
of Parliament. 

The court or government supporters' 
issue ttecl;u-:it inns expressing abhorrence 
at the conduct of the petitioners ; hence 
there are two parties, —petitioners and 
abhorrers [later called Whigs and 
Tories]. 

16S0 Nov. 15. H. C. The Exclusion 
Bill is passed, to prevent the succession 
of the Duke of York to the throne. [Un- 
der the influence of Halifax the Lords 
reject the bill.] 

Dec. 7. Lord Stafford is condemned 
on impeachment for complicity in the 



1681 Jan. 18. Parliament is dissolved. 
Mar. 14. Charles makes a secret treaty 

with Louis XIV. 

Louis agrees to pay Charles 2,000,000 
livres for one year, and 500,000 crowns 
for two years ; Charles agrees to with- 
draw from the alliance with Spain. 

Mar. 21. Parliament meets. [Mar. 
28. Dissolved.] 

Mar. 28. The king dissolves Parliament, 
a new bill for the exclusion of the 
(Catholic) Duke of York from the 
throne having been introduced, and 
compromise refused by the Commons. 

Apr. 1. Sir Francis Pemberton is ap- 
pointed chief justice, 

Apr. 16. The province of New Jersey 
[U. S. A.], a country almost as large as 
England, is offered for sale for $25,000. 

July 1. London. Oliver Plunket, 
Catholic archbishop of Armagh, is ex- 
ecuted at Tyburn on a charge of high 
treason [later proved innocent]. 

July 2. London. The Earl of Shaftes- 
bury is committed to the Tower on a 
charge of high treason. [The grand jury 
refuse to find a true bill against him, 
and he is discharged ; he escapes to Hol- 
land. 1683. Jan. 21. He dies.] 

Aug. 31. Stephen College, the" Prot- 
estant Joiner," convicted of attempting 
to seize the person of the king, is ex- 
ecuted. 

Scot. Parliament declares religious 

difference does not bar the right of 
succession or impair authority. 

Nov. * Scot. The Duke of York, high 
commissioner in Scotland, secures the 
passage of a test act against Presby- 
terians. 

It renounces the Covenant, asserts the 
king's supremacy, indorses passive obe- 
dience, and disclaims any attempt to 
change civil or religious establishments ; 
about 80 Episcopal clergymen resign. 

Dec. * Scot. The Earl of Argyll is tried 
and found guilty of treason for opposing 
the Test Act; he escapes to Holland. 

1682 Jan.± * The Duke of Monmouth 
makes a tour of the northern counties, 
to add to the number of his partisans. 
[He is arrested at Stafford, and sent a 
prisoner to London, where he is admitted 
to bail in the sum of £10,000.] 

Sept. 1. "William Penn sails with 100 
colonists for America in the Welcome. 
One-third die of small-pox on the voyage. 

* * The Earl of Sunderland is restored 
to the office of Secretary of State. 

* * Sir Francis North [Lord Guilford] 
is made lord keeper. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1675 * * A canal is cut from Exeter to 

Topsham. 
1676* * London. Sixty houses are 

burned in Southwark. 
1680 * * Tea, coffee, and chocolate are 

increasing in use. 
1681* * London. The streets are first 

lighted with oil-lamps. 

* * London. The penny post is set up by 
Robert Murray, an upholsterer. (?) 

* * Edinburgh. The Merchants' Com- 
pany is incorporated. 



896 1682,** -1688, Nov. 28. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1685-88 James II. forms the Dragoon 
Guards, Royal Irish, and the Scots 
Greys. 

1685 May 2. Neth. The Earl of Ar- 
gyll's expedition sails from Holland 
in three ships. [June 30. After many 
disasters, Argyll is taken, tried, and 
beheaded.] 

June 11. The Duke of Monmouth 
lands at Lyme, Dorsetshire. (See State.) 

June 29. Grenadiers are introduced in 
the service. (See 1660.) 

* * The Fifth Northumberland Fusi- 
leers are raised. 

* * The Fourth King's Own Regiment 
is raised. 

July 6. The Duke of Monmouth is de- 
feated by the king's forces under the 
Earl of Feversham at the battle of 
Sedgemoor, Somersetshire ; he is taken 
prisoner. [July 15. Executed.] 

1688 Oct. 19. Neth. "William of 
Orange sails from Holland to invade 
England. 

He is accompanied by a fleet of 50 war- 
ships, 25 frigates, and 400 transports, 
under the command of Adm. Herbert, 
and an army of 10,000 infantry and 4,000 
cavalry under Marshal Sehomberg. [He 
is driven back by a storm.] 

* * The Earl of Feversham commands the 
royal army, and Adm. Dartmouth com- 
mands the navy. 

Nov. 1. Neth. "William starts the 
second time to invade England. [Nov. 
5. He lands at Torbay, on the west 
coast.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



1682-86 Ire. The long bridge of 21 
arches is built at Belfast ; length, 2,562 
feet. 

1683 May 1. A patent is given to 
Robert Fitzgerald for making salt 
water fresh. 

Dec. 1-84 Feb. 5. Continuous frost 
prevails ; oxen are roasted and bulls are 
baited on the ice-covered Thames, 

The forest-trees, and even the oaks in 
England, are split l>v the frost ; most of 
the hollies are killed. The Thames is 
covered with ice 11 inches thick, and 
nearly all the birds perish. 

* * London. Sadler's "Wells are opened 
as an orchestra for the visitors who use 
the waters medicinally. 

* * Charles II. begins a palace at "Win- 
chester, with Christopher "Wren as 
architect. 

* * Edmund Halley's theory of magnetic 
variations is published. 

* * The theory of the tides, first satisfac- 
torily explained by Kepler in 159S, is 
more completely explained by Sir Isaac 
Newton. 

1684 * * A professorship of music is 
founded at Cambridge. 

* * The first idea of the modern telegraph 
is suggested by Dr. Robert Hooke. 

* * London. William Davenport intro- 
duces a species of operas into England. 
[1692. The first regularly performed 
opera is produced at York buildings.] 

* * London. Samuel Pepys, author of 
Diary, becomes president of the Royal 
Society. [1686, John, Earl of Carberry ; 
1689, Thomas, Earl of Pembroke ; 1690, 
Sir Robert Southwell.] 



1685 * * The manufacture of velvet, 
long confined to Italy and later to 
France, is introduced into England. 

* * Iron pens are mentioned by Chamber- 
layne. 

1685-88 James II. systematizes sea- 



1686 Apr. 28. London. Newton pre- 
sents to the Royal Society the manu- 
script of his Principia. [1687. Pub- 
lished.] 

* * An inundation occurs in Yorkshire ; 
a rock opens and spouts water to the 
height of a church steeple. 

1687 May 5. The Government issues 
a proclamation to establish a manufac- 
tory for making white paper. 

* * London. A statue of James II. is 
erected at Whitehall. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1683 * * Browne. Sir Thomas, phys., A77- 

Cotes, Roger, mathematician, aslronomer, b. 

Finch, Heneage, Earl of Nottingham, A61. 

Purcell, Thomas, musical composer, born. 
1683 Nov. 10. George II., King, born. 

Fenton, Elijah, poet, born. 

Lambert, .John, parliamentary gen., A63. 

Leighton, Robert, archb. of Glasgow, au.,A73. 

MMdleton, <'onycis, clergyman, author, b. 

Oldham, .John, satirical poet, A30. 

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley 
Cooper, statesman, A62. 

Sidney, Algernon, statesman, A61. 

"Walton, Izaak, author, A90. 
1084 * * Bathurst, Earl, Allen, statesman, b. 

Lardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, author, b. 



Miller, Joseph, 



: actor, born. 



Roscommon, Earl of, lMllon Wentworth, 
poet, A51. 

Vernon, Edward, admiral, born. 

Young, Edward, poet, born. 
1686* *Berkeley, George, bishop of 
Cloyne, metaphysician, Ireland, born. 

liudgell, Euslare, essayist, born. 

rastell, Kdmuiid, lexiocographer, A79. 

Erskine, Kalph, cl., author, poet., Scot., b. 

Forbes, Duncan, statesman, Scotland, born. 

Gay, John, poet, born. 

Kent, William, painter, architect, born. 

Monmouth, Duke of. James Scott, nat- 
ural son of Charles II., A36. 

North, Francis, Baron Guilford, jurist, A48. 

Otway, Thomas, poet, dramatist, A34. 

Taylor, Brook, mathematician, born. 

Vertue, George, engraver, born. 

1686 * * Annesley, Arthur, Earl of Anglesey, 
statesman, A72. 

Baxter, Andrew, metaphysician, Scotland, b. 
Clayton, John, botanist, born. 
Dugdale, Sir William, antiquary, A81. 
Law, William, mystic, clergyman, author, b. 
Pearson, John, bishop of Chester, au., A73. 
Ramsay, Allan, poet, Scotland, born. 
Ramsay, Andrew Michael, wr., Scotland, b. 
Tickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, born. 

1687 * * Cotton, CharU s, humorist, poet, AST. 
Halgarno, George, of Aberdeen, philol., A6U. 
More, Henry, poet, theologian, phi]., A73. 
Petty, Sir William, pol. economist, Ati-i. 
Stukeley, William, antiquary, born. 
"Waller. Edmund, poet, A82. 
Wyndam, Sir William, statesman, born. 



CHURCH. 

1684 Apr. 19. Scot. The Synod of 
Edinburgh changes the year of the 
confirmation for children from eight to 
1G years. 

1685 Apr. 19. About 1,200 Catholics 
and Quakers are released from prison 
by order of the king. 

* *The Christian Community is 
founded. 

Its members visit and preach the gos- 
pel in workhouses, asylums, rooms, and 
in the open air ; they also distribute 
tracts. [1772. Reorganized by John 
Wesley.] 

* * London. A settlement of French 
Protestants is made. 

1686* *King James favors the Catho- 
lics. [Mar. 5. He forbids the bishops 
preaching on controversial topics.] 



* * The king is empowered to dispense 
with the Test Act. He proceeds to at- 
tempt to revive the Roman Catholic 
religion. 

* * Roman Catholic worship is allowed. 
Protestants are forbidden by order of 
the king to preach doctrinal sermons. 

* * Seven commissioners are appointed 
for the government of the church, 
with Lord Jeffreys at the head. 

July* London. Henry Compton, 
Bishop of London, having refused to 
remove the rector of St. Giles for 
preaching doctrinal sermons, is tried 
and suspended by the New Court of 
Ecclesiastical Commission. 

* * Monastic institutions are revived. 

Jesuits' schools also are opened. Cath- 
olic priests installed in their worship. 
Dec. 29. A Roman Catholic bishop is 
consecrated, and John Massey (R. C.) in- 
stalled as dean of Christ's Church. 

1687 Jan. 1. The clergy are piuiished 
for defying the laws of the church. 

Rev. Samuel Johnson is publicly 
whipped after standing three times in 
the pillory for an alleged libelous pub- 
lication. 

Feb. * James H. issues a 'declaration of 

liberty of conscience. 
Apr. * The king favors Won-conf ormists. 
He grants a declaration of indulgence, 

suspending penal laws against them. 

[Baxter, Hume, and Bunyan refuse to 

receive it, it being illegal.] 

July 3. The king receives the papal 
nuncio with magnificent pomp ; 36 
coaches, each with six horses, proceed 
to the Castle of "Windsor. 

* * Many anti-Catholic charity schools 
are established for the preservation of 
the Protestant religion among the poor. 

* * Cambridge University sides against 
the king. 

He recommends the bestowal of the 
degree of M. A. upon Alban Francis, a 
Benedictine monk, and it refuses ; he 
commands that the presidency of Mag- 
dalen College be given to Farmer, a Ro- 
man Catholic, and it refuses to obey. 

1688 Apr. * The king issues a second 
declaration of liberty of conscience. 

[May. 4. He commands it to be read 
in all the churches of London on May 
20. Few of the clergy obey, and the 
people rush for the door when the read- 
ing begins.] 
May 18. A great meeting of prelates 
and divines at Lambeth issues a tem- 
perate protest against the illegal read- 
ing of the declaration. 

June 8. London. Seven bishops are 
sent to the Tower. 

William Sancroft, Archbishop of Can- 
terbury, and Bishops Ken, Lake, Lloyd, 
Turner, Trelawney, and White are 
brought by summons before the king on 
the charge of seditious libel, for refus- 
ing to read the king's declaration for 
liberty of conscience, by which the Ro- 
man Catholics would acquire civil and 
ecclesiastical rights. [June 29, 30. They 
are tried and acquitted.] 

LETTERS. 

1682 * * Venice Preserved, by Thomas 

Otway, appears. 
1685* * Ire. The Dublin News Letter is 

issued. 

1686 Jan. * -93 * * London. Bibliothe- 
que Universelle et Historique, begun by 
Jean Le Clerc, is issued. 

1687 * * London. Charity schools are 
first established. 

* * The Hind and the Panther, by John 
Dryden, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 1682, ** -1688, Nov. 28. 897 



* * City Mouse and Country Mouse, by 
Matthew Prior, appears. 

1688 Nov. 12. Scot. The first auc- 
tion sale of books in Scotland is con- 
ducted by Andrew Anderson. 

SOCIETY. 

1683 May 8. The Duke of York is 
awarded £100,000 damages in the 
trial of ex-sheriff Pilkington for saying 
" he had tired the city, and he was now 
come to cut our throats.'* 

1684* * Titus Oatesisfined£100,000 
for libel against the Duke of York. 

[1685 May 7. Titus Oa-tes is tried for 
perjury. Later, he is sentenced to be 
pilloried five times a year, and impris- 
oned for life, after being whipped with 
1700 lashes in two days. 16S9. He is par- 
doned, and gets a pension of £300.] 

1685 * * Richard Baxter is charged 
with sedition by Jeffreys, and is sen- 
tenced to pay 500 marks, and kept in 
prison IS months for non-payment. 

Autumn. A reign of terror prevails in 
western England, caused by Jeffreys* 
barbarous prosecutions and persecu- 
tions of those who engaged in or favored 
the rebellion of Monmouth. 

Jeffreys hangs 350 rebels in the " Bloody 
Circuit," passing through Dorset and 
Somersetshire. He sells more than 800 
into slavery beyond the sea ; more are 
whipped and imprisoned ; men, women, 
and children are beheaded ; pardons are 
sold by the queen, maids of honor, and 
even the judge himself. Sept. 2. Lady 
Alice Lisle is beheaded for harboring a 
rebel. Elizabeth Gaunt is burned at Ty- 
burn for sheltering a rebel who after- 
ward betrayed her* 

* * The wages of agricultural laborers, 
per week, in Warwickshire, are : 3 shil- 
lings and 4 shillings ; Devonshire, 5 shil- 
lings ; Suffolk, 5 shillings and 6 shillings ; 
wool-weavers, about 3 shillings and 4 
shillings. 

1686 Mar. 10. James II. grants a 
general par d on, excepting among 
others the girls of Taunton who gave a 
Bible and sword to Monmouth. 

* * Sunderland, the prime adviser of the 
king, receives a pension of £25,000 
from the King of France to espouse 
his interests and prevent the reassem- 
bling of Parliament. 

* * Scot. The title, Earl of Dunmore, is 
created ; also Viscount of Strathallan. 
[1690, Baron Polwarth.] 

1687 * * The last of the Heralds' Visi- 
tations takes place. 

They were occasionally held i-n former 
times, and the landed gentry were re- 
quired to attend to prove their pedi- 
grees, which were then entered in a 
book. 

STATE. 

1683 * * A secret political confederacy 
is formed by the Duke of Monmouth, the 
Earl of Essex, Lord William Russell, 
Lord Grey, Lord Howard, Algernon Sid- 
ney, and John Hampden. 

It proposes to incite simultaneous ris- 
ings in several parts of England and 
Scotland, aiming to compel the king to 
assent to their demands for a change in 
the policy and proceedings of Govern- 
ment. 

June 12. The Rye House Plot is dis- 
closed by Josiah Keeling, one of the 
conspirators. 

It was devised by Col. Rumsey, Lieut.- 
Col. Walcot, and others to assassinate 



the king and his brother James at Rye 
House farm on their return from the 
Newmarket races. 

The Court of King's Bench decides that 
" the franchise and liberty of the city of 
London should be taken and seized into 
the king's hands." This is done at the 
instigation of the court party, who de- 
sire to have the sheriffs who select the 
juries nominated by the crown instead 
of chosen by the representatives of the 
city. [Other city corporations are co- 
erced into surrendering their charters.] 
June 18. London is humbled. 

The mayor, sheriffs, and aldermen 
1 kneel before the, king and beg clemency 
for the city; they are required to con- 
sent to accept the king's nominations 
for mayor and sheriffs in certain cases ; 
their forfeited charter is ransomed. 

July 21. Lord Russell is executed af- 
ter conviction as a conspirator against 
the king. [Dec. 7. Algernon Sidney 
also.] 

July 28. Anne, daughter of James, 
Duke of York, is married to George, 
Prince of Denmark. 

* * Sir Edmund Saunders is appointed 
chief justice. [Later, Sir George Jef- 
freys.] 

± * * London. The Court of King's Bench 
adjudges the penny post to belong to 
the Duke of York, as a branch of the 
general post ; it is annexed to the rev- 
enue of the crown. 

1684* * Ministers : Sidney, Lord Godol- 
phin, the Earl of Rochester, the Earl of 
Nottingham, the Earl of Sunderland, 
Sir Thomas Chicheley, Lord Dartmouth, 
the Earl of Clarendon, and t?he Earls of 
Bath and Radnor. 

Feb. 12. The Earl of Danby is lib- 
erated after five years' imprisonment. 
[The Earl of Powi's and Lords Arundel 
and Belasyse also are liberated.] 

* * The name Trimmer is applied to 
Charles Montagu, Earl of Halifax, and 
others who hold opinions half-way be- 
tween those of the Whigs and Tories. 

* * King Charles is made first lord of the 
admiralty. [1685. May 17. James 1X7] 

1685 Feb. 6. Charles II. dies, after 
having on his death-bed accepted the 
Catholic faith. 

1685-89 James II. reigns. He is a 
brother of Charles II. [Apr. 23. 
Crowned.] 

Feb. * Ministers : The Earl of Roches- 
ter, the Marquis of Halifax, Sir George 
Jeffreys, tflie Earl of Clarendon, Sir John 
Ernley, and Viscount Preston. 

May 19. Parliament meets ; its mem- 
bers are almost all subservient to the 
wishes of the king. [1687. July* 2. Dis- 
solved.] 

June ll. The Duke of Monmouth, 
natural son of Charles II., lands in Dor- 
setshire with about 150 followers, to 
elaim the throne. [June 20. He pro- 
claims himself king as James II. Cap- 
tured. July 15. Beheaded on Tower 
Hill.] 

July± * Col. Kirke's soldiers are quar- 
tered on the people in the western coun- 
ties, and commit many outrages, includ- 
ing murders. They are called " Kirke's 
lambs." 

* * James appoints Roman Catholics to 
office in disregard of the Test Act. 



Sept. 28. Lord Jeffreys is appointed 
lord high chancellor. 

Oct. 16. Sir Edward Herbert is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

Oct. 22. The revocation of the Edict of 
Nantes [drives many French refugees 
to England]. (P. 693.) 

Nov. 9. Parliament meets ; it refuses 
to grant supplies for the army while the 
Test Act is ignored by the king. [Com- 
mons, vote, 183-182.] 

Nov. 20. Parliament is prorogued. 

* * Sugar is first taxed. 

* * Ire. Henry Hyde, Earl of Claren- 
don, is appointed lord lieutenant. [1687. 
Removed ; succeeded by Richard Talbot, 
Earl of Tyrconnel.] 

1686 Jan. * King James sends Lord 
Castlemaine as royal ambassador to 
Rome. 

July * Father Petre, a Jesuit, and the 
Catholic Lords Powis, Arundel, Belasyse, 
and Dover are admitted to the Privy 
Council in violation of the Test Act ; 
even moderate Catholics are alarmed. 

* * The power assumed by James of dis- 
pensing with the Test Act is approved 
by the Court of King's Bench. 

1687 Jan.* Rochester is dismissed 
from office for refusing to renounce the 
Protestant faith. 

Lord Belasyse, a Catholic, is appointed 
lord treasurer; the Earl of Sunderland 
is made president of the council, and 
Viscount Preston secretary of state. 
Feb. 12. A declaration of indulgence 
granting liberty of conscience to all 
denominations in Scotland is made by 
the king. [Apr.* Another for England.] 

* * King James reestablishes the Court 
of High Commission. 

* * Sir Robert "Wright is appointed chief 
justice. 

* * Many justices and lord lieutenants are 
dismissed for refusing to control the 
elections in favor of the king's course. 

1688 June 30. An invitation is secretly 
sent to William, Prince of Orange, 
the son-in-law of James II., to intervene 
with arms for the restoration of English 
liberty and the protection of the Protes- 
tant religion. 

It is signed by the Earls of Devonshire, 
Shrewsbury, and Danby, by Compton, 
Bishop of London, Henry Sidney, Lord 
Lumley, and Adm. Russell. 

Sept. 30. Neth. "William issues a dec- 
laration to the people of England ac- 
cepting the invitation. [Oct. 19. He 
embarks at Helvoetsluys for England. 
His vessels are driven back by a storm. 
Nov. 1. He again embarks. Nov. 5. He 
lands at Torbay.] 

Oct. * James relents, and restores to 
London and other corporations their 
charters. 

Nov. 22. The Duke of Grafton and Lord 
Churchill join "William. 

Nov. 26. London. The Princess Anne, 
daughter of James, flees, and deserts 
the cause of her father. 

Nov. 28. James issues writs for a new 
Parliament, and sends three commis- 
sioners, Halifax, Nottingham, and Go- 
dolphin, to treat with William. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



* * Ire. Dublin Castle is burned. 

1684-85 London. The city is partly 
lit at night by Edward Hem'ing's patent. 



1688,.N"ov.*-1692,Jan.l6. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1688 Nov. * The treachery in the army 
towards the king hecomes infectious. 
[Nov. 25. The army retreats from near 
Salisbury without a battle.] 

1689 Mar. 12. Ire. James II. lands 
a force from France at Kinsale. 

Apr. 20-July 30. Ire. The army of 
James, under Richard Hamilton and 
others, besieges Londonderry, which 
is persistently defended by the Rev. 
George Walker. The city is relieved by 
Gen. Kirke ; Gen. Rosen retires with 
James's army after losing 9,000 men. 

May 7-Sept. 20. "War with France. 

July 27. Scot. Revolting Highland- 
ers under Viscount Dundee rout Wil- 
liam's force under Gen. Mackay at Kil- 
lieerankie, Perthshire; Dundee falls, 
and his force vanishes. 

* * Ire. Enniskillen, Fermanagh, re- 
sists the army of James II. 

* * Scot. The Twenty-sixth Cameronian 
Regiment is raised. 

July 30. Ire. Battle of Newtown 
Butler, Fermanagh. 

Gen. McCarthy, with 6,000 of King 
James's troops (Irish Catholics), is de- 
feated by 15,000 Enniskilleners (Irish 
Protestants) under Gustavus Hamilton ; 
3,000 are killed and the others captured, 
with a loss of only 20 men to the victors. 

1690 June 14. Ire. "William HE. 

lands at Carrickfergus. 

* * Ire. King Louis XTV. reinforces 
James in Ireland (p. 694). 

June 30. Naval battle off Beachy 
Head, Sussex (p. 694). 

July 1. Ire. Battle of the Boyne. 
William III., with 36,000 men, defeats 
James II. with 30,000. James's loss 
15,000 killed ; William's loss, 500 killed. 
[James retreats to Dublin, and sails for 
France.] 

July 23. The French devastate Teign- 
mouth, Devonshire. 

Aug. 9. Ire. The first siege of Limer- 
ick by William commences. [Aug. 27, 28. 
William assaults the city, but is re- 
pulsed by Patrick Sarsfield, the leader 
of the Catholics. Aug. 29. Siege raised.] 

Sept. 18. The Duke of Marlborough 
embarks for Ireland with an army of 
English, Dutch, Danish, and French. 

Sept. 24. Ire. Marlborough takes 
Cork after a siege of two days ; the 
Duke of Grafton, a son of Charles II., 
is killed. [Kinsale is taken.] 

1691 July 12. Ire. Battle of Agh- 
rim. 

The English under Ginkell defeat the 
Irish under St. Ruth and Patrick Sars- 
field ; St. Ruth is killed. 

July * Ire. Galway capitulates to the 
English. 

Aug. 15. Ire. The second siege of 
T limerick by the English begins. [Oct. 
3. Surrenders under treaty.] 

Sept. 1. The Coronation, with 90 guns, 
founders off the Ramhead ; the crew is 
saved. 

The Harwich, with 70 guns, is wrecked 
on Mount Edgcumbe ; the crew-perishes. 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1688 * * A catalogue of the stars is 
made by John Flamsteed, astronomer 
royal. 

* * London. The weaving of silk is 
much improved by French refugees at 
Spitaltields. 

* * The manufacture of cloth is greatly 
improved by Flemish settlers. 

1690 Oct. 17. Dublin. A severe earth- 
quake occurs. 

* * The French refugees teach the Eng- 
lish improved methods in paper-mak- 
ing. Only coarse white paper had pre- 
viously been made in England. 

1691 * * Halley's method of measuring 
the sun's distance by the transit of 
Venus appears. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1688 June 10. Stuart. James Francis 
Edward, Chevalier de St. George, son of 
James IT., the " Old Pretender," born. 

Astbury, .John, of Khelton, potter, born. 
Buckingham, I'nke of, (ieorge Villiers, poli- 



Cheselilen, William, anatomist, born. 
Cudworth, Ralph, religious writer, A71. 
Pope, Alexander, poet, born. 
1689 * * Bean, Aphra, novelist, dram., A47. 
Cooper, Samuel, miniature painter, born. 
Dundee, Viscount, John Graham of Claver- 

house, soldier, A 46. 
Etherege, Sir George, dramatist, A53. 
Jeffreys, George, jurist, statesman, A41. 
KadelifTe, James, Earl of Der went water, 

statesman, born. 
Kichardson, Samuel, printer, novelist, b. 
Sydenham, Thomas, physician, A65. 
1690* * Barclav, Robert, Quaker, author, 

Scotland, A42. 
Carteret, John, Earl Granville, states., b. 
Clinton, Charles, general, born. 
Eliot, John, "Apostle of the Indians," A86. 
Ged, William, inventor of stereotype, born. 
Gwyn, Eleanor, mistress of Charles II., 

A40. 
Hardwieke, Earl of, Philip York, jurist, b. 
Hooke, Natli;inifl, historian, born. 
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, writer, born. 
1691 * * Baxter. Richard, non-conformist, 

clergyman, author, A76. 
Cave, Edward, printer, founder of The 

Gentleman's Magazine, born. 
Cballoner, Richard, bp. of London, au., b. 
^Dartmouth, George Legge, lord-adm., A43. 
Dodington, George Bulb, Baron Melcombe, 

statesman, born. 
Faitborne, William, painter, engraver, A75. 
Fox, George, founder (Friends), A66. 
Leland, John, cl., controversialist, born. 
Lower, Richard, anatomist, A60. 
Mackenzie, Sir George, lawyer, statesman, 

writer, Scotland, A45 
Onslow, Arthur, statesman, born. 
Pocock, Edward, scholar, historian, A87. 



Apr. 11. Scot. Episcopacy is again 
abolished, and bishops expelled on the 
succession of William and Mary. [Sept. 
19. Episcopacy is formally abolished.] 

May 7-July 20. Dublin. JamesII.con- 
venes the Irish Parliament, which at- 
taints 3,000 Protestants. 



* * The Compensation Bill for Dissen- 
ters is introduced. 

1690** Scot. "An Act of Settle- 
ment" is passed. 

It abolishes prelacy in Scotland, and 
recognizes the "Westminster Confession 
as the creed of the church. 

* * Ire. Regium Donum, or Royal Gift, 
is revived. (See 1672.) 

* * The bishops who refuse the oaths are 
deprived of their bishoprics. 

1691 Feb. 1. The non-juring bishops 
and others are deprived of their benefices. 
They proceed to form a separate corn- 



Apr. * John Tillotson is made arch- 
bishop of Canterbury [1694, Thomas 
Tenison], and John Sharp archbishop 
of York. 

July 18. Robert Boyle, the philoso- 
pher, institutes by his will and a legacy 
the Boyle Lectures in vindication of 
Christianity. [The Christian Faith So- 
ciety is formed.] 

* * It. Innocent .XII. is elected pope. 
[1700, Clement XI.] 

* * Roman Catholics are excluded from 
Parliament. 

* * Ire. "William and Mary depose two 
bishops for not taking oaths to their 
sovereigns. 

* * Many of the General Baptist churches 
adopt Unitarian views. 

LETTERS., 

1688 * * John Dryden, poet laureate, 
is deposed at the Revolution, and is 
succeeded by Thomas Shad well. 

* * London. Universal Intelligence, The 
English Courant, The London Courant, 
The London Mercury, The Orange Ga- 
zette, The London Intelligence, Tile Har- 
lem Courant, and other papers, are 
issued. 



CHURCH. 

1688 Dec. 11. London. Anti-Catholic 
mobs burn Roman Catholic chapels, and 
insult ambassadors from Roman Catholic 
states. 

* * The Convocation of Clergy " refuses 
to be lowered to the grade of dissenting 
bodies, and he numbered as one of sev- 
eral holding the Protestant religion." 

1689 Mar. 1. Oaths of allegiance and 
supremacy are taken by the clergy. 

Archbishop Sancroft and the five bish- 
ops (Bath and Wells, Ely, Gloucester, 
Norwich, and Peterborough; are sus- 
pended for refusing to take the oaths to 
the new sovereigns, William and Mary. 
Mar. 14. Scot. A committee votes to 
reestablish Presbyterianism. 

* * The Toleration Act is passed. 

The state formally renounces the claim 
to impose religions conformity, and per- 
mits non-Episcopal worship. 



* * Concerning Toleration, by John 
Locke, appears. [1690, Essay Concern- 
ing the Human Understanding and Two 
Treatises on Government ; 1693, Some 
Thoughts Concerning Education.'] 

* * Table Talk, by John Selden, appears. 

1689-95 London. The Athenian Ga- 
zette or Causticat Mercury, resolving all 
the most Wise and Curious Questions, 
is issued. 

1690 * * The Worcester Postman is is- 
sued [now known as Barrotv's Worces- 
ter Journal], 

* * Ire. The Dublin Intelligencer is is- 
sued. 

* * Journal, by George Fox, appears. 

1691 * * History of Learning is issued. 
Aug. * -93 Dec* Works of the Learned 

is issued. 
1691-94 The Gentleman's Journal is 

issued. 
1691-1709 Memoirs, by Sir William 

Temple, appears. [1G95, Introduction to 

the History of England.] 



AND IRELAND. 1688, Nov. *-1692, Jan. 16. 899 



SOCIETY. 

1688 Dec. 11. London. The royal 
army being suddenly disbanded, re- 
straints of discipline are gone. Anti- 
Catholic riots occur; chapels are 
burned, and bouses of ambassadors from 
Roman Catholic countries are attacked 
by mobs. 

Dec. 12. London. The " Irish Night." 
A false report that Faversham's Irish 
troops are marching on the city causes 
consternation ; the citizens arm, bells 
are rung, and candles are set at all win- 
dows. 

1689 * * Samuel "Wesley marries Su- 
sannah Annesley (parents of John Wes- 
ley.) 

1690 * * Titles created, Earl of Scarbor- 
ough. [1694, Duke of Bedford, Duke 
of Leeds, and Duke of Devonshire ; 
1696, Duke of Albemarle ; 1697, Earl of 
Jersey, and Earl of Coventry ; 1G98, 
Baron Barnard,] 

1691 Aug. 19. Ire. The [famous] rob- 
ber, MacCabe, is hanged at Naas. 

* * Societies for the reformation of man- 
ners, aiming at the suppression of vice, 
are organized. 

STATE. 

1688 Dec. 11. London. King James 
tears up the unissued writs for Parlia- 
ment, and flees, throwing the great seal 
into the Thames. [He escapes to France]. 

Dec. 12-89 Feb. 13. Interregnum. 

England is without a government. 
Dec. 12. H. L. The Peers establish 

provisional government under the 

presidency of Lord Halifax. 

Dec. 13. Lord Chancellor Jeffreys is 
taken in disguise, rescued from the mob, 
and committed to the Tower [where he 
dies in a few months]. 

Dec. 14. James is arrested by fisher- 
men, rudely taken ashore at Sheerness 
from his vessel, and brought back to 
London. 

Dec. 19. London. William enters and 
holds court at St. James. 

Dec. 22. James again escapes; he sails 
for France [and becomes a pensioner of 
Louis XIV.]. 

1689 Jan. 22. London. The Conven- 
tion Parliament, summoned by the ad- 
vice of the Peers, meets. [1690. Feb. 6. 
Dissolved.] 

Jan. 28. The House of Commons de- 
clares the throne vacant. 

Jan. 30. EL L. A motion favoring a 
regency is lost. Vote, 49-51. A motion 
denying " divine right" is carried. 
Vote, 53-46. A motion declaring the 
throne vacant is lost. Vote, 41-55. 

[The question becomes an issue be- 
tween the two houses; the decision of 
William to decline a regency, and of 
Mary to accept only a joint rule, brings 
unity.] 

ITeb. 13. Both houses offer the crown 
to "William and Mary jointly, and ac- 
company the offer with a declaration of 
the rights of subjects. 

The declaration condemns as illegal the 
making or suspending laws, the levying of 
money for the crown, or the maintaining of 
a standing army, without the consent of Par- 
liament, the erecting of a Court of Commis- 
sion for ecclesiastical causes, or the granting 
•of estates forfeited before the conviction of 



the offender; it claims the right of petition- 
ing the sovereign, of bearing arms, of free- 
dom of election, and of freedom of debate in 
Parliament; it demands that Parliament 
shall be frequently held, that excessive bail 
shall not be exacted, and thai juries shall he 
impanelled ami returned in every trial; and 
it prescribes a new oath of "allegiance and 
supremacy," in which it is declared that " no 
foreign prince, person, prelate, state, or po- 
tentate, hath or ought to bavc, any jurisdic- 
tion, power, superiority, preeminence, or 
authority, ecclesiastical or spiritual, within 
this realm." 

The Revolution is completed. 

William, Prince of Orange, and his 
wife Mary, daughter of James II., ac- 
cept the crown ; they are proclaimed 
King and Queen of Great Britain, Ire- 
land, and France. 
1689-94 Mary reigns. 
1689-1702 William HE. reigns. 
Feb. * Ministers : 

Viscount Mordaunt; Thomas Osborne, Earl 
of Danby [created Marquis of Carmarthen, 
afterwards Duke of Leeds] ; George, Marquis 
of Halifax; Arthur Herbert [Lord Torring- 
ton]; the Earls of Shrewsbury, SoUingliam, 
Sunderland, Dorset, and Middlesex; Wil- 
liam, Earl [Duke] of Devonshire, Lord 
Godolpbin, Lord Montague, and Lord De la 
Mere. 

Feb. 18. The Convention Parliament 
becomes a regular Parliament by the 
passage of a Transforming Act. 

Feb. * Members of Parliament take the 
oaths of allegiance and supremacy. 

The archbishop of Canterbury, seven 
spiritual peers, several lay peers, and a 
few members of the Commons absent 
themselves. 

Feb. * William proposes the abolition of 
the hearth tax. 

Mar. 8. Arthur Herbert is made first 
lord of the admiralty. [1690, Jan. 20, 
Thomas, Earl of Pembroke and Mont- 
gomery ; 1692, Mar. 10, Charles, Lord 
Cornwallis ; 1693, Apr. 15, Anthony, Vis- 
count Falkland ; 1694, May 2, Edward 
Russell [Earl of Orford] ; 1699, June 2, 
John, Earl of Bridgewater.] 

Mar. 12. Ire. James H. lands with an 
armed force. (See Army.) 

[He is joined by Talbot, Earl of Tyr- 
connel, his former deputy, and is wel- 
comed by the Catholics. Mar. 24. He 
enters Dublin.] 

Mar. * Edinburgh. A Convention of the 
Estates passes an act settling the crown 
of Scotland on William and Mary. 

Mar. * The Habeas Corpus Act is sus- 
pended for the first time. 

Mar. * Parliament: The attainder of 
Lord Russell and Algernon Sidney is 



Mar. * Parliament : The first Mutiny 
Act is passed. 

It is occasioned by a mutiny among the 
troops at Ipswich. [A mutiny act is 
passed annually to make legal the exist- 
ence of a standing army.] 

Apr. 11. William and Mary are 
crowned ; Compton, bishop of London, 
officiates. 

Apr. 17. Sir John Holt is appointed 
chief justice. 

May 7. Dublin. James n. opens the 
Irish Parliament. [July 20. Closed.] 

[It repeals the Act of Settlement, gives re- 
ligious freedom, asserts Ireland's legislative 
indepeiuh'iH'p, and provides fliat the Catholic 
clergy shall be entitled to all tithes paid by 
Catholics.] 

May 24. Parliament : The Toleration 
Act is passed. 

It exempts Protestant dissenters from 
penalties for non-attendance at the 
services of the Established Church. 



May * Parliament orders the release from 
prison of Titus Oates, and grants him 
a pension of £300 a year. 

July* Scot. Graham of Claverhouse 
raises the standard of James XL 

Oct. * ParHament : The Bill of Eights 
is passed. 

Its title is "An Act declaring the 
Rights and Liberties of the Subject, and 
settling the Succession of the Crown" in 
a Protestant line. 

* * The great seal is in commission. 

* * The public debt is £664,263. 

* * London. The charter is restored. 

* * Ire. James orders the issue of a coin- 
age of brass money. 

* * Hearth, or chimney tax, and poll-tax 
are abolished. 

1690 Mar. 20. Parliament meets. 
[1695. Oct. 11. Dissolved.] 

The majority is Tory, and the ad- 
ministration consists of .Sidney, Lord 
Godolphin ; Thomas, Earl of Danby ; 
Richard Hampden ; Thomas, Earl of 
Pembroke ; Henry, Viscount Sydney ; 
Daniel, Earl of Nottingham. 

May 20. Parliament: The Act of 
Grace is passed. 

It gives indemnity to all partizans of 
James II., except persons guilty of 
treasonable correspondence with him. 

May 23. Parliament is prorogued. 

July 4. London receives with great re- 
joicing the news of William's victory at 
the battle of the Boyne. 

Dec. 29. Ire. Sir Charles Porter is 
appointed lord chancellor. 

* * Sir John Trevor, Sir William Rawlin- 
son, and Sir George Hutchins are ap- 
pointed keepers. 

* * Ire. Henry Sidney, Lord Sidney, is 
appointed lord lieutenant. 

1691 Jan. 5. Parliament is prorogued. 
Jan. 18. William goes to Holland, and 

is present at the Congress of The Hague 
for the promotion of thealliance against 
France. [Apr. 13. He returns. May 1. 
He again leaves for Holland.] 

Aug. * Scot. The Government proclaims 
indemnity to all rebellious Highland 
chiefs who take the oath of allegiance 
before the last day of the year. 

Oct. 3. Ire. The Treaty of Limerick 
is signed. 

It is agreed that the Irish surrender; that 
all Irish officers and soldiers desiring it shall 
be permitted to enter the service of France, 
and shall have free transportation thereto ; 
that all attainders shall be annulled, and all 
outlawries re versed; that < 'at holies shall have 
the same freedom in the exercise of their 
religion as they enjoyed in the reign of 
Charles II. ; that only the oath of allegiance 
shall be required ; and that there shall be a 
general amnesty. [The treaty is violated by 
the Irish Parliament, consisting wholly of 
Protestants, which passes severe penal laws 
against Catholics.] 

Dec. 31. Lord Preston and two asso- 
ciates are arrested while conveying trea- 
sonable correspondence to James II. 
[Lord Preston and Ashton are tried, and 
the latter is executed.] 

1692 Jan. 10. The Earl of Marlbor- 
ough, having been detected in treason- 
able correspondence with James II., is 
dismissed from his military command. 
[May 5. Arrested, charged with con- 
spiracy to restore James. (Innocent.) 
May 23. Dismissed from office as privy 
councilor.] 

Jan. 16. King William signs the order 
for the extirpation of the Macdonalds 
of Glencoe. (See Society.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



900 1692, Feb. 13-1700,** GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1692 May 19. Naval battle off La 
Hogue (p. 694). 

Aug. 3. Belg. William is defeated at 

Steenkerke (p. 694). 
* * The match-lock and wheel-lock are 

superseded by the fliiit-lock. 

1693 Apr. 17. Parliament orders that 
officers, seamen, and marines shall re- 
ceive, as rewards, one-eighth the pro- 
ceeds of prizes. 

June 29±. Port. The English de- 
feated off Cape St. Vincent (p. 694). 

July 29. Belg. William defeated at 
Landen; 20,000 allies are killed (p. 694). 

Sept. 24. The ring bayonet is adopted. 

1695 July 1. Belg. King "William 
HE., with an army of English, Butch, 
and Germans, lays siege to Namur. 
[Aug. 26. Taken.] 

Aug. 19. Belg. The French, with 
80,000 men under the Duke of Villeroy 
and Marshal Rouffters, attempt to re- 
lieve Kamur, but are defeated with 
great loss. 

1696 Jan. 29. The Royal Sovereign, 
with 100 guns, is wrecked and burned in 
the Medway. 

1697 Sept. 20. Neth. The Peace of 
Ryswick ends the war with France. 

1699 * * William III. sendB 30 ships 
under Sir George Rooke to aid Charles 
XII. of Sweden against Denmark. 



ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1694* * Te Deum and Jubilate, written 
for St. Cecilia's Day by Henry Pureell, 
appears. 

1695 Nov. 15. Ire. A shower of 
greasy matter falls ; it becomes offen- 
sively odorous when drying. 

* * London. Lincoln's Inn Theater is 



* * The spiral pendulum spring is in- 
vented by Robert Hooke. 

* * London. John Lofting, from Holland, 
establishes the manufacture of thim- 
bles at Islington. 

* * The cylinder and escapement for 
watches is invented by Thomas Tom- 
pion. 

1696 Apr. 2. Ire. Dew resembling 
butter in its consistency and color is 
formed in many places. [It falls fre- 
quently in low places, and sometimes 
remains a fortnight.] 

* * A storm occurs on the east coast of 
England; 200 colliers and coasters are 
lost, with most of their crews. 

1697* * Scot. The problem of the caten- 
ary, with the analysis, is solved by Dr. 
David Gregory. 

1698* * Capt. Thomas Savery invents a 
heat-engine. He also suggests the use 
of steam as a motive power (?). 

* * Ire. The manufacture of cloth is out- 
rageously restrained by law. 

1700 * * George Graham invents the dead- 
beat and horizontal escapements for 
watches. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Henley, John, preacher, born, 
1693* * Blount, Oliarh-s, deistieal wr., A39. 
Bradley, James, astro., mathematician, b. 
Carew, Bamfyhie, Moore, li king of the beg- 
gars," born. 
Collinson, Peter, botanist, born. 



Edwards, George, ornithologist, born. 

Fawkes, Francis, poet, A61. 

Harrison, John, mechanician, born. 

Lilly, (ieorne, dramatist, born. 

Ludlow, Edmund, judge, A73. 

Newcastle, Duke of, Thomas Holies Pelham, 
statesman, born. 

Bancroft, "William, archbishop of Canter- 
bury, A77. 

Sarsneld, Patrick, patriot, gen., ire., dies. 

Somerville, William, poet. born. 

1694 Sept. 22. Chesterfield, Earl of, 
Philip i>. Stanhope, statesman, author, b. 

Dec. 27. Mary II., queen, A32. 
Hutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., b. 
Tillotson, John, arcbh. of Canterbury, A64. 

1695 * * Bnshv, Hi. 'hard, master of Westmin- 
ister school, A90. 

Dalrvmple, .lames, tirst Viscount Stair, jurist, 

Scot., A76. 
Erskine, John, jurist, Scotland, born. 
Glas, John, el., fdr. (G-lassites), Scotland, h. 
Pureell, Henry, musical composer, A37- 
Wood, Anthony, antiquarian, A63. 

1696 * * Greene, .Maurice, composer, born. 
Hervey, Lord John, statesman, b. 

Home, Henry, Lord Karnes, jurist, phi- 
losopher, Scotland, born. 

Keith, James Francis Edward, marshal, 
Jacobite g< neial, Scotland, born. 

Oglethorpe, James Edward, gen. fdr. Ga., b. 

Pelham, Sir Henry, statesman, born. 
1697* * Anson, Lord George, circumnavi- 
gator, vice-admiral, born. 

Aubrey, John, topographer, antiquary, A71. 

Gill, John, Baptist clergyman, Uabbinical 
scholar, author, born. 

Hogarth, WUliam, paint., engr., humo., b. 

Muggleton, Ludowiek, fanatic, A88. 
1698 * * Baker, Henry, naturalist, born. 

Jortin, John, el., preacher, author, born. 

MacGeoghegan, James, abbe, scholar, histo- 
rian, Ireland, born. 

Maelaurin, Colin, math., phil., Scotland, b. 

Savage, Richard, poet, born. 

Warbnrton, William, bishop of Gloucester, 
author, born. 

Wharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet,'b. 
1699* * Bates, William, non-conformist 
clergyman, A74. 

Child, Sir Josiah, merchant, economist, A69. 

Longman, Thomas, fdr. publishing house, b. 

Temple, Sir WiUiam. states., mis. wr., A71. 
1700 * * Amory, Thomas, clergyman, au., b. 

Arbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, born. 

Dyer, John, poet, born. 

Mallet, or Mallock, David, poet, Scot., born. 

CHURCH. 

1692* * Dublin. The Quakers' first 
meeting-house is opened in Eustace 
Street. 

1695* * The Congregational Fund 
Board is established to assist poor min- 
isters. 

1696* * Edinburgh. Thomas Aikenhead 
is executed for heresy ; he is the last 
heretic executed in Great Britain. 

1697 Dec. 2. London. The choir of St. 
Paul's Cathedral is reopened [after the 
fire] on the General Thanksgiving Day 
for Peace. 

1698 * * Liverpool is made a separate 
parish. 

* * First Bible Society is formed. 

It is called " The Society for the Pro- 
motion of Christian Knowledge." 

1699 * * Parliament passes an act to pre- 
vent the growth of " popery." 

It provides a payment of £100 to pros- 
ecutors of Gatholics, and the forfeiture 
of Catholic estates. Teachers and priests 
are liable to imprisonment for life. 

1700 * * The Unitarians of Central Eu- 
rope come to England. 

LETTERS. 

1692 * * Nahum Tate is made poet 
laureate. 

1692-93 The Complete Library is issued. 

1693 * * The censorship of the press is 
established by a license. 

* * Memoirs for the Ingenious is issued. 

* * The Old Bachelor and The Double 
Dealer, by William Congreve, appear. 



[1695, Love for Love ; 1697, The Mourning 
Bride; 1700, The Way of the World.] 

1695 * * The censorship of the press hav- 
ing been abolished, newspapers are be- 
gun to be regularly issued. 

* * The Mercury is issued at Stamford 
[now known as The Lincoln, Rutland, 
and Stamford Mercury.] 

1696 * * London. Lloyd's News is issued 
by Edward Lloyd. 

1697 * * Dissertation on the Epistles of 
Phalaris, by Richard Bentley, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Relapse, yEsop, and The Provoked 
Wife, by Sir John Vanbrugh, appear. 
[1702, The Ealse Friend.] 

* * Translation of Vergil's Works, and 
Alexander's Feast, by John Dryden, ap- 
pear. [1700, Fables.] 

1698* * London. [Queen] Anne founds 
Grey-coat School, Westminster. 

* * Short View of the Immorality and Pro- 
faneness of the English Stage, by Jeremy 
Collier, appears. 

* *A metrical version of the Psalms is 
prepared by Nahum Tate and Nicholas 
Brady. 

* * Love in a Bottle, bv George Farquhar. 
appears. \UW, A Constant Couple ; 1701, 
Sir Harry Wildair; 1702, The Inconstant , 
or the Way to Win Him, and The Twin 
Rivals; 1704, The Stage Coach; 1707, The 
Beaux' Stratagem.] 

1699 Mar. * Scot. The Edinburgh Ga- 
zette is issued. 

1699-1712 London. A History of the 
Works of the Learned is issued. 

1700 * * Dublin. Rue's Occurances is is- 
sued. 

* * Carmen Seculare, by Matthew Prior, 
appears. [1709. Poems.] 



SOCIETY. 

1692 Feb. 13. Scot. Massacre of 
Glencoe. 

Maclan Macdonald and about 60 of his 
clan, including women and children, are 
murdered by royal troops under Capt. 
Campbell (Glenivon), at the' instigation 
of Sir John Dalrymple [Earl of Stair], 
for not having taken the oath of alle- 

fiance before Jan. 1 ; the troops had 
een MacdonuM's guests for 12 days. 

* * London. Robert Young, a prisoner 
in Newgate, forges the hands of the 
Earls of Marlborough and Salisbury, and 
other nobility, to a pretended associa- 
tion for restoring K ing James ; the lords 
are imprisoned, but the imposture being 
detected, Young is fined £1,000, and put 
in the pillory. [He is afterwards hanged 
for coining.] 

1693 * * Lotteries are established [and 
for more than 130 years yield a large 
annual revenue, to the crown], 

1694 * * Many persons are executed for 
clipping the coins. 

Mar. 12. Sir John Trevor, Speaker of 
the House of Commons, is expelled from 
the chair and the House for taking a 
gratuity after the act for the benefit of 
orphans had passed. 

1695 Oct. 10. William III. is received 
on his return from the continent with 
illuminations and public rejoicings. 

* * A tax is laid on marriages; a duke 
has to pay £50, a common person, two 
shillings and sixpence. 

* * Births of children are taxed ; a duke, 
£30, a common person two shillings. 

* * A statute declares that the slave- 
trade " is highly beneficial and advan- 
tageous to the kingdom and the colo- 



AND IRELAND. 1692, Feb. 13-1700, 



901 



* * Widowers are taxed ; a duke, £12 10s. ; 
lower peers, smaller sums ; a common 
person, one shilling. 

* * Profane swearing is made punisha- 
ble by a tine ; a laborer or servant for- 
feiting one shilling, others two shillings, 
for the first offense; for the second 
offense, lour shillings; for the third 
offense, six shillings. 

1696 Feb. * The Assassination Plot, 
to kill William III., is discovered. 

It was organized by Sir George Barclay 
and other .Iacobit.es, and was to have been 
simultaneously executed with one for an in- 
surrection to be aided by French invaders. 
About 40 ruffians undertook to kill William, 
near Turnham Green, Middlesex, on Feb. H, 
but their scheme was disclosed by Prender- 
gast, a Roman Catholic, 

Feb. * A national loyal association is 
organized. 
It is to protect the king from assassins; and 



it immediately ; all persons holding office 
under the Government are required to be 
members. 

Mar. * -Apr. * Robert Charnock, Edward 
King, Thomas Keyes, Sir William Parkyna, 
Sir John Friend, Ambrose Knokwood, Charles 
Cranburne, and Edward Lowiek are tried, 
convicted, and executed for complicity in the 
plot for the assassination of the king. 

* * Plate, with the exception of spoons, 
is prohibited in public houses. 



A justice's license is required before 
anybody is entitled to sell ; but distillers 
are permitted to retail without license, 
provided they do not tolerate tippling 
in their houses. 

STATE. 

1692 * * The Administration is directed 
by the "Junto*' "Whigs. 

John Somers, lord keeper, Edward 
Russell, Shrewsbury, and Thomas Whar- 
ton, secretaries of state, and Charles 
Montagu, chancellor of the exchequer. 

1693 Jan. 20. Parliament : The per- 
manent national debt begins in an act 
for raising money for carrying on a war 
against France. [One million pounds are 
borrowed on annuities at 10 per cent.] 

Nov. * Government by party is intro- 
duced. 

The king selects his ministers from the 
party having the majority in the House 
of Commons. 
fc Sir John Somers is appointed lord 



1697 Jan. 28. Sir John Fenwick is 

executed after trial by bill of attainder 
for complicity in the assassination plot. 
[He is the last person executed in Eng- 
land by act of attainder.] 

Uov. 26. London. There is great pub- 
lic rejoicing on William's entry into 
the city, on the restoration of peace, and 
the return of commercial prosperity. 

Dec. 2. National thanksgiving is ob- 
served for the restoration of peace. 

* * Sunderland orders a correction of the 
profaneness and immorality of the 
drama. 

1698 Jan. 11. Peter the Great, Czar 
of Russia, arrives in England. 

* * Hawkers and pedlers are first li- 
censed. 

* * London. Thomas Firmin advocates a 
popular and benevolent scheme for set- 
ting the poor at work. 

* * Societies for "the reformation of 
manners" abound. 

They lay informations of swearers, 
drunkards, and Sabbath-breakers before 
magistrates, and apply the informer's 
portion of the fines paid to charities. 

* * Prevailing immorality and inde- 
cency of the stage. 

Charity is represented as the thin dis- 
guise of scheming women, and adultery 
a proper pursuit of refined gentlemen, 
and virtuous people the butt of ridicule. 

1699 Feb. 13. The Government no- 
tifies the play-houses that they are to 
enact nothing contrary to religion and 
good manners. 

* * John Archdale, a Quaker, is elected 
to Parliament ; having refused to take 
the oaths, his election is declared void. 

* * A statute is passed making shoplift- 
ing a felony without benefit of clergy. 

* * The Charitable Society of Natives, 
Winchester, is founded. 

1700 * * Calico is prohibited to be 
printed or worn. 



1694 Mar. 12±. H. C. Sir John 

Trevor, Speaker, is expelled for receiv- 
ing a bribe. 

May * The Earl of Marlborough writes 
a treasonable letter to James II. 

July 23. London. The Bank of Eng- 
land, projected by William Paterson, 
a Scotch merchant, is established ; it is 
granted certain privileges in return for 
a loan of £1,200,000 to the Government. 

Dec. 22. Parliament : The act provid- 
ing for triennial Parliaments is signed 
by the king. 

Dec. 28. Queen Mary dies. 

1695 June 7. Sir Richard Tyne is 
appointed chief justice. 

Nov. 22. The first triennial Parlia- 
ment meets ; the Whigs are in a major- 
ity. [1698. July 7. Dissolved.] 



* * Parliament : The censorship of the 
press in the form of license is abolished. 

* * Parliament : A recoinage act is 
passed. 

It authorizes the withdrawal of coins 
depreciated by clipping, and the issue of 
new coins, the loss of the difference in 
value to be borne by the public ex- 
chequer. [It causes a commercial panic] 

* * Edinburgh. The Bank of Scotland 
is founded. 

* * Dublin. The Protestant Parliament 
makes severe laws against Catholics. 

They make it a penal act for a Catholic 
to bear arms, or to teach school, or to 
have his children instructed in the Cath- 
olic faith, or to own a horse worth more 
than £5 ; and it is enacted that all popish 
archbishops, bishops, and other clergy 
shall quit the kingdom before May 1, 
1698. 

* * The window-tax .is first enacted, to 
defray the expense of and the deficiency 
in the recoinage of silver. 

1696 Feb. 24. The king informs Par- 
liament of a Jacobite plot to assassinate 
him and invade the kingdom in favor of 
James II. (See Society.) 

Feb. * The Habeas Corpus Act is tem- 
porarily suspended. 

* * Parliament : The Trial for Treason 
Act is passed. 



It provides that the accused shall be 
permitted to have the aid of counsel, 
and that evidence of two witnesses be 
required to prove an overt act. 

* * Ire. The free exportation of flax, 
hemp, linen, yarn, and thread is enacted ; 
but the exportation of English wool and 
the importation of Irish wool into Eng- 
land are prohibited. 

* * Ire. An act is passed permitting 
Quakers to affirm instead of taking 
oaths in courts of law. 

1697 Jan. 12. Ire. Sir John Jeffrey- 
son, Thomas Coote, and Nehemiah Don- 
ellan are appointed lord keepers. [Dec. 
21, Edward, K;ui of Aleath ; Francis, Earl 
of Longford and Murrough ; and Vis- 
count Blessington.] 

Mar 11. Ire. J.Metheunis appointed 
lord chancellor. 

* * Sir John Somers is appointed lord 
high chancellor, and created a peer ; 
Russell is created Earl of Orford. 

Sept. 20. Keth. Peace of Ryswick (p. 
695). 

1698 May * Charles Montagu is ap- 
pointed first commissioner of the treas- 
ury. [1699, Ford, Earl of Tankerville.] 

Aug. 24. Parliament meets. [1700. 
Dec. 19. Dissolved.] 

Sept. 5. A new East India Company 
(the "English") is chartered, and the 
old (the "London") is suspended for 
three years. [1702. Both are united.] 

Oct. 11. Neth. First Partition Treaty. 
[1700. Mar. 13. The second.] (P. 695.) 

* * Parliament. Laws are passed to dis- 
courage the woolen, and encourage the 
linen, manufacture of Ireland. 

1699 Feb. * Parliament : An act is 
passed reducing the army from 14,000 
to 7,000 men, and dismissing the Dutch 
troops. 

1700 Apr. 11. Parliament: An act 
is passed resuming for public uses the 
Irish forfeited estates granted to King 
William's Dutch favorites. 

Apr. * Somers is dismissed from office. 

July 30. The Duke of Gloucester, the 
last of Anne's 17 children, dies. 

* * Lord Chief Justice Sir George Treby 
and Chief Baron Sir Edward "Ward 
are appointed lord keepers. [Later, Sir 
Nathan "Wright.] 

* * Ire. Lawrence Hyde, Earl of Roch- 
ester, is appointed lord lieutenant. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1692+ * * London. Lloyd's, a coffee- 
house near the Boyal Exchange, kept 
by Edward Lloyd, becomes a place of 
meeting for merchants. 

1694 * * "Water-works are erected at 
Exeter. 

1695* * Edinburgh. The African and 
East India Company is incorporated. 

1696 * * London. The Hand-in-Hand 
is the first regular fire insurance office 
set up in the city. 

1696-99 The first Eddystone light- 
house is erected. 

1697 * * The displays of fireworks in 
celebration of the Treaty of Ryswick 
cost £10,000. 

1698 Jan. 4. London. The palace of 
Whitehall, except the banqueting house, 
is burned. 

1699 * * The old dock, Liverpool, is con- 
structed. [1700. June 2. The Marlbor- 
ough is the first ship to enter it.] 

1700 * * The first auction sale in Eng- 
land takes place. 



902 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1701 Feb.+ * Neth. The French 
seize the seven Dutch "barrier for- 
tresses," including Luxemburg, Mons, 
and Charleroi, thereby precipitating hos- 
tilities with England (p. 695). 

1701-13 "War of the Spanish Succes- 
sion (pp. 512, 694). 

1702 May 4. "War with France is 
proclaimed. 

Aug. 19t. Sp. A naval battle off 
Cartagena (p. 694). 

Aug. * Sp. Cadiz attacked (p. 696). 

Sept. 19. Neth. Marlborough, com- 
manding the allies, takes Venlo by 
storm. [He besieges and takes fiure- 
monde and Stevenswart.] 

Oct. 12. Sp. French are defeated off 
Vigo (p. 696). 

Oct. 23. Belg. Liege taken (p. 696). 

1703 Nov. 27- A great storm wrecks 
the war-ships Stirling Castle, Mary, 
Northumberland, Vanguard, Resolution, 
Newcastle, and Reserve. 

* * Marlborough invades the Spanish 
Netherlands and takes Bonn, Huy, Lim- 
burg, and Guelders. 

1704 July 24. Sp. Gibraltar taken 
(page 696). [Oct. 11. Besieged by the 
French and Spanish. Nov. 11. The 
French retire, after losing several ships 
and 10,000 men.] 

Aug. 13. Ger. Battle of Blenheim 
(p. 696). 

Sp. In a naval battle off Malaga, 

the English under Sir George Rooke de- 
feat the French under Oomte Toulouse. 

1705 July 18. Belg. Battle of Tirle- 
mont (p. 696). 

Oct. 4. Sp. Barcelona surrenders (p. 
696). 

1706 Apr. 6. Sp. King Philip of Spain 
lays siege to Barcelona. 

[May 11. The English under Sir John 
Leake compel him to raise it. The 
English and Portuguese shortly after- 
wards occupy Madrid, but evacuate it 
the following August.] 
May 23. Belg. Battle of Ramillies 
(pp. 542, 696). [The surrender of Lou- 
vain and Brussels follows.] 

1707 Apr. 25. Sp. Battle of Almanza 
(p. 696). 

Oct. 22. It. Adm. Sir C. Shovel and his 
ship Association are lost off the Scilly 
Isles. 

1708 May 22. Adm. Leake captures 
60 French vessels laden with provisions 
in the Mediterranean. 

July 11. Belg. Battle of Oudenarde 
(p. 696). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



1703 Nov. 27. The Great Storm 
rages. 

It causes immense loss of life and prop- 
erty on the land and water. The loss in 
London alone is estimated at £'2,000,000 ; 
8,000 lives are lost in the Severn and 
Thames, and by wrecks on the coast of 
Holland, and by ships which founder at 
sea ; 17,000 trees are torn up by the roots 



in Kent alone: the Eddystone light- 
house is destroyed. It is regarded as a 
national calamity. 

* * London. Sir Isaac Newton becomes 
president of the Royal Society. 

1704 * * A comet approaches the earth, 
and is visible for several months, the 
people being much frightened. 

* * Newton publishes his Optics, first ex- 
plaining the phenomena of the spectrum. 

1705 * * Halley predicts the return of 
the comet in 1758. 

* * Thomas Newcomen sets up the first 
steam-engine to do mining work. 

* * London. Her Majesty's Theater 
[Italian Opera House] is first opened. 

1706 * * A life assurance company is 
established by Bishop Allen. 



1707 * * London. The Society of An- 
tiquaries, for preserving the national 
antiquities, is partially revived. [1717. 
Reconstructed. 1750. Chartered.] 

* * London. An extraordinary plague of 
fleas occurs ; they cover the clothes of 
the people. 

* * Samuel Newton and others obtain 
patents for obtaining starch from pota- 
toes. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. . 

1701* * Cruden, Alexander, author concord- 
dance, Scotland, born. 

Dryden, John, courtier, poet, critic, writer, 
A69. 

James II., king, dies in France, A78. 

Kiffin, William, (Particular I'.aptist), A85. 

Sedley, Sir Charles, poet, dramatist, A62. 

Thomson, .lames, poet, Scotland, born. 

1702 * * Benbow, John, admiral, A52. 
Doddridge, Philip, non-conformist clergy- 
man, theologian, philosopher, born. 

tally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of 
Tollendal. French general in India, Ire., b. 

Sunderland, "Earl of, Robert Spencer, states- 
man, A 60. 

1703 June 17. Wesley, John, founder of 
Methodism, b. 

Dodsley, Robert, poet, dramatist, writer, b. 
Hooke, Robert, math., inventor, A68. 
Law, Edmund, metaphysician, born. 
Pepys, Samuel, secretary to admiralty, 

author of famous Diary, A61. 
Wallis, John, mathematician, A87. 
Warren, Sir Peter, admiral, born. 

1704 Oct. 28. Locke, John, statesman, 
scientist, philosopher, A72. 

Bathurst, Ralph, poet, philosopher, theolo- 
gian, A84. 

Buxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, born. 

Byng, Honorable John, admiral, born. 

Jenvns, Soame. poet, writer, politician, b. 

L'Estrange, Sir Roger, political writer, A88. 

Pococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, traveler, b. 
1705* * Birch, Thomas, hist., biographer, b. 

Browne, Isaac Hawkins, poet, born. 

Hartley, David, founder of English Asso- 
ciation of psychologists, born. 

Loudoun, John C, fourth Earl of, general, b. 

Mansfield, Earlof, William Murray, jurist, b. 

Oates, Titus, contriver of Popish plot, A86. 

Ray, or Wray, John, naturalist, A77. 

Tucker, Abraham, philosopher, born. 

1706 * * Baskerville, John, printer and type- 
founder, born. 

Brooke, Henry, novelist., poet, Ireland, born. 
Dorset, Earl of, Charles Saekville, poet, A(i9. 
Evelyn, John, miscellaneous writer, A86. 

1707 * * Fanpihar, (ieorge, comic dramatist, 
Ireland, A29. 

Fielding, Henry, poet, dram., novelist, b. 
Foulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., b. 
Pringle, Sir John, physician, Scotland, born. 
Robins, Benjamin, mathematician, natural 

philosopher, born. 
Sherlock, William, clergyman, author, A66. 
Shovel, Sir Cloiulcslcy, admiral, A57. 

1708 Nov. 15. Pitt, "William, Earl of 
Chatham, statesman, orator, born. 

Phillips, John, poet, A32. 

Tyson, Edward, phvsicmn, anatomist, A59. 

WeBley, Charles, cl., hymn-writer, born. 



CHURCH. 

1701 June 16. The first charter is 
granted to the Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts, by 
King William III. (See America.) 

1702 Nov. 12. A national thanks- 
giving is observed for Marlborough's 
victories. [1704. Sept. 7. Again ob- 
served.] 

1703 Jan. 19. A general fast is ob- 
served after the great storm. 

June 17. John "Wesley is born in the 
Epworth parsonage. 

Nov. * Queen Anne's Bounty is es- 
tablished to increase the incomes of th« 
poorer clergy. 

* * Ire. Severe laws against Roman Cath- 
olics are promulgated. 

1704 * * The sacramental test is imposed 
by the Popery Act. 

1707 * * Scot. The union of England 
and Scotland is consummated. Fresby- 
terianism is recognized as the national 
religion, and is fully guaranteed in its 
rights. 

1708 * * Roman Catholics are forbid- 
den to marry Protestants. 

1709 Aug. 14-Nov. 5. London. Dr. 
Henry Sacheverell, of St. Saviour's, 
Southwark, preaches two sermons 
against the Whig Ministry. 

[They excite the people with appre- 
hension for the safety of the church, 
and fire their hostility against dissenters, 
whose meeting-houses they assault. The 
High Church and Low Church partiei 
are developed. 1710. Mar. 23. He is 
suspended for three years. 1713. Apr. 
13. Reinstated.] 

LETTERS. 

1701* * The Funeral, by Steele, appears. 
[1703, The Lying Lover ; 1705, The 'Tender 
Husband.] 

1702 * * A chemistry professorship is 
established at Cambridge. 

* * A New Short Treatise of Algebra, to- 
gether with a Sjwcimcn of the Nature and 
Algorithm of Fluxions,'hy John Harris r 
appears. 

* * The Shortest Way with Dissenters, by 
Daniel Defoe, appears. 

1703 * * London. The Daily Courant is 
issued. 

Feb. * London. The Review, the first 
critical periodical of the kind, is issued 
by Daniel Defoe. 

* * The complete works of Euclid in 
Greek, edited by Dr. David Gregory, ap- 
pear at Oxford. 

1704 * * An astronomy professorship is 
established at Cambridge. 

* * Ire. An edition of the Bible, the first 
printed in Ireland, appears. 

* * The Tale of a Tub and The Battle of 
the Bools, by Jonathan Swift, appear. 
[1707, Argument Against Abolishing 
Christianity and Baucis and Philemon.] 

* * The Lexicon Technicmn, by John Har- 
ris, appears ; it is the first English en- 
cyclopedia. 

1705 * * Scot. The Edinburgh Courant is 
issued. 

* * Edward Harley, Earl of Oxford, be- 
gins the collection of a library of manu- 
scripts and rare books [the "Harleian 
Library" of the British Museum.] 

* * The Campaign, by Joseph Addison, 
appears. 

1706 * * London. The Country Gentle- 
man's Courant is issued. 



AND IRELAND. 1701, Feb. 6-1709, Aug. 14. 903 



* * The Norwich Postman is issued. 

1707 * * History of the Great Rebellion, 
by Edward Hyde, Earl of Clarendon, 
appears. 

* * An anatomy professorship is estab- 
lished at Cambridge. 

1708 Oct. * Scot. The Edinburgh Fly* 
ing Post is issued. 

1709 Apr. 13-11 Jan. 13. The Tat- 
ler is founded by Sir Richard Steele. 



SOCIETY. 

1701 * * Scot. The title, Earl of Sea- 
field, is created ; also Duke of Argyll. 
[1703, Duke of Atbole, Earl of Rosebery, 
Earl of Glasgow, Earl of Hopetoun, and 
Earl of Stair; 1707, Duke of Montrose, 
and Duke of Roxburghe.] 

1702 * * Titles created : Duke of Marl- 
borough. [1703, Earl of Poulett ; 1711, 
Earl of Dartmouth, Baron Boyle, Duke 
of Ferrers, Baron Middleton, Baron 
Brandon, and Baron Hay.] 

1703 July* London. Daniel Defoe 
is condemned to stand three times in 
the pillory, and suffer imprisonment for 
writing The Shortest Way With Dissent- 
ers. 

Dec. 23. Archduke Charles of Aus- 
tria, Charles III. of Spain, visits Eng- 
land. 

* * May-poles are again set up. 

* * London. TheKit-CatClubisfounded. 

It consists of about 30 members, in- 
cluding the Duke of Marlborough, Sir 
Robert Walpole, Addison, Steele, and 
Garth, and its object is to promote the 
Protestant succession. 

* * Dublin. The House of Commons ex- 
peDs Mr. Asgill from his seat because 
he had written a book in which he as- 
serted the possibility of translation to 
the other world without death. 

* * Queen Anne "touches" for the cure 
of the king's evil. 

1705 * * Two alleged witches are exe- 
cuted at Northampton. [1712. Five more.] 

1706 Dec. 21. Edinburgh. The sign- 
ing of the Articles of Union causes a 
tumult. [Also at Dumfries.] 

1708 * * Edward Colston's hospital, a 
free school, and other charities are 
established at Bristol. 

* * A committee of the Commons declares 
the slave-trade ' ' is important and ought 
to be free." 

STATE. 

1701 Feb. 6. Parliament meets; the 
Tories are in a majority ; Robert Har- 
ley, Speaker. [Nov. 11. Dissolved.] 

Apr. 4. The Earl of Pembroke is made 
first lord of the Admiralty. [1702, May 
20, George, Prince of Denmark (lord 
high admiral) ; 1708, Nov. 29 ; Earl of 
PembroKe ; 1709, Oct. 8, Earl of Orford ; 
1710, Oct. 4; Sir John Leake ; 1712, Sept. 
30, Earl of Stratford ; 1714, Oct. 14, 
Earl of Oxford ; 1717, Mar. 19, Earl of 
Berkeley.] 

May 8. H. C. Kentish men petition 
the Commons to support the king with 
supplies to assist his allies. [May 13. 
The petitioners are committed to prison 
by the Commons for attempting " to sub- 
vert established government."] 

June 12. Parliament: The Act of 
Settlement is passed. 

It settles the crown on the Princess Sophia 
of Hanover, granddaughter of James I., and 
her issue; it enacts that the sovereigns of 
Great Britain shall be Protestants ; they 
shall not leave the kingdom without consent 



of Parliament; ministers shall lie responsible 
for the acts of the sovereign, and judges 
shall hold office tor life. 

July 1. The king embarks for Holland. 
[Nov. 4. Returns.] 

Sept. 6. Fr. James H. dies. 

Sept 7. William forms the Grand Alli- 
ance (p. 695). 

Sept. * Louis XIV. acknowledges James's 
son, James Francis Edward Stuart [the 
Old Pretender], as king of England, 
Scotland, and Ireland. 

Dec. 30. Parliament meets. [1702. 
July 2. Dissolved.] 

* * Parliament : A law is passed wholly 
prohibiting the exportation of cloth, 
from Ireland except to certain ports in 
England. 

1702 Feb. 21. "William falls from 
his horse and fractures his collar-bone. 
[Mar. 8. He dies.] 

1702-14 Anne reigns. 

Anne is daughter of James II., and 
wife of Prince George of Denmark. 

Mar. * The Earl of Marlborough is sent 
as envoy extraordinary to the States 
General. 

May 8. The Godolphin Administration 
is formed. 

Ministers : Lord Godolphin, high treas- 
urer; Sir Charles Hedges and the Earl of 
Nottingham [1704, succeeded by Robert Har- 
ley, Earl of Oxford], secretaries of state ; 
Sir Nathan Wright, keeper; Marquis of Nor- 
manby, privy seal; Henry Boyle, chancellor 
of the exchequer; and Earl of Pembroke and 
Montgomery, president. 

* * Parliament : The crown's power of 
granting pensions is checked by statute. 

Aug. 20. Parliament meets ; Robert 
Harley, Speaker. [1705. Apr. 5. Dis- 
solved.] 

Aug. 26. Ire. Lord Methuen is ap- 
pointed lord high chancellor. 

Deo. 10. Marlborough is created duke 
for eminent services. 

* * The National debt, £16,394,702. 

1703 * * Ire. Further severe laws are 
passed against Catholics. 

May* Edinburgh. Parliament as- 
sembles. It passes the Act of Settle- 
ment. 

Nov.* Parliament: Queen Anne's 
Bounty is established. 

It is a grant of the "first fruits" and 
" tenths " accruing to the crown from spirit- 
ual preferments, in trust, for increasing the 
incomes from small benefices; the "first 
fruits " being the whole profits for the first 
year, and the " tenths " the tenth of the an- 
nual profit. 

Dec. 27. The Methuen Treaty is con- 
cluded with Portugal by Paul Methuen. 
Heavy Portugal wines are admitted at 
one-third lower rate than light French 
wines ; Portugal agrees to import her 
woolens from England. 

* * Ire. Jas. Butler, Duke of Ormonde, 
is appointed lord lieutenant. . [Aug. 6. 
Sir Richard Cox becomes lord high 
chancellor.] 

1704 * * France formally assents to honor 
the British flag by the flag-salute at sea. 

1705 Oct. 25. Parliament meets ; the 
Whigs are in a majority. John Smith, 
Speaker. [1708. Apr. 11. Dissolved.] 

* * Wilhelmina Carolina Dorothea, of 
Brandenburg Anspach, marries Prince 
George [George II.]. 



Dec. 21. Ex-Queen Catherine, widow of 
Charles II., dies. 

* * "William Cowper [Lord Cowper] is 
appointed lord keeper. [1707, lord 
high chancellor.] 

1706 Apr. 16. London. Thirty-one 
commissioners from each of the two 
kingdoms meet to negotiate terms of 
legislative union between England and 
Scotland. [July 22. They agree upon 
Articles of Union.] 

Dec. * Lord Sunderland is appointed 
secretary of state. 

1707 Jan. 16. Edinburgh. The Act 
of the Scottish Estates (Parliament) for 
the union of England and Scotland is 
passed. Vote, 110-69. 

Provisions: The Princess Sophia of Han- 
over and her Protestant bens shall succeed 
to the crown of the United Kingdom; there 
shall be one Parliament, to whicn Scotland 
shall send 16 elective peers and 45 members 
of the Commons; no more peers shall be cre- 
ated for Scotland; Scotch law and legai ad- 
ministration remain unchanged; the Episco- 
pal Church in England and the Presbyterian 
Church in Scotland remain unchanged; the 
Union Jack shall be the national flag of Great 
Britain. 

Mar. 25. Edinburgh. The Scottish 
Parliament meets for the last time. 

The regalia of Scotland — crown, scep- 
ter, and sword of state — are deposited 
in an oaken chest in Edinburgh Castle. 

May 1. The union of England and 
Scotland as Great Britain goes into 
effect. 

Oct. 23. The first Parliament of 
Great Britain meets, it being a second 
Parliament of Anne revived by procla- 
mation. 

* * Harley and St. John are dismissed 
from the Cabinet ; H. Boyle and Rob- 
ert "Walpole take their places, the lat- 
ter as secretary of war. 

* * Mrs. Masham (Abigail Hill) is the 
new favorite of the Queen. 

* * H. C. It is enacted that members of 
the House accepting any office of profit 
under the crown thereby vacate their 
seats. 

* * Ire. Thomas, Earl of Pembroke, is 
appointed lord lieutenant and Richard 
Freeman lord chancellor. 

* * The queen vetoes a militia bill for 
Scotland. [It is the last exercise of the 
royal veto power.] 

170S Mar. * Scot. James Francis Ed- 
ward Stuart, Chevalier de St. George, 
the Old Pretender, makes an unsuc- 
cessful attempt to land with a French 
force. 

Nov. 18. Parliament meets ; the ma- 
jority is Whig ; Sir Richard Onslow, 
Speaker ; the "Whig leaders are Som- 
ers, Halifax, Wharton, Oxford, and Sun 
derland. [1710. Sept. 10. Dissolved.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1703 * * The registering- of deeds and 
conveyances disposing of real estate is 
appointed to be effected in Yorkshire 
and in Middlesex. [Because of the 
greater security thus given, the value of 
estates increases in those counties.] 

1705 Jan. 13. A fireworks establish- 
ment blows up, destroying 120 houses 
and killing 120 persons. 

1706 * * The Amicable is the first life 
insurance office established in Eng- 
land. 

1708 Apr. 4. Ire. The Castle of Bel- 
fast is burned. 

* * London. The united British East In- 
dia Company is incorporated. 



904 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1709 Sept. 11. Fr. Battle of Mal- 

plaquet (p. 696). 
Dec. 25. Mass. U. S. A. The Solebay, 

witli 32 guns, is lost near Boston Neck ; 

her crew perishes. 
1711 Sept. 13. Fr. Marlborough 

takes Bouchain (p. 696). 
Oct. 15. The Edgar, 70 guns, blows up 

at Spithead, and all on board perish. 
Oct.* Charles HI. leaves Spain. [Nov.* 

Philip V. enters Madrid.] 
* * Marlborough is dismissed in dis- 
grace from his command of the army by 

the Tories. 



1713 Apr. 11. Neth. Peace (p. 697). 

1714 * * The Duke of Marlborough is 
appointed captain-general. 

1715 Sept.* Scot. A Jacobite rising. 
(See State). 



Nov.* Scot. The Jacobites under Fors- 
ter invade England. 

At Preston, Lancashire, they are 
besieged by the English under Gens. 
Carpenter and Wills, and compelled to 
surrender. 

Nov. 13. Scot. The indecisive battle 
of Dumblane, or Sheriff-muir, Perth- 
shire ; the Earl of Mar and the Earl of 
Argyll are leaders. 

Dec. 22. Scot. The » Old Pretend- 
er" lands at Peterhead. [1716. Feb. 5. 
He returns to France.] 

1716 Feb. * Scot. The Jacobite re- 
bellion is suppressed with great se- 
verity. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1710 * * T. Gurney introduces his system 
of stenography. ' 

Dec. 8. Thomas Harriot observes solar 
spots. 

* * A society of eminent professors insti- 
tutes the Ancient Academy of Music 
to promote the study of vocal harmony. 

1711 Feb. 24. London. Handel per- 
forms his opera Rinaldo at the Hay- 
market, successfully overcoming previ- 
ous restrictions. 

* * London. A private academy is started 
for the study of art; Sir Godfrey Knel- 
ler, president. 

* * Stereotyping is known. 

1712* * London. A statue of Queen 
Anne is erected in St. Paul's Church- 
yard. 

1713* * Savery and Newcomen invent 
an atmospheric engine. 

1714* * Newton explains the correct 
theory of fluids and the oscillation 
of waves. 

* * A silk-throwing mill is erected at 
Derby by Sir Thomas Lomlie, modeled 
from the original mill in Sardinia. 

1715 * * Manufacturers of cloth are en- 
couraged by legislation. 

May 3. A total eclipse occurs; the 
darkness is so intense that the stars can 
be seen, and the birds roost at noon. 

Red flames, or protuberance, are ob- 
served by Edmund Halley. 



1716 Mar. 6. England is alarmed hy a 
brilliant array of the aurora borealis. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1709 Sept. 18. Johnson, Samuel, poet, 
essayiBt, biographer, lexicographer, phil- 
osopher, horn. 

Armstrong, John, phys., poet, Scotland, b. 

Cowper, William, anatomist, A33. 

Harris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, b. 

Holt, Sir John, jurist, A67. 

Lyttleton, Lord George, poet, born. 

Rooke, Sir (Jeor^e, admiral, A59. 
1710* * Aldrich, Henry, logician, theol.,A63. 

Arne, Thomas August me. musician, comp.,b. 

Harrington, Lord Wm. Wihlman, states., b. 

Betterton, Thomas, actor, A75. 

Butler, Alban, K. C. el., hagiologist, born. 

Cullen, William, phys., med. teacher, au., b. 

Lowth, Robert, bishop of London, author, b. 

Reid, Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, born. 

Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, born. 
1711 * * Boscawen, Kdward, admiral, born. 

Hume, David, historian, phil., Scot., born. 

Ken, Thomas, bp. of B. and W., au., A64. 
1712* * Coekburri, Mrs. Alison, poet, writer, 
Scotland, born. 

Cromwell, Richard, states., protector, A 86. 

Fothergill, John, physician, born. 

Foulis, Andrew, printer, publisher, Scot., b. 

Glover, Richard, poet, born. 

Halyhurton, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A38. 

Steuart, Sir James D., jurist, political econo- 
mist, Scotland, born. 
1713* * Bute, Earl of, John Stuart, states- 
man, born. 

Capell, Edward, annotator of Shakespeare, h. 

Cave, William, canon of Windsor, au., A7fj. 

Newcomen, Thomas, an inventor of steam- 
engines, dies. 

Pitcairne, Archibald, physician, an., A61. 

Ramsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., born. 

Rymer, Thomas, antiquary, born. 

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Astley 
Cooper, philosopher, A42. 

Sprat, Thomas, bp. of Rochester, poet, A77. 

Sterne, Lawrence, humorist, Ireland, born. 

1714 Aug. 1. Anne, queen, A50. 
Camden, Earl, Charles Pratt, statesman, h. 
Farmer, lluub, clergyman, author, born. 
Henry, Matthew, cl., au., commentator, A52. 
Hervey, James, clergyman, author, born. 
Monboddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, b. 
Shensione, William, poet, born. 

Taylor, Sir liobert, sculptor, architect, born. 
Whit efi eld, George, orator, Evangelist, 

founder calvauistic Methodists, born. 
Wilson, Richard, painter, born. 

1715 * * Ale.ock, John, musical composer, b. 
Braddock, Edward, general, born. 
Brown, John, clergyman, author, b. 
Bryant, Jacob, theoL, philos. writer, born. 
Burnet, Gilbert, bishop of Salisbury, histo- 
rian, theological, writer, A72. 

Burnet, Thomas, author, A80. 

Carstares, William, chaplain to William III., 

Scotland, A66. 
Ditton, Humphrey, mathematician, A40. 
Dampier, William, navigator, A63. 
Hawke, Edward, lord admiral, horn. 
Hickes, Gemx'e, theologian, philologist, A73. 
Johnson, Sir William, general, born. 
Nares, James, musician, composer, born. 
Tate, Nahum, poet, A63. 
Whitehead, William, poet, born, 
Wycherley, William, poet, dramatist, A75. 



CHURCH. 
1709 * * Scot. The Scottish Society for 
Promoting Christian Knowledge is 
formed and incorporated. 

* * London. The "Sons of Clergy" 
annual musical performance at St. 
Paul's is begun. 

1710* * London. St. Paul's Cathedral 
is completed by Sir Christopher Wren, 
with the exception of decorations. [1723. 
Decorations completed.] 

* * Parliament : An act is passed for 
building 50 new churches. 

1712 * * Scot. Ecclesiastical patronage 
is restored. Episcopacy is tolerated. 

* * Scot. The Episcopal bishops adopt 
the English Book of Common Prayer. 



1713 * * Parliament: Lord Bolingbroke 
introduces the Schism Act; teachers 
are to declare their conformity to the 
established faith. [1719. Passed.] 

1714 Nov. 27. The disturbers of Dis- 
senters by insults and breaking win- 
dows are tried at Bristol. 

Dec. 11. The clergy.are ordered not to 
meddle with the affairs of state in their 
sermons. 

1715 * * William "Wake is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. [1737. John 
Potter.] 



1709* * The Worcester Postman is issued. 

* * Essay toward a New Theory of Vis- 
ion, by George Berkeley, appears." [1710, 
A Treatise concerning the Principles of 
Human Knowledge ; 1713, Three Dia- 
logues between Hylas and Phi/onous.] 

* * The Pastorals, by Alexander Pope, 
appears. [1711, Essay on ( ritiasm; 1712, 
Rape of the Lock; 1713, Windsor Forest.] 

1710 Mar. 1-14 Dec. 20. London. 

The Spectator is conducted by Addison 

and Steele. 
Nov.* Swift begins the Journal to Stella. 

* * The Courant is issued at Nottingham 
[now the Nottingham Journal], 

* * Ire. The Dublin Gazette is issued. 

* * London. The Examiner, or Remarks 
upon Papers and Occurrences is issued. 

1710-14 London. The Memoirs of Lit- 
erature is issued. 
1711* * The Newcastle Courant is issued. 

* * The Conduct of the Allies and Remarks 
on the Barrier Treaty, by Swift, appear. 

1712 May* The Liverpool Courant is 
issued. 

Aug. 12. The first stamp on newspapers 
is used this day. 

* * The Courant is issued at Norwich. 

1713 Mar. * -Oct. 1. London. The 
Guardian is founded by Steele. 

* * The Hereford Journal is issued. 

* * Cato, by Joseph Addison, appears. 

* * The Public Spirit of the Whigs, by 
Swift, appears. [1714, Free Thout/ht's 
on the State of Public Affairs.] 

1714 Jan. * The Englishman is founded 
by Sir Richard Steele.' [1718, The Ple- 
beian; 1719, The Theatre.] 

* * Worcester College, Oxford, is 
founded by Sir Thomas Coke. 

* * London. The Scriblerus Club, a 
literary club, is founded by Dean Swift. 
[Bolingbroke. Pope, Gay, and Arbuth- 
not are members.] 

* * The Shepherd's Week, by John Gay, 
appears. [1727. Fables.] 

1715* * London. "Welsh charity 
schools are established in Gray's Inn 
Road. 

* * George I. purchases Bishop Moore's 
library of 30,000 volumes for 0,000 
guineas, and presents it to Cambridge 
University. 

* * The Salisbury Postman is issued. 

* * Scot. Glasgow Courant, the first news- 
paper published in Glasgow, is issued. 

* * Nicholas B,owe is appointed poet 
laureate. 

* * Felix Farley's Journal is issued. [Af- 
terwards merged into the Bristol Times, 
and both conjoined with The Bristol 
Mirror to form The Daily Times and 
Mirror.] 

SOCIETY. 

1709 * * A blue-coat hospital is founded 
at Liverpool. 

1710 Feb. *-Mar. * London. TheSa- 
cheverell riots. (See State.) 



AND IRELAND. 1709, Sept. 11-1716, May 7. 905 



Apr. 18. London. Four Indian chiefs 
arrive from America, and are carried in 
the royal coaches to their audience with 
the queen. 

* * The October Club is organized. 

It consists of a party of country gen- 
tlemen in the House of Commons, who 
profess high church principles, and favor 
Bolingbroke and the Jacobite cause. 

1711 Mar. 8. A Frenchman, who as- 
sumes the title of Marquis of Guiscard, 
attempts to assassinate Chancellor 
Harley. 

* *The Hue and Cry, a gazette for ad- 
vertising felons, is established ; it pub- 
lishes descriptions of felons, thereby 
greatly aiding in their capture. 

Nov. * H. C. The Duke of Marlborough 
is accused of peculation, condemned by 
the Commons, and dismissed from all 
his offices. 

1712 Mar. 12. London. Queen Anne 
officially announces in the London Ga- 
zette her intention to * ( touch" publicly 
for the cure of scrofula. 

Nov. 15. London. A duel is fought be- 
tween the Duke of Hamilton and Lord 
Mohun at Hyde Park. Small swords 
are used ; Lord Mohun is killed on the 
spot, and the duke expires of his wounds 
as he is being carried to his carriage. 

* * Apothecaries are exempted from 
serving on juries or other civil offices. 

* * London. Arbuthnot's satire, John 
Ball, appears. [The nickname of "John 
Bull," applied to England, is alleged to 
have been derived from this.] 

* * London. Ruffians, called Mohocks, 
go about the city at night, wounding and 
disfiguring the men, and indecently ex- 
posing the women. £100 is offered by 
royal proclamation for apprehending 
any one of them. 

* * Titles created, Viscount Bolingbroke 
and St. John (1716). [1714, Earls Ayles- 
ford, and Tankerville ; 1716, Duke of 
Portland ; 1718, Earl Cowper, Earl of 
Stanhope, and Viscount of Cobham ; 
1719, Duke of Manchester; 1720, Viscount 
of Falmouth ; 1721, Earl of Macclesfield, 
and Viscount of Torrington ; 1722, Earl 
of Graham ; 1729, Earl of Waldegrave ; 
1730, Earl of Ashburnham.] 

* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Conway. 
[1715, Baron Carbery ; 1716, Earl of Fitz- 
william, and Viscount of Molesworth ; 
1717, Viscount of Middleton, Viscount of 
Boyne, Viscount of Charlemont, and Vis- 
count of Chetwynd ; 1718, Baron Aylmer ; 
1719, Viscount of Grimston; 1720, A'is- 
count of Gage, and Viscount of Barring- 
ton; 1722, Earl of Kerry and Shelburne 
(1753).] 

1713 July 13. The Treaty of Utrecht 
obliges the Government to furnish an- 
nually to Spanish America 4,800 ne- 
groes for 30 years. [1748. Renewed. 
1750. Abandoned.] 

1715 May 29. Biota of the Whig and 
Tory mobs, called Ormonde and New- 
castle mobs, occur. 

June * Jacobite riots occur. 

Meeting-houses of Dissenters are de- 
stroyed, prisons opened, and the health 
of James is openly drunk at Manchester. 

tJuly * Jacobites commit outrages on 
>issenters in the midland counties.] 
Aug. 3. London. A cobbler of Highgate 
is whipped from Holloway to London 
for criticising the Government. 

* * A tumult is raised at Manchester by 
" Syddall, the barber." [He is afterwards 



to cut down a 



] 

; * It is a capital 
cherry-tree. 



STATE. 

1709* * Parliament: The first copy- 
right act is passed. It gives copyright 
for 14 years, or for the life of the author. 

* * Sir Thomas Parker is appointed 
chief justice. 

Dec. 24. Ire. Alan Brodrick is ap- 
pointed chief justice. [The Earl of 
"Wharton, lord lieutenant.] 

1710 Feb.*-Mar.* Dr. Henry Sa- 
eheverell is impeached for preaching 
seditious sermons, favorable to Tory 
principles. 

He is suspended from preaching for 
three years, and his sermons are hurned 
by the hangman. 

* * Robert Harley becomes chancellor 
of the exchequer, and St. John secretary 
of state. 

Aug. * The "Whig ministers are dis- 
missed. 

Nov. 25. Parliament meets; the 
Tories are in majority. [1713. Aug. 13. 
Dissolved.] 

* *The great seal is in commission; Sir 
Simon Harcourt, Lord Harcourt, is 
keeper. [1713. Lord chancellor.] 

* * A new charter is granted to Bristol. 

* * Ire. The Duke of Ormonde is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant. Nov. 28. Robert, 
Earl of Kildare, Archbishop Hoadley of 
Dublin, and Thomas Keightley are com- 
missioners of the seal. 

1711 Jan. 22. Ire. Sir Constantine 
Phipps is appointed lord high chancel- 
lor. [July 5. Sir Richard Cox, chief 
justice.] 

* * Mrs. Masham succeeds the Duchess 
of Marlborough as keeper of the privy 
purse. 

June 1. Robert Harley is created Earl 
of Oxford, and appointed lord treas- 
urer ; Sir Simon Harcourt is appointed 
minister. 

Nov. * Parliament : The Occasional 
Conformity Bill is passed. [1718. Re- 
pealed.] 

Dec. 30. Parliament : The Qualifica- 
tion Act is passed. It requires certain 
declarations to qualify for public office. 

* * Parliament: The stamp duty is 
imposed. 

1712 * * H. L. The Ministry creates 12 
Tory peers to obtain a majority. 

July * Henry St. John is created Vis- 
count Bolingbroke. 

1713 Apr. 11. Neth. The Peace of 
Utrecht is signed by Ministers of Great 
Britain, France, and Spain (p. 697). 

Nov. 11. Parliament meets. [1715. 
Jan. 15. Dissolved.] 

* * Ire. The Duke of Shrewsbury is 
appointed lord lieutenant. 

1714 May 28. The Princess Sophia of 
Hanover dies. 

* * Parliament: The Schism Act is 
passed. It prohibits dissenters from 
keeping schools and acting as tutors. 

* * Lord Bolingbroke intrigues in the 
interest of the Old Pretender. 

July 27. The Earl of Oxford (lord 
treasurer) is dismissed [and Charles 
Talbot, Duke of Shrewsbury, is ap- 
pointed to succeed him]. 

Aug. 1. Queen Anne dies. 



House of Hanover or Brunswick. 

1714-27 George I. reigns. 

He is a son of Princess Sophia of Han- 
over, the granddaughter of James I. 
[Aug. 10±. He is proclaimed king. Sept. 
18. He lands at Greenwich. Oct. 31. 
Crowned.] 

Oct. * Ministers : The Earl of Halifax 
(lord treasurer). Lord Townshend (secre- 
tary of state), Sunderland (lord lieuten- 
ant of Ireland), Lord Cowper (lord chan- 
cellor), Earl of Nottingham (president 
Council), and the Duke of Marlborough 
(commander-in-chief). 

Oct. 11. Ire. Alan Brodrick [Viscount 
Middleton] is appointed lord chancellor. 
[Oct. 14. W. Whitshed, chief justice.] 

* * The national debt is £54,145,363. 

1715 Mar. 17. Parliament meets. 
[1722. Mar. 10. Dissolved.] 

June 9. Lord Bolingbroke and the Earl 
of Oxford are impeached of high 
treason in complicity with Jacobite in- 
trigues, Bolingbroke having joined the 
Pretender in France. [June 21. The 
Duke of Ormonde also, who flees to 
France ; anti-Whig mob riots follow the 
impeachments.] 

Sept. 6. Scot. The Earl of Mar pro- 
claims the "Old Pretender" as 
James III. at Braemar, Aberdeenshire ; 
[the Jacobite rebellion follows. Dec. 
25. The Pretender lands at Peter- 
head, Aberdeenshire.] 

Oct. * Robert Walpole is appointed 
premier and chancellor of the ex- 
chequer. 

Nov. 16. Belg. The Barrier Treaty 
is signed (p. 543). 

1716 Jan. 19. H. L. Seven rebel 
Jacobite lords, Derwentwater, Widd- 
rington, Nithsdale, Winton, Carnwath, 
Kenmure, and Nairn appear for trial on 
impeachment. [Feb. 9. They are sen- 
tenced to death. Feb. 24. Lords Der- 
wentwater and Kenmure are executed 
on Tower Hill ; later, Winton and Niths- 
dale make their escape.] 

Feb. * Scot. The Pretender and the 
Earl of Mar abandon their followers and 
sail for France. 

May 7. Parliament: The Septennial 
Act is passed. It makes the term of Par- 
liaments seven instead of three years. 
[1717. Feb. 20. The first one meets.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1710-20 The South Sea Bubble. 

The Earl of Oxford proposal (lie funding 
of a floating debt of £10,000,000, the pur- 
chasers of which were to become stockholders 
of a corporation known as the South. Sea 
Company, which was to have a monopoly of 
the trade with Spanish South America, and 
a part of the capital stock of which was to 
constitute the fund. The scheme collapsed 
on the refusal of Spain to enter into a commer- 
cial treaty with England, and thousands oi 
families were ruined, causing great distress 
throughout the country. 

* * London. The Sun Fire Office is es- 
tablished. 

1711 * * Ire. The Irish Linen Board is 
established. 

* * Races are begun at Epsom [and annu- 
ally continued since 1730]. 

1715* * Green tea is introduced. 

* * London. 150 houses are burned in 
Wapping ; 50 lives are lost. 



906 1716, July *-1727, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1718 June 15. Sir George Byng sails 
with a fleet against Spain. [Aug. 11. It. 
He defeats a Spanish fleet in the Straits 
of Faro, near Naples.] 

Dee. 17-20* *War with Spain. 
England is an ally of France. 

1719 Apr. 16. Scot. The Earl Mari- 
schal and a few others land Spanish 
troops in aid of a Jacobite rebellion. 
[They soon return to Spain.] 

1720 * * A royal arsenal is established 
at "Woolwich, Kent. 

1721 Apr. 11. Sp. Gibraltar is at- 
tacked by 20,000 Spaniards, who retire 
after losing 5,000 men. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1716 Nov. 24-17 Feb. 29. Severe 

cold prevails. Oxen are roasted at a fair 
held on the thick ice-covered Thames. 

* * Rails for railroads are covered with 
iron. 

* * Edmund Halley suggests that the dis- 
tance of the earth from the sun might 
he estimated by observing the transit of 
Venus, and devises a plan for doing so. 

* * London. James Q,uin makes his first 
appearance on the stage at Drury Lane. 

1718* * Rev. Stephen Hales makes ex- 
periments on gases. 

1719* * Edmund Halley becomes as- 
tronomer royal. 

1720 * * Esther, Handel's first English 
oratorio, is composed. 

* * Caslon casts the first types in Eng- 
land. 

1720-36 Electrical phenomena are 
discovered by Wheeler and Stephen 
Gray. 

They discover that the human body is 
a conductor of electricity, and that elec- 
tricity acts at a distance. 

1721 * * Inoculation for the small-pox 
is made known by Lady Mary Wortley 
Montagu. 

* * The pendulum clock with compen- 
sation pendulum is invented by George 
Graham. 

1723 Aug. 6. The cursus near Stone- 
henge is discovered by Dr. Stukeley ; 
the ancient Britons held annual meet- 
ings here, made laws, and administered 
justice. 

1724 May 22. A total eclipse is ob- 
served from near Salisbury. 

* * John Hutchinson's work, Moses' Prin- 
cipia, is published. He derives all things 
from theair — fire, light, andspirit, types 
of the Trinity. 

* * Cathedral music is performed on a 
grand scale for charitable purposes at 
the festivals at Gloucester. 

* * London. Sir James Thornhilr opens 
an Academy of Art in the Piazza, Co- 
vent Garden. 

1725 * * Marine watches are invented 
by John Harrison. 

* * London. Charles Macklin, an Irish 
actor, appears at Lincoln's Inn Theater. 

1726 * * London. A statue of George I. 
is erected in Grosvenor Square. 

1727 * * London. Sir Hans Sloane be- 
comes president of the Royal Society. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Brindley, James, canal engineer, born. 
Cotes, Roger, mathematician, astron., A34. 
Fletcher, Andrew, of Saltoun, political 

writer, Scotland, A63. 
Gray, Thomas, poet, born. 
Parker, Sir 1'eter, admiral, born. 
Sackville, Viscount George, general, states- 



South, Robert, cl., wit, poet, author, A83. 

1717 Feb. 19. Garrick, David, actor, b. 
Amherst, Lord Jeffrey, statesman, general, 

born. 

Carter, Klizabeth, scholar, poet, translator, b. 

Walpole, Horace, Karl of Orford, states- 
man, historical writer, born. 

1718 July 30. Penn, "William, Quaker, 
- religious writer, statesman, founder of 

Pennsylvania, A74. 
Blair, Hugh, cl., rhetorician. Scotland, born. 
Canton, John, natural philosopher, born. 
Cumberland, Richard, moral phil., A86. 
Hunter, William, physician, physiologist, 

anatomist, Scotland, born. 
Kennicott, Benjamin, el., Biblical critic, b. 
Barnell, Thomas, port, Ireland, A39. 
Rodney, Baron, George l'.rydges, admiral, b. 
Rowe, Nicholas, dramatist, A 45. 
Shrewsbury, Duke of, Charles Talbot, poet, 

statesman, A58. 

1719 June 19. Addison, Joseph, poet, 
journalist, essayist, statesman, A47. 

Boydell, John, engr., Id. mayor of London, b. 
Campbell, George, theol., Bib. critic, Scot., b. 
Flanisteed, John, first astronomer royal, A73. 
Garth, Sir Samuel, physician, poet, A52. 
Hawkins, Sir John, author, born. 
Landen, John, mathematician, born. 

1720 * * Conway, Henry S., held-marshal, b. 
Foote, Samuel, humorist, actor, born. 
Gage, Thomas, general in American Rev., b. 
Gibbons, Gnnling, sculptor, born. 

Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, au., born. 

Montagu, Elizabeth, writer, born. 

Stuart, Charles Edward, "Young Pretender," 
grandson of James II., born. 
1731 * * Akensule, Mark, poet, born. 

Collins, William, poet, born. 

Cumberland, Duke of, William Augustus, 
Bon of George II., general, statesman, b. 

Granby, Marquis of, John Manners, gen., b. 

Potter, Robert, cl., poet, translator, born. 

Prior, Matthew, poet, A57. 

Robertson, William, cl., historian, Scot., b. 

Sheffield, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire, 
poet, statesman, A76. 

Smollett, Tobias George, poet, dramatist, 
novelist, historian, Scot., born. 

Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scotland, b. 

Walmesley, Charles, monk, math., born. 
1722 June 16. Marlborough, Duke of, 
John Churchill, statesman, general, A72. 

Brocklesby, Richard, physician, au., born. 

Brown, John, clergyman, author, Scot., b. 

Warton, Joseph, poet, critic, born. 

Torke, Charles, Lord Morden, statesman, b. 
1 733 * * Blackstone, Sir "William, jurist, b. 

Byron, Honorable John, admiral, born. 

Centlivre, Susannah, dramatist, Ire., A56. 

Cowper, Earl, William, statesman, A59. 

Cox, David, landscape painter, born. 

D'Urfey, Thomas, dramatist, A95. 

Ferguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso- 
pher, Scotland, born. 

Fleetwood, William, bp. of Ely, orator, A67. 

Price, Richard, cl., philosopher, writer, b. 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, portrait painter, b. 

Selkirk. Alexander, sailor, prototype of De- 
foe's " Robinson Crusoe," Scotland, A49. 

Smith, Adam, pol. economist, phil., Scot.,b. 

"Wren, Sir Christopher, architect, A91. 

1724 * * Carleton, Sir Guy, gen., states., b. 
Guy, Thomas, philanthropist, A81. 
Harley, Robert, Earl of oxford, statesman, 

A 63. 

Home, John, poet, dram., hist., Scot., born. 

Hood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, born. 

Howe, George Angus! us, gen. in America, b. 

Manly, Mary de la Riviere, novelist, drama- 
tist, political writer, A52. 

Prideaux, Humphrey, cl., historian, A76. 

Sacheverell, Henry, clergyman, controver- 
sialist, author, A52. 

Smeaton, John, civil engineer, born. 

Stubbs, George, painter, horn. 

1725 Sept. 29. Clive, Lord Robert, gen- 
eral, statesman, born. 

Howe, Earl Richard, adm. in Am. Rev., b. 
Keppel, Viscount Augustus, admiral, born, 
Kippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, born. 
Lindley, Thomas, composer, born. 
Mason, William, clergyman, poet, born. 
Newton, John, clergyman, author, born. 



Sandby, Paul, painter, born. 
Townshend, Charles, statesman, born. 
1726 * * Burney, Charles, doctor of music, 

composer, author, born. 
Chambers, Sir William, architect, born. 
Coote, Sir Eyre, gen., statesman. Ire., b. 
Dairy mple, Sir David, Lord llailes, jurist, 

historian, Scotland, born. 
Howard. John, philan., prison reformer, b. 
Hutton, James, mineralogist, geol., Scot., b. 
Jones, William, Ilutchinsonian cl., an., b. 
Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, b. 
Roy, William, gcodesist, general, Scot., born. 
Vanbrugh, Sir John, poet, dram., arch., A60. 
Wotton, William, scholar, misc. writer, ASS- 



CHURCH. 

1717 Mar. 31. The Bangorian con- 
troversy begins. 

The bishop of Bangor preaches a ser- 
mon before the king on the text, "My 
kingdom is not of this world," demon- 
strating the spiritual nature of the king- 
dom of Christ, and receiving great abuse 
from nearly all the clergy. 

1719* *The two Houses of Convoca- 
tion cease to meet after being denied 
some of their privileges. 

1720 * * Scot. The see of Edinburgh is 
again founded. [1721, The see of Aber- • 
deen and the Isles.] 

* * Ire. Toleration is granted to the 
Dissenters, who are chiefly Presbyte- 

* * John "Wesley enters Christ's Church 
College, Oxford, at the age of 16 years. 

1721 * * It. Innocent XIII. become* 
Pope. [1724, Benedict XIII. ; 1730, Cle- 
ment XII. ; 1740, Benedict XV.] 

1722 Aug. * Great ferment in the 
church party is caused by the arrest of 
Bishop Francis Atterbury. [1723. He 
is banished as a Jacobite.] 

1723 * * Jews acquire the right to poi- 
sess land. 

* * A union is proposed with the Greek. 
Church and the Church of England. 

* * The bishops preach against masquer- 
ades, and occasion their suppression. 

1725 June 4. Edinburgh. A General 
Assembly of the kirk meets. 

1725-35 Ire. The proceeds of a coal 
duty build the cathedral at Cork. 

1727 May 19. The Bishop of London 
declares that " Christianity and the em- 
bracing of the Gospel does not make the 
least alteration in civil property " 



LETTERS. 

1717* * Downing College, Cambridge,, 
is founded by Sir George Downing, ot 

* * The Kentish Cazette is issued [now 
The Kentish Post]. 

* * The Exeter Mercury, The Protestant 
Mercury, and The Postmaster, or Loyal 
Mercury are issued at Exeter. 

1718 * * Rev. Laurence Eusden is ap- 
pointed poet laureate. 

* * 7V(e Leeds Mercury is issued. 

* * Essay on Witchcraft, by Bishop Hutch- 
inson, appears. 

1719 * * The Manchester Weekly Journal 
is issued. 

* * Robinson Crusoe, by Daniel Defoe, ap- 
pears. [1722, Journal of the Plague.] 

* * Busiris, by Edward Young, appears. 
[1721, Revenge.) 

1720 Apr. 28. Scot. The Edinburgh 
Mercury is issued. 

* * The Weekly Mercury, or Protestant 
Packet is issued at Norwich. 



AND IRELAND. 



1716, July *-1727, 



90T 



* * A translation of Homer's Iliad, by 
Alexander Pope, appears. [1725, Ho- 
mer's Odyssey.] 

1722 * * A Naval College is founded at 

Portsmouth. 
1722-24 London. Bibliotheca Literaria 

is issued by Dr. Samuel Webb. 

* * The Conscious Lovers, by Sir Richard 
Steele, appears. 

1724 * * The first professor of modern 
history in English universities is estab- 
lished by George I. 

* * Dublin. The Drapers' Letters, by Jon- 
athan Swift, appears. 

1724-34 History of His Own Time, by 
Gilbert Burnet", liishop of Salisbury, 
appears. * 

1725 * * Historic Ccelestis, by John Flam- 
steed, appears. 

* * Scot. The Gentle Shepherd, by Allan 
Ramsay, appears. 

1725-28 London. New Memoirs of 
Literature is issued. 

1726 * * London. John Henley, " Ora- 
tor Henley," opens an "oratory" in 
Newport Market, where he gives lec- 
tures. 

* * The London Daily Post and General 
Advertiser is issued. [1738. Changed to 
General Advertiser. 1752. Changed to 
Public Advertiser.] 

* * London. Lloyd's List is issued by Ed- 
ward Lloyd. 

1726-27 Dublin. Gulliver's Travels, by 
Jonathan Swift, appears. 

1726-30 Scot. The Seasons, by James 
Thomson, appears. 

1727 * * The first racing calendar is 
published by John Cheney. 

* * Sally in Our Ally, and other poems, by 
Henry Carey, appear. 

SOCIETY. 

1716 July * London. The Mug-house 
riot, in Salisbury Court, between the 
Whigs and Tories, occurs. It is quelled 
by the guards ; five rioters are hanged. 

* * Mrs. Hicks and her daughter, aged 
nine, are hanged at Huntingdon as 
■witches. 

* * The daily wages of harvest men are 
nine pence. 

1717 * * The first grand lodge of Free- 
masons in England is established. 

1718* * Judges are authorized to sen- 
tence offenders to transportation 
"into any of his Majesty's dominions in 
North America." 

* * James Shepberd, an enthusiast, un- 
successfully attempts to assassinate 
George I. 

1719* * London. Westminster Hos- 
pital is founded. 

1720 Nov. * Parliament makes an in- 
vestigation of the South Sea Bubble. 

It expels Aislabie, Cbancellor of the 
Exchequer, and several members of Par- 
liament, and seizes the estates of the 
directors valued at £2,014,000. 

1721 Apr. 28. The council orders the 
suppression of the Hell Fire Clubs. 

* * London. Guy's Hospital is founded 
by Thomas Gm' ; it costs £18,793, and he 
endows it with £219,499. 

1722 July 24. Edinburgh. The wear- 
ing of broadswords is prohibited. 

* * Scot. The last execution in Scotland 
for "witchcraft takes place at Dornoch. 

* * Forging letters of attorney is made a 
capital crime. 

* * Sending letters, whether anony- 
mously written, or with a fictitious 
name, demanding money, or threaten- 
ing to kill a person, or fire his house, is 
made punishable as a felony without 
benefit of clergy. 



1723 May* Non-jurors are subjected 
to double taxation, and obliged to 
register their estates. 

May* London. Christopher Layer, a bar- 
rister, conspires with other persons to 
seize George I., the Prince of Wales, 
Lord Cadogan, and the principal officers 
of state, to seize the Tower, to plunder 
the Bank, and to bring in the Pretender. 
[May 17. Layer is hanged.] 

1724 June 24. Scot. The tax on malt 
causes a great tumult at Glasgow. 

* * It is agreed to hold festivals at Here- 
ford, Gloucester, and Worcester, in ro- 
tation annually ; at first for two days, 
later for three evenings. 

1725 May 18. The Order of the Bath 
is revived by George I. 

* * Thomas Parker, Earl of Macclesfield 
and lord chancellor, is impeached for 
selling masterships in the Court of 
Chancery, and other corrupt practises. 

* * Ire. Titles created, Earl of Darnley. 
[1727, Viscount of Galway ; 1733, Earl of 
Egmont.] 

1726-29 Voltaire visits England. 

1727 May 16. Mr. Ward, a wealthy 
member of Parliament, is expelled by 
the Commons for forgery [and con- 
signed to the pillory]. 



STATE. 
1716* * Parliament: The Sinking 
Fund Act is passed to redeem the debt 
to the Bank of England. 

1717 Jan. 4. The Triple Alliance is 
formed (p. 697). 

Mar. * Parliament : The Act of Grace 
is passed. 

It releases Lords Carnwath, Widdring- 
ton, Nairne, and others under death 
sentence or in prison for participation 
in the Jacobite rebellion. 

Apr. * James, Earl Stanhope, becomes 
prime minister ; James Craggs, secretary 
of war ; and the Earl of Sunderland and. 
Joseph Addison become secretaries of 
state. 

"Nov. * The king and his son, the Prince 
of Wales, quarrel about sponsors at 
the baptism of the prince's child ; the 
prince is put under arrest; he sup- 
ports the opponents of his father's Cabi- 
net. 

* * Ire. The Duke of Bolton is appointed 
lord lieutenant. 

1718 Aug. 2. London. The Quadru- 
ple Alliance treaty is signed. 

It is formed by Great Britain, Prance, 
Germany, and Holland to guarantee the 
succession of the reigning families in 
France and England, and to settle the 
partition of the Spanish monarchy. It 
forbids the union of the French and 
Spanish crowns. [1720. Jan. 26. Spain 



* * Charles, Earl of Sunderland, be- 
comes lord treasurer, Earl Stanhope and 
J. Craggs, secretaries of state ; and Mr. 
Aislabie, chancellor of the exchequer. 

* * Sir John Pratt is appointed chief 
justice. 

* * Sir R. Tracy and others are commis- 
sioners of the great seal. 

* * B a r o n Macclesfield is appointed 
lord high chancellor. 

* * Parliament: An act is passed forbid- 
ding the export of wool. The Schism 
Act is repealed. 

1719 May* Scot. A Spanish expedi- 
tion in favor of the Pretender fails. 

Nov. 20. The Treaty of Stockholm is 
concluded. Sweden cedes to England 
the duchies of Bremen and Verden for 
1,000,000 rix-dollars. 



Dec. * H. L. A bill passed to limit the' 
creation of peers is rejected by the 
Commons. Vote, 269-167. 

* * Parliament : The non-resistance 
oath, declaring that it is unlawful to 
take up arms against the king for any 
cause, is repealed. 

1721* * Robert Walpole is prime min- 
ister and chancellor of the exchequers 
Lord Townshend is secretary of state. 

* * Ire. Charles, Duke of Grafton, is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant. 

1722 * * Christopher Layer, a barrister, 
Francis Atterbury, Bishop of Rochester,, 
and others engage in a movement in 
favor of the Pretender. [Layer is con- 
demned and executed. 1723. May 6. At- 
terbury is put on trial for treasonable 
conspiracy ; later, condemned, but per- 
mitted to leave the country.] 

Oct. 9. Parliament meets. [1627. 
Aug. 7. Dissolved.] 

* * The Habeas Corpus Act is suspended 
for a year. 

* * Parliament : An act is passed giving 
a patent to William Wood for supplying 
Ireland with a copper coinage of half- 
pence. 

[1724. Ire. Dean Swift, by his Dra- 
pers' Letters, raises such a public clamor 
against the scheme that it is withdrawn.] 

1724 * * Ire. John, Lord Carteret, is ap- 
pointed lord lieutenant. 

* * New postal rates charge a penny for 
every sheet. 

1725 Mar. 2. Sir Robert Raymond is 
appointed chief justice. 

Sept. 3. The Treaty of Hanover, or al- 
liance of Herrenhausen, is concluded. 

It is formed by England, France, and 
Prussia as a league of defense against 
the designs of Germany and Spain, for- 
mulated in the Treaty of Vienna. 

* * The great seal is in commission. Later, 
Sir Peter King, Lord King, is lord chan- 
cellor. 

* * Ire. Richard "West is appointed lord 
chancellor. [1726, Thomas Wyndham, 
Lord Windham of Finglas.] 

1727 Apr. 3. Ire. John Rogerson is 

appointed chief justice! 
June 11. Ger. George I. dies at Osna- 

burg, Hanover. 

1727-60 George II. reigns. 

He is son of George I. 
1727-42 Robert "Walpole is prime 

minister. 

June * National debt, £52,092,238. 

Aug. 2. "Viscount Torrington is made 
first lord of the admiralty. [1733, June 
25, Sir Charles Wager : 174 : J, Mar. 19, Earl 
of Winchelsea; 1744, Dec. 27, Duke of 
Bedford ; 1748, Feb. 10, Earl of Sand- 
wich.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



1720 * * Mahogany comes into general 
use. 

* * Cross posts in the penny post institu- 
tion are established by Ralph Allen. 

* * London. The Royal Exchange Insur- 
ance and the London insurance Com- 
panies are the first marine insurance 
companies. 

1722 * * London.. The Chelsea water- 
works are formed. 

1723 * * London. Smallpox appears r 
one case out of 14 is fatal. 

1726 * * Cutlers' Hall, Sheffield, is built. 

1727 * * Edinburgh. The Royal Bank 
is founded. 



908 1727, * *-1738, May 21. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

L736 * * The rank of marshal is first 
conferred upon John, Duke of Argyll, 
and George, Earl of Orkney, by George 



ART — SCIKNCE — NATURE. 

1727 * * The aberration of the light of 
stars is discovered aud explained by Dr. 
James Bradley. 

1728 * * John Gay's Beggar 's Opera is 
produced at the Lincoln's Inn Theater. 

* * Dub/ In. The Aungier Street Theater 
[Victor] is erected. 

1730 * * Edinburgh. Stereotyping is 
practised by William Ged. 

* * London. The Academy in St. Mar- 
tin's Lane is opened. 

* * The first cotton stockings are made. 
1730-33 London. The Serpentine is 

formed at Hyde Park. 

1731 * * Dublin. Crow Street Music 
Hall is erected. 

* * Dublin. The Royal Dublin Society 
is formed. 

* * A reflecting sextant is made by John 
Hadley. 

* * London. The first Copley medal is 
awarded to Stephen Gray by the Royal 
Society. 

1732 Dec. 7. London. Covent Gar- 
den Theater is first opened. 

+ * * Edinburgh. The first threshing- 
machine attempted in modern times is 
invented by Michael Menzies. 

* * London. Rise of the English opera ; 
the first oratorio is performed in Lin- 
coln's Inn Theater in Portugal Street. 

1733 * * The Harlot's Progress, by Wil- 
liam Hogarth, appears. [Soon followed 
by The Rake 's Progress.] 

1734 * * London. Viscount Harcourt, 
Lord Halifax, the Duke of Dorset, and 
others establish the Society of Dilet- 
tanti for the encouragement of fine arts 
in Great Britain. 

1734-43 London. The Royal Academy 
of Music is founded. 

1735 * * London. John Harrison pro- 
duces his first time-piece. [1739. His 
second. 1749. His third.] 

1736 Feb. 16. London. Unprece- 
dented high tide occurs ; the council at 
Westminster Hall are carried out in 
boats to their coaches. 

* * Jonathan Hull's patent first sets forth 
the idea of steam navigation. 

* * Edinburgh. Allan Ramsay's Thea- 
ter is erected. 

1737 * * Dr. James Bradley discovers the 
variation of the earth's axis. 

■* * Edinburgh. The Medical Society is 
instituted. 



BIRTHS- DEATHS. 



ural philosophers, A85. 

Barrington, Dailies, jurist, naturalist, anti- 
quary, born. 

Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, born. 

Hoole, .lolm, poet, dramatist, translator, b. 

Liverpool, first Earl of, Charles Jenkinson, 
statesman, born. 

Murphy, Arthur, dram., writer, Ireland, b. 

Wilkes. John, statesman, born. 

Wolfe, .lames, general, born. 
:1728 * * Adam, Robert, architect, Scot., b. 

Black, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., b. 

Boulton, Matthew, engineer, born. * 

Cook. James, explorer, naval captain, b. 

Freind, John, physician, author, A53. 

Goldsmith, Oliver, poet, novelist, drama- 
tist, essayist, Ireland, born. 

Hunter, John, anatomist, surgeon, Scot., b. 

Orme, Robert, historian, born. 

Warton, Thomas, poet, critic, born. 



1729 Jan. 13. Burke, Edmund, states- 
man, orator, author, Ireland, born. 

Clarke, Samuel, clergyman, philosopher, A54. 

Collins, Anthony, theologian, freethinker, 
philosopher, A53. 

Congreve, William, dramatist, poet, A59. 

Howe, Sir William, general, born. 

Law, John, financier, Scotland, A58. 

Lloyd, Henry, soldier, author, born. 

Moore, John, physician, Scotland, born. 

Percy, Thomas, bishop of Dromore, au., b. 

Steele, Sir Richard, poet, essayist, journal- 
ist, politician, A58. 

1730 * * Bruce. James, traveler, Scot., b. 
Burgoyne, John, general, Am. Rev., born. 
Fenton, Elijah, poet, A47. 

Hamilton, Sir William, antiquary, states- 
man, Scotland, born. 

Home, George, bp. of Norwich, author, b. 

Jackson, William, musician, composer, born. 

Rockingham, Marquis of, Charles W. Went- 
worth, statesman, born. 

Wedg-wood. Josiah. potter, born. 

1731 * * Aiton, William, botanist, Scot.,b. 
Astell, Mary, religious writer, A63. 
Boyle, Charles, Earl of Orrery, scholar, 

major-general, statesman, Ireland, A75. 

Cavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. phil., born. 

Churchill, Charles, poet, born. 

Cowper, William, poet, born. 

Darwin, Erasmus, physiologist, poet, born. 

Defoe, Daniel, printer, pamphleteer, jour- 
nalist, novelist, A70. 

Duncan, Viscount, Adam, admiral, Scot., b. 

Dunning, John, Baron Ashhurton, lawyer, b. 

Grose, Francis, antiquary, author, born, 

Wharton, Duke of, Philip, orator, poet, A33. 

1732 Dec. 6. Hastings, Warren, states- 
man, governor-general of India, born. 

Arkwrig-ht. Sir Richard, inventor of spin- 
ning-jenny, born. 

Atterbury. Francis, bishop of Rochester, 
statesman, controversialist, author, A70. 

Collier, Arthur, cl., metaphysician, A52. 

Colman, George, dramatist, born. 

Cumberland, Kit-hard, dramatist, born. 

Falconer, William, poet, born. 

Flood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ireland, h. 

Gay, John, poet, A47. 

Hauksbee, Francis, physicist, A82. 

Horsley, John, antiquary, historian, A47. 

Mar, Earl of, John Ersklne, gen., Scot., A57. 

Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, born. 

North, Lord Frederick, statesman, born. 

Thurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, born. 

Walker, John, lexicographer, born. 
1733* * Booth, Barton, actor, A52. 

Denman, Thomas, physician, born. 

Horsley, Samuel, bp. of Rochester, au., b. 

Kenyon, Lord Lloyd, jurist, statesman, b. 

Ogilvie, John, poet, Scotland, born. 

Priestly, Joseph, philosopher, born. 

Wedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough- 
borough, Earl of Kosslyn, jurist, states., b. 
1734* * Abercromby, Sir Ralph, general, 
Scotland, born. 

Arbuckle, James, poet, Scotland, A34. 

Barclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bar- 
clayites, Scotland, born. 

Creighton, Robert, cl., composer, A96. 

Dennis, John, poet, critic, A77. 

King, Peter, juris!, statesman, A65. 

Macgregor-Campbell, Rob Roy, free- 
booter, A71. 

Mickle, William Julius, poet, Scotland, b. 

Romney, George, painter, born. 

Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, born. 

St. Vincent, Earl of, John Jervis, admiral, b. 

Thornhill, Sir James, painter, A58. 
1735* * Arbuthnot, John, phy., wit, wr.,A68. 

Astle, Thomas, antiunary, born. 

Banks, Thomas, sculptor, born. 

Beattie, James, poet, Scotland, born. 

BickerstaiT, Isaac-, dramatist, Ireland, born. 

Brown, John, physician, founder of Bruno- 
nian theorv, Scotland, born. 

Derham, William, cl., natural phil., A78. 

Granville, George, Baron Landsdowne, poet, 
dramatist, statesman, A68. 

Langhorne, John, poet, translator, born. 

Raikes, Robert, fdr. of Sunday-schools, b. 

Ramsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, born. 

Richmond, I Hike of, Charles Lennox, gen., b. 

Peterborough, Earl of, Charles Mordaunt, 
general, admiral, statesman, A77. 

Wodrow, Robert, ecclesiastical historian, 
Scotland, A55. 
1736* * Bridgewater, Earl of, Francis 
Elgerton, projector of canals, born. 

Cogan, Thomas, physician, author, born. 

Copley, John, painter, born. 

Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, born. 

Jebb, John, clergyman, physician, born. 

Sale, Georgre, historian, orientalist, A56. 

Steevens, George, Sliak. comment., au., b. 

Tooke, John Home, politician, philologist, b. 

Watt, James, inventor condensing steam- 
engine, Scotland, born. 



1737 Apr. 27. Gibbon, Edward, histo- 
rian, born. 

Eginton, Francis, painter on glass, born. 

Geddes, Alexander, Roman Catholic theolo- 
gian, Biblical ontic, author, Scotland, b. 

Hutchinson, John, philosopher, founder 
Hutchinsonisni, Scotland, A63. 

Hutton, Charles, mathematician, born. 

Macartney, Earl of, George, diplom., Ire., b. 

Landsdowne, Marquis of, Wdliam Petty 
Fitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, born. 

[Nollekens, Joseph, sculptor, born. 

Paine, Thomas, politician, author, born. 

Strype, John, theologian, historian, A94. 

Watson, Richard, bishop of Llandaff, au., b. 



CHURCH. 

1727 * * Scot. The see of Moray is again 
erected. [1731, Brechin and also Glas- 
gow.] 

* * Scot. Rev. John Glas (or Glass) be- 
comes the founder of the Glassites 
[called Sandemanians in America]. 

He opposes the national church as in- 
consistent with the gospel. [1728. He 
is deposed by the General Assembly.] 

1727-29 John "Wesley is curate to his 
father. [1738. Apr. 1. He resolves to 
pray indifferently, with a form or with- 
out one.] 

1729 * * Bise of Methodism. 

The Holy Club (Methodist) is formed 
at Oxford University. Its members 
unite to read the Holy Scriptures in the 
original languages, and to aid each other 
in mutual spiritual improvement. Ori- 
ginal members : John Wesley of Lincoln 
College, Charles Wesley, tutor, Mr. Mor- 
gan of the Christ's Church College, and 
Mr. Kirkham of Merton College. They 
itre derisively called Methodists.] 

1730 * * Many of the original English 
Presbyterians become Unitarians. 

1732 * * George Whitefield is admitted 
a servitor at Oxford, where he becomes 
a companion of the Wesleys, and aidB 
them in establishing Methodism. [1736. 
June 20. Ordained.] 

1733 * * Scot. Ebenezer Erskine with 
others secedes from the Scottish Church, 
and forms the Associate Presbytery, 
commonly called the Secession Church. 
[1740. The eight seceders are deposed.] 



1735 Oct. 14. The two "Wesleys sail 
for Georgia in America. 

John Wesley, having declined a quiet 
rectory, sets out with his brother Charles 
for Georgia, to become missionaries to 
the Indians. Charles Wesley is also to 
be secretary to the governor. 

* * John Wesley observes the Moravians. 

A terrible storm convinces Wesley 
that the German Moravians on board the 
vessel have a fellowship with God to 
which he is a stranger. 

* * George "Whitefield joins the Metho- 
dist Holy Club. [1736. He is ordained 
a deacon, and preaches his first sermon.] 

1737 * * Many clergymen are apathetic 
and indifferent for fear of being called 
Methodists. 

1738 Jan. * John "Wesley returns from 
America. 

He commences itinerant preaching, and 
gathers many followers, chiefly among 
the poor. Many churches are shut 
against him, so he builds spacious meet- 
ing-houses in London, Bristol, and other 
places. 
Jan. * "Whitefield first sails for America. 

[He returns the same year, seeking aid for 
his orphanage in Georgia. 173!). Sept.* He 
sails again for America. 1741. His preach- 



AND IRELAND. 1727, * *-1738, May 21. 909 



ing produces great excitement in New Eng- 
land. 1744. Aug. * Sails again. 1769. He 
sails on his seventh and last voyage.] 

* * It. Freemasons are excommunicated 
by the Pope. 

May 21. Charles Wesley obtains "rest 
to his soul." 

LETTERS. 

1727-28 * * Miscellanies, by Pope and 

Swift, appears. 
1728 Jan. * -36 Dec. * London. The 

Present State of the Republic!: of Letters 

is issued. 

* * Ire. George Faulkner establishes 
Faulkner'' s Journal. 

* * Ephraim Chambers's Cyclopedia ap- 
pears. 

* * The Dunciad, by Alexander Pope, ap- 
pears. 

* * Love in Several Masques, by Henry 
Fielding, appears. [1730, The Temple 
Beau and Tom Thumb; 1733, The Mod- 
ern Husband and The Mock Doctor ; 
1733, The Miser; 1734. The Intriguing 
Chambermaid; 1743, The Wedding Bay.] 

1729* * London. A public library, 
built by bequest of Dr. Daniel Williams, 
is opened at 49 Redcross Street. 

* * The Salisbury Journal is issued. 

* * Ire. The Waterford Flying Post is is- 
sued. 

1730 * * London. Colley Cibber is ap- 
pointed poet laureate. 

* * The Manchester Gazette is issued. 

* * The Literary Journal is issued. 
1730-34 London. Historia Literaria is 

issued. 
1731* * Disuse of Latin language is 
authorized in the courts. 

* * London. The Gentleman' 1 s Magazine 
is issued by Edward Cave. 

* * Treatise concerning Eternal and Im- 
mutable Morality, by Kalph Cudworth, 
appears. 

1732 * * Ire. The Dublin College Li- 
brary is erected. 

* * Alciphron, or the Minute Philosopher, 
by George Berkeley, appears. 

1732-34 Essay on Man, by Alexander 
Pope, appears. [1732-35, Moral Essays.] 

1732-38 History of the Puritans, by 
Daniel Neal, appears. 

1732-84 London. The London Maga- 
zine, or Gentleman's Monthly Intelligen- 
cer, is issued. 

1733 * * Ire. Charter schools are es- 
tablished. 

1733-34 London. The Bee is issued by 
Eustace Budgell. 

1735 * * Translation of Lobo 's Voyage to 
Abyssinia, Samuel Johnson's first 
work, appears. [1738, London ; 1744, 
Life of Savage.] 

1735-36 London. The Literary Maga- 
zine is issued. 

1736 May 13. The Ratcliffe Li- 
brary, Oxford, is founded. [1749. Apr. 
13. Opened.] 

* * Analogy of Religion, by Joseph Butler 
[Bishop of Bristol and of Durham], ap- 
pears. 

1737 * * Ire. The Belfast News-Letter is 
issued. 

* * The Schoolmistress, by "William Shen- 
stone, appears. 

* * Concordance of the Holy Scripture, by 
Alexander Cruden, appears. 

1737-43 History of the Works of the 
Learned is issued. 



1727 * * Races are begun at Ascot by the 
Duke of Cumberland. 



* * Sanctuaries for offenders are abol- 
ished. 

1728 * * A duel is fought between Capt. 
Peppard and Mr. Hayes, the latter be- 
ing killed. 

* * Dublin. The Infirmary, Jervis 
Street, is founded. 

1729 * * The first gin-law is made, im- 
posing a license of £20 on every seller 
of gin, in order to restrain the traffic. 
[1733. As it does not check gin-drinking, 
it is repealed.] 

* * Robert Raikes of Gloucester is called 
to the bar of the Commons, and rebuked 
for printing speeches delivered in 
the House. 

* * Ire. Linen scarfs are introduced at 
funerals. 

1730 * * A select committee of the Com- 
mons reports on the horrible oppression 
and cruelty practised in prisons. 

* * Ire. The first grand lodge of Free- 
masons in Ireland is established, 

1731 Jan. 2. London. A prisoner at 
Newgate is reprieved on condition that 
he submit to an experiment on the 
tympanum. 

June 4. London. A person is sentenced 
to be hanged for forgery. [It is sup- 
posed to be the first case so punished.] 

Sept. 27. London. A gang of 130 felons 
are taken from Newgate for transpor- 
tation to America. 

1732* * Customs frauds abound. 

On tobacco alone one-third of the 
duties are lost to the Government by 
perjury, forgery, and collusion. 

1733 Apr. * There are many public 
demonstrations against the Excise 
Bill ; the popular cry is " Liberty, 
Property, and no Excise." 

1734 * * London. The Society of Dilet- 
tanti is founded. [1735. Also the Beef- 
steak Club.] 

1735 * * London. A petition against the 
excessive use of spirituous liquors is 
presented to the House of Commons by 
the justices of the peace for Middlesex. 

1736 Feb. 28. The Commons consider 
the harm done to the poor by distilled 
spirits; it is stated some signs read, 
" Drunk for a penny, dead drunk for two- 
pence ; clean straw for nothing." 

Apr. 15. Edinburgh. The Porteous 
riots break out. 

Capt. John Porteous fires on a mob, who 
threaten to rescue a prisoner from execution. 
[He is tried for murder, and sentenced to 
death; later he is reprieved. Sept. 7. He is 
dragged out of prison by a mob, who hang 
him to a lamp-post, and kill or wound 17 or 
18 persons.] 

* * Edinburgh. The Royal Infirmary is 
incorporated. 

* * A riot occurs among the Spitalfields 
weavers because of the employing of 
workmen from Ireland; it is quelled by 
the military after many lives are lost. 

* * Scot. The first grand lodge of Free- 
masons in Scotland is established. 

* * London. "White's Club is estab- 
lished. 

* * A fine of £100 and imprisonment for 
three months are made the penalties 
for persuading artisans to leave the 
country. 

1737 Mar. 5. London. A riot occurs 
at Drury Lane Theater because of the 
attempt to exclude footmen from the 
gallery. 

* * Riotous nailers in Worcester march 
to Birmingham, and make terms with 
iron merchants there. 



* *The clergy are given to fox-hunting, 
the bottle, and frequently to gambling. 

1738 Mar. 11. About 1,200 persons are 
reported to have been convicted in a few 
months for selling gin -without a 
license. 



1728 Jan. 23. Parliament meets ; 
Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1734. Apr. 
18. Dissolved.] 

1729 Nov. 9. Sp. The Treaty of 
Seville is concluded. 

Spain restores its conquests, and con- 
firms to England the control for supply 
of slaves to Spanish America (p. 699). 
1731 Mar. 16. The Treaty of Vienna 
is concluded with Holland and the Ger- 
man Empire (p. 515). 

* * Ire. Lionel, Duke of Dorset, is ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

1733 Mar. 14. Parliament: Walpole 
introduces a comprehensive Excise 
Bill. 

Apr. 11. London. Sheriffs and mer- 
chants go to Parliament in '200 carriages, 
bearing a monster petition against the 
pending Excise Bill. 

* * Charles Talbot, Lord Talbot, is ap- 
pointed lord high chancellor. 

* * Sir Philip Yorke is appointed chief 
justice. 

1735 Jan. 14. Parliament meets ; 

Arthur Onslow is chosen Speaker. 

[1741. Apr. 28. Dissolved.] 
Feb. * H. C. William Pitt [Earl of 

Chatham] enters as member for Old 

Sarum. 



June 24. The laws against witchcraft 
are repealed. 

* * Parliament : The Porteous riots in 
Edinburgh, arising out of the execution 
of the laws against smuggling, are de- 
bated. 

The lord provost of Edinburgh is dis- 
qualified for office, and the city is fined 
£2,000, for failing to protect Porteous 
from lynching by the mob. 
1737 June 8. Sir William Lee is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

* * Parliament: An act licensing plays 



* * Philip Yorke, Lord Hardwicke, is 
appointed lord high chancellor. 

* * Ire. William, Duke of Devonshire, is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1727* * Edinburgh. The board of trus- 
tees of trade and manufactures is ap- 
pointed. 

1728 * * Dublin. The Linen Hall is 
opeced. 

1729* * Dublin. The Parliament House 
is begun. 

1730-40 London. The' post is trans- 
mitted only three times a week to Edin- 
burgh ; on one occasion London sends a 
single letter. 

1731 * * E. I. The Ostend East India 
Company is dissolved; the emperor re- 
moving this rival of the English com- 
pany. 

Aug. 2. London. The first stone is laid 
of the Bank of England. 

1733 Aug. 31. London. Fifty tons of 
halfpence and farthings are sent from 
the Tower to Ireland. 



1737* * London. Fleet ditch is covered, 
and Fleet Market is opened. 



910 1738, May 24-1746, Sept.*. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1739 Oct. 19-46 * * "War against Spain 
because of its interference with Great 
Britain's American trade. 

Oct. * Vice Adm. Vernon is sent to at- 
tack Spanish possessions in America. 

Nov. 22. Colombia. Porto Bello, in Da- 
rien, is captured by Adm. Vernon. 

1740 Sept. * A squadron of six vessels 
sails under Com. Anson to attack Chile 
and Peru. [It returns unsuccessful.] 

1740-48 War of the Austrian Succes- 
sion. England is an ally of Austria in 
the Pragmatic army (p. 514). 

1741 Mar. * -Apr.* Colombia. An 
unsuccessful attack is made upon Car- 
tagena by Adms. Vernon and "Went- 
worth ; 175 ships, 15,000 sailors, and 
12,000 soldiers are in the expedition. 

1743 June 27. Ger. George H. de- 
feats the French at Dettingen. (See 
France.) 

1744 Mar. 15. France declares war 
against Great Britain. 

Sept. 21. The Colchester, 50 guns, is lost 
on Kentish Knock ; 50 men perish. 

Oct. 5. The Victory, the finest man-of- 
war in the English navy, is wrecked 
near the Isle of Alderney; Adm. Sir 
John Balchen and the entire crew are 
lost. 

* * The Duke of Cumberland is ap- 
pointed captain-general. The Earl of 
Stair commander-in-chief. 

1745 May 11. Belg. Battle of Fon- 
tenoy (p. 700). 

June 17. N. S. Louisburg, the chief 
French stronghold in America, is taken 
(p. 66). 

July * Scot. The second Jacobite Re- 
bellion. 

Charles Edward, the " Young Pre- 
tender," grandson of James II., lands 
on the western coast, and is joined by 
a large number of Highlanders and 
some of the nobility. [Aug. * He takes 
Perth and Edinburgh. Sept. 21. He de- 
feats the royal forces under Sir John 
Cope at Prestonpans, near Edinburgh. 
Nov. * He invades England.] 

Nov. 10. Carlisle is invested by the 
Jacobite army. [Nov. 17. Taken. Nov. 
28. Charles Edward makes his quarters 
at Manchester. Dec. 4. He enters 
Derby with 400 cavalry and 2,000 in- 
fantry.] 

Dec. * The Royalist army under the 
Duke of Cumberland and Gen. "Wade 
advances northward to suppress the 
Jacobites. [Dec. 6. The Jacobites com- 
mence their retreat. Dec. 18. They gain 
an advantage over Cumberland at Clif- 
ton, Cumberland.] 

* *The Royal Military Academy at 
"Woolwich is efficiently organized. 

* * Field-Marshal Wade is appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

1746 Jan. 17. Scot. The Royalists 
under Gen. Hawley are defeated by 
Charles Edward at Falkirk Moor, Stir- 
lingshire. 

Apr. 16. (o. s.) Scot. Battle of Cul- 
loden, near Inverness. 

The Jacobites (6,000±) are totally de- 
feated by the Duke of Cumberland with 
a force of 10,000i: ; a great slaughter of 
the vanquished follows. [Charles Ed- 



ward, after wandering about for several 
weeks, escapes to France. This is the 
laBt serious effort of the Stuarts to re- 
cover the throne.] 
Sept. * E. I. The French attack Ma- 
dras (p. 700). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1738 Sept. 13. London. The "West- 
minster bridge is begun. 

* * Railroads for collieries, with rails 
made of iron, are laid at Whitehaven. 

* * Lewis Paul secures a patent for a 
spmning-machine. [Unsuccessful.] 

* * Edinburgh. The Royal Society of 
Edinburgh is founded. 

1739 * * Dr. Clayton describes the theory 
of gas-lights as the inflammable aeri- 
form fluid, carburetted hydrogen. 

* * Gas is first evolved from coal. 

1740 * * Benjamin Martin mates great 
improvements in the microscope; he 
invents and sells pocket microscopes. 

* * Benjamin Huntsman sets up a manu- 
factory for cast steel at Haudsworth, 
near Sheffield. 

1741 May* London. Rev. Stephen 
Hales invents ventilators, and de- 
scribes them to the Royal Society. 

Oct. 19. David Garrick makes his 
debut as Richard IH. in the Theater of 
Goodman's Field, Ipswich. [1742. May 
1. At Drury Lane, London.] 

* * Handel composes his sublime orato- 
rio, The Messiah, in 23 days. [1742. Apr. 
13. First performed in Dublin.] 

* * London. Martin Folkes becomes presi- 
dent of the Royal Society. 

* * London. The Madrigal Society is 
established. 

* * Dublin. Fishamble Street Music 
Hall is erected. 

1742 * * Scot. Andrew Gordon uses a 
glass cylinder instead of a globe in 
electrical apparatus. [1770±. A plate is 
substituted.] 

* * James Bradley becomes astronomer 
royal. 

* * Scot. Calico-printing is begun at 
Glasgow. 

1743 * * Parliament offers £20,000 for the 
discovery of the Northwest Passage. 

* * The first cotton-mill is erected at 
Birmingham ; it is unsuccessful. 

* * Scot. The first Paisley handker- 
chiefs are made. 

1745 * * Baskewill, a printer at Birming- 
ham, takes up the art of making papier- 
mache", and it soon spreads over the 
entire district. 

* * London. The surgeons and barbers 
are made distinct corporations. 

* * Dublin. The Chapel Street Theater 
is erected. 

* * London. The Society of Surgeons is 
reorganized. 

1745-56 Three million cattle die of 
the plague in England and West Europe. 

1746 Apr. 23. London. Johann Chris- 
toph Gliick plays the harmonica, or 
musical glasses. [He writes an Italian 
opera.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1738 * * Almon, John, pub., pamphleteer, b. 

Asgill, John, author, A88±. 

Boucher, .Jonathan, political wr., philol., b. 

Chandler, Richard, archeologist, horn. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, general, born. 

Cochran, William, artist, born. 

Cornwallis, Earl and Marquis of, Charles, 
general, statesman, born. 

Herschel, Sir Frederick William, astron- 
omer, author, born. 

Maepherson, James, poet, Scotland, born. 

.Miller, Joseph, comedian, A54. 



Portland, Earl of, William H. C. Bentinck, 
statesman, born. 

Woluoit, John (Peter Pindar), painter, satir- 
ist, born. 

Vaughan, Sir John, general, born. 

1739 * * Anderson, James, econ., Scot., b. 
Beauclerk, Topham, wit, born. 

Parker, Sir Hyde, admiral, horn. 
saunderson, Nicholas, mathematician, A57. 
"Walter, John, founder of London Times, b. 

1740 * * Auernethy, John, Nonconformist 
clergyman, author, Ireland, A 60. 

Arnold, Samuel, musical composer, born. 
Bacon, John, statuary, born. 
Baring, Sir Francis, financier, horn. 
Boswell, James, biographer of Dr. Johnson, 

Scotland, born. 
Cartwright, John, major, pol. reformer,.b. 
Chambeis, Ephraim, eyelopedisl, A6G. 
Cosway, Richard, painter, born. 
Francis, Sir Philip, states., au., Ire., born. 
Cagnier, Jean, Hebrew and Arabic professor 

at Oxford, A70. 
Ker, John, bibliographer, born. 
Latham, John, ornithologist, born. 
Sharp, William, engraver, born. 
Tickell, Thomas, poet, essayist, A54. 
1741* * Adam, Alexander, grammarian, 

geographer, antiquary, Scotland, born. 
Barry, James, historical painter, Ireland, b. 



Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, 
statesman, born. 

Malone, Edmond, Shakespearean commenta- 
tor, Ireland, born. 

Piozzi, Hester Lynch, author, born. 

Young, Arthur, traveler, writer, horn. 
1742 * * Aiuliurst, Nicholas, pol. wr., A45. 

Bentley, Richard, classical scholar, A80. 

Chalmers, Ceorge, historian, biographer, b. 

Halley, Edmund, astronomer, math., A86. 

Lukin, Lionel, inventor of lifeboat, born. 

Oldmixon, John, historian, A 69. 

Rennel, James, major, geog., traveler, b. 

Reed, Isaac, critic, editor, born. 

Strutt, Joseph, antiquarian, engraver, born. 
1743* * Ainsworth, Robert, grammarian, 
lexicographer, A83. 

Argyll, second Duke of, states., Scot., A65. 

Astbury, John, potter, A55. 

Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, born. 

Barbauld, Anna Letitin, poet, author, born. 

Blizard, Sir William, anatomist, surgeon, b. 

Cartwright, Edmund, poet, inventor of 
power-loom, born. 

Edwards, Bryan, historian, born. 

Hervey, Lord John, statesman, A47. 

Neal, Daniel, clergyman, author, A65. 

Paley, William, el., writer, philosopher, b. 

Ramsay, Andrew Michael (Chevalier Ram- 
say), miscellaneous writer, Scotland, A59. 

Rees, Abraham, cyelopedist, born. 

Savage, Richard, poet, A45. 

Wyatt, James, architect, born. 

1744 May 30. Pope, Alexander, poet, 
A 56. 

Allan, David, painter, Scot., born. 
Arnold, John, horologer, inventor, born. 
Edgeworth, Richard l.ovell, mis. wr., Ire., b. 
Ferguson, Patrick, major, born. 
Iladley, John, asl ronomer, A61. 
Hill, Rowland, preacher, born. 
Innes, Thomas, historian, Scotland, A82. 
Lake, Viscount Gerard, general, born. 
Milner, Joseph, cl., ecclesiastical hist., b. 
Mitford, William, historian, politician, born. 
Mulgrave, Lord, Constantme John Phipps, 

Arctic navigator, born. 
Theobald, Lewis, dramatist, litterateur, A56. 

1745 Mar. 18. Walpole. Sir Robert, Earl 
of Orford, statesman, A69. 

Oct. 1 9. Swift, Jonathan, satirist, states- 
man, Ireland, A78. 
Alvanley, Lord, Richard P. Arden, jurist, b. 
Asbury, Francis, ftleth. bp. in U. S. A., b. 
Calder, Sir Robert, admiral, born. 
Cruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., b. 
Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, born. 
Ellis, Ceorge, miscellaneous writer, born. 
Hayley, William, poet, born. 
Hearne, Samuel, traveler, born. 
Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, born. 
Mackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, born. 
More, Hannah, religious writer, born. 
Nichols, John, printer, pub., ed., antiq., b. 
Pye, Henrv James, poet, born. 
Stowed, Baron, William Scott, jurist, born. 
Woodfall, William (Junius's), publisher, b. 



1738 May 24. Conversion of John 
Wesley. 

He finds bis" heart strangely warmed " 
under the instructions of the Moravians. 



AND IRELAND. 1738, May 24-1746, Sept. *. 911 



[Aug. 1. He visits the Moravians at 

Herrnhut, Germany.] 

1739 Jan. 5. The Methodists meet in 
an informal conference at Islington ; 
seven ministers are present. 

Feb. 17. Whitefield leads the Method- 
ist movement into tie ld-preaching at 
Kingswood. He is the most eloquent 
preacher of his day. [May 2. John 
Wesley also preaches for the first time 
near Bristol.] 

~Nov. * London. The first Methodist 
Society is organized at the Foundry by 
John Wesley. 

1740 Mar.* AmobatEengeworthtakes 
John "Wesley to the water and ducks 
him, and then relent under his singing. 

July 20. London. The Methodists 
separate from the Moravians. 

* * Scot. A Declaration and Testimony 
are published by the Reformed Pres- 
bytery. 

1741 * * "Wesley traverses the kingdom, 
preaching almost daily, and sometimes 
four sermons on the Sabbath. 

* * A chapel is erected for Whitefield in 
Moorfields. 

It being a temporary structure, it is 
called the Tabernacle, the name after- 
wards given to their chapels by the Cal- 
vinistic Methodists. He separates from 
the Wesleys, he holding the doctrine of 
election, which they reject. 

1743 Aug. 1. Scot. The Reformed 
Presbyterians are first organized as a 
presbytery at Braehead, Lanarkshire. 

1744 June 25. London. The first 
Methodist Conference is held at the 
Foundry. Six regular clergymen and 
several lay preachers are present. 

* *Mobs frequently attack the Method- 
ists, and Wesley is defamed by slan- 
derers. 

1745 Aug. 1. The second Methodist 
Conference is held at Bristol ; ques- 
tions of theology and economy are con- 
sidered. [1746, Mav 12, the3d ; 1747, June 
6, the 4th, at London ; 174S, June 2, the 
5th, at London; 1749, Nov. 16, the 6th, 
also at London.] 



LETTERS. 

1739 * * Scot. The Scots Magazine is is- 
sued. 

* * Treatise on Human Nature, by David 
Hume, appears. [1741—12, Essays, Moral 
and Political : 1748, E no idry concerning 
the Human Understanding; 1753, En- 
quiry Concerning the Principle of Morals 
and Political Discourses.] 

1740 * * The first circulating library 
for public use is established by Samuel 
Fancourt, a Dissenting minister of Salis- 
bury. 

1740-41 Pamela, by Samuel Richard- 
son, appears. [1751, Clarissa Harlowe; 
1754, Sir Charles Grandison.'] 

1741 * * Aris's Gazette is issued at Bir- 
mingham. 

* * Life of Cicero, by Conyers Middleton, 
appears. 

* * The Divine Legation of Moses Demon- 
strated, by William Warburton, Bishop 
of Gloucester, appears. 

1742 * * Joseph Andrews, by Henry Field- 
ing, appears. [1743, Jonathan Wild the 
Great; 1749, Tom Jones ; 1751, Amelia.] . 

* * Edmund Hoyle publishes his Short- 
Treatise on Whist. 

1742-46 Night Thoughts, by Edward 
Young, appears. 

1742-69 Poems, by Thomas Gray, ap- 
pears. 

1744 * * The Chronicle is issued at Cam- 
bridge. 



* * Dublin. E sdaile's News-Letter ap- 
pears. [1754, Changed to Saunders' s 
News-Letter.] 

* * Siris, a Chain of Philosophical Reflec- 
tions and Inquiries concerning the Vir- 
tues of Tar-water, etc., by George Berke- 
ley, appears. 

* * The Pleasures of the Imagination, by 
Mark Akenside, appears. 

1744-49 Dublin. A Literary Journal is 
issued, the first review published in Ire- 
land. 

1745 * * London. The College of Sur- 
geons [lioyal College of Surgeons of 
England] is chartered. 

SOCIETY. 



* * Hawkers of liquor, unable to pay 
their fines, are publicly whipped. 

1739 Oct.. * London. Capt. Thomas Co- 
ram obtains a charter for his foundling 
hospital. [1756. June 2. Opened.] 

* * The association for the relief of the 
widows of naval men is founded. 

* * Parliament : An act for the suppres- 
sion of races by ponies and weak horses 
is passed. 

* * Ire. The title Earl of Bessborough 
is created. [1743, Viscount of Powers- 
court ; 174S, Earl of Camck.] 

* * Dublin. The Foundling Hospital is 
incorporated. 

1740 Nov. * London. London Hos- 
pital, Whitechapel, for seamen, labor- 
ers, and others, is instituted. [1745. 
Middlesex Hospital.] 

* * The daily wages of harvestmen is ten- 
pence. 

1741 * * The using of torture to compel 
persons to plead when arraigned for 
treason or felony is abolished. 

1742 * * Marriages with lunatics are 
made void. 

* * Titles created, Earl of Harrington. 

[1743, Earl of Portsmouth; 1746, Earl of 
Buckinghamshire, and Earl of Fitzwilliam; 
1747, Viscount of Leinster; 1749, Earl of For- 
tescue, ami Baron I'onsonby; 1752, Earl of 
(luilford; 1754, Earl of Hardwicke; 1766, 
Earl of Ilchester, and Duke of Newcastle; 
1759, Earl of Warwick and Brooke (1746).] 

1743 * * John "Wesley takes advanced 
temperance ground, requiring his fol- 
lowers to avoid " drunkenness, buying 
or selling spirituous liquors, or drinking 
them, except in cases of extreme neces- 
sity." 

1745 Mar. * Dublin. The first lying- 
in hospital is established by Dr. Bar- 
tholomew Mosse, a physician, amid 
strong opposition. 

* * Scot. Glasgow is plundered by the 
Jacobites. 

1746 Aug. 12. Scot. Parliament for- 
bids the wearing of the Highland dress. 

* * London. A smallpox hospital is es- 
tablished; Lock Hospital is also 
founded. [1747. A Jews' Hospital. 1749. 
The British Lying-in Hospital. 1750. 
The City of London Lying-in Hospital.] 

Aug. 18. London. Lord Kilmarnock 
and Lord Balmerino are executed on 
Tower Hill. 



1738 Sept. 7. Ire. Robert Jocelyn 
[Lord Newport and Viscount Jocelyn] 
is appointed lord chancellor. 



* * Parliament : An act is passed to pre- 
vent the running of wool from Ireland 
to France. [1739. Duty is repealed.] 

1741 Dec. 1. Parliament meets ; Ar- 
thur Onslow, Speaker. [1747. June 18. 
Dissolved.] 

Dee. 29. Ire. Thomas Marlay is ap- 
pointed chief justice. 

1742 Feb. 1. Walpole resigns the pre- 
miership, having a majority of but one 
in the Commons. [He is created Earl of 
Orford.] 

Feb. * The Earl of "Wilmington be- 
comes first lord of the treasury. [De- 
ceased. 1743. Aug. * Succeeded by 
Henry Pelham. Lord Carteret, the 
Earl of Harrington, and the Duke of 
Newcastle are in the administration.] 

1744 Mar. 15. France declares war 
(pp. 514, 701J. 

Nov. * * Henry Pelham forms the coali- 
tion, "Broad-bottom," administra- 
tion, with Newcastle, Harrington, and 
Bedford as colleagues. 

1744-45 The Habeas Corpus Act is 
suspended because of the Jacobite re- 
bellion in Scotland. 

1745 July 25. Scot. The Young Pre- 
tender lands [and proclaims his father 
king]. 

Dec. * A proclamation is made to magis- 
trates requiring them to discover and 
bring to justice all "Jesuits and po- 
pish priests," and offering a reward of 
£100 for the apprehension of such per- 
sons. 

* * Ire. Philip, Earl of Chesterfield, is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

1746 Feb. 5. Parliament: The win- 
dow-tax is increased. [1851. llepealed.] 

Feb. 10. The "Short-Lived" Ad- 
ministration is formed. 

It consists of William Pulteney, the 
Earl of Bath, and Lords Carlisle, Win- 
chelsea, and Granville. [Continues for 
two days.] 

Feb. 12. Henry Pelham forms an ad- 
ministration with the Earl of Ches- 
terfield and the Duke of Bedford as 
colleagues. 

Feb. * "William Pitt is appointed treas- 
urer for Ireland. [June * Appointed 
paymaster of the forces.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1739 * * Ire. Famine causes great rav- 
ages. 

* * London. The new Mansion House is 
begun. [1753. Completed.] 

1740* * London. The " hard winter " 
occurs. 

The Thames is frozen hard for nine 
weeks ; coaches ply upon the Thames, 
and festivities and diversions of all 
kinds are enjoyed upon the ice. 

1741 * * The Duke of Devonshire's race- 
horse, Flying Childers, dies, aged 26 
years. 

He was acknowledged by sportsmen to 
have been the fleetest horse that ever 
ran at Newmarket, or that was even seen 
in the world; he ran four miles in six 
minutes and 4S seconds, or at the rate 
of 35i miles an hour, carrying nine stone 
two pounds. 

* * The new Exchange at Bristol is 
erected. 



912 1746,**~1756, May * GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1747 May 3. Sp. The French de- 
feated off Cape Finisterre (p. 700). 

June 16. Com. Fox takes 40 French 

ships sailing from the West Indies. 
July 2. Neth. Defeat at Raucoux and 

Laffeldt by the French Marshal Saxe 

(p. 700). 
Oct. 14. Ft. Victory off Finisterre 

(p. 700). 

1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of 
Aix-la-Chapelle is signed. 

1749 Apr. 13. E. I. The Namur, 74 
guns, founders near Fort St. David; 
only 26 of her crew are saved. 

E.I. The Pembroke, 60 guns, is 

wrecked near Porto Novo ; 330 of her 
crew perish. 

1751-54 E. I. War with the French 
in India. Arcot defended (p. 700). 

1754 * * Pa. The English establish forts 
west of the Alleghanies in hostility to 
France. The struggle for supremacy 
in the New World begins. 

1755-63 "War with France. 

The Seven Years' War of Europe, and 
the French and Indian War in America. 
It is caused by disputes respecting the 
boundaries of territory in America. 

Apr.* [U.S.A.] Three expeditions are 
planned against the French (p. 68). 

June 10. JST.F. Adm.Boseawen takes 
the Alcide and Li/s, two men-of-war, from 
the French in a naval battle off New- 
foundland. 

July 9. Pa. Gen. Braddock is de- 
feated ; Col. George "Washington 
saves a remnant of the army (p. 68). 

Sept. 5. N. S. The exile of the Aca- 
dians is announced (p. 68). 

* * E.I. Col. Robert Clive conquers 
Orissa, in Bengal. 

1756 May 17. England declares war 
against France. [June 9. France de- 
clares war.] 

May 20. Sp. The French besiege the 
island of Minorca, in the Mediterra- 
nean ; Adm. Byng is sent to relieve it ; 
he fails to do so. [July * It surrenders. 
1757. Mar. 14. Byng is shot at Ports- 
mouth for this failure.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1746 * * Morris and Smith's Northeast 

Passage expedition sails. 
1747* * London. A chess club is 

formed at Slaughter's Coffee-house, St. 

Martin's Lane. 

* * Creed projects a machine having an 
object similar to that of the phono- 
graph. 

* * Watson shows the transmission of 
electricity by an insulated wire. 

* * Mathematical tripos are instituted 
at Cambridge. 

1748 July 14. London. An eclipse of 
the sun is observed. 

1749 * * Thomas Frye introduces painted 
porcelain. 

* * The fly shuttle is generally used. 



1750 Feb. 8. London. An earthquake 

occurs. [Feb. 19. Another.] 
* * Railroads, called tramways, in and 

about Newcastle, are made of wood, and 



* * A system of shorthand, called Bra- 
chygraphy, based on Mason's system, is 
introduced. 

* * London. "Westminster Bridge is 
opened. 

1750-70 Scot. The common-sense sys- 
tem of- philosophy is originated by 
Thomas Eeid. 

1751 Jan. 21. Handel's last oratorio, 
Jephthah, is composed. [1752. Feb. 26. 
Performed.] 

* * Amalgam is introduced by John Can- 
ton for the rubber in electrical experi- 
ments. 

1752 Sept. 3. (o. s.) The Gregorian 
calendar is adopted. 

The new style blots 11 days from the 
calendar, this" day being accounted the 
14th of September. 

* * London. George, Earl of Macclesfield, 
becomes president of the Royal Society. 
[1764, James, Earl of Morton.] 

1753 Apr. 5. London. The British 
Museum originates. (See Letters.) 

* * The Queen's Theater, Manchester, is 
opened. [1775. Rebuilt.] 

* * London, The Society of Arts is es- 
tablished. 

1754 * * London. John Harrison is 
voted £50 by the Society of Arts for a 
" masterly improvement of the spinning- 
wheel." 

1755 July 14. A statue of Sir Isaac 
Newton in marble, by Louis Francois 
Roubillac, is erected at Trinity College, 
Cambridge. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1746 * * Atwood, George, math., median., b. 

Blair, Robert, poet. Scotland, A46. 

Bruce, Jlicliael, poet, Scotland, born. 

Chubb, Thomas, deistical writer, AG7. 

Grattan, Henry, orator, statesman, Ire., b. 

Jones, Sir William, orientalist, born. 

Maelatirin, Colin, math., pliil., Scot., A47. 

jVlacneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, born. 

Malmeshury, Karl of, James Harris, diplo.,b. 

Mawe, John, mineralogist, bora. 

Northcote, James, hist, portrait painter, b. 
!747 * * Aikin, John, phy.. biog., writer, b. 

Bourne, Vincent, Latin poet, A5Q. 

Coke, Thomas, tirst bishop of M. E. church, 
IT. S. A., born. 

Coxe, William, archdeacon, traveler, hist., b. 

Forbes, Inmcan, statesman, Scotland, A62. 

Hutcheson, Francis, metaphys., Scot., A53. 

Jones, John Paul, naval advent., Scot,, b. 

Lovat, Lord Simon l-'rasev, sold., Scot.,A80. 

O'Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, born. 

Parr, Samuel, teacher, clergyman, author, b. 

Potter, John, archbishop of Canterbury, 
author, A63. 

Scott, Thomas, cl., Bible commentator, b. 

Seward, Anna, poet, born. 

Tytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., b. 

1748 * * Bentham. Jeremy, jurist, philoso- 
pher, author, born. 

Duckworth, Sir John T., admiral, born. 
Kent, William, painter, architect, A65. 
Playfair, John, math., physicist, Scot., born. 
Thomson, James, poet, Scotland, A48. 
"Watts, Isaac, cl., sacred poet, an., A74. 

1749 * * Braniah, Joseph, mechanician, b. 
Catesby, Mark, naturalist, A69. 
Daniel, Thomas, landscape painter, born. 
Fearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, born. 
Fox, Charles James, orator, statesman, h. 
Ged, William, inventor of stereotype, A59. 
Jenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of 

vaccination, born. 
Philips, Ambrose, dramatist, A78. 
Wilkins, Sir Charles, Sanscrit scholar, born. 

1750 * * Arrow-smith, Aaron, geographer, b. 
Barnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, born. ■ 
Belsham, Thomas, 1'nitarian cl., author, b. 
Butler, Charles, historian, jurist, author, b. 
Collingrwood. Lord Cuthbert, admiral, b. 
Curran, John Philpot, orator, statesman, 

Ireland, born. 
Ellen borough, Lord, Edward Law, chief 

justice, born. 
KlPkmc, Lord Thomas, statesman, born. 
Gordon, Lord George, fanatic, born. 



Herschel, Caroline L.. astronomer, bora. 
Ireland, Samuel, author, born. 
Kirwan, Richard, chemist, geologist, Ire., b. 
Knight, Richard Payne, author, born. 
Lee, Sophia, novelist, born. 
Mulilleton, Conyers; clergyman, controver- 
sialist, author, A67. 
Peel, Sir Robert, cotton manufacturer, b. 
Southcott, Joanna, fanatic, religious \vr., b. 
Toinline, George, bp. of Winchester, au., b. 
"Windham, "William, orator, statesman, b. 
Young, Matthew, physicist, born. 

1751 * * Adam, William, lawyer, Scotland, b. 
Bolingbrolie, Viscount, Henry Saint John, 

statesman, author, A73. 

Doddridge, Philip, Nonconformist clergy- 
man, theologian, philosopher, A 49. 

Eldon, Earl of, John Scott, statesman, born. 

Frederick Louis, father of George III., A 44. 

Milner, Isaac, mathematician, born. 

Shaw, George, naturalist, born. 

Sheridan, Richard Brinsley, poet, drama- 
tist, orator, statesman, Ireland, born. 

Sherwin, John Keyse, engraver, born. 

Teignmouth, Lord, John Shore, statesman, b. 

1752 * * Butler. Joseph, theol., pliil., A60. 
Chatterton, Thomas, poet, born. 
Cheselden, William, anatomist, A64. 
D'Arblay, Madame, Frances Burney. 

novelist, born. 

Erskine, Ralph, cl., author, Scotland, A67. 

Hansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, born. 

Ritson, Joseph, antiquary, born. 

Warren, Sir I'eter. admiral, A49. 

Winston, William, cl., math., trans., A85. 
1753* * Beechey, Sir William, portrait- 
painter, born. 

Bell, Andrew, cl., educationalist, Scot., born. 

Berkeley. George, bishop of Gloyne, meta- 
physician, Ireland, AGS. 

Bewick. Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, b. 

Bligh, William, admiral, born. 

Gleig, George, clergyman, author, Scot.,b. 

Incllbald, Eli/a both, novelist, born. 

Nicholson, William, natural pliil., author, b. 

Roscoe, William, author, born. 

Stanhope, third Earl of, Charles, states- 
man, scientist, born. 

Stewart, Dug-ald, philosopher, Scotland, b. 

Thompson, Sir Benjamin, Count Rumford, 

philanthropist, statesman, scientist, born. 

1754* * Cave, Edward, printer, bookseller, 

fdr. of The Gentleman 's Magazine, A63. 

Crabbe, George, clergyman, poet, born. 

Erskine, Ebenezer, theologian, preacher, 
chief fdr. of Secession Church, Scot., A74. 

Fielding:, Henry, poet, dramatist, novelist, 
judge, A47. 

Fuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, wt., b. 

Hastings, Marquis of, Erancis Rawdon, 
major-general, statesman, born. 

Slarsden, William, orientalist, born. 

Pelham, Sir Henry, statesman, A58. 

Sinclair, Sir John, agriculturist, statistician, 
author, born. 

Tarleton, Bannastre, general, born. 

Warren, Sir John I'.orlase, admiral, bora. 
1755* * Harrington, (George, pickpocket, b. 

Bone, Henry, enamel j ainter, born. 

Braddock, Edward, general in America, A38. 

Cathcart, first Karl of ,W in. Shaw, diplom., b. 

Dyer, George, scholar, antiquary, born. 

Flaxinan, John, sculptor, born. 

Grant, Anne, novelist, essayist, Scotland., b. 

Mackenzie, Sir Alo.amier, Can. ex., Scot.,b. 

Siddons, Sarah, actor, bora. 

Sutton, Charles Manners, archbp. of Cant.,b. 

Vancouver, George, navigator in Am., born. 



CHURCH. 

1746 * * Ire. Royal assent refused to the 
bill to naturalize the professors of the 
Jewish religion. 

1747 Aug. 9. Dublin. John "Wesley 
first visits Ireland. [Thomas Williams 
forms the first Methodist Society in 
Dublin. 1748. Mar. 8. Wesley makes a 
second visit.] 

* * James Wardley revives the society of 
Friends (Quakers). 

* * Scot. The followers of Ebenezer Ers- 
kine are divided into Burghers and 
Anti-Burghers, on the question of in- 
terpreting the Burghers' oath. 

* * Scot. The Secession and Relief 
Presbyterian Churches unite. 

* * Thomas Herring is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

1748 May * W. Lady Huntingdon 
and other Methodists make an evangel- 
izing tour through Wales. 



AND IRELAND. 



1746, **-1756, 



913 



* * Whitefield's followers are called 
" The Countess of Huntingdon's Con- 
nexion," she being an effective supporter 
of Methodists, and the founder of a 
theological school at Trevecca. 

1749 * * Dublin. The spire of St. Pat- 
rick's Cathedral is erected. 

* * The Clergy Orphan corporation is 
organized as a benevolent institution. 

1750 Mar. 8. London. The Method- 
ist Conference opens. 

[1753, at Leeds ; 1754, May 22, at Lon- 
don ; 1755, May 6, at Leeds ; 1756, Aug. 
26, at Bristol.] 

* * London. The Society for promoting 
Religious Knowledge among the Poor 
is organized. 

* * Scot. "White field itinerates and 
preaches here. [1757. He makes a sec- 
ond visit.] 

* * Joanna Southcott, a fanatic, is born. 

She comes from Exeter to London, 
where her followers increase to many 
thousands, being chiefly the poor and 
ignorant. 
1751* * Ire. George Whitefield, the 
Methodist evangelist, visits Ireland. 

* * Scot. John "Wesley makes his first 
visit. [1753. Apr. * A second. 1757. A 
third visit.] 

1752 May 23. Scot. The Belief 
Church of Scotland is initiated. 

Thomas Gillespie is deposed from the 
ministry for opposing the doctrine of 

Sassive obedience to the law of the 
hurch of Scotland respecting the set- 
tlement of ministers. (See 1757.) 

* * The "Western Theological College 
(Congregational) is founded at Plym- 
outh. 

1754 Mar. * "Whitefield again sails for 
America. 

May 22. London. The Methodist Con- 
ference opens. [1755. May 6. At Leeds. 
1756. Aug. 26. At Bristol.] 

LETTERS. 
1746 * * The Museum is issued. 

* * Odes, by William Collins, appears. 
1747* * Scot. Parliament enacts the 

union of the two colleges, St. Salvator 
and St. Leonard, as the University of 
St. Andrews. 



1747-49 Hbivitt's Journal is issued. 

1748 * * Thomas, Duke of Newcastle, is 
elected chancellor of Cambridge. 

* * Scot. The Aberdeen Journal is issued. 

* * Scot. Castle of Indolence, by James 
Thomson, appears. 

* * Roderick Random, by Tobias George 
Smollett, appears. [1751, Peregrine 
Pickle; 1753, The Advent urns of Ferdi- 
nand, Count Fathom; 1755, Translation 
of Don Quixote.] 

* * Scot. Essay on Quantity, by Thomas 
Reid, appears. 

* * London. A circulating library is es- 
tablished at Crane Court. 

1749 * * Irene, by Johnson, appears. 
1749-1845 London. The Monthly Re- 

view is issued. 

1750 Mar. 20-52 Mar. 14. The Ram- 
bler is issued by Samuel Johnson. 

* * Hermes, or a Philosophical Enquiry 
Concerning Un iversal Grammar, by 
James Harris, appears. 

* * The Life and Adventures of Peter Wil- 
kins, by Robert Pultock, appears. 

1751* * Elegy Written in a Country 
Churchyard, by Thomas Gray, appears. 

*753 Jan. 4. First nurr>her of the 
World is issued. 



Apr. 5. Parliament enacts that £20,000 
be raised by lottery to purchase the li- 
brary of Sir Henry Sloan, deceased. [It 
thus originates the British Museum.] 

* * The Oxford Journal is issued. 
1754-61 Scot. History of England, by 

David Hume, appears. [1757, Natural 
History of Religion and Four Disserta- 
tions.'] 
1755* * Yankee Doodle is written by Dr. 
Richard Schuchburg, (?) a surgeon of the 
British army, in contempt of the motley 
assembly of militiamen assembled from 
the colonies to aid against the French 
in Canada. 

* * Dictionary of the English Language, 
by Samuel Johnson, appears. [1759. 
Rasselas.) 

1755-80 The London Review is issued. 



SOCIETY. 

1748 Jan. 16. London. Public excite- 
ment is raised over a conjurer who an- 
nounces that he will jump into a quart 
bottle at the Haymarket Theater. 

Apr. 27. London. The close of the war 
is celebrated by a splendid display of 
fireworks. 

1749 Feb. 20. London. Usher Ga- 
hagan, a gentleman and scholar, is exe- 
cuted at Tyburn for clipping coin. 

* * An infirmary is established at Liver- 
pool. 

* * It is made a punishable offense for 
hatmakers, or workers in textile sub- 
stances and leather, to combine for the 
increase of wages. 

1750 * * The Jockey Club is founded. 
[It chiefly regulates races of the present 
day, and the betting connected with 
them.] 

* * London. St. Luke's Hospital for lu- 
natics is established. [Oct. 15. The 
foundation of the [present] London 
Hospital building is laid by Adm. Sir 
Peter Warren. * * Queen Charlotte's 
Lying-in Hospital is founded.] 

1751 * * Ire . Titles created, Viscount of 
Ashbrook. 

[1756, Earl of Shannon, Earl of Lanes- 
borouLili, and .F.aron Farnham; 1758, Baron 
Lisle; 1759, Earl Fife; 1760, Earl of Morn- 
ington; 1762, Baron Clive, and Earl Arran; 
1763, Earl Milltown, and Viscount of Mont- 

1752 Apr. 7. London. To avoid the 
effects of an earthquake shock predicted 
by a madman for April 8, thousands of 
persons, particularly those of rank and 
fortune, pass the night in their car- 
riages and in tents in Hyde Park. 

* *The Seamen's Hospital, Liverpool, 
is founded. 

* *The Manchester infirmary is insti- 
tuted. 

* * Acts are passed licensing music and 
dancing in public houses. 

1753 * * London. The British Museum 
is founded by the aid of a lottery. 

* * Bread riots occur at Bristol. 

* * The proposed English census is op- 
posed as profane. 

1755 Apr. 15. London. Buyers of lot- 
tery tickets break down the counters of 
the Bank of England in their eagerness 
to buy tickets. 



STATE. 

1747 Nov. 10. Parliament meets ; 
Arthur Onslow, Speaker. [1754. Apr. 8. 
Dissolved.] 

* * Ire. William, Earl of Harrington, is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

1748 Oct. 7. Prus. The Peace of 
Aix-la-Chapelle is concluded (p. 515). 

1751 June 22. Lord Anson is made 
first lord of the admiralty. [175G, Nov. 
19, Earl Temple ; 1757, Apr. 6, Earl of 
Winchelsea; July 2, Lord Anson; 1762, 
June 19, George M. Dunk, Earl of Hali- 
fax ; 1763, Jan. 1, George Grenville ; Apr. 
23, Earl of Sandwich; Sept. 10, Earl of Eg- 
mont; 1766, Sept. 10, Sir Charles Saun- 
ders ; Dec. 10, Sir Edward Hawke.] 

Aug. 27. Ire. Sir George Caulfield is 
appointed chief justice. 

* * Parliament : A Regency Bill is 



1752 Jan. 1. The New Style calen- 
dar, according to the Gregorian reform 
of 1582, is operative. 

* * The journals of Parliament are or- 
dered to he printed. 

1753* * Parliament: The Irregular 
Marriages Act is passed. 

It prohibits the Fleet-prison marriage 
system, — marriages without license or 
certificate. 

1754 Apr. * Thomas H. Pelham, Duke 
of Newcastle, becomes first lord of the 
treasury. 

Nov. 14. Parliament meets ; Arthur 
Onslow, Speaker. [1761. Mar. 21. Dis- 
solved.] 

* * Edinburgh. The magistrates are as- 
signed gold chains. 

* * Sir Dudley Hyder is appointed chief 
justice. 

1756 May 17. "War is declared 
against France after fighting for two 
years. [June 9. France declares war 
against England.] 

May * Parliament : The Plate Act is 
passed. [1780. Repealed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1746 * * The "Windsor marches are 
drained, and the trees planted, for "Wil- 
liam, Duke of Cambridge. 

1748 Mar. 25. London. A fire in 
Shadwell destroys 200 houses. 

* * London. A display of fireworks is 
given in the Green Park in honor of the 
peace of Aix-la-Chapelle. 

* * A general famine occurs. 

1749 * * The town hall, Liverpool, is 
begun. 

1750 May* London. During some 
trials in the Old Bailey court, the lord 
mayor, one alderman, two judges, the 
greater part of the jury, and numbers 
of spectators, catch the jail distemper, 
and die. 

1753 * * The Salthouse dock, Liver- 
pool, is opened. 

1755 July 17. The ship Doddington 
is lost ; 23 out of 273 persons are saved. 

Dec. 4. The Eddystone lighthouse is 
burned. [1758-60. It is rebuilt ; it is 
the first true lighthouse erected in Eng- 
land.] 



914 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1756 June 20. Tlie Earl of Loudoun 
sails with an army for Halifax, N. S. 
[He is reenforced later by additional 
troops, making 11,000 men, and 16 men- 
of-war.] 

E. I. Black Hole tragedy of Calcutta. 

The Nabob of Bengal seizes Calcutta, 
and imprisons 146 British in a room 18 
feet square ; only 23 survive the night. 

1757 Jan. 2. Ind. Col. Clive recap- 
tures Calcutta. The conquest of In- 
dia begins. 

June 23. Ind. Col. Clive, with a force 
of 3,000, vanquishes the Surajah Dowlah, 
with 68,000 men, at Plassey. 

Aug. 9. N. Y. Col. Monroe surrenders 
to Gen. Montcalm (p. 70). 

* *[U. S. A.] [Lord] Jeffrey Amherst 
commands (p. 70). 

Oct. 21. Three English ships defeat 
seven French ships off Cape Francais. 

* * Lord Ligonier is appointed comman- 
der-in-chief. 

1758 Jan.* [U.S.A.] LordLoudoun 
is retired, and Gen. Abercrombie suc- 
ceeds hira (p. 70). 

Mar. 2. A battle is fought in the North 
Sea between two French and two Brit- 
ish frigates ; one of the French vessels 



Apr. 13. The Prince George is burned 

while on its way to Gibraltar ; about 

400 men perish. 
May 28 -July 26. JV. S. Louisburg is 

captured (p. 70). 
June * Fr. The British burn about 100 

vessels in Concale Bay. 
July 8. JV. Y. Defeat at Ticonderoga 

(p. 70). 
July 26. A r . S. England takes Nova 

Scotia (p. 70). 
Aug. 27. Can. Fort Frontenac 

[Kinsgton] is taken (p. 70). 
Oct. 4. E. I. The French take Arcot. 
Nov. 29. The Lichfield is lost on the 

coast of Barbary. 
Dec. 12. E. I. The French assume the 

offensive against the British besieged at 

Madras. 

* * Fr. The English destroy the fortifi- 
cations of Cherbourg. 

* * E. I. Lord Clive forces the Dutch to 
capitulate at Chins urah. 

1759 Jan.* Amer. Gen. Amherst [Lord 

Jeffrey] chief commander (p. 70). 
Aug. 17, 18. Port. The French under 

Adm. De la Clue are defeated in a naval 

battle, in the Bay of Lagos, by Adm. 

Boscawen. 
Sept. 13. Can. First battle on the 

Plains of Abraham (p. 72). 
Sept. 18. Can. Quebec capitulates to 

the English (p. 72). 
Sept. 25. N. S. The Tilbury, with 60 

guns, is lost off Louisburg. 

* *B.Ind. Adm. Pocock defeats the 
French fleet. The French lose nearly 
all their military power in India. 

* * The British Hussars are enrolled. 



Nov. 20. Fr. Adm. Hawke 

the French fleet (p. 702). 

1760 Feb.* Ire. French invasion 
(p. 702). 

Feb. 15. The Iiamillies, with 90 guns, is 

lost on the Bolt-head ; 26 persons are 

saved. 
The Conqueror is lost on St. Nicholas 

Island, Plymouth. 
Apr. 22. Lord George Sackville is 

tried by court-martial for disobedience, 

found guilty, and dismissed. 
July 2. E. I. French defeat at 

Wandiwash. 
All Canada is taken by the British. 
Sept. 8. Can. Montreal, under Gen. 

Vaudreuil, surrenders (p. 72). 

1761 Jan. 1. "War with Spain. 

E. I. The Due d y Aquitaine and the 

Sunderland are lost off Pondicherry, 
and all perish. [Jan. * Pondicherry 
capitulates to the British.] 

June 7. Fr. The British capture Belle 
Isle. 

* * Ire. The * * Whiteboys " cause an 
insurrection, and commit numerous 
depredations ; they are suppressed by 
military force. 

1762 Jan, 2. England declares war 
against Spain. 

Feb. 3. The Raisonnable, with64guns,ia 
lost in au attack on Martinique. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1756 * * The first cotton velvets and 
quiltings in England are made. 

* * Edinburgh. Joseph Black makes 
known his discoveries on the nature of 
lime and of fixed air (carbonic acid 
gas). 

1757 * * John Dolland constructs an 
achromatic telescope without any 
knowledge of Hall's invention. He also 
makes an important discovery respect- 
ing t be aberration of light. 

* * Edinburgh. Joseph Black establishes 
his theory of latent heat. [1760. He 
discovers latent heat in melting ice and 
in steam. 1763. He evolves new theories 
in heat.] 

* * Scot. James "Watt is the maker of 
mathematical instruments for the Uni- 
versity of Glasgow. [1760. He invents 
the shot-tower.] 

1758 * * Dublin. Crow Street Theater 
Royal is erected. 

1759 Jan. 15. London. The British 
Museum is first opened. 

Oct. 1. The Bddystone lighthouse 
is rebuilt the second time by John 
Smeaton. 

* * The Carron smelting-works are estab- 
lished ; following Dr. John Roebuck's 
invention, iron is made by the use of 
mineral coal. 

1760 Apr. 21. London. Thefirst pub- 
lic exhibition is made of the works of 
living artists, Reynolds, Wilson, Roubil- 
lac, Wilton, Woolett, Strange, and 
others. 

* * Pressing-boards are invented. 

* * Cotton-carding machines are im- 
proved by James Hargreaves. 

± * * The gradual revolution of the peace- 
ful arts is accomplished. 

* * Many of the bishops and clergy preach 
against the practise of inoculation. 

* * London. The theatrical fund of 
Covent Garden is established. 



± * * John Kay's plan of throwing the 
shuttle is introduced, doubling the 
product of looms. 

1761 June 6. The transit of Venus 
is observed by the astronomer royal, 
Nevil Maskelyne, at St. Helena. 

July 17. The Bridgewater canal, from 

Worsley to Manchester, 18 miles long, is 
opened ; it is the first great canal in 
England. 

* * The first patent for the spinning- 
wheel is granted to Sir Richard Ark- 
wright [which he further improves]. 

± * * James Brindley practises puddling 
of clay in making the walls of canals 
water-tight. 

* * London. The Catch (musical) Club 
is formed. 

1762 Jan. 29. London. The Thames 
is [alleged to be] frozen five feet thick. 

Feb. 24. A great hurricane and snow- 
atorm occurs ; several whales are driven 
ashore on the Essex and Kentish coast. 

July 9. Ire. Honeydew falls near 
Raithiermuc ; it is gathered with scoops. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1756 * * Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, b. 

Burgess, Thomas, bishop of Salisbury, au., b. 

Currie, James, physician, scholar, author, 
editor of lSurns, Scotland, born. 

Fitzherbert, Maria, wife of George IV., b. 

Gambier, Lord, James, admiral, born. 

Godwin, William, dramatist, novelist, his- 
torian, political writer, born. 

Henley, John, preacher, A 64. 

Lee, Harriet, novelist, born. 

Macadam, John Loudon, invent, of Macadam 
roads, born. 

Kaeburn, Sir Henry, portrait-painter, Scot- 



Vertue, George, engraver, A72. 

Wakefield, Gilbert, classical scholar, theolo- 
gian, politician, born. 
1757 * * Addington, Henry, Viscount Sid- 
mouth, statesman, born. 

Alison, Archibald, el., au., Seot.,b. 

Baird, Sir l>avid, general, born. 

Blake, William, poet, painter, born. 

Burney, Charles, class, schol., author, born. 

Byng, Honorable John, admiral, A53. 

Cibber, Colley, poet, dramatist, actor, A86. 

Colchester, Lord, Charles Abbott, states., h. 

Exmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, adm., b. 

Foley, Sir Thomas, admiral, born. 

GiHord, "William, poet, dramatist, journal- 
ist, miscellaneous writer, born. 

Hartley, David, founder of English Asso- 
ciation school of psychologists, A52. 

Kemble, John Philip, actor, born. 

Romilly, Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, born. 

Sowerby, .lames, artist, naturalist, born. 

Telford, Thomas, engineer, Scotland, born. 

A r ernon, Edward, admiral, A73. 
1758* * Bridgewater. Earl of, Francis 
Henry, cl., fdr. Bridgewater Treatises, b. 

Dyer, John, poet, A 58. 

Hamilton, Elizabeth, novelist, miscellaneous 
writer, Ireland, born. 

Nasmyth, Alexander, portrait and landscape 
painter, Scotland, born. 

Nelson, Viscount Horatio, admiral, born. 

Pinkerton, John, archeologist, numismatist, 
historian, geographer, author, Scot., born. 

Ramsay, Allan, pnet, Scotland, A72. 

1759 Jan. 25. Burns, Robert, poet, Scot- 
land, born. 

Carlyle, Joseph Daere, orientalist, horn. 

Chalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi- 
ographer, Scotland, born. 

Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, born, 

Collins, William, poet, A38. 

Godwin, Mary Wollstonecraft, novelist, b. 

Kirby, William, entomologist, horn. 

Lauderdale, Earl of, James Maitland, states- 
man, Scotland, born. 

Pitt, "William, orator, statesman, born. 

Porson, Richard, Creek scholar, author, b. 

Pughe, William Owen, philologist, antiquary, 
Wales, born. 

Smith, Sir .lames E., botanist, naturalist, b. 

Wilberforce. "William, philanth., states., b. 

Wolfe, James, general in America, A33. 

1760 Oct. 25. George II., king, A57. 
lieckford, William, author, born. 
Beddoes, Thomas, physician, author, born. 
Bewick, John, artist, wood engraver, born. 
Carew, Sir Benjamin Hallowell, admiral, b. 



AND IRELAND. 1756, June 20-1762, July 9. 915 



Clarke, Adam, Wesleyan clergyman, Bible 
commentator, author, born. 

ClarkBon, Thomas, philanthropist, anti- 
slavery advocate, author, born. 

Lempriere, John, scholar, author, born. 

MacGeo^Iu'i.:;in, .lanu-s, Abbe, scholar, histo- 
rian, Ireland, A62. 

Wellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley 
Wesley, or Wellesley, statesman, born. 
1761* * liaillie, Matthew, physician, anato- 
mist, Scotland, born. 

Boscawen, Edward, admiral, A50. 

Carey, "William, Bap. mis., orientalist, born. 

Hales, Stephen, natural philosopher, A84. 

Hoadley, W illiam, bishop of Winchester, 
author, A85. 

Lambert, Aylmer B., botanist, born. 

Landseer, .John, engraver, born. 

Law, William, mystic, clergyman, au., A75. 

Moore, Sir John, general, Scotland, born. 

Nash, Richard i lu-au Nash), master of cere- 
monies at Bath, A87. 

Opie, John, painter, born. 

Rennie, John, engineer, architect, Scot., b. 

Richardson, Samuel, novelist, A72. 

Simpson, Thomas, mathematician, A51. 



CHURCH. 

1756* * London. Whitefield's Taber- 
nacle in Tottenham-court Road is built. 
[1760. Enlarged.] 

1757 May 6. The 14th Methodist 
Conference meets at Leeds. [After a 
debate of three days declines to separate 
from the Established Church.] 

* * Ann Lee [Shaker] begins a series of 
surpassing assumptions. 

* * Matthew Hutton is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. [1758, Thomas 
Seeker; 1768, Frederick Cornwallis.] 

* * "Wesley and Whitefield endeavor once 
more to establish societies of young 
men for the promotion of personal piety. 
They are defeated by the indifference or 
actual hostility of the authorities. 

1758* * Ire. John "Wesley itinerates 
and preaches on the western coast. 

* * It. Clement XIII. becomes pope. 
[1775. Pius "VX] 

Aug. 10. The Methodist Conference 
is held in Bristol. [1759. Aug. 8. In 
London. 1760. Aug. 29. In London. 
Great revivals are reported.] 

1760 * * Sabbath instruction is given 
to children by Rev. Joseph Alleinet and. 
by the Rev. David Blair at Brechin. 
(Haydn.) [1763. By Rev. Theophilus 
Lindsey, at Catterick, Yorkshire. 
(Haydn.)] 

1761 Oct. 22. Scot. A second seces- 
sion from the Established Church of 
Scotland of "The Relief" Church. 
The first presbytery is formed. [1773. 
Its first great synod is formed at Edin- 
burgh.] 

LETTERS. 

1756 Dec. 14. Edinburgh. Douglas, 
by John Home, is produced. 

* * Jonas Han way founds the Marine 
Society for the maintenance and in- 
struction of boys for the navy. 

* * Essay on the Sublime and Beautiful, 
by Edmund Burke, appears; also the 
Vindication of Natural Society. 

1756-58 London. The Literary Maga- 
zine is issued. 



* * William "Whitehead is appointed 
poet-laureate. [1785. Thomas War ton.] 

1757-58 History of the Last Eour Years 
of Queen Anne, by Swift, appears. 

1757-65 A Complete History of England, 
by Smollett, appears. [1760-61, The Ad- 
ventures of Sir Lancelot Greaves; 1761, 
translation of Gil Bias.] 

1758 Apr. 5. London. The first issue 
of Johnson's Idler appears. 

* * History of Ireland, by Abbe James 
MacGeo'hegan, appears. 



1759 * * Dublin. The principal or west 
front of Trinity CoUege is erected. 

* * London. The Public Ledger is issued. 

* * Scot. Theory of Moral Sentiments, by 
Adam Smith, appears. 

* * Scot. History of Scotland, during the 
Reigns of Mary and James VI., by Wil- 
liam Robertson, appears. 

* * Discourses on Art, by Sir Joshua Rey- 
nolds, appears. 

* * Scot. The Braes of Yarrow, and other 
poems, by William Hamilton appears. 

1759-60 Tristram Shandy, by Laurence 

Sterne, appears. 
1759-71 The Royal Magazine is issued. 
1760-65 Scot. Ossian, by James Mac- 

pherson, appears. 

1761 * * TheRosciad, by Charles Church- 
ill, appears. [1761-64. Poems.] 

1762 Apr. 20. Edinburgh. Dr. Hugh 
Blair is appointed first professor of 
rhetoric at the University. 

Apr. 29. London. The North Briton, 
edited by John Wilkes, is issued. 

SOCIETY. 



* * London. The foundling hospital has 
received 14,934 infants in the last four 
years, of which only 4,400 have lived to 
be apprenticed. 

1757 Mar. 7. Edinburgh. The Gen- 
eral Assembly enacts that no comedies, 
tragedies, or such plays shall be made 
on Scripture history, nor acted on the 
Sabbath. 

1758 May 1. William Vaughan, alinen 
draper of Stafford, the first forger on 
the Bank of England, is executed. 

* * An asylum for female orphans is in- 
stituted at Lambeth. [Removed to Bed- 
dington, near Croydon.] 

1759 May 3. A young woman, on a 
wager to ride 1,000 miles in 1,000 
hours, completes her task in two-thirds 
of the time, and is welcomed with flow- 
ers and applause. 

Aug. 6. Eugene Aram is executed at 
York for the murder of Daniel Clark in 
Knaresborough in 1745. 

1760 June 16. In Leicestershire two 
old women are thrown into the water to 
determine by their sinking or swimming 
whether or not they are witches. 

* * A theatrical fund is established. 



* * Political corruption. (See State.) 
1761 Feb. 11. London. A usurer is 

fined £300 for having exacted six guineas 
to discount £100 for six weeks. 

* * Ire. Whiteboys, a body of ruffians, 
so called because of their wearing linen 
frocks over their coats, commit dread- 
ful outrages. They resist the enclosure 
of commons and the exaction of tithes. 
[1762. Suppressed by military force; 
ringleaders executed.] 

* * Titles created, Earl of Delawarr, 
Barons Scarsdale, and Boston. [1762, 
Baron Vernon ; 1765, Earl of Spencer, 
Earl of Radnor, and Baron Digby ; 1766, 
Duke of Northumberland; 1772, Earl 
of Bathurst, and Earl of Hillsborough.] 

STATE. 

1756 Nov. * Newcastle resigns. 

Nov. * King's Ministers: 

The Duke of Devonshire (commissioner 
treasury, premier), William Pitt (secre- 
tary state), Earl Temple (first lord admi- 
ralty), and H. B. Legge (chancellor ex- 
chequer). [1757. Apr. * Pitt, Temple, 
and Legge are dismissed.] 

* * "William Murray [Earl of Mansfield] 
is appointed chief justice. 



* * The great seal is in commission. 

1757 Feb. * H. C. An aUiance sub- 
sidy of £200,000 is voted to the King of 
Prussia. 

Mar. 22. Ire. John Bowes [Lord 
Bowes of Clonlyon] is appointed lord 
high chancellor. 

June * The Duke of Newcastle becomes 
first lord of the treasury, and William 
Pitt secretary of state. 

* * Ire. The Duke of Bedford is ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

* * Sir Kobert Henley [Lord Henley] 
becomes [last] lord-keeper. 

1759 Sept.* Canada becomes a British 
colony by conquest. 



1760 July 31. Ire. Warden Flood is 
appointed chief justice. 

Oct. 25. George II. dies. 

1760-1820 George III. reigns. 
He is grandson of George II. 
The Duke of Newcastle is premier, 
and William Pitt secretary of state. 

* * Bribery in politics extensively pre- 
vails. 

The Ministry open an office at the 
treasury for the purchase of votes in 
Parliament, and the royal revenue is 
partly used to buy seats and votes ; civil 
and military promotion are reserved for 
the king's friends- 

1761 Sept. 8. George 111. marries 
Charlotte Sophiaof Mecklenburg-Stre- 
litz. [Sept. 22. They are crowned.] 

Oct. 5. William Pitt resigns office. 
His colleagues refuse to adopt his 
policy of war against Spain because of 
her" Family Compact" with France; [he 
receives a pension of £3,000 a year, and 
his wife gets a peerage under the title 
Baroness Chatham]. 

Oct. * Lords Egremont and Bute are 
secretaries of state. 

Nov. 3. Parliament meets. [1768. Mar. 
12. Dissolved.] 

* * The commissions of judges are made 
permanent, notwithstanding the demise 
of the crown. 

* * Ire. The Earl of Halifax is ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

1762 May * The Earl of Bute becomes 
prime minister, and George Grenville 
secretary of state. [1763. Apr. 8. They 
resign.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1758 Apr. 11. London. The wooden 
bridge over the Thames is burned. 

* * Colored Cloth Hall, Leeds, is built. 

1759 * * The inhabitants of Manchester 
are discharged from their obligations to 
grind their corn at Irk Mill. 

1760 May * A bridge is built at Bris- 
tol. 

July 3. The dockyard at Portsmouth is 

fired ; loss, £400,000. 
Oct. 31. London. The Blackfriars' 

Bridge over the Thames is begun. 

* * Cotton goods are first exported. 

* * Ire. Linen manufacture is encour- 
aged. 

1761* * Edinburgh. The Royal Ex- 
change is completed. 

* * Patrick Cotter, the Irish giant, is 
born. [He attains the height of eight 
feet seven inches.] 



916 1762, **-1769, Feb. 3. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1762 * * -tV. B. The French gain [tem- 
porary] possession of St. John. 

Aug. 13. Cuba. Havana captured 
(p. 631). 

* * An English force takes possession of 
the Philippine Islands. 

1763 Feb. 10. The Peace of Paris 
(p. 72, 73). 

Nov. 6. Ind. Patna taken from the 
Nawab. (See India.) 

1764 Oct. 23. Ind. Natives defeated 
at Buxar. (See India.) 

1766 * * The Marquis of Granby is ap- 
pointed commander-in-chief. 

1767 * * Ind. "War occurs in Mysore 
with Hyder Ali. (See India.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1762 * * The subterranean canals of 
Worsley are completed. [The price of 
coal is soon reduced one-half at Man- 
chester.] 

* * Thomas August hra Arne's opera Ar- 
taxerxes is composed. 

* * Josiah Wedgwood of Staffordshire 
produces "Wedgwood ware pottery, 
stone china, and porcelain. 

It soon takes the place of the wooden 
platter and the cottager's brown dish. 
[1771. He founds the Etruria potteries.] 

* * The cylinder carding-machine is in- 
vented by Sir Robert Peel. 

* * Nathaniel Bliss becomes astronomer 
royal. 

1763 London. Sadler's Wells Thea- 
ter is opened. 

1764 Apr. 1. London, An annular 
eclipse of the sun is observed. 

* * London. Mozart, only eight years of 
age, visits England, and plays the most 
difficult music at sight. 

* *A single-acting steam-engine is 
made by James Watt. 

* * John Harrison's time-keeper is used. 

1765 Dec. 25-66 Jan. 15. Scot. Ex- 
traordinary cold weather prevails. 

* * London. The first annual scientific 
lecture before the Royal Society is de- 
livered by Peter Woulfe (Bakerian Lec- 
ture). 

* * James Watt invents a method of con- 
densation for steam-engines in a sepa- 
rate cylinder. 

1766 Jan. 18-22. Remarkably cold 
weather prevails. 

Apr. 21. A sun-spot, three times the 
size of the earth, passes the sun's center. 

July 26. Capt. Wallis sails on his voy- 
age round the world. 

± * * James Brindley builds the first tun- 
nel in England, on the Duke of Bridge- 
water's canal, near Manchester. 

* * Henry Cavendish discovers that hy- 
drogen gas is eight times lighter than 
the atmosphere. 

* * The glass electrical machine is in- 
vented by Jesse liamsden. 

* * The first piano is made in England. 

* * Capt. Philip Carteret sails on a voy- 
age of discovery in the South Sea. 

1767* * London. The Haymarket 
Theater is rebuilt. 

* * The Agricultural Society is insti- 
tuted at Manchester. 

* * Railroads are built by Wilkinson. 

* * The spinning- jenny is invented by 
James Hai-greaves, an optician of Lan- 
cashire ; it has eight spindles. 



* * Cast-iron rails substitute wood on 
railroads. 

* * Lane's discharging electrometer is 
completed. 

1768 May* Scot. James Watt com- 
pletes his model of the steam-engine. 

June * James Bruce leaves for Abys- 
sinia in an attempt to discover the source 
of the Nile. [1770. Nov. 14. He sights 
the source of the Blue Nile.] 

July 30. Capt. James Cook sails on 
his first voyage. 

[He goes to the South Sea to observe 
the transit of Venus (second measure- 
ment), and makes other discoveries. He 
is accompanied by Sir Joseph Banks and 
other scientists.] 

Dec. 10. London. The Roy al Acad- 
emy of Arts is instituted. 

* * Hammond, a framework knitter of 
Nottingham, adapts his stocking-frame 
to the manufacture of lace. 

* * London. Sir Joshua Reynolds be- 
comes president of the Royal Academy. 
[Later, James West ; and yet later, 
James Burrow.] 

* * Harvest Wagon is painted by Thomas 
Gainsborough. 

* * Dublin. The Queen's Bridge is re- 
built. 

1769 * * A brilliant comet appears. It 
passes with great swiftness, and within 
i2,!HH»,o00 miles of the earth; its tail 
forms an arch 36,000,000 miles long. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1762* * Anson, George, circumnavigator, 

vice-admiral, A65. 
Asgill, Sir Charles, general, born. 
Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist, Scotland, b. 
Bowles, William Lisle, poet, critic, born. 
Bradley, James, astronomer, A 69. 
Brydges, Sir Samuel Kgerton, mis. writer, b. 
Coleman, George, the Younger, poet, drama- 
tist, born. 
Douce, Francis, antiquarian, born. 
Kelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ireland, b. 
Montagu, Lady Mary Wortley, author, A72. 
Perceval, Spencer, statesman, born. 
Tenterden, Lord, Charles Abbott, jurist, 

statesman, born. 
Winsor, Frederick, introducer of gaslight, b. 
1783 * * Adair, Sir Robert, diplomatist, born. 
Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, Scotland, b. 
Byrom, John, poet, author, A72. 
Fitzgerald, Lord Edward, a leader of 

United Irishmen, Ireland, born. 
Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, Bon of 

George III., born. 
Marline, William, geologist, Scotland, born. 
MaeNeven, William J., physician, teacher, 

Ireland, born. 
Morland, George, animal and subject painter, 

born. 
RadehrTe, Anne, novelist, born. 
Rogers, Samuel, poet, horn. 
Shenstone, William, poet, A49. 
Smith, Sir William Sidney, admiral, born. 
Tone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of United 

Irishmen, Ireland, born. 

1764 * * Ahernetliy, John, phy., au., Ire., b. 
Barrow, Sir John, traveler, born. 
Churchill, Charles, poet, A33. 

Emmet, Thomas Addis, lawyer, pol., Ire., b. 

Good, John Mason, author, born. 

Grey, second Karl, Charles, statesman, born. 

Haldane, Robert, cl., philanthropist, au., b. 

Hall. Robert, el., pulpit orator, author, b. 

Hardwicke, Karl, Philip Yorke, jurist, A74. 

Hogarth, "William, painter, engraver, hu- 
morist, A67. 

Morton, Thomas, dramatist, born. 

Pulteney. "William, Karl of Bath, states- 
man, A82. 

Roche, Marie Regina, novelist, horn. 

1765 Aug. SI. William IV.. king, born. 
Birch, Thomas, historian, biographer, A61. 
Colebrooke, Henry Thomas, orientalist, b. 
Drew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., b. 
Grahame, James, lawyer, clergyman, poet, 

philanthropist, Scotland, horn. 

Howley, William, archbp. of Canterbury, b. 

Mackintosh, Sir James, historian, states- 
man, philosopher, Scotland, born. 



Plunkett, William C, baron, lawyer, orator, 
statesman, Ireland, born. 

Pococke, Richard, bp. of Meath, trav., Afil. 

Stuart. James Francis Edward, Chevalier 
de St. George, son of James II. (Old Pre- 
tender), A67. 

Stukeley, William, antiquary, A78. 

Ward, Robert l'lumer, statesman, author, b. 

Westall, Richard, historical painter, born. 

Young, Edward, poet, A81. 

1766 * * Bloomneld, Robert, poet, born. 
Callcott, John Wall, musician, composer, b. 
Cobbett, William, grammarian, historical, 

political, and miscellaneous writer, born. 

Dalton, John, physicist, mathematician, b. 

D'Israeli. Isaac, historian, critic, miscel- 
laneous writer, born. 

Elgin, seventh Earl of, Thomas Bruce, diplo- 
amtist, Scotland, born. 

Hal ford, Sir Henry, physician, mis. writer, b. 

Lally, Count, Thomas Arthur, Baron of 
Tollendal, French gen. in India, Ire., A64. 

Leslie, Sir John, geoin., physicist, Scot., b. 

Malthus, Thomas Robert, pol. economist, b. 

Nairne, Caroline Oliphant, poet, Scotland, b. 

Wollaston, William Hyde, physicist, born. 

Wilson, Alexander, naturalist, Scotland, b. 

1767 Nov. 2. Kent. Duke of. Edward 
Augustus, father of Queen Victoria, b. 

Harrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, hist., Ire., b. 
Bruce, Michael, poet, Scotland, A21. 
Dodwell, Edward, antiquary, born. 
Edgeworth, Maria, novelist, born. 
Lyle, Edward, philologist, antiquary, A63. 
O'Connor, Arthur, a leader of United Irish- 
men, Ireland, born. 
Pond, John, astronomer, born. 
Prevost, Sir George, general, born. 

1768 * * Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., b. 
Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry William Paget, 

general, born. 
Beresford, Viscount, William Carr, gen., b. 
Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surg., physiologist, b. 
Cooper, Sir Astley Paxton, surgeon, born. 
Lardner, Nathaniel, clergyman, au., A84. 
Macaulay, Zachary, antislavery states., b_ 
Marshman, Joshua, Baptist mis., orient., b. 
Onslow, Arthur, statesman, A77. 
Sterne, Laurence, humorist, Ireland, A55*. 



CHURCH. 

1763 * * Thomas Maxfield leads a seces- 
sion from tbe Wesley an Methodists. 

1764 * * A torrent of deistic literature 
issues from tbe press. 

1765 Aug. 20. The 22d Methodist 
Conference is beld in Manchester. 

Tobacco and drams are not to be 
touched by preachers on " any pre- 
tense," and to be denounced among the 
people. 

* * Edinburgh. A Baptist Church is or- 
ganized. (?) 

1768 Mar. 12. Six students of Ed- 
mund Hall, Oxford, are expelled the 
university as Methodists, for praying, 
singing psalms, and expounding the 
Scriptures. 

* * It. Clement XIV. is pope. 

LETTERS. 

1762 * * Scot. The Shipwreck, by Wil- 
liam Falconer, appears. 

* * Scot. Elements of (W/icism, by Henry 
Home, Lord Karnes, appears. 

1763* * Dublin. The Freeman's Jour- 
nal is issued. 

* * London. The St. James's Chronicle 
is united with the Press. 

1764 * * London. The Literary Club 
is founded by Dr. Samuel Johnson and 
Sir Joshua Reynolds. Sir John Haw- 
kins, Topham Beauclerk, Goldsmith, 
Burke, and Bennet Langton are among 
the first members. 

* * Scot. Enquiry into the Human Mind 
on the Principle of Common Sense, by 
Thomas Reid, appears. 

* * The Traveller, by Oliver Goldsmith, 
appears. [1766, The Vicar of Wakefield ; 
1768, The Good-natured Man; 1770, The 
Deserted Village.] 

1764-70 Poems, by Thomas Chatterton, 
appears. 



AND IRELAND. 



1762, * *-1769, Feb. 3. 917 



1765 * * Gore's General Advertiser is is- 
sued at Liverpool. 

* * Iieliques of Ancient English Poetry , by 
Bishop Thomas Percy, appears. 

1765-68 Love of Fame, the Universal 
Passion, by Edward Young, appears. 

1765-68 Commentaries on the Laws of 
England, by Sir William Blackstone, ap- 
pears. 

* * Castle of Otranto, by Horace "Walpole, 
appears. 



* * Ire. The Limerick Chronicle is issued. 

* * Scot. Essay on the Nature and Immu- 
tability of Truth, by James Beattie, 
appears. [1771, The Minstrel.] 

* * The Fool of Quality , by Henty Brooke, 
appears. 

1767 * * London. A Nautical Almanac 
is first published. 

1768 * * Cheshunt College is opened 
for Calvinistic Methodists at Treveeca 
House, Talgarth, near Brecon, by the 
Countess of Huntingdon and George 
Whitefield. [1792. Kemoved to Ches- 
hunt, Herts.] 



SOCIETY. 

1762 * * London. The Cock Lane ghost 
imposture. 

Much excitement is caused by the re- 
ported appearance of a ghost in the 
house of William Parsons in Cock Lane, 
Smithfield. Mar. 6. It is discovered to 
be an imposture. July 10. Parsons and 
his wife are condemned to stand thrice 
in the pillory for imposture and defa- 
mation. 
.Dee. 25. London. A great riot occurs 
at Drury Lane Theater, because half 
admissions had been cut off. 

* * London. Boodle's Club is estab- 
lished. 

1763 Apr. 3. Unknown persons cut 
down all the gibbets on the Edgeware 
road, near London, on which many 
malefactors had been hung in chains. 

Apr. 30. London. John "Wilkes and 
others, for libeling the king, are ar- 
rested, and committed to the Tower. 

Wilkes's house is searched, and his 
papers are seized. [May 6. Wilkes is 
brought by a writ of habeas corpus be- 
fore Chief Justice Pratt, and discharged, 
his arrest being declared illegal. Dec. 
6. General warrants are declared ille- 
gal by Chief Justice Pratt; £1,000 dam- 
ages are awarded to Wilkes for the 
seizure of his papers.] 

July 6. London. For false imprison- 
ment £300 damages are granted to a 
printer. 

* * London. Lambeth General Lying-in 
Hospital is established. 

1764 Apr. 1. A girl of 18 years is 
burned for murdering her mistress. 

± * * Protestants [Oakboys] in Ulster or- 
ganize to resist landlord and other exac- 
tions. 

* * Scot. A theater is opened at Glas- 
gow. 

1765 Jan. 26. Lord Byron Tgreat- 
uncle of the poet] kills Mr. Chaworth 
in a duel. [Apr. 17. He is convicted 
before the House of Lords of man- 
slaughter, and being a peer he is not 
burned in the hand, but pays a fine.] 



Feb. 9. The peruke-makers petition 
the king for redress because the people 
wear their own hair. 

May * A riot occurs among the Spital- 
field weavers ; the Duke of Bedford nar- 
rowly escapes death, and many lives are 
lost. 

* * Wesleyan preachers prohibit snuff 
and other indulgences. 

* * Dublin. The Hibernian Society is 



* * A lunatic asylum is founded at Man- 
chester. 

1766 Apr. 11. London. More than 100 
convicts leave Newgate for the Ameri- 
can colonies, led by a band of music. 

Aug. 11. Ann Sowerby is burned at 
York for poisoning her husband. 

* * Dublin. The Marine Society is or- 
ganized. 

* * Bousseau visits England as the gnest 
of David Hume. 

* * Titles created, Duke of Leinster, Earl 
of Winterton, and Earl Mexbo rough. 
[1767, Baron Mulgrave ; 17GS, Karl Kings- 
ton ; 1771, Earl Roden, and Karl Sefton ; 
1776, Baron Massy, Baron Kensington, 
Baron Newborough, Baron Macdonald, 
Baron Wescote, Earl Clanwilliam, Earl 
Lisburne, Viscount de Vesci, and Vis- 
count Southwell.] 



1767 * * James Hargreaves completes 
his spinning- jenny ; and soon his neigh- 
bors compel him to fly for his life. 

1768 Apr. 15. A mob demolishes a 
house opened for inoculation for small- 
pox at Peterborough. 

May 10. London. A mob turns out in 
St. George's Fields to see John "Wilkes 
in the King's Bench prison ; the mili- 
tary aid is indiscreetly called for by the 
justices of the peace, and several inno- 
cent persons are killed. [1769. Nov. 10. 
John "Wilkes obtains £4,000 in an 
action against Lord Halifax.] 

* * The first Birmingham musical fes- 
tival is given for the benefit of Dr. Ash's 
Hospital. 

STATE. 

1763 Feb. 10. The Treaty of Paris is 

concluded by Great Britain, France, and 
Spain (pp. 73, 703). 

Apr. 23. No. 45 of the North Briton, is- 
sued by John Wilkes, a Commoner, 
appears, containing strongly offensive 
remarks on the king. [Nov. 15. The 
House of Commons resolves that the 
paper is a libel, and orders that it be 
burned by the common hangman. A 
riot follows the execution of the order. 
1764. Jan. 20. Wilkes is expelled.] (See 
Society.) 

Apr.* George Grenville becomes prime 
minister and chancellor of theexchequer, 
and Lords Egremont and Halifax are 
appointed secretaries of state. 

* * Ire. The Earl of Northumberland 

appointed lord-lieutenant. 

1764 Mar. 10. H. C. George Gren- 
ville moves resolutions for imposing 
stamp duties on the American col- 
onies. 

Aug. 24. Ire. John Gore [Earl An- 
naly] is appointed chief justice. 

1765 Mar. 22. Parliament: The 
Stamp Act, being passed, receives the 
royal assent (p. 75). 

Apr. * Parliament. The Mutiny Act 
is extended to the English colonies. 

July 10. The Marquis of Rocking- 
ham becomes prime minister ; Gen. 



: * The Isle of Man is partly sold to the 
crown. [1821. Entirely given up.] 

* * Ire. The Earl of Hertford is ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

* *E.Ind. Great Britain obtains the vir- 
tual sovereignty of Bengal, Benar, and 
Orissa. 

1766 Jan. 14. H. C: Pitt makes a 
great speech against taxing the Amer- 
ican colonies without their consent (p. 

Feb. 3. H. C. Benjamin Franklin is 
examined respecting the Stamp Act. 

Mar. 7. Parliament: The Declaratory 
Act is passed (p. 75). 

Mar. 18. Parliament: The Stamp Act 
is repealed (p. 75). 

Apr. 22. H. C. General warrants are 
declared illegal. 

July 29. William Pitt is created Earl 
of Chatham. 

Aug. * The Earl of Chatham becomes 
prime minister, with the Duke of Graf- 
ton and Charles Townshend as col- 



1767 June 20. Parliament: The act 
is passed imposing duty on tea in 
America. 

Oct. 14. Ire. Viscount Townshend is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Dec. * The Duke of Grafton becomes 
prime minister. 

Townshend (chancellor of the ex- 
chequer), Gen. Conway and Lord Shel- 
burne (secretaries of state), the Earl of 
Chatham (privy seal), and Lord Hills- 
borough (first colonial secretary). 

* * H. C. For the first time since the 
Revolution Ministers are left in a 
minority on the land-tax bill. 

* * A custom-house and Board of Com- 
missioners are created for America. 

1768 Jan. 9. Ire. James Hewitt 
[Viscount Lifford] is appointed lord 
high chancellor. 

May 10. Parliament meets. [1774. 
Sept. 30. Dissolved.] 

Charles James Fox is a member, and 
John "Wilkes is a member for Middlesex. 

1769 Jan. 21. London. The letters 
of '* Junius" begin in the Public Ad- 
vertiser. 

[They severely attack members of the 
Government and other public men, es- 
pecially the Duke of Grafton and Lord 
Mansfield.] 
Feb. 3. H. C. John "Wilkes is ex- 
pelled for an alleged libel on Lord 
Weymouth. 

[Middlesex three times elects him, and 
he is three times expelled ; the last time 
his opponent, Col. Luttrell, though in 
the minority at the poll, is declared duly 
elected.] (See Society.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



1763 Oct. 21. Edinburgh. The Worth 
Bridge is founded. 

* * Dublin. Tbe Queen's Bridge is de- 
stroyed by a flood. 

1764 * * The Soho works are established 
by Matthew Boulton at Birmingham. 

1766 July 14. The Grand Junction 
Canal, connecting the Trent with the 
Mersey, is commenced. 

* * London. e( Tattersall's" is estab- 
lished by Richard Tattersall, near Hyde 
Park Corner, for the sale of horses. 

1768 * * The tea-plant is brought to 
England. 



918 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1774 Apr. 3. Ind. The Robilla "War 
begins. 

1775-83 "War with the 13 American 
colonies, called the "War of the Ameri- 
can Revolution. 

Apr. 19. Mass. Battle of Lexington, 
near Boston (p. 80). 

June 17. Mass. Battle of Bunker 
Hill, Boston (p. 80). 

rtfov. 12. Can. Gen. Montgomery cap- 
tures Montreal (p. 80). 

* * The Repulse founders off Bermuda ; 
the crew perish. 

1776 Mar. 17. Mass. Boston is sur- 
rendered to "Washington (p. 82). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1769 * * Dublin. The Royal Exchange 
is begun. [1779. Opened.] 

Apr. 26. London. The first exhibition 
of the Royal Academy is held at Pall 
Mall. 

June 3. The transit of Venus over the 
sun's disk is observed. 

Nov. 6. An Arctic expedition sets out 
under Samuel Hearne. It is the first to 
enter the ocean north of the American 
continent. 

* * A mechanical automaton chess-player 
is exhibited. 

* * London. A grape-vine is planted in 
the gardens of Hampton Court Palace. 
[It is 72 feet by 20, with a stem 13 inches 
in girth ; in one season it produced 
2,272 bunches of grapes.] (Haydn.) 

* * London. The Koyal Exchange is re- 
paired and beautified. 

* * Scot. James "Watt receives his first 
patent for a steam-engine. [1775. Re- 
newed.] 

* * The motion of sun-spots is observed 
by Dr. "Wilson. 

* * Sir "William Chambers builds the ob- 
servatory at Richmond. 

* * Scot. Matthew Boulton and James 
"Watt enter into partnership. 

* * Edinburgh. The Theater Koyal is 
erected. 

* * Richard Arkwright extends James 
Hargreaves's principles for spinning by 
water-power, and applies a large and 
small roller to expand the thread, 
which he patents. [1771. He intro- 
duces steam in the place of horse- 
power in his cotton-mills at Cromford, 
on the Derwent.] 

1770 * * Cast steel is first made in Shef- 
field. 

* * London. A statue of the Duke of 
Cumberland is erected in Cavendish 
Square. 

* * Ire. An old coal-mine is discovered 
at Ballycastle, Antrim. 

* * Sawmills are first erected near Lon- 
don. 



1771 * * The Bipon flood, a devastat- 
ing inundation, occurs in Yorkshire. 

* * About 80 villages are destroyed by the 
overflow of the Solway Moss in Cumber- 
land. 



* * Dr. Hornsby, Savilian professor of as- 
tronomy, is instrumental in the found- 
ing of the Badcliffe Observatory at 
Oxford. [1794. Completed.] 

* * Josiah "Wedgwood founds his pot- 
teries called Etruria. 

1772 Jan. 27. London. The Pan- 
theon, erected by James "Wyatt, is 
opened. 

July 13. Capt. James Cook sails on his 
second [and important] voyage of dis- 
covery in the South Sea. [1775. July 
30. Returns.] 

* * James Burrow becomes president of 
the Royal Society. [Later, Sir John 
Pringle. 1778. Sir Joseph Banks.] 

* * Henley's discharging electrometer is 
invented. 

* * Dr. Joseph Priestley discovers hydro- 
chloric acid, the only compound of 
hydrogen and chloride. He invents the 
eudiometer to ascertain the purity of 
atmospheric air, or the quantity of oxy- 
gen gas in it. 

* * Edinburgh. Daniel Rutherford de- 
scribes nitrogen. 

* * Parliament: A bill is passed prohib- 
iting the export of machinery used in 
cotton-factories. 

* * The Liverpool Theater is opened. 

1773 Aug. * Capt. Constantino John 
Phipps sails in command of the Sea- 
Horse and the Carcase in search of the 
Northwest Passage. [Uhsuccesf ul.] 

* * The establishment of the British Plate 
Glass Company in Lancashire greatly 
improves the manufacture of plate 
glass. 

* * The Plate Assay Office is established 
at Sheffield. 

* * Miss Parren [Countess of Derby], an 
actor, makes her first appearance in Liv- 
erpool. 

* * London. Astley's Amphitheater is 
first opened. 

* * London. The Medical Society is 
formed. 

* * Henry Cavendish and others investi- 
gate electricity as developed in fishes. 

1774 * * The Birmingham steam-engine 
works are established. 

* * Nevil Maskelyne measures the earth's 
density by the Schiehallion experi- 
ments. 

* * A submarine boat is tried at Plym- 
outh, previous attempts having been 
made in the Thames early iu the 17th 
century. 

1774-79 Samuel Crompton, an artisan, 
invents the spinning -jenny or mule. 

1775 May 8. The great canal tunnel 
at Norwood Hill is opened ; it is 1J miles 
long. 

Oct. 29. Many vessels are lost in the 
severe storms in the north. 

* * London. An obelisk is erected in 
Fleet Street at the head of Bridge 
Street. 

* *The Duchess of Devonshire is painted 
by Thomas Gainsborough. [1779, Blue 
Boy; 1784, Mrs. Siddons.'] 

1776 June 10. London. David Gar- 
rick makes his last appearance on the 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1769 Apr. 30. Wellington, Duteof, 
Arthur "Wellesley, commander-in-chief, 
statesman, born. 

Brunei, Sir Mare I., engineer, born. 

Castlereagh, Robert Stewart, Marquis of 
Londonderry, born. 

Clarke. Edward Daniel, traveler, mineral- 
ogist, author, writer, born. 

Daniell, William, landscape painter, born. 

Falconer, William, poet, Scotland, A37. 

Frere, John Hookham, poet, diplomatist, 
miscellaneous writer, born. 



Hardy, Sir Thomas Masterman, naval cap- 
tain, born. 
Hoyle, Edmund, writer on games, A97. 

Iluskisson, William, statesman, financier, b. 

Jay, William, dissenting cl., author, born. 

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, born. 

Lowe, Sir Hudson, general, Ireland, born. 

Malcolm. Sir John, major-general, diplo- 
matist, administrator, historian, Scot., b. 

Merrick, James, poet, A49. 

Opie, Amelia, novelist, born. 

Ouseley, Sir William, orientalist, born. 

Riall, Sir Pbiiiehas, general, born. 

Smith, "William, " Father of English geo- 
logy," born. 

1770 Sept. 30. Whitefleld, George, ora- 
tor, preacher, fdr. ( 'alvinistie Meth., A56.. 

Akenside, Mark, poet, A 49. 

Allen, John, politician, metaphysician, au.,b. 

Allen, William, chemist, born. 

Burdett, Sir Francis, statesman, born. 

Canning-, George, states., orator, poet, b„ 

Chatterton, Thomas, poet, A18. 

Codrington, Sir Edward, admiral, born. 

Cruden, Alexander, author Biblical concord- 
ance, Scotland, A69. 

Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, clergyman, arehe- 
ologist, born. 

Foster, John, clergyman, essayist, born. 

Granby, Marquis of,. John Manners, gen., A49. 

Hogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), poet, Scot- 
land, born. 

Hope, Thomas, miscellaneous writer, born. 

Ligonier, Karl, John, lield-marshal, A92. 

Liverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 
statesman, born. 

Long, Roger, astronomer, A90. 

Montagu, Basil, jurist, author, born, 

Shee, Sir Martin Archer, portrait painter, 
Ireland, born. 

"Wordsworth. "William, poet, born. 

Yorke, Charles, statesman, born. 

1771 June 5. Ernest August, Duke of 
Cumberland, King of Hanover, son of 
George III., born. 

Rritton, John, topographical antiq., au., b. 
Gill, John, Baptist clergyman, author, A74. 
Gray, Thomas, poet, A55. 
Lingard, John, K. C. cl., historian, born. 
Owen. Robert, philanthropist, founder of 

English socialism, Wales, born. 
Parke, Mungo, African traveler, Scot., b. 
Scott, Sir Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., b. 
Smith, Sydney, clergyman, essayist, wit, 

miscellaneous writer, b. 
Smollett. Tobias George, poet, dramatist, 

novelist, historian, A50. 

1772 * * Ballantyne, James, printer, journal- 
ist, Scotland, born. 

Brindley, James, canal engineer, A56. 

Canton, John, natural philosopher, A54. 

Cary, Henry Francis, poet, trans, of Dante. b. 

Cockburn, Sir George, admiral, born. 

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso- 
pher, miscellaneous writer, born. 

Congreve, Sir "William, military engineer, 
inventor, born. 

Hill, Viscount Rowland, general, born. 

Lambert, Sir John, general, born. 

Lyndhurst, Baron, John Singleton Copley, 
jurist, statesman, born. 

M'Crie, Thomas, cl., author, Scotland, born. 

Ricardo, David, financier, political econo- 
mist, born. 

Richmond, Legh, clergyman, author, born. 

Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, light- 
house designer, Scotland, born. 

1773 Jan. 37. Sussex, Duke of, Augustus- 
Frederick, son of George III., born. 

Amherst, Lord. William Pitt, diplomatist, b. 

Brisbane, Sir Thomas M., general, astrono- 
mer, Scotland, born. 

Brown, Robert, botanist, Scotland, born. 

Butler, Alban, R. C.cl., hageologist,au.,A63. 

Chesterfield, Earl of. Philip D. Stanhope, 
statesman, miscellaneous writer, A79. 

Cotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combermere, 
general, born. 

Elmsley, Feter, classical scholar, critic, 
author, writer, born. 

Faber, George Stanley, clergyman, author, b„ 

Glass, John, cl., fdr. of Glassites,Seot.,A78. 

Holland, third Baron, Henry Richard Vas- 
sal! Fox, statesman, historian, born. 

Jeffrey, Francis, jurist, critic, essayist, states- 
man, Scotland, born. 

Lvttleton, Lord George, poet, states., A64. 

MacOiilloch, John, geologist, Scotland, born. 

Mill, James, historian, economist, political, 
mental philosopher, author. Scotland, b. 

Young, Thomas, physicist, natural philoso- 
pher, scientiiic writer, born. 

1774 * * Ashburton, Lord, Alexander Baring, 
statesman, born. 

Baily, Francis, astronomer, born. 
Baines, Edward, journalist, Historian, born.. 
Braham, John, English-Hebrew vocalist, b. 
Buxton, Jedediah, arithmetician, A70. 



AND IRELAND. 1769, Apr. 26-1776, June 10. 919 



Cambridge, Duke of, AcLolphus Frederick, 
son of George III., born. 

Chenevix, Kicbard, miscellaneous writer, b. 

Clive, Lord Robert, general, states., A49. 

Const aide, Archibald, publisher, Scot., born. 

Goldsmith. Oliver, poet, novelist, drama- 
tist, essayist, A46. 

Gregory, 01 in thus Gilbert, math., an., b. 

Southey. Robert, poet, historian, biogra- 
pher, miscellaneous writer, born. 

Tannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, born. 

Tucker, Abraham, philosopher, A69. 

Watt, Robert, bibliographer, Scotland, born. 
1775 * * Austen. Jane, novelist, born. 

Baskerville,.Iohti, tvpe-i'onmler, printer, A 8ft. 

Bathurst, Karl, Allen, statesman, A9I. 

Dermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born. 

Dibdin, Thomas Frognall, dramatist, song- 
writer, born. 

Dick, Thomas, scientific author, born. 

Dundonald, tenth Earl of, Thomas\Gochrane, 
admiral, born. 

Foulis, Andrew, printer, publish., Scot., A63. 

Kemble, Charles, actor, born. 

Lamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist, 
miscellaneous writer, born. 

Landor, Walter Savage, poet, mis. wr., b. 

Lewis, Matthew Gregory, novelist, drain., b. 

Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., born. 

Murray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., born. 

O'Connell, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states- 
man, Ireland, born. 

Phillips, William, mineralogist, geologist, b. 

Porter, Sir Robert Ker, painter, born. 

Richardson, Charles, philologist, born. 

Robinson, Henry Crabb, lawyer, miscella- 

Rose, William Stuart, miscellaneous wr., b. 
Smith, James, poet, wit, born. 
Turner, Joseph Mall-ad William, painter, b. 
Westmacott, Sir Richard, sculptor, born. 
White, Joseph Blanco, theological writer, b. 



CHURCH. 

1769 Aug. 1. The 26th Methodist 
Conference meets at Leeds. [Richard 
Boardman and Joseph Pilmoor volun- 
teer to go to America as missionaries, 
and they are appointed.] 

Sept. * Whitefield sails on his seventh 
and last vovage to America [where he 
dies]. 

* * Hannah Ball, a Methodist young 
woman, establishes a Sunday-school 
at Wycombe, and teaches the Scriptures 
to children. 

1770 * * Orthodox Baptists form the 
New Connection. 

* * A Baptist theological seminary is 
founded at Bristol. 

1772 * * The Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel sends Rev. Mr. Andrews to 
the Indians of New York. 

1773 * * Mr. Rankin supersedes Francis 
Asbury as John "Wesley's "general 
assistant" in America. [Driven back 
by war.] 

LETTERS. 

1769 * * The first Shakespeare jubilee 
is celebrated at Stratf ord-on-Avon under 
the auspices of David Garrick. 

* * London. The Morning Chronicle is 
issued. 

* * History of the Reign of the Emperor 
Charles V.\ by William Robertson, ap- 
pears. [1777, History of America.} 

1769-72 London. The Letters contrib- 
uted to the Public Advertiser by Ju- 
nius, an unknown author [but presu- 
mably Sir Philip Francis], appear. 

1770 * * Present State, of the Nation, by 
Edmund Burke, appears ; also Thoughts 
on Present Discontents. 

1771 * * The first edition of the Encyclo- 
pedia Britannica, edited by "William 
Smellie, appears. 

* * The Expedition of Humphrey Clinker, 
by Smollett, appears. 

1772 Nov. 2. London. The Morning 
Post is issued. 



* * Scot. Institutes of Moral Philosophy, 
by Adam Ferguson, appears. 

1773 * * She Stoops to Conquer, by Gold- 
smith, appears. [1774, History of the 
Earth and Animated Nature.] 

* * Scot. Poems, by Robert Fergusson, 
appears. 

* * Poems, by Mrs. Anna Letitia Aikin, 
appears. 

1773-76 Scot. The Edinburgh Magazine 

and Review is issued. 
1774-81 History of English Poetry, by 

Thomas "Warton, appears. 
1775* * A Journey to the Western Isles of 

Scotland, by Johnson, appears. [1779- 

81, Lives of the English Poets.] 

* * The Rivals, St. Patrick's Day, and 
The Duenna, by Richard Brinsley Butler 
Sheridan, appear. [1777, The School for 
Scandal and A Trip to Scarborough ; 1779, 
The Critic.'] 

SOCIETY. 

1770 * * The exhibiting of the insane 
at St. Mary at Bethlehem (Bedlam) asy- 
lum as a show for money is stopped. 

* *The House of Industry, Liverpool, 
is founded. 

1771 Nov. 1. John Eyre, a wealthy 
man, is transported for stealing a few 
quires of paper. 

Nov. 22. London. Mr. Stephen is ex- 
pelled from the Temple for writing a 
book on the impolicy of imprisonment 
for debt. 

1772 June 22. London. The Court of 
King's Bench decides that slavery can- 
not exist in Great Britain. 

A slave named Somerset, brought to 
England, was, because of his ill state, 
turned adrift by his master. When re- 
stored to health, his master again claimed 
him. A suit was brought, and ended in 
favor of Somerset, the judges declaring 
that slavery canuot exist in Great Brit- 

* * Ire. In the south and west steel- 
boys' societies resist the oppressions of 
landlords and anti-Catholics. 

* * Charles James Fox gambles for 72 
hours, and loses £11,000. 

* *A law is made awarding judgment 
against mutes, as if they were convicted 
or had confessed. 

1773 Feb. 1. Lord Townsend wounds 
Lord Bellamont in a duel. 

June 16. London. An act is passed for 
the sale of buildings of the Adelphi by 
lottery. 

* * London. Cox's museum, containing 
many rare specimens of art and articles 
of vertu, is disposed of by lottery. 

* * John Howard, the philanthropist, is 
made sheriff of Bedford. [He begins his 
investigation of prisons.] 

* * Edinburgh. The first regular acad- 
emy for the deaf and dumb in Great 
Britain is opened. 

1774* * John Howard gives evidence to 
Parliament of the bad state of English 
prisons. 

* * London, The Royal Humane So- 
ciety, for the saving of drowning per- 
sons, is founded. 

1775 * * Transportation for crime ceases 
[for several years]. 

* * A regatta takes place on the Thames ; 
it is introduced from Venice. 

1776 Apr. 15-22. London. The Duch- 
ess of Kingston is arraigned before the 
House of Lords in Westminster Hall on 
a charge of bigamy. 

She is found guilty; but on pleading 
the privilege of peerage, the punishment 
of burning in the hand is remitted, and 
she is discharged on paying the fees. 



STATE. 

1770 Jan. 28. The Duke of Grafton 
resigns. 

Jan. * Lord North is appointed prime 
minister. [He directs the war with 
America.] 

* * H. C. The Commons relinquish the 
privilege of freedom from arrest of 
the servants of its members. 

* * Charles Yorke, Lord Morden, is lord 
high chancellor. [1771, Henry Bathurst, 
Lord Apsley; the great seal in com- 

* * Edmund Burke becomes agent for 
the colony of New York. 

1771 Jan. 12. The Earl of Sandwich 
is made first lord of the admiralty. 

May 27. London. Lord Mayor Crosby 
and Alderman Oliver are committed to 
the Tower for remonstrating to the 
king in the case of Wilkes. 

* * Spain cedes the Falkland Islands to 
Great Britain. 

* * Reporting debates of Parliament, 
hitherto forbidden as a breach of priv- 
ilege, is permitted. 

1772 Mar.* Parliament: The Royal 
Marriage Act is passed. 

It prohibits the marriage of any Brit- 
ish prince or princess without the con- 
sent of the sovereign. 

Aug. 4. The Earl of Dartmouth is 
appointed secretary for the colonies. 

Nov. 30. Ire. The Earl of Harcourt 
is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

1773 * * "Warren Hastings is appointed 
governor-general of India ; he decides 
to pay no more tribute to Shah Alam, 
the great mogul or emperor of Delhi. 

* * Charles James Fox is appointed a 
lord treasurer. 

1774 Mar. 31. Parliament: The 
Boston Port BiU is passed (p. 79). 

Apr. 19. H. C. Edmund Burke makes 
a great speech against American taxa- 
tion. 

Oct. 8. London. John "Wilkes is 
elected lord mayor. 

Oct.* Jchn "Wilkes is elected member 
of Parliament for Middlesex for the 
fifth time. [He is permitted to take his 
seat.] 

Nov. 29. Parliament meets. [17S0. 
Sept. 1. Dissolved.] Charles James 
Fox is in opposition. 

* * Ire. Stamp duties are announced. 
1775-83 Thirteen British colonies in 

America struggle for independence. 

1775 Nov. 10. H. L. Richard Penn, 
governor of Pennsylvania, U. S. A., is 
examined respecting public opinion in 
America. 

Nov. * Parliament votes to increase the 

army in America {p. SO). 
Dec. 21. Parliament: An act is passed 

for confiscating American vessels and 

impressing their crews into the British 

navy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1769 Nov. 19. London. Blackfriars 
Bridge is opened. 

1773 * * The sessions house, Exeter, is 
built. 

* * Exporting machinery used in mak- 
ing cotton fabrics is prohibited. 

* * Dublin. At\ act is passed for the gen- 
eral paving of the city. 

1774 Aug. 2. London. The mails are 
conveyed by coaches ; the first mail 
leaves London for Bristol. 



* * Edinburgh. The register office, 

Princess Street, is begun. 
1775 * * "White Cloth Hall is built at 



920 1776, July 4-1781, * *. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1776 July 12. [U. S.A.] The war is 
transferred to New York (p. 84). 

1777 June * 2f. Y. Burgoyne enters 
the State from Canada with 10,000 men. 
[Oct. 17. Surrenders his army at Sara- 
toga.] (F. 86.) 

* * Torpedo shells are invented hy 
David Bushnell, an American. His at- 
tempt to destroy H. M. S. Cerberus fails. 

1778 Mar. * "War with France, caused 
by a French alliance and treaty with the 
Americans. 

Apr. * Scot. Paul Jones, commanding 
a privateer, cruises on the coast, accom- 
panied hy an American frigate. 

Apr. * Paul Jones makes a descent on 
Whitehaven with only two vessels. 

May 8. U. S. A. Sir Henry Clinton 
assumes command (p. 8S). 

June 16. Two French frigates cap- 
tured (p. 704). 

July 10. France declares "war against 
England. 

July 27. A French fleet is driven back 
(p. 704). English loss, 400 killed and 
wounded ; French loss, over 1,000 killed 
and wounded. 

Oct.* E. I. Pondicherry is captured 
from the French by the British. 

* * Lord Amherst, a general on the 
staff, is appointed commander-in-chief. 

* *[U. S, A,] Adm. Byron succeeds 
Adm. Lord (Richard) Howe (p. 88). 

* * Liverpool equips 120 privateers, 
carrying 1,986 guns and 8,754 seamen, at 
the opening of the war with France. 

1779-82 Sp. Gibraltar is besieged (p. 

704). 
1779-83 Spain joins in the war against 

Great Britain. 

1779 Sept. 23. The American Com. 
Paul Jones captures two ships (p. 90). 

Sept. 30. The prisoners of war in Eng- 
land number 12,000 — Spanish, French, 
and American. — 

1779-82 E. I. The first Mahratta 
"War. (See India.) 

1780 Jan. 2. The Dutch Adm. Count 
Byland refuses to let the British Adm. 
Fielding search his convoy. 

An action ensues ; two Dutch ships, 
two of the line, and two frigates sur- 
render ; Fielding detains seven of the 
convoy, and permits the remaining ves- 
sels to proceed ; Byland refuses to sail 
without all his convoy [and returns to 
Spithead]. 

Jan. 16. Adm. Rodney defeats a Span- 
ish fleet under Adm. Don Langara in a 
naval battle near St. Vincent. 

Oct. * Several British war-ships are lost 
in a storm in the "West Indies. 

Among thein the Thunderer, Stirling 
Castle, Defiance, Phoznix, La Blanche, 
Laurel, Shark, Andromeda-, Deal Castle, 
Penelope, Scarborough, Barbadoes, Ca- 
Endeavor, and Victor. 



* * W.I. [Adm.] Horatio Nelson dis- 
tinguishes himself in the West Indies. 

1780-81 E.I. "War with Mysore. (See 
India.) 



Dec. 30-83 * * "War with Holland for 
naval supremacy. 

1781 Feb. 3. W. I. Adm. Kodney 
captures St. Eustacius [Leeward Island] 
together with 250 trading-vessels, which 
are confiscated with all other property. 

Mar. 16. W. I. The French surrender 
St. Bartholomew's Island. 

Apr. 16. Com. Johnstone defeats 
Mons. Suffrein in a naval battle at St. 
Jago. 

June * About 44,000 prisoners are ex- 
changed by cartel with France since the 
opening of the war. 

July 1. E. I. Hyder Ali is defeated. 
(See India.) 

Aug. 5. Ger. A naval battle is fought 
at Dogger-Bank (German Ocean) be- 
tween Adm. Parker and the Dutch Adm. 
Zoutman, both sides losing 400 men. 

Oct. 19. Va. The British army under 
Lord Cornwallis surrenders to Gen. 
"Washington at York town. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1776 July 12. Capt. James Cook sails 
on his third vova^e of discovery, for Be- 
ring Strait. [1778. Dec. * He discov- 
ers Owhyhee, or Hawaii, an island in 
the Pacific. 1779. Feb. 14. He is killed 
on the return voyage at Hawaii.] 

July 25. Edinburgh. The Calton Hill 
observatory is founded. 

* * Dr. Joseph Priestley discovers nitrous 
oxide gas [laughing gas]. 

* * Scot. Andrew Meikle invents a thrash- 
ing-machine. 

* * Artificial stone for statues is intro- 
duced, having been manufactured by a 
Neapolitan. 

* * London. The Ancient Concerts, or 
King's Concerts, begin. 

* * An iron railway is built near Sheffield 
by John Curr. [Destroyed by colliers.] 

* * The science of political economy is 
recognized. 

It has for its object the improvement 
of the condition of mankind and the pro- 
motion of civilization, wealth, and hap- 
piness ; dated from the publication of 
the Wealth of Nations by Dr. Adam 
Smith. 

1777 * * The first large iron bridge is 
erected over the Severn, in Shropshire, 
by Abraham Darby of Coalbrookdale. 

Nov. 24. London. The Thames ebba 
and flows twice in three hours. 

* * Subscription concerts are estab- 
lished at Manchester. 

1778 * * Umbrellas are introduced from 
Spain. 

* * James "Watt invents the expansion 
engine. [1780. Also a copying ma- 
chine.] 

* * A rotary motion is given by the steam- 
engine. 

1779 Apr. 19. Two sun-spots, whose 
combined length extends 50,000 miles, 
are measured by Herschel. 

Dec. 24. Mrs. Mary Robinson makes her 
last appearance as Perdita. 

* * Dr. Falck proposes a double-acting 
steam-engine on Newcomen's princi- 
ple. 

* * Mr. Tilloch invents an improved 
method of stereotyping. 

1779-80 John Singleton Copley paints 
the Death of Chatham. [1783. Death of 
Major Pier'son.] 



1780 Dec. 18. Edinburgh. The So- 
ciety of Antiquaries is instituted. 

* * Dr. Edward Jenner conceives the idea 
of vaccination. [1798. Published.] 

* * An attempt is made to manufacture 
muslin at Manchester. 

painted by 

1781 Mar. 13. The planet Uranus is 
discovered by "William Herschel. 

* * The Bramah safety lock is invented 
by Joseph Bramah. [1784. Patented.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1776* * Abercromby, James, Lord Dun- 
fermline, lawyer, statesman, Scotland, b. 

Barlow, Peter, inai liematieian, born. 

Blackwood, William, founder of Black- 
wood's Magazine, Scotland, born. 

Chitty, Joseph, jurist, born. 

Congleton, Lord, Henry Brook Parnell, states- 
Constable, John, landscape painter, born. 

Gopleston, Edward, bishop of Llandaff, 
scholar, author, born. 

Foulis, Robert, printer, publisher, Scot., A69. 

Harrison, John, mechanician, A83. 

Hume, David, historian, phil., Scot., A65. 

Mathews, Charles, actor, humorist, born. 

Porter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, born. 

Stanhope, Lady Hester Lucy, eccentric trav- 
eler, born. 

1777 * * Campbell, Thomas, poet, born. 
Children, John (ieorge, chemist, born. 
Modd, William, miscellaneous writer, A48. 
Ellis, Sir Henry, antiquary, born. 
Foote, Samuel, humorist, actor, A57. 

(■Jell, Sir William, classical schol., antiq., b. 

Hallam, Henry, historian, mis. wr., b. 

Hamilton, William Richard, archeologist, b. 

Hume, Joseph, statesman, ref -rmer, born. 

Ireland, Samuel W. H., author of Shake- 
speare forgeries, born. 

Kater, Henry, physicist, born. 

Leake. William M.. traveler, antiquarian, 
topographer, born. 

Morgan, Lady, Sydney Owenson. novelist, 
miscellaneous writer, Ireland, born. 

Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, b. 

1778 * * Acland, John Dyke, general, dies. 
Arne, Thomas Augustine, musician, com- 
poser, A68. 

Brougham, Henry, first Lord Brougham 
and Vaux, jur., ora., states., an., Scot., b. 

Brown, Thomas, psychologist, Scotland, b. 

Brummell, Ceorge Bryan (Beau Brnmmell), 
wit, man of fashion, born. 

Brunton, Mary Balfour, novelist, Scot, b. 

Crabb, George, philologist, born. 

Davy, Sir Humphry, chemist, natural 
philosopher, born. 

Emmet, Robert, United Irishman, patriot, 
Ireland, born. 

Hargreaves, James, inv. spinning-jenny, d. 

Hazlitt, William, essayist, critic, miscella- 
neous writer, born. 

Horner, Francis, political economist, essay- 
ist, statesman, born. 

Lancaster, Joseph, educationist, born. 

Londonderry, Marquis of, diaries William 
Stewart Vane, general, born. 

Murray. John, publisher, born. 

Pitt, William, Earl of < 'hatham, states., A70. 
177S* * Bethan, Sir William, antiquary, 
genealogist, born. 

Bunting. Jabez, Wesleynn clergyman, b. 

Calico tt. Sir Augustus Wall, landscape p., b. 

Campbell, Baron, John, jurist, statesman, 
miscellaneous writer, Scotland, born. 

Cockburn, Lord, Henry Thomas, jurist, Scot., 

Cook, James, explorer, naval captain, A51. 
Ben man, first Baron, Thomas, chief jus., b. 
Elphinstone. Mountstnart, states., hist., b. 
(■aistord, Thomas, classical scholar, born. 
Gait, John, miscellaneous writer. Scot., b. 
Garrick, David, actor, dramatist, AGS. 
Gough. Viscount Hugh, general, Ire., b. 
Langhorne, John, poet, translator, A44. 
M'Culloch, John Ramsay, political econo- 
mist, statisiH-ian, Scotland, born. 
Melbourne, Viscount, William Lamb, states- 

Mt'iivale, John Herman, poet, scholar, trans- 
lator, born. 

Smith, Horace, poet, novelist, born. 

Warburton, William, bishop of Gloucester, 
author, A81. 
1780 * * Abercromhie, John, phys., Scot., b. 

Elackstone, Sir William, jurist, A57. 

Chalmers, Thomas, clergyman, am, Scot., b. 

Croker, John Wilson, states., wr., Ire., b. 



AND IRELAND. 



1776, July 4-1781/ 



921 



Fothergill, John, physician, A68. 

Fry, nke Gnrney, Elizabeth, philanthropist, 

prison reformer, born. 
Harris, James, of Salisbury, philologist, A71. 
Home. Thomas Hart well, Bib. critic, hist., I>. 
Hone, William, political satirist, misc. wr.,b. 
Laing, Samuel, traveler, aulhor. Scotland, It. 
Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry Petty Fitz- 

maurice, statesman, born. 
Moore, Thomas, poet, Ireland, born. 
Morier, James, traveler, misc. writer, born. 
Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, born. 
Steuart, Sir James Dciiham, jurist, political 

economist, Scotland, A58. 
Smirke, Sir Robert, architect, born. 
Somerville, Mary, astronomer, author, born. 
Sumner, John Bird, archbishop of Canter., b. 



CHURCH. 

congregatio 
and United Presbyterian elm relies unite, 
and form the Presbyterian Church, of 
England. 

1778 * * Indulgences are granted to the 
Catholics by the Relief Bill. 

* * Obsolete laws against Roman Cath- 
olics are repealed. 

1779 Feb. 2. Edinburgh. A great 
commotion is made against the Eoman 
Catholics. 

1780 May 10, June 2-9. London. 
Gordon's "No Popery" riots disturb 
the city. (See Society.) 

* * The Naval and Military Bible Society 
is organized. 

* * The Roman Catholics have various 
disabilities removed. 

* * Ire. The Sacramental Test Act is 
repealed. 

* * London. The Bible Society is or- 
ganized. 

* * London. The Protestant Associa- 
tion is formed. 

* * * The Evangelical party of the Es- 
tablished Church of England appears ; 
Thomas Newton and William Romaine 
are prominent leaders. 

1781* *The Sunday Act of Bishop 
Porteus is passed. 

LETTERS. 

1776 * * Fragment on Government, by 
Jeremy Bentham, appears. 

* * Scot. The Wealth of Nations, by 
Adam Smith, appears. 

* * Scot. Philosophy of Rhetoric, hy 
George Campbell, appears. 

1776-88 Decline and Fall of the Roman 
Empire, by Edward Gibbon, appears. 

* * Rod: of Ages, by Augustus Montague 
Toplady, appears. 

1777 * * A Shorthand Dictionary ap- 
pears. 

* * Two Essays, by Hume, appears. [1779, 
Dialogues concerning Natural Religion.'] 

* * Scot. Sermons, by Hugh Blair, ap- 
pears. [1783, Lectures on Rhetoric] 

1778 * * London. The Wesleyan Method- 
ist Magazine is issued. 

* * Evelina, by Frances Burney [Madame 
d'Arblay], appears. [1782, Cecilia.] 

1779 * * Olney Hymns, by William Cow- 
per, appears. [1782, Moral satires; 1785, 
The Task and John Gilpin.] 

1780 Mar. 26. London. The British 
Gazette and Sunday Monitor is issued; 
it is the first Sunday newspaper. 

* * London. The Morning Herald is is- 
sued. 

* * The first of the Bampton annual the- 
ological lectures is given at Oxford by 
Rev. Dr. Bandinel, John Bampton hav- 
ing left an estate for the purpose. 

1781* * The Manchester Literary and 
Philosophical Society is founded. 



SOCIETY. 

1776 * * Punishment by labor in the 
Hulks commences. 

* * Titles created : Duke of Clarendon, 
Earl of Mansfield, Barons Hawke and Fo- 
ley. [1780, Barons Walsingham, South- 
ampton, Dynevor and Bagot; 1782, Baron 
Grantley]. 

* * London. Masquerades are revived, 
and carried to a shameful excess in vio- 
lation of the laws ; and tickets of ad- 
mission to a masquerade at Ranelagb. on 
some occasions are subscribed for at 25 
guineas each. 

1777 Feb. 24. London. "William 
Dodd, a clergyman, is convicted of for- 
gery, and sentenced to be hanged. [June 
27. Executed.] 

* * An Act is passed levying a duty on 
male servants. 1781. Augmented.] 

* * London. The Gaelic Society is 
founded. 

* * Bath and "West of England Society 
is founded. 

1778 July 2. A fanatic calling herself 
Queen Beck assaults George III. 

Aug. * A law is made compelling lottery 
office keepers to take out licenses, and 
pay £50 for each. This reduces the 
number from 400 to 51. 

* * London. A man refusing to plead 
is condemned and executed at the Old 
Bailey on a charge of murder. 

1779 Oct. 9. Riots against machinery 
occur at Manchester. 

Nov. 13. Mr. Donovan and Capt. Han- 
son fight a duel, the latter being killed. 
[Nov. 30. Charles James Fox is wounded 
in a duel by Mr. Adam. 1780. Mar. 22. 
Col. Fullerton wounds Lord Shelburne 
in a duel.] 

1780 June 2-8. London. Gordon's 
'« Wo Popery " riots break out. 

The petition of the Protestant Associ- 
ation asking Parliament to repeal the 
Acts granting indulgences to Roman 
Catholics being rejected, Lord George 
Gordon heads a mob of 40,000 persons, 
marches to the Houses of Parliament, 
and again presents the petition ; it is 
again rejected. The mob once raised 
cannot be dispersed, but proceeds to the 
most daring outrages, pillaging, burn- 
ing, and pulling down the chapels and 
private houses of the Roman Catholics 
first, but afterwards of several other 
persons, breaking open prisons, setting 
the prisoners free, even attempting the 
Bank of England ; it totally overpowers 
the civil authority for six days. 

[1781. Feb. 5. Lord George Gordon is 
tried and acquitted on charges of high 
treason. 1793. Nov. 1. He dies a pris- 
oner for libel.] 

* * Dublin. A state lottery is drawn. 

* *The Lunar Society is organized at 
Birmingham. 

The members, Joseph Priestley, James 
Watt, Erasmus Darwin, Dr. Withering, 
and others, meet near the full of the 
moon to discuss philosophy and politics. 

1781 * * Sir Aston Lever establishes a 
society of toxopnilites, lovers of the 
bow. 

STATE. 

1776 July 4. U. S. A. The Declara- 
tion of Independence is issued by the 
Continental Congress at Philadelphia, 
Pa. (p. 85). 

July * New York. Adm. Howe and 
Lord Howe arrive as commissioners 
to receive the submission of the colonists. 

* * Lord George Sackville becomes 
secretary of state. 

1777-79 The Habeas Corpus Act is 
suspended because of the American war. 



1777 Jan. 25. Ire. The Earl of Buck- 
inghamshire is appointed lord-lieuten- 
ant. 

Feb. 17. Parliament: Lord North in- 
troduces conciliatory bills. 

They renounce the claim of right to 
tax the American colonies, and author- 
ize the appointment of commissioners 
to treat with the colonists. 

1778 Mar. * France having made a 
treaty of amity with America, the Brit- 
ish Minister is withdrawn from Paris. 



* * Parliament : Penal laws against 
Catholics in England are repealed. 

* * Edward Thurlow [Lord Thurlow] is 
appointed lord high chancellor. 

* * Parliament: Gen. Burgoyne makes 
his defense for his military reverses in 
America. 

1779 June 16. Spain declares war 
against England. 

Dec. 12. Parliament: Bills are passed 
removing trade and commerce restric- 
tions on Ireland. 

* * Ire. The cultivation of tobacco is 
allowed. 

1780 Feb. 8. The Yorkshire petition 
is presented to Parliament. 

It prays for the reduction of national 
expenditure and the redress of griev- 
ances. 

June 2. Lord George Gordon, at- 
tended hy a riotous mob, goes to the 
House of Commons, and presents a peti- 
tion for the repeal of the recent Act in 
favor of Catholics. (See Society.) 

Oct. 31. Parliament meets. [1784. 
Mar. 25. Dissolved.] 

Charles James Fox leads the opposi- 
tion. Biehard Brinsley Sheridan is 
a member of the Commons. 

Dec. 23. Ire. The Earl of Carlisle is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

* * Parliament : The Plate Act is re- 



* * The Armed Neutrality is formed. 

It is agreed to by Denmark and Sweden 
against England's claim to search vessels at 
sea; it stipulates free passage of neutral 
ships between the ports and along the coasts 
of combatants, security in neutral ships of 
enemy's goods except contraband of war, 
exact definition of blockaded port, and the 
ignoring of blockake not sufficiently en- 
forced. [Prussia, Austria, Portugal, Spain, 
and France subsequently recognize the prin- 
ciple.] 

1781-82 England loses her "West India 
Islands possessions, and Minorca in the 
Mediterranean. 

1781 "Nov. 25. London. News of Lord 
Cornwallis's surrender to "Washing- 
ton arrives, and causes a sensation. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1778 * * A new bridge is built at Exeter. 

1779 * * The Earl of Derby begins the 
Oaks races. 

1780 Jan. 15. Ire. "Woolen goods 
are first exported. 

June 7. London. King's BenchPrison, 
Southwark, long used for the confine- 
ment of debtors, is burned down by the 
"No Popery" rioters. [1781. Rebuilt, 
containing about 230 rooms.] 

* * "Windsor Forest is surveyed, and 
found to contain 59,600 acres. 

* * The first Derby is won by Diomed. 

1781 * * Dublin. A custom-house is 
begun. [1791. Opened.] 



922 1781, * *-1786, Aug. 2. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1782 Feb. 4. Sp. Spaniards get Mi- 
norca (p. 704). 

Feb. * E. I. The French are defeated 

(p. 704). 
Apr. 12. W. I. Adm. Rodney defeats 

Adm. de Grasse (p. 704). 
Aug. 4. Ire The sloop-of-war Swan is 

wrecked otf Waterford ; 130 men are 

drowned. 
Aug. 29. The Royal George sinks at 

Spithead with GOO men on hoard. 
Sept. 21. Sp. Naval victory off Gib- 
raltar (p. 704). 
The Centaur, with 74 guns, founders 

in her passage from Jamaica; Capt. 

Inglefield and some of his crew are 

saved. 

* * Gen. Seymour Conway is appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

1783 Jan. 20. Ft. Preliminaries of 
peace end the war with France, Spain, 
Holland, and the United States (p. 95). 

Feb. 6. Sp. The siege of Gibraltar 
ends by treaty, after being invested 
three years, seven months, and 12 days. 

Nov. 5. E. I. The Superb, 74 guns, is 
wrecked in Tellicherry Roads. 

Nov. 25. N. Y. The British evacuate 
New York City (p. 96). 

* *The Cato, Adm. Sir Hyde Parker's 
fleet, is wrecked on the Malabar coast. 

1784* *E.f, Peace is concluded with 
Tippoo Saib. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE 

1781 * * Henry Cort invents puddling, 
and introduces great improvements in 
the manufacture of iron. 

* * Johann J. Becher, a chemist, proposes 
to make tar from pit-coal. 

* * Henry Cavendish explodes oxygen and 
hydrogen, forming water. 

1781-84 The composition of water is 
demonstrated by Henry Cavendish and 
James Watt. 



* * Hornblower invents a double cylinder 
engine. 

* * The Philosophical Society is estab- 
lished at Manchester. 

1782 * * London. Machines for ruling 
account-books, papers, etc., are invented 
by a Dutchman. 

* * Alessandro Volta improves his inven- 
tion of the electrophorus, an apparatus 
for obtaining frictional electricity. 



* * Dr. Thomas Percival is the first to 
recommend cod-liver oil as a remedy 
for chronic rheumatism. 

1783 Mar. 29. Edinburgh. The Royal 
Society of Edinburgh, formerly (1739) 
the Philosophical Society, is chartered. 

Nov. 4. London. The Surrey Theater 
is opened. 

* * A bounty on the exportation of certain 
cotton goods is granted. 

* * A theater is erected at Exeter. 

by 



* * John Walter and H. Johnson secure a 
patent on logograpbic printing in 
which words cast in one piece are used. 

* * Herschel proves the binding rotary 
motion of the stars. [1786. He discovers 
star clusters andnebuhe, and the motion 
of the solar system towards Hercules. 
1787. Apr. 19. He observes three lunar 
volcanoes. 1787. He discovers two of 
the satellites of TJranus.] 

* * London. Hunter's Museum is be- 
gun in Leicester square. 

* * Dublin. An observatory is erected 
by Dr. Andrews. 

1784 May 26. London. The first of 
Handel's commemorations is held in 
Westminster Abbey. 

King George III. and Queen Charlotte 
and 3,000 persons are present. The band 
consists of 26S vocal and 245 instru- 
mental performers. 

Sept. 15. London. The first balloon as- 
cension in England is made by Vincent 
Lunardi at Moorfields. 

Dec. 5. A terrific storm is very destruc- 
tive to shipping. 

* * A rope-making machine is patented 
by Richard March. 



* * Lee Priory, Kent, is erected by James 
Wyatt. 

* * The first musical festival is held at 
Liverpool. 

1785 Sept. 4. William W. Sadler is the 
first Englishman to make an aerial voy- 
age; ascends in a balloon from Oxford. 

* * Henry Cavendish demonstrates the 
nature of nitric acid. 

* * More cloth is manufactured in York- 
shire than in all the rest of England. 

* * Dr. Edmund Cartwright invents the 
power-loom, throwing the shuttle with- 
out hands ; it is opposed by the weavers. 



* * London. The Csecilian Musical So- 
ciety is founded for the performance of 
sacred music. 

1 * Joseph Brain ah secures the first patent 
on a hydrostatic or hydraulic press. 

' * London. The Royal Society of Mu- 
sic is established by the nobility to pro- 
mote the performance of Handel's 
operas. 



* * Edinburgh. James Hutton experi- 
ments on 'granite veins. [17S8. His 
theory of the earth is published.] 

1785-92 Encaustic painting, enam- 
eling by fire, is revived by Miss Green- 
land. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1781 * * Ahererombie, James, general, A75. 

Bagot, Sir Charles, diplomatist, born. 

Brewster Sir David, natural philosopher. 
Scotland, horn. 

Oapell, Kdward, Shakespearean critic, A68. 

Challoner, Richard, bp. of London, an., A90. 

Chantry, Sir Francis Legatt. sculptor, born. 

Clinton, Henry Fynes, classical scholar, 
Grecian and [toman chronolngist, born. 

Cottenliam, Earl of, Charles Christopher 
Pepys, lord chancellor, born. 

Elliott, Ebenezer, poet, born. 

Martyn, Henry, I miian missionary, oriental 
scholar, born. 

Novello, Vincent, musician, born. 

Parker, Sir William, admiral, statesman, b. 

Rallies. Sir Stamford, trav., states., lust., h. 

Stephenson, George, perfeeter of locomo- 
tive, born. 



1782* * Allan, Sir William, painter, Scot.,b. 

Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, general, born. 

Elmes, James, architect, civil engineer, writer 
on art, born. 

Field, John, composer, pianist, Ireland, b. 

Head, Sir George, miscellaneous writer, b. 

Home, Henry, Lord Karnes, rhetorician, 
jurist, philosopher, Scotland, A86. 

Matnnn, Charles Robert, clergyman, drama- 
tist, poet, novelist, Ireland, born. 

Monckton, Robert, general, A56. 

Morrison, Robert, Chinese scliol., mis., b. 

Napier, Sir Charles, major-general, states- 
man, historian, Ireland, born. 

Pringle, Sir John, physician. Scot., A75. 

Robinson, Frederick John, Earl of Ripon, 
statesman, born. 

Sale, Sir Robert Henry, general, horn. 

"Wilson, Richard, painter, A69+:. 
1783* * Brooke, Henry, novelist, poet, Ire- 
land, A77. 

Brodie, Sir Benjamin Collins, physiologist, 
surgeon, born. 

Coote, Sir Eyre, general, statesman, A57. 

Fraser, James Iiaillie. diplomatist, traveler, 
author, Scotland, born. 

Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet, 
author, born. 

Hunter, William, physician, physiologist, 
anatomist, Scotland, A65. 

Kennicott, Benjamin, cl., Bib. critic, A65. 

Lawrence, William, surgeon, physician, anat- 
omist, born. 

Lee, Samuel, oriental scholar, born. 

Lloyd, Henry, inaj. gen., wr. on tactics, A54. 

Loudon, John C, horticulturist, botanist, 
Scotland, born. 

Prout, Samuel, water-color painter, born. 

Sturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, b. 
1784 Dec. 13. Johnson, Samuel, poet, 
essayist, biog., lexicographer, philos., A75. 

Aberdeen. Karl of, George Hamilton Gordon, 
statesman, misc. writer, Scotland, born. 

Barton, Bernard, Quaker poet, born. 

Biu'kland, William, clergyman, geologist, b. 

Christie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, born. 

Colby, Thomas, eng , ordnance surveyor, b. 

Crosse, Andrew, electrician, born. 

Cunningham, Allan, poet, cit., au., Scot., b. 

Gwilt, Joseph, architect, author, born. 

Hunt, Leigh Henry James, poet, essayist, b. 

Knowles, James Sheridan, dram., Ire.,b. 

Lee, Ann, founder of Shakers, A48. 

Palmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple, 
statesman, born. 

Ramsay, Allan, portrait painter, Scot., A73. 

Tennant, William, poet. Scotland, born. 



Cubitt, Sir William, civil engineer, born. 

De Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic, mis- 
cellaneous writer, born. 

Fleming, John, naturalist, Scotland, born. 

Glover, Richard, poet, A73. 

Hardinge, Viscount, Henry, general, gov- 
ernor-general of India, born. 

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, b. 

James, John A ngell. clergyman, author, born. 

.Metcalfe. Baron, Charles T., general, states- 
man, born. 

Napier, Sir William Francis Patrick, 
lieutenant-general, historian, born. 

Oglethorpe. James E., general, founder of 
Georgia, A89. 

Peacock, Thomas Love, novelist, poet, born. 

Sedgwick, Adam, geologist, born. 

White, Henry Kirke, poet, porn. 

Whitehead, William, poet, A70. 

Wilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, born. 

"Wilson. John (Christopher North), miscel- 
laneous writer, Scotland, born. 



CHURCH. 

1781 * * Robert Baikes , publisher of 
the Gloucester Journal, aided bv [Mrs. 
Samuel Bradburn],a Methodist woman, 
establishes the first Sunday-school at 
Gloucester. [1783. Nov. 3. Noticed in 
the Gloucester Journal. 1784 He pub- 
lishes his plan.] 

* * Richard Hurd is consecrated bishop 
of Worcester. 

1783* *John Moore is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

1784 Feb. 28. John "Wesley signs 
the deed of declaration, establishing the 
Methodist Conference. 

Sept. 2. Dr. Thomas Coke is ordained 
" superintendent" (bishop) of Methodist 
societies in America by Wesley and 



AND IRELAND. 1781,* *-1786, Aug. 2. 923 



c * Scot. Mr. Burnett, gentleman, dies ; 
he bequeaths moneys to be awarded as 
prizes every 40 years for essays on the 
existence of God. 



LETTERS. 

1751 * * London. The Morning Herald 
is issued. 

1752 * * Scot. The Glasgow Herald is 
issued. 

* * Sacred Dramas, by Hannah More, 
appears. 

17S2-1S26 The European Magazine is 

issued. 
1782-86 A New Review is issued. 
1783 * * A natural and experimental 

philosophy professorship is founded at 

Cambridge. 

* * Poetical Sketches, by "William Blake, 
appears. [1789, Songs of Innocence.] 

* * The Village, by George Crabbe, ap- 
pears. 

1783-96 The English Review is issued. 

17S4-1810 History of Greece, by Wil- 
liam Mitford, appears. 

1785 Jan. 1. London, The Times is 
first issued as the Daily Universal Regis- 
ter, price twopence halfpenny. Types 
containing syllables and words are used 
instead of single letters. 

* * Moral and Political Philosophy, by 
"William Paley, appears. [1790, Horse 
Paulinse, or the Truth of the Scripture 
History of St. Paul.] 

* * Scot. Essays on the Intellectual Pow- 
ers of Man, by Thomas Keid, appears. 
[17SS*, Essay on the Active Powers of the 
Human Mind.] 

* * Chambers's Cyclopaedia, edited by 
Abraham liees, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1781* * Titles created: Viscounts of Ban- 
gor, of Lifford, of Clifden, Baron Mus- 
kerry, and Earl Mountcashel. [17S2, 
Barons Hood ; 1783, Muncaster ; 1785, 
Earls Mayo, Portarlington, Antrim, 
Longford, and Viscount iMneraile; 17S9, 
Earls Erne, Enniskillen,Annesley,Crays- 
fort, Marquises of Waterford, of Down- 
shire, Barons Cloncurry, Auckland, and 
Kilmaine.] 

17S2 June IS. Rev. Mr. Allen kills 
Lloyd Dulany in a duel. 

* *The Board of Trade and Planta- 
tions is abolished. 

1783 Feb. 5. The Knights of St. Pat- 
rick are instituted by George III. 

Sept. * Col. Thomas is killed in a duel 
by Col. Gordon. 

* * Ire. The Genevese are given an asy- 
lum in the county of Waterford. 

* * All licenses are consolidated on the 
basis of ale-house licenses. 

* *The births of children are again 
taxed. (See 1695.) 

* * The Society of Friends makes the first 
united effort for the suppression of the 
slave-trade. 

* * The Eclectic Society is instituted for 
the discussion of religous questions. 

1784 May 21. London. Lord Mans- 
field, Chief Justice, makes the [famous] 
declaration, "that no fiction of law 
shall ever so far prevail against the 
real truth of the fact as to prevent the 
execution of justice." 

* * London. St. Patrick's Benevolent 
Society is instituted. 

* * Titles created : Barons Sherborne, 
Somers, Lovaine (Earl Percy), Berwick, 
Marquis of Lansdowne ; the Earl of Tal- 
bot is added to that of Shi'ewsburv. 
[1786, Marquis of Townshend, Earl of 



Strange, Barons Oarleton, Tyrone, Dor- 
chester, and Suflield ; 17S8, Barons Ken- 
yon and Braybrooke ; 1781), Marquises of 
Salisbury, of Bath, and Earl of Edg- 
cumbe.] 
1784-85 A lottery is set up for the bene- 
fit of Leverian Museum. 

1785 June * Thomas Clarkson, at a 
spot in Wadesniill, Hertford, devotes his 
life to the abolition of the slave-trade. 

* * London. The Strangers' Friend So- 
ciety is established ; also The High- 
land Society. 

* * About 500 power-looms are de- 
stroyed by an incendiary. 

* * London. Ninety-seven persons are 
executed for shoplifting. 

* * The shop-tax is enacted. [1789. It 
causes such commotion that it is re- 
pealed.] 

* * A tax is imp6sed on female servants. 
[1792. Repealed.] 

1786 June 8. Lord Macartney is 
wounded in a duel by Maj.-Gen. Stuart. 

Aug. 2. Margaret Nicholson, a lunatic 
calling herself Queen of England, unsuc- 
cessfully attempts to assassinate 
George III. 

STATE. 

1781 * * Can. Vancouver's Island is 
acquired by settlement. 

1782 Feb. 20. Ire. Catholic Relief 
Bills are introduced in the Irish Parlia- 
ment [and passed]. 

They give Catholics freedom to exer- 
cise their religion, the right to hold prop- 
erty in land, and the right to educate 
their children. 
Apr. 1. Augustus Keppel is made first 
lord of the admiralty. [July 18, Vis- 
count Keppel ; 17So, Jan. 28, Viscount 
Howe ; 1788, July 16, Earl of Chatham.] 

May 27. Ire. " Poynings* Law" is 
repealed by the Irish Parliament ; Irish 
legislative independence is thereby 
accomplished. 

July 1. Rockingham dies. 

July 13. Lord Shelburne is appointed 
prime minister, with "William Pitt, son 
of the Earl of Chatham (chancellor 
exchequer); Thomas Townshend [and 
Lord Grantham secretaries of state]. 

Sept. 15. Ire. The Earl of Temple is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Nov. 30. Paris. Preliminary treaty 
with Americans (p. 95). 

* * Parliament : Stamp duty is laid on 
notes and bills of exchange. 

* * Parliament: Duty is first laid on in- 
surances. 

* * Parliament : Contractors and reve- 
nue-officers are declared ineligible for 
Parliament. 

1783 Apr.* William Henry Cavendish, 
Duke of Portland, forms a coalition 
Ministry of Whigs and Tories ; Portland 
is chancellor of the exchequer; Lord 
North and Charles James Fox are 
secretaries of state, Edmund Burke 
is paymaster of the forces. 

May * H. C. William Pitt's motion 
for reform of the system of representa- 
tion in Parliament is defeated by a ma- 
jority of 144. 

June 3. Ire. The Earl of North in gton 
is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Sept. 3. Fr. The Peace of Versailles 
and Paris is signed between Great Brit- 
ain and France and Spain. 

It acknowledges the independence of the 
13 American colonies, with the western terri- 
tory to the Mississippi; it cedes the free nav- 



igation nt that river; Tobago ami St. Lucia 
in the West Indies are surrendered to France; 
(irenada and St. Vinct-nl arc restored to Eng- 
land, and Minorca and the 1'loridas ceded to 
Spain. 

Dec. 17. H. L. A bill for reform of the 
government in India, presented by Fox, 
is rejected. 



Dec. 22. Earl Temple resigns as secre- 
tary of state. 

Dec. 23. William Pitt becomes premier. 
His cabinet includes Karl Gower, the 
Duke of Rutland, Grenville, Duke of 
Portland, Lord Thurlow, Viscount Howe, 
and the Duke of Richmond. 



* * Wagons, carts, and other vehicles are 
taxed. [1784. Also horses.] 

1784 Jan. 23. H. C. Pitt's East India 
Bill is thrown out. 

Feb. 24. Ire. The Duke of Rutland 

is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

* * Lord Loughborough and others are _ 
commissioners of the great seal. Later, ' 
Lord Thurlow, lord chancellor. [1792, 
Great seal in commission ; 1793, Lord 
Loughborough, lord chancellor.] 

Apr. 29. Ire. John Scott [Earl of 

Clonmel] is appointed chief justice. 
May 18. Parliament meets. [1790. June 

21. Dissolved.] 
June * Parliament : the Commutation 

Act is passed. 
It reduces the duty on tea from 50 to 

12^ per cent, and taxes windows instead. 
Aug. 13. Parliament: Pitt's Lndia 

Bill becomes law. 
It associates commissioners with the 

Company in the government of India. 

[The united body is the Board of Control.] 

* * The national debt, at conclusion of 
American war, is £249,851,628. 

1785 Apr. 18. H. C. Pitt's bill for dis- 
franchisement of " rotten boroughs," 
and the extension of the county fran- 
chise, is defeated by a majority of 74. 

* * Parliament: Pitt's bill to remove ob- 
stacles to free trade "with Ireland is 
passed by a considerable majority [but 
being approved only by a small majority 
in the Irish Parliament, it is withdrawn]. 

* * John Adams of Massachusetts is ap- 
pointed first Minister from the United 
States to Great Britain. 

1786 Mar. 29. Parliament: Pitt's 
Sinking-Fund Bill is passed. 

Apr. 4. H. C. Edmund Burke moves 
the impeachment of Warren Hastings. 

* *[May 1. He defends himself at the 
bar of the House. May 10. The articles 
of impeachment are presented by Burke 
at the bar of the House of Lords.] (See 
Society, 1788, Feb. 13.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1783 Mar. 13. Ire. The Indiaman 
Count Belqioso is wrecked off Dublin 
Bay; 147 lives are lost. 

* * Scot. The Glasgow Chamber of 
Commerce is formed. 

1784 * * The first mail-coach, leaves 
London. 

1785 Apr. 1. Edinburgh. The South. 
Bridge is commenced. 

Dec. 5. The ferry-boat Menaiis wrecked 
in Menai Strait ; 60 drowned. 

* *King's Dock, Liverpool, is con- 
structed. 

* * New Bailey Bridge, Manchester, is 
completed. 

1786 Jan. 6. The East Indiaman Hels- 
well is wrecked ; 3S0 lives are lost. 



924 1786, Sept. 26-1791, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1787 * * Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke 
of "Wellington] enters the army. 

1789-90 E.I. Second Mysore War. 
(See India.) 

Apr. 28. The crew of the war-ship 
Bounty mutiny, and put their captain 
and 19 men in an open boat with few 
provisions. 

■* * Can. The Spaniards capture the set- 
tlement on Vancouver's Island on the 
Pacific coast. 

1791 Jan. 29. E. I. Lord Corn- 
wallis assumes command. 

[Mar. 21. Bangalore taken. May 15. 
Victory at Arikeza. Dec. 21. Severn- 
droog taken. 1792. Feb. 6. Seringa- 
patam stormed. Peace follows.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1786 * * Oxymuriatic is first used as a 
blacking agency. 

* * Dublin. The Dublin Surgeons' So- 
ciety is founded. 

* * The first iron railroad of importance 
is laid at Colebrookdale. 

■* * Taylor's stenography is introduced. 

* * Edinburgh. The first steamboat in 
Great Britain is built. 

* * Dublin. A charter is granted the 
Royal Irish Academy. 

1787 Apr. 20. John Braham, the 
vocalist, makes his first appearance at 
the Royalty. 

Nov. 12. Dublin is flooded by the 
Liffey. 

* * Watt's rotary engine is first used in 
the manufacture of textiles in Lanca- 
shire. 

* * London. Glee Musical Club is formed. 

* * Quicksilver is frozen without the aid 
of snow or ice. 



* * Jesse Kamsden completes the great 
theodolite. It is an instrument for 
measuring horizontal angles. 

1787-90 Henry Cavendish and Antoine 
F. de Fourcroy decompose water by 
electricity. 

1788 May 14-July 21.. London. 
Italian opera is successfully revived. 

* * Sir Joseph Banks forms the African 
Association for the purpose of explor- 
ing Central Africa. 

Oct. 23. Edinburgh. A leathern can- 
non is fired three times. 

* * Coal and coke supplement wood char- 
coal in the smelting of iron. 

* * Edinburgh. A panorama giving a 
bird's-eye view, painted on the wall of a 
circular building, is exhibited; it is the 
first of the kind. 

* * London. The Linnsean Society is 
organized. [1802. Chartered.] 

* * London. A statue of George III. is 
erected at Somerset House. 

* * Hercules Strangling the Serpent is 
painted by Sir Joshua Reynolds. 

* * Edinburgh. The Koyal College of 
Surgeons is incorporated. 

1788-96 Stephen Storace's opera, the 

Waterman, is produced. 
.1789 Aug. 28. Herschel completes his 
great reflecting telescope at Slough, 
near London. [He discovers two satel- 



lites of Saturn ; 1790, two others ; 1794, 
two more.] 

* * "Wood engraving is greatly improved 
by Bewick, his brother, and pupils. 

Nov. 24. London. Madame Anna Sto- 
race makes her first appearance on the 
stage. 

* * Sir Alexander Mackenzie sets out to 
explore the polar regions. 

* * Mavor's stenography is introduced. 

* * The Rev. A. Bennet invents the gold- 
leaf electrometer. 



1790 Feb. 10. Philidor, the chess- 
player, wins two games while blind- 
folded. 

** * Scot. "W. Symington makes a passage 
in a steamboat on the Forth and Clyde 
canal. 

* * Wails are first made by machinery. 

* * Thomas Saint patents a machine for 
sewing boots and shoes. 

* * Capt. Duncan starts on his polar voy- 
age. 

* * London. Charles Benjamin Incle- 
don, a vocalist, makes his first appear- 
ance on the stage. 

* * The circular saw is introduced. 

1791 * * Galvani's and Volta's scien- 
tific researches are made public. 

* * London. Cherubini's opera Lodoislca 
is performed under the author's direc- 
tion. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1786 * * Barnes, Thomas, editor of London 
Times, born. 

Bickerstet.il, Pdward, theol. writer, born. 

Bishop, Sir Henry It., musical composer, b. 

Blomfleld, Charles .lames, bishop of Lon- 
don, scholar, author, born. 

Buckingham, .lames Silk, traveler, horn. 

Buxton, Sir Thomas Powell, philan., born. 

Byron. Honorable John, vice-adm., A63. 

Callcott, Maria Urahani, author, born. 

Campbell, Alexander, fdr. of Campbellites,b. 

Elliotson, John, physician, ined. writer, b. 

Franklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, born. 

Haydon, Benjamin Robert, his. painter, b. 

Hobhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton, au- 
thor, statesman, born. 

Keppel, Viscount, Augustus, admiral, A61. 

Mit ford, Mary Russell, poet, mis. writer, b. 

Mulready, William, painter, born. 

Napier, Sir Charles, admiral, born. 

Pollock, Sir Ceorge, field-marshal, bom. 

Prout, William, chemist, author, born. 

Raebum, Henry, painter, born. 

Sontbev, Mrs. Robert, poet, born. 

Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, Stratford 
Canning, diplomatist, born. 

"Wilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, his- 
torian, born. 
1787* * Rickerslaff, Isaac, dram., Ire., A52±. 

Brown, .John, clergyman, author, Scot., A 65. 

Charles, Duke of Rutland, Ireland, dies. 

Clarke, Charles (.'., Shakespearean critic, au- 
thor, born. 

Conybeare, William D., cl., geol., author, b. 

Cunard, Sir Samuel, civil engineer, founder 
of Cunard line, born. 

Etty, William, painter, born. 

Evans, Sir George De Lacy, general, born. 

Farmer, Hugh, clergyman, author, A73. 

Fielding, Copley Vandyke, water-color 
painter, born±. 

Forbes, Sir John, physician, au., Scot., born. 

Gage, Thomas, general, A67. 

Harlow, George Henry, painter, born. 

Jenyns, Soaine, poet, pol., mis. writer, A83. 

Kean, Edmund, actor, born. 

Lowth, Robert, bp. of London, author, A77. 

Procter, Bryan W-, poet, mis. writer, born. 

Rich, Claud i us. 1 anics, orientalist, traveler, b. 

Richardson, Sir John, naturalist, bom. 

Smart, Benj. Humphrey, lexicographer, b. 

Taylor, Isaac, philosophical, theol. writer, b. 

Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, 
theologian, logician, rhetorician, phil., b. 
1788* * Applegath, Augustus, inventor of 
vertical prmtirm-press, born. 

Arnott, Neil, physician, physicist, natural 
philosopher, Scotland, born. 

Baily, Edward Hodges, sculptor, born. 

Barham, Richard Harris, humorist, au., b. 

Brande, William Thomas, chemist, horn. 



Brown, John, physician, founder of Bru- 

nonian theory of physic, Scotland, A53. 
Byron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet, 



Cockercll, Charles Robert, architect, born. 

Collins, William, painter, born. ' 

Combe, George, phrenologist, Scotland, born. 

De Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, author, Ire., b. 

Gainsborough, Thomas, painter, A61. 

Hall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, bom. 

Hamilton, Sir William, logician, philoso- 
pher, metaphysician, Scotland, bom. 

Hooke, Theodore E.,nov.,dram., humorist, b. 

Holland, Sir Henry, physician, born. 

Mickle, William Julius, poet, Scot., A54. 

Nugent, Lord, George G., states., au., Ire., b. 

Palgrave, Sir Francis, antiquary, histo- 
rian, born. 

Peel, Sir Robert, statesman, born. 

Raglan, Baron, Fitzroy Henry Somerset, gen- 



Stuart, Charles Edward (Young Pre- 
tender), A60. 

Tredgold, Thomas, civil engineer, born. 

Try on, William, statesman, A63. 

"Wesley. Charles. Meth. cl., hymn-wr., A80. 
1789 *' * Bright, Richard, physician, born. 

P.osworth, Joseph, lexicographer, born. 

Collier, John Payne, Shakespearean critic, 
commentator, born. 

Dilke, Charles W., journalist, born. 

Fair bairn, Sir William, mechanical, scientific 
writer, born. 

Hodgkinson, Eaton, mechanical engineer, b. 

Keightley, Thomas, mis. writer, Ireland, b. 

Martin, John, painter, born. 

Petrie, George, areheologist, anbiq., Ire., b. 

Pringle, Thomas, poet, traveler, Scot., born. 

Pottinger, Sir Henry, diplomatist, bom. 

Scoresiiy, William, arctic explorer, born. 

Stephen, Sir James, statesman, hist., b. 

Swainson, William, naturalist, born. 
1790* * Alison, William Pulteney, physi- 
cian, Scotland, born. 

Arrowsmith, John, geographer, born. 

Blessington, Countess of, Margaret Power, 
novelist, Ireland, born. 

Bowdich, Thomas Edward, Afr. traveler, b. 

Cullen, William, physician, au., Scot., A80. 

Daniell, John Frederick, chemist, phys., h. 

Eliot, George Augustus, Baron Heathfield 
of Gibralter, general, A72±. 

Ellenborough, first Earl of, Edward Law, 
statesman, born. 

Everest, Sir (ieorge, surveyor, geographer, b. 

Hall, Marshall, physician, born. 

Howard, John, philan., prison refor., A63. 

Hunt, William Henry, water-color p., born. 

Leach, William El ford, naturalist, born. 

Lyons, Lord, Edmund, admiral, born. 

Mathew. Theobald. R. C. cl., "Apostle of 
Temperance," Ireland, born. 

Monteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, states- 
man, born. 

Tarry, Sir William Edward, arctic exp., b. 

Senior, Nassau \Y\, political economist, b. 

Smith, Adam, political economist, philoso- 
pher, Scotland, A67. 

Warton, Thomas, poet, critic, author, A62. 
1791 * * Faraday, Michael, chemist, elec- 
trician, philosopher, born. 

Flood, Henry, statesman, orator, Ire., A59. 

Gibson, John, sculptor, born. 

Knig-ht. Charles, editor, hist., mis. wr.,b. 

Milman, Henry Hart, dean of St. Paul's, 
poet, dramatist, historian, born. 

Napier, Robert, ship-l.uihler, eng.. Scot., b. 

Price, Richard, cl., philosopher, author, A68. 

Tytler, Patrick Eraser, historian, Scotland, b. 

Sheil, Richard l.alor, orator, slates., Ire., b. 

Wolfe, Charles, poet, Ireland, born. 



CHURCH. 

1787* *The episcopal see of Nova 
Scotia is erected. It is the first colonial 
bishopric. 

1788 June 13. Seven clergymen dis- 
possess George Lakins of seven devils, 
in the Temple Church, Bristol. 

* * London. The disciples of Sweden- 
borg first meet as an organized body. 

1789 Apr. 23. London. The king goes 
to St. Paul's, and returns thanksgiving 
for the recovery of his health. 

1790 * * A reaction against deism oc- 

ioved 



AND IRELAND. 1786, Sept. 26-1791,' 



92& 



LETTERS. 

1786* * London. The Library of the 
Royal College of Surgeons is founded. 

* * Poems, by Samuel Rogers, appears. 

* * London. Curtis' s Botanical Magazine 
is issued. 

* * Scot. Robert Burns's first Poems 
are published at Kilmarnock. [1787, 
1793, more poems.] 

* * Epea Pteroenta, or Diversions of \ p ur- 
ley, by Home Tooke, appears. 

1787 * * Dublin. The Royal College of 
Surgeons is incorporated. 

* * London. The County Chronicle is is- 
sued. 

1788 Jan. 1. London, The Daily Uni- 
versal Register is changed to the Times. 

* * La Gazette de Guernsey is issued. 

* * London. The Analytical Review is is- 
sued. 

* * Classical Dictionary, by John Lem- 
priere, appears. 

1789 * * London. The Mail is issued. 
Nov. 16. Edinburgh. Firststone of the 

[present] University is laid. 

* * Natural History and Antiquities of 
Selborne, by Gilbert White, appears. 

* * Introduction to the Principles of Mor- 
als and Legislation, by Jeremy Behtham, 
appears. 

* * Henry James Pye is appointed poet- 
laureate. 

* * General History of Quadrupeds, by 
Thomas Bewick, appears. [1797-1804, 
British Birds.] 

* * The Nature and Principles of Taste, 
by Archibald Alison, appears. 

1791 * * Ire. The Dublin library is in- 
stituted. 

* * Scot. Walter Stirling's public li- 
brary is founded by will at Glasgow. 

* * London. The Observer is issued. 

* *Life of Johnson, by James Boswell, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1786 * * London. The Marine Society 
institutes the first training-ship on the 
Thames. 

* * One hundred and thirty-six ships carry 
off 42,000 slaves. 

* * The National Truss Society, to as- 
sist indigent persons, is established. 

1787 May * The first transportation of 
felons to Botany Bay takes place. 
[1788. Jan. 20. Gov. Phillip arrives with 
800+.] 

Dec. 1. A riot breaks out at Worcester 
against the introduction of spinning- 
machines. 

Dec. * Fox is duped by the Prince of 
"Wales, and renounces his acquaintance 
with him. 

* * The Society for the Suppression of 
the Slave-Trade is founded by Clark- 
son, Wilberforce, and Dillwyn. 

* * A royal proclamation is made against 
vice. 

* *Mr. M'Keon kills George N. Reynolds 
in a duel. [1788. Feb. 16. He is exe- 
cuted.] 

1788 Feb. 13.-95 Apr. 23. "War- 
ren Hastings, governor-general of In- 
dia, is tried by the peers of Great Britain 
for high crimes and misdemeanors. 
Among other charges was his acceptance 
of a present of £100,000 from the nabob 
of Oude. The trial occupies 145 days, and 
lasts seven years and three months, ter- 
minating in his acquittal. 

Dec. * Mr. Purefoy kills Col. Roper in a 
duel. 

* * The Philanthropic Society, for the 
reformation of criminal boys, is estab- 



lished. [1806. It is incorporated. It 
supports a farm-school at Redhill, Rei- 
gate, Surrey.] 

* * The Royal Masonic Institution for 
girls, at Battersea, is founded. 

* * The association for the relief of 
medical men is founded. 

* * The daily wages of harvest men is one 
shilling and fourpence per day. 

1789 Apr. 23. A national thanksgiv- 
ing is obM-rveil because of the recovery 
of the king from lunacy. 

May 26. The Duke of York and Col. 
Lennox, Duke of Richmond, tight a duel 
for an insignificant cause. 

1790 Jan. 27. London. "Wilberforce 
secures the reference of the anti-slave- 
trade subject to a select committee of 
the House of Commons to take evidence. 

Apr. 7. Mr. Curran and Maj. Hobart 
fight a duel. 

* * Titles created : Baron Fisherwick, 
Baron Gage, and Marquis of Abercorn. 

[1792, Baron Thurlow; 1793, Duke of Car- 
narvon, Marquis of Hertford, and Baron 
Auckland; 17%, liarons Gwdyr, Stewart, 
Calthorpe, lirrxlerirk, Kaltersforci, Stuart, 
Marquis of Bute, and Viscount Hood; 1797, 
Viscount of Ferrard with Massereene, Bar- 
ons Ballon. Kihhh'silalt-", Lilford, t'arrington ; 
1799, of Cumberland.] 

* * Ire. Titles created: Baron Clonbrock. 

[1791, Viscounts of Haberton, of Hawar- 
den, and Marquis of Donegal; 1792, Earl 
Courtown, and I'.aruii Water park ;1793, Earls 
Wicklow, Desart, and Clomnell; 1794, liar- 
ons Bridport and Graves; 1795, Earls Leit- 
rim and Lucan; 17%, Barons Rossmore, 
Carrington, and Huntingfleld ; 1797, Earl 
Howth, Barons Hot ham, lleadley, Teign- 
mouth, Crofton, and Earl Belmore; 1798, 
Baron Ffrench; 1799, Earl of Armagh, and 
Baron Henly.] 

1791 Apr. * The House of Commons 
votes against the abolition of the slave- 
trade. Vote, 88-163. 

July 14. Riots break out in Birmingham 
against Dr. Priestley and other Dissen- 
ters because of their sympathy with 
the French Revolution, and commem- 
orating the taking of the Bastile. [Prop- 
erty to the. value of £100,000 is destroyed.] 

Sept. 22. George Bardngton, an accom- 
plished pickpocket, is transported. 

* * The Royal Literary Fund, to relieve 
literary men of all nations, is founded 
by David Williams. 

* * The buckle-makers petition against 
the use of shoe-strings. 

STATE. 

1786 Sept. 26. A navigation and com- 
mercial treaty is concluded with France. 

It fixes a scale of duties, and estab- 
lishes perfect freedom of intercourse, 
without passports, between subjects and 
inhabitants of both countries. 

* * E.I. Prince of "Wales Island (Pe- 
nang) is ceded to the East India Com- 
pany. 

1787 Nov. 2. Ire. The Marquis of 
Buckingham is appointed lord-lieu- 
tenant. 

Dec. 21. The Prince of "Wales marries 
Mrs. Fitzherbert, a Catholic. 

He thereby violates the Royal Mar- 
riage Act, and renders himself incapable 
of succession to the crown according to 
the provisions of the Act of Settlement. 

* * Australia. Botany Bay is made a pe- 
nal settlement. 



: * Parliament : Tunnage and pound- 
age are repealed, and a new system of 
excise and custom is introduced. 



* * The registering of shipping is intro- 
duced. 

1788 Feb. 25. Parliament: The De- 
claratory Bill for India, relating to the 
power to raise and pay troops, is intro- 
duced [and passed]. 

June 9. Lord Kenyon is appointed. 

chief justice. 
Oct. 12. King George becomes insane. 

* * S. Pacific. Norfolk Island is an- 
nexed by occupation. 

1789 Feb. * H. C. The Regency Bill 



Fox advocates the right of the Prince 
of Wales to be regent ; Pitt contends 
that it belongs to the legislature to pro- 
vide for the temporary exercise of the 
royal authority. [Feb. 26. The bill is 
dropped on the king's recovery.] 

June 5. H. C. Henry Addington 
[Viscount Sidmouth] is chosen Speaker. 

June 20. Ire. John Fitzgibbon [Earl 
of Clare] is appointed lord high chancel- 
lor. 

* * The Government demands reparation 
for the forcible seizure by Spain of two- 
English ships and English trade settle- 
ments at Nootka Sound, Vancouver's 
Island. [War is averted by a convention 
which insures free commerce to Eng- 
land.] 

* * H. C. A bill for the relief of Protes- 
tant Dissenters from the impositions of 
the Test Act is rejected by a small ma- 
jority. 

1790 Jan. 5. Ire. The Earl of "West- 
moreland is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Nov. 25. Parliament meets. [1796. 
May 20. Dissolved.] 

* * Parliament : A bill for the repeal of 
the Corporation and Test Acts, in fa- 
vor of Dissenters, is defeated by a large 
majority ; a popular clamor is raised for 
the preservation of the Church of Eng- 
land. 

1791* * Parliament divides Canada 
into Upper and Lower, and gives to each 
a representative government. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1786 * * Jonas Hanway, the first persom 
to carry an umbrella in London, dies.. 

* * London. The registering of ship- 
ping in the Thames is begun. 

* * The first considerable iron railway is 
built at Colebrookdale. 

* * Dublin. Police are established by- 
statute. 

1787* * Ire. A bank is built at Belfast. 

1788 * * Merino sheep are imported 
from Spain. 

17S9 June 17. London. Her Majes- 
ty's Theater. Italian Opera House, is 
burned. [1791. Sept. 22. Having been 
rebuilt, it is reopened.] 

June 19. The Queen's Theater, Man- 
chester, is burned. [1790. Reerected.] 

Nov. 19. The Thames and Severn are- 
joined by a canal. 

* * The New Bailey Court, Manchester,. 
is built. 

1790 Oct. * The "Windsor Chapel is 
repaired and opened. 

Dec. 22. The Charlemont Packet, from 
Holyhead to Dublin, is wrecked; 104 
lives are lost. 

1791 * * London. A fire-watch is insti- 
tuted. The building of Camden Town 
is begun. Regent's Park, originally 
part of the grounds belonging to a palace 
of Queen Elizabeth, near to the north end 
of Tottenham Courtyard, isdemolished.. 
Horsemonger Lam 1 jail is built. 



926 1791, * *-1796, Dec. 5. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1792 Aug. 24. The warship Imp&tneux 
is burned at Portsmouth. 

1792-97 War of the First Coalition 
against France (p. 518). 

1793 Apr. 17- It is ordered that prize 
money arising from captures from the 
enemy be divided into eight equal parts, 
and distributed by order of ranks. 

May 8. Fr. The English defeat the 
French at St. Amand. 

May 23-July 28. Fr. The English be- 
siege and capture Valenciennes (p. 708). 

Aug. 23. E. I. Pondicherry is again 
taken from the British by the French. 

Sept. 8. Fr. Defeat at Dunkirk (p. 
710). 

Nov. 15. Fr. Toulon is taken by the 
English. [Dec. 19. Ketaken.] (P. 710.) 

* * Lord Amherst is again appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

* * Volunteers enlist to resist the threat- 
ened French invasion. 

1794 Mar. 16. W. I. Martinique is 
taken. 

Apr. * The Ardent, 64 guns, is burned 

near Corsica. 
June 1. A naval battle is fought in the 

English Channel. 
The British, with 25 ships, under Lord 

Howe, defeat the French fleet of 26 ships, 

under Vice-Adm. Villaret de Joyeuse. 

* * The English armies are unsuccessful 
in Holland, and the Duke of York is 
recalled ; Holland is lost (p. 710). 

1795 Feb. 11. The Duke of York is 
appointed commander-in-chief. 

Mar. 8. A French, fleet defeated. 

[Mar. 14. Another defeat. Apr. 5. 

Peace.] (P. 710.) 
June 19. The British Sceptre takes 11 

Dutch East Indiamen. 
June 23. Fr. Lord Bridport defeats 

the French fleet off L'Orient. 

1796 Jan. 27- The first great English 
ship, Royal Sovereign, is burned by ac- 
cident. 

Aug. 9. [Adm.] Nelson captures the 
isle of Elba in the Mediterranean. 

Aug. 17. Adm. Lucas, commanding the 
Dutch fleet, surrenders to Sir George 
Keith Elphinstone, in Saldanha Bay, in 
the South Atlantic, near Cape of Good 
Hope. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



* * Dublin. Henry Jackson constructs the 
first steam-engine set up in Dublin. 

1792 Apr. 18. Ire. A terrific storm 
occurs at Waterford. 

Oct. * Scot. Mineral tar is discovered. 

* * A rope-making machine is patented 
by Edmund Cartwright, reducing the 
labor nine-tenths. 

* * Benjamin "West is president of the 
Royal Academy. 

* * William Murdoch experiments in Corn- 
wall with coal-gaa as an illuminating 
agency. 

1793 * * Fowler makes electro -galvanic 
experiments on animals. 



1794 Oct. 6. Several hundred vessels 
are wrecked in a storm which prevails 
throughout England. 

Dec. * -95 Feb. 14. A severely cold 
winter prevails, with only one day's 
thaw, on Jan. 23. 

* * A patent for a propeller is taken out 
by William Lyttelton. [Ineffective. 
1799. Another to Edward Shorter ; val- 
uable.] 

1794-95 London. The Lyceum, Eng- 
lish Opera House, is built. 

1795 Jan. 31. London. MissMellon 
makes her first appearance as Lydia 
Languish. 

May 22. Mungo Park starts on his 
first voyage of exploration to Africa 
[from which he never returns]. 

* * Capt. Vancouver returns in the Dis- 
covery from a voyage of survey and 
discovery of the northwest coast of 
America. 

* * Scot. Spinning machinery worked by 
steam is introduced at Glasgow. 

* * Fonthill Abbey, on Lansdowne Hill, 
near Bath, is erected by .lames Wyatt. 

1795-96 Thomas Talford's iron bridge 
is erected over the Severn. 

1796 May 14. Dr. Jenner makes the 
first experiment in vaccination. 

He transfers to a healthy child the pus 
taken from the pustule of a milkmaid 
who had contracted the cowpox. [1798. 
Jan. 21. He announces in a memoir his 
success in vaccination. After much 
opposition the practise becomes gen- 
eral.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1792 * * Adam, Robert, arch., Scotland, A64. 

Adelaide, queen, wife of William IV., born. 

Alison. Sir Archibald, historian, born. 

Arkwright, Sir Richard, inventor of spin- 
ning-jenny, AGO. 

I'.abbage, Charles, math., machinist, bom. 

Bell, Thomas, naturalist, born. 

Bo wring, .lames, statesman, political econo- 
mist, author, born. 

Burgoyne, John, general in America, A62. 

Campbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, general, 
Scotland, born. 

Cruihshanb. George, pictorial satirist, b. 

Dalrymple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, jurist, 
historian, Scotland, A66. 

Durham, Earl of, John George Lambton, 
statesman, born. 

Harris, Sir William Snow, electrician, born. 

Haviland, John, architect, born. 

Hearne, Samuel, traveler in Br. Ainer., A47. 

Herscbel, Sir John Frederick William, astron- 
omer, author, born. 

Irving, Edward, cl., author, Scot., born. 

Jones, John Paul, naval adventurer, Scot- 
land, A 45. 

Keble, John, clergyman, poet, born. 

Linnell, John, painter, born. 

Marryai, Frederick, naval capt., novel., b. 

Mulgrave, Lord, C. John Phipps, arctic navi- 
gator, A48. 

Murehison, Sir Roderick Impey, geologist, 
Scotland, born. 

Northumberland, fourth Duke of, Algernon 
Percy, vice-admiral, born. 

Potter, Cipriani, composer, born. 

Reynolds, Sir Joshua, painter, A69. 

Robinson, J. T. R., astronomer, inv., Ire., b. 

Rodney, Baron, George Kryd^es. adm., A74. 

Russell, Lord. John, statesman, born. 

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, born. 

Smeaton, John, civil engineer, Af>8. 

Strange, Sir Robert, engraver, Scot., A71. 
1793*'* Alton, William, botanist, Scot., A 62. 

Anster, John, poet, Ireland, born. 

Austin, Sarah Taylor, author, born. 

Browne, .lames, editor, historian, Scot., b. 

Clare, John, poet, born. 

Danhv, Francis, painter, born. 

Fasllake, Sir Charles Locke, painter, born. 

Fonhlanque, Albany William, journalist, b. 

Gordon, Lord George, fanatic, A43. 

Grant, Robert K., physiologist, zoologist, 
Scotland, born. 

Hampden, Renn Dickson, bishop of Here- 
ford, moral philosopher, born. 

Head, Sir Francis Bond, lieut, author, b. 

Hunter, John, anatomist, surgeon. Scot., A 65. 

Laing, Alexander Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., b. 

Lardner, Dionysius, scientific writer, cyclo- 
pedist, Ireland, born. 

Macready, "William Charles, actor, born. 



Mag-inn, William, journalist, essayist, mis- 
cellaneous writer, Ireland, born. 

Mansfield, Earl of. William Murray, ju- 
rist, A 88. 

Robertson, William, cl., hist., Scot., A72. 

1794 * * Bruce, James, traveler, Scot., A64. 
Cathcart, Sir George, general, born, 
Chelmsford, Lord, Frederick Thesiger, jurist, 

statesman, born. 
Column, Ceorge, dramatist, A62. 
Ellis, William, missionary, author, bom. 
Fearne, Charles, jurist, legal writer, A45. 
Hemans, Felicia D., poet, born. 
Gibbon, Edward, author, historian, A57. 
Grote, George, historian, philosopher, b. 
Jones. Sir William, orientalist, A48. 
Leslie, Charles Robert, artist, born. 
Lockhart. John Gibson, novelist, critic, 

biographer, miscellaneous writer, Scot., b. 
Marshman, John Clark, historian, born. 
Whewell. William, phil., hist, of science, b. 
Stanrield, Clarkson, marine painter, born. 

1795 * * Arnold. Thomas, clergyman, clas- 
sical scholar, historian, born. 

Barry, Sir Charles, architect, born. 

Blakey, Robert, metaphysician, born. 

Eos well, James, biographer of Dr. John- 
son, Scotland, A55. 

Carlyle, Thomas, essayist, historian, phi- 
losopher, Scotland, born. 

Clinton, Sir Henry, gen. at Bunker Hill, A57. 

Collier, Sir George, admiral, A57. 

Conolly, .John, physician, born. 

Dauheny, Charles Giles Bridle, chemiBt, 
botanist, geologist, born. 

Davis, Sir John Francis, statesman, born. 

Geikie, Walter, subject painter, Scotland, b. 

Hare, Julius Charles, theologian, scholar, b. 

Havelock, Sir Henry, general, born. 

Herring, John F., animal painter, born. 

Hill, Sir Rowland, advo. of penny postage, b. 

Howitt, William, poet, miscellaneous wr., b. 

Inglis, Henry David, tourist, writer, Scot.,b. 

Keats, John, poet, born. 

Kingsborough, Lord, states., author, Ire., b. 

Kippis, Andrew, clergyman, author, A70. 

Lindley, Thomas, composer, A70±. 

Moffat, Robert. Afr. missionary, Scot., b. 

Peabody, George, merchant, philan., born. 

Talfourd, Sir Thomas Noon, jurist, dram., b. 

Veitch, William, Hellenist, Scotland, born. 

Wakley, Thomas, physician, founder London 
Lancet, born. 

Wedgwood, Josiab, potter, A65. 

Wright, Frances, social reformer, born. 



CHURCH. 

1792 Oct. 2. The Baptist Missionary 

Association is founded, chiefly by the 
zealous endeavors of "William Carey. 
+ * Scot. Episcopalians are relieved from 
the penal laws. 

* * Johanna Southcott announces her- 
self as the woman spoken of in Rev., 
chap. xii. ; a disease favors the delusion 
that she would become the mother of the 
promised Shiloh. 

1793 Mar.* "William Carey and John 
Thomas sail for India as Baptist mis- 
sionaries. 

* * The see of Quebec is erected. 

1794 Nov. 4. London. The London 
Missionary Society is founded. 

* * The nuns from Lady Percy's convent 
at Brussels are received by Bishop Mil- 
ner, and placed at Winchester. 

1795* * Ire. Maynooth College is 
founded by Parliament for the education 
of students intended for the Roman 
Catholic priesthood. 

* * Ire. The Orangemen organize a so- 
ciety for their defense. 

They allege that the treachery shown 
at the "Battle of the Diamond" con- 
vinces them that unless banded together 
the Protestants will become an easy prey 
to the Catholics. 

LETTERS. 

1791 * * Vindication of the Rights of Wo- 
man, by Mary Wollstonecraft, appears. 

* * The Castaway, and Letters, and trans- 
lations of Homer's Iliad and Odyssey, 
by "William Cowper, appear. 

* * An Historical ])inquisition concerning 
the Know I <'(!< if which the Ancients had of 
India, by William Robertson, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 1791,* *-1796, Dec. 5. 927 



* * Whist, a poem, appears. 

* * Curiosities of Literature, by Isaac 
D'Israeli, appears. [1793, 1817, revised 
and added to ; 1796, Miscellanies.] 

1791-92 The Rights of Man, by Thomas 
Paine, appears. [1794-95, Age of Reason.] 

1792 * * The Evangelical Magazine is 
issued; also The Courier. 

* * London. The Suit is issued ; also The 
Observer. 

* * Scot. Elements of the Philosophy of 
the Human Mind, by Dugald Stewart, 
appears. 

1792-94 Travels in France, by Arthur 
Young, appears. 

1793 * * A Literary and Philosophical 
Society is founded at Newcastle. 

* * Essay on Meteorology, by John Dal- 
ton, appears. 

* * Evening Walk and Descriptive 
Sketches, by William Wordsworth, ap- 
pear. [1798, Lyrical Ballads.] 

* * Inquiry Respecting Political Justice, 
by William Godwin," appears. [1794, Ca- 
leb Williams.] 

1793-1843 The British Critic is issued. 

1794 Feb. 8. London. Morning Ad- 
vertiser appears. 

Feb. * The legality of fair criticism is 
establish 3d in the courts. 

* * The Fall of Robespierre, by Coleridge 
and Southey, appears. 

* * View of the Evidences of Christianity, 
by William Paley, appears. [1802, Nat- 
ural Theology.] 

* * The Baviad, by William Gifford, ap- 
pears. [1795, The Mseviad.] 

* * Songs of Experience, by William 
Blake, appears. 

1795 May 7. Scot. Anderson's uni- 
versity is founded at Glasgow. 

* * Dublin. Maynooth College is 
founded by Parliament. 

It is endowed by a yearly grant voted 
for the education of students designed 
for the Roman Catholic priesthood. 

* * Lindley Murray's English Grammar 
appears. 

* * Poems, by Walter Savage Landor, ap- 
pears. [1798, Gebir, and other poems.] 

SOCIETY. 

1791 * * London. The Corresponding 
Society of London is formed. It aims 
to spread liberal opinions, and check the 
severity of the Government. 

1792 June 9. The Earl of Lonsdale 
and Capt. Cuthbert fight a duel. 

June 14. London. A plot to blow up 
the King's Bench prison is discov- 
ered. 

* * Enlightened principles for the treating 
of lunatics are introduced by William 
Tuke, at the Society of Friends' " Re- 
treat," at York. 

* * The gradual abolition of the slave- 
trade is provided for. 

* * Duelling in the army is checked. 

* * London. An asylum for deaf and 
dumb children is opened through the 
exertions of Mr. Townshend. 

* * The Liverpool Lunatic Asylum is 
founded. 

1793 Sept. 30. A furious riot occurs 
at Bristol, owing to the erection of a 
new toll-gate on the bridge ; several per- 
sons are killed or wounded by the mili- 
tary. 

1794 Oct. 29-Dec. 5. London. Messrs. 
Home Tooke, Hardy, Joyce, Thelwall, 
and other members of the" Correspond- 
ing Society, are tried on charges of 
high treason ; they are acquitted. 



* * Scot. Thomas Muir is sentenced to 14 

?sars' transportation and Thomas F. 
aimer to seven years, for agitating a 
reform in the representation of the 
people in Parliament. 

* * London. Coldbath Fields prison 
is built at the suggestion of Howard, the 
prison reformer. 

* * The daily wages of harvestmen are 
one shilling and sixpence. 

1795 Apr. 8. The Prince of "Wales 
marries the Princess Caroline of Bruns- 



May 5. The law imposing a tax of one 
guinea on every person using hair- 
powder becomes operative. [It yields 
in England under £7,000 a year, and in 
Scotland £250.] 

Oct. 29. London. A mob obstructs the 
king's way to Parliament, crying 
"Bread, peace, no Pitt; 35 a bullet 
pierces the glass of his coach. 

Dec. 8. The gagging-bill, to protect the 
king and government from the ha- 
rangues of seditious meetings, is en- 
acted. 

* * A lunatic asylum is founded at Exeter. 

* * Ire. The United Irishmen, a secret 
political society, whose object is the es- 
tablishing of an Irish republic, is very 
active. 

* * Ire. The first lodge of Orangemen 
(Orange Society) is formed at Armagh. 

1796 Jan. 28. London. The Prince 
of "Wales is attacked in his carriage by 
a mob. 

Feb. 1. London. A stone is thrown at 
George TTT . when returning from Drury 
Lane Theater ; it hits the queen's face. 



May 27. William Pitt and George Tier- 
ney fight a duel. [June 28, Lord Va- 
lentia is wounded in a duel by Mr. 
Gawler.] 

STATE. 

1792 Mar. 19. Ind. A Treaty of 
Peace is concluded with Tippoo Sahib ; 
his two sons are held as hostages. 

Apr. 2. H. C. "William Wilberforce 
moves for a committee of the whole 
House to consider the African slave- 
trade, with a view to its immediate 
abolition ; a large majority resolves that 
the trade be gradually abolished. 

May 21. A royal proclamation is issued 
-gainst the publication of seditioua 
writings; it is aimed at the agitation 
for parliamentary reform. 

June 11. H. C. Fox's Libel Bill is 



It authorizes juries to give general 
verdict of guilty or not guilty upon the 
whole matter at issue. 

June 26. The First Coalition is formed 
against France. [It is organized and 
directed by England.] 

Aug. 1. London. The system of dis- 
trict police magistrates, three presid- 
ing in each of the seven divisions of the 
city, is commenced. 

Dec. 28. H. C. The " dagger scene " 
occurs. 

In the debate on the Alien Bill, Ed- 
mund Burke casts a dagger on the 
floor of the House, exclaiming, " This is 
what you are to gain by an alliance with 
France." 

* * The "Whig party is broken up on the 
question of war with France. 

* * A money-order office is set up ; it 
is not generally used. 



1793 Jan. 4. Parliament : The Alien 
Act is passed. 

It empowers the Government to ban- 
ish aliens from the kingdom, and is de- 
signed against French Revolutionists. 
Feb. 1. The French Republic declares 
war against Great Britain. [Feb. * 
Great Britain declares war against 
France. Feb. 11. It issues letters of 
marque and reprisal against France.] 

Mar. 23. Spain declares war against 
England. 

* * The Government issues £5,000,000 ex- 
chequer hills because of the commercial 
panic. 

* * H. C. George Canning enters the 
House as a Tory, representing Newport, 
Isle of Wight. 

Apr. 9. Ire. A Catholic Relief Act, 
passed in the Irish Parliament, receives 
the royal assent. 

It enables Catholics to vote at parlia- 
mentary and municipal elections, ad- 
mits them to the bar and to commissions 
in the army and navy, and gives them 
the i-ight of bearing arms and serving 
on juries. 

* * A tax is laid on funerals. 

1794 May 23. The Habeas Corpus 
Act is suspended because of the French 
Be volution. 

June 8. Corsica is annexed. 

Nov. 19. A treaty of amity, commerce, 

and navigation is concluded with the 

United States (p. 105). 
Dec. 10. Ire. The Earl of Fitzwilliam 

is appointed lord-lieutenant. [1795. Mar. 

11. The Earl of Camden.] 
Dec. 20. Earl Spencer is made first 

lord of the admiralty- [1801. Feb. 19. 

Earl of St. Vincent.] 

1795 Apr. 8. George, Prince of 
Wales, marries Caroline Amelia Eliz- 
abeth, daughter of the Duke of Bruns- 
wick. 

July * Holland joins the French against 
England. 

The British take from the Dutch the 
Cape of Good Hope, Ceylon, and 
other possessions in the East. 



* * The coalition against France falls to 
pieces. 

* * A tax of one guinea is laid upon per- 
sons using hair-powder. 

1796 Sept. 27. Parliament meets. 

[1S02. June 29. Dissolved.] 
Oct. 11. Spain in alliance with France 

declares war against England. 
Dec. 5. London. A subscription loan 

of £18,000,000 to carry on the war against 

France is taken up in 15 hours and 20 

minutes. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1791 * * Scot. The Trades' Hall, Glas- 
gow, is built, 

1792* * London. The Assembly 
rooms, Mosley Street, are built. 

1793 * * A commercial panic is caused 
by the French war. 

1794 Feb. 3. London. The royal visit 
occasions an immense crowd and crush 
at the Haymarket Theater; 16 persons 
are killed and others wounded. 

Feb. 13. W. The canal in Merthyr- 
Tydvil is opened. 

July 21. An East India warehouse con- 
taining 35,000 bags of saltpeter, and 630 
other houses, at Wapping are burned ; 
loss, £1,000,000. 

1795 * * A famine occasions much suf- 
fering. 



928 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1796 Dec. 18. The Conrageux, Capt. 
Hallowell, is wrecked near Gibraltar. 

1797 Feb.* W. French invaders 
land in Pembrokeshire ; they soon sur- 
render to the country people. 

Feb. 14. Battle of St. Vincent (p. 712). 

Feb. 20. Nelson is knighted, and made 
rear-admiral. 

Apr. 15. Mutiny breaks out in the fleet 
at Spithead, off Portsmouth. [It is set- 
tled by granting the advance of wages 
demanded.] 

May 22. A mutiny at the Nore, on the 
Thames, blocks the trade of the river. 
[It is quelled, and the ringleaders exe- 
cuted.] 

July 24. Canary Islands. In an unsuc- 
cessful attack on Santa Cruz, Adm. Nel- 
son loses his right arm. 

Oct. 11. Nelh. Adm. Duncan defeats 
the Dutch in a naval battle off Camper- 
down. 

Nov. 16. N. S. La Tribune is wrecked 
off Halifax ; 300 men are lost. 

1798 Feb. 1. The frigate Proserpine is 
wrecked in the Elbe. 

May 4. Ire. The insurrection of 
"United Irishmen" commences. 

May 23. Ire. The British under Gen. 
Dundas are defeated by the insurgents 
at Kilcullen. 

May 24. Ire, The royal troops rout the 
insurgents at Carlow. [May 26. They 
(400 strong) defeat 4,000 insurgents near 
Tara, Meath.] 

May 27. Ire. About 500 insurgents at- 
tack and defeat the king's troops at 
Ooulard Hill, Wexford. 

June 5. Ire. United Irishmen are re- 
pulsed at New Ross; the British put 
to death 221 prisoners. 

June 9. Ire. Battle at Arklow, Wick- 
low. 

The British (16,000) defeat 20,000 United 
Irishmen, led by Fathers John and 
Michael Murphy; Michael Murphy is 
killed, and the Irish retire after despe- 
rate fighting. 

June 12. Ire. United Irishmen are de- 
feated, and many killed, at Ballina- 
hinch, Down, by Gen. Nugent ; this 
suppresses the rebellion in the north. 

June 21. Ire. British troops defeat the 
Irish insurgents under Father John 
Murphy at Vinegar Hill, Wexford. 

July 24. The Resistance is blown up in 
the Strait of Banca. 

Aug. 1. Egy. Battle of the Wile. 

Nelson, with 14 ships carrying 1,012 
guns and 8,068 men, defeats the French 
fleet of 19 ships, 1.196 guns, and 11,230 
men; ISOnent, with Bruevs and 1,000 
men on board, blows up; only 70 or 80 
men escape. French loss, 9,000 men. 

Aug. 27. Ire. French troops land at 

Killala, Mayo (p. 712). 
Sept.* England holds 27,000 French 

prisoners, and France estimates the 

number of her English prisoners at 

6,000. 
Oct. 12. Ire. Sir John Borlase Warren 

captures five French ships. 



These were sent to help the Irish in a 
naval battle off the north coast of Ire- 
land, near Berry. Theobald Wolfe Tone, 
leader of the United Irishmen, is among 
the prisoners taken. [Nov. 12. He com- 
mits suicide in prison.J 

Nov. 24. Napper Tandy, United Irish- 
man, flees to Hamburg after his defeat 
in Ireland [and is there delivered up to 
the English]. 

1799 Feb. 9. The British ship Dedalus 
captures the French frigate La Prudente 
in 57 minutes; losses: French, 27 killed ; 
British, two. 

* * Ind. Third Mysore "War (p. 1046). 
Aug. 30. Nelh. The Dutch fleet of 12 

ships of the line and 13 Indiamen sur- 
renders to Adm. Mitchell at the Texel 
Island. 

Sept. 19. Neth. Duke of York defeated 
at Bergen (p. 712). [Oct. 2. He defeats 
the French under Brune at Bergen.] 

Oct. 6. The Duke of York surrenders (p. 
712). [Afterwards his army is exchanged 
for 6,000 French and Dutch prisoners in 
England.] 

Oct. 9, 10. Neth. H. M. S. Lutine is 
wrecked off Vlieland, and all her crew 
lost. 

Oct. 13. Napoleon Bonaparte declares 
war against Hamburg for the delivering 
of Napper Tandy, a United Irishman, to 
the English. [1802. Tandy is liberated 
after Peace of Amiens.] 

Oct. 19. The Impregnable is wrecked 
off Dangstone Inlet. 

Oct. 25. Neth. The Nassau is wrecked 
on the Haak Bank ; 100 persons are 
drowned. 

Nov. 5. S. Afr. The Sceptre is wrecked 
in Table Bay (Cape of Good Hope) ; 291 
of the crew perish. 

Dec. 24. Fr. The Ethalion is wrecked 
on the Penmarks. 

* * The Duke of York is appointed cap- 
tain-general. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1796 Dec. 25. London. This day is 
supposed to be the coldest ever known 
in this city; 16° below zero. 

1796-98 Haydn's oratorio, Creation, is 
composed. 

* * London. A statue of John Howard 
is erected in St. Paul's. 

1797 * * Hydropathy is revived by Dr. 
James Currie in Liverpool. 

* * Electrolyzation is discovered by Sir 
Humphry Davy. 

* * Gas is used extensively for the first 
time by Murdoch in Watt's engine fac- 
tory. 

* * London. Count Kumford boils water 
by friction. 

1799 Nov. 4. Ralph Gout secures a 
patent on the pedometer, an instru- 
ment for numbering the steps taken by 
a walker. 

* * A tabular view of British strata is 
published in the Geological Map of Eng- 
land and Wales by "William Smith, the 
father of British geology. 

* * Scot. The stone bridge of Kelso is 
commenced by John Rennie. 

* * Sir Humphry Davy melts ice by fric- 
tion. 

* * A mowing-machine is invented by 
Boyce. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1796 * * Allan, David, painter, Scot., A52. 

Back, Sir George, arctic explorer, born. 

Beechey, Frederick William, arctic explorer, 
author, rear-admiral, naturalist, born. 

Bohn, Henry George, publisher, born. 

Booth, Junius Brutus, actor, born. 

Burns, Robert, poet, Scotland, A37. 

Campbell, George, theologian, Biblical critic, 
Scotland, A77. 

Charlotte, princess, daughter of George IV., 
born. 

Coleridge, Hartley, poet, mis. writer, born. 

I)e la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, born. 

Gleig, George Robert, cl., an., Scotland, b. 

Grattan, Thomas ('olley, novelist, Ireland, b. 

Henslow, John Stevens, botanist, born. 

Landseer, Thomas, engraver, born. 

Macgillivray, William, ornithologist, author, 
Scotland, born. 

Macpherson, James, poet, Scotland, A58. 

Medhurst, Waltei Henry, Chinese'miss., b. 

Miller, William, engraver. Scotland, born. 

O'Connor, Fergus, journalist, politician, 
Chartist, Ireland, born. 

Planche, James Robinson, dramatist, au., b. 

Powell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, born. 

Beid. Thomas, philosopher, Scotland, A86- 

Roberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., b. 

Wakefield, Edward Gibbon, political econo- 
mist, statesman, born. 

Williams, John, missionary, born. 
1797* * Amherst, Lord, Jeffrey, statesman, 
general, A 80. 

Bayly, Thomas Haynes, song-writer, born. 

Burke. Edmund, orator, states., au., A68. 

Cardigan, Earl of, James Thomas BrudeneU, 
general, born. 

Combe, Andrew, physiologist, Scotland, b. 

Drummond, Thomas, captain, civil engineer, 
Scotland, born. 

Godwin, Mary "Wollstonecraft. novelist, 
A38. 

Hutton, James, geologist, Scotland, A71. 

Jameson, Anna, writer on art, Ireland, born. 

Lyell, Sir Charles, geologist, Scot., born. 

Lover, Samuel, novelist, artist, song-writer, 
Ireland, born. 

Motherwell, William, poet, antiquary, jour- 
nalist, Scotland, born. 

Normanby, Marquis of, C. H. Phipps, novel- 
ist, statesman, born. 

Reid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist, 
Scotland, born. 

Shelley, Mrs. Mary, novelist, mis- wr., b. 

Thirlwall, Connop, bishop of St. David's, 
historian, statesman, born. 

"Wilkes. John, statesman, A70. 

"Wilkinson, Sir John Gardiner, Egyptol-.b. 

Walmesley, Charles, Benedictine monk, 
mathematician, A76. 
1798 * * Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, b. 

Barclay, John, clergyman, founder of Bere- 
ans, Scotland, A64. 

Carleton, William, novelist, Ireland, born. 

Croker. Thomas Crofton, antiquary, hu- 
morist, Ireland, born. 

Donovan, Edward, naturalist, author, born. 

Douglas, David, botunist, Scotland, born. 

Dyce, Alexander, dramatist, editor, literary 
historian, Scotland, born. 

Fitzgerald, Lord, Edward, a leader of the 
United Irishmen, Ireland, A33. 

Harding, James D., landscape painter, born. 

Henderson, Thomas, astronomer. Scot., b. 

Hood. Thomas, poet, humorist, born. 

Howitt, Mary Botham, poet, author, born. 

Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, states 
man, born, 

Moir, David Macbeth, poet, novelist, Scot., b. 

Neele, Henry, poet, author, born. 

Pennant, Thomas, naturalist, antiquary, A72. 

Pollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, horn. 

Tone, Theobald Wolfe, a leader of the United 
Irishmen, Ireland, A 35. 

Wrotteslev, Baron, John, astronomer, born. 
1799* * Atkinson, Thomas William, land- 
scape painter, traveler, born. 

Bacon, John, founder British school of sculp- 
ture, A59. 

Baines, Matthew Talbot, statesman, born. 

Belcher, Sir Edward, adm., arctic navig., b. 

Black, Joseph, chemist, anatomist, Ire., A71. 

Craik, George Liltie, miscellaneous wr., b. 

Derby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith 
Stanley, statesman, author, born. 

Fellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiquary, b. 

Finlay, George, historian, born. 

Gore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody, nov- 
elist, born. 

Howe, Earl, Richard, admiral, A74. 

Key, Thomas Hewitt, philologist, born. 

Lindley, John, botanist, born. 

Monhoddo, Lord, James Burnet, jurist, A85. 

Nicolas, Sir Nicolas Harris, antiquary, b. 

Syme, James, surgeon, author, born. 

Thorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, born. 



AND IRELAND. 1796, Dec. 18-1800, Feb. 17. '929 



CHURCH. 

1797* * Tlie New Connection Metho- 
dists are the first to separate from the 
parental Wesleyan body. 

* * John Fisher is consecrated bishop of 
Salisbury. 

1798 Jan. * Dublin. The Orangemen 
publish a declaration of their principles 
upholding the maintenance of the 
church and state under the Ho|ise of 
Brunswick. 

1799 Apr. 16. London. Sixteen clergy- 
men meet at the Castle and Falcon, and 
organize the Society for Missions to 
Africa and the East. 

May* London. The Religious Tract 
Society is established. 

LETTERS. 

1796 * * Camilla, by Madame D'Arblay, 
appears. 

* * Poe7ns, by Coleridge and Charles Lamb, 
appears. 

* * Letters on the Proposals for Peace with 
the Regicide Directory of France, by Ed- 
mund Burke, appear. 

* * A Dictionary of Quotations, compiled 
by Macdonnel, appears. 

* * London. Bell 's Messenger is issued. 

* * Scot. A translation of Burger's Le- 
nore, by [Sir] Walter Scott, appears. 
[1799, translation of Gotz von Berlich- 
ingen; 1802, Border Minstrelsy.] 

* * Estimate of the Religion of the Fash- 
ionable World, by Hannali More, ap- 
pears. [1799, Strictures on Female Edu- 
cation.'] 

1796-1843 London. The Monthly Mag- 
azine is issued. 

* * Poems, by Coleridge, Lamb, and Chas. 
Lloyd, appears. 

1797 Oct. * Dublin. The Press, a rev- 
olutionary journal, is issued. [1798 Mar. 
6. It is suppressed by military force.] 

Arthur O'Connor, Robert Einmett, and 
other conspicuous men, contribute to it, 
and inflame the public mind on the eve 
of the rebellion. 

* * Practical Christianity , by "William 
"Wilberforce, appears. 

* * London, The Methodist Neio Connec- 
tion Magazine is issued. 

1798 * * London. The Philosophical 
Magazine is issued. 

* * The Ancient Mariner, by Samuel Tay- 
lor Coleridge, appears. [1800, transla- 
tion of Schiller's Wallenstein.] 

* * Vernal Walk, by Ebenezer Elliott, 
appears. 

* * Essay on the Principles of Population, 
by Thomas Robert Malthus, appears. 

1798-1821 London. The Anti-Jacobin 
Review and Magazine is issued. 

1799 May 3. Benjamin Elower, print- 
er, is fined £100, and sentenced to im- 
prisonment for six months, by the 
House of Lords, because of his freedom 
with the speech of the bishop of Llau- 
daff. 

May 30. The editor, printer, and pub- 
lisher of the London Courier are fined 
and imprisoned for saying that the 
Emperor of Russia is a tyrant amonghis 
own subjects and ridiculous to the rest 
of Europe. 

July * The law requires licenses to be 
taken for presses, and that the printer's 
name be placed on both the first and last 
pages of every book. 

* * "William Smith, the father of Brit- 
ish geology, after walking over a large 
part of England, constructs his geologi- 
cal map. 

* * Pizarro, by Sheridan, appears. 



* * Modern Infidelity, by Robert Hall, ap- 
pears. [1802, Reflections on War.] 

* * Scot. The Pleasures of Hope, by 
Thomas Campbell, appears. 

* * The Sandhurst Eoyal Military Col- 
lege is founded at Wycombe. [1802, re- 
moved to Great Marlow.] 

SOCIETY. 

1796 * * Dublin. The city armed asso- 
ciation is formed. 

* * Joseph Lancaster, a youthful Quaker, 
begins to instruct the children of the 
poor [and becomes very successful], 

1797 Mar. 11. Ladies Buckingham, 
Luttrel, and Stuart are fined for play- 
ing faro, on the testimony of two dis- 
charged servants. 

May 30. London. Kosciusko arrives 
in the city. 

* * The window-tax is increased. 

* * Scot. The enforcing of the M ili tia Act 
causes riots in many parts, several peo- 
ple being killed. 

1798 Apr. 3. H. C. Wilherforce'san- 
tislavery motion is rejected. Vote,88-S3. 

Apr. 21. London. O'Connor, O'Coigley, 
and other members of the Correspond- 
ing Society, are tried for corresponding 
with the French Directory. [June 7. 
James O'Coigley is executed.] 

May 22. A riot occurs at Maidstone on 
the occasion of the trial of Arthur O'Con- 
nor and others. [1799. Apr. 25. The 
Earl of Thanet, Mr. Ferguson, and others 
are tried and convicted for 
to rescue O* Connor.] 

Nov.* Ire. Theobald "Wolfe Tone, 
founder of the United Irishmen, com- 
mits suicide in prison. 

Dec. 17. London. The Smithfield Club, 
to promote improvements in the breed 
of cattle, is established. 



* * Ire. At a barn in Scullabogue, 1S4 
men, women, and children, chieliy Pro- 
testants, are burned, shot, or pierced 
to death by pikes, by the insurgent 
Irish. 

* *Eor giving the toast, "The majesty 
of the people," the names of Duke of 
Norfolk and Charles James Fox are 
struck off the list of privy councilors. 

* * London. The Royal Masonic Insti- 
tution for boys (Wood Green) is 
founded. 

1799 Mar.* Parliament rejects Wilber- 
force's motion for immediate emanci- 
pation of slaves. Vote, 54-84. 

Nov. 30. Mr. Adams wounds Charles 
James Fox in a duel. 

* * Joseph Smith of Wendover begins a 
Benevolent Association for the saving 
of money. 

1800 Jan. 10. London. The first 
soup-house for the poor is opened at 
Spitalfields. 

Jan. 15. Henry Grattan wounds Isaac 
Cory in a duel. 

STATE. 

1797 Feb. 27. The Bank of England 
suspends cash payments. 

Feb.* Trinidad is acquired by capitu- 
lation. [1S02. Confirmed.] 

* * Parliament : Watches and clocks are 
taxed. [179S. Repealed.] 

1798 * * The land-tax is fixed perma- 
nently at four shillings in the pound. 

Apr. 20. The Habeas Corpus Act is 
suspended because of the prospect of 
rebellion in Ireland. 



May 19. Dublin. Lord Edward Fitz- 
gerald, insurgent leader, is arrested. 
[June 4. Dies in prison.] 

June 13. Ire. Arthur "Wolfe [Lord 
Kilwarden] is appointed chief justice. 
[June 20. The Marquis Cornwallis as 
lord-lieutenant.] 

* * Ire. A rebellion breaks out. 



* * London. The Bank of England 
makes a voluntary contribution to the 
Government of £200,000. 

July * Ire. An Act is passed granting 
conditional amnesty to rebels in Ire- 
land, the leaders excepted. 

1799 Jan. 22. Ire. Legislative union 
with Great Britain is recommended in 
the speech from the throne to the Irish 
Parliament. 

Jan. 24. Dublin. A proposal against le- 
gislative union with Great Britain, of- 
fered by George Ponsonby as an amend- 
ment to theaddress in reply to the speech 
from the throne, is defeated in the Irish 
Commons. Vote, 105-106. A second de- 
bate ends in the carrying of an amend- 
ment against legislative union. Vote, 
111-105. 

Jan. 31. H. C. Pitt proposes eight res- 
olutions forming the basis of legislative 
union with Ireland. [Feb. 12. Carried. 
Vote, 120-16. Later carried in the Lords.] 

June 22. Second Coalition against 
France (p. 713). 

1800 Feb. 5. Dublin. Lord Castle- 
reagh, on behalf of the Government, 
proposes in the Irish House of Commons 
the printing and circulation of articles 
of legislative union with Great Brit- 
ain, with a view to their future adop- 
tion ; the motion is carried. Vote, 158- 
115. Carried in the Irish House of Lords. 
Vote, 75-26. 

Feb. * Dublin. Lord Castlerengh and 
Under-Secretary Cook employ bribery 
on an extensive scale to secure votes 
for the union; votes are purchased by 
money, and by the promise of titles of 
nobility. 

Feb. 17. Dublin. Lord Castlereagb pro- 
poses in the Irish House of Commons 
the adoption of the legislative union 
articles one by one. Vote, 161-115. [Feb. 
21. Vote, 152-108. Mar. 22. Agreed to 
in the Irish Commons. Mar. 27. Agreed 
to in the Irish Lords.] 

The articles provide that on and after Jan. 
1, 1801, the two countries shall be united 
under the name United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland, that they shall be rep- 
resented in one legislature to be styled the 
Parliament of the United Kingdom of Great 
Britain and Ireland, that in the united par- 
liament Ireland shall be represented by four 
spiritural and 28 temporal peers, and 100 
commoners, and that (lie churches of Eng- 
land and Ireland shall be united as the es- 
tablished Church of England and Ireland; 
the articles also provide for the financial 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1797 Feb. 27. London. The Bank of 
England suspends specie payments. 
[It partly resumes 20 years later.] 

* * Edinburgh. Bridewell, Calton Hill, 
is erected. 

1799 Jan. 1. The Athenaeum, Liver- 
pool, is opened. 

Jan. 20. The London docks are opened. 
July 7. The Rennet and Avon canal is 
opened. 

1800 Jan. 14. The transport Queen is 
■wrecked on Trefusis Point ; 369 persons 
are drowned. 

Jan. 17. The Church of St. Mary, Chelms- 
ford, built in 142S. falls. 



930' 1800, Mar. 11-1803, **. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1800 Mar. 17. Tlie flagship Queen 
Charlotte, 110 guns, takes tire in the 
Mediterranean off Leghorn ; 700 out of 
a crew of 850 perish. 

July 29. The French brig Cerbere is cap- 
tured in L'Orient. 

*' * * Thesloop-of-war Brazen is "wrecked 
off Newhaven ; only one man survives. 

1801 Mar. 12. Adm. Hyde Parker 
leaves for the Baltic with a fleet of IS 
sail of the line. [Apr. 1 . Swe. He and 
Adm. N"elson, in defiance of strong for- 
tresses, effect the passage of the sound 
separating Zealand from Sweden.] 

Mar. 16. The Invincible, Capt. Rennie, 
is lost near Yarmouth ; only 126 men 
are saved. 

Mar. 21. Egy. Battle of Alexandria 
(p. 714). 

Apr. 2. Den. Adms. Nelson and Parker 
bombard Copenhagen (p. 638). 

July 6. The war-ship Hannibal is lost 
in an engagement in Gibraltar Bay be- 
tween the English and French fleets. 

July 12. Sp. The British under Sir 
James Saumarez defeat the French 
and Spanish fleet off Cadiz; allies' loss, 
3,000 men and three ships. 

Dee. * Ire. Men of the naval squadron 
under Adm. Mitchell, in Bantry Bay, 
mutiny [17 of the mutineers are con- 
demned and executed]. 

1802 Mar. 27. Fr. Peace of Amiens 
(p. 715). 

1803 May 18. "War begins with Bona- 
parte (p. 714). 



nean. 
July 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks 
out under Robert Emmet ; Lord Justice 
Kilwarden is killed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1800 Mar. 11. London. The Royal 
Institution for the promotion of the 
fine arts holds its first meeting. 

Nov. 8. A storm does much damage in 
London and throughout all England. 

* *A British Mineralogical Society is 
established. 

* * Herschel discovers dark heat-rays. 

* * The Stanhope printing-press is in- 
vented. 

* * The manufacture of shear-steel be- 
gins in Sheffield. 

* * Humphry Davy produces electric 
light with carbon points. He also dis- 
courses on laughing-gas. 

* * "Water is decomposed into oxygen 
and hydrogen gases by the voltaic bat- 
tery by Henry Alleyne Nicholson and 
Sir Anthony Carlisle. 

* * The Rumford medal is awarded to 
Count Rumford himself by the Royal 
Society. 

* * London. The Royal Institut on 
Laboratory, the first of importance in 
London, is established. [Davy, Fara- 
day, Tyndall, and Franklin make dis- 
coveries here.] 

1801 * * A first experimental steamboat 
is tried on the Thames by Mr. Syming- 
ton. [1802. Successfully repeated.] 

July 24. An iron tramroad, to be 
worked by horses, is completed from 
Croydon to "Wandsworth. 



* * Thomas Young, by experiments, con- 
firms the undulatory theory of light. 

* * Hamlet ivith Yorick's Skull is painted 
by Sir Thomas Lawrence. 

* * Thomas Young discourses on the in- 
terference of light. 

* * Scot. The Glasgow Philosophical So- 
ciety is founded. 

1802 Jan. 19. London. The Royal 
Jennerian Institution is founded for 
vaccination. 

June 2. Parliament grants Dr. Jenner 
£10,000, as the introducer of vaccina- 
tion. [1S07. An additional £20,000.] 

June 26. The London docks are com- 
menced. [1S05. Jan. 20. Opened.] 

Aug. 27. London. The "West India 
docks are opened. 

* * London. A telescope is made for the 
observatory of Madrid ; cost, £11,000. 

* * Dr. William Hyde Wollaston observes 
dark lines (Fraunhofer's lines) in the 
solar spectrum. 

Dec. 2, 3. Dublin. The Liffey valley is 
inundated, causing great damage. 

* * Photographs are first produced in 
England by Thomas Wedgwood and Mr. 
Davy. 

* * London. "Westminster Hall is thor- 
oughly repaired. 

* * A patent is granted to Trevethick and 
Vivian for a high-pressure locomotive 
engine. 

± * * A planing-machirie- for wood is 
constructed by Bramah. 

* * Thomas, Earl of Elgin, begins the col- 
lection of the Elgin Marbles during his 
mission to the Ottoman Porte. 

1803* * London. A copper-plate en- 
graving-machine is invented by Turrel. 

* * Scot. Woodmason, Payne, and Brown 
improve the ruling- macnine. 

Dec. 1. London. Master William Henry 
West Betty, 12 years of age (Koscius In- 
fant) appears at Covent Garden as 



Taylor, Sir Henry, poet, dramatist, born, 

Webster, Thomas, painter, born. 

Willis, Robert, physicist, mechanician, born. 

Young, Matthew, clergyman, physicist, A 50. 

1801 Feb. 31. Newman, John Henry. 
cardinal, theological writer, born. 

Abereromby, Sir Ralph, gen., A67. 
Airy, George Biddel, astronomer, born. 
Blair. Hugh, cl., rhetorician, Scotland, A83. 
Chadwick, Edwin, social economist, born. 
Choules, John Overton, cl.. Baptist au., b. 
Chapone, Hester, miscellaneous writer, A74. 
Clive, Caroline, novelist, horn. 
Inman, Henry, portrait, landscape painter, b. 
.lames, George Payne Kainsfoiil, novelist, b. 
Millar, John, jurist, Scotland, A66. 
Madden, Sir Frederick, antiquarian au., b. 
Ornie, Robert, historian, A73. 
Saint John, James Augustus, born. 
Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony Ashley 

Cooper, philanthropist, born. 
Wakefield, Gilbert, schob, theolog., pol., A45. 

1802 * * Arnold. Samuel, mus. comp., A62. 
Bentinck, Lord, William George Frederick 

Cavendish, statesman, born. 

Barre, Col. Isaac, officer, A76. 

Bnckstone, John B. actor, author, born. 

Carlisle, Earl of, Geo. Win., statesman, born* 

Cautley, Sir Proby T., engineer, born. 

Chambers, Robert, publisher, Scotland., b. 

Chitty, Thomas, legal writer, born. 

Cockburn. Sir Alexander J. E., jurist, b. 

Dermody, Thomas, poet, Ireland, A27- 

Garbett, .lames, theologian, born. 

Geddes, Alexander, K. C. theologian, Biblical 
critic, author. Scotland, A65. 

Graves, Lord, Thomas, admiral, A77. 

Haghe, Louis, painter, lithographer, born. 

Kenyon. Lord, Lloyd, jurist, statesman, A69. 

Kiss", C, sculptor, born. 

Lance, George, painter, born. 

Landon, Letiiia Elizabeth [Mrs. George Mac- 
lean], poet, novelist, born. 

Landseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals, b. 

Lane, Edward William, orientalist, born. 

Lister, Thomas Henry, novelist, author, b. 

Martineau, Harriet, author, born. 

Miller, Hugh, geologist, Scotland, born. 

Moore, John, physician, Scotland, A73. 

IWoseley, Henry, scientific writer, born. 

l'raed, Winfhrop Mackworth, poet, born. 

Roebuck, John Arthur, statesman, born. 

Roinney, George, painter, A68. 

Strutt, Joseph, antiquary, engraver, A60. 

Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, car- 
dinal, author, born. 



Soli: 



Barbarossa. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1800 Oct. 25. Macaulay, Lord Thomas 
Babington, essayist, historian, states., b. 

Arnold, Thomas K., scholar, editor classical 
text-books, born. 

Baines, Edward, politician, born. 

Barnes, William, cl., poet, philol., born. 

Harrington, Daines, jurist, naturalist, anti- 
quary, A73. 

Bell, Robert, journalist, miscellaneous writer, 
born in Ireland. 

Bray, Mrs. (Anna Eliza Kempe), novelist, 
misc. writer, born. 

Cattermole, George, painter, born. 

Chambers, William, editor, miscellaneous 
writer, Scot., born. 

Clarendon, Earl of, George W. F. Villiers, b. 

Codnngton, Sir William John, general, b. 

Cowper. William, poet, A69. 

Cruikshank, William, anatomist, Scot., A55. 

iienison, John Evelyn, statesman, born. 

Digby, Kenelm Henry, mis. writer, born. 

Doo, George Thomas, historical engr., born. 

Egerton, Francis Leveson Gower, Karl of 
Ellesmere, statesman, born. 

Gowan, 0. B., editor, fdr. of Orange lodges, 
Ireland, born. 

Gray, John Edward, naturalist, born. 

Hall, Samuel Garter, critic, author, Ire., b. 

Jones, William, Ilutehiiisonian cl., au., A74. 

Long, George, classical schol., hist., author, b. 

Marsh, Anne, novelist, born.i 

Meehi, John Joseph, rural economist, born. 

Montagu, Elizabeth, mis. writer, A80- 

Phillips, John, geologist, born. 

Puaey. Edward Bouverie, cl., author, b. 

Ramsden, Jesse, optician, inventor, A65. 

Ross, Sir James < 'lark, adm., arc. navig., b. 

Rosse, Earl of, William Parsons, astr., born. 

Sinclair, Catherine, writer, Scotland, born. 

Steevens, George, Shakspearean commenta- 
tor, author, A64. 

Talbot, Wm. Henry Fox, discoverer of pho- 
tography, born. 



1800 * * It. Pius "VII. is elected pope. 

* * The Church of England is united 
with that of Ireland by the Act of 
Union. 

1801* * The Clergy Incapacitation 
Act is passed. Clergymen are prohib- 
ited from becoming members of Parlia- 
ment. 

1802 f * * Bishops elected : 

1802, George I. Huntingford for Glouces- 
ter and Bristol. [1815. June* Trans- 
lated to Hereford.] I8d3, John Fisher for 
Exeter. [1807. Translated to Salisbury.] 
1807, George Pelham for Exeter. [1820. 
Sept.* Translated to Lincoln.] 1808, Fol- 
liott H. Cornwall for Worcester; 1813, John 
Parsons for Peterborough. 

* * The Sunday-school Union is formed. 

* * London. A Bible Society for Wales 



LETTERS. 

1800 * * Downing College, Cambridge, 
is chartered. 

* * London. The Post-Office Directory first 
appears. 

* * Castle Rachrent, by Maria Edgeworth, 
appears. [1S01, liidhtda. and Moral Talcs; 
1804, Popular 'Pairs : ISOii. L.onora; 1809- 
12, Tales of a Fashionable Life.] 

* * London. The library of the East In- 
dia Company is founded. 

* * Scot. The Edinburgh Farmer's Maga- 
zine is issued. 

1801 London. The Weekly Dispatch is 



AND IRELAND. 



1800, Mar. 11-1803/ 



931 



* * Thalaba, by Southey, appears. [1805, 
Madoc ; 1810, Curse of Kehama and His- 
tory of Brazil.] 

1802 Oct. 10. Edinburgh. The Ed- 
inburgh Review is first issued. 

* * The Lyceum, Liverpool, is erected. 

* * Porcupine's Works, by William Cob- 
bett, appears. 

■* * John Boydell's edition of Shake- 
speare's Works, with numerous plates, 
is published in nine volumes folio. 

* * Luke Howard's work on the Clouds 
appears. 

1802-19 Abraham Rees's Cyclopaedia ap- 
pears. 

1802-28 Essays, by Sydney Smith, ap- 
pears. [1S07, Peter Plymley's Letters.] 

1802-5 7 London. The Christian Ob- 
server is issued. 

1803 * * Edinburgh. The Koyal Col- 
lege of Surgeons is incorporated. 

* * London. The Globe is issued. 

* * Poems, by Henry Kirke "White, ap- 
pears. 

* * Thaddeus of Warsaw, by Jane Porter, 
appears. [1810, The Scottish Chiefs.] 



SOCIETY. 

1800 May 15. London. An unsuccessful 
attempt is made to assassinate George 
in. during a review in Hyde Park ; a 
spectator is wounded by the shot. Hat- 
field, the lunatic, makes another attempt 
with a pistol in Drury Lane Theater in 
the evening. 

* * Wm. Spence, a Yorkshire schoolmas- 
ter, is prosecuted for advocating a 
redivision of all the lands of the 
country. 

* * Daily wages of harvest men are two 
shillings. 

* * Titles created : 

Earls Kinmare, Castle-Stuart, Bandon,and 
Donoughuiore, Manjuisesnf Sli^o, Headfort, 
and Ely, Viscounts of Muin-k and Avonmore, 
Barons De Blaquire, Wallscourt, and Clan- 
morris, Henniker, Gardner, DufTerin, Ven- 
try, Radstork. Lau^fonl, Aslitown, Dunallev, 
and Clarina. [1801, Earl of Caledon ; 1803, 
Earl of Limerick, and Earl Clan ear thy; 1806, 
Earls Normanton, Gosford, Rosse, Viscount 
of Lismore and of Templeton, and Baron 
Rendleshem.] 

* * Titles created : 

Earl of JIalmsbury, Duke of Cadogan. 
[1801, Dukes of Chichester and Craven, Mar- 
quis of Exeter, Earls of Onslow, Romney, 
and Wilton, Viscount of St. Vincent, and 
Barons Cra.^sfonl, Aber(M-<mihie,and Loftus; 
lSll'J, Visi-onnt of Melville, and Baron Sand vs; 
1804, Earl of Powis; lst)5, Karl of Nelson, and 
Viscount of Sidmonth; 180(5, Barons Jlont- 
eagle, Granard, Erskine, and Gardner, and 
Earls of Orford, il an vers, and Grey; 1807, 
Earl of Lonsdale, and Barons Manners, Mor- 
ris, and Hopetoun ; 1809, Earl of Harrowby. ] 

1801 Jan. 31. London. The sale of 
fine wheaten bread is prohibited, and 
brown bread substituted. 

* * Scot. Robert Owen unsuccessfully at- 
tempts to establish socialism. 

* *The Society for the Suppression of 
Vice is established. 

* * The Bank of England loses by Aslett's 
frauds £342,697. 

1801-04 London. A charitable bank 
for the savings of servants and laborers 
is instituted at Tottenham by Miss Per- 
cilla Wakefield. 



1800 Apr. 21. H. C. Pitt proposes 
a measure providing for legislative 
union with Ireland. 



May 21. Dublin. The articles of 
union in the form of a bill are proposed 
in the Irish House of Commons by Lord 
Castlereagh ; the bill is read a first 
time. "Vote, 160-100. 

[May 25. Read a second time. June 
7. A third time and passed. June 13. 
The Union Bill is read a third time and 
passed iD the Irish House of Lords.] 

June 24. H. C. The Irish legislative 
Union Bill is passed. [June 30. Passed 
in the House of Lords. July 2. Receives 
the royal assent, and becomes the Act 
of Union.] 

July 12. Parliament: The brutalities 
of Governor Aris in Coldbath Fields 
prison are exposed. 

July 28. Parliament: The Thellusson 
Act is passed. 

It prohibits bequeathing property for 
purposes of accumulation for longer 
than 21 years after death, any other 
direction to be void. 

Aug. 2. Dublin. The Irish Parlia- 
ment meets for the last time. 

Dec. 16. Russia, Denmark, and Sweden 
conclude a treaty of armed neutrality 
in respect to the war between England 
and France. 

Dec* Great Britain remonstrates 
against the armed neutrality; Russia 
replies by laying an embargo on British 
ships in Russian ports. 

* * London. Sir William Staines is elected 
lord mayor. [1801. Sir John Earner.] 

* * Malta is acquired by conquest. [1814. 
Annexed.] 

1801 Jan. 1. The cross of St. Patrick 
is amalgamated with the Union Jack, 
forming the flag of the United Kingdom. 
A new imperial standard with the 
Irish harp is first displayed on the Tower 
of London and on Bedford Tower, Dub- 
lin Castle. 

Jan. 14. The Government issues a proc- 
lamation authorizing reprisals, and lay- 
ing an embargo, on Russian, Swedish, 
and Danish vessels. 

Feb. 1. Pitt writes to the king urging 
the expediency of repealing the laws 
excluding Catholics from Parliament, 
and Catholics and Dissenters from pub- 
lic office. [Feb. 2. The king informs 
Pitt of his refusal, believing that it would 
be a breach of his coronation oath. Feb. 
3. Pitt resigns.] 

Feb. 2. The first Parliament of the 
United Kingdom of Great Britain and 
Ireland meets. 

Feb. 15. H. C. Sir John Mitford 
[Baron Redesdale] is elected Speaker. 

Mar. 17. Henry Addington becomes 
prime minister and chancellor of the 
exchequer. [The new Ministry in- 
cludes Lords Hawkesbury, Hobart, and 
John Scott, Lord Eldon, the last being 
lord high chancellor.] 

Mar. 24. The armed neutrality against 
England is dissolved by the death of 
Paul I., Emperor of Russia. 

Apr. 19. The Habeas Corpus Act is 

again suspended. 
May 25. Ire. The Earl of Hardwicke 

is appointed lord-lieutenant. 
June 17. Hus. A treaty is concluded 
at St. Petersburg between England and 
Russia; it terminates the armed neu- 
trality. 



Oct. 1. London. Preliminary articles 
of peace between Great Britain, France, 
Spain, and Holland are signed. 

1802 Feb. 10. H. C. Charles Abbot 
[Lord Colchester] is chosen Speaker. 

Feb. 15. Ire. Baron Redesdale is ap- 
pointed lord chancellor. 

Mar. 27. The Peace of Amiens (p. 715). 

Apr. 12. Sir Edward Law [Lord Ellen- 
borough] is appointed chief justice. 

May * Napoleon makes insolent de- 
mands. 

He calls upon the British Government 
to stop publications offensive to him, 
and to banish from England French emi- 
grants in sympathy with the Royalist 
cause in France. 

Nov. * Parliament meets. [1806. Oct. 
24. Dissolved.] 

* * George III. discontinues to use the 
title King of France. 

* * Parliament : A General Militia Act 
for Great Britain is passed. 

* * London. Charles Price is elected lord 
mayor. [1803. John Perring. 1804. Apr. 
6. Peter Perchard. 1805. Sir James 
Shaw.] 

1803 Mar. 13. Napoleon insults 
Lord Whitworth, the English ambas- 
sador. 

He tells him that he has an army of 
40,000 with which he will attack England, 
and that he will sacrifice army after 
army till he succeeds. 

May 18. "War is declared against 
France ; the refusal to surrender Malta 
is the alleged cause of the war. 

June * W. I. St. Lucia is acquired by 
capitulation. [1814. Confirmed to Eng- <■ 
land.] 

July 23. Ire. An insurrection breaks 
out under Robert Emmet. 

Aug. * Napoleon makes extensive prep- 
arations for invading England; Eng- 
land is panic-stricken; 379,943 volun- 
teers are enrolled. 

Sept. 12. Ire. "William Downes [Lord 
Downes] is appointed chief justice. 

Sept.* Br. Guiana. Berbice capitulates, 
and becomes a British colony. Deme- 
rara and Essequibo are acquired by 
capitulation. 

* * Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is 
suspended. 

* * E. I. Much territory is surren- 
dered to the English by treaty with the 
Raja of Nagpur. 

* * Tasmania is settled, and becomes a 
British colony. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1800 * * The union news-room, Liver- 
pool, is opened. 

* * The first considerable railway is sanc- 
tioned by Parliament — the Surrey iron 
railway (by horses) from the Thames at 
Wandsworth to Croydon. [1S03. July 
26. Opened.] 

* * A famine occurs from poor harvests. 

1802 Sept. 27. London. A fire in 
Stone Street, Tottenham Court Road, 
causes immense loss. 

* * Races at Goodwood are begun by the 
Duke of Richmond in his park. 

1803 July 9. London. The great tower 
over the choir of Westminster Abbey is 
burned. 

Sept. 1. London. Astley's Amphithea- 
ter is burned. 



932 



1803,* *-1807, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1803 * *E. I. The Mahratta war. 
(See India.) 

* * The First Middlesex Volunteers are 
formed as the Duke of Cumberland's 
sharpshooters. 

1804 Mar. 28. The Irish militia of- 
fers its service in England. 

Oct. 2. Nearly one-half the adult pop- 
ulation of England is formed into vol- 
unteer corps to resist the expected 
invasion of Napoleon. 

Oct. 5. Four Spanish treasure- ships, 
homeward bound from South America, 
containing upwards of $4,000,000, are cap- 
tured by a British squadron under Capt. 
Moore. 

1804-05 E. I. War against Holkar. 
(See India.) 

1805 Mar.* -Aug. * Adm. Nelson 
pursues the French and Spanish fleet. 

July 22. Sp. Sir Robert Calder, with 
15 sail, takes two out of 20 ships of the 
French and Spanish fleets, off Ferrol. 

Oct. 21. Sp. Battle of Trafalgar (p. 
716). [Dec. 4. Nelson's ship, the Vic- 
tory, arrives off Portsmouth -with his 
body.] 

1806 June 27. S.Amer. A British fleet 
and army under Sir Home Popham and 
Gen. Beresford capture Buenos Ayres. 
[Aug. 12. Retaken by the Spaniards. 
Oct. 29. Again taken by the British. 
1807. July 7. British evacuate.] 

July 10. E.I. Mutiny of Sepoys. 

(See India.) 
1807* * W. I. The Dutch surrender 

Curacoa to Sir ( 'harles Brisbane. [1814. 

Restored to the Dutch.] 
Jan. 22. Sp. The Eelix, 12 guns, is lost 

near Santander ; 79 men perish. 
Feb. 1. Ind. Ocean. The Blenheim, 74 

guns, and the Java, 23 guns, are lost 

near Rodriguez. 
Feb. 14. The Ajax, 74 guns, is burned 

off the island of Tenedos, JEgean Sea; 

250 men perish. 
Feb. 19. Tur. Adm. Sir John Duck- 
worth forces the passage of the Darda- 
nelles on an expedition in aid of Russia 

against Turkey and France. 
Mar. 4. The frigate Blanche is wrecked 

on the French coast ; 45 men perish. 
Mar. * Tur. Adm. Duckworth fails in 

his attempt upon Constantinople; he 

repasses the Dardanelles after losing 300 

men killed and wounded. 
Apr. 4. A mutiny breaks out in the 

British garrison at Malta. 
The mutineers, chiefly Greeks and Cor- 

sicans, blow themselves up by setting 

fire to a magazine containing over 400 

barrels of gunpowder. 
July 7-9. Treaty of Tilsit (p. 717). 
July 26. War with Denmark (p. 638). 
Nov. 28. The man-of-war Boreas is 

wrecked upon the Hannois rock in the 

Channel. 
Dec. 29. The war-ship Anson, 44 guns, 

is wrecked in Mount's Bay, Cornwall; 

60 lives are lost. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1803 * * Steel pens are invented by 



: * Devon and Exeter Institution for the 
promotion of science is established at 
Exeter. 



* * Osmium is discovered by Tennant. 

* * The Philological Society is instituted 
at Manchester. 

± * * London. A large planetarium is 
constructed by the Rev. Wm. Pearson 
for the Royal Institution. 

* * Edinburgh. The College of Sur- 
geons is founded. 

* -■- Palladium is discovered in platinum 
ore by Dr. William H. Wollaston. 

* * Congreve military rockets are in- 
vented by Sir William Congreve. 

1804 Jan. 30. Mungo Park starts on 
his second voyage to Africa. 

Sept. 1. Juno is discovered by Harding. 

* * London. The [Royal] Horticultural 
Society is established. [1809, Chartered.] 

* *Woolf's double cylinder expansion 
engine is constructed. 

* * London. The atomic theory is an- 
nounced by John Dalton in a lecture. 
Each body is composed of atoms of defi- 
nite size and weight. [1S0S. Publishes 
his views in his Sew System of Chemical 
Philosophy.] 

* * The invention of a sewing-machine 
is ascribed to John Duncan; also an 
embroidery machine. 

* * London. Stereotyping is revived by 
Wilson. 

* * Rhodium is discovered in platinum 
ore by Dr. Wollaston. 

* * London. The Ophthalmic Hospital 
Royal, at Finsbury, is established. 

1804-09 The docks at Bristol are built. 

1805 Dec. 26. The great aqueduct on 
the Ellesmere Canal is opened; length, 
1,007 feet; height, 126 feet. 

* * Power-looms are successfully and 
widely introduced. 

* * London. The London Institution 
for the diffusion of knowledge is founded 
by Sir Francis Baring and others. 

* * London. The British Institution is 
founded for the encouragement of ar- 
tists. [1806. June 18. Opened.] 

* * The Royal Medical and Chirurgical 
Society is formed. [1834. Chartered.] 

* * James "Wyatt becomes president of 
the Royal Academy. [1306. Benjamin 
West.] 

1806 Aug. 4. London. The East In- 
dia docks are opened. 

Sept. 18. London. Olympic Theater is 

opened. 
Nov. 27. London. The Adelphi Theater, 

formerly Sans Pareil. is opened. 

* * London. The Goddess of Discord is 
exhibited by Joseph M. Turner at the 
British Institute. He paints Garden of 
Hesperides. 

* * Manufactories are warmed by steam. 

* * Davy studies electrolysis; discovers 
sodium and potassium. 

* * The Theater Royal, Manchester, is 
built. 

* *The Stanhope iron printing-press is 
in general use. 

1806-09 Afr. Henry Salt makes ex- 
plorations in Africa. 

1806-10 Scot. Bell Rock lighthouse 
is erected for Frith of Tay ; height, 115 
feet. 

1807 Apr.* The Rev. Mr. Forsythe pat- 
ents the percussion method of igniting 
gunpowder in muskets. 

Oct. 6. London. Sir Humphry Davy 
separates potassium, sodium, etc., by 
the galvanic current. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1803 * * Astle, Thomas, antiquary, A68. 
Barry, Martin, physiologist, born. 
Beattie, James, pod, Scotland, A68. 
Beddoes, Thomas Lovell, poet, born. 
Blanchard, Laman, journalist., born. 



Borrow, George, traveler, born. 

Brooke, Sir James, Raja of Sarawak, born. 

Bulwer Lytton. Edward George Earle Lyt- 
ton, poet, novelist, statesman, born. 

Coleridge, Sarah, author, born. 

Cooper, Thomas S., painter, born. 

Costello, Dudley, journalist, author, born. 

Cullen, Paul, cardinal, archb. of Dublin, b, 

Emmet, Robert, United Irishman, A25. 

Grant, Sir [-"ram-is, artist, Scotland, born. 

Griffin, Gerald, novelist, Ireland, born. 

Guthrie. Thomas, cl., philan., Scotland, b. 

Hannlion, Sir William., antiquary, states- 
man, Scotland, A73. 

Home, Richard Hengist, traveler, author, b. 

James, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor of pho- 
tozincography, born. 

Jerrold, Douglas "Wm. .humorist, novelist,b. 

Liversegge, Hemv, painter, born. 

Lubbock, Sir John William, math., au., b. 

Miller, Wm. H., physicist, mineralogist, b. 

Outram, sir James, general, born. 

O'Hrien, William Smith, patriot, Ireland, b. 

Paxton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, b. 

Ritson, Joseph, antiquary, A51. 

Rose, Hugh Henry. Lord Slrathnairn, gen., b. 

Salt, Sir Titus, manufacturer, born. 

Stephenson. Robert, engineer, born. 

Swain, Charles, poet, born. 

Thonis, William John, antiquary, born. 

Whitworth, Sir Joseph, mechanician, born. 

Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, court painter, b. 
1804 * * Allom, Thomas, painter, born. 
P.oydell, John, engr., lord mayor of L., A85. 
R.oucher, Jonathan, pol. writer, phil., A66. 

Bryant, Joseph, author, A89. 

Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle, statesman, 
diplomat, born. 

Carlyle, Joseph Dacre, orientalist, A45. 



Gould, John, naturalist, born. 
Hervey, Thomas Kibble,' born. 
Ho witt, Mary Botbam, mis. writer, born. 
Johnston, Alex. Keith, geographer, Scot., b. 
Ker, John, biblio.giapher, A64. 
Kit-to, John, Biblical scholar, author, born. 
Lander, Richard, African traveler, born. 
Lough, John Graham, sculptor, born. 
Michel, Sir John, general, born. 
Owen, Sir Richard, anatomist, zoologist, b- 
Priestley, Joseph, philosopher, A71. 
Salter, William, painter, bom. 
Sehomburgk, Sir Robert Hermann, German- 
English, traveler, born. 
Tennant, Sir James Emerson, states., hist., b. 

1805 Dec. 24. Beaconsfield, Earl of, 
Benjamin Disraeli, statesman, born. 

A ins worth, William Harrison, novelist, born. 

Banks, Thomas, sculptor, A70. 

Burnes, Sir Alex., traveler, dipl., Scot., born. 

Buchan, William, phys., author, Scot., A76. 

Comwallis, second Earl and first Mar- 
quis of, Charles, general, statesman, A 67- 

Currie, James, phys., editor, an., Scot., A49. 

Fitzroy, Robert, vice-adm., meteorologist, b. 

Graham, Thomas, chemist, born. 

Hamilton, Sir "William Rowan, mathema- 
tician, philosopher, Ireland, born. 

Kean, Ellen Tree, actor, born. 

Landsdowne, first Marquis of, William Petty 
Fitzmaurice, statesman, Ireland, A68. 

Lewis, John Frederick, painter, born. 

Mahony, Francis (Father Prout), clergyman, 
author, Ireland, born. 

Martineau, James, Unit, cl., author, born. 

Merivale. Herman, author, born. 

Murphy, Arthur, dramatist, au.. Ire., A78. 

Nelson, Viscount Horatio, admiral, A47. 

Newman, Francis William, author, born. 

Paley, "William, clergyman, theological 
writer, philosopher, A 62. 

Stanhope, Farlof, L'hilipHenry, LordMahon, 
•historian, statesman, born. 

"Wilberforce, Samuel, bishop of Oxford and 
Winchester, philan.. statesman, orator, h. 

1806 May 20. Mill, John Stuart, politi- 
cal economist, logician, philosopher, born. 

t- Alcock, John, musical comp., A91. 
Barry, James, painter. Ireland, A65. 
Brunei, Isambard K., engineer, born. 
Iiuller, Charles, statesman, born. 
Carter, Elizabeth, scholar, poet, Ire., A89. 
He Morgan, Augustus, mathematician, born. 
Duff, Alexander, missionary, Scot., bom. 
Dvee, William, historical paiider, Scot., b. 
Fox, Charles James, orator, states., A57. 
(iaiintlett, Henry John, composer, bom. 
Grant, James, journalist, novelist, horn. 
Harvey, Sir George, painter, Scotland, born. 
Lawrence, Henry Montgomery, general, b. 
Lever, Charles James, novelist, Ireland, b. 
Lewis, Sir George Cornew all. statesman, b. 
Macartney. Earl of, George, dipl., Ire., A69- 
Pardoe, Julia, novelist, horn. 
Parker. John Henry, archeulogist, born. 
Pitt, William, orator, statesman. A47. 



AND IRELAND. 



1803,**-1807, 



933 



Strickland, Agnes, historian, born, 
Thurlow, Lord Edward, statesman, A74. 
White, Henry Kirke, poet, A21. 
807 * * Ashpitel, Arthur, arch., archeol., b. 
Doran, John, miscellaneous writer, born. 
Gibson, Thomas Milner, statesman, bom. 
Herbert, Henry William, novelist, born. 
Hilton, John, surgeon, author, born. 
Hunt, Robert, physician, author, born. 
Kemble, John M., scholar, historian, born. 
Lucas, John, painter, born. 
M'Clure, Sir Kobert J. Le Mesurier, arctic 

explorer, born. 
JIalmesbury, third Earl of, James Howard 

Harris, statesman, born. 
Manning, Henry Edward, cardinal, au., b. 
Montgomery, Robert, poet, Scotland, born. 
Sclimitz, Leonard, classical schol., philol., b. 
Trench, Richard Cheiicvix, poet, philologist, 

theologian, Ireland, born. 
Trevelyan, Sir Charles Kdward, states., b. 
"Walker, John, lexicographer, A75. 
Warren, Samuel, leyal writer, novelist, born. 
York, Duke of, Henry Benedict Stuart, 

grandson of James II., last of the Stuarts, 



\*'2 



CHURCH. 



1804 Mar. 7- London. A meeting of 
300 persons of all denominations leads to 
the organization of The British and 
Foreign Bible Society. 

1805 ** Charles Manners Sutton is 
elected archbishop of Canterbury. 

1806 * * The Hibernian Bible Society- 
is formed. 

LETTERS. 

1803-08 The History of Cornwall, by R. 

Pohvhele, appears. 
1805* * Hertford College, Oxford, is 

dissolved. 

* * Principles of Hainan Action, by Wil- 
liam Hazlitt, appears. 

* * Twiss's Index to Shakespeare appears. 

* * London Institution, for the advance- 
ment of literature and the diffusion of 
useful knowledge, in imitation of the 
Royal Institution, is founded by Sir 
Francis Baring and others. 

* * Scot. The Lay of the Last Minstrel, 
by Sir Walter Scott, appears. [1S08, 
Marmion; 1810, Lady of the Lake; 1811, 
The Vision of Don Roderick; 1813, The 
Bride of Triermain.] 

1806 * * Haileybury College, Herts, 
for preparing students for service in 
India, is founded by the East India 
Company. 

* * The Portico, Manchester, is erected. 

* * Essays, by John Foster, appears. 
1806-16 History of British India, by 

James Mill, appears. 

1806-37 London. The Monthly Reposi- 
tory is issued. 

1807* * A- subscription library is 
founded at Exeter. 

* * The North Wales Chronicle is issued. 

* * The Parish Her/infer, by George Crabbe, 
appears. [1812," Tales in Verse.] 

* * Tales from Shakespeare, by Charles 
Lamb, appears. [1808, Sped Imens of Eng- 
lish Dramatic Poets Contemporary with 
Shakespeare.] 

* * Scot. Poems, by Robert Tannahill, 
appears. 

* * Poems, by Wordsworth, appears. 

* * Hours of Idleness, by Lord Byron, ap- 
pears. [1809, English Bards and Scotch 
Reviewers.] 

SOCIETY. 
1805 Jan. 17. TheOrder of the Gar- 
ter is reconstituted ; it is to consist of 
the sovereign, the Prince of Wales, 25 
knights companions, and lineal descen- 
dants of George III. when elected. 



' * A fever hospital is erected at Man- 
chester. 
' * London. A Refuge for the Destitute 

Sriminal young females) is instituted at 
alston. 



STATE. 

1803-14 S. Amer. Guiana is obtained 
by conquest and cession. 

1804 Feb. 12-Apr. 23. The king's 
mind is again affected. 

May 10. Addington resigns. 

May 15. Pitt again becomes premier, 
but on the condition dictated by the 
king that he must not support proposals 
for Catholic emancipation, or repeal of 
the Test Act. Lord Eldon and George 
Canning are ministers. 

Viscount Melville is made first lord 
of the admiralty. [1805, May 2, Lord 
Barham ; 180G, Feb. 10, Charles Grey ; 
Oct. 23, Thomas Grenville; 1807, Apr. 6, 
Lord Mulgrave; 1809, May 10, Charles 
Yorke ; 1812, Mar. 25, Viscount Melville,] 

Dec. 12. Spain as an ally of France de- 
clares war against England. 

1805 Apr. 11. A treaty with Russia 
is signed, forming an alliance against 
France. 

July * E. I. Lord Cornwallis is gov- 
ernor-general. [Oct. * Sir G. Barlow, 
temporarily.] 

Sept. 8. A third coalition is formed 
against France by Great Britain, Russia, 
Sweden, Austria, and Naples (p. 715). 

Oct. 21. Nelson's naval victory at Traf- 
algar destroys Napoleon's hopes of suc- 
cessfully invading England. 

1806 Jan. 9. S. Afr. The Cape of 
Good Hope is taken from the Dutch 
by Sir Home Popham. 

Jan. 23. William Pitt dies. 

Peb. 11. Lord Grenville is appointed 
premier. [He forms a Ministry known 
as " All the Talents ; " it includes Lord 
Erskine as lord chancellor, Charles 
James Fox as foreign secretary, and 
Sir Charles Grey [Lord Howick and 
Earl Grey] as first lord of the admiralty.] 

Mar. 18. Ire. The Duke of Bedford 
is appointed lord-lieutenant. [Mar. 26. 
George Ponsonby, lord high chancel- 
lor.] 

Mar. 31. Parliament: The antisla- 
very question is introduced with the 
concurrence of Lord Grenville and Mr. 
Fox. 

May 29. A warrant is issued for the 
" delicate investigation" by a com- 
mittee of the Privy Council into the 
conduct of Caroline, the Princess of 
Wales [later queen of George IV. 1807 
and 1813. Charges disproved]. 

June 26. Lord Melville is acquitted 
after trial on impeachment. 

July 2. S. Amer. Sir Home Popham, 
without authority, takes Buenos Ayres 
from the Spanish. 

Oct. 6. Great Britain, Russia, Prussia, 
and Saxony form the fourth coalition 
against France. 

Nov. 21. Napoleon issues the Berlin 
decree (p. 717). 

Dec. 15. Parliament meets. [1807. 
Apr. 29. Dissolved.] 



* * Sir Arthur Wellesley enters Parlia- 
ment. 

* * Thomas Erskine [Lord Erskine] is 
appointed lord chancellor. 

* * London. Sir William Leighton is 
elected lord mayor. [ISO", John Ainsley ; 
1808, Sir Charles Fowler; 1809, Thomas 
Smith; 1810, Joshua Jonathan Smith.] 

1807 Jan. 7. Orders in Council are 
made against the Berlin decree ; it de- 
clares France and all countries under 
her control to be in a state of blockade. 



Mar. 25. A bill for the abolition of the 
slave-trade receives the royal assent 
after passing Parliament. 

Mar. 31. The Ministry refusing to give 
a pledge demanded by the king that they 
will "never under any circumstances 
propose any concession to the Catho- 
lics," a new administration is formed. 
The Duke of Portland (premier), 
Spencer Perceval (CIim nc Kxeheq.),Lord 
Eldon (L. Chanc), Lord Hawkesbury 
(Home Sec), George Canning (Foreign 
Sec), Lord Castlereagh (War and Col. 
Sec), the Duke of Richmond (L. Lieut. 
Ire.), and Sir Arthur Wellesley (Chief 
Sec, Ire.). 

Apr. 29. Parliament proscribes slavery 
in the West Indies. 

May * Ire. Thomas Manners Sutton 
[Lord Manners] is appointed lord high 
chancellor. 

June 22. Parliament meets. [1812, 
Sept. 24. Dissolved.] 

July 2. U. S. A. The President orders 
British ships to evacuate American 
ports in consequence of the capture of 
the Chesapeake by an English war-ship. 

July 7-9. Prus. The Peace of Tilsit 
(p. 717.) 

July 31. E. I. Lord Minto is ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

Aug. * England demands from Denmark 
the surrender of her fleet (p. 639). 
Denmark refuses. [Sept. 8. It is sur- 
rendered after the bombardment of 
Copenhagen for four days.] 

Sept. 5. Ger. Helgoland is taken from 
Denmark. 

Oct. * The ports of Portugal are closed 
to English shipping under a menacing 
demand by Napoleon. 

Dec. 17. Napoleon issues the Milan 
decree, declaring British dominions 
blockaded in all parts of the world. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1805 Feb. 6. The East Indiaman 
Abergavenny is wrecked on the Bill of 
Portland ; 300 persons are drowned. 

Aug. 12. London. The Surrey Theater 

is burned. 
Oct. 25. The transport JEneas founders 

off Newfoundland; 340 persons are 

drowned. 
Dec. 2. The transport A urora is wrecked 

on the Goodwin Sands ; 300 are drowned. 

1806 Sept. 21. The packet King George, 
from Parkgate to Dublin, is lost on the 
Hoyle bank ; 125 persons are drowned. 

1807 Oct. 15. A fire panic, caused 
by a false alarm, occurs in Sadler's 
Wells ; 18 persons are trampled to 
death. 

Nov. 16. Part of the Brighton cliff 
falls. 

Nov. 19. Ire. The Parkgate packet 
Prince of Wales and the transport Roch- 
dale are wrecked on Dunleavy Point, 
near Dublin ; 300 persons are drowned. 



934 1807,**-1812, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1808 Mar. 8. E. I. The defeated 
French frigate Piedmon false, 50 guns, 
surrenders to the frigate St. Fiorenza 
off Cape Coraorin ; ('apt. Hardinge, com- 
mander of the British, is killed. 

1808-14 Periodof the Peninsula "War. 
Spain and Great Britain unite against 
France; it is caused by Napoleon's at- 
tempt to place his brother Joseph upon 
the Spanish throne. 

Aug. 21. Port. Battle of Vimeiro (p. 
716). The 16,000 British lose 800 killed 
and wounded ; 14,000 French lose*2,000 
killed and wounded, and 400 taken pris- 
oners, including Brennier. 

Sept. 3. Port. A Russian fleet of sev- 
eral sail is captured in the Tagus by the 
English. 

1809 Jan. 2. The British under Lord 
Cochrane capture two French ships-of- 
war and 11 victuallers bound for Barce- 
lona, Spain. 

Jan. 16. Sp. Battle of Corunna (p. 
718); 14,000 British lose 1,000 killed and 
wounded ; French loss, 3,000 killed and 
wounded. 

Mar. 25. Sir David Dundas is appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

Apr. 2. Sir Arthur Wellesley [Duke of 
Wellington] is ordered to Portugal. ' 

Apr. 11-29. JV.Fr. Lords Gambier 
and Cochrane destroy 14 French 
ships of the line while riding at anchor 
in Basque Roads. 

* * W. Afr. Senegal is taken by the 
British. 

July 27, 28. Sp. Battle of Talavera 
(p. 718). The 45,000 French lose 8,700 
killed and wounded ; British loss, 6,260 
killed and wounded. [Sept. 4. Wellesley 
is thanked by Parliament, and created 
a peer, with the titles Baron Douro of 
Wellesley, and Viscount Wellington of 
Talavera, and with a pension of £2,000.] 



July 28-Dec. 25. The [unsuccessful] 
Walcheren expedition. 

An expedition is sent under the com- 
mand of the Earl of Chatham and Sir 
Richard Strachan to the Scheldt Neth- 
erlands, to make a diversion in favor of 
the allies, who are pressed in Austria by 
Napoleon ; it consists of 35 ships of the 
line and 200 smaller vessels, and 40,000 
troops. 

(Adg. 15.) Flushing, Isle of Walche- 
ren, is bombarded and captured. 

(Dec. 25.) The ravages of the marsh 
fever force the British to evacuate Wal- 
cheren in the face of the enemy, and re- 
linquish a costly expedition. 

Aug. 23. E. I. A mutiny at Seringa- 
patam is quelled. 

Oct. 25. Sp. Lord Collingwood attacks 
a French fleet off the northeast coast 
of Spain, and drives on shore two frig- 
ates, which are burned by their crews. 

Wot. 1. Sp. Lieut. Tailour with a Brit- 
ish fleet takes or destroys 11 French 
ships in the Bay of Rosas. 

Dec. 18. W. I. Two French frigates 
are taken and destroyed in Basse-Terre- 
Roads by Sir A. Cochrane. 

1810 July 17. Fr, The British ships 
Armide and Cadmus take or destroy 17 
vessels at the Isle of Rhe. 

Aug. 23. The war-ships Sirius and Ma- 
gicienne are wrecked while advancing 
to attack the French, off the Isle of 
France. 

Sept. 27. Sp. Battle of Busaco (p. 718). 



Oct. 9. Port. Wellington at Torres 
Vedras, near Lisbon (p. 718). 

Dec. 22. Neth. The war-vessel Mino- 
taur is lost on the Haak Bank ; 60 per- 
sons perish. 

1811 Jan. 16. Capt. Barrett, with the 
merchant ship Cumberland, defeats 
four privateers, and takes 170 prison- 

Feb. 13. The war-ship Pandora is 
wrecked off Jutland; 30 persons per- 
ish. 

Feb. 22. The ships Cerberus and Active 
take 22 vessels from Otranto, Italy. 

Mar. 5. Sp. Battle of Barrosa. 

Gen. Graham [Lord Lynedoch] with 
4,000 infantry and 2(H) cavalry defeats 
9,000 French under Marshal Victor ; 
French loss, 2,000 killed and wounded, 
300 prisoners; British loss, 1,200 killed 
and wounded. 

Mar. 13. Capt. Wm. Hoste with four 
British frigates defeats a French fleet 
in the Adriatic Sea, off Lissa ; French 
loss, two ships taken and one destroyed. 

Mar. 25. Fr. The French frigate Ama- 
zon is destroyed off Cape Barfleur. 

May 1. Fr. Capt. Barrie burns two 
French store-ships in Sagone Bay, Cor- 
sica. 

May 5. Sp. "Wellington defeats the 
French (p. 718) ; 1,500 are killed on both 
sides. [May 10. He captures Almeida.] 

May 16. Sp. Battle of Albuera (p. 
718). 

French loss, 8,000 killed and wounded ; 
allies' loss, over G,U00 killed and wounded. 

May 20. Three British frigates under 
Capt. Schomberg engage three French 
frigates, with troops on board, off Mada- 
gascar, and capture two. 

May 29. The Duke of York is again 
appointed commander-in-chief. 

Nov. 29. The French frigates Pauline 
and Pomone are captured by the frig- 
ates Alceste, Active, and Unite. 

Dec. 4. The war-frigate Saldanha is 
lost on the Irish coast ; 300 persons 
perish. 

Dec. 24. The war-ships St. George, De- 
fence^ and Hero are wrecked on the 
'coast of Jutland; Adm. Reynolds and 
nearly 2,000 persons perish. 

1811-12 S. Afr. "War with the Kafirs 
(p. 597). 

1812 Jan. 19. Sp. "Wellington 
storms and captures Ciudad Rodrigo. 

Feb. 21. The French ship Pivoli, 84 guns, 
is taken by the British ship Victorious, 
74 guns. 

Apr. 6. Sp. "Wellington storms and 
takes Badajoz ; British loss during the 
20 days' siege, 72 officers and 963 men 
killed, and 306 officers and 3,483 men 
wounded. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1807 * * London. Gas is introduced in 
Pall Mall. 

* * London. The Geological Society is 
organized. [1826. Chartered.] 

* * Dr. Wollaston invents a camera lu- 
cida. 

* *Wm. Southwell patents his cabinet 
pianos. 

* * Sir George Cayley invents a hot-air 
engine. 

1808 Feb. * A life-saving apparatus, 
invented by Capt. Manby, is brought 
into use. Communication with the dis- 



tressed vessel is effected by a rope 
attached to a shot thrown from a mortar. 

* * Magnesium is first obtained from 
magnesia by Sir Humphry Davy. 

1809 * * A zinc-mine is discovered at 
Craven, Yorkshire. 

Oct. 25. The statue of George DX is 
commenced at Liverpool. 

* * The statue of the Duke of Bedford, in 
Russell Square, is erected. 

* * London. The English Opera House is 
opened as the Lyceum. 

* * The composition pedal in the organ 
is invented by Bishop. 

1810 * * Apollo and Python is painted by 
Turner. 

* * Steel is cast. 

* * Scot. Sir John Leslie freezes water 
in an air-pump by placing a vessel of 
sulphuric acid under it. 

1810-57 The Liverpool and Birkenhead, 
docks are built. [1821. July 19. Princes' 
dock, Liverpool, opened.] 

1811 May 9. London. The firststone 
of the Vauxhall Bridge is laid. [Cost 
of the bridge, £150,000. 1816. June 4. 
Opened.] 

Oct. 11. London. The Waterloo 
Bridge is commenced by John Rennie. 

Oct. 15. A brilliant comet is especially 
conspicuous. [It is visible all the 
autumn.] 

* * Hercules restoring Alcestis to Admetus- 
is executed by E. H. Baily. 

* * Sir William Herschel publishes the 
nebular hypothesis. 

* * Scot. Leslie and Melloni study heat 
rays. 

* * Scot. Henry Bell has a steam pas- 
sage-boat on the Clyde. 

* * Steam-power is used to convey coals 
on a railway. 

* *John Pond becomes astronomer 
royal. 

* * The steam printing-press is invented 
by Friedrich Kouig, a German. 

* * John Burn patents a machine for 
making bobbin lace. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1808 * * Anderson, James, econ., Scot., A69. 
Balfe, Michael William, musician, composer, 

Ireland, born. 
Balfour, John H., botanist, phvsician, born. 
Beddoes, Thomas, phys., chemist, au., A48. 
Oarleton, SirCuy, rnaj.-gen. in Am., Ire., A84- 
Falconer, Hugh, geologist, born. 
Ferrier, James, metaphysician, Scot., born. 
Francis, Sir Philip, states., au., Ire., A68. 
Gray, George Robert, ornithologist, born. 
Home, John, dram., hist., poet, Scot., A84. 
Hurd, Richard, bp. of Worcester, au., A88. 
Lake, Viscount Gerard, general, A64. 
Merivale, Charles, historian, born. 
Nasmyth, James. Inventor, horn. 
Norton, ('aniline Elizabeth, poet, novelist, b. 
Porson, Richard, Creek scholar, an., A49. 
Rothschild, Karon Lionel Nathan, hanker, b. 
Russell, John, engineer, Scotland, born. 
Taylor, Meadows, novelist, born. 
Thorpe, Benjamin, philosopher, author, b. 

1809 Feb. 12. Darwin. Charles R., nat- 
uralist, philanlhropist, author, born. 

Dec. 29. Gladstone, "William Ewart, 
statesman, author, orator, scholar, born. 

Aug. 6. Tennyson, Alfred, poet-laure- 
ate, born. 

Adam, Alexander, grammarian, geographer, 
antiquary, Scotland, A68. 

Bartlet.t, William H., artist, traveler, au., b. 

Bennett, Sir .lames Kisdon, physician, born. 

Bentmck, William H. €., statesman, A69. 

Blackie, John Stuart, author, Scotland, h. 

Boulton, Matthew, engineer, A81. 

Browning, Elizabeth Barrett, poet, born. 

Burton, John Hill, historian, Scotland, born. 

Clarke, Mary Victoria Cowden, mis. wr., b. 

Donovan, John, are heolagist, Ireland, born. 

Eden, Sir Fred. Morton, statistical wr., A43. 

Klphinston, James, poet, gram., Scot., A88. 

Forbes, James David, physicist, Scot., born- 

Holcroft, Thomas, dramatist, mis. writer, b- 



AND IRELAND. 



1807,* * -1812, Apr. 6. 935 



Lambert, Daniel, giant <7:.tti pounds), A40. 



Mackenzie, Hobrrt slu-'luni, journalist, lre.,b. 
Milnes, Ihrbanl Monekion, siatesman, born. 
Moore, Sir John, lieut. -general, Scot., A48. 
O'Shaughnessy, Sir William Brooke, electri- 
cian, Ireland, born. 
Sandby, Paul, painter, A84. 
Selwyn, ceurge Augustus, bishop, author, b. 
Seward, Anna, poet, A(i2. 
Todd, Kohert I'... phvsi"lugist, anatomist, b. 
1810* * A'liecket, Gilbert Abbott, comic 
writer, born. 
Alford, Henry, clergyman, poet, born. 

Amelia, princess, dan. <>t i.ieorge III., A27. 

Armstrong, Sir William George, inv., b. 

Baring, Sir Francis, financier, A70. 

Cavendish, Henry, chemist, nat. pliil., A79. 

Chandler, llicliard, areheolnejst, A72. 

Colli ngwood, Lord Cuthbert, adm., A60. 

Dillte, Charles Went worth, pol. econ., b. 

Fox, Sir Charles, civil engineer, born. 

Gaskel, Klizabeth Cleghorn Stevenson, nov- 
elist, born. 

Grosse, Philip Henry, naturalist, born. 

Herbert, Lord Sidney, statesman, horn. 

Hinton, .lames Howard, Ba.pt. el., an., horn. 

Kane, Sir liobert. chemist, Ireland, horn. 
Lawrence, Lord, John L. M., gov.-gen., b. 

Miller, William, poet, Scotland, horn. 

Moleswortli, Sir William, statesman, born. 

Napier, Baron, liobert Cornelis, general, b. 

Poole, Paul Falconer, painter, born. 

Kawlinson, Sir Henry C, orientalist, dip- 
lomatist, born. 

Tannahill, Robert, poet, Scotland, A36. 

Trollope, Thomas Adolplms, author, born. 

Twiss, Sir Travel's, jurist, born. 

Tupper, Martin Kannihar, writer, born. 

Windham, William, orator, statesman, A60. 

Warburton, Eliot B. G., author, Ireland, b. 

Wright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, born. 
1811 July 18. Thackeray, William 
Makepeace, poet, novelist, born. 

Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton, states- 
Bo wyer, Sir George, jurist, born. 

Bright, John, orator, statesman, horn. 

Budd, William, physician, born.' 

Cope, Charles West, painter, horn. 

Cooke, Edward William, historical p., born. 

Cumberland, Richard, dramatist, A79. 

Domett, Alfred, poet, born. 

Donaldson, John N., classical scholar, born. 

Draper, John W., chemist, born. 

Dundas, Henry, Viscount Melville, states- 
man, Scotland, A70. 

Grahame, James, lawyer, poet, philanthro- 
pist, Scotland, A46. 

Hallam, Arthur Henry, essayist, poet, born. 

Kean, Charles John, actor, born. 

Kemble, Frances Anne, actor, born. 

Kinglake, Alexander William, historian, b. 

Leyden, John, poet, orientalist, Scot., A36. 

Liddell, Henry Geo., classical sctiol., hist., b. 

Lowe, Robert, statesman, born. 

Maskelyne, Nevil, astronomer, A79. 

McCosh, James, metaphysician, Scot., b. 

Maclise, Daniel, hist, painter, Ireland, b. 

Newcastle, Duke of, Henry Pelham Clinton, 
statesman, born. 

Percy, Thomas, bishop of Droniore, au., A82. 

Raikes, Robert, fdr. Sunday-schools, A 86. 

Simpson, Sir James Young, pliys., Scot., b. 

Scott, Sir George Gilbert, architect, born. 

Tait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of 
Canterbury, born. 

CHURCH. 

1808* *The London Society for Pro- 
moting Christianity among the Jews 
is formed. 

1810 * * The Primitive Methodists are 



* * The Swedenborg Society is founded. 

LETTERS. 

1807-34 Irish Melodies, hy Thomas 
Moore, appears. [1813, The Twopenny 
Postbag.] 

1808 * * A mineralogy professorship is 
founded at Cambridge. 



* * Ccelebs in Search of a Wife, by Han- 
nah More, appears. [1813, Christian 
Morals.] 

* * Scot. Gertrude of Wyoming , by 
Thomas Campbell, appears. 

1810 * * Scot. Philosophical Essays, by 
Dugald Stewart, appears. 

* * Scot. History of the Revolution of 16SS 
and Progress of Ethical Philosophy, by 
Sir James Mackintosh, appear. 

* * London. Baptist College, Regent's 
Park, is founded. 

* * The Friend, by Coleridge, appears. 
[1813, Remorse, a tragedy ; 1816, Christa- 
bel and Kubla Khan; 1817, Biographia 
Literaria.] 

* * Scot. The Edinburgh Encyclopaedia, 
edited by Sir David Brewster, is begun. 

* * Poems, by Allan Cunningham, appears. 

1811 * * Training-schools are begun by 
the National Society. 

* * Sense and Sensibility, by Jane Austen, 
appears. [1813, Pride and Prejudice; 
1814, Mansfield Park; 1816, Emma; 1S18, 
Northanger Abbey and Persuasion.'] 

1811-25 London. The British Review is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1807 * * The Government reports that 
since 1702 more than 3,500,000 Africans 
have been torn from their country as 
slaves, and had either perished on the 
passage or been sold as slaves in the 
West Indies. 

* * London. The African Institution, 
for the abolition of the slave-trade and 
the civilization of Africa, is founded. 

* * London. The Female Penitentiary, 
Pentonville Road, is established. 

1808 May 23. Riots occur among 
weavers on account of low wages. 

June 25. Major Campbell kills Capt. 
Boyd in a duel. [Oct. 2. Executed.] 

* * The death penalty for pickpockets 
stealing to the value of rive shillings is 
abolished. [1809. Also for stealing 
goods from bleaching-grounds.] 

1809 Jan. * The Duke of York, com- 
mander-in-chief, is charged with gross- 
est indecency in connection with Mrs. 
Mary Ann Clarke ; sales of commission 
by her, the Duke's mistress, are alleged. 

June 27. A quarrel between a party of 
dragoons and a press-gang occasions a 
riot in Liverpool. 

Sept. 18-Dec. 16. London. The O. P. 
(old prices) riots occur in the new Co- 
vent Garden Theater ; they are caused by 
the increased prices of admission, and 
cease only when the old prices are re- 
stored. 

Sept. 21. Lord Castlereagh wounds 
George Canning in a duel. 

Oct. 25. The nation celebrates the 50th 
year of the reign of George III. by a 
jubilee. 

* *A sheriffs' fund for assisting dis- 
charged prisoners commenced. 

1810 Sept. 6. Mr. Clarke kills George 
Payne in a duel. 

* * Edinburgh. An asylum for the deaf 
and dumb is opened by T. Braidwood. 

* * Henry Duncan establishes the Parish 
Bank Friendly Society. 

1811 Mar. 4. Ensign de Balton kills 
Capt. Boardman in a duel. 

Nov.* -12 Jan.* Machinery-frame 
breaking riots occur at Nottingham. 

Caused by popular opposition to the 
introduction of labor-sitving machinery ; 
the rioters are called Luddites, from Ned 
Lud, an idiot, who began the practice. 
[The act is made a capital offense.] 

1812 Mar, 16. London. William Cun- 
dell, alias Connell, and John Smith, 



British subjects, taken in the enemy's 
service in the Isles of France and Bour- 
bon, are beheaded at Horsemonger 
Lane. 

STATE. 

1808 July* -Nov.* The Walcheren 
expedition, sent to Antwerp to destroy 
the locks and shipping, fails ; the fail- 
ure causes a rupture between Lord Cas- 
tlereagh and Canning, and both resign. 

Aug. 30. Port. The Convention of 
Cintra (p. 717). 

Nov. 5. Ger. The Convention of Ber- 
lin is entered. 

Napoleon agrees to remit war-debt 
money to Prussia in order to withdraw 
troops from Prussian fortresses to reen- 
force his army in Spain. 

1809 Mar. 17. The Duke of York, 
son of King George, coinm;mder-in-chief 
of the army, is acquitted by the House 
of Commons after trial by impeachment 
on charges of maladministration of his 
office. 

Apr. 9. Great Britain and Austria form 
the fifth coalition against France. 

Apr.* A new Order in Council is isstled 
confining the blockade to France, Hol- 
land, part of Germany, and the north of 
Italy. 

Dec. 2. A new administration is formed : 
Spencer Perceval, premier ; the FJarl 
of Liverpool, secretary of state; and 
Lord Palmerston, secretary of war. 
A general militia act for Ireland is 



1810 Apr. 9. Sir Francis Burdett, 
member of the Commons, is committed 
to the Tower for publishing a letter 
denying the authority of the House to 
imprison for the Gale-Jones case of 
breach of privilege. [A three days' riot 
follows.] 

Oct. * The king becomes insane. 
Dec. * Ind. Ocean. Mauritius is ac- 
quired. 

1811 Feb. 5. Parliament: The Re- 
gency Bill is passed, making the Prince 
of Wales regent of the United .King- 
dom. 

Feb. 6. The prince regent takes the 
oaths before a privy council. [Perceval 
continues premier.] 

* * London. Sir Claudius S. Hunter is 
elected lord mayor. [1812. George Scho- 
ley; 1813, Sir William Domville; 1814, 
Samuel Birch; 1815, 1816, Matthew 
Wood; 1817, Christopher Smith.] 

* * The Mint is finished. 

1812 Feb. 19. Marquis Welle'sley (for- 
eign affairs) resigns because the Govern- 
ment does not prosecute the war with 
vigor. [Castlereagh succeeds him.] 

Apr. 3. An Order in Council revokes 
previous orders regarding America on 
condition that British armed vessels are 
not excluded from her ports while those 
of France are admitted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1808 Aug. 4. The Corn Exchange at 
Liverpool is opened. 

* * London. Covent Garden Theater 
■ned. [1809. Sept. IS. Rebuilt and 



■] 

1809 Feb. 11. London. Three West 
India warehouses burned ; loss, £300,000. 

* * Manchester and Salford water-works 
are established at Manchester. 

* * The Royal Exchange, Liverpool, is 
completed. 

1810 Feb. 11. St. Nicholas Tower, 
Liverpool, falls, killing 28 persons. 

Mar. 9. London. The city is rendered 
impassable for several hours by aheavy 
rain. 

Dec. * A great commercial embarrass- 
ment occurs. 



936 1812, Apr. 14-1815, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1812 May 22. Capt. Hotham, with the 
Northumberland, captures and destroys 
two French frigates near L'Orient. 

June 18-1815 Feb. 17. War with the 
United States (pp. 118-123). 

July 22. Sp. Battle of Salamanca. 
"Wellington, with 45,000 men, defeats 
the French Marshal Marmont, with 
about the same number; allies' loss, 
5,200 killed and wounded; French loss, 
14,000+ . 

Aug. 12. Sp. Wellington enters Ma- 
drid. 

Sept. 19-Oct. 21. Sp. "Wellington 
unsuccessfully besieges the Castle of 
Burgos, losing 2,000 men killed and 
wounded. 

* * Non-commissioned officers and pri- 
vates of the Royal Engineers get the 
name of Sappers and Miners. 

1813 Feb. 7. In an engagement with 
a French frigate the British frigate 
Amelia loses 46 men killed and 95 
wounded. 

June 21. Sp. Battle of Vittoria. 

Wellington, with an army of 80,000, de- 
feats 70,000 French under Joseph Bona- 
parte and Jourdan; the loss of the 
French is enormous ; besides 6,000 killed 
and wounded, they lose their military 
chest containing ^i. 100,000, also 151 brass 
guns, and a vast quantity of ammuni- 
tion ; British loss, 5,180 killed and 
wounded. 

July 25-Aug. 2. Sp, Battles of the 
Pyrenees between the British under 
Wellington and the French under Soult ; 
the British are generally successful ; the 
French retreat to France. 

Aug. 31. Sp. The British take Saint 
Sebastian (p. 720). 

Oct. 23. The French frigate La Trave, 
44 guns, is captured by the Andromache, 
38 guns. 

Oct. 31. Sp. The Spaniards capture 
Pamplona and its garrison of 4,000 men. 

Hov. 18. Fr. "Wellington crosses the 
river Nivelle, driving the French he- 
fore him, and takes up his position at 
St. Jean de Luz. [Dec. 10, 11, 12. He 
resists the attacks of Marshal Soult.] 

1814 Jan. 6. The British ship Tagus 
captures the French frigate Ceres. 

Jan. 16. The British ship Venerable 

captures the French frigates Alcmene 

and Iphigenia. 
Feb. 3. The Majestic captures the 

French frigate Terpsichore. 
Feb. 25. The Dryad and Achates cap- 
ture the French ship Clorinde after an 

action with the Eurotas. 
Feb. 27. Fr. Battle of Orthez. 

Wellington with 37,000 men defeats 

35,000 French under Marshal Soult: 

French loss, 3,900 killed, wounded, and 

prisoners ; British loss, 2,300. 
Mar. 20. Fr. "Wellington defeats 

Soult at Tarbes. 
Mar. 27. The Hebrus captures the 

French frigate L'Etoile. 
Apr. 10. Fr. Battle of Toulouse; 51,- 

000 allies defeat 138,000 French (p. 720). 
* * The British navy numbers 901 ships, 

177 of the line. 
1814-15 E. I. The Goorkha war. (See 

India.) 



1815 Mar. 13-June 22. The Hun- 
dred Days' "War (p. 722). 

It is caused by the escape of Napoleon 
from Elba, March 13, and his resump- 
tion of the government of France. Eng- 
land and her allies renew hostilities 
against him. 

June 16. Belg. Battle of Q,uatre-Bras 
(p. 722). 

June 18. Belg. Battle of "Waterloo 
(p. 722). 

ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1812 * * London. Hannibal Crossing the 
Alps is exhibited by Joseph M. "W. 
Turner, at the Royal Academy. 

Aug. 12. The Plymouth breakwater 
is begun ; length, 5,280 feet ; base, 360 
feet across. 

* * Scot. Steam-vessels begin to ply on 
the Clyde. [1815. First steam-vessel on 
the Thames.] 

±* *J. W. Hitter constructs his "sec- 
ondary pile." 

1813 * * London. The Philharmonic 
Society is established. [Mar. 8. First 
concert.] 

* * Davy exhibits the voltaic arc. 

* * The Antiquarian Society is estab- 
lished at Newcastle. 

* * Tbe first locomotive or traveling en- 
gine is made by William Hedley of 
Wylam Colliery, as a substitute for 
animal power in a colliery. 

* * London. Marylebone Church is 
commenced by Hardwick. 

1814 Feb. 4. London. Ice forms on 
the Thames above the bridges [and a 
fair is held thereon for eight days]. 

June 1. London. Mrs. Dorothy Bland 
Jordan makes her last appearance as 
lady Teazle. 

Nov. 29. London. The Times, the first 
newspaper printed by steam-power, is- 
sues 1,200 copies per hour. 

Dec. 16-17. A terrific storm sweeps 
over Great Britain and Ireland ; im- 
mense damage is done, and many ships 
wrecked. 

Dec. 20. Wm. Charles Macready, the 
tragedian, makes his first appearance at 
Bath as Borneo. 

* * John Martin's painting, Joshua, is 
completed. [1818, Fall of Babylon; 1821, 
Belshazzar's Feast; 1826, The Deluge; 
1828, Fall of Nineveh.] 

* * Scot. The kaleidoscope is suggested 
by David Brewster. [1817. Perfected.] 

1814-20 London. Gas-light is gener- 
ally introduced. 

* * The Columbian printing-press of 
Clymer is produced. 

* * George Stephenson constructs his 
first locomotive ; it travels six miles 
an hour. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1813 Feb. 7 Dickens, Charles, nov., b. 
Allman, Ceo. .lames, zoologist, b. 
Ballantine, William, lawyer, born. 
Browning, Robert, poet, born. 
Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, hist., born. 
Canning", Earl, Charles John, states., b. 
Dalhousie, first Marquis of, James A. B. R., 

statesman, born. 
Donaldson, John William, philologist, born. 
Ellis, Sarah Stickney, author, born. 
Fullerton, Lady Georgiana, novelist, born. 
Hullah, John, musical composer, Scot., born. 
Kirwan. Richard, chemist, geoL, Ire., A62. 
Latham, Robert Cordon, philologist, born. 
Linton, William James, engraver, born. 



Lindsay, Lord, Alexander W . Crawford, 
traveler, born. 

Mackay, Charles, poet, Scotland, born. 

jVlalone, Edmund, Shakespearean commenta- 
tor, author, Ireland, A71. 

Martyn, Henry, Indian miss., orient., A31. 

Perceval, Spencer, statesman, A50. 

Prestwich, Joseph, geologist, born. 

Pugin, Autfustni Weltiy Northmore, arch., b. 

Selborne, Lord, Sir Koundell Palmer, states- 

Tooke, John Home, politician, philol., A76. 
"Walter, John, founder London Times, A73. 
Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, art-critic, born. 
Yonge, Charles Duke, philologist, born. 

1813 * * Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., b. 
Bessemer, Henry, engineer, inventor of 

Bessemer-steel process, born. 
Birch, Samuel, Egyptologist, born. 
Carp enter, Willi am Benjamin, physiol.,b. 
Fortune, Rohert, hotanist, born. 
Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh, novelist, born. 
Levizac, Sir John, math., natural phil., b. 
Living-stone, David, A frican explorer, 

missionary, Scotland, born. 
Macfarren, George Alexander, composer, b. 
MacCheyne, Rohert Murray, cl., Scot., born- 
Pitman, Isaac, author stenography, born. 
Marshall, William ('aider, sculptor, Scot., b. 
Murray, Alexander, linguist, Scot., A38. 
Robertson, James C, cl., historian, born. 
Scrivener, Frederick Henry, Bib. critic, b. 
Sharp, Granville, philanthropist, A79. 
Thomas, John, sculptor, horn. 
Torrens, William T. M., author, Ireland, b. 
Tytler, Alex. Fraser, jurist, hist., Scot., A66. 
Wvatt, James, architect, A70. 

1814 * * Astley, Philip, equestrian, A72. 
Auckland, Lord, William, statesman, born. 
Bramah, Joseph, mechanician, A65. 
Burdett-Coutts, Baroness, Angela Geor- 

gina, philanthropist, born. 

Burney, Charles, composer, author, A88. 

Coke, Thomas, first bishop of M. E. Church, 
U. S. A.. A67. 

De Vere, Aubrey Thomas, poet, Ireland, b. 

Dibdin, Charles, song-writer, A69. 

Eadie, John, Pies, clergyman, author, born. 

Elmes, llarvev Lonsdale, architect, born. 

Faber, Frederick W., R. C. cl., poet, au.,b. 

Gilbert, Josiah, painter, author, born. 

Howe, Sir "William, general, A85. 

Inglis, Sir John Eardley Wilmot,maj.-gen.,b. 

Kerr, Robert, mis. writer, Scotland, born. 

Lankester, Edwin, phys., hotanist, author, b. 

Lawes, Sir John Bennett, rural economist, b. 

Maskell, William, archeologist, born. 

Ogilvie, John, poet, Scot., A81. 

Paget, Sir James, physician, born. 

Ramsay, Andrew Crombie, geologist, born. 

Reade, Charles, novelist, born. 

Smith, Sir "William, classical scholar, jour- 
nalist, author, born. 

Southeolt, Joanna, fanatic, A64. 

1815 * * Absolon, -John, painter, born. 
Barker, Thomas Jones, painter, born. 
Bird, Cohling. physician, physicist, born. 
Buchanan, < 'laudius, clergyman, writer, d. 
Burke, Sir John Bernard, genealogist, born. 
Clarke, Henry, philologist, engineer, born. 
Corbould, EdVard Henry, water-color p., b. 
Darling, Grace, of Fame Island, heroine, b. 
Ellis, George, author, A70. 

Eyre, Edward John, explorer, diplomatist, b. 

Forbes, Edward, naturalist, born. 

Frere, Sir Henry Battle Edward, states., b. 

Fuller, Andrew, Baptist preacher, au.,A61. 

Granville, Earl, George Leveson-Gower, 
statesman, born. 

Holl, Francis, engraver, born. 

Jenner, Sir William, physician, author, b. 

Legge, James, sinologist, Chinese scholar, 
Scotland, born. - 

M ami ire, John Francis, author, Ireland, b. 

May, Thomas Fiskme, historian, born. 

Mitchel, John, patriot, historian, journal- 
ist, Ireland, born. 

Quekett, John Thomas, mieroscopist, nat., b. 

Eawlinson, George, hist., orient., theol., b. 

Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, dean of West- 
minster, litterateur, born. 

Trollope, Anthony, novelist, born. 

Wallace, William Vincent, composer, lre.,b. 



CHURCH. 

1812 * * Scot. The Congregational 
Union is organized. 

* * Tbe City of London Auxiliary Bible 
Society is formed. 

* * Tbe name of the Society for Africa 
and the East is changed to the (C Church- 
Missionary Society." A year elapses 
"before the society receives a " verbal, 
indirect non-disapproval on the part of 



AND IRELAND. 1812, Apr. 14-1815,* *. 937 



a bishop, and many years before x any 
clergyman of the Church of England, 
offers his services to the Society." 
1813-28. Parliament : Bills in favor of 
the Roman Catholics are frequently 
brought in "without effect. 

1813 * * An Act is passed to exempt Uni- 
tarians from penalties. 

1814 Jan. 13. National thanksgiv- 
ing is ordered for the defeat of Bona- 
parte. 

June 22. London. Prayer -meetings 
for seamen on the Thames are estab- 
lished, the first on the brig Friendship. 

July 7. The three estates of the realm 
unite to offer public thanksgiving at 
St. Paul's for the peace of Europe. 

* * Bishoprics established. Calcutta. 
[1824, Jamaica and Barbados.] 

1815 * * The Bible Christian Society 
(Methodist) is founded by William 
Bryan. 

LETTERS. 

1812 * * The Royal Military College is 
removed from Great Marlow to Sand- 
hurst. 

* * The Roxburghe Club, in memory of 
John, Puke of Roxburgh*.', is instituted 
by Earl Spencer for the republication of 
rare books or unpublished MSS. 

* * The Liverpool Literary and Philo- 
sophical Society is established. 

* * Count Julian, by Landor, appears. 

* * Scot. Isle of Palms, by John "Wilson, 
appears. [1816, City of the Plague.] 

* * Calamities of Authors, by Isaac D'ls- 
raeli, appears'. [1814, Quarrels of Au- 
thors.] 

* * Rejected Addresses, by James and Hor- 
ace Smith, appears. 



1812-18 Childe Harold's Pilgrimage, hj 
Byron, appears. 

[1813, The Giaour and The Bride of 
Abydos: 1814, The Corsair and Lara; 
1815, Siege of Corinth and Parisina; 
1S16, Prisoner of Chilian and other 
poems; 1816, Manfred; 1S19. Mazeppa, 
and the beginning of Don Juan; 1821, 
Cain and other dramas.] 

1813 * * Robert Southey is appointed 
poet-laureate. 

* * The Eclectic Review is issued. 

* * Life of Nelson, by Southey, appearB. 
[1814, Roderick, the Last of the Goths.] 

* * Researches into the Physical History of 
Man, by James Cowles Pricbard, ap- 
pears. 

* * Scot. The Queen's Wake, by James 
Hogg, appears. 

* * Queen Mab, by Shelley, appears. 

1814 * * The Royal Institution, Liver- 
pool, is founded. 

* * Le Chronique de Jersey is issued. 

* * London. The Neio Monthly Magazine 
is issued. 

* * Ire. Patronage, by Maria Edgeworth, 
appears. [1817, Ormond.] 

* * Historic Doubts Relative to Napoleon 
Bonaparte, byRichard Whately, appears. 

* * The Excursion, by "Wordsworth, ap- 
pears. 

[1815, The White Doe of Rylstone, and 
other poems; 1816, Thanksgiving Ode; 
1819, Peter Bell and The Waggoner.] 

* * Scot. Evidences of Christianity, by 
Thomas Chalmers, appears. [1817, As- 
tronomical Discoveries; 1820, Commer- 
cial Discoveries.] 

* * Scot. Waverley and The Lord of the 
Isles, by Scott, appear. 



[1S15, Guy Mannering and The Field 
of Waterloo; 1816, The Antiquary, Old 
Mortality, and The Black Dwarf; 1817. 
Harold the Dauntless; 1818, The Heart of 
Mid-Lothian; 1S19, The Bride of Lamm er- 
mocr and the Legend of Montrose; 1820, 
Ivanhoe, The Monaster?/, and the Abbot; 
1821, Kenihrorth; 1822,' The Pirate and 
Fortunes of Nigel ; 1823, Peveril of the 
Peak and Quentin Durward ; 1824, Red- 
gauntlet and St. Ronan's Well.] 



SOCIETY. 

1812 Apr. 14. Rioters at Sheffield de- 
stroy 800 muskets belonging to the local 
militia. 

May 11. Spencer Perceval, the prime 
minister, is assassinated at the House 
of Commons. 



* * The Dublin. Institution is founded. 

* * Titles created : 

Marquises of Northampton and Camden, 
Earl of Harewood. [1813, Earl of Minto; 
1814, Duke of Cat heart. Viscount of Gordon, 
and Baron of Wellington; 1815, Earls of Ver- 
ulam, St. Germaina, and Morley, Marquises 
of Anglesey and Cholmondeley, Dukes of 
Beauchamp, ISrownlmv, and Bradford, and 
Barons Foxford, Grimstead, Meld rum, 
Churchill, and Harris; 1816, Viscount of 
Exmouth; 1817, Baron Colchester; 1821. Earls 
of Horve and s trad broke, Marquis of Ails- 
bury, Duke of Eldon, Viscount of Hutchin- 
son and Barons Clanbrassi], Forester, Dela- 
mere, Rayleigh, Wemyss, Minster, SUchester, 
Oriel, Ormonde, and Ker.] 

* * Ire. Titles created, Barons Castle- 
ruaine and Decies. [1816, Earl Shefliold, 
Marquises of Londonderry and Conyn- 
ham.and Viscounts Gort and Frankfort ; 
1818, Baron Garvagh.] 

* * The National Benevolent Institu- 
tion, for granting pensions to decayed 
gentry, and to professional people, 
teachers, and others in reduced circum- 
stances, iB established. [1859. Incorpo- 
rated.] 

1813 July 9. Edward Maguire kills 
Lieut. Blumdell in a duel. [1814 Apr. * 
Lieut. Cecil kills Capt. Stackpole.] 

* * London. The London Orphan Asy- 
lum is founded. [1823. Removed to 
Clapton.] 

* * The waltz is introduced from Ger- 
many by Baron Neumaun and others. 

1813-15 London. Whitecross Street 
prison for debtors is erected. 

1814 Aug. 1. A jubilee celebrates 
the general peace and the centenary of 
the accession of the Brunswick family. 

Dec. 16t-. Dublin. A riot occurs at the 
Theater Royal on account of the cele- 
brated Dog of Montargis on several 
nights. 

* * Luddite riots occur at Nottingham. 
[1816. More riots.] 

1815 Jan. 31. Daniel O'Connell kills 
Mr. D'Esterre in a duel. 

Feb. 7. Col. Quentin and Col. Palmer 
fight a duel. 

Mar. 6. London. A riot occurs around 
the Parliament House on account of the 
corn-bill ; many lives are lost. 

Apr. 6. A riot occurs at the depot at 
Dartmoor ; seven American prisoners-of- 
war are killed and 35 wounded. 



STATE. 
1812 June 9. The Earl of Liverpool 

is appointed premier. [Lords Eldon, 
Palmerston, and Castlereagh, and "N. 
Vansittart are ministers.] 
June 18. The United States declares 
war against Great Britain (p. 119). 



June 23. The Orders in Council relat- 
ing to blockade are unconditionally sus- 
pended in regard to America. 

July 6. A treaty of peace is concluded 
with Sweden. 

Nov. 24. Parliament meets. [1818. 
June 10. Dissolved.] 

* *The "fertile belt" in Hudson Bay 
territory is settled by Lord Selkirk. 

* * An Act is passed that bankrupt 
members of the House of Commons 
not paying their debts shall vacate 
their seats. 

1813 Mar. 3. Swe. The Treaty of 

Stockholm is concluded with Sweden. 

July S. Hung. The Convention of 
Peterwardein is entered by England 
and Russia against France. 

July* Parliament: An Act is passed 
opening trade with. India. 

Aug. 26. Ire. Earl Whitworth is ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

Oct. 3. Bohemia. The Treaty of Tep- 
litz, forming an alliance between Great 
Britain and Austria, is signed (p. 521). 

Oct. 4.-23 Jan. 13. Ind. LordMoira, 
Marquis Hastings, is governor-general. 

1814 Jan. 14. Prus. The Treaty of 
Kiel is entered by Great Britain, Swe- 
den, and Denmark (p. 639). 

Mar. 9. Fr. The Treaty of Chaumont 
is concluded between Great Britain, 
Austria, Russia, and Prussia. 

Apr. 11. Fr. Napoleon abdicates. 

May 3. "Wellington is created a duke, 
and is accorded a grant of £13,000 and 
an additional grant of £400,000. 

May 30. Fr. The Treaty of Paris is 
concluded between Great Britain and 
her allies, and Napoleon (p. 721). 

June 28. H. L. The Duke of Welling- 
ton first appears in the House. 

Aug. 13. S.Afr. Cape Colony is 
finally ceded to England. 

Sept. 30. Aust. The Congress of Vi- 
enna holds its first meeting. 

It assembles for the general settlement 
of the affairs of Europe, and is attended 
by representatives from most of the Eu- 
ropean nations (p. 721). 

Dec. 24. Belg. The Peace of Ghent 
is concluded with the United States 
(p. 123). 

1815 Mar. 23. The Treaty of Vienna 

is signed by Great Britain, Austria, Rus- 
sia, and Prussia (p. 521). 

Sept. 26. Paris. The Convention of 
the Holy Alliance is concluded (p. 521). 

!N"ov. 9. Aust. A formal treaty is con- 
cluded and signed at the Congress of 
Vienna. 

Nov. 20. Fr. The Second Peace of 
Paris is concluded between France and 
Great Britain, Austria, Russia, and 
Prussia (p. 723). 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1814* * London. Great improvements 
commenced under the direction of Mr. 
Nash in Regent's Park. The Park 
consists of about 450 acres ; within it 
are the gardens of the Zoological Society 
and the Royal Botanical Society. 

* * Scot. There are five steam-vessels 
in operation. 

* * Wellingt on- rooms at Liverpool are 
erected. 

* * Edinburgh. A savings institution 
is opened. 

1815 Oct 25. Ire. The interior of the 
cathedral of AVaterford is destroyed by 
fire. 



938 1815,**-1819, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1816 Jan. 31. Ire. The Lord Melville 
and the Boadicea, transports, are lost 
near Kinsale ; but few men escape. 

July 28. A fleet under Lord Exmouth 
is sent to the Mediterranean to chastise 
the pirates of the Barbary States. 

Aug. 27. Afr. Battle of Algiers (p. 8). 

Sept. * Several regiments of light dra- 
goons are armed with lances, and get the 
name Lancers. 

Nov. 10. The Harpooner transport is 
wrecked near Newfoundland; 200 per- 
sons are lost. 

1817 * * E. I. War with the Pinda- 
rees. (See India.) 

1818 Jan. * Ind, Peace prevails. 

1819 * * S. Afr. "War with the Kafirs 
(p. 597). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1815* * London. The prince regent pur- 
chases the Phigalian Marbles for the 
British Museum. Portions of the frieze 
of the temple of Apollo Epicurus at Phi- 
galia in Arcadia comprise the collec- 
tion. 



* * Building of Carthage is painted by 
Turner. [1817. Decline of Carthage.] 

* * Wollaston improves the voltaic bat- 
tery. 



* * Edinburgh. Nelson's monument is 
completed. 

* * The first steamer is built in England. 

* * The first steam-vessel on the Thames 
is brought by Mr. Dodd from Glasgow. 

* *The "Geordy" safety-lamp is in- 
vented by George Stephenson, engineer. 

1816 * * The electric telegraph, with 
index and clock-work, is invented by 
Sir Francis Ronalds. 

* * Iron ships are constructed. 

* * London. The Government purchases 
the Elgin Marbles for £35,000, and 
places them in the Museum. (See 1802.) 

* * Stereo plates are employed in book- 
printing by James "Watt. 

* * Lon don. The statue of Charles James 
Fox is erected in Bloomsbury Square. 

* * The Albion printing-press is intro- 
duced. 

1817 Feb. 12. Junius Brutus Booth 
makes his first appearance. 

June 18. London. The "Waterloo 
Bridge, completed bv John Rennie, is 
opened. Length, 1,242 feet; width, 42 
feet ; and the span of each of the nine 
arches, 120 feet ; cost, £475,000. 

* * The Nelson pillar, a fluted column 
140 feet in height, is erected at Yar- 
mouth. 

* * Lithography is introduced. (Par- 
tially known since 1801.) 

* *The hydraulic press is invented by 
Joseph Bramah (or 1796). 

* * Sir William Cubitt of Ipswich invents 
the treadmill for prisoners. The first 
is erected at Brixton jail. 

1818 May 3. Capt. Sir John Ross 
and Lieut. Win. Edward Parry sail from 
Shetland in the Isabella and Alexander 
in search of a Northwest Passage. 

Nov. 2. The Royal Institution is 
opened at Liverpool. [1822. Incorpo- 
rated.] 

* * Capt. David Buchan's and Lieut. Sir 
John Franklin's polar expedition in 
the Dorothea and Trent sails. [It fails.] 

* * London. The Institution of Civil 
Engineers is organized. [1S2S. Char- 
tered.] 



* * Edinburgh. Victoria (Coburg) Theater 
is opened. 

± * * Loudon Macadam's improved roads 
are introduced. 

* * Steam is first used for warming houses. 
1819 Feb.* London. TheHunterian 

Society (surgical) is organized. 

Mar. 24. London. Southwark Bridge is 
opened. 

May 4. Lieuts. Parry and Liddon sail in 
the Hecla and Griper on a polar ex- 
pedition. [1S20. Nov. 3. Return.] 

June 20. The Savannah, the first trans- 
atlantic steamer, arrives at Liverpool 
(p. 126). 

June* About 5,000 acres are deluged in 
the Fen countries. 

* * Subcarbonate of soda is employed in 
photography as a fixing medium by 
Sir John Herschel. 

* * The Cambridge Philosophical Society 
is established. [1832. Chartered.] 

* * Engraving on soft steel, which is 
afterwards to be hardened, is introduced 
by Perkins and Heath of Philadelphia, 
U.S.A. 

* * London. St. Pancras Church is com- 
menced by William inwood. [1822. Com- 
pleted.] 

* * Babylon, a painting by Martin, is com- 
pleted. 

1819-22 Franklin's second expedition 
visits the Arctic Sea. 

* * The publication of the maps made by 
the trigonometrical surveyors of Eng- 
land is commenced. [1862. Completed.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1816 July 7. Sheridan, Richard Brins- 
ley, poet, dramatist, orator, statesman, 
Ireland, A65. 

Aguilar, Grace, novelist, born. 

Bailey, Philip .lames, poet, born. 

Bennett, Sir William, piunis!, composer,!). 

Bront6, Charlotte, novelist, born. 

Caird, James, agriculturist, born. 

Courtenay. Juhn, statesman, au., Ire., A75. 

Duffy, Sir Charles (lavan, patrinl, statesman, 
journalist, author, Ireland, born. 

Ferguson, Adam, historian, moral philoso- 
pher, Scotland, A92. 

Gilbert, Joseph Henry, chemist, born. 

Gull, Sir William, physician, born. 

Hamilton, Elizabeth, author, Ireland, A58. 

Hargraves, Edmund Hammond, traveler,die- 
cover gold-fields, born. 

Hood, Viscount Samuel, admiral, A96. 

Hooker, Joseph I*., physician, botanist., b. 

lUaeCabe, Ed w an], cardinal, Ireland, born. 

Molesworth, William Nassau, el., hist., b. 

Prevost. Sir (Jeorge, general, A49. 

Quain, Richard, physician, born. 

Robertson, Frederick, W., lecturer, born. 

Ryle, John Charles, bishop, author, born. 

Smiles, Samuel, journalist, au., Scot., b. 

Smith, Albert, novelist, humorist, born. 

Stanhope, Earl of, Charles, statesman, in- 
ventor, author, A63. 

Thomson, .lames, civil engineer, born. 

Ward, Edward Matthew, painter, born. 

1817 * * Armitage. Edward, painter, born. 
Austen, Jane, novelist, A42. 

Brown, Samuel, poet, chemist, Scot., born. 

Charlotte Augusta, Princess, daughter of 
George IV., A21. 

Cook, Eliza, poet, born. 

Curran, John I'hilpot, ora., states., Ire., A67. 

Duckworth, Sir John T., admiral, A69. 

Edceworth, h'iehard E., author, Ire., A73. 

Gilbert, sir John, painter, born. 

Helps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, born. 

Holyeake, <leori_ce Jacob, agitator, born. 

Horner, Francis, political economist, states- 
man, A 39. 

Layard, Sir Austen Henry, trav., dip., born. 

Leech, John, artist, caricaturist, born. 

Lewes, Qeorg-e Henry, author, born. 

Miller, William Allen, chemist, born. 

Taylor, Tom, dramatist, born. 

1818 Aug, 22. Hastings, Warren, 
statesman, A85. 

Bain, Alexander, logician, philosopher, 
author, Scotland, born. 

Brunton, May Balfour, novelist, A40. 

Denman, Thomas, physician, A85. 

Drew, Mrs. John (Louisa Jane), actor, b. 

Ellenborough, Lord, Edward Law, chief jus- 
tice, A68. 



Forster, William Edward, statesman, born. 

Foley, John Henry, sculptor, born. 

Froude, James Anthony, historian, born. 

Joule, James P., physicist, born. 

Lewis, Matthew Gregory, nov., dram., A43. 

Macneil, Hector, poet, Scotland, A72. 

Mason, George Hemming, painter, born. 

Northcote, Sir Stafford Henry, Jiarl of 
Iddesleigh, statesman, born. 

Palmer, John, projector mail-coaches, A76. 

Reid, Capt. Mayne, novelist, Ireland, born. 

Mom ill v. Sir Samuel, jurist, statesman, Atil. 

Smith, Robert Payne, orientalist, born. 

Stirling-Maxwell, Win., hist., pol., Scot., b. 

Vaux, William Sandys Wright, orientalist, b. 

"Wilson, George, chemist, physician, Scot., b. 

Wolcott, John, "Peter Pindar," painter, 
satirist, A.81. 
1819 * * Adams, John Couch, astronomer, b. 

Albert, Prince, of Saxe- Coburg and Gotha, 
husband of Victoria, born. 

Brydone, Patrick, traveler, Scot., born. 

Cairns, Lord, Hugh McCalmont, lawyer, 
orator, statesman, Ireland, born. 

Clough, Arthur Hugh, poet, born. 

Edwards, Sir Herbert Benjamin, general, b. 

Fraser, Alexander Campbell, metaphysician, 
Scotland, born. 

George William Frederick Charles, Duke 
of Cambridge, son of George III., com- 
mander-in-chief, born. 

Ilenfrey, Arthur, botanist, born. 

Hook, James Clark, painter, born. 

Kingsley, Charles, cl., novelist, author, b. 

Lejaune, Henry, painter, born. 

Lewes, Mary Ann Evans, George Eliot, 
novelist, born. 

McClintoek, Sir Francis Leopold, arctic ex- 
plorer, born. 

Playfair, John, physicist, mathematician, 
Scotland, A71. 

Ruskin, John, art critic, poet, author, b. 

Salmon, George, mathematician, Ireland, b. 

Shairp, John Campbell, scholar, religious 
writer, Scotland, born. 

Stokes, George Gabriel, mathematician, b. 

"Watt, James, engineer, inventor (steam- 
engine), A83. 

CHURCH. 

1815+ * * Bishops elected: 

1815. Henrv Ryder for Gloucester and 
Bristol. [1824. Translated to Lichfield.] 
1819, Herbert Marsh for Peterborough; 1820, 
William Carey for Exeter. [1840. Mar.* 
Translated to St. Asaph] and George Prety- 
man Tomline for Winchester; 1824, Chris- 
topher Bethell for Gloucester and Bristol. 
[1830. Translated to Exeter.] 

* * The General Baptist Missionary So- 
ciety is formed. 

1817 * * The London Association in aid 
of Moravian Missions is formed. 

1818 Feb. 6. The Church Building 
Society is established. 

Mar. 18. The Port of London Society, 
for preaching the gospel to seamen on a 
floating ship, is organized. 

* * Parliament votes £1 ,000,000 for church 
erections. 

1819 Nov. 12. London. The Bethel 
Union Society is organized. 

* *The Home Missionary Society is 
organized. 

* * London. The Poultry Chapel is 
erected on the site of the Poultry Comp- 
ter. 

LETTERS. 

1815 * * Scot. Infant schools are first 
opened at New Lanark. 

* * Caius Gracchus, by James Sheridan 
Knowles, appears. [1820, V'wginiusJ 

1816* * London. The Asiatic Journal 
is issued. 

* * Alastor, by Shelley, appears. 

[1817, Revolt of Islam : 1S10, Prometheus 
Unbound and 'The Cenci; 1821, Adonais 
and Epipsychidion.'] 

* * A Story of Rimini, by Leigh Hunt, ap- 
pears. 

* * Dictionary of English Synonymes, by 
George Crabbe, appears. 

1817 * * Edinburgh. The Scotsman is is- 
sued ; also Blackwood 's Magazine. 

* * Principles of Political Economy and 
Taxation, by David Kicardo, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 



1815,**-1819,**. 939 



* * Modem Greece, by Mrs. Hemans, ap- 
pears. [1823, The Voice of Spring, Ves- 
pers of Palermo, and other lyrics ; 1826, 

The Forest San ct inert/ and other poems ; 
1828, The Records of Women.'] 

* * Lalla Rookh, by Moore, appears. [1S25, 
Life of Sheridan; 1827, The Epicurean.] 

* * Ire. Burial of Sir John Moore, by 
Rev. Charles Wolfe, appears. 

* * Paris in 1815, by George Croly, ap- 
pears. [1S22, Catiline.] 

* * Poems, by John Keats, appears. [ISIS, 
Endymion ; 1820, Hyperion and other 
poems.] 

* * Characters of Shakespeare's Plays, by 
William Hazlitt, appears. [ISIS, A View 
of the Eni/lisli Stn</r ami Fnalish Poets; 
1819, English Comic Writers; 1821, Dra- 
matic Literature of the Joe of Elizabeth 
and Table Talk; 1825, Spirit of the Age ; 
1826, Plain Speaker; 1828-30, Life of Na- 
poleon.] 

1817-26 Edinburgh. The Scot's Maga- 
zine is changed to the Edinburgh Maga- 
zine. 

1817-45 The Encyclopedia Metropoli- 
tana appears. 

1817-62 The Literary Gazette is issued. 

1818 * * London. Infant schools are 
first opened. 

* * View of the State of Europe During 
the Middle Ages, by Henry Hallam, ap- 
pears. [1827, Constitutional History of 
England.] 

* * Frankenstein, by Mrs. Shelley (Mary 
Wollstonecraft Godwin), appears. [1823, 
Valperga; 1826, The Last Man.] 

* * A Grammar of the English Language, 
by William Cobbett, appears. 

1819* * London. The Egyptian So- 
ciety, the Cambridge Philosophical 
Society, and the Hunterian Society 
are founded. [1832. The last is char- 
tered.] 

1819-68 The Christian Remembrancer is 
issued. 

* * Tales of the Hall, by George Crabbe, 
appears. ' 

1819-30 History of England, by John 
Lingard, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1815 * * Horrible cruelties in the Beth- 
lehem lunatic hospital are exposed. 

* * An asylum opened for deaf and dumb 
children is founded at Birmingham by 
T. Braidwood. 

* * The Prison Discipline Society is es- 
tablished for the improvement of jails, 
the classification and employment of the 
prisoners, and the prevention of crime. 

* * Loose trousers begin to be worn in 
place of "breeches." 

1816 Mar. 10. The Blanket meeting 
at Manchester is suppressed by the mil- 
itary. 

Mar. 15. A child ten years of age is un- 
der sentence of death for shop-lifting. 

May 2. The Princess Charlotte mar- 
ries Prince Leopold of Saxe-Coburg. 

May 22. A riot of fen men occurs at 
Littleport, Ely, and elsewhere. 

June 27. London. Milbank prison re- 
ceives convicts as a penitentiary. 

Dec. 2. The "Watch and "Ward Act is 
enforced because of riotous weavers at 
Nottingham. 

London. Popular meetings take place 

at Spa-fields ; the shops of the gunsmiths 
are attacked for arms. 

* * London. The Westminister Royal 
Ophthalmic Hospital is established. 

* * Savings-banks are brought under 
parliamentary control. 

1817 Jan. 28. A riot occurs in St. 
James's Park on the prince regent go- 
ing to the House of Lords ; it is : 
that an air-gun was fired at him. 



Mar. 10. The Blanketers rise, and 
march towards London. 

A host of operati ves meet in St. Peter's 
Field, Manchester, with the alleged pur- 
pose of starting an insurrection ; many 
of them carry blankets rolled up and 
tied on their backs ; they are dispersed 
by the military, and some are arrested. 

Apr. 11. A man sells his wife in the 
market-place at Dartmoor, having a rope 
round her neck as in olden time; her 
first lover buys her for, two guineas. 

Apr. 17. Seven Luddites (breakers of 
labor-saving machinery) are hanged at 
Leicester. 

* * London. The Peace Society, for the 
promotion of universal peace, is estab- 
lished. 

* * Dublin. An asylum for the deaf and 
dumb is opened at Claremont. 

* * The Bank of England has 17,S85 forged 
notes presented ; 104 persons convicted, 
18 executed. 

* * The Society of Spencerian Philan- 
thropists is established ; it advocates 
the redivision of aU the lands. 

1818 Jan. 12. Mr. O'Callaghan kills 
Lieut. Bayley in a duel. 

Feb. 10. London. An unsuccessful at- 
tempt is made by Cantillon to assassi- 
nate the Duke of Wellington. 

Apr. 27. St. Michael and St. George 
order of knighthood is founded for the 
Ionian Isles and Malta. [1869. It is re- 
organized to admit servants of the crown 
connected with the.colonies.] 

July 11. "William IV. marries Ade- 
laide Amelia Louise Theresa Caroline, 
sister of the Duke of Saxe-Meiningen. 

Sept. 8. Dr. Halloran, tutor to the Earl 
of Chesterfield, is transported for for- 
ging a frank for tenpence postage. 

* * London. The Mendicity Society is 
established for the suppression of public 
begging and other impositions. 

1819 Aug. 16. A reform meeting is 
held in St. Peter's Field, Manchester 
(Peterboro), attended by G0,000 to 100,000 
people. 

The meeting is suddenly assailed by a 
charge of cavalry, assisted by a Cheshire 
regiment of yeomanry, the outlets being 
occupied by other military detachments. 
The unarmed multitude are driven upon 
each other ; many are ridden over by the 
horses, or cut down by their riders. 
Eleven men, women, and children are 
killed, and 600 injured. 

Sept. 16. Scot. Riots occur at Paisley 
and Glasgow. 

Oct. * Mr. Swan, M. P. for Penryn, and 
Sir Manasseh Lopez, are fined and im- 
prisoned for bribery. 

* * Lock Hospital is established at Man- 
chester. 

* * Dublin. Several nights' riotingtakes 
place at the Theater Royal. 

* * Lord Braybrooke's experiment in Es- 
sex, of allotting small portions of land 
to poor families to assist them and re- 
lieve the parish poor-rates, is reported 
successful. 

STATE. 

1815 * * Parliament: A law is passed to 
close the ports against wheat till it 
rises to 80 shillings a quarter, in order 
to relieve the agricultural distress. 

* * Atlantic Ocean. Ascension Island 
is occupied by colonists. 

* * E. Ind. Ceylon becomes a British 



Dec. 9. London. The Bank of England 
commences to pay specie on certain one 
or two pound notes. 

* * Radicals agitate for government and 
parliamentary reform ; they establish 
Hampden clubs, of which Sir Francis 
Burdett, Lord Cochrane, Maj. Cart- 
wright, and "William Cobbett are 
prominent members. 

1817 Jan. 5. The English and Irish 
Exchequers are consolidated. 

Feb. 1. The national debt is £840,850,591. 

Feb. 3. The " Green Bag Inquiry." 
Lord Sidmoutb (?) lays before Parlia- 
ment agreen bag full of documents re- 
specting alleged seditions. [Feb. 19. 
Secret committees present their report. 
Feb. 21. Bills are introduced to suspend 
the Habeas Corpus Act, and prohibit 
seditious meetings. Mar. 3. Passed. 
Mar. 29. Operative.] 

Mar. 27. Lord Sidmouth addresses a 
circular letter to lord -lieutenants of 
counties, urging the suppression of se- 
ditious publications. 

June 2. H. C. Charles Manners Sut- 
ton [Viscount Canterbury] is chosen 
Speaker. 

June 10. An insurrection in Derby- 
shire, led by Jeremiah Brandreth, is sup- 
pressed. 

July 5. The gold sovereign is first put 
in circulation. 

Oct. 9. Ire. Earl Talbot is appointed 
lord-lieutenant. 

1818 May* A treaty is concluded with 
the Netherlands for th* suppression of 
the slave-trade. 

Nov. 4. Sir Charles Abbott [Lord 
Tenterden] is appointed chief justice. 

* *E.lnd. The dominions of the Peshwa 
are annexed. 

The Raja of Kagpur and the states of 
Kajputana arc placed under British pro- 
tection. 

* * London. John Atkins is elected lord 
mayor. [1819, George Brvdges ; 1820,. 
John T. Thorpe ; 1821, Christopher Mag- 
nay.] 

1819 Jan. 14. Parliament meets. 
[1820. Feb. 29. Dissolved.] 

May 3. H. C. Henry Grattan moves- 
for a Committee of the Whole House to- 
consider the laws excluding Catholics 
from public offices ; the motion is de- 
feated. Vote, 241-243. 

May 24. Alexandrina Victoria [Queen 
Victoria] is born at Kensington Palace. 
She is the daughter of Edward, Duke 
of Kent, son of George III., and Maria 
Louisa Victoria, of Saxe-Coburg, a sis- 
ter of Leopold I. of Belgium. 

July* Agitation for parliamentary re- 
form is revived. 

* ^Parliament: The Six Acts are 
passed to facilitate the prevention of 
seditious meetings and the punishment 
of seditious libels. 

* * E. Ind. Singapore becomes a British 
settlement. 



* * The national debt is £861,039,049. 

1816 Nov. * The Twopenny Register, a 
weekly political paper, issued by "Wil- 
liam Cobbett, advocates parliamentary 
reform, including universal suffrage, and 
becomes a power among the 
people. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815 * * One-horse hackney-carriages 
[afterwards cabriolets] licensed. 

1816 Jan. * The first London savings- 
bank is established. 

1817 Sept. 22. Specie payments are 
resumed. 

Oct. 23. The packet William and Mary 
is wrecked on the Willeys Bocks, near 
the Holmes lighthouse, Bristol Channel ; 
60 persons are drowned. 

1818* * Edinburgh. A gas-company is 
incorporated. 

* *The last one of the ancient gates at 
Exeter is removed. 

1819* * Edinburgh. A water-company 
is incorporated. 



940 1820, Jan. 7-1824, * * GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1822 June 20. The Drake, 10 guns, is 
wrecked near Halifax ; many are lost. 

* * A military academy is founded at 
Sandhurst. 

1824-26 E. I. "War with Burma. 
(See India.) 

ART — SCIENCE —NATURE. 

1820 Feb. * The Fairlop Oak, having 
a trunk 48 feet in circumference, the 

frowth of five centuries, in Hainault 
orest, Essex, is blown down. 
July 18. The first chain bridge in Eng- 
land is thrown over the Tweed ; it is 437 
feet long. 
Sept. 7. A great solar eclipse is ob- 
served. 

* * Ire. The first steamer in Ireland is 
built. 

± * * Combustible gas is made from coal. 

* * Sir Humphry Davy becomes presi- 
dent of the Royal Society; later, Sir 
Thomas Lawrence and Dr. Wm. H. Wol- 
laston. 

* * The process of decarbonizing in steel 
engraving is invented by Charles Heath. 

* * London. The Royal Astronomical 
Society is founded. 

* *Ramage's reflecting telescope is 
erected at Greenwich. 

■* * Friction matches are invented by 
Walker of Stockton-on-Tees. 

* * Steel pens, made long before, begin 
to come into general use. 

* * Barlow's theory of the deviation of 
the compass is published. 

* * Sir Charles Wheatstone conveys the 
sounds of a musical box from a cellar to 
upper rooms by means of a deal rod ; he 
calls it the enchanted lyre. 

* * Faraday experiments in electro-mag- 
netism. 

* *New Brunswick Bridge, Manchester, 
is built. 

1820-30 Percussion-caps come into 
use. 

1820-38 Sir J. Herschel studies the 
stars of the southern hemisphere, — Ma- 
gellanic clouds. 

1821 May 8. Capts. Parry and Lyon 
sail in the Fury and Her la on a polar 
expedition. [1823. Return.] 

July 4. London. The Haymarket 

Theater is rebuilt by Nash. 
Nov. * A destructive storm visits the 

coast from Durham to Cornwall; many 
' vessels are lost. 

* * Dublin. The Theater Royal is opened. 

* * The Yorkshire Philosophical Soci- 
ety is organized. 

-* * The Sheffield Literary and Philo- 
sophical Society is organized. 

* * Edinburgh. The Caledonian Theater 
is erected. 

* * Edinburgh. The Society of Arts is 
founded. [1842. Incorporated.] 

-* * John Frederick Daniel constructs a 
pyrometer. [1830. Awarded the Rum- 
ford medal.] 

* * Cleopatra's Arrival in Cilicia is 
painted by "Wm. Etty. 

* * Eve is executed by E. H. Baily. 

* * London. The Bank of England is 
completed; designs by Sir John Soane. 

* * The Natural History Society is pro- 
jected at Manchester. 

* * Dublin. Hawkins Street Theater is 
erected. 

■* * London. The Medico-Botanical So- 
ciety is organized. 

± * * The pantagraph is improved by 
Prof. Wallace, and called the * ( Eido- 
graph." 



1822 Jan. * Faraday describes his dis- 
covery of electro-magnetic rotation. 

Feb. 16. The "Wellington shield, com- 
memorating his victories, and costing 
£11,000, is presented to the duke. 

Mar. 6. London, The river Thames is 
very low because of a southwest wind ; 
persons ford it near London Bridge. 

June 18 ±. London. A colossal statue 
of Achilles, cast from captured cannon, 
is erected in Hyde Park. 

* * The wind regulator in the organ is 
invented by Bishop. 

* * The first elements of spectrum anal- 
ysis are worked out by Sir David Brews- 
ter. 

* * Dixon Denham, an Englishman, with 
Clapperton and Dr. Oadney, cross the 
Sahara Desert to Lake Tchad. 

* *The Koyal Academy of Music is 
established. 

* * The horticultural garden at Chis- 
wick is commenced. 

* * London. Ball and cross are restored 
to St. Paul's Cathedral by Mr. Cockerell. 

1823 May 1. The entire skeleton of a 
mammoth is found at Ilford in Essex. 

May 21. TheSociety of British Artists 
is founded. [1824. First exhibition.] 

Oct. 15. London. The Meteorological 
Society first meets. 

* * Floral and Horticultural Society, Man- 
chester, is established. 

* * London. The Royal Society of Lit- 
erature is organized. [ 1826. Chartered.] 

* * London. The Royal Asiatic Society 
is organized. [1824. Chartered.] 

* * The Royal Academy of Music is es- 
tablished. [1828. . Dec. 8. First con- 
cert. 1830. June 23. Chartered.] 

* * The chain pier of Brighton, 1,134 feet 
long, 13 wide, is completed. 

* * Color-printing with metal plates in 
bookbinding is employed by Congreve. 

* * London. The Mechanics' Institu- 
tion is founded. 

* * The liquefaction of gases is discovered 
by Faraday. 

* * Sir Francis Ronalds describes his elec- 
tric telegraph. 

* * The Royal Institution and the Me- 
chanics' Institution are organized at 
Manchester. 

1824 May 8. Capt. Sir William Ed- 
ward Parry's third polar expedition, 
with the Hecla t sails to discover a 
Northwest Passage. 

May* London. Joseph Shepherd 
Munden, comedian, makes his last ap- 
pearance. 

* * London. The National Gallery 
makes its first purchase; the British 
Government buys the Angerstein collec- 
tion of 38 pictures for £57,000. 

* * Portland cement is first mentioned. 

* * A steam-gun is invented by Perkins. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

18S0 * * Balkle, William B., explorer, born. 

Banks, Sir Joseph, naturalist, A77. 

Brown. Thomas, metaphysician, A42. 

Colquhoun, 1'atnck, slat, wr., Scot., A75. 

Dasent, Sir (innj;e Webbe, novelist, born. 

Faed, John, painter, Scotland, born. 

Gilbert, Mrs. George H., actor, born. 

Glaisher, .lames, meteorologist, born. 

Grattan, Henry, orator, states., Ire., A74. 

Halliwell, .lames ( irdiard, antiq., phil., b. 

Kent, Duke of, Edward Augustus, father of 
Queen Victoria, A53. 

Mackenzie, Sir Alexander, Canadian ex- 
plorer, Scotland, A65. 

Hansel, Henry Longueville, metaphysician, 
theologian, born. 

Milner, Isaac, mathematician, A69. 

Nightingale, Florence, philanthropist, b. 

Oliphant, Marag;tr<*t Wilson, novelist, born. 

Pickersgill, Frederick Itichard, painter, b. 

Sant, .James, painter, born. 

Spencer, Herbert, philosopher, author, b. 



Tyndall, John, physicist, phil., an., born. 
Watts, George Frederick, painter, born. 
Vizetelly. Henry R., author, publisher, born. 
Wyatt, Matthew Digby, architect, born. 
Young, Arthur, traveler, writer on agricul- 
ture and social economy, A79. 
Yule, Henry, geographer, born. 

1821 * * Baker, Sir Sam. "White, explo., b. 
Bonnycastle, .John, mathematician, d. 
Brown, Ford Madox, painter, born. 
Buckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo- 
gist, born. 

Burke, Robert O'Hara, explorer, Ireland, b. 

Burton. Sir Richard Francis, traveler, 
orientalist, author, born. 

Callcott, John Wall, musical composer, A55. 

Caroline Amelia Elizabeth, queen, wife of 
George IV., A53. 

Keats, John, poet, A26. 

Levi, Leone, writer on commercial law, b. 

Muspratt, .lames Sheridan, chemist, Ire., b. 

Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, painter, born. 

Patterson, Puberl Hogarth, publicist, Scot.,b. 

Plumptre, Edward Hayes, theol., Scot., b. 

Reach, Angus I-;., journalist, au., Scot., b. 

Rennie, John, architect, Scotland, ABO. 

Rich, Claudius James, traveler, orient., A34. 

Russell, "William Howard, journalist, b. 

Scott, Thomas, clergyman, Bible commenta- 
tor, Scot., A74. 

Tuchbald, Elizabeth, novelist, A68. 

Vince, Samuel, mathematician, astr., born. 

1822 * * Abdy, John Thomas, lawyer, born. 
Aikin, John, physician, author. A75. 
Arnold, Matthew, poet, essayist, au., born. 
Auchmuty, Sir Samuel, general, A66. 
Boucicault, Dion, dramatist, actor, Ire., b. 
Castlereagh, Viscount, Robert Stewart, 

Marquis of Londonderry, states., Ire., A55. 

Clarke, Edward Daniel, traveler, mineralo- 
gist, author, A53. 

Cobbe Frances Power, author, Ireland, born. 

Galton, Francis, scientist, born. 

Grant, James, novelist, Scotland, born. 

Goodall, Frederick, painter, born. 

Herschel, Sir William Francis, astrono- 
mer, A84. 

Maine, Sir Henry S., jurist, antiq., au., b. 

Morley, Henry, author, born. 

Osborn, Sherard, arctic explorer, admiral, 
author, born. 

Shelley, Percy Bysshe, poet, A30. 

Sowerby, .lames, naturalist, A 65. 

"Wallace, Alfred Russell, naturalist, born. 

Warren, Sir John P.orlase, admiral, A68. 
1823* * Argyll, Duke of, George Douglas 
Campbell, states., au., Scot., born. 

Arrowsmltn, Aaron, geographer, A73. 

Asgill, Sir Diaries, general, A61. 

Baillie, Matthew, phy., anatomist, Scot., A62. 

Baynes, Thomas Spencer, logician, journal- 
ist, author, born. 

Cairnee, .John Elliott, pol. economist, born. 

Cartwrig-ht, Edmund, poet, inventor 
(power loom), A80. 

Coombe, William, satirist, A82. 

Erskine, Lord, Thomas, statesman, A73. 

Freeman, Edward Augustus, hist., born. 

Hind, John Russell, astronomer, born. 

Hughes, Thomas, author, born. 

Hutton, Charles, mathematician, A86. 

Jenner, Edward, physician, discoverer of 
vaccination, A74. 

Jervis, John, Earl St. Vincent, adm. A88. 

Keith, George Keith Elphinstone, adm., A77. 

Kemble, John Philip, actor, A6t>. 

Meagher, Thomas Francis, patriot, orator, 
journalist, Ireland, born. 

Midler, Friedrich Maximilian, Sanskrit 
scholar, philologist, born. 

Nollekins, Joseph, sculptor, A86. 

Patmore, Coventry K. I)., poet, born. 

Radcliffe, Anne, novelist, A59. 

Raeburn, Sir Henry, portrait p., Scot., A57. 

Ricardo, David, financier, pol. econ., A51. 

Siemens, Sir Charles William, inventor, phy- 
sicist, born. 

Smith, Goldwm, statesman, author, born. 

Tulloch, .John, theologian, Scotland, born. 

Vaughan, Alfred, poet, critic, born. 

Warren, Charles, engraver, born. 

Wolfe, Charles, clergyman, poet, Ire., A32. 

Yonge, Charlotte Mary, novelist, born. 



CHURCH. 

1820 * * Seol. Tbe Burgers and Anti- 
burgers in the Scotch Church reunited. 

* * The Protestant Reformation So- 
ciety is organized ; it employs mission- 
aries and readers. 

1821 * *The Society for the Propaga- 
tion of the Gospel in Foreign Parts 
first becomes a distinct missionary 
agency. 



AND IRELAND. 



1820, Jan. 7-1824, 



941 



* * The Bible Christian Foreign Mission- 
ary Society is organized. 

1823 * * It. Leo XII. is pope. [1S29. 
Pius VIII.] 

* * London. The Newfoundland 
School Society is organized for carry- 
ing the gospel to parents and children. 

1824* * /re. The New Connection 
Methodists take their first steps in 
t-work. 



LETTERS. 



* * The Literary and Philosophical So- 
ciety of Leeds is established. 

* * London. John Bull is issued. 

* * The Retrospective Review is issued. 

* * Popular Ignorance, by Foster, appears. 

* * Life of John Wesley, by Southey, ap- 
pears. [18S1, A Vision of Judgment.] 

1820-21 The Ayrshire Legatees, by John 
Gait, appears. [1321, Annals of the Par- 
ish; 1S22, Sir Andrew Wi/he, and The 
Provost; 1823, The Entail; 1830, Later ie 
Todd.] 

1821 * * London. Bell's Life, a sporting 
paper, is issued. 

* * Confessions of an English Opium- 
Eater, by Thomas Do Quincey, appears. 
[1S27, Murder Considered as one of the 
Eine Arts.]. 

1821-23 Essays of Etia, by Charles 
Lamb, appears. 

1822 * * Wales. St. David's College, 
Lampeter, is founded. 

* * The Hull Literary and Philosophi- 
cal Society is founded. 

* * London. The Sunday Times is issued. 

* *The Liberal is issued by Byron, Shel- 
ley, and Leigh Hunt; only four num- 
bers are published. 

* * Bride's Tragedy, by T. L. Beddoes, 
appears. 

1822-35 Edinburgh. Koctes Ambrn- 
sianse (in Blackwood's Magazine), by 
Christopher North (John Wilson), ap- 
pears. 

1823 Aug. 16. Dublin. The Hiber- 
nian Academy is founded, 

* * London. The Royal Society of Lit- 
erature is founded. [1826. Sept. 13. 
Chartered.] Also the Mechanics' In- 
stitution. 

* * A deaf and dumb school is instituted 
at Manchester. 

* * London. The Lancet is issued. 

* * The Mechanics' Magazine is issued. 
1823-49 The Mirror is issued. 

* *The valuable library of George HI. 
is presented to the nation. [1S29. De- 
posited in the British Museum.] 

* * Milton, by Thomas Babington Ma- 
caulay, appears. 

1824* * London. The Athenaeum Club 
is founded. 

* * London. The Westminster Review is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1820 June 7. Henry Grattan and the 
Earl of Clare engage in a duel. 

Nov. 19. Edinburgh. The acquittal of 
Queen Caroline causes rioting. 

* * Scot. The United Secession working 
men's insurance is established. 

* * The American seamen's hospital is 
established at Liverpool. 

* * Ire. The Ribbon Society is orga- 
nized to retaliate on landlords any inju- 
ries done to their tenants. 



1S21 Aug. 12. Dublin. George IV. 

pays a visit to Ireland. 
Aug. 14. A riot occurs on the occasion 

of the removing of Queen Caroline's 

remains to Brunswick ; two persons 

killed. 

* *The public baths at Exeter are 
erected. 

* * London. The Dreadnought (sea- 
men's) Hospital is established. 

1822 Apr. 19. A riot occurs in the 
Westminster colliery. 

Aug. 22-27- Edinburgh. George IV. 
makes a visit. 

Dec. 14. Dublin. A riot occurs at the 
theater; it is called the "bottle con- 
spiracy " against the Marquis Wellesley, 
lord-lieutenant. 

* * Ire. Titles created : 

Earls Listowel, Dunraven, Mont-Earl, and 
Kilmorey are created. [1825, Jlarfjuises of 
Clanncar.le and Ormonde; 1827, Earl Nor- 
bury; 1831, Viscount of Guillamore, Earl 
Itanfurly, and Baron Talbot de Malahide.j 

* * Titles created : 

Earl of Temple of Stowe. [1823, Earl of 
Vane and Viscount of Clancarty ; 1824, 
liaron Gilford; lK2(i, Earls of Amherst and 
Cawdor, Marquis of Bristol, Viscount of 
fcombermere, and Barons De Tabley, Wig- 
an, SomerluH, and Kanfurly; 1827, Barons 
Plunket and Tenterden; 1828, Barons Rose- 
bery, Clanwilliain, and Heytesbury; 1829, 
Baron WynforU.J 
1823* * Edinburgh. TheBannatyne 
Club is founded. 

* * Liverpool Marine Humane Society is 
formed. 

* * Oxford Union Society is established 
as a debating-club. 

1824 * * London. The Royal Society for 
the Prevention of Cruelty to Animals 
is instituted. 

* * London. Queen Adelaide's lying-in 
hospital is founded. 



1820 Jan. 29. King George III. dies 
at Windsor Castle. 

1820-30 George IV. reigns. 

He is the eldest son of George III. 
The Earl of Liverpool continues as 
premier. 

Feb. 14. The Cabinet refuses to favor a 
bill for the divorce of Queen Caroline. 

Apr. 23. Parliament meets. [1826. 
June 26. Dissolved.] 

June 6. London. Queen Caroline ar- 
rives from the Continent, and is received 
with great popular demonstrations of 
welcome. [Aug. 3. She establishes her- 
self at Brandenburg House.] 

The king sends a " green bag" to each 
House of Parliament, containing papers 
respecting the conduct of the queen 
while abroad. 

June 8. H. L. A secret committee is 
appointed to examine charges of in- 
continence against Queen Caroline. 

July 5. H. L. Lord Liverpool intro- 
duces a bill of "Pains and Penalties" 
to dissolve the marriage of Queen Caro- 
line. [Aug. 17. Her trial begins in the 
House of Lords ; she is defended by Lord 
Brougham. Nov. 10. The bill is read a 
third time. Vote, 108-99. The majority 
being so small. Lord Liverpool moves the 
abandonment of the bill, which is agreed 
to, and the trial ends. 

1821 Jan. * Aust. The Laibach Con- 
gress meets (p. 521). 

May * The Bank of England resumes 
specie payments. 



July 10. The Privy Council decides 
against the claim of Q,ueen Caroline 
to be crowned with the king. 

July 19. London. George IV. is 
crowned at Westminster Abbey. 

Queen Caroline goes in state, and pre- 
sents herself for admission to the cere- 
mony, but her demand is refused. [Aug. 
7. She dies. Aug. 14. Tumult at her 
funeral.] 

Aug. 1. George IV. sails for Dublin. 
[Aug. IS. He arrives at Leith, Scotland.] 

Sept. * The Duke of York is appointed 
lord justice to rule while the king is 
absent in Hanover. 

Dec. 29. Ire. Marquis "Wellesley is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

1822 Feb. 14. Charles Kendal Eushe 
is appointed chief justice. 

Sept. * George Canning is appointed 
foreign secretary. 

* * Robert Peel is appointed home sec- 
retary. 

* * London. "William Heygate is elected 
lord mayor. 

1S23 Feb. 15. William Huskisson is 
appointed president of the Board of 
Trade. 

Mar. * Lord Amherst embarks for In- 
dia as governor-general. 

* * S. Afr. Immigrants settle in Natal. 

* * The Earl of Chichester is appointed 
postmas ter-general. 

* * Parliament: The window-tax is re- 
duced. 

* * London. Robert Waithman is elected 
lord mayor. [1S25, William Venable ; 
1826, Anthony Bowne ; 1827, Matthias 
Prime Lucas ; 182S, William Thompson.] 

1824 Feb. 4. H. C. It is announced 
that, at a convention, England agrees to 
accept £2,500,000 as a compensation for 
claims on Austria, amounting to £30,- 
000,000 sterling. 

* * Ire. The Roman Catholic Associa- 
tion is organized to agitate the removal 
of the religious and civil disabilities of 
Roman Catholics. 

: * The law forbidding the exportation of 
wool is repealed. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1820 Jan. 7- The Birmingham The- 
ater is burned. 

Aug. 1. The Regent's Canal is finished. 
It is nine miles long, beginning at Pad- 
dington and flowing into the Thames at 
Limehouse. 



1821 Jan. 22. London. A great fire 
occurs at Mile End; loss, £200,000. 

* * Steamboats are established between 
Dover and Calais, and London and Leith. 

1822 Feb. * St. John's Market, Liver- 
pool, is opened. 

Nov. 1. Scot. The Caledonian Can? 1, 
from the North Sea to the Atlantic 
Ocean, is opened. 

* *The poor endure great suffering 
through scarcity of food ; £356,000 is 
granted for their relief. 

1823 Mar. 26. The packet Alert is 
wrecked ; 70 persons are drowned. 

May 16. The Robert, from Dublin to 
Liverpool, is wrecked ; 60 persons are 
drowned. 

* * London. Cabs are introduced. 

* * Raw cotton is first imported from 



942 1824,**-1828,* 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1825 Feb. *-Dec. * Ind. Sir Archi- 
bald Campbell invades Burma, gains 
many victories, captures several towns, 
and compels the Burmese king to sue 
for peace. (See India.) 

1827 Jan. 22. The Duke of "Wel- 
lington is appointed commander-in- 
chief. [Apr. 30. He resigns. Aug. 27. 
Reappointed.] 

Oct. 20. Gr. Battle of Navarino. 
The Turkish and Egyptian fleets under 
Ibrahim Pasha are nearly destroyed by 
the combined fleets of Great Britain, 
France, and Russia. [1828. Oct. * The 
Turks evacuate Greece. 1829. Sept. 19. 
Acknowledge its independence.] 

1828 Feb. 25. Lord Hill is appointed 
commander-in-chief. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1824 * * Pins are first manufactured by 
machinery under an American patent. 

* * The Observatory is erected at Cam- 
bridge. 

1824-80 "Windsor Castle is repaired 
and enlarged. 

1825 Feb. 16. Capts. Sir John Frank- 
lin and George Francis Lyon again sail 
from Liverpool on a polar expedition. 

Sept. 27. The Stockton and Darlington 
railway, Edward Pease and George 
Stephenson, builders, is opened. 

* * John Crowther's hydraulic crane is 
patented. 

* * The Mechanics' Institution is opened 
at Exeter. 



* * Faraday discovers benzin in oils. 

* * Ire. The Mechanics' Institute is es- 
tablished at Belfast. 

* * London. The Melodists' Club is estab- 
lished. 

* * W. A chain suspension bridge is 
erected at Menai Strait by Thomas Tel- 
ford. 

± * * London. Isambard Kingdom Brunei 
begins the first shaft of the Thames 
tunnel. 

± * * The concertina is invented by [Sir] 
Charles Wheatstone. 

± * * A planing-machine for iron is 
constructed by Joseph Clement. 

± * * Gideon Algernon Mantell discovers 
the remains of huge extinct animals at 
"Weald of Kent, Sussex. 

± * * The steam-jet is applied by Timo- 
thy Hackworth. 

± * * Gothic architecture is revived. 

* * The actinometer is invented by Sir 
John Herschel ; it measures the heating 
power of the solar rays. 

* * Liverpool Theater is opened. 

* * McEnery discovers flint tools and 
bones of extinct animals in Kent's cave. 

1826 * * Scot. The Scotch Academy 
of Arts is organized. 

* * London. The Zoological Society is 
founded. [1827. Apr. * Opened. 1S29. 
Mar. 28. Chartered.] 

* *Fox Talbot observes the orange line 
of strontium in the spectrum. 

* * Lieut. Thomas Drummond produces 
lime-light by the combustion of oxygen 
and hydrogen on the surface of lime 
(Drummond light). 

1827 Apr. * The Gloucester and Berke- 
ley canal is completed. 

May 27. A patent is given Palliser for 
chilled metal shot cast in cold iron 
molds. 



June 22. Capt. Sir "William Edward 
Parry again sails from Deptford in the 
Hecta [and reaches a point 435 miles 
from the North Pole. Oct. 6. He re- 
turns]. 

* * The spectrum analysis is worked out 
by Herschel. 

* * William Snow Harris invents the 
thermoelectrometer. 

* * The first atmospheric engine is in- 
vented by John Ericsson. 

* * Davies Gilbert becomes president of 
the Royal Society. 

* * Printing for the blind (by raised 
characters) is commenced. 

1827-31 London. The new London 
Bridge is built; cost, £1,458,000. 

1828 Jan. 12, 13. A storm sweeps 
the coast ; many vessels are lost, and 13 
driven ashore in Plymouth alone. 

* * Scot. James B. Neilson, of Glasgow, 
patents his hot-air blast. 

* * A musical festival is first held at Man- 
chester. 

* * London. Queen's Theater, Totten- 
ham-court Road, is opened. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1824 * * Bowdich, Thomas Edward, African 
traveler, A 34. 

Byron, Lord, George Noel Gordon, poet, 

A 36. 
Cartwright, .John, major, pol. reformer, A84. 
Collins, William "Wilkie, novelist, born. 
Dobell, Sydney, poet, born. 
Fayrer, Sir Joseph, physician, born. 
Huggins, William, astronomer, born. 
Jessel, Sir George, jurist, born. 
Kavanagh, .Julia, novelisl, Ireland, born. 
Knight, Richard Payne, author, A74. 
Leinpriere, John, scholar, author, A64. 
MacDonald, George, novelist, Scot., born. 
Turner, Francis l'alurave, art critic, horn. 
Thomson, Sir William, physicist, math., b. 

1825 * * Bates, Henry, Walter, naturalist, b. 
Barnard, Lady Anne, poet, Scotland, A75. 
Bell, John, surgeon, anatomist, physiologist, 

Scotland, A62. 
Bogue, David, clergyman, founder of Lon- 

don Missionary Society, A75. 
Boyd, Andrew K. II., essayist, Scotland, b. 
Chalmers, (leorge, hist., lung., Scot., A83. 
Davidson. George, astronomer, born. 
Klmsley, Peter, classical scholar, critic, A52. 
Frankland, Edward, chemist, born. 
Huxley, Thomas Henry, nat., phil., au., b. 
Keary, Annie, novelist, born. 
McGee, Tlios. D'Arcy, journalist, Ire., born. 
Ouseley, Sir Frederick, cl., musician, born. 
Parr, Samuel, clergyman, writer, A78. 
Procter, Adelaide Anne, poet, born. 
Rees, Abraham, cyclopedist, A82. 
Tait, Peter Guthrie, mathematician, born. 
Woolner, Thomas, sculptor, poet, born. 

1826 * * Adams, Andrew Keith, naturalist, b. 
Bagehot, Walter, journalist, author, born. 
P.nckland, Frank Trevelyan, naturalist, b. 
Clark, Sir Andrew, physician, born. 
Craik, Mrs., Dinah Maria Muloek, nov., b. 
Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry Stanley, 

statesman, born. 

Doyle, Richard, caricaturist, born. 

Dufferin, Earl of, Frederick T. Black- 
wood, statesman, born. 

Field, Thomas, painter, born. 

Flaxman, John, sculptor, A71. 

Gifford, William, poet, dramatist, editor, 
author, A66. 

Grant, Sir Alexander, scholar, educator, 
Scotland, born. 

Hastings, Marquis of, Francis Kawdon, gen- 
eral, governor general, A72. 

Heber, Reginald, bishop of Calcutta, poet, 
author, A43. 

Kelly, Michael, composer, singer, Ire., A64. 

Kimberley, Earl of, John Wodehouse, 
statesman, born. 

Laing. Alex. Gordon, Afr. trav., Scot., A33. 

Nichols, John, printer, pub., eel., antio., A81. 

I'algrave, William Gifford, author, trav., b. 

Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, traveler, 
statesman, historian, A45. 
1827* * Blake, William, poet, painter, A70. 

Bradley, Edward, novelist, born. 

Canning, George, states., orator, poet, A57. 

Clapperton, Hugh, Afr. traveler, Scot., A3!>. 

Constable, Archibald, puhlisher, Scot., A53. 

Cox, George W., clergyman, author, born. 

Eimnett, Thomas Addis, politician, Ire., A63. 



Fane, Julian C. 11., poet, born. 

Frederick, Duke of York and Albany, son 

of George III., A64. 
Good, John Mason, physician, Hebraist, 

litterateur, A 63. 
Grant, Janus Augustus, traveler, Scot., b. 
Harcourt, Sir "William George GranviHe 

Vernon, statesman, born. 
Hunt, William Holman, painter, born. 
Lawrence, George Alfred, novelist, born. 
Lister, Sir Joseph, physician, born. 
Mitford, William, historian, pbiologist, A83. 
Mivart, Saint George, nat., phil., au., b. 
1'inkerton, John, archenkigist, numismatist, 

historian, geographer, Scotland, A69. 
Pollok, Robert, poet, Scotland, A29. 
Richmond, I.egh. clergyman, author, A55. 
Robinson, i ieorge Frederick Samuel, Marquis 

of Ripon, statesman, born. 
Rowlandson. Thomas, caricaturist, A7I. 
Sala, Geo. Aug.. journalist, novelist, au., b. 
Salt, Henry, antiquary, A42. 
Speke, Capt. John H., Afr. traveler, born. 
Wood, John George, naturalist, born. 
L828* * Allmgliam, William, poet, Ire.,b. 
Bewick, Thomas, artist, wood-engraver, A75. 
Congreve, Sir William, military engineer, 

inventor, A56. 
Cos way, Richard, painter, A88. 
Coxe, William, archdeacon, historian, A81. 
Hansard, Luke, parliamentary printer, A76. 
Liverpool, Earl of, Robert Banks Jenkinson, 

statesman, A58. 
Massey, Gerald, poet, born. 
Meredith, George, novelist, born. 
Richardson, lienj. W., physiologist, born. 
Roesetti, Dante Gabriel, poet, painter, b. 
Sanderson, J. S. Bunion, physiologist, born. 
Sawyer, William Kingston, poet, author, b. 
Smith, Sir James Edward, liotanitt, natural- 
ist, A 69. 
Stewart, Balfour, physicist, born. 
Wollaston, William Hyde, physicist, A62. 



CHURCH. 

1825 * * Bishops elected : 

Thomas Burgess for Salisbury. [1827, 
Charles Richard Sumner for Winchester ; 
1830, Christopher Bethell for Exeter ; later, 
translated to Bangor, and is succeeded by 
Henry Fhillpoits ; James Henry Monk for 
Gloucester and Bristol; IH.'ll. Robert James 
Carr for Worcester; 1HU7, Edmund Denison 
for Salisbury ; 183^1, George Davys for Peter- 
borough; is'41, Henry I'epys for Worcester; 
1845, John Medley for Frederioton, N. II.] 

* * Scot. The Presbyterian Church of 
Scotland appoints its first foreign Mis- 
sionary Committee. 

* * Scot. A society of young men is or- 
ganized in Glasgow [Young Men's 
Christian Association]. 

1827 * * London. The Protestant So- 
ciety is established. 

1828 May 9. Corporation and Test 
Acts repealed. (See State.) 



1824 * * A translation of Goethe's Wil- 
helm Meister, by Thomas Carlyle, ap- 
pears. 

1824-28 History of the Commonwealth, 

by William Godwin, appears. 
1824-29 Imaginary Conversations, by 

Landor, appears. 
1824-32 Our Village, by Mary Russell 

Mitford, appears. [1828. Ulenzi.] 

1825 ** A professorship of political 
economy is established at Oxford by 
Henry Drummond. 

* * The "Western Literary Institution 
and the Eastern Literary Institution 
are founded. 

* * Scot. Principles of Political Econ- 
omy, by John Ramsay M'Culloeh, ap- 
pears. 

* * Scot. The Betrothed and The Talis- 
man, by Scott, appear. [1820. Woodstock; 
1827, the Two Drovers, The Highland 
Widow, The Surneoifs lkuu}hter, and 
Life of Xapofeoii. 1827-30, Tales of a 
Grandfather; 1S28, The Fair Maid of 
Perth] 1829, Anne of (leierstein; 1829-30, 
History of Scotland; 1S30, Letters on 
Demonology , 1831, Count Robert of 
Paris and Castle Langerotis.] 



AND IRELAND. 



1824,**-1828,** 943 



* * William Tell, by James Sheridan 
Knowles, appears. 

* * Aids to Reflection, by Coleridge, ap- 
pears. 

1825-44 Essays, by Macaulay, appear. 

1826 Feb. 11. London. The London 
University is chartered. [1828. 
Opened.] 

** London. Highbury College is 
founded. 

* * Edinburgh. The North British Ad- 
vertiser is issued. 

* * London. The Atlas is issued. 

* * Poems by Two Brothers, by Charles 
and Alfred Tennyson, appears. 

* * Elements of Logic, by Whately, ap- 
pears. [1S28.' Elements of Rhetoric] 

* * Whims and Oddities, by Thomas Hood, 
appears. 

* * Poems, by Elizabeth Barrett [Brown- 
ing], appears. 

1827 Feb. 23. Edinburgh. Sir "Wal- 
ter Scott acknowledges the authorship 
of the Waverley novels. 

* * London. The Society for the Pro- 
motion and Diffusion of Knowledge 
is founded. 

* * The Incorporated Law Society is 
founded. 

* * London. The Standard is issued ; also 
the Medical Gazette. 

1827-46 London. The Foreign Quar- 
terly Review is issued. 

* * Vivian Grey, by Benjamin Disraeli 
[Earl of Beacons-field], appears. 

* * The Christian Year, by Keble, ap- 
pears. 

* * Scot. Minstrelsy, Ancient and Mod- 
ern, by William "Motherwell, appears. 
[1832. Poems Narrative and Lyrical.] 

* * Salathiel, by George Croly, appears. 

* * Chemical Manipulation, by Michael 
Faraday, appears. 

* * Scot. Course of Time, by Robert Pol- 
lok, appears. 

1828 * * A political economy professor- 
ship is established at Cambridge. 

* * London. The Court Journal is issued ; 
also the Athenaeum, the Spectator, the 
Record, the Medical Times, and the Po- 
lice Gazette. 

* * The Ashmolean Society, Oxford, is 
founded. 

1828-46 London. The Foreign Quar- 
terly Review is issued. 

* * Ire. The Collegians, by Gerald Griffin, 
appears. 

* * Pelham, by Sir Edward George Earle 
Lytton Bulwer-Lytt< 



1826 Apr. 23-30. In Lancashi 
power-looms are destroyed by dis- 
tressed operatives. 

Aug. 4. London. The last stocks for 
criminals are removed from St. Clement 
Danes Strand. 

Oct. * Lotteries are abolished. [Oct. 18. 
The last one is drawn.] 

* * Ire. A total abstinence society is 
organized in Skibbereen, County Cork, 
by Jeffery Sedwards, a nailer. 

1827 June * Benefit of clergy is to- 
tally abolished. 

* * An Act is passed directing the court to 
enter a plea of "not guilty" when the 
prisoner will not plead. 

* * London. The British Orphan Asy- 



1,000 Sept. 8. The Goderich Administration 
dis- is formed. 

Viscount Goderich, Earl of Kipon (lord 
treasurer), the Duke of Portland (president 
council). Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor), 
the Earl of Carlisle (privy seal), Viscount. 
Dudley, Mr. Huskisson, and the Marquis of 
Lansdowne (foreign, colonial, and home sec- 
retaries), Lord Palmerston (secretary of 
war), C. W. w. Wvnn (president of the India 
board), Charles Grant [Lord Glenelg] (board 
of trade), J. C. Hemes (chancellor excheq- 
uer), Mr. Tienioy i master of the mint), and 
John Singleton Copley, Lord Lyndhurst, 
(lord chancellor). 

Nov. 5. Ire. Sir Anthony Hart is ap- 
pointed lord chancellor. 

1828 Jan. 8. Lord Goderich resigns 
his office. 



lum, Clapham-rise, is established. Also Jan. 25. The Wellington Administra- 



one at Wanstead. 

* * London. A society for artists' wid- 
ows is formed. 

1828 Oct. 9. Ire. 

Ballybay. 
Dec. 27. Rowland Stephenst 

sconds, defaulting £200,000. 

* * London. The Free Royal Hospital, 
Gray's Inn Lane, is founded. 



riot occurs at/ 
M.P.,ab- 



1824 * * E.I. The Straits Settlements, 
including Malacca, Penang (Prince of 
Wales Island), and Singapore, are ac- 
quired. 

1825 Apr. * H. C. A bill to repeal the May 9. Parliament repeals the Corpo- 



tion is formed. 

The. Duke of Wellington (lord treasurer), 
Lord Lyndhurst (lord chancellor) Henry 
Gonldburn (rliaiK^llor exchequer), E arl 
Bathurst (president of council), Lord El- 
lenborough (privy seal). Sir Iiobert Peel, 
Earl Dudley, and William Huskisson (home, 
foreign, and colonial secretaries). Viscount 
Melville (board of control), Charles Grant 
(board of trade). Lord I'uhnerston (secretary 
of war), J. C. Herries (master of the mint), 
Earl of Aberdeen (Duchy of Lancaster). 

Feb. 26. H. C. The Corporation and 
Test Acts are repealed on the motion of 
Lord John Russell. Vote, 237-193. 

Mar. 1. Ire. Henry, Marquis of An- 
glesey, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 



disabilities of Catholics, to enact 
state provision for the Roman Catholic 
Church, and to raise the qualification of 
the Irish franchise from 40 shillings to 
£10 is passed. [It is rejected by the 
Lords.] 

* * E. I. Assam is acquired. 

* * London. The Bank of England sud- 
denly diminishes its circulation to the 
extent of £3,500,000. [Dec. * The exer- 
tions of the bank and mint save the 
credit of the country.] 

1826 Jan. 1. The currency of Eng- 
land and Ireland is made uniform. 

Feb. 24. E. I. A jtreaty of peace 
concluded 

an immense territory, and agree to pay 
£1,000,000 towards the expenses of the 
war. * 



ration and Test Acts, and substitutes 
for the Sacramental Test these words 
in the declaration " on the true faith of 
a Christian." Dissenters become eli- 
gible for office. 
May * -June * The Ministry is recon- 
structed on the retirement of the Earl 
of Dudley, Lord Palmerston, Mr. Grant, 
Mr. Huskisson. 

July 5. Ire. Daniel O'Connellis 
elected to Parliament from Clare ; he is 
the first Roman Catholic Co 
elected since the Revolution 
July 30. Reelected 



r^^^^Jirl^^o® Jul 7 15 - Parliament: The Act called 
the "sliding scale" is adopted; it 

modifies the restrictions on the importa- 
tion of breadstuff's. 



Tiif Disowned and Devereux ; 1880. Paul 
Clifford; 1S3'2, Eugene Aram; 1833, Go- 
dolphin; 1834, Last Bays of Pompeii, 
1S37, Ernest Maltravers and Alice, or 
the Mysteries; 183S, The Lady of Lyons, 
Richelieu, and Leila.] 

SOCIETY. 

1824-29 The death penalty is abol- 
ished in a great number of cases. 

* * Weekly wages of laborer, seven shil- 
lings and sevenpence. 

* * The British Code of Duel is pub- 
lished. It is approved by the Duke of 
Wellington and others. 

* *A Steam-engine Maker's (trades 
union) Society is established. 

* * A new House of Industry is erected at 
Liverpool. 

1825 Jan. 20. The British and Foreign 
Temperance Society is formed. 

* * The combination laws against trades 
unions are repealed. 

■* * Norfolk Island in the Pacific Ocean ia 
reoccupied as a penal settlement. 



Nov. 13. Convention with the United 

States for indemnities (p. 135). 
Nov. 14. Parliament meets. [1830. 

July 24. Dissolved.] 

* * Joint-stock banks are legalized ; this _ 
breaks the monopoly of the Bank of kept, la. \ 
England. 

* * Lord Frederick Montague is ap- 
pointed postmaster. 

1827 Jan. 5. Frederick, Duke of York, 
son of George III., dies. 

Apr. 24-30. The Ca nnin g Adminis- 
tration is formed. 



July * The sinking-fund is li) 
one-fourth of the actual surplus 

July* E.I. Lord "William B 
is governor-general. 

unt Melville 
first lord of the admiralty. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



George Canning (lord treasurer and chan- 
cellor exchequer), Karl of Harrow by (presi- 
dent council), I>uke of Portland (privy seal), 
Viscount Dudley, Viscount Goderich, and 



1825 Aug. 16. Capt. Johnson sails in 
the Enterprise from Falmouth on the 
first steam voyage to India. [Re- 
warded with £10,000.] 



c Dublin is lighted with gas. 



_ ; Bourne (foreign, colonial, and home 1825-26 Through bubble companies, 
secretaries), C.W. W. Wynn (president India 770 banks suspend, 
board), William Huskisson (board of trade), . 

Lord Palmerston (secretary of war), Lord 1826* * Joint-stock banks are estab- 
Bexley {chancellor of the Duchy of Lancas- lished. 

ter),Dukeof Clarence (lord high admiral), -.„„„ -, « Tfvnf1n7} 0+ -R- aT rip 

Lord Lyndhurst dord <-hau<-ellon. Marquis ib ? ' , iV M^ , J - Londxm. &t. Aatne- 
of Landsdowne, without oilier (afterwards rine s docks are begun, 

home secretary], Earl of Carlisle (woods and ig28 Feb. 29. At a launch of a ves- 
forests). se i at Manchester which keeled and up- 



July 6. Great Britain, France, and Rus- 
sia enter an alliance against Turkey 
because of its treatment of Greece (p. 
726). 

Aug. 8. George Canning dies. 



set, 200 persons are precipitated into the 
river ; 51 are drowned. 
: * London. The "wall of Brunswick 
Theater falls during a rehearsal ; 12 
persons are killed. 



944 1828, * *-1832, May 7. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1828-45 Ire. Lord Rosse erects a great 
telescope at Parsonstown ; cost, £20,000. 

1829 Oct. 5. London. Fanny Kem- 
ble makes lier first appearance. 

* * The locomotive Rocket travels 25 to 
35 miles per hour. 

* * London. Trafalgar Square is begun. 

* * London. The new post-office is com- 
pleted. 

* * A new concert-room is established at 
Manchester. 



Sept. 15. The Liverpool and Man- 
chester Railroad is opened, [it marks 
the real beginning of the modern era of 
railways.] 

Sept. * The Clarence Dock, Liverpool, 
is completed. 

* * Wardian cases are devised, by N. B. 
Ward, for growing small plants. 

* * Pattinson's process for obtaining sil- 
ver from lead ore is introduced. 

* * John Braithwaite constructs a steam 
fire-engine. 

* * Sir Martin A. Shee becomes president 
of the Royal Academy ; later, the Duke 
of Sussex. 

* * London. The Royal Geographical 
Society is organized. [The African As- 
sociation unites with it.] 

* * London. The Garrick Theater is 
opened. 

1831 Feb. 15. Win. Payne's pocket 
pedometer is patented. 

June 1. The magnetic north pole is 
discovered by Commander James Clark 
Ross. He locates it in 70° 5' 17" north 
latitude, and 96° 46' 45" west longitude. 

June 3. The Norwich canal and harbor 
are opened. 

July 31. London. London Bridge ia 
completed after eight years of labor. 
[Aug. * It is opened by the king.] 

July * Scot. The Edinburgh and Dal- 
keith railway is opened. 

Aug. 4. Ire. A waterspout near Kil- 
larney destroys property and 17 lives. 

Sept. 27. The British Association for 
the Advancement of Science holds 
its first meeting and organizes at York. 
[1832, 2d at Oxford ; 1833, 3d at Cam- 
bridge.] 

* * Faraday discovers that an electro- 
magnetic rotative force is developed 
in a magnet by voltaic electricity. He 
discovers the induction of electric cur- 
rents. 

* * John Constable paints Yarmouth Pier. 

* * London. A statue of William Pitt 
is erected in Hanover Square. 

* * The Surrey Zoological Gardens are 
established by Mr. Edward Cross. 

* * London. The violinist Paganini ap- 
pears. 

* * Sir William Snow Harris invents vari- 
ous forms of the compass. 

* * London. The statue of Maj, John 
Cartwright is erected at Burton Cres- 
cent. Also one of George Canning in 
New Palace Yard, Westminster. 

* * London. The Strand Theater is first 
opened. 

k London. The Harveian Society is or- 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1829* * Ampth ill, Lord, Odo Russell, dipl.,b. 
BelBham, Thomas, Viiitanan cl., au., A79. 
Callanan, James Joseph, poet, A34. 
Davy, Sir Humphry,, chemist, natural phi- 
losopher, A51. 
Duff,Mo!intstuartElphinstone Grant, states- 
Forbes, Charles S., commander, author, b. 
Gardiner, Samuel Jtau'son, historian, born. 



Long, Edwin, painter, born. 

JMawe, John, mineralogist, A 83. 

Millais, John Everett, painter, born. 

Nares, Robert, critic, theologian, A76. 

Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler, author, born. 

Phillips, Watts, dramatist, born. 

Robertson, Thomas William, dramatist, b. 

Rossetti, William Michael, poet, writer, b. 

Sclater, Philip L., ornithologist, born. 

Scoresby, William, arctic explorer, A69. 

Young, Thomas, physicist, author, A56. 
1830* * Harry, Edward M., architect, born. 

Burke, Thomas N., R. C. clergyman, orator, 
Ireland, born. 

Calderwood, Henry, philosopher, Scot., b. 

Chenevix, Richard, wider, Ireland, A5t>. 

Hazlitt, William, essayist, critic, au., A52. 

Hoey, Frances Sarah Cashed, novelist, Ire., b. 

Ingelow, Jean, poet, born. 

Johnson, Sir John, general, A88. 

Lawrence, Sir Thomas, painter, A61. 

Leigliton, Sir Frederick, painter, born. 

McCarthy, Justin, journalist, novelist, his- 
torian, statesman, Ireland, born. 

Palliser, Sir William, soldier, inventor, bom. 

Peel, Sir Robert, cotton manuf., pol., A8D. 

Rennell, James, major, geog., traveler, A88. 

Rossetti, Christina (.ieorgiiia, poet, born. 

Salisbury, Marquis, Robert Arthur Talbot 
Gascoigne Cecil, statesman, born. 

Smith, Alexander, poet, Scotland, born. 

Veitch, John, philosopher, Scotland, born. 

Wright, William, orientalist, born. 
1831 * * Abernethy, John, physician, author, 
Ireland, A67. 

Barr, Matthias, poet. Scotland, born. 

liulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert Lytton,Earl 
Lytton, poet, novelist, diplomatist, born. 

Edwards, Amelia l'dandt'ord, novelist, born. 

Farrar, Frederick "William, archdeacon of 
Westminster, author, born. 

Goschen, George Joachim, statesman, b. 

Hall, Robert, clergyman, orator, au., A67. 

Hope, Thomas, author, AGI. 

Jeanreson, John Cordy, novelist, born. 

Mackenzie, Henry, novelist, Scotland, A86. 

Magee, William, archbishop of Dublin, A66. 

Maxwell, James Clerk, physicist, born. 

Northcote, James, lust, portrait painter, A85. 

Oliphant, Thomas L. W., hist., essayist, b. 

Pond, John, astronomer, A64. 

Siddons, Sarah, actor, A76. 

Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel W., trav., hist., A80. 

Yates, Edmund Hodgson, novelist, horn. 

CHURCH. 

1828 * * William Howley is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

1829 Apr. 13. Roman Catholic Belief 
Bill passed. (See State.) 

Oct. * Scot. Dr. Alexander Duff, the 
first missionary of the Church of Scot- 
land, sails for India, and is wrecked 
twice on the voyage. 

* * Ire. The Congregational Union is 
organized. 

* * The Jesuits are expelled from Eng- 
land by the Roman Catholic Act. The 
establishing of convents and other reli- 
gious communities is forbidden. [Law 
not enforced.] 

1830 * * Scot. Thomas Guthrie is or- 
dained pastor at Arbirlot. 

* * The Brethren first appear at Plym- 
outh ; they object to the latitudinarian- 
ism of the Established Church and the 
sectarianism of Dissenters. 

1831 Nov. 30. Ire. The French frigate 
Hebe lands at Cork 04 English and Irish 
Trappist monks who were expelled 
from France. 

Dec. 9. The Protestant Conservative 
Society is established. 

* * The Congregational Union of Eng- 
land and Wales is organized, 

* * The Trinitarian Bible Society is or- 
ganized. 

* * Ire. Dr. Richard Whately becomes 
archbishop of Dublin. 

1832 Feb. 6. London. A general fast 
is observed because of the cholera. 

LETTERS. 

1828-40 History of the War in the Pe- 
ninsula, by Sir William Francis Patrick 
Napier, appears. 



1828-43 Scot. History of Scotland, by 
Patrick Eraser Tytler, appears. 

1829 Apr. * Bridgewater Treatises. 
By the will of Rev. Francis, Earl of 
Bridgewater, £8,000 is appropriated to 
pay eight persons, to be appointed by the 
president of the Royal Society, who shall 
each write an essay on the power, wis- 
dom, and goodness of God as seen in the 
creation. [1833-36. Published.] 

Aug. 14. London. King's College is 
incorporated. [1831. Oct. 8. Opened.] 

1829-51 London. The Westminster lie- 
view is united with the London Beview. 

* *Tlie United Service Journal is issued. 



* * Fran k Mildmay, or Adventures of a 
Naval Officer, by Capt. Frederick Mar- 
ryat, appears. [1830. The King's Own.] 

* * Richelieu, by George Payne Rainsford 
James, appears. [1831. Philip Augus- 
tus.} 

* * Timbuctoo, by [Lord] Alfred Tennyson, 
appears. [1S30, Poems; 1832, The Lotas 
Eaters, and other poems.] 

1830* * Bagged schools, free schools 
for outcast destitute ragged children, 
are set up in several of the large towns. 
The instruction is based upon the Scrip- 
tures, and most of the teachers are un- 
paid. 

* * London. Eraser's Magazine is issued. 

* * Life of Byron, by Moore, appears. 

* * Songs of the Affections, by Mrs. He- 
mans,'appeais. [1S34. National Lyrics.] 

* * History of the Jeios, by Henry Hart 
Milman, appears. 

* * Tom Cringle's Loo, by Michael Scott, 
appears. [1834. The Cruise of the Midge.] 

1830-31 Diary of a Physician, by Saml. 
Warren, appears. [1839-40. Ten Thou- 
sand a Year.] 

1831* * Dublin. The Irish National 
School system is arranged by Arch- 
bishops Whately and Murray to accom- 
modate both Protestants and Catholics. 

* * The Metropolitan Magazine is issued. 

* * Alfred the Great, by James Sheridan 
Knowles, appears. [1832, The Hunch- 
back; 1833, The Wife: 1834. Tlie Beqgar 
of Bethnal Green; 1837, Lore's Cliase; 
1839, Love ; 1840, John of Procida.] 

* * Illustrations of Political Economy, by 
Harriet Martiiieau, appears. 

* * Corn-Law Rhymes, by Ebenezer Elli- 
ott, appears. 

1832 Apr. 1. London. The Penny Mag- 
azine is first issued. [1845. Ceases.] 



1828 * * A law is passed permitting pub- 
lic houses to be opened on Sundays 
from 10 o'clock till 3, and from 5 till 

11 P.M. 

1829 Jan. 28. Edinburgh. Burkethe 
murderer is executed "for suffocating 
many persons, and selling their bodies 
for dissection. 

Sept. 29. London. The old watch is 
discontinued, and a new police is ap- 
pointed for duty night and day. 

* *The British Penitent Female Refuge 

at Cambridge Heath, Hackney, is estab- 
lished. 

* * Burglary is made a capital offense. 
Dec. * Dublin. A society for planting 

communities of the poorer Protestants 
on tracts of land, particularly in the 
northern counties of Ireland, is estab- 
lished. 

* * The King's Bounty, an annual grant 
of £1,000 for the Maundy royals alms 
distributed by the lord high almoner, is 
discontinued. 



AND IRELAND. 



1828, * *-1832, May 7. 945 



1830 June 3. W. Rioting occurs 
among the iron-workers at Merthyr 
Tydvil ; several, tired upon by the mili- 
tary, killed and wounded. 

June 15. Ire. Rioters at Limerick, 
plunder the provision houses, and do 
other mischief. 

Sept. 21. Scot. The Dunfermline As- 
sociation for the promotion of temper- 
ance by the relinquishment of all intox- 
icating liquors is organized. 

* .* London. The Bank of England loses 
£360,000 ± by Fauntleroy's forgeries. 

* * Riotous demonstrations against la- 
bor-saving machinery occur in the south- 
ern agricultural counties. 

* * London betting-houses are sup- 
pressed. 

1830-56 Ire. Father Mathew admin- 
isters the total abstinence pledge to 
over 2,000,000 people. 

1831 May 23. Ire. Thirteen persons 
are killed and many wounded in a riot- 
ous conflict between the police and 
peasantry at a fair on Castle-pollard. 

June 18. Ire. A conflict occurs be- 
tween the yeomanry and the people at a 
seizure of stock for tithes at Newtown- 
Barry ; 35 persons are killed. 

June 29. London. The London Tem- 
perance Society holds its first meeting 
in Exeter Hall. 

Oct. 10. Nottingham Castle is burned 
by rioters during the reform excite- 
ment. 

Oct. 29-31. A riot breaks out in Bris- 
tol on the entrance of the recorder, Sir 
Charles Wetlierell. Prisoners are libe- 
rated, and the mansion house, the bish- 
op's palace, several merchants' stores, 
some of the prisons, nearly 100 houses 
burned, and above 500 persons are killed 
by the military, or perish. 

Dec. 14. Ire. The people resist the po- 
lice in Castleshock, County Kilkenny, 
killing several of them. 

* *The" truck'* system of paying work- 
men's wages in goods sold in tommy 
shops, instead of money, is prohibited. 

* *The Jews' Orphan Asylum, New 
Charing Cross Hospital, and the Royal 
United Service Institution are estab- 
lished ; a Central Board of Health is 
formed. 

* * Titles created : 

Earls of Liclmeld, Munster, ami Camper- 
down, Marquis of AUsa, and the Barons 
Templemore, Ohaworth, Fingall, Cloncurry, 
Dunmore, Sefton, Kenlis, l'oltimore, Mostyn, 
Clements, Kilmarnock, and l)e suumarez. 
[1833, Earl of Granville, Karl of Durham, 
"Viscount, of Canterbury; 1834, Baron Den- 
man; 1835, Barons Worlingham, Hatherton, 
Abinger,and Ashburton; 1837, Barons Lovat 
and Bateman, Earls of Leicester, Innes, 
Yarborougli, Kiriiudiain, and Ducie; 1838, the 
Earl of Lovelace, Marquis of Normanby, 
and Barons Carew, Wrottesley, Methuen, De 
Mauley, Sudeley, Kintore, itossmore, and 
Lismore; 1839, Barons Keane, Wenlock, 
Seaton, Lurgan, Stanley, of Alderley and 
Leigh.] 

1832 Mar. 24. An Act is passed direct- 
ing that tobacco grown in Ireland be 
purchased in order that it may be de- 
stroyed. 

STATE. 
1828 * * Parliament : A general licens- 
ing Act is passed. Also an Act for build- 
ing and enlarging churches. 



1829 Mar. 5. H. C. Sir Robert Peel 
introduces the «< Catholic Emancipa- 
tion Bill." 

It proposes to admit Catholics to Par- 
liament and all offices of state except 
those of regent, lord chancellor of 
England, and lord chancellor and vice- 
roy of Ireland. [Mar. 29. Passed. Apr. 
10, Passed by Lords. Apr. 13. Receives 
royal assent.] 

Mar. 6. Ire. Henry, Duke of North- 
umberland, is appointed lord-lieuten- 
ant. 

Apr. 28. H. L. The Duke of Norfolk 
and Lords Dormer and Clifford are the 
first Roman Catholic peers to take their 
seats. 

May 4. H. C. The first English Roman 
Catholic member returned si nee the Ref- 
ormation takes his seat. [Aug. * Dan- 
iel O'Connell, an Irish Roman Catholic 
member, takes his seat.] 

June lS-Sept. 29. London. The new 
metropolitan police force is organized. 

Dec. 7. E. I. Suttee, or the burning 
of widows, is abolished. 

* * JV. Australia. A settlement is made 
at Swan River by colonists. 

1830 Jan. 6. Ire. The customs are 
consolidated. 

Apr. 5. Parliament: A hill to remove 
the civil disabilities of the Jews is in- 
troduced. (?) [May 16. Disapproved. 
Vote, 18S-165.] (?) 

[Lord] Thomas Babington Macaulay 
enters Parliament. 

June 26. George IV. dies. 

1830-37 "William TV. reigns. 

He is a brother of George IV., and son 
of George IIL [1831. Sept. 8. Crowned.] 
An administration is formed with the 
Duke of "Wellington as premier. 

Oct. 18. Ire. The lord-lieutenant issues 
a proclamation prohibiting meetings of 
the Anti-Union Society. 

Oct. 26. Parliament meets. [1831. Apr. 
22. Dissolved.] 

Nov. 2. The Duke of "Wellington de- 
clares himself opposed to reform in Par- 
liament. [Nov. 16. He resigns.] 

Nov. 22. A new administration is 
formed. 

Earl Grey as premier. Marquis of Lans- 
downe (prt'siih-Mit council), Lord Brougham 
(lord chancellor), Viscount Althorp (chan- 
cellor exchequer), Earl of Durham {privy 
seal), Visi'uunls Melbourne, Palmerston,and 
Goderich (secretaries home department, for- 
eign affairs, and colonies), Lord John Rus- 
sell (pay!u:ist.i*r-general), and Sir James R. 
G. Graham (lord of the admiralty). 

Dec. 23. Ire. William, Baron Plun- 
kett, is appointed lord high chancellor. 
Henry, Marquis of Anglesey, is ap- 
pointed lord-lieutenant. 

Parliament: Regency Bill is 

passed. 

It provides for the administration of 
the Government, should the Crown de- 
scend to the princess Victoria while un- 
der 18 years of age. 

* * Charles, Duke of Richmond, is ap- 
pointed postmaster. 

* * A poll-tax is first levied. 

* * The mails are first conveyed by rail- 
way. 

1831 Feb. * The Political Union is 
formed at Birmingham by T. Attwood. 

Mar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell in- 
troduces a bill for parliamentary re- 
form. [Apr. 18. It is defeated. Vote, 
291-299.] 



June 14. Parliament meets. [1832. 
Dec. 3. Dissolved.] 

June 24. H. C. Lord John Russell 
again introduces his Reform Bill. 
[Sept. 22. Passed. Dec. 8. H. L. Re- 
jected. Dec. 12. H. C. Reintroduced. 
1832. Mar. 19. Passed. June 4. Passes 
Lords. Vote, 106-22. June 7. Royal 

It disfranchises 56 boroughs having 
less than 2,000 population, and deprives 
30 others of one member each. Of the 
143 seats gained, 65 were given to the 
counties; '22 of the large towns receive 
two members each, and 21 others one 
each. A uniform £10 household fran- 
chise is established. 

Manchester is made a parliamentary 
borough with two members by the Re- 
form Act. Birmingham, .Sheffield, and 
Leeds also are made boroughs. 

* * Parliament: The offices nf post- 
master-general of England and Ireland 
are united in one person. 

* * Parliament: Wine duties of 2 shil- 
lings 9 pence per gallon on Cape wine 
and 5 shillings 6 pence on all other wines 
are levied. 

* * Parliament: All restrictions upon 
the number of hackney-coaches are 
removed. 

* * London. Sir John Kev is elected lord 
mayor. [1S32, Sir Peter Laure ; 1833, 
Charles Farebother; 1834, Henry Win- 
chester; 1835, Win. Taylor Copeland ; 
1836, Thomas Kelley.] 

1832 May 7. H. L. A motion to post- 
pone the first two clauses of the Reform 
Bill is carried; the resignation of Earl 
Grey follows. [May 17 The king hav- 
ing consented to create peers in order 
to secure a majority for the Reform 
Bill, Earl Grey i 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1828* * London. England's first great 
exhibition, called the National Repos- 
itory, opens under royal patronage, near 
Charing Cross. [Unsuccessful.] 

1829 Jan.* Scot. The Glasgow Theater 
is burned. 

June 10. The first boat-race between 
the Universities of Oxford and Cam- 
bridge takes place near Oxford. [1856. 
These contests become annual.] 

July 4. London. Omnibuses are intro- 
duced. The first one starts from Pad- 
dington for the Bank of England. 

Sept. 3. Edinburgh. The Royal Ex- 
change is opened. 

Oct. * Locomotive steam- carriages are 
used on railroads at Liverpool. 

* * London. The Hew Bridewell prison 
is erected as a substitute for the City 
Bridewell, Blackfriars. 

* * London. Farringdon market is 
opened. 

1830 Feb. 16. London. The Lyceum 
is burned. 

Mar. 1. The first light of the Blackrock 
lighthouse, Liverpool, appears. 

* * London. Covent Garden market is 
built. 

1831 Aug. 19. The Lady Sherbrooke, 
from Londonderry to Quebec, is lost 
near Cape Ray ; 273 persons drowned. 

Oct. 26. The Asiatic cholera makes its 
first appearance in England. 

Dec. 23. Scot. The cholera first ap- 
pears at Haddington. 

1831-32 Deaths from cholera reported 
in England, 52,547. 

1832 Feb. 6. Edinburgh. Cholera 
appears. 

Mar. 14. Ire. Cholera first appears at 
Belfast. 



946 1832, May 23-1835, * * GREAT BRITAIN 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1832 * * London. The Medical Asso- 
ciation is organized for the promotion 
of medical science. 



* * Dublin. The Zoological Gardens 
are opened. 

* * Steel pens come into general use. 

1833 Mar. 25. London. Edmund 
Kean makes his last appearance as 
Othello. 

June 25. London. A granite obelisk 
is uncovered to the memory of Robert 
Waithman, Lord Mayor of London in 
1824. 

Sept. 2. AStatistical Society is formed 
at Manchester ; it is the first in Eng- 
land. 

Oct. 18. Capt. John Ross returns from 
his arctic expedition after an absence 
of four years. 

* * Edinburgh. The Association of Fine 
Arts is formed. 

* * London. The Entomological So- 
ciety is organized. 

* * Jack in Office is exhibited at the Royal 
Academy by Sir Edwin Landseer. 

* * The Choral Society is established at 
Manchester. 

* * London. Joseph Saxton, an Ameri- 
can, makes the first magneto-electric 
machine in England. 

* * The safety cab is invented by Joseph 
A. Hansom, an English architect [han- 
som]. 

* * London. The seraphine, a reed mu- 
sical instrument, is introduced by John 
Green. 

* * The town hall, Birmingham, is built. 

1834 June 24±. The second great Han- 
del commemmorationin the presenceof 
King William IV. and Queen Adelaide ; 
644 performers engage in it. 

July 14. London. The Lyceum is re- 
opened. 

Sept. 8. The British Association holds 
its 4th meeting at Edinburgh. [1835, 
Aug. 6. 5th at Dublin; 1836, Aug. * 6th 
at Bristol ; 1837, 7th at Liverpool.] 

± * * The systems of ventilators by Dr. 
Reid and others are introduced with 
much controversy. 

± ■* * Lucifer matches come into use. 

* * London. The Statistical Society is 



* * London. The Royal Institute of 
British Architects is organized. [1837. 
Chartered.] 

* * The Mountain Sylph, an opera by John 
Barnett, is produced. 

* * Dublin. A railway to Kingston is 
opened. 

* * The locomotive Firefly develops a 
speed of 20 miles an hour. 

1835 Sept. 8. After two years' absence, 
Capt. Sir George Back arid his compan- 
ions return from their arctic land ex- 
pedition, having visited the Great Fish 
River, Canada, and traced its course to 
the Polar Seas. 

Dec. 14. London. St. James (Prince's) 
Theater is opened. 

* * The Kew Gardens are founded. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1832* * Bell, Andrew, clergyman, educator, 
Scotland, A79. 
Bentham, Jeremy, jurist, phil., au., A84. 
Crabbe, George, poet, A78. 
Colchester, Lord Charles A., statesman, A70. 
Dicey, Edward, author, born. 



Fergusson, Sir .lames, stub-smaii, Scot., b. 
Leslie, Sir John, mathematician, physicist, 

Scotland, Ati6. 
Porter, Anna Maria, novelist, A52. 
Scott, Sir "Walter, poet, novelist, Scot., A61. 
Taylor, Edward Burnett, anthropologist, h. 

1833 * * Allan, Thomas, mineralogist, A56. 
Ltallantvne, James, printer, journalist, Scot- 
land, A61. 

Bradlaugh, Charles, orator, politician, secu- 
larist, born. 

Brooke, Stonford, clergyman, author, born. 

Drew, Samuel, Methodist preacher, au., A68. 

Exmouth, Viscount, Edward Pellew, ad- 
miral, A76. 

Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, novelist, born. 

Fawcett, Henry, economist, born. 

Foley, Sir Thomas, admiral, A76. 

Gordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon), 
general, born. 

Hill, Rowland, preacher, A89. 

Kean, Edmund, actor, A46. ' 

Malcolm, Sir John, general, diplomatist, ad- 
ministrator, historian, A64. 

More, Hannah, religious writer, A88. 

O'Keefe, John, dramatist, Ireland, A86. 

Tarleton, Bannastre, general, A 79. 

Perry, Stephen Joseph, physicist,, born. 

Roseoe, Sir Henry Enfield, chemist, born. 

Wilberiorce, William, philanthropist, 
statesman, A74. 

Wolseley, Lord, Garnet Joseph, gen., b. 

1834 * * Laker, John Gilbert, botanist, born. 
Baring-Gouhl, Sabine, author, born. 
Barrington, Sir Jonah, lawyer, historian, 

Ireland, A67. 

Blackwood. William, publisher, Scot., A 58. 

Carey, William, Baptist miss., orient., A73. 

Chalmers, Alexander, journalist, editor, bi- 
ographer, Scotland, A75. 

Coleridge, Samuel Taylor, poet, philoso- 
pher, author, A62. 

Crew, Sir benjamin, admiral, A74. 

Douce, Francis, antiquary, A72. 

Du Manner, George Louis 1'. B., artist, novel- 
ist, born. 

Hare, Augustus Julius Charles, author, b. 

Lamb, Charles, poet, dramatist, essayist, 
A69. 

Lubbock ; Sir John, nat., entomologist, born. 

Lukin, Lionel, inventor life-boat, A82. 

Maltlius, Thomas Kohert, clergyman, politi- 
cal economist, A68. 

Morris, William, poet, born. 

Morrison, Kohert, Chinese sehol., miss., A52. 

Seeley, John K., theological writer, born. 

Spurgeon, Charles H., Baptist preacher, 
author, born. 

Taylor, Isaac, philologist, author, born. 

Telford, Thomas, engineer, Seotland, A77. 

1835 * * Byron, Henry J., dramatist, born. 
Cobbett, William, grammarian, historian, 

writer, A69. 

Godwin, William, dram., novelist, hist., A79. 

Hogg, James, poet, Scotland, Ab3. 

lnglis, Henry !>,, tourist., writer, Scot., A40. 

Jevons, William S., economist, author, born. 

Kater, Henry, physicist, A58. 

M'Crie, Thomas, tlieol., hist, wr., Scot., A63. 

Mathews, Charles, actor, humorist, A59. 

MeCulloch, John, geologist, A62. 

Motherwell, William, poet, journalist, Scot- 
land, A36. 

Pughe, William O., philologist, Wales, A76. 

Sinclair, Sir John, aminill uialist, au., A81. 

Whistler, James Abbott McNeill, painter, b. 



* * The Congregational Dissenters publish 
a declaration of faith. 

1834 Mar. 5. The Scripture Knowl- 
edge Institution, Bristol, is founded 
by George Miiller, a Prussian. 

Aug. 1. Lords reject by ten majority 
the bill passed by the Commons admit- 
ting Dissenters to university honors. 

Sept. 3. The church rate is refused at 
Manchester. 

* * The Wesleyan Methodist Associa- 
tion is established. 

* * Scot. The Anti-patronage party se- 
cure a majority in the General Assembly, 
and pass the Veto Act, aiming to pre- 
vent the ordination of any as ministers 
of parishes who are unacceptable to a 
majority of the parishoners. 

* * The Ecclesiastical Commission is 
established. [1836. Aug. 13. Commis- 
sioners are incorporated.] 

* * The Society for promoting Female 
Education in the East is organized by 

1835 * * London. The Protestant As- 
sociation is organized. 



LETTERS. 

1832 July 4. A bill for the founding of 
the Durham University receives the 
royal assent. 

* * London. The Marylebone Literary 
Institution is founded. 



* * The Hereford Times is issued. 
1832-44 The Saturday Magazine is is- 
sued. 

* * London. The Mark Lane Express is 
issued; also the Naval and Military 
Gazette. 

* * The Nautical Magazine is issued. 
1832-49 The British Magazine is is- 

Bued. 

* * Characteristics of Shakespeare' s 
Women, by Hazlitt, appears. 

1832-61 Edinburgh. TaiVs Edinburgh 
Magazine is issued. 

* * Scot. A Commercial Dictionary , by 
John Ramsay M'Culloch, appears. 

* * The Playground of Europe, by Leslie 
Stephen, appears. 

1832-33 Lead, Kindly Light, and other 
poems, by John Henry Now man, appear. 
[1833. Arians of the Fourth Century.'] 

1833 * * The first statistical society in 
England is formed at Manchester. 

* * London. The United Service Gazette 
is issued. 



1832 June 23. The Church Inquiry 
Commission is appointed. 

1833 Aug, 14. Parliament passes an Act 

reducing the number of bishops for Ireland. 
[The see of Dunmore is united with that of 
Down and Connor, and Waterfordand Lis- 
more with Cashal and Ernly. 1834, Cloyne 
with Clare and Ross; 1835, cork with Cloyne 
and Leighlin, and Ferns with Ossory; \KV.i, 
Achonry and Kihlare with Tuam; 1841, El- 
phin and Ardagh with Kehnore.] 

1833-41 Tracts for the Times are pub- 
lished by Pusey, Newman, Keble, and 
others of Oxford University, and create 
great discussion. 

They propose to restore the practise 
of the Church of England to what they 
believe to be required by the language 
of her liturgy and rubrics, but which 
are considered by their opponents to be 
of a Roman Catholic tendency. [1841, 
Mar. 15. The tracts are condemned by 
the University authorities.] 



* * Pauline, h\ Robert Browning, appears. 
[1835. Paracelsus.'] 

1833-42 History of Europe, by Sir Arch- 
ibald Alison, appears. 

1834 * * London. The "Westminster 
Literary Institution is founded. 

* * London. The City of London School 
is founded. 

* * The Surtees Society, or Roxburgh e 
Club, for publishing MSS. relating to 
the northern counties, is established. 

* * Scot. Sartor Pesartus, by Thomas 
Carlyle, appears. [1837, The French 
Revolution ; 184(1, Heroes and Hero Wor- 
ship; 1845, Cromwell' s Letters and 
Speeches.] 

* * Ire. Helen, by Maria Edgeworth, ap- 
pears. 

1835 Aug. 29. The Mining Journal is 
issued. 

* * The Leicester Literary and Philo- 
sophical Society is founded. 

* * The Watchman is issued. 



AND IRELAND. 1832, May 23-1835,* 



947 



1835-44 The Christian Teacher is issued. 

* * Lodore, by Mrs. Shelley, appears. 
[1837. Falkner.] 

SOCIETY. 

1832 June 18. London. The Duke of 
Wellington is attacked by a mob on the 
anniversary of the battle of Waterloo. 

June 19. A discharged pensioner at As- 
cot assaults "William IV. 

* * It is illegal to employ minors in cot- 
ton-mills, or to work them more than ten 
hours daily or more than nine hours on 
a Saturday. 

* * London. The Carlton (Conservative) 
Club is organized. 

* * The death penalty for forgery is abol- 
ished, except forgery of wills or stocks. 

1833 Feb. 15. Joseph Pease, the first 
Quaker member, is admitted to Par- 
liament on his affirmation. 

Sept * Richard Turner, an artisan of 
Preston, in a temperance address says 
that " nothing but a te-te-total will do." 
The term t e-e t o t a 1 e r is immediately 
adopted. 

■* * Sir Francis H. Goldsmid is called to 
the bar, the first Hebrew so honored. 

■* * London. St. George's Chess Club is 
founded. 

■* * London. University College Hospital 
is established. 

1834 Apr. * London. The tailors un- 
successfully strike for an increase of 
wages. 

Aug. 1. The slaves in the colonies are 
emancipated, and a temporary appren- 
ticeship is commenced. 

Aug. 2-4. London. The third and last 
Glasgow lottery is drawn at Coopers' 
Hall. 

Nov.* -35 Mar.* The Staffordshire pot- 
ters successfully strike for an advance 
of wages. [* * Scot. The calico printers 
of Glasgow strike.] 

* * The Surtees Society, Durham, is 
founded. 

-* * The poor-laws are amended. 

Guardians of the poor are obliged, un- 
der the penalty of indictment, to afford 
sufficient relief to all persons unable to 
maintain themselves. 
: London. The Sisters of Charity be- 



gin * 



rk. 



* Hanging in chains is abolished. 

* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Carew. 
[1836, Baron Oranmore and Browne.] 

* * Parliament : Provision is made for pen- 
sioning public servants and persons made 
eminent "by their useful discoveries in sci- 
ence and attainments in literature and the 
arts, who have merited (lie gracious consider- 
ation of their sovereign and the gratitude of 
their country." 

1835 Aug. * The Salford Unity, Sal- 
ford, Lancashire, the first secret tem- 
perance society, is organized. 

* * The death penalty for sacrilege is 
changed to transportation for life. [1861. 
Breaking into a place of worship and 
stealing therefrom is made punishable 
with penal servitude for life.] 

* * London. St. Mark's Hospital is 
founded. 

* * London. Wells Street Sailors' Home 
is opened. 

* * The Cruelty to A nim als Act is fur- 
ther extended. 

* * The ancient and popular sport of 
bear-baiting is prohibited. 



1823 May 23. Parliament: Uni- 
formity of Process Act is passed, 
making many law changes. 



July 13. Parliament: The Reform 

Act for Scotland is passed. 
July 18. Parliament: The Reform 

Act for Ireland is passed. 
Nov. 9. Sir Thomas Denman [Lord 

Denman] is made chief justice. 

* *The system of "Trial at Bar," or 
trial by the whole court or a plurality of 
judges, is adopted. 

* * An association of large bodies of the 
lower classes, called " Chartists," is 
organized. 

Its objects are to secure universal suf- 
frage, vote by ballot, annual Parlia- 
ments, abolition of property qualifica- 
tion, and equal electoral districts. 

* * Parliament: The duty on cotton 
goods imported from the United States 
is reduced. 

* * The office of commissioners is abol- 
ished, and the victualing - office is 
made one of five departments under the 
lords of the admiralty. 

* * "William Ewart Gladstone is elected 
to Parliament for Newark by the Con- 
servatives. 

1833 Jan. 29. Parliament meets. 
[1834. Dec. 30. Dissolved.] 

Apr. 2. Parliament: The Coercion 
Act, for the repression of crime in Ire- 
land, is passed. 

July 30. Parliament: A bill for the 
Reform of the Irish Church is passed. 

Aug. 28. Parliament: A bill to abol- 
ish slavery in the colonies is passed ; it 
grants £30,000,000 to compensate the 



Sept. 26. Ire. Marquis Wellesley is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

* * The Falkland Islands, in the South 
Pacific, are occupied. 

* * The East India Company's charter 
is renewed for 20 years ; their monopoly 
of the Indian trade is abolished. 

1834 Apr. 17. Parliament: A bill to 
amend the poor-laws is introduced. 
[Julyl. H. C. Passes. July 21. H.L. 



Apr. 22. H. C. Daniel O'Connell makes 
a motion for the repeal of the Union 
with Ireland. [Apr. 27. Rejected. 
Vote, 38-523.] 

July 1. Parliament: Another Coer- 
cion Act for Ireland is introduced. 
[July 26. Modified and passed by Com- 
mons.] 

July 9. Earl Grey resigns. 

July 18. Viscount Melbourne becomes 
premier. Ministers : Lords Althorp, 
John Russell, Brougham, and Palmer- 
ston, E. G. Stanley, and Charles Grant ; 
Lord Auckland is first lord of the admi- 
ralty. 

Aug. 1. The Act for the abolition of 
slavery in the colonies goes into effect ; 
770,280 slaves become free. 

Aug. 14. Royal assent is given to the 
Poor-Law Amendment Act. 

A central board of commissioners dis- 
place the local boards, outdoor relief is 
reformed, and workhouses are set aside 
for poor-law unions. 

Sept. 28. London. Alexander Ra- 
phael is made sheriff; he is the first 
Roman Catholic to hold that office since 
the Revolution. 



Dec. 26. Sir Robert Peel is made pre- 
mier. The Cabinet includes Lord Lynd- 
hurst as lord high chancellor, the Duke 
of Wellington and the Earl of Aber- 
deen ; Earl De Grey is first lord of the 
admiralty. 

Dec. 29. Ire. Thomas, Earl of Had- 
dington, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

* * Scot. The General Assembly Veto 
Act is passed. 

* * H. C. A bill permitting prisoners 
to have counsel passes. [H. L. Re- 
jected. 1835. May * H. L. Passed.] 

* * Parliament: The stamp on alma- 
nacs is abolished. 

* * Francis, Marquis of Conyngham, 
1b appointed postmaster. 

* * Parliament: The law making re- 
turning from transportation punish- 
able with death is repealed, and an Act 
is passed making the offense punishable 
by transportation for life. 

1835 Jan. 13. Ire. Sir Edward Bur- 
tenshaw Sugden is appointed lord high 
chancellor. 

Feb. 19. Parliament meets ; James 
Abercromby, Speaker. [1837. July 17. 
Dissolved.] 

Apr. 8. The Ministry resign, having 
been defeated on the Irish Church ques- 
tion. 

Apr. 18. Lord Melbourne again be- 
comes prime minister. 

Cabinet: Lord Palmerston (foreign secre- 
tary), Lord John Russell (home secretary), 
Viscount Howick (secretary of war), and 
Lord Auckland (first lord of the admiralty). 

Apr. 23. Ire. Henry, Marquis of Wor- 
manby, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 
[Apr. 30. William, Baron Plunkett, 
lord chancellor.] 

May 20. London. The Reform Associa- 
tion is organized to protect electors. 
[1836. Succeeded by the Reform Club.] 

June 5. H. C. Lord John Russell in- 
troduces a bill for the regulation of 
municipal corporations. [Sept. 7. 
Passed.] 

June 24. Parliament: An Act is passed 
enabling David Salomons, a Jew, to act 
as sheriff of London. 

Sept. 19. Earl of Minto is made first lord 
of the admiralty. 

* * Sir Charles Christopher Pepys, master 
of the rolls, Vice-chancellor Shadwell, 
and Justice Bosanquet are commission- 
ers of the great seal. 

* * Francis, Marquis of Conyngham, 
is postmaster ; later, the Earl of Lich- 
field, and "William, Lord Mary- 
borough. 

* * Ind. Sir Charles T.Metcalf is made 
governor-general. 

* * Manchester is incorporated by the 
Municipal Reform Act. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1833 Feb. 15. The Hibemia is 
wrecked; 150 persons are drowned. 

July 3. London. Hungerford market 
is opened. 

Aug. 30. The Amphitrite, a ship with 
female convicts to New South Wales, is 
lost on Boulogne Sands ; out of 131 per- 
sons three only are saved. 

1834 Jan. 9. The Lady Munro, from 
Calcutta, is wrecked on its way to Syd- 
ney ; 70 are drowned. 

Oct. 16. London. A great fire occurs. 
The Houses of Parliament are burned, 
also St. Stephen's Chapel. 

1835 * * Mails are first sent on the over- 
land route to India. 



948 



I835;**-1839, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1835* *S.Afr. WarwithKafirs(p.598). 

1839-42 "War with Afghanistan to 
restore Shuja Shah to the throne of 
whichhe is deprived by Dost Mohammed 
Khan (p. 4). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1835-44 Scot. The Granton Pier and 
breakwater on the Forth, three miles 
from Edinburgh, are erected by the gift 
of Walter Stevuiisoii,I>ukeul 15 ueoleuch. 
Cost £500,000. 

* *A magnificent market is erected at 
Newcastle by Richard Grainger. 

1836 June * Prof. Cbarles Wheatstone 
constructs an electromagnetic appa- 
ratus; it carries 30 signals through 
nearly four miles of wire. 

June 21. Capt. Back sails with the Ter- 
ror on an exploring adventure to 
Wager Itiver. 

Nov. 7. Prus. Tbe great Nassau bal- 
loon descends at Weilburg, having con- 
veyed three persons from London in IS 
hours. 

* * London. The Numismatic Society 
is founded by Dr. John Lee. 

* * London. The statue of George III. is 
erected in Cockspur Street. 

* * A naval steam-ram is invented by 
James Nasmytb. 

* * Happy, as a King is painted by William 
Collins. 

* * Francis Pettet Smith and Capt. John 
Ericsson obtain patents for screw pro- 
pellers. 

* * Scot. The Edinburgh and Granton 
railway is begun. 

* * Scot. Anastatic printing is invented 
by Cocks of Falmouth. 

1837 Feb. 14. London. The Art 
Union of London is founded. 

June 12. The magnetic needle tele- 
graph is patented by William Fothergill 
Cooke and Charles'Wheatstone. [1867. 
June 12. Gold medal awarded.] 

July 4. The Birmingham and Liverpool 
railway is opened as the Grand Junc- 
tion. 

* * Scot. An Art Union is formed. 

* * Photographs on paper are first made 
by William Henry Fox Talbot. 

* * London. The Ornithological Society 
is formed ; also the Electrical So- 
ciety. 

* * Wheatstone and Cooke claim to dis- 
cover the electric telegraph. 

* * Capt. John Ericsson's screw propeller 
Francis liogden develops a speed of 10 
miles an hour. 

* * London. City Theater, Norton-Fol- 
gate, is opened. 

* * John Upton patents a steam-plow. 

* * London. The principle of %vorking 
clocks by electricity is advanced by 
Alex. Bain. 

1838 May 31. London. John Lis- 
ton, comedian, makes his last appear- 

Sept. 16. London. The railway to 

Birmingham is opened. [Dec. 28. Also 

the one to Greenwich.] 
Oct. 28. A hurricane sweeps London 

and vicinity, doing great damage. 
Nov. 2. Joseph Henry announces the 

discovery of secondary currents in 

electricity. 

* * London. The Royal Agricultural 
Society is formed. [1S40. Chartered. 
Also the Etching Club.] 

* * Herschel's Outline of Astronomy is 
published. 

* * The Geological Society is instituted at 
Manchester. 



* * The 8th meeting of the British Asso- 
ciation is held at Newcastle. [1839. 
Aug. 29, 9th at Birmingham ; 1840, Sept. 
24, 10th at Glasgow ; 1841, 11th at Plym- 
outh ; 1842, June 23, 12th at Manchester. 

* * The Marquis of Northampton becomes 
president of the Royal Society. 

* * The first screw propeller, the Archi- 
medes, is built on the Thames by H. 
Wimshurst. 

* * Prof. Charles Wheatstone makes op- 
tical discoveries. He invents the re- 
flecting stereoscope. 

* * The ammonia process of making soda 
is invented by Dyer and Hemming. 

* * The magnificent water-lily, called Vic- 
toria liegia, is introduced from Guiana 
by Sir Robert Schomburgk. 

* * Dr. Neil Arnott's work on ventilators 
is published. 

* * The steamship Great Western steams 
from Bristol to New York iu 15 days. 

1839 Jan. 6, 7. Ire. Terrible tempest 
prevails ; Limerick and Dublin suffer 
much damage; 200 houses are blown 
down, killing 20 persons; 100 persons 
are drowned ; and the coasts of Ireland 
and Western England are lined with 
wrecks. Fire consumes 200 houses. 



Aug. G. London, The Royal Polytech- 
nic Institution, Regent Street, is opened. 

Dec. 24-27. A long chalk cliff at Lyme 
Regis, Dorset, between 100 to 150 feet 
high, being undermined by rain, slides 
forward on the beach, carrying fields, 
houses, and trees. 

* * The locomotive North Star runs 37 
miles an hour. 

* * London. The Microscopical So- 
ciety is formed ; also the Ecclesiologi- 
cal Society, and the Koyal Botanical 
Society. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1836 * * Oolman, George, poet, dram., A74. 
Gell. Sir William, classical scholar, anti- 
quary, A59. 

Gilbert, William S., dramatist, librettist, b. 
Lockyer, .Joseph N., astronomer, born. 
Leach, William E., naturalist, A46. 
JIaeadam, John L., inventor Macadam roads, 

Scotland, A80. 
Marsden, William, orientalist, A82. 
Mill, James, hist., economist, phil., A63. 
Poynter, Edward John, historical painter, b. 
Stowell, Baron, William S., jurist, A91. 
WVstall, Richard, historical painter, A71. 
Wilkins, Sir Charles, Sanskrit scholar, A87. 

1837 * * Braddon, Mary E., novelist, born. 
Brydges, Sir Samuel Egcrton, writer, A75. 
Burges8,Thomas, bp. of Salisbury, au., A81. 
Burnand, Francis C, dramatist., born. 
Constable, John, landscape painter, A61. 
Daniel, William, landscape painter, A68. 
Donovan, Edward, naturalist, author, A39. 
Field, John, composer, pianist, Ire., A55. 
Gordon-Gumming, Constance F., traveler, 

writer, Scotland, born. 

Green, John Richard, historian, born. 

Ilicks-Beach, Sir .Michael Edward, states., b. 

Latham, John, ornithologist, AS7. 

Marsh man, Joshua, Baptist missionary, 
oriental scholar, A70. 

Proctor, Richard A., astronomer, au., b. 

Soane, Sir John, architect, A84. 

Swinburne, Algernon C, poet, born. 

Turner, Edward, chemist, A40. 

William IV., king, A72. 
1838* * Abbott, Edwin A., theologian, philol- 
ogist, born. 

Douglas, Kobert K., orientalist, born. 

Eldon, Earl of, John S.. statesman, A87. 

Grant, Mrs. Anne McVicar, novelist, Scot- 
land, A 83. 

Irving', Henry (J. H. Broadribb), actor, b. 

Lancaster, Joseph, educator, A 60. 

Lecky, William E. H., historian, born. 

Morley, John, statesman, author, born. 

Morton, Thomas, dramatist^ A74. 

Trevelyan, Sir George O., statesman, biog- 
rapher, author, born. 
1839 * * Adam, William, lawyer, Scot., A88. 

Alison, Archibald, cl., au., Scotland, A82. 

I'.ccchy, sir William, portrait painter, AHG. 

Iientinck, Lord, William C, governor-general 
of Bengal, A65. 

Coffin, Sir Isaac, admiral, A80. 



D'Arblay, Madam, Frances Burney, novelist 

A 88. 
Gait, John, miscellaneous wr., Scot., A60. 
Hardy, Sir Thomas M., commander, A70. 
Lauderdale, Earl of, James M., statesman, 

Scotland, A80. 
Pettie, John, painter, born. 
Praed, "Winthrop M., poet, A37. 
Smith, William, geologist, A70. 
Stanhope, Lady Hester L., traveler, A63. 
Williams, John, missionary, A43. 

CHURCH. 

1835 * * Bishoprics are established : 
Madras. [1836, Kipon, Montreal, and Aus- 
tralia; 1837, Bombay; 1838, Nelson, New- 
Zealand; ]S39, Newfoundland and Toronto; 

1841, Jerusalem, Cibi altar, and New Zealand: 

1842, Tasmania, Antigua, British Cuiana, and 
Huron; 184ft, Colombo, Ceylon, and Frederic- 
ton, New Brunswick.] 

1836 * * The Broad Church School in 
tbe Church of England becomes promi- 
nent. Traditional beliefs are rejected, 
and "negative theology" substituted. 

* * The Church of England Pastoral Aid 
Society is organized. 

* * The Colonial Missionary Society in 
connection with the Congregational 
Union of England and Wales is organ- 
ized. 

1837* * Scot. The "Woman's Societies 
of the Free Church of Scotland, the 
Woman's Missionary Societies of Scot- 
land (Established Church), and the 
"Woman's mission-work for women in 
the Established Church are organized. 

1837-82 London. Mormons report six 
meeting-houses : estimated 85,000 Eng- 
lish . 



* * The Peculiar People sect is founded. 

1839 * * Scot. Dr. Duff publishes Mis- 
sions the Chief End of the Christian 
Church. 

* * The centenary of Methodism is cele- 
brated ; £216,000 is collected, to b« 
expended on educational, church, and 
benevolent objects. 

LETTERS. 

1835-47 History of Greece, by Connop 
Thirlwall, appears. 



c * London. The Musical World is is- 
sued. 

: * Dublin. The Dublin Review is issued. 

' * The Midland Counties Herald is is- 
sued. 

* * Reliques of Father Prout, by Rev. 
Francis Mah'ony, appears. 

« * Mr. Midshipman Easy and Japhet in 
Search of a 'Father, by Capt. Frederick 
Marry at, appear. [1837, Peter Simple 
and Stwrleunoto ; 1838, Jacob Faithful; 
1839, The Phantom Ship.] 

'< * Ire. liory O'More, by Samuel Lover, 
appears. [1839, Songs and Ballads; 
1842, Handy Andy.] 

' * Worthies of Yorkshire and Lancaster, 
by Hartley Coleridge, appears. 

t * p er icl e s and, Aspasia, by Landor, ap- 
pears. 

k * Sketches by Boz, by Charles Dickens, 
appears. [1837, Ptrkirick Papers; 1838, 
Oliver Tn-ivf ; 1 838-39 , Nicholas Nickleby ; 
1840-41, Master Humphrey's Clock, Old 
Curiosity Shop, ami Ha ma by Pudge; 1842, 
American Notes; 1843-44, Martin Chuz- 
zleioit; 1847-48, Dombey and Son.) 



AND IRELAND. 



1835,* *-1839,' 



949 



* * English Dictionary , by Charles Rich- 
ardson, appears. 

1836-38 Memoirs of the Life of Sir Wal- 
ter Scott, by John Gibson Iiockhart, ap- 
pears. 

1837 * * University College, Durham 
University, is founded. 

* * London. The Publishers' Circular is 
issued ; also the Magnet, the Era, and 
the Railway Times. 

* * History of the Inductive Sciences, by 
William Whewell, appears. [1840, Phi- 
losophy of the Inductive Sciences; 1S45, 
Elements of Morality.'] 

* * The Yellowplush Papers, by "William 
Makepeace Thackeray, appears. 

* * Harry Lorrequer, by Charles James 
Lever, appears. [1S10, Charles O'Mal- 
ley ; 1843, Tom Burke of Ours and Arthur 
O'Leary.] 

1838* * "Wesley College, Sheffield, is 
opened. 

* * The Camden Historical Society is 
founded. 

* * London. The Ecclesiastical Gazette 
is issued; also the Medical Press. 

* * The Seraphim, and. other poems, by 
Elizabeth Barrett [Browning], appears. 
[1844, Drama of Exile.'] 

■* * On the Law of Storms, by Sir W. Reed, 
appears. 

■* * Rationale of Religious Inquiry t by 
James Marthieau, appears. [1843, En- 
deavors after a Christian Life.] 

1838-43 History of Rome, by Thomas 
Arnold, appears. 

1838-50 The English Historical So- 
ciety is established. 

SOCIETY. 



1836 Apr. 11. Orphan houses at Ash- 
ley-down, Bristol, are foundedby George 
Muller, a Prussian; they are supported 
entirely by voluntary contributions and 
without solicitation. 

"* * Ire. Tithe disorders prevail. 

* * London. The Orthopaedic Hospital, 
for the cure of club-foot and spinal cur- 
vatures, is founded. 

-* *The Numismatical Society is founded 
by Dr. John Lee. It publishes the Nu- 
mismatic Chronicle. 

* * A penalty of £50 is enacted for adver- 
tising any lotteries in the newspapers. 

* * "Weekly wages of laboi'ers, eight shil- 
lings. 

■* * The legal rights, position, and employ- 
ment of women are greatly improved. 

1838 * * John Thorn announces himself 
the Messiah at Brighton, and proposes 
the reformation of society. [May 28-31. 
In a riot Thorn is killed.] 

Aug. * Parliament: A statute is passed 
abolishing arrest for debt on mesne 
process except in cases wherein there 
is ground to show that the defendant 
designs to leave the country. [1846. 
Imprisonment for debts under £20 is 
abolished.] 

* * London. The Arundel Tacht Club is 
founded. [1849 Changed to Royal Lon- 
don Yacht Club] 

* * The poor-laws are extended to Ireland. 

* * Acts are passed to discourage duelling. 

* * Scot. The MaitlandClub, Glasgow, is 
founded. 

* * The temperance societies called the 
Rechabites are formed. 

1839 Scot. The Spalding Club, Aber- 
deen, is founded. 

* * London. A ragged school is set up 
by Andrew Walker in " Devil's Acre," 
Westminister. 



1835 * * Capt. Alexander Eurnes is 
sent to Dost Mohammed at Kabul as 
ambassador to offset the intrigues of 
Russia. 

1836 Jan. 16. Sir Charles Christopher 
Pepys, Lord Cottenham, is made lord 
high chancellor. 

Feb. 12. H. C. Lord John Russell in- 
troduces a bill for the general regulation 
of Births, Deaths, and Marriages. 
[Passed.] 

Feb. * Parliament : The Tithe Commu- 
tation Act, substituting money for pay- 
ment in kind, is introduced [and passed]. 

May 17. H. C. The Jewish Emanci- 
pation Bill is defeated on second read- 
ing. Vote, 1G5-228. 

June 20. H. C. A bill is introduced to 
reduce the stamp on each newspaper 
from fourpence to one penny [Passed.] 

* * South Australia is colonized. 

* * Parliament: A bill allowing counsel 
to persons tried for felony is passed. 

* * E.I. Lord Auckland is appointed 
governor-general. 

Oct. 30. Ire. Sir Michael Loghlen is 
appointed master of the rolls ; he is the 
first Roman Catholic judge since the 
Revolution. 

1837 June 20. William IV. dies. 

1837-f- "Victoria reigns. 

Alexandrina Victoria, daughter of Ed- 
ward, Duke of Kent, and granddaughter 
of George III , becomes queen. 

June 20. Hanover is separated from 
Great Britain. The Dukeof Cumber- 
land becomes king of Hanover. [June 
24. He leaves London.] 

June * The administration of Viscount 
Melbourne is continued. [F. T. Bar- 
ing, Earl of Clarendon, T. B. Macaulay, 
and others are added.] 

July 12. Parliament: Post-office Acts 
are consolidated. 

Nov. 9. London. Moses Montefiore is 
elected sheriff, and is knighted by the 
queen ; he is the first Jew so honored. 

Nov. 15. Parliament meets. [1341. 
June 23. Dissolved.] 

Dec. 22. Parliament: The Government 
announces that Lower Canada is in 
rebellion (p. 57S). 

* * London. Sir John Cowan is elected 
lord mayor [1838, Samuel Wilson ; 1839, 
Sir Chapman Marshall ; 1840, Thomas 
Johnson; 1841, John Pirie ; 1842, J. 
Humphrey; 1843, S. W Magnay ; 1844, 
Michael Gibbs; 1845. John Johnson; 
1846, Sir George Carroll ; 1847, John Kin- 
nersley Hooper ; J 848, Sir James Duke; 
1849, Thos. Farncombe ; 1S50, Sir John 
Musgrove.] 

* * The queen is empowered to grant an- 
nually new pensions to the amount of 
£1,200. 

* *The national debt is £761,422,570. 

1838 Apr. * Lord Durham is appointed 
a special commissioner to Canada to 
redress grievances and maintain the law. 

June 28. Loudon Queen "Victoria is 
crowned at Westminster 

Aug. 1. E. I. Slavery is abolished. 

Aug. 10. The Ministry disallow the or- 
dinance of Lord Durham (Jan. 281 expa- 
triating rebel leaders in Canada. [He 
resigns bis office.] 

Aug. * A meeting of working-people 
called Chartists takes place near Bir- 
mingham. 



They draw up a national petition, or 
people's charter, demanding annual par- 
liaments, universal suffrage for man- 
hood, voting by ballot, abolition of 
property qualification of members of 
parliament, and payments for their ser- 
vices, [Later, they add a demand for 
equal electoral districts.] 

Sept. 18. The Anti-corn-law League 
is formed at Manchester. Charles Vil- 
liers, Richard Cobden, and John 
Bright are its leaders. 

Oct. 23. Manchester receives a charter 
of incorporation. 

* * Parliament : The transmission of 
mails by railways is enacted, 

* * Parliament : A poor-law for Ireland 
is passed. [1839. Amended.] 

* * Ire. Kent is substituted for land- 
owners' tithes. 

* * The imperial state crown of England is 
made. 

It contains one large ruby, one large 
sapphire. It; sapphires, 11 emeralds, 4 ru- 
bies, 1,303 brilliants, 1,273 rose diamonds, 
147 table diamonds, 4 drop-shaped pearls, 
and 273 pearls. 

1839 Apr. 3. Ire. Hugh, Earl For- 
tescue, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

May 2. H. C. Charles Shaw Lefevre, 
Viscount Eversley, is chosen Speaker. 

June 14. Parliament: The petition of 
the Chartists is presented and rejected. 
[Riots follow.] 

July * H. C. A bill for the adoption of 
Rowland Hill's plan of a penny postage 
is introduced [and passed]. 

Aug. 26. Parliament: The Manchester 
Police Act is passed. 

Nov. 16. A commercial treaty is con- 
cluded with Turkey. 

Dec. 5. The new postage-law, with the 
uniform letter-rate of fourpence, goes 
into operation as an experiment. 

* * Afghanistan. Sir William MacNaugh- 
ten becomes the real governor under 
Shah (p. 5). 

* * Arabia. Aden captured (Jan. 29) and 
annexed. 

* * parliament: Birmingham town is 
ncorporated, and a police Act for it 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1836 Aug. 30. London. Flenning's 
wharf, London Bridge, and other 
structures are burned ; loss, £250,000. 

Sept. 19. Dublin. Mount Jerome 
Cemetery is consecrated. 

* * Raw cotton sells from IS to 20 cents 
a pound. 

* * London. Tothill Fields Bridewell 
prison is rebuilt. 

1837 * * The Peninsular Company is 
formed. [It becomes the Peninsular and 
Oriental Steam Navigation Company.] 

1838 Jan. 10. London. The Royal 
Exchange is burned the second time. 

Apr. 8-23. The Great Western sails 
from Bristol to New York. 

Sept. 6. The steamer Forfarshire, from 
Hull to Dundee, is lost; 38 persons 
drowned. Grace Darling and her 
father save 15 persons. 

Nov. 21. E. I. The East Indiamen Pro- 
tector is wrecked in the Bay of Bengal ; 
170 drowned. 

1838-39 A telegraph-line is set up on 
the Great Western Railway from Pad- 
dington to West Drayton. 

1839 Jan. 7. The naval cutter Dili- 
gence is wrecked ; 56 persons drowned. 



950 1839,**-1842, ** 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1839-42 "War with China over dis- 
putes regarding the opium-trade (p. 616). 

1840 Sept.* -Nov.* "War against Me- 
hemet Ah, Pasha of Egypt. (See Egypt.) 

Sept. 16. Syria. Beyrout is bombarded 
and captured by the British under Col. 
Napier. 

Nov. 3. Syria. A British squadron un- 
der Adm. Stopford bombards and takes 
St. Jean d'Acre ; Egyptian loss, 2,000 
killed and wounded, and 3,000 prisoners. 
[Peace follows.] 

* * The screw propeller is introduced 
in the royal navy. 

1842 Aug. 15. The Duke of Wel- 
lington is again appointed commander- 
in-chief. 

* * The artillery carbine is introduced. 

* * The percussion -musket is intro- 
duced. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



* * The process of obtaining illuminating 
gas from water is patented by Cruik- 
shank. 

* * Wm. Robert Grove constructs the 
nitric acid battery. 

* * London. Wood-paving is unsuccess- 
ful. 

* * Henry Fox Talbot first publishes his 
method of multiplying impressions by 
producing a negative photograph, 
from which any number of positive cop- 
ies may be printed. 

1840 May 11. The railway to South- 
ampton is opened. 

June 30. London. The railway to Bris- 
tol is opened. [Aug. 2. To Blackwall. 
Sept. 21. To Brighton.] 

June.* London. An experiment is made 
with atmospheric pressure on railway 
across Wormwood Scrubs. 

Aug. 14±. The steam-packet Britannia 
crosses from Halifax to Liverpool in 10 
days, breaking all previous records. 

* * The hydro-electric machine is in- 
vented by Armstrong. 

* * Edinburgh. The Sir Walter Scott 
monument is begun. [1845. Finished.] 

* * John Babcock of Brighton beginB to 
procure new lymph for vaccination by 
inoculating cows with smallpox. 

* * Prof. Wheatstone invents an electro- 
magnetic telegraph clock. 

* * Dublin. The Irish Archaeological So- 
ciety is formed. 

* * Inoculation is prohibited by law. 

* * Alfred Smee's electric battery is first 
constructed. 

* * Robert Sterling Newall of Gateshead 
patents wire rope for submarine tele- 
graph cables. 

1841 Jan. 16. Brentford is inundated 
and much damage is done ; several lives 
are lost. 

June 11. London. The Chemical So- 
ciety is formed; also the Pharmaceu- 
tical Society [184:;, chartered], and the 
Hydropathic Society. 

Sept. * London. The Princess's Theater 
is opened for concerts. [Dec. 26. For 
plays.] 

Nov. 2. London. Adelaide Kemble 
makes her first appearance. 

* * The Queen's Bridge is built on the 
site of the long bridge at Belfast. 



* * Wheatstone's alphabetical printing 
telegraph is patented. 

1842 Dec. 17. James Young sets up 
the Family Herald with a type-compos- 
ing machine. 

Dec. 26. London. The Marylebone 
Theater is opened. 



1841 May 28. Scot. Seven minis- 
ters belonging to the Presbytery of 
Strathbogie are deposed by the General 
Assembly of the Church of Scotland for 
obeying the civil in preference to the 
ecclesiastical law. 



: * Magneto-electricity is applied to 
electroplating by Woolwich. 

' * Red flames are observed during an 
eclipse of the sun, by Francis Baily. 

: * The Kew Observatory is presented 
to the British Association. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1840* * Harrington, George, pickpocket, 

writer, A75. 
Broughlon, Rhoda, novelist, born, 
r.runimell, George B. (Beau Brummell), 

fop, A62. 
Carlisle, Sir Anthony, surgeon, physiol., A72. 
Gary, Henry F., poei, translator of " Dante," 

A68. 
De la Rame, Louise (Ouida), novelist, born. 
Drummond, ('apt. Thomas, civil engineer, 

Scotland, A 43. 
Griffin, Gerald, novelist, poet, Ireland, A37. 
Linton, James I>., painter, born. 
Maclure, William, geologist, Scot., A77. 
Nasmylh, Alexander, painter, Scot., A82. 
Riviere, Union, painter, born. 
Smith, Sir William S., admiral, A76. 
Stanley, Henry Morton, explor., Wales, b. 
Stone, Jlaretis, painter, born. 
Symonds, John A., author, born. 
Walker, Frederick, painter, born. 
Victoria, Empress Frederick of Germany, 

princess royal, dau. of Queen Victoria, b. 

1841 * * Black, William, novelist, Scot., b. 
Burnes, Sir Alex., traveler, diplomatist, Scot- 
land, A36. 

Bucbanan, Robert W., poet, Scotland, born. 

Chitty, Joseph, jurist, A65. 

Dyer, Geoii;*', scholar, antiquary, A86. 

Elgin, Eari of, Thomas Bruce, diplomatist, 
Scotland, A75. 

Gregory, Gilbert Ashlmrton, math., tvt., A67. 

Hook, Theodore Edward, novelist, drama- 
tist, humorist, A58. 

Mac-Auley, Catherine E., philanthropist, 
founder Sisters of Mercy, Ireland, A54. 

.MacNeven, William J., physician, teacher, 
Ireland, A78. 

White, Josej.li I'.., clergyman, author, A66. 

Wilkie, Sir David, painter, Scotland, A56. 

1842 * * Arnold, Thomas, clergyman, classi- 
cal scholar, historian, A47. 

Banim, John, novelist, Ireland, A44. 
Chantry, Sir Francm Legatt, sculptor, A6I. 
Congleton, Lord, Henry Brooke Parnell, 

statesman, A 66. 
Cunningham, Allan, poet, critic, Scot., A58. 
Darling, Grace, heroine, A27. 
Fnshroke, Thomas I*., archeologist, A72. 
Foster, John, el., moralist, author, A72. 
Haldane, Robert, el., philan., au., Scot., A78. 
Hill, Viscount, Rowland, general, A70. 
Maginn, William, journalist, author, Ireland, 

A49. 
Mudie, Robert, naturalist, Scotland, A65. 
Ousely, Sir William, orientalist, A73. 
I'ayne, John, poet, born. 
Wellesley, Marquis of, Richard Cowley, or 

Wesley, statesman, A82. 



CHURCH. 

1839 * * The Ecclesiological Society is 
organized. 

1840* * Ire. The "Synod of Ulster" 
and the "Secession Synod" unite to 
form the " General Assembly of the 
Presbyterian Church of Ireland." 

* * The Welsh Presbyterian Foreign 
Missionary Society is established at 
Liverpool. 

* * A Jewish mission to the East is or- 
ganized by Moses Montefiore. 

* * Parliament : A new Church Disci- 
pline Act is passed. 



Nov. 30. Edinburgh. The Medical 
Missionary Society is organized. 

* * Scot. The Morisonians, followers of 
the Rev. James Morison of Kilmarnock, 
are suspended for heterodoxy. 

* * Sir F. H. Goldsmid founds the Jewish 
Infant School. 

1842 May 23. Scot. TheGeneral As- 
sembly of the Church of Scotland con- 
demns patronage as detrimental to true 
religion, and deserving to be abolished. 

Nov. 7. London. The British Society for 
the Propagation of the Gospel among the 
Jews is founded. 

LETTERS. 

1839-69 The first real practical techni- 
cal school in England is formed in the 
Chester Diocesan Training College, by 
Rev. Arthur Itigg, principal. 

1839 * * Festus, by Philip James Bailey, 
appears. 

* * Introduction to the Literature of Eu- 
rope, by Henry Hallam, appears. 

1839-43 Sketches of Statesmen of the 
Time of George III., by Lord Henry 
Brougliam, appears. [1S45-46, Lives of 
the Men of Letters and Science who 
Flourished in the Time of George III.'] 

1839-44 Proverbial Philosophy, by Mar- 
tin Farquhar Tupper, appears. '[1844, 
Crock of Gold.'] 

1839-45 Journal of Researches, by 
Charles Darwin, appears. 

1840* *A training-school is founded 
at Battersea by Sir J. Shuttleworth and 
E. C. Tufnell. 

* * The Shakespeare Society is founded. 

* * London. The London Circulating 
Library is founded. 

* * London. The Tablet, Roman Catholic 
weekly, is issued. 

* * Scot. The Witness is issued. 

* * Scot. The Old Red Sandstone, by Hugh 
Miller, appears. [1850, Footprints of the 
Creator.] 

* * Ingoldsby Legends, by Richard Harris 
Barfiam, appears. 

1840-48 Lives of the Queens of Eng- 
land, by Agnes Strickland, appears. 

1841 Apr. 14. London. The Noncon- 
formist is issued. 

July 17. London. Punch, or the Lon- 
don Charivari, is issued by Henry May- 
hew, Mark Lemon, Douglas Jerrold, Gil- 
bert a Becket, and others. 

* * London. The Pharmaceutical Jour- 
nal is issued ; also the Gardeners 
Chronicle and Jewish Chronicle. 

* * Amenities of Literature, by Isaac D'ls- 
raeli, appears. 

* * Master man Ready, by Capt. Marryat, 
appears. [1846, < 'huaren of the New For- 
est; 1848, The Little Savage.] 

1842 May 18. London. The Philo- 
logical Society is established. 

May * London. The Illustrated London 
News is issued. 

* * Edinburgh. New CoUege is founded. 

* * London. Lloyd's Weekly Newspaper 
is issued; also "the Builder and the In- 
quirer. 

* * Lays of Ancient Rome, by Macaulay, 
appears. 

* * Locksley Hall, and other poems, by 
Tennyson, appears. [1S47, The Princess : 
1850, In Memoriam.] 

* * Ire. The Waldenses, - bv Aubrev 
Thomas DeVere, appears. [1343, Poem-.'] 



AND IRELAND. 



1839,**-1842, **. 951 



* * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Antiq- 
uities, by Sir William Smith, appears. 

* * Zanoni, by Bulwer-Lytton, appears. 
[1S43, Last of' the Barons: 1S4S, Harold; 
1849, The Caxtons; 1S53, My Novel.'] 

* * Scot. Love and Immortality, by 
Charles Mackay, appears. [1845, Le- 
gends of the Isles.] 

* * Correlation of the Physical Forces, by 
Sir "W. R. Grove, appears. 

It enunciates the theory of the corre- 
lation or mutual dependence and con- 
vertibility into each other of all the 
forces of nature, viz., heat, light, elec- 
tricity, magnetism, chemical affinity, and 
motion. 
1842-53 The Shakespeare Society is- 
sues 20 volumes. 

SOCIETY. 

1839* * London. King's College Hos- 
pital is founded. 

* * London. The Theatrical Fund is es- 
tablished. [1S53. Incorporated.] 

* * The British and Foreign Antislavery 
Society is established. 

1840 Jan. 1. John Frost, Zephaniah 
Williams, and William Jones, three 
Chartists, are tried for high treason. 
[Condemned and transported.] 

July 10. Attempted assassination. 
Edward Oxford, an ex-servant in a public 
house, discharges two pistols at Queen Vic- 
toria and Prince Albert when ascending 
Constitution Hill in an open pha?ton from 
Buckingham Palace. Neither her majesty 
nor the prince is injured. [July 10. Oxford 
adjudged to he insane.] 

1840-52 London. The Percy Society 
is formed. [1840-55. Also the Parker 
Society.] 

1841 Sept. 15. Metropolitan Associa- 
tion for Improving the Dwellings of the 
Industrial Classes is founded. [1845. 
Oct. 16. Incorporated.] 

* * A Consumption Hospital is founded 
at Brompton. 

* * London. The London Philanthropic 
Society is founded to supply bread and 
coal to the poor. 

* * Titles created. Barons Oxenfoord, Con- 
gleton, and Vivian; also Karl of Gainsbor- 
ough. [1H42, Viscount. Hill; 1846, Earl of 
Eliesmere and Visi-ount. llardinge; 1847, Earl 
of Strafford; 1*49. Visi-onnt (longhand Baron 
Elgin; 1*50, Earl of Tottenham and Baron 
Truro; 1851, Baron De Freyne.] 

1841-47 Edinburgh. Wodrow Soci- 
ety is founded. 

1842 May 30. John Francis fires at 
the queen. [July 3. John William 
Bean presents a pistol at the queen, but 
is seized by a bystander before firing it. J 

Aug. * Scot. Father Mathew visits 
Glasgow; 40,000 take the pledge. 

nong 



1840 Jan. 10. Parliament: Members 
relinquish the privilege of franking let- 
ters. The penny postage act becomes 
operative. 

Feb. 10. Queen Victoria marries her 
cousin. Prince Albert of Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha. 

Apr. 14. Parliament: An act for the 
settlement of the privilege of Parlia- 
ment question is passed. 

July 15. A treaty of alliance is con- 
cluded with Russia, Austria, and Prussia 
for the maintenance of the Ottoman 
empire and the settlement of the affairs 
of Egypt. 

July 23. Parliament: The "Vaccina- 
tion Act is passed. [1853. Compulsory 
Act passed.] 

Aug. 4. Parliament: A regency bill 
appointing Prince Albert regent in tbe 
event of the demise of the queen, should 
her next lineal successor be under age, 



1 * A Parliamentary commission reports 
that children six years of age are em- 
ployed in mines to drag cars of coal 
through low tunnels by getting down 
on hands and feet. Orphan boys are 
reduced to slavery in the mines by a sys- 
tem of apprenticeship. 

: * London. A women's hospital is 
founded in Soho. 



* The Royal Masonic Institution for 
tbe aged and widows is founded. 



1839* * London. The employment of dogs 
in drawing carts, etc., is abolished. [1854. 
Abolished throughout the country.] 



* * The new Houses of Parliament are 
commenced. [1852. Finished.] 

* * New Zealand is settled. 

* * The money-order office, set up in 1792, 
is begun to be generally used. 

* * Parliament : The Municipal Cor-, 
poration Act for Ireland is passed. 

* * Isaac Lyon Goldsmid, a Jew, is made 
a baronet, the first Jew so honored. 

1841 Jan.* China. Hong Kong is 
acquired (p. 617). 

May 27. H, C. A vote of confidence 
in the Ministry is refused. Vote, 312- 
311. 

June * Ire. John Campbell is made 
lord chancellor. [Oct. * Sir Edward 
Sugden.] 

Aug. 19. Parliament meets. [1347. 
July 23. Dissolved. 

Aug. 30. The Melbourne Ministry re- 
sign, having beendefeatedin Parliament 
on an amendment to the speech from 
the throne. 

Sept. 6. A Ministry is formed with Sir 
Robert Peel as Premier. 

Members: the Duke of Wellington ; 
Lord Lyndhuret as lord high chancellor; 
Sir James Graham, the Earl of Aberdeen, 
and Lord Stanley. [Later, Sidney Her- 
bert, W.E. Gladstone. Earl of Hadding- 
ton is made tirst lord of the admiralty.] 

Sept. 15. Ire. Thomas Philip, Earl de 
Grey, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Nov. 10. Edward Pennefather is 
made chief justice. 

Dec. 20. The quintuple treaty for the 
suppression of the slave-trade is signed. 
It allows mutual right of search by the 
great powers ; Great Britain, France, 
Austria, Russia, and Prussia sign it. 

* * Dublin. Daniel O'Connell is elected 
mayor ; he is the first Roman Catholic 
to hold that office. 

* * Viscount Lowther is appointed post- 
master. 

* * Population of England, 8,196,597. 

* * Postage-stamps come into use, super- 
seding adhesive envelopes. 

1842 Mar. 3 . Parliament : The Copy- 
right Law is amended by extending the 
term of 28 years to 42 years. 

Apr. 7. H. C. Sir Robert Peel's "slid- 
ing-scale " bill, "regulating the duty 



on wheat and other articles of corn," is 
passed. 

May 2. Parliament: A petition for the 
adoption of the "People's Charter," 
having 3,000,000 signatures, is intro- 
duced. [Rejected. Vote, 287-49.] 

June 22. H. C. Sir Robert Peel's bill 
for the imposition of a tax of sevenpence 
in the pound on incomes over £150 is 
passed. 

Aug. 9. The Ashburton Treaty is 
signed (p. 155). 

* * London. TheoldMarshalseaprison, 
Southwark, built in the 13th century, is 
taken down. 

* * Parliament: A bill prohibiting the 
employment of women and children 
in mines is passed. 

* * E.I. Earl of Ellenborough is ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

* * London. Pentonville Model prison 
is completed. 

* * Scot. The queen firs t visits Scotland. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1840 Jan. 11. The steamer William 
HusHsson is wrecked between Dublin 
and Liverpool ; 93 passengors saved by 
Capt. Clegg of the Huddersfield. 

June 17. E. I. The Lord William Ben- 
Uncle is wrecked off Bombay; 58 re- 
cruits, 20 officers, and seven passengers 
perish; the Lord Castlereagh also- 
wrecked, most of her crew and passen- 
gers being lost. 

July 18. U. S. A. The first transat- 
lantic steamer of the Cunard line, the 
Britannia, arrives at Boston, Mass., after 
a passage of 14 days and eight hours. 

Nov. 18. The steam packet City of Bris- 
tol is wrecked ; 35 persons drowned. 



1841 Jan. 4. The steamer Thames, 
from Dublin to Liverpool, is wrecked 
off St. Ives ; the captain and 55 persons 
drowned. 

Feb. 10. The Governor Fenner, from 
Liverpool to America, is run down off 
Holyhead by the Nottingham steamer 
out of Dublin ; 122 persons drowned. 

Apr. 19. The William Browne is 
wrecked by striking on the ice ; 16 pas- 
sengers who had been received into the 
long-boat are thrown overboard by the 
crew to lighten her. 

June 8. London. Astley's Amphi- 
theater is burned the third time. 

Sept. 26. The Amanda is wrecked off 
Metis ; 29 passengers and 12 of the crew 
drowned. 

Oct. 30. London. A fire occurs at the 
Tower ; the armory and 2SO,000 stand of 
arms are destroyed. 

Nov. 21. Ire. The James Cooke of Lim- 
erick is wrecked in coming from Sligo 
to Glasgow. 

* * The telegraph is extended to Glas- 
gow. 

1842 Aug. 28. Afr. The transports 
Abercroml >'/<■, Robinson, and Waterloo 
are lost in Table Bay, Cape of Good 
Hope ; of 330 persons on board the lat- 
ter vessel 189, principally convicts, are 
drowned. 

Nov. 13. The East Indiaman Reliance, 
from China to London, is wrecked off 
Merlmont, near Boulogne ; of 116 per- 
sons on board, seven only are saved. 

* * Commercial distress prevails. Many 
persons are unemployed, and disorders 
in manufacturing districts are repressed 
by military force. 



952 1843, Jan. 13-1846, ** GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1843 July 13. The Albert troop-ship 
from Halifax is wrecked with the 64th 
Regiment on board, which barely es- 
capes. 

* * E. I. War with the Sindis. (See 
India.) 

1844 * * The naval list is first officially 
completed. 

1845 Dec. *E.I. The first Sikh war 
begins. 

1846 * * S. Afr. War with Kafirs. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1S43 Mar. 1. Tbe Phonetic Society 
is formed; Isaac Pitman, secretary. 

Hilar. 25. London. The Thames tunnel 
is opened for foot passengers ; length, 
1,300 feet ; width, 35 feet ; heighth, 20 
feet ; thickness of earth between the 
crown of the arch and the bed of the 
river, about 15 feet. 

Apr. 17. London. Astley's Amphithe- 
ater is reopened. 

June 28. London. The Southeastern 
railway is opened to Folkestone. [1S44. 
Feb. 7. To Dover.] 

]>3"ov. 4. London. The Nelson Column, 
Trafalgar Square, is completed. [1SG7. 
Jan. 31. The lions at the base, designed 
by Sir Edwin Landseer, are uncovered.] 

* * Gutta-percha is made known in Eng- 
land by Drs. De Almeida and Montgom- 
ery at the Society of Arts. 

* * London. The Ethnological Society 
is formed ; also the British Archaeo- 
logical Association, and the Koyal 
Archaeological Institute. 

* * Scot. James Nasmyth invents the 
striking steam-hammer. 

* * The 13th meeting of the British Asso- 
ciation is held at Cork; [1844, 14th at 
York; 1845, 15th at Cambridge; 1846, 
16th at Southampton ; 1847, 17th at Ox- 
ford.] 

* * The first experiments in atmospheric 
railways in England are made at Worm- 
wood. 

* * Sir Wm. Rowan Hamilton invents the 
mathematical method called quater- 
nions. 

* * Ire. The first atmospheric railway 
in Ireland is built. 

1844 Aug. 24. Edinlmrgh. A monu- 
ment to the political martyrs of 1793-94 

Oct. 8. Scot. A statue of the Duke of 
Wellington is unveiled at Glasgow. 
[Later, also one at the Royal Exchange, 
London.] 

* * The doctrine of the origin of species 
by evolution appears in the Vestiges of 
the Natural History of Creation. 

* * The North British railway is begun. 
[1846. June 18. Opened.] 

±* *Rev. John Curwen improves the 
tonic sol-fa system, in which the let- 
ters d, r, m, f , s, 1, t (for do, re, mi, fa, so, 
la, ti, or si), are used instead of notes. 

* * Dublin. Queen's Theater in Bruns- 
wick Street is erected. 

* *The Handel Society is formed; also 
the Syro-Egyptian Society, the Ray 
Society, and the Caxton Society. 

1845 Feb. 27. The Portland Vase is 
smashed with a stone by William Lloyd. 
[It has been skilfully repaired.] 

May 1. London. The Hungerford (or 
Charing Cross) suspension bridge is 
opened. 



May 24. Sir John Franklin and Capts. 

Crozier and Fitzjames sail in the ships 

Erebus and Terroriov the arctic regions. 
June * The railway from Cambridge to 

London is opened. 
June * J. Watkins Brett and Jacob Brett 

file plans for a transatlantic telegraph 

cable. 

* * The Sheffield and Manchester railway 
is opened. 

* * London. A statue of Queen Victoria 
is erected at the Royal Exchange. 

* * London. Victoria Park and Trafalgar 
Square are completed. 

1846 Aug. * The Queen's Park, Peel 
Park, and Philip's Park, Manchester, 
are opened. 

Oct. 10. Lassell discovers a satellite of 
Neptune. 

* * London. The grand "Wellington 
Arch is erected at Hyde Park corner ; 
height of equestrian statue, 27 feet ; 
weight, 40 tons ; chiefly made from cap- 
tured cannon. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1843 * * Abbott, Evelyn, classical scholar, 
historian, born. 

Allen, William, chemist, A73. 
Alice Maud .Mary, .laughter of Victoria, b. 
Cooper, William k., aivheolngist, born. 
Dilke, Sir Charles Wentworth, statesman, 

journalist, born. 
Dowden, Edward, scholar, Ireland, born. 
Loudon, John C, horticulturist, Scot., A 60. 
Southey, Robert, poet, historian, biog., AGI. 

1844 * * Aben'i'oinl>ie,.In]in, phys., Scot., Ali4. 
Addington, Henry, Viscount Sidmouth, A87. 
Alfred Ernest Albert, Duke of Edinburgh, 

son of Victoria, born. 
Baily, Fram-is, astronomer, A70. 
Heckford, William, author, A84. 
Burdett, Sir Francis, statesman, A74. 
Callcott, Sir Aug. W., landscape paint., A65. 
Oampbeil, Thomas, poet, Scotland, A67. 
Dal ton, John, physicist, mathematician, A78. 
Halt'ord, Sir Henry, physician, author, A78. 
Hall, Basil, traveler, author, Scotland, A56. 
Lang, Andrew, poet, essayist, born. 
Scott, Thomas II. S., author, born. 
Sterling, John, critic, essayist, A38. 
Sullivan, Arthur, musical composer, born. 

1845 * * Adolphus, John, lawyer, hist., A78. 
Blanchard, Laman, journalist, A42. 
Buxton, Sir Thomas F., philanthropist, A59. 
Cooper, Thomas s., painter, A42. 
Daniell, John F., chemist, physicist, A55. 
Ernest Augustus Albert, Duke of Cumber- 
land, born. 

Fry (or Curney), Elizabeth, philanthropist, 
prison reformer, A65. 

Hood, Thomas, humorist, poet, A 47. 

Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry E., states., b. 

Nairne, Baroness, Carolina 0-, poet, Scot- 
land, A79. 

Roche, Marie Kegina, novelist, A81. 

Saintshury, George W., scholar, author, b. 

Sale, Sir Robert II., general, A63. 

Smith, Sydney, cl., essayist, wit, wr., A74. 
1848 * * Clarkson, Thomas, philanthropist, 
antlslavery advocate, A86. 

Davitt, Michael, journalist, states., Ire., b. 

De Vere, Sir Aubrey, poet, Ireland, A3f). 

Frere, John II., poet, diplomatist, wr. A77. 

Haydon, Benjamin R., hist, painter, AGO. 

Helena Augusta Victoria, Princess Helena, 
daughter of Victoria, born. 

Holl, Frank, painter, horn. 

Parnell, Charles Stewart, statesman, Ire., b. 

Sayce, Archibald H., philologist, born. 



CHURCH. 

1843 May 18. Edinburgh. Differences 
on the question of the right of patrons 
to nominate to livings causes the se- 
cession from the national church of Br. 
Thomas Chalmers and 400 other minis- 
ters [who form the c< Free Church of 
Scotland"]. 

* * Parliament provides for the formation 
of new district churches or parishes; 
£600,000 appropriated. 



« * The Voluntary School Society and 
Congregational Board of Education are 
formed. 

' * The Primitive Methodists organize a 
Foreign Missionary Society. 



* *The Congregational Board of Edu- 
cation is organized at Homerton. 

1S44 May * The society for the liber- 
ation of religion from state patronage 
and control is established by eminent 
political Dissenters. 

June 6. London. The Parent Society 
of the Young Men's Christian Associa- 
tion is organized. 

* * The Patagonian Missionary Society 
is organized by Mr. "Williams. 

* *The Free Church of England is 
formed as au Episcopal church. 

1845 Nov. * Ire. The Protestants form 
an alliance at Armagh. 

* * The Evangelical Alliance is founded 
by Sir Culling Bradley Smith and others, 
nt Liverpool, with the view of promoting 
unity among all denominations of Prot- 
estant Christians against Kuman Cathol- 
icism and infidelity. 

* + London. The Evangelical Conti- 
nental Society is organized. 

1846 Aug. 19-Sept. 2. London. A 
meeting for the organization of the 
Christian Alliance is held in Freema- 
son's Hall ; 800 delegates representing 
DO denominations are present; object, 
the preservation of Christian liberty and 
the promotion of Christian unity. 

LETTERS. 

1843* * Queen's College, Birming- 
ham, is incorporated. 

* * Wordsworth is appointed poet lau- 
reate. 



1843-56 JElfric Society is founded. 



* * London. Allen's Indian Mail is is- 
sued ; also the News of the World, Eng- 
lish Churchman, Farmer, Economist, aiid 
Law Times. 

* * System of Logic, hy John Stuart Mill. 
appears. [1848, Principles of Political 
Economy.] 

* * Song of the Shirt, hy Thomas Hood, 
appears. [18-17, Poems of Wit and Hu- 
mor.'] 

1844 * * London. The British Quarterly 
Peview is issued. Also the Musical 
Times and the Agricultural Gazette. 

* * Vestiges of the Natural History of Cre- 
ation appears. 

It affirms the progressive development 
as a hypothetic history of organic crea- 
tion ; the authorship is ascribed to Rob- 
ert Chambers and others, and occasions 
much controversy. 

* * Hitopadesa, edited and translated by 
Max Muller (Friedrich Maximilian 
Miiller), appears. 

* * Acjinconrt, by G. P. Ft. James, appears. 
[1853, Agnes Sorel.] 

* * Village Sermons, hy Charles Kingsley, 
appears. [1S50, Alton Locke; 1853, By- 
2) at la ; 1855, Westward Ho J] 

1S44-47 The North British Pevieio is 
issued. 

1844-55 Experimental Pesearches in 
Electricity, by Michael Faraday, ap- 
pears. 

1845 June * Dublin. Maynooth Col- 
lege receives a permanent endowment 
from Parliament, consisting of £50,000 



AND IRELAND. 



1843, Jan. 13-1846,**. 953 



for tlie enlargement of the buildings and 
£26,000 annually. [This occasions much 
controversy in England, a motion being 
made for its ulx >lition at almost every ses- 
sion of Parliament.] 

July 31. Parliament passes an Act es- 
tablishing queen's colleges (unsecta- 
rian) in Ireland. 

[1S49. Oct. 30. One is opened at Gal- 
way. Oct. * One at Belfast. Nov. 7. 
One at Cork. They are termed "God- 
less colleges," and are much opposed by 
the clergy. (See 1850, Aug. 15.)] 

Sept. 23. Ire. The Irish National 
Education Board is incorporated. 

* * The British Quarterly Review is is- 
sued. 

* * London. Knight's Penny Magazine is 
issued. 

* * Sybil, by Benjamin Disraeli, appears. 

* * A Concordance to Shakespeare, by 
Mary Cowden Clarke, appears. 

1845-55 The Prospective Revieiu is is- 
sued. 

1845-67 History of Philosophy, by 
George Henry Lewes, appears. 

1846 Jan. 21. London. The Daily 
News is issued ; also the Guardian. 

± * * Owens College, Manchester, is 
founded by means of a bequest of £100- 
000 by John Owens. [1851. Mar. 10. It 
is opened.] 

* * Bishop Hatfield's Hall, Durham 
University, is founded. 

SOCIETY. 

1843 Nov. 14. Great free-trade meet- 
ings are held at Manchester. 

* * Rebecca or "Becca" riots against 
turnpikes occur in South Wales. 

* * London. The Sydenham Society and 
Law Amendment Society are founded. 

* * The National Temperance Society 
is formed. 

* * London. The Round, Catch, and 
Cannon Club is founded. 

* * London. St. Mary's Hospital, Pad- 
dington, is founded. 

i* * Ire. The "Molly Maguires," a 
secret society, flourishes. 

* * Edinburgh. The Spottiswood Soci- 
ety is founded. 

1844 Nov. 5. Scot. The Scottish 
Temperance League is formed. 

* *A Ragged School Union is organ- 
ized. 

* * Sailors' Home, Liverpool, is founded. 

* * The Asylum for Fatherless Children 
at Reedham, Surrey, is established. 

1845 May 20. Lieut. Hawkes kills 
Lieut. Seton in a duel. 

Aug. * The queen visits Germany. 

Dec. 23. A great anti- corn-law meet- 
ing is held at Manchester ; £64,9S4 sub- 
scribed. 

* * A society for the discouragement of 
dancing is formed. 

* * London. Model lodging-houses are 
built. 

* * A German hospital is founded at 
Dalston. 

* * The polka is introduced [and becomes 
a popular dance]. 

* * Scot. A poor-law system is estab- 
lished. 

* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Dun- 
sandle and ClanConal. [1848, Baron Bel- 
lew.] 

STATE. 

1843 Mar. 16. Ire. Daniel O'Con- 

nell addresses 30,000 people at Trim on 
the repeal of the Act of united legisla- 
tion between Ireland and Great Britain. 



Aug. 3. S.Afr. Natal is annexed. 

Aug. 15. Ire. O'Connell 
half a million people on the hill of Tara 
in favor of the repeal of the legislative 

Oct. 14. Ire. O'Connell and many of 
his associates are arrested on charges 
of conspiracy, sedition, and unlawful 
assembling. [1S44. Jan. 15-Feb. 12. 
O'Connell and eight others are found 
g*uilty by a Protestant jury.] 

1844 May 6. H. C. A bill for the re- 
newal of the Bank of England is intro- 
duced and passed. 

It provides for the continuation of the 
bank's privilege, for its division into two 
departments, for the publishing of its 
weekly returns, and the limiting of its 
circulation to £14,000,000. [Passed.] 

May 13. Parliament: Sir James Gra- 
ham's bill for the regulation of hours 
of labor in factories is passed. 

May 30. Ire. Daniel O'Connell is sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for one year, 
and to pay a fine of £2,000; his associ- 
ates are sentenced to nine months' im- 
prisonment, and to pay a fine of £50 
each. 

July 12. Ire. William, Lord Heytes- 
bury, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Aug. 3. Parliament: The Art Union 
Indemnity Act is passed. 

Sept. 4. H. C. The decision of the Irish 
Court of the Queen's Bench in the case 
of O'Connell and his associates is re- 
vised. They are liberated. 

Dec. 18. Ire. New commissioners of 
charitable bequests are appointed, and 
the rank of Roman Catholic bishops 
is recognized. 

* * Parliament orders the examination 
of railway schemes before their intro- 
duction by the Board of Trade. 

* * Parliament requires railway compa- 
nies to run cheap trains every day, and 
permits the erection of electric tele- 
graphs, and authorizes the Government 
to buy existing railways with the per- 
mission of Parliament after Jan. 1, I860. 

* * E. I. Sir Henry Hardinge is ap- 
pointed governor-general. 

1845 Feb. 15. H. C. Sir Robert Peel 
introduces a bill for the abolition of 
import duties on over 430 articles. 

Dec. 5. Sir Robert Peel resigns. [Dec* 
Lord John Russell attempts to form a 
Ministry, but fails, and Peel resumes 
office.] 

* * H. C. A bill is passed for the improve- 
ment of Maynooth College, Dublin, 
and granting to it annually £30,000. 

1845-53 Ire. The Celtic Society, Dub- 
lin, flourishes. 

1846 Jan. 13. The Earl of Ellenbor- 
ough is made first lord of the admiralty. 

Jan. 23. Ire. Francis Blackburn is 

made chief justice. 
Apr. 30. H. C. "William Smith 

O'Brien is committed to the custody of 

the sergeant-at-arms, for contempt, in 

not obeying an order of the House to 

attend a committee. 
June 15. Can. The Oregon boundary 

treaty (p. 161). 
June 26. Parliament: The corn-laws 

are totally repealed. 
Wheat at or about 53 shillings per 

quarter to be four shillings a quarter 



until Feb. 1, 1849 ; thereafter all kinds of 
grain uniformly to be one shilling per 
quarter. 

June 29. Sir Robert Peel resigns, 
his bill for the protection of life in Ire- 
land being rejected by the Commons. 

July * Richard Cobden receives a testi- 
monial of £S0,000 for his eminent ser- 
vices in promoting the abolition of the 
corn-laws. 

July 6. Lord Cottenham is appointed 
lord high chancellor. 
Lord John Russell becomes premier. 
Cabinet includes Marquis of Lansdowne, 
Viscount ralmerston, foreign secretary, 
Earl Grey, William E. Gladstone, secretary 
of state "for the colonial ik'paiiment, Lord 
Auckland, first lord of the admiralty, Earl 
Granville, Fox Jlaule, Earl of Carlisle, Sir 
Thomas Wilde, and Lord Truro. 

July 9. Ire. John -William, Earl of 
Besborough, is appointed lord -lieu- 
tenant. [July 16. Maziere Brady, 
lord chancellor.] 

July 29. Ire. William Smith O'Brien 
and the " Young Ireland," or physical 
force, party secede from the Repeal 
Association, and form the Irish Confed- 
eration party. 

Aug.* Parliament: Three famine-relief 
Acts for Ireland are passed. 

Aug. 28. Parliament : Commissioners 
of railways are constituted. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1843 Jan. 13. The East Indiaman Con- 
queror, homeward bound, is wrecked 
near Boulogne ; crew and passengers are 
lost. 

Jan. 16. The East Indiaman Jessie Lo- 
gan is wrecked on the Cornish coast ; 
many drowned. 

Apr. 7. Sp. The royal mail-steamer 
Solway is wrecked near Corunna ; 28 
lives and the mail are lost. 

Apr. 12. The trader Catherine is blown 
up off the Isle of Pines. Most of the 
crew are massacred by the natives or 
afterwards drowned. 

May 23. Ind. The Amelia Thompson is 
wrecked near Madras ; part of the crew 
saved. 

July 19. The steam-packet Pegasus from 
Leith is wrecked off the Fern Islands ; 
of 59 persons (including Elton the actor) 
seven only are saved. 

1844 June 16. The steamer Manches- 
ter from Hull to Hamburg is wrecked 
off the Vogel Sands, near Cuxhaven ; 30 
lives are lost. 

Oct. 28. London. The Royal Ex- 
change is opened by the queen. 

* * London. Fleet prison is taken down. 

* * The use of sealing-wax is superseded 
by the introduction of adhesive envel- 
opes. 

* * The Admiralty pier at Dover is com- 
menced. 

1845 Jan. 1. London. The new build- 
ing Act becomes operative. 

May 2. A suspension chain-bridge, 
built over the Bure at Yarmouth, at an 
expense of £4,000, owing to the weight 
of a vast number of persons who assem- 
bled on it to witness an exhibition on the 
water, suddenly gives way, and 79 lives 
(mostly children) are lost. 

* * London. Penny-fares on steamboats 

* * A great famine is caused by the fail- 
ure of the potato crop. 

1846 Mar. * A commercial panic oc- 
curs. 

Aug. 24. A collision occurs on the Pe- 
vensey (Brighton and Hastings) Kail- 
way ; 40 are injured. 



954 1846, * *~1850, July 3. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1847 Dec. 20. The war ship Avenger, 
with officers and crew, is lost off the 
north coast of Africa. 



1848-49 E. I. Second Sikh war. (See 
India.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1846 * * London. The Pathological Soci- 
ety is formed ; also the Sussex Arch- 
aeological Society at Lewes, and the 
Cambrian Archaeological Association. 

* * The high level "bridge is erected by 
Robert Stephenson at Newcastle, and 
the Grand Central Station is also built. 

* * Sir William Armstrong's hydraulic 
crane is patented. 

1846^18 W. The Conway Tubular 
Bridge is erected. 

1846-50 W. The Britannia Tubular 
Suspension Bridge is erected by Rob- 
ert Stephenson across Menai Strait: 
length of central span, 4G0 feet; total 
length, 1,840 feet ; height of central 
tower, 230 feet. 

* * Water is decomposed into oxygen and 
hydrogen gases by the heat of oxy-hy- 
drogen flame by Win. Robert Grove. 

1847 May 4. London. Jenny Lind, 
"the Swedish Nightingale," makes her 
first appearance. 

Aug. 13. The planet Iris is discovered 
by John Russell Hind. [Oct. IS, Flora; 
1850, Sept. 13, Victoria; 1851, May 19, 
Irene; 1S52, June 24, Melpomene; Aug. 
22, Fortuna; Nov. 16, Calliope; Dec. 15, 
Thalia; 1853, Nov. 8, Euterpe.'] 

* * Lassell discovers a satellite of Uranus. 

* * The Gardens of Botany at Kew are 
greatly improved, and magnificent con- 
servatories are erected. 

* * The royal kitchen and forcing gardens 
are incorporated with the botanical gar- 
dens at Kew. 

* * The Fitzwilliam Museum, Cambridge 
(endowed 1816, founded 1837), is com- 
pleted. 

* * London. The Palaeontographical So- 
ciety is formed. 

* * The Institute of Mechanical Engineers 
is formed at Birmingham. 

* * Gutta-percha is suggested as an in- 
sulator for electrical use by Faraday. 

1847-48 Sir John Franklin discovers 
the Northwest Passage in sailing down 
the [Franklin Straits], but loses his life 
in the effort. 

1848 Apr. 25. The planet Metis is dis- 
covered by A. Graham. 

May 11. Sir James Boss's expedition 
sails in search of Sir John Franklin. 
[1849. Nov. 3. Returns unsuccessful.] 

* * Eighteenth meeting of the British 
Association is held at Swansea. [1849, 
Sept. 12, 19th at Birmingham ; 1S50, July 
31, 20th at Edinburgh : 1851, 21st at Ips- 
wich ; 1852, 22d at Belfast; 1S53, 23d at 
Hull ; 1854, 24th at Liverpool.] 

±* * London. The statue of Lord George 
Bentinck is erected in Cavendish Square. 

* * London. The Institute of Actuaries 
is formed; also the Arundel Society, 
for the promotion of art by publishing 
facsimiles, photographs, etc. 

* * One of the satellites of Saturn is dis- 
covered by George Phillips Bond and 
William Lassell. 

* * Artificial stone is invented by Fred. 
Ranscome. 

* * William Lassell discovers the eight 
satellites of Saturn. 

* * Paraffin is procured from mineral 
oil by James Young at Alfreton in Der- 
byshire. 



1849 Apr. 18. The first stone of the 
great Grimsby docks is laid by the 
Prince of Wales. 

* * Scot. Sir Walter Scott and Mis 
Friends is painted by Faed. 

* * The Athenaeum and Mechanics' In- 
stitution at Sheffield is opened. 

* * The fire-annihilator is invented by 
T. Phillips. When in operation, steam 
and carbonic acid are formed, which ex- 
tinguish flame. 

* * A steam-plow is patented by G. 
Callaway and R. A. Purkes. 

1850 Jan. 20. The Enterprise and In- 
vestigator sail in search of Sir John 
Franklin, under Commanders Collin- 
eon and M'Clure. [Oct. 26. M'Clure 
discovers the Northwest Passage.] 

Mar. 20. London. A marble arch 
from Buckingham Palace is uncovered 
at Cumberland Gate, Hyde Park. 

Mar. * The first locomotive passes 
through the Britannia Tubular Suspen- 
sion Bridge. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1847 * * Barrymore, Maurice, actor, born. 

Chalmers, Thomas, cl., author, Scot., A67. 

Collins, William K. A., painter, A60. 

Dibdin, Thomas !■'., drain., song- writer, A71. 

Elmes, Harvey L., architect, A33. 

Fargus, Frederick J., novelist, born. 

Fawcett, Millicent, economist, born. 

Franklin, Sir John, arctic explorer, A61±. 

Lambert, Sir John, yneral, A75. 

Lankester, Edwin K.~, zoologist, born. 

MacCtilhurh, James, inathemat., Ire., A37. 

O'Connell, Daniel, lawyer, orator, states- 
man, Ireland, A72. 

Rosebery, Earl of, Archibald Philip Prim- 
rose, statesman, born. 

Turner, Sharon, historian, A79. 
1848* * Ashhurton, Lord, Alexander B., 
statesman, A74. 

Barrow, Sir John, traveler, A84. 

Bentinck, Lord, William (ieorge Frederick 
Cavendish, statesman, A46. 

D'Israeli, iBaac, historian, critic, an., A82. 

Herschel, Caroline L., astronomer, A98. 



A56. 

Melbourne, Viscount de, William Lamb, 
statesman, A69. 

Nicolas, Sir Nicholas H., antiquary, A49. 

Siddons, Mary F. Scott, actor, born. 

Stephenson, George (inventor locomo- 
tives), A67. 

Tennant, William, poet (Scotland), A63. 

Terry, Ellen, actor, born. 
1849 * * Adelaide, queen, consort of William 
IV., A57. 

Barham, Richard H., humorist, au., A61. 

Barton, Bernard, Quaker poet, A65. , 

IUessington, Countess of, Margaret Power, 
novelist, Ire., AGO. 

Brunei, Sir Marc I., engineer (Thames 
tunnel), A80. 

Coleridge, Hartley, poet, author, A52. 

Copleston, Edward, lip. of Llandaff, au., A73. 

Edi,'eworth, Maria, novelist, Ireland, A82. 

Elliott, Ebenezer, poet, A68. 

Gosse, Edmund \\\, poet, born. 

Heath, Charles, engraver, born. 

Herkomer, Hubert, painter, born. 

Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert- 
son), actor, born. 

Langbridge, Frederick, poet, born. 

Morier, James, traveler, author, A69. 

O'Neil, James, actor, born. 

Smith, Horace, poet, novelist, A70. 

Terris, William, actor, born. 

Tytler, Patrick Fraser, hist., Scot., A58. 

CHURCH. 

1846 * * Daniel Murphy is consecrated 

(Roman Cat Indie) bishop of Australasia. 
[1S47. Alexis Canog for Trichonopoly, 
India.] 
* * Scot. Dr. Duff declines the office of 
principal and professor of theology in 
the Free Church College, begging his 
friends to allow hi in to retain, in the view 
of all men, the clearly marked and dis- 



ted by tinguishing character of a missionary 
to the heathen. 
( * Sisterhoods in the Church of England 
are begun by Lydia Priscilla Sellon in 
Devonshire. 

1847 May 13. Scot. The Belief and 
Secession churches are united as the 
United Presbyterian Church. 

* * The Catholic Poor School Commission 
is established. 

+* * Bishoprics are established : 

1847, Manchester, Eng., Melbourne, 
Vic, Sydney, N. S. W., Newcastle, W. A., 
Capetown, Adelaide, S. A., and Argyll 
and the Isles ; 1849, Victoria, Hong- 
Kong, and Rupert Land ; 1852, Sierra 
Leone ; 1853, Natal and Grahainstown. 

1848 * * The Young Men's Missionary 
Association of the Baptist Church is 
organized. 

* * John Bird Sumner is chosen arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. 

* * London. Bey. Frederick Faber and 
others, as " Fathers of the Oratory," 
establish themselves in King William 
Street, Strand. [Afterwards in Brornp- 
ton.] 

1849 * * The Protestant Alliance is 
formed. 

* * Ire. Francis Kelly is consecrated 
(B. C.) bishop of Derry. 

* * "Wesleyan Methodist Reformers 
organize. 

LETTERS. 

1846* * London, The Cavendish So- 
ciety is founded. Also the Hakluyt 
Society. 

* * Edinburgh. The Edinburgh Philo- 
sophical Association is reorganized as 
the Edinburgh Philosophical So- 
ciety. 

* * Stories from the Italian Poets, by Leigh 
Hunt, appears. [1847, Men, Women, and 
Books; 1S50, Autobiography; 1853, Re- 
ligion of the Heart.] 

1846-56 History of Greece, by George 
Grote, appears. 

1847 Apr. * Scot. The North British. 
Daily Mail is issued at Glasgow. 

July 19. Kobert Hibbert establishes a 
trust fund "for the promotion of com- 
prehensive learning and thorough re- 
search in relation to religion apart 
from any sect or system." 

Oct. * Loiidon. The Education Times is 
issued. Also the Weekly Times. 

* * Jane Eyre, by Charlotte Bronte, ap- 
pears. [1854, Vlllette.] 

* * The Macdermotts of Ballycloran, by 
Anthony Trollope, appears. [1855, The 
Warden; 1857, Bare hester Towers.] 

* * Friends in Council, by Arthur Hugh 
Helps, appears. [1S51, Companions of 
My Solitude.] 

* * Wuthering Heights, by Emily Bronte^ 
appears. 

* * Vanity Fair, by Thackeray, appears. 
[1850, Pendennis ; 1852, Henri/ Esmond; 
1S53-55, The Nezocomes ; 1857-59, The 
Virginians.] 

1847-49 Scot. Institutes of Theology, 
by Thomas Chalmers, appears. 

1848 July 29. Dublin. The Nation- 
mid the Irish Felon are suppressed. 

* * London. The Psychological Journal 
is issued by Dr. Forbes Winslow. 

* * Scot. The whole Bible is printed at 
Glasgow in raised characters for the 
use of the blind. 

* * Loss and Gain, by John Henry New- 
man, appears. [185'J, Scope and Nature 
of University Education; 1S5G, Caltista.] 

* * The Bothie of Tober-Na-Vuolich, by 
Arthur Hugh Clough, appears. [1850, 
Dipsychus.] 

* * Mary Barton, by Elizabeth Gaskell, 
appears. 



AND IRELAND. 1846, * * - 1850, July 3. 955 



* * Poetry of Sacred and Legendary Art, 
by Mrs. Anna Jameson, appears. 

* * History of England, vols. i. and ii., 
by Macaulay, appears. [1S55, vols. iii. 
and iv. ; 1861, vol. v.] 

* * Barometrograpkia, by Luke Howard, 
appears. 

* * The Strayed Reveller, and other 
poems, by Matthew Arnold, appears. 
[1353, Empedocles on Etna; 1855, Poems.] 

* * Nineveh and its Remains, by Sir Aus- 
ten Henry Layard, appears. [1845-53, 
The Monuments of Nineveh; 1851, In- 
scriptions in ike Cuneiform Character 
from Assyrian Monuments; 1S53, Fresh 
Discoveries at Nineveh, and Researches 
at Babylon.] 

* * Life and Adventures of Oliver Gold- 
smith, by John Forster, appears. [1859, 
Historical and Biographical Essays.] 

* * Tenant of Wildfeld Hall, by Annie 
Bronte, appears. 

1849 * * London. The Phonetic News is 
issued. Also Notes and Queries and 
The Art Journal. 

* * Ire. German Anthology and Poets 
and Poetry of Minister, by James Clar- 
ence Mangan, appear. [1850, Romances 
and Ballads of Ireland.] 

* * Vision of Sudden Death, by De Quin- 
cey, appears. 

* * The Seven Lamps of Architecture, by 
John Ruskin, appears. [1850, Poems; 
1851-53, Stones of Venice and Pre-Raph- 
aelitism; 1857, Elements of Drawing.] 

* * Dictionary of Greek and Roman Biog- 
raphy and' Mythology, edited by [Sir] 
William Smith, appears. 

1S49-74 The Rig-Veda, edited by Max 
Muller, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1847 * * The Vegetarian Society, -whose 
members restrict themselves to a vege- 
table diet, is formed. 

* *Tbe Idiot Asylum at Earlswood is 
commenced. [1869. Enlarged.] 

* * The first society called a Band of 
Hope is formed. 

1848 July 12. Ire. Orangemen and 
Catholics meet in conflict at Dolly's 
Brae ; several lives are lost. 

1849 Aug. 1. The queen embarks for 
Ireland. 

* * London. The general Board of 
Health, appointed by the Act for the 
protection and promotion of the public 
health passed in 1848, is founded. 

* * The Friend of the Clergy corpora- 
tion is organized. 

1850 June 27. Pate assaults the 
queen. 

STATE. 

1846 * * Edward, Earl of St. Germans, 
is appointed postmaster ; later, Ulick, 
Marquis of Clanricarde. 

* * Tbe railway mania and panic year ; 
272 railway Acts are passed by Parlia- 
ment. 

* * Parliament: An Act is passed for 
compensating families of persons killed 
by railways. 

* * Ire. Kildare is united with Dublin. 

* * E. I. Archipelago. Labuan, near 
Borneo, is acquired by treaty. 

1847 Feb. 8. H. C. Daniel O'Con- 
nell makes his last speech in the House. 

Apr. 15. The Lords take possession of 
tbeir new house. 



May 26. Ire. George William Freder- 
ick, Earl of Clarendon, is appointed 
lord-lieutenant. 

Nov. 18. Parliament meets. [1852. 
July 1. Dissolved.] 

* * Parliament : The baths and wash- 
houses nuisance Act is passed. 

* * Parliament grants £10,000,000 to re- 
lieve the Irish sufferers from famine 
and disease. 

1848 Jan. 12. E.I. The Earl of Dal- 
housie is appointed governor-general. 

Apr. 10. London. A great Chartist 
demonstration takes place on Kenning- 
ton Common. 

A petition, bearing over 5,000,000 sig- 
natures, is prepared for presentation to 
Parliament ; it demands the adoption of 
the " People's Charter." 

Apr.* Parliament: An Act is passed for 
Ireland, making the uttering of sedi- 
tious speeches a felony. 

May* Ire. John Mitchel, William Smith 
O'Brien, Thomas F. Meagher, and other 
members of the Irish Confederation, 
are arrested on charge of sedition. [May 
26. John Mitchel is found guilty," and 
sentenced to transportation for 14 years.] 

July 26. The Habeas Corpus Act is 
suspended in Ireland because of-an in- 
surrection which breaks out in Tippe- 
rary. 

July 29. Ire. A number of Irish insur- 
rectionists under William Smith 
O'Brien are defeated and dispersed by 
Sub-Inspector Trant and about 60 Police 
constables on Boulagh Common, Bal- 
lingary, Tipperary. [Aug. 5. O'Brien is 
arrested at Thurles, and conveyed to 
Dublin. Oct. 9. O'Brien, Meagher, and 
others are sentenced to death. 1849. 
July 9. O'Brien and Meagher are trans- 
ported.] 

Aug. 5. Dublin. Tbe queen visits Ire- 
land, and holds her court at Dublin 
Castle. 

* * Parliament passes a bill establishing 
a general Board of Health. 

1849 Jan. 16. Ire. The Irish Court 
of the Queen's Bench gives judgment on 
writs of error in all high treason cases? 
and confirms the j udgment of the lower 
court. 

Jan. 18. Sir Francis Tbornhill Baring 
is made first lord of the admiralty. 

Feb. 27. Royal assent is given to the 
suspension of the Habeas Corpus Act 
in Ireland for six months. [Mar. 1. It 
is restored.] 

Mar. 6. H. L. The Lords vote £50,000 
for the relief of Ireland. 

Mar. 12. Parliament: A bill for the 
repeal of tbe navigation laws is 
passed. [June 26. Receives royal as- 
sent.] 

Mar. 29. E. I. The Punjab is an- 
nexed. 

May 1. London. Protectionists meet, 
and form an association to oppose the 
progress of free trade and the repeal of 
the navigation laws, and to urge the re- 
establishment of protection. 

May 7. H. C. The Parliamentary Oaths 
Bill, for the benefit of Jews and other 
Dissenters, is passed, but rejected by the 
Lords. 

July 3. London. Baron Lionel de 
Rothschild is returned to Parliament 
for the city by a majority of 6,619 votes. 



July * Parliament : The Encumbered 
Estates Act for Ireland is passed. [Oct. 
24. The first court under the Act is held, 
at Dublin.] 

Aug. 5. Dublin. The queen arrives on 
a visit. 

1850 Jan. 3. A royal commission for 
the Great Exhibition is appointed. 

Jan. 31. Parliament is opened by com- 
mission. 

June 17. H. L. A resolution is passed 
condemning the foreign policy of the 
Ministry respecting Greece. [June 28. 
The House of Commons approves it. 
Vote, 310-264.] 

June 19. Lord Langdale is appointed 
master of the rolls, Sir Launcelot 
Shadwell, vice-chancellor of England, 
and Sir Robert Monsey Rolfe, com- 
missioner of the great seal. [July 15. 
Sir Thomas Wild, Lord Truro, lord 
chancellor.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1846 * * Ire. The great famine occurs. 
It is caused by repeated failures of the 

potato crop, and is succeeded by pesti- 
lential diseases of which multitudes die, 
among them many priests and physi- 
cians. Parliament votes £10,000,000, and 
several countries of Europe and the 
United States forward provisions and 
other succor. 

* * London. Twopenny omnibuses are 
begun. 

1847 Feb. 19. The West India mail- 
packet Tweed is wrecked; 72 persons 
drowned. 

Apr. 28. The emigrant ship Exmouth, 
from Londonderry to Quebec, is 
wrecked ; of 240 persons on board, nearly 
all are drowned. 

Sept. 16. London. Shakespeare's 
house is sold at the Auction Mart, and 
knocked down to the United Committee 
of London and Stratford for £3,000. 

* * A commercial panic occurs through 
railway mania. Bank discount is eight 
per cent. The failures amount to 
£20,000,000. 

Oct. 27. The Corn Exchange at Bir- 
mingham is opened. 

1848 Aug. 24. The Ocean Monarch, 
an American emigrant ship, leaves Liv- 
erpool bound for Boston, having nearly 
400 persons on board. [She takes fire, 
and 178 persons perish.] 

Dec. 16. London. The Park Theater 
burns after midnight. 

* * Cholera visits England. [1849. Sept.* 
Reappears.] ' 

1849 Feb. 17. Scot. A false alarm 
of fire at a Glasgow theater causes the 
crushing to death of 70 persons. 

Mar. 29. London. The Olympic Thea- 
ter is burned. 

Aug. 3. Ire. The Cove of Cork is named 
Queenstown by the queen. 

Oct. 30. London. The Coal Exchange 
is opened. 

* *The Pavilion, Brighton, greatly en- 
larged, and made to resemble the Krem- 
lin at Moscow, is sold to the town for 
£53,000. 

* * London. The scourge of cholera con- 
tinues ; 1,008 deaths per week. In Eng- 
land and Wales 53,295 persons die. 

1850 Mar. 30. The steamer Royal Ad- 
elaide is wrecked on the TonSue Sands 
off Margate ; 400 persons are dmwned. 

June 18. The steamship Orion is 
wrecked off Port Patrick on a sunken 
rock within a stone's throw of land .; 50 
out of 200 persons drowned. 

July 3. The East India diamond, the 
Koh-i-noor, is presented to the queen. 
Its weight is nearly 800 carats [but re- 
duced by the unskilfulness of the artist 
to 270 carats]. 



956 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1850 * * The navy numbers 339 sailing 
and 161 steam vessels. Cost for the 
year, £6,942,397. 

1850-53 S. Afr. Kafir war (p. 598). 
(Oct.*) The Kafirs rise. (Dec. 24.) 
They defeat a British force under Col. 
Mackinnon. (Dec. 29.) Another defeat ; 
the British retreat to their defenses. 

1851 Jan. S. Afr. The Kafirs are re- 
pulsed at Fort White and Cape of 
Good Hope. Also near Fort Hare. 

Feb. 13. 5. Afr. Col. Somerset cap- 
tures and burns Fort Armstrong, and 
captures many Kafirs. 

May 31. S. Afr. The Hottentots in 
Lower Albany join the Kafir insurrec- 
tion. 

.June 3-5. S. Afr. The British force 
defeats the Hottentots and Kafirs. 

Dec. 26-37. Afr. A British squadron 
captures Lagos, in the Bight of Benin, 
Gulf of Guinea. 

* * The regulation rifle musket is intro- 
duced into the army. 

1851-53 E. I. Second war with the 
Burmese. 

1852 Feb. 26. S. Afr. The war-ship 
Birkenhead goes down off Simon's Bay ; 
454 men perish. 

Sept. 28. Viscount Hardinge is made 
general commanding-in-chief. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1850 Aug. 28. A submarine telegraph 
cable, 27 miles long, covered with gutta 
percha, is laid from Dover to Cape Gris- 
Nez, France. [Messages are sent and re- 
ceived, but the cable soon parts and 
fails.] 

Aug. 30. Edinburgh. Prince Albert 
lays the foundation of the National 
Gallery. [1S59. Mar. 21. Opened.] 

Sept. 28. The North Star returns to 
Spithead after an unsuccessful search 
for Sir John Franklin. 

Oct. 1. The Prince Albert finds traces 
of Sir John Franklin's expedition at 
the entrance to Wellington Channel on 
Cape Reilly and Beechy Island. 

Nov. 29. Saturn's inner ring is discov- 
ered by William R. Dawes in England 
[and by Bond in America]. 

Dec. 26. London. The Lyceum is re- 
opened. 

* * Relpe patents his process for puddled 
steel. 

* * Scot. Lamont discovers the perio- 
dicity of magnetic disturbance. 

* * Ire. The railway from Cork to Dub- 
lin is finished. 

* * The Royal British Meteorological 
Society is formed. [1866. Chartered.] 
Also The Epidemiological Society. 

* * London. A statue of Prince Albert 
is erected in the Royal Exchange. 

* * Sir Charles Elastlake becomes presi- 
dent of the Royal Academy. 

* * The durability of stereotypes is greatly 
increased by electrotyping them with 
copper ; the process is opposed by the 
journeymen printers. 

* *A preraffaelite school of painters 
appears. They pursue real art by repre- 
senting nature as they see it, instead of 
following the antique. 

1851 Aug. 27. The cable between Eng- 
land and France is begun. [Oct. 17. 
Completed. Nov. 13. In operation.] 

* * North of England Institute of Min- 
ing Engineers is founded at Newcastle. 

* * London. A magnet weighing 100 
pounds, and able to sustain 430 pounds, 
made by Logeman of Haarlem, is exhib- 
ited at the Royal Institution. 



* * The collodion process in photography 
is discovered by Archer. 

* * London, The first Crystal Palace is 
built by Sir Joseph Paxton. 

1852 Jan. * The tubular life-boat, 
the Challenger, is patented. 

July * London. An electric clock hav- 
ing four illuminated dials is set up in 
the Strand. 

Nov. 9. A slight earthquake shock is 
felt at Liverpool. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1850* * Adolphus, Duke of Cambridge, son 

of George III., A76. 
Allan, Sir Willmm, painter, Scotland, A68. 
Arthur William Patrick Albert, Duke of 

Connauglit, son of Victoria, born. 
llickerstt-M), Kihvanl, theological writer, A64. 
Bowles, William L., critic, A88. 
Jeffrey, Lord Francis, jurist, critic, essayist, 

statesman, Scotland, A77. 
Langtry, Mrs. (Lily le Breton), actor, b. 
Marzials, Theophiie, song-writer, bom. 
Nugent, Lord, George G., statesman, writer, 

Ireland, A62. 
Peel, Sir Robert, statesman, A62. 
Porter, Jane, novelist, Scotland, A74. 

hee, £ 
A80. 

Stevenson, Robert, civil engineer, lighthouse 

designer, Scotland, A78. 
Thorn, James, sculptor, Scotland, A51. 
Wordsworth, William, poet, A80. 
1851 *•* Baillie, Joanna, poet, dramatist, 

Scotland, A88. 
Crabb, ceorge, author, philologist, A73. 
Codrington, Sir Edward, admiral, A81. 
Cotteniiam, Kail of, Charles Christopher 

Pepys, lord chancellor, A60. 
Dillon, John, statesman. Ireland, born. 
Lee, Harriet, novelist, A95. 
Lingard, John, clergyman, historian, A80. 
Luttrell, Henry, poet. Ireland, born. 
Moir, David M., poet, novelist, Scot., A53. 
Jlontagu, Basil, jurist, author, A81. 
Sheil, Richard L., orator, states., Ire., A60. 
Shelley, Mary W., poet, novelist, A54. 
Turner, Joseph Mallord W., painter, A76. 



1850 Aug. 22. Ire. A Roman Catho- 
lic synod is held at Thurles under the 
direction of the primate, Archbishop 
Cullen. 

Sept. 30. A papal bull establishes a 
Human Catholic hierarchy; Cardinal 
Nicholas "Wiseman is appointed arch- 
bishop of Westminster. [Dec. 6. En- 
throned. This occasions great excite- 
ment and indignation among the Prot- 
estants.] 

Dec. 10. Addresses are presented to the 
queen in opposition to the alleged 
Eoman Catholic aggression. 

* * Ire. Paul Cullen is consecrated (Roman 
Catholic) arehbishup of Armagh. [1852. 
Translated to Dublin.] 

* * General agitation and much excite- 
ment prevail respecting a doctrinal dis- 
pute between the bishop of Exeter and 
Dr. Gorham, one of his clergy. The de- 
cision of the Privy Council favors Gor- 
ham, and the courts ratify the decision. 

* * A society to "further the promulga- 
tion of the gospel in China by means of 
native evangelists" is organized. 

1851 Mar. 10. London. Roman Cath- 
olics meet to petition Parliament against 
the Ecclesiastical Tithes Bill. 

Aug. 19. Dublin. The" Great Aggre- 
gate meeting." 

Roman Catholics from all parts of the 
United Kingdom inaugurate the Catho- 
lic Defense Association. [Oct. 17. First 
meeting is held.] 

* * Charles H. Spurgeon becomes pas- 
tor of a Baptist church at Winterbeaeh. 
[1853. He preaches at New Park Street 
Chapel in London as a supply.] 

1852 Jan. 15. The queen issues a 
proclamation against " Roman Catholic 



ecclesiastics wearing the habit of their 
order, or exercising the rites and ceremo- 
nies of the Roman Catholic religion, in 
highways and places of public resort." 
Sept. 10. A " Religious Equality As- 
sociation " is formed by the Irish Mem- 
bers of Parliament. 



LETTERS. 

1850 Aug. 15. Ire. The "Queen's 
University in Ireland," comprehend- 
ing the three queen's colleges, is founded 
by patent ; the Earl of Clarendon, lord- 
lieutenant, is the first chancellor. [Sept. 
3. Chartered.] 

[It is condemned by the Propaganda 
and the Pope, and by a small majority 
of the Irish bishops in a synod held at 
Thurles.] 

Aug. 31. A commission is appointed to 
inquire into the state, studies, discipline, 
and revenue of Oxford. 

* * [Lord] Alfred Tennyson is made 
poet laureate. 

* * London. New College, formed by 
the union of Homer ton, Highbury, and. 
Coward colleges, is erected by the In- 
dependent Dissenters for the education 
of their ministers. 



* * Scot. Latter-day Pamphlets, by 
Thomas Carlyle, appears. [1851, Life of 
John Sterling; 1858-65, History of Fred- 
erick the Great.'] 

* * Scot. Method of the Divine Govern- 
ment, by James McCosh, appears. 

* * Social Statics, by Herbert Spencer, 
appears. [1854, Over-Legislation ; 1S55, 
Principles of Psychology; 1857-74, Es- 
says.] 

* * Hunter's Life in South Africa, by Ro- 
naleyn George Gordon Cumming, ap- 
pears. 

* * Death's Jest-Book, by T. Lovell Bed- 
does, appears. 

* * David Copper tie Id, by Dickens, ap- 
pears. [ls:.L'-r,:;, '/steak House ; 1854, Hard 
Times; 1855-57, Little Dorrit; 1859, Tale 
of Two Cities; 1860-61, Great Expecta- 
tions and the Uncommercial Traveller.'] 

* * The Roman, bv Sidney Dobell, appears. 
[1856, England in Time of War.] 

* * The Prelude, by Wordsworth, appears. 
1850-62 History of the Romans Under 

the Empire, by Charles Me ri vale, ap- 
pears. 

* * An edition of Wyclifs Bible is printed 
at Oxford. 

1851 May 5. Dublin. The Roman 
Catholic University is originated. 

Nov.* London. The Government 
School of Mines, etc., Jermyn Street, 
St. James's, is opened. 

* * Bishop Cosin's Hall, Durham Uni- 
versity, is founded. 

* * Study of Words, by Richard Chenevix 
Trench [Archbishop of Dublin], appears. 
[1855. English, Past and Present.] 

* * Fifteen Decisive Battles of the World, 
by Sir Edward Shepherd Creasy, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Creed of Christendom, by William 
Rathbone Greg, appears. 

* * Poems, by Hartley Coleridge, appears. 
1851-59* * Dublin. The Irish Quar- 
terly Review is issued. 

* * London Labor and London Poor, by 
Henry Mayhew, appears. 

1851-64 History of Normandy and Eng- 
land, by Sir Francis Palgrave, appears. 

1852 Sept. 2. A free library is opened 
at Manchester. 



SOCIETY. 



AND IRELAND. 1850, July 4-1852, Dec. 20. 95T 



* * Daily wages of harvest men, three 
shillings. 

* * London. The Royal Hospital for 
Incurables is founded by Dr. Andrew 
Reed at Carshalton in Surrey. [Re- 
moved to Putney.] 

* * London. The Hahnemann (homeo- 
pathic) Hospital is founded. 

1851 Feb. 23. Serious riots occur at 
Yarmouth through a dispute between 
the ship-owners and the seamen. 

July 14. Riots are occasioned by a pro- 
cession of Orangemen in Liverpool, and 
several lives are lost. 

Oct. 7. The queen visits Manchester. 

* * The Cancer Hospital, Brompton, is 
founded. 

1851 Feb. 25. H. L. The Prohibited 
Affinity Marriage Bill is defeated. 

July 14. Ire. The Irish Tenant League 
holds a great meeting on the site of the 
famous Battle of the Boyne. 

Nov. * Louis Kossuth, the Hungarian 
patriot, arrives and receives immense 
ovations, and departs for America. 

* * The Church Penitentiary Association 
is founded. 

* * London. A hospital for sick children 
is established in Great Ormond Street. 

* * Parliament : The Laboring-classes 
Lodging-houses Act is passed. 

* * London. St. Luke's Hospital for lu- 
natics is founded. 

* * Spiritualism chiefly attracts atten- 
tion by rappings, table-turnings, etc. 

* * London. The London Temperance 
League is formed. 

* * London. The Royal Orthopaedic City 
Hospital is founded. 

* * The Shoeblack Society Brigades, 
Blue, Red, and Yellow, are established 
by the Ragged School Union. 

* * The number of persons convicted of 
crime in England and Wales, 21,579. 
[1S52, 21,304; 1853, 20,756; 1854, 23,047; 
1855, 19,971; 185G, 14,734; 1857, 15,307; 
1858, 13,246 ; 1S59, 12,470.] 

1852 Jan. 3-Apr. 26. An engineers' 
strike occurs at Manchester. 

Feb. 6. London. City Prison Hollo- 
way is opened. 

May 24. U. S. A. Thomas F. Mea- 
gher arrives in New York, having es- 
caped from Tasmania, whither he had 
been transported. 

June 29. A riot occurs at Stockport ; 
two Roman Catholic chapels are de- 
stroyed and the houses of many Catho- 
lics are burned. 

July 3. Ire. The magistrates disperse a 
1 ' Tenant - Right demonstration " at 
"Warrens town. 

July 14. Ire. Religious riots occur at 
Belfast between Orangemen and Catho- 
lics. 

July 22. Ire. An election riot occurs 
at Six-mile Bridge, County Clare ; five 
persons are shot dead by the military. 

Aug. 30. John Camden Neild, an ec- 
centric miser, dies ; he had bequeathed 
about £250,000 to the queen. 



STATE. 

1850 July 4. London. A protocol is 
signed guaranteeing the integrity of 
Denmark (p. 641). 

July 22. H. C. The Jews' Oath of Ab- 
juration Bill is withdrawn by Lord 
John Russell. [1851. July 3. Passed.l 

July 26. H. C. Baron de Rothschild, 
member from London, asks to be sworn 
in on the Old Testament ; a debate fol- 
lows. [July 29. He is permitted to take 
his seat.] 

Aug. 18. Parliament is prorogued. 



* * Australia. Victoria becomes a prov- 

* * John, Lord Campbell March, is 
made chief justice. 

1851 Feb. 4. Parliament is opened by 
the queen in person. 

Feb. 13. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli's 
protectionist motion is defeated. Vote, 
281-267. 

Feb. 20. H. C. Locke King introduces 
a bill to extend the £10 franchise to 
counties. [Feb. 21. Passed. Feb. 22. 
The Ministry resigns.] 

Mar. 3. Lord John Russell resumes 
office after Lord Stanley and the Earl of 
Aberdeen have failed in an attempt to 
form a Ministry. 

Mar. 30. Population of United King- 
dom, 27,637,761. 

June 30. H. C. A bill for the adoption 
of the secret-ballot system is rejected. 
Vote, 189-257. 

July 24. Parliament: The window- 
tax is repealed. 

Aug. * Parliament : The Ecclesiasti- 
cal Titles Act, prohibiting the estab- 
lishing of a Roman Catholic hierarchy 
under penalty of a fine of £100, is passed. 
[1S71. Jan. 24. Being unexecuted, it is 
repealed.] 

Aug.* London. An Act is passed provid- 
ing for a new market, slaughtering- 
places, etc., and to close the market at 
Smithfield. 

Aug. 7. Parliament : An Act for the 
improvement of the administration of 
criminal justice is passed. 

Oct. 1. Two lords justices of the Court 
of Appeal in Chancery are appointed. 
[Oct. 8. Sir James L. Knight-Bruce 
is appointed.] 

Dec. 22. Viscount Palmerston, Secre- 
tary of Foreign Affairs, resigns office 
after sending a despatch of importance 
in which his colleagues had not con- 
curred. 

* * Parliament : An Act for the well- 
ordering of common lodging-houses is 
passed. 

* * A third vice-chancellor is appointed. 

* * London. "William Hunter is elected 
lord mayor. [1S52. Thomas Challis. 
1853. Thomas Sydney. 1854. Sir Fran- 
cis G. Moon.] 

* * Ire. Population, 6,574,278. 

1852 Jan. 10. Lord Granville dis- 
avows to the American Minister the act 
of firing into the American steamer 
Prometheus by the British man-of-war 
Express, and offers an apology. 

Feb. 9. H. C. Lord John Russell in- 
troduces anew Reform Bill, proposing 
the franchise to be £5 rated yearly value 
in boroughs, and £20 occupation, or £10 
copyhold, rated yearly value in counties. 

Feb. 20. H. C. The Ministry is de- 
feated on the Local Militia Bill, Lord 
Palmerston's amendment making the 
force general instead of local being car- 
ried. Vote, 136-125. [Feb. 23. It resigns.] 

Feb. 27. The first administration of the 
Earl of Derby. A Protectionist Min- 
istry is formed. 



(Olian. Kxuheq.), Sixth-*- r II. Walpole (Home 
Sec), Earl of Malniestmry (Foreign Sec), 
Sir .John Packing ton (Colonial Sec), Duke 
of Northumberland (L. Adm.). 

Feb. 28. Ire. Archibald "William 
[Earl of Eglinton] is appointed lord- 
lieutenant. [1853. Jan.* Edward Gran- 
ville, Earl of St. Germans.] 

Mar. 2. The Anti-Corn League is re- 
organized to oppose the Protectionist 
Ministry. 

Mar. * Ire. Thomas Lefroy is made 
chief justice. [Francis Blackburne, 
lord chancellor. 1S53. Jan. * Maziere 
Brady.] 

July * -Aug. * The Government disputes 
the claims of the United States to the 
coast fisheries of Newfoundland. 

Great Britain insists upon the conven- 
tion of 1818, and sends armed vessels to 
the coast of British North America. The 
United States sends a war-steamer to the 
disputed fishing-ground ; many vessels 
are boarded for information. [1854. The 
dispute is settled.} 

Nov. 4. Parliament meets. It is fa- 
vorable to free trade. The Commons 
assemble in the new house at West- 
minster. [1857. Mar. 21. Dissolved.] 

Dec. 6. Parliament : The Government 
announces its recognition of the rees- 
tablished empire in France, and Louis 
Napoleon as emperor. 

Dec. 16. H. C. The Government is de- 
feated on the question of the budget. 
Vote, 286-305. [Dec. 17. The Ministry 
resigns.] 

Dec. 20. E. I. Pegu is annexed as a 
province of the empire. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1850 Nov. 12. Ire. The emigrant ship 
Edmund, with nearly 200 passengers, 
from Limerick to New York, is wrecked 
off the western coast ; 100 drowned. 

1851 May 1-Oct. 15. London. Th& 
Great Exhibition is held in the Crystal 
Palace. 

The building is 1,851 feet long, 408 feet 
wide, 19 acres in area, and cost about 
£180,000. Number of visitors, 6,170.000. 
(Oct. 7.) There were 93,000 visitors 
present at one time, the largest num- 
ber ever assembled within a windowed, 
floored, and roofed building. Number 
of exhibitors, 17,000. Receipts, £505,107 ; 
expenditures, about £355,000. 
Aug. 22. The American yacht America 
wins " the cup of all nations," in the 
regatta at Cowes. 

Dec. 6. Parliament votes £80,000 for the 
funeral expenses of the Duke of Wel- 
lington. 

Dec. * Australian gold arrives. 

1852 Jan. 4. The West Indian mail- 
steamer Amazon is burned in the Medi- 
terranean ; 102 persons drowned. 

Feb. 5. The Holmfrith flood. 

The Bilberry reservoir above Holm- 
frith, near Huddersfield, Yorkshire, 
bursts its banks, and levels four miles 
and many ranges of buildings, killing; 
more than 90 persons ; loss, £500,000. 

June 1. A through line of electric tele- 
graph is opened from London to Dublin. 

June 10-Sept. 11. Ire. A National 
Exhibition is held at Cork. 

Sept. 30. Dublin. The Royal Ex- 
change is opened as a city hall. 

Nov. 8, 9. The steam-packet Victoria 
is wrecked near Wing's beacon off Go- 
teburg. 

Nov. 18. London. Funeral of the Duke 
of "Wellington; he is buried in West- 
minster. 



958 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1853 Oct. 22. .English and French 
fleets enter the Bosporus to aid Tur- 
key at war with Russia. [Dec. 3, They 
enter the Black Sea.] 

1854-56 The Crimean "War, by Eng- 
land, France, and Turkey, against Rus- 
sia. 

.Mar. 1 1 . The queen reviews the Baltic 

fleet under Sir Charles Napier, before 

it sails against Russia. 
Apr. 21. Bus. Odessa is bombarded 

by over 500 French and English ships. 
May 10. Bus. The British war-ship 

Tiger runs ashore near Odessa in, a 

dense fog ; the Russians capture the 

crew. 
May 22. Bus. The British fleet under 

Adm. Napier bombards Gustafsvaern 

on the Baltic. 
May 29. Turk. The allied armies of 

England and France disembark at 

May * The British war-ship Lady Nugent 
with 400 men on board 1b lost in the In- 
dian Ocean. 

June 29. Bus. Russian batteries at 
the Sulina mouth of the Danube are 
destroyed by two Dutch steamers. 

July* Bus. The British are reenforced 
by 10,000 French troops. 

Aug. 15. Bus. The British under Adm. 
Napier and the French under Gen. Ba- 
raguay d'Hilliers capture the fort of 
Bomarsund in the Baltic; also 2,000 
prisoners. 

Sept. 4. Turk. The allied British and 
French army under Lord Raglan and 
Marshal St. Arnaud leaves Varna after 
suffering much from disease and insuffi- 
cient accommodation. 

Sept. 14. Bus. The allied army, com- 
posed of 25,000 British, 23,000 French, 
and 8,000 Turkish troops, lands in the 
Crimea, and encamps 30 miles from 
Sebastopol. 

Sept. 15. fc The Russians evacuate Mol- 
davia, after which the (neutral) Austri- 
ans garrison the Danubian provinces. 

Sept. 20. Bus. Battle of Alma. 

The British, French, and Turks, with 
an army of 67,000, under Lord Raglan 
and Marshal St. Arnaud, defeat the Rus- 
sians with 50,000 men under Prince Men- 
schikov; loss of the allies, 3,400 killed 
and wounded; Russian loss, 5,000 killed 
and wounded. 

Sept. 26. Bus. The allies occupy Ba- 
laklava, Crimea. 

Oct. 17. Bus. First bombardment of 
Sebastopol by the allies. 

Oct. 25. Bus. Battle of Balaklava. 
The British under Lord Raglan defeat 
12,000 Russians under Gen. Liprandi ; 
Lord Cardigan's cavalry make the [fa- 
mous] ** Charge of the Light Bri- 
gade," losing 409 men out of 607. 

Oct. 29. Bus. Marshal St. Arnaud 
dies of cholera. [Gen. Canrobert be- 
comes commander of the French forces.] 

Nov. 5. Bus. Battle of Inkerman. 
The British and French with 14,000 
men defeat 40,000 Russians under Gen. 
Menschikov; Russian loss, 10,000 killed 
and wounded ; British and French loss, 
2,500 killed, wounded, and missing. 

Turk. Miss Florence Nightingale 

arrives from England at Scutari, opposite 



Constantinople, with a corps of nurses. 
[They do valuable service in ministering 
to the sick and wounded during the war.] 

Nov. 14. Bus. A great storm breaks 
out in the Black Sea, destroying many 
British store-ships, and causing much 
suffering to the armies on shore. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1852 * * The phenomenon of florescence 
is discovered by Prof. George Gabriel 
Stokes. 

* * Huguenot is exhibited by Sir John 
Everett Millais at the Royal Academy. 

* * Sir "William Thompson discovers the 
dissipation of energy. 

* * London. The New Philharmonic 
Society is established ; also the Photo- 
graphic Society. 

1852-54 The Harmonic Union, for 
rendering ancient and modern music, is 
formed. 

1852 Feb.* Dr. John Rae returns from 
an unsuccessful search for Sir John 
Franklin, down the Mackenzie River. 

Aug. 5. London. Work is commenced 
on the Crystal Palace. 

1852-53 London. A Panopticon of Sci- 
ence and Art is erected in Leicester 
Square, for a chartered company for 
lectures, musical performances, etc. 
[1S54. Opened ; unsuccessful.] 

1853 Jan. 13. Part of Dover Cliff 
falls. 

Oct. 3. A bronze statue of Sir Robert 
Peel is erected in front of the Royal In- 
firmary of Manchester. 

* * The Tonic Sol-fa Association is 
founded. [1862. The college is estab- 
lished.] 

* * "Wearing apparel is first cut out by 
machinery in England. 

1854 Mar. 1. The planet Amphitrite 
is first discovered by Mr. Marth. 

Aug. 10. Parliament enacts the estab- 
lishment of a National Gallery at Dub- 



Londonderry, Marquis of, Charles W. S. V., 

general, A76. 
Martin, John, painter, A65. 
Plunkett, Baron, William C, lawyer, orator, 

statesman, Ireland, A90. 
"Wilson, John (Christopher North), essayist, 

poet, novelist, Scotland, A69. 



lin. 



( Siemens's armature is produced. 

: London. The Standard Theater is 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1852 * * Booth, Junius Brutus, actor, A56. 

Children, .John (1., chemist, A75. 
Clinton, Henry F., classical scholar, A71. 
Colby, Thomas, engr., ordnance surv., A68. 
I>ollond, lien., math, instrument maker, A78. 
Havlland, John, architect, A60. 
Landseer, John, engraver, A91. 
Lee, Samuel, orient:*! scholar, A69. 
JIacgillivrav, William, ornithologist, author, 

Scotland, A56. 
Moore, Thomas, poet, biog., hist., A73. 
1'eacock, Thomas L., poet, novelist, A67. 
Prout, Samuel, water-color painter, A69. 
Sturgeon, William, electrician, inventor, A69. 
Warlmrton, Eliot P.. G., author. Ire., A42. 
"Wellington, Duke of, Arthur Wellesley, 

general, statesman, A83. 
Wright, Frances, social reformer, A57. 
1853* * Arnold, Thomas K-, author school 



IVntluuii, Sir Win., antiq., genealogist, A74. 
Cockburn, Sir Ceorge, admiral, A81. 
Leopold Ceorge Duncan Albert, Duke of 

Albany, son of Victoria, born. 
Xapier, Sir < iiarles J., gen., states., hist., A71. 
Robertson, Frederick W., el., author, A37. 
1854 * * Anglesey, Marquis of, Henry W. 

Paget, general, A86. 
Bartlett, William II., artist, trav., au., A 4ft. 
Peresford, Viscount, William C.,gen.,A86. 
Bird, Goliiing, physician, physicist, A39. 
Cathcart, Sir George, general, governor of 

Cape Colony, prominent in Crimean "War, 

author, A60. 
Cockburn, Lord, Henry T., jurist, Scot., A75. 
Deninan, Thomas, baron, chief justice, A75. 
Faber, George S., clergyman, author, A81. ' 
Kemble, Charles, actor, A79. 
Kitto, John, Biblical writer, A50. 
Loekhart, John Gibson, biographer, writer, 

Scotland, A60. 



CHURCH. 

1853 * * Anglo-Continental Society is 
formed, to diffuse the principles of the 
Church of England abroad. 

* * Bishops elected : 
C. Wordsworth for St. Andrews. [1854, 

Walter Kerr Hamilton for Salisbury; 1856, 
Charles Baring for Gloucester and Bristol; 
1857, J. T. Pelham for Norwich; 1859, James 
C. Campbell for Bangor; 1860, Henry Phil- 
pott for Worcester and George Moberly 
for Salisbury; 1*61, William Thomson for 
Gloucester and Bristol; ]stV2, translated to 
York; 1861, Frederick t iell for Madras, E. I. ; 

1862, John T. Lewis for Ontario, Can., and 
Thomas Earle Welby for St. Helena, S.Afr.; 

1863, Charles John Ellicott for Gloucester 
and Bristol, Thomas Mesac for Goulburn, 
N. S. W., and James William Williams for 
Quebec, Can.] 

1854 July 3. London. The Turkish 
Mission Aid Society is organized. 

* * The Ladies' Association for the ■ 
Christian Education of Jewish Females 
is organized. 

* * Ire* (Roman Catholic) Bishops con- 
secrated, John Leahy for Dromore. 
[1856, Lawrence Gillooly; 1857, John 
Macevilly, Archbishop of Tuam ; 185S, 
Michael Flannary for Killaloe.] 

* * Sees established, See of Mauritius. 
[1855, Lahuan ; 1856, (.'lmstcliurch,N. Z., 
and Perth, W. A.; 1858, Wellington, 
N.Z.; 1850. Brisbane, Goulburn,N.S.W., 
Waiapu, N. Z-, St. Helena, and British 
Columbia; 1861, Nassau, Bahamas, and 
Ontario, Can. ; 1863, Gratton, Australia ; 
1866, Dunedin, N. Z.] 

LETTERS. 

1852 * * The Indian Female and Normal 
Instruction Society is organized by 
women, 

* * St. John's foundation school for sons 
of poor clergy is established. 

* * London. The Journal of Mental Sci- 
ence is issued by Dr. J." C. Bucknill ; 
also Journal of Society of Art and Lei- 
sure Hour. 

* * Peg WofRnqton, by Charles Reade, ap- 
pears. [1856! It is Never Too Late to 
Mend; I860, The Cloister and the Hearth,] 

* * Thesaurus of English Words and 
Phrases, by Dr. P. M. Roget, appears. 

1852-61 The New Quarterly Beview is 
issued. 

1853 Jan. * Queen's College, Bir- 
mingham, is organized. 

* * London. The Philobiblon Society- 
is instituted by R. Monckton Milnes 
[Lord Houghton], Sylvain Van de Weyer, 
and others. 

* * London. The Press [united with St. 
James Chronicle'] is issued ; also the 
Field, the "Wesleyan London. Quarterly 
Beview, the Commercial Gazette, and the 
Civil Service Gazette. 

* * Scot. The Aberdeen Free Press is 
issued. 

* * Theological Essays, by John Freder- 
ick Denis- >n Maurice, appears. [1861] 
Moral and Metaphysical Philosophy. 

1853-55 Scot. Discussions in Philoso- 
phy, Literature f and Education, by Sir 
William Hamilton, appears. 

1853-62 Edinburgh. The Scottish Be- 
view is issued. 

1853-57 Dictionary of Greek and Boman 
Geography, edited 'by [Sir] William 
Smith, appears. 

1853-70 English Cyclopaedia, by Charles 
Knight, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 1852, Dec. 24-1855, Feb. 19. 959 



1854* * London. Building News is is- 
sued. 

* * The Birmingham and Midland In- 
stitute is incorporated. 

* * Idylls and So?igs, by Thomas Turner 
Palgrave, appears. 

* * Ire. Jail Journal, by John Mitchel, 



SOCIETY. 

1852 * * The borough of St. Albans is 
disfranchised for bribery in the elec- 
tions. 

* * London. The Northwest Preventive 
and Reformatory Institution in the New 
Road is established ; all kinds of trades 
are taught. 

* * London. Refuges for destitute boys 
and girls are established in Great Queen 
Street. 

* * A strike of the amalgamated engi- 
neers takes place. 

* * Titles created, Barons Raglan, Bat- 
tersea, and St. Leonards. [1856, Barons 
Talbot de Mai abide, Kenmare, and Bel- 
per ; 1857, Earl Cowley and Baron Ebury ; 
1858, Barons Chesham, Churston, and 
Chelmsord; 1859, Earl of "Winton, and 
Barons Tredegar, Lyveden, Leconfield, 
St. John of Bletsoe, and Egerton of 
Tatton.] 

* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Cler- 
mont. [1856, Baron Fermoy.] 

1853 May 7. London. Harriet Beecher 
Stowe, author of Uncle Tom's Cabin, 
is received at Stafford House by many 
of the nobility and statesmen of Eng- 
land. 

June 9. John Mitchel escapes from 
Hobart Town, Tasmania. (See p. 173.) 

July 27-29. London. The cabmen 
strike. 

Aug. 8. The strike at Stockport ceases, 
and 20,000 resume labor, receiving their 
demand of 10 per cent advance in wages. 

Aug. 29. The queen visits Ireland. 

Oct. 15. In Preston 20,000 workmen 
strike for 10 per cent increase in wages. 
[1S53. May 1. The strikers, lacking 
funds, are compelled to yield.] 

Nov. 2. Edinburgh. A meeting to vin- 
dicate Scottish rights is held. [Asso- 
ciation formed.] 

* * The British Anti-Tobacco Crusade 
is founded by Thomas Reynolds'. 

* * Bribery vitiates the elections at 
Derby. 

* * Betting-houses are suppressed by Act 
of Parliament. 

* * Scot. Sunday closing of liquor- 
shops is enforced. 

* * Vaccination is made compulsory. 

* * John B. Gough, the temperance 
orator, returns to England on a visit. 
[He lectures during two years. 1857. A 
second visit.] 

* * The United Kingdom Alliance, for 
the total suppression of liquor-traffic, is 
founded. 



* * London. St. Thomas's Hospital is 
founded. [1871. June 21. Opened.] 

1854 Sept. 2. People's Provident As- 
surance Society is established. 

Oct.* London. A "Working-men's Col- 
lege is established by Frederick D. 
Maurice. [1855. Another at Cambridge.] 

1855 Feb. 19. Bread-riots in Liver- 
pool. 

STATE. 

1852 Dec. 28. The administration of 
the Earl of Aberdeen, first lord of the 
treasury, is formed. 

Members: William E. Gladstone (Chan. 
Excheq.), Viscount Palmerston (Home Sec), 



Lord .John Kussell (Foreign Sec), Duke of 
Newcastle (Colonial Sec), Robert Alonsey 
Ilolfe, Lord C ran worth ( L. Chan.), Charles 
Philip, Earl of Hardwicke [1853, Charles 
John, Earl Canning] (postmaster). [Jan. 
5. Sir James Robert George Graham is made 
lord of admiralty. ] 

1853 Apr. 1. Parliament: Man- 
chester is constituted a city by royal 
charter. [Apr. 16. Gazetted.] 

Apr. 8. H. C. The chancellor of the 
exchequer proposes a modification of the 
form of the national debt by the issue 
of permanent irredeemable l\ per cent 
stock ; the House adopts the plan. 



Apr. 18. H. C. The chancellor of the 
exchequer introduces his budget. 

It proposes to repeal the duties levi- 
able on soap and 104 other articles, and 
make reductions on 126 articles. Also 
to extend the income tax to Ireland, ap- 
plicable to incomes between £100 and 
£150, and to collect legacy duties on real 
property. 

May * Parliament : The income tax is 
extended to Ireland. 

June 4. English and French govern- 
ments order their fleets to the Dar- 
danelles. 

Aug. * H. C. The chairman of commit- 
tees of the whole house is appointed to 
act as a deputy speaker. 



Oct. 1. Turkey appeals to France and 
England for aid against Russia. 

Dec. 5. Aust. A protocol is signed at 
Vienna. 

France, England, Austria, and Prussia 
unite for the reestablishment of peace 
between Kussia and Turkey and the 
maintenance of the integrity of the Ot- 
toman Empire as an essential condition 
of the balance of European power. [1854. 
Feb. 8. Baron Brundow, the Russian 
ambassador, leaves England.] 

* * Parliament : An Act is passed for the 
abatement of the smoke nuisance 
above London Bridge. 

* * Sir George James Turner is ap- 
pointed lord justice. 

* * The duty on advertisements is abol- 
ished. 

1854 Mar. 12. Turk. A treaty of al- 
liance is made with France and Turkey 
at Constantinople. 

Mar. 25. Bus. England and France 
having sent an ultimatum, the czar re- 
plies that he has no answer to give. 
[Mar. 28. "War is declared against 
Russia.] (P. 733.) 

June 5. A reciprocity and fisheries 
treaty is concluded with the United 
States. 

June 9. The Duke of Newcastle, pre- 
viously colonial secretary, is appointed 
a secretary for war affairs and a Cabinet 
Minister. 

Dec. 22. Parliament : A law is passed 
for the enlistment of foreigners in 
the British service. 

* * Parliament : An act for the better 
regulation of railways is passed. 

1855 Jan. 23. Lord John Russell, 
anticipating censure of the Govern- 
ment's conduct of the war with Russia, 
resigns. [He is succeeded by the Earl 
of Aberdeen. Jan. 31. He resigns.] 

Jan. 29. H. C. A motion for the ap- 
pointment of a select committee to in- 



quire into the condition of the army in 
the Crimea, and into the conduct of 
the commissariat and medical depart- 
ment of the army, is carried. Vote, 305- 
148. 
Feb. 10. The administration of Vis- 
count Palmerston is formed. 

Members: Palmerston (L. Treas.), Lord 
Cranworth (L. Ghana), Duke of Argyll (P. 
Seal), W. E. Gladstone (Cham-, Exch.), Sir 
George Grey ( Home See.), Earl of Clarendon 
(Foreign Sec), Sidney Herbert (Colonial 
Sec.), Lord Panmure (War Sec), etc. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1852 Dec. 24. The steamship St. George 
is wrecked ; 51 lives are lost. 

The Lily is stranded and blown up 

by gunpowder on the Calf of Man ; 30 
persons drowned. 

1853 Jan. * London. An exhibition of 
poultry held. 

Feb. 13. Ire. The steamship Queen 
Victor i a, bound from Liverpool, is 
wrecked off the Bailey lighthouse, near 
Dublin ; 67 persons are drowned. 

Feb. 28. St. George's church at Don- 
caster, built in 1070, is burned. 

May 12. Dublin. The Dublin Indus- 
trial Exhibition, originated in a gift 
of £80,000 by Mr. Dargan,is opened by 
the Earl of St. Germans, the lord-lieu- 
tenant. [Aug. 30. Visited by the queen 
and Prince Albert. Nov. 1. Closed. 
Dec. 15. The exhibition building is for- 
mally opened as a winter garden by 
the lord lieutenant and the Countess St. 
Germans.] 

* * London. A Trades' Museum is es- 
tablished. 

1854 Jan. 20. The emigrant ship. Tay~ 
leur is driven on the rocks off Lambay 
Island, north of Howth ; 380 persons 
drowned. 

Mar. 1. The steamer City of Glasgow 
leaves Liverpool for Philadelphia with 
480 persons on board [and is lost], 

Apr. 17. The emigrant ship Winchester, 
from Liverpool to Boston, is wrecked, 
and many passengers lost. 

May * Telegraph communications are 
completed between Dover and Ostend, 
and between Port Patrick and Dona- 



Aug. *-Oct.* London. Cholera prevails 

in the south and west of the city. [Sept. 

9. 2,050 deaths occur : total deaths, 

10,500.] 
Sept. 29. Scot. The emigrant vessel 

Annie Jane of Liverpool is driven 

ashore on the Barra Island on the 

west coast ; 348 drowned. 
Oct. 5, 6. An explosion causes a great 

tire at Gateshead on the Tyne, 50 killed ; 

loss, £1,000,000. 
Oct. 19. The Dalhousie founders off 

Beachy Head ; 60 persons and cargo 

worth £100,000 are lost. 

Nov. 13-16. The steamship Prince, car- 
rying supplies to the army in the Crimea, 
is wrecked in the Black Sea during the 
great storm; loss, 144 lives, and cargo 
worth £500,000. 

"Nov. 30. The iron screw steamer Nile 
strikes on the Godevry Rock, St. Ives 
Bay, all on board perishing. 

1855 Jan. 1. The Hamburg and New 
York packet Ceorqc Canning iswrecked 
near the mouth of the Elbe"; 96 drowned. 

Feb. 9. The screw steamer Will o' the 
Wisp is wrecked on the Burn Rock off 
Lambay ; 18 drowned. 



1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1855 Mar. 22. Hits. Second battle of 
Balaklava. 

The Russians are defeated by the al- 
lies, losing '-\n.in men killed and wounded ; 
loss of the allies, 600 men killed and 
wounded. 

Apr. 9-28. Bus. Second unsuccessful 
bombardment of Sebastopol by the 
allies. 

June 7. Hus. The French troops cap- 
ture the Mamelon fortification, Sebas- 
topol, two redoubts, and 62 guns, and 
take 130 officers and 400 men prisoners. 

June 18. Ilits. The French attack the 
Malakhoff Tower, Sebastopol, and 
the British the Kedan; both are re- 
pulsed with considerable loss. 

July 11. Hus. The fortifications of 
Sweaborg in the Baltic are bombarded 
by the allied fleets. 

Aug. 16. Hus. The Russians are de- 
feated by the French and Sardinians at 
Tchernaya, near Sebastopol. 

Sept. 5. Hus. The third bombardment 
of Sebastopol is commenced. 

Sept. 8. Rus. The French capture the 
Malakhoff; the English attack the 
Hedan, but are repulsed. 

Sept. 9. Hus. The Russians evacuate 
Sebastopol after losing 17,000 men 
killed and wounded in the bombard- 
ments. 

Oct. 17. Hus. The allies capture Kin- 
burn, at the mouth of the Dnieper. 

Nov. 28. Asiatic Turk. Kars, defended 
by Gen. "Williams with 15,000 British 
troops, surrenders after a siege of five 
months, to the Russians, who number 
about 40,000. 

1S56 Feb. 1. Hus. The allies complete 
the destruction of Sebastopol. 

Feb. 29. Hus. Hostilities are suspended 
in the Crimea. 

Apr.* The Peace of Paris ends the 
war with Russia ; cost to England over 
£41,000,000 (p. 733). 

Apr. 25. At Portsmouth the queen re- 
views the British fleet of 300 men-of- 
war, carrying 3,S00 guns, and manned by 
40,000 seamen. 

July 12. Hus. The Crimea is evacu- 
ated by the allies. 

July 15. The Duke of Cambridge is 
appointed general commanding-in-chief. 

July * The navy consists of 271 sailing- 
vessels with 9,594 guns, and 25S steam- 
vessels, with 6,582 guns ; 155 gunboats 
and 111 vessels are in harbor service. 

Oct. 25. Afghanistan. Herat is taken 
by the Persians in violation of treaty 
with Great Britain. ["War follows.] 

Dec. 9, 10. Persia. Bushire is attacked 
and captured bv a fleet and army under 
Sir H. Lecke and Gen. Stalker. [1857. 
Mar, 26. Sir James Outram attacks and 
captures Mohammerah, near the Eu- 
phrates. Apr. 4. Peace follows.] 

1857-58 Ind. Mutiny of the Sepoys. 
(See India.) 

1857 Apr. 14. China. The war-ship 
Raleigh is -wrecked off the southeast 
coast of Macao. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1855 Sept. 12±. Scot. The British 
Association holds its 25th meeting in 
Glasgow. 

[185G, 26th in Cheltenham : 1857, Aug. 
26, 27th at Dublin ; 1S5S. 28th in Leeds ; 
1S59, 29th in Aberdeen ; 1860, 30th in Ox- 
ford ; 1861, Sept. 4,31st in Manchester; 
1S62, 32d in Cambridge.] 

Oct. 17. Capt. Henry Bessemer patents 
his process of manufacturing steel, 
and cold air is forced through liquid 
iron. [1855, Dec. 5 ; also, 1S56, Feb. 12.] 

* * Capt. Robert Le Mesurier M'Clure 
of the Investigator receives the £5,000 
prize for the discovery of the Northwest 



Nov. * The Royal Victoria docks in 
Plaistow marshes are opened. 

* *The prismatic stereoscope is in- 
vented by Brewster. 

±* * The laryngoscope, a mirror for ex- 
amining the throat, is invented by Man- 
uel Garcia. 

* * London. A statue of Sir Robert Peel 
is erected at Cheapside. 

* .* Scot. The Meteorological Society 
for Scotland is founded. 

* * Scot. Mitherless Bairn is painted by 
John Eaed. 

* * Drummond's light is invented by 
Capt. Thomas Drummond. 

* *A diamond called the "Star of the 
South," weighing 254J- carats, is brought 
from Brazil. 

1856 May 23. The planet Isis discov- 
ered by Norman Payson. [1857, Apr. 
15, Adriatic; Aug. 16, Hestia.] 

Aug. 3. The public park, Birmingham, 
the gift of Mr. Adderley, is opened. 

Sept. 3. The new Music Hall is opened 
in Birmingham. 

* * London. A statue of Gen. Sir Charles 
J. Napier is erected in Trafalgar Square. 

* * London. The Odontological Society 
is formed. 

* * Prof. John Tyndall proves the exist- 
ence of diamaghetic polarity. 

* * The Venus Victrix is executed by John 
Gibson. 



1857 Feb. 2. London. John Sheep- 
shanks, by a deed of gift, presents to 
the nation his collection of paintings 
and drawings ; estimated value, £60,000. 
[The pictures are exhibited in the South 
Kensington Museum.] 

Feb. * Parliament provides for a Na- 
tional Portrait Gallery, and appropriates 
£2,000. 

May 5. Prince Albert opens the Fine 
Arts Exhibition at Manchester. [June 
29, 30. The queen is present. Oct. 17. 
Closed. Visitors, 1,335,915; expenses, 
£99,500; receipts, £98,500.] 

June 1. A park is opened in Birming- 
ham by the Duke of Cambridge. 

June 22. London. The South Ken- 
sington Museum is opened. 

Aug. * The Atlantic Cable is laid (pp. 
183-185). 

Oct. 12. The National Social Science 
Association is formed at Birmingham. 

Oct. 25, 26. A terrible storm prevails ; 
the Royal Charter and many other ves- 
sels are lost. 

Nov.* -58 Jan. 31. The steamship 
Great Eastern, designed by I. K. Bru- 
nei, is launched at Millwall. 

Length, 692 feet, breadth, 83 feet; 
horse-power, in paddles, 1,000, screw, 
1,600; weight of ship, 12,000 tons; light 
draft, 12,000 tons; cost, £732,000± ; capa- 
city, 5,000 passengers. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Bronte, Charlotte, novelist, A39. 

Buckingham, James S.. traveler, A69. 

Crosse, Andrew, electrician, A71. 

De la Beche, Sir Henry T., geologist, A59. 

Fielding Copley V., water-color painter, A68. 

Hare, Julius (.'., archdeacon, theol. wr., A60. 

Hume, Joseph, si;i(csu:an, reformer, A78. 

Mitford, Mary Russell, poet, writer, A69. 

O'Connor, Feargus E., journalist, politician, 
Chartist leader, A59. 

Parry, Capt. Kdward, arctic navigator, A65. 

Raglan, Lord, Fitzroy, James Henry Somer- 
set, field-marshal, A 67. 

Rogers, Samuel, poet, A92. 

Swainson, William, naturalist, A66. 
1856* * Beechey, Frederick W., arctic ex- 
plorer, rear-admiral, A60. 

Brown, Samuel, chemist, poet, Scot., A39. 

Fraser, James B., diplomatist, traveler, 
author, Scotland, A73. 

Hamilton, Sir "William, logician, philoso- 
pher, metaphysician, Scotland, A68. 

Hardinge, Viscount, Henry, gov.-gen., A71. 

Mathew, Theobald, clergyman (apostle of 
temperance), Ireland, A66. 

Miller, Hugh, geologist, Scot., A54. 

Ross, Sir John, arctic explorer, admiral, A79. 

Westmaeott, Sir Richard, sculptor, A78. 

Yarrell, William, naturalist, A72. 

CHURCH. 

1855 * * Scot. The Spanish Evangeliza- 
tion Society is organized to extend Prot- 
estantism in Spain. 

* * The Society of the Holy Cross is 
formed by clergymen " for deepening 
spiritual life in their brethren." 

* * (Roman Catholic) Bishops conse- 
crated. "William Vaughan for Plym- 
outh. [1856, Paul A. Brigandet for 
Burmah Sound, and Patrick Moran for 
Dunedin, N. Z. ; 1857, "William Clifford 
for Clifton; 1S61, Kobert Cornthwaite 
for Leeds; 1S63, Joachim H. Gonin for 
Port of Spain, W. I.] 

1855-60 Charles Kings ley, Thomas 
Hughes, and others endeavor to set up 
Christian Socialism. 

1856 * * London. General English Con- 
gregational Synod is held at the Savoy 
Palace. 

1857 July * -Sept. * Ire. Hugh Ban- 
na's open-air preaching causes rioting 
at Belfast. 

Sept. 8. The Christian Unity Associa- 
tion is formed on the basis of the three 
creeds by 30 members of the Greek, Ro- 
man, and English churches. 

LETTERS. 

1855 June 9. London. The Illustrated 
Times is issued. [June 29. The Daily 
Telegraph.] 

* * London. The Saturday Heview is is- 
sued ; also the Daily Chronicle and 
(Jlerkenwell News and Overland Mail. 

* * The Mystic, by Philip James Bailey, 
appears. [1858. The Age.] 

* * History of Latin Christianity, by 
Henry Hart Milman, appears. 

* * Fabiola, by Cardinal "Wiseman, ap- 
pears. 

* * Westward, Ho ! by Charles Kingsley, 
appears. [1866. Hereward.~\ 

* * Life of Goethc'by George Henry Lewes, 



* '"Men and Women, by Kobert Browning, 
appears. 

* * Charge of the Light Brigade, Maud t 
and other poems, bv Tennyson, appear. 
[1859, Idyl In of the King ; 1864, Enoch Ar- 
den and other poems.] 

* * Clytemnestra, by Owen Meredith (E. 
R. L. B. Lytton), appears. [1859. The 
Wanderer.] 

1855-64 The National Heview is issued. 



AND IRELAND. 1855, Feb. 23-1857, Dec. 12. 961 



1856 June 2. The foundation of "Wel- 
lington College, Sandhurst, is laid for 
the support and education of orphan 
sons of commissioned officers. [1859. 
Jan. 29. Opened.] 

* * Commissioners are appointed for the 
government and extension of Cam- 
bridge University and Eton College. 

* * London. The Engineer is issued ; 
also the Morning Star and the Court 
Circular. 

* * London. The Postal Guide first ap- 
pears. 

* * Scot. Testimony of the Hocks, hy Hugh 
Miller, appears. 

* * Aurora Leigh, by E. B. Browning, ap- 
pears. 

* * John Halifax, Gentleman, by Dinah 
Maria Muloch, appears. [1S60. Life 
for Life.} 

* * London. Riley's Dictionary of Latin 
Quotations, with a Selection of Greek, is 
published by Henry George Bohn. 

1856-62 Popular History of England, by 

Charles Knight, appears. 
1856-69 History of England, by James 

Anthony Froude, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1855 June 1. Disturbances oceur at 
Hyde Park because of a pending Sun- 
day Bill. [June 8, July 1. Renewed. ] 

July * There is much agitation and riot- 
ing over the Sunday-trading bill until 
the bill is withdrawn. 

Oct. 14. London. Riotous meetings 
are held at Hyde Park on account of the 
high price of bread. [Oct. 21 r 28. Re- 
newed.] 

Nov. 7. The minders and piecers at 
Manchester strike. 

* * The Royal Medical Benevolent Col- 
lege, Epsom, is opened. 

* * The United Kingdom Band of Hope 
Temperance Union is formed. [1888. It 
reports 11,400 societies, with 1,414,900 
members.] 

* * London. The Juridical Society is 
- founded. 

1856 Feb. 5. The "Victoria Cross is 
instituted to reward the gallantry of 
persons of all ranks in the army and 
navy. [1857. Crosses are bestowed on 
62 people.] 

Mar. 30. Privateering is abolished by 
the great sovereigns of Europe by treaty. 
The United States Government refuses 
to agree unless the right of blockade is 
also surrendered. 

May 9. The foundation-stone of Wetley 
Hospital, for invalid soldiers, near 
Southampton, is laid by the queen. 

May 29. London. A grand celebration 
of peace occurs, with general illumina- 
tion. 

* * The National Temperance League 
is organized by consolidating the Na- 
tional Temperance Society and the Lon- 
don Temperance League. 

* * Tickets of leave are granted to 2,666 
prisoners. 

1857 Aug. 25-JSTov. 15. The sum of 
£260,000 is raised for the relief of suf- 
ferers by the Indian mutiny. 



STATE. 
1855 Feb. 23. H. C. The House hav- 
ing insisted on the appointment of the 
select committee of inquiry, Sir J. R. G. 
Graham,W. E. Gladstone, and S. Herbert 
resign their offices, and are succeeded 



by Sir G. C. Lewis, Sir Charles "Wood, 
and Lord John Russell. 

Mar. * Ire. George, Earl of Carlisle, is 
appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Apr. * H. L. Lord Robert Grosvenor 
[Lord Ebury] introduces a bill to sup- 
press Sunday trading. [July * With- 
drawn.] 

Apr. 20. Parliament : A deficiency 
of about £23,000,000 being caused by the 
Russian war, it is proposed to raise 
£16,000,000 by loan and the remainder 
by an increase in taxation. 

Apr. 30. A treaty of friendship and 
commerce is concluded with Siam. 

May 25. The civil administration of the 
army and ordnance is vested in the min- 
ister of war ; the office of master-gen- 
eral of the ordnance is abolished. 

June. * Stamp duties on newspapers 
are abolished, and postage dues substi- 
tuted. A treasury warrant is issued 
providing for conveyance by post of 
books, pamphlets, etc., at the rate of 
four ounces for one penny. (June 5). 

July 13. Lord John Russell, colonial 
secretary, resigns because of criticisms 
in the House of Commons of his action 
in the Vienna conference. [Succeeded 
by "William Molesworth.] 

Aug. 14. Parliament : An Act for the 
better local management of the me- 
tropolis is passed. 

Nov. 0. London. David Salomons is 
elected lord mayor. He is the first He- 
brew to hold this office. [1856. Thomas 
Quested Finnis ; 1857, Sir Robert W. 
Garden; 1858, David "W. Wire; 1859, 
James Carter.] 

* * Parliament : An Act for the better 
prevention of disease is passed. 

* * Parliament : The two Houses begin 
to communicate by letter. 

* * London. The Metropolitan Board of 
"Works is established. [Dec. 22. First 
meeting.] 

* * George, Duke of Argyll, is appointed 
postmaster-general. 

* * The doubled income tax produces 
£13,718,185. 

1856 Feb. 1. Aust. The preliminaries 
of peace are signed at Vienna. 

Feb. 6. H. L. The Lords successfully 
oppose the creation of life peerages. 

Mar. 30. Paris. Peace conference 
(p. 733). 

Apr. 16. Paris. Important treaty of 
Paris (p. 733). 

Apr. 29. London. Peace with Russia 
is officially proclaimed. 

May 3. Amnesty is granted to political 
exiles ; Frost, Williams, Jones, Smith 
O'Brien, and many others are permitted 
to return. 

Sept. 4. London. The Royal British 
Bank suspends payments. [Evidence of 
fraud being given, several of the direc- 
tors are arrested, convicted, but after- 
wards released.] 

* * The doubled income tax produces £15,- 
717,155. 

1857 Feb. 3. Parliament is opened 
by commission. 

Mar. 3. H. C. Richard Cobden's mo- 
tion censuring the Government for the 
war with China is carried after four 
nights spent in debate. Vote, 263-247. 



Mar. 13. H. C. The remission of tax- 
ation to the extent of £11,000,000 is pro- 
posed. 

E.I. Keeling Islands are acquired 

by occupation. 

Mar. 14. A treaty is signed at Copen- 
hagen for the abolition of sound dues 
(p. 641). 

Apr. 14. Peace is concluded with Per- 
sia. 

Apr. 21. The Earl of Elgin departs as 
special embassy to China. 

Apr. 30. Parliament meets; John 
Evelyn Denison, Speaker. [1859. Apr. 
23. Dissolved.] 



May 21. H. C. The Commons grants 
an annuity of £8,000 and a dower of 
£40,000 to the princess royal on her mar- 
riage with Prince Frederick William of 
Prussia. 

June 25. An Order in Council confers 
the title of Prince Consort on Prince 
Albert. 



Aug. 10. John Bright (M. P.) is elected 
for Birmingham. 

Oct. * Ire. The lord chancellor orders 
that justices of the peace shall not be- 
long to Orange clubs. 

Nov. 16. Two ambassadors from Siam 
are received by the queen at Windsor. 

Dec. 3. Parliament is opened by the 
queen in person. 

Dec. 12. Boyal assent is given to the 
Bill of Indemnity exonerating the 
Government in permitting the Bank of 
England to extend its issues for the re- 
lief of the panic. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855 Feb. 25. The steamer Morna is 
wrecked on rocks near the Isle of Man ; 
21 drowned. 

May 1. The emigrant vessel John is 
wrecked on the Muneles Rocks off Fal- 
mouth ; 200 drowned. 

June 11. Smithfield is used as a cattle 
market for the last time. [June 13. The 
Metropolitan Cattle Market in Copen- 
hagen Fields is opened.] 

1856 Feb. 3. The packet-ship Josephine 
Willis collides with the screw steamer 
Mangerton, in the channel ; 70 drowned. 

Feb. 23. London. The Pavilion Theater 
is burned. 

Mar. 5. London. Covent Garden Theater 
is burned the second time. 

May 30. The ship Pallas, from Cork to 
Quebec, is wrecked ; 72 drowned. 

Oct. 19. London. A false alarm of fire 
causes the death of seven and the serious 
injury of 30 persons in the Zoological 
Gardens Hall, where 9,000 persons gath- 
ered to hear Rev. C. H. Spurgeon. 

1857 Jan. 5. The royal mail-steamer 
Violet is wrecked on the Goodwin 
Sands, many drowned. 

Feb. 19. An explosion in the mines at 
Lund Hill, near Barnsley, in South 
York, causes 1S9 deaths. 

June 28. A collision occurs at Lewisham 
on the North Kent Railway ; 11 killed. 

July 10. The Atlantic telegraph fleet 
first sails from Plymouth (p. 183). 

Aug. 20. Theclipp^r Dunbar is. wrecked 
on the rocks near Sydney; 121 persons, 
and cargo valued at £22,000, lost. 

Nov. * The commercial panic through 
American failures is relieved by suspen- 
sion of Bank Charter of 1844 and the 
Bank of England extending its issues. 
[Aggregate liabilities of fallen houses 
about £45,000,000.] 



962 1857,**-1859, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1859 ~Nov. 9. Orders are issued for the 
restriction of flogging in the army. 
[Dec. * The flogging of first-class sea- 
men except after trial is prohibited.] 

Nov. 16. The National Volunteer 
Association is organized to promote 
rifle-shooting. [1S60, July 2-7. The first 
meeting is held at Wimbledon ; Capt. 
Edward Rose obtains queen's prize of 
£250, and gold medal and badge of the 
association. 1861, July4-10. .Toppling 
S. Middlesex wins prize. 1S62, July 1-14, 
Mr. Pixley, S. Victoria. 1SG3, July 7-14. 
Sergt. Roberts, 12th Shropshire.] 

* * Acts are passed for the establishment 
of a military reserve, not to exceed 
20,000 men, and a volunteer reserve 
of seamen, not to exceed 30,000. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



1857 * * Mr. Harrison patents an appara- 
tus for manufacturing ice for commer- 
cial purposes, by the use of ether and salt 
water. 

* * The Government pays for the publica- 
tion of Peter Andreas Hansen's table 
of the moon. 

* *± A photoheliograph is erected at 
Kew Observatory. It registers the posi- 
tion and appearance of the sun's spots 
by means of a clockwork mechanism. 

* * London. The Genealogical Society- 
is formed ; also the National Associa- 
tion for Social Science. [1S58. Oct. 11. 
The latter meets at Liverpool ; 1859, Oct. 
10, at Bradford ; 1S60, Sept. 24, at Glas- 
gow.] 

* * The magnificent docks at Liverpool 
and Birkenhead are completed. 

1S58 Apr. 30. London. A statue is 
erected in Trafalgar Square to honor the 
memory of Dr. Edward Jenner. 

May 15. London. Covent Garden is re- 
opened. 

Aug. 5. The Atlantic cable is success- 
fully laid (p. 185). 



Sept. 21. A statue of Sir Isaac Newton 

in bronze, by William Theed, is set up 

at Grantham. 
Oct. * Donati's brilliant comet is long 

visible ; its tail is said to be 40,000,000 

miles long. 

* *The theory of natural selection is 
advanced by Charles Robert Darwin and 
Alfred Russell "Wallace. 

* * London. The Horological Society, 
[Dec. *] the Society for the encourage- 
ment of the Fine Arts, and the Musical 
Society of London are established. 

* * London. John S. Rarey, an American, 
gives sensational exhibitions of skill in 
taming vicious and wild horses, also 
a zebra from the Zoological Gardens. 

± * * Sir Joseph. Whit worth makes a ma- 
chine to measure one millionth part of 
an inch. 

* * Ozonometers are introduced. 

* * Fox Talbot patents a photoglyphic 
engraving process, by which pictures 
are etched on a plate by the action of 
light, and from which, prints are made. 

* * Sir Benjamin C- Brodie becomes presi- 
dent of the Royal Society. 

* * Engraved copper-plate is electro - 
faced with iron and nickel. 

1859 Feb. 14. London. Popular Mon- 
day concerts commence at St. James 
Hall ; they are founded by S. A. Chap- 
pel. 

Feb. * Ire. The National Gallery is 
founded. 



May 2. The prince consort opens the 
Albert Viaduct over the River Tamar 
at Plymouth. 

June 8. Telegrams to India are acceler- 
ated seven days by the Red Sea cable. 

June 20-24. London. A great Handel 
festival is held on the centenary of his 
death, at the Crystal Palace. Voices, 
2,765 ; instruments, 393 ; attendance, 
June 24, 26,827; receipts, £33,000. 

Sept. 21. Capt. Sir Francis Leopold M'- 
Clintock returns, bringing relics of Sir 
John Franklin's expedition. 

Oct. 21. A slight earthquake shock dis- 
turbs Cornwall. [1860. Jan. 13. Another 
shock.] 



* *Prof. Owen's system of arranging 
mammalia according to the nature of 
their brains is introduced. 

* * Heated controversies relative to Dar- 
win's Origin of Species occur. 

* * The Royal Society's Scientific Fund 
is founded. 

± * * London. The overhouse electric 
telegraphs are generally introduced. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1857 * * Amherst, Lord, "William Pitt, diplo- 
matist, A84, 

Britton, John, writer, A8S. 
Conyheare, William !>., el., geologist, A70. 
Croker, John Wilson, stales., an., Ire., ATT. 
Egerton, Francis L. Gower, Earl of Elles- 

mere, statesman, A57. 
Fleming, John, naturalist, Seotland, A72. 
Havelock, Sir Henry, general, A62. 
Jerrold, Douglas William, humorist, novelist, 

A54. 
Kemble, John M., Anglo-Saxon scholar, 

historian, A 50. 
Mary, Dueht'ss of <i lout-ester, daughter of 

George III., A81. 
Medhurst, Walter II., Chinese miss.., A61. 
Robinson, Agues .Mary F., novelist, born. 
ftcoresby, William, aretie explorer, A59. 
Turner, Charles, engraver, A83. 

1858 * * Brown, John, el., an., Scot., A74. 
Bunting, Jahez, Wesleyan elergynian, A79. 
Combe, George, phrenologist, Seotland, A70. 
Ford, Richard, author handbook, A62. 
Lyons, Lord, Kdmund, admiral, A68. 
Owen, Robert, philan., fdr. Socialism, A87. 
Keid, Sir William, engineer, meteorologist, 

Scotland, A61. 
1859* * Brunei, Isambard Kingdom, naval 
engineer, A53. 

De Quincey, Thomas, essayist, critic, 
author, A74. 

Elphinstone, Mountstuart, states., hist., AMI. 

Hallam, Henry, historian, author, A82. 

Hunt,James Henry Leigh. poet, essayist, A75. 

James, John A., el., preacher, author, AT4. 

Lardner, Dionysius, i-yrlop.-ilist, Ire., A76. 

Leslie, C. R., painter, A65. 

Macaulay, Lord, Thomas Babington, es- 
sayist, historian, statesman, A59. 

Morgan, Lady Sydney, novelist. Ire., A82. 

llobinson, Frederick. John, Earl of Ripon, 
statesman, A76. 

Stephenson, Robert, engineer, A56. 

Wilson, George, chemist, phys., Scot., A41. 



* * Scot. A league is formed to introduce 
a reformation in the Book of Common 
Prayer. 

1859 May * Thanksgiving is observed 
for the suppression of the Indian mutiny. 

Sept. * -Nov. * Lon don . Religious riota 
break out at St. George's-in-the-East. 

Sept. * The Minsters' Annuity Tax 
causes much agitation. [18G0. Nov.* 
It is abolished and other unsatisfactory- 
arrangements are made ; riots ensue.] 

Oct. * Ire. Religious revivals prevail, 
especially at Belfast. 

* * London. The Board of Guardians for 
the relief of the Jewish poor is founded. 



LETTERS. 

1857 * * The Savage Club is formed by 
various literary men, facetiously term- 
ing themselves "savages" on account 
of their freedom from conventionalism. 



CHURCH. 

1857 * * The Free Church Society, or 
National Association for Freedom of 
Public Worship, is established. It aims 
to abolish the pew-rent system, and re- 
vive the weekly offertory to defray the 
expenses of public worship. 

1858 May* The Christian Vernacular 
Education Society, aiming at the 
Christian education of India, is organ- 
ized. 

June * Rev. A. Poole is suspended for 
practising auricular confession, which 
had been introduced by the Pusevites, 
Tractarians, or Ritualists. [July 12- 
Sept. 18. Excitement about the confes- 
sional. Rev. T. West tries to introduce 
it. Public meetings are held against it.] 

* * The Ladies' Auxiliary of the Wes- 
leyan Methodist Missionary Society is 
organized. 



* * The Birmingham Post is issued. 

* *A critical edition of Shakespeare 1 s 
Works, edited by Alexander Dyce, ap- 
pears. 

* * Tom Brown's School Days, by Thomas 
Hughes, appears. [1S61, Tom Brown at 
Oxford.} 

* * The Dead Secret, by Wilkie Collins, 
appears. [1859, The Woman in White; 
18(34, jVo Name.] 

* * The Professor, by Charlotte Bronte, 
appears. 

* * History of Pottery and Porcelain, Med- 
iseval and Modern, by Marryat, appears. 

* * Bohn's General Collection of Proverbs 
appears. 

1857-61 History of Civilization, by 
Henry Thomes Buckle, appears. 

1858 * * Scot. Aberdeen University 
amalgamates King's and Marischal 
Colleges. 

* * London. Haileybury, or East India 
College, is founded. 



Max Muller, appears. [1859, A History 
of the Ancient Sanskrit Language; 1861- 
64, Lectures on the Science of Language.} 

* * Scenes of ( 'fericaJ life, by George Eliot, 
appears. [1859, Adam B'ede ; 1860, The 
Mill on the Floss; 1861, Silas Marner ; 
1862, Bomola.] 

* * Studies on Homer and the Homeric Age, 
by William Ewart Gladstone, appears. 

* * The Defense of Guinevere, and other 
poems, by William Morris, appears. 

* * On Liberty, by John Stuart Mill, ap- 
pears. [1861, Utilitarianism.] 

* * Studies of Christianity, by James 
Martineau, appears. 

* * Lord Montague's Page, by G. P. R. 
James, appears. 

* * Scot. Discourse on Beauty, by John 
Stuart Blackie, appears. 

1858-60 A translation of Herodotus, by 
George and Sir Henry Greswiek Rawlin- 
son and Sir J. G. Wilkinson, appears. 

1859 Mar. 16. London. Sporting Life 
is issued. 

Sept. * Ire. Agitation prevails against 
the National School system. 

Dec. 14. The Duke of Cambridge lays 
the foundation-stone of the S+"ff Col- 
lege, Sandhurst, for providing a military 
edueatiou respecting the duties of the 
staff. 



AND IRELAND. 



1857,**-1859, 



963 



* * The schoolship Cornwall is estab- 
lished off Purfleet. [187S. It accom- 
modates about 300 vagrants.] 

* * London. The Chemical News is issued; 
also the. Christian World and Once a 
Week. 

* * London. All the Year Round is issued 
by Charles Dickens. 

* * London. Macmillan's Magazine is is- 
sued ; also Cornhill Magazine. 

* * London. The Philological Society is- 
sues "proposals for a New English 
Dictionary," on the historical method. 
[1879. The work is begun by James 
Augustus Henry Murray.] 

* * On the Origin of Species, by Charles 
Darwin, appears. 

* * Self-Help, with Illustrations of Char- 
acter and Conduct, by Samuel Smiles, 
appears. 

* * Oceanic Hydrozoa, by Thomas Henry 
Huxley, appears. [1863, Evidence as to 
Man's Plan' in Xatttre ; 1864, Lectures 
on the Elements of Comparative Anat- 
omy ; 18(36, Lessons in Elementary Physi- 
ology ; 1868, Faraday as a Discoverer.] 

1859-80 Scot. Life of Milton, by David 
Masson, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1857 * * Daily wages of harvest-men are 
five shillings. 

* * Parliament : The Divorce and Ma- 
trimonial Causes Act is passed. 

Married women, when ill-used, may 
obtain a divorce or a j udicial separation ; 
when separated, any property they may 
acquire is secured to them personally as 
if married. 

1858 Jan. 25. The princess royal is 
married to Prince Frederick William of 
Prussia. 

Mar. 12. Dublin. A disgraceful fight 
between the Trinity College students 
and the police occurs on the arrival of 
the lord-lieutenant, Lord Eglinton. 

Oct. 1. Scot. The Scottish Permissive 
Bill and Temperance Association is 
formed. 



* * The Earl of Shaftesbury and others 
establish a society to provide play- 
grounds for the recreation of adults 
and the children of the humble classes. 
[Unsuccessful.] 

* * The Royal Discharged Prisoners* 
Aid Society is established. 

* * London. A dental hospital is founded. 

* * Ire. Phcenix clubs are formed to 
annoy the Government. [1859. Mar. * 
Several members are arrested, but ac- 
quitted. Apr. Daniel Sullivan, a mem- 
ber, is sentenced to 10 years' penal 
servitude.] 

1859 Feb. 18. "William G. Arm- 

strong is knighted for improvements 
in the construction of cannon. 
Aug. 8. London. A strike occurs in 
the building-trades, and a lockout fol- 
lows. [The men gradually return to 
work.] 

STATE. 

1857 * * Robert, Lord Cranworth, is 
appointed lord justice. 

* * Parliament : An Act is passed to 
abate the smoke nuisance from pot- 
teries and glass-houses. 

* * Parliament: The conservation of the 
Thames is given to the corporation of 
London ; three of the 12 conservators 
are to be appointed by the Government. 



* * An agitation spreads for tbe equali- 
zation of poor-rates throughout the 
kingdom. 

1858 Jan. 1. London. Ten postal dis- 
tricts are formed. 

Jan. 25. London. Princess Victoria 
is married to Prince Frederick "William 
of Prussia in St. James's Chapel. 

Feb. 9. H. C. Lord Palmerston intro- 
duces the Conspiracy to Murder Bill, 
proposing to amend the law of conspir- 
acy. [Feb. 19. On the second reading 
the Government is defeated by a vote of 
censure on the motion of Milner Gibson. 
Vote, 234r-215. Feb. 22. The Ministry 
resigns.] 

Feb. 25. The second Derby Ministry 
is formed. 

Members : Earl of Derby (First L. Trea.), 
IVIarq. of Salisbury (Pres. Council), Lord 
Chelmsford < L. Cham'.), Karl of Harihvicke 
(P. Seal), I'.enjainin Disraeli << 'hanc. Exch.), 
Spencer Walpole (Home Sec), Earl of 
Miilmesburv ( Koreijm Sec), Sir E. B Lyt- 
ton (Colonial Sec), Maj.-Gen. Peel (Sec. 
War), Sir J. S. Packington (L. Admiralty). 

Feb. * Ire. Joseph Napier is made 
lord chancellor. [1859. June * Mazi- 
ere Brady.] 

Archibald, Earl of Eglinton, is lord- 
lieutenant. [1S59. June * The Earl of 
Carlisle.] 

June 29. China. A treaty of peace is 
concluded at Tien-Tsin (p. 619). 

June * Parliament : An Act to abolish 
property qualification of members : 



July* Parliament: An Act is passed 
enabling Hebrews to sit as members. 
[July 26. Baron Lionel de Rothschild 
takes his seat as a member for London.] 

Aug. 2. Parliament: An Act for the 
better government of India by transfer 
to the crown is passed. 

Aug. 26. A treaty with Japan is con- 
cluded by Lord Elgin. 

Sept. 1. Ind. The East India Com- 
pany's government is transferred to 
the crown ; the company ceases to exist. 

Nov. 1. Ind. The queen is proclaimed 
throughout India. 

" Victoria, by tbe grace of God of the United 
Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland and of 
the colonies and dependencies thereof in 
Europe, Asia, Africa, America, and Aus- 
tralia, Queen, defender of tbe faith." 

Nov. * Ire. The Government issues a 
proclamation prohibiting secret soci- 
eties. 

Dec. 22. The French Government hav- 
ing in vain urged Edgar Mortar a' s 
restoration to his Hebrew parents by 
the Archbishop of Bologna, Sir Moses 
Montefiore proceeds to Rome [but ob- 
tains no redress]. 

* * Parliament : The Landed Estates 
Court is established to facilitate the 
sale and transfer of land in Ireland. 

* * Charles, Lord Colchester, is ap- 
pointed postmaster -general. 

* * N. Anier. British Columbia is made 
a colony. 

* * New statutes for Cambridge are 
confirmed by the queen. 

* * The doubled income tax produces 
£11,396,435. 

* * Parliament enacts that drafts on bank- 
ers shall be stamped. 



1859 Jan. 25. E. I. The entire pa- 
cification of Oudh is reported. 

Feb. 3. Parliament is opened by the 
queen in person. 

Feb. 28. H. C. Benjamin Disraeli in- 
troduces a new Reform Bill. 

Mar. 1. H. C. Spencer "Walpole and 
Mr. Henley disagree respecting the 
Reform Bill, and withdraw from the 
Cabinet. 

Mar. 31. H. C. A debate of several 
days on the Reform Bill closes with a 
defeat for the Ministers. Vote, 330-291. 

Apr. * John Bright, M. P., is elected for 
Birmingham. 

May 31. Parliament meets ; J. E.Den- 
nison, Speaker. [1865. July 6. Dis- 
solved.] 

June 11. The Ministry, being de- 
feated on an address in answer to the 
queen's speech, resign. Vote, 323-310. 

June 18. Second Administration of 
Palmerston. 

Members: Viscount Palmerston (L. 
Treas.J, Lord Campbell (L. Chanc), Earl 
Granville (Pres. Conned), Duke of Argyll 
(P. Seal), W. E. Gladstone (Clianc. Exch.), 
Sir George Grey (Home Sec), Earl Russell 
(Foreign See.), Duke of Newcastle (Colo- 
nial Sec.), Viscount Camborne (Sec. for 
India), Sir John Pakington (L. Admiralty), 
Thomas Milner Cilismi i Pres. of the Board 
of Trade), Earl of Devon (Clianc. of the 
Duchy of Lancaster), Edward Card well 
(Sec. for Ire.), Earl of Elgin (Postmaster- 
General). 

July 18. The income tax is increased 
to provide for the defenses of the coun- 
try. 

Aug. 11. Parliament is prorogued by 
proclamation. 

* * Australia. Queensland a province 
(p. 497). 

* * Parliament : The licensing system 
applied to India as a kind of income tax 



* * Parliament: An Act to enable rail- 
way companies to arbitrate differ- 
ences with other companies is passed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1858 May* Telegraphic communi- 
cation is effected between Constantino- 
ple and London. 

June 29. London. A fire caused by an 
explosion does £150,000 damage to the 
London docks. 

Aug. 23. Fourteen excursionists are 
killed on a collision near Round Oak 
Station, Oxford, and Wolverhampton 
Railway. 

Sept. 13. The steam emigrant ship Aus- 
tria is burned in the middle of the At- 
lantic ; of 538 persons, only 67 are saved. 

* * Ire. Atlantic mail steam-packets 
commence to sail from Galway. 



Apr. * London. A Stock Exchange panic 
is caused by the reported alliance of 
France and Russia against Austria; 45± 
failures occur. 

Oct. 14. The queen opens the new Glas- 
gow water- works at Loch Katrine. 

Nov. 21. The mail-steamer Indian is 
wrecked off Newfoundland ; 27 lives 
lost. 

Dec. * The Blervie Castle is lost in the 
Channel with all on board, 57 persons. 



964 1860, Jan. 1-1862, Feb. 10. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1860 Mar. * New Zealand. An insur- 
rection of the Maoris breaks out; it is 
caused by differences regarding the sale 
of lands. 

Nov. 6. New Zealand. The British un- 
der Gen. Pratt defeat the Maoris at 
Mahoetahi, and destroy their fortified 
places. 

Dec. 29. The steam-frigate Warrior is 
launched; length 380 feet, breadth 53 
feet, 0,170 tons burden, costs £400,000. 

1861 Mar. 19. New Zealand. The 
Maoris, weakened by many defeats, sub- 
mit to the British, and the war ends. 

Dec. 29. The war-ship Conqueror is lost 
near the Bahama Islands. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1860 Jan. 1. A great storm prevails 
in the Channel ; much property and 
many lives are lost. [Mar. 28. Another 
gale. June 2. Another gale.] 

June 17. The Great Eastern sails for 
New York. [Aug. 26. Returns.] 

July * The Oxford University Museum is 
opened. 

Aug. 28. James Nasmyth observes the 
lenticular-shaped objects on the sun 
called "willow-leaves," or "rice- 
grains." 

Aug. 30. George Francis Train of New 
York opens street railways in Birken- 
head, Cheshire. [1861, Mar. 29, at Bays- 
water, London.] 

Aug.* *Lord Northwick's pictures 
are sold in 18 days for £95,725. 



Dec. 25. Excessive cold prevails. The 
mercury falls in some places to 18 de- 
grees below zero ; at Torquay, Devon, 
20 degrees. 

* * A steam road-carriage is invented 
by the Earl of Caithness; speed, eight 
miles an hour ; cost, less than one penny 



per 



iile. 



k A magnificent equatorial telescope 
is set up at the National Observatory 
at Greenwich. 

* * The Institution of Naval Architects 
is founded; also the Academy of 
Music. 

* * Wheatstone's automatic printing- tel- 
egraph is patented. 

* * Andrews and Tait demonstrate that 
ozone is a condensed form of oxygen. 

* * A statue of "Richard. Occur de Lion, is 
erected near Westminster Abbey. 

1861 Feb. 6. Storm-signals are first 
sent to the coast by the Board of Trade. 
[July 31. First published.] 

Feb. 20, 21. A great storm prevails. 
A part of the Crystal Palace, London, is 
blown down ; also the Chichester Cathe- 
dral steeple. 

Apr. 17. The planet Asia is discovered 
by N. Pogson. 

May 14. London. Adelina Patti, the 
prima donna, makes her first appearance 
at Covent Garden. 

May 24. Dublin. A Fine Arts Exhi- 
bition is opened. [Aug. 22. The queen 
visits it.] 

May 28. A great storm prevails on the 
coasts, causing 143 wrecks. [Nov. 13, 14. 
Another causes 50 wrecks on the north- 
east coast.] 

June 29. The great comet is first visi- 
ble. • 

June * Capt. Parker Snow sails in the 
schooner Intrepid in search of Sir John 
Franklin's companions. 

Aug. 14-22. Dublin. The National 
Social Science Association meets. 
[1862, June 6, London ; 1863, Oct. 7, Ed- 



inburgh ; 1864, Sept. 22, York; 1S65, Oct. 
4, Sheffield ; 1866, Oct. 2, Manchester ; 
1867, Sept. 18, Belfast.] 

' * Maj.-Gen. Sir Edward Sabine becomes 
president of the Royal Society. 

1 * "Wire bridges are invented by Rich- 
ard Lee. 

■ * London. A statue of Sir Henry Have- 
lock is erected in Trafalgar Square. 

i- * * The tannin process in photography 
is introduced by Maj. Russell. 

; * Velocipedes again come into use. 

' * An Institute of Sculptors is estab- 
lished. 

' * The spectrum analysis is applied to 
astronomy. 

; * London, The Clinical Society is 
founded. 

: * .Sir Charles William Siemens invents 
furnaces for glass-works, in which gases 
are used as fuel. 

* Edward Fremy succeeds in making 
Steel by bringing red-hot iron in contact 
with the carbonate of ammonia. 

: * Mr. Thompson of Weymouth photo- 
graphs the bottom of the sea. 

'■ * London. Paul du Chaillu exhibits 
skins and skulls of gorillas at the Royal 
Institution. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

I860* * Aberdeen, Karl of, George H. Gor- 
don, preniii-r, author, Scotland, A76. 

Harry, Sir Charles, architect, A6."j. 

Brisbane, Sir Thomas M., astronomer, Scot- 
land, A 87. 

Dalhonsie, Marquis of, James Andrew Itam- 
say, statesman, A48. 

Dundonald, Karl of, Thomas Cochrane, 
admiral, A 85. 

Fellows, Sir Charles, traveler, antiq., A6I. 

.laines, George I'ayn Kainsford. novel., A59. 

Jameson, Anna, essayist, writer. Ire., A63. 

Leake, William M., traveler, antiq., A83. 

Xapier, Sir Charles, admiral, A74. 

Powell, Baden, clergyman, physicist, A64. 

Kehan, Ada, actress, lie., born. 

Wilson, Horace Hayman, orientalist, histo- 
rian, A74. 
1861* * Albert, Prince of Saxe-Coburg- 
Gotha, husband of Victoria, A42. 

Atkinson, Thomas W., landscape painter, 
traveler, A62. 

Browning-, Elizabeth B., poet, A52. 

Campbell, John, iurist, statesman, an., A82. 

(.'lough, Arthur H., poet, A42. 

f'nhitt, Sir William, civil engineer, A76. 

Danby, Francis, landscape painter, A68. 

Douglas, Sir Howard, general, A85. 

Forbes, Sir John, physician, medical wr., A74. 

Gore, Catherine Grace, novelist, A62. 

Herbert, Lord, Sidney, statesman, A5I. 

Victoria, Duchess of Kent, mother of Vic- 
toria, A75. 

Novello, Vincent, musician, A80. 

0' Donovan, John, archeologist, Ire., A52. 

I'algravc, Sir Francis, antiquary, hist., A73. 

Smith, Thomas Southwood, physician, A73. 



CHURCH. 

1860 Mar. 31. London. Rev. C. H. 
Spurgeon's great Tabernacle is opened 
for worship. 

May* Scot. A National Bible Society 
for Scotland is organized. 

* * The English Church Union is estab- 
lished. 

* * London. The Society of the Blessed 
Sacrament (English Churchmen) is 
founded. 

1861 May 1. The Colonial and Conti- 
nental Church Society is formed. 

* * The Church of England is now said 
to be divided into High, Moderate, Low 
(or Evangelical), and Broad Church. 

* * The Strict Baptist Mission is organ- 
ized. 

* * The Metropolitan Chapel Building 
fund is established by the Wesleyans. 

* * London. The Diocesan Deaconess 
Institution is established. 



' * A Church Congress is begun at Cam- 
bridge. [1862, July* Again meets; 1863, 
Oct. 13-15, at Manchester ; 1864, Oct. * 
at Bristol ; 1S65, Oct. 3-7; at Norwich ; 
1866, Oct. 6, at York ; 1867, Oct. 1, at Wol- 
verhampton ; 1868, Sept. 29, at Dublin ; 
1869, Oct. 5. at Liverpool.] 

LETTERS. 



: * London. The Army and Navy Gazette 
is issued ; also the National Reformer, 
the Catholic Times, the Universe, Temple 
Bar, and Good Words. 



* * Dublin. Maynooth College is en- 
larged. 

* * Lucile, by Owen Meredith (E. R. L. B. 
Lytton), appears. [1861, Serbski Pesme: 
National Songs of Servia ,- 1863, The 
Ping of Amasis ; 1867, Chronicles and 
Characters and Poems ; 1869, Orval.] 

1860-63 Dictionary of the Bible, edited 
by Sir William Smith", appears. 

1861 Apr. 4. The Birmingham Free 
Library is opened. 

Oct. 12. London. The Illustrated Times 
is incorporated with the Penny Illus- 
trated Paper. 

Oct. 31. London. The Middle Temple 
new library is opened by the Prince of 
Wales. 

Oct. * The Shakespeare Fund is estab- 
lished to purchase Shakespeare's garden, 
birthplace estate, and to erect and en- 
dow a public library and museum at 
Stratford-upon-Avon. 

* * London. The Queen is issued. Also 
the Church Review, Pun, and St. James's 
Magazine. 

* * Ancient Law, by Sir Eenry James 
Sumner Maine, appears. 

* * On Translating Homer, by Matthew 
Arnold, appears. [1865, Essays in Crit- 
icism ; 1868, A Study of Celtic Literature.] 

* * The Early Italian Poets, by Dante 
Gabriel Rossetti, appears. [1873. Re- 
published as Dante and his Circle.'] 

* * Rosamund, by Algernon Charles Swin- 
burne, appears. [1S65, Atlanta in Caly- 
don and Chastelard ; 1866-89, Poems and 
Ballads.] 

* * A Strange Story, by Bulwer-Lytton,, 
appears. [1863, Caxtoniana.] 

* * Adventures of Philip, by Thackeray, 
appears. 

* * Education:. Intellectual, Moral, and 
Physical, by Herbert Spencer, appears. 
[1864, Classification of the Sciences and 
Illustrations of Universal Progress.] 



SOCIETY. 

1860 Apr. 17. A desperate and inde- 
cisive prize-fight takes place between 
Thomas Sayers and John Heenau. 

July 9. The Prince of Wales embarks 
on a visit to Canada and the United 
States (p. 581). 

Aug. 30. A strike among the silk- 
workers at Coventry comes to an end. 

Sept. 21. Self-supporting cooking es- 
tablishments for working-classes are 
begun by Thomas Corbett. 

Sept. * Manchester Reciprocity Asso- 
ciation is founded. 

Oct. 23. Ire. Agrarian outrages pre- 
vail ; Alderman Sheehey is murdered. 

Nov. * Ire. An ovation is given to re- 
turned Irish soldiers who were taken 
prisoners by the Sardinians while in the 
service of the Pope. 

Dec* London. The Westminster Work- 
ing Men's Club in Duck Lane is opened. 



AND IRELAND. 1860, Jan. 1-1862, Feb. 10. 965 



Dec. * London. Great distress prevails 
among the poor. 

* * Licenses to sell wine are granted to 
refreshment houses. 

* * Titles created, Earl of Dudley, also 
Baron Kinnaird. [1861, Earl Russell and 
Baron Westbury ; 1863, Barons Annaly 
and Houghton ; 1865, Baron Romilly ; 
1866, Earl of Dartrey, Earl of Kimber- 
ley, Viscount of Halifax, and Barons 
Hylton, Penrhyn, Meredyth, Brance- 
peth, Hartismere, Kenry, and Monck ; 
1868, Viscount Bridport, Earl of Fever- 
sham, and Barons Ormathwaite, Gor- 
manston, Napier of Magdala, Kesteven, 
and O'Neill; 1869, Barons Acton, Pen- 
zance, Balinhard, Lawrence, Hare, How- 
ard of Glossop, Robartes, Dunning, 
Wolvertown, Castleton, and Greville.] 

* * Number of persons convicted of crime 
in England and Wales, 12,068. [1861, 
13,879; 1S62, 15,312; 1863, 15,799; 1864, 
14,726; 1865, 14,740; 1S66, 14,254; 1867, 
14,207; 1868,15,033; 1S69, 14,340.] 

* * The "Working Men's Mutual Im- 
provement and Recreation Society is es- 
tablished in Lancaster. 



* * London. The Society for the preven- 
tion of Cruelty to Animals condemns 
vivisection. 

* * Weekly "wages of laborer, nine shil- 
lings, sixpence. 

1860-61 Parliament : The Grocers* and 
Shopkeepers' Licensing Act is passed ; 
it authorizes the sale by them of wine, 
spirits, and beer in bottles. 

1860-69 Erdington Orphanage and Alms- 
houses near Birmingham are erected 
with £250,000 contributed by Josiah 
Mason, a manufacturer of Birmingham. 

1861 Jan. * Over £100,000 are raised for 
the sufferers from famine in India. 

Feb. 23. The Order of the Star of 

India is instituted. 
Aug. 24^31. Ire. The queen and the 

prince consort visit Ireland. 

* * London. The British Home for In- 
curables, Clapham Rise, is established. 

* * The death penalty is abolished for 
all crimes except treason and wilful 
murder. 

1862 Feb. 10. Royal Order of Victo- 
ria and Albert is established. 

STATE. 

1860 Jan. 23. A commercial treaty 
is made with France. 

Feb. 10. H. C. The budget is brought 
forward. 

It includes an extension of the license 
system to refreshment houses for the 
sale of wines ; the abolition of paper 
duties; an income tax of sevenpence in 
the pound on incomes between £100 and 
£150, and tenpeuce for those above £150, 
a year. 

Mar. 1. H. C. Lord John Russell intro- 
duces a Reform Bill to amend the rep- 
resentation from England and Wales. 
[Like bills are introduced for Scotland 
and Ireland. May 3. Read a second 
time after being debated four nights. 
June 11. Lord Russell withdraws it, 
owing to many amendments and the 
lateness of the season.] 

May 1. New Zealand. War breaks 
out with the Maoris, caused by dis- 
puted land-sales. [1861. Mar. 19. The 
Maoris submit.] 



May 21. H. L. The Paper Duties 
Repeal Bill is thrown out, defeating 
the Ministry. Vote, 193-104. 

May * Parliament : Quaker marriages 

when only one of the persons is a Quaker 
are legalized. 

July 5. H. C. Three resolutions are 
passed vindicating the privileges of the 
House against the recent aggression of 
the Lords in throwing out the Paper 
Duties Repeal Bill (a money bill). 

July 21. England, France, and other 
European powers unite in sending an 
expedition to Syria for the protection 
of the life and property of Europeans 
in the conflicts between the Druses and 
Maronites. 

Aug. 6. Parliament: An Act is passed 
permitting Hebrew members to omit 
from the oath the words "on the faith 
of a Christian." 

Oct. 24. Peace is concluded with China 
(p. 621). 

Dec. * Ire. A revival of the repeal 
agitation is attempted [but fails]. 

* * Parliament : Additional stamp du- 
ties are imposed on leases, bills of ex- 
change, dock warrants, extracts from 
registers of births, and licenses to house- 
agents. 

* * Parliament: The duty on earthen- 
ware and linen is withdrawn. 

* * Parliament : Jewish disabilities are 
entirely removed. 

* * Parliament : An Act for the regula- 
tion of mines is passed. 

* * Parliament : An Act is passed levying 
duties on wine licenses and refresh- 
ment houses, and for regulating the 
traflic. 

* * Edward, Lord Stanley of Alderney, 
is appointed postmaster. 

* * London. William Cubitt, M. P., is 
elected lord mayor. [1861. Again. 1862, 
W. A. Rose; 1863. William Lawrence; 
1864, Warren S. Hale.] 

1S61 Feb. 26. China. James Bruce 
[Earl Elgin], British plenipotentiary, 
takes up his residence at Peking. 

Mar. * A royal commission recommends 
the abolition of the board of admi- 
ralty, and the appointment of a minister 
of the navy department. 

Apr. 8. Seventh decennial census 
taken ; population of Great Britain and 
Ireland, 29,234,7S8 (Ireland, 5,764,543). 

Apr. 15. H.C. The budget is brought 
forward. 

It proposes to reduce the rate of in- 
come tax from tenpenee to ninepence in 
the pound, to abolish the paper duties, 
and to reenact the existing duties on 
tea and sugar for one year. 

Apr. 29. H. L. Lord Wodehouse states 
that the Government has decided not to 
intrude advice or counsel on the Gov- 
ernment of the United States respecting 
the Civil War. 

May 3. Parliament : Messages from the 
queen are sent to both Houses sanction- 
ing the marriage between the Princess 
Alice and Prince Louis of Hesse. [May 
6. Parliament votes a dower of £30,000 
and an annuity of £6,000. 1862. July 1. 
Married.] 

June 7. Brazil. The British ship Prince 
of Wales, wrecked on the coast, is plun- 
dered by the natives, and some of its crew 



killed. [The Government refuses repa- 
ration.] 

June 26. Richard Bethell, Lord "West- 
bury, is made lord high chancellor. 

Aug. 6. Parliament : The Naval Disci- 
pline Act is passed. 

Nov. 8. James M. Mason and John 
Slidell, Confederate ambassadors, are 
taken from the British mail-steamer 
Trent by Capt. Wilkes. 

Dec. 13. The Irish Law Court Com- 
mission is appointed. 

The Government sends off the first 
draft of troops for Canada. 

* * W. Afr. Lagos, in theBightof Benin, 
is acquired. 

* * Parliament : A solemn declaration, 
to he substituted for an oath by persons 
conscientiously objecting to be sworn in 
criminal prosecutions, is legalized. 



* * Parliament : An Act is passed impos- 
ing stamp duties on leases. 

* * Parliament: The laws regarding the 
removal of the poor are amended. 

* * The income tax produces £10,923,186. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1860 Apr. * The Metropolitan under- 
ground railway is begun. 

May * J. S. Parey, the American horse- 
tamer, receives a present of 20 guineas 
from the Society for the Prevention of 
Cruelty to Animals. 



Aug. 17. London. West Kent wharf 
and New Hibernia wharf are destroyed 
by fire; loss, £200,000. 

Sept. 4. A collision occurs at Helm- 
shore on the Lancashire and Yorkshire 
Railway ; 11 persons killed. 

Nov. 16. Trains collide at Atherstone 
on North Western Railway ; 11 killed. 

* * The cotton supply from North Amer- 
ica nearly ceases, in consequence of the 
secession of the Southern States from 
the Union and the war that followed. 

1861 Mar. 29. London. A street-rail- 
way is opened near Bayswiiter. [1862. 
Several street-railways are abandoned.] 

May 23. The steamship service be- 
tween Galway and North America is 
suspended. [1863. Aug. * Renewed.] 

June 4. The steamer Canadian is 
wrecked on the ice in the Straits of 
Belle Isle ; 35 lives lost. 

June 22. London. A fire on the wharves 
near Tooley Street burns for a month. 
Several persons are killed, among them 
James Braidwood, superintendent of 
fire-brigade. Total loss, £2,000,000. 

Aug. 25. Trainscollide in Clayton Tun- 
nel, Brighton Railway; 23 persons are 
killed and many injured. 

Sept. 2. A railway accident occurs at 
Kentish Town, Hampstead Junction ; 
16 persons killed, and 320 injured. 

Sept. 12. London. The Pneumatic 
Despatch Company lays tubes in 
Threadneedle Street. 

Sept. 27. The iron bridge over the Ouse 
at York falls, killing five people. 

Oot. 23. Edinburgh. The foundation of 
the new Post-office and Industrial Mu- 
seum is laid by the prince consort. 

Oct. 29. The Elcho shield is placed in 
Guildhall. 

Nov. 24. A house in High Street, Edin- 
burgh, faDs, killing 35 persons. 

Dec. 23. Prince Albert is buried. 

* * London. A dogs' temporary home 
is opened in Hollingsworth Street ; about 
2,200 animals are sheltered in a year. 
[1882. Adapted for cats.] 



966 1862, Mar. 12-1864, * * GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1862 July * The Elcho Challenge 
Shield is won by England. 

[This shield is competed for annually 
by shooting teams representing volun- 
teers in England, Scotland, and Ireland, 
and is held by the winning country. 
1863. It is woifagain hy England. 1864, 
by Scotland; 18(x>. I>v Knuland : 1866, by 
Scotland; 1867, 18GS. I.y England ; 1869,by 
Scotland; 1870, 1871, 1872, by England.] 

Sept. 10. The Royal Oak iron-clad 
steamer is launched, at Chatham. [1865, 
Oct. 14. The war-ship Valiant. Dec. 12. 
The Minotaur.] 

Nov. 9. The Duke of Cambridge is 
made field-marshal. 

* * Naval expenses, £12,59S,042. 

1863 Jan. * The British navy consists 
of 1,014 vessels, S5 line-of-battle ships, 
69 frigates, and 30 screw-corvettes. 

Feb. 7. The British war-ship Orpheus 
and 100 men are lost off the west coast 
of New Zealand. 

Aug. 15. Japan. Adm. Kuper bom- 
bards Kagoshima in retaliation for the 
murder by the Japanese on Sept. 14, 1862, 
of the British minister, Mr. Richardson. 

* * -64 Aug. 6. New Zealand. An- 
other war with the Maoris ; it ends in 
their submission. 

1863-64 W. Afr. "War with the 
Ashantees. 

1864 July 11-23. The National Asso- 
ciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim- 
bledon ; private John Wyatt, London 
Kifie Brigade, wins the queen's prize. 
[1865, July 11-22, Private Sharman, 4th 
West York ; 1866, July 9-17, Angus Cam- 
eron, 6th Inverness ; 1S67, July 8-20, Ser- 
geant Lane of Bristol; 1868,. July 25, 
Lieut. Carslake ; 1869, July 3-13, Angus 
Cameron, 6th Inverness; 1S70, July 11-19, 
Corporal Humphries, 6th Surrey.] 

"Nov. 4. China. The war-ship Racehorse 
is lost off Chefoo Cape. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1862 Mar. 15. The queen founds a 
mausoleum for the royal family at 
Frogmore. 

May 1. London. The second great In- 
ternational Exhibition chartered. 
[1862. May. 1. Opened by the Duke of 
Cambridge.] 

June 6. London. The National Social 
Science Association meets. [1863. Oct. 
7. At Edinburgh.] 

Aug. 31. London. The new Royalty 
Theater, Soho, is opened. 

Oct. 19, 20. A storm on British coasts 
causes many wrecks. 

Nov. 10. The Lambeth and Westmin- 
ster Suspension Bridge is opened. 

* * The British Association meets at 
Cambridge. [1863. At Newcastle.] 

* * A statue of Sir Hugh Myddleton is 
erected on Islington Green. 

* * The statue of Jenner is removed to 
Kensington. 

1862-63 William Huggins analyzes the 
light of the fixed stars and of the nebu- 
l£e by use of the spectrum. 

Summer. At the South Kensington Mu- 
seum a special exhibition of works of 
art, of immense value, lent for the occa- 
sion, is opened. [Nov. * Closed.] 

1863 June 10. A memorial statue of 
Prince Albert, by Joseph Durham, set 
up in the gardens of the Royal Horti- 
cultural Society, is uncovered. 



Oct. 1. Kate Josephine Bateman ap- 
pears as Leah. 

Oct. 6. An earthquake occurs in cen- 
tral, west, and northwest England. 

Oct. 31. The Far Fast, a propeller with 
two screws, is launched at Mi 11 wall. 

* * London. The Anthropological So- 
ciety is organized. 

* * A statue of Sir James Macgregor is 
set up at Chelsea Hospital. 

1864 Jan. 5. Dublin. The statue of 
Oliver Goldsmith is inaugurated by the 
lord-lieutenant. 

Jan. 30. The National Gallery of Ire- 
land is opened. 

Jan, * The lithoscope, an instrument 
for distinguishing precious stones, in- 
vented by Sir David Brewster, is de- 
scribed by him. 

Mar, 14. Samuel Baker discovers a lake, 
supposed to be another source of the 
Nile, which he names Lake Albert 
Nyanza. 

Apr. 25. The electrophone, invented 
by Dr. Strethill Wright, for producing 
sound by electric currents of high ten- 
sion, is exhibited before the Royal Scot- 
tish Society of Arts. 

May 2. The minor planet, Sappho, is 
discovered by N. Pogson. [1868. Nov. 
17. Camilla.) 

Aug. 8. Dublin. A statue of Daniel 
O'Connell is inaugurated. 

Sept. 9. Scot. Baxter Park, Dundee, 
the gift of Sir David Baxter, is opened 
by Earl Russell. 

Sept. 22. The Social Science Associa- 
tion meets at York. [1865, Oct. 4, at 
Sheffield; I860, Oct. 2, at Manchester; 

1867, Sept. 18, at Belfast ; 1868, Sept. 
30, at Birmingham ; 1869, Sept. 19, at 
Bristol.] 

Aug. 27. London. A pneumatic rail- 
way is opened at the Crystal Palace. 

Aug. 30. Scot. A statue of Prince Al- 
bert is inaugurated at Perth, in the 
presence of the queen. 

Oct. 17- The North London Industrial 
Exhibition is opened at Islington by 
Earl Russell. 

Dec. 8. The Hungerford Suspension 
Bridge, removed to Clifton, is opened 
to the public. 

* *The British Association meets at 
Bath. [1SG5, At Birmingham; 1S66, at 
Nottingham ; 1S67, Sept. 4, at Dundee ; 

1868, Aug. 20, at Norwich; 1869, at Ex- 
eter.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Buckle, Henry Thomas, historian, sociolo- 
gist, A 40. 

Home, Thomas IT., Biblical critic, hist., AH2. 

Inglis, Sir John Eardley \Y., general, A48. 

Knowles, -Tames S., dramatist, Ireland, A78. 

Wakley, Thomas, phvsirian, founder Lan- 
cet, A67. 
1863* * Campbell, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, 
general, Scotland, A71. 

Cockerell, Charles It., architect, A75. 

Egg, Augustus L., historical painter, A47. 

Guilt, Joseph, writer, architect, A79. 

Harding, James !»., landscape painter, A 65. 

Lansdowne, Marquis of, Henry F. Petty, 
statesman, A83. 

Lewis, Sir George C, statesman, writer, A57. 

Lyndlmrst, Baron, John S. Copley, jurist, 
statesman, A91. 

Mul ready, William, painter, A77. 

Trollope, Fran. -is, novelist, A85. 

Thackeray, William Makepeace, poet, 
novelist, A52. 

Whately, Richard, archbishop of Dublin, 
logician, rhetorician, philosopher, A76. 



CHURCH. 

1862 * * The Nonconformist Bicentenary 

fund is begun. 
* * C. T. Longley is chosen archbishop of 

Canterbury. 



1863 May 20. A convocation of Eng- 
lish bishops condemns as dangerous 
Bishop Colenso's work on The Penta- 
teuch. 

July * The Prison Ministers Act per- 
mits Roman Catholic chaplains for jails. 

"Nov. * Lre. Richard Chenevix Trench is 
made archbishop of Dublin. [William 
Thompson of York.] 

* * London. The bishop of London's fund 
for relief of spiritual destitution is es- 
tablished. 

1S64 May 12. London. About 3,000 
clergymen's signatures to the '* Oxford 
Declaration" respecting future pun- 
ishment is presented to the archbishop 
of Canterbury. 

Dec. 8. It. Pope Pius IX. issues a Syl- 
labus of Errors. 

* * Bishops elected : 

Francis Jeune for Peterborough. [1865, 
R. Machray for Rupertsland; 1866, Lord AI- 
wyne Compt.in fur Fly. and Andrew B. Suter 
for Nelson, N. Z. ; Is'(i7, James B. Kelly for 
Moray, William Alexander for Derry, and 
C. B. Bernard for Tuam; 1S68, William C. 
Magee for Peterborough, W. R. Macrorie for 
Maritzburg, South Africa, James Atlay for 
Hereford, and J. Eraser Turner for Grafton 
and Armidale, Australia; 1869, William G. 
Cowie for Auckland, X. Z., Harvey Goodwin 
for Carlisle, Lord A. C. Hervev for Bath and 
Wells, W. H. Sterling for Falkland Islands, 
Frederick Temple for Exeter (1885, trans- 
lated to London), Samuel Wilberforce for 
Winchester, and James Fraser for Manches- 
ter.] 

LETTERS. 

1862 June 4. The Workingmen's 
Club and Institute Union is estab- 
lished by Lord Brougham and others. 

July 20. Ire. A building for the Bo- 
man Catholic University is founded. 

* * London. The Sporting Gazette is is- 
sued ; also the London Society Maga- 

* * The Pentateuch and Boole of Joshua 
Critically Examined, by John William 
Colenso, bishop of Natal, appears. 

* * Unto This Last, by John Ruskin, ap- 
pears. [1S04, Sesame and Lilies; 1865, 
The Ethics or the Dust ; 1SG6, The Crown 
of Wild Olive; 1SG9, The Queen of the 
Air; 1S70, Lectures on Art.] 

* * Scot. David Elgznbrod, by George 
Alacdonald, appears. [1861, The Portent ; 
18GG, Annals of a Quiet Neighborhood; 
1SG8, Robert Falconer.] 

1862-64 The Borne and Foreign Review 
is issued. 

1862-67 Five Great Monarchies of the 
Ancient Eastern World, by George Ftaw- 
linson, appears. 

1862-75 Birds of Great Britain, by John 
Gould, appears. 

1862-93 Herbert Spencer publishes 
his System of Synthetic Philosophy. 

1862, First Principles: 1863-G7, The 
Principles of Biology; 1870-72, The Prin- 
ciples of I'syc/tolutfif ; 18-7, The Princi- 
ples of Sorio'/o,//,; 1879-93, Principles of 
Morality or Ethics. 

1863 * * A political economy professor- 
ship is established at Cambridge, and 
Henry Fawcett (blind) is made the first 
professor. 

* * London. The Orchestra is issued. Also 
the International (in French), the Victo- 
ria Magazine, and the Reader. 

* * Heat as a Mode of Motion, by John 
Tyndall, appears. 

* * Antiquity of Man, by Sir Charles Lyell, 
appears. 

1863-74 The Catholic Union Review is 
issued. 



1863-87 The Invasion of the Crimea, by 
Alexander William Kinglake, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 



1862, Mar. 12-1864, 



967 



1862* * The Shakespeare Library , 

Birmingham, is founded. 
* * London. The Royal School of !Naval 

Architecture, South Kensington, is 

established. 

SOCIETY. 

1862 Mar. 12. George Peabody, a 
• generous American, gives £150,000 to re- 
lieve the London poor. 

Apr. 7. A treaty with the United States 
for the abolition of the slave-trade is 



Apr. 18. Ire. Agrarian outrages oc- 
cur. Gustave Thiebault is murdered. 
[May 16. Also Francis Fitzgerald and 
others. July 30. John Braddell is shot 
by Michael Hayes. Dec. * Many more 
murders and outrages are committed.] 

Apr. * Great distress begins in the cot- 
ton-manufacturing districts owing to the 
war in the United States. [1863. Oct. * 
Much relieved.] 

May 6. The queen dedicates Epping 
Forest to the use of the people for all 
time. 

July 1. The Princess Alice is married 
to Louis [Grand Duke of Hesse-Darm- 
stadt]. 

Sept. 17. Ire. An Orange demonstra- 
tion causes destructive riots at Belfast. 

Sept. 18. At this date, 24 Poor-Law 
Unions in the cotton districts report 
140,165 persons receiving out-door relief 
at a cost of £7,922 per week. The pau- 
perism amounts to 7.3 per cent of the 
entire population. [Dec. 2. At a great 
county meeting at Manchester, £130,000 
are subscribed" for relief; other contri- 
butions, Central Belief Fund, £407,830, 
andMansionHouseFund, £236,926. Par- 
liament passes a relief Act.] 

Sept. 28. London. Rioting occurs in 
Hyde Park between the Irish and Ital- 
ians because of the conflict between the 
Pope and Garibaldi. [Oct. 5. More 
rioting. Oct. S-15. Rioting in Birken- 
head, Cheshire.] 

Oct. 9. London. Public meetings in 
Hyde Park are prohibited. 

Oct. 20. Catherine "Wilson, a noted 
poisoner, is executed. 

1863 Mar. 10. Princess Alexandra 
of Denmark marries the Prince of 
Wales. 

Mar. 21. Rioting occurs at Staleybridge 
because of the mode of relief to the un- 
employed cotton-workers ; it is put down 
by the military. 

* * London. An establishment is opened 
to receive young children of working 
mothers. 

* * The United Kingdom Beneficent As- 
sociation is founded ; it grants annui- 
ties to poor persons of a better class. 

* * London. St. John's Hospital, Leices- 
ter Square, is founded. 

* * Ire. Titles created, Baron Athlum- 
ney. [186S. Duke of Abercorn and Baron 
Rathdonnell.] 

* * Ire. Great numbers of able-bodied 
men emigrate to America during the 
year, owing to the agricultural distress. 

1864 Apr. 3. Garibaldi is received 
at Southampton with great enthusiasm. 
[Apr. 11. He enters London, and is wel- 
comed by an immense crowd ; he takes 
up Ms abode with the Duke of Suther- 
land at Stafford House. Apr. 21. He 
receives the freedom of the city.] 

July 9. The murder of Mr. Briggs in 
a first-class carriage on the North Lon- 
don railway causes great excitement. 

July 29. Parliament: The Metropoli- 
tan Houseless Poor Act, authorizing 
guardians to receive destitute persons 
into workhouses, and the metropolitan 
board to reimburse them, ' 



Aug. 8-19. Ire. The burning of an 
effigy of Daniel O'Connell by Orange- 
men causes rioting in Belfast ; 3,000 
soldiers and 1,000 policemen are required 
to subdue it ; nine persons are killed 
and 176 wounded. 

Aug. 10-27. Dublin. The inaugurating 
of the O'Connell monument precipitates 
tierce conflicts between Roman Catho- 
lics and Protestants ; nine killed and 150 
wounded. 

Sept. 28. The International "Working 
Men's Association is organized; 
George Odger, president. 

* * The Royal Albert Orphan Asylum at 
Bagshot is founded. 

STATE. 

1862 Apr. 7. A treaty for the suppres- 
sion of the slave-trade is concluded 
with the United States. [May 20. Rati- 
fied.] 

July 29. Parliament: An Act for the 
safe-keeping of petroleum is passed. 

Aug. * Parliament : The Thames Em- 
bankment Bill is passed. 

Dec. 2. Parliament is prorogued. 

Dec. 31. Rio de Janeiro. The Govern- 
ment having refused to apologize for the 
arrest of British naval officers charged 
with rioting, the British legation causes 
five Brazilian merchant-ships to be 
seized. [They are given up on the pay- 
ment of an indemnity, and the dispute of 
June 7, 1SIH, is referred to the arbitra- 
tion of the King of the Belgians, who 
decides in favor of the Brazilians.] 

* * E. I. The province of British Burma 
is formed (p. 1049.) 

* * Parliament: The Merchandise 
Marks Act, punishing forgeries of 
trade-marks, is passed. 

* * Parliament: The Queen's Bench 
prison is abolished. 

1863 July 21. Parliament: The Pub- 
lic "Works Act, providing work for the 
unemployed in the manufacturing dis- 
tricts at the time of the cotton famine, 
and enabling corporate bodies to raise 
loans, is passed ; also an Act to amend 
and consolidate the acts relating to the 
volunteer force of Great Britain. 

Aug. 25. Parliament is prorogued. 

Dec. 15. Sergt. William Shee is ap- 
pointed justice of the Queen's Bench; 
he is the first Roman Catholic judge to 
be appointed since the Reformation. 

* * IT. S. A. A convention of Fenians is 
held. The society lias for its objects the 
liberation of Ireland and the establish- 
ment of a republic. (See Fenians in In- 
dex.) 

* * 2?ew Zealand. "War breaks out with 
the Maoris. 

* * Parliament : The Railway Clauses 
Consolidation Act is passed. 

* * Parliament : The Prison Ministers 
Act is passed. 

* * Parliament: The Security from 
Violence Act, appointing whipping as 
part of the punishment for attempts at 
garroting, is passed. 

1864 Jan. 8. Albert Victor, son of 
the Prince of Wales, is born. 

Jan. * Ire. The Fenians make their 
first appearance in the country. 

Apr. 25. London. A Schleswig-Holstein 
Conference meets. 



Great Britain, France, Prussia, Aus- 
tria, Russia, Denmark, Sweden, and the 
German Confederation are represented. 
It fails to settle the disputes between 
Austria, Prussia, and Denmark regard- 
ing the possession of Schleswig-Holstein. 
[June 2o. It adjourns.] 

June 1. The Ionian Isles are ceded. 

June 8. H. C. The Permissive Pro- 
hibitory Bill is introduced at the in- 
stance of the United Kingdom Alliance 
party. It proposes to give power to two- 
thirds of the rate-payers of a parish to 
refuse licenses for the sale of intoxicat- 
ing liquors. [It is rejected.] 

!Nov. 1. Ire. John, Lord Wodehouse, 
is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1862 Apr. 
wrecked r 
lost. 

May 24. The new ■Westminster Bridge 
is fully opened. 

Oct. 13. A railway collision occurs near 
Winchburgh ; 15 killed, 100 wounded. 

Oct. 19. The East Indiaman Bencoolen 
is wrecked near Bude Haven, Corn- 
wall; 26 lives lost. 

Dec. 20. The steamer Lifeguard leaves 
Newcastle; fate unknown, supposed to 
have been wrecked off Flamborough 
Head. 

1863 Jan. 10. The Metropolitan 
Railway is opened. 

Feb. 21. London. Post-office bags are 
conveyed by the Pneumatic Despatch 
Company. 



Apr. 27. The mail-steamer Anglo-Saxon, 
is wrecked off Cape Race, Newfound- 
land ; 237 lives lost. 

Aug. 3. A railway accident near Lynn 
is caused by a bullock on the track ; five 
persons killed. 

Aug. 31. Heme's ancient oak, Wind- 
sor Park, is destroyed by the wind. 

* * London. Many companies based on 
the Cre'dit Mobilier principles are estab- 
lished. 

1864 Jan. 11. London. Charing 
Cross Railway is opened. 

Feb. 29. Peabody dwellings, Spital- 
fields, are opened for the working classes. 
[Others are opened later.] 

Mar 11. Bradfield water reservoir em- 
bankment breaks, and Sheffield and 
surrounding country are flooded ; 250 
lives are lost, and much property is 
damaged. 

May 25. Dublin. The Industrial Ex- 
hibition is opened by the lord chan- 
cellor. 

July * The great annual horse-shows 

at Islington are begun. 
July 20. London. The first stone of the 

Thames Embankment is laid near 

Whitehall Stairs. 
Oct. 6. London. The first railway 

train enters the city near Blackfriars 

Bridge. 
!N"ov. 24. A fierce gale causes the wreck 

of the Stanley and the Friendship off 

Tynemouth, and the DalJwusie off Tay ; 

34 lives lost. 
Dec. 8. The Clifton Suspension 

Bridge at Bristol is opened. 
Dec. 14. The steamer Bombay is 

burned off Flores Island ; 91 lives lost. 
Dec. 16. A railway collision in Black- 
heath Tunnel causes six deaths. 



968 1864,* *-1866 7 Dec.28. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1864 * * James Laird of Birkenhead 
builds steam-rams for the Confederates 
in America ; construction is stopped, and 
they are bought by the British Govern- 
ment. 

1865 May * The war-ships Bellerophon 
and Lord Warden are launched. [1866. 
Apr. 17. The Northumberland .] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE . 

1864 * * The light of ignited magne- 
sium is employed for photographs at 
Manchester. 

1865 * * Joan of Arc is exhibited by 
Sir John Everett Millais at the Royal 
Academy. 

1866 Feb. 1. Sir Francis Grant is 
made president of the Royal Society. 

May 19. Edinburgh. The National 

Museum of Science and Art is opened 

by Prince Alfred. 
Oct. 18. Scot. The statue of Prince 

Albert is inaugurated at Glasgow by the 

Duke of Edinburgh. 
Oct. 19. London. The Holborn Theater 

(Mirror) is opened. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1864* * Iiaikie, William B., explorer, Scot- 
land, A39. 

Balliintvne, .James R , orientalist, A51. 

Bennies', William, sculptor, A63. 

Carlisle, Earl of, George W. F., states., A62. 

Dilke, Charles W., journalist, A85. 

Ferrier, .lames F., metaphysician, A56. 

Hunt, William, painter, A74. 

Lance, George, painter, A 42. 

Landor, Walter Savage, poet, writer, A89. 

Leech, John, arlisi, caricaturist, A47. 

M'Culloch, John R., political economist, 
Scotland, A85. 

O'Brien, William Smith, patriot, Ire., A61. 

Procter, Adelaide A., poet, A 38. 

Roberts, David, landscape painter, Scot., AG8. 

Senior, .Nassau W., political economist, A74. 

Sinclair, Catherine, author, Seotland, At>4. 
1865 * * Aytoun, William E., poet, Scot., A52. 

Brown, Sir Geurge. general, A75. 

Christie, Samuel Hunter, physicist, A81. 

Cobden, Richard, statesman, A61. 

Costello, Dudley, journalist, author, A62. 

Cotton, Stapleton, Viscount Combennere, 
general, A92. 

Cunard, Sir Samuel, fdr. Cunard Line, A78. 

Eastlake, Sir Charles Lock, painter, A72. 

Fitzrov, Robert, meteorologist, vice-admiral, 
A60. 

Gaskell, Elizabeth C, novelist, A55. 

Hamilton, Sir William Rowan, mathemati- 
cian, philosopher, Ireland, A60. 

Herring, John F., animal painter, A70. 

Hooker, Sir William Jackson, botanist, A80. 

Lindley, John, botanist, A66. 

Lubbock, Sir John W., astronomer, A62. 

Palmerston, Viscount, Henry J. Temple, 
statesman, A81. 

Paxton, Sir Joseph, arch., horticulturist, AG2. 

Quain, Jones, astronomer horn in Ireland, d. 

Richardson, Sir John, naturalist, Scot., A68. 

Wallace, Win. V., musical comp., Ire., A50. 

"Wiseman, Nicholas Patrice Stephen, 
cardinal, author, A63. 



1864 * * London. Samuel Crowther, a 
native African, is consecrated as first 
bishop of the Niger, in Canterbury Ca- 
thedral. 

* * The Church of England Educational 
Society is founded. 

* * Ire. Bishops consecrated : 

Thomas Nully (Roman Catholic) bishop of 
Meatb. [1865, James Donnelly for Clogher; 
Wiij, .lames Lvni'h for KiHare and I.eighlm, 
1870, Thomas W. Croke, archbishop of Cashel 
and Emly.] 

* * (Roman Catholic) Bishops conse- 
crated. 

John M. Tiasot for "Vizagapatam. fl865, 
James Murray for .Maitland; 1868, Christo- 
pher Bon jean (archbishop) for Colombo, 



Ceylon, Michael Angelo Jacopi (archbishop) 
for Agra, Asia, Gabriel Leo Meurin for Port 
Louis, Africa, and Leonard Mellano for Ve- 
rapoli, Asia ; 1869, John Macdonald for 
Aberdeen, and Charles Eyre for Glasgow.] 

1865 Feb. 24. Dublin. St. Patrick's 
Cathedral, restored by Benjamin L. 
Guinness, is reopened. 

June 5. London. Henry Edward 
Manning is consecrated (Roman Cath- 
olic) archbishop of Westminster. 

July 5. London. The Salvation Army 
is founded by holding the first "Chris- 
tian Mission " in the open air at Mile 
End, by "William Booth, until recently 
a Methodist. [1878. The Mission be- 
comes the Army.] 

Oct. 3. The Evangelical Alliance 
meets at Hull. [1866, Oct. 16, at Bath ; 
1867, Aug. * at Amsterdam ; 1866, Nov. 
23-28, at Derby ] 

Nov. 15. London. Three English bish- 
ops, Dr. Pusey, and nearly 80 of the 
clergy and laity meet with Counts Orloff 
and TolstoY, and the Russian chaplain, 
to consider the question of uniting the 
English and Russian Churches. 

* * The Ladies' Association for the Pro- 
motion of Female Education among the 
heathen is organized. 

* * Church (of England) Association 
against "popery" is founded. 

* * London. The Free and Open Church 
Association is founded. 

* * The Association of Lay Helpers is 
organized. 

1866 July * Readers, a new order of 
unordained assistants (Church of Eng- 
land), receive the assent of archbishops 
and bishops. 

LETTERS. 

1864* * London. A Working Women's 
College is begun at Queen's Square, 
Bloomsbury. 

* * Dublin. Queen's University re- 
ceives a supplementary charter. 

* * London. The Owl is issued. 

* * Apologia pro vita sua, by John Henry 
Newman, appears. 

* * Scot. Sketches from Nature, by Chas. 
Maekay, appears.' [1872, Under the Blue 
Sky.] 

* * A translation of Homer's Iliad, by E. 
G. S. Stanley, Earl of Derby, appears. 

* * A Death in the Desert, Rabbi Ben Ezra, 
and Prospice, by Hubert Browning, ap- 
pear. [1868, The Ring and the Book.] 

1864-65 Our Mutual Friend, by Dickens, 
appears. 

1864-67 English Writers before Chaucer, 

by Henry Morley, appears. 
1865 Feb. 7. London. The Pall Mall 

Gazette is issued. 
July 29. The Guild of Literature and 

Art is inaugurated. It provides retreats 

for artists, scholars, and men of letters. 
Aug. * London. The Sportsman is issued. 
Sept. 15. Dub/in. The Irish People is 

seized. 

* * London. Albert Veterinary Col- 
lege is opened. 

* * London. The Sporting Times is is- 
sued ; also the English Mechanic, the 
Fortnightly Review, and the Gloivworm. 

* * Examination of Sir William Hamil- 
ton's Philosophy, by John Stuart Mill, 
appears. [1869," On the Subjection of 
Women, 1870, The Irish Land Question.] 



* * Prehistoric Times, by Sir John Lub- 
bock, appears. 

* * Plato and other Companions of Socra- 
tes, by George Grote, appears. 

* * Home Thoughts and Home Scenes, by 
Jean Ingelmv, appears. [1867, .4 Story 
of Doom; 1868, A Sister's Bye- Hours.] 

* * Running the Gauntlet, by Edmund H. 
Yates, appears. [1866, Kissing the Rod; 
1867, Black Sheep.] 

* * Strathmore, by Ouida (Louise de La 
Ram^e), appears. [1S66, Chandos ; 1867, 
Idalia; 1868, Tricotrin.] 

* * Ire. Lays of the Western Gael, by 
Sir Samuel Ferguson, appears. [1872, 
Congal, an Epic Poem in Five Books.] 

* * History of Rationalism in Europe, by 
William Edward Hartpole Lecky, ap- 
pears. [1869, History of European Mor- 
als.] 

1865-70 Handbooks for the Study of 
Sanskrit, by Max Mu Her, appears. [1868- 
75, Chips from a German Workshop; 1870, 
Lectures on the Science of Religion.] 

1866 Dec. 18. London. A training- 
ship is established for homeless boys. 

SOCIETY. 

1864-65 London. Forty refuges for 
houseless poor are established. 

1865 Jan.* London. " Casual wards" 
in workhouses receive 1,000 patients per 
night. 

Feb. 4, 5. London. Many burglariesoc- 
cur ; a great robbery occurs at Walker's, 
the Cornhill jewelers. 

Mar. 11. Union workers strike in North 
Staffordshire ; caused by reduction of 
wages ; a general lockout by iron-mas- 
ters throughout the kingdom follows 
until workmen accept their terms ; much 
distress follows. 

Mar. * -May * A strike occurs among 
the Staffordshire puddlers. 

Apr. 30. Ire. Election riots occur at 
Belfast. [July* Again.] 

July * Election riots disturb Notting- 
ham. 

Aug.* London. An investigation is made 
into the state of the workhouse in- 
firmaries, several paupers having died 
through neglect. 

* * Rise of the Fenians. They are a secret 
organization, and aim at the establish- 
ment of an Irish republic. 

Sept. 15. Dublin. Fenian disturb- 
ances. 

The Irish People newspaper is seized, and 25 
persons are anvsled on ('barges of Fenianisin. 
[Sept. 15-17. About :W Fenians are captured. 
Oct. 2. Jeremiah O'l>onovan Kossa and five 
others are committed for nigh treason. Nov. 
11. James Stephens, the head center, and 
other Fenians are arrested. Nov. 24. Ste- 
phens escapes. Nov. 27. The Fenian trials 
begin. Dec. 1. Thomas Clark Luby is sen- 
tenced to 21) years' penal servitude. Dec. 13. 
O'Donovan Kuss;i is sentenced to imprison- 
ment for life. O'Leary and others are con- 
vioted and sentenced. 1866. Feb.* The trials 
are concluded; 36 are convicted or plead 
guilty, three are acquitted, and one is dis- 
charged under disagreement of the jury. J 

Dec. * Ire. The Fenians have fierce 
disputes among themselves. The " sen- 
ate "charges the "head center," O'Ma- 
hony, with corruption and deposes him, 
appointing Huberts as his successor. 

1866 Jan. 29. London. George Pea- 
body, the American philanthropist, 
adds £100,000 to his gift of 1863, for the 
relief of the poor. 

Feb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act 

is suspended ; 250 suspected persons are 

immediately arrested. 
Apr. 20. London. The "Working Men's 

Club and Lodging-house, Old Pye Street, 

"Westminster, is opened. 



AND IRELAND. 1864,* * -1866, Dec. 28. 969 



June 6. The Field Lane Refuge for 
the poor is opened by the Earl of Shaftes- 
bury. 

Sept. 1. Ire. About 320 persons remain 
in prison as suspected Fenians. 

Sept. 24. A reform meeting is held at 
Manchester. [Oct. 8. Also at Leeds. 
Dec. 2. At London and Birmingham.] 

Oct.* Messrs. Samuel Canning, Daniel 
Gooch, and Captain Anderson are 
knighted. 

Dec. 15. Ire. A large quantity of fire- 
arms is seized. 

Dec. 28. Election riots occur at Dim- 
gar v en. 

STATE. 

1865 Mar. 24. Dr. David Livingstone 

is appointed British consul for inner 
Africa. 
Apr. * Parliament : Postage charges 
are reduced from twopence to one pen- 
ny for every ounce above the first. 

May 1. Parliament: The two Houses 
vote addresses of condolence for, and of 
horror at, the assassination of Presi- 
dent Lincoln. [Similar addresses are 
voted in public meetings held in every 
important town in the kingdom.] 

June 3. George, second son of the 
Prince of Wales, is born. 

June* H. C. The Union Chargeabil- 
ity Act, providing for the better distri- 
bution of the charge for relieving the 
poor in unions, is passed. 

June 26. H. C. A bill modifying the 
oath taken by Roman Catholics is 
passed. [Rejected by the Lords.] 

July 4. Lord Westbury resigns the 
great seal. 

July 6. Robert Monsey Rolfe [Lord 
Cranworth] is appointed lord high chan- 
cellor. 

July * The general election is favor- 
able to the Palmerston administration. 

July * London. Baron Rothschild, 
M. P., is elected for the fourth time. 

July * Henry Fawcett, M. P. (blind), is 
elected. 

July * The British and French Govern- 
ments rescind their recognition of 
"The Southern Confederacy." 

Aug. 2. The Privy Council issues regu- 
lations for guarding against the cattle- 
plague. 

Aug. 14. W. I. An insurrection of 
negroes breaks out in Jamaica. [Soon 
suppressed.] 

Aug. 16. Navigation treaty is con- 
cluded with Prussia. 

Oct. 18. Viscount Palmerston, first 
lord of the treasury, dies. 

Nov. 6. Earl Russell forms a Ministry. 
It includes Lord Cranworth, Lord Stan- 
ley, the Duke of Argyll, "vV". E. Glad- 
stone, Earl Granville, and Sir George 
Grey. 

Nov. 9. London. Alderman Benj. Sam- 
uel Phillips, a Hebrew, is elected lord 
mayor. [1S6G, Thomas Gabriel ; 1S67, 
"William Ferneley Allen ; 1868, James 
Lawrence; 1868, Robert Besley.] 

Nov. * Ire. James Stephens, the head 
center of the Fenians, is arrested. [Nov. 
24. He escapes from jail.] 

Nov. 27. Dublin. Many Fenians are 
brought to trial. 



Dec. 16. Commercial treaty is con- 
cluded with Austria. 

Dec. * A commission on capital punish- 
ment, appointed in 1864, recommends 
penal servitude as a substitute for the 
death-penalty in unpremeditated mur- 
der cases, and that executions be private. 

* * Parliament : A court of referees to 
examine private bills is established. 

* * Lord Cranworth resigns the lord 
chancellorship. 

* * Parliament: The Colonial Naval 
Act, authorizing marine defense by 
colonies, is passed. 

1866 Jan. 11. Dublin. The city and 
county are proclaimed as under the 
provisions of the Peace Preservation 
Act, in consequence of the discovery of 
an arms manufactory. 

Jan. 16. Ire. Carrying of arms is for- 
bidden, and houses are ordered to be 
searched for concealed arms. 

Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Many Fenians are 
arrested and convicted at Cork and 
Dublin. 



Feb. 17. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act 
is suspended. 

About 250 suspected persons are ar- 
rested immediately ; many Fenians flee 
from the country. 

Mar. 12. H. C. TV. E. Gladstone intro- 
duces a new Reform Bill. 

Mar. * Parliament : Savings-banks In- 
vestment Acts are passed. 

Mar. * Parliament : Laboring Classes 
Dwelling-house Act is passed. 

Apr. 30. Parliament: The parliamen- 
tary oaths are modified, and made uni- 
form. 

May * Parliament : The Qualification 
for Office Abolition Act, rendering it 
unnecessary to make and subscribe cer- 
tain declarations, is passed. 

June 18. H. C. An amendment to Mr. 
Gladstone's new Reform Bill is carried 
in opposition to the Government. 

June 26. Earl Russell resigns. 

July 5. Princess Helena is married to 
Prince Christian of Schleswig-Holstein. 

July 6. The third administration of 
the Earl of Derby is formed. 

Members: Earl of Derby (L. Treas.),Lord 
Chelmsford < L. Cbanc), Duke of Bucking- 
ham (Pres. Council), Karl of Mahuesbmv 
(P. 8eali, lU-niaimn Disraeli (Clianc.Exch.), 
Spencer H. Walpole (Home Sec), Lord 
.Stanley (Foreign See.), Earl of Carnarvon 
(Colonial Se*:.), Jonathan 1'eel (Sec. War), 
Sir Charles Wood (Sec. for India), Duke of 
Somerset (L. Admiralty i, Milner Gibson 
(Pres. of the Hoard of Trade), Edward (.'aid- 
well (Thane, of the Duchy of Lancaster), Bel- 
ham VUliers (Pres. of the Poor Law Board) . 

July * James, Duke of Montrose, is 
appointed postmaster-general. 

July* Parliament: An Act is passed 
permitting a postmaster to sit in the 
House of Commons. 

July* Ire. Francis Blackburne is 
made lord chancellor ; Lord Abercorn 
is appointed lord-lieutenant; James 
"Whiteside is made chief justice. 

Aug. * Parliament: The Railway Com- 
panies' Securities Act is passed. 

Aug. * Parliament : A new Sanitary 
Act 



Aug. * Parliament : An act for promot- 
ing the cultivation of oysters in the 
United Kingdom is passed. 

Oct. 29. Sir Hugh M. Cairns is made 
lord justice. 

Nov. 17. Scot. A great public demon- 
stration in favor of parliamentary re- 
form is held at Edinburgh. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S65 Jan. 2. The new Exchange at 

Birmingham is opened. 
Jan. 31. London. Surrey Theater is 
burned a second time. 

Mar. 1. The telegraph-line between 
England and Bombay is opened. 

Mar. 26. The Great Eastern sails for 
New York, prepared for 2, U()0 passengers. 
[Returns with 101. July 15. It sails for 
Valentia, Ire., with 2300 miles of subma- 
rine cable.] 

May 9. Dublin. The International 
Exhibition is opened by the Prince 
of Wales. [Nov. 9. Closed.] 

June 7. Insecure rails cause a train 
wreck near Rednal ; 13 killed, 40 in- 
jured. 

June 9. Hallway accident near Staple- 
hurst causes K) deaths and injures about 
00. 

June 27. London. Cattle plague 
breaks out near Barnsbury. 

Aug. 24. The emigrant vessel Eagle 
Speed is wrecked near Calcutta; 265 
coolies are drowned. 

Dec. 12. Scot. The Industrial Exhi- 
bition is opened at Glasgow. 

Dec. 18. Damaged machinery causes the 
wreck of the J ins off Ballyeroneen Bay ; 
15 lives lost. 

* * Australian meat is introduced by 
John AIcCalL 

1865-66 A new pier is erected at 
Brighton. 

1866 Jan. 11. Steamer London 
founders in Bay of Biscay ; 220 lives 
lost. 

Mar. * The "Black Death" appears ; 
many persons die. 

Apr. 24. Cholera appears at Bristol. 

Apr. 28. A railway bridge at Sutton 
falls, killing six men. 

Apr. 30. A railway accident occurs 
near Caterham Junction ; three persons 
killed, and 12 injured. 

May 7. Edinburgh. A new post-office 
is opened. 

May 10. London. Black Friday; a 
commercial panic is precipitated by the 
failure of Overend, Gurney, and Co., 
bankers. 

May 13. Cholera appears in Liverpool. 

May* Steamer General Grant is wrecked 
off Auckland Isles ; about 85 perish. 

June 6. London. Agra and Master- 
man's Bank suspends ; great excite- 
ment ensues. [July 13. Also the banking 
Company of Birmingham.] 

July 21. London. Cholera is raging ; 
346 deaths in one week. 

July 27. The Atlantic Cable is com- 
pletely laid, and communication fully 
established (p. 253). 

July * -Sept. * London. Cholera rages. 

Aug. 19. The steamer Bruiser coUides 
with the Haswell off Aldborough ; 15 
lives lost. 

Sept. 6. A railway train is derailed at 
Brynkir Station ; six persons killed. 

Oct. 21. London. The Standard Thea- 
ter is burned. [1868. Rebuilt.] 

Nov. 10. Ire. Ceres is wrecked near 
Carnscoe ; 36 lives lost. 



970 1866,Dec.*-1868, Apr. 15. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1866 * * The Snider breech-loader is 
adopted by the Government ; the in- 
ventor receives £1,000. 

1867 Sept. * -68 * * "War with Abys- 
sinia (p. 2). 

1868 Feb. 10. The war-ship Hercules 
is launched at Chatham. [May 25, The 
Monarch, the first turret-ship ; 1S70, 
Sept. 27, The war-ship Triumph at Jar- 
row ; 1871, The war-ship Gallatin.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1867 Jan. * Dublin. The Irish Col- 
lege of Science is established. 

May 20. London. The queen lays the 
foundation of the Albert Hall of Arts 
at South Kensington. 

June 3. London. A statue of Lord 
Herbert is unveiled in Pall Mall. 

June 8. London. Mile. Nilsson makes 
her first appearance at Her Majesty's 
Theater as Violetta. 

July* "Win. Robinson announces a method 
of making wrought iron from cast iron 
by the use of magnetism. 

Aug. 31. London. Kate Terry makes 
her last appearance as Juliet at the 
New Adelphi. 

Oct. 12. London. The new East Lon- 
don Theater is opened. [Oct. 24. The 
new Queen's Theater. Dec. 18. St. 
George's Opera House.] 

Nov. 2. London. Mile. Kellogg makes 
her d^but at Drury Lane. 

Nov.± John Heaton's process for mak- 
ing steel is announced. 

1868 Jan. 15. Rev. Patrick Bell re- 
ceives a testimonial and £1.000 for the 
invention of a reaping-naachine in 1826. 

Jan. 22-31. Severe gales destroy many 
vessels and lives. [Feb. 1. More disas- 
trous gales.] 

Mar. 31±. London. Nitrous oxid gas 
(laughing-gas) is introduced. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1866 * * Brande, William T., chemist, A80. 
Campbell, Alexander, t\h\ Campbelhtes, A80. 
Connolly, John, physician, A71. 

Craik, George L., miscellaneous writer, A67. 

Gibson, John, sculptor, A75. 

Keble, John, poet, divine, A74. 

Mahony, Francis i Father Prout), clergyman, 

author, Ireland, A61. 
Monteagle, Lord, Thomas Spring Rice, A76. 
Petrie, George, nivheolnuist, antiquary, A77- 
"Whewell William, philosopher, historian 

of science, A72. 

1867 * * Alison, Sir Archibald, hist., A75. 
Austin, Sarali T., translator, writer, A74. 
Baily, Edward H., sculptor, A79. 

Bell, Kotifit, journalist, author, A67. 

Blomfleld, Charles J., bishop of London, 
scholar, author, A71. 

Daubeny, Charles G. B., chemist, naturalist, 
A72. 

Faraday, Michael, chemist, electrician, 
philosopher, Ireland, A76. 

Forbes, James ]>., physicist, Scotland, A59. 

Louise, daughter of Prince of Wales, born. 

Robinson, Henry (.'., lawyer, author, A92. 

Rosse, Earl of, "William Parsons, astrono- 
mer, A67. 

Snhrke, Sir Robert, architect, A87. 

Stanrield, Clarkson, marine painter, A69. 



CHURCH. 

1866 * * London. The Humanitarians 
are founded by Kaspary, a German Jew. 

1867 Feb. 13. The bishops in convoca- 
tion unqualifiedly condemn ritualism. 
[Feb. 15. The Lower House concurs.] 

May 16. Bishop Hamilton of Salisbury 
asserts the doctrine of the supernatural 
gifts of priests, the Divine presence in 
the sacrament ; many persons protest 
against it. 



May 21. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is 
tried before the Court of Arches for ex- 
treme ritualistic practises at St. Al- 
bans, Holboru. 

[Dec. 4-18. Trial continued. 1868. Jan. 
16-18. Renewed. Mar. 28. Case decided 
against plaintiff, and the use of incense, mix- 
ing water with wine, and elevation of the 
elements in the sacrament, are forbidden. 
Dee. 4. Defendant is censured for evading 
sentence. 1870. Nov. 24. The Privy Council 
suspends the defendant for three months for 
evading sentence.] 

July 25. Parliament: The declaration 
against transubstantiation, invocation 
ot the saints, and the sacrifice of the 
mass, on taking any civil office, is abol- 
ished. 

Aug. 19. Ritualists are censured in the 
report of the ritualistic commission. 

Sept. 24-27. The Pan-Anglican Con- 
ference of 75 bishops, English, Colonial, 
and American, is in session at Lambeth ; 
an address and resolutions are issued. 

Oct. 17. Dublin. Mixed education and 
secret societies are condemned and state 
help is declined by the (Roman Catholic) 
conference of bishops. 

Oct. 30. The Irish Church Commis- 
sion is appointed, with the Earl of Stan- 
hope as chairman. 

Dec. 12±. Ire. A protest is signed 
against the disestablishment of the 
Irish Church by many influential Irish- 
men. 

* *The Children's Special Service Mis- 
sion, to lead children and young people 
into the Christian life, is organized. 

* * London. The Spanish and Portuguese 
Church Aid Society is organized. 

* * The (Baptist) Ladies' Association, 
for" support of Zenana work and Bible- 
women in India, is organized. 

* * The (Church of England) "Society of 
the Blessed Sacrament " and the " Con- 
fraternity of the Blessed Sacrament" 
unite to form one society. 

1868 Mar. 29. London. A Jewish 
synagogue at Barnsbury, founded by 
Baron F. Rothschild, is consecrated. 

Apr. 5. London. A Mormon synod is 
held in Store Street ; the London con- 
ference is said to include 1,172 members. 



LETTERS. 

1866 * * London. The Law Journal is 
issued ; also the Bullionist, Engineer, 
Land and Water, the Belgravia Maga- 
zine, and the Contemporary Review. 

* * Scot. The Reign of Law, by the Duke 
of Argyll, appears. 

* * Ecce Homo, by John Robert Seeley, 
appears. 

* * Wives and Daughters, by Elizabeth 
Gaskell, appears. 

* * Scot. London Poems, by Robert "Wil- 
liam Buchanan, appears. 

1867 Jan. * Dublin. The Irish Col- 
lege of Science is established. 

July 10. London. The foundation of 
the College of the International Edu- 
cation Society is laid by the Prince of 
Wales. 

July 11. London. The Guards' Insti- 
tute, Francis Street, is inaxigurated. 

July* The Early Years of the Prince 
Consort, by Queen Victoria, appears. 

* * The Broadway Magazine and Tinsley's 
Magazine are issued. 

1867-68 The Chronicle is issued. 

1867-74 St. PauPs Magazine is issued. 

1867-76 History of the Norman Con- 
quest, by Edward Augustus Freeman, 
appears. [1869, Old English History; 
3872, Growth of the English Constitu- 
tion.] 



1868 Jan. 4. London. The "Working 
Men's College, South London, is 
opened with a lecture by Prof. Huxley. 

Jan. * Leaves from our Journal in Scot- 
land, by Queen Victoria, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1866 Dec. * Ire. Clare and other coun- 
ties are proclaimed. 

* * Parliament: A Board of Arbitration 
for amicable settlement of questions be- 
tween working men and employers is 
formed. [Temporarily useful.] 

* * London. The Royal Canoe Club is 
founded. 

* * The Harvard Association, for the 
improvement of prison discipline and 
prevention of crime, is instituted. 

* * London. The "Women and Children 
Hospital is founded in Crawford Street ; 
it is to be superintended by women. 

1867 Jan. * London. The Street Re- 
form Association is organized. 

Feb. 11,12. A body of Fenians threat- 
ens an attack upon Chester Castle ; they 
are forced to retire by 500 constables. 

Feb. 12. Dublin. Sixty-seven Fenians 
from Liverpool are arrested. 

Ire. A Fenian outbreak occurs at 

Kerry ; Killarney is threatened, Capt. 
Moriarty and others are captured. [Feb. 
16. A movement to attack Cahirciveen 
collapses.] 

Feb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act 
is suspended. 

Mar. 4. The Fenian General Massey 
is captured. 

Mar. 5. The Kilmallock police barrack 
is attacked by 200 Fenians; they are 
driven off by 14 constables. 

Mar. 6. Ire. Fenians rise in Cork; 
their leader, Daly, is killed. [Mar. 7. 
Another rising near Dublin; the tele- 
graph is destroyed ; an attack on the 
police station at Tallaght is repelled ; 
several are shot ; 208 prisoners are taken. 
1,000 Fenians hold the market-place at 
Drogheda until driven away by a body of 
police.] 

Mar. 25-27. A strike of 350 men on the 
London and Brighton Railway occurs. 

Mar. 29. Parliament: The Metropoli- 
tan Poor Act is passed. 

Mar. 31. Ire. The Fenian Capt. Ma- 
clure is captured. 

Apr. 9. Ire. A special commission under 
Chief Justice Whiteside begins the trial 
of 230 Fenians. [May 1. Burke and 
Doran are sentenced to death. May 26. 
Reprieved. Many more are convicted 
and many discharged.] 

Apr. 11. About 500 employees of the 
North Eastern Railway strike. [Apr. 
25. The strikers submit.] 

Apr. 22-Oct. * London. The West End 
tailors strike ; 2,000 go out. 

Apr. * Colliers near St. Helens strike. 

June 11. Ire. Fenian trials begin at 
Limerick. 

July 6. London. The foundation of the 
Alexandra Orphanage for Inf an ts , 
Holloway, is laid. 

July 17, 18. Anti-popery riots are 
provoked at Birmingham by a lecturer. 

Aug. 20. Parliament: An Act to estab- 
lish councils of conciliation to adjust 
differences between masters and work- 
men is passed. [Aug. 21. A workshop 
Regulation Act supplementary to Fac- 
tory Act is passed.] 

Aug. * Yarmouth is disfranchised for 
bribery and political corruption by the 
Reform Act. 

Aug. * -Sept. * Many imprisoned Fe- 
nians are released, and sent to America. 



AND IRELAND. 1866, Dec* -1868, Apr. 15. 971 



Sept. 19. Fenians attack a police van 
in Manchester, killing a policeman, 
Sergt. Brett ; they rescue two of their 
comrades, Kelly and Deasy, who had 
been arrested, and escape. [Oct. 29- 
Nov. 12. Twenty-three Fenians are tried 
for the murder. Five are sentenced to 
death and others to imprisonment. 
Nov. 27. Allen Larkin and O'Brien are 
executed.] 

Oct. 31. Dublin. Two policemen are 
shot by Fenians. 

Oct. * -Nov. * Dublin. Halpin and other 
Fenians are tried. 

Nov. 4, 5. Bread and meat riots at 
Exeter are suppressed. 

Nov. 26. Jacob Bright is elected a 
member of Parliament ; Lily Maxwell, 
a widow, votes for him. 

Dec. 1, 8. Funeral demonstrations in 
honor of the Fenians, Allen Larkin 
and O'Brien, take place in Dublin and 
Limerick. 

Dec. 13. London. Fenians partially 
blow up, with a cask of gunpowder, 
Clerkenwell House of Detention, where 
several of their comrades had been im- 
prisoned ; seven persons are killed and 
50 wounded. [1S6S. Apr. 20-27. Several 
persons are tried for causing the explo- 
sion ; Michael Barrett is convicted. May 
26. Executed.] 

Dec. 27. Capt. Maekay and other Feni- 
ans rifle a martellu tower. [Feb. 7. Ar- 
rested. Mar. 20. Sentenced to 12 years* 
imprisonment.] 

Dec. 30. Ire. Fenians seize arms and 
ammunition in a gunsmith's shop in 
Cork. 

Dec. 31. Twelve Fenians are captured 
at Merthyr Tydvil. 

* * London. An Orphans' Home is 
founded at West Square, Southwark. 

* * London. The Stockwell Orphanage, 
Clapham Road, is founded by Rev. C. H. 
Spurgeon, aided by legacy of Miss Hill- 
yard. 

* *The Destitute Children's Dinner 
Society is established to give weekly 
meat dinners. 

1868 Jan. 10. Dublin. The Irishman 
is prosecuted for sedition. 

Jan. 25. London. Want of employment 
causes great distress in East London. 

Jan. 28. Fenians attack a martello 
tower near Waterford. 

Feb. 12. Patrick Lennon, a Fenian 
leader, is convicted. 

Feb. 18, 19. Dublin, Sullivan and 
Pigott are convicted for publishing se- 
ditious libels in the Weekly News and 
Irishman; they are sentenced to impris- 
onment and fined. 

Feb. 28. Ire. The Habeas Corpus 
Act is suspended till Mar. 25, 1869. 

Apr. 15. Ire. J.P. Featherstonehaugh, 
a deputy lieutenant, having recently 
raised the rent of his tenants, is shot 
dead when returning from Dublin. 

Dublin. The Prince and Princess of 

Wales pay a visit and are welcomed with 
great enthusiasm. [Apr. 18. The prince 
is made a Knight of St. Patrick.] 

STATE. 

1866 Dec. * Ire. Clare and other coun- 
ties are proclaimed under the Peace 
Preservation Act. 

* * Parliament : The Contagious Dis- 
ease Act, providing for periodical medi- 
cal examinations of women's persons at 
military and naval stations, is passed. 



* * Parliament: The Colonial Branch 

Army Act is passed. 
1867 Feb. 11. A contemplated attack 

on Chester Castle by Fenians to obtain 

arms is frustrated. 
Feb. 13. Ire. Fenians to the number 

of 800 assemble at Cahireiveen, County 

Kerry, sack a coast-guard station at 

Kells, and commit many outrages. [Feb. 

15. Suppressed by the military.] 

Feb. 26. Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act 
is suspended. 

Mar. 5. Ire. Fenian risings occur in 
many parts of the country. [Suppressed 
after much bloodshed.] 

Mar. 8. Henry Lowry Corry is made 
first lord of the admiralty. 

Mar. 24. Ire. Abraham Brewster is 
made lord high chancellor. 

Mar. 29. Parliament : A Metropolitan 
Poor Act, providing for the establish- 
ment of asylums for the sick, insane, etc., 



Parliament: An act is passed for 
uniting Canada, Nova Scotia, and New 
Brunswick into one Dominion of Can- 
ada. [Later all British America except 
Newfoundland joins the Dominion.] 

May 3. Parliament: An act providing 
for the preservation of oyster fisheries 
is passed. 

May 7-11. London. Luxemburg Con- 
ference held. 

Representatives of Great Britain, Rus- 
sia, Austria, Italy, the Netherlands, Bel- 
gium, France, and Prussia hold a confer- 
ence (p. 737). 

May 20. H. C. John Stuart Mill's 
bill to permit women to vote for mem- 
bers of Parliament is rejected. Yote, 
73-196. 

Ire. The Habeas Corpus Act is 

suspended. 

May* Commissioners report against the 
purchase of railways by the govern- 
ment. 

July * H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces 
a bill for amending the laws relating to 
parliamentary representation. [July 
4. Robert Lowe proposes a cumulative 
voting amendment so as to provide for 
minority representation. July 5. It is 
rejected. Vote, 173-314. July 15. The 
Reform Bill is passed.] 

July * Sir John Rolt is made lord jus- 
tice. 

Aug. 12. Parliament: An Act is passed 
authorizing the queen to proclaim pro- 
rogation of Parliament during recess. 

Aug. 15. The new Reform Bill receives 
the royal assent. 

It grants ,nn additional member of Par- 
liament to Manchester, Leeds, and Bir- 
mingham ; allows cumulative voting mi- 
nority representation in London, Glas- 
gow, Manchester, Liverpool, and Leeds, 
and in such, counties as return three 
members each ; and makes many other 
changes in the laws relating to repre- 
sentation. 

Aug. 20. Parliament : Chancery and 
Common-La w-Ofluces Act passed. 

A Poor-Law Amendment Act making 
Poor-Law Boards permanent is passed. 

The Policies of Assurance Act, ena- 
bling assignees of assurances to sue in 
their own names for policy moneys, is 



The " Guarantee by Companies Act," 
relating to the security by means of sure- 
ties required by persons employed in the 
public service, is passed. 

An Act is passed providing for a county 
court for London. 

Oct. 30. Parliament: A commission is 
appointed, with the Earl of Stanhope, 
chairman, to inquire into the state of 
the Irish Church. 

Nov. 26, 27. Parliament appropriates 
£2,000,000 for the prosecution of war in 
Abyssinia. 

Dec. 12. Ire. A proclamation is issued 
prohibiting Fenian funeral processions. 

1868 Jan.* Ire. A Fenian distur- 
bance causes 113,674 special constables 
to be sworn into office. 

Feb. 8. Sir Charles Jasper Selwyn is 
made lord justice. [Mar. * Sir William 
Page Wood.] 

Feb. 17. Parliament : A parliamentary 
reform bill for Scotland is introduced. 
[July 13. It is passed.] 

Feb. 25. The Earl of Derby resigns 
because of ill-health. 

Feb. 27. Benjamin Disraeli forms a 
ministry. It includes Lord Cairns as 
lord high chancellor, Lord Stanley, Sir 
Stafford Henry Northcote, Duke of 
Buckingham, and Lord John Manners. 

Feb. 28-69 Mar. 25. Ire. The Ha- 
beas Corpus Act is suspended. 

Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces 
resolutions for the disestablishment of 
the Church of Ireland. 

Mar. 19. Parliament: A parliamentary 
reform bill for Ireland is introduced. 
[July 13. Passed.] 

Mar. 31. H. C. Voting by proxy is 
abolished by standing orders. 

Apr. 4. H. C. A debate for four days 
closes on Mr. Gladstone's proposal for a 
committee on his resolutions for the dis- 
establishment of the Irish Church. 
Resolutions approved. Vote, 32S-272. 
[May 1. First resolution passed. Vote, 
330-205. May 7. Second and third re- 
solutions passed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1866 Dec. 30. London. The north 
wing of the Crystal Palace is burned. 

* * The first annual horse-show is held 
at Birmingham. 

1867 Jan. 5, 6. Many wrecks occur 
in the Channel. 

Jan. 15. London. A severe frost occurs ; 

the ice in Regent's Park breaks, and 40 

lives are lost. 
Feb. 17. Egypt. The first ship, the 

Prima, passes through the Suez Canal. 
June 3. London. The first stone of Hol- 

born Viaduct is laid. [June 5. Also> 

of the new meat-market.] 
June 29. A railway accident occurs at 

Walton Junction, Warrington; eight 

lives lost. 
Oct. 21. Royal Bank of Liverpool sus- 
pends. 

* * Velocipedes become common. 

1868 Mar. 14. The Millwall docks, 
near London, are formally opened. 



972 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1869 Mar. * The British Government 
adopts the Martini-Henry rifle. 

Apr. * The navy consists of 47 armored 
vessels "with 598 guns, 66 unarmored 
vessels, and a large numher of vessels of 
the old pattern. 

•Oct. 1. The royal dockyard at Wool- 
wich is closed after use for more than 
350 years. 

Nov. 12. The Volunteer Army Ser- 
vice corps is established by royal war- 
rant. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1868 May 17-Oct. 31. An exhibi- 
tion of art treasures is opened at Leeds 
by the Prince of Wales. 

June 8. A statue of Richard Cobden is 
unveiled at Camden Town. 

Summer. Excessive heat prevails ; at 
Nottingham, in sun, 122.4 degrees ; in 
shade, 92.2 degrees. 

Sept. 3. A great floating iron dry dock, 
which costs £250,000, is launched at 
North Woolwich, and towed from the 
Medway to the Bermudas in 36 days. 

Oct. 1. London. Midland Railway 
Station, St. Pancras, having the largest 
known roof in the world, is opened. 
Dimensions of roof, 245 feet, 6 inches, bv 
698 feet. 

.Nov. 28. London. The Globe Thea- 
ter, Strand, is opened. [Dec. 31. The 
Gaiety Theater, Strand.] 

* * London. The Burlington Fine Arts 
Club is founded. 

* * Isabella and the Pot of Basil is exhib- 
ited by Holman Hunt. 

* * London, The Holbein Society is 
formed, for the obtaining of photo-litho- 
graphs representing ancient wood-en- 
graving. Also the Royal Historical 
Society and the Colonial Institute. 

* * London. A statue of Lord Clyde is 
set up at Waterloo Place. 

* * A statue of Sir Robert Peel, set up 
near Westminster Abbey, is unveiled. 

1869 Jan.* London. A lower pitch is 
adopted in concert singing. 

Mar. 1. London. The South Londonln- 
dustrial Exhibition is opened. 

May 3. London. The Royal Academy 
holds its first exhibition in the new 
building. 

June 19. London. Charing Cross 
Theater is opened. 

June 22. London. The Iron and Steel 
Institute holds its first meeting. 

July 23. London. A statue of Peabody, 
the American philanthropist, is inaugu- 
rated at the Royal Exchange by the 
Prince of Wales. 

Aug. 27. Scot. The Wallace monument 
at Abbey Craig, near Stirling, is inaugu- 
rated. Entire cost, £13,000. 

* * The Harleian Society is formed, for 
the publication of heraldic visitations, 
etc. 



Cardigan, Earl of, James T. B., gen., A71. 

Cattermole, George, painter, A68. 

Cockerell, Charles R., architect, A80. 

Edwards, Sir Herbert B., general, A49. 

Elliotson, John, physician, author, A82. 

Hampden, Kenn Dickson, bishop of Here- 
ford, moral philosopher, A75. 

Kean, Charles J., actor, A57- 

Laing, Samuel, traveler, author, Scot., A88. 

Lover, Samuel, novelist, artist, Ireland, A71. 

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, journalist, Ire., A43. 

Milman, Henry H., poet, dramatist, hist, A77. 
1869* * Ashpitel, Arthur, architect, archeolo- 
gist, A62. 

Carleton, William, novelist, Ire., A71. 

Derby, Earl of, Edward Geoffrey Smith 
Stanley, statesman, A70. 

Dilke, Charles W., political economist, A 59. 

Dunglison, Robley, physician, author, A7I. 

Ellis, Sir Henry, antiquary, A92. 

Gough, Viscount, llueh, general, Ire., A90. 

Graham, Thomas, chemist, A64. 

Harris, Sir William S., electrician, A77. 

Hohhouse, John Cam, Lord Broughton, 
statesman, author, A 83. 

Start, Sir Charles, Australian explorer, A73. 

Tennant, Sir James E., statesman, hist., A65. 



CHURCH. 

1868 May 13. The Church Reform 
Society (Liturgical Revision Society) 
holds its first meeting. 

Dec. 23. Ritualists are censured by the 
judicial committee of the Privy Council 
on appeal. 

* * Parliament : The District Churches 
Act, constituting vicarages, is passed. 

± * * The Catholic Truth Society is es- 
tablished by Bishop Vaughan. 

* * London. The Missionary Leaves As- 
sociation, for furnishing information at 
home, and conveying their aid to recipi- 
ents abroad, is organized. 

* * Archibald Campbell Tait is chosen 
archbishop of Canterbury. 

1869 May 24. A church conference 
is held at Sheffield. 

July 26. The Church of Ireland is 
disestablished. (See State.) 

Aug. 11. Parliament: The Bishop's 
Resignation (for infirmity) Act, provid- 
ing for the appointment of bishop coad- 
jutors, is passed. 

Nov. 25. London. The Sunday Lecture 
Society is founded. 



1870 Jan. 21. London. Prof. Tyndall 
demonstrates the presence of organic 
matters in the dust of the atmosphere. 
[A controversy respecting dust and dis- 
ease follows.] 

Apr. 16. London. The "Vaudeville 
Theater is opened. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1868* * Broug-ham, Henry, Lord Brough- 
am and Vaux, orator, sUili-smaii, scientist, 
author, Scotland, A90. 



Sees are established : 
Auckland, N. Z,; Maritzburg, South Af- 
rica ; and I'.jitliurst, Australia. ( 1871, Huron; 
1872, Ballarat. Trinidad, Moosonee, and North 
China; 1886, St. Albans.] 

1870 Jan. 16. A Greek church is 
consecrated at Liverpool by a Greek 
archbishop. 

Feb. 21+. Ire. An Irish Church conven- 
tion is held. 

Mar. 11. London. The Martyrs' Me- 
morial, Smithfield, erected by the Prot- 
estant AlliaiK-e, is inaugurated. 

LETTERS. 

1868 Apr. 25. The foundation of Keble 
College, Oxford, is laid by the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury. [1870, June 23. 
Consecrated.] 

Oct. 8. Scot. The foundation of the 
new university buildings of Glasgow 
is laid by the Prince of Wales. [1870. 
Nov. 7. Opened.] 

* * London. The Royal Historical So- 
ciety is founded. Also the Colonial 
Institute. 

* * London. The Bazaar is issued, Also 
the Echo and the Rock. 

* * Scot. Studies on Poetry and Philoso- 
phy, by John Campbell Shairp, appears. 
[1870, Culture and Iteiigion; 1S77, Poetic 
Interpretation of Nature.] 



pears. [1873, The New Magdalen.] 

* * John Ploughman's Talk, by Charles 
Haddon Spurgeon, appears. [1870-85, 
The Treasury of David.] 

* * Etchings and Etchers, by Philip G. 
Hamerton, appears. [1873, Intellectual 
Life.] 

* * Life of Las Casas, by Arthur Helps, 
appears". [1S69, Life of Columbus and 
Life ofPizarro; 1871, Life of Cortez.] 

1868-70 The Earthly Paradise, by Wil- 
liam Morris, appears. 

1869 July 31. The Public Schools 
Act is passed. It modifies the govern- 
ment of Eton, Winchester, Westmins- 
ter, Charterhouse, Harrow, Rugby, and 
Shrewsbury schools. 

Oct. 12, 13. The National Education 
League meets at Birmingham. 

Oct. * London. The Morning Star sus- 
pends. 

Oct. * The Hans Busk Life-ship Insti- 
tute is founded. 

Nov. 4. The National Education "Union 
for supplementing the present denomi- 
national system meets at Manchester. 

London. Nature is issued. 

ISTov. 9. The Spiritualist is issued. 

Dec. 31. London. The Morning Herald 
suspends. 

Dec. * The Holy Grail, by Tennyson, ap- 
pears. 

* * London. The XTniversity of London 
and the University College give their 
adhesion to the movement for the 
higher education of women. 

* * London. The Architect is issued ; also 
the Graphic and the Freemason. 

* * Ire. Irish Odes, by Aubrey Thomas 
Be Vere, appears. [1874, Alexander the 
Great; 1879, Legends of the Saxon 
Saints.'] 

-* * Data of Psychology, by Herbert Spen- 
cer, appears. 

* * Latin Proverbs, by Alfred Henderson, 
appears. 

* * He Knew he was Bight and Phineas 
Finn, by Trollope, appear. [1877, The 
American Senator.] 

* * Juvenilis Mundi, by Win. L\ Glad- 
stone appears. 

* * An Introduction to the Classification 
of Animals, by Huxley, appears. [1870, 
Lay Sermons; 1871, A Manual of the 
Anatomy of Vert c brat rd Animals; 1873, 
Critiques and- Addresses; 1877, Physiog- 
raphy and A Manual of the Anatomy of 
Invertebrated Animals.] 

* * My Enemy's Daughter, by Justin Mc- 
Carthy, appears. [1873, A Fair Saxon; 
1875, Dear Lady Disdain.] 

* * A Manual of Ancient History, by 
George Rawlinson, appears. 

* * In Silk Attire, by William Black, ap- 
pears. [1871, A Daughter ofHeth; 1873, 
Strange Adventures of a Phaeton and 
A Princess of Thule.] 

* * Lorna Doone, by Richard Blackmore, 
appears. 

1870 Jan. *- Apr.* London. The Pall 
Malt Gazette is issued as a morning 
paper. 

liar. * London. The Financier is issued. 



SOCIETY. 

1868 Apr. 30. Richard Burke, a Fe- 
nian leader, is convicted of treason- 
felony. 

Apr. * Eng. Colliers at Wigan strike. 

Oct. 30. The Manchester national so- 
ciety for 'woman suffrage holds its first 
meeting. 

Dec. 5. London. George Peabody 
gives another £100,000 to the poor. 



AND IRELAND. 1868, Apr. 21-1870, Apr. 16. 973 



Dec. 17- London. The Association for 
the prevention of poverty and erime 
is founded. 

* * A national trades societies congress 
meets at Manchester. 

* * The transportation of convicts is 
abolished. 

1869 Jan. * London. The "Women's 
Club and Institute, Newman Street, is 
opened. 

Mar.* Ire. O'Donovan Eossa and 
other Fenians are released. 

Apr. 17. Eng. The foundation of the 
Asylum for Imbeciles, Gate rh am, is 
laid. 

May 3. First club-house at Birming- 
ham is opened. 

May* A strike occurs in Preston. 

June 2. Riots against a colliery man- 
ager at Mold, Flintshire, are suppressed 
by the military ; four persons are killed. 

July * The Erdington orphan houses at 
Birmingham, endowed by Josiah Mason, 
are finished. 

* * Weekly "wages of laborers are 11 shil- 
lings. 

* * The Charitable Relief Society is or- 
ganized. 

* * Arrest for debt is practically abol- 
ished, with certain exceptions. 

1870 Jan. 21. A colliery strike occurs 
at Thorncliffe, near Sheffield ; dreadful 
riots and devastation ensue. 

Jan. * Sir Samuel Baker heads an ex- 
pedition to put down slave-trading on 
the Nile. 

Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Many agrarian out- 
rages occur. [Nov. * More.] 



STATE. 

1868 Apr. 21. H. C. A proposal of 
Mr. Gilpin for abolition of the death 
penalty is rejected. Vote, 127-23. [1869. 
July 19. Again rejected. Vote, 118-58.] 

May * Parliament : The Capital Pun- 
ishment within Prisons Bill is passed. 

June 26. The Colonial Society, estab- 
lished to promote the welfare of the 
colonies, holds its first meeting. 

July 6. Victoria, fourth child, daughter 
of the Prince of Wales, is born. 

July 13. Parliament: The Sea Fish- 
eries Act is passed. 

July 31. Parliament: The postmaster 
is empowered to purchase the electric 
telegraph. 

Parliament : An Act amending the 
Poor Law is passed. 

Nov. 7-9. The Court of Common Pleas 
decides that female suffrage is illegal. 

Dec. 2. The elections being favorable to 
the Liberals, the Disraeli Ministry re- 
signs. 

Dec. 9. The first administration of 
W. E. Gladstone is formed. 

Members: William Ewart Gladstone (L. 
Treas.), Sir W. P. Wood [Lord Hatherly] (L. 
Chanc), Earl de Grey and Hipon (Pres. of 
Council), Earl of Kimberley (P. Seal), Rob- 
ert Lowe (Glume. Exeli.), Henry Austin Bruce 
(Home See. i, the Earl of Clarendon (Foreign 
Sec), Earl Granville (Colonial Sec), Duke 
of Argyll (See. for India*. Edward Cardwell 
(Sec. Wan, Hindi Gulling Eardley rhilders 
(L. Admiralty), John Bright (Pres. Board of 
Trade) , Marquis of Hartington (PoBtmaster- 
general), George Joachim Goschen (Pres. of 
the Poor-Law Board), Chichester Samuel 
Fortescue (Sec. for Ireland). 



Dec. * Ire. Earl Spencer is appointed 
lord-lieutenant ; and Thomas O'Hagan 
lord high chancellor, the first Roman 
Catholic to hold that office since the 
Revolution. 

* * Parliament : The laws relating to 
railways are amended. The carrying of 
persons to a prize-fight is prohibited. 

* * Parliament: The Pharmacy Act, 
requiring all sellers of poisons to be 
registered after Dec. 31, 1868, is passed. 

* * Parliament : A new oath of alle- 
giance for members of Parliament is 
provided. 

The oath is: "I will be faithful and 
bear true allegiance to Her Majesty 
Queen Victoria, her heirs and successors, 
according to law, so help me God." 

1869 Jan. 14. A convention is signed 
with the United States respecting the 
Alabama claims. [Apr. 13. Rejected 
by the U. S. Senate.] 

Feb. * London. Col. Henderson is ap- 
pointed police commissioner in place of 
Sir R. Mayne. 

Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- 
duces a bill for the disestablishment of 
the Church of Ireland. [May 31. 
Passed. June 1. H. L. Introduced ; 
July 12. Passed. 1869. Feb. * Receives 
royal assent.] 

Mar. 9. The Hudson Bay Company's 
charter having expired, the chief part 
of the company's territories are trans- 
ferred to the Dominion of Canada for 
£300,000 and certain rights and privi- 
leges (p. 583). 

May 11. Ire. The mayor of Cork, for a 
speech on Apr. 27, eulogizing Fenians, 
is compelled to resign. 

May 12. H. C. The Permissive Pro- 
hibitory Bill, permitting two-thirds of 
the rate-payers of a parish to refuse 
licences to sell intoxicating liquors, is 
rejected. Vote, 193-87. [1871. May 17. 
Rejected again. Vote, 206-124. 1872. 
May 8. Again. Vote, 369-15. 1873. May 
7. Again. Vote, 321-81. 1874. June 17. 
Again. Vote, 301-75. 1875. June 16. 
Again. Vote, 371-86.] 

June 24. Parliament : Fire insur- 
ance duties are totally repealed ; also 
the tax of one guinea laid on persons 
using hair-powder. 

July 18. H. L. A bill for abolishing 
religious university tests is rejected. 
[1870. July 14. Again rejected. 1871. 
June 16. Passed, and receives royal as- 
sent.] 

Aug. 9. Parliament: The Volun- 
teers Act of 1863 is amended. The 
Bankruptcy Act and the Act for abol- 
ishing imprisonment for debt, and the 
political offices Pension Act are passed. 

Aug. 11. Parliament: The Habitual 
Criminals Act, giving powers for the 
apprehension of habitual criminals on 
suspicion, is passed. 

Aug.* Parliament: The Savings 
Banks Investment Act is passed. 

Sept. 10. Ire. The tenant-right agita- 
tion is begun at a conference of tenants 
at Cork. [Oct. 18. Another meeting at 
Kilkenny.] 



Nov. 25. Ire. Jeremiah O'Donovan 
Bossa (Fenian), M. P., is elected for 
Tipperary. [1870. Feb. 10. Election 
annulled.] 

Nov. 26. Maud (5th child), daughterof 
the Prince of Wales, is born. 

Dec. * Sir George M. Giffard is made 
lord justice. 

1869-70 Parliament : Acts are passed 
abolishing licenses for the sale of tea, 
coffee, chocolate, and pepper, and modi- 
fying other licences. 

* * Parliament: An annual license 
duty of 10 shillings and sixpence on 
horses and mules each, and fixing the 
horse-dealers' license at £12 10s., is im- 
posed. 

* * Indian Ocean. The Wicobar Isles are 
acquired. 

1870 Jan. 5. The National and Co- 
lonial League is established. 

Feb. 8. Parliament opens. 

Feb. 15. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- 
duces a Land Bill, to amend the Law of 
Landlord and Tenant in Ireland. [Mar. 
22. Passes its second reading. Vote, 
442-11.] 

Feb. 17. H. C. W. E. Forster introduces 
an Elementary Education Bill. [Aug. 
9. Passed by Parliament. It receives 
royal assent.] 

Mar. 7. The Colonial Society becomes 
the Royal Colonial Institute. 

Mar. * The Land Registry Office is re- 
ported by a commission to be a failure. 

Apr. 4. Parliament : Another Peace 
Preservation Act for Ireland is passed. 
[Apr. 29. Eight counties are pro- 
claimed under it.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1868 Apr. 28. Columbia Market, 
Bethnal Green, erected by Miss Burdett 
Coutts, is opened by her. 

July 30. London. Part of the Albert 

Thames Embankment is opened. 
July 31. A false alarm of fire is given 

at Lang's Music Hall, Manchester ; 23 

persons are killed. 
Aug. 7. London. King's Cross Market 

is opened. 
Aug. 20. W. Railway trains collide at 

Abergele ; fire ensues, and 33 persons are 

burned to death. 
Aug. 25. American vessel Sappho and 

four English cutters contest off Isle of 

Wight ; Oimara wins the race. 
Oct. 16. Egy. The Suez Canal is 

opened. 
Oct. 26. The new Town Hall is founded 

at Manchester. 
Oct. * The shaft of propeller on steamer 

fli hernia breaks, causing the loss of 

many lives. 

1869 Mar. 21. The steamer Italian is 
wrecked near Finisterre ; about 26 lives 
lost. 

June 23. A railway collision at New- 
cross causes great damage, and kills two 
persons. 

Oct. 9. A railway collision occurs at 
Long Eaton Junction ; seven persons 
killed. 

Oct. 15. The new Town Hall at Chester 
is opened by the Prince of Wales. 

Oct. 24. A railway collision occurs near 
Welwyn ; three persons killed. 

1870 Mar. 17. The steamer Normandy 
collides with steamer Mary off the Isle 
of Wight, and sinks ; 34 lives lost. 



•974 1870, Apr. 21-1871, Oct. 15. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1870 Sept. 7. The turret-ship Captain 
is lost off the west coast of Spain ; 472 
men perish. 

Nov. * Breech-loaders are first distrib- 
uted to the army. 

1S71 June * It is reported that deaths 
in the army are reduced from 17 per 1,000 
to nine by improved sanitary appoint- 
ments. 

July 8-18. The National Association for 
rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon ; 
the queen's prize is won by A. T. Hum- 
phry, a Cambridge undergraduate. 
[1872, July 8-16, Sergt. Michie of the 
London Scottish ; 1S73, July 7-15, Sergt. 
Robert Menzies, 1st Edinburgh ; 1874, 
July 6-14, Private Atkinson 1st Durham ; 

1875, July 12-20, Capt. George Pierce, 
15th Devon ; 1876, July 10-22, Sergt. Pull- 
man ; 1877, July 9-21 ; George Jamieson. 
15th Lancashire corps, Liverpool.] 

July 12. The war-ship Devastation is 
launched. [July 18, The Cyclops ; Mar. 
25, the Thunderer at Pembroke ; 1875, 
Apr. 7, the Alexandria at Chatham ; 

1876, Apr. 27, the Inflexible at Ports- 
mouth ; May 9, the Temeraire at Chat- 
ham.] 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1870 Apr. 21. Albert Memorial 
Museum is given up to the town council 
of Exeter. 

May 7. Stanley Park, Liverpool, is 



June 3. Sent. The foundation of Albert 
Bridge at Glasgow is laid. 

July 16. London. The International 
Workmen's Exhibition at Islington is 
opened by the Prince of Wales. 

Aug. 6. Alexandra Park, Manchester, 
is opened. 

Sept. 14. The British Association 
meets at Liverpool. [1S71, at Edin- 
burgh ; 1872. at Brighton ; 1K73, at Brad- 
ford ; 1874, Aug. 19, at Belfast ; 1875, at 
Bristol; 1870, at Glasgow : 1877, at Plym- 
outh ; 1878, at Dublin ; 1879, at Sheffield.] 

Sept. 21. The Social Science Associa- 
tion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne. [1871, 
Oct. 4, at Leeds; 1872, Sept. 11, Plym- 
outh; 1873, Oct. 1, Norwich; 1874, Sept. 
30, Glasgow; 1875, Oct. fi, Brighton ; 1876, 
Oct. 11, Liverpool; 1877, Sept. 19, Aber- 
deen; 1878, Oct. 23, Cheltenham; 1879, 
Oct. 1, Manchester.] 

Oct. 29. London. Op6ra Comique is 
opened. 

Nov. 3. An equestrienne statue of the 
queen is unveiled at Liverpool. 

Dec. 26. Dublin. The Smith O'Brien 
statue is unveiled. 

* * Cromwell Varley produces a musical 
telephone. 

±* * Antiseptic surgery is introduced 
by Sir Joseph Lister to exclude germs of 
disease from wounds. 

* * R. S. Newall's telescope, having an 
object-glass 25 inches in diameter, and 
a tube nearly 30 feet long, is set up at 
Gateshead. 

1871 Jan. 1. The Anthropological and 
Ethnological Societies are amalgamated, 
forming the Anthropological Insti- 
tute. 

Mar. 17. An earthquake is felt in 
northwest England. 

May 1. London. The first annual In- 
ternational Exhibition of Arts, Indus- 
try, and Education is opened at South 
Kensington. 

June * Scot. The Tay Bridge is begun. 
[187S. May 31. Opened. Length, 10,610 
feet; consists of 85 spans, some 90 feet 



above water level ; cost £350,000 ; about 

20 lives lost during its construction.] 
June * Improved sanitary methods 

have reduced the annual deaths in the 

array from 17 per 1,000 to 9&. 
July 18. London. Marchesse di Candia 

Mario's farewell is given in La Faro- 

rita at Italian Opera. 
Aug. 17. London. A statue of Sir 

James Outram is unveiled on the Thames 

embankment. 
Oct. 14. Encke'a comet becomes visible. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1870* * Bailey, Samuel, metaphysician, po- 
litical philosopher, writer, A79. 

Balfe, Michael \\\, musician, composer, Ire- 
land, A 62. 

Clarendon, Earl of, G. W. F. Tillers, states- 
man, A70. 

Dickens, Charles, novelist, A58. 

Evans, Sir George I)e Lacy, general, A83. 

Lemon, Mark, humorist, journalist, A61. 

Miller, William Allen, chemist, A53. 

Onslow, Earl of, Arthur George, statesman, 
(father House of Lords), A93. 

Simpson, Sir James Y., physician, Scot., A59. 

Syme, James, surgeon, author, A71. 

Thorpe, Benjamin, philologist, A62. 



1870 Apr. 24. London. KeshubChun- 

der Sen is received at a public meeting as 

a reformer. 
June 22. The convocation for revising 

the Holy Bible holds its first meeting 

in Westminster. 

Oct. 11. A church congress is held at 
Southampton. 

[1871, Oct. 10, at Nottingham; 1872, Oct. 
8-11, at Lee-is; 1*73, Oct. 9, at Bath; 1874, 
Oct. 6, at Brighton; 1*7.5, Oct. 5-9, at Stoke- 
upon-Kent; IH76, Oct. 3-9, at Plymouth; 1*77, 
Oct. 9-12, at Crovden ; ]H78, Oct. 1-4, at Shef- 
field; 1879, Oct. 7, at Swansea.] 

Nov. 30. Ire. The new Protestant 
cathedral at Cork is consecrated. 

* * Jews are permitted to work on Sun- 
days by a Workshop Act. 

1870-73 Much agitation prevails against 
the general use of the Athanasian 
Creed (Church of England) among both 
clergy and laity. 

± * * The League of St. Sebastian is insti- 
tuted to promote the restoration of his 
temporal dominions to the Pope. 

* * London. The Christian Evidence 
Society is organized to counteract un- 
belief among the educated classes, 

* * Bishops elected : 

Joshua Hughes for St. Asaph, Richard 
Durnford for Chichester, and Octaviua Hat- 
field for Wellington, N. Z. [1871, Samuel T. 
Nevill for Dunedin, N. Z.; 1872, John Hor- 
den for Moosonee, Kupertsland, Peter S. 
Kovston for Mauritius, and Maurice Fitz- 
gerald Day for CashH ; 1H73, Edward Harold 
Browne for Winchester, (.'. W. Sand ford for 
Oibraltar, and J. Shaw I'.urdon for Victoria; 
1874, William Basil Jones for St. Davids, TV. 
C. Boinpas for Mackenzie River, Ruperts- 
land, Alfred Willis for Honolulu, R. Kestell- 
Cornish for Madagascar, and W. W.Jones, 
metropolitan, for South Africa.] 

* * (Roman Catholic) bishops conse- 
crated : 

J. D. Ricards, vicar apostolic of East Cape 
Colony. f'*72, Herbert Vaugban, bishop for 
Salford, and .1. Leonard, vicar apostolic for 
West Cape Colony; 1H73, Bernard Reilly 
for Liverpool, and John C. Hedley, arch- 
bishop for Newport and Menevia; 1874, Ed- 
ward G. Bagshawe for Nottingham, J. T. 
Raiinond, vicar apostolic for Hong Kong, 
Charles Jolivet, vicar apostolic for Natal, 
South Africa, and Joseph L. Bardou for Co- 
imbatore. ] 
1870-7 1 The Foreign Evangelization 
Society is organized to work chietiy in 
France. 



1871 Feb. 3. The Privy Council gives 
judgment against Mr. Purchas, a ritu- 
alist charged with heresy. 

He is found guilty of violating ecclesiasti- 
cal law, lL by wearing the chasuble, alb, and 
tunicle during the communion service; by 
using wine mixed with water and wafer-bread 
in the administration of the communion; and 
by standing with his back to the people, be- 
tween the communion table and the congre- 
gation, during the consecration prayer." 

May 9. H. C. Mr. Miall's resolution 
for disestablishing the Church of Eng- 
land is defeated. (Vote, 89-374.) 

May 28. The Jews are released from 
the compulsory observance of Sunday. 

June 22. A Roman Catholic is made 
master of arts by the University of Ox- 
ford, the first so "honored since the abo- 
lition of the Test Acts. 

June* Ire. TheRegiumDonum (Royal 
Gift), for the maintenance of the Pres- 
byterian ministers in Ireland, is com- 
muted by the Irish Presbyterian Church. 

July 13. Parliament : The Incum- 
bents' Resignation Act is passed. 

July 24. The Ecclesiastical Titles Act 
(against papal ascension), is repealed. 

Aug. 17. The Sunday Act of 1676 is 
amended. 

LETTERS. 

1870 June 29. London. The Hebrew 
Literature Society is established. 

Sept. 23. The new buildings of Owens 
College, Manchester, are founded. 
[1873. Oct. 8. Opened.] 

Oct. 7. The postage on books is re- 
duced to one halfpenny for two < 
or less. 



Nov. 29. London. The first election 
of Metropolitan School Board takes 
place. 

* * Scot. A technical college is estab- 
lished at the University of Glasgow. 

* * London. The Portfolio is issued ; also 
the Journal of Education and the Em- 
pire. 

* * The public school system is extended. 

* * Put Yourself in His Place, by Charles 
Reade, appears. [1877, The Woman 
Hater. ,] 

* * Puck, bv Ouida, appears. [1873, Pas- 
caret ,- 1S74, Two Little Wooden Shoes.] 

* * Researches on Diamagnetism and 
Magne-Cry stallic Action, Notes on a 
Course of Nine Lectures on Light deliv- 
ered at the Royal Institution, Notes of a 
Course of Seven Lectures on Electrical 
Phenomena delivered at the Royal Insti- 
tution, and Essays on the Imagination 
in Science, by John Tyndall, appear. 
[1871, Hours of Exercise in the Alps and 
Fragments of Science for Unscientific 
People; 187'-!, Contributions to Molecular 
Physics in the Domain of Radiant Heat.] 

* * Contributions to the Theory of Natural 
Selection, by Alfred Russell' Wallace, 
appears. 

* * Grammar of Assent, by John Henry 



, appears. [1872, Essays, Crit 
cal and Historical.'] 

1870-82 Poems, by Dante Gabriel Ros- 
setti, appears. 

1871 June 16. University tests are 
abolished by Parliament. 

Oct. 4. Dover College is inaugurated 
by Earl Granville. 

Oct. 15. London. The Roman Catho- 
lic University College, Kensington, is 
opened. 

SOCIETY. 

1870 June 6. The foundation of the 
Stanley Hospital, Liverpool, is laid by 
the Earl of Derby. 



AND IRELAND. 1870, Apr. 21 -1871, Oct. 15. 975 



July 2. The Anglo-Jewish Associa- 
tion is constituted tor tlie advancement 
of Jews. 

July 8. Ire. A modified form of the 
Ulster tenant rights in the Irish Land 
Act is preserved. 

July 18. Ire. Michael Davitt and 
John "Wilson are convicted of treason- 
felony for endeavoring to transmit arms 
secretly to Ireland. ' 

July 21. The Railway Association, 
comprising directors and shareholders, 
is established to watch legislation. 

Aug. 4. Ire. The National Society for 
aiding the sick and wounded in London, 
under the rules of the German conven- 
tion, is organized. 

Aug. 9. Parliament : The law relating 
to the property of married women is 
amended. The separate earnings of a 
wife are secured to her own use ; per- 
sonal and freehold property bequeathed 
to her are secured to herself. 

Sept. 23. Margaret "Waters is con- 
victed of the murder of an illegitimate 
infant by intentional neglect. She had 
adopted about 40 children, receiving a 
few pounds as a premium; many had 
died. 

Oct. 12. Scot. The Prince of Wales is 
installed as patron of the Freemasons. 

Oct. 15, 16. Rioting occurs at Arma- 
thwaite, near Carlisle, between English 
and Irish navvies. 

Oct. 17. London. A riotous assem- 
blage of the unemployed in Trafalgar 
Square is dispersed. [Oct. 18. A meet- 
ing at Hyde Park is dispersed by the 
police. Oct. 19. Again dispersed. Oct. 
23. A meeting in Trafalgar Square ; 
about 2,000 go to Westminster Abbey.] 

Oct. 21. London. The Refugees' Be- 
nevolent Fund is instituted in conse- 
quence of the war, at a great meeting 
held in the Mansion House. 

Nov. 18. London. Meetings in Traf- 
algar Square are prohibited. 

Nov. 25. A general order for boarding 
out pauper children is issued. 

* * About £89,000,000 is spent in intoxi- 
cating liquors, £58.000,000 by the work- 



-* * Number of per.^mp e<mvb-t-ed of crime 
in England and Wales, 12,953. [1871, 
11,946; 1872, 10,862; 1873, 11,089; 1874, 
11,509; 1875, 10,954; 1876, 12,195; 1877, 
11,942 ; 1878, 12,473 ; 1879, 12,525.] 

* * Titles created : 

Baron O'Hagan. [1871, Barons Burdette- 
Coutta. and Sandhurst, and Marquis of Ki- 
pon; 1872, Baron Ettrick; 1873, Barons Somer- 
ton, Aberdare, and Viscount of Portman; 
1874, Earl of Ravens worth, Duke of West- 
minster, Barons Moncreiff, Carlingford, Cole- 
ridge, Emly, and Hampton ; 1875, Barons 
Douglas ami Ramsay; 1x7(5, Marquis of Aber- 
gavenny, Earls of Northhrook and Wharn- 
eliffe, Barons Arlington, Sarkville, Harlech, 
Gerard, Tollemache, Fermanagh, and Black- 
burn; 1878, Earl of Cairns and Baron Nor- 
ton; 1880, Earl of Lathom.] 

1870-71 Vaccination is greatly op- 
posed ; an anti-vaccination society is 
formed. 

1871 Jan. 18. A French relief fund 
for the sufferers by the siege of Paris is 
established at a meeting held at the 
Mansion House. [£126,609 raised.] 

Feb. 3. A committee starts with 68 tons 
of provisions for the relief of the suf- 
ferers by the siege of Paris. 

Mar. 21. The Princess Louise is mar- 
ried to the Marquis of Lome. 

-Mar. * Wm. Dudley bequeaths £100,000 
for charitable purposes in Birmingham. 



May 11. The Tichborne trial begins. 
[Arthur Orton, a butcher, alleges him- 
self to be Sir Roger Tichborne, and claims 
the Tichborne estates; after a trial of 103 
days he is nonsuited, tried for perjury and 
forgery, and sentenced tu 14 yeare* hard labor. 
The longest trial known in England.] 

May 15. The Land Tenure Reform 
League holds its first meeting; John 
Stuart Mill chairman. 

May 16. About 9,000 engineers strike 
at Newcastle for a day's work of nine 
hours. [Oct. 9. It is successful.] 

June * The National Trade Society is 
formed in the interests of traders, and 
to promote amendments in the law 
affecting commercial interests. 

July 13. London. The freedom of the 
city is presented to Prince Arthur. 

Sept. 11. The Seamen's Orphan In- 
stitution is founded at Liverpool. 

Sept. 20. London. The Workmen's 
Peace Association holds its first annual 
meeting. 

STATE. 



July 19. The Government proclaims 
neutrality in the Franco-Prussian war. 

July * Sir George Mellish is made lord 
justice. 

Aug. 5. A convention is signed with 
France, by which the post-office money- 
order is applied to that country. 

Aug. 9. Parliament: The Post-office 
Act is passed. 

It abolishes the newspaper stamp for 
posting, reduces the postage on regis- 
tered newspapers and pamphlets or pat- 
terns under 2 ounces to half a penny, and 
provides for the issuing of stamped 
cards. 

The absconding Debtors' Act is 
passed ; also the Annuity Tax Aboli- 
tion Act, an act to grant a duty of ex- 
cess on licences to use guns, and the 
Foreign Enlistment Act, relating to 
illegal enlisting, shipbuilding, and ex- 
peditions. 

An Act is passed legalizing the meet- 
ing of Parliament in six days after 
proclamation. 

Aug. 9-11. A treaty guarantees the 
neutrality of Belgium (p. 739). 

Aug. 10. Parliament : The Truck Act 



* * London. Thomas Dak in is elected 
lord mayor. [1871, -Sills John Gibbons ; 
1872, Sir Sidney Hcdlcy Waterloo; 1873, 
Andrew Lusk ; 1874, David Henry Stone.] 

* * Parliament : An Act is passed amend- 
ing the law respecting life insurance 
companies. [The law is further amended 
in 1871 and 1872.] 

1871 Jan. 5. Ire. John Martin, a 
Nationalist, is elected a member of Par- 
liament for Meath. 

Jan. * "William Monsell is appointed 
postmaster-general. 

Feb. 9. Parliament meets. 

Feb. 16. H. C. £30,000 is granted to 

the Princess Louise on her marriage. 

Mr. Fawcett alone votes against it. 

Vote, 350-1. 
Mar. 9. George Joachim Goschen is 

made first lord of the admiralty. 
Apr. 3. The eighth census is taken ; 

population, 31,317408. 
May 8. Washington, U.S.A. The 

Treaty of "Washington is signed for 

the settlement of the Alabama claims 

(p. 275). 
June 16. Parliament: An Act is passed 

for the suppression of ' ' Kibbonism " 

in Ireland. 
June 29. The Trades-Union Act is 



It provides for the appointment of a 
commission to inquire into the alleged 
prevalence of the " Truck System" — of 
paying workmen's wages in goods instead 
of money. 
Parliament is prorogued. 

Aug. 31. The civil service exam in a- 
tion system is introduced by an Order 
in Council. 

It requires all appointments in the 
civil service, except the foreign office 
and such posts as require professional 
knowledge, to be filled by open applica- 
tion and examination. It includes treas- 
ury, home, foreign, colonial, post, rev- 
enue, offices. 

Sept. 1. Dublin. The "Home Gov- 
ernment Association," to include all 
parties, meets. 

Sept. * Earl Granville repels the charge 
of violating neutralities made by the 
Prussian Government. 



July 13. H. L. Bankrupt peers are 

prohibited from sitting and voting in 

the House of Lords. 
July 18. The first annual trial of the 

pyx, appointed by the Coinage Act of 

1870, takes place. 
Aug. 1. H. L. The Lords censure the 

Ministry for advising the royal warrant 

abolishing purchase in the army. 

Vote, 162-82. 
Sept. 20. Ire. Isaac Butt, leader of 

Home Rule movement, is elected M. P. 

for Limerick. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 June 21. A railway collision oc- 
curs near Newark ; 19 persons killed. 

July 10. A commercial panic occurs, 
caused by the Franco-Prussian war. 

A railway accident occurs near Car- 
lisle ; five persons killed. 

July 13. London. The Victoria Thames 
Embankment is inaugurated by the 
Prince of Wales. 

Aug. * -Nov. * The foot and mouth 
disease prevails among cattle. 

Oct. 19. Ire. The screw steamer Cam- 
bria founders off Inishtrahul Island ; 
about 170 lives lost. 

Dec. 9. An explosion at Ludlow's car- 
tridge factory, Witton, Birmingham, 
kills 17 persons and injures 53. 

Dec. 12. A collision on the Manches- 
ter, Sheffield, and Lincolnshire Railway 
occurs near Barnsley ; 14 killed, many 
injured. 

Dec. 26. A railway accident near Hat- 
field is caused by the breaking of a tire 
on a wheel ; eight persons killed. 

* * Millbank is made a military prison. 

1871 Mar. 29. London. The Royal 
Albert Hall of Arts and Sciences, Ken- 
sington, is opened by the queen. 

Aug. 11. An explosion of the patent 
safety guncotton factory at Stowmarket 
destroys much property ; 24 persons 
killed and 60 wounded. 

Oct. 2. Scot. A late express train causes 
collision at Kirtlebridge, Dumfries; 12 
lives lost. 



976 1871, Oct. 27-1873, Sept. 24. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1871 Not. 1. The system of purchasing 
commissions in the army is abolished 
by royal warrant. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1871 Dec. 31. London. The Zoologi- 
cal Society has 2,072 animals in the 
gardens. 



Lever, diaries J., novelist, Ireland, A66. 
Jloaeley. Henry, scientific writer, A70. 
MaKiiire, .loIinF., author, Ireland, A57. 
Smart, Heiijainin II., lexicographer, wr., A85. 
Soinerville, Mary, astronomer, Scot., A92. 



* * Hercules Wrestling toith Death is 
painted by Sir Frederick Leighton. 

* * Benjamin Leigh Smith sails to latitude 
81° 24', and discovers land northeast of 
Spitzbergen. 

* * Sir George Biddell Airy becomes 
President of the Royal Society. [1873. 
Dr. (Sir) Joseph Dalton Hooker ; 1878, 
William Spottiswoode.] 

* * London. A statue of Robert Stephen- 
son is .set up in Eustou Road. 

* * Meteorological Observatory at Kew 
is presented to the Royal Society by the 
purchaser, J. P. Gassiot. 

* * William Crookes investigates the phe- 
nomena of spiritualism, and ascribes 
them to " psychic force." 

* * Thegraphoscope, for magnifying and 
giving tine effects to engravings and 
photographs, is exhibited. 

* * The Institution of Electrical Engi- 
neers is formed. 

1872 Jan, 26. London. A statue of 
John Stuart Mill is unveiled on the 
Thames embankment. 

Feb. 28. The Society of Telegraph En- 
gineers holds its first general meeting. 

Mar. 30. The great aquarium is inaug- 
urated at Brighton. [Aug. 10. Opened.] 

May 1-Oct. 19. London. The second 
annual International Exhibition is 
held. 

May 20. Sefton Park, Liverpool, is 
opened by Prince Arthur. 

June 25. Prince Arthur opens the Royal 
Horticultural Exhibition at Birming- 
ham. 

June 26. London. The East London 
Museum at Bethnal Green is opened. 

* * London, The Marine Engineers' In- 
stitution is formed. Also the British 
Orchestral Society. 

* * Hearts are Trumps is exhibited at the 
Royal Academy by John Everett Mil- 

* * This year is the wettest of 140 years, 
being 58 per cent of moisture above the 
average. 

1873 May 31. London. The Royal 
AJexandra Theater is opened. 

June 3. The statue of the Earl of Derby 

is inaugurated at Preston. 
Sept. 22. The Brazilian telegraph cable 

is completely laid. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1871 * * Burgoyne, Sir John Fox, eng., A89. 

Cantlev, Sir Proiiv Tin Unas, •Tiu'ineer, paleon- 
tologist, A69. 

Chambers, Robert, publisher, Scot., A69. 

De Morgan, Aug-ustus, math., A65. 

Ellenborough, first Karl of, Edward Law, 
statesman, A81. 

Grote, George, historian, philosopher, A77. 

Herschel, Sir.Iolm Kivileriek William, astron- 
omer, physicist, A78. 

Johnston, Alexander K., geographer, Scot- 
land, A67. 

Mansel, Henry L., metaphysician, theol., A51. 

Murchison. Sir Roderick I-, geologist, A78. 

Muspratt, James S., chemist, Ireland, A50. 

Robertson, Thomas \\\, dramatic: writer, A42. 
1872* * Bulwer, Sir Henry Lytton Earle, 
statesman, diplomatist, A68. 

Ellis, William, missionary, author, A78. 

Fonblanque, Albany W., journalist, A 79. 

Keightlev, Thomas, misc. writer, Ire., A82. 



1871 Nov. 27. London. A new Cath- 
olic club is opened by the Duke of Nor- 
folk, Lords Denbigh and Petre, and 
others. 

Nov. * Mr. Gladstone's pamphlet, The 
Vatican Decrees, occasions declarations 
respecting papal infallibility from 
Archbishop Manning and others. 

* * London. The Biblical Archaeology 
Society is established. 

* * The Women's Committee on Christian 
work in France is formed. 

* * The religious tests for admission to 
office are abolished. 

* * The Catholic Union of Great Britain 
is organized. 

* * The " Catholic Education Crisis 
Fund" is established. 

1872 Jan. 25. After extensive repairs, 
the Chester Cathedral is reopened. 

Feb. * The Convocation is authorized to 
consider alterations in the Prayer- 
Book. 

May * Modifications of the Athanasian 
Creed, approved by several bishops, are 
defeated by the Lower House in convo- 
cation ; the vote is rejected by the 
bishops. [The agitation continues.] 

July 18. Parliament : A new Uniform- 
ist Act is passed. It authorizes shor- 
tened services and other changes in the 
Book of Common Prayer. 

July * Sir Henry Thompson originates 
the " Prayer Gauge Debate " by pro- 
posing that prayers be offered for 
patients in some certain hospital ward 
or wards, and the result be compared 
with other wards, to show whether prayer 
is efficacious to healing the sick. 

July 17. Edinburgh. The restoration 
of St, Giles's Cathedral is begun. 

Sept. 23-28. The Evangelical Alliance 
meets at Geneva. [1873, Apr. 22-24, at 
Brighton ; 1874. Aug. 29, at Oxford ; 1875, 
Mar. * at Constantinople ; 1S76, Oct. 3, 
at Southport : 1877. Oct. 25, at Oxford ; 
1878, Sept. 2, at Basel ; 1879, Oct. 28, at 
Edinburgh.] 

Dec. 5. London. The Union Chapel at 
Islington is opened. 

* * Ire. (Roman Catholic) bishops con- 
secrated : 

Hugh Conway of Killala, also Francis 
MacCormack of Gal way and Kilmac- 
duagb, Patrick Duggan of Clonfert, 
James Ryan of Killaloe. 

* * London. The East London Institute 
for Home and Foreign Missions is 
founded by H. Grattan Guinness. 

* * Jewish Mission of the Presbyterian 
Church of England is founded. 

1873 Feb. 18. The Church of Eng- 
land Temperance Society is inaugu- 
rated by the archbishop of Canterbury 
and others at Lambeth. 

May 5. Memorial against Romanist 
teaching, etc., in the Church, signed by 
over 60,000 persons, is presented at Lam- 
beth to the archbishop by the Church 
Association. 

May 16. Parliament: Mr. Mi all's mo- 
tion for disestablishing the Church is 
defeated. Vote, 61-35G. [July 18. The 
Non-conformists present to Mr. Miall 
lO.OOOguineas for his exertions on behalf 
of religious equality.] 

May 25. Mormon conferences are 
held at the Holborn Amphitheater. 

Sept. 1-6. Ft. A pilgrimage from Eng- 
land, specially blessed by the Pope, goes 
to the shrine of Marguerite at Paray-le- 
Monial, and returns. 



LETTERS. 

187 1 Oct. * A college of physical sci- 
ence isestablished ;it Newcastle-on-Tyne 
by the Durham University Corporation. 

* * London. The Association for the Oral 
Instruction of the Deaf and Dumb is 
opened. 

* * London. A women's education 
union, to promote the better education 
of women, is founded by the Society of 
Arts. 

* * The total income of Oxford Uni- 
versity's 21 colleges and five halls for 
the year is £483,842 16s. 6d. That of 
Cambridge is £340,562 8s. 7irf. 

* * The Garden is issued. 

* *'The Theory of Political Economy, by 
William Stanley Jevons, appears. [1880, 
Studies in Deductive Logic] 

* * Character, by Samuel Smiles, appears. 

* * The Coming Race, by Bulwer-Lytton, 
appears. [1873, The Parisians and Ken- 
elm Chillingly.] 

* * Village Communities, by Sir H. J. S. 
Maine, appears. [1872, Early History of 
Institutions.] 

* * Critical Miscellanies and Voltaire, by 
John Morley, appear. [1873, Rousseau.] 

* * Ready Money Mortiboy, by "Walter 
Besant and James Rice, appears. 

* * Julian Fane, by Owen Meredith, ap- 
pears. [1874, Fables in Song ; 1877, 
Poems.] 

* * Lothair, by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl 
of Beaconsfield, appears. 

* * Lyrical, Dreams, by Francis Turner 
Palgrave, appears. [1874, The Golden 
Treasure.] 

* * Descent of Man, by Charles Darwin, 
appears. 

1871-72 Middlemarch, by George Eliot, 
appears. [1876, Daniel Deronda.] 

1871-74 Life of Charles Dickens, by 
John Forster, appears. 

187 1-81 The Speaker's Commentary , 
edited by F. C. Cook, appears. 

1871-84 Eors Clavigera, by Ruskin, ap- 
pears. [1872, Munera Pvlveris, The 
Eagle's Nest, and Ariadne Florentina ; 
1873, Love's Meinie and Val d'Amo; 
1875-77, Mornings in Florence; 1875-78, 
Deucalion ; 1875-79, Proserpina ; 1877-79, 
St. Mark's Rest and The Laws ofFe'sole.] 

1872 July * The Ancient Stone Imple- 
ments, Weapons, and Ornaments of 
Great Britain, by John Evans, appears. 

Aug. 10. An Education Act for Scot- 
land i 



Nov. 5. London. The new City Library 

and Museunrat Guildhall is opened by 

the lord chancellor. 
Nov. 20. London. The school board 

decides to open separate schools for 

dirty, unruly children. 

* * London. The Provident Knowl- 
edge Society is established. It aims 
to promote thrift among the lower 
classes. 

* * London. The Society for Organiza- 
tion of Academical Study is founded. 

* * London. The British Mail is issued ; 
also the Metropolitan and Money. 

* * Beqinnings of Life, by Henry Charl- 
ton Bastian, appears, 

* * Enigmas of Life, by William Rath- 
bone Greg, appears. 

* * The Maid ofSker, by Richard D. Black- 
more, appears. [1870, Alice Lorraine.] 

* * Under the Greenwood Tree, by Thomas 
Hardy, appears. [1873, A Pair of Blue 
Eyes ; 1874, Far from the Muddin n 
Crowd; 1876, The Return of the Native.] 

1872-75 London. The Quarterly Jour- 
nal of Naval Science is issued. 



AND IRELAND. 1871, Oct. 27-1873, Sept 24. 977 



1873 Mar. 24. London. The Hour is 

issued. 
May * An Act abolishing religious tests 

for Trinity College, Dublin, is passed. 
July 12. London. The first London 

board-school is opened at White- 
chapel. 
Sept. 13. Free library, museum, and 

picture gallery are opened at Brighton. 
Sept. 24. The foundation is laid of a 

college for northern counties at 

Knutsford. 

SOCIETY. 

1871 Oct. * Miners hold a conference 
at Merthyr Tydvil for the amelioration 
of their condition. 

Nov. 2. Criminals are ordered to be 
photographed. 

Dec. 2. Dublin. The Brown Institute 
is endowed by a bequest as a hospital 
for the study and treatment of the dis- 
eases of useful quadrupeds and birds. 

* * The National Union is formed for 
the suppression of intemperance by 
means of fewer houses, shorter hours, 
and better provisions. 

* * London. A women's hospital with 
female practitioners is begun in Mary- 
lebone. 

1872 Feb. 8. Andaman Islands. Rich- 
ard Southwell Bourke, Earl of Mayo, is 
assassinated by Shere Ali, a convict, 
when on a visit of inspection. 

Feb. 28. The Society of Telegraph 
Engineers is established. 

Feb. 29. Arthur O'Connor, a youth of 
18, having a paper to be signed, threat- 
ens the queen with an unloaded pistol 
when she is entering Buckingham Pal- 
ace. 

Mar. 8. Great Britain declines to join a 
combined international movement 
againt the International Workmen's 
Association. 

Mar. 29. Strikes occur among agricul- 
tural laborers in Warwickshire and 
other counties ; a union is formed. 

May 27. Captain Nolan, M.P. for Gal- 
way, is unseated for political intimida- 
tion by his agents. 

June 1. London. A strike of building 
trades begins. [June 9. The lockout by 
the masters begins. July 9. The lock- 
out of the masons ceases. Aug. 27. Ar- 
rangements are made and strike ceases.] 

July 3. London. International Congress 
for the prevention and repression of 
crime meets in the Middle Temple. 

July 26, 27. The London and North- 
western Company porters' strike ends. 

Aug. 6. Parliament : The Arbitration 
Act for Masters and Workmen is passed. 

Aug. 10. A new licensing Act, regu- 
lating hours of opening and closing, is 
passed ; it begins to operate. [It causeB 
much irritation, and is alleged to have 
conduced to the fall of the Gladstone 
ministry, 1874.] 

Aug. 15-21. Ire. Extensive rioting 
occurs between the Roman Catholics 
and Protestants of Belfast ; much prop- 
erty is destroyed and many persons in- 
jured. 

Sept. 23-Oct. 9. London. Journeymen 
bakers strike. 

Nov. 3. London. Fenian sympathi- 
zers meet in Hyde Park contrary to the 
regulations. [Nov. * Several are prose- 
cuted and fined.] 

Dec. 2. London. Gas-stokers strike. 

* * Weekly wages of the laborer, 11 shil- 
ling ninepence. 



* A coffee-saloon is opened by a com- 
pany in Liverpool near the docks, having 
every attraction of the liquor-saloon 
except the bar, with reading-room at- 
tached; refreshments are served at the 
cheapest rates. 

1873 Jan. 11-Mar. 25. W. About 
60,000 colliers strike against a 10 per cent 
reduction in wages. 

Jan. 15. Edinburgh. Lady Burdett- 
Coutts is made a burgess. 

June 2. London. A demonstration of 
working men takes place in Hyde Park 
against the Criminal Law Amendment 
Act. 

STATE. 

1S71 Oct. 27. S. Afr. Griqualand is 
constituted a colony. 

Nov. * Sir Charles Dilke, M. P., at pub- 
lic meetings declares himself a republi- 
can ; at some places his appearance leads 
to riotous proceedings. 

Nov. * Sir George Jessel is appointed 
solicitor-general. 

Dec* The State police, of all ranks, 
number 9,655. 

* * S. Afr. Basutoland is colonized, and 
annexed to Cape Colony. 

* * Parliament : The statutes excluding 
lawyers from Parliament are repealed. 

* * Sir Robert Phillimore is appointed 
judge-advocate-general. 

1872 Feb. 6. Parliament meets. 
[Feb. 9. H. C. Sir Henry William Bou- 
verie Brand [Viscount Hampden] is 
elected Speaker.] 

Feb.* IV. Afr. Elmina and Dutch 
Guinea are acquired by cession. 

Mar. 5. H. C. The Non-conformists' 
resolutions censuring the Elementary 
Education Act are rejected. Vote, 355- 
94. 

Mar. 19. H. C. Sir Charles Dilke's mo- 
tion for returns respecting the expen- 
diture of the civil list by the queen is 
rejected. Vote. 2-276. 

May 30. H. C. A bill to amend the law 
relating to procedure at elections, in- 
cluding the ballot, is passed. Vote, 
271-216. [June 25. H. L. Passed. July 
18. Receives royal assent.] 

May 31. H. C. Joseph G. Biggar and 
others cause reporters and " strangers" 
to he excluded ; much discussion en- 
sues. 

June 24. Parliament votes £473,200 for 
the volunteer force. 

July 24. H. C. Mr. Gilpin's bill for 
the abolition of the death penalty is 
rejected. Vote, 54-167. 

July 31. H. C. The Commons sit con- 
tinually about 26 hours because of ob- 
struction on the part of the Irish mem- 
bers. 

Aug. 10. Parliament: The Public 
Health Act is passed. A wild birds* 
protection Act is passed. 

Aug. * Parliament : A new licensing 
Act, regulating the sale of intoxicating 
liquors, is passed. 

Aug. * Parliament : The Metalliferous 
Mines Regulation Act is passed. 

Sept. 14. Switz. The Arbitration Tri- 
bunal at Geneva makes its decision in 
the Alabama case (p. 279). 



Oct. 15. Roundell Palmer, Lord Sel- 
borne, is appointed lord high chancellor. 

Nov. 5. A commercial treaty is con- 
cluded with France. 

Nov. 15. The Court of Common Pleas 
decides that peers cannot vote for mem- 
bers of Parliament. 

* * W. Afr. The Gold Coast is acquired 
by cession from the Dutch. 

1873 Mar. 13. H. C. The Dublin 
University Bill is rejected. Vote, 284- 
287. Gladstone resigns. [Mar. 17. He 
resumes office.] 

Apr. 29. Parliament: A bill to facili- 
tate the sale and transfer of land by 
means of registration is introduced 
by Lord Chancellor Selborne. [1874. 
Mar. 2G. Introduced by Lord Chancellor 



Can 



July 29. H. C. The post-office author- 
ities are censured for expending un- 
authorized money on the telegraph 
service. 

July 30. New standing orders are issued 
protecting the dwellings of working 
men. 

Aug. 5. Parliament passes an Act for 
the more effectual suppression of the 
slave-trade. 

H. C. An Annuity Bill for the Duke 
of Edinburgh is passed. 

Parliament: The Royal Naval Ar- 
tillery Volunteeers are established by 
enactment. 

Aug. 21. Acton S. Ayrton is appointed 
j udge-advocate-general. 

Aug. 29. Sir George Jessel, a Jew, is 
appointed master of the rolls. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1871 Dec. 20. The steamer Delaware 
is wrecked off Soilly Kocks ; 45 persons 
perish. 

* * Kail way accidents for the year, 171. 

1872 June 5. Dublin. The Fine Arts 
and Industrial Exhibition is opened by 
the Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov. 30. 
Closed.] 

July * Railway trains collide at Kose 

Hill Junction; four persons killed. 
Aug. 3. A railway collision at Clifton 

Junction causes four deaths. 
Aug. * Steam- whistles and steain-trum- 

pets on factories are prohibited. 
Oct. 18. Railway trains collide near 

NVoodhouse Junction ; two persons are 

killed. 
Dec. 21. The mail-packet Germania is 

wrecked off La Rochelle ; about 24 

lives lost. 

* * London. Her Majesty's Theater is 
rebuilt. 

* * Railway accidents for the year, 246; 
541 employees killed, and 499 injured. 

1873 Jan. 22. The Xorthfleet is run 
into by a foreign vessel off Dungeness ; 
300 lives lost. 

Apr. 15. Dublin. The Spencer Dock 
is inaugurated by the lord-lieutenant. 

May 8. A broken axle causes a railway 
accident near Shrewsbury; four per- 
sons killed. 

May 13. Ire. A new graving-dock at 
Limerick is opened by Earl Spencer. 

July 9. The new bridge at Leeds is 
opened. 

Aug. 23. Derailed cars on the London 
and North Western Railway cause the 
loss of 13 lives. 



978 1873, Oct. 6-1875, May 21. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1873 * * The Elcho Challenge Shield 
is won by Ireland. [1874, by Scotland ; 
1875, by Ireland ; 1876, by England ; 1877, 
1878, by Ireland ; 1879, by Scotland ; 
1SS0, July 22, by Ireland; 1881, July 2'2, 
and 1882, July 20, by England ; 1883, July 
19, by Ireland.] 



ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1873 Nov. 1. Scot. The Albert In- 
stitution is opened by the Earl of Dal- 
housie at Dundee. 

Dec. 18. London. The foundation of the 
National Training School for Music 
is laid by the Duke of Edinburgh, at 
South Kensington. 

* *The society for promoting Scientific 
Industry is established at Manchester. 

* *The National Health Society is 
founded for the collection and diffusion 
of sanitary knowledge. 

* * London. A statue of Albert, prince 
consort, is set up at Hoi born Circus. 

* * London. The Palseographical So- 
ciety is organized. 

1874 Apr. 6. London. The Fourth 
International Exhibition is opened. 

Apr. 16. Founding of the Musical As- 
sociation, for the investigation and dis- 
cussion of subjects connected with the 
art and science of music. 

June 10. London. A statue of John 
Bunyan is unveiled at Bedford. 

Aug. 1. A statue of Joseph Priestley, 
discoverer of oxygen, is unveiled by 
Thomas Henry Huxley at Birmingham. 

Sept. 29. The Duke of Edinburgh lays 
the foundation of the Liverpool Art 
GaUery. 

Oct. 14-17. A Musical Festival is held 
at Leeds. 

Oct. 31. London. Henry Irving first 
appears as Hamlet. 

* * London. A statue of Edward, Earl 
of Derby, is set up in Parliament Square ; 
also one of Shakespeare in Leicester 
Square. 

* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Pirates 
of Penzance. 

* * Hop Gardens of England is painted by 
Cecil Lawson. 

* * London. The Physical Society is or- 
ganized. Also the MusiriU Association, 
the Public Analysts, and the Shake- 
speare Memorial Association. 

1875 Jan. 12. The aerophone is suc- 
cessfully tried at Chatham by M. Denay- 
rouze, the inventor. 

May 8. London. Wagner's Lohengrin ia 

performed at Covent Garden. [June 13. 

At Drury Lane.] 
May 13. The Yorkshire exhibition of 

arts and manufactures is opened by the 

Duke of Edinburgh at Leeds. 
May 21. The vocalion, a new musical 

instrument in which tones are produced 

from strings made to vibrate by currents 

of air, is described. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1873* * Arrowsniith, John, geographer, A83. 
Bulwer-Lytton, Lord, Ed ward George 

Earle Lytton, poet, novelist, states., A70. 
Guthrie, Thomas, philanthropist, Scot., A70. 
Holland, Sir Henry, physician, A85. 
Knight, Charles, publisher, editor, historian 

writer, A82. 
Landseer, Sir Edwin, painter of animals. 

A70. 
Livingstone, David, African missionary 

explorer, from Scotland, A60. 
M'Clure, Sir Rohert J., arctic navigator, A66. 
Macready, William C, actor, A80. 
Madden, Sir Frederick, antiquary, A72. 
Mill, John Stuart, political economist, 

logician, philosopher, A67. 
1874* * Arnott, Neil, physician, physicist, 

Scotland, A 86. 



Foley, John H., sculptor, Ireland, A56. 
Lucas, John, painter, A67. 
Procter, Bryan W., poet, 84, 
Rennie, Sir John, civil engineer, A78. 
Strickland, Agnes, historian, A68. 



CHURCH. 

1873 Nov. 12. Nineteen Mormon 
missionaries for Britain arrive at Liver- 
pool. 

Dec. 4. Dublin. The Catholic Union 
is reorganized for the ecclesiastical con- 
trol of education. 

* * Scot. Dr. Alexander Duff is again 
elected moderator of the Free Church. 

* * The Female Association of the 
Presbyterian Church of Ireland is or- 
ganized for promoting Christianity 
among the women of the East. 

1874 Feb. 15-19. Ire. Bishop Dug- 
gan of Clonfert is tried and acquitted. 

Apr. 8. The renovated cathedral of 
Worcester is opened. 

Apr. 15. David Livingstone's remains, 
accompanied by faithful Susi and 
Chuma, arrive in England to be depos- 
ited in Westminster Abbey. [Apr. IS. 
Interred.] 

Apr. 21. H. L. The Public Worship 
Regulation Act for the suppression of 
ritualism (Church of England) is intro- 
duced. [Aug. 7. Receives the royal 
assent.] 

May 19. London. City Temple, Hol- 
born Viaduct, a Dissenter chapel, is 
opened. 

Parliament: The Sunday opening 
of museums and galleries is refused. 
Vote, 68-271. 

Scot. The first Episcopal Congress 

is held. 

Sept. * Fr. A (Roman Catholic) pilgrim- 
age is made to the shrine of St. Edmund, 
archbishop of Canterbury, at Pontigny. 

Oct. * A society is formed by the bishops 
of Manchester, Carlisle. Edinburgh, and 
others, favorable to union with ortho- 
dox Dissenters. 

Nov. 26. Rev. A. H. Mackonochie is 
tried before the Court of Arches for 
ritualistic practises. (See 1867, May 
21.) [Dec. 7. Sentenced to suspension 
for six weeks and to pay costs.] 

* * The see of Saskatchewan is founded. 

* * Ire. John McCarthy is consecrated 
(Roman Catholic) bishop of Cologne, 

* * The Friends' Syrian Mission is organ- 
ized. 

* * The prefix of Reverend on a family 
tombstone is refused to Mr. Keet, a 
"Wesleyan preacher, by the bishop of 
Lincoln, hut given by the archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

[1875. June 3. The case is tried in court; 
the chancellor of Lincoln decides against 
Mr. Keet, who gives notice of appeal. July 
31. The Court of Arches decides against him. 
1876. Jan. 21. On appeal to the Privy Coun- 
cil these decisions arc reversed. It is decided 
that there is no law or usage restrictine the 
epithet to ministers of the Church of Eng- 
land; it is merely laudatory.] 

* * Scot. Patronage is abolished in the 
Established Church. 

* * Edinburgh, St. Mary's Episcopal Ca- 
thedral is founded by the Duke of Buc- 
cleucb. 

1874-75 D. L. Moody and I. D. San- 
key, American evangelists, visit many 
towns in the United Kingdom. 

1875 Jan. 19. London. The Congre- 
gationalist Memorial Hall, Farringdon 
Street, erected in memory of the min- 
isters ejected in 1662, is opened for the 
use of religious societies. 

Mar. 9. London. Moody and Sankey 
hold their first revival meeting in Agri- 
cultural Hall ; 15,000 people present. 



Apr. 21. Parliament: A Burials Bill 

to permit the ministers of dissenters to 
officiate at funerals in churchyards is 
rejected. Vote, 248-234. 

LETTERS. 

1873 Oct. * A college for the higher ed- 
ucation of women is opened at Girton. 

Dec. 18. London. The National Train- 
ing-School for Music is founded by 
the Duke of Edinburgh. [1876. May 17. 
Opened.] 

* * London. The Dialectic Society and 
the (New) Shakespeare Society are 
founded. 

* * London. Iron is issued. 

* * Vignettes in Rhyme, by Alfred Austin, 
appears. 

* * Our Seamen: An Appeal, by S. Plim- 
soll, appears. 

* * Autobiography, by John Stuart Mill, 
appears. [1874, Nature, the Utility of 
Religion, and T?ieis?n.] 

* * Studies in the Renaissance, by Walter 
Pater, appears. 

1873-74 The English in Ireland in the 
Eighteenth Century, by James Anthony 
Froude, appears. 

1873-80 The New Quarterly Magazine 
is issued. 

* * Introduction to the Study of Dante, 
by John Addington Symonds, appears. 
[1874, Sketches in Italy and Greece; 
1875, Renaissance, in Italy.] 

* * Literature and Dogma, by Matthew 
Arnold, appears. [1*874, God and the 
Bible; 187'), Mixed Essays; 1882, Irish 
Essays.] 

* * Assyrian Discoveries, by George Smith, 
appears. 

1873-79 The Globe Encyclopaedia ap- 
pears. 

* * The Forms of Water in Clouds and 
Rivers, Ire and Glaciers, and Six Lectures 
on Light, delivered in America, 1S72-73, 
by John Tyndall, appear. [1874, On the 
Transmission of Sound by the Atmos- 
phere; 1876, Lessons in Electricity at the 
Royal Institution, 1875-76; 1877, Fer- 
mentation.] 

* * First Sketch of English Literature, by 
Henry Morley, appears. 

* * My Little Girl, by Walter Besant, ap- 
pears. [1S76, The Golden Butterfly.'] 

* * The Sixth Great Oriental Monarchy, 
by George Eawlinson, appears. [1876, 
Seventh Great Oriental Monarchy ; 1SS1, 
A History of Egypt.] 

* * The Study of Sociology, by Herbert 
Spencer, appears. [1874-82, Descriptive 
Sociology.] 

1874 Apr. * The National Union of 
Elementary Teachers holds its fourth 
annual conference. 

May 18. Dublin. The Senate of the 
University rejects a proposal to estab- 
lish a Roman Catholic college within 
the University. Vote, 74-7. 

Aug. 18. Five board-schools are opened 
at Sheffield by the archbishop of York, 
Messrs. Roebuck, Forster, and others, 

Sept. * The result of the first university 
examination of '2*Jl schools is published. 
Winchester, 34 certificates : Manchester, 
27; Marlborough, 15; Eton, 13 ; Sher- 
borne, U ; Wellington College, 10 ; Rugby, 
6; Christ's Hospital and others, 1. 

Oct. 12. "Working Men and "Working 
"Women's Colleges are amalgamated 
as the "New College for Men and 
Women." 

Oct. 26. The Yorkshire College of Sci- 
ence at Leeds is opened. 

* * London . A medical school for 
women is opened. 

* * Hertford College, Oxford, is revived, 
and Magdalen Hall is incorporated with 
it. 



AND IRELAND. 1873, Oct. 6-1875, May 21. 979 



* * The study of food and clothing is 
introduced into the Government educa- 
tional department. 

* * Scot. Stephen Mitchell bequeaths 
£70,000 to found a free library at Glas- 
gow. [1S77. Opened.] 

* * E. R. Langworthy bequeaths £10,000 
to develop the chair of experimental 
physics in Owens College, Manchester. 

* * London. The Illustrated Sporting 
and Dramatic News is issued ; also the 
British Architect, Pictorial World, Eng- 
lishman, Sanitary Record, World, and 
the Accountant. 

* * Last Journal of David- Livingstone 
appears. 

* * The City of Dreadful Night, by James 
Thomson, appears. [1881, Vane's Story.] 

* * Scot. Essai/s, Bioi/raphical and Criti- 
cal, also The Three Devils, by David 
Masson, appear. 

* * Social Life in Greece, by John P. Ma- 
haffey, appears. [1880, A History of 
Greek Classical Literature.] 

* * Scot. Self-Culture, by John Stuart 
Blackie, appears. [1877, Natural History 
of Atheism and Four Phases of Morals: 
1879, Songs of Religion and Life; 1883, 
The Wisdom of Goethe.] 

* -* Short History of the English People, 
by John Hit- hard Green, appears. [1882, 
The Making of England.] 

* * Bothwell, by Swinburne, appears. 
[1S75, Essays and Studies.] 

* * Life of Christ, by Frederic William 
Farrar, appears. [1877, In the Days of 
Thy Youth.] 

1874-78 Problems of Life and Mind, by 
George Henry Lewes, appears. 

1374-78 Constitutional History of Eng- 
land, by Wm. Stubbs, bishop of Oxford, 
appears. 

1874-79 Hours in a Library, by Leslie 
Stephen, appears. 

1875 Feb. 23. The foundation of Sir 
Josiah Mason's College is laid by him- 
self and John Bright at Birmingham. 

Feb. * Vaticanism, by W. E. Gladstone, 
appears. 

Mar. 3. The House of Commons rejects 
a bill to enable Scotch universities to 
grant degrees to women. 

SOCIETY. 

1873 Oct. 6. A temperance hospital 
is opened ; no alcoholic drinks are to be 
given to patients. 

Nov. 19. Ten railway employees are 
convicted of robbing luggage and se- 
verely sentenced. 

Dec. * A National Federation of Em- 
ployees is formed to counteract trades- 



* * London. Orphans' Homes are es- 
tablished at Maida Hill. 

* * London. The National Health So- 
ciety is founded. 

± * * London. Hospital Sunday is es- 
tablished. 

1874 Jan. 23. Alfred Ernest Albert, 
Duke of Edinburgh, is married to the 
Grand Duchess Marie of Russia. 

Jan. 24. The Bengal Relief Fund is 
begun. [Mar. 19. £125,000is subscribed.] 

Mar. * A hospital for the treatment of 
throat and ear diseases is opened near 
Gray's Inn Road. 

June 30±. About 100 agricultural la- 
borers, who had been dismissed for 
being trade-unionists, traverse England 
as pilgrims ; they receive hospitality 
and money from the people. 

June * London. A new Liberal club for 
the West End is founded. 



July 9. London. The foundation of 
Lincoln Tower, Westminster Bridge, 
is laid by Gen. Schenck, XT. S. Minister. 

It is erected by the united subscrip- 
tions of the Britons and Americans, as 
a memorial of the abolition of slavery 
and of Abraham Lincoln. [1875, Sept. 
28. The head-stone is placed by the Rev. 
Newman Hall ; the tower is 220 feet 
high ; entire cost, about £7,000.] 

July 23. The Railway Travelers' Pro- 
tection Society is organized ; Duke of 
Manchester, president. 

Aug. 1. The annual whitebait dinner, 
stopped by the Gladstone Ministry, is 
revived by the Disraeli Ministry. 

Aug. 26. Ire. The strike of the linen- 
manufacturers ends. 

Ire. A great Home Rule demon- 
stration takes place at Drogheda. 



Oct. 6. A riot occurs at Northampton 
because Char 1«'S Brad laugh is not elected 
to Parliament ; suppressed by the mil- 
itary. 

Oct. 17. London. Hospital Saturdays 
for workmen are begun. 

* * London. Cremation societies are 
founded. 

* * London. The Women's Protective and 
Provident League is founded for work- 
ing women. 

1875 Jan. 2-May * W. A strike of 
about 50,000 miners occurs. 

Jan. * A gentleman gives £10,000 to edu- 
cate the working classes of Notting- 
ham. 

Jan. * About £325,000 is bequeathed to 
charities by R. L. Jones, a timber-mer- 
chant of Liverpool. 



STATE. 

1873 Oct. 25. Ire. The programme of 
the Home Rule party, requiring an 
Irish parliament of queen, lords, and 
commons is published. 

Nov. 18. Dr. Lyon Playfair is ap- 
pointed postmaster-general. 

Dublin. A conference on Home 

Rule is held in the Rotundo. 

1874 Feb. 13. W. Afr. The Ashan- 
tees sign a treaty of peace. 

H. C. Mr. Gladstone introduces an 

Irish University Bill. [Rejected and 
withdrawn.] 

Feb. 17. The Conservatives having 
obtained a majority of about GO in the 
general election, Mr. Gladstone re- 
signs. 

Feb. 18. Ire. John Mitchel (United 
Irishman) is elected member of Parlia- 
ment for Tipperary. [Mar. * The Com- 
mons resolve that lie is ineligible, hav- 
ing been convicted of treason-felony.] 

Feb. 21. The second administration 
under Benjamin Disraeli, Premier, is 
formed. 

Members: the Karl of Derby, the Marquis 
of Salisbury, the Duke of Richmond, the 
Earl of Malinesbury, the Karl of Carnarvon, 
and Sir Stafford Northcote* Lord John Man- 
ners, postmaster-general, Lord Cairns, 
lord chancellor, George Ward Hunt, first 
lord of the admiralty, and the Duke of 
Abercorn, lord-lieutenant of Ireland. 

Feb. * Stephen Cave is appointed judge- 
advocate-general. 

Mar. 5. Parliament opens. [1880. Mar. 
23. Dissolved.] 

Mar. 20. H. C. A motion in favor of 
Home Rule for Ireland is rejected. 
Vote, 52-314. 



May 19. Parliament: A motion pro- 
posing the opening of public museums 
and galleries on Sunday is rejected. 

May 23. Prince Arthur is created Duke 
of Connaught, Earl of Sussex and 
Strathearn. 

June 24. H. C. The Merchant Ship- 
ping Survey Bill is rejected. Vote, 
170-173. 

July 1. H. C. A compulsory atten- 
dance bill is rejected. Vote, 156-320. 

July 30. Parliament: A new licens- 
ing Act is passed. Also The Board of 
Trade Railway Arbitration Act is 
passed. 

Aug. 7- Parliament: The Colonial 

Clergy Act is passed. Also a Public 
Health Act for Ireland; the Sanitary 
Laws Amendment Act, and a bill for 
abolishing patronage in Scotland, in- 
troduced by the Duke of Richmond, and 
the Conveyancing Act, facilitating the 
transfer of land in Scotland. 

Oct. 15. Alfred, first child of Prince 
Alfred Ernest, is born. 

Nov. * Rome. The English unofficial sec- 
retary of legation at the papal court is 
withdrawn. [Nov. 11. He leaves.] 

Dec. 16. Ire. John T.Bali is appointed 

lord high chancellor. 
* * Fiji is obtained by cession from the 

natives. 

1875 Jan. 13. Mr. Gladstone resigns 
the leadership of the Liberal party. [He 
is succeeded by the Marquis of Har- 
tington.] 

Feb. 5. Parliament meets. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1S73 Nov. 7- London. A panic on the 
Stock Exchange raises the bank-rate to 
nine per cent. 



1874 Jan. 27. Railway trains collide 
near Manuel and Boness Junction ; 16 
lives lost. 

Mar. 21. The Criterion, Regent's Cir- 
cus, Piccadilly, is first opened. 

Mar.* The steamer Queen Elisabeth 
founders near Tarifa ; 20 lives lost. 

Apr. 1. The Atlantic, for Halifax, falls 
short of coals, and founders on Meagher 
Rock, near Sambro ; 500 lives lost. [Apr. 
25. Investigation ; captain suspended 
for two years.] 

May 23. The emigrant ship British Ad- 
miral is wrecked on Kins Island, Bass 
Strait ; 80 lives lost. 

June 1. The American Pullman palace 
saloon cars on the Midland Railroad 
are opened to the public. 

Nov. 17-18. The emigrant vessel Cos- 
Patrick takes fire ; about 470 lives lost. 
[Dec. 6. A few survivors arrive at St. 
Helena.] 

Nov. 29. The steamer La Plata foun- 
ders in the Bay of Biscay ; 17 out of 85 
are saved. 

Dec. 24. A railway train goes over an 
embankment at Shipton, killing 34 per- 
sons, and injuring 70. 

1875 Jan. 1. The Midland Railway 
Company change first-class rate of fare 
to H pence a mile, and abolish second- 
class rate. [Other companies soon fol- 
low.] 

Number of railway employees : Eng- 
land, 22S.!>5S ; Scotland, 31,023; Ireland, 
14,554 ; total, 274,535. 
May 8. The steamer Cadiz is wrecked 
on Wizard Eock, Brest ; about 62 lives 
lost. 



980 1875, May 28-1876, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1875 Sept. 1. Ire. The war-ship Van- 
guard is sunk off the coast of Wicklow, 
by collision with the war-ship Iron Duke. 
Capt. Dawkins of the Iron Duke is tried, 
by court-martial and dismissed ; Lieut. 
Evans is removed from his command. 

Nov. 28. The Iron Duke is nearly lost ; 
cause, the leaving open of a valve. 

1876 July 14. The boiler of the war- 
ship Thunderer bursts while the vessel 
is on a trial trip in Stoke's Bay, Ports- 
mouth ; 45 are killed and 50 injured. 

Oct. 19. The war-ship Bacchante is 
launched. [Nov. 4, the A elson at Glas- 
gow; Nov. IS, also the Northampton; 
1S77, Jan. 31, the Euryalus&t Chatham.] 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1875 May 29. Capt. (Sir) George Strong 
Nares's expedition for arctic discovery 
departs in the vessels Alert and Discov- 
ery. [Sept. 1. He reaches S2° 24', and 
winters in 82° 27', the farthest point north 
reached by any ship ; he reports no open 
sea, but instead a sea of ancient ice ; 
sledge-parties approach within 400 miles 
of the Pole. 1876. Oct. 27. The Alert 
arrives at Valentia. Oct. 29. The Dis- 
cover}/ arrives at Queenstown.] 

June 25. The Polar expedition of 
Capt. Allen Young sails in the Pandora 
(aided by Lady Franklin). [Oct. 19. Re- 
turns.] 

Aug. 16. Firth Park, Sheffield, is 
opened ; it is the gift of Mark Firth. 

Sept. 6. The public museum and hall 
are opened at Sheffield. 

Sept. 7. London. The National Opera 
House is founded. [Dec. 16. First stone 
laid.] 

Oct. 6. The Yorkshire College for Sci- 
ence is formally opened by the Duke of 
Devonshire at Leeds. 

Dec. 1. A statue of Cromwell by 
Matthew Noble, gift of Mrs. Abel Hey- 
wood, is uncovered at Manchester. 

* * London. The Psychological Society 
and the Royal Aquarium S'M.'iety are or- 
ganized ; the Church Choral Society is 
incorporated as Trinity College. 

* * The Kyrle Society is formed. [1877. 
Founded by Prince Leopold, Princess 
Louise, the Duke of Westminster, and 
others, for " bringing beauty home to 
the people " by means of decorative art, 
gardening, music, etc.] 

1876 Jan. 6. Dublin. A statue of 
Henry Grattan is unveiled. 

Feb. 3. London. The Mineralogical 
Society of Great Britain meets for the 
first time. 

Feb. 28. The Birmingham Philosophi- 
cal Society is founded. 

May 13-Dec. 30. The International 
Loan Exhibition of Scientific Appa- 
ratus is held at South Kensington. 

May 17. Edinburgh. The National 
Training School of Music is opened. 

June 2. The Polar expedition of Capt. 
Allen Young again sails. [Oct. 31. Re- 
turns.] 

June * The swing bridge over the Tyne 
at Newcastle is completed. 

July 17-24. The Royal Agricultural 
Society meets at Birmingham. 

Aug. 14. Hot summer ; the thermom- 
eter reaches 95°.7 in the shade at Not- 
tingham. 

Aug. 15. Edinburgh. A statue of David 
Livingstone is unveiled. [Aug. 17. The 
Albert Memorial is inaugurated by the 
queen.] 

Sept. 5. The Aquarium and "Winter 
Garden at Yarmouth are opened. 



Oct. 11. The Social Science Associa- 
tion meets at Liverpool. [1877, Sept. 19, 
at Aberdeen ; 1S7S, Oct. 23, at Chelten- 
ham ; 1879, Oct. 1, at Manchester. 

Oct. *+ The Atlas Iron Works, Sheffield, 
roll armor-plate 24 inches thick. 

Nov. 27. The Gallery of Sculptures, 
bequeathed by John Cibson, is exhibited 
free by the Royal Academy. 

* * A Btatue of Michael Faraday is un- 
veiled at the Royal Institution. 

+ * * Ernst Werner and Sir Charles Sie- 
mens, by means of regenerative gas fur- 
naces, produce excellent steel cheaply 
in large masses. 

* * Scot. The British Association meets 
in Glasgow. [1877, at Plymouth; 1S78, 
at Dublin ; 1879, at Sheffield ; 1880, at 
Swansea.] 

* * London. The Sanitary Institute of 
Great Britain is founded. 

* * London. The Physiological Society 
is founded by John Scott Burdon-San- 
derson and others. 

* * Manganese bronze, a new metal, is 
produced by P. M. Parsons, inventor of 
white brass. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1875 * * Bennett, William S., pianist, com- 
poser, A59. 

Cairnes, John E., political economist, A51. 
Finlay, George, author. Scotland, A75. 
Grant, Sir .lames II., general, A67. 
Helps, Sir Arthur, essayist, dramatist, A58. 
Key, Thomas H., philologist, A76. 
KingBley, Charles, el., novelist, au., A56. 
Slitehel, John, patriot., historian, journalist, 

Ireland, A60. 
Osborn, Slierard, explorer, admiral, A53. 
Stanhope, Earl of, Philip H., Lord Mahon, 

historian, A70. 
"Wilkinson, Sir John G., Egyptologist, ATS. 
Willis, Robert, physicist . mechanician, A75. 

1876 * * Bosworth, Joseph, lexicographer, 
A88. 

Eadie, John, 1'res. clergyman, author, A62. 
Lane, Edward William, orientalist, A75. 
Lewis, John F., painter, A71. 
Lough, John G., sculptor, A72. 
Martineau, Harriet, author, A74. 
Napier, Robert, eng., shipbuilder, Scot., A85. 
Walker, Frederick, painter, A36. 



CHURCH. 

1875 June 14. Parliament: The Bish- 
ops' Resignation Act is passed. 

June 29. The bishopric of St. Albans 
is created, and dioceses of London, Win- 
chester, and .Rochester are re-arranged 
by Act of Parliament. 

July 1. The Public "Worship Regu- 
lation Act, for suppressing ritualism in 
the Church of England, goes into opera- 
tion. The case of Eev. C. J. Kidsdale is 
the first tried; the judgment of the ec- 
clesiastical court is given against him, 
because of ritualistic proceedings. [1876. 
Jan. 6. A new court at Lambeth Palace 
under Lord Penzance decides in his 
favor.] 

July 19-22. London. A Pan-Presby- 
terian Congress is held ; 50 bodies, 
British and foreign, agree to form an 
"Alliance of Presbyterian Churches." 

Sept. * Dublin. A synod is held at May- 
nooth College, condemning mixed edu- 
cation. 

July 28. A statue of Richard Baxter 
the Non-conformist, is unveiled at Kid- 
derminster (Worcester), by Mrs. Phil- 
pott, wife of the bishop of Worcester. 

Sept. 7. The Marquis of Ripon becomes 
a Roman Catholic. 

Oct. 3. A large convent at Bourne- 
mouth, in connection with Church of 
England, is opened. 

Nov. 30. The Albert Memorial 
Chapel, on the site of Wolsey Chapel, 
at Windsor, is opened. 

* * * The Parochial Missions to the Jews 
Fund is founded. 



±* * Sees established : 

Niagara. [1877, Trnro, Transvaal, Lahore, 
and Rangoon; 1878, North Queensland; 1 1879, 
New Caledonia. British Columbia, New 
Westminster, and Tranvancore and Cochin.] 

* * Henry Edward Manning, arch- 
bishop of Westminster, is consecrated a 
cardinal priest. 

* * The Ladies* Committee of the Lon- 
don Missionary Society is organized. 

* * Ire. The Protestant Dissenting min- 
isters give up their allowance from the 
Government in response to the senti- 
ment of the people. 

* * Scot. The Central Committee and 
Church Women's Association for For- 
eign Missions of the Scottish Episcopal 
Church is formed. 

* * Bishops elected : 

R. S. Copleston for Colombo, Ceylon, and 
Samuel Thornton, for Ballarat, Australia. 
[1876, H. Hutton Parry for Perth, Australia, 
E. R. Johnson for Calcutta, and Louis G. 
Wylne for Bombay; 1878,31. Berardi for Ve- 
rapoli, Asia, Edmund Craig Stuart for Wai- 
apu, N. Z., Thomas Legh Claughton for St. 
Albans, Anthony Wilson Thorold for Roches- 
ter, and John 11. Selwvn for Melanesi, N. Z.; 
1878, Henry B. Bousneld for Pretoria, South 
Africa, Llewellyn Jones for Newfoundland, 
William Parkenham Walsh for Ossory, Wil- 
liam D. Maclagan for Lichfield, Robert Sam- 
uel Greg for Cork, and G. H. Stanton for 
North Queensland ; I MM, Joseph Barber Light- 
foot for Durham, William Ridley for New 
Caledonia, A. W. Sillitoe for New West- 
minster, Arthur Sweaton for Toronto, Wil- 
liam B. Bond for Montreal, and Elzear Tor- 
regiani for Armidale, Australia.] 

1876 Mar. 3. H. C. A Burials Bill, 

to permit the ministers of Dissenters to 
officiate at funerals in churchyards, is 
rejected. Vote, 248-279. 

June 13. The Presbyterian Church 
of England is reconstituted at Liverpool 
in union with the United Presbyterian 
(Church of Scotland). 

July 4. London. Christ Church, re- 
placing Surrey Chapel, and the school 
adjoining, costing £60,000, are dedicated. 

July 16. London. The Passionists 
Monastery, Highgate, is solemnly 
blessed by Cardinal Manning and opened. 

July 24. A meeting of bishops and Dis- 
senting ministers is held at Lambeth 
Palace to consider the progress of irre- 
ligious thought. 

July 27. A league in aid of Christians 
in Turkey is formed. 

Aug. 5. The Church of England "Work- 
ing Men's Society is established at St. 
Alban's, Holborn. 

Aug. 20. John Sugden is consecrated 
bishop of the Free Church of England 
in Christ's Church, Lambeth. 

Aug. * The Chester Cathedral is re- 
opened after restoration. 

Dec. 17. Rev. A. H. Tooth, vicar of St. 
James at Hatcham, a ritualist, is inhibited 
from officiating in the parish. Disobeying 
the inhibition, he is imprisoned. 

* * The Young Men's Foreign Missionary 
Society is organized by members of the 
Young Men's Christian Association. 
Also in London the Association for the 
Free Distribution of the Scriptures is 
organized. 

LETTERS. 

1875 July * London. The Education 
Society is formed. 

Oct. 18. Wewnham College, Cam- 
bridge, for women, is opened. 

* * The Anglican Church Quarterly He- 
view is issued. 

* * Durability in Art, by William Noy 
Wilkins, appears. 



AND IRELAND. 1875, May 28-1876, * *. 981 



* * A Course of Practical Instruction in 
Elementary Biology, by Huxley and H. 
N. Martin, appears. 

* * Fated to be Free, by Jean Ingelow, 
appears. 

* * Trumpet Calls to Christian Energy, by 
Charles Haddon Spurgeon, appears. 
[1882, Farm Sermons.] 

* * Thrift, by Samuel Smiles, appears. 
1876 Jan. 14. Tlie first annual con- 
ference of teachers is held. 

Feb. 21. The Purcell Society is 
founded. 

Aug. 11. London. The Hour suspends. 

Sept. 6. Horrors in Bulgaria, by "Wil- 
liam Ewart Gladstone, appears. 

Sept. 10. The University College at 
Bristol is opened. 

Oct. 26. Cavendish College, Cambridge, 
established to give cheap university 
education to young persons in short 
time, is opened. 

Nov. 14. London. The first "Working 
Lads' Institute is opened at White- 
chapel. 

* * London. The Whitehall Review is is- 
sued ; also the Daily Recorder of Com- 
merce and the Mind. 

* * Weather Charts and Storm Warnings, 
by R. H. Scott, appears. 

* * Scot. Shadow of the Sword, by Robert 
William Buchanan, appears. [1881, God 
and the Man ; 1882, Ballads of Life, Love, 
and Humour; 1885, Alone in London.] 

* * Life and Letters of Lord Macaulay , 
by Sir George Otto Trevelyan, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1875 May * - Aug. * Warwickshire 
miners strike. 

July * -Aug. * Strikes occur at Oldham. 
Aug. 3. Parliament : The Employers 
and Workmen Act is passed. 

* * The Sunday Society is established to 
promote the movement for opening mu- 
seums and art galleries on Sunday. 

* * London. Bicycle clubs are formed. 

* * A Home for Incurable Children is 
established at Maida Vale. 

* * The Society for the abolition of vivi- 
section is established. 

1876 Mar. 30. Ire. Agrarian outrages 
continue. [July 25. Mr. Bridges and 
party are fired on in daylight, the coach- 
man'killed ; several wounded at Mitchels- 
town, Cork. Crowe convicted of murder.] 



Oct. 2, 10, 20. London. Dr. Henry 
Slade, a Spiritualist medium, and Geof- 
frey Simmons, his assistant, are tried on 
charges preferred by Prof. E. Ray Lan- 
kester and others, with unlawfully using 
certain subtle and crafty means and de- 
vices to deceive. [Oct. 31. Simmons is 
discharged, but Slade is sentenced to 
three months' imprisonment with hard 
labor. On appeal the sentence is quashed 
on a technicality.] 

* * An international association for the 
total suppression of vivisection formed. 



Oct. 5. Lords Blackburn and Gordon are 
created peers for life. 

Nov. 25. Victoria, third child of Prince 
Alfred Ernest, is born. 

Nov. 28. Ire. John, Duke of Marl- 
borough, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 

Dec. 8. London. A national confer- 
ence against war to defend Turkey 
is held in St. James's Hall. 

* * London. Sir Thomas White is elected 
lord mayor. 



Apr. 21. British Women's Temperance 
Association is founded by a conference 
of ladies at Newcastle-on-Tyne. It aims 
to effect a federation of all women's 
temperance organizations based on total 
abstinence. 

Apr. 17. Fenian prisoners escape from 
West Australia in the American ship 
Catalpa. [Aug. 19. Arrive in New 
York.] 

June 30. The House of Lords appoints 
a commission to inquire into the preva- 
lence of drunkenness. [Report re- 
specting alcohol neutral.] 

Aug. 11. Parliament: A Medical Act 
is passed permitting the registration of 
medical women. 

Aug. 24. Sixteen hundred Bolton mi- 
ners strike against 15 per cent reduction 
in wages. i 

Sept. 18. London. A public meeting is Parliament is prorogued, 

held at Mansion House respecting atro- Aug. 19. E. I. The royal title, " Em- 
cities in Bulgaria, press of India," is announced by the 

Sept. 22. A society to promote legisla- viceroy, 
tion for the control and cure of habitual Sept. 13. China. A convention is 
drunkards is formed. signed with China at Chefu. 



STATE. 



June 1. H. L. It is decided that rail- 
way companies are responsible for neg- 
ligence in conveying persons and goods, 
although they disclaim it on tickets. 

June 24. The Government appoints a 
commission, of which Viscount Cardwell 
and Prof. T. H. Huxley are members, to 
inquire into the practise of vivisection. 

Aug. 2. Parliament : A new sinking- 
fund is established. 

Aug. 11. Parliament: The Sale of 
Food and Drugs Act, repealing all adul- 
teration Acts, is passed. 

Aug. 13. Parliament: An Act is passed 
giving further powers to the Board of 
Trade to stop unseaworthy ships. Also 
the Agricultural Holding Act and Land 
Transfer Act for England are passed. 
Parliament is prorogued. 

Oct. 29. Mary, second child of Prince 
Alfred Ernest, is born. 

Nov. 1. The Supreme Court of Judi- 
cature becomes operative. 

Nov. 25. George A. F. Cavendish 
Bentinck is made judge-advocate-gen- 
eral. 

Nov. * Sir Richard Baggallay is made 
lord justice. 

* * London. William James Richmond 
Cotton is elected lord mayor. 

1876 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened. 

Apr. 27. Parliament: The Royal 
Titles Bill is passed. It adds to the 
titles of the queen that of " Empress 
of India." 

Apr. * H. C. Mr. Dixon's bill for uni- 
versal school boards and compulsory 
education is rejected. Vote, 281-260. 

May 1. London. The queen is pro- 
claimed " Empress of India." 

June 14. H. C. The Permissive Pro- 
hibitory Bill is introduced for the 
eighth time [and rejected. Vote, 299-81]. 

June 24. Parliament : A "Wild Birds' 
Protection Act is passed. 

June 30. Parliament: The Trades' 
Union Act is amended. 

Aug.* Parliament: The Elementary 
Education Act is passed. 

Aug. 11. Parliament: The Act giving 
power to unite counties for the purpose 
of winter assizes for more speedy trials 
of prisoners is passed. 

Aug. 15. Parliament: The Merchants' 
Shipping Act is passed. 

Parliament: The Divided Parishes 
and Poor Law Amendment Act is 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1875 July 10. The Metropolitan Rail- 
way is extended to the Great Eastern. 

Aug. 16. Scot. The new Victoria wet 
dock, Dundee, is opened by Lord Strath- 
more. 

Aug. 24, 25. Capt. Matt. Webb swims 
from Dover to Calais in 23f hours. 

Aug. 28. Railway collision at Kild- 
wick, Yorkshire ; seven persons killed. 

Aug. 31. A new exchange at Leeds is 
opened. 

Aug. * London. The drainage -works 
are completed. Total cost, £4,500,000. 

Nov. 15. Thames overflows, causing 
great damage and distress ; the Wool- 
wich arsenal is Hooded. Total rise, 29 
feet. 

Nov. 25. The khedive's shares in the 
Suez Canal are bought by the British 
Government. 

Nov. 30. The new poultry-market, 
Smithfield, is inaugurated by Lord 
Mayor Cotton. 

* * London. Spelling-bees are intro- 
duced (from U. S. A.). 

* * Oysters become scarce ; dredging and 
deep-sea fishing are restricted. 

1876 Jan. 21. Two collisions occur 
on the Great Northern Railway, near 
Huntingdon ; 14 persons are killed. 

Feb. 17. The Glasgow steamer Strath- 
clyde collides with the Franconia in 
Dover Bay ; 17 persons perish. 

Feb. 23. London. Direct cable line to 
New Zealand is completed. 

Feb. 26. The first steam ferry-boat on 
the Thames, Jessie May, is launched. 

1876 Mar. 2. The great amphithea- 
ter at Leeds is burned ; loss, about 
£30,000. 

Mar. 29. London. The Royal Albert 
Hall, Kensington, is opened by the 
queen. 

Mar. 6. London. Edward P. "Weston 
begins his walk of 500 miles in Agricul- 
tural Hall. 

[Mar. 11. Has walked 450 miles. Apr. 22. 
He walks 111 miles in 24 hours in Mumlies- 
ter. Dec. 18-23. He walks 4(30 miles in six 
days in Agricultural flail. 1879. June 16. 
He walks 550 miles, and wins the Sir John 
Astley belt. 1883, Nov. 21-1884, Mar. 15. 
Walks 5,000 miles in 100 days on teetotal 
principles.] 

May 24, 25 . A great fire occurs at Bris- 
tol ; loss, £80,000. 

May * About 500 animals from India 
are presented to the Zoological Society 
by the Prince of Wales. 

June 27. The Canadian national game 
lacrosse is played before the queen at 
Windsor by 13 Iroquois and 14 Cana- 
dians. 

Aug. 7. A collision occurs on the Som- 
erset and Dorset Railway, near Bath ; 
14 persons are killed. 

Aug. 12+. The Great Queensland sails 
for Melbourne loaded with patent and 
other gunpowder, with 569 persons 
aboard. [She is supposed to have ex- 
ploded ; wreckage found.] 

* * The Pneumatic Despatch Company 
suspends through insufficient support. 

* * A. Baltazzi's Kisber wins the Derby 
race. 



982 1877, Jan. 1-1878, 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1S78 Mar. 24. The war-ship Eurydice 
is lost near the Isle of Wight ; 300 men 
perish. 

July 8-20. The National Association 
for rifle-shooting meets at Wimbledon ; 
Private Ray, 11th Stirling, wins the 
queen's prize. 

[1879, July 14-26, Corporal Taylor, 47th 
Lancashire; Ihso, .lulv 12-iM, Alexander Fer- 
guson, 1st Argyll; 1881, .lulv 11-23, Thomas 
Beck, 3d Devon ; 1882, July 10-22, Sergt. 
Lawrence, 1st Dumbarton; 1S83, July 9-21, 
Sergt. Markav, 1st Sutherland; 1*84, July 14- 
26, Private Gallant, 8th Middlesex.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1877 Jan. 1. A statue of William 
liathbone, merchant, is unveiled at Liv- 
erpool. 

Jan. 25. Scot. A statue of Robert 
Burnsis unveiled in St. < ienrge's Square, 
Glasgow. [Apr. 3. New Stock Exchange 
opened.] 

Feb. 17. London. The 400th anniver- 
sary of the discovery of printing is 
celebrated. 

Mar. 15. Egy. One of the obelisks 
erected by Thothmes III. is offered to 
the British Government by the khedive. 

May 1. London. Grosvenor Gallery, 
for the exhibition of modern pictures, is 
opened in Bond Street. 

May 7. London. The "Wagner Festi- 
val is held at Royal Albert, Hall ; Wag- 
ner is present. 

May * London. The African Explora- 
tion Fund is founded by the Royal Geo- 
graphical Society. 

Aug. 23. Bell's telephone is exhibited 
before the British Association, Plym- 
outh. 

Sept. 6. The "Walker Art Gallery, Liv- 
erpool, the gift of Andrew Walker, cost- 
ing above £30,000, is opened by the Earl 
of Derby. 

Sept. 19-22. A musical festival is held 
at Leeds. 

Oct. 14, 15. A violent gale does great 
damage to property on land, and destroys 
shipping, with loss of life. 

Dee. 28. Scot. A statue of Thomas 
Campbell is unveiled in St. George's 
Square, Glasgow. 

* * London. A statue of Sir Robert Peel 
at Parliament Square is unveiled. 

* * London. The Institute of Chemistry 
is founded. Also the Library Associa- 
tion and the Index Society. 

1878 Jan. 1. Ire. A grand iron bridge 
is opened over the Foyle at Londonderry. 

Jan. 14, 15. Bell's telephone is ex- 
hibited. 

Feb. 14. The statue of Sir John Cordy 
Burrows at Brighton is unveiled. 

Mar. 28. London. Electric light is 
tried at Westminster Palace. 

June 26. Greatest heat at Notting- 
ham ; 05° in the shade. 

July 3. The Midland Counties Art Mu- 
seum, Nottingham, is opened by the 
Prince of Wales. 

July 4. A Polar expedition in the Vega 
under Prof. Adolf Eric Nordenskjold 
starts, seeking a northeast passage. 

July 27. Edinburgh. A statue of Dr. 
Chalmers, by Steell, is unveiled. 

* *Boxer's life-saving, rope-carrying 
rocket, for communicating with 
stranded vessels, is described. 

Sept. 13. London. The Egyptian ob- 
elisk is finally placed on the Thames 
embankment. 

Nov. 11. Edison's loud-speaking tele- 
phone conveys conversation between 
London and Norwich, by 115 miles of 
■wire. 



Nov. 13. Sir Frederick Leighton is 
elected president of the Royal Academy. 

Dec. 13. London. The Jablochkoff sys- 
tem of electric light is set up for trial 
on the Thames embankment, north side. 



Nov. 28. Dublin, Edward McCabe 

is consecrated (Roman Catholic) arch- 
bishop of Dublin. [* * Ire. Michael 
Logue, archbishop of Armagh, and Bar- 
tholomew Woodloek, bishop of Ardagh.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1877* * Bagehot, Walter, essayist, journal- 
ist, author, A51. 

Bain, Alexander, logician, philosopher, 
author, Scotland, A59. 

Belcher, Sir Edward, naval officer, arctic 
navigator, A78. 

.Tames, Sir Henry, engineer, inventor, A74. 

Kavanagh, Julia, Irish novelist, A53. 

Marshnian, John Clark, historian, A83. 

Norton, < 'arolme K, poet, novelist, A69. 

Talbot, William H. F., discoverer of photog- 
raphy, A77. 

Warren, Samuel, jurist, novelist, A70. 

Wright, Thomas, antiquarian writer, A67, 

Wyatt, Sir Matthew 1>., architect, A57. 
1878* * Bark, Sir < it-urge, arctic navigator, 
A82. 

Chelmsford, Lord, F. T., jurist, states., A84. 

Creasy, Sir Edward S., historian, A66. 

Cullen, Paul, cardinal, archbishop of Dub- 
lin, A75. 

Uoran, John, editor, author, A71. 

Duff, Alexander, Scutch missionary, cl., A72. 

Gill, William, clergyman, missionary, A65. 

(irant, Sir Francis, artist, Scotland, A75. 

Lewes, George II., pliil. and mis. writer, Alii. 

Russell, Lord, John, statesman, A86. 

Stirling-Maxwell, Sir William, sc. au., A60. 



CHURCH. 

1877 June 8. Parliament : The Sun- 
day opening of museums and art gal- 
leries is again refused. Vote, 87-229. 

July 2-9. Edinburgh. A Pan-Presby- 
terian conference is held. 

Aug. 9. The Duke of Westminster and 
95 other peers address the archbishop of 
Canterbury against auricular confes- 
sion. 

Sept. 30. London. The Mormon Con- 
ference is opened. 

* * A reformed Episcopal secession from 
the Free Church of England takes place. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

William Fitzgerald for Ross, Ireland, Peter 
Pace for Gozo. [1«7«, I'anl tioetlials, arch- 
bishop of Calcutta; 1*79, Fdward lsley for 
Birmingham, Edmund Knight for Shrews- 
bury, Richard Lacy for Middlesborough,and 
Clement Pagnani for Kandy, Ceylon.] 

1878 Mar. 4. Scot. The Koman Cath- 
olic Hierarchy is restored by Pope Leo 
XIII. [Apr. 13. Protestants protest 
against it.] 

May 1. Dublin. Christ Church Cathe- 
dral, after being restored at the cost of 
£250,090, is reopened. 

June 13. London. The British and For- 
eign Unitarian Association is founded 
to promote XJnitarianism. 

July 2-27. The Pan-Anglican Con- 
gress meets at Lambeth. 

Aug. 16. Parliament: The Bishoprics 
Act is passed. 

It authorizes the endowment of four 
new bishoprics, Liverpool, Newcastle. 
Wakefield (York), and Southwell (Can- 
terbury), without increasing the number 
of bishops in Parliament. [1878. Wake- 
field is established. 1882. Newcastle.] 

Sept. 29. London. A Carmelite eon- 
vent is opened at St. Charles Square, 
Notting Hill. 

Sept. * Free libraries are opened on 
Sundays at Manchester and other 
places. [Also the Grosvenor Gallery 
and other collections in London.] 



LETTERS. 

1877 Feb. 28. London. The Senate 
of the University of London votes to 
grant degrees to women. [May 8. 
The Convocation votes against it.] 

Mar. 28. The National Education 
League is dissolved. 

Mar. * London. The Nineteenth Century 
is issued. 

Aug. 10. The Universities Act is 
passed. 

Sept. 3. Scot. The weaving-school, 
Glasgow, is opened. 

Sept. 27. The "University college build- 
ings, Nottingham, are founded. 

Oct. 2. London. Library Association 
of the United Kingdom is founded at a 
conference of librarians at the London 
Institute. [1878. Oct. 1-3. First meet- 
ing held.] 

* * London. The Index Society is 
founded. 

* * Observatory , a monthly review of as- 
tronomy, is issued. 

* * The Refe, 
sued ; als'o Truth. 



sporting paper, is 



* * A copy of the Chinese Cyclopaedia of 
0,019 volumes is bought for the British 
Museum. 

* * Literary and Social Judgments, by 
William liathbone Greg, appears. 

* * Proverbs in Porcelain, by Henry Aus- 
tin Dobson, appears. [1885, At the Sign 
of the Lyre.] 

1878 Jan. 15. London. The Univer- 
sity of London Convocation votes for 
a supplemental charter granting de- 
grees to women. [Mar. 28. Charter 
granted.] 

Feb. 11. Weekly Weather Report is is- 
sued. 

Aug. 16. The Education Act for Scot- 
land is amended, and the Intermediate 
Education Act for Ireland is passed. 

Oct. 27. London. The new city library 
and museum are founded near Guildhall. 

3STov. 11. London. The City and Guilds 
of London Institute for the advancement 
of Technical Education is constituted. 



1877 Jan. 16. Wm. Lawrence is sen- 
tenced to three months' imprisonment 
for receiving money as a spiritual me- 
dium. 

Mar. 2. London. The Rev. Josiah 
Henson (colored), the original " Uncle 
Tom" of Mrs. Stowe's novel, is received 
by the queen at Buckingham Palace. 

May 29-June 12. About 12,000 North- 
umberland miners strike. [Dec. 15- 
1878,Feb. * AboutS.OOOniinersare locked 
out.] 

May * -June * The Birmingham Liberal 
Federation is formed. 

May * -Oct. * Scot. A great strike and 
lockout of about 10,000 shipwrights and 
others occur on the Clyde. The case is 
submitted to arbitration ; the arbitrator, 
Lord Moncreiff, decides against the 
men. 

July 31. London. The masons strike 
for increased waives and shorter hours. 
[Sept.20±. Some firms yield. 1878. Mar. 
14. Ended.] 

Sept. 1±. The Bolton cotton-workers 
strike. [Strike ended by agreement.] 

Sept. 14^22. Ire. A strike occurs on 
the Great Southern and Western Rail- 



AND IRELAND. 



1877, Jan. 1-1878, * * 983 



1878 Jan. 1. The Imperial Order of 
the Crown of India is instituted. 

Jan. 15. The Indian Famine Relief 
Fund amounts to £503,000. 

Jan. * -Sept. * Ire. Davitt and other 
Fenian prisoners are released. 

Feb. 10. London. The Blue Ribbon 
movement begins with a conference of 
temperance workers. 

Apr. 2. The Earl of Leitrim, his clerk, 
and driver are shot dead near his lodge, 
Manor Vaughan, Donegal. 

Apr. 18-June 17. About 120,000 spin- 
ners in Lancashire strike against a 10 
per cent reduction of wages. [Unsuc- 
cessful.] 

May 14, 15. A cotton strike and lock- 
out causes riots at Blackburn, Burnley, 
Accrington, Preston, and other places. 

May 27. Parliament: The Matrimo- 
nial Causes Act is passed. A magis- 
trate may grant judicial separation with 
maintenance to a wife suffering from a 
husband's violent usage. 

July 3. Parliament : The Habitual 
Drunkard's Act is passed. 

Aug. 16. Parliament: An Act is passed 
closing- public houses in Ireland on 
Sunday. 

Sept. * London. John B. Gough lec- 
tures. [1879. Oct. * Lectures again.] 

Oct. 11. Ire. RiotsbreakontatCallan; 

a chapel and house are attacked ; 28 men 

are arrested. 
A false alarm of fire causes a panic 

at the Colosseum Theater, Liverpool ; 

37 persons are killed. . 
Oct. * -Dec. * A partial strike and lock- 
out of laborers takes place in Kent and 

Sussex. 
Nov. 25-Dec. 28. Cotton-workers at 

Oldham strike unsuccessfully against a 

5 per cent reduction in wages. 
Dec. 12. Edward Byrne Madderne, a 

lunatic, is arrested for threats to attack 

the queen in letters to the Home Office. 

[1879. Jan. 13. Pronounced insane.] 

* * The Zetetical Society is established ; 
also the Folk-Lore Society. 

* * The Girls' Friendly Society, to pro- 
vide homes and assistance for working 
girls, is founded. 

STATE. 

1877 Feb. 8. Parliament is opened 
by the queen. 

Feb. 9. Ire.. George Augustus Chiches- 
ter May is made chief justice. 

Apr. 30. The Government proclaims its 
neutrality in the Russo-Turkish war. 

May 31. The National Liberal Fed- 
eration is formed at Birmingham. 

June 12. H. C. Mr. Gilpin's proposal 
for the abolition of the death penalty 
is rejected. Vote, 155-50. [187S. Mar. 
13. Again rejected. Vote, 293-64.] 

July 2, 3. H. C. The Commons are in 
session over 15 hours ; cause, obstruc- 
tion by Irish members. 

July 27. H. C. A temporary resolu- 
tion to check obstructiveness by abuse 
of the power of moving the adjourn- 
ment of the house is passed. Vote, 282-32. 

Aug. 7. William Henry Smith is 
made first lord of the admiralty. 

Aug. 10. Parliament: The Fisheries 
Act is passed. 

It forbids the sale of deep-sea oysters 
between June 15 and Aug. 4, and the 
sale of others bet we«m Ma v 14 and Aug. 4. 



Parliament: The Universities Act, 

uniting Trinity College and the Catholic 
College of Dublin, is passed. 

Aug. 14. Parliament : The County Of- 
ficers and Courts Act for Ireland is 
passed. A lso the Supreme Court of 
Judicature Act for Ireland is passed. 

Oct. 16. London. Sir John Bennett, 
thrice elected alderman, is rejected by 
the court of aldermen ; third time. Ed- 
gar Brethtt is elected by the court of 
aldermen. 

* * British North Borneo is ceded to the 
British North Borneo Company. 

* * S. Afr. The Transvaal is annexed. 

* * Sir Henry Cotton is elected lord 
justice. 

* * London. Thomas Scambler Owden is 
elected lord mayor. 

1878 Jan. 1. The fee for registered 
letters is reduced from id. to 2c/. 

Jan. 17. Parliament meets. [Aug. 1C. 
Prorogued. Dec. 17. Adjourns.] 

Jan. 24. Lord Carnarvon resigns on 
account of the policy of the ministry. 

Mar. 28. The Earl of Derby resigns 

Apr. 2. Parliament: A message is is- 
sued by the queen respecting calling out 
the reserves. [It is adopted.] 

May 15. H. C. A bill for reducing the 
Irish borough suffrage to one pound 
rating is rejected. Vote, 232-26. 

June 4. A secret convention is formed 
with Turkey. 

England agrees to aid Turkey in de- 
fending her dominions against Russia, 
the sultan promising reform in his Gov- 
ernment. 

June 13. Ger. The Berlin Congress 
meets. [July 13. The Berlin Treaty is 
signed.] (P. 831.) 

Aug. 3. H. C. After a debate on the 
Berlin Treaty, in which Mr. Gladstone 
delivers a great speech, the motion 
against the Government is defeated. 
Vote, 338-195. 

Aug. 16. Parliament: The Irish Sun- 
day closing liquor-saloon bill is passed. 
Also the Irish Intermediate Educa- 
tion Act, and the Territorial "Waters 
Jurisdiction Act. 

Parliament: The Bishoprics Act, al- 
lowing the erection of sees at Liverpool 
and Newcastle, is passed. 

Sept. 1. Alexandrina, fourth child of 
Prince Alfred Ernest, is born. 

Dec. 5. Parliament meets on account 
of the Afghan war. (See Afghanistan.) 

Dec. 10. H. L. A motion of censure 
on the Government is defeated. Vote, 
201-65. 

Dec. 14. H. C. The motion of censure 
is defeated. Vote, 328-227. 

* * The term "Walking-Sticks is applied 
to candidates for Parliament nominated 
by political associations, and subject to 
them in their votes. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1877 Jan. 15±. The ship Cairo from 
Australia, carrying gunpowder, disap- 
pears. 

Jan. 18. The Southeastern and Lon- 
don, Chatham and Dover Companies 
are amalgamated by a vote of the 
former. 



Feb. 4. TheTayBridgeismuchinjured 
by a gale. 

Feb 8-10. Leon, a Mexican, rides 505 
miles in 49 hours, 5U minutes. [July 
15. Hides 100 miles in four hours, 57 
minutes, using six mustang horses.] 

Feb. 24. The Avonmouth Dock at 
Bristol is opened. 

Mar. 18-23. London. O'Leary wins the 
first prize of the 17 pedestrians at Agri- 
cultural Hall ; distance traversed, 520 
miles. 

Mar. 25. The Scotch express jumps 
the track near Morpeth ; five lives lost. 

July 9. The Rotunda Theater at Liv- 
erpool is burned. 

Aug. 14. The fear of the Colorado 
beetle invading Britain leads to an 
order for its destruction ; few speci- 
mens arrive. 



Aug. 26±. London. Wm. Gale walks 
1,500 miles in 1,000 consecutive hours 
at Lillie Bridge. 

Sept. 11. The emigrant vessel Avalanche 
collides with the Forest off Portland ; 
all lives lost but 12. 

Sept. 13. Scot. Freedom of the city of 
Glasgow is presented to Gen. U.' S. 
Grant, ex-president United States. 

Sept. 18. Scot. The new Queen's 
Dock at Glasgow is opened. 

Sept. 26. London. A live whale from 
Labrador, measuring nine feet, six 
inches, is placed in the Westminster 
aquarium. [It dies soon after.] 

Oct. 15. The steamer Knapton Hall is 
sunk by a collision with the Lochfyne ; 
nine lives are lost. 

Dec. 6. The steamer Mizpah is sunk by 
collision with unknown vessel ; six lives _ 
lost. 

Oct. 22. Scot. An explosion in a col- 
liery near Glasgow causes 232 deaths. 

* * Lord Falmouth's Silvio wins the 
Derby race. 

1878 Jan. 2-14. Temple Bar is re- 
moved. 

Jan. 20. London. The Egyptian obe- 
lisk, presented by the khedive to Eng- 
land, arrives. 

Feb. 17. The steamer CM. Palmer col- 
lides in the fog with the Ludworth near 
Harwich ; 1-1 lives lost. 

June 7. Eng. A colliery explosion 
near Wigan kills 200 miners. , 

July 23-Aug. 10. John Rankin walks 
from Kilmarnock to London and back 
with stoppages. 

Aug.* London. The Great Eastern 
Street is opened. 

Sept. 3. The Princess Alice is sunk by a 
collision with the By well Castle, near 
"Woolwich, on the Thames; about 900 
lives lost. 

Sept. 11. Jr. A colliery explosion in 
Ebbw Vale kills 286 persons. 

Sept. 26. Ire. An engine is derailed at 
Cuna<j;heen, near Cork ; three persons 
are killed ; many injured. 

Oct. 18, 19. A railway collision near 
Pontypridd Junction causes 13 deaths, 
and injures 40 persons. 

Oct. 28-Wov. 2. London. W. Corkey 
wins championship and £o00 in walk- 
ing-match in Agricultural Hall. 

Oct. 31. The cruiser Fanny collides 
with the Helvetia off Tuskar, Irish Chan- 
nel ; 17 lives lost. 

Dec. 2. Engines are derailed near Taly- 
bont ; four lives lost. 

Dec. 18. The steamer Mesopotamia is 
wrecked at Peniche, Portugal coast ; 
eight lives lost. 



984 1878, * *-1880, Aug. 11. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1878 * * The powerful iron-clad Dread- 
nought is built. The Government buys 
four new iron-clads. 

1879 Jan. 2. A 38-ton gun explodes 
on the Thunderer in the Sea of Mar- 
mora; 10 men killed. 

Jan. 11-Sept. 1. 5. Afr. "War with the 

Zulus (p. 600). 
Sept. 17. The war-ship Agamemnon is 

launched at Chatham. 
Dec. * Orders are issued for the making 

of breecn-loading cannon. 

1880 Feb. 12-16. The training-ship 
Atalania, with 280 persons, is lost on a 
voyage from Bermuda. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1878 * * William Schwenck Gilbert and 
Arthur Sullivan's operetta H. M. S. 
Pinafore appears. 

* * London. The Imperial Theater at 
the Westminster Aquarium is opened. 

* * Gods and Their Makers is exhibited 
by Edwin Long. 

* * "William Spottiswoode is elected 
president of the Royal Society. 

1879 Mar. 10. Scot. A statue of 
Livingstone in St. George's Square is 
unveiled. 

Apr. 23. London. Shakespeare's Me- 
morial Theater is opened. 

May 7. A permanent Fine Arts Exhi- 
bition is opened by the archbishop at 
York. 

Sept. * A. Ainslie Common's powerful 
reflecting telescope, speculum 37J 
inches in diameter, length 20 feet, is 
completed at Ealing, Middlesex. 

Oct. 9. An obelisk is inaugurated at 
Wadesmill, as a memorial of Thomas 
Clark. 

* * London. The Astrological Society 
is founded. 

* * The "Willughby Society, devoted to 
the study of birds, is founded. 

* * W. Grove's electro-induction balance 
is invented. 

1880 Jan. 10. London. The Albert 
Institute, Windsor, is inaugurated by 
the Prince of Wales. 

Feb. 20. Scot. Diamonds are made 
by J. Hannay at Glasgow. 

Mar. 2. Sir William Siemens reports to 
the Royal Society that electric light 
acts like solar light on vegetation. 

May 24. London. A statue of Lord 
Byron is unveiled in Hyde Park. 

June 22-Oct. 12. B. Leigh Smith leads 
a successful expedition to the polar 
regions in his yacht Eira. 

July 2. London. Queen Victoria re- 
ceives the Order of the "White Ele- 
phant from the Siamese Miaister at 
Windsor. 

July 3. London. A statue of Robert 
Raikes, founder of the Sunday-school, 
is unveiled on the Thames embankment. 



1879 May 12. John Henry Newman 
is created a cardinal priest. 

Oct. 16. London. The opening of Guild- 
hall Library on Sundays is negatived 
by the Common Council. 

Nov. 25. Dublin. Archbishop McCabe 
issues a pastoral against the Land 
League. [1880. Oct. 10. Ire. It is read 
in all the churches.] 

1880 Mar. 24. The bishopric of Liv- 
erpool is established ; John Charles 
Kyle, bishop. 

May 20. The foundation of the new 
Cathedral of St. Mary, at Truro, is 
laid by the Prince of Wales. 

May 27. Professor W. Robertson Smith is gen- 
erally censured for writing an article on the 
Bible, etc., for the Encyclopedia Britannica 
in 1875; after lunt: eonsidenition by the As- 
sembly of the Free Church of Scotland, he is 
admonished only. [1881. May 26. Expelled 
from his prnfessurship. but allowed to retain 
his salary. Vote, 394-231.] 

June 26. London. A monument in mem- 
ory of twelve originators of Sunday- 
schools is inaugurated by Henry Rich- 
ard, the Italian ambassador, in Essex 
Street, Strand. 

June 27-July 3. The centenary of the 
establishment of Sunday-schools is 
celebrated. 

July * London. Exeter Hall, Strand, 
is bought for the Young Men's Christian 
Association. [1881. Mar. 29. Opened.] 



* * London. The Statist is issued ; also 
the Electrician, the Citizen, and The 
Magazine of Art. 

* * The Primrose Path, by Margaret 
Oliphant, appears. [1882, the Literary 
History of England and In Trust; 1885, 
Two Stories of the Seen and the Unseen.] 

* * Mediaeval Church History, by Richard 
Chenevix Trench, appears. 

* * An Inland Voyage and Edinburgh: 
Picturesque Notes, by Robert Louis Bal- 
four Stevenson, appear. [1879, Travels 
with a Donkey in the Cevennes; 1881, Vir- 
ginibus Puertsgue and other Papers.] 

* * On the Origin and the Growth of lie- 
ligion as illustrated by the Religions of 
India, by Max Muller, appears. 

1878-89 Dictionary of Music and Musi- 
cians, edited by Sir George Grove, ap- 
pears. 

1878-90 History of England in the 18th 
Century, by Lec'ky, appears. 

1879 Apr. 11. London. The Metro- 
politan Free Library Association is 
formed. 

June 9-14. London. The Interna- 
tional Literary Association meets. 

June 30. A bill is introduced in Parlia- 
ment to abolish the Queen's Univer- 
sity, Ireland, and to establish a new 
(R. C.) University. [Aug. 15. Passes.] 

Sept. 12. The foundation is laid of 
Holloway College for the Higher 
Education of "Women, near Virginia 
Water. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1879 * * Buckstone, John B., actor, dramatic 

writer, A77. 
Hill, Sir Rowland (penny-postage system), 

A84. 
Howitt, William, poet, author, A64. 
Roebuck, John A., statesman, A77. 



and Angus Macdonald of Argyll and Isles. 
' c * The Woman's Missionary Associ- 
ation of the Presbyterian Church is 



a free library, museum, etc. 

Oct. 14. The 500th anniversary of 
New College, Oxford, is celebrated. 

Oct. 17. The foundation of Bidley 
Hall, Cambridge (theological), is laid. 

Oct. 20. Firth College, Sheffield, built 
by Mark Firth, for £20,000, and endowed 
by the town, is inaugurated by Prince 
Leopold. 

* * The Light of Asia, by Sir Edwin Ar- 
nold, appears. 

Dec. * The Rabelais Club, to promote 
the study of Rabelais and the illustra- 
tion of his works, first meets. 



* fc Somerville Hall, Oxford, is founded. 

* * Burke, by John Morley, appears. [1881, 
Cobden.] 

* * Life and Times of Stein, by John Rob- 
ert Seeley, appears'. [1882, Natural Re- 
ligion.] 

* * Gleanings of Past Years, by W. E. 
Gladstone, appears. 

* * A Spelling Reform Association is 
formed ; Bishop Temple of Exeter, Rob- 
ert Lowe, E. B. Tylor, and Max Muller 
are among its members. 

* * Modern Thought is issued. 

* * A Key to Shakespeare appears. 

* * London. The Carlyle Society is 
founded. 

1879-80 Dramatic Idyls, by Robert 
Browning, appears. 

* * Analytical Concordance to the Bible, 
by Robert Young, appears. 

1880 Feb.* Steel: its History, Manu- 
facture, Properties, and Uses, by J. S. 
Jeans, appears. 

Mar. 5. The History of Musical Pitch, 
by A. J. Ellis, appears. 

Apr. 5. London. The Aristotelian So- 
ciety is founded. 

Apr. 20. Owens College, Manchester, 
becomes the Victoria University by 
change of title. 

May 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette 
is issued as, a liberal paper by John 
Morley. 

May 31. London. St. James's Gazette 
is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1878* *The Bicycle Union [the Na- 
tional Cyclists' Union] and the Cyclists' 
Touring Club are founded. 

* *The National Thrift Society is 
formed at Oxford. 

* * William Birk Rhodes, the Hounslow 
miser, bequeaths ,£30,000 to the Royal 
Free Hospital. 

* * London. Northwest London Hos- 
pital, Kentish Town Road, is founded. 

1879 Jan. 3. The goods-guards on the 
Midland Railway strike because of alter- 
ation of time of payment. [Unsuccess- 
ful.] 

Feb. 7. London. The engineers of 18 
firms strike against a reduction of 
wages. [Oct. 4. Ended.] 

Feb. 7-25. Riots at Liverpool, caused 
by the strike of sailors and dock la- 
borers, are suppressed. 

Feb. * London. The City Church and 
Churchyard Protection Society is 
formed. 

Mar. 2±. Mrs. Julia Martha Thomas is 
murdered at Richmond by Katherine 
Webster, a woman of thirty. [Apr. 17. 
John Church, a publican, is arrested on 
suspicion, but discharged. May 10. Kath- 
erine Webster is committed for trial. 
July 8. Convicted. July 29. Executed 
at Wandsworth.] 

Mar. 13. Prince Arthur marries Prin- 
cess Louise Margaret of Prussia. 

Apr. 15. The eoal-miners at Durham 
strike against a reduction of wages ; 
Cleveland and other iron-works close; 
70,000 men are idle. [May 16±. Strike 
is settled by arbitration.] 

May 15. Cotton-workers at Blackburn 
strike. 

May 28. Dublin. The centenary of the 
birth of Thomas Moore is celebrated. 

June 4. The first investiture of the Or- 
der of St. Katherine, instituted by the 
queen, takes place. 

June * The Workmen's Social Education 
League is formed. 

June 25. Prince Leopold is installed 
as master of the Freemasons' Lodge of 
Antiquity. 



AND IRELAND. 1878,* *-1880, Aug. 11. 985 



Sept. 24. The Institution for the 
Blind at Sheffield, endowed by Daniel 
Holy, is opened. 

Nov. 21. Ire. Great orderly Home- 
Rule meetings are held at Dublin, 
Balla, and other places. 

Dec. 5. London. Thomas Brennan is 
arrested for seditious speech at Balla, 
Nov. 22. 

Dec. 18. The Duchess of Marlborough 
appeals for relief of distress in Ire- 
land. [1880. Sept. 19. £135,243 collected.] 

1880 Jan. 2±. Ire. Riots occur in Car- 
raroe, Connemara, and other parts of 
Galway, caused by notices of eviction. 

Jan. * -Feb. * Ire. Contributions for the 
Famine Fund are received from the 
United States, Canada, Australia, India, 
etc. [Mar. 25. Relief funds amount to 
£129,000; Apr. 17, £141,562; July 23, 
£177,401.] 

Apr. 20. Ire. The Constellation, from 
the United States, arrives at Cork with 
a cargo of provisions given for relief. 

May 6. London. A great meeting, fa- 
voring woman suffrage, is held at St. 
James's Hall. 

June 3. London. A woman's body, 
stabbed in the breast, and covered with 
chloride of lime, is found in the house 
occupied by Mr. Henriques, in Harley 
Street. 

June 16. London. The King of Greece 
is given the freedom of the city. 

June 18, 19. Sir Wilfrid Dawson's res- 
olution on local option is adopted by 
the Commons. Vote, 229-203. 

June 21±. London. Tournaments are 
held at the Agricultural Hall for the 
benefit of soldiers' widows and orphans. 

June 28. London. The first home hos- 
pital is opened in Fitzroy Square. 

Aug. 8. Ire. Thomas Boyd, crown so- 
licitor, and his two sons are attacked 
at Shanlough, near New Ross, and 
Charles Boyd is killed. 

STATE. 

1878 * * Cyprus is ceded by convention 
with Turkey. 

* * London. Sir Charles Whetham is 
elected lord mayor. 

1879 Jan. 22. The annual meeting of 
the National Liberal Federation is 
held at Leeds. 

Feb. 27. H. C. An appropriation of 
£1,500,000 is voted for the Zulu war. 

Mar. 11. H. C. The Permissive (liq- 
uor sale) Bill resolution is rejected. 
Vote, 252-164. 

May 5. H. L. The Lords reject a mo- 
tion in favor of opening museums and 
galleries on Sunday. Vote, 67-59. [1880. 
Feb. 22. Again. Vote, 110-160.] 

May 12. The first great-grandchild of 
Queen Victoria, Feodore, daughter of 
Charlotte, daughter of Princess Royal 
Victoria, and Prince Bernard of Saxe- 
Meiningen, is born. 

May 26. Afghan. A treaty of peace 
with Afghanistan is signed at Ganda- 
mak. 

June 30. Parliament: A bill to abol- 
ish the Queen's University, Ireland, and 
to establish a new university for Cath- 
olics, is introduced by Lord Chancellor 
Cairns. 



June * -July * H. C. There is much 
obstruction caused by the Home Rule 
Party; Mr. Parnell's motion against the 
Speaker is lost. Vote, 29-421. 

July 16. H. C. C.E. Grissell and John 
S. Ward are convicted of breach of 
privilege by statements as to influen- 
cing. [They are imprisoned. July 30. 
John S. Ward is released. Aug. 15. C. 
E. Grissell is released.] 

Aug. 7. H. C. A hill allowing the en- 
rolling of volunteers in Ireland is de- 
feated. 

Aug. 15. Parliament: The Preven- 
tion of Crimes Act (Coercion Bill) for 
Ireland is passed. 

Dec. 16. London. The foundation-stone 
of the new post-office is laid. 

* * The Irish National Land League is 
formed by Michael Davitt, Charles S. 
Parnell, and others ; it aims to protect 
tenants against the injustice of land- 
lords. 



* * London. Sir Francis Wyatt Truscott 

is elected lord mayor. 
1880 Feb. 5. Parliament is opened 

by the queen. [Mar. 23. Closes.] 
Feb. 22. H. L. A motion for opening 

museumson Sundays is rejected. Vote, 

34-41. 

Feb. 26. H. C. Sir Stafford Northcote's 
resolutions against obstruction are car- 
ried. Vote, 160-20. [They are adopted 
in the standing orders.] 

Mar. 1. Parliament: The Seed Sup- 
ply Act passes. 

Mar. 3. Parliament: Mr. Grissell is 
arrested, and committed to prison. 
[Mar. 34. Released.] 

Mar. 15. Parliament: The Belief of 
Distress Act for Ireland passes. 

Apr. * A general election : the Libe- 
rals gain a majority. 

Apr. 19. The charter for the new Irish 
University is signed by the queen. 

Apr. 22. The Tory minority resigns. 

Apr. 28. W. E. Gladstone becomes 
premier. 

Members of the Administration: W. E. 
Gladstone (L. Treas. Chanc Exeheq.), Roun- 
dell Palmer, Huron Selborne (L. Chanc). 
John Povntz, Hurl Spencer (L. Pres. of 
Council), The Duke of Argyll (L. P. Seal), 
Sir William V. Harcourt (Home Sec 1 ..), Earl 
Granville (Foreign Sec). The Earl of Kim- 
berley(Sec Colonies), Marquis of Hartington 
(Sec. for India), Thomas George Baring, 
Earl of Northbrook (L. Adm.), John Bright 
(Chanc of lmchy of Lancaster.), John George 
Dodson (Pres. of Local Government Board), 
Joseph (Tiainiierlain (Pres. of Board of 
Trade), and Hugh C. E. Childers (Sec. of 
War). 

Apr. 29. The new Parliament meets. 
About 65 members are home-rulers. 
[1885. Nov. 18. Dissolved.] 

Apr. * Liverpool is named a city. 

Apr. * Ire. Lord O'Hagan is made lord 
chancellor. 

May 3. H. C. CharleB Bradlaugh, 
M. P. for Northampton, objecting to 
take the oath in the Commons because 
of his disbelief in God, is refused per- 
mission to affirm. [May 22. His offer 
to take oath is rejected. June 22. His 
offer to affirm is refused. Vote, 275- 
230.] 

Henry Fawcett becomes postmaster- 
general. 

May 5. Ire. Earl Cowper is made lord- 
lieutenant. 



May 17. Charles Stewart Parnell is 
chosen leader of the Irish party, 45 of 
the members voting for him. 

May 22. The National Reform Union 
meets at Manchester ; it claims to have 
■ill affiliated societies. 

May * George Osborne Morgan is made 
judge-advocate-general. 

June 18. H. C. A majority of 26 passes 
a resolution favoring a law conferring 
on electors the right to decide for or 
against the liquor- license system. 

June 23. H. C. Charles Bradlaugh 
claims his right to take oath in the 
Commons, and refuses to withdraw; he 
is imprisoned by order of the House. 
Vote, 326-38. [June 24. He is released.] 

June 25. H. C. The London Munici- 
pality Bill is introduced by Mr. Frith. 



July 2. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's resolu- 
tion to permit members of the Com- 
mons to affirm instead of taking oath is 
carried. Vote, 303-249. 

H, C. Mr. Bradlaugh affirms, and is 
admitted to his seat. 

July 6. H, C. The Compensation for 
Disturbance Bill checking evictions in 
Ireland is read a second time. Vote, 
295-217. [July 27. It passes. Vote, 303- 
237. Aug. 3. Lords reject it.] 

Aug. 9. An Irish Home-Rule Conven- 
tion meets at Newcastle-on-Tyne. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1878 * * Mr. Crawford's Sefton wins the 
Derby race. [1879. Mr. Acton's Sir 
Bevys.] 

1879 Feb. 2. Scot. The Theater 
Royal, Glasgow, is burned. 

Sept. 17, 18. London. An interna- 
tional potato exhibition is held at the 
Crystal Palace. 

Dec. 18. The Holborn Town Hall is 
opened by the lord mayor. 

Dec. 28. Scot. The Tay Bridge ia 
partly destroyed by a gale at 7.15 p. m., 
while a mail-train is passing over it, 
which disappears in the water ; a gap of 
about 3,000 feet is made, and 80± lives 
are lost. [1880. Apr. 27. About 46 
bodies are recovered.] 

1880 Jan. 15. An error of the signal- 
man causes a railwav collision at Burs- 
cough Junction ; eight lives lost. 

Jan. 21. A colliery explosion occurs 
at Newcastle ; 70 persons are killed. 

Feb. 8. The Valentine founders near 
Falmouth ; 16 lives lost. 

Feb. 9. Dublin. The Royal Theater is 
burned ; six lives lost. 

Feb. 13. The Straithnairn collides 
with the Edith Hough off Ushant ; all 
perish. 

Feb. 16-21. Blower Brown walks 553 
miles in six days, and wins the long 
distance championship of England. 

Mar. 1. The Vingorla sinks off Bombay ; 
66 lives lost. 

Mar. 20. A train is derailed at Loft- 
house, near Wakefield ; two deaths re- 
sult. 

June 24. London. The Victoria Docks, 
enlarged and completed, are named the 
Royal Albert Docks by the Duke and 
Duchess of Connaught. 

July 4. The Holborn Theater (Mirror) 
is burned. 

July 15. W. A colliery explosion oc- 
curs at Riska; 119 killed. 

Aug. 11. A train is derailed near Wen- 
nington Junction; eight persons killed. 



08G 1880, Aiig. 11-1881, Aug. 11. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1880 * * S. Afr. War with the Basutos 
(p. 602). 

* * S. Afr. The Boers of the Transvaal, 
recently declared a British colony, de- 
mand independence, and proclaim the 
country a republic ; war with England 
follows. 

1881 Feb. 8. S. Afr. The Boers defeat 
Gen. Sir George P.* Colley, in an attack 
on Laing's Neck. 

Feb. 27. S. Afr. The Boers defeat the 
British under Gen. Colley at Majuba 
Hill. 

Gen. Colley and over 80 of his men are 
killed, and many wounded; loss of the 
Boers, about 150. [Aug. 8. Peace is 
concluded, the British ceding to the 
Boers the Transvaal territory, which 
becomes the South African Republic] 

Apr. 26. The war-ship Doterel is de- 
stroyed by an explosion in the Strait 
of Magellan : 150 perish. 

Apr. * Flogging; in the army is abol- 
ished. 

June 15. The war-ship Polyphemus is 
launched at Chatham. [Aug. 26, and 
the Canada at Portsmouth ; Sept. 8, 
the Conqaeror at Chatham ; 1882, Mar. 
18, the Edinburgh at Pembroke; Mar. 
21, the Colossus at Portsmouth.] 

July 9. Queen Victoria reviews 52,000 
volunteers at Windsor. [Aug. 25. She 
reviews 40,000 volunteers at Edinburgh.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



Oct. 28. London. The Topographical 
Society is foiuided. 

Nov. 6. London. The princess Thea- 
ter (rebuilt) is opened. 

Nov. 8. London. The Temple Bar 
Memorial is uncovered. 

Nov. 28. Slight earthquake shocks oc- 
cur at Inverary and other places. 

* * London. A statue of the Prince of 
Wales is unveiled on the Temple Bar 
site ; also a statue of Queen Victoria. 

* * London. The Balloon Society is 
founded. 



Apr. 27. A new school of art is opened 
by the Earl of Derby at Manchester. 

May * A statue of Prince Louis Napo- 
leon Is placed in St. George's Chapel, 
Windsor, the proposed placing it in 
Westminster Abbey having been much 
opposed. 

June 14. Scot. B. L. Smith's Polar 
expedition sails in the Eira. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1880 * * Barry, Edward M., architect, A50. 

Cockburn, Sir Alexander J- E., jurist, A78. 

Fortune, Robert, Scottish botanist, A67. 

Kean. Ellen Tree, actor, A75. 

Lewes, .Mary A. E. (George Eliot), novel- 
ist, A61. 

Mackenzie, Robert shelton, Irish journalist, 
A71. 

Miller, William H., pbys., mineralogist, A79. 

l'lanche, James K., dramatist, writer, A84. 

Stanley, Arthur P., dean of Westminister, 
author, A66. 

Taylor, Tom, dramatist, A63. 



CHURCH. 

1880 Sept. 7. Parliament : The Bur- 
ial Act is passed. It permits any Chris- 
tian service in a parish churchyard. 

Sept. 28-Oct. 1. A Church Congress 
is held at Leicester. 



[1881, Oct. 4-10, at Newcastle-on-Tyne ; 
1882, Oct. 3-6, at Derby; 1883, Oct. 2, at 
Reading; 18S4, Sept. 30, at Carlisle; 
1885, Oct. 6, at Portsmouth.] 
Oct. 30. Edinburgh. St. Mary's Epis- 
copal Cathedral is consecrated. 

* *The Oxford Mission to Calcutta is 
organized. Also the English Zenana 
Missionary Society, and the Church of 
England Book Society for the circula- 
tion of sound Christian literature at 
home and abroad. 

* * Scot. The Soul-winning and Prayer 
Union is formed. Also the Zenana Mis- 
sion of the United Presbyterian Church 
of Scotland. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

Douglas Mackenzie for Zululand, George 
EvanB Moule for Mid-China, C. Perry Scott 
for North China, Enos Nutta.ll for Jamaica, 
W. I., J. E. Pearson for Newcastle, Austra- 
lia. [1881, G. F. Hose for Singapore, China; 
1882, G. "W. Kennion for Adelaide, Australia, 
J. M. Strachan for Rangoon, Ind., Ernest 
Wilherforce for Newcastle, and Edward Sul- 
livan for Algoma, Can.; 1883, Alfred Barry 
for New South Wales, Sidney JLinten for 
Riverina, Australia, Randall T. Davidson 
for Windsor, James R. A. Chinnery-Haldane 
for Argyll, Richard Lewis for Llandaff, A. G. 
Douglas for Aberdeen, C. A. Smytliies- for 
Central Africa, Krnest G. Ingham for Sierra 
Leone, Allan B. Webb for Grahamstown, 
South Africa, Herbert Bree for Barbados, 
and William J. Jackson for Antigua.] 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

John Coadon for Mysore, Ind., Theophilus 
Melizan for Jaffna, Ceylon, Michael Naugh- 
ten for Roseau, and Arthur G. Riddell for 
Northampton. [Issl, Francis 1'esci for Alla- 
habad; 1882, Peter Caprotti for Hyderabad, 
Ind., John Colgan, archbishop of Madras, 
Ind., Robert Dunne, archbishop of Brisbane, 
Australia, John H. Luck for Auckland, N. S. 
W., John Virtue for Portsmouth, and Thomas 
Carr, archbishop of Melbourne; 1884, James 
Moore for Ballarat, Australia.] 

1881 Jan. 8. The Court of Arches 
finally decides against Rev. John Baghot 
de la Bere, who was deposed for dis- 
obedience respecting ritualism. 

Jan. 10. Memorials in favor of tolera- 
tion of divergence in ritualistic prac- 
tises are presented to the archbishop of 
Canterbury from Dr. Church and other 
clergymen. [Jan. 31. Counter memori- 
als, opposing toleration of unscriptural 
practises, are presented to the arch- 
bishop of Canterbury, by bishops Parry, 
Ryan, and others.] 

Apr. 7- The House of Lords dismisses 
Rev. A. H. Mackonochie's appeal; it 
affirms the sentence of three years' sus- 
pension for ritualistic practises. [Dec. 1. 
He resigns the living of St. Albans, Hol- 
born.] 

LETTERS. 

1880 Sept. 4. The Technical College, 

Newcastle, is inaugurated. 

Sept. 30. The "Wordsworth Society 
is formed at Grasmere, "Westmoreland. 

Oct. 28. London. The Topographical 
Society is inaugurated. 

Oct. * The university college at Liver- 
pool is founded. 

* * London. The Ascham Society is 
formed. 

* * "Women are first admitted to de- 
grees in the University of London and 
the University College. 

* * Dublin. The Queen's University is 
dissolved into the Royal University of 
Ireland. 

* * The Modern Review is issued ; also The 
Lady's Pictorial and Antiquary Maga- 

* * History of Our Own Times, by Justin 
McCarthy, appears. ("1882. Epoch of lie- 
form; 1884, History of the Four Georges.'] 



: * Japan, by Sir Edward J. Reed, appears. 
r * Unbeaten Tracks in Japan, by Isabella 

Bird, appears. 
: * The Crayfish, by Huxley, appears. 

[1881, Science and Culture.'] 
■ * The Prince's Quest, by William Wat- 



' Ire. Poems, by Sir Samuel Fergu 



* * Ballads in Blue China, by Andrew- 
Lang, appears. [1885, Rhymes a la Mode.] 

* * Moths and Ariadne, by Ouida, appear. 
[1883, Wanda; 1884, Princess JS'ajjraxine.] 

* * Endymion, by Benjamin Disraeli, Earl 
of Beaconsfield, appears. 

* * Ire. Young Ireland: a Fragment of 
Irish Histori/, 1840-50, by Sir Charles 
Gavan Duffy, appears. [1883, Four Years 
of Irish History, 1845^9.] 

* * Primer of' French Literature, by E. B. 
Saintsbury, appears. [1882, A Short His- 
tory of French Literature ; 1887, History 
of Elizabethan Literature.] 

* * Elements of English Prosody, Notes on 
Samuel Pro'ut and William Hunt, and 
Arrows of the Chare, by Kuskin, appear. 
[1881, The Lord's /'rayerand the Church, 
and Our Fathers Have Told Us.] 

1881 June 1. Selwyn College, Cam- 
bridge, is founded. [1882 Oct. 10. 
Opened.] 

June 30. The University free public li- 
brary and free natural history museum, 
Nottingham, are opened by Prince 
Leopold, Duke of Albany. 

July* London. The Evening Jtfetus is 
issued. 

July* Dublin. The United Ireland is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1880 Aug. 11. Ire. About 40 cases of 
arms are stolen from the Norwegian 
vessel Juno, at Cork. [Some of the se- 
creted arms are recovered.] 

Aug. 15-18. Ire. Rioting occurs at 
Dungannon and Belfast. 

Sept. 12, 13. A packet of dynamite is 
placed on the rails of the L. and N. W. 
Railway, between Bushey and Watford. 

Sept.* London. The Temperance Hos- 
pital, Hampstead Road, is founded. 

Sept. 25. Ire. Lord Mountmorres is 
shot at Ruthven, Gahvay. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Ire. Boycotting is ad- 
vocated by Parnell and others. 

Oct. 7. Dublin. The lord-lieutenant re- 
ceives 105 landowners and agents who 
plead for protection from terrorists in 
the south and west of Ireland. 

Oct. 16. Ire. Agrarian outrages: 
John Downing, a driver, is killed near 
Drimoleague, Cork, by a shot intended 
for his employer, Samuel Hutchings. 

Oct. 26, 27. Ire. Timothy L. Healy, 
Mr. Parnell's secretary, and Mr. Walsh 
are arrested for intimidating Mr. Man- 
ning. 

Nov. 3±. Mr. Parnell and others are ar- 
rested for intimidation to prevent the 
payment of rents. 

Nov. 11, 12. Ire. Capt. Boycott of 

Lough Mask farm, near Ballinrobe, 
Mayo, a rackrenting landlord, is be- 
sieged by his tenants ; his laborers are 
intimidated, and his tradesmen refuse 
him supplies. [His crops are gathered 
by immigrants under the protection of 
the military.] 

Nov. 12. Henry Wheeler, a land agent, 
is murdered. 

Nov. 27. H. L. It is decided that the 
husband is not responsible for his wife's 
debts if he allow sufficient for dress and 
necessary expenses. 



AND IRELAND. 1880, Aug. 11-1881, Aug. 11. 987 



Nov. * The Irish Property Defense 
Association is formed by landlords. 

Dec. 14. The Sanitary Assurance As- 
sociation is formed. 

Dec. * Ire. W. Bence Jones of Ballinas- 
corthy is boycotted. 

Dec* Dublin. Judges Fitzgerald, Barry, 
and Dowze deliver alarming charges 
on the state of the country. 

* * Ire. An Irish state Lottery is drawn. 

* * Estimated cost of intoxicating liq- 
uors per capita, $17.58. 

* * Liberal collections are made for suf- 
ferers by the loss of relatives in the Tay 
Bridge disaster. 

* * Number of persons convicted of crime 
in England and Wales, 11,214. [1881, 
11,353; 1882, 11,699; 1883, 11,347; 1884, 
11,134: 1885, 10,500.] 

+* * Titles created : 

Earls of Sondes, Lovelace, and Lytton, 
and Barons Trevor, Doniiigton, Lainington, 
Shute, Hulilon, Wutson, Anlihiim, and Bra- 
bourne. [1881. Baiv.ns TwvMinouth, Hoth- 
field, Derwent, Tweed.la.le, ffowth, Eeay, 
and Ampthill; ltf82. Karl Selbourne and 
Baron Aleester; 1884, Viscount of Hampden, 
and Barons Monk Brett on, Northburae, De 
Vesci, Tennyson, Sudley, Hemes, and 
.Strathspey; [**'->, Marquis of Breadalbane, 
Earl of Iddesleigh, Viscounts of Oxenburg 
and Wolseley, ami Barons Huhl muse, Monks- 
well, Lingen, Northington, Elphinstone, 
Montagu of Bealieu, I'owerscourt, Revel- 
stoke, Rothschild, Colville of Culross, Dera- 
more, Esher,\Vaniaur, Ilulslmrv, Ashbourne, 
and St. Oswald.] 

1881 Jan. 12-Feb. 21. About 40,000 
miners strike. 

Jan. * There are 439 agrarian outrages 
reported. [Feb.* 170 more ; Mar* 146; 
Apr.* 293.] 

Feb. 3, 4. Ire. Michael Davitt is ar- 
rested, and committed to prison. 

Mar. 10. Dublin. Many agitators are 
arrested, and 23 lodged -in the Kilmain- 
ham jail. 

London. The Municipal Reform 

League is founded. 

Mar. 16. London. An unsuccessful at- 
tempt is made to blow up part of Man- 
sionHouse; a box containing40 pounds 
of gunpowder is found in a window. 
[1882. May 12. Another attempt is 
made.] 

Mar. * Ire. The Clan-Wa-Gael Secret 
Society is formed to replace that of 
the Fenians. 

May 1. Ire. Outrages aud cruelties are 
perpetrated ; Dublin city is proclaimed. 

May 2. John Dillon, M. P., a Land 
Leaguer, is arrested. 

May 24. Prince Leopold George is 
created Baron Ark low, Earl of Clarence, 
and Duke of Albany. 

June 2. Ire. Eviction riots occur at 
Scariff , County Clare ; some persons are 
killed and many injured. 

June 5, 6, 7. ire. Much rioting occurs 
in the County of Cork. 

June 9. The centenary of George Ste- 
phenson's birth is celebrated in many 
places. 

June 10. Two Fenians are convicted 
of plotting to blow up the town hall, 
Liverpool. [Aug. 2. James McGrath is 
sentenced to penal servitude for life and 
James McKnivett to 15 years' imprison- 
ment.] 

July * Infernal machines are discov- 
ered in steamers Malta and Bavaria at 
Liverpool. 

July * The South African Association 
is established. 

Aug. 1. London. An International 
Pharmaceutical Congress, with an 
exhibition, is opened. 



1880 Aug. 26-27. H. C. Irish af- 
fairs are discussed continuously for 21 
hours. 

Sept. 7. Parliament : The Employers* 
Liability Act and the Wild Birds' 
Protection Act are 



Nov. 26. Lord Coleridge is made lord 
chief justice. 

* *Census taken; population of the 
United Kingdom, 34,468,000. 

* * The receiving of postage stamps in 
savings-banks in lieu of small sums is 
generally adopted. 

* * The Patriotic Association is formed ; 
it aims to aid in upholding the honor and 
interest of the British Empire. 

1881 Jan. 6. Parliament meets. 

Jan. 14. H. C. Mr. Parnell's Irish 
Amendment to the address is defeated 
after a debate of eight days. Vote, 57- 
435. 

Jan. 20. H. C. Mr. Dawson's and Mr. 
O'Kelly's Irish Amendments are re- 
jected. Vote, 36-274 and 34-178. 

Jan. 24. H. C. Mr. Forster introduces 
his bill for the Protection of Life and 
Property (Coercion Bill) in Ireland. 

Jan. 26. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's motion 
for urgency for the Irish Coercion Bill 
is carried after an all-night sitting. 
Vote, 251-33. 

Feb. 2. H. C. Debate on the first read- 
ing of Mr. Forster's Irish Coercion Bill 
is summarily closed by the Speaker, in vi- 
olation of the rules, after the House has 
been sitting continuously since Jan. 31. 

Feb. 3. H. C. On the motion of Mr. 
Gladstone, 36 Irish members (Mr. Par- 
nell and his followers) are suspended 
for the sitting for disregarding the au- 
thority of the chair. 

Feb. 0. H. C. New rules of debate 
authorizing closure by the chair are laid 
on the table by the Speaker. [Feb. 21. 
New closure rules are modified and 
adopted.] 

Feb. 25. H. C. The Irish Coercion 
Bill is read a third time, and passed. 
Vote, 281-36. [Mar. 2. Passes the Lords. 
Mar. 3. Receives royal assent.] 

Feb. * A manifesto is issued byMr.Par- 
nell, and a counter one by Mr. Shaw. 

Mar. 1. H. C. The Irish Peace Preser- 
vation Bill (Arms Bill) is introduced. 
[Mar. 11. Passed. Mar. IS. Passes Lords. 
Mar. 21. Receives royal assent.] 

Mar. 14. H. C. A motion by Mr. Glad- 
stone for urgency with the supplies is 
lost. Vote, 212-296. 

Mar. 26. The Irish National Land 
League of Great Britain is formed, with 
Justin McCarthy as president. 

Mar. 29. H. C. AshtonW. Dilke's mo- 
tion for the adoption of the decimal 
system is defeated. Vote, 108-2S. 

Apr. 7. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is 
introduced in the Commons by Mr. 
Gladstone. 

Apr. 9. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected 
M. P. for Northampton. 

Apr. 26. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh's offer 
to take oath is refused, and he is forcibly 
expelled. [May 10. He is again forcibly 
"] 



Apr. * The Duke of Argyll resigns as 
lord privy seal, and is succeeded by Lord 
Carlingford. 

May 1. Dublin. The city is proclaimed 
under the Coercion Act. 

May 5. Parliament: The Irish party is 
divided on the Land Bill ; Mr. Parnell 
opposes it. 

May 20. H. C. The Irish Land Bill 
is read a second time. Vote, 352-176. 

June 1. Penny postage stamps begin 
to be used for receipt stamps. 

June 22. H. C. A motion by Mr. Pease 
to abolish punishment by death is de- 
feated. Vote, 175-79. 

June 27 . Fi ve j udges decide that parents 
must pay school fees in advance or ask 
pecuniary aid, and that non-payment 
must be taken as non-attendance. 

July 5. Parliament: The New Parlia- 
mentary Oath's Bill is discharged. 

July 29. H. C. The Irish Land Bill is 
read the third time. Vote, 220-14. [Aug. 
3. The second time in the Lords. Aug. 
8. The third time in the Lords with 
amendments.] 

Aug. 3. A treaty is signed with the 
Transvaal, recognizing the indepen- 
dence of that country, subject to suze- 
rainty of the queen. 

H. C. Police prevent Mr. Brad- 
laugh from entering. The House rejects 
a motion to rescind the resolution of 
May 10. Vote, 191-7. 

Aug. 11. H. C. Some of the Lords' 
amendments to the Irish Land Bill are 
rejected. [Aug. 12-15. The differences 
between Lords and Commons are ad- 
justed by compromise. Aug. 23. The 
bill becomes law.] 

It establishes a court of commission to 
fix fair rents in Ireland on application 
of tenants, rents fixed to hold for 15 
years. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1880 Sept. 8. A colliery explosion 
near Durham causes 164 deaths. 

Dec. 10. W. An explosion occurs at 
Pen-y-grage colliery ; 100 persons killed. 

* * Dublin. The Hawkins Street Theater 
is burned. 

* * The Duke of "Westminster's Bend Or 
wins the Derby. [1881, Mr. Lorillard's 
Iroquois wins ; 1882, Duke of Westmin- 
ster's Shotover; 1883, SirF. Johnstone's 
•St. Blaise ; 1884, J. Hammond's St. Ga- 

tien; and Sir J. Willoughby's Har- 
vester.] 

1881 June 2. London. An Interna- 
tional Woolen Exhibition is held at the 
Crystal Palace, Sydenham ; opened by 
the Duke of Connaught. 

June * The Dover and Deal Railway is 

opened. 
June * Ire. The census report shows 

a decrease of one-ninth in the popula- 
tion in 10 years. 
July 16±. London. An International 

Sanitary Exhibition is held at Royal 

Albert Hall. 
July 20. A storm sinks 10 fishing-boats 

off the Shetland Isles ; 48 lives lost. 
July 26. Scot. The new dock at Leith 

is opened by the Duke of Edinburgh. 



1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1882 June * -Sept. 14. Egypt. War 
with Arabi Pasha. 

Arabi Pasha heads a revolt against 
foreign interference in Egyptian affairs, 
England and other European powers 
having taken control in the regulation 
of the Egyptian public debt ; riots break 
out in Alexandria, and Europeans are 
massacred in the streets (p. 65S). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1881 Aug. 24. London. An Interna- 
tional Horticultural Exhibition is 
opened. 

Aug. 26-85 Jan.* Schaeberle's 
comet is visible to the naked eye. 

Aug. 31. The British Association sits 
at York. [1882, Aug. 23, at .Southampton ; 

1883, Sept. 19, at Southport ; 1884, at 
Montreal ; 1885, Sept. 9, at Aberdeen.] 

Oct. 3. The Social Science Association 
meets at Dublin. [1X82, Sept. 20, at Not- 
tigham ; 18S3, Oct. 3, at Huddersfield; 

1884, Sept. 17, at Birmingham.] 

Oct. 4. TJenning's comet appears. 

Oct. 10. London. The Savoy Theater 
is opened. 

Oct. 10-19. A violent hurricane causes 
great destruction of life and property ; 
houses are demolished, and trees torn up 
by the roots; 130 wrecks. [Nov. 26,27. 
<iales cause great destruction of life and 
property. Bee. 17-21. More gales.] 

* * The Otto bicycle is first patented. 

* * A Btatue of Thomas Clarkson, the 
antislavery advocate, is unveiled at 
Wisbech, Cambridge. 

* * Telephotography is invented by 
Shelford Bidwell ; images of objects are 
reproduced at a distance by means of 
electricity and selenium. 

* * E. J. Muybridge takes instantaneous 
photographs of animals in rapid mo- 
tion. 

* * Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, Pa- 
tience, appears. 

* *The Ruskin Museum of Art, Shef- 
field, is founded by John Ruskin. [18S2, 
Feb. * The Ruskin Society is formed.] 

* * London. The Chemical Industry 
Society is founded. 

1882 Jan. 6. A destructive gale visits 
England and Scotland. [Jan. 26-28, and 
Apr. 20. More gales.J 

Feb. 20. London. The Society for 
Psychical Research is formed. 

Feb. 25-June 3. London. An Inter- 
national Electrical Exhibition is held 
at the Crystal Palace. 

Mar. 4. The first electric tramway 
cars are run at Leytonstone, Essex. 

Mar. 17. Capt. Abney photographs a 
disk in rapid motion by the electric 
spark. 

Apr. 12. London. The new Abbey 
Gardens at Westminster are opened. 

May 5. London. A series of perform- 
ances of Wagner's Ring des Xit>e!ungeii, 
in four parts < Rheingold, Walkiire, Sieg- 
fried, and Gotterdammerung), are given. 

May 11. The British circumpolar ex- 
pedition departs. 

May 29. The Abbey Park, Leicester, 
is opened by the Prince of Wales. 

June 10. Mr. Simmons ascends in a 
balloon, and goes from Maldon, Essex 
County, to Arras, France, 140 miles, in 
one hour and 20 minutes. 

June 17. London. A statue of Row- 
land Hill at the Royal Exchange is un- 
veiled by the Prince of Wales. 

June 22. The Hope sails in search of 
the Eira in polar regions. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1881 * * Borrow, George, wr., traveler, A78. 
Beaconsneld, Earl of, Benjamin Disraeli, 

statesman, author, A76. 
Burton, John H., historian, Scotland, A72. 
Carlyle, Thomas, hist., phil., au., Scot., A86. 
Gould, John, naturalist, A77. 
Mcliale, John, archbishop of Tuam, scholar, 

author, Ireland, A90. 
Starley, James, inventor of bicycles, dies. 
Street, George E., architect, A57. 



CHURCH. 

1881 Sept. 6±. London. An Ecumen- 
ical Methodist Conference is held at 
City Road Chapel ; 400 delegates, minis- 
ters and laymen from all parts of the 
world, represent nearly 4,000,000 others. 

Oct. 6. London. The American Evan- 
gelists, Moody and Sankey, arrive. 

Oct. 19. Ire. Archbishop Croke censures 
the Land League for ordering the non- 
payment of rent. [Oct. 30. Archbishop 
M'Cabe's pastoral against the Land 
League manifesto is read in the churches 
of Dublin.] 

Oct. 25. The Evangelical Alliance 
meets at Liverpool. 

[1883, Oct. 16, at Norwich ; 1884, Aug. 
30, at Copenhagen ; Oct. '28, at Brighton ; 
1885, Oct. 7, at Glasgow; 1886, Sept. 21, 
at Ryde ; 1888, Sept. 25, at Plymouth.] 

Nov. * The principal entrance to West- 
minster Abbey, after designs by Gil- 
bert Scott, is repaired at a cost of 
£20,000. 

1882 Mar. 27. Dublin. Archbishop 
McCabe is created a cardinal priest. 

June 3. London. St. Paul's principal 
bell, the Great Bell, is dedicated. 

June * The Catholic League is formed 
(Church of England). 

LETTERS. 

1881 Oct. 28. London. The Browning 
Society is founded. 

Nov. * Scot. A mining library and 
£1,000 are bequeathed to the University 
of Glasgow by Mr. Macdonald, M.P. 

* * London. Knowledge is issued; also 
the People, and the Hellenic .society Jour- 

* * London. The Examiner suspends. 

* * Legible Shorthand, by Pocknell, ap- 
pears. 

* * Reminiscences of Carlyle, by Froude, 
appears. [1882, Life of fhomas Carlyle.} 

* * Progress : its Law and Course, by Her- 
bert Spencer, appears. [1882, The Phi- 
losophy of Style; 1884, The Man versus 
the State, and The Coming Slavery ; 
1887, The Factors of Organic Evolution.] 

* * Aspects of Poetry, by John Campbell 
Shairp, appears. 

* * Movement in Plants, by Darwin, ap- 
pears. 

* * Essays on the Floating Matter of the 
Air in Relation to Putrefaction and Li- 
fer (ion, by John Tyridall, appears. 

'[1882, Free* Molecules and Radiant Heat.] 

* * Savonarola, by Alfred Austin, ap- 
pears. 

* * Poems, by Oscar Wilde, appears. [1882 
Vera; 1888, The Happy Prince, and 
other Tales.] 

* * That Beautiful Wretch, by William 
Black, appears. 

1882 Jan. 14. The University Col- 
lege, Liverpool, is inaugurated by the 
Earl of Derby. 

Mar. 31. London. The foundation is 
laid of the City of London College 
near Moorgate Street. 



SOCIETY. 

1881 Sept. * About 2,000 French and 
Belgian singers and musicians meet 
at Brighton. 

Sept. 8. London. The National League 
for the unification and consolidation of 
the empire meets at Westminster. 

Sept. 17-19. Delegates from the Land 
League meet, and declare for the aboli- 
tion of landlordism ; the Land Act is 
denounced ; Mr. Parnell attends. 

Sept. 21-27. The court and the whole 
country are in mourning for the mur- 
dered President Garfield, U. S. A. 

Sept. * Ire. Boycotting increases ; shop- 
keepers suffer. 

Sept. * Bad weather prevails ; poor har- 
vest and much depression follow. 

Oct. 13. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is im- 
prisoned in Kilmainham jail for incit- 
ing to intimidation and non-payment of 
rent. 

Oct. 14-16. Ire. Sexton, O'Kelley, J. 
P. Quinn, Dillon, O'Brien, and other 
agitators are arrested. 

Oct. 15-18. Ire. Riots in Dublin and 
Limerick are suppressed ; more arrests 
are made. 

Oct. IS. Ire. The Land League issues 
a manifesto den. hi i icing the Government, 
and ordering ;i .strike against the pay- 
ment of rents. [Oct. 20±. Dublin and 
Limerick are quiet.] 

Oct. 23. London. About 40,000 persons 
meet in Hyde Park to protest against 
the arrest of Mr. Parnell and others ; 
Mr. O'Donnell is chief speaker. 

Oct. 30. Ire. The Land League hav- 
ing been proclaimed by the Government, 
the leaders declare for passive resist- 
ance. 

Nov. * Important decisions in favor of 
tenants are made by sub-coinmissionera 
at Belfast. 

"Nov. 8. Dublin. A Home-Rule meet- 
ing is held. 



"Nov. 25±. A strike occurs in the pot- 
teries; 70 firms and 30,000 men are con- 
cerned. 

Nov. 30. Ire. A strike against the pay- 
ment of rent in Limerick, and evictions, 
is ordered. 

Nov. * Ire. Murders and outrages con- 
tinue. 

Nov. * Dublin. A secret society, called 
the Irish Invincibles, is established. 

Dec. 20±. Ire. An association to sup- 
port the Land Law is organized. 

Dec. * Ire. Great increase of crime in 
Munster is reported. 

* * An association for the encouragement 
of -woolen manufactures is founded 
by the Countess of Bective and others. 

* * Ire. Number of agrarian outrages 
reported, 4,439. 

1882 Jan. 2. Ire. Several lady Land 

Leaguers are arrested. 

Jan. 16. London. The Land National- 
ization Society is formed at Westmin- 
ster. 

Jan. 28. Ire. About forty suspects are 
arrested. [Apr. 1. Increased to 511.] 

Feb. 1. London. A great meeting at tho 
Mansion House denounces the cruelty 
to Jews in Russia as an offense to civi- 
lization. [May 19. For their benefit 
£72,000 is raised.] 

Feb. 2-June 9. Tron-workers strike at 
Hopton and Darlington. 



AND IRELAND. 1881, Aug. 22-1882, July 15. 989 



Feb. 25. Dublin. Bailey, an informer 
against the Land League, is murdered. 
[Feb.*-Mar.* Ire. Many murders are 
committed.] 

Mar. 2. London. Robert McLean, aged 
27, shoots at the queen in the Great 
Western Railway Station. 

Apr. 10. Dublin. Mr. Parnell is re- 
leased on parole for 10 days. [May 5. 
Also Michael Davitt.] 

Apr. 19. A riot occurs among miners at 
Wrexham. 

Apr. 19-Sept. * Scot. No-rent riots 
occur in Skye. 

Apr. 21. The income granted to Prince 
Leopold George is increased £10,000. 

Apr. 27. Prince Leopold George 
marries Princess Helene, fourth daugh- 
ter of the Prince of Waldeck-Pyrmont. 

Apr. * Committees are formed at Berlin 
and Dublin to receive money to help the 
emigration of persecuted Jews from 
Russia. 

May 6. Dublin. Phoenix Park mur- 
ders: Lord Frederick Cavendish, new 
chief secretary, and T. H. Burke, under- 
secretary, are stabbed by four men. 
[W. E. Forster, secretary for Ireland, 
■was the intended victim. May 12. Many 
persons arrested.] (See State.) 

June 8. Ire. Walter Bourke and Cor- 
poral Wallace, his escort, are shot dead * 
by five men near Gort, Galway. 

June 17. London. Arms and ammu- 
nition are seized in St. John Street 
Road, Clerkenwell ; Thomas Walsh is 
arrested. [July 17. Committed for trial. 
Aug. 9. Sentenced to seven years penal 
servitude.] 

June 29. Ire. John Henry Blake, agent 
to the Marquis of Clanricarde, and his 
steward, Mr. Kane, are shot near 
Loughrea. 

July 4. Ire. Twenty-two persons are 
arrested at Loughrea. 



STATE. 

1881 Aug. 27- Parliament : The Ve- 
terinary Surgeon's Act and the News- 
paper Libel Act are passed. 
Parliament is prorogued. 
Oct. 20. Ire. The Irish National Land 
League is suppressed by proclamation 
of the lord -lieutenant. 

The Irish Land Commission Court 
meets for the first time. 

Dec. * Mr. Shaw, being opposed to the 
Parnellites, secedes from the party. 

Dec. 13. A defense of Property in Ire- 
land Fund is established to uphold the 
rights of property against organized 
combination, to defend and to sustain 
freedom of contract and liberty of ac- 
tion. 

Dec. 27- A proclamation is issued 
against the possession of arms in Dublin. 

Dec. 30. Ire. Five special magistrates 
are appointed with extra powers in dis- 
turbed districts. 

Dec. * John E. Davison is appointed 
judge-advocate-general. 

* * H. C. The Commons by 42 majority 
approves of local option in granting 
liquor-licenses. 

* * Parliament : The Welsh Sunday 
Liquor Closing Act is passed. 

* * Sir Nathaniel Lindley is made lord 
justice. 



; * London. John Whittaker Ellis is 
elected lord mayor. 



1882 Jan. 15. A daughter is born to 
Prince Arthur ; she is named Margaret. 

Feb. 7. Parliament meets; Mr. Brad- 
laugh is again denied his seat in the 
Commons. Vote, 286-228. 

Feb. 13. H. C. Mr. Gladstone proposes 
new rules of procedure, including clo- 
ture and delegation of business. 

Feb. 21. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh re- 
peats the words of the oath, and takes 
his seat in the Commons, but withdraws 
when ordered. [Feb. 28. He is ex- 
pelled. Vote, 297-80.] 

Feb. 22. Ire. Michael Davitt is 
elected M. P. for the County of Meath. 
[Feb. 28. H. C. His election is an- 
nulled on the ground of his being a 
convict.] 

Feb. 27. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- 
duces a resolution censuring the 
Lords' appointment of a committee to 
inquire into the working of the Irish 
Land Act. [Mar. 10. Carried. Vote, 
303-225.] 

Mar. 2. Mr. Bradlaugh is reelected 
for Northampton. [Mar. 6. The Com- 
mons reaffirms the resolution of Feb. 
7 against him. Vote, 2SG-22S.] 

Mar. * H. L. The committee sit on the 
Irish Land Act. * 

Mar. 27. H. C. Mr. Forster admits that 
the Government policy in Ireland has 
failed; he blames the influence of se- 
cret societies. 

Mar. 31. H. C. Mr. Marriott's amend- 
ment to Mr. Gladstone's New Rule is 
rejected. Vote, 318-279. 

Apr. 4. Scot. A Home-Rule move- 
ment is started for Scotland. 

The Scotch burgh convention at Edin- 
burgh proposes a representative body to 
legislate lor Scotland, subject to the ap- 
proval of Parliament. 

May 2. H. L. It is announced that 
Lord Cowper has resigned the lord- 
lieutenantcy of Ireland, and that Earl 
Spencer is bis successor ; the resigna- 
tion of Mr. Forster as chief secretary 
for Ireland is announced in the Com- 
mons. 

Ire. Mr. Parnell and other Irish 

Home Rule M.P.'s are released from 
Kilmainham jail, where they have been 
imprisoned as suspects under the Coer- 
cion Law. 

Their release is said to be the result 
of an understanding with the Govern- 
ment that Mr. Parnell will use his influ- 
ence to aid in the "restoration of law 
and order " in Ireland ; this alleged 
agreement is popularly termed the 
Treaty of Kilmainham. 

May 5. Michael Davitt is released 
from, prison. 

May 6. Dublin. Lord Frederick 
Cavendish arrives as new chief secre- 
tary for Ireland. [May 6. Assassi- 
nated.] See Society. 

May 9. George O. Trevelyan is ap- 
pointed chief secretary for Ireland. 

Dublin. A reward of £10,000 is 

offered for the discovery of the mur- 
derers of Lord Cavendish and Mr. Burke. 

May 11. H. C. Sir W. V. Harcourt in- 
troduces a bill for the prevention of 
crime in Ireland (Coercion Bill). 

It proposes a new tribunal of three 
judges without jury; it increases the 
powers of police, and revises the Alien 
Act. [May 20. Read the second time. 
Vote, 383-J5.] 



May 24. H. C. The Arrears of Rent 
Eill for Ireland is read a second time. 
Vote, 269-157. 

July 1. H. C. After an all-night sit- 
ting on the Prevention of Crimes Bill, 25 
Irish members are suspended — first 
16 and subsequently nine. Vote, 126-27 
and 128-7. 

July 3. H. C. Frank H. O'Donnell, 
Irish member, is suspended fur 14 days. 
Vote, 181-33; the Irish Home-Rule 
members withdraw from the House, 
declining to take further part in the 
Prevention of Crimes Bill debate. 

July 5. Newcastle receives a city 
charter. 

July 7. H. C. The Government is de- 
feated on an amendment Co the Pre- 
vention of Crimes Bill, which restricts 
police searches of houses at night. 
Vote, 207-194. [July 8. The bill passes. 
July 11. Passes the Lords. July 12. 
Receives royal assent.] 

July 13. Ire. Seventeen counties are 

proclaimed. 
July 15. ± John Bright resigns as 

ehaneellor of the Duchy of Lancaster. 

[July 25. Succeeded by the Earl of 

Kimberley. Dec. 28. By John George 

Dodson, Lord Monk Bretton.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881 Aug. 22 ±. The new Atlantic 
Cable is laid by the Faraday. 

Aug. 30. The mail-steamer Teuton 
founders near Cape of Good Hope ; 
about two hundred lives lost. 

Sept. 10. London. The Royal Alex- 
ander Theater, Park Street, is burned. 

Oct. 8. The new Langton dock at 
Liverpool, named Alexandra, is opened 
by the Prince and Princess of Wales. 

Oct. 19. The Great Eastern is offered 
for sale for £30,000 ; not sold. 

Oct. 21. The steamer Clan Macduff 
founders off the Irish coast; 32 lives 
lost. 

Nov. 6. A railway collision at Desford,. 
near Leicester, causes loss of five lives. 
[Nov. 25. Another at Tayport, Fife ; 
four lives lost.] 

Nov. 27- The lighthouse, Calf Rock, in 
Bantry Bay, is destroyed. 

Dec. 10. Three trains collide in High- 
bury Tunnel, near Canonbury ; five per- 
sons are killed. 

Dec. 13. The new Corn Exchange, 
built by the Duke of Norfolk at Shef- 
field, is opened ; cost, £55,000. 

Dec. 24. An express-train runs into a 
freight-train at Slough ; 12 persons- 
killed. 

1882 Jan. 26. The Servia sails from 
America to Liverpool (longest route) in 
seven days, eight hours, and 15 minutes- 

Jan. 28. Trains collide near Old Ford 
station ; six persons killed. 

Feb. 4. The steamer Bahama founders 
between Porto Rico and New York ; 20' 
lives lost. 

Feb. 16. A colliery explosion occurs 
at Triondon Grange, Durham ; 60 or 70 
lives lost. 

Feb. 18. London. Jumbo, the large 
African elephant, six tons weight, is 
bought by P. T. Barnum. from the Zoo- 
logical Society, Regent's Park. 

Feb. 28. The steamer Livadia is sunk 
off Yarmouth ; 23 lives lost. 

Feb. * The steamer Kosmos sinks off 
Kilia ; 21 of the crew perish. 

May 18. The new Eddystone light- 
house is opened. 

May 31-June 6. The mail-steamer 
Alaska crosses the Atlantic in six days 
and 22 hours. 



990 1882, July 21-1883, Oct* GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1882 July* Henry Leslie's musical 

choir is reorganized. 
Aug. 15. Dublin. A statue of Daniel 

O'Connell is unveiled. 
Aug. 22-24. Violent gales do much 



Sept. 17- A new comet is observed at 
Ealing. 

Sept. 26. The Sanitary Institute of 
Great Britain Congress meets at New- 
castle. 



Oct. 20. The Fine Art and Industrial 
Exhibition is opened at Manchester. 

Oct. 25. J. E. H. Gordon's great dy- 
namo machine is exhibited at Wool- 
wich. 

Oct. * A statue of Thomas Carlyle on 
the Thames embankment, Chelsea, is 
unveiled. 

Dec. 13. London. An International 
Electrical and Gaslight Exhibition, 
at the Crystal Palace, is opened. 

* * John Jones bequeaths an art collec- 
tion to the South Kensington Museum ; 
estimated value, £500,000. 

* * Gilbert and Sullivan's operetta, Iolan- 
the, appears. 

1883 Jan. 10. Violent gales do much 
damage. [Mar. 6. More gales ; also 
Sept. 26 and Dec. 12.] 

Jan. 18. London. The Prince's The- 
ater, Coventry Street, is opened. 

Mar. 10. Electric tram-cars are first 
run from Kew to Hammersmith. 

Mar. 14. London. An Electrical Ex- 
hibition is opened at Westminster 
Aquarium. 

Apr. 19. London. Astatue of Beacons- 
held is unveiled in Parliament Square. 

May 7. London. The Royal College 
of Music, Kensington, is opened by the 
Prince of Wales. 

July 5. Thomas Henry Huxley is 
made president of the Royal Society. 

July 16. The Koyal Agricultural So- 
ciety meets at York. 

Aug. 13. A new Fine Art Gallery is 
opened at Manchester. 

Oct. 10. A monument surmounted by 
a statue of Shakespeare, including stat- 
ues of Shakespearean characters, exe- 
cuted by Lord Ronald Gower, is set up 
at Stratford-upon-Avon, and unveiled by 
Lady Hodgson (the mayoress). 

Oct. 17. Scot. The observatory erected 
on Ben Nevis is opened. 



1882 * 
A73. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
' Darwin, Charles R.., naturalist, 



Miller, William, engraver, Scotland, A86. 
Pusey, Edward Bouverie, clergyman, writer 

(Puseyism), A82. 
Robertson, James C, cl., eccl. historian, A69. 
Roesetti, Dante G., painter, poet, A54. 
Tait, Archibald Campbell, archbishop of 

Canterbury, author, A71. 
Thomson, James, poet, A48. 
Trollope, Anthony, novelist, A67. 



CHURCH. 

1882 Nov. 5. London. An encyclical 
letter of the Pope against heresy, so- 
cialism, etc., is read in all the Roman 
Catholic churches. 



* * Ire. Andrew Higgins is consecrated 
Roman Catholic bishop of Perry. 

* * London. The Church Army is con- 
stituted in imitation of the Salvation 
Army. 

1883 Jan. * The Prayer-Book Revis- 
ion Society petition the archbishop of 
Canterbury for changes. 

Jan. * The Central Agency for Foreign 
Missions, under the patronage of the 
bishops (Church of England), is estab- 
lished. 

May 11. Ire. The Pope issues a circu- 
lar forbidding the bishops to encourage 
disaffection against the British Govern- 
ment, 

May 24. Edinburgh. St. Giles Church 
is reopened. 

July 4. London. The delegates to the 
Pan-Presbyterian Council assemble 
at Exeter Hall. 

July* London. The East End Juvenile 
Mission is established to reclaim desti- 
tute children. 

Aug. 13. London. The centenary of the 
establishment of the New Jerusalem 
(Swedenborg) Church is celebrated. 



LETTERS. 

1882 Sept. 5. The foundation is laid 
by the Earl of Latbom of the Preston 
Free Library. 

Oct. 4. London. School of Dramatic 
Art, Argyle Street, is opened. 



Dec. 5. Boys' Public Day School Com- 
pany is formed. 

Dec. 12. London. The new City of 
London Schools, Victoria embank- 
ment, are opened by tbe Prince of 
Wales. 

* * Scot. A new university is founded 
at Dundee by Sir D. Baxter. 

* * Dictionary of Political Quotations ,hy 
Henry George Bohn, appears. 

* * A New Arabian Nights and Familiar 
Studies of Men and Books, by R. L. B. 
Stevenson, appear. [1S83, treasure 
Island and The Silverado Squatters; 
1885, Prince Otto, The Dynamiter, Mom 
New Arabian Nights, :m<\ A Child's Gar- 
den of Verse.'] 

* * Fall of the Monarchy of Charles I., by 
Samuel Rawson Gardiner, appears. 
[1886, History of the Great Civil War.] 

* * Shorthand, by J. M. Sloan, appears. 

* * All Sorts and Conditions of Men, by 
"Walter Be.sant, appears. [18S4, Dorothy 
Foster: 1SS7, The World Went Very 
Well Then.] 

1883 Feb. 19. The Technical Col- 
lege, Finsbury, is opened. 

Mar. * London. The National Review is 
issued. 

Oct.* London. English Illustrated 
Magazine is issued. 



SOCIETY. 

1882 Aug. 2. Suspects in custody 
number 170. [Aug. 18±. Fifty are re- 
leased.] 

Aug. 17, 18. Ire. John Joyce and his 
■wife, son, and daughter are shot by a 
band of men near Maamtrasnia, Galwny, 
for informing the police. [Nov. 15,17, 18. 
Patrick Joyce, Patrick ( 'asey, and Myles 
Joyce are convicted. (Dec. 15. All exe- 
cuted.) Nov. 21. Michael Casey, Thomas 
Joyce, John Casey, and Martin Joyce, 
having confessed, their sentences are 
commuted.] 

Aug. 18. Parliament: The Married 
Women's Property Act is passed. It 



makes their powers almost equal to 
those of single women, and increases 
their responsibilities in regard to debt, 
etc. 

Aug. 20. Ire. John. Leahy, an aged 
farmer of Scarteen, Killarney, is mur- 
dered. 

Aug. * Ire. Discontent and insubordi- 
nation of the constabulary at Dublin, 
Cork, and Limerick, are settled by firm- 
ness and judicial concessions. 

Sept. 1. Dublin. Several policemen are 
dismissed for holding a public meeting; 
all the police in the city resign ; this 
causes a riot which the military sup- 
press. [Sept. 2. Special constables are 
sworn in. Sept. 3. The police withdraw 
their resignation. Sept. 6, 7. Two hun- 
dred and eight are reinstated.] 

Sept. 5. London. A National Tem- 
perance Jubilee is held at the Crystal 
Palace ; 50,000 people present. 

Sept. 11. Ire. Francis Hynes is exe- 
cuted at Limerick for murdering John 
Doloughty. [Sept. 22. Also Patrick 
Walsh at Gal way for the murder of 
Martin Lyden.] 

Sept. 29. Ire. Michael Walsh is con- 
victed of the murder of Kavanagh, a 
policeman. 

Sept. * The Preston Guild Merchants' 
Festival is celebrated at Preston. 

Oct. 28. London. The sum of £108,759 
is received to assist persecuted Jews 
to emigrate from Russia. 

Oct. * The National Smoke Abatement 
Institution is founded. 

Nov. 11. Dublin. A murderous assault 
is made on J ustiee Lawson by a returned 
convict, Patrick Delaney. 

Nov. * Ire. The Land Corporation is 
dissolved. 

Nov. 25. Dublin. A murderous assault 
is made on detectives ; Cox is killed, and 
his murderer, Dowling, severely 
wounded. 

Nov. 27. Dublin. Mr. Field, a juryman, 



£5,000 is offered for the appreht 
the assassin: the city is proclaimed un- 
der martial law.] 

Dec. 13, 16. Ire. Patrick and Thomas 
Higgins are convicted of the murder of 
Haddys at Lough Mask. [1883. Jan. 
15, 17. Executed.] 

Dec. 16. The Home for Ancient Mar- 
iners is opened at Liverpool by the Duke 
of Edinburgh. 

Dec. 22. Ire. Michael Flynn is con- 
victed of murder. 

Sylvester Poff and James Barrett are 
convicted of murder at Cork. [1883. 
Jan. 23. Executed.] 

* * Ire. Great distress prevails in Don- 
egal in the northwest ; 3,433 agrarian 
outrages are reported in the year. 

* * London. The Metropolitan Public 
Garden, Boulevard, and Playground 
Association is formed. 

* * The Green and Blue Ribbon Armies 
of temperance workers are prominent. 

* * The nationalization of the land is 
advocated by the Trade Union Congress. 

* * The National Society of Professional 
Musicians is founded. 

* * London. An International Tem- 
perance Conference is held. 

1883 Jan. 15-21. Scot. A strike oc- 
curs on the Caledonia Railway ; ended 
by compromise. 

Jan. 19-Feb. 17. Dublin. A plot to 
assassinate the members of the Govern- 
ment is discovered ; it is alleged that 
the Irish Invincibles would carry it out. 



AND IRELAND. 1882, July 21-1883, Oct. 



991 



Jan. 24. Ire. Michael Davitt, Thomas 
Healy, and P. Quinn are bound over for 
seditious speeches. [Feb. 6. They 
elect to be imprisoned. Feb. 8. Impris- 
oned. June 4. Released.] 

Feb. 3. Ire. Eight men are charged 
with complicity in the murder of Sir 
Frederick Cavendish and Mr. Burke. 

Feb. 7. Dublin. The Irish National 
League meets. 

Feb. 17. Dublin. James Carey, a sus- 
pect of the Phoenix Park assassins, 
confesses ; he accuses several persons, 
and implicates the Land League, espe- 
cially Thomas Brennan and P. J. Sher- 
idan. A number are held for trial. 
[Patrick Egan, treasurer of the Land 
League, flees to Paris ; Frank Byrne 
and other prominent Land Leaguers 
leave the city.] 

Mar. 15. London. An attempt is made 
to destroy the local Government office 
by dynamite. 

Mar. 22. A Royal Commission is ap- 
pointed to inquire into the condition of 
the crofters and cotters of Scotland. 

Mar. 28. Twelve members of the Patri- 
otic Brotherhood (established 18S1) are 
sentenced to penal servitude for con- 
spiracy to murder landlords. 

Apr. 3. London. Whitechapel mur- 
ders : A woman named Smith is mur- 
dered and mutilated. [Aug. 7. A woman 
named Tabran is the victim. Aug. 31, 
a woman named Nichols ; Sept. 7, a 
woman named Chapman ; Sept. 30, two 
women killed near Commercial Road 
and Aldgate ; Nov. 9, one -in Spitalfield.] 

Apr. 10. Jjondon. The Egyptian Ref- 
ugee Fund amounts to £21,000. 

Apr. 11. Dublin. The Phoenix Park 
murderers are tried. [Apr. 11-23. Jos- 
seph Brady is convicted ; Apr. 16-1S, 
Patrick Delaney and Daniel Curley ; 
Apr. 25-27, Michael Pagan ; May 2, 
Thomas Caffrey ; May 7-9, Timothy 
Kelly. May 14, Joseph Brady is exe- 
cuted ; May IS, Daniel Curley ; May 28", 
Michael Fagan ; June 2, Thomas Caffrey; 
June 9, Timothy Kelley.] 

Apr. 17-18. An anti-Irish riot occurs 
at Camborne, Cornwall ; a Roman Cath- 
olic church is destroyed. 

Apr. 23. The Order of the Royal Red 
Cross for ladies who have served as war 
nurses is instituted by the queen. 

May 12. About 8,000 Staffordshire col- 
liers strike. [Sept. 3. Ended.] 

May * Dublin. A conspiracy of the 
Vigilance murder organization is dis- 
covered. 

May * James FitzHarris, convicted of 
conspiracy to murder, is sentenced to 
penal servitude for life. 

July 5-24. South Staffordshire iron- 
workers unsuccessfully strike against 
a reduction of wages. 

July 29. S. Afr. James Carey, the 
informer, is ' shot dead by Patrick 
O'Donnell on board the Melrose Castle, 
near Port Elizabeth. [O'Donnell is ar- 
rested, taken to England, and tried. 
Dec. 1. Convicted. Dec. 17. Executed.] 

Sept. 14. The Trade Union Congress 
disapproves of the nationalization of 
land ; vote, 90-34. 

Sept. * Ire. The National League in- 
vades Ulster; resisted by the Orange- 
men, especially at Auchnacloy and Duu- 
gannon. 



Oct. * Fr. The center of Fenian organ- 
ization is discovered at Paris ; Frederick 
Allen is apprehended. 

STATE. 

1882 July 21. H. C. The Arrears of 
Rent Bill passed. Vote, 285-177. [Aug, 
10. It passes the Lords.] 

It aims to relieve tenants who have 
fallen greatly behind in rent because of 
bad crops. 

Aug. 18. Parliament: The Electric 
Lighting Act is passed. Also, the Prison 
Charities Act. 

Sept. 2. The Irish Coercion Act ex- 
pires, and all suspects are released. 

Oct. 17. The Irish National League 
is formed. 

Oct. 24. Parliament meets. 

ISTov. 1-2. H. C. Mr. Gibbon's amend- 
ment to carry cloture by two-thirds in- 
stead of a bare majority is rejected. 
Vote, 322-238. 

Nov. 10-11. H. C. The cloture rule 
is adopted. Vote, 304-260. 

Nov. * The Irish Land Commission re- 
port is issued. (See Feb. 27.) 

Dec. 16. Newministers appointed : Ed- 
ward, Earl of Derby (Colonies), the 
Earl of Kamberley (India), the Mar- 
quis of Hartington (War), Hugh C. E. 
Childers (Chancellor). 

Dec. * The Naval Intelligence Commit- 
tee is formed. 

* * London. Henry Edmond Knight is 
elected lord mayor. 

•* * Sir Charles S. C. Bowen is made a 
lord justice. 

* * Parliament : The Settled Land Act 
is passed, by which tenants for life ac- 
quire power to sell or lease and use the 
proceeds. 

* * Parliament : An Act suppressing the 
barbarous customs toward the bodies 
of suicides is passed. 

1883 Jan. 13. Arthur Frederick, 
son of Prince Arthur, is born. 

Feb. 19-20. Parliament approves the 

introduction of an affirmation bill. 

Vote, 1S4-53. [May 3, 4. Bill rejected. 

Vote, 292-289.] 
Feb. 25. Alice Mary (first child) is born 

to Prince Leopold. 

Mar. * Scot. The Highland Land Law- 
Reform Association begins to work. 

Mar. 9. Earl Spencer resigns as lord 
president of the Council, and is suc- 
ceeded by Chichester S. Fortescue, Lord 
Carlingford. 

Apr. 4. H. C. E. T. Reid's bill to pro- 
hibit vivisection is talked out. 

Apr. 9. Parliament: The Grand 
Committee hold their first meeting ; 
Mr. Goschen is chairman. 

Sir Edward Fry is made a lord 

justice. 

May 4. H. C. The Commons refuses to 
permit Mr. Bradlaugh to take oath. 
[July 9. It again excludes him. Vote, 
232-65.] 

July 31. H. C. Sir Stafford North- 
cote's resolution against De Lesseps' 
monopoly (Suez Canal) is negatived. 
Vote, 284-185. 



Aug. 3. Parliament: Loans amounting 
to £4,600,000 for public works are au- 
thorized. 

H. C. The sergeant-at-arms arrests 
Mr. Bradlaugh for attempting to enter 
the House. [Dec. 7. He brings action 
against sergeant-at-arms for arresting 
him. 1884. Feb. 9. Verdict in favor of 
the defendant.] 

Aug. 20. Parliament: The City of Lon- 
don Parochial Charities Act is passed. 

Oct. 5. Ire. A meeting of the National 
League at Ennis is prohibited. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1832 Aug. 15. Dublin. The Exhibi- 
tion of Irish Arts and Manufactures is 
opened by Lord Mayor Dawson. [1883. 
Jan. 6. Closes.] 

Sept. 9. The iron ship Panama foun- 
ders off Yarmouth ; 20 perish. 

Sept. 18. ' The steamer Arizona, for New 
York, makes the passage in seven days, 
eight hours, and 12 minutes. Return 
passage in seven days, seven hours, and 
48 minutes. 

Sept. * The telegraph to Panama is com- 
pleted. 

Nov. 16. The Winton is wrecked off 
Ushant ; 24 lives lost. 

Nov. 18. London. The Strand Theater 
(rebuilt) is opened. 

Nov. 29. The St. George is lost off Port- 
reath, Cornish coast ; 11 lives lost. 

Dec. 7. London. The Alhambra, Leices- 
ter Square, is burned. 

Dec. 8-10. London. Fire consumes a 
large block of buildings on Wood Street ; 
loss, nearly £2,000,000; one life lost. 

Dec. 13. The new Town Hall at Hove, 
Brighton, is opened. 

Dec. 15. The barque Lanqrigg Hall is 
wrecked off' Wexford ; 24 lives lost. 

1883 Feb. 1. The steamer Kenmure 
Castle is wrecked in Bay of Biscay ; 30 
lives lost. 

Mar. 6. Gales cause many wrecks in 
the North Sea ; 3S2 lives lost. 

Mar. 7. N~or. The Scotch steamer Na- 
varre is sunk near Christiansand ; about 
745 lives lost. 

Mar. 17. The Dunstaffiiage is wrecked 
off Aberdeen ; 23 lives lost. 

Mar. * The steamer Wylcehain of Whitby 
founders near Lisbon ; 22 persons are 
drowned. 

Apr. 24. The British Commerce is sunk 
by collision with the County of Aberdeen, 
off Selsea Bill ; 25 persons perish. 

May 3. The Grappler burns near Bute 
Inlet (Vancouver Island) ; about 70 lives 
are lost. 

May 29.- Paris. The Suez Canal agree- 
ment (approved by the British Govern- 
ment Feb. 2,7} irf ratified after a protest 
by shareholders. 

June 3. London. The National Health 
Society opens an exhibition. 

June 30. Edinburgh. The Theater Royal 
is again burned. 

July 3. Scot. The Daphne heels over 
when launched ; 124 persons drowned. 

Ire. An Industrial Exhibition 

opens at Cork. 

July 7. London. An Irish lace exhi- 
bition opens at the Mansion House. 

July 14. The new municipal buildings 
and park at Dover are opened. 

Sept. 1, 2. A gale causes 79 wrecks on 
the coasts. 

Ire. The police become disloyal. 



992 1883, Nov. 3 -1885, June 24. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1S83-84 The Sudanese War (p. 658). 
An insurrection in the Sudan, begun 
in 1881 under the leadership of Moham- 
med Ahmed of Dongola (the Mahdi), de- 
velops into a war against the Egyptian 
Government, with the object of expelling 
foreigners, the Mahdi having proclaimed 
himself a prophet with a mission to de- 
liver Islam from external enemies. 

oade 



Oct.* The Royal Military Tourna- 
ment is organized, with the object of 
developing in the army skill in the use 
of arms. 

1884 July 24. The Elcho Challenge 
Shield is won by Ireland. [1885, July 
23, by England ; 1SS6, July 1% bv Ire- 
land ; 1SS7, by England ; 1888, July 19, 
by Ireland.] 

Sept. 22. The gunboat Wasp is lost in 
the China Sea ; 52 men perish. 

Oct. 8. The iron-clad Rodney is 
launched at Chatham. [1885. Mar. 31, 
the corvette Mersey at Chatham ; June 
15, the iron-clad Ben how at Black wall ; 
July 27, the Icarus at Davenport ; Sept. 
29, the corvette Severn at Chatham, and 
the gun-vessel Swallow at Sheerness ; 
Nov. 24, The war-ship Camperdown at 
Portsmouth.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1883 Nov. * -Dec. * Intensely red sun- 
sets and afterglow, and very red sunrises, 
are seen in England and other parts of 
Great Britain. They are attributed to 
the volcanic dust projected by the erup- 
tions of Krakatua, E. I. 

Dec. 3. London. The Alhambra (re- 
built), Leicester Square, is reopened. 

Dec. 17. The first exhibition of the 
Institute of Painters in Oil Colors is 
opened. 

Dec. * Richard Newsham bequeaths his 
art collection, worth £70,000, to Pres- 
ton. 

* * London. The Seal Society is founded. 

1884 Jan. 23-27. Violent gales cause 
destruction of life and property. 

Apr. 14. London. The Empire The- 
ater, formerly the Pandora, is opened. 



May 6. A new Museum of Classical 
Art and Archeology is opened at Cam- 
bridge. 

May 9. A statue of the queen, by 
Thomas "Woollier, is uncovered at Bir- 
mingham. 

May 29. London. A cable tramway is 
opened on Highgate Hill, the first in 
Europe. 



Nov. 8. The Preston Park, Brighton, 
is opened. 



* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Princess 
Ida. [1885, The Mikado.] 

1885 Apr. 10. Dublin. The founda- 
tion of the Museum of Science and 
Art is laid. 

June 9. London. A statue of Charles 
Darwin, by J. E. Boehm, paid for by 
universal subscription, is placed in the 
British Museum ; uncovered by Prof. 
Huxley. 

June 18. An earthquake is felt in 
Yorkshire. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1883 * * Bray, Anne E., novelist, A83. 

Chambers, William, editor, wr., Scot., A83. 

Collier, John P., Shakespearean critic, com- 
mentator, A94. 

Farr, William, statistician, A76. 

Inman, George, yacht, builder, dies. 

Moffat, Robert, Scotch-Afr. missionary, A88. 

Sabine, Edw aid. astronomer, A95. 
1884* * Bonn, Henrv Georue, publisher, A89. 

Buccleuch, Duke of, Walter F. M. D. Scott, 
Scotch statesman, A78. 

Cowley, Earl, Henry Richard Charles 
"Welfesley, diplomatist, A80. 

Hayward, Abraham, author, A82. 

Home, Richard II., author, A81. 

Hullah, John P., musical composer, A71. 

Leopold Charles E., second Duke of Albany, 
born. 

Leopold George Duncan Albert, duke of Al- 
bany, son of Victoria, A31. 

Reade, Charles, novelist, A70. 

Sullivan, Alexander >!., Irish journalist, ora- 
tor, statesman, historian, A54. 

Smith, Robert Angus, chemist, A67. 

Wellington, Duke of, Arthur Richard, 
scholar, A77. 

CHURCH. 

1883 Nov. 3-84 June 3. London. 
Moody and Sankey hold revival meet- 
ings. 

* * The Church of England School Com- 
pany is founded. [1884. Feb. 21. First 
annual meeting.] 

1884 Apr. 25. London. The Church 
of the Oratory is opened at South Ken- 
sington. 

May * A new organ is set up at "West- 
minster. 

June 14. London. The "West End Cen- 
ter Salvation Army Building is 
founded. 

* *The Trinitarian Bible Society is or- 
ganized. 

* *The Hermetic Society, a mystical 
spiritual philanthropic association, 
based upon Christianity, is founded by 
Dr. Anna Ivingsford. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

Samuel Shone for Kilmore, William Ben- 
nett Chester for Killaioe, and Lord Plunket, 
archbishop of Dublin; A. I. R. Anson for 
Qu'Appellc, [trtpcrlslaud, M. S. Baldwin for 
Huron, Can.. William Uoyil Carpenter for 
Ripon, George Kidding for Southwell, and 
Richard Young for Albabasca, Can. [1885, 
Edward H. Bi.-kersletii for Exeter, Charles 
Parsons Reichel for Meath, Ire., Charles 
Hamilton for Niagara, Can., Edward King 
for Lincoln, Fredcriek Temple for Loudon, 
John Wordsworth for Salisbury, W. T. T. 
Webber for Brisbane, Australia, and Lord 
A. Compton for Ely.] 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Cath- 
olic) : 

John Healy coadjutor of Clonfert; Abra- 
ham Browning, bishop of ( issory, also James 
Browne of Ferns, Thomas o'Callaghan of 
Cork. [188.% Apr. 2S, William J. Walsh, 
archbishop of Dublin; also John Butt for 
Southwark, William Smith, archbishop of 
St. Andrews and Edinburgh, and Nicolas 
Pagani, bishop of JIangalore.] 

* * The See of Southwell is founded. 

* * A penny Testament is published by 
the British and Foreign Bible Society. 

* * The Church of England Purity Soci- 
ety, or "White Cross Army, is formed. 

1885 May 19. The revised version of 
the Old Testament is published. 

LETTERS. 

1883 Nov. 29. London. The Society 
of Positivists meets in Newton Hall in 
Fleur-de-Lys Court, near Gough Square. 
Discourses on philosophy, morality, 
science, politics, etc., aredelivered, their 
object being to promote the perfection 



of man by means of education in its 
widest sense, aiming at the attaining of 
universal brotherhood independently of 
all professed religious sects. 
Nov. * Scot. The John Elder professor- 
ship of naval architecture at the Dun- 
dee University is endowed by Mrs. Elder 
to the amount of £12,500. 

* * The University College of South Wales 
and Monmouthshire, at Cardiff, is. 
founded. 

* * Merry England Magazine is issued. 

* * The Parthenon, by James Fergusson r 



* * The Life, Letters, and Literary Re- 
mains of Edward Bulwer, Lord Lytton, 
by Owen Meredith, appears. [1885, Glen- 
averil, or the Metamorphoses ; 1887, After 
Paradise.] 

* * The Art of England, by Puskin, ap- 
pears. [3884, Civil En arrant. The Pleas- 
ures of England and The Storm-Cloud 
of the' Nineteenth Century; 1SS5, On the 
Old Road ; Hortus Inclusus ; 1887, Dilec- 
ta, and Prseterita.] 

* * Dissertations on Early Laic and Cus- 
toms, by Sir H. J. S. Maine, appears. 

1884 Jan. 23. The Teachers' Guild 
holds its first public meeting. 

Feb. 11. Leares from My Journey in the 
Highlands, by Queen Victoria, appears. 

Apr. 3. New Educational Codes come 
into force. 

Apr. 17. New municipal offices and pub- 
lic free library are opened at Leeds. 

Apr. 23. London. The new building for 
St. Paul's School is opened by ford 
Selborne. 

Apr. 29. A statute is passed admitting 
"women to examination at Oxford. 

May * London. The Society of Au- 
thors is founded. 

July 15. London. The British Com- 
mercial Geographical Society is 
founded at the Mansion House. 

Aug. 4. London. An educational con- 
ference is opened at South Kensington. 

Oct. 5. "Winchester College is opened 
by the Earl of Dalhousie. 

Dec. 3. Edinburgh. The Scottish Geo- 
graphical Society is inaugurated.. 

* * The Pipe-Roll Society, for printing 
all extant public records prior to the 
year a.d. 1200, is founded. 

* * Middlesex County Record Society is 
founded. 

* * London. New English Dictionary, Part 
I., edited by James Augustus Henry 
Murray, and' published by the London 
Philological Society, appears. 

* * Shakespeare 's Predecessors in the Eng- 
lish Drama, by Symonds, appears. 

* * Dawn and The Witch's Head, by Henry 
Eider Haggard, appear. [1885, King 
Solomon's Mines; 1887, She; 1888, Mal- 
wa's Revenge.] 

1885 Jan.* The Manchester Geo- 
graphical Society is established. 

June 4. W. The University College 
of North Wales, at Bangor, is founded. 

June 10. Yorkshire Institute is opened 
by the Marquis of Lome. 



SOCIETY. 

1883 Dec* 1884 Feb. 8. About 18,000 
cotton-weavers in the northwestern dis- 
stricts strike against a reduction of 
wages ; they yield under certain condi- 
tions. 

Dec. 8. London. The Prince of "Wales 
is made grand master, past and pres- 
ent, of the Mark Masons. 

Dec. 17. Edinburgh. Terence M'Der- 
mott and nine others are tried at Edin- 
burgh for conspiracy to blow up build- 
ings in Glasgow; M'Dermott and. four 



AND IRELAND. 1883, Nov. 3-1885, June 24. 993 



of the conspirators are sentenced to 
penal servitude for life, five others to 
seven years. 
Dec. 18. Dublin. James Poole is exe- 
cuted for the murder of John Kenny, 
the informer. 

* * Scot. Through the Improvement Act, 
great numbers of rookeries are re- 
moved from Glasgow, and houses replace 
them. 

1884 Feb. 2. London. Portmanteaus 
containing dynamite and clockwork 
of American make, which had failed, 
are found at Charing Cross and Padding- 
ton stations. [Mar. 1. A similar satchel 
is found at Ludgate Hill station.] 

Mar.* Justice Stephens decides that 
cremation is legal. 

Apr. 4-8. A riot occurs at Kiddermin- 
ster. 

Apr. * Treasonable plans for the estab- 
lishment of an Irish. Republic are dis- 
covered in James F. Egan's garden at 
Birmingham. 

Apr. * London. The shoemakers strike. 

July 8. London. The Society for the 
Prevention of Cruelty to Children is 
founded. 

July 21. London. About 40,000 persons 
meet in Hyde Park to protest against 
the peers* rejection of the Franchise 
Bill, and to support the Gladstone Min- 
istry. 

July 22. A great Conservative demon- 
stration is made at Sheffield. 

July 26. Three great meetings are 
held in Manchester to support the Gov- 
ernment and the Franchise Bill. [Aug. 
9. Demonstration by Conservatives.] 

July * A strike in the cotton-trade oc- 
curs. 

Aug. 1. London. A jubilee meeting 
at Guildhall celebrates the abolition of 
slavery in the British colonies. 

Aug. 4. A great reform demonstration 
is made at Birmingham. 

Oct. 13. A Conservative demonstration 
at Aston, in Birmingham, is prevented 
by rioters; many are wounded and 
much damage done. 

Oct. * Great distress is felt at Newcastle 
through want of employment. 

Nov. 28. Ire. An attempt is made to 
destroy by dynamite Edinburgh 
House, near Tralee, Kerry; no deaths. 

Dec. 23. The B arns ley coal-miners' 
long strike ends. 

* * The Church of England Purity So- 
ciety (White Cross Army) is established 
by Miss Ellice Hopkins. 

1885 Jan. 7. The slave-trade is pro- 
hibited at a West African conference. 

Jan. 15. London. Mr. Bishop, themind- 
reader, is sentenced to pay £10,000 dam- 
ages to Mr. Maskelyne for libel in Truth 
of July, 1883. 

Feb. 16. London. The unemployed so- 
cial democratic federation hold a great 
meeting on the Thames embankment. 

Feb. * The Ladies' National Aid Soci- 
ety, for the relief of the sick and 
wounded in the Soudan and Egypt, is 
formed. 

Mar. 16. Two thousand miners in West 
Cumberland strike. [Apr. * -May * 
About half the colliers in Yorkshire 
strike.] 

Apr. 8. Dublin. The Prince of Wales 



June 16. London. The Holloway Asy- 
lum at Egham , for the insane , is 
opened by the Prince of Wales. 



STATE. 

1883 Nov. 13. Ire. The meetings of 
the Orangemen and National Leaguers at 
Garrison, Fermanagh, are prohibited. 

Dec. 5.' Ire. Sir E. Sullivan becomes 
lord chancellor. 

* * Parliament: The Enclosure, Copy- 
hold, and Tithes commissions are united 
in one body. 

* * Parliament : The Agricultural Hold- 
ings Act is passed. 

* * Pa. L. A bill for prohibiting shooting 
pigeons rising from a trap, attended 
with cruelties, is rejected. Vote, 30-17. 

* * London. R. N. Fowler, M.P., is elected 
lord mayor. 

1884 Feb. 11. H.C. Mr. Bradlaugh 
enters, and administers the oath to him- 
self ; he takes his seat, and the Commons 
votes to exclude him. Vote, 228-120. 
[Feb. 19. Bradlaugh is again reelected 
for Northampton. Feb. 21. The Com- 
mons again votes to exclude him. Vote, 
226-173.] 

Feb. 26. H. C. Arthur Wellesley 
Peel is elected Speaker. 

Feb. 28. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- 
duces the New Reform Bill. 

Feb. * The name Fifth Party is applied 
to the advocates of temperance in the 
House of Commons. 

Feb. * A society to introduce propor- 
tional representation is formed. 

Mar. 5. H. C. A Parnellite land-law 
amendment bill is rejected. Vote, 235- 
72. 

Apr. 11. James Francis Egan and Pat- 
rick Hogan are arrested at Birming- 
ham ; treasonable papers about an Irish 
republic are discovered in Egan's gar- 
den. 

Apr. 20. Beatrice (fifth child) is born to 
Prince Alfred-Ernest. 

June 15. The trial of Bradlaugh for 
voting without taking the oath begins 
in the Queen's Bench. [June 30. \er- 
dict is rendered for the Crown. 1885. 
Jan. 28. The Lords' justices disallow 
his appeal.] 

June 28. London. A Conference 

meets to discuss Egyptian affairs. 

Members : Earl Granville, foreign 

secretary ; Hugh C. E. Childers, chan- 
cellor of the exchequer ; and the follow- 
ing ambassadors : Count Karolyi (Aust.), 
M. Waddington (Fr.), Count Munster 
(Ger.), Count Nigra (It.), Count De Staal 
(Rus.), and Musurus Pasha (Turk.). 

July 10. H. L. The Women's Suf- 
frage Bill is rejected. 

July 19. Leopold Charles (second 
child) born to Prince Leopold. 

Aug. 14. Parliament : The Post-Office 
Protection Act is passed. 

Oct. 20. George Otto Trevelyan be- 
comes chancellor of the Duchy of Lan- 
caster. 

Oct. 24. Ire. H. Campbell-Banner- 
man is sworn in as chief secretary. 

Oct. 28. The Maamtrasma trial; the 
verdict is supported by the Commons. 

Nov. * E. I. The Marquis of Ripon, 
governor-general, dies, and is succeeded 
by the Earl of Dufferin. 

Wov. 3. H. L. Lord Petre, a Roman 
Catholic priest, takes his seat. 

!N"ov. 6. W. Afr. A British protectorate 
is proclaimed in K"ew Guinea. 

Nov. 18. George Shaw-Lefevre is ap- 
pointed postmaster-general. 



1885 Jan. 24. H. C. A dynamite 
explosion takes place in the House, 
resulting in much damage ; three assist- 
ants are hurt ; greater damage is pre- 
vented by the courage of two policemen 
in removing blazing destructives. 

Feb. 11. The Earl of Rosebery is made 
lord privy seal. 

Feb. 24. H. C. It first applies new 
Pailes and Cloture ; it expels Mr. 
O'Brien. 

Feb. 27, 28. H. L. A motion of cen- 
sure on the Government respecting 
Egypt is passed. Vote, 189-58. H.C. It 
is rejected. "Vote, 303-288. 

Mar. 3. H. C. The proposal of the So- 
ciety for Proportional Representa- 
tion is rejected. Vote, 134-31. 

Apr. 14. London. Sir R. N. Fowler is 
reelected lord mayor. 

Apr. 25. Ire. John Naish is made lord 
chancellor. 

June 9. The Gladstone Ministry re- 
signs on account of minority in the 
Commons on the Budget Bill. Vote, 
264-252. 

June 24. Robert Arthur Talbot Gas- 
coyne-Cecil, Marquis of Salisbury, 
forms a Ministry. 

Members : Marquis of Salisbury (For. 
Sec), Sir Stafford Northcote [Karl of Iddes- 
leigh], (L. Treas.), Sir Hardinge Giffard, Lord 
Ha'labury (L. Chanc), Gathorne Gathorne- 
Hardy, Viscount Cranbrook (Pres. Council), 
Dudley Francis Stnai t Ryder, Earl of Har- 
rowby. Sir Richard Assheton Cross (Home 
Sec), Col. Frederick Arthur Stanley (Colo- 
nial Sec), Lord Randolph Henry Spencer- 
Churchill (Sec for India), William Henry 
Smith (Sec for War), [1886, Jan. 23, suc- 
ceeded by Viscount Cranbrook], Lord George 
Francis Hamilton (First L. of Adm.), Sir 
Michael Edward Hicks-Beach (Chanc Ex- 
cheq. ) , the Earl of Carnarvon ( L. Lieut. I re. ) , 
Edward Gibson [Lord Ashbourne], the Duke 
of Richmond (Pres. Board of Trade), Lord 
John Manners (P. M. Gen.), Edward Stan- 
hope (Vice Pres. Council), Henry Chaplin 
(Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster), Arthur J. Bal- 
four (Pres. Local Gov. Board), Sir William 
Hart-Dvke [Sf*\ Ire.), David Robert Plunket 
(Com. of Works), Sir Richard E. Webster 
(Atty.-Gen.), and John E. Gorst (Solicitor- 
Gen.). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1883 Nov. 8. The Iris is sunk off Cape 
Villano ; 35 lives lost. 

Dee. 11. The steamer Auk is "wrecked 
at South Hendon ; 22 lives lost. 

* * London. The Metropolitan Railway 
reports 36,753,321 passengers carried in 
six months without accident. 

1884 June 3. A railway train goes 
over an embankment between Brea- 
more and Downton ; five persons are 
killed and 41 injured. [July 16. Another 
at Bullhouse Bridge, near Peniston; 24 
lives are lost.] 

June 4. London. Fire destroys the East 
End aquarium, menagerie, and wax- 
works at Bishopsgate. 

Aug. 2, 3. The steamer Dione collides 
with Camden and sinks near Gravesend ; 
about 17 are drowned. 

Nov. -1 . Scot . A false alarm of fire at 
the Star Theater, Glasgow, causes 15 
deaths. 

1885 Feb. 13. The Mersey Tunnel, 
Liverpool, is opened. 

June 18. A mine explosion at Clifton 
Hall, near Pendlebury, Lancashire, 
causes 177 deaths. 



994 1885, June 25-1886, * * GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1885 July 13-25. The National Asso- 
ciation for rifle-shooting meets at Wim- 
bledon ; Sergt. Buhner, 2d Lincoln, 
wins the queen' prize. 

[1886, July 12-24, Private Jackson, 1st V. 
B. Lincoln; 1887, July 11-23, Lieut. Warren, 
1st Middles.-* rules; iHSS, July 9-21, Private 
Fulton, 13th Middlesex.] 

1886 Feb. 22. The Duke of Edin- 
burgh assumes command of the fleet 
in the Mediterranean. 



Hobart- Hampden, Augustus Charles (Ho- 

bart Pasha), admiral, A64. 
Maas, Joseph, singer, A39. 
Maepherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, gen., A59. 
May, Sir Thomas Erskine, Jurist, hist., A71. 
Oliphant, Mrs. Laurence, Octavie L'Es- 

t range, author, A45±. 
Taylor, Sir Henry, poet, A8ti. 
Trench, Richard C, archbishop of Dublin, 

author, A79. 
Trevelyan, Sir Charles, publicist, A79. 
Tulloch, John, theologian, author, Scot., A63. 
Webster, Thomas, artist, A86. 



Aug. 16. Sham naval battles take 
place at Milford Haven, 

Aug. 23. The cruiser Orlando is 
launched at Jarrow-on-Tyne. [Nov. 
25, the cruiser Undaunted at Jarrow-on- 
Tyne ; Dec. 15, the cruiser Narcissus 
at Hull ; 1887, Sept. 20, the turret-ram 
Trafalgar at Portsmouth. 

Nov. 9. The Distinguished Service 
Order is instituted for military and 
naval officers. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1885 Oct. 1. A statue of the Earl of 
Shaftesbury, Westminster Abbey, is un- 
covered. 

Nov. 30. London. George Gabriel 
Stokes is made president of the Royal 
Society. 

* * London. The Home Arts Associa- 
tion is established. 

1886 Jan. * Three comets are visible, 
Brook's, Fabry's, and Barnard's. 

May 4. London. A Colonial and Indian 
Exhibition is opened at South Kensing- 
ton. 

July 15. London. The Thompson 
smoke-consuming furnace is success- 
fully tried on the Thames. 

Aug. 29. W. I. A solar eclipse is well 
observed and photographed at Grenada 
by a Government expedition. 

Sept. 4. A waterspout does much dam- 
age at Swansea. 

Dec. 8, 9. The south and west of Eng- 
land are visited by a destructive gale 
and storm. [Dec* 26, 27. A snowstorm 
does great damage in the west.] 

Dec. 15. London. A statue of Queen 
Anne, at the west front of St. Paul's 
Cathedral, is uncovered by the lord 
mayor. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1885 * * Abercorn, Duke of, James Hamilton, 
statesman, Ireland, A74. 

Cairns, Lord, Hugh MeCalmont, statesman, 
Ireland, A66. 

Fraser, James, bishop of Manchester, philan- 
thropist, A67. 

Cordon, Charles George (Chinese Gordon), 
major-general, traveler, A54. 

Halifax, Viscount, Sir Charles Wood, states- 
man, A85. 

Houghton, Lord, Richard Monckton 
Milnes, statesman, author, A76. 

MacCabe, Edward, cardinal, archbishop 
of Dublin, A69. 

Muirhead, John, engineer, inventor, A78. 

O'Hagan, Baron, judge, Ireland, A73. 

I'arkes, Sir Harry Smith, diplomatist, A57. 

Sartorius, Sir George Rose, admiral, A95. 

Shaftesbury, Earl of, Anthony A. Cooper, 
philanthropist, A84. . 

Shairp, John C, scholar, author, Scot., A66. 

Strathnairn, Lord, Hugh Henry Rose, field- 
marshal, A82. 

Veitch. John, author, Scotland, A90. 
1886* * Anderson, Sir John, gun inventor, 
A72. 

Archer, Frederick James, jockey, A30. 

Caldecott, Randolph, artist, A40. 

Cardwell, Vise.i.nint, Kdward. states., A73. 

Churchill, Henry Adrian, diplomatist, dies. 

Collins, Frances, novelist, dies. 

Goddard, Bouverie, painter, A54. 



CHURCH. 

1885 July 21. A Wesleyan Metho- 
dist Conference at Newcastle-on-Tyne 
opens. 

Oct. * Edinburgh. The Scottish Home 
Mission to Jews is founded. 

* * Scot. The Jewish Mission of the 
United Presbyterian Church is founded. 

1886 Feb. 16. The House of Laymen 
first meets, a consultative body having 
102 members, to assist the convocation of 
(Church of England) clergy. 

May 13. H. L. The archbishop of 
Canterbury introduces the Church Pat- 
ronage Bill to check sales, give rights 
to petitioners, etc. [18S7, Apr. 1. Passes 
the Lords.] 

May 28-June 4. London. The Inter- 
national Salvation Army Congress 
meets. 

June 29. Ire. The Unionist Roman 
Catholics present a Jubilee address to 
the queen. 

July * Ire. Monsignor Persico repre- 
sents the Pope in a visit to Ireland. 

Oct, 5. The Church Congress is held 
at "Wakefield. [1887, Oct. 3±. At "Wolver- 
hampton ; 1888, Oct. 1±, at Manchester.] 

Oct. 25. London. Rev. H. R. Haweis 
of St. James, Marylebone, is prohibited 
by his bishop from preaching in the City 
Temple. 

* * London. Churches of the city ; Church 
of England, 920 ; Dissenters, aboufc 700. 



LETTERS. 

1885 Nov. * London. The Selborne 
Society is founded. [Dec, Bacon So- 
ciety ; later, Shelley Society.] 

* * Law Quarterly Review is issued. 

* * Six Centuries of Work and Wages, by 
James Edwin Thorold lingers, appears. 
[1887, A History of Agriculture and 
Prices in England.'] 

1886 Nov. * Gr. The British School 
of Archeology is opened at Athens. 

Dec. 15. The new buildings of Sion's 
College and Hospital are opened by 
the Prince of Wales. 



* * The International Copyright Act is 
passed. 

* * London. The English Historical Ee- 
vieiv is issued. 

* * Locksley Hall, Sixty Years After, by 
Tennyson, appears. [1889. Demeterand 
Other Poems.] 

SOCIETY. 

1885 July 16. About 3,000 cotton- 
weavers of Lancashire strike. [Sept. 
2-17. 4,700 men at Elswick Iron "Works, 
Newcastle, strike.] 

July 23. Princess Beatrice marries 
Prince Henry of Battenberg, 

Sept.* Ind. Female suffrage is 
granted in the Madras presidency. 



Sept. * Ire. The Crimes Act expires ; 
boycotting and other outrages are re- 
newed. 

Oct. * Lre. The Cork Defence Union 
is formed by the landlords to oppose the 
Irish National League. [The Irish De- 
fence Union is formed to support the 
local Defence Unions.] 

Oct. * About 25,000 cotton- weavers at Old- 
ham strike against 10 per cent reduc- 
tion in wages ; the workmen compromise 
on a 5 per cent reduction. 

Nov. 13. Ire. Moonlighters unsuccess- 
fully attack Castle Farm, Molahiffe, to 
obtain arms. 

Nov. * The engineers at Sunderland re- 
turn to "work after having been on 
strike for two and a half years. 

Nov. * The Selborne Society, for the 
preservation of birds, plants, and pleas- 
ant places, is established. 

* * Ire. Agrarian offenses reported are 
944. 

1886 Jan. 6-Feb. 24. Shipwrights on 
the Tyne and Wear strike. 

Jan. 30. Northumberland miners strike. 
[May 23-28. Work resumed.] 

Feb. 9, 10. London. Riotous meet- 
ings are held in Trafalgar Square. 
[Mar. * Rioters are sentenced to various 
terms of imprisonment.] 

Feb. 11-16. A strike occasions rioting 
at Leicester ; quelled by police. 

May 14-Oct. 27. Engineers at Bolton 
strike ; the trouble is settled by concili- 
ation. 

May * Ire. Intimidation is practised 
by the House League upon owners of 
houses in Kerry and elsewhere, to secure 
a reduction of rent. 



June 3, 13, 21. Ire. Riots occur in 

Belfast between Catholic and Protestant 

workmen ; many lives are lost. [Aug. 

9, 14. Rioting continues ; 11 killed. Aug. 

15. Suppressed.] 
June* -July* Shropshire iron-workers 

successfully strike. 
July 14-16. London. The British and 

Colonial Congress meets, bishop of 

London, president. 

July* The "Woman's Suffrage Society 
holds its annual meeting. 

July * Scot. Riotous resistance is made 
to ejectments at Greenhill Farm, Isle 
of Tiree, Hebrides. 300 men repulse 50 
police ; marines restore order. , [Dec. 14. 
Six crofters are sentenced to three 
months' imprisonment.] 

Aug. 19-22. About 1,000 delegates at- 
tend a convention of the Irish Na- 
tional League at Chicago, U. S. A. ; 
John Fitzgerald, president. 

Sept 1±. Ire. Occasional rioting occurs 
at West Belfast between Protestants 
and Catholics. 

Sept. 12. About 15,000 operatives in the 
wrought-nail trade of South Stafford- 
shire strike. 

Sept. 19. Riots occur at Liverpool. 

Sept. 26. Ire. Armed moonlighters 
are captured at Castle Island, in Kerry. 
Fatal riots occur at West Belfast ; two 
persons killed. 

Sept. 30. A riot occurs among coal- 
miners at Plas-Power colliery near 
Wrexham. 

Oct. 4. Ire. Two women who refuse to 
give up arms are shot by moonlighters 
near Williamstown, in Cork. 

Nov. 9. The Distinguished Service 
Order is instituted. 



AND IRELAND. 1885, June 25-1886,* *. 995 



Dec. 8. Ire. The Fenian Brotherhood 
expels O'Donovan Rossa. 

Dec. 23. Dublin. John Dillon and five 
other Irish members of Parliament, and 
William O'Brien, editor of United Ire- 
land, are tried for illegal rent collect- 
ing. [1887. Jan. 11. They are commit- 
ted and bailed. Feb. 14. Trial resumed. 
Feb. 24. Jury disagree. Apr. 1. Pro- 
ceedings withdrawn.] 

* * London. The Socialist League is 
formed by William Morris, John Burns, 
H. M. Hyndman, and H. H. Champion. 

* * London. The National Conservative 
Club is organized. 

STATE. 

1SS5 June 25. Parliament: The Re- 
distribution of Seats Act is passed. 

July 1. Parliament: Special postal 
trains are established. 

July 6. H. C. It refuses to permit Mr. 
Bradlaugh to take the oath. Vote, 263- 
219. 

Aug. 14. Charles Henry, Duke of Rich- 
mond, is appointed secretary for Scot- 
land. 

Parliament: Lord Ashbourne's 
Act, granting £5,000,000 for the pur- 
chase of land in Ireland by tenants, to 
be paid by instalments, is passed. 

Parliament is prorogued. [Nov. 18. 
Dissolved.] 

Oct. 5. Ire. The first county conven- 
tion is held at Wicklow under Mr. 
Parnell. 

Oct. 7. The Royal Commission for in- 
quiry into causes of depression of 
trade holds its first meeting. Earls Id- 
desleigh and Dunraven, Mr. G. Sclater 
Booth, Prof. Bouamy Price, and 20 others 
present. [1887. Feb. * It reports the 
probable causes, — overproduction, the 
rise in the price of gold, and the fall in 
prices.] 

Nov. 23. -Dec. 18. General election: 
333 Liberals, 251 Conservatives, 86 Par- 
nellites, are elected, 

Dec. * Sir Henry Lopes is made a lord 
justice. 

* * London. John Staples is elected lord 
mayor. 

* * E.I. The British settle in Upper 
Burmah. 

* * W. Afr. Niger districts are occupied 
by settlers. 



* * Ire. Population, 4,962,000. 

1886 Jan. 12. Parliament meets. 

[June 26. Dissolved.] 
Jan. 13. H. C. Mr. Bradlaugh takes 

the oath in the Commons. 
Jan. * Ire. "William H. Smith is chief 

secretary for a few days. 
Jan. 27. The Salisbury Ministry re- 
signs, being defeated in the Commons 

on an amendment to the address. 
Feb. 2. Ire. John Naish is made lord 

chancellor. 
Feb. 5. Ire. The Earl of Aberdeen is 

appointed lord-lieutenant. 
Feb. 6. Sir Charles Russell becomes 

attorney-general, and Sir Horace Davey 

solicitor-general. 
Lord Wolverton, George Grenfell 

Glyn, is appointed postmaster-general. 
Sir Farrer Herschel, Lord Herschel, 

is made lord high chancellor. 



The third administration of "William 
Ewart Gladstone is formed. 
W. E. Gladstone (L. Treas.), Sir Farrer 

Herschel (L. Cham', i, Karl Spencer (L. PreB. 
Council), Sir William V. Harcourt (Chanc. 
Excheq.), Huu'h Culling E. Cinlders (Home 
Sec), Archibald P. Primrose, Earl of Kose- 
bery {For. Sec), George Leveson-Gower, 
Karl Granville (Colonial Sec), John Wode- 
House, Earl of Kimherley (Sec. for India), 
Ilenrv Cainpbell-liannerman (Sec for War), 
Earl de Gray and Ripon (L. of Adm.), An- 
thony James Mundella (Pres. Board of 
Trade), Joseph Chamberlain (Pres. of Local 
Gov. Board) [Mar. 27, succeeded by James 
stansfeld], John Morlev (Sec for Ire.) [JJar. 
24, succeeded bv John William 1 1 .unsay, Earl 
of Dalhousie], George Otto Trevelyan (Sec 
for Scot.), Edward Heneage (Chanc Duchy 
of Lancaster) [Apr., succeeded by Sir U.Kay - 
Sbuttlewortb], Albert Kdimmd Parker, Earl 
of Morley (Com. of Works) [Apr. 13, suc- 
ceeded by Victor Alexander Bruce, Earl of 
Elgin]. 
Feb. 10. London. A British Home 
Rule (for Ireland) Association is formed. 

Feb. 15. John W. Mellor is made 
judge-advocate-general. 

Mar. 5. H. C. The proposed abolition 
of the hereditary principle is negatived. 

Apr. 8. H. C. Mr. Gladstone intro- 
duces his Home-Rule Bill, " to make 
better provision for the government of 
Ireland." 

It proposes to establish a legislative body 
in Dublin, to consist of two orders: ( 1 ) 2S rep- 
resentative peers and To members elected for 
10 years ; (2) the present 103 Irish members, 
and 101 additional ; the lord-lieutenant with 
a privy council to be independent of Great 
Britain \ the new body empowered to enact 
laws, and to impose and collect taxes, except 
the customs, but not to interfere with the 
army and navy, or foreign and colonial af- 
fairs, and not to enact any religious endow- 
ment; present legal and police arrangements 
to remain temporarily subject to the crown ; 
no Irish members to sit at Westminster. 
[Apr. 13, 14. The bill is read a first time in 
the Commons. June 7, H. Its second reading 
is rejected In the Commons. Vote, 343-313, 
the majority including 250 Tories and 93 Lib- 
erals. ] 

Apr. 16. H. C. The sale and purchase 
of the Land Bill (Ireland) is introduced 
by Mr. Gladstone ; the issue of 50,000,000 
3 per cent stock from 18S7-90 is proposed. 

Apr.* London. Private posting-boxes 
are sanctioned. 

May 10. Lord Kedesdale, chairman of 
committees since 1851, dies, and is suc- 
ceeded by the Duke of Buckingham. 

May 11. H. C. Proposed abolition of 
the punishment of death is defeated. 
Vote, 117-62. 

May 14,15. Meetings of Conservatives 
and Liberals declare against Glad- 
stone's Irish policy ; over 70 Liberal 
M. P.'s desert their party; they and 
their followers become known as Lib- 
eral Unionists, or dissenting Liberals. 

June 18. Ire. Armagh and Tyrone are 
proclaimed under the Peace Preserva- 
tion Act. 

June 25. Parliament : An Act is passed 
giving the Scotch crofters fixity of ten- 
ure, enlargement of holdings, and state 
aid to fisheries. [1888. Amended.] 

June 26. Parliament is dissolved. 

July * General election takes place on 
the issue of Gladstone's Irish Home 
Rule policy. [316 Tories, 191 Liberals, 
78 Liberal Unionists, and 85 Parnellites 
(Irish Home Rulers) are elected.] 

July 20. The Gladstone administra- 
tion resigns. 



July 21. . Ire. Belfast is proclaimed 
because of rioting between Catholics 
and Protestants. 

July 23. The United Kingdom Home 
Rule (for Ireland) League is formed. 

July 26. The second Salisbury admin- 
istration is formed. 

members: Marquis of Salisbury (Premier 
and Treas.), Lord Halsbury (L. Chanc), 
Vise. Cranbrook (1,.1'ivs. Conned), Lord Ran- 
dolph Henry Spent'tr-CImi'didl (Chanc. Ex* 
cheq.), Henry Matthews (Home See.), Staf- 
ford Henry Nortbeote, Earl of Iddesleigli 
(For. Sec.), Edward Stanhope (Sec. Colo- 
nies) [later, Sir Henry Thurstan Holland], 
Sir Richard Cross [ Viscount Cross] (See. for 
India), William Henry Smith (Sec. War\, 
Lord George F rum-is Hamilton (L. Admir.)', 
Edward Gibson, Lord Ashbourne (L. Chanc. 
of Ire.), sir Michael Edward Hicks-Beach 
(Sec. for Ire.), Lord John Manners, Duke 
of Rutland (Chanc. Duchy of Lancaster), 
and Sir Frederick Stanley, Lord Stanley 
of Preston (Pres. Board of Trade). 

George Henry Cadogan [Earl Cadogan] 
(L. Privy Seal), Charles Stewart Vane 
Tempest Stewart, Marquis of Londonderry 
(L. Lieut. Ire.), Arthur J. Balfour (Sec. for 
Scot.), C. T. Ritchie (Pres. of Local Gov. 
Board), Henry Cecil Raifees (P.M. -Gen.), 
David Robert I'lunket (Cum. of Works), Sir 
Richard Kvcrard Webster (Atty.-Gen.), Sir 
Edward Clarke (Solicitor Gen.). 

July * WilliamT. Marriott is made judge- 
advocate-general. 

Aug. 5. Parliament meets. [1892. 
June 28. Dissolved.] 

Aug. 27, 28. H.C. Mr. Parnell'a 
amendment to the address is nega- 
tived. "Vote, 304-1S1. 

Aug. * Ire. Gen. R. Buller is appointed 
to command in Kerry, Clare, and Cork, 
with civil plenary powers. 

Sept. 11. H.C. Mr. Parnell introduces 

his Tenants' Relief Bill ; it is rejected. 

Vote, 297-202. 
Sept. 25. Parliament is prorogued. 
Nov. 30. Ire. Sir Robert Hamilton, 

under secretary, resigns. [Gen. Buller 

succeeds him.] 
Nov.* Ind. Ocean. Socotra is acquired. 
Dec. 1. The British Home Rule 

Union is formed. 
Dec. IS. Ire. A proclamation is issued 

against the *• Plan of Campaign.** 

* * London. Reginald Hawson is elected 
lord mayor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1885 July * -Aug. * Ire. Fraud is dis- 
covered in the MunsterBank, and pay- 
ment is stopped. 

Sept. 16. The Puritan defeats the Ge- 

nesta in a yacht-race (p. 321). 
Sept. 18. The steamer Dolphin collides 

with the Brenda; eight lives lost. 
Sept.* The Merchantman is wrecked on 

Sands Head ; about 70 perish. 
Oct.* The Manchester Ship Canal 

Company is formed ; proposed capital, 

£8,000,000. 
Nov.* Edinburqh. The ancient cross 

is restored by \V. E. Gladstone. 

* * Lord Hastings's Melton wins the Der- 
by race. [18S6, Duke of Westminster's 
Ormonde wins ; 1887, Mr. Abbington's 
Merry Hampton; 1SS8, Duke of Port- 
land's Ayrshire, and 1889, his Don- 
ovan.] 

Dec. 23. IP". A mine explosion occurs 
at Mardy colliery, Pontypridd ; 200 per- 
sons are entombed, and 81 killed. 

1886 Apr. * The permission to grow 
tobacco is granted with conditions by 
the Board of Trade. 

Aug. 26. The steamer Ferntower foun- 
ders near Saigon ; about 50 lives are lost. 

Sept. 11. The American yacht May- 
Jloiver outsails the Galatea (p. 325). 



996 1886,** -1888, Jan. 30. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1887 Jan. 1. New array discipline reg- 
ulations are made, giving increased 
power to officers. 

Feb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De- 
partment is formed. 

Mar. 10. The torpedo-cruiser Serpent is 
launched at Devonport. [Apr. 9, the 
war-ship Victoria at Newcastle ; May 9, 
the war-ship Sans Pared at Blackwall.] 

July 23. A naval review is held at 
Spithead in honor of Queen Victoria's 
jubilee; 135 ships and over 20,000 men 
take part in the display. 

* *The Duke of Cambridge is made 
commander-in-chief by patent. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1886 * * The British Association meets 
at Birmingham. [1SS7, at Manchester ; 
1888, Sept. 5, at Bath ; 1SS9, at Newcas- 
tle.] 

1887 Feb.* A museum for Gen. Pitt- 
Rivers' collection of ancient weapons is 
presented to the Oxford University. 

Apr. 4. London. Anglo-Jewish an- 
tiquities are exhibited at the Royal 
Albert Hall. 

Apr. 20. About £10,000 of the Jubilee 
Fund is set apart for a colossal statue 
of Prince Albert. 

May 3. Tbe Royal Jubilee Exhibition 
of manufactures, science, and art, at 
Manchester, is opened by the Prince and 
Princess of Wales. [Nov. 10. Closed.] 

May 11. The Royal Mining, Engineering, 
and Industrial Exhibition at Newcastle, 
is opened by the Duke of Cambridge. 
[July 11. The Royal Agricultural Soci- 
ety's Exhibition is opened.] 

May 16. The Royal Jubilee Exhibi- 
tion at Liverpool is opened by the 
Princess Louise. 



London. A terrific storm destroys 

life and property. 

Sept. 26. London. An International 
Shorthand Congress is held at the 
Geological Museum ; 482 systems are 
noticed. 

Sept. * A new Art Union is established 
by the Royal Institute of Painters in 
Water Colors. 

Oct. 22. A statue of Samuel Morley, 
M.P., is unveiled at Bristol. 

Oct. 31-Wov. 1. Gales occur on the 
south and west coasts. [Nov. 3. An- 
other gale on the southeast coast.^ 

Dec. 16. A statue of Gen. Earle, in 
front of St. George's Hall, Liverpool, is 
unveiled by Lord Wolseley. A statue 
of the queen at the Royal Holloway Col- 
lege is unveiled by the Princess Chris- 
tian. 

Dec. * JF. Gold is discovered in large 
quantities in Pritchar Morgan's mines, 
Gwynfynydd, Mawddach Valley, Merio- 
nethshire. 

* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Ruddy- 
gore. 

* * Arrangements are made for transmit- 
ting telegraphic messages from rail- 
way trains in motion without contact 
with the ordinary wires. 

* * London. Josef Hofman, ten years of 
age, plays long classical pieces from 
memory at St. James's Hall. 

* * London. The Anatomical Society is 
founded. 

* *The symphonion, an improved mu- 
sical box, is invented. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1887 Jan. 12- Iddesleigh, Earl of, Sir Staf- 
ford Henry Northcote, states., author, A69. 

Jan. 19. Ballantme, \V illiam, lawyer, A75. 
Jan. 23. Wnitworth, Sir Joseph, mechani- 
cal engineer, A84. 
Feb. 5. Macgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, 

general, A47- 
Feb. 8. Wood, Mrs. Henry, author, A67. 
Mar. 24. Strangford, Viscountess, Emily 

Anne, philanthropist, A53. 
Apr. 10. Newdegate, Charles, politician, 

A71. 
May 5. Grant, James, Scot, novelist, A65. 
July 25. Mayhew, Henry, author, A75. 
Aug. 10. Lawson, James Anthony, jurist, 

Ireland, A70. 
Oct. 17. Hunt, Robert, scientist, A80. 
Oct. 20. Beresford-Hope, Alexander 

James, scholar, statesman, A67. 
Nov. 2. land, Jenny (Mrs. Otto Gold- 

schmidt), vocalist, A66. 
Nov. 6. Wolverton, Baron, George Gren- 

fell Glyn, statesman. A63. 
Nov. 17. Baker, Valentine (Baker Pasha), 

colonel, A62. 
Dec. 17. Farre, Arthur, surgeon, A76. 
Dec. 19, Stewart, Balfour, naturaliBt, 

A58. 

1888 Jan. 8. Priee, Bonamy, economist, 
A80. 

Jan. 19. Garden, Robert Walter, politi- 
n, philanthropist, A87. 



Jan. 27. Godwin, George, architect, A73. 
Jan. 29. Lear, 1-Mwanl, author, dies. 
Jan. 30. Caird, James Tennant, ship- 
builder, Scotland, A71. 
Howitt, Mary, poet, A89. 



CHURCH. 

1886 * * Bishops consecrated (Church 
of England) : 

John Dowden for Edinburgh, Charles 
Graves for Limerick, Charles Maurice Stack 
for Clogher, William Reeves for Down. 
Robert B. Knox, archbishop of Armagh, E. 
Bickersteth for Japan, G. W. H. K. Bruce 
for Bloemfontein, South Africa, Bramsby L. 
Key for St. Johns, South Africa, Edward T. 
Churton for Nassau, W. I.; and James 
Moorhouse for Manchester. [1887. W. C. 
Pinkham for Saskatchewan and Calgary, Hu- 
pertsland, J. Wareing Banlslev for Sudor 
and Man, G. F. P. Blyth for Jerusalem, T. 
E. Wilkinson for Central Europe, Charles 
E. Camidge for Bafhurst, Australia, Field 
Flowers Goe for Melbourne, Australia, and 
Henry J. Matthew for Lahore, Ind.] 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

Edward T. O'Dwyer for Limerick, Patrick 
McAlister for Dorm and Connor, and Pierce 
Power for Water ford and Lismore; also Mat- 
thew Gibney for Perth Australia. 

1887 Aug. 9. The archbishop of Can- 
terbury receives an address from 96 
peers, directed against auricular con- 
fession, priests in absolution, etc. 

Dec. 26. The British Special Mission 
presents the queen's Jubilee gift to the 
Pope. 

Dec. * The Duke of Norfolk is appointed 
envoy extraordinary from Victoria to 
the Vatican. [Dec. 17. He is received 
by the Pope.] 

* * Scot. The Mission to the Chinese 
Blind is formed by the zeal of William 
Murray. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

George Porter for Bombay, E. I.; Francis 
Pozzi for Krishnagar, K. I. ; Alex. Kieeaz for 
Nagpur, E. L; Bernard Beiderlinden for 
Poona, E. I. ; Ferdinand Ossi for Quilon, E. 
I.; Jeremiah Dovle for Grafton, Australia ; 
and Vincent. Flnml, bishop auxiliary for Port 
of Spain; John J. Grimes for Christchurch, 
Australia. 

1888 Jan. 25. London. The new Tere- 
dos at St. Paul's Cathedral is unveiled. 

Jan. 30. London. A solemn office, in 
memory of the Young Pretender, is 
celebrated at All Saints, Anglican 
Church, Lambeth. 



1886 * * The Mayor of Casterbridge, by 
Thomas Hardy, appears. [1891. Tess of 
tlie &' Ubervilles.] 

* * Miscellanies, by Swinburne, appears. 

* * The Strange Case of Dr. Jekyll and 
Mr. Hyde and Kidnapped , by R. L. B. 
Stevenson, appear. [1887, Undenvoods, 
The Merry Men, and Other Tales, and 
Memoirs and Portraits ; 1889, The Master 
of Ballantrae.] 

1887 Jan. 29. The Selden Society, 
for the study of English legal history, 
and publication of ancient MSS. and 
books, is founded. 

Mar. 26. The 500th anniversary of the 
laying of the first stone of New College, 
"Winchester, is celebrated. 

June 15. The foundation of Newcastle 
and Durham College of Physical Sci- 
ence is laid by Sir [Lord] William Arm- 
strong. [1888. Nov. 5. Opened.] 

* * London. The Philological Society 
advocates the use of Volapiik in diplo- 
macy and science. 

* * Books and pamphlets published dur- 
ing the year, 4,410. [1888, 4,960; 1S89, 
4,694; 1890,4,414.] 

* * Practical Dictionary of Mechanics, by 
Edward H. Knight, appears. 

* * The Wolfe Expedition in Asia Minor, 
by J. R. Stillington Sterrett, appears. 

* * Paleolithic Man in N. W. Middlesex, 
by John Allen Brown, appears. 

* * The Revolutionary Movement of 1848- 
49 in Italy, Austria, Hungary, and Ger- 
many, by G. Edmund Maurice, appears. 

* * Christianity, Islam, and the Negro 
Race, by Edmund \V. Blyden, appears. 

* * Lectures on the Origin and Growth of 
Religion, by A. H. Sayce, appears. 

* * The Mammoth and the Flood, by Henry 
H. Howorth, appears. 

* * Early Adventures in Persia, Susiana, 
. and Babylon, by Sir Henry Layard, 

appears. 
1887-89 Essays, by Aubrey Thomas De 

Vere, appears. 
1887-94 English Writers, by Henry 

Morley, appears. 

* * Springhaven, by Richard D. Black- 
more, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1886 * * A Thimble League is patron- 
ized by the queen ; tbe object being to 
provide employment for distressed 
needle-women. 

* * Parliament : The Shop Hours Reg- 
ulation Act for the protection of young 
persons is passed. 

* *The Recreative Evening Schools 
Association for boys who have left 
school is founded under royal patron- 
age. 

* * Titles created: 

Earl De Montalt, Viscount Cross, and 
Barons Hillingdon, Thring, Kensington, 
Hindlip, Stalbridge, Grinthorpe, Herschell, 
Hamilton, Brassey, and Burton. [1887, Earl 
of Londesborongh, and Barons Addington, 
Basing, Macnaghten, Cheylesmore, Conne- 
mara, Monckton, Armstrong, Bowes, St. 
Levan, Dp Ramsey, and Magherainorne; 1888, 
Marquis of Duffern and Ava, and Barons 
Knutsfordand Savile; 1889, Duke of Fife.] 

1887 Jan. 29, 30. Ire. Rioting oc- 
curs in West Belfast. 

Feb. 8-10. Scot. Violent riots by Lan- 
arkshire miners occur at Hamilton, Air- 
drie, and elsewhere ; 74 men are arrested. 

Feb. 14, 15. Ire. Evictions are re- 
sisted with arms ; an " emergency " 
man dies of his wounds at Ballycar. 

Feb. * London. The London Postmen's 
Kest, Dover, is established by Lord 
Wolverton, late postmaster. 



AND IRELAND. 1886, ** -1888, Jan. 30. 997 



Mar. 8. Ire. Bloody riots occur at 
Yonghai. 

Mar. 18. Father Keller is arrested for 
contempt of court in refusing to give 
evidence as a confessor in a bankruptcy 
case ; his course is approved by Arch- 
bishop Walsh. [Mar. 19. Imprisoned. 
Mar. 29. Father Ryan is imprisoned for 
a like offense. May 21-24. Both are re- 
leased.] 

Apr.* The National Prohibition 
Party appears. 

May 9. London. The queen receives 
the lord mayor and others with their 
jubilee address. [May 14. She goes to 
Mile End to open the People's Palace.] 

June 1. The Order of the Indian Em- 
pire is enlarged. 

June 20+. London. Queen Victoria's 
Jubilee is celebrated. 

A grand procession is witnessed by many 
thousands; a solemn thanksgiving service 
is given in Westminster Abbey, in the pres- 
ence of the queen, the royal family, the Kings 
of Denmark, Belgium, Greece, and Saxony; 
the Crown Princes of < iermany, Austria, Por- 
tugal, and Sweden; the Grand Duke Sergius 
of Russia, Amadens, Duke of Aosta, Prince 
L ud wig of Bavaria, the Maharajah Holkar, 
and many Indian princes, the Queen of 
Hawaii, also the dignitaries of the empire, 
and manv persons eminent in science, art, 
and literature. (June 22.) The women of 
Great Britain and Ireland make a jubilee 
offering to the queen of £75,000. About 26,000 
elementary school children are entertained 
in Hyde Park, at the instance of Mr. Lawson 
of the Daily Telegraph. (June 23.) A citi- 
zens' thanksgiving service is held at St. 
Paul's, after a formal procession from Guild- 
hall. (June 24.) The queen issues a letter 
to the nation, expressing her profound grati- 
tude for the very kind reception of the vast 
multitude during her progress to and return 
from "Westminster Abbey. (June 27.) A 
great number of addresses from municipal 
•corporations, scientihc societies, and other 
bodies are received by the queen. (June 30.) 
East India chiefs are received and decorated 
at Windsor. (July 2.) The queen reviews 
28,000 volunteers at Buckingham Palace. 
(July 4.) She lays the foundation stone of 
the Imperial Institute. (July 9.) She re- 
views about 60,000 men at Aldersnot. (July 
23.) The grand naval review by the queen 
takes place. 

June* Ire. Evictions at Bodyke in 
Clare, on property of Col. O'Callaghan, 
are resisted. 

July 19. Ire. A great meeting is held 
at Cork to resist the Crimes Act. 

Aug. * -Sept. * An unsuccessful strike 
occurs on the Midland Railway ; about 
2,713 drivers, firemen, and others go out. 

Sept. 4. Ire. Nationalists attempt to 
hold a meeting at Ballycoree after it 
has been proclaimed, and are dispersed 
by the Government. 

Sept. 9. Ire. Nationalists, led by La- 
bouchere and Dillon, hold a meeting at 
Mitchellstown in disregard of the Gov- 
ernment's proclamation ; two men are 
killed in a conflict with the police. 

Sept. 11. Ire. Constable Whelehan is 
killed and three others are wounded in 
defending T. Sexton's house near Lis- 
doonvarna, against moonlighters. 
[Dec. 10. Leary and four others are sen- 
tenced to penal servitude for life.] 

Sept. 20. Ire. The National League 
in Clare and several baronies, including 
200 branches, is suppressed by procla- 
mation. 

Sept. 24. Ire. Nationalists O'Brien 

and Mandeville are sentenced to three 

months' imprisonment. 
Oct. 4-7. The Amalgamated Society 

of Railway Servants hold a Congress at 

Newcastle-on-Tyne. 
Oct. 9. Ire. Many suppressed branches 

of the National League hold meetings. 



Oct. 18, 19. The unemployed meet in 
Hyde Park, but are dispersed by the 
police after a fight. 

Oct. 29. Ire. The annual convention of 
the Irish National League of Great 
Britain meets at Cardiff. 

Nov. 23. Scotland. Park and Aline 
deer forests in the Island of Lewis are 
raided by 2,000 cotters. 

Dec. 2. Dublin. The Lord Mayor is 
sentenced to imprisonment for two 
months for publishing reports of sup- 
pressed meetings of the National (Irish) 
League. 

Dec. 3. Shoemakers at Northampton 
strike. [Dec. 24. Closed by arbitra- 
tion.] 

Dec. 19. Fr. Jem Smith and Jake Kil- 
rain engage in a prize-fight on an island 
between Paris and Rouen. 

The Beaconsfield Club at Salisbury 

is opened by the Marquis of Salisbury. 

Dec. 30. The women of England send a 
memorial to the Queen with over 1,130,- 

000 names, praying for sympathy with 
the proposal to close public-houses on 
Sunday. 

* * The per capita consumption of dis- 
tilled spirits and wine in the United 
Kingdom is 0.93 and 0.38 gallons ; beer, 
32.88 gallons per capita. 

* * The British Nurses' Association is 
founded. 

* * London. The National Union is or- 
ganized. 

* * London. The Poor Children's Aid 
Society is established. 

1888 Jan. 9. The remains of Napo- 
leon TIT, are removed from Chiselhurst 
to Farn bo rough. 

STATE. 

1887 Jan. 3. Ministerial appoint- 
ments: George J. Goschen (Chanc. 
Excheq.), "William H. Smith (L. Treas.). 
[Jan. 6. Edward Stanhope (Sec. War). 
Jan. * Marq. of Salisbury (For. Sec). 

Jan. 28. Parliament assembles. 

Feb. 1. The Naval Intelligence De- 
partment is formed. 

Feb. 11, 12. H.C. Mr. Parnell's 
amendment to the address is nega- 
tived. Vote, 352-246. 

Mar. 5. Ire. Sir Michael Hicks-Beach 
resigns the chief secretaryship. [Arthur 
J. Balfour succeeds him.] 

Mar. 7, 10, 14+. London. The Times 
publishes articles entitled Pamellism, 
and Crime, charging Mr. Parnell and 
other Irish members with having parti- 
cipated in or approved of crimes com- 
mitted against the Government in Ire- 
land and elsewhere. [Apr. IS. The Times 
publishes the facsimile of a letter alleged 
to be signed by Parnell (dated 1882, May 
15), in which he is made to say, " Though 

1 regret the accident of Lord Caven- 
dish's death, I cannot refuse to admit 
that Burke got no more than his deserts." 
Apr. 19. In the Commons, Parnell terms 
the letter an anonymous fabrication.] 
(See 1888, Oct. 22.) 

Mar. 16. H. C. The first and chief 
closure rule is adopted. Vote, 220-120. 

Mar. 28. H. C. A new criminal law 
procedure (Coercion) Bill is introduced 
by Mr. Balfour. 



Apr. 11. London. A great demonstra- 
tion takes place at Hyde Park against 
the Irish Coercion Bill. 

May 4, 5. H. C. The Commons decides 
that an article in the Times of May 2, 
attacking John Dillon, M.P., is not a 
breach of privilege. Mr. Gladstone's 
motion for a committee is rejected. 
Vote, 317-233. 

May 21. London. A Parliamentary 
committee to inquire into charges of 
spending corporation funds to oppose 
municipal reform bill report the charge 
to be partially sustained. 

June * H. C. There is much opposition 
to Mr. Balfour's Coercion Bill; the 
Irish members retire from the House. 
[July 9. It passes. July 18. It passes 
the Lords.] 

July 23. Ire. Eighteen counties are 
proclaimed under the Coercion Act ; to- 
gether with Dublin and nine other cities. 

July 29. H. C. T. M. Healy is sus- 
pended for 14 days. 

Aug. 10. Ire. The National League 
is proclaimed. 

Aug. 23. Parliament: The new Irish 
Land Bill is passed. 

Aug. 31. Ire. A Nationalist meeting 
at Ballycoree, Clare, is proclaimed. 

Sept. 13 . H. C. C. Graham and E. Har- 
rington are suspended for speaking dis- 
respectfully of the House of Lords. 

Sept. 16. Parliament is prorogued. 

Oct. 15. Ire. Col. Sir Joseph "West 
Ridgeway succeeds Sir Redvers Buller 
as under secretary. 

Oct. 24. Paris. Conventions are 
signed relating to the Suez Canal and 
the New Hebrides. 

Dec. 8. London. A great Liberal-Union- 
ist Conference is held at Westminster 
Iron Hall. 

* * London. PolydoredeKeyser is elected 
lord mayor. 

1888 Jan. 2. Dublin. Thomas Sex- 
ton becomes lord mayor. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1887 Jan. 20. The Kapuvda collides 

with the Ada Gilmore and founders off 

Brazil ; 298 lives lost. 
Feb. 18. W. A mine explosion occurs 

at Ynyshie colliery, Rhondda Valley ; 39 

lives lost. 

May 6. Edinburgh. An International 
Industrial Exhibition is opened by 
Prince Albert Victor. [Oct. 31. Closes 
after the admission of 2,740,000 visitors.] 

May 28. Scot. A mine explosion at 
Udston colliery, near Glasgo 
deaths. 



Sept. 2. The steamer Falls of Bruar 
sinks off Yarmouth ; 24 persons perish. 



Sept. 27. The American yacht Volun- 
teer outsails the Scotch Thistle in race 
for America cup (p. 327). 

Nov. 11. The first sod is cut for the 
Manchester Ship Canal at Tatton. 

Dec. 6. Fire does much damage in South 
Bermondsey. 

Dec. 29. London. The Grand Theater, 
Islington, is totally destroyed by fire. 

1888 Jan. 4. The Royal Theater at 
Bolton is burned. 



998 1888, Jan. *-1888, * * 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1888 Mar. * Asia. A British force 
captures the fort of Lingtu in Tibet. 
[Mar. 20. The natives hastily retire.] 

Mar. 27. The iron-clad Nile is launched 
at Pembroke. [May 12, Scot., the cruiser 
Magicienne at Govan ; June 9, the 
cruiser Medea at Chatham.] 

May 23. Asia. The Tibetans attack 
Gnatong, and are defeated by Col. 
Graham ; they lose 200 men. 

July 3. Orders for forming 95,000 vol- 
unteers into 19 brigades for home de- 
fense mobilization are issued. 

Aug. 23. Scot. The cruiser Marathon 
is launched on the Clyde. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1888 Mar. * London. Otto Hegner, 
11 years of age, musical prodigy appears. 

Apr. 11. A statue of John Bright is 
unveiled at Birmingham. 

May 9. London. The new gallery for 
exhibiting modern pictures, Regent 
Square, is opened by seceders from 
Grosvenor Gallery. 

May 12. London. The Italian Exhibi- 
tion at West Kensington is opened by 
the lord mayor. 

May 14. London. The Anglo-Danish 
Exhibition at South Kensington is 
opened by the Princess of Wales. 

June 4. London. Lord mayors of Lon- 
don and Dublin open the Irish Exhibi- 
tion at Kensington. 

June 5. A monument to Sir Bartle 
Frere on the Thames embankment is 
unveiled by the Prince of Wales. 

June 16. A tablet in memory of war 
correspondents who died in the Soudan 
is unveiled in St. Paul's Cathedral. 

Scot. A statue of Gen. Gordon is un- 
veiled at Aberdeen. 

July 19. Scot. A slight earthquake 
occurs at Annandale. 

July 27. London. A bronze tablet to 
Maj.-Gen. Sir Herbert Stewart is un- 
veiled in St. Paul's Cathedral ; also a 
medallion portrait to William E. Fore- 
ter in Westminster Abbey. 

Aug. 22. Scot. The queen opens the 
new Municipal Building at Glasgow. 

Sept. 12. Edinburgh. A memorial arch- 
way to Sir G. Harrison is accepted by 
the town council. 

Sept. 17-22. London. An International 
Congress of Geologists meets at Bur- 
lington House. 

Sept. 25. London. A statue of Gen. 
Gordon is unveiled in Trafalgar Square. 

Oct. 1. A statue of Lord Shaftesbury ia 
unveiled in Westminster Abbey. 

Nov. 5. The Durham College of Sci- 
ence at Newcastle is opened by the 
Princess Louise. 

Nov. 6. London. A statue of the Earl 
of Iddesleigh is unveiled in the Central 
Hall of the House of Parliament. 

Nov. 13. London. An equestrian statue 
of the Duke of Wellington, with the 
figures of four Waterloo soldiers at the 
base, executed by Sir J. E. Boehm, is 
unveiled near Hyde Park Corner. 

* * Sir Arthur Sullivan composes Yeomen 
of the Guard. 



Feb. SI. Badger, George Percy, oriental- 
ist, A75. 

Feb. 22. Kingsford, Anna, theosophist, 
A41. 

Feb. 36. Morison, James A. C, au., A57. 

Mar. 4. Rutland, Duke of, Charles C. J. 



ward Magannis for Kilmore, M. Comarford 
for Kildare, Patrick O'Donnell for Raphoe, 
John Lyster for Achonry. 

■■ * The Colonial Missionary Society is 
formed by the Congregational Church of 
England. 



A74. 

Mar. 26. Chalmers, Robert, publisher, 
Scotland, A56. 

Mar. 27. Grey, Edmond Dwyer, journal- 
ist, Ireland, A 42. 

Apr. 15. Arnold, Matthew, poet, essay- 
ist, A65. 

Apr. 19. Crampton, Thomas Russell, en- 
gineer, A72. 

Apr. 30. Ryder, Sir Alfred P., adm., A68. 

May 3. Bright, Sir Charles T., electrician, 
A55. 

May 7. Levi, Leone, pol. economist, A67. 

May 13. Hewett, Sir William N. Wright?, 
vice-admiral, A54. 

June 8, Doyle, Sir Francis Hastings, 
scholar, author, A77. 

June 10. Harman, Edward R. King, col., 
statesman, A 50. 

June 17. Creswick, William, actor, A75. 

June 18. Trevor, George, canon of York, 
preacher, author, A79. 

July 9. Gleig, George R., clergyman, 
writer, Scotland, A92. 

Aug. 21. Richard, Henry, politician, A76. 

Aug-. 33. Gosse, Philip II., naturalist, ATS. 

Aug-. 25. Rose, Sir John, diplomatist, A 68. 

Sept. 12. Proctor, Richard A., astrono- 
mer, A54. 

Sept. 28. Parry, Thomas Ganibier, artist, 
A72. 

Sept. 30. Palgrave, William Gifford, trav- 
eler, diplomatist, A 62. 

Oct. 1. Keating. Sir Henry S., jurist, A84. 

Oct. 6. Venal »les, Ceorge s., jurist, A78. 

Oct. 9. Musgrave, Sir Anthony, pol., AGO. 

Oct. 16. Mount- Temple, Baron, William 
Francis Cowper-Temple, statesman, A76. 

Nov. 10. Lucan, Earl of, George C. Bing- 
ham, field-marshal, A38. 

Nov. 13. Baggallay, Milliard, lawyer, A72. 

Nov. 16. Duncan, Francis, col., pol., A.V2. 

Nov. 18. Devon, Earl of, "William R. 
Courtenay, A81. 

Nov. 24. O'Gorman, Purcell, major, poli- 
tician, Ireland, A69. 

Dec. 14. Redgrave, Richard, artist, A84. 

Dec. 33. Oliphant, Lawrence, traveler, 
author, A59. 

Dec. 24. Bollock, Sir "William Frederick, 
author, A73. 

Dec. 28. Shaw-Lefevre, Charles Viscount 
Eversley, statesman, A95. 

Cameron, Sir Duncan A., general, A80. 

Key, SirAstley ("coper, admiral, A66. 

Lalliany, Robert G., phys., ethnologist, A76. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1888 Feb. 3. Maine, Sir Henry James 
Sumner, jurist, author, A66. 

Feb. 7. Johnston, Sir Win., publisher, A85. 

Feb. 12. Walsh, John Hehrv, editor, au- 
thor, A78. 

Feb. 18. Peyton, Sir Thomas, major-gen- 
eral, A70. 



CHURCH. 

1888 Feb. 2. Southwell Collegiate 
Church is opened as the cathedral of 
the new diocese. 

Apr. 20. Ire. The Pope condemns on 
moral grounds tlie plan of campaign and 
boycotting, and issues a rescript. 

May 20. Dublin. The Catholic mem- 
bers of Parliament meet, and resent the 
Pope's interference in political af- 
fairs. 

May* Ire. The papal rescript is ac- 
cepted by the (Roman Catholic; bishops. 

June 9-19. London. A congress of 
Protestant missions is held, Earl of 
Aberdeen, president. 

July 7-28. London. The third confer- 
ence of 145 bishops is held at Lambeth. 

July 21. London. The Church House 
Corporation holds its first annual meet- 
ing. 

July 24. The Wesleyan Methodist 
Conference is held at Camborn. [1889. 
July 23. At London.] 

Nov. 10. The English (Roman Catholic) 
bishops protest, in an address to the 
Pope, against Italian repressive legisla- 
tion respecting his temporal power. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 



Jan. 6. London. Archdeacon Matthew, 
bishop of Lahore; Feb. 24, Archdeacon Earle 
and Sir L. T. Stam.-r. bishops of Marlbor- 
ough and Shrewsbury; Nov. 30, Archdeacon 
Sumner, bishop of <;uildford; William T. 
Harrison for Glasgow. F. Courtney for Nova 
Scotia, Thomas Hayes for Trinidad, W. I., 
Francis John Javne for Chester, William 
Stubbs for Oxford, William Walsham 
Wakefield. 

LETTERS. 

1888 Jan. * Handbook of Volapiik, by 
C. E. Sprague, appears. 

May 2. London. Mr. Gladstone opens 
the Gladstone Library at the National 
Liberal Club. 

May 15. London. The Universal He- 
view is issued. 

June 23. London. A School of Handi- 
craft is opened by Sir W. Hart-Dyke at 
Toynbee Hall, Whitechapel. 

* * A revised edition of Chambers's Ency- 
clopaedia, appears. 

* * Plain Tales from the Hills, byRudyard 
Kipling, appears. [1880, Soldiers Three, 
Story of the < iadshys. The Phantom Rick- 
shaw, and Other Eerie Tales; 1891, The 
Light that Failed, The Courtship of 
Dinah Shadd, Without Relief t of Clergy, 
and Greenhow Hill.] 

* * Fifty Years Ago and For Faith and 
Freedom, by Walter Besant, appear. 

* * The Strange Adventures of a House 
Boat and In Far Lochaber, by William 
Black, appear. [1890. The New Prince 
Fortunatus; 1891, Donald Ross of 
Heimra.] 

* * Essays in Criticism, by Matthew Ar- 
nold, appears. 

* * Robert Elsmere, by Mrs. Humphry 
Ward, appears. [1S92, David Grieve; 
1894, Marcel-la.] 

* * The Holy Land and the Bible, by Cun- 
ningham Geikie, appears. 

* * Building of the British Isles, by A, J. 
Jukes-Browne, appears. 

* * Greek Life and Thought, by John P. 
Mahaffy, appears. 

* * A Study of Religion, by James Marti- 
neau, appears. 

* * The Truth about Russia, hy William 
T. Stead, appears. 

* * The English in the West Indies, by 
Eroude, appears. [1SS9, The Two Chief* 
of Dunboy; 1890, The Earl of Beacon s- 
Jield ; 1891, J>irorce of Catherine of Ara- 
gon; 1S92, The Spanish Story of the 
Armada and other Essays; 189-i," Life 
and Letters of Erasmus.] 

* * Scot. Lay Sermons, by John Stuart 
Blackie, appears. [1892, Love's Victory, 
Lyrical Poems.] 

SOCIETY. 

1888 Jan. * About £20,000 towards the 
foundation of the National Pension 
Pund is presented by Gibbs, Hambro, 
J. S. Morgan, and Rothschild. 

Feb. 10. The Nationalists Pyne and 
Gilhooly, members of Parliament, are 
arrested at the House of Commons. 

Mar. 12. A 21 weeks' strike of engi- 
neers at Blackburn is closed by com- 
promise. 

Apr. 12. London. A woman is mur- 
dered and badly mutilated in the east 
end, the first of a series. [Aug. 8, sec- 
ond ; Aug. 31, third ; Sept. 8, fourth.] 

Apr. 28. Ire. Daniel Hayes and Daniel 
Moriarty are executed for the murder 



AND IRELAND. 



1888, Jan. * -1888, * *. 999 



May 7. Ire. James Kirby is executed 
at Tralee jail for the murder of Patrick 
Quirke, at Liscahane, Kerry, on Nov. 8, 
1887. 

May * A Laborers* League is estab- 
lished to assist the laborers in the exer- 
cise of the rights given them by the 
Local Government Act. 

June 2. London. A great demonstra- 
tion is made in Hyde Park against com- 
pensating liquor-sellers whose licenses 
are unrenewed. 

July 5. London. Match-girls at Bry- 
ant and May's factory strike. 

Oct. 3. The mutilated remains of a 
woman are discovered in a vault near 
the embankment at "Whitehall. [Nov. 
9, another.] 

Oct. 20. The Birchfield recreation 
grounds and lads* club at Manchester 
are opened by Prince Albert Victor. 

Oct. 22. About 30,000 coal-miners strike 
in southwest Yorkshire. [Oct. 27-31. The 
colliers' demands of 10 per cent increase 
are generally acceded to by the owners.] 

Hov. 6. London. An International 
Trades Union Congress is held; 79 
English and 44 foreign delegates are 
present. 

Nov. * Ire. Edward Harrigan is fined 
£500 for contempt of court in an 
editorial in the Kerry Sentinel. 

* * Ire. A total of 87,582 cases of drunk- 
enness are disposed of by the police 
during the year ; one to every 54 of the 
population. 

* * London. The new Central Hospital 
at Holloway is founded. 

* *The Band of Hope Union of the 
United Kingdom, for temperance, is 
formed. 

STATE. 

1888 Feb. 9. Parliament is opened. 

Feb. 10. E. I. Lord Dufferin resigns 
the vice-royalty. 

Feb. 15. Washington, U.S.A. The Fish- 
eries Commission signs a treaty and 
adjourns. 

Feb. 23. H. C. Mr. ParnelFs mo- 
tion denouncing the administration of 
the Crimes Act is rejected. Vote, 317- 
229. 

Feb. 24-28. H. C. New Rules of Pro- 
cedure, changing the hours of session, 
are adopted. Limits, 3 p.m. to 1 a.m. 

They give the power of closure to a 
majority in the House of 100, and pro- 
vide for repressing disorder and waste 
of time. 

Mar. 2. H. L. The Lunacy Acts 
Amendment Bill is passed. 

Mar. 21. H. C. Mr. ParnelPs Arrears 
Bill, amending the Irish Land Law, is 
rejected. Vote, 243-328. 

Mar. 23. H. C. The National Debt 
Conversion Bill is passed. 

[Mar. 12. First reading. Mar. 16. Sec- 
ond reading. Mar. 22. Third reading.] 

Apr. 13. H. L. Lord Denman's "Wo- 
men's Suffrage Bill is rejected. 

Apr. 18. The Deceased "Wife's Sister 
Bill is passed. Vote, 239-182. [1889. 
May 9. H. L. Rejected.] 

Apr. 20. H. C. Mr. Ritchie's Local 
Government Bill is passed. [Mar. 19. 



Introduced. Aug. 13. Receives royal 
assent.] 

It establishes County Councils, to con- 
sist of councilors and aldermen elected 
for three years by Parliamentary voters, 
and male and female tax-payers. 

Apr. 25. H. C. The Nationalists' Irish 
Government Bill is rejected by a ma- 
jority of 87. 

Apr. 26. H. L. Lord Dunraven's bill 
to reform the House of Lords is de- 
bated ; the Government having an- 
nounced its intention to introduce a 
bill creating life peers, the bill is with- 
drawn. 

Apr.* Parliament: The Ministry intro- 
duces a Local Government Bill, which 
recognizes a vested interest in exist- 
ing licenses by granting compensation to 
liquor-sellers whose licenses are refused 
by local authorities. 

May 2. H. C. The Early- Closing Bill 
is defeated. Vote, 95-278. 

May 4. H. C. The Customs and In- 
land Revenue Bill is passed. 

H. C. The State purchase of the 

railways is negatived without a division. 

May 16. H. C. A Local Government 
(Electors) Bill is passed. 

May 28. The Birmingham Liberal 
Unionist Association is formed ; Jo- 
seph Chamberlain elected president. 

June 8. H. C. It is announced that 
the Government proposes to allow bor- 
oughs with a population of 50,000 to be 
treated as counties. 

June 12. H. C. Mr. Ritchie announces 
that the Government has decided not to 
proceed with the Licensing Clauses of 
the Local Government Bill. A motion 
for the reorganizing of public offices is 
adopted. Vote, 113-208. 

June 18. H. L. Marquis of Salisbury's 
bill for the creation of life peers, and 
the exclusion of those whom he termed 
black sheep, is introduced. [Dropped 
soon after.] 

June 22. H. C. Dr. Cameron's motion 
for the disestablishment and disendow- 
ment of the Church of Scotland is de- 
feated. Vote, 260-208. [1890. May 2. 
Again defeated. Vote, 256-218. 1892. 
Again. Vote, 265-247.] 

June 26. H. C. John Morley's reso- 
lution censuring the Government ad- 
ministration of Ireland is lost. Vote, 
273-366. 

July 5. The Musical Compositions 
Copyright Act, restricting unauthor- 
ized performances, is passed. 

July 6. H. C. Mr. Parnell asserts 
that the letters attributed to him in 
Parnellism and Crime are forgeries, and 
the charges against him false. 

[July 9. The Government refuses Mr. Par- 
nell's request for a select committee to in- 
vestigate the charges. July 12. A Royal 
Commission of judges to examine the charges 
against Mr. Parnell is proposed by W. H. 
Smith. July 16-17- A bill for establishing 
a royal commission is introduced. Aug. 13. 
Passed. Members of Commission : Sir .Tames 
Hannen, president, Justice Day and Justice 
A. L. Smith.] 

Aug. 13. Parliament adjourns. [Nov. 6. 

Reassembles.] 
Aug. 30. A treaty for the abolition of 

sugar bounties is signed. 



Oct. 28-89 Nov. 22. London. The 
Special Commission meets to investi- 
gate the Times charges against Mr. Par- 
nell and other Irish members of Parlia- 
ment. Sir Charles Russell and Herbert 
H. Asquith are Parnell's chief counsel ; 
Sir Richard Webster, attorney-general, 
and W. Graham are chief counsel for 
the. Times. 

(Oct. 22-89, Feb. *) Examination of wit- 
nesses. (1889, Feb. 14-22.) Messrs. Soamea, 
solicitor, MaedoiLuM, manager of the Times, 
and Houston, to whom Richard Pigott had 
sold the letters alleged to have heen written 
by Parnell, are examined. Pigott, cross-ex- 
amined by Sir Charles Hussell, makes ■■on- 
mVting statements, tending strongly to crim- 
inate himself. He quits the country. Feb. 
27. His confession that he forged some of 
the alleged letters and had given false evi- 
dence is read in court. Sir Uichard Webster, 
for the Times, apologizes lor the publication 
of the letters. (Apxl 12.) Sir Charles Rus- 
sell concludes a long speech in defense of 
Parnell. (Apr. 15.) Patrick IWalloy is sen- 
tenced to six months' imprisonment with 
hard labor for perjury before the Commis- 
sion. (Apr. 30-May 8.) Parnell gives evi- 
dence; he denies the charges against him. 
(Mat 8-31.) Archbishop Walsh, William 
O'Brien, and T. D. Sullivan testify. (Juke 
18-Jult 5.) Thomas Sexton is examined. 
(July 12.) Secretary Houston, of the Loyal 
Patriotic Union, gives evidence. (July 15.) 
Parnell and his friends, with their counsel, 
withdraw from the proceedings. (Oct. 24- 
31.) Michael havitt defends theLand League. 
(Oct. 31-Nov. 22.) Sir Henry .lames makes 
an address in defense of the Times. (1890, 
Feb. 13.) The Commission makes its report 
to Parliament. 

Nov. 29. H. C. A bill for the continu- 
ance of Lord Ashbourne's Irish Land 
Purchase Act of 1S85 is passed. 

Dec. 6. London. The new city of London 
Court is opened by the lord mayor. 

Dec. 24. Parliament: A new Libel Law 
is passed. 

Mr. Bradlaugh's Oaths Bill receives 
the royal assent. It substitutes an 
affirmation for an oath. 



* * London. James Whitehead is elected 
lord mayor. [1S89. Sir Henry Aaron 

Isaacs.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1888 Feb. 27. Ire. A railway built 
on the single-rail system is opened be- 
tween Listowel and Ballybunion. 

May 19. Scot. The International Ex- 
hibition at Glasgow is opened by the 
Prince and Princess of Wales. [Nov. 11. 
Closes with reported number of visitors, 
5,748,379.] 

July 14. The Etruria reaches Queens- 
town from New York in six days, four 
hours, and 50 minutes. 

Aug. 6. Four persons are killed and 25 
injured in a railway accident at Hamp- 
ton Wick. 

London. The L. and N. W. trains 

run to Edinburgh and Glasgow in eight 
hours. 

Aug. * A train on the London and North 
West Railroad runs 400 miles in seven 
hours and 52 minutes ; speed, 50.9 miles 
per hour, or 55.4 miles exclusive of stops. 

Aug. * London. The Great Northern and 
Northeastern Railway runs a train to 
Edinburgh, 392.5 miles, in 7.27 hours; 
speed, 52.7 ; exclusive of stops, 57.8. 

Sept. 7. A charter is granted .to the 
Imperial British East African Com- 
pany. 

* * Estimated annual consumption of 
tobacco is 138 pounds per capita. (Beau- 
lieu.) 



1000 1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1. 



GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1889 Apr. 6. Sir A. Hoskins is ap- 
pointed commander of the fleet in the 
Mediterranean to succeed the Duke of 
Edinburgh. 

June 13. The cruiser Vulcan is 
launched at Portsmouth. 

July 8-20. The National Association 
for rifle -shooting meets at Wimble- 
don ; Private Reid, 1st Lanarkshire, 
wins the queen's prize. 

Aug. 6. The Black Prince and Invinci- 
ble collide off Spithead ; both are much 
injured. 

Oct. 7. The gunboat Enterprise is 
wrecked off Anglesea. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Feb. 10. A slight earthquake 
occurs in Lancashire. 

Feb. * London. An electric omnibus, 
invented by Radeliffe Ward, is first used. 

Mar. 8, 9. Destructive floods occur in 
middle and southwest England. 

Apr. * A column-printing telegraph, 
in which messages are produced resem- 
bling type-writing, is announced. 

May 8. A statue of the queen, by Sir J. 
E. Boehm, is unveiled by the Prince of 
Wales at the University of London, Bur- 
lington Gardens. 

May 22. London. Samson Fox donates 
£45,000 to the Royal College of Music. 

May 24. A statue of the queen, by L. 
J. Williamson, is unveiled at the College 
of Physicians, Thames embankment. 

May 30. An earthquake shock is felt 
in the Channel Islands. 

June 1. London. The Spanish Ex- 
hibition of Arts and Industries is in- 
formally opened with a fine display of 
pictures. 

June 7. A waterspout on Batcombe 
Hills, Dorsetshire, greatly damages the 
villages of Chatnole, Cerne, and Mintern. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889 Jan. 3. Halliwell-Phillipps, James 
O., Shakespearian scholar, A69. 

Jan. 19. Hueffer, Francis, musical critic, 
writer, A44. 

Feb. 24. Eastwick, William Joseph, capt., 
diplomatist, A80. 

Mar. 3. Wood, John Ceo., naturalist, A62. 

Mar. 16. <;iailstont j , Sir Thomas, politi- 
cian, A85. 

Mar. 18. Hall, Samuel Carl it, author, A88. 

Mar. 26. liuekinjrhain, I Hike of, R. P. C. 
T. N. B. C. Grenvilh', statesman, A66. 

Mar. 37. Bright, John, orator, statesman, 
A79. 

Apr. 6. Cambridge, Duchess of, Princess 
Augusta Wilhelmiua Louisa, A92. 

Ouselev, Sir Frederick (Jure, elergviiimi, 

musician, A64. 

Apr. 19. De la Rue, Warren, astronomer, 
physicist, A74. 

Apr. 29. Crossley, John T., educator, A89. 

May 9. Osborne, Lord, Sidney Godolphin, 



Howard Harris, statesman, A82. 

May 19. Glyn, Miss (Mrs. Isabella Dal- 
las), actor, A66. 

May 25. Sharp, Martin, journalist, A70. 

Aug. 16. Alberv, James, dramatist, A57. 

Aug. 28. Addington, Lord, John Gelli- 
brand Hubbard, [inamaer, A84. 

Sept. 5. Blanehard, Edward Laman, lit- 
terateur, A69. 

Sept. 16. Mackarness, John Fielder, bp. 
of Oxford, dies. 

Sept. 23. CollinB, Wilkie, novelist, A65. 

Sept. 24. Cook, Eliza, poet, A71. 

Oct. 11. Joule, James Prescott, natural 
philosopher, A61. 

Oct, 15. Gooch, Sir Daniel, engineer, A73. 

Oct. 16. Fitzgerald, Baron, John David, 
jurist, Ireland, A73. 

Oct. 21. Ball, John, explorer, Ire., A71. 

Oct. 23. Orkney, Earl of, George William 
Hamilton, Scotland, A62. 



CHURCH. 

1889 Jan. 10. The jubilee of Cardinal 
Manning is celebrated ; the Pope sends a 
gold medal. 

Jan. 16. The Baptist Conference at 
Leeds agrees upon a union with the Par- 
ticular Baptists. 

Feb. 26. Scot. The Earl of Hopetoun 
is appointed lord high commissioner of 
the General Assembly of the Church 
of Scotland. 

May 20. Dtiblin. A meeting is held at 
Phoenix Park to protest against inter- 
ference of the Pope in political affairs 
of Ireland. 

June 3. Ire. The General Assembly 
of the Presbyterian Church meets in 
Belfast. 

June 10. London. The Conference of 
the !N"ew Connection Methodists 
meets. 

June ± * A guild of the King's Daugh- 
ters is formed. 

July 2. London. The World's Sun- 
day-school Convention opens. 

July 31. The first Sunday newspaper 
train is run in England to distribute 
the London edition of the New York 
Herald which contains reports of the 
royal wedding. 

Aug. 16. Ire. The shrine at Knock is 
visited by 40,000 persons. 

Sept. 28. The Congregational ministers 
in England form a league, — National 
Pastors' Koinonia. 

LETTERS. 

1889 Jan. 10. Edinburgh. TheHeri- 
ot-Watt College is inaugurated. 

Mar. 20. London. The New Party is 
issued. Its object is the formation of a 
new party devoted to the cause of social 
reform. 

May 1. The queen lays the foundation- 
stone of a new building at Eton Col- 
lege. 

Sept. 28. The Conservatives offer to 
give an annual grant for higher educa- 
tion of Roman Catholics in existing 
colleges in Ireland without establishing 
any new institutions. [The offer is re- 
jected.] 

Nov. 1. London. The Saturday Review 
is bought by Frank Harris, late editor 
of the Fortnightly Review. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Jan. 1. Ire. John Finucane, an 
Irish IVT.P., is sentenced to four months' 
imprisonment, and J. D. Sheehan, M.P., 
of East Kerry, is found guilty of con- 
spiracy. 

Jan. 10. Ire. Irish members of Parlia- 
ment ignore summons to appear in 
court, and warrants are issued for their 
arrest. [Jan. 24. "Warrants are issued 
J. L. Carew, M. P. for North Kildare, 
and Dennis Kilbride, M.P. for South 
Kerry.] 

Father McCarthy is arraigned for in- 
citing a boycott at Clonakilty. 



Jan. 24±. Ire. Two serious riots occur 
at the trials of William O'Brien and 
Father McCarthy ; many persons are in- 
jured. [Jan. 25. O'Brien is sentenced 
to four months' imprisonment under the 
Crimes Act. Jan. 27. He eludes cap- 
ture, and addresses a tenants' mass- 
meeting near Castlerea. Jan. 29. He is 
again arrested at a meeting at Man- 
chester. Jan. 30. Sent to Clonmel 
prison. Jan. 31. Refuses to wear prison 
garb, and is roughly treated by the 
warder. Feb. 11. The escort taking 
William O'Brien from Clonmel to Ty- 
rone jail is stoned by a mob. Feb. 19. 
He is again sentenced to six months' im- 
prisonment for violating the Crimes 
Act.] 

Feb. 1. Scot. At Glasgow 3,000 seamen 
and firemen strike. 

Feb. 2. Ire. Father Marrman is sen- 
tenced to imprisonment for offenses 
against the Crimes Act, at Castle Con- 
nell. 

Feb. 3. Ire. Police Inspector Martin 
is killed at Gweedore, County of Done- 
gal, while trying to arrest Father Mc- 
Fadden. 

Feb. 4. Ire. Many indignation meet- 
ings are held to protest against the 
Government's ill-treatment of O'Brien. 

Feb. 7. Ire. Thomas Condon, M. P. for 
East Tipperary, is sentenced to two 
months' imprisonment for inciting boy- 
cotting. 

Feb. 21. Ire. James Lawrence Carew 
is sentenced to four months' imprison- 
ment for violating the Crimes Act. 

Feb. 24. Ire. Father Stephens of Fal- 
canagh is arrested for advising tenants 
not to pay their rents. [Mar. 4. Sen- 
tenced to six months' imprisonment.] 

Feb. 28. Ire. Father Clarke is arrested 
in Avoca, County Wicklow, for making 
speeches tending to incite the people to 
commit unlawful acts. 

Mar. 1. Richard Pigott, the forger of 
the so-called Parnell letter, commits 
suicide at a hotel in Madrid. 

Mar. 7. Ire. Dr. Tanner, M. P. for 
Cork, is sentenced to prison for three 
months for violating the Crimes Act. 

Mar. 20. W. Tithe collectors are at- 
tacked by mobs. 

Mar. 29. Ire. Thirteen tenants are 
evicted on an Irish estate, and 12 of 
their houses burned. [Many evictions.] 

May 7. London. The Road Woman's 
Hospital is founded by the Princess of 
Wales. 

May 29. A banquet to Sir Richard 
Webster is given by 400 solicitors, who 
present him with a complimentary ad- 
dress signed by 3,800 members of the 
bar. 

June 6+. Scot. Dock laborers in Glas- 
gow and Greenock, also in Belfast and 
Londonderry, Ireland, join the strike. 
The stevedores; in Glasgow also strike. 

June 8. Ire . The seamen and firemen's 
strike paralyzes the shipping business 
at Belfast. 

June 29. Ire. Wm. O'Brien and 
others are arrested at Cork for speaking 
at a prohibited meeting; a riot ensues 
in which the police fire. 

June 30. Ire. A mob stones the police 
at a Nationalist meeting in Cork ; Wm. 
O'Brien is arrested, and Patrick O'Brien, 
M. P., seriously injured. [July 28. Wm. 
O'Brien is taken to jail to serve out his 
sentence.] 
July 10. Scot. The Clyde shipbuilders 

give notice of a lockout. 
July 11. Ire. Matthew Harris gets 
£1,000 libel against the Irish Times at 
Limerick. 



AND IRELAND. 



1889, Jan. 1-Nov. 1. 1001 



July 12. The seamen's strike at Liver- 
pool ends by tlie men accepting the 
terms of the employers. 

July 17. London. Alice McKenzie is 
found in Castle Alley, Whitechapel, 
with her throat cut. [Sept. 10. Another 
victim is found.] 

July 18. London. Gen. Boulanger is 
visited by a body of 500 French sympa- 
thizers. 

July 21- Aug. 7. Mrs. Florence Eliz- 
abeth Maybrick is tried before Justice 
Stephen at Liverpool, charged with 
poisoning her husband, James May- 
brick, at Aigburth, on June G; she is 
convicted. [Aug. 22. Death sentence 
is commuted to penal servitude for life.] 

July 22. Ire. The Tenants' Defense 
League is declared to be formed to 
legally counteract landlord combina- 
tions for extorting unjust rent and ar- 
rears, and destroying the security of 
tenants in their holdings. 

July 25. The golden wedding of Mr. 
and Mrs. Gladstone is celebrated, and a 
reception given by the National Liberal 
Club. 

July 27. London. Princess Louise of 
Wales is married to the Duke of Fife 
at Buckingham Palace by the archbishop 
of Canterbury. The wedding presents 
are valued at £150,000. 

July 29. Dr. Tanner, M. P., is sen- 
tenced to one month's imprisonment 
for assaulting Police Inspector Steven 
in May last, and to three months' im- 
prisonment for contempt of court. 

Aug. 1. The Emperor William of Ger- 
many visits England. 

Aug. 26. Ire. Nationalists O'Brien 
and Gilhooley are sentenced respec- 
tively to two months' and six weeks' 
imprisonment. 

Aug. * London. The dock laborers 
strike for sixpence an hour and for a 
work-day of 12 hours. [Other trades 
join in the strike in sympathy. Soon 
150,000 men are idle. Sept. 14. Cardinal 
Manning and the lord mayor, Sir John 
Lubbock, assist in bringing the strike to 
an end ; the employers submit to the de- 
mands of the workmen. Cost of strike, 
£2,000,000.] 

Sept. 6. The shipwrights in Cumberland 
strike for an advance of four shillings 
weekly. 

Sept. 8±. Four tenants are boycotted 
for paying rent ; and although at a pub- 
lic meeting they express contrition, the 
meeting refuses to remove the boycott. 

Sept. 21. Ire. William H. R. Redmond, 
M. P. for North Fermanagh, is sen- 
tenced to three months 1 imprisonment 
for offenses under the Crimes Act. 

Oct. 24. Ire. Irish Nationalists meet 
and organize the Tenants' Defense 
League, 

STATE. 

1889 Jan. 14. Birmingham is created 
a city. 

Feb. 3. Sir Julian Pauncefote is ap- 
pointed minister to the United States in 
place of Sackville-West. 

Feb. 21. Parliament reassembles. 



Mar. 7. Lord George Hamilton asks for 
£21 ,000,000 to be spent on new warships. 
[Apr. 2-4. Money is voted.] 

Mar. 8. H. C. The proposal to expunge 
from the records the particulars of Mr. 
Bradlaugh's expulsion in 1SS0 is re- 
jected. Vote, 112-79. 

Mar. 21. H. C. The postmaster an- 
nounces that the Government will lay a 
submarine cable between Bermuda and 
Halifax. 

Mar. 22. An indemnity is demanded by 
the Government for massacre and pil- 
lage at Port MacKenzie factory, Cape 
Juby. [Mar. 25. The Sultan of Morocco 
gives satisfactory assurances to all de- 
mands of the Government.] 

Mar. 27. H. C. A Sunday-Closing Bill 
is read a second time. [Dropped.] 

Apr. 9. H. C. A bill to amend the 
Fisheries Act is passed. 

Apr. 13. London. The Court of Queen's 
Bench decides that women are ineli- 
gible to membership in the London 
County Council. The case of Lady Sand- 
hurst is to be appealed, as her election 
is declared void. 

May 7. London. The National Liberal 
Club becomes practically aGladstonian 
body ; Mr. Parnell is elected a life- 
member. 

May 14. H. C. Mr. Dillwyn's motion 
for the disestablishment of the church 
in "Wales is defeated. Vote, 284-231. 

May 17, 18. H. C. A proposal to abol- 
ish the Hereditary Principle is re- 
jected. Vote, 201-100. 

May 20. H. C. The bill providing for 
additional naval expenses is passed. 
[May 31. Receives royal assent.] 

H. L. A bill legalizing the election 
of two ladies for the London County 
Council is rejected. 

May 21. Parliament: The Government 
is authorized to purchase the sub- 
marine electric telegraph with 
France. 

May 29. Ire. Lawrence Dundas, Earl 
of Zetland, is appointed lord-lieutenant. 
[Dec. 1-4. He enters Dublin in state.] 

May* Sir Nathaniel de Rothschild is 
made lord-lieutenant of Buckingham- 
shire. 

June 19. H. C. A bill is passed pun- 
ishing parents who sendcbiklren out to 



Mar. 1. H. C. Mr. Gladstone makes 
a great speech in advocacy of home rule 
for Ireland. 



beg 

June 25. H. L. The Land Transfer 
Bill passes by a majority of nine. 

June 26. H. C. The Employment of 
Children's Bill is passed. 

June 26±. England having declined to 
guarantee the evacuation of Egypt at 
the behest of France, the Egyptian 
Conversion scheme is dead. France 
demands the annulment of the Anglo- 
Turkish Convention of 1887. 

June 28. H. L. Lord Salisbury repu- 
diates all responsibility for the Turk- 
ish atrocities in Armenia. 

July 13. As the Haytian ports blockade 
is ineffective, the Government notifies 
Hayti not to molest British vessels 
visiting insurgent ports. 

July 22. Ire. The Tenants' Defense 
League is declared to be formed to le- 

fally counteract landlord combinations 
or exhorting unjust rent and arrears, 
and destroying the security of tenants in 
their holdings. 

H. C. The Commission on Royal 

Grants recommends that £9,000 oe 
added to the quarterly grant to the 
Prince of "Wales. Mr. Labouchere 
moves a rejection of the report. [July 
26. Motion rejected. Vote, 898-116. A 
bill allowing the grant is passed.] 



sliips has been begun during the year— '20 
in the Government dockyards and 32 in 
private yards. 

Aug. 22. H. C. The Irish law charges 
are adopted after a protracted Parnellite 
attack upon the coercion law. Vote, 
103-61. 

Aug. 26. H. C. J. P. B. Robertson's 
Scotch Local Government Bill is 
passed. [Apr. 8. Introduced.] 

Aug. 29. The proposition of the Govern- 
ment to establish and endow a new Ro- 
man Catholic University in Ireland 
causes a split between the Parnellites, 
who favor it, and the Radicals opposing. 



Sept. 5. Henry Chaplin is appointed 

secretary of agriculture with a seat in 

the Cabinet. 
Sept. 6. Humphreys and Kierson, 

two islands in the Pacific, are annexed. 
Oct. 25. Fr. The agitators Dillon and 

O'Brien sail from Havre for New York. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Jan. 11. The Umbria makes the 
passage between Sandy Hook and Brow 
Head in six days, two hours, and 45 
minutes. 

Feb. 3. The steamer Nereid collides 
with the Scotch ship KUlochan off Dun- 
geness ; 23 lives lost. 

Feb. 6. The British bark Largo Bay is 
towed into Spithead in a sinking condi- 
tion, from colliding with an unknown 
steamer off Beachy Head ; all on board 
the latter sink. 



Mar. 13. An explosion occurs at Bryn- 
ally colliery, Wrexham ; 20 persons 
killed. 

Mar. 22. The losses resulting from the 
collapse of tbe copper ring are esti- 
mated at $30,000,000. 

Mar. 23. London. The great free steam 
ferry between North and South Wool- 
wich is opened by Lord Rosebery. 

Apr. 14. Dublin. A distillery syndi- 
cate, with a capital of £1,000,000, is or- 
ganized. 

Apr. 24. The steamer City of Paris 
reaches Queenstown from IsfewYork in 
six days, five hours, and 55 minutes. 

May 6. London. The great soap-works 
in Milton Street, and other buildings, are 
burned; loss, £250,000. 

May 21. Ire. The new dock at Belfast 
is opened by Prince Albert Victor of 
Wales. 

May 22. Ire. The foundation-stone of 
the Albert Bridge at Belfast is laid by 
Prince Albert Victor. 

June 1. The Berry Hill coal-mine at 
Hanley caves in ; 100 men are entombed. 

June 12. Ire. Excursion-trains collide 
near Armagh ; 72 persons are killed and 
over 100 injured. [June 21. The rail- 
road employees are convicted of man- 
slaughter in accident.] . 

June 24-29. The Royal Agricultural 
Society holds its jubilee show in Wind- 
sor Park. 

June 26. London. Police disperse a 
Salvation Army procession. 

July 8. The Valkyrie wins in the Royal 
Clyde Yachting regatta. 

July 23. The German Southwest Af- 
rica Company negotiates for the sale 
of all its African possessions to an Eng- 
lish syndicate. 

Oct. 28. The British ship Bolan, to 
Liverpool, founders; 33 lives lost. 

Nov. 1. Scot. A gable wall falls in 
Glasgow, killing;^) girls and women in 
Templeton's carpet factory. [Nov. 3. 
Twenty-nine bodies are recovered.] 



1002 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1889 Nov. 6. Ire. Gen. Sir Frederick 

Roberts takes command of the forces. 
Nov. 23. London. The cruiser Blake ia 
launched. 



July 12-16. The National Association 
for rifle-shooting meets at Bisley Com- 
mon, Surrey. Sergt. Bates, 1st "War- 
wick, wins the queen's prize. [1S91, 
July 13-24, Private Dear, Edinburgh, 
wins ; 1892, July 11-23, Maj. Pollock, 3d 
Renfrew ; 1893, July * Serg. Davies ; 
1894, July * Peter Rene, 3d Lanark.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1889 Nov. 16. A statue of William of 
Orange is unveiled at Belfast. 

* * The Royal Agricultural Society 
meets at Windsor ; the queen acts as 
president. 

1890 Mar. 4. Edinburgh. The great 
cantilever bridge across the Forth 
River is opened. 

Mar. * A memorial of Sir Erskine May 
is unveiled in the House of Commons. 

May 7. Ire. Gold is discovered in the 
western part of County Cork. 

May 12. The equestrian statue of 
Prince Albert at Windsor, jubilee offer- 
ing of the women of England, is un- 
veiled by the queen. 

May 17. A memorial to William E. 
Forster is unveiled at Bradford. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1889 Nov. 11. Hatch, Edwin, Bib. Bchol., 

A55. 
Nov. SO. Allinghaiii, William, poet, A61. 
Nov. 21. Blachford, Lord, Henry Rogers, 

statesman, A78. 
Nov. 29. Tupper, Martin F., poet, A79. 
Dec. 6. Plunkett, Thomas Oliver W., capt., 



politician, A71. 

Dec. 19. Dunbar, Sir William, states., A76. 

Dec. 21. Lightfoot, Joseph B., bishop of 
Durham, author, A61. 

Dec. 24. Mackav, Charles, Scotch poet, 
A75. 
1890 Jan. 1. Sullivan, Sir Bartholomew J., 
admiral, A79. 

Jan. 4. Sladen, Sir Edwanl Iloge, col., A59. 

Templetown, Viscount, George F. Up- 
ton, general, A87- 

Jan. 5. Murstoii, \Wstlaml, ilramatist, A70. 

Jan. 1 1 . Littledale, Richard Frederick, 
clergyman, A60. 

Jan. i6. Napier of Mag-dala, Lord, 
Robert Cornells, field-marshal, A79. 

Jan. 21. Adler, Nathan Jlarcus, chief 
rabbi, A86. 

Jan. 31. Manisty, Sir Henry, jurist, A82. 

Feb. 7. Baring, ("'harles, litMit.-gen., A61. 

Feb. 12. Frome, Edward Charles, general, 
governor of Guernsey, A87. 

Feb. 16. Mallet, Sir Louis, politician, 
author, A66. 

Feb. 19. Biggar, Joseph G., Irish politi- 
cian, A72 ±. 

Feb. 25. Llptroth, John, peneral, A77. 

Feb. 26. Dacre, I'.aron, Thomas Crosble, 
W. B. Trevor, A81. 

Feb. 27. Auckland, Lord, William G. Eden, 
diplomatist, AG1. 

Mar. 2. Baines, Sir Edward (Leeds Mer- 
cury), A89. 

Mar. 5. Ingham, Sir James T., jurist, A85. 

Mackenzie, Alexander, inuj.-gen., A70. 

Mar. 8. Elphinstone, Sir Howard Craw- 
ford, maj. -gen., A 60. 

Mar. 9. Coats, Sir Peter, thread manufac- 
turer, A81. 

Mar. 14. Jleehan, Charles P., clergyman, 
poet, A77. 

Dowse, Richard, statesman, A65. 

Mar. 17. Herbert, John R., painter, A80. 

Mar. 19. Sweteuliain, Edmund, pol., A67. 

Mar. 21. Manchester, Duke of, William 
D. Montagu, politician, A66. 

Mar. 24. Cowan, Sir Edward P., pol., A48. 



Apr. 3. Normanby, Marquis of, George A. 
Constantine, statesman, A70. 

Apr. 7. Boyle, Mary LouiBa, novelist, A80. 

Apr. 8. Lloyd, Edward, publisher, A75. 

Apr. 13. Evans, Charles K. o-den, general, 
A66. 

Apr. 23. Glasgow, Earl of, George Fred- 
erick Boyle, statesman, A64. 

CoSBhani, Handel, politician, A66. 

Apr. 29. Hammond, Lord, Edmund, states- 
man, A88. 

Parish, Henry Woodbine, maj. -gen., AS9. 

May 2. Macaulay, Colinan P. L., pol., A41. 

May 7. Nasmyth, James, engineer, A82. 

May 19. Gordon, Sir Alexander H., gen- 
eral, A72. 

May 24. O'Donovan, Henry W. (the 
O'Donovan), A78. 

May 27. Filmore, Lewis, journalist, A74. 

May 28. Schmitz, Leonhard, educator, 
author, A 83. 

June 2. Burns, Sir George, shipowner, A95. 

June 16. Baber, Edward C, dip., A46. 

June 20. Brackenbury, Charles Booth, 
maj. -gen., A59. 

June 27. Magheraniorne, Lord, J. M. Hogg, 
politician, A67- 

June 28. Carnarvon, Earl of, Henry H. M. 
Herbert, statesman, A59. 

July l. Cole, Henry A., col., pol., A81. 

Crawford, William, politician, A57. 

July 3. Parker, William Kitchen, natural- 
ist, A67. 

July 5. Chadwlck, Sir Edwin, sanitary re- 
former, A 90. 

July 10. Seymour, Sir Francis, gen., A77. 



CHURCH. 

1889 Nov. 22. Ire. Pope Leo orders 
the Roman Catholic clergy of New Koss, 
"Wexford, to be instructed to prohibit 
their people froni attending a meeting 
held for the purpose of expressing con- 
fidence in Mr. Parnell. 

Dec. 7. Ire. A letter from the arch- 
bishops and bishops, denouncing Par- 
nell, is read in all the (Roman Catholic) 
churches. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

R. J. Crosthwaite, snffragan of Beverly; 
Charles John Corfe of Corea, Alfred George 
Edwards of St. Asaph, J. T. Hayes of Trini- 
dad, H. II. Montgomery of Tasmania, James 
Leslie Kaudiill, stiff ra^an of Beading, Henry 
Ware, suffragan of Barrow-in-Furness, Ed- 
ward Ash Were, suffragan of Derby. 

1890 Feb. 4. The trial of bishop of Lincoln 
for alleged violation of the ritual begins. 
[Feb. 25. Concluded and judgment deferred. 
Nov. 21. Judgment : a part of the ritualistic; 
services condemned as illegal. 1891. June 
10. Appealed to the Privy Council. 1892. 
Apr. 2. Decision upheld.] 

May 2. Mr. Gladstone votes for dises- 
tablishment. The Commons defeat a 
motion to disestablish the Scotch 
Church. Vote, 256-218. 



LETTERS. 

1889 * * London. The New Review is is- 
sued. 

* * The Encyclopaedic Dictionary is com- 
pleted. 

* * Appreciations, by Walter Pater, ap- 
pears. [1893. Plato and PlaioismJ] 

* * Asolando, by Robert Browning, ap- 
pears. 

* * Wordsworth's Grave, by "William "Wat- 
son, appears. [1892. Poems and Lach- 
rymse MusarumJ] 

* * David Livingstone, by Thomas Hughes, 
appears. 

* * Natural Inheritance, by Francis Gal- 
ton, appears. 

* * Phmnicia, by George Rawlinson, ap- 
pears. 

* * The American Commonwealth, by 
James Bryce, appears. 

* * Literary Remains, by Percy Fitzgerald, 
appears. 



* * Study of Ben Jonson, by Swinburne, 
appears. [1894. Astrophet and Studies 
in Prose and Poetry.] 

* * Darwinism, by Wallace, appears. 
1890 Jan. 4. London. The Daily 

Graphic (illustrated) is issued ; also The 
Speaker. 

Jan. 6. London. The Review of Reviews, 
edited by William T. Stead, is* issued. 

Apr. 25. London. Subjects of the Day,. 
a quarterly magazine, is issued. 

May 5. London. Henry M. Stanley 
receives the Royal Geographical So- 
ciety's medal at Albert Hall. 

June 9. Edinburgh. The library pre- 
sented by Andrew Carnegie (TJ. S. A.) 
is opened. 

July 14. Scot. Andrew Carnegie gives 
£10,000 for a library at Ayr. 

SOCIETY. 

1889 Nov. 7. Ire. A Tenants' De- 
fense Convention meets in Brogheda, 
with 300 delegates present, including a 
large number of Roman Catholic priests. 



Nov. * London. A banquet is given to 
P. T. Barnum, the veteran American, 
showman. Lord Kilinorcy presides, and 
Lord Randolph Churchill', Lord Charles 
Beresford, Lord Rosebery, the Roth- 
schilds, Sir -John Fowler, and the secre- 
taries of the United States Legation are 
present. 

Dec. 4. Ire. The publisher of the Mini- 
sters sentenced to two months' impris- 
onment for reporting a meeting where 
boycotting was advocated. 

Dec. 15±. In Durham 2,000 colliers 
strike because of a dispute about wages. 

Dec. 23. Belg. Jem Smith and Slavin 
have 14 rounds in a prize-fight near 
Bruges ; Smith is defeated. 

Dec. 29. Wm. Gladstone receives 200- 
telegrams find 500 letters, congratulating 
him upon his 80th birthday. 

Dec. 30. W. Ten thousand miners re- 
sume work, the masters conceding an 
advance of 10 per cent in wages. 

Dec. * Several thousand gas-men and 
coal-porters in London and Manchester 
strike. 

Dec. * A National Liberal meeting at 
Manchester declares in favor of a direct 
popular veto of the liquor-traffic. 

* * London. Henry Quinn bequeaths 
£50,000 to charities. 

* * London. The patriotic volunteer 
fund is instituted by Lord Mayor 
Whitehead. 

* * Ire. Total number of liquor-licenses 
of all kinds. 24,574, being one to every 
194 inhabitants of all ages and both 
sexes. 

1890 Jan. 1. London. HobertErown- 
ing, the poet, is buried in Westminster 
Abbey. 

An anonymous donor gives £100,000 to 
found a Convalescent Home in con- 
nection with London hospitals. 

Jan. 7. London. More than 200 men em- 

Eloyed in the Fast India Dock tea ware- 
ouses strike. 

Jan. 10. The jubilee of penny postage 
is celebrated. 

Jan. 16. The New Victoria Hospital 
at Bournemouth is opened by the Prince 
of Wales. 

Jan. 17. Hammond, the fugitive land- 
lord connected with the West End scan- 
dal, is reported to be the head of a 
blackmailing organization to induce- 
men into his house, accomplices after- 
wards acting as witnesses against them. 

Jan. 29. Liverpool dock laborers' strike 
is spreading. 



AND IRELAND. 1889, Nov. 6-1890, July 14. 1003 



Feb. 3. London. The Times compro- 
mises Parnell's libel suit by paying 
him £5,000. The paper will also pay Mr. 
Campbell, his private secretary, £200. 
Both suits are withdrawn. 

Feb. 5. Cashier Heilton, of the Oldham 
Branch of the Union Bank of Manches- 
ter, has absconded ; £10,000 are gone. 

The dock laborers at Newport strike, 

and paralyze commerce. 

Feb. 11. H. C. Lord Randolph Church- 
ill introduces a bill to regulate the 
liquor- traffic. 

Feb. 28. At Liverpool 2,000 dock labor- 
ers strike for higher wages. [Mar. 5. 
Their demands are granted, and the 
strike ends.] 

Mar 3. London. Ship-carpenters strike 
for an advance of sixpence a day. 

Mar. 9. London. "Working men make a 
great demonstration in Hyde Park to 
denounce the cruel treatment of Sibe- 
rian exiles. 

Mar. 19. At the Armstrong Gun Works 
at Elswick, 8,000 employees strike for 
an eight-hour working-day. 

Mar. 25. Scot. The Glasgow dockmen's 
strike collapses. 

Mar. 31. London. Ten thousand shoe- 
makers strike to destroy " sweating," 
by compelling masters to have work 
done in factories. 

Apr. 7. The annual congress of the La- 
bor Electoral Association is opened 
at Henley. 



Apr. 14. About 2,000 grain-porters strike 
in Liverpool for higher wages. Also 
5,000 at Birkenhead to reduce the labor- 
day to eight hours. 

Apr. 15. In Northeastern England, 20,- 
000 engineers demand shorter hours. 

Apr. 17. A great parade of 30,000 dock 
laborers, out on a strike, takes place in 
Liverpool. 

Apr. 17±. The Miners' Federation has 
inaugurated a general strike through- 
out Great Britain, owing to the masters' 
refusal to reply to the demands for an 
advance in wages. Over 100,000 men are 
out. [Apr. 19±, Settled ; the mine- 
owners agree to raise wages 10 per cent.] 

Apr. 18. London. The bootmakers' 
strike is amicably settled. 

Apr. 20. London workmen resolve to 
take May 1 as their holiday. 

Apr. 22. Prince George of Wales is 
invested with the Order of the Black 
Eagle. 

Apr. 25. Ire. A great strike of railway 
men begins. [May 3. Ends.] 

Apr. 26. London. Henry M. Stanley 
arrives from Africa. [May 2. A recep- 
tion is given him, in St. James's Hall, by 
the Emin Pasha Relief Committee. May 
6. The Queen receives him at Windsor 
Castle. May 13. The freedom of Lon- 
don is conferred on him.] 

May 4. London. An assembly of 170,000 
working men gather in Hyde Park, in 
favor of an eight-hour labor law. No 
disturbance occurs. 

May 7. London. About 6,000 tailors 
strike. 

May 23 ±. London. A title is conferred 
on Prince Albert Victor ; viz., Duke 
of Clarence and Avondale and Earl of 
Athlone. 



STATE. 

1889 Nov. 23. Ire. The Government 
proclaims meetings in Kilkenny and 
"Waterford in honor of the Manchester 
martyrs. [Other meetings proclaimed.] 

* * Parliament : The Wavy Discipline 
Act is amended. 

1890 Jan. *± England has a dispute 
with Portugal regarding African terri- 
tory. [Jan. 6. Lord Salisbury sends to 
Portugal a note threatening rupture of 
diplomatic relations. Jan. 9. Portugal 
sends a conciliatory note. England re- 
fuses to submit the question to arbitra- 
tion. Jan. 20. The Powers having re- 
fused to mediate, Portugal yields her 
claims under protest.] 

Jan. 30. The Government has assented 
to the separate right of Canada to 
legislate on questions involving the 
royal prerogative. 

Feb. 11. Parliament opens by Royal 
Commission. 

H. L. The address from the throne 
is moved by Lord de Ramsey, and 
seconded by Lord Stradbroke. [Feb. 12. 
Agreed to. H. C. Mr. Gladstone moves 
a reply to the Address. Feb. 17. A Home 
Rule for Scotland Amendment is re- 
jected. Vote, 307-240. Feb. 24. Ad- 
dress agreed to.] 

H. C. The question of the (Parnell) 
forged letters is raised, and a resolu- 
tion declaring the publication of them 
in the Times to be a breach of privilege 
is rejected. Vote, 260-212. 

Feb. 12. H. C. Mr. Parnell is reelected 
chairman of the Irish Parliamentary 
Party. 

Feb. 13. Parliament: The Times-Par- 
nell Special Commission issues its re- 
port. 

It concludes— That the respondent mem- 
bers of Parliament are not guilty of conspir- 
ing for the independence of Ireland as a sep- 
arate nation, but that smne of them (Messrs. 
M. Harris, Dillon, W. O'Brien, W. Redmond, 
O'Connor, .1. Condon, and J. J. O'Kelly), to- 
gether with Michael Itavitt, established the 
Land Lengue mainly for that purpose. That 
the respondents [44] did conspire to promote 
agrarian agitation in Ireland, the non-pay- 
ment of rents, and the expulsion of the land- 
lords. That the facsimile Parnell letter 
printed in the Times is a forgery. That the 
charges of incitement to crime, except by in- 
timidation, and of payments for that purpose, 
are not proved. That t lie respondents made 
payments to compensate persons injured in 
the commission of crime. That the respond- 
ents did invite and obtain the cooperation of 
the physical force party in America, includ- 
ing the Clan-na-dael, and did not repudiate 
the action of that party. 

[Mar. 3. H. C. W. H. Smith moves the 
adoption of the report ; Mr. Gladstone moves 
a condemnatory amendment. Mar. 10. 
Gladstone's amendment is rejected. Vote, 
339-268. The report is adopted. Mar. 21. 
H. L. .Report adopted without a division.] 

Feb. 21. H. L. A bill is introduced to 
amend the constitution of the Councils 
of India. 

Feb. 27. England and Italy agree to 
a treaty providing for concerted action 
on the west coast of the Red Sea. 

Feb. 28. H. C. Henry Labouchere ac- 
cuses the Government of shielding the 
accused in the Cleveland-Street scandal, 
West End ; during the discussion he 
calls Lord Salisbury a liar ; he is sus- 
pended for a week. 



Mar. 12. H. C. The Irish Tenure of 
Land Bill is rejected. Vote, 231-179. 

Mar. 21. H. C. Henry Labouchere 
moves the abolition of hereditary repre- 
sentatives in Parliament. Motion de- 
feated. Vote, 201-139. 

Mar. 24. H. C. Mr. Balfour introduces 
a bill to provide for the purchase of 
land in Ireland for the improvement 
of the poorer districts and for the estab- 
lishment of an Irish Land Department. 
[May 1. Second reading. Vote, 348-226. 
Nov. 29. Reintroduced. Dec, 3. Sec- 
ond reading. Vote, 26S-130. 1891. June 
15. Read a third time and passed. July 
14. H. L. Passed. Aug. 5. Receives 
royal assent.] 

Mar. 28. The Delagoa Railway claims 
between Portugal on the one hand and 
England and America on the other are 
settled. 

Apr. 14. Parliament reassembles. 

Apr. 18. H. C. Samuel Smith's motion 
to convene an international conference 
on the bimetallic question is rejected. 
Vote, 183-87. 

Apr. 30. Afr. Treaties are made with 
King Mwanga. 

May 9. Portugal agrees to submit the 
Delagoa Bay Railway question to arbi- 
tration. 

May 14. H. C. The Agricultural La- 
borers (Ireland) Bill is carried -without 
a division. 



±. The conversion of the Egyptian 

debt is completed. 
May 25. Delegates present a protest from 

the Newfoundland Government against 

French encroachments. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1889 Dec. 19. The Paper Trust, with 
a capital of £1,500,000, is organized. 

Dec. 31. London. The influenza num- 
bers Lord Salisbury and many diplo- 
mats among its victims. 

1890 Jan. 1. The Forest Gate Indus- 
trial School is burned; 26 little boys 
are suffocated. 

Jan. 15. London. The Loan Exhibi- 
tion of Paintings is opened by the Prin- 
cess Louise. 

Jan. 18. A new public park at Poole 
is opened by the Prince of Wales. 

Feb. 6. W. An explosion occurs in the 
Llanerch colliery, near Newport; more 
than 170 deaths follow. 

Feb.* London. The closing performance 
of Barnum's circus is largely attended ; 
it has been visited by 1,500,000 people in 
this visit. 

Mar. 4. Scot. The Forth Bridge is 
opened by the Prince of Wales ; the 
Duke of Edinburgh and Prince George 
of Wales are present. 

Mar. 10. TV. An explosion in the 
Morfa coal-mine at Tarbac, Glamorgan- 
shire, causes 88 deaths. [Mar. 11. Four 
of the entombed miners escape. Mar. 
12. An unlocked lamp is said to have 
caused the explosion.] 

May 1. Edinburgh. The Electric Ex- 
hibition opens. 

Industrial Exhibition is opened by 
the Duke of Edinburgh. [Nov. 1. Closes.] 

May 28. London. The Royal Agricul- 
tural Society's show in the Temple Gar- 
dens is opened by the Prince of Wales. 

July 4. The Duke of Devonshire makes 
a reduction of 15 per cent in the rentals 
on his Irish estates. 



1004 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1890 Sept. 16. Ire. Lord Wolseley 

becomes commander of the forces. [Oct. 
1. He goes to Dublin to assume com- 
mand of the troops.] 

Oct. 13. The East Surrey Regiment 
mutinies against going to India, but 
finally embarks from Guernsey. 

Nov. 10. The torpedo cruiser Serpent is 
lost on the northwest coast of Spain ; 
three men only out of 276 are saved. 

1891 Feb. 26. Two war-ships. Royal 
Sovereign and the Royal Arthur, are 
launctied at Portsmouth. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1890 Aug. 29. Dublin. The new Sci- 
ence and Art Muse um is opened by 
the lord-lieutenant. 



Oct. 21. A memorial of the defeat of 
the Spanish Armada is unveiled at Plym- 
outh by the Duke of Edinburgh. 

~Nov. 24. Heavy gales along the South 
coast do much wreckage. [Dec. * An- 
other gale.] 

Dec. 18. A Btatue to the late Emperor 
Frederick of Germany is unveiled by 
the queen at "Windsor. 

Dec* The bones of a hippopotamus are 
found embedded in clay. 

1891 Jan. 21. A landslide at Folkes- 
tone kills three persons. 

Mar. 10+. The heaviest snowstorm of 
the centurv occurs ; 70 lives are lost in 
the blizzard. 

Mar. 17. The first conversation by tele- 
phone between London and Paris takes 
place. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1890 July 20. Wallace, Sir Richard, art 
collector, A72. 

Davit-s, David, philanthropist, A72. 

Aug. 12. Newman, John Henry, cardi- 
nal, author, A 89. 

Aug. 17. Naisu, Lord, John, Irish jurist, 
A 49. 

Sept. 1. Ward, John, diplomatist, A85. 

Sept. 3. North, ^Marianne, artist, botanist, 
A60. 

Sept. 6. Rosslvn, Earl of, Robert Francis 
St. Clair Erskine, A57. 

Sept. 9. Llddon, Henry P., Canon of St. 
Paul's, author, A61. 

Sept. 12. Hardman, Sir Wm., jurist, A62. 

Sept. IS. Boucicault, Dion, actor, dra- 
matist, Ireland, A68. 

Sept. 21. Mar inn, Edward P. Mulhallen, 
Irish politician, A63. 

Sept. 24. Selons, Henry C, artist; A87. 

Sept. 25. Egertou, Alfred J. F-, pol., A36. 

Sept. 29. Barnard, George, landscape 
painter, A83. 

Oct. 4. Booth, Catherine (Salvation Army), 
A6I. 



ward, general, A69. 

Dumeld. Alexander.!., chemist, au., A68. 

Oct. 12. Sellar, William Young, classical 

scholar, author, A65. 
Oct. 13. Rogers, .James E. Thorold, politi- 
cal economist, A67. 
Oct. 20. Burton, Sir Richard Francis, 

orientalist, A69. 
Oct. 24. Scott, Wm. Bell, poet, painter, A79. 
Oct. 25. Graham, Sir Lumlev, col., A62. 
Oct. 27. Cox, John E., cl., writer, A78. 
Oct. 29. Barton, Joseph L. B., maj.-gen., 

A78. 
Nov. 12. O'Hagan, John, Irish jurist, A68. 
Nov. 13. Davis, Sir John F., Chinese 

scholar, diplomatist, A95. 
Nov. 15. Harris, George, jurist, au., A81. 
Nov. 27. Bell, George; publisher, A76. 
Litton, Edwiird Falconer, Irish justice, 

A63. 
Dec. 3. Cottesloe, Thomas Francis Fre- 

niantle, statesman, A92. 

Peacock, Sir Barnes, jurist, A86. 

Dec. 5. Huddleston, Baron, John Walker, 

jurist, A73. 



Dae. 9. Church, Richard William, dean of 
St. Paul, author, A75. 

Dec. 12. Boehm, Sir Jos. E., sculptor, A56. 

Dec. 25. Thomson, William, archbishop of 
York, A71. 

Gull, Sir William Witney, physician, A73. 

Lamington, Lord, Alexander D. B. Coch- 
rane, statesman, author, A73. 

Lucas, Margaret, first president of World's 
Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 
A72. 

Thompson, Sir Augustus Rivers, administra- 
tor, A61. 
1891 Jan. 2. Kinglake, Alexander W., 
historian, A80. 

Jan. 4. Keene, Charles S., comic artist, A68. 

Jan. 20. Sinclair, James Augustus, Earl 
of Caithness, A64. 

Jan. 22. Waring, Edward John, medical 
author, A72. 

Jan. 27. Bradlaugh, Charles, states., A58. 

Feb. 1. Plumptre, Edward Hayes, clergy- 
man, author, A70. 

Feb. 19. Beauchamp, Earl of, Frederic 
Lygon, politician, A61. 

Feb. 22. Albemarle, Earl of, George 
ThomaB, general, A92. 

Feb. 25. Green, Sir Wm. Kirby, dip., A55. 

Mar. 15. Bazalgette, Sir Joseph, civil en- 
gineer, A72. 

Mar. 20. Quick, Robert Herbert, educator, 
A60. 

Mar. 29. Lefroy, Edward Cracroft, clergy- 
man, author, A36. 

Mar. 31. Granville, Earl, George Leve- 
son-Gower, statesman, A76. 

Apr. 2. Baring, Thomas Charles, finan- 
cier, politician, philanthropist, A60. 



CHURCH. 

1890 Sept. 30-Oct. 3. The Church 
Congress is held in Hull, Bishop of 
Durham presiding. 

Oct. 13. London. An unusual service 
of reconciliation is held in St. Paul's 
Cathedral after its defilement by sui- 
cide. 

Oct. 14. Peterborough Cathedral is 
reopened after repairs. 

Oct. 17. Archdeacon Farrar accepts 
the chaplaincy of the House of Com- 
mons. 

Nov. 12. Gen. Booth asks for £100,000 
to begin his scheme for relieving the 
poor, 

Nov. 13. The Duke of Fife sends Gen. 
Booth £100 towards his poor fund of the 
Salvation Army. [Nov. 24. The Earl of 
Derby donates £1,000.] 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

Apr. 25, Edward Noel Hodges for Tra- 
vancore and Cochin, and Alfred Robert 
Tucker for Kastern Kmiatorial Africa; May 
15, Brooke FOBS Westcott for Durham; 
Oct. 9, J. W. Festing for St. Albans; also 
George Rodney Eden for Dover, Daniel 
Lewis Lloyd for Bangor, John .lames S. 
Perowne for Worcester, .lames O'Sullivan 
for Tuam, C. Julius for Christchurch, N. Z., 
Jabez C. Whitley for Chutia Nagpur, W. 
Sfunnarez Smith for Sydney, Australia, and 
G. H. Stanton for Newcastle, Australia. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

J. Keys O'Doherty for Derry, T. T. McRed- 
mond, coadjutor for Killala, and John Egan 
for Waterford and Lismore; also Oct. 20, 
Denis O'Connor for London, and William 



1891 Jan. 2. The bishop of London 
sanctions the establishment of the 
Brotherhood of St. Paul for his dio- 
cese ; it is a society of Protestant 
monks, .who will enter all kinds of pa- 
rochial and mission work. 

Feb. 8. Ire. The Catholic primate's 
letter, condemning Mr. ParnelFs 
conduct, is read in all the (Roman Cath- 
olic) churches. 



Oct. 24. London. Darkest England and 
the Way Out is published by General 
Booth of the Salvation Army; the first 
edition is sold in three hours. 

* * The Picture of Dorian Gray, by Oscar 
Wilde, appears. [1891, The Duchess of 
Padua; 1892, Lady Windermere's Fan; 
1893, A Woman of No Importance and 
Salome.'] 

* * Light of the World, by Sir Edwin Ar- 
nold, appears. [1892. Potiphar's Wife 
and Other Poems.] 

* * Life, Letters, and Friendships of Rich- 
ard Monckton MUnes, First Lord Hough- 
ton, appears. 

* * When We Were Boys, by "William 
O'Brien, appears. 

* * The Bondsman, by Hall Caine, ap- 
pears. [1S91, The Scapegoat; 1894, The 
Manxman."] 

* * The Firm of Girdlestone, by Conan 
Doyle, appears. [1892, Adventures of 
Sherlock Holmes.] 

* * Beatrice, by Rider Haggard, appears. 
[1891, Eric] 

* * A Waif of the Plains, by Bret Harte, 
appears. 

* * Kit and Kitty, by Blackmore, appears. 

* * An Ocean Tragedy and My Shipmate 
Louise, by Clark Russell, appear. [1S92, 
A Strange Elopement.] 

* * Kersteen, by Mrs. Oliphant, appears. 

* * Pen Drawing and Pen Draughtsmen, 
by Joseph Pen'nell, appears. 

* * Problems of Greater Britain, by Sir 
Charres Dilke, appears. 

* * Essays, Speculative and Assertive, by 
Symonds, appears. [1893, In a Key of 
Blue.] 

* * Principles of Economics, by Marshall, 
appears. 

* * The Journey of Sir Walter Scott from 
the Original^ Manuscript at Abbotsford 
appears. 

* * In Darkest Africa, by Henry M. Stan- 
ley, appears. 

1891 Feb. 19±. London. One of Aris- 
totle's manuscript treatises on the 
Constitution of Athens is found in a 
collection of Egyptian papyrus now in 
the British Museum. 

Mar. 7. Dublin. The National Press is 
issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1890 Aug. 24. Ire. A demonstration 
in Limerick by M0, 000 persons protests 
against Bishop O'Dwyer's attack upon 
John Dillon. [Aug. 25. The bishop 
withdraws his claim of dishonesty.] 

Sept. 1. The Trade Unions Congress 
meets in Liverpool ; 500 delegates are 
present ; the announcement is made 
that £1,000 have been raised for the 
Australian strikers, and subscriptions 
are coming. [Sept. 4. A resolution is 
passed f;m.irhig an eight-hour working- 
day. Sept. 6. Closes.] 

Sept. 2. London. A shipping union is 
formed to resist the working men. 

Sept. 6. The Prince of Wales forbids 
the sale of alcoholic liquors on the 
Sandringham estate. 

Sept. 8. Dock laborers, porters, sailors, 
and firemen strike. No trains pass into 
the docks except those carrying the 

Sept. 13. The Southampton strike is 
ended ; the firemen and seamen are con- 
ceded an advance in wages. 

Sept. 15. The lockout at Southampton 
begins ; work on the dock is entirely 
suspended. 



AND IRELAND. 1890, July 20-1891, Apr. 6. 1005 



Sept. 18. Ire. John Dillon and William 
O'Brien are arrested for making 
speeches at Limerick and Tipperary, 
advising tenants not to pay rent. [Sept. 
19. They are released on hail. Sept. 
23. Patrick O'Brien, M.P., is also ar- 
rested.] 

Sept. 24. Edinburgh. The Scottish 
Home Rule Association holds a confer- 

Sept. 26. Ire. The trial of the Na- 
tionalists, Dillon and O'Brien, begins 
at Tipperary. [Oct. 9. They forfeit their 
bail, and sail for Cherbourg, France, to 
escape appearance at Tipperary on the 
10th inst. Nov. 19. They are convicted 
of conspiracy, and sentenced to two 
terms of bix months' imprisonment.] 

Sept. 27. Edinburgh. The Annual Con- 
vention of the Irish National League 
of Great Britain opens. 

Sept. 28. Dock laborers, coal-porters, 
sailors, and firemen strike in Southamp- 
ton against the employ merit of non-union 
men. [Sept. 29. The strikers cause a 
riot, and in several encounters with the 
troops, many persons are injured.] 

Oct. 3. London. At Arm st rong ship- 
yard 1,000 men strike. 

Oct. 4. The wool-shearers' strike is de- 
clared off. 

Oct. 8. Corn-porters strike. [Oct. 10. 
They resume work.] 

Oct. 10. Bradford weavers secure 
their demands and resume work. 

Oct. 13. London. The funeral of Mrs. 
William Booth of the Salvation Army 
takes place ; 3(1,000 people attend. 

Oct. 22. London. The dock companies 
give notice that they will employ only 
free men, and ignore union leaders. 

Oct. 24. The laborers in the Royal Al- 
bert Docks strike. 

Oct. 27. Ire. Moonlighters murder a 
girl and her mother in County Clare. 

Oct. 28. London. The dock companies 
are notified that a strike will follow un- 
less non-union men are discharged. 
[Oct. 30. The dockmen order a strike. 
Nov. 3. London dockmen for the Allan 
Company return to their work.] 

Oct. 31. Ire. Michael Davitt's Demo- 
cratic Labor Federation is spreading 
throughout the southern counties. 

Nov. 7. At Wellingborough, 3,000 shoe- 
makers are locked out. 

Nov. 14. At Liverpool, 500 members of 
the Dockers' Union refuse to unload 
the White Star Steamer Germanic from 
New York. 

Dock laborers in Liverpool strike for 
more pay. 

Nov. 15-17. Capt. O'Shea brings an 
action for divorce against his wife, 
naming C. S. Parnell as corespondent ; 
the divorce is granted, and Mr. Parnell is 
ordered to pay $3,500 costs. 

Nov. 18. Dublin. The National League 
meets, and those present decide to stand 
by Parnell as leader of the Nationalists. 

Nov. 19. London. Mayhew, a solicitor, 
absconds, leaving $650,000 liabilities 
and $900 assets. 

Princess Victoria, second daughter 

of the Emperor and Empress Frederick, 
is married to Prince Adolphus of 
Schaumberg-Lippe. 

Nov. 21. in Durham, 25,000 colliers 
strike for higher wages. 

Nov. 24. A judgment for £160 is given 
against Miss Cobden for acting as a mem- 
ber of the London County Council, for 
which, being a woman, she was dis- 
qualified. 

Nov. 26. Ire. Mayor "Walsh of Wex- 
ford is sentenced to three months' im- 
prisonment under the Crimes Act for 



Dec. 6. Ire. Justin M'Carthy and 44 

other members withdraw from meetings 
of the Irish Nationalists, and organize a 
separate body, with Mr. M'Carthy as 
chairman. 

Dec. 15. Dublin. The suppressed 
United Ireland, a paper published by 
the anti-Parnellites, reappears. 

Dec. 21. Scot. The railway servants 
at Glasgow decide to strike. [Dec. 22. 
About 4,500 strike. Dec. 23. The strike 
extends.] 

* * The title Baron Field is created. [1891, 
Barons Hambleden, iveagh, MacDonald, 
Masham, and Mount Stephen.] 

1891 Jan. 8. Ire. The Balfour Irish 
Relief Fund reaches §10,000, besides 
contributions of clothing. 

Jan. 14. Edinburgh. A mass-meeting 
of railroad strikers is held. [Jan. 15. 
The strikers try to wreck a train near 
Greenock, and they are riotous at Perth. 
Jan. 29. Strike is ended.] 

Jan. 30. Gen. Booth of the Salvation 
Army begins to carry out his plan of 
social regeneration. 

Feb. 13. London. Another "White- 
chapel outcast is murdered. 

Mar. 10. Dublin. The National Fed- 
eration Convention opens. Justin M'- 
Carthy presides ; letters approving the 
course of the M'Carthvites :ire received 
from Archbishop Coke and from most of 
the bishops of Ireland. 

Mar. 17. London. A blue book is is- 
sued ; it discloses the fact that 152 peers 
of the realm are owners of places in 
which intoxicants are sold ; the number 
of drink-shops owned by them is 1,539. 

Mar. 22±. Ire. The priests still de- 
nounce Mr. Parnell from their pulpits. 
Parnell addresses a public meeting at 
Drogheda. 

Apr. 6. London. A sensation is caused 
by the rumor that Parnell has been 
privately married since the divorce 
proceedings, but not to Mrs. O'Shea. 
[May 26±. The divorce is made abso- 
lute.] 

STATE. 

1890 Aug. 9. The formal transfer of 
Helgoland to Germany is made. 

Aug. 18. Parliament is prorogued. 

Aug. 22. The convention respecting 
East Africa, by England and Portugal, 
is published. 

It restrains the latter power from 
transferring African territory without 
the former's consent. 

Sept. 27. England offers to buy the 
fisheries rights of France in New- 
foundland at a price to be fixed by a 
board of arbitration. 

King George, of the Tonga Islands, 

is notified that his country is under 
British protection. 

Sept. 29. London. Joseph Savory is 
elected lord mayor. 

Nov. 4. An agreement with the Sultan 
of Zanzibar, placing his dominions un- 
der the Protectorate of England, is 
gazetted. 

Nov. 8. Lord Salisbury accepts Portu- 
gal's proposal for a modus vivendi in 
regard to Africa. [Dec. 9. The modus 
vivendi is concluded.] 

Nov. 25. Parliament reopens; the 
queen's speech is read in both Houses. 
At a meeting of the Irish Home Rule 
members of Parliament, Mr. Parnell is 
unanimously reelected chairman of the 
Irish Parliamentary Party. 



A letter from Mr. Gladstone is pub- 
lished, saying that he cannot cooperate 
with Parnell. 

Nov. 27. Mr. Parnell issues his mani- 
festo to the Irish people, giving his rea- 
sons why he should continue in the lead- 
ership of the Irish Party. 

Dec. 2. The Irish members of Parlia- 
ment hold a session to consider the re- 
moval of Parnell; a motion to post- 
pone the question is rejected. Vote, 
44-29. 

Dec. 9. The Municipal Council of the 
Irish National League formally calls 
upon Mr. Parnell to resign. 

Dec. 20. The charter of the South 
African Company is gazetted. 

Itembraces the vast tract of Central Africa 
north of the Zambesi Kiver ami west of the 
coast-line in Mozambique, to which it is now 
the policy of England to limit the Portu- 
guese. The company is bound by the condi- 
tions of the charter to oppose and discourage 
the slave-trade and the trade in ardent spirits. 

1891 Jan. 9. An Anglo-Austrian 
convention is signed, allowing Austria 
to occupy the seaport of Salonica on 
condition that she will support the Brit- 
ish policy in regard to Turkey, Armenia, 
and Egypt. 

Jan. 22. Parliament reassembles ; Mr. 
Parnell assumes the Irish leadership. 

Jan 27. H. C. The resolution of 
1880, forbidding Bradlaugh to take 
the oath or to affirm, is expunged from 
the House records. 

Feb. 3. H. C. An Act for the recovery 
of tithe-rent charge in England and 
Wales is passed. [Feb. 19. Passed. 
Mar. 26. Receives royal assent.] 

Feb. 20. H. C. The resolution favor- 
ing the disestablishment of the Church 
in Wales is rejected. Vote, 235-203. 

Mar. 13±. The proposed arbitration 
agreed on by England and France con- 
cerning Newfoundland is limited to 
the lobster fisheries and canning fac- 
tories. 

Mar. 18. H. C. The Welsh Local 
Option Bill is passed. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1890 July 28. Scot. A railway acci- 
dent occurs at Milngavie Junction, near 
Glasgow ; about 30 persons are injured. 

Sept. * Ire. The potato crop is a failure 
in many places. 

Sept. 16. The new bridge over the 
Taff at Cardiff is opened by the Duke of 
Clarence and Avondale. 

Nov. 4. The electric underground 
railway from London to Stockwell is 
inaugurated by the Prince of Wales. 

Nov. 11. A collision occurs on the 
Great Western Railway at Taunton ; 10 
persons killed and many injured. 

Dec. 20. London. A fire in Queen Vic- 
toria and Thames Streets near Black- 
friars Bridge causes a loss of £-100,000. 

* *Sir J. Miller's Sainfoil wins the 
Derby race. [1891, Sir F. Johnstone's 
Common; 1892, Lord Bradford's Sir 
Hugo; 1893, II. McCalmnnt's Isinglass; 
1894, Lord Rosebery's Ladas.] 

1891 Jan. 11. A collision in the Frith 
of Forth results in 13 persons drowned. 

Jan. 24. The first train crosses the 

Forth Bridge with directors on board. 
Feb. 22- 1 -. The great struggle between 

capital and labor still continues. 
Apr. 5. A big colliery trust is created 

in Yorkshire, Lancashire, Derbyshire, 

and Staffordshire. 



1006 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

.1891 Apr. 15. E. I. A British force 
is advancing upon the Manipuris, who 
are preparing to resist. 

Apr. 21. London. Part of Third Bat- 
talion Grenadier Guards refuse to 
turn out for parade. [Apr. 24. Four 
are sentenced to imprisonment for two 
years.] 

May 23. S. E. Afr. Portuguese troops 
and the British South African Com- 
pany's expedition engage in a serious 
conflict on the Pungwe River. 

May 28. S. E. Afr. British troops de- 
feat a Portuguese force on the banks 
of the Bemba River. [May 30. An at- 
tack by the Portuguese on the British 
camp is repulsed after a fight of two 
hours.] 

May * Three war-vessels and an armed 
force are sent to prevent the forming of 
the " Republic of the North " as contem- 
plated by the Boers. 

Aug. 18-21. The French fleet visits 
English waters, and is received with 
great ovations. [Aug. 21. The French 
and British fleets are reviewed by the 
queen off Spithead.] 

Oct. 28. Another mutinous demon- 
stration is made by the Third Battalion 
Grenadier Guards at Windsor. 

Dec. 11. Tibet. Hunza Niger tribes- 
men are repulsed by native troops 
under British officers near Gilghit, with 
heavy losses on both sides; the tribes- 
men capture Fort Chalt ; it is recaptured 
by British troops. [The British advance 
on Hunza.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 July 8. Scot. A statue of Rob- 
ertBurnsis unveiled, with Masonic hon- 
ors, at Ayr. 

July 10. London. The convention of 
the Theosophie ' Society opens, Mr. 
Olcott presiding. 

Aug. 10. London. The International 
Congress of Hygiene and Demography 
is opened by the Prince of Wales. [Aug. 
17. Closes.] 

1892 Jan. 3. W. Gold is discovered 
in Barmouth, Merionethshire. 

Jan. 6. London. Henry VIII. is pro- 
duced at the Lyceum Theater by Henry 
Irving. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1891 May 3. Sullivan, Barry, Irish trage- 
dian, A66. 

May 5 . Magee, William Connor, archbishop 
of York, A70. 

May 6. Hare, Thomas, political wr., A85. 

May 8. Blavatsky, Helena Petrovna, 
leader of Theosophists, A60. 

May 15. Long, Edwin, artist, A52. 

May 18. Cavendish, Lord Edward, politi- 
cian, A53. 

Colquhoun, Sir Patrick, pn]., au., A76. 

May 22. Fowler, Sir Robert Nicholas, poli- 
tician, A63. 

May 26. Wyllie, Sir William, colonel, A89. 

June 2. Hawkshaw, Sir John, eng., A80. 

June 11. Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith, 
philanthropist, A64. 

June 16, O'Gorman Mahon, James Pat- 
rick, colonel, politician, A91. 

June 20. Hewett, Sir Prescott G., surgeon, 
A78. 

July 4. Gladstone, Wm. Henry, poh, A50. 

July 28. Fothergill, Jessie, novelist, A40. 

Aug. 21. Inglis, Lord, John, justice, A81. 

Cleveland, Duke of, Harry G. Powlett, 

A88. 

Aug. 24. Raikes, Henry C, postmaster- 
generai, politician, AS3. 

Aug. 26. Whicheote, George, gen., A97. 

Sept. 9. Theed, William, sculptor, A87. 

Oct. 6. Parnell, Charles Stewart, Irish 
leader, statesman, A 45. 



Oct. 7. Hennessey, Sir John Pope, states- 
man, author, A57. 
Oct. 15. A'Becket, Arthur William, drama- 



for North Queensland, William Day Reeve 
for Mackenzie River, Can., William Walsh 
for Mauritius, W. H. Yeatman, suffragan for 
Southwark, Augustus Legge for Lichfield. 



Nov. 12. Winmichl, Lewis, author, A49 

Nov. 13. Suffleld, R. Rodolph, Unitarian 
clergyman, A70. 

Nov. 24. Bulwer-Lytton, Edward Robert 
(Owen Meredith), Earl of Lytton, states- 
man, poet, author, A60. 

Nov. 25. Goodwin, Harvey, bishop of Car- 
lisle, author, A73. 

Nov. 29. Power, Richard, pol., Ire., A40. 

Dec. 1. Thompson, Sir Matthew W., poli- 
tician, A72. 

Dec. 5. Flannlgan, Stephen W., jurist, Ire- 
land, A74. 

Dec. 13. Wells, William Gorman, drama- 
tist, A 67. 

Dec. 16. Bennett, Sir James Risdon, phy- 
sician, A82. 

Dec. 17. Browne, Edward H., bishop of 
Winchester, author, A80. 

Dec. 19. Hareourt, Edward W., pol., A66. 

Taylor, Peter Alfred, merchant, politi- 
cian, A72. 

Dec. 21. Cavendish, William, Duke of 
Devonshire, statesman, A83. 

Dec. 24. Chambers, Sir Thomas, jurist, A78. 

Dec. 28. Cellier, Alfred, composer, A47. 

White, Sir William, dip., A67. 

Dec. 30. Adams, W. H. Davenport, jour- 
nalist, author, A63. 

Dec. * Grantham, Richard B., eng., A86. 

Dec* Smith, William, architect, A 74. 

Smith, William Henry, statesman, A66. 
1892 Jan. 1. Redhouse, Sir James, orien- 
talist, A81. 

Jan. 2. Airy, Sir George B., astron., A90. 

Jan. 6. Clifford, Sir Robert C. Spencer, 
colonel, A76. 

Jan. 10. Villiers, George, general, A44. 

Philpott, Henry, hji. of Worcester, A85. 

Jan. 14. Manning, Henry Edward, 
cardinal, archbp. of Westminster, au., A83. 

Albert Victor Christian Edward, Duke of 

Clarence and Avondale, son of Prince of 
Wales, A28. 

Jan. 1 5 . Kelly, Edward, rear-adm., A55. 



CHURCH. 

1891 Apr. 21. A Glasgow woman be- 
queaths £70,000 to Gen. Booth of the Sal- 
vation Army. [May 8. Mr. Bell of 
Glasgow, £60,000 for same purpose.] 

May 13. Ire. A priest refuses to ad- 
minister the sacrament to Parnellites 
at Dunmore. 

June 5. W. The South "Wales Metho- 
dist Conference meets at Cardiff. 

June 14. London. Dr. Joseph Parker 
delivers a sermon at the City Temple 
in which he denounces the Prince of 
Wales (baccarat scandal). 

June 23. London. The Rev. Herman 
Adler is installed chief rabbi of the 
British Empire in Bayswater Synagogue. 

July 2. Ire. The Irish bishops reaffirm 
their declaration against Mr. Faraell 
as unfit to be a leader of the Irish 
people, and unworthy the confidence of 
Roman Catholics. 

July 10. London. The Theosophie So- 
ciety meets ; 246 branches represented. 

July 13-21. London. The Interna- 
tional Congregational Council holds 
its meeting. 

Aug. 15. Services in memory of James 
Russell Lowell are held in Westmin- 
ster Abbey, led by Canon Farrar. 

Oct. 6. The archbishop of Canterbury 
opens the Church Congress at Rhyl. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

William C. Magee for York, later William 
I). Maclagan, It. F. L. Blunt, suffragan for 
Hull, Anthony W. Thorold for Winchester, 
Henry B. Bo'wlby, suffragan for Coventry, 
Randall Thomas Davidson for Rochester, 
W. H. Carter for Zululand, South Africa, 
Mandell Creighton for Peterborough, John 
Gott for Truro, Christopher George Barlow 



LETTERS. 

1891 July 10. Dublin. TJie Nation 
suspends. 

Aug. 8. Scot. Andrew Carnegie lays 
the corner-stone of a public library at 
Peterhead, to which he had given £1,000. 

Sept. * Dub/in. The Freeman's Journal 
and National Press are united. 

Dec. 18. Dublin. The Daily Irish In- 
dependent (Parnellite) is issued. 

1891-92 * * The Wrecker and Ballads, 
by R. L. B. Stevenson, appear. [1893, 
David Balfour, Island Nights' Enter- 
tainments, ('afriontt. and A Foot-mote to 
History; Eight Years of Trouble in Sa- 
moa; 1894, Ebb-Tide.) 

* * Essays on English Literature and Es- 
says on French Novelists, by George E. 
B. Saintsbury, appear. 

* * Peter Ibbetson, by George du Maurier, 
appears. 

* * History of Sicily, by Freeman, ap- 
pears. 

* * Memoir of Horace Walpole, by Austin 
Dobson, appears. 

* * Poems by the Way, by William Morris, 
appears. 

* * Daphne and Other Poems, by Frederick 
Tennyson, appears. 

* * One of Our Conquerors, by George 
Meredith, appears. [1894, Lord Ormont 
and his Aminta.] 

* * The Wages of Sin, by Lucas Malet, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Life and Letters of Robert Brown- 
ing , edited by Mrs. Sutherland Orr, ap- 
pears. 

* * Memoir of the Life of Laurence Oli- 
phant and of Alice Oliphant appears. 

* * Letters of Cliarles Dickens to Wilkie 
Collins, by Laurence Hutton, appears. 

* * The Little Minister, by J. M. Barrie, 
appears. [1893, Two of Them, An Auld 
Licht Manse, and A Tillyloss Scandal.] 

1892 Jan. 16. The London edition of 
the New York Herald is discontinued. 

SOCIETY. 

1891 Apr. 12. Ire. ThePlanof Cam- 
paign collapses on the Tower Hill es- 
tates in Limerick and Glensharold, thus 
ending a seven years' struggle. 

May 3. London. An immense labor 
meeting is held in Hyde Park. 

May 21. Queen Victorialays the corner- 
stone of an infirmary at l>erby. 

June 1-9. . London. The Baccarat 

Scandal : 

Sir William Gordon-Cumming sues Mr. 
and Mrs. Lycett Green and others for 
slander iu charging him with having 
cheated at a game of baccarat in the 
house of Arthur Wilson, Tranby Croft, 
near Doncaster, in September 1890. [June 
4. Case is tried before Lord Coleridge of 
the Queen's Bench division ; Sir Edward 
Clarke is counsel for plaintiff ; June 9. 
He severely criticizes the Prince of 
Wales. Sir Charles Russell is counsel 
for defendants. The defendants are 
acquitted.] 

June 8. Scot. At Clydebank, 7,000 ship- 
workers strike against a 5 per cent re- 
duction in wages. 

June 10. Sir "Wm. Gordon-Cum- 
ming, the plaintiff in the baccarat trial. 
is married to Miss Florence Garner of 
New York. 



AND IRELAND. 1891, Apr. 10-1892, Jan. 21. 1007 



June 12. London. The omnibus strike 
is ended ; the employers' offer of a 12 
hours' work-day and a slight increase in 
wages is accepted. 

June 14. London. The laundresses, 
supported hy numerous trade societies, 
in all about 80,000 persons, hold a meet- 
ing in Hyde Park, to secure the benefits 
of the Factory Act. 

June 22. London. Another murder of 
a foreign woman occurs. 



June 25. The marriage of Mr. Parnell 
and Mrs. O'Shea at Steyning is an- 
nounced. 

June 29. The great- grand daughter of 
the queen, infant daughter of Duke 
and Duchess of Fife, is christened in 
the Chapel Royal, St. James's Palace; 
archbishop of Canterbury officiates. 

July 4-14. Emperor William of Ger- 
many visits England. 

July 11. The United Kingdom brewers 
and license victualers form a strong 
combine to uphold their interests. 

July 17. London. A meeting of Chris- 
tian ministers is held in the City Tem- 
ple, in support of the formation of a 
federation of English-speaking people 
for international arbitration and uni- 
versal peace. 

July 20. London. The famous St. Paul's 
Cathedral reredos case, in litigation 
since 1888, is dismissed in the Court of 
Appeals, with costs against the appel- 
lants. 

July 30. Ire. Nationalists Dillon and 
O'Brien are released from their six 
months' imprisonment. 

July 31. Ire. The Freeman's Journal 
repudiates the leadership of Mr. Par- 
nell, and Mr. ParnelFs suggestion to 
Dillon and O'Brien for a reunion of 
their forces is rejected. 

Aug. 7. London. An aged woman is 
fatally stabbed in Whitechapel. 

Aug. 10. London. An International 
Congress of Hygiene and Demog- 
raphy is opened by the Prince of "Wales 
in St. James Hall. 

Aug. 15. W. About 1,000 miners strike. 

Aug. 19. The French fleet arrives off 
Cowes, and is received with honors. 
[Aug. 20. The queen entertains Adm. 
Gervais and his officers at the Osborne 
House. Aug. 26. The fleet leaves Ports- 
mouth.] 

Sept. 1. London. The Oriental Con- 
gress is opened. [Sept. 8. It favors an 
international eight-hour law.] 

Sept. 7. The Trade-Union Congress 
opens at Newcastle. 

Sept. 10. London. The Jewish Colo- 
nization Association is registered un- 
der the Companies' Act with a capital 
of £2,000,000 in £100 shares; Baron 
Hirsch holds 19,900 shares. 

Sept. 21. London. The London and 
Westminster Bank is robbed of bills 
valued at more than $750,000. 

Oct. 1. The liberal Federation Con- 
gress opens in Newcastle ; 3,000 dele- 
gates present. 

Oct. 11. Dublin. The funeral of Par- 
nell takes place, 40,000 persons having 
viewed the body. 

Oct. 21. An attempt is made to wreck 
an express-train on the Great Western 
Railway. 

Nov. 4. Ire. The Irish National Fed- 
eration is in session at Waterford ; 
mobs throng the streets, and 150 persons 
are injured. 

Dec. 9. London. Women's Labor 
Home is opened by the Duchess of Al- 
bany in Marylebone Road. 

Dec. 15. Ire. Election riots at Water- 
ford occur between Parnellites and 
anti-Parnellites. 



1892 Jan. 20. The funeral of the Duke 
of Clarence and Avondale takes place 
in St. George's Chapel.Windsor. 

Jan. 21. The funeral of Cardinal 
Manning takes place at Kensal Green 
Cemetery. 

STATE. 

1891 Apr. 10. Queen Victoria appoints 
a Royal Labor Commission, with the 
Marquis of Hartington at its head, to 
inquire into the relations existing be- 
tween capital and labor, the cause of 
strikes, and the best means of prevent- 
ing them. 

Apr. 13. H. C. The Intoxicating 
Liquors ( Ireland ) Bill, providing for 
entire Sunday closing over the whole of 
Ireland, and for earlier closing on Satur- 
day, is read a second time. [Withdrawn 
because of want of time to discuss it.] 

Apr. 22. H. C. A motion for the sec- 
ond reading of the bill to enable Dis- 
senters to acquire freehold rights to 
places of religious worship on payment 
therefor, thus placing them on equal 
footing with the Church of England, is 
passed. Vote, 218-110. [Dropped.] 

Apr. 23. H. C. Mr. Goschen proposes 
an annual grant of £2,000,000 for free or 
assisted education. 

Apr. 28. H. C. A motion to reduce 
the number of taverns, and to give 
local authorities larger control of li- 
censes, provided that publicans be com- 
pensated, is passed. Vote, 182-111. 

Apr. 30. H. C. Announcement is made 
that in future no treaty of commerce 
precluding the preferential arrange- 
ments between England and the Colo- 
nies regarding their respective products 
would be renewed. 

May 8. England has annexed a strip of 
territory on the western frontier of 
Bechuanaland, in order to prevent the 
threatened " trek" of Boers and Dama- 
ras. (Announced.) 

May 30. The Governor of the Bank 
of England is appointed a member of 
the privy council. 

June 5. H. C. A bill (introduced May 
29), prohibiting British subjects from 
catching seals in Bering Sea for a cer- 
tain period, is passed. [June 8. H. L. 
Passed. June 9. An amendment pro- 
hibiting British ships from sealing in 
that sea for a limited period is adopted 
by both Houses. June 11. Receives 
royal assent.] 

June 11. Port. The Anglo-Portu- 
guese Convention, relating to the Eng- 
lish and Portuguese possessions in South 
Africa, is signed at Lisbon. 

June 18. H. C. The Factory and 
"Workshop Act, to improve the condi- 
tions under which operatives work in 
the textile industries, is introduced. [An 
amendment prohibiting children under 
11 years of age from working is adopted. 
Vote, 202-186 ; this is a Government de- 
feat. July 19. A motion, that after 
1892, July 1, children under 14 years of 
age shall not be employed except on 
half time, is defeated. Vote, 164-189; 



bill passed. July 13. H. L. Passed. 
Aug. 5. Receives royal assent.] 
June 22. Sir George Smj-th Baden-Pow- 
ell, M.P., and Dr. Dawson, of the Cana- 
dian Survey Department, are appointed 
British arbiters in the Bering Sea dis- 
pute ; Ashley Froude is appointed sec- 
retary of the British Bering Sea Com- 
mission. 

June 24. British subjects are forbidden 
by Order in Council to catch seals in 
Bering Sea until May 1, 1892. 

June 25. England annexes the island of 
Sabutan, which is claimed by Spain. 

July 22. H. C. Sixty thousand pounds 
is voted for the relief of Ireland's suf- 
fering poor. 

Aug. 5. Parliament: A new Element- 
ary Education Act, reducing or abol- 
ishing school fees, introduced June 8, is 
passed. [Sept. 1. In operation.] 

The Public Health ( London ) Act, 
amending previous statutes, is passed. 

Sept. 21. Sir James Ferguson has been 
appointed postmaster-general to succeed 
Mr. Eaikes, deceased. 

Sept. 22. The Government officially rec- 
ognizes the Provisional Government of 
Chile. 

Sept. 29. London. David Evans is 
elected lord mayor. 

Oct, 18. Arthur J. Balfour is ap- 
pointed first lord of the treasury. [Oct. 
25. "William L. Jackson is appointed 
chief secretary for Ireland.] 

Nov. 17. London. Lord Salisbury noti- 
fies the Turkish ambassador that Eng- 
land is ready to reopen negotiations for 
a convention to regulate affairs in 
Egypt. 

Nov. 26. The Newfoundland Bait 
Act is pronounced unconstitutional. 

Dec. 11. The Marquis of Dufferin is 
appointed British ambassador at Paris. 

* * Census returns give population of 
England and Wales, 29,001 .018 ; Ireland, 
4,704,750; and Scotland, 4,033,103. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 May 11. A tank explodes at 
Newport, killing eight men and injur- 
ing 25. 

June 24. The Irish Campaign Fund's 
account is reported as follows : Col- 
lected: $634,385 ; expended: legal ex- 
penses, $36,100; to tenants, $382,090; 
housing, $68,405 ; building, etc. at New 
Tipperary, $147,760 — total, $632,385. 

July 7. The Manchester Ship Canal 
is opened. 

July 12. A dam in the Mersey, 250 feet 
wide, collapses at the mouth of the 
Union Canal. 

Aug, 24. Iron-works in the Cumberland 
district shut down ; 6,000 men are idle. 

Sept. 4. The steamer Furst Bismarck, for 
Hamburg from New York, breaks the 
record; time of passage, six days, 12 
hours, and 58 minutes. 

Sept. 7. The steel-works at Belckow, 
Yorkshire, shut down; several thou- 
sand men are idle. 

Nov. 5. The chemical manufactures 
register under the name of the United 
Alkali Company; capital, £6,000,000. 

Nov. 14, 15. Commercial panic ; the 
Bank of England averts the suspension 
of the house of Baring Brothers. 

Nov. 29. The Cotton Employers' Asso- 
ciation of Oldham decides to raise 
wages 10 per cent. 

Dec. 26. A terrible panic takes place 
in the theater at Gateshead ; 10 persons 
are crushed to death. 



1008 1892, Jan. 22 -1893, Feb. 9. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1892 Jan. 30. The cruiser Grafton is 
launched at the Thames Iron Works. 
[Feb. 27. The Hepulse at Pembroke 
dockyard. Mar. 1. Scot. The war-ship 
Ramillies on the Clyde.] 

Apr. 2. E. I. The revolt of the Chins 
in Upper Burmah is announced. [The 
government troops defeat and inflict 
heavy tines upon the revolting chiefs.] 

May * E. I. Government troops capture 
Toniataba after a brave defense by the 
natives. 

Sept. 26. Life-guardsmen at Windsor 
cut their saddles as a protest against 
excessive drill ; several are arrested. 
[A court-martial sentences one offender 
to imprisonment for 18 months, and dis- 
missal from the regiment.] 

Dec. 2. Ind. The cruiser Rapid shells 
seven villages in Solomon Islands. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1892 Feb. 12. The Naval Exhibition 

in the Walker Art Gallery, Liverpool, is 

opened by Lord George Hamilton. 
May 18. An earthquake shock is felt 

at Cornwall. 
Aug. 18. Two earthquake shocks occur 

in Wales. 
Sept. 10. London. The new Trafalgar 

Square Theater is opened. 



Oct. 20. Nelson, Thomas, publisher, phi- 
lanthropist, A70. 
Nov. 9. Marlborough, Duke of, George 

Charles Spencer-Churchill, A48. 
Nov. 11. Trollope, Thomas A., novelist, 

historian, A82. 
Nov. 16. Sankey, William, general, A71. 
Dec. 15. Briggs, Willoughby L.,maj.-gen., 

A65. 
Dec. 17. Portarlington, Earl of, Lionel S. 

W. Dawson Darner, Crimean vet., A60. 

Smith, William S., admiral, A93. 

Dec. 18. Owen, Sir Richard, naturalist, 

anatomist, A88. 
Dec. 24. Howell, Richard A., vice-adin., 

A76. 
Dec. 29. Black, Fram-is, Scot. pub u A61. 
1893 Jan. 15. Kemble, Fanny (Frances 

Anne) actor, A83. 
Jan. 23. Brooks, Phillips, churchman, 

orator, A58. 
Feb. 6. Brabourne, Lord Edward H. 

Knatchbull-HiiucsMen, statesman, author 

of books for children, A63. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1892 Jan. 22. Ramsay, J. D., commander, 

A86. 
Jan. 23. 
Jan. 25. 

general, A82. 

bert, Sir John, Btates., 

, A72. 
Jan. 31. Spuxgreon, Charles Had don, 

clergyman, author, A58. 
Feb. 3. Mackenzie, Sir Morell, physician, 

surgeon, A65. 
Feb. 10. Caird, Sir James, agriculturist, 

Scotland, A76. 
Feb. 11. Grant, James A., explorer, A64. 
Feb. 13. Wallls, Sir Provo Wm. Parry, 



Feb. 18. Campbell, Sir ileo., pol., 8 

Mar. 6. Gregorv, Sir Wm. Henry, pol., A75. 

Mar. lO. Denbigh, Earl of, Rudolph W. B. 
Fielding, A68. 

Mar. 16. Freeman, Edward Augustus, 
historian, A69. 

Mar. 19. Russell, Sir William, lieut.-gen., 
politician, A69. 

Apr. 2. Murray, John, publisher, A83. 

Apr. 5. Lei trim, fourth Earl of, A45. 

Apr. 15. Edwards, A meliaB., novelist, A61. 

Apr. 22. Pelly, Sir Lewis, gen., dip., A67. 

May 9. Bramwell, Baron George W. W., 
jurist, A84. 

May 24. Butt, Sir Charles P., jurist, A61. 

May 26. Mayne, Richard Charles, rear- 
admiral, A57. 

June 18. Fytche, Albert, C- S. I., general, 
diplomatist, A71. 

June 20. Drogheda, Marquis of, Sir Henry 
F. Seymour Moore, A67. 

July 15. Cooper, Thomas, political agita- 
tor, poet, author, A87. 

Hardinge, Sir Arthur E., general, A64. 

July 16. Maegregor, John (Rob Roy), trav- 
eler, author, A67. 

July 19. Cook, Thomas, excursionist, A84. 

July 25. Claughton, Thomas Leigh, bishop 
of Rochester, A84. 

July 27. Sherbrooke, Viscount, Robert 
. Lowe, statesman, A81. 

Aug-. 2. Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles T., 
general, A79. 

Sept. 16. Howard, Edward, cardinal, lin- 
guist, A63. 

Sept. 22. Sutherland, Duke of, George 
Granville Leveson-Gower, A63. 

Sept. 27. Evans, Sir Thomas W., pol., A71. 

Oct. 5. Marriott, Haves, lieut,-gen., A 79. 

Oct. 6. Tennyson, Lord Alfred, poet. A 83. 

Elliot, Richard C, surgeon-gen., A75. 

Oct. 7. Pears, Sir Thomas Townsend, maj.- 
gen., A82. 



CHURCH. 

1892 June 2. Peterborough Cathe- 
dral is reopened by the archbishop of 
Canterbury. 

Aug. 16. London. The pallium is con- 
ferred, for the first time since 155G, on 
Archbishop Vaughan (Roman Catholic) 
of Westminster. 

Oct. 4. The Church Congress meets 
at Folkestone, archbishop of Canter- 
bury presiding. 

* * London. Herbert Vaughan is conse- 
crated (Roman Catholic) archbishop of 
Westminster. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng.): 

Norman D. J. Straton for Sodor and Man, 
John W. Bardsley (tr.) Carlisle, Wm. Edm. 
Smyth for Lebombo, South Africa, Andrew 
H. Dunn for Quebec, H. Tully Kingdon for 
Fredericton, New Brunswick, Alfred Clifford 
for Lucknow, Charles Oliver Mules for Nel- 
son, N. Z., William Chambers for Goulburn, 
Australia, and Nathaniel Dawes for Rock- 
hampton, Australia; also John Bilsborrow 
for Salford, Theodore Dalhoff for Bombay, 
and N. Seluan for Cyprus. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 



LETTERS. 

1892 Mar. 17. Scot. The University of 
St. Andrews opens the departments of 
theology, arts, and sciences to women. 

Oct. 1. London. The Pall Mall Gazette 
changes hands ; it will be no longer Rad- 
ical, out favor the Liberal-Unionists. 

Oct. 24. Mr. Gladstone delivers the first 
Romanese lecture at < >xford University 
on " Medieval Universities." 

Nov. 15. W. The new library at the 



Dec. 13. Victoria Buildings, Univer- 
sity College, Liverpool, are opened. 

* * Notes of an Englishman in Paris ap- 
pears. 

* * The Duchess of Powysland, by Grant 
Allen, appears. 

* * Man and Beast in India, by Kipling, 
appears. 

* * Elements of Politics, by Henry Sedg- 
wick, appears. 

* * Marah, by Owen Meredith, appears. 
[1893, King Poppy.] 

* * Fortunatus, the Pessimist, by Alfred 
Austin, appears. 

* * Life of William Cowper, by T. Wright, 
appears. 

* * Conversations with Carlyle, by Sir 
Charles Gavan Duffy, appears. 



SOCIETY. 

1892 Feb. 9. London. The body of 
Rev. Charles H. Spurgeon is lying in 
state in his Tabernacle ; about 7,000 peo- 
ple pass the casket hourly. 

Feb. 10. London. About 8,000 coal- 
porters strike. [Feb. 12. Ends.] 

Feb. 12. The miners in Durham strike. 
[June 1. Ends by an agreement to 10 
per cent reduction in wages.] 

Feb. 16. Ire. Moonlighters make 
raids in County Cork. 

Mar. 12. The great coal-miners' strike 
throughout England begins. [Mar. 14. 
About 350.000 miners are out, and 200,000 
workmen of other trades are affected.] 

Mar. 18. The miners' conference de- 
cides that hereafter men should work 
but five days in the week. 

Apr. 30. The Salvation Army is 
mobbed at Eastbourne. 

May 6. The editor of the Commonweal \ 
an Anarchist paper, is convicted of in- 
citing to murder in his paper. 

May 9. A riot occurs at Castleden Col- 
liery, near Hartlepool. 

May 14. Ire. Riots occur at Cork be- 
tween Parnellites and anti-Parnellites j 
40 persons are injured. 

May 22. ± The Khedive of Egypt is 
made a Knight of the Order of the Bath 
by Queen Victoria. 

May 24. The queen confers the titles 
Duke of York, Earl of Inverness, and 
Baron Killarney on Prince George of 
Wales. 

June 2. Ire. Michael Davitt is severely 
wounded in a faction fight at Navan, 
County Meath. 

June 17. Ire. The Ulster Conven- 
tion, in opposition to Home Rule, meets 
at Belfast ; 10,000 delegates attend. 

June 26. Ire. Faction fights occur in 
in Cork. [June 30. Dr. Tanner is 
wounded in an election riot.] 

July 4. Ire. An attempt is made to 
wreck a train carrying 300 Parnellites 
to a politic;i 1 meeting at I.isdeen, County 
Clare. 

July 8. Dublin. Rioting continues; the 
windows of John Dillon's house are 
smashed, and much stone-throwing 
takes place. [July 10. Election riots 
occur in many towns. Aug. 3. A fac- 
tion fight occurs at Limerick.] 

Aug. 16. The sum of £20,700 is collected, 
and a greater part is sent to sufferers 
by fire at St. John's, Newfoundland. 



Sept. 14. Ire. The Irish Privy Council 
revokes all proclamations made under 
the Coercion Act. 

Sept. 20. Ire. Eviction of tenants is 
resumed by many landlords. 

Oct. 18. Lord Kosebery is made a 
Knight of the Garter. 

Oct. 20. London. The unemployed 
hold a great meeting at Tower Hill. 
[Nov. 8. After a meeting they attack 
the office of the St. James's Gazette.'] 

Nov. 3. Lancashire cotton-workers 
strike against a reduction of 5 per cent 
in their wages ; 45,000 are out of work. 

Dec. 13. The British Union of Con- 
servative Associations holds its an- 
nual meeting in Sheffield. 

Dec. 23. Labor riots break out at Bris- 
tol. 

Dec. 24. Dublin. A dynamite explo- 
sion occurs in the detective office ; De- 
tective Synnot is killed. 



AND IRELAND. 1892, Jan. 22-1893, Feb. 9. 1009 



* * Titles created : 

Barons Kelvin, Cromer t Newton, Ash- 
combe, Play fair, Roberts, Blythswood,Craw- 
shaw, Llangattock, Shand, Rookwood, 
Knightley, Hood, Dunleath, and Amherst of 
Hackney, Duke of Cranbrook. Earl of An- 
caster, and the Marquis of Zetland. 

1893 Jan. 1. London. A procession of 
the unemployed goes to St. Paul's to 
hear tlie sermon by Canon Scott Holland. 

Jan. 2. Ire. Several houses in Kilrush 
are wrecked by Parnellites. 

Jan. 29. Dublin. A great demonstra- 
tion is made in approval of the release 
of the Irish, dynamiters from prison. 

Feb. 9. Irish pilgrims start for Rome 
to attend tlie Pope's jubilee celebra- 
tion. 

STATE. 

1892 Feb. 1. E. Afr. Zanzibar is de- 
clared a free port by the British agent. 

Feb. 8. H. C. Joseph Chamberlain 
succeeds Lord Hartington as leader of 
the Liberal- Unionists. 

Feb. 9. Parliament reassembles. 

Feb. 12. H. C. An amendment to the 
address in favor of releasing treason- 
felony prisoners is rejected. Vote, 16S- 
97. 

Feb. 17. H. C. A bill to assimilate the 
municipal franchise in Ireland to that 
in England is discussed, and read a sec- 
ond time. [Dropped.] 

Feb. 18. H. C. Arthur J. Balfour in- 
troduces an Irish Local Government 
Bill, which passes to its first reading. 
He asserts it would set up baronial and 
county councils elected for three years. So 
that minorities might 1m protected, cumula- 
tive voting would be adopted, and the right 
of traverse would be preserved. As a safe- 
guard against financial corruption or oppres- 
sion, any 20 cess-payers should have power 
to apply to a judge of assize for the removal 
of a baronial or county council on the ground 
of disobedience to t lie law, or of corruption 
or of malversation. If the council should be 
found guilty, it could he removed, and the 
lord-lieutenant would fill its place. In addi- 
tion to that, joint committees composed of 
seven nominees of the council, and seven 
nominees of the grand jury, with the sheriff, 
•an would be appointed, and their consent would 
Jfc be necessary for expenditure on works, etc. 
[May 24. Second reading. June 9. With- 
drawn.] 

Feb. 23. H. L. A resolution for dises- 
tablishment of the "Welsh Church is 
rejected. Vote, 267-220. The Eight- 
Hour Bill is rejected by majority of 112. 

Mar. 1. H. C. The Evicted Tenants 
(Ireland) Bill is rejected ; majority, 55. 

Mar. 3. Lord Salisbury refuses to renew 
the modus vivendi of last year, pending 
the Bering-Sea Dispute. 

Mar. 4. H. C. £20,000 is voted for the 
Mombassa Railway. 

Mar. 15. H. C. A bill to remove the 
disabilities imposed on Roman Cath- 
olics by the Relief Act of 1829 is brought 
up by Patrick O'Brien. [Dropped.] 

Mar. 16. H. C. The Tenure of Land 
("Wales) Bill is rejected. Vote, 234-113. 

Mar. 19. H. C. A bill to give a second 
legislation to Scotland is introduced. 
[Dropped.] 

Mar. 23. H. C. The Miner's Eight- 
Hour Bill is rejected. Vote, 272-160. 

Mar. 25. H. C. The resolution in favor 
of the payment of members of £365 a 
year, offered by Mr. Fenwick, is rejected. 
Vote, 227-162. 



Mar. 29. H. C. A resolution favoring 
government working of telephone 

lines is rejected. Vote, 205-147. The 
bill to give Irish tenants more power to 
compel their landlords to sell their hold- 
ings to thein under the Land Purchase 
Act is defeated. Vote, 177-S6. 

Apr. 27. H. C. Sir A. Rollit's "Wo- 
men's Suffrage Bill is rejected. Vote, 
175-152. 

May 7. The agreement in relation to the 
Bering-Sea question is ratified by both 
Lord Salisbury and United States Min- 
ister Lincoln. 

May 10. London. An order prohibiting 
Bering-Sea fishing until May, 1893, is 
gazetted. 

May 12. The Government declines to 
give its assent to the convention between 
the United States and Newfound- 
land. 

The Bering-Sea patrol is ordered to 
seize all vessels found sealing. 

June 16. Mr. Balfour confirms the state- 
ment that the British East Africa Com- 
pany had instructed their officers to 
abandon Uganda before the end of the 
year. 

June 27. H. C. The Small Agricultural 
Holdings Bill, the chief aim of which is 
to create anew the class formerly de- 
scribed as yeomen, introduced Feb. 22, 



The Education and Local Taxation 
Account (Scotland) Act and the Irish 
Education Act equalizing educational 
grants are passed. 
Parliament is dissolved. 

June 29. Final returns from the elec- 
tions give Mr. Gladstone a majority of 
40. 

July 28. Parliament : The Shop-Hours 
Bill, to make permanent the Shop-Hours 
Regulation Act of 1S86, is passed. 

Aug. 4. The new Parliament opens. 
A. W. Peel, Speaker. 

Aug. 8. H. L. The queen's speech is 
read. 

Aug. 11. H. C. The House votes no 
confidence in the Ministry. Vote, 350- 
310. 

Aug. 15. The Ministry resigns. 

Aug. 16. Fourth Administration of 
Mr. Gladstone. 

Cabinet: W. E. Gladstone (Premier and 
L. Treas.), Lord Herschel (L. Chanc), Earl 
of Kimberley (Pres. of C'oun. and Sec. for 
Ind.), Sir William Vernon Hareourt (Chanc. 
Exeheq.), Herbert Henry Asqulth (Home 
Sec), Earl of Kosebpiy (Foreign Sec), Mar- 
quis of Kipon (Colonial Sec), Henry Camp- 
bell- Jiaiineniiau (Sec. War), Sir George 
Otto Trevelvan i See. for Scot, and keeper of 
the Great Seal), Earl Spencer (L. Admir.), 
John Morley (Chief See. for Ireland), Arnold 
Morley (Post master-General), Anthony John 
Mnndella (Pres. Board of Trade), Henry 
Hartley Fowler (Pres. Local Gov. Board), 
James B. Bryce (Chanc. Duchy of Lancas- 
ter), George John Shaw- Lefevre* (First Com- 
missioner of Works), Arthur Herbert Dyke 
Acland (Vice-Pres. Coun.). 

Ire. Lord Houghton is appointed 

lord-lieutenant and Samuel Walker lord 
chancellor. 

Sept. 3. The Government places the Gil- 
bert Islands, in the South Sea, under a 
protectorate to protect British citizens. 



Oct. 2. The Government agrees to the 
evacuation of Uganda by the British 
East Africa Company in three months, 
after which a British commission will 
take charge of affairs there. 

Oct. 29. London. The Government de- 
cides to allow public meetings at Trafal- 
gar Square during times of political and 
social crises. 

Dec. 2. London. The English plan is 
rejected by the International Mone- 
tary Conference Committee. Vote, 7-6. 

1893 Jan. 18. The Khedive of Egypt 
yields to the demand of Great Britain 
for the dismissal of the newly appointed 
Ministry, and promises to appoint Riaz 
Pasha, who is known to be friendly to 
British interests, as president. 

Jan, 31. Parliament is opened by royal 
commission. 

Feb. 3. H. L. The queen's address is 
agreed to. [Feb. 14. By H. C] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1892 Feb. 4. London. The foot and 
mouth disease breaks out among im- 
ported cattle. 

Feb. 16. Ire. Relief works are made 
at an expense of §802,850, of which sum 
$228,235 is expended for wages. 

Apr. 30. Fire destroys the lace-mills at 
Nottinghamshire ; loss £100,000, and 1,500 
hands idle. 

May 28. German emperor's Meteor 
wins the yacht-race from Southampton 
to Harwich. 

June 8. London. The New Oriental 
Bank fails for over $36,000,000. 

Aug. 5. The emperor's yacht Meteor is 
beaten in the closing race at Cowes. 

Aug. 6. London. California fruit ar- 
rives in good condition, hut brings low 
prices. 

Aug. 24. London. Rigorous precautions 
against cholera are taken. [Aug. 26. 
Two cases of cholera are found on a 
Hamburg steamer at Gravesend. Aug. 
27. Scot. Two cases appear at Glas- 
gow. Aug. 30. It appears in London 
and Liverpool. Sept. 2. The cholera 
panic subsides.] 

Aug. 26. W. An explosion and fire 
in a coal-pit cause the death of about 
150 miners. [Aug. 27. Forty-seven mi- 
ners rescued.] 

A disastrous explosion occurs at 
Yondu colliery, near Brecon ; 112 per- 
sons killed. 

Oct. 6. London. Three cases of chol- 
era, one fatal, are reported ; one death 
in Cork. 

Dec. 14. A colliery explosion in 
Wigan causes great loss of life. 

* * The Derby is won by Sir Hugo; time, 
2.44 ; La Fleche is the second. 

1893 Jan. 10. "Water rushes into a 
mine at St. Just, Cornwall, drowning 27 
men. 



1010 1893,Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. GREAT BRITAIN 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1893 Mar. 4. It is announced that the 
Duke of Edinburgh has been made 
admiral of the fleet. [Aug. 24. Resigns.] 

Mar. 22. In the maneuvering of the 
Mediterranean fleet off Tripoli, the bat- 
tle-ship Victoria is sunk in a collision 
with the battle-ship Camperdown; 338 
officers and men are drowned, including 
Vice-Adm. Sir George Tryon. [The find- 
ings of a court-martial blame Adm. 
Tryon.] 

Mar. 29. Vice-Adm. Sir Michael 
Culme Seymour is appointed successor 
to Vice-Adm. Tryon as commander-in- 
chief of the Mediterranean Station. 

July 29. " The Volunteers' Officers' 
Decoration," for officers serving 20 
years, is instituted by Queen Victoria. 

Nov. 25. The gunboat Dryad is 
launched at Chatham. 

1894 Jan. 13. W. Afr. The British 
troops in Sierra Leone defeat a force of 
4,000 Sofas, killing '250. [Jan. 19. It 
surprises and defeats the Sofas, who 
have destroyed several native towns and 
slaughtered the inhabitants.] 

Feb. 23. W. Afr. An expedition of 
marines and bluejackets, operating 
against Fodi Silah, a native chief, near 
Bathurst, fall into an ambush on their 
return to the boats ,• 13 are killed and 52 
wounded. [May 7. They have another 
engagement with slave-trading forces 
under Chief Fodi Silah; they seize and 
burn Bamjur, in Gambia, and capture 
Brikama, with much loss to the natives.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1893 May 2. W. An earthquake < 

June 14. A monument to Shelley, at 
University College, Oxford, is inaug- 
urated. 

Aug. 21. Edinburgh. A statue of Abra- 
ham Lincoln, a memorial to the Scottish- 
American soldiers of the War of the 
Rebellion (U. S. A.), is unveiled. 

Oct. 9. The South London Art Gal- 
leries at Camberwell, the gift of Pass- 
more Edwards, are opened by the Prince 
of Wales and the Duke and Duchess of 
York. 

Nov. 18. Disastrous floods occur ; 144 
wrecks reported, and much loss of life. 

Oct. 30. The Burke memorial at Bristol 
is unveiled. 

1894 Mar. 6. A memorial to Phillips 
Brooks is placed in the wall along the 
south aisle of St. Margaret's Church, 
Westminster. 



July 10. Nettleship, Henry, classical 
Bcholar, author, A 54. 

July 13. Lushington, Edmund L., Greek 
professor, A82. 

July SO. Chalmers, Charles D., maj.-gen., 
A56. 

July 21. Rae, John, arctic explorer, A79. 

Aug. IS. Hamley, Sir Edward li.,gen., A67. 

Horniman, John, Quaker philanthropist, 

A89. 

Sept. 9. Parke, Thomas Heazle, African 
explorer, Ireland, A3 6. 

Sept. 13. Daubeny, James, general, A66. 

Sept. * Moore, Albert, painter, A42. 

Oct. 7. Smith, Sir William, classical 
scholar, author, writer, A80. 

Oct. 9. Guion, W. H. (steamship line), d. 

Oct. 16. Birch, Charles 15. A. 11. A., sculp- 
tor, A61. 

Nov. 30. Clark, Sir Andrew, phys., A67. 

Dec. 1. Leinster, Duke of, Gerald F., A42. 

Dec. SI. Chambers, Walter, bishop, A69. 

Tucker, Miss (A. L. 0. E.), author, A72. 

Dec. 31. Vizetelly, Henry Richard, author, 
publisher, A74. 
1894 Jan. IS. Parkyns, Mansfield, ex- 
plorer, A71. 

Jan. 17. Walker, Sir Charles P. Beau- 
champ, general, A76. 

Mar. S. McMurdo, Sir William Scott, gen- 
eral, A75. 

Mar. 5. Layard, Sir Austen Henry, archeol- 
ogist, A77. 

Mar. 12. Stephen, Sir James Fitzjanu-s, 
jurist, author, A65. 

Balfour, Sir George, gen., states., AS4. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1893 Mar. 19. Errington, Sir John S., 
diplomatist, A81. 

Mar. 33. Tryon, Sir Geo., vice-adm., A61. 

Mar. 34. Robinson, Sir Henry, states., A70. 

Apr. 19. Symonds, John Addington, 
critic, historian, A53. 

Apr. 31. Derby, Earl of, Edward Henry 
Smith-Stanb-y, slaU-smau, A66. 

Apr. * Crawley, Kirbanl, poet, A50. 

May 9. Panlet, Lord Wm., field-mar., A88. 

May 28. Pritelianl, Cbarb-s, ;istron., A84. 

May * Cowper, Edward Alfred, inv., A74. 

May * Romaine, W. G., administrator, A 68. 

June 3. Potter, G., trade-union leader, A61. 

June 33. Lockyer, Arthur, editor of the 
Graphic, A64. 

June 34. Shepstone, Sir Theophilus, politi- 
cian, A76. 

June * Pearson, Emma Maria, phUanthro- 
pist, author, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1893 Mar. 29. London. Rev. Thomas 
Spurgeon is selected to succeed his 
father as pastor of the Tabernacle. 

Apr. 8. The 800th anniversary of the 
consecration of Winchester Cathedral is 
celebrated. 

Apr. 16. Ire. Methodist ministers sign 
an appeal to the Methodist ministers in 
England to oppose Home Rule on both 
religious and commercial grounds. 

May IS. Scot. The jubilee of the Free 
Church is celebrated. 

June 22. London. A mass-meeting is 
held to consider means of helping Ar- 
menian Christians. 

Sept. 20. Jews, numbering 5,000, meet 
in the Assembly Hall, Mile End Koad, 
and indulge in fasting ;uid wailing for 12 
hours. 

Oct. 3. The Church Congress at Bir- 
mingham is opened by the bishop of 
Worcester. [Oct. 9. The Congress 
meets at Exeter, bishop of Exeter pre- 
siding.] 

Oct. 10. The Congregational Union 
meets at the City Temple, Albert 
Spicer presiding. 

* * London. Herbert Vaughan (Roman 
Catholic), archbishop of Westminster, is 
consecrated a cardinal priest. 

* * Ire. Michael Logue, archbishop of 
Armagh, is consecrated a cardinal priest. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

John Sheepshanks for Norwich, W. W. 
Perrine for I'.ritisli Columbia, A. H, Baynes 
for Natal, William Procter Swaby for Gui- 
ana, Ceorge A. Ormsby for Honduras, and 
C. Phillips and I. Oluwole, assistant bishops 
for Western Equatorial Africa. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

Frederick Richards Wynne for Killaloe, 
Ire., William Turner for Galloway, Scot., 
and John Carroll for Shrewsbury. 

1894 Jan. 17. The English bishops 
issue an address against "Welsh dises- 
tablishment. 

LETTERS. 

1893 Mar. 4. Central Free Library 
for Lambeth, at Brixton, erected by 
Henry Tate of Streatham, is opened. 



May 8. Mr. Gladstone otters to make 
John Ruskin poet laureate. 

May 10. London. The Imperial Insti- 
tute, South Kensington, is opened by 
the queen. 

1893 Oct. 25. Dublin. The junior fel- 
lowship of Dublin University is opened 
to female as well as to male students. 

* * Essays upon some Controverted Ques- 
tions, and Evolution and Ethics, by 
Huxley, appear. 

* * The Foresters, Robin Hood and Maid 
Marian, The Death of (Enone, Akbar's 
Dream, and Other Poems, by Tennyson, 
appear. 

* * The Heavenly Tiuins, by "Sarah 
Grand," appears. 

* * Fleet Street Eclogues, and A Random. 
Itinerary, by John Davidson, appear. 
[1894, Ballads and Songs.] 

* * The Life and Work of John RusJcin, by 
W. G. Collingwood, appears. 

* * The History of Early English Litera- 
ture, by Stopford A. Brooke, appears. 

* * The Victorian Aqc of English Litera- 
ture, by Mrs. M. O. W. Olip'hant and F. 
K. Oliphant, appears. 

* * The Rebel Queen, by Walter Besant, 
appears. 

* * The Handsome Humes and Wolfen- 
berg, by William Black, appear. 

* * The Stickit Minister, and Some Com- 
mon Men, by S. K. Crockett, appears. 

* * Many Inventions, bv Kipling, appears. 
[1S94, The Jungle Book.] 

* * Unseen Foundations, by the Duke of 
Argyll, appears. 



1893 Feb. 18. The striking cotton- 
spinners in Lancashire agree to a 24- per- 
cent reduction in wages. [Feb. 24. Also 
at Oldham.] 

Apr. 5. Riots occur at Hull ; 250 free- 
labor men are assailed by strikers in the 
docks. [Apr, 7. Police disperse rioters 
at docks.] 

Apr. 8. London. Total abstainers, 
with the adversaries of the Local Veto 
Bill, make disturbances in Trafalgar 
Square. 



Apr. 25. Ire. Rioting occurs in Dublin 
and Belfast. [Apr. 27. Riots at Belfast 
subdued by military,] 

Apr. 30. London. About 500 porters 
and stevedores at Victoria Docks 
strike because one firm employs Fede- 
ration laborers. 

May 1. Scot. In Dundee 10,000 mill- 
hands strike. [May 2. They are joined 
by 19,000 striking jute-workers.] 

May 5. The Miners' Federation and the 
Seamen's and Firemen's Union of Great 
Britain combine. 

May 7. London. Great demonstrations 
are held in Hyde Park in favor of the 
eight-hour movement; also in many 
other cities. 

May 10. Strikers at Hull attack free 
laborers ; suppressed by police. 

May 20. A heavy missile is thrown at 
Mr. Gladstone while in the compart- 
ment of a railway train ; it barely misses 
the Dean of Chester in the next compart- 
ment. 

May 21. London. About 250,000 people 
attend a demonstration of the Irish 
National League in Hyde Park. 

June 19. At Barnsley 40,000 miners pass 
resolutions in favor of Eight-Hour Bill. 

July 4. London. Princess Christian 
opens the Central Block of Worth Lon- 
don Hospital for consumptives. 



AND IRELAND. 1893, Feb. 13-1894, Mar. 12. 1011 



July 6. London. The Duke of York 
and Princess May of Teck are mar- 
ried in tlie Chapel Royal, St. James's 
Palace. Enthusiastic crowds greet the 
•wedding procession in the streets, and 
three persons are killed, with over 1,500 
street accidents, fainting-fits, etc. 

Aug. 31. W. Over 60,000 miners in 
Monmouthshire and South 'Wales return 
to work ; this ends the big strike. [Sept. 
2. About 10,000 more return to work.] 

Sept. 7. Riots among coal-miners in 
Yorkshire, near Barnsley, are quelled 
by troops. [Sept. 22. Strikers are riot- 
ous at Hednesford, Staffordshire. Oct. 
12. About 60,000 miners resume work at 
the old wages.] 

Oct. 1. The police stop an outdoor An- 
archist meeting at Manchester. 

Oct. 5. A dispute with joiners about 
overtime causes a lockout at the Clyde 
Shipbuilders' Association, which affects 
7,000 men. 

Oct. 10. The Federation of Coal-Mine 
Owners meets in Derby, and offers to re- 
sume work at 15 per cent reduction in 
wages. [Nov. 11. They propose to end 
the wage dispute by giving seven shil- 
lings for staUmen and six shillings for 
leaders, thus abolishing the contract 
system. Nov. 17. The miners' coal- 
strike is settled. Nov. 30. The Fife 
mine-owners agree to concede 6\ per 
cent advance in wages. Dec. 6. The 
loss from the recent coal-strike amounts 
to £33,000,000, and more than 3,500,000 
persons are destitute therefrom.] 

Oct. 17. Colliery riot occurs at St. 
Helena. [Oct. 18. One at Wigan.] 

Dec. 3. London. The police prevent 
Anarchists from holding a meeting in 
Trafalgar Square. 

Dec. 9. The Scotch miners' strike ends. 

1894 Feb. 13. The National Liberal 
Federation closes its conference at 
Portsmouth. 

Feb. 15. Martial Bourdin, a foreign 
Anarchist, blows himself up in attempt- 
ing to wreck the Observatory at Green- 
wich. 

STATE. 



It gives Ireland a legislative council 
and a legislative assembly, with repre- 
sentation in the Imperial Parliament. 
[Feb. 17. Passes first reading. Apr. 21. 
Passes second reading. Vote, 347-304. 
Sept. 1. Passes third reading. Vote- 
301-267. H. L. Introduced. Sept. 8. Re- 
jected. Vote, 419-41.] 

Feb. 27. H. C. Sir William Vernon 
Harcourt introduces the Liquor-Traffic 
(Local Control) Bill, to establish local 
control over the liquor-traffic. Read 
once and withdrawn. 

Mar. 1. H. C. The National Educa- 
tion (Ireland) Bill is rejected. Vote, 
247-166. 

Mar. 7. H. L. A bill relating to the 
distribution of real property in cases of 
intestacy, instead of allowing it to go 
to the eldest son as at present, is re- 
jected. Vote, 61-56. 

Mar. 10. Dublin. A Parnellite Con- 
vention is opened. 

Mar. 15. H. C. The Liquor-Traffic Lo- 
cal Veto (Wales) is rejected. [Intro- 
duced Feb. 27.] Vote, 281-246. 



Mar. 16. The Ulster Defense League 
is formed, "not merely to continue the 
struggle for the Union, but to prepare 
to meet any emergency." 

Mar. 21. H. C. The Local Govern- 
ment (England and "Wales) Bill, to 
establish parish council, is introduced. 
[Nov. 7. Read a second time.] (See 
1S94, Jan. 12.) 

Mar. 24. H. C. A resolution to pay 
members for their services ia passed. 
Vote, 276-229. 

Apr. 12, Paris. The Bering-Sea court 
of arbitration decides not to admit the 
British supplementary report as evi- 
dence at present. 

Apr. 25. H. C. The Employers' Lia- 
bility Bill, including all workmen ex- 
cept soldiers and sailors, is read a second 
time. [Nov. 23. Read a third time. 
Nov. 30. H. L. Read a second time. 
1894. Feb. 13. Bill returned to Com- 
mons with amendments. Feb. 20. The 
order for the consideration of the amend- 
ments is discharged. Vote, 225-6.] 

May 5. H. C. It is voted to transfer 
the power of appointing Irish magis- 
trates from the lords to the lord-lieu- 
tenants of Ireland. 

May 11. The Earl of Aberdeen is ap- 
pointed governor-general of Canada. 

May 14. H. C. An Anglo-Russian 
sealing agreement is promulgated 
which prohibits sealing within 10 miles 
of the Russian coast, and within 30 
miles of Robbin Islands. 

June 16. H. C. A resolution is passed 
favoring the settlement of international 
disputes by arbitration. 

June 30. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's reso- 
lution that the Home-Rule Bill should 
he reported by July 31, and should be 
closured in fovar sections, is adopted 
by a majority of 32. 

July 8. Parliament: Bimetallists pro- 
test against the closing of the Indian 
mints to the free coinage of silver. 

Aug. 15. Bering-Sea Arbitration: 
award in favor of England on the chief 
points (p. 436). 

Sept. 1. Private cards bearing an ad- 
hesive halfpenny stamp are henceforth 
permitted to he sent through the post. 

Sept. 6. H. C. It is voted to reduce 
the salaries of officers in the House of 
Lords. Vote, 103-95. 

Sept. 22. Parliament adjourns. [Nov. 
2. Reassembles.] 

Sept. 29. London. George Robert Tyler 
is elected lord mayor. 

Nov. 16. H. C. The Ministry is de- 
feated on an amendment to the Parish 
Councils Bill, the amendment being 
carried. Vote, 147-126. 

Dec. 1. Dublin. V. B. Dillon is elected 
lord mayor. 

1894 Jan. 12. H. C. The Parish Coun- 
cils Bill is passed. (Introduced 1803, Mar. 
21). [Jan. 15. B. L. Passes first read- 
ing. Jan. 25. Second reading. Feb. 13. 
Third reading. Mar. 1. H. L. Passed. 
Mar. 5. Royal assent given.] 

Feb. 20. H. C. Mr. Gladstone's mo- 
tion to discharge the order of the 
day — the consideration of the amend- 
ments of the House of Lords to the Em- 



ployers' Liability Bill — passes. Vote, 
225-6. The Conservatives take no part 
in the division. 

Mar. 2. Mr. Gladstone informs the 
queen of his intention to resign the 
premiership. [Mar. 3. The queen ac- 
cepts his resignation, and offers the 
premiership to Lord Rosebery, who ac- 
cepts. Mar. 4. Sir "William Vernon 
Harcourt consents to serve under Lord 
Rosebery, and will he the Government 
leader in the House of Commons. Mar. 
5. Lord Rosebery has an audience with 
the queen, and several changes are made 
in the Cabinet. Lord Rosebery formally 
takes his office as premier.] 

Mar. 5. Parliament is prorogued. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1893 Mar. 22. The Oxford crew wins the 
boat-race from Putney to Mortlake ; 
time, 18 minutes, 47 seconds. 

Apr. 11. W. Fire in the Great West- 
ern Colliery, Rhondda Valley, causes 53 
deaths. 

Apr. 17. W. An explosion in a col- 
liery at Pontypridd ; 50 lives are lost. 

May 1. Second-class carriages are 
withdrawn from the London and North- 
western, the Caledonian, the Great 
Northern, and the Cambrian Railways. 

May 12. The Campania reaches Queens- 
town from New York in five days, 17 
hours, and 27 minutes. 

May 14. The Countess Evelyn is sunk 
through colliding with City of Hamburg 
off the Cornish coast ; 25 lives lost. 

June 1. London. The vestibule train 
is introduced for service to Penzance. 

The Britannia, owned by the Prince 

of Wales, wins the Thames Yacht Club 
Race. 

July 1. London. The National Work- 
men's Exhibition at Agricultural Hall 
is opened by the Prince and Princess of 
Wales. 

July 4. An explosion occurs at Coombs 
colliery, near Dewsbury ; 130 lives lost. 

July 12. The Britannia beats the Vigi- 
lant on the Clyde. 

July 16. The Britannia outsails the 
Vigilant in the Royal Ulster yacht race 
regatta. 

July 20. The foundation-stone of the 
new harbor at Dover is laid by the 
queen. 

July 21. The Vigilant outsails the Bri- 
tannia in the 50-mile race off Kingston. 
[Aug. 10. The Britaimia wins the Meteor 
challenge shield.] 

July 22. Vestibule dining-cars are in- 
troduced on the Great Northern Railway 
to Scotland. 

Oct. 4. A public park at Stockton is 
opened by the Duke and Duchess of 
York. 



1894 Jan. 1. The Great Eastern and 
Tilbury, and Southend Railways abolish 
second-class carriages in provinces. 

Mar. 17. Oxford wins the Univer- 
sity boat-race by three and one-half 
lengths ; time, 21 minutes, 39 seconds. 



1012 1894, Mar. 12 -Dec. 17. 



GREAT BRITAIN. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1894 May 25. S.Cent.Afr. A British 
force completely defeats the slave-trad- 
ing chief Makanjira on Lake Nyassa. 

Aug. * S. Pacific. The British ship Cura- 
co and the German ship Bustard bom- 
bard the rebel stronghold in Samoa. 

Sept. 12. S. Pacific. The Samoan chiefs 
yield to the British demand, acknowl- 
edge submission to King Malietoa, and 
give up 100 guns. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1894 June 30. London. The new 
Tower Bridge, across the Thames, 
costing £1,000,000, is opened by the 
Prince and Princess of Wales. 

July 11. London. The Jackson-Harms- 
worth Polar expedition sails on the 
steamer Windward for Franz-Josef 
Land. 

Aug. 8. The British Association meets 
at Oxford ; Lord Salisbury presides. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1894 Mar. 19. Meade, Sir Richard, gen- 
eral, A73. 

Mar. 26. Cameron, Verney Lovett, capt., 
African explorer, A49. 

Mar. 31. Smith, William Robertson, clergy- 
man, orit- ntnlist, author, A48. 

May 20. Yates, Edmund H., journalist, 
author, A63. 

May 26. Noel, Roden Berkeley Wrlothea- 
ley, poet, AGO. 

May 29. Pearson, Charles Henrv, hist., A64. 

June 16. Marshall, William l 'alder, sculp- 
tor, A81. 

Aug-. 22. Jenkins, Robert, admiral, A68. 

Aug-. 30. Campbell, Charles W., man-gen., 
A58. 

Sept. 3. Veitcb, John, philos., critic, A65. 

Sept. 5. Inglefield, Sir Edward A., admiral, 
Inventor, author, A74. 

Oct. 10. Astlev, Sir. John, politician, sports- 
man, A65. 

Nov. 3. Walter, John (London Times), A76. 

Nov. 29. Swansea, Lord, Henry H. Vivian, 
politician, A73. 

Dec. 3. Coleridge, Baron, John Duke, 
chief justice, A74. 



CHURCH. 

1894 June 1. London. The 13th Inter- 
national Young Men's Christian Associ- 
ation Conference opens in Westminster 
Abbey. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Church of Eng- 
land) : 

George Wyndham Kennion for Bath and 
Wells. Arthur T. Llovd, suffragan for Thet- 
ford, W. W. Elwes for Tinnevelli, Ind., Ven. 
W. L. Williams for Waiapu, N. Z., Cecil 
Wilson for Melanesia, N. Z., Arthur Vincent 
Green for Grafton and Armidale, Australia, 
A. G. S. Gibson for < ape Town, South Africa, 
H. Evington for K iushiu, South Japan, and 
Herbert Tugwell for Western Equatorial 
Africa. 

* * Bishops consecrated (Roman Catho- 
lic) : 

Thomas Whiteside, bishop for Liverpool, 
William R. Brownlow for Clifton, Theoph. 
Mayer, biBbop auxiliary for Madras, Godfrev 
Pelckmans for Lahore, P. J. Hurth for 
Dacca, and Anthony I'sse, vicar apostolic for- 
North Burma. 

* * Bishops consecrated : 

Ire. Joseph Ferguson Peacocke, bishop 
for Meath, and William Edward Meade for 
Cork. 

* * Ire. Robert Samuel Gregg is conse- 
crated archbishop of Armagh. 

LETTERS. 

1894 * * Under the Red Robe, by Stanley 
J. Weyman, appears. 

* * Life's Little Ironies, by Thomas Hardy, 
appears. 



* * Odes and Other Poems, by William 
Watson, appears. 

* * Eighteenth Century Vignettes, second 
series, by Alfred Austin, appears. 

* * Ships that Pass in the Night, by Bea- 
trice Harraden, appears. 

* * The Prisoner of Zenda, by Anthony 
Hope (Hawkins), appears. 

* * The Industrial and Commercial His- 
tory of England, by J. E. T. Rogers, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Ascent of Man, by Henry Drum- 
mond, appears. 

* * The Claims of Christianity, "by William 
S. Lilly, appears. 

* * If Christ Came to Chicago, by William 
T. Stead, appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1894 Mar. IS. London. A demon- 
stration is made in Hyde Park against 
the House of Lords. 

Apr. 16. London. Some 3,000 cab-drivers 
strike against the owners' terms of hire. 

May 15. London. Cabmen strike. 
[June 6. Settled by the intervention of 
the Home Secretary.] 

May 24. London. Rear- Admiral Erben, 
Capt. Mahan (U. S. N.), and the ( 'hicago's 
officers are entertained at a dinner. 
[June 18. The University of Cambridge 
confers the degree of LL.D. on Capt. 
Mahan. June 20. The Oxford Univer- 
sity confers on him the degree of D.C.L.] 

June 5. London. The National Re- 
form Union meets. 

July 3. London. The Salvation Army 
Jubilee gathers at the Crystal Palace ; 
80,000 attend. 

July 28. A general strike of miners 
occurs in the Midlands, Lancashire, and 
North Wales. [Aug. 7. Miners' riots 
are suppressed.] 

July 29. Emperor "William arrives at 
Dover on the imperial yacht Sbhenzol- 
lern, and is heartily welcomed. [Aug. 6. 
Arrives at Cowes.] 

Aug. 26. London. The National League 
for the Abolition of the House of Lords 
makes a demonstration in Hyde Park. 

Dec. 17. London. A mass-meeting de- 
nounces the Armenian massacres by 
the Turks. 

STATE. 
1894 Mar. 12. Parliament opens. 
H. L. The address in reply to the 
queen's speech is moved by Lord 
Swansea. //. C. Moved by Mr. "Warner. 
[Mar. 13. H. C. Henry Labouchere's 
amendment, recommending the aboli- 
tion of the House of Lords, is carried. 
Vote, 147-145. Mar. 14. The Govern- 
ment withdraws the address as amended 
on Mr. Labouchere's motion, and the 
Commons adopt a new address without 
division.] 



Mar. 29. H. C. The bill to provide for 
the carrying out of the Bering-Sea de- 
cision is introduced. [Apr. 5. Read a 
second time. Apr. 9. Third reading. 
Apr. 12. II. L. Second reading. Apr. 
16. Passed. Apr. 23. Receives royal 
assent.] 

Apr. 3. H. C. A motion is approved to 
establish a legislature in Scotland for 
Scottish affairs. Vote, 180-170. 

Apr. 6. H. C. The Government is de- 
feated on a private bill. Vote, 228-227. 



Apr. 13. H. C. The Registration Bill, 

enlarging the rights of British voters, is 
introduced. [Aug. 7. Passed. H. L. 
Defeated. Vote, 249-30.] 

Apr. 19. H. C. The Evicted Tenants' 
(Ireland) Arbitration Bill is read for 
the first time. [July 19. Second read- 
ing. Vote, 259-222. Aug. 7. Passed. 
Vote, 198-167. Aug. 13. H. L. Second 
reading. Aug. 14. Bill thrown out. 
Vote, 249-30.] 

Apr. 26. H. C. Mr. Asquith introduces 
a bill for the disestablishment of the 
Church in Wales. [July 18. "With- 
drawn.] 

June 15. H. L. The Deceased "Wife's 
Sister Bill is defeated. Vote, 129-120. 

June 19. W.Afr, A British Protecto- 
rate of Uganda is announced. [Nov. 
24. Proclaimed at Mengo.] 

June 20. The Anti-Lords conference 
is opened in Leeds, and resolutions are 
adopted demanding the abolition of the 
veto powers of the Lords. 

England's claim to the disputed 

strip in the African Congo State is re- 
nounced, which settles a difficulty be- 
tween England and Germany. 

July 2. Lord (Sir Charles) Kussell of 
Killowen is appointed lord chief jus- 
tice. 

July 17. H. L. Lord Salisbury's Alien 
Immigrant Bill passes second reading. 

July 20. Parliament : The Preven- 
tion of Cruelty to Children Act, 
amending previous statutes, is passed. 

Aug. 10. H. C. The Scotch Local Gov- 
ernment Bill is passed. 

Aug. 25. Parliament is prorogued. 

Oct. 3. London. Sir Joseph Renals is 
elected lord mayor. 

Oct. 17. The Government sanctions the 
coinage of a British dollar in Bombay 
for circulation in the Orient. 

Nov. 10. The Cabinet decides to give the 
anti-lords resolution the first place 
on the legislative program. 

Dec. 1. The Government warns Turkey 
against violating the Berlin treaty by 
permitting the slaughter of Arme- 
nians. 

Dec. 9. The British and other embassies 
in Constantinople negotiate with the 
Porte to institute an independent in- 
quiry into the Armenian atrocities. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1894 Mar. 17. Oxford wins the annual 
boat-race with Cambridge by three and 
one-half lengths. 

Apr. 12. London. The Faraday sails 
with a new cable to be laid from Water- 
ville, Ire., to Nova Scotia; length of 
cable, 2,000 miles. [July 8. The steamer 
Britannia arrives at Heart's Content, 
Newfoundland, with 190 miles of cable 
on hoard — the shore end of the new 
Anglo-American cable.] 

Apr. 20. London. The Australian Joint- 
Stock Bank fails for £13,000,000 liabili- 
ties. 

May 21. The Manchester Ship Canal 
is formally opened by the queen. 

June 24. W. A mine explosion 
causes 250 lives to be lost. 

July 12. The Britannia outsails the 
Vigilant for the sixth time. 

Sept. 14. Baring Brothers' liabilities 
are reduced to £4,223,001. 



GREECE. 



c-1231 



B. C. 



1013 



Modern Greece is a kingdom in southeastern Europe ; the government is an hereditary monarchy, with the executive 
power vested in a king and seven ministers, and the legislative power in a Chamber of Deputies called the Boule, whose members 
are elected for four years by manhood suffrage. The common language is modern Greek, and the prevailing religion is that of 
the Greek church, which is the church of the state, yet all religions are tolerated. Area, 25,041 square miles; population, 
2,187,208. 

Historians are not agreed concerning the date of the arrival of the members of the Aryan family who first came from their 
Persian highlands to western Europe and poured into northern Greece. 

Kote. — The period in which Greece formed a part of the Eastern Empire is treated in these pages as forming a part of the history of 
Greece, thus making the record continuous from the beginning. The history of Macedonia is here included with Greece, although it formed 
no part of ancient Hellas. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

Mythical Period. 

* * * b. c. Revolt of the Titans ; war of 
the giants. 

1383 * * b. c. Amphion and Zethos be- 
siege Thebes, and dethrone Laius. 

1263 * * b. c. The Argonautic expedi- 
tion sails to Colchis to take the Golden 
Fleece. (1225. Erastosthenes.) 

It consists of one ship called the Argo, 
of 50 oars, manned by as many heroes, 
who are led by Jason ; it is the first naval 
expedition on record. 

1231 * * b. c. The Amazons of Cau- 
casia are conquered by Theseus. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1764 * * b. c. The deluge of Ogygea 
lays the country waste for nearly 200 
years. 

1503* * b. c. The deluge of Deucalion. 

1400+. * * b. c. The arch appears. 

* * * B. c. Cleanthes of Corinth invents 
painting. (?) 

1383+ * *b. c. Athens. King Erech- 
theus teaches husbandry. 

* * b. c. Ceres arrives, and teaches the 
people the art of making bread. 

* * * b. c. The Doric order of architec- 
ture is invented by the Dorians. 

1350+ * * b. c. The Ionic order of ar- 
chitecture is invented. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

16th Century, b. c. Cecrops, first King of 

AthenB, horn. 
1388* * Helen, daughter of Jupiter and 



battle with the Elusi 
1263± Hercules is born at Thebes. 
1243 * * Musaus, Athenian poet. dies. 
1035 * * wEgeus, King of Athens, father of 



1773 * * b. c. Sacrifices to the gods 
are introduced by Phoroneus, King of 
Argos. 

1556* * b.c. Athens. An altar is 
erected to Jupiter by Cecrops. 

1521* *b.c. Pelasgus, King of the Ar- 
cadians, teaches his people to feed on 
acorns, as more nutritious than herbs, 
for which they honor him as a god. 

1497 * * b. c. King Amphictyon is the 
first [who is known] to have drawn prog- 
nostications from omens. 

1495+ * *b. c. The worship of Mi- 
nerva (Pallas-Athene) is introduced 
into Attica by Erechtheus, and its chief 
city named in her honor. 

1493 * * b. c. Cadmus, a Pbenician, 
introduces the worship of Egyptian 
Phenician deities among the Greeks. 

1453 * * b. c. The Olympic games are 
instituted in honor of Jupiter by the 
Idaei Dactyli [or by Pelops in 1308]. 



1406+ * * b. c. The Isthmian games, 
in honor of Melicertes, a sea-god, are in- 
stituted by Sisyphus. 

1356+ * * b. c. The Eleusinian Mys- 
teries — annual secret religious cere- 
monies in honor of Demeter (Ceres) — are 
instituted by Eumolpus [or Cadmus, 
1550, or Erechtheus, 1399] ; any one who 
reveals forfeits his life. [They are the 
most celebrated of all religious cere- 
monies in Greece.] 

LETTERS. 

1499 * * b. c. Cadmus, the founder of 
Cadmeia, brings the Phenician letters 
into Greece. 

1383 * * b. c. Olen, the most ancient 
composer of hymns, nourishes. 

SOCIETY. 

1554* *b.c. Matrimonial ceremonies 

are ascribed to Cecrops. 
1530 * * b. c. The Lyceean games are 

instituted in honor of Pan at Arcadia. 
1495 * * b. c. Athens. The Panathe- 

naean games are instituted. 

* * *b. c. Myths of the period, Europa, 
Minos, Daedalus. 

1485 * * b. c. Danaus, the founder of 
Argos, arrives on the first ship ever seen 
in Greece. 

1453 * *b. c. Olympic games. (See 
Church.) 

* * b. c. The game of quoits is first 
played at the Olympic games. 

1425 * * b.c. The Feast of the Flam- 
beaux is instituted at Argos. 

It is in honor of Hypermnestra, who 
saved Lynceus,her husband, on his nup- 
tial night, while her 49 sisters, at the 
command of their father Danaus, sacri- 
ficed theirs. 

* * * b. c. The Nemean games, cele- 
brated in Achaia, are instituted in honor 
of Archemorus. 

1406± * * b. c. The Isthmian games. 
(See Church.) [1234±. Keinstituted in 
honor of Neptune by Theseus. 60. Re- 
vised. 362 a.d. Revived.] 

1276+ * * b. c. The myth of CEdipus ; 
he kills his father Laius in an affray, 
confirming the oracle foretelling his 
death at the hands of his son. 

1266 * * b. c. CEdipus, the outcast son 
of Laius, King of Thebes, answers the 
Sphinx's riddle. 

1263 * * b. c. The Pythian games are 
instituted by Adrastus. (?) 

1235 * * b. c. .iEgeus, grieved at the 
supposed loss of his son Theseus, throws 
himself into the sea and is drowned; 
hence the name iEgean Sea. 

STATE. 

* * * Period of Fables and Heroes. 
2080+ * * e. c. The kingdom of Sicyon 

is founded. [1S5G (1711?) Argos.] 



2042* * b. c. Uranus arrives in Greece. 
1910 * * b. c. Inachus is King of the 
Argives. 

1796* * b. c. Ogyges reigns in Boeotia. 

1710* *B. c. S. It. The colonizing of 
CEnotria [Italy] begins under (Enotrus 
[Magna Graecia], (See 1240.) 

1556+ * *b.c. Cecrops arrives in Attica, 
and founds Athens with a colony from 
Africa. The land devastated by a deluge, 
is repeopled by them. Cecrops becomes 
the founder of Athenian civilization. 
(Hales, 1558; Clinton, 1433.) 

1552 * * b. c. Triopas reigns in Argos ; 
Polycaon seizes a part of the kingdom, 
and names it after his wife, Messenia. 
[1506. Crotopas reigns.] 

1520+ * *b. c. Ephyre [Corinth] is 
founded by Sisyphus. 

1521 * * b. c. Pelasgus reigns in Arca- 
dia. 

1507* * b. c. Athens. The Areopagus 
is instituted as a tribunal of justice. 

1497* * b. c. Athens. Amphictyon 
reigns (Hales, 149!*). [1487, Erk-hthonios; 
1308, Erechtheus ; 1347, Erechtheus is 
killed in battle ; 1308, Pandion.] 

1493 * * b. c. (1366 ?). Cadmus, a Phe- 
nician, settles in Boeotia, and builds 
Thebes. 

1490 * * b. c. (1509 ?) Sparta is founded 
by Laceda^mon. 

1475± * *b. c. (1489?) Danaus, with his 
fifty daughters, arrives from Egypt; he 
becomes king of Argos. [1425. He is 
dethroned by Lynceus.] 

1459 * * b. c. Hellen is King of Phthia 

[in Thessaly]. 

1431 * *b. c. (1313 or 1282?) Perseus, 
King of Macedon, removes from Argos, 
and founds Mycense. 

1406 * * b. c. Minos is King of Crete. 
1350± * * b. c. Corinth is founded. 

[1259. Endemus reigns.] 
1348* * b. c. Cecrops becomes King of 

Attica. (See 155C.) [1283, .-Egeus ; 1235, 

Theseus ; 1205, Menestheus.] 
1344 * * b. c. The kingdom of Argos is 

divided by the brothers Acrisius and 

Proetus. 
1289 * * b. c. (1274 ? 1258 ?) Eurysteus 

reigns in Mycenas. 
1283 * * b. c. Pelops of Lydia, in Asia 

Minor, settles in Southern Greece (Pel- 
oponnesus). 
1240 * * b. c. S. It. Magna Grsscia is 

colonized by Arcadians under Evander. 

(See 1710.) 
1234+ * * b. c. Theseus collects his sub- 
jects into one city and names it Athens. 

[1182, Demophoon reigns ; 1149, Oxyares ; 

1143, Sylvius ; 1137, Aphidias ; 1136, Thy- 

lnactes : 1128, Melanthus.] 
1233 * * b. c. CEdipus becomes King of 

Thebes. [1198, Thessander.] 



1014 1228 b.c-625, b.c. 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1225* *b. c. First Theban "War. War 

of the Seven Captains against Thebes. 
[1216. The Second Theban "War begins. 
[War of the Epigoni.] 1212. Thebes is 
besieged and taken.] 

1224 * * b. c. Heracles captures and 
destroys Troy. 

1193-84 b.c. AsiaM. The Trojan 
"War. 

[1316-07. The date given by W. E. Glad- 
stone; 1335, Duris; 1260, Herodotus; 1209, 
Parian Marble; lls;{, Krastothcnes; 1171, So- 
sibius; 1169, Ephorus; 1149, Clemens.] 

According to Homer, the confederate 
Greeks, consisting of 100,000 men and 1,200 
ships, are led by their king, Agamemnon, 
King of Mycenae; brave Achilles, wise Odys- 
Beus, Nestor, and Ajax are conspicuous. 

Troy is taken and destroyed by the Greeks. 
[1178. After a war of ten years and a disas- 
trous voyage of nearly eight, Menelaus re- 
turns to Sparta with his wife Helen, whose 
abduction had caused the Trojan War.] 

1124 * * b. c. IUyrians from the north- 
west invade Greece. [1104. The Hera- 
clidss invade Greece and seize Sparta.] 

1102 * * b. c. The Lacedaemonians in- 
vade Arcadia, but are driven back by the 
women in the absence of their husbands. 

1056+ * * b. c. Athens is unsuccess- 
fully besieged by the Dorians. 

848 * * b. c. Charilaus, the Spartan, 
begins hostilities against Polymnestor, 
King of Arcadia. 

800 * * b. c. Nicander, son of Chari- 
laus, is at war with the Argives. 

776 * * b. c. History begins to be au- 
thentic. 

743-724 b. c. The First Messenian 
"War is bloody and wasteful. 

The Spartans, under their kings, Alcame- 
nes and Theoainia, move against .-Vndrueles 
and Antiochus, kings of Messenia, in south- 
west Greece, because of violence done to 
some Spartan women while paying their de- 
votions in a temple common to both nations, 
and the killing of the King of Sparta while 
defending them. [After two indecisive bat- 
tles, the Messenians are driven to the fortress 
Ithome. 733. Ithome is taken in the third 
great battle, and razed. The Messenians who 
do not emigrate become vassals to Sparta. ] 

703 * * b. c. Corinth constructs her 
first war-ships. 

685-668 b.c. Second Messenian "War. 
The Messenians revolt, and league with 
Elis, Argos,and Arcadia against Sparta, 
but without success (648-631?). 

685 * * b. c. Messenians under Aris- 
tomenes defeat the Spartans on the 
Plain of Stenyclerus [and Messenia is 
for a time free. 670. The Spartans sur- 
prise and capture Eira. 669. The Mes- 
senians defeat the Lacedaemonians in 
several battles. "668. The war ends in 
the Messenians submitting to the Spar- 
tans]. 

683 * * b. c. The Messenians are de- 
feated through the treachery of an ally. 

664** b.c. TheCorcyrseansflslandof 
Corfu) revolt; they have a naval battle 
with the Corinthians — the first sea- 
fight on record. 

659* *b. c. Phigalia in Arcadia is cap- 
tured by the Spartans. 

637 * * b. c. Asia M. War between 
Tjydia and Miletus ; Gyges, and after- 
ward Sadyattes, lead the Lydians. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1200* *-1000 b. c. The walls of 
Tiryns and Mycenae, Gate of the 
Lions, and ** The Treasury," or tomb 
of Atreus, are erected. 

784+ * * b. c. (or 700). The Corinthians 
invent ships called triremes, having 
three banks of oars. 

776 July 1. b. c. Chorcebus, the 

wrestler, wins the prize in the [first 
recorded]01ympic games [observed every 
fourth year]. 

The Epoch of the Olympiads is estab- 
lished, from which time is reckoned and 
dates are fixed by the Greeks and various 
other nations. This marks the begin- 
ning of authentic chronology. 

700±* 
Samos 

692 * * b. c. Glaucus is said to have dis- 
covered the art of welding iron. 

662± * * b. c. Terpander of Lesbos adds 
three strings to the lyre, giving it the 
compass of the octave. 

650 * * B. C. Potters flourish in Corinth. 

640+ * * b. c. Olympus, the Phrygian, 
flourishes ; the greatest of his many 
inventions is that of the third system of 
music, the enharmonic. 

* *b. c. Phoecusof Samos invents the art 
of casting statues in iron and bronze. 

640+-546+. b.c. Thales of Miletus 
makes the primary substance to be 
water; teaches the spherical form of 
the earth. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1 1 83 * * Priam, King of Troy, dies. 

* * Achilles (Trojan war), dies. 

1068+ Codrus. last King of Athens, dies. 

1044± Codrus Meilon, Hist an-hon, dieB. 

907+ Homer, father of poetry, born. 

!>th Century. Lycurgus, Spartan legislator, b. 

800 * * Hesiod, poet, horn. 

753 * * Alcamion, archon of Athens, dieB. 

Sth Century. Archius, poet, born. 
Arion, poet, musician, born. 

714 * * Arrhilochus, lyric poet of Paros, born. 
[676. Dies.] 

680+ Terpander, poet, nius., born at Lesbos. 

670+ Ak'inan, lvrir poet of Sparta, born. 

668+ Tyrta'iis, poet, musician, dies. 

662+ Aristomenes, Messenian warrior, pa- 
triot, dies. 

660+ SitnonideB of Anmrgos, iambic poet, d, 

650+ Pittacus of Mitvlene (Seven Sages), 
born. [570. Dies.] 

7th Century. Catlinua of Ephesus, elegiac 
poet, born. 
Draco, Athenian legislator, born. 

639 * * Thales (Seven Sages), founder Ionian 
school of phil., horn at Miletus. [543. D.] 

638+ Solon. Athenian legislator (Seven 
Sages), born in Salainis. [559. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 
940-850 b.c. "The gods of Homer 

are human beings with greatly magni- 
fied powers," 

"Their prime blessing is exemption 
from mortality." " Sacrifice and sup- 
plication are the chief forms of devo- 
tion." "The dead live as flitting shad- 
ows in Hades." 
734+ * * b. c. Amphictyonic societies 
exist for common worship by offering 
of sacrifices ; the most common is the 
Delphic for the worship of Apollo. 

LETTERS. 

1044+ * * b. c. The Iliad and the Odys- 
sey of Homer appear. (?) 

886+ * * B. c. Homer's poems are in- 
troduced into (Greece. (?) 

850+ * * B. c. Hesiod writes Work and 
Days and the Theogony. 



765 * * b. c. Cinaethon, one of the Cy- 
clic poets, flourishes. 

753+* *b.c. Alcman, the greatest lyric 
poet of Sparta, composes six books con- 
taining all kinds of melos, hymns, pagans, 
prosodia, parthenia, and erotic songs. 

741+ ** b.c. Eumelus of Corinth writes 
a poem on bees, also other poemB. 

685+ b. c. Archiloeus, lyric poet of 
Paros, introduces iambic verse. 

* * b. c. Tyrtaeus, an elegiac poet and 
musician, flourishes. 

676+* * b. c. Terpander, "father of 
Greek music," flourishes. 

670-440 b. c. Period of lyric poetry. 

660+ * * b. c. Zaleucus, the lawgiver of 
the Epizephyrian Loerians, compiles 
his code of laws. It is the first collec- 
tion of written laws. 

* * b. c. Simonides of Amorgos, an iam- 
bic poet, flourishes. 

659+ * * b. c. Epimenides, a Cretan 

poet and prophet, flourishes. 
656+. * * b. c. Lesches, one of the Cyclic 

poets, writes the Little Iliad. 
625+ * * b. c. Beautiful Sappho, " the 

tenth Muse," invents Sapphic verse. 



SOCIETY. 

1228 * * b. c. Beautiful Helen is stolen 
by Theseus, King of Athens, but recov- 
ered by her brothers, Castor and Pollux. 
[1226. The princes of Greece demand 
her in marriage; she chooses Menelaus 
of Mycenae.] 

1225* * b. c. AsiaM. Hercules arrives 
in Phrygia, and delivers Hesione from 
the sea-monster. 

1204 * * b. c. Paris, son of King Priam, 
carries off Helen, a not unwilling pris- 
oner, to Troy. [It causes the Trojan 
War.] 

1201 * * b. c. iEgisthus of Mycenre as- 
sassinates Atreus. 

1183 * * n. c. In the absence of King 
Agamemnon, iEgisthus lives in adultery 
with the Queen Clytemnestra at My- 
cense ; on the return of the king, they 
assassinate him, and iEgisthus mounts 
the throne. [1176. Orestes of Mycenae 
kills bis mother and her paramour.] 

884-50 B. c. Lycurgus establishes so- 
cial unions or compulsory clubs, whose 
members eat together. 

* * * b. c. Spartan children are 
brought up in common ; young Spar- 
tan warrior nobles dwell together. 

* * * b. c. The Crypteia, an organized 
guard over the Helots, is formed of 
young Spartans. [The hunting of Helots 
as an exercise is a myth.] 

* * * b. c. Lycurgus enacts sumptuary 
laws restraining excess in dress, eating, 
furniture, etc. 

* * * b. c. By the laws of, Lycurgus, the 
citizens exist for the state, instead of 
the state existing for the people. 

Eacb new-born infant is examined by a 
council of old men, who determine whether 
it shall l>e brought up or cast out to die; 
boys at seven an- taken from home and sub- 
jected to physical and mental training, wear- 
ing the same garments in summer and winter, 
and subsisting on a spare diet, which can be 
enlarged hv hunting or stealing, but if caught 
in the act of stealing, they are punished for 
awkwardness causing detection. 

820 * * b. c. The Olympic games are 
raised to greater importance by the par- 
ticipation of the Spartans. (?) 

776 * * b. c. The first Olympiad is cele- 
brated at Elis. [Elean Chorcebus i3 



GREECE. 



1228 B.c-625** b.c. 1015 



the first recorded victor in the Olympic 
games. The official catalogues hence- 
forth records names of victors.] 

733 * * b. c. The progeny of the Par- 
theniae of Sparta are sons of virgins. 

720 * * B. c. The Olympic games are 
visited by hosts of people ; some come 
from Asia Minor to participate in the 
contests. 

715 * * b. c. Aristoerates I., King of 
Arcadia, is put to death for offering 
violence to the priestess of Diana. 

688 * * b. c. Boxing is added to the 
Olympic games. [GSO. Four-horse char- 
iot races are added. They become 
more brilliant and attractive. A victory 
is the highest honor known in Greece.'] 

675 * * b. c. The Carnian festival is 
instituted in Sparta. 

668 * * b. c. The Spartans greatly in- 
crease the number of their Helots by the 
conquest of Messenia ; [Helots comprise 
about four-fifths of the inhabitants]. 

660 * * b. c. Egyptians educate their 
children in the language and manners 
of Greece. 

660± * * b. c. The code of Zaleucus, 
the lawgiver of the Epizephyrian Locri- 
ans, ordains that no sober women shall 
go attended in the street by more than 
one maid, or wear either gold or em- 
broidered apparel. 

STATE. 

1201 * * b. c. Agamemnon reigns in 
Mycenae. [He becomes King of Sicyon, 
Corinth, and perhaps of Argos.] 
1200+ * * b. c. The Heraclidse, the 
mythical descendants of Hercules, are 
driven out of the Peloponnesus. 
1179** B.C. Athens. A court of Ephe- 
tse is established by Demophoon for the 
trial of murder. [1178. The Prianepsse 
. is instituted.] 
1170 * * b. c. The first Pyrrhus (Neop- 

tolemus) settles in Epirus. 
1124± * * b. c. Bceotia is founded by 

jEolian fugitives from Thessaly. 
1123* * B. c. Asia M. iEolian colonists 

build Smyrna and other cities. 
1120* * b. c. The Thebans abolish 
royalty, and establish a republic. [Ages 
of obscurity follow.] 
1109-1103 b. c. Return of the Hera- 
clidae, or the Dorian Migration. 

The Heraclidae, aided by the Dorians, 
and led by Temenus, Cresphontes, and 
Aristodemus, invade the Peloponnesus 
to recover the territory belonging to 
Hercules, of which he had been deprived 
by Eurystheus ; they overthrow the 
Achaian dynasties, expel or conquer the 
people, drive the Ionians into Attica, 
and divide the land among themselves 
and their allies. 
1104* * b. c. Sparta is seized by the 
Heraclidae. [1100. The first hierarchy 
is established ; Eurysthenes and Procles 
are enthroned as joint kings by their 
father, Aristodemus ; 32 kings of Agidse 
dynasty reign ; 28 kings of Proclidae 
dynasty reign.] 
1100+ * * b.c. Alliens. The mythical 
period gradually closes, and authentic 
history begins with the Dorian migra- 
tion. 
1092 * * b. c. Athens. Codrus becomes 
king. [1069+. He voluntarily surrenders 
himself as a sacrifice for his country's 
deliverance from the Dorians.] 
1070 * * b. c. Athens. Government by 
nobles instead of by kings begins. The 
Athenians choose perpetual archons 
as their chief officers ; Medon is the first. 



1050-752 b. c, Athens is governed by a 
succession of archons without the name 
or dignity of king. 

1040+ * * b. c. Asia M. The Iones, a 
Pelasgic race, come from Greece, and 
settle in lone and the adjoining islands, 
and found Ephesus and 12 other cities. 

1033 * * b. c. Ixion reigns in Corinth. 
[99G, Agilus; 959, Prummis; 925, Bacchus.] 

1032 * * b. c. Kings of Sparta. 
Agis I. (Agida?) and Sous (Proclidae) reign 
at Sparta. [1028, Eehestratus (Agida:) 
and Euripon (Proclidae.); 993, Lebotas 
(Agidse); 975, Prytanis (Proclidae); 956, 
Dorysus ; 927, Agesilaus (Agidae) ; 926, 
Polydectest (Proclidae-)]. 

1024* * b. c. Athens. Acastus becomes 
archon. [966, Thersippus ; 928, Phorbus ; 
898, Megaetes ; SOS, IHognatus; 840, Pbe- 
recles ; 823, Ariphron ; 820, Thespicus ; 
795, Agamestor ; 777, iEschylus,] 

1000 + * * b. c. S. It. The Grecians es- 
tablish their first colony at Cumae on 
the west coast. 

1000 * * b. c. S. It. A Greek colony is 
established at Parthenope [Naples]. 

1000-900± B.C. AsiaM. Greek colonies 
are planted along the coast and on the 
Asiatic islands, chiefly by iEolian, Io- 
nian, and Dorian people. 

998 * * b. c. The Amphictyonic Coun- 
cil, established at Thermopylae by King 
Amphictyon about 500 years before, now 
becomes a federative tribunal for set- 
tling Grecian interstate difficulties. It 
is comprised of deputies who sit twice a 
year, in spring and harvest ; its decis- 
ions are final and sacred. 

97 1 44 3 b. c. S. It. Greek colonies are 
established. 

916* * b. c. The Rhodians originate 
the first laws of navigation. 

889 * * b. c. Agelas reigns in Corinth. 
[859, Endemis ; 834, Aristodemus ; 799, 
Agemon ; 783, Alexander : 753, Telestes.] 

884 * * b. c. Lycurgus rules in Sparta, 
and establishes the senate. 

He returns from several years of foreign 
travel, and enacts his singular code of laws 
and regulations by which he molds the pe- 
culiar character of the Spartans. He pro- 
vides for two kings as presiding officers, the 
Council of the Kldeis is elected tor life; it is 
to discns3 everything before it is given to the 
assembly of the people, and to have jurisdic- 
tion over capital crimes. [Various dates are 
assigned to the reign of the semi-mythical 
kings.] 
883* * b. c. Archaelaus is King of Sparta 
(Agidie). [881, Charelaus (Proclidre) ; 
823, Teleclus (Agidae) ; 821, Nicander 
(ProclidiPi; 733, Alcamenes (Agidae); 742, 
Polydorus (Agidae) ; 770, Theopompus 
(Proclidae).- 
869 * * b. c. Phidon, tyrant of Argos, 

coins both gold and silver money. 
814* * b. c. (796? 748?) Caranus, the 
founder of the first kingdom of Mace- 
donia, reigns. 
757 * * b. c. The Ephori is established 
at Sparta by Theopompus ; it consists 
of five magistrates appointed to check 
the royal power. 
753 * * b. c. Athens. Alcmaeon is ar- 
chon ; the last elected for life. 

753-683 B.c. Athens. The archons are 
elected for ten years only; the first 
four are from the family of Codrus. 

752* *B.c Athens. Cherops, the first 
decennial archon, rules. 

750-550 b. c. Period of colonization. 
The Greeks migrate in swarms to the 
coasts of Sicily and Southern Italy. [710. 
Croton is founded. 708. Tarentum.] 



747-657 b. c. The oligarchy of Bac- 
chiadae governs at Corinth. 

746 * * b. c. Aristodemenes, the last 
king of Corinth, reigns for only one 
year. [For 90 following years, Corinth 
is governed by annually elected magis- 
trates, who are called prytanes. Auton- 
omes is the first.] 

742 * * b. c. Athens. iEsimedes is ar- 
chon. [732, Clidicus ; 722, Hippomenes ; 
712, Leocrates ; 702, Apsandrus.] 

735 * * b. c. Sicily. The Chalcidians 
colonize Naxos. [690 (713? 680?). Gela 
is colonized by Rhodians and Cretans. 

The first Grecian settlement is 
founded. [599, Camarina ; 582, Agrigen- 
turn.] 

734 * * b. c. Sicily — Corfu. The Corin- 
thian colonies of Syracuse and Corcyra 
are founded. 

729 * * b. c. Turk. Pericles reigns in 
Macedonia. [684. Argeans.] 

723 * * b. c. The Messenians become 
vassals of Sparta. (See Army.) 

721 * * b. c. S. It. Sybaris is founded 
by an Achaean colony. [683. Locrians 
found Locria Epizephyrii.] 

720* * b. c. Cyprus. The Greeks dom- 
inate the island. 

718* * b. c. Zeuzidamus becomes King 
(Proclidae) of Sparta. [709, Eurycrates 
(Agidae) ; 6S6, Anaxidamus (Proclidae) ; 
670, Anaxander (Agidae); 648, Archida- 
mus (Proclidae) ; 637, Eurycrates II. 
(Agidae). 

714±* * b. c. Athens. Hippomenes 
the archon is deposed for his cruelty. 
All the nobility become eligible to the 
office. [692. Eryxias is the last decen- 
nial archon. 684. He dies.] 

707 * * b. c. The Partheniae conspire 
with the Helots to take Sparta 

685 * * b. c. The Messenians revolt ; 

Elis, Argos, and Arcadia join them 

against the Lacedaemonians. 
684 * * b. c. Asia M. Chalcedon is 

founded by the Megarians. 

683** b.c. Athens. The first reliable 

date of Grecian history. 

Nine archons are annually elected 
from this time on ; they are chosen from 
the Eupatridae. Creon is the first. 
681* * b. c. Athens. Tlesias is archon. 
[671, Leostratus ; 669. Pisistratus ; 668, 
Autosthenes; 664, Miltiades ; 659, Milti- 
ades II. ; 644, Dropelus ; 639, Damasius ; 
635, Epenetus.] 

* * b. c. Aristoerates II., King of Or- 
chomenus, is stoned, and an Arcadian 
republic is founded. 

669 * * b. c. Sicily. The subjugated 
Messenians immigrate hither, and give 
their own name to the town [Messina]. 

667 * * b. c. Constantinople. Byzan- 
tium is colonized by Megarians under 
Byzas. 

660 * * b. c. S. It. Zaleucus gives laws 
to the Locri. 

655 * * B. c. The Bacchiadae oligarchy is 
overthrown at Corinth by Cypselus, 
who acquires despotic power. [627. 
Periander rules.] 

654 * * r. c. Stagira (Abdera) and Acan- 
thus (Lampsacus) are founded. 

640* *b. c. (609?) Turk. Philip I. 

reigns in Macedonia. 
631* *b.c. Afr. Battus of Thera 

founds Cyrene. 



1016 625**b.c.-491 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

606 * * b. c. Athens is at war with 
Mitylene over the possession of Sigeum. 

* * b. C. The Athenians under Phyrnon 
defeat the Mityleneans under Pitta- 
cus ; hut Pittacus kills Phyrnon in sin- 
gle combat. [The war ends by the ceding 
of the disputed territory to Athens.] 

602 * * B. c. Montenegro, ^iropus con- 
quers the Illyrians. 

600-590 * * b. c. First Sacred "War 
against Crissa and Cirrha, to punish the 
robberyof the temple of ApolloatDelphi. 
The Amphictyones destroy both cities ; 
the inhabitants are enslaved and their 
lands consecrated to the Pythian Apollo. 

560 * * b. c. Asia M. Croesus, King of 
Lydia, conquers in succession all the 
Grecian cities on the Asiatic coast. 

547 * * B. c. The Spartans are at war 
with the Argives, who seek to recover 
territory; a battle between 300 cham- 
pions of each nation takes place. 

637* * b. c. Pisistratusdefeats his 
Athenian enemies. 

513 * * b. c. Turk. Macedonia is con- 
quered by the Persians. 

510* *b. c. S. It. Kroton destroys 
Sybaris. 

506* * b. c. Sparta at war with Athens. 
An expedition under Cleomenes and 
Demaratus, with Peloponnesian allies, 
is broken up by the withdrawal of the 
Corinthians and the disagreement of the 
two kings. 

* * b. c. The allies of the Spartans, the 
Boeotians and the Chalcidians from Eu- 

. hcea, are defeated by the Athenians, 
who hold part of Eubcea, and'divide 4,000 
peasant holdings among Attic farmers. 

604 * * b. c. JEgean Sea. Lemnos is 
taken by Miltia'des. 

600-449 b. c. The Persian "Wars. 

600-494 b. c. JEgean Sea. The Ionian 
Greeks unsuccessfully revolt against 
the tyranny of the Persians. 

The Persians defeat the Ionian armies 
and also their fleet at Lade, opposite 
Miletus. The assistance rendered the 
Ionians by Athens and Eretria, is the im- 
mediate cause of the Persian attempt 
to subjugate European Greece. 

496* * b. c. Turk. Macedonia and 
Thrace are conquered by the Persians. 

495 * * B. c. Persians under Artapher- 
nes besiege Miletus. [494. Taken, its 
men slain, and women and children sold.] 

493-479 b. c. First Persian invasion. 

493 * * b. c. Turk. The Persian army 
subdues the coast of Thrace, and the 
navy conquers the Island of Thasos. 

492**b.c. Turk. The Persians 
under Mardonius are surprised, and suf- 
fer great loss by the Thracians. 

* * b. c. The fleet of Darius ia mostly 
destroyed by a hurricane, and the Per- 
sian expedition returns. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

620* 

vas< 

601 May 28. b. c. (?) Thales' predic- 
tion of a solar eclipse is fulfilled ; it 
separates the Medes and Persians in 
battle [or 603 or 585. He teaches the 
true cause of lunar eclipses]. 

600+ * *b. c. Thales marks out solstices 
and equinoxes. 



600-200 b. c. The temple of Jupiter 
at Corinth is erected. 

576± * * b. c. Dipcenus and Scyllis 
sculpture figures of the gods. 

570-547 B. c. Anaximander invents the 
sun-dial, and discovers the phases of 
the moon ; he makes a map of the 
known world. 

564± * * b. c. Susarion and Dolon invent 
theatrical exhibitions; they perform 
the first comedy at Athens on a wagon 
or movable stage having four wheels. 

560+ * * b. c. The Zodiac is observed 
by Anaximander, who discovers its ob- 
liquity, names its twelve signs, and as- 
signs their situations. 

555* * * B. c. Pythagoras maintains that 
the motions of the spheres must pro- 
duce delightful music, inaudible to 
mortal ears, which he calls "the music 
of the spheres." 

He notes changes <>f hind ami sea,earth- 
quakes, volcanoes, am! petrifying springs; 
he discovers that the earth moves, and 
that the morning and evening stars are 
the same ; he invents the monochord ; 
he discourses on sound-waves. 

550* * b. c. The Doric temple of 
Athene at iEgina is erected. 

544+ * * B. C. Asia M. The temple of 
Diana at Ephesns is begun by Ctesiphon. 

540 * * b. c. Callimachus invents the 
Corinthian order of architecture. 

536+ * * b. c. Thespis of Icaria, the in- 
ventor of tragedy, performs Alcestis 
at Athens, and is rewarded with a goat. 
He first intersperses hymns with the 
recitation. 

500 * * b. c. Hecatseus writes on geog- 
raphy. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

625+ Sappho, poet, born. 

619* * .SEsop. fabulist, horn. [564. Dies.] 

612* * PiBistratus, Athenian tyrant, born. 

[527. Dies.] 
610+ Anaximander of MiletuB, philosopher, 

born. [546. DieB.] 
686 * * Periander, King of Corinth (Seven 

Sages), dies. 
583* * Pythagoras, philoe., b. [500. D.] 
663+ Anacreim, lyric poet, b. [478+. Dies.] 
556* * Siiiioiu'lfs, lyric puet, horn. [467. D.] 
6th Century. Alcsus, of Lesbos, poet, born. 
Bias (Seven Sages), born. 
Calltnuu-lins, sculptor, architect, born. 
Chilon of Spuria (Seven Su^es), born. 
Cleobolua, King of Lindus (Seven Sages), b. 
Ephnenides, poet, prophet, born. 
Glaucus, artist, inventor, born. 
Ibycus, lyric poet, born. 
Thespis. poet, dram., inventor of tragedy, 1.. 
625 * * JEschylus. tragic poet, b. [456. D,] 
522 * * Pindar, greateat of lyric poets, born. 

[443. Dies.] 
619+ Cratlnus, comic poet, horn. [442. D.] 
514+ Hipparcluis, Athenian tyrant, assassi- 
nated. 
Themistocles, general, statesman, orator, 
born. [460 or 447. Dies.] 
612+ Bacchvlidcs, lyric poet, born. 
510± Cimon, Athenian gen., b. [449±. D.] 
504+ Critias, statuary, dies. 
500 * * Anaxagoras, pliilo8.,bom. [428. D.] 
498 * * Phidias, greatest sculptor statuary, 

born. [431. Dies.] 
496+ Sophocles, a tragic poet, b. [405. D.] 
Pericles, Athenian orator, statesman, born. 

[429. Diea.] 
Zeno of Elea, philosopher, born. 

CHURCH. 
613 * * b. c. The Feast of Nephalia is 

instituted. 

In it are offered sacrifices of sobriety 
— using mead instead of wine ; offerings 
are made to, the sun and moon, the 
nymphs, to Aurora, and to Venus. They 
burned any wood but that of the vine, 
the fig-tree, and the mulberry-tree, the 
esteemed symbols of drunkenness. 
530 * * b. c. Anaximander of Miletus 
declares air to be a self- existing deity, 
and the first cause of created things. 



528+ * * b. c. Pythagoras teaches the 
doctrine of metempsychosis, which as- 
serts the transmigration of the soul from 
one body to another. 

±* *b. c. The school of Athens is closed, 
and the extinction of the Platonic 
theology follows. 

500+ * * b. 0. Heraclitus teaches that 
the world was created from fire, which 
is a god omnipotent. 

4th Century. B.C. Plato defines "vir- 
tue in man to be resemblance to God ac- 
cording to the measure of our ability." 
(Fisher.) 

Aristotle "in religion was a theist; 
but he is less spiritual in his vein of 
thought and more reserved in his utter- 
anceon this theme than Plato." (Fisher.) 



LETTERS. 

610 * * b. c. Anaximander, a disciple 
of Thales, a Milesian philosopher, is 
horn. 

Metaphysician, mathematician, as- 
tronomer, and writer, he is the first to 
write on geography and to prepare a 
chart of the countries he knew. 

600+ * *b. c. Thales of Miletus founds 
the Ionic sect of philosophers. 

It delights in abstruse speculations ; 
among its pupils are Anaximander, An- 
aximenes, and Anaxagoras, and Arche- 
laus, the master of Socrates. 

600-564 b. c. The Fables of ^Esop ap- 
pear. (?) 

600+ * * b. c. Poems, arranged in nine 
books, by Sappho, appear. (?) 

* * B. c. Alcseus, a poet of Mitylene, in 
Lesbos, nourishes. 

* *b.c. Chilo, the Spartan philosopher, 
flourishes. 

590+ * * b. c. Thales of Miletus, Solon of 
Athens, Bias of Prienne, Chilo of Lace- 
dremon, Pittacus of Mitylene, Cleobulus 
of Lindus, and Periander of Corinth, 
known as the Seven "Wise Men of 
Greece, flourish. 

580-500 B.C. Pythagoras teaches that 
the inner substance of all things is num- 
ber, and that- discipline of character is a 
prime object ; he is sparing in diet, pro- 
motes an earnest culture in which music 
is prominent, and gives rise to a school 
in which moral reform and religious 
feeling are connected with an ascetic 
method of living. 

* * *b.c. Pherecydes of Syros, teacher 
of Pythagoras, teaches the doctrine of 
the transmigration of souls, and main- 
tains that there are three principles,— 
aether, chaos, and time, — and four ele- 
ments, — fire, earth, air, and water, — 
from which are formed everything that 
exists. 

580+ * * b. c. Solon is the first in Greece 
to pronounce a funeral oration. 

570-478 b. c. Xenophanes, founder 
of the Eleatic school of philosophy, 
flourishes. 

He conceives the world as one sub- 
stance, and that the exhibitions of natu- 
ral phenomena, in all their variety and 
change, are unreal. 

570-520 B.C. Anaximander main- 
tains that things spring out of a primi- 
tive stuff, without definite qualities and 
without bounds ; he makes astronomical 
calculations. 

546+ * * b. c. Hipponax, iambic poet, 
flourishes. 

544+** B.C. Athens. The first public 
library is founded by Pisistratus. 

540+ * * b. c. Theognis, elegiac poet, 
flourishes. 

530+ * * b. c. Anacreon, a lyric poet, 
sings chiefly the praises of love and wine- 



GREECE. 



625 * *-491** e.c. 1017 



.520-423 b. c. Cratinus, an Athenian 
comic poet, writes 21 plays, and is victor 
nine times. 

510±* *b. c. Telesillaof Argos.alyric 
poet and heroine, flourishes. 

504-460 b. c. Parmenides, an Eleatic, 
teaches that succession, change, the man- 
ifold form of things, is only relative to 
ourselves, being only our way of regard- 
ing the one universal essence. 

503 ± * * b. c. Heraclitus of Ephesus, a 
philosopher, flourishes. 

* * b. c. Lasus, a lyric poet, flourishes. 
500+ * * b. c. Pindar composes Epini- 

cia, and many other lyrics. 
"* * b. c. Simonides writes lyric poetry 
unrivalled for its tenderness and grace. 
[477. He gains his 56th prize at Athens.] 

* * b. c. Hecatseus of Miletus, a geogra- 
pher and historian, writes Periegesis. 

-500-456 b. c. .^schylus, the father 
of Greek tragedy, produces 72 plays. 
[Those extant are Eumenides, Prome- 
theus Vinctus, Agamemnon, Choephori, 
Seven against Thebes, Persse, and tho 
Supplices. 499. He makes his first at- 
tempt as a tragic poet. 484. He gains 
his first tragic victory.] 

SOCIETY. 

594± * * B. C. The code of Solon pun- 
ishes an archon with a heavy fine for 
intoxication on the first offense, and in 
case of relapse, by death. 

590* * b. c. The Pythian games in 
honor of Apollo are greatly enlarged 
[from this time]. 

549+ * * B. c. Sicily. Phalaris, tyrant 
of Agrigentum, is roasted in a brazen 
bull which he made for other victims. 

540-420 B.C. Period of the most dis- 
tinguished victors in the Olympic 
games. 

509* * b. c. Athens, Social reforms 
are effected under Cleisthenes, reducing 
the influence of the aristocracy. 

STATE. 

■621* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians de- 
mand written laws instead of the arbi- 
trary will of their rulers. 

The nobles accede, but revenge their 
injured dignity by appointing Draco to 
prepare the code. These drastic laws 
are " written in blood ; " every offense is 
punished with death; idleness is dealt 
with as severely as murder ; he held that 
the smallest transgression deserved 
death, and a severer punishment could 
not be devised for more atrocious crimes. 

'615 * * b. c. Athens. Henochides is ar- 
chon. [605, Aristocles ; 604, Critias ; 599, 
Megacles.] 

612+ * * b. c. Athens. Cylon, assisted 
by his father-in-law, Theagenes, tyrant 
of Megara, struggles for supreme power. 
He seizes the Acropolis, but is besieged 
by Megacles, captured, and executed. 

612 * * b. c. Pittacus [one of the Seven 
Sages], leader of the aristocratic party, 
overthrows the tyrant Melanchus at 
Mitylene in Lesbos. [He is succeeded 
by Myrsilus, Megalagyrus, the Clean- 
actids, Alcasus, and Antimenidas.] 

600 * * b. c. Fr. A Greek colony is 
planted at Massalia [Marseilles]. 

597+ * * b. c. Solon recovers Salamis, 
which had revolted to Megara. 

597 * * b. c. The Alcmaeonidse are 
found guilty of sacrilege by a tribunal 



of 300 judges, and sentenced to banish- 
ment from Attica. 
595 * * b. C, The Amphictyonic Council 
decides to punish Cirrhafor the robbery 
of the temple of Apollo in Delphi. 

* * *b.c. Athens. Dissatisfaction with 
the government of the archons in- 
creases. 

The citizens form three parties, — the 
great land-owners of the plain, the 
peasants dwelling in the mountains, and 
the prosperous middle class dwelling by 
the seacoast. 
594 * * b. c. Athens. Solon becomes 
archon for life ; he makes a code of laws. 

He, being appointed to negotiate be- 
tween the aristocracy and the people, 
devises the Seisaehtheia (removal of 
burdens), whereby (mortgaged) debts are 
reduced about 27 per cent by the intro- 
duction of a new standard of coinage, 
personal security for debts is abolished, 
and unpaid fines are remitted. The code 
of Draco is repealed. 

* * * b. c. Athens. Solon levies taxes. 
First-class citizens pay an Attic talent 
of silver [$275]. 

589-579 b. c. Pittacus is tyrant at 
Mitylene in Lesbos; this just and able 
ruler prepares the way for republican 
government. 

582 * * b. c. Psammetiehus is de- 
throned ; Corinth forms a republic. 

570 * * b. c. Athens. Solon secures the 
oath of the people to maintain the con- 
stitution for 10 years, and departs for 
Egypt and Asia Minor. 

570-554 b. c. Sicily. Phalaris, noto- 
rious for his cruelty, reigns at Agri- 
gentum. 

560 * * b. c. The supremacy of Sparta 
is acknowledged by the Arcadians. [550. 
It is the most powerful of the states of 
Greece.] 

560-527 B.C. Athens. Pisistratus, the 
tyrant, a nobleman, usurps the govern- 
ment, and rules with splendid success. 

He so manages that the people always 
choose archons who suit him. [559. He is 
expelled by a coalition of nobles and mode- 
rates. 553. He returns to Athens. 552. Again 
exiled. 543+. He returns with a powerful 
army, lands at Marathon. The Athenians 
send an army ;iuaiust him; he defeats it, and 
once more becomes ruler.] 

560 * * b. c. Solon returns. 

560+ * * B. c. JSf. Afr. The colony of 
Barca is founded. 

546 * * b. c. Asia M. The Hellenic 
colonies are conquered by Croesus, King 
of Lydia. [549. He is dethroned by 
Cyrus, who soon subjects the Greek 
cities of Asia to Persian rule.] 

544 * * b. c. Asia M. The contest be- 
gins between the Greeks and Persians 
for possession of Asia Minor. 



540 * * b. c. Turk. Amyntas I. be- 
comes King of Macedonia. [510. The 
Macedonians deliver earth and water on 
the demand of the Persians.] 

527-510 B. C. Athens. Hippias suc- 
ceeds Pisistratus, his father. [517+. 
Hippias sends Miltiades to take posses- 
sion of the Thracian Chersonesus ; he 
succeeds, and rules as tyrant.] 

520 * * B. c. Cleomenes (Agidfe) and 
Demaratus (Proclidse) are kings of 
Sparta. 



519* * b. c. The Platseans secede from 
the Bceotian union and place themselves 
under the protection of Athens. 

514* *b.c. Athens. Hipparchus, one 
of the sons of Pisistratus, is assassinated 
by Harmodius and Aristogiton. 

510* * b. c. Athens. Hippias is driven 

out by the exiled nobles, aided by a Spar- 
tan army under Cleomenes. The Pisis- 
tratida? are all expelled. Hippias takes 
refuge with Darius in Persia. 

* * * B. c. Athens. The place of holding 
the popular assembly is changed from 
the market-place to the rocky hill of 
the Pyx, and the president is chosen 
daily by lot from among the prytany. 

* * * b. c. Athens. The council is in- 
creased from 400 to 500 members. The 
four old Athenian tribes are substituted 
by ten new tribes, not having connected 
territory ; the influence of the aristoc- 
racy is reduced. 

* * * B. c. Athens. Celisthenes estab- 
lishes ostracism, by which the people 
may decree, by a secret ballot, the ban- 
ishment of any citizen deemed danger- 
ous to the public liberty. 

508 * * b. c. Turk. Teres, King of the 
Edrys* in Thrace, retains his indepen- 
dence of the Persians. 

507* *b. c. The nobles of Athens, 
led by Isagoras, revolt against Cleis- 
thenes ; they are aided by Spartans un- 
der Cleomenes ; Cleisthenes is driven 
out, and the city revolutionized. 

* * b. c. A counter-revolt of the popu- 
lace arises against Cleomenes, who 
makes a disgraceful capitulation, sur- 
rendering the Spartan arms, and leaders 
of the aristocracy, who are put to death. 

506 * * b. c. Cleomenes, enraged by 
adversity, returns to Sparta, raises a 
large army, and advances against the 
Athenians. [The Corinthians and other 
allies refusing to assist in the restora- 
tion of tyranny in Athens, the army 
disbands.] 

502 * * B. c. JEgean Sea. The Island of 
Waxos revolts; war between Greece 
and Asia follows. 

500* * b. c. AsiaM. A democratic gov- 
ernment being established in Miletus, 
other Greek cities in Asia openly revolt 
against Persia. 

* * b. c. Turk. Alexander I. reigns in 
Macedonia. 

499-494 b. c. The Ionians, led by 
Histieeus of Miletus and Aristagoras, un- 
successfully revolt against Persians. 

495-490 b. c. Sparta becomes superior 
to Argos. 

494 * * b. c. The Ionians are subdued, 
and the Milesians forced by Darius to 
settle about the mouth of the Tigris. 

492 * * b. c. Mardonius, the Persian 
general, invades Europe, and conquers 
Macedonia. 

491 * * b. c. The Great Persian "War. 
Cause: Sardis in Lydia is burned by 
the Ionians in retaliating the favor 
shown by Darius to Hippias, the ex- 
pelled Athenian tyrant, the Athenians 
being their ally. 

* * b. c. Heralds arrive from Darius to 
demand earth and water. [They are 
murdered by Athens and Sparta.] 

* * B. c. Leonidas (Agidse) and Leoty- 
chides (Proclidae) are kings at Sparta. 



1018 490 * * b. c. -450 * * e. c. 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

490 * * b. c. The second expedition 
of the Persians. 

Artaphernes, nephew of Darius, and. 
Datis the Mede, a more experienced gen- 
eral, with 100,<XH> infantry and 10,000 cav- 
alry in 600 transports, crosses the iEgean 
Sea ; 600 triremes reenforce the army. 

* * b. c. The Persians land in Euhcea, 
after destroying the city of Naxos. Ere- 
tria falls into their hands by treachery. 

* * b. c. The Persians, advised by Hip- 
pias, the Athenian exile, land in the 
vicinity of Marathon. 

* * b. c. The entire military power of 
Athens, comprising 10,000 men besides 
1,000 Platasans, crosses the Unless us, and 
advances to meet the Persians. 

* * b. c. The Athenians wait in in- 
trenched camp face to face with the 
Persians for nine days, and cover the 
road to Athens. 

Sept. 12 b.c. Battle of Marathon; 
one of the decisive battles of the world. 
Athenians under Miltiades and Aris- 
tides defeat 100,000 Persians under Datis 
and Artaphernes ; Greek loss, 192; Per- 
sian loss, 6,400. Persians retreat to Asia. 

489 * * b. c. Miltiades makes an ill- 
considered attack upon Faros ; he is 
condemned to pay the costs of the expe- 
dition, amounting to 50 talents. 

485 * * b. c. The Athenians conduct 
an unsuccessful war with .ZEgina., a 
rival city ; they hire ships of Corinth. 

483 + * * B. c. Themistocles persuades 
the Athenians to construct the harbor 
of the Piraeus. 

* * * b. c. A radical reform of the 
naval department is made. 

481-480 b.c. Third Persian invasion. 

It is under Xerxes, son of Darius ; he 

is accompanied by Pisistratus, son of 

Hippias, late of Athens, and by Dema- 

ratus, the deposed King of Sparta. 

481 * * B. c. Turk. The Persians, aided 
by the Thracians, open a canal at 
Acanthus to protect their fleet in time 
of storm. They bridge the Hellespont 
between Sestos and Abydos by the labor 
of Phenicians and Egyptians. 

* * * b. c. Asia M. Persian troops 
concentrate at Gritalla in Cappadocia. 

480 Spring b.c. AsiaM. Xerxes de- 
parts from Sardis, about 900,000 strong, 
and marches through Mysia. 

Turk. The Persians cross the 

Hellespont during seven days. 

They traverse Macedonia, and send a 
fleet of more than 1 ,300 triremes, includ- 
ing 400 Grecian ships, from Asia Minor, 
through the canal at Acanthus. They 
receive symbols of submission from 
Thessalian and Boeotian cities, — only 
Platsea and Thespiee refusing. 

* * b. c. Xerxes enters Greece with the 
greatest army ever placed in the field. 

It comprises 1,700,000 foot and 80,000 
horse soldiers ; servants, eunuchs, and 
women, amounting to 5,283,220 people. (?) 
July * b. c. Battle of Thermopylse. 
The pass is defended against an im- 
mense number of Persians by the Spar- 
tan king, Leonidas, with about 6,000 
hoplites, among whom are 300 Spartans 
and 1,000 Lacedaemonians; 1,000 Pho- 
cians guard the footpath over (Eta. The 
Persians are guided by the traitor Ephi- 
altes ; Leonidas sends away most of his 



force, and perishes with 300 Spartans and 

700 Thespians, who refuse to leave him. 

Aug.* b.c. Naval battle at Artemisium. 

First day: About 280 Grecian ships under 
Eurybiades, a Spartan, indecisively engage 
the Persians under Aehaunenes, whose fleet 
is much weakened by storms and also by an 
expedition of 200 ships. 

Second day: The Persians attack with their 
entire fleet, but gain no decisive results. The 
Grecian fleet sails away for Salaniis on re- 
ceiving news from Thermopylae. 

* * b. c The Corinthians engage in 
the Persian war. 

The Peloponnesian army begins the 
construction of a wall across the isth- 
mus, instead of coming to the aid of the 
Athenians. 

* * b. c Xerxes meets with no resistance 
in central Greece ; the Locrians and Do- 
rians submit to the Persians. 

* * b. c. The Persians ravage the land 
of the Phocians ; a thunder-storm aids 
in turning back a force sent to Delphi. 

* * b. c. Thespiae and Plataea alone are 
destroyed by the Persians, in Bceotia. 

* *-b. c. Athens. The Athenians aban- 
don their city, and send the noncombat- 
ants, together with their personal effects, 
to Salamis, iEgina, and Argolis j only a 
garrison remains in the Acropolis. 

* * b. c. Athens. Xerxes takes the Acrop- 
olis by storm ; the temples and the city 
are burned ; he enters, after having lost 
200,000 of his troops. 

Sept. 20 b. c. The Grecians defeat the 
Persians in the Straits of Salamis. 

The Grecian fleet under Eurybiades, a 
Spartan, numbers 378 triremes and seven 
fifty-oared vessels ; the Persian fleet 
comprises 750 (?) vessels ; the Greeks 
lose 40 and the Persians 200 ships. 

Sicily. Gelon defeats the Cartha- 
ginians under Hamilcar at Himera. 

* * b. c. Xerxes retreats, leaving Mar- 
■ donius in Thessaly with 260,000 men. 
Nov.* b.c. Xerxes retreating, ar- 
rives at the Hellespont. 

He suffers great losses through hunger 
and drought ; the bridge having been 
destroyed by a storm, his army em- 
barks in the fleet. 

* * b. c. The Grecian fleet neglects to 
pursue the Persians, as Themistocles ad- 
vises ; it unsuccessfuly besieges An- 
dros. 

479 * * b. c. The fourth Persian ex- 
pedition led by Mardonius. 

The Persians enter Attica, and are re- 
enforced by troops under Artabazus, 
and by allies from northern Greece. 

* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians are 
again faithlessly abandoned by the 
Spartans, who again retire. 

* * B. c. The Persians retire before the 
whole Peloponnesian army, consisting of 
30,000 hoplites and 60,000 light armed 
troops, it having crossed the isthmus, 
and taken a strong position in Bceotia. 

* * b. c The Greeks are reenforced by 
10,000 Athenians, Platseans, and Thespi- 
ans ; Pausanias, the leader of the Spar- 
tans, has a great army, but no cavalry. 

* * b. c. The united fleets of the Pe- 
loponnesians, Athenians, and Ionic 
Greeks, conquer Byzantium, and 
acquire rich booty, 

Sept. 22 b.c. The Persians are 
routed at the battle of Plataea; the 
Greeks capture the Persian camp, and 
kill Mardonius and a great host. 



Sept. 22 (?) b. c AsiaM. Battle of 
Mycale. 

The Greeks under Leotychides the 
Spartan, and Xanthippus the Athenian, 
defeat the Persians under Mardontes, 
and burn his fleet. Two Persian armies 
are destroyed on the same day. 

* * b. c The Greeks appear before 
Thebes ; the leaders of the Persian 
party are given up and executed. 

479-449 B. c. The Grecians conduct an 
offensive war against the Persians in 
aid of the Ionians. 

* *b. c. Cimon, son of Miltiades, the 
Athenian general, overruns all Thrace. 

478 * * b. c. The fortifications of the 
Piraeus are completed. 

477 * * b. c. The supremacy of the al- 
lied Hellenic fleet passes from Sparta 
to Athens. Aristides takes command. 

476 * * B. c. Aristides succeeds in his 
first exploit, the capture of Eion on the 
Strymon from the Persians, and the re- 
duction of the pirates of Scyros. 

472± * * b. c. The hegemony, or chief 
conduct of the war, is transferred from 
Sparta to Athens, owing to the offensive 
manners of Pausanias and the winning 
manners of Aristides and Cimon. 

469 * * b. c. Cimon, the leader of the 
Hellenic league, drives the Persians 
from towns yet held by them on the 
Thracian coast. He chastises the pi- 
rates of Scyros. 

467* *b. c. Cimon with the confederate 
fleet captures Naxos, which had re- 
volted from the League of Delos, and is 
punished by the loss of its independence. 

466** B.C. AsiaM. Battle of Eurym- 
edon in Pamphylia. 

Two battles are fought in one day. 
The Greeks under Cimon with 300 gal- 
leys defeat the Persian fleet, and then 
attack and rout the land force. 

* * b. c. Turk. The war ends. 

Cimon punishes Thasos for seceding 

from the confederacy. [463. Subdued.] 

464-456 B.C. Third Messenian "War. 

The Spartans seek to subdue the La- 

conians, Messenians, and Helots. 

461 * * b. c. After imploring the help of 
Athens, the suspicions Spartans send 
back their unwelcome ally. The Athe- 
nians take offense, and form an alli- 
ance with the Argives. 

460 * * b. c. Corinth decides to engage 
in war with Athens, having the Epi- 
daurians and iEginetans for allies. 

460-455 b. c. The Athenians assist the 
Egyptian rebels, Inarus and Amyrtseus. 

458 * * b. c. The Athenians are defeated 
at Argolis. 

* * B. c. The Athenians defeat the allied 
Corinthians, Epidaurians, and JEgine- 
tans in the Saronic Gulf ; they block- 
ade iEgina and defend Megara ; its occu- 
pation had offended the Corinthians. 

457 * * b. c. Athens. Pericles begins 
the third wall connecting the Pirseus 
and Phalerum with Athens, thus enclos- 
ing the city and the ports with continu- 
ous fortifications. [456. Completed.] 

457-451 b. c. The Spartans and Bceo- 
tians prosecute a war of jealousy 
against Athens. 

The Spartans as allies of the Thebans 

defeat the Athenians at Tanagra, in 



GREECE. 



490 



s.c. -450** b.c. 1019 



Boeotia ; they then conclude an armis- 
tice, and return to Sparta. 
456* * B. c. The Athenians under 
Myronides invade Bceotia, and defeat 
the Thebans at GEnophyta. 

* * b. c. JEgina surrenders to the Athe- 
nians after a long siege ; it gives up its 
ships-of-war and consents to pay tribute. 

455 * * b. c. Egy. The Athenian fleet 
sent to aid the rebels in Egypt is de- 
stroyed by the Persians. 

* * b. c. The Spartans subdue the Helots 
in Ithome, and drive the Messenians out 
of Greece. 

* * b. c. The ^Jtolians join the Spar- 
tans against Athens. 

* * Pericles overruns the Peloponnesus. 
451 * * b. c. An expedition of 200 ships 

under Cimon is sent against the Persians. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

490+ * * b. c. /Eschylus writes the mu- 
sic to his own tragedies. 

485-486 b. c. Euripides paints pic- 
tures which are preserved in Megara. 

484* * b. c. The temple on the river 
at Ilissus is erected. [481. One at Agri- 
gentum is begun.] 

480* * b. c. Xerxes carries from Athens 
to Susa the bronze group by Antenor, 
representing the Tyrannicides, Harmo- 
dius, and Aristogitdn. 

480-330 b .c. Athens. Architecture 
and other arts flourish. 

473+ * * b. c. Athens. The temple of 
Victory is built. [469 ±. TheTheseum, 
the most perfect ancient edifice in the 
world.] 

468 * * b.c. Sophocles gains the prize 
over JEschylus in tragedy. 

466 * * b. o. An earthquake at Sparta 
destroys 30,000 lives. 

464± * * b. c. Athens. Pericles and 
Cimon adorn the city. Cimon first in- 
dicates form under drapery. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

491 * * Cleomenes I., King of Sparta, dies. 

Mlltiades. Athenian general, dies. 
485* * Gorgias, orator, sophist, b. [380±. D.] 
484 * * Achffius, dramatist, horn. 

Herodotus, father of history, b. [424. I).] 
481* * Protagoras, philosopher, b. (411. D.j 
480± Agatharelms, inventor of perspective 
Bcenery, born. [420i. Dies.] 

Euripides, tragic poet, born. [406. Dies.] 

Leonidaa I., King of Sparta, dies. 
500+ Myron, si-nlptor, born. 
479+ Antiphon, Athenian orator, b. [411. D.] 
471 * * Thucydides. historian, b. [401. D.] 
470+ Chcerilusof Samos, poet, b. [399. D.] 

Socrates, Athenian phil., b. [399. Dies.] 
468 * * Aristldes the Just, Athenian states- 
man, general, dies. 
468+ Pauaanius, Spartan general, dies. 
460* * Democritus, phil., born. [357. Dies.] 

Hippocrates, physician, father of medi- 

cine, born. [377. Dies.] 
458 * * Lysias, Athenian orator, b. [380. D.] 
439 * * Andocides, Athenian orator, born. 



455-425 b. c. Xenophon writes The 
Anabasis, The Vyropxdia, The Hellen- 
ica, The Memorabilia, The (Economics, 
The Hipparchicus, The Agesilaus, The 
Hiero, The Symposium. 

455 * * b. c. The Peliades, by Euripi- 
des, appears. [438, A/cestis; 431, Medea, 
Philocteles, Dictys, and Messores; 425, 
Hecuba ; 421, Supp/ices, Heracleidse ; 420- 
417 ', Andromache ; 417, Iphigenia among 
the Tauri; 415, Troadrs, Alexander, Pa- 
lamedes, and Sissyphus ; 414, Electra; 
412, Helena , 418, Orestes ; 406, Pacchse and 
Iphigenia at Aulis ; 392, Ecclesiazusse.] 

5th Century b. c. Hellanicus writes a 
History of Argos, a History of Attica, 
and History of Persia. 

SOCIETY. 

472 * * b. c. The Olympic games are 
extended to four days. 

STATE. 

489* * b. c. Athens. Aristides and 
Themistocles are leading statesmen ; 
Themistocles " is the founder of the 
historic greatness of Athens." (Fisher.) 
[481. He urges the building of a fleet of 
200 ships to resist the Persians.] 

485* * b. c. Sicily. Gelon usurps 
power in Syracuse. [He develops com- 
merce on a grand scale.] 

483 * * b. c. Athens. Aristides, the 
successful general, surnamed "The 
Just," is banished by ostracism through 
the influence of Themistocles, because 
of his influence over the people. [480. 
He is recalled.] 

481 * * b. c. The heralds of Xerxes de- 
mand earth and water of all Grecian 
cities except Sparta and Athens. 

480-477 b.c. A union of the Hellenic 
cities is founded. 

480 * * b. c. Athens is burned. (See 
Army). 



[391. Dies.] 

LETTERS. 

468-406 b.c. Sophocles produces 
more than 100 tragedies. [Among those 
extant are Antigone, Electra, Maidens of 
Trachis, (Ediptts Tyrannus, Ajax, Phil, 
octetes, and (Edipus at Colonus.] 

468 * * b. o. Sophocles defeats iEschy- 
lus for the tragic prize. [441. He is de- 
feated by Euripides.] 

466 i- * * B. c. Systematic rhetoric is in- 
\ onto 1 by Covax of Syracuse. 



Oct. * b. c. Athens. The Athenians 
return to their burned city. 

* *b. c. Several of the island cities, 
including Samos, Lesbos, and Chios, join 
the Hellenic league against the Per- 
sians. [Later the coast towns of Asia 
Minor join it.] 

* * * b. c. Athens is rebuilt and en- 
larged ; it is surrounded with strong 
walls, notwithstanding the objections 
of Peloponnesians. 

479 * * b. o. The Athenians refuse a 
separate peace with the offer of inde- 
pendence. 

477-407 b. o. Period of Athenian as- 
cendency in Greece. 

477 * * b. c. Athens. The reforms of 
Aristides are made, and the real suprem- 
acy of the democracy begins ; state 
offices are open to all four classes alike. 

* * b. c. The chief conduct of the war 
is transferred from Sparta to Athens. 

A Hellenic confederacy is formed with 
Athens for its head; the smaller states 
furnish money only ; the larger ones 
furnish ships 



471 * * b. c. Themistocles is banished 

for ten years by a vote of ostracism hy 
the Gimon party ; he retires to Argos. 

* * b. c. Pausanias is convicted of trea- 
son, and put to death at Sparta. 

* *b.c. Themistocles is driven from Ar- 
gos on suspicion of treasonable intrigues, 
and goes to Asia ; he is welcomed to a 
place in the Persian army, and receives 
a princely domain. 

469* *b. c. Athens. Pericles first takes 
part in public affairs. 

468 * * b. c. The Argives destroy the 
Grecian city of Mycense, and regain their 
superiority. 

467 * * b. c. Athens. Cimon becomes 
the leader of the Athenian state ; he be- 
gins the two long walls, one to Piraeus 
and the other to Phalerum. 

* * b. c. Sicily. Thrasybulus succeeds 
Heiro at Syracuse, and is a rapacious, 
tyrannical, and cruel ruler. [466. The 
people revolt, and drive him out, and 
form a democratic government.] 

465-429 b. c. Athens. Age of Per- 
icles, the most brilliant epoch in Athe- 
nian history. 

465 * * b. c. Thasos secedes. [463. Is 
subdued and made tributary.] 

464 * * b. c. Revolt of the Helots. 

* * * b. c. Athens. Cimon, the leader 
of the Aristocratic Party, and Pericles, 
son of Xanthippus, the leader of the 
democracy, are rivals. 

* * * b. c. The democratic party se- 
cure payment for citizens serving in the 
army or as judges, and the bestowal of 
alms upon the poor at festivals out of 
the public treasury. 

461 * * b. c. Athens. Pericles secures 
the banishment by ostracism of Cimon, 
his hereditary enemy, for ten years. 

460 * * b. c. Athens. The law of ephi- 
altes, in the interest of democracy, takes 
from the court of the Areopagus the 
censorship over the state, and restricts 
it to judicial functions. 

459* * b. c. Athens begins to tyrannize 
over Greece ; it assumes to be the 
capital of the Grecian states, embracing 
a great coast and many islands. 

± * * b.c. The treasury of the confed- 
eracy is removed from Delos to the 
Acropolis of Athens ; the contributions 
of the Hellenic League become tribute 
to the Athenians. 

* * b. c. Megara, being threatened by 
Corinth, ^Egina, and Epidaurus, finds a 
protector in the Athenians, who con- 
nect it with their port Nisa^a by walls. 

457 * * b. c. The defeated Athenians 
recall Cimon from exile. 

456 * * b. c. The Athenians replace the 
aristocratic governments in most cities 
of Bceotia with democratic rule. 

454 * * b. c. Pericles and Cimon he- 
come reconciled. 

452* * b. c. S.Jt. Thurii, orThurium, 
is founded as a Greek city. 

450-400 b. c. Turk. Greek colonies 
are established in Thrace. 



1020 450** b. c.-410**b.c. 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

449 * * b. c. Double battle of Salamis, 
off Cyprus. 

The Athenians are victorious over the 
Phenician ami Cilieian fleets (Persian) ; 
also defeat the land force of the enemy. 

449-448 b. c. The second Sacred War 
in Greece. 

The Phocians and Delphians struggle 
for possession of the temple of Delphi. 
The war emanates from an Amphictyonic 
decree, and is carried on by troops of 
different states. 

447 * * b. c. The presumptuous Athe- 
nians are disastrously defeated by the 
Thebeans at Coronea. 

446* *B. c. The Spartans aid the Eu- 
boeans in a revolt against Athens. Peri- 
cles secures their return by bribery, and 
then quickly subdues the rebels. 

440 * * b. c. A revolt in Samoa is sub- 
dued by Pericles ; he razes their fortifi- 
cations, takes their fleet and hostages. 

437 * * b. c. Athens. The fortifica- 
tions are completed by a third wall, par- 
allel with the first leading to the Pirxus. 

435 * * b. c. "War arises between Cor- 
inth and its colony, Corcyra. [433. It 
unites in an alliance against Corinth.] 

432* * b. c. The Corcyraeans, aided by 
Athenians, defeat the Corinthians at the 
battle of Sybota, off the Epirus coast. 

* * b. c. The Athenians under Callias 
defeat the Potidseans and their Pelopon- 
nesian allies near PotidSBa, and begin 
the siege of the town. 

431 * * b. c. Thebans make a treacher- 
ous but unsuccessful attack on Platsea. 

431* *^404 May 4 b. c. The first 
Peloponnesian War. 

Athens and her allies, against Sparta and 
her allies; it is the most famous of all the 
wars between the (ireeian states. Remote 
cause: the envy of the Dorian Confederacy 
at the power of Athens, and distrust of its 
great ambition, together with the discontent 
of herallies, who had beenreduredtosubjects. 
Its immediate cause is the interference of 
Athens with the quarrel between Corcyra 
and Corinth in relation to Epidamnus. " The 
most cruel and bloody war that ever stained 
the earth." (Timayenis.) 

431-425 b. c. Five invasions of Atti- 
ca by the Peloponnesians are led by the 
Spartan King Archidamus. 

431 * * b. c. The Helots are rewarded 
with liberty because of their bravery. 

430 Apr. * b. c. Peloponnesians, under 
Archidamus, devastate Attica. 

Sept. * b. c. Pericles, in revenge for 
the invasion of Attica, enters Megaris 
with 10,000 men, and wastes the country. 

429 * * b. c. Archidamus conducts the 
[famous] siege of Plataea, having a gar- 
rison of 400 citizens and 80 Athenians 
with 110 women. [427. Taken; its 225 
survivors are executed.] 

* *B. c. Two invasions of Attica. 

* *b. c. Turk. Sitalces, Kingof theOdry- 
ssein Thrace, furnishes Amyntas an army 
of 150,000 men against PerdiccaB II. of 
Macedonia. 

428 * * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians 
blockade Mitylene on the Island of 
Lesbos by land and by sea because of a 
revolt. [427. Surrenders.] 



426 * * b. c. The Athenians and Acar- 
manians under Demosthenes severely 



defeat the Ambracians and Spartans 
at CEpai and Idomene. 

* * b. c. The Spartans under Agis enter 
Attica, and lay waste the country. 

425 * * b. c. Demosthenes lands in 
Messenia, fortifies Pylus, and greatly 
annoys the Lacedaemonians. 

* * b. c. The Athenians besiege the Spar- 
tans on the little island of Sphacteria 
opposite Pylus, and compel them to sue 
for peace ; severe terms are rejected. 

* * b. c. The Athenians attack, defeat, 
and slaughter the Spartan faction in 
Corcyra. 

* * b. c. Cleon takes Sphacteria by storm, 
and takes 120 Spartans among the 292 
captives. 

The Athenians threaten to put the 

prisoners to death whenever Attica is 

again invaded by the Peloponnesians. 

424 * * b. c. The Athenians are utterly 

defeated at Deliuum by the Boeotians. 

* * b. c. Turk. A Spartan land expedi- 
tion under Brasidas invades Thrace and 
Macedonia to overthrow Athenian rule ; 
he persuades several towns to revolt 
against Athens. [Later he captures Am- 
phipolis. The Athenian Thucydides, 
who lay with a squadron at Thasos, 
is banished for neither preventing its 
capture nor attempting to retake it.] 

423 Jan. * b. c. Athenians and Spar- 
tans agree to an armistice for one year. 

422 Aug. * b. c. Turk. The Athenians 
attempt the recovery of their dependen- 
cies, and send an army under Cleon, who 
is disgracefully defeated by the allies 
under Brasidas at Amphipolis. Cleon 
and Brasidas are killed. 

421 Spring, b. c. The war ends in 
the peace of Nicias. (See State.) 

418 * * B. c. The Spartans under Agis 
invade Arcadia, and utterly defeat a 
large body of Athenians, Mantineans, 
and Argives, near Mantinea. 

416 * * b. c. The Athenians send an ex- 
pedition against the Island of Melos, 
an ally of Sparta, and capture it ; its 
citizens are put to death, and its women 
and children sold into slavery. 

415-413 b.c. An expedition is con- 
ducted against Syracuse. 

Egesta solicits help of the Athenians 
against Selinus and Syracuse; Alcibiades 
favors the petition, and 134 triremes, 
with 36,000 men.iiicludingn.lOO hoplites, 
6ail for Sicily, under Alcibiades, Nicias, 
and Lamachus ; Alcibiades is recalled. 



413-404 b. c. The Decelean war be- 
tween Athens and Sparta — a part of the 



414* * b. c. Sicily. Nicias 
Syracuse, having already gained some 
success. Lamachus dies. 

* *b. c. Sicily. The Spartans as allies 
of Syracuse send a small fleet under 
Gylippus. 

413 * * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians 
storm Syracuse, but are repulsed ; sick- 
ness and want cause them great distress. 

* * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians are reen- 
forced by Demosthenes with 73 tri- 
remes and 5,000 hoplites. 

* * b. c. Sicily. The Athenians are de- 
feated in two naval battles near Syra- 
cuse, and their fleet surrounded. 



Mar. * b. c. Alcibiades having gone 
over to the Spartans in resentment of 
personal injuries, invades Attica, and 
fortifies the village of Decelea. 

Spring, b. c. The Spartans ravage 
all parts of Attica by forays under King 
Agis ; distress prevails in Athens. 

Sept.* b.c. Sicily. The remnant of the 
Athenian army attempts a retreat by 
land, but it is captured. [Nicias and 
Demosthenes are executed, and 7,000 
prisoners are enslaved in the quarries.] 

412 * * b. c. Asia M. A new Athenian 
fleet defeats the Peloponnesian fleet 
near Miletus; a squadron from Syra- 
cuse prevents the capture of Miletus. 

* * b. c. Asia M. The Athenian fleet 
is increased to 104 ships, which are off 
Samos ; Athenians send 128 additional 
triremes at intervals to Asia Minor. 

* * b. c. Asia. Alcibiades, suspected of 
treachery, and maligned by the Spar- 
tans, leaves them and goes over to Tis- 
saphernes, the Persian satrap, whose 
counselor he becomes, and whom he 
advises to assist the Athenian fleet. 

411 July * b. c. Asia M. The Athe- 
nian fleet under Thrasybulus and 
Thrasyllus defeats the Peloponnesians 
and Persians under Mindarus and Phar- 
nabazus, at Cynossema, near Abydos. 

Sept.* b.c. Alcibiades defeats the 
Peloponnesians in a second naval battle 
near Abydos. 

410 * * b. c. Alcibiades utterly defeats 
the Spartans at Cyzicus ; he captures 
their fleet, and kills Mindarus. 

Spring, b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades is 
taken prisoner by Tissaphernes, but es- 
capes, and rejoins the Athenian fleet. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

450± * * b. c. Anaxagoras notes the na- 
ture of the sun and moon eclipses and 
the movements of the planets. 

± * * b. c. Athens. The Odeum The- 
ater is founded by Pericles. The Tem- 
ple of Neptune at Paestum is erected, 
and the Temple of Apollo Epicurus at 
Phigalia in Arcadia. 

450+-438 b.c. Athens. The Parthe- 
non on the Acropolis is completed by 
Ictinus and Callicrates under Phidias. 



444-440 B. c. The temple of Jupiter 
at Olympieum is erected by Libon of 
Elis. [508^09. At ^gina.] 

442 * * b. c. Athens. The burning lens 
is used. 

441± * * b. c. The battering-ram, in- 
vented by Artemon(?), a Lacedaemonian, 
is employed by Pericles. 

438* * b. c. Athens. Phidias places his 
statue of Minerva in the Parthenon. 

437 * * b. c. Athens. The magnificent 
Propylaea is begun on the Acropolis. 

437-433 b. c. Phidias makes a colossal 
statue of Jupiter, in gold and ivorv 
(one of the Seven Wonders of the world) 
for the temple of Jupiter at Olympieum. 

436+ * * b. c. Polygnotus and Panse- 
nus, eminent painters, flourish. 

* * * b. c. The great temple of Demeter 
at Eleusis, that of Athene at Su 
and of Nemesis at Rhnmmis, are I 



GREECE. 



450b.c.-410**b.c. 1021 



433± b. c. * * The temple of Apollo 
Epicurus, near Phigalia in Arcadia, is 
erected by Ictinus. The Phigalian 
Marbles are cut for it. 

These bas-reliefs represent the con- 
flicts of the Greeks and Amazons, the 
Centaurs and Lapitha? [and are reputed 
to be works of the earlier school of Phid- 
ias]. [1815. A. T). Purchased for the 
British Museum.] 

* * b. c. Athens. The golden number is 
discovered by Meton. 

429-348 b. c. Plato teaches that ideas 
are" spiritual realities, intermediate be- 
tween God and the world, of which all 
visible things are the manifestation." 
(Fisher.) 

428 + * * b. c. Democritus teaches that 
the Milky "Way consists of a profusion 
of stars. 

425 b. c. * * An earthquake separates 
the peninsula of Eubcea from the main- 
land, thus forming an island. 

424 * * b. c. Athens. An eclipse is ob- 
served. 

422+ * * b. c. Hippocrates, the father 
of medicine, flourishes. 

420 * * b. c. The vise, trolley, and 
other implements are invented by Archy- 
tas of Tarentum. [The invention is also 
claimed for Archimedes, 287-212.] 

* * Athens. The first Athenian theater, 
that of Bacchus, is built (or 340). 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

450* * Alcibiades. statesman, orator, gen- 
eral, born. [-104. Dies.] 
5th Century. Ageladas, sculptor, born. 

Agesander, sculptor, born. 

AnaximeneB of Miletus, philosopher, born. 

Antisthenes, philosopher, Mr. Cvnies, born. 

Aristippusof Cyrene, philosopher, born. 

ArchelauB of Miletus, philosopher, born. 

Aspaslaof Miletus, mistress of Pericles, b. 

Chcerilus, Athenian tragic poet, born. 

Gylippus, Spartan general, born. 

Empedocles, philosopher, born. 

Epicharnus, poet, born. 

Heraclitus, naturalist, born. 

Ictinus, architect, born. 

Ocellus, Lucanus, philosopher, born. 

Parmeniiles, philosopher, born. 

Polycletus, sculptor, born. 

Xantippe, wife of Socrates, born. 

Zeuxis, painter, born. 
444* * Agesilaus II., King of Sparta, general, 
born. [361. Dies.] 

Aristophanes, comic poet, dramatist, born. 
[380. Dies.] 
4S0± Apolloiiorus, Athenian painter, born. 
436* * Isoerates. orator, born. [338. Dies.] 
430* * Diuiivsius the Elder, tyrant of Syra- 
cuse, born. [367. Dies.] 

Plato, philosopher, born. [347. Dies.] 

Xenophon, philosopher, historian, poet, 
general, born. [357. Dies.] 
425± Polygnotns, painter, A65+. 
422 * * I'.rasidas, Spartan general, dies. 

Cleon, Athenian orator, politician, dies. 
420± Scopaa, sculptor, architect, born. 
418* * Epaminondas. Theban statesman, 

born. [362. Dies.] 
418± Isams, orator, born. [34S+. Dies,] 
413 * * Nicias, Athenian statesman, gen., a\ 
413 * * Diogenes, cynic phil., b. [323. D.] 

CHURCH. 

438+ * *b.c. Athens. The Parthenon 

is dedicated as a temple and to Minerva. 



LETTERS. 

449-410 b. c. Eupolis produces 17 
dramas. 

446* * b. c. Athens. Herodotus re- 
cites portions of his historical work at 
the festival of the Panathenrea, and is 
rewarded with ten talents (§68,000). 

440 * * b. c. Athens. Satirical come- 
dies are prohibited. 



429+ * * b. c. The present text of the 

Iliad is written. (?) 
428-389 B.C. Plato, the Athenian comic 

poet, flourishes. 

427 * * b. c. The Banqueters, by Aris- 
tophanes, appears. [426, The Bab ij lou i- 
ans; 425, Acharnians; 424. The Knights; 
■423, The Clouds; 422, The Wasps; 414, 
The Birds; 411, The Thesmojihoriazusm 
and the Lusistrata; 40S, First Plutus ; 
405, The Frogs.] 

423 * * b. c. The Flagon, by Cratinus, 
gains the first prize, triumphing over 
the Clouds, by Aristophanes. 

421-401 b. c. History of the Peloponne- 
sian War, by Thucydides, appears. 

417 * * b. c. Agathon gains the first 
prize in tragedy. 

SOCIETY. 



415 May* b. c. Athens awakes, and 
finds all the statues of Hermes muti- 
lated by conspirators during the night. 

413 Aug. 27. B.C. Sicily. The eclipse 
of the sun terrifies the Athenians and 
causes their defeat at Syracuse. 



STATE. 

450 * * b. c. Sparta enters a five years' 
truce with Athens. 

* * * b. c. Athens is at the height of 
its power and prosperity; its decline 
commences. 

447 * * b. c. A revolt against democ- 
racy breaks out in Bceotia; the Athe- 
nians send an army that aids in suppress- 
ing the aristocratic party. [But it is 
defeated, and :i general uprising of the 
enemies of Athens follows.] 

446 * * b. c. Pericles subdues a revolt 
in Eubcea, and then makes a second as- 
signment of lands to the Athenians. 
Also another revolt in Megara. 

445 * * b. c. A 30 years' truce between 
Athens and Sparta is agreed to. The 
Peloponnesian and Athenian leagues 
acknowledge each other as independent 
confederacies. 



444* * b. c. Athens. Thucydides is 
the leader of the aristocratic party. 

It attempts to secure the banishment 
of Pericles by ostracism, but when the 
votes are counted it is discovered that 
Thucydides is banished instead. 

444-429 b. c. Pericles, soldier, orator, 
and statesman, becomes the ruler of the 
Athenian commonwealth. 

Though never an archon , he directs the 
administration of the government by 
his influence in the Assembly; in his 
office as strategus and as superintendent 
of the finances, buildings and public 
works are erected. 

443 * * b. c. S. It. Periclea sends out 
a colony to refound Thurii. 

437* *b. c. Turk. Amphipolis is 
founded by the Athenians under Agnon. 

432 * * b. c. The inhabitants of Potidaea 
revolt against the Athenian league, and 
are supported by Corinth. [429, submit.] 

* * b. c. A general meeting of the Pelo- 
ponnesian confederacy is held at 
Sparta, and the several states are ap- 
peased. "War against Athens is deter- 
mined. 



428 * * b. c. Asia M. All Lesbos, includ- 
ing Mitylene, revolts against Athens. 

427* * b. c. Athens. Cleon becomes 
the leader of the democratic party, and 
Nicias of the aristocratic. 

* * B. c. It. The Athenians begin to 
mingle in Sicilian affairs in response 
to the entreaty of the people of Leontini, 
who are pressed by the Syracusans. 

* * B. c. Asia M. Mitylene having sur- 
rendered to the Athenians, the Assembly 
decrees that all citizens shall be put to 
death ; the next day it decrees death to 
the aristocracy only, and 1,000 are killed, 
and the city razed. All Lesbos submits. 

425 * * b. c. Athens. Spartan envoys 
make proposals of peace, which are re- 
jected at the instigation of Cleon. 

424 * * b. c. Turk. By the capture of 
Acanthus and Amphipolis by Blasidas, 
the Athenian empire in Thrace is over- 
thrown. 

* * Turk. Seuthes becomes King of the 
Odrysae in Thrace, and prospers. 

421 b.c. Spring. The peace of 
Wicias is concluded between A thens and 
Sparta for 50 years, with a mutual resti- 
tution of persons aud places captured, 
and an alliance offensive and defensive 
is formed. [War renewed in three years.] 

420* * b. c. A treaty of alliance, 
which is to continue 100 years, is made 
between Argos, Elis, and Mantinse. 

417 * * B. c. The aristocratic party in 
Argos makes peace with Sparta, and 
overthrows the democracy. 

415-413 B.C. The disastrous Syracusan 
expedition. (See Army.) 

413 * * b. c. Turk. Archelaus, the 
natural son of Perdiccas II., murders 
the heirs, and seizes the throne of Ma- 
cedonia. [He improves the country.] 

* * b. c. Spartans distress Athens. 

Great difficulty arises in the finances 
of the government ; the slaves become 
fugitives, and the influence of the aristo- 
cratic party revives. A new board often 
councilors is appointed, and prepara- 
tions are made for renewing the war. 

* * B. c. Chios, Erythrse, Clazomense, and 
Miletus revolt against the Athenians 
through the influence of Alcibiades. 

412 * * B. c. The Spartans propose to 
abandon all the Grecian cities of Asia 
Minor to the Persians, and accept a 
subsidy. 

411 Mar. * b. c. Athens. The aristo- 
cratic party suddenly overthrows the 
democratic constitution, and establishes 
an oligarchy. They establish the gov- 
ernment of the council of "four hun- 
dred " for four months, and negotiate 
with the Spartans for peace. The army 
refuses recognition of the revolution in 
Athens, and elects new leaders, 

* * b. c. The army recalls Alcibiades 
to lead it, but he refuses to retire from 
the contest with the Peloponnesian s to 
coerce the oligarchs of Athens. 

June 30+ B.C. Athens. The Council of 
"Pour Hundred" goes to pieces after 
four months, and the old Council of 
"Five Hundred" is reestablished. 



1022 410 * * b. c-356 * * b. c. 



GREECE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

409 * * b. c. Asia M. Alcibiades sub- 
dues the coasts of the Hellespont and 
Propontis, and captures Byzantium. 

408* *B. c. Asia M. The Athenians 
take Chalcedon and Selymbria. 

407* *b. c. Asia M. Naval battle 
near Notium, in the Gulf of Ephesus. 
During the absence of Alcibiades, the 
Athenian fleet is defeated by Lysander 
the Spartan ; because of this misfortune 
Alcibiades is deposed. 

* * b. c. Asia M. The Spartans under 
Callicratidas surround the Athenian 
fleet under Conon, at Mitylene. [The 
Athenians soon fit out a new fleet, and 
send it to the assistance of Conon.] 

406 July* B.C. Battle of Arginusse, 
near Lesbos. 

The united Athenian fleet under 
Conon completely defeats the Pelopon- 
nesians under Callicratidas, in a terri- 
ble fight near the islands of Arginusse. 

405 * * b. c. Lysander the Spartan 
again commands the Peloponnesian fleet, 
though nominally under Aracus. 

Aug.± * B. c. The Athenian fleet under 
Conon is defeated by Lysander at 
JEgospotamos ; only eight ships out of 
180 escape ; 3,000 prisoners are slaugh- 
tered, and Athens is ruined ; the Pelo- 
ponnesian war virtually ends. 

"Nov. * B. c. Lysander's whole army in- 
vades Attica and encamps near Athens. 

404 Apr. * B. c. Athens. Lysander 
besieges the city by land and sea ; 
being nearly destroyed, and starvation 
imminent, it capitulates, and the Pelo- 
ponnesian war is ended. 

The walls of Piraeus and the long walls 
are destroyed ; the ships-of-war, with the 
exception of 12, are surrendered. 

403 * * B. c. Thrasybulus, the Athe- 
nian admiral, unites the democratic 
fugitives in the Phyle, and defeats the 
troops of the 30 tyrants in the battle of 
Munychia, kills Critias, seizes Piraeus. 

401-400 B.C. AsiaM. Retreatof the 
Ten Thousand Greeks. 

Cyrus the younger revolts against his 
brother, Artaxerxes Mnemon, and marches 
against him with 100, 0i>0 Asiatics and 12,000 
Greeks. Artaxerxes meets him at Cunaxa 
in Mesopotamia (401 Sept. *) with nearly 
1,000,000 men. The Asiatics, under Cyras, 
are defeated; hut the Greeks are victorious, 
and Cyrus is killed. Artaxerxes entices the 
Greek generals into his power and kills them. 
The Greeks, under Xenophon, a volunteer 
soldier, retreat; they arrive in Greece after 
215 days, having marched 3,465 miles. 

401-400 b. c. Spartans invade and de- 
vastate Elis. [399. Elis submits.] 

399-394 b. c. Asia M. "War between 
Sparta and Persia. 

The Spartans come to the relief of the 
Greek cities of Asia Minor which the Persian 
satrap Tissaplicnii'S attempts to punish for 
aiding the expedition of the younger Cyrus. 
The Spartans are led successively by Thi- 
bron, Dercyllidas, and Agesilaus. [399. 
Spring. The remainder of the Ten Thousand 
Greeks is incorporated in the army of Thi- 
bron, at Pergamos.] 

396 * * b. c. Asia M. Agesilaus, King 
of Sparta, invades Asia with 10,000 men. 
[395. He defeats the Persians under 
Tissaphernes near Sardis.] 

395 * * b. c. The Athenians and their 
allies defeat the Spartans under Ly- 
sander at Haliartus ; Lysander is killed. 



394 * * B. c. Spartans under Aristode- 

mus defeat the allies near Corinth. 
Aug. * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Cnidus 

Athenians under Conon and Persians 
under Pharnabazus defeat the Spartan 
fleet under Pisander, who is killed. 

* * B. c. Battle of Coronea, in Bceotia ; 
the Spartans under Agesilaus severely 
defeat the allies. 

* * B. c. Conon and Pharnabazus plun- 
der the coasts of Laconia. 

* * * b. c. Asia M, The Spartan har- 
mosts in the Grecian cities are expelled. 

393 * * B. c. Athens. Conon begins to 
restore the long walls, also the fortifi- 
cations of the Piraeus. 



392 * * b. c. The Spartans under Agesi- 
laus ravage Corinthian territory. 

* * b. c. A Spartan mora is cut to 
pieces by the Athenians under Iphic- 
rates ; the Lacedaemonians lose 250 men. 
[The military reputation of Sparta suf- 
fers much by this defeat.] 

* * b. c. Asia M. The Athenians un- 
der Thrasybulus are defeated by the 
Spartans under Telurias at Aspendos ; 
Thrasybulus is killed. 

390-387 b. c. A desultory war is car- 
ried on between Athens and Sparta. 

390* * b. c. Asia M. Thibron the 
Spartan is defeated and slain by the 
Persian satrap S truth as ; the entire 
Spartan army of 8,000 men is lost. 

* * b. c. S. It. Invading Lucanians 
severely defeat the Thurians. 

387 * * B. c. A peace ends the Pelo- 
ponnesian and Persian wars. 

383* * B. c. Spartans seize the Cadmea, 
or Acropolis, in a time of peace, and 
make Thebes their subservient ally. 

3S2-379 b. c. The Olynthiac War. 

379-372 b. c. "War between Thebes 
and Sparta. 

Cause : the occupation of the Cadmea 
in Thebes by Phu-bidas, a Spartan, in re- 
sponse to tlie desires <>l tin-, aristocratic 
party in Thebes. [Dec. * The Theban 
refugee democrats from Athens, under 
Pelopidas, liberate Thebes.] 

* * B. c. Spartans under Cleombrotus and 
Agesilaus invade Bceotia, but are un- 
successful in taking Thebes. 

* * B. c. Spartans unsuccessfully attempt 
to surprise Piraeus. [War with Athens 
follows.] 

376* *B. c. The Thehans enroll 300 men 
under Epaminondas and Pelopidas as 
a Sacred Band, and join Athens against 
Sparta. [375. Under Pelopidas it de- 
feats the Spartans at Tegyra.] 

* * B. c. Battle of Naxos : The Spartans 
lose their maritime supremacy, their 
fleet being totally destroyed by Timo- 
theus. 

371 * * b. c. Peace between Sparta and 
Athens. (See State.) 

* * B. c. The Thebans under Epami- 
nondas completely defeat the Spartans 
at Leuctra. Cleombrotus is slain. 

This battle is Sparta's greatest disas- 
ter. [Epaminondas is the greatest 
general Greece ever produced, and he 
obtains "the most decisive victory in 
Grecian history."] (Thirlwall.) 
370 * * B. c. The first invasion of the 
Peloponnesus by Thebans. 



Epaminondas and Pelopidas go to pro- 
tect the Arcadians in their revolt from 
Sparta. [Epaminondas, with 50,000 The- 
bans, unsuccessfully attacks Sparta.] 
369 * * B. c. The Thebans ravage La- 
conia, and proclaim the independence 
of the Messenians. The Athenians as- 
sist the Spartans ; the Thebans retire. 

* * b. c. The Thebans invade the Pelo- 
ponnesus a second time. They are de- 
feated in an attack upon Corinth. [267. 
A third invasion.] 

368 * * b. c. The Arcadians under Ly- 
comedes overthrow Spartan power in 
part of Messenia. 

* * B. c. Spartans under Archidamus win 
a "tearless victory" over the Arca- 
dians. 

* *B. c. The Thebans send several ex- 
peditions against the tyrant Alexander 
of Pherae for the release of Thessalians. 

* * b. c. Sicily. Civil war follows the 
death of Dionysius. 

364 * * b. c. Pelopidas enters Thessaly 
against Alexander, and is slain at Cynos- 
cephalse, though his army is victorious. 

362 * * b. c. The Thebans invade Pel- 
oponnesus for the fourth time to sup- 
port the Theban party in- Arcadia. 

June 17. b. c. Battle of Mantinea; 
The Thebans under Epaminondas defeat 
the Spartans and Mantineans under 
Agesilaus ; but Epaminondas is slain. 

* * k. c. General peace. (See State.) 
359 ± * * b. c. Turk. The Macedonian 

phalanx is instituted during the reign 
of Philip II. as a standing army. 

* * b. c. Turk. Philip defeats the Pae- 
onians and Illyrians, and reduces 
them to subjection. [358. He takes 
Amphipolis ; war with Athens follows.] 

358* * b. c. Tur. Athens conquers the 
Thracian Chersonese. 

357-355 b. c. The Social "War. 

The Athenian league is arrayed against 
Athens. Iphicrates and Timotheus com- 
mand the Athenians, who are forced to 
acknowledge the independence of their 
former allies, and are much exhausted 
by the struggle. 

356 * * b. c. Philip of Macedon seizes 
Pydna and Potidsea. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

410 * * b. c. Athens. The Erechtheum 
is rebuilt ; it is an Ionic temple of the 
Acropolis in honor of Erechtbeus. 

400+ * * b. c. Eupompus paints a win- 
ner in the Olympian games. 

± * * b. c. The structure of the human 
body is first studied and becomes a 
branch of medical education under Hip- 
pocrates ["The Father of Medicine." 
390. He separates medicine from the 
priesthood.] 

± * *b. c. S. It. The seven Eugubine 
tablets of brass are written with inscrip- 
tions relating to sacrifices. [1440. A. D. 
Found at Gubbio.] 

399* * b. c. Catapultse, military ma- 
chines for throwing arrows, javelins and 
stones, are invented by Dionysius. 

373 * * b. c. An earthquake swallows 
up IleliceandBura in the Peloponnesus. 

370-336 b. c. Euphranor flourishes. 
He executes many statues in bronze 
and marble, and paints on the walls of 
the porch in the Ceramlcus at Athens 
pictures of the Twelve Gods, Theseus, 
With Democracy and Demos, and an En- 
yagement at the Battle of Mantinea; also 
several pictures at EpheBUS. 



GREECE. 



410** b.c.-356**b.c. 10: 



368 * * b. c. A celestial globe is intro- 
duced from Egypt. 

367* * b. c. Athens. Aristotle becomes 
a pupil of Plato. 

366± * *b. c. At he n s. Antisthenes 
the philosopher flourishes. 

He founds the school of the Cynics, 
who " looked with disdain, not only on 
luxuries, but on the ordinary comforts 
of life, and inured themselves to do with- 
out them. Their manners were often as 
savage as their mode of living." (Fisher.) 

360-330 b. c. Aristides of Thebes, a 
painter, flourishes. 

357± * * b. c. Aristotle discourses on 
the occultation of Mars, and asserts 
that the earth is round. 

356 * * b. c. Asia M, The temple of 
Diana at Ephesus is burned. [It is re- 
built by Dinocrates and Scopas.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

406 * * Aristocrates, general, dies. 

404* * Critias, Athenian politician, tyrant, d. 

Theramenes, Athenian politician, dies. 
402* * riuM'ion, Athenian general, states- 
man, born. [317- Dies.] 
401 * * ciearrlins. Spartan general, dies. 
5th or 4th Century. Timanthea of Cythnos, 

painter, born. 
396 * * Dionysius the Younger, tyrant of 

Syracuse, born. 
Lysander, Spartan general, statesman, dies. 
Xenocrates, philosopher, horn. [314. Dies.] 
392 h Conon. Athenian general, dies. 
390* * Thrasvlmlus, Athenian gen., states., d. 
389* * JEsehines, Athenian ora., b. [314. D.] 
334* * Aristotle, philosopher, founder of 

Peripatetic school, born. [322. Dies.] 
382* * Philip II.. of Macedon, b. [336. D.] 

Antigonus, general, born. [301. Dies.] 
331 1 Demosthenes, Athenian orator, b. 

[322. Dies.] 
380* * Pvrriio, philosopher, b. [270. Dies.] 
374i Throphraslus. phil., b. [287. Dies.] 
364 * * Pelopidas, Theban general, dies. 
360* * Euinenes, general under Alexander, 

born. [316. Dies.] 
Lvsimachus, general under Alexander, born. 

[281. Dies.] 

357 * * Chabrias, Athenian, general, dies. 
356* * Alexander the Great, Kingof ilace- 

don, born. [323. Dies.] 

LETTERS. 

■410-1- * * b.c. Antiphon, the great 

Athenian orator and politician, dies. 

[He is regarded as the inventor of pub- 
lic oratory ; 15 of his orations are extant.] 
408± * * B.C. The History by Herodotus 

appears. 
403-392 b. c. Socrates composes 60 ora- 
/ tions [of which 21 are extant]. 

He is the father of ancient moral phi- 
losophy, and the greatest heathen moral- 
ist that ever lived. 

390-353 B. c. Isebus writes judicial ora- 
tions for others. [Eleven are extant.] 

387 * * b. c. The JEolposicon and Coca- 
luSy by Araros, son of Aristophanes. 

388 * * b. c. Athens. Plato founds the 
Academy. 

388-347 b. c. Plato composes the dia- 
logues, Protagoras , Phzedrus, Symposium, 
Gorgias, TJiesetetus, Republic, Timseus, 
Philebus, Sophist, Politicus, Parmenides, 
Cratylus, Laws, Critias, Meno, Euthy- 
d emus, Apology, Crito, Lysis, Charmides, 
Laches, Lesser Hippias, Euthyphro, 
Menexenus, (?) and Ion. (?) 

380 * * b. c. The PanegyHcus, by Isoc- 
rates, appears. [365," The Evagoras; 
364, The Archidamus, On the Peace, and 
the Aeropagiticus : 353, The Antielosis; 
346, The Philippus.] 



366+ * * b. c. The Cynic school of phi- 
losophy is founded by Antisthenes. 

360* * b. c. Eudoxus discourses on the 
movements of the planets. 

SOCIETY. 

406 * * B. c. Athens. Six of the victo- 
rious Athenian generals from the great 
battle of Arginuste are sentenced to 
death and executed for having aban- 
doned shipwrecked troops in a storm, and 
not burying the bodies. 

401± * *b. c. Asia M. A fermented 
beverage from barley [like beer] is 
. made by the Armenians. 

399* b.c Athens. Socrates is accused 
of impiety and of corrupting the Athe- 
nian youths, and is condemned to death. 
He drinks a cup of hemlock, and dies in 
the midst of bis disciples. 

* * b. c. Turk. Archelaus, the usurper 
in Macedonia, is murdered by a favorite. 

370 * * b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Pherje 
and Tagus, Thessaly, is assassinated. 

359+ * * b. c. Alexander, tyrantof Phe- 
rae, is murdered. 

STATE. 

408 * * b. c. Pausanias comes to the 
throne of Sparta. 

407 June * b. c. Athens. Alcibiades 
returns from exile after his brilliant 
victories. The Athenians repeal his 
sentence of banishment, and give him 
supreme command by land and sea. 

405 Sept. * b. c. Lysander the Spar- 
tan receives the submission of the 
Athenian cities, and establishes oligar- 
chical governments everywhere. 

* * b. c. * By the naval disaster at iEgos- 
potami, the great military power of 
Athens is completely destroyed. 

* *B. C. Sicily. Dionysius usurps the 
government. 

404-371 Second period of supreme 
command by Sparta. 

404* * b. c. Lycophron of Pherje makes 
himself master of Thessaly. 

Apr. * -403 Apr. * b. c. Athens. The 
Thirty Tyrants rule. 

Lysander places the government in 
the hands of .;<> odious and cruel men ; 
all but 3,0l)(! of the citizens are disarmed 
and disfranchised ; 1,500 are put to death 
without trial. 

403 Apr. * -Sept. * b.c. Athens. Dem- 
ocratic government is restored. 

Patriots under Thrasybulus, with the 
assistance of Thebes, Megara, and other 
cities, overthrow the Thirty Tyrants. 

* * B. c. Athens. The government is re- 
arranged by the revision of the laws of 
Euclides. 

398* * b. c. Agesilaus II. succeeds Agis 
as King of Sparta. 

395 * * B. c. The Athenians, Thebans, 
Argives, and Corinthians, influenced by 
Persian gold, enter into a league 
against Sparta. [War follows.] 

394 * * b. c. Turk. Pausanias reigns 
in Macedonia. [Amyntas reigns after 
killing Pausanias.] 

392** b.c. Turk. The Illyrians enter 
Macedonia, and expel Amyntas, and re- 
store the throne to Argteus, the brothers 
of Pausanias. [390. Amyntas recovers it,] 

387* * b. c. The Peace of Antalcides ; 
the Peloponnesian and Persian wars. 



The weak condition of the Greeks com- 
pels them to abandon all the Greek cities 
in Asia, together with the islands of 
Clazomense and Cyprus, to Persia ; the 
other Grecian cities and states to remain 
independent except Lemnos,Imbros, and 
Scyros, which go to Athens. 

386* *b. c Platsea is rebuilt, and many 
of its former citizens brought back by 
Sparta, aiming to annoy Thebes. 

382-379 b. c. At the request of the 
Macedonian king, Sparta sends an army 
which destroys the Olynthiac Confed- 
eracy — a league of independent Mace- 
donian and Grecian cities. 

382 * * b. c. Turk. The King of the 
Odrysse in Thrace disputes with the 
Athenians respecting the possession of 
the Thracian Chersonesus. 

379* * b. c. Thebes is freed from 
Spartan rule by Pelopidas. 

* * b. c. The Athenians enter an open 
alliance with Thebes against Sparta. 

* * B. c. Asia M. All the Greek cities 
are oppressed by Persia. 

378 * * b. c. Athens heads a confede- 
racy [of 70 cities] against Sparta. 

376* * b. c. The Boeotian cities submit 
to Thebes, which becomes the head of 
the new Boeotian League. 

374 * * b. c. Jason, the tyrant of Phe- 
rse, rules in Thessaly. 

371 Spring. B.C. A congress in Sparta 
forms the treaty of Callias, making 
peace among all the states of Greece 
except Thebes and Sparta. 

371-362 b.c. Period of Theban lead- 
ership in Greece under Epaminondas. 

370 * * b. c. Megalopolis in Arcadia is 
founded. 

369* *b. c. Turk. Alexander II. 
reigns in Macedonia. [367. He is assassi- 
nated. 364. Perdiccas reigns. 359. He 
is killed in battle.] 

* * b. c. The Messenians are restored to 
independence by Epaminondas ; Mes- 
sene is founded. 

367* * b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the 
younger succeeds his father in Syracuse. 

361 * * b. c. General peace prevails 
between Grecian states, with the excep- 
tion of Sparta, it being unwilling to 
acknowledge the independence of Mes- 
senia ; all parties are in the same posi- 
tion as before the war. 

* * b. c. Agesilaus the Spartan goes 
to Egypt to assist the rebels under 
Tachos, whose fleet is commanded by 
Chabrias, an Athenian. 

360 * * b. c. The Grecian republics be- 
gin to decay. 
359-336 b. c. Turk. Macedon rises 

to power. 
359** b.c. Turk. Philip II. becomes 

Kingof Macedon. [357. Founds Philippi.] 
358* * B. c. Athens. The second period 

of Athenian greatness reaches its 

height. 
357± * * b. c. Chios, Cos, Rhodes, and 

Byzantium successfully revolt against 

Athens. 
356 * * b. c. Sicily. Dion is welcomed 

to Syracuse, and Dionysius is expelled. 

[346. Restored. 343. Exiled.] 

* * b.c. Turk. Alexander [the Great] 
is born in Macedon. 



1024 356** b. c.-311**b.c. 



GREECE. 



ARMY— NAVY. 

356-352 b. c. Philip of Macedon con- 
quers Thrace, Ulyria, and Thessaly. 

355-346 B.C. The third Sacred 
"War ; Phocians and Delphians contend 
for possession of the temple at Delphi. 

The Amphictyonic Council laid a 
heavy fine on the Phocians because 
they cultivated land consecrated to the 
Delphian god, and thereby devoted to 
lie waste forever ; the Phocians resist 
payment. They plunder the temple, and 
with its gold hire mercenary troops ; 
their leaders are Philomelus, Onomar- 
chus, Phayllus, and Phaliecus. 

352 * * b. c. The Phocians are de- 
feated by Philip II. near the Gulf of 
Passae, and Onomarchus is slain. 

348 * * b. c. Turk. Philip II. captures 
Olynthus by treachery before the arrival 
of the Athenian allies, and sells the in- 
habitants. Nearly all the towns of the 
Olyntniac confederacy are subdued. 

346 * * b. c. The Sacred "Wars are 
ended by Philip, who takes all the cities 
of the Phocians, and razes their walls. 

344 * * b. c. Hung. Philip of Macedon 
conducts a successful expedition into 
Illyria; he subdues Thessaly. 

* * b. c. Philip offers to protect the 
Messenians, Megalopolitans, and Ar- 
gives against the Spartans. 

344-342 b. c. Turk. Philip invades 
Thrace, and captures Cersobleptes. 

341 * * b. c. "War breaks out between 
Philip and Athens. 

340 * * b. c. Turk. Philip lays siege 
toPerinthus and Byzantium, to close the 
Black Sea against the grain supply of the 
Athenians. The fear of starvation forces 
the Athenians to declare war, and send a 
fleet to relieve three cities. [339. Pho- 
cion forces Philip to raise the siege.] 

339-338 b.c. The fourth Holy "War. 
The Amphictyonic Council decrees the 
punishment of the Locrians of Amphissa 
for desecrating ground consecrated to 
Apollo ; the infliction is entrusted to 
Philip, who is appointed general-in-chief. 

* * b. c. Athens. The Athenians, urged 
by Demosthenes, prepare a fleet and 
army to resist Philip ; they secure The- 
ban allies. 

338 Aug. 3 b. c. Battle of Chaer- 
onea. 

The Athenians and Thebans are de- 
feated by Philip, whose son Alexander 
decides the battle by annihilating the 
Theban Sacred Band. [This places the 
whole of Greece at the feet of Philip.] 

* * b. c. Philip places a garrison in the 
Cadmea at Thebes. 

335 * * B. c. Alexander, son of Philip, 
subdues the revolting Thracians ; also 
the Getse and Illyrians. 

The Thebans revolt on receiving a 
false report of the death of Alexander. 
He levels Thebes to the ground, sparing 
only the house of Pindar, and sells the 
inhabitants as slaves. Athens is ter- 
rified, and submits to Alexander. 

* * b. c. The Greeks appoint Alexander 
general of their armies. 

334-331 b.c Alexander leads the 
Greeks and Macedonians to the con- 
quest of Persia, having 30,000 infantry 
and 5,000 cavalry. 

334 May 22 b. c. Asia M. Battle 
of the Granicus; a rivulet in Troas. 



id 20,000 horse. 



1 * b. c. Asia M. Sardis surrenders to 
Alexander; he also takes Halicarnas- 
bus and other cities. 

* * b. c. Asia. Alexander subdues 
Asia. 

He enters Babylon. [330. Spring. He 
begins the pursuit of Darius into Media. 
Darius is dethroned and murdered by his 
satrap, Bessus. The Greek mercenaries 
leave the Persians and join Alexander. 329. 
Bessus is taken and executed. Parthia, 



320-317 b. c. Asia. Antigonus, the 
ally of Cassander, defeats Eumenes, 
the ally of Polysperchon, in several en- 
gagements, and kills him. (316). 

318* * b. c. Polysperchon invades 
Greece, and unsuccessfully attempts to 
capture Athens and Megalopolis. 



Media, and other countries 
the armies of Alexander. Thalestris, queen 
of the Amazons, visits him. He crosses 
the river Jaxartes into Russia, and defeats 
the Scythians. He again crosses the Oxus 
into Turkestan, and takes the fortress, Sog- 
dian Rock. He returns to liaetria, Afghan- 
istan, and prepares for the invasion of India. 
He crosses the Indus, into India, by a bridge 
of boats. Battle of Hydaspes; Alexander 
defeats and captures the India prince, Poms, 
who loses 12,000 killed and 9.000 prisoners. 
Nov.* Alexander begins the descent of the 
Hydaspes River to its mouth.] 

* * b. c. The Spartans unsuccessfully 
revolt against Alexander. 

* * b. c. Battle of Megalopolis ; Antip- 
ater, the vice-regent of Alexander, to- 
tally defeats the 5,000 Spartans under 
their king, Agis II., who is killed. 

333 * * b. c. Memnon, a Greek in the 
service of the Persians, with a fleet of 
300 ships, ravages the Cyclades Islands. 

Nov.* b.c. Asid M. Darius is de- 
feated at Issus in Cilicia. 

Darius has 400,000 foot and 100,000 
horse; 6.000 infantry and 10,000 horse- 
men are slain, and 40,000 made prisoners. 

332 July* b. c. Asia M. Alexander 
on his way to Egypt lays siege to Tyre. 
[After seven months it is destroyed and 
8,000 people massacred ; Damascus is 
taken; Gaza surrenders after a siege of 
two months, and 30,000 people are sold.] 

* * b. c. Palestine. Alexander marches 
on Jerusalem, and prostrates himself 
before the high priest, who meets him 
wearing the sacred breastplate. 

331 Oct. 1 B. c. Assyria. Alexander 
totally defeats the Persians at Arbela. 
Their army of more than 1,000,000 men 
and 40,000 cavalry is routed by Alexan- 
der with 40.000 foot and 7,000 horse. [The 
capture of Susa, Perscpolis, Babylon, and 
other important cities follows.] 

* * b. c. Egypt welcomes Alexander 
aB the enemy of Persia. 

327 t- B.C. Nearchus, Alexander's 
admiral, sails from the Indus to the 
Euphrates ; he explores the Indian 
Ocean and the Persian Gulf. 

326 Autumn b. c. Persia. Alexan- 
der marches across the desert toward 
Persepolis ; many soldiers perish dur- 
ing 60 days of sultry marching. [325. 
Spring. Alexander again arrives at 
Susa. 324. July* He quells a mutiny 
among the Macedonians.] 

323-222 b. c. The Lamian "War. 
The Greek cities, under the leadership 
of Athens, unsuccessfully attempt to 
throw off the Macedonian yoke (322, 
Aug. 7). Antipater, the regent, reen- 
forced byCraterus, co-ruler, defeats the 
revolters near Crannon in Thessaly. 

323-276 b. c. "Wars of the succes- 
sors of Alexander. 

321 * * b. c Egy. Perdiccas, one of 
Alexander's generals, invades Egypt 
with the object of dethroning Ptolemy. 
He is defeated in several battles, and 
murdered by his discontented soldiers. 



* * B. c. Cassander's fleet, under Nica- 
nor, totally defeats a fleet of Polysper- 
chon under Clitus, in the Hellespont. 

317* * B. c. Turk. Olympias, mother 
of Alexander, and Polysperchon un- 
successfully invade Macedon. [Olym- 
pias is captured and killed by Cassander ; 
Polysperchon retires to iEtolia.] 

* *B. c. Turk. Lysimachus makes 
himself master of the lieutenancy of 
Thrace. 

315-301 b. c. "War of Alexander's 
generals against Antigonus. 

Antigonus attempts to bring all Asia, 
Greece, and Egypt under his rule ; Ptol- 
emy, Seleueus, Lysimachus, Cassander, 
and the other generals oppose him. 

311 * * b. c. A general peace follows 
several years indeoisiveiighting between 
the various contestants. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

345 * * b. c. An earthquake buries Du- 
ras with all its inhabitants; 12 cities in 
Campania, Italy, are also buried. 

340± * * b. c. Theophrastus studies 
botany. 

336 * * B. c. Athens. Callippus the as- 
tronomer first calculates eclipses. 

335+ * * b. c. Encaustic painting is in- 
vented by Gasias. 

* * Athens, Aristotle returns from Mace- 
donia. [334 ? He founds the Peripatetic 
school of philosophy.] 

332+ * * b. c. Apelles of Colophon, 
Ionia [the most celebrated of Grecian 
painters], paints portraits of Philip V.of 
Macedon and Alexander the Great y and 
the picture Venus Anadyomene. 

330 * * b. c. Aristoxenus discovers the 
difference between major and minor 
tones. 

328+ * * b. c. Praxiteles makes silver 
mirrors. 

325± * * b. c. Aristotle first mentions 
the use of diving-bells. [320+ He 
writes the first treatise on mechanics.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

350* * Euphranor, Corinthian sculptor, d. 
4th Century. Abasias of Ephesus, sculptor, b. 

Anaxanhus, philosopher, born. 

ApelleB, painter, born. 

Archytas of Tarentiim, math., gen., states., b. 

Arlstobulus, historian, born. 

Callippus of Cyzi.-us. astronomer, born. 

Callistratus, Athenian orator, born. 

Chares, Athenian general, born. 

Euclid of Alexandria, geometer, born. 

Lysippus. sculptor of 1,500 statues, born. 

Nearchus, admiral, voyager, born. 

Parrhasius of Kphesus, painter, born. 

Praxiteles, sculptor, born. 

Theodorua of Cyrene, pbiloeopher, born. 

Zoilns, critic, grammarian, born. 
345 * * Demetrius Phalereus, Athenian ora- 
tor, statesman, born. [284. DieB.] 
344+ Herophilus, physician, born. 
342* * Epicurus, philosopher, founder Epi- 
curean school, born. [270. Dies.] 

Zeno, philoa., fdr. Stoic school, b. [270. !>.] 
341* * Menander, poet, dram., b. c^O. 1>.] 
337* * Timoleon, general, statesman, libera- 
tor of Syracuse, dieB. 
336 * * A nt i phi Ins, painter, born. 

Crates, of Thebes, Cynic philosopher, born- 



GREECE. 



356** b.c. -311b. c. 1025 



335 -i: Demetrius Poliorcetes, King of Mace- 
don, born. [283. Dies.] 

328 * * Clitus, Macedonian general, dies. 

333 * * Leosthenes, Athenian general, killed. 

321 * * Craterus, Macedonian general, dies. 
Perdiccas, Macedonian general, dies. 

319* * Antipater, general, regent of Mace- 
donia, dies. 

318* * Denial's. Athenian orator, states,, d. 

318± Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, b. [272. D.] 

316* * Arcesilaus. phil., born. [241. Dies.] 



LETTERS. 

355 * * b. c. Demosthenes delivers ora- 
tions against Leptines and Androtion. 
[354. He speaks against the projected ex- 
pedition to Eubcea; he also dissuades the 
Athenians from making war on the Persians. 
353. He writes his oration against Meidias, 
and Pro Meanlopolittoxis, favoring the de- 
fense of Megalopolis against the Spartans; 
also his speech against Aristocrates and 
Timocrates. 352, His First Philippic, at 
Athens, against the encroachments of Muce- 
don; 351, For the Rhodians auanist Midi tin ; 
349, The First and Second Olvnthiac; 348, 
The Third Olvnthiac; 346, Sept., On the 
Peace; 344, The Second Philippic; 343, On 
Halonesus (oration of Hegesippus ?) ; also 
On the Embassy; 341, The Third Philippic, 
On the Chersonese; 330, On the Crown.] 

345 * * B. c. iEschines delivers a Speech 
against Timarckus. [343, On the Em- 
bassy; 330, Against Ctesiphon.] 

343 * * b. c. Aristotle is made tutor of 
Alexander the Great, son of Philip of 
Macedon. 

[334-322, He maintains a school at Athens. 
His collection of books is the first private 
library. He writes Topics, Analytics (Prior 
and Posterior) , Sophistical Refutations, 
Rhetoric, Metaphysics, Politics, Poetics, On 
Animals, On Parts of Animals, On Genera- 
tion of Animals, On the Soul, On Locomo- 
tion of Animals, Mi'teorofoyics, Mcomachean 
Ethics.] 

335* * b. c. Alexander destroys 
ThebeB, but spares the house of Pin- 
dar the poet. 

SOCIETY. 

336 * * b- c. Turk. Philip II., of Mace- 
dun, is assassinated by Pausanias at 
-Egse, during the celebration of thegames 
in honor of his daughter's nuptials. 

330 * * b. c. Alexander tortures and 
kills Philotas, son of Parmenion. [In a 
drunken revel he kills with his own 
hand his friend Clitus. 328. He marries 
Roxana, a Bactrian of surpassing beauty. 
Calisthenes, the historian, is put to 
torture for refusing to pay divine hom- 
age to Alexander. {?)] 

329 * * b. c. Alexander executes his 
friend Parmenion on a false (?) charge 
of treason. 

* * b. c. Thalestris, Queen of the Ama- 
zons, visits Alexander. 

328 * * b. c. Hermolaus, Calisthenes, a 
pupil of Aristotle, and others, conspire 
to murder Alexander. [Their plot is 
discovered, and they are put to death.] 

325± * * b. c. Persia. Alexander re- 
quires his subjects to worship him as a 
divinity, he being the successor of Darius, 
the great king. 

* * b. c. Alexander marries Barsine, 
daughter of Darius, the late Persian 
king. 

Eight Macedonian officers marry Per- 
sian ladies of good families, and, stimu- 
lated by rewards offered by Alexander, 
10,000 Macedonians take Persian wives. 
324-311 B.C. Turk. Horrors abound ; 
every member of the royal family of 
Alexander perishes, mostly by murder. 



STATE. 

354-330 b.c. Speeches of Demos- 
thenes. (See Letters.) 

354* * b. c. Athens. Demosthenes, 27 
years of age, becomes the political coun- 
selor of the people. 

353 * * b. c. The ambitious designs of 
Philip LT., King of Macedon, excite the 
attention of Greece. 

* * b. c. Sicily. Dion is assassinated, 
and succeeded by Callippus. 

352 * * b. c. Turk. Philip LT. becomes 
master of Thessaly by the defeat of 
Phocians. 

* * b. c. Demosthenes becomes the 
leader of a national opposition to the 
ambition of Philip II. 

347 * * b. c. Philip II. makes the whole 
Chalcidic peninsula a province of Mace- 
donia. 

346 * * b. c. Athens. A Macedonian 
party is formed, with iEschines as leader 
and the chief opponent of Demosthenes. 

± * * B. c. Philip LT. is elected to the 
Amphictyonic Council in place of the 
Phocians. 

* * B. c. The Athenians make a shame- 
ful peace with Philip II., which is ne- 
gotiated by Philocrates, and leaves all 
conquests in the hands of the king. 

* * b. c. All the cities of Phocis except 
Abse are destroyed by Philip II. 

* * b. c. Athens. Demosthenes lodges 
a complaint against ..Eschines, who is de- 
clared not guilty. 

* * b. c. Turk. Thrace is made tributary 
to Macedon ; Philippopolis is founded. 

340 * * b. c. "War is declared against 
Philip II. because of his aggressions on 
the Bosporus. 

* * b. c. Turk. Alexander, 16 years of 
age, is regent while Philip II. is in the 
Byzantium campaign. 

339± * * b. c. Demosthenes goes to 
Thebes to form an alliance against 
Philip II. 

338* *b. c. Philip II. takes from 
Sparta a large part of its territory, and 
distributes it among the Messenians, 
Argives, and Arcadians. 

* * b. c. Peace of Demades ; Philip II. 
grants favorable terms to Athens; 
Greece is practically a province of 
Macedonia. 

337 * * b. c. Macedonian leadership. 
The National Assembly is gathered at 
Corinth, with Spartans alone absent; 
Philip causes himself to be chosen leader 
with unlimited power to conduct the 
Grecian forces against the Persians. 

336 * * b. c. Philip LT. is assassinated 
at JEgse by Pausanias. 

336-323 b. c. Turk. Alexander LEI., 
the Great, succeeds his father as king 
of Macedon and ruler of Grecian states. 
He forces the Greeks to transfer to him 
the leadership of the states, and to give 
him command against the Persians. 

334± * * b. c. Alexander proclaims the 
freedom of Grecian cities in Asia Minor 
from Persian rule. 

332 * * b. c. Egypt. A Macedonian dy- 
nasty rules. Alexandria is founded as 



the commercial exchange of the eastern 
and western worlds (p. 651). 

330* * b. c. The Spartans revolt 
against Alexander, and are put down by 
Antipater, his vice-gerent. 

328 * * b. c. Alexander adopts Orien- 
tal clothing and customs. 

325 * * b. c. Demosthenes is exiled. 

324 Jan. * b. c. Asia. Alexander re- 
turns from India to Babylon. 

He discloses his great plan of uniting 
the victors and vanquished intoaworld- 
wide Macedonian -Persian empire, 
with Babylon for its capital, and intro- 
ducing Hellenic customs into the East. 

323 June 28 b. c. Asia. Alexander 
dies at Babylon after a debauch, 

* * b. c. The anti-Macedonian party 
carries all before it, seeking to restore 
the liberties of Greece. 

* * b. c. Alexander's dominions are di- 
vided among his generals. 

Perdiccas receives the regency of Asia for 
Alexander's half-brother, Philip Arrhidrous, 
and his posthumous son by Roxana; Antip- 
ater and Craterus together receive the re- 
gency of the west. Ptolemy receives the 
lieutenancy of Egypt; Antigonus that of 
Pamphylia, Phrygia, and Lycia ; Eume- 
nas, Alexander's secretary, that of Paph- 
lygonia and Cappadoeia— to be subdued; 
Cassander that of Caria in Asia Minor ; 
and Leonnatus, part of Syria. 

* * B. c. The Athenians and their allies 
rise against Macedonia. Demos- 
thenes is recalled from banishment. 

322± * * b. c. Perdiccas, who had mar- 
ried Alexander's sister, having planned 
to make himself king, the other generals 
form a league against him. 

322 * * b. c. Alexander's remains are 
transported to Alexandria, and buried by 
Ptolemy Soter [King of Egypt]. 

* * b. c. Greece once more receives a dis- 
astrous blow in the battle of Crannon ; 
Antipater compels each state to sue 
for peace separately. 

Oct.* b.c. Athens. Demosthenes 
flees to Calauria. [Oct. 7. Disdaining to 
give up to the tyrant, he poisons himself.] 

321 * * b. c. Antipater is declared re- 
gent after the death of Perdiccas. 

He retains Macedonia and Greece, and 
makes a new partition of the provinces, 
giving Babylon to Seleucus. 

319 * * b. c. Polysperchon, favored by 
Antipater, ascends the vacant throne, 
and proclaims liberty to the Grecian 
cities. [War follows with Cassander, 
the son of Antipater, over the regency.] 

318* * b. c. Athens. Cassander rules 
as chiliarch ; noble Phocion is executed 
by a mob on a false charge of treason. 

317-307 b. c. Athens. Demetrius 
Phalereus is governor for Cassander. 

316* * b. c. Eumenes is put to death 
by Antigonus. (See Army.) 

315* *b. c. Cassander rebuilds Thebes. 

312 Oct. 1 b. c. Asia. Seleucus re- 
covers dominion over Babylon. 

311 * * b. c. Cassander marries Thessa- 
lonica, a half-sister of Alexander, and 
founds the city of Thessalonica. 

* * b. c. A hollow peace is concluded. 

The Greek cities are to be indepen- 
dent ; but each general is allowed to keep 
what he has gained, and Cassander is to 
be regent of Macedonia till Alexander 
IV. shall be of age. 



1026 311b.c.-179**b.c. 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

310-308 b. c. Ptolemy breaks the peace, 
and unsuccessfully Invades Greece. 

307 * * e. c. Antigonus sends a suc- 
cessful expedition, under his son Deme- 
trius Poliorcetes, to drive Cassander and 
Ptolemy out of Greeoe. [306. He sends 
Demetrius to seize Cyprus, who with a 
large fleet and army defeats Ptolemy's 
brother, whom he shuts up in Salamis.] 

306 * * b. c. Cyprus. Great naval bat- 
tle of Salamis. 

Ptolemy and his allies, with 140 vessels 
and 10,000 troops, are completely de- 
feated by Demetrius, losing 120 of their 
ships and 17,000 prisoners. 

305-304 b. c. Asia M. Demetrius un- 
successfully besieges Rhodes. [303. 
He drives Cassander out of Greece. 
He is appointed general of the states 
of Greece.] 

301 Aug.* B.C. Asia M. Battle of 
Ipsus in Phrygia. 

Antigonus and Demetrius, with 70,000 
foot, 10,000 horse, and 75 elephants, are 
completely defeated by Seleucus. and 
Lysimachus, with tUji(H> foot, 10.500 horse, 
400 elephants, 120 armed chariots ; An- 
tigonus is killed. 
291 * * B. c. Turk. War between Pyr- 
rhus, King of Epirus, and Demetrius. 

287** B.C. Egy. Ptolemy sends a pow- 
erful fleet against Greece, while Pyr- 
rhus and Lysimachus invade Macedon. 

281* * b. c. "War, occurs between Ly- 
simachus and Seleucus. 

* * b. c. Asia M. Battle of Corupe- 
dion in Phrygia ; Lysimachus is defeated 
and killed ; all his Asiatic dominions are 
seized by Seleucus. 

280* * It. Pyrrhus invades Italy with 
an army of 26,000 men and 20 elephants 
to assist the Tarentines against the Ro- 
mans. He defeats the Romans under 
Lsevinus at Heraclea. [279. Again at 
Asculum.] 

* * b. c. Turk. The Gauls under Bel- 
gius invade Macedonia, defeat and kill 
Ptolemy Ceraunus, nearly annihilating 
his army. [279. Sosthenes drives them 
out.] 

279 Spring, b.c. The Gauls, led 
by Brennus, invade Greece with an 
army of 150,000 foot and 61,000 horse. 

He dislodges 20,000 Greeks from the 
Thermopylae Pass by following the secret 
pass over the mountain, used by the Per- 
sians 200 years before. 

278 * * b. c. Sicily. Pyrrhus assists 
the Syracusans against the Carthagin- 

* * b. c. The Gauls, 40,000 strong, under 
BrennuB, are defeated near Delphi by 
4.000 Delphians, and compelled to leave 
Greece. 

275 * * b. c. It. Pyrrhus is completely 
defeated by the Romans at Beneven- 
tum [and compelled to return to Greece]. 

273 * * b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus invades 
Macedonia, and defeats Antigonus Go- 
natas. [272. He invades and ravages the 
Peloponnesus. He is killed at Argos.] 

* *b. c. Turk. The Gauls invade Mace- 
donia the second time. 

* * b. c. Athens. Antigonus, King of 
Macedonia, takes Athens after a long 
siege. 



263**b.c. Athens. Claucon and 
Chremonides lead the last attempt to 
throw off the Macedonian rule. [It fails. 
After a war of three years, Athens re- 
mains tributary to Macedonia.] 

255 * * b. c. Afr. Xanthippus the Spar- 
tan, commanding a Carthaginian army, 
defeats Begulus. (See Italy.) 

243 * * b. c. Corinth is captured by the 
Achaean league under Aratus. 

229**b.c. Corfu. The Romans 
capture Apollonia and Epidamnus. 

228+ * * B. c. Athens. The fortress of 
the Athenaeum is built. 

241-225 * * b. c. Cleomenes HI. is at 
war with the Achaean League. (226.) He 
defeats it at Mt. Lycaeum and Leuctra. 
[222. He takes Megalopolis.] 

221 * * b. c. The Spartans under Cleo- 
menes are totally defeated by the AcIub- 
ans and Macedonians under Antigonus 
Doson at Sellasia in Laconia ; Sparta is 
captured and Spartan power is at an end. 

219-217 b.c. The Social "War. The 
Achaeans contend with the iEtolians ; 
the Peloponnesus is horribly ravaged. 

219* * b. c. The Achreans under Aratus 
are defeated by iEtolians at Caphyee. 

* * * b. c. The camp of Philip V. of 
Macedonia is surprised by Valerius ; 
and Philip is forced to burn his ships, 
and retreat in haste. 

215-205 b. c. First war with Rome. 
(215.) Philip prepares a large fleet, with 
which he watches the Romans. (214.) It 
unsuccessfully besieges the Roman 
town of Apollonia in Illyria. 

212* * b. c. Sicily. Syracuse is cap- 
tured by the Romans. (See Italy.) 

* * b. c. The Athenians become the al- 
lies of the iEtolians against Macedon, 
and send to Rome for assistance. [211. 
Athens. A Roman fleet arrives.] 

210 * * b. c. The Romans capture Za- 
cynthus, Nesos, and Cenida% Anticyra 
in Locris, and the Island of iEgiiia, and 
present all to the iEtolians. 

209* *b. c. Philopoemen, the general 
of the A cine an League, invades Elis in 
concert with Philip, to keep out the Ro- 
mans, but be is defeated by Sulpicius. 

208 * * b. c. The JEtolians are defeated 
by Philip at Zania in Elis. 

207 * * b. c. Philopoemen defeats the 
Spartans under their tyrant Machani- 
das, at Mantinea, leaving 4,000 dead with 
their leader. 

202 * * B. c. Philip wars successfully 
against the Rhodians. [201 His fleet is 
signally defeated off Chios.] 

200-197 b.c. Second war with Rome. 
The Romans declare war against Philip 
because of his aggressions upon their 
allies in Greece. 

197 * * b. c. Philip is defeated by the 
Romans under Flamininus, at Cynos- 
cephalae, in Thessaly. [Peace between 
Philip and Rome follows.] (See Italy.) 

192 * * b. c. The iEtolians stir up an- 
other war with Rome, having a new 
ally in Antiochus the Great, of Syria. 

191* *b.c. Antiochus invades Greece, 
but Is completely defeated at Ther- 
mopylae by the Romans under the consul 
Glabrio, and forced to return to Asia. 

190 * * b. c. Asia M. A great battle at 
Magnesia in Lydia proves the power of 



Rome over the iEtoliau league ; Anti- 
ochus is defeated by Scipio Asiaticus. 
188* * b. c. Sparta is captured by Phil- 
opoemen to suppress insubordination to 
the League. 

183 * * b. c. Philopoemen, "the last of 
the Greeks," is defeated by Dinocrates, 
King of Messenia, and executed. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

310 Aug. 15. b. c. The eclipse of 
Agathocles is observed. 

308± * * b. c. Athens. Zeno founds the 
school of the Stoics. 

Zeno teaches that man's supreme hap- 
piness consists in living in harmony with 
nature and agreeable to the teachings of 
reason, that the feelings should be sub- 
jugated, and that God is the soul of the 
world. 

300+ * * b. c. Dissection, previously 
confined to animals, is first applied to 
men by Herophilus and Erasistratus. 



283* *b. c. Turk. A great earth- 
quake nearly destroys Lysimachia. 

280 * * b. c. Euclid discourses on light 
traveling in straight lines. 

255± * * b. c. Eratosthenes of Cyrene 
invents the armillary sphere, and at- 
tempts to determine the length of a 
degree. 

236± * * b. c. The screw- cylinder for 
raising water is in vented by Archimedes. 
[212±. He demonstrates the properties 
of the lever.] 

230± * * b. c. Eratosthenes lays down 
the first parallel of latitude ; he also 
attempts to measure the magnitude of 
the earth. 

224 * * b. c. The Colossus of Rhodes 
is thrown down by an earthquake. 

200± * * b. c. Ultramarine is known. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

SOO± Cleanthes, Stoic, au., b. [220. Dies.] 
3d or 4th Century. Bion, mathematician, b. 
g97* * Cassander, Macedonian prince, dies. 
287+ * * Archimedes, mathematician, born. 

[212. Dies.] 
3811 Ptolemy Ceraunus, King of Macedon, 

dies. 
280 * * Chrysippus, Stoic phil.,b. [207. D.] 
276* * Eratostlienes, geometer, b. [196. D.] 
271 * * Aratns of Sicvon, stiitesinan, general, 

born. [213. Dies.] 
252* * Philopoemen, general, statesman, 

born. [182. Dies.] 
3d Century. Aratus of Soli, poet, born. 

Aristarchus, astronomer, mathematician, 
philosopher, born. 

Aristfdes of Thebes, painter, born. 

Callimaclms, poet of Alexandria, born. 

ChareB, statuary in bronze, born. 

Cineas, Thessalian orator, negotiator, born. 

Heron, or Hero, mathematician, writer, born. 

Theocritus, pastoral poet, born. 

Timanthes, painter, born. 

Zenoilotus, uraniinariaii, born. 
235* * Philip V., of Macedon, b. [179. D.] 

225 * * Aristophanes of Alexandria, gramma- 
rian, critic, born. 

220 * * Cleomenes III., King of Sparta, dies. 

213* * Carneatles, philosopher, orator, f dr. 
New Academy, born. [129. Dies.] 

204* * Polybius. hist., born. [123. Dies.] 

200* * (or 300), Cleomenes, Athenian sculp- 
tor, born. 

LETTERS. 

306 * * b. c. Athens. Epicurus opens 
a school. [306-270. He writes about 300 
volumes, only fragments are extant.] 

300-250 B.C. Egy. The Septuagint ver- 
sion of the Scriptures is written at 
Alexandria. 



GREECE. 



311b.c.-179**b.c. 1027 



300-288 B. c. History of Plants, Ethical 

Characters, and other works, by Theo- 

phrastus, appear. 
270± * * b. c. Theocritus writes 30 

poems called Idyls. 
233 * * b. c. The Athenians lend to 

Ptolemy the original manuscript of 

jEschylus, Euripides, and Sophocles, on 

a pledge of 15 talents. 
222-205 b. c. Apollonius Pergseus 

writes on Conic Sections in eight books, 

and other geometrical works. 
198± * * b. c. Asia M. Books with 

leaves of vellum are introduced. 
194* * b. c. Apollonius of Rhodes writes 

Argonautica and other poems. 
2d Century B. c. The Battle of Frogs and 

Mice appears. 

SOCIETY. 

294 * * b. c. Turk. Demetrius Polior- 
cetes, son of Antigonus, murders Alex- 
ander, son of Cassander, and seizes the 
crown of Macedonia. 

* * * b. c. An agrarian agitation arises 
at Sparta ; the movement is put down. 

220 * * b. c. Egy. Cleomenes, King of 
Sparta, kills himself in Egypt. 

213* *B. c. Aratus, the statesman, a 
former friend of Philip, is slowly pois- 
oned by order of the king at JEgium. 

STATE. 

311* *b.c. Cassander kills Roxana and 
her son, the last of Alexander's family, 
and becomes master of Greece. 

308** B.C. Turk. Cleopatra, the last 
survivor of the royal house of Macedon, 
is assassinated by order of Cassander. 

307* * b. c. Athens. Demetrius I., 
Poliorcetes, son of Antigonus, expels 
Demetrius Phalerius, and restores to 
power the democracy. 

306 * * B. C. Antigonus and his son De- 
metrius assume the title of king. 
[Their example is followed by Seleucus, 
Lysimachus, and Cassander.] 

301 * * b. c. Asia M. After the battle 
of Ipsus, a third and final division of 
the empire of Alexander is made. 

Seleucus and Lysimachus share be- 
tween them the possession of Antigo- 
nus, who was killed at Ipsus. Demetrius 
becomes a fugitive. 

296 * * b. c. Turk. Cassander dies, 
and is succeeded on the throne of Mace- 
donia by his eldest son, Philip TV. 

295 * * b. c. Epirus is ruled by Pyr- 
rhus, the greatest soldier of his day. 

* * b. c. Turk. Philip IV. dies, and his 
brothers, Antipater and Alexander 
V., dispute for the throne. 

294 * * b. c. Turk. Demetrius I., Po- 
liorcetes, murders Alexander V., and 
seizes the crown of Macedon. He also 
reigns over the greater part of Greece. 
[287. Forced to abandon Macedonia.] 

* * b. c. Antipater II. is put to death by 
Lysimachus. 

293* *b. c. Asia. Seleucus divides 
his empire, and gives his son Antiochus 
all lying east of the Euphrates. 



287 * * b. c. Turk. Pyrrhus becomes 
King of Macedon. [231. Ptolemy Ce- 
raunus. 

286* * b. c. Turk. Lysimachus is 
king of Thrace j he drives Pyrrhus out 
of Macedonia. 

281 * * b. c. The empire of Alexander 
for a few weeks seems about to unite 
again under Seleucus after the battle of 
Corpudion. 

280 * * b. c. Turk. Seleucus is assas- 
sinated by Ptolemy Ceraunus, who 
thereby gains Thrace and Macedonia. 
Ptolemy is killed by the Gauls. 

± * * b. c. The Achaean League is es- 
tablished, or revived. 

Four cities — Dyme, Patrse, Tritsea, 
and Pherse — unite in a confederation 
against Macedonian domination. [In a 
short time they are joined by most of 
the principal cities of Greece.] 

The JEtolian League is founded. 

iEtolians and other tribes of northern 
Greece confederate ; and although their 
object is national unity, the League often 
takes sides with Macedonia or Rome, 
against the Achaean League. 

279± * * b. c. Turk. Sosthenes, ruler of 
Macedonia, dies, and anarchy follows. 

278-246 B.C. Turk. Antigonus Gon- 
atas, son of Demetrius, gains permanent 
possession of Macedonia. 

* * * B. c. The vast empire of Alexander 
is under three governments ; Egypt is 
ruled by the descendants of Ptolemy 
Soter, Asia by the Seleucidae, and Mace- 
donia by the Antigonidre. 

277 * * b. c. A triangular league is 
formed between Athens, Sparta, and 
Egypt. 

273 * * b. c. Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, 
having defeated Antigonus the second 
time, is proclaimed king. 

272 * * b. c. Turk. Antigonus is re- 
stored to the throne of Macedonia. 

* * * b. c. Athens ceases to have any 
political influence in Greece ; it contin- 
ues the seat of learning and culture. 

255 * * b. c. Athens. Antigonus libe- 
rates the Athenians. 

251 * * b. c. Aratus liberates Sicyon. 

250* *b. c. Asia. Arsaces revolts 
against Antiochus II., King of Syria, and 
founds the Parthian monarchy. 

245 * * b. c. Aratus of Sicyon is first 
elected general of the Achaean League. 
[It very soon rises to national impor- 
tance. 243. He captures Corinth, and 
It immediately joins the League.] 

244 * * b. c. Agis TV. attempts to re- 
vive the laws of Lycurgus, and the 
ancient virtue in Sparta. [241. He fails, 
and is killed.] 

243 * * b. c. Leonidas H. vacates the 
throne of Sparta, and becomes a fugitive. 
[241. Recalled ; becomes sole sovereign.] 

241 * * b. c. Sicily. AU the Grecian 
colonies pass under Roman rule ex- 
cept Syracuse. 

239 * * b. c. Turk. Antigonus Gona- 
tas, King of Macedon, dies. Demetrius 
LT. is king. [229. Philip V., eight years 



of age, succeeds his father. Antigonus 
Doson, his uncle, is regent.] 
236 * * b. c. Cleomenes HI. becomes 
King of Sparta. [225. He carries out 
the reformation attempted by Agis. 219. 
Agesipolis and Lycurgus reign.] 

* * b. c. The Athenians join the Achse- 
an League. 

228 * * b. c. Sparta and the j3ijtolian 
League join forces against the Achaean 
League. 

* * b. c. Roman ambassadors are first 
received at Athens and Corinth. [225±. 
A second embassy is received.] 

225+ * * b. c. Antigonus Doson of 
Macedonia is elected general of the 
Achaean League. [221. He enters Sparta, 
and restores the oligarchy, and forces 
an alliance with the Achoean League.] 

220± * * b. c. Turk. Macedonians at- 
tain supremacy in the Achaean League. 

* * b. c. Antigonus dies, and his nephew, 
Philip V., succeeds him. 

215 * * B. c. Turk. Philip V. of Mace- 
don concludes a treaty with Hannibal 
against Rome. 

211* * b. c. The iEtolian League forms 
an alliance with the Romans against 
Philip V. [198. Against the Achaeans.] 

209 * * B. c. The Achoeans, being hard 
pressed by the iEtolians, call in the aid 
of Philip V. 

208 * * b. c. Philopcemen, " the last of 
the Greeks," is elected general of the 
Achaean League. 

205 * * b. c. The Romans make peace 
with Philip V. 

204 * * b. c. Philip V. makes a treaty 
with Antiochus the Great for the parti- 
tion of the Egyptian dependencies, by 
which he receives Thrace and western 
Asia Minor. [This leads to war with 
Attalus of Pergamus and Rhodes.] 

198 * * b. c. The Achaean League enters 
an alliance with the Romans, and de- 
serts Philip V: 

197 * * b. c. Philip V., being defeated at 
Cynoscephahe, is compelled to abandon 
all the Greek cities which he held, 
either in Europe or Asia, and pay a large 
war indemnity. 

196 * * b. c. Athens. The Romans sol- 
emnly proclaim liberty. 

192 * * b. c. Sparta joins the Achsean 



190 * * b. c. The entire Peloponnesus is 
under one government — the Achsean 
League. [1S3±. Its power declines.] 

189 * * b. c. The iEtolians are defeated 
by the Romans, and obtain peace on 
humiliating terms ; their League is prac- 
tically crushed. 

* * b. c. The Romans declare the free- 
dom of Epirus. 

188 * * b. c. The laws of Lycurgus in 
Sparta are abrogated by Philopcemen. 

183 * * b. c. The Messenians withdraw 
from the League, and war follows. 

179 * * B. c. Turk. Philip V. dies, and 
is succeeded by his son, Perseus [the 
last king of Macedonia]. 



1028 171* * b.c. -a. d. 394, Sept. 6. GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
171-168 b. c. Turk. Third war with 
Rome. 

Cause : Perseus, son of Philip V., seeks 
revenge, and desires to regain the former 
boundaries of Macedonia. The war ends 
in the destruction of the monarchy, and 
in the annexation of Macedonia as a prov- 
ince of Rome. (168 Autumn.) Perseus 
defeats the Romans in Thessaly. 

168 June 22. b. c. Turk. Battle of 
Pydna. 

The Romans under L. iEmilius Pau- 
lus utterly defeat Perseus, killing 20,000 
and capturing 11,000 Macedonians. [Im- 
mense spoils are taken to Rome. Paulus 
receives a splendid triumph.] 

148-146 Fourth war with Rome. (See 
Italy.) 

146 * * b. c. The Achaean "War. 

It is incited by the anti-Roman party ; 
the Achaean League attacks Sparta, and 
Romans come to its aid. 

* *b.c. Turk. The Achseans under Crito- 
laus are defeated by Quintus Csecilius 
Metellus, the Roman general at Scar- 
phea, in Locris. 

* * b. c. Battle of Leucopetra. 

Diaeus summons all on the isthmus -who 
can bear arms, and enlists 12,000 slaves, 
but he is defeated by Romans under L. 
Mummuis. 

* * b. c. Corinth falls without a blow ; 
its art treasures are sent to Rome, and 
its people made slaves. 

88 * * b. c. The Athenians obtain assis- 
tance against the Romans from Mithri- 
dates, King of Pontus ; Archelaus, his 
general, makes himself master of Athens. 

86 Mar. 1. b. c. Athens, long be- 
sieged, is forced to surrender to Sulla. 

* * B. c. The Roman general Sulla, with 
30,000 to 40,000, defeats Archelaus with 
110,000+ at Chseronea and Orchomenos. 
[Peace follows between Rome and Mith- 
ridates.] 

78-67 b. c. Rome is at war with the 

pirates, who sail 1,000 ships. Crete is 

seized as their ally. 
72 * * b. c. S. It. Thurii, a Greek city, 

is captured by Spartacus and compelled 

to make heavy contributions. 
42 * * b. c. Turk. The battle of Phil- 

ippi in Macedonia. 
The republicans under Brutus and Cas- 

sius are defeated by Octavius and Mark 

Antony ; the fate of the republic is here 

decided. 
31 Sept. * b. c. Battle of Aetium. 
The combined fleets of Antony and 

Cleopatra are defeated by Octavian, who 

thereby secures supreme rule over the 

Roman realm. 

211-217 a. d. The Germanic troops 
invade Greece. [244-249. Devastating 
hordes of Germans appear. 249-251. 
Turk. Goths and Germans ravage 
Thrace and Mcesia.] 

249 * * Turk. A great battle is fought 
near Philippi ; the city is taken, and the 
Romans defeated by barbarians ; 100,000 
inhabitants are put to death. 

251* * Bulgaria. (?) The Romans are de- 
feated in a battle with the Goths, near 
Abricium on the Danube ; the Emperor 
Decius and his son are killed. 

256* * The Goths make piratical expe- 
ditions into Greece. [267, They ravage 
southern Greece without hindrance, and 



267 * * Two Roman armies destroy or 
expel the Goths. 

269 * * Turk. A great host of 320,000 
Goths invade Greece, but are defeated 
by Claudius II. ; they settle in Thrace, 
or are drafted into the Roman legions. 

314 * * Indecisive hostilities occur be- 
tween Constantine and Licinius, his col- 
league. Peace follows. 

323 July 3. Turk. Constantine com- 
pletely defeats Licinius near Adriano- 
ple. 

367 * * Many Goths perish in a naval 
engagement with the Romans near the 
Hellespont. 

378 Aug. 9. Turk. The emperor Va- 
lens is defeated at Adrianople by the 
Goths ; he and most of his generals are 
killed. 

382 * * Turk. Theodosius enrols the 
Goths in the Empire. 

388 June * Aust.-Hung. Theodosius 
the Great defeats and kills Maximus 
Magnus, at Aquileia ; but nearly anni- 
hilates his own army in the struggle. 

394 Sept. 6. Aust. Eugenius, the 
usurping emperor of the West, is de- 
feated and killed by Theodosius at Fri- 
gidus, near Aquileia. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

160-125 b.c. Hipparchusof Nicasa, in 
Bithynia [first and greatest of Grecian 
astronomers], flourishes. 

He founds scientific astronomy, cata- 
logues the stars, invents the planisphere, 
calculates eclipses, and discovers the 
eccentricity of the solar orbit, some of 
the inequalities of the moon's motions, 
and the procession of the equinoxes. 

105 * * B. c. (106?) Four cities in Asia, 
two in Greece, and two in Galatia are 
overturned by earthquakes. 

22 * * b. c. Borne. Pantomime plays 
are introduced on the Roman stage by 
Pylades and Bathyllus. 

17 * * A. D. Asia M. Ephesus is nearly 
destroyed by an earthquake. 

67 * * The Emperor Nero despoils Cor- 
inth of its treasures in art ; he projects 
a canal across the isthmus. 

170* * Galen, an eminent surgeon, 
flourishes. 

262 * * Asia M. The hordes of Goths 
destroy the famous temple of Diana 
in Ephesus, having 120 pillars and con- 
taining masterpieces of art, the chief 
of which are the works of Praxiteles. 

340 * * Many Grecian cities are destroyed 
by earthquakes. 

346-379 Athens. Hilarius, a painter, 
arrives from Bithynia. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

160 * * AriBtarehiis of Samothrace, gram- 
marian, critic, born. [88. Dies.] 
2d Century. Apollodorus, Athenian gram- 
marian, born. 
Hipparchus of Nierca, founder of science of 
astronomy, born. 
135 * * Posidonius, Stoie phil.,b. [51- Dies.] 
2d or 1st Century. Dioaeorides, phy., wr., b. 
74 * * Damascenes, Nicolaus, historian, phi- 
losopher, born. 
70* **DionyBius of HalicarnassuB, hist., b. 
1st Century. Andronicus of Rhodes, Peripa- 
tetic philosopher, born. 
Asclepiades Hithynus, physician, born. 
IHodorus Siculus, historian, born. 
MenippuB, poet, Cynic philosopher, born. 



63 * * Strabo, geographer, b. [24 a. d. D.j 
4 * * Apollonius Tyanseus, Pythagorean phi- 
losopher, born. [97 a. d. Dies.] 



46 a. d. * * Plutarch, biographer, philoso- 
pher, born. [120. Dies.] 

50* * Archelaus, sculptor, born. [117. Dies.] 

1st Century. Apion, grammarian, hist., born. 

60+ Epictetus. Stoic philosopher, born. 

95 * * Dionysius the Areopagite, Christian 
bishop, dies. 

100 * * Arrian, historian, born, [170. Dies.] 

103 * * Justin the Martyr, Christian Father, 
born. [165. Dies.] 

104 * * Herodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus, 
Athenian orator, statesman, b. [180. D.l 

120 * * Lucian. mis. wr., b. [210. Dies.] 
129* * Aristides. ora., sophist, b. [185. D.] 

130 * * Iremrtis, Saint, bishopof Lyons, born. 
[202. Dies.] 

131 * * Galen, Claudius, phys., au., phil., b. 
2d Century. JElian, Claudius, rhetorician, b. 

Alcephron, epistolary author, born. 

Athenaus, grammarian, born. 

Athenagoras, philosopher, born. 

Aquila Poni'ieiiB, translator, born. 

Cleomedes, astronomer, born. 

Dionysius of By/antium, poet, born. 

Hermogenes, rhetorician, born. 

Marcion, t;reek heresiareh, born. 

Jloschus, poet, born. 

Oppian, poet, born. 

I'ausainas, traveler, writer, born. 
155 * * Dion Cassias, historian, born. 
175± Philostratus, biog., b. [245+. Dies.] 
2d or 3d Century. Alexander of Aphrodiaias, 

philosopher, born. 
233 * * Porphyry, N'eoplatonic philosopher, 

anti-Christian writer, horn. [304. Dies.] 
3d Century. Diogenes Laertius, hist., phil., b. 

Herodian, historian, born. 
250 * * Alexander, first bp. of Cappadooia, d. 
256+ Arius, fdr.Arianism, It. [336. D.] 
.265 * * Dionysius of Alexandria, Saint, bp., d. 
266* * Eusebius. bishop of Osaria, histo- 
rian, born. [349. Dies.] 

272 * * Constantine the Great, emperor,, 
born. [337. Dies.] 

273 * * Longiiius, IMonvhium Cassius, phil., d. 
280 * * Uexippus, Publius H., hist., gen., d. 
318 * * Epiphanms. bp., au., b. [403. Dies.] 
326* * liasil. Saint, a Father of the (..reek 

Church, born. [379. Dies.] 
332 * * Gregory, Saint, bishop of Myssa, 

Greek Father, born. [390±. Dies.] 
347 * * F.unapius, physieian, Bophiet, born. 
Chrysostom, .lohn, arehbishop of Constanti- 
nople, writer, born. [407. Dies.] 
4th Century. Arnobius, rhet., apologist, b. 

Ileliodorus, bp. of Kmessa, romance wr., b. 
370* * Hypatia, phil., math., b. [415. D.] 
375 * * Eutyches, heresiareh of Eastern 

Church, born. [454. Dies.] 
390* * Marcianus, emperor, born. [457. D.] 
Theodoret, bp. of Cyprus, hist., b. [457. D.J 



CHURCH. 

Note. — For the list of popes see Italy. 

52 * *a.d. St. Paul visits Philippi, Thes- 
saloniea, Keren, also Athens and Corinth. 
[57. He returns to Corinth. 58. He 
visits Philippi. 63. He visits Macedo- 
nia. 67. He visits Kicopolis.] (See It.) 

150+ * * The Christian apologists flourish. 

312* * Turk. Constantine the Great 
professes the Christian religion. 

Oct. 29. Turk. Constantine, by edict, 
restores the civil and religious rights. 

319+ * * Immersion is practised among 
the Eastern Christians, while sprinkling 
is practised in the Western churches. 

+ * * Egy. Alexander, bishox* of Alexan- 
dria, investigates the Arian heresy. 
[321. Arius is excommunicated. 336. 
Recalled from exile.] 

* * * Athanasius defends the doctrine of 
the Trinity. 

324+ * * Asia M. Constantine restores 
religious liberty to the Christians. 

325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The 
second general Council, of 318 bish- 
ops, is held at Nice, the Emperor Con- 
stantine presiding. The Arians are con- 
demned. 

328* * Egy. Athanasius is made pa- 
triarch of Alexandria (p. 654). 



GREECE. 171** b.c.-a.d. 394, Sept. 6. 1029 



330+ * * Constantinople. Constantino 
and his court favor the condemned doc- 
trine of Arius. He orders the heathen 
temples to be destroyed. 

341± * * Constantinople.. Macedonius, 
a semi-Arian, is made bishop of Con- 
stantinople : his followers are called 
Macedonians ; much bloodshed follows 
his appointment. [360. He is expelled.] 

361 Nov, 3. Julian the apostate be- 
comes emperor. [He opposes Chris- 
tianity, and attempts the restoration of 
heathen worship.] 

* * * Asia M. Basil the Great and 
Gregory the Theologian, two of the 
Fathers, flourish in Cappadocia. 

370* * Constantinople. Archbishop 
Eusebius (organizer of the Arians)dies, 
and Basil succeeds him in the Metro- 
politan See ; he strongly supports the 
orthodox doctrine against Arianism. 

379 Jan. 1. Constantinople. Bishop 
Basil dies, and is mourned by all,— 
pagans, Jews, and Christians. 

380 * * Constantinople. Tlieodosius, by 
edict, proclaims the Athanasian doc- 
trine of the Trinity as orthodox, 
brands as heretics its opposers, and 
turns over the churches of Constantino- 
ple to the exclusive use of the Trinita- 
rian minority. 

381 July 9. Constantinople. The 
third General Council is convoked by 
Tlieodosius to determine the catholic 
doctrine regarding the Holy Ghost. 

It is attended by 150 orthodox bishops 
and 36 semi-Arians (Macedonians). The 
Macedonians, Arians, Eunomians, Eu- 
doxians, and others are condemned, and 
the resolutions of the Council of Nice 
are confirmed. The bishop of Constan- 
tinople is assigned the second rank, next 
to the bishop of Rome. 

* * Nectarius is elected bishop of Con- 
stantinople. 

LETTERS. 

145-122 B. c. A History of Rome in 40 

books is written by Polybius. 
90i * * b. c. Athens. Apellicon, a 

Peripatetic philosopher, makes a great 

collection of books. 
84 * * b. c. Athens. The libraries are 

removed to Rome by Sylla the Dictator. 
79 * * b. c. Athens. Cicero is a student 

here. [42. Horace also.] 
58 * * *b. o. Andronicus, the Peripatetic 

philosopher of Rhodes, flourishes. 
10 * * B. c. Historical Library, in 40 

books, is written by Diodorus Siculus. 
7= * * b. c. Dionysius of Halicarnas- 

sus writes a history of Rome and other 

historical, rhetorical, and critical works. 



46 * * Plutarch, the biographer, philoso- 
pher, moralist, is born in Boeotia. 

He writes Parallel Lives of 60 eminent 
Greeks and Romans [46 of which are ex- 
tant]. Several other biographies, also 
various philosophical, ethical, and other 
works. 

52 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle 
to the Tkessalonians from Corinth. 

T53. The Second Epistle to the Thessaloni- 
ans from Corinth; 57, First Epistle to the 
Corinthians from Kphesus and the Second 
from Macedonia, and Ej>i.</>e to the Galatia/is 
from Corinth; M, Epistle to the Itomarts from 
Corinth; 62, Epistle to Philemon, Epistle to 
the Colossi<rns, Epistle to the Phi/ippitins, 
from Rome ; 67, First Epistle to Timothy from 
Macedonia, and Epistle to Titus from Eplie- 
sus; 68, Second Epistle to Timothy from 
Rome. ] 

81 * * Dio Chrysostomus, rhetorician 
and philosopher, writes orations. [Eighty 
of them are extant.] 



117 * * The Onomasticon, a collection of 
vocabularies in Greek, by Julius Pollux, 
appears. 

140+ * * A History of Home, in 24 boons, 
by Appian, appears. 

169 * * Diogenes Laertius writes a his- 
tory of philosophy in 10 books. 

2d Century. Flavius Arrianus writes 
Lectures of Epictetas, and publishes an 
abstract of Epictetus's philosophy, a 
book on Alexander's Asiatic expedition. 
Athenaeus writes Banquet of the 
Learned and other works. 

* * * Lucian writes Dialogues of the Gods, 
Dialogues of the Dead, Auction of Philos- 
ophers, Timon, and Veracious History. 

230+ * * Dion Cassius writes a History 

of Rome in 80 books. 
249+ * * Herodian writes a History of 

Rome (180-238). 
3d Century. Pausanias writes Perieqesis 

of Greece. 
276 * * Porphyry writes a treatise 

against the Christians, a Life of Plo- 

tinus, A Life of Pythagoras. 
3d Century. Dionysius Cassius Longi- 

nus writes many critical philosophical 

works [now lost]. 

SOCIETY. 

167* * b. c. Rome. Perseus and his sons 
walk in chains before the chariot of 
^Emilius in his triumph. 

300* *a. n. Massacre at Thessalo- 
nica ; 7,000 persons are invited into the 
circus and put to the sword, because of 
sedition, by order of Theodosius. 

STATE. 

168 * * b. c. Turk. The Macedonian 
empire ends in the defeat of Perseus. 

167 * * B. c. One thousand of the princi- 
pal Greek citizens are carried to Rome. 

155 * * b. c. Diogenes, Carneades, and 
Critolaus are sent on an embassy to 
Rome. 

148 * * b. c. Turk. The insurrection 
of Andriscus, calling himself Philip, 
son of Perseus, is quelled. 

147 * * b. c. Two Roman commis- 
sioners are sent to Greece to settle the 
disputes between the states. 

146 * * b. c. The Achaean League be- 
comes extinct after the surrender of 
Corinth. Macedonia becomes a Roman 
province. 

145-1453. Greece is subject to Rome. 
(See Italy.) 

140 * * b. c. A Roman proconsul ar- 
rives. 

120 + * * b. c. Rus. Kherson, the Do- 
rian colony, comes under the sway of 
Mithridates, King of Pontus. 

84 * * b. c. Asia M. Mithridates makes 
peace with the Romans. 

He surrenders Bithynia and Cappa- 
docia to their former rulers, Paphla- 
gonia and Asia Minor to the Romans, 
and is secured in the possession of the 
rest of his dominions. 

67 * * b. c. Crete becomes a Roman 
province. 

46* * b. c. Corinth is rebuilt by Julius 
Caesar. 

* * * b. c. Greece is the center of con- 
tention in the great civic wars of the 
Romans. 



42* *b.c. Turk. Sadales, King of the 
Odrysse, bequeaths his territory to the 
Romans. 

31-14 b. c. Rome. Augustus reigns. 
[21. He visits and favors Greece.] 

27 * * b. c. Achaia and Macedonia be- 
come senatorial provinces of Rome 
under the name Achaia. 



67 * * A. d. Nero visits Greece, and 
takes part in the Olympic games. 

117-138 Rome. Hadrian reigns. 

He becomes popular at Athens because 
of his restoration of temples, patronage 
of art, and the granting of Roman citi- 
zenship to Athenians. [138-161. An- 
toninus Pius reigns. 161-180. Marcus 
Aurelius ; he is deeply interested in 
Grecian art and literature.] 

193-211 Rome. Septimius S eve rus 
secures the throne in a struggle among 
five,claimants ; the cities of Greece suf- 
fer in the contention, which shakes the 
foundations of the empire. 

211-217 Rome. Caracalla reigns; he 
is cruel and relentless. An invasion of 
the Germanic tribes takes place. 

[217-218. Macrlnus. 218-222, Elaeabalus; 
222-235, Alexander Serverus; 235-237, Maxi- 
mums; 237, Gordianus I., Gordianus II.; 
238, Pupienus Maximus, Balbinus; 238-24-1, 
Gordianus III.] 

244-249 Rome. Philip the Arabian 
reigns ; Germans invade northern 
Greece. 

249-251 Rome. Decius reigns. 

251-253 Rome. Trebonianus Gallus 
reigns ; he purchases peace with the 
barbarians by the payment of tribute, 
and permitting them to carry away 
booty and captives. 

253* * Rome, JEmilianus reigns; ir- 
ruption of Scythians. 

253-260 Valerian reigns. 

The irruption of Scythians continues ; 
they destroy temples and edifices, and 
murder and plunder without restraint. 

260-268 Rome. Gallienus reigns ; the 
Goths from the Black Sea come in ships 
to invade the empire. 

270-275 Rome. Aurelian reigns; in- 
vasion of Goths ; Dacia is sacrificed in a 
treaty of peace. 

276-282 Rome. Probus reigns. 

He cedes to the Goths vast territories 
in Thrace after defeating them in bat- 
tle ; he also admits them to the rights 
and privileges of Roman citizens. 

305 * * Galerius, one of the four Caesars, 
rules in Illyricum, including Macedonia 
and Greece. 

323 * * Rome. Constantine is the sole 
emperor. 

330 May 11. Turk. Constantine dedi- 
cates Constantinople as the new cap- 
ital of the Roman Empire, styling it 
Second or New Rome. [337. May 21. 
He dies, and is succeeded in a divided 
empire by his three sons ; widespread 
anarchy follows.] 

364 * * The Roman Empire is divided 
into the Eastern or Grecian, and the 
Western Empires. 

June * Rome. The Emperor Valentinian 
bestows on his brother Valens the title 
of Augustus, with the government of 
the East. 

378 Aug. 9. Valens is killed in bat- 
tle by the Goths [who overrun Thrace, 
Macedonia, and Thessaly]. 

379 Jan. * -395* * Constantinople. 
Theodosius the Great reigns in the 
East; he supports Christianity. 

388 June * It. Theodosius I. ipakes 
Valentinian sole emperor of tile *W** at - 



1030 395,**-711, 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

395± * * Alaric, King of the West Goths, 
lays waste Macedonia, Illyria, Pelopon- 
nesus, and other parts of Greece. 

396 * * Athens is taken by Alaric, but 
spared from slaughter. 

398* * Asia M. The Huns lay waste 
many provinces. [405. The Huns under 
Uldin unsuccessfully invade Thrace. J 

419 * * The great walls of Constantino- 
ple are built as a protection against the 
barbarians by Athemius, the general of 
Theodosius II. 

424* * Turk. Attila, the Scourge of God, 
leads the ravaging Huns to the suburbs 
of Constantinople. [441. He besieges 
the city. 445. He ravages the empire.] 

474 * * Turk. Theodoric the Great, 
chief of the East Goths, invades the 
Eastern Empire, and ravages Thrace. 
[476. Zeno makes him his general.] 

489 Aug. 28. Theodoric defeats 
Odoacernear Aquileia. [Sept. 27. Again 
near Verona, Italy. 490. Aug. * He de- 
cisively defeats him on the banks of the 
Adda, in Italy. 490-493. He besieges and 
captures Ravenna, and subdues all Italy. 
493. Mar. 5. He puts Odoacer to death.] 

493 * * Sicily. Goths invade Sicily. 

497 * * The Saracens invade the empire. 

499-678 The Bulgarians, a Slavonic 
tribe, harass the empire. 

511 * * Constantinople. An insurrec- 
tion resulting from the"Nika" squab- 
bles occurs, 10,000 people are killed. [It 
is suppressed by bribing the leaders.] 

517 * * Turk. Illyria, Macedonia, and 
other provinces are ravaged by the 
Getae [from Bulgaria]. 

529 * * War with the Persians; Beli- 
sarios defeats Chosroes. 

532 * * Constantinople. Belisarius res- 
cues Justinian from the insurrection of 
the Green circus faction ; 30,000 Greeks 
are slain, and the city burned. 

532-539 Belisarius [the greatest gen- 
eral of the Eastern Empire] commands 
the armies. 

533-534 Afr. Belisarius destroys the 
Vandal power in Africa. [534. "With 
16,000 mercenaries he defeats Gelimer, 
and takes Carthage. The first triumph 
■witnessed in Constantinople occurs on 
his return.] 

535 * * Sicily is subjugated by Belisa- 
rius. [536. lletakes Naples. 536-537. He 
conquers Southern Italy. 536. He cap- 
tures Rome and defeats the East Goths.] 

537-538 Mar. * It. Belisarius suc- 
cessfully defends Rome against Vitiges, 
King of the Goths. [539. He captures 
Ravenna. 540. He takes Vitiges to 
Constantinople.] 

541-543 Belisarius defends the eastern 
frontier against the Persian king, 
Chosroes. [He is recalled through Jus- 
tinian's jealousy of his fame.] 

545 * * Belisarius is sent against the 
Goths in Italy. [546. He quells a re- 
volt. 548. He is again recalled, and su- 
perseded by Narses.] 

551 * * Aust. The Slavonians ravage 
Illyria. 

552 * * It. Narses defeats and kills To- 
tllas, King of the Goths, near Rome. [553. 



Mar. * Narses utterly defeats and kills 
Teias, the last king of the West Goths, 
on the Sarnus River, in Italy. 

559 * * Constantinople. Belisarius is 
called from his retirement to repel the 
Bulgarian invaders. [569. He is dis- 
graced and imprisoned by Justinian.] 

563* * Narses becomes disaffected 
towards the empire. 

572* * "War with Persia. [573. AsiaM. 
Daras, the bulwark of the empire, is 
taken and Syria ravaged by Chosroes.] 

574-576 Justin II. obtains several 
splendid victories over the Persians ; 
he also suffers some defeats. [577+ . 
Maurice conducts successful campaigns 
against the Persians.] 

590 * * The Avars invade the empire, 
and spread over much of Central Europe. 
[594-620. The Greeks have severe con- 
tests with them.] 

603-628 Chosroes H. wages a success- 
ful war against the Eastern Empire, 
which is brought to the brink of ruin. 

610 * * Constantinople. Heraclius and 
Crispus, son-in-law of Phocas, raise an 
insurrection. Heraclius takes the 
capital, kills Phocas, and makes him- 
self emperor. 

614 June * Asia. The Persians cap- 
ture Jerusalem. 

619 * * The provinces between the Bos- 
porus and the Danube are devastated 
by the Bulgarians, Avars, and Slavoni- 
ans ; 250,000 prisoners are carried off. 

622-628 Heraclius vanquishes the 
Persians in five campaigns. 

632 * * The Saracens invade the empire. 
[634. They defeat Heraclius at Azna- 
din. 636. Again at Yermuk.] 

641-668 The Eastern Empire suffers 
great losses from the attacks of Arabs 
and Lombards. [638. Syria is con- 
quered by Arabs. 640. Also Alexandria 
in Egypt. 643. The Greek provinces in 
Africa. 658. Cons tans purchases peace.] 

669 * * Sicily. Constantine IV. quells a 
rebellion. 

672 * * Constantinople is besieged by 
the Saracens for five months. [They re- 
turn for seven years in succession.] 

677 * * Constantinople is again besieged. 

Callinicus destroys their fleet with 

Greek fire ; the caliph is forced to pledge 

the yearly payment for 30 years of 3,000 

pounds of gold as tribute to secure peace. 

697 * * Asia M. The Saracen caliph, 
Abdalmalek, subdues the provinces 
between the Black and Caspian Seas. 

698 * * Tunis. The Saracens raze Car- 
thage, and subjugate the northern coast. 

711 * * Turk. The Bulgarians ravage 
the country up to Constantinople. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

460* * Constantinople. Anearthquake 
of 40 days' duration destroys the greater 
part of the city. [557. Another destroys 
many building's and lives.] 

500* * .33tius, an eminent surgeon, 
flourishes. 

648+ * * Cotton paper is introduced. 

672* * AsiaM. The Colossus of Khodes 
is broken up by the Saracens. They sell 
the metal, 720,900 pounds of brass, to a 



900 camels to 

* * * Greek fire, a combustible compo- 
sition to be thrown from engines, is in- 
vented (?) by Callinicus, an engineer of 
Heliopolis, in Syria. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

410* * Proclus, 2seoplatonic philosopher, 
born. [487. Dies.] 

430 * * Anastasius I., emperor, b. [518. D.] 
439 * * Nestorius, patriarch of Const., founder 

of Nestorians, dies. 
450* * Justinor Justinusl.,emp.,b. [527. D.] 
0th Century. Diophantus of Alexandria, al- 
gebraist,, born. 
Sozomen, ecclesiastical historian, born. 
Zosimus, historian, born. 
474 * * Leo II., the Younger, emperor, dies. 
480 * * Daniascius. Athenian philosopher, b. 

483 * * Justinian I., emperor, b. [565. D.] 
491 * * Zeno, emperor, dies. 

495* * I'rocopiiis, historian, b. [565. Dies.] 
505 * * Belisarius, general, b. [565. D.] 
539 * * Mauricius, Flavins Tib., emperor, b. 

[602. Dies. J 
548 * * Theodora, empress, I., dies. 
tith Century. Agathias, historian, born. 

Alexander Trallianus, medical writer, born. 
573 * * Narses. general, dies. 
575* * Heraclius I., emperor, b. [641. D-] 
610 * * Phocas, emperor, dies. 
711 * * Justinian II., emperor, dies. 

CHURCH. 

397 Sept. 27. Turk. Xectarius dies, 
and is succeeded (398. Feb. 26) by John 
Chrysostom, the " Golden-mouthed." 

[■403. He exasperates the triflers and 
the aspiring clergy, and is sent into exile 
after an ex parte trial. An exasperated 
mob kills his enemies, recalls him ; he 
is restored to the patriarchate. 404. 
June 10. He, having again angered the 
Empress Eudoxia, is exiled to Armenia.] 

428 Apr. 10. Turk. Nestorius is 
made patriarch of Constantinople. 

431 June *AsiaM. The Fourth Gen- 
eral Council is convoked at Ephesus by 
the Emperors Theodosius and Valentin- 
ian III., to condemn the Nestorian her- 
esy. [Nestorius is deposed and banished.] 

435 * * The Nestorian heresy prevails 

in the East. 
445 * * Turk. Flavian is patriarch of 

Constantinople. 
461 * * The Monophysite controversy 

prevails, respecting the human and 

divine natures of Christ. 
The churches of Egypt, Syria, and 

Armenia separate from the church of 

Constantinople. 

484 * *A schism separates the Greek 
and Roman Churches. 

Pope Felix II. (?) excommunicates the 
Greek patriarch Acacius of Constanti- 
nople, the patriarch of Alexandria, and 
the emperor, because of their support of 
the Henoticon decree of unison. [Com- 
munion is interrupted until 519.] 
492± * * Anastasius I. persecutes Cath- 
olics, and protects the Monophysites. 

* * Turk. The emperor Leo attempts to 
procure the assassination of the Pope, 
who is protected by the Romans. 

514* * Vitalianus, a Gothic prince in 
the service of the emperor, with a pow- 
erful armv, besieges Constantinople, and 
forces Anastasius to withdraw his sup- 
port from the Monophysites. 

518 * * Justin I. restores the orthodox 
bishops to their sees. [525. The Arian 
bishops are deposed.] 

519 * * The reconciliation of the Greek 
and Roman Churches is effected. 



GREECE. 



395,**-71V 



1081 



532 * * Constantinople. The erection of 
St. Sophia is begun. [560. Dedicated.] 

540+ * * The Monothelites arise ; they 
teach that Jesus Christ had but one will. 

553 * * Constantinople. The Sixth Gen- 
eral Council meets. 

It condemns the three chapters written by- 
Theodore of JMopsuestio, and others; also 
the doctrines of Orii^n, Anus, the Macedo- 
nians, and others; Violins, bishop of Rome, 
and others protest [afterwards they assent]. 

606 * * Phocas is induced by Pope Boni- 
face III. to confine the title " Universal 
Bishop" to the bishops of Rome. 

622 July 16. Arabia. The flight 
(Hegira) of Mohammed occurs ; he es- 
tablishes himself as a prophet of God. 

626 * * The Mohammedans have cut off 
from the Christian world the churches 
of Jerusalem, Alexandria, and Antioch. 

634 * * The Greek Church begins the 
struggle with the Mohammedans. 

638 * * Constantinople. Heracleus issues 
the '* Ekthesis or Exposition," by 
which he forbids further controversy 
respectingoneor two wills in JesusChrist. 

676 * * It. The popes become inde- 
pendent of the Greek emperor. 

±* * Syria. The Maronite sect begins 
to prevail. [Maronites are readmitted 
into the communion of the Roman 
Church in the twelfth century.] 

681* * Constantinople. The Seventh 
General Council is called by the em- 
peror to condemn the Monothelites. 

The emperor presides over its delibera- 
tions ; Pope Honorius and several bish- 
ops are anathematized. 

690 * * Armenia. The Paulician sect is 
severely persecuted. 

They abhor the worship of images, 
believe in the two original principles of 
good and evil, reject external forms in 
religion, and hold to the universal use 
of the Scriptures. 

LETTERS. 

425 * * The Emperor Theodosius attempts 
the revival of learning by the establish- 
ment of public schools. 

5th Century. Damastes of Sigeum writes 
several works on the history of Greece. 

430* *Zosimus writes a history of the 
Roman Empire in six books. 

* fc Olimpiodorus writes a history of the 
Western Empire (407-425). 

6th Century. Alexander Trallianus 

529 * * The schools of Athens are sup- 
pressed because they teach anti-Chris- 
tian doctrines in Platonic theology. 

* * Constantinople'. The Justinian Code 
is compiled and published by command 
of the Emperor Justinian. 

SOCIETY. 

450± * * Eudocia, wife of Theodosius 
II., is disgraced and exiled. [She goes 
to the Holy Land, where she spends the 
rest of her life in works of charity and 
piety. [460+. She dies in Jerusalem.] 

491+ * * Anastasius I. suppresses the 
cruel and degrading spectacles where 
men fought with wild beasts. He abol- 
ishes the sale of offices. 

498-520 Constantinople. Bloody con- 
flicts frequently occur between the 
Blues and Greens — the circus fac- 
tions. 

565 Mar. 13. Belisarius, the great 
general, dies in prison. (?) 



641 * * The Emperor Constantino III., 
Heraclius, is poisoned by his step- 
mother, Martina. 

668 * * Constans II. is assassinated in a 
bath. 

695+ * * Justinian II., given to exac- 
tions, cruelty, and debauchery, is 
mutilated by Leontius, his successor. 

698 * * Leontius is himself dethroned and 
mutilated by Tiberius Absimarus. 

704± * * The usurpers, Leontius and Ti- 
berius, are degraded in the Hippodrome 
and executed. 

711 Dec* The Emperor Justinian II. 
is murdered. 

STATE. 

395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius 
reigns. 

* * * Greece is absorbed in the East- 
ern or Greek Empire. 

408-450 Constantinople. Arcadius dies, 
and is succeeded by his son Theodosius 
II., but seven years of age. Anthemiusis 
his minister. [Buys peace of the Huns.] 

414-453 Constantinople. Pulcheria, 
the emperor's sister, is regent. [454. Dies.] 

433 * * a. d. Constantinople. Fire de- 
stroys a great part of the capital of the 
Greek Empire. [532. Jan.* Nearly de- 
stroyed by fire.] 

438 * * Constantinople. The Theodo- 
sian code of laws is promulgated. 

450-457 Constantinople. Marcianus 
reigns; he is a Thracian of obscure 
family ; refuses to pay tribute to Attila. 

453 * * The empire is relieved by the 
death of Attila. 

457-474 Constantinople. Leo I., a 
Thracian, reigns ; he is chosen by the 
soldiers, and crowned by the Patriarch 
Anatotius — the first so crowned. 

461* * Constantinople. Theodoric [the 
Great] son of Theodemir, King of the 
East Goths, eight years of age, is received 
as a hostage for peace. 

468 * * The principle of justice is estab- 
lished ; every accused person is to be 
tried by his peers. 

474 * * Constantinople. Leo I. dies [and 
is succeeded by his daughter's son, Leo 
II., who lives but a short time]. 

474-491 Constantinople. Zeno, the 
Isaurian, usurps the crown. Great dis- 
asters are caused by intestine commo- 
tion and foreign wars. 

483 * * Constantinople. Zeno makes 
Theodoric the Ostrogoth [the Great] 
his general, and appoints him consul. 

491-518 Constantinople. Anastasiusl., 
a native of Epirus, reigns, he having 
married the widow of Zeno. 

* * Constantinople. The Green and Blue 
factions stir up intense strife, which 
agitates the state. 

* * The emperor's persecutors incite the 
Catholics to rebellion. 

518-527 Constantinople. Justinl. reigns. 
He rises from the ranks as a private 
soldier, and is illiterate and ignorant. 

518-565 Brilliant period of the empire. 

527-565 Constantinople. Justinian I. 
reigns. Remarkable victories are won 
by his generals Belisarius and Narses. 

528 * * Constantinople. Justinian's 
code of laws is begun by compilers. 



540 * * The Greek Empire is enlarged 
by annexing the conquests of Belisarius 
in North Africa, Corsica, and Sardinia. 

545 * * The Turks are first mentioned ; 
they dwell in Central Asia. 

553 * * Rome is recovered by Narses, 
and annexed to the Eastern Empire [and 
the Senate abolished]. 

554-568 Italy is governed by Greek 
exarchs, with the capital at Ravenna. 

561 * * Peace is made between the Greek 
Empire and Chosroes, King of Persia. 

565 * * Constantinople. Justin II., a 
weak prince, reigns. [Tiberius associated 
with Justin. 575. The Thirty Dukes 
rule. 578-582. Tiberius II. reigns.] 

569 * * The Turks form an alliance 
with Justin. 

582-602 Constantinople. Maurice, the 
Cappadocian, reigns. [Under his vigor- 
ous reign the empire is extended to 
the Aras and almost to the Caspian Sea.] 

600 * * Avars invade the empire ; also 
spread over Hungary, Poland, Prussia. 

602-610 Constantinople. Phocas, the 
usurper, reigns ; he is a centurion, noto- 
rious for his crimes and cruelties. [610- 
641. Heraclius I. reigns.] 

612 * * Syria is ravaged by the Arabs. 

622-628 Heraclius II. reigns ; he anni- 
hilates the power of the Persians in a 
series of brilliant campaigns ; he recov- 
ers his lost territories. 

638 * * Asia, M. Antioch is taken by 
the Arabs. 

641 * * Constantinople. Herocleonas 
(Constantine III.) reigns for a few 
months. 641-668. Constans II. reigns. 
He loses Syria and Rhodes, which are 
taken by the Arabs ; and Northern Italy 
is given up to the Lombards.] 

646 * * Cyprus is taken by the Arabs. 
[648. Recovered.] 

660 * * Constans purchases peace with 
the Arabs. 

668 * * Sicily. Constans is murdered by 
rebellious subjects in Syracuse, who 
elevate Mizizus to the throne. 

668-685 Const an t in op le . Constantine 
(IV.), Pogonatus, reigns. He is the son 
of Constans II. [669. He suppresses the 
rebellion, killing Mizizus.] 

670-676 Constantinople is besieged. 

670-695 Constant inojyfe. Justinianll., 
Rhinotmetus, succeeds his father. 

678 * * Bulgaria. The Bulgarians set up 
a kingdom in Mcesia. 

695 * * Constantinople. Justinian II. is 
dethroned, and his nose cut off, by 
Leontius his general, who banishes him. 
[G95-698. Leontius reigns. 697. Deposed 
by his general, Absimarus Tiberius. 69S- 
704. Absimarus Tiberius H. reigns.] 

704-711 Co7istantinop!e. Justinianll. 
is restored, having escaped from exile. 

711 * * Bulgarians invade the empire. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

542 * * Constantinople is plague-smit- 
ten; 5,000 to 10,000 people die daily for 
three months. [746-749. Greece is vis- 
ited by the plague.] 



1032 711,**-1202, 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

713 Aug. 15-720 Aug. 15. Constan- 
tinople is besieged by the Saracens. 

Their army of 120,000 men is aided by 
1,800 ships ; the city is delivered by the 
use of Greek fire, which nearly destroys 
the fleet; 23,000 Arabs are killed. 

739 * * Acronius defeats 90,000 Avar in- 
vaders of the Eastern Empire. 

746 * * Constantino V. defeats the Sar- 
acens, and takes Rhodes, Cyprus, and 
Antioch. [774. The Bulgarians.] 

703 * * Turk. Thrace is ravaged by 
Saracens. 

811 July 28. Bulg. A Greek army is 
annihilated, and the Emperor Nicepho- 
rus killed, by Bulgarians under Crum. 

821-823 Constantinople. Thomas, the 
general of the murdered Leu, attempts 
to take the city and dethrone Michael. 

844+ * * Frequent "wars occur between 
the Greeks and Saracens. 

864 * * Constantinople is unsuccess- 
fully besieged by 22 Russian ships 
[which are destroyed by a storm]. 

897-911 The empire is at war with the 
Bulgarians, Lombards, and Saracens. 

904 * * Turk. The Saracens take Thes- 
salonica with great bloodshed. [911. 
Capture a Greek fleet off Samos.] 

941 * * The Russians, under Ingor, with 
10,000 vessels, enter the Black Sea, and 
are defeated by Romanus. 

961 * * Saracens are expelled from Crete. 

963 * * Asia M. Wicephorus invades 
Asia with 80,000 men, defeats the Sara- 
cens in several battles, and captures 
Aleppo, Antioch, and other Syrian cities. 

964-969 The Greeks gain victories 
over the Saracens, and bring the Mo- 
hammedan empire near the brink of ruin. 

970 * * Syria is conquered by the Fati- 
mite caliphs. [1034. Driven out.] 

987-1018 Turk. Basil II. subdues the 
Bulgarians, and annexes their kingdom. 

1042 * * Asia M. The Seljuk Turks 
iirst invade the empire. 

1043 * * Turk. Thrace is invaded by 
100,000 Turks, who are repeatedly de- 
feated by the Greeks. 

1064+ * * Asia M. Alp A r si an, the 
sultan, subdues Armenia. 

1067 * * Syria. The emirs of Damas- 
cus revolt. [1071. Emirs of Aleppo.] 

1068-71 Asia M. The Turks invade 



the< 



Qtry. 



1071 Aug. 26. AsiaM. Romanus IV. 

attacks Alp Arslan at Malazkurd near 

theAraxes,but is defeated andcaptured. 
1074 * * Asia. Melek Shah subdues 

Syria and Palestine. 
1080 It. The Normans conquer South 

Italy. 
1081-84 Turk. Alexius Comnenus 

struggles with the Normans under 

Robert Guiscard, who invade the empire. 

(1081.) Guiscard defeats Alexius at Du- 

razzo. (10S2.) Guiscard takes Durazzo. 
1097 * * The first Crusaders invade the 

empire. [1104. They take the city of 

Acre in Syria. 1109, Tripolis ; 1111, Ber- 

ytus ; 1124, July 7, Tyre.] 
1141 * * Asia M. Edessa is retaken by 

the Turks ; this gives rise to the Second. 

Crusade. 



1148 * * Constantinople. Normans, led 
by Roger of Sicily, are successfully re- 
pulsed. 

1152* * The Greeks repel the invading 
Hungarians. 

1152-55 It. Manuel unsuccessfully at- 
tempts to conquer Italy, and master the 
Western Empire. [1155. Apulia and 
Calabria are reduced. Peace is made 
with the Normans in Sicily.] 

1172* * The Eastern Empire wages war 
with the Turks and the Venetians. 

1176 * * Asia M. The Turks under Az- 
ed-Deen defeat Manuel I. at Myroceph- 
alus. [1177. Manuel defeats the Turks 
in Lydia.] 

11S5 Aug. 15. Turk, Thessalonica 
is taken by the Normans from Sicily. 

1187 * * Syria. Saladin captures Tyre. 

* * Isaac II. refuses a passage through 
the empire to the armies of the Third 
Crusade. 

1190 May 18. Asia M. Iconium is 
taken by Frederick I. [Restored.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

816 * * Earthquakes and famine dis- 
tress the empire. [1038. Again.] 

936 * * Constantinople is overturned and 
all Greece shaken by an earthquake. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

720 * * Anastasiua II., emperor, dies. 
741 * * Leo III., the [saurian, emperor, dies. 
753* * Irene, empress, born. [H03. Dies.] 
815 * * I'hotins, putnan.-li of Constantinople, 

critic, author, born. [891. Dies.] 
830 4 * Basil I., emperor, born. [886. Dies.] 

Leo V., the Armenian, emperor, dies. 
865 * * Leo VI., the Philosopher, emperor, 

born. [911. Dies.] 
870* * Alexander, emperor, born. [912. D.] 
905* * Constantino VII., Porphyrogenitua, 

emperor, author, born. [959. Dies.] 
931 * * Christopher, emperor, dies. 
950* * Leo Diaeoints, historian, born. 
958 * * Basil II., emperor, born. 
10th Century. Siii<l;is, lexicographer, gram., h. 
1034 * * Romanus III., emperor, dies. 
1048* * Alexius Comnenus. emperor, 

born. [1118. Dies.] 
1050 * * Zoe, empress, dies. 
1070* * Theophylaet, archbishop of Achris, 

writer, born. [1115. Dies.] 
1083* * AnnaCoranena, daughter of Alexis 

I., historian, horn. [1148. Dies.] 
1088* * Calo-Jniumes, emp., b. [1143. D.] 
1130* * Manuel J., Comnenus, emperor, 

born. [1180. Dies.] 
12th Century. Cinnamus, Joannes, hist., b. 
1200 * * Eustathius, archbishop of Thessa- 
lonica, commentator, dies. 



CHURCH. 

726* * Constantinople. Leo III. forbids 
the worship of images. [The Icono- 
clast controversy follows, and hastens 
the separation of the Eastern and West- 
ern Churches.] 

728 * * Constantinople. Leo III. orders 
that the Pope be arrested. 

729 * * It. Pope Gregory II. excom- 
municates. Leo III. ; this leads to the 
separation of the Greek and Roman 
Churches. 

734* * Image worship is condemned by 
the Greek Church. [736. Images are 
destroyed throughout the empire by 
order of Leo III. Also in 754.] 

736 * * The monks are persecuted. 

787 * * Asia M. A General Council is 
held at Nice (p. 664). [794. Charlemagne 
calls a counter synod at Frankfort.] 

830+ * * Image worshipersare again per- 
secuted. [832. Painters and statuaries 
are banished from the empi re by Theoph- 
ilus. 842. Image worship is restored.] 



844 * * Constantinople. Ignatius is pa- 
triarch of Constantinople. 

He excommunicates Pope Stephen. 
858. Ignatius is deposed ; succeeded by 
Photius. 867. Photi us is deposed and Ig- 
natius restored. 877. Photius restored.] 

858 * * A quarrel between Pope Nicholas 
and the patriarch Photius causes a tem- 
porary separation of the Greek and 
Roman Churches. 

869* * Constantinople. The Ninth Gen- 
eral Council; it establishes the reunion 
of the Greek and Roman Churches. 

879 * * Constantinople. A Council held 
by Photius repeals the decisions of the 
General Council of 869. [It is held to be 
ecumenical by the Greeks.] 

886* * Constantinople . Photius the pa- 
triarch is exiled by the emperor ; 
Stephen is his successor; he accepts 
the demands of the Pope. [1043. Michael 
Cerularius. 1054. Excommunicated.] 

1054 July * The Greek Church sep- 
arates from Rome after two centuries 
of contentions, and becomes indepen- 
dent. 

1058 * * Constantinople. The Emperor 
Isaac exiles Cerularius, vainly seeking 
thereby to reunite the two churches. 

1097 * * Asia M. The first Crusaders 



' * Pope Urban holds a Council at Bari 
in Apulia to restore the union of the 
two churches. 

1123 * * Borne. Church Council (p. 



1179 Mar. 5-19. Borne. Church 
Council (p. 670). 

1201 * * Pope Innocent III. has a fruit- 
less correspondence with John Loma- 
terus, patriarch of Constantinople, re- 
specting a union with Rome. 

1202 * * The Fourth Crusade begins. 

LETTERS. 

9th Century. George Syncellus writes A 
Select Chronicle from Adam- to Diocletian, 

870 * * Photius, patriarch of Constanti- 
nople, writes .1/ uriobibtion, extracts from 
classical authors, and Amphilochia. 

10th Century. Exploits of Basil ios Digenis 
Acritas appears [the earliest specimen 
of modern Greek]. 

1055 ± * * Michael Constantius Psel- 
lus, the philosopher, composes a great 
many works in both prose and poetry. 

1090+ * * Learning somewhat revives. 

1099+ * * Anna Comnena, the daugh- 
ter of the Emperor Alexis, writes Alexis. 



800+ * * Constantinople. The Empress 
Irene proposes marriage to Charle- 
magne. (?) 

802 * * Constantinople. [Saint] Irene is 
deposed and exiled because of her cru- 
elties and murders while on the 
throne with her young son, whom she 
made sightless. 

820 Dec. 25. Constantinople. Leo V. 
is killed in the temple by conspirators 
favoring his successor. 

842 * * Emperor Michael is called the 
Drunkard. [867. Sept. 24. He is as- 
sassinated.] 

959* * Romanus III. banishes his 
mother and his five sisters. 

963 * * Theophania, the widow of Roma- 
nus, becomes the wife of Nicephorus II. 
[§m. She secures his assassination by 
John Zimiscesin.] 



GREECE. 



7H,**-1202, 



1033 



1034* * Roman us III. is poisoned by 
Zoe, his profligate wile. 

1050 * * Zoe, the wife of four empe- 
rors, and the murderess of two, finally 
dies. 

STATE. 

711-713 Constantinople. Philippicus 
Bardanes reigns. He is the son of Ni- 
cephorus Patrieius, deposed. [712-716. 
Anastasius II. reigns. [His fleet, sent 
against the Arabs, returns in mutiny, 
and enthrones Theodosius.] 

716-717 Constantinople. Theodosius 
III. reigns ; he retires to a monastery. 

717-741 Constantinople. LeoIII. reigns. 

The Isuarie race of emperors begins. 

Leo exhibits great abilities ; the empire 

is convulsed for many years by religious 

controversies. 

718 * * The edict against images occa- 
sions the loss of the Greek possessions 
in Italy. 

721* * Anastasius is charged with con- 
spiracy, and put to death by Leo III. 

741-775 Constantinople. Constantine 
V., Copronymus, reigns. 

741 * * Artavasdes, son-in-law of Con- 
stantine, rebels ; he defeats and deposes 
Constantine, and is declared emperor. 

743 * * Constantine is restored, Arta- 
vasdes having been put to death. 

751 * * It. The Greek exarchate ends. 

775-780 Constantinople. LeoIV.,Cha- 
zarus, the Iconoclast or Image-breaker, 
reigns. He is the son of Constantine V., 
and his wife is the ambitious Irene. 

780-797 Constantinople. Constantine 
VI. reigns. 

He being only nine years of age, Irene, 
his mother, becomes re gent ; she restores 
the worship of images. When Constan- 
tine attains his majority, she attempts 
to exclude him, and is imprisoned. 

782* *Asia. The [caliph of Bagdad], 
Harun-al-Rasehid, invades the em- 
pire. [He advances as far as the Bos- 
porus; and the emperor is terrified into 
making peace with him, stipulating an 
annual tribute of 60,000 pieces of gold.] 

787 * * Constantinople. Constantine im- 
prisons Irene, his mother, for her 
cruelty while regent. 

790* * Constantinople. Constantine 
VI. takes authority alone, in conse- 
quence of the unpopularity of his mother. 

792* * Constantinople. Irene again rules 
with her son. 

797 * * Constantine is murdered by as- 
sassins hired by his mother. 

797-802 Irene reigns. 

802-811 Nicephorus, the great treas- 
urer, reigns. 

He leads a conspiracy, dethrones and 
banishes Irene, and assumes the govern- 
ment ; killed in war with the Bulgarians. 

803-806 "War breaks out with the Sara- 
cens. Asia Minor is ravaged by Harun- 
al-Raschid. 

807 * * Nicephorus makes a disgraceful 
peace with Harun-al-Raschid, agreeing 
to an annual tribute of 30,000 pieces of 
gold. 

811* * Constantino])! e. Stauracius 
reigns. [811-813. Michael I., Rhangabe, 
reigns. He succeeds his brother-in-law, 
but is soon deposed by Leo V., and retires 
to a monastery.] 



813-820 Constantinople. Leo V., the 
Armenian, reigns. Supported by the 
army he has corrupted, he rebels, and 
usurps the throne ; he is finally assas- 
sinated by Michael the Stammerer. 

820* * Constantinople. MichaelU., the 
Stammerer, reigns. He had aided Leo 
in deposing Michael I., and then deposes 
Leo for his own election. 

823 * * The Saracens occupy Crete [and 
found the city of Candia]. 

825 * * Asia M. The empire loses Dal- 
matia. [827. Sicily and Crete are lost.] 

829-842 Constantinople. Theophilus 
reigns. He is the son of Michael II., and 
a zealous icorioclast. 

842-867 Michael III.,Porphyrogenitus, 
" the Drunkard," succeeds his father at 
the age of three years. 

842-1056 The Macedonian Dynasty. 

866* * Constantinople. Michael III. 
makes Basil the Macedonian, a person 
of humble origin, his colleague. [S07. 
Basil assassinates Michael.] 

867-886 Constantinople Basil I. reigns. 
He restores somewhat of the departed 
glory of the empire. 

886-911 Constantinople. Leo VI., the 
Philosopher, reigns. He exiles the pa- 
triarch Photius, and establishes a better 
reputation as author than as ruler. 

890 * * South Italy is annexed. 

897 * * Asia M. The Saracens take pos- 
session of the island of Samos. 

91 1-959 Constant inople. Constantine 

VII. reigns. He is esteemed for his hu- 
manity and justness, and divides the 
government with his four sons, making 
five emperors. 

911* * Alexander is the colleague of 
Constantine VII., who is only six years 
of age ; Zoe, his mother, is regent. [911. 
Alexander dies.] 

919-944 Constantinople. EomanusL, 
Lecapenus. commanding the fleet, usurps 
the government, and divides the author- 
ity with his three sons ; he rules a few 
months. [020-028. < Christopher, Stephen, 
and Constantine VIII. , sons of Romanus, 
reign.] 

928 * * Naples is acquired. 

931 * * Constantinople. Romanus is ex- 
iled by his sons Constantine and Stephen . 
[932. The two sons are themselves ban- 
ished.] 

944* * Constantinople. Constantine 

VIII. reigns alone. 

959-963 Constantinople. Romanus II. 
reigns after poisoning his father. He is 
himself poisoned by his wife, Theophaus. 

960 * * Crete is recovered from the Sara- 
cens by Nicephorus Phocus. [9GG. An- 
tioch also.] 

963-969 Constantinople. Nicephorus 
II., Phocas, reigns. He is a successful 
general ; is assassinated by John Zimi- 
ces, the agent employed by the empire. 

969-976 Constantinople. John I., Zim- 
ices reigns. He is a successful general. 
He divides authority with Basil II. and 
Constantine IX., sons of Romanus II. 
John is poisoned. (?) 

969-1026 Constantinople. Basil II. 
reigns —seven years as colleague with 
John. 

976-1028 Constantine IX. reigns — 
46 years a colleague of Basil II. 

970+ * * The empire again sinks into 
insignificance. 

980 * * It. Apulia and Calabria are re- 
stored to the empire. 



1025-28 Constantinople. Constantine 

IX. reigns as sole emperor. He dis- 
graces his reign by cruelty and vice. 

1028-34 Romanus III. reigns. He is 
poisoned by his profligate wife, Zoe. 

1034-41 Constantinople. Michael IV., 
the Paphlagonian, reigns. Having mar- 
ried Zoe, the widow of RomanuB, he 
gains the throne. 

1041-42 Constantinople. Michael V., 
Calaphates, reigns. Zoe dethrones him, 
and has his eyesight destroyed ; he re- 
tires to a monastery. 

1042-54 Constantinople. Constantine 
X., Monomachus, reigns. [1050. Zoe 
dies.] 

1054-56 Constantinople. Theodora 
reigns. She is the widow of Constantine 

X. ; the Macedonian dynasty terminates. 
1056-57 Constantinople. Michael VI., 

Stratioticus, reigns. He is an able gen- 
eral ; deposed by Isaac Comnenus, and 
retires to a monastery. 
1057-59 Constantinople. Isaac I., Com- 
nenus, reigns. 

He is enthroned by the army; he re- 
tires to a monastery in poor health. 

1059-67 Constantinople. Constantine 
XI., Ducas, reigns. 

1067-71 Constantinople. Rom anus 
TV., Diogenes, reigns. 

He marries Eudocia, the widow of Con- 
stantine, and gains the throne by ex- 
cluding Michael, Constantine's son. 

1071-78 Constantinople. Michael VII., 
Ducas, reigns. 

1078-81 Constantinople. Nicephorus 
III., Botoniates, reigns. 

He gains the throne by leading a re- 
volt, and becomes an ally of Solyman_ 
the Turk. He is overthrown by a revolt, 
and deposed by his general, Alexius. 

1081-1 1 18 Constantinople. Alexius 
I., or Alexius Comnenus, reigns. 

He is proclaimed emperor by the sol- 
diers, and defends the empire against 
the Turks and the Normans. 

1097* *The First Crusade occurs; 
Alexius I. recovers Asia. 

1099-1268 Syria. Antioch is a Chris- 
tian principality. 

1118-13 Constantinople. John II., 
Comnenus, reigns. 

By the abilities and bravery of the 
Comneni, the empire becomes a power 
among the states of Europe and Asia. 

1143-81 Constantinople. Manuel I., 
Comnenus, reigns. He permits the Cru- 
saders to pass through his dominions. 

11S1-83 Constantinople. Alexius H., 
Comnenus, reigns. The Empress Maria, 
his mother, is regent ; he is deposed and 
strangled by Andronicus. 

1183-85 Constantinople. Andronicus 
I., Comnenus, reigns. 

He obtains the appointment as regent 
for the young emperor, puts to death 
the prince and his mother the Empress 
Maria, then ascends the throne, and 
rules with great cruelty until the people 
rise, torture, and kill him. 

1185* *The House of Angeli is 
founded. 

1185-95 Constantinople. Isaac II., 
Angelas Comnenus, reigns. Dethroned 
and blinded by his brother Alexius. 

1190* * Cyprus is lost to the empire, 
being taken by King Pilchard of England. 

1195-1203 Constantinople. Alexius 
ITT., the tyrant, reigns. He is deposed 
and blinded by the Crusaders, who re- 
store Isaac II." to the throne. 



1034 1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2. 



GREECE. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1203 May 9. Constantinople is 
taken by the Crusaders, ostensibly to 
restore Isaac II. to bis throne. [1204. 
It is plundered.] (See State.) 

1205 * * Baldwin I. is defeated by the 
Bulgarians, and taken prisoner. 

1235 * * Constantinople. Baldwin II., 
King of Jerusalem, unsuccessfully be- 
sieges the city. 

1261 July 2 5. Constantinople is 
captured by the revolting Greeks, and 
the Latin empire ends. 

1291 * * Syria. Acre is taken by the 
Saracens. [1294. Asia M. The Moguls 
end the Seljuk sultanate of Iconium.j 

1321-28 Civil War. 

Andronicus II. and his grandson An- 
dronicus III. struggle for the possession 
of the throne ; the latter is successful. 

1340 * * Asia M. Turks ravage Mysia 
and other parts of Asia. [1345. Again.] 

1347 * "* Constantinople is captured by 
John Cantaci 



1357 * * Turk. Turks take Gallipoli. 

1362* *The Sultan Amurath takes 
Adrianople. [He organizes the Jani- 
zaries, and is everywhere successful.] 

1390 * * Civil war, confusion, and dis- 
tress prevail among the Greeks. All 
their Asiatic possessions are lost. 

1395 Sept. 28. Turk. Bajazet I., Sul- 
tan of the Turks, defeats Sigismund of 
Hungary at Nicopolis, in Epirus. 

1422 * * Constantinople is unsuccess- 
fully besieged by 200,000 Turks under 
Amurath II. 

1430 * * Turk. Thessalonica is taken 
by Amurath. [1446. Corinth also.] 

1453 Apr. 6. Constantinople. M o - 
hammed II. begins the siege of the 
city with a fleet of 300 ships and an army 
of 300,000 men. [May 29. The city is 
taken ; the Greek empire falls.] 

1456 * * The Turks under Mohammed 
II. enter Greece, and capture Athens. 
[1460. They capture nearly all of Greece. 
1461. Trebi/.ond in Asia .Minor. 1470. Eubcea 
(Negropont) on the ^Egean Sea, is captured 
from the Venetians. 1478. They complete 
the subjugation of Albania. 1840. Take 
Otranto, Italy. 1516. Syria and Palestine.] 

1521 Aug. Servia. The Turks under 
Solyman take Belgrade and annex it. 

[1522* * They take Rhodes. The Knights 
of St. John Iosp H>li,000 in. ii in its dciVnsc. 
1540±. They take Achaia. 1574. Cyprus. 1669. 
They besiege ami rapture Candia; 200,000 
people perish during the blockade.] 

1685 * * Francesco Morosini leads the 
Venetians and the German mercenaries 
under Konigsmark to the conquest of 
Morea ; this marks the beginning of 
the rescue of Greece from the Turks. 

1686 * * Argos, the most ancient city, is 
taken by the Venetians. [1687. Corinth 
is taken ; Athens is devastated. 16S9. 
Morea is also taken from the Turks.] 

1715 * * The Venetians are driven out 
of Morea by the Turks ; Corinth falls. 

1716 * * The Turks are defeated by the 
Venetians under Count J. M. Schlen- 
burg, who holds Corfu. 

1769 * * The Russians send an expedi- 
tion under Orloff to the Peloponnesus 
in aid of the Greeks. 



1799 Mar. 3. Corfu captured from the 
French by a Russian and Turkish fleet. 
1803 * * Suliots unsuccessfully rebel. 

1821 * * "War for independence. 

Mar. *-June * Roumania. Prince Alex- 
ander Ypsilanti leads a Grecian revolt 
in Moldavia and Wallachia ; he is de- 
feated, and flees to Austria, and is de- 
tained for six years. Apr.* An uprising 
in Morea occurs. June * Successful. 

* * Distressing reports of Turkish cru- 
elty to Christians in Constantinople, 
Adrianople, and other cities are circu- 
lated ; 20,000 Greeks are murdered. 

Oct. 5. Tripolitza is stormed by the 
Greeks ; they commit dreadful cruelties, 
[Nov. 21. Missolonghi is taken.] 

1822 Jan. * Turks besiege Corinth. 

Apr. 11. The Turks bombard and cap- 
ture Scio; about 40,000 peaceful inhabi- 
tants are massacred, and others sold into 
slavery. [Civilized Europe is thrilled 
with horror.] 

July 13. The Greeks defeat the Turks 
at Thermopylae. 

* * Cyprus. The Turks commit a ter- 
rible massacre in suppressing an insur- 
rection. 

Sept. 16. Corinth is taken by the 
Turks. [1S23. Retaken by the Greeks.] 

* * Constantine Canaris, a Greek ad- 
miral, burns a part of the Turkish fleet, 
and puts 3,000 Turks to death. 

1823 Apr. 20. Marco Bozzaris is 
killed at Carpenisi. 

* * Civil war prevails among the Greek 
partisans [for two years]. 

* * Athens. The Greeks unsuccessfully 
besiege the Turks in the fortress. 

1824 Jan.* Lord Byron joins the 
Greeks at Cephalonia. [Apr. 19. He 
dies at Missolonghi.] 

Aug. 16. The Capitan Pasha is de- 
feated at Samos. 

* * The Turks commit terrible atroci- 
ties in the islands of Kasos and Ipsara. 

* * Jean Gabriel of Geneva devotes him- 
self to the cause of Greek independence. 

* * Civil war again breaks out. [Brief.] 

1825 * * Mehemet Ali of Egypt, and 
■ his stepson Ibrahim, invade Greece. 

[Apr. 27. Ibrahim begins the siege of 
Missolonghi. May 18. He takes Nava- 
rino. June 30. He takes Tripolitza.] 
June * The Greek fleet defeats the Cap- 
itan Pasha. 

1826 Apr. 26. Ibrahim Pasha as- 
saults and captures Missolonghi. 

* * Volunteers come from Europe and 
America in aid of the Greeks. 

* * Argos devastated by the Turks. [June 
2. Rescind Pasha takes its citadel.] 

1827 Oct. 20. The Egypto- Turkish 
fleet is annihilated at Navarino by the 
united British , French , and Russian 
fleets, under Vice-Adm. Codrington. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1687 * * Athens. A Venetian bomb de- 
stroys the roof and most of the walls of 
the Parthenon. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1204 * * Alexius TV., emperor, dies. 
1220* * Aern 1 .r>]it;i,Kt:ites.,liist.,l>. [1282. D.] 
1224 * * Michael VIII., PaheologuB, em- 
peror, born. [1282. Dies.] 



1330 * * Cbumnus, Xicephorus, author, d. 

1348 * * Manuel 11., Palseologus, emperor, 
born. [425. Died.] 

14th Century. Nicephorus Gregoras, hist., b. 

1390 * * Bessarion, John, cardinal, patriarch 
"f < 'onstani inople, born. [1472. Dies.] 

1400* * Gaza, Theodore, scholar, b. [1478. P.] 

1403 * * Constantine XIII., Paheologus, em- 
peror, born. [1453. Dies.] 

15th Century. I Micas, Michael, historian, b. 

1518* * Karbarossa, or Horuc, Greek-Al- 
gerine pirate, dies. 

1535* * Larcaris, Andreas Joannes, schol., d. 

1602 * * Fuca, Juan de, navigator, dies, 

1636 * * Mavroeordatos, Alexander, physi- 
cian, statesman, scholar, b. [1709. Dies.] 

1748* * Coray, Adamantios, poet, patriot, 
born. [1833. Dies.] 

1768 * * Miaulis, A ndrcas Vokos, patriot, ad- 
miral, born. [1835. Dies.] 

1770* * Christopulus, Athanasios, poet, 
born. [1847. Dies.] 

1776* * Capo d'lstria, Count John, president 
of Greece, born. [1831. Dies.] 

1790 * * Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, born. 
Canaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, admiral, 

statesman, born. [1877. Dies.] 

1791 * * Mavi'Oi-ordatos, Alexander, states- 
man, born. [1865. Dies.] 

1792* * Ypsilanti, Alexander, patriot, born. 

[1827. Dies.] 
1793 * * Ypsilanti, Demetrius, patriot, born. 

[1832. Dies.] 
1801 * * Bulgaria, IMmitri, statesman, born. 

[1878 Jan. 10. Dies.] 
1810* * Kizo-Khangahe, Alexander, poet, 

orator, staesman, b. [1892. Jan. 10. D.] 
1815**Ottho I., Otto Friedrich Ludwig, 

king, born. [1867. July 26. Dies.] 
1823 Apr. 20. Bozzaris, Marco, patriot, A33. 



CHURCH. 

1205 * * Roman Catholic missions in 
Greece are opened. 

1215* * Rome. Church Council (p. 
670). 

1245 June 28. Church Council (p. 
672). 

1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The 15th 
Church Council (p. 672). A temporary- 
union of the churches is effected. 

1277± * * The Greek Christians are per- 
secuted by the Roman Catholic party. 

1285+ * *The Greek and Roman 
Churches again divide. 

1307+ * * Constantinople. The Emperor 
Andronicus opposes union with the 
Roman Church, and imprisons the pa- 
triarch for advocating it. [Andronicus 
is excommunicated by the Pope.] 

1311 Oct. 16+. Fr. The 16th Church 
Council (p. 672). 

1363-76 The Emperor John VI., Pahe- 
ologns, and three patriarchs reenter 
communion with Home. 

1414* * Baden. The 17th Church 
Council (p. 676). 

1431 July 23. Switz. The 18th 
Church Council (p. 676). 

1438* *John VIII., distressed by the 
Turks, solicits help from "Western Eu- 
rope, and submits to the Pope. 

1439 July 5. It. The Council of 
Florence having agreed to the union 
of the Greek and Roman Churches, the 
Pope signs the decree. [Entirely repu- 
diated by the Greeks.] 

1453 * * With the fall of Constantinople 
every trace of union with the Western 
Church disappears. 

1456+ * * Mohammed grants to the Chris- 
tians personal security, and the free ex- 
ercise of their religion. 

1460* *The patriarchs of Jerusalem, 
Antioch, and Alexandria declare in fa- 
vor of union with the Roman Church. 
[Fruitless.] 

1628 * * Christianity is reestablished 
in Greece. [1643. The Greek orthodox 
confession of faith appears.] 



GREECE. 1203, May 9-1828, Feb. 2. 1035 



1760i * *Syria. The Albanians change 
their religion, and profess Mohamme- 
danism. 

1774 July 21. Peace of Kutchuki Kai- 
nardji, between Russia and Turkey ; the 
Greek Church is to be protected. 

1819 * * The Ionian Bible Society is or- 
ganized at Corfu. 

LETTERS. 

1450-1500 On the Deeds of the Great 
Commander of the Romans, by Georgias 
Limenitis, appeal's. 

16th Century. The Erotocritos, by Vin- 
cenzo Conaro, a Cretan, appears. 

1726 * * The printing-press is intro- 
duced into Turkey from Paris. 

ISth Century. Great revival of educa- 
tion; schools established in every city. 

1811-21* * 'O Adyto? 'Eppifc is issued at 
Vienna by Anthimos Gagi. 

1822 * * A university is established at 
Corfu for the Ionian islands. 

SOCIETY. 

1204 Jan. 28. Alexius IV. is murdered 
by Alexius Ducas, the usurper. 

1822 Apr. 11. The Turks massacre 
40,000 people in the Greek insurrec- 
tion on Isle of Chios [Scio]. 

STATE. 



1203-04 Constantinople. Alexius IV. 
reigns for six months. He is put to 
death by Alexius Ducas. 

1204* * Constantinople. Alexius IV. 
being unable to fulfil a compact made 
with the Crusaders, — to secure the union 
of the Greek and Roman churches, be- 
sides raising a large sum of money for 
their deliverers from the Turks, — the 
Crusaders, urged by the Pope, attack 
and capture Constantinople. 

* * Crete is ceded to the Venetians. 

1204-61 Constantinople. The French 
or Latin emperors reign. 

May 9. Baldwin I., Count of Flanders, 
is elected emperor by the Latins. [* * 
He confers the kingdom of Salonika on 
Boniface, Marquis of Montferat.] 

1204-61 Asia M. Greek emperors reign 
at Jtficea. 

[1204-22. Theodore Lascaris I. reigns. 
1222-55, John Vatatzes (son-in-law); 
1255-59, Theodore Lascaris; 1259-60, John 
Lascaris ; 1260, Michael Palseologus be- 
comes joint emperor.] 

1205 * * Athens is acquired by Otho de 
la Roche, who makes it a dukedom. 

William of Champlitte organizes 

Achaia (Greece) into a principality. 

1206-16 Constantinople. Henry I. of 
Hainault reigns. 

1208 * * Theodorus Angelus, Comne- 
nus, seizes Epirus and .ZEtolia, and erects 
them into a kingdom. [1222-30. Em- 
peror.] 

1210* * Geoffrey Villehardouin he- 
comes ruler of Achaia. [121S, Geoffrey 
II. ; 1246, William, his brother.] 

1221-28 Constantinople. Robert de 
Courtenay, brother-in-law of Henry I., 
reigns. 

1228-61 Constantinople. Baldwin II., 
brother of Robert, a minor, reigns. John 
de Brienne, of Jerusalem, becomes re- 
gent and associate emperor. 



1230 * * Theodorus is defeated, cap- 
tured, and deprived of his eyes by the 
Bulgarians. His brother, Manuel, claims 
the succession; but Theodorus regains 
his liberty, and succeeds in deposing the 
usurper. John, his son, succeeds. 

1246-1430 Achaia is a fief of Naples. 

1261 July 25. After 57 years, the 
Greeks under Michael Pala^ologus re- 
cover Constantinople, and put an end 
to the Latin empire in the East. 

1261-82 Constantinople. Michael, 
having deposed John Lascarius, reigns 
alone. 

1268 * * Syria. Antioch is captured by 
the Sultan of Egypt. 

1277* * Isabella succeeds William, 
Prince of Achaia. [1311. Maud, her 
daughter, becomes princess.] 

1282-1328 Constantinople. Androni- 
cus II., PalEeologus, the Elder, reigns. 
He is deposed by Andronicus his grand- 
son. 

1299 Asia M. Othman, the Turk, in- 
vades Nicomedia, and founds the Otto- 
man Empire. 

1324 * * Maud, Princess of Achaia, after 
being thrice married, is forcibly mar- 
ried to John de Gravina, and dies in 
prison. 

1328-41 Constantinople. Andronicus 
III., the Younger, reigns. 

1330 * * Asia M. The Turks conquer 
Nicea. [1346. Also the Morea.] 

1341 * * Constantinople. John VI., Pa- 
lssologus, aged nine, succeeds his father, 
with John Gantacuzenus as guardian. 

1342 * * The councilors and guardian of 
the young emperor quarrel, and Canta- 
cuzenus escapes death on a charge of 
high treason by declaring himself em- 
peror, and, with the assistance of the 
Turks, maintains his claim. [Greece is 
desolated by civil war for five years.] 

1347-55 Constantinople. John "V., 

Cantacuzenus, reigns as sole emperor. 

[Weary of the disorder of the empire, 

abdicates, and retires to a monastery.] 
1353* * Turk. The Turks settle on 

the coast of Thrace. 
1367 * * The Greeks are compelled to 

pay a heavy tribute to the Turks. 
1371* * The Sultan Amurath, by 

treaty, takes a large part of the Greek 

emperor's territory. 
1390 * * Greeks surrender Asia Minor 

to the Turks. 
1391-1425 Constantinople. Manuel 

II., Paheologus, reigns. He succeeds 

his father, having been associate ruler 

since 1372. 

1400 * * The emperor visits the courts 
of England and France, and solicits aid 
against the Turks. 

Dissension and civil war distress the 

Greeks. 

1401 * * Athens. A Turkish pasha is 
established. 

1402 * * The empire is saved from the 
Turks by the timely invasion of Ti- 
mur, who defeats the Sultan Bajazet at 
Angora, takes him prisoner, and dis- 
members his empire. [The Greeks be- 
come his allies, and pay him tribute.] 

1403-12* *I>issension among the 
Turks prevents the fall of Constanti- 
nople. 



1413 * * Manuel II. aids Mohammed I. 

[the Great] to become Sultan. 
1425 * * Constantinople. Peace is made 

between the Greeks and Turks. 

1425-48 Constantinople. John VII., 
Palseologus, reigns. 

The throne is claimed by his three brothers ; 
he appeals to the Latins for aid against the 
Turks, and makes a reconciliation with the 
Roman Church to secure it. 
1448-53 Constantinople. Constantine 
XTTI., Palaeologus, the last emperor,, 
reigns. The empire has been reduced 
to a small state. 

1453 Constantinople. The Greek 
Empire falls. (See Army.) 

* * All the Latin principalities in Greece 
are swept away by the conquest of the 
Turks. 

1663 * * The Turks hold all Greece, ex- 
cept the Ionian Islands, which are held 
by the Venetians. 

1685 * * The Venetians begin to invade 
Greece, and overthrow the power of the 
Turks. [1689. They take Morea. Ex- 
pelled by the Turks.] 

1699 Jan. 26. Aust. Morea is ceded 
to Venetians (p. 513). 

1718 July 21. Servia. PeaceofPas- 
sarowitz; Morea ceded to Turks (p. 513). 

1770+ * * Gr« 



1774 * * Peace is made between Russia 
and Turkey. 

1797 Oct. 17. It. The Ionian Isl- 
ands are ceded to France (p. 519). [1799. 
Capitulate to the Russo-Turkish fleet.] 

1800 Mar. 21. The Ionian Islands 
are formed into the republic of the 
Seven United Islands, under Russia and 
Turkey. 

[1807. July 7. They are restored to France- 
(p. 717). 1809. Oct. 3-12. Taken by the Eng- 
lish. 1815. Nov. 5. Formed into an inde- 
pendent state under a. British protectorate, 
Sir Thomas .M ait-land lord hiidi eoininissioner. 
1817. July 11. A constitution is ratified.] 

1S03 * * Turk. The Suliotes unsuccess- 
fully rebel against the Turks. 

1815 * * The Hetaeria Philike is estab- 
lished at Odessa, as a secret political 
society for the liberation of Greece. 
[1820. Glioses Prince Alexander Ypsi- 
lanti leader.] 

1821 Mar. * Independence is de- 
clared; Greece revolts against Turkey- 
Alexander proclaims » genera-] uprising 
against the Turks. Gemarios, arch- 
bishop of Patr;e,and Theodorus Koloko- 
tronis are leaders of the patriots. 

1822 Jan. 27. Independence is pro- 
claimed. 

1823 Apr. 10. A National Congress 
meets at Argos. 

* * Kolokotronis is made commander in 
the Peloponnesus ; civil war prevails 
[for two years]. 

1824 Oct. 12. A provisional govern- 
ment is set up. [1825. July * It invites- 
the protection of England.] 

1826 * * Sympathy for the Greeks is 
widespread in Europe. 

1827 July 6. The powers agree in re- 
quiring Turkey and Greece to accept 
their mediation that peace may be re- 
stored in the East (p. 943). 

1828 Jan. IS. Count Capo d'Istria 
is elected president for seven years, 
through the influence of the Russian 
party ; Greece is nominally a republic. 

Feb. 2. The Grand Council of State 
is established. [Feb. 14. Athens. Th& 
National Bank is founded.] 



1036 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. GREECE. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1828 Oct. 6. Patrae, Navarino, and 

Modon surrender to a French force. 
Oct. 28. The Turks evacuate the Mo- 

rea. [Tripolitza is given up to the 
Greeks. 1S29. May 16. Also Missolonghi.] 

1850 Jan. 18. The harbor of Piraeus 
is blockaded by a British fleet under 
Adm. Parker to force the Greek Gov- 
ernment to pay moneys due to British 
subjects, and to surrender the islands of 
Sapienza and Caprera. [Mar. 1. France 
interposes her good offices, and the 
blockade is discontinued.] 

1853 Nov. 30. The Turkish fleet of 
11 vessels near Sinope is attacked by a 
Russian fleet of 11 vessels under Adm. 
Nachimoff, and destroyed. 

1877* *The "Sacred Band," origi- 
nally formed by Epaminondas in 377 
B. c, is revived. 

1878 Jan. 28. An insurrection 
breaks out in Thessaly against the 
Turks. [Mar. 23, 29. Engagements oc- 
cur at Macrinitza.] 

Feb. * Turk. Thessaly is occupied by 
10,000 Greeks who have captured the 
frontier. [They retire at the armistice.] 

Apr. * The insurgents are driven out 
at Macrinitza by the Turks. [May 6. 
Suppressed by British intervention.] 

1882 Aug. 27, 28. Greek troops en- 
ter the ceded territory, and have two 
battles with the Turkish garrison re- 
maining there. [The powers procure 
an armistice ; the Turks finally retire.] 

1886 Jan. 23+. Increased warlike 
demonstrations are made, but interven- 
tion is supported by the great powers. 

May 7, 8. The Greek troops are or- 
dered to the front. 

May 8. The blockade of Greek ports 
is enforced by the powers. [June 7. 
Raised.] 

May 20, 21. Fighting occurs at the 
outposts near Nezfres ; 200 arc killed and 
wounded. [May 24. An armistice.] 

1889 Aug. 6. A Cretan insurrection 
is spreading. 

Greece asks the powers to assist in re- 
storing order on the island. 

Aug. 7. The Greek fleet is assembling 
in the harbor of Salamis. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1840 Oct. 30. Ionian Isles. Great 
earthquakes occur at Zante, where 
many persons perish. [1853. Aug. 18. 
Thebes iB nearly destroyed by an earth- 
quake. 1858. Feb. 21. Corinth is de- 
stroyed. 1861. Dec. 26. The Pelopon- 
nesus is shaken. 1867. Feb. 4. One in 
Argostoli and Cephalonia destroys 50 
lives. 1870. The Grecian Archipelago 
is shaken ; Santorin is nearly destroyed.] 

1874 Mar. * Dr. Schliemann, by exca- 
vating, discovers the supposed site of 
Mycenae. [Reported.] 

1875 Oct. 4. The Germans begin ex- 
cavations at Olympia. [Important 
discoveries are made.] 

1878 Nov. 28. Dr. Schliemann an- 
nounces the discovery of the tomb of 
Agamemnon and others, besides many 
treasures, at Mycenae. 

1883 * * The foundations of the Temple 
of Jupiter at Dodona, Epirus [with 
other relicB], are discovered. 

1886 * * Athens. A great discovery of 
statuary is made near the Acropolis. 

1888 Sept.* Dr. Schliemann makes 
discoveries in excavations at Myceme. 



1889 Jan. 3. Athens. The American 
School of Archeology resumes ita 
sessions. 

Jan. 22. Earthquake shocks are felt 
at Athens, Megara, and elsewhere. 
[Apr. 11. In Epirus. Air;. 26. Again.] 

1893 Jan. 19. A hurricane causes 
much damage. 

Jan. 30. An earthquake occurs on the 
island of Zante ; villages are destroyed, 
many persons killed, and 100 injured ; 
10,000 persons are homeless. [About 300 
shocks occur within five months.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1845 Dec. 24. George I., son of Christian 

IX. of Denmark, King of the Hellenes, b. 

1889 Feb. 11. Prokopios, Monsignor, pa- 



CHURCH. 

1828 June 9. The sultan appoints a 
patriarch whom the Greeks reject. 

* * Athens. The Protestant Episcopal 
Church of IT. S. A. opens a mission; 
also the American Board (Cong.). 

1831 * * The American Board (U. S. A.) 
opens a mission at Xenos. [1834. An- 
other at Argos. 1S37. Abandoned be- 
cause of interference by the Govern- 
ment. One opened at Areopolis.] 

1836 Dec. * The Baptists (IT. S. A.) open 
a mission. [Abandoned by the Ameri- 
cans after 19 years of moderate success.] 

1S64 Nov. 16. Athens. The National 
Assembly repeals the article of the con- 
stitution requiring Roman Catholic 
priests to be Hellenic subjects. 

1867* * Athens. A Danish mission is 
opened. [1S6S. Abandoned.] 

1868 * * It. The Pope invites the Greeks 
to attend the approaching General 
Council. [Declined.] 

1871 * * The Baptists (U. S. A.) resume 
mission-work after suspension for 15 
years. [After struggling for 16 years 
ag;i.inst the restrictions of the Govern- 
ment, it is suspended.] 

1873* *The Southern Presbyterian 
Church (South, U. S. A.) assumes the 
care of the Greek Evangelical Church. 
[1874. It opens a mission in Salonica. 
1885. The native church withdraws.] 

1S74 * * Prokopios, the archbishop of 
Messenia, is elected metropolitan of 
Attica, and president of the Holy Synod. 

1876 * * The synod of the church im- 
poses an interdiction for three years 
on the archbishops found guilty of 
simony. (See State.) 

LETTERS. 
1831 * * Alyivaia is issued at ^gina. 

1833 * * 'Ipi? is issued. 

1834 * * 'AvdoAoyia is issued at Corfu. 

* * The journal, Savior is issued. 
1837* *The University of Athens is 

founded. 

1842-55 Hellenic Antiquities, by Alex- 
ander Rizo-Khangabe, appears. [1867, 
Literary History of Modern Greece.] 

1850-72 ILaMpa is issued. 

SOCIETY. 

1831 Oct. 9. Count Capo d'Istria, 
is assassinated by the brother and son 
of a Mainote chief whom he had impris- 
oned. [1831. Oct. 39. The assassins are 
immured within brick walls closely 
built around them as high as their chins ; 
here they are fed till they die.] 

1857 Oct. 27. The king marries the 
Grand Duchess Olga of Russia. 

1868 Aug. 2. Constantine, Duke of 
Sparta, heir to the crown, is born. [1869, 



June 25, George, Prince of Greece; 
1870, Aug. 30, Alexandra; 1872, Feb. 9, 
Nicholas ; 1876 Mar. 3, Maria.] 

1870 Apr. 11. NearXigrattionaband 
of 20 brigands capture Lord and Lady 
Mucaster, Count de Boyl, and five other 
persons, and hold them for a ransom — 
£25,000 ; the ladies are released. 

Apr. 21. The brigands, being closely 
pressed by Greek troops, murder all 
four of their prisoners. [Seven of the 
brigands are soon captured and decapi- 
tated. Later, five more.] 

May+ * Influential citizens are charged 
with connivance at brigandage. 

1889 Oct. 27. Athens. The crown 
prince of Greece and Princess Sophie of 
Prussia are united in marriage. 

1891 Apr.* -May* Anti- Jewish riots 
break out in the Ionian Islands. 

May 1. A riotous and fatal encounter 
occurs between Greek Christians and 
Hebrews at Zante; the Christians are 
the aggressors. 

May 12. In Corfu the Christians at- 
tack the Jews; two are killed. [A 
state of siege is declared at Corfu. The 
Jews are confined within their houses 
at Corfu for weeks, and suffer for food.] 

May 16. Ionian Isles. The anti-Sem- 
itic riots break out in Corfu. 

1894 Aug. 8. A bomb explosion in 
Corfu City kills seven persons in the 
Hebrew quarter. 

Sept. 2. A newspaper is wrecked by 
soldiers for unfavorable comment on 
army. 

Dec. 15. Armenian refugees make 
their way to Athens. 

STATE., 

1829 July 23. The National Assem- 
bly commences its session at Argos. 

Sept. 14. Turkey acknowledges the in- 
dependence of Greece. 



1831 Oct. 9. President Capo d'Istria 
rules with severity, and is assassinated ; 
anarchy follows. 

* *A Senatorial Commission conducts 
the government. 

1832 May 7. Otto of Bavaria, son of 
Lewis, is made king of Greece. A con- 
vention is signed by which definite 
limits are assigned the new kingdom 
by the powers. 

1834 * * Athens becomes the capital. 

1835 Jan. 1.-62 Oct. 20. Otto I. 
reigns. A regency of three Bavarians is 
selected by his father. 

1843 Sept. 14. Athens. The constitu- 
tion being ignored, a new constitution is 
established by a bloodless revolution ; 
it provides for a responsible and repre- 
sentative government. 

1844 Mar. 16. King Otto dismisses 
his Bavarian Ministers, and accepts 
the new constitution. 

1854* * Greece sides with Russia 
against Turkey in the Crimean "War. 

Jan. * The Ministry favors the insur- 
rection in Thessaly and Epirus against 
Turkey. [Mar. 28. Rupture of diplo- 
matic relations with Turkey.] 

May * The English and French troops 
which arrive at the Pirams force the 
observance of neutrality, and a change 
of policy respecting additional terri- 
tory ; a change of Ministry ensues. 



GREECE. 1828, June 9-1894, Dec. 15. 1037 



1856 * * The three protecting powers 
appoint a commission to investigate 
Grecian finances. [1860. Report; their 
management is condemned.] 

1860 Sept. 15. An assassin, Aristides 
Dosias, fails in an attempt to assassi- 
nate the queen as a patriotic duty. 

Oct. 18. Great Britain, France, and 
Russia remonstrate with the Greek Gov- 
ernment respecting its debts. 

1861 Mar.* The Ionian Islands agitate 
for annexation to Greece ; the Parlia- 
ment declares in favor of it. 

1862 Feb. 12. A mili tary revolt oc- 
curs against the usurpation of the king. 
The insurgents demand reforms and a 
new succession. [Apr. 20. Subdued.] 

Sept. 23. Athens. The king prorogues 
the Chamber he cannot silence, and con- 
tinues an oppressive administration. 

Oct. 17. An insurrection arises at Pe- 
trse and Missolonghhi. 

Oct. 20. Athens. King Otto abdi- 
cates, having lost power and influence. 

Oct. 23. A provisional government is 
formed ; Demetri Bulgaris, president. 
[It is generally accepted.] 

* * A general election is held, and 
Prince Alfred of England is chosen 
king by 230,016 out of 241,202 votes. 

But the agreement entered by the 
three powers forbids the elevation of 
a prince of either power to the throne. 

Dec. 4. Athens. The Provisional Gov- 
ernment decrees a modification of the 
Constitution of 1843; universal suf- 
frage is introduced, and the executive 
department of government reorganized. 

1863 Feb. 21. A military revolt oc- 
curs against Vulgaris, president of the 
council, and Rufos, minister of finance. 
[They resign.] 

Mar. 30. The National Assembly pro- 
claims George I. the king of Greece. 
(Son of Christian IX. of Denmark.) 

May 27. London. Great Britain, France, 
and Russia sign a protocol declaring the 
throne of Greece vacant. [June 5. 

■ They sign a treaty relative to the acces- 
cessiou of Prince William.] 

July 3. The Powers, by an identical 
note, inform the Assembly that they will 
quit Greece if order is not restored. 

July 9. Athens. A military revolt is 
suppressed. 

Oct. 18. The Ionian Parliament votes 
that the protectorate of England shall 
cease immediately, and the islands be 
forthwith annexed to Greece. [1364. 
June 2. The protectorate ends.] 

Oct. 31. Athens. The king takes the 
oath of fidelity to the Constitution. 

Nov. 14. The protecting powers and 
Austria sign a treaty relative to the 
Ionian Islands. 

1864 July 30. Athens. Ionian repre- 
sentatives to the Assembly first arrive. 

Oct. 21. Athens. The Constitutional 
Convention provides for a Council of 
State. 

The legislative authority is vested in a 
single chamber called the Boule, hav- 
ing 207 delegates elected for four years 
by universal suffrage. 



Nov. 1. Athens. The Convention, in 
spite of the opposition of the king, adopts 
a new Constitution. [Nov. 28. The 
king takes the constitutional oath, 
and the convention is dissolved ; Count 
Sponneck, a Dane, is his chief adviser.] 

1865 Sept. 25. Athens. The king sur- 
renders one-third of his civil list to re- 
lieve the strain on the treasury. 

Dec. 1. Count Sponneck, the Danish 
adviser, yields to the popular opposition, 
and retires from Greece. 

1866 Aug± . A popular agitation favors 
the Cretan insurrectionists who desire 
annexation with Greece. [1867. Apr. * 
Greeks aid the revolting Cretans.] 

1868 Dec. * Turkey and Greece come 
to an open rupture, caused by Grecian 
intervention in Crete. 

1869 Jan. 9 -Feb. 18. Pans. The 
European Conference proposes an 
amicable adjustment of Cretan difficul- 
ties acceptable to Greece and Turkey. 

1875 * * The king gives great offense by 
his unconstitutional methods; they 
force a change in the ministry. 

1876 * * Greece assumes neutrality in the 
Servian war. 

Sept. * Great Britain unites with Turkey 
in remonstrating with Greece for arm- 
ing against Turkey. 

1878 Jan. 22. Athens. The popular 
demand for war with Turkey causes 
the Ministry to resign. [President Com- 
oundouros forms a new one.] 

Jan. 31. Athens. The Chamber empow- 
ers the Government to take military 
measures against Turkey. Vote, 121-6. 
[The minority proposes the armed occu- 
pation of Thessaly, Epirus, and a part of 
Macedonia, to protect Greek citizens.] 

July 24±. The Sultan proposes the rec- 
tification of the frontiers. [Aug. 8. The 
claims of Greece are rejected.] 

Aug. * Athens. The Greek Government 
requests the powers to bring about a 
settlement of the Eastern Question. 

1879 Jan.* The Turco-Grecian Com- 
mission, appointed under the Berlin 
Treaty to rectify the frontier boundaries 
between Greece and Turkey, meets. 

1880 June 15-f-. Berlin. A confer- 
ence of plenipotentiaries of the powers 
unanimously agree upon a new line 
of demarcation between Greece and 
Turkey. 

Greece receives 8,500 square miles, 
and 535.000 population. Greece rejoices. 
Turkey resists. [Unexecuted.] 

July * Greece prepares for war in exe- 
cution of the Berlin Conference. 

1881 Feb. 7- Athens, The Government 
calls out the National Guard, also the 
Reserve, — 80,000 men. 

Feb. * Constantinople. A new line of 
demarcation is agreed to by the pow- 
ers ; Turkey accepts, Greece opposes it, 
amid intensest excitement. It cedes to 
Greece 265 square miles. 

Apr. 7. Athens. The Ministry accepts 
the new line of demarcation. 

May 24. Constantinople. The Porte and 
the powers sign a convention respect- 
ing ceded territory; Thessaly is ceded 
to Greece : territory. 5,142 square miles. 
[July 2. Signed. July 6. Effectuated.] 



* * The burdensome revenue tax of one- 
tenth in kind of all agricultural prod- 
ucts is abolished. 

1885 Oct. 11. Athens. A decree is 
issued calling out the reserves; 30,000 

fftieu are enrolled within five days. 

1886 Jan. 11. The six great powers by 
an identical note call on Greece, Bul- 
garia, and Servia to disarm. 

[Jan. 26. A collective note declares 
that in absence of cause, no naval attack 
on Turkey will be permitted. Jan. 31. 
Another declares that the powers will 
take action against either state that 
breaks the peace.] 
Mar. 15±. Athens. The Government 
calls out two more classes of reserves 
for the army, raising its nominal 
strength to 100,000 men. 
Apr. 26. A collective note conveys to 
Greece the ultimatum of the powers ; 
it demands demobilization within one 
week. [Apr. 29. The French Minister 
makes a special intervention. Greece 
proposes a gradual disbanding.] 
May 6. The powers demand of Greece 
a specific statement of the time required. 
The representatives of the powers 
leave Athens, and a pacific blockade of 
the coasts of Greece is declared. 
May 24. Athens. The king signs a de- 
cree for a speedy disarmament. 
June 24. Athens. The Chamber passes 
the Electoral Reform Bill ; it reduces 
the number of deputies from 246 to 150 
by enlarging the constituencies. 

1889 Aug. 6. The Ministry sends a 
circular letter to the powers, demand- 
ing that they take action for the resto- 
ration of order in Crete. 

Oct. 27. Prince Konstantinos, Duke 
of Sparta, heir apparent, is married to 
Princess Sophia of Prussia, the sister of 
the German emperor. 

1890 Apr. 3. Athens. A charter is 
granted for the completion of the canal 
across the Isthmus of Corinth, its French 
promoters having abandoned it ; $4,000,- 
000 are voted for its completion. 

Oct. * The Young Greek Party tri- 
umphs in the election. 

1893 Jan. 1. The national debt is 
569,220,353 drachmai payable in gold, 
161,758,822 payable in paper, and 11,000,- 
000 issued as treasury warrants. 

Nov. 26. Greece announces that she is 
temporarily unable to keep her finan- 
cial engagements with foreign powers. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1869 * * The first railroad is opened be- 
tween Piraeus and Phalerum, distance 
less than one mile. [1872. The rail- 
road between Piraeus and Lamia is 
begun.] 

1882 May 5. The cutting of a canal 
across the Isthmus of Corinth is begun. 
[1893. Aug. 6. Opened.] 

1884 May 4. A fourth railway, from 
Volo to Larissa, is opened by the king. 
[1885. Apr. 15. A railway is opened 
between Athens and Corinth.] 



1038 876, **-1774, 



CREENLAND. 



Greenland is a continental island, lying in the North. Polar Sea, entirely unconnected with any portion of Europe or 
America. It belongs, for the most part, to Denmark, and is ruled by a governor appointed by the crown. Estimated area, 
512,000 square miles ; population in 1890, 10,500±, chiefly Eskimos, and including about 300 Europeans. 



CHURCH. - 

1121* *Eric Gnupsson appointed 
bishop (p. 11). [1124 * * Bishop Arnold. 
1540. The last bishop dies.] 

1686 Jan. 31. Norway. Hans Egede, 
the "Apostle of Greenland," is born. 
[1721. Arrives in Greenland. 1723. 
Founds Good Hope Mission. 1723-36. 
Converts Eskimos. 1740. Becomes super- 
intendentof missions. 1758. Nov. 5. D.] 

1708* * Norway. Paul Egede, author, 
is born. [1734-40. Paul Egede, mission- 
ary superintendent. 1789. Dies.] 

1725 Jan. 1. Frederick Christian, 
the first convert of the Danish mission- 
aries, is baptized [becomes a teacher]. 

1728 * * Godthaab becomes a Danish 
mission-station. 

1733 May 20. Moravian mission- 
aries from Herrnhut, Saxony, first ar- 
rive at Godthaab. [1738. Kajarauk is 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

876* * Greenland is discovered by 
Gunnbjorn. [985i. Eric Kande] (p. 11). 

1135 Apr. * Greenland is visited by 
Scandinavians. 

1235 * * Colonists penetrate as far as 
73° north latitude. 

1261 * * Republican government is abol- 
ished, and Greenland is incorporated 
with Norway. 

1342 * * The Eskimos appear. [1350. 
They distress the settlers.] 

1393(1394?) July* Greenland is visited 
by Nicolo Zeno, a Venetian. 

14lh-15th Centuries. Black death, foreign 
enemies, and the attacks of the Eskimos, 
decimate the settlements. [1490± . 
Colonization appears to have ceased.] 



* * * Greenland is neglected— almost 
forgotten — for 200 years. 

1396+ * * Antonio Zeno, a brother of 

Nicolo, explores the coast."' 
1418 * * Settlements of Norsemen are 

destroyed by natives, and the foreigners 

reduced to slavery. 

1578 * * Sir Martin Frobisher, while 
seeking a Northwest Passage, takes pos- 
session of the west coast for Queen Eliz- 
abeth, and calls it West England. 

1733-34 Smallpox destroys many 
thousands of people, nearly depopulat- 
ing some of the villages. 

1750 * * A Greenland Danish-Latin Dic- 
tionary, by Paul Egede, appears. 1756, 
A Greenland Catechism; 1760, A Green- 
land Grammar; 1766, New Testament in 
the Greenland tongue; 1877, a transla- 
tion of Thomas a Kempis.] 

1774 * * The Danish crown makes trade 
with Greenland a strict monopoly. 



GUATEMALA. 

Guatemala is a republic of Central America, having its executive power vested in a president, and its legislative power in a 
^National Assembly, representing 22 political departments. The chief religion is Roman Catholic, but other faiths are tolerated. 
Area, 46,800 square miles ; population in 1890, 1,460,017. 



ARMY. 

1827* * Guatemala. The Salvadoreans 
attack the city after the assassination 
of Vice-President Flores, and are re- 
pulsed. [1829. Apr. * They attack and 
capture it. 1840. Mar. 18. Carrera, the 
revolutionist, defeats them.] 

1851 * * Carrera defeats the Hondurians 
and San Salvndorians at La Axada, near 
Chiquimula, and expels them. 

1854-56 Filibusters. (See State.) 

1863 June 16. The Salvadorians 
severely defeat the Guatemalans at 
Coatepeque. [A truce follows. Guate- 
mala secures Nicaragua and Costa Rica 
as allies, and San Salvador is captured. 
Peace follows.] 

.1871 May* Miguel Garcia Granados 
invades Guatemala from Chiapas, and 
defeats and deposes President Cerna. 

1876 * * "War with Honduras and San 
Salvador follows BarYios's attempt to 
form a confederation of the Central 
American republics. 

1885 Apr. 2. Barrios invades Salva- 
dor, is defeated ; killed at Chalchuapa. 

1890 July 17. A Guatemalan army 
invades San Salvador, but is defeated 
with heavy loss. 



July 27+- Both Guatemala and San Sal- 
vador mass their troops; the former 
has 40,000 and the latter 10,000 under 
arms. [Aug. 6. The revolutionists de- 
feated. Aug. 15. Hostilities resumed.] 

1892 Feb. 23. Gen. Enriquez and 
several companions are killed by a 
Guatemalan force near Jacapa. 

STATE. 

1820 * * Guatemala begins to shake off 
the Spanish yoke. 

1821 * * Independence is declared. 

1822-23 The people support the Mexi- 
can patriot Iturbide. [1823. Guate- 
mala withdraws from the Mexican Con- 
federation.! 



1824 * * A confederation of Central 
American states is formed, and a demo- 
cratic convention established. The 
United States of Central America 
consists of Guatemala, San Salvador, 
Honduras, Nicaragua, aud Costa llica. 

1826 Sept. 6. President Barrundia 
having been imprisoned, Cerilo Flores 
becomes acting president. [Oct. 13. 
Flores is assassinated.] 

1829 * * The Salvadorians establish Gen. 
Morazan as President. (See Army.) 

1847 Mar. 21. A new declaration 
of independence is made ; allegiance 
to Spain is altogether withdrawn. 

1848 * * Rafael Carrera is elected pres- 
ident. [Reelected for life.] 

* * A new Constitution is promulgated. 
1854-55 American filibusters under 

Kenny and William Walker make an 

unsuccessful invasion. 
1863 * * Rivalry between Carrera and 

Barrios, the president of San Salvador, 

leads to open war. 
1865 May 3. Gen. Vicente Cerna is 

made president for four years. [1871. 

June 29. Deposed by Granados.] 
1870+ * * The Liberal party begins to 

rise in influence. 

1871 * * The archbishop of Guatemala 
and the Jesuits are exiled as political 
intriguers favoring the clerical party. 

May * -73 June 4. Granados rules as 
provisional president. 

1872 Mar. * An alliance is entered 
with Honduras against San Salvador. 
[1873. With San Salvador.] 

* * The Jesuit order is proclaimed ex- 
tinct and its property confiscated. 

1873 June 4. Justo Rufino Barrios 
is elected president. [Successively re- 
elected till his death in 1885.] 

1876 * * President Barrios invites other 
republics to a Confederation Confer- 
ence. [The Conference is broken up 
by quarrels, and war follows in which 
Guatemala is victorious.] 

1881 * * The United States of America 
is requested to settle the disputed 
boundaries with Mexico. [Mexico de- 



clines the mediation. 1884. Definitely 
traced.] 

1885 Feb. 28. President Barrios is- 
sues a proclamation for the union of the 
five Central American republics. 
Nicaragua and Costa Kica refuse, and 
declare war against Guatemala. [Hon- 
duras alone favors the union.] 

Apr. 16. Gen. Barillas succeeds Bar- 
rios as president. [Peace follows.] 

1886 May 25. A law is passed pro- 
hibiting torture as punishment. 

1889 Oct. 30. Another revolution 
breaks out. [Nov.* Insurrectionists 
attack the Mataes-ciuntla barracks, and 
seize the arms. Nov. 3. Order prevails.] 

1890 Mar. 27. Guatemala enters the 
union of the Central American States. 

Aug. 20+ . Salvador and Guatemala ac- 
cept the mediation of the United States. 
[Aug. 21. Peace is concluded. Aug. 
27. Signed. Nov. 16. The final treaty 
of peace signed. 1891. July 25. Ratified.] 

Aug. 28. Gen. Martin Barrundia, the 
revolutionist, is shot down on board an 
American steamer. 

1891 July 12. Disorder prevails. 
Sept.* Another revolt breaks out ; Gen. 

Barillas declares himself dictator ; hun- 
dreds are killed in a fight between sol- 
diers and insurgents in the streets. 

1892 Jan. 16. Dr. Lainfiesa is elected 
president. [Over 60 persons are killed 
and 100 wounded in election riots.] 

Feb. * A revolt headed by Gen. Enri- 
quez is suppressed. 

1894 Oct.* The president declares him- 
self dictator. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1730 * * Guatemala. The cathedral is 
erected. 

1773 June 7. An earthquake de- 
stroys Santiago and all its inhabitants. 

1774* * Old Guatemala is destroyed by 
the Volcan de Agua. 

1779 * * Cerilo Flores, acting president, 
born. [1826. Oct. 13. Dies.] 



GUATEMALA. 1730,* *-1893, Jan. 23. 1089 



* * Jose Francisco Barrundia, president, 
born. [1854. Aug. 4. Dies.] 

1814 * * Rafael Carrera, revolutionist, 
president, born. [1865. Apr. 14. Dies.] 

1824 * * Slavery is abolished. 

1834+ * * Justo Rufino Barrios, presi- 
dent, born. [1886. Apr. 2. Dies.] 

1862 Dec. 19. Guatemala. An earth- 
quake destroys 150 buildings and 14 
churches. [1874. Sept.* Old Guatemala 
is much damaged.] 



1868* * A telegraph line is collected 
from the capital to Amatillan. 

1875 * * A railroad from San Jose to Es- 
cuintha begun. [1380. June 18. Opened.] 

1882 * * Guatemala. The Presbyterian 
Church, U. S. A., establishes a mission. 

1884 * * Work is commenced on the In- 
teroceanic Railroad. [1885. Dec. 27. 
Also on one to connect La Antigua with 
the Central Railroad of Guatemala.] 



1886 Jan. 6. A telegraph line is laid 
between Jocotun, Guatemala, and Santa 
Rosa, Honduras. 

1889 Dec.* Guatemala. Cholera 
1,200 deaths. 



Sept. 23. The Government closes the 
ports as a quarantine against cholera. 

1893 Jan. 23. The British Legation is 
attacked by rioters. 



GUIANA. 



Guiana is a country lying on tbe north coast of South America, and divided into three colonies. British Guiana, in the 
w f est, consists of the three united British colonies of Berbice, Demerara, and Fssequibo ; capital, Georgetown ; area (claimed), 
109,000 square miles; population in 1S91, 288,324. The people are chiefly negroes, mulattoes, East Indians, and Chinese. The 
religions are numerically represented in the following order : Hindus, Moravians, Reformed and Lutherans, Roman Catholics, 
Mohammedans, Jews, and Buddhists. Dutch Guiana, in the center, is a colony of the Netherlands, with Paramaribo for its 
capital ; area, 46,000 square miles ; population in 1890, 5G,S73. French Guiana, in the east, is a colony of France, having Cay- 
enne for its capital. The boundary on the east is in dispute with Brazil. Area (claimed), 46,858 square miles ; population, 25,796. 



ARMY— STATE. 

1580 * * Dutch settlers appear on the 
Pomeroon. 

1613+ * * £. G. A colony of Zealanders 
flourishes on the banks of the Essequibo. 

1614* *Neth. Holland grants four 
years' monopoly to any Dutch citizen 
discovering any harbor or place of com- 
merce in this region. [1627-67. D. G. 
Dutch colonists arrive.] 

1626-43 D.G. French colonists settle 
on the Sinnamary and on the Surinam. 

1630 * * D.G. English colonists settle 
in Surinam. [1652. KeturntoParamaribo.] 

1634 * * F.G. French traders settle in 
Cayenne. [1664. Taken by the French.] 

1662* *Eng. Charles II. grants the 
whole colony to Lord "Willoughby. 

1664* *D.G. Many Jews remove from 
Cayenne to the Surinam district. 

1666* * I). G. Zealanders take the 
English settlement by storm, and 100,000 
pounds of sugar are exacted as a ransom. 

1667 * * By the Peace of Breda, the 
Dutch are formally recognized as the 
masters of Guiana. [1674. Confirmed 
to them by the Treaty of Westminster.] 

1674 Dec. 21. F.G. The French at- 
tack Cayenne. [1677. Capture it.] 

* * F. G. The colony passes under the 
direct control of the crown. 

1682* * Neth. The Dutch "West India 
Company receives Guiana by charter 
from the States-General. [16S3. It cedes 
one-third of their territory to the city of 
Amsterdam, another third to Cornelius 
Vac Aerssens, Lord of Sommelsdijk.] 

* * * Neth. The new company incorpo- 
rate themselves as the Chartered So- 
ciety of Surinam ; Sommelsdijk is the 
governor. [1688. He is massacred in a 
mutiny. His claim is purchased after 
a time by Amsterdam.] 

1712 * * D. G. The French under Cas- 
sard attack the Dutch, and exact a con- 
tribution of Paramaribo. 



1732 * * B. G. Berbice receives a con- 
stitution from Holland. 

1760 * * D. G. Peace is made with tbe 
Aukan negroes. [1762. With Sara- 
maceans.] 

1763 * * D. G. An insurrection of ne- 
gro slaves breaks out. [Suppressed.] 

1764 * * F. G. Many French colonists 
arrive. 

1772 * * D. G. The Maroons, bush ne- 
groes, revolt. [1776. Suppressed.] 

1776 * * I). G. The Bonni tribe of In- 
dians attack the colonists. 

1781* * D. G. Adm. Rodney takes 
possession for Great Britain. [17S3. Re- 
stored to Holland. 1796. Regained by 
England. 1820. Restored to the Dutch.] 

1786* *D.G. Indians become pacified. 

1795 * * D. G. The Chartered Society 
is dissolved, and Surinam is committed 
to a committee of 21 members. 

* * D. G. The College of Electors com- 
missions some of its members to act with 
the court in financial matters. 

1799 * * D. G. Tbe English assume a 
protectorate over the colony. [1815. 
The Dutch authority restored.] 

1800* *F. G. "Victor Hugo is appointed 
governor, and the colony prospers. 

1803 * * British Guiana is finally ac- 
quired, and its separate history be- 
gins; Sir Charles Green, governor. 
[1814. Formally ceded by the Dutch. It 
consists of the three colonies, Demerara, 
Essequibo, and Berbice. 1831. July * 
Three colonies consolidated.] 

1809* *F.G. The Portuguese and Brit- 
ish invade the territory. 

1814 * * F. G. Authority is nominally 
restored to the French. 

1817 * * F. G. The Portuguese finally 
restore the country to the French. 

1828* * D. G. Surinam and the "West 
Indies are placed under a common gov- 
ernment. [1845. Separated.] 

1848 * * F. G. France sends many po- 
litical prisoners to Cayenne. 



1868 * * B. G. John Scott becomes gov- 
ernor. [1874, James Robert Longden ; 
1876, G. C. H. Cortright ; 1*82, Sir Henry 
T. Irving ; 18S7, Dec. * Viscount Ger- 
mans town.] 

1870± * * B. G. The organized impor- 
tation of Chinese is prohibited. 

1891 May 13. D.G. A serious revolt 
breaks out. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1498 * * The coast is discovered by Co- 
lumbus. [1504. Vasco Nunez lands. 
1531. Diego de Ordas makes discoveries.] 

1596 * * Sir "Walter Raleigh makes ex- 
plorations. [1G07, 1617. Explorations.] 

1643 * * F. G. The Compagnie du Cap 
Nord is formed in Rouen. 

1645 * * F. G. The Compagnie de la 
France Equinoxiale is established. [1652. 
The second compagnie is established.] 

1664 * * F.G. The Compagnie des Indes 
Occidentales is chartered. 

1683+ * * D.G. The canal of Sommels- 
dijk is constructed. 

1735+ * * D. G. The Moravians estab- 
lish mission-stations at Paramaribo, 
Clevia, and other places on the Surinam. 

1807* *D. G. Slave-trade is abolished. 

1819 * * Gold is first discovered. 

1842 * * B. G. Slavery is abolished; 
but by way of compensation to owners, 
the negroes are to be worked as appren- 
tices without pay until 1863. [1863. Ac- 
tually abolished.] 

1852 * * F. G. More than 8,000 convicts 
are sent out by France as a penal colony. 

1870 Apr. 24. B. G. The waterfall 
Kaieteur (822 feet) is discovered. 

1877 Dec. 31. B. G. The estates em- 
ploy 22,500 East Indian emigrants 
working under a five years' indenture. 

1878 * * B. G. The Church of Eng- 
land claims 90,000 members. 

* * B. G. The Moravians establish 
missions at Graham's Hall and Beter- 
verwagtung in Demerara. 

* * Roman Catholics report several 
churches and mission-stations. 



HAITI. 



Haiti is, next to Cuba, the largest of tbe "West India group. It is politically divided into the Republic of Haiti in the west, 
and the Republic of Dominica in the east. Area of the Republic of Haiti, 10,204 square miles ; population, 572,000, only one- 
tenth are whites. The government is republican in form ; the executive branch is vested in a president elected for a term of 
seven years ; the legislative branch is vested in an Assembly comprising a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. Its capital 
is Port-Au-Prince. The popular language is debased French, and the nominal religion is Roman Catholic. 



1040 1492, Dec. 6-1894, Mar, 



HAITI. 



STATE — SETTLEMENT. 

1492 Dec. 6. Columbus discovers the 
island (of Haiti), which he names His- 
paniola, and lands at St. Nicolas Mole. 

1496 * * Santo Domingo is settled. 

1505 * * Negro slaves are introduced. 

1517* * Sp. The importation of 4,000 
African negroes yearly is authorized. 

1632 * * French buccaneers arrive. 

1674* * Bertrand Denis d'Ogeron de la 
Bouere, an adventurer, plants a colony. 

1696 Sept. 30. The western part of the 
island is ceded to France hy the Treaty 
of Ryswick. [1795. July '^2. By theTreaty 
of Basel, called Saint Dominique.] 

1722 * * The restrictions on trade being 
removed, the languishing French colony 
becomes prosperous. 

1790* * "Vincent Oge, a mulatto, edu- 
cated in France, having 300 followers, 
leads a revolt. [Quickly suppressed.] 

1791 May 15. Fr. The National Con- 
vention gives to free-born nmlattoes 
citizens' rights. [Sept. 24. Repealed.] 

Aug. 25. The plantation slaves rise 
against the oppressive whites. [Tous- 
saint L'Ouverture fights the Spanish 
Dominicans. Sept. 11. The whites 
yield, and grant civil rights.] 

1793 Aug. * The abolition of slavery- 
is proclaimed to conciliate the uncon- 
querable mulattoes. 

Sept. * A British force invades Haiti. 

1794 Feb. * Ft. The National Con- 
vention guarantees universal freedom 
to all in the French colony. 

* * Toussaint deserts the Spanish and 
joins the French, whereby the latter 
gain ascendency. 

1798 * * Toussaint, the leader of the 
blacks, aiding the French, drives the 
British from the island, after they had 
conquered the whole western coast. 

1799 * * Gen. Rigaud, a mulatto, fa- 
voring the British, is defeated by Tous- 
saint, who thereby acquires control of 
the western part of the island. 

1801 July* Toussaint, the real ruler 
of the entire country, adopts a constitu- 
tional form of government, and pro- 
claims the independence of Haiti. 



1802 Feb. * A French army under 
Gen. Leclerc, 30,000 strong, lands to re- 
store slavery. 



May * A truce is agreed to. Toussaint 
capitulates, and is pardoned. [Yellow 
fever makes French army powerless.] 

July * Toussaint is arrested, charged 
with conspiracy. [Sent to France.] 

1803 Nov. 30. The French army, 
S,000 strong, capitulates to a British 
squadron under Gen. D ess alines. 

1804 Jan. 1. The Haitians formally 
declare their political independence ; 
the aboriginal name of Haiti is revived. 

* * Gen. Jean Jacques Dessalines, the 
successor of Toussaint, is declared gov- 
ernor for life. [1S05. June 16. He pro- 
claims himself emperor, and is crowned 
with great pomp, Jacques I. 1S06. Oct. 
17. He is assassinated by military con- 
spirators. Several chieftains then di- 
vide authority, and the east part of the 
island is repossessed by Spain.] 

1807 * * Christophe, the leader of the 
blacks in the north, is appointed gover- 
nor for life. [1811. He changes his title 
from emperor to that of King Henry I.] 

Mar. 10. Alexander Sabes Potion be- 
comes governor in the southern part., 
[1818. May * He dies. Jean Pierre 
Boyer succeeds him.] 

1820 Oct. * Christophe commits sui- 
cide. [Boyer becomes practical dictator 
of the whole island.] 

1821 Nov. 30. The Haitians in the 
west throw off the Spanish yoke, and 
proclaim an independent republic. 

1322 * * Boyer invades the disturbed dis- 
trict, annexes it, and calls the new gov- 
ernment the Republic of Haiti. 

1825 * * France agrees to recognize the 
independence of Haiti on the payment 
of an indemnity of 90,000 francs. 

1842 * * A revolution breaks out. 

1843 * * President Boyer is an exile. 

1844 Feb. 27. The Dominican Re- 
public is formed in the east (p. 643). 

Apr. 9. President Herrard Riviere fails 
to subdue the revolting Dominicans. 

* *Gen. Guerrier becomeB president. 
[Pierrot and Gen. Riche follow. 1847. 
Faustin Soulouque. He attempts to 
subdue the Dominicans in the east.] 

1849 Apr. 21. The Dominicans un- 
der Gen. San tana defeat the Haitians 
at Las Carreras. 

Aug. 26. Soulouque assumes the title 
of Faustian 1., emperor, and appoints a 
court and a nobility. [1859. He flees 
before an uprising of the people.] 



1859 * * The Republic of Haiti is again 
proclaimed ; Fabre Geffrard, president. 
[1867 He flees before an insurrection, 
and Sylvestre Salnave succeeds him.] 

1868 May 10. An insurrection 
breaks out against President Salnave. 
[June 3. He defeats the insurgents. 
Aug. * Proclaims himself emperor. Dec. 
18. Heisfinallydefeated,andflees. 1870. 
Jan. 15. Captured, tried, and shot.] 

1870 Jan. * It is proposed to sell Sa- 
mana Bay to the United States. [Pro- 
ject dropped.] 

May 15. Gen. Nissage Saget is inaugu- 
rated president. 

1873 Oct. * Gen. Ganier d'Aton is 
elected president. [1874. June 14. Mi- 
chael Dominique.] 

1876 Mar. 7±. Louis Tanis heads an 
insurrection. [Apr. * Dominique is 
defeated, and flees. July 19. Boisrond 
Canal is elected president. 1879. July 
17±. Deposed, by revolutionists. Oct. 
22. Succeeded by Gen. Salomon. 18S6. 
July 14. Salomon is reelected.] 

1883 Mar. 25. A revolution breaks 
out. [Mar. 31. Government troops are de- 
feated. May * Rebels blow up a bridge, 
killing 2,000 persons. June * Insurrec- 
tion is quelled ; amnesty proclaimed.] 

1888 Aug.* Gen. Salomon is deposed 
by a revolution. [Sept. 19. Gen. Tele- 
maque and 300 others are killed in an 
attack on the Palais Kationale at Port- 
au-Prince. Oct. * Civil war prevails 
between north and south Haiti.] 

Oct. 22. Gen. Legitime is elected 
president. 

Dec. 7. Cape Haytien is bombarded. 
[Dec. 21. Gens. Hyppolite and Legitime 
engage in an indecisive battle.] 

1889 Jan. 1. President Louis Mondes- 
lin Florvil Hyppolite is installed at 
Haitian. 

Jan. 29. Legitime is defeated by Hyp- 
polite. [Feb. 20. Gen. Hyppolite is de- 
feated. Apr.* Dessalines is captured. 
June 1. Gen. Legitime is defeated, 
and Gen. Hyppolite becomes provis- 
ional president. Oct. 14. Elected pres- 
dent. Oct. 15. Inaugurated. 1890. May 
15. Again elected for seven years.] 

Oct. * The Constitution is revised, and 
modeled after that of the United States. 

1894 Mar. * An insurrection breaks 
out. [Oct. 1. Suppressed.] 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 



This group of islands lies in the North Pacific Ocean, and was formerly called the Sandwich Islands ; its government 
republican in form, and Honolulu is its capital ; the inhabitants are chiefly Hawaiian natives, Chinese, Japanese, Portuguese 
Americans, British, and Germans. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1789 * * The earliest recorded volcanic 
eruption of Kilauea occurs. [1832. 
Mauna Loa is active ; lava flows on 
several sides. Kilauea is also in a state 
of eruption. 1843. Mauna Loa dis- 
charges three great streams of lava from 
five to six miles wide, and moving from 
20 to 30 miles long. 1851, 1852, 1855. 
Again active. 1859. Streams of lava 
flow to the sea. 1868. More discharges, 
with attending earthquakes. 1877. Feb.* 
A stream of lava flows for six hours.] 

1894 Dec. 3. Hawaii is severely shaken 
by an earthquake. 

CHURCH. 

1819-20 By a spontaneous movement 
the idols and temples are destroyed 
by natives. 



1819 * * The first missionaries reach 
Honolulu ; the people, having already 
cast away their idols, are ready to re- 
ceive Christian teaching. 

1821* *Kamehameha II. abolishes 
idolatry. 

1820 Mar. 31. The first missionaries 
of the American Board arrive. 

1824 * * The principal chiefs agree to 
recognize the Sabbath, and adopt the 
Ten Commandments as the basis of 



1827 * * A prefecture-apostolic (Roman 
Catholic) is established. [1841. A vica- 
riate -apostolic is created.] 



1847 Oct. 31. Louis D. Maigret is conse- 
crated vicar- apostolic for the Islands. 



1850 * * The Hawaiian Missionary So- 
ciety, composed of native Christians, is 
formed for extending the gospel. [1851. 
It opens a mission in Micronesia.] 

1852 * * The natives, with the aid of 
the American Board, take the gospel 
3,000 miles to the Caroline, Marshall, 
and. Gilbert Islands. 

1853 * * Two native missionaries and 
their wives are sent to the Marquesas 
by the society at Hawaii. 

1861 * * An English bishopric is erected. 

1862 Aug. 18. Dr. Thomas Staley is 
consecrated (English^ bishop for the 
Islands. [1870. Aug. * Resigns.] 

1863 * * The mission-work of the Amer- 
ican Board is transferred to the Ha- 
waiian Evangelical Association. 

* * The Hawaiian churches report 20.000 
communicants and the islands Chris- 
tianized. 



HAWAIIAN ISLANDS. 1542,* *-1894, Aug. 8. 1041 



1872 Feb. 2. Bug. Alfred Willis is 
consecrated bishop for the Islands. 

1881 Aug. 21. Hermann Koeckmann 
is consecrated (R. C.) vicar- apostolic. 

SOCIETY. 

1779 Feb. 14. Capt. Cook is mur- 
dered by the natives. 

1824 * * The king and queen visit Eng- 
land, where both die of the measles. 

1856* * Kamehameha IV. is married 
to Miss Emma Rooker. 

1866 * * Population, 62,000. Honolulu 
about doubles its population during the 
whaling-season by the influx of transient 
seamen, who bring many evils with them. 

1890 * * The natives are steadily de- 
creasing in numbers, owing to the vices 
introduced by foreigners. It is found 
necessary to resume mission-work to cor- 
rect these evils. 

STATE. 

1542 * * Gaetano, a Spaniard, discovers 
these islands. [1756. Lord. Byron, Eng- 
lish navigator. 1778. By Capt. Cook.] 

1784-1819 Kamehameha I. reigns. 
[1819-24. Kamehameha II.] 

1792 * * Vancouver visits the islands. 

1812+ * * Kamehameha I. consolidates 
the government of the largest islands hy 
subduing his rivals. 

1822 * * The Hawaiian language is re- 
duced to writing. 

1824-54 Kamehameha III. reigns. 

1834 Feb. 9. Kamehameha IV. (Alex- 
ander Liholiho), king, born. 

1836 Nov. 16. KalalauaI.,king,born. 

1840 * * The islands are declared an in- 
dependent kingdom. A written con- 
stitution recognizes < hristianity as the 
foundation of the government. 

1844 * * The independence of the isl- 
ands is guaranteed by the United States 
of America, Great Britain, and France. 



1852* *The Constitution is revised 

by the king and slightly liberalized. 
1854 Dec. 15. Kamehameha IV. 

succeeds his father. [Dies Nov., 1863.] 
1864 Aug. 20-72 * * Kamehameha 

V. reigns. [1S72. Dec. 11. Dies.] 

1573 Jan. 8. Prince William C.Luna- 
liloisking. [1874. Feb. 3. Dies.] 

1574 Feb. 12. David Kalakaua is 
elected king by ballot, there being no 
heirs. Queen Emma is bis rival. 

1875 * * A reciprocity treaty is made 
with the United States. 

1876 Dec. * The king visits the United 
States. [1881. July * He visits Eng- 
land. 1884. Feb. * He is crowned.] 

1882 * * Junell Maigret (V. A.) dies. 

* * Titus Coan, missionary, dies, A82. 
" He had received into the church 11,960 
persons." 

1887 June 25. The people rise against 

a corrupt ministry. 
July 7. The king grants a more liberal 

Constitution. 
1889 Apr. 10. Father Damien, "leper 

priest of Molakai," dies at Kalawa. 

1891 Jan. 30. Kalakaua, king, dies at 
Sau Francisco. 

* * Liliuokalani becomes queen. 

Feb. 4. A plot to capture the Govern- 
ment is discovered. 

Feb. 28. A new cabinet is selected. 

Sept. 2. The new queen daily grows 
more unpopular with the natives, and 
republicanism is spreading. 

1892 July 28. The cabinet resigns. 
[Nov. 16. A new cabinet is formed.] 

A bill to establish a lottery in Hono- 
lulufor 25 years, at Snou.OOn a year, is in- 
troduced in the legislature ; the lottery 
to be exempt from taxes and license 
fees, and to have free use of the mails. 



1893 Jan. 15. Queen Liliuokalani at- 
tempts to force the cabinet to ap- 
prove a new Constitution, extending her 
power, and limiting that of foreigners. 

Jan. 17. A Committee of public 
Safety deposes the queen, and forms a 
provisional government, with Sanford 
B. Dole as president. 

Jan. 18. The Provisional Government 

has a strong force of men under arms, 
and the palace is strongly fortified. 

Jan. 28. Revolution ; the queen is de- 
throned, and the new Government seeks 
annexation to the United States. 

Feb. 9. The American Minister estab- 
lishes a protectorate by proclamation. 

July 4. The Hawaiian Republic is 
proclaimed, with Sanford B. Dole as 
first president. 

July 21±. The new Republic is gener- 
ally recognized by the various consuls. 

July 24±. The ex-queen sends aprotest 
to Washington against recognition. 

Aug. 31±. In Honolulu a royalist dy- 
namite plot is frustrated by Adm. Sker- 
rett cooperating with the Provisional 
Government. 



Nov. 20±. Wash. President Cleve- 
land (U. S. A.) takes steps for reinstat- 
ing the Queen, and condemns Minister 
Stevens, who encouraged the revolution. 

Dec. 14. The Provisional Govern- 
ment has given notice to Minister Wil- 
lis that any attempt to restore the queen 
will be resisted by force. 

1894 Aug. 8. V. S. A. President- 
Cleveland recognizes the Republic. 



HONDURAS. 



Honduras is a republic of Central America ; capital, Tegucigalpa. The executive is a president ; the legislative authority 
is vested in a Congress composed of a single house; the religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 46,400 square miles ; population, 3S0,000±. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1523 * * Conquered by the Spaniards. 
1871 May* "War with San Salvador. 
[1872. May* Renewed.] 

1873 Aug. 19. The British ship Niobe 
bombards Omoa to redress injuries. 

1890 Nov. 17. The insurgent Sanchez 
is shot. 

1892 June 1. Therebeltroopsoccupy 
Puerto Cortes. [Sept. 5. The capture 
of Gen. Miller ends the rebellion.] 

1894 Feb. 19±. The Honduras troops 
are defeated in a fight with Nicaragua 
concerning the boundary line. 



1502* * Columbus views the high 
mountains of Honduras. [Aug. 14. Lands 
at Cabo de Honduras, and takes posses- 
sion for Spain.] 



1540 * * Large cities flourish. 

* * Alfonso de Caceres, one of the lieu- 
tenants of Alvarado, founds the [capital] 
city of Comayagua. 

1824 * * Honduras throws off the Span- 
ish yoke, and joins the union of theCen- 
tralAmerican States. [1S39. Dissolved.] 

1825* *The "Wesley an Methodists 
open a mission. 

1832 * * The publication of papal bulls 
is prohibited throughout Central Amer- 
ica, and religious freedom proclaimed. 

1854 * * Congress proclaims religious 
freedom. 

1855 * * President Cabanos is exiled. 
[1856, Feb. 1, Gen. Guardiola is presi- 
dent; 1864, Gen. J. M. Medina; 1869, 
reelected.] 

1856 * * Peace with Guatemala. 

* * By the terms of a convention, England 
abandons her claim to a portion of the 
Mosquito Coast. 



1859 Nov. 28. Great Britain cedes the 

Bay Islands to Honduras. 
1862 * * An insurrection arises. 

1865 * * A new Constitution is adopted. 
[1870. The Constitution limits the suf- 
frage to those who can read or write.] 

1872 Dec. * C. Arias is provisional 
president. [1875, P. Leiva is president; 
1877, May 29, M. A. Soto ; 1883, Nov. 27, 
Gen. Lewis Bogran ; 1887, reelected ; 
1S91, Oct. 10, Ponciano Leiba. 1894, 
Feb. * Polycarpo Bonilla.] 

1891 May 7. An insurrection arises. 
[May 10. Quelled. 1892, Aug. 1 ; 1893, 
June 6. Others end.] 

Sept. 18. The assassination of ex-Presi- 
dent Bogran is reported. 

1892 July 22. The Government closes 
its coast to foreign commerce. 



ICELAND. 



This island of the North Atlantic Ocean lies 160 miles east of Greenland, and belongs to Denmark. The language is Ice- 
landic, and the religion Lutheran. The executive is a governor-general appointed by the king of Denmark ; an Assembly legis- 
lating for local interests has two chambers. Capital, Reikiavik. Area, 39,756 square miles ; population in 1S90, 70,927. 



860 * * Iceland is discovered (p. 11). 



870-890 Ingolf, 

Hajng, Skalla-Grim 



wegian noblemen, settle in the 
west with a colony. 



1042 875, * *-1882, * *. 



ICELAND. 



875+ * * The commonwealth founded 
(P- 11). 

890-900 Queen Aud, widow of Olaf, the 
king of Dublin, and many others arrive 
from Ireland. 

900-930 Another large colony arrives 
from Norway. 

930 * * The Althing begins (p. 11). 

964 * * The reforms of Thord Gellir 
settle a fixed number of local moots and 
chieftaincies, dividing the island into 
quarters. 

1056* * Christianity introduced (p. 11). 

11th Century. Iceland nourishes learn- 
ing (p. 13). 

1096 * * Tithes are established. 

1100 * * The population is 50,000. 

1133-1296 Benedictines establish sev- 
eral religious houses. 

1 168-1300 The Augustinians establish 
several religious houses. 

1208-22, 1226-58 Civil wars devas- 
tate the land. 



They are caused by disputes about the 
jurisdiction of the clergy, and questions 
of patronage and rights over glebe and 
mortmainland. 

1215+ * * The Heimslcring la written (p.13). 

1241 Sept. 22. Snorro Sturleson is 
murdered (p. 13). 

* * * The people are remarkable for their 
moral qualities. 

1262-64 Iceland is conquered for the 
King of Norway by Gigur. 

1264 * * Iceland has well-developed lit- 
erature (p. 13). 

1264 * * The republican independence is 
lost, and Iceland becomes subject to 
Hakon, king of Norway. (1280 ?) 

1271 * * The old common law is re- 
placed by the new Norse code, 

1362 * * Iceland suffers from volcanic 
eruptions. [1389, 1783, 1S75, Mar. 29, 
Again.] 

1477 Feb.* Visited by Columbus (p. 12). 

15th Century. The period of decadence 
begins. Art, science, letters, and in- 



dustry are neglected ; all remembrance 
of the commonwealth utterly perishes. 

1550 * * Bishop Jon Aaronson is exe- 
cuted. 

1579-1627 English, Gascon, and Alger- 
ine pirates cause widespread panic and 
devastation. 

1707 * * Smallpox destroys one-third 
of the population. 

1721 * * Eggert Olaf sen, the naturalist, 
is born. He writes An Historical Ac- 
count of the Nature and Consolidation of 
Iceland, and poems in Latin and Danish. 
[1770+,Dies. A49+.] 

1753-54 The failure of crops causes 
famine; thousands perish. [1759. An- 
other occurs, causing 10,000 deaths.] 

1872 * * Icelanders emigrate to "West 

Canada. 
1874 Jan. 5. The king signs a new 

Constitution. [Aug. 1. Effective ; it 

gives home rule.] 
Aug. 1. The 1000th anniversary of 

the colonization of Iceland is celebrated 

at Reikiavik. 
1882 * * Iceland suffers from a terrible 

famine. [Relief is sent by England.] 



INDIA. 

The empire of British India includes Bengal, Madras, Bombay, Sind, Aden, Assam, Berar, Ajmere, Central Provinces, Coorg, 
Northwest Provinces, Oudh, Punjab, Lower Burma, Upper Burma, Andamans, Quetta, and Bolan. The capital is Calcutta ; 
the administration of government is vested in a secretary of state for India with a council of 10+, all resident in England ; also 
a governor-general appointed by the crown, resident in India ; for administrative purposes India is divided into presidencies and 
provinces under the governor-general, governors, lieutenant-governors, and chief commissioners. 

Three-fourths of the people are Hindus in religion, and over 50,000,000 are Mohammedans. Area, 964,992 square miles ; popu- 
lation in 1S91, 221,172,952. Besides the states above mentioned, there are many feudatory states, having an area of 595,167 square 
miles, and a population in 1891 of 66,050,479. 

Authentic history begins about the middle of the 14th century. 

The history of the crown colony of Ceylon is here combined with that of India. It has an area of 25,3G4 square miles, and a 
population in 1891 of 3,00S,466. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

625 + * * e. c. A Scythian horde over- 
runs India. 

327 * * B. c. [The Punjab] is traversed 
by Alexander the Great. [326. He de- 
feats Poms on the banks of the ( Jhelum) 
Hydaspes. He traverses Sind.] 

256-150 B.C. The Greco-Bactrian kings 
from the northwest send invading 
hosts into the Punjab. 

57± * * B. c. Vikramaditya drives the 
Scythians beyond the Indus. 



78+* *A. D. King Salivahana rises 
against the Scythians. [Indian dynas- 
ties continue the struggle for 300 years.] 

664 * * The first Mohammedan inva- 
sion. 

* * History becomes credible. 

1001 * * Mahmud, Sultan of Ghazni, 
on the first of 17 invasions, defeats the 
rajah of Punjab. [1010. He subdues 
Gliur. 1024. On his 16th invasion he 
conquers Gujarat.] 

1030 * * The Hindus reconquer all 
India except Lahore. 

1151 * * The Ghuro capture Ghazni. 

1176* * Mahmud of Ghur takes Mul- 
tan and Uchch. 

[1186, Ghaznivides ; 1186, Lahore. 1191. 
He is routed at Thaneswar in the Pun- 
jab while advancing on Delhi. 1193. He 
renews the advance. 1199. Conquers Bi- 
har. 1203. Also lower Bengal.] 



1219 * * Genghis Khan, the Mongol con- 
queror of Persia, invades India. 

1284 * * Burma. Invading Chinese 
destroy the city and dynasty at Pagan. 

1294 * * Ala-ud-din, makes extensive 

conquests in Southern India. 
[1297. He defeats Mogul invaders at 

Delhi. 1297. Reconquers Gujarat. 1300. 

Captures Rintunbur from the Jaipur 

Rajputs. 1303. Takes the fort of Chittur. 

Begins the conquest of Southern India. 

1304-05. Defeats four Mogul invasions.] 
1398-99 Tamerlane invades India. 
He takes Delhi, and massacres the 

people for five days ; desolate cities. 
1519-26 Baber the Mogul conquers 

India. 
[1526. Apr. 21. He defeats the (Afghan) 

sultan of Delhi at Panipat. 1527. Mar. 

1. An army of the Rajputs of Chitor at 

Kanweh. 
1539* * Shere Shah Soor conquers 

Delhi. [1556. Akbar dethrones him at 

Panipat ; soon subdues most of India.] 

1564 * * The Moguls take Agra. [1565. 
They sack Bijanagar.] 

1565 * * Battle of Tilikot. The Hindu 
power in South India is broken. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 
3101* * B.C. "(or 3348). The Hindu Era 

begins. 

2000-1500 b. c. The Big-Veda, a col- 
lection of hymns, appears. 

1400+ * * B. 0. The Sama-Veda, Yajur- 
Veda Athar-Veda, collections of sacred 
literature, appear. 



244 * * b. c. The Tripitaka is prepared 
by the council of Patna. These sacred 
writings of the Southern Buddhists con- 
sist of Aphorisms, Discourses for the 
Laity, Discipline for the Order, and Met- 
aphysics. 

430+ * * A. d. Buddhac/hosa's Parables, 
a commentary on the Dhammapada, or 
Buddha's Pat/is of Virtue, appears. 

700+ * * Parsee priests from Persia in- 
troduce the Zend-Avesta [of which three 
out of 21 are extant]. 

800+ * * The caves of the Ellora rock- 
cut temples are made. 

1206+ * * The Kutab minar, a lofty 
column, is erected at Delhi by the Mus- 
sulmans in memory of their decisive 
victory over the Rajputs in 1193. 

1439 * * The Jaya Sthamba, a tower of 
victory, is erected by Khumbo Rana to 
commemorate the defeat of Mohammed 
of Malwa. (?) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



250+ * * Kalidasa. Hindu poet, dramatist, b. 

967 * * Mahmud, SuHun of (ilia/.ni, Moham- 
med conqueror, born. [1030. 1).] 

1150+ * * Mahmud II., conqueror, b. [1206. 
Dies.] 

1162 * * Genghis Khan. Mongol conqueror, 
born. [1227. Dies.] 

12th Century. Chund, or Chand, Hindu poet, 
born. 
Javadeva, Hindu poet, born. 

1246* * Mahmud II., Sultan of Delhi, born. 
[1266. Dies.] 

1316 * * A lah-ud-din, conqueror, dies. 



INDIA. 



3101 b.c. ** -a.d. 1565, * *. 1043 



1333* * Tamerlane (Timour), Tartar con- 
queror, born. [1405. Dies.] 

1360* *Malimud IV., emperor, b. [1394. D.] 

1406* * M ah mud V., emperor, b. [1443. D.] 

l.'Hh Century- Kabir, Hindu author, born. 

1483 * * Bauer, Zaheir Adin, Mohammed, 
conqueror, born. [1530. Dies.] 

1508* * Humayun (Hoimiayoun), emperor, 
born. [1556. Dies.] 

1543* * Akbar, Mogul emperor, born. 
[1605. Dies, A63.] 

CHURCH. 

1400+ * * it. c. Brahmanism is intro- 
duced. 

800± * * b. c. Hinduism is established. 

500± * * b. c. The Buddhist creed, 
based on the Brahman religion, appears. 

543± * * b. c. Gotama Buddha dies, 

aged 81. 

[Bv the chronology of the Tibetans he 

• lived 2214 to 2134 ; the Japanese place 

his birth at 1027 ; European scholars, 

624± to 643.] 

244 * * b. c. Asoka, King of Madodha or 
Bihar, becomes a convert to Buddhism. 
He convenes the third Buddhist Coun- 
cil at Patna. It adopts the Pali text 
of the Little Vehicle, constituting the 
Buddhist scriptures. 

307 * * b. c. Ceylon becomes the seat 
of Buddhism, where it is established by 
Mahindo as the national faith. 



depend on the mortification of the body, 
that God is to be sought amid the enjoy- 
ments of life. 
1542 May 6. The Jesuit, Francis 
Xavier, " the Apostle of India," lands 
in Goa. [1606. A Jesuit mission is he- 
gun in Madura.] 

STATE. 

1500± * *b. c. The Hindus, having en- 
tered India from the northwest, settle 
in the Valley of the Ganges. 

543* * b. c. Ceylon. Vijaya, an Indian 
prince, lands, and becomes sole ruler. 

315 b. c-450 a. d. The Gupta dy- 
nasty reigns in the Valley of the Ganges. 
[315-291. Sandrocottus is the first. 263- 
226. Asoka, his grandson.} 

126±* * B. c. The Su tribe of Scythians 
drives out the Greek dynasty from 
Bactria (Afghanistan.) 



40* *a. n. Kanishka, the Scythian, 
becomes the royal founder of Northern 
Buddhism. He convenes the fourth 
and last great Buddhist Council of 
Elders. 

410* * Burma. Buddhist missionaries 
arrive. 

410-430. The holy books of Buddhism 
are rendered into Pali. 

430* * Ceylon. The Dhammapada, or 
" Path of Holiness," is written by 
Buddhaghosa. 

634* * Siladitya convenes a general 
council for the extension of Buddhism. 

640 * * The Brahmans regain power. 
Sth Century. Kumarila, the Brahman 

apostle of Berar, begins to preach. 
Sth or 9th Century. Sankara Acharya 

founds the philosophical Sivaite sect, 

and popularizes the Vedanta philosophy 

into a national religion. 



711* * The Mohammedans, led by 
Casin, appear in the Indus Valley. 

800 ± * * Brahmanism gradually be- 
comes the ruling religion. 

997 ± * * M a h m u d introduces Moham- 
medanism. [1194. Dominant.] 

1045 ± * * The Vishnu Purana, contain- 
ing the Vishnuite doctrines and tradi- 
tions, is written. 

1050+ Kamanuja, a Brahman (S. Ind.), 
appears as a Vishnuite reformer; he 
teaches the unity of God under the title 
of Vishnu, the Cause and Creator of all 
things. 

1300-1400 Ramanand, a Vishnuite, 
teaches the masses (N. Ind.). [1380- 
1420. Kabir, his disciple, spreads the 
reformed doctrine in Bengal.] 

1487-1525 Chaitanya is the incarna- 
tion of Vishnu; he works signs and 
wonders in Bengal and Orissa. 

1498 * * Roman Catholic missionaries 
land at Calicut. 

1520 * * Vallabha-Swami, preaching a 
religion of pleasure (N. Ind.), teaches 
that the liberation of the soul does not 



226 * * a. d. The Indo-Scythic empire 
is founded. [375. It is divided into Yeta 
(Northern) and Indo-Scythic kingdom 
proper (Southern.)] 

3 19-470 The Gupta kings reign in Mag- 
adha, and introduce an era. [465-470. 
Overthrown by "White Huns (Tartars) 
from the northwest.] 

480-772 The Valabhis dynasty reigns 
in northwestern Bombay, Cutch, and 
Maliva ; overthrown by Arab invaders. 

524-544 The Scythians and Huns de- 
part. 

828 * * The Hindus regain power in 
Sind. 

838 * * Ceylon. The Tamils establish a 
kingdom at Taffra. 

1001-1186 House of Ghazni; Turki. 
[1001-24. Mahmud reigns. 1001. Annexes 
part of Hindustan. 1024. Enthrones 
Vallabha of Gujarat. 1030, Bhoja, raja ; 
1048, Mahichandra Rantore.] 

1118-1565 Bijanagar is a Hindu king- 
dom (S. Ind.). 

1176-1206 Mahmud of Ghur rules the 
frontier. [1186. Occupies Lahore.] 

1205 * * The Pathan (Afghan) kingdom 
is founded. [1206. Falls.] 

1206-90 The slave kings, chiefly Turki, 
reign. 

1206* *Kutab-ud-din, slave of Mah- 
mud of Ghur, becomes sultan of Delhi. 
[1211. Altmush reigns ; 1236, Empress 
Pazya; 1245,Nassr-ed-din : 12(50, Balban; 
1287, Kaikohad; 1290, Tallah-ud-din, a 
ruler of Khilji.] 

1290-1320 TheHouseofKhiljireigns; 
capital, Delhi. 

1205 * * Alla-ud-din, viceroy of Oudh, 
obtains the throne of Delhi. [1299-1300. 
He reigns ; subdues rebellious relatives.] 

1316-20 Khusru Khan, a low-caste 
renegade Hindu, is sultan. 

1320-25 Ghiyas - ud - din - Tughlak 
leads a revolt, and overthrows Moham- 
medan rule. [1325-51. Mahmud Tughlak.] 

1320-1414 The House of Tughlak 
reigns, Turki ; capital, Delhi. 

1338-51 The provinces revolt, and 
throw off the Delhi yoke. 

1340 * * Lower Bengal becomes inde- 
pendent of Delhi. [1336-1573. Ruled by 
Afghan kings.] 

* * Authentic history begins. 



1347-57 The Alla-ud-din dynasty, 

Bahmani, reigns in the Deccan (S. Ind.). 
[1351. Firuz Shah Tughlak reigns ; 
1388, Geias-ud-din ; 1389, Abubekr ; 1390, 
Nassr-ad-din.] 

1371* * Gujarat (TV. Ind.) becomes an 
independent Mohammedan kingdom. 
[1391-1575. A Mohammedan dynasty 
reigns at Ahmadabad.] 

1398 * * Tamerlane overthrows Tugh- 
lak dynasty [hut leaves no permanent 
results. Anarchy prevails for 15 years]. 

1405* * Mahmud Tughlak regains 
Delhi. 

1414-50 House of the Sayids reigns ; 
they hold Delhi and a little more. 

(1414), Sayid Khiz Khan reigns in the 
name of Tamerlane. (1421), Mubaric ; 
(1435), Mahmud ; (1446), Aladdin. 

1450-1526 House of Lodi reigns, Af- 
ghans. Its power is feeble and the inde- 
pendent states multiply. 

1450* *Beloli reigns at Delhi; he 
founds Lodi, and enlarges the realm. 
[1488. Sekander Lodi.] 

1480 * * The Bahmani Empire in the 
Deccan falls. 

[Five independent kingdoms divide it 
between them. 1484. The Imad Shahi 
dynasty of Berar. 1489-1686. The Adil 
Shahi dynasty ; capital, Bijapur. 1490- 
1636. The Nizam Shahi dynasty ; cap- 
tal, Ahmadnagar. 1492+. The Barid 
Shahi dynasty; capital, Bidar.] 

1498"* * Vasco da Gama discovers a pas- 
sage to India. [1524. Returns to India.] 

1500 * * The Portuguese send Pedro 
Alvarez Cabral. [1503. Alfonso d' Albu- 
querque sails. 1505. Dom Francisco de 
Almeida sails with 22 vessels and 1,500 
men. He lands at Colombo, Ceylon. 
1505-09. Is Viceroy. 1509-15. Albu- 
querque is viceroy at Goa, conquers 
Goa, Malabar, Ceylon, the Sunda Isl- 
ands, and Malacca. 1517. Portuguese 
settle in Ceylon. 1520. They discover 
Pegu, Burma.] 

1512-1687 The Kutab Shaih dynasty, 
founded in the Deccan by a Turkoman 
adventurer, reigns ; capital, Golgconda. 

1517* * Ibrahim Lodi reigns at Delhi. 

1526-1857 House of Tamerlane ; In- 
dia is a Mogul empire. 

1526-30 Baber, the grandson of Tam- 
erlane, founds the Empire; capital, 
Delhi ; Kabul and Kandahar annexed. 
[1530-56. Humayun, son of Baber.] 

1542 * * Shere Shah, the Afghan gov- 
ernor of Bengal, revolts, and Humayun 
flees to Persia. [1556. Humayun restored.] 

1556-1605 Akbar I., the great Mogul 
emperor, reigns. 

He rules a larger portion of India than 
any one before him ; his reign is a series 
of military conquests, and the divided 
country becomes united. 

1560 * * Akbar rejects the regency and 
assumes authority. [1561-68. He sub- 
dues the Hindu Rajputs.] 

1565 * * The five kingdoms of the Dec- 
can combine, and crush the Hindu 
kingdom of Bijanagar (S. Ind.). 



1044 1566, * *-1793, Nov. 10. 



INDIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1566**Akbar defeats Hakim, his 

rival brother from Kabul. 
[1568. He conquers Ajmir. 1570. 



possesses Oudh and Gwulior. 1572. Ex- 
pels Afghans from Bengal. 1572-73. 
Conquers the Mohammedan dynasty of 
Gujarat. 1578. He obtains Orissa. 1581. 
Kabul. 1586. Subdues the Valley of 
Kashmir. 1592. Conquers Sind and re- 
volting Kashmirs. 1593. Also revolt in 
Gujarat. 1594. Subdues Kandahar. 1595. 
Sends an expedition against Ahmadna- 
gar. 1599. Captures the town, but fails 
to subdue the people.] 

1592 * * The Portuguese repulse Mizam 
Shah in Choul. [1615. They defeat the 
English off the Bombay coast.] 

1602 * * Ceylon . The Dutch land on 
the east coast. [1638-39. They raze the 
Portuguese forts. 1644. They capture 
Negombo. 1656. Also Colombo. 1658. 
Expel the Portuguese.] 

1617 * * Shah Jehan revolts. 

1637 * * The Mahrattas at Ahmadnagar 
revolt against Mogul rule. [It finally 
breaks down the Mogul empire,] 

1658-83 Aurungzebe's ge: 
war against the Hindus. 

1662 * * Mir Jumla invades Assam. 

1662-65 Sivaji rebels. [1663. Pillages 
Surat. 1664. Defeated at Surat by Sir 
George Oxenford. 1670. Ravages Khan- 
desh and the Deccan. 1672. Defeats the 
emperor's troops.] 

1677-81 Aurungzebe unsuccessfully 
attempts to subdue the revolting Raj- 
put states. [1681-1707. Mahratta war.] 

1680-89 "War arises between the 
Hindus and the Portuguese settlers. 

1686-88 The Mogul army conquers Bi- 
japur and Golconda. 

[1686-90. Also the Deccan. 1672-1700. 
The Carnatic. 1699. It defeats the 
Mahrattas, and captures Ginji. 1702. 
Also the forts of Satara and Mahratta. 
1702-05. The Mahrattas recover their 
forts. 1706. The emperor retreats. 1707. 
He dies.] 

1710 * * Bahadur Shah crushes the re- 
volting Sikhs — an oppressed sect of 
Hindus. 1716. The Sikhs are extermi- 
nated.] 

1718* * Balaji enters Delhi with an 
army to support the two Sayids, Husain 
Ali and Adullah, the " king-makers." 

1739-61 Persian and Afghan hosts in- 
vade the empire. 

1739 * * Nadir Shah plunders Delhi of 
£32,000,000 sterling, and massacres a 
multitude of people. He conquers Sind. 

1740-49 War between the English 
and French. [1746. Sept. 14. Madras 
surrenders to a French squadron under 
Adm. Bernard Francois Mahe de La 
Bourdonnais. 1749. Restored. 1751-54. 
Another war. 1754. Peace.] 

1746-48 British war in the Carnatic. 

1747 June 16. French fleet taken 
(p. 700). 

* * Shah Durani, the Afghan, invades 
the empire. [1751-52. Second invasion ; 
conquers the Punjab. 1756. Third inva- 
sion ; he sacks Delhi.] 

1748 * * The French at Pondicherry re- 
pulse Adm. Boscawen and a land force 
under Maj. Stringer Lawrence. 

1751 * * English capture Arcot (p. 700). 

1752 * * Afghans conquer Kashmir. 

1755 * * Clive conquers Orissa. Bengal. 

1756 June 22. Calcutta is captured 
by Surajah Dowlah. 

It is taken by an army of 70.000 and 
400 elephants. Of the British prisoners, 
146 are crowded into the "Black Hole 



prison," a room about 18 feet square 
with two small windows. Only 23 are 
alive the next day. 

1757 June 23. [Lord] Clive with 3,200 
British defeats 50,000 natives of Ben- 
gal at Plassey, 85 miles from Calcutta. 

1758 Dec. 12. The French under Gen. 
Thomas Arthur de Lally besiege Madras. 
[1759. The French lose nearly all their 
power in India (p. 702). 1760. July 2. 
Col. [Sir Eyre] Coote decisively defeats 
the French under Gen. Lally at Wan- 
dewash, and invests Pondicherry. (1761. 
Jan. * It capitulates. 1763. It is re- 
stored. Later, the French surrender the 
hill fortress of Ginji to Col. Coote. Brit- 
ish ascendency is confirmed.] 

1764 Oct. 23. Maj.HeetorMunrowith 
7,000 British totally defeats 40,000 na- 
tives under Shah Alam at Baxar, and 
becomes master of Oudh. [He blows 24 
mutineers from the cannon's mouth.] 

1776 * * Wepaul is conquered by the 
Goorkhas. 

1778 Oct. * The British take Pondi- 
cherry from the French. [17S3. Re- 
stored. 1793. Aug. 23. Taken by the 
~' J British. Later, restored. 1803. Again, 

als wage 1816. Restored to the French.] 

1779-81 First Mahratta war. (Inde- 
cisive.) 

Caused by the English, who attempt to 
enthrone Kaghuba as peshwa :it Poona. 
[1779. Mar* Gen. Arthur Wei lesley 
marches for Poona.] 



1780 Sept. 10. Hyder-Ali overruns 
the Carnatic. [Oct. 31. He takes Arcot.] 

1781 July 1. At Porto Novo, Sir 
Eyre Coote with 9,500± men defeats 
Hyder-Ali with 80,000. British loss, 
587 ; Hindoo loss, 10,000+ . 

1782 Feb. 18. Ceylon. The British 
fleet defeats the French off Trineo- 
malee (p. 704). [Apr. 12, July 6. French 
defeated.] 

1789-90 Tippoo Sahib attacks the raja 
of Travancore, an ally of the British, 
causing the second Mysore war. 

1790-92 Second Mysore war. 

1791 Jan. 29. Lord Cornwallis assumes 
command. [Mar. 21. Captures Ban- 
galore from Tippoo. May 15. Defeats 
him at AriUnra, S'-ringnpatani. Dec. 21. 
TakeSeverndroogis. 1792. Feb. 6. Corn- 
wallis storms Seringapatam, Tippoo is 
conquered.] 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1600 * * The Portuguese introduce the 
tobacco plant. 

1628-58 Taj Mahal is erected at Agra 
by Shah Jehan, in honor of his wife. 

1737 Oct. 11. Hundreds of vessels are 
wrecked by a storm and 30,000 people 
perish. [1782. Apr. 22. A storm de- 
stroys 7,000 lives in Surat.] 

1781 * * Calcutta. The Calcutta Ma- 
drasa, or Mohammedan college, is 
founded. [1801. Calcutta College. [1X20. 
Bishop's College. 1824. Calcutta Col- 
lege of Sanskrit. 1835. Calcutta College 
of Medicine.] 

1784* * Calcutta. The Asiatic Society 
is founded. 

1790 * * The Calcutta Monthly Kefjisteris 
issued. [1830. Calcutta Literary Gazette. 
1844. Calcutta Literary lievieio.] 

1791* *TheSanskrit College, Benares, 
is founded. [1827. The Agra CoUege.] 

* * * The literature of Buddhism chiefly 
comprisea the teachings of Gotaina, con- 
sisting of brief aphorisms. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1618* * Aurungzebe. Mogul emperor, 

born. [1707. Dies.] 
1627* * Sivaji, Mahratta, chief, born. [1680. 

Dies.] 
1661 * * Ortvinda siuuh, chief of Sikhs, born. 

[1708. Dies.] 
1666 * * Shah-Jehan, Mogul emperor, dies. 
1685* *Iuahnnul XIII., emperor, born. 

[1718. Dies.] 
1688* * Nadir Shah, conq., b. [1747. D.] 
1700* * Mahmud XIV., Mogul emperor, 

horn. [1748. Dies.] 
1711* * Alompra, King of Burma, born. 

[1760. Dies.] 
1713 * * HuliLnlnr Shah, Mogul emperor, d. 
1713 * * .b'hauilrr Shah, Mogul emperor, d. 
1718 * * Hyder-Ali. Sultan of Mysore, born. 

[1782. Dies.] 
1749 * * Tippoo Sahib, Sultan of Mysore, 

born. [1799. Dies.] 
1757 * * Surajah Dowlah, Nawab of Bengal, 

dies. 
1773 * * Ahmed Shah el Abdali,conq., A50±. 
1774* * U;imimiliim Hoy, theistical reformer, 

born. [1833. Dies.] • 

1780* * ltunjeet Singh, Sikh conqueror, 

born. [1839. Dies.] 
1783 * * Jeejeebboy, Sir Jamsetjee, Parsee 

merchant, born. [1859. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 

1617 * * Ceylon. The Portuguese intro- 
duce Christianity. 

1706 * * The Danes open a Protestant 
mission in Tranquebar, the Bay of Ben- 
gal, the first field for mission-work in 
India. [1758. In Calcutta.] 

1728 * * Gudalur, Madras, becomes a 
Halle mission. 

1793 Nov. 10. Calcutta. The Eng- 
lish Baptist missionaries, William 
Carey and John Thomas, arrive. [1800. 
Carey baptizes his first Hindu convert.] 



STATE. 

1573 * * Akbar annexes Gujarat (W. I.). 
[1576. Also Lower Bengal. 1581. Gu- 
jarat revolts. 1592. He annexes Sind. 
1593. Gujarat is subdued. 1595. He con- 
solidates the Mogul empire in all of 
North India. 1601. Annexes Khandesh, 
removes capital from Delhi to Agra.] 

1579 * * Thomas Stephens is the first 
Englishman to appear in India. 



1600 Dec. 31. Eng. [TheEastlndia 

Company] chartered (p. 877). 

[1611. It establishes an agency at Ma- 
sulipatam. 1612-15. Also a factory at 
Ahmadnagar, Bombay, and agencies 
at Gogra, Ahmadabad, and Cambay. 
1612. It trades at Calcutta and Cranga- 
nore, Madras. 1620*. Trades as far east 
as Patna, Bengal. 1626. Opens a factory 
at Armagaon, Coromandel Coast.] 

1602 Mar. 20. TheDutchEastlndin 
Company is founded by amalgamating 
several private companies. [1619. Founds 
Batavia as a seat of government.] 

1604 * * The first French East India 
Company is founded. [1611, the second ; 
1615, the third ; 1642, the fourth by 
Richelieu; 1644, the fifth by Colbert; 
1754, Suspended. 1790. Abolished.] 

1605-27 Akbar's son, Jahangir, is Mo- 
gul emperor. 

1612 * * The first Danish East India 
Company is formed. 

[1616. Danes settle at Tranquebar and 
Serampur, Bengal. 1845. Company ac- 
quired by the English. 1870. The second 
Danish Company formed.] 

1621 * * The Persians wrest Kandahar. 
[1653. Finally lost to the empire.] 

1647 * * The Dutch begin trade at Sadras 
(S. E. Ind.). [1652. Open their first fac- 
tory in India, at Palakolla, Madras.] 



INDIA. 



1566, * *-1793, Nov. 10. 1045 



1627-80 The powerful kingdom of the 
Mahratti is formed by tlie union of the 
Hindu tribes in the Deccan under Sivaji. 

1628-58 Shah Jehan is Mogul em- 
peror ; Agra, the capital. [1657. Au- 
rungzebe, his son, rebels.] 

* * * The Golden Age of the Moguls. 
1634 * * The English trade in Bengal, 

where they gain the seaboard. [1640. 
Open a factory at Hugh. 1642. Another 
at Balasor.l 

1635-50 Eng. Courten's Associa- 
tion (Assad a Merchants) is established. 
[1650. Combined with the London Com- 
pany.] 

1639 * * The English, led by Francis 
Day, buy a site at Madaraspatam, Ma- 
dras. [1640. Build Fort St. George, 
found Madras. 1563. A presidency.] 

1645 * * The English obtain exclusive 
trade privileges. 

1650 * * The great Hindu revival com- 
mences [and develops the Mahratta 
Confederacy ; it finally overthrows the 
Mogul power]. 

1657 * *Bareli is founded by the Hindu 
raja. 

1658* * Bengal is placed under the 
government of Madras. [1681. Sepa- 
rated.] 

* *Aurungzebe deposes his father. 
[1658-1707. He reigns. Obtains all India.] 

1660* * London. The East India 
Company is incorporated (p. 891). 

1661 * * Bombay is ceded to England 
(p. 891). [1665. Transferred. 1668. Ceded 
to the East India Company for £10 paid 
annually.] 

1664 * * Sivaji, the Mahratta raja, de- 
clares his independence of the Moguls. 
[1665. Makes submission ; he escapes.] 



1666* * Sivaji revolts against the Moguls. 

[1667. He makes peace, and obtains 

more territory in Southern India.] 
1672 * * The French settle in Pondi- 

cherry. 
1674 * * Raja Sivaji crowns himself an 

independent sovereign at Raigarh. 

1677 * * The Rajput states combine (N. 
W. Ind.) against the Mogul emperor. 
[1679. Aurungzebe's son, Akbur, rebels, 
and joins the rebellious Mahrattas.] 

1680 * * Sivaji dies ; his son Sambhaji 
reigns. [1689. Executed by Aurungzebe.] 

* * Calcutta is founded by the English. 

1687 * * The seat of the English govern- 
ment is removed from Surat to Bom- 
bay. [1708. Bombay is a presidency. 
1753. It is subordinate to Calcutta.] 

1689 * * Eng. The East India Company 
resolve " to make us a nation in In- 
dia ; " Sir John Child is appointed gov- 
ernor-general and admiral of India. 

1692 * * The Mogul power is at its 
height; revenue, £32,000,000. 

1695 * * Scot. The Scotch start an un- 
successful East India Company. 

1698 * * Eng, The New East India 
Company is chartered (p. 901). 

1700 * * Calcutta is purchased by the 
English. [1707. Made a presidency.] 

1707 Feb. 22. Aurungzebe dies ; the 
Mogul power rapidly declines. 

1707-12 Muazzim, son of Aurungzebe, 
a puppet, reigns as Bahadur Shah. 

1709 * * The Sikhs in Lahore, Punjab, 
organize as a politico-religious commu- 
nity against the oppressionof theMoguls. 



1712-13 Jehandar Shah is Mogul em- 
peror ; capital, Delhi. He is dethroned. 

1713-19 Farokhsir revolts against his 
uncle, and gains the throne. He is mur- 
dered by the two Sayids. [1719. The 
Sayids nominate two boy emperors, 
who soon die. 1720. Sayids overthrown,] 

1719-48 Mahmud Shah, a boy, is Mo- 
gul emperor ; capital, Delhi. 

1719 * * Fr. The Company of the 
Indies is forme'd by the union of four 
companies. 

the 

1723 * * Aust. The Ostend Company 
is formed. [1727. Charter suspended. 
1784. Bankrupt.] 

1730 * * The Mahratta families, Holkar 
and Sindian, become important. 

1731 June 13. Swe. The Swedish 
Company is chartered. [Unsuccessful.] 

1732-42 Oudh becomes practically in- 
dependent of Delhi. 

1735-51 The Mogul empire declines 
under the invasions from without and 
the revolts within. [1736-48. The Dec- 
can is independent. 1738. Kabul. 1743. 
Malwa ceded. 1751. Also Orissa.] 

1740-61 Balaji Baji, peshwa of the 
Mahrattas, terrifies the Mogul empire. 

1747 * * Sind is transferred to the em- 
pire of Delhi. 

1748-54 Ahmed Shah is Mogul em- 
peror. The emperors are only puppets. 

* * The rivalry of the French and Eng- 
lish in India is at its height. 

1750 * * Prus. An East India Company 
is formed. [Short-lived. 1753. Another.] 

1750+ * * The Mahratta power in cen- 
tral and western India is at its height. 
[1751-1S53. The Bhonslas dynasty reigns 
at Nagpur (C. Ind.).] 

1753 * * Burma. Rangun is founded 
by King Alompra. 

1754-59 Alamgir II. is Mogul emperor 
at Delhi. 

1756-65 The British acquire Lower 
Bengal. 

1757 June 23. The British Empire 
in India begins with the victory of [Lord] 
Clive at Plassey. (See Army.) 

* * The British exact compensation of 
the nawab of Bengal for losses, demand- 
ing £2,697,750 ; only one-half the demand 
can be satisfied. He grants the East 
India Company landholders* rights 
over 882 square miles around Calcutta. 
[1759. He grants the land-tax to Lord 
Clive.] 

1758-1858 British governors rule in 
India under the East India Company. 

1758-60 Col. [Lord] Clive is governor. 
[1760. J. Z. Holwell officiates. 1765-67. 
Clive again.] 

1759-1806 Shah Alam II., a British 
pensioner, titular emperor ; capital, Al- 
lahabad. [1771. Goes over to the Mah- 
rattas.] 

1760-64 H. Vansittart is British gov- 
ernor. [1764. John Spencer officiating.] 

1761-65 Fall of the Mogul Empire; 
Europeans become supreme. 

1761 * * The British dethrone Mir Ja- 
far, their nawab of Murshidabad, and 
enthrone Mir Kasim ; they receive 
thereby a grant of three districts, Burd- 
wan, Midnapur, and Chiltagong. [Mir 
Kasim revolts. 1764. They dethrone 
Kasim, restore Jafar ; secure donations.] 



* * Hyder-Ali dethrones the maharaja of 
Mysore. [1763-64. Hyder usurps author- 
ity. 1765. Subject to the British. 1766. 
British-Mahratta league against him. 
1799. The British sue for peace.] 

1763 * * Ceylon. Intercourse with the 
British begins. 

1765-67 [Lord] Clive is again British 
governor. 

1765 * * The treaty of Allahabad is 
signed. Lower Bengal, Bihar, and the 
greater part of Orissa pass to the British. 

* *A system of dual government is 
adopted. 

The English receive the revenues of 
Bengal, Bihar, aud Orissa, and under- 
take to maintain the army while the 
nawab holds the criminal jurisdiction. 

1766 Nov. 12. The British make a 
treaty with Nizam Ali, the usurper of 
Mysore, and obtain the Northern Circars 
(Districts). [Feudatory to the British.] 

1767-69 Harry Verelst is British gov- 
ernor. [1769-72. John Cartier.] 

1771 Sept. * Sir R. Hartland is gov- 
ernor of Madras. [1776. Lord Pigot; 
1781, Lord Macartney ; 17'J'J, Sir C. Oak- 
ley ; 18S0, Oct. 11, W. P. Adam; 1881, 
June* M. E. Grant Duff; 1886, Robert 
Bourke [Lord Connemara.] 

1772-74 Warren Hastings is British 
governorof Bengal. (Apr. 13.) Assumes 
office. [1774-85. Governor-general.] 

1773 * * Hastings sells Allahabad and 
Korea to the Emperor Shah Alam. He 
refuses £300,000 tribute to Delhi. 

* * Eng. The Regulation Act is passed ; 
the governor of Bengal is raised to the 
rank of governor-general, and with a 
council of four members controls the 
governments of Madias and Bombay. 

1779 * * Conflicting French and English 
alliances, with different claimants for 
the office of peshwa, bring on the first 
Mahratta war with the British. 

1782 Dec* Tippoo Sahib succeeds his 
father, Hvder-Ali, a Hindu rebel, as sul- 
tan of Mysore. [1784. Mar. 11. He forces 
the British to sign an ignoble peace.] 

1784* * Eng. India Bill passes (p. 923). 

1785 Feb. 1-86 Sept.* Sir John 
Macpherson is British governor-gen- 
eral. [17S6-93. Earl Cornwallis.] 

1786 July * Straits Settlements. Capt. 
E. Light receives Penang as the mar- 
riage portion of his bride, the daughter 
of the raja of Kedah ; he makes the 
first British settlement. [1798. Sir 
George Leith purchases [Province 
Wellesley] opposite Penang for £400. 
1806] Penang is a British province. 

1788 * * Eng. Trial of Hastings (p. 925). 

1791* * British-Ghourkhas treaty is 
signed at Nepaul. [1801. Another. 1779. 
Dec. 31. Treaty with Mahrattas for a pro- 
tectorate. 1815. Dec. 2. WithNepaulese.] 

1792 Mar. 19. The English make a 
definitive treaty with Tippoo Sahib. 
He loses half of his dominions, and pays 
£3,000,000 indemnity ; his two sons are 
hostages. [1794. Mar. 29. Restored.] 

1793 Oct. 28-98 * * Sir John Shore 
(Lord Teignniouth) is governor-general. 
[1798, Sir Alfred Clarke, officiating.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1770-71 A famine in the Bengal presi- 
dency ; one-third of the people perish. 

1775 May 30. Accusations are made 
against Warren Hastings for receiving 
a bribe from a concubine of Mir Jaf- 
fier. [1776. Mar. 11. Nuncomar, a Brah- 
man, accuses him of accepting bribes. 
1781. Sept. 19. He makes a treaty with 
the nawab of Oudh, and is accused of 
receiving a bribe of £100,000.] 



1046 1796,* *-1855, July 



INDIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1790 * * Third Mysore war. Caused 
by Tippoo's intrigues with the French, 
and his refusal to adhere to a new sub- 
sidiary system. 

Apr. 5. Gen. Harris arrives before Se- 
ringapatam. [May 4. Maj.-Gen. Baird 
storms the palace", and Tippoo Sahib is 
killed ; the city is taken, and the sultan's 
dominions are divided among Nizam, the 
Mahrattas, and the English.] 

1802-04 The second Mahratta war. 
Sir Arthur "Wellesley commands in the 
Deccan, and Gen. Lake in Hindustan. 

1802 * * Jeswunt Rao, son of Tukaji 
Holkar, Prince of Indore, defeats the 
united forces of Sindhia and the Mah- 
ratta peshwa at the battle of Poona. 

1803 Feb. 20. Ceylon. The British 
take Kandy. [June 23. Disease com- 
pels the British to capitulate.] 

Apr. 19. Gen. "Wellesley captures 
Poona. [Sept. 8, Gen. Lake defeats 
the Mahrattas near Delhi. Sept. 23. At 
Assaye 9.500 British under Wellesley de- 
feat 50,000 Mahrattas, losing 1,800 men. 
Nov. 1. Gen. Lake with 4,000 troops 
defeats 9,000 Mahrattas at Laswari ; 
later, he captures Delhi. The war ends.] 

1805 * * Gen. Lake is repulsed at the 
siege of Bhartpur. [1827. Taken.] 

1807 'Nov, 21. Cumoona surrenders 
to the British. 

1803 July 10. Madras sepoys mu- 
tiny at Vellore. [Suppressed after 800 
sepoys are killed and 200 wounded. 

1814 Nov. 1-15 Apr. 27. Warwith 
Ghurkhas of Nepaul, caused by the na- 
tives terrorizing British subjects. 

1817 * * War with the Pindaree. 

The Pindaree send out plundering 
bands from Malwa; Lord Hastings col- 
lects an army 120,000 strong, and speedily 
suppresses them. 

1817-18 Third Mahratta war. 

Nov. * * The Mahrattas at Poona, Nag- 
pur, and Indore separately rise against 
the British. Nov. 26. The raja of Nag- 
pur is defeated, and Nagpur is taken by 
the British. Dec. 21. The Mahrattas 
under Holkar are completely defeated 
atMehadpur ; the Mahrattapmverisfor- 
ever broken. [1818. Jan. * Peace is con- 
cluded.] 

* * Ceylon. The natives unsuccessfully 
revolt. [1S43, 1848. They revolt.] 

1819 * * The Sikhs conquer Kashmir. 

1824-26 First Burmese "War. 

Caused by encroachments upon British 
districts in Bengal. 

(1824 May 5.) Rangun is taken by Sir 
Archibald Campbell. (Aug. 30.) A Bur- 
mese attack on Rangun is repulsed with 
great slaughter. (Later.) The fort and 
pagoda of Svriam are taken by the Brit- 
ish. (1825. Dec. 25.) Gen. Campbell de- 
cisively defeats the Burmese near Prome. 

1827 Jan. 18. Lord Combermere 
storms Bhartpur citadel. 

1839-42 "War with the Afghans to 
advance British interests (p. 4). 



1848-49 Second Sikh war. 

The Sikhs assassinate two British 
officers at Multan ; a general rising in 
the Punjab follows. 

(June 18.) Lieut. Edwardes joins Gen. 
Courtland, and defeats the Sikhs under 
Mookaj. Gen. \Vhish besieges Multan Ken- 
nyree. (Sept. 2.) Compelled to raise the 
siege. (Dec. 3.) Gen. Thackwell attacks 
Shere Shing ill Sadoolapore. (Dec*) Mul- 
tan is again besieged by Gen Wliish. (1849. 
Jan. 4.) Surrenders. (Jan. 13.) Gen. Gough, 
with 22,0)10 troops, loses _. ion in an indecisive 
battle at Chillianwalla. (Feb. 22.) Tlie cita- 
del of Multan surrenders, Gen. Gough, 25,000 
strong, defeats tiii.niiil Siklis at Gujarat. (Mail 
14.) Shere Shing surrenders unconditionally. 
1852-53 Second Burmese war. 

It is caused by the ill-treatment of 
British merchants at Rangun, and in- 
sults offered a British captain. 

(Apr. 5.) Martaban is taken by the British. 
(Apr. 14.) Gen. Godwin captures Rangun. 
(Mat 19.) Basse in is stormed. (Ji:ne4.) Also 
Pegu. ( Jv ly 9. ) Capt. Tarleton captures 
Prome. (Nov. 21.) Pegu again captured. 
(Dec. 21.) Annexed to the empire. 

1855 July * The Sonthals of Bengal 
revolt ; [1856. May * Suppressed.] 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1819 June 16. Earthquakes cause 
Cutch to sink, burying 2,000 persons. 

* * The Journal of Literature and Science 
and the Oriental Magazine and Indian 
Hurhu are issued at Madras. 

1833 * * The Religious and Theological 
Magazine is issued at Colombo. 

1836 * * Hoogly Madrasa is founded. 

1847-55 Straits Settlements. The Jour- 
nal of the Indian Archipelago is issued. 

1854 * * A system of education is de- 
veloped ; universities are established at 
Calcutta, Bombay, and Madras ; all 
other schools (private, government, and 
church) are to be affiliated with these 
universities and lead up to them. 



1845+ 



* The first Sikh war. 



(Dec 14.) The Sikhs, 60.000 strong, cross 
the Sutlej River, and attack the British at 
Ferozepur. (Dec. 18.) Sir H. Harding- 
reaches Mudkee ; the Sikhs (20,000) make 
an attack ami are defeated, losing their guns. 
(Dec. 21.) Sir Hugh Goush defeats them 
at Ferozeshah, in the Puniab; P-ritisli loss, 
2,415 killed. (1846. Jan. 28.) Gen. Sir 
Harry Smith defeats them at Aliwal. (Feb. 
10.) At Sobraon, Gens. Smith and Gough 
totally defeat Them; British hiss, U.oiio killed ; 
Sikh loss, 13,000 killed. (Feb. 20.) Gen. 
Gough occupies the citadel of Lahore. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1815* * Jung-Bahadur, NepauleBe BOldier, 

born. [1871. Dies.] 
1824+ * * Nana-Sahib, inciter of sepoy 

mutiny, born. [1860±. Dies.] 
1844 * * Scott-Sid dons, Mrs., actor, born. 



CHURCH. 

1798 * * Calcutta. The London Mis- 
sionary Society sends a missionary to 
Calcutta. [He enters the interior.] 

* * The Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel opens a mission in Nazareth, 
Madras. [18*20. In Calcutta. 1829. In 
Tinnevelli, Madras.] 

1799* *The English Baptists send 
four missionaries to Serampur, India, — 
Ward, Grant, Hrunsdon, and Marshman. 
[Enter 14 miles above Calcutta. 1812. 
Open a mission in Ceylcjn.] 

1804 * * The London Society opens a 
mission in Vizagapatam, Madras. 

[1805, In Madras; 1809, Nagarkoil; 1810, 
Peliary, Madras; 1815, Surat, Bombay; 1816, 
Calcutta; 1*20, Bangalore, Mysore; and Be- 
nares; 1821, Quilon in Travancore; 1824, Ber- 
hampur and Salem, Madras; 1828, Neyoor in 
Travancore; 1830, Coimhatur, Madras.] 

1807* * Burma. English Baptists 
make the first attempt to plant a Prot- 
estant mission. [1808. The London So- 
ciety sends out two missionaries.] 

1812* * The Church Missionary Soci- 
ety (Eng.) opens a mission in Agra. 

[1814, In Madras; 1815, Calcutta; 1817, By 
Daniel Corrie in Benares; Cochim, S. Ind. ; 
Cottavam, Madras, also in Ceylon; 1818, 
Kandy, Ceylon; 1820, Bombay; Tinnevelli, 
Madras; 1827, Dohnavur.] 



Feb. 12. V. S. A. Adoniram Judaon 

and others sail for India as missionaries 
of the American Board. [1813. June 
17. Arrive in Calcutta.] 

1813 * * The first Christian mission is 
opened in Bombay by Gordon Hall and 
Samuel Nott. 

July* The bishopric of Calcutta is 
erected. [1837, Of Bombay; 1845, Of 
Colombo, Ceylon; 1877, Of Rangun, 
Burma.] 

July 13. Burma. Adoniram Judson 

and wife, being the second time expelled 
from India by the Company, arrive at 
Rangun, where they establish a mission. 
1814* * Ceylon. Five Wesleyan 
Methodist missionaries settle at Jaffna 
and Batticaloa for the Tamil work, and 
at Matura and Galle for the Cingalese 
work. [1815. The American Board 
sends four missionaries to the island.] 

1816 * * The English Baptists open a 
mission in Dacca, Bengal. 

[1829. They found Serampur College. 
1846. A college in Cuttack. 1857. Open a 
mission in Poona, Bombay. 1868. In Natale, 
Ceylon, and in MacMillanpatna, Orissa.] 

1817 * * The English Wesleyans open 
a mission at Madras. 

1819 June* Burma. Dr. Judson bap- 
tizes his first Burmese convert. 

After three years of preparatory work, 
Dr. Judson preaches his first sermon in 
Burmese. [1823. He is, forced to remove 
to Ava, and suspend work at Rangun. 
1824. Opens at Ava, hut soon suspended 
by war. 1826. At Amherst. 1828. Mis- 
sion opened at Tavoy by George Dana 
Boardman and wife ; Dr. Judson has his 
first Karen convert, Kothah-byu, who- 
becomes the " Karen apostle."] 

1823 * * The Scottish Missionary So- 
ciety opens a mission in Bombay. [1835. 
Transferred to the Free Church.] 

1829 Dec. 4. The burning of widows 
is prohibited by law. 

* * Scot. Alexander Duff departs as a 
missionary to India for the Established 
Church of Scotland. 

[1830. July 12. Dr. Duff opens his first 
school in Calcutta under a banian-tree 
with five young men. 1834. Returns to 
Scotland. 1839. Returns to India.] 

* *A high-caste Brahman, Eammohun 
Roy, founds a reformed Brahman mono- 
theistic church (Brahmo SomajJ. 
[1842. Revived by Debendra Nath 
Tangore.] 

* * Burma. The Bible is translated. 

* * The Free Church of Scotland opens 
a mission in Poona. [1845. In Nagpur.] 

1831* * Burma. American Baptists 
open missions in Mergui and Maulmain. 
[1832. A Karen station in Maulmain. 
1833. Ava reopens Rangun and Maubee. 
1835. Mission opened in Arakan.] 

* * The American Board, U.S.A. , opens 
a mission in Ahmadnagar. 

[1834, in Madura; in Singapore, Straits Set- 
tlements; ( 1844, removed) ; 1836, in Madras, 
chiefly as a publishing establishment; 1853, 
in Arcot; 1851, in Mandapasalia, Madura; 
1864, in Manamadura, Madras; 1876, in Mo- 
lung, Assam ; 1878, in Kohiiua, Assam; 1887, 
in Myngyan and in Thayetmayo, Burma.] 

* * The Church Society (Eng.) opens a 
mission in Krishnagar, Bengal. 

[1832, in Benares; 1839, in Krishnagar, 900 
converts arc baptized in one service; 1841, in 
Telugu; 1847, in Kotgur; 1849, in Padre-Polli; 
1850,in Karachi, \V. Ind.; lK54,in Haidarahad, 
Sindh; 1854,in .lahaljuir, Cent. Prov. ; also 
Kangra in the Punjab, and Kuniiankulam, 
Madras; 1856, in Multan ; lsr.ii, ni Allahabad, 
N. W. Prov.; 1860, For Kols, on the Upper 
Godavari; 1863, in Faizabad, OudhO 



INDIA. 



1796,* * -1855, July 



1047 



1834 * * The Evangelical Missionary 
Society of Basle begins mission-work 
on the west coast. 

[1836, Opens a mission in Combaconum, 
Madras; 1872, in Karakal, Madras. J 

1835 Feb. 14. Mna. Rev. Dr. Corrie 
is appointed first bishop of Madras. 

* * The Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel opens a mission in Nega- 
patam, Madras. 

[1838, In Ceylon; 1840, Sikandarabad; 1841, 
in Cawnpur; 1842, in Ahmadabad, Bombay; 
1852, in Delhi; 1353, in Tungu, Burma; 
1855, in Karnul, Madras; 1858, in Pudukat- 
tai, Madras; 1859, in Burma and in Bom- 
bay; 1868, in Upper Burma; 1869, receives 
the Chutia Nagpur mission witli 17,000 Kol 
converts from Pastor Gossner ; 1870, in 
Ahmadnagar; 1871, in Rurki, Punjab; 1878, 
in Nangur, Madras, 1887, in Tolligunge, 
Bengal.] 

* * Burma. American Baptists organ- 
ize a native missionary society in Tavoi. 

[1836, open a mission in Assam; in Bassein, 
Burma, among the Telugus; 1837, in Bas- 
sein Sgau, committed Karen converts in a 
few days. Its 2,000 converts suffer terrible 
persecutions without a single apostasy; 1840, 
they open missions — English, Tamil, and 
Telugu stations in Burma, also in Sihsa^or; 
1841, in Nowgong, Assam; 1843, in Gauhati, 
Assam; 1844, in Salongs, Burma; 1847, great 
ingathering of converts in Assam.] 

1836 * * The Presbyterian Church 
(North), TJ. S. A., opens a mission in Sa- 
bathu in the Punjab. 

[1838, in Futtehgurh; 1843, in Mynpuri; 
1844, in Furrukhabad; 1846, in Jaliindliar; 
1848, in Umballa; 1849, in Lahore; 1853, in 
Kothapur; 1863, in Eta<vah, N. W. Prov. ; 
1867, in Hoshiarpur, Cent. Prov.; 1884, in 
Sangli, Bombay.] 

* * The Reformed Presbyterian Syn- 
od, U. S. A., opens a mission in Laha- 
ranpur. 

1837 * * A bishopric is erected at Bom- 



* * The London Society opens a : 
in Mirzapur. 

[1845, Parey-chaley; 1850, in Almora; 1852, 
in Colombo, Cevluii ; ls.is, in Gooty, Madras; 
1869,in Kanikhet, N. W. Prov.] 

* *The Free "Will Baptists, U. S. A., 
open a mission in Sumbalpur, Orissa. 

[1840, in Jellasore, Bengal; 1844, in Midna- 
pur; 1865, in Santipur, Bengal; 1873, in 
Bhimpore, Bengal; 1*77, in I >antoo, Bengal; 
1886, in Vinuconda.] 

1838 * * Straits Settlements. St. An- 
drew's (Cathedral), Singapore, is con- 
secrated. [1861, present building erected; 
1870, made the cathedral.] 

1840* * Calcutta. The cathedral is 
founded. 

* * The Welsh Calvinistic Methodists 
open a mission in the Khasi Hills. 
[1841, in Assam ; 1870, in Jiwai.] 

1841 * * The Irish Presbyterians open 
a mission in Rajkot. 

[1844, at Gogo; 1846, receive Surat from 
the London Society; 1*60, in Borsad, Bom- 
bay; 1861, in Ahmadabad, Bombay; 1877, in 
Anand, Bombay; 1887, in Broach, Bombay.] 

* * The "Welsh Presbyterians open a 
mission in Cherrapooujee. [1846, at 
Jiwai ; 1787, in Sylhet.] 

* *The Evangelical Lutherans, 
TJ. S. A., open a mission in Guntur, also 
Palnadu, Madras. [1849, in Palnadu ; 
1861, in Samuleotta, Madras.] 



1846* * Burma. Roman Catholics open 
a mission in Rangun. [1853, in Tungu.] 

1847 * * The Leipsic Evangelical Lu- 
therans receive the Tranquebar mission. 



[1855, open one in Cuddalore, Madras ; 
1859, in Manikraramain, Madras; 1864, 
in Kegapatam, Madras.] 

1849 * * The American Baptists open 
a Karen mission in Pwo. 

[1852, Reopen one in Rangun, Burma; 1853, 
in Tungu, Burma; 1854, in Prome, Burma; 
1855, in Tbongze, Burma; 1861, Ava, Burma, 
is abandoned; 1*H6, tor the Shans, Burma; 
1870, in Ongole 916 converts are baptized in 
one year; mission opened in Ramapatam. 
Bengal; 1876, in Pwo Karen, Burma; 1S77, 
in Ralimo, also in Tura, Assam; 1879, in 
Maubiu, Burma; IhhO, in Maubin and Tha- 
tone, Burma; 18S5, in rdayagiri, Madras; 
1886, in Mandalay, Burma.] 

1851 June * The State allowance to the 
temple of Juggernaut is withdrawn. 

* *TheEvangelicalLutherans,U.S.A., 
receive the North German mission in 
Rajamahendri, Madras. [1SS6, open a 
mission in Kotapad, Cent. ind. ; 18S7, in 
Jeypur.] 

1853* *The Reformed Church, 
TJ. S. A., opens a mission in Arcot, Ma- 
dras. 

[1854, in Chittra, Madras; 1858, it receives 
the ArcotMission from tin- American Board; 
1863, opens in Madanapalli, Madras.] 

1854 * * The Associate Church, U.S.A., 
opens a mission in Sialkot, Punjab. 



STATE. 

1796 * * Ceylon. The British seize the 

Dutch settlements. [1S02. The whole 

seaboard becomes a British possession.] 

1798 May 17-1805 * * The Earl of 
Mornington [Marquis AVellesley] is gov- 
ernor-general. 

1799 June 22. Mysore is divided. 
(See Army.) 

1801 * * Treaty of Lucknow; the Mogul 
emperor cedes more of the territories 
of Oudh to the British. 

± * *• The British annex the Carnatic 
(S. E. Ind.) by conquest. 

1802 * * The Mahratta Holkar refuses 
to receive a British force according to 
the treaty, and the second war follows. 
[1805. Dec. 24. Peace is signed.] 

1803 * * The Mahratta power is over- 
thrown. [1809. Holkar signs a treaty.] 

* * Gwalior (Cent. Ind.) is placed under 
British protection. 

1805 July 30. Eng. Marquis Corn- 
wallis again becomes governor-general. 
[Oct. 5. He dies. Oct. 10-1807. Sir 
George Barlow is acting governor. 
1807, July, 3-1S13, Lord (Earl of) Minto.] 

1806-37 Akbar U. is Mogul emperor 
under British protection. 

1813 July* Eng. The East India Com- 
pany's charter is renewed for 20 years, 
but its monopoly of trade is abolished. 
[1814. Apr. 10. Operative. 1833. Re- 
newed for 30 years.] 

Oct. 4-23 Earl of Moira [Marquis of 
Hastings] is governor-general. [1823, 
John Adam, officiating governor.] 

1815 Mar. 2. Ceylon. By treaty with 
the chiefs the sovereignty of the island 
passes to the British. 

1819 * * Ghazee-ud-deen becomes the 
king of Oudh. 

* * Straits Settlements. Sir Stamford 
Raffles founds a- British factory in Singa- 
pore. [1824. The island is purchased 
from the Sultan of Johore for £13,500 
and a life annuity of €5,400 ; Malacca is 
ceded to the British by the Dutch, and 
with Singapore is incorporated with 
Penang. 1S32. Singapore the capital.] 

1820 * * Eng. George IV. becomes 
king. 



1S23 Aug. 1-28* *Lord [Earl] Am- 
herst is governor-general. [1828, Mar. 
18, Wni. Butterworth, officiating.] 

1826 Feb. * A treaty of peace is made 

with Burma. 
1826-52 Lower Burma annexed (p. 943). 

1828 July -4-35 Lord "William Cav- 
endish Bentinck is governor-general. 

He abolishes suttee (widow-burning), 
and exterminates the roving gangs of 
tbugs. [1835-36. Sir Charles Metcalf 
(Lord Metcalf) is temporary governor.] 

1829 Feb. 24. Peace is made with 
Burma ; it agrees to pay an indemnity 
of £1,000,000, and cedes a great extent of 
territory. 

1830-37 Eng. William IV. king. 

* * Mysore is taken under British ad- 
ministration. [1734. Apr. 10. Coorg, 
Madras, is annexed.] 

1834 May 1. Natives are admitted to 
the magistracy. 

1836 Mar. 4-42 ** Lord [Earl] Auck- 
land is governor-general. 

Dec. * Aden. A wrecked British ship is 
plundered at Aden by Arabs. [The 
sultan agrees to cede Aden to Great 
Britain as compensation. His son hav- 
ing repudiated tbis agreement, Great 
Britain sends an expedition. 1S39. Ta- 
ken by Capt H. Smith. Annexed.] 

1837 * * Eng. Victoria becomes queen. 
1837-42 Mahmud Ali, nawab of Oudh. 
1837-57 Mahmud Bahadur Shah is 

titular Mogul emperor. 

1839* * China. Hongkong taken. 
[1842. Aug. 29. Ceded (Pp. 616, 617).] 

1842 Feb. 28. Lord [Earl of] Ellen- 
borough is governor-general. [1844. July 
23-1848, Sir Henry Hardinge.] 

1843 Mar.* Sind is conquered and an- 
nexed. Area, 54,12.''. square miles ; popu- 
lation [recent], 2,542,976; Sir Charles 
Napier, governpr. 

1845 * * The English purchase the Da- 
nish possessions. 

* * A part of Lahore is annexed by con- 
quest from the Sikhs. 

1847-56 WaudAli Shah rules in Oudh. 
[1856. Eeb. 7. Deposed by British, and 
territory annexed.] 

1848-56 Earl [Marquis] of Dalhousie 
is governor-general. 

1849 Mar. 29. The Punjab is an- 
nexed by j>r< x-lumation. [Satara lapses 
to the British, it having no direct heir. 
1853. Dec. 11. Nagpur lapses.] 

1852 Dec. 20. Burma. Pegu and Ran- 
gun are annexed by proclamation. 

1853 Jan. * Burma. The king of Ava 
is deposed by his younger brut her. [June 
20. Peace with Great Britain.] 

* * Lord Elpbinstone is governor of Bom- 
bay. [I860, Sir R. G. Clerk ; 1862, Sir 
Henry Bartle Frere ; 1866, "W. R. Sey- 
mour Fitzgerald ; 1872, Sir Philip Wode- 
house ; 1880, Sir James Fergusson ; 1884, 
Lord Reay.] 

* * Straits Settlements is made a sepa- 
rate dependency under the governor- 
general of India. [1866. Aug. 10. Sep- 
arated ; made a crown colony. 1867. 
Apr. * Effective. Sir Harry St. George 
Ord, governor ; 1873, Sir Andrew Clarke.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1837-38 A terrible famine in north- 
west India destroys 800,000 lives. 

1851* * Chohan chiefs agree to resolu- 
tions against the killing of female 
infants. 

1853 Apr. 16. The first railway is 
opened, from Bombay to Tannah ; dis- 
tance about 25 miles. 

1854 * * The Ganges canal is opened. 



1048 1855, * *-1894, Jan. 8. 



INDIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1857-58 The sepoy rebellion. 

Alleged cause : requiring men to use 
cartridges greased "with lard and cow's 
tallow, the cow being a sacred animal 
and the hog abhorred. The native ar- 
mies of Madras and Bombay remain loyal 
to the British. 

(Mab.*) The troops at Barrackpur mu- 
tiny. (Mat 10.) At Meerut, near Delhi. 
(May II.) The helpless Europeans at Delhi 
blow up the magazine. Gen. Anson, com- 
mander-in-i'lijt'f, marches on Delhi. (May 
27.) He is killed. (May 30.) The sepoys 
at Lucknow join the mutiny. Sir Henry 
Lawrence fortifies and provisions the resi- 
dency. (June 3.) The mutiny is suppressed 
at Benares. (June 6.) At Allahabad the 
native soldiers rise and massacre 17 officers 
and all the women and children they can find. 
Nana Sahib of Cawnpurmutinies,and is pro- 
claimed peshwa of theMahrattas. (June 8.) 
The siege of Delhi begins; 30,000 men besiege 
8,000 at the maximum. (June 27.) About 
450 Europeans an' treacherously massacred 
by Nana Sahib, chierty women and children; 
only four men and 125 women escape death. 
(JUNE*) Sir Henry Barnard succeeds Gen. 
Anson (deceased). (July 2.) Sir Henry 
Lawrence, with a weak regiment, and the 
Europeans of Lucknow are besieged in the 
residency; he is wounded. (July 4.) He 
dies. (July 5.) Maj.-Gen. Reid succeeds 
Sir Henry Barnard, deceased. (July 12.) 
Gen. Nicholson defeats rebels at Sealcote. 
(July 15.) Gen. Havelock defeats Nana 
Sahib and recaptures Cawnpur. (July 18.) 
The mutiny is suppressed at Haidarabad. 
(July 19.) Also at Bithoor. (July 20.) At 
Lahore. (July 22.) Sir Archdale Wil- 
son assumes command at. Delhi. (July 27.) 
The mutiny breaks out at Dinapur; British 
repulsed at Anak. (July 29-Al o. 15.) Gen. 
Havelock., by prodigious effort, wins many 
victories over the rebels, although a sufferer 
from disease. (Aug. 15.) Rebels defeated 
atPandooMuddee. Gen. Nicholson defeats 
them at Nuguffgur. (Sept. 14.) The Brit- 
ish assault Delhi. (Sept. 20.) The entire 
citytaken. (Sept. 21.) The Mogul emperor 
Bahadur Shah is captured at. Delhi. (Sept. 
23.) Col. Hodson kills with his own hand 
the son and grandson of • Bahadur. Gen. 
Nicholson dies. (Sept. 25.) Gen. Havelock 
relieves the besieged residency at Lucknow. 
(Sept. 26.) Rebels defeated at Boland- 
shhar. (Sept. 29.) AtMolaghur. (Oct. 5.) 
At Aligarh. (Oct. 10.) At Agra. (Nov. 
3.) Sir Colin Campbell [Lord Clyde], com- 
mander-in-chief, arrives at Cawnpur. (Nov. 
13.) Cawnpur is taken. (Nov. 16.) Camp- 
bell takes Sikandarabad. (Nov. 18-25.) 
He and Gen. Havelock rescue the besieged 
residency at Lucknow by hard fighting. 
(Nov. 27.) The rebels at Cawnpur repulse 
Gen. Windham. (Nov. 28.) Campbell re- 
captures Cawnpur. (Dec. 6.) He defeats 
the Gwalior contingent. (Dec. 14, 17, 27.) 
The rebels are defeated at Seat on. (Dec. 
27.) At Gorakhpur. (1858. Jan. 2.) At 
Futtigarh. (Jan.*) The rebels still hold 
and fortify Lucknow. (Jan. 29.) Sir Hugh 
Rose relieves Sagar. (Feb. 31.) He enters. 
(Mar. 8.) Sir Colin Campbell besieges Lurk- 
now. (Mar. 19.) Lucknow surrenders; 50, 
000 rebels hastily retire. (Mar. 30.) Gen. 
Roberts takes Kotah. (Apr. 4.) Sir Hugh 
Rose takes dhansi. (Apr. 13.) Azimgarhis 
relieved bv Sir E. Lugard. (APR. 19.) Gen. 
Whitelock takes Budaun. (May 7.) The 
British recapture Bareli. (May 11.) Sir 
Hugh Rose defeats the rebels at Kooneh. 
<May23.) Also near Kalpi. (May 13.) Sir 
Hopp Grant defeats them at Newabzunge. 
(May 29.) Sir E. Lu*ard defeats them at 
JuedeBpore. (June 13.) The rebels seize 
Gwalior. (June 17.) Rose again defeats 
them; the Rani princess Jhahsi is killed 
while leading her troops. [Rose captures 
Gwalior.] (July *) Several rajas sur- 
render. (Aug. 14.) Gen. Roberts destroys 
the remnant of the Gwalior rebels. (Aug. 
*) Chiefs in Oudh surrender. (Aug. 31.) 
A rising of dismissed soldiers at Multan ia 
suppressed; 300 are killed. [Later 800 more 
killed or captured.) (Sept. 15.) Gen. Mit- 
chell defeats Tantia Topi near Rajghur. 
(Nov. 24.) Lord Clyde defeats Beni Mahdo 
atDhooden Khera. (Nov. 25.) Again de- 
feated at Gujarat by Maj. Sutherland. 

1859 Feb. 10. Gen. Horsford de- 
feats the begum of Oudh and Nana Sa- 
hib, the rebel pesbwa. 



Apr. 2. Maun Singh surrenders to the 
British. [Apr. 7. Tantia Topi is cap- 
tured. Apr. IS. Hanged.] 

May 23. Sir Hope Grant defeats Nana 
Sahib in the Jorway Pass. 

1860 July * Sir Hugh Hose assumes 



Nov. * The natives repulse the British at 
Siltkim. 

1863 Oct. *-Dec. * "War with the hill 

tribes on the northwestern frontier. 

1864 * * The British are at war with 
the Bhutanese. 

Dec. 12. The Bhutanese defeated. [1S65. 
Jan. 29. Repulsed at Dewangiri. Feb. * 
The British evacuate. Apr. 2. Betake 
it.] 



1872 Jan. 15-17- An outbreak of 
the Kookas near Ludhiana is severely 
suppressed. 

1873 Nov+. * Straits Settlements. The 
Malays revolt, besiege the residency. 

(Nov. 6.) Capt. Inness relieves the resi- 
dent. (Dec. 7.) Troops from Calcutta and 
Hong-kong under (Jen. Sir Francis Colborne 
defeat the Malays. (Dec. 22.) They de- 
feat them again. (Dec. 17.) The British 
take Kinti, the capital of Perak, and force 
ex-Sultan Ismail to retreat. (Dec 27.) 
The Malays are subdued at Perak. (Mak. 
21.) Ismail surrenders to the British. 
1878-81 Second Afghan war (p. 4). 

1881 Jan. * Sir Donald Stewart is 
appointed commander-in-chief. 

1885 July 30 i. Sir Frederick Rob- 
erts is appointed commander-in-chief. 

1885-86 "War with Burma. 

(Nov. 17.) The British capture the Bur- 
mese forts, Minhla and Gurgyong. (Nov. 
20.) Also Magwe. (Nov. 27.) They occupy 
the Ava forts. (Nov. 28.) Also Pagan and 
Myingyan and Mandalay. (Dec. 2.) Also 
Nadan. (Dec. 29.) Maj. Williamson de- 
feats the Burmese at Moutshobo. (1886. 
Jan. 16.) They are defeated at Kadol. 
(Jan. 19.) Again at Kunnah. (Jan. 27.) 
At Mas. (Mar. 18.) At Yindaawango, 
(Mab. 26.) Near Zemethen. (Apr. 5.) Again 
defeated. (June 6,7.) Defeated at Ngape. 
(June 19.) They repulse the British near 
Tummoo. (Oct. 21.) Gen. Sir Frederick 
Roberts succeeds to the chief command. 
(Nov. 18.) He arrives at Mandalay. 

1887 Feb. * Burma. Gen. Roberts re- 
tires ; Gen. Arbuthnot assumes com- 
mand. 

1888 Mar. 20. A British force defeats 
the Tibetans at Lingtum. 

Tibetans have erected a fort contrary 
to the terms of their treaty. [May 23. 
Defeated. Sept. 25. Again at Jelapla 
Pass.] 

1889 Jan. * Afghanistan. The British 
complete the fortress at Quetta; mak- 
ing it the bulwark of India. 

1891 Mar. 30. Hostile Muneepuris, 
after two days' fighting, massacre 400 
Goorkhas in the British service. [Apr. 
16±. The Muneepuris are defeated, los- 
ing50 killed. Apr. 18+, Apr.21±. Again 
defeated. Apr. 27. Iinphal is captured.] 



ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1855 * * The Bombay Quarterly is is- 
sued. 

1864 Oct. 5. Calcutta. A cyclone, 
followed by a storm-wave over the 
delta of the Ganges, destroys 45,000 lives, 
and 100 ships. 



15S7 Nov. 1. Calcutta. A cyclone 
unroofs 30,000 small houses ; 90,000 peo- 
ple are drowned by it in Lower Bengal. 

1871 Aug. 5. Eng. The Royal Indian 
Engineering College, Cooper's Hill, is 
opened. 

1872 Dec. 14, 15. An earthquake 
destroys Lehree ; 500 people perish. 

1874 Oct. * A cyclone destroys Med- 
napur; 2,000 people perish. 

1875 July * A Mohammedan college 
is established for Northwest Provinces. 

1876 Oct. 31. A cyclone sweeps 
southeast Bengal ; 215,000 people perish. 

1883 * * The Christian College Magazine 
is issued. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1857 * * Gholab Singh, maharaja, dies. 
1881 Mar. * Gliolam Hussein Khan, friend 

of the British, dies. 
1890 Oct. 12. Jeejeebhoy Byramjee, of 



CHURCH. 

1856* *The Methodist Episcopal 
Church, U. S. A., sends Dr. William 
Butler to open mission-work in Bareli. 

[1858, be plants his first mission at Luck- 
now; 1859,in r.ndaun and Moradabad; 1K6I, 
in Haidarabad, Sind; ln«4, in Garhwal; 1871, 
in Bombay; 1881, in Chandausi, N. "W. Prov.] 

1857 * * The Wesleyan Methodists 
(Eng.) open a mission in Ceylon among 
the Veddahs ; in Tumkur, Madras. 

[1863, In Karur, Madras, and Shimoga, 
Mysore; 1876, in Faizabad, Oudh.] 

1858 * * Baboo Keshub Chunder Sen 
joins the society of the Brahma Somaj. 
[Being much opposed he forms the new 
Brahma Somaj of India.] 

1860 * * The United Presbyterians 
(Scot.) open a mission in Bajputana. 

[1861, in Musseerabad and Narsinhpnr. 
Madras; 1««2, in Ajim-re, Bengal; 1863, in 
Todgarth; ]nijH, In .Jaipur; 1871, in Deoli, N. 
W. Prov.; 1877, in Vdaipur, also in Alwar; 
1885, in Jodhpur.] 

1861 * * The Danish Missionary So- 
ciety opens the New Tamil Mission. 

[1881, one for the Malays in the Sjervarog 
Mountains; 1SSH, in Assampur; 1887, in Ar- 
cot, Kanipet, and Sallasapet; 1888, in Ma- 
dras. ] 

* * The Finland Missionary Society 
opens a mission in Suoini. 

* * The Geneva Baptists open a mission 
in Russelkonda, Madras. 

* * The Strict Baptists (Eng.) open a 
mission in Talleygaum. 

1863 Dec. * The Government with- 
draws its support of the Hindu religion. 

* * The Established Church of Scot- 
land opens a mission in Wazirabad in 
the Punjab. [1865, in Chuma ; 1869, Dar- 
jiling, Bengal ; 188G, in Bhutan.] 

1864 * * Calcutta. The Cathedral Mis- 
sion CoUege ia opened. 

1866 Apr. * The question respecting 
marriage of Hindu converts is settled. 

* * The English Friends Society sends 
its first missionary. [1869, opens a mis- 
sion in Benares, soon changed to Jubal- 
pur ; 1374, in Hoshangabad, Cent. Prov.] 

* * The United Presbyterians, U. S. A., 
open a mission at Zaiarwal, Punjab. 

* * The Church Society opens a mission 
in Lahore. 

H878, in Mandla, Cent. Prov. ; 1879, one 
for the Gondwana, in N. Ind.; 1880, another 
for the Bliils, N. Ind.; 1882, in Gorakhpur, 
N. W. Prov.; 1887, in Snkkur, Sind; 1888, 
Kuinmamett, S. Ind.; 1889, in Ceylon.] 



INDIA. 



1855,* * -1894, Jan. 8. 1049 



1870 - * * A widespread revival oecurg 
in Methodist missiolis and great cities, 
under the labors of the American evan- 
gelist, [Bishop] William Taylor. 

1872 July* Eng. The Christian mar- 
riage bill is passed. 

1875* * Canadian Presbyterians open 
a mission in Madras. [1877. In Judore.] 

1877 Jan. * The South Indian Confer- 
ence (Meth. Epis.) is organized. [1886, 
'The Bengal Conference.] 

* * Burma. The bishopric of Rangun 
is erected. 

1877-78 During the famine about 60,- 
000 persons in Southern India cast 
away their idols, and seek Christian in- 
struction. 

1878 June 15. InlGdaysthe American 
Baptist Telugu missionaries baptize 
8,691 converts, and 2,222 of them in one 
day. 

* * The Swedish Society opens a mission 
in Narsinhpur, Madras. 

* * The English Presbyterians open a 
l Rampur-Beauleah, Bengal. 



1882 * * The Christian Society (U.S. A.) 
opens missions in Ilikispur, Mungeli, and 
Chapa, Cent. Prov. 

1883 * * The Western Foreign Mis- 
sionary Society (U. S. A.) opens a mis- 
sion in Lodiana, in the Punjab. 

1884* *The Breklum Society (Ger.) 
opens a mission in Coropat, Madras. 

1886 * * Ceylon. The Salvation Army 
arrives, and adopts the native food and 
dress of the Hindu mendicants. 

1889 * * The Protestant Missionary So- 
cieties report 4,223 stations and out- 
stations. Foreign mission- workers, 816, 
ordained missionaries, 69 laymen, 460 
missionaries' wives, and 243 other women. 
Native workers : 912 ordained, 6,692 
teachers, 8,569 other helpers. Also 2,533 
preaching places, 1,855 churches, 222,283 
communicants, 83 schools for higher edu- 
cation, with 8,051 pupils, 6,574 common 
schools, with 273,585 pupils; native con- 
tributions for all purposes, $477,283. 

STATE. 

1855-60 Ceylon. Sir H. Ward is gover- 
nor. [1865, Mar. 7, Sir Hercules G. 
Robinson ; 1872, Jan. 9, Wm. H. Gregory ; 
1876, Nov. * Sir J. R. Longden ; 1883, 
Feb. * Sir Arthur Gordon.] 

1856-58 Viscount [Earl] Canning is 
viceroy. [1858-62, Earl Canning.] 

1857 May 11. At Meerut the sepoys 
proclaim the king of Delhi emperor. 

1857-58 The nizam of Haidarabad 
supports the British during the mutiny. 

1858 Jan. 27-Mar. 9. The king of 
Delhi is tried for complicity in the mu- 
tiny, and sentenced to transportation. 

Aug. 2. London. The East India Com- 
pany's administration is transferred 
to the crown. A secretary of state is 
provided for its management. [Sept. 1, 
Transferred.] 

Nov. 1. The queen is proclaimed sover- 
eign over India. 

1858-62 The Earl of Canning is 
viceroy. 

1859 Jan. 1. The Punjab becomes a 
presidency. 

Jan. * Sir Charles Trevelyan is 
appointed governor of Madras. [1860, 
S. Ward; Sir Wm. Denison ; 1866, Jan. 
31, Lord Napier.] 



1861 Aug. * A new Indian council 
and new high court of judicature are 
established. 

1862 Jan. 18. Calcutta. The first 
meeting of the new legislative council. 

Mar. 1. Calcutta. Lord Elgin, the gov- 
ernor-general, arrives. [Mar. 12. In- 
stalled. 1863, Nov. 20. Dies. 1863, Sir 
Robert Napier, officiating governor ; 
1863-64, Sir William Denison.] 

1S64 * * The Dwars is annexed. 

1864-69 Sir John Lawrence [Lord 
Lawrence] is viceroy. 

1866 Sept.i * Burma. A rebellion 
against the native king breaks out. 

1869-72 Earl of Mayo is viceroy. [1872, 
Feb. 23, Lord Napier, acting governor.] 

1872-76 Lord [Earl of] Northbrook is 
viceroy. [1872, Sir John Strachey, of- 
ficiating viceroy; later, Lord Napier.] 

1874 Jan. 20. Straits Settlements. 
Governor Clarke signs a treaty at Pan- 
kor iu the Dindings. 

It establishes Abdullah as sultan, and 
provides for a British resident with 
plenary power at Perak. The British 
Government begins to exercise super- 
vision over the native courts through a 
staff of European officials. [1875. Oct. * 
Sir William F. D. Jervois becomes gov- 
ernor. Nov. 1. J. W. Birch, the British 
resident, issues a proclamation at Perak. 
Nov. 2. He is assassinated. 1877. Sir 
W. C. F. Robinson is governor 18S0, 
Sir Frederick A. Weld ; 1S87, Aug. * Sir 
C. G. Smith.] 

1875 Apr. 23. The Maharatta Gack- 
war of Baroda is dethroned for mis- 
government. [May 22. His eldest son 
is appointed his successor.] 

June 18±. Burma. The submission of 
the king to the British is announced. 

1876-80 Lord [Earl of] Lytton is vice- 
roy. 

1877 Jan. 1. The viceroy proclaims 
Queen Victoria Empress of India, with 
magnificent ceremonies, at Delhi. 

1879 Feb.* Burma. Thebaw, the new 
king, kills many members of the royal 
family and their friends. 

1880-84 Marquis of Ripon is viceroy. 

1884 Dec. 13. Calcutta. TheEarlof 
Dufferin assumes office as viceroy. 

* * Mir Mahbub Ali is installed nizam 
of Haidarabad. 

1885 June 7. Straits Settlements. Let- 
ters patent define the Straits Settle- 
ments. 

Oct. 18±. Burma. The British envoy 
and his proposals are rejected. The 
Prenchenter negotiations with the king. 

Nov. 22. A revolution occurs at Ne- 
paul; the prime minister and son are 
murdered. 

Nov. * Burma. The British force the 
king to sign an agreement to settle 
disputes, and receive a British resident. 

Dec. * Burma. King Thebaw and his 
court are sent to Madras. [Dec. 18±. 
His brother issues a proclamation 
against British rule ; Mr. Bernard es- 
tablishes a provisional government.] 

1886 Jan. 1. Upper Burma is an- 
nexed by proclamation. 

May 15. London. All Burma is in- 
cluded in British India by a royal decree. 

* * The Keeling Islands are detached 
from Ceylon and administratively placed 
under Straits Settlements. [1889. Jan. 
8. Christmas Islands so placed.] 

1887 Feb. 15, 16. Burma. The 
Queen's Jubilee is celebrated. 

1888* * The Marquis of Lansdowne is 
viceroy. 



1889 Aug. 27. A native council is 
established at Kashmir. 

1890 Aug. 21. A revolution occurs 
In Manipur ; the maharajah seeks refuge 
in the British residency. [Sept. 25. 
Suppressed.] 

1891 Feb. 23. A meeting of 4,000 
Hindus, held in Bombay, resolves that a 
law is necessary for the protection of 
child-wives. [Feb. 25. Calcutta. About 
50,000 Bengalese protest against the bill 
for the protection of child-wives.] 

May 25. The maharajah of Muneepur 
abdicates in favor of his brother. 

Dec. 29. The Indian National Con- 
gress opens at Nagpur. [1893. Dec. 30. 
It meets at Allahabad.] 

1892 Apr. 1. Burma. The China 
revolt against British rule. 

Dec. 21. Nizam-ul-Mulk, son and heir 
of the late Mehtar of Chitral, places 
himself and the state at the disposal of 
the Indian Government. 

1893 June 26. The Government issues 
an order suspending the free coinage 
of silver. 

Oct. 11. London. The Earl of Elgin is 
appointed viceroy. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1855 * * Calcutta. The Calcutta rail- 
way is opened. 

1856 Nov. 7. The first marriage of a 
Hindu widowis celebrated at Calcutta. 

* * * Sir Jamsetjee Jeejeebhoy, a Parsee 
of Bombay, erects several hospitals. 

1860-61 A famine affects northwest- 
ern India, and thousands perish. 

1865 Mar. 1. Eng. The Indo-Euro- 
pean telegraph line is opened, and a 
despatch from Karachi received. 

1866 Aug. * -Nov. * A terrible famine 
afflicts Orissa, Bengal, and 1,500,000 peo- 
ple perish. 

1867* * Calcutta. Cholera destroys 
75,000 lives. 

1868-69 A severe famine afflicts Raj- 
putana; 1,500,000 people die. 

1870 Mar. * The railway between Cal- 
cutta and Bombay is completed. 

1872 * * The telegraph line connecting 
Bombay and Suez is completed. 

1875 Feb. 24. Lieut. Holcombe and a 
surveying party of 70 persons are mas- 
sacred by natives in Assam. 

Nov. 8. -76 Mar. 13. The Prince of 
"Wales visits India. 

1877 Jan. 1. The Order of the Em- 
pire of India is announced. 

Mar, 1. In Nepaul several widows of 
Sir Junn Bahadoor burn themselves 
as suttees on his funeral pyre. 

Dec. 31. The Imperial Order of the 
Crown of India is instituted for ladies. 

1877-78 A widespread famine has 
6,000,000 victims. (Governmentesti- 
mates of deaths, 1,350,000.) 

1879 Mar. 31. Railways opened to 
date, 8,545 miles ; cost, £120,000,000. 

1882 Nov. 24. The Sirhind irrigating 
canal, 502 miles long, is opened in the 
Punjab. 

1883 Mar. 29. Calcutta. The Euro- 
pean and Anglo-Indian Defense Asso- 
ciation is formed. 

Dec. 4. -84 Mar. 10. Calcutta. An 

International Exhibition is held. 
1889 Feb. 27. The railway between 

Rangun and Mandalay, Burma, is 

opened. 
May± * Famine and cholera prevail in 

Gau jam, Madras ; deaths, 1,400 weekly. 
1892 May 30. Cholera prevails in 

Kashmir; 1,600 deaths in one week. 

1894 Jan. 8. Religious riots occur 
between Mohammedans and Hindus at 
Yeola, 95 miles from Bombay. 



1050 1240* * b.c-362* * b.c. 



ITALY: 



Italy is a kingdom of Southern Europe; capital, Rome. It comprises, besides the peninsula, Sicily, Sardinia, and some 
smaller islands ; its governmental divisions comprise 69 provinces. Its government is vested in a hereditary constitutional 
monarch, with a Parliament of two houses, having 390 members in the Senate and 508 deputies in the Chamber. The prevailing 
religion is Roman Catholic, and the language chiefly used is Italian. Its foreign possessions are Massowah and Assab on the 
Red Sea coast, and the neighboring Dhalak Islands ; these possessions are officially known as Eritrea ; they have a population 
estimated at 450,000. Area, 110,623 quare miles ; population in 1892, 30,535,848. 

Note. — The period of the early kings is highly traditional and largely mythical ; neither the dates, names, nor deeds recorded 
are reliable as facts. Historical records are of an uncertain value until 265 b.c. The list of popes follows that of the Roman 
almanac, Gerarchia Cattolica. Roman Catholic writers disagree respecting the order, accession, and periods of the early popes. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

748 * * e. c. Rome taken by Sabines. 

747 * * b. c. The Caenioians are de- 
feated, and the first triumphal proces- 
sion is witnessed at Rome. 

671 * * b. c. Zancle" (Messina) is seized 
by the Messenese. 

669+ * * b. c. The rival Romans and 
Albans settle the contest for supremacy 
by combat. Three Horatii, Roman 
knights, aB champions, overcome the 
three Curiatii, Alba's champions. 

665 * * b. c. "War with the Fidenates ; 
Alba Longa is destroyed. 

616 * * B. c. Successful wars are waged 
with the Sabines, Latins, and Etruscans. 

* * * B. c. "Wars with the Veii, near 
Rome. 

* * * b. c. Rome. The wall is built. 
590 * * b. c. Sicily. Carthaginians in- 
vade the island. [480. Again.] 

509 * * b. c. A long- ■war follows the 
overthrow of the monarchy. 

508 * * b. c. Unsuccessful war occurs 
with Porsena. 

501 * * b. c. The Latins and the Tar- 
quins attack the republic. [498. The 
Tarquins are finally defeated at Lake 
Regillus by Aulus Postumius.] 

497 * * b.c. The TusculanB are totally 
defeated at Tusculum. 

492 * * b. c. Coriolanus defeats the 
Volsci. 

488 * * b. c. Home. The banished Co- 
riolanus, with the Volsci, besieges Rome, 
but withdraws when entreated by his 
wife and his mother. 

487 * * b. c. Hernici, invaders from 
the South, are defeated by Spurius Cas- 
sius. 

477 * * b. c. All the grown-up Fabii 
(306) are slain from ambush by Veientes, 
at the brook Cremera. 

460 * * b. c. Rome. Herdonius and his 
political refugees surprise the Capitol. 

458 * * b. c. Cincinnatus defeats the 
vEqui tribe, dwelling east of Rome. 
[446. They reappear before Rome for 
the last time.] 

449* * b. c. Rome. The people revolt; 
plebeian soldiers occupy the Aventine 
and the Sacred Mount. 

442± * * B. c. Romans conquer Ardea. 

437* * b. c. The Romans totally defeat 
the Veientes. 

434 * * b. c. "War with the Tuscans. 

431 * * b. c. The iEqui and Volscii are 
defeated by Tubertus, the dictator. 

423 * * b. c. Samnites capture Capua. 

415-413 b. c. Sicily. Athenian inva- 
sion (p. 1020). 

406 * * b. c. The Roman troops first 
receive regular pay. 

396 * * b. c. Marcus Furius Camillus 
takes Veii after a siege lasting 10 years. 

390* * b. o. Gauls besiege Clusium. 

July 16. b. c. Defeat at Allia (p. 662). 



* * b. c. Rome. The Gauls sack the 
city, and make an unsuccessful attempt 
to surprise the Capitol ; the geese of 
Juno alarm the guards. After a seven 
months' siege, the withdrawal of the 
Gauls is purchased with gold. 

389* * b. c. Rome. Camillus expels the 
Gauls (Volscii). [379. They defeat the 
Romans. 350-345. Another war.] 

367 * * b. c. Dionysius the Elder cap- 
tures Rhegium. 

367-349 * * b. c. "Wars with the in- 
vading Gauls in Central Italy. 

362-358 i*. c. "War with the Hernici 
and the. revolted Latin cities. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

753* *b. c. The Roman calendar 
dates from the founding of Rome. [713. 
Numa Pompilius corrects the calendar 
by adding two months, making 12.] 

616 * * b. c. Rome. Tarquinius Priscus 
lays the foundation of the Capitol ; it 
covers eight acres. [507. Dedicated.] 

616-578 B. C. Rome. Tarquinius builds 
the city walls, and begins the temple 
of Jupiter. 

605-t * * b. c. Rome. The first circus 
is established. 

600-500 b. c. The temple of Minerva 
at Syracuse is erected. Also the tem- 
ple at Paestum, the temple of Con- 
cord, and of Juno at Agrigentum. 

594 * * B. C. Rome. The temple of 
Ceres Liber and Libera are decorated 
by Gorgasus and Damophilus. 

534-510 B. C. Rome. Tarquinius Su- 
perbus completes the temple of Jupiter 
Capitolinus. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

Note. — The letters b. c. are mostly omitted 
in Births and Deaths to save space; the pe- 
riod, however, is marked in the tirst item. 

* * * b. c. Romulus, legendary founder of 

Rome, born. [716. Dies.] 

* * * Numa Pompilius, Si-cuml kini; of Rome, 

born. [672. Dies.] 

672* * Tullus Hostilius, legendary hero, b. 
[640. Dies.] 

678 * * Tanpiiiiius Prisons, legendary k., d. 

516^ * * Cincinnatus, Luc. Q., legendary 
hero, born. 

507 * * Brutus, Lucius Junius, fdr. of repub- 
lic, dies. 

489 * * Coriolanus, Cnseus Marcius, legendary 
hero, dies, 

430* * Diurivsiiis the Kl-ler, tyrant of Syra- 
cuse, born. [365. Dies.} 

408* * Dion, Syracusan statesman, born. 
[354. Dies.] 

396 * * Dionvsius the Younger, tyrant of 
Syracuse, horn. [343. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 

* * b. c. The religion of the Romans 
is a system of polytheism in which na- 
ture is deified. "Worship consists chiefly 
in prayers, sacrifices, and games, with 
the observance of strict ceremonials. 
The head of the state conducts public, 



and the heads of families the domestic, 
worship. 

The chief gods of the Romans are Jupiter, 
the god of the sky; Juno, his wife, who pre- 
sides over maternity; Minerva, the goddess 
of the intellect, who presides over the arts; 
Mars the god, and liellona the goddess, of 
war; Vesta, goddess of Roman hearths ; 
Saturnus the god, and Ceres the goddess, 
presiding over agriculture; Ops, the goddess 
of harvest and riches; Hercules, the god of 
gain, presiding over contracts; Mercurius, the 
god of traffic, and Neptune, the god of the 
sea. There are also a great multitude of 
lesser gods. 

710* * b. c. Numa Pompilius regulates 
religious ceremonies by the advice of 
the Camcenus (prophetess). Egira, his 
consort, institutes the priesthood, the 
augurs, and vestals. 

* * *b. c. Rome. The temple of 
Janus is erected. 

* * * b. c. Rome. The five pontifices 
are appointed, Pontifex Maximus being 
the first ; also the flamines, fetiales, the 
four augurs, and the four vestal vir- 
gins. [Later, six.] 

507+ * * B. c. Rome. The king is high 
priest, and head of the state religion. 

431 * * B. c. Rome. A temple is dedi- 
cated to Apollo in a time of pestilence. 

399 * * b. c. The Lectisternian festi- 
val is instituted. 



SOCIETY. 

750± * * B. c. The Romans seize the 
Sabine women in attendance at a pub- 
lic spectacle, and detain them for wives. 

* * * Romulus divides the people into 
Patricians and Plebeians. [732. He 
establishes the Circensian games. 716. 
He is murdered by senators.] 

616-578 b. c. Rome, Tarquin estab- 
lishes annual games in the Circus Max- 

578 * * b. c. Servius Tullius, successor 
of Tarquinius, is the son of a slave- 
woman, Ocrisia, and a god, and is ad- 
vanced because of the utterance of an 
oracle. 

510 * * b. c. The overthrow of the Tar- 
quins and the establishment of the re- 
public follow the rape of Lucretia, 
wife of Tar.quinius Collatinius, by Sex- 
tus Tarquinius; Lucre tia kills herself. 

491 * * b. c. Some Plebeians, called cli- 
ents, are directly dependent on the 
great Patrician families, called patrons ; 
they receive support and render service, 
yet without actual slavery. 

* * * b. c. The mass of Plebeians are 

freemen, without political rights or bur- 
densome taxes, but possessed of commer- 
cial rights. A great social gulf lies be- 
tween the Plebeians and the Patricians. 
Slaves from all countries are numerous ; 
owners hold the power of life or death. 

473 * * b. c. The male property-hold- 
ers between the ages of 17 and 60 are 
divided into five classes by Servius Tul- 
lius. 

* * * B. c. Incessant wars prevail ; the 
condition of the poor people grows worse 
and worse. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 1240** bo- 362 



1051 



456±**B. c. Home. The Secular 

games are first celebrated. 
445 * * b. c. The Canuleian law is 

passed, permitting marriages between 

Patricians and Plebeians. 
444* * b. c. Plebeians become eligible 

to the office of military tribunes. 

397** B.C. Sicily. All the Carthagin- 
ians are massacred by the Romans. 

390-376 b. c. The equalization of 
the old orders and the new nobility is 
originated in both the Patrician and Ple- 
beian families of office-holders. 

367 * * b. c. Rome. One of the three 
great colleges of priests, having charge 
of the Sibylline books, is opened to the 
Plebeians. 



510 * * b. c. Royalty is abolished, and 

the consulship instituted. 

The overthrow of the monarchy ; L. 
Junius Brutus leads the insurrection ; 
the Tarquins are expelled. (See Society.) 

510-264 b. c. Struggles between the 
Patricians and the Plebeians arise. Cen- 
tral and Lower Italy are subjugated. 

509-265 b. c. Rome is a republic es- 
tablished by the Patricians; it is aristo- 
cratic in its spirit. 

509± * * b. c. Junius Brutus and Lu- 
cius Tarquinius Collatinus are the 
first consuls. 

508 * * b. c. Alliance with Carthage. 



1240-5 10 Mythical Period. 



1183* * b. c. Antenor founds Padua. 

[1050±. C unite is founded. 1154. Naples.] 
1182 * * B. c. JEneas and the Trojans 

settle in Latiurn [Cent. It.]. 

753-510 b.c. Mythical period of the 
kings. 

753-716 b. c. Romulus reigns, 

747 * *b.c. The Sabines are incorpo- 
rated with the Romans as one double 
state under Romulus and Tatius. 

742 * * b. c. Borne. Romulus is Bole 
king ; he institutes a senate of 100 mem- 
bers, and divides the people into tribes 
and curiee. 

735 * * b. c. Sicity. Naxos is founded. 
[734. Also Syracuse by Corinthian 
Greeks under Archias.] 

730± * * b. c. Leontini and Catana are 

founded. [721, Saberis ; 710, Crotona ; 

690, Gela.] 
716* * b. C. Interregnum. 
716-673 b.c. Rome. Numa Pompil- 

ius, a Sabine, is king. [673-640, Tullus 

Hostilius, a Latin.] 

705 * *B.c. Tarentum, in Southern Italy, 
is colonized by Spartans. [It becomes 
the leading city of Magna Grtecia.] 

683 * * B. C Locri Epizephyrii [S. It.] 
is founded by Locrians of Greece. [648. 
Himera, Sicily.] 

665* * b. c. Alba is conquered, and 

annexed to Rome. 
664* * b. C. Sicily. Syracuse sends 

out a colony, and founds Acras. L644, 

CaBmse j 599, Camarina.] 

640-616 B.C. Rome. Ancus Martius, 
a Sabine, reigns. [616-578. Tarquinius 
Priscus, an Etruscan.] 



600± * * B. c. Pisa is founded. Also 
Milan. (Traditional.) [579. Agrigen- 
tum, Sicily.] 

578-534 b. c. Rome. Servius Tullius 
reigns. He organizes the Comitia Cen- 
turiata.] 

578 * * b. c. Rome joins the Latin 
League. [566. First Roman census.] 

* * b. c. Lands are allotted to the Ple- 
beians. 

634-510 b. c. Rome. Tarquinius Su- 
perbus reigns. He disregards the laws 
and the Senate, subjugates the Latin 
League, and conquers Suessa Pometia. 

520± * * B. c. The Latins become allies 
of Rome. 



489 * * b. c. Titus Lartius becomes the 
first dictator ; he is appointed in a crisis 
for the expulsion of Tarquinius and his 
allies from the Latin towns. 

494 * * b. c. Rome. The oppressed Ple- 
beians secede. Plebeian tribuneB are 
elected, and they return. * 

493+ * * b. c. Rome. The alliance with 
the Latin League is renewed by Spurius 
Cassius Viscellinus. [486. He proposes 
the first agrarian law. Patricians and 
Plebeians quarrel respecting it.] 

492 * *b. c. Rome. The ediles (magis- 
trates) are first elected. 

491 * * B. C. Rome. Cnasus Marcius Co- 
riolanus, the consul, is banished for 
attempting to bribe the Plebeians to give 
up their political rights for grants of 
corn, and for contempt of court. 

486* * b. c The Hernici join the Latin 
and Roman League. 

485 * * b. c. Sicity. The oligarchy- 
are expelled, and Gamori Gelon, ruler of 
Gela, becomes tyrant of Syracuse. [467. 
Thrasybulus. 466. Expelled (p. 1019).] 

484* * b. c. Q,uestors are appointed. 

480 * * b. c. The Pabia gens secede 
from Rome for political reasons. 

471 * * b. c. Rome. The law of Volero 
Publilius, giving greater authority to 
the Plebeians, is carried by the tribune 
of the people. 

462 * * b. c. Rome. C.Terentilius Arsa, 
the tribune, is opposed by the Patricians. 
He proposes the appointment of ten 
men to reduce the laws to a written 
code. [450. The difficulty is settled by 
compromise ; three ambassadors are sent 
to Greece to study its laws, and codify 
Roman laws. 

458 * * b. c. Lucius Quinctius Cincin- 
nati becomes dictator. [439. Again.] 

457 * * b. c. Rome. The tribunes of 
the people are increased from five to ten. 

451* * b. c. Rome. The decemvirs, 
a commission of 10 men, chosen from the 
Patricians, are in power. 

They formulate the code of laws defin- 
ing the rights of Plebeians. By their 
action the Patrician administration be- 
comes subject to the control of public 
judgment. 

450 * * b. c. Rome. The decemvirs 
are appointed again. 

Three of their number being Plebeians, 
thev add two more tables, thus forming 
the* laws of the 12 tables. [449. They 
refuse to relinquish power, and rule as 
tyrants during another year.] 

449* *b.c. Rome. A revolt of the 
moderate aristocracy, under Valerii and 
Horatii, against the oppression of the 
decemvirs fails. 



A later revolt against the tyranny of 
the decemvirs is hastened by the stab- 
bing of Virginia in the Forum by Vir- 
ginius her father, to keep her from the 
power of Appius Claudius, a decemvir. 
The decemvirs enter a compromise by 
which they abdicate; two commit sui- 
cide in prison, the others are banished. 
447* *B. c. Rome. Two additional 
questors are appointed by the Plebeian 
comitia tributa ; they have special charge 
of the military treasury. 

444 * * b. c. Rome. Six military tri- 
bunes, with consular power, open alike 
to Patricians and Plebeians, are created 
as successors of the decemvirs. 

443 * * b. c. The office of censor is in- 
stituted and two Plebeians are appointed. 
They supervise state revenues and ex- 
penditures, and guard the public morals. 

421 * * b. c. Rome. The first Plebeian 
questor is elected. [409. Three chosen. 

410** b.c. Sicily. The Carthagin- 
ians commence their aggressions on 
Syracuse. 

408* *b.c. Milan is built by the Gauls. 

405-367 b. c. Sicily. Dionysius the 
Elder rules in Syracuse as despot. 

396 * * b. c. The Etruscan power be- 
gins to decline. 

393* *b.c The League of the Achsean 
cities is reconstructed. 

391 * * b. c. The Gauls demand the sur- 
render of the three ambassadors (the 
three Pabii) who took part in the war 
of the Etruscans of Clusium against the 
Gauls ; the Senate consents, but th« 
citizens refuse. 

390± * * b. c. Rome. Marcus Furius 
Camillus, the dictator, is condemned 
for speculation, and exiled to Ardea. 

* * b. c. Invasion of the Gauls ; Rome 
is sacked and burned by Brennus. 

388 * * b. c. The Latins desert the Ro- 
mans. 

386 * * b. c. M. Manlius Capitolinus, 
charged with aiming at royal power, is 
thrown from the Tarpeian rock ; he had 
paid the debts of bankrupt Plebeians. 

385 * * b. c. A Latin colony is estab- 
lished at Satrieum. [379, At Setia ; 384+ , 
Antium and Tarracina.] 

377 * * b. c. Rome. C. Licinius Calvus 
Stolo and Lucius Sextus, tribunes of the 
people, make proposals for the union 
of, all sections of the plebs. 

1. Consids to be elected in place of consular 
tribunes. 2. One to be a Plebeian. 3. One- 
half of the 10 members of the priestly college 
having charge of the Sibylline books to be 
Plebeians. 4. The possession of public lands 
to be limited to 500 acres for a single citizen. 
5. Land-owners to employ free as well as 
slave labor. 6. Debtors to be relieved by the 
deduction of interest paid from the principal, 
and the remainder to lie paid in instalments 
within three years. [367. They become laws. ] 

374 * * b. c. The other Latins harass 
the Tusculans because of their friend- 
ship for Rome, and take their city. 

369 * * b. c. Rome. Military tribuneB 
are abolished. 

367 * *B. c. Rome. The curule magis- 
trates are first appointed. [366. Lucius 
Sextus Laternaus is the first Plebeian 
consul, and the colleague of Licinius.] 



1052 362**b.c.-218** b.c. 



ITALY : 



ARMY — NAVY. 

368-351 b. c. "Wars with the Etruscan 
cities Tarquinii, Caere, and Falerii ; Ro- 
mans subdue all Southern Etruria. 

346* * b. c. The consul Valerius Cor- 

vus defeats the Volscii at Sutrium. 
- 343-266 b. c. "War with both the Ital- 
ian and Greek cities of Italy. 
. 343-341 b. c. The first Samnite war 
in Central Italy. 

Caused by the demand of the Capuans 
for assistance against the Samnites. 

340-338 b. c. The Great Latin "War. 
The Latin league demands equality 
with the Romans ; its cities finally sur- 
render to the Romans at discretion. 

338 * * b. c. Titus Manlius Imperiosus 
Torquatus decisively defeats the united 
Latins and Campanians near Trifanuni ; 
Campania submits to Rome. 

335* * b. c. The Tiburtines are de- 
feated, and all Latium soon after, for 
which M. Furius Camilius the younger 
obtains a triumph and statue. 

331 * * b. c. Alexander, King of Epi- 
rus, invades South Italy. [326. He is 
defeated and killed at Pandosia by the 
Bruttians.] 

326-304 b. c. Second war with the 
Samnites and other Italians, caused by 
an encroachment of the Romans, and 
their capture of Palceopolis. 

Alliance of the Romans with the Apu- 
Hans and Lucanians, and later with the 
Sabellian cities south of the Volturnus ; 
the Romans are successful in the early 
part of the war. 
: 321 * * b. c. The Samnites, under Ga- 
yius Pontius, decisively defeat the Ro- 
mans, under the consuls Sp. Postumius 
and T. Veturius,in the Caudine Forks, 
and force them to pass under the yoke. 

320 * * b. c. The Romans defeat the 
Samnites at Luceria and Fregella?, 
and compel them to pass under the yoke. 

313 * * B. c. ITola, Campania, is taken 
by the Romans. 

311 * * b. c. The Etruscan cities (Tus- 
cany) take part in the war against Rome. 
They besiege the border fortress, Su- 
trium. 

* * b. c. Sicily. The Carthaginians 
defeat Agathocles, the tyrant of Syra- 
cuse, at Ecnomus. 

311± * * b. c. A fleet is begun. 

310* * b, c. The consul Fabius Maxim us 
Rullianus decisively defeats the Etrus- 
cans at the Vadimonian Lake, near 
the Tiber. 

Because of this defeat, the cities of 
Perusia, Cortona, and Arretium con- 
clude a truce with Rome. 

309 * * b. c. The Romans under Lucius 
Papirius Cursor defeat the Samnites 
in a great battle. 

308 * * b. c . The Umbrians are defeated 
by Consul Rullianus. 

* * b. c. A provisional truce is declared 
throughout Etruria. 

* * b. c. The Roman navy first appears 
in the capture of the town of Nuceria. 

* * b. c. The consul L. Postumius in- 
vades Samnium from the Adriatic Sea. 

* * b. c. Military roads are built in 
North Italy. 

305 * * b. c. The Romans gain a decisive 
victory at Bovianum ; the Samnites sue 
for peace. 



301 * * b. c. The Marsi finally yield to 
the Romans. [300±. Perusia reduced.] 

300* *b.c. The Greek colony of Cumae 
[Naples] is allied with Rome. 

298-290 b. o. Third Samnite war. 
It is caused by the Samnites conclud- 
ing a league with the Lucanians, looking 
toward the independence of Italy. Other 
Italians are involved. 

297 * * b. c. Fabius Rullianus defeats 
the Samnites at Tifernum (N. It.). 

296 * * b- c. The Samnites place three 
armies in the field. Rullianus and Pub- 
lius Decius Mus command 60,000 Romans. 

295* *b. c. BattleofSentinum(p.662). 

293 * * B. c. Lucius Papirus Cursor and 
Spurius Carvilius defeat a strong army 
of Samnites at Aquilouia. [292. The 
Samnites under Gaius Pontius defeat 
the Romans. 290. The Samnites are 
subdued by M. Curius Dentatus.] 

285-282 b. c. Rome is at war with a 
new coalition of Italian states. 

284 * * b. c. * The Celtic Senones besiege 
Arretium [Arezzo] (X. It.), because it re- 
fuses to take part against the Romans. 

L. Caecilius Met ell up with a relieving 
force is defeated ; he is slain with seven 
military tribunes and 1,300 men ; the 
survivors are made prisoners. 

283 * * b. c. Consul Lucius Cornelius 
Dolabella routs the Senones, and erases 
the tribe. 

* * b. c. The Boii, a Celtic Cisalpine peo- 
ple, are defeated at the Vadimonian 
Lake. [282. At Populonia]. (P. 662.) 

281-272 b. c. "War with Tarentum. 
Cause : the aggressions of the Romans 
in sending war-ships beyond the promon- 
tory of Lacinium contrary to treaty stip- 
ulations, also by the demagogues, who 
urged their capture. The Tarentines se- 
cure Pyrrhus, King of Epirus, as an ally. 

281-275 b. c. "War with Pyrrhus. 
Milo lands in South Italy (p. 1026). 
One Roman army is sent to Etruria, but 
the main army to Lower Italy. 

282 * * b. c. Sicily. The mercenary 
Boldiers of Campania, called Mamer- 
tines, seize Messana. [The Romans and 
the Carthaginians are invited by differ- 
ent parties to come to their aid. 279. 
The mutineers capture Rhegium. 270. 
Retaken (p. 1026).] 

279 * * b. C. Pyrrhus with 70,000 men 
routs an equal force of Romans at As- 
culum; Roman loss, 6,000; allies, 3,500. 

278 * * b. c. Pyrrhus, wearied with the 
struggle, signsa truce with the Romans, 
and enters Sicily to aid the Greeks against 
the Carthaginians. [276. He takes Pa- 
normus [Palermo]. 275. He is defeated 
at Beneventum (p. 1026).] 

277 * * B. c. Fabricius Luscinus defeats 
the Samnites, the Brutians, and other 
allies of Pyrrhus. 

272 * * b. o. Tarentum is surrendered 
to Rome with 30,000 prisoners. Milo, 
is given a free departure to Epirus. 

* * B. C. The Lucanians, Samnites, and 
Brutians are subdued; all cede terri- 
tory to the Romans. 

269 * * b. c. Servia. Claudius II. de- 
feats the Goths and Scythians near 
Naissus [Nish] ; 320,000 Goths are slain. 

268 * * B. c. The Romans reduce Pice- 
num (Cent. It.), and transfer many of 
the Picentini to Campania. They aid 
the Mamertines (p. 1026). 

266 * * b. c. The Sallentini in Calabria 
are defeated; Italy is now subdued 
from the Rubicon to the Marca. 



264-241 b.c. First Punic "War. 

It is a contest with the Punic people 
(Carthaginians) over Sicily, caused by 
the rivalry between the first sea-power 
and the first land-power of the West ; 
its nominal cause is the interference of 
the Romans in aid of the Mamertines 
besieged in Sicily by Hiero II. in 282±. 

264* *b. c. Sicily. Roman invaders 
are besieged at Messana [Messina] by a 
Carthaginian fleet. 

Consul Appius Claudius Caudex crosses 
the strait, and drives the Carthaginian 
garrison from Messana, but fails in an 
attempt to take Syracuse. 

263 * * b. c. Sicily. Two Roman ar- 
mies arrive. 

Consul Valerius Maximus [Messalla] 
defeats the combined Carthaginians and 
Syracusans. Hiero II. deserts the Car- 
thaginians and goes over to the Romans. 

262** b.c. Sicily. The Romans defeat 
Hanno, who was sent to relieve Agri- 
gentum, and then take the city. 

* * b. c. The Romans build their first 
five-deck naval vessel. 

260* *b.c. The Carthaginians capture 
the first naval expedition of the Ro- 
mans, consisting of 17 ships under Con- 
sul Cneius Cornelius Scipio, who is taken 
prisoner. 

* * B. c. Sicily. The Romans under 
Caius Duilius with 120 ships win their 
first naval battle near Mylse. [257. 
Another indecisive action occurs off the 
promontory of Tyndaris.] 

257 * * b. c. The Romans fit out a fleet 
of 360 ships against Cartilage under 
the consuls Marcus Atilius Regulus and 
L. Manlius Vulso. [256. It utterly de- 
feats 350 Carthiiginian ships near Ecno- 
mus, Sicily. It then lays waste the 
Carthaginian coasts.] 

256 * * b. c. Afr. Consul Regulus re- 
mains with 15,000 men, while Consul 
Manlius returns with half the army. 

* * b. c. Afr. The defeated Carthagin- 
ians sue for peace. 

But they resent Regulus's humiliating 
demands for the cession of Sicily and 
Sardinia, the surrender of all war-ves- 
sels except one, and the acknowledg- 
ment of the supremacy of Rome. 

* * B. C. Afr. The Carthaginians pre- 
pare for a great struggle ; they gain 
many mercenaries in Greece, including 
the Spartan general Xanthippus. 

255* * b. c. Afr. Xanthippus routs 
the Romans under Regulus at Tunis, 
and the consul is captured ; part of the 
army escapes to Culpea. [Out of 364 
vessels, 2S4 are lost in a storm at sea.] 

* * b. C. Sicily. The Carthaginians un- 
der Hasdrubal land at Lilyba^um, and 
renew the war. The Romans proceed 
to build another fleet. [254. They de- 
feat HaBdrubal and capture Panormus. 
250-241. They take Lilybseum.] 

253** B.C. Afr. The Roman fleet dev- 
astates the coast ; later it is nearly de- 
stroyed by a storm. The Senate declines 
to continue the naval warfare. 

249 * * b. c. Sicily. The Carthaginian 
navy under Adherbal defeats Publius 
Claudius near Drepanum, and captures 
the greater part of their ships. 

* * b. c. Sicily. The Romans lose two 
or more fleets by storms on the south 
coast, and again abandon naval war. 

248-242 B.C. Sicily. Many indecisive 
battles with the Carthaginians under 
Hamilcar occur on the south coast. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 362**8.0.-218**6.. 



241 * * b. c. Sicily. A fourth Roman 
fleet, built by private and patriotic con- 
tributions, commanded by Consul Caius 
Lutatius Catulus, destroys the Cartha- 
ginian fleet under Hanno at the iEga- 
tian Islands. The first Punic war ends. 

236 * * b. c. Sp. Hamilcar begins the 
conquest of Spain. [228-221. Succeeded 
by HasdrubaL] 

229-228 B.C. Turk. The Romans con- 
quer the piratical Ulyrians of Scodra. 

225 * * B. c. Gauls are defeated at Tel- 
amon. [222. At Clastidum.] (P. 662.) 

225-222 B. c. The Romans conquer 
Cisalpine Gaul. 

222 * * B. c. Consuls Cneius Scipio and 
M. Claudius Marcellus capture Medio- 
lanum [Milan], the capital of the Insu- 
bres, and afterward take Comum. 

* * * B. c. The Romans erect frontier 
fortresses at Placentia, Cremona, and 
Mutina [Modena], 

221 * * b. c. Venice is conquered by 
Marcellus, and the Gothic king is slain. 

220 * * b. c. The Flaminian "Way, ex- 
tending from Rome to Ariminum, is 
built by the censor Caius Flaminius. 

219 * * b. o. Sp. Hannibal ignores the 
treaty with Rome, besieges, conquers, 
and destroys Saguntum. 

218-201 b. c Second Punic war. 

Caused by the envy of the Carthagin- 
ians at Roman prosperity and the ex- 
tension of the power in Spain, and also 
by the spirit of revenge. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

312-308 B. C. TheAppianWayis built 
from Rome to Capua. The Appian Aque- 
duct is commenced. 

300+ * *b. c. Caius Pictor Fabius deco- 
rates the temple of Salus. 

265 * * b. c. The solar year is found to 
comprise 365 days, five hours, 48 minutes, 
51 seconds, and six decimals. 

264 * * b. c. Rome. The first gladiato- 
rial show is exhibited. 

240 * * b. c. Livius Andronicus pro- 
duces on a Roman stage a drama with a 
definite plot. 

220* * b. c. Rome. Caius Flaminius 
adds a second annual festival, called the 
Plebeian Games, and a second circus. 
He builds the Flaminian Way. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

363 * * Curtius, Marcus, legendary hero, b. 

3d Century. Livius, Andronicus, actor, dra- 
matic poet, born . 

356 * * Regulus, Marcus Atilius, gen., dies. 

250 * * Plautus, Marcus Accius, dramatist, b. 
[184. Dies.] 

237 * * scipio, Af rieanus, the Elder, general, 
born. [183. Dies.] 

234 * * Cato, Marcus Porcius, the Elder, pa- 
triot, born. [149. Dies.] 

330 * * iEmilius, Paulus Lucius, consul, gen- 
eral, born. [160. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

300 * * b. c. Rome. The colleges of 
the pontifices and augurs are first 
opened to Plebeians as priests. 

291* * b. c. Rome. The worship of 
^Jsculapius as the god of medicine is 
introduced. 

LETTERS. 

235+-205± b. c. The poem on the First 
Punic War, a play. Chistidium. the first 
" fabulaprastexta," AtimoniumRomuliet 
Remi, and a number of tragedies adapted 
from the Greek, by iNaevius, appear. 



SOCIETY. 

300 * * b. c. The Patricians cease to 
exist as a legally privileged caste, and 
continue only as a social order or rank. 

+ * * b. c. The new nobility regard 
every citizen who obtains office without 
belonging to their set as an upstart. ' 

263 * * b. c. Gladiators exhibit at fu- 
neral ceremonies. 
235 * * b. c. Rome. Universal peace 



STATE, 
356* *b. c. Sicily. Dionysius is ex- 
pelled by Dion for his debaucheries and 
tyranny. [346. Regains power. 343- 
337. Expelled ; Timoleon reigns.] 

* * b. c. The Latin League is renewed. 
356+ * * b. c. Venice is conquered and 

made a kingdom by the Gauls. 

* * B. c. Rome. C. Marcius Rutilius.the 
first Plebeian dictator is elected. [350. 
The first censor. 338. Legalized.] 

354 * * b. c. The Samnites enter an alli- 
ance with the Romans. 

351 * * B. c. The Romans and Etruscans 
enter a truce for -40 years. Southern 
Etruria [Tuscany] is annexed to Rome. 

348 * * b. c. The first treaty with Car- 
thage is entered to repress Greek piracy. 

* * b. c. A new nobility is gradually 
formed in political life from those Pa- 
trician and Plebeian families that have 
retained public offices for a long time. 

* * b. c. Rome. The tribunes of the 
people obtain seats in the Senate, also 
the right to convene it. 

* * b. c. Rome. The Senate grows in 
importance ; it becomes the chief execu- 
tive body in the government ; senators 
are selected by vote. 

341 * * b. c. A treaty ends the first 
Samnitewar; Rome receives Capua; the 
Samnites, Teanum ; and the Volseians, 
the upper Liris. 

338 * * (339 ?) b. c. Rome. The laws 
of Publilius Philo, the first consul and 
dictator, are proposed. 

Laws passed by the comitia centuriata are 
to apply to all citizens. Laws presented to 
the centuries are to lie approved beforehand 
by the curiaa. One censor is to be a Plebeian. 

* * b. c. The Latins are subjugated, 
and incorporated with Rome. Also 
Sardinia and (338+) the Volseians. 

337* * b. c. Rome. Publius Paulus 
becomes a censor. 

* * b. c. The pretorships are first filled 
by Plebeians. 

326 * * b. c. Neopolis [Naples] is con- 
quered by the Romans. 

324 * * b. c. An embassy is sent to 
Alexander the Great. 

321 * * b. c. Rome. The Senate refuses 
to approve the treaty made with the 
Samnites ; it delivers the consuls who 
signed it to the Samnites, who refuse to 
receive them. 

320± * * B. c. The conquered Latin 
towns are settled by Roman colonists. 

317-289 B.C. Sicily. Agathocles, 
the tyrant, rules in Syracuse. 

312 * * b. c. Rome. Universal suf- 
frage is introduced. [304. Limited.] 

312-308 b.c. Rome. Appius Clau- 
dius is censor. [306 and 296. Consul.] 



300 * * b. c. Rome. The Ogulnian 
is passed. It opens the pontificate \ 
the augurite to the Plebeians. ["C6\ 
sidered the establishment of the Roman. 
Constitution."] 

295-146 b. c. Rome extends author- 
ity over the countries bordering the 
Mediterranean. 

290 * * b. c. The conquered Samnites 
secure peace without the cession of ter- 
ritory or loss of independence. The Sa- 
bine country is annexed. 

286 * * b. c. Rome. The Hortensian 
Law is passed, because of a secession of 
the Plebeians. 

It is enacted that all decrees of the 
comitia tributa shall be binding upon all 
citizens, not excepting the Plebeians. 
This ends the long struggle between the 
orders. 

285-283 b. c. Rome controls Central 
Italy from sea to sea. 

280* * b. c. Rome. The Senate rejects 
the offer of peace made by Pyrrhus 
through Cineas. Fabricius Luscinus, 
the incorruptible consul, is sent on an 
embassy to Pyrrhus. 

279 * * b. c. Rome and Carthage en- 
ter an offensive and defensive alliance. 

273 * * b. c. A new colony is founded 
at Psestum. [26S, At Beneventum and 
Ariminum [Rimini] ; 265, At ^sernia ; 
264, At Firmum, Castrum, and Nuvum.] 

270 * * b. c. Sicily. Hiero II. is recog- 
nized as King of Syracuse. [264. He 
becomes an ally of Carthage.] 

266 * * b. c. Rome is supreme in It- 
aly. The Etruscans totally lose their 
independence. 

264 * * b. c. Afr. The Carthaginians 
declare war against the Romans. 

263 * * b. c. Catana submits to the Ro- 
mans [and becomes a leading town]. 

* * B.C. Sicily. Syracuse becomestrib- 
utary to Rome by conquest. Hiero II. 
signs a treaty [and keeps it]. 

254 * * b. c. Sicily. Panormus [Paler- 
mo] is taken from* the Carthaginians. 

250* * b. c. Afr. Regulus is sent from 
Carthage to Rome by his captors to sue 
for peace and an exchange of prisoners. 
[Unsuccessful, and put to death.] 

241 * * b. c. Peace between Rome and 
Carthage. 

Carthaginians give up Sicily, and pay a 
war indemnity nf ;;.jnu talents o?4.mi0,00(i> in 
10 years. Western Sicily becomes the first 
Roman province; the smaller eastern part 
continues under Syracuse, an ally of Home. 

241± * * b. c. Rome. A democratic 
reform is made of the constitution of 
the centuries. 

240 * * b. c. Spoletium. TJmbria, is col- 
onized by Romans. 

238 * * b. c. Afr. An insurrection of 
the mercenaries and Libyan subjects 
against Carthage is utilized by the Ro- 
mans to extort the cession of Sardinia 
by the Carthaginians. [231. It becomes 
the second Roman province. Corsica is 
added.] 

234± * * b. c. Ravenna, founded by 
Greek colonists, is annexed by Rome. 

228 * * b. c. The first Roman embassy 
is sent to Greece. C. Flaminius proposes 
an Agrarian law. (232?) 

220+ * * B. C. Romans found Placentia. 
[219. Cremona, Lombardy, and Emilia.] 



H i054 218 



b.c-147 



ITALY : 



ARMY — NAVY. 
218 * * b. c. Hannibal conducts a re- 
markable expedition from Africa to 
Italy through Spain. 

He crosses the Pyrenees with 50,000 
foot, 9,000 horse, and 37 elephants ; he 
advances through Gaul toward Italy, 
He captures Taurasia [Turin], 

* * B. C. The consul Publius Cornelius 
Scipio fails to intercept Hannibal so 
as to prevent hiB crossing the Rhone. 

* * b. c. Aitst. Hannibal advances up 
the Rhone to Vienna, thence eastward 
to the Alps, forcing his way by hard 
fighting. 

Hannibal crosses the pass of Little St. 
Bernard, and finally enters the valley of 
the Dora Baltea, Piedmont, with about 
26,000 soldiers and a few elephants. 
Rome can muster 700,000 men. 

Sept. * b. c. Hannibal defeats Publius 
Scipio on the Ticinus, near Pavia (?). 

* * Lombardy. Hannibal is reenforced by 
60,000± revolting Gauls. 

Dec* B.C. Consuls Scipio and Tiberius 
Sempronius Longus are defeated by 
Hannibal at Trebia. 

217-211 Sp. Scipio enters with the 
main army to expel the Carthaginians 
remaining there. The Romans defeat 
Hasdrubal on the Iberus [Ebro]. 

217 * * B. C. The Romans send two new 
armies against Hannibal ; one under 
Cneius Servilius advances by the Via 
Flaminius, and the other under Caius 
Flaminius by the Via Cassia. 

* * b. c. Hannibal having released all 
prisoners from the Roman allies without 
ransom, all Italy is incited to desert 
Rome. 

* * b. c. Hannibal flanks the Romans by 
crossing the Apennines and entering the 
region of the Arno [in Tuscany] with 
severe fighting ; he himself loses an eye. 

Apr. * b. c. Hannibal annihilates an 
army of 30,000 men at the Trasimene 
Lake; Flaminius is killed by Dusarius, 
the Gaulic leader, in single combat. 

* *B. c. Rome. Terror prevails be- 
cause of the near approach of Hannibal 
and the loss of an army. Preparations 
are made for the defense of the city ; 
the bridges over the Tiber are destroyed. 

* * Hannibal fails in an attempt to sur- 
prise Spoletium, and passes on to Pi- 
cenum on the Adriatic, where he opens 
communication with Carthage. 

* * B. c. Hannibal passes through Sam- 
niuin, thence to Arpi in Apulia, followed 
at a discreet distance by the Roman 
army under Fabius Maximus, who 
avoids a pitched battle, but provokes 
many skirmishes. 

* *b. c. M. Minucius has a fortunate 
skirmish with the enemy, and is given 
command of half the army as a second 
dictator, by the populace of Rome. He 
attacks Hannibal, and is saved from an- 
nihilation by the first dictator. 

216* *b. c. L. iEmilius Paulus and 
Caius Terentius Varro are elected con- 
suls to crush Hannibal with a force of 
86,000 Romans and allies. 

Aug. 2. b. c. Varro's army is annihi- 
lated by Hannibal at Cannae, with 50,000 
men. 

Eighty men of senatorial rank fall, also 
the Consul Paulus. Incompetent Varro, 
with only a small force, escapes. Three 
bushels of rings are taken from the hands 
of Roman knights and sent to Carthage. 
Hannibal's loss is 4,500 men. 



* * B. C. The legion sent to Cisalpine 
Gaul ia almost entirely destroyed. 

* * b. c. The Romans levy a new army 
from the young and old of all classes and 
including slaves. Marcus Claudius 
Marcellus commands. The dictator 
M. Junius is given a second army. 

* * B. C. The Romans successfully de- 
fend Naples, Cumte, and Nola. 

* * b. c. Hannibal enters winter quarters 
at Capua, Campania. 

215* * b. c. Three Roman armies are 
led by the two consuls, Maximus and Ti- 
berius Gracchus, and the proconsul, M. 
Claudius Marcellus. 

* * b. c . Turk. Philip V. of Macedonia 
enters an alliance with Hannibal. [214. 
The King of Syracuse becomes his ally.] 

215-206 b. c. The Romans engage in 
the first Macedonian war (p. 1026). 

They prevent Philip V., an ally of Han- 
nibal, sending reenforcements into Italy. 

* * b. c. Marcellus defeats Hannibal at 
Nola ; but he retires to Apulia. 

214-212 b. c. Sicily. The Romans 
carry the war into Sicily, and besiege 
Syracuse. [212. Marcellus captures and 
plunders the city after a vigorous de- 
fense by Archimedes.] 

214 * * b. c. Aust. Philip V. fails at 
Apollonia(p. 1026). [211. He is diverted 
by Grecian complications.] 

212 * * b. c. Hannibal gains Tarentum 
through treachery, and besieges the cit- 
adel. 

* * b. c. Hannibal defeats two Roman 
armies in Lucania and Apulia, and re- 
tires to Tarentum. 

* * B. c. Sp. The Carthaginians and 
their ally, Masinissa of Numidia, defeat 
and kill both of the Scipios ; the Ro- 
mans retreat across the Ebro. 

211 * * b. c. The Romans repulse Han- 
nibal at Capua, Campania. Hannibal 
marches upon Rome, and encamps within 
a mile of the city ; Rome is prepared to 
resist, and he returns. 

* * b. c. Capua surrenders to the Ro- 
mans, and is terribly punished. 

Fifty-three citizens are beheaded, 
many are sold into slavery, and all de- 
nied the right of sell-government; au- 
thority is reestablished in many cities. 
210 * * b. c. Publius Cornelius Scipio, 24 
years of age, is sent into Spain with pro- 
consular powers. He captures New 
Carthage. 

* * b. c. Cneius Fulvius is defeated by 
Hannibal at Herdonia. 

* * B. c. Sicily. The Romans take Agri- 
gentum, kill the Carthaginian garrison, 
sell the populace as slaves, and subju- 
gate the whole island. 

209 * * b. c. Hannibal defeats M. Mar- 
cellus ; the next day Marcellus defeats 
Hannibal. Marcellus is killed in a 
cavalry skirmish at Venusia [Potenza]. 

208 * * B. c. Sp. Scipio fights an inde- 
cisive battle at Bsecula with Hasdru- 
bal, who escapes across the Pyrenees to 
join his brother Hannibal in Italy. 

207 * * B. c. N. It. Hasdrubal arrives, 
and incites the Gauls to arms. 

Great endeavors are made by the 
Romans to prevent his union with Han- 
nibal, who advances toward him from 
South Italy. The consuls, M. Livius 
Salinator and C. Claudius Nero, are sent 
against Hannibal with a great army. 



* * B. c. Q. Fabius Maximus captures 
Tarentum, and sells 30,000 people as 
slaves. Hanni bal retires to Metapontum. 

* * B. c. Indecisive battle of Grumentum ; 
Hannibal escapes from Nero toward 
Apulia, and encamps at Canusium. 

* * b. c. The two consuls decisively de- 
feat Hasdrubal, near the River Me- 
taurus, south of Rimini, and nearly 
annihilate his army ; Hasdrubal is killed, 
and his head thrown into Hannibal's 
camp ; Hannibal retires to Bruttium. 

* * b. c. Sp. Scipio defeats the Car- 
thaginians at Bsecula. He conquers 
Gades [Cadiz], and expels the Cartha- 
ginians from Spain. 

205* *b. c. Mago, the youngest brother 
of Hannibal, lands at Genoa. 

He brings from Spain the remnant of 
the Carthaginian army, and incites the 
Ligurians to rise against the Romans. 
The Romans levy three armies to defeat 
this cowardly commander. 

204* * b. c. Afr. Scipio crosses over 
from Sicily into Africa. 

He has only small volunteer force, but 
he is joined by Masinissa, King of Nu- 
midia, who had been driven from his 
throne by the Carthaginians. 

203 * * b. c. Afr. Scipio makes a suc- 
cessful attack and threatens Carthage. 

* * B. c. Scipio and Hannibal make fruit- 
less negotiations for peace. 

* * B. c. Calabria. The Carthaginians 
recall Hannibal and his brother Mago 
from Italy to protect Carthage. 

Hannibal massacres the Italian sol- 
diers who refuse to go with him to Africa, 
and embarks at Croton for Leptio. 

202 * * B. c. Afr. Scipio [Africanus] an- 
nihilates Hannibal's army at Zama, 
85 miles from Carthage. 

200-191 b. c. The Cisalpine Gauls and 
Ligurians are suppressed, and Upper 
Italy is again subjugated after a ter- 
rible struggle. 

200-197 b. c. Second Macedonian 
war. 

Caused by King Philip's interference 
by furnishing mercenaries to fight 
against the Romans at Zama; Rome is 
also entreated to become the ally of 
the King of Pergamus and the citizens 
of Rhodes and Athens against oppres- 
sions of Philip. 

200 * * b. c. Aust. P. Sulpicius Galba 
lands at Apollonia in Illyria. His fleet 
guards Piraeus and threatens Euboea. 

* * B. c. Via iEmilia is constructed aB 
a military road from Ariminum [Rimini] 
to Placentia (N. It.). 

* * b. c. Placentia is nearly destroyed 
by the Gauls. 

* * b. c. Gr. Philip V. is repulsed by 
the Romans before Athens, and driven 
out of Central Greece. 

199 * * b. c. Gr. The ^Etolians and the 
Achseans join the Romans against the 
Macedonians. 

198 * * B. c. Gr. Flaminius takes com- 
mand of the army and subdues Epirus. 

197 * * b. c. Philip V. routed (p. 1026). 
Philip gives up all possessions beyond 
Macedonia, and agrees to pay 1,000 tal- 
ents ($1,250,000) in ten years, and to limit 
his army to 5,000 soldiers, and to retain 
only five ships of war. Thereby Macedo- 
nia is degraded to a second-rate power. 

196 * * b. c. The Insubres, north of the 
Po, are subdued. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 218 * * b.c-147 * * b.c. 1055 



192-189 b. c. War with Antiochus 
HE. of Syria. 

He refuses to restore the Egyptian 
provinces to Rome. The Achaean League 
supports the Romans, who also hud 
allies in the Macedonians, Eumenes II., 
King of Pergamus, and in Rhodes. 

191 * * b. c. Antiochus defeated (p. 102G). 

* * B. c. Consul Manius Acilius Gla- 
brio lands in Epirus, and marches into 
Thessaly. 

* * B. C. The Romans conquer the Boii, 
of Cisalpine Gaul ; 32,000 are killed. 

* *b.c. Gr. The iEtolians are surprised 
and defeated by Marcus Procius Cato in 
a mountain pass. Later besieged in 
Naupactus [Lepanto]. Also again de- 
feated in a naval battle near Chios. 
[190. They submit.] 

190 * * b. c. Asia M. The Rhodian al- 
lies defeat the fleet of Antiochus III., 
commanded by Hannibal the Carthagin- 
ian, at the mouth of the Eurymedon. 

* * b. c. Asia M. The combined fleets 
of Rhodes and Koine under L. -<£milius 
defeat the Syrian fleet commanded by 
Antiochus III. at Myonnesus. 

* * B. c. Asia M. The Romans are vic- 
torious at Magnesia (p. 1026). 

171-168 b.c. Third Macedonian 
war (p. 102S). 

* *b. c. Turk. The Romans make three 
unsuccessful campaigns against Per- 
seus, son of Philip V. 

168* * B. c. Turk. Lucius /Emilias 
Paulus obtains command, restores dis- 
cipline, and drives back Macedonians. 

June 22. b.c. Battleof Pydna(p. 1028). 

* * b. c. Turk. Samothrace is taken 
by Paulus ; the conquest of Macedonia 
is completed. 

* * b. c. Aust. The Romans subdue 
Genthius, King of Illyria, an ally of 
Perseus, and divide his kingdom. 

154£-140± b. c. Sp. "War with the 
Lusitanians. 

150* * b. c. Asia. Demetrius Soter is 
defeated and slain by Alexander Balas, 
the usurper. 

149-146 b. c. The third Punic war. 
It is caused by the Carthaginians mak- 
ing an attack on Masinissa, the King of 
Numidia, an ally of Rome, who seized 
their territory. Carthage is destroyed. 

149 * * b. C. Afr. Two Roman armies 
land at TJtica, 25 miles from Carthage. 
The Carthaginians deliver up their 
arms and war-ships, but refuse to aban- 
don their city, and establish a new town 
10 miles from the sea. With patriotic 
ardor they proceed to manufacture arms 
and prepare for war ; all ranks and ages 
and both sexes unite in the struggle. 

* * b. c. Having constructed a new fleet, 
they repel an attack of the Romans in 
the harbor. The Romans besiege Car- 
thage. 

148-146 b. c. Fourth Macedonian 
war. 

The Macedonians, led by Andriscus, 
the alleged Philippus, brother of Per- 
seus, revolt against the Romans. 

147-139 b. c. Sp. War in Lusitania 
against the brave chief Viriathus; it 
ends in his betrayal and death. 

147* *b. c. Afr. Publius Cornelius 
Scipio JEmilianus Africanus Minor, the 
adopted son of P. Cornelius Scipio Afri- 
canus and son of jEmilius Paulus, as- 
sumes command against Carthage. [14G. 
Captured and burned ; survivors, slaves.] 

* * b. c. Asia. Alexander I. (Balas) is 
defeated by Ptolemy Philometor (p. 652). 



ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

216* * b. c. A water-organ is invented 

by Archimedes. 

212 * * b. c. The Liudi Apollinares are 
instituted as a fourth festival. 

204 * * b. c. Home. A fifth festival, in 
honor of the " Great Mother," is insti- 
tuted. 

173* *b.C. Rome. The games in honor 
of Flora are instituted. (238?) 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

203 * * Fabius, Mazimus, Cunctator, consul, 

dictator, general, dies. 
186* * Gracchus, Tiberius Sempronius, pa- 
triot, born. [133. Dies.] 
Scipio, P. C. S. E., Africanus Minor, gen- 
eral, born. [129. Dies.] 
Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, comic poet, 
born. [159. Dies.] 
157* * Marius. Caius, gen., b. [86. Dies.] 



LETTERS. 

210+-184 B. c. AmphitruOy Adularia, 
Captivi, Mensechmi, Miles Gloriosus, lin- 
dens, and many other comedies, and the 
T'rinummus, by Plautus, appear. 

200+-169 B. c. Annates and a number 
of comedies and tragedies, by Ennius, 
appear. 

184+-149 B. C.' Be lie Rustica,the Ori- 
g'mes, and a collection of apophtbeg- 
mata, by Cato the Censor, appear. 

169* *B.c. Thyestes, a tragedy, by Quin- 
tus Ennius, appears ; he writes the An- 
nates. 

167 * * b. c. Rome. The first library 
is brought from Macedonia. 

166 * * b. c. The Andrice, by Terence, 
appears; also [165, the Hecyra; 163, the 
I-Feautmi-timoroumtnos; 161, the Eunu- 
chus and Phormio; 160, the Adeiphi.] 



SOCIETY. 

215± * * b. c. Gladiatorial fights take 
place at festivals. 

211* * b. c. Gracchus massacres 2,000 
Capuans who favor Hannibal. 

201 * * b. C. Rome. Scipio Africanus 
celebrates his triumphs with a splendor 
never before seen. 

168 * * b. c. The Romans plunder and 
destroy 70 towns in Epirus , and sell as 
slaves 150,000 of the people. 

167 * * B. C. Polyhius, and 1,000 other 
Achasans of high standing, arrive for 
examination [and are detained in Ital- 
ian cities under surveillance, but with- 
out trial, for 16 years]. 

STATE. 

217* * B. c. Rome is terrified ; Q. Fabius 
Maximus is appointed dictator. 

The Samnites, Lucanians, and many cities 
of lower Italy secede from Rome. [The 
Stales of Magna * Ira'fia are ruined by siding 
with Hannibal.] 

216* * B. c. Sicily. Hieronymus he- 
comes ruler of Syracuse [and an ally of 
Carthage, which creates a rupture with 
Rome]. 

211 * * b. c. Hannibal having failed in 
his attacks upon Rhegium and on the 
citadel of Tarentum, he is abandoned 
by his Italian allies. 

207 * * B. C Hasdrubal succeeds in in- 
citing the Cisalpine Gauls to arms 
against the Romans. 

206 * * b. C. Scipio, the conqueror of 
Spain, enters a secret alliance with Mas- 
inissa, and returns to Rome. 



205* * b. c. Scipio is elected consul, 
and prepares an African expedition. 
[201. He is named Africanus.] 

* * b. c. Spain is regarded hereafter as 
a Roman province. [197. Two provinces 
are made — Hispania Citerior and His- 
pania Ulterior.] 

202 * * b. c. Rome. The last dictator 
is nominated for municipal business. 

201 * * b. c. Carthage makes peace. 
Terms : (1) She abandons her possessions 
in Spain and in the islands of the Mediterra- 
nian, but retains her territory in Africa in- 
tact; (2) transfers the kingdom held by 
Syphax to Masinissa; (3) assumes an indem- 
nity of 10,000 talents in 50 years (£l'50,00iij ; 
(4) surrenders all her ships but 10, and her 
elephants; (5) is to undertake no war with- 
out the consent of Rome. 



They are in part required to rede large por- 
tions of their territory, also in part are sub- 
jugated to Rome. Eastern Sicily is united 
with the western part as one province. 

± * * b. c. Numerous Roman colonies 

are founded in lower Italy. 
198* *b.c. Rome. Titus Quinctius Fla- 

minius becomes consul. 
196 * * B. c. Gr. Flaminius proclaims 

the decree of the Senate declaring the 

Greek states free and independent. 

[194. Roman troops withdraw.] 

195 * * B. c. Afr. A democratic reform of 
the Carthaginian constitution is carried out 
through the influence of Hannibal, who is 
defamed before the Roman senate by the oli- 
garchs and his snrrender demanded; Hanni- 
bal becomes a fugitive in the East. 

192 * * b. c. Syria. Interference of Anti- 
ochus III. with Grecian affairs and of Ro- 
mans in Asiatic polities causes war in Syria, 
where Hannibal has been received. 

191* * b. c. Cisalpine Gaul is formed 
into a fifth Roman province. 

190 **b.c. Antiochus III. makes 
peace with Rome* 

He surrenders all his European territories 
and Asia Minor as far as the Taurus; agrees 
to pay an indemnity of 15.0011 Euha-an talents 
(J!19,125,00t)), and to give up Hannibal to the 
Romans; but [the Carthaginian escapes]. 

183 * * b. c. Matina [Modena] becomes 
a Roman colony. [177. Luca, Tuscany.] 

ISO * * b. c. The lex annalis of the trib- 
une, L. Yillius, is established, a military 
service of 10 years is prescribed, and a 
fixed age for all the curule officers. 

* * * b. c. The higher offices, especially 
that of senator, gradually become the 
especial privilege of the nobility. 

168 * * b. c. Aust. Illyria is subdued 
and divided into three tributary districts 
with federal constitutions. It is made 
the sixth Roman province. 

* * b. C. Egypt formally acknowledges 
the suzerainty of Rome. 

167 * * b. C. Asia M. The Romans pun- 
ish their unfaithful allies, Eumenes of 
Pergamus, and Rhodes, and take all their 
territory on the mainland (p. 1029). 

* * b. c. Rome. The Senate, as guardian of 
both powers, interferes in a war between 
Egypt and Syria; C. Popillius Lamas, the 
Roman ambassador, arrogantly orders Antio- 
chus IV., King of Syria, to abandon the march 
on Alexandria (p. 652.) 

155 Jan. 1. b.c. Rome. Consuls 
henceforth enter office on this day, pay 
sacrifice to Jupiter Olympus, afterwhich 
the Senate convenes in solemn session. 



1056 146 * * b. c.-84 * * b. c. 



ITALY : 



ARMY -WAVY. 

146 * * b. c. Turk. Metellus defeats 
the revolting Macedonians, led byAn- 
driscus, an alleged son of Perseus, in 
two battles, and takes him prisoner. 
[Twice defeated. Corinth falls.] (P. 1028.) 

* * b. c. Greece is completely subju- 



143-31 b. c. Rome. Civil wars. 

143-33 b. c. Sp. War with the Celti- 
berians, called Numantines ; it ends in 
the destruction of Numantia. 

143* * B. c. Sp. Q. Csecilius besieges the 
fortified city of Numantia in vain; he 
is succeeded by less competent generals. 

135-132 b. c. First servile war. 

The terribly maltreated slaves of Sicily 
rise against the Romans. 

134* *b. c. Sp. Publius Cornelius 
Scipio iEmilianus Africauus Minor as- 
sumes command of the besiegers. 

133 * * b. c. Sp, Scipio starves the 
Numantines into submission. 

132 * * B. C. Sicily. Eunus, leader of 
the slaves, is captured, and dies in prison. 

125-113 b. c. The Romans conquer the 
southeastern portion of Transalpine 
Ganl. 

119* * B. c. Aust. The Teutones and 
Cimbri defeat the Romans in Illyria. 

113-101 B.C. Invasion of Northern 
tribes. 

Romans are at war with the 300,000 in- 
vading Cimbri, Teutones, and Gauls. 
[113. The army of Consul Cneius Pa- 
pirius Carbo is overwhelmed and annihi- 
lated near Noreja. 109. They defeat 
the Romans under M. Junius Silanus, 
near the Rhine.] 

111-106 B. C. Afr. The Jugurthine 
war in Numidia. 

110-109 B.C. Afr. Jugurtha, the 
usurper, defeats a Roman army under 
Aulus Posthumius, and sends it under 
the yoke ; he dictates a peace which is 
rejected by the Senate. 

109 * * B. c. Afr. Quintus Metellus as- 
sumes command of the "Romans, and is 
more successful ; he defeats Jugurtha 
in Numidia. ["107. Again defeated.] 

108-63 b. c. Asia M. The Mithrida- 
tic war between Rome andMithridates, 
King of Pontus. 

He had attacked Paphlagonia, Cappa- 
docia, and Bithynia, which were client 
states of Rome, and massacred the 
people. 

107 * * b. c. Afr. Marius conquers the 
Gaetulians in Numidia. He repulses a 
combined attack of Jugurtha and Boc- 
chus, king of Mauretania, his ally, at 
Cirta. Bocchus I. treacherously deliv- 
ers Jugurtha up to Marius. 

107 * * b. c. Switz. The Tigurini de- 
feat Consul Lucius Cassius Longinus 
on the Garonne, and destroy his army. 

105 Oct. 6. B. c. Fr. The hordes of 
Germans and Helvetians defeat and an- 
nihilate two large Roman armies in 
southern Gaul; one under Q. Servilius 
Cfepio and M. Mallius Maximusat Arau- 
sic [Orange] on the Rhone. 

104 * * b. c. Fr. Consul Marius reor- 
ganizes his army in the Provincia Nar- 
bonensis [Provence], and prepares for a 
struggle with the barbarians. 

103 * * b. C Ger. The Cimbri, with 
the Teutones and Helvetian tribes of 
Germany, invade Italy in two bodies. 



103-99 b. c. Sicily. Second servile 
insurrection under Tryphon and Athe- 
nion ; put down by Nepos Aquillius. 

102 * * b. c. Fr., Marius covers the two 
military roads (Pass of the Little St. Ber- 
nard and the shore road). 

* * b. c. Barbarians defeated (p. 662). 

* * b. c. Marius crosses the Alps to reen- 
force Quintus Lutatius Catulus against 
the other band of invaders. 

101 July 30. b.c. Battle of Vercel- 
l£e [Raudine Plains]. 

Marius and Catulus join their forces 
in Lombardy, and overwhelm and anni- 
hilate the Cimbri, who lose 90,000 killed 
and prisoners. 

92 * * B. c. Asia M. Sulla, the procon- 
sul of Cilicia, attacks Mithridates VI., 
and reinstates the king of Cappadocia. 

90-89 b. c. The Social War. 

Rome is at war with the Marsi and 
other Italian allies in Central and South- 
ern Italy, who are denied the privileges 
of Roman citizenship. 

90 * * b. c. Marsius defeats the Marsi 
and other Sabellians. 

* * b. c. Cneius PompeiusStrabo defeats 
the Marsi, after first suffering defeat 
himself. 

89 * * b. c. The Romans triumph in the 
north, and the war ends ; Sulla succeeds 
in the south, capturing Bovianum. [88. 
War nearly ends in the south.] 

38-82 B. c. Borne. Civil war between 
the rivals Sulla and Marius. 

88* *B.C Demagogues use the populace 
to dismiss Sulla from chief command of 
the army, and give it to Marius. 

Sulla gathers an army in Campania of 
dissatisfied Italians, liberated slaves, 
and others ; Rome surrenders, and his 
enemies are given up to slaughter, plun- 
der, and outrages for live days; Marius 
escapes to Africa. 

88-84 b. c. First Mithridatic war. 
It is caused by the encroachment of 
Mithridates VI., King of Pontus, the 
ruler of Thrace, Bithynia, Macedonia, 
and Greece, as well as by the rashness 
of Roman officials. Pontus has an army 
of 250,000 infant rv , lo.Olio cavalry, besides 
a fleet of 400 vessels (p. 1028). 

88 * * B. c. Asia M. Mithridates routs 
Nicomedes, King of Bithynia, on the 
River Amnias. He defeats OppiuB, Cas- 
sius, and Aquillius. 

87 * * b. c. Sulla assumes command in 
the Mithridatic war. 

* * b. c. Rome is besieged by four 
armies, — those of Marius, Cinna, Carbo, 
and Sertorius, — and taken by them. 

86 * * b. c. Gr. Mithridates "VI. de- 
feated (p. 1028). 

* * b. c. Sulla defeats Archelaus (p. 102S). 

* * B. C. Asia. The democratic party 
sends an army to Asia under Consul 
Flaccus ; it defeats the younger Mithri- 
dates in Nicomedia. It goes over to 
Sulla. 

85 * * b. c. Asia M. Sulla defeats Ar- 
chelaus again at Orchomenus ; nego- 
tiations for peace follow. 

84 * * b. c. Athens. Besieged and cap- 
tured (p. 1028). 

* * b. c. Asia M. Sulla fines the Gre- 
cian cities of Asia Minor 20.000 talents 
^25,000,000). and leaves a force under Lu- 
cullns to collect it ; he repairs to Italy. 

* * b. C. The army under Marius muti- 
nies at Ancona ; Marius dies. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

146 * * B. c. Consul L. Mummius sends 
the art treasures of Corinth to Rome. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 



, states- 



140* * Crassus, Lucius Licinius, 

man, born. [91. Dies.] 
138* * Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, dictator, b 

[78. Dies.] 
123 * * Gracchanus, M. Junius, historian, d. 
121 * * Sertorius, tjuinlus, gen., b. [72. D.] 
" Terentius, author, 



lie* 



born. [28. Dies.] 

115 * * Crassus, Marcus Licinius, consul, d. 

110* * Lucnllus, Lucius Licinius. general, 
born. [57. Dies.] < 

108* * Catiline, Lucius Sergins, politician, 
conspirator, born. [62. Dies.] 

106 * * Cicero. Marcus Tullius, orator, born. 
[43. Dies.] 
Pompey. Cneius Ponipeius, general, bom. 
[48. Dies.] 

105* * Crassus, Dives Marcus Licinius, gen- 
eral, statesman, born. [53. Dies.] 

10O July 12. Ceesar. Julius, general, states- 



statesman, born. [46. Dies.] 
Lucretius, Titus Lucretius Carus, poet, born. 
[44. Dies.] 
86 * * Rail n si, Cains Cnspus, historian, born. 
[34. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

104 * * B. c. Home. The comitise re- 
ceive the power to elect the priests. 
[82. The power to fill vacancies in the 
priesthood passes to the prieBtly col- 



LETTERS. 

133^-102 b. c. Lucilius invents and 
develops the poetic satire. 

130±-80zc b. c. Afranius writes come- 
dies in imitation of Menander. 

130+-80+ b. c. The Annals, Brutus, 
and other dramas, by Accius, appear. 

88± * * b. c. Bhetorica, by Cicero, ap- 
pears. 

[81, Rept. * He delivers the oration, Pro- 
Quintico; 80, Pro 'Sexto Bosew Amerino ; 
76, Pro Q. l\v.<i:/u, Cviiia-do; 70, In Verrem ; 
66, Pro Lege Manilla: 63, De Lege Agraria ; 
62, Kov. 8- Cicero's .Speeches Against Cati- 
line, (fiee fitate.) 59, Pro Auto LAcinio Ar- 
chia and Pro L. Valerio Flacco; 56, Pro- 
Publio Sextio and Pro M. Coeho Rufo ; 55, 
In L. Calpurnium Pisonem and Oratore 
libre tres ad Qurntiini Fratrem ; 54, De Re- 
pttblica and Pro Cueto Plaiicw; 53, De Legx- 
bus; 52, Pro Tito Anmo Alilone ; 47, Pro L. 
Lujario and Pro M. Marcello ; 46, Brutus ,- 
45, De Fhtibits and Academica ; 44, De Ami- 
citia, Topica, De Senec/tile, T use uhin arum 
Disputation inn, and De Natura Deorum; 44, 
Sept. * -43, May* Oration es (juatuordecim 
in M. Antomum, tlie " Philippics."] 

86 * * b. c. Athens. The library of Ap- 
pellicon is sent to Rome by Sylla. 

SOCIETY. 



133* * b. c. Borne. Rempronius Gracchus 
makes laws favorable to the poor. 

* * b. c. Slaves greatly increase in con- 
sequence of successful wars. 

121 * * b. C. Borne. Three thousand 
democratic prisoners are strangled. 

105 * * b. c. Borne . Jugurtha, the cap- 
tured Numidian king, is led in triumph, 
and then sent to prison to die of hunger. 

STATE. 

146 * * b. c. Afr. Carthage with the 
north coast becomes the seventh Roman 
province. 

* * b. c. Gr. The return of 300 prominent 
Acheeans from Italy after a captivity of 16 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 146* * b.c-84 * * b.c. 1057 



years stirs all the citieB, and the Achaean 
league attacks Sparta, with whom the Ro- 
mans take Bides. 

* * b. c. Rome. Th J Senate declares the 
Achsean league dissolved (p. 1029). 

* * B. c. Gr. Corinth is in part given to 
Sicyon, and in part transformed into Ro- 
man public land. 

* * b. c. Rome. Other Greek cities retain 
their own administration in subordination to 
the governor of Macedonia, and as tribute 
cities to Rome. 

* * b. c. Turk. Macedonia is made the 
eighth Roman province. [Greece and 
Achaia are afterward added.] 

143-31 b. c. The universal power of 
Rome is firmly established. 

133* *b. c. Asia M, Attalus III. of 
Perganius bequeaths his kingdom and 
wealth to the Romans. (R. Province.) 
133-121 B. c. Rome. Civil disturb- 
ances are led by the Gracchi. 

Tiberius Sempronius Gracchus and his 
brother. Cains Sempronius, urge political and 
social reforms by revolutionary means. The 
peasantry are crowded out of the rural dis- 
tricts by the slave labor of the rich, who 
chiefly monopolize the land. Rome is full of 
an idle rabble, who live on bribes and the 
gifts of grain. The public offices and sena- 
torial positions are controlled by family 
cliques. 

Tiberius proposes the reenaetment of the 
Licinian agrarian law, with slight changes, 
for the subdivision of land in favor of poor 
tenants; the tribune, Marcus Octavius, re- 
sists, and is deposed by an unconstitutional 
decree of the people. The people accept the 
law, and entrust itB execution to the Gracchi 
and Appius Claudius. 
133* * b. c. Rome. Tiberius Gracchus 
is elected tribune of the people. 

He proposes, in a popular assembly, to di- 
vide the treasures bequeathed by the King of 
Pergarnus among the new land-owners, for 
purchasing necessary equipment; by usage 
the Senate has the control of such bequests. 

* * B. c. Rome. Popular laws are pro- 
posed for shortening the term of military 
service and extending the right of appeal. 

133-129 B.C. The division of the pub- 
lic lands under the agrarian laws is 
partially carried out. The democracy 
and optimates continue the struggle for 
supremacy. 

132 * * b. c. Rome. Tiberius, in defi- 
ance of the Constitution, attempts to 
secure a reelection to the tribunate ; the 
Senate violently interposes and stops 
the election. Tiberius and 300 followers 
are killed by the optimates. 

* * b. c. Rome. Two Plebeian consuls 
are chosen. 

129 * * e. c. Asia M. Pergarnus be- 
comes a Roman province called Asia. 

* * B.C. The political murder (?) of P. 
Scipio .iEmilianus, leader of the opti- 
mates, occurs. 

125 * * B. C. Rome. The Senate sends 
the democratic consul, M. Fulvius 
Flaccus, to fight the Gauls, in order to 
put him out of its way, he having pro- 
posed to give the right of citizenship to 
all Italians. He establishes land com- 
munication between Italy and Spain, and 
lays the foundation of Roman rule in 
Transalpine Gaul. 

123 * * b. c. Fr. The proconsul Sex- 
tius founds the colony of Aquse Sex- 
tise [Aix]. 

* * B. c. Med. Sea. The Balearic Islands 
become subject to Rome. 

* * B. c. Caius Gracchus, the questor of 
Sardinia, openly declares himself an en- 
emy of the Senate, and returns to Rome ; 
he is elected tribune of the people. 



He attempts to execute the social re- 
forms proposed by his brother, and is 
charged with attempting to subvert the 
Constitution. 

* *B. C. Rome. Jury duty is transferred 
from the order of senators to that of the 
equites, which further divides the two 
branches of the aristocracy. 

* * b. c. Rome. Colonies are sent out 
by the decrees of the people, instead of 
the decrees of the Senate. 

* * B. c. Rome. The Senate favors the 
tribune, M. Livius Drusus, to undermine 
the popularity of Gracchus. 

123+ * * b. c. Caius Gracchus makes 
new roads, marked by mile-stones, 
throughout the empire. 

122* * b. c. Rome. C.Gracchus secures 
his election to the tribunate for the sec- 
ond time. 

* * b. c. Rome. Roman citizenship is 
denied. 

The motion of C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius 
Flaccus, his colleague, to grant the rights of 
citizenship to all Latins, and Latin rights to 
other Italians, is defeated by the combined 
effort of the Senate and the lower classes of 
Rome. Gracchus also fails of election as 
tribune for the third year. 

121 * * b. c. Rome. Civil war is occa- 
sioned by political murders. 

C. Gracchus and M. Fulvius and Beveral 
hundred followers are killed. Power is 
now restored to the Senate. 

* *b.c. Rome. M. Livius Drusus removes the 
ground rent, and repeals the law prohibiting 
the alienation of assignments of public land, 
which permits the optimates to repurchase 
their confiscated lands. 

120 * * b. c. Fr. Gallia Narbonensis (S. 
and S. E. Gaul) becomes a Roman prov- 
ince. 

116* * b. c. Fr. Narbo Martins founds 
the colony called Gallia Narbonensis 
[Provence]. Tolosa is also settled. 

* * B. c. Afr. Jugurtha buys n peace 
from the consul, L. Calpurnius Bestia, 
but the Senate refuses to ratify it. 

115* *b.c. It. The people of Genua 
[Genoa] submit to the Romans. 

Ill * * B.C. Afr. The Senate's com- 
missioners are bribed to assist Jugur- 
tha in his struggle for the throne of 
Numidia. 

He captures Cirta from his rival, and 
puts to death the entire male population , 
including many Italians, which excites 
indignation, and provokes war at Rome. 

* * b. c. Rome. Agrarianism fails; a 
law is passed making all land still held 
in occupation private land. 

107* * b. c. Rome. C. Marius receives 
the consulate and chief command of 
the army, notwithstanding the opposi- 
tion of the aristocracy. [104-100. He is 
elected consul five times in succession.] 

105 * * b. c. Rome is terrorized by the 
annihilation of two armies in Gaul. 

The democratic leaders denounce the 
incapable generals of the optimates, es- 
pecially Coepio and Maximus. 

104 * * b. c. Rome. The comitise re- 
ceive the power to elect the priests. 

* * b. c. Rome. A new military system 
is adopted. 

The Servian military organization, making 
military service a tax on property, is abol- 
ished; a citizen levy is substituted, supple- 
mented by a recruiting system, and reen- 
forcements from subject ami vassal princes. 

100* * b. c. Rome. Marius is elected 
consul for the sixth time. 

He seeks to overthrow the Constitu- 
tion, and make himself king. He joins 



C. Servilius Glaucia, and L. Appuleius 
Saturninus, the leaders of the people. 

* * B. C. Rome. Saturninus, as tribune, 
by violent means procures a division of 
lands among the veterans of Marius. 

* * b. C. Rome. The consul, Q. Metel- 
lus, goes into voluntary exile. [99. Re- 
called.] 

98* *b. c. Rome. Marius loses his 
popularity ; hated by both parties, he 
retires to Asia. 

91* * b. c. Rome. Three bills are 
brought forward by Marcus Livius Dru- 
sus, the tribune of the Plebeians. 

One is for the reform of the law courts 
and enlarging the Senate, another for 
a new division of public lands, a third 
bestowing the right of citizenship on 
Italians. Drusus is assassinated. 

* * b. c. The ItaHan allies revolt. 

Except the Latins, most of the Etrus- 
cans, and some southern cities, because, 
of the assassination of Drusus. 



90* *b.c. Rome. The contending par- 
ties become reconciled in the presence 
of danger arising from the revolt. Re- 
peated levies are made, and citizens and 
freedmen are enrolled in the armies ; 
the war is popular with both parties. 

* * b. c. The enfranchisement of Italy 
begins. The right of citizenship is 
granted to all the Latins, and to all who 
had not revolted. 

89* * b. c. Rome. Citizenship is 

granted to all applicants within 60 days, 
from among eight tribes mentioned. 

* * b. c. The municipalities of Cisal- 
pine Gaul receive Latin rights. 

88 * * b. c. The political concessions 
cause the social war in the south to end. 

* * b. c. Gr. The Grecian cities revolt, 
and join the victorious banner of Mith- 
ridates (p. 1028). 

* * B. c. Rome. Sulla becomes consul. 
88-82 b. c. Civil war. (See Army.) 

The tribune P. Salpicius Rufus makes 
revolutionary proposals respecting the 
new citizens, Italians and freedmen, 
which are carried by violent means. (88.) 
Demagogues precipitate a crisis. (See 
Army.) 

* * b. c. Rome. Sulla introduces con 
solidated legislation ; restores the old 
order of voting in the centuries, and 
decrees that no vote shall be taken by 
the people until the measure has first 
been approved by the Senate. 

87* * b. c. Gr. The chief cities of 
Greece join Archelaus against the 
Romans. 

* * b. C. Cnaeus Octavius (democrat) and 
Lucius Cornelius Cinna, a partizan of 
Marius, are elected consuls. 

* * b. c. Rome. Cinna makes a violent 
attempt to renew the laws of Sulpicius 
while Sulla is absent in the war ; he is 
driven out of the Forum by the opti- 
mates, after a fierce struggle. 

* * b. c. Cinna gathers an army under 
Marius, and takes Rome. (See Army.) 

* * b. c. Rome. A violent revolution is 
attended by a reign of terror under Ma- 
rius and Carbo. 

The optimates are slaughtered for five 
days by command of Marius, and their 
property is confiscated ; plundering and 
outrages by the armed bands follow. 

86 * * b. c. Rome. Marius is elected 
consul for the seventh time ; Cuana is 
also elected ; Sulla is deposed while 
absent with the army. 

* * b. c. Rome. On the death of Marius, 
L. Valerius Flaccus is elected consul 
by the democrats. Murdered by Fim- 
bria.] Cinna rules three years. [Mur- 
dered.] 



1058 84* * b.c.-49**b.c. 



ITALY: 



ARMY — NAVY. 

83 * * B. C. Sulla lands with 40,000 men 
and many exiled nobles at Brundusium. 
He is welcomed by his partizan, Cneius 
Pompeius, 23 years of age, and three 
legions of volunteers, who join him after 
being guaranteed their rights. 

83-81 b. c. Second Mithridatic war. 
Mithridates fails to completely evac- 
uate Cappadocia ; the propraetor Murena 
occupies it, invades Pontus, but is forced 
to retire. 

* * B. C. Sulla conquers Xorbanus on 
Mt. Tifata, near Naples, during negotia- 
tions. Scipio's army goes over to Sulla. 

82* * b. c. Sulla winters in Capua, then 
marches against the consuls (younger) 
Marius and Carbo. 

* * b. C. The Marians are defeated at 
Spoletium by Crassus and Pompey. Sulla 
defeats Marius at Sacriportus. 

* * B. c. Sulla advances rapidly on the 
democrats under Carbo in Etruria. They 
are defeated at Faventia. (N. It.) 

.Nov. * b. c. Home. Sulla repels an at- 
tack of Samnites at the Coll in e Gate; 
he slaughters 3,000 prisoners. 

+ * b. c. Sp. Sertorius, a Marian com- 
mander, is driven out by Sulla's generals. 

* * b. C. Rome. Prseneste surrenders to 
Sulla's army ; he executes terrible ven- 
geance on the conquered cities and 
towns of Italy. 

81 * * b. c. Asia. Pompey reduces Nu- 
midia, and obtains a triumph. 

80-72 b. c. Sp. "War against Serto- 
rius; Q. Metellus, and later Pompey, 
conduct operations. 

78-67 b. c. "War against pirates (p. 1028). 

77 * * b. c. Home. Lepidus, at the head 
of an army of reformers, is defeated 
by Quintus Lutatius Catulus and Pom- 
pey on the Campus Martius ; again de- 
feated at Cosa ; he flees to Sardinia. 

* * b. c. Marcus Junius Brutus surren- 
ders to Pompey at Mutina [Modena]. 

76* * B. C. Sp. Sertorius, a partizan of 
Marius, defeats Pompey in two bat- 
tles, one at Sucro and the other near 
Saguntum. [72. Murdered.] 

75 * * b. c. Asia M. P. Servilius fights 
the pirates, and takes Isauria, Pam- 
phylia, and Pisidia for Rome, under the 
name of Cilicia. 

74-63 b. c. Asia M. Third Mithri- 
datic war. (See State.) 

74* *B. C. The two consuls, L. Lucullus 
and M. Aurelius Cotta, are defeated. 

73 * * B. c. Mithridates is driven out 
■ of Cyzicus with great loss ; Lucullus is 
victorious in a sea-fight off Lemnos ; he 
defeats Mithridates at Cabira, driving 
him out of his kingdom. 

73-71 B. c. Sicily. "War of the gladi- 
ators, or third servile war. 

Spartacus, a Thracian slave, and 70 
others, escape from Capua, and occupy 
Vesuvius ; plundering follows, and nu- 
merous slaves and impoverished peas- 
ants join them, until an army of 70,000 is 
formed, which defeats four Roman ar- 
mies in succession. 

72 * * b. c. Sp. Sertorius is assassi- 
nated by Perperna and his accomplices ; 
Pompey defeats and executes Perperna. 

* * b. c. Spartacus threatens Borne. 

The legions are routed, and the city is 
terrorized, and the chief command given 
to the prsetor Crassus ; the insurgents 
turn aside, and plunder parts of Italy. 



72-70 b. c. Asia M. Lucius Licinius 
Lucullus captures the trading cities, 
Heraclea, Sinope, Amisus, from Mithri- 
dates, and occupies Armenia Minor. 

71 * * b. c. Crassus defeats the insur- 
gents at Petelia in Apulia. Pompey an- 
nihilates their bands. 

70 * * b, C. Asia M. Unauthorized by 
the Senate, Lucullus Invades Armenia, 
and opens war on Tigranes, the son- 
in-law of Mithridates, and King of Syria. 

69 * * b. c. Asia M. Lucullus defeats 
Tigranes at Tigranocerta in Armenia. 

The Asiatics are panic-stricken and 
easily routed, losing 100,000 infantry and 
all the cavalry ; Roman loss, 105. 

68 * * b. c. Asia. Lucullus crosses the 
Euphrates, and wins another battle ; a 
mutiny of his soldiers compels a retreat 
to Mesopotamia. 

67 * * b. c. Metellus subdues Crete 
after a prolonged effort. 

* * b. c. Pompey receives unlimited 
command over the Mediterranean prov- 
inces for 50 miles inward from the coast, 
and a fleet of 200 ships, for the suppres- 
sion of piracy. 

He frees the Mediterranean from pi- 
rates, capturing 3,000 vessels, and killing 
10,000 pirates ; 20,000 more he settles in 
the interior of the country. 

± * * b. c. Asia M. Mithridates, hav- 
ing returned to Pontus, defeats a Roman 
army under Triarius at Zela. He rav- 
ages parts of Bithynia and Cappadocia. 
[66. He is driven out by Pompey.] 

* * b. C. Asia. Lucullus takes Nisibis. 
66* * b. c. Asia M. Pompey defeats 

Mithridates on the Lycos in Armenia. 
[65. Pompey abandons his pursuit. 63. 
Mithridates commits suicide.] 

* * b. c. Asia M. Tigranes tenders his 
submission to Pompey at Artaxata. 

He is to retain his hereditary kingdom, 
but deprived of h is conquests in Syria and 
Asia Minor, and to a fine of 6,000 talents. 

64* * b. c. Asia. Pompey reduces 
Syria to a Roman province. 

63 * * b. c. Asia. Pompey captures 
Jerusalem, and enters the sanctuary of 
the temple of the Jews. 

* * b. c. An insurgent army is organ- 
ized in Etruria under C. Manlius, in aid 
of the schemes of Catiline. 

* * Rome. b. c. Antonius is put in com- 
mand of the army against Catiline. 

62 * * b. c. Catiline's army of two le- 
gions is defeated by the lieutenant of An- 
tonius, commanding the army of the Sen- 
ate at Pistoria, and their leader killed. 

61 * * b. c. Pompey dismisses his army 
at Brundusium, and enters Italy as a pri- 
vate citizen. 

58-50 b. c. Fr. Cassar conquers Gaul. 
[58. He defeats the invading Helvetians 
at Bibracte. Also Ariovistus [near Mul- 
hausen]. 57. Also the Belgii (p. 662).] 

57 * * B. c. Switz. Caesar occupies Oc- 
todurum to secure the pass of Great St. 
Bernard. [56. He subdues the Veneti 
in Armorica [Bretagne]. Publius Cras- 
sus subdues the Aquitani [Guienne?].] 

* * B. C. Belg.-V TheMoriniandMenapii 
yield to the Romans. [Belgic Gaul is 
subdued.] 

55* *b.c. Fr. Caesar defeats and drives 
across the Rhine the invading German 
tribes of Usipetes and Tenchteri. 



* * b. c. Eng. Csesar crosses the Chan- 
nel with two legions. [They soon re- 
turn. 54. Again with five legions and 
2,000 Gallic cavalry]. 

53 * * b. c. Asia. Parthians defeat Cras- 
sus in Mesopotamia, and destroy his army. 

* * b. c. Prus. Csesar crosses the Rhine 
on a bridge of piles [between Coblenz 
and Andernach], and recrosses 15 days 
later, after devastating the country. 

* *b. c. Prus. Ambiorix subdued (p. 662). 

* * b. c. Fr. The Gauls revolt (p. 662). 

* * B. c. Titus Labienus, Caesar's legate, 
occupies Lutetia Parisiorum [Paris], 
the capital of a Gallic tribe, the Parisii. 

* * b. c. Fr. Csesar besieges Gergovia, 
south of Clermont-Ferrand ; Vercinget- 
orix, chief of the Arverni, forces him to 
retreat, and he joins his army with that 
of Labienus. 

49-48 b. c. Rome. Civil war arises 
between the two rivals, Caesar and 
Pompey. 

49 * * b. c. Caesar, with one legion, 
crosses the Rubicon [near Rimini]. 

It is a small brook marking the boun- 
dary of his province ; he thus begins the 
civil war against the Senate. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

69* *b.c Rome. The Capitol, rebuilt by 
Sulla, is dedicated by Quintus Catulus. 

60 * * b. c. Gr. Julius Caesar revives 
the Isthmian games. 

58* * b. c. Rome. The theater of 
jEmilius Secannus is erected. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

82 * * Varro, Publius Terentlus, poet, born. 

[39. Dies.] 
80 * * Brutus, Marcus Junius, conspirator, 



[19. Dies.] 
65 * * Horace, Quintus Horatius Flaccus, 

poet, born. [8. Dies.) 
63 * * Agrippa, Marcus V., states., born. [12. 

Dies.] 
Augustus. Cains Julius -Caesar Octavius, 

first emperor, born. [14 a. d. Dies.] 
59 * * Livius, or Livy, Titus, historian, 

born. [17 a. d. Dies.] 
1st Century. ^Esopius Clodius, tragedian, b. 
Diodorus sieulns, historian, born. 



LETTERS. 

70+-55 b. c. De Rerum Natura, by Lu- 
cretius, appears. 

62-54 b. c. The poems of Catulus ap- 
pear. 

51* * B. c. CommeHiM.riide Hello Gallico, 
by Caesar, appears. [47, Commentarii 
de Bello Civili?] 

50+-34 b. c. Helium Catilhiarum, Bel- 
lum Jugurthinum, and Historiarum Libri 
r., by Sallust, appear. 



SOCIETY. 



82 



B. c. Sulla orders more than 3,000 
Samnite prisoners to be slaughtered. 

* * B. C. Sulla liberates 10,000 slaves be- 
longing to the proscribed citizens, and 
rights of citizenship are given them. 
(Called Cornelians.) 

78-67 b. c. A pirate community is 
gradually organized, with its central 
authority in Crete and Cilicia. 

62 * * b. c. Crassus pays a part of the 
large indebtedness of C. Julius Csesar. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 



84** b.c. -49** b.c. 1059 



61 * * B. c. Rome. Pompey celebrates a 
magnificent triumph, lasting two days. 

60± * * b. c. Caesar's daughter, Julia, 
23 years of age, is given to Pompey in 
marriage, thus uniting with family ties 
the two popular leaders. 

STATE. 

84* * b. c. Sulla makes a treaty of 
peace with Mithridates (p. 1029). 

* * b. c. Rome. Caius Papirius Carbo 
Marius and the younger Sertorius be- 
come leaders of the democratic party. 

83* * B. c. Rome. Lucius Cornelius 
Scipio and Cains Norbanus, two incapa- 
ble men, are elected consuls. 
82 * * b. c. Rome. Sulla causes himself 
to be appointed dictator for an unlim- 
ited time, in order to reorganize the 
commonwealth. 

Another reig-n of terror follows; proscrip- 
tion lists are made of the evil-minded. Sulla 
outlaws 4,700 citizens, ;unl mntiscates their 
property. Allotments of land are made to 
his veterans; military colonies are estab- 
lished with full rights of citizenship among 
the territories dominated I iy the hostile party, 
whose rights of citizenship are abrogated. 

Sulla attempts a conservative aristo- 
cratic reform of the government. 

The Senate is reorganized ; 300 addi- 
tional members are to be chosen by the 
comitia tributa; 20 questors to be an- 
nually elected by the same. The cen- 
sor's privilege of revising the roll of the 
Senate every five years is abolished. [72. 
Restored.] Senators are made irremova- 
ble, and places in the juries restored 
from the equites to the Senate. 

The power to elect the priests is with- 
drawn from the comitise. Sulla abol- 
ishes the Servian order of voting. 
81* * b. c. Rome. Sulla permits the 
election of consuls, but retains to him- 
self the office of dictator, and conducts 
the government. 
80 * * b. c. Rome. Sulla causes himself 
and Quint us Csecilius Pius Metellus,one 
of his generals, to be elected consuls. 
[79. He voluntarily abdicates, and re- 
tires to private life. 78. Dies.] 
74 * * b. c. Asia M. Bithynia is be- 
queathed to the Romans by Nicomedes 
III. ; it becomes a Roman province. 

* * b. c. Asia M. Mithridates VI. de- 
clares "war, because of the aggressions 
of Tigranes of Armenia, who takes pos- 
session of Cappadocia and Syria ; also 
because of the bequest of Nicomedes 
III., bestowing Bithynia on the Romans. 

70* *b.c. The consuls Marcus Licinius 
Crassus and Pompey [the Great] re- 
store to the tribunate the privileges 
withdrawn by Sulla. 

* * b. c. Rome. The Sullan Constitu- 
tion is overthrown. 

The Aurelian law is passed ; jurors 
are no longer to be taken exclusively 
from senators ; one-third are to be sena- 
tors, and two-thirds men belonging to 
the equestrian census. 
67 * * b. c. Cyrene and Crete become 
provinces of Rome. (74 B. c. ; 27 B. c. 
United.) 

* * b. c. Pompey naB all tl e public treasu- 
ries and the resources of all the provinces 
and client states placed unconditionally at 
Ills disposal, for the suppression of piracy, 
which nearly paralyzes commerce. 

* * B. c. Rome. Julius Caesar is questor. 
[65, Curule edile ; 63, Pontifex maximus.] 

66-62 b. c. Rome. Conspiracy of 
Catiline. 



The democrats, led by M. Crassus and Caius 
Julius Ca'sar, unite with the anarchists, led 
by Lucius Sergins Catilina an ex-pretor. 
The democrats urge the overthrow of the ex- 
isting government before the return of Pom- 
pey; and the anarchists nre,ethe cancellation 
of debts, the proscription of the wealthy, and 
the confiscation of their property. 

66* * b. c. Rome. Catiline's first con- 
spiracy to murder the consuls fails 
through the indecision of conspirators, 
and because of Cicero's eloquence. 

65 * * b. c. Syria. Pompey dethrones 
King Antiochus Asiaticus. 

64 * * b. c. Rome. The conspiracy of 
Catiline is renewed, and fails. 

It is proposed to defeat Cicero, and se- 
cure the election of Catiline and Caius 
Hybrida Antonius at the consular elec- 
tions for 63, by the influence of Caesar 
and Crassus ; Antonius alone secures 
election, and is detached from the con- 
spirators by Cicero, his colleague. 

63 * * b. c. Rome. Cicero is elected 
consul by the middle class of citizens. 

* * b. c. Rome. Catiline conspires 
with others to murder his competitors 
at the consular election for 62, also the 
consul, Cicero, who would preside over it. 

Cicero is informed of the conspiracy by his 
spies and on the day of the election exposes 
and denounces it, before the Senate, having 
armed guards present. 

(Nov. 8.) Cicero delivers his first speech 
in the Senate against the conspiracy of Cati- 
line, who tlees in the night to the insurgent 
army of C. Manlius in Etruria. 

(Nov. 9.) Cicero makes his second speech 
against Catiline to the people. 

(* *) Arrest of the accomplices, Lentu- 
lus, Cethegus, Gabinius, Statihus, and Ccepa- 

(Dec 3.) Cicero makes his third speech 
against Catiline to the people. 

(Dec. 5.) Cicero makes his fourth speech 
against Catiline in the senate. The senate 
decrees that the conspirators .shall be stran- 
gled in person without trial; Caesar votes 
against it; Cato's speech secures the vote. 
[Consul Cicero executes the imprisoned con- 
spirators, and is greeted as pater patriae.'] 

* *b.c. Judea is made tributary. Syria 
and Cilicia (1023), capital, Tarsus, be- 
come Roman provinces. [65. Pontus.] 

62 * * b. c. Rome. Julius Caesar ad- 
ministers the prEetorship. 

* *b. c. Rome. The Senate disaffects 
Pompey toward the government by re- 
fusing to grant the allotment of lands 
he requests for his veterans. 

61 * * b. c. Sp. C. Julius Caesar goes 
to Hispania Ulterior as propretor. 

He lays the foundation of his military 
fame, and secures much money ; he re- 
fuses a triumph on his return. 

60 * * b. c. Rome. The first triumvi- 
rate is formed by Pompey, Caesar, and 
Crassus. [59. They secure the election 
of Ccesar as consul. The republic is 
powerless in the hands of these citizens.] 

* * E. c. Caesar receives the government 
of Gallia Cisalpina and Illyricum by a 
popular decree, for five years, with ex- 
traordinary powers. On the motion of 
Pompey the senate adds Gallia Narbo- 
nensis [S. Fr.] to his province. 

* * B. C. Rome. Aulus Gabinius (favor- 
able to Pompey) and Lucius Calpurnius 
Piso, the father-in-law of Caesar, are 
elected consuls for the next year. 

59 * * b. c. Rome. Caesar proposes an 
agrarian law especially favoring Pom- 
pey's veterans. 

It is opposed by his colleague, M. Bibulua, 
an optimate, and also by the Senate; thislaw 
and the ratification of the organization of 
Asia are both submitted to the popular as- 



68** e.g. Rome. Publius Clodius, the 
tribune of the people, procures the 
absence of Marcus Porcius Cato and 
Cicero from Rome. 

Cato is sent to possess the kingdom of Cy- 
prus by a popular vote. Cicero is outlawed 
for executing a Roman wtizen without a legal 
trial (see 63 b. c). Clodius causes Cicero's 
house to be burned, and both his Tusculan 
and Formicean estates to be ravaged. 

57-52 b. c. Rome. The partizans of 
Clodius and Titus Annius Milo create 
tumults. 

57 * * b. c. The recall of Cicero is pro- 
cured by the efforts of the tribune Milo, 
to assist in opposing Clodius (democrat). 
Cato also returns. 

56* *b. c. Caesar, Pompey, andCrassus, 
with 200 senators belonging to their party, 
meet in Luca [in Tuscany], and renew 
the triangular alliance. 

* * B. c, Rome. Pompey and Crassus are 
elected consuls for the year 55 by the 
use of force, in harmony with the plans 
adopted at Luca. 

55 * * b. c. Rome. Democratic decrees 
are issued. 

The people decree the government of both 
Spams to Pompey tor live years, and that of 
Syria to Crassus, and they extend Casar's 
proconsulship in caul for five years; they 
decree the payment by the state of troops 
recruited by Caesar on his own authority. 
The aristocratic party are unable to resist. 

54* * b. c. Asia. Crassus, having closed 

his year as consul, goes to Syria as ruler. 

52 * * b. c. Rome. Disorders prevail. 

The armed democratic bands of Clodius pa- 
trol the streets and forum, and are opposed by 
the armed bands of Milo, in the aristocratic 
reaction. Clodius and Milo meeting in Via 
Appia occasions a fight between their fol- 
lowers, in which Clodius is wounded, and at 
Milo's command put to death. 

* * b. c. Fr. The Gauls revolt (p. 662). 
[50. Suppressed.] 

52-51 b. c. Rome. Pompey is elected 
sole consul ; dictatorial power is given 
him to put down the unruly mobs. [51. 
Sept. 30. He enters Rome, and is given 
a third magnificent triumph.] 

* * b. c. Rome. Caesar, the leader of 
the democracy, and Pompey, the leader 
of the republican aristocracy, are alien- 
ated from each other. 

Pompey selects his new father-in-law, Me- 
tellus Scipio, for his colleague in the consulate, 
and extends his governorship in Spain for 
five years, claiming as a pretext the neces- 
sity of the Parthian war (now victoriously 
ended) ; he weakens Ca:sar's command by 
recalling two legions. 

51 * * b. c. The alliance of Csesar, 

Pompey, and Crassus is renewed. 

Caused by an attempt of the republi- 
cans in the Senate to free themselves 
from the influence of their rulers, and 
to revise the agrarian law which was 
passed while Csesar was consul. 

* * b. c. Fr. Aquitania, Gaul becomes 
a Roman province. [27 Lugdunensis.] 

49 Jan. 1. Rome. Csesar makes his 
last offer of compromise with the 
Senate. 

The Senate demands that he resign his 
proconsulship, and become a private cit- 
izen before his term expires, as the Gallic 
war is ended ; that he disband his le- 
gions on pain of outlawry. ["War fol- 
lows.] 



1060 49* * b.c. -17 **e.c. 



ITALY : 



ARMY — NAVY. 
49 * * b. c. Csesar is reenforced by a 
second legion. 

The two legions successfully march 
through Umbria, Picenum, and Apulia 
to Brundusium. Corfinium, under Do- 
mitius, is captured while on the way. 

* * b. c. Cassar, strengthened by a third 
legion, besieges Brundusium, and levies 
three new legions. The rapidity of his 
movements bewilders his foes. 

* * B. c. Pompey escapes with his army 
to Greece, whither Cresar is unable to 
follow for the lack of vessels. 

49-44 b. c. Csesar is supreme. 

Mar. * b. c. Csesar commences the con- 
struction of a fleet, and marches for 
Rome, he having been ordered by the 
Senate to disband his army. He "is al- 
ready the master of Italy. 

* * B- C. Ft. Caius Trebnnius besieges 
aud captures Massilia [Marseilles]. 

Aug. * B. C. Sp. Csesar compels Afra- 
nius and Marcus Petreius, the legates of 
Pompey, to surrender at Ilerda. 

* * B. C. Sp. Most of the cities of Hispa- 
nia Ulterior join Cassar ; Varro, its com- 
mander, finally capitulates at [Cadiz]. 

* * b. c. Caesar marches back to Italy. 

* * B. c. Sicily is subjugated by Cains 
Scribonius Curio, Caesar's legate. 

* * B. c. Afr. Curio crosses the Medi- 
terranean to Africa. 

He invades the Roman province, and 
captures Utica. He is defeated by 
Juba, the ally of Pompey, near the Ba- 
gradas, where he is killed in battle. 
48 * * b. c. Gr. Cassar lands a part of 
his army in northern Epirus at Oricum. 

* * b. c. Gr. Pompey captures most 
of Caesar's transports when returning 
for more of his army ; this delays tor 
several months their embarkation under 
Antony. 

* * b. c. Turk. Caesar with his united 
array blockades Pompey at Dvrrha- 
chium by a chain of military posts. 

* *b.c. Turk. Pompey breaks 
through Caesar's besieging line, and 
defeats him ; Caesar retires to Thessaly, 
and is pursued by Pompey. 

Aug. 9 b. c. Gr. Decisive battle of 
Pharsalus. 

Caesar, with about 22,000 infantry and 
1,000 cavalry, utterly defeats Pompey, 
having 47,000 infantry ;md 7,000 cavalry. 
[Aug. 10. 24,000 Pompeyans surrender.'] 

48-47 b.c. Egy. Caesar's Alexan- 
drine war. 

The Alexandrians and the Roman army 
of occupation rise up against Csesar, and 
besiege him in the royal palace ; he nar- 
rowly escapes (p. 652). 

47* *b. c. Egy. Csesar fires the 
Egyptian fleet, whereby the famous 
Alexandrian library is also burned. He 
defeats the Egyptians on the Nile {p. 652). 

* * B. c. Asia M. Csesar wars against 
Pharnaces, King of Bosporus, for en- 
croachments in occupying Pontus, Ar- 
menia Minor, and Cappadocia. 

" Veni, Vidi, Vici." In a campaign of 
five days Caesar defeats Pharnaces at 
Zela, and forces him to fly. Cassar sub- 
dues a mutiny in the 10th legion. 
47-46 b. c. Afr. Caesar's war in Af- 
rica against Pompeyans. 
46 * * b. c. Afr. Battle of Thapsus. 
Caesar with a much smaller army de- 
feats the republican army ; 50,000 are 



killed in and after the battle by Caesar's 
infuriated soldiers. Scipio kills him- 
self in his flight ; patriotic Cato despairs 
for Rome, and commits suicide in Utica ; 
Juba and Petreius agree to kill each 
other, but Juba is finished by his slave; 
Labienus and Sextus Pompeius escape. 

* *B. c. Algeria. A part of Mauritania 
is conquered by the Romans. 

46-45 E. c. Caesar wars against the 
sons of Pompey and other Pompeyans. 

46 * * b. c. Sp. Caesar is repulsed be- 
fore Corduba by Sextus Pompeius. 

45 Mar. 17 b. c. Sp. Decisive bat- 
tle of Munda. 

Caesar defeats Sextus and Cnseus, two 
sons of Pompey, in southern Spain. 
More than 30,000 Pompeyans are killed, 
including Labienus, Varus, Cnaeus Pom- 
peius ; Sextus Pompeius escapes. 

44 Mar. 15 b. c. Caesar is assassi- 
nated. (See Society.) 

* * B. c. Caius Julius Caesar Octavian us 
[Augustus] receives the command of 
two legions. 

44-43 b. c. "War of Mutina [Modena] 
against Mark Antony. 

Antony blockades Decimus Brutus at 
Mutina, but is defeated on the arrival of 
re enforcements. 

* * b. c. Octavian, as propraetor, is sent 
against Antony the usurper. 

43 Apr. 27. b.c. Antony is defeated 
at Mutina by the consul, Aulus Hirtius, 
and Caius Vibius Pansa ; Hirtius is 
killed. 

* * B. c. Octavian receives the sole 
command of the array of the Senate. 

He takes the field, pretending to op- 
pose Antony, yet in fact coworking with 
him for secret ends. 

* * B. c. Dechmis Brutus being de- 
serted by his troops, fails to escape, and 
is put to death by Antony. 

43-42 b. c. Rome. War against the 
republican party by the triumvirs. 

* * B. c. Gr. The triumvirs, Antony 
and Octavian, enter Greece to subdue 
Marcus Brutus and Caius Cassius. 

42 * * b. c. Battle of Philippi (p. 1028). 

* * b. c. Asia M. Antony ravages the 
provinces of Asia and Syria. 

* * b. c. Asia M. Cleopatra, Queen of 
Egypt, meets Antony by his order at 
Tarsus ; he follows her to Egypt (p. 653). 

41-40 b. c. Civil war of Perusia. 
Octavian and Paulus iEmilius Lepidus 
oppose Lucius Antoni us, the brother, and 
Fulvia, the wife, of Mark Antony. (40 
Jan. *) Antony is compelled to surren- 
der Perusia after a siege of one year. 

41-40 b. c. Egy- Antony whiles away 
the winter at Alexandria with Cleopa- 
tra. 

39* *b. c. Asia M. Antony carries on 
war with the Parthians, led by Quintus 
Labienus, through his legate, P. Ventid- 
ins Bassus. [38. Defeated again near 
the Euphrates ; Pacorus is killed.] 

38-36 b. c. Sicily. "War with Sextus 
Pompeius. (See State, 39.) 

38 * * b. c. Sicily. Octavian is left to 
conduct the war alone. 

37 * * B. c. Octavian sends two legions 
to aid Antony in the Parthian war. 

Antony furnishes Octavian 100 ships 
under Marcus Vipsanius Agrippa to aid 
bim in the Sicilian war. 

36 * 



abandoned by his soldiers, who are weary 
of war, and surrenders to Octavian. 
[He becomes a prisoner for life.] 
**B. c. Sicily. Agrippa utterly de- 
feats Sextus Pompeius' fleet off Mylse. 
[Sept. 3. Again off Naulochus.] 

* * B. c. Asia M. Antony finally con- 
ducts the war against the Parthians in 
person, with 1G legions and 40,000 allies. 
[He is forced to retreat from Cazaca.] 

35-33 b. c. Bosnia.+ The Panno- 
nian war. 

Octavian conducts campaigns along 
the line of the Save, for rectification of 
boundaries and defense of frontiers. 

34* *b.c. Asia M. Antony treacher- 
ously captures Artavasdes, King of Ar- 
menia, his lukewarm ally, and as pris- 
oner leads him in triumph at Alexandria. 

31+ * * b. c. Conquest of Germany 
tf>. 768). 

31-30 b. c. Gr. War of Actium. 

31 Sept. 2 b. c. Gr. Battle of Ac- 
tium (p. 1028). 

30* * b. c. Syria. Octavian advances 
through Syria into Egypt. 

Antony, being deserted by his troops, 
commits suicide, and Cleopatra poisons 
herself. [Oct. 1. Octavian captures Al- 
exandria.] 

29* *B. C. Bulgaria.+ Mcesia is sub- 
jugated. 

27-25 b. c. Sp. Augustus leads an 
expedition against the Cantabri and As- 
tures ; because of sickness he surrenders 
to his legates. 

25 * * b. c. The Salassi, an Alpine tribe, 
are finally subjugated. 

* * b. c. Arabian expedition (p. 483). 
22-21 B. c. Afr. Petronius, the pre- 
fect in Egypt, subdues the Ethiopians. 

20 * * B. C. Asia. Augustus conducto a 
campaign against the Parthians. 

Phraates, tbeir king, is alarmed, and 
restores the Rninan standards and pris- 
oners taken from Crassus (53 b. c). 

19 * * b. c. Sp. The Cantabri and As- 
tures and all Spam are finally subdued. 

* * B. C. Tyrol. + Raetia and Vindelicia 
are conquered. [15. Rsetia and Nori- 
cum are subjugated by Drusus.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

46± * * b. c. Jio 

buildings ; 
45 * * b. c. The Roman year is again 

corrected by Julius Csesar ; he makes 

it 365 J days. 
27 Feb. 14. b. c. The Augustan era 

begins, 727 years after the foundation 

of Rome. [27. Pantheon built.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

43 * * Ovid, I'uluius Ovidiua Naso, poet, born. 
[17 or 18 A. D. Dies.] 

* * Cicero, Marcus Tullius, orator. A63. 

42 * * Tiberius, Claudius Nc ro, emperor, born. 

[37 a. d. Dies.] 
38* * Drusus (Icrmanicus, Claudius Nero, 

general, born. [9. Dies.] 
34* * Galba, Scrvius Sulpii'Uis,enii>eror,born. 



[69 J 



Di< 



LETTERS. 



42-37 B. c. The Eclogues, by "Vergil, 
appear. [37-30, The 'Georgics; 30-19, 
The JEneid.} 

35 * * B. c. The first book of Satires, by 
Horace, appears. [29, second book ; 
24±, The first three books of the Odes; 
13, fourth book ; also Epistles and Epis- 
tles to the Pisos, or Ars Poetica.] 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 



49* * b.c.-17**b.c. 1061 



31 b. c.-14 a.d. Golden Period of 
Roman literature. 

29± b. c-17 A. d. Annates, by Livy, 
in 142 books, appears. 

25* * b. c. Cynthia, by Propertius, ap- 
pears. [24+ -16± Syntaxis.] 

25-24 b. c. The first book of poems by 
Tibullus appears. 

SOCIETY. 

46 Feb. 5. b. c. Marcus Cato kills 

himself. 
45 * * b. c. Egy. Cleopatra marries 

Mark Antony. (Or 41.) 

44 Mar. 15. B.C. Julius Csesar is as- 
sassinated. (See State.) 

40 * * B. c. Octaviauus Csesar, at Peru- 
sia, orders 300 Roman senators and other 
persons of distinction to be sacrificed 
to the manes of Julius Caesar. 

31* * b. c. Egy. Cleopatra abandons 
Mark Antony in battle. 

29 * * b. c. Octavian celebrates three 
triumphs in Rome. 

* * b. c. Home. The temple of Janus 
is closed for the third time in Roman 
history. [25. Also for the fourth time.] 

17 * * B. c. Rome. Caius Caesar and Lu- 
cius Csesar are adopted by Augustus, 
and designated as his successors. 

STATE. 

49 Jan. * b. c. Rome. The Senate de- 
clares Cassar an enemy of the Repub- 
lic if he fails to disband his army within 
a given time. 

* *e.c. Caesar marches toward the 
capital; his friends among the tribunes 
of the people flee to him at Ravenna. 

* * b. c. Rome is alarmed. 

The tidings of Cassar's crossing the 
Rubicon with his army, which Roman 
generals were forbidden to do, is re- 
ceived. Pompey and many senators flee 
from Rome to Brundusiuiu. 

* * b. c. Rome. Cassar arrives, and re- 
lieves the apprehension of cruelty by his 
magnanimity toward his foes. 

48-44 b. c. Rome. Caesar is dictator. 
He is proclaimed dictator by the pre- 
tor, Marcus iEmilius Lepidus, during his 
absence in the army. 

48 * * b. c. Rome. Caesar abdicates 
the office of dictator after 11 days. 

He secures the office of consul with 
Publius Servilius. The fugitive part of 
the Senate prolongs the term of Pompey 
and of all officials of the previous year. 

* * b. c. Rome. Caesar receives distin- 
guished honors. 

He is given the consulate for rive years, 
the tribunate for life, and the dictator- 
ship for one year. He begins to bear 
the title of imperator. 

* * b. c. Csesar visits Alexandria, and 
decides between the regal claims of 
Ptolemy XII. (10 years of age) and his 
sister Cleopatra (16 years of age); this 
occasions war with Egypt (p. 653). 

4:6 * * b. c. Afr. Cresar conquers and 
unites a part of Numidia [Algeria] as 
a -province, and gives the remainder of 
his conquest to Bocchus, King of Eastern 
Mauritania [Morocco]. 

* * b. c. Rome. Cresar returns, and is 
honored with four triumphs, for Gaul, 
Egypt, Pharnaces, and Africa. 

* * B. c. Cassar is appointed dictator for 
10 years, and censor without a colleague 
for three years. [45. He causes the Sen- 



ate to appoint him consul for 10 years. 
44. It appoints him dictator for life.] 

44* * b. c. Rome. The Senate again be- 
comes only an advisory council. 

* * B. c. Caesar reorganizes the military 
system ; also the financial system of di- 
rect taxes, which substitute tax-farming. 
His veterans receive Italian lands. 

* * b. c. The colonization of the prov- 
inces is promoted, for the purpose of 
Latinizing their populations, and reliev- 
ing Rome of some of its proletarians. 

Mar. 15. b. c. Rome. Caesar is assas- 
sinated in the senate-house by Marcus 
Junius Brutus, Caius Cassius Longinus, 
and others. 

About 50 republican senators are in 
the conspiracy, and he falls with 23 
wounds at the foot of Pompey's statue. 

* * b. c. Rovie. The Senate rewards the 
conspirators. 

M. Brutus receives the government of 
Macedonia, C;issius that of Syria, Deci- 
mus Brutus that of Gallia Cisalpina. 

* * b. c. Rome. Usurpations of Mark 
Antony. 

Antony, one of the two consuls, obtains 
possession of Caesar's papers and makes 
an unscrupulous use of them, and aspires 
to supreme power, pretending to execute 
the will of Cassar. 

* * B. C. Antony receives from the peo- 
ple the province of Gallia Cisalpina, 
which the Senate refused to give him. 

Apr. * b. c. The Senate seeks to regain 
power by entering negotiations with 
Caius Octavius [Octavian], the grandson 
and heir of Julius Csesar, 18 years of 
age. [43. Antony, the usurper, is de- 
clared an enemy of the republic] 

Sept. 2. b.c. Rome. Cicero delivers his 
first philippic against Mark Antony. 

43 * * B. c. Rome. Hirtius and Pansa are 
consuls. Hirtius is killed in the battle 
of Mutina. Pansa dies of wounds. 

* * b. c. Rome. Octavian marches to 
Rome, and compels his own election as 
consul, also the repeal of the amnesty 
granted the conspirators against Caesar, 
and sentence for their punishment. 

Nov. * b. c. The second triumvirate 
is formed by Mark Antony, Octavian, 
and Marcus .-Emilius Lepidus, against 
Marcus Brutus and other republicans. 
Their rule is ratified for five years by 
the people ; a reign of terror " follows. 
Hundreds of senators and J, 000 equites 
are outlawed, and property confiscated. 
[Dec. 7. Cicero is proscribed and killed.] 

42 * * B. C. Rome. P. Ventidius Bassus 
is elected consul. 

* * b. o. The republicans are over- 
thrown by the defeat at Philippi. 

41 * * B. c. Octavian makes the prom- 
ised allotments to veterans in Italy, and 
proceeds to crush Pompey. Antony re- 
stores order in the East. 

Feb. 5. b. c. Octavian [Augustus] is 
saluted by the laurel-crowned senators 
as the father of his country. 

40 * * b. c. Octavian, having obtained 
supreme authority in Italy, assumes the 
administration of Gaul and Spain, giv- 
ing Marcus ^Emilius Lepidus only the 
government of Africa. Antony ap- 
proaches Italy to secure his rights. 

* * B. c. Civil war is threatened, but 
prevented for a time by a truce agreed 
to at Brundusium. 



Antony marries Octavia, the sister of 
Octavian, Fulvia his former wife being 
dead. Octavian governs the West, An- 
tony the East, and Lepidus, Africa. 
39 * * b. c. Sextus Pompeius, son of 
Mark Antony, having created a naval 
empire and mastered Sicily, obstructs 
the grain supplies for Rome, and thereby 
compels the triumvirs to enter the treaty 
of Misenmn, by which he receives Sicily, 
Sardinia, Corsica (?), and Peloponnesus. 

* * b. c. Antony goes to the East; he 
remains chiefly with Cleopatra (p. 653). 

38 * * b. C. Menas, the admiral of Sex- 
tus, treacherously surrenders Sardinia 
with fleet and troops to Octavian ; this 
provokes war. 

37 * * B. c. Octavian and Antony meet 
atTarentum, and settle differences ; the 
triumvirate is renewed for five years. 

* * B. c. Rome. Marcus Vipsanius Agrip- 
pa is elected consul. 

36 * * b. c. Lepidus is ejected from 
the triumvirate. 

Octavian assumes the administration 
of Africa, and is sole ruler of the West. 
Great honors are showered upon him. 

34± * *b.c. Egy. Antony proclaims 
Cleopatra" Queen of Kings," and gives 
to her and her sons Roman provinces ; 
it is also announced that Caesar ion, her 
natural son by Julius Caesar, is Caesar's 
true heir (p. 653). 

31* * B. c. Rome. Octavian obtains a 
decree from the people dismissing; An- 
tony from his command, and declaring 
war on Cleopatra. 

31 (30?)b. c — 476 A. d. The Roman 
Empire. 

31 b. c. -14 a. d. [Augustus] Cassar 
Octavius rules the Roman world ; tbe 
first of the emperors. 

31* * b. C. Octavian makes Egypt a 
Roman province. [It becomes the 
granary of Rome.] 

27 Jan. 1. b.c. Octavian restores the 
republic under his own presidency. 
[Jan. 13. The transfer of the govern- 
ment is completed. The Senate bestows 
on him the title Augustus.] 

28* * b. C. Rome. Augustus is made 
" princeps senatus." [23. He causes the 
Senate to give him the * ( tribunician 
power," and the proconsular imperium 
for life. 12. Becomes pontifex niaxi- 

27-19 b. c. The Roman provinces are 
redivided into senatorial and imperial. 

The senatorial provinces comprise the paci- 
fied provinces of Africa, Asia, Achaia, Illyri- 
cum, Macedonia, Sieilia, t'reta, with Cyren- 
aica, II itliynia, Sardinia, and II ispaniaBcctica. 
The imperial provinces require an army to 
sustain the legates, who govern in the name 
of Augustus, and comprise ilispania Tarraco- 
nensis, Lusitania; the Gaulish provinces of 
Narbonensis, Lugdunensis, Aquitania, and 
Belgica; Germanic Superior et Inferior, Mce- 
sia, Syria, t'ilicia, Cyprus, and /Egyptus. 

25 * * b. c. Asia M. New provinces 
established in Galatia and Pamphylia. 
Africa and Numidia are united. 

23-13 B.C. AsiaM. M. Vipsanius 
Agrippa commands in the East. 

19* * b. c. Spain submits. 

18-17 b. c. Augustus makes reforms 
in government, society, and morals. 



1062 17 * * b.c.-a. d. 83, * * 



ITALY : 



ARMY — WAVY. 

16 * * b. c. Fr. The Siganibrians and 
other German tribes invadeGaul, and de- 
feat the Romans under Marcus Lollius. 

13-6 B. C. Ger. Claudius Nero Dru- 
sus extends Rornan rule (p. 768). 

12-9* * b. c. Aust.+ Tiberius subju- 
gates Pannonia. [8-7. He compels 
some of the Germanic tribes on the 
right bank of the Rhine to recognize the 
supremacy of Rome. 5. He marches 
against the Suevi.] 

1 * * A. D. Asia. Caius Cassar, the pro- 
consul, makes peace with the Parthians. 

6-9 * * Bohemia+. Tiberius attacks the 
Suevian kingdom of Marbod. 

He finally subdues the revolting Illyr- 
ian and Pannonian tribes. 

6 * * Ger. Quintilius Varus commands. 

9* * Ger. Roman defeat at Teutoburg. 
The Germans under Arminius (Her- 
mann) [the national hero], an ex-Roman 
soldier, surprise and annihilate three 
legions of Romans in three days. Varus 
kills himself. Rome accepts the Rhine 
as its frontier. 

14-16 Ger. The Romans under German- 
icus revenge the Teutoburg disaster in 
three successful campaigns. 

16 * * Arminius is defeated on the Cam- 
pus Idistaviso [on the Weser], 

17* * Borne. Tiberius, being jealous, re- 
calls Germanicus, and sends him to 
conquer Cappadocia. [19. Germanicus 
defeats the Marcomanni.] 

39-40 Fr. Caligula leads a military- 
expedition to the Gallic coast, which 
ends with a collection of mussels. 

43 * * Eng. The conquest of Britain 
begins under Claudius (p. 839). 

58-63 Asia. War with the Parthians 
and Armenians; Artazata is taken. 

61 * 

>< 

* * Eng. Kevolt in Britain (p. S39). 
65-70. Judea. The Jewish war against 

Rome. [G7. Vespasian goes to suppress 
the revolt. 69. He transfers his com- 
mand to Titus, his son, and returns to 
Rome.] 
69 * * Discipline is restored in the army. 

* * Cremona, Lombardy, is destroyed by 



69-71 Ger. Batavians revolt (p. G62), 
70 Sept. 8. Judea. Titus takes Jeru- 
salem after an heroic defense. 

The city, ravaged by factions, pesti- 
lence, and famine, is leveled to the 
ground. Many thousands of Jews, assem- 
bled at the Passover, perish, and many 
are taken captive to Rome. 
73 * * Vespasian sublines Lycia, Rhodes, 
Thrace, Cilicia, Byzantium, and Samos. 

77* * Asia. The Parthians revolt. 

78-84 Eng.-h Julius Agricola conquers 
Britain. [83-84. Subdues the Caledo- 
nians.] (P. 839.) 

81-96 Ger. Domitian erects a boun- 
dary wall (p. 768). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1 Jan. 1. A. d. The Christian era com- 
mences with the traditional date of tbe 
birth of Christ. (4 (?) e. c.) 



Tbis occurs in the middle of the fourth 
year of the 194th Olympiad, the 753d 
year from the founding of Rome, and the 
4,717th year of the Julian period. 

* * Rome. "Water-mills are in operation. 

* * * Pliny, born in 23 and reputed the 
most learned man of his age, devotes his 
leisure to scientific studies, and writes a 
Natural History in 37 books [which are 
still extant]. 

30 * * Augustus becomes a patron of art. 

38+ * * Seneca notices gravitation as an 
innate power ; also the attraction of 
tides by the moon. 

40+. * * Rome. Numerous male and fe- 
male choristers sing in the tragedies. 

41-54 Rome. Claudius constructs his 
aqueduct, and the conduit connecting 
the Lake Pucinus with tbe River Laris. 

50± * * Seneca mentions the magnifying 
power of convex lenses ; also concave 
mirrors, and the prismatic colors. 

64± * * Rome is rebuilt on a grandscale. 
Nero erects a magnificent golden palace 
which encloses green lawns. 

694. * * Home. Vespasian erects the Col- 
osseum. 

70 * * Rome. Titus* Triumphal Arch 
is erected. 

75 * * Rome. Vespasian erects a temple 
to peace. 

79 Aug. 24. The first recorded erup- 
tion of Vesuvius occurs ; the cities of 
Pompeii and Herculaneum are over- 
whelmed ; 200,000 lives are lost. 

* * Theaters are found in the chief cities 
of Italy. Glass windows are used. 

80+ * * Rome. The Laocoon group is 
produced. Splendid paintings adorn the 
baths. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

13 * * Agrippina, mother of Caligula, born. 

[33 a. d. Dies.] 
lO* * DrnsuB Caesar, gen., b. [23 a. d. D.] 

4. * * Apollonins of Tyana, philosopher, born. 
[97 a. D. Dies.] 
Seneca, Lucius Anna- us, philosopher, states- 
man, born. [65 a. d. Dies.] 



9 * * a. d. Vespasian us. Titus Flavins Sabi- 
nus, emperor, born. [70. Dies.] 

12* * Caligula. Cains </;esar, emperor, horn. 
[41. Dies.] 

14 * * Apicins, Marcus Cabins, epicure, born. 
[37. Dies.] 

15 * * Agrippina, Julia, mother of Nero, horn. 

[59 or 60. Dies.] 

31 * * Sejanus, courtier, criminal, dies. 

32 * * Nerva, Marcus Cucceius, emperor, born. 

[98. Dies.] 
Otho, Marcus Salvius, emp., born. [69. D.J 

34* * Persius Flaecus, Aulas, satirical poet, 
born. [62. Dies.] 

35 * * Qumtillian, Marcus Fabius, rhetori- 
cian, born. T95. Dies.] 

37 * * Agricola, Cnieius J ulius, general, born. 
[93. Dies.] 

Joeephus, Flavius, Jewish historian, born. 
Nero, emperor, born. [68. Dies.] 
Seutonius Paulinus, warrior, born. 

38 * * Pilate. Pontius, governor of Judea, d. 
39* * Lucan, Marcus Annams, poet, born. 

[65. Dies.] 
40 * * Juvenal, Deeimus J., satirical poet, b. 
[125. Dies.] 

Martial, Marcus Valerius, poet, b. [103. D.] 

Titus, Flavius Sahinus Vespasianus, em- 
peror, born. [81. Dies.] 
1st Century. Asconius, Pediamus Quintus, 
critic, commentator, born. 

Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, medical writer, b. 

Clement of Rome, church father, writer, h. 

Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, agri- 
cultural writer, born. 

Curtius, Quintus, historian, born. 

Favorinus, rhetorician, author, born. 

Flaccus, Caius Valerius, poet, born. 

Phaedrus, fabulist, born. 

Valerius, Maxiuuis, historian, born. 
51* * Domitian. emperor, born. [96. Dies.] 



53+ * * Trajanus, Marcus Ulpius, emp., b. 
[117- Dies.] 

66 * * Britannicus Tiberias Claudius German- 
icus, prince, A14. 

* * Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, hist., b. [135. D.] 
61 * * Pliny, Caius Plinius CEecilius Secun- 

duB, author, born. [113. Dies.] 

63 * * Festus, Porcius, procurator of Judea, d. 
65 * * Seneca. Lucius Annseus, pliil., A68+. 
q&± * *Paul, the Apostle, beheaded at 

Rome. 
72± * * Seui"U!':s. nih'iniliuBCaiuSjliist.j'b. 
76 * * Hadrian, Publius ^lius Hadrianus, 

emperor, born. [138. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

4 (?) * * b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ is 
born (traditional date). 

1+ * * a. d. Many of the deities of the 
Romans are patterns of vice. Almost 
universal corruption of morals prevails 
among their worshipers, especially with 
regard to licentiousness and cruelty. 

29* * Judea. Pontius Pilate, the Roman 
procurator, gives up Jesus of Nazareth 
to be crucified by the Jews. 

* * Judea. "Strangers from Rome" are 
present at Jerusalem at the inaugura- 
tion of tbe Christian Church at Pente- 
cost. 

40± * * The Emperor Caius orders his 
statue to be set up in the Jewish Tem- 
ple at Jerusalem. 

* * * Jerusalem. The Apostles* Creed 
is formulated (traditional). 

42 (?) * * Rome. St. Peter (?) is bishop. 

[67, [St.] Linus; 78, [St.] Cletus; 90, [St.] 
Clement 1.; 100, [St.] Anacletus; 112, [St.] 
Evaristes; 121, [St.] Alexander I.; 122,[St.J 
Sixtus I.; 142, [St.] Telesphorus; 154, [St.] 
Hyginus; 158, [St.] PiubL] 
50± * * Rome. Claudius banishes the 
Jews. 

61+ Spring. St. Paul arrives as a pris- 
oner from Judea. [63. Acquitted ; de- 
parts. G8±. Paul again arrives as a 
prisoner. May (June). Beheaded.] 

64 June 24. Rome. Nero begins the 
first persecution of Christians. Clothed 
in the skins of beasts, many are torn by 
dogs, many are crucified, burned alive, 
and tortured in many ways. 

68± * * Christians celebrate Easter. 
70* * Titus destroys the Temple at 



sale 1 1 



LETTERS. 



17* *b. c. Horace is commanded by 
Augustus to compose the sacred hymn 
for the celebration of the secular games. 

8 B. c-17 A. T>. The Fasti, Tristia, and 
Ex Ponto, by Ovid, appear. [2, Ars 
Amatoria, and Remedia Amoris ; 8 A. D. 
Metamorphoses.] 

8±* * A. D. The fables of Phsedrus ap- 
pear in elegant Latin iambics. 



20+-65 Orations, Natural es Questiones, 
Satire on the Death of Claudius, Dia- 
logues, On Benefits, Letters to LucUius, 
and several tragedies, by Seneca appear. 
[56, De dementia ad Neronem ; 41-19, 
Consolatione ad Helviam.'] 

42± * * Lucius J. M. Columella writes 
De Re Rustica. 

49-64 The Epistles of St. Raul are writ- 
ten. (See Turkey.) 

41-54 Quintus Curtius writes a History 
of Alexander the Great. 

50+ * * Aurelius Cornelius Celsus writes 
an encyclopedia of farming, medicine, 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 17 * * b.c.-a. d. 83, * * 1063 



military art, oratory, jurisprudence, and 
philosophy. 

54-68 Persius writes his six Satires. 
70-79 Caius "Valerius Flaccus writes 

Argonautica. 
70-79 Pliny writes his Natural History. 
83* * Rome. Philosophers are expelled, 
nd their schools suppressed, hy Domi- 



STATE. cessor instead of hisownsonBritannicus, 

by Messalina, his tirst wife. [54. She 
poisons Claudius to enthrone Nero.] 



tian. 



SOCIETY. 



17* *B.C. Asia. Herod the Greatspreads 
Roman luxury and licentiousness over 
Palestine ; he claims to be a Jew. 

10± * * b. c. Julia (the elder), daughter 
of the first emperor, is banished to Pau- 
dataria because of her excesses. 

5 * * b. c. The temple of Janus is closed 
for the fifth time in Roman history be- 
cause of universal peace. 

4(?)* * b. c. Judea. Jesus Christ, " the 
Prince of Peace," is born at Bethlehem. 



9 * * A. D. Julia (the younger), grand- 
daughter of Augustus, is banished. 

19 * * Syria. Germanicus is poisoned 
by Piso. (?) 

23 * * Rome. Sejanus poisons Drusus. 

29 * * The elder Agrippina, the mother 
of Nero, is banished. 

32± * * Sicily. The runaway slaves 
captured on the defeat of Sextius Pom- 
peius are cruelly punished ; 6,000 are 
crucified, and 30,000 returned to their 
masters. 

41 * * Rome. Caligula is murdered by a 
tribune. 

± * * Rome. Claudius is ruled by bis 
favorites, the freedmen Narcissus and 
Pallas, and by his sbameless wife, Messa- 
lina, until he causes her to be killed ; 
and afterward by hiB wife Agrippina, the 
ambitious and horrible mother of Nero. 

47 * * Rome. The Secular games are 
celebrated. Claudius abolishes the fu- 
neral games, which include horse-races, 
dramatic representations, processions, 
and mortal combats. 

48 * * Rome. Messalina, wife of Clau- 
dius, vicious and shameful, goes through 
the form of marriage with one of her 
lovers, and is executed. 

49 * * Rome. Agrippina, daughter of 
Germanicus, is elevated to be imperial 
consort. [Full of intrigue and perfidy, 
she removes from her path all whom she 

53 * * Rome. Nero marries Octavia. 

55* * Rome. Nero poisons Britannicus, 
son of his predecessor, and step-brother 
by adoption. He is fascinated by the 
freedwomanActe. [58. He is enslaved by 
the charms of cruel Poppsea. He vainly 
begs his friend Otto to divorce his young 
wife, that he himself may have her.] 

59 * * Rome. Nero orders the death of 
Agrippina, his mother. [60. Executed. 
62. He orders the execution of his wife 
Octavia ; marries Poppa?a. 64. He ap- 
pears on the stage as an actor at Naples ; 
also as chariot-driver in the races.] 

64 * * Rome. Nero burns the city to 
the ground, and charges the crime to the 
Christians. 

* * Rome. Nero detects a conspiracy 
against his life, and many eminent per- 
sons are killed. 

65 * * Seneca, the moralist and philoso- 
pher, and Lucian an eminent Christian, 
are put to death by Nero. 

68 * * Rome. The Apostle Paul is be- 
headed. 

69 Dec. * Aulus Vitellius is put to 
death. 



15 * * b. c. Raatia is made a Roman 
province, together with Gallia Belgica, 
Vindelicia and Norirum. [14 AlpesMari- 
timae. 6+ Mcesia Superior.] 

12 * * b. c. Ger. Treviri [Treves] is a 
prosperous city in Rhenish Prussia. 

6 * * b. c. Tiberius is vested with the 
tribunician power, and sent to Armenia. 

4 * * a. d. Rome. Tiberius is adopted 
by Augustus, and invested with the im- 
perium and tribunician power. [13. He 
is authorized to take the census, and is 
joint administrator in the provinces.] 

6 * * Asia. Judea is made a separate 
(Syria Palestina) province. 

9 * * Ovid the poet is banished to Tomos. 

* * Ger. Arminius revolts (p. 7G8). 

10 * *3ung. Pannonia is made a Roman 
province.' 

14-37 Tiberius (Claudius Nero Caesar) 
reigns. Augusta, the empress-mother, 
shares the power with her son. 

14* * Tiberius sends Germanicus. his 
nephew, to pacify the revolting legions 
in Germany. 

* * The laws permit the sovereign to exile 
any person he deems dangerous to the 
state. Rewards are given to informers. 
Trifling offenses are legally high treason. 

15 * * The formal right of ratifying the 
laws is transferred from the comitix to 
the Senate. 

17 * * Asia M. Cappadocia is made a 
Roman province. [Ger. Also Germania 
Superior and Germania Inferior.] 



23-31 Rome. Sejanus, the confidant 
and favorite, becomes the infamous in- 
strument of Tiberius's cruelties. [He 
lays the foundation of the power of the 
pretorians of later times by uniting 
their cohorts in one camp near Rome.] 

26-37 Tiberius retires to Caprese [Capri]. 

* * Ger. The Druids appear. 

31 * * Rome. Sejanus is disgraced, and 
put to death for his cruelties. Macro, a 
terrorizer, is in power as the favorite. 

37-41 Caligula (Caius Caesar Germani- 
cus) reigns. (41. Jan. 14.) He is mur- 
dered by a tribune. 

40 * * Provinces are formed in Maure- 
tania Tingitana, and Mauretania Cassa- 
riensis. 

41-54 Claudius (Tiberius Claudius 
Nero) reigns. He is ruled by his favor- 
ites and wives ; weakness and stupidity 
are conspicuous. 

41* * All Palestine is a dependent king- 
dom ; Herod Agrippa, procurator. 

43 * * South Britain and Lycia become 
Roman provinces. [44. Judea is again a 
province. 46. Thracia. 54± AlpesCot- 
tise.] 

48* * Rome. The census reports a total 
population of 6,944,000. 

49 * * Eng. London is founded(?). [50. 
Ger. Cologne (p. 769).] 

* * Agrippina rules her husband. 

She persuades him to adopt her son, 
L. Domitius (Nero), and make him suc- 



54-68 Nero (Claudius Caesar Drusus 
Germanicus) reigns. 

He prospers under the good influence 
of the prefectus praetorio, A f rani us 
Burrus, and his teacher, L. Seneca; later, 
becomes a human monster. 

* * * A law against informers corrects 
a great abuse. 

59 * * Nero murders his mother. [62. 
Also Octavia, his divorced wife.] 

* * Eng. Britons revolt (p. 839). 

62 * * Tigellinus and Poppaea become the 
advisers of Nero. 

63 * * Turk. Armenia is annexed. The 
Parthian prince, Tiridates, is placed on 
the dependent throne. [81± Moesia In- 
ferior is made a province.] 

64 July 18 1. Rome is burned; six 
days the fire continues, and consumes a 
large part of the city. Soon after an- 
other fire burns for three days. 

64-78 Rome is rebuilt. 

65 * * Rome. The conspiracy of C. Cal- 
purnius Piso, the popular patrician, 
against Nero, is discovered. 

* * Judea. The Jews revolt. 

* * Rome is smitten with pestilence. [80. 
Another plague ; 10,000 perish daily.] 

67 * * Gr. Nero visits Greece (p. 1029). 

68 * * Revolts break out against Nero in 
Gaul, Spain, and among the legions on 
the Rhine. Sulpicius Galba, governor 
of Hispania, is proclaimed and acknowl- 
edged imperator. [June 9. Nero es- 
capes execution by committing suicide.] 

68 * * Fr. Galba proclaimed (p.663). 

68 June * -69 Jan. * Rome. Galba 
(Servius Sulpicius Galba) reigns. He is 
hated for his avarice, and is assassi- 
nated by the revolting pretorians. 

69 Jan. * -Apr. * Otho (Marcus SalviuB) 
kills Galba, and reigns. He is defeated 
by Vitellius, and commits suicide. 

* * Vitellius (Aulus), elevated by bis 
army, reigns eight months. He is de- 
feated by Vespasian, and put to death. 

69-79 Vespasian (Titus Flavius Vespa- 
sianus) reigns. The legions on the Rhine 
proclaim as emperor their leader, an 
able general of humble origin. He moves 
the frontier camps near the Danube. 
[69-71. Ger. The Batavians revolt. 
Most of the Gallic tribes join it p. 662.] 

70* * Vespasian visits Greece. It is 
again reduced to a Roman province. 

79-81 Titus (Titus Flavius Sabinus Ves- 
pasianus), son of Vespasian, reigns. [81, 
Assassinated.] 

79 * * Pliny is appointed questor of Anda- 
lusia, Sp. [Celer, legate in Tarragona.] 

81-96 Domitian (Titus Flavius Domiti- 
anus Augustus), brother of Titus, reigns. 
(84.) Envious of Agricola's success, he 
recalls him from Britain. (96. Sept. 18.) 
Murdered by Stephauus, with the ap- 
proval of Domitia, his wife(self-defense). 



1064 83,**-237, 



ITALY 



ARMY — NAVY. 

83 * * Ger. The Chatti war. Domitian 

returns without seeing Ms powerful foe, 
but indulges in a triumph. 

86-90 Transyl.'r A Dacian war. 

Domitian is defeated by king Dece- 
balus, who compels him to pay yearly 
tribute. 

101-107 TransyL*- A Dacian war. 
(101) Trajan reduces Dacia, and forces 
Decebalus to cede territory. 

102 * * Asia. Trajan defeats the Par- 
thians. 

105-107 Transyl.-\- A Dacian war. 
Trajan builds a stone bridge across the 
Danube, crosses over, and conquers the 
country. 

115-117 Asia M. A Parthian war. 
The Romans drive Chosroes into Ar- 
menia, and hold his territory. 

116* * Asia. Trajan seizes Ctesiphon, 
after conquering SeU-uicia; lie sails down 
the Tigris to the Persian Gulf. 

118 * * Rus. War with the Roxolani be- 
tween the Don and Dnieper. 

121 * * Eng. Hadrian's wall is built 
(p. 839). He also completes the defen- 
sive wall extending from the Rhine to 
the Danube in Germany (p. 768). 

132-135 Judea. The Jews revolt. 
[135. Subdued.] 

145 * * Antonius' armies are victorious 
over the Moors, Germans, and Dacians. 

162-165 Asia. A Parthian war. 

The dissipated Lucius Yerus, in nomi- 
nal command, carries on the war by his 
legates, who conquer Artaxata, and de- 
stroy Seleucia and Ctesiphon by fire. 

166' * * War with the confederacy of Ger- 
man tribes. 

Marcus Aurelius resists their attacks 
(p. 769). They besiege Aquileia [and 
burn Opitergium. ISO. Bought off]. 

166-167 Asia. A vidius Cass i us con- 
cludes the Parthian war. 

X74 * * The « Thundering- Legion " 
make their escape from the invading 
Marcomanni, after prayers have been 
offered by Christians. 

* * Transyl.+ Marcus Aurelius defeats 
the Goths in Dacia ; after three great 
battles they sue for peace. 

175 * * Rome. Aurelius subdues the re- 
bellion under Avidius Cassius. 

189 * * Asia. The Saracens are success- 
ful in the East. 

194 * * Turk. Severus besieges Byzan- 
tium; he overthrows Niger, his rival, 
at Issus. [197. Albinus also (p. 662).] 

197 * * Asia. War with the Parthians. 

214* * Bavaria. The Alemanni revolt, 
but are subdued by Caracalla. 

217 * * Asia. Macrinus is signally de- 
feated by the Parthians at Nisibis. [21S. 
June * Again near Antioeh by the par- 
tizans of Elagabalus.] 

226 * * Mutinies occur because of the 
emperor's strictness with the soldiers. 

230 * * Asia. Parthians invade Syria. 

232 * * Asia. The Romans are at war 
with the Persians. Alexander Severus 
defeats their army at Palmyra. 

236* * Fr.± The Alemanni cross the 
Rhine. [238. They are driven back by 
Maximinus Thrax.] 

* * The invasion of the northern barba- 
rians begins ; the Goths, Vandals, Alani, 
and Suevi attack the empire. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

84 * * A Roman fleet circumnavigates 

Britain, and discovers that it is an is- 
land. 

114 * * Rome. Trajan's Pillar, 127A feet 
high, is executed by Apollodorus. 

* * Trajan's Arch at Beneventum is 
erected. 

115* * Trajan builds a bridge across 
the Danube ; length, 4770 feet. 

117-138 Rome. Adrian erects the 
double temple of Venus, a temple to 
the goddess Roma, the Athenseum, 
and the magnificent villa at Tibur. 

120+ * * Period of the Roman mosaics. 

140+ * * The Ptolemaic system of as- 
tronomy is introduced. 

It fixes the earth in the center of the 
universe with the heavenly bodies re- 
volving round it. 

175± * * Rome. The equestrian statue 
to Marcus Aurelius is erected. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

86* * Antoninus Pius. emp.,b. [161. D.J 

100 * * Clement I., bishop of Rome, dies. 

103+ * * JuBtin. St., "the Martyr," philoso- 
pher, born. [165. Dies.] 

115+ * * Ignatius, St., Theophorus, bishop of 
Antioeh, martyred. 

121 * * Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, em- 
peror, born. [180. Dies.] 

136* * Pertinax, lieivius, emp., b. [193. D.] 

145 * * Papinian, /Emilias, lawyer, born. 
[212. Dies.] 

146* * Severus, Liu-ius Septimus, emperor, 
born. [211. Dies.] 

150* * Tertullian, Quintus Septimus Flo- 
rens, church father, author, b. [230+. D.] 

2d Century. Cadius, Aurelianus, physician, b. 
Celsus, 1'latoniHl. philosopher, architect, b. 

158* * Gordianus I., Marcus Antonius, em- 
peror, born. [238. Dies.] 

161 * * Commodus. Lucius JEliUB Aurelius, 
emperor, bor-n. [192. Dies.] 

173* * Maximums, emperor, born. [238. D.] 

175 * * Avidius, Cassias, general, dies. 

188* * Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoni- 
nus, emperor, born. [217- Dies.] 

189 * * Get a, I'uhlius Septimius, emperor, b. 
[212. Dies.] 

193* * Gordianus II., Marcus Antonius, em- 
peror, born. [238. Dies.] 

200 * * Tacitus, Marcus Claudius, emperor, 
born. [276. Dies.] 

205 * * Alexander Severus, Marcus Aurelius, 
emperor, born. [235. Dies.] 

313* * Aurelian, Claudius Lucius Valerius 
Domitius, emperor, born. [275. Dies.] 

314 * * Claudius, Marcus A ureli us, emperor, 
born. [270. Dies.] 

333* * Cams, Marcus Aurelius, emperor, 
born. [283. Dies.] 

224* * Gordianus III., Marcus Antonius Pius, 
emperor, born. [244. Dies.] 

230 * * Cecilia, St., martyr, dies. 

333* * Gallienus, I'uhlius Licinius, emperor, 
born. [26*. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

95 * * Rome. Second persecution of 
Christians, under Domitian. [98. Tra- 
jan prohibits their assemblies.] 

100* * Rome. Third persecution. 
Trajan persecutes Christians under an 
edict issued against secret societies. 

102 * * Pliny the Younger, proconsul in 
Bithynia, sends Trajan an account of 
the Christians. 

110+ * * Christians first sign with a cross 
to distinguish believers from pagans. 

1 18 * * Rome. Persecution again breaks 
out. Hadrian continues the persecution 
of Christians. 

120± * * Holy water is used by Chris- 
tians. (?) 



130± * * Lent is observed as a fast for 

40 days. 
131 * * Judea. The Jews, led by Baro- 

chab, revolt against Hadrian. [132+. 

About 580,000 are killed and the remain- 
der banished.] 
135 * * Pope Sixtus I. first erects altars 

in the churches. 
146 * * Rome. Antoninus introduces the 

worship of Serapis. 
150 * * Rome. Justin Martyr presents 

his Apology for Christians to Antoninus. 

[152. Their persecution ceases.] 
152+ * * The Canon of Holy Scripture 

is fixed. 
154+ * * Rome. Bishop Hyginus is the 

first to appoint sponsors (godfathers) 

at baptism. (?) 
158 * * The Church is agitated by violent 

disputes respecting the time for observ- 
ing the Easter festival. 
161-177 The fourth persecution; 

Christians suffer under Aurelius. 

167* * Rome. [St.] Anicetns is pope. 

[175, [St.] Soleras; 182, [St.] Klatherius; 
193, [St.] Victor I.; 203, [St.] Zephyrinus; 
221, [St.] Cahxtus L; 227, [St.] Urban I. ; 233, 
[StOPontianus; 2:i*,[St.J Anterius; 240,[St.] 
Fabian; 254,[St."j Cornelius; 255, [St.] Lucius 
I.; 257, [St.] Stephen I.; 261), [St.] Sixtus II.; 
261, [St.] Dionvsius; 272, [St.] Felix 1.; 275, 
[St.] Kutycluaiius; 2s^, [St.] Caius.] 

169i * * The festivals of the martyrs 

are instituted. 
171 * * Asia M. The heresy of Monta- 

nus, respecting two Holy Ghosts, arises. 

* * * Ft. Irenaeus, bishop of Lyons, re- 
fers to each of the Gospels by name. 

196 * * Rome. Severus favors the Jews. 

197-202 Fifth persecution of Chris- 
tians by Severus. 

202* * Afr. Tertullian, a heathen, em- 
braces Christianity, and becomes aMon- 
tanist ; he is a prolific writer. 

± * * Clement of Alexandria, a Chris- 
tian father and teacher, flourishes. 

* * Fr. Irenaeus is martyred (p. 662). 

* * Rome. The authority of the bishops 
astical orriees are instituted. 



214+ * * The churching of ■ 
gins by returning thanks after child- 
birth. 

226 * * Maximinus kills many Chris- 
tians, including Leonidas, Victor, Per- 
petua, and Fehcitas. 

235-238 Sixth persecution of the 
Christians, under Maximinus. 



LETTERS. 
93 * * (or 94) Antiquities of the Jews, by 

Flavius Josephus, appears. 
98 * * The Ulpean library is established. 
* * * Education is diffused in Roman 

provinces by public schools. 
100± * * Martial writes 14 books of epi- 

+ * * The Satires of Juvenal appear. 

+ * * Ignatius, bishop of Antioeh, author 
of epistles, flourishes. 

+ * * Lucilius writes satires. 

130+ * * Papias, bishop of Hierapolis in 
Phrygia, writes Exposition of the Ora- 
cles of the Jsord. 

+ * * Ptolemy devises the circles and 
epicycles that distinguish his system. 

228+ * * Athena^us 1 Deipnosophistse, or 
Banquet of the Learned, is compiled. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 



83, 



-237, 



1065 



SOCIETY. 

86 * * The Capitoline Secular games 
are celebrated with great magnificence ; 
10,000 gladiators appear in contests. 

90± * * Rome. Domitian adds gold and 
scarlet to the colors green, blue, red, 
and white, which distinguish the factions 
in the circus. 

92 * * The vestal Cornelia Maximiliana 
is charged with incontinence, andburned. 

103* * Rome. Trajan celebrates his tri- 
umph over the Dacians ; 1,000 gladia- 
tors fight for 123 days. 

105+ * * Rome. Trajan establishes or- 
phan houses. 

115 * * Afr. The Jews, headed by one 
Andras, put to death 100,000 Greeks and 
Romans in and near Cyrene. 

175* * Rome. Marcus Aurelius cele- 
brates a triumph. 

176 * * Commodus orders his wife Cris- 
piana to be put to death, and takes in 
her place Marcia, a concubine. He re- 
quires his subjects to offer homage to 
him as Hercules. 

193 * * Pertinax is murdered, after a 
reign of two months, by the pretorians 
who enthroned him. 

212 * * Caracalla murders his royal as- 
sociate and half-brother Geta in his 
mother's arms, while she attempts to 
save him ; he also kills thousands of his 
adherents. He massacres many citizens 
in Egypt. 

218+ * * Elagabalus surrenders himself 
to debauchery and cruelty ; he is mur- 
dered by the pretorians because of his 
enormities. 

STATE. 

90± * * Ger. The Romans are constrained 
to pay tribute to German tribes (p. 769). 

96-98 Nerva (Marcus Cocceius Nerva) 
reigns by authority of the Senate ; he is 
upright, but enfeebled by age (64). 

97-117 Trajan (Marcus Ulpius Tra- 
janus) reigns. He subdues and annexes 
Dacia. (* * *) Pontus becomes a prov- 
ince. (105. ) Arabia- Petrse a. 

The empire is extended to its largest limit, 
and comprises Arabia, Armenia, Asia mi- 
nor, Britain, Caucasus region in part, Cor- 
sica, Crete, Cyprus, Cyrenaica, Dacia, Dal- 
matia, Egypt, < iaul, Greece, Italy, Macedonia, 
Mauretania, Ma-sia, Nuriniiii, N uraidia, Pan- 
nonia, Ka-tia, Sardinia, Sicily, Spain, Syria, 
Thrace, Tunis, Western Germany. 

98 * * Eng. Severus is military ruler. 



101 * * Trajan refuses to pay further 
tribute to the Dacians, and war follows. 

107 * * Aust.+ Dacia is made a prov- 
ince. Many Roman colonists enter [Ro- 
manians]. (107.±) Pannonia divided. 

114* * Asia. Armenia is made a Roman 
province. [115. Mesopotamia and As- 
syria.] 

117 * * Trajan dies in Cilicia while re- 
turning from the Parthian war. He is 
succeeded by his nephew. 

117-138 Hadrian (Publius JSlius Ha- 
drian us) reigns. 

He spends 13 years inspecting the prov- 
inces, reforming abuses, and rebuilding 
cities. He abandons some of the new 
provinces, leaving the Euphrates as the 
eastern boundary of the empire. 

120 * * Fr. Hadrian begins his progress 
through the Roman provinces by visit- 
ing Gaul (p. 663). 

* * Rome. Salvius Julianus, the jurist, 
commences the collection of the edicts 
of the pretors. 



132 * * Hadrian's perpetual code is pub- 
lished, and jurisprudence is improved. 

* * Rome. Hadrian adopts T. Aurelius An- 
toninus, subject to a condition requiring 
Antoninus to adopt in place of a son, M. 
Annius Verus, under the name of Marcus 
Aurelius. and also adopt L. Commodus, son 
of the deceased Ca'sar, L. iElius Verus. 

138-161 Antoninus Pius (Titus Aure- 
lius Antoninus Fulvus Boionius Arrius) 
reigns. 

138* * Scot. Lollius Urbicus is gover- 
nor of Caledonia. [140. He enlarges 
the Roman dominions. 161. Culphur- 
nius Agricola is governor. 197. Vivius 
Lupus. J 

158 * * A terrible plague spreads over 
the known world. [165. Plague in Na- 
ples ; 400,000 people die within six 
months. 166. Plague and famine at 
Rome. 189. Rome again smitten.] 

160 * * Antoninus sends an embassy to 
China. 

161-180 Marcus Aurelius (Antoninus) 
reigns. 

He repels the 'barbarian invaders. 
Lucius Verus, his brother by adoption, 
is coregent until 169. 

165+ * * Asia. A part of Mesopota- 
mia is again made a Roman province. 

175 * * Syria. Avidius Cassius, gov- 
ernor, revolts, and claims the imperial 
throne. 

180* *Aust. The virtuous Marcus Aure- 
lius dies at Vindobona [Vienna], and is 
succeeded by his degenerate son. 

180-192 Commodus (Lucius iElius Au- 
relius) reigns. 

He payB tribute to the Germans for 
peace, and intrusts the government 
to his favorite Perennis and others ; 
he abandons himself to dissipation. 

* * Aust.i- The Goths enter Dacia; 
Commodus purchases peace. 

181+ * * Aust. Aquileia is colonized by 

the Romans. 
183 * * Rome. Oleander, the corrupt 

prime minister, once a Phrygian slave, 

obtains great power. 
189 * * Sp. The revolution of Mater- 

nus is defeated by Caius Pescennius 

Niger. 

192 Dec. 31. Rome. Commodus is 
strangled by the athlete Narcissus, tool 
of Marcia, the emperor's mistress, and 
the favorites Laatus and Eclectus. 

193-284 Period of the imperators, 
who are chiefly elevated by the soldiers, 
and also usually killed by them. 

193 Jan. 1.+ HelviusPertinaxreigns. 
This venerable soldier is proclaimed 

by the pretorian guards. [193. Mar. 



uy lue pi ei'Ui i.m guaiu: 

28. Murdered by them.] 

193 Mar. * -June * Julianus (Didius 
Salvius) reigns. 

He is opposed by the legions, but buys 
the empire of the pretorians. He is 
the highest of several bidders. Put to 
death by the Senate. 

193-211 Severus (Lucius Septimus) 
reigns. 

He is favored by the Illyrian guards, 
and is recognized by the Senate, though 
opposed by his rivals, Caius Pescennius 
Niger in the East, and Clodius Albinus 



in the West (p. 663). (194.) He crushes 
Niger. (197.) Overthrows Albinus. 

196* * Niger, the pretender, is pro- 
claimed emperor. 

203 * * Papinianus, the pretorian pre- 
fect, improves the administration of 
justice. 

208* * Eng. Caracalla rules (p. 841). 

* * Scot. Severus extends his conquests. 
211 * * Eng. Severus dies at Eboracum 

(York), and is succeeded by his two sons. 

211-284 The empire is disturbed ; 23 
emperors come to the throne ; 20 of them 
die violent deaths at the hands of muti- 
nous soldiers, one dies in battle, one i:i 
prison, and another of pestilence. 

211-217 Rome. Caracalla (Marcus Au- 
relius Antoninus Bassianus) reigns. 

(211) He murders Geta, his half-brother 
and coregent, with thousands of his 
friends. He inspects the provinces bor- 
dering on the Danube. He makes the 
vilest persons his chief magistrates. 

* * Roman citizenship is conferred upon 
the inhabitants of all the provinces, be- 
cause of the increased revenue arising 
from higher taxation as citizens, and 
other sources. 



212± * * Asia. Palmyra (Tadmor) be- 
comes a Roman colony. 

216± * * Asia. Caracalla leads a plun- 
dering expedition into Parthia. [217. 
Apr. 8. Killed by one of his soldiers.] 

217 * * Rome. Macrinus (Marcus Ope- 
lius) reigns. 

As prefect of the guards he instigated 
the assassination of Caracalla, and is 
confirmed by the Senate ; he purchases 
peace of the Parthians. [218. He is 
killed by his soldiers in Cappadocia.J 

218-222 Elagabalus reigns. 

A priest of the sun-god at Emesa in Syria^ 
and the alleged son of Caracalla (his first' 
cousin), is proclaimed imperator, when 14 
years of age, by the soldiers. The govern- 
ment is conducted by the emperor's mother 
and grandmother, while be surrenders him- 
self to infamous debauchery and cruelty. 
Murdered by the pretorianB. 

222-235 Alexander Severus (Marcus 
Aurelius) reigns. 

He rules under the excellent counsel 
of two distinguished jurists, Domitius 
Ulpianus and Julius Paullus. (235) He 
is assassinated by soldiers on the Rhine. 

222 * * The Romans pay the Goths an 
annual tribute for exemption from their 
incursions. 

235-238 Maximinus Thrax (Maximin 

Caius Julius Verus), a Thracian, reigns. 
He is elevated by the soldiers, and 

noted for his great size and strength. 

(238. May *) He is assassinated by his 

soldiers near Aquileia. 
237-238 Six emperors perish during 

the course of a few months. 
237* * Afr. Gordianus revolts agianst 

the cruelty of Maximinius. 

237-238 Rome. Gordianua I. (Marcus 
Antonius) reigns for two months. 

He is proclaimed by the legions in Africa 
in opposition to Maxiininus, ami is confirmed 
by the Senate; he appoints his son, Marcus 
Antonius Gordianus II., coregent. The son 
is defeated and lulled in battle and the 
father commits suicide. 



1066 237,* *-312,* 



ITALY : 



ARMY — WAVY. 

237 * * Afr. The prefect Capellianus, 
governor of Mauretania, defeats Gordi- 
anus I. and his son in battle. 

238 * * Fr. The Franks ravage Gaul 
(pp. 663, 768). 

244 * * Asia. Gordianus HI. defeats 

the Persians under Sapor. 
244-268 The Alemanni and Franks 

sweep over Gauland Spain, and descend 

on the coasts of Africa (p. 76S). 
244 * * Ger. The Franks are repulsed 

at Mogautiacuin [Mentz]. 

249 * * Philip is defeated and killed by 
the revolting legions in Verona. 

250 * * Goths invade the empire (p. 76S). 

251 * * Turk. Decius defeats Goths. 

* * West Goths and East Goths ravage 
Germany (p. 768). Macedonia (p. 102S). 

253 * * Asia M. The Goths make more 
destructive raids ; ravage seaports. 

254 * * Valerian and his son defeat the 
Franks in Gaul, the Alemanni in North- 
ern Italy, and the Goths on the Danube. 

260* * Asia. Persians under King Sapor 
defeat the Romans at Edessa. Valerian 
is taken prisoner, his body used as a 
horse-block. [He is flayed alive.] 

261 * * Sapor captures Antioch, Tarsus, 
and Coesarea; he penetrates Europe as 
far as Ravenna, Italy. [263. He is 
driven back by Odenathus.] 

262 * * Gr. The Goths take Athens. 
[Corinth, Argus, and Sparta are sacked.] 

* * Sp. Posthumus defeats the Franks. 

267 * * Gr. Goths and Scythians are 
defeated by Cleodamus and Athenians. 

268 Mar. 24. Claudius II. defeats the 
Alemanni of Southwest Germany, and 
becomes Germanicus. 

269 * * Servia. Claudius II. utterly de- 
feats an immense army of 320,000 Goths 
and Alemanni at Naissus [Nish], 
Moesia ; 50,000± Goths perish. 



* * Home. Aurelian begins the erection 
of the new wall, which includes the en- 
larged imperial city. [276. Completed.] 

272 * * Asia. Aurelian defeats Queen 
Zenobia at Antiochia and Edessa, and 
carries her to Rome. [273. He conquers 
Tadmor [Palmyra], and executes Lon- 
ginus, Greek philosopher and minister to 
Zenobia. He reconquers Egypt.] 

274 * * Aurelian reduces to obedience 
France, Spain, and Britain. He captures 
Tetricus, the pretender and usurper in 
Chalons, France. 

275* * Asia M. Tacitus defeats the 
Alani, invaders of Pontus. 

276 * * Probus defeats Florian. He re- 
pulses a raid of Franks and Alemanni. 

278-285 Fr. Probus conducts cam- 
paigns against the German tribes. 

He kills 400,000, and recovers 70 towns. 
Hedrives hack the Franks, Burgundians, 
Alemanni, and Vandals, across the 
Rhine ; he strengthens the wall between 
the Rhine and Danube (p. 769). 

280* * Probus enrolls many German 
mercenaries, and employs soldiers in 
planting vineyards, building roads, 
draining marshes, and making canals. 

283 * * Asia. Carus defeats the Sarma- 
tians, and afterward captures Ctesiphon. 

292 * * Egy. Achilleus leads a revolt. 
[298. Diocletian takes Alexandria, and 
the revolt is subdued.] 



296 * * Eng. Constantius I. defeats 
the Ficts, and restores Britain to Rome. 
He defeats the Alemanni in Germany. 

* * Asia. Galerius Valerius Maximums 
is defeated by the Persians. [297. He 
defeats the Persians under N arses.] 

306 * * Constantine [the Great] defeats 
invading Franks and Bructeri. [310. 
Again.] 

310 * * War occurs between the rival 
emperors, Maxentius and Constantine. 

312 * * Constantine defeats Maxentius 
at Susa, Turin, and Verona. 

Oct. 27. Constantine defeats Augustus 
Maxentius at Saxa Rubra, near Rome, 
having the sign of the cross on his ban- 
ners, " In hoc signo vinces." 

* * The pretorian guard is broken up 
by Constantine because of its lawless 
violence and political abuses. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



280+ * * Diocletian builds a palace at 
Spalatro. 

291 * * Home. An eclipse of the sun 
causes total darkness at midday. (Livy.) 

306 * * Rome. The original St. Peter's 
Church is erected by Constantine. 

312 * * Home. The Appian "Way com- 
menced by Appius Claudius Cseus con- 
nects with Capua. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

245 * * Diocletian, Cains A ureliua Valerius, 
emperor, born. [313. Dies.] 

250 * * Constantius I., Flavius Valerius Chlo- 
rus, emperor, burn. [306. Dies.] 

251 * * Deeius, Cains Messius (juintUB Tra- 
janus, emperor, dies. 

253 * * Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus, 
emperor, dies. 

258 * * Cyprian, Thascius CffiCilius, bishop 
of Carthage, dies. 

269 * * Valerian, Publius Aurelius Licinius, 
emperor, dies. 

272 Feb. * Constantine I., the Great, Fla- 
vius Valerius Aurelius, emperor, born. 
[337. May 22. D.] 

282± * * Probus, Marcus Aurelius,emperor, d. 

296± * * Altranasius. patriarch of Alexan- 
dria, born. [373. D.] 

303+ * * Agnes, St., martyr, A 13. 
Maximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, em- 
peror, dies. 

311 * * Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus, 
emperor, dies. 

312 * * Constantine II., Flavius Claudius, 
emperor, born. [340. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

244± * * Dionysius, patriarch of Alex- 
andria, is elected. 

248* * Afr. St. Cyprian is chosen 
bishop o*f Carthage. 

249± * * Rome. The Emperor Philippus 
becomes a Christian (?) in secret. 

249-250 The seventh persecution ; 
Decius is more bloody than his prede- 
cessors ; Pope Fabian is martyred. 

250± * * Monasticism appears in the re- 
tirement of Paul Thebias to the deserts 
of Egypt to escape persecution. 

+ * * The doctrine of purgatory becomes 
conspicuous. 

* * Sp. Churches are established at 
Leon, Elvira, and other towns. 

251 * * Rome. Novatian becomes the 
first anti-pope. 



He is a strict disciplinarian, and founds 
the Novatians, who deny restoration to 
believers who have lapsed during perse- 
cution. 

* * The churches of Rome and Africa dis- 
pute respecting the baptism of heretics. 

253±* * Egy. Origen, a presbyter of Al- 
exandria, " the greatest luminary of the 
age in which he lived," is martyred. 

257-260 Eighth persecution ; Valerian 
destroys Christians. Pope [St.] Sixtus 
II. and [St.] Laurence suffer death. 

260 * * Sabelliusof Africa is condemned 
as a heretic. 

He teaches but one person in the god- 
head, having three different names. 

* * Paul of Samasata is made bishop of 
Antioch. 

His followers are called Paulians ; 
they deny the divinity of Christ and 
the doctrine of the Holy Trinity. 

261 * * Pers. The Manieheans arise. 
Manes teaches the two principles of 

light and darkness, rejects the Old Tes- 
tament, and approves dogmas taught by 
ancient fire-worshipers. [277. He is 
burned alive by the King of Persia.] 
270 (Feb. 14.) Rome. [St.] Valentine, 
a Roman bishop (or presbyter), is be- 
headed by Claudius. Noted for his love. 

274 * * Ninth persecution ; Aurelian 
briefly persecutes the Church. 

283+ * * Religious ceremonies in the 
churches increase. Many pagan rites 
are imitated. 

284 Aug. 29. The Age of Diocletian 
"begins ; called the Era of the Martyrs. 

286± * * The Thebean Legion, com- 
posed of Christians under [St.] Maurice, 
submits to martyrdom rather than to 
sacrifice to the gods. 

± * * Egy. The heresy of Hierax pre- 
vails ; his followers are called Absti- 
nents. 

296 * * Monks abound in Spain and 
Egypt. 

* * Rome. [St.] Marcellinus is pope. 

[304, [St] Marcellus I. ; 309, [St.] Eusebius, 
311, [St.] Mfb-luadea; 314, [St.] Sylvester I.; 
337, [St.] Marcus; 341, [St.] Julius I.; 352; 
[St.] Liberius; 3i>3, [ St. ■ Felix II.; 366, [St.] 
Damasus; 3K4, [St.] Siricius; 3»9, [St.] Anas- 
taaius.] 

300 * * Controversies occur concerning 
the use of images in worship. 

± * * Armenia. The Greek church is es- 
tablished. 

302-313 The tenth and last persecu- 
tion occurs ; it is the severest of all. 

Diocletian issues an edict against 
Christians ; he prohibits divine worship ; 
houses are filled with Christians and 
burned. Many are cast into the sea. 

* * * Afr. Arnobius, a Latin father and 
eloquent apologist, flourishes. 

304* *Egy. An edict is issued against 
Christians and Jews. 

305* * Egy. [St.] Anthony is the 
founder (?) of a regular monasticism. 
Monks inhabit caves and desolate places. 

* * Sp. The provincial council of Elvira 
forbids the nuptial intercourse of priests 
after consecration. 

306 * * Constantius stops persecution. 
311 * * Immersion is practised (p. 1028).. 
311± * * Egy. Arius of Alexandria is 

ordained a priest. 
[He becomes the founder of Arianism,. 

a heresy denying the divinity of Christ,. 

creating the greatest schism of the 

Church before the Reformation. 321. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 



237, **-312, 



106T 



Excommunicated. 325. Views condemned 
by the Council of Nice.] 

* * Afr. The Donatists arise at Carthage 
as opposers of the extreme reverence 
paid to the relics of martyrs ; they claim 
to he the only true church. 

LETTERS. 

280± * * The first treatise on optics is 
written by Euclid. 

290± * * The Gregorian and Hermo- 
ginian codes are published. 

310+ * * iElius Spartianus, Julius Capi- 
tolinus,Vulcacius Gallicanus/Xrebellius 
Pollio, iElius Lampridius, and Flavius 
Volpiscus write The Augustan History. 

SOCIETY. 

248 * * Rome. The Secular games are 
restored by the Emperor Pbilippus. 

249 * * Philip is assassinated by his 
own soldiers ; his son Philip is murdered 
at the same time while in his mother's 
arms. 

251 * * Hostillius and his son Volusianus 
are both killed by mutinous soldiers. 

302 * * Valentinian is murdered by Ar- 
bogast, one of his officers. 

STATE. 

238 * * Home. The Senate elects two 
senators, Pupienus Maximus and Caslius 
Balbinus, as augusti in opposition to 
Maximinus. The Senate adds soon after 
the young (13) grandson of Gordianus I. 
at the demand of the people. 

238 * * Home. The pretorians murder 
the two augusti, leaving the grandson of 
Gordianus I. to reign alone. 

238-244 Rome. Gordianus LEI. (Mar- 
cus Antonius Pius) reigns. 

240 * * Afr. A revolt arises. 

242 * * Fr. Vandals appear (p. 663). 

243* * Rome. The emperor accepts 
Philip the Arabian as coregent on the 
demand of the soldiers. [244. Gordi- 
anus III. is murdered.] 

244-249 Rome. Philip, the Arabian 
(Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns. 

* * Peace is made with the Persians under 
Sapor. 

249 * * The army revolts against Philip. 

249-251 Decius (Caius Messius Quintus 
Trajanus) reigns. 

He is compelled by the Mcesian and 
Pannonian legions to assume the purple, 
and march against Philip I., when sent 
by Philip to quell their mutiny. 

250± * * Ger. The East Goths appear 
(p. 768.) [251. They kill Decius. 252. 
Invade Greece.] (P. 1028.) 

251-253 Rome. Gallus (Caius Vibius 
Trebonianus) reigns with Hostilianus, 
son of Decius, as his colleague. He (?) 
causes the death of Hostilianus (p. 1029). 

251 * *The Huns appear near the Cas- 
pian Sea. 

253* * Rome. JEmilianus, the conqueror 
of the Goths, deposes Gallus, reigns 
four months, and is killed by soldiers. 

253-260 Rome. Valerian (Publius Au- 
relius Licinius Valerianus) reigns. 



The legions in Gaul and Germania 
make him emperor. (253.) He appoints 
his son Gallienus his colleague. (260.) 
Captured by the Persians. (268±.) Exe- 
cuted. 

255 * * Prus. Gallienus holds his court 
at Treviri [Treves]. 

259+ * * Fr.+- Posthumus establishes a 
provincial empire in Gaul. [272. Ends.] 

260-268 Rome. Gallienus (Publius 
Licinius Valerianus Egnatius) reigns 
alone. 

Numerous aspirants and many pre- 
tenders claim the throne ; central au- 
thority is paralyzed, and confusion 
abounds in all provinces ; period of " the 
thirty tyrants." 

267-274 Tetricus in Gaul and Spain 
maintains some pretensions to imperial 
authority. 

* * Gallienus recognizes Odenathus, 
Prince of Palmyra, as colleague for the 
East, after having driven the Persians 
out of Mesopotamia, Syria, and Asia 
Minor. 

266 * * Asia. Queen Zenobia is regent 
in Palmyra after the murder of Odena- 
thus, for her young son Vaballathus. 
She receives the province of Egypt. 

268 * * Caius Aureolus, the usurper, is 
put to death. Gallienus is murdered 
by Claudius. 

268-270 Rome. Claudius II. (Marcus 
Aurelius Claudius Gothieus) reigns. He 
is enthroned by the soldiers. 

270-275 Rome. Aurelian (Claudius 
Lucius Valerius Domitius Aurelianus) 
reigns. 

He is enthroned by the army in Illyr- 
icum ; Quintillus is elected emperor by 
the senate. The Danube becomes the 
boundary of the empire. He is a great 
soldier. 

270i * * Bulgaria. +- Roman colonists 
of Dacia are transported to Mcesia. 

271-274 Aurelian reconquers the 
East, Egypt, and subdues Gaul, Spain, 
and Britain. The Senate calls him the 
restorer of the Koman Empire. 

273* * Syria. Firmus revolts, seizes 
Alexandria, and assumes royal power. 

275 * * Turk. Aurelian is murdered 
near Byzantium. An interregnum of 
six months follows. 

Sept. 25-276 Apr. 13. Rome. Tacitus 
(Marcus Claudius) reigns. He is en- 
throned by the army and election of the 
Senate. (276.) Dies at Tarsus, Cilicia. 

276 * * Rome. Florian (Marcus Flori- 
anus), the brother of Tacitus, makes a 
fruitless effort to secure the throne ; he 
is killed by his soldiers. 

276-282 Rome. Probus (Marcus Au- 
relius) reigns (p. 769). 

(282.) Killed by mutinous soldiers who 
are required to serve as laborers (p. 1029). 

282-283 Rome. Carus (Marcus Aure- 
lius) reigns. 

A prefect, enthroned by the army, ap- 
points his sons, Carinus and Numeri- 
anus, cassars, and later augusti. (283.) 
He is billed by lightning (?) and is suc- 
ceeded by his sons. 

284 * * Rome. Marcus Aurelius Nume- 
rianus and Marcus Aurelius Carinus 
reign. Numerianus is an orator and a 
poet ; he is murdered by his father-in- 
law (?) when returning from the East. 
Carinus is compelled to yield to Diocle- 
tian, who is chosen by the army in Asia. 



284-305 Diocletian (Caius Aurelius 
Valerius Diocletianus) reigns. 

He establishes an oriental form of 
government, having an hereditary mon- 
archy, and with csesars nominated as co- 
rulers. He . divides the empire into 
eastern and western. (285.) He rules 
the East from Nicomedia. (286.) He 
makes Maximian his colleague to rule 
the West from Mediolanum [Milan]. 

285± * * Diocletian sends ambassadors 
to China. 

286-305 Rome. Maximian (Marcus 
Aurelius Valerius Maximianus) Hercu- 
lius reigns. Resigns. [306-308. Resumes.] 

287 -r * * Eng. Marcus Aurelius Valerius 
Carausius leads a successful revolt for 
seven years. 

* * Barbarians attack the empire in the 
north. Tyrants usurp several of the 
provinces. Pranks from Thrace settle 
in Gaul. 

291* * Fr. The Franks assume au- 
thority in Batavia and Flanders. 

292 Mar. 1. Partition of the empire. 
Diocletian appoints two more colleagues as 

cresars. (1) Cotistantius Chlorus receives 
the government of Gaul, Britain, and Spain; 
capital, Treves. (2) Maximum, his father- 
in-law, has Italy, Africa, and Sicily; capital, 
Milan. (3) Galerius, son-in-law of Diocle- 
tian, receives lllyrieum and the Danubian 
countries, including Macedonia and Greece ; 
capital, Sirmium. (4) Diocletian has Thrace, 
Egypt, Syria, and Asia; capital, Nicomedia. 

293 * * Sp. Galerius Valerius Maximin 
visits Spain. 

292 * * Egy. Egyptians revolt (p. 655). 



* * The Romans reconquer Armenia, Mes- 
opotamia, and Assyria. 

296* * Eng. Britain is restored to 
Rome by Constantius. 

297* * Asia. Galerius extends the 
boundary of the empire to the Tigris- 



305-323 Period of internal conflict. 

305 * * Diocletian compels Maximian 
to resign ; he also abdicates. Constan- 
tius and Galerius become augusti. 

* * Rome. Severus and Maximinus are 
appointed to the rank of csesars ; the 
first having Italy and Africa, and the 
other having Syria and Egypt. 

306 * * Eng. Constantius dies at York. 

306-312 Constantine [the Great] be- 
comes ca9sar, having the government of 
Gaul, Spain, and Britain. 

306-312 Rome. Maxentius (Marcus 
Aurelius Valerius) reigns. 

He is chosen imperator by the preto- 
rians ; bis father, Maximian, reassumes 
the dignity of coregent or augustus. 
The empireis now under six rulers, three 
augusti, Galerius, Maxentius, and Max- 
imian, and three ca^sars, Constantine, 
Severus, and Maximinus. 

307 * * Severus is put to death by Max- 
entius at Ravenna. 

* * Galerius appoints Licinius (Caius Fla- 
vius Valerius Licinianus) as colleague 
and augustus to fill the vacancy. Con- 
stantine (Flavius Valerius Aurelius 
Constantinus) assumes the title augus- 
tus, making six rulers of that dignity. 

310 * * The rival rulers struggle for su 7 
premacy, and Maximian is defeated in 
Massilia. Because of defeat in a con- 
spiracy against Constantine his father- 
in-law, Maximian commits suicide. [313^ 
Galerius, defeated, perishes in the flight.) 



1068 312,**-401, 



ITALY 



ARMY — NAVY. 

314 Apr. * Asia M. Licinius, the em- 
peror of the East, decisively defeats 
Maximin at Heraclea. 

315 Oct. 8. Turk. Constantine defeats 
Licinius, the rival emperor in Thrace, 
and compels him to cede Illyricum, Ma- 
cedonia, and Achaia to the Western Em- 
pire. [323. July 3. Again decisively 
(p. 1024). Sept. IS. Asia M. Again de- 
feated at Chrysopolis. He surrenders in 
Nicomedia, and is cruelly murdered.] 

331 * * Asia. Sapor II. renews the war, 
and is defeated by Constantine. 

334 * * S. Rus. The revolt of 300,000 
Sarmatian slaves is suppressed. [They 
are scattered over the empire.] 

340* * Aust. Constantine II. is defeated 
by Constans, and falls near Aquileia. 

350-359 Fr. Julian conducts war in 
Germany against the Alemanni and Ri- 
puarian Franks (pp. 502, 662). 

351 * * Aust. Constantius II. defeats 
Magnentius, the usurper, on the Drave 
[he escapes capture by suicide]. He also 
crushes Vetranio. another usurper. 

4th Century. Apulia is conquered by the 
Romans. 

362-363 Asia. War with Persia. 

(363.) Julian leads an expedition 
against Sapor II., and is defeated, (June 
26.) Killed by an arrow. 

366 * * Asia. The army of Valens, led 
by Sallust, defeats and kills Procopius, 
his rival. 

367 * * Turk. The Goths are defeated 
near the Hellespont (p. 102S). 

368-370 "War with the Goths. It ends 
in an agreement not to cross the Danube. 

371 * * Ger. Valentinian I. and Severus 
defeat the Alemanni, and strengthen 
the frontier against the Huns and Alani. 

378 Aug. 9. Turk: A horde of Goths, 
revolting under Frithigern, defeat Va- 
lens. [They ravage the country, and ad- 
vance to Constantinople.] (P. 1028). 

382± * * Theodosius I. makes a success- 
ful campaign among the West Goths. 

383 * * Fr. Maximus removes his army 
from Britain to Gaul (p. 662). 

388 June* Aust. Theodosius I. de- 
feats Maximus. Also Eugenius (p. 1028). 

* * Fr. The Franks, having utterly de- 
feated Quintinius, follow up their victory 
by invading Gaul. 

394 * * Alaric, King of the West Goths, 
first appears in history. [395. Desolates 
Macedonia. 396. Takes Athens. He is 
driven out of the Peloponnesus by Fla- 
vius Stilicho (p. 1030).] 

* * Aust. Theodosiusl., aided by Alaric 
I., defeats Arbogast and Eugenius, two 
usurpers, at the Frigidus, near Aquileia ; 
he becomes sole emperor. 

400 ± * * Aust. Alaric first invades 
Italy, bringing the families, wagons, and 
treasures of his people. He wins a vic- 
tory at Aquileia, and crosses the Po. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

330-900 Home. The Basilicas are 

erected. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



320* * Constans I., Flavius Julius, emperor, 
born. [350. Dies.] 

321* * Valentinian I.,emp.,b. [375. Dies.] 

328* * Helena, Flavia Julia, St., dies. 
Valens, Flavins, emperor, b. [378. D.] 

330* * Aminianus, Maroellinus, historian, b. 
[375. Dies.] 
Jovianus, Flavins Claudius, emperor, born. 
[364. Dies.] 

340± * * Ambrose. St.. bishop of Milan, au- 
thor, born. [397. Dies.] 
Jerome. St., church father, b. [420. D.] 

346* * Theodosius, Flavius, emperor, born 
[395. Dies.] 

354 Nov. 13. Augustine. St., Christian 
father, born. [430. Aug. 28. Dies.] 

359* * Gratian, emperor, born. [383. D.] 

371+ * 'Valentinian II.. einp.,b. [392. D.] 

394 * * Arbogast or Arbogasles, general, d. 

396 * * Aetlus, general, born. [454. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 
312+ * * Constantine [the Great] is con- 
verted. 

The vision of the shining cross appears : 
" In hoc signo vinces." [He becomes the 
protector of Christians.] 

* * Egy. The Coptic Bible is written. 

313 Jan. * Constantine and Licinius 
stop the persecution of Christians. 
Christianity is favored by the state at 
the expense of paganism. (1028.) 

314 * * Constantine makes gifts of land 
to Pope Sylvester I., laying the founda- 
tion of the temporal power. ("Apoc- 
ryphal," Cyc. Bib. Literature.) 

* * Asia M. The provincial synod of An- 
cyraallows marriage to deacons (priests) 
only when stipulated before ordination. 

* * The bishops of York and London, 
England, are appointed. 

* * Fr. A council of the Church meets at 
Aries to suppress the Donatists. 

* * The Donatian controversy respect- 
ing the fallibility of the Church is very 
bitter. 

* * Surplices are first worn. 

316 * * Afr. Donatus is elected bishop 
of Cartliage by the Donatists. 

318* *The Greek Church is founded 
in Georgia or Iberia. 

321 Mar. 7. Constantine I. issues the 
first civil law for the observance of 
Sunday, combining it with that of the 
seventh day and other festivals. 

325 June 19-Aug. 25. Asia M. The 
first (?) ecumenical council at Nice (p. 
1028). The Nicene (Anti-Arian) creed is 
adopted. The celebration of Easter is 
ordained. The title metropolitan is given 
to certain bishops. Celibacy of priests 
is rejected. (The latter is disputed.) 

* * Judea. The Empress Helena erects 
a cruciform church at Bethlehem to 
mark the place of the Saviour's birth. 

328 May 28. Jerusalem. The Empress 
Helena claims to find the true cross. (?) 
Pilgrimages begin with her journey. 

330 * * Heathen temples are destroyed 
(p. 1028). 

335 * * Council of Tyre ; the doctrine 
of Athanasius is considered. 

337 * * Fgy. Athanasius (Anti-Arian) 
is restored (p. 654). 341. Again deposed, 
he goes to Rome. 342. Declared inno- 
cent. 349. Restored. 353-355. Con- 
demned by council. 363. Restored. 

337± * * Christians invoke saints, rever- 
ence the cross, and burn incense in wor- 
ship. 



339* * Constantinople. Eusebius, a lead- 
ing Arian, is elected bishop. 

340* * Egy. Pachronius builds a large 
monastery on an island in the Nile. 
[Others soon follow.] 

341* *Ulfilas is consecrated Arian 
bishop of the West Goths. 

± * * Constantine forbids pagan sacri- 
fices. Macedonius is elected bishop ; 
bloody opposition occurs (p. 1028). 

± * * Public churches are erected. 
342* * Rome. Pope Julius calls a synod, 

and declares Athanasius' innocence. 

[Athanasius introduces monasticism.] 

346* * Abyssinia. Frumentius preaches 

to the natives. 
347 * * Asia M. The council at Sardis, 

Lydia, is attended by 370 bishops ; it 

condemns the Arians. 
351 * * [St.] Cyril is chosen bishop of 

Jerusalem. [35S. Deposed. 380±. Re- 
stored.] 
353 * * Constans persecutes the Jews. 
355* * Constantius II. enthrones Felix 

II. as anti-pope, after having exiled 

Liberius. [Felix restored.] 
4th Century. The Apostles' Creed is 

formulated. The cathedral of Ravenna 

is founded. 

* * * The heated Nestorian controversy 
respecting the dual nature of Christ 
pushes the orthodox to increase the hon- 
ors given to the Virgin Mary. 

356+ * * Rome. [St.] Hilary, bishop of 
Rome, claims preeminence for his see. 

* * * (?) The Athanasian Creed is formu- 
lated, declaring the procession of the 
Holy Ghost from both the Father and 
the Son. [Author unknown.] 

359 * * The Council at Rimini, having 400 
bishops present, adopts a new confession 
of faith. 

* * Constantinople. The [first] church of 
St. Sophia is dedicated. 

* * Jerusalem. Julian [the Apostate] fails 
in an attempt to rebuild the temple. 

* * Fr. The first convent (p. 6G2). 
361± * * The Emperor Julian renounces 

Christianity. [3G3. He favors the 
Jews.] 



366± * * Beads are used in reckoning 
prayers. 

* * The emperor favors the Arians ; the 
orthodox Christians suffer opposition. 

* * Rome. Ursicimas is anti-pope. 

* * Agapae, or love feasts, are forbidden 
by the Council of Laodicea because of 
disorderly conduct. [390. By the Coun- 
cil of Carthage.] 

370 * * Asia M. [St.] Basil [the Great] 
is elected bishop of Caesarea. 

372 * * The Bible is translated into lan- 
guage of the Goths by Ulfilas. 

374_397 [St.] Ambrose is archbishop 
of Milan. 

379* * Rome. The prerogatives of the 
Holy See are greatly enlarged. 

* * Theodosius, having recovered from ill- 
ness, zealously supports the Orthodox 
Church. 

380 * * Sp. A church council is held 
at Saragossa. 

381 July 9. Constantinople. Third 
general council (p. 1029). 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 



312, 



401, 



1069 



384 * * Home, The Senate discusses the 
comparative merits of Christianity and 
paganism, aud decides in favor of the 
former. [St.] Ambrose pleads for Chris- 
tianity, and Symmaehus for paganism. 

± * * Home. [St.] Jerome collects and 
prepares the Vulgate Bible. 

385 * * Fr. Priscillian, a Spanish eccle- 
siastic, founder of Priscillianists (gnos- 
ticism and Christianity), is beheaded as 
a heretic at Treves by the emperor. 

* * Pope Siricius uses title of pope (papa). 

He decides that priests are not allowed 
to marry. Celibacy is established. 
389* * Egy. Christianity is supreme 
(p. 654). 

* * Constantinople. Theodosi us abolishes 
the holy Eleusinian Mysteries. 

390i * * [St.] Jerome introduces the use 
of hallelujah and amen in Christian 
worship. 

* * Augustine (?) and Ambrose (?) com- 
pose Te Deum as a song of praise. 

* * The Emperor Theodosius is expelled 
from the church for his cruelty by Am- 
brose, the archbishop of Milan. 

392 * * Theodosius issues an edict for the 

suppression of idolatry. 
394± * * The mass is first celebrated. (?) 
396* * Tunis. [St.] Augustine is chosen 

bishop of Hippo, Africa. 

397 * * Constantinople. [St.] Chrysos- 
tom is chosen patriarch (p. 1030). 

400± * * Litanies are first (?) used in 
processions. 

* * Rome. Pelagianism, rejecting origi- 
nal sin and foreordination.is introduced 
by Pelagius, a Briton. [418. Banished 
from Italy.] 

LETTERS. 

367 * * Epiphanius, bishop of Constan- 
tius in Cyprus, writes Panarium, against 



1 Heliodorus, bishop of Tricca in 
y, writes JZthiopica, relating to 

the loves of Theagenes and Charicleia. 

[It is the first known romance.] 



SOCIETY. 

323* * Constantinople. The splendor of 
the court of Constantine I. exceeds the 
cost of the legions. 

324* * Constantine, I. puts to death 
his eldest son Crispus, and one of his 
nephews , thro ugh the plotting of Fausta, 
his wife, who is herself executed at last. 

325 * * Constantine I. in the East sup- 
presses gladiatorial combats in pub- 
lic theaters. 

334* *A revolt of 300,000 Sarmatian 
slaves is suppressed. 

362 * * Gr. The Emperor Julian revives 
the Isthmian games. 

* * Rome. Hospitals for travelers, the 
indigent, and the sick, are founded hv 
Julian. 

364 * * Rome. Marriage is forbidden in 
Lent. 

387 * * Rome. The Capitoline games 
are instituted. 

393 * * Polygamy is forbidden by the 
Emperor Arcadius. 

394* * Constantinople. The festival of 
the Olympic games is abolished by 
Theodosius. 



313 * * Constantine and Liciniua (who 
married Constantia, the emperor's sis- 
ter) enter an alliance. 

313-323 Constantine and Liciniua 
rule the empire ; the former in the East, 
and the latter in the "West. 

323-337 Constantine sole emperor (p. 
1029). 

323-353 The empire is again united 
under a sole ruler. 

330 May 11. Turk. Byzantium (Con- 
stantinople) is dedicated by Constantine 
as the new capital of the empire. 

The empire is rearranged, having four great 
prefectures, Oriens, lllyricum orientate, 
Italia, Gallia ; these are divided into 13 dio- 
ceses, and these again into 116 provinces. 

337 * * Partition of the empire. 

Constantino's three sons divide the 
empire between them as augusti, and 
his two nephews as eassars. 

337-340 Constantine H.(Flavius Clau- 
dius Constantinus) reigns over Britain, 
Gallia, Spain, and a part of Africa. 

337-350 Constans I. (Julius Flavius) 
reigns over the prefectures of lllyricum 
orientale, Italia, and a part of Africa. 

337-361 Constantius (Julius) reigns in 
the East. 

340 * * Constantine II. is defeated and 
lulled by Constans, his brother, at Acjui- 
leia. The Eastern and Western Empires 
are reunited under Constans. 

350 * * Sp. Constans I. is killed while 
hunting near llliheris, by emissaries of 
Magnentius. 

350± * * Russia. The Huns, a Mongo- 
lian race, cross the Volga, moving west- 
ward ; they drive back the Goths. 

351-361 Constantius reigns alone; the 
unity of the empire is restored. 

351* *Flavius Claudius Constantius 
Gallus, nephew of Constantine I., is 
made caesar and ruler of the East. [354. 
Executed for his tyranny.] 

355* * Constantius makes Julian, his 
cousin, caasar, and sends him to rule in 
Gaul, Spain, and Britain ; capital, Paris. 

361 * * Fr. The army in Gaul, under 
Julian, proclaims him emperor. 

* * Constantius dies, and is succeeded 
by his 



361-363 Julian (Flavius Claudius Juli- 
anus), the Apostate, reigns (p. 769). 

363 June 26. Constantinople. Julian 
being killed in battle, Jovian (FlaviuB 
Claudius Jovianus) reigns. 

He is enthroned by the army. He 
buys peace with the Persians by ceding 
live Roman provinces beyond the Tigris 
to them. [364. Feb. 17. Jovian dies.] 

364-375 Milan. Valentinian I. (Fla- 
vius Valentinianus) reigns in the West ; 
capital, Milan. 

He is elected by the army at Nicsea ; 
boundaries, Caledonia in the West to 
Mount Atlas in the East. 

364-378 Constantinople. Valens reigns 
in the East; capital, Constantinople. 

He is made associate emperor by Val- 
entinian, his brother ; boundaries from 
the lower Danube to Persia (p. 1029). 



364-394 The Roman Empire is again 
divided. 

367-383 Gratian (Gratianus) reigns in 
the West as colleague of his father, 
rank of augustus. (375.) He succeeds 
his father with Valentinian II. as joint 
augustus. 

369+ * * The "West Goths are admitted 
into the Roman territories on condition 
of their rendering military service. 

370 * * Scot. Valentia made a province. 

375-392 Milan. Valentinian II., son 

of Valentinian I., only four years of age, 
reigns in the West as joint augustus. 
[3S3-392. As colleague of Theodosius.] 

375 * * Beginning of the migration of 
the Teutonic tribes. 

376 * * The Goths revolt. 

± * * The Huns invade Pannonia [Hun- 
gary], and expel the Goths (p. 769). 



378-395 Constantinople. Theodosius 
[the Great] rules in the East as joint 
augustus by the choice of Gratian. - 

383 Aug. 25. Fr. Gratian is captured 
by Maximus at Lyons, and killed (p. 662). 

* * Eng. Maximus (Magnus) is pro- 
claimed emperor by his army. 

383-388 Treves. Maximus Magnus 
Clemens reigns in Gaul, Spain, and 
Britain as colleague of Theodosius. 

386 * * Maximus attempts to oust Valen- 
tinian II. from Italy and Africa. [388. 
Theodosius crushes Maximus.] (See 
Army.) 

392 May 15. Fr. Valentinian II. is 
strangled (p. 663). 

* * Eugenius, a tyrant, is proclaimed 
emperor by Arbogast. [394. Crushed 
by the Theodosians.] 

393 * * Sp. Theodoric establishes the 
East Goth kingdom in Spain. 

394-395 Theodosius [the Great, the 
last] sole emperor of both the Eastern 
and Western Empires. 

395 Jan. 17. Theodosius dies at Milan. 

* * The empire is permanently divided 
between the sons of Theodosius. 

395-1453 The Eastern or Grecian Em- 
pire. (See Greece.) 

395-408 Constantinople. Arcadius 
reigns in the East. 

395-423 Rome. Flavius Honorius, 11 
years of age, reigns in the West ; capi- 
tal, Rome. (402.) Ravenna becomes 
the imperial residence. The Vandal 
Stilicho becomes the guardian and 
chancellor of the king. 

395* * Constantinople. Rufinus is mur- 
dered by Gainus, commander of the . 
Gothic mercenaries. Eutropius becomes 
the guardian of Arcadius. 

398 * * Gr. — Servian. Alaric, King of 
the West Goths, is made ruler of East 
lllyricum by Arcadius. 

5th Century. The Western Empire is grad- 
ually disintegrated by the incursions 
of Goths, Franks, Vandals, Burgundians, 
Angles, and Saxons, and the Huns. 

401± * * (402) The "West Goths overrun 
Europe ; under Alaric they invade Italy. 



1070 402, **-568,** 



ITALY 



ARMY — NAVY. 

402 * * Alaric is repulsed at Polentia 
by Stilicho. He is compelled by disease, 
hunger, and desertion to abandon tbe 
invasion of Italy. 

404-406 German hosts under Rada- 
gaisus invade Italy, but are defeated by 
Stilicho at Fsesulse, and tben annihilated 
byconstantfighting, disease, and hunger. 

406-409 Bands of Vandals, Suevi, and 
Alani, from the region of the Danube, 
cross the Rhine, and successfully with- 
stand the Franks. (409.) Invade Spain. 

408-409 Alaric again crosses the Alps, 
and invades Italy ; he is bought off with 
a ransom. [410. Aug. 24. He takes 
Rome and sacks it ; later dies at Cosena.] 

410-415 Fr. Atawulf invades Gaul. 

-410 * * Eng. The Romans retire (p. 840). 

413 * * Heraclian unsuccessfully in- 
vades Rome from Carthage. 

•415 * * Sp. Atawulf, the brother-in-law 
of Honorius, conquers Barcelona from 
the Vandals and Suevi. 

418+ * * WaUia, Kingof the West Goths, 

fights for the Romans. 
420 * * War with Persia. 
425 * * Ravenna is taken by Aspar, the 

first of the Patricians, and John the 

usurper is defeated. 

428 * * Fr. Franks and Goths defeat 
the Roman general Ae'tius (p. G62). 

429 May * Afr. Vandals under Gen- 
seric invade Africa. 

■435-55 Fr. Goths and Alemanni are 
defeated by Ae'tius. 

439 Oct. * Afr. GenBeric captures 
Carthage, and makes it his capital. 

440± * * Sicily. The Vandals invade 
the island, and capture Palermo. 

448 * * Aetius defeats the Huns ; he in- 
vades and ravages Gaul. 

451 * * Fr. Ae'tius, 'aided by the West 
Goths, defeats Attila (pp. 662, 768). 

452 * * Lombardy is overrun, and Pavia 
is taken by Attila. He threatens Rome ; 
it is saved from conquest by Pope Leo. 

* * Aust. Attila destroys Aquileia. He 
sacks Milan. 

455 July 15 K Rome is taken and 
pillaged by the Vandals under Genseric 
for 14 days ; the empress and many other 
captives are taken away. 

* * Alsace. The Alemanni capture Ar- 
gentoratum [Strasburg]. 

456 * * Romans under Ricimer defeat the 
Vandals in a naval battle off Corsica. 

457 * * War with the Goths. 

468 * * Rome. An expedition is sent 

against the Vandals. 
476 * * Rome is taken by Odoacer, leader 

of the Heruli ; the city is sacked. 

* * Pavia, Lombardy, is taken by Odoacer. 

4=86* *Fr. Clovis defeats Sygarius 
(p. 662). 

488-493 Theodoric [the Great] sub- 
dues Italy (p. 1030). 

533-535 Afr. Belisarius, Justinian's 
general, overthrows the Vandal power 
(p. 1030). 

£36-540 Belisarius defeats the East 
Goths. [536-537. He conquers Southern 
Italy, and delivers Rome, 540. Vitiges 
surrenders Ravenna.] (P. 1030.) 



538 * * Invasion of Franks. 

539 * * Goths destroy Milan ; they rav- 
age Lombardy. 

544-549 Belisarius returns (p. 1030). 
543 * * Totila takes Naples. [552. Re- 
taken.] 

546 * * Totila takes Rome. 

He plunders the city, and reconquers 
the greater part of Italy, while Belisa- 
rius is fighting in Persia. 

547 * * Rome is recovered, and King 
Vitiges captured. [549. Rome taken 
by Totila. 552. Retaken by Narses.] 

552 July * Narses defeats the Goths, 
and mortally wounds Totila in battle at 
Tadinze. [553. Defeats the Goths at 
Mons Lactarius.] 

554 * * Narses defeats the Alemanni and 
Franks at Casilinum [Capua]. 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 



440 * * Gr. The computation of Olym- 
piads ceases with the 305th. 

472 * * Vesuvius is in a state of erup- 
tion ; the illumination is seen in Con- 
stantinople. 

493 ± * *Theodosius introduces into Italy 
the superior architecture of Greece. 

516 * * Dionysius Exiguus, a monk of the 
Western Church, introduces the chro- 
nology of the Christian Era, by dating 
events from the birth of Christ. He 
erroneously begins his dates from three 
to six years late. 



543 * * An earthquake is felt in many 
countries. 

555± * * Belisarius (?) invents water- 
mills for grinding corn. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

408 * * Stilicho, Flavins, general, dies. 
419* * Valentinian III. (Flavius Placidus 

Valeiitinuuius), emperor, born. [455. D.J 
420 * * Pelagrius, fdr. of Pelagianism, dies. 
434* * Odoacer, Kingof Italy, b. [493. D.] 
455* * Theodoric the Great, East-Goth, 

King of Italy, born. [526. Dies.] 
468* * Cassiodorus, Marcus A melius, states- 
■ man, historian, born. [560. Dies.] 
473± * * Anthemius, emperor, dies. 
475 * * Boethius, Anicius Manlius Severinus, 

philosopher, born. [524. Dies.] 
476* * KoiuuluH Au.mistinius, lastemperorof 

the "West, dies. 
480 * * Benedict, St., founder Benedictine 

order, born. [543. DieB.] 
496* * Gelasius 1., pope, dies. [498.Anasta- 

eius II. ; 526. John I.; 530, Felix IV.; 

535. John II.] 
540* * Gregory I., the Great, pope, born. 

[604. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

402 * * Rome. [St.] Innocent I. is pope. 

[417, [St.] Zosimus; 418, [St.] Boniface I.; 

423, [St.] Celestine I.; 432, [St.] Sixtus III.] 

404 Jan. 1. Rome. Telemachus, an 
Asiatic monk, rushes into the arena and 
tries to separate the gladiators; he is 
stoned to death by the people. [Con- 
tests are soon abolished.] 

412+ * * Scot. [St.] Ninian founds the 
church in Galloway. 

* * Egy. [St.] Cyril is bishop (p. 654). 

415 * * Asia M. The Council of Ephesus 
condemns Pelagianism. [530. Also the 
Council of Carthage.] 

420* * Syria. Theodoret is chosen 
bishop of Antioch. 



± * * Syria. Simeon [Stylites] becomes a 
"pillar saint." He spends his last thir- 
teen years on a pillar nearly 50 feet high. 

431 June 22. Asia M. The general 
Council of Ephesus meets. 

It condemns Kestorianism and Pela- 
gianism , favors the original Nicene 
Creed, and regards the worship of the 
Virgin as heretical (p. 1030J. 

* * Crosses are used in churches and 
chambers. 

432* * Ire. [St.] Patrick arrives (p. 840). 

440 * * Rome. [St.] Leo the Great, pope. 
[461, [St.] Hilary; 468, [St.] Simplicius; 
483, [St.] Felix III.; 492, [St.] Gelasius; 496, 
[St.] Anastasius II.] 

448* * Constantinople. A synod con- 
demns the doctrines of Eutyehes, who 
teaches that Christ had only one nature. 
[449. Bishop Eusebius of Dorylaeum/his 
prosecutor, is deposed.] 

449 Aug. 8. AsiaM. The [Robber] 
Council of Ephesus meets. Dioscorus, 
bishop of Alexandria, employs intimida- 
tion and force ; many bishops are 
wounded. 

450+ [Aug. 6.] The Feast of the 
Transfiguration is celebrated. 

± * * Asia. The Monophosyte sect is 
founded, and teaches the single will of 
Christ. 

451 Oct. 8^. AsiaM. The Fourth 
Ecumenical Council is held at Chal- 
cedon. 

It declares the union of the divine and 
human natures in Christ, condemns the 
heresies of Eutyehes and the Monopho- 
sytes, and gives the patriarch of Con- 
stantinople equal authority, but not 
equal honor, with the Pope at Rome. 

457± * * The Church is dominated by an 
oligarchy of ambitious, self-seeking 
bishops, including those of Rome, Con- 
stantinople, Antioch, Jerusalem, and 
Alexandria. 

482 * * Constantinople. The Emperor 
Zeno issues the Henoticon, a decree of 
union, for merging the Monophysite 
and orthodox bodies. 



II. 

484 * * Huneric, King of the Vandals, 
persecutes the Christians. 

* * Schism divides the Greek and Roman 
churches (p. 1030). 

487 [Sept. 29]. Michaelmas, the Feast of 
St. Michael, the guardian of the Cath- 
olic Church, is instituted. 

498 * * St. Symmachus is pope. 

[514, St. Hormisdas ; 523, St. John I. ; 526, 
St. Felix IV. ; 530, Boniface II., 532, John II. ; 
535, St. Agapetus I.; 536, St. Sylverius; 538, 
Vigilius; 555, Pelagius I.] 

511± * * Gcr. [St.] Fridolin, an Irish- 
man, goes as an apostle to Germany. 

518 * * Turk. Arians deposed (p. 1031). 

529 * * [St.] Benedict founds the Bene- 
dictines. (Or 615.) 

He establishes his first monastery at 
Monte Casino. [541. Benedictines enter 
Sicily. 543. Enter France. Later, they 
monopolize nearly all the science and 
learning of Europe.] 

533 * * Constantinople. The Greek em- 
peror first acknowledges the Pope's su- 
premacy. 



ROMAN EMPIRE. 



402, 



568, 



1071 



542 * * The Feast of the Purification, in 
honor of the Virgin's visit to the Temple, 
is ordered by the Pope ; its procession 
hears wax tapers (Candlemas). 

550 * * The second Talmud is completed 
by Rab Rabina, after the labors of six 
compilers for 123 years. 

553 * * Constantinople. The sixth gen- 
eral council meets (p. 1031). 

554 * * Asia. A synod of Armenian bish- 
ops at Thevin, or Tihen, called by Patri- 
arch Nierses II., separates the Arme- 
nians from the Greek church. [629. An 
attempt at reunion is made by the synod 
of Garin, but they soon divide.] 

560 * * John m. is pope. 

[574, Benedict I.; 578, Pelagius II.; 590, 
St. Gregory I. the (Ireat; 604, Sabinianus; 
607, Boniface IT I.; (His, St. Boniface IV.; 615, 
St. Adeodatusl.; tili), Bunifu.-e V.; 625, Ho- 
norius I.] 

LETTERS. 

498+ * *TheGemara,orTahnudofBaby- 
lon, is published. 

520± * * Bcethius writes De Consolatione 
Philosophe. 

529 * * The schools of Athens are sup- 
pressed (p. 1031). 

STATE. 

404 * * Rome is placed under the By- 
zantine exarch, or governor, with Ra- 
venna the capital of the Empire of the 
West [until 476]. 

406 * * Romans permit Vandals and 
Burgundians to settle in Gaul and 
Spain (p. 663). 

408* * Alaric, being refused the assign- 
ment of lands in Northern Italy for the 
permanent settlement of Goths, marches 
on Rome [and compels the Senate to 
appoint Flavius Priscus Attalus, the 
prefect of the city, emperor. [410. Rome 
taken ; burned.] 

* * Stilicho, the guardian of Honorius, 
is killed by Heraclian by order of the 
emperor, to whom he had been defamed.^ 

* * Theodosius II. , son of Arcadius, 
seven years of age, is emperor of the 
"West. Athenius is his minister; his 
sister Pulcheria and his wife Eudocia 
largely control him. 

410 * * Atawulf, a brother-in-law of Al- 
aric I., leads the West Goths into Gaul. 
[412. He makes peace with Honorius.] 

411 * * Vandals in Spain. 

* * Atawulf succeeds Alaric I. ; he 
evacuates Italy. [412. He conquers Aqui- 
tania, Gaul. 414. The West Goths con- 
quer and extirpate the Alani, and ex- 
tend their rule into Spain] (p. 663). 

413 * * Fr. The Burgundians settle on 
the Saone. [443. The Alemanni extend 
over Alsace (p. 769).] 

414 * * Pulcheria becomes regent. 
415-507 Fr. The West Gothic kingdom 

of Tolosa [Toulouse] is founded by King 
Walja. It soon becomes independent. 

418 * * Sp. The West Gothic kingdom is 
established (p. 663). 

420 * * Scot. The Romans withdraw. 

423 Aug. 27. Honorius dies at Ra- 
venna. [John, the secretary of Hono- 
rius, usurps the throne. He is conquered 
by Theodosius II.] 

425-455 Valentinianm. (Flavius Pla- 
cidius Valentinianus), 16 years of age, 
reigns in the West. Placidia, his mother, 
is regent. 



428 * * Afr. Count Boniface rebels ; in- 
vites the Vandals to come from Spain. 

429-439 Afr. The Vandal kingdom 
is established by Genseric ; capital, 
Carthage. 

433 * * Attila, the Scourge of God, rules 
an immense empire, extending from 
China to the Atlantic. [445-^50. He 
ravages the Eastern Empire. 451. He 
invades Italy, but soon retires.] 

435 * * Afr. A treaty cedes territory to 
the Vandals. 

437 * * The Western Empire acquires, 
from the Eastern, Pannonia, Dalmatia, 
and Noricum. 

439+* * Afr. The Vandals under Gen- 
seric take Carthage , and plunder Italy 
by the use of their numerous fleets. 

441 * *The Huns, Persians, and Saxons 
invade the Roman territories from vari- 
ous directions. 

446 * * Britons invoke aid against the 
Picts (p. 840). 



452 * * Venice is founded by families 
from Aquileia and Padua, who flee 
before Attila. 

453 * * The monarchy of the Huns falls 
with the death of Attila ; the German 
tribes and the Slavic people become free. 



455 * * Pretonius Maxim us reigns a 
short time in the West. 

Aug. 15-456 * * Ravenna. Marcus 
Msecilius Avitus, the usurper, reigns 
in the west for 14 months. He obtains 
the throne by the aid of Tbeodoric II. 
[Deposed by Ricimer, the leader of the 
German mercenaries in the army.] 

July 15+. Borne. Eudocia calls in the 
Vandals after the murder of her hus- 
band, Valentin! an ; they plunder the city. 

456 * * The Vandals take Sardinia. 



457^461 Ravenna. Majorain (Julius 
Majorianus) reigns in the West by the 
appointment of Ricimer. (461.) Mur- 
dered by the order of Ricimer. 



461-465 Libius Severus reigns in the 
West by the appointment of Ricimer. 
[465. Deposed and poisoned by Ricimer.] 

465-467 Interregnum. Ricimer is in 
power, and conducts the government 
without even a royal figurehead. 

467-472 Anthemius reigns in the West. 
He is nominated by Emperor Leo, and 
confirmed at Rome through the agency 
of Ricimer. 



* * Trial by peers becomes an estab- 
lished principle in courts of justice. 

472 * * Olybrius reigns in the West. He 
is enthroned by Ricimer. 

Aug. 18. Ricimer dies. Olybrius dies. 

473 * * Glycerius reigns in the West ; 
he is appointed by Leo I. 

473-475 Julius Wepos reigns in the 
West ; he is appointed by Leo. He is 
deposed by his general, Orestes, to make 
place for Orestes' son. 



475^476 Romulus Augustulus reigns 
in the West. 

476 * * Odoacer, chief of the Heruli and 
other German bands, captures Rome, 
and dethrones Augustulus ; he rules Italy 
as Patrician, and is nominally the vicar 
of the Eastern Emperor Zeno. The title 
of emperor is extinguished. [403. Mar. 
5. Odoacer is killed by Tbeodoric] 

* * About 1228 years after the founding of 
Rome, the empire falls in consequence 
of domestic revolutions, and not by con- 
quest. The provinces, long occupied by 
barbarians, have no tie to bind them into 
one political body. 

489 * * Pavia is developed by Tbeodoric. 

493-555 The kingdom of the East 
Goths in Italy is founded by Tbeodoric 
after overthrowing Odoacer. 

(493. Eeb. 27.) They enter a treaty 
of peace at Ravenna. Odoacer is to be 
only the military subordinate of Theo- 
donc. 555. The East Goths as a nation 
vanish from history. 

526 * * Athalaric, grandson of Theod- 
oric, is King of the East Goths in Italy. 
[534, Theodates ; 536, Vitiges ; 540, Hilde- 
bald ; 541, Totila ; Eraric ; 552, Teias.] 

543 * * Naples becomes the capital of a 
duchy. [568(572?). It is subject to the 
Eastern Empire. 593. This is nominally 
much extended.] 

553 * * Rome is recovered from the 
Goths by Narses, and annexed to the 
Eastern Empire as an exarchate. 

553-567 Narses rules Italy as duke ; 
Italy is under Greek exarchs ; capital, 
Ravenna. The Senate is abolished. 

566 * * The Gepidas are incorporated with 
the Lombards. 

568-774 The Teutonic kingdom of [Lorn- 
bardy]. [573-774. Pavia is the capital.] 
It is formed by Alboin, and becomes 
supreme in most of North and Central 
Italy. A part of Italy is yet attached to 
the Eastern Empire. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

414 * * Atawulf, the leader of the West 
Goths in Gaul, marries Placidia, the 
sister of Honorius, while held as a hos- 
tage in Narbonne. [415. Atawulf is 
murdered.] 

425 * * Valentinian III. is murdered at 
the instance of his £ 



467 * * Anthemius, the emperor, is mur- 
dered by Ricimer. 

500 * * Gladiatorial contests are sup- 
pressed in the West by Theodoric. 



528 * * Civil oaths are taken on the 
Gospel. 

536 * * King Theodates is assassinated. 
[540. Theodebald(Hildebald) is assassi- 
nated. 573. Alboin, king of the Lom- 
bards, is poisoned by his wife Rosa- 
munda, for compelling her to drink wine 
out of a cup formed of her father's skull. 
575. King Cleoph is assassinated. 591. 
King Autharis is poisoned. 625. Also 
King Adaload. 653. King Rodoald is 
assassinated.] 

539 * * Pestilence and famine. [558. 
Again. 816. Again.] 



1072 



568, ^-1028, 



ITALY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

568-774 The [Lombards] under Alboin, 
with. 20,000 Saxon allies, cross the Alps, 
and enter the plain [of Lombardy]. 
Pavia is taken. 

The Longobardi conquer and hold 
Northern Italy until subdued by Charle- 
magne. [577. They defeat the Romans 
under Baduarius. 591. Their king, 
Autharis, resists the invading Greeks 
and Franks.] 

600 * * Italy ia ravaged by the Slavo- 
nians [from Hungary]. 

712 * * King Llutprand (Lombard) cap- 
tures Ravenna from the Greek exarchs. 
[749. Aistulf captures Ravenna. 750 . 
He attempts to take Rome, but is 
driven away by Pepin.] (P. 664.) 

830-878 Sicily is conquered by the 
Saracens. [842. They settle at Bari.] 

844 ± * * Wars with the Saracens. [SIS. 
They destroy the Venetian fleet at Cro- 
tona.] 

848-852 Rome. Pope Leo encloses and 
fortifies the Leonine City. 

896 * * Rome. Axnulf takes Rome. 

899 * * Successful invasion of Huns and 
Sardinians. 

923 July 29. P.erengar I. is decisively 
defeated by Rudolf at Fiorenzuola. 

934 * * The invading Huns burn Pavia. 

951* * Otho invades Italy (p. 772). 
[961-966. Again.] (Pp. 772, 774.) 

964 * * Romans revolt (p. 775). 

980-983 Wars in Italy (p. 774). 

* * Otho II. claims Apulia and Calabria 
by his marriage of Theophano, and cross- 
ing the Alps, enters Rome, and defeats 
the Greeks in Southern Italy. 

1003+ * * Henry II. leads three expedi- 
tions into Italy (p. 774). 

1004-39 Civil wars respecting tenures. 

1011-17 The Normans in South Italy 
expel the Saracens. 

1026 * * Conrad's expedition into Italy 
(p. 774). [1036. Another.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

650± * * The glazing of windows be- 
comes common. 

800± * * Marcus Graecus makes gun- 
powder. 

807 Mar. 17+. A large spot on the 
sun is observed. 

1000+ * * The application of escape- 
ments to clocks is devised by Gerbert 
(Pope Sylvester II.). 

1022 * * Guidod'Arezzo, a monk, invents 
the system of musical notes. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

573 * * Alboin, King of the Lombards, dies. 

John III., pope, dies. 
690* * Pelaglus IL, pope, dies. [619. Adeo- 

datusl.; 638, HonoriusL; 64S, John IV.; 

649. TheodorusL; 655, Martin 1. ; 656. 

Eugenius I.; 677, Adeortatus II.; 684. 

Leo II.; 701. Sergius I.; 705. John VI.; 

707. John VII.; 752, Zachary ; 767. Paul 

I.; 795, Adrian I.] 
800* * Nicholas I., the Great. St., pope, 

born. [867. Dies.] 
816* * Leo III., pope, dies. [834, Paschal 

I.; 827. Eugenius II., Valentine; 847. 

Sergius II]. 
9th Century. Angello, Andrea, abbot and his- 
torian of Ravenna, born. 
855 * * Leo IV., pope, dies. [882. John 

VIII.; 884. Martin II.; 898, Theodore 

II.] 
1'ith Cert hint. Maro/ia, infamous woman, ii. 
900 * * John IX., pope, dies. [903, Leo V. ; 

913. Anastasius III., Sergius III.; 914. 

Lando.] 
920* * Lintprand, Lombard historian, born. 

[972. Dies.] 



928 * * John X., pope, dies. [929. Leo VI. ; 

936. John XL; 939,LeoVIL; 965, Leo 

VIIL; 972, John XIII. ; 985. John XIV.; 

996, John XV. and John XVI.] 
990+ * * Guido d'Arezzo, monk, inventor of 

gamut of music, born. [10S0±. Dies.] 
998* * Damiani, Pietro, card., b. [1072. D.3 
999* * John XVII., pope, dies. 
1002* * Leo IX., pope, born. [1054. Dies.] 
1003* * John XVIII., pope, dies. [1O09, 

John XIX.; 1012. Sergius IV.] 
1015* * Guiscard, Robert, first Duke of 

Calabria, born. [1085. DieB.] 
1020 * * Gregory VH., St. HUdebrand,pope, 

born. [1085. May 25. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 

568 * * Crosaes adorn church spires. 

572 * * Alleged miracles multiply. 

590-604 [St.] Gregory the Great en- 
throned ; he takes the title of Universal 
Bishop. 

He is a great statesman as well as church- 
man; be builds schools and (.'hurt-lies, sends 
out missionaries to many lands, increases the 
numbers and wealth of the Church, and lays 
the foundation of the great power of the 
papacy. 

Gregory appoints Quinquag-eBima Sun- 
day. He introduces the idea of purgatory as 
a burning away of sins, and makes it a dogma. 
AIbo, the invocation of the Virgin Mary and 
the saints in worship. Also the Gregorian 
modes, as musical scales. He revises the 
Missal or Mass Book. 

590+ * * King Autharis accepts Chris- 
tianity. 

596 ± * *The first (?) Christian burial- 
place is established. 

602 * * Borne. Pope Gregory introduces 
church music. 

604i * * Relics are common and highly 
esteemed. Candles are burned by day 
in worship. 

606 * * Pope Boniface III. obtains the 
exclusive title of pope (p. 1031). 

608 * * Rome. The Pantheon is dedi- 
cated as a Christian Church. 

609* * Syria. The Jews of Antioch 
massacre the Christians. 

612 * * Arabia. The Koran appears. 

615 Sept. 14. Asia. The Emperor 
Heraclius defeats King Chosroes of Per- 
sia, and recovers part of the true cross, 
which the Persians had taken in plun- 
dering Jerusalem. 

626± * * Monks and monasteries mul- 
tiply. 

640 * * Severinus pope ; later, John IV. 
[642, Theodorus I. ; 649, St. Martin 1. ; 655, 
St. Eugenius I.; 657, St. Vitalianus; 672, 
Adcodatus II.; H7H, Ituiuis I.; 678, St. Aga- 
thon; 682, St. Leo II.; 6*4, St. Benedict II.; 
6H5, John V.; 686, C'onon; 687, St. Sergius 
I.; 701, John VI.; 7ns, Sisinnius, later, Con- 
Btantine; 715, St. Gregory II.; 731, St. Greg- 
ory III.; 741, St. Zaeharv; 752, St. Stephen 
n., later, Stephen III.; 757, St. Paul I.; 768, 
Stephen IV.] 

642 * * Pope Theodorus assumes the title 
Sovereign Pontiff. 

Sept. 14. The festival of the exaltation 
of the cross is established. 

649+ * * Rome. Pope Martin I. ordains 
the celibacy of the clergy ; it creates 
disturbances. 

649* *A Church Council is held; it 
condemns the mnnothelitic doctrine. 



680-681 Constantinople. The seventh 
general council ; 281 bishops present. 

The Council of the Church in the Trullan 
palace enacts that bishops may observe celi- 
bacy, yet presbvters and deacons may live 
with their wives. Pope Honoriiis and several 
bishops are anathematized. [Rejected by 
Roman Catholic Church.] (p. 1031). 



682 * * Rome. Pope Leo II. usurps the 

right of investiture. 
± * * Rome. Holy water is introduced 

into the churches. 
687 * * Sergius I. is the first to change 

his name when elected pope. 
690± * * Pope Sergius I. establishes the 

Feast of the Nativity of the Virgin 

Mary. 

710 * * Constantino introduces the cere- 
mony of kissing the Pope's toe as a 
sign of respect from the secular power ; 
Justinian II. pays this honor. 

715 * * Gregory II. sends [St.] Boniface 
t the Germans. 



726 * * Controversies concerning images 
occur (p. 1032). 

745 * * Adelbert condemned (p. 664). 

755* *The temporal power of the 
popes begins (p. 664). 

761 * * Constantino V. forbids his sub- 
jects becoming monks. [770. He dis- 
solves the monasteries.] 

771 * * Rome. Adrian I. becomes pope. 
[795. [St.] Leo III.] 

774 * + Charlemagne annexes the con- 
quered kingdom of Lombardy to the 
dominions of the Pope. 

786 * * Rome. Pope Adrian I. generally 
introduces surplices. 

787 Aug. 17. Asia M. Council of 
Nice (p. 664). [Sept. 24. Reconvened. 
794. Counter synod at Frankfort, Ger.] 

799 * * Rome. Leo III. is driven out 
[and restored]. (P. 770.) 

* * * Masses said for money. 

800 * * Leo III. becomes supreme bishop 
of the Western Empire. 

It is separated from the Eastern. He 
introduces indulgences as an absolute 
pardon of sin, rather than a mitigation 
of punishment. 

813 * * The Feast of the Epiphany is 
established to celebrate the appearance 
of the Star of Bethlehem. 

* * Bishoprics and monastic institutions 
rapidly multiply. 

816 * * Stephen V. becomes pope. 

[817, St. Paschal I.; 824, Eugenius II.; 827 
Valentius; S27, Oret;orv IV.; K44, Sergius II.; 
847, St. Leo IV.; 855, Benedict III.; Win, Nich- 
olas I. the Creal; W7, Adrian II.: 872, John 
VIII.] 

817 * * The college of cardinals ap- 
pears in embryo. 

824 * * Mysticism introduced into Italy. 

840 * * St. Mark's church at Venice is 
erected. [902. The campanile is com- 
menced. 976. The basilica is rebuilt. 
1052. The basilica is given its superb de- 
finitive form.] 

* * Gregory IV. institutes the Festival of 
the Holy Trinity. 

844 * * Stephen V. is excommunicated 
(p. 1032). 

858* *Pope Nicholas I. is the first of the 
popes to be crowned. Temporary 
schism (p. 1032). 

864 * * The Scriptures are translated 
into the Slavonian tongue. 

869* * Constantinople. Council (p. 
1032). 

882 * * Rome, Marinus I. becomes pope. 
[884, Adrian III.; 885, Stephen VI.; 991, 
Forinosiis. ami S. -ruins, anti-pope; S%, Boni- 
face VI. ; 897, Stephen VIII.; 898, Romanus, 
Theodorus II., and .John IX.; 9110, LVnediet 
IV.; 903, Leo V. and Christopher; 904, Ser- 
eins III.; 911, Anastasius III.; 913, Lando; 
915, John X; 928, Leo VI.; 929, Stephen VII. ; 
931, John XL; !)3fi, Leo VII.; 939, Stephen 
IX.; Marinus IL; 946, Agapetus IL; 956, 
John XII.] 



ITALY. 



568,** -1028, 



1073 



898 * * Saints are commonly venerated, 
and a general passion for relics prevails. 

963 * * The Romans are compelled to 
promise never to elect another pope 
without the consent of the emperor. 

964 * * Pope John XII. is deposed by 
a synod for adultery and cruelty. Leo 
VIII., the anti-pope, is elected. 

* * Rome. Benedict V. is elected pope by 
a council of Romans. 

[965, John XIII. becomes pope; his crimes 
and scandals cause bis banishment. 972, 
Benedict VI.; 973, Donus II. j 974, Benedict 
VII.; 984, John XIV.; 985, Boniface VII., 
John XV.; 996, John XVI., Gregory V.; 999, 
Sylvester II.; 1003, John XVII.; later, John 
XVIII.; 1009, Sergius IV.; 1012, Benedict 
VIII.; 1024, John XIX.; 103:], Benedict IX., 
aged 10 years; 1044, Gregory VI.; 1046, Cle- 
ment II.; 1048, Damasus 11.; 1049, St. Leo 
IX.; 1055, Victor 11.; 1057, Stephen X.; 1058, 
Benedict X.; 1059, Nicholas II.] 

993 * * Borne. Saints are first canon- 
ized. 

999* *Otho III. expels Pope John 
XVI. 

* * * The papal crown is the object of 
almost constant contention; force, 
fraud, and bribery are employed to gain 
it. 

* * * The doctrine of transubstantia- 
tion, or the conversion of sacramental 
elements into the real body of Christ, is 
commonly accepted. 

1000 * * A wide-spread belief prevails 
that the end of the world is near and 
the kingdom of Christ to be ushered in 
with great glory ; many pilgrims visit 
Rome. 

1009 * * The monasteries are reformed. 

* * Simony and corruption prevail (p. 
774). 

* * Rome. The confirmation of German 
prelates becomes costly (p. 774). 

1013 * * The church San Miniato al 
Monte at Florence is rebuilt. 

1028 * * The cathedral of [Fiasole] is 
founded. 

LETTERS. 

580 * * The Latin ceases to be a spoken 

language in Italy. 
636 * * The Italian language begins to 

assume definite form. 



STATE. 

568 * * The Lombards overthrow the 
municipal system of the Romans, and 
the federal system takes its place. 

* * Rome gradually becomes indepen- 
dent. [600±. At its lowest state.] 

569 * * Milan is included in the kingdom 
of the Lombards. 

573 * * Cleoph, a Lombard, is King of 
Italy. He extends the conquests of the 
Lombards in Lower Italy. 

675 * * Antharis is Lombard King of Italy. 
[580, Clutlmris; 591, Amlnlph; 615, Adaload; 
625, Arioald; 636, liotli:ins; 652, Kodoald; 653, 
Aribertl.; 661, Bertharit and Codebert; 671, 
Bertharit restored; 6«6, Ourril».;rt; 700, Luit- 
bert;701,Ragimbert; ArihertII.,his son; 712, 
Ansprand; Luitpranrf, a great prince, and 
friend of the Church.] 

662 * * Grimoald, as Duke of Beneven- 
to, violently usurps the throne, and 
completes the conversion of the Lom- 
bards. 



700+ * * Rome. The Eastern empe- 
rors cease to exercise their authority ; 
the popes become the guardians of the 
city. [723±. It becomes independent.] 

718± * * Calabria and Sicily are confis- 
cated to the Eastern Empire by Leo 
III. 

720-740 Saracens possess Sardinia. 

737 * *Orso,thedogeof Venice.is killed; 
the magistrate is appointed annually. 
[742. Diodato is doge. 777. Maurizio 
Galbaio and his son Giovanni.] 

744 * * Hildebrand is King of Lombar- 
dy, Italy; later Rachis. [749, Aistulf; 
756, Desiderius is the last king.] 

752 * * The Lombards subdue Ravenna. 
[754, It is surrendered to Pepin, King 
of France. 755. He gives it to Pope 
Stephen, founding the Papal States.] 

774 * * Charlemagne conquers Lom- 
bardy, and annexes it to the dominions 
of the Pope. 

800-1806 Period of the Holy Roman 
Empire. 

It is called holy because of the inter- 
dependence of Church and State (p. 666). 

800-814 Charlemagne reigns as em- 
peror. 800. Dec. 25. Charlemagne is 
crowned (p. 666). . [Also others at Rome 
until 1452.] 

800-887 The Carolingians rule North- 
ern Italy. The Eastern emperors rule 
most of Southern Italy. 

803 * * The Republic of Venice is com- 
pletely founded. 

[811. Rialto is the capital. 9th Cen- 
tury. The first permanent settlement 
is made on the site of Venice.] 

814 Jan. 28. Fr. Charlemagne dies ; 
his son P£pin is made regent of Italy, 
which becomes a separate kingdom. 

814-840 Louis I., emperor. [840-855. 
Lothaire.] (P. 667.) 

850+ * * Under the aristocratic feudal 
system, the hereditary nobility and the 
clergy rule the State. 

855-875 Louis II., son of Lothaire, is 
king and emperor. [877-887. Charles 
HI., the Fat. 887-899. Arnulf .] (Pp. 667, 
773.) 

884 * * Italy is again a part of the em- 
pire of the Franks. 

* * The barons increase in independence ; 
Roman and common law are gradually 
introduced. 

887 ± * * The people of Italy eagerly de- 
sire an Italian king. 

888-924 Berengar I. is King of Italy. 
He is Duke of Friuli and grandson of 
Louis le Debonnaire. Guido, Duke of 
Spoleto, is a rival ; Rudolf I. of Burgundy 
is set up by the nobles. [S94. Berengar 
I. and Lamlet reign. 924. Berengar is 
assassinated.] 

895± * * The chief towns of Lombardy 
are fortified, and become republics. 

896 * * Arnulf, King of the East Franks, 
takes Rome. He is crowned emperor. 
[Anarchy for 60 years.] (P. 773.) 

899 * * The Huns and Sardinians se- 
cure the government. [They hold it for 
30 years.] 

901-905 Louis III, is crowned king by 
the barons. [905. Berengar puts out 
Louis' eyes.] 



901 * * Louis I., son of the King of Aries, 
is King of Italy. 

910* * Theodora "the Younger" and 
the profligate Marozia are in power at 
Rome. 

915 * * Berengar I. is restored. [921. 
Berengar I. and Rudolf of Burgundy 
are kings. 926. Hugh of Provence is 
king. 936. Hugh cedes his conquests 
in Italy to Provence. 947. Expelled by 
Berengar.] 

950-61 Berengar II. and Adelbert his 
son are kings. 

951 * * Otho I., King of Germany, is 
crowned at Pavia as King of Lombardy. 
[952. Berengar II. submits to Otho I. 
as a feudatory ; later rebels.] 

962 Feb. 2. The imperial office re- 
newed. 

The crown of Italy passes from the 
descendants of Charlemagne to the sov- 
ereigns of Germany. Otho I., the 
Great, is crowned emperor at Rome. 

* * Rome. Pope John XII. attempts to 
free himself from imperial protection 
by joining Otho's foes. [Otho marches 
against Rome, and the Pope flees.] 

964 * * Berengar II. is deposed by Otho 
I., who adds Italy to the German 
Empire (p. 773). 

966-67 Othol. invades Italy. [973. He 
causes his son Otho II. to receive the im- 
perial crown at Rome. 983. Dec. 7. Otho 
II. dies.] 

983-1002 Otho III. is emperor (p. 775). 

990 * * Rome. Crescentius, son of Theo- 
dora, proposes a republic. Frustrated 
by Pope Gregory and Otho III. [1001,. 
Anti-German revolt (p. 774+).] 

997 * * Venice becomes independent 
of the Eastern Empire ; the doge ac- 
quires Dalmatia and Istria; he takes 
the title Duke of Dalmatia. 

1000 * * Genoa becomes a free city ; 
Pisa is already free. [1022. The Geno- 
ese posses Sardinia.] 

1002 * * Ardoin is king (p. 775). 

1004-39 Civil war is caused by conten- 
tions respecting tenures. 

1005 * * Henry II. of Germany is King 
of Italy. [1014. Emperor.] (P. 775.) 

1016* * Adventurous Normans first 
settle at Aversa, near Naples. [1036+ 
The elder sons of Tancred de Hautville 
arrive.] 

1026* *Conrad II. becomes king. 
[1027. Emperor.] (Pp. 774, 775.) 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

659 * * The Lombards first employ trial 

by combat. 
8ih Century. Ignorance, poverty, and 

profligacy abound. 
800+ * * Charlemagne encourages both 

agriculture and horticulture. 
808 * * The Lombard Jews start the first 

bank in Italy. 
847-855 Leo IV. founds the Leonine 

City. 
1014 July 29+. The Emperor Basil II. 

blinds 15,000 prisoners at Zelunium, 

except one in a hundred, to whom he 

leaves one eye. [Basil dies of grief.] 



1074 1032,* *-1239, 



ITALY 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1036± * * The Norman colonists defeat 
the Greeks, and occupy Apulia. 

1040 * * Sicily is temporarily taken by 
the Christians. 

1046- * * Expeditions of Henry III, 
into Italy (p. 774). 

1058-90. Sicily. Roger I., the Nor- 
man , drives out the Greeks and Saracens. 
[1061. He takes Messina. 1090. Malta.] 

1070-1284 Genoa has frequent wars 
with Pisa, her rival. 

1070 * * Robert Guiscard, the Norman, 
conquers a part of Sicily from the Sara- 
cens ; he takes Bari. [1072. He takes 
Palermo. 1077. Salerno. 10S0. Con- 
quers South Italy. 1081. Defeats Alex- 
ander Comnenus at Durazzo, Turkey. 
1082. Takes the city.] 

1083 * * Home. Gregory VII. is he- 
sieged (p. 776). 

1084 Mar. * Rome is taken by Henry 
IV. after a siege lasting two years. 

1113 * * The Pope confirms the organiza- 
tion of the Knights of Malta. 
1119-30 "War between Pisa and Genoa. 

1124* * Asia. The Venetians aid in 
the capture of Tyre, receiving a third 
part of the spoils. [1125. They ravage 
the islands of the Greek archipelago.] 

1125± * * The Venetians obtain many 
victories over the Eastern emperors. 

1135-37 The emperor Lothair conquers 
the Normans of South Italy. 

1136=: * * Naples is taken by the Nor- 
mans after a long siege. 

1140+ * * The wars begin between the 
Guelfs and Ghibellines. (See State.) 

1154-77 Wars with Frederick I. (p. 
776+). 

1155 * * The Greeks subdue Apulia and 
Calabria. 

1176 May 29. Defeat at Legnano (p. 
778). 

1183 June 25. Peace of Constance 
(p. 779). 

1194 * * Henry VI. wins Sicily (p. 778). 

1198-1215 Civil "Wars prevail (p. 778). 

1202 * * The Venetians supply the Cru- 
saders with men, horses, and ships. [Nov. 
24. Venetians capture Zara, Dalmatia, 
by the aid of French Crusaders.] 

1210 * * First war between Genoa and 
Venice. [1218-32. Frequent wars.] 

1236-50 Frederick and the Lombard 
League are at war; he aims to make 
Italy and Germany one empire, and con- 
quers Lombardy (p. 780). 

1249-50 "War with the Pope (p. 780). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

11 th Century. The cathedral of Aqui- 
leiais founded. 

1032* *The cathedral of Bari is 
founded. [Later, remodeled.] 

1067 * * The cathedral at Pisa is begun. 

1078. t * * Tide-mills are in use at 
Venice. 

1084 * * The cathedral of San Matteo 
at Salernum [Salerno] is dedicated. 

1130± * * Sicily. Silk culture is intro- 
duced. [1146. Sicilians 6pin and weave 
silk.] 

1137 * * Sicily. An earthquake in Ca- 
tania destroys 15.0(H) lives. 



12th Century. The plays of Ceres are 
instituted ; ladies clad in white hear 
torches as if searching for Proserpine. 

1169 * * An earthquake ruina Catani. 
1174* *The campanile of Pisa is be- 
gun ; it leans 13 feet, eight inches. 

1186 Sept. * One of the cities of Cala- 
bria is Bwallowed up in the Adriatic. 

1220+ * * The four bronze horses by 
Lysippus, brought from Constantinople, 
are placed at St. Mark's, Venice. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1033 * * John XX., pope, dies. 
1036 * * Anseliii", St., bishop of Lucca, born. 
[1086. Dies]. 

1047 * * Clement II., pope, dies. 

1066 * * AriaMus, archdeacon of the Church 
of Milan, dies. 

1090* * Innocent II., pope, b. [1143. D.] 

1096* * Roger I., King of Sicily, b. [1154. D.] 

1099 * * Urban II., pope, dies. 

1100* * Arnold of Brescia, religious re- 
former, politician, born. [1155. Dies.] 

1105* * Dandolo, Enrico, doge of Venice, 
born. [1205. Dies.] 

1118* * Paschal 1 1., pope, d. [1124, Calix- 
tusll.; 1153. Eugenius III.; 1154. An- 
astasius IV.; 1159, Adrian IV., Nicholas 
Breakspere.] 

1119 ** Gelasius II., pope. [1119. Dies.] 

l'-'th Cent/try. llassianus, jurist, born. 
(iratian, canonist, born. 

1 161 * * Innocent III., pope, b. [1216. D.] 

1182* * Francis of Assisi, St.. founder 
Franciscans, born. [1226. Dies.] 

1187* * Urban III., pope, dies. [1191. 
Clement III.] 

1195* * Anthony. St.. of Padua, Francis- 
can monk, born. [1231. Dies.] 

1206± * * Pisano, Niccolo, sculptor, archi- 
tect, born. [1278. Dies.] 

1220* * Charles of A njou, King of Naples 
and Sicily, born. [1285. Dies.] 

1221* * IWmavrntiira, St., theologian, born. 
[1274. Dies.] 

1324+ * * Aquinas, St. Thomas, theolo- 
gian, born. [1274. Dies.] 

1228 * * Boniface VIII., Cardinal Benedetto 
Gaetani, pope, born. [1303. Dies.] 

1230* * Crescenzi, Pietro de, writer, born. 
[1307+. Dies.] 

1231* * Manfred, King of Naples, born. 
[1266. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

1038+ * *A Benedictine abbey is 
founded by John Gualbert at Vallom- 
brosa, Central Italy. 

1042* *The Emperor Henry III. ap- 
points three popes (p. 774). 

1044 * * Rome. Pope Benedict is again 
dethroned, and followed by Sylvester 
III. as anti-pope. Gregory VI. is also 
pope. 

1046 * * The emperors receive the right 
to nominate the popes (p. 774). 

1048-49 Rome. [St.] Leo IX. is the first 
pope who provides himself with a regu- 
lar army. 

1048 * * Leo IX. reforms the Church ; 
simony and incontinence are punished ; 
piety and discipline improve. (Hilde- 
brand is the practical ruler of the 
Church.) 

1050 * * Rome. The cardinal bishops 
arrogate powers not previously claimed. 
(Contested.) 

1053 * * Leo IX. is defeated and taken 
prisoner by the Normans. 

* * Damasus is the first pope to wear a 
crown or papal cap. 

1054 * * The Greek Church becomes in- 
dependent. 

1059 * * Rome. A conclave of cardi- 
nals first elects a pope. 



+ * * German emperors and popes quar- 
rel respecting investitures and nomi- 
nations to the papal throne. The Pope 
claims clerical exemption from civil ju- 
risdiction, and calls the emperor to ac- 
count (p. 774). 

1061 * * The papacy is at the summit of 
its power; it claims supreme dominion, 
temporal and spiritual, over every Chris- 
tian state. 

* * Rome. Alexander II. is pope. 

[1073, St. Gregory VII.; 1087, Victor III.; 
1088, Urban II.; 1099, Paschal II.] 

1066 * * The Pope deposes Harold U., 

King of England, and gives the kingdom 

to William of Normandy. 
1073 * * Rome. [St.] Gregory (Hilde- 

brand) is elected pope ; he is a vigorous 

reformer (p. 774). 

1075 * * Pope Gregory sends legates to 
the various courts of Europe as his rep- 
resentatives. 

1076 * * The emperor's diet deposes the 
Pope; the Pope excommunicates the 
emperor and his adherents. Henry final- 
ly submits. Quarrel renewed and pro- 
longed (pp. 775, 776+). 

1077 * * Matilda of Tuscany, ruler of 
the greater part of Italy, makes the Pope 
a present of Tuscauy and Genoa (p. 776). 



1084 * * Carthusians founded (p. 776). 

1095 * * A Church council meets at 
[Piacenza], North Italy. It finally es- 
tablishes the celibacy of the clergy. 
[1132. Another council meets.] 

1096 * * Pope Urban II. (?) restricts the 
laity to bread alone in the Lord's 
Supper. 

* * The Crusade led by Peter the Her- 
mit and Walter the Penniless is com- 
posed of an immense rabble ; 300,000 
perish before their pilgrimage begins. 

1096-99 First Crusade (p. 668). 

1099 * * The Knights of St. John are 
instituted. 

1107 * *The cathedral of Cremona is 
begun. 

1109 * * Henry Y. makes the Pope a 
prisoner. 

1116 * * [St.] Bernard reforms the Ben- 
edictine monks. 

1118 * * Rome. Gelasius II. is pope. 
[1119, Calixtus II.; 1124, Honorius II.; 
11U0, Innocent II.; 1143, ('destine II.; 1144, 
Luciusll.; 1145, Eugenius III.] 

1123 Mar. 18-Apr. 5. Rome. First 
Lateran Council (p. 669). 

1139 Apr. 20+. Rome. Second Lat- 
eran Council (p. 669). 

The recovery of the Holy Land is con- 
sidered ; the preservation of ecclesiasti- 
cal temporalities is the chief issue. 

* * The cathedral of San Sisto at [Pia- 
cenza] is consecrated. 

1143-55 Arnold of Bresica attempts a 
revolution. He preaches against clerical 
corruption, temporal power, and cleri- 
cal wealth. [1146. Driven out. 1155. 
Burned.] (P. 776.) 

1147* * Second Crusade. St. Bernard 
leading agitator ; unsuccessful (p. 669). 

12th Cent. The cathedral of Perugia is 
erected. 



ITALY. 



1032,**-1239,* 



1075 



1153 * * Rome. Anastasius IV. is pope. 
[1154, Adrian IV.; 1159, Alexander III.; 
1181, Lucius III.; 1185, Urban III.; 1187, 
Gregory VIII. ; later, Clement III.} 

1155* * The Emperor Frederick pays 

reluctant homage to Pope Adrian by 
holding his horse's stirrup while he 
mounts, and by loading his palfrey. 

1159** Some. Schism (p. 77G). Victor 
IV. is anti-pope. 

* * The order of Carmelite monks is in- 
stituted. 

1164-88 Paschal and Calixtus are anti- 
popes. 

1170 * * Fr. The Waldenses (p. 670+). 

1179 Mar. 5-19. Third Lateran 
Council (p. 670J. 
It confirms the Truce of God. 



1187 * *Pope Clement III. sells indul- 
gences for money. 

1189-92 * * Third Crusade (p. 778). 

1191 * * Some. Celestine III. is pope. 
[1198. Innocent III.] 

1199± * * Innocent III. ordains that 
marriages shall be celebrated in 
churches. [1200. He grants ecclesiasti- 
cal dispensations.] 

1200 Jan. * Philip II. of France is ex- 
communicated (p. 670). 

1202-04 Fourth Crusade (pp. 670, 77S). 

1204 * * Auricular confession is intro- 
duced. 

1208-29 Fr. Persecution of the Albi- 
genses (p. 670). 

1210 * * The monastic order of Francis- 
can friars is instituted. (1208 or 1206?) 

* * Innocent III. excommunicates the 
Emperor Otho IV (p. 778). 

1212 * * The Children's Crusade; 
thousands of children perish or become 



1214 * * Innocent III. declares King 
John of England an usurper (p. 852). 

1215 Nov. 11-30. Some. Fourth 
Lateran Council (pp. 670, 778). 

It accepts the term transubstantiation, 
and tacitly adopts it. Auricular confes- 
sion is regularly enjoined. 

* * The Dominicans are organized with 
the approval of Innocent III. [Char- 
tered as an independent order by Hono- 
rius III.] 

1216 * * Some. Honorius III. is pope. 
[1227, Gregory IX.; 1241, Celestine IV.; 

1243, Innocent IV.] 

1227± * * Some. Gregory IX. perfects 
the organization of the Holy Office [In- 
quisition], and commits its work to the 
Dominicans. 

1228-29 Fifth Crusade (p. 780). 

1229 * * Some. Gregory decrees a bell 
is to be rung as a signal for the people 
to adore the host. He prohibits the 
reading of the Scriptures by the laity. 

* * Fr. The Inquisition established 
(p. 670). [1249. In Venice.] 

LETTERS. 

1100+ * * The University of Salerno, 
Naples, is founded, as ;i school of medi- 
cine, by Robert Guiscard, the Norman. 

1113+ * * Irnerius commences his lec- 
tures on civil law at Bologna. 

1116* * The university of Bologna is 
founded. [1200+. The faculties of medi- 
cine and philosophy are formed ; 10,000 
students are in attendance.] 



12th Century. Ciullo d' Alcamo writes 
Contrasto and other poems. 

1145+ * * University degrees are insti- 
tuted at Bologna. (Student guilds pre- 
cede the university.) 

1150+ * * Decretum Gratiani, by Gratl- 
anus, appears. 

1204 * * The University of Vicenza is 
formed by the migration of students 
from Bologna. 

1215 * * Arezzo is a center for the study 
of civil laws. [1255. It receives its first 
statutes. 1338. Becomes important. 
1377. Declines. 1470+ . Closes.] 

1222 * * The University of Padua is 
founded. [1225. The University of 
Naples. 1231. The faculty of medicine 
is withdrawn by the emperor. 1258. 
Restored. 122S+. The University of Ver- 
celli is founded. 1241 + . The Univer- 
sity of Sienna is commenced. 1257. Char- 
tered. 1408. Charter confirmed. 1248. 
Feb. 6. The University of Piacenza is 
chartered. 139S. Reconstructed by Ga- 
leazzo Visconti. A brilliant period 
follows.] 

STATE. 



1037 May 28. Milan forces Conrad 
to acknowledge by a constitution the 
hereditary character of all Italian fiefs. 

1039-56 Henry III. is emperor. (1046. 
Dec. 25.) Crowned at Rome. (1046.) He 
invests Drogo the Norman with Apulia 
(p. 775). 

1050 * * Sardinia and Corsica are taken 
from the Saracens by the Genoese and 
Pisans. 

1054 * * The Normans wrest Apulia 
and Calabria from the Pope, and form 
a duchy. 

1057* * Robert Guiscard becomes 
leader of the Normans in Apulia. [1059. 
The Pope confirms his title as duke of 
Apulia and Calabria.] 

1071-90 Roger I., the Norman, is Count 
of Sicily and Calabria. [1101. Suc- 
ceeded by Roger II., his son.] 

1073-85 Pope Gregory VII. (Hilde- 
brand) has great power in affairs of 
state. 

1076-1115 Matilda reigns as countess 
in Tuscany and other parts of northern 
Italy. [1077. Makes revisionary grants 
of all her vast dominions to the popes. 
1102. Renewed.] 

1085 * * The Normans are supreme in 
all southern Italy. 

1101* * Milan becomes an independent 
republic. 

1102 * * Matilda bequeaths the south- 
eastern part of Tuscany to the Pope. 

1120+ * The free cities of Genoa, Ven- 
ice, and Pisa rise to importance. 

1127 * * Civil law is restored. (Blair.) 

* * Sicily. Roger H. is king. [1130. 
Crowned. He forms a great Italian 
dominion. Sicily and southern Italy 
are united.] 

1130+ * * Normans under Roger II. 
subjugate Naples, after Lombards, 
Franks, and Germans had failed in their 
attempts. As first King of Naples and 
Sicily he is crowned by the anti-pope. 

+ * * Naples becomes the capital of the 
kingdom of Naples and the Two Sicilies. 



1140+ * *TheGuelphsandGhibellines 
arise in Germany, later in Italy (p. 777). 

1143-55 Arnold of Brescia, a religious 
reformer and political agitator, advo- 
cates the deposition of the Pope, and the 
restitution of the ancient republic. 
(1155.) Executed (p. 776). 

1154-66 "William, son of Roger II., is 
King of Naples. [116G-89, "William II. ; 
1189-94, Tancred ; 1194-97, William III. ; 
succeeded by Constance (p. 779). 1197- 
1250, Frederick II. of Germany ; 1250-54, 
Conrad ; 1254-58, Conradin ; 1258-66, Man- 
fred ; 1266-82, Charles of Anjou.] 

1155 * * Some. Frederiekl. is crowned 
emperor (p. 777). 

1158+ * * Venice becomes a great mari- 
time power. [1172. The Great Council 
is established with 450 or more members. 
1204. Venice purchases Crete.] 

1165 * * Pisa possesses Sardinia. 

1167 Apr. 7. The Lombard League 
arises (p. 779). [Dec.l. Another league.] 

* * Milan rebuilt (p. 779). 

1177 June 23. Peace signed (p. 779). 

* * The Pope gives to Venice dominion 
over the sea, " as a wife under the do- 
minion of her husband." 

1183 June 25. The Peace of Con- 
stance is signed (p. 779). 

1191 Apr. 15. Henry VI. crowned 
emperor. [1193. Crowned at Palermo.] 
(P. 779.) 

1194-1266 The German house of Ho- 
henstaufen rules Naples and Sicily as 
an inheritance received by marriage of 
Constance to Henry VI. (p. 779). 

1196* * Sp. Peter II., King of Aragon, 
renders his kingdom tributary to the 
Holy See, and receives from the Pope 
the title of Catholic. 

1201 Mar. 1. Some. Otho I. is ac- 
knowledged emperor (p. 779). 

1202 * * Zara, Dalmatia, revolts from 
Venice. [Soon subdued.] 

1204 * * Therepublicof Venice becomes 
one of the great commercial powers ; 
Genoa is a rival city. [1238. Peace 
made by the mediation of the Pope.] 

1212* *King Frederick H., anti-em- 
peror (p. 779). [He struggles with the 
successive popes.] 

1226 * * Another league of cities is 
formed against Frederick II. (p. 780). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1054 * * Godfrey the Bearded marries 

Beatrix of Tuscany. 
1077 * * Matilda of Tuscany marries 

"Welf V., son of the Duke of Bavaria. 
1101 * * Venice is burned. 
1106* * The Crusaders enrich Venice, 

Genoa, and Pisa. 



1140 * * The ducat is first struck in 
Apulia. 

1157* * The Bank of Venice is founded. 
[1407. The Bank of Genoa.] 

1177 * * The doge drops a ring into the 
sea at Venice, thereby ■wedding the 
city to the sea. CThe ceremony is re- 
peated annually.] 



1076 1239 **-1387, 



ITALY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1241 Apr. * Battle of Meloria (p. 7S0). 

1258 * * Naval war between "Venetians 
and Genoese. [It lasts with intermis- 
sions till 1299.] 

1263 * * Gr. The Venetians defeat the 
Genoese in the JEgean Sea, near Negro- 
pont. 

1266 Feb. 26. Battle at Benevento 
(p. 672). 

1268 Aug. 23. Conradin defeated (p. 
780). 

1282* * Sicily. Messina revolts against 
Charles of Anjou ; finds an ally in Peter 
of Aragon, whose fleet defeats the 
French. 

12S4 Aug. 6. The Genoese totally de- 
stroy the Pisan fleet off the island of 
Meloria. [1293-99. Venice at war with 
Genoa. 129S. Sept. 8. The Genoese de- 
cisively defeat the Venetian fleet in the 
Adriatic] 

1296 * * Lamba Doria, with 78 Genoese 
galleys, terribly defeats Andrea Dan- 
dola, off Curzola, burning 6Q Venetian 
vessels, and capturing 18 others with 7,000 
prisoners. 

1302 * * Matteo V i s c o n t i defeats the 
Torriani party, and drives their leader 
out of Milan. [1324. Galeazzo Visconti 
defeats a papal army aided by Crusa- 
ders at Milan.] 

1327 * * Louis IV. invades Italy (p. 782). 

1330* * John of Bohemia conquers 

Lombardy. 
1339 * * The Condottieri appear ; they 

are bands of soldiers ready to serve 

those who pay the most. 

1346 July 1. Aust. The Venetians 
defeat Louis of Hungary at Zara. [1348. 
He invades Naples (p. 506)]. 

* * Venice and Genoa are again at war ; 
Venice has Pedro IV. of Aragon and the 
Greek emperor as allies. [1352. Feb. 13. 
The Genoese defeat the allies near 
Constantinople ; enormous losses on 
both sides.] 

1350 * * Venice and Genoa at war. 

1353 Aug. 29. The A'enetians defeat 
the Genoese, and break their naval 
power, off Sardinia. 

1354 Nov. 3. The Genoese reorganized 
navy defeats the Venetians in the Gulf 
of Sapienza. [1355. Peace.] 

1356-73 Venice and Hungary at war. 

1362 * * Pisa and Florence are at war. 

1377 * * Venice and Genoa begin a des- 
perate war. 

[1378. May* The Genoese are defeated 
off Antiuin. 1379. May 2S). The Venetians 
are decisivelv defeated off Pola. Aug. 16. 
The Genoese force the port of Chioggia, thus 
opening the canals to the city. 1380. June 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1260 * * The pulpit of the cathedral of 
Niccola Pisano is erected. 

± * * Madonna with Angels is painted by 
Giovanni Cimabue, at Florence. "The 
Father of Modern Painting." 

1272 ± * * Marco Polo travels in the 
East as far as Peking, and adds much to 
European knowledge of the Chinese. 

1280 * * Stucco-work is invented by 
MagarHone, 



1285+ ** Spectacles are invented by 
Alexander di Spina (?), a monk at Flor- 
ence. [1300±. Ascribed to SalvinusAr- 
matus of Pisa.] 

1288 * * Borne is embellished by Pope 
Nicholas IV. 

1300± * * Looking-glasses are made 
only at Venice. 

1308 * * Majesty is begun by Duccio di 
Buoninsegna in Sienna. 

1320 * * The Campanile at Florence is 
begun. 

1338 * * The musical notes are per- 
fected [and arranged as in modern use], 

1340 * * A paper-mill is established 
near Fabriano ; linen paper is made. 

1350± * * Gold wire is first made. 

1354 * * The Doge's Palace in Venice 
is begun [the present building]. 

1365 * * Agnolo Gaddi paints a double 
series of frescoes, the Virgin and the 
Sacred Girdle, at Prato. 

1377 * * Home. The Pope first resides at 
the Vatican, a palace with 700 rooms. 
[Finally 11,000 (?) rooms, chapels, etc.] 
(Originator uncertain.) 



1243± * * Innocent TV. has a struggle 

with the Emperor Frederick II. 
1245 * * Church council (p. 672). 

* * The sect of Flagellants appears. [1260. 
Established at Perouse ; they lash them- 
selves while in procession.] (P. 674.) 

1248-50 Sixth Crusade (p. 672). 

1250 * * The church of Santa Maria 

Novella at Florence is begun. 
1254* * Home. Alexander IV. is pope. 

[1261, Urban IV.; 1265, Clement VI.] 

* * Pietro de Murrone [Pope Celestine V.] 
founds the Celestines as a monastic 
order. 

1256* * Home. The Augustinian 
order of monks is established, 

* * * The monastic orders secure great 
influence by their wealth and rigid dis- 
cipline, as well ;is for the assistance ren- 
dered to the popes. 

1265 * * The Pope, having obtained the 
dominion of Italy, places Charles of An- 
jou on the throne of Naples. 

1268+ * * The papal throne is vacant 33 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



painter, born. 



1340 * * Cimabue. 

[1302. Dies.] 
13th Century. Guido della Colonne, Sicilian 

historian, born. 
1250i: * * Abano, Pietro di, philosopher, b. 

[1316. Dies.] 
Visconti, Matteo, the Great, Lord of Milan, 

born. [1322. Dies.] 
1254* *Polo, Marco. Venetian traveler, 

born. [1324. Dies.] 

1264 * * Urban IV., pope, dies. 

1265 * * Dante Alighieri. poet. h. [1321. D.J 
1268 * * Clement IV., pope, dies. 

1270 * * Pisano, Andrea, sculptor, horn. 
[1349. Dies.] 

1276* * Giotto, or Giotto di I tondone, painter, 
architect, sculptor, born. [1337. Dies.] 

1277 * * .John XXI., pope, dies. 

1278* * l-'alien, Marino, doge of Venice, 
born. [1355. Dies.] 

1280* * Villain, Giovanni, historian, born. 
[1348. Dies.] 

1285 * * Martin IV., pope, dies. 

1300 * * Gaddi, Taddru, Kloivntine architect, 
born. [13t5fi. Dies.] 

1304 * * Petrarch. Francesco, poet, born. 
[1374. Dies.] 

1313* * Boccaccio, Giovanni, poet, novel- 
ist, born. [1375. Dies.] 
Rienzi, Coladi, patriot, born. [1354. Dies.] 

1314* * liartnlus. jurist, born. [1357. D.] 

1329 * * Orcagna (di Cioiie>, Andrea, painter, 
sculptor, architect, born. [1368. Dies.] 

1333* * Gaddi, Agnolo, painter, b. [1396. D.] 

1334* * .John XX 11., pope, dies. 

1340+* * Zeno, Nicolo, Venetian navigator, 
born. [1395. Dies.] 

1348 * * Barlaam, Bernard, monk, contro- 
versialist, dies. 

1352 * * Clement VI., pope, dies. 

1369* * Brnni, Leonardo, historian, human- 
ist, born. [1444. Dies.] 
Chrysoluras, Manuel, Greek scholar, horn. 
[1415. Dies.] 

1370 * * Urban V., pope, dies. 

1372* * Uoseaii, Kraneeseo, doge of Venice, 
born. [1457. Dies.] 

1378* * Kiesole, Giovanni Angelico da, 
painter, born. [1455. Dies.] 
Ghiberti, Lorenzo, Florentine sculptor, 

painter, born. [1456. Dies.] 
Medici, Cosmo, or Cosimo de, the Elder, 

banker, statesman, born. [1464. Dies.] 
Urban VI., pope, dies. 

1379* * Brnnelleschi, Filippo, architect, 
sculptor, born. [1444. Dies.] 

1386* * ('apistiano, Giovanni da, preacher, 
born. [1456. Dies.] 
Donatello, sculptor, born. [1466. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

1239* *Frederick II, excommuni- 
cated (p. 780). 

1241 * * Rome. Celestine IV. dies 18 
days after his election and before conse- 
cration. [Papal throne vacant 19 
months.] 



Qths. 

1270 * * Seventh Crusade (p. 672). 
1271* * Home. Gregory 5. is pope. 

[1276, Innocent V., later Adrian V., later 

•Toll i \ \ i . :.,;. Nicholas 111.; 12*1, Mar- 
tin IV.; rj«5, Iloiioi'ius IV.; 12SR. Nicholas 
IV.; 1294, [St.] Celestine V.; later Boniface 
VIII.] 

* * Home. The conclave for the election 
of popes first appears. 

1272 * * The cathedral of Naples is 
begun by Charles of Anjou. 

1274 May 7-June 17. Fr. The union 
Council of Lyons (p. 672). 

1275 + * * The Pope orders the knee to 
be bent at the mention of the name of 
Jesus. 

1277 * * The Eastern and Western 
Churches are again separated. [1235. 
Again.] (P. 1034.). 

1276 * * Pope John XXI. encompasses 
the papal cap with a crown. [1295. 
Boniface VIII. adds a second crown. 
1335. Benedict III. (?) adds a third.] 

1284 * * The church of San Michele at 
.Florence is begun by Arnolfo. 

1292 +- * * Home. The Holy See is va- 
cant 27 months. [1302. Vacant one year. 
1304+ . Two years. 1314. One year.] 

1294 Dee. 10. The Santa Casa, the 
veritable house of the Virgin, is alleged 
to have been brought by angels from 
Palestine to Dalmatia. [Later brought 
to Loreto, and visited by pilgrims.] 

* * The church of Santa Croce at Flor- 
ence is begun by Arnolfo, 

1296 * * The [present] cathedral of 
Santa Maria del Fiore at Florence is be- 
gun. [1420. Erected to the base of the 
dome. 1446. The dome, 138£ feet in di- 
ameter, completed ; apex, 387 feet high.] 

* * * The controversy between realists 
and nominalists agitates the Church. 

1303 * * Philip IV. seizes the person of 
the Pope (p. 672). 

* * Benedict XI. is pope. 

rl305. Clement V.; 1316, John XXII.] 

1307-08 Fr. The Knights Templars 
are suppressed, (p. 672). [1312. Order 
abolished by a Church council.] 

1309-77 Fr. The popes reside at Avi- 
gnon — " Babylonish captivity " (p. 672). 

1311-12 Council of Vienne (p. 672). 

1313 * * Avignon. Clement V. offers in- 
dulgences at public sale. [1314+ The 
Holy See is vacant two years, the car- 
dinals being unable to agree.] 



ITALY. 



1239,**-1387/ 



1077 



1316* * Nicholas V., the anti-pope, is 
nominated by Louis IV., who holds his 
court at Rome, where he is seized by 
Pope John and imprisoned. 

1324* * Louis IV. excommunicated (p. 
7S2). [1328. Louis sets up as anti-pope, 
Nicholas V.] 

1334 * * Rome. Benedict XTI. is pope. 
[1342, Clement VI.; 1352, Innocent VI.; 
1362, Urban V. ; 1370, Kr.-uorv XI.; 1378, Ur- 
ban VI.; 1389, Boniface IX.; 1401, Innocent 
VII.; 1406, Gregory XII.] 

1338 * * Ger. The temporal power is 
denied (p. 782). 

1348 * * Flagellants increase. 

* * Fr. Avignon passes into the posses- 
sion of the popes. 

14th Century The cathedral of Genoa is 
begun. The cathedral of [Rimini] is 
erected. 

1372 [Nov. 21.] The Feast of the Pre- 
sentation of the Virgin is instituted by 
Gregory XI. 

1378-1447 The Great Schism of the 
"West (pp. 674, 784). 

The anti-popes reside at Avignon ; the 
popes at Rome. 

1387 * * The Cathedral of Milan is be- 
gun. [Length, 486 feet ; breadth, 252 ; 
transept, 288 ; height of vaulting above 
the floor, 153; height of spire, 355.] 

LETTERS. 

23th Century. Sulla Natura d'Amore, by 
Guido Cavalcanti, appears. 

Cantico del Sole, by Francis of Assisi (?), 
appears. 

Devozioni del G/oredi e Venerdi Santo, 
appears. 

Tesoretto, by Brunetto Latiui, appears. 

Del Reggimento e dei Costumi delle 
Donne, anil Documenti d' Jmore,'by Fran- 
cesco da Barberini, appear. 

Composizione del Mondo, by Ristoro 
d'Arezzo, appears. 

Cento Novelle Antiche appears. 

Intelligenza appears. 

The Chronicle of Dino Compagni ap- 
pears. 

Di un Monacho die andb al servizio de 
Dio appears. 
1264 * * University of Ferrara is 

founded. [1391. Chartered.] 
1272 * * Thomas Aquinas teaches the- 
ology in the University of Naples. 
1280-87 Guido delle Colonne, the Sici- 
lian poet, writes Historia Destructionis 
Trojans, and Historia de regibus et rebus 
Anglise. 

1300± * * The Eccerinus, by Albertino 
Mussato, appears. 

1300+-18 Divina Commedia, by Dante, 
appears. [1307, Vita Nuova; 1310, De 
Monorchia; 1320, De Aqua at Terra.'] 

1303 * * The University of Rome is 
founded by Boniface VIII. [1318. It is 
restricted to faculties in the canon and 
civil law. 1308. The University of 
Perugia is chartered by Clement VIII., 
after having been recognized by the 
civic authorities for two years. 1355. 
Receives new privileges. 1318. The 
University of Treviso is chartered by 
Frederick the Fair. 1326. The College 
of Brescia is founded at Bologne, for 
poor foreign students, by "William of 
Brescia.] 



1327 Apr. 6. Petrarch meets Laura 
in the Church of St. Clara of Avignon. 
[1327-48. The sonnets of Petrarch to 
Laura appear. 1351, Epistle to Posterity ; 
1358, Remedy Against Either Extreme of 
Fortune; 1353, De Otio Religiosorum.] 



1341+ * * Filcopo and Teseide, by Boccac- 
cio, appear. [1341-44, Ameto and L'A- 
morosa Visione; 1334±, UAmorosa Fiam- 
metta; 1353, The Ihmmeron; 1363-73, De 
Genealogia Deorum Libri.~\ 

Apr. 8. Petrarch, the first and greatest 
lyric poet of Italy, is crowned. 

1343 * * The University of Pisa is 
founded. [1348-49. All the universities 
suffer from the prevalence of the 
plague. 1349. May 31. The Univer- 
sity of Florence is chartered. 1388. Feb. 
14. It adopts statutes. 1437. Enlarged.] 

14th Century. Pecoroni, in imitation of 
the Decameron, by Ser Giovanni Fioren- 
tino, appears. 

Franco Sacchetti writes a large num- 
ber of sonnetti, canzoni, ballati, madri- 
galli, etc. 

Bindo Bonichi, Arrigo di Castruccio, 
Cecco Nuccoli, and others excel in comic 
poetry. 

1360 * * Innocent VI. recognizes the 
University of Bologna as a place of 
theological education for all students. 
[1364. The Spanish College is founded.] 

1361 * * The University of Pavia is 
chartered byCharles IV. [1404±. Trans- 
ferred to Piacenza. 1412. Oct. * The 
lectures are resumed in the University 
of Pavia. A brilliant period follows.] 

1364 * * The University of Florence 
obtains the grant of imperial privileges 
from Charles IV. [1472. The students 
are removed to Pisa.] 

STATE. 

1239 * * Venice forms an alliance with 
the remaining cities of the Lombard 
League against Frederick II. 

1254 * * Piacenza conies under the sway 
of the family of the Scotti. 

1260+ * * Italy is ruled by despots. 

* * King Charles of Anjou is ambitious 
for the sovereignty of Italy. 

1268 Oct. 29. TheHohenstaufensin 
Italy are overthrown in the death of 
Conradin, beheaded at Naples (p. 780). 

1270+ * * The Doria and Spinola fam- 
ilies gain ascendency in Genoa. 

1277± * * The Visconti family gain as- 
cendency in Milan. 

1282 Mar. 30. Sicily. Sicilian Ves- 
pers: massacre of the French (p. 673). 

Sicily revolts against the Angevins ; 
the Spanish house of Anjou holds su- 
premacy. 

1282-1442 Naples and Sicily are 
separate kingdoms. [1442-58. Reunited. 
1458-1504. Separated. 1504-1861. Ke- 
united with brief interruptions.] 

1282-85 Charles I. of Anjou is King 
of Naples. 

[1285-1309, Charles II. ; 1309-43, Robert the 
Wise; 1343-62, Joanna I. with Andrew her 
husband; 1343-45, with Louis of Tarento, 
her husband ; 1349-82, Alone. (1382. May 
22. She is put to death by the usurper Charles 
III.) 1382, Charles III.; 1385-86, Louis I. ; 
1386-1414, Ladislaus; 1414-35, Joanna II.] 

1282-85 Peter I. (HI.), of Aragon, is 
King of Sicily. 

[1285-95, James I. (II.); 1295-1337, Freder- 
ick II.; 1337-42, Peter II.; 1342-55, Louis; 
1355-76, Frederick III.; 1376-1402. Maria and 
Martin her husband; 1402-09, Martin I. ; 1409- 
10, Martin II.; 1410-16, Ferdinand I. ; 1416-35, 
Alfonso I.] 

1282 * * Florence adopts a new system 
of government by members of a guild. 

1284 Aug. 6. Pisa ceases to be a naval 
power. 

1288* *Matteo Visconti is chosen 
" Captain of the People " at Milan for 
five years. [He gains sovereign power.] 



1288-1796 Modena is governed by the 
House of Este. The last male of this 
House is expelled by the French. 

1296 * * Sicily is separated from Ara- 
gon, Spain. [1412. Keunited.] 

1298 * * The Great Council of Venice 
ceases to exist. 

1302* * Alberto Scotto is overcome, 
and Placentia is united with Milan un- 
der the sway of the Visconti. 

1309* * Robert the "Wise, King of 
Naples, aspires to the sovereignty of 
Italy. 

1310* * Venice is governed by the 
Council of Ten. [1313. By Matteo 
Visconti. 1319. By an oligarchy.] 

1316* * Castrucio-Castracana by a 
revolution becomes master of Lucca and 
Pisa; he drives out the Guelphs. 

1322 * * Galeazzo (I.) Visconti is lord of 
Milan. [1329, Azzo Visconti ; 1339, Luc- 
cbino Visconti ; 1349, Giovanni Vis- 
conti.] 

1328-1708 Mantua is ruled by the Gon- 
zagas family. 

1339 * * The dogate is established at 
Genoa ; Simon Boccanegra is the first 
doge. [1344. Set aside by the nobles. 
1356. Reappointed.] 



1343* * Venice enters a commercial 
treaty with the Sultan of Egypt and 
Syria. 

14th Century. Lombardy sides with the 
Ghibellines, and comes under the rule 
of the Visconti. 

1345 Sept. 18. Andrew of Hungary, 
husband of Joanna 1., is murdered. 

1347 May 20. Rome. Cola di Rienzi 
leads a revolution, overthrows the aris- 
tocracy, reforms the government, and 
becomes the tribune of the people. [Be- 
comes arrogant and visionary. 1347. 
Dec. 15. Expelled. 1354. Oct. S. Killed 
in a riot.] 



1353 * * Rome. The dominion of the 
Pope is restored. 

* * Marino Falieri becomes doge of Ven- 
ice. [1355. He is beheaded for conspir- 
ing against the republic] 

1358 * * Hungary takes Istria and X)al- 
matia from Venice. 

1370 * * Lucca becomes a: 
republic. 

1377 * * The Medici family in Florence 
rise to power. 

Sylvester de Medici is chosen chief 
magistrate against the nobility. 

1387 * * Venice acquires Corfu. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 



1252 Apr. 6. An accused gonfalonier 
murders [St. J Pietro da Verona, an in- 
quisitor who burned heretics. 

1282 Mar. 20. Sicily. Sicilian Ves- 
pers (p. 673). [French expelled.] 

1312 Apr.* Rome. Pope Clement V. 
abolishes the order of Knights Tem- 
plars. 

1315 * * The golden book of the nobil- 
ity of Venice is issued. 

1355 Apr. 14. Marino Faliero's con- 
spiracy to exterminate the tyrannical 
nobility of Venice on the next day is 
discovered. 



1078 1389, * *-1503,* * 



ITALY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1404 * * Venice obtains Padua and Ve- 
rona by conquest. 

1405-06 Florence besieges and con- 
quers Pisa. 

1413 * * Rome is sacked by Ladislas, 
King of Naples, who attempts to unite 
all Italy under bis rule, but is opposed 
by tbe Pope, whom he expels. 

1424 * * Filippo Maria Visconti, Duke of 
Milan, is at war with Florence. 

1425 * * Venice takes Brescia from Mi- 
lan. [1430-36. War renewed.] 

1463-79 Venice is at war with the 
Turks with intermissions ; it loses Eu- 
bcea, Lemnos, and Morea. [1466. The 
Venetians take Athens. 1477. Cyprus.] 

1492 * * The period of invasions begins. 

1494 * * France invades Italy (p. 678). 

1499 * * The Turks take Lepanto, Plos, 
Modon, and Coron from Venice. 

* * The French, aided by the Venetians, 
Bubdue the revolting Milanese, and 
take Duke Ludovico Sforza captive to 
Paris (p. 678). 

1501-03 France and Spain conquer Na- 
ples and Sardinia, and then quarrel (p. 
678). 

1503-13 Pope Julius II. conquers 
Bomagna, Bologna, and Perugia from 
Cesare Borgia. Takes Urbino (p. 680). 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1390 * * The Virgin and Child is painted 
by Taddeo. [1395, The altar-piece, Ma- 
donna with Saints ; 1403, Descent of the 
Holy Spirit.] 

1400± * * Delftware is made by Luca 
della Robbia at Florence. 

1402 * * Charles VI. licenses the per- 
formance of a sacred drama. 

1410-24 Donatello (Donato di Niccolo 
di Betto Banli) executes statues of the 
Campanile at Florence. 

1413 * * The Palazzo di Mendicita at 
Lucca is begun. • 

1420i * * Plane charts and the mariner's 
compass come into use. 

1423* * Rome. Gentile da Fabriano 
paints Adoration of the Magi. [1426. A 
fresco of the Madonna at Orvieto.] 

1440 * * The Academy of Naples is es- 
tablished. 

1444 * * The seven Eugubine Tablets, 
of brass, probably made in 400 b. C, are 
discovered at Gubbio. 



* * Finiguerra Masso is the first artist to 
engrave on copper in Italy. 

1456 Dec. 5. An earthquake at Na- 
ples destroys 40,000 lives. 

1457 * * The Cambio, or Hall of the 
Money Changers, is built at Perugia. 

1464 * * St. George and the Dragon is 
painted by Andrea Mantegna. 

1466 * * Andrea Verrocbi is tbe first to 
take casts from the face. 

1472 * * Piero Delia Francesca paints 
the Duke and Duchess of Urbino. 

1473 * * Antonello da Messina of Venice 
introduces tbe use of oil for painting. 

1478* *Sandro fSotticelli paints Allegory 
of Spring. [1480+, The Adoration of the 
Magi; 1481, Coronation of the Virgin.] 

1480± * *Leonardo da Vinci makes 
water-mills and river-locks. [1483±, 
He paints St. Jerome; 1484, Temptation 
of Christ.] 

1481 * * The Plazzo Vendramin-Ca- 
lergi at Venice is built. 

1482 * * The cathedral of Lucca is 
commenced. 



1484 * * Franehino Gaf urid of Milan 
opens the first public school of music. 

1488-94 Michelangelo executes a bas- 
relief of the Battle between Hercules and 
the Centaurs; he paints Disposition from 
the Cross, and Madonna with Angels, at 
Florence. 

1488 * * Giovanni Bellini paints Madon- 
na and Doge Barberigo at Venice. 

1492* * Christopher Columbus, a 
Genoese, discovers America (p. 13+). 

1493 * * La Spienza, at Pisa, is com- 
menced. 

1496-1500 Borne. Michelangelo 
sculptures tbe Pietd da San Pietro. 

[1495. An Angel for St. Dominique's altar. 
1502-04. He paints the Holy Family at Flor- 
ence. 1504. Completes the statue of the 
grea.tDandoft/tc Sigtioria. 1506-07. Bronze 
statue of Julius II. at Rome. 1508-12. Deco- 
rates the Sistine Chapel. 1520. Begins the 
Sacristy of San Lorenzo and the tombs of 
Giuliano and Lorenzo Medici. 1529. Leda. 
1535-41. He paints the Last Judgment. 1542- 
49. He paints the frescos of the Pauline 
Chapel. 1547. Jan. 1. He is appointed ar- 
chitect of St. Peter's.] 

1496* *Fra Bartolommeo paints the 
portrait of Savonarola. [loOS, Madonna 
with Saints; also, Cod the Father with 
Saints; 1509±, Holy Family ; 1512, Ma- 
donna with Saints; 1515, The Annuncia- 
tion; 1516, The Assumption.] 

1497 * * John and Sebastian Cabot, 
Venetians, make discoveries in tbe New 
World. 

1498 * * Leonardo da Vinci paints The 
Last Supper at Milan. 

1499 * * Amerigo Vespucci makes dis- 
coveries in America. 

± * * Francia paints Madonna with An- 
gels and Saints ; also The Nativity. 

1500 * * Lorenzo Lotto paints St. Jerome. 
* * Sanzio (or Santi) Raffael paints the 

Crucifixion. 

[1503, Coronation of the Virgin ; 1504, Spo- 
sahzio : 1504 r, St. G'-orge and th" Dragon ; 
also, The Marr/aae of the Yiraiu ; 1504-05 (?) 
The Three Graves ; 1506, The Holy Family of 
the Palm; also, The Holy Family with the 
Beardless Joseph ; 1507, Holy Family — Bel 
Cordero ; 1507-08, The Entombment ; 1508-11, 
Dispute of the Sacrament ; 1MW, Tornariva ; 
[1510-15, The Cartoons in the Vatican; 1511, 
Madonna di Foligno ; also, Gregory Promul- 
gating the Decretals ; I.'ilii, The Expulsion of 
'Heliodorus, in fresco; 1512-13, The Holy Fam- 
ily of Loreto; 1513-14, God Appearing to 
Noah, in fresco; also. Dream- of Jacob ; 1514, 
Madonna del Pesce ; also, Galatea, in fresco; 
1516-17, Madonna del Sedia ; lull. History of 
Psyche; also, Holy Family — Bel Lagarto 
(?) ; lhYl±,Holy Family — La Perla ; 1517-18, 
Holy Family ; 1MH, Hohi Fannin of Francis 
I.; 1519-20, The Transfiguration ("The 
greatest pic t are m the w.nl'il," I'oussin) ; 1519, 
Madonna di San Sisto; also, History of 
Venus and Cupid.} 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1390-t * * Castagno, Andrea del, painter, b. 

[1451. Dies.] 

Cariiiagnola, Francesco, gen., b. [1432. D.] 

1398* * Nicholas V., pope, b. [1455. Dies.] 

1400* * Robbia, Luca della, Florentine 

sculptor, born. [1482. Dies.] 
1401 * * Albiz/.i, Knrlolonnnco, Tuscan wr., d, 
Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, painter, born. 

[1429. Dies.] 
Sforza, Francesco, Duke of Milan, born. 
r 1466. Dies.] 
1402* * Lippi, Filippo, painter, b. [1469. D.] 
1404 * * Alberti, Leon Battista, architect, 
born. [1472. Dies.] 
Boniface IX., pope, dies. 



1409 * * Barbiano, Alberico, Count, com- 
mander, dies. 
Rene", Duke of Anjou, King of Sicily, born. 

[1480. Dies.] 
Sextus IV., pope, born. [1484. Dies.] 



1418* * Accolti, Francesco, jurist, born. 
[1483. Dies.] 
Paul II., pope, born. [1471. Dies.] 

1419* * John XXIII., pope, dies. 

1430* * Siena, Ouido da, painter, born. [1495. 
Dies.] 

1437* * Bellini, Gentile, painter, born. [1507. 
Dies.] 

1438* * Bellini, Giovanni, painter, born. 
[1516. Dies.] 

1431 * * Alexander VI., Rodrigo Borgia, 
pope, born. [1503. Dies.] 
Martin V., pope, dies. 

1433 * * Cadamosta, Luigi da, navigator, 
born. [1480. Dies.] 
Pulci, Ltiigi, Florentine poet, b. [1487. D.] 

1433 * * Farcino, Marsilio, Platonic philoso- 
pher, born. [1499. Dies]. 

1435 * * Calepino, Ambrogio, lexicographer, 
born. [1511. Dies.] 

1439* * Pius III., pope, born. [1503. Dies.] 

1443 * * Julius II., pope, born. [1513. D.] 

1444* * Bramante, Donato Lazzari, archi- 
tect, born. [1514. Dies.] 

1445 * * Sangallo, Giuliano da, architect, 
born. [1516. Dies.] 

1446 * * Columbus, Christopher, discov- 
erer of America, born. [1506. Dies.] 

Perugino, Pietro Vanucci, painter, born. 
[1524. Dies.] 

1447 * * Botticelli, Filipepi Sandro, painter, 
born. [1515. Dies.] 

Eugenius IV., pope, dies. 

1448 * * Medici, Lorenzo de, " the Magnifi- 
cent," Prince of Florence, b. [1492. D.] 

1449* *Manutius, Aldus, painter, born. 

[1515. D.] 
1450* * Francia, Francesco Raibolinl, 

painter, born. 
1451 * * Vespucci, Amerig-o, navigator, b. 
1453 * * Colonna, Prospero, general, born. 
Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer, 

orator, born. 
Vinci, Leonardo da, Florentine painter, b. 
1454* * Politian, Angrelo, poet, humanist, 
born. [1494. Dies.] 

1458 * * Calixtus III., pope, dies. 
Sannazaro, Jacopo, poet, born. 

1459 * * Adrian VI., pope, born. 
Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, born. 

1460 * * Agnolo, Baccio d , architect, borm 
Emilio, Paolo, historian, born. 

Oggione, .Marco, painter, born. 
1463 * * Aehillini, Alessandro, physician, b.. 
Pico, Giovanni, Count of Mirandola, philoso- 
pher, born. [1494. Dies.] 

1468 * * Doria, Andrea, statesman, born. 

1469 * * Cajetan, Tommaso de Vio, card., b. 
Machiavelli, Niccolo, statesman, au., b. 

1470* * Benibo, [Metro, cardinal, scholar, b. 
Bibbiena, Bernardo, cardinal, born. 
Inghirami, Tonnuaso, scholar, born. 

1473 * * Eliae, Levita, scholar, born. 

1474 * * Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, b. 
Ariosto, Lodovico, poet, born. 

1475 Mar. 6. Michelangelo (Buonarrotti) 
sculptor, painter, architect, poet, born. 

Leo X. , pope, born. 

Painiondi, Marc Antonio, engineer, born. 

1477 * * Giorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli, 
painter, born. 

1478 * * Borgia. Cesare, cardinal, states- 
Titian. Tiziano Vecellio. painter, born. 

1480 * * Bandello, Matteo, bp., novelist, b. 
Borgia, Lucrczia, sisier of Cesare Borgia, b. 
Palma, Jacopo, painter, born. 
Verrazzano, Giovanni, da, navigator, born. 
Vida, Marco Girolamo, poet, born. 

1481 * * Garoialo, P.cnvenuto Tisio, paint., b. 
Peruzzi, Baldassare, architect, born. 

1483 * * Guicciardini. Francesco, states- 
man, historian, born. 

1483 * * Giovio, Paolo, historian, born. 
Eaffael, Sanzio d'Urbino, painter, born. 

1484 * * Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, paint., 
born. 

Ferrari, Gandeimo, painter, born. 
Scaliger, Julius Cii'snr, philosopher, born. 

1485 * * l'ionibo, Sebastian del, painter, b. 
Rainusio, Giovanni, author, born. 

1486* * Beccafumi, Domenico de Pace, 
painter, born. 

Sarto, Andrea del, painter, born. 
1487 * * Julius III., pope, born. 
1490 * * Colle, Hall'aellino dal, painter, b. 

Colonna, Vittona, poet, born. 

Pescara, Marquis of, Ferdinand Francesco 
d* Avalos, general, born. 
1493* * Aeonzio, Giocomo, Protestant au.,b. 

Aretino, Pietro, satirist, born. 

Giulio, Romano, pander, born. 
1493 * * Firenzuola, Agnolo, poet, born. 

Tasso, Bernardo, poet, born. 
1494* *Correggio, Antonio Allegri da,, 
painter, born. 

Riecio, Domenico del, painter, born. 



ITALY. 



1389,* *-1503, 



1079 



1495 * * Alamanni, Luigi, poet, born. 
Caldara, Polidoro, painter, born. 

1498 * * Eerni, Frain-e.sco, burlesque poet, b. 
Gelli, Giovanni Battista, born. 
Savonarola, Girolamo, religious reformer, 

pulpit orator, A46. 

1499 * * Pius IV., pope, born. 

1500 * * Alessi, Galeazzo, architect, born. 
Baschl, monk, born. 

Campi, Giulio, painter, born. 

Castello, Giovanni Battista, painter, born. 

Cellini, Benvenuto, sculptor, born. 

Peter Martyr, Protestant theologian, born. 

1501 * * Cardan, Jerome, phys., math., b. 
1503 * * Bordone, l'aride, painter, born. 



CHURCH. 

1389 * * The Festival of the Immacu- 
late Conception is appointed [for De- 
cember 8], 

1399 * * Penitents of both sexes, called 
Bianchi, travel through Italy clothed in 
white. [1400. Suppressed.] 

1409 Mar. 25. Council of Pisa (p. 784). 

* * Rome. Alexander V. is pope. 

[1410, John XXIII.; 1417, Martin V.; 1431 
Eugenius IV.; 1447, Nicholas V.; 1455, Ca 
lixtus III.; 145H, Pius II.; 14G4, Paul II 
1471, Sixtus IV.; 1484, Innocent VIII.] 

1414-18 Switz. Anti-Hussite Council 

of Constance (pp. 676, 784). 
1414 + * * The papal throne is vacant for 

nearly three years after two popes are 

deposed by the 17th Council. 
1417* * Clement VIII., anti-pope of 

Avignon, resigns ; the great schism 

ends. 
1425 * * The Church of San Lorenzo, 

Florence, is begun by Brunei leschi. 

[Michelangelo decorates the interior.] 
1431 * * Council of Basel (p. 784). 
1436 * * Francis de Paula founds the 

hermit monks — Fratres Minimi. 

1439 Feb. 9. Council of Florence. 
It sets forth the doctrine of purgatory 
(pp. 785, 1034). 

1440 June 24. Borne. Felix V. enters 
as anti-pope. [1449. Resigns.] 

1445 * * The emperor opposes reforms 
(p. 785). 

1446 * * Concordat of Vienna (p. 785). 
1450-1626 Home. St. Peter's is 

erected. (1506.) Active work begins. 
1455* * Ger. The Bible printed (p. 785). 

1465 * * Anti-Hussite Crusade (p. 50S). 

1466 * * The La Badia Monastery of 
Fiesole is built. 

1478 * * Rome. The Pope's bull revives 
the Inquisition. [14S4. Nov. 29. " In- 
structions" promulgated.] 

1484 * * Rome. Innocent VIII. issues a 
bull against witchcraft, of which thou- 
sands are accused and killed. 

1488 * * The Conceptionists become an 
order of nuns. 

1492 * * Rome. Alexander VI. is pope. 
[1503, Pius III.; later, Julius II.; 1513, 

Leo X.] 

1493 May 3, 4. Bull of demarcation 
issued (p. 14). 

1494+ * * Girolamo Savonarola leads 
the reformation in Italy. [1497. Excom- 
municated. 1498. May 23. Strangled 
and then burned..] 

1496 * * Pope Alexander VI. revives the 
Knights of the Holy Sepulcher. 

LETTERS. 
1404 * * The University of Turin is 



1415 * * History of Florence, by Leonardo 
Brum, appears. 

1445 * * The University of Catania is 

founded. 
1448 * * Pope Nicholas "V. founds a 

library at the Vatican. 
15th Century. Mambriano, by Francesco 
Bello of Ferrara, appears. 

Rispetti Ballate, Orfeo, and Stanze,per 
la Giostra, by Poliziano, appear. 

The Sacra Rappresentazione are given 
in Florence. 

San Panunzio and Abranio ed Isac 
(drama), by Maffeo Belcari, appear. 

Savonarola writes Italian sermons, 
hymns (laudi), and ascetic and political 
treatises. 
1460-92 San Giovanni e Paolo (drama), 
by Lorenzo de Medici, appears. 

Ambra, Caccia del Falcone, and Kencia 
da Barberino, by Lorenzo de Medici, ap- 
pear at Florence. 

1481 * * II Morgavde Maggiore, by Luigi 
Pulci, appears at Venice. 

1482 * * The first printed edition of 
Euclid's Elements appears at Venice. 
[1505. The first printed translation is 
published at Venice by Bartholomew 
Zambert. 1569. Another translation.] 

1485 * * Epistles, by Francesco Filelfo, 

appears. [1497. Latin Odes; also La 

Sforziade.] 
* * De Re JEdijicatoria, by Leon Battista 

Alberti, appears. 
1495 * * Orlando Innamorato, by Matteo 

Maria Boiardo, appears. 

1500± * * Ambrose Calepini, a Venetian 
friar, writes in Latin [the first known] 
polyglot dictionary. 

STATE. 

1391 * * Pisa becomes subject to Gian 
Galeazzo Visconti [Duke of Milan]. 

1394* * Disorder abounds in Genoa; 
many doges are appointed. [1396. Genoa 
comes under the protection of France. 
1410, Under Naples ; 1419, Under Milan.] 

1395 * * Gian Galeazzo Visconti takes 
the title of Duke of Milan. [The title 
continues. 1447. The Visconti line 
ends.] 

1398 * * Rome. Pope Boniface IX. over- 
throws the republican privileges of citi- 
zens by suppressing municipal liberties. 

1405 * * The Venetians seize Padua. 

1406 * * Florence rules Pisa. 

1408 * * Home is ruled by Ladislaus. 

1416 Feb. 19. Sigismund erects Savoy 
into a duchy ; Count Amadeus III. is 
made duke. 

1421-1512 Genoa loses and regains 
freedom. 

1421 * * Venice is at the height of its 
power. Dalmatia, Greece, and the Le- 
vant are its outlying possessions. 

[1423-57. Francesco Foscari is doge. 
He enlarges Venetian territory.] 

1431* * Sigismund is King of Italy. 
[1433, emperor ; 1437, deposed.] (P. 785.) 

1434 * * The M edici family, led by Cos- 
mo de Medici (elected chief ruler 1426), 
becomes paramount in Florence. 

1435 * * Alphonso V. of Aragon seizes 
TJaples on the death of Joanna II. ; she 
had bequeathed her dominions to Re- 
gnier of Anjou. 

1440 * * Frederick III. emperor (p. 785). 

1442 * * The kingdom of the Two Sici- 
lies is restored. 

1447 * * Placentia revolts from Milan, 
but is subdued with great cruelty. 



1450-1535 The duchy of Milan is ruled 

by the House of Sforza. 
15th Century. Count Thomas acquires 

Piedmont. 
1454* * Three "inquisitors" exercise 

government with despotic power in 

Venice. 
1458 * * Genoa is ruled by the French. 

* * Naples and Sicily are separated. 
1458-79 Sicily. John of Aragon is 

king. [1479-1503. Ferdinand the Catho- 
lic of Spain.] 

1458-94 Ferdinand I. is King of Na- 
ples. [1494-95. Alfonso II. He abdi- 
cates. 1495-96. Frederick I. 1496-1501. 
Frederick II. ; expelled by the French.] 

1464-69 Piero (I.) de Medici is the un- 
titled chief of the Florentine republic. 

1466-76 Galeazzo Maria Sforza is Duke 
of Milan. [1476. Assassinated.] 

1469-92 Francisco de Medici, "The 
Magnificent," rules. 

[1492-1519. Alessandro de Medici rules 
as the first duke of Florence. 1493. Ex- 
pelled. 1512. Restored. 1527. Expelled. 
1531. Restored. 1537. Jan. 5. Assassi- 
nated.] 

1474 * * The duchy of Urbino is created. 
[1502. Urbino, the capital, is treacher- 
ously seized by Cesare Borgia.] 

1476i-99 Ludovico Sforza rules as 
usurper in Milan. (1500.) The Milanese 
revolt (p. 679). , 

1478 * * Jacopo Pazzi with others forms 
a conspiracy in the name of liberty 
against L. de Medici at Florence. It 
fails. 

1479* * ILlyria. Albania Scodra [Scu- 
tari] is taken from the Venetians by the 
Turks. 

1483 * * Venice joins the league against 
Naples. 

1489 * * Venice acquires Cyprus by the 
gift of Catherine Cornaro, widow of 
James II., its last king. 

1494-98 Florence is again a theoretical 
republic under Girolamo Savonarola, 
after overthrowing the Medici. 

1494 * * Charles VIII. of France claims 
and enters Naples (p. 679). 

1498* * Piccolo Machiavelli is ap- 
pointed official secretary at Florence. 
[1527. June 22. Dies.] 

* * Pisa becomes independent under the 
protection of Charles VIII. of France. 

1499-1526 The possession of the duchy 
of Milan is disputed with France; Louis 
XII. claims it as an inheritance from his 
grandmother, Valentine Visconti. 

1501-40 The French and Spanish con- 
tend for power in Italy. 

1501* *Sicily and Naples are con- 
quered and unsuccessfully divided 
(p. 678). [1503. Annexed to Spain.] 

1503-16 Ferdinand in. of Spain is 
King of the Two Sicilies. 

[1516-56, Charles I. (V. of Ger.) ; 1556-98, 
Philip I. (II. of Sp.); 1598-1621, Philip II. 
(III. of Sp.); 1621-55, Philip III. (IV. of 
Sp.); 1655 I7IHI, ('hurl.'sU. <of Sp.); 1700-07, 
Philip IV. (V. of Sp.); 1707-13, Charles III. 
(of Aust.).] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1446+ * * Christopher Columbus is 
born at Genoa. [1473±. He goes to 
Portugal.] 

25th Century. Christians are first al- 
lowed to receive usury, the same as 
Jews. 

1462 + * * Pawnbroking is introduced 
in Perugia. 

1497 * * "Venice declines after the dis- 
covery of the passage to India, following 
the discovery of America. [1577. It is 
devastated by fire.] 



1080 1503, * *-1579, * * 



ITALY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1509 * * France at war -with Venice (p. 
680). 

1515-21 "War with Cliarles V. and 
Francis I. (pp. 680, 7SS). 

1522 * * Spaniards and Italians under 
Prospero Colonna sack Genoa. [1526. 
Sept. 29. Rome is taken by thepartizans 
of Cardinal Colonna ; they plunder the 
Vatican, St. Peter's, and the Pope's min- 
isters and servants. 1527. May. 6. Home 
is taken.] (P. 680.) 

1528 * * Second war with the Emperor 

Charles V. (p. 680). 
1554 Aug. 3. Battle at Marciano (p. 

682). 

1557 May 15. Civitella relieved (p. 

682). 
1559 Apr. 3. French wars end (p. 683). 

1570 * * Venice at war with Turkey. 

1571 Oct. 7. Gr. Great battle near 
Lepanto. 

The combined fleets of Spain, Venice, 
and Pius V. defeat the Turks in a great 
naval battle. Allies' force, 206 galleys 
and 30,000 men. Turks, 250 galleys ; 
they lose 100 galleys and 30,000 men in 
killed and prisoners. 

* * The Turks take Cyprus. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1503-06 Marioto Albertinelli, a Floren- 
tine, paints The Holy Family. 

1503 ± * *Tiziano Vecelli Titian, a 
Venetian, paints Sacred and Profane 
Love. 

[1505-08, Portrait, Doge Niccolo MarceUo; 
also, Marcus Barberigo ; 1514, the Christ of 
the Tribute Money; 15L8, The Assumption ; 
1520, Flora; 1521, Antonio Grimani, Doge, 
1522, the altar-piece of Brescia. 1523, The 
Entombment; also, The Annunciation and 
Bacchus and Ariadne; 1524, Andrea. Gritti, 
Doge: 1528-30, St. Peter the Martyr; 1530, 
The Holy Family; 1531, St. Jerome; 1544, 
Empress Isabella ; 15-K portrait of Charles 
V. ; 1554, La Gloria ; 1563, St. Jerome; 1565, 
St. James of Compostella.'} 

1505 * * Giovanni Bellini paints the Ma- 
donna with Saints. 

1506 * * Rome. The first stone is laid in 
the erection of St. Peter's Cathedral. 
[1514. Raffael is appointed architect. 
1547. Michelangelo, architect.] 

1510 * * Marco Basaiti paints Calling of 
James and John. 

* * Lorenzo Costa paints Court of Isabella 
D'Este. 

15 1 2 * * Sebastino del Piombo paints the 
Holy Family. 

1513 * * Giulio Romano paints Holy 
Family — Del Divino Amore. 

1513-21 Rome is embellished by 
Leo X. 

1514* * Antonio Allegri da Correggio 
paints the Madonna of St. Ceorqe. [1522 
for 1528), La Nolle ; 1530, Madonna della 
Scodella.] 

1515* * Rome. The first regular drama 
acted in Europe is Sophonisba, presented 
in the presence of Leo X. 

1516 * * Fra Bartolommeo, of the Flor- 
entine school, paints the Holy Family. 

1521+ * * Andrea del SartOj a Floren- 
tine, paints the Holy Family. [1529±, 
Holy Family.'] 

1522± * * Rice culture is an industry 
in Lombardy. 

1525 * * The Three Graces is painted by 
Palma Veccio. 

1527 * * Girolamo Savoldo paints Holy 
Family, 



1532 * * Etching on copper with aqua 
fortis is invented (?) by Parmigiano. 

1533 * * Botanical gardens are estab- 
lished at Padua. 

1538+ * * N. Varoli of Bologna discovers 
optic nerves. 

1540 * * Giorgio Vasari paints Supper of 
St. Gregory. 

* * The Academy of Florence is estab- 
lished. 

1541 * * Daniel da Volterra paints De- 
scent from the Cross. (" The third paint- 
ing in the world." Poussin.) 

1542* * Sicily. Syracuse is destroyed 
by an earthquake. [1693. Jan.* Again 
destroyed. 1757. Aug. 6. Again.] 

1543 * * Copernicus, canon and phy- 
sician at Frauenberg publishes his sys- 
tem of astronomy. 

* * Andreas Vesalius publishes his 
Seven Books on the Structure of the 
Human Body. 

* * Gaude zio Ferrari, of the Milanese 
school, paints the Last Supper. 

1546-1601 Tycho Brahe's astronomi- 
cal drawings are published. 

1552 * * Marco Basaiti paints St. George 
and the Dragon. 

1556 * * Rome. San Felippo Neri intro- 
duces the first oratorio. 

1560± * * The camera obseura is in- 
vented by Giambattista della Porta. 

±* * Bartolommeo Eustachius discovers 
the [Eustachian] tube. 

1564 * * Galileo discovers the pressure 
of the atmosphere to be 15 pounds to the 
square inch. 

[1583. Discovers the hydrostatic balance. 
1597. Makes a thermometer. I60y. A tele- 
scope. 1610-i-. Discovers Jupiter's moons, and 
notes the sun's spots. 1616. Doctrines con- 
demned at Rome. 1633. Forced by inquisitors 
to abjure the Copernican theory. 1637. Dis- 
covers the libration of the moon.] 

1569 * * The Descent from the Cross is 
painted by Baroccio, at Perugia. 

1573 * * Paolo Veronese paints the Mar- 
tyrdom of St. George. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



Pius V., pope, born. 
1507 * * Borgia. Cesare, card., Btates., A29. 

1509 * * Volterra, Imniele da, painter, born. 

1510 * * Sforza, Lodovico, Duke of Milan, d. 

1511 * * Ammanati, Bartolommeo, architect, 
Bculptor, born. 

Giorgione, II Giorgia Barbarelli, painter, A34. 
Medici, Ippolitu de, card., born. [1535. Lies.] 

15 12 * * Achillini, Alessandro, phil., A49. 
Vasari, Giorgio, painter, architect, born. 
Vespucci, Amerigo, navigator, A61. 

1515 1 * * Albertinelli, Mariotto, painter, A41. 
Neri, Filippo de, St., founder " Priests of the 



A46. 

1517* * Bartolommeo, Fra, painter, A42. 
Belon, Pierre, naturalist, born. 

1518 * * Francia, Francesco Raibolini, 
painter, A68. 

Palladio, Andrea, architect, born. 
Tintoretto, .laeopo Kohur.ti, painter, born. 

1519 * * Benzoin, Geronimo, traveler, born, 
Borgia, Lucrezia, sister of Cesare Borgia, AW. 
Medici. Cosmo de, Grand Duke of Tus- 
cany, born. 

Vinci, Leonardo da, painter, A67. 

1520 * * Bibhiena, Bernardo, cardinal, A50. 
Raffael Sanzio, or Santi, d' TJrbino, paint., 

A37. 

1521 * * Leo X., pope, A46. 
1523 * * Adrian VI., pope, A64. 

Colonna, Prospero, general, A69. 
Fallopio, Gabriello, anatomist, born. 
1524* * Fieseu, Giovanni Luigi, Count of La- 
vagna. conspirator, born. [1547. Dies.] 
Palestrina, Giovanni Pierliugi da, music, b. 



1527 * * Machiavelli, Niccolo, statesman, 
author, A58. 

Verrazzano, Giovanni, navigator, A47. 
1528* * Barocci, Fiori Federigo d' Urbino, 
painter, born. 

1528 * * Cagliare, Paolo (Paul Veronese), 
painter, born. 

Palma, Jacopo, painter, A 48. 
Muzfano, Girolamo, painter, born. 

1529 * * Emilio, Paolo, historian, A69. 

1530 * * John of Bologna, sculptor, born. 
Oggione, Marco, painter, AGO. 
Sahnazaro, Jacopo, poet, A72. 

1531 * * Sarto, Andrea del, painter, A45. 

1533 * * Ariosto, Ludovico, poet, A59. 

1534 * * Cajetan, Tommasode Vio, cardinal, 
scholar, A 65. 

Clement VII., pope, dies. 

Eaimondl, Marc Antonio, engraver, A59. 

1535 * * Allori, A l.-ssandro, painter, born. 

1536 * * Berni, Francesco, poet t A38. 
Peruzzl, Baldassare, painter, architect, A55. 

1537 * * Credi, Lorenzo di, painter, A78. 
Guarlni, Giovanni Battista, poet, born, 
Medici, Alessandro de, Duke of Florence, 

A27. 

1538 * * Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, hist., b. 
Borromeo, Carlo, Count, cardinal, born. 

1539 * * Campeggio, Lorenzo, cardinal, A65. 
Socinus, Faustus, rationalist, born. 

1540* * Guicciardini, Francesco, states- 
man, historian, A53. 
Colle, Ramielliiio dal, painter, A50. 
Itizzio, David, musician, born. [1566. Dies.] 
1542* * Aleandro, Girolamo, scholar, cardi- 
nal, A 62. 
Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, painter, A48. 
BellariLiino, Roberto, cardinal, author, born. 
1543* * Varoli, Costanzo, surgeon, born. 
[1575. Dies.] 
Agnolo, Baccio 67, engineer, architect, A83. 
Caldara, Polidoro, painter, A48. 
Fontana, Domenicn, architect, born. 
Porta, Ginmbaf tisia delta, physicist, born. 

1544 * * Palma, Jacopo, the Younger, paint., 
born. 

Tasso. Torquato, poet, born. 

1545 * * Firenzuola, Aguolo, poet, A52. 
Vecellio, Marco, painter, born. 

1546 * * Ferrari, Camleiizio, painter, A62. 
Romano, Giulio, painter, A54. 

1547* * Bembo, 1'ieiro, cardinal, scholar, A77. 

Colonna, Vittoria, poet, A57. 

Farnese, Alessandro, Duke of Parma and 
Piacenza, general, born. 

Piombo, Sebastiano del, painter, A62. 
1548* * Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, b. 

1549 * * Elias Levita, scholar, A77. 
Paul III., pope, dies. 

10th Century. Giambelli, or Gianibelli, Fe- 
derigo, military engineer, pyrotechnist, b. 

1550 * * Amati, Antonio, violin maker, b. 
1551* * Beccaf umi, Domenico de Pace, 

painter, A 65. 
1552 * * Baschi, monk, founder of Capu- 
chins, A52, 

Chiahrera, ( iabriello, lyric poet, born. 

Giovio, Paolo, historian, A69. 

Paul V., pope, born. 

Sarpi, Paolo, theologian, author, born. 
1553* * Baldi, Bernardino, scholar, math., b. 

Fracastioro, Girolamo, ast., poet,, phys., A70. 
1554* * -R a zzi, Giovanni, painter, A75. 
1555* * Caraeei, Ludovico, painter, born. 

Julius III., pope, A68. 
1556* * Alemanni, Luigi, poet. A61. 

Casa, Giovanni della, poet, A53. 
1557* * Aretino, Pietro, satirist, A65. 

Ranuisio, Ciovaimi Bat list a, author, A72. 
1568* * Aldobrandini, Nil vestro, jurist, A5S. 

Caracci, Agostino, painter, born. 

Sealiger, Julius Cxsar, philosopher, A74. 
1559 * * liandelli, Bac.-io, sculptor, A72. 
Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, painter. A78. 
Paul IV., pope, dies. 
1580* * Caracci, Annibale, painter, born. 

Doria, Andrea, admiral, statesman, A92. 
1562 * * Bandello, Matteo, novelist, A81. 

Capello, Bianca, Grand Duchess of Tuscany, 

Falloppio, Gabriello, anatomist, A38. 
Peter Martyr, Protestant theologian, A62. 

1564 Feb. 18. Michelangelo (Buonar- 
rotti), sculp., painter, architect, poet, A89. 

Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, born. 
Borromeo, Federigo, cardinal, archbishop of 
Milan, born. 

1565 * * Cesari, Giuseppe, hist, painter, born. 
Plus IV., pope, A66. 

1566* * Bracciolini, Francesco, poet, born. 
Rizzio, David, musician, A26. 
VIda, Marco Girolamo, poet, A86±- 
Volterra, Daniele da, painter, A57. 

1567 * * Riecio, Domenico del, painter, A73. 

1568 * * Aloyaius, St., Jesuit, devotee, born. 



ITALY. 



1503, *-1579, 



1081 



1568 * * Monteverdi, ClamLiu, composer, b. 
1670* * Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, sculptor, 

architect, A91. 
1571 * * Abbate, Niccolo, painter, dieB. 
1573 * * Alessi, Galeazzo, architect, A 72. 

Pius V., pope, A68. 
1573 * * BagUone, Giovanni, painter, born. 
1574* * Aleandro, Gerolanio, the Younger, 
poet, born. 
Brlzzi, Francesco, painter, born. 
Mamitius, Paulus, scholar, painter, A63. 
Medici, Cosimo de, Grand l)uke of Tus- 
cany, A55. 
Vasari, (iiorfiio, painter, A63. 
1575* * Gatti, r.ernardmo, painter, A80±. 

Guido, Reni, painter, born. 
1576 * * Asinari, Federigo, Count of Came- 
rano, poet, A49. 
Davila, Enrien Catering, historian, born. 
Spada, Lionello, painter, born. 
Titian, Tiziano Vecellio, painter, A99. 
1577* * Allori, Christofano, p:i inter, born. 
Castelli, Benedetto, mathematician, born. 

1578 * ' Albani, Francesco, painter, born. 
Ficcolomini, Alessamho, cardinal, philoso- 
pher, A70. 

1579 * * Castello, Giovanni Battista, painter, 
A79. 

CHURCH. 

1511 * * Rome. Martin Luther visits 
the Vatican. 

Kov. 1^. Council of Pisa. [1512. May 
10-17. Counter Lateran Council.] (P. 
786.) 

1512 * * The Reformation in France (p. 
680). 

1513 * * The Church is corrupt (p. 786). 
1517+ * * Reformation in Germany. 

[1521. Luther excommunicated.] (P. 788.) 

* *Pope Leo X. replenishes his treasury 
by the sale of indulgences (p. 786). 

1521 * * Ger. Diet of "Worms (p. 788). 

1522 * * Rome. Adrian VI. is pope. 
[1523, Clement VII.] 

1524 June 24. The Order of Thea- 
tines is founded by Bishop Caraffa in 
Naples and confirmed. It aims to re- 
vive poverty among the clergy. 

±* * Many "■witches** are burned in 
the diocese of Conio. 

1525**Malteo di Baschi of Urbino 
founds [the order of Capuchins] for the 
strictest observance of the rule of St. 
Francis. [They are much persecuted by 
the Franciscans. 1536. Receive their 
name.] 

1530 * * Malta is given by the emperor 
to the Knights of Malta. 

1532* * The Barnabite monks are 
founded by three priests in Milan ; they 
add to the three monastic tows a fourth 
— not to seek any office or dignity. 

1534 Aug. 13. Jesuits founded (p. 
681). 

[1540. Sept. 27. Plan sanctioned. 1541. 
Apr. 17. Loyola enters office as a general. 
1557. June 19. Jacob Lainez, second general. 
1565-72, Francia Borgia of Sp. ; 1572-80. 
Mercurian, a Belgian; 1581-1615. Claudius 
Aquaviva of Naples; 1615-45, Mutius Vitel- 
leschi of Rome.] 

1535 Nov. 25. The order of Ursuhne 
nuns is founded at Brescia by Angela 
Merici. [1544. June9. Order confirmed.] 

1541 * * Switz. John Calvin intro- 
duces the Reformation, (pp. 680, 790). 

1545-63 Aust. Council of Trent (p. 
510). 

1546 * * Lselius Socinus founds a Uni- 
tarian society at Vicenza. 

1548* * Prus. Second Council of 
Treves ; 10 chapters and adecree against 
the concubinary clergy are published. 
[1549. A third council.] 

* * Rome. Filippo de Neri institutes the 
Trinity Fraternity. 



1550 * * Rome. Julius III. is pope. 



1551* *The church of San Gorgio 
degli Schiavoni is begun. 

1557 * * Paul IV. publishes the first In- 
dex Purgatorsi (forbidden books). 
The Bible is prohibited to lay readers 
with certain exceptions. 

1566 * * Rome. [St.] Pius V. is pope. 
[1572, Gregory XIII. ; 1585, Sixtus V. ; he 
displays activity, and corrects abuses in 
the Church; 15H0, Urban VII., Gregory XIV. ; 
1591, Innocent IX. reigns two months; 1592, 
Clement VIII.; 1605, Leo XI. reigns 25 days; 
later Paul V. (Borghese).] 

1572 Aug.* Rome. Thanksgiving for 
massacre of St. Bartholomew (p. 684). 

1575 * * Rome. The Brotherhood of 
the Oratory, founded by Filippo de 
Neri, is regularly organized' by the Pope. 

1576 * * Holy Catholic League (p. 684). 

LETTERS. 

1503 * * History of Milan, by Bernardino 
Corio, appears. 

1504 * * Arcadia, by Jacopo Sannazzaro, 
appears. 

1513* * /V/m:v/>?.,by Maehiavelli, is com- 
pleted. [1515±. Discorst mil primo libro 
delle decile de Tito Livio ; 1520, I sette 
Libri dell ' Arte di Guerra and Vita di 
Castrnccio ; 15*24, Mandraqola; 1524 h, 
CliziaJ] 

1516* * Orlando Furioso, by Ariosto, 
appears in 40 cantos. [1534. Complete 
in 46 cantos.] 

* * On the Immortality of the Soul, by 
Pietro Pomponazzi, appears. 

1518* * The first Rabbinical Hebrew 
Bible, containing the Masorah,Targums, 
and comments, is printed at Venice. 

1519 * * History of the War between Fer- 
dinand I. and the Duke of Anjou, by 
Giovanni Pontano, appears. 

1520 Mar. 21. Leo X. permits the 
publication of the Complutensian Poly- 
glot, a magnificent edition of the Bible. 

± * * Italia liherata dai Goti, by Gian- 

Giorgio Trissiiio of Vicenza, appears. 

[1524. Sofonisba.] 
1520-23 The Talmud Babylonicum, in 

12 volumes, and the Talmud Hierosoly- 

tanum, in one volume, are printed at 

Venice. 
1525 * * Rosmunda, by Giovanni Rucel- 

lai, appears. [1539. Api.} 
1528 * * II Cortigtano, by Baldassare 

Castiglione, appears. 
1536+ * * The Gazetta appears at Venice. 

1541 * * Francesco Berni produces a 
modification of Boiardo's Orlando In- 
namorata. [Writes also Rime Rurlesche.'] 

1542 * * University of Pisa revived. 

1543 * * Copernicus' system is pub- 
lished. 

1547 * * Dialogue on the Infinity of Love, 
by Tullia d'Aragona, appears. 

15th Century. Vitedi Uomini Ilhistri,hy 
Vespasiano da Bisticci, appears. 

Reali di Francia, by Andrea da Bar- 
beiino, appears. 

1552* * History of Venice, by Pietro 
Bembo, appears. 

1554-73 Tales, by Matteo Bandello, ap- 
pears. 

1557 * * Sonetti, by Benedetto Varchi, 
appears. [1570, L' Ercolano; 1721, His- 
tory of Florence.] 

1558* * Galateo, by Giovanni dellaCasa, 
appears. 

* * Exercitationes, by Julius Caasar Sca- 
liger, appears. [1561, Poetices.] 



1561-64 Storia d 'Italia, by Guicciar- 
dini, appears. 

1562 * * Rinaldo, by Torquato Tasso, ap- 
pears. [157.'J, Aminta; 1574, Gfrusolvmme 
Liherata (1580, published) ; 1586, Torris- 
mondo]. 

1563+ * * Palestrina writes the Misra 
Papas Marcellt at Trent. 

1576 * * Giustiniani publishes a polyglot 
psalter. 

STATE. 

1503 * * Cesare Borgia destroys the in- 
dependence of the republic of San Ma- 
rino for a brief time. [1504. He receives 
Urbino.] 

1504 * * The French expelled from 
Naples by the Spaniards. [1525. From 
Milan.] 

1508 Dec. 10. League of Cambray 
rises against Venice (p. 681). [1509. Ven- 
ice despoiled of its Italian possessions.] 

1509 * * Pisa, conquered by the Floren- 
tines, loses its independence. 

1511 Oct. 9. The Pope's League 
rises against France (p. 681). 

1512* *Bologna is united with the 
States of the Church. [1513. Piacenza 
united.] 

1516* *The duchy of Urbino is given 
to Lorenzo de Medici (Second). [1522 
Recovered by Duke Francesco. 1621, 
Annexed to the Papal States.] 

1526 Jan. 14. France resigns Milan 
and Naples (p. 681). 

1527 May 6. Rome is taken (p. 680). 

1528 * * Andrea Doria liberates Genoa 
from the French ; the republic is rees- 
tablished. 

1529+ * * Period of Spanish-Austrian 
ascendency. 

Aug. 5. The Ladies* Peace of Cambray 
is signed (p. 681). 

1531 Jan. 5. Ferdinand L, brother 
of Charles V., is elected King of the Ro- 
mans by the electoral college. 

1531-37 Alessandro de Medici is duke 
of Tuscany. [1532. Duke of Florence. 
1537-74. Cosimo de Medici is duke of 
Tuscany.] 

1535* * Milan passes to the rule of 
Spain. [1556. It becomes an appanage 
of the Spanish crown. 1559. Spain is 
supreme in Italy.] 

1536-62 The French occupy Turin. 
[1562. Recovered by Savoy.] 

1540 * * The Emperor Charles V. gives 
Milan to Philip, his son (p. 791). 

1545 * * Pope Paul III. gives Placentia 
[Piacenza] with Parma as a duchy to 
Peter Louis Farnese, and it is united 
with Parma. 

1547 Jan. 2. John Lewis Fiesco, 
leader of a conspiracy against Andrea 
Doria at Genoa, is drowned. 

1558 * * The province of Bari is an- 
nexed to Naples. 

1569 * * Tuscany becomes a grand duchy 
in the Medici family (Cosimo de Medici, 
1569-74) ; Florence is historically merged 
with it. 

[1574-87, Francis I., grand duke; 1587-1608, 
Ferdinand (1.) de Medici; Hi».s-21, Cosimo 
II.; 1621-70, Ferdinan<il I.; HiTO-1723, Cosimo 
III.; 1723-37, -Tolin Caslon, lasl of ( In- Medici; 
1737-65, Francis II. (later, Kinp. Ger.); 1765- 
90, Leopold 1.; 17:u»-Hnu, I-Vrdiu.-mdlll.; also 
1814-24.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 



1082 



1580, * *-1724, 



ITALY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1628 * * The death of the Duke of Man- 
tua precipitates a general war respect- 
ing the succession. 

1628-31 Venice. The Pope and France 
are at war with Tuscany, Savoy, and 
Spain. (1630.) Mantua is sacked by the 
Imperialists. 

1640 * * France takes Turin (p. 6S8). 

1645-47 The Turks conquer a part of 
Crete. [1669. Completed.] 

1646 * * The French and Spaniards are 
expelled from Lombardy. 

1647 July * Revolt in Naples. 
Masaniello leads a revolt against the 

oppressive Duke of Arcos, the Spanish 
viceroy ; 50,000 followers force the duke 
to abolish an unpopular tax, and give up 
the charter of exemption. 

1651* *The Venetians defeat the 
Turks near Scio, in the iEgean Sea. 
[1656. Again in the Dardanelles. 1661- 
62. Other naval victories.] 

1653-56 The Genoese conquer the 
Turks. 

1669* *The Turks take Crete from 
Venice after a siege lasting 24 years. 
The Kioprili take Candia. [1684. Venice 
renews the war.] 

1670 * * Genoa and Savoy are at war. 
[1684. May* The French bombard 
Genoa. 1690-96. "War: Genoa and 
France.] 

1676* * Sicily. The Dutch and Span- 
iards blockade Messina. 

1685* * Venice begins the rescue of 
Greece (p. 1034). 

1693 Oct. 4. Battle of Marsaglia (p. 
694). 

1701-14 War of the Spanish succes- 
sion ; it commences in Italy (pp. 512, 694, 
798). 

1708 * * The Duke of Savoy takes Peru- 
gia. 

Jan. 15. The British under Sir John 
Leake and Gen. James Stanhope con- 
quer Sardinia. 

1714-18 Venice at war with Turkey. 

1719 * * Sicily. Invaded by Spain. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1580* * Monks at Pisa invent carmine. 

1582* * Rome. Gregory XIII. reforms 
the calendar to conform to the true 
solar year. 

He strikes out leap-year at the close of each 
century, excepting every fourth century, 
thus retrenching three days in 400 years, or 
about 11 minutes fur each year. Ten days 
are dropped out of 1582. October 5 becomes 
October 15. 



1584 * * Bartolomeo VIvarini paints St. 

George and the Dragon. 
1589 * * The Bridge of Sighs at Venice 

ie built. 

1600 * * Rome. The first true oratorio, 
Emilio del Cavaliere's Rappresentazione t 
is presented. 

* * The opera EuritHce is publicly pre- 
sented at Florence. 

* * An Academy of Arts is founded at 
Bologna. 

1601 July * Rubens visits Rome to 
copy paintings. 

1603 * * Fabrigio discovers valves in 

veins. 
1607 * * Claudio Monteverde produces 

the opera Arianna. [1608, Orfeo.] 



1610 * * Zacharia Jansen of Middleburg 
invents the telescope. [Disputed.] 

1620 * * Testatori of Milan invents [the 
present form] of the violin. (?) 

1622 July 23. Caspar Asselli of Cre- 
mona discovers the lacteals while dis- 
secting a dog. 

1626 July 30. An earthquake in 
Naples destroys 30 villages and 70,000 
lives. [1638. Mar. 27. Another devas- 
tates Calabria.] 

Nov. 18. Rome. St. Peter's is conse- 
crated. 

1631 Dec. 17. An eruption of Vesu- 
vius destroys Torre del Greco and 4,000 
lives. [1759. Nov. 24. Another sud- 
denly breaks out.] 

1641 * * Domenico Zampieri Domeni- 
chino paints Communion of St. John. 
(" The second painting of the world." 
Poussin.) 

1643 * * Evaugelista Torricelli of Flor- 
ence discovers the principle of the 
barometer. 

1647 * * Rome. Claude Lorrain paints 
Cleopatra Landing at Tarsus. [1653, 
Golden Calf; 1007, Rape of Europa.} 

1650 * * The flint-lock musket is in- 
vented. 

166H * * Marcello Malpighi [the father 
of microscopic anatomy] discovers [the 
Malpighiau layer] in dissecting the lungs. 

1662 ± * * Giovanni Francesco Barbieri 
Guercino paints Vision of St. Jerome. 

1667 Apr. 6. An earthquake ruins 
Ragusa; 5.000 lives are lost. [1G72. Apr. 
14. One at Rimini destroys 1,500 lives.] 

1670+ * * Folding umbrellas are intro- 
duced. 
1680-1725 Alessandro Scarlatti writes 

over 100 operas and 200 masses, besides 

other works. 
1687 * * Rome. The Venetians destroy 

the roof of the Pantheon. 
1693 Sept. * Sicily. An earthquake 

occurs. 
It destroys 54 cities and towns, and 300 

villages; Catania is swallowed up with its 

18,000 inhabitants; 100,000 people perish. 

[1703. Feb. 2. Aquila, Italy, is ruined; 

15,000 people perish. 1700. Nov. 3. Abruzzi 

is destroyed; I'>,otiO perish.] 

1709+ * * Bartolomeo Christofori of Flor- 
ence makes a pianoforte. 

1714* *An observatory is erected at 
Bologna. 

1719 * * The Royal Academy of Savoy 
is established. 

17224: * * Luca Giordano paints Hercules 
and Omphale. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1580 * * Agresti, Livlo, historical painter, tl. 
Allegri, Gregorio, composer, born. 
TremeliuB, Emmanuel, orientalist, A70. 

1581 * * Badulocehio, painter, born. 
Donienichlno, Domenico Zampieri, arch., b. 

1583 * * Carissimi, Giovanni, composer, b. 
1584* * Borroineo, Carlo, count, cardinal, 
A 46. 
Vanini, Lueilio, philosopher, born. 
1585* * Cambiaso, Luca, painter, A58. 
1586 * * Allalins. Leo, scholar, born. 

Aromatari, Giuseppe degli, physician, born. 
1587* * Ceechi, < iiovanni Maria, comic poet, 

lawyer, A70. 
1588 * * Bordone. Paride, painter, A78. 

Cagliari Paolo, painter, A 60. 
1589* * Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, lyric 

poet, horn. 
1590* * Benedetti,GiovanniBattista, mathe- 
matician, dies. 
Clrcignano, Nic.-olo, painter, A74. 
Costanzo, Angelo di. historian, A84. 
Corenzto. Belisario. painter, born. 
Urban VII., pope, dies. 
1591* * AloysiUB, St., or Luigi Gonzaga, 

Jesuit, devotee, A23. 
1592* * Ainnianati, liartoloimneo, arch., 
A81. 
Bassano, Giacomo da Ponte, painter, A82. 



Farneee. Alexander, Duke of Parma and 

Piacenza, general, A45. 
Muziano, Girolamo, painter, A64. 
1594* * Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da t 

composer, A66. 
1595 * * Pellegrini, I'ellegrino, painter, archi- 
tect, A68. 
Neri, Filippo de, St., founder " Priests of the 

Oratory," A80. 
Tasso, Torquato. poet, A51. 
1596* *Cortona, Pietro Berrettini da, 

painter, born. 
1597 * * Barberini, Francesco, cardinal, b. 
1598* * Bernini, Giovanni, painter, sculptor. 



Cenci, Beatrice, Koinan girl famous for 
beauty, A19. 
1600 * * Bruno, Giordano, philosopher, A52. 

Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee), painter, b. 
1602 * * Alganli, Alessandro, sculptor, born. 

Caracci, Agostmo, painter, A44. 

1604 * * Socinus, Faustus, rationalist, A61. 

1605 * * Aldrovandi, or Aldrovandus, Ulys- 
ses, naturalist, A83. 

Clement VIII., pope, dies. 
Leo XI., pope, dies. 
1607* * Baronius, Cesare, cardinal, hist, A69. 
Fontana, Domenico, architect, A64. 
Pallavicino. Si'orza, historian, born. 

1608 * * Bartoli, Daniele, Jesuit historian, b. 
Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philos., math., h. 
Monteeuculi, Count Ualmondo, general, b. 
John of Bologna, sculptor, A78. 

1609 * * Caracci, Annih;de, painter, A49. 
Caravaggio, Michelangelo Amerighi da, 

painter, A 40. 
1610* * Bella, Stefano della, engraver, born. 
161 1 * * Innocent XL, Benedetto Odescalchi, 

pope, born. 
1612* * Bargagli, Scipione, writer, dies. 
Barocci, Fiori Fedengo d' I'rhino, painter, 

A 85. 
Guarini, Giovanni Battista, poet, A75. 
1613 * * Poussin, Caspar, painter, born. 
1615 * * Hosa, Salvalor, painter, born. 
1616* * Castiglione, Giovanni Benedetto, 
painter, born. 
Dolci, Carlo, painter, born. 
1617* * Bahli, Beniavi lino, scholar, mathe- 
matician, A 64. 
1618 * * Fahrctti, Barfael, antiipiary, born. 
1619* * Caracci, Ludovieo, painter, A64. 
1621 * * Bellarmino. Roberto, cardinal, au- 
thor, A 79. 
Courtois, Jacques, painter, born. 
Paul V., pope, A69. 
1622* * Masaniello. Tommaso Aniello, in- 
surgent, born. [1647. Dies.] 
Viviani, Vincenzo, mathematician, born. 
1623 * * Sarpi, Paolo, historian, A71. 
1624* * Baldiniicci, Filippo, art critic, born. 
Osuna, Duke of, Pedro Tellez y Giron, Vice- 
roy of Naples, A45. 
1625* * Cassini, Giovanni Domenico, ast., b. 

Maratti, Carlo, painter, born. 
1626 * * Aselli, Gasparo, anatomist, A46. 

Kedi, Francesco, pod, naturalist, phys., b. 
1628 * * Cignani, Carlo, painter, born. 
Malpighi, Marcello, anatomist, born. 
I'alnia, Jacopo, the Younger, painter, A84. 
1629* * Giordano, Luca, painter, born. 
1631* * Borroineo, Fcclcrigo, cardinal, arch- 
bishop of Milan, A67. 



Iiographer, born. 
1635* * Bahlovini, Francesco, poet, born. 

Bartoli, Pietro Santi, artist, born. 
1637* * Chiabrera, Gabriello. poet, A85. 
1638* * Carduccio, Vincenzo, painter, A70. 

1640 * * Cesarl, Ciusei>pc, historical painter, 
A75. 

Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of Mazarin, b. 

1641 * * Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy- 
man, patriot, born. 

Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, arch. ,A60. 
1642* * Balducci, Francesco, Sicilian poet, 
dies. 

Filicaja, Vincenzo da. poet, born. 

Guido, Keni, painter, A67. 

Galilei, Galileo, astronomer, A78. 
1643* * Monteverde. Claudio. composer,A77. 
1644 * * Urban VIII., pope, A76. 

1646 * * Stradella, Alessandro, composer, b. 

1647 * * Badaloeehio, painter, A66. 
Cavalier i, Bonaventura. mathematician, A49. 
Torricelli, Fvangclista, physicist, A39. 

1648 * * Cantarini, Simone, painter, A36. 
Francescbini, Marcantonio, painter, born. 

1649 * * Clement XL, pope, born. 
Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin- 
maker, born. 

17th Century. Tonti, Lorenzo, banker in 
France, born. 

1650 * * Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, geog., b. 
Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, poet, born. 



ITALY. 



1580,**-1724,* 



1083 



1652 * * Allegri, Gregono, musician, A72. 

Clement XII., pope, born. 

Valle, Pietro della, traveler, A66. 
1654* * Algardi, Alessandro, sculptor, A52. 
1655 * * Frescobaldi, Girolamo, organist, 
composer, A59. 

1658 * * Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, nat., b. 

1659 * * Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, b. 
1660* * Albani, Francesco, painter, A82. 
1663* * Bianchini, Francesco, philosopher, 

mathematician, born. 
1663* * Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, poet, 
born. 

1664 * * Bella, Stefano della, engraver, A54. 
Gravina, Giovanni Vincenzo, jurist, born. 

1665 * * Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, painter, b. 

1666 * * Balestra,Antonio, Veronese paint., b. 
Guercino, Giovanni Francesco B a r b i n i, 

painter, A76. 
Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, born. 

1667 * * Pallavicmo, Sf.>rz;i, historian, A60. 
Victor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia), 

Duke of Savoy, born. 
1668* * Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art 

patron, born. 
1669 * * Clement, IX., pope, dies. 
1670* * Castiglume, Henrietta, painter, A54. 

1672 * * Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche- 
ologist, born. 

1673 * * Rosa, Sal valor, painter, A59. 
1675* * Benedict XIV., I'rospero Lamber- 

tini, pope, born. 
MafEei, Francesco Scipione, author, born. 
Poussin, Caspar, painter, A63. 
1676* * Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, com- 
poser, A77. 
Clement X,, pope, dies. 
Courtois, Jacques, painter, A55. 
Giannone, Pietro, historian, born. 
1679* * Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, philoso- 
pher, mathematician, A71. 
1681 * * Astorga, Kmanuele d', composer, b. 
Montecuculi, Count Raimondo, general, A72. 
Stradella, Alessandro, composer, A36. 
1682* * Claude Lorrain (Claude Gelee), 
painter, A82. 
Facciolati, .lacopo, philologist, born. 
Morgagni, Giovanni I'.attista, anatomist, b. 

1684 * * Durante, Francesco, composer, b. 

1685 * * Ilartoli, Paniele, Jesuit hist., A77. 
Salvi, Giambattista. painter, A80. 

1686* * Dolei, Carlo, Scripture painter, A70. 
Marcello, Benedetto, composer, born. 
Porpora, Nicolo, composer, born. 
1688* * Fonvllini, Kgidio, lexicographer,!). 
1689 * * Bottari, Giovanni Gai-tano, sch., b. 
Innocent XI., Benedetto < Mcscalehi, pope, 
A78. 
1692* * Tartini, i.iuseppe, violinist, born. 
1693* * Clement XIII., pope, born. 
1694* * Malpigln, Marcello, anatomist, A66. 
1696* * Baldinucei, Filippo, art critic, A72. 
Foscarini, Marco, statesman, author, born. 
Liguori, Alfonso Maria de, St., theologian, 
founder Kcdcinptorisis, born. 
1698* *Metastasio (Pietro Antonio Do- 
menico Bonaventura Trapassi), poet, born. 
1699* *Mancini, Hortensia, Duchess of 

Mazarin, beauty, A59. 
1700* * Bartoli, Pietro Sand, artist, A65. 

Fabretti, Kaii'ael, antiojiarv, A82. 
1703* * Caffarelli, Gaetano Majorano, so- 
prano singer, born. 
Galuppi, Baldassare, musician, l>orn. 
1704* * Bellini, Lorenzo, physician, anato- 
mist, A61. 
Viviani, Vincenzo, mathenmlician, A86. 

1705 * * Clement XIV., pope, born. 
Farinelli, Carlo, singer, born. 
Giordano, Luca, painter, A73. 

1706 * * Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, paint., 
born. 

Martini, Giovanni I'.attista, composer, born. 
1707* * Filieaja, Vincenzo da, Florentine 

poet, A65. 
1710* * Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, com- 
poser, born. 
1711* * Bassi, Laura Maria Catarina, au., b. 

Boscovich. Kuggiero Giuseppe, physicist, b. 
1712* * Algamtti, Francesco, author, born. 

Cassini, Giovanni Iiomenico, A87. 

Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, lyric poet. A62. 
1713* * Gozzj, Count Gasparo. essayist, b. 
1714* * Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, as- 
tronomer, born. 

Jomelli, Niccolo, composer, born. 

Magliabecchi, Antonio, bihliog., schol., A81. 

1716 * * Baldovini, Francesco, poet, A81. 

1717 * * Pius VI., pope, born. 

1718 * * Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, math., b. 
Coronelli, "Marco Vincenzo, geographer, A68. 

1719* * Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, 
writer, born. 
Cignani, Carlo, Count, painter, A91. 

1720* * Carli, Giau liidaldo, antiquary, b. 

1721 * * Arnaud, Henri, Waldensian clergy- 
man, patriot, A80. 



1721 * * Clement XL, pope, A72. 
1723 * * Felice, Fortunato, Bartolommeo, a 
thor, born. 
Valsalva, Antonio Maria, anatomist, A57. 
1724* * Innocent XIII., pope, A69. 



CHURCH. 

1580 * * [St.] Carlo Borromeo intro- 
duces Sunday instruction of children at 
Milan. (Haden.) 

1585 * * Rome. Sixtus V. abolishes all 
persecuting statutes against the Jews 
which were issued by his predecessors. 

1594* * Fr. Jesuits are expelled. [1G03. 
Recalled. 1764. Nov. 26. Expelled.] 

1600 Feb. 9. Giordano Bruno, a 
philosopher, is burned at Venice as a 
teacher of heresy. 

1607 * * The Jesuits are exiled from 
Venice as anti-republicans. [1707. Nov. 
3. From Naples.] 

1608 * * The chapel of St. Janarius at 
Naples is erected. 

1619* * Ambassadors from Japan visit 
the Pope. 

1620 July 19. Protestants are mas- 
sacred at Valtelline, North Italy. 

1621* * Rome. Gregory XV. is pope. 
[1623, Urban VIII.; 1644, Innocent X.; 
1655, Alexander VII.; 1667, Clement IX.; 
1670, Clement X.; 1676, Innocent XL; 1689, 
Alexander VIII. ; 1691, Innocent XII.; 1700, 
Clement XL; 1721, Innocent XIII.; 1724, 
Benedict XIII. ; 1730, Clement XII. ; 1740, 
Benedict XIV.; 175*, Clement XIII.; 1769, 
Clement XIV.] 

1622 June 22. Rome. The Congre- 
gatio de Propaganda Fide is estab- 
lished by Gregory XV. 

1626 Nov. 18. Rome. St. Peter's is 
dedicated. 

1634 * * Fr. Sisters of Charity organ- 
ized (p. 6SS). 

1682* * * Fr. Louis XIV. quarrels with 
the Pope (p. 692). 

1699* * Rome. Innocent XII. condemns 
Quietism. 

1713 Sept. 18. Bull " Unigenitus " is- 
sued (p. 697). 

LETTERS. 

1582 * * History of the Kingdom of Na- 
ples, 1250-1489, by Angelo di Costanzo, 
appears. 

* * History of Florence, by Jacopi Nardi, 
appears. 

1583 * * History of His Own Times, by 
Giovanni Battista Adriani, appears. 

1584* * Spaccio della Bestia tHonfante, 
Bella Causa, I'rincipio e Uno, and Del/' 
Infinito Universo e Mondi, by Bruno, 
appear. 

1591 * * Philosophy Demonstrated by the 
Senses, by Tominasco Campauella, ap- 
pears. [1617, Introduction to Philosophy ; 
1623, Real is Philosophia Epilogistica aiid 
Civitas Soils.) 

1605 * * History of Venice, by Paolo Pa- 
ruta, appears. 

1616 * * On the Admirable Secrets of Na- 
ture, the Queen and Goddess of Mortals, 
by Lucilio Vanini, appears. 

1622 * * Rape of the Bucket, by Alessan- 
dro Tassoni, appears. 

1623 * * Rome receives the famous li- 
brary of the Palatine at Heidelberg. 

* * Ad one, by Giovanni Battista Marini, 
appears. [1633, La Strage degli Inno- 
centi.] 

1627 * * On the Lacteal Veins, by Gas- 
paro Aselli, appears. 

1632 * * Dialogue on the Two Chief Sys- 
tems, by Galileo, appears. [1638. Dia- 
loghi delle Nuove Scienze.] 



1651 * * Trattura Delia Pittura, by Leo- 
nardo da Vinci, appears. 

1653-63 Two volumes of Scritton d'lta- 
lia, by Mazzuchelli, appear. 

1688-90 Giornale de' Letterati is issued 
by Bacchini at Parma. [1692-97. Also 
at Modena.] 

1690 * * The Academy of Arcadia is 
founded by Giovanni Maria Crescim- 
beni and Giovanni Vincenzo Gravina. 

1696 * * The Galleria de Minerva is is- 
sued at Venice. 

1708 * * De ratione studiorum, by Gio- 
vanni Battista Vico, appears. [1721, De 
constantia jurisprudent-is ,- 1725, Princi- 
ple d' una Scienza jS'uova.} 

1710 * * Giornale de' Letterati, by Apos- 
tolo Zeno, appears. [1752, Dissertazioni 
J^ossiani.] 

1713* * Merope, by Francesco Scipione 
Maffei, appears. [1731, Verona Illua- 
trata.] 

1716 * * Diario di Roma is issued. 

1721 * * Gli Orti Esperidi, by Metastasio, 
appears. [1724, Didione Abbandonata.} 

1723-38 Rermn Ltalicarum Scriptores, 
by Ludovico Antonio Muratori, appears. 
[1738, Antiquitates Ltalicse Medii JEvi.~\ 



STATE. 

1597 * * Ferrara is annexed to Rome. 
1607 * * Venice contemptuously disre- 
gards the Pope's interdict. 
1618* * Tbe conspiracy of Bedmar, the 

Spanish ambassador, to deslroy the republic 
and subjugate Venice to Spain, is suppressed 
by banging many conspirators. 

1631 Apr. 6. France loses and Spain 
acquires increased influence in Italy (p. 
689). 

1647 July* Tomaso AnielloMasaniello 
leads a revolt in Naples against oppres- 
sive taxes. [Oct. * Don John of Austria 
leads a revolt.] 

1648 Apr. * Henry II., Dukeof Guise, 
lands at Naples, and is proclaimed king. 
[Soon imprisoned.] 

1669* * Venice surrenders Crete to the 
Turks. Peace follows. 



1683-99 Or. Venetian authority is 

restored in part of the Morea. [1715-39. 

Again overthrown.] 
1684 * * Venice, Poland, and the Roman 

Empire join in an alliance against 

Turkey. 
1699 Jan. 26. Gr. The Morea is given 

to Venice bv the Peace of Karlowitz (p. 

513). 

1707 * * The Austriane possess Sicily 
and Naples. 

They are abandoned by Spain. 

1708 * * The Emperor Joseph I. seizes 
the duchy of Mantua. 

1713 Apr. 11. Sicily ceded t<> Savoy 
(p. 697). 

1714 * * Milan, Naples, and Sardinia are 
ceded to Austria (p. 515). 

1718 June 22. Peace with Turkey (p. 

515). 
1720 Mar. * Amadeus II. of Savoy ex- 
changes Sicily for Sardinia (p. 697), and 

receives the title king. 
Sardinia becomes a kingdom ; it 

includes Astoa, Montferrat, Piedmont, 

Genoa, and Sardinia. 
1720-30 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus 

II.„king. [1730-73. Charles Emmanuel 

I. (III. of Savoy), king.] 



1084 1725,**-1813, 



ITALY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1734 May 25. The Spaniards under 
Gen. Montemar defeat the Austrians at 
Bitonto ; Spain obtains the kingdom of 
Naples. 

June 29. Battle near Parma (p. 698). 

1744* * The French and Spaniards oc- 
cupy Savoy. 

1745 Sept.* The English bombard 
Genoa. [They take Parma, Milan, and 
Piacenzia. 1746. Genoa taken by Im- 
perialists.] 

1746 * * "War in Italy between Spain, 
France, and Austria. 

June 16. Battle of Piacenza (p. 700). 

* * Sardinia captures Savona. [Restored 
to Genoa.] 

1792 * * Fr. The French capture Nice. 
[1814. Restored to Sardinia.] 

1793 * * The lazzaroni of Naples are 
enrolled as pikemen; several thousand 
unite in the interest of the court party. 

1796 Apr. 12-97 Sept. 17. Bona- 
parte's first Italian campaign (pp. 518, 
712). 

* *Pavia is seized by the French. [1798. Turin. 
1799. Turin recovered l»v Austrians. Mar. 
28. French enter Florence. July 30. Lose 
Mantua; later, lose Milan.] 

1800 * * Napoleon's second campaign 
in Italy. 

* * French retake Rome. Nice is taken 
by Austrians under Michael von Melas. 

1806 Feb. 6. A French force subdues 
NapleB. f-Tuly 4. Defeated at Maida 
(p. 716). 1807. The French again occupy 
Tuscany. 1808. Occupy Rome.] 

ART — SCIENCE - NATURE. 

1726 Sept. 1. Sicily. An earthquake 
destroys 6,000 lives in Palermo. [1732. 
Nov. 29. Another at Naples destroys 
1,940 lives.] 

1760* * Rome. Niccolo Piccini's La Lu- 
ona Figliuola is presented. 

1767 Aug. 8. A destructive eruption 
of Vesuvius occurs. [1794. June* An- 
other destroys Torre del Greco, 5,000 
acres of cultivated land ; the top of 
Vesuvius falls into the crater.] 

1775 * * Cleopatra, by Alfieri, is per- 
formed at Turin. [1782, Saut.] 

1783 Feb. 5. An earthquake devastates 
Calabria, and destroys towns in Sicily; 40,- 
000 persons perish. [ 1789. Sept. 30. At Borgo 
di San Sepolcro l,lli)0 persons and houses are 
swallowed up. 1805. July 26. In Naples; 
20,000 persons perish. 1819. Thousands per- 
ish in Genoa, Rome, Palermo, and other 
towns. 1823. Another in Sicily.] 

1789 * * Luigi Galvani experiments with 
electricity at Bologna [galvanism]. By 
the twitching of a frog's legs he lays the 
fouudation of the galvanic battery. 

1792 * * [Voltaic] or chemical electri- 
city is discovered by Alessandro Volta 
ofComo. [1S00. The Voltaic battery in- 
vented.] 

1801 Jan. 1. Giuseppe Piazzi discov- 
ers the planet Ceres, 160 miles in di- 
ameter. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1725* * Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, 
anatomist, born. 

Scarlatti, Alessandro, composer, founder of 
modern opera, A66. 

Victor Amadeus HI. [II., King of Sar- 
dinia], born. 

1727 * * Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, born. 
.1728 * * Bartolozzl, Francesco, engraver, b. 

Creacimbeni, Giovanni Marin, poet, wr., A65. 
Franceselnni, Marcantonio, hist, paint., A80. 
Galiani, Fernando, political economist, born. 
Piccini, Niccolo, composer, born. 



1729* * Abergati, Capacelli Francesco d' 
dramatist, born. 
Parini, Giuseppe, poet, born. 

1730 * * Benedict XIII., pope, dies. 
Cesarotti, Melchiore,poet, born. 
Gabrielle, t'atarina, singer, born. 
Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinando, naturalist, A22. 

1731 * * Denina, Giaeontaria, historian, born. 

1732 * * Bentivoglio, Cornelio, cardinal, art 
patron, A64. 

Fabroni, Angelo, biographer, born. 
Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art, born. 
Victor Amadeus II. (I., King of Sardinia), 
A66. 

1733 * * Caprara, Giovanni Battista,card., b. 
1736* * Astorga, Emannele d', composer, 

A55. 
Bergolesi, Giovanni Battista, composer, A26. 
1737* * Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiol., 

born. 
Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, violin- 



di, author, born. 

1739* * Maiveilo, Benedetto, composer, A53. 

I'ignotte, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, born. 

1740 * * Clement XII., pope, ASS. 
Meli, Giovanni, Sicilian poet, born. 

1741 * * Baisiello, Giovanni, composer, born. 

1742 * * Bondi, Clemente, poet, born. 
Bins VII., pope, born. 

1743* * Cagliostro, Count Alessandro di 
(Giuseppe Balsamo), adventurer, born. 

1744 * * Vico, Giovanni Battista, p!iilos.,A56. 

1745 * * Volta, Alessandro. physicist, elec- 
trician, born. 

1746 * * Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, born. 

1747 * * Crcspi, Giuseppe .Maria, painter, A82. 
Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, born. 

1748* * Breislak, Scipione, geologist, born. 
Caraeeioli, Francesco, Briuee, admiral, born. 
Gianuone, [Metro, historian, A72. 

1749 * * Alfieri, Vittorio, poet, born. 
Azuni, Domenieo Alberto, author, born. 
Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, born. 
Lamballe, .Marie There.se Louise de Savoie- 

Carignau, Princess de, born. 

1750 * * Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, arche- 
ologist, A78. 

Salie.ri, Antonio, composer, born. 

1751 * * Ferdinand 1. (IV. of Naples), King 
of Two Sicilies, born. 

1752 * * Carpani, Giuseppe, dramatic poet, b. 

Clementi, Muzio, composer, born. 
Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, born. 
Zingarelli, Niccolo, composer, born. 

1753 * * Monti, Vincenzo, poet, born. 
1754* * Appiani, Andrea, painter, born. 

Maistre, Joseph Mane de, statesman, born. 

1755 * * Cimarosa, Domenieo, composer, b. 
Durante, Francesco, composer, A71. 

1756 * * Landi, Gasparo, painter, born. 

1757 * * Canova, Antonio, sculptor, born. 
Concalvi, Freole, cardinal, statesman, born. 

1758* * Benedict XIV., pope, A83. 

Dandola, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, born. 

Fonseca, Eleonora l'iuienlel, Marchioness de, 
heroine, martyr, born. [1799, D.] 

Morghen, Kafl'aelo S,, engraver, born. 

Rosmini, Carlo, historian, born. 
1759* * Ahamonti, Giuseppe, statesman, b. 

Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, born. 
1760* * Cherubim, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. 
Sal vat ore, composer, born. 

Fra Diavolo (Michell Pezza), bandit, born. 

Leo XII., pope, born. 
1761* * Bins VIII., pope, born. 

1762 * * Aldini, Giovanni, natural philos., b. 
Cagnola, Luigi, Marquis, architect, born. 
Geinmiani, Francesco, composer, A82. 

1763 * * Foscarini, Marco, statesman, au- 
thor, A67. 

1764 * * Algarotti, Francesco, author, A52. 
1766* * Rassi, Luigi, singer, born. 

Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Guglielmo, hist., born. 
I'orpora, Niecola, composer, A80. 
1767 * * Cicognara, Conteda, Leopoldo, anti- 
quarian, born. 
1768* * Forcellini, Egidio, lexicographer, 
A 80. 

1769 * * Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron, 
sculptor, born. 

Clement XI IT., pope, A76. 
Crescentini, Girolamo, singer, born. 
Facclolati, Jaeopo, philologist, A77. 

1770 * * Albrizzi, Isabella Teotocbi, Countess 
of, author, born. 

Cignaroli, Giovanni Beftino, painter, A64. 
Tartini, Giuseppe, violinist, A78. 

1771 * * Morgagni, Giovanni Battista, anat- 
omist, A89. 

1772 * * Inghirami, Francesco, archeol., b. 
1774* * Clement XIV., pope, A69. 

Giordani, Pietro. critic, born. 
Jomelli, Niccolo, composer, A60. 
Mezzofanti. Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardinal, 
linguist, born. 



1776 * * Lambrnschini, Luigi, cardinal, born. 
Rosini, Giovanni, author, born. 

1777 * * Bossi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, b. 
Foscola, Ugo, poet, born. 

1778 * * Bassi, Laura Maria Caterina, au- 
thor, A67. 

1781 * * Beccaria, Giovanni Battista, physi- 
cist, A 65. 

Borgbesi, Bartolommeo, Count, numis., b. 

1782 * * Ballu, Adnano, geographer, born. 
Farinelli, Carlo, singer, A77. 

Mai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, scholar, b. 

Metastasio, Pietro Antonio Domenieo Bona- 
ventura Trapassi, poet, A84. 
1783* * Caffarelh, Gaetano Majorano, so- 
prano singer, A80. 

liossetti, Gabriele, poet, born. 
1784* * Amici, Giovanni Battista, optician, 
astronomer, physician, born. 

Castiglione, Carlo Ottavio, Count, linguist,!). 

Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, born. 

Martini, Giovanni Battista, composer, A78. 

Paganini, Nicolo. violinist, born. 

1785 * * Carafa, Michele, composer, born. 
Galuppi, Baldassare, musician, A82. 

1786 * * Gozzi, Count, Gasparo, essayist, A73. 
1787* * Boscovich, Kuggiero Giuseppe, phy- 
sicist, A76. 

Galiani, Ferdinando, political economist, A69. 

Liguori, Alfonso 51 ana, St., theologian, fdr. 
Redemptorists, A91. 

Rossi, Pellegrino Lnigi Odoardo, Count, 
statesman, born. 
1788 * * Filangieri, Gaetano, publicist, A36. 

Bellico, Silvio, poet, born. 
1789* * Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman, 
writer, born. 

Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, writer, A70. 

Cicogna, Emmanuele Antonio, author, born. 

Felice, Fort una to Bartolonnneo, author, A66. 

Laugier, Comte de, Cesar de Bellecour, gen- 

. eral, author, born. 

Tenerani, Pietro, sculptor, born. 
1791 * * Grossi, 'I'omniaso, poet, born. 
1792* * Codaz/.i, Agoslmo, geographer, b. 

Lamballe, Marie Therese Louise de Savoie- 
Carnignan de. Princess, A43. 

Piue IX.. pope, born. 

Rossini, Gioacdnno Antonio, composer, b. 
1793* * Forest 1, F. Felice, patriot, born. 



tronomer, A80. 

Lablaehe, Luigi, singer, bom. 
1795* * C'agliostro, Count Alessandrodi(Giu- 
seppe Balsamot, adventurer, A52. 
Carli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, antiquary, A75. 
Rubini, Giovanni Battisla, singer, born. 

1796 * * Raeini, ( iiovanni. composer, born. 
Victor Amadeus III. (II., King of Sar- 
dinia), A71. 

1797 * * Mercadante, Saverio, composer, b. 
Panlzzi, Sir Anthony, bibliographer, litera- 

teur, born. 
Roeuiini, Serbati. Antonio, cl., philos., born. 

1798 * * Berry, ] nichesse de, Caroline Ferdi- 
nande Louise, of Naples, born. 

Charles Albert, King of Sardinia, born. 
Donizetti, Gaetano, composer, born. 
Galvani, Alvisio, physicist, physiologist, A61. 
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, born. 
Pasta, Giuditta, Ringer, born. 
Sclopis, Federigo, Count, historian, born. 

1799 * * Agnesi, Maria Gaetana, mathema- 
tician, A81. 

Caraeeioli, Francesco, I'rlnce, admiral, A57. 
Parini, Giuseppe, poet, A70. 
Pius VI., pope, A82. 
1800* *Azeglio, MasBimo Taparelli d', 
etatesman, born. 
Bandini, Angelo Maria, writer, A74. 
Piccini, Niccolo, composer, A72. 
Rosellini, Ippolilo, antiquarian, born. 

1801 * * Cimarosa, Domenieo, composer, A46. 
Gioberti, \'incenzo, philosopher, states., b. 
Melloni, M;ic,-doiuo, savant, born. 

1802 * * Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, born. 
Brofferio, Angelo, author, born. 
Cibrario, Luigi, historian, jurist, born. 
Calamatta, Luigi, engraver, born. 
Mamiani, Terenzio della R., philosopher, b. 

1803 * * Alfleri, Count, Vittorio, dram., A54. 
Fabroni, Angelo, biographer, A7L 

1804 * * Caetani, Michelangelo artist, au., b. 
Guglielmi, Pietro, composer, A77. 

Manin, Daniele, patriot, statesman, born. 

1805 * * Cantu, Cesare, nov., poet, hist., b. 
Guerrazi, Francesco ]>omenico, pol., an., b, 
Marochetti, Carlo, Baron, sculptor, born. 

1806 * * Amari, Michele, historian, states., b. 
Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, states., b. 
Fiorentmo, IMer Angelo, author, l>orn. 

Fra Diavolo (Michele IVzza), bandit, A37. 
Gozzi, Carlo, Count, dramatist, A86. 



ITALY. 



1725,**-1813, 



1085 



Ricasoli, Uettiiin, Huron, statesman, born. 
1810* * Capraia, Giovanni lialtista, cardi- 
nal, A77. 

Gavour, Count di, Camillio Benso, states- 
man, born. 

Costa, Sir Michael, composer, born. 

Rattazzi, Urbane., statesman, born. 

Curci, Carlo Maria, theologian, born. 

Ferrari, Luigi, sculptor, born. 

Lanzi, Luigi, writer on art, A78. 

Leo XXXI., pope, born. 

Mario, Giuseppe, singer, born. 
1811* * Cialdlni, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta, 
general, diplomatist, born. 

Ferrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, born. 
1812 * * Andrea, Utmlauio u', cardinal, born. 

Giudtci, I'aolo Emiliain, author, born. 

Matteucci, Carlo, physiologist, born. 

Pignotti, Lorenzo, fabulist, historian, A73. 
1813* * Bartolozzi, Francesco, engrav., A85. 

Caldani, Leopoldo Marco Antonio, anato- 
mist, A88. 

Denina, Giacomaria Carlo, historian, A88. 

Depretis, Agosiinu, statesman, born. 

Lagrange, Joseph Louis, mathematician, A77. 



CHURCH. 

1732* *The Eedemptorists are 
founded by Alfonso Maria di Liguori in 
Scala. [1749. Feb. 25. Approved.] 

1739 Jan. 14. The Pope interdicts as- 
semblies of Freemasons under penalty 
of rack and condemnation to the galleys. 

1757 June 13. Pope Benedict XIY. 
issues a decree prohibiting the use of 
of any version of the Bible in the com- 
mon language of the people. 

1759 Feb. 28. Pope Clement XIII. 
permits the Bible to be translated into 
all the languages of the Catholic states. 

1773 July 21. Rome. Jesuits abol- 
ished (p. 804). [Aug. 16. The bull an- 
nounced.] 

* * Rome. Clement XIV. abolishes the 
ceremony of kissing the Pope's toe. 

1775-99 Rome. Pius VI. is pope. [1800- 
23, Pius VII.] 

1781 * * Tolerance granted by the em- 
peror (p. 805). 

1787 * * The Inquisition is abolished 
in Lombardy and Tuscany. 

1798 Feb. 20. Rome. Pius VI., 80 
years of age, is forced by the French to 
retire, stripped of his temporal posses- 
sions. [He is conveyed to Florence.] 

1801 July 15. Home is restored to 
Pius VII. (p. 715). 

1809 May 17. Fr. Napoleon abol- 
ishes the temporal power. 

[June 10. Pius VII. excommunicateB 
Napoleon and his abetters. July* -1814. 
The Pope is deposed and held a captive.] 
(P. 719.) 

LETTERS. 

1734 * * Belisario, by Carlo Goldoni, ap- 
pears. [1761, Una del Sere di Carnevale.] 

1 740-70 The Novelle Letterarie is issued 
by Lami. 

1750 * * The Booh of_ the Mazorah, the 

Hedge of the Law, is first printed at 

Florence. 
1761 * * Amove delle Ire Melarance, by 

Carlo Gozzi, appears. [1768, Osservatore 

Veneto.] 
1763 * * II Mattino, by Giuseppe Parini, 

appears. [1765.7/ Mezzogiorno ; 1797±, II 

Vespro, and La Notte.] 
1763-65 Frastra Letteraria is issued at 

Venice. 



1764 * * Frattato die Deilttl e delle Pene, 
by Cesare Beccaria, appears. 

1771 * * A Giomale is issued at Pisa. 

1780* * The first volume of Scienza della 
Legislazione, by Gaetano Filangieri, ap- 
pears. 

1785 * * Arhtodemo, by Vineenzo Monti, 
appears. [1793, Lassevilliana.] 

1797 * * Tleste, by Ugo Foscolo, appears. 
[1800+ , Latere de Jacopo Ortis; 1807, / 
Sepolcrl; 1S26, Discourse on the Text of 
Dante.} 

1806 * * Giomale Enciclopedico is issued 
at Naples. 

1806-09 Vocabolario della Crusca, ed- 
ited by Antonio Cesari, appears. 

1809* * Guerra dell' Indipendenza Ame- 
ricana, by Carlo Botta, appears. [1824, 
History of Italy 1789 to 2814.] 

1811 * * Poligrafo is issued at Milan. 

STATE. 

1730 * * Corsica revolts against Genoa. 
[1735. Independent.] 

* * Victor Amadeug abdicates the throne of 

Sardinia m favor of ins son. Charles Emman- 
uel (III. of Savoy). [1732. He fails in an 
attempt to recover it, and is imprisoned.] 

1734+ * * Spain rules Sicily and Naples 

by conquest. 
1735-59 CharlesIV.ail. of Sp.)is King 

of the Two .Sicilies. [175;>-1S0o. Ferdinand 

IV-] 
1736 * * Sardinia acquires territory from 

Milan. 
1738 Nov. 18. Tuscany is ceded to 

Francis, Duke of Lorraine Milan and 

Mantua to Austria, the Two Sicilies to 

Spain (p. 701). 
1739* * San Marino becomes subject to 

the Pope. 
1748 Oct. 7- Austria cedes to Spain 

Parma, Piacenza, and Gustalla (p. 515). 

[1748-97. Austria rules Lombardy.] 
1754 * * Corsica revolts against Genoa ; 

it is led by Pasquale di Paoli. [1768. 

Ceded to France by Genoa. 1794. To 

England by Paoli.] 
1773-96 Sardinia. Victor Amadeus 

II. is king. [1796-1802. Charles Emman- 
uel II. 179S-1S14. Kings reside in Sar- 
dinia.] 
1790 * * Leopold I., Grand Duke of 

Tuscany, becomes emperor (Leopold II.) 

of the Holy Roman Empire. 
1792* * Fr. TTice is seized, and annexed 

to France. [1814. Ceded to Sardinia.] 

1796 * * Bonaparte forms the Trans- 
padane republic (Lombardy). 

May * Savoy and Nice ceded to France 

(p. 713). 
June 30. Milan is seized by the French. 

[1796. Genoa is transformed into the 

Ligurian republic] 

1797 Feb. 19. The Pope cedes terri- 
tory to France (p. 713). 

May * Bonaparte forms the Cisalpine 
republic, with French control. 

It includes the possessions of Milan, 
Mantua, Modena, Bergamo, Ferrara, 
Bologna, Ravenna ; capital, Milan. It 
absorbs the Cispadane and Transpadane 
republics. [1798. Sept. * It receives a 
new constitution. 1799. Abolished. 1800. 
Restored.] 

Oct. 17- Venice and Venetia are ceded 
to Austria (p. 519). 

1798 Feb. 15. Rome. Insurrectionists 
proclaim a republic [They adopt a 
constitution imitating that of France. 
1799. Nov. * Suppressed by the allies 
and the Neapolitans, and the Pope re- 
stored.] 



Mar. 20. Rome. The French enter, 
and proclaim the Roman Republic re- 
vived. [1799. Sept. 30. The Neapoli- 
tans recover the city. 1801. Restored to 
the Pope.] 

1799 Jan. 1. The French take pos- 
session of Turin and the strong places 
in Piedmont, and force the king tc 
remove with his family to Sardinia. 

Jan. 23. The French establish the Par- 
thenopian Republic at Naples. [June * 
Overthrown.] 

1800 * * The French expel the grand 
duke, Ferdinand III., from Tuscany. 
They organize Mont Blanc (Savoy) as a 
department. 

1801 Feb. * Napoleon dispossesses the 
grand duke of Tuscany, and forms the 
kingdom of Etruria (Tuscany), and 
makes Louis I., Duke of Parma, its king. 
[1803. Louis II. king.] 

1802 Jan.* The Italian Republic is 
formed (p. 715). 

May 31. The French regain Milan. 

1802-05 Victor Emmanuel I. is king 
of Sardinia. [1802. June 4. He abdi- 
cates. 1814-21. Restored. 1821. Mar. 13. 
Abdicates.] 

1805 Mar. 18. The Cisalpine Republic- 
is merged into the kingdom of Italy. 

It comprises the Cisalpine Republic,. 
Venetia, Valtelline, the bishopric of 
Trent, and the march of Ancona ; capi- 
tal, Milan. Napoleon I. is proclaimed 
king. [May 26. Crowned at Milan, the 
capital. 1S14. Abdicated.] 

June 4. Genoa is incorporated with 
France. 

* * Napoleon makes Eugene Eeauhar- 
nias his viceroy of Italy. 

Dec 26. Venice ceded to Italy by Aus- 
tria (p. 519). [1806. Jan. 1. Ratified.] 

1806 * * The kingdoms of Naples and 
Sicily are separated. 

Feb. 6. Joseph Bonaparte is crowned 
King of Naples <l.s<n;-08, p. 717). [1808. 
June * Abdicates for the crown of Spain. 
July 1-1S15. Joachim Murat is king.] 

1806-15 Ferdinand TV. (restored) is 
King of Sicily. Sicily is practically a 
separate kingdom under British protec- 
tion. 

Aug. 6. The Holy Roman Empire 
ends (p. 717). 

1808 May * Napoleon annexes Rome 
to the kingdom of Italy as the second 
city of the empire. [1808-14. Rome 
annexed to France.] 

* * Napoleon annexes to France the 
grand duchy of Tuscany, and gives it 
to his sister Eliza. [1314. Restored to 
the Hapsburgs.] 

1810 Feb. 17. The States of the 
Church are annexed to France. [Gov- 
erned by a'commission.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1724-30 Rome. Benedict XIII. pro- 
hibits lotteries. [1730-40. Sanctioned 
by Clement XII.] 

1799 June 29. Adm. Prince Caracciolo 
is executed by order of Adm. Nelson. 

1805 May 26. Napol eon Bonaparte 
institutes the order of the Iron Cross, 
of Italy. [1814. Abolished. 1816. Feb. 
12. Revived by the Emperor of Austria.], 



1086 1813, * *- 1855, Oct. 28. 



ITALY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1814 Feb. 8. The French win on the 
Mincio (p. 720). 

Apr. 14. Genoa surrenders to the Eng- 
lish and Sicilians. 

1815 Apr. 11. Joachim Murat, in- 
vading Modena, is defeated. 

[May 3. Austrians win at Tolentino 
(p. 722). May 22. Naples taken. June 
17. It surrenders to the British fleet. 
Oct. 13. Murat is executed.] 

1821 Mar.* Austrians subdue Na- 
ples (p. 520). 

1828 Mar. 7. Austrians defeat revo- 
lutionists in Naples under Gen. Gugli- 
elmo Pepe. 

Aug. * The Austrians suppress an upris- 
ing of the Carbonari, a secret society of 
Republicans in Naples. 

1831 * * Austrians aid in suppressing the 
uprising of the Young Italy party in 
Bologna; also other insurrections. [1832. 
Jan. * Papal troops enter Bologna (p. 
520).] 

1847 Mar. 23. Sardinians enter Mi- 
lan (p. 520). 

1848 May 15. The royal troops, aided 
by lazzaroni, nearly annihilate a force 
of Liberals and the National Guard at 
Naples. 

1848-49 War between Austria and Sar- 
dinia (p. 520). 

1849 Apr. 3. Insurrectionists seize 
Genoa, driving out the garrison. 

Apr. 6. Sicily. The Neapolitans take 
Catania by assault. [Apr. 23. Syracuse 
surrenders to them. May 15. Palermo.] 

Apr. 30. Rome. The French expedition 
to restore the Pope arrives. [Repulsed, 
reenforced. July 2. Rome surrenders. 
July 4. The French enter.] (P. 730.) 

May 19. Garibaldi defeats the Neapol- 
itans at Velletri. [Aug. 2. He escapes 
with 300 men on fishing-vessels.] 

1855 May * Gen. Alfonso Ferrero La 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1813 Mar. 13, 14. Red snow and 
hail with red dust fall in Tuscany, [Apr. 
15. Red snow falls on Tonal and other 
mountains.] 

* * Gioachino Antonio Rossini writes the 
opera// Tancredi. [1323. He has writ- 
ten 20 operas. 1829. G-uillaume Tell.} 

1826 * * Leopoldo Nobili demonstrates 
animal electricity. 

1829 1 * *The accordion is invented at 



1834 Mar. 9. Rome is visited hy a 
snowfall, the first in 240 years. 

1835 Apr. 29. Many villages in Cala- 
bria and 1,000 lives are destroyed by an 
earthquake. 

[1851. Aug. 14. Another in South Italy 
destroys 14,000 lives. 1857. Ifec. 16. In Ca- 
labria several towns and Hi, 000 lives are 
destroved. 1870. Oct. * Several villages are 
destroyed. 1873. June 29. One in North 
Italy. 1881. Mar. 4. One in South Italv; 
loss, 289 houses and 114 lives. Mar. 15. An- 
other. 1887. Feb. 23, 24. Destructive shocks. 
1883. July- Aug. Shocks in Casamicciola 
destroy several villages and 1,990 lives. 1891. 
June * Northern Italy. J 

1837 * * The Italian Association for 
the advancement of science first meets 
at Pisa. 

1841 Feb. 22. A landslide in the com- 
mune of Gregans destroys 113 lives. 

1843-74 Giuseppe Verdi writes many 
operas. 



1849 Apr. 12. A. de Gasparis of Naples 
discovers the asteroid Hygeia. [1850, May 11, 
Parthenope ; Nov. 2, Egena ; 1851, July 29, 
Eunomia; 1852, Mar. 17, Psyche; Sept. 19, 
Massalia; 1853, Apr. 5, Themis; 1861, Feb. 
10, Ausonia; Apr. 29, Sesperia ; 1865, Apr. 
26, Beatnx.) 

1855 May * A great eruption of Vesuvius 
occurs. [1858, May * -June * destructive 
eruption; 1861, Dec* another; 1865, Feb. * 
another; 1867, Nov. 12-68, Mar. * another; 
1868, Oct. 8, another; 1872, Apr. 23-May 3+, 
another; 60 persons perish. 1876 * * another 
eruption. 1878. Sept. 30i. Another begins. 
1892, June t-* Another.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1814 * * Verdi, Giuseppe, composer, born. 

1815 * * BoBsi, Giuseppe, painter, poet, A38. 
Fan fani, Pietro, philologist, born. 

Lanza, Giovanni, statesman, born. 

Meli, Giovanni, poet, A75. 

Prati, Giovanni, poet, senator, born. 

1816 * * Paisiello, Giovanni, composer, A75. 

1817 * * Bandiera, Attilio, patriot, born. 
Mancini, Pasquale, statesman, born. 
Sanctis, Francesco de, author, statesman, b. 
Vera. Angusto, philosopher, born. 

1818 * * Atiamonti, Giuseppe, states., A59. 
Appiani, Andrea, painter, A64. 
Giuliani, Gianbattista, scholar, born. 
Minghetti, Marco, statesman, born. 
Seech i, Pietro Angelo, el., astronomer, b. 
Visconti, Emiro Quiriim, areheologist, A67. 

1819* * Bandiera, Emilio, patriot, born. 
Dandolo, Vincenzo, Count, chemist, A67. 
Fagnani, Giuseppe, portrait painter, born. 
Orsini, Feliei, eoiiepiralor, born. 

1820 Mar. 14. Victor Emmanuel (II. of 
Sardinia), King of Italy, born. 

1821 * * Boudi, t'lemente, poet, A79. 
Franchi, Ansonio (Cristoforo Bonavino), phi- 
losopher, horn. 

Maistre, Joseph Marie de, Count, states., A67. 
Ristori, Adelaide, Marchioness del Grillo, 
actor, born. 

1822 * * Arditi, Luigi, actor, born. 
Canova, Antonio, sculptor, A65. 

Farini, Carlo Luigi, statesman, author, born. 

Rossi, Giovanni I5attista de, areheologist, b. 

Peruzzi, Ubalilino, staiesnian, born. 
1823* * Album, Marietta, singer, born. 

Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, traveler, A45. 

Pius VIL, pope, A65. 
1824* * Consalvi, Krcole, cardinal, states- 
man, A67. 

Victor Emmanuel I., King of Sardinia, A 65. 
1825 * * Ferdinand I. (IV. of Naples), King 
of the Two Sicilies, A74. 

Pepoli, Gioachino, Marnuis, politician, born. 

Salieri, Antonio, composer, A75. 

Ncliiaparelli, Giovanni Virgmio, astron., b. 
1826* * Breislak, Scipione, geologist, A78. 

Donati, Giovanni Battista, astronomer, b. 

Piazzi, Giuseppe, astronomer, A80. 

1827 * * Azuni, Domenico Alberto, am, A78. 
Foscolo, IV, poet, dram., essayist, A50. 
Rosmini Carlo de, historian, A69. 

Volta. AlesBandro, physicist, A82. 

1828 * * Cesari, Antonio, critic, trans., A78. 
Monti, Vincenzo, poet, A75. 

■Nieutera, Giovanni, Baron, politician, horn. 

1829 * * Gioja, Melelnorre, economist, A62. 
Graziani, Francesco, violinist, born. 

Leo XII., pope, A69. 
Rossi, Ernesto, actor, born. 

1830 * * Borghi-Mamio, Adelaide, contralto 
singer, born. 

Landi, Gasparo, painter, A74. 
Pius VIII. , pope, A69. 
Salvtni. Tommaso. tragedian, born. 
1831* * Longhi, Giuseppe, engraver, A65. 

1832 * * Clementi, Muzio, composer, A80. 
Scarpa, Antonio, anatomist, A85. 

1833 * * Bartoli, Adolfo, critic, historian, b. 
Cagnola, Luigi, architect, A71. 
Morglien, Kali'aello S., engraver, A75. 

1834* * Aldini, Giovanni, natural philoso- 
pher, A 72. 
Cicognara, da, route, Leopoldo antiquarian, 
A67. 
1835 * * Bellini, Vincenzo, composer, A32. 
1836* * Albriz/i, Isabella Teotochi, Countess 
of, author, A66. 
Francis II., Maria Leopoldo, King of the 
* Two Sicilies, born. 

1837 * * Botta, Carlo, Giuseppe Guglielmo, 
historian, A7I. 
Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, poet, A39. 
Zingarelli, Niccolo, composer, A85. 
1838* * Da Ponte, Lorenzo, poet, dram., A89. 

1839 * * Gioja, Melehoir, economist, A72. 

1840 Pag-anini, Nicolo. violinist, A56. 
1842* * Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. S., 

composer, A82. 



1843 * * Patti, Adelina Maria Clonnda, so- 
prano singer, born. 

Rosellini, Ippolito, antiquarian, A43. 
1844* * Mar. 14. Humbert, King, born. 

Bandiera, Attilio, patriot, A27. 

Bandiera, EmUio, patriot, A25. 

1845 * * Bosio, Francis Joseph, Baron, sculp- 
tor, A76. 

1846 * * Campanini, Italo, singer, born. 
Crescentini, Girolamo, singer, A77. 
Gregory XVI., pope, A81. 

Inghirami, Francesco, areheologist, A74. 
1848* * Balbi, Adriano, geographer, A66. 
Donizetti, Gactano, composer, A50. 
Giordani, Pietro, critic, A74. 
Rossi, Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo, statesman, 
A61. 

1849 July 28. Charles Albert (Carlo Al- 
berto Amadeo), King of Sardinia, A51. 

Catalani, Angelica, singer, A70. 
Mezzofanti, Giuseppe Gaspardo, cardi- 
nal, linguist, A75. 
Ramorino, Girolamo Giovanni Pietro, A57. 
Vaccai, or Vaccaj, Nicolo, composer, A58. 

1850 * * Gitisti, Giuseppe, satirical poet, A41. 

1851 * * Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Paciflco, 
composer, A77. 

1852* * Gioberti,Vincenzo,phil.,states.,A51. 
1853* * Balbo, Cesare, Count, statesman, 
writer, A64. 

Grossi, Tommaso, poet, A62. 
1854* * Lambruse.hinl, Luigi, cardinal, A78. 

Mai, Angelo, cardinal, librarian, A72. 

Melloni, Maeedonio, savant, A53. 

Pellico, Silvio, poet, A 66. 

Pepe, Guglielmo, general, A75. 

Rubini, Giovanni Battista, singer, A59. 

Rossetti, Gabriele, poet, artist, critic, A7I. 



CHURCH. 

1814 May 24. Rome. Pius VII. makes 
a grand public entry, and is welcomed 
to the papal throne. [Aug. 2. He rees- 
tablishes the Inquisition. Aug. 7. Re- 
stores the Jesuits. Sept. 25. Prohibits 
secret societies (Freemasons).] 

1815-17 Rome. Pius VII. annuls all 
innovations, and arouses great opposi- 
tion, 

1816 June 29. Some. Pius VII. issues 
an edict against all Bible societies. 

1823-29 Some. Leo XII. is pope. 

[1829-30,Pius VIII. ; 18 31-46, Gregory XVI. : 
1846-78, Pius IX.] 

1830 Dec* Some. Gregory XVI. issues 
a bull against the slave trade. 

1838 * * The Campo Santo of Genoa as 
a place of burial is begun. 

Aug. 10. Some. Gregory XVI., by a 
decree, forbids the introduction of in- 
fant schools into the Papal States. 

1847 * * Some. The Knights of the 
Holy Sepulcher are revived. [1868. 
Reorganized.] 

* * Rome. Pius IX. attemtps to reform 
the discipline of the religious bodies. 

1848 * * Rome. Pius IX. creates a high 
council and a chamber of deputies for 
limited legislation; he retains a full 
veto power. [Apr. 29. He announces a 
return to illiberal methods.] 

* * The Jesuits are expelled from Sar- 
dinia. [1860. From Sicily and Naples. 
1873. From Italy.] 

1849 Feb. 8. Rome. The temporal 
power is abolished. (See State.) 

July 15. Rome. The reestablishment of 
papal authority is proclaimed. [Nov. 
29. The Pope escapes in disguise. (See 
State.) 1850. Apr. 13. Returns.] 

1850 Sept. 24. Rome. Pius IX. estab- 
lishes a hierarchy in England. 

* * Rome. The Southern Baptists (U. S. 
A.) open a mission. 

1854 Dec. 8. Rome. Pius IX. decrees 
the doctrine of the Immaculate Con- 
ception of the Virgin Mary. 



ITALY. 



1813,** -1855, Oct. 28. 1087 



LETTERS. 

1816-40 Biblioteca Italiana is issued at 

Milan. 
1818-20 Conciliator is issued at Milan. 
1819 * * Giornale Arcadico is issued at 

Koine. 

1826 * * II Conte di Carmagnola, by Ales- 
sandro Manzoui, appears. [1S27, / pro- 
messi Sposi.] 

1827 * * Operette moral i, by Giacomo Leo- 
pard!, appears. [1831, C'dntL] 

* * Antonio Foscarini, by Niccolini, ap- 
pears. [1830, Giovanni da Procida; 1847, 
Filippo Strozzi.] 

1828 * * La Battaglice di Benevento, by 
Francesco D. G-uerrazzi, appears. [1851, 
Apologia; 1854, Beatrice Cenci.] 

1833-48 Progresso del Science is issued 
at Naples. 

1834 * * Giornale di Statistica is issued 
at Palermo. 

* * Storia del Reame di Xeapoli dal 1734 
al 1825, by Pietro Colletta, appears. 

1835 * * On the Death of Francis I., by 
Giuseppe Giusti, appears. 

1837 * * Margherita Pusterla and Storia 
Universale, by Cesare Gantu, appears. 
[1854, Storia degli Italiani.] 

1S30 * * Politecnico is issued at Milan. 

1842 * * Archivio Storico is issued. 

1843 * * Del primato morale e civile degli 
Italiana, by Vincenzo Gioberti, appears. 

* * Speranze d' Italia, by Cesare Balbo, 
appears. 

1847 Dee. 26. L' Opinion is issued at 
Turin. 

* * II Risorgimento is issued by Cavour. 
1S50 * * Revista Contemporanea is issued 

at Turin. 

* * Rome. Civilta Cattolicais issued. 

1851 * * The Florence Dritto is issued. 

* * Storia dei comuni Italiani, by Paolo 
Emiliani Guidici, appears. [1855, Storia 
delta Letteratura Italiana.] 

1852 * * Revista Conte in j wane a is issued. 

1853 May 10, The Pope prohibits the 
circulation of Uncle Tom's Cabin in the 
papal dominions. • 

* * II Politecno is issued. 



STATE. 

1814 Jan. * Murat, King of Naples, 
enters an alliance with Austria. 

Jan. 23. The Italian kingdom ceases 
■with the overthrow of Napoleon ; au- 
thority is restored to the Pope, who 
returns to receive it.- 

1814-15 The Congress of Vienna. 
It gives the duchies of Parma, Pia- 
cenza, and Gustalla to the ex-empress, 
Maria Louisa. The old dynasties are 
restored in Italy on the downfall of 
Napoleon. Piedmont, Nice, and Turin 
are restored by France to Sardinia. The 
Lombard-Venetian kingdom is given to 
Austria as a recompense for the loss of 
her Flemish possessions (p, 721). 

1S14-46 Francis IV. is grand-duke of 
Modena. 

1815-25 Naples and Sicily are united. 
Ferdinand 1. (formerly Ferdinand IV.) 
is King of the Two Sicilies. 

1815 May 15. Joachim Murat, King 
of Naples, declares war against Austria. 
[Oct. 15. Murat is executed.] 

* * Genoa is made a duchy, and annexed 
to Sardinia. 

1815-17 Rome. The papal government 
attempts to annul all innovations. 

It thereby provokes strong opposition. 
[The Carbonari, favoring liberal govern- 
ment, rapidly increase.] 



1817 * * San Marino is confirmed to the 
Pope. 

1820 * * Sicily. A revolution in Pa- 
lermo is suppressed. 

July 15. The Carbonari, led by Gen. 
Pepe, rise in Naples, and compel the 
tyrannical king to promise a liberal 
constitution. [Sept. 1G. Suppressed. 
1S21. Mar. 23. Constitutional govern- 
ment is overthrown.] 

1821-31 Charles Felix is King of Sar- 
dinia. (1821.) An insurrection is sup- 
pressed by the aid of Austria. 

1824 June 18-59 July 21. Leopold 
II. is grand duke of Tuscany. 

1825-30 Francis I. is King of the Two 
Sicilies. [1830-59. Ferdinand II.] 

1830 Jan. 24. Venice is declared a 
free port. 

1831* * Francis IV., Grand Duke of 
Parma, is expelled by his subjects. [Soon 
restored by the Austrians. 184G. Jan. 
21. Francis V. becomes grand duke.] 

1832± * * Giuseppe Mazzini founds the 
Young Italy Party, having for its ob- 
ject the unification of all Italy under 
Republican rule. [1833. It rises in re- 
volt at Bologna ; soon suppressed.] 

1832-38 The French hold Ancona. 

1837 * * The King of Sardinia promul- 
gates a new code. 

1844 July 25. The two patriots, At- 
tilio and Emilio Bandiero, with 18 others, 
are shot for attempting an insurrection 
in Calabria. 

1846 * * Rome. Pope Pius IX. ascends 
the throne. 

He institutes political reform, and aims 
at the unification of Italy under papal 
supremacy. 

1847-48 Rome. Cardinal Giacomo An- 
tonelli is president of the ministry for 
the Pope. [1850-t-. Secretary of foreigu 
affairs.] 

1847* * Lucca is united to Tuscany. 

* * Rome. The Pope proclaims amnesty, 
authorizes a national guard, and the es- 
tablishment of municipal institutions. 

1848 Jan. 12. Sicily. A provisional in- 
dependent government is proclaimed. 
The oppressed people rise against 
the king in Palermo. [Jan. 27. Also in 
Naples.] 

Jan. 29. The King of the Two Sicilies 
grants a liberal constitution, and ap- 
points a liberal ministry. 

Feb. 7. Sicily. An insurrection in 
Messina is subdued. [Apr. 13. The 
Bourbon family is excluded by a decree.] 

Feb. 15. The grand duke of Tuscany 
grants a new constitution. 

Mar. 22. Anti- Austrian insurrections 
break out in Lombardy and Venice [hav- 
ing the favor of the Pope and of the King 
of Sardinia]. Milan revolts. 

Mar. * The Republic of Venice is pro- 
claimed by Daniele Manin, its provis- 
ional president. 

May 1. Rome. An insurrection is 
caused by a refusal to declare war against 
Austria. [June 12-15. Quelled by a 
bombardment.] 

June 28. Lombardy is incorporated 
with Sardinia. [July 4. Venice also.] 

Nov. 15, Rome. A republican insur- 
rection breaks out. 

The Pope having pronounced against the 
Austrian war ami the Italian alliance, his 
minister, ('mint Pellegrini, is assassinated. 
[The Pope escapes from the Republicans in 



Nov. 20. Rome. A free constitution 

is proclaimed. [Nov. 28. A provisional 
government is formed, notwithstanding 
the protests of the Pope.] 

1849 Feb. 5. Rome. A constituent Na- 
tional Assembly meets. 

[Feb. 8. It deprives the Pope of temporal 
power, adopts a republican form of govern- 
ment, and [appoints a triumvirate to conduct 
it, consisting of Giuseppe Mazzini, Armellini, 
and Sam]. 

Feb. 9. Rome. The downfall of the 
temporal power and the establishment 
of the new republic are proclaimed. 
[Feb. 18. The Pope appeals to the Cath- 
olic powers. The republic of France 
undertakes to restore the Pope.] 

The grand duke of Tuscany flees from 
his people ; a provisional government is 
established. [1850. July* Restored by 
the Austrians.] 

Feb. 11. Insurrectionists proclaim a 
republic in Florence ; the grand duke 
escapes. 

* * An insurrection breaks out in Genoa. 

Mar. 23. The defeated Charles Al- 
bert, King of Sardinia, abdicates in 
favor of his son, Victor Emmanuel. 

July 4. Rome. The National Assem- 
bly is dissolved. 

Rome is restored to Pins IX. by the French; 
a French orhVer presents the keys. [July 15. 
The Pope's authority is proclaimed. Aug. 3. 
The Pope's commissioners assume the gov- 
ernment relinquished by the French army.] 

Aug. * The Lombard- Venetian king- 
dom is again subject to Austria. 

Aug. 9. Austria and Sardinia sign the 
Peace of Milan. 

1850 Apr. 9. Sardinia adopts a law 
abolishing ecclesiastical jiirisdictions. 

1852 * * Count Cavour becomes prime 
minister of Sardinia. 

1853 Feb. 6. 4- A revolt occurs at Mi- 
lan ; the revolutionists are suppressed 
and severely punished. [Aug. 13. Con- 
spiracy at Rome ; 146 arrests are made.] 

1855 Mar. 2. Sardinia passes a bill for 
the suppression of convents, and with- 
drawing state support from the clergy. 

Oct. 28. The English and French am- 
bassadors withdraw from Naples be- 
cause of their unheeded •protests against 
the tyranny of the king. [1859. June* 
Diplomatic relations resumed.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815 Nov. 16-June * Naples suffers 
by the plague. 

1816 Aug. 8. The King of Naples pro- 
hibits Freemason and other secret so- 
cities. 

1820 * * A Frenchman commits suicide 
by throwing himself into the crater of 
Vesuvius. 

1837 * * The cities of Italy suffer by the 
cholera. [1854. Again. 1865. Again. 
1S66. At Naples. 1867. In Italian cities.] 

1S48 Nov. 15. Rome. Count Rossi, 
the Pope's minister of justice, is assas- 
sinated. 

1852 May * The Grand Duke of Tus- 
cany inflicts rigorous imprisonment on 
Rosa and Frau Madiai for reading the 
Bible. 

1854 Mar. 27. An assassin stabs 
Charles III. at Parma. 

May * The railway from Lusa to Turin is 
opened. [1862. Nov. * Between Rome 
and Naples. 1864. Nov. 4. Between 
Turin and Florence-! 



1088 1855,* *-1878, Dec. 28. 



ITALY. 



ARMY— NAVY. 

1859 Apr. * - July * War : France and 
Sardinia with Austria (pp. 524+, 734). 

1860-61 Revolution; the beginning of 
United Italy (p. 734). 

1860 * * Garibaldi's campaign for the 
liberation of Italy from the King of 
Naples. 

[May 11. Garibaldi lands with a email 
army at Marsala, Sicilv. May 14. Abandons 
his ships. May 15. With 2,000 men defeats 
Gen. Landi with 3,(500 at Calataflmi. May 
27- Storms Palermo. May 31. Armistice. 
June 6. Palermo evacuated. July 20, 21. 
Wins atMelazzo. .July 21. Enters Messina. 
Aug. 18. Lands at Melito on the main land. 
Aug. 21. Takes Keggio. Sept. 11. Gives up 
the captured Neapolitan fleet to Sardinia. 
Sept. 19, 21, Oct. 1. Wins at Volturno, near 
Capua. Nov. 18. Garibaldi retires from the 



Sard ii 



May * French troops leave Italy. 

Sept. 7. An insurrection breaks out in 
the Papal States. 

Sept. 11. Sardinian troops under Gens. 
Enrico Cialdini and Manfredo Fanti en- 
ter the Papal States. 
[Sept. 12. Gen. Fanti takes Pesaro. Sept. 

14. Also Perugia, with UiOO prisoners. Sept. 

15. (it'll. Cialdini defeat a papal troops under 
Marshal Lamorioiere at ( asteltidardo. Sept. 
29. Ancona is taken. Oct. 4. Victor Emman- 
uel assumes command of the army. Sardin- 
ians enter Naples. Oct. 17. Win at Isernia. 
Nov. 2. Take Capua. Nov. 3. Win at Ga- 
rigliano. Also besiege Gaeta. 1*61. Feb. 13. 
It surrenders. Mar. 14. CivatelladelTronto, 
the last of the Ilourhon fortresses, surren- 
ders.] 

1861 Feb. 28. Sicily. Gen. Cialdini 
blockades the citadel of Messina. [Mar. 
13. It surrenders.] 

Sept. 15. Jose" Borges lands in Cala- 
bria, but fails to rouse a liourbonist re- 
action in favor of Francis II. pec. 8. 
Taken and shot.] 

Oct.+ * Skirmishes with brigands and 
reactionists occur in South Italy. 

1862 Aug. * Garibaldi attempts to se- 
cure the freedom of Rome -without the 
approval of the king. 

He embarks at Catania with aforce of 
volunteers, lands at Melito, Calabria. 
[Aug. 29. Wounded and taken prisoner 
in a skirmish with royal troops.] 

1863 Oct. * The army of Italy, 250,000 
strong, is organized. 

1865 Nov.* A part of the French 
force guarding the Pope leaves his do- 
minions. [1866. Dec. 2-12. More leave 
Rome.] 

1866 June 16- July 22. Austro- 
Prussian war: Italy is an ally of Prus- 
sia (p. 8*22-*-). 

Sept. 21. Sicily. Italian troops sup- 
press an insurrection in Palermo. 

1867 * * Garibaldi makes another [un- 
successful] attempt to liberate Rome. 

[Sept.-Oct. GaribaMian bands invade pa- 
pal territories. Oct. 22. Rome. An insurrec- 
tion is suppressed. Zouave barracks are 
blown up. A state of siece is proclaimed. 
Oct. 25. Garibaldi is defeated at Viterbo. 
Oct. 26. Defeats Papal troops at Monte Ko- 
tondo. Oct. 28. A French army arrives at 
the port of Rome. Nov. 3. Garibaldi is de- 
feated at Men tana by papal and French 
troops. Nov. 4. Retreats into Italy. Nov. 
25k. He is sent to Caprera. ] 
1870 Aug. 8. Rome is entirely evacu- 
ated by the French troops in conse- 
quence of the disastrous war with Ger- 
many. 

[Sept. 12. Italian troops enter the Papal 
States. Sept. 15+-. Thev occupy Civita Vec- 
chia, the seaport of Rome. Sept. 17. The 



Papal Zouaves in Rome refuse to surrender. 
Sept. 20. The Zouaves make only a brief 
resistance by order of the Pope ; the Italians 
breach the walls and enter Home, with a loss 
of 22± killed and 117 wounded; the Papal 
troops lose 55 killed and wounded. J 

1876 May 8. The ironclad Dailio is 
launched. 

[1S76, July 10, The Dandolo; 1880, Sept. 
29, The Italia; 1883, Mar. 17, The Le- 
panto; 1887, Jan. 25, The Casfefridardo; 
July 30, The Francisco Morosihi; 1888, 
Oct. 16, The Re L'mberto.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1857 Aug. 31. The Mont Cenis 
T unn el is commenced. [1870. Dec. 2. 
Completed. Length, 7£ miles ; cost, 
$13,000,000.] 

1858 June 2. Dr. Giovanni Battista 
Donati discovers [Donati's magnificent] 



1870 Dec. 27+. Great overflow of the 
Tiber. 

1873 Nov. 8. A monument to Ca- 
vour is inaugurated at Turin. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1855 * * Rosini, Giovanni, poet, novelist, A79. 

Rosmini-Serbati, Antonio, el., philos., A58. 
1856* * Cesare, Giuseppe. Cavaliere di, his- 
torian, A73. 
1857* * Manin, I >anie!e, statesman, patriot, 

A53. 
1858 * * Foresti, E. Feline, patriot, A65. 
Lablanche, Luigi, singer, A67. 
Orsini, Felice, ennspirator, A37. 
1859* * Codazzi, Agostino, explorer, geog- 
rapher, A67. 

1860 * * Borgheai, IJartolommeo, Count, nu- 
mismatist, A79. 

1861 * * Cavour, Count di, Camillo Benao, 
statesman, A 51. 

1863 * * Ainici, Giovanni Battista, physicist, 

A79. 
1864" * Florentine,, Pier A ngelo, author, A58. 
1865 * * Pasla, Giuditta, singer, A67. 
1866* * Azeulio, M.issimo 'japaielli d', states- 
man, A 66. 

r.rotlerio, Augelo, author, A64. 
1867* * Pacini, ( iiovauni, composer, A71. 
1868* * Andrea, (.iirolamod', cardinal, A56. 

C'ierogna, F.mmanurle Antonio, author, A79. 

Maoehetti, Carlo, sculptor, A63. 

iWatteucci, Carlo, physiologist, A57. 

Rossini, Gioacchimt A ntonio. composer, A76. 

1869 Nov. 11. Victor Emmanuel, Ferdi- 
nand, son of Prince Humbert, born. 

1870 * * Berry, Ihichesse de, Caroline Ferdl- 
nande Louise, of Naples, A72. 

Cibrario, Luigl, historian, A68. 
Mercadante, Saverio, composer, A73. 
1871* * Belgiojoso, Princess of, Christina 
di Trivulzio, patriot, author, A63. 
Laugier, Comte de Cesar de Bellecour, gen- 
eral, author, A82. 
1873* * Giudici, Paolo Emiliano, hist., A60. 

Mazzini, Giuseppe, patriot, A64. 
1873* * Donati, Giovanni Battista, astrono- 
mer, A47. 
Fagimni, Giuseppe, portrait painter, A 54. 
Guerrazzi, Francesco Domenieo, politician, 

author, A68. 
Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, writer, A 89. 
lialtazzi, I'rbano, statesman, A63. 
1876* * Antonelli, Giacomo, cardinal, 
statesman, A86. 
Ferrari, Giuseppe, philosopher, A65. 
1878 Jan. 9. "Victor Emmanuel (II. Of 
Sardinia), first King of Italy, A58. 
Plus IX., pope, A86. 
Secchi, Pietro A ngelo, cl., astronomer, AGO. 



CHURCH. 

1860 Mar. 26. Home. Pius IX. ex- 
communicates all abetting the rebel- 
lion of the Papal States. [1861. June 9. 
Issues a severe allocution against the 
Italians.] 

* * Home. Methodist mission opened. 



1862 * * A declaration against temporal 
power is signed by 2,000+ priests. 

1864 Dec. 8. Pius IX. issues a sylla- 
bus censuring 80 errors in religion, phi- 
losophy, and politics. [1865. Sept. 30. 
Also an allocution condemning secret 
societies.] 

1866 Mar. 19. Protestants are mas- 
sacred at Barletta, Naples. 

July 7. A bill to suppress monasteries 
and confiscate certain Church properties 
is passed. 

1867 June 26. The canonization of 
25 martyrs is attended by 599 bishops 
and thousands of priests. 

* *The Presbyterian Church South, 
V. S. A., opens a mission in Naples. 

1869 Apr. 11. Rome. Pius IX. cele- 
brates a jubilee. 

1869-70 Borne. The Vatican Council. 
(Dec. 8.) It opens: present, 6 archbish- 
op-princes, 49 cardinals, 11 patriarchs, 68D 
archbishops and bishops, :■* abbots, 29 gene- 
rals of orders. Total. 803. (1870. Apr. 24.) 
New canons are issued. (July 18.) The 
infallibility of the 1'ope is promulgated as a 
doctrine of the Church. 

1870 Jan. 12. Rome . Pius IX. by de- 
cree condemns the Fenians. [Sept. 11. 
He refuses the proffered sovereignty of 
the Leonine City as a compromise. 
Nov. 23. He excommunicates all per- 
sons who have aided in the annexation 
of Rome to Italy.] 

1871 June 25. Rome. The Pope's 
jubilee is celebrated after 25 years of 
dominion. 

1873 Jan. 25. - Rome. The American 
Protestant Church is dedicated. [Oct. 
25. An Anglican Church.] 

* * The Methodist Episcopal Church 
(U. S. A.) opens a mission in Bologna. 
Also in Florence. [1874, in Milan ; 1875, 
in Perugia ; Lee, in Rome.] 

1875 Feb. 9. Rome. Pius IX. again 
appears at St. Peter's after an absence 
of four years. 

* * The First Synod of theltalian Catho- 
lic Church meets at Naples. 

1877 Feb. 20. Rome. Leo XXTI. is 
elected pope. [1878. Mar. 3. Crowned.] 

1878 Dec. 28. Rome. Leo XIII. issues 
an encyclical condemning communism, 
socialism, and nihilism as fruits of the 
Reformation. 

LETTERS. 

1855 * * Gazelta del Popolo is issued at 

Turin. 
1857 * * Rome. The ancient Vatican 

Codex of the Old and J\'ew Testament in 

Greek is published. 

1866 + * Nuova Antologia is issued. 

1867 * * Annali di Mathematica is issued . 
1869 * * Nuova Giornale Botanico issued. 
1871 * * Archivio Veneto is issued. 

1874 Jan. * The Academy of San Luca 
is replaced by a new academy. 

* * Archivio Storico Lombard o is issued. 

1876 * * II Filangioni is issued. 

* * Annali di Statiscica is issued. 



STATE. 

1857 Apr.* Rupture between Auttria 
and Sardinia. [War follows.] (P. 525.) 

1859 Apr. 27. Peaceful revolution 
at Florence. 

A provisional government is formed in Tus- 
cany, with the King of Sardinia dictator, in 



ITALY. 



1855, * *-1878, Dec. 28. 1089 



consequence of the grand duke's refusal of 
an alliance with Sardinia. [Apr. 30. Dicta- 
torship declined; command of the Tuscan 
army accepted. July 21. The grand duke 
abdicates.] 

May 3. Peaceful revolution at Parma. 
[June 15. At Modena. June* Insur- 
rections break out in Romagna, at Bo- 
logna, Ferrara, and Modena.] 

May 22-60 Sept. 6. Francis II. is 
King of tlieTwo Sicilies. [18G0. Deposed.] 

June 11. The fugitive, Francis V. of 
Modena, establishes a regency at Ve- 
rona. [June 13. Abolished, and a pro- 
visional government is set up.] 

July 12. Rome. The Pope appeals to 
Europe against Sardinia. 

Preliminaries of peace are signed with 
Austria (p. 525). Sardinia gains Lonibar- 
dian territory. [The cities of Italy are 
greatly agitated by the terms of the 
peace, which restore Austrian author- 
ity.] 

July 21. Ferdinand IV. becomes 
grand duke of Tuscany. 

July * Marchese Alfonso Ferrero di La 
Marmora is prime minister. [1S64^GG- 
Again.] 

* * The states of Tuscany, Modena, and 
Parma, with the papal state of Ko- 
magna, implore Victor Emmanuel to an- 
nex them to his kingdom. Opposed by 
the Pope. 

Nov. 10. Switz. Peace of Zurich 
signed (p. 525). 

Dec. 7. A new constitution for Sardinia 
is proclaimed. 

Dec. 24. The province of JEmilia is 
formed by uniting Iiwinagna, Modena, 
and Parma. [1860. Mar. 14. They vote 
by universal suffrage for union with 
Sardinia.] 

Mar. 16. Tuscany votes for union with 
Sardinia. [Mar. 22. Decreed.] 

1860 Mar. 24. Nice and Savoy an- 
nexed to France (p. 735). 

Mar. 28. Rome. The Pope excommu- 
nicates all concerned in the rebellion of 
his states. 

Apr. * Sicily. Insurrections against 
oppressive government break out in Pa- 
lermo, Messina, and Catania. 

May 18. The Sardinian government pro- 
fesses disapproval of Garibaldi's ex- 
pedition for the deliverance of Sicily. 
[June 3. A provisional government is 
formed at Palermo.] 

June 26. Francis II. of Naples, 
alarmed by the revolutionists, proclaims 
amnesty and promises a liberal minis- 
try. [July 2. Proclaims the reestab- 
lishment of the constitution of 1848.] 

July 30. The Neapolitans agree to 
evacuate Sicily, only retaining the for- 
tress of Messina. 

Aug. 3. Sicily. A new constitution is 
proclaimed. 

Sept. 6. Francis II., the last King of 
Naples and Sicily, is deposed. 

[Sept. 8. Garibaldi assumes the dicta- 
torship. Oct. 21. The Two Sicilies by 
universal suffrage vote for union with 
Sardinia. Vote, 432,054-667. Nov. 7. Vic- 
tor Emmanuel enters Naples as king.] 

Sept. 7. The people of Fossombrone ap- 
peal to Sardinia for relief from the 
papal troops, by whom they have been 
subdued. 

Sept. 28. Rome. The Pope issues an 
allocution against France and Sardinia, 
and appeals to Europe for prelection. 



Nov. * The Marches vote for annexation 
to Sardinia. 

* * Urbino, Bologna, and Ravenna are 
united to the kingdom of Italy. 

1861 Feb. 18. The first Italian Parli- 
ament meets. 

[Mar. 17. It confers the title King of 
Italy on Victor Emmanuel, King of Sar- 
dinia. Apr. 15. The Pope protests 
against the kingdom.] 

Mar. 31. England recognizes the 
kingdom of Italy. [June 24. Recog- 
nized by France. Oct. 1. By Portugal. 
1862. Mar. 1. By Prussia. July 3. By 
Russia. 1865. June* By Spain.] 

Oct. 13. The Italian kingdom is divided 
into 59 prefectures. 

1S62 July 19. Sicily. Garibaldi calls 
for volunteers under the watch-cry, 
" Rome or death." 

Aug. 19. Sicily. Garibaldi organizes 
a provisional government in Catania, 
although opposed by the king. 

[Sept. 28. Garibaldi appeals to the 
English people for aid, in the name of 
liberty. Oct. 5. Amnesty is granted to 
him and his followers.] 

1863 Mar. 24-64 Sept. * Marco Min- 
ghetti is prime minister. [1873-76. 
Again.] 

1864 Jan. * The moderate party are 
victorious in the general election. 

Sept. 15. France agrees to withdraw 

her troops from Rome (p. 737). 
Dec. 11. Florence is decreed to be the 

capital of Italy. [Temporary.] 

1865 Nov. 7. The Bank of Italy is 
established. 

Nov. 18. The new Parliament meets 

in Florence. 
Dec* -66 Jan.* Rupture with 

Russia. 
1S66 May 12. An alliance is entered 

with Prussia. 
June 18. War is declared against 

Austria (p. 526). 
July 3. Austria cedes Venetia to 

France. 
[Oct. 11. Transferred by France to 

Italy. Oct. 21. Plebiscitum, 641,758 votes 

for annexation, 60 against it.] 

Oct. 3. Aust. Italy and Austria sign 
the Peace of Vienna. [Oct. 12. Rati- 
fied.] 

Oct. 11. Austria restores Mantua to 
Italy. 

Nov. 7. The king enters Venice. 

1867 May-b * The kingdom suffers 
financial embarrassment; the king 

. surrenders a part of his civil list for its 
relief. 

Oct. 27. Florence. The king issues a 
proclamation against the Garibaldian 
invasion of the Papal States. Riots 
break out in many cities. [Oct. 30. The 
revolution is suppressed. Dec. 5. Am- 
nesty proclaimed at Florence.] 

1868 Apr. 4. Florence. The Deputies 
adopt the grist-tax after a debate last- 
ing 21 days. [June * Adopted by the 
Senate.] 

1870 Mar. 24+. Republican upris- 
ings in Pavia and other towns are sup- 
pressed. 

July 18. Florence. Neutrality in the 
Franco-Prussian war is proclaimed. 



Sept. 11. The Pope refuses to com- 
- promise. 

The king offers the Holy See the sov- 
ereignty of the Leonine City, containing 
the Vatican, the Castle of St. Angelo, and 
the Borgo district, with the retention of 
his income. 

Sept. 26. Rome. Cardinal Antonelli is- 
sues a protest against the Italian occu- 
pation of the Holy City. 

Sept. 22. Rome. A provisional gov- 
ernment is formed by 10,000 people 
assembled in the Colosseum. 

Oct. 2. Plebiscite of the Papal States : 
133,G81 votes for union with Italy, 1,507 
against it. 

Oct. 9. United Italy is accomplished ; 
Rome and its territories are united to 
the kingdom. [Oct. 19. Decree issued.] 

Dec. 5. Rome. The Parliament meets; 
Rome is declared the capital city. [1871. 
July 1. The government is removed 
to Rome. July 3. Inaugurated.] 

1872 Mar. 27. San Marino enters a 
convention with Italy. 

1876 Mar.* -79 * * Agostino Depretis 
is prime minister. [1881-86. Again.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859 Jan. 30. Prince Napoleon 
Jerome marries the Princess Clotilde. 

Mar. 7. Poerio and 66 companions rise 
when being conveyed as exiles to North 
America, seize the vessel, and sail for 
Cork, Ireland. [The English subscribe 
£10,000 in their aid.] 

1860 * * Sicily. Secret terrorists called 
Mafia commit many murders ; the so- 
ciety becomes prominent. 

1862 Mar.-Apr.* Garibaldi makes a 
triumphant progress through Italy; he 
establishes many rifle-clubs. 

Sept. 27- The Princess Maria Pia by 
proxy is married to the King of Por- 
tugal. 

1865 May 14. A Dante festival is 

opened at Florence by the king. 

1865 June 21. A cable telegraph line 
is opened between Marsala, Sicily, and 
La Calle, Algeria. 

1S68 Feb. 20. The order of the Crown 
of Italy is instituted. 

Apr. 22. Prince Humbert is married 
to his cousin, Margherita at Turin. 

Apr.+ * Brigands abound in South Italy. 
[1872. Revived.] 

June 15. The railway over Mont Cenis 
is opened ; length, 48 miles. [1871. Oct. 
16. Opened for traffic.] 

1870 Dec. 31. Much suffering is caused 
by an inundation of the Tiber. [1872. 
Also by the inundation of the Po.] 

1874-75 The Government makes vigor- 
ous efforts to suppress the disorderly 
Mafia and their enemies, the Ca- 
morra. [1875. Oct. 2. Capraro, the 
chief of brigands, is killed.] 

1877 Mar. * The work of improving 
the Tiber and making a new port is 
commenced. 

June * -Nov. * The brigands are nearly 
exterminated. [1878. Revived in South 
Italy. 1 

1878 May 31. The draining and plant- 
ing of the Campagna is authorized. 

Nov. 17. Giovanni Passanante, an in- 
ternationalist, attempts to assassinate 
the king, whom he wounds. 



1090 1879, * *-1894, Dec. 27. 



ITALY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1887-94 War with Abyssinia (p. 2). 
1890 Sept. 20. A new ironclad 

launched, the largest in the navy. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1883 Jan. 21. Rome. An International 
Exhibition of Fine Arts opens. [1887. 
May 2. Another at Venice.] 

1889 June 9. A statue of Giordano 
Bruno (burned in 1600) is unveiled in 
Venice. 

1890 Sept. 20. A statue of Victor 
Emmanuel is unveiled at Florence. 

1892 Sept. 28. A statue of Mazzini is 
unveiled at Carrara. 



BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1879 * * Fanfanl, Pietro, philologist, A64. 

1880 * * Ricasoli, Bettino, Baron, statesman, 
A71. 

1881* * Pepoli, (iioachino, MarquiB, politi- 
cian, A56. 
1882 * * Garibaldi, Giuseppe, patriot, Alh. 

Lanza, Giovanni, statesman, A61. 
1883* * Mario, Giuseppe, singer, A73. 

Giuliani, Giauibattista, srholar, A66. 

1885 * * Mamiani, Terenzio della Rovere, 
Count, philosopher, A83. 

Vera, AuRusto, philosopher, A68. 

1886 * * -Minchetli, Marm, statesman, A68. 

1887 July 29. Depretis, Agosto, prime 
minister, A79. 

1889 * * Amari, MU-hele, historian, A83. 
Patti, Carlotta. singer, A49. 
Tamberlik, Enrico, singer, A 69. 

1891 June lO. Curci, Carlo Maria, theolo- 
gian, A81. 

Sept. 9. Peruzzi, UbaMino, statesman, A70. 

1892 Jan. 14. Simeoni, Giovanni, cardi- 
nal, statesman, A76. 

Sept. 8. CiaUlini, Enrico, Duke of Gaeta, 
general, diplomatist, A81. 



Dec. 27. Francis II., last King of Naples, 
or the Two Sicilies, A48. 
Alboni, Marietta, Binger, A71. 

CHURCH. 

1888 Jan. 1-5. Rome. The Pope's 
grand jubilee is celebrated by masses 
at St. Peter's ; present, 48 cardinals, 233 
archbishops and bishops, and 30,000+ 
laymen. 

1891* *The Evangelical Alliance 
holds its ninth anniversary in Florence. 

1892 Jan. 4, Leo XIII. accepts the 
terms proposed by France for concilia- 
tion between the Vatican and the king- 
dom. 

1894 Dec. 17. Rome. Leo XIII. cele- 
brates mass ; 15,000 persons present. 

LETTERS. 

1879 * * Nuova Revista inter yiazionale is 
issued. 

1880 Jan. 1. Rome. Aurora, a papal 
daily newspaper is issued. 

June * New Italy and old Zealots, by 
Rev. Carlo Maria Curci, appears. 



1881 * * La Ressagna Italiana is issued. 

1882 * * Archivio Trentico is issued. 

1883 * * Giomale storio della Letter atur a 
Italiana is issued. 

* * Giornale degli Eruditi is issued. 

* * Annuario di Giurisprudenza is issued. 

* * Revue Internationale is issued. 

1884 * * Revista storica Italiana is issued. 

* * La Natura is issued. 

STATE. 

1881 Dec. * The suffrage is extended 
to all who can read and write ; minority 
representation is provided for. 

1884 Nov. 28. Twenty-one new mem- 
bers are added to the Senate. 

1887 Mar. 13. A treaty of alliance for 
defense is signed with Austria-Hungary 
and Germany (DreibunU). 

Aug. * -91 Feb. 1. Francesco Crispi 
is prime minister. 

1888 June * Capital punishment is 
abolished by the Chambers. 

1889 May 8. A treaty is signed with 
Abyssinia (p. 2). [Nov. 11. A protecto- 
rate is declared (p. 3)]. 

1890 May 5. The Senate passes the 
Charities Bill, providing for church ex- 
penses, and averts the resignation of the 
Ministry. 

Nov. 30. Rome. A general amnesty is 
promulgated. 

1891 Feb. 2-92 May 6. Marquis 
A. di Hudini is premier. 

Mar. 15. Rome. The Baron de Fava, 
minister to Washington, is instructed to 
earnestly protest against the action of 
the anti-Italian mob in New Orleans. 
[Mar. 16. President Harrison's regrets 
are received.] 

June 29. The Triple Alliance (Drei- 
bund) is renewed for six years ; it guar- 
antees the integrity of each nation. 

1892 Apr. 16. Baron de Fava is or- 
dered to resume his diplomatic post at 
Washington. 

May 10. Signor Giollitti is premier. 

1893 Jan. 20. Rome. Premier Giol- 
litti presents a report to the chamber of 
Deputies respecting the bank scandal. 
[1894. Flees to escape arrest.] 

Nov. 23. Many prominent men are in- 
volved in the bank scandal, which is re- 
ported to the Assembly by a commission. 
[Nov. 25. The bank scandal causes the 
resignation of the Cabinet.] 

Dec. 15+. Rome. Francesco Crispi is 
premier. 

1894 Jan. 4. A state of siege is de- 
clared in Sicily because of the anti-tax 
agitation. [Jan. 17. Also in Carrara 
and Mussa de Carrara.] 

Feb. 18. Rome. A democratic con- 
gress meets, having 67 delegates, who 
oppose governmental despotism. 



July 11. Rome. The Chamber passes a 
bill to suppress theoretical propaganda 
of anarchy. [July 16. The Senate.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1881 Mar. 23. A fire panic occurs in 
the opera-house at Nice ; 70± lives are 
lost. 

1882 May 21, 22. The St. Gothard 

railway,between Lucerne and Milan, is 
opened. 

1883 Jan. 31. Rome. An international 
Fine Arts Exhibition ia opened. 

1884. Jan. 5. Rome. Victor Emman- 
uel's body is removed to the Pantheon. 

* * The Asiatic cholera appears in Italy. 
[1S86. Again. 1893. Again.] 

1889 Feb. 8+. Rome. Hioters destroy 
an immense amount of property ; 30 per- 
sons are injured. 

1890 Apr. 18. The Italian East Africa 
Company is organized. 

1891 Mar. 17. The Utopia sinks after 
a collision in Gibraltar Bay ; 500 Italians 
are drowned. 

May± * Testimony in a trial at Bari 
shows that the Mala Vita brigands sen- 
tence persons to death and execute them. 

May 15. The police arrest 16 anar- 
chists, having plans for the pillage and 
destruction of banks and other proper- 
ties. 

May 31±. The International Peace 
Congress meets at Milan. [1892. Nov. 
3. At Rome.] 

1893 Jan. 19. Rome. Dynamiters 
twice attempt to blow up a hotel crowded 
with people, causing only slight damages. 

Apr. 22. Rome. The 25th anniversary 
of the king's marriage is celebrated with 
general festivity. 

July 12. Over 200 Senators and Deputies 
are charged with complicity in the Banca 
Romana scandal. 

[Oct. 23. An investigating committee 
reports to the Deputies, and criticizes 
many prominent men ; 13 nobles and 30 
Deputies arc implicated, also Premier 
Giollitti. 1894. May 2. Trial begins.] 

Oct. * Sicily. The Government declares 
martial law for extermination of bri- 



Nov. 30. Rome. The Credit Mobilier 
suspends payments; a panic follows. 
[Dec. 13. The Banca Bomana suspends.] 

Dec. 18. Sicily. Anti-tax riots break 
out. [Dec. 24. 1894. Jan. 3+. Again.] 

1894 Mar. 8. Rome. A bomb explo- 
sion injures eight persons. 

June 16. Rome. An anarchist fires two 
bullets at Premier Crispi while riding, 
both missing the mark. 

July 20. The prisons are full of anar- 
chists awaiting trial. 



JAPAN. 

The empire of Japan consists chiefly of four islands, Honshu, Yesso, Shikoku, and Kiushiu, with about 4,000 near-by islands, 
and the mere remote Liukiu and Kurile and Bonin groups ; capital, Tokyo. The government is a limited monarchy, with the 
legislative power lodged in a Parliament composed of two houses, a House of Peers and a House of Representatives. Shinto 
and Buddhism are the chief religions. Area, 147,655 square miles. Population in 1891, 40,453,461. 



ARMY — NAVY. civil war. [1156-59. War for the posses- 

sion of the emperor's person.] 
1150-85 a. d. The Minamoto clans 1274-81 Mongols attempt to conquer 
nearly annihilate the Taira clans in a Japan. 



(1274.) A Chinese expedition of 10,000 
nen is repulsed. 

(1281.) An expedition of 100,000 Chi- 
lese and Koreans i 



JAPAN. 660**b.c.-a.d. 1853, July 7. 1091 



1331 * * A revolt, caused by the ill-treat- 
ment of the mikado by the Hojd ; it is 
led by Kusunoki-Masashige and Nitta 
Yoshisada, descendants of the Mina- 
moto clan. [1336. Kioty is taken.] 

1333 * * Nitta Toshisada attacks and de- 
stroys Kamakura. 

1560 * * Ota Nobunaga defeats Yoshi- 
moto in a feudal war. 

1570 * * The united forces of Nobunaga, 
Sokugawa, Iyeyasu, and Yoshiaki defeat 
Yoshikage at the battle of Anagawa. 

1592 * * The Koreans utterly defeat a 
Japanese invasion. [1597. Another in- 
vasion defeats a Chinese fleet, but soon 
evacuates Korea.] (P. 614+ . See Korea.) 

1600 * * Battle of Sekigahara ; Iyeyasu 
decisively defeats and subdues his ene- 
mies. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
1108* *Isono Zenji, "the mother of 

the drama," flourishes. [1624. The first 

theater in Japan is opened at Yeddo.] 
1703 * * Yeddo is almost ruined by an 

earthquake; 200,000 lives lost. [1855. 

Nov. 11. Again.] 

CHURCH. 

552 * * Buddhism is introduced from 
Korea. 

1549 * * Francis Xavier carries the gos- 
pel to Japan. [1553. More Roman Catho- 
lic missionaries arrive. 1582. Perse- 
cution begins.] 

1582 * * Japanese Christians number 
200,000, with three baptized daimios. 

1585 * * Tbe Japanese Christians send a 
mission to the Papal See, headed by 
three noblemen. [1590. General perse- 
cution of Christians begins. Four 
Franciscan monks arrive.] 

1593 * * Hideyoshi seizes nine mission- 
aries, and burns them at Nagasaki. 
[1597. Feb. 5. Six Franciscans, three 
Jesuits, and 17 other Christians are cru- 
cified. 1598. Christianshavearespite. 
1600. Iyeyasu decrees the expulsion 
of foreigners. 1610, 200 missionaries 
and 2,000,000 converts are reported.] 

1611* *Persecution again begins ; 
Christians exalt their religion by their 
fortitude ; princess, nobles, men, women, 
and children suffer heroically. 

1614* * Thousands of native Christiana 
flee to China and Formosa. 

1624 * * Father Sotelo, papal legate, is 
put to death. 

1637 * * Revolt at Shimabara. 

Thousands of Christians and others 
seize and repair an old castle in Kiushiu, 
and there withstand the siege of the 
armies during two months; 27,000 
prisoners surrender, most of whom are 
sent into exile, but many hundreds are 
executed by decapitation and drowning. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1280* *a. d. Japan is visited by Marco 
Polo, the Venetian traveler. 

1533* * Ota Nobunaga, nobleman, war- 
rior, born. 

1535* * Japan is visited by Mendez 
Pinto, a Portuguese. [His countrymen 
soon obtain permission to make a set- 
tlement.] 

1600* *The Dutch first trade with 
Japan. [1612. The English come. 1690. 
EngelbertKampfer, the German trav- 
eler, comes.] 



1717-44 During the reign of Yoshimune, 

a free hospital is established at Yeddo. 

The sugar-cane is introduced. 
1805* *Takato Ogi, minister, born. 

[1877. Dies.] 
1829 * * Juzammi T. Okubo, statesman, 

born. 



STATE, 

660-585 B.C. JimmuTenno, the first 

mikado, reigns ; he leads hither invaders 
from Asia, and establishes a dynasty 
[which continues till now]. 
97-30 B.C. Sujin, the 10th mikado, 
reigns. He promotes civilization, and 
opens intercourse with Korea. 

71-130 A. r>. Keiko reigns. 

131* * Yamato-Dake reigns; annexes 
Koanto. 

201* *Chinai, the 14th mikado, dies, 
and is succeeded by his wife, Jingu-Kog< >. 
She subdues Korea, and enters diplo- 
matic relations with China. 

270-310 Ojin, a warlike mikado, reigns. 

500+ * * History becomes authentic. 

603 * * The government is divided into 
eight great administrative departments 
and a number of smaller ones. [The 
court nobility conduct the departments.] 

* * * The people are divided into two 
classes, the agricultural and the military. 

* * * The Fujiwara nobility gradually 
acquire all the civil offices ; the Hei and. 
Gen families (Taira or Minamoto) fill the 
military offices. 

8th-12th Century. The Taira and Mina- 
moto clans struggle for supremacy ; the 
emperors are puppets of the dominant 
faction. 

794 * * Kyoto becomes the capital. 

1160-81 Taira no Kiyomori is prime 
minister. 

1160± * *The exiled Minamoto estab- 
lish a realm under Yoritomo and Yoshit- 
sune in the Koanto plain ; Kamakura, 
capital. 

1181* * Kiyomori dies; the rival clans 
renew civil war. 

1185-1219 Minamoto supremacy. 

1192* * The Mikado Takahira appoints 

Yoritoma generalissimo of the empire. 

He extends the realm by conquests, 

and makes Kamakura the metropolitan 

city [and later the capital]. 

1199 * * Yoritomo dies, and is succeeded 
by his sons, Yoriiye~ and Sanetomo. 
[1219. The death of Sanetomo closes the 
main line of the Minamoto family.] 

1225-1575 The Hojo family, favoring 
the Minamoto line, hold the military 
administration ; the office of shogun, 
or general, is conferred on various mem- 
bers of the Fujiwara family. 

1250+ * *The shoguns become the 
"Mayors of the Palace,'* who conduct 
the military and civil government, while 
the mikado serves in spiritual functions. 

1319-38 The Mikado Go-Daigo reigns. 

1331-92 Two rival courts, the northern 
and southern, dispute the succession. 
(See Army.) It is settled by an agree- 
ment that the mikados shall be taken 
alternately from each house. [The north- 
branch at Kyoto survives only a few 



1336-1573 The Ashikaga shoguns rule 

Japan. 

15th Century. Civil wars devastate 
Japan. 

1510+ * *The Later Hojd family rule 
for four generations; capital, Odawara. 

1558-88 Oki-Machi reigns as mikado ; 
Nobunaga,Hideyo8hi,andTogugawariae 
to power as great men. 

1560+ * * Yoshiake is shogun. [Dis- 
possessed by Yoshikage. Reinstated by 
Nobunaga.] 

1573-82 Nobunaga is shogun. 

He favors Christianity and opposes 
Buddhists, capturing their fortified 
temples. (1582.) Revolt. Nabunaga com- 
mits suicide. 

1582-92 Hideyoshi, the shogun, (?) 
subdues the revolt. 

[1582-98. He is shogun. 1588. He de- 
crees the expulsion of the Jesuits (inop- 
erative).] 

1598* * Hideyoshi dies; Tokugawa 
Iyeyasu is regent for his infant son. 

[1603. Iyeyasu becomes shogun. He 
favors education and foreign intercourse, 
and removes the capital from Kamakura 
to Yeddo. 1614. He decrees the isola- 
tion of Japan from the world.] 

1603-68 The Tokugawa shoguns rule. 
[Some of the shoguns assume the title 
Tai-kun, or Tycoon, " High Prince."] 

1605 * * Iyeyasu resigns his title to his 
son Hidetada [but retains power till 
death, in 1616. He leaves a code of laws]. 

1620 * * Hidetada sends a messenger to 
Europe to study Christianity. [The sho- 
gun opposes his favorable report of it, 
and forbids its introduction.] 

1630^43 Too-Fuku-no-in, daughter of 
the Mikado Go-mino-o, and the daughter 
of the shogun Hidetada, succeed to the 
throne as Miosho-Tenno. 

1653 * * Iyemitsu becomes shogun. 

He opposes Christians and closes Japan 
against foreigners ; only the Chinese and 
the Dutch are allowed to trade at Na- 
gasaki. [1649. He dies.] 

1637 * * The Christians at Shimabara 
revolt. (See Church.) 

1650-81 Iyetsuna is shogun. Yeddo in- 
creases in importance. 

1681-1708 Tsunayoski is shogun. He 
is a scholar, and favors learning. 

1717-44 Yoshimune is shogun, and 
rules with great ability. The criminal 
code is revised. Hygienic information 
is distributed throughout the empire. 

1744 * * Population, 26,080,000 people. 

1763-70 An empress is on the mikado's 
throne. 

1763-86 Iyeharu is shogun. 

1780-1816 Kohaku is mikado. 

The Dutch gain great commercial in- 
fluence j the Russians fail in attempting 
to gain intercourse. 

1787-1838 lyenori is shogun. [1838-53, 
Iyeyoshi ; 1853-59, lyesada. 1859. Sept. 
16. Dies.] 

1817^16 Ninko is mikado. [1846-66, 
Komei-Tenno.] 

1853 July 7. Com. Perry, U.S.N., 
enters the harbor of Yeddo with four 
vessels, and is favorably received after 
using his big guns. 



1092 1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. 



JAPAN. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1863 July 15-19. Some English, 
French., and American vessels bombard 
the forts and ships of the Prince of 
Negato, in retaliating an attack on Nov. 
15-19, 1862. 



1868 * * -69 June * "War between the 
mikado and Keiki, the ex-shogun. 

(1868. Jan. 26-30.) Rebels defeated. 
(May 10-17.) Rebels victorious at Fu- 
shimo, near Yeddo. 

1883 July 23. Korea. Anti-Japanese 
riots (p. 1094). 

1894 Feb. * -Apr. * The anti-Korea 
party makeB an unsuccessful insurrec- 
tion. 

Aug. 2-95 Mar. * "War with China 
(p. 626). 

July 23. Korea. The Chinese faction 
fire on the Japanese guards at the capi- 
tal ; the Japanese occupy the palace 
and oust their enemies. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1888 July 15-18. A volcanic erup- 
tion destroys 400 lives at Sho-Bandai- 
San. [1889. Apr. 13-14. Another oc- 
curs on Ishima Island: 170 persons are 
killed.] 

1889 June 2. Chang Ping and Ping 
Yueng districts are flooded by a water- 
spout ; 6,000 lives are lost. 

Aug. * The town of Kumamoto is de- 
stroyed by an earthquake ; nearly 38,000 
lives are lost. 

Aug. 19. The Kinogawa River bursts 
its banks in the province of Kii ; 15,000 
lives are lost. 

Aug. 30. Floods in Wahayama destroy 
10,000 lives. 

Sept. 11. Besides terrible floods and 
landslides, a typhoon sweeps over Yoko- 
hama. 

In Wakayaina alone 1,238 lives are 
lost: 82,777 persons are immediately de- 
pendent on charity. 

1891 Oct. 28. An earthquake on the 
Nippon islands kills 10,000 people. [Dee,. 
6. Several rivers are choked by land- 
slides caused by an earthquake.] 

1893 Nov. 13. Floods drown 1,500 per- 
sons. 

1894 Oct. 22. Several villages are de- 
stroyed by lava from the volcano of 
Galoengong, in the Preang district. 

CHURCH. 

1859 Nov.* Presbyterians (!'. S. A.) open 
amission at Kanagawa, near Yokohama. 
[1862. Removed to Yokohama. 1869. One 
at Kanagawa.} 

Dec. 29. The Reformed (U. S. A.) mission- 
aries arrive. [1872. Organize a church at 
Kaigan.] 

1860 Apr. 1. American Baptists arrive. 
[1872. At Yokohama open a mission. 1873. 
Organize a church there. 1874. Open at 
Tokyo. 1876. Organize a ■■hureh there. 1881. 
Open at Kobe. 1**4, At Sendai; 1886, At 
Shhnonoseke; 18H7, At Merioka.] 

1861 * * The London Society open a hospi- 
tal at Nagarkoil. 

1869 Nov. 29. Missionaries of the Amer- 
ican Board arrive. [Open work at Kohe. 
1872. Mar. 10. There forma church; open 
in Yokohama. 1873. Formfhurehesat Kobe 
and Osaka. 1875. Nov.* At Kiota. 1883. 
Open at Niigata.) 

* * Tokol Heishiro. counselor of the mikado, 
is suspected of holding "evil opinions" 
(Christianity), and assassinated. 

* * Missionaries of the (Eng.) Church Society 



the Bible in Japanese. [1880. The New 
Testament. 1884. The entire Japanese 
version of the Bible appears.] 

1872* * The Government abolishes the de- 
partment of religion having Shinto as its 
especial care. 

1873* * The Methodist Episcopal Church 
(U. S. A.) begins mission-work. [1874, at 
Hirosaki; 1H76, at Nagasaki; 1884. Bible wo- 
men's training-school, Yokohama, founded, 
1885. Philander Smith's Biblical Institute 
and Theological School at Tokyo founded.] 

* * Tokyo. The first native church is formed. 

* * The Methodist Church of Canada opens 
work at Shidzuoka. 

* * The Society for the Propagation of the 
Gospel opens work at Tokyo. 

1874 * * " The United Church of Christ in 
Japan " is formed by the union of the United 
Presbyterian Church of Scotland, the Pres- 
byterian Church (North) U. S. A., with the 
Keformed Church of Japan. 

* * The United Presbyterian Church of 
Scotland opens a mission at Tokyo. 

* * The Chinese Missionary Society opens 
a mission at Hokodato. 

1876 * * The Evangelical Association (U. 

S. A.) opens mission- work. 
1877* * The Cumberland Presbyterians 

(U.S.A.) begin mission-work. 1887. Open 

a mission at Nagoya. 

* * The Society for the Promotion of Female 
Education in the East enters Japan. 

1879* * English Baptists send missionaries 
to Japan. 

* * The Reformed (German) Church (TJ. S. A.) 
sends missionaries to Japan. [1884. May * 
Forma chureh at Nihon liashi. 1885. Open 
at Sendai.] 

1880 * * The Methodist Protestant Church 
(U. S. A.) sends missionaries to .Japan. [18K3. 
Also the Disciples of Christ. The Christian 
Society open at Akita and Sponai.] 

1884 Aug. 11. The Government disestab- 
lishes the national religion ; promises tol- 
eration for all religions. 

1885 * * The Society of Friends begin mis- 
sion-work. Also the Southern Presbyterians 
(U. S. A.). [1887. They open at Kochi and 
Nagoya.] 

* * German pastorB arrive to preach " liberal 
theology." 

1886 * * The Southern Methodlsts(U. S. A.) 
open at Kobe. 

1887* * The Christian Church (U. S. A.) 
opens missions at Tokyo, Ishinomoki, and 
Ichisokaki. 

1888 * * The Wyclif College mission of 
Canada opens. The American Unitarians 
begin work. 

1889 * * The Roman Catholics at Kiushiu 
number 40,538. 



SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1859 July * Certain ports' are opened 
to foreigners. 

* * Yokohama is an insignificant fishing- 
place. 

1862 June 27. Foreign Ministers 
transfer their residence from Yeddo 
to Yokohama. 

1866 Nov. 26. Yokohama and much 
of the European settlement are de- 
stroyed by fire. 

1867 Apr. 25. TheGovernment opens 
Yeddo and other places to trade. 

1872 June 12. The first railway is 
opened ; it connects Yokokama with 
Tokyo. [Oct.* Extended to Shinogawa.] 

* * A public library is founded at Tokyo. 

1873 * * The University of Tokyo is es- 
tablished. 

1874 Jan. 1. The Gregorian calen- 
dar is adopted. 

1S78 May 17- Okubo, the Minister of 
the Interior, is killed by six men who are 
actuated by political motives. 



1880 * * One year's production of alco- 
holic liquids : ordinary sake, 200,603,360 
gallons ; turbid sake, 2,519,760 gallons ; 
white sake, 60,000 gallons ; sweet sake 
for corking, 1,542,760 gallons ; liquor, 
144,600 gallons ; spirits, 3,348,320 gallons. 

1882 * * The Government has established 
53,760 primary schools; compulsory 
education has been established. 

1884 Jan. *- Sept. * Cholera causes 
37,000 deaths. 

Sept. * A new order of hereditary no- 
bility is instituted. 

1885 * * A Japanese dictionary in Ro- 
man characters appears. 

* * Alphabetical writing in place of ideo- 
graphic is adopted through the agency 
of the Roma-ji-Rai, or Roman Alphabet 
Association. 

1887 Dec. 6. Shimadju Saburo, ex- 
Prince of Satsuma, dies. 

1889 Apr. * The mikado opens the In- 
ternational Exhibition at Yokohama. 

1887 * * "Western dress and habits are 

introduced by the Count Ito, the prime 

minister. 
1S89 Feb. 14. Viscount Arm or i, 

Minister of Education, is assassinated 

at Tokyo by a fanatic. 

1890 May * The mikado institutes the 
Order of theOolden Falcon, in commem- 
oration of the 2555th coronation of J mi- 
ni u Tenno. 

June* The failure of the rice crop 
causes thousands of people in Tokyo and 
other large cities in Japan to suffer for 
the want of food. One nobleman is feed- 
ing 1,000 people a day at his own expense. 

1891 May 11. At a resort near Kyoto 
the Czarewitch of Russia is attacked 
by a native with a sword and slightly 
injured. 

1894 Mar. * The Japanese begin to re- 
gard Sunday as a day of rest. The clos- 
ing of government establishments inau- 
gurates the custom in Japan. Business 
is nearly suspended in Tokyo on the 
Sabbath. 

Dec. 14. Four hundred dynamite bombs 
are seized at the homes of three alleged 
rebels, arrested at Kyoto. 



STATE. 

1854 Mar. 31. A treaty is made with 
the United States (p. 175). [Oct. 14. An- 
other with Great Britain. 1855. Jan. 
26. "With Russia and France. 1858. 
Aug. 19. Another for unrestricted com- 
merce with Russia.] 

1859 * * A reaction occurs against the 
treaties made with foreigners ; the court 
at Tokyo and the mikado oppose them ; 
the shogun is assassinated. 

1859-66 Iyemochi is shogun. [1866. Sept. 
* Dies.] 

1860 May 14 < . An embassy visits the 
United States. [1862. Apr. 13+. An- 
other visits Paris and London.] 

1863 June 24. It is announced that the 
ports opened according to treaty terms 
will be closed. 

Aug. * Japan isforced to pay $100,000in- 
demnity for outrages committed by na- 
tives on foreigners. 

1864 Sept. 4-6. The combined Amer- 
ican, Dutch, and French fleets make a 
successful naval demonstration to 
force Japan to abide by the treaties. 
[Japan pays an indemnity to the foreign 
powers amounting to S3,O()0.<)0(), of which 
>;785,0()0 goes to the United Slates. 1883. 
Feb.* U.S.A. The House of Represen- 
tatives votes to repay the indemnity.] 

1865 Nov. 25. Japan ratifies treaties 
with England, France, United States, 
and other powers. 



JAPAN. 



1859, July *-1894, Dec. 20. 1093 



1866-68 Keiki is [the last] shogun. 
[1868. Nov. 19. He resigns.] 

1867 Feb. 13. Mutsu Hito succeeds 
his father as mikado. 

* * Treaty with China. 

1868 Jan. 1. Osaka and Niogo are 
opened to commerce. 

Jan. 3. The dual government by mi- 
kado and shogun is ended by a procla- 
mation ; the mikado resumes entire au- 
thority. [A prolonged rebellion follows.] 

1869 Nov. * The capital is transferred 
from Kyoto to Yeddo, and the name of 
the city changed from Yeddo to Tokyo. 

1870* * Mutsu Hito welcomes for- 
eigners to Japan. 

1871 * * Feudalism is abolished. 

The titled nobility become private cit- 
izens, a code of criminal law is issued, 
postal service established [and railroads 
and telegraphs follow]. 

* * Embassies are sent to the United 
States and to Europe. 

1874 Aug. 18. China demands that 
the Japanese withdraw from Formosa, 
and threatens war. [Japanese with- 
draw under British persuasion. Oct. 31. 
A treaty is signed.] 

* * Japan annexes the Liukiu Islands. 

1875 Apr. 14. The mikado decrees a 
new constitution, providing for two 



chambers and other reforms. [June 20. 
He opens a parliament of state officials, 
nominated by himself.] 

1877 Feb. * -Oct. * Rebellion of the 
Satsuma clans. 

The daimios are effectually over- 
thrown. Money is provided by the issue 
of irredeemable paper currency. 

1878 * * Local elective government is 
extended. The elective franchise is ex- 
tended to all male citizens 21 years of 
age who pay a land tax of $5.00. 

1881 * * Japan negotiates with treaty 
powers to secure a higher tariff and the 
abolition of the privilege afforded for- 
eigners of living under the jurisdiction 
of courts of their own countries. 

1883 * * Japan decides to open all its 
ports to foreign trade, with mixed tri- 
bunals. 

1889 Feb. 11. The mikado promul- 
gates a new constitution. 

It provides for a House of Peers and a 
House of Commons of 300 members. Suf- 
frage is limited to men 25 years of age 
who pay $25 in taxes. Liberty in religion 
and freedom of speech are provided. 

June 6. Japan enters atreaty with Mex- 
ico. [Aug. 8. "With Russia.] 

Oct. 9. Nine non-treaty ports are opened 
to commerce. 

1890 Apr. 21. A new civil code is 
formulated. 



July 9. First election for the House of 
Peers ; 22 farmers, 15 merchants, and 
only one noble are elected. 

Nov. 29. Tokyo. The first Japanese Par- 
liament opens. 

1891 Dec. 29. Tokyo. An imperial de- 
cree dissolves the Parliament because 
of Its opposition. [1892. May 6. Anew- 
one meets. 1803. Dec. 31. Dissolved by 
decree.] 

1893 Apr. 11. Spain is excited over 
the seizure of the Pelew Islands by 
Japan. 

1894 Aug. 3. "War is declared against 
China. 

It grows out of the occupancy of Korea 
by both parties ; the Chinese faction op- 
pose the introduction of reforms in 
Korea. 

Aug. 25. Japan ratifies a new treaty 
with Great Britain. [Sept. 11. It signs 
a treaty of alliance with Korea.] 

Oct. 19. Parliament meets in special 
session to consider the war question. 
[Oct. 21. One hundred million yen are 
appropriated for the war.] 

Nov. 22. A new treaty is made with the 
United States. 

Nov. 29. Japan declines to receive any 
Chinese envoy, except one directly 
credited by the government. 

Dec. 20. China sends an envoy to Japan 
to sue for peace. Japan demands the 
cession of the conquered territory and 
four hundred million yen. 



KONGO FREE STATE. 



This State lies chiefly in the interior of Africa, but connects with the coast by a strip of country on the left hank of the 
Kongo. All nations and religions have equal privileges. An administrator at Boma conducts the government for the King of 
Belgium, who is the sovereign of Kongo State. Estimated area, 900,000 square miles ; estimated population, 14,000,000. 



STATE -MISCELLANEOUS. 

1816* * James H. Tuckey's English expedi- 
tion explores the Zaire River [Kongo] as far 
as the highest rapids. [1826. Capt. Owen's 
English expedition surveys 25 miles of the 
[Kongo]. 1841. The Portuguese discover 
the mouths of (he Kimtjo. ami <iaim the terri- 
tory. 1857. Dr. Adolf Bastian, a German, 
reaches Sao Salvador ; Capt. Hunt ascends 
the [Kongo] as far as the cataracts. 1863. 
Sir Richard F. Burton reaches the cataracts, 
and advances to Banza Noki.] 

1837-29 Jean Baptiste Douville, a French- 
man, dwells in [Kongo]. 

1873-73 Vernon L. Cameron (Eng.) is the 
first to cross the continent from east to west, 
arriving at Loanda. 

1873 Mar.* Lieut. Grady's Livingstone re- 
lief expedition leaves Amhriz. [Mar. 23. Ar- 
rives at Benibe. Way 15. Arrives at Kongo. 
It ascends the Kon^o a distance., and returns 
with tidings of Livingstone's death.] 

1875 * * Capt. Yon Homeyer's German expe- 
dition explores the lower Kongo. 

1876-77 Henry M. Stanley reports the 
survey of Lake Tanganyika ; he identi- 
fies theLualaba, and descends it, finally 
reaching the Atlantic. 

* * Belg. Leopold II., King of Belgium, 
assembles a Congress of African ex- 
plorers. [It proposes the regeneration 
of Africa.] 

1879-80 Stanley explores the Kongo 
basin under the auspices of the Interna- 
tional African Association. He lays the 
foundation of the Kongo Free State. 



1881 * * Stanley founds Leopoldville, 
and places a steamer on the Upper 
Kongo. [1882. Aug. 14. He opens a 
trade route with four stations on the 
great river.] 

1883 Jan. * By the disinterested benev- 
olence of the King of Belgium, settle- 
ments have been planted in Kongo. 
Great Britain becomes jealous, and 
partly recognizes Portuguese rights 
to the territory. [Later, modifies the 
recognition.] 

* * Capt. Wissmann with a Belgian ex- 
pedition visits Lubuku ; founds Lulu- 
burg and Luebo. 

Summer. Sir P. Goldsmid's (Expedi- 
tion) African Association starts for the 
interior. 

July 12. Stanley reports 12 stations 
formed, and 4,500 miles of navigation 
opened in the development of Kongo. 

!Nov. 5. Portugal claims the mouths 
of the Kongo. [1885. Jan. 15. Occupies 
them.] 

1884 Apr. 9. The International Afri- 
can Association reports 30 stations 
formed ; Capt. Strauch, the president, 
suppresses the slave-trade. [June * 
Francis de Winters is appointed admin- 
istrator-general.] 

May * - June * Kongo is formed into a 
federal state. 



JXTov. 15+. Berlin. A conference of 
the nations of Christendom meets under 
the presidency of Bismarck to form the 
Kongo Free State. It provides for free 
trade. 

1885 Aug. 6±. King Leopold II. 
takes the title of independent sover- 
eign of the Kongo State. 

1886 Apr.* Berlin. An International 
Conference is held. 

1889 May 25±. A Portugal-Kongo 
treaty is signed. Portugal receives new 
territory on the west coast ; most of the 
Kongo State claims are allowed. 

Aug. 2. Belg. King Leopold II. be- 
queaths to Belgium all his sovereign 
rights. [1890. July 3. He gives to Bel- 
gium the right to annex Kongo State at 
any time within ten years.] 

1890 Jan.± * Work begins on the 
Kongo railway for passing the rapids. 
[1893. Dec. 4. Opened for 24 miles. 1898. 
Fully opened.] 

July 27- Portugal notifies the powers 
of her exclusive rights over the mouths 
of the Kongo. 

Aug. 9. The Kongo State annexes a 
large southern district. [Eleven prov- 
inces are laid out.] 

1892* * Arabs on the Upper Kongo rise, 
and massacre the government troops. 
[1894. The slave traders are crushed.] 



1094 1877,**-1890, 



KONGO FREE STATE. 



CHURCH. 

1877 * * The English Baptists establish mis- 
sions on the Upper and Lower Kongo. [1878. 
Mission opened at Sao Salvador. 1888. Eight 
stations and 24 workers reported.] 

* * The London Society opens a mission on 
Lake Tanganyika ami at Fwamboon on the 
mainland. Steamer Good News is launched. J 

1878* * The Livingstone Inland mission 
(English) opens a station at Banana. [1881. 
The steamer Liviiiystvtit is launched. 1883. 



Opens at Leopoldville; opens a station at 
Equator. 1884. Sept. 9. Its seven stations 
and 25 missionaries are transferred to the 
American Baptists.] 

1884* * American Baptists begin mission- 
work. (See item above.) [Nov. 24. Launch 
steamer Henry Reid.'] 

1885 * * The Baptist General Association 
(colored; U. S. A.) opens a mission on the 
Kongo. 

1888* * Frederick S. Arnot opens hie mis- 
sion in the southeast. 



1890* * The Presbyterian Church South (U. 

S. A.) prospects tor a mission-site. 
* * The Roman Catholics report a mission at 

Boma and Banana. 



KOREA. 

Kokea is a peninsular kingdom of Eastern Asia, bordering China on the northeast. The government is an absolute monarchy, 
and formerly tributary to China. The chief religions are Buddhism and Confucianism. Estimated area, 82,000 square miles ; 
estimated population, 10,500,000. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

109* * a. d. The Chinese conquer 
northern Korea. 

201-269 Reign of Jingu-Kogo in Japan; 
she leads an army which subdues the 
Koreans. 

1597 * * The Japanese Emperor Taiko- 
Sama invades Korea with 163,000 men. 
Although supported by two Chinese 
kings, with 100,oi)0 horsemen, the Kore- 
ans are repeatedly defeated, and three- 
fourths of their country is occupied. 
[1598. Evacuated.] (P. 614.) 

1867 * * The United States sends Com. 
Schufeldt to remonstrate because of the 
burning of American vessels ; he obtains 
no satisfaction. 

1870* * Adm. Rogers, U.S. N., ascends 
the river, silences the forts, but fails to 
communicate directly with the govern- 
ment, and retires. 

1875:t * * The Koreans attack the Jap- 
anese gunboat in violation of treaty. 

1888 * * A fanatical outbreak against 
foreigners occurs at the capital, Seoul. 

1890 July 15. Rear-Adm. Belknap 
(U. S. N.) withdraws the protecting ma- 
rines from the king's palace at Seoul. 

1894 July* -95 Mar.* "War between 
China and Japan caused by the ques- 
tion of suzerainty over Korea (p. G26). 

CHURCH. 

1784* * Ni-tek-tso, aroused by a Chinese 
work on the Christian religion, sends an 
embassy to China for more information. A 
Catholic mission is established. [1831. A 
Yicar apostolic arrives.] 

1868* * All the missionaries, with other 
Europeans, are expelled. 

1884* * Dr. R. S. Maclay, of the Japan 
Methodist Episcopal <"<<i!ference,'opens a mis- 
sion. [Dr. H. N. Allen hecomes the first 



resident Protestant missionary. The Ameri- 
can Presbyterians open a mission at Seoul.] 
1886* * Persecutions begin; nine French 
and a number of native Christians are be- 
headed. 



1888* * The Society for the Evangelization 
of Korea, of Toronto, Can., opens a mission. 

* * The Government issues an edict forbid- 
ding the teaching or preaching of Christian- 
ity. [Unenforced.] 

1889 * * The Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel opens a mission. 

STATE — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1122* * b. c. Korea appears for the 
first time in Chinese history ; Viscount 
Ke seeks asylum here. 

67-30 b. c. The Japanese open inter- 
course with Korea. 



1392 * * a. d. A revolution is caused 
by the fall of the Mongolian dynasty in 
China ; Tai-tso, or Li-tan, becomes ruler 
of the country [and founds the dynasty 
of Tsi-tsien]. 

1506-44 Siong-Siong rules. He carries 
on a successful war with Japan. 

1615* * A treaty of peace is signed with £ 
Japan. 

Korea is to pay a tribute, and the Jap- 
anese are to retain the fort of Kusan- 
kai ; the Korean king must send an em- 
bassy to China to announce his accession. 

1636 * * The Koreans adopt the policy of 
complete isolation. 

1874 Oct. 31. A convention is arranged 
with the Japanese. 

1876± * * Treaty with Japan. 

Japan acknowledges the independence 
of Korea, which agrees to allow a Jap- 
anese resident at the capital ; three ports 
are opened to Japanese trade. 



1882 May 7. Four ports are opened 
to commerce by treaty with the United 
States and China. 

Sept.i * The king is reinstated. 

1883 * * A treaty is signed with the 
United States. [Nov. 26. Another with 
Great Britain. 1884. Treaties made 
with Great Britain, Germany, Italy, and 
Russia are ratified.] 

July 23. An insurrection breaks out 
against the foreigners, and 11 of the 
Japanese legation are killed. 

1884 Feb. 28. Telegraphic cable line 
is opened from Nagasaki to Fusan and 
the rest of the world. 

Dec. 1. An attempt is made to assassi- 
nate the king ; a riot is in progress and 
a battle ensues. 

Dec. 4-6. An anti-foreigner insurrec- 
tion of Koreans and Chinese arises ; the 
king is attacked, and his Ministry mas- 
sacred. 

Dec. 13±. Japan intervenes, and peace 
is restored. 

1885 Feb. * Japan and China accept 
foreign mediation. 

May 7. A treaty is signed by which the 
troops of Japan and China are with- 



1886 * * A treaty is made with France. 
* * Cholera becomes epidemic ; 1,000 per- 
sons are carried off daily. 

1887 Dec. * China issues a proclama- 
tion reasserting her claims to Korea. 

1888 May * Korea attempts to estab- 
lish independent diplomatic relations 
with foreign countries. [Aug. 8. A 
treaty is entered with Russia.] 

1889 Jan. 5. China claims supremacy. 
June 23. Russians occupy Dear Island 

as a coaling and naval depot. 



MADAGASCAR. 



Madagascar is a large island in the Indian Ocean; capital Antananarivo. The government is administered by the French, 
the language, Malagasy, and the state religion, Christianity. The Hovas are the leading tribe. Area, '228,500 square miles; 
estimated population, 3,500,000. 



1818* * The London Society opens a mis- 
sion. [1863, Ieandra opened; 1867, lsotrv; 
1868, Isovina and Faravohitra; 186ft, lllan- 
ginaand Imandandriana.} 



1835 Feb. 6. Nntittf-ation is given tliat re- 
ligious meetings are prohibited among the 
natives. [Mar. 1. Native Christians are ter- 
rorized. 1837. More than 1,000 Christians 
have been martyred. 1839-42. Astonishing 
accession of converts amid persecutions. 
1849. Persecutors kill 2,000 Christians. 1857. 
Persecution renewed with great terror.] 

1864* * The Society for the Propagation of 
the GoBpel (Eng.) sends out missionaries. 
[1884. Mahanoro opened.] 

1866 * * Norwegian missionaries arrive at 
Antananarivo. [1870, Menandona opened; 
1878, Fianarantsoa.] 



1872 Dec. * Eng. Henry Rowley is conse- 
crated bishop Of Madagascar. [1874. R. 
Kestell-Cornish. ] 



MADAGASCAR. 1506, * *-1885, Dee. 20. 1095 



STATE — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1506 * * The Portuguese make explora- 
tions. [Settle.] 

1548 * * Natives massacre the Portu- 
guese. [1615. Again.] 

1642 * * The French plant a colony. 
[1669. They destroy a Portuguese settle- 
ment. 1754. Another French settle- 
ment, soon broken up by a massacre. 
1774. They settle at Antongel Bay.] 



1810 * * Young Radma becomes king. 
[1817. Feb. 4. Makes a treaty with the 
English, and agrees to abolish export 
slavery.] 

2818 * * The French cede their settle- 
ments to him. 

1828 * * Raboda, one of the king's "wives, 
usurps the throne as Ranavalona I. 

The queen kills all her near relatives 
as rivals. [1S31-34. She kills 25,000 sub- 



jects, and sells 50,000 women and youth 
as slaves.] 
1845 June * A French and English 
expedition makes an unsuccessful at- 
tack on Tamatave. [1855. Oct. 19. The 
French try again and fail.] 

1861 Aug. 18. Prince Rakoto is en- 
throned on the death of his mother ; he 
proclaims equal protection and religious 
toleration. 

1862 Sept. 12. Treaties signed with 
Great Britain and France. [1SG5. Again 
with Great Britain.] 

1863 May* Revolution: The king and 
his ministers are assassinated, and Ra- 
soherina reigns. 

1867 Apr. 1. Ranavalona H. reigns. 
1873 * * Slavery is prohibited. [1877. 

Again.] 
1879 * * Land disputes occur with the 

French. 



1882 July * - Aug. * France claims a 
protectorate over the northwest, by vir- 
tue of a treaty made with a rebel chief 
in 1S40-41. [Dec. 23. An embassy visits 
Paris, but accomplishes nothing.] 

1883 Mar. 14 + . Treaty with the 
United States. [May 15. Another with 
Germany.] 

May 24. The French bombard and capture 
ilajunga. [June 11. bombard Tamatave. 
June 13. Taken. French ultimatum rejected. 
June * Tenniirinn destroyed. Sept. 22. Ma- 
hanoro bombarded, sept. * Hovas retake 
French posts except Najunsa. Dec. 2. Ho- 
vas severely defeated. Sept. 28±. Indecisive 
battle.] 

July 13. Razafindrahety reigns as Ra- 
navalona III. 

1885 Dee. 20. A treaty with France 
is signed. It concedes partial French 
control of foreign affairs and £400,000 
indemnity. 



MEXICO. 



Mexico is a federal republic in the southern part of North America ; capital, Mexico. It comprises 27 states, one federal 
district, and two territories. The chief executive is a President, and the legislative authority is lodged in a Congress, having 54 
members in the Senate, and 227 in the House of Representatives. The popular language is Spanish, and the chief religion is 
Roman Catholic. Area, 757,760 square miles ; estimated population in 1893, 11,984,483. 

Note. — For the earliest history and the conquest by Cortez, see America. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1810-11 First war of the revolution 
against Spain, led by Miguel Hidalgo y 
Costilla. 

(Oct. 30.) Hidalgo defeats the Span- 
iards at TruxiHo. (Nov. 7.) He is de- 
feated by Felix Maria Calieja del Rey 
nearQueretaro. (1811. Jan. 17.) Again 
at the Bridge of Calderon. (Jan. *). 
Hidalgo resigns and retires to the United 
States. (Mar. 21.) Captured. (July27.) 
Tried, and shot. 

1811-13 Jose" Maria Morelosy Pavon, 
a priest, continues the revolt. 

(Fee. 17-May 2.) Morelos is besieged 
by Calieja at Cuautla, but finally escapes 
with his army. (1813.) He is repeatedly 
defeated. [1815. Nov. 15. Captured. 
Dec. 22. Shot.] 

1817 Apr. * Francisco Javier Mina 
lands a foreign expedition at Tamau- 
lipas in aid of the patriots. [Oct. 27. He 
is surprised, captured, and shot, after 
many successes.] 

1817-21 The patriots continue a guer- 
rilla war against the Spanish. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

* * * Early history, see America. 

1500+ * * fxtlilxoi'hitl, chief of Tezcuco, b. 

1568+ * * Ixtlilxochitl, Ferdinand de Alva 
Cortes, historian, born. [1648. Dies.] 

1600?* * Alarcon y Mendoza, Don Juan 
Ruiz de, poet, born. [1639. Dies,] 

1651 * * Cruz, Juana Ines de la, poet, born 
[1695. Dies.] 

1620* * Clavigero, Francisco Xavier (Si 
verio), historian, born. [1787. Dies.] 

1731* * Landiver, Rafael, poet, b. [1793. D. 

1750* * Calieja del Rev, Felix Maria, gen 
eral,-born. [1820. Dies.] 

1753* * Hidalgo y Costella, Miguel, revolu- 
tionist, born. [1811. Dies.] 

1755* * O'Donoju, Juan, general, viceroy, 
born. [1821. Dies.] 

1765 * * Morelosy Pavon, Jose" Maria, clergy- 
man, patriot, born. [1815. Dies.] 

1774 * * Bustamente, Carlos Maria de, states- 
man, historian, born. [1848. Dies.] 



1780* * Alvarez, Juan, general, president, 
born. " [1867. Dies.] 
Bustamente, Anastusio, general, president, 
born. [1855. Dies.] 
1783* * Guerrero, Vicente, gen., b. [1831. D.] 
I turbide, Augustin.de, emperor, b. [1824. D.] 
1789* * liarragiin, .Mien el, General, presi- 
dent, born. [1835. Dies.] 
Mina, Francisco Javier, patriot, general, 

born. [1817- Dies.] 
Victoria, Cuadalupe (Juan Felix Fernandez), 
general, president, horn. [1843. Dies.] 
1790* * Bravo, N u-olas, gen., b. [1854. D.] 

* * Paredes y Arrillajn, Mariano, general, 
president, born. [1849. Dies.] 

1793* * Herrera, .lose Joaquin de, general, 
president, born. [1854. Dies.] 

1795 * * Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, presi- 
dent, general, born. [1876. Dies.] 

1801* * King, Austin A., govrmorof Mexico, 
born. [1870. Dies.] 

1802 * * Arista, Mariano, general, president, 
born. [1855. Dies.] 

1806* * Juarez. Benito Pablo, president, 
born. [1872. Dies.] 

1811 * * ("onion fort, Iunario. president, born. 
[1863. Dies.] 

1812* * Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, gen- 
eral, born. [1869. Dies.] 
± Mejici, Tonras, Indian general, born. 
[1867. Dies.] 

1814 * * Lerdo de Tejada, Miguel, politician, 
author, born. [1861. Dies.] 

* * Mejia, Ignacio, statesman, born. 
1816* * Orozeo v I'.erra, Manuel, publicist, 

author, born. [1881. Dies.] 
1830 * * Marquez, Leonardo, general, horn. 
1823* * Iglesias, Jose" Maria, politician, 

lawyer, author, born. [1867. Dies.] 



STATE. 

* * * For the early history, see America 
(p. 11). 

1375 * * The Aztecs elect Acamapiehtli, 
" chief of men." [He becomes the 
founder of the Mexican Empire.] 

1403 * * The Aztecs enthrone Huitzili- 
huitl. [1414, Chimalpopoca ; 1427, Izco- 
atzin ; 14-10 t . Montezumal. ; 1477,Tizoc ; 
1486, Ahuizotl ; 1502, Montezuma II.] 

1521 Aug. 13. Cortez makes Mexico 
a Spanish province (p. 19). 

1535 Oct. * -49 * * Antonio de Men- 
doza is the first viceroy of New Spain 
(Mexico). 



1789 Oct. 17-94 May 15. Guemez 
Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas, Count of 
Revillagigedo, is viceroy. The colony 
has great prosperity. 

1810 Sept. 16. Miguel Hidalgo y Cos- 
tilla, a patriotic priest, proclaims a re- 
volt against Spanish authority. 

1810-11 First struggle for indepen- 
dence. 

1813 * * Yucatan declares for indepen- 
dence. 

Mar. 4-16 Sept. 19. Felix Maria Cal- 
ieja del Rey is viceroy. 

1821 Feb. 24. Augustin de Iturbide 
issues the manifesto, " Plan of Iguala," 
proposing the independence of Mexico 
under a Spanish Bourbon prince. [Sev- 
eral rebel leaders acquiesce, and force 
the viceroy to resign.] 

Aug. 24. Juan O'Donoju, acting viceroy, 
signs a treaty with Iturbide, virtually 
accepting the "Plan." 

1822 May IS. Ferdinand VII. having 
refused the crown of Mexico, Iturbide 
proclaims himself emperor. [July 21. 
Crowned.] 

1823* * Santa Anna proclaims a repub- 
lic at Vera Cruz. [Iturbide is over- 
thrown.] 

1824 Apr. * -Oct. * A provisional gov- 
ernment rules. 

* * California becomes a part of Mexico. 

Oct. 4. Mexico. A federal republic is 
proclaimed. [Oct. 10. Guadalupe Vic- 
toria is elected president.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1790 * * An immense stone is found, en- 
graved with the astronomical cycle of 
the Aztecs. 



1096 1825, * *-1894, Dec. 14. 



MEXICO. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1829 Sept.* A Spanish expedition 

surrenders to the patriots. 
1838 Mar. 31. The French demand 

reparation for injuries inflicted on 

French citizens, and are refused. [A 

blockade follows. Dec. * An attack on 

Vera Cruz is repulsed.] 
1845-47 "War with the United States 

(p. 158 f). 
1858-60 Civil war between the Liberals 

and the Clerical Party. 

1860 Mar. 5. President Miramon bom- 
bards Vera Cruz. [Mar. 12. Forced to 
raise the siege. Aug. 10. Defeated by 
Liberals. Dec. 22. Utterly defeated at 
Colpualpatn by Benito Pablo Juarez.] 

1861 Dec. 17- Vera Cruz surrenders 
to a Spanish force sent by the allies. 
[1862, Jan. * Invested by Mexicans.] 

1862 Mar. * Revolt: Jose" Amaldo 
Marques rises against Juarez in favor 
of the Spanish. Juarez puts Mexico in 
a state of siege. 

May * The Comte de Lorencez commands 
a French force of invaders. 
[May 5. Repulsed near Puebla. May 

18. Defeated at Orizaba. June 13, 14. 
Mexicans are defeated near Orizaba. 
Aug. 28. 2,500 more French under Gen. 
Forney arrive. 1863. Jan. 13. The 
French evacuate Tampico. Feb. 24. 
Advance on Mexico. May IS. Puebla 
surrenders. JuneS. Mexico is occupied 
by Gen. Bazaine. Aug. 11. Reoccupy 
Tampico. Oct. 1. He becomes com- 
mander-in-chief. Dec. 24. San LuisPo- 
tosi is occupied by Imperialists. 1S64. 
Dec. 17. They are defeated ;it SanPredo. 
1865. Feb. 9. Take Oaxaca. Apr. 2. 
Gen. Diaz takes Puebla. Oct. 16. Im- 
perialists shout Juarist generals held as 
prisoners. 1866. Jan. 4, 5. Americans 
favoring Juarez cross the RioGrandeand 
occupy Bagdad. Mar.* -May* Juarez 
keeps up a guerrilla warfare. June 23, 
24. Gen. Kscobedo captures Matamoras 
for Liberals. Aug. 1. Juarez takes Tam- 
pico. 1867. Jan. -Mar.* The French sail 
for France.] 

1867 Feb. 19. Maximilian, arrives 
with an army at Queretaro. 
[May 15. Captured in Queretaro. June 

19. Maximilian and his generals, Miguel 
Miramon and Tomas Mejia, are shot. 
June 21. Juarez takes Mexico City after 
a siege lasting 67 days. June 25. Vera 
Cruz is surrendered.] 

1871 Apr. 12±. Mexicans kill 40± 
Americans who have crossed the boun- 
dary line in pursuit of Indian depre- 
dators. 

1872 Apr. * -June * Civil war, caused 
by the anti-Juarez party, led by Porflrio 
Diaz. 

(May 29). Insurgents are defeated at 
Oaxaca. (June*) Again at Quinretaro. 
[1867. Nov.12. Diaz victorious atTekoar. 
1877. Feb. * He defeats Jose" Maria 
Iglesias. 1879. June 16+. He suppresses 
an insurrection led by Gen. Negrete.] 

1885 Dec. * An insurrection in Nuevo 
Leon is suppressed. [1886. July * An- 
other suppressed.] 

1891 Sept. 20. Revolutionists under 
Gen. Catarina Garcia are defeated near 
Mier. [Many small encounters follow.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1825 * * Lerdo de Tejada y Correal, Sebas- 
tian, president, born. [1889. Dies.] 
1827 * * Escoledo, Mariano, general, politi- 



1 Garcia C'ubas, Antonio, mathemati- 
cian, geographer, born. 
Maximilian, emperor, born. [1867. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 

1856 Mar. 31. Church property is 
sequestrated. [1859. July 13. Confis- 
cated.] 

1857 * * A reformed church i6 begun. 
1861 * * Abbeys are suppressed. 



* * The Southern Methodists (U. S. A.) 
open a mission on the Kio Grande. [1874. 
At Monterey ; also the Border Mission. 
1883. At Guadalajara. 1886. The Cen- 
tral Mission Conference is organized.] 

1872* * The American Board (U.S.A.) 
opens a mission at Guadalajara. [1873. 
Jan.* At Mexico City; 1874, at Mata- 
moras; 1882, at Chihuahua; 1883, at 
Parral ; 1886, at Sonora; 1887, at Zita- 
euaro ; 1888, at Cosihuiriachic] 

1873 * * The Methodists (North) U. S. A. 
open amission in Mexico City, under ]>i. 
Win. Butler. 

* * The Southern Presbyterians (IT. S. 
A.) open a mission at San Luis Potosi. 
[1881, Tampico.] 

* * Presbyterians (IT. S. A.) open a mis- 
sion at Zacateeas and San Luis Potosi. 
[1876, San Miguel del Mezquital; 1884, at 
Guerrero and at Saltillo.] 

1873-75 Roman Catholics persecute 
Protestants; some are murdered. 

1886 * * The Cumberland Presbyte- 
rians (U. S. A.) begin mission-work. 
[1888. Open a mission at Aguas Ca- 
lientes.] 

STATE. 

1828 * * Manuel Gomez Pedraza is 
elected president. [Annulled. 1832, Dec. 
26-33 Apr. 1. Again president.] 

1829 Jan. 12. Vicente Guerrero is 
elected president. [Dec. 23. Deposed by 
Gen. Santa Anna.] 

Mar. * The expulsion of the Spaniards 
is decreed. 

Dec. 4. A revolution arises. Anastasio 
Bustamente becomes acting president. 
[1833. Banished.] 

1832 * * Santa Anna overthrows Busta- 
mente. 

1835 * * Santa Anna makes himself dic- 
tator. 

1836 Dec. 28. Spain recognizes the 
independence of Mexico. 

1837-41 Bustamente is again president- 
[1841. Oct. * Forced to resign.] 

1841 Oct. * -45 * * Santa Anna is pres- 
ident. [1845. Deposed and exiled. 1846. 
Dec. * Reinstated.] 

1843 June 12. A new constitution is 
proclaimed; Santa Anna is practically 
dictator. 

1846 May* A boundary dispute 
causes war with the United States (p. 
163). 

1851 Jan. 15-53 Jan. 6. Mariano 
Arista is president. [Resigns.] 

1853 Apr. * -55 Jan.* Santa Anna 
is again elected president. [He assumes 
dictatorial powers. Abdicates.] 

1855 Jan.* -55 Dec* Gen. Carer a 
is president. [1855. Dec. * Juan Al- 
varez; later, Ignacio Comonfort.] 

1857 Feb. 5. A new constitution is 
proclaimed. 

1858 Jan. 11. The church party over- 
throws the constitution, and forces 
President Comonfort to retire. 



Jan. 21-26. Gen. Zuloaga, a reactionist, 
assumes authority. [1859. Feb. 2. Abdi- 
cates.] 

Feb. 11. Benito Pablo Juarez, presi- 
dent of the Supreme Court, is declared 
president by succession. 

1858-60 Civil war. 

1859 Feb. 2. Gen. Miguel Miramon 
is declared president by the reactionist 
faction. [Apr. 10. He obtains posses- 
sion of the capital. I860. May 1. De- 
posed by Zuloaga, who assumes the office 
himself. May 9. Arrested by Miramon. 
Sept. * His injustice and tyranny cause 
foreign Ministers to retire.] 

1861 Jan. 19-65 Nov. 30. Juarez is 

president. [June 30. Dictator by author- 
ity of Congress. Dec. 15. Receives full 
powers.] 

Oct. 31. The British, French, and Span- 
ish governments agree to a convention 
for intervention in Mexico for the re- 
dress of outrages and the payment of 
bondholders. 

1862 Feb. * The British and Spanish 
governments disapprove of aproject for 
establishing Maximilian of Austria on 
the throne of Mexico. 

Apr. 16. France declares war against 

1S63 May 31. The republican capital 
is removed to San Luis Potosi. [1864, 
Apr. 3. To Monterey.] 

July * An imperial government is 
formed by the opponents of Juarez. 

July 6-10. An assembly of notables un- 
der French influence agree to offer the 
crown to Maximilian. [1864. Apr. 10. 
He accepts it. June 2. Arrives at Mex- 
ico.] 

1864 Feb. 27. Gen. Santa Anna re- 
turns from exile and accepts the empire. 
[Mar. 2. Dismissed by the French.] 

1865 Apr. 10. A new constitution is 
promulgated. 

Oct. 2. Maximihan decrees that all re- 
sisting the empire shall be taken as ban- 
dits and shot. [Very unpopular.] 

Nov. * -Dec. * The United States, evolv- 
ing from the Civil War, protests against 
the French occupation of Mexico. 
[1866. Feb. 12. It demands the with- 
drawal of French troops. Apr. * Napo- 
leon III. assents.] 

1866 July 30. Maximihan, by a con- 
vention, agrees to transfer the receipts 
of custom to France. 

Sept. * -Oct. * Three rival presidents, 
Juarez, Ortega, and Santa Anna, are 
supported by their factions. [1867. 
Three rivals again.] 

1867 June 19. Maximilian is shot. 
(See Army.) 

June 21. The Republic is reestab- 
lished. [Juarez acts as provisional 
president.] 

Dec. 25±. Mexico. Juarez, being elected 
president, is inaugurated. [1871. Oct. * 
Reelected.] 

1868 Jan. * -Feb. * Yucatan and other 
provinces revolt against Juarez. [1869. 
At Puebla; suppressed.] 

1871 Aug. * -Oct. * Insurrections. 

1872 July 18. Juarez dies. Sebastian 
Lerdo di Tejaday, president of the Su- 
preme Court, succeeds to the presidency. 
[1876. Dec. * Retires.] 



MEXICO. 



1825,**-1894, Dec. 14. 



1097 



1876 Mar. * Gen. Diaz leads an insur- 
rection. [Nov. 20. Assumes office as 
provisional president. 1877. Feb. IS. 
Gen. Iglesias makes rival claims.] 

1877 Feb. 18. Gen. Porfirio Diaz is 
elected president. [May 5-80 Dec. 1. 
Rides. 1884-88. Again. 1888-92. Re- 
elected ; rules.] 

1880 Dee. 1-84 Dec. 1. Manuel 

Gonzalez is president. 
1884 Oct. * A federal constitution is 

adopted. 
1892 Feb.i * Gen. Garcia revolts. 

1894 Dec. 14. The Government adopts 
severe measures against dueling. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 * * Emperor Maximilian institutes 
the order of the Mexican Eagle. 

1873 July 23. A railway connecting 
Mexico and Vera Cruz is opened. 

1886 Jan. 23. A. K. Cuthing, a Texan 
editor, is imprisoned for libel. [Aug. 23. 
Released.] 

1889 Apr. * Mexican women at Socono 
organize a branch of the Woman's Chris- 
tian Temperance Union. 

May * The ruins of a great city are found 
in the forest near Palenque ; buildings 
five stories high are well preserved. 



June 6. Cave-dwellers are found in 

Chihuahua having stone hatchets. 

* * Mexico. Street-cars introduced. 

1890 Apr. 12. Four men are shot for 
attempting to kill President Diaz. 

* * A great influx of Chinese alarms labor- 
ing men. 

1891 Feb. 8. Tin ore is found. 

Oct. 10. A concession is granted for a 

railway connecting Mexico with the 

Pacific coast. 
1893 * * Coal is discovered in three 

states. 
Dec. 31. Popocatepetl is in violent 

eruption. 



MONTENEGRO. 

Montenegro is a principality of Southern Europe, slightly bordering the Adriatic Se 
hereditary prince, who is practically absolute. The religion is that of the Greek Churcl 
population, 200,000±. 



Capital, Cettinje. 
Estimated area, 3,( 



t is ruled by an 
) square miles ; 



1467* * Invasion of Turks. [1623. Again. 

1714. Again ; the country wasted. 17GS. 

Again.] 
1516* *A theocratic government is 

established under a prinee-hishopelected 

by the people. [1697. Ends.] 

1697* * Petrovicht Nyegush is en- 
throned ; to nominate his successor, 
subject to popular approval. 

1796 * * The Turks are defeated, and 
Montenegrin independence is virtually 



established under Pietro I. [1830. Oct.* 

Pietro II. rules. 1851, Danilo 1; 1860, 

Nov. 8, Nicolas.] 
1820* * Invasion of Turks. [1832. 

Again. 185'2. Distracting skirmishes.] 
1834 * * The press is introduced. [1870. 

The first newspaper issued.] 
1851 * * Only one school in Montenegro. 

1852-53 War with Turkey (p. 000). 
[185S. War renewed.] 



1S53 Feb. 15. Peace by mediation. 
1S76-78 Russo-Turkish war. 

1878 Mar. 3. Independence by 

treaty. (See Turkey.) 

July 13. Montenegro made indepen- 
dent. A seaport given by Treaty of 
Berlin <p. S31.) 



MOROCCO. 

n Africa, having capitals at Fez, Morocco, and Mequinez. The government is absolute, 
Estimated area, 219,000 square miles ; the estimates of population vary from 3,000,000 



Morocco is a country in Northweste 
and the religion is chiefly Mohammedan, 
to 9,400,000. 



429 * * The country is conquered by the 
Vandals. [533-534. By Belisarius. 
1051. By the Almoravides for Egypt. 
1269. By the Beni-Merin princes.] 

670+ * * Moosa etablishes Mohammed- 
ism. The Arabs first appear. 

105O± * * The Almoravides dynasty. 
[1121-h, the Amohades ; 1270+ , the Meri- 
nites; 1510+ , the Sherifs; 1G50±, the 
Alides.] 

1091-1102 The Moors conquer Spain. 
[1492. Overthrown.] 

1436 * * Portugal sends an expedition 
against Tangier. [1437. Defeated. 1871. 
Alfonzo V. succeeds.] 

1459 * * Alcacer Seguir is captured. 
[1632. Sallee, a pirates' port, captured. 
1GS7. Larish captured from Spaniards.] 

1578 Aug. 4. The Portuguese are de- 
feated at Alcacer Quibir, and King 
Sebastian killed. 



1661* * Tangier is ceded to England. 
[1684. Abandoned.] 

1664-72 Arshid reigns — the first as 
sultan. [1672-1727. Ishmael. 1727-30. 
Disputed succession. 1757-89. Moham- 
med. 1794-1822. Soliman ; he abolishes 
Christian slavery.] 

1727 * * Timbuctoo becomes partially 
iudependent. 

1780 * * The Dutch trade at Agadir. 

1799 * * The plague in Barbary ; 3,000 
die daily. 

1844 Aug. * Algeria. The Moors at- 
tack the French' and are defeated (p. 8). 

1859 Oct. 22. Spain declares war 
against the pirates. [1800. Feb. 4. Span- 
iards decisively defeat the Moors at 
Castillejos.] 

1859-73 Sidi Mohammed reigns. [1873- 
94. Muley Hassan.] 

1889 Sept. 17. Biffian pirates ran- 



sack a Spanish vessel near the coast, 
and take away several persons. [Sept. 
22. A Spanish squadron arrives at Tan- 
gier. Sept. 29. Prisoners released ; in- 
demnity promised.] 
1890 Feb. * An alarming rebellion 
arises. [Aug. 29. Another. Sept. 26. 
Rebels are defeated at Ait Spokhman. 
1891. Aug. 8. Rebels victorious near 
Tangier. 1892. Many indecisive con- 
flicts with rebels.] 

1893 Oct. 2. At Melilla 6,000 Moors 
attack the Spanish garrison. [Hostili- 
ties active for several weeks.] 

Dee. 13. The sultan accedes to the de- 
mand of Spain. [The Spanish expedi- 
tion withdraws.] 

1894 Jan. 20. Spainclaimsanindem- 
nity of 20,000,000 francs for the attack at 
Melilla. 

June 11. Abdul Azziz is proclaimed 
sultan at Fez. 



NETHERLANDS. 



The Netherlands are a kingdom of "Western Europe bordering the North Sea, having two capitals, Amsterdam and The Hague. 
It comprises 11 provinces, and the executive government is lodged with an hereditary constitutional monarchy; the legislative 
power is with the States-General, having 50 members in the Upper Chamber, and 100 in the Lower. The popular language is Dutch, 
and the chief religions are the Dutch Reformed and Roman Catholic. Area, 12,648 square miles ; population, in 1891, 33,000,000+ . 



ARMY — NAVY. 
' c Charles Martel routs the 



CHURCH. 

622-632 The first Christian church is 



755 * * St. Boniface, " the apostle to the 
Germans," preaches to the heathen in 
Friesland, and is martyred at Dokkum. 

STATE. 



28-47 The Romans in a long struggle 
finally subdue the Friesians. 
founded at Utrecht. [695. Made the seat 2 00± * * The Franks appear. [481. Clovis 
of an independent see.] masters most of the country.] 



5th Century +. The Saxons and Friesians 
struggle against Frankish conquest for 
400 years. 

800 * * Charlemagne is supreme ruler. 
[843-8G9. The country is included in 
Lotharingia. 869-870. Under French 
lordship. S70-S79. Rule divided be- 
tween French and Germans. S79-91'J. 
Germans rule.] 

879 * * The feudal system prevails. 



1098 925,**-1600,** 



NETHERLANDS. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

984 * * The French take Luxemburg. 
[1443, 1479, 1542-43. Taken again. 1544. 
Taken by tbe Spanish.] 

1047 * * Dirk IV. attacks the Emperor 
Henry's fleet, defeats his army, and dic- 
tates "the terms of peace. 

1071 * * Bobert the Friesian defeats 
Philip of France at Cassel. 

1100* * Amsterdam. The castle of Am- 
stel is begun. 

1304 * * The Flemings are driven out 
of Holland. 

1350* * Civil war; the nobles adhering 
to Margaret, Countess of Holland, con- 
tend with those adhering to her son and 
rival, Count William V. 

1351* * William defeats the "Hooks" 
and the English at Vlaardingen ; this 
ruins Margaret's cause. 

1417 * * Civil war between those who 
favor and those who oppose a female 
sovereign. 

* * "Bread and Cheese "War;" it is 
caused by a famine in the northern 
provinces. 

1543* * Charles V. besieges Venlo; it 
capitulates. [1568. Taken by The Neth- 
erlands and the Duke of Parma. 1632. 
By Prince Henry of Orange.] 

1567 * * The "War of the Bevolution 
begins between the Reformers and the 
Spanish Court. 

The Duke of Egmont and others cut to 
pieces a rabble of colonists who attempt 
to raise the siege of Valenciennes. The 
Duke of Alva is given command of 20,000 
mercenaries, with unlimited powers. 
[Louis of Nassau and William of Orange 
lead the revolutionists. Sieges rather 
than battles ensue.] 

1570* * William's navy vexes the 
Spaniards by taking many rich prizes. 

1572 * * The Spaniards take Rotterdam 
by strategy, and cruelly afflict the inhab- 
itants. 

Apr. 1. The "Water Beggars" seize 
Briel, and make it a port of refuge ; they 
also take Flushing. 

* * Adm. Dirkson defeats Alva's fleet. 
Dec. * The Spaniards invest Haarlem. 

[1573. July * It surrenders ; Spaniards' 
loss, 12,000 troops; the Duke of Alva 
violates the capitulation by butchering 
one-half of the inhabitants.] 

1573 Oct. 31-74 Oct. 3. The Span- 
iards twice besiege Leyden ; after 6,000 
inhabitants have died of famine and 
pestilence, it is relieved by a fleet. 

1574 Jan. * The Dutch take Middel- 
burg, and the Spanish thereby lose their 
last hold on Zealand. 

Jan. 4. The Duke of Alva retires from 

the task of subduing the revolution he 

had caused. 
1584* * The Duke of Parma besieges 

Antwerp. [1585. Taken.] 
1585 * * The Spaniards take Nimeguen. 

[1591. Retaken by the Dutch. 1672, 

1694. Taken by the French.] 
1586* *Sir Philip Sidney invades 

Flanders in aid of the Dutch. [Sept. 22. 

He is mortally wounded before Zutphen.] 
1588 * * The English and Dutch repulse 

the Duke of Parma from the walls of 

Bergen-op-Zoom. 
1590-1609 War with Spain. 



1591 * * Maurice of Nassau takes sev- 
eral cities, and all Gelderland submits to 
him. 

[1593. He takes Geertruidenberg. 1594. 
Also Groningen, the last Spanish strong- 
hold in the Seven Provinces.] 

1596 * * The Spanish recover Hulst, and 
the Dutch destroy Cadiz, also the Span- 
ish fleet. 

1598 * * The Dutch are aided by 70,000 
volunteers from England, who man 
their ships. 

1599-1604 Campaigns of Maurice 
against the Spanish under Ambrosio di 
Spinola. 

(1604. July 2.) Maurice invades Flan- 
ders and utterly defeats the Archduke 
Albert at Nieuwpoort. (1604.) Maurice 
takes Sluis. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1 150± * * Windmills are in general use. 

1200± * * Beer-brewing is known in Bra- 
brant. 

1360 * * Limburg-Maestricht Passover 
Play appears. 

1400 * * Our Lord *s Resurrection is per- 
formed at The Hague. 

1415+ * * John Van Eyck and his brother 
Hubert of Bruges found the Flemish 
school of painting in oil. 

1440± * * Laurens Janszoon Coster in- 
vents the art of printing with movable 
types. (?) 

* * * The herring fisheries make Hol- 
land rich by the discovery of the curing 
process ; " the foundation of Amster- 
dam is laid in herring-bones." 

1452 * * Our Lady the Virgin is per- 
formed at Arnheim. 



1500 * * Mystery of the Holy Sacrament 

is performed at Breda. 
1590± * * The microscope is invented 

by ZacharJas Jansen at Middelburg. 

[1621+. Or by Drebbel.] 
1597 * * Christ Bearing the Cross is 

painted by Frans Francken. [1608. 

Works of Mercy ; 1616, Adoration of 

Christ and the Virgin.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

988* * Dirk II., Count, dieB. [1039, Dirk III.; 

1049, Dirk IV.; 1061, Floris I.; 1091, Dirk 

V.; 1122, Floris II.; 1157, Dirk VI.; 1190, 

Floris III.; 1203, Dirk VI I. ; 1224, William 

I.; 1235, Floris IV.; 1304, John III.; 1337, 

William III.; 1345, William IV.; 1354, Lord 

Margaret; 1356, William V.; 1404, Albert; 

1417, William VI.] 
1370± * * Coster (Roster), I, anrons Janszoon, 

printer, born. [1440±. Dies.] 
1386 * * Eyck, Jan van, painter, born. 

[1440. Dies.] 
1436 * * Lord .lacoba, dies. 
1443 * * Aurisola, IMdulpli Itoelof Huysman, 

born. [1485. Dies.] 
1446 * * ilargaret, Duchess of Burgundy, 

born. [1503. Dies.] 
1460 * * Bosch (Bos j. or Boseo, Hieronymus, 

painter, born. [1530+. Dies.] 
1465 Oct. 38. Erasmus, Dcsiderius, 

scholar, satirist, born. [1536. July 12. D.] 
1468* * Kngelbree.hlsen, Cornelius, painter, 

born. [1533. Dies.] 
1480* *]\Iargaret of Austria, regent, born. 

[1530. Dies.] 
1492 * * Menno Simons, reformer, born. 

[1559. Dies.] 
1494* * Levden, Luens van, painter, born. 

[1533. Dies.] 
1498* * Heemskerk, Martin, painter, born. 

[1574. Dies.] 
1507* * Ayta, Ulric van Zuicnen Vigilius, 

statesman, born. [1577. Dies.] 
1513* * Mereator, Cerard, geographer, born. 

[1594. Dies.] 
1514 * * Vesalius, Andreas, anatomist, born. 

[1564. Dies.] 
1530* * Baeker, Jakob van, painter, born. 

[1560. Dies.] 



1533* * Orange, "William, Prince of, fdr. 

of republic, born. [1684. Dies.] 
1538 * * Nassau- Dill en burg. Count Louis of, 



born. [1606. Dies.] 

1549± * * Barnevehi, Jan van Olden, states- 
man, born. [1619. Dies.] 

1560* * Arminius, Jacobus, theologian, 



diplomatist, 



[1651. Dies.] 
1572* * Aarssens, Frans 

born. [1641. Dies.] 
1575* * Elzevir, Joost, printer, b. [1617. D-] 
1577* * Cats, Jakob, states., b. [1660. D.] 
1581* * Hooft,JP. C.,poet,hist.,b. [1647. D.] 
1583 * * Kl/evir, Bona venture, printer, born. 

[1652. Dies.] 
Kpisenpins, Simon, theol., b. [1643. Dies.] 
1585* * Jansen, Cornelius, founder of 

Jansenists, born. [1638. Dies.] 
1587 * * Vondel, JoobI van den, poet, born. 

[1679. Dies.] 
1588* * Zyll, Otho van, poet, b. [1656. D.] 
1590* * Mytens, Daniel, painter, b. [1662+. 

Dies.] 

1591 * * Ryekaert, Martin, landscape painter, 
born. [1636. Dies.] 

1592 * * Elzevir, Abraham, printer, born. 
1593* * Dieman, Anthony van, admiral. 

born. [1645. Dies.] 
1597 * * Baventz, Willem, arctic navigator, d. 
Tromp, Marten Harpertzoon van, admiral,. 

born. [1653. Dies.] 
1599* * Vandyke, Sir Anthony, painter, 

born. [1641. Dies.] 
1600* * Wynants, Jan, painter, b. [1678. D-] 



CHURCH. 

1430 * * The Church is enriched and 
corrupted by Philip " the Good." 

1510 * * Many Anabaptists fleeing from 
persecution come to The Netherlands. 
[1539. Baptists are persecuted ; 31 refu- 
gees from England are put to death.] 

1562 * * The Reformation is estab- 
lished. 

* * Granvella becomes the first arch- 
bishop of Mechlin. 

1565 * * Sp, Philip determines to en- 
force the decrees of the Council of 
Trent. 

1566 * * Philip II. establishes the Inqui- 
sition for the suppression of reformed 
doctrines ; the nobles form the Confed- 
eracy of Guex (Beggars) against it. 

Jan. * The nobles, led by Count Brede- 
rode, sign [the famous] " Compro- 
mise" with which the rebellion be- 
gins. 

* * Open-air preachings are guarded by 
armed men throughout the provinces. 
Iconoclastic tumults give excuse for 
military interference in religion. 

± * * "William of Orange declares his 
conversion to Calvinism. [1568. He re- 
enters The Netherlands at the head of 
an army.] 

1567 * * Sp. Philip II. decides on se- 
verer measures to suppress Protestant- 
ism, and sends the Duke of Alva to be 
his bloody tool. 

1574 * * William undertakes to protect 
Calvinism, and to suppress" all reli- 
gion at variance with the gospel." 

LETTERS. 

1250± * * Floris et Blanchejleur, by the 
Flemish minstrel, Diderik van Assenede, 
appears. 

1263+ * * Flowers of Nature, by Jakob 
van Maerlant, appears. [l'J70±, Rijin- 
bijhel; 1284+, Spieyhcl Jlistoriael.] 

1280 * * Roman de la Rose is translated 
intotheDutch by He in van Aken. [1310+, 
Henrico en MargrieteJ] 



NETHERLANDS. 



925,** -1600,**. 



1099' 



1300± * * A Life of Jesus appears. 
1315* * Brabant sche 1'eesten, by J an van 

Boendale, appears. 
1398* *"The Alpha and Omega'* is 

established at Ypres. It is the earliest 

Chamber of Khetoric. 
14th Century. Het Daghet in den Oosten 

appears. 
Eijinkronils, by Melis Stoke, appears. 

1496 * * The " Eglantine" is established 
at Amsterdam. 

1528-67 Poems, by Anna Bijus, appears. 

1540 * * Sonter-Liedel sms [the earliest 

printed collection of the Psalms] appears. 
1544 * * The earliest collection of Dutch 

folk-songs appears. 
1550± * * Dutch scholars distinguish J 

from I. [The letter is introduced by 

Giles Beys at Paris.] 
1568 * * Wilhelmu sited, by Filips van 

Mariux, appears. [1569, Biencorf.} 

1585-90 Zedehunst, by Direk Coorn- 

hert, appears. 
1588 * * Gensen Lieden Ztoec:c/.*e?i appears. 

1598 * * Achilles and Polyxena, by Pieter 
Cornelissen liooft, appears. [1605, Gra- 
nida; 1626, Life of Henry the Great; 162S- 
42, History of Holland.] 

S0CIKTY — MISCELLANEOUS. 
1203 * * Amsterdam is founded. 

1328 * * Edward HI. of England weds 
the third daughter of William III. 



1496 * * Count Philip weds Joanna of 
Aragon, daughter of Ferdinand and Isa- 
bella of Spain [heiress of the new mon- 
archy]. 

1509 * * The commerce of Antwerp is 
transferred to Holland. 

1530 * * The dikes fail to withstand the 
sea ; 72 villages and 100,000 people lost 
at Dort. 

1581± * * Spain offers, by proclamation, 
rewards and honors to any ruffian who 
would murder William of Orange. 



1039, Dirk III. 103S)-4fl. Count Dirk IV. 
rules. lie begins a strife, lasting 400 years, 
with the Count of Flanders. 1047. He con- 
quers territory from the emperor. 1049-61. 
Count Floris I. rules. 1061-91, the (child) 
Count Dirk V.; lnDi-U'JL', Flnris II.; 1122- 
57, regency and Dirk VI.; 1157-90, Floris 
III.; 1190-1206, Dirk VII.; 1206!-, William 
1.; 1224-35, Floris IV.; 1235-50, William II.] 

993 * * The true history of Holland be- 
gins with Dirk III., whose realm lies 
along the Rhine and Meuse. He sub- 
dues the Friesians. 

1206+ * * William I. gives liberal char- 
ters to cities. 

1225+ * * Holland prospers; the Frie- 
sian Ostergrow and Westergrow are an- 
nexed [and soon lost]. 

1248 * * "William LT. is crowned King 
of the Romans. [1245-56. He rules a 
large part of Germany.] 

1250-96 Count Floris V. rules. [1296-99. 
John I.] 

1299-1433 House of Hainaut. 

1399-1304 John of Avennes rules as count. 
[1301. lie forces IMreelit into an alliance. 
1304-37. William III. 1323. Hemakespeaee 
with Flanders. 1337-45. William IV., killed 
in battle.] 



1345 * * Margaret, sister of William 
IV., claims lordship in the absence of 
heirs ; her son William is a rival claim- 
ant. 

1347 * * The country is agitated by two 
parties ; the Hooks favoring the female 
claimant, and the Codfish party fa- 
voring the male. [A long civil war en- 
sues.] 

1349 * * Margaret resigns the lordship 
in favor of William (V.). [1350. Re- 
sumes it.] 

1358-1404 Count Albert of Bavaria, 
William's younger brother, rules. 

1477-84 The » "White Hats " struggle 
with the Count of Flanders for suprem- 
acy. 

1404-17 The Hooks maintain William 
VI., son of Albert. [1417. Jacoba, 
daughter of William VI., claims the 
lordship, and bitter contention follows. 
1433. She is forced to cede four counties 
to her uncle, Philip " the Good," of 
Burgundy.] 

1436-77 House of Burgundy. 

1436* * Philip annexes Holland. [1464. 
He summons the States-General to 
their first meeting.] 

1464-82 Mary of Burgundy, succeed- 
ing her father, rules. [1477. Mar.* She 
grants the " Great Privileges," recog- 
nizing the power of cities and provinces 
to hold diets, and terminating arbitrary 
government.] 

1477 * * The Netherlands are annexed 
to Austria by the marriage of Mary to 
the Archduke Maximilian. 

1477-1502 House of Hapsburg. 

1482-94 Maximilian of Austria rules 
as regent for his son Philip. [1494-1502. 
Count Philip the Handsome.] 

1502-1795 House of Orange. 

Holland is ruled by princes of Orange 
as stadholders. 

1502-30 Philibert de Chalons, Prince 
of Orange, is stadholder. [1515-321. 
Charles II. (V. as emperor). 1524. He 
annexes Friesland by purchase. 152S. 
He acquires temporalities in Utrecht, 
and rules over 17 provinces, having four 
duchies, seven counties, one margra- 
viate, and five lordships.] 

1530-44 B6ne" de Nassau, nephew of 
Charles, rules. [1532±. Charles appoints 
Mary of Hungary regent. 153D. Holland 
is agitated by Mary's demand of ahearth- 
tax; refused.] 

1544-84 William of Nassau, cousin 
of T&6n6, rules. 

1555 Oct. 25. Sp. Philip U. succeeds 
to The Netherlands by the abdication of 
his father, Charles V. 

1555-80 Philip U. of Spain rules. 

(1559). He appoints Margaret of 
Parma, a natural daughter of Charles 
V., regent during his absence in Spain ; 
4,000 foreign troops remain to enforce 
authority. Cardinal Perrenot [Gran- 
vella], chief of the Council of Three, is 
the actual ruler of The Netherlands. 

1559 * * "William of Nassau recovers 
the principality of Orange (p. 541). 

1561 * * William of Nassau and Count 
Hoorn withdraw from the Council of 
Three because they are powerless 
against the tyranny of Granvella [who, 
1563, withdraws into Burgundy]. 



* * * William and Counts Hoorn and Eg- 
mont resist the introduction of the In- 
quisition. 

1566 Apr. 5. Compromise of Breda. 

Count Brederode with 300 nobles 
united in this league (signed in January), 
in opposition to the 1 nquisition, present 
;i petition to Margaret the regent against 
it. They are refused and called Guex 
(Beggars), and assume the name (p. 541). 

Aug. 14i. A Protestant insurrection 
in Flanders damages churches and mon- 
asteries for a fortnight. 

* * Margaret attempts to capture the 
chief men. 

* * "William of Orange retires to Nassau, 
because of personal peril. [He is out- 
lawed because of his refusal to appear 
before the Council of Blood. ] 

1567 Sept. 9. Counts Egmont and 
Hoorn are treacherously seized by the 
Duke of Alva. [1568. June 5. Beheaded 
at Brussels.] 

* * Revolution under William of Orange. . 
1567 * * Margaret resigns, and the Duke 

of Alva becomes regent for Philip II. 

The country suffers from his tyranny, 
and are appalled by his bloodthirsty 
ferocity. 

1572 * * The provinces revolt against 

Alva (p. 541.) 
The people are treated as rebels, and 

their property is plundered everywhere. 

[1573. He is recalled ; successor ap- 
pointed.] (P. 541.) 
1573* *Bequisens is viceroy. [1577, Don 

John ; 1578, Farnese.] (P. 541.) 
1574 Nov. * "William of Orange is 

proclaimed governor by the States 

(p. 540+). 

1576 Oct.* Belg. Pacification of" 
Ghent (p. 541). 

1577 Jan.* The "Union of Brus- 
sels" is proclaimed. 

It engages signers to assist in ejecting 
foreign troops, in executing the Pacifi- 
cation, in maintaining the Catholic 
faith, and to recognize the sovereignty 
of Philip II. 
Feb. 17. The "Perpetual Edict" is 
signed ; it ratifies the Pacification, 

1578 * * Amsterdam is recovered. 

1579 Jan. 23. Union of Utrecht 
(p. 541). 

1580 Sept. 29. The Hague. The Seven 
United Provinces declare their inde- 
pendence Of Spain. [1581. July 26. 
They issue a declaration of indepen- 
dence.] 

1582 Aug. * "William of Orange ac- 
cepts the title of count. [1584. July 10. 
Murdered by Balthasar, a fanatic] 

1584 * * Maurice of Nassau is stad- 
holder. He is son of William, and only 
17 years of age. 

1585 * * The 10 southern provinces are 
subdued by the Prince of Alva. 

* * Eng. Elizabeth is offered the sov- 
ereignty (p. 875). 

1591 * * Maurice subdues all Gelder- 

land. 
1598* * Sp. Philip III. cedes The 

Netherlands to Albert of Austria and 

to the Infanta Isabella. 



1100 1600, * *-1795, May 9. NETHERLANDS. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1601 July* -04 Sept. * Belg. The 

Archduke Albert besieges Ostend; it 
finally accepts l-nmorable terms or capit- 
ulation. 

1604 * * "War on land languishes, but it 
is vigorously and successfully pursued 
on the sea. 

1607 * * Sp. The Dutch ruin the Span- 
ish fleet at Gibraltar, and become the 
lords of the sea. 

1609 Mar. 29. Spain and the United 
Provinces conclude tbe Truce of Ant- 
werp for 12 years. 

1621 * * The war with Spain, is renewed; 
Maurice saves Bergen-op-Zoom. [1623. 
He captures Maestricht by a masterly 
siege.] 

1623 * * The Dutch attack Peru, con- 
quer San Salvador and a large part of 
Brazil, all belonging to Spain. 

* * Several Spanish galleons are taken, 
valued at £20,000,000 sterling. 

1625 * *Spinola takes Breda. [1637. It 
is taken by Henry of Orange.] 

163S * * The war is favorable to Spain. 

1639 * * The remarkable victories of 
Adms. Van Tromp and De "Witt turn 
the scale in favor of the Dutch. 

Sept. 16-Oct. 21. Eng. Adm. Van 
Tromp takes two Spanish fleets off the 
Downs. 

1652-53 "War with England under 
Cromwell (p. 8S8). 

(1652. Sept. 23.) Defeat in the Chan- 
nel (p. 888). (Oct. 22.) De Ruyter is de- 
feated by the English under Blake. 
(Nov. 30.) Victory in the Downs. Van 
Tromp sails thmugli the Channel with a 
broom fastened to the masthead. (1653. 
July 31.) Van Tromp defeated (p. 8SS). 

1659* * "War with Sweden; Holland 
is victorious, and saves the Danes from 
Charles Gustavus. 

1665-67 "War with England (p. 892). 
(June 1^1.) Indecisive naval engage- 
ments occur. (July 25.) De Ruyter is 
defeated by Monk, and the British be- 
come masters of the sea. 

1667-68 First French war of conquest 
(p. 690). 

1670 * * War with France and England. 

* * Charles II. of England deserts Holland 
and joins France. 

1671 * * Holland is overrun by the 
French. 

* * The French are repelled by the sluices 
being opened to let in the sea and drown 
the land. 

1672-7S Second war with France (pp. 
540, 692, 892). 

1673 Aug. 11. An indecisive naval 
engagement (p. 892). 

1673-77 Indecisive fighting continues. 

16S4 * * The French take Luxemburg. 
[1G97. Restored to Spain. 1701. Taken 
again by the French.] 

1688 Oct. 19. The invasion of Eng- 
land fails (p. 896). [Nov. 1. Succeeds.] 

1689-96 War with France. 

1690 June 30. Belg. The allies are 
defeated at Fleurus (p. 542). (July 1.) 

1701 Feb.* The French take the "bar- 
rier fortresses" (p. 902). 

1702-13 War with France and Spain. 



1702 Sept. 19. The French surrender 
Venlo (p. 902). 1747. July 2. Also 
Raucoux (pp. 700, 912). 

1706 June 6. Antwerp surrenders 
after the fall of Ramillies (p. 542). 

1746 Feb. 16. Marshal Saxe takeB 
Brussels. [May 9. Takes Antwerp.] 
(P. 700.) 

1781-83 Holland loses her colonies 
in a war with England for naval suprem- 
acy. 

1787-89 The Low Countries are in a 
state of civil war. 

* * The Prince of Prussia invades Hol- 
land in favor of the stadholder, and 
Amsterdam is surrendered to the king. 

May 9. Utrecht is surrendered to the 

Prussians. 
1792-93 The French occupy Antwerp. 

[1814. Recovered from France.] 

1793 * * The people of Holland declare 
in favor of the French republican 
invaders. 

* * Dumouriez takes Breda. 

1794 * * The Duke of York makes un- 
successful campaigns in Holland. 

* * The French under Gen. Pichegru con- 
quer The Netherlands (p. 710). 

1795 Jan. 18. Amsterdam. Entered 
by the French (p. 710). [Jan. 19. They 
take possession of The Hague and the 
people declare in their favor ; the stad- 
holder and his family flee to England.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1600± * * Christ and the Adulteress, 
Raising of Jaims's Daughter, and Christ 
on the Mount of Olives, painted by Am- 
brosiua Francken. 

1601 * * Amsterdam. William Blaue im- 
proves the first printing-press. 

1620 * * The submarine ship is invented 
by Drebbel. 

1624± * * Willebrord Snell discovers the 
law of refraction. 

1627 * * The Rape of Proserpine and Jo- 
seph are painted by Rembrandt. 
[1G30-;:1, Old man with Gospel and Tur- 
ban; 1631, Presentation in- the Temple; 
1632, Lesson in Anatomy; 1633, Portrait 
of Sashia ran Ulenbureh and Susanna ; 
1634, Descent from the Cross and the In- 
credulity of St. Thomas; 1037, The Re- 
turn of the Prodigal Son; 1645, The Holy 
Family; 1648, Supper at Emmaus and 
Christ nt Emmaus; 1653, The Xa thrift/; 
1656, The Blessing of Jacob: 3657, The 
Jewish Bride; 1662-G4, Rembrandt and 
Family.] 

1628* * Magdalen Washing Christ's Feet 
is painted by Frans Francken. [1634. 
Feeding the Five Thousand.] 

1634 * * Amsterdam. The Exchange is 
built. [1G48. The Stadhouse, costing 
3,000,000 guilders, is built on 13,659 piles.] 

1637 * * Cornelius Drebbel invents the 
thermometer. 

1651 * * Dog Derovr'niq (lame is painted 
by Jan Fyt. [1661, Fancy Birds.] 

1654 * * Huygens completes the discov- 
ery of Saturn's ring. [1655. He deter- 
mines the annular form of Saturn. Mar. 
25. He discovers one of its satellites.] 



* * Pendulum clocks are invented by 

Huygens. 
1658* * The cannel engine for raising 

ships is invented by Baker. 



1659i * * Fromantil improves the pen- 
dulum. 

1670 * * Christian Huygens introduces 
the theory of oscillation. 

1672 * * Hose for fire-engines are in- 
vented by Van der Heyde. 

1677* * Leemvenhoek discovers ani- 
malcules. 

1678 * * Huygens proposes the modu- 
latory theory of light and the law of 
double refraction. 



1701 * * Boerhaave founds organic 
chemistry. 



1745+ * * Kleist, Mussehenbroeck, and 
others invent the Leyden jar. 

1785 * * An electric machine is con- 
structed at Haarlem by Van Mar urn. 

BIRTHS— DEATHS. 

1603 * * en<H-pins, Johannes, clergyman, bib- 
lical critic, born. [1669. Dies.] 

1604* * Elzevir, Louis, printer, b. [1670. D.] 

Nassau- Siege n, Count of, Joan Mauzitv, 

■' Maurice of Nassau." b. [1679. D.] 

1607 * * Heemskerk, Jacob, admiral, dies. 
Rembrandt, Harmanzoon van Ryn, painter, 

born. [1669. Dies.] 
Ruyter. Michael Adiiaanzoon de, admiral 
born. [1676. Dies.] 

1608 * * Brauwer, Adrian, painter, born. 
[1640. Dies.] 

1610± * * Dekker(Van Decker), Jeremiasde, 
poet, born. [1666. Dies.] 
* * Vandervelde, Willem, the elder, painter, 
born. [1693. Dies.] 
1612 * * Boxborn, Parous Zuerius, critic, 

historian, born. [1653. Dies.] 
1615* * Metzu, Gabriel, painter, b. [1658. D.] 

Ryckaert, David, painter, b. [1677. Dies.] 
1616* * Lcinaire, Jacijues, navigator, dies. 

1631 * * Eeckhout, Gerbrant van der, 
painter, born. [1674. Dies.] 

1624* * Berghem, Nikolaas van Harlaem, 

painter, born. [1683. Dies.] 

Leusden, Jan, philologist, born. [1669. D.] 

1625* * De "Witt, John, states., b. [1673. D.] 

Wouvermans, Peter, printer, b. [1683. D.] 

1626* * Elzevir, Daniel, printer, b. [1680. D.] 

1627* * Van der Meer, Jan, painter, born. 

[1685. Dies.J 
1628 * * Graat, Barnet, painter, b. [1709. D.] 
Huygens. Christian, natural philosopher, 

born. [1695. Dies.] 
1629* * Tromp, Cornelius van, admiral, 

born. [1691. Dies.] 
1630* * Ginkd, Gudurd van, Earl of Athlow, 

general, born. [1703. Dies.] 

1632 * * LiH-uwenhuek, Antonius van, nat- 
uralist, bom. [1723. Dies.] 

Maas, Nikolaas, painter, burn. [1693. Dies.] 
Spinoza. Baruch. philos., b. [1677. Dies.] 
1633* * Baan, Jan van, portrait painter, 
born. [1702. Dies.] 
Liniborch, Philippus, theol.,au.,b. [1712. D.] 
Vandervelde, Willem, the younger, uainter, 

born. [1707. Dies.] 
Miens, Frans, painter, horn. [1681. Dies.] 
1636 * * "Wii/ius, Hermann, theologian, born. 

[1708. Dies.]. _ 
1641 * * Coehorn, Menno van, Baron, en- 
gineer, born. [1704. Dies.] 
Graaf, Kegnier van, pbysiol., b. [1673. D.] 
Heiiisins, Anltmiua, stales., b. [1720. Dies.] 
1644 * * Weeninx, Jan, the younger, painter, 

born. [1719. Dies.] 
1647* * Goes, Jobann Antonides van der, 
poet, born. [1684. Dies.] 
Vaart, Jan van der, painter, b. [1721. D.] 
1649* * Bentinck, William, Earl of Port- 
land, statesman, born. [1709. Dies.] 
1650* * Bloeh, Joanna Koerten, artist, born. 
[1715. Dies.] 
William III., William Henry of Nassau, 
Prince of Orange, King of Eng., b. [1702. D.] 
Tasman, Abel, navigator, dies. 
1654* * Nieuwentvl, I'.eiuardus, philosopher, 

born. [1718. Dies.] 
1656* * Eeckhout, painter, born. [1695. D.J 
1657* * Bvshraeck, 1'ietei, landscape painter, 

born. [1716. Dies.] 
1659 * * Van der Werf, Adriaan, painter, 

born. [1722. Dies.] 
1668* * Boerhaave, Hermann, physician, 
philosopher, born. [1738. DieB.] 



NETHERLANDS. 1600,* *-1795,May 9. 1101 



1069* * Albemarle, Karl of, Arnold van 
Keppel, courtier, born. [1718. Dies.] 

1682* * Huysum, Jan van, painter, born. 
[1749. Dies.] 

1684 * * Effen, Justus van, litterateur, born. 
[1735. Dies.] 

1687* * Hoogvliet, Arnold, poet, b. [1763. D.] 

1688* * Gravesande, Willem Jakob van S., 
philosopher, born. [1742. Dies.] 

1692* * Musschenbroek, Pieter von, mathe- 
matician, born. [1761. Dies.] 

1694* * Feit'inui, Sibrand,poet, b. [1758. D.] 

1700* * Swieten, Gerard van, physii-inn, 
born. [1772. Dies.] 

1702 * * Chauffepie, Jacques George de, 
clergyman, author, born. [1786. Dies.] 

1713* *Haren, Willem van, poet, b.[1768. D.] 

1720* * Hemsterhuva, Frans, philosopher, 
born. [1790. Dies.] 

1722* * Camper, Pieter, anatomist, natural- 
ist, born. [1789. Dies.] 

1724* * Lennep, .Ian Daniel, linguist, critic, 
born. [1771. Dies.] 

1738 * * Bekker, Elizabeth, novelist, poet, 
born. [1804. Dies.] 
Lannoy, BaroneBS of, Juliana Cornelia, poet, 
born. [1782. Dies.] 

1741* * Deken, Aagjen, au., b. [1804. !>.] 

1748* * Eynden, Roland van, artist, histo- 
rian, born. [1819. Dies.] 

1750 * * Marum, Martin van, physicist, 
born. [1837. Dies.] 

1756* * Bilderdijk (Bilderdyk), Willem, 
poet, born. [1831. Dies.] 

1757* * Bellamy, Jacobus, poet,b. [1785. D.] 

1760* * Verhuel, Carel Hendrik, admiral, 
born. [1845. Dies.] 

1765 * * Chasse, David Heindrick, baron, gen- 
eral, born. [1849. Dies.] 

1767 * * Helmero, Jan Frederick, poet, born. 
[1813. Dies.] 

1770± * * Temininck, C. J,, naturalist, born. 
[1858. Dies.] 

1772 Aug. 24. William I., Frederick 
Wilhelm, king, born. [1843. Dies.] 

1774* * Lennep, David Jacob van, jurist, 
poet, horn. [1853. Dies.] 

1776 * * Kampen, Nikolaus Godfried van, 
historian, born. [1839. Dies.] 

1778* * Bonaparte, Louie, king, born. 
[1846. Dies.] 

1784* * Kessels, Matthias, sculptor, born. 
[1836. Dies.] 

1791 * * Aa, Christian Peter Robide van der, 
poet, born. [1851. Dies.] 

1792 Dec. 6. William H., king, born. 
[1849, Mar. 17. Dies.] 

1793 * * Eeckhout, Jacob J., painter, born. 

CHURCH. 



1603 * * Arminius assails t 
Calvinistic theology while professor of 
theology at Leyden. The upper classes 
embrace Arminianism. The hulk of 
the clergy, peasantry, town populace, 
and army, with. Maurice at their head, 
support Calvinism vigorously. 

* * Jews are favored. 

1607 * * An English Baptist Church 
is formed by John Smyth. [The first 
recorded ; for fear of discovery their 
meetings have been held in private 
houses.] 

1610* * The Remonstrants (Armenians) 
formulate their creed in five articles. 

1610-19 Dissensions occur between 
the Arminian and Gomorist parties. 

1618 * * The Synod of Dort favors the 
Calvinists ; the persecution of Ar- 
minians follows. [1621. They fly to 
Holstein and elsewhere.] 

1640 * * Cornelius Jansen, bishop of 
Ypres, intensifies controversy by the 
publication of Augustinus ; he advocates 
free grace. [1642. It is condemned by 
the Pope.] 

1708 * * The Jesuits are expelled. 

LETTERS. 

1609-21 Gafathea, the Maechdenplicht, 
and Sinne en Minne Beelden, by Jakob 
Cats, appears. 

1611 * * Roderickand Alphonsus, drama- 
tized by Gerbrand Adriaanssen Bre- 
derroo, appears. [1615±, Farce of the 



i^ow; 1618±, Jerolimo, the Spanish Bra- 
banter.'] 
1612 * * Fenwis the Boor, by Dr. Samuel 
Coster, appears. 

1620 * * Jerusalem laid Desolate, by 
Joost van der Vondel, appears. [1625, 
Palamedes, or Mun/cred Innocence; 1638, 
Jan. 3, The tragedy, (hishrvqht van Aems- 
UlJ] 

1621 * * Batava Tempe, by Sir Constan- 
tijn Huygens, appears. 

1625 * * Friesche Lustliof, by J a.n Janssen 
Starter, appears. 

* * Otiorum Libri Sex, by Huygens, ap- 
pears. 

1637 * * Batavicin Arcadia, by Johan van 
Heemskerk, appears. 

1639 * * Rooselijus Cochjens Ontleed, by 
Jan Luiken, appears. 

1641 * * Aaron and Titus, by Jan Vos, 
appears. [1665, Medea.] 

1647 * * Oogentroost, by Huygens, ap- 
pears. 

1648 * * Johanna Cray, by Joachim Ou- 
daen, appears. 

1654 * * The tragedy Bucifer, by Von- 
del, appears. 

1671* * Ijstroom, by Johan Antonides 
van der Goes, appears. 

1675± * * Mirandos, by Nikolaes Hein- 
sius, appears. 

1677 * * The Art of Poetry Expounded, 
by Andries Pels, appears. 

1691-93 Betoverde Wereld, by Balthasar 
Bekker, appears. 

1692-1708 Boekzaal van Europa is is- 
sued. [Also 1715^18.] 

1697-1702 Thesaurus Antiquitatum 
Grsecorum, by J. Gronovius, appears. 

17th Century. Masquer of the World, by 
Adriaen Poirters, appears. 

1710-48 BepublijJc der Geleerden is is- 
sued. 

1711-12 Misanthrope is issued. 

1728 * * Falkener's Journal appears. 

1731-35 Hollandsche Spectatoris issued. 

1741* * Gevallen van Friso, by "Willem 
van Haren, appears. 

1761 * * Vaderlandsche Letteroefeni7igen 
is issued. 

1780+ * * Letters on Divers Subjects, by 
Betjen "Wolff and Aagjen Deken, ap- 
pears. 

1782 * * Sara Burgerhart, by the ladies 
"Wolff and Deken, appears: [1785, Wil- 
lem Leevend; 1792, Cornelia U ildschut.] 

1783* * Julia, by Rhijnvis Feith, ap- 
pears. 

1786* * Elias, by "Willem Bilderdijk, 
appears. 

1788 * * A/gemeene Kumsi'en Letterbode is 
issued. 

1792 * * The Grave, by Rhijnvis Feith, 
appears. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

J.602 * * The Dutch East India Com- 
pany is formed. [1607. The Dutch are 
the leading traders of the world.] 

1607 * * The Bank of Amsterdam is 
founded. [1635. Bank of Rotterdam.] 

1619 May 13. Maurice stains his bril- 
liant record by the infamous trial and 
execution of the illustrious statesman, 
Jan van Olden Barneveld, a Remon- 
strant, 70 years of age. 

1648 * * The imposition of toll on the 
MUnster greatly injures the trade of 
Amsterdam. 

1672 Aug. 20. John and Cornelius De 
Witt are torn in pieces by a mob. 

1699 * * Two-thirds of the population 
of Leyden perish by fever. 



STATE. 

1609 Apr. 9. Spain acknowledges the 
independence of the United Provinces, 
and signs a truce (p. 541). 

1616 * * Maurice favors the Calvinists, 
and aims at kingly power. [1618. He 
becomes Prince of Orange. 1623. His 
tyranny provokes a conspiracy ; 16 per- 
sons are executed.] 

± * * E. Tnd. The Dutch rule is estab- 
lished. 

1625-47 Frederick Henry, a brother, 
succeeds Maurice. 

1635 * * Holland enters an alliance with 
France (p. 689). 

1647-72 "WiUiam II. becomes stad- 
holder. 

1648 Oct. 24. The independence, is 
recognized by Europe (pp. 541, 689). 

17th Century. Period of greatest pros- 
perity. 

1651 Oct. 9. Eng. Anti-Dutch Navi- 
gation Act passes (p. 889). 

1653-58 Jan De "Witt is grand pension- 
ary of Holland. [1658-63, 1663-68, Re- 
elected.] 

1654 Apr. 5. Peace with England. 

1659 May 21. Treaty of The Hague. 
England, France, and Holland unite in 
an alliance to preserve the equilibrium 
of the North. 

1665 * * Eng. The Navigation Act is 
renewed against Dutch commerce ; war 
follows. [1665. Treaty of peace.] 

1667 * * The Perpetual Edict is passed ; 
it is averse to the House of Orange. 

1668 Jan. 23. Triple alliance against 
France (p. 691). 

1672-1702 "William III., Prince of 
Orange, is stadholder. 

[1677. He marries Mary of England, 
daughter of the Duke of York, later 
James II. 16S9-1702. He is King of 
England.] 

1686 July 9. Ger. League of Augs- 
burg (p. 799). William III. heads the 
auti-France movement. 

1689-1702 The Netherlands are allied 
with England as a part of the realm of 
William III. 

1697 Sept. 20. Peace of Kyswick 
(p. 695). 

1702-47 John "Willialm, nephew of 
William III., is stadholder. 

1713 Apr. 11. Peace of Utrecht; 
the Spanish Netherlands are united to 
the United Provinces (p. 697). 

1715 Nov. 16. Barrier treaty (p. 543). 

* * * Holland is of small importance in 
European politics. 



1747-61 "William Henry is stadholder. 

1748 Oct. 18. Peace of Aix-Ia-Cha- 
pelle (p. 515). 

1793 * * Holland joins the first coali- 
tion against France (p. 709). 

1794-95 Frenchconquerorsrule(p.710). 

1795-1806 The Netherlands are formed 
by France into the Batavian Kepublic. 
[1805. Apr. 26. The republic receives a 
new constitution.] 

1795 May 9. Utrecht is annexed to 
France. 



1102 1795, July *-1893, Jan. 20. NETHERLANDS. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1795 July* Luxemburg is surrendered 

to the French, after a siege of seven 
months. [1814. May * Retaken by the 
allies.] 

1797 Oct. 11. Defeat at Camper- 
down (p. 928). 

1799 Aug. 30. The British take the 
Dutch fleet (p. 928). 

Sept. 9. Sir Ralph Abercromby repulses 
the French under Brune at Zuyper 
Slays. [Sept. 19. Allies defeated.] (P. 
712.) 

1804 July 28.-Dee. 23. The Wa- 
tcheren British expedition against the 
French. (Aug. *). It takes Flushing, 
fails to take Antwerp, and retires. 

1813 Nov, * The Hague. Evacuated 
by the French. 

1830 Oct. 27. The Belgian troops en- 
ter Antwerp, and a dreadful conflict 
ensues with the Dutch garrison (p. 542). 

1832 Dec. 4. The French bombard the 
citadel at Antwerp. [Dec. 23. It is 
surrendered by Gen. Chasse\] 

1838 Aug. 3. Holland declares war 
with Belgium. 

1873 Apr.* -79 Mar. * Sumatra. Suc- 
cessful war with the Achinese. [1882. 
A second war ; Dutch victorious.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1844± * * Gerard Andreas Mulder intro- 
duces the term protein for the basis of 
albumen, tibrin, and casein. 



1879 May 6. The Willem Barentz sails 
for arctic explorations. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1798* * Da Costa, Izaak, poet, b. [1860. D.] 

Thorbecke, Jan Rudolph, states., b. [1872. D.] 

1802 * * Lennep, Jacobus van, novelist, born. 

[1868. Dies.] 
1803* "Koekkoek, Bernard Cornelius, 

painter, born. [1862. Dies.] 
1808* + Pottfieter, Kwrliunl Johannes, poet, 

critic, born. [1875. Dies.] 
1809* * Hammerieli, Freilrrik lie der Adolf, 

author, born. [1877. Dies.] 

1811 * * Scholten, Johannes Heiulrik, clergy- 
man, author, born. [1885. Dies.] 

1812 * * Toussaint, Anna Luize Geertrinde. 
novelist, born. [1886. Dies.] 

1817 Feb. 19. William UX, king, born. 
[1890, Nov. 23. Dies.] 

1821 * * Ppzoomer, Carolus Wilhelmus, phi- 
losopher, born. [1892, Aug. 23. Dies.] 

1826 * * ('aland, Pieter, engineer, born. 

1829* * Genestet, Peter Anton de, poet, born. 
[1861. Dies.] 

1832* * De Haas, Maurice F. H., painter, 
born. [1880. Dies.] 

1877 June 3. Sophia, queen, dies. 

1879 Jan. 13. Henry, prince, brother of 
William III., A58. 

1880 Aug. 31. Wilhelmina, queen, born. 



1797 * * The Netherlands Missionary Society 
is organized at Rotterdam. 

1815 * * The Netherlands Bible Society is or- 



1839 * * The Christian Reformed Missionary 
Society is organized at Leyden. 

1840* * Amsterdam. The Mennonite Mis- 
sionary Society is founded. 

1853 Mar.* The Roman Catholic 
hierarchy is reestablished. 

1856 * * Pastor Witteveen founds the Ermelo 
Missionary Society at Ermelo. 



1859 * * The Utrecht Missionary Society is 
founded. 

* * Amsterdam. The Dutch Reform Mission- 
ary Society is founded for the conversion of 
the Jews in heathen countries. 

1861 * * Amsterdam. The Netherland So- 
ciety of Israel is formed by a union of two 
societies in Amsterdam and The Hague. 

1875 * * The Christian Reformed Mission 
among the Jews is founded by the Free 
Church of Holland. 

1891 July 24. Amsterdam. A memo- 
rial tablet in honor of the Pastor John 
Robinson, of the Pilgrim Fathers, is 
unveiled in St. Peter's Church. 

Aug. 12. Amsterdam. The 12th Inter- 
national Convention of the Young 
Men's Christian Association opens 
with 300 delegates. 

LETTERS. 
1800± * * Charlotte van Bourbon, by 

Adriaan Loosjes, appears. 
1803 * * Becensent is issued. 
1807 * * The Disease of the Learned, by 

Bilderdijk, appears. 
1812 * * The Dutch Nation, by Helmero, 

appears. 
1816 * * Gedenkschrift van Nederlands 

Herstelling , by Johannes Henricus van 

der Palm, appears. 

1818 July 11. The use of the French 
language in judicial proceedings is abol- 
ished with a proviso. 

1819 * * A Winter in Nova Zembla, by 
Hendri Tollens, appears. 

1820 * * Ondergang der eerste Wereld, by 
Bilderdijk, appears. 

± * * Poems, by Antoni Christian "Winand 
Staring, appears. 

1835 * * Jochebed, by Adrianus Bogaers, 
is printed. (It had been in existence for 
more than thirteen years.) 

* * Nederlandsch Museum is issued. 

1836 * * Voyage of Heemskerk to Gibral- 
tar, by Adrianus Bogaers, appears. [1846. 
Romances and Ballads.] 

* * Camera Obscura, by Nicolaes Beets, 
appears. 

1837 * * The Gids is issued. 

1840 * * Truth and Dreams, by Johannes 
Pieter Hasebreek, appears. 

1848 * * Tijdschrift voor Nederlandsch 
Indie is issued. 

1855 * * Nederlandsch Spectator is is- 
sued. 

1857 * * The Tijdstroom is issued. 

1867 * * Theologisch Tijdschrift is issued. 

1877 * * Amsterdam. A new university 
is opened. 

1889 Dec. 6. Free State education 
is abolished except for paupers ; grants 
in aid of denominational schoola substi- 
tute free schools. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1815+ * * The Society of Beneficence for 
colonizing indigent people is unsuc- 
cessful. 

1825 * * The North Holland canal, con- 
necting Amsterdam and the Helder, is 
opened; length 51 miles. 

1849-51 Haarlam Lake is drained. 



1854* * Amsterdam. A society is formed 
for advancing the welfare of working- 
people. 

1859 * * Free and penal colonies are 
formed 

1865+ * *A canal is dug connecting 
Amsterdam with the North Sea. [1876. 
Nov. 1. Opened.] 

1873 Sept. 8. A new port at Flush- 
ing is opened. 

1879 Jan. 23. The 300th anniver- 
sary of the union of the Seven United 
Provinces is celebrated at Utrecht. 

1883 May 1. Amsterdam. An inter- 
national exhibition is opened. 

1889 Sept. * Bock laborers at Rotter- 
dam strike. [Oct. 2. Compromised.] 

1892 Aug. 4. The canal connecting 
Amsterdam and tbe Rhine is opened. 

Sept. 26. Tlie Hague. Cholera appears. 

1S93 Jan. 20. Amsterdam. The un- 
employed become riotous. 

STATE. 

1806 June 5. Holland is made a king- 
dom under the rule of Louis Bona- 
parte. [1810. July 1. Abdicates.] 

1810 Apr. 9. Annexed to France 
(p. 543). [1813. Nov. 17. Restored to 
the House of Orange.] 

1815 Mar. 23. Holland and Belgium 
united to form the kingdom of The 
Netherlands (p. 543). [Dec. 6. Luxem- 
burg annexed. 1830. Part given to Bel- 
gium.] 

1815-40 "William I. is king. 

1830 Oct. 4. Revolution: Belgium 
separates (p. 542, 543). 

1831 June 18. William [III.] weds So- 
phia of Wiirtemberg. 

1839 Apr. 19. Treaty with Belgium 
signed (p. 545). 

1840-49 "William II. reigns. 

1848 Apr. 17. William grants a con- 
stitution. 

1849-89 "WiUiam III. reigns. [1879. 
Jan. 7. Weds Emma of Waldeck-Pyr- 
mont.] 

1853 Sept. 8. The Lower Chamber en- 
acts religious liberty. Vote, 22-16. 

1863 May. 12. A treaty is signed for 
capitalizing the Scheldt dues. 

1867 May 7+. Luxemburg Confer- 
ence (p. 971). 

1870 * * Capital punishment is abol- 
ished. 

1871 July 7. The Chambers vote to 
cede Dutch possession in Guinea to 
Great Britain. 

1875 Aug. * A new penal code is pro- 
mulgated. 

1887 Nov. 30. The revised constitu- 
tion is promulgated. 

1889 Mar. 25. The queen becomes 
temporary regent, the king being inca- 
pacitated. [Apr. 3. The regency is es- 
tablished by the Parliament. May 5. 
The king resumes the government.] 

1889+* * "Wilhelmina, daughter of 
William III., reigns. 



NEWFOUNDLAND. 1347, * *- 18 9 3, Dec. 10. 1103 



Newfoundland is a large island in the Atlantic Ocean, nearly opposite the mouth of the St. Lawrence River. It is a crown 
colony of Great Britain ; capital, St. John's. The government is conducted l>y a governor, Executive Council, Legislative Coun- 
cil, and a House of Assembly. Area, 42,200± square miles ; population, in 1891, 197,934. 



1347 * * Norwegian sailors arrive (p. 12). 

1497 June 25. John Cabot arrives in 
the harbor of St. John's (p. 14). 

1500± * * Cod-fishing begins. 

1577 * * The fisheries have become im- 
portant to the Catholic countries of Eu- 
rope ; hundreds of fishing-vessels arrive. 

1616 * * Lord Baltimore plants a col- 
ony on the southern peninsula. [He is 
driven away by the French.] 

1621 * * The English make the first im- 
portant settlement under Sir George 
Calvert in Avalon. [1633. It is removed 
to Maryland.] 

* * King Charles makes a grant to Sir 
David Kirke, who establishes himself 
on the island. 

1625 * * Pish are taken in great quan- 
tities to the markets of Spain, Portugal, 
and Italy. [1674. Nearly 11,000 English 
seamen are employed.] 

1697 * * Peace of Ryswick ; the French 
are to occupy certain parts of the coast, 
with Placentia for a capital (p. 695). 

1702 * * The French possess almost the 
entire island. 



1713* * Treaty of Utrecht; the island 
goes to England (p. 59). 

1832 * * Representative government 
by a legislature is granted by the crown. 
[1855. Responsible government estab- 
lished. 1894. Still in force.] 

1852* *The Newfoundland Electric 
Telegraph Company is chartered. [1858. 
Aug. 5. Atlantic Cable laid (p. 185).] 

1857 Jan. 14. French fishery privi- 
leges are exchanged for others. [Much 
dissatisfaction follows.] 

1869 * * Newfoundland declines to enter 
the union with Canada. 

1870 * * Sir Stephen J. Hill is governor. 
[1883. Sir John H. Glover. 1886. Sir 
G. Wm. des Voeux.] 

1877 Jan. 13. Nets of United States 
fishermen are fixed at Fortune Bay, 
contrary to local regulations, and forci- 
bly removed. [An international dispute 
follows. £15,000 compensation awarded 
by arbitrators.] 

Nov. 23. Halifax Fishery Commis- 
sion award (p. 297+). 

1882 Sept. 9. The French flag is run 
up at Cumberland Stage. 



1886 Feb.* The long dispute with 

France respecting the fisheries is set- 
tled. [1SS8. Again revived.] 

1889 Jan. 25. Claims for damages are 
presented to the Government because of 
damage done to nets in St. George Bay 
by the French. 

Mar. 4. American fishermen are de- 
nied the right to buy bait. 

1890 Apr. 28. The Bait Law vexes 
American fishermen on the Banks. 

May 29±. French marines land, and 
destroy nets ; the people refuse to pay 
taxes without protection. 

1891 Mar. 12. A new modus vivendi is 
decided on for Newfoundland. 

Apr. 20. The enforcement of the Bait 
Law provokes a riot at Fortune Bay. 

Dec. 9. Retaliation duties are levied 
on Canadian goods. 

1892 July 8. St. John's is nearly de- 
stroyed by fire ; loss, $20,000,000+. [The 
British Government bestows £14,400 to 
sufferers.] 

1893 Dec. 10. A financial crisis oc- 
curs at St. John's. [Great destitution.] 



NEW ZEALAND. 



New Zealand is a group of islands in the Pacific Ocean, the largest two being North Island and South Island. It is a Brit- 
ish colony of nine provincial districts, with "Wellington for a capital. The government is conducted by a crown governor and 
a General Assembly of two houses, the Legislative Council and the House of Representatives. Area, 104,471 square miles ; popu- 
lation in 1891, 668,651, including 41,993 natives. 



1642 Dec. * Discovered by Abel Jans- 
zen Tasman, a Dutch navigator, and 
named Van Diemen's Land. 

1814 * * A missionary settlement is 
made. [1822. Wesleyan mission opened.] 

1839* * Eng. The New Zealand Com- 



pany is organized ; it founds a settle- 

at Wellington. 
1840 * * Auckland is founded. [Later 

it has a college and a cathedral. 1841. 

Nelson is founded ; also New Plymouth. 

1848. Otago. 1850. Canterbury.] 
1852 * * Representative government 

is established. 



1893 Sept. 8. The Legislative Council 
passes a bill granting the franchise to 
women. 

1894 Oct. 28. The steamer Wairarapu 
is wrecked on the coast ; 134 lives 
are lost. [Nov. 1. Another wreck ; 78 
lives lost. 



NICARAGUA. 



Nicaragua is one of the Central American States ; capital, Managua. The chief executive authority is lodged with a presi- 
dent elected for nine years, and the legislative authority with a Congress of two houses ; estimated area, 40,000 square miles ; 
estimated population in 1894, 360,000. 



1502* * Columbus views the coast. 
[1521-22. Gil Gonzalez Davila first ex- 
plores the country from the Pacific 
coast.] 

1524-25 Francisco Hernandez de Cor- 
dova founds Granada. [The country 
becomes a province of Guatemala dur- 
ing the Spanish colonial history.] 

1550 * * A revolt against Spain fails. 

1610* *Leon is founded. [Later, a 
cathedral city. 1685. Sacked by William 
Dampier, the English freebooter.] 

1821 Sept. 21. A declaration of in- 
dependence is issued. 

1824-39 A State of the Central Amer- 
ican Federation. 

1826 * * A ship canal route is partly 
surveyed. [1837-38. Again. 1872-73. 
Again, by the U. S. Government.] 

1840-94 Period of Revolutions. 
.1847 Dec. * Great Britain seizes San 
Juan del Norte, the only seaport on the 
Atlantic coast. [1848. Jan. * The Brit- 



ish guard at San Juan are dispersed ; 
restored by war-vessels.] 
1847-48 Boundary dispute with Great 
Britain. 

1848 * * Moravian missionaries arrive. 
[1849. Mission at Bluefields ; 1853, atMag- 
dala ; 1860, at Ephrata ; 1889, at Kama.] 

1849 * * Concessions made to Americans 
for the construction of a ship canal. 
[1880. Again. 1858. To a Frenchman.] 

1850 Apr. * The United States and 
Great Britain mutually agree not to 
enter or interfere in Central America. 

1855 * * The country is divided chiefly 
by two parties, who engage in civil war. 
[the democrats invite the aid of William 
Walker (American filibuster). Oct. 13. 
He takes Granada. 1856. July* Forced 
out; he burns the city. 1857. May 1. 
The united armies of the Confederated 
States of Central America drive Walker 
out of the country.] 

1856 Feb. 10. President Rivas decrees 
the annexation of the entire Mosquito 
Coast. (Claimed by Great Britain.) 



July * Dissensions enable "Walker to se- 
cure his election as president. 

1858 May 1. Nicaragua and Porto 
Rico appeal to Europe for protection. 

1859 * * T. Martinez is elected president. 
[1863. Reelected. 1867, Mar. 1, Fer- 
nando Guzman ; 1871, Feb. 1, Vincenti 
Quadra; 1875, Feb. 1, Pedro Joaquin 
Chamorro ; 1879, Mar. 1, Joaquin Zavala; 
1883, Jan.* Dr. Adam Cardenas; 1886, 
Dec. 16, Sefior Carazo ; 1889, Dr. Roberto 
Sacaza ad interim; 1890, Nov. * Again.] 

1860 * * England cedes the protectorate 
of the Mosquito Coast to Nicaragua, 
which agrees to pay £1,000 yearly for 
ten years to its chief. [1864. Refuses 
to recognize the succeeding chief.] 

1885 * * A. G. Menocal surveys a ship- 
canal route connecting the two oceans, 
for the United States Government. 

1887 * * Concessions for 100 years are 
granted to the Nicaragua Canal Com- 
pany. [Transferred to the Maritime 
Canal Company.] 



1104 1889, May 4-1894, July 5. NICARAGUA. 



1889 May 4. The Maritime Canal 
Company is organized <U. S. A.). Route 
selected, length 169& miles (excavations 
27 miles). [1889. June 3. "Work begun. 
1892. Dec. 3. Stopped by exhaustion of 
funds. 1893. Aug. 30. The Maritime 
Construction Company passes into the 
hands of a receiver.] 



1892 Feb. 23. A perpetual charter is 
granted to the Louisiana Lottery Com- 
pany. 

1893 May * President Sacaza is over- 
thrown by revolutionists. [May 31. 
He signs a treaty of peace. A provis- 
ional government assumes office at 
Managua. Aug. 23. Sacaza arrests and 



exiles his prominent opponents ; rioting 
follows.] 
1894 Feb. 24. Honduras is surren- 
dered to Nicaragua troops. 

July 5. Mosquito chiefs revolt and cap- 
ture Bluefields. [July 10. Chief Clar- 
ence proclaimed. Nov. 2S. Andrew 
Hendy elected.] 



NORWAY. 



Norway is a country of northwestern Europe ; capital, Christiania. The government is a limited monarchy; and it is united 
with Sweden under one king and diplomatic authority, but with its own parliament, or Storthing. The popular language is Norwe- 
gian, and the state religion is Lutheran. Area, 124,495 square miles ; population in 1891, 2,001,000+. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

872 * * Harold I. defeats his enemies in 
a sea-fight at Hafsfiord. [He subdues 
the petty kings and their freebooting 
expeditions ; many migrate to Iceland 
and Normandy.] 

1000 * * Olaf , the Lap, defeats Olaf, 
King of Sweden, in the battle of Svold. 

1028* * Canute II., King of England, 
conquers Norway. 

1060 * * Enq. Harold LTI., Hardrada, 
invades England (p. 846). 

1096-1103 Magnus m. invades the 
Orkneys, Scotland, and Ireland ; killed 
before Dublin. 

1136 * * Civil war. 

1186 * * Magnus V. is defeated by Swer- 
ro, an adventurer. 

1261 * * Scot. Hakon I. invades Scot- 
land. [Killed.] 

1814 July 16. Swedes invade Nor- 
way. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

863 * * Halfdan, king, drowned. 

934 * * Harold Harfager, king, dies. 

963* * Hakim the (Jootl, king, dies. 

977 * * Harold II., king, dies. 

1000 * * Olaf I., king, slain in battle. 

1030* * Olaf II., king, slain in battle. 

1047 * * Magnus I., king, dies. 

1202 * * Swerro, adventurer, dies. 

1263 * * Hakon v., king, dies. 

1280* * Magnus VII., king, dies. 

1622 * * Adelaar, Curt Sivertften, naval com- 
mander, born. [1675. Dies.] 

1756* * Pram, Christian Henriksen, jour- 
nalist, poet, born. [1821. Dies.] 

1784* * Hansteen, Cliriwtofler, astronomer, 
born. [1873. Dies.] 

1800* * Lassen, Christian, orientalist, born. 
[1876. Dies.] 

1802 i * * Abel, II if Is Ilenrik, mathematician, 
born. [1829. Died.] 

1805* * Sars, Michel, zoologist, h. [1869. D.] 

1808* * Wergeland, Henrik Arnold, poet, 
born. [1845. Dies.] 

1810* * Hull, Ole P.ornemann, violinist, 
composer, born. [1880. Dies.] 
Munch, Peder Andreas, hist., b. [1863. D.] 

1813 * * AaBen, Ivar Andreas, botanist, poet, 

Moe, .lorgen, poet, bishop, b. [1882. Dies.] 
1814* * Colbun, Marie, novelist, poet, born. 
1832 * * Iijornson, P.jornstjern, author, b. 

Nordenskjbld, Baron Nils Adolph Erik, 

arctic explorer, born. 

1834 * * Dietricbson, Lorentz H. S., poet, b. 

1841 * * .lanson, Krist offer N., poet, au., b. 

1861 * * Nansen, Fridtjot, artie explorer, b. 



LETTERS. 

1643 * * The first book printed in Nor- 
way is an almanac, by Tyge Neilsen, a 
wandering printer. 

1651 * * Cliristianiae Stads Beskrifuelse, 
by Stephensen Bang, appears. 

1656 * * A small glossary or gtosebog of 
the local dialects, by Christen Jensen, 



1679 * * Presbyterologia Norwegica, by 

Gerhard Milzow, appears. 
1719 * * Norriges Kongers Historic, by 

Jonas Ramus, appears. [1735, Norriges 

Beskrivelse.] 
1760-61 Ugentlige korte Afhandlinger is 

issued. 

1762 * * Maanedlige Afhandlinger is is- 
sued. 

1763 * * Intelligentssedler is issued at 
Christiania. 

1765 * * Adressecontors Efterretniger is 
issued at Bergen. 

1767 * * Beskrivelse over Finwarkens 
Lapper, by Knud Leem, appears. 

1772 * * The Norwegian poets in Copen- 
hagen organize a Norske Selskah, and 
influence Danish letters to a large 
degree. 

1807-10 Politik og Historic is issued. 

1811 * * The University of Christiania 
is founded. 

1813 * * Smaadigte, one of the first pub- 
lications of liberated Norway, by the 
Trefoils, Bjerregaard, Hansen, and 
Schwach, appears. 

1816 * * Poems, by Mauritz Christopher 
Hansen, appears. [1S19, Ottar de Bre- 
tagne.] 

1816-20 Saga is issued. 

1817-21 Den Norsk Tilshneris issued at 
Bergen. 

1819 * * The Morgenblad is issued. 

1821-27 Hermoder is issued. 

1822-23 Iduna is issued. 

1828 * * Sinclair's Heath, by Henrik 
Arnold Wergeland, appears. [1829, 
A volume of lyrical a nil patriotic poems ; 
1830, Skabelsen, Memieskrt oq Mesias . 
1837, Campbellem (The Campbells) ; 1840, 
Jan Van Haysums lihmisterstykke; 1841, 
Svalen; 1842, Joden <,; 1843. Venettanernc ; 

1844, Jodinden and Hen Engelske Lods.] 
* * Fjeldeventyret^hy Henrik Anker Bjer- 
regaard, appears. 

1832 * * Henrik Wergeland's Poetry, by 
Johann S. C. Welhaven, appears. [1834, 
Norges Dmmring ; 1854, Hot berg ; 18G3, 
Ecdld and the Norwegian.] 

1832-34 Vidar is issued. 

1835 * * Skilling Magazin is issued. 

1837 * * Kong Srerres Ungdom, by An- 
dreas Munch, appears. [1S4S, Poems New 
and Old; 1854, Sohunon de Cans; 1857, 
Lord William Russell ; 1861, Kongedat- 
tereus Brudefort.] 

1838 * * Nor, by Peter Christen Asbjorn- 
sen, appears. [1842, Norsk? Fol ke event yr ; 

1845, Huldreeventyr.] 

1847-55 Norsk Tidsslvift for Videnskab 
og Litteratur is issued. 

1850 * * Catilina, by Henrik Ibsen, ap- 
pears (his first tragedy). [1856, Gildet 
paa Solhauq ; 1857, Fru Tnger til 6s- 
traat ; 1S5S. Ihermsi'iidt-nvpaa Helge/and ; 
1862, Kjierfiqhedrvs h'omt>di<> ; 1863, Knngs- 
Fmnerne; 1866, Brand ; 1S67, Peer Gynt ; 
1869, He Unges Forbund; 1871, Lyrical 



Poems; 1873, Kejser <>q Galileeer; 1877, 
Sam fund, Is Sloth -r : 1ST!), El Dukkehji-m ; 
1881, Gjengangere ; 1883, En Folkejiende.] 

1850-53 Poems, by Jb'rgen Moe, appear. 

1851-66 Illuslreret Ny hedsbl ad is issued. 

1852 * * En Fjeldbygd (A Mountain Par- 
ish), by Nicolai Kamm Ostgaard, appears. 

1853 * * Norske Folkeviser, or Norwegian 
folk-songs, by Magnus Brostrup Land- 
stadt, appears. 

1855 * * Amtmandens Dbttre {The Gov- 
ernor's Daughters), by Jacobine Camilla 
Collet, appears. 

* * Tidsnorn erne , by Henrik Hermann 
Foss, appears (The Noras of the Age). 

1856-60 Norsk Maanedsskrift is issued. 
1857 * * Eii Erindr'ing, by Peter Andreas 
Jensen, appears. 

* * Synnove Solbakken, by Bjornstjern 
Bjornson, appears. [1358, Ante and 
Halle Hulda : 1859, Mel Inn Slaqene; 1861, 
Konq S verve ; 1862. Sigurd S/e'mbe ; 1863, 
Maria Stuart i Skat/and; 1865, He Ay- 
gifte; 1868, Fiskerjenten ; 1873, Brudes- 
t da-ten and Siqurd dorsal far ; 1875, He- 
daktoren and En Fall it) 1877, Kongen 
and Maqnhild ; 1879, fh-t Nye System and 
Leonardo; 1883, Over uEvnes and En 
Hanske.) 

1865* * Fraa Byqdmn, bv Kristoffer 
Janson, appears. [1867,./<m Arason; 1872, 
Torgriw ; 1875, Era Dansketide; 1878, 
Han og Ho ; 1879, En Kvindeskjebne and 
Austavfyer Sol og Vestanfyre Maane.] 

1866 * * Storequt (Big Lad), by Aasmund 
Olafsen Vinje, appears. 

* * Norden is issued. 

1870 * * Hen Fremsynte, by Jonas Lie, 
appears. [1872, Tniiuistereh Fremtiden; 
1874, Losdm oq lions I/uslru; 187S,77n)m<73 
Jioss; 1879, Adam Schroder; 1880, Rut- 
land ; 1883, Livs-Slaven.] 

1879 * * Garman og Norse, by Alexander 
Kielland, appears. [1880, Arbeidsfolk.] 

STATE. 

* * * Petty kings rule. 

630+ * * Olaf Trselilia, the last of the 
pontifical kings of the race of Odin, 
driven out of Sweden, settles with others 
in Vermeland. [640. Killed by his peo- 
ple.] 

640-700 Halfdan I. reigns. [730-784. 
Halfdan II; 7*4-824, Gudrod; 824, Geir- 
stade and Halfdan III. ; 866-930, Harold 
I-] 

863-t * * The chiefs successfully revolt 
during the youth of Harold I. [Sub- 
dued.] 

872 * * Harold I. consolidates his king- 
dom. [8S5. Makes conquests. (See 
Army.) 930. He divides his kingdom 
among his sons, making the oldest, Eric 
Blodoxe, overlord.] 

934-940 Eric I., son of Harold I. reigns. 
[940-963, Hakon the Good; 963-977, Har- 
old II., Graafeld.] 

977* *Hakon Jarl governs several 
provinces by the appointment of Harold 



NORWAY. 



630, * *-1893, Apr. 30. 1105 



995-1000 Olaf Trygvesson reigns. 

1000 * * Norway is divided among the 
victors of the battle of Svold. 

1015-30 Olaf the Saint rules ; he con- 
solidates the kingdom. [1030. Returns 
from exile ; killed in battle.] 

1035+-46 Magnus I. reigns. [1046-66, 
Harold III., Hardrada; 1060-69, Harold's 
two sons. Olaf III., the Quiet, and Mag- 
nus II.; 1069-93, Olaf III, alone; 1093- 
1103, Magnus III., Harford ; 1103-22, Mag- 
nus' three sons, Sigurd I., Eystein 11., 
and Olaf IV.; 1122-30, Sigurd alone; 
1130-34, Magnus IV. and Harold IV.] 

1103 * * Gr. Brit. Magnus HE. makes 
conquests. 

1134* * Magnus IV. is dethroned. 
[1136. Harold IV. is murdered.] 

1136-62 Sigurd and other sons of Har- 
old reign, and fight each other, besides 
pretenders and other competitors. 

1162-86 Magnus V., son of Erling 
Skakke, makes pledges to the church, 
and is crowned by an archbishop. 

1186-1202 Magnus V. is overthrown by 
Swerro, an adventurer, who succeeds 
him. [1202-04, Hakon III. ; 1204-05, Guth- 
rum ; 1205-07, Inge II. ; 1207-63, Hakon 
IV. ; 1263-80. Magnus VI. 1280-99. Eric II. 
father of the Maid of Norway. 1299-1319, 
Hakon V. He abolishes the Lendermenn, 
and establishes the Storthing at Bergen. 
1319-43, Magnus VII. (III. of Sweden) ; 
1343-80, Hakon VI. ; 13S0-87, Olaf V. 
(II., of Denmark).] 

1286 * * Eric II. marries Margaret of 
Scotland (p. 855). 

1397-1524 Union of Sweden, Norway, 
and Denmark. 



1397 July 20. An assembly at Calmar 
unites three kingdoms (p. 637). 

1448-50 Sweden and Norway separated 
from Denmark. 

1468* *The Orkney and Shetland 
Islands pass to the Scottish crown. 

1523-1814 Denmark and Norway 
united; Sweden separated. 

1624* * Christian IV- founds Chris- 
tiania as the capital. 

1814 Jan. 14. Norway is ceded to 
Sweden (p. 639). [May. 17. Norwegians 
declare their independence. Oct.* Claim 
abandoned.] (For rulers, see Sweden.) 

1S21 * * The nobility is abolished. 

1847 * * King Oscar I. founds the order 
of St. Olaf. 

1883 June* CJrrisfiania. The Storthing 
impeaches Christian Selmer and ten 
other Ministers for advising the king to 
veto a reform bill for Ministerial re- 
sponsibility. [Tried and condemned.] 

1884 Mar. 19. The Crown Prince of 
Sweden is appointed viceroy. 

1891 Feb. 25. Christiania. The majority 
of the Storthing demands the control of 
Norwegian foreign affairs. [1893. Mar. 17. 
It passes a resolution asserting the right of 
Norway to a separate consular service 
abroad, and complete autonomy at home. 
Vote 64-50.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
998* * Olaf establishes Christianity by 

force. He makes it unsafe to be pagans. 
1018-21 Olaf H., the Saint, promotes 

Christianity in Norway and Iceland. 



1152* * Nicholas Hr<-:ikspeare [Pope Adrian 
IV-3 arrives from Koine, and founds the 
bishopric of Drontheiin. 

1530 * * The tirst sawmill is erected. 

1816 * * The Norwegian Bible Society is or- 
ganized. [T«28. The Stavenger Bible So 
ciety. 1842. Aug. 8. Norwegian Mission So- 
ciety by consolidation, IBIJ4. Aug. 31. Sea 
men Society. 1876. Methodist '"Kpiscopa; 
Conference (U. S. A.). 1890. The Pentecost 
Band opens a mission. J 

1842 * * Christiania. The Storthing en- 
acts a law prohibiting the manufacture, 
sale, or importation of distilled liquors. 
[1848. It passes a virtual license law. 
1871. It adopts the Bolag or Sarnlag 
system of license, eliminating personal 
gain from the liquor-traffic] 

1853 July 4. The first railroad is 
opened ; it extends to Copenhagen. 

1872 Apr.* An Arctic expedition 
sails under Prof. Nordenskjold. [1873. 
Returns. 1879. Sept. 2. He arrives at Yo- 
kohoma, having accomplished the north- 
east passage. 1893. rJ une '24. Fridtjof Nan- 
sen's arctic expedition sails in theJFram 
(enters the drift ice hoping to drift across 
the Pole and arrive at Greenland).] 

July 18. The millenial anniversary 

of the establishment of the kingdom is 

observed. 
1890 * * Christiania. A fire destroj'S 

property valued at $3,500,000. 
1893 Jan. 28. A fishing fleet is 

wrecked off the Lofoden Isles ; 130 lives 

are lost. 
Apr. 30. The viking ship for the 

World's Fair sails from Bergen. [June 

17. Arrives at New York.] 



ORANGE FREE STATE. 



Obajtoe Free State is a South African republic; capital, Bloemfontein. The executive is a president, and the legislature 
is called the Volksraad. Area, 4S.325 square miles j population in 1890, 207,503, more than half of whom are whites. 



1824 * * Nomad farmers from Cape Col- 
ony cross the Orange River, seeking pas- 
turage for their flocks. 

1834* * The Berlin Missionary Society 
opens a mission at Bethany. [1845, at 
Pniel. * * * at Adamshoop, founded by 
the wealthy son of aislave.] 

1835-36 Large bodies of Dutch Boer 
emigrants arrive from Cape Colony, 
which they leave to escape British con- 
trol. They form a rude.republican gov- 
ernment. 

* * * The Boers collide with the Cape 
Colony authorities by attempting to dic- 
tate to the Griquas, who claim British 
protection. 

1837* *The Paris Evangelical Mission- 
ary Society opens a mission at Thaba- 
Bosiou. [1857. At Leribe. 1883. At 
Mafube. * * * At Smithfield.] 

1841 * * A Paris missionary opens amis- 
sion at Mamusa. [Later adopted by the 
London Society.] 



1845 * * Sir P. Maitland, Governor of 
Cape Colony, assists the Griquas with 
an armed force. 

* * A British resident is appointed to 
protect the wards of Great Britain. 

1S48 Feb. 3. Governor Sir H. Smith 
of Cape Colony visits this territory, and 
proclaims the authority of Great Brit- 
ain over it. 

+ * *The Boers, led by Pretorius, re- 
sent the British claim of authority, rise 
against the magistrates, and drive them 
out of the country. 

1851 Mar.* A British force under 
Sir H. Smith defeats the Boers at Boom- 
plaats, reestablishes British authority, 
and annexes the territory to England as 
the Orange River Territory. 

1852 * * The British Governor Cathcart 
punishes the Basutos for outrages com- 
mitted. [Battle of Berea; the Basutos 
surrender.] 



1854 Jan. 30. The British agree to 
abandon the territory on condition that 
slavery be abolished. [Mar. 29. The au- 
thority is transferred to a provisional 
government.] 

Mar.± * A free state is formed, having 
a Volksraad for making laws, and a gov- 
ernor as chief executive. [Apr. 10. Con- 
stitution proclaimed. 1866. It is revised. 
1879. Again revised.] 

* * * The Society for the Propagation of 
the Gospel opens a mission at Thlotse 
Heights. Also at Bloemfontein. 

1863 * * Sir John Henry Brand is elected 
president. [1888. July 14. Dies.] 

1868 * * Disputes with Great Britain re- 
specting the diamond fields. 

1875 * *The German Lutherans open a 
mission at Bloemfontein. 

1880 Mar. 13. The Republic enters a 
defensive treaty with the South African 
Republic. [May 25. Ratified.] 

1889 Jan. 11. F. W. Reitz is inaugu- 
rated president. [1893. Reelected.] 



PARAGUAY. 



Paraguay is a republic of the interior of South America ; capital, Asuncion. The executive government is lodged with a 
president quadrennially elected, and the legislative power with a Congress having two houses. Language Spanish, or a corrupted 
native dialect ; religion chiefly Roman Catholic. Area, 92,000+ square miles ; population in 18S6, 329,645 (perhaps greater), besides 
100,000+ Indians. 



1528 * * Discovered by Sebastian Cabot. 

[1535. Conquered by Alvarez NuSez. 

1536. Settled bv Spain. 1537. Asuncion 
- founded (p. 21).] 
1540-60 The Franciscans, Armenta, Le- 



bron, Solano [the Apostle of Paraguay"), 
and Bolanos, introduce Christianity. 
[1605. Jesuits arrive (p. 26). 1608. Jes- 
uit missionaries arrive.] 
1620 * * [Buenos Ayres] is separated. 



1629 * * Spaniards become slave raiders 
(P. 32). 

1735 * * The anti-Jesuits and quasi-na- 
tional party is crushed. 



1106 1750,**-1891, Oct. 22. 



PARAGUAY. 



1750 * * Ferdinand VI. cedes a large 
tract to the Portuguese in exchange for 
Colinia del Sacramento. [1761. Treaty 
revoked.] 

± * * The Jesuits resist the transfer of 
their reductions ; they are finally de- 
feated, after several engagements, by the 
combined Spanish and Portuguese forces. 
[1767. The Jesuits are expelled.] 

1776 * * Rio-de-la-Plata is erected into 
a vice-royalty, with its jurisdiction ex- 
tending over Paraguay. 

1811 * * Independence is declared. 

1813^0 Dr. Jose" G. R. Francia is elected 
dictator. [1S40-62. Carlos A. Lopez. 
1862-70. F. L. Lopez.] 

1814* * Foreigners are excluded. [1844. 
Tolerated.] 



* * * The Methodist Episcopal Church 
(U. S. A.) opens a mission in Asunsion. 

1864-70 "War with Brazil. It impov- 
erishes and nearly ruins the nation (p. 
556). 

1869 Aug. 17. A provisional govern- 
ment is formed. Gen. Lopez is pro- 
claimed an outlaw. 

1870 June 20. Peace is signed with 
Brazil and Argentine Republic. 

1871 Dec. 12. Salvador Jovellanos is 
elected president for three years. 

1872 * * A treaty of peace ; $200,000 in- 
demnity is to be paid Brazil ; $35,000 to 
Argentine ; $1,000,000 to Uruguay ; the 



debt averages $680 to each person in P*- 
raguay. 

1873 * * An attempted English colony 
fails. 

1874 Nov. 25. Juan Bautista Gill is 
elected president. [1877, Apr. 12, Higinio 
Uriarte ; 1878, Nov. 25, Candido Bareiro : 
1882, Nov. 25, B. Caballero ; 1886, Sept. 
25, Gen. Escobar ; 1890, Sept. 25, Juan 
G. Gonzalez.] 

1878 * * Paraguay is awarded the dis- 
puted country to the west, by President 
Harrison, U. S. A., the arbitrator. 

1879 * * Germans settle at San Bernar- 
dino. 

1891 Oct. 22±. A revolt is suppressed 
by the troops. 



PERSIA. 



Persia is a country of southwestern Asia; capital, Teheran. The government is an hereditary absolute monarchy, con- 
ducted by a shah. The prevailing religion is Mohammedanism of the Shiite sect. Area, 628,000 square miles ; estimated popu- 
lation in 1891, 9,000,000. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

549 * * e. o. Cyrus the Great conquers 
all of Asia Minor. [538. He takes Baby- 
lon.] 

529 * * b. c. "War with the Massageta? ; 
Cyrus is killed. 

527* *b.c. Cambyses conquers Egypt 
(p. 650). 

512 * * b. c. The Babylonians revolt, 
but are subdued. 

500-449 b. c. Wars with the Greeks. 

498 * * b. c. Ionians revolt (p. 1017). 

(For Greco-Persian wars, see Greece.) 
493+* * b. c. Four grand expeditions 

are sent against the Grecians. (See 



Gr 



486 * * b. c. The Egyptians are sub- 
dued (p. 651). 

334 * * b. c. Alexander the Great be- 
gins his conquests in Asia (p. 1024). 

250+ * * b. o. Persia is partly recon- 
quered from the Greeks by the Par- 
thians. 

260+ * * a. d. Sapor conquers Grecian 
cities, captures Valerian, and enters 
Italy (p. 10G6). 

277 * * Varanes H. is defeated by the 
Roman Emperor Probus ; peace follows. 

283* * The Roman Emperor. Carus in- 
vades Persia ; he conquers Seleucia and 
Ctesiphon. 

298 * * The Emperor Galerius conquers 
Mesopotamia (p. 1067). 

327-360 Sapor H. successfully con- 
tends with Rome for the lost provinces 
of Mesopotamia and Assyria. 

362-363 "War with Julian (p. 1068). 
The Emperor Jovian purchases a re- 
treat for the Romans by surrendering 
provinces. 

412 * * Yezdejird I. conquers Armenia. 
[421. Varanes V. conquers Arabia Fe- 
lix.] 

430-32 War with the Huns and also 
with the Turks. 

458-476 Civil war prevails. 

531-580+ Wars with the Romans with 
varying fortunes. 

540 * * Chosroes devastates Syria ; the 
Emperor Justinian pays him to obtain 
peace. 

541-542 Belisarius conducts his suc- 
cessful campaigns. 

590 * * Civil war follows the attempt to 
degrade Baharam, a general who de- 



591 * * Chosroes II. renews the war with 
the Romans, and cuts to pieces an 
army of 50,000 men. [614-616. He sub- 
dues Asia Minor. 627. He is utterly 
vanquished by the invading Emperor 
Heraclius.] 

642 * * Arabs subdue Persia (p. 484). 

1256 * * Hulaku, the grandson of Gen- 
ghis Khan, invades Persia. [1258. Feb. * 
He takes Bagdad.] 

1380 * * Tamerlane the Tartar invades 
Persia. [1384. Takes Ispahan. Finally 
conquers the country.] 

1519 * * Ismail (Ishmael) conquers Geor- 
gia. 

1739 * * Nadir Shah conquers India. 

1795* *Agha Mahmoud captures 
Kerman, and massacres or enslaves the 
people. 

1826-29 "War with Russia. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

* * * e. c. Zoroaster, philosopher, religious 

teacher, born, dies. 
600+ * * Roustam,or Koustem, hero, born, d. 
559 * * Cyrus the elder, founder of Persian 

Empire, born. [529. Dies.] 
tith Century. Asfundivar, liem, horn, dies. 
533 * * Smerdis (the Kales) is killed. 
521 * * Cambyses. King of Persia, dies. 
519* * Xerxes the Great, king, b. [465. D.] 
485 * * Darius llystaspes I., king, dies. 
479 * * Mardonius. Persian gen. in Greece, d. 
425 * * Artaxerxes I.. Longimanue (Ahas- 

uerus), king, dies. 
400± * * Cyrus the younger, king, dies. 
362 * * Artaxerxes II., Memnon, king, dies. 

Datamrs, general, dies. 
339 * * Artaxerxes III., king, murdered. 
336 * * Arses, king, murdered. 

Bagoas, minister, killed. 
330 * * Darius III. killed. 



240+ * * Ardeshir Hahegan, king, flourishes. 
.id Century. Arsaces, founder of kingdom of 

Parthia, born, dies. 
272 * * Sapor I., king, assassinated. 
478 * * Narses, general of .Justinian I., born. 

[573. Dies.] 
679 * * Chosnit-s I., Sassanide, king, dies. 
628* * Chosroes 1 1., king, dies. 
652* * Yezdegerd III., king, dies. 
837 * * Bahek, Al Khorremi, impostor, dies. 
loth Centum. Koodakee, blind poet, born d. 
940± * * Firdusi, Firdousi, or Firdausi A bill 

Casim Mansur, poet, born. [1020+,D.] 



1058 * * Abu Hamed Mohammed, writer and 

teacher, born. 
1119* * Attar-Ferid-ed-I>in, poet, born. [1221. 

Dies.] 
1125* * Iiiiad-edlhn, Mohammed Al-Kateb. 

poet, born. [1201. Dies.] 
1165 * * Abd-el-Kader-<;iiilanee. religious 

writer, dies. 
1190 * * Sadi, poet, born. [1191. Dies.] 
1200+ * * Amvari, lyric poet, dies. 
1201 * * Nassir-ed-Din, astronomer, born. 

[1274. Dies.] 
1282 * * Ahaka Khan, Mongol king, dies. 
1300+ * * Harlz, Mohammed Shems-ed-Din, 

poet, born. [1390+. Dies.] 
1414* + .laiiiec. poet, horn. [1492. Dies.] 
1433* * .Mirkliond, historian, b. [1498. D.] 
1557* * A bhas the Great, king, b. [1628. D.] 
1560+ * * I'Vnahtah Mohammed-Kasha, his- 
torian, born. [1626+. Dies.] 
1688* * Nadir Shah, or Kuli Khan, born. 

[1747. Dies.] 
1711* * Althen,,fehan,orJean,b. [1774. D.] 
1785+ * * Abbas Mirza, shah, b. [1833. D.] 
1831 * * Xassr-ed-Din, shah, born. 



CHURCH. 
1000+ * *b.c. Zarathushtra, or Zoroas- 
ter, a philosopher, becomes the founder 
of the order of priests called Magi. 
They worship an invisible God, and re- 
gard fire as the emblem of his power 
and purity. (Date conjectural.) 

1+ * * A. d. Buddhism is introduced in 

Cashmere, Persia. 
90i * * Christianity is introduced. 
227 * * The new government restores the 

old religion of Zoroaster, and perecutes 

Christians. 

272 * * Hormisdas I. favors the Mani- 
chees. 

273 * * Varanes I. persecutes both the 
Manichees and the Christians. 

326 * * Sapor II. proscribes the Chris- 
tian religion. [330-60. Terrible perse- 
cution of Christians continues ; 250 
clergy, and 16,000 others suffer martyr- 
dom.] 

410* *TheCouncilofSeleuciainChal- 
dea meets to reestablish ecclesiastical 
discipline in Persia and Mesopotamia. 

418-468 Christians are persecuted. 

421 * * Christians are persecuted under 
Varanes V. 

638 * * The Parsees, followers of Zo- 
roaster, are driven out of Persia into 
India by the Arabs. 



PERSIA. 1000** B.c- a. d. 1845, Dec*. 1107 



652 * * The religion of the Magi is super- 
seded by Mohammedanism. 

661 * *TheShiiteorFatimite Mohamme- 
dans make Persia the seat of their power. 
Christians are persecuted, and many 
are driven into exile, while the great 
mass of the people apostatize to the 
Mohammedan faith. 

1811* * Henry Martyn attempts to 
carry the gospel to Persia. [1812. J une * 
He completes his Persian translation of 
the Testament.] 



1838* *Rev. William Glenn, D.D., a 
Scotch missionary, enters Persia. 

1844 * * The American Board opens a 
mission at Tabriz. 

1845 Dec. 19. A Christian revival be- 
gins in Urumiah. 

* * Mirza Ali Mahmoud, an enthusiastic 
youth of Shiraz, announces a new revela- 
tion and himself the Bab (Door) of true 
religion. Hence the sect called Bahi or 
Babist have their origin. 

1845-46 Persia. Revivals prevail in the 
missions of the American Board to the 
Nestorians. [1849. Again. 1871. The 
missions are transferred to the care of 
the American Presbyterians.] 

STATE. 

1000± (?) * * b. c. Zoroaster, king of 
Bactria ("Western Persia), reigns. 

600 ± * * B. c. The ancient Persians come 
from Par sua. [549. They overthrow As- 



538-529 b. c. Cyrusthe Great reigns. 
[538. (?) He overthrows the Medo-Baby- 
lonian empire, and annexes it. [536. He 
subdues all the East.] 

529-521 b. c. Cambyses, son of Cy- 
rus, reigns. [521-485, Darius Hys- 
taspes; 485-465, Xerxes; 465-425, Ar- 
taxerxes Longimanus ; 425, Xerxes 
II. ; after a few months he is assassi- 
nated by Sogdianus, his half-brother, a 
usurper, who is deposed by Ochus Da- 
rius II., Nothus. 405, Artaxerxes II., 
Memnon ; 359, Artaxerxes III. ; kills all 
his relatives. 338. Arses, sou of Arta- 
xerxes III., is placed on the throne by 
Bagoas, the king's murderer. 336. Ba- 
goas kills Arses, and enthrones Darius 
III., Codomanus.] 

328+ * * b. c. Alexander the Great 
founds the Greco-Persian monarchy. 

312-306+ b.c. Seleucus Nicator reigns 
in the provinces east of the Euphrates. 

250 b. c.-250± a. d. Persia is partly 
taken from the Greeks, and is ruled by 
the Partbians, who establish a mon- 
archy. 



(226) Artaxerxes, a common soldier, 
raises himself to eminence, revolts, de- 
feats and kills Arsaces XXVIII. (Arta- 
banus IV.), King of Parthia ; he annexes 
Parthia to Persia. 



* * Sapor I. reigns. [258. He recovers 
Armenia by conquest. 260. He repels 
the Romans, and kills the Emperor Va- 
lerian.] 

272* *Hormizdasreigns. [273, Varanes 
I. (Bahram) ; 277, Varanes n.; 293, Va- 
ranes III. ; 294, Narses ; he resumes the 
war with the Romans.] 

293+ * * VaraneB HI. is successful, and 
resists the Romans for a time, but is de- 



feated by Galerius, who destroys his 
army, and oonquers Mesopotamia, As- 
syria. Peace follows. 

301** or 303. Hormizdas reigns. [310- 
380 (381?) Sapor II. ; he is brutal and 
proud. 363. The Romans surrender the 
captured provinces to Sapor. 365. Sapor 
annexes Armenia. 366. He annexes 
Iberia. 372. He makes peace with the 
Romans.] 

303± * * Ormuz, on the Gulf, is founded. 

380± * * Artaxerxes II. reigns. [384- 
389. Sapor III.] 

386 * * Armenia and Iberia become in- 
dependent. [428. Armenia is again 
annexed.] 

390* * Varanes IV. reigns. [404. Yezde- 
gerd I. ; he concludes a peace of 100 years 
with the Romans. 420, Varanes V. ; 440, 
Yezdegerd II. ; 457, Hormizdas III. ; 458, 
Feroze; 484, Pallas; 486, Kobad ; 497, 
Kobad again ; 497, Jamaspes.] 

458-684 Civil war. 

531± * * Chosroes I., the Great, reigns. 
He engages in long wars with the Ro- 
mans. 

590± * * Hormizdas IV. reigns. [591. 
Chosroes II. ; he renews the Roman war 
with success. 614-616. He subdues Egypt 
and Asia Minor.] 

629 * * Artaxerxes III. reigns. [630, 
Purandokt, the daughter of Chosroes ; 
631, Shenendeh, her lover; 631, Arzem- 
dokt, her sister; 631, Kersa ; 632, Fe- 
rokhdad; 632, Yezdegerd III.] 

642* * Arabs rule. 

651 * * The last of the Sassanides dies. 

661 * * Persia becomes the seat of the 
Smite or Fatimite sect of Mohamme- 
dans. 

813-S72 The Mohammedans set up the 
Taherite dynasty. [872-902. The Sof- 
faride. 902-999. The Samanide.] 

1037-50 Togrul Beg and the Seljuk 
Turks subdue and rule Persia. [1194. 
Driven out by the Kharesmians.] 

1194-1220 The Kharesmians reign. 

1220* *The Mongol Tartars, under 
Genghis Khan, subdue Persia. [125S. 
Occupy Bagdad. 1345. Make it the 
capital.] 

1387 * * Tamerlane ravages Persia. 

1468* *The Turkomans conquer 
Persia. 

1499* * The Shiite Mohammedans 
drive out the Turkomans, and set up the 
Sufi dynasty under Ismail. 

1499-1796 The Suffavean dynasty. 

1499-1536 Ismail I., Sufi, reigns as shah. 
[1576-77, Ismail II., Meerza; 1577-86, Mo- 
liammed Meerza; civil strife abounds. 1586- 
1623. Abbas I., the Great; he has a glorious 
reign. 1628. Jan. 27. He dies. 1628-41. Shall 
Sufi; he is barbarous. 1641-68. Abbas II., 
son of Sufi; he is tolerant of all religions, 
but a drunkard. 166R-94. Shah Sufi II. 
(Sulaiman) succeeds his father. 1694-1722. 
Husein; he prohibits the use of wine; de- 
posed by his 



1590 * * Ispahan becomes the capital. 
[1796. Teheran.] 

1722-25 Mahmoud, the Afghan, gains the 
throne by conquest, and reigns like a savage. 
[1725-30. Ashraff, the cousin of Mahmoud, 
the usurper, reigns. 1730-32. Tahmasp II. 
defeats the usurper and recovers the throne. 
1732-36. Abbas III., infant son of Tahmasp 
II; Nadir Kuli is regent. 1736. The regent 
causes himself to be proclaimed as Shah 
Nadir. 1736-47. Nadir Shah. 1737. Subdues 
Afghans. 1747. Assassinated at Khorassan.] 



1747-73 Afghanistan. Ahmed Khan 
throws off the Persian yoke, and sets 
up the kingdom of Afghanistan. H© 
founds the kingdom of Candalahar. 

1747-51 Shah Rukh reigns. [1751. Inter- 
regnum; anarchy prevails. 1759-79. Karim 
Khan; three rivals contest for supreme 
power. 1779-94. Many rivals claim the throne, 
and assassinate their enemies and devastate 
the land. ] 

1783* * Georgia revolts, and is an- 
nexed to Russia. 
1795+ * * Kajar dynasty. 

* * Aga-Mahmoud I. obtains sole au- 
thority, and founds the Turkoman dy- 
nasty; capital, Teheran. [1797. He is 
assassinated. 1798-1834. Fatah Ali 
Shah; rebellions are subdued. 1834-48. 
Mahumud Shah, grandson of Fatah ; two 
rivals are subdued.] 

1827 * * Russia annexes Persian Ar- 
menia by conquest. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

465 * * b. c. Xerxes is murdered in his 
bed by Artabanus. [425. Xerxes H. 
by Sogdianus.] 

359 * * b. c. Artaxerxes III. kills all 
his relations when he becomes king. 
[338. He is assassinated by Bagoas, his 
minister.] 

336 * * b. c. Arses, the king, is mur- 
1 dered by his father's murderer. 

* * B. c. Bagoas, the minister and mur- 
derer of two kings, is himself murdered. 

330 July * b. c. Darius III. is assas- 
sinated by Bess us (who is torn in 
pieces). 

312 Oct. * b. c. The Seleucidan Era 
begins ; its chronology dates from the 
recovery of Babylonia from Antigonus. 
[At one time in general use in the coun- 
tries of Central and "Western Asia.] 



260 * * Sapor I. flays alive the Roman 
Emperor Valerian, his prisoner. 

628 * * Chosroes II., the Great, is put 
to death by his son Siroes. The fratri- 
cide also murders his brothers. 

632 June 26. The beginning of the 
Yezdegerd or Persian Elra, with the 
election of King Yezdegerd III. [For- 
merly of universal use in Persia, and 
now used by the Parsees in India.] 

1079 Mar. 15. The Persian Calendar 
is reformed by a conference of Eastern 
astronomers, and called the Gelalean 
Era. 



1747 June 20. Persia. Nadir Shah 
is assassinated by the meli whom he de- 
signed to assassinate the next day. 

1755 June 7. An earthquake in Ka- 
schan destroys 40,000 lives. [1784. An- 
other near Ezeroum buries 5,000 people. 
1893. Nov. 26. Another at Kushan kills 
1,200 people.] 

1795* *Agha Mahmoud massacres 
captured people in Karman ; 70,000 eyes 
are brought to him on platters. 

1804 June 4. Vaccination for the 
cowpox is successfully introduced. 

1840 * * The printing-press is set up in 
Urumiah by the missionaries. 



1108 1856, * *-1891, Nov. 9. 



PERSIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1856-57 "War with India. 

1S56 Nov. 1. England declares war 
against Persia for taking Herat (p. 5). 
[1S57. Gen. Sir James Outram defeats 
the Persians at Kooshab. Mar. 26. Cap- 
tures Mohammerah.] 

1880 Oct.* Savage tribes of Kurds 
ravage Persia, [Nov. * Subdued.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 
1891 Nov. 9. Khain, Ameer of Khorassan, 



CHURCH. 



1848 Sept. 10. Nassr-ed-Din, son oi 
Mabmoud Shab, is enthroned; be sub 
dues two insurrections. [1873, 1878, 1879 
He visits Europe.] 



1856 * * The English Church Society 
opens a mission at Julfa (Ispahan). 

1862 * * The Westorians and the mis- 
sionaries meet in their first church 
council. 

1869 * * Dr. Bruce opens a Church of 
England mission. [1875. Mission adopted 
by the Church of England Society. 1871. 
Dr. Bruce distributes £16,000 among the 
starving Persians.] 

1872* * The American Presbyterians 
open a mission at Teheran. [1873, at 
Tabriz; 1881, at Hamadan ; 1886, at 
Salinas.] 

1885 * * The celebration of the jubilee 
of Persian missions is followed by re- 
vivals. 

1889* * The Reformed Evangelical 
Church reports many missions. 



STATE. 

1853 Sept. 9. The government is reor- 
ganized. 

1857 Apr. 14. Teheran. Peace with 
Great Britain is ratified. 

July 27. Persia gives up Herat to Af- 
ghanistan. 

1881 Dec. 22. The shah signs a treaty 
with Russia. 

1888 Sept. 9. The shah issues a de- 
cree opening the river Karun to the 
commerce of all nations. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1865 * * Railways are begun. [1873. 
Sept. 11. Opened at Resht. 1888. June 
25. Opened between Teheran and Shah- 
Abdul- A zim.J 

1867* * Electric telegraph is intro- 
duced. 



PERU. 



Peru is a republic of western South America ; capital, Lima. It is politically divided into 18 departments. The chief exec- 
utive is a president, and the Congress is composed of two houses. The common language is Spanish, and the chief religion is 
Roman Catholic. Area, 463,747+ square miles ; population, 3,000,000±. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1533-34 Spanish conquest (p. 18-(-). 
1775 * * Peru assumes its modern limits 

(p. 489). 
1815 Mar. 12. First struggle for inde- 
pendence. The Spaniards defeat the 

patriots at Umaehiri. 
1817-24 "War for independence. 
1817 Jan. 17. Gen. San Martin, with 

4,000 men, starts for the coast ; be crosses 

the Andes 12,300 feet high. [Feb. 12. 

Defeats the Spaniards at Chacabuco. 

1818 Feb. 19. Defeats Cancha Rayada. 

Apr. 5. Expels the Spaniards from Chile. 

1821. July 9. Occupies Lima.] 
1824 Aug. 6. The Peruvians defeat the 

Spanish at Junin. 
Dec. 9. The patriots utterly defeat the 

Spanish army at Ayacucho, and liberate 

Peru and Chile. 
1827 Mar. * The Colombian troops 

leave Peru. 
1829 * * Disastrous warwith Colombia. 

1855 * * Civil war for six months. 

1856 Dec. * -58 Mar. * Gen. Vivanco's 
insurrection is subdued. 

1865 Feb. 28. A formidable revolt 
arises against President Pezet. [Oct.* 
The insurgents declare war against 
Spain.] 

1866 "War with Spain ; Peru and Chile 
are allies. 

May 2. Adm. Nunez attempts to bom- 
bard Callao, and is repulsed. [May 10. 
The Spanish squadron withdraws from 
Peruvian waters.] 



1874 Dec. 3. Insurrectionists led by 
Nicolas de Pierola are defeated by Presi- 
dent Prado at Sorota, nearTarata. [1876. 
Oct. * Pierola rises again.] 

1879-83 "War of the Pacific. Chile 
defeats Peru and Bolivia (p. 550, 606). 

(1879. Sept. 1). The allies capture 
Calama. (Sept. 19.) Peruvians are de- 
feated at San Francisco, Peru. (1881. 
Jan. 17.) Chileans enter Lima. (Oct. 
23.) Evacuated. 0882. Feb. 20±.) Pe- 
ruvians burn Pasco on the coast; many 
people are killed. (1883. Oct. 20.) Peace. 

1885 MaySi. The Governmentdefeatsln- 
surrectionists at Ayacucho. [May 28+. 



Insurgents defeated ;it Iluaneayo, Oct. 16. 
Again defeated. Nov. 19+. Again at Jania. 
Dec. 2. Victorious at Lima, defeating Presi- 
dent Iglesias.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1054 (?) * * Manco Capac, founder of Peru, 

dies. 
1471 * * Pizarro, Francisco, discoverer, born. 

[1541. June 26. Assassinated.] 
1583 * * Henriquez, the viceroy, dies. 
1797* * Castilla, Don Ramon, pres., born. 

[1867. Dies.] 
1826* * Prado, Mariano Ignacio, Peruvian 

president, born. 
1836* * Ilerniudez, Cen. Ramijio Morales, 

president, born. [18i)3. Apr.l. Dies.] 
1839* * Pierola, Js'iculasde, Peruvian soldier, 






STATE. 



470± * * b. c. The Pirua dynasty be- 
gins. (?) (For early history, see p. 184.) 

1533 * * a. d. Spanish rule begins. 

1780 Nov. * Tupac Amaru, apretended 
Inca, leads a rebellion for the redress of 
injuries. [1781 Mar." HLs 00,000 followers 
are suppressed. The Spaniards proceed 
to exterminate the Indians ; 80,000 per- 
ish.] 

1814 Aug. 3. Chief Mateo Garcia Pa- 
macagua leads a rebellion of Indians. 

1821 July 28. Gen. Jose de San Martin 
proclaims the independence of Peru. 

1823 Sept. 1. BolivargoestoPeru,and 
is made dictator. [1826. Sept. 3. Be- 
jected ; leaves the country.] 

1824 Nov. 38. Gen. Mariano Prado is 
chosen president. [1845, Kamon Castilla; 
1851, Apr. 20, Jose Rutino Eehenique; 185-1, 
June 1, Castilla auam pmvisiunal president 
in Southern Peru, "1855, July 14, ret'ularpn-si- 
dent again ; 1862, Oct. 24, Marshal San Ro- 
roon; 1863, Aug. 5, (Jen. .1 nan Antonio Pezet; 
1866, Aug. 2, Mariano Ignacio Prado; 1867, 
Gen. La Puerta, a few months; 1868, Aug. 2, 
Jose Balta; 1872, Aug. 2, Manuel Pardo; 1876, 
Mariana I. Prado; 1879, Dec. 23, Nicolas de Pi- 
erola, dictator ; 1881, Mar.* Francisco Gnu-ia 
deCalderon, provisional president. 1882. Adm. 
Lizardo Montero assumes (lie presidenev, 
Calderon being held by Chileans. 1883. Mi- 
guel Iglesias does the same. 1886, July 3, 
Andres Avelino Careres; IWM), Aug. 8, Re- 
mijio Morales Bermudez; 1894, May 10, Gen. 
A. Caceres again. ] 

1828 Mar. 21. A new constitution is 
approved. [1856. Another. 1860. Modi- 
fied.] 



1829 Feb. 28. Peace is signed with 
Colombia. 

1853* * Revolt against Eehenique. 
[1855 Jan. * Defeated by Castilla and 
exiled.] 

1864 Apr. 14. Spain seizes guano 
Isles to force a settlement of claims. 
[1865. Chincha Isles restored.] 

1S65 Jan. 27. Pezet agrees to the 
Spanish claims for indemnity. 

* * Revolt against Pezet because of his 
temporizing with Spain. [Oct. * Insur- 
gents assume authority, and declare war 
against Spain.] 

1866 Feb. * Peru joins Chile, and de- 
clares war against Spain. 

1867 Jan. * Insurrectionists force 
Prado to resign. [1872 July * Tom as 
Gutierrez raises an insurrection against 
Balta. July 26. Hanged to a lamp-post 
by the people. 1874. Another revolt 
against Prado.] 

1879 Apr. 2. Peru joins Bolivia in de- 
claring war against Chile. 

Dec. 22. Lima. Revolution. [1881 . Apr. 
* Anarchy.] 

1883 Oct. 20. Iglesias signs a peace 
with the Chileans, ceding valuable terri- 
tories. [Oct. 26. Arequipa is surren- 
dered, also Arica and Tacna till 1893. 
1884. Mar. * Ratified by the Senate.] 

Dec. 11. Treaty with Chile and Bo- 
livia ; all the coasts of Bolivia and Tara- 
paca in Peru are surrendered to Chile. 

1893 Oct. 24. The Lower Rouse pro- 
vides that only Peruvian silver coin 
will be legal tender. 

1894 Aug. 24. The President is clothed 
with dictatorial power. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1598 * * The University of San Antonio 
Abad is founded at Cuzco. 

1791 * * The Mercurio Peruana begun at 
Lima. [It was completed in 11 voIumeB 
in 1891, and contains many valuable ar- 
ticles on scientific subjects. 1792. A 
medical school is established. 1794. a 
nautical school at Lima. 1862, Gcof/rajra 
del Peru, by Dr. Don Mariano Felipe 
Paz Soldan, appears. 1868, Historia del 



PERU. 



47 0, * * b. c-1894, Aug. 24. 1109 



Peru Independiente, by Dr. Don Mariano 1867 Apr. 15. Lima. Religious tole- 1871 Oct.* Gold is discovered at Hu 



Felipe Paz Soldan ; 1877, BiccionaHo ration Provokes riots. 



geografico estadistico del Peril, by Dr. 1868 Aug. 13-15. Eartbquakescause 1892 Sept. 10 
in w ■ i? v t> n. 1 the loss of 25,000 lives and $300,000,000; two accomplici 



Don Mariano Felipe Paz Soldan.] 
1846 * * Guano is first exported. 



lAma. A priest and 
i are sentenced to long 
prisonments for burning to death an 
Indian girl charged with witchcraft. 



PORTUGAL. 



Portugal is a kingdom in southwestern Europe; capital, Lisbon. It is politically divided into eight provinces, and gov- 
erned by a constitutional hereditary monarchy, with the legislative power vested in a Cortes comprising a Senate and Chamber of 
Representatives. The language is Portuguese, and the prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 38,034 square miles ; popula- 
tion in 1881, 4,708,178. Its foreign possessions have 704,718 square miles, and a population of 4,985,200±. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

713 * * The Moors conquer the Alains 

and West Goths. 
716 * * The Saracens capture Lisbon. 

[900. The kings of Asturias subdue some 

of the Saracens.] 
1095 * * (1094?) Portugal is connected 

with Castile as a feudatory countsliip. 
1139 July 26. Alfonso [I.], Count of 

Portugal, defeats five Moorish kings 

at Ourique ; the country is thereafter 

called the kingdom of Portugal. [1147. 

Oct. 25. Aided by Crusaders he takes 

Lisbon.] 
1189* *Sancho I. takes a 'part of Al- 

grave from the Moors. 
1415 * * John I. invades Africa to fight 

the Moors. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1200 * * Concordantise Morales and In- 

terpretatio Mistica, by St. Anthony of 

Lisbon, appear. 
13th Century. Loenda de Santa Iria and 

the Cancao do Figueiral appear. 
1290 * * The University of Coimbra is 

founded. [1309. Receives its charter. 

1537. Permanently attached to Coimbra.] 
1400+ * * Amadis de Gaul turned into 

prose by Vasco de Lobeira. 
1419-30 Many maritime discoveries are 

made. 
1425 * * A code of laws is digested. 
1448 * * The Azores are discovered. 
15th Century. Dom Eurives and Branccu- 

Flor appear. 

Satyra da felice e infelice Vida ap- 
pears. 

Visao, by Duarte de Brito, appears. 
Fingimento de Amore, by Fernao 

Brandao, appears. 
Book of the Chase, written for John I. f 

appears. 

Chronicles of Fernao Lopes appears. 
1460 * * The Cape de Verd Islands are 

discovered. 
1497 Nov. 20. Vasco da Gama makes 

the first passage to the East Indies by 

rounding the Cape of Good Hope. 

1499 * * Discovery of the Brazils (p. 15). 

1500 * * Inez Periera, by Gil Vicente, 
appears. 

1533 * * The University of Evora Is 

founded (or 1451). 
16th Century. Eufrosina, by Jorge Ferri- 
era, appears. 
Palmeirim d' Inglaterra appears. 
The Eclogues of Bernadin Ribeiro ap- 
pears. 

Cancioneiro Geral, by Garcia de Re- 
sende, appears. 

Conquest of the Indies, by Joao de 
Barros, appears. 



Fabulas de Narciso and Fenix Renas- 
cida, by Jacinto Freire de Andrade, ap- 
pears. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



1350+ * * Almeida Ilrites, d'," Joan of Arc," 

born. [1386. Dies.] 
1355 * * Castro Inez,de, wife of crown prince 
;*edro, a 

[1433. Dies.] 
1360* * Lobeira Vasco, de author, born. 

[1403. Dies.] 
1394 * * Henry the Navigator, b. [1460. D.] 
14=37 * * Abrabanel, Isaac, Rabbi, born. 

[1508. Dies.] 
1445* * Diaz Bartolomeu, navigator, born. 

[1500. Dies.] 
1446± * * Fernandez, Diniz, navigator, b. D. 
1450 * * Cortreal, Gaspar. navigator, born. 

[1501. Dies.] 
Covilhao, or Covilham, Pedro da, explorer, 

born. [1540. Dies.] 
± Gama. Vasco da, navigator, born. 

[1524. Dies.] 
1453 * * Albuquerque. Alfonso de, Albo 

de, conqueror of India, born. [1515. I>.] 
15th Century. Cam, Diogo, navigator, born, 

1460* * Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, navigator, 
born. [1526. Dies.] 

1469* * Emmanuel Manoel, king, born. 
[1521. Dies.] 

1470+ * *Gil Vicente, dramatist, born. 
[1557. Dies.] 

1480+ * * Alvarez, Francisco, traveler, born. 
[1545+. Dies.] 
+ Magellan, Fernando, navigator, born. 
[1521. Dies.] 

1492 * * Nuiiez, Pedro, mathematician, boru. 
[1577. Dies.] 

1496* * Barros, Joao de, hist., b. [1570. D.] 

1500* * C:ist.:uibeil;i, Fernao Lopez de, his- 
torian, born. [1559. Dies.] 
Castro, Joao de, navigator, b. [1548. Dies.] 

1503 + * * Galvao, or Galvan, Antonio, mili- 
tary captain, writer, born. [1557. Dies.] 

1505 * * Gouvea, Antonio de, jurist, born. 
[1565. Dies.] 

1510+ * * Pinto, Fernao Mendez, traveler, 
born. [1583. Dies.] 

1530* * Cambens, Luis de, poet, b. [1580. D.] 
Alonteniavor, .lorge de, poet, novelist, born. 
[1561. Dies.] 

1525 * * Gomez, Estevan, explorer, dies. 

1528* * Andrada, Diogo Payva d', clergy- 
man, born. [1575. Dies.] 
Ferreira, Antonio, poet, born. [1569. Dies.] 

1554* * Sebastian, king, born. [1578. D.] 

1560 * * Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de, navi- 
gator, born. [1614. Dies.] 

STATE. 

* * * The country is inhabited by Celtic 
tribes. [140. Finally subjugated by the 
Romans.] 

5th-Rth Centuries. Country is overrun by 
"West Goths. [713. By the Moors. 
8th-llth Centuries. They hold it.] 

900 * * The kings of Asturias subdue the 
Saracens in part. 

1095 * * Alfonso gives a part of the coun- 
try to Henry of Burgundy as a mar- 
riage portion with his daughter Theresa. 

1095-1112 Henry, Count of Portugal, 
reigns. [1112-85, Alfonso I. (son); 
Theresa, queen ; 1128, Alfonso I, alone.] 



1139 July 25-85* * Alfonso [I.] 
Henriquez, Duke of Portugal, having 
defeated the Saracens, is proclaimed 
king by his army. 

* * Dominion of Moors overthrown. 

July 27. A monarchy is established. 

1175 * * Portugal a fief of the Holy See. 

1185-1212 Sanchol., son of Alfonso, is 
king ; he extends the area and enlarges 
prosperity. [1212-23, Alfonso II. (Cras- 
sus); 1223-45, Sancho II.; 1245, deposed 
by the Pope ; 124S-79, Alfonso III.] 

1279-1325 Dionysius I., father of his 
country, reigns ; he builds 44 cities or 
towns. [1325-57, Alfonso IV. ; 1357-67, 
Pedro ; 1367-85, Ferdinand I.] 

1385-1433 John I., the Great, the ille- 
gitimate son of Pedro I., reigns ; he re- 
pels the invading Castilians, and invades 
Barbary, and (1420) acquires Madeira 
and (1432) the Azores. [1433-38, Edward 
reigns; 1438-81, Alfonso V.; 14S1-95, John 
II., the Great ; 1495-1521, Emmanuel.] 

1420 * * Madeira. The grape-vine and 
sugar-cane are planted. 

1433+ * * Lisbon becomes the capital. 

1521-57 John HI. reigns. He makes 
great efforts for the colonization of 
Brazil. 

1542 * * A commercial treaty is made 
with Japan. Commerce with the East 
Indies and South America is very pros- 
perous. LiBbon is the chief market of 
the world. 

1557-78 Sebastian reigns. He becomes 
king when only three years of age, and 
is trained by the Jesuits. He leads 
quixotic expeditions against the Moors. 
Dies without heirs. [1578-80. Henry the 
cardinal (uncle) reigns. 1580. Anthony, 
prior of Crato.] 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

900* *AlonzoIII. establishes bishops. 

1481 * * The Kongo and Angola slave- 
trade begins. 

1493 * *Jew8 numbering 150,000 ar« 
banished. 

1519* * Ferdinand Magellan sails 
around South America (p. 18). 

1526 * * The Inquisition is established. 

1531 Feb. 36. Lisbon. An earthquake 
destroys 1,500 bouses and kills 30,000 persons; 
Beveral neighboring towns are engulfed. 
[1755. Nov. 1. Another occurs; in eight 
months 50,000 people are engulfed. The cities 
of Coimbra, Oporto, and Braga Buffer, and 
St. Ubes is wholly overturned. The earth- 
quake extends a distance of 5,000 miles.] 



1110 1569,* * -1894, April 27. PORTUGAL. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1578 Aug. 4. Dom Sebastian invades 
Morocco, and is killed at the battle of 
Alcazar Kebir (Al-Kasr-al Kebir). 

1580 * * Philip II. of Spain conquers 
Portugal. 

1640 * * Revolution. 

1665 * * The invading Spaniards are de- 
feated at Villa Viciosa; a long war 
terminates. 

1704 Mar. 7. Lisbon. An English 
army, 10,000 strong, arrives under Lord 
Galway and the Archduke Charles. 

1717 * *Thekingsendsafleet againtthe 
Turks, at the bidding of the Pope. 

1762-63 The Spaniards and French 
invade Portugal ; Braganea and Almeida 
are taken ; England aids in their ex- 
pulsion. 

1801 Mar. 3. War with Spain. 

1807* * France invades Portugal. [Nov. 
30. Marshal Junot enters Lisbon ; Eng- 
land aids in its liberation (p. 934).] 

1808-14 The Peninsula "War (pp. 718, 
934). 

1820 * * Revolutionary outbreak. 

1832 July* -33* * Dom Pedro arrives 
from Brazil with 7,500 men, and besieges 
Oporto. [Oct. 11. Count Sartorius de- 
feats the fleet of Dom Miguel.] 

Sept. 19. Dom Miguel's forces are re- 
pulsed at Oporto. [1833. July 24. They 
evacuate Lisbon.] 

1833 July 5. Adm. Napier captures 
Miguel's squadron off Cape St. Vincent. 
[1834. May 26. Miguel capitulates.] 

1846 Dec. 22. The Marquis of Sal- 
danha with a Pedro force defeats Count 
Bonfinn at Torres Vedras. 

1847 June 26. The junta at Oporto 
capitulates to the Pedro army. 

1890 Apr. 13 ±. A force is ordered to 
be sent to the Shire district, East Af- 
rica. [1891 . Jan. 31. More troops sail.] 

1891 Jan. 31. The regiments at Oporto 
revolt and proclaim the republic; sup- 
pressed by loyal troops. 

ART — SCIENCE — LETTERS. 

1569 * * Creacaode Homen, by Andre Fal- 
cao, appears. 

1572 * * The great epic poem, Lusiad, by 
Imiz de Camoens, appears. 

1600 * * Monorchia Lusitana, by Ber- 
nardo de Brito, appears. 

1650 * * Palmeirin de Oliva, by Francisco 
de Morales, appears. 

* * Life of D. Joao de Castro, by Jacinto 
Freire de Andrade, appears. 

1700 * * An adaptation of Pilgrim's Prog- 
ress appears in the Portuguese. 

18th Century. Hyssope, by Antonio Diniz 
da Cruz e Silva, appears. 

1772 * * The University of Coimbra iB 
entirely reconstituted. 

1779-1806 Jornal Enciclopedico is is- 
sued. 

1800 * * Researches in Portuguese Chro- 
nology, by Joao Pedro Ribeiro, appears. 

1812-20 Jornal de Coimbra is issued. 

1814* * Oriente, by Jose Agostino de 
Macedo, appears. 

1836-57 The Panorama is issued. 

1841-53 Revista Universal Lisbonense 
is issued. 

1853 * * Institute is issued. 



1868 * * Voz Femenina is issued (con- 
ducted by women). 

1869 * *Jardimdo Ceo, by EloideSaSoto- 
maior, appears. 

1880 Sept. 20. Lisbon, The Interna- 
tional Literary Association meets. 

1889 * * 82 per cent (including infants) 
of the population are illiterate. 

1890 Mar. * The Government, by a de- 
cree, restricts the liberty of the press. 

Apr. 7. A special Ministry of Education 
is created to watch over and restrict 
public meetings and entertainments. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1 590 * * Faria-v-Sousa, Manvel de, historian, 

poet, born. C1649. Dies.] 
1591* * Ai-osta, rrk'l, author, b. [1647. D.] 
1593* * I.oho, Jeroniino, miss., b. [1678. D.] 
1595 * * 'IVlliv., lialtlui/.ar, historian, horn. 
1611 * * Melo, Francisco de ^lanuel, author, 

born. [1666. Dies.] 
1699* * Pomhal, Sebastiao de, Marquis, 

statesman, born. [1782. Dies.] 
1708* * Aveiro, Don .lose de Mascarenhas, 

Duke of, born. [1759. Dies.] 
1724+ * * Garcao, or Garcam, Pedro Anto- 
nio Correa, lyric poet, born. [1772. Dies.] 
1734* * Manuel, or Manoel, Francisco, poet, 

horn. [1819. Dies.] 
1745 * * Almeida, Nicolao Tolentino, poet, 

born. [1811. Dies.] 
1750* * Correa de Serra, Jos6 Francisco, 

botanist, horn. [1823. Dies.] 
1754* * Araujo d'Azevedo, Antonio, states- 
man, born. [1817. Dies.] 
1765* * Itoccaiie, Manuel Muria liarbosa du, 

poet, born. [1805. Dies.] 
1769* * John [VI]., king, born. [1823, Mar. 

10. Dies.] 
1784* * Abrantes, JoBe, Marquis of, born. 

[1827. Dies.] 
1786 * * Pedro de. Souza-Holstein, Duke of 

Palmella, prime minister, born. [1864, 

Apr. 2. Dies.] 
1791* * Saldanha, Oliveria e Daun, born. 

[1876. Dies.] 
1792* * Sousa, Antonio Jose: de, Duke of 

Terceira, born. [1860. Dies.] 
1798* * Dom Pedro, king's brother, horn. 

[1834, Sept. 24. Dies.] 
1799* * Alnieida-Carrett, Joao Baptista 

Leitao de, born. [1854. Dies.] 
1802 * * Miguel, Dom Maria Evariato, rival 

of Don Carlos, prince, b. [1866, Nov. 16. D.] 
1803* * Costa Cabral, Antonio Bernardo, 

Duke of Thomar, states., h. [1889. D.] 
1819 * * Maria II., queen, born. [1853. D.] 
1837* * Pedro V., king, born. [1861. D.] 
1838 * * Louis, king, b. [1889, Oct. 19. D.] 
1846* * Srrpa -I'mto, Alexander A. daRocha, 

explorer, born. [1811. Dies.] 
1863 Sept. 28. Dom Carlos, heir to the 

the throne, born. 
1885 Dec. 15. Ferdinand, queen's con- 
sort, A69. 
1887 Mar. 21. Louis Philippa, prince, b. 



STATE. 

1580 * * Philip II. of Spain seizes Por- 
tugal ; it is also claimed by the Prince 
of Parma and the Duchess of Braganea. 

1580-1640 Portugal is annexed to 
Spain. 

A disastrous period. The Dutch, Eng- 
lish, and French prey on the colonial 
possessions. 

1598-1621 Philip III. reigns over Spain 
and Portugal. [1621-40. Philip IV.] 

1602-20 The Dutch seize the Portu- 
guese possessions. 

1640 * * Independence of Spain. 
House of Braganea. 

Dec. 1. The Portuguese throw off the 
oppressive yoke of Spain, and make 
John, Duke of Braganea, king ; it 
proves a bloodless revolution. [Dec. 18. 
Crowned at Lisbon.] 

1640-56 John IV. reigns. [1556-57. Al- 
fonso VI., a hoy; his mother is regent. 
1662. He suddenly declares himself of 



the government. 1667- 
83. Pedro, the brother, is regent. 1683- 
1706. Pedro II. reigns as king.] 

1697-1828 The Cortes does not meet. 

1703 Dee. 27. Lisbon. The [famous] 
Methuen treaty is signed, relating to 
English, importations. 

1706-50 John V. reigns. A long peace 
ensues. 

1737 * * Amicable relations are restored 
between Spain and Portugal. 

1750-77 Joseph Emmanuel reigns. 
After marriage with his niece, Donna 
Maria, they reign jointly as Maria I. and 
Pedro III. Many claimants afflict Por- 
tugal. The Marquis of Pombal, prime 
minister, institutes social and agricultu- 
ral reforms. [1777. Maria I. reigns alone. 
1792. Insane.] 

1763 Feb. 10. Peace is made with 

Spain. 
1793-1816 John [VI.] , son of Maria I., 

is regent ; he joins the first coalition 

against France. 
1800 * * France insists on Portugal's 

abandonment of the English alliance, 

and the closing of its ports toEnglandand 

the opening of tbem to France, and a 

cession of a part of Portugal to France. 

[Kejected.] 
1804 * * Napoleon insists on Portugal's 

declaring war against England. [1807. 

He aims to annihilate Portugal.] 

1807 Nov. 27- The French conquer 
Portugal. [Owing to the French inva- 
sion of Portugal, John withdraws to his 
Brazilian dominions, leaving Portugal 
in care of a council of regents.] 

Nov. 29. A treaty is signed between 
France and Spain for the conquest and 
division of Portugal into three parts. 

1807-21 Brazil. The royal house re- 
sides at Rio de Janeiro. 

1808 * * Hise of the Portuguese. They 
welcome the invading French republi- 
cans. 

Feb. 1. Marshal Junot proclaims that 
the house of Braganea has ceased to 
reign. 

1814* * Portugal cedes Guiana to 
France. 

1815-22 Portugal and Brazil are one 

empire. 

1816-26 John VI., the ex-regent f 
reigns. 

1820 Aug. 29. The revolution be- 
gins in Oporto ; the people, wearied by 
the absence of the court, rise almost 
unanimously and without bloodshed. 
[Oct. 1. The constitutional junta is 
established.] 

1821* *A liberal constitution is 
adopted. [1823. June 5. The king amends 
the constitution.] 



1822 Oct. 12. Brazil. Independence 

of Brazil; the prince regent, John VI.. 
is proclaimed emperor, and the two 
countries are separated. 

1824 May 1-9. Lisbon. Disturbances 
arise ; Dom Miguel, head of the absolu- 
tist party, is expelled. [1828. Feb. 22. 
He becomes regent. 1828-34. Usurper. 
1834. May 26. Deposed.] 

1825 Aug. 29. A treaty is made with 
Brazil. 



PORTUGAL. 1569, * *-1894, April 27. 1111 



1826 * * Pedro IV. reigns. [May 2. He 
grants a constitutional charter contain- 
ing the basis of moderate parliamentary 
government. He abdicates the regency 
in favor of the Infanta Isabel Maria, 
seven years of age, who becomes queen, 
and retains the throne of Brazil.] 

1826-5 1 The darkest period ; disorders 
abound. 

1826-28 Maria U. [da Gloria] reignB. 

1826 Dec. 2. Portugal solicits aid of 
Great Britain against disorders. 

1828 Apr. 28. The British force 
leaves Portugal. [May 3. The foreign 
Ministers also withdraw.] 

July 4. The regent Dom Miguel assumes 
the title of king. [July 12. He dis- 
solves the three estates of the realm, 
and civil contentions increase.] 

1830 Mar. * The Duke of Palmella, 
a parliamentarian, is appointed regent. 

1832 Apr. 2. Dom Pedro proclaims 
himself regent at Terceira. 

1833 * * The constitutional monarchy 
is restored. 

July 24. Lisbon. Maria II. is pro- 
claimed queen. [Sept. 22. She arrives. 
1834. Sept. 18. The Cortes declare her 
of age (15 years). Party struggles con- 
tinue.] 

1836 Jan. * Maria II. weds Prince Fer- 
dinand of Saxe-Coburg-Gotha, nephew 
of Leopold of Belgium. 

Aug. 9. Lisbon. Revolution. 

[Sept.* The reestublishinenfc of the 
constitution of 1822 is proclaimed. Nov. 
8. Another uprising.] 

1837 Aug. 18. The Duke of Terceira 
successfully proclaims the restoration 
of Pedro's charter. 

1846 Apr. 20±. The northern province 
revolts, caused by the unpopularity of 
the ministry of Costa Cabral, Duke of 
Thorn ar. 

Oct. 31. The Duke of Palmella, one 
of the commanders of the constitutional 
army, resigns. [Nov. 26. Banished.] 

1847 May 21. London conference; 

England, France, and Spain agree to as- 
sist Queen Maria II. to terminate the 
civil war. 
June 11. Sa da Bandiera, a partizan of 
Dom Pedro, submits. 

1850 June 22. An American squad- 
ron arrives in the Tagus to enforce 
claims for damages in the war of 1S12. 

July * "War claims of the United States 
are refused ; the minister (TJ. S. A.) 
leaves. 

1851 Apr. * Insurgents in Oporto de- 
clare for the fugitive Duke of Saldanha. 
[Apr. 29. Arrives at Oporto. May 23. 
Made prime minister.] 



1852 * * The charter, modified by the 
Cortes, is sanctioned by the queen. 

1853 Dec. 19. The king-consort, Dom 
Ferdinand II., assumes the regencyfor 
his son, Dom Pedro. 



1853-61 Pedro V. reigns. [1855. Sept. 
16. Inaugurated.] 

1857 * * The king weds the Princess So- 
phia Stephanie of Hohenzollem. 

Oct. 13. Napoleon IH. sends an ulti- 
matum. 

He demands compensation for the con- 
fiscation of the French slave-ship, Charles 
et Georges, and the imprisonment of its 
captain in Mozambique. [185S. Oct. 13. 
Restored.] 

1861 Nov. 11. Pedro V. dies of the 
cholera plague ; succeeded by Dom Luis, 
Duke of Oporto. 

1861-69 Luis I. (brother) reigns. 
1862-65 Ministry of the Due de 
Louie". 

1862 Jan. 3. The succession is 
changed to favor the king's sisters. 

Oct. 6. Lisbon. The king by proxy weds 
Princess Maria Pia of Savoy, daughter 
of Victor Emmanuel. 

1865-69 Ministry of the Marquis Sa 
da Bandiera. Constitutional privi- 
leges granted to the colonies. 

1867 * * An extradition treaty is made 
with Spain. 

1868 * * Complete amnesty is granted 
to all political offenders. 

1870 * * Insurrection. 

May 19. The Duke of Saldanha heads 
a coup d'&tat, seizes the royal palace, 
and forms a new Ministry. 

1871 Sept. 13. Fontes Pereira de 
Mello, the leader of the " regenerador 
party," forms a new Ministry. [1871-77. 
Prime minister. 1S78-83+. Again.] 

1878 * * The House of Peers is changed 
from a hereditary assembly to one of 
life peers. 

1883 Oct. * A circular to the powers is 
issued defining Portuguese rights over 
the Kongo coast district. 

1884 Feb. 8. Lisbon. The Govern- 
ment Bill for reform of constitution is 
adopted by the deputies. 

1889 July 27. The king dies. 

Oct. 19. Carlos I. (Duke of Braganca) 
assumes the government. [Dec. 28, 29. 
Proclaimed at Lisbon.] 

1890 Jan. 19. Portugal demands Ger- 
man mediation in the African dispute 
with England. 

May 2. Portugal accepts arbitration in 
the Delagoa Bay question, provided that 
some impartial nation shall first affirm 
that that is a proper question for arbi- 
tration. [Affirmed.] 

June 14. Lisbon. The Cortes formally 
declares the king's son, Louis Philippe', 
heir to the throne of Portugal. 

Aug. 29. Portugal protests against the 
incorporation of the Lunda and the 
Muatayamoo territories by the Kongo 
State. 

Sept. 17. The Portuguese Cabinet re- 
signs, owing to the popular dissatisfac- 
tion over the African treaty with Eng- 
land. 



1894 Apr. 16. Portugal asks Eng- 
land's good offices in bringing about a 
reconciliation with Brazil. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1647 * * The first fleet of the Brazil 

Company sails (pp. 61, 71). 

1714* * Lisbon. The Royal Academy 
of Sciences is founded. 

1736 * * Dom Guzman first makes a bal- 
loon inflated with hot air. 

1758* * Joseph I. tortures to death 
some of the first families, in order to dis- 
cover and punish would-be assassins. 

1759 * * The Jesuits are expelled, 

1760 * * Joseph I. obtains a papal dispen- 
sation, permitting his daughter to marry 
her uncle. 

1761 * * Lisbon. Gabriel Malagrida, a 
Jesuit, is burned at the stake by inquis- 
itors. 

1776 * * Trial by torture is abolished. 

1777 * * Prince John of Brazil marries 
Maria Franeesca, his aunt. 

1809 * * Methodism is introduced. 
1S34 June 9. Massacres occur. 

* * Abbeys are suppressed and Jesuits 
expelled. 

* * The Oporto "Wine Company is abol- 
ished. [1838. Apr. 7. Reestablished.] 

1836 * * Dee. 10. The queen of Por- 
tugal decrees the abolishment of the 
slave-trade in her realm. 

1854 Dec. 30. The slaves on the royal 
domains are emancipated. 

1856 Oct. 26. The first railway is 
opened ; it connects Lisbon and Santa- 
rem. [1881. Oct. 8. Another connecting 
Lisbon and Madrid.] 

1862 * * California grape-vines are in- 
troduced. 

1865 Sept. 18. An International Ex- 
hibition opens at Oporto. 

1867 * * Capital punishment is abol- 
ished. 

1872 June 13. Lisbon. Great fire. 

1876 Aug. 19-24. Financial crisis. 

1887 * * About one-half of the vineyards 
suffer from phylloxera. 

1889 Mar. 24. The Portuguese Anti- 
Slavery Society is founded. 

June 17. Parliament presents the king 
with $750,000, as a token of loyalty and 
love. 

1890 Jan. 24. Lisbon. A NationalDe- 
fense Fund is started ; the king sub- 
scribes $45,000; thequeen$20,000,andthe 
queen dowagerthesame. Feelingtoward 
Great Britain is very bitter because of 
British action in tin' Portuguese dispute. 
[Sept. 15. Englishmen are mobbed in 
Lisbon.] 

1891 Jan. 22. The Mozambique Com- 
pany is authorized to extend its terri- 
tory from Sabi to the Zambesi. 

May 11+. Financial panic; the Gov- 
ernment grants 00 d:tys' delay in paying 
obligations. Gold disappears from circu- 
lation. 

1893 Aug. 27- A new cable, connect- 
ing with the Azores, is opened for busi- 
ness between Portugal and the AzoreB. 

1894 Apr. 27. Cholera is prevalent. 



PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA (MOZAMBIQUE). 

This dependency of Portugal was formerly known as Mozambique, and now called Estado d' Africa Oriental ; capital Mozam- 
bique. The government is administered by a Portuguese commissioner. Area, '201,700 square miles ; population, 1,500,000. 



1498 * * Vasco da Gama arrives at the 1842 * * Missionaries introduce Chris- 1883 
island. [1560. Conquered by Tristan da tianity into Gallaland. 
Cunhaand Albuquerque. 1508. Settled.] 



The American Board opens a 
mission at Inhambane. [Also at Kam- 
bini and at Makodweni.J 



1112 1498,* * -1892, Mar. 3. PORTUGUESE EAST AFRICA. 



1886 Oct.* The natives revolt; sub- 
dued. [1887. Feb. * War with Zanzi- 
bar over territory. Feb. 16. Portuguese 
storm Tungi. Mar. * War ends.] 

1889 Jan. * Bonga revolts ; subdued. 

May 21 + . The Portuguese cease to ob- 
struct the passage of British mission- 
aries en route for Lake Nyassa. 

June * Work is commenced on the Dela- 
goaBayrailway by the English. Portu- 
guese stop the work, claim, and forcibly 
occupy the port of Tungi.J 

Aug. 19. The government decrees the 
formatibn of a Roman Catholic coloniza- 
tion mission at Mponda, Lake Nyassa. 

Dee. 5. Portuguese officers haul down 
the British flag at the headquarters of 
the British South African Company. 
[1890. Mar. 14. Capture their steamer, 



Dee. 14±. Maj. Serpa Pinto attacks 
and partly subdues the Makoiolo people. 

* * The government makes a contract for 
the completion of the Delagoa Bay 
Railway to the frontier lines. England 
contests the Portuguese rights in the 
Shire River valley. 

* * A line of trade steamers is organized 
for the Shire and Zambesi rivers. 

* * The Primitive Methodists (Eng.) open 
a mission on the Zambesi River. [The 
Universities Mission opens a mission ou 
the east shore of Lake Nyassa at Chitesi.] 

1890 Mar. 17. The British consul 
raises a British flag in the Shire dis- 
trict. [Diplomatic complications with 
Portugal follow.] 



Aug. 20. The Anglo-Portuguese 
agreement is signed. 

The Portuguese to hold the territory of An- 
gola hinterland from ll£ degrees south to the 
German sphere on the north; Great Britain 
westward from Lake Nyassa, witJi free pas- 
sage between its northern and southern 
colonies. 

Oct. 8. British gunboats enter the 
Zambesi Kiver in spite of Portuguese 
protests. 

1891 Apr. 20. The Portuguese fire on 
a British steamer ascending thePungwe 
River with the Willoughby expedition. 

June 11+. A native chief and 4,000 fol- 
lowers revolt against the Portuguese, 
and go over to the British. 

1892 Mar. 3. Quilimane is besieged 
by 6,000 natives. 



RUMANIA. 

RrjKLANiA is a kingdom of southeastern Europe, formed by the union of Wallachia, Moldavia, and Dobrudja ; capital, Bucha- 
rest. The government is a constitutional monarchy under a king and a Legislature of two chambers. Rumanian is the common 
language, and the dominant religion is Greek Catholic, but Jews and Roman Catholics are numerous. Area, 48,307 square miles ; 
population in 1S92, 5,500,000±. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1397 ± * * Turks under Bajazet lay waste 
Wallachia. [1402. Timour captures Ba- 
jazet.] 

* * * Internecine strife of the sons of 
Bajazet. 

1475 Jan. 17. Stephen the Great de- 
feats 120,000 Turks at Lake Rakovietz, 
with great slaughter. 

1476 * * A Turkish army fails to regain 
prestige in Moldavia. 

1484 * * Stephen withdraws before Ba- 
jazet, and saves his army. 

1487 * * Stephen repels an invasion of 
80,000 Poles. 

1522 * * The Wallachiaus, with allies, de- 
feat Mohammed Bey at Grumatz. 

1594-97 "War against Turkey. 

(1594. Nov. 13.) The Wallachians and 
Moldavians suddenly rise and mas- 
sacre the Turkish guards. (1595.) Mi- 
chael the Brave wins a great victory 
over the Turks at Man tin ; their army is 
annihilated. 

The sultan sends 100,000 men to in- 
vade Wallachia, and the patriots retire 
to the mountains. 

The Wallachians assume the offensive, 
storm Bucharest, cut to pieces the sul- 
tan's rear guard, and capture enormous 
booty. 

1599* * Michael the Brave, in league 
with an imperial force, defeats Andreas 
Bathori in Transylvania, and seizes the 
reins of government. 

1824 * * The Turks evacuate Wallachia 
and Moldavia. 

1885 Sept. 3. Rumanian troops invade 
Silistria, and seize territory. 

STATE. 
1330* * Wallachia. Hungarian su- 
premacy is broken. [1344. Restored. 

1367. Again temporarily broken.] 
1383-1419 Wallachia. Mircea reigns. 
1458 * * Moldavia. Stephen the Great 

develops a formidable principality. 

[1504. He dies.] 
1504* * Moldavia. Bogdan (son) reigns ; 

he pays increased tribute to Turkey. 
1512 * * Wallachia. Nagul Bessaraba 

reigns. [1521. It sinks into a Turkish 

pashalic] 
1524* * Wallachia. The sultan is forced 

to recognize Iiadul as prince. 



1561* ^Moldavia. The impostor Jacob 
Basilicus succeeds in seizing the gov- 
ernment. [1563. The people rise, and 
murder Basilicus.] 

1591 * * Wallachia. Alexander ob- 
tains the government by purchase from 
the Turks. 

1593-1601 Wallachia. Michael the 
Brave becomes the deliverer from the 
oppressive Turks. 

1597* * The sultan submits to the 
choice of the Wallachians, and appoints 
the victorious Michael as prince. 

1599 * * Michael, by conquest, obtains 
Transylvania. 

1600 * * Michael annexes Moldavia to 
his " Grand Dacian" realm. [1601. He 
dies.] 

* * * Wallachia. A succession of princes 
buy their appointment of the Turks. 

1618* * Moldavia. The sultan recov- 
ers Moldavia. 

1G33 * * Comparative prosperity re- 
turns under the rule of Mathias Bessa- 
raba. 

1634 * * Moldavia. Vasilje Lupul rules 
with ability and success. 

* * * Wallachia. Serban Cantacuzene 
becomes prince. [1688. He dies.] 

1688+ * * Wallachia. Constantine 
Brancovan is elected prince, and his 
coronation constitutes an historical 
landmark. [1714. Apr. 4. The sultan 
proclaims his deposition. Beheaded 
soon after.] 

1711* * Moldavia. Demetria Cante- 
mir, rendered desperate by Turkish ex- 
actions, agrees to become the vassal of 
Russia. [The arrangement miscarries.] 

* * * The office of waywode, or hospodar, 
is sold by the sultan to the highest 
bidder. 

1747* * Constantine Mavrocordato 
decrees the manumission of the serfs. 

1769 * * Wallachia. The bishops and 
the clergy take an oath of fidelity to 
the Empress Catherine of Russia, when 
overawed by a Russian army. 

1774* * Treaty of Kutchuk-Kai- 
nardji; Russia returns Wallachia and 
Moldavia to Turkey, but guaranteeing a 
large measure of liberty. [1783. Russia 
secures a new agreement defining the 
liberties of Moldavia and Wallachia.] 

1777* * Moldavia. The province of 
Bukowina is ceded to Austria by the 
Sultan. 

* * * The Porte disregards its agreement 
and governs arbitrarily ; exciting revolt. 



1802* * Russia forces the sultan to 
agree to a veiled protectorate of the 
czar over the principalities. 

1808 * * Bussia is at war with Turkey, 
and occupies the principalities and 
forms a government. ■ [1812. Restored 
under liberal conditions.] 

1821 Moldavia. Unsuccessful revoltof 
the Hetserists is followed by Turkish oc- 
cupation. [1822. Withdrawn by influ- 
ence of the powers.] 

1829 * * The sultan having confirmed 
the privileges of Moldavia and Walla- 
chia, Russia guarantees them by the 
Peace of Adrianople. [1834. The Porte 
ratifies the peace ; Russians evacuate 
the two principalities.] 



1S39 * * Prince Charles [I.] is born. 

1848 * * Moldavia. A revolutionary 
movement occurs. 

1849 + * * A joint Russo-Turkish dic- 
tatorship restores the organic law, and 
appoints Barbii Stirbeifl as prince of 
Wallachia, and Gregoria ( ihika for Mol- 
davia. 

1853-54 * * Russian and Austrian occu- 
pation ; the hospodars flee to Vienna. 
[1854. The Russians withdraw.] 

1857 Sept. * The representative coun- 
cils of Wallachia and Moldavia vote to 
unite the principalities under the 
name of Rumania. [1858. The powers 
object, and provide a central commis- 
sion. 1S62. Abolished.] 

1859 Jan. * Alexander John Cuza is 
chosen prince. 

* * A new conference at Paris ratifies 
the election. 

1861 Dec. 23. The union of the two 
principalities under the name of Ru- 
mania is proclaimed at Jassy and Bu- 
charest. 

1862 Feb. 5. A single assembly and a 
single ministry are formed to meet in 
Bucharest. 

1864 May 2. Difficulties between the 
Government and the aristocrats of the 
General Assembly cause its dissolu- 
tion by Cuza ; and a new constitution is 
submitted to universal suffrage, grant- 
ing greater authority to the prince, and 
creating a Chamber of Senators, besides 1 
the Deputies. [May 28. It is adopted.] 

Aug.* A law is passed enabling peas- 
ants to own land. 

* * Capital punishment is abolished. 



RUMANIA. 



1330, * *-1892, Dec. 27. 1113 



1865 Aug. * The people of Bucharest 
revolt. [Aug. 15. Suppressed.] 

1866 Feb. 22. Revolution at Bucha- 
rest. The vices of Alexander are so 
offensive he is forced to abdicate. A 
provisional government is estab- 
lished. 

Apr. 20. Prince Charles of Hohen- 
zollern-Sigmaringen is elected Prince 
of Rumania by a popular vote. [May 22. 
He is welcomed at Bucharest. Oct. * 
He is recognized hereditary hospodar 
by the sultan.] 

1877 May 21. The Senate approves a 
declaration of independence, and de- 
clares war with Turkey. 

1877-78 Rumania is an ally of Russia 
in the war with Turkey. 

1878 Mar. 3. Rumania is declared in- 
dependent by the Treaty of San Stefano. 



June 13- July 13. The Treaty of Ber- 
lin declares Rumania independent, it 
receiving Dobrudja in return for ceding 
Bessarabia to Russia, 

1881 Mar. 26. Charles I. is nomi- 
nated king. [May 13. Charles I. and 
Queen Elizabeth are crowned.] 

1889 Mar. 26. Prince Ferdinand, King 
Charles's nephew, is proclaimed crown 
prince. 

June 11. The gold standard of cur- 
rency is approved by the Chamber of 
Deputies. 

June 6. The czar protests against the 
Rumanian Government erecting forti- 
fications. 

1891 May 16. Jean Bratiano, the 
statesman, dies. 

1892 Dec. 27. The Senate adopts com- 
mercial convention with Great Britain. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1680 * * The first printing-press is set 
up at Bucharest. 

1775+ * *An evangelical church is 

erected at Jassy. 

1840 * * The Uacia Liter aria is issued. 
[1841, Archiva Pomanesca ; 1S45, Maga- 
sinal istorica peutru Dacia.] 

1862 June 20. M. Catargi, President 
of the Ministerial Council, is assassi- 
nated near the Chamber of Deputies. 

1866 July± * The Jews are persecuted 
at Bucharest. 

1890 * * The Society for the Propagation 
of the Gospel (Eng.J opens a mission in 
Bucharest. 

1891 Aug. 14+. A cordon of troopB 
lines the frontier to keep out Jews 
exiled from Russia. 



RUSSIA. 



Russia is an empire of eastern Europe, having vast possessions in northern and central Asia, and two capitals, St. Peters- 
burg and Moscow, the latter being the coronation city. The empire is politically divided into 68 governments, or provinces, 
besides the Asiatic departments. 

The government is vested in the czar as an hereditary absolute monarch ; he is assisted in its administration by the Council of 
the Empire, the Senate, the Holy Synod, and the Imperial Ministry. The chief language is Russian, and the state religion is that 
of the Greek Church. Area of European Russia, 1,902,092 square miles ; and the population, 88,665,796. Including Russian Poland 
and the Duchy of Finland, the area is 2,095,504 square miles ; and the population, 99,531,929. Area of the entire empire, 8,660,282 
square miles ; population, 117,561,S74. 



ARMY — WAVY. 
376 * * Invasion of Huns. 
707* * Arabs subjugate Samarcand. 

[1220. Taken by Ghengis Khan.] 
883 * * Oleg, the regent, takes Smolensk. 

[907. He invades Constantinople.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

3d Century. Florian, patron saint of Poland, 

552 * * Totila, King of the Ostrogoths, dies. 

7th Century. Demidoff, Nikita, serf, capital- 
ist, born. 

879 * * Rurlk, founderof Russian Empire, d. 

969+ * * Olga, Saint, wife of Igor, Prince of 
Kieff, dies. 

1015 * * Vladimir, Saint, the Great, Grand 



Discourse to the Brethren is written 
by Luke Zhidiata, bishop of Novgorod. 

Pouckenia (Instructions) are written 
by Theodosius. 

The Chronicle of Nestor is written. 

Bishop Cyril of Turoff writes Sermons. 



CHURCH. 

850 * * Cyrillus, the apostle of Thaza- 
ria [the Crimea], preaches Christianity. 

884 * * Christianity is tolerated. [940±. 
Sviatoslaf introduces Christianity.] 

955+ * * Constantinople. Olga, widow 
of Duke Igor, is baptized, and lays the 
foundation of the Russian Church. 

965 * * Poland. Mieeislas I. becomes a 
Christian. [980. He establishes Chris- 
tianity by law. 986. Vladimir I., the 
Great, is baptized.] 

1114 * * The Jews suffer persecution. 



LETTERS. 

1018-54 Russkvaia Pravda, a codifica- 
tion of Russian laws, is written by Ya- 
roslav. 

1056-57 The Ostromir Codex, a Russian 
recension of the Slavonic Gospels, is 
written. 

1073-76 The Izbomik (Miscellany) of 
Sviatoslaf appears. 

12th Century. Discourse concerning the 
Old and Neio Testament is written by 
Bishop Ilarim, of Kieff. 



SOCIETY. 

988 * * Vladimir the Great marries 
Anne, sister of the Emperor Basil II. 

1079* * Poland. Boleslas II. murders 
St. Stanislaus, bishop of Cracow, with 
his own hands. [1174. Andrew I. is 
murdered. 1296, Premislas ; 1598, Feo- 
dor I.] 

STATE. 

500± * * b. c. The Crimea is colonized 
by the Greeks. 

469i * * b. c. Tiflis is built by Vakh- 
tang. 

476 * * a. d. Slavs and "Wends occupy 
the northeast of Europe. [500. They 
spread from the Vistula to the Dnieper.] 

550 * * Poland becomes a duchy under 
Lechus, or Lesko, I. 

600 * * Obotrittii, Wilze, and Pomerani- 
ans inhabit the shores of the Baltic Sea. 

680 * * Kahazarenes subdue the Bulgari- 
ans and Hungarians westward to the 
Theiss. 

700* * Poland. Crascusl. is duke. [Later 
Lechus II., deposed ; 750, Vendal, who 
drowns herself ; 760, Premislaus, named 
Lescus, or Less; 810, Lechus III.; 815, 
Popiel I. ; 830, Popiel II.] 

826* * Normans and Danes inhabit the 
West. The Swedes conquer the Slavs, 
among whom they settle. 

842± * * Poland. Piastus, a peasant, is 
elected duke. [861, Ziemovitus, son of Pi- 
astus, is duke ; 892, Leskoor, or Lechus, 
IV. ; 913, Ziemomislas, son of Lechus ; 
965, Mieeislas I.; he becomes a Chris- 
tian.] 



862 * * Rurik, the leader of the northern 
pirates, being invited by the Novgorodi- 
ans to help them, founds the Russian 
monarchy by becoming grand duke of 
Kieff. [879. He is succeeded by Oleg.] 

869 * * Oleg is grand duke of Kieff. [913, 
Igor; 945, Olga, widow, is regent; 955, 
Svaitoslaf.] 

970 * * Svaitoslaf divides the kingdom 
among his three sons. [973. Jaropolk I. 
is duke. 980. He seizes Novgorod.] 

* *Vladimir I., the Great, becomes 
grand duke. [1015, Swiatopolk ; 1018, 
Jaraslaw I. ; 1054, Isialaw I.] 

992* * Poland, Boleslas I. becomes 
duke. He obtains the title of king from 
the emperor Otho III. [He is succeeded 
by Mieeislas II.] 

1034 * * Poland. Richense, consort of 
Boleslas I., is regent ; she is driven from 
the government. [1037. Anarchy pre- 
vails.] 

1041* * Poland. Casimir I. is en- 
throned. [1058, Boleslas II. 1059. Red 
Russia is added to Poland. 1081. Ladis- 
laus I.] 

1072 * * "Wsewolod drives Isialaw from 
Kieff; he solicits aid of Henry IV. of 
Germany. 

1078* * "Wsewolod I. is duke. [1093. Swi- 
atopolk II.] 

1102* * Poland. Boleslas III. is en- 
throned. [1138, Ladislaus, his son ; 1146, 
Boleslas IV.; 1173, Mieeislas III., de- 
posed ; 1177, Casimir II. ; 1194, Lechus V., 
abdicated ; 1200, Mieeislas IV.] 

1 1 13 * * Vladimir becomes duke of Kieff. 
[1125, Mitislaw ; 1132, Jaropolk II. ; 1138, 
Wiatschelaw; 1139, Wsewolod II. ; 1146, 
Isialaw II. and Igor II. ; 1149, Jurie, or 
George, I. ; 1153, Rostislaw.] 



1114 1156,* *-1760,* 



RUSSIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1223+ * * The Golden Horde of Tartars 

makes extensive conquests. 
1237 * * The Polowzes and Petchingans 

are exterminated. » 

* * Baty, the grandson of Ghengis, invades 
Bulgaria and Russia. [1240. He burns 
Kieff.] 

1240 * * Mongols sack Kieff. 

1241 * * Tartars invade Poland. 
1380* * "War with the Tartars. Dimitry 

defeats Mamai the Don. 

1382 * * Tamerlane plunders and burns 
Moscow. [1451-77. Plundered by Tar- 
tars.] 

1449 * * The Moscow princes renounce 
their claims to Smolensk. [Yet Moscow 
and Lithuania constantly contend for 
its possession. 1514. Russians dominate 
it. 1G11. Sigismund III. of Poland holds 
it. 1G54. Russians retake it. 1686. Rus- 
sians definitely annex it.] 

1470* * Ivan takes Kasan, and subju- 
gates Novgorod. 

1479 * * Hosts of Tartars invade the 
country. 

[1481. Ivan's general, Svenigorod, 
breaks their power. 1482. Lithuania is 
invaded, also Poland. 1541. Another 
invasion.] 

1505-23 Russia wages a successful war 
with Poland. 

1521 * * Tartars capture Moscow ; soon 
expelled. [161 1. Ravaged by Ladislaus 
of Poland.] 

1531 * * The Poles drive out the Walla- 
chian invaders. 

1544 * * Ivan conquers Kasan. 

1568 * * The Strelitz is organized as a 
royal body guard. [1704. Abolished.] 

1571 May 15. Moscow is burned by 
the Tartars. 

1575 * * Stephen organizes Cossacksinto 
a militia. [1671. Cossacks subjugated.] 

1656 July 28-30. The Swedes defeat 
the Poles at "Warsaw. 

1700 Nov. 30. Charles XII. of Sweden 
(20,000) totally defeats Peter the Great 
(60,000) at Narva; 18,000 Russians are 
killed and 30,000 taken prisoners. [1703. 
"Warsaw surrenders to Charles. May 1. 
He defeats Augustus II. at Pultusk (p. 
1134).] 

1705 Sept. 4. Russians take Mitau. 

1709 July 8. Defeat of Charles at Pul- 
towa (p. 1134). 

* * "War with Turkey. [1773-74. Again.] 
1711 June* Peter crosses the Pruth, 

and is surrounded by the Turks. The 
Russians escape after hard fighting with 
great difficulty ; Catherine obtains a 
truce. 

1741-43 "War with Sweden. 

1748 * * The Swedes commence the for- 
tifications of Sweaborg. 

1757 Aug. 13. The Russians are de- 
feated at Norkitten. [1758. Allies of 
Austria (p. 516).] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1367 * * The Kremlin is founded at 

Moscow. [1816. Rebuilt.] 
1690 * * Kamchatka is discovered by 

Morosco, a Cossack chief. 
1697 * * Peter the Great visits Holland 

and England, and works in the dockyard 

at Deptford, Eng., to learn the art of 

shipbuilding. 



1725* * St. Petersburg. The Observa- 
tory is erected. 

1736 * *Thegreatbellof Moscowismade; 
weight, 25 tons. 

1756* * St. Petersburg. The first theater 
is built. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1 3 1 9 * * Alexander Nevski, hero, saint, born. 
[12K3. Dies.] 

1233* * Kadlubek, Vincent, bishop of Cra- 
cow, historian, dies. 

1260* * Ladislaus I., King of Poland, born. 
[1333. Dies.] 

1 309 * * Casimlr III. . the Great, King of Po- 
land, born. [1370. Dies.] 

1326* * Ivan II., Grand Duke of Moscow, 
born. [1359. Dies.] 

1340 Mar. 31. Ivan I., Kalita, Grand Duke 
of Moscow, dies. 

1348* * Ladislaus II., King of Poland, born. 
[1434. Dies.] 

1424 * * Ladislaus III., King of Poland, 
born. [1444. Dies.] 

1473 * * Copernicus. Nicholas. Polish as- 
tronomer, born. [1543. Dies.] 

1488 * * Tarnowski, Jan, Polish general, 
born. [1561. Dies.] 

1495* * liitlski, Man-in, Polish historian, 
born. [1576. Dies,] 

1499 * * Alasco, John, Polish reformer, born. 
[1560. Dies.] 

1505 Oct. 27. Ivan m., the Great, Grand 
Duke of Moscow, dies. 

1530 Aug. 25. Ivan IV., the Terrible, czar, 
born. [1584. Mar. 18. Dies.] 

1532* * Iialhon, Stephen, King of Poland, 
born. [1586. Dies.] 

1541 * * Zamoiski, Jan, Polish statesman, 
general, born. [1605. Dies.] 

1552* * Gudoonof, lioria, czar, b. [1605. D.] 

1557 * * Feodor I., czar, b. [1598. Dies.] 

1567* * Bzowski ( K/.ovius), Abraham, Polish 
theologian, born. [1637. Dies.] 

1593 * * Ohmielnirki, Bogdan, Cossack chief, 
born. [1657. Dies.] 

1595* * Ladislaus IV., King of Poland, 
born. [1648. Dies.] 

1606 May 17. Demetrius I., usurper, dies. 

1610 Dec. 11. Demetrius I L, usurper, d. 

1611* * Hcvclius (Hewel), Johannes, Polish 
astronomer, born. [1687. Dies.] 

1635±* * Sobieski, John III., King of Po- 
land, born. [16%. Dies.] 

1628* * Polotzki, Suiieon, poet, author, born. 
[1680. Dies.] 

1639* * Alexis, Michaelovitch, czar, bom. 
[1675. Dies.] 

1633 * * GalliUin, Vasslli, prince, siaiesman, 
born. [1713. Dies.] 

1644* * Mazeppa, Ivan, adventurer, born. 
[1709. Dies.] 

1645* * Romanof, Michael, czar, founder of 
reigning Russian dynasty, dies. 

1656* * Lefort, Kran<;oiB, Swiss general in 
Russia, born. [1699. Dies.] 

1657 * * Cruys, Cornelis, naval officer, born. 
[1727. Dies.] 

1660* * Pat kul, Johann Reinhold, Livonian 
patriot, born. [1707. Oct. 10. Dies.] 

1661 * * Burlier, Claude, grammarian, phi- 
losopher, author, born. [1737. Dies.] 

1666 Aug. 27. Ivan V., czar, bora. [1696. 
Jan. 29. Dies.] 

1667* * Dolgornki, Vassili Vladimirovitch, 
field-marshal, born. [ 1746. Dies. ] 

1670* * Augustus L, Frederick, Elector of 
Saxony, King of Poland, b. [1733. Dies.] 

1672 June 9. Peter I., Alexievitch, the 
Great, czar, born. [1725. Jan. 28. Dies.] 
Menscbikov, Prince Alexander Danilovitch, 
general, statesman, born. [1730. Dies.] 

1673* * Cantemir, Demetrius, historian, 
orientalist, born. [1723. Dies.] 

1674* * Gallitzin, Mikhail Mikhailovitch, 
general, born. [1730. Dies.] 

1677* * Stanislaus I., Leszcynski, King of 
Poland, born. [1766. Dies.] 

1683 * * Feodor II., czar, dies. 

1685± * * Catherine I., empress, wife of 
Peter I., born. [1727- Dies.] 

1690* 'Alexis, Petroviteh, prince, son of 
Peter I., born. [1718. Dies.] 

1693* * Nestushefi-Riumtn, Alexis Petro- 
viteh, count, diplomatist, b. [1766. Dies.] 

1701* *Zaluski, Josef Andrew, Polish 
bishop, bibliophile, born. [1774. Dies.] 

1705 * * Midler, Gerhard Frederick, histo- 
rian, born. [1783. Dies.] 

1709* * Cantemir (Kantemir), Antioclms, 

prince, poet, diplomatist, born. [1744. D.] 

Elisabeth-Petrovna, empress, b. [1762. D.J 

1711 * * LomonoHMif, m ddia.il, poet, gramma- 
rian, born. [1765. Dies.] 



Richmann, Georg Wilhelm, naturalist, born. 
[1753. Dies.] 

1714 * * Peter II., czar, born. [1730. Dies.] 

1716± * * Zamoiski, Androej, count, Polish 
Btatesman, born. [1792. Dies.] 

1718* *Khilkof, Andrei Vakof Levitch, 
prince, historian, die6. 

1727* * Sumarokoff, Alexander, dramatist, 
born. [1777. Dies.] 

1738* * Peter III., czar, born. [1762. Dies.] 

1729* * Catherine II,. empress, wife of 
Peter III., born. [1796. Dies.] 
Suvarov, Alexei Vasilievitcb, count, field- 
marshal, born. [1800. Dies.] 

1732* * Stanislaus, Augustus, king of Po- 
land, born. [1798. Dies.] 

1733 * * Kheraskoff, Mikhail, poet, born. 
[1806. Dies.] 
.Naruszewirz, Adam Ktanislaw, Polish histo- 
rian, poet, born. [1796. Dies.] 

1734* * Krasicki, Ignatius, Polish poet, born. 
[1801. Dies.] 
Orloff, Grigori, gen., pol., b. [1783. Dies.] 

1736+ * *Potemkin, Gregori, A., field-mar- 
shal, born. [1791. Dies.] 

1737 * * Platon, Lefsbin (Leffschin) arch- 
bishop of Moscow, author, b. [1812. D.] 
Orloff, Alexei, count, admiral, horn. 

1739 Nov. 6. Dolgoruki, Ivan Alexeio- 
vitch, nobleman, executed. 

1740 Aug.24. Ivan VI., czar, born. [1764. 
Dec. 5. Dies.] 

Dec. 29. Ann, czarina, dies. 
1743* * Bou'danovilrb, Ippolit F., lyric poet, 
born. [1803. Dies.] 
Derzhavin, cabriel R., poet, states., born. 
1744* * DashkoH, Yekaterina, Romanova, 
princess, born. [1810. Dies.] 
Novikoflf, Nikolai Ivanovitch, author, born. 
1745 * * Benningsen, Levin, general, born. 
Cbemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch, fabulist, born. 

[1784. Dies.] 
Kutuzoff, Mikhail, general, born. 
1746* * Kosciusko, Thaddeus. Polish pa- 
triot, born. 
1747* * Pulaski, Casimir, count, Polish pa- 
triot, born. [1779. Dies.] 

1754 * * Paul I., czar, born. 

1755 * * Barclay de Tolly, Michael, gen., b. 
Dombrowski, Jan llenryk, Polish gen., born. 

1757 * * NeiiH-Pwic/., .Julian Ursin, au., b. 
1760* * Dmitrief, Ivan Ivanovitch, poet, 
politician, born. 
Martos, Ivan P., sculptor, born. 



1157 * * Henry, bishop of Upsala, an 
Englishman, introduces Christianity 
into Finland. 

1326 * * The Cathedral of Assumption 
at Moscow is built. [1328. The Cathe- 
dral of the Transfiguration.] 

1563 * * Poland. The Socinians estab- 
lish a church at Rakow, and make pros- 
elytes in Tr an syl vania. [1574. The 
Rakovian Catechism is published.] 

1582 * * The patriarchate of Moscow is 
established. [1762. Suppressed.] 

1643 * * A Confession of Faith is com- 
posed by Mogila, metropolitan of Kieff. 
[This is the present standard of the 
Russo-Greek church.] 

1654* *The cruelties of the Patriarch 
Nicon cause a revolt and a schism. 
[The revoltefs, calling themselves*' Old 
Believers," profess to adhere to the old 
reading of the Slavonian sacred books. 
1G58. They are expelled from Poland.] 

1718* * The Jesuits are expelled. 

1724 * * Poland. The Protestants are 
persecuted at Thorn. 

LETTERS. 

1200+ * * The Expedition of Igor against 
Polotzk appears. 

1497 * * Sudebnik, a code of laws, is is- 
sued by Ivan III. [1550. Another by 
Ivan IV.] 

1533-84 The Domostroi (Book of House- 
hold Management), by Sylvester, and 
Chetii-Minei (Book of Monthly Read- 
ings), by Macarius, appear. 



RUSSIA. 



1156,** -1760, 



1115 



1553 * * A printing-press is set up at 

Moscow. [1564. The first book, Apostol, 

is printed.] 
16th Century. Stepennaya Kniqa (Book 

of Degrees) appears ; also the Life of the 

Czar Feodor Ivanovitck, by the patriarch 

Job. 
1581* *The first Slavonic Bible is 

printed at Ostrog in Volhynia. 
1596 * * Slavic Grammar, by Tzitzania, 

appears. 
1610+ * * Chronograph, by Sergius Ku- 

basoff, appears. 
1632 * * The University of Dorpat is 

founded by Gustavus Adolphus. [1802. 

Reconstituted by the Czar.] 
1640 * * Finland. The University of 

Helsingfors is founded at Abo. [182G. 

Removed to Helsingfors.] 
1670± * * Vienetz Vieri (The Garland of 

Faith), The Prodigal Son, Nebuchadnez- 
zar, and other works, by Simeon Polot- 

zki, appear. 
1700-18 History of Russia, by Andrei 

Yukof Levitch, appears. 
1702 Dec. 16. Moskovskia Wiedomosti 

is issued at Moscow. 
1714 * * St. Petersburg. The Imperial 

Library, principally consisting of spoils 

of Poland, is founded. 

1725 * * The Russian Academy of Sci- 
ence is opened by Catherine I. 

1739 * * Ode on the Taking of Khotin 
from the Turks, by Mikhail' Vasilievitch 
Lomondsoff. [Later, the Petriade.] 

1755 * * The University of Moscow is 
founded. 

1755-64 Yejem'yesyatrhnuja Sotchine- 
nuja, (Monthly Works) are issued by 
Muller. 

1759* * Trudolyubivaya Ptcheld (Indus- 
trious Bee) is issued by Smnarakoff. 



SOCIETY. 

13th Century. Poland. The custom of 
killing old men when unable to labor, 
and such children as are born imperfect, 
is practised. 

1498 * * Poland. The Wallachian inva- 
ders capture 100,000 Poles, and sell 
them to the Turks as slaves. 

1605 June 13. The czar is overthrown 
in a riot in Moscow [and murdered]. 

1606 * * Otrefief , a young Polish monk 
and impostor, gains the throne. [May 
2. Exposed and killed, with his adhe- 
rents. " Matins of Moscow."] 

1718 July 7. Prince Alexis, son of 
Peter the Great, charged with rebellion, 
is found dead in prison. 



STATE. 

1156 Apr. 30. Moscow is founded by 
Duke George I. [12th Century. Vladi- 
mir founded.] 

1157 * * Andrew I. becomes first grand 
duke of Vladimir. [1175. Michael I. ; 
1177, Wsewolod III.; 1213, Juri, or 
George, II. ; '1217-18, Constantine.] 

1157-1328 Vladimir is the capital of a 
grand duchy. 

1193* * The Genoese settle in the 
Crimea. 

1202* * Poland. Ladislaus III. is en- 
throned ; retired. [1206, Lesko V., re- 
stored, assassinated; 1227, Boleslas V., 
an infant ; 1279, Lesko VI.] 

1206-27 Tartary is held by Genghis 
Khan. 

1223 * * The " Golden Horde " of Tar- 
tars conquers extensive territories. 



1235 * * Moscow becomes the capital on 
the occupation of South Russia by the 
Tartars. [1237. They invade Novgorod.] 

1238 * * Jaraslaw III. becomes grand 
duke of Vladimir. [1245, Alexander 
Nevski; he pays tribute to the Mon- 
gols. 1252. He becomes the grand duke 
of Russia.] 

1242+ *TheempireoftheKhanofKapt- 
sehak is established by the Tartars. 

1263 * * Jaraslaw II. is enthroned grand 
duke of Russia. [1270. Vasilii 1., or 
Basil I. ; 1275, Dimitri I. ; 1821, Andrew 
II.; 1294, Daniel Alexandrovitch is 
grand duke; 1303, June, or George, III., 
deposed; 1305, Michael 111. ; 1320. Vasilii, 
or Basil, II. ; 1325, Jurie, or George, III., 
restored ; 1327, Alexander II.] 

1289 * * Poland. Anarchy prevails. 

1295* * Poland. Premislas is enthroned 
as king : assasinated. [1296, Ladislaus 
III. (IV.) reigns ; 1300, "Wenceslaus, King 
of Bohemia, abandons Poland ; 1304, 
Ladislaus IV., the Short.] 

1328 * * Ivan I., or John 1., is enthroned 
as the first grand duke of Moscow. 
[1340, Simon is duke ; 1353, Ivan, or John, 

II. ; 1359, Dmitri IL, prince of Susdal ; 
1382, Dmitri III. (Douskoi) ; 1389, Vasilii 
III., or Basil III. (Tenmoi); 1425, Vasilii 
IV., or Basil IV. 1433. He is banished, 
but soon returns to the throne.] 

1333* * Poland. Casimir III., the 
Great, is enthroned ; he amends the laws. 
[1370, Louis, King of Hungary ; 1382, 
Maria and 1384, Hedwige, daughters of 
Louis, together with the latter's consort 
Jagello, Duke of Lithuania, styled Lad- 
islaus V.; 1399, Ladislaus II. (V.) alone; 
he annexes Lithuania ; 1434, Ladislaus 

III. (VI.), son. 1440. Succeeds a king of 
Hungary. 1444. Short interregnum, fol- 
lowed by accession of Casimir IV.] 

1462 * * Ivan Basilovitz, or John III., is 
enthroned as grand duke of Moscow. 
[1478. He conquers Novgorod. 14S0. He 
frees himself from the suzerainty of the 
Tartars. 1482. He takes the title of 
Czar of Muscovy.] 

1474* *The Crim Tartars expel the 
Genoese from the Crimea. 

1492 * * Poland. John (Albert) I. is en- 
throned. [1501, Alexander, prince of 
Livonia ; 1506, Sigismund the Great ; 
154S, Sigismund II. , Augustus's son ; he 
annexes Livonia.] 

1505 * * Vasilii, or Basil, V. is enthroned 
as Czar of Muscovy ; he receives the title 
of emperor from Maximilian I. 

[1533, Ivan TV. ; 1584, Feodor, or Theo- 
dor, L, and his son Dmitri, both mur- 
dered by the successor. 1598. Throne 
usurped by Boris-Godonof .] 

1566 * * Poland. The diet is removed 
from Cracow to Warsaw. 

1569 * * Poland. Lithuania is annexed. 

1573 * * Poland. Henry de Valois, duke 
of Anjou, brother to the King of France, 
is the first elected monarch. 

[Later he ascends the French throne. 
1575, Stephen Bathori, prince of Tran- 
sylvania; he establishes the Cossacks as 
a' militia. 1586. Interregnum. 1587. Si- 
gismund LTI., son of the King of Sweden, 
is elected in exclusion of Maximilian of 
Austria.] 

1581 * * Siberia is conquered by the Rus- 



1606 * * Dmitri (Otrefief), the impostor, 
claims to be the murdered Prince Dmi- 
tri, and is made czar. Vasilii Choniski, 
or Zouinski, succeeds. [1610, Ladislaus 
of Poland ; 1613, Michael-Feodorovitch 
of the house of Romanoff.] 



1617 Mar. 9. Gustavus Adolphus 
compels Russia to cede to him Kexholm, 

Karelia, and Ingermanland. 

1632 * * Poland. Ladislaus IV. (VII.), 
A r asa, son of Sigismund III., is en- 
throned. [1648, John II., or Casimir V.] 

1645 * * Alexis, " Father of his Coun- 
try," is enthroned as czar. [1676, Feo- 
dor, or Theodor, II. ; 1682, Ivan V. and 
Peter 1., brothers of Feodor; 1689, 
Peter I. [the Great] alone.] 

1655* * Poland is conquered by the 
Swedes. [1660. Independence recovered.] 

1668* * Poland. John Casimir abdi- 
cates, and retires to France. [1672. He 
dies. An interregnum follows. 1669. Mi- 
chael Koributh-Wiesnowiski ; in thiB 
reign the Cossacks join the Turks, and 
ravage Poland. 1674. John III., So- 
bieski, the last independent king ; he 
wins great victories over the Cossack 
Turks and Tartars. j 

1672 * * Poland cedes to the Cossacks 
the vast fertile plain of Ukraine. [1682. 
Transferred to Russia.] 

1683 Mar. 31. The alliance of War- 
saw is entered by Austria and Poland 
against Turkey. 

1689 * * Poland. "Warsaw becomes the 
capital. 

1697 * * Poland. Interregnum. Frede- 
rick Augustus I., son of John George, 
elector of Saxony, Is enthroned. [1704. 
Deprived of his crown; Stanislaus I., 
Leszcynski ; he is deposed in 1709, and 
Frederick Augustus restored.] 

1698 * * Peter is recalled from England 
by a rebellion of the Strelitz, which he 
cruelly punishes ; 2,000 are tortured, and 
killed. 

1700 Jan. 1. This date begins the new 
year, but the old style is retained. 

1703 Mar. 27. Peter the Great founds 
St. Petersburg. [1711. Becomes the 
capital.] 

1715 * * Peter travels in Germany, Hol- 
land, and France. 



1721 Oct. 22. Peter I. [the Great] as- 
sumes the title of emperor. 

1725 * * Catherine I., wife of Peter I., 
is enthroned. [1727, Peter II., grand- 
son of Peter I., deposed; 1730, Anne, 
Duchess of Courland, daughter of Ivan 
V. ; 1740, Ivan VI., an infant, grand- 
nephew of Peter the Great, imprisoned 
in a dungeon for 18 years (1764, mur- 
dered); 1741, Elizabeth, daughter of 
Peter the Great ; she reigns during 
Ivan's captivity.] 

1733-63 Poland. Frederick Augustus 
IL, son of Frederick Augustus I., reigns. 

174 8 * * Russia becomes the ally of Aus- 
tria and France against Prussia. 

1759 * * The Baltic Sea is declared neu- 
tral for commerce by a treaty with Swe- 
den. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1699 * * Peter the Great reopens the an- 
cient gold-mines. 

1736 * * St. Petersburg. A fire destroys 
2,000 houses. [1780. Another destroys 
11,000 houses. 1837. Dec. 29. The "Win- 
ter Palace is burned.] 



1116 1762, Jan. 5-1846, Nov. 16. 



RUSSIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1769-84 Russia successfully invades the 
Crimea. 

17 74-75 A rebellion of Cossacks under 
Pugatcheff is suppressed. 

1787-92 "War with Turkey. 

1787 * * Count Suvarov defeats the Turks 
at TCinhnrn. [1789. At Fokshani and 
Rymnik. 1790. Dec. 22. He takes Is- 
mail by storm, and puts the garrison (30,- 
000) to death ; 6,000 women are massacred ; 
Russian loss, 20,000.] 

1794 Apr. 17. The Russian garrison is 
expelled from "Warsaw with the loss of 
2,000 killed, 500 wounded, and 36 cannon. 

Oct. 10. Poland. After many successes, 
Kosciusko is finally defeated and cap- 
tured by the Russians at Maciejovice. 
[1796. Dec. 25. Released.] 

Nov. 4. Count Suvarov defeats the 
Poles at Prague near Warsaw ; 30,000 
Poles are killed, and the town is sacked. 
[Warsaw is also taken.] 

1797 ± * *The Poles enter the French 
army. 

1799 * * Count Suvarov helps the Aus- 
trians to check the French in Italy. 

1806 Dec. 26. Napoleon wins at Pul- 
tusk (p. 716). 

1809 Sept. 26. Bulgaria. The Turks 
defeat the Russians near Silistria. 



1812 June * War with France (p. 718). 



1826 * * War against Persia. 
1828-33 War with Turkey (p. 000). 
(1S28. Apr. 26.) War is declared. 
July 15. Turk. Russians under Paske- 

vitch take Kars. 
Aug. 24. Battle of Akhalzikh in the 

Caucasian region. 

1829 June 11. The Russians defeat 
the Turks at Kuleftseha. [June 30. 
Silistria surrenders to the Russians. July 
2. Armenia. Gen. Paskevitch takes 
Erzerum. Aug. 20. Russians advance 
on Adrianople. Aug. 29. Armistice.] 

1830 Nov. 29. The Poles rise against 
Russia for independence. 

1831 Feb. 5. Russians (160,000) enter 
Poland at several points. 

[Feb. 19-20. The Poles (45,000) are victo- 
rious at Grochow, near Prague ; Russian 
(70,000) loss, 7,000; Polish, 2,000. Feb. 
25. Gen. Giemsar is defeated at Prague 
by the Poles ; Russian loss, 4,000 killed, 
6,000 prisoners, and 12 cannon. Mar. 31. 
The Poles under Skrzynecki decisively 
defeat the Russians at Warsaw ; Russian 
loss, 12,000 killed and wounded, and 2,000 
prisoners; Polish loss, small. Apr. 10. 
The Poles are victorious at Seidlice, tak- 
ing 4,000 prisoners. May 26. The Poles 
retain the field after a bloody battle at 
Ostrolenka, Poland. June 19. The Poles 
are defeated at Wilna, Poland. Sept. 6, 
7. Russians capture Warsaw after two 
days' fighting. The insurrection is sup- 
d.] 



1846 * * War with Hungary. 

Feb. 23. Poland. Insurrectionists (40,- 

000) march on Cracow, but are defeated. 

[Nov. 16. Austria seizes Cracow, and 

its independence ends.] 



ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1799 * * Siberia. An entire mammoth, 
with flesh and bones intact, is discov- 
ered. 

1811 * * St. Petersburg. Sugar is made 
from starch by Kischof. 

1828* * Von Baer's law of embryo- 
logical development appears. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1763* * Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Po- 
lish general, born. 

1764* * PozzodiBorgo Carlo, Andrea, dip., b. 
Dolgoruki, Ivan Mikhail ovitch, poet, born. 
[1823. Dies.] 

1765 * * Bagration, Peter, prince, general, b. 
Karamsin, .Nikolai, historian, born. 
Rostoptchin, Feodor, count, general, born. 

1766 * * Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, po- 
litical economist, born. 

1768 * * Randtke, Samuel, Polish hist., born. 

Kriloff, Ivan Anclrievitch, fabulist, born. 
1770* * Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, prince, 
Polish statesman, born. 
Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, miss., born. 
Krusentern, Adam Johann von, navigator, 
admiral, born. 

1771 * * Fischer, Gotthelf, naturalist, born, 
Lnxle, Samuel Bogumil, lexicographer, born. 

1772 * * Chlnpicki, Joseph, Polish general, b. 
Nperanski, Mikhail, count, statesman, born. 

1774± * * Cancrin, Georg, count, Btates., b. 
1776* * Golovnin, Yasili, navigator, born. 
1777 * * Alexander I., Pavlovitch, czar, b. 
1779* *Constantine, Pavlovitch, grand 

duke, born. 
1780+ * * Krasinski, Waleryan, count, Po- 
lish author, born. 
Nesselrode, Karl Robert, count.diplo., b. 
1782* * Grabowski, Ambrose, Polish arche- 
ologist, born. 
Paskevitch, Ivan Feodorovitch, general, b. 
Vorontzof, Mikhail, prince, field-marshal, b. 
1783* * Zhookovsky, Vasilii Andreievitch, 

poet, born. 
1785* *Bludoff, Count, Dmitri Nikolaye- 
vitch, statesman, diplomatist, born. 
Diebitseh, Hans Karl F. A., marshal, born, 

1785 J- * * Lieven, Dorothea, princess, dip.,b. 

1786 * * Lelewvl, Joachim, historian, born. 

1787 * * Batuskof, Cunstantine, critic, born. 
Kotzebue, Otto von, navigator, born. 
Orloff, Alexei, count, general, diplomatist, b. 

1788 * * Glinka, Keodur, poet, born. 

1789 * * Menschikov, Alexander Sergel- 
vitch, prince, general, born. 

Zagoskin, Mikhail, novelist, born. 
1790* * lierg, Fried rich Wilhelm Rembert, 
count, field-marshal, diplomatist, born. 
Buturlin, Dmitri Petrovitch, general, born. 
1791 * * Bern, Jozef, Polish general, Turkish 
pasha, born. 
Dembinski, Henryk, Polish general, born. 
1793 * * Adlerberg, Vladimir, count, general, 
statesman, born. 
Mooravief, Mikhail, general, born. 
1794* * Griboiedoff, Alexander, poet, born. 
[1829. Dies.] 
Sjogren, Andreas Johann, Finnish philolo- 
gist, born. 
1795± * * Bestusheff, Alexander Alexandro- 
vitch, novelist, born. 
Choris, Louis, painter, born. 
Eichwald, Edward, naturalist, born. 
Gortsehakotf, Michael, prince, general, born. 
Wrangell, Ferdinand von, explorer, born. 
1796* * Nicholas I., czar, born. 
Polevoi, Nikolai, author, born. 

1797 * * Brunnow, Philipp von, count, diplo- 
matist, born. 

1798 * * Gortschakoff, Alexander, prince, 
statesman, born. 

Mickiewicz, Adam, poet, born. 

1799 * * Pushkin, Alexander, poet, born. 
Wysockl, Peter, patriot, born. 

1800 * * Baratynski, Eugenij, poet, born. 
Chodzko, Leonard Jacob, Polish hist., born. 
Pogodin, Mikhail, historian, born. 

1801 * * Paul I., czar, A47. 

1802 * * Dahl, Vladimir I vanovitch, novel., b. 
Lonnrot (Loennrot), EliaB, Finnish philol.,b. 
Zaleski, Bohdan Joseph, Polish poet, born. 

1804 * * Chodzko, Alexander, Polish poet, b- 

1805 * * Gurowski, Adam, count, Polish pa- 
triot, author, born. 

1806 * * Garczvnski, Stephen, Polish poet,b. 
Ivanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch, painter, b. 

1807* * Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch, 
author, born. 
Libelt, Karol, Polish author, born. 

1808* * Czajkowski, Michael, novelist, gen- 
eral, born. 



Orloff, Alexei, count, admiral, A7I. 

Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., b. 
1809 * * Gogol, Nikolai, author, born. 

Wysocki, Joseph, Polish patriot, born. 
18lO* * Chopin, Frederic F., Polish pianiat, 
musical composer, born. 

Pirogof, Nicholas, surgeon, born. 

1812 * * Bagration, Peter, prince, gen., A47±. 
Hertzen, Alexander, political agitator, au- 
thor, born. 

1813 * * Castren, Matthias Alexander, Fin- 
nish philologist, born. 

Kutuzoff, Mikhail, general, A67. 
Poniatowski, Joseph Anthony, Polish gen- 
eral, A 52. 

1814 * * Bakunin, Mikhail, nihdist, born. 
Gagarin, Ivan, Jesuit, author, born. 
LermontofT, Mikhail Yurievitch, poet, born. 
Mieroslaw ski, Ludwig, Polish revolut., b. 

1815 * * Bielnskl, critic, journalist, born. 
[1848. Dies.] 

1816 * * Derzhavin, Gabriel, poet, A73. 
1817* * Kosciusko, Thaddeus, Polish pa- 
triot, A71. 

Kostomaroff, Nicholas I vanovitch, fiisto- 

Tolsto'i, Count, Alexis Konstantin ovitch, 
novelist, dramatist, born. 
1818 * * Alexander II., Nicolaevitch, czar, 

Barclay de Tolly, Michael, general, A63. 

Dawison, Bogumil, Polish actor, born. 

Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, Polish gen., A63. 

Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch, gen., b. 

Novikoff, Nikolai I vanovitch, author, A74. 

Todlenen, Franz Eduard, military eng., b. 

Topelius, Zacharias, Finnish novelist, born. 

Turgeneff, Ivan, novelist, poet, born. 
1319 * * Struve, otio "tt'ilhelm, astron., b. 
1820* * Chw olson, Daniel, antiquary, born. 
1821 * * Nekrasoif, Nikolai, poet, born. 
1822* * Dosluyefsky, Feodor, novelist, b. 

Grigoroviich, Nicholas, novelist, born. 

Jackmann. Edouard K. E., admiral, born. 

Ledochowski, Mieci.sias Ilalka, cardinal, b. 
1823 * * Tolstoi, Count Dmitri, politician, b. 
1824* * Fadeyev, Paliskiv, general, au., b. 

1825 Dec. 1. Alexander 1., Pavlovitch, 
czar, A 48. 

1826 * * Benningsen, Levin August Theopml, 
count, general, A80. 

Karamsin, Nikolai, historian, A61. 
Loris-Melikuh, Mikhail Tarielovitch Tainow, 

count, genera!, statesman, born. 
Eostoptchin, Feodor, count, general, A61. 
1827* * Constantine, Nikolayevitch, grand 
duke, born. 
Sboovalof, Peter, count, statesman, born. 
1828 Aug- 28. Tolstoi, Lyeff, or Lyofl, 
Nikolaievich, novelist, born. 
Choris, Louis, painter, A33. 
Gourko, JoBeph Vladimirovitch, count, gen- 
eral, born. 
Tchernyslievsky, Nikolai, novelist, born. 
1830* * Rubinstein, Anton, composer, 

pianist, born. 
1831* * Constantine, Pavlovitch, grand 
duke, A52. 
Dlebitsch, Hans Anton, count, fleld-marahal, 

A 46. 
Nicholas, grand duke, general, born. 
1822* * Golovnin, Vassili Mikhailovttch, 
navigator, A 56. 
Tgnatieff, Nikolai Pavlovich, diplomatist, b. 
1833 * * Garczynski, Stephen, Polish poet, 
A27. 
Martos, Ivan P., sculptor, A75. 
1835 * * Bandtke, Jerzy Samuel, Polish his- 
torian, A67. 
Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, political 
economist, A69. 
1837* * Bestuscheff, Alexander, novelist, 
A42. 
Pushkin, Alexander Sergeievich, poet, A38. 
Dmitrieff, Ivan Ivanovitch, poet, pol., A77. 
Wysocki, Peter, Polish patriot, A38. 
1839+ * * Speranski, MikhaU, count, states- 
man, A67±. 

1840 * * Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, mis- 
sionary, A 70. 

1841 * * Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, Polish 
author, A84. 

1842 * * Vereschagin, Basil, painter, born. 
Zukertort, Johannes Hermann, chess-player, 

1844 * * Baratynski, Eugenij, poet, A44. 
Fedchenko, Alexis, explorer, born. 
Kriloff, Ivan Andrievitch, fabulist, A76. 
Modjeska, Helena, Polish actress, born. 

1845 Mar. 10. Alexander III., czar, b. 
Cancrin, Georg, count, statesman, A71. 
Skobeleff, Mikhail Dimitryevitch, gen., b. 

CHURCH. 

1812 * * The Finnish Bible Society Is or- 
ganized at Abo. Also the Russian Bible 



RUSSIA. 1762, Jan. 5-1846, Nov. 16. 1117 



Society at St. Petersburg. [1826. The 
Kussian Bible Society suspends its work 
by an imperial ukase.] 

1819 * * Siberia. Selinginsk becomes a 
mission-station of the London Society. 
[1841. Suppressed. 1869. Resumed.] 

1821 * * The Evangelical Missionary So- 
cietyat Basel sends missionaries to south- 
ern Russia. 

1831 * *The Russian Evangelical Bible 
Society is organized at St. Petersburg. 

1832 July 31. Many convents are 
abolished. 

1835 Aug. 23. The German mission- 
work is suspended by an imperial ukase. 

1838 July 24. St. Saviour's Cathe- 
dral, built in Moscow to commemorate 
the retreat of the French in 1812, is 
founded by Nicholas I. [1883. June 7. 
Consecrated.] 

1839 * * The czar issues a ukase permit- 
ting the title of citizen of the first class 
to be held by worthy Jews. 

LETTERS. 

1766 * * Wiedomosti is issued at Moscow. 

1784 * * Ode to God, by Gabriel Romano- 
vitch Derzhavin, appears. 

1802* * St. Petersburg. Courrier de V Eu- 
rope is issued. 

* * V'yestnik Evropi is issued by Karam- 
ein. 

* * A translation of Gray's Elegy in a 
Country Churchyard, by Vasilii Andrei- 
evitch Zhookovsky, appears. [Later, The 
Poet in the Camp of the Russian War- 
riors.'] 

1803* *The University of Kieff is 
founded at Vilna. [1833. Removed to 
Kieff.] 

1804 * * The University of Kazan is 
founded. A lso the University of Khar- 
kov. 

1808 * * Russkoi Vyestnik is issued. 

1809-11-16 Fables, by Ivan Andrie- 
vitch Kriloff, appears. 

1812 * * Sin Otc/'-husfra is issued. 

1815 * * Invalide Russe is issued. 

1816-19 History of the Russian Empire, 
by Nikolai Mikhailovitch Karamsin, 
appears. 

1819 * * St. Petersburg. The university 
is founded. 

1821 * * Ruslan and Liudm'da, by Alex- 
ander Sergeievieh Pushkin, appears. 
[1822. Prisoner of the Caucasus ; 1824, 
The Fountain of Bakhtchisarai. Later, 
Eugene Onegin, the Gypsies, Poltava, 
Boris Godoonof, and History of the Iron 
Mask.] 

1822 * * Severnoi Arkhiv is issued. 

1829 * * The Young Muscovite, by Mi- 
khail Zagoskin, appears. 

1830 * * Poland. Pamietnik Uarszawski 
is issued. 

1834 * * Biblioteka dVya Ichtemia (Li- 
brary of Reading) is issued. 

1837 * * On the Death of Pushkin, by Mi- 
khail Ivanovitch Lermontoff, appears. 
[Later, The Demon, The Novice, and 
Hadjii Abrek ; 1840, A Hero of Our 
Time.] 

1840 * * Dreams and Elves, by Nikolai 
Alexievitch Nekrasoff, appears. [1R63. 
Red-nosed Frost; later, Russian 
Women.} 

1841* * Finland. Suomi is issued (writ- 
ten in Swedish). 

1842 * * Dead Souls, by Nikolai Vasilie- 
vitch Gogol, appears. 

1843 * * Life of Peter the Great, by Niko- 
lai Polevoi, appears. 



1845-57 Memoirs of a Sportsman, by 
Ivan Sergyevitch Turgeneff, appears. 
[1855, Rudine ; 1858, A Nest of Nobles ; 
1876, Virgin Soil ; later, Poetry in Prose, 
and Clara Milich.] 

SOCIETY. 

1767 * * Catherine II. abolishes capital 
punishment, except for treason. [1796. 
She abolishes the torture of criminals.] 



1775 Jan. 17. Poland. Nine old women 
are burned as witches, charged with 
making lands of Kalisk unfruitful. 

1801 Mar. 24. Paul, son of Catherine 
the Great, is murdered. 

1831 July 19. Alexander II. murders 
(?) the Princess Dolgoruki. 

1841 Apr. 29. Alexander II. marries 
Mary, Princess of Hesse. 

1842 * * Nicholas I. abolishes slavery 
in the imperial dominions. 

STATE. 

1762 Jan. 5. Peter HI. , Duke of Hol- 
stcin-Gottorn reigns. [July 9. Deposed 
by his wife, Catherine, Princess of An- 
halt-Zerbst, and soon after murdered. 
She is enthroned as Catherine II.] 

May 5. The Peace of St. Petersburg be- 
tween Russia and Prussia (p. 517). 

1764* * Poland. Stanislaus IT., Augus- 
tus Poniatowski, is enthroned. 

1766± * * Poland. Equal rights with the 
Roman Catholics are granted, at the re- 
quest of Russia and Prussia, to the 
dissenters, adherents of the Greek 
Church, and Protestants. [The oppo- 
nents of tliis measure form the Con- 
federacy of Bar, which fails in an 
attempt to abduct the king. Civil war 
follows. 1768. Feb. 24. Russia signs a 
treaty at Warsaw, agreeing to support 
Poland against the confederacy. The 
Turks are allies of the confederacy. The 
Russians are successful.] 

1772 * * Poland. Civil war so weakens 
the kingdom that it falls an easy prey to 
Russia, Austria, and Prussia. 

July 25. Poland. First partition 
treaty. [Aug. 5. The public partition 
treaty is signed. Sept. 18. Enforced.] 
(P. 803.) 

1774 July * The treaty of Kutchuk 
Ivainardji is signed; the independence 
of the Crimea and the freedom of the 
Black Sea are secured to Russia. [1791. 
Further secured.] 

1780 Feb. 14. A manifesto is issued 
announcing "armed neutrality," on 
the basis that free trade makes free 



1791 May 3. Poland. Anewconsti- 
tution is granted by the king. 

1792 * * Poland. The Russians enter 
the kingdom on various pretexts. 

1793 * * Poland. The second partition 
treaty is signed (p. 807). 

July 17. Poland. The crown revenue 
is sequestered by order of the Russian 
ambassador. 

1794 Mar.* Poland. An insurrection 
under Thaddeus Kosciusko breaks 
out. 

1795 Nov. 25. Poland. Stanislaus 
resigns his crown at Grodno ; the third 
partition (p. 807). 



1796 Nov. 17. Catherine dies. She is 
succeeded by her son. 

1796-1801 Paul I. reigns. [1800. He 
becomes insane. 1801. Mar. 24. Assassi- 
nated.] 

1799-1800 Russia joins the coalition 
against France (p. 713). 

1801-25 Alexander I. reigns. 

1801 June 17. A treaty with England 

(p. 931). 

* * Tiflis is made the capital of the Trana- 
caucasian provinces. 

* * Georgia is annexed. 

1805 Sept. 8. Coalition against 

France (p. 715). 
1807 Mar. 8. Russia declares war 

against England because of its attack 

on Copenhagen (p. 933). 

July 7. Treaty with France (p. 717). 



1812 Mar. 24. St. Petersburg. A 
treaty of alliance is signed by Berna- 
dotte, prince royal of Sweden, and Alex- 
ander I. ; the former becomes an ally 
against France, in return for which 
Sweden is to receive Norway. 

June * Poland. A general diet is held 
at Warsaw. 

1813* * Russians overrun Warsaw; a 
Russian viceroy makes it Ms residence. 

July 8. Coalition of Russia and Prus- 
sia against France (pp. 521, 811). 

1815 Apr. 30. Poland. The central 
provinces are united to form the king- 
dom of Poland, with Alexander I. ns 
king. 

* * The Holy Alliance against France is 
formed (pp. 521, 721). 

1820 Sept. * Poland. The Diet is 
opened. 

1822 Jan. 26. The Grand Duke Con- 
stantino renounces the right of succes- 

1825 Dec. 1. Alexander I. dies, and is 
succeeded by his brother. 

1825-55 Nicholas I. reigns. (1826. 
Sept. 3.) Crowned at Moscow. 

Dec. 26-29. Pestal's conspiracy against 
Nicholas I. is detected and punished, 
and an insurrection of troops at Moscow 
is suppressed. 

1828 Feb. 22. Peace with Persia. 

1829 Sept. 14. Peace of Adrianople 
(See Turkey.) 

1830 Nov. 29. Poland. A revolu- 
tion at Warsaw breaks out ; the army 
favors the people. 

[1831. Jan. 25. The Diet deposes the 
emperor as king. Apr. 3. An insurrec- 
tion occurs in Wilna and Volhynia. Oct. 
5. Suppressed. 1332. Feb. 26. A ukase 
issued by Nicholas I. reduces Poland to 
a province of the empire. 1847. May * 
Declared a province.] 

1848 Feb. 22-27. An unsuccessful 
revolution occurs in Austrian Poland. 

Nov. 16. Poland is blotted from the 
map of nations (p. 521). 

MISCELLANEOUS. 

1770 * * Poland. Pestilence destroys 
250,000 lives. 

1796 June * Firedestroys a large mag- 
azine of naval stores and 100 vessels. 



1118 1846,* *-1879, Apr.* 



RUSSIA. 



ARMY - NAVY. 

1850 Aug. * Seven men in each thou- 
sand of the population of Western .Russia 
are enrolled in the army by an imperial 
decree, adding 180,000 men. 

1853 * * War with Turkey respecting 
possession of the holy places in Pales- 
tine. 

(June 13.) Asia M. The English and 
French fleets, sent for observation, arrive 
in Besika Bay. (Sept. 14.) Enter the 
Dardanelles. (Nov. 2.) Enter the Bos- 
porus. (July 2.) Rumania. Russians 
under Gen. Luders enter Moldavia. (Oct. 
8.) Turk. The Sultan declares war 
against Russia. (Oct. 23.) The fortress 
of Issaktocha opens fire on a Russian 
flotilla— the first act of war. (Oct. 28- 
Nov. 3.) The Turks cross the Danube 
from Widdin and enter Kalafat. (Nov. 
2, 3.) Rumania. Osman Pasha occupies 
Oltenitz ; the Russians are repulsed with 
the loss of 9,000 men. (Nov. 4-14.) Asia. 
The Turk? are defeated at Bayandur, 
Atskur, and Aehaltzik. (Nov. 30.) A 
Turkish fleet is destroyed at Sinope, 
on the Black Sea. 

1854-56 Crimean war (p. 958±). 

1861 May* Poland. The' presence of 
80,000 Russian soldiers causes a reign of 
terror in Warsaw. 

1863 Jan. 14. Poland. A severe mili- 
tary conscription is ordered without 
notice. [Jan. 22-24. This causes the 
breaking out of an insurrection.] 

[Feb. 23. Louis Mieroslawaki's band 
ie defeated and dispersed. Mar. * -Apr. * 
The Poles conduct a successful guerrilla 
warfare. July 1. The Poles make an 
unsuccessful invasion of Volhynia under 
Wysocki and Horodycki. 1S64 Jan.* 
-Apr. * Numerous skirmishes and many 
executions of Poles occur ; the insurrec- 
tion is subdued.] 

Mar. 31. The Russians win a great vic- 
tory over the revolting Oubykhs in the 
Caucasus. [Apr. * Many tribes emigrate 
to Turkey.] 

May * -Nov. * War with Bokhara ; in- 
decisive conflicts. [18G8. May 26. Rus- 
sians are victorious, ami occupy Samar- 
cand.] 

1870 Nov. 16+ . The reorganization of 
military reserves is decreed. [1871. 
Jan. * The reorganization of the army.] 

1872 Apr.* Cent. Asia. .Russians at- 
tack Dzoungaria. [July 4. The Sultan 
Abel Oghlan is compelled to surrender 
to Gen. Kolpakoviski.] 

Aug. * The ironclad Peter the Great is 
launched at St. Petersburg. 

1873 Feb.* Russian expeditionis sent 
to Khiva, seeking redress for outrages. 
[June 10. Khiva surrenders uncondi- 
tionally.] 

July 25-27. The Jumuden Turkomans 
are defeated at Tsychandyr. 

1875 Sept. 4-Oct. * Asia. War with 
Khokand. 

(Sept. 4.) Gen. Kaufmann defeats 30,- 
000 men, and advances on Khokand. 
(Sept. 21.) He defeats a force of 5,000. 
(Nov. 28±.) The people massacre the 
Russian garrison. (1876 Jan. 30.) Thev 
are totally defeated at Assake, and the 
revolt is subdued.] 

1877 Apr. * -78 Mar. * Turko-Rus- 
sian war (pp. 565, 566.) 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1846 * * Kotzebue, Otto von, navigator, A59. 
Krusenstern, Adam Johann von, navigator, 

admiral, A76. 
Miehlueho-Maelay, Nikolas, explorer, born. 
Polevoi, Nikolai, author, A50. 

1847 * * Linde, Samuel Bogumil, Polish lexi- 
cographer, A 76. 

1849* * Chopin. Frederic Francois, Po- 



lish 



A39. 



1850 * * Bern, Joaef, Polish general, Turkish 
pasha, A 55. 
Buturlin, Dmitri Petrovitch, general, A60. 
1852 * * (.'astren. Matthias Alexander, Fin- 
nish philologist, A38. 
Gogol, Nikolai, author, A43. 
Za.^skin, Mikhail, novelist, A63. 
Zhookovskv, Yasilii, poet, A69. 
1853* * Fischer, Cutthelf, naturalist, A82. 

1854* * Chlopicki, J., Polish general, dic- 
tator, A82. 
Batiuskof, Constautine, critic, poet, A68. 
1855 Mar. S. NicholaBl.. czar, A59. 
Krasinski, Waleryan, count, author, A75. 
Mickiewicz, Adam, Polish poet, A57. 
Sjogren, Andreas J., Finnish philologist, A61. 
1856* * Paskevitch, Ivan F., general, A74. 
Vorontzo, Mikhail Seminovitch, prince, fleld- 
marshal, A74. 
1 85 7 * * L i e v e n, Princess of, Dorothea, 

diplomatist, A72±. 
1858 * * Ivanoff, Alexander Andreyevitch, 

painter, A52. 
1861 * * C/.artoryski, Adam J., prince, Po- 
lish statesman, A9I. 
dortscliakolf, Mikhail, prince, general, A66. 
Lelewel, Joachim, Polish historian, A75. 
Orloff, Alexci, count, cencral, iliplu., A74. 
1862* *Nesselrode, Karl ltobert, von, 

count, diplomatist, A 82. 
1864* *Bludoff, Dmitri Nikolayevitch, 
statesman, diplomatist, A79. 
Dembinski, Henryk, Polish general, A73. 
1865 Apr. 24. Nicholas, ezam\vitch,dies. 
1866* * Gurowski, Adam, count, Polish pa- 
triot, A61. 
Mooravieff, Mikhail, general, A72. 
1868* * Dolgoruki, Peter Vladimirovitch, 
author, A61. 
Grahowski, Ambrose, Polish archeol., A 86. 
Pirogof, Nicholas, surgeon, A58±. 
1869 * * Menschikov, Alexander Sergeie- 
vitch, prince, general, A80. 
Trentowski, Ferdinand B., Polish phil., A61. 
1870* * Hertzen, Alexander, political agita- 
tor, author, A58. 
Wranu'cll, Ferdinand von, navigator, A75. 
1871 * * Chodzko, Leonard .Jacoh, Polish his- 
torian, A71. 
Shamyl, Caucasian leader, A74. 
1872* * Dald, Vladimir, novelist, A70. 
Dawison, Bogumil, Polish actor, A54. 
Fedchenko, Alexis, explorer, A29. 
1874* * Berg, Friedrich Wilhelm Remhert, 
count, lield-niarshal, diplomatist, A84. 
Wysocki, Joseph, Polish patriot, A65. 
1875 * * Bronnow, Philipp von, count, diplo- 
matist, A78. 
Pogodin, Mikhail, historian, A75. 
Tolstoi, Alexis Konstantinovitch, count, 
noveliBt, dramatist, A58. 
1876* * F.iehwuM, Edward, naturalist, A81. 
1877 * * Nekrasoil, Nikolai, poet, A56. 

Lilielt, Karol, Polish author, A70. 
1878* * Bakunin, Mikhail, nihilist, A64. 
Mieroslawski, Ludwig, Polish revolutionist, 



A64. 



CHURCH. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1861 May* InundationsoccuratKieff, 
Moscow; 615 houses are submerged. 

-1871 Nov. * An electric telegraph be- 
tween St. Petersburg and Nagasaki, 
Japan, is completed. 



1854 Apr. 23. The czar issues a mani- 
festo declaring that lie will combat only 
for the faith and Christianity. 

1857 June 18. Finland celebrates the 
700th anniversary of the introduction of 
Christianity. 

1859* *Finland Mission Society is 
founded. 

1861 Oct. 17. Poland. Military ar- 
rests occur in the churches of Warsaw ; 
the priests close the doors. [Dec. IS. 
Archbishop BialobzesUi is tried and sen- 
tenced to death as a rebel for closing the 
churches ; he soon dies.] 

1862 Jan. 26. Increased political priv- 
ileges are granted to the Jews. [June * 
Also in Poland.] 

Feb. 15. Poland. The new Archbishop 
Felinskiof Warsaw exhorts the Poles to 
submission to Russia. [1863. July* He 
is banished. 1 



1863 Dec. 28. Poland. The Abb 6 
Machiewicz, a patriotic priest venerated 
as a martyr, is hanged by the Govern- 
ment. 

1864 July 30. Poland. The Pope 

promulgates an encyclical letter ad- 
dressed to the Polish church. 
Nov. * Many Roman Catholic convents 
are abolished for participating in the 
insurrection. 

1865 May 23. Poland. The Abbe* 
Stanislas Bioski and his lieutenant are 
captured and executed. 

1866 Jan. 9. Poland. The Govern- 
ment appropriates the church property 
and provides for the pay of the clergy. 

Jan. * -Feb. * A rupture occurs with the 
Pope, who resents severity to the Polish 
clergy. 

1867 Aug. 2. St. Petersburg. A Ro- 
manist college, to replace the authority 
of the Pope, is established. 

1868* * St. Petersburg. The Imperial 
Russian Bible Society is organized. 

LETTERS. 

1846-54 History of Russia till the Inva- 
sion of the Mongols, by Mikhail Petro- 
vitch'Pogodin, appears. 

1846 * * The Village, by Grigorovitch, 
appears. [Later, The Fisherman and 
The Emigrants.] 

* * Poor People, by Dostoyefsky, appears. 
[1858. Letters from the Bouse of the 
Dead.} 

1847 * * Suometar is issued at Helsing- 
fors. 

* * Whose Fault, by Alexander Hertzen, 
appears. [1856. He publishes in Lon- 
don, Eng., the newspaper Kolokol (The 
Bell).] 

1853-55 Sevastopol, by Count Lyeff 
W. Tolstoi , api iears. * [ 1 «(i r »-68, War 
and Peace ; 1875-78, Anna Karenina ; 
1886, The Cossacks, Ivan Ihjltch; 1885, 
Two Pilr/rims ; Chih/hood, Pot/hood, and 
Youth; My Religion; 1890, My Confes- 
sion; A Commentary on the Gospel; 
Life; The Kreufzer Sonata; 1892, War.) 



1861 Oct. 6-9. The University of St. 
Petersburg is closed because of the stu- 
dent riots. [Oct. 24. Reopened.] 

* * Prince Seribrany, by Count A. K. Tol- 
stoi, appears. [1807. Death of Ivan the 
Terrible; 1S68, Czar Feodor ; 1870, Czar 
Boris.] 

1861-66 Dictionary of the Living Rus- 
sian Tongue, by Vladimir Ivanovitch, 
appears. 

1862 June* The Government sup- 
presses many educational institutions. 

1863 * * The statutes of all the univer- 
sities are remodeled. 

1864 Sept. 11. Poland. A decree is 
issued for recognizing education at War- 
saw ; it provides for a university. [1865. 
The University of Odessa is founded.] 

1865 Sept. 13 ±. The censorship of the 
press is relaxed. 

1867 July 7. A decree orders the use 
of the Russian language in the Baltic 
provinces. [1868. July * Polish lan- 
guages interdicted in public places. 
1876. June * Prohibited generally in 
courts of law and public offices.] 

1869 Jan. 13. St. Petersburg. The 
Government Messenger, an official jour- 
nal, is issued. 

1870 Jan. * The Government detects a 
secret conspiracy among Socialist stu- 
dents; it is led by Sergius Netshajew. 
The informer is assassinated. 

1872 * * The Great Russian Encyclope- 
dia is undertaken by Prof. Beresina. 



RUSSIA. 



1846, * *-1879, Apr. * 1119 



1878 Dec. * St. Petersburg. College 
students present an address to the czare- 
vitch concerning grievances. [Dec. 11. 
They are attacked and punished by the 
police and Cossacks.] 



SOCIETY. 

1858 July 2. The czar decrees the par- 
tial emancipation of the serfs on the 
imperial domains. [1861. Mar. 3. He 
decrees the total emancipation of all the 
23,000,000 serfs throughout the empire. 
1862. Feb. 19. Becomes effective.] 

Apr. 8. Poland. A great meeting is 
held at Warsaw to protest against abol- 
ishing the Agricultural Society. The 
military charges the crowd, killing or 
wounding 100 people. 

May * -June * An impostor in South 
Russia asserts himself to be a descen- 
dant of Peter III. Many peasants who 
engage in disturbances are shot or 



July * Poland. The Government issues 
oppressive regulations respecting dress. 
[1863. Oct. 27. The Poles at Warsaw- 
are forbidden to wear mourning. Nov. 
3. Forty-one ladies are arrested at night 
for wearing it.] 

Oct. 25. Poland. General Gerstenzweig, 
the military governor, is killed by an 



1862 Sept. 20. The 1000th anniversary 
of the foundation vf the empire by Duke 
Rurik is celebrated at Novgorod. 

1864 Sept. 28. The Czarevitch, Alex- 
ander IIJ., is betrothed to the Princess 
Dagmar [Mary] of Denmark. [1866. Nov. 
9. Married.] 

Dec. * Serfdom is abolished in the Trans- 
caucasian provinces. 

1866 Apr. 16. Karakozow attempts to 
assassinate the czar. [Sept. 15. He is 
executed. 1867. June 6. Paris. The czar 
again escapes from Berezowski.] 

Nov. 11. All state serfs in Poland who 
had not participated in the rebellion are 
emancipated. 

1867 Sept. * St. Petersburg. Many So- 
cialists, implicated in a conspiracy, are 
condemned to imprisonment. 

1874 Jan. 23. The Grand Duchess Ma- 
rie is married to the Duke of Edinburgh. 

Nov. * Mitrophania, the mother abbess 
of Serpouchow, Moscow, is tried, con- 
victed, and sentenced to exile for 14 
years, for fabricating commercial bills. 

1877 Oct. 31. Nihilists are tried for 
propagandism. [1878. Feb. 9±. About 
160 are sentenced to hard labor ; about 
90 acquitted.] 

1878 Apr. 12. The young Vera La- 
sulitch (or Sassulitch) is acquitted by a 
jury of firing at Gen. Trepoff, prefect of 
St. Petersburg, on Feb. 5, for outrages 
inflicted on prisoners, although she had 
acknowledged the offense. 

Aug. 5. Riots follow the conviction of 
Nihilists at Odessa. 

Aug. 16. St. Petersburg. General de 
Mesentzoff, chief of police, is assassi- 
nated by Nihilists in the street. 

1879 Feb. 21±. Prince Demetrius 
Krapotkin is assassinated at Kharkov. 

Mar. 25. Alexander Solovieff, a school- 
master, attempts to assassinate the czar 
at Drentelen. [June 7. Solovieff is con- 
demned. June 9. Executed.] 

STATE. 
1853 Mar. 9. Palestine. Rival claims 
for the holy places. (See Turkey.) [War 
follows.] 



Oct. 5. Turkey declares war. (See 
Turkey.) 

Dec. 5. Peace with Turkey (p. 959). 

1854-56 The Western powers unite 
against Russia (p. 525). 

The war is caused by Nicholas I., who 
revives old Russian plans of conquest in 
expectation of an effective alliance with 
Austria and Prussia, and believing it im- 
possible that England and France could 
unite as allies against him. He proposes 
Russian protection for several of the 
smaller states of Europe, which should 
he independent, and also to occupy Con- 
stantinople provisionally with Russian 
troops while Crete and Egypt were prizes 
awaiting England. 

1854 Feb. 27. The ultimatum of 
France and Great Britain is sent to the 
Czar (p. 959). 

Apr. 20. A treaty is made between 
Austria and Prussia. 

They declare the passage of the Bal- 
kans by the Russians an act ot war, and 
soon require them to evacuate the prin- 
cipalities (p. 525). 

1855 Mar. 2. The Emperor Nicholas 
dies, and is succeeded by his son. 

1855-81 Alexander II. reigns. (1856. 

Sept. 5.) Crowned at Moscow. 
Apr. 29. Alexander Gortschakoff is 

appointed foreign minister. 

Dec. 12. Austria makes proposals of 
peace which are sent to St. Petersburg. 

1856 Feb. 25. An armistice till Mar. 
31 is agreed to. 

Mar. 30. The Peace of Paris is agreed 
to (p. 733). 



1861 Apr. 7. Poland. The Govern- 
ment arrests agitation by promising 
certain reforms and the reestablishment 
of Poland as a separate kingdom. 

Nov. * The nobles petition the Govern- 
ment for a political constitution. 

June * Poland. A new 7 administrative 

council is appointed. 
Oct. * Poland. Fresh disturbances 

break out; Warsaw is put in a state 

of siege by the Government. 

1862 Apr. 29. Poland. The Govern- 
ment grants amnesty to 89 political 
prisoners. 

Sept. 20. The 1000th anniversary of 
the founding of the Russian monarchy 
at Novgorod is publicly observed. 

Sept. * Poland. Count Zamoyski, a 
loyal Pole, is exiled by the Government 
for presenting the report of a meeting of 
the nobles at Warsaw. 

Oct. 14. The Government decrees the 
reorganization of the department of jus- 
tice ; trial by juries is promised. [186G. 
Aug. 8. Begun.] 

1863 Jan. 22-24. Poland. An insur- 
rection breaks out. 

The Poles kill many Russians ; Poland 
is put in a state of siege. [Feb. * The 
insurrection spreads ; landowners favor 
it. Mar. IS. Margan Langiewicz be- 
comes the dictator of Poland. Mar. * 
The secret central committee assumes 
supreme authority. Apr. 12. Poles re- 
ject offers of amnesty.] 

Feb. 2. Poland. The secret provisional 
government issues its first proclama- 
tion. 

June * Poland. European powers make 
a fruitless attempt at intervention. 



Oct. * Poland. Russia executes many 
prominent Poles. [The Government 
grows more rigorous.] 

1863-82 Prince Alexander Gortschakoff 
is chancellor. 

1864 Aug. 5. Poland. Bomuald 
Traugott, formerly a Russian colonel 
and late head of the provisional govern- 
ment, and five others, are hanged. 

Sept. 21. Poland. The secret provis- 
ional government announces that 50,- 
000 Poles have been killed and 100,000 
exiled to Siberia, yet summons the pa- 
triots to enter a national war. 

Dec. * A new judicial system is promul- 
gated. 

1865 Jan. 24. The nobles unite in a 
request that the czar establish two 
houses of representatives. [He refuses.] 

Feb. 14. Cent. Asia. The province of 
Turkestan is formed. 

1866 July * -Nov. * The Polish exiles 
in Siberia revolt. [Suppressed; many 
are put to death.] 

1867 Jan. 1. Three decrees are issued 
which completely abolish the remains of 
Polish nationality. 

Mar. 30. Russian America is sold to 
the United States. [May 15. Ratified.] 
(P. 257.) 

May 5. A congress of Slavs meets at 
Moscow. 

May 31. Poland. The Government pro- 
claims amnesty for political offenses. 
[1867. Jan. 6. Again. 1868. Jan. * 
Poland is named the Vistula province.] 

1871 Jan. 17. London. A conference 
of the Powers meets to consider the 
Russian claims respecting the Black 
Sea. [Mar. 13. The Black Sea clauses 
of the treaty of March 30, 1856, are abro- 
gated.] 



1873-74 Khivans revolt against Rus- 
sian aggressions. 
1873 Oct. 13. Part of Khiva is an- 



1876 Jan. 29. The Baltic provinces 
are incorporated with the empire. 

Feb. 29, Cent. Asia. Khokand is an- 
nexed as Ferghana. 

1877 Apr. 24. "War is declared against 
Turkey (pp. 565, 566). 

1878 Mar. 3. Treaty of San Stefano 
(p. 566). 

June 13-July 13. Berlin Congress 
held (pp. 566, 831). 

1879 Apr. * A ukase is issued abolish- 
ing the poll-tax. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1851 Sept. 1. The railway from St. 
Petersburg to Moscow is opened. 

[1851. The St. Petersburg and Warsaw 
Railway is begun by the Government. 
1856. Ceded to Great Russian Railway 
Company. 1862. May 5. The railway 
to Berlin is opened. 1888. May * The 
Central Asian (Transcaspian) Railway 
is opened.] 

1862 Sept. 20. The czar inaugurates a 
national monument at Novgorod. 



1120 1879, Apr. *-1891, Jan. 22. 



RUSSIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1880 Dec. 24. Gen. Skobeleff leads an 
expedition into Central Asia to subdue 
marauders. [Jan. 14. He has conflicts 
with the Tekke Turkomans. Jan. 24 
He captures Geok Tepe, and subdues the 
country.] 

1882 * * Gen. Tchernaieff is appointed 
to command in Central Asia. 

1884 Feb. 14±. Vent. Asia. The sur- 
render of Merv to Russia is effected by 
Gen. Komaroff. 

1886 May 18. The ironclad Tckesme is 
launched at Sebastopol. 

1889 Jan. 7. A flotilla of war- vessels 
is placed on the Vistula River. 

Nov. 9. The Lebel rifle and smokeless 
powder are adopted for the army. 

1890 Jan. 14. Several officers of the 
czar's body-guard kill themselves. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1884 May 4. St. Petersburg. Produc- 
tive gold-fields are discovered in the 
valley of the Djolgute River. [1889. Feb. 
28. Siberia. A peasant discovers gold 
near Irkutsk.] 



July 12. Djarkend is half destroyed by 
an earthquake. [Aug. 28. An earth- 
quake buries 129 people alive.] 

1890 May* Troopsareordered to Trans- 
caucasia to fight the swarms of ravaging 
grasshoppers. 

June 5. A silver lode is discovered in 
southern Russia. 

Sept. 30. An expedition is organized 
to explore the desert of Gobi, in Central 
Asia. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1880 * * Glinka, Feodor, poet, A92. 
Mary of Ilessr, czarina, dies. 

1881 Mar. 13. Alexander U., czar, A63. 
Dostoyefsky, Fedor, novelist, A69. 

1882* * Kaufmann, Konstantin FetroYitch, 
general, A64. 
Lutke, Ffiiur i'etrov.tdi, traveler, A85. 
Skobeleff, Mikhail Pimitryevitch, gen., A37. 
1888 * * Gagarin, Ivan, Jesuit, author, AG8. 
Gortschakoff, Alexamlt-r, prince, states., A85. 
Turgeneff, Ivan Sergyevitch, novelist, poet, 
A65. 

1884 * * Adlerberg, Vladimir, count, general, 
statesman, A^i. 

Lonnrot (Loennrot), Elias, Finnish philol., 

A82. 
Todleben, Franz Fduu.nl, military eng., A66. 

1885 * * Kostomaroff, Nicolas Ivanovitch, 
historian, A68. , 

Orloff, Nicholas, prince, diplomatist, A58. 

1886 * * Zaleski, Bo^han Joseph, Polish poet, 
A84. 

1888 June 20. Zukertort, Johannes Her* 
mann, chess-player, A 46. 

Loris-Melikoff, Mikhail Tarielowitch Tainoff, 

count, general, statesman, A62. 
Nichailovitch, Nicolai, explorer, A49. 

1889 Mar. 22. Schoiivalntr, < 'ountPeter, d. 
May 7. Tolstoi, Count, Dimitri,polit., A66. 
Oct. 29. Tehernyshcvsky, -Nikolai, au., A61. 
Dec. 28. Karageor^cvitcli, prince, dies. 



CHURCH. 

1879 * * The Stundists, a puritan sect 
in South Russia, suffer cruel persecu- 
tions from the bigoted peasantry of 
Vossnessensk in Kherson. 

1880 * * Finland. The Swedish Mission 
Union begins its work. The Finland 
Seamen's Mission Society at Finska is 
organized. 



1881 May* The Jews are severely 
persecuted in South Russia. [1882. In 
St. Petersburg and other towns. 1884. 
Continued. 1888. Apr. * The Govern- 
ment decrees the expulsion of Jews from 
Odessa and Finland.] 

1883 Oct. 16. St. Petersburg. A me- 
morial church is founded by the czar at 
the place where Alexander II. was as- 
sassinated. 

18S4 * * The Government prohibits the 
circulation of many religious books. 

1SS6 * * A Seventh-day Baptist Church 
is organized in the Crimea. 

1889 Jan. * Bishop Alban Dunajewski 
is made a prince of the empire and pri- 
mate of Poland. 

Sept. 9±. At Yilna 8,000 Czechs leave 
the Roman Catholic Church, and join 
the Greek Church. 

Oct. 10. A convention with the Vati- 
can is signed, whereby the Propaganda 
appoints five Russian bishops. 

Dec. 17. The governor of Kieff closes 
20 Roman Catholic churches. 

1890 Mar.* The Minister of the Interior 
assumes the right to dismiss Lutheran 
pastors and to control pastoral confer- 
ences. 

July 27. The Minister of the Interior 
orders the prevention of foreign mis- 
sionaries from working among the Jews 
to the detriment of the exclusive right 
of conversion possessed by the orthodox 
church. 

July 30. The Government decides to 
enforce the edicts of 1S82 against the 
Jews. 

[Aug. 9. The czar orders the applica- 
tion of the anti-Jewish laws to be post- 
poned for one year. Aug. * Many emi- 
grate to Brazil and Jerusalem. Sept. 1. 
The government of the Transcaspian 
territories orders all Jews to quit the 
country within a month. Sept. * -Nov. * 
About 300,000 Polish Jews emigrate to 
Brazil. Dec. 13±. The Government in- 
creases its energy in persecuting the 
Jews, as a defiant response to the pro- 
tests of opinion outside of Russia. A 
new edict forbids the flews buying or 
holding mortgages, or taking in pledge 
any landed property. Dec. 15. Stringent 
orders are sent to the officials in the Cau- 
casus for the expulsion of all Jews not 
authorized to live there.] 

Aug. 9. Fin/and. The authorities for- 
bid the Salvation Army carrying on its 
propaganda work in this country. [1891. 
Nov. 9. Stringent measures are adopted 
at Helsingfors.] 

Oct. 31. The Procurator of the Holy 
Synod advises the czar to suppress all 
foreign worship except in the Baltic 
provinces, where Lutheranism will be 
barely tolerated. 

1891 Jan. 9. The Minister of the Inte- 
rior orders the expulsion of all Jews 
in the Terek regions of tbe Caucasus. 
[Jan. 24±. The Senate decides that He- 
brews are not entitled to acquire or 
hold real estate beyond five versts from 
the district or provincial courts. Feb. 6. 
The Minister of Finance obtains a sus- 
pension of further repressive measures 
against the Hebrews. Mar. 10±. The 
anti-Jewish penal laws are enforced 
with increased severity ; because of this 
100,000 of the poorest Hebrews profess 
Russian orthodoxy. Apr. 14. Another 
ukase against the Hebrews is issued 
which will expel 14,000 from Moscow. 
Apr. 29. A decree is issued to enforce 
the expulsion of Hebrews from St. Pe- 
tersburg. May 6. It is suspended. May 
17. The Government orders immediate 
steps to be taken in all the provinces to 
compel the removal of Hebrews to the 
quarters in which they are permitted to 
live. May * The Government suspends 
the expulsion of the Jews long enough 
to allow one year's grace to Jews who 



do not own real property, and two years 
grace to those who do.] 
Jan. 21±. Roman Catholic churches 
are being closed, despite earnest pro- 
tests. [Dec. 26. Ordered closed in Vol- 
d is lav and Buzski.] 

LETTERS. 

1879 Apr. * Land and Liberty, a Nihil- 
ist newspaper, is freely yet surrepti- 
tiously circulated. 

Nov. * -Dec. * Will of the People, a rev- 
olutionary paper, is freely circulated. 

* * History of Russia, by SergiusSolovieff, 
appears. 

1880 Oct.* Russia, a new national daily 
paper, is issued. 

1884 Oct. 27+ . The NihiliBt journal 
Xarodnaia Volia reappears. 

1887 Nov. * The czar accepts Baron 
Hirsch's offer of £2.000,000 for the estab- 
lishment of primary Jewish schools. 

Nov. *-Dee. * Governmental restrictions 
on the courses of study cause rebellion 
of students. The universities of Mos- 
cow, St. Petersburg, Odessa, and many 
other institutions are closed. [1888. 
Feb. * Many are reopened. 1889. June 
10. Forty-one students of the Cracow 
University are sentenced to three days' 
imprisonment and to pay a fine of 500 
florins for singing Polish songs while on 

* * Transportable schools in railway-cars 
tarry at stations in Central Asia to fur. 
nish instruction in destitute villages. 

Dec. 22. St. Petersburg. The Imperial 
Academy of Arts decides to exclude 
Jews from membership. 

* * Number of books ptiblished during the 
year, 8699. 

1890 Mar. * The students in Moscow, 
Kieff, and St. Petersburg engage in riot- 
ous demonstrations which are suppressed 
by the police. The university and the Col- 
lege of Husbandry at Moscow are closed 
by the Government on account of these 
disorders. [Apr. 2. Stringent measures 
are adopted to suppress student agita- 
tion. Apr. 4. The czar resolves to 
close the universities. Apr. 8. Twenty- 
eight students are expelled from St. 
Petersburg for rioting. Apr. 11. Scores 
of students are sent home or expelled 
from the universities.] 

May* Finland. The use of the Russian 
language in the schools has been made 
compulsory. 

Nov. 24. The authorities forbid news- 
papers publishing a petition asking that 
Jews be placed on a civil equality with 
other classes in Russia. 

* * Number of periodicals issued, 694. 

SOCIETY. 

1879 May * -Aug. * There are many 
convictions and executions of Nihilist's 
at Kieff and Odessa. 

Nov. 27, 28. Leon Mirsky is sentenced 
to die for attempting to assassinate Gen. 
Drentelen, chief of police. 

Dec. 1. An unsuccessful attempt to as- 
sassinate the czar by wrecking a train is 
made near Moscow. [Dec. 12. St. Peters- 
burg. A Nihilists' plot to blow up the 
Winter Palace is frustrated.] 

1S80 Feb. 17. St. Petersburg. Nihil- 
ists explode dynamite and gun-cotton 
under the dining-room window of the 
Winter Palace; the czar and family es- 
cape through being delayed in coming 
to dinner; 11 soldiers art; killed and 47 
wounded. [Nov. 10. Kviatofski and four 
others are condemned to death, eight 
men and three women to imprisonment. 
Nov. 16 Kviatofski and Priessnakoff are 
hanged.] 

Mar. 4. Hippolyte Molodzoff , a converted 
Jew, attempts to shoot Gen. Loris-Mel- 
ikoff. [Mar. 5. Hanged.] 



RUSSIA. 



1879, Apr.*-1891, Jan. 22. 1121 



Aug. 7±. At Kieff 21 extreme Nihilists 
are convicted. [Capital sentences are 
remitted.] 

Oct. * The czar's marriage to the Prin- 
cess Dolgoruki is announced. 

1881 Mar. 13. A Nihilist assassinates 
the czar (Alexander II.) by throwing a 
bomb at him while sleigh-riding. 

[Mar. 15±. A mine of the Nihilists is 
discovered in the center of St. Peters- 
burg. Mar. 23. Sophie Peroffskaja and 
other Nihilists are arrested. Apr. 8. 
Risakoff, Sophie Peroffskaja, Jelaboff, 
Jessie Heljmann, Kibaichick, and Mi- 
chailoff are condemned to death, Apr. 
15. Risakoff and others are hanged, and 
Heljmann is reprieved. 1882. Peb. 28. 
St. Petersburg. Ten Nihilists are sen- 
tenced to death. Mar. * Commuted to 
penal servitude.] 

May * A supplementary ukase for eman- 
cipating serfs and remitting payments 
to many peasant proprietors is issued. 

June * The czar is closely guarded by 
armed men ; he lives in close seclusion. 

1882 Mar. 30. Gen. Strelnikoff, the 
public prosecutor, is assassinated at 
Odessa by two Nihilist students. [Apr. 
3. Executed.] 

Apr. 15 + . A Nihilists' mine is discov- 
ered under the cathedral at Moscow ; 80 
workmen are arrested. [1883. Mar. 20±. 
St. Petersburg. Arrest of 200 Nihilists. 
Apr. 19±. Tried; sentenced. Oct. 19±. 
sixty-four are sentenced to Siberia. Dec. 
28, 29. Lieut. Sudeikin, the chief of the 
secret police, and his nephew, M. Sa- 
dovsky, are assassinated by Nihilists. (?) 
Oct 11. A secret court-martial convicts 
14 Nihilists ; eight aresentenced to death. 
Oct. 18. Two men are executed.] 

1884 Jan. * Thirty-seven students at 
Moscow are arrested. 

Sept. 11+. Maria WassilieonaKaliouch- 
naia is tried at Odessa, and sentenced to 
20 years' hard labor, for attempting to 
shoot Col. Katensky. 

1886 Apr. * Military officers are ar- 
rested for plotting against the life of the 
czar. 

1887 Mar. 13. Students are detected 
with, dynamite and other explosives in a 
plot against the czar ; 200 are arrested. 
[Mar. 31. Three are executed. May 1. 
Seven are sentenced to death, and the 
rest to imprisonment. May 16. More 
arrests ; five executions.] 

1839 Jan. 19. The czarina is insane. 

Feb. 7. Polish tradespeople are forced 
by the Palm Vitua to sign a declaration 
that they will not speak Polish among 
themselves or their customers. 

Mar. 27. Several persons are arrested 
for complicity in a plot against the czar's 
life. 

Apr. 3. Poland. An extensive Nihilist 
printing establishment is discovered in 
"Warsaw, and many persons arrested. 

Apr. 19. A Nihilist plot to blow up the 
czar with dynamite is discovered ; sev- 
eral arrests are made. [May 27. Two 
enormous bombs are found beneath 
streets of Odessa which royal visitors 
traverse on their way to the palace. [Aug. 
5. Eighty Nihilists are arrested at Khar- 
kov. Sept. 24. St. Petersburg. A box 
of dynamite explodes at the station just 
previous to the czar's departure for Co- 
penhagen. Dec. 13. Several arrests are 
made for plotting to kill the czar. Dec. 
31. Another Nihilist plot against the 
czar is discovered. 1890. Jan. 10. M. 
Salotouchine, chief of the secret police, 
is shot and killed by a woman, while 
raiding a Nihilist club ; the woman com- 
mits suicide. Mar. 2. Another Nihilist 
plot is discovered, with headquarters at 
Basil Island.] 



May 12. St. Petersburg. A conspiracy 
to assassinate the czar is discovered 
among military officers. 

June 16. The Grand Duke Paul Alexan- 
drovitch is married to Princess Alex- 
andra of Greece at St. Petersburg. 

Sept. 10. All the judges in the District 
and Circuit Courts at .Riga are under 
arrest for using the German language, 
after having been ordered to use the 
Russian. 

1890 Feb. 11. Outrages in Siberia on 
Russian exiles continue. 

Mar. * A noble Russian lady is exiled to 
Siberia for sending the czar a petition 
for liberty, justice, and redress of wrongs 
for the Russian people. 

Apr. 14. A grand duke is arrested 
for being connected with revolutionary 
progaganda. 

Apr. 19. An artillery staff-officer com- 
mits suicide on account of a plot to se- 
cure plans of the fortresses. 

Apr. 21. Anti-Jewish riots in Bessa- 
rabia are suppressed by the authorities. 
[June 14. Also in Lithuania atLohojsk.] 

May * Petitions are pouring in upon the 
czar from England, Prance, America, 
Germany, and other countries, asking 
for reforms in the treatment of Siberian 
exiles. [June 1. The- czar promises a 
strict inquiry into Siberian scandals.] 

June 16. The imperial palace at Gats- 
china is undermined ; a widespread con- 
spiracy against the czar's life is discov- 
ered, and several arrests are made. [Aug. 
1. St. Petersburg. Another Nihilistic 
plot against the czar is discovered ; two 
Russian officers of high rank commit 
suicide. Sept. 27. The governor-general 
of Nijni-Novgorod is shot at by a young 
man, who is at once arrested. Oct. 27. 
Another attempt is made to kill the 
czar ; Nihilists wreck a train on which. 
he is supposed to be traveling.] 

Sept. 25. Solitary confinement is substi- 
tuted for corporal punishment for female 
prisoners in Siberia. 

Sept. * A band of political exiles on the 
way to Siberia revolt against their 
guards ; 20 of the prisoners are killed 
and 12 wounded. 

Oct. 12. The Grand Duke Nicholas be- 
comes insane. [Nov. 2. Becomes para- 
lyzed.] 

Oct.± * Anumberof educatedand wealthy 
Russians found a colony at Vishni Vo- 
lotchok, intending to practise the doc- 
trines of Tolstoi. 

Dec. 9. St. Petersburg. The body of the 
captain of the secret police is found 
stripped, mutilated, and tied to a tree 
in the forest near Sharnoff. 

Dec. 13. Madame Kartner is found in 
her elegant Moscow residence with her 
head nearly separated from her body. 

Dec. 17. Another plot is discovered to 
kill the czar. [1891. July 29. St. Peters- 
burg. Another plot is discovered ; seven 
Nihilists are killed in an attempt to ar- 
rest them.] 

Dec. * It is announced that 3Q0 persons 
have been transported to Siberia during 
the year. 

1891 Jan. 22. The first strike is or- 
dered ; 2,000 miners at Sosnowice go out. 



1879 Apr. 17. Martial law is de- 
clared for the provinces of St. Peters- 
burg, Moscow, Kieff, Odessa, and War- 
saw. 

1880 Feb.* Nihilists terrorize the gov- 
ernment. Melikoff becomes practical 
dictator of all Russia. 



Aug. 18. Count Loris-Melikoff be- 
comes minister of the interior. 

Oct. 25±. Melikoff's scheme for admin- 
istrative reform is adopted. 

1881 Mar. 13. Alexander m. suc- 
ceeds his father. 

Mar. 22. Nihilists by manifesto offer 
peace to the Czar if he grants a legisla- 
tive assembly, universal suffrage, and a 
free press. 

Mar. 31±. A representative council 
for St. Petersburg is elected. 

Apr. * A treaty of peace is made with 
China. 

1882 June * The gradual abolition of 
the poll-tax, imposed by Peter the 
Great, begins. [1883. June 8. The tax 
is abolished for the poorest. 1884. Jan. 
1. It is reduced for others.] 

June 12±. Gen. Nikolai Pavlovitch Ig- 
natieff, Minister of the Interior, resigns, 
and is succeeded by Count Dimitri Tol- 
stoi. [1889. May 11±. M. Durnova ; he 
opposes the reforms.] 

1883 May 27. The czar and czarina 
are crowned at Moscow. 

1885 Feb.* The Russian advances 
toward Herat cause a diplomatic dis- 
cussion with England respecting the 
Afghan boundaries. [1885. Sept. 10. 
Settled.] 

1886 July * Russia declares Batum 
not to be a free port, in opposition to 
the terms of the Treaty of Berlin. 

Sept. * -Dec. * Russian interference in 
Bulgaria (p. 567). 

1889 June 22. The law forbidding 
heirs to the throne contracting mar- 
riages with persons not members of the 
Greek Church is again enacted. 

Oct.± * The Government abolishes the 
Provincial Council of Nobles of the 
Baltic provinces, and substitutes ordi- 
nary assemblies, colleges, and private 
committees, whereby the independent 
aristocracy will be suppressed. 

1890 Jan. * The Government decides 
to abolish the autonomy of Finland. 

Apr. 4. Payment of war indemnity ia 
pressed on Turkey. [May 18. Renewed. 
The Porte makes no response.] 

May 15. Owing to the refusal of the 
Rothschilds to negotiate the Russian 
loan, orders are issued to enforce the 
anti-Hebrew laws. 

Sept. 15. The Government makes apro- 
vision of 22,000,000 roubles for the relief 
of the distress occasioned by the failure 
of the crops. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1885 Feb. * The ship-canal connecting 
St. Petersburg and Cronstadt is com- 
pleted. [May 27. Opened.] 

1888 * * Estimated annual consumption 
of tobacco per capita is 182 pounds. 
(Beaulieu.) 

1889 Feb. 12. The Government grants 
a concession for 81 years to a company 
having 85,000,000 francs capital, which 
proposes to join the Black Sea and the 
Sea of Azov by a canal 72 miles long. 

Dec. 5-9. Influenza appears at St. 
Petersburg. [1891. Aug. 8. It reappears 
in Moscow.] 



1122 1891, Mar, 10-1894, Dec. 



RUSSIA. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1891 Oct. 19. The Government is for- 
tifying Vladivostok, on the Pacific, 
expending 7,000,000 roubles to make it 
almost invulnerable. 

Nov. 19. RussiantroopsenterthePamir 

territory at two points. 
± Government orders 40,000 soldiers 

to the Polish frontier. 
"Nov. 20. Three new war-ships are 

launched. 

1892 Mar. 9. An ironclad of 9,000 
tons is launched at Sevastopol. 

1893 Sept. 25. The Russian monitor 
Roosalka, with all on board, is lost in 
the Gulf of Finland. Also 60 lives lost 
by the burning of the steamer Alphonse 
Zeevecke. 

Oct. 29. The recent annual conscrip- 
tion adds 252,592 men to the army, of 
which 70,948 are married ; and the He- 
brew recruits equal one in sixteen. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1891 Sept. 5. Immense coal-oil fields 
are discovered in the region of the Cas- 
pian Sea. 

1892 Mar. 22. An enormous aerolite 
falls near the peninsula of Apsheron, in 
the Caspian Sea. 

1893 Jan. 29. Five villages are de- 
stroyed by earthquake in Transcaucasia. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

189 1 Apr. 24. Nicholas, grand duke, 
field-marshal, A60. 

July 2. Dolgoroukoff, prince, governor of 
Moscow, A80. 

1892 Jan. 25. Constantino, Nikolayevitch, 
grand duke, A64. 

Feb. 13. Junker, Wilhelm, explorer, A51. 
May 11. Grosser, general, prefect of St. 
Petersburg, A59. 

1 893 Apr. 3 1 . Alexeieff , M. Vassili, mayor 
of Moscow, assassinated. 

1894 * * Yadrintsef, Nikolai M., author, pub- 
licist, dies. 

Nov. 1. Alexander HI., czar, A49. 
Nov. 20. Rubinstein, Anton Gregor, 
pianist, A63. 



CHURCH. 

1891 Apr. 25. Protestant religious 
services are invaded, and the worship- 
ers persecuted. 

June 5. The Chief of the Holy Synod 
issues regulations providing that stu- 
dents of all religious denominations 
must attend lessons in the orthodox 
catechism. 

July 7. Hebrews leave Lithuania in 
preference to joining the Greek Church, 
as they are commanded to do if they 
remain. 

[July 19. St. Petersburg. Harsh meas- 
ures toward the Jews arerelaxed. Sept. 
22. An order is issued at Odessa prohib- 
iting Jews from giving Christian names 
to their children. Oct. 24. Peasants at- 
tack Hebrew residents of Starodreb, pil- 
laging and burning their houses and 
shops. 1892. May 30. The Cabinet de- 
cides that Hebrews, desirous of emigrat- 
ing, shall be provided with permits free 
of charge, and be relieved of military 
service. Dec. 17. The Senate promul- 
gates a law that Jewish artisans shall 
only reside in places where official boards 
of trade exist, of which there are only 
10 in Russia.] 

Sept. 8±. The Holy Synod claims to 
have possession of the holy coat in the 
cathedral at Moscow, and says that it is 
the genuine garment, and that the coat 
at Treves is a spurious copy of it. 



Dec. 3. The czar urges vigorous action 
against the Stundists, a Protestant sect 
numbering over 1,000,000 members, who 
are alleged to be injuring more and more 
the faith of our fathers. 

1892 Jan. 6. Numerous Methodists 
cross the Prussian frontier, intending to 
make their homes in America. 

1893 May 19. A new ukase is issued 
expelling the Hebrews from the Asiatic 
provinces. [1S94. July 4. The Govern- 
ment orders closed all Hebrew syna- 
gogues near Russian churches in War- 
saw.] 

Nov. 30. Twenty persons are killed and 
100 wounded in a Roman Catholic church 
in Krosche by troops sent to close the 
church. 

1894 Jan. 1. The czar, "responding to 
Pope Leo's autograph letter, promises 
that peace shall be observed toward 
Catholics throughout the empire. 



LETTERS. 

1891 June 27. The Government noti- 
fies all teachers in German schools that 
unless they pass an examination in the 
Russian language by September, they 
will be suspended. [Oct. 10. The Gov- 
ernment closes the University of Kieff, 
and arrests 500 students.] 

SOCIETY. 

1891 Mar. 10. The anti- Jewish penal 

laws are being enforced with increased 
severity. [June 28. Serious anti-Semitic 
riots occur at Kherson. 1S91. Aug. 5. 
Also at Yelizavetgrad, in which some are 
killed, their dwellings looted, and the au- 
thorities doing nothing to defend them.] 

Aug. 28. Hungry peasants revolt at 
Vitebsk, attack the Hebrew grain-deal- 
ers, also the railroad officials, and are 
fired upon by troops, several being killed. 
The peasants of Central Russia emigrate 
in large numbers. [Sept. 10. Distress 
leads to disorder ; jails are crowded with 
prisoners who commit crime to escape 
starvation. Oct. 15. The czarina gives 
20,000,000 roubles from the privy purse 
for the relief of the destitute.] 

Sept. 26±. Seven thousand Jews leave 
Berditcheff for the Argentine Republic. 
The exodus continues from Odessa, 
Kieff, and Kishineff. 

Oct. 12. A conspiracy against the 
czar's life is discovered in Kieff; many 
arrests are made. [Nov. 2. St. Peters- 
burg. A new Nihilist society is discov- 
ered with branches in Kharkoff and 
Odessa.] 

Oct. 22. Owing to peculation, it is dis- 
covered that there is no reserve grain 
with which to supply the starving and 
destitute people; many prosperous peo- 
ple are found receiving help, while those 
needing it most are unsupplied. Dec. 3. 
A number of grain-dealers in Riazan and 
Kazan mix fine earth with thin flour, 
and then sell it to the poor; each is 
sentenced to one week's imprisonment. 
1892. Jan. 3±. The sufferings of the 
peasant* in the famine districts increase, 
notwithstanding the measures taken to 
afford relief. Jan. 26. Thousands of 
starving peasants in Siberian towns are 
huddled in rough sheds without fires to 
protect them from the cold, and without 
help in prospect.] 

Nov. 13. Sixty persons are arrested, 
charged with complicity in a plot for 
the establishment of a representative 
assembly. 

Nov. 16. St. Petersburg. A central 
committee is appointed to supervise 
the entire machinery for the relief of the 
. famine sufferers. 



1892 Jan. 25. The centenary of the 
partition of Poland is celebrated by 
total abstention from pleasurable resorts 
at Warsaw. [Feb. 16. For this offense 
many are sent to Siberia without trial.] 

Mar. 4. The Council of the Empire orders 
that two grain-depots shall be established 
to every 300 peasant-huts, from which 
seed-corn shall be distributed in the 
spring. 

Mar. 16. The famine relief steamer 
Indiana, from Philadelphia, U. S. A., 
reaches Libau. 

Mar. 18. Another plot against the czar's 
life is discovered. [May 15. St. Peters- 
burg. Another plot is discovered against 
the czar ; mines are found under the 
Gaschina palace. Dec. 27. A wide-spread 
conspiracy against the czar is discovered; 
many arrests.] 

June 12. Poultney Bigelow, an Amer- 
ican traveler and writer, is expelled from 
Russia. 

Sept. 7. A dynamite bomb explodes in 
an orthodox Greek church in Warsaw, 
killing the man who threw it. 

Dec. 4. Twenty-three persons, concerned 
in the cholera riots in Saraloff , are sen- 
tenced to death. 

Dec. 29. The Russian Minister of Jus- 
tice decides to stop flogging; women 
convicts in Siberia. 

* * Hebrew persecutions continue. 
[1893. Mayl9±. A ukase expels the He- 
brews from Russian Asiatic provinces.] 

1893 Jan. 20. The centennial of the 
second partition of Poland is ordered 
to be celebrated, and leading Polish 
nobles are commanded to attend a ball 
given in honor of the occasion. Several 
Poles are arrested for singing patriotic 
hymns. 

June 2. Two princes are killed in a duel 

in Pultava. 
June 4. Valuable plate and money are 

stolen from the Chudov Monastery in 

the Kremlin, Moscow ; loss estimated at 

2,750,000 roubles. 
Sept. 16. An imperial ukase, abolishing 

the use of the knout by Russian police, 

is issued. 
Nov. 20. Poland. Eighty anarchists 

are arrested in Warsaw. 

1894 Jan. 12. A Nihilist plot is dis- 
covered against the czar. [Apr. 10. St. 
Petersburg. Bombs are found near the 
imperial palace, and many arrests are 
made. May 11. Many Nihilists are ar- 
rested ; the prisoners belong to the 
higher classes. May 13. A large num- 
ber of students are arrested. May 18. 
Four bombs are found near the imperial 
palace, and many arrests are made.] 

Feb. 13. Col. Gregorioff is hanged at 
Odessa for betraying military secrets to 
Austria, receiving from that power 25,000 
francs annually for his services. 

July 25. A riot occurs at Scharnow 
over an attempt to bury persons, dying 
of cholera, in the town cemetery. 

Aug. 6. Grand Duchess Xenia is mar- 
ried to Grand Duke Alexander Michail- 
ovitch in the imperial palace at Peterkof . 

STATE. 
1892 Jan. 12. The Russian treasury 

appropriates 65,000,000 roubles for the 

relief of famine sufferers. 
June 16. The attempt to establish a 

zollverein between Russia and Finland 

fails. 
July 23. The czar personally receives 

Dr. Talmage of U. S. A., and through 



RUSSIA. 



1891, Mar. 10-1894, Dec. 



1123 



him extends thanks to the American 
people for their aid to the famine suf- 
ferers. 
Oct. 15. China. A telegraphic treaty 
between Kussia and China is signed at 
Peking. 

1893 Mar. 23. The coinage of silver 
roubles is suspended. 

June 13. The authorities enact a law to 
more severely punish sealing poachers 
in Bering Sea — 16 months* imprison- 
ment and confiscation of vessels with 
cargo and tackle. 

1894 Feb. 13. A widespread conspir- 
acy to accomplish the freedom of Po- 
land is discovered by the police. 

Aug. 7. Russia threatens to interfere in 
the Japan-Chinese war if her trade 
suffers too severely. 

Nov. 2. Nicholas U. is proclaimed Em- 
peror of Kussia, Czar of Poland, and 
Grand Duke of Finland. 



Dec. * Paris. The Rothschilds receive 
subscriptions to the new Russian loan of 
$75,000,000. 



MISCELLANEOUS. 

1891 June 1. The czarevitch opens a 
part of the Trans-Siberian Railroad, and 
lays a memorial tablet. 

Aug. 25. Peasants in the province of 
Kazen are starving. The destitution is 
wide-spread. 

Sept. 15. The crops in thirteen prov- 
inces are reported complete failures, 
and partial failures in eight ; the dis- 
tress is intense. 

Nov. 3. St. Petersburg. A great rye 
corner is forcing up prices. 



1892 Jan. 26. In one Siberian town 
there are 14,000 peasants fever-stricken 
and starving. 

Apr. 3. The steamer Missouri, bearing 
food from New York to starving Rus- 
sians, is welcomed at Libau. 

July 10. Cholera is spreading. [July 
17-21, 14,839 cases, 2,590 deaths ; Aug. 9, 
4,000 are dying daily ; Aug. 22, 3,313 
deaths ; Sept. 1,4,.s59(mh*'s, 2,529 deatlm 
Sept. 2, total number of deaths, 150,000 
Sept. 10, 4,679 new cases, 2,358 deaths , 
Sept. 6, St. Petersburg reports 103 new 
cases, 39 deaths; Sept. 11, 2,337 new 
cases, 1,869 deaths ; Sept. 28, St. Peters- 
burg reports 18 new cases and three 
deaths ; Oct. 12, 14 cases and two deaths ; 
Oct. 19, 13 cases, five deaths.] 

1893 Jan. 30±. Cholera still rages. 
[Mar. 17±. 305 cases in the province of 
Podolia. Aug. 27. Several thousand 
cases, 1,750 deaths. Aug. * -Dec. * The 
epidemic increases.] 



SALVADOR. 



Salvador is a centralized republic of Central America, bordering the Pacific Ocean on the south coast ; capital San Salvador. 
The government is vested in a president, and a Congress of a single house. The common language is Spanish, and the dominant 
religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 7,255 square miles; estimated population in 1S91, 777,895. 



1524-26 Pedro de Alvarado conquers 
the country for Spain. [1528. Conquests 
made by Jorge de Alvarado.] 

1821 * * Independence of Spain is pro- 
claimed. [1842. Independence consum- 
mated.] 

1822 Dec. 2. Congress decrees the an- 
nexation of San Salvador to the United 
States, to escape annexation to Mexico 
by reactionists. [Iturbide of Mexico 
falls before acceptance, and the state is 
restored to the Central American 
Union.] 

1824-39 A state of the Central Amer- 
ican Union till it is dissolved. 



1S53 * *A constitution is adopted. 
[1S59. Jan. 24. Established. 

1854 Apr. 16. San Salvador is de- 
stroyed by an earthquake. [1873. Mar. 
10. Nearly destroyed ; 50 lives are lost. 
1891. Sept. 9±. Towns destroyed.] 

1856 * * The title of republic is assumed. 
Gen. Santin del Castillo president. [1858. 
Compelled to abdicate by Gen. Gerardo 
Barrios.] 

1860 Feb. 1. Gen. Barrios is appointed 
president. [1863. Oct. 1. Forced to flee 
the country ; 1865, Apr. * Gen. Duenas, 
president ; 1872, Feb. 1, Gen. Gonzalez ; 
1876, May * R. Zaldivar ; 1885, June * 
Gen, Francisco Menendez ; 1887, Mar. 1, 
Menendez reelected ; 1S90, Sept. 11, Gen. 
Carlos Ezeta; 1894, June 5, Gen. Gu- 
tierrez.] 



1865 Aug. * Nicaragua surrenders ex- 
President Barrios, and he is tried and 
executed. 

1887 Sept. 6-10. Revolutionists rise 
and are suppressed. [1890. Jan. 1±. 
Again. June 22. Successful revolution ; 
Menendez is deposed ; Ezeta is provis- 
ional president. July 31. Gen. Jose" 
Maria Rivas rises. Aug, 1. Captured, 
shot.] 

1890 July 20. San Salvadorians under 
Gen. Antonio Ezeta defeat Guatema- 
lans in battle. [Sept. 22. Peace with 
Guatemala ratified.] 

1894 June 3. Rebellion : Gen. Ezeta 
and Government troops are utterly de- 
feated. [June 26. A provisional gov- 
ernment is formed.] 



SERVIA. 



Servia is a kingdom of southeastern Europe ; capital, Belgrad. The chief authority 
king,' and the legislative power in the Skupshtina. The common language is Servian, o 
Greek Catholic. Area, 19,050 square miles ; population in 1891, 2,162,759. 



s vested in a constitutional hereditary 
Illyrian, and the dominant religion is 



640+ * * Christianity is introduced. 
7th Century. The Serbs, or Croats, drive 

out the Avars, and occupy the land. 
1150± * *The Greek Emperor Manuel 

subdues the Serbs. [1180. Independence 





1334+-56 Stephen Dushan enlarges 
the realm by annexing Macedonia, Al- 
bania, and other territory. He assumes 
the title of emperor. 

1389 Aug. 27. Turk. The Turks un- 
der Amurath I. defeat and overthrow 
the Servians and their allies under King 
Lazarus. The authority of the sultan 
is established. 

1442* *Amurath besieges Belgrad. 
[1456. Again besieged by Mohammed II. 
1521. Again by Solyman II., who takes 
and annexes it. 1688. Besieged and 
taken from the Turks by the elector of 
Bavaria. 1690. Besieged and taken by 
the Turks. 1717. Also by Prince Eugene. 



1789. Also by Austrians. 1791. Restored 
to the Turks.] 

145»+ * * Servia is subdued by Moham- 
med II. and annexed. 

1718-39 Austria annexes the greater 
part of Servia. [1739. Sept. * Restored 
to the Turks by the Peace of Belgrad.] 

1788-90 Servians aid Austria in the 
war with Turkey. 

1804 * * George Czerny (Kara George) 
leads an uprising which expels the 
Turks. 

1807-11 George Czerny, aided by 
Russia, establishes a government. [1813. 
expelled. 1817. July* Murdered.] 

1813 * * Reconquered by Turks. 

1817 * * Milosch Obrenovitch, an in- 
surgent peasant, having gained several 
victories over the Turks, is elected ruler. 
[1827. He becomes prince. 1829. Aug. 
15. Recognized by the sultan. 1839. 



June 13. Oppressive, and forced to ab- 
dicate.] 

1839-40 Michael II. (son) reigns. [1840- 
42, Michael III. ; 1842-59, Alexander, son 
of George Czerny; 1859-60, Milosch Obre- 
novitch again; 1860-68, Michael IV. 
(son); June 20, Assassinated; 1868-89, 
Milan IV. (nephew) ; 1877, Bee. 22, De- 
posed by the sultan.] 

1860± * * The struggle against Turkey 
for independence begins. 

1862 Oct. 7. Concessions made by the 
sultan, under the pressure of the powers, 
are accepted. [1867. Mar. * Turkish 
garrisons evacuate.] 

1875 Oct. 17. Prince Milan weds Na- 
talie Keshko. [1888. July 18. She dis- 
agrees ; gives up the crown: separates. 
Oct. * Divorced against her protest.] 

1876-77 Unsuccessful war with Tur- 
key. [Dec. 24±. Complete subjection 
averted by the powers meeting at Con- 
stantinople.] 



1124 1877, * *-1894, * *. 



SERVIA. 



1877-78 Servia sides with Russia in 
the Turko-Kussian war. (1878. Mar. 3.) 
Absolute independence acquired by 
the Treaty of San Stefano (p. 566). 
(Aug. 28.) Independence proclaimed. 

1882-89 Milan I., King of Servia. [1SS2. 

Mar. 6±. Proclaimed by the Assembly.] 
1885 Nov. * -Dec. * Unsuccessful war 

with Bulgaria (p. 566). 
1889 Jan. 2. A new constitution is 

enacted. Vote, 494-73. 



Mar. 6. Milan I. abdicates in favor of 
hisyoungson. [1S91. Nov. 16. Renounces 
all his legal and constitutional rights in 
Servia.] 

+ * * Alexander I. reigns by regents. 
[1891. Mar. 7. Officially proclaimed.] 

1891 May 5. Ex-Queen Natalie (pro- 
Russian) is expelled. [1892. Jan. 20. 
Reconciled with Milan. Feb. 2. Divorce 
pronounced void. 1894. Mar. 8. An- 
nulled by the Synod at Belgrad.J 



1893-94 The government is reaction- 
ary in spirit. 

(1894. Apr. 14.) The king arrests the 
regent and ministers at a banquet, and 
assumes the government. (Apr. 21.) He 
overturns the constitution, and revives 
one approved 25 years ago. (May 21.) 
He executes another coup d'itat, restor- 
ing the old constitution, thereby abol- 
ishing the secret ballot, freedom of the 
press, the right of public meetings, and 
the electoral system of scrutin de liste. 



SI AM. 



Siam is a kingdom of southeastern Asia ; capital, Bangkok. A king and council conduct the government. Buddhism pre- 
vails. Area, 200,000± square miles ; population, 5,000,000+. 



1340 * * The Siamese invade Cambodia, 
take Angkor, and secure 90,000 captives. 

1350 * * Ayuthia is made the capital. 
[1555. Taken by the Burmese and Pe- 
guans. 1782. Sacked by the Burmese ; 
capital removed to Bangkok.] 

34th and 15th Centuries. Frequent inva- 
sions of Burmese and Peguans. (1555.) 
Subject to Burma. (1590±.) Recovers 
independence. 

1511± * * The Portuguese rediscover 
Siam ; establish intercourse. [1604. 
The Dutch. 1612. The English first 
appear.] 

1560± * * FhraNaret, the national hero, 
delivers Ayuthia, and invades Pegu. 

1580± * * France begins intercourse ; 
receives a Siamese envoy. [1585. Inter- 
course stopped.] 

1592-1632 Japanese traders and set- 
tlers arrive. [1632. Massacred through 
jealousy of their thrift ; survivors ex- 
pelled.] 

1683* * Constantine Phaulcon, a 
Cephalonian Greek adventurer, becomes 
foreign minister, and opens communica- 
tions with France. 



1685 * * Louis XIV. sends 

[The French Jesuits introduce Chris- 
tianity, and intrigue for a French pro- 
tectorate, which arouses persecution.] 

1687 * * France sends another embassy, 
also 500 soldiers, who occupy the fortress 
of Bangkok. [1690. Expelled.] 

* * Agents of the East India Company 
attack the Siamese for employing Eng- 
lishmen who are not connected with its 
service. [1719. Attacked by the British 
governor of Madras.] 

1731 * * Gold is discovered in Malacca. 
1745 * * Dutch and English traders 

cease their visits. 
1760 * * The Burmese waste the coun- 
try. 
1764* * The Siamese take Mergui and 

Tavoy. 
1782 * * [The present] dynasty is founded 

by Phaya Chakkri. 
1786 * * The British occupy Penang. 
1811± * * The Siamese twins are born. 

[Exhibited in Europe and America.] 
1822 * * A treaty is made with the East 

India Company. [1825. Another. 1833. 

"With United States of America. 1855. 

With England.] 



1828 * * Protestant missions are intro- 
duced. [1833. Established.] 

1831 * * The American Baptists open a 
mission under John T.Jones. [1833. To 
the Chinese ; mission removed to Bang- 
kok. 1836. At Macao. 1882. Among 
the Karens in Northern Siam. 1885. At 
Lakawn. 18S9. At Bangkok.] 

* *The AmerieanBoardopensamission 
at Bangkok. [1S50. Efforts relinquished 
because of difficulties.) 

1840 * * The American Presbyterians 
open a mission at Bangkok. [1867-68. At 
Chung-Mai, Laos.] 

1851 * * Two kings are enthroned. 



1857 * * Ambassadors are sent to Eu- 
rope. [1861. Again.] 

1868 Oct. 1-K Khoulalonkornl. 
reigns. 

1873 Nov. 16. Aconstitutionde- 
creed. 

1883 July 14. A telegraph line to 
France is opened. 

1887 Jan. * The inferior king dies, and 
the office is abolished. 

1893 July 19. France sends an ulti- 
matum in resentment for alleged out- 
rages (p. 765). 



SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC. 

The Republic is a country of South Africa; capital, Pretoria. It is politically divided into 18 districts, and the govern- 
ment is republican in form, and administered by a president and ministerial council ; the legislative power is held by the two 
Volksraden, each having 24 members. The chief religion is Dutch Reformed. Great Britain holds a nominal suzerainty over 
the republic. Area, 113,642 square miles ; estimated population is 487,457, including 368,329± natives. 



1836 June 15. The American Board 
opens a mission at Mosiga [Pretoria]. 

± * * Disaffected Boers begin to immi- 
grate from Cape Colony. 

1852 Jan. 17. Independence is de- 
clared. [1848. Feb. 13. A constitu- 
tion is proclaimed.] 

1857 * * The Herrmansburg Society 
(Ger.) opens a mission at Bethanien. 
[1889,AtEntombeandRamaliane ; * * * 
at Cana, Harmshope, Hebron, Ebenezer, 
Ekombela, Emoyati, Mahunaim, Manu- 
ane, Melorane, Mosetta.] 

1864 * * The Berlin Evangelical Lu- 
therans open a mission at Makhabertf. 
[1861, at Khalatlolu; 1865, at Ga Mat- 
lale ; 1866, at Leydenburg and at Pre- 
toria; 1867. at Mo«linM>lle,or Waterberg, 
and at Malokong; 1869, at Walmanns- 
thal ; 1873, at New Halle ; 1874, at Tsa 
Koinaj 1875, at Heidelberg; 1877, at 



Georgenholz, at Lobethal ; 1880, at Taba 
Mossegu ; 1881, at Medingin ; 1884, at 
Woyenthin.] 
1870* * The Finns send 10 missionaries 
to Oden. [1879. At Elim.] 

* * *The Wesleyan Methodists (Eng.) 
open missions at Bloemhof, Klerksdorp, 
Polfontein, Pretoria, Waterberg, Zoul- 
pansburg. 

* * * The London Society opens a mis- 
sion at Molepolole. 

1875 * * The Free Church of French 
Switzerland opens a mission among the 
Gwamba negroes. 

1876 July +■ -79* * The Boers and 
Kafirs, under King Secocoeni, are at 
war. The Amazwasirs aid in repulsing 
the Kafirs. (1878. Nov. 28.) Sir Gar- 
net "Wolseley captures the Kafirs' strong- 
hold. (Dec. 2.) Their king surrenders. 



1877 Apr. 12. Sir Theophilus Shep- 
stone proclaims a state of anarchy, and 
the country is annexed to Great Brit- 
ain for protection. [May 30. He takes 
the oath as administrator. 1889. Mar. * 
Sir William Owen Lanyon, British gover- 
nor. 1879. May * Sir G. Wolseley.] 

1879 Dec* The Transvaal is pro- 
claimed a British crown colony. 

Dec. 30. The Boers issue a declaration 
of independence [three signers are ar- 
rested by the BritishJ. 

1880 Dec. 17. The Boers establish the 
South African Republic with S. J. 

. Paul Kruger, president. [Dec. 30. The 

Republic is proclaimed.] 
* * The Society for the Propagation of 

the Gospel (Eng.) opens a mission at 

Wakkerstroom. [1887, at Heidelberg; 

* * at Wakkersoom.] 



SOUTH AFRICAN REPUBLIC. 1836,* * -1890,* * 1125 



Deo. 20-81 Mar. 14. "War with the 
British. [Mar. 21. Boers accept Brit- 
ish terms of peace,] 

1881 Aug. 8. Convention agreed to ; 
self-government is restored. The 



territory is given up to " The Transvaal 1884 * * British control is restricted. 

State," subject to British suzerainty. 1890 * * Small portions of Swaziland 

1883 May 9-88 Apr. 30. Stephen and Amatongaland are annexed by 

J. Paul Kriiger, president. [1888, May agreement. 
8-1893, May 12, again ; 1893, May 12+.] 



SPAIN. 



Spain is a kingdom of southwestern Europe ; capital, Madrid. It is politically divided into 47 mainland provinces, and two 
insular, the Canaries and Balearic Islands. The government is an hereditary monarchy, having the legislative power vested in 
the Cortes, which comprises a Senate and a Chamber of Deputies. Its foreign possessions since 1S98, have been limited to the 
Carolines, Ladrones, and some other islands, and small possessions in Western Africa. The common language is Spanish, and the 
prevailing religion is Roman Catholic. Area, 197,670 square miles ; population in 1887, 17,550,246. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

238 * * B. c. Hamilcar, the Carthagin- 
ian, leaves Africa and invades Spain. [219. 
Takes Saguntum ; because of this the 
Romans declare war against Carthage. 
218. Hannibal enters Italy (p. 1054).] 

218+- 212 B. c. Scipio carries the war 
into Spain. (210.) Romans drive out 
the Carthaginians (p. 1054). 

154+-140+ b. c. Romans are at war 
with the Lusitanians (p. 1055). 

143-133 b.c. JKTumantine war (p. 1056). 

105 * * b. c. The Cimbri invasion. 

97* *b. c. The Celtiberians under Ser- 
torious revolt. [72. Subdued by Pompey.] 

61 * * b. 0. Julius Caesar makes con- 
quests (p. 1058). [46-45. He defeats the 
sons of Pompey (p. 1060).] 

27-25 B.C. Augustus retires (p. 1060). 

262 * * a. d. Posthumous defeats the 

Franks. 
395* * "West Goth invasion. [416. Goths 

expel the Alani.] 
415 * * Atawulf takes Barcelona (p. 1071). 
419 * * Vandals conquer Galicia. [470l 

Goths take Saragossa. 572. Cordova.] 
528 * * War with Childebert. 
586 * * Recared I. expels the Franks. 

[588. War renewed.] 
€56 * * Recesuinto subdues the Basques. 
675 * * Wamba, the West Goth, defeats 

the invading Saracens. 

710 * * The Saracens invade Spain. 

711 July 26. At Jerez de la Frontera 
the Saracens under Tarik and Muza 
utterly defeat the West Goths under 
Roderic. [712. Capture Gibraltar. 712- 
713. Subdue the country.] 

777-778 Charlemagne's campaign (p. 

664). [800. He defeats the Saracens.] 
787 * * Hixem proclaims a " holy war." 

[812. Truce with Charlemagne.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

38 Jan. 1. B.C. The Spanish era 
commences ; this is the next year after 
the conquest of Spain by Augustus. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 



5th Century, a. d. Orosius, Paulus, presbyter, 
historian, born, dies. 

560+ * * Isidorus Hispalensis (Isidore of Se- 
ville), bishop, author, born. [636. Dies.] 



711* * Rodme, \V>s! Cothic king, dies. ' 
757 * * Pelayo, first king of Astiirias, dies. 
788 * * Abd-er-Rahnian I , , Ommeyade sultan, 
dies. 



CHURCH. 

69 * * a. d. Jews settle at Merida. 

250 * * Christian churches are estab- 
lished at Leon, Elvira, and other towns. 

305 * * A church council meets at Elvira. 

372± * * The Priscillianists arise. 

589 * * Council of Toledo ; the West 
Goths accept the Catholic faith. 

275 * * Jews are expelled. [1492. Perse- 
cuted.] 

786 * * The Great Mosque [church] of 
Cordova is founded by Abd-er- Rahman. 

800± * * The Western bishops are author- 
ized to punish spiritual offenders with 
death; auto-da-fS, or an act of faith, is 
introduced. [1484. The first at Seville.] 

LETTERS. 

471* *The laws of Hispania are first 
written. 

588 * * The Latin language displaces 
the Gothic. 

773-j. * * Abd-er^Rahman I. founds acade- 
mies. 

STATE. 

1000± * * b. c. The Phenecians found 
Cadiz. [800. The Rhodians plant colo- 
nies in Catalonia.] 

480 * * b. c. Carthaginians are at- 
tracted by the rich silver mines. [360. 
They settle in Spain ; 242, Found New 
Carthage (Cartagena).] 

238-233 e. c. Hamilcar of Carthage 
extends his dominion into Spain. 

205 * * b. c. Scipio Africanus annexes 
New Carthage to Rome. [206. All 
Spain is under the Romans.] 

142 * * b. c. Fabius Servilianus makes 
peace with the Celtiberians and Lusi- 
tanians. [152. Romans found Cordova.] 

78-72 b. c. Sertorius revolts; subdued 
by Pompey (p. 1058). [67. By Julius 
Caesar.] 

60-50 b, c. Pompey is governor. (?) 

48-47 d. c. The rapacity of Crassus 
incites a revolt. 

38 Jan. 1. b. c. The conquest by Au- 
gustus begins. 

27 * * b. c. Csesarea Augusta (Salduba) 
[Saragossa] is founded. 



256 * * a. d. The Pranks ravage the 
country. 

256-409 Roman governors rule. 

409+ * * The Vandals, Alani, and Suevi 
overthrow Roman rule. 

409-425 Vandals rule: Gunderic and 
Genseric. [427. Genseric with his peo- 
ple pass over into Africa.] 

411-415 Atawulf rules the West Goths. 

418-711 The West Goths rule (p. 663). 
[420-451. Theodoric reigns ; 451-452, 
Thorrismund ; 452-466, Theodoric II. ; 
466-483, Euric, the first monarch of all 
Spain. The Gothic power reaches its 
highest point. 483-506, Alaric II. ; 506- 
511, Gesalric ; 511-531, Amalaric ; 531-548, 
Theudis; 548-549, Theudisela ; 549-554, 
Agita ; 554-567, Atanagildo. He makes 
Toledo his capital. 567-568, Liuva I. ; 
568-586, Leuvigildo, co-ruler; 572, sole 
king; 586-601, Recared I. 587. He expels 
the Franks. 601-603, Liuva II. ; 603-310, 
Vitericus ; 610-612, Gundemar ; 612-621, 
Sisebut ; 621, Recared II. ; 621-631, Suin- 
tila ; 631-636, Sisenando ; 636-640, Chin- 
tella ; 640-642, Tulga ; 642-649, Cindasu- 
into ; 649-672, Recesuinto, coruler ; 653, 
sole king ; 672-682, Wamba ; 680-687, Er- 
vigius ; 687-698, Egrica ; 698-710, Witiza, 
coruler ; 701, sole king.] 

710± * *Roderic becomes the [last] 
king of the West Goths in Spain. The 
people, oppressed by his cruelty, invite 
the Arabs to enter Spain. 

711-712 The Saracens are established 
at Cordova, Toledo, and Saragossa [and 
all over Spain. 713. They subdue Murcia]. 

714-1238 Mohammedans rule. 

714-755 Emirs rule in Cordova; Abd-el- 
Aziz is the first; Yussuf-el-Tehri, the 
last. 

718-737 Pelayo reigns in Asturias and 
Leon. 

He is the founder of the monarchy of 
Asturias ; first sovereign of Christian 
Spain ; he overthrows the Moors, and 
checks their conquests. [737-739, Astu- 
rias and Leon. Favila reigns ; 739-757, 
Alfonso the Catholic ; 757-768, Froila I. ; 
768-774, Aurelius ; 774-788, Mauregato, 
the Usurper; 7SS-791, Veremundo (Ber- 
muda); 791-842, Alfonso II., the Chaste; 
842-850, Ramiro I. ; 850-866, Ordofio II. ; 
S66-910, Alfonso III., "the Great."] 

755-1238 Cordova is the capital of 
Mohammedan Spain, Abd-er-Rahman I. 
is the first king, and Abu Ali the last. 



1126 844,**-1513,** 



SPAIN. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

844 * * Danish invasion. 

845 * * Ramiro kills70,000 Saracens in one 
battle. 

861 * * Salamanca is taken from the Sar- 
acens. [913. Talavera taken. ] 

866-910 Alfonso conquers the Moors. 
(901.) At Zamora. 

938 Aug. 6. The Spaniards defeat the 
Moors at Sunincas. 

1060 * * Mohammed Almuatid conquers 
Cordova. 

1070-90 The Cid Rodrigohas engage- 
ments with the Moors. 

1085 Mar. 25. Alfonso VI. captures 
Toledo. 

1091 + * * The Saracens are aided by 
the Moors in resisting the aggressions 
of the Christians. [1095. Henry of Be- 
sancon defeats the Saracens.] 

1109 * * Urraca of Castile attacks her 
sister Theresa, Countess of Portugal. 

1126* * Alfonso VII. of Leon captures 
Saragossa. [1144. Defeats the Moors in 
several battles.] 

1162* * Alfonso of Aragon conquers 
Provence. 

1184* * Port. The Almohades besiege 
Santarem ; defeated. 

1190 * * The Moors sack Madrid. 

1195* * The Moors defeat the Castil- 
ians at Alarcon. [1197. Take Madrid.] 

1212 July 16. The allied Christian 
forces of Spain win a great victory over 
the Almohades under Mohammed at 
IsTavas de Tolosa (S. Sp.). [The break- 
ing up of the Moorish empire follows.] 

1229 * * James I. of Aragon takes Ma- 
jorca from the Moors. [Minorca, Va- 
lencia, Murcia, also taken,] 

1233-48 Ferdinand of Castile and Leon 
takes away from the Moors Cordova, 
Toledo, Seville, and Santiago de Com- 
postela. [1240. Also Murcia.] 

1247 * * The first Spanish war-fleet ap- 
pears at the conquest of Seville. 

1278 * * Alfonso is defeated at Algeci- 
ras. (?) [1344. (?) Taken from the Moors 
by Alfonso XL of Castile.] 

1282 * * Peter III. conquers and an- 
nexes Sicily. 

1285 * * Sancho TV., the Brave, defeats 
the Moors at Tarifa. 

1308 * * Ferdinand takes Gibraltar from 
the Jews. [1332. Taken by the Moors. 
1462. Taken from Moors by Guzman.] 

1327 * * The King of Granada is aided by 
200,000 Moors. [1340. Alfonso XL de- 
feats, with great slaughter, the Moors 
under Abool-Hassan at Tarifa.] 

1369 * * The Moors assist Pedro the 
Cruel against the invading Henry II. of 
Castile. [Mar. 14. Pedro is defeated 
and captured at Montiel by his brother 
Henry of Tastamare. Mar. 23. Killed.] 

1381 * * John I. of Castile invades Por- 
tugal. 

1395 * * Martin, King of Aragon, defeats 
the Genoese. 

1410 * * "War: Castile against Aragon. 



1492 Jan. 2. Gonzalvo Hernandez de 
Cordova, " the Great Captain," takes 
Granada, and breaks the power of the 
Moors. 

1512 * * Navarre. Ferdinand II. con- 
quers and annexes the greater part. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

920+ * * A medical school is founded 
at Cordova. 

1150+ * * The Moors introduce the study 
of chemistry. 

13th Century. The Moorish kings found 
the Alhambra, above Granada. 

1200+ * * The Moors introduce astron- 
omy into Europe. 

1253± * * The Alphonsine astronomical 

tables are composed. 
1486-1512 Discoveries of Columbus 

and Vespucci (p. 12+). 
1499+ * * Vincent Pinzon and Alonzo de 

Ojeda make discoveries [Brazil], (P. 15.) 
1500 * * Kodrigo Bastides and Juan de 

la Cosa make discoveries (p. 15). 
1513 * * Balboa discovers the Pacific 

Ocean (p. 16). 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

9th Cen tu-ry. Bernardo del Carpio, hero, b., d. 

852 * * A bd-er- Rahman II., sultan of Cor- 
dova, dies. 

913 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Mohammed, sultan of 
Cordova, dies. 

913 * * Alhakem II., calif of Cordova, born. 
[976. Dies.] 

939 * * Al-Mansur, Spanish-Moorish states- 
man, born. [1002. Dies.] 

958* * Garria, Kintf of Navarre, b. [1001. D.] 

961 * * Abd-er-Rabman III., calif of Cordova, 
dies. 

lOOO? Ferdinand I., tbe Great, King of Cas- 
tile, Leon, and Galicia, born. [1065. Dies.] 

1016 * * Abbad II., King of Seville, born. 
[1069. Dies.] 

1035 * * Cid, hi Campeador, Rudriffo or Ruy 
Diaz, Castilian bero, born. [1099. Dies.] 

1039* * Abbad III., King of Seville, born. 
[1095. Dies.] 

1043* * Abbad I., Moorish Kingof Seville, d. 

1092 + * * Aben-Kzra, Abraham, Jewish com- 
mentator, born. [1167. Dies.] 

1105 * * Abdallah- lbnool- llijaree, Spanish- 
Moorish lii.stL.rian, born. [1195. Dies.] 

1109 * * Alfonso I., King of Castile, dies. 

1110+ * * Abool-1-Kasim, Spanish- Arabian 
surgeon, author, dies. 

1135 * * Mannonides, Moses, Jewish rabbi, 
philosopher, writer, born. [1204. Dies.] 

1143+ * * Aboo- 1 - K usi in, Spanish -Moorish ■ 
author, born. [1194. Dies.] 

1157 * * Alfonso II., King of Castile, dies. 

1160* * Aboo-Voosuf-Yakoub, Moorish sul- 
tan, born. [1198. Dies.] 

1170* * Dominic de Guzman, St., founder 
of Dominicans, born. [1221. Dies.]. 

1314* * Alfonso VIII., Kingof Castile, d. 

1331* * Alfonso X., King of Leon, born. 
[1284. Dies.] 

1335* * Lully, Raymond, phil.,b. [1315. D.] 

13th Century. Esclol, Denial,, Catalan chroni- 
cler, born, dies. 

1356* * Abuo-ilavvan, Spanish-Moorish au- 
thor, born. [1344. Dies.] 

1358* * Guzman, Alfonso Perez de, com- 
mander, bom. [1309. Dies.] 

1300 * * Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carilla, arch- 
bishop of Toledo, card. , states., b. , [1367. D. ] 

1304* *Ba too tab, lbn, Spanish-Moorish 
traveler, born. [1378. Dies.] 

1311 * * Alfonso XI., King of Castile, born. 
[1350. Dies.] 

1333* * Ayala, Pedro Lopez de, historian, 
poet, born. [1407. Dies.] 

1334 + * * Pedro tbe Cruel, King of Castile, 
born. [1369. Dies.] 

1396 * * Alfonso of Cartagena, historian, b. 
[1456. Dies.] 

1411 + * * Mena, Juan de, poet, b. [1456. D.] 

1420* * Tonpieinada, Tomas de, inquisitor- 
general, born. [1498. Dies.] 

1428 * * Albo, Jose", rabbi, writer, dies. 
Mendoza, Pedro Gonzales de, the "grand 
cardinal," statesman, born. [1495. Dies.] 



1435 ? * * Columbus, Christopher, discoverer, 
born in Genoa, It. [1506. Dies. ] 

1436 * * Ximenes, Francisco, cardinal and 
statesman, born. [1517. Dies.] 

1441 * * Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, navigator, 

born. [1493. Dies.] 
1443 * * Cordova. Gonsalvo Hernandez 

de, "the great captain," gen., b. [1515. D.] 
1451 Apr. 23. Isabella, " the Catholic," 

queen, patron of Columbus, born. [1504, 

JSov. 24. Dies.] 
1453 Mar. lO. Ferdinand V., King, "tbe 

Catholic," born. [1516. Jan. 23. Dies.] 
1460 * * Pinzon, Vincente Yanez, navigator, 

born. [1524. Dies.] 
Ponce de Leon, J uan, discoverer of Florida, 

born. [1521. Dies.] 
1464± * * Carvajal, Francisco de, com- 
mander, born. [1548. Dies.] 
1465+ * * Ojeda, Alonzo de, adventurer with 

Columbus, born. 
1471± Pizarro. Francisco, conqueror of 

Peru, born. [1541. Dies.] 

1474 * "Casus, Burlolome de las, missionary, 
born. [1566. Dies.] 

1475 ± * * Almagro, Diego, adventurer in 
Pern, born. [1538. Dies.] 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, adventurer, born. 

[1517. Dies.] 

± Cordova, Francisco Hernandezde,explorer r 

born. [1526. Dies.] 

1478 * * Oviedo, or Oviedo y V aide's, Gonzalo 

Fernandez de, historian, b. [1557. Dies.] 

Philip, King of Castile, born. [1506. Dies.] 

1480* * Narvaez, I'amnlo de, commander, 

born. [1528. Dies.] 
1483* * Catherine of Aragon, Queen of 
Henry VIII. of England, b. [1536. Dies.] 

1484 * * Toledo, Pedro de, viceroy of Naples, 
born. .[1553. Dies.] 

1485 * * Alvarado, Pedro de, explorer, born. 
[1541. Dies.] 

Cortez, Hernando, or Fernando, conqueror 

of Mexico, born. [1547. Dies.] 
± Leo AfrK'unus, A 1- Hassan lbn M., Moor- 
ish traveler, born. [1526±. Dies.] 
1487 * * Mendoza, Don Pedro de, discoverer, 

born. [1536 + . Dies.] 
1490+ * * Nunez, Alvar,explor.,b. [1564. D.] 
Orellana, Francisco de, explorer of the Ama- 
zon, born. [1546. Dies.] 
Padilla, Don Juan Lopez de, patriot, born. 
[1521. Dies.] 
1491* * Loyola, Ignatius de, founder of 

Jesuits, born. [1556, July 31. Dies.] 
1493 * * Vives, Juan Louis, scholar, writer, 

born. [1540. Dies.] 
1495+ * * Alvarado, Pedro, adventurer in 
Mexico, born. [1541. Dies.] 
Contreras, Rodrigo de, explorer, b. [1557- D.] 
1496 +* * Boseah Almogaver, Juan, poet, b. 
[1544. Dies.] 
De Soto, Fernando, explorer, discoverer of 
Mississippi River, born. [1542. Dies.] 
1498+ * * Diaz del Castillo, Bernal, soldier,. 

author, born. [1593. Dies.] 
1500+ Feb. 24. Charles I. (V.),K. of Sp., 
Emp. of Ger., born. [1558, Sept. 21. Dies.] 
Alarcon, Hernando de, explorer, born. 
Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, soldier,. 
born. [1542+. Dies.] 
1502+ * * Bobadilla, Francisco de, political 
administrator, dies. 
Espinosa, Don Diego de, cardinal, statesman, 

born. [1572. Dies.] 
Vargas, Luis de, painter, born. [1568. Dies.] 
1503* * Carranza, Bartolome de, archbishop. 

of Toledo, writer, born. [1576. Dies.] 
1503+ Gaivduso de la Vega, poet, b. [1536. 
Dies.] 
Mendoza, Hurt ado Die no de, author, diploma- 
tist, born. [1576. Dies.] 
1506* * Xavier, St. Francis, missionary, 

born. [1552. Dies.] 
1508* * Alva, Duke of, Fernando Alvarez, 

general, born. [1582. Dies.] 
1509 * * Servetus, Michael, theologian, born. 

[1553. Dies.] 
1510i; * * Valdivia, Don Pedro de, conqueror 
of Chile, born. [1559. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 

1088 * * The archbishop of Toledo is 

made the primate of Spain. 
1170± * * The Order of Santiago, or St. 

James, is founded. [1223. An Order of 

Mercy. 
1202i* * The rosary is invented. 
1280 * * The Holy Office (Inquisition) is 

reestablished. 



SPAIN. 



844/ 



1513, 



1127 



1485-93 Columbus and Church (p. 14-f-). 
1499-1502 Mohammedans persecuted 



LETTERS. 

1150+ * * Mystery of the Alagian Kings 

appears. 
12th Century. (?) Pvema del Cid and the 

Crdnica runada del Cid appear. 
1200 * * Jiasos de Trobar, by Ramon Vi- 

dal, appears. 
1209± * * The University of Valencia is 

founded. [1239. Removed to Salamanca. 

1254. The University of Seville.] . 
1250± * * Euganos £ Assay amientos de las 

Mugeres (the Seven Sages) appears. 
± * * Kalila and Dimna, translated from 

the Arabic, appears. 
1250-95 Libro de tos Castigos y Docu- 

mentos of King Sancho IV. appears. 
13th Century. Los Siete Partidos appears. 

Also Libros de Astronomica ; Historia de 

Espana; Appolonio; Miracles, by Gon- 

zalo de Berceo, appears ; also Praises of 

the Virgin. Alexandra appears. A\so Life 

of St. Mary the Egyptian ; Lapadario. 
1300+ * * Lo Desconort, by Raymond 

Lully, appears. 
* * The University of Lerida is 

founded. [1346. University of Valla- 

dolid. 1354. University of Huesca.] 
1300-50 Libro de las Cantigas, or de los 

Cantares, by Juan Manuel, appears. 

Also El Conde Lucanor, and Libro de los 



1320-50 A poem on buen amor, by Juan 
Ruiz, appears. 

1350+ * * Amadis de Gaula appears. 

1350-69 Proverbs Morales, by the Jew 
Santob, appears. 

14th Century. Facetus appears. Also De- 
bate between Soul and Body; General 
Dance of Death; Grant Crdnica de Es- 
pana and Grant Crdnica de los Conqueri- 
dores ; Crdnica General de Espaiia. 

1400+ * * Rimado de Palacio, by Pedro 
Lopez de Ayala, appears. 

1415 * * The University of Salamanca 
is founded. [1450. The University of 
Barcelona.] 



1438 * * Histories £ Conquestes del Re- 
yolme d'Arago, by Pere Tomich, appears. 

1440-50 A cancionero, compiled by Al- 
fonso de Baena. 

15th Century. Libre de les Danes, by 
Jamne Roig, appears. Also Leys d'Amor, 
by Gillaume Moliner. Adoration of the 
Three Kings ,■ Crdnica General ,■ Chro- 
nicle of Pedro Nina, by Gutierre Diez de 
Gamez; El Labarinta and other poems, 
by Juan de Mena ; Corbacho, by the arch- 
priest of Talavera ; Trabajos de Hercules. 

1480-90+ Carcel de Amor, by Diego de 
San Pedro, appears. 

1483-84 Crestid, by Francesco Ximenes, 
appears. 

1490 * * Tirant lo' Blanche appears at 
Valencia. 

1492 * * La Celestini appears. 

1499 Oliveros y Artus appears. 

* * The University of Toledo is founded. 

1502-14 The Complutensian Polygot, in 
six vols., is printed at Alcala (Com- 
plutensis). [1522. The first edition costs 
250,000 ducats.] 

1511 * * Cancionero General appears at 
Valencia. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1337 * * a. d. Private revenge is pro- 
hibited in Castile. 

1401* *The Barcelona bank is 
founded. [Now existing.] 



1481 * * In Andalusia 3,000 persons are 
burned, and 17,000 are otherwise pun- 
ished, by the Inquisition. 

1498 * * Black substitutes white as the 

color for mourning. 
1504+ * * Isabella of Castile founds a 

hospital for lepers. 

STATE. 

873* * Navarre. The kingdom is 
founded by Sancho IHigo. [873-8S5, He 
reigns; 885-905, Garcia I.; 905-924, San- 
cho Garcia I.; 924-970, Garcia II., the 
Trembler; 970-1035, Sancho II., "the 
Great." 1026. He becomes King of Cas- 
tile through his wife,] 

910-914 Asturias — Leon. Garcia 
reigns. [914-923, Ordofio II.; he recov- 
ers Valladolid from the Saracens ; 923- 
925, Froila II.; 925-930, Alfonso IV., the 
Monk of Leon ; 5)30-!)r>0, Kamiro II. ; 950- 
955, Ordofio III.; 955-956, Ordofio IV.; 
950-967, Sancho I., the Fat ; 967-983, Ra- 
miro III.; 9S3-999, Veremundo II. (Ber- 
muda), the Gouty ; 999-1027. Alfonso V. ; 
1027-1035, Veremundo III. (Bermuda).] 

1000 * * Valencia becomes the capital 
of a Moorish kingdom. 

1035-54 Navarre. Garcia III. reigns. 
[1054-76, Sancho III.; 1076-94, Sancho 
IV. ; 1094-1104, Peter of Aragon.] 

1035-65 Aragon. Ramiro I. reigns. 
[1065-94. Sancho Ramirez (IV. of Na- 
varre); 1094-1134, Alfonso I., the "War- 
rior, King of Navarre.] 

1035-65 Leon — Castile. Ferdinand the 
Great reigns. [1065-72, Sancho II., the 
Strong, son of Ferdinand ; Alfonso in 
Leon and Asturias. and Garcia in Gali- 
cia ; 1072-1109, Alfonso VI., the Valiant, 
King of Leon.] 

1037 * * Leon and Asturias are united 
to Castile. 

1090 * * Abdallah-Ibn-Balkeen, the last 
sultan of Granada, is dethroned. 

1091+ * * The Saracens, being unable 
to resist the Christians, invite the aid 
of the Moors from Africa, who seize 
the dominions they came to protect, 
and subdue the Saracens. 

1094-1144 Cordova. The dynasty of 
the Almoravides reigns. 

1104-34 Navan-e. Alfonso I. reigns. 
[1134-50. Garcia IV., Ramirez; 1150-94, 
Sancho V., " the Wise ; " 1194-1234, San- 
cho VI., "the Infirm."] 

1109-26 Leon — Castile. Uraca and Al- 
fonso VII. reign. 

1226* * Galicia— Castile. Alfonso, 
King of Galicia, defends Uraca, his dis- 
solute mother, against her husband, Al- 
fonso VII. ; he acquires Castile on her 
death ; the two kingdoms are united. 

1126-57 Castile. Alfonso VII., Ray- 
mond, reigns. [1157-5S, Sancho III. ; 
1158-8S, Alfonso VIII. ; 1183-1214, Al- 
fonso IX.] 

1134-37 Aragon. Ramiro II., the Monk, 
reigns. [1137-63, Petronilla and Ray- 
mond, Count of Barcelona. 

1144-1225 Cordova. The dynasty of 
the Almohades reigns. 

It takes its name from the North Afri- 
can Almoahedun sect. 

1157-88 Leon is separated from Cas- 
tile under Ferdinand II. 



1163-96 Aragon. Alfonso II. reigns. 
[1196-1213, Peter II. ; 1213-76, James I. ; 
1276-85, Peter III. ; 1285-91, Alfonso III., 
the Beneficent ; 1291-1327, James II., the 
Just.] 

1214-17 Castile. Henry I. reigns. [1217- 
52, Ferdinand III., the Saint. Leon and 
Castile are permanently united by him. 
1252-84, Alfonso X., the Wise; 12S4-95, 
Sancho IV., the Brave ; 1295-1312, Fer- 
dinand IV.] 

1233-48 Cordova, Toledo, and Seville are 
annexed by Ferdinand III. 

1234-53 Navarre. Theobald I., third 
Count of Champagne, reigns 1253-70 
Theobald II. ; 1270-74, Henry Crassus ; 
1274r-1305, Joanna, she marries Philip the 
Fair, of France.] 

1238* * Granada. The Moors begin 
the kingdom ; it is their last refuge from 
the aggressive Christians. 

1240 * * Murcia is subdued by Ferdi- 
nand of Castile. [1305. Divided between 
Castile and Aragon.] 

1274 * * Navarre. The crown passes to 
the royal family of France. 

1305-16 Navarre. Louis Hutin reigns. 
[131 6, John ; 1316-22, Philip V. , the Long, 
of France; 1322-28, Charles I., the IV. 
of France; 1328-43, Joanna II., and 
Philip, Count d'Evreux ; 1343-49, Joanna 
alone; 1349-87, Charles II., the Bad; 
1387-1425, Charles III., the Noble.] 

1312-50 Leon— Castile. Alfonso XI. 
reigns. [1350-69, Pedro the Cruel. He 
is deposed, but reinstated by his ally, 
Edward, the Black Prince, of England ; 
killed by his natural brother and suc- 
cessor. 1369-79, Henry II., the Gracious. 
Poisoned by a monk. 1379-90, John I. 
He unites Biscay to Castile. 1390-1406, 
Henry III., the Sickly ; 1406-54, John II. ; 
1454-74, Henry IV., the Impotent; 1474- 
1504, Isabella.] 

1327-36 Alfonso IV. reigns. [1336-87. 
Peter TV., the Ceremonious; 1387-95, 
John I. ; 1395-1410, Martin ; 1410-12, in- 
terregnum.] 

1412-16 Aragon — Sicily. Ferdinand, 
the Just, reigns. [1416-58, Alfonso V., 
the Wise; 1458-79, John II., King of 
Navarre, brother of Alfonso.] 

1425-79 Navarre. Blanche and her 
husband, John II. (King of Aragon), 
reign. [1479, Eleanor: 1479-83, Francis 
Phcebus de Foix ; 1483-1512, Catherine 
and John d'Albret.] 

1469 Oct. 18. Ferdinand [II. of Ara- 
gon] marries Isabella, of Castile. 

1479-1504 Aragon— Castile. Ferdi- 
nand II. and IsabeUa reign. [1492. He 
annihilates the power of the Moors.] 

1504 * * Joanna, daughter of Ferdinand 
II. and Isabella, and Philip I. of Austria, 
rule jointly in Castile. [1506. Philip 
dying, and Joanna becoming imbecile, 
Ferdinand II. reigns as regent in Cas- 
tile ; he unites Castile with Aragon.] 

1512 * * Ferdinand II. becomes Ferdi- 
nand V., the Catholic ; he conquers Na- 
varre and Granada, and becomes king 
of all Spain. 



1128 1513,**-X766/ 



SPAIN. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1521-30 "War with France (p. 680). 

[1556-59. Again (p. 682+). 1635-59. Again.] 
1538 * * U.S. A. Conquest of Florida. 
1564^1648 2Teth. The Netherlands 

throw off the yoke (p. 540+). 
1571 Oct. 7. Victory at Lepanto (p. 

1080). 

1588 * * Philip II. prepares the '* Invin- 
cible Armada'* for the conquest of 
England. It is destroyed (p. 876). 

1589 * * Adm. Drake and Sir John Mor- 
ris attack and burn Vigo. [1596. Sept. 
15. Cadiz burned (p. 876).] 

1607 Apr. 25. The Dutch defeat the 

Spaniards in the Bay of Gibraltar. [1640. 

Again in the Downs ; fleet destroyed.] 
1640 * * Port. The Portuguese revolt. 
1643 May 19. Fr. Defeat at Hocroi 

(p. 688). 
1650-59 "War with France (p. 690, 691). 

[1673-78. Another (p. 693).] 
1663 * * Defeated by Portuguese at Es- 

tremoz. [1665. Again at Villaviciosa 

by Gen. Schomberg.] 
1673-78 War with France (p. 540, 541). 
1691 * * The French invade Aragon. 

[1694. They besiege Barcelona; it is 

relieved by Adin. Kussell (Eng.).] 

1697 * * The French pillage Cartha- 
gena. (Value of treasure, §6,000,000.) 

1701-14 "War of the Spanish succes- 
sion; it aims to prevent the union of the 
crowns of Prance and Spain (p. 694+). 

1704± * *TheBritishoccupyTarragona 
as a naval station. 

1705 * * The allies unsuccessfully be- 
siege Badajoz. 



1710 Aug. 20. Charles III. (VI). takes 
Saragossa [and marches to Madrid]. 

Dec. 10. Gen. Ven do me defeats the Aus- 
trian Marshal Starhemberg at Villa- 
viciosa; this decides the struggle for 
the Spanish crown in favor of Philip V. 

1714* *The Duke of Berwick (Ft.) 
storms and captures Barcelona. 

1719* * "War with France. 

* * Lord Cobham (Eng.) takes Vigo. [Re- 
leased by contributions. Aug. 19. St. 
Sebastian taken (p. 698).] 

1734-35 It. Campaign of Charles, son 
of Philip ; he defeats Austria, and sub- 
dues Naples and Sicily. 

1739-48 War with Great Britain (p. 
910). 1762-63, again ; 179G, again (p. 927) ; 
1S04, again (p. 933). 

1740* * Colombia. Victory at Cartagena 
(p. 910). 

1756 July* Minorca taken (p. 912). 
[1763. .Restored. 1782. Taken from the 
British. 1798. Nov. 15. Taken by Gen. 
St. Stuart without losing a man.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1516 * * Diego Miruelo makes discover- 
ies (p. 17). 

1517 * * Fernando de Cordova discovers 
Yucatan (p. 17). 

1520 * * The Spaniards bring chocolate 
from Mexico. 

1553 * * Michael Servetus makes public 
the discovery of the circulation of the 
blood through the lungs. 

1557* * Madrid. Philip II. lays the 
foundation of the Escurial. 

1558 * * Tobacco is introduced by Her- 
nandez. 

1600i: * * Merino sheep are introduced. 

1617 * * A flood in Catalonia drowns 
50,000 people. 



1629+ * * Los Borrachos is painted by 
Velasquez. [1644, Queen Isabel of Bour- 
bon ; 1649, The portrait of Innocent X. ; 
1656, Las Meninas and Las Hilanderas.] 

1655 * * St. Isidoro is painted by Murillo. 
[1670, Holy Family.] 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1513* * Morales, Ambroeio de, historian, 

born. [1591. Dies.] 
Toledo, Francisco de, administrator, born. 

[1584. Dies.] 
1615* * Theresa, St., nun, mystic writer, 

born. [1582. Dies.] 
1516±* * Solis, Juan Diaz de, navigator, d. 
1517* * Oranvelle, Cardinal de, Antoine de 

Perrenot, statesman, born. [1586. Dies.] 
1520± Becerra, Gasparu, painter, sculptor, 



born. [1550. Dies.] 

± Moya y Contreras, Pedro de, archbishop 
of Mexico, administrator, b. [1591. D.] 

Chacon, Pedro, elerg., scholar, b. [1607. D.] 
1525* * Coronado, .Uian Vasquez de, admin- 
istrator, born. [1565. Dies.] 

Henrique/, Almansa Martin de, administra- 
tor, born. [1583. Dies.] 
1526* * Ayllon, Lucas Vasquez de, compan- 
ion of Cortez, dies. 

Cano, Juan Sebastian del, navigator, d. 

1527 May 27. Philip II., king, bora. 
[1598, Sept. 13. Dies.] 

Grijalva, -Juan de, navigator, born. 

1528 * * Jeanne d'Albret, or Juan, Queen of 
Navarre, born. [1572. Dies.] 

Ponce de Leon, Luis, lyric poet, b. [1591. D.] ' 
de, cardinal, 



1532* * Toledo, Fr 

statesman, born. [1596. Di 
1533* * Ereilla y Zuniga, Alonzo de, poet, 

born. [1594. Dies.] 
1535* * Molina, Luis, Jesuit, theologian, 

born. [1600±. Dies.] 
1536±* * Boabdil, last Moorish king of 

Granada, dies. 
Mariana, Juan de, historian, born. [1623. D.] 
1538± * * Fernandez, Juan, navigator, bom. 

[1602+. Dies.] 
1539 * * Aoosla, J us«d\ Jesuit, author, born. 

[1600. Dies.] „ 
1540± * * Figuema, Francisco de, poet, born. 

[1620+. Dies.] 
± Perez, Antonio, courtier, b. [1611. D.] 
± TJHoa, Francesco de, discoverer of Cab,d. 
Vega, Gareilaso inea de la, historian, born. 

[1616. Dies.] 
1647 Oct. 9. Cervantes Saavedra, Mi- 
guel de, poet, novelist, 1). [1616, Apr. 23. D.] 
1548* * Kuarez, Francisco, Jesuit, theolo- 
gian, born. [1617. Dies.] 
1549 * * Galvez de Montalvo, Luis, poet, 

born. [1610. Dies.] 
Herrera y Tordesillas, Antonio, historian, 

born. [1625. Dies.] 

1550± * * Alderete, Bernardo de, linguist, b. 

Espinel, Vicente, poet, novelist, b. [1634. D.] 

± Victoria ( Yiloiia), Francisco, theolo., d. 

1556* * Calasanzio, Jose St. de, founder of 

Pauline Congregation of the Mother of 

God, born. [1648. Dies.] 
1558 * * Castro, Vaea de, magistrate, dies. 
1560± * * Cerda, Juan Luis de la, Jesuit, 

critic, born. [1643. Dies.] 
Fuentes, Pedro Henriquez d'Azevedo, count, 

general, born. [1643. Dies.] 
1561* * Gnngora v Argote, Luis, poet, born. 

[1627. Dies.] 
1562* * Lope de Vega Carpio, Felix, poet, 

dramatist, born. [1635. Dies.] 
1563± * * Argensola, Lupercio Leonardo de, 

lyric poet, born. [1613. Dies.] 
Guevara, Luis Velcz, painter, dies. 
1566* * Argensola, Bartolomeo, poet, his- 
torian, born. [1631. Dies.] 
1569 * * Castro, (.luilleni de, dramatist, born. 

[1631. Dies.] 
Spinola, Ambrosio de, marquis, general, 

born. [1630. Dies.] 
1570± * * Aduarte, Diego, historian, born. 

[1637. Dies.] 
Tellez, Ga I. riel, dramatist, b. [1648. D.] 
1571 * * Pacheco, Francisco, painter, writer 

on art, born. [1654. Dies.] 
1574 * * Guevara, Luis Velez, novelist, born. 

[1646. Dies.] 
1576* * Chinchon, Countess of, Ana, intro- 
ducer of Peruvian bark, born. [1638. D.] 
Herrera, Francisco de, " the Elder," painter, 

born. [1656. Dies.] 
1577+ * * A vila, Gil Gonzalez de, clergyman, 

historian, born. [1658. Dies.] 
1578* * Philip III., king, born. [1621. D.] 
1580* * Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de, 

satirist, humorist, novelist, b. [1645. D.] 



dramatic poet, born. [1639. Dies.] 
Spagnoletto, painter, born. [1656. D.] 

1589* * Kscohar v Mcndoza, Antonio, casu- 
ist, born. [1669. Dies.] 

1596* * Villegas, Fslcban Manuel de, lyric 
poet, born. [1669. Dies.] 

1598* * Zurharan, Francisco, painter, born. 
[1662. Dies.] 

1599 * * Velasquez, Diego Eod. de Sivay, 
painter, born. [1660. Dies.] 

1600* * Calderon de la Barca. Pedro, 
dramatist, born. [1681. Dies.] 

1601 * * Cano, Alonzo, painter, h. [1664. D.] 

1602* * Montalvan, Juan Perez de, drama- 
tist, born. [1638. Dies.] 

1605 Apr. * Philip IV., king, born. [1665, 
Sept. *. Dies.] 

1610* * Aleman, Mateo, novelist, dies. 
Henriquez de Rivera, Payo, archbishop of 
Mexico, administrator, born. [1684. D.] 
Solis, Antonio de, hist., dram., b. [1686. D.] 

1614* * Carreno de Miranda, Don Juan, 
historical painter, born. [1685. Dies.] 

1615i: * * Vizcaino, Sebastian, navigator, d. 

1617* *Antonio, Nicolas, bibliographer, 
critic, born. [1684. Dies.] 

1618* * Moivio y Cabana, Don, dram., born. 
[1669. Dies.] 
Murillo, I'.artolonie Fsteban, painter, born. 
[1682. Dies.] 

1620* * Iriarte, I gnacio, painter, b. [1685. D.] 

1621 * * Coello, Claudio, painter, born. 
[1693. Dies.] 

1627* * Moloms, Miguel de, mystic, born. 
[1695. Dies.] 

17th Century. Atondo y Antillon, Don Isi- 
doro, admiral, explorer of Lower Cab, b.,d. 
Bonet, Juan Pablo, teacher of deaf mutes, 

born, dies. 
Contreras, Hieronimo de, poet, hist., b., d. 
Enrique/,, (iuinez Antonio, poet, born, dies. 

1653* *Palomino de Velasco, Acislo, 
painter, born. [1726. Dies.] 

1660± * * Abarca, Maria de, portrait painter, 
dies. 

1664* * Alberoni, Guilio, cardinal, states- 
man, born. [1752. Dies.] 

1683 Dec. 19. Philip V., king, born. [1746, 



[1773. Dies.] 
1702* * Luzan, Don Ignacio, poet, critic, 

born. [1754. Dies.] 
1707* * Qmroga, Jose, Jesuit, explorer, born. 

[1784. Dies.] 
1716* * I'lloa, Antonio de, scientist, naval 

officer, born. [1795. Dies.] 
1718 * * Aranda, Count of, Don Pedro Pablo 

Abarca y Bolea, dip., states., b. [1799+. D.] 
1720* * Campoman e s, Pedro Rodriguez, 

count, states., author, born. [1802. D.] 
Clavigero, Francisco, historian of Mexico, 

born. [1793. Dies.] 
1728* * Florida, Blanca, Count of, Jose 

Mofiino, statesman, born. [1808. Dies.] 

1741 * * Cadalso, Jose de, painter, satirist, 
born. [1782. Dies.] 

1742 * * Capmany, Montpalan y Antonio de, 
philologist, historian, born. [1813. D.] 

1743* *Abascal, Jose Fernando, com- 
mander, born. [1821. Dies.] 

1744* * Jovellanos, Gaspar Melcbior de, 
poet, born. [1811. Dies.] 

1745 * * Cavanilles, Antonio Jose", clergy- 
man, botanist, born. [1804. Dies.] 

1746* * Azanza, Miguel Jose de, states., b. 
[1826. Dies.] - 
Azara, Don Felix de, nat., born. [1811. D.] 

1749 * * Cean-Berniudez, Juan Angustin, 
writer, born. [1830. Dies.] 

1750* * Ainat, Felix, clergyman, historian, 
born. [1824. Dies.] 
Iriarte ( Yriarlc), Toinas de, poet, b.[1791. D.] 
Miranda, Francis, revolutionary general, 
born. [1816. Dies.] 

1753* *Carvajal, Tomas Jose" Gonzales, 
author, born. [1834. Dies.] 

1754* * Martini, Vincenzo, musical com- 
poser, born. [1810. Dies.] 
Melendez-Yaldez, Juan Antonio, poet, born. 
[1817. Dies.] 

1755* * Castafios, Francisco de, Duke of 
Baylen, general, born. [1852. Dies.] 

1756* * Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, his- 
torian, born. [1823. Dies.] 

1757 * * Villaneuva, Joaquin Lorenzo de, au- 
thor, born. [1837. Dies.] 

1760* * Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de, 
dramatist, born. [1828. Dies.] 

1764* * Cevallos, Pedro, dip., b. [1828. D-] 
Cient'uegos, Nicasio Alvarez de, poet, born. 
[1809. Dies.] 



SPAIN. 



1513,**-1766,** 1129 



1 765 * * Clemenein, Diego, statesman, author, 
born. [1834. Dies. J 

±Conde, Jose" Antonio, orient., l>. [1820. D.] 
Navarrete, M. FenKui<Lezde,hist.,b.[1844. D.J 

1766 * * liadia y Leblicn, Domingo (Ali Bey), 
traveler, born. [1818. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 
1550± * * The Penitents organize. 
1565 * * An edict is issued against Ana- 



1561+ * * Philip II. bitterly persecutes 

Protestants. 
1575+ * *The Ilium in ata, or Alombra- 

dos, arise. 
1662+ * * Penitents of Orvieto organize 

as an order of nuns. 
1669 * * Nitard the Jesuit is expelled. 

[1765. Mar. 31. The order is expelled. 

1820. Again expelled.] 

LETTERS. 
1515 * * La Demanda del Sancto Grail 



1517 * * Propaladia, by Naharro, appears 

at Naples. 
1524 * * Claros Varones de Esparla, by 

Fernando del Pulgar, appears. 
1528+ * * Dialog o de Mercurio y Caron, 

by Juan de Valdes, appears. 
1530 * * Anales de la Corona de Aragon, 

by Gerdniino de Zurita, appears. 
1553 * * The works of Garcilaso de la 

Vega appear. 

* * Lazarillo de Tormes, by Diego de 
Mendoza, appears. 

16th Century. El Convidado, El Rufian 
Cobarde, Las Accitunas, by Lope de'liu- 
eda, appear. 

1556 * * Felix Marte de Hyrcania, by 
Melchor Ortega, appears. 

* * Guia de Pecadores, by Fr. Luis de 
Granada, appears. [1566. Memorial of 
the Christian Life.], 

1559 * * The first part of Atalaya de la 
Vida Humana, by Mateo Alernan, ap- 
pears. [1599. La Vida y Lechos del 
picaro Guzman de Alfarache.] 

1566 + * * Historia de las Indias, by Bar- 
tolome' de las Casas, appears. 

1577 * * La Crdtiica general Espana, by 
Ambrosio de Morales, appears. 

1582 * * The poems of Fernando Herrera 
appear. 

1583 * * La Perfecta Casada, by Fray 
Luis de Leon, appears. 

1584* * Galatea, by Cervantes, ap- 
pears. [1585±, JS'umancia and Tratos de 
Argel.] 

1592 * * Obras poeticas, by Gregorio Sil- 
vestre, appears. 

* * History of Spain, by Juan de Mariana, 
appears. 

1595-1619 Guerras de Granada, by 
Gines Perez de Hita, appears. 

1598 * * Arcadia, by Lope de Vega, ap- 
pears. [1599, Isidro; 1602, La Dragon- 
tea and La Hermosura de Angelica; i.604, 
Peregrino en Su Patria; 1609, Jerusalem 
Conquistada and Arte Nuevo de Haser 
Comedias en este Tiempo.'] 

1600 * * The works of Cristoval Castil- 
lego appear at Madrid. 

1600-48 El Burlador de Sevilla, El Ver- 
gonzosa en Palaccio, Don Gil de las Cal- 
zas Verdes,Marta la Ptardnsa, and other 
dramas, by Gabriel Tellez, appear. 

1601-09 Historia de Espana, by Juan 
de Mariana, appears. 

1605 * * La Picara Just'tna, by Francisco 
Lopez de Ubeda, appears. 

* * The first part of Don Quixote, by Cer- 
vantes, appears at Madrid. [1613, Nove- 
las Exemplaires ; 1614, Viage at Par- 
naso; 1615, Second part of Don Quixote; 
1617 , Per shies y Sigismunda.] 



1610 * * Guerra de Granada, by Diego 
de Mendoza, appears (incomplete) ; 
also Poems. 

1611-20 La Politica de Dios Gobierno 
de Cristo, by Inevedo Villegas, appears. 
[1626, Historia y Vida ad Gran Tacailo 
Pablo de Segovia: 1631, The Constancy 
and Patience of Job ; 1649, Sueilos.'] 

1612 * * Pastores de Belen, by Lope de 
Vega, appears. [1621, La FUomena ; 
1624, La Circe; 1627, Corona Trigica; 
1630, Laurel de Apolo; 1632, La Dorotea; 
1634, Gatomaquia.] 

1614 * * Segundo Tomo del ingenioso Hi- 
dalgo Don Quixote, by Alonzo Fernan- 
dez Avellaneda, appears. 

1617 * * Amatorias, by Estervan Manuel 
de Villegas, appears. 

1618 * * Relacion de la Vida y Adventxo- 
ras del Escndero Marcos de Obregon, by 
Vincente Espinel, appears. 

1619 * * The works of Jean de la Cruz 
appear. 

1622-81 Barca de la Calderon 
writes about 200 dramas and poems. 

1625 * * Las Guerras de los Estados 
Baxos, by Carlos Coloma, appears. 

1627 * * The poems of Luis de Gongora 
appear. 

1628* * Comedies by Juan Ruiz de Alar- 
con appears. [1634, Second volume.] 

1630 * * El ffiroe, by Baltasar Gracian, 
appears. [164S, La Agudeza y Arte de 
Ingenio.] 

1631* * Obras propria s y trad ucciones of 
Fray Luis de Leon appears. 

1634 * * Garduna de Sevilla, by Alonzo 
de Castillo Solorzano, appears. 

1636 * * Montalban, in his Fama Post- 
kuma, sets down the total of Lope de 
Vega's dramatic productions at 1800 
comedies and 400 antos sacramentales. 

1637 * * Novelas, by Maria de Zayas, ap- 
pears. 

1640 * * Idea de un Principe Ckristiano, 
by Diego de Saavedra Faxardo, appears. 

1641 * * Diablo Cojuelo, by Luis Velez de 
Guevara, appears. 

1645 * * Historia de los Novimientos y 
Separacion, etc., de Cataluna, by Fran- 
cisco de Mello, appears. 

1646 * * La Vida y Hecuos de Estebanillo 
Gonzales appears. 

1650+ * * Garciadel Castanar,El Desden 
vengado, l)el Rey abajo ningnno, Progue 
y F'ilomena, and other dramas, by Fran- 
cisco de Kojas, appear. 

± * * El valiente Justiciero, El Lindo Don 
Diego, Derdencon el Desden, and other 
dramas, by Augustin Moreto, appear. 

1684 * * Conquista de Mejico, by Antonio 
de Solis, appears. 

1714 * * La Keal Academia 
created. 

1726-39 Teatro Critico is issued by 
Francisco Benito Jeronimo Feyjoo y 
Montenegro. [173S-46. Teatro critico 
sobre los Errorescomunes. 1742-60. Cartas 
Erudhtas.] 

1737 * * Xa Poetica o Reglas de la Poesia 
en general, by Don Ignacio de Luzan, 
appears. 

1737-42 Diario de los Liter atos is issued. 

1738 * * Mercurio is issued. 

1742 * * Granada issues a newspaper. 

1757 * * Retdrica, by Gregoria Mayans 
y Siscar, appears. 

1758 * * Historia del Fainosa Predicador 
Fray Gemndio de Campazas, by Jose* 
Francisco de Isla, appears. 

1758-81 Diario Noticioso is issued. [1762- 
67, El Pensador; 1765, El Belianis Lite- 
rario; 1778-91, Semanario Erudito; 1781, 
El Censor; 1781-82, El Correo Literario 



de la Europa; 1784-1808, Memorial Lite- 
rario; 1786-91, El Correo Literario.] 



SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1536+ * *Auto-da-f6 bull-fights be- 
come popular. 

1570 * * Pedro de Leon makes the first 
systematic attempt to instruct the deaf 
and dumb. 



STATE. 

1516 Jan. 23 Ferdinand dies. 

In his will he recognizes Joanna as his 
heiress in Aragon, and his grandson 
Charles as the regent in both kingdoms. 

1516-56 Castile — Aragon. Charles I., 
son of Joanna of Castile and Philip of 
Austria, reigns. [1516-17. Cardinal 
Francisco Ximenes is regent.] 

1519 June 18. Charles I. is elected 
Emperor of Germany (p. 6S1). 

1520-21 An insurrection in Castile is 
suppressed. 

1521 * * Mexico becomes aprovince. 

1526 Jan. 14. Treaty of Madrid, signed 
by Charles V. and Francis I. (p. 681). 

1554 July 25. Philip, son of Charles 
I., is married to Queen Mary of England 
(p. S71). [He becomes King of .Naples 
and Sicily.] 

1556 Aug. 27. Charles abdicates (p. 
793). 

1556-98 Philip II. reigns. [1560. He 
makes Madrid the capital.] 

1567-70 The Moriscoes (Moors) re- 
volt; suppressed. 

1579 * * Neth. Holland revolts. [1584. 
Becomes independent (p. 540-I-).] 

1580* * Port. Philip II. conquers 
Portugal. [1581. Annexes it as an in- 
heritance by the right of his mother.] 

1598-1621 Philip III., son of Philip 
II., reigns. [1609. He drives out the 
Moors, numbering 900,000.] 

1621-65 Philip IV., son of Philip III., 
reigns. 

1640 * * Portugal revolts, and becomes 
a separate nation. 

1659 Nov. 7. The Peace of the Pyre- 
nees with France (p. 691). 

1665-1700 Charles H., son of Philip 
IV., last of the Austrian line, reigns. 

1668 * * Peace is made with Portugal. 

1689* * Spain joins the Grand Alli- 
ance (p. 695). 

1700-46 Philip V., Duke of Anjou, 
grandson of Louis XIV. of France, 
reigns. His accession precipitates the 
"War of the Succession" (p. 695). 

1713 Apr. 11. Treaty of Utrecht 
ends the war, and secures the throne to 
Philip (p. 697). 

1714 Mar.-!-* Peace of Radstatt, Spain, 
loses much territory (p. 697). 

* * Revolting Catalonia is deprived of its 
peculiar privileges. 

1715-20 The government administered 
by Cardinal Alberoni ; he raises Spain 
to the rank of a first power. 

1724 * * Philip V. resigns the throne ; 
his son, Louis I., reigns but a few 
months ; Philip resumes the crown. 

1725 Apr. 30. Treaty of Vienna (p. 
515). 

1746-59 Ferdinand VI., the Wise, son 
of Philip V., reigns. 

1748 Oct. 17. Treaty of Aix-la-Cha- 
peUe (p. 515). 

1759-88 Ferdinand's brother, Charles 
III., King of the Two Sicilies, reigns. 

1761 Aug. 15. The "Family Com- 
pact" with France (p. 703). 



1130 1768,* *-1868, Oct. 5. 



SPAIN. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

1797 Feb. 14. Defeat off Cape St. Vin- 
cent by the British (p. 712). 
July* The British bombard Cadiz. [1797- 

99. Blockaded by Lord St. Vincent. 1800. 

Oct. * Again bombarded.] 
1801 * * "War with Portugal. 
1805 Oct. 21. Defeat off Trafalgar. 

[1807. Mar.* France invades Spain (p. 

716).] 
1819 * * An insurrection in Valencia is 

suppressed. [1820. Apr. 9, 10. Another 

at Cadiz.]' 
1823 * * "War with France (p. 724). 
1833 * * Civil war. [Oct. 27. Royalist 

volunteers disarmed at Madrid.] 

1835 * * A British legion is raised by 
Sir de Lacy Evans, to aid in suppressing 
the Carlists. 

* * Gen. Carregui, the rebel leader, is 
tilled at Bilbao. 

1836 May 5. Gen. Evans defeats the 
Carlists at Vigo. [Oct. 1. Defeated at 
St. Sebastian. Dec. 25. By Gen. Espar- 
tero at Bilbao.] 

1837 May 17. Gen. Evans takes Trun. 
[1838. June 22. The Carlists are defeated 
at Pennecerrada.] 

1840 July 7. Gen. Cabrera abandons 
the contest for Don Carlos, and retires 
to France. 

1841 Oct. 2. Gens. O'Donnell and 
Concha lead a Christina uprising in 
Pampeluna. [Oct. 21. O'Donnell retires 
to France.] 

Oct. 7. Madrid. The Queen's Guard re- 
pel the attack of Don Diego Leon on 
the palace. [Oct. 15. He is shot.] 

Oct. 21. Gen. Martin Zurbano captures 
Bilbao for Christina. 

1842 Nov. 13. An insurrection! at 
Barcelona joined by the National Guard. 
[Nov. 15. Bitter fight ; the Guard retire 
to the citadel. Dec. 24. Bombarded by 
Gen. Espartero ; surrender.] 

1843 July 15. Madrid. Gen.Narvaez 
compels the surrender of the city to 
Christina. 



1844 Nov. 12. Gen. Zurbano revolts. 

[1845. Jan. 21. Betrayed and shot.] 
1854 June 28. Madrid. Gen.O'Donnell 

leads a military revolt near the city. 

1856 Apr. 6. An insurrection occurs 
at Valencia. [July 14. Another at Madrid 
is suppressed by Gen. O'Donnell.] 

July 15, 16. The National Guard is 

disbanded. 
July 15-23. Gen. O'Donnell as dictator 

quells uprisings at Barcelona and Sara- 

gossa. 

1857 June * -July * An uprising in 
Andalusia is suppressed ; 98 shot. 

1858 Dec. * France and Spain send a 
naval expedition to Cochin-China. 

Apr. 3 . Gen. Ortega lands near Tortosa 
with 3,000 men to lead an uprising in 
favorof Conde de Montemolin as Charles 
VI. His troops resist, and he is captured. 
[Apr. 19. Shot.] 

1859 Nov. * -Dec. * War with Mo- 
rocco. [Feb. 4. Gen. O'Donnell takes 
Tetuan. Mar. 26. Tetuan held to secure 
payment of 400,000,000 reals indemnity.] 

1861 July * An uprising at Loja, Gra- 
nada, is suppressed. 



1863 Sept. * W. I. Insurrection in 
Santo Domingo. 

1865 Nov. 26. Capt. "Williams for 
Chile captures the Covadonga. 

1866 Jan. 3. Gen. Prim heads an un- 
successful revolt at Aranjuez. [Jan. 
20. He retires to Portugal.] 

June 22-26. Madrid. About 2,000 sol- 
diers revolt in favor of Gen. Prim ; they 
are subdued, and 211 prisoners are shot. 

June 23. Several militaryrevoltsoccur. 

July * -Sept. * Insurrections in Catalo- 
nia, Aragon, and other parts of Spain, 
are suppressed. 

1868 Sept. 18. An insurrection arises 
in the fleet at Cadiz. [It spreads through 
nearly all Spain.] 

Sept. 27. The insurgents under Gen. 
Serrano defeat Gen. Vevaliches at Al- 
colla. [Sept. 28. Royalists surrender.] 

Sept. 30. National Guard organized. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1826 May 15-17. An earthquake in 

Granada destroys many buildings. [1S54. 
Jan. 13. Another at Fiana crumbles 
down a large part of the Alcazaba castle.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1768*'* Alvarez, Jose", sculptor, b. [1827. D.] 
Cienfuegos y Jovellnnns, ,losi- ; , mineral, born. 
[1825. Dies.] 

1769 * * O'Donnell, Henry Joseph, Count of 
Abisbal, general, born. [1834. Dies.] 

1770 * * Arriaza, Juan Battista, poet, born. 
[1837. Dies.] 

1771 * * Alava, Miguel Ricardo de, politi- 
cian, general, born. [1843. Dies.] 

1772* * Quintana, Manuel Jose de, poet, 
historian, born. [1857. Dies.] 

1773 * * Colomarde, Fnuu-isro Tades, states- 
man, born. [1842. Dies.] 

1775 * * Argiielles, Augustin, statesman, 
born. [1844. Dies.] 
Garcia, Manuel de Populo Vicente, com- 
poser, vocalist, born. [1832. Dies.] 

1777* * Almodovar, Count of, Ildefonso 
Diaz de Ribeni, states., b. [1846. Dies.] 

1780± * * Abarca, Don Joaquin, bishop of 
Leon, politician, born. [1844. Dies.] 
Palafox y Melzi, Josi- de, Duke of SaragosBa, 
general, born. [1847. Dies.] 

1784 Oct. 14. Ferdinand VII., king, born. 
[1833. Sept. 22. Dies.] 

1785 * * Andrevi, Francisco, musician, born. 
[1844. Dies.] 

Tapia, Don Eugenio de, jurist, litterateur, 
horn. [1860. Dies.] 
1786* *Toreno, Jose' Maria Queypo de 
Llano Ruiz de Savaria, statesman, histo- 
rian, horn. [1843. Dies.] 

1788 Mar. 39. Carlos V., pretender, born. 
[1855. Mar. 19. Dies. J 

1789 * * Duran, Augustin, critic, litterateur, 
born. [1862. Dies.] 

Galiano, Antonio Alcala, writer, orator, 

born. [1865. Dies.] 
Martinez de la Rosa, Francisco, statesman, 
author, born. [1862. Dies.] 
1790* * Isturiz, Francisco Xavier de, states- 
man, born. [1871. Dies.] 
1791 * * Saavedia, Angel de, Duke of Rivas, 

poet, politician, dip., b. [1865. Dies.] 
1792* * Cordova, Fernandez de, general, 
born. [1883. Dies.] 
Espartero, Baldomero, Duke of Vittoria, 

general, statesman, born. [1879. Dies.] 
Miraflores, Manuel de Pando, statesman, b. 
[1872. Dies.] 
1793 * * Gil y Zarate, Don Antonio, drama- 
tist, born. [1861. Dies.] 
1800* * Caballero, Firmin Agosto, journal- 
ist, statesman, born. [1876. Dies.] 
Herreros, Manuel Breton de los, poet, drama- 
tist, born. [1873. Dies.] 
Narvaez, Ramon Maria, Duke of Valencia, 
statesman, born. [1868. Dies.] 
1801* * Calderon, Seratin, poet, h. [1867. D-] 
1802* * Orense, Jose" Marie de Albaida, 

statesman, born. 
1803+ * * Olozaga, Don Salustiano, states- 
man, born. [1873. Dies.] 
1805* * Garcia, Manuel, music-teacher, 
born. [1879. Dies.] 



1806* * Hartzenbusch, Juan, poet, born, 
[1880. Dies.] 
La Fuente, ModeBto, hist., b. [1866. DieB.] 
Madoz, Paseuale, statesman, author, born. 

[1870. Dies.] 
Maria Christina, queen dowager, born at 
Naples. 
1807* * Escosura, Patricio de la, novelist, 

poet, born. [1878. Dies.] 
1809* * Concha, Jose" Gutierrez de la, gen- 



Gayangos, Pascual de, hist., orientalist, b. 
O'Donnell, Leopold, Count of Lucena and 
Duke of Tetuan, marshal, b. [1867. D.] 

1810 * * Balmez, Jaime L., politician, theolo- 
gian, philosopher, born. [1848. Dies.] 
Cabrera, Don Ramon, guerrilla chief, born. 

[1877. Dies.] 
Espronceda, Jose" de, poet, b. [1842. Dies.] 
Serrano y Dominquez, Francisco, Duke de 
la Torre, general, statesman, b. [ 1885. D.} 

1814* * Prim, Juan, Count of Reus and 
Marquis de los Castillejos, general, states- 
man, born. [1870. Dies.] 

1816* * Avellaneda, Gertrudis de, poet, born, 
[1864. Dies.] 

1818* * Zorrilla y Moral, Jos£, poet, born. 
[1893. Dies.] 

1819 * * Figueras y Moracas, Estanislao, 
statesman, born. [1882. Dies.] 

1820* * Acevedo, Felix Alvarez, insurgent 
leader, dies. 

1822 * * Cauete, Manuel, poet, dramatist, b, 

1824* * Ualaguer, Vittorio, poet, born. 

1825* * Fernandez de Castro, Manuel, geol- 
ogist, born. 

1827* * Sagasta, Praxedes Mateo, states- 
man, born. 

1829 * * Barrantes, Vicente, author, born. 

1830* * Isabella II., queen, born. 

1832 * * Castelar, Kiniliu, statesman, au., b. 

1834 * * Zorilla, Manuel Ruiz, statesman, b. 

1837* * Zamacois, Eduardo, painter, born. 
[1871. Dies.) 

1839 * * Foitnnv, Mariano, painter, born. 
[1874. Dies.] 

1843 * * Patti, Adelina, singer, b. in Madrid. 

1845 * * Perez Galdos, Uenito, novelist, b. 

1848 Mar. 30. Carlos VII., legitimist pre- 
tender, born. 

1857 Nov. 12. Alfonso VII., king, born. 

1861 Jan. 14. Carlos VI., legitimist pre- 
tender (Conde de Montemolin), dies. 



CHURCH. 

1781 Nov. 7. The inquisitors burn 
their last victim — a woman. [1808. 
Dec. 4. Napoleon suppresses the In- 
quisition. 1813. Feb. 3. Abolished by 
the Cortes. 1814. July 21. Reestab- 
lished by Ferdinand. 1820. Again abol- 
ished by the Cortes.] 

1809 * * Methodism is introduced. 

1835 Aug. 4. Confiscation of Jesuits' 
property approved ; 900 convents sold ; 
money used to pay the debts of the state. 

1837 * * Abbeys and monasteries are 
suppressed. 

1862 Oct. 14. Jose Alhama and Ma- 
nuel Matamorasaresentenced to lOy ears' 
imprisonment as Protestant propagan- 
dists. 

1868 June 2. Education is committed 
by law to the priests. [Oct. 12, 13. Law 
annulled, religiousorders are suppressed, 
and religions toleration decreed.] 

LETTERS. 

1771 * * Gramatica de la Lengua Castel- 
lana, drawn up by the Academy, appears. 

1776-79 Collection de las obras sueltasi 
assi en prosa como en verso of Lope de 
Vega appears. 

1779 * * La Musica, by Tomas de Iriarte,. 
appears. [1782, Fabulas Literarias.'] 

1787 * * Adventures of Gil Bias, stolen 
from Spai7i, adopted in France by Le 
Sage, and restored to his Native Country 
and Language by Jose" Francisco de Isla„ 
appears. 



SPAIN. 



1768,**-1868, Oct. 5. 1131 



1790 * * El Viejo y la Nina, by Leandro 
Fernandez de Moratin, appears. 
[1791+, La Mogigates; 1792, El Caff, or 
La Comedia Nueva; 1798, Translation of 
Hamlet ; 1803, El Baron; 1806, El Si de 
las Ninas; 1812, Escuela de los Maridos; 
1814, El Medico a Paris.] 

1792-98 El Correo Mercantil is issued. 
[1797-1805, El Semanario tic Agricultura ; 
1803-05, Variedades de Czencias, Litera- 
turay Artes; 1808-11, Semanario Patrio- 
tico at Cadiz ; 1S12-13, Aurora Mallor- 
quina at Palraa ; 1S17-20, Crdnica cien- 
tifica y literaria.] 

1793 * *-1803 * * Treatise on the Cliurch 
of Jesus Christ, by Felix Amat, appears. 

1801* * El Duque de Viso, by Manuel 
Jose Quintana, appears. [1805, Pelayo ; 
1807, Vida$ de Espnnoles Celebres ; 180S, 
Odas a Espana libre.] 

1819 * * Vida de Cervantes, by Martin 
Ferdinandez de Navarrete, appears. 
[1825-37. Coleccion de los Viajes y Des- 
cumbrimienlos que hicieron por Mar los 
Espanotes.] 

* * Misceldueatle Comerciois issued. [1820- 
23, El Censor; 1824-28, Misctdanea His- 
pano- America no ; 1832, ' 'artas EspaTwlas; 
1832-30, changed to Rev is fa Espanola; 
1838, called the Revista Madrid.] 



1832 * * El Conde de Candespina, by Don 
Patricio de la Escosura, appears. [1835, 
Ni Rey ni Roque ; 1843, Manual of My- 
thology.] 

* * El Pabrecito Huhlador is issued by 
Don Mariano Jos6 de Larra. 

1833 * * Las Poesias del Solitario, by Se- 
rafin Calderon, appears. 

1834* * El Moro Exposito, by Angel de 
Saavedra, appears. [1835, Von Alvarv.] 

* * El Trovador, by Garcia Gutierrez, ap- 
pears. 



1835 * * Panorama Mairiteuse, by Ramon 
Mesonero Romanos, appears. 

1836 * * Los Amantes de Teruel, by Juan 
Eugenio Hartzenbusch, appears. 

1836-57 Semanario p'mforesco Espaiiol 
is issued. [1839-11, El Panorama; 1857- 
70, La America ; 1861-63, Revista Ib&rica.] 

1840 * * The poetical works of Jose 1 de 
Espronceda appear. 

* * The Shoemaker and the King and Don 
Juan Tenario, by Don Jose Zorrilla y 
Moral, appear; 1S41, Songs of the Trou- 
badours; 1S53, Granada, an Original 
Poem, with the Legend of Al-Hamar.] 

1842-44 El Protestantisimo compo> 
randa, etc., by Jaime Balmez, appears. 

1843-48 History of Granada, by Modesto 
Lafuente, appears. 

1866 Oct.* Public instruction is placed 
under the clergy. 



SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1781 Nov. 7. At Seville a woman is 
burned; she is charged by the inquisi- 
tors with making a contract with the 
devil. 

1802 Apr. 14. Lorca, in Murcia, is in- 
undated by a bursting reservoir; 1,000 
persons are drowned. 

1803 Sept.* The yellow fever appears. 
[1814. Again at Gibraltar. 1819. Again 
at Cadiz.] 

1817 * * The slave-trade is abolished. 

1851 Feb. 9. The Madrid-Aranjuez 
railway is opened for traffic. 

1854 Mar. 31. At Barcelona 15,000 ar- 
tisans demand that the authorities re- 
duce the price of provisions and increase 



1863 Dec. 8. During the celebration 
of a feast the illuminated church of 
the Campania, at Santiago, burns down, 
and 2,000 worshipers lose their lives. 

1865 Apr. 10. Madrid. Student riots 
cause the death of several persona. 

STATE. 

1782 Mar. 24. Spain acknowledges 
the independence of the United States. 

1783 Sept. 3. Treaty of Paris (p. 97). 



1793 * * Spain joins the first coalition 

against France (p. 709). 
1802 Mar. 27- Minorca restored (p. 

715). 

1807 July 25. The Prince of Asturias 
conspires against his father. 

Oct. 27. Treatyof Fontainebleau(p.717). 

1808 Mar. 19. Charles IV., spurred by 
a revolution, abdicates in favor of his 
son. [May 6. He is forced to renounce his 
throne in favor of Napoleon. 1808-13. 
Ferdinand is imprisoned in France.] 

180S-33 Ferdinand VII. reigns. (?) 
May 2. Madrid. Popular revolution; 
the French are massacred. [May 3. 
Asturias revolts. May 25. Napoleon 
meets the notables at Bayonne.] 
July 12. Madrid receives Joseph Bo- 
naparte as King of Spain. [July 29. He 
retires.] 



1812 May 8. The Cortes grants adem- 
ocratic constitution. [Abolished by 
Ferdinand VII.] 

1813 Dec. 8. Fr. Treaty of Valen- 
cay. 

Napoleon restores Ferdinand VII., un- 
der an agreement to preserve the integ- 
rity of the kingdom. 
1817 * * Spain abolishes the slave-trade 
for a compensation. 

1819 Feb. 22. Spain cedes Florida to 
the United States (p. 127). 

1820 Jan. 1. Rafael del Riego y Nufiez 
leads a revolution for the restoration 
of the constitution of 1S12. [Mar. 29. 
Restored.] 

1S23 Mar. * The Cortes removes the 
king to Seville. [Later to Cadiz. Oct. * 
The king again becomes despotic. Nov. 
7. Riego executed. * * The' constitu- 
tion is abolished again by French inter- 
vention.] 

1828 Dec. 11. Ferdinand VII. marries 
Maria Christina of Naples. 

1830 Mar. 29. The Salic law of 1700 
is abolished. [Carlist and Christina 
parties are formed.J 

1832 Oct. 25. The queen is appointed 
regent during the illness of the king. 

1833 Apr. 29. Don Carlos declares 
himself successor to the king. 

Sept. 29. King Ferdinand VII. dies ; 
Maria reigns as governing queen dur- 
ing the minority of her daughter, Isa- 
bella II. Don Carlos is proclaimed 
king by the Absolutist party. 

1833-70 Isabella H. reigns. 

1834 Apr. 25. The anti-Carlist treaty 
(p. 727). 

June 4. Don Carlos leaves for England. 
[July 10. He returns to Spain. Aug. 30. 
The peers vote his exclusion. 1839. 
Sept. 14. He seeks refuge in France. 
1845. May 18. Resigns in favor of his 
son, Don Carlos.] 



1841 Apr. 12-43* * BaldomeroEspar- 

tero is regent. 
1843 June 11. The revolutionary 

junta assumes power again at Barcelona. 
Nov. 8. The Cortes declares Isabella 

H., 13 years old, to be of age. 

1845 * * The Cortes adopts a reaction- 
ary constitution. 

1846 Oct. 10. Queen Isabella is mar- 
ried to Don Francisco d'Assisi,Duke of 
Cadiz. 

1851 Dec. 11. The queen pardons the 
American filibusters taken in a descent 
upon Cuba (p. 632). 

1852 Aug. 28. Troops escort Dofia 
Maria Christina, the queen mother, to 
Portugal, much against the will of the 
people. [1S54. Aug. 28. She is im- 
peached. 18G4. Sept. 26. She returns.] 

1853 Jan. 2. A stringent law is passed 
to restrain the press. [Jan. * Ex-Pre- 
mier Ramon Maria Narvaez is exiled.] 

1854 June 28. A military insurrec- 
tion breaks out near Madrid ; Gen. Es- 
partero is leader of the movement. Bar- 
celona and Madrid favor it. 

July 19. Madrid. Baldcmero Espar- 
tero is welcomed with great enthusiasm 
on his return as premier. 

July 31. Madrid. The queen presents 
herself on a balcony while 3,000 revolu- 
tionists from the barricades defile before 
the palace. 

1855 Jan. 13. A new constitution is 
proclaimed. 

1861 May 19. The annexation of Santo 
Domingo is ratified. 

Dec. 8. Spain intervenes in Mexico. 

1863 Jan. 8. Don Juan de Bourbon 
renounces his claim to the throne. 

1864 Apr. * A rupture occurs with 
Peru. (See Peru.) [Dispute with Chili 
(p. 607). 1865. Jan. 27. Peru pays in- 
demnity ; peace.] 

Aug. 13. Gen. Juan Prim is exiled as 
a conspirator. 

1865 May 5. Santo Domingo is relin- 
quished by a decree. 

June 10. A conspiracy formed at Va- 
lencia, to reunite Spain and Portugal, is 
suppressed. 

1866 Jan. 3. Gen. Prim leads an in- 
surrection at Aranjuez. 

Aug.+ * Freedom of the press is abol- 
ished. 

Dec. * Taxes for 1867 are collected in 
advance. 

1868 Jan. 23. A general amnesty is 
proclaimed. 

July 6, The Duke and Duchess of Mont- 
pensier are arrested. [Exiled. July 
10. Also Marshal Serrano, Gen. Dolce, 
and others.] 

Sept. 17. Gen. Prim, leader of the 
Progressist party, arrives at Cadiz ; in- 
surgents rise for the overthrow of the, 
government. 

Sept. 19. Gen. Prim announces a pro- 
visional government. [The Ministry 
resign. Isabella II. is deposed and ban- 
ished. Sept. 29. Madrid favors the pro- 
visional government. The queen leaves 
in haste. She is declared deposed.] 

* * Emilio Castelar becomes a republi- 
can leader. 

Oct. 3. Don Juan, son of Don Carlos, 
renounces his hereditary claim to the 
crown in favor of his son Carlos. 

Oct. 5. Madrid. Gen. Francisco Ser- 
rano y Dominguez, Gen. Prim, and Sa- 
lustiano de Olozaga assume the govern- 
ment. 



1132 1868, Oct. 13-1894, Dec. 17. 



SPAIN. 



ARMY — WAVY. 



Dec. 5. Cadiz revolts. [Dec. 12. Sur- 
renders to Gen. Caballero de K-oda.] 

Dec. 31. Uprising at Malaga. [Insur- 
rectionists subdued with cruelty.] 

1S69 Mar. 16. Anti-conscription riots. 

Sept. * The military suppresses republi- 
can uprisings iu many places. [Oct. 4. 
Republicans defeated at Reus. Oct. 16. 
They surrender Valencia.] 

1870 Aug. 27, 28. Carlists unsuccess- 
fully invade Navarre. The Basque prov- 
inces are declared in a state of siege. 

1872 * * Carlist uprisings occur in Na- 
varre, Leon, and other parts. [May 2. 
Marshal Serrano, witli 40,000 men, enters 
Navarre ; Don Carlos enters. May 4. 
Utterly defeated at Oroquieta by Gen. 
Moriones with 2,000 men. May 13-20. 
Carlists suffer several defeats.] 

Oct. 11. A Republican uprising occurs 
at Ferrol. [Oct. 17. Defeated insurgents 
disperse or surrender.] 

1873 Feb. 22, 23. Carlists appear, 
and hold part of Catalonia. [Mar. * 
-Apr. * Many conflicts with Carlists oc- 
cur in the provinces.] 

Apr. 23. Don Alfonso de Bourbon re- 
tires to France. 

June 7. Carlists besiege Iran, near the 
French line. [June 26. Defeated at Cas- 
tanon. July 11. Don Alfonso takes Igua- 
lada in Catalonia.] 

1873-74 Insurrection of the radical 
party, called Intransigentists. 

July 11±. Internationalists rise at 
Alcoy, and kill the mayor and others. 

July 26- Aug. 8. TheGovernment troops 
take "Valencia. [Aug. 4. Cadiz sur- 
renders to Gen. Pavia. Aug. 10. Insur- 
gents advancing on Madrid are defeated 
at Chinchilla. Nov. 22. Cartagena is 
besieged by the Government troops.] 

Aug. 25. Carlists take Estella. [Sept. 
19. Repulsed at Solosa. Sept. 27. De- 
feated in Navarre.] 

Sept. 26. Germans surrender the Span- 
ish ironclads Almanza and Vittoria, 
taken from the rebels. [Sept. 28. The 
intransigentists bombard Alicante with 
their ironclads Numancia and Mendez 
Nunez.'] 

Oct. 6. Republicans and Carlists fight 
an indecisive battle at Puenta de la 
Reyna, in Navarre. [Oct. 8±. Carlists 
are repulsed at La Junquera, Catalonia.] 

Oct. 11. The Intransigentists' vessels 
are repulsed in attempting to break 
the blockade at Escombrera Bay. 

Oct. 21. The insurgents are repulsed in 
a sortie at Cartagena. [Oct. 25. Carlists 
defeated at Salamanca. Nov. * Cartagena 
is bombarded. 1874. Jan. 12. Captured]. 

1874 Jan. 31. The Government an- 
nounces the blockade of the coast. [Mar. 
2. Raised.] 

Mar. 8±. Marshal Serrano assumes 
command of the Government forces. 

Mar. 15. The Carlists claim a victory at 
San Felice in Burgos, f Mar. 25-27. Defeated 
at Somorrostro, near Bilbao. May 2. Fight- 
ing renewed ; Carlists retreat. May 20. Re- 
pulsed at Ramales. June 6i. At Gondesa. 
June 25-27. Repulse KrpuUi.-an.s at Estella. 
Victorious at Pefia Mura. July 13. Tate 
Cuenca. July 17. Massacre 86 Republican 



prisoners at Valfogona, Aug. 12. Defeated 
(?) at Oteiza. Aug. * -Sept. * Besiege Puy- 
cerda. Sept. 9±. Defeated near Mora. Sept. 
25+. Also near Tafalla. Oct. 11±. Defeated 
(?) at Fortuna in Murcia. Dec. 7, 8. Re- 
pulse Republicans near Tolosa. 1875. Feb. 
3. Defeat Royalists at Lucar. July 31. De- 
feated. Aug. 26. Surrender the citadel at 
Urgel. 1876. Jan.* The stronghold at Tolosa 
is surrendered by Carlists. Feb. * Defeated 
at Estella, Vera, and Tolosa. Feb. 18. Car- 
lists surrender Estella. Feb. 27. Don Carlos 
and five batalions surrender at St. Jean Pied 
de Port.] 

1878 Feb. 21. W. I The end of the 
insurrection in Cuba is announced. 

1883 Aug. 4-6. A military insurrec- 
tion occurs at Badajoz in favor of Re- 
publicans ; insurgents retire to Portugal. 

1885 Nov. 4, 5. A military insurrec- 
tion at Cartagena is suppressed. [18S6. 
Jan. 10, 11. Another.] 

1886 Sept. 9. Madrid. The garrison 
(300) revolt; suppressed. 

1892 June 12. A state of siege is pro- 
claimed at Barcelona. 

1893 * * Morocco. Troops are sent to 
Melilla to dislodge the hostile tribes- 
men. [1894. Jan. 2+. Rapidly withdrawn.] 

1894 Jan. 8. Santiago is declared in a 
state of siege. 

July 22. Philippine Isles. Battle with 
Malays at Mindanao; Spanish loss, 14 
killed, 47 wounded; Malays U'ave27dead. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1869* * The Spanish M<irri«ge painted 
by Fortuny. [1871. Snake Charmer.} 

1874 July 22. A landslide at Azagra 
kills 200 people. 

1878 Oct. 16, 17. Inundations in 
Murcia, Andalusia, Alicante, Almeria, 
and Malaga ; '2,000 people perish. 

1879 Oct. 13-17. Tbe Segura over- 
flows, and 1,000 people perish. 

1884 Dec. 25-31. Earthquakes in 
Andalusia ami Malaga kill 266 people. 
[Dec. 26, 27. In Albania, Granada, an- 
other; man v perish; 900 killed in Periana. 
1885. Feb. 28. In Granada 690 perish.] 

1886 May 12. Madrid. A hurricane 
destroys 32 lives and injures manypeople. 

1891 Sept. 16i. Inundations cause 
2,000 deaths. 

1893 Sept. 15. A cloudburst at Villa- 
CaOos, in Toledo, drowns 60 people. 

1894 June 2. A flood in Lerida drowns 
15 persons. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1876 Nov. 8. Maria Vittoria, duchess of 

Aosta, A 28. 
1878 June 36. Queen Mercedes dies. 

1880 Sept. 1 1. Maria, Mm-eiles Isabella, it. 
1884* * Fon1:in:ils, Manuvls Mi lav, wr., d. 
1886 May 17. Alfonso XIII., born. 

1889 Sept. 7. Molin, Marquis de, politi- 
cian, litterateur, dies. 

1890 Jan. 2. Gavarre, Julian, tenor, A 40. 
Jan. 18. Aosta, Duke of, Amadeus Ferdi- 
nand Maria, ex-king, A44. 

1891 Feb. S2. Alvarez, L. H. Pinzon y, 
admiral, dies. 

July 20. Alarcon, Pedro A., de, poet, poli- 
tician, A58. 

1893 May lO. Lono, Gomez y, adra., d. 

1894 Apr. 5. Dushet, Cardinal, arch- 
bishop of Catania, A76. 

June * Madrazo, Don Federieo, painter, A79. 



CHURCH. 

1868 Oct. * Jews are permitted to re- 
turn. 

1869 May 28. Madrid. Spanish Prot- 
estants hold service of worship. [1S70. 
Aug. * Services adopted by American 
Baptists. Religious liberty in the 
new constitution.] 



1872 * * Barcelona and Santander be- 
come missions of the American Board, 
V . S. A. [1873. Barcelona is abandoned. 
1875. Saragossa becomes a mission.] 

1873 Sept. 13±. The papal nuncio op- 
poses toleration. 

1876 Sept. * The public worship by 

Protestants is repressed. 
1889 Apr. 14. Madrid. A Bom an 

Catholic congress meets. [Apr. 29. It 

demands the restoration of temporal 

power to the papacy.] 

1892 Oct. 2. Father Martin is elected 
general of the Society of Jesus. 

1893 Mar. 18. Madrid. A Protestant 
church is opened. 

1894 Sept. 23. Rev. SeBor Cabrera con- 
secrated Protestant bishop of Madrid. 

LETTERS. 

1871* * La Fontana de Oro, by Perez 
Galdos, appears. [1873-75, Batten; 1S74, 
Cadiz.] 

1874 * * El Sombrero de tres Picos, by 
Pedro Antonio de Alarcon, appears. [1875. 
Amores y Amorios and El Escdndalo. 
1800. El Nino de la Bola.] 

1875 * * Gritos del Combat, by Gaspar 
Nunez de Aree, appears. [1S80, La Vi- 
sion de Fray Martin.} 

1884-86 Historia de las Ideas Esteticas 
en Espauo, by Mendenez Pelayo, appears. 

1884 ~Nov.* Madrid. Theprofessorsand 
students are expelled from the univer- 
sity by the illiberal government. 

1887 Oct. 8. The International Lit- 
erary Association meets. 

1889 May * Don Jose Zorrilla is called 
to be crowned poet laureate. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1870 Mar, 12. The Due de Montpen- 
sier kills Don Enrique de Bourbon, 
brother of the ex-king, in a duel. 

Mar.* Queen Isabella is separated 
from her husband. 

Dec. 28. Madrid. Marshal Prim is 
shot by night in the streets ; the assas- 
sin escapes. 

1872 July 19. Fifteen men attempt to 
assassinate the king; one assassin is 
killed and two are captured. 

1873 Mar. 23. Slavery in Porto Rico 
is aboUshed. 

1875 Jan. * The orders of knighthood 

are reestablished. 
1S78 Oct. 25. An unsuccessful attempt 

is made to kill the king. [1S79. Dec. 30. 

Another.] 

1880 Feb. 18. The order for the grad- 
ual abolition of slavery in Cuba is pro- 
mulgated. 

1881 Oct. 8. The railway between 
Madrid and Lisbon is opened. 

1883 Feb. * Socialists and anarchists 
create disturbances at Seville. 

1885 May* -Sept.* Cholera breaks 
out in Granada, Malaga, Valencia, and 
Murcia; 91,000 deaths occur. 

1887 Jan. 9, 10. The Alcazar, an an- 
cient Moorish palace, occupied by the 
Emperor Charles V., is burned. 

18S8 May 20. An international ex- 
hibition is opened at Barcelona. 



SPAIN. 



1868, Oct 13 -1894, Dec. 17. 1133 



1890 May 3. Strikers become rioters 
at Barcelona. [Oct. * Cholera breaks 
out.] 

June *- July * Cholera ravages Valencia. 
July 31. Socialists cause disturbances 

at Barcelona, Malaga, and Valencia ; a 

state of siege is declared. 
Dec. 7. A bomb-thrower damages the 

residence of the archbishop of Valencia. 

1891 Jan. 29. Election riots occur. 

Mar. 25. Madrid. A workmen's con- 
gress favors a general strike throughout 
Spain to secure the eight-hour system. 

May 31. Cavalry disperse riotous stri- 
kers at Bilbao. 

1892 Jan. 9. Anarchists attack Xe- 
res ; repulsed by troops. [Jan. 15. They 
attack another town.] 

Apr. 4. Madrid. A Frenchman and a 
Portuguese are arrested for attempting 
to blow up the Cortes with dynamite. 

Apr. 20. Anarchists cause explosions 
in three towns. 

July 31. The 400th anniversary of the 
departure of Columbus is celebrated at 
Huelva. The discovery of America by 
Columbus is celebrated at Cadiz. [Aug. 
3. At Palos. Oct. 10. At Huelva.] 

Aug. 8. The caravel Santa Maria sails 
from Palos with its escort. 

Aug. 31. Moorish pirates board the Ja- 
cob, secure 400 bales of wool, and 11 of 
the 16 members of the crew. 



Sept. 24. Madrid. Two bombs are 
thrown at Capt.-Gen. Martinez Campos 
while reviewing troops at Barcelona ; 
he and others are wounded, and one sol- 
dier is killed. 

Nov. 3. A steamer loaded with dyna- 
mite blows up at Santander, killing 200 
people and destroying a great part of 
the town. 

Nov. 8. Anarchists throw a dynamite 
bomb into a theater at Barcelona, kill- 
ing 30 people and injuring 80 others. 

1894 Jan. 13. Madrid. A bomb with 
lighted fuse is found on the staircase of 
the palace of the Marquis de Olivas. 

Mar. 27. Unemployed men at San Lu- 
car de Barrameda plunder shops. 

Apr. 2. Bread riots break out in Anda- 
lusia. 

STATE. 

1868 Oct. 13. The United States of 
America recognizes the provisional gov- 
ernment. [Oct. 25. England, France, 
and Prussia.] 



Oct. 26. The Government issues a man- 
ifesto favoring freedom of the press, uni- 
versal suffrage, and popular education. 

1869 Jan. 23. Borne. The special 
envoy is not received. 

Feb. * Cubans rise for independence. 

May 21. The Cortes votes for a mo- 
narchical government. Vote, 214-17. 
[June 15. Marshal Serrano is elected 
regent. Unionists advocate the Due de 
Montpensier as king.] 

June 6. New constitution promulgated. 

1870 May * Gen. Espartero declines 
the proffered crown. 

June 25. Isabella H. abdicates in 
favor of her eldest son [Alfonso XII.]. 

Oct. 20. Amadeus, Duke of Aosta, sec- 
ond son of Victor Immanuel, accepts the 
candidature for the vacant throne. [Nov. 
16. Elected by the Cortes. Vote, Ama- 
deus, 191 ; Montpensier, 27 ; 63 for a re- 
public. Nov. 17. Proclaimed king.] 

1870-73 Amadeus reigns. 

1871 Jan. 2. The king takes the con- 
stitutional oath. [Jan. 21. He enters 
Madrid.] 

1872 Jan.* Baldomero Espartero, Duke 
of Vittoria, is created Prince of Vergara. 

* * Spain is much disturbed by Carlists 
and Republicans. 

1873 Feb. 11. King Amadeus resigns 
because of persistent contentions. 

The two chambers of the Cortes unite 
and vote for a republic. Vote, 136-32. 

Apr. 26. Madrid. The "Permanent 
Committee "is dissolved; the new gov- 
ernment becomes operative. 

June 8. The newly elected Cortes votes 
for a republic. Vote, 210-2. 

July 13. Don Carlos enters Spain as 
Carlos VII. [July 31. Enters Biscay.] 

Sept. * -73 Jan.* Emilio Castelar is 
president of the executive. 

1874 Jan. 2, 3. Castelar resigns, 
being denied a vote of confidence in the 
Cortes ; Capt.-Gen. Pavia forcibly dis- 
solves the Cortes. 

Feb. 28. Marshal Serrano becomes 
chief executive. 

Dec. 29. Gen. Martinez Campos pro- 
claims Alfonso king, after he has 
been approved by the army in Murvie- 
dro. [Dec. 31. Proclaimed king by Gen. 
Primo de Ilivera at Madrid.] 

1874-85 Alfonso XH. reigns. 

1875 Jan. 22. Alfonso enters Madrid. 



1876 Mar. 20. Madrid. Alfonso XII. 
makes a triumphal entry. 

July 21. The Cortes approves a new 
constitution. 

1877 Apr. * A general amnesty is of- 
fered to Carlists who lay down arms. 

1878 Jan. 23. Alfonso XII. is mar- 
ried to his cousin, Mercedes, daughter 
of Due de Montpensier. [1S7S. De- 
ceased. 1S79. Nov. 29. He marries Arch- 
duchess Maria Christina of Austria.] 

1885 Sept. 4-6. Madrid. Rioters at- 
tack the German legation because the 
Germans have occupied the island of 
Yap, one of the Caroline Islands. [Sept. 
26. Apology made. Mediation of the 
Pope.] 

Nov. 25. Alfonso XII. dies. 

1886 May 17. Alfonso XIH. born, 
and proclaimed king on the same day. 
His mother, Maria Christina, regent. 

1888 Feb. 27. The Senate introduces 
trial by jury. [1SS9. May 20. Opera- 
tive at Madrid.] 

1889 Jan. 23. A decree of amnesty is 
issued for the benefit of mutinous sol- 
diers, press and political offenders. 

1890 Apr. 30. The Senate approves of 
universal suffrage. 

1891 Feb. 3. The election returns 
show 314 Government candidates, GO Lib- 
erals, 35 Republicans, and 7 Carlists. 

May 31. Premier Canovas del Castillo 
announces a convention concluded 
with the United States. 

June 26. A reciprocity treaty with the 
United States of America is promul- 
gated. 

1893 Jan. 26. The Infanta Eulalia 
and her husband, Prince Antoine, are 
appointed to represent the queen regent 
at the "World's Fair in Chicago. 

Mar. 12. Election returns ; 322 Govern- 
ment deputies and 92 opposition. 

May 11. Madrid. Troops guard the 
Cortes while Carlists and Republicans 
fight a government bill. Great excite- 
ment prevails. [May 12. A session of 
54 hours ends.] 

Nov. 10. Martial law is proclaimed at 
Barcelona to subdue a revolutionary 
outbreak. 

1894 Feb. 23±. The Sultan of Mo- 
rocco makes a satisfactory settlement 
of Spanish claims against the Riffians. 

Apr. 10±. Emilio Castelar leaves the 
Republican party and joins the mon- 
archists. 

Apr. 28. The United States claims a 
large sum as reimbursement for duties 
improperly collected in Cuba. 

Dec. 17. Spain grants partial rule to 
Cuba. 



SWEDEN. 



Sweden is a kingdom of northwestern Europe ; capital, Stockholm. The government is a hereditary constitutional mon- 
archy, with the legislative power vested in the king and a Riksdag, of two houses. Norway is under the same king, and united 
with Sweden in the same foreign and diplomatic relations. The chief religion is Protestant. Area, 170,979 square miles ; popu- 
lation, in 1891, 4,802,751. 



CHURCH, 



STATE. 



829-31 [St.] Ansgar introduces Chris- 40-950 The Skioldungs rule, 
tianity. [Or 1000+ by Olaf Skotkon- 980± * * Eric the Victory-Blest reigns, 
ung.] 993-1026 Olaf reins. 



[1026-51, Edmund Colbrenner ; 1051-56, 
Edmund Slemme ; 1056-66. Stenkil ; 1066- 
90, Halstan; 1090-1112, Ingo 1.; 1112-18, 
Philip ; 1118-35, Ingo II. ; 1135-55, Swer- 
ker Karlsson.] 



1134 1056,**-1803,** 



SWEDEN. 



ARMY— NAVY. 



1770 * * Karl Wilhelm Scheele discovers 
tartaric acid. [1775. Also oxygen ; also 
bleaching with chlorin. 1779. Glycer- 
in. 1782. Prussic acid.] 



J.306 * * Civil war ; the king against his 
brothers, who are imprisoned and 
starved. 

1361 * * Waldemar IV., of Denmark, 
ravages Gothland. 

:1363 * * War with the nobles (p. 636). 
The king is defeated at Enkdping, and 
made a prisoner. [1389. Again at Fal- 
koping (p. 636).] 

1496 * * Kin g Hans of Denmark and 
Norway defeats Sten Sture. 

1500* * The Ditmarshes defeat the 
Danes. 

1523 * * Gustavus I. rebels against the 
Danes, and takes the fortresses of Ves- 
teras and Upsala. 

1563-70 "War with Norway and Den- 
mark. 

Cause : Eric XIV. claims the right to 
put three crowns on his eoat-of-arnia. 

1594-95 "War with Prussia. 

1598 * * Sigismund LEI. is defeated by 
Duke Charles near Linkbping. 

1621* * Gustavus II. defeats Sigis- 
mund III. in many battles. [1630-32. 
He takes part in the Thirty Years' 
"War.] 

1643-45 "War with Denmark (p. 636). 

1656 * * Charles X. defeats tbe Poles 
near "Warsaw. [1658. He invades Den- 
mark (p. 636). 1660. He overruns Poland.] 

1674 * * Charles XI. aids the Germans. 
He defeats the Danes. 

1700 * * Charles XII. invades Denmark 
(p. 638). 

Nov. 30. Bus. Charles XII. with 8,400± 
Swedes defeats 40,000± Russians under 
Due de Croy at Narva. 

* * Charles XII. compels Augustus II. of 
Saxony to raise the siege of Riga. 
[1703. May 1. Bus. He defeats him at 
Pultusk.] 

1709 July 8. (n. s.) Hits. Peter the 
Great with 70,000± Russians completely 
defeats Charles XII. and 25,000± Swedes 
at Pultowa. [He sends 14,000 prisoners 
to Siberia.] 

1718 Dec. 11. Nor. Charles XH. is 
killed at the siege of Frederickshald. 

1741-43 "War with Russia. [1788-90. 
Again ; Gustavus fails to recover Rus- 
sian conquests in Finland and Livonia.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1575 * * Tycho Brahe erects an obser- 
vatory. [Also founds the Tychonic sys- 
tem of astronomy.] 

1649 * * CHaus Rudbeck discovers the 
lymphatics. 

1719 * * A snow-storm causes 7,000 sol- 
diers to perish on the mountains. 

1725-68 Carl von Linnaeus founds the 
"artificial system" in botany. [1741. 
Garden at Upsala is established.] 

1733 * * Georg Brandt discovers cobalt. 

1751± * * Axel Frederick Cronstedt dis- 
covers nickel. 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1128* * Absalon, Norse bishop of Lund, 
born. [1201. DieB.] 

1470* * Charles VIII.. king, dies. 

1483 * * Andrea, Laurentius, reformer, cl.,b. 
[1552. Dies.] 

1496* * Gustavus I.. king, b. [1560. Dies.] 

1503 * * Sten Sture, protestor, dies. 

1533 * * Eric XIV.. king, born. [1577. D.] 

1550 * * Charles IX., king, b. [1611. D.] 

1594 * * Gustavus II., Adolphus, king, born. 
[1632. Dies.] 
Horn, Gustaf, count, general, b. [1659. D.] 

1695* * Uaner (liiiiiier), Johan G., general, 
born. [1641. Dies.] 

1598* * Lilja, Guran (Georg Stjernhjelm), 
father of Swedish poetry, b. [1672. D.] 

1603 * * Torstenson, Lennart, Count of Or- 
tala, general, born. [1651. Dies.] 

1613* * Wrangel, Karl Gustaf von, high 
admiral, born. [1676. Dies.] 

1626* * Christina, queen, born. [1689. D.] 

1645 * * Spegel. Haquin, archbishop of Up- 
sala, author, born. [1714. Dies.] 

1660 Feb. 3. Charles X., king, dies. 

1670* * Celsius, Glaus, botanist, orientalist, 
born. [1756. Dies.] 

1675 * * Benzel, Eric, archbishop of Upsala, 
author, born. [1743. DieB.] 

1682* * Charles XII., king, b. [1718. D.] 

1688* * Swedenborg, Emanuel, theologian, 
philosopher, born. [1772. Dies.] 

1694* * Brandt, Georq, chemist, b. [1768. D.] 

1701* * Celsius. Anders, astro., b. [1744. D.] 

1 705 * * A t e r d i, Peter, naturalist, born. 
[1735. Dies.] 

1707* * P.rowal, Julian, clergyman, natural- 
ist, born. [1755. Dies.] 
Linna-us, Carl von, naturalist, b. [1778. D.] 

1710* * Ehrensward, Count of, August, field- 
marshal, born. [1783. Dies.] 

1722 * * Cronstedt, Axel Fredrick, mineralo- 
gist, born. [1765. Dies.] 
llassehiuist, Fredrick, naturalist,b. [1752. D.] 

1735 * * Bergman, Torbern Olof, chemist, 
naturalist, born. [1784. Dies.] 

1736* *Alstrdmer, Klaudius, naturalist, 
born. [1796. Dies.] 
Sulander, Daniel. Charles, naturalist, born. 
[1782. Dies.] 

1740* * Bellman, Karl Mikael, poet, born. 
[1795. Dies.] 

1742* * Scheele. Karl "Wilhelm. chemist, 
born. [1786. Dies.] 

1743* * Ferber, Johan Jacob, mineralogist, 
born. [1790. Dies.] 
ThunherK, Karl l'ctcr, botanist, b. [1828. D.] 

1746* * Gustavus III., king, b. [1792. D.] 
Troil, Uno, archbishop of Upsala, author, 
born. [1803. Dies.] 

1748* * Charles XIII., king, b. [1818. D.] 

1750* *Afzellus, Adam, botanist, born. 
[1836±. Dies.] 

1755* * Essen, Hans Henrik, count, field- 
marshal, born. [1824. Dies.] 
Fersen, Axel von, count, field-marshal, born. 
[1810. Dies.] 

1757* * Archarius, Erik, botanist, born. 
[1819. Dies.] 
Armfelt, Gustaf Mauritz, courtier, lieuten- 
ant-general, born. [1814. Dies.] 

1767 * * Hoijer, Benjamin Karl Henrik, phi- 
losopher, born. [1812. Dies.] 

1776* * Gustavus IV., Adolphus, king, born. 
[1837. Dies.] 
Ling, Feter H., physiol., poet, b. [1839. D.] 

1779 * * Berzelius. Jons Jakob, baron, 
chemist, born. [1848. Dies.] 

1782* * Teener. Esaias, poet, b. [1846. D.] 

1783 * * Bvstrom, Julian Nils, sculptor, boru. 
[1848. Dies.] 
Geijer (Geyer). Erik Gustaf. historian, 
poet, born. [1847. Dies.] 

1785 * * Agardh, Karl Adolf, botanist, born. 
[1859. Dies.] 
Hammarskjold, Lars, critic, author, born. 

[1827. Dies.] 
Zettersedt, Johan W., naturalist, b. [1874. D.] 

1787+ Fogelberg, Bengt Erland, sculptor, 
born. [1854. Dies.] 
Nilsson, Sven, zoologist, born. [1883. Dies.] 

1788* * Palniblad, Vilhelm Fredrik, author, 
born. [1852. Dies.] 

1790* * Atterbom, Feter Daniel Amadeus, 
poet, born. [ 1 855. DieB. ] 

1791 * * Dahlgren, Karl Johan, poet, novel- 
ist, born. [1844. Dies.] 



1795 * * Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, novel- 
ist, political writer, born. [1865. Dies.] 
Fryxel, Anders, historian, born. [1881. D.] 
1802 * * Bremer, Fredrika, novelist, born. 
[1865. DieB.] 
Lbnnrot, Elias, FinniBh philologist, born. 
[1884. Dies. J 



CHURCH. 

1150+ * * King Swerker petitions tbe 
Pope to send the Swedes a bishop and a 
primate. [1163, The archbishopric of 
Upsala is established.] 

1152 * * The synod at Linkbping decides 
to enforce clerical celibacy, and to send 
yearly contributions to the Pope. 

1160+ * * Eric I. attempts to force Chris- 
tianity on the Finns. 

1527 * * Gustavus is authorized to reor- 
ganize the church. [152S. He estab- 
lishes Lutheranism, and confiscates cler- 
ical properties.] 

1568+ * * John III. attempts to make 
the Swedes Catholics. Protestants 
resent his proselyting. Home condemns 
his indecision. 

1593 * * A great assembly accepts the 
Augsburg Confession. [1601- Sweden 
joins the general Protestant movement.] 

1743 * * Emanuel Swedenborg, foun- 
der of the New Jerusalem, begins to 
have "visions." 



LETTERS. 

1230+ * * Elder West Gota Law, by Es- 
kil, appears. 

1303 * * Queen Eupkemia's Songs are 
written. 

1320 * * Erikskronikan, a chronicle in 
rhyme, appears. 

1325+ * * On the Conduct of Kings and 
Princes is written. 

1347 * * General Common Law, by Mag- 
nus Ericsson, appears. 

1350-1484 The Bible is translated. 

1440± * * Karl skronikan is written. 

1476 * * The University of Upsala Is 
founded by Sten Sture. [1477. Sept. 21. 
Opened.] 

1495 * * The first book printed in the 
Swedish language appears. 

1500± * * Sture kronikorna is written. 

1530 * * Certain Divine Songs, by Olaufl 
Petri, appear. [He writes also a Chron- 
icle, and a mystery play, Tobie Comedia, 
the first Swedish drama.] 

1610 * * Tisbe, the first comedy in Swe- 
dish, by Magnus Olai Asteropherus, ap- 
pears. 

1611-32 Gustavus Adolphus endows 
the University of Upsala, and founds 
the University of Dorpat and many 
schools and colleges. 

1643 * * A Swedish Dictionary is pub- 
lished. 

* * Ordinaire Post-Tidende is issued at 
Stockholm. 

1649* * Cupid Caught and The Birth of 
Peace, by Georg Stjernhjelm, appear. 
[1651, Parnassus Triumphans ; 1653, Her- 
cules.] 

1658 * * Complaint of the Swedish Lan- 
guage, by Gustaf Rosenhane, appears. 
[1680, Venerid; 1682, Eighty Songs.] 

1668 * * The University of Lund is 
founded. 

1675-83 Svensk Mercurius is issued. 

1675-98 Atlantica, by Olaus Rudbeck, 
appears. [1701, Elysian Fields.] 

1682-1701 Belationes Curiosse is issued 
in Latin. 



SWEDEN. 



1056,**-1803,** 1135 



1708 * * History of the Swedish Church, 

by Haquin Spegel, appears. [Later, 

God's Labor and Rest.] 
3.733-34 Swedish Argus, by Olaus von 

Dalin, appears. [1736, Thoughts about 

Critics; 1742, Sivedish Freedom.] 
1739 * * Sine lair svisa, by Anders Odel, 

appears. 
1741* * The Royal Academy is founded 

by Linnaeus. 
1742 * * Tidningar om den Lardas Arbe- 

ten is issued. 



1742-45 Adalrik och Gothitda, by Jakob 
HenrikMbrk, appears. [1749-53, Thecla.] 

1743 * * The Sorrowing Turtledove, by 
Hedvig Charlotta Nordenflycht, appears. 

1749-56 Arcana C&lestia, by Emanuel 
Swedenborg, appears. 

1755-89 Swenska Mercurius is issued. 

1760 * * The Moon, by Karl Mikael Bell- 
man, appears. [1765-90, Fredman's Epis- 
tles and Fredman's Songs.] 

1772 * * Mercure de Suede is issued. 

1785 * * The Expedition Across the Belt, 
by Gustaf Frederik Gyllenborg, appears. 

1786 * * The Swedish Academy, with IS 
members, is created by Gustavus III. 

1796 * * Samlade Skrifters, by Johan 
Henrik Kellgren, appears. 

1803 * * The Vitterheteus Vanner, a lit- 
erary society, is founded at Upsala by 
Lars Hammarskold. [1807. Aurora 
Forbundet, established by Peter Daniel 
Amadeus Atterbom and Vilhelm Fred- 
rick Palmblad.j 

SOCIETY. 

1520 * * Christian II. orders the princi- 
pal nobles to a feast, where, they are 
massacred. 



1622* * Gustavus Adolphus prohibits 
the drinking of whisky. 

[1698. Charles XII. prohibits its man- 
ufacture. 1718. Its manufacture is lim- 
ited to four distilleries. 1756. The party 
called " Hats " secure by enactment the 
prohibition of the sale of whisky. 1771. 
Gustavus III. prohibits it. 1774. Repeals 
the prohibition, and licenses the sale for 
the revenue; crown stills are estab- 
lished. 1787. Leasehold stills are in- 
troduced. 1809. Domestic stills are in- 
troduced. 1855. Licenses are enacted, 
and domestic stills abolished. 1865. The 
Gothenburg system of regulating the 
traffic is introduced.] 

1772 * * The Order of the Sword is 
instituted. 

.1792 Mar. 16. Count Ankerstrbm 
shoots Gustavus III. at a masquer- 
ade. 

STATE. 

1155 * * The Swedes choose [St.] Eric 
IX. j Edwardson ; he is opposed by the 
Goths. [The Goths and Swedes each 
choose their own king, and fight each 
other for 100± years.] 

1161-67 Charles VII. reigns. [1167-99, 
Canute Erickson ; 1199-1210, Swerker II. ; 
1210-16, Erie II. ; 1216-22, John I. ; 1222- 
50, Eric III.; 1250-66, Birger Jarl, re- 
gent.] 

1260 * * Stockholm is founded. 



1266-75 Waldemar "V. reigns. He 

fortifies Stockholm, and subdues the 

Finnish pirates. 
1275-90 Magnus I., Ladulses, reigns. 

[1279. He organizes the government in 

regular form.] 
.1290-1319 Birger II., nine years of 

age ; Torkel Knutsson, regent. [1295. 



The code of laws are accepted by the 
Great Thing ; Savolax and Carelia are 
annexed. 1306. The king beheads 
Knutsson.] 

1319-63 Young Magnus II. .Smsek, reigns; 
Mats Ketilmundsson, successful regent. 
[1365, Deposed, imprisoned; 1371, Re- 
leased, and goes to Norway.] 

1319 * * The crown is made elective. 

1336* * On the death of Mats the Danes 
recover conquered territory. 

1363-89 Albert, Count of Mecklenburg, 
reigns. He is elected king by the disaf- 
fected nobles [and later by the Great 
Thing]. 

* * Haco VIII., king of Norway, Albert's 
son, marries Margaret of Denmark. 
[1389. She sends an army to aid the no- 
bles, and subdues most of the country.] 

1389-1412 Margaret of Denmark 
reigns. 

1397 July 20. Three kingdoms are 
united in the Union of Calmar (p. 637). 

1412-39 Eric VH. reigns. 

(1413.) He declares the duchy of Schles- 
wig a forfeited fief, and fights [20 years] 
to possess it. (1434.) The oppressed peas- 
ants of Dulecarlia rebel. (1436.) The no- 
bles pacify the peasants by promising to 
dethrone Eric ; hut they reestablish 
him. (1439.) Finally dethroned. 

1440-48 Christopher HI. reigns. 

1448 * * Christian I. is elected king by 
the Danes (p. 637). Sweden secedes, and 
the kingdoms are separated. 

1448-57 Charles VIH. (Knutsson) is 
elected king by the Swedes. (1457.) His 
enemies in both the spiritual and the 
temporal aristocracy drive him out, and 
elect Christian I. 

1457-64 Christian I., of Denmark, 
reigns, but is unable to dominate the 
entire country. 

1464-71± Charles "VTTT. again reigns. 
(1465.) Dethroned for a short time by 
the nobles. Almost continuous wars 
with the Danes. 

1471-83 Interregnum; Sten Sture, the 
elder, rules as protector. 

1483-1502 John H. (I. of Denmark) 
reigns. 

1502 * * Interregnum. 

1503-12 Svante Nilsson Sture, protec- 
tor. [1512-20. Sten Sture, the younger.] 

1520-23 Christian II. of Denmark, the 
ferocious conqueror, reigns. 

He massacres 90 prominent men, and 
is expelled by an uprising under Gusta- 
vus Ericsson [Vasa], who overthrows the 
Danish power. 

1523-60 Gustavus I., "Vasa, is elected 
king on June 6th by a diet, which repu- 
diates the union of Calmar. Sweden 
is independent (p. 637). (1544.) He 
makes the crown hereditary; he is 
popular with his subjects. 

1560-69 Eric IV. reigns. Deposed and 
imprisoned by his brother, who succeeds 
him. 

1569-92 John HI. reigns. (1570). The 
Peace of Stettin (Prus.) ends the Danish 

1592-1604 Sigismund HI. of Poland, 
son of John III., reigns. 

As an ardent Catholic he provokes op- 
position, and finally makes his uncle, 



Duke Charles [IX.], regent, and returns 
to Poland. (1600.) Dethroned. 

1595 * * Peace with Russia. 

1604-11 Charles IX. reigns by the 
election of the Diet. Many wars fol- 
low. 

1611-32 GustavusII., Adolphus, reigns 
with distinguished success. 

1613 June 29. Treaty of Knared. 
Denmark returns all conquered terri- 
tory to Sweden, and receives one million 
thalers. 

1617 Mar. 9. Gustavus forces Russia 
to cede Kexholm, Karelia, and Inger- 
manland, at Stobowa. 

1629 Sept. 16. Poland signs an armis- 
tice for six years. 

1631 Jan. 25. Treaty with Prance (p. 
689). 

1632-54 Christina reigns. (1644.) As- 
sumes the crown on her 18th birthday. 
(1654. June 16). Abdicates in favor of 
her cousin, Charles Gustavus. 

1648* ^Denmark cedes Rugen to 
Sweden, 

1654-60 Charles X., Gustavus, reigns. 

1660-97 Charles XI. reigns. (1672.) As- 
sumes the government ; 16 years of age. 
Taxation crushes the people. (1680.) 
Reforms are made. One-fourth of the 
crown lands held by nobles are restored. 
Many families are ruined. The crown 
becomes independent of the nobles ; it 
holds ten counties as crown lands. 

1697-1718 Charles XII. reigns, "the 
madman of the North ; " 15 years of age. 
(1699.) He abolishes the Senate, and 
becomes an absolute ruler. (1700.) Po- 
land, Kussia, and Denmark unite in an 
alliance against Sweden to recover lost 
territories. Denmark is soon alarmed, 
and withdraws from the alliance. (1706.) 
Poland makes peace at Altranstadt. 
(1709.) Charles XII. flees into Turkey. 
(1714.) He returns. 

* * * Numerous wars : the nobles re- 
cover their power. 

1700-1800 Sweden is one of the great- 
est powers of Europe. 

1718-^11 (51) Ulrika Eleonora and her 
consort, Frederick I . , landgrave of 
Hesse-Cassel, reign. (1741.) She abdi- 
cates ; he reigns alone. 

1719* * Despotism is abolished; the 
powers of the Diet are restored. 

Sweden cedes Bremen and Verden to 
Hanover. [1720. Surrenders Stettin and 
part of "Western Pomerania to Prussia. 
1721. Livonia, Esthonia, Ingermanland, 
and part of Viborg Jim, go to Russia. 
1743. Russia gets Eastern Finland by 
the Peace of Arho.] 

1738-57 The French party called 
"Hats" and the Russian party called 
"Caps" disturb the country. [1770. 
Gustavus III. subdues them.] 

1741-51 Frederick I. reigns. 

1751-71 Adolphus Frederick of Hol- 
stein-Gottorp reigns. 

1756 * * A conspiracy of the nobles de- 
tected. 

1771-92 Gustavus HI., Adolphus, 
reigns. (1772. Aug. 12.) By a coup d'&tat 
he reduces the advisory council to a 
mere advisory board. 

1792-1809 Gustavus IV. reigns. He is 
deposed by a military conspiracy, and 
succeeded by his uncle Charles, the Duke 
of Sudermania. 



1136 



1803, * * -1893, July 22. 



SWEDEN. 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1803 * * Jons Jakob Berzelius discovers 
cerium. [1817, also selenium ; 1818, 
silicon ; 1824, tantalum columbium ; 1828, 
thorinum ; 1844, zirconium.] 

1817+ * * Arfwedson discovers lithium. 

1872 July 21. Nils Adolf Erik Nor- 
denskjold sails on an Arctic expedi- 
tion. [1S75. Another. 1S78-79. He ac- 
complishes the Northeast Passage.] 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1803* * Ericsson. John, engineer, inven- 
tor, born. [1889. Dies.] 

1804* * Hunelieri,', Julian Ludvig, poet, b. 
Taglioni, .Marie, opera daneer,b. [1884. D.] 

1806* * Dahlbom, Anders G., entomologist, 
born. [1859. Dies.] 

1807 * * < 'arh-n. Knulia Smith Flvgare, novel- 
ist, born. [1892. Dies.] 

1808 * * Chapman, Fredrik Henrlk af, ad- 
miral, dies. 

1813* * Castn'-n, Matthias Alexander, phi- 
lologist, born. [1852. Dies.] 
Mellm.Custaf Henrik, novelist, b. [1876. D.] 
1819 * * Schwartz, .Mane Sophie, author, b. 

1831 * * Andersson, Nils Johan, botanist, 
born. [1880. Dies.] 

Lind, Jenny (Mrs. Goldschmidt), vocalist, 
born. [1887. Dies.] 
1836 May 3. Charles XV., king, born. 

[1872, Sept. 18. Dies.] 
1827* * Andersson, Carl Johan, explorer, 

born. [1867. Dies.] 
1839 Jan. 21. Oscar II., born. 
Rydberu', Abraham Victor, novelist, born. 

1832 * * Nordenskjold, Adolf Erik, arctic ex- 
plorer, born. 

1843 * * Nilsson, Christine, singer, born. 
1858 June 16. Prince Gustavus, born. 

1877 * * Runeberg. Johann Ludvig, poet, 
A73. 

CHURCH. 

1809 * * The Swedish Bible Society is or- 
ganized. [1829. The first missionary so- 
ciety, at Goteborg. 1835. Jan. 6. Also 
the Swedish Missionary Society. 1845. 
The Mission Society of Lund. 1855. It 
is absorbed by the Swedish Society. 
1S77. The Mission Union for the Jews 
is formed. 1880. Mar. 17. The Friends 
of the Finns Society is organized.] 

1834 * * American Baptists begin mis- 
sion-work in Sweden. [1852. Rev. An- 
dreas "Wiberg, an eminent scholar, be- 
comes a Baptist, and founds the Baptist 
church of Sweden. 1872. The Baptist 
Conference organizes a missionary soci- 
ety. 1886. Mar. 17. The work is adopted 
by the American Baptists.] 

1856 * * The Evangelical National Insti- 
tution is organized. 

1857 * * The banishment of Roman 
Catholic converts from Lutheranism 
is decreed. 

1860* * Religious toleration is ex- 
tended. 

1865 * * Methodists enter from Norway. 
[1868. Mission organized. 1874. Theo- 
logical School opened at Upsala. 1876. 
A conference is organized.] 

1878 Aug. 2. The Swedish Mission 
Union is formed. 

LETTERS. 

1808 * * War Song for the Militia of 
Scania, by Esaias Tegne>, appears. 
[1811, Svea; 1820, The Children of the 
Lord's Supper; 1822, Axel; 1825, Frith- 
jofs Saga.'} 



1810-13 Phosphorus is issued. 
1810-12 Polyfem is issued. 



1813 * * Poems, by Lars Hammarskold, 
appears. [1817, Hellvin och Elvina ; 
1818, Swedish Literature; 1821, Histori- 
cal Remarks on the Progress and Develop- 
ment of Philosophic Studies in Sweden.] 



1819 * * National Hymn-booh of Stveden, 
by Johan Olof Wallin, appears. 

1820 * * Poems, by Erik Sjoberg, ap- 
pears. 

* * Poems, by Adolf Iwar Arwidsson, ap- 
pears. 

* * The Argus is issued by Johannson. 

* * Poems, by Julia Christina Nyberg, ap- 
pears. 

1823-79 ** Narratives from Swedish 
History, by Anders Fry'xell, appears. 

1829 * * Book of the Thorn Pose, by Karl 
Jonas Ludwig Almqvist, appears. [Later, 
Gabriele Mini an so, Amalie Hillner, Ara 
Minta May, Kolumbine, and Marjam.] 

1830* * Poems, by Johan Ludvig 
Runeberg, appears, [1S32, The Elk 
Hunters ; 1X38, More Poems; 1S36, Hanna; 
1841, Christmas Eve ; 1843, More Poems; 
1844, King Fjalar ; 1848-60, Ensign St&l's 
Stories; 1853, Minor Writings.] 

* * Faderneslandbladet is issued by Cru- 
senstolpe. 

* * Aftonbladet is issued by Hjerta. 

1831 * * Columbus and the Discovery of 
America, by Frans Michel Franzen, ap- 
pears. 

1832 * * History of the Swedish Nation, 
by Eric Gustaf Geijer, appears. [1834, 
Peyniniscences; 1X3*1," sketch of the Condi- 
tion of Sweden; 1844, Life' of Charles 
XIV.] 

1833 * * History of Swedish Literature, 
by Peter "Wieselgren, appears. 

1833-37 Skandia is issued. 
1833-34 Swenska Argus is issued. 

1834 * * History of Stveden, by Anders 
Magnus Strinnho'lm, appears. 

* * Statistics of Sweden, by Karl Gustaf 
af Forsell, appears. 

1835-57 Biographical Dictionary of Em- 
inent Swedes, by Vilhelm Fredrick Palm- 
blad, appears. [1846, Aurora Konigs- 
marlc] 

1837 * * The First Years of Gustavus 
IY., by Magnus Jakob Crusenstolpe, ap- 
pears. [1838^10, Positions and Relations ; 
1840-44, Morianen.] 



1838-40 Literaturbladet is issued. 

1840± * * The Neighbors, by Fredrika 
Bremer, appears. [1843, TheHome; later, 
The President's Daughters, The Diary, 
The H. Family, Strife and Peace, Nina, 
and Brothers and Sisters; 1853, The 
Homes of the New World; 1856, Hertha.] 

1841 * * The Seers and Poets of Stoeden, 
by Peter Daniel Atterbom, appears. 

* * Waldemar Klein, by Emilia Flygare 
Carl^n, appears. [1844, The Professor 
and Thistle Island; 1850, Home in the 
Valley.] 

1846 * * Erik XIV., by Johan Borjesson, 
appears. 

1850* * TidsskriftforLitteratnrisissued. 

1852 * * Norsk Tidsskrift is issued. 



1856 * * Poems, by Karl Vilhelm Botti- 
ger, appears. 

1858 * * The Man of Family and the 
Man from the People, by Maria Sophie 
Schwartz, appears. [1859, Work En- 
nobles a Man ; 1860, The Nobleman's 
Daughter; 1863, The Organ-Grinder's 
Son and Gold and Name ; 1873, A Child 
of the Time.] 

* * Revue Su6doise is issued. 

1859 * * The Last of the Athenians, by 
Abraham Victor Rydberg, appears. 

1861 * * Little Poems, by Carl Johan 
Snoilsky, appears. [1862, 1869, More 
poems ; 1871, Sonnets; 1881, Neio Poems.) 

1876 * * Poems, by Karl David Wirse'n, 
appears. 

SOCIETY. 

1847 Oct. 9. Sweden abolishes sla- 
very in its dependencies. 

1855 * * The police arrest 11 persons for 
every 100 of the population. [1886. Aver- 
age annual consumption of distilled 
spirits, 2.47 gallons.] 

1857 June 6. Oscar H. is married to 
the Princess Sophia of Nassau. 

1869 July 28. The Princess Louisa 
is married to Frederick, Crown Prince 
of Denmark. 

1881 Sept. 20. Prince Gustavus is 
married to Victoria of Baden. 

1888 Mar. 15. Prince Oscar is mar- 
ried to Ebba Munck of England. 

STATE. 

1809-18 Charles XLTI. reigns. 

(1S09. June 7.) He decrees a repre- 
sentative constitution. (Sept. 17.) Fin- 
land is ceded to Russia. (1812. Jan. 9.) 
Napoleon I. seizes Swedish Pomerania. 
(1813. Mar. 13.) Joins the alliance 
against Napoleon I. (p. 521). 

1814 Jan. 14. Denmark cedes Nor- 
way to Sweden by the treaty of Kiel 
(p. 639). [Nov. * Transferred.) ;- 

1815 * * Prussia obtains Stralsund and 
the Island of Rugen. 

1818-44 Charles XTV. (Jean Baptiste 
Jules Bernadotte, and crown prince), 
formerly a French general, reigns. 

1844-59 Oscar I., son of Berdanotte, 
reigns. 

1859-72 Charles XV. reigns. 

1864 Jan. 1. Free trade begins. 

Dec. 4-8. The Chambers adopt a new 
constitution. 

Dec. * Stockholm. The National Scan- 
dinavian Society is formed to advance 
the confederation of the three kingdoms, 
Sweden, Denmark, and Norway. 

1870 Aug. 4. Neutrality in the 
Franco-Prussian war is announced by 
proclamation. 

1872 Sept. 8. Oscar H. succeeds his 
brother. [1873. May 12. The king and 
queen are crowned. 1884. Mar. 10. The 
crown prince is made viceroy of Nor- 
way.] 

1893 July 22. The Storthing reduces 
the king's aUowance from 336,000 to 
256,000 kroner. 



SWITZERLAND. 



643,**-1781,**. 1137 



Switzerland is a federal republic of central Europe ; capital, Bern. It contains 22 confederated cantons, which are largely 
independent in local government. The legislative power is vested in an Assembly of two chambers, the State Council having two 
members from each canton, and the Chamber of Representatives having 147 Deputies. The joint session of both constitutes the 
Federal Assembly, which elects the executives of the Federal Council and its president, who is also the president of the Swiss 
Confederation for a term of one year. The principle of the referendum is also employed in legislation. Religion, three-fifths 
Protestant, two-fifths Roman Catholic; language, German, French, Italian, and Romansch. Area, 15,976 square miles ; popula- 
tion, 2,933,334. 



ARMY — NAVY. 
1315-1446 Important Battles. 

(1315. Nov. 15.) Morgarten (p. 504). 
(1386. July 9.) Sempach (p.7S4). (13SS. 
Apr. 9.) Nafels(p. 784). (1444. Aug. 26.) 
St. Jacob (p. 7S4). (1446 * *) Ragaz (p. 
784). 

1386-89 "War with Austria, caused by 

its oppressive rule. [1394+ . Another 

war. 1412-62. Another.] 
1436-50 Civil war between Zurich and 

Schwyz, caused by territorial disputes. 

(1443.) Zurich troops are defeated at St. 

Jacob on the Sihl. (1444.) Zurich is 



1440-46 War with Frederick III. of 
Austria (p. 784). 

1458 * * "War with Sigismund. 

1476 Mar. 3. Battle at Granson (p. 
786). [June 22. At Morat (p. 786). 1477. 
Jan. 5. At Nancy (p. 786).] 

1512 * * The Swiss in Milan (p. 7S6). 

1513 June 6. JV. It. The Swiss defeat 
the French at Navara (p. 680). 

1515 Sept. 13, 14. &. It. The Swiss 
power is broken by the defeat at Mele- 
gnano (p. 680). [1516. Peace follows.] 

1529-31 "Wars of Kappel. 

Protestant and Roman Catholic can- 
tons in conflict. [1531. Oct 11. The 
Protestants are defeated at Kappel; 
Zwingli, their leader, is killed.] 

1602 *« The escalade;" Charles Eman- 
uel of Savoy is repulsed at Geneva, after 
scaling the walls and entering the town. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
LETTERS. 

1459 Nov. 12. The University of 
Basel is founded by a papal charter.- 

1557 * * The Geneva Bible, printed by 
Rowland Hart, appears. 

1565± * * Gesner writes a History of An- 
imals; makes a classification of plants. 

1621 * * A Lexicon Hebraicum, by Johann 
Buxtorf , appears. 

1667 * * The Universal Lexicon, by Jo- 
hann J. Hoffman, appears. 

1696 * * Ars Critica, by Jean le Clerc, 
appears. 

1703-15 Nova Literaria Helvetica is is- 
sued at Zurich. 

1728-34 Bibliotheqne Italique is issued. 

1752 * * The screw ship-engine is in- 
vented by Daniel Bernoulli. 

1758 * * The Death of Abel is painted by 
Salomon Gessner. 

1770 * * The Lover's Present is painted 
by Sigmund Frendenberger. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

14th Century. Tell, William, legendary pa- 
triot, born. 
1386 * * "Winkelried, Arnold von, patriot, d. 
1484* * Zwin.gli, ULric, reformer, born. 



1647* * Merian, Maria Sjhvlla, artist, nat- 
uralist, born. [1717. Dies.] 

1654* * Bernoulli, .facqiies, mathematician, 
born. [1705. Dies.} 

1657* * Le Clerc, Jean, clergyman, critic, 
born. [1756. Dies.] 

1667 * * Bernoulli, Jean, mathematician, 
born. [1748. Dies.] 

1671 * * Turretini, Jean Alphonse, theolo- 
gian, born. [1737. Dies.] 

1694 * * liurlaniaqui, Jean Jacques, jurist, 
born. [1748. Dies.] 

1698* * I'.oilnier. Johann Jakob, journalist, 
born. [1783. Dies.] 

1700* * Bernoulli, Daniel, mathematician, 
physicist, born. [1782. Dies.] 

1707* *Euler, Leonhard, math.,b. [1783. D.] 

1708* * Haller, Albrecht yon, physiologist, 
born. [1777. Dies.] 

1714 * * Vattel, KimmTic de, publicist, born. 
[1767. Dies.] 

1720* * Bonnet, diaries, naturalist, philoso- 
pher, born. [1793. Dies.] 

1727* * Berthoud, Ferdinand, inventor of 
marine clocks, born. [1807. Dies.] 
Deluc, Jean Andre, geologist, b. [1817. D.] 

1728* *Tissot, Simon Andre, physician, 
born. [1797. Dies.] 
Zimmermann, Johann von, physician, born. 
[1795. Dies.] 

1735* * Claviere, Etienne, financier, born. 
[1793. Dies.] 

1 740 * *Delolme, Jean Louis, political 
■writer, born. [1806. Dies.] 
Saussure, Horace Benedict de, naturalist, 
born. [1799. Dies.] 

1741* * Hess, Johann Jakob, Protestant 
theologian, born. [1828. Dies.] 
Kauffmann, Maria A., painter, b. [1807. D.] 
Lavater, John Caspar, Protestant clergy- 
man, physiognomist, born. [1801. D.] 

1746* * Festulozzi, Johann Heinrich, edu- 
cator, born. [1327- Dies.] 

1750* * Huber, Francois, naturalist, born. 
[1831. Dies.] 

ISth Century. Arsjand, Aime\ chemist, inven- 
tor, born. [1805. Dies.] 

1759* *Dumont, Pierre Etienne Louis, 
scholar, author, born. [1829. Dies.] 

1771* * Felh-nbcru, Philippe von, education- 
ist, born. [1844. Dies.] 

"1778* * Candollt', Augustin P. de, botanist, 
born. [1841. Dies.] 



CHURCH. 

643* * Irish missionaries introduce 
Christianity. 

1431 * * Council of Basel (p. 784). 

1519 * * Ulric Zwingli begins the Ref- 
ormation at Basel. 

1523* * The Anabaptists appear. [1525. 
Fined by the Senate. 1526. Decree of death 
passed by the Senate. 1527. Felix Mantz 
executed by drowning. 1529. Become numer- 
ous. 1671. 700 expelled from Bern.] 

1536 * * John Calvin, from France, set- 
tles in Geneva. 

1553 May 27. Michael Servetus hav- 
ing denied in print the divinity of Christ, 
and condemned, is burned in Geneva. 

1586 Oct. 5. The seven Roman Catho- 
lic cantons of the Confederation form 
the Golden League for the maintenance 
of their faith in these cantons. 



1231* * Henry, son of Frederick II., 
grants a charter to Uri. [1240. Freder- 
ick II. grants one to Schwyz. 1297. 
Adolf confirms both.] 

1275 * * The Landsgemeinde of Uri 
first meets. [1294. That of Schwyz. 
1309. June 3. Henry VII. confirms the 
charters of both cantons.] 

1291 Aug. 1. The Swiss confedera- 
tion begins in the Everlasting League 
for self-defense, formed by the cantons 
of Uri, Schwyz, and Nidwalden [TJnter- 
walden]. [1315. Dec. 9. Renewed at 
Brunnen. 1316, Confirmed by Louis IV.] 

1309 * * Uri, Schwyz, and Unterwalden 
form a confederation. [1315. The con- 
federates conclude alliances with Glaus, 
Urseren, Art, and Interlaken for protec- 
tion against Austria.] 

1332* * Lucerne joins the League. [1351, 
also Zurich ; 1352, Glarus and Zug ; 1353, 
Bern.] 

1386-89 Lucerne revolts against the 
oppression of Austria. [1389. A seven 
years' peace is signed. 1394. July 16. 
Extended for 20 years ; 1412, for 50 years.] 

1400-19 The Caddee, or League of 
God's House, unites the Grisons to resist 
domestic tyranny. £1424. A second 
league. 1436. League of the Ten Juris- 
dictions.] 

1410-26 N. It. Much territory is ac- 
quired by conquest. 

1440-46 Zurich an ally of Austria. 

1446* * Peace with France. [1450. Zu- 
rich makes peace with the Confederates. 
1452. Alliance with France.] 

1474 Mar. 30. The Everlasting Com- 
pact is signed at Constance ; Sigismund 
renounces all Austrian claims on Con- 
federates' lands. 



1481 Dec. *The" Compact of Stanz" 
is formed. Freiburg and Solothurn join 
the Confederation. [1501. Basel and 
Schaffhausen join. 1515. Appenzell.] 

1516* * The Confederacy is acknowl- 
edged by several powers ; peace with 
France. 

1531 Nov. * The warring Protestants 
and Catholics make a peace; neither to 
attempt to convert the other by whole- 
sale. 

1544 * * The Grisons leagues become 
Confederate allies. [1584. Also Geneva.] 

1648* * Treaty of Westphalia; inde- 
pendence recognized (p. 797). 

1712 Aug.* The religious wars end in 
the Peace of Aargau. 



1781 * * The aristocratic and democratic 
parties in Geneva quarrel until France 
interferes. 



thor, born. [1575. Dies.] 
1541* * Bauhin, .fean,hotanist, b. [1613. D.] 
1620* * Hottinger, Johann H., orientalist, 

theologian, born. [1667. Dies.] 
1623* * Turretini, Francois, theologian, 

born. [1687. Dies.] 



1032 * * Helvetia is subject to the Ge 

1171 * * Freiburg is founded. 
1191* *Bem is founded. [1218. B 
comes an imperial city.] 



MISCELLANEOUS. 
1345* *TheBankof Genevaisfounded. 
1515 * * In three months 500+ persons are 
burned in Geneva as witches. 



1138 1787, * *-1894, July 9. SWITZERLAND. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1799-1802 Switzerland is the seat of 

the war between the Second Coalition 

and Napoleon I. 
1811 Aug. 24. Switzerland furnishes 

6,000 men in aid of France. 
1847 Nov. * Civil war begins. 
1871 Feb. 1. The French are driven 

by the Germans across the line (p. 744). 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1787* * Diifoivr, Guillaume Henri, general, 
born. [1875. Dies.] 
Orelli, Kaspar, philologist, born. [1849. D-] 

1794* * Merle d'Anbigne, Jean Henri, his- 
torian, born. [1872. Dies.] 

1797* * Vinot, Alexandre Kodolpbe, author, 
born. [1847. Dies.] 

1801 * * De La Kive, Ausjuste, natural phi- 
losopher, born. [1873. Dies.] 

1810* *Calame, Alexandre, artist, born. 
[1864. Dies.] „ 

1811 * *pesor, Edouard, scientist, born. 
[1882. Dies.] 

1812* * Thalbcrg, Sigismnnd, pianist, born. 
[1871. Dies.] 

1820* * Tschudi, Friedrich von, zoologist, 
born. [188G. Dieo.I 

1822* * luiba, .Jaltob, states., b. [1819. D.l 

1829* * Vautier, Henhunin, painter, born. 

1889 Feb. 33. Mermillod, Gaspar, cardi- 
nal, A(i8. 

1893 Apr. 4. Candolle, Alphonse L. P. P., 
botanist, A87. 

Aug. 14, Ruchonnet, M. L., statesman, d. 

1894 Feb. 2. Ilerzog, Hans, general, A76. 



1806 Sept. 2. A landslide on the Ross- 
berg Mountain causes SOO deaths. 
1816* * Blblinthvque Universelle issued. 

1824 * * Auguste de la Rive invents a 
galvanometer. [1843. Advances the 
principal of the telephone.] 

1830 * * Education is made independent 
of the clergy by law. 

1838 * * Revue Suisse is issued. 

1839 * * Christian F. Schonbein discov- 
ers ozone at Basel. [1845. Guncotton 
and collodion.] 

1848 Oct. 7. The attempted introduc- 
tion of Jesuit teachers in the Catholic 
cantons leads to a revolution. 

1853 * * Lake dwellings of a prehistoric 
race are discovered. [1882. Mar. * At 
Constance.] 

1857 Aug. 31. The Mont Cenistun- 
nel is begun (p. 1088). 

1872 * * Prof. Kopp of Lucerne demon- 
strates that the popular stories concern- 
ing "William TeU are myths. [1890. 
Aug. * Ordered by Government to be 
expunged from school-books.] 



1889 Oct. 6. The Council of State for 
Freiburg votes $2,250,000 to found a Ro- 
man Catholic University. 



1891 July 11. An avalanche on the 
west side of Mont Blanc causes a flood ; 
nearly 200 lives are lost. 

1893 Sept. 13. The erection of an ob- 
servatory on Mont Blanc is completed. 

CHURCH. 
1804-19 Bible societies are organized. 
(1804.) The Basel. (1812.) The Zurich. 
(1813.) The Coire. (1814.) The Lausanne 
and the Geneva. (181G.) The Neuchatel. 
(1819.) The Glarus. 
1830 * * The Society of Israel's Friends is 
organized at Basel. 

1839* * Methodism is introduced. 
[1849. American Methodists introduce 
amission. 1886. Conference organized.] 

1S40-I- * * The Protestants and Catholics 
struggle with the education question. 
[1846. A league of cantons is formed to 
support education by Jesuits. 1847. 
Sept. 3. -The Diet orders the expulsion 
of the Jesuits ; civil war follows.] 

1847 Nov. 29. The Jeusits expelled, 
and the monastic property confiscated. 

1861* *The Evangelical Alliance 
meets in Geneva. [1872. Sept. 23-2S. 
Again. 1878. Sept. 2. At Basel.] 

1872 Feb. 17. Consignor llermlllod, the 
papal nuncio, refusing to submit to the civil 
authorities, is expelled. [1874. Sept. 5. 
The Government deprives l!) Koman Catholic 
priests of '.heir parishes because they will not 
take the constitutional oath.] 

1874 June* The Swiss National 
Church is organized. 

1879 Aug. 17. Old Catholics meet 
at Bern. [1880. May 23. At Geneva.] 

1883 * * The Salvation Army begins 
work. [1884. Sept. 2-r. Persecuted by 
authorities at Bern. 1890. Jan. 28. 
The Bundesrath decides the Army is en- 
titled to state protection.] 



STATE. 

1794 July 19. A revolution breaks 
out at Geneva ; it is led by two resident 
commissioners of the French revolution. 

1798 Mar. * The French occupy Swit- 
zerland; the Confederation is dissolved. 
[Mar. 29. The Helvetic republic is 
proclaimed. Apr. 12. Geneva is an- 
nexed by France (p. 713). Uric and Vaud 
secede from the republic] 

1803 Feb. 19. The Confederation is 
restored- by the " Act of Mediation." 
The cantons of St. Gall, Grisons, Aar- 
gau, Thurgau, Ticino, and Vaud join it. 
[1813. Dec. 30. Also Geneva, Valais, and 
Neuchatel.] 

1806 * * Neuchatel is ceded to France. 

1815 Aug. 1. A new constitution is 
adopted. [1839. Those of the cantons 
are revised.] 



1847 * * The Diet is at war with the 
" Sonderbund " on the Jesuit education 

question. 

1848 * * The new constitution central- 
izes the government more than the old 
one. [1874. It is revised.] 

1857 * * Neuchatel is freed from Prus- 
sian claims. 

1891 July 6. A plebiscite favors a new- 
law empowering 50,000 citizens to sub- 
mit the text of bills to the Chambers, and 
compelling their consideration. 

1894 July 9. A referendum defeatB 
a proposal to insert in the constitution a 
declaration of the right of every male 
citizen to labor. 

MISCELLANEOUS. 
1787 * * A savings-bank is opened at 

Bern, the first one established. [1792. 

Another at Basel.] 
1845 Dec. 5. The Fraternal Order of 

Templars of Honor and Temperance is 

organized. 
1S61 May 3. Glarus is destroyed by 

fire. 

1CG7 Sept. 2. The Workmen's Inter- 
national Congress opens at Lausanne. 

Sept. 9-12. An International Arbitra- 
tion and Peace Congress is in session 
at Geneva. 

1868 June 15. Mont Cenis tunnel 

opened (pp. 1088, 1089). 
Sept. 9-12. An International Peace and 

Liberty Congress opens at Geneva. 

[Sept. 22-26. At Bern.] 

1871 Dec. 18. The Alabama Claims 
Arbitration Commission meets at Ge- 
neva (pp. 275, 279). 

1872 * * The St. Gothard tunnel is be- 
gun, 9J miles long (p. 1090). 



Aug. 18. The ex-Duke of Brunswick 

dies, bequeathing £764,000+ to the city 
of Geneva. 

1874 * * Capital punishment is abol- 
ished by referendum, 17 out of 21 cantons 
favor. [1879. May * Restored. Vote, 
191,197-177,263.] 

1S75 May 23. The civil marriage and 
registration law is approved by a referen- 
dum. Vote, 212,854-204,700. 

1887 May 16. By a two-thirds vote of 
the people, the manufacture, importa- 
tion, and sale of spirits becomes a gov- 
ernment monopoly. 

1891 June 14. A broken bridge on a 
railway causes 150± deaths. 

1892 Aug. 22. Bern. An International 
Peace Congress opens. 

1893 Aug. 1. The 600th anniversary of 
the Swiss nationality is celebrated. 



TRIPOLI. 



Tripoli is a vilayet of the Turkish Empire, on the northern coast of Africa ; capital, Tripoli. Area, including its dependen- 
cies, Fezzan and Barca, 144,500+ square miles ; population, 1,000,000+. 



7th Century. Conquered by Arabs. 

1146* * Tripoli is taken by Sicilians 
[1184. Retaken by Yakoub. 1510. Ta- 
ken from Tunis by Ferdinand of Spain. 
1551. Sultan Solyman takes the citadel, 
and annexes Tripoli to Turkey.] 

1551 * * The Turks make Dragut the 
first governor. [1553. Corsairs Dragut 



and Sinan expel the Knights of St. John. 

The pirates terrorize seamen.] 
1683* * The French bombard Tripoli to 

suppress piracy ; the pasha professes 

submission. 
1714* *The Moors successfully rebel 

against the Turks, and acquire indepen- 



dence. Ahmed Caramanti is the first 

pasha elected by the people. 
1801-05 War with the United States 
(p. 110). Peace (p. 113). 
1813* * Mohammed el-Senusi comes 

from Algiers. [His austere doctrines 

are enthusiastically received and many 

thousand adherents gained.] 



TRIPOLI. 



1146, * *-1889, July 4. 1139 



1816 * * The British force the bey to 1881 Nov. 

renounce piracy (p. 938). -, 

1835 * * Tripoli reconquered by Turkey. 



-t- Ahmed Kassini is pasha. 1889 July 4. A decree is issued abol- 
A mission opened at Tripoli. ishing the slave-trade. 



TUNIS. 



Tunis is a French protectorate in Northern Africa ; capital, Tunis. The government is nominally conducted by a native hey, 
who is controlled by a French resident. The Mohammedan religion prevails. Area, 45,000 square miles ; population, 1,500,000±. 



509 * * b. c. Carthage makes a treaty 
with Rome. [348. b. c. Utica is an 
ally of Carthage.] 

264-242 b. c. Carthage at war with 

Rome (p. 1052-1053, 1055). 
247 * * b. c. Hannibal, general, born. 

[183. b. c. Dies.] 

229 * * b. c. Hamilcar, general, dies. 

29 * * b. c. Carthage is recognized as a 
Roman city by Augustus. 

200 * * a. d. Carthage is a Christian 
bishopric. [218±, 251, 252 and 253, 254, 
255 and 256, 330, 397-398, 401, 408, 411 or 
412, 416, 418, church councils are held.] 

258 * * Cyprian, bishop of Carthage, dies. 

439± * * Conquered by Vandals. [7th 
Century. By Arabs.] 

533 * *Belisarius takes Carthage for the 
Greek emperor. [697. Carthage is de- 
stroyed by Saracens.] 

700+ * * Utica flourishes greatly. 

1050+ * * The Fatimites send hordes of 
Bedouins from Upper Egypt to ravage 
Tunis. 

1148 * * The Zihite dynasty is extin- 
guished by Roger I. of Sicily ; Norman 



authority is established. [1160. The 
Almohade Caliph Abd-al-Mu'min ends 
their rule in the capture of Mahdiya.] 

1267-70 Crusade of Louis IS. of France 
against the Moslems (p. 672+). 

1336* * Abu Zakariya, Prince of Tunis, 
proclaims independence of the Almo- 
hades' decayed rule ; founds a dynasty. 

1390* * The Duke of Bourbon conducts 
an expedition to Tunis. 

1525* * Disputed succession; Khair-ed- 
Din Barbarossa, urging a pretext, claims 
it for the sultan of Constantinople. [1536. 
Barbarossa talces Tunis for the Sultan 
Solyman.] 

1537* * The expedition of the Emperor 
Charles V. conquers Tunis, and releases 
all Christian slaves. 

1570 * Algerines under Ali Pasha take 
Tunis. [1573. By Don Juan of Spain. 
1575. Talten by the army o^ the Sultan 
Selim II. ; he appoints the first bey, who 
rules as a.Ti' kish province ; it becomes 
a piratical state, and a terror to seamen.] 

1603-1702 The office of bey is heredi- 
tary in the house of Murad. 

1655 * * Adna. Blake reduces Tunis for 
refusing to surrender British captives. 



1702-05 Ibrahim reigns, the last of the 
beys. 

1705+ * * The Hussein dynasty reigns. 

1813 * * „- collective note from the pow- 
ers causes the abandonment of piracy. 

1856 * * The bey promises constitutional 
reforms. [1859. Mohammed-es-Sadok, 
takes the constitutional oath.] 

1871 Oct. 25. The sultan decrees that 
Tunis is a part of the Turkish Empire. 

1879 Jan.* Dispute with France; 
[settled by the bey ] (p. 10). 

1881 Apr. 30. A French force bom- 
bards and captures Eizerta in redressing 
alleged predatory incursions into Alge- 
ria. [Oct. 10. The French occupy Tunis. 
Nov. * The French army, 20,000 strong, 
suppresses resistance.] 

May 12. The French sign a treaty with 
the bey, which guarantees his security 
of person and dynasty but virtually an- 
nexes Tunis to France (p. 753). 

May * The Sultan protests. [1884. Jan. 
1. French courts of law set up.] 

1882 Oct. 28+. Sidi Ali Pasha is bey. 
1884* * Tunis. The North African Mis- 
sion (Eng.) opens a mission. 

1889 May 27. Cardinal Lavigerie 
lays the foundation of pro-cathedral. 



TURKEY. 

Turkey is an empire having territory on three continents, — southeastern Europe, western Asia, and northern Africa ; capi- 
tal, Constantinople. The government is an absolute monarchy under a sultan, and administered by a grand vizier and cabinet. 
The population comprises Turks, Greeks, Armenians, Syrians, Bulgarians, Albanians, Jews, Egyptians, and Arabs. The chief 
religion is Mohammedanism, but many others are tolerated. Total estimated area, 1,147,578 square miles ; population, 27,698,000+. 
Turkey in Europe, area, 126,013 square miles ; population, 8,987,000+. 

Note. — Dates of Biblical events marked by an S follow McClintock and Strong ; by W, follow Prof. Owen C. Whitehouee ; by a star, fol- 
low Conybeare and Howson. , No attempt has been made to harmonize the contradictory ancient dates assigned by the various authors whose 
works have been used in this compilation. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

3750+ * * e. c. Babylonia. Sargon is a 
fighter ; he attacks Elam, conquers " the 
westland," also the " four regions." 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

* * * b. c. Armenia. (?) Adam is a hor- 
ticulturist in Eden. (4004, Usher.) 
[3875+. Abel a shepherd; Cain is an 
agriculturist.] 

* * * b, c. Lameeh is the head of a fam- 
ily of inventors. [Tubal, his son, in- 
vents wind and stringed instruments of 
music. " The father of all such as han- 
dle the harp and the organ." Tubal- 
Cain invents a method of forging iron 
and brass weapons. Jabal is the first 
to erect a tent, and to possess cattle as 
property.] (3875, Usher.) 

3761 + * * b. c. The era of the Jews 
begins. 

3750 + * * Babylonia. Sargon is a great 
builder. [3700+ Naram-sin, his son, 
builds a temple to the sun at Sippar, 
containing records found 550 B. C. by 
Narbonidus.] 



CHURCH. 

: * * B. c. Armenia. (?) Adam created ; 
the church a theocracy. Fall of Adam 
and Eve ; Saviour promised. (4004, U.) 

: * * b. c. Animals are offered in sacri- 
fice by Abel ; the " fruit of the ground " 
is offered by Cain. (3875, Usher.) 

' * * B. C. Seth becomes the preserver 
of true religion. (3874, Usher.) 

' * * B. c. Enoch is translated at the age 
of 365 years. (3185, S. ; 3017, Usher.) 

: * * B. C. Because of the wickedness of 
the antediluvians, the Deluge is sent 
for their destruction, and continues 377 
days. (3154, Hales ; 2516-2515, S.; 2348, U.) 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

* * * B. C. Asia. The family is insti- 
tuted. (4004, Usher.) 

fc * * b. c. Asia. Polygamy is intro- 
duced by Lameeh, who takes two wives. 
(3130, Usher.) 



STATE. 

* * * b. c. Theocracy in Eden ; Adam 
and Eve. (4004, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Cain builds Enoch, the first 
city. (3875, Usher.) 

3750 * * b. c. Babylonia. Sargon, the 
first historic king, reigns in the north. 

[3700+. Naram-sin reigns. 2200. Ur-Bahu 
consolidates the kingdom. 2287-32. Ham- 
murab, the sixth king, reigns. 2232-2 I 1)7. 
Samsu-Iluna reigns.] 

2700 (or 2800) * * Babylonia. Ur is an 
important ruling city. (The oldest kings 
of Ur, Ur-Gur and Dungi, are mentioned 
as kings of Sbumer (Shinar) in the South, 
and Akkad (Accad) in the North. 2400. 
Gungunum is King of Ur, and thefounder 
(?) of the second dynasty. 2300. Nur- 
Kamman and Sin-ldinnam are kings of 
Larsam in South Babylon.) 

2400* * Babylonia. Sumu-Abi founds 
the first dynasty in the list of Babylonian 
kings. 



1140 



b.c. -1350± 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

2280±**b. c. Babylonia. Elamite 
invasion from the east. Babylon, the 
capital, is conquered. 

2250 * * B. c. Babylonia. Hammurabi 
defeats Rim Sin. 

2000+ * * b.c. Asia Minor is the bat- 
tle-field of the world. 

* * *b.c. Assyr. Chedorlaomer, King 
of Elam, and allied kings capture the 
cities of the plain of Sodom ; Lot is 
taken. Abraham defeats the four kings 
and rescues Lot. (1912, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Ishmael becomes an 
archer. (1892, Usher.) 

1600+ * * B. c. Pal. The Hittites are 
defeated by the Egyptians at Megiddo 
(p. 648). [1300+ . Barneses II. defeats 
them at Kadesh on the Orontes.] 

* * * b. c. Pal. Moses sends 12 spies to 
Canaan. (1490, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. The Israelites defeat the 
Ammonites under King Sihon and take 
three cities. Joshua defeats the Midi- 
anites, exterminates the women, and 
takes great booty. (1452, Usher.) [He 
defeats the second confederacy of Ca- 
naanite kings and their allies. Rahab 
receives Joshua's spies at Jericho. He 
kills the King of Jerusalem. Israelites 
defeat Og, King of Bashan ; capture 
Jericho. Defeat men of Ai. Also de- 
feat confederacy of kings. (1451, Usher.) 
The Canaanites use cavalry in battle. 
(1450, Usher.)] 

* * * B. c. Pal. Israel nearly extermi- 
nates Benjamin. (1406, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Deborah, the proph- 
etess, and Barak, the captain, defeat 
Sisera, and deliver Israelites from their 
third bondage. (1396, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Othniel delivers Israel- 
ites from rule of Cushan-Kishathaim. 
(1567, S.; 1394, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. The Israelites are de- 
feated, and serve Eglon, king of Moab. 
[Ehud delivers Israel; 10,000 Moabites 
arekilled. ( 133G, I'sher.)] ( l-".09, S. ; 1354, 
Usher.) 

1350± * * b. c. The Assyrians are gen- 
erally victorious in many battles with 
Babylonians. [1300± Bel Kudur-uzur 
gains much land from the Assyrians. 
Assyrians under Tukulti-Adar conquer 
Babylon. 1153 Askur. Dan I. of As- 
syria defeats the Babylonian king Za- 
mama-sum-iddina.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

* * * b. c. Armenia. (?) The Ark is com- 
menced by Noah. (2468, Usher.) 

The cubit is used for measurements. Calk- 
ing with pit oil employed, and doors and win- 
dowsused. [234M. Ark is completed. " Length 
about 540, breadth 90, and height 54 feet." 
(Murphy.)] 

2349 Dec. 7. b. c. Armenia. (?) The 
DNToachian deluge begins. 

It continues 377 days. (Blair.) [2348. May 
6. Noah's art rests on one of (he mountains 
of Ararat. (Blair.) Dec. 18. Noah and fam- 
ily leave the Ark.] 

+ * * b. c. Armenia. " Noah plants a 
vineyard, and drinks of the wine and is 
drunken." (2347, Usher.) 

2287-2232 b.c. Hammurabi builds the 
great canal and many temples. 

2286 * * b. o. Chaldea. King Urukh 
builds numerous temples. 

* * *b. c. Babylon. Tower of Babel is 
built, of bricks and mortar, as a means 
of escape in time of flood. (2247, U.) 

2234* * b. c. Babylon. Astronomical 
observations are made by the Chal- 
deans. [Calisthenes, the Greek philos- 
opher, is present when Alexander the 
Great takes Babylon ; he finds in the 
tower of Babel calculations of eclipses 
for 1,903 years preceding.] 



2232-2197 b. c. Samsu-iluna builds a 
great canal. 

* * * b. c. Pal. Oil lamps are used in 
the days of Abraham. (1921, Usher.) 

* * *b. c. Pal. "Wells are dug by Abra- 
ham. (1892, Usher.) [By Isaac. (1894, 
Usher.)] 

1700 * * b. c. Phenicia. Alphabetical 
writing is discovered. 

1494* * b. c. Europe. "Writing is taught 
to the Latins by Europa, daughter of 
Agenor, King of Phenicia. (Thucydides.) 

* * * b. c. Arabia. Manna is sent for 
the sustenance of the Israelites while 
journeying through the wilderness. Ar- 
tisans are inspired for the production of 
the Tabernacle. (1491, U.) LBezaleel 
and Aholiab build the Tabernacle of 
Moses in the wilderness, and make all 
the vessels and ornaments.] 



fc * * b. c. Joshua commands the sun and 
the moon to stand still while he fights 
the Canaanite confederacy. (1451, U.) 

fe * * b. c. The plow is in use. " Thou 
shalt not plow with an ox and an ass 
together." 

* * * b. c. The sling is used in battle 
with great skill by the Benjamite 
Blingers. (1406, Usher.) 

CHURCH. 

fc * *B.c. Noah erects an altar ; the first 
mentioned in history. (2347, Usher.) 

fc * * B. c. Armenia. Abram departs 
from Haran. (20SS, S. ; 1921, Usher.) 

fc * * B. c. Pal. Abram receives the bless- 
ing of Melchizedek, after delivering 
Lot from the four kings. 

b '.* * b. c. Abram sends away Ishmael 
and Hagar the concubine. [Ishmael be- 
comes the progenitor of the Arabs.] 
(1913, Usher.) 

[ * * b. c. Pal. The rite of circum- 
cision is instituted as the seal of God's 
covenant with Abraham. (2064, S. ; 189S, 
Usher.) 

1 * b. c. Pal. The cities of Sodom and 
Gomorrah are destroyed by fire ; the 
vale of Sodom becomes a part of the 
Dead Sea. 

[ * * B. c. Judea. Abraham intention- 
ally offers up his son Isaac. (1872, U.) 

: * * B. C. Judea. Esau sells his birth- 
right to Jacob for a mess of pottage. 
(1805, Usher.) 

' * *B.c. Judea. Jacob flees from home; 
has a ladder-vision in Bethel. (1927, S. ; 
1760, Usher.) 

' * * B. c. Armenia. Jacob departs from 
Laban. He wrestles with the angel for 
a blessing. His name is changed. (1907, 
S. ; 1739, Usher.) 

c * *b. c. Job, the patriarch, flourishes. 
(1520+ ; 720+ ; 1730, Usher.) 

1 * * (?) b. c. Judea. Joseph is sold by 
his brothers. (1395, S. ; 1729, U.) [He in- 
terprets the Egyptian prisoners' dreams. 
(1885, S. ; 1718, U.) He becomes gover- 
nor of Egypt under Pharaoh. (1883, S. ; 
1715, U.) The sons of Jacob visit Egypt, 
seeking food. (1875, S. ; 1707, U.) Jacob's 
family migrates to Egypt by the invita- 
ion of Joseph and Pharaoh. (1750, W. ; 
1784, S. ; 1706, U.)] 



: * * B. c. Egy. The Israelites are per- 
secuted by Barneses II. Miamum. (1573, 
U.) [* * * Their male children are cast 
into the Nile. 1571, Usher (p. 648).] 

: * * B. c. Egy. Moses, the Hebrew 
child, is adopted into the royal family. 
(1571, Usher.) 

r* * * He renounces Pharaoh's court, 
kills an Egyptian oppressor, and flees 
for his life toMidian in Arabia. (1698, S. ; 
1531, Usher.) He beholds the burning 
hush in the wilderness near Sinai, and 
receives his commission to deliver Israel. 
(1491, Usher).] 

: * *B. c. Egy. The ten plagues. The 
river is changed to blood ; frogs ; lice ; 
flies ; murrain of cattle; boils and blains; 
hail; locusts ; darkness ; death of the 
first-born. (1491, Usher.) 

r * *B. c. Egy. The Passover, the most 
solemn festival of the Jews, is instituted 
to commemorate their escape from the 
land of bondage ; the destroying angel 
passed over their homes. (1491, U.) 

■ * * B. c. Egy. The Exodus. (1320, 
W.) [A pillar of cloud by day and a 
pillar of fire by night lead Israel all 
the way from Egypt to Canaan. Pharaoh 
and the Egyptians drown in the Red 



* * * B. c. Arabia. Israelites mu 
because the waters of Marah are hit- 
ter. (1491, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Arabia. The Sabbath is sanc- 
tified in the omission of the fall of manna. 
["Water issues from the rock of Horeb 
when Moses smites it with a rod. Moses 
and Aaron are forbidden admission to 
Canaan for speaking unadvisedly. The 
glory of God seen on Sinai; 50 days 
after leaving Egypt, it is displayed to 
the eyes of men. The voice of God ut- 
ters the Ten Commandments in hear- 
ing of all the people at Sinai. Moses and 
70 elders ascend Sinai to meet God ; 
Moses remains 40 days. The Israelites 
worship the golden calf ; 3.000 idolaters 
are killed. Moses breaks the two tables 
of stone in his indignation ; he mediates 
for Israel; beholds the glory of God from 
a cleft in the rock ; he spends another 
40 days with God on Sinai ; returns 
with new tables of stone. Contributions 
are made for the erection of the Taber- 
nacle at Sinai. (1658, S.) Israelites de- 
sire flesh food. Quails are sent in over- 
abundance, and the plague follows. El- 
dad and Medad prophesy in the camp, 
unforbidden by Moses. The Tabernacle 
at Sinai is dedicated. (1657, S.) Aaron 
and his sons are consecrated for the 
priesthood. Wadab and Abihu offer 
strange fire. Animals are separated into 
clean and unclean classes. Laws of 
purification after childbirth and sani- 
tary laws are given. The yearly day of 
atonement is instituted at Sinai. Pro- 
hibitions are announced. The Sanhe- 
drin is instituted as the highest council 
of jurisdiction. Pal. The Israelites ar- 
rive at Kadesh, murmur, and are sent 
hack to wander in the wilderness.] (1490, 
Usher.) 

: * * B. c. Korah and his rebellious com- 
pany of 250 chief men are swallowed by 
an earthquake. Aaron's rod buds and 
blossoms. (1471, Usher.) 
* * B. c. Aaron dies ; Eleazar suc- 
ceeds his father in the office of high 
priest. (1619, S. ; 1452, U.) The brazen 
serpent is set up. Balaam, the sooth- 
sayer, attempts to curse Israel, and 
blesses them instead ; he is reproved by 
an ass. 



TURKEY. 



b.c. -1350 ± 



1141 



* * *b.c. Pal. The Jordan is divided ; 

Israel passes over dry shod, and enters 
the land of Canaan. The manna ceases. 
(1618, S.) The captain of the Lord's host 
appears unto Joshua in Canaan. Cir- 
cumcision is renewed after a lapse of 40 
years. Jericho is destroyed ; R-ahab is 
preserved. Joshua commands the sun 
and moon to stay their course while he 
fights the Canaanite kings. Achan sins 
in taking of " the accursed thing." 
Moses prays that he may enter the 
promised land, hut is denied. He writes 
the Pentateuch. (?) He dies. (1451, U.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. Forty-eight cities are as- 
signed to the Levites. The Tabernacle 
is established in Canaan at Shiloh [near 
Jerusalem]. The Israelites erect an al- 
tar west of the Jordan. The land of 
Canaan is divided by casting lots. 
(1444, U.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. The Israelites worship 
Baal ; also Ashtoreth, a Phenician god- 
dess of the Venus type. (1406, S. ; 1425, U.) 

* * * b. c. Judea. The Benjamites are 
nearly destroyed by their brethren. 
Micah, the Danite, has a Levite for a 
priest ; also household gods. Eleazar, 
the high priest, dies ; Phineas is his suc- 
cessor. (1406, U.) [Abishua; ** *Bukki; 
1255. Uzzi.] 

1402-1095 b. c. Pal. Judges rule Is- 
rael. (1567-1093, S. ; 1425-1095, Usher.) 

LETTERS. 

* * *B.O. A Speech of Lamech [the old- 
est poetry extant.] (3874, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. A confusion of tongues oc- 
curs at the Tower of Babel. (2347, Usher.) 

1700 * * b. c. Accadian or Chaldean li- 
braries are formed. (?) 



* * * B. c. The song of deliverance and 
the passage through the Bed Sea is writ- 
ten. 'The Ten Commandments were 
written on two tables of stone. (1491, U.) 

* * * b. c. An Amorite poem is written. 
(Num. xxii.) (1452, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. The Israelites commanded to 
set up great stones, with the "words of 
the law written upon them. (1451, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. The Song of Moses is written. 
(Deut. xxx.) (1451, Usher.) 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

* * *b.c. Asia. Licentiousness and 
violence precede the Deluge. (2468, U.) 

* * * B. C. Armenia. Noah, a vineyard- 
ist, becomes intoxicated. (2347, Usher.) 

2007 * * B. c. Assyr. Eunuchs are 
mentioned ; Queen Semiramis employs 
them. 

* * * b. c. Pal. Gold and silver money 
are first mentioned; Abraham buys a 
burial-place. (1920, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Jerusalem. Salem is first 
mentioned. (1913, Usher.) 

* * *b.c. Pal. Civil oaths are taken 
by Abraham. (1892, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Judea. Esau grieves his par- 
ents by marrying two Hittite wives. 
(1796, Usher.) 



* * *B.c. Judea. Jacob uses a base 
stratagem to secure his aged father's 
blessing, and then flees for his life from 
Esau, his wronged brother. (1767, U.) 

* * * B. C. Armenia. Jacob marries his 
two cousins, Leah and Rachel, for 
whom he serves 14 years. (1760, Usher.) 

* * * b. C. Judea. The 10 sons of Jacob 
sell young Joseph, their brother, the 
favorite of their father, to the Ishmael- 
ites as a slave. (1729, Usher.) 

* * * B. C. Egy. Joseph's property is 
distributed by a last will. (1689, U.) 

* * * b. c. Arabia. Moses accepts the 
counsels of Jethro, his father-in-law. 
Miriam and Aaron murmur against 
Moses because of his Ethiopian wife. 
(1491, Usher.) 

* * b. c. Pal. Usury from strangers is 
permitted, but forbidden of brethren. 
Jewish law requires a man's brother 
to marry his widow, if she is without 
children. The Jews are forbidden to 
mar their beards. Criminals are com- 
monly stoned. Adultery is punishable 
with death. The year of Jewish Ju- 
bilee is appointed. Lands revert to ori- 
ginal owners ; the land rests ; bondsmen 
are set free. 

* * * b. C. Pal. Phineas the priest 
thrusts a man and woman through. 
Israelites destroy the Midianites on the 
plains of Moab, but spare the licentious 
women. (1452, Usher.) 

* * * B. C. Arabia. Jews are forbidden 
to wear garments of wool and cotton 
mixed together, or those of the oppo- 
site sex. Elogging is limited to forty 
stripes. "Wilful murder is punishable 
with death ; accidental homicide is not, 
but the killer may abide in one of the 
cities of refuge until the high priest dies. 
King Og, a giant, has a bedstead nine 
cubits long (13£ feet). (1451, Usher.) 

1433 * * B. c. Babylon. Atossa, daugh- 
ter of Belochus, introduces the custom 
of selling marriageable females annu- 
ally to the highest bidder. 

* * * b. c. Pal. The tribe of Benjamin 
is nearly annihilated for defending 
beastly criminals, (1390, Usher.) 

STATE. 

2287-2232 B.C. * * Babylonia. Hammu- 
rabi reigns ; he drives out the last of the 
Elamitic invaders, restores the union of 
Simmer and Akkad, and makes Babylon 
the capital city. [The kingdom lasts 
2,000 years.] He saves the land from de- 
vastating floods by a regular system of 
irrigation and a wall along the Tigris. 
He built the great Hammurabi -Canal. 

2250+ * * b. c. Phenicia. Tyre is built. 

2232-2197 * * B. C. Babylonia. Samsu- 
iluna reigns ; he is son of Hammurabi. 

* * * b. c. Dispersion of Noah's 
grandsons. (2247, Usher.) 

Sons of Shem: Elam to Persia; Ashur to 
Assyria; Arphaitad, ancestor of the Jews; 
Lud to Lydia; Aram to Syria. 

Sons of Ham: Cush to Babylon; Misraim 
to Egypt; Phutto Libya; Canaan to Phenicia. 

Sons of Japheth: Gomer, the Indo-Ger- 



manic races; Magog to northern Asia; Madai 
to Media; Javan to the land of the Greets or 
lonians, France, Home, Spain, etc. ; Tubal to 
Tartary; Meshech to Muscovy (?); Tiraa to 
Thrace. 

* * * b. c. Armenia. Haik, a fugitive from 
Assyria, arrives, ami becomes ruler. [1827. 
Aram reigns, and founds [Cffisarea] in Cap- 
padocia. 1715. Ruled by Assyria.] 

2094-1726 Babylonia. First dynasty.' 
[1700±. The Kossaic invasion occurs, and 
the invaders are absorbed without in- 
jury to the Semitic character and civili- 
zation.] 

J2048 * * b. c. Ire. Partholani lands, and 
founds a Phenician colony. (?) 

2000 (?) * * b. c. The Assyrians have 
become a people separate from the 
Babylonians. » 

* * * b. c. Armenia. Abraham leaves 
Padan-Aram for Canaan. (1921, Usher.) 
[1918. He visits Egypt.] (2S76±, Wilkin- 
son.) 

* * * b. c. Syria. Damascus is already 
a city. (1913, Usher.) [1702. Altades 
reigns.] 

* * * b. c. Jerusalem. Salem founded. 
(?) (1913, Usher.) 

1840±-70± B.C. Assyr. Ismi-dagon reigns. 

1726-1150 Babylonia. Second dynasty. 
Kings are mostly Kossaic. An indepen- 
dent Assyrian kingdom is founded dur- 
ing this dynasty. 

1723 * * b. c. Babylonia. Dynasty of 
Assyrians. (Kawiinson.) 

* * * b. C. Egy. Joseph, the ex-slave, 
is governor. (1715, Usher.) [1706. (?) 
His father and brethren migrate to 
Egypt-] 

* * * b. c. Egy. Sesostris (Hameses 
II. ?), King of Thebes, extends his do- 
minions by the conquest of Arabia, Per- 
sia, India, and Asia Minor. 

* * *B. c. Egy. Moses, the Hebrew, is 
adopted into the royal family by Pha- 
raoh's daughter. (1531, Usher.) 

1518-1273 B.C. Babylon. Dynasty of 
the Arabs. (Rawlinson.) 

* * *b. c. Egy. The Exodus; 600,000 
Israelites, besides the children, escape. 
(1491, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. The 12 spies report gi- 
ants in Canaan (1490, Usher) ; the Isra- 
elites rebel [and wander 38 years in the 



* * * B. c. Pal. Korah, Dathan, and 
Abiram mutiny against Moses. (1471, U.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Reuben and Gad so- 
licit an inheritance east of the Jordan. 
Balak, King of the Moabites, is intimi- 
dated. (1452, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Joshua succeeds Moses, 
(1451, U.) [He leads Israel into Canaan, 
where the journey of 40 years ends.] 

* * *b. c. Pal. The Gibeonites deceive 
Joshua, and obtain a treaty of peace. 
He makes them "hewers of wood and 
drawers of water." [Joshua partly di- 
vides the land of Canaan among the 
tribes of Israel. (1445, Usher.) He dies, 
and the elders of the people rule Israel.] 
(1593, S. ; 1443, Usher.) 

1480 * * b. c. Chaldea. Kara-in-das reigns. 
[1445, Purna-puriyas; 1405, Kara-Khar-das; 
1401, Nayibugas; 1400, Kurri-Galzu; 1300, 
Tiglathinin.] 

* * * B. c. First bondage of the Israel- 
ites, under the King of Mesopotamia. 
(1575, S. ; 1402, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Othniel judges Israel. (1567, 
S. ; 1394-54, Usher.) [Ehud (1509, S.; 
1336, Usher) ; Shamgar (1429, S.) ; Debo- 
rah and Barak (1409, S. ; 1296, Usher),] 

1374* * B. c. Mysia. Tros reigns in H- 
lium [Troy] , Phrygia. [1260 ; Leomedon.] 



1142 1345± ** b.c.-888±** b.c. TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

* * *b. c. Pat. Shamgar kills 600 Phil- 
istines with an ox-goad. (1320, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Deborah and Barak de- 
feat Sisera and deliver Israel. (1409, S. ; 
1296, Usher.) 

* * *B.c. Pal. Gideon and 300 men sur- 
prise the vast camp of Midianites in the 
night, and create a panic hy torches and 
trumpets. (1262, S. ; 1249, Usher.) 

1240 * * b. c. Mysia. The Argonauts 
capture Troy. [1194-1183. Siege of Troy.] 
(P. 1014.) 

1200-1150 Assyr. Asur-dan I. conquers 
many cities. 

* * * b. c. Pal. Jephthah defeats the 
Ammonites. (1143, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. Samson slays a thou- 
sand Philistines with the jawbone of an 
ass. (1185, S. ; 1140, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. Samuel defeats the 
Philistines at Mizpeh. (1121, Usher.) 

1120 * * B. c. Babylonia. Nebuchad- 
nezzar is defeated in a campaign against 
Ashur-res-isi. [Nebuchadnezzar becomes 
famous as a warrior ; he conducts a cam- 
paign against the Elamites ; conquers 
the Kulubaer, the westland, and the 
country north and east of Babylon.] 

1120-1100 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pile- 
ser I. is a warlike king ; he fought 42 
countries and their kings. 

Assyr. Tiglath-Pileser I. conquers 

Musku (O. T., Mesech) and Babylon ; he 
conquers and attaches 42 lands. 

* * * B. C. Pal. Saul delivers Jabesh- 
Gilead from the Ammonites. (1084, S. ; 
1037, W. ; 1095, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Saul forms a standing 
army; Jonathan defeats the Philis- 
tines. (1077, S.; 1093, Usher.) [Jonathan 
with his armor-bearer smites the Philis- 
tines. (1087, Usher.)] 

* * * b. c. Pal. Saul with 200,000 men 
defeats the Amalekites, and disobedi- 
ently spares King Agag and the spoil. 
(1070, S. ; 1079, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. David kills Goliath, the 
Philistine giant. - King Saul defeats the 
Amalekites in South Palestine. The 
Israelites rout the Philistines at Ephes- 
dammin. (1063, S. ; Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Pal. David defeats the Amal- 
ekites after they have taken Ziklag and 
much spoil. (1056, Usher.) 

* * *b. c. Pal. The Philistines defeat 
King Saul at Mount Gilboa ; he com- 
mits suicide. (1055, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Jerusalem is taken by 
David. (1044, S. ; 1048, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. David subdues the Phil- 
istines in two pitched battles. (1045, S. ; 
1044, Usher.) [The Ammonites and the 
Syrians. (1043, Usher.) He subdues the 
Moabites. (1040, Usher.)] 

* * *b. c. Syria. Damascus is taken by 
David, but soon surrendered. (1040, U.) 

* * * b. c. Judea. Absalom rebels 
against David his father. [Defeated in 
the woods of Ephraim by Joab ; being 
caught in a tree, he is killed. (1023, S. ; 
1023, Usher.)] 

966+ * * b. c. Judea. Invasion of Shi- 
shak, King of Egypt ; he captures Je- 
rusalem, and plunders the Temple. (969, 
Usher ; 932, Kent.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Abijah defeats Jero- 
boam, who loses 500,000 men. (958, U.) 

932* * b. C. Judea. Invasion of Zerah, 
King of Ethiopia, with a million men ; 
he is defeated at Mareshak by King Asa. 
(941, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Samaria. Benhadadl., King 
of Syria, besieges Samaria, but is re- 
pulsed by Ahab aided by Jehoshaphat. 
(901, Usher.) [He defeats the allies at 
Ramoth Gilead. (853, W. ; 897, U.)] 

900+ * * b. c. Judea. Asa establishes a 
standing army. (955, Usher.) 



* * * b. c. Judea. The Moabites, Am- 
monites, and other invaders through 
dissensions destroy each other ; great 
spoil is taken by the tribe of Judah. 
(896, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Jehoshaphat, with al- 
lies, invades Moab; its king offers the 
heir-apparent in sacrifice. (895, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Samaria besieged and 
delivered from Syrians. (891, Usher.) 

ART— SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1120-1100 b. c. Tiglath-Pileser is a 
great builder. 

1100+ * * b. c. Phenecia. Architec- 
ture is cultivated hy the Tyrians. The 
Phenicians trade [with England] for tin. 

* * *b. c. Judea. Files are used. (1093, 
Usher.) [* * * Armor is used in battle 
by Goliath. (1063, Usher.)] 

* * *B. c. Pal. David commands the 
use of the bow to be taught to the He- 
brews. (1055, Usher.) 

1011-978 B. c. Jerusalem. David's 
"house of cedar" is built by me- 
chanics sent from Tyre. 

978-938 B.C. Jerusalem. Natural his- 
tory is studied by Solomon. 

975 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Solomon com- 
mences the erection of the first Tem- 
ple. [Completed in seven and a half 
years, and dedicated by a layman — the 
king. 588. Summer. Burned by Nebu- 
chadnezzar]. 

937 * * b. c. Breastplates are invented 
by Jason. 

890 ± * *b. c. Pal. Year of the Moabite 
stone. 

CHURCH. 

* * * b. c. Ruth and Naomi dwell to- 
gether. (1312, Usher.) [Deborah is 
prophetess. (1296, Usher.)] 

* * * b. c. Pal. Gideon overturns the 
altar of Baal built by his father. The 
Israelites lapse into idolatry after his 
death. (1362, S. ; 1249, Usher.) 

1171 (?) * * b. c. Pal. Eh becomes high 
priest of Israel. [His wicked sons min- 
ister in the priest's office. (1165, U.)] 

* * * b. c. Pal. Jephthah makes a vow 
and devotes his daughter. (1143, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. The child Samuel is 
called. (1171, Usher.) [The Israelites are 
distressed in battle with the Philistines, 
and bring the Ark of God into the camp 
and lose it ; 30,000 Israelites are killed ; 
Eli is shocked by the tidings, and dies. 
(1125, S. ; 1141, Usher.) The god Dagon 
falls before the Ark of God ; 50,000 Phil- 
istines are smitten with a plague.] 

* * * B. C. Pal. Beth-shemeshites are 
smitten of God for looking into the 
Ark. It is taken to Kirjath. (1140, 
Usher.) [Returned, drawn by two fresh 
milk cows.] 

* * *b. c. Pal. The Israelites repent at 
Mizpeh; they are delivered from the 
Philistines. (1105, S. ; 1120, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. King Saul offers the 
burnt offering in the absence of Samuel. 
Rejected as king. (1093, Usher.) 

* * *b.c. Pal. Ahitubl.ishighpriestof 
the Israelites. (? 1125-1085, S. ; 109*3, U.) 

1037±**b. c. Pal. Saul spares Agag 
and the best of the spoil. (1070, S. ; 1079, 
Usher.) 

1014+ * *b.c. Jerusalem. David brings 
up the ark with great joy ; 30,000 men 
accompany it, singing the 68th Psalm. 



The Ark of God is placed in the taberna- 
cle of David, after resting 98 years in 
Gibeah. Uzzah is smitten with death 
for laying hands on the ark ; it rests 
with Obed-Edom. (1043, S. ; 1042, Usher.) 

1012+ * *b.c. Pal. Nathan is prophet 
in Israel ; he prophesies of the Messiah 
as the Son of David. (1042, Usher.) 

1005± * * b. c. Judea. David sins with 
Bathsheba ; her husband is killed. (1035, 
S. ; Usher.) [9S7. He sins in numbering 
the people ; pestilence follows. (1023, U.)] 

975 * * b. c. Jerusalem. The Temple. 
(See Art.) [967+ Dedicated with great 
magnificence.] (1003, S.) 

950+ * * b. c. Jerusalem. Solomon is 
seduced into idolatry by his heathen 
wives. He builds temples for profane 
rites on the Mount of Corruption. (985, 
Usher.) 

* * *b. c. Ahijah is prophet in Israel. 
(980, Usher.) [Hanani; Azariah in Ju- 
dah. (941, Usher.)] 

937 * * b. c. Samaria. Jeroboam I. sets 
up two golden calves, and establishes 
idolatry as the state religion of the ten 
tribes of Israel. 

932 * * b. c. Judea. Shishak captures 
Jerusalem, and carries the sacred ves- 
sels of the Temple to Egypt. 

917+** B.C. Judea. Asa reforms reli- 
gion, and rebukes the idolaters. (953, S.) 
[941+ Asa imprisons Hanani, the re- 
proving seer.] 

900+ * *B.c. Samaria. Jehuis prophet 
in Israel. (930, Usher.) 

LETTERS. 

* * * b. c. Deborah's song of triumph 
over Sisera is written. (1296, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Parable of the ambitious 
bramble, by Jotham the Israelite ; the 
oldest fable extant, " as beautiful as any 
made since." (Addison.) (1209, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. The first enigma; Samson's 
riddle. (1141, Usher.) 

1060+ * * B. c. The Psalms are writ- 
ten. (?) 

990+ * * b. c. Nathan's fable of the 
poor man is declared. 

977+ * * B. c. The Book of Ecclesiastes 
is written. (200?) 

960+ (?) * * B. c. The Song of Solomon is 
written. (586-520 ?) 

950+ (?) * * b. „c. Solomon collects the 
Psalms of David. [Others are added 
later.] 

± * * b. c. The Book of Proverbs is com- 
piled or written by Solomon. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

* * * b. c. Judea. Ruth, the Moabitess, 
is married to Boaz, the Bethlehemite. 
Boaz gives his reapers vinegar to drink. 
(1312, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Abimelech kills his 70 
brothers. (1236, Usher.) 

* * * B. C. Judea. Samson destroys the 
vineyardsof thePhilistines. [1120. He 
is ensnared by Delilah. He is the first 
Jewish suicide. (1195, Usher.)] 



TURKEY. 1345 ± * * b. c. -888 ± * * b. c. 1143 



1143 * * b. c. Lydia. The temple of 
Diana at Ephesus is burned by Amazons. 

* * * b. c. Judea. Samuel's degenerate 
sons become corrupt judges. (1120, U.) 

1020± * * b. c. Judea. David becomes 
a courtier; be plays tbe harp. 

* * b. C. Judea. David marries Michal, 
daughter of King Saul. [1017±. He mar- 
ries Abigail, the widow of Nabal the 
Carmelite. Also Ahinoam of Jezreel. 
992±. Also Bath-sheba, the widow of 
Uriah.] 

* * * b. c. King Saul consults the witch 
of Endor. (1056, Usher.) 

1020+ * *b.c. Judea. David hides in the 
cave of Adullam. " Every one that was 
in distress, ... in debt, . . . and dis- 
contented, gathered themselves unto 
him." 

980+ * * B. c. Judea. Absalom causes 
Amnon, his half-brother, to be assassin- 
ated because of his incest with Tamar. 

970± * *b.c. Judea. Rizpahwatch.es 
by the bodies of the seven sons of Saul, 
who have been slain by the Gibeonites. 

960±(?)* *b.c. Judea. Solomon mar- 
ries the daughter of the King of Egypt. 

888+ * * b. c. Samaria,. Zimri assassin- 
ates King Elah " while [the king was] 
drinking himself drunk.'* 

STATE. 

* * * b. c. Pal. Second bondage of 
Israelites, under Eglon. (1527, S. ; 1354- 
36, Usher.) [Ehud delivers Israel by as- 
sassinating Eglon.] 

1345+ * * Assyr. Ramman-Ni rari I. 
reigns. 911-890. Ramman-Ni rari II. 
reigns. 

* * * b. c. Pal. The Israelites' third 
bondage, under Jabin. (1429, S. ; 1316- 
1296, Usher). Delivered by Deborah 
and Barak.] 

1306 * * b c. Pal.+ The Hittites are 
a powerful people. 

1302+ * * B. c. Assyr. Tukulti Adar 
I. reigns. He makes conquests in the 
northwest, and brings Babylonia alto- 
gether under Assyrian rule. 

1300+ * * B. c. Assyr. The kingdom 
rises. (Rawlinson.) (1330). Shalman- 
eser I. reigns. [He builds (modern) 
Nimrud. He plants an Assyrian colony 
about 45 miles west of Nineveh. He 
brings the Lulumi and the Musri under 
his rule.] 

1298 * * B. c. Babylonia. The Assyr- 
ian dynasty — of which little is known. 

1270-625 b. c. Babylon is obscured 
by Assyria; its political life is sus- 



1257 * * B. c. Phenicia. Tyre is built 
the second time. 

* * * b. c. Pal. Fourth bondage of 
Israelites, under Midianites. (1369, S. ; 
1256-49, Usher.) [Delivered by Gideon. 
(1362, S.)] 

* * * b. c. Pal. Gideon judges Israel. 
(1249-09, Usher.) [Abimelech usurps the 
government. (1209-06, Usher.) Tola, 
(1206-1183, Usher); Jair (12S3+, Usher.)] 



1224* * b. c. Mysia. Priam, the laBt, 
reigns in Troy. [1084, Dercyius.] 

1221-716 B.C. Lydia. The Heraclidee 
dynasty reigns. Heracles is founder. 
(Partly fabulous.) [1223. Argon reigns.] 

1220-930 b. c. Assyr. Again indepen- 
dent. 

(1210.) Bel-kudur-ujur reigns; (1205.) 
Adarpalesara. (1200-1150.) Asur-dau I. 
reigns. 

1182* *b. c. It. tineas the Trojan 
lands in Italy, and founds Livinium. 
(Legendary.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. The fifth bondage of 
Israelites, under Ammonites. (1274, S. ; 
1161-43, Usher.) Sixth bondage, under 
Philistines. (1225, S.; 1161-21, U.) Deliv- 
ered by Samuel at Mizpeh. (1105, S.)] 

* * * b. c. Pal. Jephthah breaks the 
yoke of the Ammonites, and judges a 
a part of Israel. (1135-37, Usher.) EH 
judges a part of Israel. (1181-41, Usher.) 
[Ibzan, (1137-30, Usher); Elon, (1130-20, 
Usher); Abdon, (1120-12, Usher).] 

1140-1120 Assyria. Ashur-res-isi 

* * * b. c. Pal. Samson judges part of 
Israel. (1136-20, Usher.) Samuel. (1120- 
1080, Usher.) 

1120-1100 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pile- 
ser I. reigns ; he conquers territory 
from Mt. Zagros to Syria. 

1115-06* * b. c. Babylonia. Marduk- 
nadin-achi reigns. 

1100+-850 b. c. Assyr. Carehemish, 
the capital of the Hittites, is a city of 
great splendor. [850. Subjected by 
Shalmaneser II. 717. By Sargon, and 
placed under a governor.] 

1050 * * b. c. Phenicia. Tyre becomes 
preeminent. 

1050+ * * b. c. Babylonia. Eourth dy- 
nasty ends. 

1043+ ** b. c. Lydia. Ephesus is 
founded by Ionians. 

1040+ * * b. c. Aegean Sea. Ionia and 
adjacent isles are colonized by the 
Ionians. 

1037-937 b. c. Pal. The undivided 
Hebrew monarchy erected. 

1037-17 b. c. Pal. Saul is the first 
king of the Israelites ; the government is 
changed from a theocracy to a mon- 
archy to assuage popular discontent. 

1011 (?)* *b. c. Phenicia. Hiram of 
Tyre is king. [991, Baleazar ; 984, Ab- 
dastartus ; 63, Arstartus.] 

1010-977 b. c. Pal. David succeeds 
Saul as King of Israel. (1010-1003, he is 
King of Judah ; 1003-977, King of Israel 
and Judah (1053, W. ; S.) Ishbosheth, 
the son of Saul, is proclaimed king by 
Abner, and reigns over a part of the Is- 
raelites about seven years. 

1004+ * * b. c. Pal. David flees from 
Saul's court. [1003+. Saul hunts for 
David. David spares Saul. 1000+. David 
finds refuge from Saul among the Philis-' 
tines, and dwells at Ziklag.] 

1003* *b.c. Pal. David anointed king 
the third time, to rule all the tribes of 
Israel. (1046, S.)^ He makes Jerusalem 



his capital, " City of David." (1044, S.) 
[He subdues the surrounding nations. 
The kingdom is at its maximum, extend- 
ing from the Red Sea to Lebanon on the 
north, and to the Euphrates on the east.] 

995+ * * b. c. Syria. Damascus is an- 
nexed to Israel. 

978+ * * b. c. Judea. Absalom rebels 
against David, liis father ; is proclaimed 
king at Hebron, and supported by a great 
multitude. David flees from Jerusalem. 
(1023, S.) 

977+ * *b. c. Jerusalem. Sheba, a 
"man of Belial," leads a second rebellion 
against David. [940. Adonijah com- 
petes for the crown.] 

977-937 b. c. Solomon reigns over all 
the tribes of Israel. 

* * * b. c. Pal. Solomon prosecutes ex- 
tensive schemes of commercial policy, 
sends a navy to the east, and founds 
Palmyra. (995+, Usher.) 

980 (?) * * b. c. Syria. Liberated from 
Persia by Rezin I. [who is succeeded by 
Hezion, Tabrimmon. 910-870. Benha- 
dad I. and II. reign]. 

966+ * * B. c. Judea. Invasion of Shi- 
shak. (See Army.) 

960* * B. c. Assyr. Anaku-Merodach 
reigns. [955, Ophratseus (?) ; 950+-930, 
Tiglath-Pileser II. (?)] 

951* * B. c. Phenicia. Aserymus 
reigns. (?) [912, Phales.] 

941 * * B. c. Judea. The invasion of 
Zerah, the Cushite (Osarkon), is re- 
pelled. 

937 * * b. c. Pal. Solomon dies, and the 
kingdom is divided. Two tribes, Ju- 
dah and Benjamin, form the Kingdom 
of Judah ; the 10 remaining tribes se- 
cede, and form the kingdom of Israel. 

937-915 b. c. Israel. Jeroboam I. 
reigns. 

937-920 b.c. Judea. Behoboam 
reigns. 

934* * b. c. Assyr. Ephecheres reigns. 
[930-911, Asur-dan II., Ophratseus. 
930+-626+. Brilliant epoch. 911-890, 
Ramman-Nirari II. reigns ; 890-884, Tik- 
lat-Adar II.] 

920-917 b. c. Judah. Abijah reigns. 
[917-876. Asa. He makes a league with 
Benhadad I. of Syria.] 

920-880 * * b. c. Pal. International 
war between Judah and Israel. 

916± * * B. c. Rhodes. The island is 
peopled from Crete. [The Khodians 
are great navigators.] 

915-914 b. c. Israel. TJadab reigns. 
[914-890, Baasha ; (914-901, "W.) ; S90, Elah ; 
(901-900, W.) ; 889, Zimri ; 889-887, Omri 
(900-875, "W.), the chief captain, and 
Tibni, rival kings. 885. Tibni is killed.] 

910+ * * b. c. Syria. Damascus is the 
capital under Benhadad and his succes- 
sors. 

889* * b. c. Israel. Zimri conspires, 
and assassinates Elah, and obtains the 
throne for seven days. (900, W.) 

889+ * * b. c. Pal. Samaria is built by 
Omri ; it becomes the capital of Israel. 



1144 887±**b.c.-626, ; 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — WAVY. 

* * * b. c. Judea. Invaded by Philis- 
tines and Arabians ; Jerusalem is plun- 
dered. (888, Usher.) 

886 * * b. c. Syria. Phenicia is con- 
quered by Sardanapalus. [His military 
expeditions visit Zagros, Armenia, and 
(860) Babylonia, as well as Syria.] 

* * * b. c. Samaria. Jehu revolts, and 
subverts to himself the throne of Is- 
rael. (.884, U.) [Subjugated by Shalman- 
eser II., who also defeats Hazael (842, 
Usher.)] 

854 * * b. c. Syria. Invaded by Assyr- 
ians. [850, 847, 842, 839, again invaded.] 

853 * * b. c. Shalmaneser U. defeats a 
confederacy of western kings at Karkar 
on the Orontes (854, Kent). Ahab, King 
of Israel, and Beiili;nl;nl, King of Syria, 
were among the defeated. [852. He in- 
vades Babylon, and kills King Marduk- 
bel-usati.] 

* * * B. c. Judea. Hazael is diverted 
from an invasion by the gift of the sa- 
cred utensils and treasures of the 
Temple. Invaded by Syrians, who are 
defeated three times by Joash. (840, U.) 

839 * * B. C. Shalmanezer H. enters Da- 
mascus, conquers four cities, which are 
forced to pay tribute. 

* * * b. c. Jerusalem. Captured by Is- 
rael under Joash. (S26, Usher.) 

* * *B. C. Pal. Idumeans i 
defeated by Amaziah. (827, Usher.) 

* * * b. c. Pal. Jeroboam H. recovers 
most of the territory lost by former 
kings ; he captures Damascus, and sub- 
dues the coasts of Syria. (825, Usher.) 

813 * * B. C. Assyr. Samsi Ttamman II. 
punishes the king of Chaldse as an ene- 
my of Babylonia. [814. Babylonians, 
Elamites, and Chalda^ic tribes are allied 
against Assyria, but are defeated.] 

811-782 Assyr. Ramman Nirari con- 
ducts 18 campaigns ; he subdues a Baby- 
lonian uprising for independence ; he 
also captures many cities. 

803 * * b. c. Syria. Ramman-nirari III., 
King of Assyria, defeats Benhadad 
TTT .j King of Damascus. (797, Kent.) 

782-772 Assyr. Shalmaneser HI. con- 
ducts six campaigns against Armenia. 
(773.) One against Damascus ; (772) One 
against Chatarika (O. T. Hadrach). 

745-727 * * b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pi- 
leser TTT . (Phul) invades Israel, but 
departs without fighting. [744-737. He 
invades Elam. 743-735. He makes sev- 
eral expeditions to Babylonia against 
King Urartu. 741. Captures Arpad near 
Aleppo. (740.) He takes Damascus, but 
is forced to return to establish his rule. 
(738.) Subdues part of Hamath.] 

742 * * b. c. Judea. Eezin H. t King of 
Syria,. harasses Judah. 

741* * b. C. Jerusalem. Besieged by 
Pekah ; 120,000 men of Judah are killed 
in one day. 

740* * b. c. Judea. Uzziah is defeated 
by the Assyrians. 

735 * * B. C. Pal. Pekah and Rezin, 
Kings of Damascus and Syria, unite 
against Ahaz, King of Judah. [734- 
732. Tiglath-Pileser HI., the ally of 
Ahaz, overthrows them near the Eu- 
phrates ; many captives are taken from 
Samaria and Damascus to Assyria.] 

730-721 b. c. Pal. Hosea solicits Sha- 
bak, King of Egypt, to assist him against 
the Assyrian oppression. 

727-722 B.C. Syria. Shalmaneser 
IV., "King of Assyria, again subdues a 
revolt. 

723* *B.c. Samaria. Shalmaneser IV. 
besieges Samaria for three years. [722. 
It is captured by Sargon, the successor 



of Shalmaneser, who takes away many 
captives.] 
720 * * B. c. Assyr. Sargon sends an ex- 
pedition against Hamath. [717, against 
the Hittites, and takes Carchemish their 
capital ; 711, against Ashdod.] 

* * B. C. Sabaco, King of Egypt, defeats 
Sargon, King of Assyria (p. 651). 

* * B. c. Syria. Siege of Tyre. [712. 
Shalmaneser abandons the siege.] 

712 * * B. c. Judea. Invasion by Sen- 
nacherib ; his army of 185,000 is de- 
stroyed by pestilence. (701, W. ; Peck.) 

702 * * B. c. Judea. King Sennacherib 
takes Ashdod. 

702+ * *b. c. Assyr. Tirhakah of 
Ethiopia defeated by Sennacherib (p. 
650). 

701 * * b. c. Babylonia. Sennacherib 
conducts his great western campaign. 
[689. He captures and destroys Babylon. 
691. Defeats Elam at Halule. 681. In- 
vades kingdom of Judah.] 

685-668 b. c. Greece. The second Mes- 
senian war. 

680-631 b. c. Lydia. Sardis is taken 
by the Cimmerians during the reign of 
Ardys. [503. It is burned by the Athe- 

671* *b. c. Egy. Esarhaddon makes 
conquests in Egypt, and defeats Tarku 
(Tirhakah) at Memphis. [653. Egypt 
successfully revolts under Psarnmetic us.] 

662 * * b. c. Egy. Invasion of Ashur- 
banipal. 

647 * * b. c. Phraortes subdues Persia 
and Armenia. 

637** B.C. Lydia. "War with Miletus. 
[635. The Cimbri besiege Sardis.] 

633 * * b. c. Assyr. Cyaxares, King of 
Media, attacks Nineveh. 

632+ * * b. c. Media. The Scythians 
repel an attack by the Medes. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

875-853 B. c. Pal. Ahab, King of Is- 
rael, builds a " house of ivory" at Jez- 
reel [Samaria]. 

810+ * * b. c. Pal. Angling is prac- 
tised (Amos iv. 2). 

781 * * b. c. Greek exact chronology 
begins with the first Olympiad of 776 B. c. 

763 June 15. b. c. Nineveh. Eclipse 
is recorded on tablets, (Rawlinson.) 



721 Mar. 9. b. c. The Chaldeans at 
Babylon record the eclipse of the 
moon. 



668-626 b. c. Assyr. Assyrian art is 
at its height. 

CHURCH. 

887+ * * b. c. Samaria. Ahab practises 
idolatry. (918+ , Usher.) 

880+-860± B. c. Samaria. Elijah is 
prophet and reformer in Israel. (910- 
896, Usher.) (876±.) He foretells afamine. 
(872+.) Prayer test on Mount Carmel. 
(860± .) Translated. 

876+ ** b. c. Judea. Jehoshaphat sends 
princes, priests, and Levites to teach the 
people. (915, Usher.) 

862+ * * B. c. Sidon. Miraculous in- 
crease of the widow's oil, enabling her 
to redeem her children. [Elisha raises 
to life the Shunamite's dead child. 
(895, Usher.)] 

860+-790+ b. c. Samaria. Elisha is a 
prophet in Israel. (852-842, W. ; 896-838, 
Usher.) 



858± * * b. c. Samaria. Naaman, the 
Syrian captain, comes to Elisha to be 
healed of leprosy. (894, Usher.) 

855* *b. c. Samaria. Micaiah is 
prophet in Israel. 

842 * * b. c. Jehu exterminates idol- 
atry in Israel by a conspiracy. Jeze- 
bel, the widow of Ahab, who perverted 
the religion of Israel, is thrown over the 
walls of Jezreel. 

814* *b. c. Judea. Athaliah, the idol- 
atrous mother of Ahaziah, endeavors to 
extirpate the race of David, and usurp 
the throne of Judah. (8S4, Usher.) 

810 * * b. c. Samaria. Jehoahaz, hav- 
ing forsaken God, is subdued by Hazael, 
King of Syria. (849, Usher.) 

810-760 b. c. Judea. Joel is a prophet 
of Judah. (800+ , Usher.) [764+-742+. 
Amos. (787, Usher.) 760+-738+, Hosea. 
(7S5-725, Usher.) 736+-6S3+, Isaiah. 
(760-798, Usher.) 720+-680+, Mi can. 
(750-710, Usher.)] 

801+ * * b. c. Jerusalem. The Temple 
is despoiled to purchase peace with Ha- 
zael. Jehoash falls into idolatry, and 
kills Zechariah the priest for reproving 
him. (S40, Usher.) * 

* * * b. c. Samaria. Another corpse re- 
vives when thrust into the sepulcher of 
Elisha. (838, Usher.) 

791 * * b. c. Jehoiada is high priest in 
Israel. (878, Usher.) 

791+** b.c Jerusalem. Jehoash re- 
pairs the Temple, which had been dam- 
aged by the sons of Athaliah. (S56, U.) 

775+-745+ b. c. Samaria. Jonah is 
prophet in Israel. The Ninevites re- 
pent at the preaching of Jonah. (825- 
785, W. ; 862, Usher.) 

735-f* * b. c. Jerusalem. Ahaz profanes 
the Temple ; he introduces an altar after a 
Damascus pattern, and remodels the furni- 
ture; he maki's liin son pass through the fire 
"like the heathen." (739, Usher.) 

722 * * b. c. Babylon. Tiglath-Pileser 
takes many Jews into captivity. 

715+ * *b.c. Jerusalem. Hezekiah 
cleanses the Temple ; he restores the 
worship of God, and destroys idolatry ; 
keeps the feast of the Passover with 
unusual solemnity. A Jewish revival 
follows. 

687±* *b. c. The Boole of Esther is 
written. 

686-641 * * b. c. Judea. Manasseh, 
the wicked son of good Hezekiah, sur- 
passes all his predecessors in evil doing ; 
he restores idolatry, and persecutes the 
faithful. 

650+-630+ * * b. c Samaria. Nahum 
is a prophet of Israel. (713, Usher.) 

* * * B. c. Samaria. The Israelites cause 
their sons and daughters to pass through 
the fire like the idolaters. (721, Usher.) 

638+-603+ * *b.c, Judea. Habakkuk 

is a prophet. 
635+-612+ b. c. Judea. Zephaniah is 

a prophet in Judah. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

875+* *b.c. Samaria. Israel suffers by 
drought and famine as predicted by 
Elijah. [850+. Another famine ; deliv- 
erance by four lepers.] 



TURKEY. 



887±**b.c.-626,**b.c. 1145 



796± * *b.c. Judea. Amaziah avenges 
his father's death. 

*I37± * * B. c. Samaria. Shallum, the con- 
spirator, murders Zachariah. Menahem 
murders Shallum. 

733± * * b. c. Samaria. Pekah murders 
King Pekahiah. 

700± * * b. c. Babylon. Egibe's bank 
ia mentioned. 

639± * *b.c. Judea. King Amon is mur- 
dered in his own house. 

STATE. 

887-884 b. c. Israel. Ahab ia viceroy. 
[884-855. Ahah reigns prosperously a8 
king. (875-853, W.)] 

884-860 B. c. Assyr. Ashumazirpal 
reigns. [860-824, Shalmaneser H. ; 
854-842. Syrian invasions. 824-811. Sham- 
shi-E-arnman II., who had overthrown a 
revolt. 811-782, Ramman-Nirari III. ; he 
captures Damascus, and enforces tribute 
from Samaria and Philistia, Tyre, Sidon, 
and from Jehu, King of Israel. His wife 
is Semiramis.] 

S76-S51 b. c. Judea. Jehoshaphat 
reigns. (875-852, "W.) [853. Jehoram 
is first appointed viceroy. 852, Second 
appointment. 851-843. He reigns.] 

* * * B. C. Judea. The Philistines and 
Arabians pay tribute to Jehoshaphat. 

876-848 b. c. Media. Arbaces, the 
founder of the Median empire, gov- 
erns without the title of king. (747 ?) 

876 * * b. c. Israel and Judah unite in 
an alliance against Syria. 

871-824 B. c. Pkenicia. Pygmalion 
reigns. [850. Phenicia is conquered by 
Syria.] 

860±**b.c. Samaria. Hazael, King 
of Syria, oppresses Israel. 

860± * * b. c. Syria. King Benhadad 
II. ia sick, and Hazael, his minister, 
hastens his death and ascends the throne. 

855-854 b. c. Israel. Ahaziah reigns. 
[854-842, Joram ; 842-814, Jehu ; 814-791, 
Jehoahaz.] 

854 * * b. c. Idumea. The Idumeans 
revolt against Ahaziah. 

852-840 B.C. Babylonia. Marduk- 
nadin-strum reigns. 

842* *b.c. Judea. Ahaziah H. reigns. 
(S43-842, W.) [842-836. Athaliah usurps 
the government. 836-796, Jehoash, or 
Joash, reigns.] 

839 * * b. c. Assyr. Tyre, Sidon, and 
Byblos are forced to pay tribute. 

S27 * * B. c. Assyr. Shalmanezer's old- 
est son leads a revolt ; 27 cities join the 
rebellion. [Subdued after six years.] 

821* * b. c. Media — Assyr. Arbaces 
reigns after taking Nineveh. 

800± * *b. c. Syria. Benhadad HI. 
reigns, [770±. Damascus recovered by 
Jeroboam II. 754. Syria is annexed to 
AssyTia.] 

796-782 b. c. Judea. Amaziah reigns 
over Judah. (797-777, W.) [782-737, 
Uzziah (Azariah) ; 751-737, Jotham as 
regent ; 737-735, Jotham as king ; 751-735, 
Ahaz as regent ; 735-715, Ahaz as king 
<735-726, W.).] 



791-781 b. c. Samaria. Jehoash reigns 
over Israel (798-782, W.). [781-740, Jero- 
boam II. is regent and later king ; 740, 
Zachariah; Shallum; 740-737, Mena- 
hem ; 737-735, Pekahiah ; 735-733, Pe- 
kah.] 
782-772 b. c. Assyr. Shalmaneser 
IH. reigna. [772-754, Asurdan III. ; 754- 
745, Asur-nirari.] 

747 Feb. 26-733 B.C. Babylonia. Na- 
bonassar reigns, and the Nabonassa- 
rian Era begins, a period of native 
rulers. The second empire of Babylon 
is commenced. [733,Nadius; 731, Porus 
(Chinzirus) ; 726, Jugasus ; 721-705, Sargon, 
or Merodach-Baladan II. (Berodach-Bal- 
adan ?). The Tartar usurps the throne 
of Assyria, and consolidates the empire ; 
the Babylonians revolt.] 

745-727 b. c. Assyr. Tiglath-Pileser 
HI. (Phul) the usurper, reigns. (738.) 
He dominates 19 districts of Hamath. 
The Assyrian empire is divided into 
the Assyrian, Babylonian, and Median 
kingdoms. (741.) Judah becomes trib- 
utary. (740+.) Syria. (736.) He invades 
and subdues Israel. (735±.) He aids 
Ahaz, King of Judah, against the Edo- 
mites. 

744* *b.c. Cappadocia. Pharnaces (?) 
founds the kingdom. 

743 * * b. c. Phenicia. King Aram re- 
volts from Assyria. 

* * B. c. Armenia. Baroir achieves in- 
dependence of Assyria. 

735* *B.c. Lydia. Candaules(orMyr- 
eilus) reigns. 

733-722 b. c. Samaria. Hoshea reigna 
over Israel. The kingdom of the ten 
tribes of Israel ends by the captivity : 
Shalmaneser TV., King of Assyria, sub- 
dues Israel, and removes the king and 
principal inhabitants, soldiers, and ar- 
tisans (27,290 people) to the River Cha- 
boras (Chebar) in Assyria. A colony of 
Cutheans and others is planted in de- 
populated Samaria. 

729* * b. C. Babylonia. Independence 
of Assyria achieved. 

727-722 b. c. Assyr. Shalmaneser 
IV. reigns ; he subdues the revolting cit- 
ies of Phenicia, and subjugates the King 
of Israel. [722-705. Sargina (Sargon) 
reigns. He builds Khorsavad, and re- 
ceives tribute from Arabia, Egypt, and 
the Island of Cyprus.] 

727* * b. c. Phenicia. Elultrous revolts 
against Assyria. 

726 * * b. c. Samaria. Hoshea rebels 
against Assyria. [725. He is imprisoned. 
724. Again revolts.] 

720± * * b. c. Lydia. The Lydians dis- 
possess the Ma?onians. 

717 * * b. c. Sargon, King of Assyria, 
ends the independence of the Hittites ; 
takes Ashdod from Judah. [711. Sends 
an embassy to Hezekiah at Jerusalem. 
710. Subdues a revolt in Babylonia and 
annexes it.] 

716-546 B.C. Lydia. Lydian Empire 
founded ; Mermnadse dynasty reigns ; 
period of greatest prosperity. 



716-678 B.C. Lydia. Gyges.thefounder, 
kills Candaules, marries his queen, and 
usurps the throne, and makes great con- 
quests. [678-629, Ardys reigns ; 629-617, 
Sadyattes.] 
715-686 b.c. Judea. Hezekiah reigns 

over Judah. (726-697, "W".) 
710**b.c. Media. Dejoces revolts 
against Assyria ; the war of indepen- 
dence follows. [The Medes subdue Asia 
Minor ; several tribes are under self- 
government for seven years. 709+-656. 
Dejoces reigns.] 

709* * b. c. Babylonia. Archianes. 
brother of Esarhaddon, reigns. [702. Be 
libus reigns. 704. Hagisa reigns 30 days, 
after killing the preceding Assyrian vice- 
roy. Marmaduk reigns for six months 
Interregnum. 699. Apronadius reigns 
Babylon is again subdued to Assyria.] 

701-681 b.c. Assyr. Sennacherib 
reigns at Nineveh. [681-668. Esarhad- 
don reigns. He builds the southwest 
palace at Nimrud.] . 

701+ * * b. c. Judea. Invasion of Sen- 
nacherib. 

693* * B. c. Babylonia. Regibulus 
reigns. [692, Mesesimordacus ; 688, a 
second interregnum.] 

686-641 b. c. Judea. Manasseh 
reigns. (697-641, W.) [641-639, Amon ; 
639-609, Josiah.] 

686 * * b. c. Bithynia. Chalcedon is 
founded by Megariana from Central 
Greece. 

681-668 B. c. Babylon — Nineveh. Ruled 
by Esarhaddon the Assyrian. (676.) He 
destroys Sidon ; invades Judea. (673.) 
He subdues the Kings of Tyre, Judah, 
Edom, and Moab. (671.) He conquers 
and practically annexes Egypt and 
Ethiopia. 

680-668 B. C. Syria. Baal is King of 
Tyre ; he revolts from Sardanapalus. 

680 * * B. c. Phenicia. Abdi-Milkut, 
King of Sidon, revolts from Esarhaddon. 

* * * b. c. Assyr. The empire is at its 
zenith. Esarhaddon plants colonies in 
Babylon, Cuthah, Ava, Sepharvin, and 
the cities of Samaria. [671. Egypt re- 
volts. 668-626. Asurbanipal (Sardanap- 
alus EL), O. T. as Asenapper. 662. 
Egypt invaded ; 660. Thebes falls.] 

667 * * B. c. Babylon. Samas-sumu- 
kin reigns. [626-607, Nabopolassar as 
viceroy. He founds the new Babylonian 
empire. (Chaldse.)] 

658 * * b. c. Turk. E. Byzantium is 
founded by the Argives. 

656-635 B.c. Media. Phraortes reigns. 
He conquers Armenia, subdues Persia 
and other neighboring countries, and 
invades Assyria, where he is slain. [640 
(or650±). Media revolts. 635-584. The 
warlike Cyaxares I. He is the founder 
of Media's greatness.] 

626* * B. c. Assyr. Asur-etil-ilani- 
ukinni. [Sin-shar-ishkun , or Sarcos of 
the Greeks. He builds the south-east 
palace at Nimrud.] 



1146 625,**b.c.-331 i **b.c. 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

615-610 b. c. Lydia. War with Media. 

609 * * b. c. Judea. Pharaoh-Necho, 
King of Egypt, defeats and kills King 
Josiah in the battle of Megiddo ; the 
first captivity follows. He makes con- 
quests in Phenicia (p. 650). 

607 * * b. c. Assyr. Cyaxares, King of 
Media, in alliance with Nabopolassar, 
Viceroy of Babylon, captures Nineveh, 
and overthrows the Assyrian Em- 
pire. 

605 * * b. c. Syria. Nebuchadnezzar 
invades Syria. [59S. He captures Jeru- 
salem, and carries away many captives 
to Babylon. 5S6. Again conquered. It 
is the beginning of the captivity- 
proper.] 

605 * * b. c. Pharaoh-rTecho defeated 
at Carchemish (604, Peck). (P. 650.) 

604+ * *b.c. Assyr. Nabopolassar the 
usurper, being defeated, burns himself 
in his palace. 

589-588 b. c. Jerusalem. Besieged. 
(588-587.) The Babylonian army is be- 
fore Jerusalem. (587.) City taken and 
destroyed, the people massacred, the 
Temple burned, and the walls razed. 
The survivors are carried into captivity. 

586 * * b. c. Asia M. Crcesus conquers 
extensive territory. 

585-573 b. c. Syria. Nebuchadnezzar 
besieges and takes Tyre. 

681-568 b. c. Egy. Nebuchadnezzar 
invades and conquers Egypt. 

559 * * b. c. Media. Cyrus [the Great] 
commands the Medes against the Per- 
sians. [548. He defeats the confederate 
army aiding Croasus at Tliymbra. 546. 
Lydia. He takes Sardis. 548±. He con- 
quers Ionia. 544. Ephesus. 638. He 
takes Babylon after a siege of two years. 
537. He conquers Syria.] 

546* * b. c. Lydia. Harpagus takes 
Xanthus for Cyrus. The inhabitants 
buried themselves in the ruins. 

544 * * b. c. The contest between Greeks 
and Persians for possession of Asia 
Minor begins. 

518**b.c. Babylonia. A revolt is sub- 
dued by Darius. 

508 * * b. c. Turk. E. Darius crosses 
the Bosporus. 

504 * * B. c. Lydia. The Greeks take 
and burn Sardis ; this occasions a Per- 
sian invasion. 

602-470B. c. Persian wars with 
Greece. 

499± * * b. c. hydia. The Ionians re- 
volt; Sardis burned. 

498* * b. c. Lydia. Cyrus conquers 
Ionia ; Miletus desjfoyed. 

466 * * b. c. Pamphylia. Battle of Eu- 
rymedon (p. 1018). 

440-430 B. c. Bithynia. Dydalsus re- 
volts, and reigns in Bithynia. 

363 * * b. c. Pontics. Ariobarzanes II. 
invades Pontus. 

351* * b. c. Syria. Phenicians revolt 
against Persia. Ochus, Artaserxes III., 
besieges and destroys Sidon. 

350 * * B. c. Pal. Ochus takes Jericho, 
and carries many Jews into captivity. 

334± * * b. c. Musia. Alexander [the 
Great] near the (Jranicus fp. 1024). [331. 
Battle of Arbela (p. 1024). Alexander 
besieges Tyre, and marches on Jerusa- 
lem.] 

331* *b. c. Syria. Alexander mas- 
Bacres 8,000 Tynans, and crucifies 2,000 
more for refusing to surrender Tyre. 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

600± * * b. c. Chaldea. A chart of the 
heavens is made, in which 1,400 stars 
are correctly described. 



585 May 28. B.C. Almost total eclipse 
of the sun occurs, which had been pre- 
dicted long before by Thales of Miletus ; 
it interrupts a battle on the river Halys 
(Asia Minor). 

570± * * b. c. Babylon. The hanging 
gardens and many beautiful works of 
art are constructed by Nebuchadnezzar. 

544 * * b. c. Lydia. The temple of Di- 
ana at Ephesus [built seven times] is 
planned by Ctesiphon. 

534 Spring, b. c. Jerusalem. The sec- 
ond Temple is commenced by Jews 
under thepatronitge of Cyrus ; Phenician 
workmen are employed. [516. Winter. 
Completed; 37 walls are injured when 
the city is stormed by Herod the Great.] 

500 * * b. c. Afr. Phenician sailors 
round the Cape of Good Hope. 

413* * b. c. A total eclipse of the moon 
is observed at Sardis. (Thucydides.) 

376-335 B.C. Pergamus. KingAttalus 
offers 100 talents for the Dionysius of 
Aristides. 

356 * * b. c. The temple of Diana at 
Ephesus is set on fire by an obscure in- 
dividual named Hertostratus, who con- 
fesses on the rack that the sole motive 
was the desire of transmitting his name 
to future ages. 

353 * * b. c. The Mausoleum at Hali- 
carnassus is erected. 

345 * * b. c. Circa Ephorus of Ephesus 
is the first master of Apelles. 

336 * * b. c. The temple of Diana at 
Ephesus is re-erected. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

661 * * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar, Chaldean 
King of Babylon, dies. 

638 * * b. c. Darius, tlie Mede, dies. 

486* * b. c. Darius Hystaspes, King of 
Medo-Persia, dies. 

480+ * * b. c. Artemisia, Queen of Halicar- 
nassus, born. Dies. 

365 * * B. c. Callisthenes, Thracian histo- 
rian, rhetorician, born. [328. Dies.] 

350± * * B. c. Artemisia, consort of Manso- 
lus of Caria, nourished. 



CHURCH. 

624* * b. c. Judea. Huldah the proph- 
etess foretells the destruction of Jeru- 
salem. 

623 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Josiah keeps 
the feast of the Passover with unusual 
solemnity ; Jewish revival attends it. 

622±-530± * * B. c. Judea. Jeremiah 
is a prophet. 

621 * * B. c. Jerusalem. King Josiah 
repairs the Temple, destroys idols, and 
burns dead men's bones on their altars. 
The original Book of the Law is dis- 
covered by Hilkiah, the high priest ; 
Josiah reads it to all the people ; a great 
reform begins. 

605 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Daniel, a He- 
brew youth of rank, is taken to Babylon 
as a captive. [600-535. He prophesies, 
and is made president of the kingdom 
of Babylon. 602. He interprets Nebu- 
chadnezzar's dream of the golden-headed 
image.] 

594 July* B.C. Ind. Gotama Sid- 
dartha, having retired from the world 
disgusted with Brahminism, begins to 
preach a new and better religion 
(Buddhism). 

586* *b. c. Jerusalem. Ezekiel, a He- 
brew youth, is taken to Babylon as a 
captive. [586±-540±. He prophesies.] 



* * B. c. Jerusalem. Taken by Babyloni- 
nlans ; city destroyed. 

685-570±B. c. Judea. Obadiah prophe- 
sies. 

* * *B. C. Babylon. Shadrach, Meshach, 
and Abed-nego, the Hebrew youths, 
are cast into a fiery furnace. (587, U.) 

* * *b. c. Babylon. Daniel interprets 
Nebuchadnezzar's second dream ; the 
king loses his reason. (569, TL) [He re- 
covers. (562, U.) Vision of the ram. (558, 
Usher.) Vision of the four kingdoms. 
(555, Usher.)] 

570-540* *b. c. Deuteronomy writ- 
ten. (?) 

660* *b. c. Gr. Temples are first 
erected. 

* * * b. c. Babylon. Daniel is cast into 
the lions' den. (537, Usher.) [536. King 
Cyrus issues an edict in favor of the 
Jews. He returns the holy vessels which 
were taken from the Temple by Nebu- 
chadnezzar. Many Jews return.] 

534 * * b. c. Jerusalem. The building 
of the Temple begins at the command 
of Cyrus. [522. The building stayed on 
the appeal of the hostile Samaritans.] 

636-456 b. c. The Booh of Ezra is 
written. 

530±-520±* *b. c. Pal. Haggai proph- 
esies. 530±-510±. Zechariah prophesies. 

521 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Haggai and 
Zechariah obtain permission to com- 
plete the rebuilding of the Temple. 
[515. ' Completed.] 

517* *B. c. Jerusalem. Dedication of 
the second Temple. [515. Apr. 18. The 
Passover celebrated.] 

494* * b. c. Jerusalem. Joachim is the 
high priest of the Jews. 

480-460 B.C. Jerusalem. The prophecy 
of Malachi is uttered (440 ?). 

463 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Eliashib is high 
priest. 

459 * * B. c. Babylon. Ezra the priest 
leads back to Palestine the second expe- 
dition of 6,000 Jews. [446. He surren- 
ders his commission to Nehemiah.] 

452 * * b. c. Persia. Haaman aims to 
destroy all the Jews ; defeated by Esther. 

446-434+ (?) b. c. Book of Nehemiah 
written. 

433* *b. c. Babylon. Nehemiah, the 
courtier, is commissioned by Artaxerxes 
to return to Jerusalem, and rebuild its 
walls. [425. He is strongly opposed by 
SanbaUat the Arabian ; he corrects 
abuses, and restores the observance of 
the Sabbath. He returns to Persia. 422. 
He returns to Jerusalem.] 

* * b. c. Ezra the priest writes the Books 
of Chronicles. 

419* * b. c. Jerusalem. Jehoida is high 
prie3t. [382, Johanan ; 351, Jaddua; 321, 
Onias I. ; 314, Simon I., the Just.] 

412 * * b. c. Samaria. The Samaritan 
Temple is erected at Gerizim. 

382± * * b. c. Jerusalem. Jeshua, the 
high priest, is killed in the inner court 
of the temple by Johanan ; a heavy fine 
is therefore laid on the daily sacrifices. 
[Remitted by Ochus.] 

373+* * b. c. Jerusalem. The govern- 
ment of Jewish affairs is committed to the 
high priest by the governors of Syria, after 
the death of Nehemiah ; ambitious and ava- 
ricious men disgrace the office, and bring 
disaster to their nation. 



TURKEY. 



625, B.c.** -331,** b.c. 1147 



333 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alexander the 
Great is informed of the prophecies of 
Daniel. 

332 * * e. c. Jerusalem. Alexander is 
deterred from destroying the city ; he 
sacrifices in the Temple ; he grants great 
privileges to the Jews. 

LETTERS. 

662 * * b. c. Lydia. The wise men of 

Greece resort to the court of Croesus. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

669± * * B. c. Babylon. Nebuchadnez- 
zar is troubled because of a dream. 
[568. Second dream.] 

499 * * b. c. Lydia. Sardis is burned. 

377 * * b. c. Carta. Artemisia marries 
her own brother, Mausolus. 

356 June 6. b. c. Lydia. Herostra- 
tus fires the great temple of Diana at 
Ephesus, for the purpose of immortaliz- 
ing his name. 

STATE. 

625* * B. C. Lydia. Alyattes expels the 
invading Cimmerians; they settle in 
Galatia. [624. Scythian invasion. 620. 
They invade Media. 612. Expelled.] 

617-560 B.C. Lydia. Alyattes II. 
reigns. [560^-546. Crcesus. He con- 
quers Asia Minor.] 

609* * b. c. Judea. Jehoahaz II. 
reigns. [609-597. Jehoiakim. 598. Je- 
chonia or Jehoiachin, as vassal of Baby- 
lon ; hereigns three months and 10 days.] 

608 * * b. c. Syria. Phenicia is sub- 
dued by Pharaoh Necho (p. 651). [605. 
Annexed to Babylon.] 

607 * * b. c. Assyr. Nineveh is taken 
and destroyed by the Medes and Babylo- 

607-562 b. c. Babylon. Nebuchad- 
nezzar, son of Nabopolassar, reigns. 
(607.) He returns with captives and the 
spoils of Jerusalem. (602.) Palestine is 
coerced. (600.) Babylon is rebuilt. 

605* * b. c. Nebuchadnezzar as viceroy 
annihilates Egyptian power in Asia (p. 
650). He invades Judea, and exacts 
tribute. 

606-538 b. c. Babylon. The new em- 
pire. Babylon and Media are the rival 
nations of the East. 

598 * * b. c. Judea. First general de- 
parture of Jews. 

King Jehoiakim revolts, and is sent to 
Babylon with 10,000+: captives, and the spoils 
of palace and Temple. Daniel [the prophet] 
is among the captives. The Euphrates di- 
vides Assyria between the Medes and Baby- 
lonians. 

597-586 B.C. Judea. Zedekiah reigns 
as vassal. [587. He revolts, and makes 
an alliance with the King of Egypt. Neb- 
uchadnezzar again takes Jerusalem. 
Zedekiah is blinded, and taken to Baby- 
lon in the second deportation of cap- 
tives to Babylon. The kingdom of 
Judah falls.] 

596* *B. c. Media. The Scythians are 
expelled. [595. Astyages reigns.] 



589-536 b. c. Judea. A province of 

Babylon. 

586-536 Pal. Period of Babylonian 
exile. 

585* *E.c. Judea. Gedaliah is appointed 
governor. 

582* * b. c. Judea. Third general de- 
portation of captives to Babylon. 

670* *b.c. Judea. Idumeans join the 
Chaldeans against Judah. (See Psalm 
137.) 

565 * * B. c. Armenia. Tigranes reigns, 
and restores the prestige of Armenia. 

* * * b. c. Babylon. Nebuchadnezzar 
recovers his reason and his throne, and 
then imprisons his son, Evil-Mero-dach, 
for maladministration during his illness. 
(563, Usher.) 

562-560 b. c. Babylon. Evil-Mero- 
dach reigns. He releases King Jehoia- 
chin. [Killed. 560-556 Nerigissar ; Na- 
bonidus.] 

558-529 b. c. Pers. Cyrus reigns. 
[525-521. Cambyses III. ; 521-486. Da- 
rius I. ; 487^166 Xerxes I. 479. Esther 
becomes queen consort. 474. Mordecai 
is advanced to honor and power in the 
court. Haman plots against the Jews.] 

556-538 * * b. c. Afedia. Cyaxares II., 
or Darius, reigns. 

553* * b. c. Babylon. Labynetus (Bel- 
shazzar) reigns. [First as viceroy under 
Darius, and later as an independent 
prince.] 

551* *b. c. Media. Conquered by 
Cyrus, and its king deposed. [546. He 
forms the great Medo-Persian empire. 
544. He subdues Asia Minor.] 

546 * * B. c. Lydia. Conquered and made 
a province of the Persian empire. 

544 * * b. c. Asia M. The contest for 
possession begins between the Greeks 
and Persians. 

539 * * b. c. Ft. Phenicians colonize 
Massilia [Marseilles] in Gaul. 

538 * * b. c. Babylon. Laborosarchad, 
the Belshazzar of Daniel, reigns nine 
months, and dies at his feast. 

538-311 b. c. The Babylonian empire 
ends. Babylon is taken by Cyrus. [538- 
333 b. c. Persian rule in Palestine.] 

537 * * b. c. Phenicia. Conquered by 
Cyrus. 

536 * * B. c. Pal. The first caravan of 
Jews (42,300 in all) returns under Zer- 
ubbabel from Babylonian captivity. 

525 * * b. c. Egy. Conquered by Per- 
sians, and annexed as a province for 100 
years. (527 ?). 

518* * b. c. Babylon. Kevolt against 
Persia ; it is taken by Darius Hystaspes. 

515 * * b. c. Cappadocia. Invaded by 
the Huns. 

504 * * b. c. Aegean Sea. The Ionians 
revolt, and are subdued by the Persians. 

502* *b. c. Bosporus. The kingdom is 
founded. 

501 * * b. c. Lydia. Ephesus revolts 
against Persia. 



494 * * b. c. Judea. The High PrieBts 
become subrulers. (See Chronicle.) 

487 * * b. c. Pontus. Artabazus is en- 
throned by Darius Hystaspes. 

466-425 b. c. Persia. Artaxerxes 
Longimanus reigns. [425. Xerxes II. 
Sogdianus.] 

459 * * B. c. Babylonia. A second de- 
cree is issued for the return of the 
Jews ; Ezra arrives at Jerusalem with 
6,000 Jews. 

449* *b. c. Armenia. Divided by 
treaty between Pome and Persia. 

446 * * b. c. Persia. Nehemiah goes 
to Jerusalem and views the ruins. [435. 
Returns to Persia. He is sent to Judea 
as governor. Proceeds to rebuild the 
walls.] 

438-431 B.C. Bosporus [Circassia]. 
Spartacus I. dispossesses the Archea- 
nactidse from power, and reigns. [431- 
407. Seleucus reigns. 407-353, Satyrus ; 
353-348, Spartacus II. ; 348-304, Pary- 
sades ; 304-286, Eumelus.] 

425-406 B.C. Persia. Darius XT., No- 
thus, holds sovereignty over Palestine. 
[406-359, Artaxerxes II., Ochus ; 401, Cy- 
rus the Younger revolts. 359-338, Ar- 
taxerxes III. ; 338-336, Arses ; 336-330, 
Darius III.] 

419 * * Pal. Menasseh withdraws to 
Samaria. 

408* *b. c. Rhodes. City founded. 

400± * * b. c. Pontus. Ariobarzanes 
is betrayed by his son Mithridates to the 
Persians. [383. Mithridates I. reigns.] 

387 * * b. c. Aegean Sea. Ionia again 
becomes subject to Persia. The Greek 
cities of Asia Minor pay tribute to the 
Persians. 

378 * * b. c. Bithynia. Botyras reigns. 
[376, Bas, or Bias.] 

363-337 b. c. Pontus. Ariobarzanes 
H. reigns. He is the real founder of the 
kingdom. [362. He revolts from Arta- 
xerxes. 337-302, Mithridates II. ; 302-266, 
Mithridates III. ; 266-240±, Ariobarzanes 
III. ; 240+-190, Mithridates IV.] 

362 * * B. c. Asia M. The Persian gov- 
ernor of Asia Minor revolts. 

360 * * b. c. Sp. The Phenician colo- 
nies are successfully planted on the coast. 

334 * * b. c. Asia M. Alexander [the 
Great] declares the Grecian cities free 
from Persian rule. [333. He annexes 
Syriaand Phenicia. He advances through 
Palestine into Egypt without opposition. 
332. Lydia and Assyria are conquered. 
(Alexander in Asia, p. 1024).] 

333 * * b. c. Egy. Many Jews settle 
in Alexandria. 

* * b. c. Syria. The Greeks receive 
Damascus from the Persians. 



331* * b. c. Babylonia. Mesopotamia 
and, later, Babylonia are traversed by 
Alexander. 

Oct. 1. b. c. Persia, Revolution ; de- 
struction of the Persian empire by Alex- 
ander. (Battle of Arbela, p. 1024.) [He 
is proclaimed master of Asia.] 



1148 330, 



B.c.-13(V 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

.328 * * B. C. Bithynia. King Bas, or 
Bias, repulses the Greeks. [223. Pru- 
Bias defeats the Gauls, and takes many 
cities.] 

•322* * b. c. Cappadocia. Conquered by 
Perdiccas. [291. Conquered byMithri- 
dates.] 

320 * * b. c. Turk. E. Antigonus de- 
feats Eumenes in Thrace. 

* * b. c. Judea. Ptolemy Soter Lagus 
captures Jerusalem, and takes 100,000 
Jews to Egypt. 

312 * * b. c. Babylonia. Seleucus Ni- 
cator retakes Babylon. 

301 * * b. c. Syria. Battle of Ipsus 
(p. 1026). [275. Antiochus I. defeats 
the Gauls. 262. The Gauls defeat him 
in Lydia.] 

281* * b. c. Phrygia. Lysimachus, 
King of Thrace and Bithynia, is de- 
feated and killed at Cyropedium 
(Corns). 

252* * B. c. Pontus. The Gauls besiege 

Mithridates IV. in his capital. [219. 

Mithridates attacks Sinope, but is 

obliged to raise the siege by the Bho- 

dians.] 
247 * * b. c. Asia M. Ptolemy Euer- 

getes III., King of Egypt, makes many 

conquests. 
219* * b. c. Syria. Antiochus HI. 

subdues Palestine. 

517* *B.c. Pal. Antiochus III., King 
of Syria, conquers Palestine, but is to- 
tally defeated at Raphia bv Ptolemy 
Philopator(p. 652). (219, Peck.) [205. He 
returns from his eastern expedition. 198. 
The Jews assist him in expelling Scopas 
and the Egyptian allies from Jerusalem. 
He conquers Palestine and Ccele-Syria.] 

192 * * b. c. The ^tolians invite Anti- 
ochus III, of Syria to join them and 
the King of Maeedon against the Ro- 
mans. [Defeated (p. 1026). 190. At Eu- 
rymedon and .Myonessus (p. 1055).] 

187 * * B. C. Bithynia. King Prusias 
employs the fugitive Hannibal as gen- 
eral. 

183 * * b. c. Pontus. Parnaces I. sub- 
dues Sinope. [131-129. Mithridates V. 
assists the Romans in the third Punic 
war.] 

172 * * b. c. Judea. Antiochus IH. 
sacks Jerusalem ; he plunders and pro- 
fanes the Temple. [167. The aged Mat- 
tathias leads a revolt.] 

166* * b. c. Syria. Judas Macca- 
beus routs the army of Apollonius at 
Beth-horon; he succe'ssfully wars against 
Syria. 

166** B.C. Syria. Battle of Ashdod; 
the Jews rout the army of Gorgias. 

165* * b. c. Armenia. Antiochus 
Epiphanes invades Armenia. 

163 * * b. c. Lysias besieges Bethsura 
with 100,000 men. [162. Judas defeats 
Nicanor at Capharsalama. 161. Nica- 
nor is defeated and killed in Adasa. 
Battle of Eleasa ; Judas is defeated and 
killed.] 

159 * * b. c. Syria. Jonathan Macca- 
beus, son of Judas, conducts the war. 
[147. He defeats Apollonius, governor 
of Coele Syria, at Azotus.] 

153 * * b. c. Syria. Alexander Balas 
defeats and kills Demetrius. 



137 * * b. c. Judea. Simon offers to aid 
Antiochus VII. against the usurper Try- 
phon, but his offer is declined ; war with 
Syria follows. Simon's sons, Judas and 
John, defeat the Syrians at Jamnia. 

.135* * b. c. Jerusalem,. Antiochus VII. 
besieges the city. [133. Captured.] 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

283 * * b. c. Pergamus. Philetaerus is 
a noted patron of art. 

227± * * b. c. An earthquake occurB 
at Rhodes. The Colossus is thrown 
down. 

219* * b. c. A total eclipse of the moon 
is observed in Asia Minor. (Polybius.) 

198 * * b. c. Attalus, founder of the 
monarchy of Pergamus, invents parch- 
ment. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

323 * * b. c. Alexander the Great dies at 

Babylon. 
320 * * b. c. Athemon, Thracian encaustic 



losopher, born. [207. Dies.] 
Seleucus I., Nicator, King of Syria, dies. 

3d Century, b. c. Erasistratus, Syrian phy- 
sician, born. Dies. 

237± * * b. c. AntiochuB the Great, King of 



Syria, born. [150. Dies.] 

166 * * b. c. JIattatliias, dies. 

164 (?) * * b. c. Anti'H'hus Epiphanes mur- 
dered. 

160 * * b. c. Judas Maccabeus, patriot, d. 
Eumenes II., King of Pergamus, 



150* * 
dies. 
Hipparchus. Bithynian founder of 



299 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Simon the Just 
repairs the Temple, and encloses it 
with a double wall. 

291 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Eleazar is high 
priest. (292, W.) [276. ManasBeh. (292, 
W.) 250. Onias n. (292, W.) He refuses 
to pay tribute to Ptolemy III. 219. Simon 
n. (240, W.)] 

284 * * B. c. Jerusalem. The sect of the 
Sadducees begins to appear. 

283-274 b.c. Egy. The Septuagint is 
written (p. 652). 

237 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Ptolemy Phil- 
opator, King of Egypt, attempts to enter 
the Most Holy Place in the Temple, but 
is prevented. He cruelly requires the 
Jews to renounce their religion, but 
they refuse. He kills 40,000 at Alexan- 
dria. 

199 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Onias HI. is high 
priest. (198, "VV.) [175. Onias is banished, 
and Jason purchases tlitMiilH't- for 350 talents. 
The gymnasium is erected for young Jews. 
172. He is defeated by Menelaus, who out- 
bids and supplants him.] 

198* * B. c. Jerusalem. The Jewish 
Sanhedrin is first mentioned. 

175 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Heliodorus ar- 
rives to obtain the Temple treasures. 

172 * * b. c. Judea. Menelaus sells the 
Temple vessels to the Tyrians in order 
to bribe Andronicus, governor at Anti- 
och. Onias, his accuser, is murdered. 
[168. Deposed by Jason.] 

170* *B. c. Jerusalem. Antiochus 
Epiphanes plunders and defiles the 
Temple. He attempts to abolish the 
Jewish religion, and kills 40,000 inhab- 
itants : 40,000 more he sells as slaves. 



[He sets up an altar to Jupiter in the 
Temple, and compels the Jewish priests 
to immolate swine. [168. He takes Je- 
rusalem again and persecutes the Jews.] 

167 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Matthias is high 
priest. He rises against the Syrians who sup- 
plant the worship of Jehovah in the Temple. 

164 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Judas Macca- 
beus purifies the Temple, and restores 
the recaptured holy vessels and the Jew- 
ish worship after expelling the Syrians. 
The Temple is rededicated, and the 
Feast of the Dedication established. 
(166, W.) 

161 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus is high 
priest. (162, W.) 

* * B. c. Judas kills Nicanor, who is 
succeeded by Jonathan. [153. He es- 
tablishes the line of Asmonean priest- 
princes.] 

* * b. c. Jerusalem. Judas Maccabeus 
falls in battle while rescuing the Tem- 
ple from Antiochus Epiphanes. 

159* * b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus orders 
a profane alteration in the Temple. 
[154. Jonathan Maccabeus is his suc- 
cessor. 143, Simon Maccabeus; 131, 
John Hyrcanus. (133, W.) He quarrels 
and turns Sadducee. 107, Judas (Aris- 
tobulus I., usurper, W.) ; 106, Alexander 
Jannaeus; 78, Hyrcanus H.] 

142 * * b. c. Jerusalem. The Tower is 
purified and entered. 



LETTERS. 

298 * * b. c. The Septuagint transla- 
tion is made. 

233 * * b. c. Pergamus. The library at 
the death of Attalus III. comes into the 
possession of the Romans. 

197± * * b. c. Smyrna. Eumenes II. 
collects a great library. 

180± * * b. c. Ecclesiastes is written 
by Jesus Sirachides. (Or 977±). 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

320* * b. c. Pal. Ptolemy conveys 
100,000 Jews to Egypt. 

309* * b. c. Bosporus. Eumelus kills 
all his relatives. 

300-200 b. o. Bhodes is a flourishing 
city. 

297 * * b. c. Syria. King Seleucus di- 
vorces his queen, Stratonice, in order 
that his love-sick son may marry her. 

162 * * b. c. Syria. Demetrius Soter 
murders Antiochus IV., and seizes th© 
throne. 

STATE. 

330 * * b. c. Persia. Alexander is en- 
throned, and the empire is annexed to 
Maeedon ; Susa, the capital. 

323 June 28. b. c. Babylonia. Alex- 
ander dies- at Susa; the capital. 

* * b. c. Armenia. A Greek governor 
rules. [317. Ardoates breaks the Gre- 
cian yoke.] 

* * b. c. Caria. Cassander rules. Al- 
exander's empire is divided among his 
generals (p. 1025). 



TURKEY. 



330,** b.c. -130, 



B.C. 



1149' 



* * b. c. Judea becomes a province of 

Syria. 

324* * b. c. Jerusalem. Onias the high 
priest issubrulerunderPtolemy I. [310. 
Simon I.] 

323-247 b. c. Egy. Many Jews mi- 
grate to Alexandria and receive unusual 
favors. 

322* * b. c. Judea. Jerusalem is taken 
by Ptolemy I., Lagi ; Judea is subjected 
to Egypt. [322-142. Subject to the Greek- 
Egyptian and Greek-Syrian monar- 
chies.] 

* * b. c. Cappadocia. Subdued by Per- 
diccas, regent of Macedon. [315. Inde- 
pendent. 315-322, Ariaratb.es II. reigns. 
* * *AriarathesIII. ; 220-162, Ariarathes 
IV. ; 162-130, Ariarathes V. ; 15S. Holo- 
f ernes. 155-130. Ariarathes regains the 
throne. 130-96. Ariarathes VI. reigns 
successfully.] 

321 * * B. c. Babylon, Given to the sa- 
trap Seleucus by Antipater. 

* *b. c. Asia. Antipater succeeds Per- 
diccas (murdered) as regent of the Mace- 
donian empire. [319. Dies.] 

317 * * b. c. Armenia. Revolt against 
Macedon ; Ardvates elected king. 

314 * * B. c. Pal. Wrested from Egypt 
by Antigonus. [310. Again subdued by 
Ptolemy.] 

312* *B.c. Syria. The Syrian (Seleu- 
cidse) monarchy is founded by Seleucus 
I., Nicator ; Seleucia, the capital. [312- 
280. He reigns 300+ . A part of Syria is 
erected into a kingdom by Seleucus ; An- 
tioch, the capital.] 

310-219 b. c. Pal, Egyptian rule. 

309 * * B. c. Bosporus. Prytanis reigns ; 
soon murdered by his brother, Eumelua, 
who succeeds him. [304. He is killed.] 

301* * B.C. Phrygia. Antigonus falls 
in the battle of Ipsus, and his son De- 
metrius becomes a fugitive and a pi- 
rate. 

300± * * b. c. Asia M. Seleucus I., Ni- 
cator, Grecian king of Persia, builds 
Antioch, Edessa, and Laodicea. 

295 * * b. c. Cyprus. Taken by Egypt 
(p. 653). 

291 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Eleazar is the 
Jewish high priest. [276, Manasses; 
250, Onias H.] 

286* * b. c. Bithynia. Ruled by Lysim- 
achus ; Thrace also. 

285 * * b. c. Bosporus. Conquered by 
Scythians. 

283 * * b. c. Lydia. Annexed to Per- 



280± * * B. c. Pergamus. The kingdom 
is founded by Philetcerus. [280-263. He 
reigns. 263-241, Eumenes I. ; 241-197, At- 
talus I.] 

* * b. c. Babylon. Seleucus Nicator 
dies, after transferring the government 
from Babylon to Seleucia, Syria. 

280-261 b.c. Syria. Antiochus I., 
Soter, reigns. This king of Upper Asia 
succeeds Nicator, and rules the East. 
[261-246, Antiochus U.,Theos. ; 246-226, 
Seleucus Callinicus ; 226-224, Seleucus 
Ceraunus.] 



279± * * b. c. Galatia. Swarms of Gal- 
lic invaders who settle here give the 
name. 

278 * * b. c. Bithynia. Zipastes dies ; 
Micomedial., the eldest son, succeeds 
his father. [He invites the Gauls into 
Asia. 250+. Zelas reigns. 228-180, Pru- 
sias I. ; 180-149, Prusias II.] 

264-1- * * b. c. Palestine is the battle- 
ground between Egypt and Syria. 

261-264 b. c. Syria. Antiochus II. is 
unable to hold the provinces in subjec- 
tion. The Parthian and Bactrian 
kingdoms begin. 

241-197 b. c. Pergamus. Attalus I. 
reigns over a powerful state. 

224-187 B.C. Syria — Baby Ionia — Me- 
dia. Antiochus III., the Great, reigns. 
[218. He seizes most of Palestine. 217. 
He is forced to cede Ccele-Syria, Pheni- 
cia, and Palestine to Ptolemy Philopa- 
tor. 187-175. Seleucus IV., Philopator.] 

219* * B. c. Jerusalem. Simon II., the 
Just, is high priest and subruler. 

202* *b. c. Syria— Judea. Taken by 
Antiochus HI. [193. He gives Pales- 
tine to Ptolemy V.] 

199 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Onias HI. is 
Jewish high priest. 

Note. — Dates respecting the high priests be- 
come more trustworthy. 

* * Pal. Egyptians are supreme. [198. 
The Jews, aided by the Seleucid*, throw 
off the yoke of Egypt, and become sub- 
ject to Syria.] 

197-159 b. c. Pergamus. Eumenes II. 
reigns. [159-138. Attalus II., Philadel- 
phus. Philadelphia is founded. 138-133. 
Attalus III., Philometor.] 

190± * * b. c. Pontus. Pharnaces I. 
reigns. [183. He makes Sinope his capi- 
tal. 156±-120. Mithridates V- ; 120-163. 
Mithridates VI., the Great. The kingdom 
has its greatest power. War with the 
Romans.] 

* * b. c. Asia M. The Greek kings dom- 
inate after the defeat of Antiochus the 
Great by the Romans (p. 1055) ; Ar- 
menia is divided into Major and Minor. 
Artaxius, the Roman governor, pro- 
claims Armenia Major independent. 

± * * b. c. Pergamus. Attains its largest 
extent, and includes Mysia, Phrygia, 
Lydia, Laconia, Pisidia, and Pamphylia. 

188 * * b. c. Asia M. Surrendered by 
Antiochus III. to the Romans (p. 1055). 

176 * * b. c. Pal. Again becomes a Syr- 
ian province. 

175* * b. c. Jerusalem. Jason pur- 
chases the office of high priest. [172. 
Menelaus buys it.] 

175-164 b. c. Sijria. Antiochus IV., 
Epiphanes, reigns. Romans interfere (p. 
1055). 172. Devastates Jerusalem. [164- 
162, Antiochus V., Eupator; 162-153, 
Demetrius Soter.] 

167-63 b. c. Jerusalem. The Jewish 
princes called Maccabees rise, and de- 
liver their country. 

167 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Mattathias, 
the founder of the Maccabees, rises 
against the Syrians who profane the 
Temple. [166. Judas succeeds.] 



163* * b. c. Eleazar Maccabeus is 
killed in battle. [160. John is killed 
by Arabs.] 

* * b. c. Judea. Antiochus V. acknowl- 
edges the independence of the Jews. 

* * b. c. Syria. Antiochus V. is mur- 
dered by Demetrius Soter, who usurps 
the throne. 

* * b. c. Jerusalem. Alcimus is rejected 
by the Jews as high priest, because 
of his perfidy; the Syrians invade Ju- 
dea in consequence. [161. Reinstated 
by force.] 

161** b.c. Pal. The Jews make their 
first recorded treaty with the Romans. 

160-143 b. c. Jerusalem. Jonathan 
Maccabeus succeeds his brother Judas 
as Jewish ruler ; his stronghold at seat 
of power is at Michmash. (153.) He in- 
augurates the line of Asmonean priest- 
princes. The Jews are partizans of 
Alexander Balas, and reject the over- 
tures of Demetrius Soter. 

159+ * *b. c. For Rulers of Judea, see 
high priests. 

158* * b. c. Judea. Peace is made with 
Syria. 

153 * * Jerusalem. Jonathan Macca- 
beus is nominated Jewish high priest. 
[147. He resists Demetrius. 145. He 
goes over to him. 144. Declares for An- 
tiochus. 143. He is decoyed into captiv- 
ity by the usurper, Tryphon, and killed. 
143-135. Simon Maccabeus succeeds 
him as prince. He rules the country 
from Tyre to the Egyptian border. 135- 
103. John Hyrcanus, the Maccabee.] 

153 * * b. c. Syria. Alexander Balas 
usurps the throne. He is favored by the 
Jews. [146. Killed in battle. Deme- 
trius H., Nicator, reigns. Becomes a 
captive. 144-142. Antiochus VI., The- 
os, after overthrowing Demetrius by 
the aid of Tryphon. 142-138. Diodotus; 
Tryphon kills Antiochus, and succeeds 
him. 138-128. Antiochus VII., Sidetes.] 

149 * * b. c. Armenia. Valarsaces, or 
"Wagharshag I., establishes the dynasty 
of the Arsacidae. [127, Arsaces ; lH t 
Artaxes.] 

144* * b. c. Judea. Antiochus VI., 
Theos, confirms Jonathan in his au- 
thority. [143. Jewish embassy sent to- 
Rome.] 

142 * * b. c. Judea. The Jews are freed 
from paying tribute by Demetrius. 
[141. The Jews confirm the rule of Simon 
III., and enjoy a period of prosperity 
and peace.] 

135 * * B. c. Ptolemy treacherously as- 
sassinates Simon and his two sons, Judas 
and Mattathias. 

133 * * b. c. Ionia. Annexed to Rome. 

* * b. c. Pergamus. Bequeathed to the 
Romans (p. 1057). 

* * b. c. Syria. Antiochus VI. grants 
peace to the subdued Jews, and placates 
the Romans. 

130 * * b. c. Judea. John Hyrcanus, 
the high priest, completely delivers 
Judea from Syria, and subdues Idumea. 



1150 130, * * b. c.-26, * * a. d. 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

130 * * B. c. Persia. Antiochus VU. 
is defeated iu Parthia. [129. He invades 
Parthia ; subdues and incorporates Idu- 

111* *b. c. Pontus. Mithridates 
makes extensive conquests in Scythia, 
Bosporus, Colchis. [108-63. Mithrida- 
tic war (p. 1056).] 

108 * * b. c. Pal. Hyrcanus destroys 
Samaria. 



97 * * b. c. Cappadocia. Mithridates 
enters Cappadocia. Gaza, in Judea, is 
captured. 

04 * * b. c. Syria. Antiochus is de- 
feated by Seleucus. Moab and Amnion 
are subdued. 

88-84 b. c. Mithridatic war (pp. 1028, 
1056). [83-81, second : 74-63, third.] (P. 
1058). 



80 * * b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI. 
conquers Bosporus. 

73 * * b. c. Pontus. The fleet of Mithri- 
dates VI. defeats the Romans under 
Lueullus in two battles. [68. He de- 
feats Fabius. SG. Defeated by Pom- 
pey (p. 1058).] 

70 * * B. c. Judea. Aristobulus II. de- 
feats Hyrcanus II., the rival king, and 
captures Jerusalem. [69. The king of 
the Nabatheuns .supports Hyrcanus with 
50,000 men. defeats Aristobulus, and be- 
sieges him in the Temple at Jerusalem.] 

69* * b. c. Armenia. Lueullus defeats 
Tigranes, at Tigranocerta, and takes the 
city (p. 1058). 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

65 * * b. c. Bosporus. An earthquake 
destroys several towns. 

63 * * b. c. Syria. Scaurus, the Roman 
prefect, builds a marble theater of 
great magnificence ; capacity, 30,000 peo- 
ple. 

60* *B. c. -24* *A. D. Strabo dis- 
courses on earthquakes and volcanoes. 

21* * B. c. Jerusalem. Herod the Great 
commences the third Temple, the sec- 
ond yet standing. [Finished in one and 
a half years by an army of workmen. 
Entirely completed eight years later. 
Additions and changes follow for many 
years.] 

17 * * a. d. Devastating earthquakes : 
17. Ephesus and 1 1 other cities. 19. In Syria 
115, 341 , 458, 707, 708, 325, 326, in A ntioch, Syria ; 
115, Nicomedia, 1L'6, Nicomedia, Nicea, and 
Ca'suroa. 157. In Asia, Pontus, and Macedo- 
nia, 150 towns and cities. 341, In Syria; 25H, 
Mii'omedia, inhabitants buried in ruins. 55S, 
936, 1509. In Constantinople. 566. Beyrout 
destroyed. 742. Syria, Palestine, and Asia 
Minor shaken. 1114. Antioch and many 
towns. 1158. Syria (2,000 lives). 1268. In 
Cilicia (60,000 lives). 1688. July 10. In 
Smyrna. 1752. July 29. Adrianople isnearly 
destroyed. 1759. Oct. 30. In Syria (20,000 
lives). 1778. July 3. In Smyrna. 1784. 
July 23. In Armenia (5,000 lives). 



BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

72 * * B. c. Herod the Great, King of Judea, 
b. [4 a. D. D.] 

SO (?) * * b. c. Philo Juda-us, Greek philoso- 
pher, born. [50 a. d. Dies.] 

5 (?) * * b. c. John the Baptist, born. [30 
a. d. Dies.] 

1* * a. r>. HerodAgrippal... King of Judea, 

born. [44. Dies.] 
10 (?) * * Paul, St., Apostle of the Gentiles, 

born. [66(?) Dies.] 



67 * * b. c. Judea. Hyrcanus, the de- 
posed high-priest, appeals to Pompey, 
who takes Jerusalem and restores him. 

65* * b. c. Armenia. Tigranes sub- 
mits to Pompey, who enters Syria, and 
dethrones Antiochus XI. 

■63 * * B. c. Judea. Aristobulus finally 
surrenders Jerusalem to Pompey, but 

the Temple continues resistance for three 
months longer, till 12,000 Jews are killed 
(p. 1058). 

48 * * b. c. Armenia. Artivosd.es as- 
sists Pompey against Julius Caesar. 
Pompey is killed. [36. He assists the 
Parthians against Mark Antony. 34. 
The king is taken and sent to Egypt 
(p. 1069). 

47 * * b. c. Bosporus. Julius Cassar 
defeats Pharnaces II. (p. 1060). 



42 * * b. c. Gr. Battle of Philippi 
(p. 1028). Antony ravages Asia; Cleopa- 
tra meets him (pp. 653, 1060). [36. Par- 
thian war.] 

40 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Taken by Par- 
thians. 

37 * * b. c. Judea. Herod [the Great] 
takes Jerusalem, after a siege of six 
months and killing a great number of 
Jews. 



Bosporus. Conquered by 



L8 * * a. d. Armenia. Reconquered by 
Germanicus, son of Augustus. [58. 
War.] (P. 1062.) 



CHURCH. 

130 * * B. c. Samaria. The Samaritan 
Temple is destroyed by Hyrcanus. He 
builds the tower [of Antonia] at Jeru- 
salem. - (109 "W.) 

86 * * b. c. Jerusalem. Alexander Jan- 
naaus cruelly suppresses a rebellion of 
Pharisees. 

70 Sept. 8. b. c. Jerusalem is lev- 
eled to the ground by Titus, a Roman. 

69 * * B. C Jerusalem. Aristobulus II. de- 
poses his brother, and enters the high priest- 
hood himself. [65. Pompey restores Hyr- 
canus to the throne of Judea, and carries 
King Aristobulus II. captive to Rome. 63. 
Pompey enters the Holy oi Holies.] 

54* *B. c. Jerusalem. Crassus plunders 
the Temple of 10,000 talents. 

41* * b. c. Jerusalem. Antigonus is high 
priest. [37, Ananeel ; 35, Aristobulus ; later, 
Jesus I. ; 23, Simon IV. (22, W.) ; 5 Mat- 
thias; 4 b. C.-4a. D. Jozar.] 

17-11 B. c. Jerusalem. Herod, son of 

Antipater, rebuilds the Temple. 
5 Feb. * b. c. Judea. Birth of John 

the Baptist. 
4 (?) Aug. (?) * b. c. Judea. Birth of 

Jesus Christ at Bethlehem, four years 

before the vulgar era. (6 b. c, Strong ; 

5 B. C., Kent; 4 B. c.,W., and commonly 

accepted date.) 
Sept. (?) * B. c. Jerusalem. The infant 

Christ presented in the Temple, to be 

legally redeemed. 
* * B. c. Jerusalem. Two leading rabbis 

are burned alive for hostility to the 

Roman eagle, which had been placed 

over the Temple gate. 



3 July (?)* B.C. Judea. The Magi visit 
Christ at Bethlehem. Joseph flees with 
the babe and Mary into Egypt. 

Aug. (?) * b. c. Herod massacres the 
Bethlehem infants. 

1 Apr. (?) * a. d. Galilee. Joseph re- 
turns from Egypt, and fixes his home 
in Nazareth. 



Ishmael I. (15, W.); 22, Eleazar III. (16, 
Kent); 23, Simon V. (16, "W.; 17, Kent); 25, 
Joseph I., Caiphas (17, W.; 26, Kent).] 

8 (?) Apr. 9. Jerusalem. The boy Jesus, 
14 years of age, first visits the Temple 
with Joseph, in the celebration of the 
Passover ; he is accompanied by his 
mother. 

26 * * Judea. John the Baptist begins 
to preach. [29. Beheaded by Herod.] 

Aug. * Judea. Christ is baptized by 
John in the river Jordan. (27, "W. ; 26 
or 27, Kent.) 

26 (?) -30 (?) Pal. Period of the Minis- 
try of Jesus Christ. 

Sept. (?) * -Oct. (?) * Christ's tempta- 
tion in the wilderness. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

130* * b. c. Cappadocia. Queen Laodice 
poisons five of her sons. 

124 * * B. c. Syria. Queen Cleopatra 
murders her son Seleucus with her own 
hand. [12S. She is poisoned.] 

123 * * b, c. Pontus. King Mithridates 
V. is assassinated in the midst of bis 
court. 

115 * * B. c. Lydia. King Mithridates 
marries Laodice, his own sister. [112. 
She attempts to poison him, and is 
killed.] 

88 * * B. c. Asia M. The Roman men, 
women, and children throughout Asia 
are murdered by order of King Mithri- 
dates. 

43 * * b. 0. Judea. Antipater is poi- 
soned. 

26 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Herod builds a 
theater [also an amphitheater at Jeri- 
cho. Games are appointed in honor of 
the Emperor Augustus], 

STATE. 

129 * * b. c. Syria. Demetrius IX, Ni- 
cator, returns from captivity, and recon- 
quers Syria. 

128 * * b. c. Syria. Antiochus "VT. is 
defeated and slain in Parthia. The Jews 
recover independence of Syria. 

128-122 b. c. Syria. Alexander II., 
the Pretender, is set up. [125-96. An- 
tiochus VHI., Grypus, son of Cleopa- 
tra, reigns. 114. Damascus becomes a 
separate kingdom. 112. The kingdom 
is divided between the two brothers 
Grypus and Cyzicenus. 112-96. Antio- 
chus IX., Cyzicenus, reigns over Ca^le- 
SyriaandPhenicia; capital, Damascus.] 

125* *b. c. Pal. John Hyrcanus 
subjugates the country east of the Jor- 
dan, and endeavors to incorporate the 
people with the Jews. 



TURKEY. 



130,** B.C.-26,**A.D. 



1151 



108 * * ii. c. Pal. Samaria is destroyed 

by Hyrcanus. [25. Rebuilt.] 
107-105 b. c. Judea. Aristobulus I. 
(J udas Hyrcanus), high priestof the Jews, 
assumes the title of king. [104-78. Alex- 
ander Jannseus. 92. The Pharisees re- 
bel, and drive him out of Jerusalem, but 
he soon returns in triumph.] 

97 * * b. c. Cappadocia. Conquered 
by Mithridates VII. He sets up various 
pretenders. [92-63. Ariobarzanes I. 
reigns by the favor of the Romans. 63. 
Ariobarzanes II., Philopator, reigns. 51. 
Ariobarzanes III., Eusebes.] 

96-94 B.C. Syria. Antiochus X., Euse- 
bes, succeeds Antiochus Cyzicunes. [94- 
86. Demetrius Eucerus. S6-S3. Anti- 
ochus XI., Dionysius. Deposed by Pom- 
pey. 70. Possessed by the Romans.] 

91-74 B. C. Bithynia. Nicomedes III., 
Philopator, reigns. 91. Expelled by 
Mithridates. 90. Restored by the Ro- 
mans. 88. Expelled by Mithridates. 
84. Restored. 75. He bequeaths his 
kingdom to Rome. War follows (p. 
1059). 

89 * * b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI. ; 
also reigns over Thrace, Bithynia, Mace- 
donia, and Greece (p. 1059). [63. Phar- 
naces II. ; he revolts against tbe Ro- 
mans, but is subdued by Csesar. 39. 
Darius reigns. 36. Polemon, son of 
Zeno.] 

* * b. C. Armenia. Tigranes I. reigns. [55. 
Artavasdes reigns with his father. 36. 
Alone. 30. Artaxes II. 20. Tigranes 
II.]. 

84 * * b. C. Pontus. Peace with the Ro- 
mans (p. 1029). 

83-69 b. c. Syria. Tigranea I. an- 
nexes Syria to Armenia by the gift of 
Antiochus XII. [69. Conquered by- 
Romans (p. 1058).] 

79 * * b. c. Judea. Alexandra, the 
widow of Janna^us, governs. 

75± * * b. c Syria. Antiochus XIII. 
solicits aid of the Romans. [69. They 
set him up as king. 57. Gabinus is 
proconsul.] 

69* *B. c. Jerusalem. Aristobulus H., 
son of Alexander, reigns as king and 
high priest. [65. Hyrcanus II., his 
brother, is a rival claimant, supported 
by the Pharisees. 30. Executed by 
Herod.] 

66* * b. c. Pontus. Mithridates VI., de- 
feated by Pompey (p. 1058). [65. Pontus 
becomes a Roman province. 63. Phar- 
naces reigns ; reduced by Pompey to the 
former limits.] 

64 * * b. c. Syria. A Roman province 
is formed after the victories of Marcus 
Scaurus, Pompey's lieutenant, who de- 
poses Antiochus XIII. [Damascus is 
also annexed. 64. Pompey establishes 
his court at Damascus. Hyrcanus is sup- 
ported by more than 1,000 Jews, who 
have been bribed by Antipater. Pompey 
finally favors him, but Aristobulus re- 
sists at Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is restored 
to nominal authority. 62. Marcus Scau- 
rus is the Roman prefect.] 



* * B. C. Armenia Minor. Seized by Dei- 
otarus, King of Galatia. 

63 * * B. c. Judea. Pompey forces the 
Jews to pay tribute to Rome. His vic- 
tories make Judea a Roman province. 

56* *b. c, Judea. Divided into five 
districts; its government is an aristoc- 
racy. [49. Caesar releases Aristobulus 
II., who is murdered by the partizans of 
Pompey. 47. Csesar appoints Antipater 
the Idumean, and father of Herod the 
Great, his lieutenant, having aided Cae- 
sar in his Egyptian war. Hyrcanus is 
appointed ethnarch.] 

54* * b. c. Syria. Crassus becomes 
proconsul. [53. He is overthrown by 
the Parthians (p. 105S).] 

* * b. c. Armenia. Artabarzes reigns. 
He deals treacherous] y with the Romans. 

47 * * b. c. Bosporus. Asander is ap- 
pointed governor by Pharnasus. The 
Romans give the throne to Mithridates 
of Pergamus. [He usurps the crown ; 
confirmed by Augustus.] 

* * b. c. Jerusalem. Hyrcanus is re- 
stored to power, and the aristocratic 
government ended. 

46* * b. C. Pal. Antipater appoints his 
son, Herod [the Great], governor of 
Galilee. [42. Herod marries Mariamne, 
a granddaughter of Hyrcanus, the high 
priest, and daughter of Alexandra. An- 
tipater appoints Phasel, another son, 
governor of Jerusalem.] 

43 * * b. c. Syria. Casius Longinus 
is proconsul. [Proconsuls are succeeded 
by legati as rulers.] 

40 * * b. c. Judea. The Parthians take 
Syria; capture Jerusalem, and enthrone 
Antigonus, the last of the Asmoneans, 
as king and priest. 

37* *b. c. Pome. Herod [the Great] 
is appointed king of Judea by a decree 
of the senate, and inaugurated in the 
capital. He is promoted by the favor 
of Octavian and Antony. 

* * b. c. Jerusalem. Ananel is high 
priest. [33. Jesus, and later Simon.] 

36 * * b. c. Antony grants Phenicia, 
Cyrene, and Cyprus to Cleopatra. 

34* * b. c. Armenia. Made a Roman 
province by the victories of Ptolemy. 
[30. Artaxes II. revolts, expels the Ro- 
mans, and rules as king. 20. Put to death 
by Armenians. 27. Syria a province, 
ruled by a prefect as legatus Csesaris.} 

30* * B. C. Judea. Octavian establishes 
Herod in his kingdom. [29. Herod puts 
Mariamne to death.] 

27 b. c.-14 a. n. Pome. Augustus Oc- 
tavianus emperor. 

25 * * b. c. Pal. Samaria is rebuilt by 
Herod the Great. 

23 * * b. c. Jerusalem. "Walls are re- 
built by Antipater. 

22 * * b. c. Pal. Csesarea Philippi is 
rebuilt or enlarged by Philip the te- 
trarch. 

21 * * b. c. Asia M. Augustus makes 
a visit. [20. Meets Herod in Syria. 16. 
Agrippa is again legatus.] 



20 * * b. c. Syria. Tigranes II. is en- 
throned by the Romans. He governs 
Syria also, later Tigranes III. [6. Ar- 
tavasdes. 5, Tigranes restored; 12, 
Queen Erato.] 

18 * * b. c. Judea. Herod [the Great] 
visits Rome and brings back his two sons, 
Alexander and Aristobulus, who had 
been sent there six years before. [16. 
He invites Agrippa into Judea. 11. He 
accuses Alexander and Aristobulus be- 
fore Augustus, but becomes reconciled. 
6. The two sons are condemned by the 
Council, and strangled. Antipater en- 
ters into a conspiracy against Herod, and 
goes to Rome. 4. Herod orders his ex- 
ecution.] 

14 * * b. c. Turk. E. A rebellion of the 
Vologams in Thrace is quelled. 

9-8* *b. c. Syria. C. Sentius Satur- 
nius is legatus. 

7 * * b. c. Pal. The Romans take a cen- 
sus. 

6-2 b. c. Rhodes. Residence of Tibe- 
rius. 

5 * * B. c. Jerusalem. Matthias is high 
priest. 

* * b. c. Judea. Taxes are levied by 
Cyrenius the governor. 

* * B. c. Syria. Varrus is appointed 
governor. [4 A. D. Volusius Saturninus, 
legate; 5, Sulpicius Quirinius; ll,Aulus 
Creticus Silanus.] 

4 Mar.* b.c. Herod the Great dies 
from a loathsome disease after suicidal 
attempts. His dominions are distributed 
by Augustus Cresar among his three sons. 
[3± B. c-7 A. d. Archelaus has Judea, 
Samaria, and Idumea. He bears the ti- 
tle of ethnarch. 6 A. d. He is banished 
to Gaul for misrule. 4 B. C.-34A. D. 
Philip rules as tetrarch of Iturea and 
Trochonitis (N. E. Palestine). 4 B. c- 
39 A. n. Herod Antipas rules Galilee 
and Persea as tetrarch. 39. Exiled to 
Spain.] 

2 * * A. D. Armenia. Ariobarzanes, a 
Parthian, is enthroned by the Romans. 
[4. Artavasdes III. 5. Queen Erato. 
Interregnum.] 

6 * * Judea. Augustus banishes Arche- 
laus. Judea a province (p. 1063). Copo- 
nius is procurator. [9. M. Ambivius ; 
12, Annius Rufus ; 15, Valerius Gratus.] 

11 * * Rome. Tiberius is associate em- 
peror. [14-37. Sole emperor.] 

16* * Armenia. Subject to Parthia; 
Venones, a Parthian, is king. [17. In- 
terregnum. 18. Zeno of Pontus (Artax- 
ias) ; Tigranes IV- ; 35, Arsaces II. ; 
Mithridates of Iberia; 51, Rhamdam- 
istus.] 

17 * * Cappadocia, A Roman province 
[47±. Thrace also.] 

* * Syria. Cn. Calpurnius Piso is gov- 
ernor. \W, Sexlns Snturnimis; 20, ^Elius 
Lammia; 34, Vitellius rules as legatus. 
39. P. Petronius.] 

26-36 Judea. Pontius Pilate is procu- 
rator. [36. Deposed, and succeeded by 
Marcellus. 41. The Jews have the right 
of Roman citizenship.] 



1152 



27, Mar. 22-246, * 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

47 * * Jerusalem. The walls are rebuilt. 

65 * * Judea. The Jewish wars begin 
(p. 1062). 

70 Sept. 8. Jerusalem. Titus takes 
the city, sacks and burns the Temple ; 
1,100,000 Jews perish (p. 1062). 

71* * Rhodes. Taken by Vespasian. 

116* * Syria. Trajan takes Seleucia. 
[162. Parthian invasion.] (P. 1064.) 

194* *AsiaM. Battle of Issus (p. 1064). 

217 * * Syria. Parthian war (p. 1064). 

246 * * Syria. Persian invasion. [397. 
Invaded by Saracens. 502. Again. 
629. Again. 607. Invaded by the Per- 
sians. 609. They conquer Asia Minor.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 
33 Mar. 19. Pal. A general eclipse 

of the sun is observed. (Seyffarth.) 
190± * * Carta. Eunielus flourishes ; his 

picture of Helen adorns the Roman 

Forum. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

37 * * Herod Agrrippa, Syrian king, born. 
[100. Dies.} 

28 (?) * * Berenice, Jewish queen, favorite of 
Titus, born. [70+. Dies.] 

36+: * * Stephen, St.. first Christian martyr, 
stoned. 

37* * Josephus. hist., warrior, b. [95. D.] 

1st Century. Cerinthus, Syrian heresiarch, 
founder of Cerinthians, born. Dies. 
Herod Antipas. tetrarch of Galilee, b. D. 
Shammi, Jewish ilodor, born. Dies. 

1st, 2d Century. Hyrcanus 1-, II., high priests, 
born. Die. 

100* * John, the Kvan^clist, born. DieB. 

107 * * Ignatius. St., bishop of Antioch, d. 

115 * * Gamaliel, tin- younger, dies. 

136* * Bareoehba, Jewish impostor, dies. 

2d Century. Akiba Ben Joseph, Jewish in- 
structor, born. Dies. 

168 * * Polycarp, bishop of Smyrna, dies. 

232+ * * Afrieanus, Sextus Julius, Christian 
historian, dies. 

233 * * Porphyry, Syrian Neo-Platonic phi- 
losopher, born. [304. Dies.] 

245± * * Famphilus, St., Syrian martyr, born. 
[309. Dies.] 

CHURCH. 

27 Mar. 22. Christ attends his first 
Passover (27, W.; 27, Apr. * Kent), and 
expels traders from the Temple. 

Mar.* John's testimony of Jesus; 
Christ obtains his first disciples, John 
(?) and Andrew ; he performs his first 
miracle, water is changed into wine ; 
he visits Capernaum. 

The first year of Christ's more pub- 
lic ministry begins. 

Mar. 22-28. Interviewed by Wicode- 
mus. 

Summer. Engages in public work west 
of the Jordan. 

Oct. 26. John the Baptist reproves 
Herod, and is cast into prison. 

Dec. * Christ converts the Samaritan 
woman at Jacob's well. Teaches in 
Galilee. 

28 Jan. (?) * He heals the nobleman's 
son. He is rejected at Nazareth, and 
makes Capernaum his residence. He 
makes a miraculous draught of fishes, 
and calls into his ministry Peter and 
Andrew, and James and John. He re- 
stores a demoniac at Capernaum. 
Cures Peter's mother-in-law. 

.Feb. *-Mar. * Makes a preaching tour 

of Galilee. Heals a leper. 
Mar. (?) * Cures a paralytic. 



Apr. (?) * Calls Matthew. 

The second year of his ministry. 

Apr. 12. Attends his second Pass- 
over. Cures an invalid at the Pool of 
Bethesda. 



Apr. 26. (?) He cures a withered hand. 
May (?) * He chooses his 12 apostles. 
May (?) * He preaches the Sermon on 

the Mount. Cures the centurion's 

servant. Restores the widow's son to 

life. 
June (?) * Receives a message from John 

the Baptist. Receives the kind offices 

of a woman at a Pharisee's house. 
June * -Sept. (?) * Makes a second tour 

of Galilee [32]. 
Oct. (?) * Restores a demoniac, and is 

slandered. Teaches the multitudes. 

Stills the tempest on the sea. Cures 

two demoniacs. 
Nov. (?) * Attends a feast at Matthew's 

house in Capernaum. Resuscitates 

Jairus's daughter. Cures two blind 

men and a dumb demoniac. 
Dec. (?) * Is rejected the second time at 

Nazareth. 
29 Jan. * -Mar. * He makes a third 

tour of Galilee, and sends forth his dis- 
ciples. 
Mar. * John is beheaded by Herod at 

Machserus. 
Mar. 25. (?) Christ feeds the 5,000. 
Mar. 25, 26. Meets his disciples by 

walking on the water. 

The third year of Christ's ministry. 
Mar. 28. He avoids attending the third 
Passover. 



Apr. (?) * Cures the demoniac daughter 
of a Syro-Phenician woman. 

May (?) * He feeds over 4,000 people. 
Cures a blind man. He predicts to his 
disciples his passion. He is transfig- 
ured on the mount ; Moses and Elijah 
visit him. 

June (?) * Again predicts his passion. 
Provides a sacred half-shekel from a 
fish's mouth. 

Sept. (?) * Gives the seventy disciples 
their mission. He takes his final de- 
parture from Galilee for Jerusalem. 

Sept. 21-28. Attends the Feast of 
Tabernacles at Jerusalem. 

Sept. 29. Pardons an adulteress. 

Oct. * The Seventy return, and report 
with rejoicing. 

Oct. (?) * He defines love to one's neigh- 
bor for a lawyer. 

Nov. (?) * He visits Mary and Martha. 

Nov. 27. He cures a blind man at Je- 
rusalem. 

Nov. 28. The Sanhedrin investigate 
the cure of the blind man. 

Nov. 30-Dec.7. He discourses in the 
Temple at the Festival of the Dedica- 
tion. (29, Dec. *, TV.) 

Dec. * He returns to East Bethany. 

30 Jan. * (?) He restores Lazarus. The 
Sanhedrin decide to kill him. 

Jan. * -Feb. * He retires beyond the 
Jordan. 

Feb. (?) * He cures a female of spinal 
paralysis. Teaches in Perea, and jour- 
neys slowly toward Jerusalem. 

Mar. * He is visited by a rich young 
ruler. 

Mar. ll.(?) He predicts his passion the 
third time. 

Mar. * James and John make an ambi- 
tious request. 

Mar. * Two blind men are cured at 
Jericho. 



Mar. 12. (?) Zaccheus entertains Christ 
as a guest. 

Mar. 13. (?) Christ arrives at Bethany. 
(Mar. 30, W.) Crowds come to see Laz- 

Mar. 14. Heleaves Bethany, and makes 
a public entrance into Jerusalem, rid- 
ing on an ass over a road bedecked with 
palm-leaves. He sheds tears over Je- 
rusalem. He enters the Temple, and 
expels the tradespeople from the Gen- 
tiles' court. 

Mar. 15. He curses the barren fig-tree 
when returning to Jerusalem from Beth- 
any. 

Mar. 16. Again returns from Bethany, 
and teaches in the women's court of 
the Temple. He is questioned respect- 
ing tribute money, the resurrection, 
relative importance of the command- 
ments, discusses the paternity of the 
Messiah, denounces hypocrisy, prefers 
a widow's mite. Withdraws from the 
Temple, and prem onishes the catas- 
trophe of Jerusalem. 

Mar. 17. The Sanhedrin plot against 
the life of Christ. Judas purposes to 
betray him. He eats his last Passover, 
which closes with a hymn. He retires 
to the Mount of Olives ; enters the 
Garden of G-ethsemane, offers three 
prayers, agonizes, is betrayed, and ar- 
rested. 

Mar. 18. [Friday.'] He is brought be- 
fore the ex high priest ; Peter denies 
his Master ; is questioned by Hananiah. 
Is arraigned before the Sanhedrin in 
Caiaphas's palace. Accused before Pi- 
late. Tried by Herod ; uncondemned. 
Before Pilate again ; is declared inno- 
cent, yet sentence of death is extorted. 
Judas commits suicide. Christ is cru- 
cified in Golgotha. Buried in Joseph's 
tomb. (30, Apr. 6, W.) 

Mar. 19. [Sabbath.] His tomb guarded. 

Mar. 20. [Sunday.] (30, Apr. 8, W.) He 
rises from the tomb ; meets his disciples. 
Blesses bread at Emmaus. Salutes ten 
apostles in the evening. 

Mar. 27. Salutes eleven apostles. 
Thomas is present. 



Mar. 31. (?) Commissions his apostles. 

Apr. 28. Ascends from near Bethany. 
(May 17, W.) 

May 9. (?) Jerusalem. The baptism of 
the Holy Ghost falls on 120 disciples. 

Dec. 29. (?) Jerusalem. St. Stephen suf- 
fers martyrdom. (36, W. ; 34, Kent.) 

31 May (?) * Damascus. Saul the per- 
secutor becomes a Christian. (37, W. ; 
35, Kent.) [He returns to Jerusalem. 
(40, "W.)] 

31 (?) * * Jerusalem. Christian church 
greatly prospers. 

31 (?) * * St. Matthew writes his Gospel. 

32 (?) * * St. Peter baptizes Cornelius 
and family at Cassarea. (40, W. ; Kent.) 

* * Philip preaches in Samaria. 

* * * Judea. The high priests purchase 
their places by bribes or services, and 
are commonly flagitious in their conduct. 

36 * * Jerusalem. Jonathan, son of An- 
anus, becomes Jewish high priest. 

[37, Theophilus, bis brother; 42, Simon 
Cantlieras; 43, Matthias, son of Ananus (42, 
W.) ; 44, Elionams, son of Cantlieras (43,TV.) ; 
48, Joseph, son of Kami (45, W.) ; later Ana- 
nias, son of Nebedrcus (49, TV.); 55, Ismael, 
Bon of Fabi <59, W.); 67, Theophilus; later, 
Pannius.J 

37* * Jerusalem. St. Peter restores Tab- 
itha. The Emperor Caligula endeavors 



TURKEY. 



27, Mar. 22-246, 



1153 



to place his statue in the Temple. The 

Jews are persecuted for refusing to 

worship him. 
41* * Cyprus. Simon Magus founds the 

Simouians, the first society of heretics. 
42 * * Syria. The disciples are first 

called Christians at Antioch. (38, 

Butler ; 40, Tacitus ; 41, W. ; 60, some 

others.) 

44 * * Paul and Barnabas visit Cyprus. 
[45. They visit Antioch in Pisidia, Ico- 
nium, Lystra, Derbe, Pamphylia, and 
Perga, in Asia Minor.] (45, W.) 

45 * * Assumption of the Virgin (as- 
cent into heaven) [according to the 
Latin and Greek churches]. 

48-49 St. Paul's first missionary tour. 
(45-43, Kent.) 

50 Spring. Jerusalem. The Council 
of Apostles is held. Gentile Christians 
are freed from the yoke of the Mosaic 
observances. (48, W. ; 51, Kent.) 

51-54 St. Paul's second missionary 
tour. (49-50, W. ; 54, Kent.) 

52 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle to 
the Tkessalonians. (52, "W.) 

He visits Antioch in Syria, Tarsus, 
Derbe, Lystra, towns in Phrygia and 
Galatia, Pergamos and Troas in Asia 
Minor. (51, W.) He is called by a vis- 
ion into Europe, and visits Philippi, 
Berea,Thessalonica, Athens, and ( 5'-', W.) 
Corinth. He returns to Asia, visits Ephe- 
sus, and returns to Jerusalem. 

53 * * St. Paul writes the Second Epistle to 
the Tkessalonians. (52, W.) - 

54-58 St. Paul's third missionary tour. 
(54-55, W.; 55-59, Kent.) 

56 * * St. Luke writes his Gospel. 

57 * * St. Paul writes the Epistle to the 
Galatians. (52, W., or 57.) St. Paul 
writes the First (57, W.) and Second 
Epistles (57, W.) to the Corinthians. He 
is a prisoner, and pleads before Clau- 
dius Felix, governor of Judea and Csesa- 
rea. (60, Kent.) [60. He is sent to Rome 
for trial. 61. Spring. Arrives.] 

* * He visits Ephesus (56-57, W.), Macedo- 
nia, Corinth, Philippi, and Miletus. 

58 * * Epistle to the Hebrews is written. 

* * St. Paul writes the Epistle to the Ro- 
mans from Corinth. (58, "W.) The Book 
oftheActs is written by St. Luke. (63, W), 

60 * * St. Paul is shipwrecked at Malta 
61-63 Home. St. Paul's first imprison 

ment. [He is acquitted (p. 1062).] 
62 * * Rome. St. Paul writes the Epistles 

to Philemon, the Colossians, Ephesians, 

and Philippians. 
± * * St. James writes his Epistle. (62- 

63, W.) 

* * Rome. St. Peter is bishop of Rome. 
[He is crucified head downward ; St. 
Linus is his successor.] (Roman Catholic 
authorities.) 

Jerusalem. Herod's persecution. St. 
James beheaded ; St. Peter arrested 
and imprisoned. 

* * The apostles separate, and go into 
different parts of the world to preach 
the gospel. 

64-65 Sp. St. Paul visits Spain. (?) (65, 
W.) 



64-68 First general persecution of 
Christians by pagans (p. 1062). 

64± * * St. Peter writes his first Epistle. 
[65. His second Epistle.] 

67 * * St. Paul writes the First Epistle 
to Timothy from Macedonia, and the 
Epistle to Titus from Ephesus. He 
writes the Second Epistle to Timothy 
from Rome. 

* * St. Mark writes his Gospel. 

68 * * Asia M. St. Paul is arrested at 
Nicopolis (?) as a conspicuous leader of 
Christians, and sent to Rome as a victim 
of Nero's persecution. [May (or June). 
He is beheaded.] 

69 (?) Nov. 30. Gr. The Apostle An- 
drew, having refused to offer sacrifices 
to idols, is crucified on [St. Andrew's 
(X)] cross at Patrse. 

70 ** Jerusalem. The Temple is 
burned by the Romans. 

90 (?) * * St. John's Gospel is written. 

[A little later (?) his two Epistles and 

the Apocalypse.] 
95 * * Persecutions (p. 1064). 
± * * JEgean Sea. St. John is exiled to 

Patmos. 
97 (?) * * Timothy is stoned. (?) 
+ * * St. John returns to Ephesus from 

Patmos. 

* * * The Christian Church advances. 
(See Italy for later development.) 

100 * * Persecution (p. 1064). 

100-300 Armenia receives Christianity. 

130 * * Jerusalem. Adrian builds a tem- 
ple of Jupiter on Mount Calvary, also a 
temple of Adonis over the manger at 
Bethlehem. 

132 * * Judea. Adrian has slain 580,000 
rebellious Jews, and banishes the sur- 
vivors. 

135* * Asia M. Polycarp becomes 
bishop of Smyrna. [167±. Burned at 
the stake.] 

150+ * * Syria. Septimius Severus builds 
a temple to the sun at Baalbec. 



230* * A. d. The Mischna, called the Je- 
rusalem Talmud, is compiled by Jehuda 
Hanassi, and written at Tiberias. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

70 * * A. D. Jerusalem. A multitude of 
Jews destroy themselves after Titus 
takes the city. 

165* * Syria. Cassius, a Roman general, 
puts to death 300,000 inhabitants of 
Seleucia. 

STATE. 

33 * * Bosporus (Circassia). Polemon II. 
reigns. [41. Mithridates II. 49. He is 
taken to Rome as a prisoner. Cotys 
reigns.] 

37-41 Rome. Caligula is emperor. [41-54. 
Claudius; 54-68, Nero.] 

38-44 Pal. Herod Agrippa I., grand- 
son of Herod the Great, is tetrarch of 
Abilene, Balansea, Trachonitis, and Au- 
ranitis (N. E. of Palestine and Syria). 
[41-44. Judea and Samaria are annexed 



to his dominions. All Palestine his 

independent kingdom.] 
40 * * Rome. A Jewish embassy visits 

Caligula. 
44* * Judea. Again a Roman province, 

45-47 Judea. Cusplus Fadus is procura- 
tor. (44, W.) [47-4U, Tiberina Alexander. 
(46, AY.); 4!l-S;i, Ventidius Onmanus (48. 
W.); 53-55, Antonitis Felix (51, W.); 55-62, 
Forcius Festns (60, AV. ) ; 62-65, Albinus; 65- 
Gessius Florus (62, W.) 

45 * * Judea. Theudas leads a revolt, 
and is killed. [51. Quadratus, the le- 
gatus of Syria, deposes Cumanus, and 
sends Ananias, the high priest, in bonds 
to Rome to answer for quarrels with the 
Samaritans.] 

48 * * Herod Agrippa II., son of Herod 
Agrippa I., is made prince of Chalcis. 
[52-91 (93). He is king of Northern Pal- 
estine. (52.) He pleads at Rome for the 
Jews.] 

58± * * Armenia. Erovant, a usurper, 
rules the kingdom. 

63 * * Armenia. Annexed to Rome. [65. 
Tiridates II. reigns.] 

65 * * Judea. Revolt against the Ro- 
mans. [68. Invasion by Vespasian.] 

68* * Rome. Galba is emperor. [69, Otho; 



69 * * Jerusalem. Three Jewish parties 
contend for supremacy. [70. Destroyed. 
(See Army.) The Jewish policy and 
nation terminate.] 

71* * Judea. The Romans put Basseua 
in charge. 

93± * * Syria. Chalcis is annexed, 
Agrippa II. (deceased) having sided 
against the Romans. [105. Arabia Pe- 
trtea, a Roman province. 114. Armenia. 
115. Mesopotamia and Assyria.] 

112 * * Bithynia. Pliny, the younger, is 
imperial legate. [124. Nicomedia is 
restored by Adrian.] 

115 * * Armenia. Trajan expels the Par- 
thian conqueror, and annexes the coun- 
try. [117. Adrian relinquishes authority.] 

117 * * Cyprus. The Jews revolt. [132- 
135. Again.] 

132 * * Jerusalem. Revived by Adrian 
after being almost uninhabited for 50+ 
years ; he plants a Roman colony, and 
names it JElia. [The name Jerusalem 
is dropped for 200± years. The history 
is almost a blank until the era of Con- 
stantine.] 

132-135 Jerusalem. Rebellion of Bar- 
cochba, the pretended Messiah ; he 
defeats the Romans. 

135-136 Judea. Desolated by the Syri- 
ans. [175. Revolt against Rome.] (P. 1065.) 

166* * Armenia. M. Aurelius breaks 
the power of Parthia, and reigns as king. 
[199. Julius Severus makes Vologarses 
III., the Parthian, king of part of Ar- 
menia. 232. Armenia becomes subject 
to the Persian empire. 2S6. Tiridates, 
the Parthian king, is enthroned by Dio- 
cletian. 294. Expelled by Narses. 298. 
Restored by Galerius. 342. Persians rule.]' 

212 * * Palmyra becomes a Roman col- 
ony. [272. Conquered.] (P. 1066.) 



1154 255,**-1375, ** 



TURKEY. 



ARMY— NAVY. 

255 * * Thrace. Invasion by the Goths 
(pp. 1066-1068) . [395. Ravaged by Alaric. 
By Attila.] 

261 * * Asia M. Sapor's conquests (p. 
1066). 

314* * Asia M. Constantine defeats 
Licinius three times (p. 1028). 

365 * * Constantinople. Procopius seizes 
the city. 

369 * * Armenia, Conquered by the Per- 
sians. [577-6S7. Conquered and recon- 
quered by the Greeks and Persians.] 



603 * * Medea. "War with the Lydians. 

614* * Jerusalem. Taken by Chosroes. 
[Itetaken by the Emperor Heraclius. 
637. Taken by the Saracens.] 

633 * * Pal. Calif Omar takes Joppa. 
[637. He takes Jerusalem. 638. Takes 
Syria.] 

637 * * Armenia. Mohammedan inva- 
sion. [830. Invaded by the Emperor 
Theophilus. 914. Ravaged by Moham- 
medans.] 

646 * * Cyprus. Seized by Arabs. 

672-718* * Constantinople. Saracens 
resisted (p. 1030). 

693-1067 * * Armenia. Conquered and 
reconquered by the Greeks and Mo- 
hammedans. 

717 * * Cappadocia. Invaded by the 
Saracens. [876. The Emperor Basil 
recovers it. 1074. Captured by the 
Turks under Solyman.] 

864 * * Constantinople. Resists the Rus- 
sians (p. 1032). [904. Again. 941. Again. 
1043. Again.] 

933* * Arabia. Al Mutassem, a Sara- 
cen calif, organizes a body-guard of 
Turkish prisoners. [903. Saracens and 
Eastern empire (p. 1032).] 

970 * * Syria. Conquered by Fatimite 
Califs. [1034. Expelled. 1007. Revolt 
(p. 1032). 10GS+-. Turkish invasion (p. 
1032). 1075. Turks take Damascus.] 

1071* * Armenia. Arslan captures Ro- 
manus IV. (p. 1032). 

1074 * * Jerusalem. Taken by the Arabs 
(p. 487). 

1074-84* *AsiaM. Conquered by the 
Turks. 

1078 * * Bithi/nia. rJicomedia surren- 
ders to the Seljukan Turks. 

1081 * * Norman invaders (p. 1032). 

1097 * * Turk. E. Crusaders' invasion 
(p. 1032). 

1099 June 9. Jerusalem. Crusaders 
besiege the city. [June 12. Assault the 
city. July 15. Take it ; 70,000 infidels 
are put to the sword and anew kingdom 
is founded. 1099. They capture Joppa. 
1124. Take Tyre.] 

1150+1271* * Pal. Almost continuous 
wars with. Christians. 

1166* * Syria. Conquered by Sultan 
Noureddin. 

1187 July 3, 4. Pal. Saladin defeats 
Guy de Lusignan, King of Jerusalem, 
near Tiberias. [Oct. 2. Captures Jeru- 
salem. 1193. Takes Jaffa.] 

1203 May 9. Constantinople. Taken 
by Latins (p. 1034). 

1204 * * Constantinople. Taken by the 
Crusaders, and Emperor Mourzoune 
put to death. 

1217* * Jerusalem. Taken by the 
Turks, and Saracens driven out. [1228. 
Surrenders to Frederick II. by treaty.] 

1235* * Armenia. Overrun by Mongols 
[for several years]. 

1243 * * Jerusalem. Captured by Cru- 
saders. [1244. Taken by Mohamme- 
dans.] 



1252 * * Pal. Louis IX. of France cap- 
tures Jaffa. 

1259" 



*Syr 



Overrun by Tartars. 



1291* * Jerusalem. Taken. [Sultan of 
Egypt expels Christians from Syria.] 

1299 * * Bithynia. Othman invades 
Nicomedia. [1338. It surrenders to Or- 
chan and the Ottoman Turks.] 

1330 * * The Ottoman Turks capture 
Nicsea. 

1341-53 Turk. E. Thrace is conquered 
by Turks. [First war with Venetians.] 

1346 * * Gr. Morea is conquered by 
Turks. [1355. Gallipoli, It.] 

1361 * * Turk. E. Turks enter Thrace, 
and take Adrianople. 

1362 * * Amurath I. organizes Jani- 
zaries. [HeconquersTlira.ee, and makes 
Adrianople his capital (p. 1034). 1363. 
He captures Philippopolis.] 

1364 * * Crete. Rebellion subdued. 

1373 * * Armenia. Overrun by Tamer- 
lane. [1400. He sacks lleliopolis ; over- 
runs Syria. 1401. Jan. * Destroys Da- 
mascus'. 1402. Invades Asia Minor, 
sacks Smyrna, destroys Sardis. Turks 
defeated.] (P. 1035.) 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 



330-390 Syria. Gregory N 

the history of the Passion to dramatic 

music. 
401 * * The Black Sea is frozen over for 

20 days. [ 763, Oct. * -764. Feb. * Frozen 

100 miles from the shore.] 
406* * Pat. Swarms of locusts darken 

the air, and breed pestilence from their 

putrid bodies. 
705 * * Syria. The mosque at Damas- 
cus is erected. 
1191 June 22. Syria. A remarkable 

eclipse of the sun is observed. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

266± * * Eusebius. Syrian church historian, 

born. [342±. Dies.] 
S76± * * Zenobia. Qiiffii of Palmyra, dies. 
300+ * * Hilarion, St., born. [372. Dies.] 
300* * Eueebius, bishop of Eniisa, Syria, 

born. [360. Dies.] 
310 + * * Meletius, St., bishop of Antioch, 

born. [381. Dies.] 
315± * * Cyril. St.. of Jerusalem, archbishop, 

author, horn. [386±. Dies.] 
325+* * Gregory Nazianzen, St., bishop 

of Constantinople, born. [390+. Dies.] 
340 * * Asterins, bp. of Amuse of Pontus, b. 
Eusebius, Patriarch of Constantinople, b. 
+ Nicholas, St., bishop of Myra, guardian of 

children, dies. 
350+ * * Chry sostom, John, Syrian- 
Greek church lather, born. [407. Dies.] 
353 * * Ashi, Rah., Jewish savant, author of 

Bab. Talmud, born. [477. Dies.] 
362 * * Apollinaris, the younger, bishop of 

Laodicea, born. Dies. 
3904;* * Simeon Stvlites, Syrian ascetic, 

born. [460. Dies.] 
Theodoret, Syrian bishop, church historian, 

born. [457. Dies.] 
440+ * * Nestoriue, Syrian bishop, dies. 
449 * * Flavian ub, bp. of Constantinople, d. 
G18 * * Flavianus, bishop of Antioch, dies. 
565 * * Belisarius. general, dies in prison. 
581 * * Omar I., calif, captor of Jerusalem, 

born. [644. Dies.] 
610* * Moawiyah, Ommiad calif, born. 

[680. Dies.] 
611* * Aysheah, favorite wife of Moham- 
med, bom. [677. Dies.] 
700 * * Damascene, John, governor of 

Damascus, horn. [760. Dies.] 
720 (?) * * AbU-1-Abbas-Abdallah, Abbassid 

calif, born. [754. Dies.] 



786* * Mamoun, or Al. Mamun, Ab 
calif of Bagdad, born. [833. Dies.] 

10th Century. Genesius, Josephus, Byzan- 
tine historian, born. Dies. 

954 * * Anastasius, St., patriarch of Antioch, 
born. [1044. Dies.] 

980 * * Avicenna, Mohammedan physician, 
philosopher, born. [1037. Dies.] 

1030 * * Alp-Arslan, Seljuk sultan, born. 
[1072. Dies.] 

1058* * Abu-Hamid-Alghazalee, Moslem 
clergyman, born. [111. DieB.] 
Baldwin I., King of Jerusalem, born. 
Gazzoli, Abu H., Mohammedan, b. [118. D.] 

1116* * Nur-ed-din, Sultan of Syria and 
Egypt, born. [1173. Dies.] 

1130* * Baldwin III., King of Jerusalem, 
born. [1163. Dies.] 

1131* * Baldwin II., King of Jerusalem, d. 

1135* * Amaury I., King of Jerusalem, 
born. [1173. Dies.] 
Maimonidt'S. Moses, rabbi, horn. [1204. D.] 

1137* * Saladin the Great, sultan, born. 
C1193, Mar. 4. Dies.] 

1160* * Baldwin IV., King of Jerusalem, 
born. [1186. Dies.] 

1205 * * Amaury II., King of Jerusalem, d. 

1226 * * Abulfaraj, Gregorius, Armenian 
bishop, historian, horn. [1286. Dies.] 

1259* * Othman, or Osman, I., founder of 
Ottoman empire, born. [1326. Dies.] 

1273* * AhultVda, geographer,!). [1331. D.] 

1288* * Ertoghrul dies. 

1347 * * Bajazet, Ottoman sultan, born. 
[1403. Dies.] 

14th Century. Aladdin, organizer of Janiza- 
ries, born. Dies. 

CHURCH. 

276 * * Armenia. St. Gregory converts 

Tridates II., and Christianity is adopted 

as the national religion. 
314+ * * Asia M. A church council is 

held at Ancyra. 
325 * * Council of Nice (pp. 1028, 1068). 
370 * * Asia M. Gratian massacres 80 

Christian Fathers at Nicomedia; they 

are put on board a ship, which is set on 

tire and driven to sea. 
381 * * Constantinople. Council (p. 

1092). 
398 Feb. 26. Constantinople. Chrys- 

ostom is elected bishop (p. 1030). 
428-431 rTestorians arise (p. 1030). 
431 June 22. Council of Ephesus (p. 

1030). 
5th Century. Syria. Maronites arise. 

[676+. They begin to prevail.] 
461 * * The Churches of Egypt, Syria, and 

Armenia separate from the Church of 

Constantinople because of the Monoph- 

ysite controversy (p. 1030). 

532 * * Constantinople. Justinian founds 
the second St. Sophia. [537 and 560. 
Dedicated.] 

533 * * Syria. The sect of Zanzalians 
arises. Water baptism is rejected, and bap- 
tism by tiir is applied with a red-hot iron. 



553 * * Constantinople. Church coun- 
cil. [681. Another.] (P. 1031.) 

554 * * Asia. Greeks and Armenians 
separate (p. i071). 

634 * * Asia M. Mohammedanism ad- 
vances (p. 1031). 

637 * * Jerusalem. The Mosque of 
Omar is founded. 

* * Armenia. Mohammedan invaders at- 
tempt to abolish Christianity. 

690 * * Armenia. Paulicians persecuted 
(p. 1031). 

726+ * * The iconoclastic controversy 
begins (p. 1032). 



TURKEY. 



255,**-1375,**. 1155 



Sth Century. The Karaites, or Readers, led 
by Anan-iien-David form a sect of reformers 
■who adhere to the Scriptures, and reject the 
Talmud and traditions. 

787 * * Council of Nice (pp. 664, 1072). 

856 * * Armenia. Mohammedans mar- 
tyr King Semprad at Bagdad. 

869 * * Constantinople. Council (p. 1032). 

1054 * * The Greek Church becomes 
independent (pp. 1032, 1034). 

1056 * * The Teaching of the Twelve 
Apostles is written. [1873. Discovered.] 

1156+ * * Syria. The Carmelites, or 
White Friars of Mount Carmel, are 
founded by Berthold. 

1182* * Syria. The Maronites join the 
Roman Church. 

1329 * * Constantinople. Christian 
slaves are organized as Janizaries. 

1330* * Armenia. The Church is recon- 
ciled to Rome. 

LETTERS. 

S55± * * Constantinople. A library is 
founded by Constantine. 

1100 * * The Assize of Jerusalem, a 
code of laws, is established by Godfrey 
of Bouillon, King of Jerusalem. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 



532 * * Constantinople suffers from the 
dissensions of religious parties. 

* * Constantinople is splendidly rebuilt 
by Justinian. [740-749. Deflated by the 
plague; 200,000 victims.] 



desolated by the 

1112 * * Jerusalem. The Knights of St. 
John erect a hospital for travelers; it 
provides for 2,000 guests, also an infir- 
mary for the sick. 

1148* * Cyprus. The sugar-cane is in- 
troduced from Syria. 

1184* * Constantinople. Andronicus or- 
ders the massacre of the Latins. 



STATE. 
284± * * Bithynia. Diocletian makes 

Uicomedia the capital of the Eastern 

Empire. 
328 * * Constantine removes the seat of 

the Eastern Empire to Constantinople. 

[330. Dedicated.] (P. 1069.) (See Greece.) 
334-376 Turk. E. Thrace is settled by 

Sarmatians. 
4th Century. Cent. Asia. Turkish power 

is established in the Altai Mountains. 
584* * Armenia. Made neutral by Rome 

and Persia. [442, Persian invasion ; 515, 

Pourzan reigns ; the Huns ravage the 

country. 637. By Arabs under Ab-der- 

Raham. 830. By Emperor Theophilus.] 
560 * * The Turks become allies of the 

Greek empire in the Persian war. [580. 

Withdraw.] 
614* * Jerusalem. Ruled by the Persian 

conquerors. 
«625 * * Asia M. Smyrna is rebuilt by 

Antigonus and Lysimachus. 



636 * * Seleucia. The Arabs unite it 
with Ctesiphon (Mesopotamia). [Syria, 
Antioch, Cyprus, etc., are taken.] (Pp. 
1031, 1033.) 

637* * Jerusalem. Surrendered to Mos- 
lems under Calif Omar. [637-1000i. 
Under Moslen rule.] 

717 * * Cappadocia. Invaded by the Sar- 
acens. 

739 * * Greek Empire. Arab invasion 
(p. 1032). 

859-1045 Armenia. The dynasty of the 
Bagratides; Aschod 1. reigns under the 
Arab title Prince of Princes. (914.) Rav- 
aged by Mahommedans. 

860 * * Cent. Asia. The Turks migrate 
to Turkomania. 

874 * * Asia M. Basil I. partly over- 
throws the Arabs. [876. Cappadocia re- 
covered.] 

905 * * Egy. The Abbassids overthrow 
the Tooloonide dynasty. 

©60 * * Pal. Passes from the califs of 
Bagdad to the rule of the Fatimite 
califs of Egypt. [1073. Dispossessed 
by the Turkomans ; later recovered by 
Egyptians.] 

997-1030 Afgh. The Ghazni dynasty 
of Seljuk Turks is established at Ghazni 
by Mahmud. 

A * Seljuk leads the Turks from the Cas- 
pian Sea region into Bokhara, Central 
Asia. 

1006* * Syria.. The Turks take Damas- 
cus from the Saracens. [1667. The emirs 
of Damascus revolt. 106S. Also emirs 
of Aleppo.] 

1037 * * Togrul Beg, the grandson of 
Seljuk, is made sultan by election. 

1045 * * Armenia. Constantine XII. ac- 
quires territory. 

1063 * * Alp-Arslan, the nephew of 
Togrul, rules between the Gihon River, 
in Central Asia, and the Tigris ; he takes 
Syria and Palestine from Egypt. 

1071 * * The Emperor Romanus Diogenes 
purchases peace with Alp-Arslan by 
ceding the greater part of Asia Minor. 

1072-92 MalekShah succeeds Alp- 
Arslan, his father ; he has dominion 
from China to Constantinople ; the Sel- 
j ukian Turks have complete supremacy. 

1097 * * Asia M. Iconium becomes the 
capital of the Seljuk sultanate. 

1092* * Asia. The Seljuk dynasty is 
divided into Persian, Kerman, Damas- 
cus, and Iconium. 



1099-1187 Pal. A Christian govern- 
ment rules ; Godfrey of Bouillon, " Ba- 
ron of the Holy Sepulchre," is the first 
king. [1100+-18, Baldwin I. ; 1118-31, 
Baldwin II.; 1131-42, Fulc of Anjou; 
1143-62, Baldwin III. ; 1162-73, Amaury 
I. ; 1173-83, Baldwin IV. ; 1183-85, Bald- 
win V. ; 11S6-S9, Guy de Lusignan ; 1192, 
Conrad de Montferrat, appointed by 
Richard of England. (Assassinated.) 
1198-1205, Amaury de Lusignan ; 1210-26, 
John de Brienne (crowned at Acre); 
1229-39, Frederick II. of Germany.] 

1150 * * The Seljuk dynasty of Turks 
at Iconium becomes dominant. 



* * Asia M. The Turkish Empire is con- 
solidated. 

1171 * * Syria. Saladin overthrows the 

Fatimite dynasty. 
1192* * Mohammed II. rules the Kha- 

rismian Turks. 

* * Cyprus. Richardl. of England gives 
Cyprus to Guy de Lusignan. 

1198+ * * Jerusalem. King Amaury de 
Lusignan is unable to resist the Sara- 
cens. 

1204-1461 Trebizond becomes the seat 
of an empire near the Black Sea, on the 
surrender of Constantinople to the 
Latins. 



1206-61 Bithynia. After capturing Con- 
stantinople, the Crusaders establish a 
Latin empire at Nice. 

1224* * Armenia. David II. recovers 
part of the territory from the Turks. 

1228 * * Jerusalem. Surrendered to the 
Emperor-Frederick II. by treaty with 
the Saracens. [1243. Again surrendered 
to the Crusaders.] 

1231* * Bithynia. The Oghusian Tartars 
arrive in force. [1234. They overrun 
Armenia.] 

13th Century . AsiaM. The Turks, being 
harassed by other Tartar tribes, return 
to Asia Minor. [1250+. Salman Shah, 
chief of the Oghusian Turks, leads his 
tribes westward from Khorassan ; they 
enter the service of Aladdin, sultan of 
of Iconium.] 

1261 * * Constantinople. The capital of 
the Greek Empire is moved here from 
Nice. 

1280+-88 Ertoghrul, son of Salman, 
and Sultan Aladdin, unite in the country 
near the EuxineSea. [1288. Drowned.] 

1288* * Othman I., son of Ertoghrul, 
becomes chief of the Turko-Ottoman 
Empire. 

1299-1326 Bithynia. Othman I., the 
founder, reigns in the Ottoman Empire. 
He holds the title emir, but rules des- 
potically and successfully. 

1309-1522 Rhodes. Rhodes is held by 
the Knights Hospitallers. 

1326* * Lydia. Ancient Lydia be- 
comes a part of the Turkish empire. 

1326-59 Ottoman Emp. Orkhan, son 
of Othman, reigns as sultan over the 
Ottomans. (1327.) He takes Prusa, and 
makes it the capital [until Constanti- 
nople is taken]. 

1336 * * Asia M. The Turks become 
the allies of France. 

1359-89 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Amu- 
rath I., son of Orkhan, reigns. (1360.) 
He occupies Adrianople ; he is the first 
sultan to cross into Europe. He an- 
nexes Cappadocia. (1382.) Also Ana- 
tolia in the interior of Asia Minor. 
(1386) He appoints the first grand vizier. 

1375 * * Armenia. Taken by the Manie-. 
lukes. Leon VI., the last king, is taken 
prisoner, and carried to Egypt. The 
kingdom becomes extinct. [Partitioned 
between Persia, Turkey, and Russia.] 



1156 1389, * *-1854, Jan. 14. 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1389 * * Bajazet I. overruns the prov- 
inces, and takes the Greek possessions 
in Asia. [1390. Destroys Philadelphia. 
1395. Invests Constantinople. 1396. De- 
feats Sigisniund of Hungary at Nicop- 
olis.] 

1410* * Constantinople. Attackedby 
Musa Chelebi. 

1415* * Bosnia. Conquered by Moham- 
med I. [1418. He conquers Wallachia.] 

1422* * Constantinople. Besieged by 
Amurath I. 

1424* *AsiaM. The Turks capture 
Smyrna. 

1443* * Joannes Hunlades defeats Am- 
urath II. at Nish. [1444. Amurath n. 
defeats and kills Ladislaus of Hungary 
(p. 565). 144S. Defeats Huniades at Kos- 
sova (p. 508).] 

1453 * * Constantinople. Conquered by 
Mohammed H. This ends the East- 
ern Empire. 

1460+ * * Gr. Conquest completed (p. 
1034). 

1461* * Asia M. Mohammed EC. takes 
Trebizond, etc. (p. 1034). [1467. Turks 
defeat Bey Seanderbeg. 1480. Otranto, 
It.] 

1493 * * War with Egypt. [1505. "War 
with Persia. 1514. Persians defeated 
at Kalderoon.] 

1516 * * Egy. Gained by the defeat of 
Mamelukes. 

* * Armenia. Overrun by Turks. [They 
take Jerusalem. 1516-17. They con- 
quer Syria and Egypt.] 

1521 Aug. * Solyman takes Belgrade. 
[1522. Dec* Captures Rhodes (p. 1034). 
1526. Aug.* Defeats the Hungarians at 
Mohaes (p. 508). 1529. Oct. * He is re- 
pulsed before Vienna (p. 510). Also other 
cities (p. 1034).] 

1534 * * Armenia. Overrun by Persians. 

1547 * * The Turks defeat the Austri- 
ans. 

1565 * * Malta. Besieged by Turks. 

1569 * * First war with Russia. 

1571* * Gr. Defeat at Lepanto (p. 1080). 

1574* * Cyprus. Taken from the Vene- 
tians by the Turks. 

1583* * Armenia. Overrun by the 
Turks. [1604. Subdued by Persians led 
by Shah Abbas.] 

1585* * Persia. Shah Abbas drives out 
the Turks. 

1590 * * The Janizaries revolt. 

1596 * * The Turks defeat the Austri- 
ans at Cerestes. 

1601-18 Disastrous war with Persia. 

1606 * * The Persians defeat the Turks 
at Basra. [1621 . Turks defeated by the 
Poles.] 

1638 * * Arabia. The Turks defeat the 
Persians, and capture Bagdad. 

1659 * * The Dardanelles are fortified. 

1661-64 War with Germany (p. 513). 
[1682-99. Again (pp. 512, 798).] 

1664 * * Switz. Turks defeated at St. 
Gothard (p. 512). 

1669 * * Crete. The Turks take Candia 
from Venice after a siege of 24 years. 

1672 * * Pus. Kamienic is taken from 
the Poles. 

1696 * * Pus. Peter the Great defeats 
the Turks and subdues Azov. [1711. lie- 
conquered by Turks.] 

1709 * * War with Russia (p. 1114). 

1714-18 War with Venice (pp. 514, 1034). 

1734-35 Persia. The Turks lose their 
possessions. 

1736-39 War with Hungary (p. 514). 

1738-39 War with Germany; Russia 
aids Turkey (p. 514). 



1739 * * Servia. Turks take Belgrade 

from Austria. 
1745 * * Bus. The Turks are defeated at 

Ears. 
1749 * * Arabia. Insurrection of the 

Wahabis. 
1764* * Cyprus. Insurrection sup- 
pressed. 
1770 * * Mgean Sea. The Russian and 

English fleets defeat the Turks near 

Scio. 
1787-92 War with Russia (p. 1116). 
1788-91 Disastrous war with Austria 

and Russia (p. 516). 
1799 * * Syria. Napoleon's battles (p. 

712). 
1807 Jan. 7. War declared against 

Russia and England (p. 932). 
1809 Sept. 26. Bulgaria. Turks de- 
feat the Russians at Silistria. [1811. 

Turks defeated at Rustchuk.] 
1821-29 Gr. War with Greece (p. 

1034). 
1821 Mar. 6. Rumania. Moldavia and 

Wallachia revolt. 



1822 Apr. 11. ^Egean Sea. Massacre 

at Scio (p. 1034). 
1823* * Cyprus. The Greeks revolt; 

suppressed by a terrible massacre. 
1824 Oct. 6. JEgean Sea. The Turks 

are defeated in a naval battle near Mit- 

ylene. 
1826 May 29. A new Mohammedan 

army is organized. 
June 14-16. Constantinople. TheJani- 

zaries revolt, and are massacred. 
1828-29 Unsuccessful war with Russia 

(p. 1116). 
1828 * * Armenia. Overrun by Russians. 
Oct. 11. Bulgaria. Varna surrenders 

to Russia. 

1831-32 Syria. Mehemet Ali rebellion 
(p. 656). [1833. May 6. The powers inter- 
vene. 1S39. He again revolts (p. 656).] 



1634* * Cara-Mustapha, grand vizier, born. 

[1683. Dies.] 
1639 * * Mustapha I., sultan of Turkev, d. 
1658* * Hadji Khalfa (Mustapha Ben Ab- 

dallah), historian, dies. 
1664* * Ecchellensis, Abraham, Maronite 

orientalist, dies. 
1673* * Ahmed, or Achmet, III., emperor, 

born. [1739. Dies.] 
1676 * * Mekhitar, Peter, Armenian monk, 

born. [1749. Dies.] 
1686 * * Asscmain. Giuseppe Simone, Syrian 

orientalist, born. [1768. Dies.] 
1696 * * Mahmoud, or Mahmud, I., sultan of 

Turkey, born. [1754. Dies.] 
1735 * * Abdul-Hamid I., sultan, b. [1789. D.] 
1740* * Mouradgea D'Ohason, Armenian 

historian, born. [1807. Dies.] 
1761* * Selim III., sultan, born. [1808. D.] 
1769 * * Mohammed Ali, Pasha of Egypt, 

born. [1849. Dies.] 
1785 * * Mahmoud, or Mahmud, II., sultan, 

born. [ 1839. Dies.] 
1789 * * Ibrahim Pasha, viceroy of Egypt, 

born. [1848. Dies.] 
1802 * * IVsh.-ril Pasha. Mustapha M., states- 
man, born. [1858. Dies.] 
1805 * * Omar Pasha, general, b. [1871. D.] 
1814* * Fund Pasha, states., b. [1869. D.] 
1815 * * Ali Pasha, states., b. [1871. D.] 
1817* * Dervish Pasha, soldier, states., b. 
1822* * Hobart I'asha, admiral, born. [1886,. 

June 19. Dies.] 
Midhat Pasha, states., b. [1884, May 8. D.] 
Said Pasha Mohammed, viceroy of Egypt, 

born. [1863. Dies.] 
1823* * Abdul Meiid, sultan, b. [1861. D.], 
1830* * Abdul-Aziz, sultan, b. [1876. D.] 
1843 * * Abdul-Hamid II., sultan, born. 



1533± * * Constantinople. Andrew 
Palasologus becomes a Mohammedan. 



1853 * * War with Russia (p. 1118). 



ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1800+ * * Destructive earthquakes : 
Sept. 26. At Constantinople and Roma- 
nia. 1822. Aug. * -Sept. * Aleppo destroyed 
(20,000 lives). 1837. Jan. 22. In Southern 
Syria (13,000 in Jaffa). 1840. July 27. In 
Armenia. 1855. P.roussa (Tur.) destroyed. 
1856. Oct. 12. Candia (odd lives); Rhodes 
(lOOlives). 1859. June2-July 17. In Erze- 
rum (Asia M.). 1863. Apr. 22. At Rhodes 
(300 lives). 1875. Mav 12. In Syria (2,000 
lives). 1880. Julv2!i, 30. In Smyrna. 1881. 
Apr. 3. In Scio 1 411(10 lives). 1883. Oct. 16±. 
Antalia; Isehesne i mo lives). 1894. July 11+. 
Constantinople (200 lives). 

1839+ * * Assyr. Sir Austen Henry Lay- 
ard and others make discoveries on the 
site of Nineveh. [1854. Hormusd Kas- 
sam discovers an ancient palace. 1866. 
George Smith studies ancient inscrip- 
tions. 

1845 * * Assyr. Paul Emile Botta and 
Layard discover ruins of cities. 

BIRTHS — DEATHS. 

1389* * Amurath I., sultan, dies. 
1393 * * Leon VI., King of Armenia, dies. 
1404 * * Seuudei beg, Geo. Castriot, Albanian 
chief, born. [1467. Dies.] 



1467* * Selim I., sultan, born. [1520. D.] 
1496 ** Solyman II.. sultan, b. [1566. D.] 
1545 ** Amurath III., sultan, b. [1595. D.] 
1586 * * Courcelles, Etienne de, Armenian 

clergyman, eritir, burn. [1660. Dies.] 
1610* * Amurath IV., sultan, b. [1640. D.] 



1625 * * The Sultan Amurath IV. pro- 
hibits smoking as unnatural and irre- 
ligious, and affixes the penalty of death- 

1757 * * Jerusalem. The Greeks are 

excluded from the care of the sacred 

buildings. 
1808* * Jerusalem. The Holy Sepul- 

cher is partly burned ; it is rebuilt by 

the Greeks. 

1815 * * The Church of Engrland opens a 
mission to the Mohammedans. [1841. At 
Jerusalem. 1878. At Gaza.] 



[1823. Reopened by three : 

, later merged with Syrian miss 

1844. Abandoned because of the opposition 
of the government. Opened at Beirut. 1828. 
Abandoned. 1831. Opened at Constantino- 
ple by Dr. Goodsell. 1839. At Mardin; at 
Erzerum. 1840. At Nicomedia. W. Turk. 
1848. At Salonica. 1856. Abandoned. 1850- 
Mar. 20. At Aleppo, N. Syria., where in 1851 
a church is formed. 1854. At Ca?sarea. 1855. 
At Marash, Sivas, and Harpoot, Armenia. 
1872. At Van. 

Apr. 23. Constantinople. Greek Chris- 
tians are persecuted, and their patri- 
arch killed. 



1832* * Constantinople. The Ladies' Society 
of Boston (U. S. A.) opens a mission to the 
Jews. 

1837 * * Crete becomes a mission-field of the 
Protestant Episcopal Church (U. S. A.). 
[1839. Moved to Constantinople.] 

1839 Mar. 3. A patriarchal bull prohibits 
the reading of books published by missiona- 
ries. [The disobedient are sent into exile. 
Apr. 28. One anathematizes all who hold in- 
tercourse with missionaries.] 

1839 * * Armenia. Persecution against mis- 
sionaries rages. [1840. Favorable reaction. 
1847. Mission opened at Aintab; grows vig- 
orously. 1852. At Marsovan.] 

1841 Sept. 7. Jerusalem. A Protestant 
bishopric is erected by treaty. [Nov. 7- 
S. M. S. Alexander eonseerah-d bishop. 1842. 
Jan. 28. The erection of the Anglican ca- 
thedral is begun. 1846. .Samuel Groat conse- 



TURKEY. 



1389, * *-1854, Jan. 14. 1157 



crated bishop. 1878. July 25. Joseph Bar- 
clay. 1887. Apr. * G. F.l'.Blythe appointed 
by the Archbishop of Canterbury. 1887. Aug. 
18. Formal announcement is made that the 
bishopric is dissolved.] 
1842 * * Smyrna becomes a mission-field of 
the Danes. [1847. Abandoned.] 



1846* * Cojistantii'Ojih'. Persecution forces 
the evangelical Armenians to organize a 
church. [Three others are soon formed]. 

1849 June * Christians are admitted 
to office. 

1850 Oct. 16. Syria. Mohammedans 
massacre thousands of Christians with- 
out interference from the pasha ; the 
property destroyed is worth millions of 
dollars. 

* * The Catholics and Greeks hotly press 
their rival claims to the Holy Sepul- 
cher ; a mixed commission is appointed 
to settle the dispute. [1852. Mar. 9. A 
firman supports the claims of the Greeks. 
1353. France and Russia favor the Cath- 
olics.] 

1853 * * A firman declares that Chris- 
tians and Mohammedans are equal be- 
fore the law. 

LETTERS. 

1825 * * Smyrna. Spectator de l' Orient 
is issued. 

1831 * * Constantinople. Monitextr Otto- 
man is issued. 

1838* * Smyrna. Echo de I 'Orient is 
issued. 

1848-53 Layard's Discoveries in Assyria 
is published. 

1853 Le Spectator de I ' Orient is issued in 
French. 

SOCIETY - MISCELLANEOUS. 

1554 * * Constantinople. Coffee-houses 
are first opened. [1606. A great fire oc- 
curs. 1611. The plague destroys 200,000 
lives.] 

1678 * * E. Syria. Englishmen discover 
the magnificent ruins of Palmyra. 

1760 * * Syria is visited by a terrible 
plague. 

1810* *Lord Byron swims across the 
Hellespont. 

1822* * Albania. Ali Pasha and his two 
sons are executed, after surrendering 
under a promise of safety. 

1826 June 14. Constantinople. The 
sultan provokes a revolt of the Janiza- 
ries, and massacres many thousands ; 
the organization is abolished. 

Aug. 30. Constantinople. Fire destroys 
600 houses. 

1852 Aug. * Constantinople. The Im- 
perial Order of Medjidi is instituted 
by the Sultan. 

1854 Jan. 14. Turkey is designated as 
" The Sick Man" by Czar Nicholas. 

STATE. 

1389-1403 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Ba- 
jazet I., Ilderim, reigns. Son of Amu- 
rath I. He conquers extensive territory 
in southeastern Europe and in Asia 
Minor (p. 1034h). 

1403+-13± Ottoman Emp. Anarchy. 

1403+-10+ Asia M. Solyman, eldest 
son of Bajazet I., is an independent 
ruler in Adrianople ; killed in battle. 

1413-21 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Mo- 
hammed I., brother of Bajazet, reigns. 



His brother Moosa contests the throne, 
and is killed in battle. [1421-51. Amu- 
rath II., son of Mohammed I., reigns. 
He annexes Macedonia, and subdues the 
Korea.] 

1443-67 Albania revolts against the 
Turks. [1478. Subdued.] 

1451-81 Ottoman Emp. Sultan Mo- 
hammed H. , son of Am urath II . , 
reigns. He restores the empire, takes 
the Morea, Albania, Bosnia, "Wallachia, 
and the Crimea (p. 1034+). Disputes 
with the Venetians the rule of the sea. 

1453 May 29. Constantinople. Mo- 
hammed II. takes the capital, and ends 
the Eastern Roman Empire (p. 1034+). 

1456+ * * The Turks subdue all Greece 
(p. 1034+). [1463. Bosnia is annexed.] 

1481-1512 Constantinople. Sultan Ba- 
jazet II., son of Mohammed II., reigns. 
He is the first of the unwarlike sultans. 
(1459-66.) Servia and Albania are an- 
nexed. (1475.) Crimea also. (1466.) Epirus. 

1489 * * Cyprus. Catherine de Cornaro 
sells the island to Venice. 

1503* * Peace is made with Venice. 
[1533. With Austria.] 

1512-20 Constantinople. Sultan Selim 
I. reigns by favor of the Janizaries, 
after deposing Bajazet his father. (1516.) 
He annexes Phenicia, Syria, and Pales- 
tine ; later, Egypt also. 

1520-26 Sultan Solyman I., " The Mag- 
nificent," son of Selim I., reigns. 

The empire reaches its zenith. He annexes 
Mosul, Bagdad, and part of Armenia, and a 
great part, of Hungary and Transylvania (p. 
508). The Uarbary States submit. (1520.) 
Bosnia annexed. 

1566-74 Constantinople. Sultan Selim 
U., son of Solyman I., reigns. (1571.) 
He conquers Cyprus. 

1574-94 Constantinople. Sultan Amu- 
rath IH., son of Selim II., reigns; he 
murders his five brothers. [1588, Turks 
overrun Armenia.] 

1595-1603 Constantinople. Sultan Mo- 
hammed III., son of Amurath III., 
reigns. [1603-17, Achmet I., son of Mo- 
hammed III. ; 1618-2-2, Otbman II., son of 
Achmet ; is strangled by the Janizaries ; 
1622-23, Mustapha I., brother of Achmet 
I. ; deposed l>v dnnizark-s ; 1623-40, Amu- 
rath IV.; 1640-4S, Ibrahim II., brother 
of Mohammed IV. ; 1G91-95, Achmet II. ; 
1695-1703, Mustapha II.] 

1637 * * Mils. The Cossacks take Azov. 

1656* * Mehemet Koprili becomes grand 
vizier. [16S9, Mustapba Koprili ; 1691 ±, Ko- 
prili- Fasil- A hrned. ] 

1669 * * Crete. Annexed by conquest. 

1696 * * fins. Peter the Great takes 
Azov from the Turks. 

1699 Jan. 26. Peace of Karlowitz (p. 
513). 

* * *The Turkish power declines. 

1703-30 Constantinople. Sultan Ach- 
met IH. reigns. [1730-54, Mahinud I. ; 
1754-57, Othman III. ; 1757-73, Mustapha 
III.; 1774, Jan. 21-89, Apr. 7, Abd-ul- 
Hamid I. ; 1789-1807, Selim III.] 

1716 July 23. Bus. Peace of Pruth. 
A treaty is signed with Russia. Azov is 
ceded to Turkey ; Russian army relieved. 

1718 July 21. Peace of Passarowitz 
(p. 515). 

1718-39 Servia. Belgrade is held by 
Austria. 



1739 Sept. 18. Servia. Peace of Bel- 
grade (p. 515). 

1764 * * Cyprus. Insurrection arises. 
[1823. Insurrection against the Turks, 
subdued by a massacre.] 

1774 * * Russia gains territory on the 
Black Sea by the Treaty of Kainarjii. 

1784 Jan. * Turkey cedes the Crimea 
to Russia. 

1788 * * Albania. Ali becomes pasha of 
Janina. [1803. He subdues the Suliotes. 
1322. Feb. 5. Assassinated.] 

1789 * * Turkey enters an anti-France 
league with England and Russia. 

1791 Aug. 4. Oczacow ceded (p. 519). 

1799* * Syria. Taken by the French. 

1807-08 Constantinople. Sultan Mus- 
tapha IV., son of Abd-ul-Hamid, reigns. 
[1808-39. Mahmud II.] 

1812 May 28. Bumania. Treaty of 
Bucharest. It establishes the Lower 
Danube as the boundary between 
Russia and Turkey. 

1818 * * Ibrahim Pasha overthrows the 
"Wahabis. [They expand in Arabia.] 

1823 * * The empire is apparently on the 
verge of ruin. 

1829 Sept. 14. Turk. E. Treaty of 
Adrianople. 

Russia abandons almost all her conquests 
in Turkey ; Turkey cedes territory and for- 
tresseson (lie seacoast, tree trade to Russians, 
and free navigation of the Black Sea, Dar- 
danelles, and Danube, with control of apart 
of the left bank, and recognizes the inde- 
pendence of Greece. [1830. Apr.* Acknowl- 
edged.] 

1830-40 Crete. Ceded and ruled by 
Egypt. [1840. Restored. 1S41. Insur- 
rections suppressed. 1858. Again by con- 
ciliation.] 

1831-41 Mehemet Ali of Egypt re- 
volts. Syria is conquered and held (p. 
656-r). 



1833 May 14. Treaty with Egypt (p. 
657.) 
July 8. Turkey enters a treaty of alli- 
ance with Russia. 
1838 Mar. 30. The office of grand 
is abolished. 



1839 July 1-61 June 25. Constanti- 
nople. Abd-ul-Medjid, son of Mahmud 
II., 16 years of age, reigns. He is pro- 
tected by the great powers from Me- 
hemet Ali. 

* * Egypt refuses tribute ; war follows ; 
Egypt is victorious. 

Nov. 3. Constantinople. The hatti-sherif 
of Giilhane, an organic statue for the refor- 
mation of government, and guaranteeing se- 
curity of life and property, is issued. [1840. 
Jan. 6. Again issued at Rhodes. 1844. Again 
issued.] 

1841* *The Dardanelles is closed 
against foreign war-vessels by stipula- 
tions. 

July 15. Syria. Restored (p. 657). 

1849 * * Bosnia. A rebellion against 
Turkey is quelled. [1851. Quelled by 
Omar Pasha.] 

1852 Feb. 13. Turkey enters a treaty 
respecting places in the Holy Land. 

1853 Feb. 28. Russia makes demands 
respecting the liberties of Greek Chris- 
tians. [Oct. 5. The sultan declares war. 
Nov. 1. Russia also. 1854-56. War fol- 
lows.] (P. 1118.) 

June 26. Russia issues a manifesto 
against Turkey. [1S54. Mar. 28. Greece 
sides with Russia, and diplomatic rela- 
tions are ruptured.] 



1158 1854, * *-1894, Dec. 15. 



TURKEY. 



ARMY — NAVY. 

1854-55 Russia. Crimean "War. The 

Western Powers and Turkey united 
against Russia (p. 95S+). 

1857 * * Circassians revolt; subdued. 

1858 * * War with Montenegro. 
1860* * Syria. War between the Druses 

and Maronites. Subdued by the French 
and Turks. 

1865 Dec. 30. Syria. The Maronites, 
led by Joseph Karam, rebel. [1866. 
Mar. * Suppressed. 1867. Jan. 31. Re- 
newed for a short time.] 

1866-68 Crete rebels. [1869. Sup- 
pressed.] 

1871* * Arabia. Yemenrevolts. [May 
*■ Suppressed.] 

1875 May 1+. Bulgaria. A revolt is 
bloodily suppressed by the bashi-ba- 
zouks, who burn 65 villages and kill 
15,000 people. 

1876-78 War with Montenegro. 

1876 July 1. Servia declares war 
against Turkey. [July 2. Montenegro 
does the same.] • 

1877 Apr.* -78 Mar.* Turko-Rus- 
sian war. 

1877. Apr. * "War declared. June 22. Rus- 
sians cross the Danube. .June 27. Their main 
army crosses at Shistova. July 17-19. Their 
advance takes the Shipka Pass. July 15. 
Tley take Nicopoli. July 20, 30. Thev are 
repulsed near Plevna. Aug. 23, Sept. 17. Su- 
leiman Pasha is repulsed at Shipka Pass. 
Sept. 7-12. Russians unsuccessfully storm 
Plevna and commence a sietje. Dec. 10. Cap- 
tured; Osman Pasha and 40,000 men surren- 
der. Dec. *— 1879. Jan.* Russians occupy 
Sophia. Jan. 16, 17. The Turks are defeated 
and Adrianople taken. Jan. 20- Occupied. 

In Asia. 1877. May * Russians invest 
Kars. Nov. 8. Storm and take Kars. Jan. 
31. Turkey asks lor peace. 

1879 Aug. * The Russians complete 
the evacuation of Turkey. 

1881 * * Albania. A rebellion is sub- 
dued. 

1889 * * Crete. Another rebellion. 

1889 July 22. Cretan insurgents seize 
Varnes and Cydonia, drive out the au- 
thorities, and burn the archives. [Desul- 
tory fighting continues. Aug. 30. A 
Turkish army occupies the island.] 

ART — SCIENCE — NATURE. 

1866 * * Cyprus. Gen. di Cesnola, the 
American consul, discovers many an- 
cient ornaments. [In New York Mu- 
seum.] 

1867-70 Jerusalem. [Sir] Charles Warren 
makes excavations. 

1868* * Pal. The Moabite stone, hav- 
ing Hebrew-Phenirian characters of 900 
(?) B.C., relating to Mesha, King of Moab, 
is discovered. 

1870-82 Heinrich Schliemann (Ger.) ex- 
plores the site of ancient Troy. [1876. 
Explores MycenaB.] 

1872-77 Pal. A systematic trigonomet- 
rical survey is made by Capt. Stewart, 
Eng., and Lieuts. Conder and Kitchener. 

1873-74 Assyr. Geo. Smith of Eng. 
makes explorations. [1875-76. Again.] 

1887 Feb. 26. Capt. Conder discovers 
the key to the Hittite inscriptions. 

CHURCH. 

1854* * Assyr. The church at Diarbekir is 
reorganized and prospers. [1858. May* 
At Bitis and Mardin.] 

1856 Feb. 18. Afirman authorizes the 
free exercise of religion. 

1858 June 15. Mohammedans mas- 
sacre Christians at Jedda. 



1860 * * The Druses and Maronites en- 
gage in bitter dissensions. [May 29-July 
1. The Druses kill 1000± Maronites.] 

* * Crete. Christians are persecuted by 
Mohammedans. 

July 9-11. Massacre at Damascus. 
Mohammedans and Maronites massacre 
3,000± Christians in consequence of a dis- 
pute between the Druses and Maronites; 
Abd-el-Kader, who held the citadel, rescues 
a great number from death. [Execution of 
167 Moslems.] 

± * * Syria. Reformed Presbyterians (IT. S. 
A.) open a mission at Latakia. [1867, at 
Aleppo; 1875, at Suadea; 1882, at Tarsus, 
Mersina, and Syria. 

1862 Sept. 5. Russia, France, and Tur- 
key sign a convention for the preserva- 
tion of the Holy Sepulcher. 

* * Constantinople. Robert College, the 
mother of ni:iny others, is opened by the 
American Board. [1866. The Syria Protes- 
tant College.] 

1863 Oct. 3±. Constantinople. The patri- 
arch declines the Pope's invitation to attend 
an ecumenical council in 1869.] 

1869 * * The American Board founds a theo- 
logical school at Abeih. [1874. Transferred 
to Beirut.] 

1870* * Syria. The American Board mis- 
sions are transferred to the care of the Amer- 
ican Presbyterian Church. 

1872* * The American College for Girls is 
established at Scutari, Constantinople. 

1875 * * The Russian and British ambassa- 
dors remonstrate against the ill-treatment of 
Christians. 

* * Syria. The Reformed Presbyterian Church 
of Scotland npcns a mission at Antioch. [1884. 
At Idlib, Syria.] 

1879* * Constantinople. The Christian So- 
ciety (U. S. A.) opens a mission. 

1881* * Constantinople. The Friends open 
a medical mission. 

1882 Feb. 5. Constantinople. The new 
church of St. Sophia is consecrated. 

1884* * Syria. The Scotland Jewish So- 
ciety opens a mission station at Tiberias. 

Oct. 13. Constantinople. Archbishop Dercos 
is elected Civek patriarch. [He is known 
as Joachim IV. '1886. Nov. * Resigns.] 

1887 Feb. 4. The bishop of Adrianople is 
elected patriarch. 

1889 Apr. 4, American pilgrims arrive at 
Jaffa on their way to Jerusalem. 

1890 Jan. 28. The Porte orders the Ar- 
menian patriarch to dissolve the provincial 
council of Van, and depose the bishop of 



Feb. 28. The Armenian patriarch demands 
the immediate restoration of rights to the 
Armenian Church, and the execution of the 
reforms promised in the Berlin Treaty. 

July 2. Constantinople. Turkish soldiers 
abuse Armenians. [July 29. Armenians as- 
sault their patriarch ; Armenians and Turk- 
ish soldiers have a severe light; four soldiers 
and three rioters are killed. Aug. 1. The 
patriarch resigns. Recalled when the Porte 
concedes his demands.] 

Aug-. 2. Jerusalem. The Franciscan Fathers 
are expelled. 

Aug-. 3. Turks abuse and torture Christians 
in Alassona and Anaselitza to obtain their 
money. [Aug. 14. Armenia. The Christians 
are panic-stricken. Massacre at Moosh.J 

Aug. 14. Constantinople. The Armenian pa- 
triarch again resigns. [Aug. 16. The presi- 
dents of the two councils also resign.] 

Oct. 10. Constantinople. The Greek patri- 
arch orders all the Greek chinches in Tur- 
key closed. 

Nov. 6. The Porte, by order, forbids the 
holding of any meetings bv the Armenians. 
[Dec. 14. The trouble is settled.] 

LETTERS. 

1869 Oct.* Constantinople. A system 
of compulsory education promulgated. 

1890 Jan.* The Porte prohibits the use 
of the Greek language in the Cretan 



courts; neither lawyers nor judges can 
understand the Turkish language. 
Sept. 24. Turkish newspapers are offi- 
cially forbidden to comment upon the 
affairs of the Orthodox and Armenian 
Churches. 

SOCIETY — MISCELLANEOUS. 

1854-55 Albania. Florence Nightin- 
gale of England with a band of nurses 
alleviates the sufferings of the Anglo- 
French army at Scutari. 

1855 Feb. 28. Turk. A. Br us a is 
nearly destroyed by an earthquake. 

1858 Sept. 19. Turk. A. The first 
Turkish railway is opened from Aidin 
to Smyrna. [1859. May * Telegraph 
line opened between Aden and Suez.] 



1860 * * Syria. Mohammedans massa- 
cre many Christians. 

1861 Sept. * The Imperial Order of 
Osmani6 is founded ; it includes both 
civil and military persons. 

1865 Aug.+ * Constantinople. Cholera 
rages. [Sept. 6. Fire consumes 2,500 
houses. 1870. July 11. Fire consumes 
1,500 houses. 1871. June 7. Another 
ttre.] 

* * Syria is visited by a plague of locusts, 
also by cholera. 

1866 Feb. 13. Constantinople. An 
international conference meets to con- 
sider the cholera question. 

1869 Ttfov. 9. Jerusalem. Visited by 
the Emperor of Austria. 

1870* * Railway and telegraph lines 
are rapidly promoted. 

1873 June 17. Turk. E. The Rume- 
lia railway is opened between Con- 
stantinople and Adrianople. 

Aug. 19. Constantinople. The Shah of 
Persia arrives. 

1874-75 Asia M. Famine. 

1875* * Jerusalem. Sir Moses Haim 
Montefiore, an English Jew, greatly 
benefits the city, and aids the Jews. 

1876 June 4. Constantinople. The 
Sultan Abdul-Aziz is murdered. [Mur- 
derers convicted, sentenced, and re- 
prieved.] 

June 15. Constantinople. Hassan, a 
disgraced officer, assassinates Hussein 
Avni, the war minister, Kaschid Pasha, 
the foreign minister, and others. [June 
17. Hanged.] 

Aug. 9±. Bulgaria. Turkish barbarities 
and massacres occur. 

* * Syria. American colonists establish 
themselves at Jaffa. [Little by little it 
diminishes ; finally the remnant returns 
to America ] 

1878 Sept. 6. Albania. Mehemet Ali 
Pasha is murdered near Scutari by ri- 
oters. 

1883 Sept. 14. The sultan is made knight 
of St. Michael and St. George. 

Oct. 5. Constantinople. A Are consumes 
many homes. 

1888 Aug. 12-14. Direct railway and 
steamer connection is made between 
Constantinople and London via Calais, 
Ft. ; time, 94 hours. 

1889 July 19. The sultan contributes #500 
to Johnstown (U.S.A.) relief fund. 

Dec. 12. Constantinople. Moussa Bey, 
late governor of Armenia, a Kurdish 
robber, is exiled to Syria. 

1890 Apr. 4. Pal. Work is com- 
menced on the railway between Jaffa 
and Jerusalem. [1892. Sept. 13. Com- 
pleted.] 



TURKEY. 



1891, * *-1894, Dec. 15. 1159 



1891 Aug.* Brigands abound, and 
military escorts are needed between 
Constantinople and Adrianople. 

1893 Feb. 16. Asia AT. A Moslem mob 
destroys the American Girls' College at 
Marsivan, without hindrance from the gov- 

Apr. 14. Syria. A Moslem mob terror- 
izes Csesarea, robbing hundreds of Ar- 
menians, and killing many. 

May 10. The Turks have imprisoned 
about 2,000 Armenians on suspicion of 
seditious conduct. 



1894 Nov. 25+. Asia M. The sultan 
decorates the Mufti of Moosh, an offi- 
cial implicated in the outrages against 
Armenians. 

Dec. 15. Asia AT. Many new outrages 

against Armenians are reported. 



1856 Mar. 30. Peace with Russia (p. 
733). The integrity of Turkey is guar- 
anteed (p. 525). 

1858 Nov. 8. Montenegrine bounda- 
ries are determined bv the powers. [War 
1862. Sept. 23. Peace.] 

1860 Aug. 3. Paris. England and 
France by convention agree to intervene 
in behalf of persecuted Christians in 
Turkey. [1861. June 5. French occupa- 
tion of Syria ceases.] 

Aug. 20+. Syria. Fuad Pasha executes 
160 persecutors at Damascus, including 
the governor ; 11,000 are forced into the 
army. 

1861 June 25±-76 May 29+ . Con- 
stantinople* Sultan Abd-ul-Aziz, sec- 
ond son of Mahmud II., reigns. 

He attempts to introduce Western civiliza- 
tion, which awakens dissatisfaction, and pro- 
duces his deposition. 

1861 * * Constantinople. Fuad Pasha is 
made president of the council. [Nov. 22. 
Grand vizier.] 

Dec. * Montenegro rises against Turkey. 

1866 June 5. Mohammed Ali Ruchdi 
supersedes Fuad Pasha as grand vizier. 
[1867. Feb. 11. Ali Pasha.] 

* * Rumania, A revolution breaks out 
in Bucharest. 

Sept. 2. Crete. The General Assembly 
abolishes Turkish authority, and de- 
clares for union with Greece. 

1867 Mar. 31. Turkey declines to give 
up Crete, as recommended by the powers. 
[Sept. 4. Declines an international com- 
mission proposed by Russia. Dec. 11. The 
vizier grants the demands of Cretan 
delegates.] 

1868 * * Constantinople. An insurrec- 
tion by the Young Turkey Party fails. 



* * Crete. The Christians rise against 
Turkey. Greece intervenes (p. 1037). 
Dec. 30. The provisional government sur- 
renders to Turkey. 

1869 Dec. * Egy. The khedive ac- 
knowledges the Sultan of Turkey as his 
sovereign. [1876. The Bey of Tunis 
does the same ; Tunis annexed.] 

1871 Sept. * Mahmud grand vizier. 
[1872. July 30±. Midhat Pacha. Dis- 
missed for favoring Austria. Oct. 19. 
Mohammed Ruchdi again. 1873. Feb. 
15. Essad Pasha. 1874. Feb. * Hussein 
Avni.] 

1875-76 Herzegovina. Insurrection 
against the Turks, and for freedom. 

1875 Aug. 25. Mahmud Pasha grand 
vizier. [1876. May 10.± Mohammed 
Ruchdi.] 

1876 Feb. 10. The joint note of the 
powers respecting reforms is agreed to. 

May * -Sept. * Bulgaria. Insurrection 
cruelly suppressed. 

May 29. The Ministers depose the sul- 
tan because he refuses to give up some 
of his treasure to save the nation. 

May 30-Aug.31. Constantinople. Amu- 
rath V., nephew of Abd-ul-Aziz, is Sul- 
tan. Deposed because of ill health. 

Aug. 31. Constantinople. Sultan Abd- 
ul-Hamid II. , second son of Abd-ul- 
Medjid, reigns. 

Dec. 23+. Conference of the powers 
(p. 566). 

1877 Jan. 22. Constantinople. The 
National Council rejects propositions 
made by a conference of the powers re- 
specting Servia and Montenegro. 

Feb. 5+. Edhem Pasha is grand vizier ; 
he was educated in Paris, and favors re- 
forms. 



Mar. 19. Constantinople. The first 
Turkish Parliament opens, with 30 
Senators and 90 Deputies. 

Apr. 24. Russia declares war against 
Turkey. 

Dec. 20±. Crete. Insurrection; pro- 
visional government formed. [1878. Feb. 
11. Decrees union with Greece. Oct. * 
Pacified by Turkish concession of self- 
government.] 

1878 Mar. 3. Peace of San Stefano 
(p. 566). 

Peace follows the Turko-RuBsian war. 
Russia receives extensive territory in the Cau- 
casian region, including Dobrudja, Kara, 
Batum. Rumania, Servia, and Montenegro 
declared independent. [1878. Revised by the 
congress of Berlin.] 

June 4. Cyprus. Given up to the ad- 
ministration of England. [July 3. 
Ceded. July 12. Possession taken.] 

July 13. Berlineonference(pp.529,566, 
831). Turkey loses much territory, both 
in Europe and Asia. It cedes Kars, Ar- 
dahan, and Batum to Russia. 

* * Herzegovina is occupied by Austria. 



Oct. * Macedonia. Insurrection. [1879. 
Jan. 3. Suppressed.] 

Nov. 11±. Syria. Midhat Pasha is ap- 
pointed governor to institute reforms. 



Of the Berlin (Juiileience. 



Sept. 15±. The powers send a final collec- 
tive note demanding the rt'ssion of Mulcigno 
and territory to Montenegro. [Sept. * Pow- 
ers' war-vessels assemble at Ragusa. Nov. 
26. Effected.] 

1881 * * Rumania is made a kingdom. 
Mar* -Apr. * Constantinople. Conference 

of ambassadors; Turkey yields, and decides 
to transfer to (Jreere nmst of the territory in- 
dicated by the Berlin Conference. 
May 24. Turkey cedes Thessaly to 
Greece (p. 1037). 

1882 June 23. Constantinople. A con- 
ference of the powers meets to consider 
the Egyptian question. 

Dec. 3. Said Pasha is made grand vizier. 

1884 Feb. 8. Crete. Religious diffi- 
culties cause an insurrection. [Mar. 
1. Christians appeal to the sultan for a 
Christian governor, and to the powers 
for mediation.] 

1885 Sept. 18. Rumelia. A bloodless 
revolution occurs at Philippopolis, and 
reunion with Bulgaria is proclaimed. 
[Oct. 14. Condemned by a conference of 
ambassadors.] 

Sept. 2 4. Kiamil Pasha, grand vizier. 

1889 May 37. Crete. The Assembly votes 
In favor of annexation to Greece. [Aug. 
1. Anarchy prevails. Sept. 15. Martial law 
proclaimed. Sept. * Greece aids insurgents. 
Hbv. 11. Amnesty granted.] 

1890 Jan. 26. Asia M. Erzerum re- 
volts. Armenians are killed. 

July 8. Turkey, by a note, demands of 
Great Britain ;i fixed date for the evac- 
uation of Egypt. 

July 19. The Porte ignores the wrongs 
suffered by Armenians, and two Min- 
isters resign their offices. 

Oct. 4. Constantinople. An Armenian 
revolutionary manifesto urges the op- 
pressed people to light the Turkish 
tyrants. 

Aug. 12. Kurds raid Armenia. 

1891 Sept. 4. The sultan dismisses the 
Ministry hecause of its inefficiency in deal- 
ing with brigandage. 

1894 Nov. 11±. The British ambassa- 
dor investigates the reported massacre 
of 8,000 Armenians by Turkish troops. 

Dec. 7. The Government explains the 
massacre of Armenians by alleging an 
uprising which was subdued by the 
troops. 

[Dec. 10. Diplomatic investigations are 
suspended pending an exchange of views by 
the treaty powers relative to joint action. 
Dec. 14±. The Porte consents that the con- 
suls of Great Britain, Itussia, and France 
may sit with the investigation commission. 
Dec. 24. The commission starts for Cassoon.] 



URUGUAY. 



Uruguay is a republic of southeastern South America ; capital, Montevideo. It is politically divided into 19 departments, 
and has a president for chief executive. The legislative power is vested in a Senate and Chamber of Representatives. The chief 
religion is Roman Catholic, and the language Spanish. Area, 72,172 square miles ; population in 1892, 728,447. 



1512* * Arrival of Juan Diaz de Solis 17th Century. The Jesuit missionaries 1729* * Gen. Zavala establishes a Span- 
f ™F? ?P ai 5 5 he e , nt ? r . s the Parana-guazu. begill the rea i conquest of the country. ■ ish military settlement at Montevideo. 
[Military and commercial settlements of [1750. A provisional government.] 



[1515-16. Second visit ; killed.] 
1603 * * Indians destroy a Spanish force 
under Gen. Saavedra. '1603-53. Three the Portuguese follow the missionaries, 1777* * Spaniards destroy the Portu- 
attempts to subdue the Indians fail.] and later those of the Spanish follow.] guese settlement at Colonia. 



1160 1807, Feb. 3-1891, Oct. 12. URUGUAY. 



1807 Feb. 3. Montevideo is taken by 
the British. [July 7. Repulsed at Buenos 
Ayres, they evacuate Montevideo.] 

1814 * * Gen. Alvear takes Montevideo 
for Buenos Ayres. 

1817+ * *The territory is joined to 
Brazil. "War with Buenos Ayres fol- 
lows. [1821. Brazilians occupy the 
country. 1825. Aug. 25. Uruguay re- 
volts, and declares its independence of 
the vice-royalty of Buenos Ayres. 1828. 
Oct. 4. Independence recognized. 
Montevideo becomes the capital.] 

1826-28 "War between Brazil and 
Buenos Ayres for the possession of Uru- 
guay. 



1830 July 18. The constitution ia 
promulgated. 

1838* * The University of Montevideo 
is founded. 

1842-51 Gen. Juan Manuel Bosas, dic- 
tator of Buenos Ayres, and Gen. Oribe 
and his native partizans besiege Mon- 
tevideo. [1S45. It is blockaded by Eng- 
land and France.] 

1842 * * Gold is discovered in Tacua- 
rembo. 

1851 * * The Argentine provinces of Cor- 
rientes and Entre Rios join President 
Rosas ; he defeats Gen. Oribe. 

1854-55 Gen. Venancio Flores is presi- 
dent. [1S56-60, G. A. Pereyra ; 1860-S4, 
Bernardo Prudencio Berro ; 1864-65, Gen. 



Aguirre ; 1865-66, Flores again (as pro- 
visional president) ; 1866-68, F. A. Vidal ; 
186S-72, Gen. Lorenzo Battle ; 1872-75, 
Gen. Ellazio ; 1875-76, Pedro Varela (as 
provisional president) ; 1876-80, Col. L. 
Lalorre ; 1880, F. A. Vidal again (dies 
Mar. 17); 1882-86, Gen. J. Maximo San- 
tas ; 1886-90, Gen. Maximo Tages ; 1890- 
94, Dr. Julio Herreray Obes ; 1894+ , 
Senhor Idiarte Borda.] 

1863-65 Gen. Flores creates civil war. 
[1868-72. The Blanco party revolts. 
1880-86. Gen. Arredondo revolts.] 

* * * The American Methodists (North) 
open a mission and plant stations at 
Montevideo, Colonia, Tacuarembo, and 
Trinidad. 

1891 Oct. 12. Montevideo. A revolt 
[Oct. 13. Suppressed.] 



VENEZUELA. 



Venezuela is a republic of South. America, bordering the Caribbean Sea ; capital, Caracas. 

The chief executive is a president ; the legislative power is vested in a Congress comprising a Senate and a Chamber of Depu- 
ties. Language, Spanish. Religion, Roman Catholic, yet all religions arc tolerated. Area, 597,960 square miles are claimed ; pop- 
ulation, 2,323,526. 



1498 Aug. 1. Beheld by Columbus 
(p. 14). [1-499. Visited by Ojeda (p. 15), 
and named Terra Firma.] 

1520 * * Spaniards settle at Caraana. 
[1527, at Coro ; 1545, at Tocuyo ; 1552, at 
Barquisimeto ; 1555, at Valencia ; 1567, 
at Caracas.] 

1515 * * The captain-generalcy of Cara- 
cas is erected. 

1783 ** July 24. Simon Bolivar, 
" Father of his Country," is born. [1S30. 
Dec. 17. Dies.] 

1810 * * The colony sides with the old 
Spanish dynasty, and against Joseph 
Bonaparte as king. 

1811 July 14. Seven disaffected prov- 
inces revolt, and declare for indepen- 
dence. [1812-13. Partly suppressed.] 

1812* * Treaty j3f Victoria; the colony 
renews its allegiance to Spain. 

Mar. 26. An earthquake at Caracas 
destroys nearly 12,000 lives. [1S94, May 9. 
Two cities, several villages, destroyed.] 

1813-23 A T enezuela revolts under Boli- 
var ; the war for independence follows. 
[1813. Aug. 4. He captures Caracas.] 



1814 * * Bolivar, having defeated the 
royalists, is made dictator, but is driven 
out of the state. [1816. Returns, and 
raises another army. 1817. July * De- 
feats Spaniards under Gen. Morillo at 
Angostura. 1821. June 24. Royalists 
are defeated at Carabobo (p. 628). 

1819 Feb. * Bolivar resigns. [Dec. 17. 
He is elected president (p. 628).] 

1829 Nov. * Venezuela withdraws 
from Colombia (p. 628). 

1831-35 Gen. Jose 1 Antonio Paez. [1835- 
36, Dr. Jose - Maria Vargaz, resigns ; 
1336-39, Carlos Soubletfe ; '"1339-43, Paez 
again; 1843-47, S-mblette again ; 1S47-51, 
Jose" Tadeo Monagas ; 1851-55, rinse Gre- 
gorio Monagas ; 1355-58, Gen. J. T. Mo- 
nagas again ; 1858-59, Don -lose Castro, 
forced to resign; 1859-61, Dr. Pedro 
Gual (ad interim) ; 1861-63, Gen. Jose" 
Antonio Paez, dictator, chosen by the 
army, resigns ; 1863-07, Juan Crisostomo 
Falcon ; driven out by revolutionists. 
186S. J. T. Monagas elected again ; he 
dies before he is sworn in. 1868-70. Gen. 
Pulger (provisional). 1870-77, Gen. An- 
tonio Guzman Blanco elected. 1S77-79, 



F. L. Alcantara; 1879-82, Guzman Blanco 
again ; 1882-S6, Gen. Joaquin Crespo ; 
1S88-90, Dr. J. Pablo Rojas Paul; 1890- 
94, Dr. Raimundo Andrezia Palacio ; 
1S94, Mar. 14+-, Gen. Crespo again.] 

1845 * * Spain recognizes the indepen- 
dence of Venezuela. 

1846-70 Revolutions and wars with 
intermissions. 

1S54 Mar. 24. The emancipation of 
slaves is enacted. 

1864 Mar. 28. Federal constitution 
prepared. 

1874 * * The Church bitterly opposes 
the action of the Government in legaliz- 
ing civil marriages. 

1892 Apr. 1-Aug. * Rebellion under 
Gen. Crespo. 

1890 May* A dispute arises with Great 
Britain respecting the old boundary 
question. 



WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 



Angola is a Portuguese possession lying south of the equator; capital, St. Paul de Loanda. Area, 490,000 square miles ; 
population, 2,000,000+ ; of these 6,000+ are whites. Ashanti is a nation on the Gold Coast ; capital, Kumassi. Dahomey is a 
kingdom on the Slave Coast ; capital Abomey. Area, 4,000 square miles ; population, 600,000+. French Kongo (Gabun) com- 
prises territory between the Kongo River and the Atlantic ; capital, Libreville. Area, 267,000 square miles ; population, 3,000,000+. 
Gold Coast is a British crown colony; capital, Akkra. Area, 15,000 square miles; population, 1,905,000+. Kaiherun is a 
German colonial possession lying a little north of the equator. Area, 130,000 square miles ; population, 2,000,000+. Lagos is 
a British settlement and island. Area, 1,071 square miles ; population, 100,000+. Liberia is a negro republic ; capital, Mon- 
rovia. Area, 14,360+ square miles ; population, 1,068,000+. Senegal is a French colony on the Senegal River ; capital, St. Louis. 
Sierra Leone is a British colony ; capital, Freetown. Area, 15,000+ square miles ; population, 180,000+. Togoland is a German 
protectorate on the Slave Coast ; capital, Little Popo. Area, 16,000+ square miles ; population, 500,000+. Yarriba is a kingdom 
on the Slave Coast, included in the British sphere of influence ; capital, Oyo. 



1446 * * The Portuguese discover the 
West Coast. 

1450+ * * The Moors begin the African 
slave-trade. 

1460 * * Sierra Leone is discovered. 

[1786. Dec. 9. An unsuccessful com- 
pany of 400 negroes and 60 whites, chiefly 
disreputable in character, sail from Lon- 
don. 1787. They Bettle at Freetown. 
1791. A successful colony is planted un- 
der the influence of Wilberforce and 
others. 1794. Sept. * Attacked by the 



French. 1802. Feb. * Attacked by na- 
tives. 1807. It becomes a crown colony, 
1S14. The "Christian Institution" is 
founded on Leicester Mountain for the 
education of freed slave-children. 1827. 
Fourah Bay College is founded by the 
Church Society.] 

1804. The Church of England opens a mis- 
sion on the liio Pongas. [1808. It becomes 
effective. 1815, at Gammer; 1816, at Free- 
town; at Sierra Leone : 1840, at Port Lokkoh 
(1850, closed; 1*75, resumed). 1843. Samuel 



Weslevans open a mission. 1879. at Fo 
riah near Kapto. 1842. The Union M 
ary Society (U. S. A.) opens i 
Mendi. 1883. Transferred to the United 
Brethren in Christ. 1855. The Codrington 



The African Methodists 
(U.S.A.) open a mission in Freetown. 1887. 
Also one by the American Wesleyans.] 



1480 * * Angola. Discovered by Diego 
Cam, a Portuguese. 

[He also discovers the Kongo River. 
1484+. Portuguese settle. 1578. They 



WEST COAST OF AFRICA. 1446,* *-1890, Mar. 3. 1161 



found Loando. 1617. Manoel Cerveira 
(Port.) founds St. Felipe de Benguela. 
1640-48. The Dutch attempt to expel 
the Portuguese from Angola. 1641. They 
succeed in occupying Loando. 1855. The 
Portuguese establish a settlement at 
Ambriz. 1858. Feb. * The English ap- 
point David Livingstone consul for the 
Portuguese settlements in Africa. 1877. 
Nov. * A water supply canal, 43 miles 
long, is contracted for the supply of 
Loando.] 

1490 * * Fr. Kongo. Gonzalo de Sousa, 
with an embassy from Portugal, arrives. 
[1758. The Portuguese settle Encoye. 
1S39. France authorizes Capt. Bouet to 
settle on the left bank of the Gabun. 
1842. He establishes better positions on 
the right bank at Louis and Quaben. 
1845. The French found their chief set- 
tlement, Libreville, and name it Le Pla- 
teau. 1862. The French extend their 
authority southward to the Ogowe River. 
1871. They practically abandon Gabun 
because of the war with Germany.] 

1842 * * The American Board opens a mission 
on the Gabun River. [1343. At Corisco. 
1850. The American Presbyterians open a 
mission at Corisco. 1870. Missions trans- 
ferred to American Presbyterians North.] 

1643 * * Gold Coast. The Dutch capture 
Cape Coast Castle from the Portuguese. 
[1637. The Dutch capture Elmina. 
1661. Castle demolished by the British 
Adm. Holmes. 1C64. Taken by the Eng- 
lish. 1850. The Danes transfer their 
settlements to the English, 1S72. The 
Dutch cede Elmina and other posses- 
sions to the British. 1874. Dec. 17. Gov. 
Strahan proclaims the slave-trade of the 
Gold Coast abolished.] 

1808* * The Danes send out missionaries. 
[1822. The missionaries join the Basel So- 
ciety. 1828. Germans open a mission. 1843. 
The British "Wesleyans open a mission at 
Lagos. 1852. Also the Church Society (Eng.). 
1855. Also the Southern Baptists (U. S. A.).] 

17th Century. Senegal becomes a French 
colony. [1854-K Much extended and 
developed.] 

18th Century. Dahomey is first visited. 
[1732±. Trudo Audati reigns with 
great ability. Later, a succession of 
cruel kings foster the slave-trade. 1825. 
Refugees from towns ruined by slave- 
hunters establish an important town at 
Abbeokuta. 1829. It has become a 
strong walled town, inhabited by free 
negroes, and independent of the king. 
1864. Mar. 16. The king is repulsed in 
an attack on Abbeokuta, and many Am- 
azons are killed. 1885. Oct. 7. Da- 
iiomey is placed under the protection of 
Portugal by request of the king. 1890. 
Feb. * The French repulse an attack of 



thekingatKotonou. 1890. Feb.* -Oct. 5. 
War with France (p. 758, 761). Mar. 18. 
The garrison is relieved by reenforce- 
ments. Apr. * France blockades the 
coast. Aug. 4. France demands the ces- 
sion of Kotonou and Whydah in an ulti- 
matum. Oct, 5. Treaty refused (p. 761). 
1S91. Sept. * Second French expedition 
(p. 762). Later, King Behanzin is de- 
feated, but not subdued. 1892. Jan. 2. 
King Behanzin surrenders to Col. 
Dodds. Mar. 10. The king appeals to the 
civilized world against his treatment by 
France. May 2. He submits. Sept. * 
Col. Dodds leads a third expedition. 
Nov. 21. Enters Abomey.] 

1807 * * Ashantee. The warlike Ashan- 
tees conquer the Fantee district, which 
includes British Coast Castle. 

[1831. Apr. 29. The British recognize 
by treaty the independence of the Fan- 
tees. 1864. Sickness defeats the British 
troops. 1S73-74. "War with England ; 
Sir Garnet "Wolseley in command ; he 
takes and burns Kuruasi, but fails to 
occupy the territory.] 

1816 * * Liberia, Henry Clay and other 
Americans establish the American Col- 
onization Society (U. S. A.) for the 
colonization of negroes. 

[1822. A colony of emancipated slaves 
from America found the Republic of 
Liberia, with Monrovia for its capital. 
1S26. Feb. 16. The Liberia Herald is 
first issued- 1S47. Becomes a republic, 
with a President, Senate, and House of 
Representatives. Aug. 24. Its inde- 
pendence proclaimed. 1859. The Liberia 
Conference Seminary opened. 1861. Rec- 
ognized by the United States. 1875. War 
with the aborigines at Cape Palmas.] 

1844 * * The Basel Society opens a mis- 
sion at Akropong. 

1847-94 Presidents : 1847-57, J. J. Rob- 
erts ; 1864-68, Daniel B. Warner ; 1868- 
70, James S. Payne; 1870-71, E. J. Roy, 
1871, Oct., deposed; 1872-74, J. J. Rob- 
erts again ; 1876-79, A. W. Gardner ; 
1878-83, A. J. Russell ; 1883-84, H. R. W. 
Johnson ; 1884-88, H. R. W. Johnson ; 
1888-92, Dr. Blyden ; 1892, Jan. 7+, J. J. 
Cheesman. 

1880 Feb. * The kingdom of Medina is 
peaceably annexed. 

1832 * * Danes open a mission at TJsu. 

1820 * * American Presbyterians open amis- 
sion. [1833. At Monrovia. 1848. They con- 
stitute the Synod of West Africa. 1889. Open 
at Brewerville. 1821. American 
open a mission; Lot Cary, a slave 
who bought his own liberty, is the first mis- 
sionary. 1856. Mission suspended. 1884. 
One opened at Vey. 1820. American Meth- 
odists open a mission at Sherbro. 1833, 
Mar. 7. Melville B. Cox, their first foreign 



missionary, arrives. 1834. The Liberia Con- 
ference is organized. 1884. William Taylor 
is elected (U.S.A.) missionary bishop. He 
proceeds to organize self-supporting missions. 
1827-28. The Basel Society opens a mission. 
1830. Also the American Episcopalians in 
Monrovia. 1857. The Cumberland Presby- 
terians (U. S. A.) open 
The American Board opens a 
Cape Palmas ; 1844, removed to the Gabun 
River. 1860. Also the Evangelical Luther- 
ans (TL S. A.) at Muhlenberg. 1889. The 
Pentecost Band (U. S. A.) in Monrovia.] 

1759 Aug. 19. Yarriba. The British 
fleet under Adm. Boscawen defeat the 
French fleet (p. 914). 

[1848. The Egba chiefs send thanks 
to Queen Victoria for rescuing many of 
their people from slavery. 1849. May* 
A great gathering of people receive 
presents from the queen. 1851-76. The 
King of Dahomey makes seven inva- 
sions. 1851. The British capture Lagos. 
1861. Annex it. 1862. Dahomeans en- 
tirely destroy the town of Ishaga, and 
crucify the Christians at Egba.] 

1850** The Southern Baptists ("U.S.A.) 
open a mission at Ogobomoshaw. 

1841 Aug. 20. Eng. The great colo- 
nizing expedition sails for the Niger. 
[Sept. 28. At Iddah, 320 miles from the 
coast, it fails because of fevers.] 

1857* * Niger River. The Church of Eng- 
land opens a mission on the Niger at Onicha. 
[1862. Destroyed by civil war. 1866, at 
Bonny; 1868, at Braso, in the delta; 1878, at 
Aenso; 1884, at Okrika.] 

1844=* * Calabar. The United Presbyteri- 
ans open a mission at Creektown, Old Cala- 
bar. [1875. The Church of England opens a 
mission at New Calabar. 1888. One at Old 
Calabar by the United Scotch Church 
(U.S.A.).] 

1866* * Senegambia. An English settle- 
ment is made at St. Mary's. 

1881 * * Kamerun is made a German pro- 
tectorate. [1S84, Aug. * Dr, Kachtigal 
founds a colony. Oct. * Recognized.] 

1858 * * English Baptists open a mission at 
Victoria ; they had been driven out of Fer- 
nando Po by Spanish persecution. [1886. 
Missions transferred to the Basel Society.] 
* * * Dutch Protestants open a mission.] 

1884 * * Great JS r amaqualand and Dama- 
raland are made a German dependency, 
and called Southwest Africa. [1889. 
Oct. * The head chief of Damaraland 
orders all Germans to depart ; he seizes 
the missionaries.] 

1885 * * Fr. Kongo. The Berlin Confer- 
ence recognizes the French territorial 
claims (p. 1093). 

1890 Mar. 3. Germany and France 
sign an agreement for a uniform tariff. 



INDEX AND APPENDIX 



1163 



EXPLANATORY NOTES. 



The index lias been prepared with uncommon fullness of detail, so as to aid those persons who may turn in haste to find 
desired information ; also to give necessary information to those having none of the clews which a general historical knowledge 
affords. But it is anticipated that many readers who are familiar with the general trend of the history will commonly ignore 
the index altogether and turn at once to the text, where their search will be facilitated by its topical classification; then by 
glancing at the dates and the helpful locality words, which stand as double guide-posts before each item, they will speedily 
find the desired information. 

The index also contains some items which were omitted from the text. These are limited almost entirely to dates, 
-which are always enclosed in parentheses so that they can be distinguished from page numerals. 

The following rules which have been observed in preparing the index may aid the reader in its practical use. 

Abbreviations. Only a few arbitrary abbreviations have been used. See the full list facing page 1. 

Books. The titles of books are not indexed, but may be found by following the references under the author's name. 

CoDeges. The larger American and British colleges are indexed twice; once under the name of the city, and more fully 
under the name of the college or university. The smaller colleges and many foreign universities are only indexed under the name 
■of the city of their location. Colleges connected with universities are only referred to under the name of the university to which 
they are attached, as, " Christ's College" is indexed under "Oxford University." 

Conventions. Commercial, political, and other conventions are indexed under the name of the body convened, and not 
under the name of the city. Exception : national conventions of political parties are important items in the history of cities, and 
they are indexed under the names of the cities where convened, as well as under the party name. 

Countries. Each country appears in the text as an abbreviated history, therefore it is not again abbreviated in the index. 
But items in foreign countries are cross-indexed under the name of the country to which they relate, to give a fuller history; 
if the items are duplicates of others, they are omitted in the index. 

Italics. Italics are used in the index as in the text, for the titles of books, magazines, and newspapers; also for titles of 
paintings, names of vessels and horses, and names of planetary bodies. 

Legislation. Acts of State legislation are indexed under the names of States ; those of the National Congress under the 
titles of the Acts. 

Local Events. Events of only local interest are indexed under the names of the towns or cities in which they occur, and also 
under the names of the persons directly connected with each occurrence. 

Names. The name of every town and city is indexed in its alphabetical order; every personal name is also indexed except 
those remotely or perfunctorily connected with an event. 

Newspapers, etc. The names of newspapers are commonly indexed under the name of the place of publication ; the denomi- 
national papers are indexed under the names of the denominations who publish them ; some others appear under their own 
name. 

Personal Names. Full personal names are commonly given in the index, but often abbreviated in the text, especially those 
of Europeans, Asiatics, and South Americans. Members of the British peerage are commonly indexed under their family names, 
these are often less familiar than the title name; but the former may be readily found by following the references given under 
the title name, as under " Palmerston, Viscount," may be found " See Temple, John Henry." 

Religious Assemblies. These are commonly indexed under the denominational name, as "General Assembly" under 
" Presbyterians." Church councils of world-wide interest are indexed under councils ; some unusual or very important national 
gatherings are indexed under their proper titles. 

Religious Denominations. Various religious denominations having a common family name are grouped in the index; 
under the general name, as " Cumberland Presbyterians " follow " Presbyterians." 

States. States forming a component part of a country> as Virginia, or Hungary, are quite fully indexed, thereby forming a 
skeletonized State history. These references may be much extended at the option of the reader, by turning to the references 
found under the names of important cities, as Albany, Buffalo, and New York City to obtain a fuller history of New York State. 

1164 



INDEX AND APPENDIX. 

Note. — The numerals enclosed with parentheses are year-dates; the ahbreviations are chiefly those in familiar use, but a full 
list may be found on the opposite page. Text figures denote page ; superior figures indicate column. 



Aa, Charlemagne's victory at, 770'. 

, Christian Peter Kol.i.'ie van der, b.-d., 

110-1'. 
Aachen. See Aix-la-Chapelle, 773 1 . 
Aagaard, Niels, b.-d., 6362. 
Aagesen, Svend, b. 635 1 . 
Aahmes I.,b., 6503 ; patron of art, 6462-3 ; 

reigns ; marries ; war Hyksos, 649' . 
Aangeleken mission. 601' . 
Aarestrup, Carl Ludwig Emil, b., 6382 ; d., 

6403. 
Aargau canton, joins Act Mediation, 113S2. 

, peace of, 11373. 

Aaron, consecrated, 11403 ; rod of, 11403 ; 

forbidden Canaan ; d., 11403. 

, Samuel, b. (1800) ; d., 347 1 . 

Aaronson, Bp. Jon, executed, 232, 10423. 
Aarssens, Frans van, b.-d. 10983. 
Aasen, Ivar Andreas, b., 1104' . 
Aba or Owen, king, 5032. 

, Samuel, d., 5022. 

Abaka Khan, emperor, d. 1106 3 . 
Abamonti, Giuseppe, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. 
Abancourt, Charles Xavier Joseph Fran- 

queville, b., 7023 ; d., 7082. 
Abano, Pietro di, b.-d., 10762. 
Abanzit, Firmin, b., 6923 ; d., 703' . 
Abarca, Don Joaquin, b.-d., 1130 2 . 

, Maria de, d., 11283. 

Abascal, Jose Fernando, b.-d., 11283. 
Abbad I., d., 11262. 

II., b.-d., 11272. 

III., b.-d., 11262. 

Abbadie, Antoine Thomson d', b., 719' . 

, Arnaud Michel d\ b., 7222. 

, Jacques, b., 6902 ; christian Rtliqion, 

6903 ; d., 6982. 
Abbas the Great, b.-d., 11063 ; reigns, 11072. 

II., reigns, 11072 ; d. (1666). 

III., reigns, 11072 ; d. (1736). 

Mirsa, b.-d., 11063. 

Pasha, b.-d., 6563 ; reigns, 6573, 6613. 

Abbassides, dynasty, 4853, 6552. 
Abbassids, overthrow Tooloonide dynasty, 

11552. 
Abbate, Niccolo de, II., b. (1512) ; d. 1081' . 
Abbatucci, Giacomo Pietro, b., 6982 , d., 

7192. 
, Jacques Pierre Charles, born, 7082 ; 

d., 7322. 
Abbe, Cleveland, b., 1482. 
Abbendon, Edmund de', archbp., 8522. 
Abbeokuta, settled, 11612. 
Abbett, Leon, b. (1836) ; gov., 375' ; inaug. 

gov., 3193; nom.for.gov., 345' ; d.,470'. 
Abbeville redeemed, 679'; monument of 

Courbet, 760' . 
Abbey Craig, Wallace monument at, 972' . 

, Edwin Austin, b., 170' . 

, Fonthill, erected, 9262. 

Abbeys suppressed in Mexico, 10962 • in 

Port., 11113 ; in Spain, 11303. 
Abbo Cernuus, b., 6662 ; d. (923). 

Floriacensis, b.-d., 666 z . 

Abbot, Benjamin, b., 723 ; d., 166' . 
, George, b., 872' ; Archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8782 ; d. 8822. 
, H. (Almy), kills Miss "Warden, 

3882; hanged, 4303. 

, Gorham D., b., 114' ; d., 2842. 

Abbots executed, 8683. 
Abbotsford Club founded, 949' . 
Abbott, Benjamin, b., 62' ; d., 106' . 
, Charles, b. (1757) ; speaker, 9313 • 

d. (1829). 

, L. Colchester, b.,9143 ; d., 946' . 

, , Baron Tenterden, b., 9162 ; 

chief justice, 9393 ; d. (1832). 

, Edwin Abbott, 9482. 

, Emma, b. (1850 ); d., 3742. 

, Evelyn, b., 9522. 

, Ezra, b„ 128' ; d., 3162. 



Abbott, Henry L., b., 1382 ; Col., 322' . 

, Jacob, b., 110= ; d., 3022. 

, Jo., M. C, b. 152' . 

, Joel, d., 134' . 

, John Joseph Caldwell, b. (1811) ; new 

Ministry, 5'J2 3 ; Premier, 593' ; resigns, 
595' ; d., 596. 

, Stephens Cabot, b., 1122 ; works, 

277' ; 2842 ; d., 2942. 

, T., envoy, 3513. 

, Joseph G. .electoral commission, 295' . 

, Lyman, b., 144' ; works, 2643 ; 2412 ; 

26S3 ; 2803 ; 3163 ; 3503 ; 4203 ; 438' ; in 
Plymouth Church, 3463, 3521 . 

, Samuel, b., 62' ; d., 1182. 

Abbt, Thomas, b., 8002 ; d., 8023. 

Abdallah, revolts, 4852 ; ruler, 4882 ; d., 
488'. 

ben Abd-el Mottalib, d. 483' . 

ebn Zobeyr, slain, 4853. 

Ibn-Balkeen, dethroned, 11272; 

d. (1073)*. 

Mohammed, d., 11262. 

Yasim, b., 9' ; founds Morabites, 

9'; d.,4863. 

Ibnool Hijaree, b.-d., 11262. 

Abdalmelek, b. (645) ; reigns, 655 2 ; in Asia 
M., 10302 ; d., 4842. 

Abd-al-Mu'min, in Tunis, 11392. 

Abdastartus, king, 11432. 

Abd-el-Aziz, first emir, 11253. 

Azziz, sultan, 4873 ; d., 4863. 

Kader, b., 9'; revolts, 82; sub- 
mits, 83 ; at Mecca, 9' ; in Fr., 93 ; res- 
cues Christians, 1158 2 ; pilgrimage, 488 3 ; 
banished, 728'; released, 7332 ; d.,4863. 

Ghilanee, d., 11063. 

. — - Wahab, b.-d., founds Wahabis, 

4863. 

Abd-er-Rahman, califate est., 4853 ; de- 
feated by Charles Martel, 485', 664'; 
d. (732). 

I., b.-d., 11252 ; King of 

Spain, 11253 ; founds academies, founds 
Mosque, 1125 2 . 

II., d., 11262. 

III., b. (891) ; calif, d., 11262. 

, ravages Armenia, 1155' . 

, poet, 53. 

Khan, b., defeats Shere Ali, 

43 ; rebels, 52 ; in Kandahar, in Herat, 
6 2 ; resists Russians, 6 3 ; Ameer, sole 
ruler, 7'; reorganizes government at 
Kabub, 72. 

Abdi-Milkut, revolts, 11453. 

Abdon, judges Israel, 11432. 

Abdoola Jan, the heir, 53 ; d., 43. 

Abdul-Assiz, b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 1159' ; 
murdered, 1158 3 . 

Hamid I., b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11572. 

II., b., 11563 ; reigns, 11592. 

Abdul, Latif, died, 4863. 

Majid, b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11573. 

Abdullah, sultan, 10492. 

College, 549' . 

Abdv, John Thomas, b., 9403. 

A'Becket, Arthur William, b. (1837); d., 
10062. 

, Gilbert Abbott, b., 935'; Punch, or 

London Charivari; d. (1856). 

, Thomas, b.-d., 8482 • chanc, opposes 

k.,851' ; ambassador to Fr., 6712; Archbp. 
Canterbury, 8502 ; flees to Fr., reconciled 
to k.,851 2 -returns, murdered, 8512 ; can- 
onized, 8502 ; " a rebel," bones burned, 
8683. 

Abed-nego, fiery furnace, 1146 3 . 

Abeel, David, b., 112' ; miss., 1363 ; d. (1846). 

Gustavus, president synod, 170 2 . 

Abeih, Theological School est., 11582. 

Abeille, M., shot, 7623. 

Abel, reigns, 637'; claims Schleswig; 

1165 



against archbp., 636' ; assassinates Eric- 
killed, 637'. 

Abel, shepherd, 1139' ; sacrifice, 11392. 

, Joseph, b., 5463 ; <l., 5202. 

, Niels Henrik, b.-d., 1104' . 

, Ouglan surrenders, 1118'. 

Abelard, Pierre, h.-d.,6(W3 ; heresies, 6683 ; 
condemned, G69'; Introductions, 669' . 

Abell, G. W., d.,458'. 

Abenezra, Abraham (Abraham ben Meir 
ibn Ezra), b.-d., 11262. 

Abensberg, Austrians defeated, 5183. 

Abercorn, Earl of, title created, 877 2 ; Mar- 
quis of, title created, 9252 ; Duke of, 
title created, 967' . (See Hamilton.) 

Aticrrmnttii, lost at sea, 951 3 . 

Abercrombie, Baron, title created, 931' . 

, James, b., 562 ■ at New York, at Al- 
bany, 70' ; commander ; leaves Ticon- 
deroga, 702 ; d., 9222. 

, John, b., 9203 ; d., 9522. 

, , Jos., b. (1802) ; d. 294' . 

■ , , b. (1S02) ; at Martinsburg, 

1962 ; d. (1887). 

Abercromby, James, Lord Dunfermline, 
b., 9203 : speaker, 9473 ; d. (1858). 

, Patrick, b. (1656) ; d., 9062. 

, Sir Ralph, b., 90x2 ; at Aboukir, at 

Alexandria, 656' , 714' ; at Zuyper Slays, 
1102'; d., 9303. 

Aberdare, Baron, title created, 975' . 

Aberdeen fnd., 8452 ; burned, 858' ; King's 
Coll. fnd., university fnd., 8663, 877'; see 
fnd. ,9063; Aberdeen Jmirnal issued, 913' ; 
Spalding Club fnd., 949' ; Social Science 
Association meets, 974'; Bp. Douglas 
cons., 9862; Brit. Asso. sits,988' ; statue 
of General Gordon, 998' . 

, Countess, gift, 6003. 

, Earl, title, 8932. (See Gordon.) 

Abergale, W., railroad accident, 9733. 

Capacelli Francesco d', b. f 



Abergavenny, Marquis of, title created 
(Neville), 975' . 

AlnTt/arenni/ wrecked, 9333. 

Abernettry, G., governor, 161' . 

, John, b. in Ire., 8942 ; d., 9103. 

, , b. in Eng., 9162 ; d.. 9442. 

Abert, John James, b. (1788) ; d., 2272. 

Aberystwith College founded, 9763 ; li- 
brary opened, 10082. 

Abich, Wilhelm, b., 808= ; d., 832' . 

Abigail, marries David, 1143' . 

Abihu, otters strange fire, 11403. 

Abijah, reigns, 11433. 

, defeats Jeroboam, 1142' . 

Abildgaard, Nikolai Abraham, b., 638' ; d. t 
6382. 

, Peter Christian, b.-d., 638' , 2. 

Abilene, Kan., capital removed, 3333. 

Abimelech, usurps government, 1143' J 
kills brothers, 11423. 

Abingdon Presbyterv formed, 982. 

, Del., Cokesburv Coll. opens, 99'. 

, 111., Hedding Coll. fnd., 1782. 

, Va., action at, 2383. 

, Earl, title created (Bertie Willough- 

by), 8932. 

Abinger, Baron, title created, 945'. 

Abiram, mutinies against Moses, 11413. 

Abishua, high-priest, 1141'. 

Ab.iuration Bill disputed, 957' . 

Ab'kar Khan rules Afghan, 52. 

Ablancourt, Nicholas-Perrot d', b., 6862; 
d., 6903. 

Abney, Capt., photographs disk, 988' . 

Abo, Univ. Helsingfors fnd., rem., 1115 1 . 

Abolition: Soc. organized, 141'; by con- 
stitutional amendment defeated, 2293 ; 
2352. 

Abolition office destroyed, 147'. 



1166 



Text Figures denote Page. lVi DxLy\.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Abol-Addi. 



Abolitionists org. Liberty Party, 1512; in- 
cense the Whigs, 1531 ; vote defeats 
Clay, 1573; coalesce, 165' ; divided, 159' ; 
(See Liberty Party, Anti-Slavery.) 

Abomey, entered by Gen. Dodds, 1161 2 . 

Aboo-Hayyan, b.-d., 11'26 2 . 

Kerkas mission, 6571 . 

Abool, Fowaris, reigns, 6552. 

Hassan, at Tarifa, 1126 1 . 

Kasira, b.-d., 11262. 

, reigns, 6552. 

Abooteeg mission, 6571 . 

Aboo-Yoosuf-Y"ak..ob, b.-d., 11262. 

Aboukir captured by French, 6561 ; Turks 
defeated, 7123; captured, 7141 . 

About, Edmond Francois Valentin, b., 
7243; d.,7542. 

Aboville, Francois SI., b., 69S3; d., 7222. 

" A. B. Plot" culminates, 1331 . 

Abrabanel, Isaac, rabbi, b.-d., 1109 2 . 

Abraha defeated, 4831 . 

Abraham departs from Haran, 1140 2 ; visits 
Egypt, 6463; 11412; rescues Lot, 11401; 
receives blessing; sends Hagar away; 
sacrificeof Isaac; digs wells, 11402; takes 
civil oaths ; bins burial-place, 11411. 

, A. Sancta-Clara, b., 7963; d., 79S3. 

, Jarvis, consecrated bp., 10S 2 . 

Abrahams, Simeon, d., 2561 . 

Abrahnmson, Werner Hans Friedericb, 
b., 6381; a., 6382. 

Abrantes, Jose, Marquis of, b.-d., 1110 2 . 

Abranvi, Herr, resigns, 5351 . 

Abrial,. Jos. Andre, (J, .mtc.l,., 7003 ;d.,7243. 

Abricium, battle near, 1028 2 . 

Abruzzi destroyed, 10822. 

Absalom, causes assassination, 11431. 

, rebels against David. 11433; defeated 

by Joab; killed, 11421. 

Absalon, or Axel, archbishop, b.-d., 6351 ; 
conquers "Wends, 635 2 . 

Absimarus Tiberius II., reigns, 10313; d., 
(698). 

Absolon, John, b., 9363. 

Abstinents, origin of, 10663. 

Abt, Franz, b.,8122; d., 8302; monument, 
8341. 

Abu, Abdallah Mohammed, d., 4863. 

Ali, king Spain, 11253. 

Bekr, b.-d., 4931 ; reigns, 10433, 4851 . 

el Ala, d.,4862. 

Fazl, d., 4863. 

Feda, d., 4863. 

Kasim, d., 4863. 

Faras, d., 4862. 

Hamed Mohammed, b., 11063. 

Hayyan Athir-el-Dur, d., 4863. 

Klea-Wells, defeat at, 6602. 

Abul-Abbas-Abdallab, b.-d., 11542. 

Abul Abbas, calif, 4KT.3, &552. 

, David, missionary, 6163. 

Abulfaraj, Gregorius, b.-d., 11543. 

Abulfeda, b.-d., 11543. 

Abu-Moslem, d., 4842. 

Sotiaii defeats Mohammed, 4841 . 

Teman. d.,4862. 

Ahuitdantia discovered, 52S 2 . 

Abu-Y r amid-A!ghazalee, b.-d., 11543. 

Zakariva, founds dvnasty, 11392. 

Abydos, battle near, 10203. 

Abyssinia. (Sec text, pp. 1-3.) War with 
Great Britain, 9701 . 

Academic Legion opposed, 5223. 

Academies founded in Spain, 11252. 

Academy of Arts ami Sciences flld. (U. S. 
A.), 1081 ; of Music, N.Y., opened, 1761 ; 
burned, 2333; of Design, Brooklyn, 2541 ; 
of Medicine,!;, .mi., org., 290' ; of Natural 
Science, Phila., org., 1182, 2901; of Sci- 
ence,Phila.,fnd..l2«l;ofScience(Aust.), 
5202; of Belles-L.-ttres (I5elg.),5423; for 
Painting (Fr.), 6762; „f Fine Arts, 6881 ; 
of Sciences ; of Belles-Lettres, Paris, 
6901 ; f Architecture, Paris, 6922; of 
Surgery, 69S1 ; of Natural Philosophy, 
7102. direction transferred, 6922, 7243; of 
Sciences unites with University (Ger.), 
8132; of Science opnd. (Bus.), 11151 ; An- 
cient, of Music, inst. (G. B.), 9041 ; of 
Art, opnd. (G. B.), 9061 ; ,,f Music, fnd., 
9641; of Naples, est., 107X1; of Florence, 
est., 10802; of Arts fnd. at Bologna, 10821 ; 
of Arcadia (It.), fnd.; of San Luca, re- 
placed, 10883. (See National Academy.) 

Acadia arrives, 1533. 

Acadia. (See Nova Scotia.) 

Acadian libraries formed, 1141'. 

Acaniapiehtli, "chief of men," 10952; d., 
(1420). 



Acanthus fnd., 10153; canal opnd., 1018' . 
Acasius, patriarch, excommunicated, 

10303; excommunicates Felix II., 10703. 
Accius, b. (70 B. c); dramas of, 10563. 
Accolti, Francesco, b.-d., 10783. 
Accordion invented, 1086' . 
Accrington riots, 983'. 
Accum, Friedrich, b., 803' ; d., 8143. 
Acevedo, Felix Alvarez, d., 11303. 
Acha, Jose Maria, b. (1805) ; pres., 550' , 

5511 ; d., (1868). 
Achaean League, est., 10272; rules Pelopo- 

nesus; alliance with Romans, 10273; war, 

10281 ; extinct, 1029 2 ; reconstructed, 

10513; supports Koine, 10551; dissolved, 

10571. 
Acha-ans join Rome against Macedonia, 

10543 ; detained, 10552 ; return, 10563. 
Achasmenes at Artiuiisium, 10182. 
Achasus, b., 10191. 
Achaia, senatorial province, 10293; taken, 

10341 ; principality org.; Yillihardouin 

obtains, 6713; rulers, 1035 ' ; fief of Naples, 

10352; K. province, 10571; ceded, 10681. 
Achaltzik, action at, 11181 . 
Achan sins, 1141 1 . 

Achard, Franz IC, b.,8022 ; d., 8122. 
, Louis Amedee Eugene, b. (1814); 

works, 7303 ; d. (1875). 
Achates, naval action, 9361 . 
Acheiibueh, Andreas, b., 8103. 
Aclienwall, Gottfried, h.,7983 ; d., 8031. 
Achilles, Tatius, b., 6542. 
, in Trojan War, 1014 ' ; d., 10142 ; statue, 

9402. 
Achilleus, Lucius Klpi.iius, leads revolt, 

1066' ; becomes enip., 6551 ; killed, 6541 . 
Achillini, Alessandro, b., 10783; d., 10802. 
Achinese, war with Sumatra. 11021. 
Achniet Bev defeats French, 7261. 

, ElMahdi, d., 661'. 

I., b. (1589) ; reigns, 11572; d. (1607). 

II., b. (1042); reigns, 11572 ; .1. (1695). 

III., b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11572. 

Achonry, Ire., see erected, 8403 ; joins 

Tuani,9462; John Lyster, cons. bp., 9983. 
Achoris reigns (Egy.), 6513. 
Acidalius, Valens,' b.-d., 7922. 
Ackerinann, Joliann Christian Gottlieb, 

b., 8023; d., 807'. 

, Johannes, work, 7851 . 

Ackland, John Dyke, d., 9203. 

Acland, Arthur Herbert Dyke, minister, 

10092. 
Aconzio, Giocomo, b., 10783 ; d. (1566). 
Acorns as food, 10131 . 
Acosta, Jose d\ b.-d., 11282. 

, Santos, prov. pres., 629 2 . 

, Tomas de, Gov., 6303. 

, Uriel, b.-d., 11102. 

Acquia Creek, army base, 2151 . 

Aera- founded, 10511 . 

Acre, siege of , 6541-2,7122; taken, 4872-3; 

6562-3,6701, 10321, 10341. 
Acrelius, Israel, b., 581 ; d., 1082. 
Acrisius divides kingdom, 10133. 
Acronius defeats Arabs, 10321 . 
Acropolis taken. 10182 ; seized, 10222. 
Acropolita, b.-d., 10342. 
Acs, battle at, 5222. 
Act of Grace, 8993; passes, 9072. 

of Mediation passed, 11382. 

of Settlement passed, 9031 . 

Of Supremacy passed, 8682, 8692. 

Actinometer invented, 9421 . 
Aetium, battle of, 10281. 

, war of, 10603. 

Active takes ships, 9342, < 

Acton, Baron, title created, 9651 . 
Actors' Fund est. , 313 1 ; fan- receipts, 4063 ; 

statistics, 4311 . 

, Lord Admiral's Company, 876 2 . 

Actresses dominate king, 8931. 

Acta, Bank of, written, 11531. 

of Parliament printed, 8663. (See 

Titles of Acts.) 
Actuarial Soc. meets, 3563; fnd., Eng., 

9541. 
Acuna, Juan de, viceroy, 612. 
Ada Gilmorc, collision, 9973. 
Adaiiylohn.b., 722; gov.Ky., 1292; d., 1511 . 

, Sir Robert, b., 9162 ; d., 9603. 

, station robbed, 4223. 

Adairsville, Confederate, defeated, 2331. 
Adalbert, archbp., b.-d., 7742 ; against re- 
gent ; seclusion, 775 3 . 
St., Bp. of Prague, b.-d., 5022 ; miss. 

to Pruss. ; murdered; bones, 7742. 
, Archbp. of Mentz, d., 7762. 



Adaload, K. of It., 10731 ; poisoned, 10713. 

Adalulf executed, 7712. 

Adam, written, 6711 . 

created, 11392 ; horticulturalist : fall, 

11391. 

, Adolphe Charles, b., 7143 ; d., 7322. 

, Albreeht, b„ 8013 ; d., 8202. 

, Alex., b., 9103 ; d., 9343. 

, John, b. (1779) ; gov. Ind., 10472 • 

d. (1825). 

, Lambert Sigisbert, b.,6943 ; d., 7023. 

, Melchior, b. (1551) ; d., 7943. 

, Robert, b., 9081 ; d., 9262. 

, Wm, b., 9123 ; d., 9482. 

, Wm. Patrick, b. (1823) ; gov. Madras, 

10453 ; d. (1881). 

of Bremen, d., 7742. 

, duelist, 9212, 9292. 

Adams ordered to Samoa, 3381 . 

, inventor, sewing-machine, 126'. 

, Abigail, b., 662 ; d., 1262. 

, Alva, gov. Colo., 3292. 

, Alvin, express, 1533 ; d. (1882). 

, Andrew Leith, b., 9422. 

, Charles Baker, b., 123' ; d., 1722. 

, Francis, b., 1141 ; nominated for 

vice-pres., 165' ; electoral vote, 165 2 ; on 
Committee of 33, 189' ; in Alabama Ar- 
bitration, 2752; d., 3242. 

, Kendall, b., 1441 ; leaves Cornell 

University ; Pres. University Wis., 4221 ; 
works, 2871, 478'. 

, Daniel, b. (1773) ; d., 2351 . 

, Hannah, b., 71' ; d., 1401 . 

, Henry, b. (183S) ; works, 3123, 3502, 

3962, 3743. 

, deposed, 434 1 . 

.Herbert Baxter, b. 168'; World's 

Fair, 388'. 

, James Hopkins, b. (1811+]; gov. S. C, 

1772 ; d. (1861). 

, James H., Conf. Commissioner, 189 2 . 

, Jewett W., gov. Nev., 3153. 

, John, b., 622 ; graduates, 712 ; mar- 
ries, 74' ; Circular Letter, 763 ; n Inde- 
pendence ; prediction ; committee, 83 3 ; 
with Howe, 853 ; ambassador to Fr., 
892; commissioner, 892, 952; in Paris, 
treaty with Holland ; minister to Hol- 
land, 953 ; minister to England, 973 ; de- 
mands frontier posts, 991 ; recalled, 993; 
electoral vote; vice-pres., 1012; electoral 
vote, 1032 ; re-elected vice-pres. ; leads 
Federalists, 103 3 ; vice-pres., 1051; elec- 
toral vote ; inaugurated pres., 1073; elec- 
toral vote, 1112; presidential candidate ; 
internal improvements, 1332; d., 1341. 

, , Maj.-Gen., b. (1825) ; near Jas- 
per, 2083 ; d. (1864). 

, Couch, b., 9383 ; d. (1892). 

, J. G. B., commander G. A. R., 436 3 . 

, Quincy, b., 741 ; works, 1043 ; 

108 3 ; marries; minister to Plus., 1091 ; to 
France, 1093 ; prof, at Harvard, 1143 ; 
Treaty of Ghent, 1233 ; See. State, 1233; 
vote, 1292; 1332; 1372; inaugurated pres., 
1333; pres. candidate, 1371 ; enters Cong., 
1392 ; signs Delavan's declaration, 145'; 
oration ; .organizes House, 151 2 ; carries 
motion, 1591 ; appearance in Cong.,165 2 ; 
honored, 1632 ; et, 1641 . 

, , declines 110111. for pres. ,279 2 ; 

d. 4681. 

j^_ d. 2542. 

', Julius Walker, b. (1S12) ; d., 2482. 

, Nehemiah, b., 1122 ; d., 2982. 

, Robert, envoy, 3513. 

* , Samuel, b., 601 ; on taxation, 743 ; 

town meeting, 773 ; pardon withheld, 
813 ; gov. Mass., 1052 ; electoral vote for 
pres., 1073 ; d., 1102. 

, , gov. Ark., 159' . 

, Silas, b., 1502. 

Adams, William, b., 114': moderator, 
1722; d., 3041. 

, Forbes, b. (1833) ; bp., 2882. 

, Henry Davenport, d., 10062. 

, Taylor, b., 1301 . 

, Gen. Wirt, takes Montgomery, 246 1 . 

Adanishoop, mission at, 11051 . 

Adans le Roi (Adenet) : La, cn/ances Ogier, 
Ecrte avx qrana Pica, 6731. 

Adans.m, Michel, b., 6982 ; d., 7163. 

Adarpnlesara, reigns, 1143 2 . 

Aduelah, occupied, 833 2 . 

Adderiy, Mr., Birmingham Park, 9602. 

A.ldiiigton, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Henry, Yiseount Sidmouth, b., 9143 ; 

9253 ; prime minister, 931 2 j 



Addi-Agri. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1167 



resigns, 9332 ; Green Bag Inquiry; cir- 
cular letter, 9293 ; d., 9522. 
9312; resigns, 9332; Green Bag Inquiry, 
circular letter, 9293; d.,9522. 

Addington, Lord. (See Hubbard.) 

Addison, David, b., 1342. 

, Josepb, b., 8922; works, 9023, 9043; 

minister, 9072; d., 9062. 

Additional Curates' Society, fnd., 9483. 

Addled Parliament meets, 8811 . 

Add-Bau Christian Univ. fnd., 2823. 

Addyman, John, work in Canada, 578 3 . 

Adee, Alvey A., in State Dept., 359' , 4472. 

Adelaar (Cort Sivertsen), b., G362; d., 6363. 

Adelaide, fnd., 4952; bishopric est., 9543; 
library fnd., 4942; Methodist mission, 
4962; gold income, 4973; Parliament 
opens, 561' ; Bp. Kennion cons., 9862. 

, Eugene Louise, b., 7043; d. 730' . 

, queen, b., 9262; marries Otho; army 

of deliverance, 773' ; d., 9542. 

Adelbero of Eppenstein, duke, 5032. 

Adelbert, King of Italy, 10733. 

, St., murder avenged, 775 2 ; con- 
demned, 10723. 

, pretender, 6643. 

College. (See Western Reserve Col- 
lege.) 

Adelgreif, Johann Albert, d., 7963. 

Adelheld, Queen, regent, 775 2 . 

Adeline sinks Lottery, 120'. 

Adelmus, b. (656); teaches Latin in Eng. 
843'; d. (709). 

Adelon.Ni. ..las Philil.ert,b., 705' ;d., 7342. 

Adelung, Friedrich, von, b., 803' ; d. 8162. 

, Johann Christian, b., 8002 ; a., S082. 

Aden, Br. possession. 48S 2 , 949 3 ; mission, 
661'; seizure at, 5632; Brit, ship plun- 
dered ; expedition against ; annexed, 
10473; telegraph to Suez, 11583. 

Adeodatus I., St., pope, 1071' ; d., 1072' . 

II., pope, 10722 ; d., 1072' . 

Adeona, asteroid, discovered, 288' . 

Ader, Michael (Wandering flew), in Paris, 
6892. 

Adet, Pierre Auguste, b., 703' ; d., 726' . 

Adger College, S. C, organized, 2963. 

Adhahahebi, b. d., 4863. 

Adhemar, Giraud, rules Orange, 671 2 . 

Adherbal, naval command., 10523; d. (112). 

Adil Shahi, dynasty reigns, 10433. 

Adjudication of Claims Bill, 379' . 

Adler, Dr., fined as anarchist, 833' . 

, Felix, b. (1851) ; on Ethical Culture, 

3723. 

, George J., b., 130' ; d., 2622. 

, Herman, chief rabbi, 10062. 

, Jakob Georg, b., 638' ; d., 6382. 

, Nathan Marcus, b. (1803) ; d. 1002' . 

Adler wrecked, 832' , 

^Idlerberg, Vladimir, b., 11162; d., 1120'. 

Admella lost, 4973. 

Administration 1st TJ. S. A. 1012. (See 
quadrenniums ending as, 1801-5-9-13-17- 
21, etc.) 

Administrative Tariff Bill passes, 353' . 

Admiral, ranking officer, 256' ; rank abol- 
ished, 280' . 

Admiralty Board abolition, 9652. 

Adneh ceded, 6572. 

Adolf (Adolphus) of Nassau, b., 7802 ; en- 
throned, 5052; in Meissen, 782'; king, 
conflict with Albert I. ; killed, 7823. 

the Young, receives Holstein, 635 3 . 

Adolphus, Count of Holstein, b.-d., 7762 ; 
captured, 635' ; released, 6353. 

, Duke of Cambridge, d., 9562. 

, Frederick of IIolstein-Gottorp, reigns, 

11353. 

- — George, Prince, married, 8343 ■ 1005' ; 
d., 836'. 

, John, b., 9163 ; d., 9522. 

Adolphustown, L. Cecil drowned, 5882. 

Adonijah competes for crown, 11433. 

Adonis, temple built, 11532. 

Adores, asteroid, discovered, 748' . 

Adrets, Francois de Beaumont, b., 6802 • 
d., 6842. 

Adria, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

Adrian College, Mich., org., 1843. 

, Robert, refuses credentials, 449' . 

, Garnett B., d., 2982. 

Adriani, Giovanni Hattista, History, 10832. 

Adrianople, action at, 102S2; taken, 1034' 
Russians advance, 1116' ; Peace of, 11173 
11123; earthquake, 11502; capital, 11542 
taken by Turks, 11542 ; occupied, 11553 
taken, 1158' ; R. R. opened, 11583. 

-Adriatic, asteroid, discovered, 960 2 . 



Adriatic, launched, 1793. 

Adullah, supported, 1044' . 

Adullam, cave of, 11433. 

Adulteration of food prohibited, 855' . 

Adultery, death penalty, 41' . 

Adurate, Diego, b.-d., 11282. 

Advance, for Arctic Sea, 166' ; with Kane's 
expedition, 173' ; deserted, 176' . 

Adventists, U. S. A., Battle Creek Coll. 
est., 2863; favor temr>erance, 333' ; Gen. 
Convention, Mich., 354' . 

Adventists, Seventh Day, theory, 8822. 
(See Baptists.) 

Advertisements, duty abolished, 9592. 

jEgean Sea named, 10132. 

-^geus, King, 10133; drowned, 1013' , 2. 

iEgldius, King, 6633. 

J-'.gila, major-domo ; murdered, 771' . 

jEgiua, temple of Athene, 10162 ; block- 
aded, 10183 ; surrenders, 1019' ; temple 
of Jupiter, 10203 ; captured, 10262. 

JEgina, asteroid, discovered, 736' . 

jEgisthus, paramour of Clytemnestra ; as- 
sassinates Atreus, 10143. 

JEgle, asteroid, discovered, 7382. 

jEgospotamos, action at, 1022', 10232. 

.Elfric, b. (955 ) ; works, 8463. 

Society founded, 9523. 

,9Elia, colony in Jerusalem, 11533. 

^Elian, Claudius, b., 10283. 

iElla in Sussex, 8412. 

J 3Emilia, province formed, 1089' . 

JSmilianus, C. Julius, reigns, 10293, 1067'. 

iEmilius, Marcus, regent of Egypt, 653' . 

, Paulus, contest with Ger., 768' . 

, Lucius (Maeedoni us), b.-d., 1053' ; 

at Pydna, 1028' ; triumph, 10292. 

iEneas, settles in Latium, 1051' . 

, the Trojan, in It., 11432. 

JEncas founders, 9333. 

sEuehl, trans, by Thomas Phaer, 873' . 

JEnso, mission at, 11613. 

iEolpile, constructed, 652'. 

.Dpinus, Franz Maria Ulrich Theodor 
Hock, b., 8002; d., 807'. 

^qui defeated, 1050' . 

JEnolite, in Cal.,. Kan., 426'; near Ap- 
sheron, 1122' . 

iEropus, conquers Illyrians, 1016' . 

jEschines, b.-d., 1023' ; acquitted, 10252; 
orations, 1025' ; leader Macedonian 
party, 10252. 

jEschylus, b.-d., 10162; works, 1017'; 
writes music, 1019' ; manuscript, 1027' . 

iEsculapius, worshiped, 1053' . 

.Esernia, colony at, 10533. 

jEsop, b., 10162 ; Fables appear, 10163 ; 
printed, 8643. 

.Esopius, Clo.lius, b., 10583. 

JEthelwold, Rule of Monastic Life, 8443. 

JEthra asteroid discovered, 280' . 

jEtius, b.-d., 10682 ; at Lutchia (Paris), 
6622; expels Franks, 6633; defeats Attila, 
768', 1070'. 

, surgeon, flourishes, 10302. 

^Etolia, against Athens, 1019'; seized, 
1035'. 

iEtolian League, fnd., 1027 2 ; against 
Philip V. ; against Achaean League ; 
crushed, 10273. 

^tolians, against Macedonia, 10543; de- 
feated in Greece, 1055' . 

Affirmation Bill introduced, 9912. 

Affre, Denis Auguste, b., 70S 2 ; archbp.; 
killed, 7312; d., 7302. 

Afghanistan, kingdom set up, 1107 3 ; 
partly annexed to Persia, 11072; bound- 
aries discussion, 11212. (See text, p. 4.) 

Afghans invade India ; expelled 1044' ; 
war with, 1046' ; war second, 10482. 

Afranius, Lucius, writes comedies, 1056 3 . 

, Nepos , surrenders at Ilerda, 

1060'. 

Africa, Greek provinces conquered, 1030 2 ; 
coast devastated, 10523; Caesar's war 
against, 1060' ; united to Numidia, 1061 3 ; 
liquor traffic, 5463; Ger. expedition; 
Ger. obtains coasting trade, 8352, 8382 ; 
Ger. possessions sold, 8363; F r . expedi- 
tion, 753'; reenforcement funds, 767 2 ; 
By. Smythies cons., 9862 

African Association formed, 924'; Co. 
chartered, Eng., 8773; A. excitement, 
Eng., 8622; A. expedition of Mungo 
Park by Henry Salt, 9322; A. and East 
India Co. incor., 9013; A. Institution 
fnd., 9352; A. exploration Fund (Eng.), 
982' ; expeditions. (See Kongo Free 
State, p. 1093-1094.) 



African Meth. Epis. Ch. (See Methodist.) 

Travelers' Congress, 544' . 

Africanus, Sextus Julius, d., 1152' . 
Afro.-Am. League org., 359'; convention, 

351' ; at Knoxville, 3872. 
Al'/.i'lius, Adam, b.-d., 11342. 
Afzul, Khan, Brit, resident, 7'. 
Agadir, Dutch trade at, 1097 2 . 
Agag, King, spared, 1142', 2. 
Aga-.Mahmaoud I., reigns; assassinated, 

11073. 
Agamemnon. King, in Trojan War, 1014' ; 

reigns, 1015' ; assassinated, 10143. 
Atmiuemium. launched, 9S4'; lays cable, 

1833. 
Agapetus I., St., Pope, 10703; d. (536). 

II., Pope, 10723; ,1. (956). 

Agar, Jean Antoine Michel, d., 7283. 
Agardh, Karl Adolf, b.-d., 11342. 
Agasias of Ephesus, b., 10243. 
Agassiz, Louis Jean Rodolphe, b., 114'; 

scientific expedition, 55(12; on glacial 

period, 814' ; on fishes, 814' ; d. 282' . 
Agatharchus, b.-d., 1019' . 
Agathias, b., 10303; d. (582). 
Agathoeles, eclipse, 10263; at Ecnomus, 

1052' ; rules, 10532. 
Agathon, b. (447 ); prize in tragedy, 10212. 

, St., Pope, 10722. 

Ageladas, b., 1021'; d. (460 ). 

Agesander, b., 10211 . 

Agesilaus II., b.-d., 10211; invades Asia; 

leader, 10221; ravages Corinthian ter. ; 

invades Bceotis, 10222; at Mantinea, 

10223; reigns, 10232; in Egypt, 10233. 
Agesipolis III., reigns, 10273; a. (219 B.C.). 
Agliadoe, bishopric est., 8403. 
Agha Mahmoud, captures Kerman, 1106 2 ; 

massacres captives, 11073. 
Aghrim, battle of, 898 ' . 
Agidic, dynastv, kings, 10151. 
Agicr Pierre Jean, !>., 70(13; u., 7242. 
Agilulph, King of It., 10731. 
Agincourt, battle, 676' . 
Agis II., iu Attica, 10202, 3; d. (398 B.C.). 

III., killed, 10242. 

IV., reforms, 10272; d. (240 B.C.). 

Agita, reigns, 11253. 

Agliardi, M., internuncio, 6242. 

Agnadello, battle, 680' . 

Agnes, of Poitou, Empress; regent, 7753; 

resigns, 7753; d. (1077). 

, St., d., 10662. 

Agnesi, Maria Gietana, b., 1083' ; d., 10843. 
Agnew, Cornelius Rea, b., 138' ; d., 330'. 

, David Hayes, b., 1262; d., 402' . 

Agnolo, Baccio d', b., 10783; d., 10803. 
Agobard, Archbp. of Lyons, b.-d., 6642, 3 ; 
Agoult, Marie de Flavigny d', b., 7142 

d., 750'. 
Agra, taken, 10422; Taj Mahal erected, 

10442; mission, 10462; rebellion, 1048'. 
Agram University, opd., 528 3 ; sovereign's 

visit, 529'; lives lost, 530'; Croatian 

Diet, 5312. 
Agrarian Law, proposed, 10533; reenact- 

ment, 1057'; effective in Rome, 1057' 

fails, 10572; Cicsar's, 10592. 
Agresti, Liviodo Forti, d., 10822. 
Agricius, Bp. of Treves, 7682. 
Agricola, Cnasius Julius, b.-d., 10622; 

commands Romans, builds forts ; at 

Grampians, 839'; in Britain, 1062'; 

rules, 8393; recalled f rom Britain, 10633. 
, Georg, b., 7862; mineral system of, 

790' ; surveying, 7922; d., 792'. 
, Johann, b., 7S62; works, 791'; d., 

7922. 
Agricultural College Act, 2093; 3631 ; 3721 . 
Colleges est. ; Pa., 211' ; Ky., 2423; est. 

Md.,Kv.,2f,<>2, 3; Mass., 2583; Me., N.H., 

Ore., 2623; la., 2662; Mo., 2733; Ala., 

2782; O., Tex., 2(122; Miss., Ky., 3042; 

S. Dak., 3183; R.I., 3323; N.j., 3542; 

Utah, 3662; N. Dak., 3742; Okla., 3962. 
Congress, at Vienna, Aust., 3543; at 

Indianapolis, 2833. 

exhibition, 1173. 

experiment stations, 338 2 . 

Holdings Act passes, 9812, 9932. 

Institute, Belg., est., 5441 . 

Laborers' Bill passes, 1003 3 . 

Agriculture, Chilean, 605 1 . 

department fnd. ,2073; executive, 331' ; 

in president ial succession, 440 3 . 
Agrigentum, fnd., 1051'; temple, 1019'; 

Temple of Juno, 10502; taken, 10542. 
Agrippa, Heinrich C, b., 7862; ( j,. 7902. 
, Marcus Vipsanius, b.-d., 10583; con- 



1168 



Text Figures denote Page. IN L) it, ./v. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Agri-Alar. 



sul, 10613; commander, 10602; defeats 

Sextus Pompeius, 10603; commands in 

East ; pontifexmaximus, 1061 3 ; legatus, 

11512. 
Agrippina, Julia, b.-d., 10622; -wife of 

Claudius, 1063*; rules Claudius, 10632; 

banished; executed, 10631. 
Agrisola, Rudolph Roel, of Huysman, b.- 

d., 10982. 
Aguado, Juan, interviews Columbus, 153. 
Aguas, Calientes, mission at, 10962. 
Aguero, Joaquin de, b. (1816) ; leads revolt, 

6323 ; d. (1S51). 
Aguesseau, Henri Francois d', b., 6903 ; 

work, 7032; d., 7011. 
Aguila, Don Juan del, in Ire., 8761 . 
Aguilar, Grace, b., 9382 ; d. (1847). 

,Manuel, pres., b. (1800 •), 6303; d.(1846). 

Aguirre, Gen., Pres. Uruguay, 1160 2 . 
, Lope de, b. (1508) ; in Colombia, 223 ; 

d. (1561). 
Ahab, defeats Benliadad I., 11421; de- 
feated, 11441 ■ idolatry; builds house of 

ivory, 11142 ; viceroy ; reigns, 11451. 
Ahaz, alliance against, 11441 • profanes 

temple, 1144 3; reigns, 11452. 
Ahaziah, reigns ; revolt against, 11451 . 

II., reigns, 1145 1 . 

Ahem, Simon J., sentence, 4143. 
Aliijah, prophet, 11423. 
Ahinoam, marries David, 11431. 
Ahitub I., high-priest, 11422. 
Ahlwardt, Christian Wilhelm, b., 8023 ; 

d., 8142. 

, Theodor Wilhelm, b., 8141 . 

Ahmadabad, E. I. Co. agency, 10443 ; 

mission, 10471, 10481. 
Ahmadnagar, Mohammedan dynasty, 

10433 j Mahrattas revolt ; expedition 

against ; captured, 10441 ; factory at, 

10443 ; mission, 10463, 10471. 
Ahmed Caramanti, elected pasha, 1138 3 . 

, Ebn Saood, dynasty, 487 3 . 

, Ibn y Tooloon, reigns, 6552 ; d., 6542. 

Khel, attacked, 61 . 

, Rassim, pasha, 11392. 

, Ritshdi Pasha, cruelty, 488 1 . 

, el Abdali Shah, reigns, 10452, 51 ; 

loses Herat, 42 ; poet, 5 3 ; throws off 

Persian yoke, 11073 ; d., 43. 

, in power, 4871, 

Ahmes. (See Aahmes.) 

Ahn, Johann Franz, b., 8062; d., 8222. 

Ahnoob, mission, 6571 . 

Aholiah, builds tabernacle, 11402. 

Ahrens, Heinrich, b., 8083 ; d., 8281 . 

Aliuizotl, d., 16i ; king dedicates temple, 

122 ; enthroned, 10952. 
Ai, defeated, 11401. 
Aibek-Azad-ed-Din, d., 6542. 
Aidan, St., Bp. Lindisfarne, 8422 ; d., 8421 . 
Aidin, railway to Smyrna, 115S 3 . 
Aieuebelle, Paul Alex, Neuve d', b., 7261 • 

d., 7501 . 
Aiguebere, John Dumas, b., 6942 ; d., 7022. 
Aigues-Mortes, riot, 7651 . 
Aiguillon, Due, d' (Armand Vignerot Du- 

plessis Richelieu), b., 6982 ; a., 7062. 

, Duchess of, fnds. Hotel Dieu, 5731 . 

Aiken, S. C, cavalry action, 2422 j race 

war, 2923. 

, Judge, limited divorces, 3891 . 

, Wm., b., 1122 ; gov. S. C, 1592 ; d. 

(1887, Sept. 7). 
Aikenhead, Thomas, executed, 9002. 
Aiken, Anna Letitia, b. (1781) ; Poems, 

9192 ; d. (1864). 

. John, b., 9122 ; d., 9403. 

Aikms, James Cox, b. (1823) ; gov., 5833. 

Aillebout, M. d' gov. Can., 5732. 

Ailly, Pierre d', b.-d., 6742. 

Ailsa, Marquis of, title created, 9451. 

Ailsbury, Marquis of, title created, 9372. 

Aime-Martin, Louis, d., 7301. 

Ainmuller, Maximilian, b., 8083 ; d., 8262. 

Ainsley, John, lord mayor London, 9333. 

Ainslie, Hew, b., 1022 ; d., (1878). 

Ainsworth, F. C, com. col., 4001 . 

, Henry, b.(1571) ; Communion of Saints, 

8803 ; d. (1622). 

, Robert, b., 8902 ; d., 9103. 

, Wm. Harrison, b., 9323 ; d. (1882). 

Aintab, mission at, 11563. 

Air, experiments by Boyle : Hooke, use 

of, 8921 . 

brakes, Westinghouse, 2641 . 

gun, invented, 7842, 7921 . 

pump, invented, 7962. 

snip, Prof. Campbell's, 3421; model 



Company 



pres., 9761 



exhibited, 3661 ; travels, 3901 
organized, 3841. 

Airdrie, miners' riots, 99G3. 

Aire, gains territory, 6933. 

Airlie, E. of, title created, 883' 

Airy, George Biddel, b., 9303 
d., 10062. 

Aistulf, K. of Lombardy, 10732 ; captures 
Ravenna, 1027 1 . 

Ait Spokhman, action at, 1097 2 . 

Aiteliison, missionary, 6191. 

Aitken, David D., b., 174i . 

Aiton, "William, b., 90S2 ; d., 9262. 

Aix, colony at, 10571 ; archbp. fined, 7622 ; 
Univ. fnd., 6763. 

la-Chapelle, a capital, 665 3 ; sacred 

relics, 7323 ; crowning place, 7731 ; Con- 
gress at, 8133 ; treaty of, 433, 5153, 6913. 

Aiyonsh mission, 5842. 

Aizpuru, arrested, 3201 . 

Ajax, in Trojan war, 10141 . 

Ajnaere mission, 10483. 

Ajmir conquered, 10441 . 

Akaba, Moslem treaty, 4851 . 

Akbar, Mogul emp., b.-d., 10431 ; reigns, 
10433, 10443 ; defeats Hakim, 10441 ; an- 
nexes Gujarat, 10443. 

II., Mogul emp., 10472. 

— — Khan revolts, 41 , 51 ; rules, 5 2 . 

Akbert, Archduke, at Mortara, 5222. 

Aken, Hein van, works, 10983. 

Akenside, Mark, b., 9062 ; w0 rk, 9111 • d., 
9183. 

Akerheilm, Baron, resigns, 6423. 

Akerman, AniosTappan, resigns, 2752 ; d., 
3043. 

Akers, Benj. Paul, b., 1322 • Pearl Diver, 
1781; d., 1943. 

Akhalzikh, battle of, 11161 . 

Akhmeem, mission, 6563. 

Akiba, Ben Joseph, b.-d., 11521 . 

Akita, mission at, 10922. 

Akron, O., Buchtel Coll. org., 2782 ; stan- 
dard Oil Co.'s purchase, 3833. 

Akropong, mission at, 11612. 

Alabama, De Soto visits, 21 1 ; first settle- 
ment^ 2 ; French expedition, 621 , 641 ; 
ceded to G. B., 733 ; wa r with Sp., 902 ; 
Spaniards take Mobile, 901; ceded to 
"U.S.A. ,971 ; treaty with theChiekasaws, 
991 ;Sp. evacuates Yazoo, HUM ; Miss. Ter. 
org., 1092; AV. Sargent, gov., 1093; W.C.C. 
Claiborne, gov. (Ter. lSDD;Ga. cedes Ter. 
to U. S., 1113 ; R. Williams, gov. (Ter.), 
1133; first Bapt. church, 1143; D.Holmes 
(Ter.) gov., 1172; Spaniard* surrender 
Ft. Charlotte to Gen. Wilkinson (1813, 
Apr. 13) ; West Fla. occupied by IT. S. 
(1812-13; Creek war, 1203 ; first action on 
Burnt Corn Creek (1813, July 27) ; Creeks 
take Ft. Mims, 1203 ; defeated at Tal- 
luschatches, Talladega, Autosse, 1203 ; 
atEmucfau, at Horse-shoe, 1221 ; British 
at Ft. Boycr, 1222; Indians cede ter. (1814, 
Aug. 9) ; treaty with Indians, 1252 ; Ala. 
ter. org., 1253 ; Jackson subdues Semi- 
noles, 1261 ; Wm. W. Bibb, gov., first ter. 
legislature meets(18]8, Jan. ID); State ad- 
mitted ; yellow fever, 1273 ; Thos. Bibb, 
gov., 1292 ; first gen. assembly meets 
(1825, Oct. 19) ; Cahaba, capital ; bank 
(1820); Israel Pickens, gov., 1293 ; John 
Murphy, gov., 1333 ; Tuscalossa capital, 
Prot. Epis. diocese org., 1363, 1382 ; Ga- 
briel Moore, gov., 137 3 ; Spring Hill Coll. 
fnd., 1383; Univ. of Ala. org., 139 1; 
Sam. B. Moore, gov. (1831, Mar .-Nov.) ; 
John Gayle, gov., 13! 1 2 ; first cotton fac- 
tory at Mail ison (1832); ( 'reeks cede lands 
C[832) ; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1402 ; 
Cherokees and Seminoles cede lands, 
1453 ; Clement C. Clay, gov., 1453 ; Hugh 
McVay, gov. (1837, July-Nov.) ; settlers 
leave, 1471 ; Arthur P. Bagby, gov., 149 2 ; 
Howard Coll. org., 1543 ; Benj. Fitzpat- 
rick, gov., 1552 ; Joshua L. Martin, gov., 
1611 ; Montgomery the capital, 1613; Reu- 
ben Chapman, gov., 1633 ; Henry W.Col- 
lier, gov., 1671 ; John A. Winston, gov., 
1743 ; Southern Uuiv. chartered, 1802 ; 
railroad lands granted, 181 3 ; Ala. Fe- 
male Coll. fnd., 1822; Andrew B. Moore, 
gov., 1832 ; Ala. Medical Coll. fnd. at 
Mobile (1859) ; Federal forts seized, 11HH ; 
State conven. for secession, 1903, 191 1; 
secedes, 1911 ; senators withdraw, 1912 ; 
Confederate Congress in, 191 3 (see Con- 
federacy) ; civil war items (see Text) ; 
Confederate capital removed to Va., 



1973 ; 435,132 slaves emancipated (1863, 
Jan.), 2192 ; John G. Shorter, gov., 2032 ; 
Thomas H. Watts, gov., 2293 ; Mobile 
surrenders, 246i; governmental inter- 
regnum of two months (1865) ; Lewis E. 
Parsons, prov. gov., 2483 ; secession, war 
debt, and slavery abolished, 249 1 ; Con- 
stitution ratified; ratifies 13th Amend- 
ment , 2492 ; Robert M. Patton, gov. ,2511 ■ 
Meth. Epis. Conf. fnd., 2602; readmis- 
sion Bill ; ratifies 14th Amendment, 2633 ; 
annexation to, 2692; civil authorities 
govern (1868, July 14) ; North Ala. Meth. 
Epis. Conf. fnd., 2702 ; Wm. H. Smith, 
gov., 2652 ■ Immigration Convention, 
266 2 ; political contest ; Robert B. Lind- 
say, gov., 2732 ; Polytechnic Coll. org., 
Univ. of Ala. reorg., 2742 ; new election 
law, 2773 ; Agricultural Coll. chartered, 
2782; Birmingham fnd. (1871); Geo. Gold- 
thwaite, senator (1870, Dec. 7); qualified 
(1872, Jan. 15) ; election returns disputed, 
two legislatures ; David B. Lewis de- 
clared gov., 2793 ; Normal Coll. at Flor- 
ence, 2822 ; Labor Convention, 2831; Geo. 
S. Houston, gov., 2873 ; Constitutional 
Convention ; Constitution ratified, 2892 ; 
Congregational Association org., 2903 ; 
State debt fund, 2912 ; public school 
system est., 2922 ; biennial sessions est.,. 
2932 ; Senator J. T. Morgaii presents cre- 
dentials (1877, Feb. 27); Selma Univ. 
fnd., 3002 ; Rufus W. Cobb, inaug. gov., 
301 2 ; Pension Act Passed, 3031 ; Senator 
Geo. S. Houston qualities (1879, Mar. 18 ; 
d. Dec. 31) ; Senator Luke Pryor quali- 
fies (1880, Jan. 15) ; Senator James L. 
Pugh (1880, Dec. 6) ; Treas. Vincent ab- 
sconds, 313 1 ; State Normal School opd. 
at Tuskegee, 3082; Edward A. O'Neal 
inaug. gov., 3132 ; Normal Coll. forGirls 
est. , 3142; Normal Colleges atLivingstone 
and Jackson, opd., 3142 ; Agricultural 
Dept. est., 3153 ; Congress grants land for 
Univ., 3162 ; Soldiers' Monument, 3222 ; 
Thomas Seay, gov., 3252, 3332 ; Normal 
School at Tn »v,3282 ; S. uithern Interstate 
Conven., 3313 ; Academy for Blind, 3333 ; 
Mardi Gras, Good Friday, and Apr. 26 
made holidays (1888-89) ;' cyclone, 3361, 
3561; Mormons whipped, 35S 3 ; injustice 
to negroes ; coal miners strike, 3651 ; co- 
operative farm, 3703 ; Marshal Nickerson 
killed, 3723; Thomas g. Jones.gov., 3751 ; 
territorial gov. solicited, 395 2 ; Harvey 
Hintonlynelied,. , 5!i!)i ; train rohbery,417i : 
pension fund, 4211; negroes disfran- 
chised, 4251 ; white caps, 440 2 ; negro 
conference, 4521 ; miners' riot, 4583 ; 
Democrats elect, 4691 ; race fight, 4751; 
Wm. C. Oates, gov., 4793. 

Alabama launched, 2081 ; sails, 2102 • preys 
on commerce, 2143 ; eludes $<tn Jacinto, 
2161; captures Ariel, 2162; sinks Mat- 
teras, 2181; destroyed, 2342. 

claims urged, 2453 ; transmitted to 

Eng., 2552 ; commission fruitless, 2652 ; 
treaty rejected, 2652, 2672 ; convention 
signed, 973 2 ; commission org., 275 2 ; cor- 
respondence published, 2692 ; treaty, 
2751 ; excitement in Eng., 2773; tribunal 
sittings, 2791 ; decision, 'J792; overcharges, 
2813; Eng. pays, 2832 ; adjustment, 2853, 
2932 ; commissioners provided, 2852 j at 
Geneva, 11383. 

letter, Clay's, 1572. 

Univ., grant, .3163 ; reorg., 2742. 

Alacoque, Marguerite, b., 6883 ; d. 6942. 

Aladdin, b.-d., 11543 ; reigns, 10433. 

Alagoas mission, 5563. 

Alams conquered, 11091 . 

Alajuela R.R. opened, 6313. 

Alam II., Shah, defeat, 10442 ; emp., 10452. 

Alamanni, Luigi, b., 10791 . 

Alamanon, Bertram! d', work, 6711 . 

Alamayou, Prince, in Eng., 32 ; d., 33. 

Alamgir II., emperor, 1045 2 . 

Al Amin, calif, 4863. 

Alan, Count, fights Northmen, 6661 . 

Alani invade Roman Empire, 10641; in- 
vade Sp., 10701 , 11053 ; expelled, 11251 . 

Alarcon, Castilians defeated, 11261. 

Alarcon, Hernando de, b., 11263 j explorer, 
211. 

, Pedro Antonio de, works, d., 11322. 

y Mendoza, Don Juan Ruiz de, b.-d., 

11283. 

Alard, Francis, d., 5403. 

Alaric I., first appearance ; desolates Ma- 



Alar-Aler. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDrLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1169 



cedonia ; takes Athens ; overthrown; in- 
vades It., 10681, 1030', 1070; rules East 
Illyrium, 10093; Rome, 1071'; ravages 
Thrace, 1154' ; takes Home ; d., 1070' . 

Alaric II., reigns, 11253 ; at Vougel, GG4' ; 
king, 7692 ; 3. (507). 

Alasco, John, b.-d., 11142. 

Alaska, missionaries in, 2542; Purchase 
Treaty signed, 257 2 ,3 ; transferred to 
U. S., 2592 ; ter. org., 2633 ; reservation, 
267' ; missions planted, 2903, :«)82; liquor 
traffic prohibited, 317'; Moravian mis- 
sionaries, 3202 ; Carmel fnd., 3223; fish- 
ing prohibited, 337' ; in Congress, 3473 ; 
LymanE Knapp, gov.,349 2 ; expedition 
to explore, 356' . glaeier (lis., 368' ; Govt. 
Bill, 4213; La Grippe rages, 4413; bound- 
ary line, 5872 ; J. Sheakley, gov., 4793. 

seal fisheries set apart, 297 ' ; Cong. 

debates, 351 3 . 

Alaska, speed, 9893. 

Alaskan, accident, 3412. 

Alassona, Christians persecuted, 11582. 

Ala-ud-din, conquests in India, 10422. 

Alava, Miguel Ricardo de, b.-d., 11302. 

, Adm., in b. Trafalgar, 716' . 

Alba, conquered ; annexed, 1051' . 

Longa, destroyed, 1050' . 

Alban, St., beheaded, 8402. 

Albani, Francesco, b., 1081' ; d., 1083' . 

Albauiasuhjugatcd. lo:{4' ; annexed Turk., 
11572; revolts, 11572; rebellions, 1158'; 
Mehemet Ali Pasha murdered, 11583 ; 
Mohammedism proposed, 1035' ; Ali 
Pasha executed, 1157'. 

, N. J., named, 432. 

Scodra. (See Scutari.) 

Albans, St. John of, d., 8542. 

Albany, Can., mission, 5842. 

, Mo., Anderson killed, 2382. 

— , N. Y., Dutch build Ft. Orange, 292, 
31' ,2; Reformed religion est., 32' ; Dutch 
Church begun, 40' ; named, 43' ; Eng. 
possession, 8932 ; treaty with Indians, 
45 3 , 512, renewed, 532/552, 591 ; peace 
at, 493 ; incorporated, 50 3 ; expedition 
leaves, 562 ; population, 573 ; Reformed 
Church built, 582, 4021 ; Colonial Con- 
gress, 672, 693 ; first theatrical perform- 
ance, 76' ; Alban// Gazette, 77' ; Shakers 
in, 78 2 ; bank discounts. 1033 ; the capital; 
emigrants rush through, 1073 ; Foster 
effigy burned, 1172 ; Albany Argus, 1212; 
carriages manf'd, 123' ; State' Library, 
fnd., 127' ; Albany Inst, org., 136' ; Al- 
bany Evening Journal, 139'; railroad 
opened, 139 3 ; cholera at, 1413; Liberty 
Party, National Conven. meets, 1513 ; 
Constitutional Conven., 1612 ; recon- 
venes, 465 2 , Roman Catholic diocese 
est., 1623; fi re , 1653, 11173, 47:13 : gale, 174' ; 
Dudley Observatory est,. 180' ; funeral of 
Lincoln, 247 2 ; new enpitol begun, 2593, 
2673, 274' , 2753; opened. 3013; cost, 3273, 
4493; bridge completed, 2613; prot. Epis. 
diocese est., 2642 ; Lowenstein hanged, 
2843; 'Whitney defalcations, 3583 ;S!»Mrf<ty 
Telegram, 3242; International Congress 
delegates visit, 3472 ; r. r, wreckers, 
3662; Univ. convocation, 3862, 464' ; Mrs. 
L. Stanford's gift, 391 ' ; train robbers, 
393'; Univ. extension fnd., 396' ; Cornell 
portrait, 442' ; illegal registration, 4422; 
police arrested. 4443; ClufHing shot, 4682. 

, D. of , regent in Scot., S613; regent, 

8673; invades England, 866' . 

, Wis., pearls found, 344'. 

Albany, U. S. sloop, sails ; lost, 176'. 

and Susquehanna V- It. opnd., 2653. 

Albardas, Pr. of Wales plundered, 5543. 

Albategnius, Mohammed Ben Jabir, b., 
(850+) ; d.,4862. 

Alliaugh, John W., b., 148'. 

Albemarle, N. G, Assembly meets, 45' . 

Albemarle, defeats Federal boats, 232' ; de- 
feated by Sassaens, '2322; blown up, 239' . 

, E. of, at b. of Standard, 848' . 

, Lord (Geo. Monck), b. (1608) ; gov., 

672 ; d. (1670) ; D. of, title created, 899' . 
(See Kepple.) 

Aiber, Erasmus, d., 7922. 

Alberoni, Giulio, b.-d., 11283; Card., ad- 
ministers govt., 11293 ; dismissal, 6993. 

Albers, Johann F. H., b., 8082 ; d., 8243. 

Albert, wrecked, 952' . 

Albert I., Margrave of Anst., 5032. 

I., b. (1250 .. ); sole Duke of Aust., 5052, 

7813; displaced, 5052; against Adolf; de- 
feats electors, 782' ,3; king, 7823; em- 



peror Ger., 782' ; alliance with Fr., 783' ; 
in Thuringia, 782'; assassinated, 5053, 

Albert II., b. (1298) ; Margrave of Aust., 
504» ; duke, 507' ; ruler, 5072 ; d., 5062. 

III., b. (1348) ; Count of Tyrol, 5052 ; 

Duke of Aust., 5072 ; d., 5062. 

IV., b. (1377) ; pilgrimage, 5062; duke, 

5073 ; d., 5062. 

V., b. (1397) ; Duke of Aust. ; mar- 
riage ; possessions, 5(173; K., emp., 509' ; 
d., 5082, 509' . (See Albert II. of Ger.) 

VI., b. (1418); Duke of Aust., 5073 ; 

claims dukedom, 5092; d., 5082. 

1., the Bear, Margrave of Branden- 
burg, b.-d., 7762 : invested Mark, 7772 ; 
rules Saxony, 7772 ; abdicates, 7773 ; 
founds Berlin, 7783. 

II., emp. of Ger., reigns; d., 785 3 . 

(See Albert V. of Aust.) 

of Brandenburg, first D. of Prus., b., 

786 2 ; frees Prus., 7893 ; embraces Lu- 
theranism, 789'; d.,7922. 

Archduke (Sp. Neth.), b. (1559); be- 
sieges Ostend, 1100'; defeated, 10982; 
d., 5413. 

III. (Saxonv), Ascanian line, 785 3 . 

II., D. of Bavaria, 7872. 

III., D. of Bavaria, 793' . 

I., D. of Bohemia, 7853. 

, Charles d', b., 6842 ; d., 6863. 

Edward, Prince of Wales, b. (1841) ; 

marries, 967' ; tour in U. S. A., 1SS2 ; in 
Can., U. S. A., 5S1' , 5S23; in Egy. (1862); 
inlnd., 10493; lavs first stone of Grimsby 
docks, 9542; Knight St. Patrick, 971'; 
gift to Zoological Society, 9813; grand 
master of Mark Masons, 9923 ; opens 
Sion's Coll. and Hospital, 9942; statue, 
986' ; Royal grant, 10012. 

, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha, b., 

9383 ; (Albert Francis Augustus Charles 
Emmanuel) marries Yietoria,9512; opens 
Hort. Gardens, 9663 ; d., 9142 ; buried, 
9653; statue, 956', 966', 2, 968', 996', 
1002'. 

Victor Christian Edward, Duke of 

Clarence and Avondale, b., 9672; peerage 
conferred, 1003' ; in Can., 5823; d., 10062. 

, Jean Louis, b., 703' . 

,Archbp. Magdeburg, b.,7862; d.,7902. 

, Archduke, commander, 822' . 

, Count, rules lower Bavaria, 10992 ; 

d., 10982. 

, Count of Mecklenburg, reigns 

(Sweden), 11352; captured, 036'"; d.(1412). 

Elector of Brandenburg, b.-d.,|7842 ; 

Margrave, 7872. 

College, Can., founded, 579' . 

Institute inaug., 984' . 

Nyanza, discovered, 562' , 9662. 

of Orlamund receives Holstein, 6353. 

, of Saxony, b., 814' ; king, 8292. 

Alberti, Leon Battista, b.-d., 10782; work, 
10792. 

, Solomon, b., 7902 ; d., 7922. 

Albertinelli, Mariotto, b., 10783; d., 10802; 
painting, 1080'. 

Albertini, Johann B. von, b., 803' ; d., 8142. 

Albertinus, Aegidius, b., 7922; d., 7943. 

Albertus Magnus, b.-d., 7782. 

Albery, James, d., 1000'. 

Albigenses, persecution, 6682, 670' . 

Albinus, Bernard S., b., 7982; d.,803'. 

, procurator, Judea, 11533. 

, Decimus Clodius, emperor, 6632 ; 

overthrown, 1064' ; d., 6623. 

Albion, captured, recaptured, 120' . 

Coll., Mich., organized, 199'. 

Alius, burned, 742' . 

Albitti, Antoine Louis, d., 7192. 

Albizzi, Bartolommeo, d., 10782. 

Albo, Jose, d., 11262. 

Alboin, conquers Po country, 7703 ; in 
Lombardy, takes Pavia, d., 1072'; poi- 
soned, 10713. 

Alboni, Marietta, b., 10S62 ; arrives, 170' ; 
d., 1090' . 

Albornoz, Gil Alvarez Carilla, b.-d., 11262. 

Albrecht, Frederick Rudolph, b., 5202 ; 
marriage, 5362. 

, Titurel, 7803. 

, Prof., dismissed, 8152. 

Albret, Henry d', rules Lower Navarre, 
6812 ; d. (1555). 

, Jeanne d', rules in Lower Navarre, 

6832; d. (1572). 

Albright, Jacob, b. (1759) ; begins in Pa., 
1023 ; Evan. Meth., 1103; d., 116'. 



Albrizzi, Isabella Teotochi, Countess of, 
b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Albuera, battle of, 7182, 9342. 

Albumazar, astronomer, b. (805 1); d.,4862. 

Albuquerque, University at, 3502. 

, Alfonso d\ the Great, b.-d., 11092; 

sails for India, 10433 ; conquers Mozam- 
bique, 1111'. 

Alcacer Quibir, action at, 1097' . 

Alcsemon, archon, KH5 2 ; d., 10142. 

Alcsemonida', banished, 1017', 2. 

Alcaius of Lesbos, b., 10162; poet, flour- 
ishes, 10163; d. (580i : B. a). 

Alcala, Conplutensian Polyglot, 1127'. 

Aleainenes, in Messenian war, 1014'. 

Alcamo, Ciulo d', Contrasto, poems, 10752. 

Alcantara, F. L., pres. Venezuela, 11603. 

Alcazar, burned, 11323. 

Kebir, battle of, 1110' . 

Alceste, asteroid, discovered, 278', 

Alceste, in naval warfare, 9342. 

Alcester, Baron, title created, 987', 

Alchemists, forbidden, 8602. 

Alcibiades, b.-d., 1021'; at Cyzicus ; in- 
vades Attica ; goes to Persian ruler ; 
prisoner, 10203 ; against Athens ; re- 
called, 10213; captures Byzantium; de- 
posed, 1022' ; returns, 10232. 

Alcide taken, 912' . 

Aleimus, high priest, 11483; rejected, 11493. 

Alciphron, b., 10283. 

Alcman, b., 10142; works, 10143. 

Alcmene, captured, 936' . 

Alcoek, John, b., 9042; d., 9323. 

- — , Sir Rutherford, b. (1808) ; Minister, 
6213. 

Alcohol, school instruction, 325', 3263; 
crime, 8:543; production, 10923. 

Alcolla, action at, 11302. 

Alcorn, James L., b. (1816) ; gov. Miss., 
2732 ; d., 478' . 

University org.. Miss., 2763. 

Aleott, Amos Broiison.b., 1082; work, 2963. 

, Louisa May, b., 142' ; works, 1783, 

2272, 2643, 2683, 277', 2802, 2943, 2963, 
3003,3143,3243; d., 328'. 

, Wm. A., b., 108' ; d., 1842. 

Alcoy, Internationalists rise, 1132'. 

Alcuin, Flaccus A., b.-d., 8422, 843'; in 
Fr.; at Tours, 665'; at Court, 7703. 

Aldegonde. Phillippe van Marnix, b-d., 
5403. 

Alden,Chas. H., commissioned col., 400'. 

, John, b. (1599) ; d., 502. 

, Joseph, b., 114' ; d., 3202. 

, Timothy, b., 762; d. (1481). 

Alderete, Bernardo de, b., 11282. 

Alderley, Baron of, title created, 945' . 

Aldermen, life system (Eng.), 861 2 . 

Alderson, J. D., b., 174'. 

Aldeste, discovered, 278' . 

Aldhelm, b. (040±); works, 843' ; d., 8422. 

Aldie, Va.,Confeds. defeated, 219'; action 

Aldi'ni, Giovanni, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. 

Aldobrandini, Silvestro, b. (1499); d., 10803. 

Aldrich, Henry, b., 8862; d., 9042. 

, J. Frank, b., 1722. 

, Louis, b., 156' . 

, Nelson Wilmarth, b., 1522 ; closure 

rule, 3733, 3763,377'. 

, Thomas Bailev, b., 146' ; works, 20*3, 

2S23. 278' . 2:i23, 2963, 3063, :;143, 3902. 

Aldridge, Ira, b., 1162; d., 2582. 

Aldringer, Johann, d.,5123. 

, Count, leader, 7942. 

Aldrovandi, Ulisse, b. (1522) ; d., 10823. 

Aleandro, Gerolamo, b., 1081' ; d., 10803. 

Alegre, d'Tves, Marq., b., 6902; d., 6762. 

Alebayras revolt, 7'. 

Alellaneda, Alonza Fernandez, works, 
11292. 

Aleman, Louis, b.-d., 6762. 

, Mateo, works, 1129' ; d., 11283. 

Alemanni, in Roman provinces, 7693; de- 
feated, 768' ,770' ; revolt, 1064' . 1 

, Luigi, b. (1495); d., 10803. 

Alembert, Jean le Bond d', b., 697' ; works, 
7012, 7032; d.,705'. 

Alembert, d\ correspondence of, 7582. 

Alemida recaptured, 718 2 . 

Alencon united to France, 6792. 

, Francois, Due d', b. (1554) ; at Ant- 
werp, 540', 684'; joins Huguenots,685 2 ; 
d. (1584.) 

Aleppo, war with Tartars, 6542; Emirs re- 
volt; captured, 1032' ; earthquake, 1156 2 : 
mission, 11562,3. 

Aleria, Fr., founded, 6613. 



1170 



Text Figures denote Page. iJMJD-h/X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Aler-Alha. 



Alert encounters Essex, 118' ; Arctic expe- 
dition. 980' ; returns to Brit, gov., 3212 ; 
at Samoa, 338' ; wrecked, 9413. 

Ales, or Alane, Alex., b. (1500) ; d., 8722. 

Alessandria, Fr., expelled, 7123; besieged, 
778'; built, 779'. 

Alessi, Galeazzo, b., 1079' ; d. 1081' . 

Alctheia, asteroid, discovered, 324' . 

Alexander, Bp. of Cappadoeia, d., 10283. 

, Bp. of Constantinople, investigates 

Arian heresy, 102S 3 . 

, Bp. of Lincoln, chanc, (1123) ; ar- 
rested, 8493; d. ai47). 

, emp., b.-d., 10322; colleague of Con- 

stantine VII., 10332. 

1, reigns in Macedonia, 10173. 

II., reigns in .Macedonia, 10233; d. (367 

B.O.). 

the Great, b.-d., 1023' ; pupil of Aris- 
totle, 1025' ; regent, 10252; ;l t Ohseronea, 
1024' ; reigns, 10252; subdues Thracians ; 
general of Greeks ; conquest of Per- 
sia; at b. Granicus, 1024'; in Russia; 
in Turkestan; in Egv., 651 3 ; conquests 
in Asia, 10242; in Mvsia, 1146' ; in India, 
10242, 1042' ; at Jerusalem, 10242; sacri- 
fices in Temple, 1147' ; in Mesopotamia, 
11473; frees Grecian cities from Persia, 
11473; conquests, 11473; at Arbella, 10242; 
marries Barsine ; marries Roxana ; plot 
against, 1025'; customs adopted, 10253; 
worship required, 1025' ; reigns in Pers., 
11483; social cruelties, 1(125' ; fnds. Greco- 
Persian dynasty, 1107' ; returns from In- 
dia, 10252; Roman embassy to, 1053 2 ; 
greatplan; d., 114X2; dominions divided ; 
buried in Egy., 10253, 6513; wars of suc- 
cessors, 10242; family murdered, 1025'; 
third division of empire, 1027' ; empire 
seems to unite, 10272. 

IV. mider regent, 10253. 

V., Gr., tights for throne ; mur., 1027' . 

I., b. (107S±); reigns in Scot., 8492; 

d. (1124), 8493. 

II., b. (1198) ; K. of Scot., 8532, expe- 
dition against Argyle, S54' ; d. (1249). 

III., b. (1241) ; K. of Scot. ; at Large, 

854' , 855' ; married, 855' ; sovereignty of 
W. Isle, 8552; killed, 8553. 

1., Joseph, Pr. of Bulgaria, b., 5652; 

d.,568'; elected, 5663; ruler, 5672; arbi- 
trary, 567'; abdicates; expelled, 567 2 ; 
estates, 5092; pensioned, 5693. 

I. reigns (Servia). 11233, 11242. 

II. set up Syria, 11503. 

1., St., bp. Rome, 10623. ,1. (117). 

II., pope, 10742; d. (1073). 

III., pope, 1075' ; revolts against Fred- 
erick I., 778' ; d. (1181). 

IV., pope, 10763; ,1. (1261). 

V., pope, 1079'; declared pope, 7843; 

d. (1410). 

VI., Rodrigo Borgia, b.-d., 10783; di- 
vides lands, 14' ; pope, 1079' . 

VII. b. (1599); pope, 10S32; d. (1667). 

VIII., b. (1610) ; pope, 10832; d. (1691). 

1., Balas, Egy., usurper, 652' ; de- 
feated ; defeats li.-metrius Soter, 1055' ; 
kills Demetrius, 1148' ; favored by Jews ; 
on throne of Syria ; killed, 11493. 

1., Pavloviteh, Czar, b., 11162; reigns ; 

K. of Poland, 11173; meets Napoleon; 
compact with Prussian K .. 8093; in Lon- 
don, 8112; treaty with Bernadotte ; d., 
11163, 11173. 

II., Nichohevitch, Czar, b., 11163; 

reigns, 11192; kills D.ilgoruki; marries 
Mary, 11172; at Brussels, 545' ; in Aust., 
5252; congratulated by U.S., 2632; anni- 
versary of assassination. 3543; d. 1120' . 

in., b., 11163; betrothed to Mary; 

married, 1119', 1642'; crowned at Mos- 
cow, 11213; conspiracy against, 11212, 
11222; at Kremsier, 5312; war against 
Turkey, 528'; refuses House of Repre- 
sentatives, 11193; marries Dolgoruki, 
1121' ; memorial ch., 11202; gift to Leland 
Stanford Univ., 384' ; guarded ; petitions 
from foreign powers, 11212; reply to 
Pope's letter, 11222; thanks Americans, 
1123'; d. 1122'. 

, King of Epirus, invades S. It.; k., 

1052'. 

, Archibald, b., 762; moderator, 1142; 

Prof, at Princeton, lilt' ; Moral Science, 
173'; d., 1682. 

, Barton Stone, b., 128' ; d., 300' . 

deBernay, Alixonrlre, 671'. 

, Eben, minister, 4473. 



Alexander, Hieronvinus, suggestion con- 
demned, 7883. 

, James Waddel, b., 112' ; d., 1842. 

, Jannreus, high priest, 114S 3 , 1151'; 

suppresses Pharisees. 11502; triumph of, 
Jerusalem, 11503. 

, John H., b., 1182; d. 256' . 

-, Jos. Addison, b., 116' ; d., 186' . 

, Michailovitcb, G. Duke, mar., 11222. 

, Nathaniel, d., 114' . 

, Nevski, b.-d., 11142; Grand Duke of 

Russia, 11152. 

, Sarah, murdered, 2912. 

, Severus, b., (205=) ; reigns, 10293; d. 

(235). 

, S. D., d., 474'. 

, S. M. S-, consecrated bishop of Jeru- 
salem, 11563. 

, Stephen, b. (,1800); zodiacal theory 

288', d. (1883). 

, Stephen, b., 1123; d. (18S3). 

, Syndeham, Baron, b., 152' . 

, Trallianus, b., 1030 3 ; medical works, 

1031'. 

, Win., h. (1S24) ; cons, bp., 9663. 

, , b., 602; d.,961. 

, , Earl of Stirling, 8742; grant of 

Acadia, 8812; obtains patent, 303, 5713; 
in Canada, 31i; sells patent, 332; d., 
8842. 

, W. P., reply to Blount, 4451 . 

of Aphrodisias, b., 1028 3 . 

,Pr.of Livonia, reigns in Poland, 1115 2 . 

of Wallaeia, purchases government, 

11122. 

of Hesse, Pr., commander, 824' . 

of Phera 1 . expedition against, 10223; 

murdered, 10232. 

, Romance of, 8543. 

Alexandra. Princess (Den.), b. (1844) ; mar- 
ries, 641', 967'. 

, Princess, of Greece, marries, 11212. 

governs Judea, 1151 ' . 

.//' ro/o/cr, asteroid, discovered, 732'. 

Alexandria, Egy., fnd., 6513, 10252; areo- 
meter used ; library museum fnd. ; first 
observatory, 6502 ; academy fnd., 6503 ; 
buildings erected, 6522; Jew's migrate to, 
1149' ; besieged, 652' ; ai-t center ; burned, 
6523, 1060'; library fnd., 6523; restored, 
6533; youth massacred, 653' ; ch. councils 
at, 6523; taken by Firmus, 10672; taken, 
654'; religious feuds ; library destroyed, 
655' ; persecution of Jews, 6543; taken by 
Saracens, 484' ; conquered, 10502; taken, 
7122, G56' ; battle of, 930' ; conven. of, 
6572; work on port begun, 6593; obelisk 
shipped (N.Y.), 304' ; riots, 988' ; foreign 
war vessels, 6592; massacre, 658' , 3; up- 
rising against Europeans, 6592; bom- 
barded, 658' ; fire ; tower collapses, 6613. 

, Aust., Colonial Bank suspends, 

5013; R. c. diocese est., 590'. 

, La., Gen. Banks, arrives at, 222' ,2303. 

, Va., ransomed, 1222; Federals occupy, 

1943; McClellan arrives, 2122; opened, 
2263; Confed. Soldiers' monument, 340' . 

Alexandria launched, 974' . 

Alexandrian Codex presented, 8823. 

Alexandrina,dr.Pr. AlfredErnest, b.,983 2 . 

Alexandrine war, 1060' . 

Alexeictf, M. Vassili, k., 1122'. 

Alexis, Grand Duke, in New York, 2743; 
in Paris, 7623. 

, Wilibald (Wilhelm Uaring), b., 8063; 

Walladmor, 8132; d., 8262. 

Alexis, Michaslovitch, b.-d., 11142; en- 
throned, 11153. 

, Petrovitch, b.-d., 11142, 1115'. 

I., Comnenus, emp., b.-d., 10322; 

reigns, 1033 3 ; against Normans, 1032'; 
recovers Asia ; poisoned, 10333. 

II., b. (1168=) ; reigns, 10353; d. (11831. 

III., reigns ; deposed ; blinded, 10333; 

d. (1210). 

IV., d., 10342; reigns ; k., 1035' . 

Ducas, usurper, 1035' ; d. (1204). 

Alfarabius, scientist, 486' ; d., 4862. 

Alfaro, Gen., dictator, Ecuador, 6443. 

, Jose Maria, President, 631'. 

Alfieri, Vittorio, Count, b., 10842; Cleopa- 
tra ; Saul, 1085' ; d., 10843. 

Alhnger, Ambrosio de, in Venezuela, 203; 
d. (1532). 

Alfonso I. of Aragon (VII. of Leon and 
Castile), conquers Provence, 1120' ; King 
of Navarre, 11272. 

II., b. (1152), reigns in Aragon, 11273; 

d. (1196). 



Alfonso III., b. (1265); in Aragon, 11273 ; d. 

(1291). 

IV., b. (1299) ; in Aragon, 11273 ; d. (1336). 

V., b. (15X5) ; in Aragon, 11273; King of 

Sicily (Alfonso I.), 10772; seizes Naples, 

10792; d. (1458). 
I., King of Asturias and Leon, b. (639), 

11253; d. (757). 

II., in Asturias, 11253; d. (842). 

III., b. (848) ; in Asturias and Leon, 

11253 ; conquers Moors at Zomora, 1126' ; 

d. (912). 
IV., in Asturias ; reigns in Leon and 

Asturias, 11272; d. (933). 

V., b. (994) ; reigns in Asturias, 11272. 

I., II., III. of Leon. (See Alfonso of 

Asturias). 

IV. of Leon, reigns, 11272; d. (933+). 

V.of Leon and Castile, b. (994), 11272; 

d. (1027). 
VI. of Leon, b., 11262, 11272; as Alfonso 

I. of Castile, 11272; conquers Toledo, 

1126'; d., 11262. 
VII. of Leon. (See Alfonso I. of Ara- 
gon.) Captures Saragossa, 11262; in Leon 

and Castile, 11272. 
VIII. of Leon, as Alfonso II. or III. of 

Castile;!'. (1106) ; reigns, 11272; d., 11262. 

IX. of Leon, 11272. 

IX. of Castile (or VIII. or III.), b. 

(1155) ; 11272; d. (1214). 
X. of Leon anil Castile, b.-d., 11262 ; 

reigns, 7812, H273; at Algeciras, 1126' 



anil Castile, b.-d., 11262; 
at Tarifa ; at Algeciras, 



XI., of Le 

rules, 11273 ; 
1126' . 

XII. of Sp., b.. 11303; reigns, 11332; 

takes Igualada. 1132' ; reigns ; in Madrid, 
11332; marriages ; in Paris, 7543; d., 11333; 

XIII., of Sp., b., reigns, 11333. 

II., King of Naples. 10793. 

1., b.-d. ; reigns in Port. ; conquests, 

1109', 2, 3. 

II. (Crassus), b. (1185) ; reigns in Port., 

11093; d. (1223). 

III., b. (1210) ; reigns in Port., 11093; 

d. (1279). 

IV., b. (12)il)i ; reigns, 11093; d. (1357). 

V., b. (1432) ; reigns, 11093; d. (1481). 

VI., I). (Kel.!) ; in' Port., 11102; d. (1683). 

de Cartagena, b.-d., 11262. 

de Galieia defends Uraca, 1127 2 . 

Alford, battle at, 886' . 

, Henry, 935' ; d. (1871). 

Alfred taken, 882. 

Alfred, Ernest Albert. D. of Edinburgh, 
b., 9522; marries Marie, 979'; in Cape 
Colony, 59112; in Australia, 4982; elected 
K. of 'Greece, 1037'; rules Saxe-Cobnrg 
Gotha, 837' ; Annuity Bill for, 9773; com- 
mands in Mediterranean, 994' ; Admiral 
of fleet, 1010'. 

• the Great, King, b.-d., 8442; Order 

of Round Table, 841'; laws est., 843', 
8443; naval engagement, 844' ; invents 
lanterns, 8442;'"fairs and wakes; flour- 
ishes; fnds. Univ. of Oxford, 8443; de- 
serted, 845', 2; king, 8452; trial by jury, 
8453; rest. .res Oxford, 8463 

, son of Pr. Alfred Ernest, b., 9793. 

Univ., Alfred, N. Y., est., 1463. 

Alfred D. Snow, wrecked, 3293. 

Algardi, Alessandro, b., 10823; d., 1083'. 

Algarotti, Count Francesco, b., 1083' ; d., 
10842. 

Algazel,AbuIIamidMohammed,b.-d.,4863. 

Aliicmcene Kumsteu Letterbode, 11012. 

Alger College organized, 296 3 . 

.Russell Alex., l..(lS5(',);gov.Mich.3233. 

, William Rounsevillc, b., 130 2 ; works, 

1802, 199', 3082. 

Algeria, Roman conquests, 10622; takes 
Tunis, 11392. (See text, pp. 8-10.) 

Algerine war, 104' , 124' . 

Algerines seize Am. vessels, 104' ; peace 
with America ; war, 1193; sign American 
treaty, 125'. 

Algiers, La., united with N. Orleans, 273' . 

, Afr. (See text, pp. 8-10.) 

Algoma, Can., Bp. Sullivan eons., 9862. 

A/fjoma, founders, 585 3 . 

Algonquin. (See Indians.) 

Algrave, taken bv Sancho I., 1109'. 

Al Hadi, calif of Bagdad, 4863. 

Al-Hakem II., b.-d., 11262; favors learn- 
ing, 486' ; d. (976). 

Ibn Atta (Almokenna), d., 4862. 

Albania, Jose, sentenced, 1130 3 . 

Alhambra founded, 11263. 



Alha-Alth. 



Text Figures denote Page. YrWjlLjL. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1171 



Alhazen, optics, 48(12 ; d., 4863. 

Ali Bey, Mameluke, b. (1728) ; in Arabia 
and Syria, 050' ; promoted, 6571 ; d.,6563. 

Bin Said, d., 5642. 

calif, b. (600+) ; killed, 4S52. 

Alian de Lille, b.-d., 6683. 

Alibert, Jean Louis, b. (1766) ; d., 7262. 

Alibund, Louis, assassinated, 7272. 

Alicante, bombarded, 11321 . 

Alice goes ashore, 423 3 . 

Alice Mary, Princess, b., 9912. 

Maud Mary, Princess, b., 9522 ; mar- 
riage, 9652, 967' . 

Alicliur Pamir, skirmish, 63. 

Alides, dynasty reigns, 1097' . 

Alien Act passes, Eng., 9273. 

and Sedition Laws pass, 109 2 . 

Immigrant Bill, Eng., 10123. 

Land Law Bill tabled, 3672. 

Landlord's Bill passes, 325 2 . 

priories seized. Eng., 8542. 

Aliens in U. S. A. to report, 1212. 

Aligarh, Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

Ali-Ibn-Abi-Talib, b.-d., 4842; calif, 6552. 

Ibn ul Albus, d., 4862. 

Alikhanoff, Gen., b. (1846) ; arrested, 72. 

Alio Masjidshelled, 43. 

Ali Pasha, b.-d., 11563 ; grandvizier, 11591 . 

of Janina, 11573 ; subdues Suli- 

otes ; assassinated, 11571 ,3. 

Alison, Archibald, b., 9143 ; work, 9251; 
d., 94S2. 

Sir Archibald, historian, b., 9262 ; 

History of Europe, !J4C>3; d., 9701 . 

, — , b. (1826); captures Ramleh, 

6581. 

, Wm, Pulteney, b., 9243. d. (1859). 

Aliwal, action at, 10461 . 

Alizais attack the British, 61 . 

Al Kabitz, philosopher, 4862. 

Kader, calif, 487' ; d. (1031). 

Kaher Billah, calif, 4871 . 

Kaim, calif, 4S7 2 . 

Kindi, d., 4862. 

Alkindius, astronomy, medicine, 4861. 

Alkmar, Henry von, b.-d., 7863. 

Allallabad, Bp. Pesci cons.,986 2 ; capital, 
10452; sold to Shah Alain; treaty of, 
10453 ; mission, 10463 ; Sepoy rebellion, 
104S1 ; Indian mail congress, 10493. 

Allain-Targe, Francois Bene, b. (1832) ; 
minister, 7532, 7552. 

Allainval, Leonor J. C. S. d', b., 6943 ; d., 
7011. 

Allan, David, b., 9103 ; d., 9283. 

, Sir Hugh, b. (1810) ; money rec'd, 

5833; d. (1882). 

, Thomas, d., 9462. 

, William, b. (1782); Army of H. Vir- 
ginia, 4442 ; d. (1850). 

, William, b., 1)223 ; d., 9562. 

Allart, Mary Gay, b., 7003; d., 7223. 

Allatius, Leone, b., 10S22; d. (1669). 

Allatoona, Ga., abandoned, 2341 . 

Pass, Johnston occupies, 2331 ; battle 

Of, 2383. 

Alla-ud-din, dynasty, 10433 ; viceroy, 10432; 
d., 10423. 

Allectus rules, 8411 ; slain, 8401 . 

Alleghanies, forest fires, 3833. 

Alleghany, N. Y., Benaventura College 
org., 1863. 

Camp, W. Va., action, 2011 . 

Allegheny, Pa., Western Theological Sem- 
inary est., 1351 ; cemetery est., 1593 ; 
cures at St. Anthony's Church, 3403 ; 
fire, 3452; Carnegie Library dedicated, 
3522; grip, 381 3 ; Hastings embezzles ; 
strikes, 4002; Wynian's extortion, 4003 ; 
visitors to F. Mollinger, 408' ; Jennie 
Buchanan killed, 4583 ; Armstrong Bri- 
bery, 4722. 

College organized, 1251 . 

Allegri, Gregorio, b., 10822; d., 10831. 

Allein, Joseph, b., 8822; d. (1668). 

, Bichard, b., 8782; d. (1681). 

Alleinet, Joseph, Sabbath instructor, 9151. 

Allemard, Zacharie Jacques Theodore, 
Comte, b., 7023; d., 7242. 

Allen, Bp., founds life assurance, 9022. 

, David O., b., 1082; d.,2251. 

, D. H., moderator, 1723. 

, Ethan, b., 642; a t Ticonderoga, 801 ; 

at Montreal, 803; in army,892; d., 100 1. 

, Grant, (Chas. Grant Blairfinde), b., 

5801 ; Duchess, 10082. 

, G. W., World's Fair Com., 3633. 

, Henry F., resigns, 2473; d., 2521 . 

, H. N., missionary Korea, 10941. 



Allen, Horatio, d., 3481 . 

, Ira, b., 683; d., 1231. 

, John, politician, b., 9183. 

, John, patriot, b., 66=; d., 1122. 

, John B., b., 1581 ; senator, 4271 . 

, JohnM., b., 1622. 

, Joseph H., b. (1820) ; work, 4782. 

, Lee, captured, 3703. 

, Philip, b. (1785) ; gov., 1692; d. (1865). 

, Ealph, b.(1694) ; est. cross posts, 9073; 

d. (1764). 

, Bichard, ordained, 1083; bp., 1251; 

d., 1382. 

, Solomon, b., 683; d., 1301 . 

, Stephen, mayor New York, 1293. 

, Thomas, b., 642; d., 1162. 

, , b., 8682 ; d., 8822. 

, C, History V. S., 4782. 

, William, writer, b., 96 1 ; d., 2622. 

, , chemist, d., 9522. 

, , b. (1806) ; gov. O., 2873 ; candi- 
date for pres., 2931 ; d., 3022. 

, Francis, b. (18:50) ; Iloman people, 

3743 ; d. (1889 Dec). 

, Ferneley, lord mayor, 9691. 

, V., b., 1622 ; long' speech, 4411 ; 

bond issue, 449 2 . 

, Henry, b., 961 ; d., 1211 . 

, Bev., duelist, 9231 . 

Allentowu, N.J., Sober Society find., 1131 ; 
bank robbery, 4183. 

, Pa., Muhlenberg College org., 2583; 

fire, 4413. 

Allerheim, battle, 6361, 7961. 

Alley, J. B., currency resolution, 2493. 

Alleyn, Edward, b., 8722; d., 8821 . 

Alliance, It. and Prus. against Aust., 5271 ; 
It. with Ger., 5312; Fr. and Milan against 
Venice, 6793; F r . and Sp. with Noyon, 
6812; Fr. with Sp. and Sard., 6993; Aust. 
and Prus. against Fr., 7091; Fr. with 
Bus., Aust., and Swed.; Eng. with Prus., 
8032; Ger. with Aust. and Italy; Eng. 
with Ger., 8332; Eng. with Fr., 8763, 
8792; G. B. with Bus. and Aust., 9272 ; 
Holland witli Fr. against Eng., Bus., and 
Aust., 9273; G. B., Bus., and Fr. against 
Turkey, 9432. 

Alliance, built, 90) ; mutiny, 901 , 941 . 

Alliance, O., Mt. Union Coll., fnd., 1843. 

Allibone, Samuel Austin, b., 1242; work, 
2771 ; d. (1888). 

Allier, Louis, b., 7031 ; d., 7242. 

Allington, William, b., 9423; d., 10021. 

Allioli, Joseph Franz, b., 8062; d., 8281. 

Allison, A., Chancellor, killed, 4763. 

, William B.,b., 1362; Monetary Conf., 

4132; Bland Uill, 4533; speech, 4552. 

Allix, Pierre, b., 6883 ; d., 6971 . 

Airman, Geo. James, b., 9362. 

Allom, Thomas, b., 9323 ; d. (1872). 

Allori, Alessandro, b., 10803; d. (1607). 

, Christofano, b., 1081 1 ; d. (1620). 

Allouez, Claude Jean, b., 202; in Canada, 
422; in Montreal, 5722,3; with Indians ; 
visits Catholic missions, 443; d., 502. 

All Souls' College fnd., 8623. 

Allston, Joseph, b., 912; gov . S. C, 1193 ; 
d., 1242. 

, Bohert Francis Withers, b., 1101 . gov. 

S. C, 1812; d., 2312. 

, Washington, b., 912 ; works, 1101 ; 

1182, 1212, 1281 , 1683 ; d., 1561 . 

Allyn, Jack, Johuathan . . . Continent, 350 2 . 

Alma, battle of, 9581 . 

Coll. est. at Alma, Mich. (1887). 

Alinagro, Diego, b.-d., 11263; in Peru, 201 ; 
attacked, 202; governor, 213, 6051; in- 
vades Chile, 6041 ; executed, 202, 213. 

Al Mahdi Billah, calif, 4853 ; d. (785). 

Al-Mahmun, b. (789); favors literature, 
4861; calif, 4863; d. (833). 

Almanac stamps abolished, 947 3 . 

Al-Mansur (Abn Jaffar Abdallah), b.-d., 
1126 2 ; calif ; founds Bagdad ; favors 
learning, 4853; d. (775). 

Alnrauza, surrendered to Spain, 11321. 

Alraanza, battle at, 6961 . 

Alma-Tadema, Laurence, b., 5442. 

Almeida, captured, 9342 ; taken, 11101. 

, Dr. d'. gutta-percha, 9521. 

, Brittesd', " Joan of Arc," b.-d., 11092. 

, Francisco de, sails for India, 10433 ; 

d. (1500). 

Garrett, Joao Baptista Leitao d', 

b.-d., 11102. 

, Nieolao Tolentino, b.-d., 11102. 

Almenara, battle at, 6962. 

Almeras, Louis, b., 7032; d., 7242. 



Almira College founded, 111., 1782. 
Almodovar, Count of, Ildefonso Diaz de 

Bibera, b.-d., 11302. 
Almohades, dynasty, 92, 11272 ; besiege 

Santarem, 11261 . 
Al Moktader, calif, 4871 ; d. (931). 
Al Moktadi, calif, 487' ,2; d. (870). 
Al Moktafi, calif, 4871 ,2; d. (90S). 
Almon, John, b., 9102; d. (1805). 
Almonte, Juan Nepomuceno, b.-d., 10952. 

, Out., Gazette issued, 5823. 

Al Mootenabbee, d., 4862. 

Almora mission, 10471 . 

Almoravides. dynasty fnd., 92, 10971 ,11262; 

conquer Morocco, 10971 . 
Al Mortader, calif, 4872. 

Mostadhi, calif, 4872. 

Mostain, calif, 4871 . 

Mostakfi, calif, 4871 . 

Mostanjed, calif, 4872. 

Mostanser, calif, 4871,3. 

Mostarshed, calif, 4872. 

Motadhed. calif, 4871. . 

Motaki, calif, 4871 . 

Motamed, calif, 4871 . 

Motasseni, calif, 4871 ,3. 

Motawakkel, calif, 4871 . 

Motaz, calif, 4871 . 

Moti, calif, 4871 .. 

Almquist, Karl Jonas Ludwig, b.-d., 11342; 

works of, 11362. 
Alms Knights est., 8731 , 
Al Munsur. reigns (Egy.), 6552. 
Mutasem.org. bodvof Turk, prisoners, 

11541. 
Almy, Frank. (See G. H. Abbott.) 
AINaser, calif, 4872. 
Alnwick, action at, 8501 . 
Alompra, K. of Burma, b.-d., 10443; fnds. 

Kangun, 10452. 
Aloysius, St., or Luigi Gonzaga, b., 1080 3 ; 

d., 10822. 
Alp-Arslan, h.-d., 11543; castle besieged, 

8481 ; rules; takes Syria. Palestine, 11552; 

subdues Armenia, 10321 . 
Alpena lost, 3053. 
Alpes, Cottiie, Bom. province, 10632. 

Maritinne, Bom. province, 10632. 

Maritimes, ceded to Italy, 7352. 

Alpha Delphini, sextuple, 2S61 . 
Alphege, St., b. (954); Bp. of Winchester, 

killed, 6352,3, 8462. 
Alphonse, Sister, decision sustained, 348 2 . 

, opposed, Fr., 6702. 

Alphonse Zeececke burned, 11221 . 
Alphonsine tables composed, 4862, 11262. 
Alpine, Tex., cloud-burst, 4141 . 

, King, reigns, 8332; beheaded, 8451 . 

Alps, Bonaparte crosses, 518 2 . 

AlRadhi, calif, 4871. 

Al Bagel, philosophers, 4862. 

Al Baschid, calif, d., 4872. 

Alsace, battle in, 6621 ; united to Fr., 6893; 

Bismarck-Bohlen, gov., 7411; ceded to 

Ger., 745' ; merged in Ger. Emp., 7751; 

seized by Fr.. 71)63; guilds in govt., 7832; 

taken, 7973; annexation to Ger. opposed, 

8272; annexed; Option day, 8273. 
Alsace Chronicle appears, 8322. 
Lorraine, laws abolished, 8371 ; pass- 
ports, 8352. 
Alsen, Prussia, Danes enter ; bombarded, 

6402. 
Alsina, Valentine, gov., 491 1 ,2. 
Alsop, Bichard, b.,723; d.,1241. 
Alsted, Johanii H.,b.,7922; Encyclopedia, 

7951 ; d., 7963. 
Aistett's frauds, 9311. 
Alstromer, Klaudius, b.-d., 11342. 
Altades reigns, 11413. 
•Altai) ualpa, d., 202. 
Al Tai, calif, 4871 . 

Altai Mts., Turkish power est., 11551. 
Altaroche, Marie Michel, b., 7191 ; d.,7541. 
Altdorf, Univ. of, 7892, 7931, 7951, 7991 ; 

unites with Erlangen, 8091 . 
Altdorfer, Albrecht, b., 7862; d., 7902. 
Altenburg, Saxony holds, 7833 ; assigned 

to Ernestine line, 7913 ; independent, 

7933; divided, 7973 ; assigned to Saxe- 

Altenburg, 8133. 
Altenkirchen, Austrians defeated ; French 

defeated, 7121. 
Altgeld, John B., nom. for gov., 405 3 ; in- 

aug., 4471 ; protest against troops, 465 2 . 
Altham, John, E. C. Church, 322; d. (1641). 
Althammer, Andreas, b., 7863; d., 7922. 
Althen, Jehan, or Jean, b.-d., 1106 3 . 
Althing begins, 10421 . 



1172 



Text Figures denote Page. INJ_)Ji.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. Alth— AlUCr, 



Althorp, Viscount. (See Spencer.) 

Alting, Heinrich, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. 

, Jacob, b., 7943 ; d., 7971 . 

Altmeyer, Jean Jacques, b., 5423 ; d., 
5442. 

Altmush reigns, 10432. 

Alton, Can., inundated, 5893. 

, 111., collision, 4233 ; Lovejoy Day 

celebrated, 4322 ; R. C. diocese, 1802. 

Altona, Prus., a city, 7973 ; burned, 7981 ; 
Saxons enter, 6413; occupation protested, 
8223. 

Altoona, Pa., Gardner absconds, 4682. 

Altranasius, b.-d., 10662. 

Alva, Duke of, Fernando Alvarez de To- 
ledo, b.-d., 11263 ; in Belgium, 5401 , 541 1 ; 
recalled,5412; persecution of tradesmen, 
8733; fleet defeated; violates capitula- 
tion, 10981 ; tool of Philip II., 10983 ; re- 
gent ; tyranny, 10993 ; retires, 10981. 

Alva sinks, 4133. 

Alvanley, Lord Richard P., b., 9103. 

Alvarado surrendered, 1621. 

, Alonzo de, b. (1490) ; in Peru, 232 ; 

d. (1556). 

, George (Jor^e) de, subdues Indians, 

212; conquests in Salvador, 11231. 

, Juan Bautista, gov. Cal., 147 2 . 

, Pedro de, b.-d., 11263 ; gov. ; invades 

Guatemala, 182 ; conquers Salvador, 
11231 ; to Quito, 201 ; against Quito, 6441 . 

Alvarez, Diego, governor, 17 3 ; ship- 
wrecked, 5532 ; d. (1540). 

, Francisco, b.-d., 11092; in Abys- 
sinia, 1 1 . 

, Jos£, b.-d., 11302. 

, Juan, Gen., b.-d., 10952 ; at Molino 

del Key, 1622; at Montevideo, 11601; 
president, 10962. 

, L. H. Pinzon y, d., 11322. 

Alvensdorf, Herr von, nominated, 835 1 . 

Alvinczy or Alvinzi, -Joseph von, Baron, 
b., 5143 ; first coalition, 5182 ; d., 5202. 

Alvord, Lieut. -Gov., Constitu. Conv. ,4593. 

Alwar mission, 10483. 

Al Wathek. calif, 4871 ; d. (847). 

Alyattes expels Cimmerians, 11471. 

II., reigns, 11471. 

Alydan, defeat at, 42. 

Al Zaher, calif, 4873. 

Alzerreca, Gen., at Concon, 6063. 

Amadeus Ferdinand Maria, Duke of 
Aosta, b. (1845) , d., 11322. 

, D. of Aosta, proclaimed king ; re- 
signs, 11332. 

II. (Victor) of Savoy, exchanges ter- 
ritory ; receives title. 10833 ; reigns; ab- 
dicates, 10852 ; d. (1080+). 

III., D. of Savoy, 10792 ; d. (1148). 

Amadis de Gaula appears, 11271. 

Ainalaric, of Jerusalem, reigns, 11253 ; at 
■war, 6541 . 

Amalric of Bene, d., 6702. 

Amalgam introduced, 9122. 

Amalgamated Association fmd., 3603,4611 . 

Society of R. R. Servants, Congress, 

9971. 

Amalgamation of races, Brazil, 5543. 

Amalia discovered, 7561 . 

Amalie, Anna, Duchess of Saxe-"W"eimar, 
b., 8002 ; d. 8083. 

Amaliensrein mission, 5983. 

Amanda wrecked, 9513. 

Amari, Michele, b., 10843 ; d., 10901 . 

Amasis II., or Aahmes, b., 6503 ; reigns, 
6512 ; erects Grecian buildings, 6502 ; d. 
(525 B.C.?). 

Amat, Felix, b.-d., 11283 ; Church, 11311 . 

, Manuel de, b. (1705 ■ 1 ; governor, 6053 ; 

d. (17S0±). 

Amateur Mechanical Soc. fmd.,9721 ; Am- 
ateur photographers meet, 3723. 

Amati, Antonio, b., 10803. 

Ajnatongaland annexed, 11253. 

Ainaury I., b.-d., 11543 ; K. of Palestine, 
11552 ; defeated by Saracens, 11553. 

II., King, b.-d., 11543. 

Amaxosa, prophet, 5993. 

Amaziah, reigns, 1145' ; in Palestine, 11441 • 
avenges father's death, 11451. 

Amazon destroyed, 9342. 

Amazon burned, 9573. 

Amazons conquered. 10131. 

Amberg, battle at, 5181 . 

Ambergris found, 3421 , 2. 

Amberkeletus, King, assassinated, 8431 . 

Ambivius, rules in Judea, 1151 3 . 

Ambler, Jacob, tariff commissioner, 3111. 

Amboise, Georges, de, b.-d., 6782. 



Amboyna Island massacre, 8813. 

Ambringen, Catholic leader, 5122. 

Ambrister, Robert C, hanged, 1261 . 

Ambriz settled, 1161 1 . 

Ambroise, peace of, 682i ; plot of, 6833, 

Ambros, August Wilhelm, b., 5202 ; d., 
5282. 

Ambrose, St., b.-d., 10682; Archbp. of Milan, 
10683; composes Te Deum; pleads for 
Christianity, 10691. 

Ambrosia discovered, 750 1 . 

Ambrosius, King of Brit., 8412 ; d. (508). 

Ameilhon, Hubert Pascal, b., 6983 ; d., 
7191. 

Amelia, naval engagement, 936 1 . 

, Duchess of Saxony, b., 8062 ; d., 8262. 

, Princess, d., 9351 . 

Amelia Court-House, Sheridan at, 2451. 

Amelia Thompson wrecked, 9533. 

Amelot, de la Houssaye, Abraham Nicolas, 
b., 6882 ; d., 6962. 

Amendment, Constitutional (U. S. A.), 1-10 
passed, 1012; llth rat hied, 10G2; r2th sub- 
mitted, 1131; ratified, 1132 r*13th pry- 
slavery proposed.1923, 1931 ; ratified by 
111., 2032 ; 13th Anti-Slavery A. intro- 
duced, 2293, Cong, action, 2352, 2431, ap- 
proved, 2313, l.ith Anti-Slaverv A. intro- 
duced, 2413; ,-ati tied by R. I., Mich., N.Y., 
Md.,Mass.,Pa.,W.Va., Kan., Me., Minn., 
Va., Ind., Nev., Wis., Miss., Vt., Ark., 
Conn., N. H., Ivy., 2432, Tenn., 2453, 111., 
2511, la., 2512, 'rejected by N. J., 2433, 
effective, 2493 ; 14th, Civil Eights A., 
submitted" to States, 2523, 2531, ratified 
by 111., Ind., Kan., Kv., La., Mass., 
Me., Mich., Minn., Md., Mo., Miss., Nev., 
N. Y., O., Pa., R. I., Wis., W. Va., 2572, 
Vt., 2592, la., 2013, Fla., Ga., N. C, Ala., 
La., becomes la w. 2633 by Tex., 2711; 
ratification rejected," 1ST. C., 2552, Va., 
2572, Miss.. 2(51 1 , ratification withdrawn 
by N. J., 2612, o., 2633, p re s. Johnson's 
objections, 353 1 ; 15th A. resolution, 2653 ; 
approved, rejected, 2653, passed, ratified 
by Nev., La., 2663, Mass., 111., W. Va., 
Ky., Conn., S. C, 2671 , Ind., Fla., N. H., 
Vt., 2672, Va., Ga., Mo., R. I., la., Minn., 
Neb., Tex., Kan., Tenn., 2693, becomes 
law, 2711 , Ore. ratifies, 2811 , N. J. with- 
draws^ ratification, 2711, also Ga., 2692, 
debated, passed, House passes, submitted 
to States, 2531, States approve, 253 2 ; 
15th passes, 2653, rejected, 3103, Bill, 
3251, resolution, 4103. 

Amen-em-hat I., reigns in Egypt, 6471, 2. 

III., reigns, 6472 ; engineer- 
ing works, 6462. 

Amen-hotep, I. (Amenophis), reigns, 6491. 

II., reigns, 6492 ; takes Nineveh, 

6481. 

III., reigns, 649 2 ; favors art, 

648 1 ; feminine influence, 6482. 

IV., reigns; a heretic; intro- 
duces Semitic religion, 6482. 

Amen-meri-Pai-net'em II., reigns, 6503. 

Pa-inai, reigns, 651 1 . 

Pata-se-Bast, reigns, 6511. 

se-Bast-Shashanq, reigns, 6511 . 

Ameniritis, Queen, reigns, 6511. 

Am-en-set, regent (Kgy.), 6491. 

America built, 94 1 ; launched, 943 ; defeats 
Titania; wins "Cup of All Nations," 
1693, 9573; Perpetual Challenge Cup; 
witb N. Y. Yacht Club, 1833; Dunraven's 
challenge, 3393. 

America, discoveries. (See text, p. 11 4-.) 

, papal benediction upon, 3502. 

American founders, 3052. 

American Academy of Arts and Sciences 
fnd., 931 . 

Academy of Medicine org., 2901 . 

Academy of Political and Social Sci- 
ence fnd., 3481 ; incorp.,3781 ; meets, 4221 . 

Antiquarian Soc. Library fnd., 1191 . 

Art Association buys Angelus, 3422. 

Art Union incorporated,' 3121 . 

Asso. for the Advancement of Sci- 
ence, 1521 ; f m d., 1581 , l(i22; inN.Y.,2441 , 
3261; in St. Louis, 2981 ; in Toronto, 3442, 
5881; in Wash., 3901; in Rochester, 4122; 
in Madison, 436i ; in Brooklyn, 4681 . 

Asso. for Deaf Mutes, 3862, 4102. 

Asso., cure of Inebriates, org., 2731 . 

Asso. Medical College org., 2901. 

Association Professional Base Ball 

Clubs fmd., 3091. 

-— — Association of Colonists, 792. 

Authors' Guild, 4751 . 



American Bankers' Association meets*. 
3453, 3663, 3943, 4403, 4743. 

Baptist Publication Societyfmd., 1311^ 

Bible Department, 3102. 

Bar Association org., 3011; meets, 

3662, 3903, 3963, 4142, 4362, 4091 , 4702. 

.Base Ball Association fmd., 3133. 

Bible Soc. org., 1243 ; Baptists with- 
draw, 1462; anniversary, 1523, 3822; 
erects Bible house, 1713 ; annual meet- 
ing, 3403 ; income, 3542 ; volumes, 3742. 

Bible Union fmd., 1662. 

Bimetallic League Conven., 4343. 

Board of Commissioners of F. M. ger- 
minates, 1142 ; constituted, 1163; mission 
school, 1263 ; 2 r >0societies,13()3 ; reports, 
1343; Indian missions, 1343, 1351, 1353 
1402, 1442, 1443, 1862; confined to Con- 
gregational Ch.,2722 ; anniversary, 3462. 
3701; petitions Cong., 3702 ; meets, 4161; 
Buenos Ayres, 489 1 ; 52.H3; withdraws, 
5523; eh. census, 598 2 ; India missions, 
10463. 

Catholic Church fmd, 470' . 

Catholic Clerical Union org., 3622. 

Cath. Quarterly appears, 2922. 

Cath. Quarterly Jieview, 3562. 

cattle embargo, Ger., 475 3 . 

Cereal Company organizes, 3853. 

Chemical Society org., 2961; session, 

4683,4781. 

Church Building Fund, est., 3042. 

Church Jit vie m appears, 1642. 

claims in Switz., 2752. 

• Climatological Association org., 3141. 

Coll. and Education Soc. fmd., 2863. 

Coll. of Musicians incor., 3241 , 

colonies, Porto Bello named, 162 j 

Nata, Panama, fnd.., 173 ; Panama fnd., 
193 ; orthodoxy enforced, 28 2 ; Pilgrims 
in Mass., 293 ; popular govt, in Va., 293 ; 
duel in, 3112 ; anti-emigration, 351 ; civil 
govt, in Conn., 3T>3 ; commerce restricted, 
391 , 413, 423 ; Commissioners' visit, 392; 
753; commerce monopolized, 431 ; restric- 
tions relaxed, 432 ; postal system, 473 ; 
Fr. colonists in, 482 ; rivalry of Fr. ana 
Eng.; treaty of neutrality ; consolidated; 
royal dependence, 503 ; first Cong.; Ger. 
refugees, 513 • Post route est., 533 ; or- 
thodoxy protested, 543 ; population, 553. 
pitch-pine tree, for navy, 572 ; official 
corruption, 592 ; potatoes intro., 592 ; 
manufactures restricted, 593; protection, 
60i; govt., 611; freedom of commerce, 
652 ; prosperity, 653 ; suppressed by 
Pari. ; protection ; emigration, 673 ; 
Cong, at Albany, 672. 693 ; religion, 691 ; 
arbitrary instruction ; depots for home 
products, 692 ; population, 693 ; Ger. of- 
ficers assist, 70i; discontent, 712; Gov- 
ernors' Congress, 71 3, 5733 ; boundaries 
defined ; Eng. occupy Fr. posts ; taxa- 
tion, 733 ; population, 732 ; vessels con- 
fiscated ; taxation, 743 ; first Colonial 
Cong., 752 ; manufactures checked; irri- 
tation ; Custom House, 753 ; Contraven- 
tion Act resented, 77 1 ; tax on tea ; trade 
crippled, 772 ; no govt., 773 ; port Bill 
fast day, 783 : first Post Office est., 813 • 
troops mutiny at Pompton, N.J., 923; 
Peace with Eng.,951, 3. (See text, p.l4±.) 

Colonists' Congress, R. I., 5733. (See 

Congress.) 

Colonization Society fnd., 1251. 

Constitutional Union meets, 2832. 

Copyright League celebrates, 3803. 

Cotton-Mill celebration, 3693. 

Daughters of Revolution org., 93 3 . 

Derma tological Assoc iati* ui org., 290*. 

Dist. Telegraph Co. org., 2813. 

dollar standard est., 973. 

Economic Asso. Conv., 3731 , 4792. 

Elec. Light Asso. at Niagara, 5893. 

embargo on pork removed, Ger.,385 3 . 

Encyclopedia begun, 2291 . 

exhibit at Paris Exposition, 7593, 

Farmer issued, 1271. 

Federation of Labor, fmd,, 3251; at 

Detroit, conv., 3723 ; at Birmingham, 
3971 ; at Phila., 4191; anti-strike, 4191; 
meeting, 4462 ; at Denver, 4763. 

Federation "Women's Clubs, 4063 ; 

session, 8453. 

Fine Art Society find., 3501 . 

Fisheries Society Conv., 4071 ,4601. 

Fisheries, treaty. 3293 ; Eng. assents,. 

3311 ; in Senate, 3312. (See Fisheries.) 

fishermen, privileges, 5923. 



Amer-An. 



Text Figures denote Page. INUlliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1173 



American Folk-lore Society, 4211 . 

and Foreign Bible Society org., 1463. 

Forestry Assoeiationmeers, 3971, 4691 . 

Gas Investment Co. at Trenton, 3033. 

Geological Soc. meets, 3481 , 3731 , 3991 . 

grain, duty removed, 3933. 

Gynecological Society org., 200 1 . 

Hebrew Rabbis, Cont'., 3X02, 4101, 4181. 

Historical Soc. meets, 3482, 3731 ,3971 . 

History Magazine appears, 2963. 

Home "Missionary Society, N. S. Pres- 
byterians, withdraw. 2023;' Educational 
Department added, 3062; meets in N.Y., 
3403. 

Humane Soc. meets, 3703, 3931 , 4723. 

Independence, struggle for. (See text, 

pp. 783 to 972.) 

Institute of Architects, est., 260 1 ; 

conv. begins, 3703. 

Institute Christian Philos., 3642, 4102. 

Institute Electrical Engineers meets, 

4082. 

Institute of Homeopathy meets, 408i . 

Instituteof Instruction meets, Narra- 

gansett Pier, R. I., 4101 , 4642. 

Inst, of Mining Engineers meets, 3681 . 

International Conference, 347 1 . 

Jewish Historical Soc. find., 4081 . 

Journal of Science and Arts, 1271 . 

Knights Sons of Liberty org., 239 2 . 

Knights' Supreme council meets, 340 2 . 

Ladies' Asso. collects funds, 1503. 

Laryngological Asso. meets, 3581 . 

Legion of Honor founded, 3011 . 

Library Association meets, 303 2 , 4042. 

Magazine published Phila., Boston, 

651; at Phila., 712, 763. 

Mechanics, flags on schools, 3543. 

Medical Asso., anniversary, 3401 ; con- 
vention, 4621. 

Medical College Asso. org., 290 1 . 

Medico-Psychological Asso., 4601 . 

■ Meteorological Soc. Conv., 4561 . 

Miss. Asso. find., 1603 ; Chinese mis- 
sions, 1722; in 1350, 1S02; leaves north- 
west, 1862; opens day-school for f reed- 
men, 2023; opens Avery Inst., 24S 3 ; 
■opens colored Normal Inst., 2543; opens 
Talladega Coll.; opens Emerson Inst., 
■3583; opens Burrill School, 2623; org., 
Dorchester Acad., 2763; receives Indian 
Missions, 3122, 3142; org. Bureau of 
"Woman's Work, 3142 ; conv., 3462, 4741 . 

Monthly Magazine est., 67i ; appears, 

1271, 1423, 1443. 

Moslem Inst., repudiates Webb, 476i . 

Museum published, 1003. 

Museum of Natural History est. 

(1869) ; new wing opened, 416* ; Sunday 
opening, 4141 . 

Naturalist Magazine appears, 258 3 . 

Neurological Asso. org., 2901. 

Newspaper Publishers' Asso. Conven., 

33G2, 3523, 3731 , 4003, 4242. 

Order United Workmen excludes sa- 

loonists, 3831 . 

Oriental Soc. Columbia Coll., 3471 . 

Ortological Society organized, 2643. 

Paper Manufs. Asso. meets, 3891. 

-Party rises, 1743; National Conven., 

1772; Phila., 1792; slavery splits, 1772 ; 
conv. in Cincinnati, 177 2 - 

Patriotic League meets, 360 3 . 

Philological Asso. Conv., 3431, 3622, 

3862. 

Philosophical Soc. fnd., 65 1 , 671 ; pub- 
lications, 76 1 ; anniversary, 1541 . 

Physicians and Surgeons' Congress, 

3923,4601. 

pilgrims to Home, 2842, 3362. 

pork admitted in Austria, 535 2 ; im- 
portation, 6423, 7631 , 8352,3. 

Press, incorporated, 427 3 - 

prisoners aided, 89 1; k. at Dartmoor, 

1231. 

Progressive Party org., 4631 . 

Protective League address, 4443. 

Protective Asso., 4501 , 4751 , 

Protestant Asso. meets, 385 2 . 

Prot. Church in Rome, 10883. 

Psychological Asso. meets, 4781 , 4792. 

Public Health Asso. fnid., 2811 . 

Quarterly Register appears, 1371. 

Railway Union, men dismissed, 4662. 

registry denied the Chinese, 4113. 

Review and Literary Journal, llli. 

Review of History and Politics, 1191. 

Revolution begins, 73 2 . 

riflemen at Bremenhafen, 8343. 



4441. 

Saint Cecilia Society meets, 3642. 

salted meat in Italy, 3951 . 

— - Seaman's Friend Soc. org., 1351 ; 
sends missionaries, 1363. 

Secular Union, World's Fair, 4022. 

Shipping and Industrial League 

meets, 353 1 . 

Social Science Asso. fnd., 250i ; conv., 

3441,3901,3,4142,4703. 

Society Authors organized, 3802. 

Soc. Civil Eng. org., 171 1 ; meets, 3762. 

Soc. Compar. Religions meets, 4601 . 

Soc. Electrical Engineers org., 3192. 

Soc. of Mechanical Engineers org., 

2743, 3071 ; meets, 3852, 3951 , 4002. 

Soc. Microscopists meets, 3881 , 

Soc. of Naturalists meets, 3481 , 4461 . 

Soc. Prevention of Cruelty org., 2522. 

Soc. Promotion of Temperance, 135 2 . 

Soc. Railway Supts. meets, 393 2 . 

Society Religious Education, 456 2 . 

Sons of the Revolution meet, 4322. 

Stave and Cooperage Co. find., 4273. 

Steam Engineers oppose strikes, 4602. 

Strawboard Company formed, 3433. 

Street Railway Asso. meeets, 4171 . 

Street Railway Convention, 4171 . 

Sugar Refining Co. answers, 4621 . 

Sunday-School Union formed, 1323. 

Temp. Univ. est., Harriman (1892). 

Theosophists meet, 3383. 

Tract Society org. , 1333 ; named, 131 1 . 

colportage intro., 1542; American Mes- 
senger issued, 1631 ; Child's Paper, 1723. 

Unitarian Asso. (See Unitarians.) 

University of Wash, chartered, 3843. 

vessel around world, 993. 

Wheelman's League org., 3043 

Whig Review appears, 160 3 . 

Whigs named, 77 2 . 

Whist Congress, 3883. 

Woman's Suffrage Asso. org., 2692; 

meets, 3991,4222. 

Americanists' conf. in Paris, 371 1, 7603. 

Americus Club org., 256 2 . 

Amerikanische Christliche Saengerbund 
meets, 4122. 

Amerling, Frederick, b., 5191 ; d.,530 2 . 

Ames, Adelbert, b., 144 1 ; Maj.-Gen. appt.; 
prov. Gov. of Miss., 2632; commands 4th 
dist.;266i; gov., 2873; resigns, 2913. 

, Edward Raymond, b., 1122 ; bp., 1702; 

d., 3002. 

, Fisher, b., 711; speech, Jay treaty, 

1072; d., 1141. 

, Joseph, b. (1619); d., 2781 . 

, Mary Clemmer, b., 1502; d., 3162. 

, Oakes, b. (1804); Credit Mobilier con- 
tract, 2593; censured, 2812; d., 2802. 

, Oliver, gov. Mass., 3293. 

, Samuel, b. (1S06); d., 24S 2 . 

, la., Agricultural Coll. opnd., 2662. 

Amesbury, Mass., flannel mfd., 1321. 

Amfrye, Guillaume, EpUres, 695 2 . 

Amharic dictionary compiled, l 2 . 

Amherst, Earl, title created, 941 2 ; Baron, 
10091. 

, Lord Jeffrey, b., 906 2 ; atLouisbnrg, 

702; commander-in-general, 703; at Mon- 
treal, 5743; gov.-gen., 10473; d., 9283. 

William Pitt, Earl, b., 9183; dis- 
missed, 617 2 ; gov.-gen. India, 9413; d., 
962 2 . 

Agricultural College opened, 25S 3 . 

, Mass., Amherst Coll. fnd., 1311; 

library fnd. ,1181 ; Merrill E. Gates, pres., 
364 2 , 3862; gelatinous matter, 1261. 

Amherstburg, Can., The Eeha, 5823. 

Amhurst, Nicholas, b. (1697) ; d., 9103. 

Amicable Fire Insurance est., 90-33. 

Amici, Giovanni Battista, b., 10843 ; d., 
1088 2 - 

Amidas, Philip, b., 8701 ; d. (1618+). 

Amiens, Peace of, 5973, 715 2 ; redeemed, 
6791; taken, 6841; Germans repulsed; 
surrendered, 742. 

Amiot. or Am yot, Joseph, b., 6981; d., 
7102. 

Amisus captured, 1058 2 . 

Amity College org., 182 2 . 

Amman, Paul, b., 7943; d., 798 2 . 

Ammanati, Bartolommeo, b., 10802; d., 
1082 2 . 

Ammianus, Marcellinus, b.-d., 10682. 

Ammon, temple of, at Karnak, 6462; wor- 
ship of, 6463. 



Ammon, Christoph F. von, b., 8023 ■ d 8122. 

, R., robbed, 4343. 

Ammonites defeated, 11401; destroyed, 
11422; subdued, 11501. 

Ammonius, Lithotoniuc, d., 6522. 

, Saccas, b. (170±) ; d., 652 2 . 

Amnesty, Cong, opposes, 225 2 ; excep- 
tional; proclaimed, 2473; second procla- 
mation, 2491 ; proclaimed, 253' ; general, 
203 2 ; extended, L!f'>32 ; unconditional, 2591, 
265 2 ; Bill, Universal, fails, 291 2 ; to se- 
cret societies, N. C, 283 1 ; Fr., granted, 
7273 ; to prisoners, 7332 ; granted, 7333; 
7352; Bill, 7512, 7513; favoted, 7511; 
granted, 753' ; granted ; refused commu- 
nists, 7531 ; granted, 7:^2; defeated, 2!j9 2 ; 
to strikers, 7611; refused rioters, 7633 ; 
Ger., granted, 7953; treaty, 819 2 ; in 
Prus., 827 2 ; G. B., in Eng., 8912; in i re ., 
9293; to political exiles, 961 2 . 

promulgated (It.), 1090 2 ; to political 

offenders (Port.), 11112 ; to prisoners 
(Rus.), 11182; to Pules (Rus.), 11192; pro- 
claimed (Sp. 1, 11313; deeree issued (Sp.); 
to Carlists (Sp.) ( 11333. 

Amnon, assassinated, 11431. 

Amohades dynasty, reigns, 10971. 

Anion reigns," 11453; murdered, 11451. 

Amontons, Guillaume, b., 690 3 ; system of 
telegraphy, 6942; d., 6962. 

Amorite poem, written, 11411 . 

Amory, Col., at Trenton Bridge, 207 2 . 

Amos, prophet, 11443. 

Amours, tribe rebels, 101 . 

Amoy, flag fired on ; taken, 6161; mission, 
617"i , 6183, 6191 , 6223; riots, 6251 . 

Ampella, asteroid, discovered, 748 1 . 

Ampere, Andre Marie, b., 7043; applies 
electro-magnetism, 722 2 ; d., 7262. 

, Jean Jacques, b., 714 2 ; Literary 

Hist, of France, 7283; d., 7362. 

Ampling, battle of, 5041 , 7821 . 

Amphictyon League rule ; prognostica- 
tions, 10131. 

Amphictyonic Council, est. at Thermo- 
pylae, 10152 ; flnes Phocians ; punishes 
Locrians, 10241 . 

societies flourish, 1014 2 . 

Amphion, besieges Thebes, 10131 , 

Amphipolis fnd., 10212 ; taken, 1020 2 , 
10223. 

Amphitheater, Astley's, reopened, 952i . 

Amphitrite lost, 947 3 . 

Amphitrite, asteroid, discovered, 9582. 

Ampthill, Baron, title created, 9571 . 

. (See Russell.) 

Ampudia, Pedro de, at Monterey, 1601 . 

Amras, murderer, arrested, 538 2 . 

Anir-Ibn-El-As, invades Syria, 6551; d. 
(663). 

Amru-ben-el-Ass, b.(663i_-); at Alexandria, 
4841; Mussulman; d., 4842, 

el-Kais, d., 4842. 

Amsdorf, Nikolaus von, b., 7S62; d.,7922. 

Amsler, Samuel, b., 8043; d., 8182. 

Amsterdam, Neth., Amstel Castle begun, 
10981; founded; Eglantine est., 10991; 
recovered. 10993; Prussians enter, 11002; 
Fr. enter, 7101 ; Exchange and Stadhouse 
built ; surrendered to king, 11002; trade 
injured; bank fnd., 11012; Evan. Alli- 
ance held, 2602 ; Univ. opened ; Interna- 
tional Conven. Y.M.C. A.,; memorial to 
Pastor John Robinson, 11022; unem- 
loyed riotous, 11023; soc. for working- 
people fnid. ; International exhibition 
opened, 11023. 

Island, French possess, 7633. 

Netherlands Line est. in N.Y., 2873. 

Amurath I., b. (1319) ; in Servia, 11231 ; 
reigns, 1155 3 ; besieges Constantinople, 
11561 ; org. Janizaries ; conquers Thrace ; 
captures Philippopolis, 10341 , 1154 2 ; 
takes Greek territory, 10352; d., 11562. 

II., b.-d., 11562; at Nish, 11561; reigns, 

11572; at Verna, 5651. 

III., b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572. 

IV., b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572; sultan ; 

prohibits smoking, 11563. 

(Murad) V., b. (1840) ; armistice, 5281 ; 

reigns ; deposed, 11592. 

Amusements forbidden in Va., 283. 

Amyntas I., king of Macedonia, 1017 2 ; 
reigns ; expelled, 10232. 

Amyot, Jaques, b., 6802 ; d., 6842. 

Amyraut, Morse, 1)., 6842; d.,690 3 . 

Amyrtaeus (Egy.), rebel, 10183. 



1174 



Text Figures denote Page. INJDiiyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. Anah— A , Ti g] r 



Anabaptists, death penalty for, 789'; in 
N.J., 502; i u Neth., 10983; insurrection 
incited, 7872; active, 7891 ; est. theocracy, 
7903; at Swikau, 789 1 ; in Switz., 1372; in 
Hesse; beheaded, 7902; seize Munster, 
7901 ; edict against, Ger. ; tortured, 7903; 
edict against, Sp., 11291; burned, 8743; 
in London, 8902. 

Anacletus, St.,Bp. at Koine, 10(523; d. (912). 

Anacreon, b.-d., 10162; poet, 10163. 

Anagawa, battle of, 10911 . 

Anahita, discovered, 326*. 

Anahuac, Aztecs, Chichimes enter, 132. 

Anak Sepoy rebellion, 1048 1 . 

Anaku-Merodach, reigns, 11433. 

Analytical Ma(/ar.ine issued, 1212. 

Aiian-ben-David, leader Karaites, 11543. 

Anand, Bombay mission, 10481. 

Ananeel, high priest, 11502, 11512. 

Ananias, son of Xebedams, high priest, 
11523; in bonds, 11533. 

Anaquito, battle of, 221 . 

Anarchiad Papers published, 99 1 . 

Anarchism in army, 8361 . 

Anarchists, Aust., 5332, 5351, 5362; Arg. 
Rep., in Buenos Ayres, 4933; munitions 
of war, 5482; at Seraing, 5471 ; Belg., in 
Liege, 5481 ; F r ., insurrection, 7533; dem- 
onstration, Paris, 7552; fight Com- 
munists, 756 3 ; arrested at St. Denis, 
Paris, 7603; plot, Paris ; rout Boulan- 
gists, 7611 ; dynamite explosion in Paris, 
7623; convicted at Liege, 763 1 ; League 
against, 7671 ; expelled, 7662, 3; in Mar- 
seilles, 7671; Ger., arrested, 8362; op- 
position to, 8372; it., arrested; fire at 
Premier Crispi ; suppression movement, 
10903; g. B., meeting stopped, 1011 1; 
await trial, 10903; Sp., active, 11331; 
U.S.A., sentenced in Chicago, 3243; sen- 
tenced, 3272; plot in Chicago, 3591 ; cele- 
bration, 3711 ; demonstration, 3943; fined, 
3951 ; Chicago May-day parade, 4063; 
monument in Chicago," 4161 ; memorial 
service, N.Y., 4183; meeting, 4331; Clans 
Timmerman sentenced, 4381 ; memorial, 
4423; arrested, 4502; deportation of, 4691 ; 
monument, 432 ' ; pardoned, 4323. 

Anarchy in India, 10433; in Transvaal, 
6013; 'in Fr., 7523, G752; treaty for sup- 
pression, 7611 ; League against anarchy, 
7662; suppression treaty, 8352; in Per- 
sia, 11073; in Peru, 11083; in Poland, 
11133, 11152. 

Anaselitza, Christians persecuted, 1158 2 . 

Anastasius, St., Pope, 10G63. 

II., St., Pope, 10703; d., 10702. 

III., Pope, 10723; ,[., 10721 . 

IV., Pope, 10751 ; d., 10742. 

, St., b.-d., 11542. 

I., emp., b.-d.; persecutes Catholics ; 

withdraws protection, 10303. 

I., reigns, 1031 2 ; corrects abuses, 

10311 ; conspiracy charges ; killed, 1033 1 . 

II., reigns, 10331 j d., 10322. 

Anastatic printing invented, S16 1 , 9481 . 

Anatoli, annexed to Ottoman emp., 1155 3 . 

Anatomical Society, find., London, 9961 . 

Anatotius, patriarch, crowns Leo I., 
10312. 

Anaxagoras, b.-d., 10162; notes eclipses, 
10203. 

Anaxarchus, b., 10243. 

Anaximander, b.-d. ; theory of air, 10162; 
astronomical calculations, 10163; ob- 
serves Zodiac, 10162. 

Anaximenes, b., 10211 . 

Ancaster, Earl of, title created, 11103. 

Ancelot, Marguerite Virginia Chardon, 
b., 7082; d., 7501. 

, Jacques Arsene Franeoise Polycarpe, 

b., 7102; d., 7302. 

Ancenis, treaty signed, 6792. 

Anchor Line of steamships est., 1713. 

Anchorage, Ivy. Keform School, 2783. 

Anchorena, Tomas, foreign minister, 4923. 

Ancient Academy of Music find., 904* . 

— - Order of Foresters, statistics, 4462. 

Order of Hibernians find., 147i ; con- 
vention, 4621 . 

Order of United Workmen, 4463. 

Society of Germany, 7683. 

Ancients, Council of. (See Paris.) 

Ancillon, Johann P., b., 8023; d., 8143. 

Anckarstrom, Count, shoots Gustavus 
III., 11351 . 

Ancon, treaty signed, 6073. 

Ancona, Marins' army mutinies, 1056 2 ; 
captured, 6351 ; taken, 7801 ; capitulates, 



7121 ; Fr. occupy, 7261 ; 10S72; taken, It., 
5222; taken, 10881. 

Ancre, Marquis d\ Baron de Lusigny Con- 
cinio Coneini, people against, 6872; d., 
6862, 6873. 

Ancus, Martius, reigns, 10511 . 

Ancyra, church council at, 11543. 

Andalusia, Inquisition in, 11272; upris- 
ing, 11301 ; bread riots, 11331 . 

Anderida. (See Pevensey, 8401 .) 

Anderlues, colliery explosion, 5473. 

Andernach, battle, 772 1. 

Andersen, Hans Christian, b., 6382; works, 
9392; d., 6421. 

Anderson, Adam, b., 9001 . 

, Alexander, b., 823; d., 2682. 

, Alexander, l>., 8742; d., 8802. 

, A. A., Mrs., gift, 4183. 

, Andrew, books, S971 . 

, Bill, at Centralia, 2382. 

, Carl Johan, b.-d., 11361 . 

, Capt., inS.C, 901. 

, Capt., captured in China, 6201; 

knighted, 969i. 

, Charles, gov. of Ohio., 2511 . 

, Col. C. D., at Fort Gains, 2371 . 

, David, Washingtonian, 1511. 

, E. Ellery, K.K. director, 4473. 

, Geo. B., b. (1831) ; d., 2172. 

, Hugh J., gov. of Me., 1592. 

, Isaac, b., 931 ; d., 180* . 

, James, b., 9103; d., 9343. 

, John, gov. of N.J., 632, 633. 

, John, editor, issues Constitutional 

Gazette, 831. 

, John, Sir, b. (1314) ; d., 9941 . 

, Joseph, b. (1757); pres. senate, 113 2 ; 

d. (1837). 

, J. P., governor of Wash., 1832. 

, Mary Antoinette (Mrs. Navarro), b., 

1842. 

, Percy, Sir, signs Agreement, 8352. 

, Richard C, b. (1750+) ; delegate, 

1352; d. (1826). 

, Richard Henry, Gen., b. (1816) ; at 

Santa Rosa Island, 2001 ; at Kinderhook, 
2103; at Cold Harbor, 2341; at Gettys- 
burg, 2241 ; at Fort Harrison, 2382; reen- 
forces Lee, 2382; d., 3002. 

, Robert, b., 1122; at Charleston, 1881; 

at Sumter, 1901 ; in Ky., 1993; d., 2741 . 

, Ruf us, b., 1061 ; d., 3041 . 

, Thomas, M., made col., 3221 . 

Anderson, Ind., mills closed, 4642. 

Anderson's Univ., founded, Glasgow, 9271 . 

Andersonville, Ga., Feds, imprisoned, 
2302; prison, a park, 2733. 

Anderssen, Adolph, b., 8122; d., 8301. 

Andcrsson, Nils Johan, b.-d., 11361. 

Andilly, Robert d\ b., 6842; d., 6922. 

Andlan, Count !>', imprisoned, 7562. 

Andover, N.Y., oil discovered, 3381. 

Theological Seminary organized, 

Mass., 1143; Andover Case, 370'. 

Andrada, Diego Payva d\ b.-d., 1109 2 . 
, Gomez Freire-de, b.-d., 5542. 

Machado e Silva Antonio Carlos 

Ribeiro de, b.-d., 5542. 

e Silva, Jose Bonifacio de, b.-d., 5542; 

dismissal opposed, exiled. 555 2 . 

, Sp. Gen., at Seminara, 6782. 

Andrade, Ferd. Perez D\ Canton River, 
executed, 615 2 . 

, Jacinto Freire de, b. (1597) ; works, 

11092, 1H02; d. (1657). 

Neves, Jose Joaquim de, b.-d., 5542. 

Andral, Gabriel, b., 7123; d.,'7501. 

Andrassy, Gyula (Julius), b., 5202; at 
Congress of Berlin, 831 1 ; premier, 527 3 ; 
resigns, 5311 ; minister, 5292; represen- 
tative, 5293; d., 5322; exiled, 5552. 

Andre, Father, at Lake Huron, 442. 

, John, Maj., Brit, spy, b. (1751) ; lands, 

921 ; hanged, 92 1 , 931 ; remains exhumed, 
1293; monument, 3021 . 

, St. Jacques d'Albon, killed, 6821. 

Andrea, Girolamo d', b., 10851 ; d., 10882. 

, Jakob, b., 7902; d., 7922. 

, Johann von, b., 7922; d., 7963. 

, Laurentius, b.-d.., 11342. 

Andreas, Valentine, Rosea- Crucis, 7951 . 

Andree, Karl T., b., 8083; d., 8281 . 

Andreossi, Antoine Francois, b., 7023" d., 
7243. 

Andrew the Apostle, called, 11521; cruci- 
fied, 11532. 

I., Hung. K.; assassinated, 5022, 3. 

II., Hung. K., b.-d. ; fifth crusade, 

5042; King, 5051. 



Andrew III., Hung. King, 5052; d., 5042. 

L, grand duke of Vladimir, 11151, 

murdered, 11132. 

II., reigns in Russia, 11152. 

of Hungary, murdered, 10773. 

, James Osgood, b., 1042; ordained bp. 

1402; suspended, 1563; d. (1871, Mar.). 

, John, b., 662. 

, Albion, b., 1262; gov., 2032; calls 

for troops, 1953; d., 2582. 

Palseologos becomes Mohammedan, 

11563. 

Andrews, ozone theory, 9641 . 

, A. T., World's Fail- Com., 3633. 

, Carrie, shot, 4502. 

, Chas. B., gov. of Conn., 3012, 3033. 

, Br., Dublin Observatory, 9222. 

, E. B., Pres. Brown Univ., 3411; de- 
clines Chicago Univ., 4482; Monetary 
Conference, 4132; in Brussels, 5491 . 

, Edward Gayer, b., 1322; consecrated 

bishop, 2763. 

, Ethan Allen, b., 981 ; d., 1841 . 

■ , Geo. L., Col. b. (1S28) ; at Laurel Hill, 

W. Va., 1962. 

— — , Jedediah, Bapt. minister, 542. 

, Judson B., b. (1834) ; d., 4661 . 

, Lorrin, b. (1795) ; d., 2622. 

, missionary, 571 , 9191 . 

raiders, monument, 3841 . 

, Stephen Pearl, b., 1182; d., 3222. 

, "W. S., bribery, 4531 . 

Andrevi, Francisco, b.-d., 11302. 

Andrieux, Francois Guillaume Jean Stan- 
islaus, b. 11759] ; JCtmmlis, 70G3; d. (1833). 

, M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642, 3; 

duel, 7643. 

Andriscus, insurrection of, 1029 2 ; leader 
Macedonians, 10551. 

Androcides, b.-d., 1019 1'. 

Androcles, in Messenian war, 10141, d. 
(740 B.C.). 

Andromache, asteroid, discovered, 2961 . 

Andromache captures La Trove, 9361. 

Andronicus of Rhodes, b. ,10282; flourishes, 
10291. 

I., Comnenus, b. (1110+) ; reigns, 

1033 3 ; orders massacre Latins, 11551; 
d. (1185). 

II., b. (1259) ; struggle, 10341 ■ reigns; 

deposed, 1035 2 ; opposes church union, 

excommunicated, 10343 ; d. (1332). 
III., d. <1290) ; struggle, 10341 ; reigns, 

10352 ; d. (1341). 
Andros, besieged, 10182. 
, Edmund, Sir, b., 341 ; g0 v., 453 ; est. 

authority, 461 ; at Boston ; gov. Am 

colony, 50 3 ; ;) t Hartford ; gov .-gen. Brit. 

Am. ; "in R. I. ; N.J. submits ; tyranny of, 

511 ; recall ; in prison, 512; g uV '. Ya.,532 t 

d.,581. 
Anegenqe appears, 7783. 
Anesthetics (U.S.A.), introduced, 1622. 
Anethan, Julius Joseph, Baron d', 1>. 

(1803) ; ministry ; resigns, 5452. 
Angeli, House of, reigns, 10333. 
Angelina discovered, 7342. 
An'gell,JamesBurrill,b.(182IH; treaty ,6232. 

, Joseph Kinnicut, b., 1042; d., (1857). 

Angelo, Andrea, b., 10721 . 
Angels, Reliefs of, executed, 8541 . 
Angelus, exhibited in Fr. ; bought by Am. 

Art Asso. ; in N.Y., 3422; in Chicago, 

3521 ; S old, 3701 ; i n Canada, 5901 . 
Angers, A. R., Minister of Agr., 595 2 . 

, University founded, 6723. 

Angevin line of counts est., 673 2 . 
Angibert, St., b. (740+) ; d., 6662. 
Angkor, taken, 11241. 
Angles, settle in Scot., 7712; enter Eng., 

8401,3, S412; restore arts, letters, 8431. 
Anglesey, E. of, minister, 8933. 
, Marquis of, title created, 9372. (See 

Paget, Henry "William.) 
Anglican Church, est.. 8723; in Md., 542; 

in Rome, 10SS3; service; music, 8701. 
— — Church Quarterly Jterieu; est., 9803. 

clergy, restricted, 8883. 

Creed, articles, 8723. 

Angling, practised, 11442. 
Anglo-American Telegraph Co. org., 2533. 

Austrian con ven .; signed, 1005 3 . 

Continental Society formed, 9583. 

Danish exhibition in London, 9981 . 

Fr. agreement with Africa, 7611 . 

■ Ger. agreement, 8352, 5613, 5633. 

Jewish Society incorporated, 9751 . 

Mexican treaty, accepted, 5011 . 

Norman, bursts boilers, 169 2 . 



Angl-Anti. 



text Figures denote Page. lrsijh.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1175 



Anglo-Portuguese Congress, 10072 ; agree- 
ment signed, 11123. 

Saxon wrecked, 9673. 

Saxons advance civilization, 843 1 . 

Turkish Conven. annulment, 1001 2 . 

Angola discovered, 11611, 

Angora, action at, 1035 2 . 

Angostura, action at, 1160 2 . 

Angouleme, Cathedral erected, 6691; 
House of, enthroned, 6793. 

Due d', Chas. de Valois, b., 6922 • d. 

(1650). 

Due d', Louis Antoine de Bourbon, b. 

(1775) ; enters Sp., 7241 ; d. (1844). 

, Duchess <l\ Marie Therese Charlotte, 

h., 7043 ; d. (1851). 

Anguilla, W.I., settled, S932. 

Angus, E. oi. (See Douglas, Archibald.) 

, Samuel, b. (1784) ; d., 1521 . 

Anhalt, belongs to Saxony, 7791 ; inde- 
pendent, 7803 ; duchy, 8223, 

Anheim surrenders, 6921 . 

Anhoui, famine in, 6253. 

Anicet-Bourgeois, Auguste, b., 7163 ■ d. 
(1871). 

Anicetus, St., Pope, 10643 ; d. (162±). 

Animal magnetism, practised, 516 3 . 

Animalcules discovered, 11003. 

Animals, remains of extinct, 9421; Soc. 
Prevention of Cruelty to, 2522. 

, cruelty in passage, 2851 . 

Anisansel, Col. H., near Sutton, 2021 . 

Anilin, invented, 8141 . 

Anjou, united to France, 679 2 ; surren- 
dered, 8632. 

, Duke of, regent, 6753. 

Anlaf . (See Olaf .) 

A. iV. Johnson explodes boiler, 1633. 

Ann, Czarina, d., 11143. 

Anna Comnena, b.-d., 10322 ; Alexis, 10323. 

Annates des Travaux Piibliques issued, 
5443. 

Politique*, I'ivilcs, et Lit/eraires, 70S 2 . 

Annul i di Math'- mat tea issued, 1088 3 . 

di Statist ica issued, 10883. 

Annaly, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

Annam, provinces annexed to Fr., 7373. 
(See text, pp. 480-483.) 

Annandale, Scot., earthquake, 9981 . 

, Va., bat., 2183 ; Coll. org., 1863. 

Annapolis, capital Md., 533 ; Washington 
surrenders command, 961; Cont. Cong, 
meets, 972; State Library fnd., 135i; 
Gen. Butler commands, 1942 ; Naval 
Academy org., 158 3 , opnd., 3501 ( hazing 
prohibited, 2841 ; constitutional conven. 
meets, 2333,2573 ; earthquake, 3321 ; ex- 
plorers' monument, 3701 ; bicentennial 
celebrated, 4533. 

Ann Arbor, Locomotive Brotherhood in- 
junction, 427 2 . 

Annas, high-priest, 11503. 

Anne, Duchess of Courland, reigns, 11153. 

Hyde, marries, 891 2 . 

of Austria, b., 6S6 2 ; marries Louis 

XIII., 6873; regent; at St. Germain, 
6S93; d., 6903. 

of Beaujeu, b. (1462) ; regent, 679 2 , 

681 2 ; d. (1522) ; est. maids of honor, 679 1 ; 
vanquishes princes, 6781 , 2 - 

of Bohemia, b. (1366); marries, 8611; 

d. (13940 

of Brittany, b. (1476); black for 

mourning, 679' ; espoused; marries, 6793; 
d. (1514). 

of Denmark, b. 1574 ; queen ; d., 8801 . 

of Eng., b., 890 2 ; Queen, 903 2 ; cures 

for scrofula, 9052 ; d.,905i; statue, 904', 
9941. 

of Russia marries Henry I., 6691 , 

of Sweden, marries, 8773. 

of York, marries George, 897 2 ; de- 
serts father, 8973. 

Annenkoff, Gen., Rus., director, 73. 

Annesley, Arthur, b., 8801 ; d., 986 2 - 

, Earl, title created, 9231 . 

, Susannah, marries, 8991 . 

Anni Franc i sc< in arum issued, 7972. 

Annibile, G. d\ cons. Cardinal priest, 7582. 

Annie E. Hall, loss, 3353. 

Jane, wrecked, 9593. 

J. Pardee, wrecked, 4773. 

Anniston, Ala., R. R. accident, 4733. 

Annius Rufus ; rules in Judea, 11513, 

Anno, Archbp., abducts K., 7753 ; d. (1075). 

Annodine, attacked, 823. 

Annuario di (?iur/x/>nidenza issued, 1090 2 . 

Annuity Bill, D. of Edinburgh, 9773. 

Tax Abolition Act passes, 975 2 . 



Annville, Lebanon Valley Coll. org., 2583. 

Anointing at coronations, G. B.,S442,845 2 . 

Anquetil-Duperron, Abraham Hyacinthe, 
b., 6983 ; d., 7163. 

Anscarius, or Ansgar, b. (801) ; mission to 
Danes, 6351 ; introduces Christianity, 
11333 ; d. (865). 

Anseline de Leon, b.-d., 668 2 . 

Anselm, St., Archbp. of Canterbury, b.-d., 
8462 ; in monastery, 6682, 8463 ; conse- 
crated archbishop, 8483. 

Anselme, Antoine, b., 6902 ; d., 6983. 

Anselmo, St., Bp. of Lucca, b.-d., 10742. 

Anson wrecked, 3813, 9321 . 

Anson, A. I. R., cons, bishop., 9922. 

, Gen. George, b. (1797) ; Sepoy rebel- 
lion, 10481 ; d. (1857). 

, Lord George, b., 900 2 ; captures Fr. 

fleet off Finisterre, 700 i; admiralty, 
9133 ; d., 916 2 . 

Ansonia, library dedicated, 4081. 

Ansorge, Charles, b. (1817); d. 2541 . 

Ausprand, King of Italy, 10731. 

Anster, John, b., 926.2 ; d. (1867). 

Antalcides, Peace of, 10232. 

Antalia, earthquake, 11562. 

Antananarivo, mission at, 10942. 

Antar, warrior, poet, 4831 ; d., 484 2 . 

Antarctic Continent discovered, 1501. 

expedition sails, 1481 . 

Antenor, bronze group, 10191; founds 
Padua, 10511. 

Anterius, St., Pope, 10643. 

Anthemius, reigns, 1071 2 ; seizes Constanti- 
nople, 11541 ; murdered, 10713 ; d., 10702. 

Authon, Chas., b., 1062; Classical Diction- 
ary, 1543; d., 2582. 

, translates Horace, 1391 . 

Anthony, Clement, King, 815 2 . 

, Geo. T., gov. Kan., 2973. 

, Henry Bowen, b., 1241 ; gov. R. I., 

1671 ; Pres. Senate, 2671 , 2711 , 2733, 2753, 
2773, 2792 ; d. (1884.) 

, St., b., 6522; fnds. monastieism, 

10663 ; d., 6542. 

, ., of Lisbon ; works, 11091 . 

, ., of Padua, b.-d., 10742. 

, Prior of Crato, rules, 11093. 

, Col. at Kansas, Mo., 2003. 

, Susan Brownell, b., 1282 ; woman's 

suffrage, 2592 ; votes, 2783. 

, Ulric, Duke of Brunswick, 7992. 

, Yiscount Falkland, lord admiralty, 

8992. 

Anthropological Institute fnd., 9741. 

Society org., 966 1 . 

Anti-Amusement Act passes, 8811. 

Anarchists Bill, passes S., 4692; H. 

non-concurring, 4692 ; Ger. Bill, 8372. 

Law, Fr., 7671; hill passes in 

France, 7673. 

manifesto issued, Fr., 7642. 

Antiburghers, reunite with Burghers, 9403. 

Anti-Catholic schools established, 8963. 

Chinese Bill passes S., 405i ; vetoed ; 

second bill passes, 3111 . 

riots in California, 2971 . 

Antichrist, drama, appears, 7763. 

Anti-Convict ; Society, Cape Colony,fmd., 
5991 ; Labor Bill intro., 3491 ; passed, 3692. 

Corn Law League, find., 9493 ; reor- 
ganized, 9573. 

Anticyra captured, 10262. 

Anti-dancing socials, 9531 . 

Debris Convention, Cal., 3113. 

Dutch Navigation Act, 8S91 , 11013. 

Dynamite Bill, Fr., passes, 7633. 

Effeminacy Act passed, 8772. 

Episcopacy Bill, Eng., 8851 . 

Antietam, Battle of, Md., 2131; National 
Cemetery dedicated, 2593. 

Anti-Export Law passes, Eng., 9032. 

Gambling Association, fmd., 4731 . 

Antigone presented, 3801 . 

, asteroid, discovered, 2801 . 

Antigonidas rule Macedonia, 10272. 

Antigonish, Can., Casket, 5803. 

Antigonus, b.-d., 10231 ; regency, 1025 3 ; 
kills Eumenes ; war against, 10243 ; k. at 
Ipsus, 10261. 

Doson, at Sellasia, 10262 ; regent ; gen- 
eral Achsean League ; dies, 1027 3 . 

, Gonatus, against Gr. ; takes Athens, 

10261 ; title of king, 10271 ; restored to 
Macedon ; liberates Athenians, 1027 2 ; 
gains Macedonia, 1027 2; in Thrace, 11481 ; 
takes Palestine, 11491 ; d., 10272. 

Antigonus, high priest, 1150 2 ; enthroned 
in Syria, 1151 2 ; rebuilds Smyrna, 11551 . 



Antigua discovered, 142 ; ceded to Eng- 
land, 433, 8932; bishopric est., 9483; 
Bishop Jackson consecrated, 9862. 

Anti-Hazing Bill, N. Y., signed, 4562. 

Heretics Law passes, Eng., 8602. 

Hussite Crusade, 10791. 

International Society Bill passed, 

Fr., 7471 ; manifesto issued, 7642; law 
abolished, 8343. 

Kellogg Convention at N. O., 2832. 

Kuklux Act, enforcement, 2751 . 

Antillia settled, 113 ; found on maps, 123. 

Anti-Liquor Bill, 9092. 

lords resolution, first, 10123. 

Lottery Bill, U. S., passed, 3671 , 3691 ; 

constitutional, 401 2 ; violated, 376 2 ; 4451 . 

Lottery League org., La., 3523, 3863. 

Minor laws, G. B., 9471 . 

Stamp Act, Congress meets, 75 2 . 

Antisthenes,b.(444 ■ B.C.); flourishes, 10231 ; 
fnds. Cynic school, 10232 ; d. (371 B.C.). 

Anti-Tammany, woman's movement, 4731 . 

Tax insurrection, Eng., 8661 ; riots 

break out, 10903. 

Tobacco Crusade, fnd., G. B., 9591 . 

Trust Bill introduced, U. S. A., 3483, 

4272; passes, 3571,3591. 

Union Society meetings prohibited, 

Antioch built, 11491 ; capital, 11491 ; earth- 
quakes, 115(12; action at, 10641 ; captured, 
10661; Christians massacred, 10722; 
taken, 10313, 10321, 10352, 11552; Chris- 
tian principality, 10333 ; mission, 11582. 

College org., 1723. 

Antiochus, K. of Messenia, in war, 10141 . 

1., b. (323 B.C.) ; enlarges territory. 

10271 ; reigns, 11491 ; defeats Gauls, 114S1 ; 
d. (261 B.C.). 

II., Theos, b. (300± B.C.); reigns, 11491 ; 

peace with Egy., 6521 ; d. (246 B.C.). 

III., the Great, b.-d., 11482 ; reigns, 

11492 ; invades Greece ; aids iEtolians ; 
defeats Asiaticus ; at Magnesia, 1026 2 ; 
war with Rome; fleet defeated, 10551; 
fever, 10553 ; subdues Palestine; at Ra- 
phia; sacks Jerusalem, 114S 1 ; takes Syria 
and Judea ; defeated by Romans, 11402 ; 
defeated in Palestine, 6531. 

IV., Epiphanes, b. (200± B.C.), invades 

Armenia, 11481; plunders Temple; cru- 
elty ; sins ; war with Egy., 6521 ; reigns, 

11492 ; murdered, 114S 2 , 3. 

V., Eupator, reigns, 11492 ; indepen- 
dence of Jews ; murdered, 11493. 

VI., Theos, reigns ; confirms Jona- 
than Maccabeus ; grants peace to Jews, 

11493 ; s lain in Parthia, 11503. 

VII., Sidetes, reigns, 11493 ; besieges 

Jerusalem, 11481; defeated in Parthia, 
11501 . 

VIII., Grypus, reigns, 11503 ; invades 

Armenia ; in Syria, 11501 . 

IX., Cyzicenus reigns, 11503. 

X., Eusebus, reigns, 11511 . 

XI., Dionysius, dethroned, 11501; 

reigns ; deposed, 11511. 

XIII., King of Syria; defeated by 

Romans, 11511 ; dethroned, 10592. 

Anti-Option Bill passes S., 4213, 4232 ; dis- 
cussed in S., 4223 ; put down, 4251 ; re- 
calendared, 411 2 ; laid over, 4131 ; killed, 
425 2 ; debate, 453 2 ; substitute, 4632. 

Antioquia, federal state, 6291 . 

Anti-Papist laws, Eng., 881 2 . 

Antipater J., of Macedon, at Crannon ; at 
B. Megalopolis, 10242; compels peace; 
regent ; conquers Spartans ; territory, 
10253 ; d., 10251 . 

appointed lieutenant ; rebuilds walls 

of Jerusalem, 1151 2 ; conspires against 
Herod, 11513 ; poisoned, 11503. 

fights for throne ; k., 10271 . 

of Tarsus, d., 1148 2 . 

Antiphilus, b., 10243. 

Antiphon, b., 10191 ; d., 10231. 

Anti-Polygamy Bill, constitutional, 3212 ; 
approved, 327 2 - 

Pooling Bill passes, 4772. 

Anti-popery Association, Eng., 9682. 

poverty meetings opposed, 376 2 . 

press law, Belg., 5432. 

Antiquarian Society fmd., suspended,874l. 

Society established, 936 2 . 

Antiquaries, revived, London, 9022, 

Antiquary Magazine issued, 986 2 . 

Anti-racing law, Eng., 911 2 , 

renters in ST. Y., 1571 , 1591 - 

Revolutionist Bill, Ger., 8372. 



1176 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNJJrlyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Anti-Arch. 



Anti-saloon League, Boston, 4042. 

saloon Republicans, national conv., 

3252. 

Antiseptic surgery introduced, 9741 . 

Anti-slavery decision, G. B., 9192; ques- 
tion, G. B., 9332; Bill passes, Eng., 9333; 
Act, 947 2 ; conference at Paris, 7603; at 
Brussels; expedition, 5463; Act, 5472. 

slavery movement opposed, 583. 

slavery Society fnd., U. S., 1431 . 

slavery Society in Port, find., 11113. 

slave trade efforts, Eng., 9231 . 

sorcery law, Eng., S79 1 . 

Trust Bill passed, 3591 . 

Antium, Latin colony at, 1051 3 ; action 
near, 10761 . 

Antofagasta, Bolivia, occupied, 6961. 

Antoine do Bourbon, b. (1518) ; in Navarre, 
6832; d. (1652). 

, Jacques Denis, b., 6983; d., 7143. 

Antonella, da Messina, b. (1414+) ; intro- 
duced oil in painting, 10781 ; d. (1493). 

Antonelli, Giacomo, b., 10843 ; cardinal 
(1847); pres. ministry, 10872; against oc- 
cupation Holy City, 10893; d., 10882. 

Antonia discovered, 7561 . 

Antonia, Tower of, built, 11502. 

Antoninus, Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642 ; 
reigns, 10292, 10652 ; victories, 10641 ; 
intro. worship of Serapis, 10643 ; eel. 
triumph, 1065 1 ; embassy to China ; repels 
invaders, 10652; persecutes Christians, 
10643; statue, 10642. 

Pius (Titus Aurelius Fulvus Boionius 

Axrius), b.-d., 10642; wall of, 8393; in 
Britain, 839 2 ; adopted by Hadrian; 
reigns, 10652; d., 6522. 

Antonio, Nicolas, b.-d., 11283. 

Antonius, Felix, procurator, 11533. 

, Gaius, commands army, 10582 ; in 

conspiracy of Catiline ; consul, 10592. 

, Lucius, war against, 1060 2 . 

Antony, Mark (Marcus Antonius), b., 10642; 
1st triumvirate, 10592; usurpations of, 
10612; at Mutina, 10602; 2d triumvirate, 
10612; in Greece; in Asia, 10602; restores 
order in East, 10612; meets and marries 
Cleopatra, 10611, 6532; marries Octavia; 
warwithParthians, 10602; j n East, 10613; 
aidsOctavian, 10002; defeated, 052 1 ,0533; 
replaces library in Alexandria, 6523; dis- 
missed, 10613; suicide, 10603. 

Antozone discovered, 8201 . 

Antrim, Earl, title created, 9231 . 

Antwerp, Northmen take ; in Holy Roman 
Empire ; tournament celebration ; re- 
turned to Brabant ; prosperous, 5393 ; 
St. James Church erected, 5401 ; com- 
merce transferred, 10991; Notre Dame 
Cathedral completed ; the Exchange 
built, 5402,; 5441 ; Spanish take, 5401; de- 
clines, 5413; besieged, 1098 ! ; attempt to 
seize, 6841; truce of; concluded, llOOi; 
surrenders ; taken ; occupied by French, 
11002 ; capital, 5432 ; annexation, 5432 ; 
Napoleon visits, 5433; occupied by Fr., 
5421,2; Belg. troops enter, 1102' ; stokers 
strike, 546 2 ; besieged, 544' ; Bible Soc, 
fnd., 5442; Precaniear issued, 5443; Ex- 
change is burned, 5453; fortilications are 
ejected, 5441 ; fortifications destroyed ; 
Napoleon wharf burned, 5453; Fine Arts 
Fete, 5441 ; opening port, 5442; Leopold's 
statue, 5441 ; Due de Bordeaux arrives, 
5452; religious riots, 5442; centenary of 
Rubens's birth, 545'; Plantin Mauretus 
Museum, 5441 ; Exhibition opened, 5473; 
riots,547i ; Temperance Cong., 546 2 ; dyna- 
mite explosion ; influenza ; first-class 
port, 5473; cholera, 5491 ,2; riots, 5481 ; in- 
surance swindle, 5482; Jesuit College 
burned ; World's Exhibition opens ; fire, 
5493. 

Anville, Jean Baptiste Bourguignon d', 
b., 6943; d.,7051. 

Anwari, d., 11063. 

Anzin, Fr., coal-mines opened, 6993. 

Apache Indians driven into Mexico, 3041 . 

Apaehme Apophis, reigns (Egypt), 647 3 . 

Apaczai, Joannes, d., 5123. 

Apalachicola, Fla., arsenal seized, 1911; 
surrendered, 2061 , 

Aparicio, Gen., at battle of Galte, 6432. 

Apelles of Colophon, paintings, 10243. 

Aphidias reigns in Athens, 10133. 

Apicius, Marcus Gabius, b.-d., 10621. 

Apinn, Peter, b., 7862; d., 7922. 

Apion, b., 10283. 

Apollinaris, b.-d., 11542. 



Apollo worship of , 10142; robbery of Tem- 
ple, 10161 ; Temple dedicated, 10503. 

Epicurus, Temple of, 10203; elected, 

10211. 

Apollodorus, painter, b., 10211; executes 
Trajan's Pillar, 10642. 

, grammarian, b., 10282. 

Apolfonia, besieged; captured, 1026 2 . 

Apollonius Pergieus, geom. works, 10271. 

, gov., Syr. ; at Beth-boron; at Azotus, 

11481 . 

of Rhodes, Argonautica, poems, 1027 1 . 

of Tyana, b.-d., 10622. 

Tyrannous, b.-d., 10283. 

Aponte, Gabriel Cano de, governor, 605 3 . 

Apostles' Creed, formulated, 10623, 10683 ; 
translated, 7702. 

Apostlestrasse missions, 6583. 

Apothecaries exempt, 905i . 

Apparel, statute of, 8651 . 

Appellants, appeal of, 6991 . 

Appellicon, library, 10291; sent to Rome, 
10563. 

Appian, Hist or 11 of Home, 10292. 

Way, built, 10531 ; Capua, 10662. 

Appiani, Andrea, b., 10842; d., 10862. 

App'ms and Virginias issued, 8731 . 

Appledor, action at, 8441 . 

Applegath, Augustus, b., 9242; d. (1871). 

Appleton, Daniel, publisher, b., 962. 

, , colonel 7th Reg., 342i . 

, S., b. (1814) ; d., 3701 . 

, George Swett, b. (1821) ; d., 2982. 

, Jane Means, marries Pierce, 1451. 

, Jesse, b., 762; d., 1281 . 

, John, b., 1241 ; d., 2373. 

, Samuel, b., 741 ; d., 1722. 

, Thomas Gold, b., 1182; d., 3162. 

,Wm, H., d., 2052. 

, Wis., Lawrence Univ. org., 1632. 

Appletoifs Xnr Am. Cyc. begun, 2291 ; Cyc. 
of Am. Biography , 3502. 

Appo, George, throat of, cut, 4722. 

Appomattox Court House, Va., Lee sur- 
renders ; light at, 2401 ; burned, 4013. 

Station, Va., Confeds. expelled, 2452. 

Apponyi, Count, Antoine-Rodolphe, criti- 
cises emperor, 5371 . 

Apportionment Bill passes Senate, 3771 . 

Apprentice Law in Transvaal, 599 1 . 

Library founded, 129 1 . 

Appropriation Bills. (See text U. S. A.) 

Appropriations for war, U. S. A., 161 1. 

Apraxin, Steven-Feodorovitch, Gen. Ste- 
fan, leader, 516 1 ; d. (1758). 

Apries (Pharaoh Hophra) reigns ; war 
with Babylon, 6512; attacks Syria, 6501 ; 
defeated ; dethroned ; captured, 6502. 

Apronadius reigns, 11453. 

Afisltvron, Asia, aerolite falls, 11221. 

Apsley, Lewis D., b., 1701 . 

Apula, reduced, 10:122 ; restored to Greece, 
10333; conquered by Romans, 10681 ; oc- 
cupied; subdued, 10741 ; taken from Pope; 
ducat struck, 10753. 

Aquae Sextaj, battle at, 6621 . (See Aix.) 

Aquatinta invented, 6901 ; improved, 7022. 

Aquaviva, Claudius, Jesuit gen., 1081 1. 

Aqueduct, water introduced, Boston, 1113; 
Croton,N.y.,completed,1493, 1553, 1653; 
Washington begun, 1733 ; Ellesmere 
Canal opened, 9322. 

Aquia Creek, Va., McClellan arrives ; Rey- 
nolds reaches, 2121 . 

Aquidaban sunk, 5601. 

Aquila, ruined by earthquake, 10822. 

, Caspar, b., 7862; d., 7922. 

Ponticus, b., 10283. 

Aquileia, besieged, 10641 ; colonized, 1065 2 ; 
church council at, 5022 ; destroyed, 
10701; refugees in Venice, 10712; Cathe- 
dral fnd., 10741 ; unites with Aust., 5072. 

Aquilius, Nepos, subdues Sicily. 10562. 

Aquilonia, action at, 10522. 

Aquinas, St. Thomas, b.-d., 10742 ; doc- 
trines, 8542; teaches, 10771 . 

Arab, coin issued, 0553; horses to Queen 
Victoria, 4833 ; insurrection, 101 ; tribes, 
allegiance, 4873. 

Arab, trotting record, 3273. 

Arabia Felix," conquered, 11061 . 

(Moslems.) (See text, pp. 483-488.) 

Petrtea, Rom. prov., 10G62, 11533. 

Arabi Pasha, at Alexandria; rebels against 
Fr.,658i; conspiracy against ; decorated 
by sultan ; declares "war, 6583; secretary 
of war; conspiracy; rebellion of, 6592 ; 
trial and sentence, 0583,6593; resigns; 
restored, 6592; wa r with Eng., 9881 . 



Arabic Bible, prepared, 4842. 

Arabic speed, 3113. 

Arabs, cultivate sciences ; Ahyssinians 
persecute, 4842; heroic period, 4841; 
conquer Bokhara, 5491; in Egy., 5541; 
explore Atlantic, 112 ; defeated on the 
Isly, 83; subdued, 101 ; starving in Alex- 
andria, 6593; in Turkish army, 4881; 
accept amnesty, 8382; dynasty of, 1101 1 ; 
in Eastern Empire, 10302 ; subdue Per- 
sia, 11062 ; rule Persia, 11072 ; ravage 
Syria, 10313; inMorocco, 10971 ; in Tunis, 
11391; enter Spain, 11253; massacre in 
Kongo, 10933. 

Arad, battle of, 5223; executions, 5233. 

Arago, Dominique F.,b.,70Gi ; magnetizes 
needle, 7222; d., 7322; statue of, 7641 . 

, Etienne, b., 7143; mayor of Paris, 

7412; d., 7621. 

, Francois J. D., Annates de Chimie, 

7231 ; experiments in steam, 7222. 

, Francois Victor Emmanuel, b., 7192; 

d. (1855). 

, Jacques Etienne Victor, b., 7062; d., 

7322. 

Aragon, French expelled, 6881 ; war 
against Castile, 11261 ; united with Cas- 
tile, 11273 ; conquers Sardinia, 10773 ; 
Kings of Aragon, 11272 ; invaded by 
French, 11281 ; insurrections, 11302. 

Aragone, war with, ends, 6721 , 

Arakan mission, 10463. 

Aram, rules, 11413; revolts, 1145 2 . 

, Eugene, executed, 9152. 

Aranda, Count of, Don Pedro Pablo Ab 
area y Bolea, b.-d., 11283. 

Aranjuez, insurrection at, 11313. 

, revolt at, 11302. 

Arany, Jomos, b., 520 2 . 

Araros, AZo/posicon and Cocalus, 10231. 

AratusofSi'-yon, b.-d., 10263; Gen. Achaean 
League, 10272 ; liberates Sicyon, 10272; 
captures Corinth. 10262; poisoned, 10271 . 

of Soli, b., 10263. 

Araucanians, assaults of, 22i ; war with, 
6041 ; treaty with Spain, 6052. 

Araucano in navy, 606 1 . 

Araivjo d' Azevedo, Antonio, b.-d., 11102. 

Lima, Pedro de, b. (1793); regent, 5553 ; 

d. (1870.) 

Arbaces, governs Media ; reigns, 11451 . 

Arbela, battle at, 10242. 

Arbitration Court, Fr,, 4311; Brazil and 
Argentine Republic, 451 2 . 

, Congress of, 4763 ; Newfoundland dis- 
pute, 7612; clause ; adopted, 6581 ; E. Af. 
claims, 5632; A. and Peace Cong., at 
Geneva ; at Bern, 1138 3 ; A. of labor 
troubles, Aust., 5062 ; Boards of, Fr., 
7551 ; Board of, G. B., 9403; Act passes, 
977i, 9793; ministers' meeting, 10071; 
favored, 10112; Delagoa Bay, 11112. 

of American boundaries, 1353; treaty 

signed, 357 2 ; Sherman resolution, 3491 ; 
4033; ratified, 405i ; Bering Sea commis- 
sioners, 4251 ; decision, 4361 . 

Arblay, Madame d\ Frances Burney, b., 
9123'; works, 9211,9291; d., 9483. 

Arbo, Peace of , 11353. 

Arbogast, Louis Francoise Antoine, b. 
7023; d., 7143. 

or Arbogastes, murders Valentian, 

10671; d., 10682. 

Arboleda, Julio, b. (1817) ; alliance ; assas- 
sinated, 6291. 

Arbor Day. (See Am. States.) 

Arbueklei James, b., 9002; d., 9082. 

Mts., Indian Territory ,gold discovered, 

3701. 

Arbuthnot, Adra. Marriot, b. (1711) ; de- 
feats Fr. fleet, 941 ; d. (1794). 

, Alexander, hanged, 1261. 

, Viscount of, title created, 8851 . 

, John, b., 8922; John Bull, 9051 ; d., 

9082. 

, Gen., in Burmese war, 10482. 

Arc, emigrants on, land in Md. 322. 

Arc, Joan of. (See Joan.) 

Arcadia, invaded, 10202; acad. fnd., 10833. 

Arcadians oppose liberty of press, 7391. 

Arcadius, b. (383 or 377?); emp., 7693; 
reigns, 10312, 10693; appoints Alaric, 
10693; forbids polygamy, 10791 ; d., 10312. 

Arce, Aiceto, Pres., 5512; k., 5503. 

, Gaspar Nunez de, works, 11323. 

, L. F. de Cordova y, governor, 605 2 . 

Arcesilaus, b.-d., 10251. 

Arch, used, 648 1 ; appears, 10131. 

Archarius, Erick, b.-d., 11342. 



Arch-Arka. 



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1177 



Arehdale, Gov. John, protects Indians, 
531, 533; favors moderate party, 533; 
refuses official oath, 901 1 . 

Archelaus, rules Pal. ; banished, 11513. 

, b.-d., 10283; rules Macedonia, 10213; 

murdered, 10232. 

of Cappadocia, against Rome, 10573; 

masters Athens ; defeated, 10281 . 

Archemorus, games to, 10132. 

Archenholz, Johann W., b., 8003; Seven 
Years' War, 807*; d., 8102. 

Archeological Institute in Athens, 3442. 

Archer captures Caleb Cushing, 3232. 

Archer City, Tex., fire ; court house, 3793. 

, Frederick James, d., 9941 . 

, Scott, dis. collodion process in 

photography, 9562; d. (1857). 

, Stevenson, State-treas., shortage, 

3553; sentenced, 3543. 

Archianes, reigns, 11453. 

Archias fnds. Syracuse, 1051 1 . 

Archibald, Adams George, b. (1814) ; gov- 
ernor, 5832; lieut-gov., 5833; d. (1892). 

Wm, E. of Eglington, lord-lieut., 9573. 

Archidamus II., King, invades Attica, 
10201 ; defeats Arcadians, 10223. 

Archidockus, b.-d., 10142; iambic verse, 
10143. 

Archimedes, b.-d., 10261 ; screw cylinder, 
10263; defense of Syracuse, 10542; in- 
vents water-organ, 1055 2 . 

Archipelago, freedom of trade, 5522. 

Architecture, early, of G.B., 842' ; Gothic 
appears, 84S2, 854 1, 8582, 8662; revived, 
9421 ; Grecian revived, 8801 ; cultivated, 
11422; Royal School of Naval, est., 9671 ; 
Ionic ; Doric appears, 10131 ; Corinthian 
order invented, 10162. (See Cathedral.) 

Archius, b., 10142. 

Archiva Eomanesca issued, 11133. 

Archlvio Storico issued, 10871 . 

Storico Lombardo issued, 10S8 3 . 

Trentico issued, 10902. 

Veneto issued, 10883. 

Archone, early, govern, 10151, 2. 

Archytas of Tarentum, b., 10343; invents 
carpenters' tools, 10211. 

Areola, battle at, 5182. 

Arcon, Jean Claude Eleonore leMichaud, 
d', b.,6983; d., 7142. 

Arcot, E. I., captured, 7001; taken, 7031, 
9141 ,10441 ,2; mission, 10463, 10472, 10483. 

Arctic collides with Vesta, 1773. 

Arctic Expedition, Cabot's ; Thorpe, 8662; 
Expedition, 870i ; Frobisher's 8741 ; 
Knight's Muscovy Co., 8781 ; Weymouth 
and Knight; Sir' Thomas Mutton, 878' ; 
Bylot's and Baffin's, H80' ; Luke Foxe's, 
822'; Morris and Smith, sails, 9121'! 
leaves Phila., 683; Hearne's, 918' ; Capt. 
Duncan's; Mackenzie's, 9242; Captain 
David Buchan's ; Sir John Franklin's, 
9381 ; Liddon's ; Parry's ; Franklin's sec- 
ond, 9382; Capt. Parry's ; Capt. Lyon's, 
940i ; Capt. George Francis Lyon's ; Sir 
John Franklin's, 9421 ; Sir William Ed- 
ward Parry, 9422; return of ; Capt. John 
Ross, 946' ; Sir James Ross, 9541 ; Capt. 
Fitzjames ; Sir John Franklin's ; Capt. 
Crozier's, 9522 ; Sir John Franklin's, 
9541 ; Kane's sails, 172 1 ; Kane's 2d sails, 
1731 ; Hartstcin sails, 17G' ; Hall's sails, 
2351 ; returns, 266i ; f 1VM1 <;<.,-., y^i ; sails 
from Norway, 11053; Lieut. Greely's 
Expedition starts, 306i ; penetrates, 310 1 ; 
Jeannette exp., 310' ; Peary Relief, 402' . 
Arctic sails to search for Kane, 1761 ; re- 
turns, 1781 ; sunk, 1673. 
Arcturus appears, 1523. 
Ardagb, bishopric est., 8403; see with Kel- 

more, 9462; Bp. Woodlock cons., 9S23. 
Ardahan ceded to Russia, 11592. 
Ardea conquered, 1050' . 
Arden, Edward, b. (1531) ; executed, 8752. 
Ardent burned, 926' . 
Ardeshir Babegan flourishes, 11062. 
Ardfelt, bishopric established, 8403. 
Ardilaun, Baron, title created, 987' . 
Arditi, Luigi, b., 10862. 
Ardoates breaks Grecian yoke, 11483. 
Ardoin, or Arduin, King of Italy, 7752, 
10733; resists Henry II., 7752; defeated, 
7741 ; resigns, 7752; d. (1015). 
Ardvates, reigns, Armenia, 1149'. 
Ardys, reigns, 11453. 

Arendtschildt, Gen., atLangensalza,824' . 
Arene, Jean Paul de Rome, b. (1689) : Le 

Chcvre d'Or, 7582; d. (1769). 
Areometer invented, 6502; used, 792'. 



Areopagus instituted at Athens, 10133. 

Arequipa surrendered, 1108 3 . 

Arete discovered, 5282. 

Arethusa in St. Lawrence, 594' . 

Aretin, Baron Johann Christopher Anton 
Maria von, b., 8041 ; d., 8123. 

Aretino, Pietro, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Arezzo, study of civil laws, 1075 2 . 

. (See Guido d' Arezzo.) 

, Ristoro d', Ccmposizione del Monde, 

10771. 

Arfastus, Bp. chaplain, 8473; d. (1084). 

Arfwedson, John A., dis. lithium, 11361 . 

Argseus, reigns in Maeedon, 10232. 

Argall, Capt. Samuel, b. (1572±), at Mt. 
Desert Island, 28 1; in Jamestown; de- 
stroys colonies, governor, 292 ; d. (1626). 

Argand, Aime, b.-d., 11372; lamp, 9222. 

Argeans, reigns, 10153. 

Argelander, Friedrich W. A. t b., 8063; d., 
828'. 

Argens, M. Jean Baptiste de Boyer, b., 
6962; d. (1773). 

Argensola, Bartolomeo Leonardo de, b.-d.; 
11282. 

, Lupercio Leonardo de, b.-d., 11282. 

Argenson, M. d', governor, 5732. 

, Rene Louis Voyer, M. d\ b. (1694) ; 

Gouvernement de la France, 7033; d. 
(1757). 

Argentine Republic. (See text, pp.489-493.) 

Arginusse, battle of, 1022' . 

Argives at war with Spartans, 1016' ; de- 
stroy Mycenae, 10193. 

Argolis, action at, 10183. 

Argon, reigns, 11432, 

Argonautic expedition, Golden Fleece, 
10131 . 

Argonauts in Troy, 11421 . 

Argos, kingdom founded ; Feast of Flam- 
beaux, 10132; kingdom divided, 10133; 
peace with Sparta ; democratic party 
overthrown, 10213; pillaged, 10282; 
taken, 10341; devastated, 10342. 

Argout,AntoineM.A.d',b.,705i; d., 7342. 

Arguedas, Gen., at Viacha, 550' . 

Arguelles, Augustin, b.-d., 11302. 

Arguello, Jose\ governor Cal., 1233. 

, Luis Antonio, b. (1784); gov. Cal., 1313. 

d. (1830). 

Argus captured by Pelican, 1203. 

Argus sacked, 1066' . 

Argyle seized, 6173. 

Argyll, sep of, erected, 852'; bishopric 
est., 9543; Bp. Macdonald cons., 984'; 
Bishop Chinnery-Haldane consecrated, 
9862. 

, D. of, title created, 903'. (See 

Campbell.) 

Argyllshire, Scot., ravaged, 8842, 

Ariadne against Alfred, 882. 

Arialdus, d., 10742. 

Arianismfnd., 10663; controversy disturbs, 
6623, 8402; in New England, 643. 

Arians favored, 10683 ; bps. deposed, 10303 ; 
condemned, 1029' , 10683. 

Ariarathes II., Ariarathes III., Ariara- 
thes IV., Ariarathes V., reign, 1149' . 

Arias, C, president, 10413. 

, Gen. A. R., commander, 6343. 

Aribert I., King of Italy, 1073' . 

II., King of Italy, 1073' . 

Arica, Peruvians arrive ; naval battle, 
6O62 ; ceded, 6073 ; surrendered, 11083. 

Arichat, N. S., diocese est., 5783 ; changed, 
5843. 

Ariel captured, 2162. 

Arikera, action at, 10442. 

Ariminum, colony at, 10533; British bps. 
at Council, 8402. 

Arioald, King of Italy, 1073' . 

Ariobarzanes I., reigns, 1151'; enthroned 
in Armenia, 11513; betrayed, 11473. 

II., reigns, 11473, 11511 ; invades Pon- 

tus, 1146'. 

III., reigns, 11473, 11511. 

Arion, b., 10142. 

Arion trots at Stockton, 3953. 

Ariosto, Lodovico, b., 10783; Orlando Fit- 

rioso, 10812; d.. 10803. 
Ariovistus in Gaul, 6621 , 6632. 
Arista, Mariano, b.-d., 1095 2 , at Palo Alto, 

160' ; president ; resigns, 10962. 
Aristarchus, b., 10263. 

of Samothrace, b.-d., 10282. 

Aristides, commander, 10183; atMarathon; 
at Pharos, 1018' ; leading statesman ; re- 
forms, banished; recalled, 10192; d., 
1019'. 



Aristides, orator, b.-d., 10283. 

—=- of Thebes, b., 10263; flourishes, 1023'. 

Aristippus, b., 1021'. 

Aristobulus, philosopher, b., 6522. 

, Gen., b., 10243. 

.high priest, 1150 2 ; surrenders Jeru- 
salem, 11501 ; King, 11511 . 

II., captures Jerusalem, 1150'; King 

of -Jerusalem, 1151' ; priesthood ; captive, 
11502; released ; murdered, 11512. 

Aristocracy, British, 841'. 

Aristocrates I., killed, 1015' . 

II., stoned, 10153. 

Aristodemenes, last king., 10153. 

Aristodemus, leader, 1015'; at Corinth. 
10222; d., 10231. 

Aristogoras, Ionian leader, 10173. 

Aristoraenes, Roman regent <Egy.), 653'. 

, Messenian gen., d., 10142. 

Aristophanes, b.-d., 10211 ; works of, 10212. 

of Alexandria, b., 10263. 

Aristotelian Society, fnd., 9843. 

Aristotle, b.-d., 1023' ; religious belief, 
10163 ; manuscript in London, 10043; 
pupil of Plato ; astronomical discourses, 
10231 ; fnds. peripatetic school; on me- 
chanics, 10243; royal tutor ; first private 
library, 10251 ; constitution, 3S02; trans- 
lated, 486' . 

Arius, b., 6522; d., 6542; priest, 10663; 
doctrine condemned, 5022, investigated ; 
exiled ; recalled ; d., 10283, 10671 . 

Aristoxenus, major and minor tones, 10243. 

Arizona, U. S. A., territory fmd., 2193 ; 
John A. Gurley, gov., 2173 ; org. gov., 
2292; John A. Goodwin, gov., 2293; R. 
C. M'Cormack, gov., 2553; A. P. K. Saf- 
ford, gov., 2692; Indian war ends, 286' ; 
John P. Hoyt, gov., 2973; John C. Fre- 
mont, gov., 3012; pres. proclamation, 
311' ; Frederick A. Tuttle, gov., 3132; 
Indians trouble, 320 1 ; Train Robbery 
Bill passed, 3.J62; <_\ Meyer Zulick, gov., 
3252; Admission Bill, 3371,4032; 4091, 
4471 ; Lewis AVolfley, gov., 349 2 ; dam 
bursts, 3533; gold found, 3561 ; cloud- 
bursts, 364' ; troops overawe Indians, 
3861; new constitution, 3971; Harqua 
Hala, mine, gold-brick, 4073; Indian 
uprising, 418' ; N. O. Murphy, gov., 4212; 
Louis C. Hughes, gov., 447 1 ; stage rob- 
bery, 4703; robbers sentenced, 4763; Az- 
tec city dis. ,4021 ; troops withdrawn,468i. 

Arizona speed record, 9913. 

Ark begun by Noah, 1140' . 

of Tabernacle; journey of ; lost, 11422. 

Arkansas, U.S.A., La Salle in, 49'; 
James Miller, gov., 1273; Arkansas Ga- 
zette, 129'; Geo. Izzard, gov., 1333; John 
Pope, gov., 1373; Wm. S. Fulton, gov., 
145 3 ; admitted ; James S. Conway, gov., 
1472; Archibald Yell, gov., 153'; Thos. 
S. Drew, gov.; Samuel Adams, gov., 159' ; 
Elias S. Conway, gov., 1712; Eldership 
of the Ch. of God org., 1822; Henry M. 
Rector, gov., 1903; gov. refuses troops 
for Lincoln, 195' ; secedes, 1952; senators 
Sebastian and Mitchell expelled, 1973; 
battle of Pea Ridge, 204 2 ; action near 
Searcy,208' ; military canal, 2o<)2; Mound 
City burned, 2182; Confeds. defeated at 
Arkadelphia, 2183; Free-State governor 
inaugurated, 2292; free labor State, 2311 ; 
constitution ratified, 2313; senators not 
admitted, 2353; Isaac Murphy, gov., 2412; 
ratifies 13th Amendment, 2432; Home- 
stead Bill disposes land, 253' ; new con- 
stitution ratified, 2613; Readmission 
Bill, 263', 2; martial law; Powell Clay- 
ton, gov., 265 2 ; Prot. Epis. diocese fmd., 
276 2 ; Arkansas College org. ; Industrial 
Univ. org., 2763; Orzo A. Hadley, gov., 
2772; Elisha Baxter, gov., 281'; disor- 
derly bands proclaimed; constitutional 
convention, 2852; constitution ratified, 
2853; A. H. Garland, gov., 2912; gold dis., 
3361; Thomas J. Churchill, gov., 3093, 
James H. Berry, gov., 3152; Simon P. 
Hughes, gov., 3233; election riot; sher- 
iff killed, 3391 ; James P. Eagle, gov., 
3492; Wm. R. Miller, gov., 2H73; reform 
ballot law passes, :W72; White Caps, 
3562; World's Fair ignored, 377', 3813; 
gov. manages election, 379' ; negroes 
lynched, 393 1 ; J. P. Eagle, gov., 3991; 
natural gas dis., 4021 ; crops swept away ; 
gold found, 406i. Wm. M. Fishback, 
gov., 4471 ; negro burned, 4583; counter- 
feiters, 4702; democrats elect, 4711. 



1178 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DJiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Alka— ArH.0, 



Arkansas ascends Miss., 210 1 ; fired, 210 3 . 

City flooded, 3561 . 

College org., 2763. 

Industrial Univ. org., 2763. 

Post, Vicksburg Expedition at, 2182; 

captured, 2181 . 

Arklow, Ire., action at, 928 1-. 

Arkwright, Sir Richard, b., 9082; spinning- 
wheel patent, 9143; water-power spin- 
ning, 9181; d., 9262. 

Arlanges, Marshal d', defeated, S 2 . 

Axles, taken, 6622; church couueil at, 6623; 
8402; annexed to Fr., 6732. 

Arleux, Marlborough enters, 6962. 

Arlincourt, Charles Victor Prevot,Vicomte 
d\ b., 7062; d., 7322. 

Arlington, Mass., library, 3482. 

, Baron, title created, 975' . 

, Earl of, minister ; tea importer, 8933. 

(See Bennet, Henry.) 

Heights, Va., Federals occupy, 1943 ; 

contraband village, 2292. 

, Maj., at Corinth, Miss., 2071 . 

Armagaon, factory at, 10443. 

Armagh, bishopric est. ; cathedral built, 
8403 ; ravaged, 8441 ; archbishopric est., 
8502 ; Orange lodge, 0272; Prot. alliance 
at, 9523 ; Bp. Logua cons., 9823 • pro- 
claimed, 9952; Archbp. Knox cons., 9962; 
R. R. accident, 10013. 

, Earl of, title created, 9252. 

Armagnac, Oomte d', Bernard, b.-d., 6742; 
head of Fr. party, 6772. 

Armagnacs, army of, 6763, 6771 ,2,3. 

Armathwaite, rioting at, 975 1 . 

Armatus, Salvinus, invents spectacles, 
10672. 

Armed neutrality, U. S., accepted, 933; 
fmd., 9213, 9312; dissolved, 9312. 

Armenia, subdued, 11442, 10321; ruled by 
Greek gov., 11483; revolt against Mace- 
don, 11491 ; divided, 11473,11492; Bulga- 
rian refugees, 5653 ; reconquered by Ger- 
manicus, 11501 ; Roman province, 10651, 
11512, 11533; invaded, 10582, 11501; re- 
ceives Christianity, 11532; ruled by Ero- 
vant; annexed to Rome, 11533; subject 
toPersia,115;i3; subject to Parthia, 11513; 
war with Rome, 1062 ' ; Romans conquer, 
10673; Greek Church est., 10663; neutral, 
11551 ; conquered by Persians ; conquered 
by Greeks, 11541 ; independence of, 
11071 ,2; recovered, 11071 ; conquered, 
11061 ; annexed to Persia, 11072; Moham- 
medans invade, 11541 ; Mohammedans 
against Christianity ; Christianity as 
nat'l religion, 11543 ; overrun by Mongols, 
11541; church reconciled to Rome, 11551 ; 
kingdom extinct ; taken by Mamelukes ; 
overrun by Tartars, 11553; conquered by 
Persians; overrun by Turks, 11561 , 1157 2 ; 
earthquake, 1150 2 , 1156 2 ; overrun by 
Russians, 1156 2 ; annexed to Rus., 11073; 
missionaries persecuted, 11563; partly 
annexed to Turk., 1157 2 ; M. Aurelius 
reigns, 11533; raided by Kurds, 11593. 

Minor occupied, 1058 2 . 

Armenians, 10232; protest, 4122; appeal 
for aid, 4762; Investigating Commission, 
4771,3; mass-meeting for, 10102; massa- 
cres denounced, 10122 , 3 ; make fermented 
beverage ; church, at Constantinoi.il e, 
11571 ; separated from Gr. Church, 10711 ; 
restoration of church rights; persecuted, 
11582; imprisoned, 11591. 

Armenta, missionary in Paraguay, 11051 . 

Armfelt, Gustaf Manritz, b.-d., 11342. 

Armidale, diocese, 4981 ; Elzear Torregiani, 
bp., 9803. 

Armide captures Ft. ships, 9341 . 

Arminianism, supported, 1101 1. 

Arminians, called Remonstrants; creed of ; 
persecuted ; dissension with Gomorists, 
11011. 

Arminius, at Teutoburg ; defeated on 
Weser, 10621 ; revolts, 10632; chief, 769 1; 
assassinated, 7691 ; statue, 7681 , 8281 . 

, Jacobus, b.-d., 109S3; assails Calvin- 
ism, 11011; d., 5403. 
Arminius, Music Festival, 3921 . 

Armistead, Gen. Lewis Addison, b. (1S17): 
at Malvern Hill, 2092; d., 2251 . 

, Gen. Walker Keith, b.(1785±); in In- 
dian wars, 1521 ; d. (1845). 

Arrhitage, Edward, b., 9382. 

, Thos., Bapt. cl., b., 1281 . 

,Wm. Edmond.b. (1830); cons.bp., 2542. 

Armond, David A. de, b., 1562. 
Armor used in battle, 11422. 



Armori, Viscount, assassinated, 10923. 

Armor-plates tested, 394 1 ; fraud ; charges, 
4572; investigation, 4623, 4633,4672;4711 . 

Armory, Thomas, b., 9002. 

Armour Inst, of Technicology, org. (1893). 

Armstrong, Baron, title created, 9962. 

, David Hartley, b. (1812) ; d., 4261 . 

, F., moderator, 1123. 

, James, Gen., electoral vote, 101 2 ; d., 

1042. 

, James, Com., b. (1794); yields navy- 
yard, 1901; avenges outrage, 6182; d., 
2622. 

, J. F., murdered, 301 1 . 

, Jane, suicide, 536i . 

, John, poet, b., 9042; d. (1779). 

, , author, b., 71 1; sec. war, 1213; 

d., 1561 . 

, Lawrence, Col., gov. Can., 575 2 . 

, Robert, b., 1022; d. (1854). 

, , bribery, 4722. 

, Samuel C, b., 1502; d., 4282. 

, T., b. (1784); gov. Mass., 1453; 

d. (1850). 

, S. T-, applies gutta-percha to wires, 

1641. 

? William George, b., 9351 ; hydro-elec- 
tric machine invented, 9501 ; hydraulic 
crane patented, 954 1 ; foundation Coll. of 
Physical Science, 9963; knighted, 9631 ; 
d. (1868). 

, H., against liquor traffic, 1823. 

, — Joseph, b. (171)6) ; d., 1602. 

, Col., b. in Pa., 701. 

, Gen., at Bolivar, 2122. 

Army, U.S.A., Continental army, adopted; 
census, 802; uniforms for, 842; milk for 
soldiers, 81 2 ; Congress votes to create 
army, 81 2 ; foreign engineers employed, 
81 3 ; bad condition, SO 1 ; Board of War, 
892; revolt hi Phila., 96* ; disbanded, 
971; etiquette in, 933; mutiny in, 921 ; 
regular est., 1013; in 1789, 1001 ; in 1790, 
1021 ; in 1792; in 1794, 1041 ; Militia Act 
passes Congress, 105 1 ; provisional raised, 
106 1 ; War Department, navy separated 
from, 1092; addition to, 1192; rations, 
1511; occupation of Rio Grande, 160 1 ; 

f'ade of lieut.-general revived, 1772; 
ill fails, 1811; strength in 1855, 178 1, 
in 1860,1861; Department of the Ohio; 
1942; army m 1864,2321; in May, 1865, 
2463; Western Department under Gen. 
Fremont, 1962; Department of Ohio 
under Gen. Rosecrans, 1903; Department 
of Washington and N. E. Va. under Mc- 
Clellan, 1981 ; army of the Potomac un- 
der McClellan, 1981, 2001,2,3; enlist- 
ment three years, 2031 ; strength, 2062.3, 
2071, 20S2, 2091; on James River, 2101; 
changes base, 205 1 ,2102, 3; strength, 2103, 
2131, 2141; in 1861, 1921, i%2; in 1862, 
2021, 2003; call for 300,000 men, 211 1; 
draft of 300,000, 2113; at Aquia Creek, 
2121; enters Va., 2143; McClellan re- 
lieved, 2151; Depts. of Gulf and South 
created, 2051; reorganized, 2052; Dept. 
of Rappahannock find., 2061 ; of Tenn., 
reorganized, 2i)i>3; Pope commands, 2102; 
negroes enlisted, 2103, 215 1 ; medals for 
soldiers, 2112; suspicious conduct in, 
2192 ; Monongahela department fmd., 
2222; Sheridan commands cavalry, 2311 ; 
march on Richmond, 2322; Burnside's 
corps incorporated, 2332; Comtede Paris 
with, 3703; 100,000 men called, 2233; draft 
of 300,000 men, 2253; army threatens 
Fr. in Mex., 225 2; 300,000 volunteers 
called out, 2273; negroes in, 2293; grade 
of lieut.-gen. revived, 2302; 500,000 men 
called out, 2312; draft of 200,000 men, 
2313 ; army of Cumberland, Thomas 
commands, 2322; 500,000 men called out, 
2373 ; army of the James, Butler com- 
mands, 2322 ; army of Ohio, Schofield, 
commands, 2322 ; army of Tenn., Mc- 
pherson commands, 2322; Department 
of South, Maj.-Gen. Foster commands, 
2341 ; Gen. O. O. Howard commands, 
236 3 ; Shenandoah army, Sheridan to 
command, 2371; bounty granted, 2S6i ; 
300,000 more men called, 2413; reviewed 
at Washington, 2463 ; Sunday parades 
forbidden by President Harrison, 3401; 
recruiting stopped, 2462 ; drafting sus- 
pended, 2472; statistics of Civil War, 
2463; discontinuance of corps ; reduced, 
2481 ; peace establishment increased, 
253 2 ; officers* pay increased, 2561 ; peace 



footing reduced, 271 2 ; headquarters at ; 
St. Louis, 2861 j restricted use of, 2992 ; 
Brevet Promotion Bill, 352 1 ,3541 ;nurse's 
pension bill passed, 3651; census, 444 1, 
expenses reduced, 4573; concentrated, 
4701 ; army bill for enforcing laws fails ; 
1811. (See Pension.) 

Army of France, est., 6762; leaves Naples, 
6802 ; Turkish cavalry in army, 7261 ; 
Army Bill passes, 7381 ,7391 ; armiesunite, 
7401,7571,7591; strength, 7661 . 

of Germany, reserves formed, 7402; 

first armed, 7861 ; weakened. 8191 ; budget 
agitation, 8231; service in, 8261, 8273, 
8371; commission reduced, 8341; peace 
effective; strength, 8361; Bill rejected, 
8371 ; passed, 833i. 

of Great Britain, first standing, 8441 ; 

strength, S863 ; army vs. Pari., 8861 , 
8871,2,88!)' ; authority of maj .-gen., 8892; 
disbanded, X'.H 2.,x'.H) i ; Grenadiers; North- 
umberland Fusileers(Fifth); King's Own 
Regiment (Fourth) raised, 8961 ; Camero- 
nian regiment find., 8981 ; reduced, 9013; 
Hussars enrolled, 9141 ; artillery car- 
bine used ; percussion-musket used, 9501 ; 
rifle musket, 956 1 ; foreigners in, 9592; 
flogging restricted, 9621 ; abolished, 9861 ; 
strength, 10881; re-organized., 11181; 
death-rate reduced, 974 1 ; abolishing pur- 
chase, 9753; organization lawmade, 11193; 
Irish Arms Bill passes; assent, 9872; 
conscription, 11221. 

worm hi Wisconsin, 4661 , 

Arnaud, Francois T. M. de Baculard d\ 
b., 6981; d., 7163. 

, Gen., murdered by mob, 7432. 

, Henri, b., 6883; d., 6982. 

Arnauld, Angeliijue, b.,6863; reforms Port 
Royal des Champs, 687 1 ; d., 6923. 

, Antoine, orator, b., 6822; d., 6863. 

» , pliil., b., 6862; works, 6911; d., 

6943. 

Arnault, Vincent Antoine, b., 7031 ; d.,7262. 

Arnd, Johann, b., 7922 ; works, 7931 ; d. r 
7943. 

Amdt, Ernst Moritz, b.,8031 ; works, S083, 
8103; d.,8202. 

Arne, Thomas Augustine, b.,9042; Arta- 
xerxes, 9161 ; d., 9203. 

Arnheim, The Tiro in performed at, 10982. 

, Johann G. von, b., 7922; d., 7962. 

Arnim, Elizabeth von Bettina, b., 8042; 
d., 8202. 

■ , Harry Karl Kurt Eduard von, Count, 

b., 8123; arrested ; trial ; sentence, 8291 ; 
Quid Faciamus nos, 8303; against papal 
infallibility, 8262; d.,8301. 

, Johan Georg von, b. (1581); at Prague, 

7942 ; d. (1641). 

, Ludwig Joachim (Achim) von, b., 

8042; works, 8103; d., 8142. 

Arnohius, b., 9i , 10283; nourishes, 10663. 

Arnold of Brescia, Archbp., b.-d., 10742 ; 
preaches, 7763; revolution of, 10743; agi- 
tator, 10753; condemned, 6691; burned, 
7763. 

, bp., cons., 122; d., 10381. 

, Abraham K., commis. col., 3741 . 

, Benedict, b.(1615); gov. R.I.. 412,451 , 

473; d. (1678). 

, , Gen., b., 642 ; m Can., 803 ; a t 

Quebec, 803; captures Cedars, 822; on 
Lake Champlain ; at Crown Point, 842; 
commissioned maj. -gen., 86 2 ; quarrel- 
some ; at Fort Sehuvler, S7 1 ; at Saratoga 
battle, 872; commands in Phila., 883; 
charges against, 901 ; court-martialed, 
911; resigns; treasonable correspond- 
ence, 90 2 ; acquitted, 911 ; at West Point, 
92i; treason, 921,2; n Vulture, 922; 
sentenced, 2482; treason of; address, 
933 ; commander-in-chief ; at Peters- 
burg, 94i ; jn Brit, army ; at Richmond, 
Va.,923; d., 1101. 

, Edwin, Sir, b. (1831); works, 10043 ; 

in New York, 3942, 3933; d., 99S2. 

, George, b. (1834); Jefferson Davis, 

2503 ; d., 2482. 

- — , James, embezzler, 4502, 

, John, b., 9103; d. (1799). 

, Lemuel H., b. (1762) ; gov. R.I., 1393; 

d. (1852). 

, Marshall, b., 1581. 

, Matthew, b., 9403 ; works, 9551 , 9643, 

-9783, 9842, 9983 ; d., 9982. 

— — Samuel, plan to assassinate Lincoln, 
243i; arrested, 2471. 

, , composer, b., 9103 ; d., 9303. 



Arno-Assa. 



Text Figures denote Page. INJJiLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1179 



:; d. 



Hung., 



(See 



Arnold, Samuel, Green, b., 1301 ; a. (1880). 

, Thomas, b., 9263 ; d., 9502. 

, K., b., 9302 • History of Rome, 

9491; d. 9582. 

Arnoldus, Villa Nova de, b.-d., 670 2 . 

Arnolfo di Cambio or di Lapo, b. (1232) ; 
begins San Miehele and Santa Croee at 
Florence, 10763 ; d. (1300). 

Arnot, Frederick S., missionary, 10942. 

Arnott, Neil, b., 9242; ventilator work, 
9482; d., 9781. 

Arnoul, bp., d., 6702. 

Arnould, Ambrose Marie, b., 7003; d.,719i. 

Arnuf, Count, reikis (Neth.i, 10991. 

Arnulf, b. <S50.-,) ; "takes Rome, 7721 , 10721; 
defeats Northmen, 7721; reigns, 7732; 
crowned Emp., 10732 ; d. (899). 

Arny, F. N., Wm., gov., 2593. 

Arogie, battle of (Abys.), 21 . 

Aromatari, Giuseppe degli, b., 
(1660). 

Aronson, Louis, petitions, 5S8 2 . 

Arpad, b.-d., 5022 ; conquests i 
5031; dynasty expires, 5053. 

, captured, 11441. 

Arquebus comes into use, 678 z . 

Axques, battle at, 6841 . 

Arran, Earl, title created, 913 2 . 
Hamilton.) 

Arras, Fr., peace congress ; treaty of, 677 3 , 
6792 ; acquired by Aust., 6793 ; Metho- 
dists, est., 717 1 ; battle at, OHO 1 ; Congress 
of, 8632. 

, Gautier d\ [lie et (lafernn, 6711 . 

Arrears of Rent Bill, in H. C, 9893 ; re- 
jected, 9991; passed, 9992. 

Arreboe, Anders, b.-d., 630 2 ; Hexsemeron, 
6371. 

Arredondo, Gen., revolts, 11603; captured, 
4902. 

Arrest for debt abolished, 9731 . 

, Heinrieh Ludwig d\ b.,S122 ; discov- 
ers Freia, 6403 ; d., 828 1 . 

Ai-rests, French, annulled by Pari., 7022. 

Arretium, battle of, 662 1 ; besieged ; truce 
with Koine, 10521 . 

Arrian (Flavius Arrianus), b.-d., 10283. 

Arrighi, Jean, Due de Padoue, b. (1778) ; 
d., 7322. 

Arrillaga, Jos£ J. de, gov., 105i , z , mi . 

Arrington, Alfred W., b. (1810) ; d., 2582. 

Arrogante sinks, 7501 . 

Arrow seized, 6182. 

Arrowrock, Ark., gold discovered, 3361. 

Arrowsmith, Aaron, b., 9122 • d., 9403. 

John, geog., b., 9243 ; d., 9781 . 

, , cl., b. (1602) ; d. 8902. 

Arsa, C. Terentilius, opposed, 10512. 

Arsaces, b.-d., 11062 ; revolts, 10272. 

1., reigns, Armenia, 11493. 

II., King of Armenia, 1151 2 . 

XXVIII., d. (226±). (See Artabanus 

IV.) 

Arses, reigns, 11071 ; murdered, 11062,11073. 

Arshid, reigns, 1097 2 . 

Arsinoe II., b., 6503 ; married ; k., 6523. 

Arslan, captures Eomanus IV., 11541 . 

Arson as high treason, 8632. 

Arstartus, King, 11432. 

Art Amateur issued, 3023. 

Art Academy, at Berlin, 8321 . 

Association est., Brooklyn, 190 2 . 

, first exhibition, 9142. 

Poetique appears, 6931 . 

, Soc. Am. Fine, find., 3501 . 

Union,fmd.,948i ; IndemnityAct,9532. 

Am., est., 3121 . 

Artabanus IV., killed, 11071. 

, Hyrcanian, murders Xerxes, 1107 3 . 

Artabarzes, reigns, 1151 2 . 

Artabazus, reigns, 11472; Pers. war, 10181. 

Artaguette, d', Fr. leader, defeated, 621; 
k. (1736). 

Artaphernes, crosses -Fgean; at Marathon, 
10181. 

Artaud, Nicolas Louis, b., 7102 ; d.7343. 

Artavasdes I., reigns, Armenia, 11511; 
captured, 10603. 

III., rules in Armenia, 11513. 

, gov. Syria, 11513. 

, or Artabastus, rebels, 10331 ; d. (743). 

Artaxata conquered, 10641 . 

Artaxerxes I., Longimanus, reigns, 11071 ; 
d., 11062. 

II., Memnon, reigns, 11473, 11071, 2; 

revolt against, 10221 ; d., 1106 t - 

III., reigns, 11071,2, 6513; destroys 

Sidon ; takes Jericho, 11461 ; kills rela- 
tives, 11073 ; k., 11062. 



Artaxerxes, revolts; kills Arsaces; reigns; 

annexes Parthia, 11071 ; killed, 11073. 
Artaxes, reigns, Armenia, 11493. 

II., reigns, Armenia, 11511, 2 . 

Artazata taken, 10621. 
Artemis, asteroid, discovered, 188 1. 
Artemisia, yueen, b.-d., 1146 2 ; marries 
■ Mausolus, 11471 ; flourishes, 11462. 
Artemisium, naval battle at, 1018 2 . 
Artemon invents battering-ram, 10203. 
Artenay, Bavarians defeat Fr., 7421. 
Arteta, Pedro Jose de, in Ecu., 6442. 
Artevelde, Philip van, b.-d., 5392. 
Arthur, Chieftain ; King, S412, 3 ; atMons 

Badonieus, 7701 , 840' ; killed, 8402. 
, P. of W., b. (I486); marriage, 868 1 ; 

d. (1502). 
, Duke of Brittany, b. (13H3); claims 

Eng. throne, 670 1 ; supported for Eng. 

throne, 6713 ; ou Fr. throne, 8531 ; k., 8531 . 
, Arthur- William-Patrick-Albert, b., 

9562 ; title of, 9793 ; marries, 9843 ; pre- 
sented to Grant, 2691 . 
, Chester Alan, b., 1381; graduates, 

1643 ; vote for, 3051 ; pr es. vote, 3072 ; 

inaug., 307 2 , 3092 ; renomination vote, 

3173 : d., 3242. 

, Frederick, Prince, b., 991 2 . 

, George, Sir, b. (1784) ; gov., 5773 ; d. 

(1854). 

, Lillie, Moilern Aft/sties, 4782, 

Articles of Confederation set aside, 69 3 . 

of Religion, S682 ; signed, 8703. 

of Union, Eng., 9033. 

Artillery first used, 6122. 

Artists' Widows' Society est., 9431 . 

Artists' wives, gift of, 7073. 

Artivosdes against -Julius Cresar ; against 

Mark Antony, 11501 . 
Artois annexed to France, 6712 ; Louis re- 
ceives, 6792 ; dispute, 7913. 
, Comte d J (Charles X.), duel, 7053 ; in 

Paris ; regent, 7213 ; King, 7252. 
Arts, Association of Fine, formed, 9461 . 

improve, Fr., 6721 . 

, revolution of peaceful, 9142. 

, Royal Academy of, instituted, 916 2 . 

and Sciences, Am. Aacdemy, find. ,931 . 

, Scotch Academy of, organized, 9421 . 

, Society of, est. (London), 9122. 

, Society of, fnd. (Kdmbuigh), 9401 . 

Arundel, Earl of, Thomas Howard, b. 

(1353), arrested, S612 ; d. (1413). 

, Earl of, minister, 8712. 

, E. of, Tho. Howard, b.,8762 ; d.,8862. 

, Henry, Lord, liberated, 8972; d. (1694). 

Society formed, 9541 . 

Yacht Club formed, 9491 . 

Arvieux, Laurent d\ b. 6882 ; d., 6962. 
Arwidsson, Adolf Iwar, b. (1791) ; Poems, 

11362 ; d. (1858). 
Arzemodkt, Queen, reigns, 11072 ; d. (632). 
Asa, reigns ; rebukes idolatry, 11423 • est. 

army, 11422 ; at Mareshak, 11421 . 
Asaker, reigns (EgyO, 655 2 . 
Asander, governor, Bosporus, 1151 2 . 
Asbestos used for paper, 7982. 
Asbjdrnsen, Peter Christen, b. (1812) ; 

works, 11042 ; d. (1885). 
Asboth, Alex. Sandor, b., 1162 ; at Pea 

Ridge, 20-12; captures conscripts, 2362 

d., 2601. 
Asbury, Francis, b., 662 ; j n Phila., 763 

general assistant, 763 ; fined, 831 ; stops 

preaching, 87 1 ; supt. Methodism, 932; 

ordained bp., 963, 121 1 ; last sermon, 

1243 ; d., 1242. 
Park, baby parade, 3891, 4343 ; gam- 
bling-house, 4691 ; Italians aroused, 406 3 . 
Ascalon, action at, 8501 j Crusaders victo- 
rious, 6541 . 
Ascension Island occupied, 939 2 . 
As chaff enburg, action at, 526 1 ; concordat 

of, 7851. 
Ascham, Roger, b.(1515); Toxophilus,869i ; 

Schoolmaster, 8731 ; d., 8722. 

Society formed, 986 2 . 

Aschera discovered, 528 2 . 
Aschod I., reigns, Armenia, 1155 2 . 
Asclepiades of Bithynia, b., 10282. 
Asclepiodotus, Roman consul, 8401 , 
Asconius, Pediainus Quintus, b., 10622; 

d. (88+). 
Ascot, races at (Eng.), 9091 . 
Asculum, action at, 10261 . 
Aselli, Gasparo, Lacteal Veins, 10832 ; 

d., 10823. 
Aserymus, reigns, 11433. 
Asgill, Charles, Sir, b., 9162 ; d., 9403. 



Asgill, John, b. (1659); d., 9102 ; expelled 
from seat, 9031. 

Ashantees, conquered, 11612 ; war with 
England, 9661 ; sign treaty, 9792. 

Ashbourne, Baron, title, 9871 . (SeeGibson.) 

Ashbrook, Viscount, title created, 9132. 

Ashbrooke, Abigail, refuses taxes, 4223. 

Ashburu, George W., d., 260 2 . 

Ashburner, Charles Albert, b., 1741. 

Ashburnham, E. of, title created, 9051. 

Ashburton Treaty signed, 5793. 

Ashby, Turner, b., 1321 ; d., 2092. 

Ashhyville, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 240 3 . 

Ashcled, see Dublin, 8393. 

Ashcombe, Baron, title created, 100S 3 - 

Ashdod besieged, 650 1 ; expedition against ; 
taken, 11442, 11452 ; battle of, 11481 . 

Ashe, John, b. (1720) ; d., 931 . 

, Samuel, b. (1725) ; at Brier Creek, 

902 ; gov. S. C, 1072 ; d. (1813). 

Asheville Coll., N. C, org. (1S42). 

Ash Grove, Mo., Ash* irovu Coll. fnd., 3143. 

Ashi, Rab., b.-d., 11542. 

Ashikaga shoguns, rule Japan, 10913. 

Ashland, O., Ashland College org., 2883. 

College, Ger. B., org., 3003. 

, Ky., Agricultural College, 250 3 . 

College, Ore., org., 3023. 

, Va., Randolph-IWacon college organ- 
ized, 1403. 

, Wis., strike, 3551 . 

Ashley, Pa., earthquake, 3321; mine acci- 
dent, 3593. 

, Utah, ice-cave discovered, 3442. 

, James Monroe, b. (1S24) ; prohibi- 
tion of slavery, 2292 ; introduces 13th 
Amendment, 2413 ; intro. impeachment, 

_ 2253 ; accuses Johnson, 2553; in im- 

" peachment investigation, 257 2 . 

Ashley, Lord. (See Shaftesbury.) 

Ashmead, Isaac, b. (1790) ; d., 2701 . 

Ashmole, Elias. b. 8801 ; d. (1692). 

Ashmolean Museum, fnd., 8941. 

Society, < >xford, fnd., 9431 . 

Ashmun, < Jeorge, I'- (1804) ; d., 2702. 

, Jehudi, b., 1042 ; d., 1361. 

, John Hooker, b. (1801) ; d., 1421 . 

Aslmeh mission, 6571 . 

Ashpitel, Arthur, b., 9331 ; d., 9722. 

Ashraif, reigns, 1107 2 . 

Ashrof Khaleel, takes Acre, 6542. 

Ashtabula Bridge, O., falls, 2933. 

Ashton, John, tried ; executed, 8993. 

, Robt. de, Sir, gov., 8593 ; d. (1834). 

Ashtoreth, worship of, 11411. 

Ashtown, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

Ashurnazirpal, reigns, 11451 ; invasion of, 
11442. 

Asia Minor, possession contested, 1017 2 ; 
cities abandoned, 10213 ; retreat of ten 
thousand, 10221; subdued, 10242; earth- 
quakes, 1028 2 ; surrendered to Rome, 
10292 ; subdued, 11062 ; 11072 ; Greeks 
surrender, 10352; conquered, 1106 1; 
world's battlefield, 11401 : conquered by 
Turks, 11541. 

Asia founders, 585 3 . 

Asia discovered, 9641 . 

Asinari, Federigo, b. (1527); d., 10811. 

Asinje Aziz Pasha killed, 565 2 . 

Askabad, Russians at, 71 . 

Aske, Robt., executed, 8681 . 

Askew, Anne, b. (1521) ; burned, 8691 , 

Asoka, a Buddhist, 10431 ; reigns, 10432. 

Aspar takes Ravenna, 10701 . 

Aspasia, captured by Volontaire, 1231. 

Aspendos, action at, 10222. 

Aspern, battle of, 5183. 

Asphalt discovered, 3441 , 3442. 

Aspinwall, Wm. H., fnds. Aspinwall, 6293. 

fnd., fire ; yellow fever, 6293. 

Aspy Bay, steamer wrecked, 5873. 

Asqnith, Herbert Henry, Parnell's coun- 
sel, 9993 : minister, 10092. 

Assake, defeat of garrison, 11181 . 

Assam acquired ; Eng. acquires, 9432 • 
mission, 10471 ; surveyors massacred, 
10493; invaded, 10441. 

Assampur mission, 10483. 

Assas, Chevalier d\ Nicolas, d., 7023. 

Assassination, Lincoln's, 2482, 3. 

Plot, Eng., 9011. 

Assassinations, Abdul-Aziz, Sultan, 11833; 
Afire, Dennis, Archbp., 7312; Albert I., 
Emp.,7S23. Artaxerxes III., 11062, 11073; 
Beaton, Cardinal, 8692; Becket, Thomas 
a', 8512; Berry, Charles F., Due de,7233; 
Capo d'Istria, Count, 10362; Cassar, Ju- 
lius, 10612; Carnot, Pres., 7663. Charles 



1180 



Text Figures denote Page. IN L)Ji,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Assa-Atla. 



III. of Parma, 10873; Clayton, J. M., 
• candidate for Cong n-ss.:;:u 3; Darius III., 
11073 ; Edmond, K., 815' ; Edward K., 
8463; Edward II., Edward V., 8563; 
Fisk, James. Jr., shot by E. S. Stokes, 
2772; Garfield, Pres., 3072; Gustavus HI., 
1135' ; Harrison, Carter H., shot by Pen- 
dergast, 442' ; Hennessy, D. C, shot by 
Italians, 3703; Henry, Duke of Guise, 
685' ; Henry III. of Fr., 6853; Henry IV. 
of Fr., 0872; James I. of Scot., 8632; 
James III. of Scot., 8672; John the Fear- 
less, 6773; Kotzebu, August F. F. von, 
8132; Louis of Valois, D. of Orleans, 
6763; Louis of Guise, 685'; Lincoln, 
Pres., 247' , 2482, 3 ; .Michael IV. of Ser- 
via, 11233 ; Marat, by Charlotte Corday, 
7083; Murray, James, regent, 873 3 ; Paul 
I., Czar, 11173; Philip II., 1025'; Perce- 
val, Spencer, 937 2 ; Prim, Marshal, 
11323; Richard, Earl of Mayo, 977' ; 
Rossi, Count Pellegrino, 10x73'; Strelin- 
koff, Gen., 1121' ; Villiers, George, D. of 
Buckingham, 883' ; William, Prince of 
Orange, 541 ' . (See the names of other 
victims in their alphabetical place.) 

Assaye, action at, 1046' . 

Asseli, Caspar, discovers lacteals, 10822. 

Assemani, Giuseppe Simone, b.-d., 11563. 

Assenede, Diderik van, Floris et Blanche- 
fleur, 10983. 

Asser, d., 8442. 

Assignatis issued, Fr., 7073, 7112. 

Assiout, mission station, 657 1 . 

Assis, reigns (Egy.), 6473. 

Assisi, Don Francis, D\ marries, 7292. 

Assisi, Francisco d., marries, 11313. 

Assize of Arms, Eim., 850' . 

Associate Reformed Church, Gen. Synod 
fmd. (1802); partial union with Presb. 
Church fmd., 95' ; secession, 142 2 ; mis- 
sion (1821); unites in forming United 
Presb. Church, 1842; work, 1403; Erskine 
College est., 151' ; Geneva College est., 
1642; begins mission work, 290 2 . 

Associated Loyalists, Board of, 933. 

Press organized, 1643. 

Association, the, 18110, 1882. 

Bill discussed, Fr., 7632. 

■ (See International.) 

for Free distribution of Scriptures, 

9803. 

for Oral Instruction opd., 9763. 

for Prevention Poverty find., 973' . 

for Protection of Insane fnd., 307' . 

for Relief of Widows established, 911 2 . 

of Am. Authors, 4042. 

of Fine Arts founded, 946' . 

of Lay Helpers org., 9682. 

of Medical Sup. for Insane org., 273' . 

of Nobles, Ger., 7852. 

of Railroads formed, 3893. 

Associations wrecked, 9021. 

Assouan mission, 657' ; occupied, 660' . 

Assurance Societies established, 11272. 

Assyria, Rom. province, 1065' ; conquered, 
10673, 11072; kingdom rises, 1143' ; inde- 
pendent, 11432, 11452; empire at zenith, 
11453; in Egy., fortifications; war in Egy., 
650' ; empire overthrown, 1146' ; divided, 
1147'. 

Ast, George Anton Fried., b., 8042; d. ,816'. 

Astbury, John, b., 9892; d., 9103. 

Astell, Mary, b., 8922; d., 9082. 

Asterius, b., 11542. 

Asterodt, George A., plan to assassinate 
Lincoln, 243' ; sentenced, 24S 2 . 

Asteropherus, Magnus Olai ; Tlsbe, 11343. 

Astle, Thomas, !.., 90X2; d., 9322. 

Astley, John, Sir, d., 1012' . 

• Philip, b. (1742) ; amphitheater, 9182; 

d., 9363. 

Astolphns, cession to Pope, 7713. 

Aston, Arthur, Sir, massacred, 886 2 . 

Astor, John Jacob, b., 723; fnds. Astoria, 
1173; fnds. library, 1663; opd., 174n; d., 
164'. 

, , d., 3521 ; will probated, 3533 ; 

library, 3542; library improvements, 
3023; bronze church doors, 356 2 . 

, Wm., estate bequeathed, 4073. 

, Wm. Backhouse, b. (1792) ; gift to 

Astor Library (1859) ; d., 2S8' . 

Place, riot, 1643. 

Astorga, Emamiele d\ b., 1083' ; d., 10842. 

Astoria, Ore., fnd., 1173; settled, 1192; 
sold, 1213. 

Astrolabe adapted, 12' . 

Astrological Society founded, Eng., 984' . 



Astronomer, royal, James Bradley, 9102; 
John Flamsteed, 894' ; Edmund Halley, 
906' ; Nath. Bliss, 9111' ; Nevil Maskeline 
(1765) ; John Pond. 9343; George Biddell 
Airy (1835) ; Wm. H. M. Christie (1881). 

Astronomical Congress in Paris, 756' . 

Society of Fr., inaug., 7561 . 

Astronomy, early study of, 11461 ; Ptole- 
maic system, 10642; studied in Egypt, 
6522; introduced: Alphonsine tables 
composed, 112G 2 ; Coperniean system of, 
7902, 10S02; spectrum analvsis,'9642. 

Astrue, Jean, b., 6923; d., 7031 . 

Asturias, monarchy fnd., 11253; united to 
Castile, 11272. 

Astyages, reigns, 11471 ; overthrown, 11071 ; 
rulers of Ast arias-Leon, 11253, 11272. 

Asuncion fnd., 1105 1 , 4892; abandoned, 
5561 ; mission in, 11062. 

Ashur-res-isi, reigns, 11432. 

Asurdan I., reigns, 11432; conquests, 11421 . 

-II., reigns, 11433. 

III., reigns, 11452. 

Asur-etil-ilani-ukinni, reigns, 1145 3 . 

nirari, reigns, 11452. 

Ata, reigns (Egypt), 6453. 

Atahualpa, b., 6443; rules Ecu. and Peru, 
6431; 6441; usurper, 212, 644'; meets 
Pizarro, 644' ; captured, killed, 20' . 

Atala discovered, 748'. 

Atalanta discovered, 7481. 

Atalanta loses race, 3093. 

Atalanta lost, 984' . 

Atanagildo, reigns, 11253. 

Atawulf, King, in Gaul, 6633; reigns, 
1071'; marries Placidia, 10713; takes 
Barcelona, 1125' ; rules West Goths, 
11253; invades Gaul ; murdered, 10713. 

Atchinoff manifesto, Fr., 7563. 

Atchison, Kan., St. Benedict's Coll. org., 
1822; Soldiers' Orphans' Home opd., 327' . 

R. R.; train robbers, 4163. 

, David R., b. (1807) ; pres. S., 1612, 3, 

1632,1712,1732; leaves Kan., 181' ; d.,3222. 

, Gen., Mormons surrender to, 148' . 

Ate discovered, 2701. 

Aterdi, Peter, b.-d., 11342. 

Atet, reigns (Egypt), 6453. 

Atf -Haider mission, 6571 . 

Athabasca, Bp. Young cons., 992 2 . 

River, petroleum, 590' . 

Mackenzie, vicariate, 5802. 

Athalarie, King of E. Goths, 10713 ; d. (534). 

Athaliah, usurps govt., 1145'; against 
Judah, 11443. 

Athanasian Creed formulated, 10G83; 
modifications defeated, 9762. 

Athanasius, Saint, b., 0042, 10283; defends 
Trinity, 10283; doctrine, 10682; deposed ; 
at Rome ; restored, 10682; innocent ; est. 
monasticism, 10683; archbishop, 6543; 
exiled, 6543; d., 6542. 

Athelstan, b. (895); invades Scot., 8442; 
king of Wessex; mint regulations; league 
against, 8453; protector of princes; en- 
courages commerce, 845' ; killed, 8442. 

Athemon, d., 11482. 

Athenamm, Rome, erected, 1064 2 . 

Athriiivum Helffe, issued, 5443. 

Club founded, 187', 941'. 

Athemeus, b., 102X3; ISanqiut, 10643. 

Athenagoras, b., 10283. 

Athenas, Pierre Louis, b., 701' ; d., 7243. 

Athene, Temple of, 10102; begun, 10203. 

Athenion, insurrectionist, Sicily, 1056 2 . 

Athens, Ala., skirmish near, 207' ; Fed- 
erals defeated, 238 2 . 

Gr. fnd., Areopagus instituted, 10133; 

Prianepsa-, 11(15' ;b< ■sieged, 1014' ;archons 
elected, 10152; war with Mitylene, 1016' ; 
written laws demanded ; early archons, 
1017'; architecture nourishes, 1019'; 
ascendency period of, 1019 2; war against, 
10183 ; Parthenon completed, 10203, 
dedicated, 1021'; theater of Bacchus 
built; first theater, 11201; war with 
Sparta, 10222; league against, 10223; 
taken by Alaric, 1030'; Athens cap- 
tured, 10562; libraries removed, 1029'; 
surrenders to Sulla, 1028' ; Romans pro- 
claim liberty, 10273; Romans aid, 10262; 
Roman ambassadors received, 10273; 
fortress of Athenreum built, 10262; in 
Achaean League, 10273; liberated, 10272; 
pillaged, 10282; Athens taken, 1066' ; 
attempt to throw off Macedonian rule, 
10262; no political influence, 10272; 
taken, 1026' ; in Triangular League ; 
1027 2 ; democracy restored, 1027' ; school 



of Stoics fnd., 10263; surrenders, 10243; 
submits to Alexander, 1024' ; Academy 
fnd., 1023' ; height of greatness ; confed- 
eration against Sparta, 10233; restora- 
tions begun, 10222; taken by Alaric, 
1068' ; rule of Thirty Tyrants ; rear- 
ranged; democratic govt, restored, 10232; 
besieged ; walls of Piraeus destroyed, 
10221; power destroyed, 10232; Erech- 
theum fnd., 10223; council of Four Hun- 
dred; council of Five Hundred reest. ; 
oligarchy est., 10213; fleet increased, 
10203; distressed by Spartans, 10213; 
prisoners in Sicily, 1020 3 ; terrified by 
eclipse; Hermes statues mutilated, 10212 ; 
builds walls Constantinople, 1030' ; ar- 
mistice -with Sparta, 10202; in Sicily af- 
fairs, 10213; war against, 10212; golden 
number discovered, 1021 ' ; Propylssa be- 
gun, 10203; fortifications completed, 
1020'; satirical comedies prohibited, 
1021', 2; Athenian league independent, 
10212; revolt against, 1020', 10202; 
height of power, 1021 2 ; Odeum Theater 
fnd., 10203; fleet destroyed, 1019' ; long 
walls begun, 10183; tyrannizes Greece ; 
treasury in Acropolis ; law of ephialtes ; 
democratic rule, 10193; Theseurn built, 
1019'; hegemony transferred to, 10183; 
Temple of Victory built, 1019'; suprem- 
acy of Hellenic fleet, 10183; heads Hel- 
lenic confederacy, 10192; abandoned; 
burned, 10182; burned ; rebuilt ; reinhab- 
ited, 10192; war against -Kgina ; military 
power against Persia, 101S1 ; nobles re- 
volt ; nobles murdered, 10173 ; social 
reform, 1017 1 ; ostracism est. ; political 
changes, 10173; public library (first), 
est. by Pisistratus, 10163 ; schools 
of ; suppressed, 10311 ; first comedy at, 
10162; taxes levied ; dissatisfaction with 
govt. ; parties formed, 10172; victorious, 
1016' ; archons of ; authentic dates, 10153 ; 
authentic history ; court of Ephetae 
est., 1015'; acquired; dukedom, 1035'; 
Turkish Pasha, 10353; captured, 10341 ; 
taken, 1078' ; devastated, 1034' ; Parthe- 
non destroyed; Turks besieged, 10342; 
bank fnd., 10353 • British School of 
Archeology opened, 9942. 

Athens, O., Univ. org., 113' ; troops, 4603. 

, Tenn., East Tennessee and Wes- 

leyan University organized, 260 2 . 

Atherstone, trains collide, 9653. 

Atherton, Alice, b., 1741 . 

, Charles Gordon, b. (1804) ; 3d " Gag- 
Law," 1493; d. (1853). 

, John, b. (1598) ; bp., d., 8823. 

Athlumney, Baron, title created, 9671. 

Athol, asteroid, discovered, 2901 . 

, Duke of, title created, 9031 . 

, Earl of, executed, 8632. 

Athothis, King, on anatomy, 6452. 

Atkins, Hiram, d., 416' . 

, John, lord-mayor, London, 9393. 

Atkinson, private, wins rifle prize, 974' . 

, A. M., pres. convention, 420 2 . 

, Edward, b., 1342. 

, Gen. Henry, b. (1782) ; against Black 

Hawks, 140' ; d. (1842). 

- — , Thomas.b. (1807) ; cons. P. E. bp., 1723 ; 
d. (1882). 

, Thomas Wm., b., 9283; d., 9642. 

, W. Y., nom. for gov., 4672. 

Railroad Bill, 2732. 

Atkinson's Casket appears, 131' . 

Atlanta, Ga., campaign, Sherman begins, 
2322, 2363; Confed. conscripts flee to 
Feds , 2343 ; battle at, 236 1 ,2, 3 ; Sherman 
at Atlanta, 2363; burns. 2401 ; besieged, 
2371 , 2381 ; Kilpatriek sent on raid, 2372; 
Hood evacuates, 2381; Sherman burns 
part of, 2401 ; constitutional conv. meets, 
2593 ; made capital of, 261 1 ; Methodist 
Advocate, 2621 ; Atlanta Constitution 
issued, 262' ; Clark Univ. org., 2S63, 
2962; Southern Medical Coll. opd., 3023; 
Inter. Cotton Exposition held, 3093; 
Gammon Theological School fnd., 3143; 
Southern Church Conf., 3163; Techno- 
logical School opd., 3303; capitol com- 
pleted, 3553; Nothern Soc. org., 3563; 
protests against Federal Election Bill, 
3643; Direct Trade Conv. org., 3693; 
Grady monument. 394' ;fire,3953; Scotch- 
Irish Conv., 40112; mavor vetoes licenses, 
3863; H. C. Brown arrested, 3883; bomb 
explosion, 461' ; Sherman leaves, 240'. 

Atlanta captured, 2223. 



Atla-Aust. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



1181 



Atlanta sails, 3341 , 42S1 . 

Atlanta Univ. (non-sect.) org. (1S69). 

Atlantic balloon voyage, 2821 . 

Atlantic burns off Halifax, 2813. 

Atlantic collides witb Ogdensburg, 1713. 

Atlantic, explored, 112. 

and Pacific E. R., chartered, 2533. 

and St. Lawrence R. R., opd., 175 2 . 

Cable Co.; org., 1753; laying begun, 

1831, 3; laying of, 5833; breaks, 1833; 
laid, 9602, 9621 ; 2d laying begins ; breaks, 
2493 ; laying begun ; third completed , 
reorganized ; message from Victoria, 
2533 ; ends at Brest, 7382 ; laid, 2833 ; 
6th laid, 2853 ; N. T. to Ire., and New- 
foundland, 2393 ; Anglo-Amer. and Anglo- 
French Co. unite, 2693 ; break in, 3453 ; 
Fr. Atlantic cable, 7533 ; new laid, 9893. 

cable. (See Anglo-Am. Tel. Co.) 

Atlantic Magazine issued, 1323. 

(Sea) Hotel, corner-stone, 4633. 

wrecks, 9793 . 

Atlay, James, cons, bishop, 9663. 

Atmospheric pressure, experiments, 9501 . 

wave discovered, 2781 . 

Atomic theory announced, 9322. 

Aton, Gen. G-anier d', president, 10403. 

Atondo y Antillon,DonIsidoro,b.-d., 11283. 

Atossa, introduces sales of women, 11412. 

Atreus, assassinated. 10143. 

Atskur, action at, 11181 . 

Attalia Co., Miss., mob, 3951. 

, Mo., cyclone, 4793. 

Attalus, King, offer for Dionysius, 11462 ; 
invents parchment, 11482. 

I., reigns in Pergamus, 11491 ,2. 

II., reigns, 11492. 

III., Philometor, reigns, 11492. 

— — III., of Pergamus, bequeaths kingdom 
to Rome, 10571. 

, Flavins Priscus, Emperor, 1071 1 . 

Attar-Ferid-ed-Din, b.-d., 11063. 

Atterbom, Peter Daniel Amadeus, b.-d., 
11342 ; works, 11362 ; fnds. Aurora For- 
bundet, 11351. 

Atterbury, Francis, b., 8902; arrested, 9062 ; 
condemned, 9073 ; d., 9082. 

Attica, entered, 10182 ; invasions, 10201 ,2, 
10221 -ravaged, 10203. 

Attila, King of Huns, 6793 ; in it., 10701 ; 
empire of, 5023, 5031, 6622, 10712 ; rav- 
ages Thrace, 11541 ; invades Gaul, 7681 ; 
plunders Worms, 7693 ; destroys Aqui- 
liea; sacks Milan, 10701; besieges Con- 
stantinople, 10301 ; tributeref used, 1031 2 ; 
suffocated, 5033, 5021 . 

Attleboro, Mass., bicentennial, 4733. 

Attucks, Crispus, d., 761 . 

Attwood, T-, forms Political Union, 9452. 

Atwill, Edwin R., cons. P. E. bp. Mo. ,3701. 

Atwood, George, b., 9122. 

Atyens, ally of Argives, 10183. 

Aubanel, Joseph Marie Jean-Baptiste 
Theodore, Half Open Pomegranate, 7351 . 

Aube, Adm., minister, 7552,3. 

Auber, Daniel Francois Esprit, b., 7061 ; 
Muelte di Portici, 7241 ; d., 7461 . 

Auberlin, Jean Louis, b., 69S3 ; d., 7211 . 

-, Karl A., b., 8123 ; d., 8221. 

-, Thomas, on St. Lawrence, 163, 5711. 

Aubert, du, Bayet, Jean-Baptiste Annibal, 
b., 7023 ; d., 7123. 

Aubertin, Edmond, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. 

Auberville,F.L.dePounoyde 1', cons., 5751 . 

Aubery, Antoine, b., 6862 ; d., 6943. 

— — Louis, Sieur du Maurier, d., 6942. 

Aubigne\ Theodore Agrippa d', 6822 • 
works, 6843, 6871 ■ d., 6882. 

Aublet, Jean-Baptiste Christophe F., b., 
6982 ; d., 7043. 

Aubrey, John, b., 8821 ; d., 9002. 

Aubry, Claude Charles, Comte d', b., 7042 ■ 
d., 7203. 

-, Gen. d', at Seminara, 6782. 

, Francois, b., 7003 ; d., 7142. 

Auburn, Ala., Polytechnic College org., 
2742 ; Agricultural College opened, 2782, 

, Me., labor riot, 4383. 

, N. Y., prison opd., 1272 ; Theological 

Sem. org., 1283 ; first electrocution, 3651 ; 
centennial, 433 3 . 

Anburndale, Mass., LaselleSem.org., 2412. 

Auburn Park, 111., R. R. accident, 3453. 

Aubusson, Pierre d', b.-d., 6762. 

Auchmuty, Richard T., d., 4341 . 

, Samuel, b., 601 ; d., 891 . 

, Samuel, Sir, b., 9143 - Montevideo, 

4891; d., 9403. 

Auckland, N.Z.,fnd.,11032 ; see est., 9722; 



Bp. Luek cons., 9862 ; Lord, gov. -gen., 
9492, 10473. 

Auckland, Baron, title created, 9231 , 9252. 
(See Eden.) 

Auction sale, Eng., 901 3 . 

Aud, Queen, arrives, 10421. 

Auilati, Trudo, reigns, 11611. 
Audebert, Jean B., b., 7023 ; d., 7142. 

Audefroi, de Bastard, Belle Idione, 6711. 

Audenaerde, Robert van, b.-d., 5411. 

Audenreid, Pa., Molly Maguires, 2292. 

Audiffredi, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831 ; 
d., 10843. 

Audiil'ret, Marquis d', C. L. Gaston, b., 
7062 ; d., 7502. 

Pasquier (Edme Arinand Gaston), 

Due d', b. (1823) ; Pres. Nat'l Assem. ; 
life senator, 7493 ; pres. Senate, 751 1 ; 
Me~moires, 7641 . 

Audiguier, Vital, b., 6823 ; d., 6882. 

Audiphone, invented, R. G. Rhodes, 3061. 

Audley, Thomas, b., 8661 ; at Blore Heath, 
S62i ; keeper, 8692 ; minister, 8693 ; d., 
8682. 

Audouin, Jean Victor, b., 7123 ; d., 7282. 

Audran, Gerard, b., 6883 ; d. (1703). 

-, Jean, b., 6903 ; d., 7022. 

Audrein, Yves Marie, d., 7142. 

Audubon, John James, b., 931 ; works, 
1391, 1403, 1441, 1523, 1603, 1863; d., 
1682 ; monument, 4281 . 

Auenbrugger, Auenbrug Leopold, b. 
(1722) ; d., 5192. 

Auer, Anton, b., 8042 ; d., 8102. 

, John Gottleib, cons. miss, bp., 2802. 

Auerbacll, Berthold, b., 8102 ; works, 8152, 
8263 ; d., 8302. 

Auersperg, Adolf, b. (1821) ; d., 5302. 

, Prince Karl William, b. (1814) ; new 

ministry, 5292 ; resigns, 531 1 . m 

Auerstadt, battle of, 7161 ,8081. 

Auerswald, Gen. Hans Adolf Erdmann 
von, b. (1792) ; killed, 8171 . 

Auffenberg, Joseph von, b., 8063 ; d. 8201. 

Auger,L'Abl>e,Athanase, b.,6983; d.,70S2. 

, Hippolyte Nicolas Just, b., 7123 ; d., 

7522. 

, Louis Simon, b., 7042 ; d., 7243. 

Augereau, Pierre, Due de Castiglioue, b., 
7022 ; at Areola, 5182 ; d., 7222. 

Augier, Guillaume, Victor Emile, b., 7223 ; 
works, 7303, 7333, 7502 ; d., 7582. 

Augsburg, Theological Sem. opd., 2663. 

, Ger., fnd., 7091 • Ger. defeated, 5021 ; 

peace of, 5103 ; ceded, 5193 ; breweries, 
7782; Diet of, 7813; ribbon-workers est., 
7S42 ; Diet at, 7902, 7912,3 ; Interim of, 
7913 ; edict revoked, 7912 ; captured, 
7921 ; peace of, agreed, 7923 ; League of, 
7992 ; annexed, 809 2 ; prime ministers 
meet, 8232 ; Confed. Diet retires to, 8251 ; 
Diet dissolved, 8252 ; Diet, religious dis- 
putes settled, 5102 ; Confession, 11343. 

Auguis, Pierre Jean B., b., 7003 ; d., 7191 . 

Augur, Christopher Colon, b., 1301 ; de- 
fends R. R., 2391 ; against Indians, 2581. 

, Hezekiah, b. (1791) ; sculptor, 1281 • 

d., 1841. 

Augurs est., 10503. 

August Flower lost, 3353. 

Augusta in collision, 1893. 

Augusta marries William I., 8152. 

, Princess, d., 6421 . 

, rules with Tiberius, 10632. 

Victoria, b. (1858) ; marries, 8203. 

, Ga., fnd., 633 ; fort built, 621 ; taken, 

901 ; besieged ; captured, 942 ; burned, 
1373 ; arsenal seized. 1901 ; capital moved 
from, 2611; soldiers' monument inaug., 
2982 ; fire, 4133 ; Exposition opd., 4433 ; 
Press Associations unite, 4453 ; Immi- 
gration Congress, 4603. 

, Ger. (See Augsburg, 7691 .) 

— ■ — , Ky., Confed. capture, 2141. 

, Me., State Library org., 1403. 

Augustan lira begins, 10603. 

Augustana College organized, 1863. 

Auguste, Alexandre, leader, 7432. 

Augusti, Christian J. W., b., 8031 ; d., 8161 . 

Augustin, Jean-Baptiste Jacques, b., 7023; 
d., 7201. 

Augustin-Thierry, Gilbert, works, 7641 . 

Augustine, St., b.-d., 106S2 ; composes Te 
Deum; Bishop of Hippo, 10691. 

, St., b., 91 ; in Britain, 8422 ; archbp., 

8422 ; d., 8421 . 

Augustine's Oak, bishops meet, 8422, 

Augustines, arrive in Chili, 6051 . 

Augustinian age of literature, 6551 . 



Augustinian order of monks est., 10763. 

Augustulus, Romulus, reigns, 10713. 

Augustus I., Frederick, K. of Poland, b.,. 
7963 ; d., 8002. 

I., Frederick, b.-d., 11142. 

II., at Pultusk, 11141 . 

III., election ; inherit., 5151 ,2. 

, Prince, married, 5381 ; 

, Caius Julius Ciesar Octavius, b.-d, 

10583 ; fails in Ger., 7691 ; against An- 
tonius ; command of legions ; against 
Antony ; commands arm\ , 111602 ; Senate 
negotiates with, 1061 2 ; in second trium- 
virate, 10602 ; in Greece, 10602 ; consul - r 
action for Ctesar ; allotmentstoveterans ; 
against Pompey ; father of country ; su- 
preme in It.; govemsGaulandSp., 10612 ; 
governs West, 10613 ; orders for sacri- 
fices, 10611; in Sicily, 1060 2; conquest 
begins, 11252 ; sends 'legions to Antony, 
10602 ; receives Sardinia ; meets Antony, 
10613 ; campaigns along Save, 10603 ; 
reigns, 10613 ; inEgy. ; captures Alexan- 
dria, 10603 ; natron of art, 10622; cam- 
paign against Parthians, 10603 ; cele- 
brates triumphs, 1061 1 ; games in honor 
of, 11503 ; title bestowed, 10613 ; retires, 

Corvianus, in Syria, 11512. 

11251 ; in Sp., 10G03 ; reforms, 10613. 

, D. of Brunswick, b. (KillO), 7953. 

, D. of Grafton. (See Fitzroy.) 

, D. of Oldenburg, b. (1783); 8152. 

, elector, b. (1526), 7932 ; d. (1586). 

Frederick, D. of Sussex, Pres. Royal 

Academy, 9441 ■ d. (1843). 

, Friedrich, b. (1773) ; d., 8162. 

, Friedrich Wilhelni Hcinrich, Prince 

of Prussia, b., 8042 ; d., 8162. 

Wilhelm, Pr., b., 8002 ; d., 8023. 

William, D. of Brunswick, 7992. 

Auk wrecked, 9933. 

Auldearn, action at, 8842. 

Aulich, Louis, b., 5191 ; d., 5223. 

Aulick, John H., b. (1789) ; d., 2802. 

Aulnaye, Francois Henri Stanislaus de P., 
b., 7002; d., 7261. 

Aulnoy, or Aunoy, Comtesse d', Marie 
Catherine (Jumelle de Berneville), b., 
6883 ; works, 6951 ; d., 6962. 

Aulus Postumius, at Lake Regillus, 10501 ;. 
commands, 10561 . 

Aumale, Due d' (Charles de Lorraine), 
b. (1556) ; d., 6882. 

, Due d' (Claude II.), b., 6803; d., 

6841. 

, Due d', Henri Eugene Philippe Louis 

d' Orleans, b., 7241 ; in Algeria, 83 ; 
letter to Nap., 7.353 ; j n Nat'l Assem., 
7433; manifesto, 74">1 ; in Assem., 7453 ; 
council, 7472; exiled, 7. r >r,3; revoked, 7572. 

Aumont, Jean d', b., 6S03 ; d., 6842. 

Aurania and Alaska race, 4133. 

Auray, battle of. 6741 . 

Aurelian (Claudius Lucius Valerius Ddmi- 
tius Aurelianus), b.-d., 10642 ; Emperor, 
defeats Franks, 6622 ; defeats Zenobia, 
6521 , 6533 ; reconquers East Egypt; sub- 
dues Gaul. Spain, and Britain; mur- 
dered, 10661, 1067 2 ; persecutes Chris- 
tians, 10363 ; abandons Dacia, 7692. 

law, passed, 10591 . 

Aurelius Ambrosius, monument, 8402. 

, reigns in Asturias, 1125 3 . 

(See Marcus Aurelius.) 

Aurellede Pa la dines, Claude Michel Louis, 
b., 7151 ; d., 7502. 

Auresperg, Coimt Anton A. von, b. , 808 2 : 
d., 8282. 

Auricular confession, intro., 10751; pro- 
tested, 9822. 

Auriesville, pilgrimage to, 3902, 4141 1 4681 . 

Aurifaber, Andreas G., b., 7863 ; d., 7922. 

, Johann, b., 7882. 

Aurora, N. Y., Wells College fnd., 2623. 

Aurora wrecked, 9333. 

borealis display, 1441 . 1431 , 2761 , 3101 , 

4001 , 4521 , 8741 ; alarming, 9042. 

Forbundet fnd., IIS51 . 

Aurungzebe, b.-d., 10443 ; generals subdue 
Rajput states, 10441 j reigns ; rebels ; d., 
10451. 

Ausoulta Fili, burned, 6733. 

Ausonia, asteroid, discovered, 10862. 

Ausonius, Decimus Magnus, h. (310±) : 
works, 6631 ; d. (394+). 

Austell, Ga., R. R. collision, 3213. 

Austen, Jane, b.,919 1 ; works,9352 ; d., 9382. 

Austerlitz, battle of, 7161 . 

Coll. org., Sherman, Tex. (1849). 



1182 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Aust-Baca 



Austin, Alfred, b.(1835); works, 9783, 9882, 

10082, 10122. 
, Horace, gov. Minn., 3732. 

, Jane Goodwin, b. (1831); Betty Alden, 

3982 * d 454' . 

, Sarah Tayior, b., 9262 ; d., 9701. 

, Stephen Fuller, b. (1793) ; grant of 

Texas, 1313 ; d., 1401. 

, Miss., race riot, 2843. 

, Tex., M. E. eonf. fmd., 2903 ; legis- 
lature meets, 161 1 ; State convention 
meets, 2513, 2032, 2X!)2 ; State University 
org., 308' , 3143 ; Normal School opd., 
3082 ; dam, 4313 ■ train robbery, 445' . 

Australia, bishopric est., 947 3 ; gold, 9573. 

(See text, pp. 493-501.) 

Australian voting system, 3332, 3363, 
337' , 2, 339' , 2, 3492, 399' , 2. 

Austrea, satellite, discovered, 5282. 

Austria. (Seetext,pp.502^53S.) I launibal in, 
1054'; Romans subdue, 1055'; Romans 
defeated, 1056' ; peace with Turk., 11572 ; 
Roman rule, 1062 ' ; (Joths invade, 10652; 
signs Peace of Vienna, 1089 2 ; Duchy 
reest., 7733 ; separated from Bavaria, 
7773 ; acquires Tyrol, 7883 ; war with 
Switz., 1137' ; annexes Neth., 10992; Max- 
imilian I. possesses lands, 7X72, 3; defeated 
byTurks, 1156' ; peasant uprisings, 7893; 
annexes Tyrol, 7973; war with Fr., 7962; 
Peace of Radstadt. 6973 ; annexes Ser- 
via, 11232 ; war of Successi >n, X00' ; envy 
of Prus.,8013 ; Seven Tears' War, 8032 ; 
alliance with Prus., S072 ; war of Suc- 
cession, 910' ; peace of Leoben, 7132 ; 
empire find., 809' ; war against Fr., 8093, 
8112, 7212 ; treaty with Eng., 9373 ; Lai- 
bach conference meets, 9412 ; compen- 
sation, 941 3 ; war with Hung. ; war with 
Sardinia, 816' : Slavonic Congress meets, 
8172; revolts; Diet at ICremsier, 8173; in- 
fluence, 81X3; against Prus. alliance,819' ; 
disagrees with Prus.; old Confederation 
called; ultimatum, 8192 ; absolute govt, 
claimed ; treaty with Prus., 819 3 ; alli- 
ance against Rus.; signs concordat, 821 ' ; 
emperor crowned; liberal constitution, 
8212 ; federal reform, 8213 ; proposal re- 
jected, 8222 ; secedes from protocol ; 
manifestoes issued, 8233 ; Austro-Prus. 
controversy, 8232, 3 ; Austro-Prus. war, 
822' , 1088' ; allies named ; declines 
mediation; withdraws from Oxer., 825'; 
allies join Ger. Confederation, 825 2 ; em- 
peror in Berlin, 8263 ; treaty with It., 
10902 ; treaty with Prus., 11193 ; Austro- 
Ger. treaty, 8353. 

Austria burned 963 3 . 

Autenrieth, Johann H. F. von, b., 803'; 
d., 8143. 

Autharis, King of Longobards, 1072' ; King 
of It., 1073'; Christian, 19722; d., 10713. 

Authors, Am. Soc. org., 3802, 475' . 

memorial to U. S. Congress, 147' . 

Authors' Club, Carnegie gift, 3562. 

An/oh'/oara/iki/ Mirhrlst, 7582. 

Auto-da-fe, 11252; bull-fights, 11293; in Pe- 
ru; inMex., 242. 

Autosse, Ala., battle of, 1203. 

Autran, Joseph, b., 7192 ; works, 7272, 
7303 ; d., 7502. 

Auvelais cholera, 5493. 

Auvergne, Fr., mummy found, 7022. 

Lauranguais, Pr. de la Tour, 7392 ; 

foreign minister, 7392, 3. 

, Pierre, b.-d., 6702. 

Stephen, est. Grandmoiitines, 6683. 

Auvigny, Jean du Castre, d', b., 6963 ; d., 
7002. 

Auvray, Felix, b., 7142 ; d., 7262. 

Auvrigny, Hvacinthe Robillard, d', b., 
6923 ; d., 698' . 

Auzout, Adrien, b., 6882 ; d., 6942. 

Auzoux, Theodore Louis, b.,7123; d.,7522. 

Ava. Burmah mission, 1047 2 ; forts occu- 
pied, 10482. 

— -, colony planted, 1145 3 . 

Avalanche, Burke, Ida., 352' ; GreatNorth- 
ern R.R., 420' ; Rocky Mts., 448' ; St. 
Gervais-les-Bains, 762' ; Mont Blanc, 
11382 ; Alps, 534' ; in Colo., 334' . 

Avalanche collides with Portland, 9833. 

Avalon Coll., Trenton, Mo., org. (1869). 

Avars, in Gaul, 664' ; in Hung., 503' ; in- 
vade Thuringia, 770' ; defeated, 502' ; 
expelled from Servia, 1123' ; devastate 
Or., 10302, 10312, 1032' ; subdued, 7713. 

Avaugour, M. de, gov. Can., 5732. 



Avaux, Comte d', Claude de Mesmes, b., 
6842 ; d., 6883. 

Aveiro, Duke of (Jose de Mascarenhas), 
d.-d., 11102. 

Avellanda, Nicolas, b. (1836) ; pres., 4912 ■ 
d. (1885). 

Avellaneda, Ger. Gomez de, b.-d., 11303. 

Avempace, d., 4863. 

Avenar's, John E., Hebraicum, 793' . 

Avenger lost, 954' . 

Avensoar, d., 4863. 

Aventinus, Johannes, b., 786 2 ; d., 7902. 

Averell, Gen. Win. Woods, b. (1832) ; raids 
W. Va., 2262; raid, 228', 3; at Droop 
Mountain, 228' ; near Wytheville, 2323 ; 
at Lynchburg, 2343 ; at Stephenson's De- 
pot, 2362 ; at Hancock, 2363 ; at Moore- 
field, 237' ; at Berryville, 238' . 

Averroes, Ibn Roshd, d., 4863. 

Aversa, It., Normans settle, 10733. 

Avery, John, b., 146'. 

, Samuel P., library gift, 3622. 

, Waightstill, b., 662 ; d., 130'. 

Averyon, mine explosion, 7573. 

Averysboro, N.C., Confeds. defeated, 244' . 

Avic'ebron. (See Salomon.) 

Avicenna, b.-d., 11543. 

Avidius, Cassias, prefect of Egy., 653 3 ; 
revolts, 10652 (■') ; d., 10642. 

Avignon, besieged, 6702 ; University rec- 
ognized, 673' ; Holy See est., 6723; pope's 
residence, 7822, 8562 ; possession of 
Popes, 1077' ; papal residence, 10763 ; 
seized, 690' ; annexed, 709'. 

Avila, Gil Gonzalez de, b.-d., 11282 ; in 
Costa Rica, 630' . 

, Pedro Arias de, b. (1442) ; at Chira, 

630' ; founds Panama, l»a ; d. (1531). 

Aviler, Augustin Chas., b., 6902; d., 6943. 

Avilez, v del Ficrro Gabriel de, b. (1745±); 
governor, 6053 ; d. (1810). 

Avitus, Alcim.-Ecdicius, b., 6623 ; d., 6642. 

, Marcus M;ecilius, reigns ; deposed, 

10712 • d. (456). 

Avizard, Gen., governor Algeria, 92. 

Avon-by-the-Sea, N. J. Assembly, 3862. 

Avondale coal mine, fire, 2673. 

Avonmore, Viscount of, title created, 933' . 

Avricourt, Balny D\ at Hanoi, 480' , 2. 

Avrigny, Charles Joseph Loeuillard d', 
b., 7023 ; d., 7242. 

Avril, Jean Jacques, b., 7003 ; d., 726' . 

Axavcatl, leader, 12' ; enthroned, 132, 3 ; 
d., 122. 

Axes are manufactured, Conn., 134' . 

Axtell, Samuel B., b. (1819) ; gov. N. Mex. 
(Ter.), 295'; d.,388'. 

Ayaeueho, Spaniards defeated, 490'; bat- 
tle of, 550' , 643' . 

Ayala, Balthasar de, b.-d., 5403. 

, Juan de Dios de, gov., 6303. 

, Pedro Lopez de, b.-d., 11202 ; Rimado 

de Palacio, 11271. 

Ayesha, b. (611 i) ; slain, 4841 . 

Aylesford, E. of, title created, 9051 . 

Ayllon, Lucas V.de, b.(1475-) ; expedition, 
191 ; catches slaves, 192, 3 ; d., 112S2. 

Aylmer, Baron, title created, 9051 . 

, Lord, gov.-gen., 579 2 . 

Avmar, Jacques, b., 6902 ; d., 6971. 

Ayolas, Juan de, in Parag., 213 ; d. (1538). 

Ayoob Khan, in Afg., 61,2,71. 

Ayrault, Pierre, b.', 6803 ; d., 6S62. 

Ayrenhoff, Cornelius Hermann, b. (1733) ; 
Der Postzug, 8032 ; d. (1819). 

Ayrer, or Ayer, Jacob, d., 7923. 

Ayres, Romeyn Beck, Gen., b. (1825) ; at 
Boydton ; at Five Forks, 2443. 

Ayseue, Sir George, d., 8923. 

Avsheah, b.-d., 11542. 

Aytoun, William E., b., 9363 ; d., 9681 . 

Ayiithia, capital Siani ; taken, 11241 . 

Azaimeh mission, 657' . 

Azais, Pierre Hyacinthe, b.,703' ; d.,7283. 

Azan bin Gheo, killed, 4883. 

Azanza, Miguel -lose de, b.-d., 11283. 

Azara, Don Felix de, b.-d., 11283. 

Azariah. (See Uzziah) ; prophet, 11423. 

Azeglio, Massimo Taparelli d', b., 10843 ; 
d., 10882. 

Azi, Pasha, killed, 5652. 

Aziin, in Afg., 43, 52. 

Azli Pasha, eommand, 566'. 

Azores,_14' ; Columbus voyage, 141 , 2. 

Azores cable to Portugal, llll 3 . 

Azotus, action at, 11481 . 

Azov, canal, 11213 ; taken, 11572. 

Aztec Club formed, 1632. 



Axtecs' migration, Chicomoztoc, 112 ; ar- 
rive in Anahuac, Mex.; new cycle : mi- 
gration of , 132 ; ferocious, 121 ; language, 
151 ; spread, 172 ; city in Driz. dis., 402' . 

Azuni, Domenico Alberto, b., 10842 ; d., 
10862. 

Azzarkal, math., astron, 486' ; d., 4862, 



Baader, Franz X. von, b., 8023 ; d., 816' . 

Baal, worship of, 1141 ' . 

, King of Tyre ; revolts, 11453. 

Baalbec, Temple to Sun built, 11532. 

Baan, Jan van, b.-d., 11003. 
Baaslia, reigns, 11433. 

Baba-Ali, d., 91. 

l'.abbage, Charles, b., 9262 ; d. (1871). 

Babbitt, Isaac, b. (1799) ; d., 2092. 

Babcock, John, vaccination lymph, 950' . 

, Joseph W., b., 168' . 

, Orville E., Gen., b. (1835) ; in whisky 

frauds, 2912 ; d. (1884). 

, Thomas S., Speaker Confed., 2393. 

Babek, Al Khorremi, d., 11062. 

Babel, Tower of, built, 1140' ; confusion 

of tongues, 1141'. 
Bab-el-Moluk, tomb excavated, 648' . 

Babenburg, House est.,503 2 ; extinct, 505' . 

Baber, the Mogul, b., 43 ; conquers India, 
4'; finis. Finpire, KH33 ; reigns, 5' ; takes 
Kabul, 4' ; d., 43. 

, Edward C, d., 10022. 

, Zaheir Adin, b.-d., 1043' . 

Babeuf, Francois Noel, b., 703' ; leader, 
713' ; d., 7123. 

Bahinet, Jacques, b., 7102 ; d., 746' . 

Babington, Anthony, b. (1561) ; conspiracy, 
8752, 3 ; d. (1586). 

Babo, Franz M. von, b„ 8023 ; d., 8122. 

Baboo Keshub Chtnalcr Sen, tins. Brahma 
Somaj, 10483. 

Babylon, capital, 11412; conquered, 1140', 
1142' ; destroyed, 11442 ; colony planted, 
11453; rebuilt; new empire, 1147'; em- 
pire ends, 6:512,11472; siege, taken, 1106', 
1146', 11472 ; revolt, given to Seleucus, 
10253, 1149'; retaken. 652', 11481; war 
with Egy., 6501 ; captured, 0521 , 10242. 

Babylonia, dynasties of, 11413, 11431 ; pays 
tribute to Egy., 6492 ; under Assyria, 
11431 ; annexed to Assyria, 1145 2 . 

Baccarat .scandal, 592 2, '10063. 

Bacchante launched, 9801 . 

Baechini, b. (1651), 10833 ; d. (1721). 

Bacchyliees, b., 10162. 

Baccioccbi, Felice Pasquale, b. (1762); d. ? 
7282. 

Bach, Johann Christian, b., 7963 ; d.,7983. 

, Johann Christoph Friedrich, b.,8002: 

d., 8063. 

, Johann Sebastian, b., 7982 ; d., 8022. 

, Kail Philippe Emanuel, b., 7983; d., 

8043. 

, Wilh. Friedniann, b., 7983 ; d., 8042. 

Bache, Alexander Dallas, b., 1122 ; Sani- 
tary Conimissioncr, 1971; d.,256'. 

, Franklin, b. (1792) ; d., 2312. 

, George M., b., 1521 . 

, Hartman, d., 2781 . 

, Sarah, b., 662 ; d., 114' . 

Bachelet, Jean Louis Theodore, b., 7223. 

Baehniaier, .Anton, dictionary, 825 1 . 

Bachman, John, b., 1022 ; d., 284' . 

Back, Sir George, b., 9283 ; Arctic expedi- 
tion, 946'; on Wager River, 918'; on 
Black River, 578' , d., 9822. 

Backer, A., arrested, 3892. 

Backus, Azel, b., 74' ; d., 1242. 

, Charles, b., 662 ; d., 1102. 

, Isaac, b., 602 ; at Middleborough, 

71'; d., 1122. 

, Jay S., b., 1162. 

, J. Chester, moderator, 197' . 

, J. T., moderator, 2702. 

, William W., will, 4103. 

Bac-Ninh, Chinese defeated, 482' . 

Bacon, Alice Mable, Japanese, 3963. 

, David F., d.,2423. 

, David W., d., 286'. 

, Ezekiel, b. (1776) ; d., 272' . 

, Francis, Lord Verulam, b., 873' ; 

works, 877' , 8783, 8803 ; king's sergeant, 
8792 ; heat as motion, 8x01 ; character, 
881' ; titles ; bribery, 8812 ; d., 882' . 

, loelS., b. 110'. 

, John, b., 9103 ; Mars, 918' ; d., 9283. 



Baco-Bald. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJMJ-)JiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1183 



Bacon, Leonard, b., 110' ; d., 3082. 

, "Woolsey, b., 138' ; works, 2803, 

3123. 

, Nathaniel, b., 361 ; rebellion, 462, 

47', 2; traitor, 47' ; sustained, 472; d., 462. 

Bacon, Nicholas, Sir, b., 866' ; chanc; min- 
ister, 8732, 8753 ; baron, 879' ; d., (1579). 

, Roger, b.-d., 852'; telescope, magic 

lantern, camera, spectacles. NT,!' ; works, 
854' , 3 ; in p r ., 8543 ; gunpowder, 8562. 

— Society fnd., 9942. 

Bacone, Indian University fnd., 3043. 

Bactria, Scythians expelled, 1043 2 . 

Bactrian kingdom fnd., 11492. 

Badajoz, Sp., taken, 7182,9342 ; besieged, 
1128' ; insurrection, 11322. 

, Hernan Sanchez de, fnd., 630' . 

Badalocchio, b., 10822 ; d., 10S23. 

Bad-Axe River, Indian wars, 140' . 

Bad-Debt Agency swindlers, 4522. 

Baden, explosion on, 836' . 

Baden-Baden, margrave of, Ludwig W., 
b., 6902 ; d., 6963 ; bridge blown up, 738' ; 
Lindolf , D. Swabia, 7733 ; Ernst, D. 
Swabia, 7752 ; Charles "William, mar- 
grave, 7973 ; treaty, 7993 ; Charles Fred- 
erick, margrave, 8012 ; acquired, 8033 ; 
receives territory, 809 ' , 2 ; Charles Fred- 
erick, grand D.f territory added, grand 
duchy, 809 3 ; Charles Lewis Frederick, 
D., 8111; constitutional monarchy, 811' ; 
leaves Confederation, 8112 ; new consti- 
tutions, 8113 ; Louis William Leopold, 
grand D., 8133 ; press suppressed, 815' ; 
Liberals' demands, 817' ; invaded, 818' ; 
republican insurrection, 817 2 ; autonomy 
granted, 820 2 ; political offenses, 821' ; 
concordat with pope ; ecclesiastical law, 
8212; civil marriage, S25' ; peace with 
Prus., 8252 ; joins Tariff Union, 8253 ; 
universal suffrage, 827'; joins North 
Ger. Confederation, 827 2 ; gambling- 



, Jacob, b., 638' ; d., 6382. 

Hill, Saxons defeated, 840' . 

Powell, George, Sir, b. (1S47) ; arrives, 

387'. 

, George Smyth, Sir, arbiter, 10073 ; 

commissioner, 593' . 

Badens, Col., at Nam-Dinh, 4802. 

Badger, George, Edmund, b. (1795) ; Sec. 
Navy, 1532 ; d. (1866). 

, Percy, d., 9982. 

, Joseph, b., 71' ; d., 1602. 

— , Oscar C, b., 1302. 

, Wm, b. (1779) ; gov., 1452 ; d. (1852). 

Badia y Leblich, Domingo (Ali Bey), b.-d., 
1129'. 

Badius, Jodocus, b.-d., 540 2 . 

Bad Lands, S. Dak., lighting, 372' . 

Baduaris, commands Romans, 1072'. 

Baeda. (See Bede.) 

Baeker, Jacob van, b.-d., 10982. 

Baena, Alfonso de, Cancionen), 1127' . 

Ba-en-neter, reigns, Egy., 645 3 . 

Baer, Ernst von, on mammals, 814' ; law 
of, 11162. 

Baert, Baron, Alexandre Balthasar Fran- 
cois de Paule, b., 7003 ; d., 7242. 

Baez, Buenaventura, b. (1810) ; pres. Dom. 
Rep., 6432 ; overthrown, 6433 ; d. (1884). 

Baffin, William, b., 8742 ; arctic expedi- 
tion, 28' . SS0' , 570= ; d., 8802. 

Bay, dis., 570 2 , 3 ; monument, 123. 

Bafnnland, communion in, 570 3 . 

Bafoulahe, fort at, 753' . 

Bagaces, burned, 6302. 

Bagagem mission, 5563. 

Bagamoyo, massacre ; burned, 5623 ; Stan- 
ley's supplies, 563' ; war, 8383. 

Bag'as, Karl, d., 820'. 

Bagby, Arthur Pendleton, b. (1794) ; gov., 
1492 - d. (1858). 

Bagdad, King Semprad martyred, 1155'; 
fnd., 4853 ; apothecary's shop, 4873; cap- 
ital, 487'; books burned, 4862; calif ate 
ended, 4873; Tartars take, 486'; taken, 
1106 2 , 1155' ; occupied, 11072 ; annexed 
to Tur., 11572. 

, Mex., occupied by Am., 1096' . 

Salerno, medical schools, 4842. 

Bage rebellion, 560' . 

Bagehot, Walter, b., 9422 ; d., 9822. 

Baggalley, Sir Richard, b. (1816) ; lord jus- 
tice, 9812 ; d., 9982. 

Baggesen, Jens Immanuel, b., 638' ; Comi- 
cal Tales : Aluenlied; Labyrinth, 639'; 
d., 6382. 

Bagioli, Antonio, b. (1795) ; d., 272' . 



Bagley, John J., b. (1832); gov. Mich., 
285' ; d. (1881). 

Baglione, Giovanni, b., 1081' ; d. (1650). 

Bagnacavallo, Bartolommeo, b., 10783 ; d., 
10803. 

Bagnal, Lieut., in duel, 9372. 

, Edward, Sir, at Blackwater, 876' . 

Bagneux, attacked, 742' . 

Bagoas, assassinates Artaxerxes HI., 
11073 ; killed, 11062, 11073. 

Bagore, mission, 6571. 

Bagot, Baron, title created, 9212. 

, Sir Charles, b., 9222; gov.-gen., 5793 ; 

d. (1843). 

P. auratides, dynasty of, 1155 2 . 

Bagration, Pr. Peter, b., 11162 ; a t Moho- 
low, 7162 ; at Smolensk, 7182 ; d., 11163. 

Bagshawe, Edward G., cons. R. C. bp., 9742. 

Bagshot, Royal Albert Orphan Asy., 9672. 

Bahadur Shah, b. 1642 ; crushes Sikhs, 
1044' ; reigns, 1045' ; d., 10443. 

, killed, 1048' . 

Bahama wrecked, 3113. 

Bahamas, W.I., granted to S. C, 433 ; see 
of, est., 9583. 

Bahia discovered, 14 2 ; Portuguese colony 
5532 ; Alvarez, gov. of, 173 ; gold, 5522 
Jesuits, 5531; colony plundered, 241 
taken, 301 ; army reembarks ; revolu- 
tion, 554'; royalty arrives, 555' ; Florida 
seized, 556'; mission, 5562; boycotting 
leagues, 5583, 2383. 

Hahiuani Empire falls, 10433. 

Bahnsen, Julius Fred. Augustus, d., 830'. 

Bahr, Johann Chris.Felix, b.,8063; d.,828' . 

Bahrdt, Karl Friedrich, b., 8003 ; d., 8062. 

Baie, St. Paul, typhoid fever, 5872. 

, Chaleurs R. R. Co. investiga., 593' . 

Barf, Jean Antoine de, b., 6S0 3 ; Mimes, 
685'; d., 6842. 

Baihaut, M., minister, 755 2 ; Panama 
Canal Scandal, 7643. 

Baikie, William B., b., 9402 ; d., 968' . 

Bail, Charles Joseph, b. (1777) ; d., 7243. 

, Bennett G., surrendered, 242' . 

, Gamaliel, b., 114' ; d., 1842. 

, Jacob Whitman, b., 1162 ; d., 180' . 

, James Roosevelt, b., 123' . 

— — , Joseph, Lieut.-col., at Falls of Alex- 
andria, 232'; d., 256'. 

, Joseph C, com. colonel, 400' . 

, Joseph W., b., 229' , 

, Philip James, b., 9382 ; works, 9503, 

9603. 

, Samuel, d., 9742. 

, Silas, b., 116' ; d., 2842. 

, Theodoras, 1122 ; d., 2941. 

, informer, murdered, 989'. 

Baillargeon, Charles Francis, cons., 582' ,2. 

Baillet, Adrien, b., 6883 ; d., 6962. 

Baillie, Joanna, b., 9162 ; d., 9562. 

, Matthew, b., 915' ; d., 9403. 

, Robert, b., 8762 ; d., 8902. 

Baillot, Pierre Marie Fram;ois de Sales, 
b., 7042 ; d., 7282. 

Baillou, Guillaume de, b., 6803 ; d., 6862. 

Bailly, leader of Feuillants, 707' . 

, Antoine, d., 7302. 

, M., works, 7292. 

, Jean Sylvain, b., 6983 ; d., 7082. 

Baily, Edward Hodges, b., 9242 ; paints, 
9343,940'; d. (1867). 

, Francis, b., 9183 ; red flame, 9502 ; 

d., 9522. 

Bain, Alexander, b.,9382 ; electric clocks, 
948' ; d., 9822. 

, Francis, d., 596' . 

Bainbridge, William, b., 78' ; at Tripoli, 
110' ; captures Java, 118 2 ; captured, 
122'; d., 142'. 

Barnes, Edward, jour., b., 9183 ; d., 1002' . 

, , polit., b., 9302 ; d. (1890). 

, Matthew Talbot, b., 9283 ; d. (1860). 

Bains, Albert, moderator, 170 2 . 

Baird, Absalom, b., 132' . 

, Charles Washington, b., 136'. 

, David, Sir, b., 9143 ; at Seringapatam, 

1046' ; at Cape Town, 697' ; d. (1829). 

, George A., d., 426' . 

, Henry Martyn, b., 140' . 

, Spencer Ful'lerton, b., 1302 ; d. (1887). 

Bait Act, unenforced, 591 2 . 

Baius, Michael, b.-d., 5402. 

Bajada del Parana, capital, 5911 . 

Bajazet I., conquers Bulgaria, 565'; an- 
nexes, 565 3 ; defeats' Sigismund, 11341 . 

, Hderim, b.-d., 11543 ; reigns, 11571 ; 

overruns Turkey, 11561 ; in Wallachia ; 
strife of sons, 11121 ■ defeated, 10352. 



Bajazet II., defeats Hung., 5081 ; against 

Turks, 6542 ; reigns ; deposed, 11572. 
Baji Rao, reigns, 10452. 
Baker, Albert S., promoted captain, 3981 . 

, Conrad, gov. Ind., 2593 ; mobs, 2752. 

, David S., nom. for gov. R. I., 4272. 

, Edward Dickinson, b., 11102 ; speech, 

18S3, 1991 ; at Ball's Bluff, d., 200' . 

, Frederick S., drowned, 4762. 

, G. F., Metropolitan Museum, 368' . 

, Gen., in Afg., 6' . 

, Harriett.' Newall Woods, b., 1262. 

, Henry, b., 9002 ; d. (1779). 

, Henry M., b., 1522. 

, Jacob, d., 2742. 

, John Gilbert, b., 9462. 

, John R., accused, 3723. 

, Joshua, gov. La., 2652. 

, Lafayette C, d., 262' . 

, Lewis, minister, 4473. 

, Nathaniel Bradley, b. (1818) ; gov. 

N. H., 1772 • d. (1876). 
, Osmon C., b. (1812) ; ord. M. E. bp., 

1702 ; d., 2742. 

, Peter, b., 870' . 

, Sam. White, Sir, b., 9403 ; discovers 

lake, 9662 ; in Afr., 5603 ; expedition ; 

course, 658'; in Egy., 6583; expedition 

to Nile, 973'; d. (1893). 
Valentine (Baker Pasha), b. (1825); 

defeated near Tokar, 0f>s2 ; d., 996 2 . 

, William, b., 1382. 

, Wm. Mumford, b., 1311 ; d., 3142. 

, W. T., World's Fair, 4053. 

, invents canal engine, 11002. 

City, Ore., robbery, 4762. 

Univ., Kan., fnd., 1822. 

Bakersfleld, Cal., fire, 3433. 

Baki Mehemet Khan, rules Bokhara, 5492. 

Bakunin, Mikhail, b., 11163 ; d., 11182. 

lialaam curses Israel, 11403. 

Balahanow in England, 566 2 . 

Balnguer, Vittorio, b., 11303. 

Balaji enters Delhi, 1044' ; terrifies, 10452. 

Balak intimidated, 11413. 

Balaklava, occupied ; battle, 9581 , 9601 . 

Balambangan, English possess, 5111 . 

Balance wheel movement dis., 888 2 . 

Balard, Antoine J., b., 7143 ; d., 7501 . 

Balasor factory opened, 10451. 

Balban, reigns, 10432; d. (1286). 

Balbi, Adriano, b., 10843; d., 10863. 

Balbimonus, Decimus Cselius elected, 

augustus, 10671; k. (238). 
Balbin, Jose Antonio Lacayode, gov., 6302. 
, Lorenzo Antonio de Granda y, gov., 

6302. 
Balbo, Cesare, Count, b., 10843 ; Speranze 

d'Jtalia, 10871; d., 10863. 

, Pietro hanged, 3043. 

Balboa, Vasco Nunez de, b.-d., 11263 ; 

lands, 10393 ; in Guiana; discovers Pa- 
cific, 163 ; beheaded, 173. 
Balearres, Earl of, title created, 8851. 
Balch, George B., b., 1301 . 
Balchen, Sir John, !>., S922 ; lost, 9101. 
Balde, Jacob, b., 7923; works, 7971; d 

7963. 
Balderlc, Bishop, b.-d., 6683. 
Baldermus inv. anastatic printing, 8161 . 
Baldi, Bernardino, b., 10833 ; d., 10823. 
Baldinger Ernst Gottfried, b., 8002 ; d., 

8082. 
Baldinucci, Filippo, b., 10833 ; d., 10831 . 
Bald Knob terrorists hanged, 3303 ; re- 
venge, 3311 ; robbed ; hanged, 3391 . 
Baldovini, Francesco, b., 10823 ; d., 10831 . 
Bahlucci, Francesco, d., 10823. 
Baldung, Hans, b., 7862 ; d., 792' . 
Baldwin I., Count of Flanders, d., 6662. 
II., Count of Flanders, founds Dun- 
kirk, 6673 ; Fourth Crusade, 6703. 
I., b. (1171) ; defeated ; prisoner, 1034' ; 

Emp. of Constantinople, 1035'. 

V., of Flanders, regent, 6692. 

1., b. (1058) ; King of Jerusalem, 

11552 ; d. (1118). 
II., K. of Jems., 11552 ; Emp., 1035' ; 

besieges Constantinople, 10341 ; d., 11543. 
in., b.-d., 11543 ; King of Jerusalem, 

11552. 
IV., b.-d., 11543 ; King of Jerusalem, 

11552. 

V., King of Jerusalem, 11552. 

, heir of Philip of Flanders, b., 5442. 

, Abraham, h. (1754) ; pres. senate, 

1112 ; d. (1807). 

, E. P., Treasury Dept., 4472. 

, Henry, b., 912 ; d. (1844). 



1184 



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Bald-Bank. 



Baldwin, Henry Porter, b. (1814); gov. 
Mich., 2692. 

, John Dennison, b., 11G< ; d., 3141 . 

, Matthias Wm, b., 1061 ; d., 2541 . 

, Melvin R., b., 1482. 

, M. S., cons, bp., 9922. 

, Roger Sherman, b. (1793); gov. Conn., 

1591; d. (1863). 

, Stephen L., missionary, 6203. 

, Theoron, b. (1801) ; d., 2702. 

, Thomas, b., 683 ; d., 1322. 

, Fla., captured, 2302. 

, Kan., Baker Univ. fnd., 1822. 

, Tenn., Beauregard at, 208 2 . 

Bale,Jobn,l>.(14!6) ; /('W/Vr.svS71i ; d.,8721. 

Balearic Islands under Rome, 10571 . 

Baleazar, King, 11432. 

Balechou, Jean Jos. Nich.,b.,697i ; d.,7031 . 

Balen, Hendrik van, b.-d., 5403. 

Bales, Peter, b. (1547) ; stenography, 8771 ; 
d. (1610). 

Balestier, Charles Wohott, b. (1861) ; VaM- 
lahka, 4203 ; d. (1891). 

Balestra, Antonio, !>., 1083' ; d. (1740). 

Balfe, Michael William, b., 9343 ; d., 9742. 

Balfour, Arthur James, b. (July 25, 1848) ; 
minister, 9933, 9953, !)'.)72; Land Purchase 
Bill passes, 10033; Irish Relief Fund, 
10052; Irish Local Govt. Bill, 10001; 
lord treasurer, 10073. 

, Baron, title created, 8772. 

, George, Sir, d., 10102. 

, James, Sir, d., 8742. 

— -, John, leader, 8943. 

, Hattou, b., 9343 ; d. (1884). 

Balinhard, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

Baliol, Edward de, K. of Scot., 8573 ; de- 
feated, 858 1 ; in Eng.; made King, 859'; 
sells right, to throne, 8592; d. (1363). 

, John of, King, b.-d., 8542; contests 

crown, 855 3 ; reigns, X5i;3 ; surrenders 
crown; prisoner, 8571 ; d. (1269). 

Balize, Spaniards routed, 5641. 

Balkans, mission, 5652- earthquakes, 5693. 

Balkh, held by Shere AH, 52. 

Ball, Ephraim, b., 1182; d. (1872). 

, Hannah, est. Sunday-school, 9191. • 

, John, preaches, S58 2 ; insurrection- 
ist, 8611; d. (1381). 

, John, explorer, d., 10001 . 

, — — X., lord chancellor, 9793. 

., Thomas, b., 1281 . 

Ballads, popular, 8623. 

Ballanche, Pierre Simon, b., 7043 ; d., 7301 . 

Ballantine, William, b., 9362 ; d., 9962. 

Ballantyiie, James, b., 9183 ; d., 9462. 

, James Kob., I). (1813) ; d., 9681. 

Ballarat, gold fields, 4961 ; insurgent mi- 
ners, 4972 ; l>;uik robbery; riots, 4963; dio- 
cese, 4982; see f, est., 9722 ; Bp. Thorn- 
ton elected, 9803; Bp. Moore cons., 9862; 
Home-rule meetings, 500 2 . 

Ballard, David W., gov. Ida. Ter., 2553. 

, John, in conspiracy, 875 3 . 

Balliiiahineli, action at, 9281 . 

Balhnamuck, Fr. defeated, 7122. 

Ballivian, Adolfo, b. (1831) ; pres., 5512 • d. 
(1874). 

, Jose, b. (1804;; pres.,6503- d. (1852). 

Balloon ascension, Prof. Wise, 841 ; at 
Phila., 1041; in army, 1993; in Boston, 
4093; Atlantic voyage, 282' ; tirst made, 
9222; first in Fr., 704' ; ascensions, 7433; 
hot air invented, 11113. 

Society fnd., 9861 . 

Ballot, first used, 302; i n N. Y., 3552. 

- Bill passed, Fr., 7572. 

box stuffed, Jersey City, 3591; of- 
fenders released, 421 1 . 

rejected, G. B., 9613. 

Ballou, Hosea, b., 762; a. (1852). 

, , b., 1061; Unitarian, 1062; views 

announced, 108 3 ; d., 1701. 

Balls, masked, prohibited, 1171. 

Ball's Bluff, Va., battle, 2001 ; Cong., 2013. 

Ballybay, Ire., riot at, 9432. 

Ballyeastle, coal mine discovered, 9181 . 

Balinaeeda, Jose Manuel, b. (1842) ; pres., 
607 3 ; persecuting; bomb for, 6083; re- 
volt against, 60.sl ; manifesto; dictator, 
6091 ; risings ; suicide, 6092. 

Balmerino, Arthur Elphinstone, Lord, b. 
(1688); executed, 9112. 

Balmez, Jaime L., b.-d., 11303; El Protes- 
tantisimo comparanda, 11311. 

Balo, invaded; punished, 6 3 . 

Balolo, mission at, 10943. 

Balonya riot, 5343. 

Baloza settlement threatened, 5642. 



Baloze mission, 5643. 

Balta, Jose, b. (1816) ; pres.,11082; d.(1872). 

Baltard, Victor, d., 748. 

Baltcheff, M., shot., 5682, 5693. 

Balthasar murders Wm. of Orange, 10993. 

, Theodor, b., 7983. 

Baltic, vessels pay dues, 6373 ; frozen, 6362 ; 
neutral for commerce, 6392, 11153 ; Ger- 
man ports blockaded, 7401 , 

Canal opened, 6393. 

— — fleet, Queen reviews, 9581 . 

, Ire., fishing-school est., 9961 . 

provinces incor. with Rus., 1119 3 . 

. (See Calvert.) 

Baltimore, Md. ; founded, 632 ; first Epis. 
Church, 643; Meth. Conf. at, 932, 951; 
umbrellas intro., 771 ; first theater, 891 ; 
98i; streets lighted, 953; first Bapt. Ch., 
982; R. C. see erected, 1002; St. Mary's 
Sem. fnd.; Baltimore Daily Repository; 
First Gen. Conf., M.E., meets, 1023; cen- 
sus; center of population, U. S., 1033; 
Constellation launched, 1061; mob, 1191; 
British attack, 1222 ; Tract Society org.; 
Portico issued, 1251 ; American Farmer, 
1271 ; yellow fever ; First Savings Bank 
est., 127 3 ; Wm.Ellery Channingpreaches, 
1282; Meth. reformers meet, 1322; fire- 
brick mfg., 1341 ; public school est., 1371 ; 
Meth. Prot. Ch. org., 1382 ; locomotive 
mfg. ,'1381 ;Nat. Republican Party meets; 
Anti-Masons meet, 1392; 1st Nat. Demo- 
cratic Conven. meets, 1411 ; Bank of Md., 
riot, 1452 ; Baltimore Transcript, 1463 ; 
Baltimore Snn issued, 1471 ; Mercantile 
Library Asso. fnd.; City Coll. fnd., 1503; 
Dem. Nat. Conven. meets, 1513, 1572,1651 , 
1711,1882; 2792; Green Mount Cemetery 
dedicated, 151 3; telegraph to Wash. ,1561 ; 
WhigNat.Conyrn. meets, 1572, 1711, 1812; 
M d. Historical Library find., 15S3; Ladies' 
China Miss. Soc. org., 1642; Dem. Nat. 
Conven., 1651 , 1711 ; Whig Nat. Conven., 
1711; R. R. collision, 1753; o. S. Pres., 
synod org., 1763; Know-Nothings riot; 
"Rip Raps" and "Wampanags" riot, 
1803; Whig. Nat. Conven., 1812; R. R, to 
St. Louis, 1833; "Plug Uglies" rule, 
1832; streetcars run, 1873; acquires Druid 
Hill Park, 1902; secession mob; Mass. 6th 
Regt. mobbed, 1941; troops again pass; 
Butler occupies, 1942 ; secession flag, 1943 ; 
troops excluded, 1951 ; John Merryman 
arrested; disloyalty in, 195 3 ; troops pass, 
3031 ; martial law, 2232; Early moves on, 
2351 ; Republican Nat. Conven. meets, 
235 2 ; Rieketls arrives; Farly approaches, 
2361 ; First Nat. LaborCong. meets, 2413; 
Lincoln obsequies, 2472; hail-storm, 
2521 ; Peabody lust, fnd.; Centenary Bib- 
lical Inst, org.; Morgan Coll. and Dela- 
ware Conf. Acad, org., 2543; negroes cel- 
15th Amendment, 2703; Coll. of Phys. 
and Surgeons. 2782; Nat. Dem. Conven., 
2792; fire, 2833 ; Morning Herald, 2883 ; 
Johns Hopkins Hospital, 2913; Johns 
Hopkins Univ., 2922; IVabody Inst. Li- 
brary fnd., 2922; Methodists unite, 2942; 
Presbyterian Hospital opd.; mob stones 
troops, 2971 ; W. C. T. U., Nat. Conven. 
3011; anniversary of founding, 3053; 
Charity organization Soc. fnd., 3071; 
aqueduct opd., 3093; G. A. it. meets, 3103; 
pier gives way, 315 3 ; R. C. Plenary Coun- 
cil, 3182; Public Library opd., 3231; Wo- 
men's Meth. Coll. fnd., 3332; Sub-Treas. 
thief dis., 3333; R. c. clergyholdservices, 
3382; Sweet Potato Trust fmd., 3433; R. 
C. high-license mass-meeting; Archbp. 
Satolli arrives; Cong. R. C. laymenopens, 
3463; Catholic Young Men's Soc. org., 
3482; Morgan Coll. org., 3543; fire, Ma- 
sonic Temple, 3733; Corpus Christi 
Church con., 3742; highlicenselaw,375i ; 
Mass. Volunteers entertained. 3821 ; fire, 
3853,4193; Sunday closing, 3931 ; Detroit 
launched, 3941 ; Montoomen/ launched, 
3961; Nat. Prison Reform Asso., 4183; 
distillery seized, 4263; anniversary of 
Stamp Act, 4403 ; Southern Immigration 
Land Co., 4613. 

and Ohio R.R., corner-stone, 1353; opd., 

1373, 1752; strikes, 1823; strike begins, 
2963; extended. 3533; Co. circular, 361 1 . 

and Susquehanna Railroad opd., 1393. 

and Washington R. R.opd., 145 3 . 

and Wilmington R. R., opd., 1493. 

, Lord. (See Calvert, Cecil.) 

Baltimore, Pres. Harrison received on 



board, 366' ; resails for Sweden, 3661 ; a t 
San Francisco, 3981 ; to recapture Itata, 
3821 ; sailors' outrage, 3951 , 3981 , 3992,3, 
4003, 4011, 4021; sails from Valparaiso, 
4181; to Korea, 4601 ; ordered to Taku, 
4761. 
Balton, Baron, title created, 925 2 . 

, Ensign de, in duel, 9352. 

Baltzer, Johann B., b., 8082 ; d., 8262. 

, Wilhelm E., b., 8102 ; d., 8321 . 

Baluc, Jean de la, b., 6762 ; d., 6783. 
Baluchi ; population ; religion ; 

translated, 5393. 
Baluze, Etienne, b., 6882 ; d., 6981 . 
Balzac, Jean Louis Guez de, b., 6842 ; 
works, 6872, 0891 , 6903 ; d., 6902. 

, Honore de, b., 7142 ; works, 7252, 

7271 , 72S3, 7303 ; d., 7302. 
Bamberg, Peace of, 7853. 

, bishopric, 7742 ; Diet of, 7791 ; taken, 

7942 ; Univ. opd., 7971 ; faculty theology, 
8011; Faculty of Medicine, 8032; sus- 
pends, 8091. 
Bamberger, Ludwig, b., 8122. 
Bamjur, (i:iinKi;i, liurned, 10101 . 
Bampton Theological Lectures, 921 1 . 
Ban of Croatia at Velencze, 5221 . 
Banana mission, 10943. 
Banat ceded, 615 1. 
Banbarre, Livingstone reaches, 5611 . 
BancaRomana suspends payments, 10903. 
Bancroft, Aaron, b., 711 ; d., 1502. 

, George, b., 1082 ; works, 1322, 1443 ; 

est. Annapolis Naval School, 1581 ; Sec- 
retary Navy, 1592 ; d., 3761 . 

, Hubert Howe, b., 1401 ; Utah, 3502. 

, John Chandler, b., 1301 . 

, Richard, b. (1544) ; archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8782 ; d. (161Q). 
Bancroft launched, 4061 . 
Band, Eng., permanent military, 8661 , 

• of Hope (Temp.), fmd., 9551 , 9611 . 

of Hope Union formed, 9991 . 

Bandel, Ernst von, b., 8063 ; statue of Her- 
mann, 8281 ; d., 8282. 
Bandello, Matteo, b., 10783 ; Tales, 1081 2 j 

d., 10803. 
Bandelli, Baccio, b. (1488) ; d., 10803. 
Bandiera, Attilio, 1.., 10862 ; shot, 10872. 

, Emilio, b., 10862 ; d., 00863, 10872. 

, Sada, submits, 1111 1 ; minister, 11112. 

Bandini, Angelo Maria, b. (1726) ; d., 10843. 
Bandmann, Daniel Edward, b., 8143. 
Bandits in Chile, 60S3 ; at Nfmes,7221 ; re- 
lease prisoners (Cuba), 6342.' 
Bandon, Earl, title created, 9311. 
Baiultke, Samuel, b., 11162. 

, Jerzy Samuel, b. (1768) ; d., 11163. 

Bane, Donald. (See Donald VII.) 
Baneda, Fr., Sanchez de la, gov., 6053. 
Baner (Banier), Johan G., b.-d., 11342 ; 

marshal at Wittstock, 5121 . 
Banffy, Baron, new ministry, 5383. 
Bang, Peder Georg, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. 

, Stephenson, Cliristianhe titan's Bes~ 

l.rifnelse, 11041 . 
Bangal Afghans expelled, 10441 . 
Bangalore taken, 9241 ; captured, 10442 ; 

Musore mission, 10462. 
Bangeolo, Lake, discovered, 5611 , 6003. 
Bangkok, capital Siam, 11241 ; Fr. troops 

in, 11242 ; mission, 11243, 6163. 
Bangor ; see erected, 8403. 

, Viscount, title created, 9231 . 

, Cal., hotel fire, 4093. 

, Eng. monastery burned, 8422. 

, Me., Theological Sem. cpd., 1243 j 

Democrat destroyed, 1991; mob, 1991; 
Reform Club, 2851. 

, N. W., Univ. College fnd., 9923. 

Bangs, Francis C, b., 1461 . 

, Heman, b. (1790) ; d., 2681 . 

, Nathan, b., 912 ; d., 2072. 

Banim, John, b„ 9283 ; d., 9502. 
Banionenvo, Fr., Fernando, bp., 6051 . 
Ban Jellachich, gov. of Hungary, 5213. 
Banjermassin, settlement at ; Sultan of ; 

appeal, 5512. 
Bank, opened for patriotic gifts, 932 first 
in Am., 952, 3 ; 2d est., 973 ; first U. S. 
enactment, 1032 ; second (1816-1836) ; it 
discounts, 1033; recharter vetoed, 1233. 
1252, 1411; Jackson against, 1372; re- 
chartered, 1411 ; vetoed, 1411; "removal 
of deposits," 1432; not rechartered, 1433; 
incorporated at Phila., 1473, suspends, 
1493 ; fails, 1613, 1553. 

, Fiscal Bill, 1532; passes ; vetoed, 1532;. 

second bill passed ; vetoed, 1532, 3. 



Bank-Bapt. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1185 



Bank, Australian Joint-Stock fails, 10123. 

, Charitable, 6211. 

, first in It., 10733 ; of It., est., 10892. 

fnd. at Barcelona, 1127 1 . 

notes; Tax Repeal Bill debate, 4G1 3 ; 

suspended ; rejected, 4631 . 

of Amsterdam fnd., 1101 2 . 

of Copenhagen formed, 6393. 

of France established, 7153. 

of Eng., est., 9012 ; first stone, 9093 ; 

suspends cash payments, '.)2!)2, 3 ; contri- 
bution to govt., 9293 ; Alstett's frauds, 
9311; forged notes on, 9392 ; specie for 
notes, 9393; completed, 9401 ; specie pay- 
ments, 9412 ; diminishes circulation ; 
monopoly broken, 9482 ; loss by forgery, 
9451 ; rechartered,9472; Bill for renewal, 
9532 ; gov. in privy council, 1007 2 . 

of Geneva founded, 11373. 

of Genoa founded, 10753. 

of Ireland instituted, 9233. 

of Rotterdam, 1101 2 . 

— of St. Petersburg founded, 11172. 

of Scotland founded, 9012. 

of Venice founded, 10753. 

robbery, U. S. : 3783, 4163, 4171 , 4183, 

4222, 4443, 4542, 4602, 4603, 4702, 4723, 
4743, 4762, 479I; at Balarat, Australia, 
4963. 

Bankers drafts stamped. G. B., 9632. 

imprisoned, Ger., 8271 . 

save national credit, 1S93 ; loan U. S. 

money, 1992 ; loyalty, 1952. 

Bankke'ad, John II., b., 1541 . 

, John P., b., 1301. 

Banking bills pass, 2333. 

Bankrupt Act passes G. B., 9373, 9732. 

Bankruptcy Bill passes, 153 2 ; repealed, 
1553, 2992; Bill, 3491, 3652, 4431, 4452; 
Ger., 8033. 

Bank scandal, Italian statesmen in, 1090 2 . 

Banks, Cape Town, suspend, 6033. 

, Eng., est., 9483 ; suspend, 9433. 

', State, New York, est. ; Portsmouth, 

1033 ; in Cincinnati, 1133 ; suspend, 1233; 
in Windsor, Vt., 1273 ; Savings, at Balti- 
more, 1273 ; of Md., riot, 1452 ; est. at 
Chicago, 1453 ; in N. Y., resume, 1493 ; 
Wild Cat currency issue, 1413 ■ specie 
payment suspended, 1-173 ; general bank- 
ing law passed, N. Y., 1492 ; Cal. B's. sus- 
pend, 1773 ; Boston est. clearing-house, 
1793 ; State B. abolishment, 2013. 

, National, system approved, 2173 ; Na- 
tional B. Bill intro., 2192; currency dis- 
credited, 2293 ; Bills pass, 2333 ; tax of, 
defeated ; local taxation enacted, 2333 ; 
Tax Bill approved, 2352 ; National org, 
in Phila., 2373 ; State Bs. taxed, 2433 ; 
First National, est. at Portland, 2493 ; 
loans prohibited, 2053 ; circulation lim- 
ited, 2712; must restore capital, 2851; 
Owego suspends, 3593 ; Chicago Park B. 
suspends, 3013 ; ..Hirers, jury duty, N.Y., 
3511; Western banks suspend, 4293,4333; 
resume, 4353; suspend, 4332; at St. Paul, 
Minn., 4353; time limit rule, 4353 ; re- 
sume, 4373 ; Southern close, 4333 ; Circu- 
lation Bill, Amendment, 437 1 ; swindle, 
Chicago, 4503 ; Bs. org. in 1863, 2293. 

, Joseph, Sir, b., 9103 ; pres. Boyal 

Society,9182 ; African Association, 9241 ; 
d., 9402. 

. Nathaniel P., b., 1242; M. C. speaker, 

1791 ; condidate for v.-pres., gov., 1803 ; 
vote for v.-pres., 1812 ; Mass., 185=; in 
the Shenandoah, 1981 , 2051 ; crosses po- 
tomac, 2041 ; in army of Potomac, 2043 ; 
in Va., 2052; at Woodstock, 2052,3; near 
Winchester, 208 2 ; at Cedar Mountain, 
2103; supersedes Butler, 2151 , 2162; sails 
for New Orleans, 216 2 ; attempt to assas- 
sinate, 2183 ; starts for Fort De Bussey, 
2202; captures Opel< ntsas, 2203 ; arrives at 
Alexandria, 2221 ; at Port Hudson, 2222; 
retakes Brashear City, La., 2231 ; takes 
Port Hudson, 2242; at Sabine Pass, 2262; 
at Brazos Island, 227 1 ; at Alexandria, 
2303 ; leaves Natchitoches ; at Pleasant 
Hill ; at Grand (Score, 2313 ; at Mata- 
gorda ; at Cane River Ferry ; to abandon 
Red River Expedition, 2321 ; succeeded 
by Canby, 2332; enrolls negroes, 2371; 
nominated for governor, 437 2 ; d., 4701 . 

, Thomas, b., 90.K2; ,\., 9323. 

Bannatyiie, George, b., 8681 ; d. (1608). 

Banneker, Benj., b., G2i ; d., 1122. 

Bannerman, Sir A., governor, 5792. 

Banner of Light issued, 1823. 



Bannister, Henry, d., 1183. 

Baiinoekburn, action at, 7561. 

Banquo, Thane, d., 8462. 

Bantry Bay, lighthouse destroyed, 9893. 

Banu Nadir, expelled, 4843. 

Banville, Theodore Faullain de, b., 7242; 
works, 7291 ,2, 7331 , 7363, 7371 , 7523; d., 
7601. 

Baptism (Infant), upheld, 3G3; inconsis- 
tent with slavery, 57i ; anc. Gr., 10283. 

Baptists, in Am.; first Bapt. in Am., 262; 
in B. I., 262; church in Providence ; 
Williams a non-Baptist, 343; church at 
Newport; as heretics; church divided, 
383; miscellaneous, 382, 422, 603, 742; 
fine, 763, 811,823; in Mass., banished, 
342; persecuted, 303, 3S3, 102; tirstchureh, 
422; miscellaneous, 522, 712,742,912, 
1102, 1142, 1183; inN.Y., 402, 1023, 1251, 
1281, loss, 3122; six Principle B. secede, 
402, 763; in Va., 403, 422, 582, 663, 7S2, 
823, 1143, 1511, 1523,. 3143, 3383; in Bos ton, 
422, 482, 582, 651 , 742, 732, 4261 ; Seventh 
Day org.,422; in Me., 422, 1291 ; in S. C, 
422,3, 542, 543, 023, 091, 1723, 1763; in 
N. J., 502, 571 , 711 ; i„ phila., 523, 542, 
503, 603; i„ if. Y. City, 571, 5S3, 002, 
723, 1232, 1542, 3022, 3«'42; in Pa., 582, 
1631 , 1663, 2623; in Conn., 563, 571 , 623; 
in N. H., 5S3, 603, 932; i„ if. C, 603, 
711 , 742, 1423, 1783, 1843, 2503, 3322; Gen. 
(Arminian), B., org., 603; in Md., 651, 
663, 982; in Tenn., 742, 1443, 1043, 1003, 
1703, 1723, 2803; Brown Univ. est., 742; 
in Vt., 762; j„ Miss., 932, 1123, 1703, 
2023, 2063; Free Will, org., 932 ; in Ky., 
951, 1391, 1762; number inU.S., 963, 1843, 
2G23, 2823; Separate and Regular unite, 
9S3; against slavery, 1002; i„ m. ( 1062, 
1351, 1782, 2863; i n Ind., 1083, 1431; 
Bake Missionary Society find., 1142; 
Indian Missions, 1142, 1263; 1282, 1303, 
1311, 1323, 1343, 1351, 1402,3, 1423, 1542, 
1642, 1722, 1S43, 2452, 29S3; in Ala., 1143, 
1543, 1822; in La., 1191 , 1731 , 2703; mis- 
sionary funds, 121 1 ; National For. Mis- 
sionary Soc. find.; Woman's Missionary 
Soc. find.; Triennial Convention fmd., 
1232; Madison Univ. est., 1251 ; Christian 
Watchman, 1271 ; only For. Missions, 
128 3 ; Hamilton Theological Institute; 
Colby Univ., Colgate Univ., 1291; Mrs. 
Judson returns ; Publication Soc, 1311 ; 
Newton Theo. Inst., 1323; Cnnipbellites 
disfellowshipped, 1343 ; Shurtleff Coll., 
1351 ; Judson's gift; ZioiCs Advocate, 
1363; GeorgotownColl.,1391 ; Home Miss. 
Soc. org., 1402; iicnnison Univ.; Baptist 
Weekly Journal, 1403; i n O., 1403, 32S3; 
Journal a ltd JIisseu</er, 140 3 ;in Chicago, 
1422, 3403; Mercer Univ.; Kalamazoo 
Coll.; Wake Forrest Coll., 1423; i n 
Mich., 1423, 1783; in Ga., 1423, 1662; 
1782,2962; Franklin Coll., 1431 ; i n la., 
1441 , 1703, 1731 , 2502 ; Christian Review; 
The Baptist, 1443 ; Bapt. Banner, 1451 ; 
leave Am. Bible Soc., 1463; org. Am. 
and Foreign Bible Soc., 14G 2 ; Examiner, 
1503; Bapt. Artvneate, 1503; Rector Coll., 
1.311; Consolidated Missionary Conven- 
tion, 1522; Bapt. ll'n-kli/, 1523; in Tex., 
1522, 1631, 1642, 1783, 2982, 3082; Eich- 
mondColl., 1523; Tract and Book Soc, 
org., 1542; Howard Coll., 1543; in Ore., 
15S3, 1863, 3322; Mich. Christian Herald, 
1571 ; divided by slavery; Southern Bapt. 
secede; Providence Conven., 158 2 ; Dr. 
Judson's visit ; Am. Bapt. Miss. Union 
fmd., 1003; Bu.-knrllAcad., Baylor Univ.; 
1631; Lewisburg |Bucknelf] ijniv., 1663; 
in "Wis., 1482, 1031 ; defeat revision; Am. 
Bible Union find., William Jewell Coll., 
1662; Mary Sharp Fern. Coll.; Browns- 
ville Fein. Coll.; Mississippi Coll.; Bur- 
lington Coll., 1703; Monroe Fem. Coll., 
1G62; in Mo., 1662, 1083, 1802, 1843, ;;ik)3, 
3063; Carson-Newman Coll., 1003; Grand 
River Coll.; Univ. of Rochester, 1683; 
HistoricalSoc. fmd., Furman Univ., 1723; 
Central Univ.; Mt. Lebanon Univ., 1731 ; 
Bethel Coll., 17G2; Kalamazoo Coll.; 
Bapt. Fein. Coll., 1783; Stephen's Coll., 
1802; McMinnville Coll., 1863; Cedar 
Valley Sem., 2111; Des Moines Coll., 
2502; Shaw Univ.; National rtapt.,2503; 
Ottawa Univ., 2543; Quarter!// Review, 
2583; i n Kan., 2,543; Richmond Theo. 
Sem., 2603; Blandville Coll.; Concord 
Coll.; Monongahela Coll., 2623; Leland 



Univ., 2733; Woman's Bapt. For. Mis- 
sionary org., 2702; Judson Univ., 2763; 
in Ark., 2703; ISroadusOoll., 2771 ,2963; 
Benedict Inst, fnd., 2771; i n \V. Va., 
2771 ; State Univ., Ky. (colored) ;BlueMt. 
Fein. Coll., 2822; F.wingOoll.; Southwest- ' 
ern Univ., 2803, 21I03; Shorter Coll., 2962; 
Eastern Conveu. fmd.; Women's Bapt., 
Home Missionary Soc. org. ,2982; Chinese 
work; withdrawals, 3002 ; South West 
Bapt. Coll.; Jiapt. Quarterly; Bapt. Re- 
view, 3003; Jackson Coll. (colored), 3023; 
Shuqualak Fem. Coll.; Pierce City Coll., 
3063; Bishop Coll. (colored), 3083; Min- 
ister's Home est.; Miss. Union and Pub. 
Soc org., 3122; stetson Univ.; Sioux 
Falls Univ.; Hartshorn Memorial Coll., 
S. W. Va. Inst., 3143; i n Fla.,3143; in 
S. Dak., 3143; plan of Cooperation fnid., 
3202; first Chinese Church, 3263; Los 
Angeles Univ., 3282; in Cal., 3282; Shep- 
herdson Coll., 3283; High Point Fem. 
Coll., 3322; Chicago Univ. endowment, 
3403, 3522,3022, 30S2, 4202, 4221 , 4401 ; Dr. 
Bridgeman leaves, 3842; Young People's 
Union, 1st conven., 4101 ; conven., 4341, 
4661; Annual Meetings ; held in Cin- 
cinnati, 1031 ; Troy, 1 042'; Phila.; Buffalo, 
1002; Pittsburg; Albany, 1722,3; Phila., 
1762; Chicago. 1782; N.'Y.,1802; Boston, 
1S21 ; Phila., 1843 ; N.Y., 1802 ; Cincinnati, 
1902; Brooklyn, 2023; Providence, 2191 ; 
Cleveland, 2272; Phila., 2411 ; St. Louis, 
2502; Boston, 2542; Chicago, 2582; N.Y., 
2042; Boston, 2082; Phila., 2722; Chicago, 
2762; N. Y.,2802; Albany, 2822; Wash., 
2S62; Phila., 2902; Buffalo, 2942; Provi- 
dence, 2982; Cleveland, 301)2; Saratoga, 
3023, 3062; Indianapolis, 30.82; N. Y., 
3122; Saratoga, 3142; Detroit, 3182 ; Sar- 
atoga, 3222; Asbury Park, 3242; Minne- 
apolis, 3282; Wash., 3332; Boston, 3402; 
Boston, 5501; New Haven, 8702; Cincin- 
nati, 3981; Phila., 4081; Detroit, 4742; 
Triennial meetings held; at Phila., 
1282,1203, 1283; Wash., 1303; N. Y., 1343; 
Phila., 1363; N. Y., 1402; Richmond, 
1402 ; N. Y., 1483 ; Baltimore, 1542 ; Phila., 
158 2 ; Brooklyn; changed to Am. Bapt. 
Union, 1603. 

Baptists, Can.; inN.S. ,5763, 5771 ; hiP.Q.; 
5703,5782,5882; in Ontario, 5782; 5882, 
in N. B., 5751, 5782, 5801, 5S02; Indian 
.Missions, 5783; Foreign .Missions, 57S 3 , 
5S22; Bapt. Miss/auanf ManaSine, 578 3 ; 
Union fmd., 5783; in p. 'E. I., 5822; 
Woman's Boards fmd., 5842. 

, Free Communion, org. conf., 98 2 ; 

unity with Freewill Bapt., 1543; Hills- 
dale Coll. est., 1782. 

, Freewill, U. S. A., org., 932; Groton 

Conf. org., 982; i s t meeting, 1042; Gen. 
Conf., 1343, 1383; For. Miss. Soc. org., 
1402; Free Communion Bapt. unite, 1543; 
Female Miss. So,-., 103' ; Riilgville Coll., 
Md., org., 2583; ~w. Va. Coll.,, 2643; 
Woman's Miss. Soc, 2842; Rio Grande 
Coll., O., 2922. 

, German, Dunkers (Mennonites), 

U. S. A., inPa., 482 ; arrive, 582 ; org., 003 ; 
monastic est., 022; Sunday School, 643; 
Indian Missions, 1103,3002; Bates Coll., 
2232; Orphans' Home, 2803; Miss. Soc. 
find., 2842; begins For. Miss, work, 2902; 
Ashland Coll., 3003; National Conf.; 
remove from Ky., 3342 ; anti-tobacco, 
3403; in Md., 3842. 

, Seventh Day, Church org., 422 ; se- 
cede, 443; at Ephrata, 622; in New Eng- 
land, 742; Alfred Univ. est., 1463; Miss. 
Soc. fmd., 1543; Tract Soc, 1563; Five 
Asso. fmd., 1003; Education Soc fmd., 
1782; Milton Coll., Wis., 2003; Woman's 
Executive Board, 3182. 

, Six Principle, secede, 402; yearly 

meetings, 622; secede, 762. 

, Southern, secede; Augusta conven., 

1582; conven. meets in Tex., 1642, 2602, 
3042; Union Coll., 1643; Monroe Fem. 
Coll., 1662; Soule Coll., 1703; Furman 
Univ., 1723; Greenville Fem. Coll., 1763; 
New Ebenezer Coll. est., 178 2 ; Thomas- 
ville Fem. Coll. est.; Fem. Coll. at Bel- 
ton, 1783; Indian Missions, 1822; j n 
Mont.; Ala. Fem. Coll. est., 1822; South- 
ern Theo. Sem. est., 1843; Judson Coll.; 
La Grange Coll., 1843; Trinity Coll., 1863; 
Cane Coll., 2663 ; Women's Miss. Soc; 
Doyle Coll., 3183; Ouachita Coll., Ark.„ 



1186 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN[JDJc-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Bapt-Baro. 



3242; conv., Memphis, favors prohibi- 
tion, 3402; Missionary Union meets, 
350 2 ; National Asso. Colored Bapt., 
3442; Woman's Miss. Union org., 3502. 

Baptists in Eng., doctrine condemned, 8683; 
opposed, 868 3 ; congregation in London, 
8743; Associations fmd., 8S8 2 ; confession 
of faith; accept Unitarian views. 8983; 
formNew Connection: TheologicalSemi- 
nary at Bristol, 919'; coll. fnd., 9352; 
Missionary Asso. fnd., 9263; Missionary 
Soc. fnd., 9383; Young Men's Missionary 
Asso. fmd., 9543; Ladies' Asso. for Ind. 
frad., 970 2 ; Conference at Leeds; unite 
with Particular B., 10002; Church org. 
at Edinburgh, Scot., 916 3 ; New Connec- 
tion Bapts. fmd., 919' ; Eng. Church 
fmd. inNeth.,1101' ; persecuted in Neth., 
10983; services in Madrid. 11322; in Swe., 
1136' ; Seventh Day Baptists, org., Eng., 
8863; in Crimea, 11202; Strict Bapt. Mis- 
sion org., Eng., 9642; Particular Bapt. 
Church fmd., 8822. 

in Fr., Am. mission, 7263; missions, 

7323; Am. missionaries in Ger., 8143; 
Triennial Conven., 818 2 ; Am. missions, 
India, 10463, 1047' ; m Mex., 10962; Eng. 
B. missions in India, 10462; found Ser- 
ampur Coll., 10463. 

United Churches of Christ fmd., 983. 

Baptista, Pres., assumes office, 5513. 

Baquedano, Manuel, b.-d., 6063; elected; 
at Arica, 6062. 

Bar Association, N. Y., instituted, 269'; 
mass-meeting, 442'. 

Bara, M., opposes ministry, 5452. 

, Makdi is defeated, 658'. 

Barach, Moritz, b., 5202. 

Baraeoa, settlement at, 6313. 

Baradeus, .Jacob, founds Jacobites, 10703; 
d. (588). 

Baraga, Frederick, b., 1062; d., 260' . 

Baraguey d'Hilliers, Achille, b., 7102; d., 
7502. 

Barail, Gen. du, minister, 7473. 

Barak, judges Israel, 11413 ; delivers Israel, 
1143' ; defeats Sisera, 1140' , 1141' . 

Barallis, Gen., dictator, 10383. 

Barancas, Fla., reduced, 126' . 

Barante, Claude Ignace, Baron de,Aimable 
Guillaume Prosper Brugiere, b., 705' ; 
works. 717' , 725' ; d., 7362. 

Baratier, Johann P., b., 7983; d., S002. 

Baratynski, Eugenij, b., 11162; d., 11163. 

Barba'does, .Moravian missionaries, 742; 
Eng. settlers, 8792; Codrington College 
fnd., 583; bishopric est., 937' ; Bp. Bree 
cons., 9S62. 

Barbara, asteroid, discovered, 314' . 

Barbarossa, or Home, pirate, d., 10343. 

, Hadher-ed-Din, in Algiers, 8', 93; 

takes Tunis, 11392; d., 9' . 

Barbarous, Charles Jean Marie, b., 703' : 
d., 7102. 

Barbary, plague at, 10:172; invaded, ]lu:>3; 
pirates, 8' , 690' ; submit to Turk. 11572; 
wire trust fmd., 4013. 

pirates, 8' ; Fr. fleet against, 690' . 

Barbastro, Louis Cancer de, in Fla., 222, 
232. 

Barbauld, Anna Letitia, b., 9102; d. (1845). 

Barbazan, Arnauld Guilhelm cle, d., 6762. 

, Etienne, Fables of the French Poets, 

7032; d. (1770). 

Barbe, M., minister, 7563. 

Barber, Francis, b., 683; d., 96' . 

— — , Edward Altee, pottery and porcelain, 
4783. 

, John Warner, b., 108' ; d., 3202. 

, Jonathan, missionary, 622. 

Barberini, Francesco, b., 10823; works, 
1077'.; d. (1348). 

Barber ino, Andrea da, Reali di Francia, 
10812. 

Barbers and surgeons unite, 868' ; corpo- 
rations, 9102. 

Barbes, Armand, leader, 7293; b. (18C9) ; 
d. (1870). 

Barbeu-Dubourg, Jacques,!.. (1709); d.,7043. 

Barbey, M., minister, 7563,761'. 

Bill in Assembly, 7543. 

Barbeyrae, Charles, 'b., 686; d., 6943. 

, jean, b., 6922; d., 7003. 

Barbiano, Alberico, Count, d., 10782. 

Barbier, Antoine A., b., 703' ; d.,7242. 

, Charles, invents raised printing, 726' ; 

d. (1830 k). 

,HenryAuguste, b., 71G3; Iambes, 727 ' ; 

d., 7522. 



Barbier, Paul Jules, b., 724' . 

Barbour, James, b., 823; gov. Va., 1193; 
pres. Senate, 1272; Sec. of War, 1333; 
d., 154'. 

, John, b., 8562; The Bruce, d.,-8602. 

, S., b. (1790) ; d., 406' . 

, Philip Pendleton, b., 96' ; speaker, 

129' ; justice, 1472; d., 1522. 

Barbourville, Ky., Union Coll. fnd., 32S2. 

, W. Va., action at, 1962. 

Barbusse, Henri, Pleureuses, 766 2 . 

Barca, North Africa, founded, 10172. 

Barcelona. Sp., taken, 1125' ; Univ. of , fnd., 
1127' ; treaty at, 6793; surrenders, 696' ; 
siege of, 902' ; captured, 1128' ; insurrec- 
tions, 1130' ; Progressist outbreak, 1131 2 ; 
revolutionary junta in power, 11313; ar- 
tisans' demands, 1131' ; mission ; exhibi- 
tion opens, 11323; besieged, 11322; Anar- 
chists disturb ; bomb in theater, 1133' ; 
martial law proclaimed, 11333; strikers' 
riots, 1133' . 

Barchou de Penhoen, Baron Auguste T. 
H., b.,7143; d., 7322. 

Barclay, Alexander, b.,8642; Ship of Fools, 
8663; d., 870'. 

, George, Sir, org. Assassination Plot, 

901'. 

, Jean, b., 6842; a., 6863. 

, John, Com. on Lake Erie, 1203. 

, John, b., 9082; d. 9283. 

, Jos., cons. Bp. of Jerusalem, 1157' . 

, Robert, d., 50 2 ; gov., 49 2 ; Quaker 

leader, 8863; d., 8982. 

deTolIv. Michael, b., 11143; d., 11163. 

, William, b., 86S2; d., 878' . 

Barcochba, rebellion, 1153 3 ; impostor, d., 
1152'; 11533. 

Bares, Martin de, b., 6862; d., 6923. 

Bard, Samuel, b., 642; d., 130'. 

Bardeu-Dubourg, Jacques, b., 696 3 . 

Bardili, Christoph G., h., S023 : d., 8083. 

Bardolf, Lord, at Bramham Moor, 860'. 

Bardou, Joseph L., cons. R. C. bp., 9742. 

Bardoux, Agenor, b. (1829) ; minister, 751 2 . 

Bardsley, John, embezzler, 385' , 387 2 ; ju- 
risdiction, 3952; sentenced, 387' . 

, J. Wareing, cons, bp., 9962, 10082. 

Bardstown, Kv., raiders, 2143; outrage, 
4423. 

, R. C. see erected, 1143. 

Bardwell, Ky., lynching, 433' . 

Barebone's Parliament assembles, 889'. 

Bareiro, Can. lido, ele.-ted president, 1106 3 . 

Bareli, fnd., 1045' ; Brit, capture, 1048' ; 
mission, 1048 3 , 

Barentz, Willem, explorer, 243; d., 10983. 

Barere de Vieuzac, Bertrand, b.,7022; d., 
(1841). 

Baretti, Giuseppe Marc Antonio, b., 1083' ; 
d., 10843. 

Barfield, Capt., at Merriwether's Landing, 
2103. 

Barford, Paul Frederik, b., 6382. 

Bar^agli, Scipione, d., 10823. 

Barges, Jean Joseph, Lean.lre, b., 719'. 

P.arLdiasb rules Zanzibar, 5613. 

Bargiel, Woldemar, b., 814' . 

Barbara, Lord, lord admiralty, 9332. 

, Richard Harris, b., 9242; * 

Let/ends, 9503; d., 9542. 

Bar Harbor. Me., indictments, 3942. 

Bari, Saracens settle, 1072' ; Cathedral 
fnd.; taken, 1074'; annexed to Naples, 
10S13. 

, leader, killed, 6833. 

Barillas, Gen., president, 10383. 

Baring, Lord Alexander Ashburton, b., 
9183; signs treaty, 5793; d., 9542. 

Brothers suspensions, 1007 3 ; liabil- 
ities, 10123. 

, Chas., b. (1S07) ; bp., 95S3 ; d., 1002' . 

, Evelyn, Sir, b. (1841) ; comptroller- 
general, 6592. 

, Francis, Sir, b., 9103; d., 935'. 

, F. Thornhill, Sir. b. (1796) ; minister, 

9492; lord admiralty, 9552: d. (1866). 

Gould, Sabine, b., 9462. 

, Thomas Charles, d., 10042. 

, George, minister, 9852. (Earl of 

Northbrook.) 

Barker, Fordyce, b., 128' ; d., 3842. 

, George Frederick, b., 44'. 

, Mrs., pres. W. C. T. U., 283'. 

, Thomas Jones, b., 9363 ; d., (1882). 

. , William Morris, Bp. Colo., 422'. 

Barkhusen, Hermann, works, 787' 

Barklv, Henry. Sir, I. .(1815); gov., 4972,601'. 

Barlaam. Bernard, d., 10762. 



Bar-le-Due, Prus. headquarters, 740' . 
Barlee, F. P., governor. 5643. 
Barletta, Protestant massacre, 10883. 
Barlow, Allan, endowment, 4702. 

, Chris. Geo., cons, bp., 10062. 

, C. G., installed, 5002. 

, explorer, 5743. 

, Gen. Francis Charming, b., 1422 ; 

near Rapidan, 232' . 

, Gen. Geo., gov.-gen. Ind., 1042, 9332. 

, Joel, b., 683; works, 1003, H03 1143; 

d., 1183. 

, John W., commissioned col. ,458' . 

, Peter, b., 9203 ; invents clocks and 

watches, 894' ; deviation of compass, 

940' ; d., 9662. 
, Samuel Latham, b. (1826) ; library, 

3542 ; d., 3422. 

, Wm., compass box, 878' ; d. (1625). 

Barmouth, gold discovered, 1006'. 
Barnabas, events of life, 1153' . 
Barnabite M.mks fnd., 1081'. 
Barnard, Lady Anne, b., 9122 ; d., 9422. 

, Baron, title created, 899 ' . 

of Ascania, Duke, 799' . 

, Charles, b., 144'. 

, Daniel Dewey, b., 1062 ; d., 1943. 

, D. M., d., 468'. 

, Edward Emerson, b. (1857) ; discovers 

comet, 326' , 330' , 414' . 

, F. A. P., will made public, 3443. 

, Frederick Augustus P., b., 116' ; d., 

3381,2; will, 3443. 

, George, d., 1004' . 

, C., degraded, 2783. 

, Henry, Sir, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . 

, , b., 1162 ; com., 2562. 

, John Gross, b., 1241 ; d., 3102. 

, Judge, N. Y., decision ignored, 395 2 ; 

election case, 445' . - 
Barnard's comet visible, 994' . 
Barnave, Antoine Pierre J. M., b., 7023 ■ 

d., 7082. 
Barnburners withdraw, 165' ; Dem. con- 
ven., nom. Van Buren for Pres., 165' . 
Barnegat Inlet, men drowned, 4233. 
Barnes, Albert, b., 108' ; d., 272' . 

, Janies/b.(1809 -I; in Va.,2132; d. (1869). 

, Joseph K., b., 126' ; d., 3122. 

, Lyman E., b., 176' . 

, Thomas, b., 9242 ; d. (1841). 

, William, b., 9302 ; d. (1886). 

Barnesboro, miners' riot, 4682. 

Barnet, battle of, 864' . 

Barnett, Chas. R., commissioned major, 

450'. 
, John,b. (1S02); Mountain ,SV»7i,946i ; 

d., (1890). 
Barneveld, Jan van Olden, b.-d., 10983, 

11012. 
Barney, Joshua, b., 722 ; d., 1262. 
Barntiel.l. Richard, b., 8742 ; d. (1627). 
Barnham, Gen., k. at Fort Harrison, 238 2 . 
Barnier, Vicomte Henri de, academician, 

756'. 
BarnsleyR. R. collision, 9753; coal miners 

strike, 993'. 
Barnum,HenryA., pensioned, 369' ; d.,400' ' 
, PhineasT.,b., 1162; museum burned,. 

2493, 2613,3273; purchases Jumbo, 9893; 

banquet to, 10023 ; d., 380' . 

, William H., b. (1818) ; d., 3382. 

, Zenas, b. (1818); d., 2452. 

Barnwell, S. C, lynchers in, 351' . 

, Col. Robert, b. (1762); at New Berne. 

N. C, 58' ; d., (1814). 
, Robert Woodward, b. (1801) ; commis- 
sioner S.O., 1892 ; d. (1882). 
Barocci,Fiori Federigo d'Urbine, b.,1080 3 ; 

Descent fn mi Cross, 10802; d., 10823. 
Barochba', leader of Jews, 10643; 11533. 
Baroche, Pierre Jules, b. (1S02); minister 

of justice, 737'; d. (1870). 
Baroir, independence of Assyr., 11452. 
Barometer invented, 7962, 10822. 
Baron, Felix Platel, d., 7562. 
, H. F. von Stein, fnds. Society Ger. 

History, 813'. 

Laudon, Aust. leader, 516 2 . 

, Pierre, d., 686' . 

, Vincent, b., 6862; d., 6922. 

Baronets, hereditary, est., Eng., 879'. 
Baronius, Cesare, b., 10803 ; d., 10823. 
Barondess, Joseph, sentence, 4072. ■ 
Barons, rule Fr., 6673 ; war , Fr., 675' ; 

created, Eng., 8482 ; .■ensured, 8522 ; pos- 
sessions limited, 85:13 ; rule, 855 2 ; refuse 

king's demands, 857' ; rebellion, 857 2 ; 

independent, 10732. 



Baro-Bath. 



Text Figures denote Page, INJD1I.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1187 



Barosa, battle at, 718' . 

Baross, Herr, minister, 5332. 

Barquisiineto, Venez,, fnd., 232; settled, 
1160'. 

Barr, Matthias, b., 9442. 

Barraband, Pierre Paul, d., 719' . 

Barrackpur, troops rebel, 1048'." 

Barragan, Miguel, b.-d., 1095 2 . 
Barrande, Joachim, b., 7142 ; d., 754'. 

Barranquilla, insurrection, 628' . 
Ban-antes, Vicente, b., 11303. 

Barras, Count de (Louis), arrives in Am., 
94'; puts to sea, 942. 

, Paul Jean Francois Nicolas de, b., 

7022 ; commander in Paris, 7113; d.,7243. 

Barre, Antoine le Fevre de la, b. (1605±) ; 
gov. Canada, 5733 ; at Niagara, 48' ; d. 
(1688). 

, Col. Isaac, b. (1726) ; d., 9303. 

Barretter, Jacques, b., 6S62 ; d., 6922. 

Barreme, M., assassinated, 7543. 

Barres, Maurice, Le Citlte du Moi, 7622. 

Barret, Michael, convicted, 971' . 

Barrett, Capt., takes prisoners, 9342. 

, Col., defeated at Palo Pinto, 2463. 

, Elizabeth. (See Browning, 949' .) 

, James, convicted of murder, 9903. 

, Lawrence, b., 1482 ; d., 380' . 

Barrias, Felix Joseph, b. 724' . 

Barrie, Capt., burns French ships, 9342. 

, James Matthews, b. (1860) ; works. 

10063. 

Barrier treaty, 515' , 543' ; signed, 11013. 

Barringer, John Walker, b. (1832) ; com- 
missioned colonel, 470' . 

Barrington, Viscount of, title created, 905' . 

, Dalnes, b., 90S' ; d., 9302. 

, George, b., 9123 ; transported, 9252 ; 

d., 9502. 

, Henry St. John, Viscount, b., 8942. 

, Jonah, Sir, b., 9163 ; d., 9462. 

, Win. Wildman, Lord, b. , 9042 ; d. (1793). 

Barrios, Gen. Gerrado, b. (1810±)j over- 
throws Pres. Castillo, 11232 ; appointed 
pres.; confederation; invades Salvador, 
1038' ; rivalry, 10382 ; killed, 1038' . 

, Justo Ruhno, b.-d., 1039' ; president, 

10382. 

Barristers, Eng., appointed, 8563. 

Barron, Charles, b., 1522. 

, Elwyn Alfred, The Viking, 3323. 

, James, b., 76' ; Com.; kills Decatur, 

129' ; d., 1682. 

Barros, Joao de, b.-d., 1109 2 ; Conquest of 
the Indie*, 1109' ; captaincy, 5532. 

Barrosa, battle of, 9342. 

Barrot, Camille Hvacinthe Odillon, b., 
7082 ; excluded, 7293 d. (1873), 746' , 

Barrow, Capt., massacre of, 604' . 

, Frances Elizabeth (Aunt Fanny), b. 

(1822) ; d., 458' . 

in-Furness, Bp. Ware cons., 10022. 

, Isaac, b. 8822 ; d., 8942. 

, John, Sir, b., 9162 ; d., 9542. 

, Washington, d., 254' . 

Barrowe, Henry, executed, 8763. 

Barrundia, Jose Francisco, b.-d., 1039'. 

, Gen. Martin, shot, 3773;' investiga- 
tion, 369' ; widow's claim, 3793. 

, imprisoned, 1038 2 . 

Barry, Alfred, bishop, 4982. 

, Beekman Du, War Dept., 3512. 

, Due de, assassinated, 7232. 

, Charles, Sir, b., 9263 ; d., 9642. 

, Edward Middleton, b., 9442 ; d., 9S6' . 

, James, b., 9103 ; d., 9323. 

, (Jeanne Becu), Comtesse du b. (1746 

or 1743) ; influence, 7052 ; d. (1793). 

, John, b., 662 ; captures Edward, 862. 

d., 1102. 

, S.,b. (1785); gov. Mich. ,1572, 1692. 

, Martin, b., 9322 ; d., (1885). 

.William Fiirquhar, b., 13«2 ; d.,3022. 

, Taylor, P.M. Gen., b. (17S5\ 1372; 

d. (1835). 

■, Judge, report on country, 987' . 

Barrymore, Maurice, b., 9542. 

Barsine, marries Alexander the Great, 
1025'. 

Barstow, William, d., 2482. 

, A., b. (1811) ; gov. Wis., 175' . 

, John L., gov. Wis., 313 2 . 

Bar-sur-Aube, battle of, 7203. 

Bart, Jean, b., 6902; d., 6962. 

Bartas, Guillaume de Salluste du, b., 6803; 
■works, 6843, 877' ; d., 6842. 

Bartelot, Maj., assassinated, 562' . 

Earth, Heinrich, b., 8122 ; d., 8222. 

Barthelemon, Francois H., b., 7002; de- 
posed, 7132; d., 7163. 



Barthelemy, M-, Aran! la /lasti/le, 754 2 . 

, Auguste .Marseille, b., 7123; d., 7362. 

, Jean J., b., 697' ; Anarcharsis, 7063 ; 

d., 7102. 

, St. Hilare, Jules, b., 7163; minister, 

7532. 

Barthema, Lildovico, in Borneo, 551' . 

Barthez, Paul Joseph, b., 09X3; d., 7163. 

Barthold, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8063; 
d.,820'. 

Bartholdi, Frederic Auguste, b., 7262; 
Statue of Liberty, 754' . 

Bartholdt, B., b., 1722. 

Bartholdy, Jakob Salomon, b., 8042; d., 
8123. 

Bartholin, Kaspar, b., 6362; d., 6363. 

, Thomas, b., 030 2 ; disc, lymphatics; 

double refraction, (it;tJ2; d., 6363. 

Bartholomew, Edward Sheffield, b., 130'; 
d., 184'. 

Bartholow, Boberts, b., 1382. 

Barthou, M., minister, 7672. 

Bartine, David W., b.. 114' . 

Bartlett.Chas. G., commissioned col., 356' . 

, Franklin, b., 1622. 

, John Bussell, b., 1122 ; g0 v., 2032 ; 

d. (1886). 

, R., commissioned captain, U.S.A., 

398'. 

, Sherren, b., 1022 ; d. (1S63). 

,iJosiah,b.,6l>2; gov.N.H., 105' ;d.,106' . 

, Sidney, d., 336'. 

, Wash. A., b. (1820±); gov., Cal., 3292; 

d. (18S7). 

, Wm., Francis, b., 152' ; d., 292' . 

, H., b., 9343; d., 9582. 

, H. C, b., 116'. 

Bartley, Mordecai, b. (17S3); gov. O., 1592; 
d., 2702. 

, Thomas W., gov. O., 1592. 

Bartol, Cyrus Augustus, b., 121'. 

Bartoli, Adolfo, b., 10862. 

, Daniele, b., 10823; d., 1083'. 

, Pietro Santi, b., 10823; d., 1086'. 

Bartolommeo, Fra., b. (1475); d., 10802; 
paintings, 10782, 1080' . 

Tiartolozzi, Francesco, b., 1084'; d., 1085'. 

Bartolus, b.-d., 10762. 

Barton, religious troubles, 5083. 

, Benjamin Smith, b., 74' ; d., 154' . 

, Bernard, b., 9233; d., 9542. 

, Clara, b. (1830); pres. Bed Cross Asso- 
ciation, 4242. 

, Joseph L. B., d., 1004' . 

, William, b. (1748); d., 1382. 

, Paul Crillon, b., 98' ; d., 178' . 

Bartram, John, b., 54'; botanist, 65 ' ; d., 
89'. 

, William, b., 642; d., 1302. 

Bartseh.JohannA.I!.von,b.,!>143;il.,5202. 

, Karl F., b., 8142; d., 832'. 

Barye, Antoine Louis, b., 7102; d., 750' . 

Bas, reigns, 11473; repulses Greeks, 1148' . 

Basaiti, Marco, paintings, 1080', 2 . 

Basan, Pierre Francois", born, 698 2 ; died, 
7113. 

Baschi, Malteo di, b., 1079' ; founds Order 
Capuchins, 1081'; d., 10803. 

Bascoin, John, b., 1342 ; works, 211' , 2683, 
303' 30X3 323' . 

, HenryBiddleman, b., 106' ; bp., 1683; 

d., 168' . 

, Clay, nom. for pres., 4092. 

Bascon, Badenese troops defeated, 7422. 

Baseball, curve patching intro., 2693; Pro- 
fessional clubs, find., 309' ; Am. Asso. 
fnid., 3133. 

Basedow, Johann Berend, b., 8002; Orbis 
Pictus, 80S' ; d., 8043. 

Basel, Switz., Church Council at, 676 3 ; 
peace of, 7113; Univ. fnd., 1137' ; Refor- 
mation at, 11372; ozone discovered, 1138' ; 
Savings Bank opened, 11383; Society of 
Israel's Friends org., 11382. 

Bashford, Coles, gov. of Wis., 1792; d., 
2982. 

Basil, Saint, b.-d., 10283. 

, heretic, 565 2 . 

1., Emperor, b.-d., 10322 ; kills Michael 

III., 10332; overthrows Arabs, 11552; re- 
conquers Cappadocia, 1154' . 

II., Emperor, !>., 10322; subdues Bulg., 

1032' defeats Bulg.,. r i(S',3 ; reigns, 10332; 
blinds prisoners, 10733; d. (1025). 

the Great, bp. of Caesarea, 10683; suc- 
ceeds Eusebius ; d., 1029' . 

Basilicas erected, 106S'. 

Basilicus, Jacob, impostor, k., 11122. 

Basin, Thomas, b.-d., 6762. 



Basing, Baron, title created, 9963. 
Basket ville, John, b., 9022; d., 919'. 
Baskewill, makes papier-mache, 910 2 . 
Baskin, Alonzo P., nom. for gov. Fla.,4113. 
Basking Ridge, N. J.; Lee captured, 843. 
Basnage dc lioauval, Henri, b., 6902; d., 

6963. 

, Jacques, b„ 6902; d., 6982. 

Basque Provinces subdued, 1125' ; siege of, 

1132'. 
Basra, action tit, 1156' . 
Bass, Edward, b., 602; bishop Vt., 1043; 

of Mass., 1063; d., 1102. 

, George, surveyor, 494' ; d. (1812). 

Straits discovered, 494' . 

Bassano, French victory, 7121. 

, Giacomo da Ponte, d., 10822. 

Bassanville, Comtesse de Ana'is (Lebrun), 

b., 7163. 
Basse, Jeremiah, governor, 55'. 
Bassein stormed, 1U402; mission, 1047' . 
Basseliu, olivie, b.-d., 6742. 
Bassett, Richard, gov. Del., 1093; d. (1S15). 
Basseus, in charge of Judea, 11533. 
Bassi, Laura .Maria Catarina, b., 1083' ; 

d., 10843. 

, Luigi, b., 10842 ; d. (1825). 

Bassiantts, Joannes, b., 10742. 
Bassini, Carlo, d., 272' . 

Bassompierre, Francois, b., 6842; d,, 6SS3. 
Bassus, Publius Ventidius, legate for An- 
tony, 10602; consul, 10612. 
Bast, Friedrich J., b., 803' ; d., 8102. 
Bastian, Adolph, b., 8123 ; a t San Salvador, 

1093'. 
, Henry Charlton, b. (1837); Beqiuninqa 

of Life, 9763. 
Bastiat, Frederic, b., 7143; works, 7303; 

d., 7302. 
Bastidas, Rodrigo, in Venez., 15' ; New 

Granada, 162; discoveries, 11262; visits 

Colombia, 162. 
Bastide, Jules, b., 7142; d. (1879). 
Bastie, M. de la, tempering glass, 748' ; d., 

752' . 
Bastien-Lepage, Jules, b., 7302; Joan of 

Arc, 73«i ; paintings, 7361 , 7501 ; d., 7541 
Bastile, fall celebrated, 3643. (See Paris.) 
Bastwiek, Robert, fitted, 8831. 
Basutoland, war in, 5S93, 6021 ; under Brit., 

5992; annexed, 6011; armistice, 6021; 

conflict of chiefs, 6022; peace; self-govt., 

603'; punished, 11052. 
Batang Lupar, pirates, 552' . 
Batavia, seat of govt., 10443; Franks ex- 
pelled, 10673. 
, N. Y., Rowell acquitted, 315' ; Hoi. 

purchase commemorated, 4733. 
Batavian Republic fnd., 5432, 11013; rec- 
ognized, 5193; alliance, 7113; revolt, 

768', 10633. 
Batbie, Ansclm Polycarpe, b. (1828); min- 
ister, 7473; d. (1887). 
Batchelder, Brig.-Cen. Richard N., in War 

Department, 4472, ;si3, 3621 . 
Batchelor, John, Aim of Japan, 446' . 
Batehford, Samuel, moderator, 1212. 
Bate, William B., gov., 3153; speech, 4392. 
Bateinan, Baron, title created, 945'. 

, Isabel, b., 174' . 

, John, settlement, 4953. 

, Kate Josephine, b. (1S42); appears, 

9662. 
Bates, Almena, fnd. Soldier's Relief, 1923. 
, Edward, b., 1042; sustains Lincoln, 

197 3 ; Atty.Gen., 193'; sustains habeas 

corpus, 2112; d.,266i. 

, Frederick, gov. Mo., 1332. 

, Gen., at Murfreesboro, 240 2 . 

, Henry Walter, b., 9422; d. (1892). 

, John C, com. colonel, 400' . 

, Joshua, b., 85'; d., 174'. 

, , b. (1864); d., 2392. 

— — , June, missionary, 5822. 

, Samuel Penniman, b., 1342. 

, Sergeant, arrives in London, 2793; 

wins rifle prize, 1002' . 

, Win., b. (1625); d., 9002. 

, W., 1'reas. Dept., 3512. 

, W. M., lynched, 4083. 

College organized, 2232. 

Batesville, Ark., Coll. organized, 2763. 
Bath, Eng., burned, 8493; Church Cong., 

9742; r. r. collision, 9813; Brit. Asso. 

meets, 996' ; Bp. Kennion cons., 1012' . 
, Me., squadron at, 364'; Are, 451 3 ; 

steel ship launched, 451 3 . 
, N. Y., centennial, 4313; Soldiers' 

Home, 2923; Soldiers' Monument, 466'. 



1188 



Text Figures denote Page. J.JN Ull<.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Beli-Beat 



Batli, W. Va., Federals retire, 2021 . 

, E. of, minister, 8972. (See Pulteney.) 

, Manilas of, title created, 9232. 

and West of Eng. Soo. fnd., 9212. 

Beach, Dr. McUlynil's mass at, 4341. 

Bathori, Andreas, defeated, 11121 . 

, Stephen, b.-d., 1114=; Pr. of Transyl- 
vania; reigns in Poland, 1115 2 . 

Baths and Wash-house nuisance Act, 9552. 

Bathsheba marries David, 11431 , 

Bathurst, Earl of, title created, 915 2 . 

, Earl, Allen, b., 9S62; d., 9191 . 

, Earl, Henry, b. (1762); minister, 9433 ; 

d. (1834). 

, , b. (1714); lord chancellor, 9193; 

d. (1794). 

, Ralph, b., 8802; d., 9022. 

, Australia, see established, 9722. 

pastures, 4941; diocese, 4981; gold 

disc, 4942; Bp. Camidge cons., 996 2 . 

, West Africa, action at, 10101 . 

Bathyllus, introduces pantomime, 102S 2 . 

Batiuskof, Constantino Nieolacaviteh, b., 
(1787), d., 11182. 

Batoche, defenses carried, 584 1 . 

Baton Rouge, La., Louisiana Univ. org., 
186 3 ; action at, 2103; Federals evacuate, 
2111; Grover sent to capture, 2163 ; dis- 
cordant Repub. meet. 2791 ; capital, 301 3 . 

Batootah, Ibn, b.-d., 11262. 

Batory, Chi'istopher, grand prince, 511 2 . 

jSigismund, grandpr., 5112,3; d. (1613). 

, Stephen, b. (15J2i; Hungarian leader, 

5081 ; d. (1586). 

Batseh, Admiral, sentenced, 8281 . 

Battalian, 91st org. in Can., 5881 . 

Battard, Victor, b., 7163. 

Battering-ram used, 10203. 

Battersea, London, Eng., Royal Masonic 
Institute fnd., 9252; Training-school fnd., 
9503; Baron, title created, 9591 , 

Battery, electric, first constructed; nitric 
acid, constructed, 950i . 

Batteux, Charles, b., 6963; d. (1780). 

Batthyanyi, Pr. Karl von, b. (1697); leader, 
5142; d. (1772). 

, Kasimir, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. 

, Louis, Ct.,b.(1809); gov., 5231 ; d.,5233. 

Batti, see created, S4S 3 . 

Battle, Lorenzo, Pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

Creek, Mich., Adventists' Conven., 

3541; R. R. accident, 4413, 4651; street 
fight, 3641 ; B. C. College fnd., 2S63. 

Battlefotd, besieged, 5sii ; Indians hanged, 
5851. 

Battle of Frogs and .Vice appears, 10271 . 

Battles', partial list of famous [see others 
in alphabetical place, naval battles are 
marked with a dagger] : Actium,-) 10281 ; 
Arbela,'10242; Agincourt, 676 1 ; Antie- 
tam, 2131 ; Atlanta, 2302 ; Auerstadt ; 
Austerlitz, 7161 ; Beaehy Headf, 6941 ; 
Benevento, 672 1; Blenheim, 6961; Bon- 
liomme Richard captures the Scra.pis,\ 
903; Borodino, Rus., 7181; Bosworth 
Field, 8661 ; Boyne. Ire., 898 1 ; Bull Run, 
Va. (1st), 1963;' (2d), 2122; Bunker Hill, 
802; Canme, 10541 ; Carthagena, Sp.,t 
6942; Cedar Creek, 2391; Chalons. 6622; 
Champion'sHill, 2221 ; Chancellorsville, 
2211; Chattanooga, 2282; Chesapeake 
captures Sloni, /<>n~< 1202; Chiekamauga, 
2263; Cold Harbor, 2341 • Copenhagen.t 
6381 ; Corinth, 2061 ; Crecy, 6741 ; Fon- 
tenoy, 7001 ; Franklin, Tenn., 2402; Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ; Cravelotte (Rezonville), 
7401 ; Gnerrier, i Brit, i taken by ( Ymstitu- 
tion} (Am.} 1181; Hastings, s4i',i ; Holland 
Coast, Monk's Victorv.t 8921 ; Hornet de- 
feats PeacockJ 1201; Issus, 10242; Java 
taken by the Constitution^ 1182; j e - 
inappes,518i ; Kearsarqe sinks Alabama ,t 
2343; Koniggratz, Bohemia, 8242; Leip- 
sic, 7942; Lepanto.t 1080 1 ; Lexington, 
801 ; Lutzen, 5121 ; Magenta, 5241 ; Mal- 
plaquet,696i ; Marathon, loisi ; Marengo, 
7141; Marston Moor, 8842; Mobile Bav,t 
2371 ; Monitor and-b r emm«W,'.1'2043 ; Miin- 
da, 10602; Murfreesboro (Stone River), 
2171 ; Naseby, ssf2 ; Nashville, 2402; New 
Orleans, 1223; Orleans, Fr., relieved by 
Joan, 6721 ; Peacock (Brit.) taken by 
Hornet (Am.),t 1201 ; Pharsalus, 10601 ; 
Philippi, 10281 ; Pittsburg Landing, Tenn., 
2061; Plattsburg, N. Y., 1222; Plevna, 
5652; Poitiers, Fr., 6741 ; off Portland, 
Eng.,f S881 ; Prague, Bohemia, 5161 ; p u l- 
towa, Rus., 11341 ; Ramillies, Belg.,5421 ; 
Rezonville, 7401 ; Rossbach, 7021 ; Sala- 



mis, Gr.,t 101S2; Salamis.Cvprus.t 10261 ; 
Saratoga, 872; Sedan, 7381; Shannon 
(Brit.) captures Cltesapeake (Am.),t 
120 2 ; Solferino, 5241; Spanish Armada 
destroyed,! 8761; Spottsylvania, 2323; 
Teutoburg Forest, 10621; Torgau, 5162 ; 
Trenton, 851 ; Valmy, 7081 ; Wagiam, 
51S3; Waterloo, Belg.', 5421; Wilderness, 
2322; Worcester, Eng., 8881 ; Yorktown, 
943; Zama, 10543. 

Batnrn, free port, 11213; ceded to Russia, 
11592. 

Batuskof, Constantine, b., 11162. 

Baty invades Bulgaria and Russia, 11141. 

Baucis discovered, 7481 . 

Baudelaire, Charles, b., 7223; Flowers of 
Evil, 7331 ; d., 7362. 

Baudin des Ardennes, Charles, b., 7061; 
Vice-admiral ; d., 7322; body in Pan- 
theon, 7593. 

Baudouin, Prince, funeral, 5471 . 

de Sebourg appears, 6731 . 

Baudre, M., stone pianoforte, 7361. 

Baudrillart, Henri Joseph Leon, b., 7223 ; 
d., 7621 . 

, Jacques Joseph, b. (1774) ; d., 7261 . 

Baudry, Paul Jacques Ainie, b., 7243 ; d., 
7542. 

Bauer, Bruno, b., S0S3; d., 8302. 

, Daniel, indictment, 43S 3 . 

, Ferdinand, b., 8003; d,, 8123. 

, Georg L., b., 8022 ; d., 8082. 

, Henry, indictment, 4143. 

, Willielm, b.,8122; d., 8281. 

Baugher, Henry L., b. (1S05±) ; d., 2602. 

Bauhin, Gaspard, b„ 6822; d., 6863. 

, Jean, b., 6803; d., 6862. 

, , b.-d., 11371. 

Bauldeloeqne. Jean Louis.b.. 7003 ; d.,7191. 

Baum, Friedrich, Col., at Bennington, 871 ; 
d. (1777). 

Baume, Antoine, b., 69S2; d., 7151. 

, Nicolas A. de la, b., 6SS2; d., 6971 . 

Baumgarten, Alexander Gottlieb, b.,7983; 
works, 801i; d., 8023. 

Sigisniund Jakob, b., 7983; d., 8023. 

Crusius, Ludwig Friedrich Otto, b., 

8043; d., 8162. 

, Hermann, b., 8123. 

Baumgartner, Karl Heinrich, b., 80G3. 

Baumstark, Reiiihold Ludwig, b., 8142. 

Baunbargar, Albert, murderer, 4331 . 

Baur, Ferdinand C, b., 8062; d., 8202. 

Bausset, Louis Francois de, b., 7003; d., 
7242. 

Bautain, Louis E. M., b., 7123; d., 7362. 

Bautzen, Battle of, 7201 . 

Bauvais, A., governor La., 1873. 

Bavaillac, Francois, b., 6842. 

Bavaria, Ger., anti-Rom. revolt, 10641 • at- 
tacked, 5021 ; dispute settled, 5173; added 
toAust. ; revolt, 5031; i„ Moravia,5032; 
Pr. Elector dies, 5033; unites with Aust., 
5043; attempt to reconquer, 5041 ; Tilly 
wounded, 5121; conquered, 5142 ; sur- 
renders claim, 5153 ; conquests restored, 
5153; Austrians invade, 5182; new con- 
stitution, 81 13; constitutional monarchy; 
Louis I., King, 8133 ; enlarged, 5193 ; 
lotteries abolished, 8103; Louis 1. abdi- 
cates, 8171; Landtag find., 8171; Maxi- 
milian LL, King, 8171; Maximilian Jo- 
seph II., King, 8173; Imperial Constitu- 
tion ; signs treaty, 8191 , 5233; commerce 
conf., 8211 ; Louis II. , King, 8231 ; ce des 
territory to Prus., 8252; Ministry resigns. 
8271 ; truce ; joins N. Ger. Confed., 8272; 
Popular Cath. Party find., 8293; centen- 
ary, S303; queen, d., 8321 : King drowns, 
8322; Luitpold, regent, 8331; labor dis- 
turbances, 8:543; emperor visits, 5362; K. 
Otho opposed ; Luitpold supported, 837 2 . 

Bavaria, infernal machine in, 9871 . 

Evan. Luth. Asso. formed, 818 2 . 

Protestant Inst, org., 8131 . 

Volkesfest opened, 3663; king, ally of 

France, 7202; govt, of, 7712; margravaie 
est., 7713; loses Carinthia ; East Mark 
given to Luitpold ; restored to Henry, 
I Hike of Bav.uia.7751 ; restored to Henry 
the Lion, 7773; taken from Henry, 7791 ; 
French invade, 7961 ; allies expelled, 
8001 succession; war in Ger., 8041 ; Aust. 
in, 8081 ; Aust. expelled, 8081 ; new con- 
stitution, 811 3 ; constitutional charter, 
8133; clergy readmitted, 8322. 

Baxter, Andrew, b., 9862; d. (1750). 

, David, Sir, b. (17S1.ii; Park opud., 9662; 

University fnd., Dundee, 9902. 



Baxter, Elisha, 1>. (1827) ; gov. Ark., 2811; 
recognized gov. Kan., 2S5 2 . 

, George W-, nominated gov., 3671 . 

, James P., library, 3362. 

, Jedediah H., d., 372i. 

, Richard, b., 8301 ; works, 8803; re- 
fuses indulgence, 81163 ; imprisoned, 8971 ■ 
d., 8982; statue unveiled, 9802. 

Baxter's Springs, action. 2263. 

Bav, J. L., Ark., defaulter, 3902. 

City, Mich., fire, 4133. 

Bayaino, taken, 6321. 

Bayandur, action at, 11181 . 

Bayard, Chevalier de (Pierre du Terrail), 
b.-d., 6782; slain, 680 1 . 

, George D., b., 1441 ; at Dranesville, 

Va., 2003; d., 2172. 

, James Ashton, b., 741 ; Treaty of 

Ghent, 1233; d., 1241. 

, Nicholas, b. (1644=) ; mayor N. Y., 

503; d. (1707). 

, Stephen, mayor N. Y., 653. 

, Thos. Francis, b., 1361 ; ambassador, 

4473; candidate for Pres. nomination, 
2931, 3051, 3173; Committee of Seven,. 
2933; Electoral Commission, 2951 ; pres. 
Senate, 3092; minister, 3211 . 

, Truman H., b., 1441 . 

Bayazid, occupied, 5651 , 

Bayer, Adolf, b.,S143. 

, Gottlieb Siegfried, b., 7982; d., 8002. 

, Johann, b., 7922; d., 7963. 

Bayeux, captured, 6761 . 

Bayle, Pierre, b., 6883 ; Nowvelles de la. 
llepuMU/ue, 6932; d., 6963. 

Baylen, battle of, 7162. 

Bavlev, Lieut., killed, 9392. 

, James Roosevelt, b. (1814); d., 2961. 

Baylor, John R., at Fort Fillmore, 1981 . 

, Robert Euimett Bledsoe, b. (1793) ; 

founder of univ. ; d., 2841 . 

University org., 1631 . 

Bayly, Thomas Havnes, b.,9283; d., (1839). 

Baynan, William, b., 662. 

, ffm, d., 1231. 

Baynes, A. H., eons, bishop, 10102. 

, Thomas Spencer, b., 9403; d. (1S87). 

Bayonet invented, 688 2 . 

ring adopted, 9001 . 

Bavomie Decree issued, 115 2 . 

, N. J., fire, 3693. 

Bayou Cache, Ark., defeat Confed., 2101 . 

Chico, La., Bapt. church org., 1191 . 

Coteau, La., action, 2281 . 

Teche, La., action, 2203. 

Bay Psalm Honk published, 371 , 

Bayview, Wis., work resumed, 439 3 . 

Bazaine, Francois Achille, b., 7191; at 
Metz, 7381 ; at Vionville ; atb. of Grave- 
lotte,740i ; atColoinbey-Nouilly,army of 
Rhine, 740 1 ; at Noisseville, 7402; surren- 
ders Metz, 7423; army of Loire defeated. 
7422; letter of, 7433; trial. 7481 ; d., 7562. 

Bazalgette, Joseph, Sir, d., 10042. 

Bazar issued, Ger., 8202. 

Bazotee, sect war with, 10482. 

Beach, Moses S., b. (1S26) ; d., 4122. 

Beaehy Head, naval battle, 6941, 8981. 

Beacon Light strikes iceberg, 3593. 

Beaconsfield mission, 5982. 

. (See Disraeli.) 

Club opened, 9972. 

Beads used ill prayers, 10683. 

Beale, Edward F.,"b. (1822) ; d.,42S1. 

Beall, John Y., b. (1835) ; hanged, 2422. 

Beams ville Auxiliary. 

Bean, John Wm., threatens Oueen, 9511. 

, Tarlton Hoffman, b., 1602. 

Bean's Station, Tenn., repulse, 2283 ; raid 
from, 2402. 

Bear ordered north, 4041 . 

baiting prohibited, G. B., 9471 . 

Beard, George Miller, b., 1502; d., 3121 . 

, James Henry, b. (1814) ; in Nat. Acad- 
emy Design, 2801 . 

, Wm. Holbrook, b., '1321; in Nat. 

Academy Design, 217 1 . 

Beardsley, Eben Edwards, b., 1141 ; d. 
(1891). 

, Lester A., b., 1461 . 

, Nelson, b. (1808) ; d., 4481. 

Beaslev, Frederick, b., 891 ; d., 1581. 

Beath, Robt. B., commander, G.A.R.,3151 . 

Beaton, David, b., 8662; d., 8701. 

, James, Card., b. (1494) ; assassinated, 

8691,2. 

Beatrice, Neb., Inst, for feeble-m., 3271 . 

, Princess, b., 993 2 ; marries Prince 

Henry, 9942. 



Beat-Belg\ 



Text Figures denote Page. liNI DJl,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column 



1189 



Beatrix, asteroid, discovered, 10SG2. 

of Tuscany, marries Godfrey, 10753; 

d. (1076). 
Beattie, James, b.,908 2 ; works, 917': d., 

9322. 
Beatty, Pa., St. Vincent's Coll. org., 2722. 

, Chas. C., moderator, 2172. 

, John, b., 1361 . 

, E. J., guilty, 4223. 

, D. of, title created, 9372. 

Beauehamp, Alphouse de, !»., 7031 ; d., 7261 . 

, Earl of, Frederick Lvgou, d., 10042. 

, Rich., E. of Warwick, Gen., b., S602 ; 

d (1439). 
Beaucharmais, Dctix Amis, 705 2 . 
Beauelerk, Topbam, b., 9103; d. (1780). 
Beaufort, Baron, title created, 8932. 

, Henry, b., 8382; cardinal ; d., 8633. 

, D., Duke of Somerset, prisoner, 

8633; beheaded, 8641 . 

, Jane, marriage, 8632. 

, Louis de, d., 7103. 

, N C, Xaslicillr escapes, 2042; taken, 

2052. 
Beaugency, taken, 7423. 
Beauharnais. Eugene de, b., 705' ; Viceroy 

of It., 7153; at Miiekern, 7183; defeats 

Aust. on Mincio, 7202; d., 7242. 

, Hortense Eugenie, 1)., 705 1 ; d., 7202. 

Beauharnois, P. Q., rebellion, 5781. 

, Charles de la Boisehe de, b. (1670±) ; 

Can. gov., 5752; d. (1749). 
Beaulieu, Capt. Morel, protection, 480 2 . 
Beaumanoir, Philippe de, b. (1250±) ; d., 

6722. 
Beaumarchais, Pierre Auguste Caron de, 

b.,6983; works, 7033, 7052,7003; agent in 

Am., 833; d.,7142. 
Beaumelle, Laurent Angliviel de la, b., 

6982 ; d. (1773). 
Beaumont, Fr., Erench defeated, 7402. 

, Baron, title created, 8551. 

, Basil, b., S922; d. (1703). 

, Christophedc, Arclilip., b. (1763) ; per- 
secutes Jansenisls, 7011 ; d. (17S1). 
, Francis, b., S762; works of, 87S3; d., 

8801. 
, de la Bonniere, Gustave Auguste de, 

b., 7143; d.,7362. 

, Jos., b. (1015) ; Psi/rhe, 8863; d. (1699). 

-, John G., b., 1301 ; d. (1882). 

, fm, b., 1061 ; d. (1853). 

• -Vassy, Vicomte de, Edouard F. de la 

Bonniere, b., 7222; d., 7501 . 

, Mr., operates railway, 8781. 

Beaunais and Binet, work, 7661 , 
Beaune, Elorimond, de, b., 6862; d., 6902. 
Beaune-la-lvolandc, Loiret, battle, 7423. 
Beaunus, St., bp., Banffshire, S46 2 . 
Beauplan, Guillaume Levasseur de, d., 

6922. 
Beaupres, Abbey of, bull banged, 6791. 
Beauregard. Chas. Victor, b., 7031 ; a., 7191 . 
— — , Pierre Gustave Toutant, b., 126 2 ; at 

Charleston, 1921; proclamation, 1961; 

commands Confeds., 19I>1 , 2012; at Bull 

Run, Va., 1963; inTenn.,2051 ; at Shiloh, 

12061 ; evacuates Corinth ; at Baldwin and 

Okolona, 2082; ,.,t Charleston, 2182, 2261 ; 

at Drury's Bluff, 2331 ; at Petersburg, 

2343; at. Columbia, 2422; council with 

Davis, 2461; d., 4241. 

, Miss., cyclone, 3121 . 

Beaurepaire, Nicolas Joseph, b. (1740) ; 

Gen., executes ladies, N072; d. (1792). 

Eoban, Henri de, b., 7223. 

Beausobre, Isaac de, b., 6902; d., 700 2 . 
Beautemps-Beaupre, Charles Francois, 

b. (1766) ; d., 7322. 
Beauvais, siege. i',7si ; taken, 7403. 

, Charles Theodore, b., 7042; d., 7261. 

Beauzee, Nicolas, b., 6971 ; d., 7062. 
Beaver, James Adams, gov. Perm., b. 

(1837); 3293; Log College celeb., 3443; 

ship canal commission, 3473. 

Dam Creek, Va., repulse, 2092. 

Falls, Geneva Coll., org., 1643. 

, Pa., Coll. and Musical Inst. Ind., 1731 . 

Bebar, riots, 5351. 

Bebb, fm., gov., 1613. 

Bel.ee, Geo. Si., gov., 2032. 

Beber, falls, 6601 . 

Beccafuini, Domenieo de Pace, b., 1078 3 ; 

d., 10803. 
Beccaria, Cesare Bonesana, Marquis di, 

b., 10842; work, 10852. 

, Giovanni Battista, d., 10843. 

Beeerra, Diego, explorer, 203; d. (1533). 
, Gasparo, b.-d., 11282. 



Becher, Johann J., b., 7943; pit-coal tar, 

9221 ; d., 7982. 
Bechstein, Johann M., b., 8023; d., 8122. 
Bechuanaland, missionaries enter, 5972; 
freebooters, 6022; physical tests; mis- 
sionaries change society, 6023; Brit, pro- 
tectorate ; military govt. est. ; annexa- 
tion opposed, 6032; Customs' Union, 
6043; settled, 9951 ; annexed, 10072. 
Beehuanas, physique, 0023. 
Beck, Christian D., b., 8023; d., 8142. 

, James Burnie, b. (1822) ; d., 3581 ; 

congressional obsequies, 3592. 

, Johann T., b., 8082; d., 8282. 

, John Broadhead, b., 1042; d., 1CS2. 

, Lewis 0., 1081 ; b.-d., 1722. 

, Queen, assaults George 111., 9212. 

, Theodric Komeyn, b., 1022; d., 1761. 

, Thomas, wins rifle prize, 9S21 . 

Becker, August, b., 8141 . 

, Ernst Albert, b., 8142. 

, Georges, b., 7283. 

, Jean, b., 8142. 

, Karl Ferdinand, b., 80S 2 ; d., 8282. 

, Nikolaus, b., 8121; works, 8152; d., 

S162. 

, Thomas A., cons. E. C. bp., 266 2 ; 

transferred to Savannah, 3223. 

, attempts to assassinate king, 8203. 

Beckford, 'William, b., 9143; d., 9522. 
Beekuiann, Johann, b., 8002; ,1., 810 2 . 

Beckwitb, A. C, senator, 4252. 

, John Watrous, b. (1831) ; cons, bp., 

2602; d., 3721. 

Beekwith's Farm, Mo., action at, 2001 . 

Becquerel, Alexandre Edmond, b., 7223; 
d., 7602. 

, Antoine Cesar, b., 7062; d., 7502. 

Bective, Countess of, woolen mfg.,9883. 

Ued.Ioes, Thomas, b., 9143; d., 9343. 

, Thomas Lovell, b., 9322; WO rks, 9411 , 

9563; d. (1849). 

Bede, Venerable, b.-d., 8421 ; History, 8431 . 

Bedel, Timothy, b. (1740) ; d., 98 1 . 

Bedell, Gregory Thurston, b., 1261; con- 
secrated bp., 18G2; d., 4021 . 

, Townsend, b., 1042; d., 1422. 

Bedford, Bunyan statue unveiled, 9781 . 

, D. of, title created, 8991 . (See Plan- 

tagenet, Eussell.) 

, D. of, statue, erected, 9343. 

, Gardner thank-offering, 4242. 

, Gunning, b. (1747) ; gov. Pa., 1073; d., 

2702. . 

Bedingfield, V. L., robbed, 4282. 

Bedle, Joseph D., gov. N.J., 2912; d., 4741. 

Bedmar, Alfonso de la Cueva, b. (1572) ; 
conspiracy of, 10373; d. (1655). 

Bedouins, ravage Tunis, 11391 . 

Beilr , battle of,' 4841. 

Bee, Bernard E., b., 1321 ; d. (1861). 

, Gen. H. P., at Cane River Ferry, 2321 . 

Beecber, invents padlock, 7902. 

, Catherine Esther, b., 1082; d., 29S2. 

, Chas., b., 1241 . 

, Edward, b., 1102. 

, Henry "Ward, b., 1211 ; lectures, 15S3; 

works, 17.S3, isiis, -2,503. -jiU3, -_<i;83, o 77 i. 
speaks in Eng., 2272; pres. Woman's 
Suffrage, 2692; introduces Pere Hya- 
cinthe, 269 1 ; demands investigation, 

, 2843; scandal charges, 287 2 ; country 
place, 3493; d., 3261. 

, Lyman, b., 823; graduates, 10S3; or- 
dained, 10S3; installed, 3103; at Hanover 
St. Church, 1342; pres. Lane Sem., 1403; 
d., 2191. 

, Thomas Kinnicut, b., 1321. 

Beechey, Frederick Win., b., 9283; d., 9G03. 

, William, Sir, b., 9123; d., 9482. 

Beef-cattle, exported to Eng., 2833. 

steak Club fmd., London, 9092. 

Beekman, Gerardus, gov., 593. 

, Wm., gov. Pa. in (1658). 

Beer, brewing known, luos 2 ; from barley, 
6462; tax restored, 2313. 

, Adolf, b., 5202. 

, Michael, b., 8063; d., 8142. 

Beers, W.H.,b., 1302; Life Insurance Co., 
4003; d.,4441. 

Bees, introduced in N. Eng., 441 . 

Beethoven. Ludwig van, b., 8031 ; works, 
5191; funeral eel., 5311; d., 8123; bust, 
3181. 

Beethoven's Conserv. est., St. Louis, 2761 . 

Beet-sugar, produced, 8002; free admis- 
sion, 3933. 

Beets, Nicolaes, b. (1814) ; Camera Ob- 
scura, 11022. 



Beezadeeza mission, 6571. 
Begas, Karl, b., 806 2 ; d. (1854). 
Begasces, pirates sack, 6302. 
Beggars, Eng. law against, 8583. 
Jlnjijar's Hush produced, 891'. 

Opera produced, 9081 . 

Beggs, John F., discharged, 3482. 
Begin, L. N., cons. R. C. bp., 5861 . 
liogole, .losiab W., gov. Mich., 3152. 
Begon, Michel, b., 68S 2 ; d., 6963. 
Beguine Order of Nuns est., 539 2 . 
liehaes taken, 5281 . 
Behaim, Martin, b., 784 2 ; improbable 

voyage, 143; d., 7863. 
Behani, Bartholoiuaus, b., 7863; d., 790 2 . 

, Hans S., b., 7863; d., 7921 . 

Behanzin, King, surrenders, 7661; de- 
feated, 11612; surrenders, H612. 
Bebar, under British rule, 9173. 
Beheram Khan, rebellion, 5391 . 
Behic, M., minister, 7371 . 
Behm, Ernst, b., 8142; d., 8302. 
Behmes, William, d., 9681 . 
Behn, Aphra, b., S84 2 ; Oroonoko, 8883 ; 

d., 8982. 
Behring, Vitus, poet, b., 6362; d„ 6363. 

, , b., 6363; navigator ; d., 6381 . 

Beiderlinden, Bernard, cons. bp. E. C, 

9962. 
Beirut, mission at, 11563; Theo. School, 

11582. 
Beissel, Johann Conrad, b., 50 2 ; d., 761 , 
Beke, Charles Tilestone, b. (1800); disc, 

48S1 ; d. (1874). 
Bekker, Balthasar, b. (1634) ; Betoverde, 

11012; d. (1698). 

, Elizabeth, b.-d., 11011 . 

, Immanuel, b., 804 2 ; d,, 8262. 

Bela I., king, 5033 ; d., 5022. 

II. eiitlironed ; eves put out, 5043; 

enemies slain, 5043; d. (1141). 

III., enthroned ; marriage ; intro- 
duces Greek civilization into Hungary, 
5043. 

IV. defeats Frederick II. ; defeated at 

Moravia, 5041 ; enthroned, 5051 ; d. (1270). 

, B. Edward, b., 1101 . 

Belalcazar, at Bogota, 213. 

Belasyse, Lord, liberated, 897 2; lordtreas., 
8973. 

Belcari, Maffeo, works, 10792; d. (1454). 

Belcher, Sir Edward, b., 9283; d., 9S2 2 . 

, Jonathan, b. (1CS1) ; gov., 63 2 , 672, 

5753; d. (1877). 

, Joseph, b. (1794) ; d., 184 2 . 

Belckow, steel works closed, 10073. 

Belcredi, Richard von, b. (1823) ; ministry 
est., 8231 ; resigns, 5272. 

Belden, Chas., shoots four persons, 4383. 

, James J., b., 1322 ; offers library, 

3843. 

Belem, Braz., founded, 292. 

Beletre, Mich., surrenders, 721 . 

Belfast, Ire., royal grant. 8793 ; bridge 
built, 8961; Castle burned, 9033; /l.Xeirs 
Letter issued, 909 1 ; Bank est., 9253; Me- 
chanics' Inst, est., 9421 ; eholera in, 9453 ; 
Queen's Bridge- built, 9501 ; BritishAsso. 
meets, 9541, 9741 ; religious riots, 9571, 
9603,9023; National Social Science Asso. 
meets, 9641 , 2, 9002 ; Orangemen riots, 
9671, 2; election riots, 9083; religious 
riots, 9771.9803,9943 ; proclaimed, 9953 ; 
strike, 10003 ; Albert Bridge fnd. ; new 
dock opnd., 10013 ; statue of Wm. of Or- 
ange. 10021 ; Ulster Cornell, meets, 10083; 
riots, 10103; Pan-Presby. Conf., 318 2 . 

,Me.,fire,2833. 

Belfort annexed to Fr., 6893 ; besieged, 
7422 ; bombarded ; sorties from, 7423 ; 
battle of, 7441 ; capitulates, 7441 ; retro- 
ceded to Fr., 7471 ; Ger. victory, S261 . 

on Haut-Rhin fmd., 7473. 

Belgic Gaul, Belgium, subdued,6G22, 10582. 
Belgiojoso, Princess of, Christina di Tri- 

vulzio, d., 10S82. 
Belgium (see text, pp. 539-549), revolt 
against Fr. gov., 0721 ; Louis deM'ale ex- 
pelled. 0753'; first war of Conquest, 6901 . 
Barrier Treaty signed, 9053 ; annexed to 
France, 7093 ; crown of, refused, 727 3 ; 
neutrality declared ; proposals for an- 
nexation, 7393; war with Holl., 11021; 
treaty with Neth. ; separates from Neth.- 
11023. 

Belgius invades Macedonia, 10261. 

Belgrade besieged, 11231 ; taken, 508 2 , 514'; 
11561 , 2 ; ceded, 5151 ; restored to Porte, 
treaty of, 515 2 ; Austrians capture, 516 3 , 



1190 



Text Figures denote Page. lriDiLjC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Belh-Bent. 



Belhaven, Baron, title created, 8851 . 
Belibns, reigns, 1145 3 . 
Belisarius, Gen., b.-d., 10803 ; overthrows 
Vandals, 10701 ; conquests, Si ; command 
of army, 10301; remarkable victories; 
conquests, 10313 ; conducts campaigns, 
11061; invents water-mills for corn, 
10702; imprisoned, 10302 ; d., 11542. 
Belknap, George E., b., 1401 ; commands 
fleet, 3361; eommodore, 3361 ; withdraws 
marines, 10941 . 

, Jeremy, b., 662 ; d., 1081 . 

, Win. G., b., 1042 ; d., 1682. 

, Worth, b., 1362 ; Sec. of War, 

2692 ; minister, 2813 ; bribery impeach- 
ments, 2912 ; conviction fails, 293 2 ; d., 
3701. 
Bel-kudur-ujur, reigns, 1143 2 . 

— uzur Lfnins land, 11401. 

Bell, Alex. Graham, b. (1847) ; telephone, 
2841, 2901, 2941, 9821; invents photo- 
phone, 29S 2 ; sound by electricity, 3081 ; 
invents graphophone.'32Si ; gift to Deaf- 
Mute Association, 3781 . 

, Andrew, b., 9123 ; d., 9461 . 

, Chas. Henry, b. (1823) ; gov. N. H., 

3093 ; d., 2861 . 

, K., b., 1722. 

, George, d., 10041 . 

, Henry, b., ( 1 707 1 ; steam passage boat, 

9313 ; d. (1830). 

, Haywood, b. (1808); d., 2601 . 

, John, b., 1062 ; gov., 1373 ; Speaker, 

1433 ; Sec. War, 1532 ; for Pres., 1S72 ; 
vote, 1883, 1913 ; d., 2662. 

, , b., 9162 ; d., 9422. 

, Louis, d., 2423. 

, Lowire, P. O. Dept., 3512. 

, Patrick. Rev., reaping machine, 9701 . 

, P. Hansborough. gov. Tex., 1671. 

, Robert, b., 9302 ; d., 9701 . 

, Sam., b. (1770) ; gov. N. H., 1273 ; 

d. (1850). 

, Thomas, b., 9262 ; d. (1S80). 

, , gift, 10062. 

, Columbian Liberty, east, 4332, 4373. 

ringing, signal for worship, 10751 . 

Rock Lighthouse erected, 9322. 

Beliary, Madras, mission, 10462. 

Belidor, Bernard Forest de, b., 6942 ; d., 

7023. 
Belisana, discovered, 52S 3 . 
Bella, Stefano della, b., 10823 ; d., 10831 . 
Bellamont, Richard Coote, Lord, gov., 533, 
551 ; commission, 55 1 . 

, Lord, in duel, 9192. 

Bellamy, Edward, !>., 1081 ; N. Nation, 37S 1 . 

, Jacobus, b.-d., 1101 1 . 

, Joseph, b., 5S2 ; d., 1022. 

Bellarmino, Roberto, b., 10S03 ; d., 108 23. 
Bellay, Joachim du, b., 6831 ; works, 6S31 ; 

d., 6822. 
Belleau, Narcisse Fortunate, Sir, gov- 
ernor, 5832 ; d., 5941 . 

, Remi b., 6803; works, 6S31 ; d., 0S4i . 

Belle Fontaine established, 1673. 
Bellefonte, Pa., Agr. Coll., fnd., 2111 . 
Belle Isle, Can., Montreal wrecked, 5893. 

, Marshal, at Prague ; Fr. fleet 

captured, 7001 ; captured, 7021 . 

Plain, la., lire, 4673. 

Poule captured, 7041 ; remains of Na- 
poleon, 7292. 

Zane capsizes, 1593. 

Bellenden, John, d., 8701 . 
Belleroplam launched, 9681. 
Belleville, Frederick de, b., 72S3. 

, Can., Ontario; Intelligencer; Albert 

College, 5791 ; tires, 5S73 ;' leg jam, 5892. 
, 111., convent burned, 3173 ; R, c. dio- 
cese organized, 3282. 

, Paris, mission, 7462. 

Bellevue Med. Hospital, N. Y., opd., 1091. 
Bellew, Baron, title created, 9531 . 
Belliard, Comte, Augustin Daniel, b., 7042; 

d. (1862). 
Bellingham, Sir Edward, deputy, 8712 ; 
d. (1549). 

.Richard, 1>. (1592?); gov. Mass., 372, 

393,422, 3 ; d. (1672). 
Bellini, Gentile, b.-d., 10783. 

, Giovanni, b.-d., 10783 ; paintings, 

10782,10801. 

, Lorenzo, d., 10S31 . 

, Vineenzo, b. (1802); d., 10862. 

Bellman, Karl Mikael, b.-d., 11342 ; works, 

11351. 
Bello, Francesco, Mambrlauo, 1070 2 . 
Bellona, worshiped, 10503. 



Bellot, Joseph Rene, b., 7242 ; d., 7322. 

, invents pereiission-eaps, 7222. 

Bellova-Vakarel 11. R., possession, 5682. 

Bellows, Albert F., b. (1*30); paintings. 
2601 , 3001 , 3081 , 3161 ; d. (1883). 

, Henry W., b., 1231 ; sanitary commis- 
sioner, 197i; d., 3101. 

Belloy, Pierre Laurent Byrette de, b. 
(1727) ; Siege de t 'aleiis, 7033 ; d. (1775). 

Bellport, L.I., train-wreck, 4002 ; schooner 
ashore, 4453. 

Bells introduced, France, 6642. 

Bellwear, George, confesses, 4643, 

Belmont, Mo., battle of, 2002. 

, August, b., 1252 ; d., 3721 . 

Belmore, Earl, title created, 925 2 . 

, Earl of, gov., N. S. W., 4982. 

Beloit College, Wis., organized, 1631. 

Beloli reigns, 10433. 

Belon, Pierre, b., 10802 ; d., 6S42. 

Belot, Adolphe, b. (1S29) ; works, 7343, 
7371 , 7432 ; d., 7601 . 

Belper, Baron, title created, 9591 . 

Belsham, Thomas, I)., 9122 ; d., 9441 . 

Belshazzar reigns, 1147 2 . 

Belton,Tex.,Bapt. Female Coll. fnd., 1783. 

Belts, The, frozen over, 6362. 

Beltzhover, Frank E., b., 1522. 

Be/ridere, Eng., appears, 8772. 

Belzoni, Giovanni Battista, b. (1778) ; ex- 
plorer in Egypt, 6563 ; d., 10862. 

Belzu, Gen., presiilent, 5503. 

Bern, Jozef, b., 11162 ; at Ilermannstadt, 
5221; to Turkey. 5233; ,1., 5223. 

Benian, Nathaniel Sydney Smith, b., 962 ; 
moderator, 1402 j d. (1871). 

Bembo, Livingstone's letter, 5011. 

, Pietro, b., 10783 ; Venice, 10812 ; d., 

10803. 

Bemis Heights, X. Y., fortified, 871 . 

Benanger coast line ceded ; 5631 . 

Benares. Sanskrit Coll. fnd. ; Agra Coll. 
fnd., 10442; mission, 10402,3, 10483; 
mutiny suppressed, 10481. 

Benavid'es, Ambrosio de, governor, 6053. 

Benbow, John, b., 888 2 ; at Cartagena, 
6942 ; d.. 9022. 

Benbow launched, 9921 . 

Benburb, battle of, 8861 . 

Bencoolen wrecked, 9G73. 

Bendermann, Ednard, b., 810 2 ; Jeremiah, 
82S1; d.,8321. 

Benedek, Ludwig von, b., 5191; com- 
mander, 8221 ; d., 5302. 

Benedetti, Giovanni Battista, d., 10821. 

, Vincent, request to William I., 7393. 

Benedict Institute fnd. at Columbia, 2771. 

, St., b.-d., 1070 2 j fnds. Benedictines, 

10703. 

L, Pope, 10711. 

II., St., Pope, 10722. 

III., Pope, 107'J3 ; ad.ls crown, 10763. 

IV., Pope, 10723. 

V., Pope. 10731 ; deposed, 7722. 

VI., Pope, 10731 . 

VII., Pope, 10731. 

VIII., Pope, 10731. 

IX., Pope, 10731 ; simony, 7743; de- 
throned, 10742. 

X., Pope, 10731 . 

XI., Pope, 10763 ; d. (1304). 

XIX, Pope, 10771 ; d., 7832. 

XIII., Pope, KK12; prohibits lotteries, 

10853; deposed, 7843; d., 10842. 

XIV., Prospero Lambertini, Pope, b., 

10831; edict against Bible, 10851; d., 
10842. 

, Julius, Sir, b., 8082 ; d., 8302. 

, T. E., gov't printer, 4473. 

, Voyat/e tie /Irene/an, 6691. 

, Md., British land at, 1222. 

Benedictines fnd. ; influence in Europe, 

10703 ; begin Hhtoire lie la France, 0992; 

expelled front Fr., 7522 ; in Great Brit., 
8422. 

Beneficent Asso. (Eng.) founded, 9671 . 

Benefices, quarrel respecting, 8543 ; for- 
bidden ebrgv l F.ng.), S602. 

Benefit of clerg\ abolished (G. B,) 9432. 

Beneke, Friedrieh, b., 8063 ; d., 8201. 

Benet, Stephen V., War Dept, 3512. 

Benevento, battle of, 6721 . 

Beneventmn, action at, 102G1 ; colony at, 
10533 ; Trajan's Arch erected, 10642. 

Benevolences extorted (Eng.), 8603. 

Benevolent Asso. commenced, 929 3 . 

Fraternity organized, 1442. 

Order Elks ; statistics, 4463. 

Benezet, Anthony, b., 6963; d., 706' . 



Benfey, Theodor, b., 8083 ; d., 8301 . 

Bengal : G. B. rules, 9173 ; Relief Fund 
started, 9791 ; conquered, 10421 ; inde- 
pendent, 10432 ; annexed, 10443; English 
trade, 1045 1 ; Brit, acquire Lower, 10452; 
under Madras, 1045'; famine, 10453; 
cyclone, 10483. 

Bengel, .lohann A., b., 7992; d., 8022. 

Ben-IIabib, condemned, 4S62. 

Benhadad I., at Ratnoth Gilead, 11421 ; be- 
sieges Samaria, 11421 . 

LI. reigns, 11433; king of Damascus, 

11451 ; d., 11451. 

in. reigns, 11451 ; defeated, 11441. 

Benham, Gen. Henry W.. b. (1817) ; at Mc- 
Coy's Mill, W. Va., 2003; at Secession- 
vil'le, 2091 ; d. (1884). 

, Com. Andrew E. K., b. (1832) ; rear- 

adm., 3641 ; course approved, 4511 ; gold 
medal, 4721 ; retired, 456' . 

Beni-Adi mission, 657' . 

Benicia, Cal., St. Augustine's College or- 
anized, 2583. 

Beni-IInssan, art patron, 6462. 

Mahdo, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . 

Merin pr. conquers Morocco, 1097' . 

Beniowsky, Moritz A., b., 5143; d., 5163. 

Beniscouf mission, 657'. 

Benjamin, Judah Philip, b. (1811) ; Atty.- 
Gen., 1913; Senator withdraws, 1913; d., 
3162. 

, Park, b. (1809) ; d., 2392. 

Franklin, excursion boat, 1373. 

Benjamites, nearly destroyed, 1140' , 1141' . 

Bennet, Justice, names Quakers, 8S63. 

, A., b. (1750) ; Gold leaf electrometer, 

9242 j d. (1799). 

, Henry, E. of Arlington, b. (1618) ; in 

Va., 452;' surrenders interest, 493. 

, Caleb P., governor Del., 1433. 

College founded, 2823. 

Chas. Wesley, b., 136' ; d. (1891). 

, James Gordon, b., 106' ; New York 

Herald, 14113; sends Stanley to Afr.,270'; 
Afr. expedition starts, 272' ; d., 278' . 

, , Jr., b. (1841) ; sends Arctic 

expedition, 302' ; d. (1879). 

, Risdon, Sir, b., 9343; ,1., 10062. 

, Jesse L., in Virginia City, 2822. 

, John, Sir, rejected by Aldermen, 

9832. 

, Richard, governor Va., 393. 

, Thos. W., Col., b. (1831) ; at Gallatin, 

2141 ; gov. Idaho, 2772. 

, , governor S. C, 1292. 

, Will. Stemdale, b. (1810) ; d., 9802. 

, , Sir, b., 9382. 

, W. W., Sergeant-at-arms, 4593. 

Law, against, 3582 ; divided by Rep., 

3602; rescinded, 3703 ; indorsed by Welsh 
Presb., 3602. 

Bennett's Mills, action at, 1982. 

Benneville, George de, introduces Univer- 
salism, 651. 

Benningseii, Levin August Theophil, b., 
11143 ; Gen. Fr. campaign in Plus., 7161 ; 
at battle Pultusk, 710' ; in Plus. ,7201 ; at 
Heilesburg, 8081 ; d., 11163. 

Bennington, battle of. S7 1 ; steel squares 
nianf., 128' ; Soldiers' Home. 32G3; anni- 
versary, 2973, 3002; monument, 3901. 

Benninq'tem launched, 3001; ordered to 
Braz., 446' . 

Benoit, Rene, b., 6803; d., 6862. 

invents miner's safety lamp, 7342. 

Benserade, Isaac de, b.,'6862; Job, 6S9'; 
d., 6942. 

Ben Sherrod, burns, 1473. 

Kensington, action at, 842'. 

Benson, Egbert, b., 002; d., 142'. 

, Henry Roxby, d., 1008' . 

, Ky., mail withdraws, 2743. 

Bent, Governor Charles, killed, 1632. 

Bentham, Jeremy, b., 9122; works, 725', 
9211,925'; d.,946'. 

, Wm., Sir, d., 9582. 

Bentinck, Geo. A. F. Cavendish, judge- 
advocate-general, 9812. 

, Lord Wm. Cavendish, b. (1774) ; gov.- 

gen., 10473; d., 9482. 

, , Earl of Portland, b.-d., 11003. 

, Geo. Fred. Cavendish (L. Geo, 

Bentinck), b., 9303; d.,9542; statue, 954'. 

, Henry Cavendish, D. of Port- 
land, b., 91H3; 'minister, 9432,3; Premier, 
9333 • ,1 9343 

Bentivogiio, Cornelio, b., 1083' ; d., 10842. 

Bentlev, Richard, b., 8902; work, 9003; 
d., 9103. 



Bent-Berr 



Text Figures denote Page. IDi DiLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column 



1191 



Benton, Nathaniel S., b. (1792) ; d., 2662. 

, Thomas Hart, b., 95' ; d., 184' ; mon- 
ument, 2621 . 

Bentonville, battle of, 2441 . 

Bentzon, Th., Jacqueline, 7641 , 

Benzel, Erie, b.-d., 11342. 

Benzin discovered, 9421 . 

Benzoni, Geronimo, b., 10802. 

Benzonia, Grand Traverse College organ- 
ized, 2232; B. Coll. org. (1891). 

Beon, reigns (Egypt), 6473. 

Bequeathment law est., England, 849 2 . 

Beranger, Pierre Jean de, b., 7051 • So7igs, 
7231; punished, 7252; d., 7322. 

Berard, Auguste, b., 7143 ; d., 7233. 

, Auguste Simon Louis, b., 7051; d. 

(1859). 

, Pierre Honore, b., 7123; d., 7342. 

Berardi, M., elected bp., 9803. 

Berbice, British Guiana, capitulates, 9313 ; 
constitution, 10392. 

Berceo, Gonzalo de, works, 11271 . 

Berchem, Nicholas, l>. (1<;l'4) ; d., 5403. 

Berchoux, Joseph, b., 703i ; d., 728 2 . 

Berchtesgaden, ceded, 519 3 . 

Bere, John Baghot de la, decision against, 
9862. 

Berea, Africa, battle of, 10052. 

, O., Baldwin Univ. org., ISO 2 ; German 

Wallace Coll. org., 2352. 

Berengaria, marries Richard I., 8513. 

Berengar I., King, of It., 10732; defeated at 
Fiorenzuola, 10721 ; restored, 10733; re- 
signs; assassinated, 10732. 

II., rebels, in battle Fiorenzuola, 7722; 

King of It. ; submits to Otho, I. ; de- 
posed, 10733. accepts suzerain, 7733. 

Berenger, Alphonse H. M. F., b., 7061 ■ d., 
7362. 

de Tours, b.-d., 6662. 

Berenice II., Queen; regal style; killed, 
6523. 

in., reigns (Egy.), 6532. 

TV., reigns (Egy.), 6532; d., 6532. 

, Jewish queen, b.-d., 11521 . 

Beresford, Capt., at Lewiston, Del., 1201 . 

, Charles, Lord, at Barnum's banquet, 

10023. 

, Gen., at Buenos Ayres, 9321 ; at battle 

Albuera, 7182. 

, Viscount Win. Carr, b.,9163 ; d., 9582. 

- — Hope, Alex. James, b. (1820); d., 9962. 

Beresina, France, passage of, 71S3. 

, Prof., Bus. Encyclopedia, 11183. 

Berezowski attempts assassination* 7371 . 

Berg, Albert W., b., 1322. ' 

, Friedrich Wilhelm Rembert, b., 

11162; d., 11182. 

, Joachim von, b., 7882 ; d., 7922. 

, M., sentence of, 6423. 

Bergasse, Nicolas, b., 7011 ; d., 7262. 

Bergen, N. J., Dutch settle, 292 ; settled, 
412; G. Du Bois installed, 71 1 . 

, Neth., allies defeated, 7123; Adres- 

secontors Eftirntuit/er, 11042; £) en Norsk 
Tilshher, 11042; Viking ship sails. 11053. 

, Prussia, skirmish at, S021 . 

op-Zoom (Neth.), taken, 7001; action 

at, 10981; saved, 1100 1. 

Bergenroth, Gustav, b., 8102; d., 8262. 

Berger, Jean Jacques, b., 7062; d., 7342. 

, Johann Eric, b.-d., 6383. 

, Ludwig, b., 8042; d., 8162. 

Bergerac, Peace of, signed, 685 z . 

, Savinien Cyrano de, b., Q&6^ ; works, 

6891 ; d., 6902. 

Bergeret, Gaston, Cousin Baby las, 7582. 

Bergh, Henry, b., 1302; pres. S. P. C. A., 
2522; statue, 3823; d., 3282. ' 

Berghaus, Heinrich, b., S063; d., 8302. 

Berghem, Nikolaas van Haarlaem, b.-d., 

11003. 

Bergman, Torbern Olof, b.-d., 11342; ex- 
periments with air, 11341 . 

Bergnis Dictionnaire, 7231 , 

Bergsoe, "Wilhelm Jorgen, b., 638 3 . 

Berhampur mission, 10462. 

Berhtuald, archbp. Canterbury, S423. 

Bering Sea, decision ; seal killing, 3412 ; 
poachers punished, 11231 . 

. exp.,5762 ; speeches, 5872 ; Cong. 

action, 3363, 3633, 3753, 3803, 4552, 4593, 
4772 ; sealers seized ; sealing persisted 
in, 5892; poachers, 5913; closed by proc- 
lamation, 3391 ; vessels numerous, 591 3 ; 
jurisdiction in, 591 1 ; arbitration session, 
4272; Blaine's letter, 3832; controversy, 
4031; Brit, vessels prohibited, 10072; 
Brit, restricted, 10072,3; Brit, agents ar- 



rive, 5932; complaints, 5933; districted, 
389 2 ; commissioners meet, 389 2 ; negoti- 
ations ; Salisbury's communication, 3803 ; 
proclamation issued, 381 2 ; Pres. procla- 
mation, 385 3 ; sealing season, 387 2 ; Su- 
preme Court, 3753; treaty agreement, 
3952; committee visit Alas., 3873; Atty.- 
Gen. Miller's decision, 3771 ; arbitrators 
appointed, 4012; arbitration treaty, 4031 ; 
4051; controversy, 4031; arbitrators 
named, 407 2 ;eoiiespomlencepublic, 4031 ; 
court of arbitration, 7643; fisheries pro- 
hibited, 10092; Lord Salisbury's note, 
403 3 ; modus vivendi approved, 405 2, 3; 
patrolled, 4041 , 10092; seal question dis- 
agreement, 4031 ; commissioners meet, 
4252; Court of Arbitration argues, 4272, 
4292, 4311,7653; court's decision, 4363, 
4371, 447i, 4571, 4771,2, 10122; arbitra- 
tion ; refuses Brit, report ; award Eng., 
10112; Cong, approves award, 455 2 ; fleet 
sails, 4573 ; illegal sealing prevented, 
457 2 ; Russian treaty ratified, 4593; offi- 
cers report seals, 4693; vessels confis- 
cated, 4612. 

Strait, voyage, 9202. 

, Vitus. (See Behring.) 

Beriot, Charles Auguste de, b., 5423; d., 

Berkeley, CaL, Univ.of Cal. org.,2623, 2822. 

, Baron, title created, 8623. 

, Duke of, title created, 8932. 

, George, in R. I., 613. 

, , b., S962; works, 9043,9091, 9112; 

d., 9123. 

, James, Earl of, L. admiralty, 9031. 

, John, Lord, committed, 8851; lord 

lieutenant, 8932. 

, William, Sir, b., 281 ; gov. Va., 372; 

commission, 39 2 ; purchases land, 43 1 ; 
opposes education, 443 ; unequal taxa- 
tional ; d.,463. 

Berkman, Frick's assailant, sentenced, 
4103. 

Berkshire, Earl of, title created, 8772. 

conquered, 8401 . 

and Columbia Miss. Soc. find., 1083. 

Berlepsch, Baron von, minister, 8372. 

Berliehingen, Gotz, or Gottfried von, b., 
7862; d., 7922. 

Berlin, Conn., tinware rafg.,761. 

Ger., fnd., 7783; Academy of Sciences 

est. ; observatory erected, 7982; districts 
united, 7993; peace of, 8001,8013; burned 
by Russians, 5162; captured; burned, 
8021,2; bank est., 8053; Berlin Monat- 
schrift, 8052; French enter, 7161, sosi ; 
conven. of, 9353; Berlin decree issued, 
1151, 1172, 7172, 9332; Napoleon enters, 
Berlin decree issued, 809 2 ; Berlin decree 
opposed, 9333 ; conven. signed, 8093 ; 
Univ. est., 8103; Missionary Soc. find., 
8131 ; Literarisrhi' Z> ifinui, 815 1 ; Russian 
troops enter, 7183 ; first Gen. Estates 
meet, 8171 ; truce of, signed, 6401 ; steam 
railroad opened ; siege of, 8I61 ; Work- 
ingmen's Union, 8163 ; Woman's Mis- 
sionary Soc. find., 8162; besieged, 8173; 
insurrection, 8163 ; anarchy prevails ; 
students' insurrection; troopsleave,8l71 ; 
Ger. Princes Congress, 5223, 8191 ; truce 
of, 8181 ; Industrial Exhibition, 8183 ; 
peaceful measures supported, 819 2 ; 
Democratic conspiracy, 8193 ; Evang, 
Alliance meets, 8202; military disagree- 
ments, 8213; R. R. opened, 11193; peace 
meeting, 8232 ; Berliner Bevue, 8202; 
Prussians enter, 8243 ; synagogue cons. ; 
Workmen's Congress, 8251 ; rejoicing, 
8271 ; disarmament refused, 8271 ; armies 
enter, 826 1 ; Emp. of Aust. arrives, 8263; 
sovereigns meet, 8273 ; chancellors meet, 
8292; Monument of Victory, 8281 ; Swe- 
den's K. and Q. visit, 8291 ; Imperial 
Bank opens ; Anti-Socialism Bill re- 
jected, 8293 ; Berlin Congress meets, 
9832 ; treaty of, 11131 ; treaty debated, 
9832; treaty signed, 5293; electric rail- 
way; new I':u'l lament House, 8301 ; Cong, 
of, called, 8311 ; conf. held, 8312; treaty 
ratified, 831 ] ; Hygienic Conf. (Internat.), 
8313; conf., 10933; Internat. Art Exhi- 
bition, 8321; VoH:*-Ztilun<i suppressed, 
8322; masons' strike, 8323; Court of Ap- 
peals created, 8333; Samoan Conf., 3392; 
schools opened for training .socialistic 
laborers, 8342 ; influenza, 8333 , 8353, 8373 ; 
art exhibition, 8341 ; cholera, 8353; Em- 
peror William on educational system; 



Jews excluded from schools, 8342; alco- 
holism and crime ; socialists' meetings, 
8343; univ. refuses American diplomas, 
8322; treatyrefoiinstoArnienian Church, 
11582; Deutsche Bank loss, 8351 ; Kaiser 
Wilhelm Memorial Chapel, 8342; wom- 
en's rights refused, 8343 ; rye prohibited, 
8353; strikes occur, S343; Arbeiter Zei- 
tung suppressed, 8362 ; exposition, non- 
supported,8372; cholera; Are ; long ride, 
8373; Schultz Bank fails, 8373; military 
ride to Vienna, 5373; infernal machines, 
8363; longitudinal standard, 8361; Sun- 
day closing enforced, 8363. 

Berlin, N. Y., R. R. wreck, 4373. 

, Ont., town bell rings, 5863. 

Berliner, Eniilie, invents gramophone, 



3281 



Gern 



,8561; 



Berlingske Tidende issued 

6383. 
Berlioz, Hector, b., 7143; d., 7382. 
Bermingham, Sir John de, at Taghe 

gov., 857 2 . 

, Walter de, gov., 8592. 

Bermuda, cable laid to (Jan., 5913. 
Hundred, Va., Butler at, 2322; skir- 
mish, 2341 ; Feds, captured, 2401 . 
Bermudas, disc, 191 ; Eng. colony, 879 3 . 
Bermudez, Gen. Raiuijio Morales, pres. 

Peru; b.-d., 11082. 

, quarrels in Abyssinia, 11 . 

Bern, Switz., fnd., 11372; independent, 

7793; peace Cong., savings bank opd.; 

peace and liberty Cong., 11383. 

, Josef, d., 11182. 

Bemadotte. (See Charles XIV. of Swe.) 

, Johan. (See Charles XIV.) 

Bernard, governs Lippe, 777 2 . 

, Auguste Simon Louis, b. (1783) ; d., 

7342. 

■ , Charles de, works, 7272. 

, Claude, b., 7203; d., 7502. 

, C. B., cons, bp., 9663. 

deMenthoii, Saint, b.-d., 6662. 

, Duke of Carinthia, 5051 . 

, Edward, b., 8822. 

, Francis, Sir, b., 562; d., 912 ; gov., 

713; sails for Europe, 772. 

, Paul, anarchist leader, 7663. 

, Saint, b.-d., 068 3 ; founds monastery, 

668 s ; reforms Benedictine monks; in 

Second Crusade, 10743; canonized, 6702. 

VIII., Pope, in Reformation, 7923. 

Bernardin, de Saint Pierre, Jacques Henri, 

b., 6991 ; works, 7052, 7063; d., 7211 . 
Bernardo del Carpio, b.-d., 11262. 
Bernardow, V. F., cons, cardinal priest, 

7542. 
Dei nays, Wilhelm, murder of ,5461 . 
Berneart, Auguste, premier ; Relief Bill, 

5472. 
Berner, Win., convicted of murder, 3171 . 
Berners, Juliana, b. (1388); works, 8642. 
Bernhard, revolts, 6671 . 
, Karl, b., 7923; at Rheinfelden, 7961 ; 

Thirty Years' War, 7942. 

, Karl, b.,«382; ,1., 6421. 

Bemhardi, August F., b., 8031 ; d., 8122. 
Bernhardt, Sarah, b., 72S3; in N. Y., 3041 

ie«o,758i ; passion play prohibited, 7581 
Berni, Francesco, b., 10791 ; works, 10812 

d., 10803. 
Bernier Francois, b., 0sn2; d., 6942. 
Bernini, Giovanni, b., 10823; d. (1680). 
Bernoulli, Daniel, b.-d., 11372; invents 

screw engine, 11371 . 

, Jacques, b.-d., 1137 2 . 

Bernstein, Georg H., b., 8043; d., 8202. 
Bernstorff, Andreas Peter von, b. (1735); 

Minister in Den., 6392; d. (1797). 
- — , Johann Hartwig Ernst yon, b., 6381 ; 

d., 6382. 
Bernv/ald, treaty concluded, 6892. 
Berquin, Arnaud, b., 7003; d., 7082. 
Berrien, John McPherson, b., 931; atty.- 

gen., 1372; d., 1781. 
Berro, Benrardo Prudencio, Pres. Uru- 
guay, 11602. 
Berry, Capt., authority of, 452. 
, Due de, Chas. F. d'Artois, b., 7043; 

d., 7223. 
, Duchesse de, Caroline Ferdinande 

Louise of Naples, b. , 10S43 ; in Fr. society, 

6972; scandal, 727 2 ; attempts rebellion, 

7273; sent from Fr., 7273; d., 10882. 
, Graham, premier, protectionist, 4991 ; 

ministry, 4991 ,2 ; Bills rejected, 4991 . 

, Hiram Geo., b. (1824); d., 2212. 

, James J., b., 1522. 



1192 



Text Figures denote Page. iri DhtX*. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Berr-Bicy. 



Berry, Jas. H., gov., Ark., 315 2 . 

, L. W.,d.,1842. 

,Nath. Springer, b. (1790); gov., N. H., 

2032. 

Berryer, Antoine Pierre, b., 7002; d.,7382. 

Berry ville, Va., Con feds, defeat, lire' , 237' . 

Bersier, M., pres., 7482. 

Bert, Andrew S.. commissioned col., 4001 . 

, Paul, b. (1833) ; Fr. resident, 4833 ; 

minister, 7532; d.,4833. 

Bertaut, Jean, b., 0823; d., 6802. 

Bertha, asteroid, discovered. 

, Queen, imprisoned, 009 2 . 

Bertharit, King of Italy, 1073'. 

Berthaut, M., minister, 751'. 

Bertlielot, M., minister, 7553. 

Berthet, Elie Bertram!, b., 7222; d., 700' . 

Berthezene, Pierre, Gen., b. (1775); in Al- 
giers, 82. 

Berthier, Louis Alexandre, Pr. of Wagram, 
b., 701' ; Pr. of Neuchatel,7172; d.,7222. 

Berthold, fnds. Carmellites, 1155'. 

, Arnold Adolf, b., 8082; d., S202. 

, Bp. of Bulg., scandal life, 5042. 

, Duke, 5033. 

Berthollet, Comte Claude Louis, b., 7003; 
works, 7052, 7063,715'; fulminating sil- 
ver dis.; muriatic powder, 7oi;i ; d.,724'. 

Bertlioud, Ferdinand, b.-d., 11372. 

Bertin, Eilouard Francois, b., 7123; d.,746'. 

— -, Jean Louis, b., 7013; d., 72S2. 

•, Louis Francois, b., 703' ; d., 7282. 

, Louis Marie Armand,b., 7143; d., 7322. 

, Louise Aiigeliquo, b., 7103; d., 7502. 

Bertini, Henri Jerome, b., 713' ; d., 750' . 

Bertrand, Mo., action at, 201' . 

, Conite de, Henri Gratien, b., 7043; 

at battle Wartenlicrg, 7202; d., 7283. 

de Gonrdon, kills Richard, 853'. 

-, Joseph Louis Francois, b. (1822) ; 

Academician, 752' . 

, de Molicville, Marquis de, Antoine 

Francois, b., 7003; d., 7223. 

Bertrande de Montfort, elopes, 0092. 

Bertuch, Friedrich J., b., S003; d., 8122. 

Bertun, Geo., Meuloitte Ltttnltttl/e, 764'. 

Berulle, Pierre, b., 684' ; d., 6863. 

Berwick, Baron, title created, 923'. 

, Duke of. (See Fitzjames.) 

, Bay, La., defeat at, 220', 223'; cap- 
tured, 856' , S5S' ; surrender attempted, 
8652. 

Berwin, Colo,, cloud-burst, 4673. 

Berytus, taken, 1032'. 

Berzelius, Jons Jakob ; b.-d. 11342 ; dis- 
covers minerals, 1136' . 

Besancon, free city, 6712 ceded to Spain, 
6893. 

Besant, Annie. Dos ton, iiiakes:iddress,3S'22. 

, Walter, Sir, b. (1S38); works, 9703, 

9902,9983, 10103. 

Bescherelle, Louis Nicolas, b., 7143 ;d., 754'. 

Beshaine, Pigneauxde, Bishop, in Annam, 
480' ; d., 4813. 

Besika Bay, fleets arrive, 1118' . 

Besley, Ro'bert, lord mayor, 909' . 

Bessaraba, Nagul, reigns, 1112' . 

, Constantine Drancovan, beheaded, 

11122. 

, Mathias, reigns, 11122. 

Besarabia, ceded to Bus., 11132; Anti- 
Jewish riots, 11212. 

Bessarion, John, b.-d., 10343. 

Be^sborough, E. of. title created, 9112. 

Bessel, Friedrich W., b., 8042; parallax of 
star, 814', 8102. 

Bessemer, Henry, b., 936 3 ; process mfg., 
steel, ISO' , 204' , 9602. 

Besser, Johann von, b. (1634); works, 799' ; 
d. (1729). 

Bessie Jforns wrecked, 5S7 3 . 

Bessieres, Jean Baptiste, Due d'Istria, b., 
7023; at Medina de Bio Seco, 7102; d., 
7203. 

Bessus, taken, 10212; murders Darius III., 
11073. 

Bestiara, written, .8523. 

BesUisheff, Alexander Alexandrovitch, 
b., 11102; d., 11103. 

Biumin, Alexis Petrovitch, b.-d., 

11142; works, 1119'. 

Betanzos, Fra Pedro Alonzo de, in Amer- 
ica, 6301 . 

Beth Israel Hospital opened, 3832. 

Bethan, William, Sir, b., 9203. 

Bethanien, mission at, 11241. 

Bethany College org., W. Ya., 1543. 

, mission at, 1105 1 . 

Union Society organized, 93S 3 . 



Bethel, Alaska, mission, 3202, 3742. 

, Richard, Lord Westbury, b. (1800) ; 

lord Chan.-., 11653; resigns, 9791 : ,1.(1873). 

Bethel, Union org., N.Y., 1283; Eng., 9383. 

Bethell, Christopher, elected bishop, 9383; 
for Exeter, 9423. 

Bethencourt, Jean de, d., 6762, 

Bethlehem, Jesus Christ, born, 10631 ; Tem- 
ple of Adonis built, 11532; ceded to Cru- 
saders, 055 2 . 

, Eng., asylum cruelties, 9391 . 

, N.H., Inst, of Instruction, 4042. 

, Pa., mission, 043 ;f nd., 651 ,2; sheet zinc 

mfd., 2452; Lehigh Univ. org., 2543; Mo- 
ravian service, 3801 ; Limlennan Library, 
3082; tornado, 4061 ; cloudburst, 4701. 

, W. I., abandoned, 17 2 . 

Bethlen, Gabriel, b. (1580) ; invades Hun- 
gary, 5101 ; d. (1629). 

Bethnal Green, market opened, 9733. 

Bethsura besieged, 11481 . 

Bethune, Geo. W., b., 1122; President Re- 
formed synod, 150 3 ; d., 207 2 . 

, Maximilien de, Memoires, 689'. 

Betislav I., Duke, 5032. 

Beltcrton, Thomas, b., 8822; d., 9042. 

Betting suppressed, Fr., 7003; regulated, 
Fr., 7612; suppressed, Eng., 959'. 

Betts, Beverly R., b., 1342. 

, E. C, Agri. commissioner, 3153. 

Betty, William Henry West, b. (1791) ; ap- 
pears, 9302. 

Beudant, Francois Sulpice, b., 706 2 ; d., 
732'. 

Bengnot, de, Arthur A., work, 727'. 

Beule, Charles Ernest, b., 7242; d., 74S2. 

Beurnonville, Marquis de, Pierre de Ruel, 
b., 701'; d., 7223. 

Beust, Baron Friedrich F. von, b., S083; 
minister, 527 2 ; Pres., 527 3 ; Premier, 
5272 ; call for array, 52S 1 ; dismissed, 
5292; d., 5302. 

Beveridge, J. T., arrested, 4723. 

, John L., b. (1824) ; gov. 111., 285' . 

Beverly, Alfred of, d., 8482. 

, Robert, Virqinia, 57' ; d. (1716). 

, Eng., Bp. Crosthwaite cons., 10022. 

Ford, action at, 2223. 

, Mass., first cotton mill, 9S 2 . 

, W. Va., action at, 1962; Feds, de- 
feated, 2203; Confcds. occupy, 2403. 

Bewick, John, b., 9143; d. (1795). 

, Thomas, b., 9123; wood engraving 

imp., 9242; works, 925' ; d., 9423. 

Bexley. (See Vansittart.) 

ISevle, Mario Henri, b., 705' ; works, 723', 
7251,7263, 7283; d., 72S2. 

Beyrout bombarded, 0503, 950'; earth- 
quake, 11502. 

Bcvs subdued, 6562. 

, Giles, intro. letter, 1099' ; d. (1593). 

Beza, Theodore, b. (1519) ; d., 6802. 

Bezaleel, builds Tabernacle, 11402. 

Beze, Theodore de, b., 6802; works, 683' ; 
d. (1605). 

Beziers captured, 670' . 

Bezout, Etienne, b., 0983 ; d., 705' . 

Bhamo mission, 6223. 

Bhurtpur, siege, 104(1 ' ; stormed, 1046'. 

liliils mission, 10483. 

Bhimpore mission, 1047' . 

I'.hoja reigns, 10433. 

Bhonslas dynasty, reigns, 1045 2 . 

Bhutan mission, 10482. 

Bhutanese war with British, 10482. 

Biala, Anti-Semitic riots, 533' . 

Bialobzeski, Arehbp., arrested, 11182, 

Bianca discovered, 5282. 

Bianehi, in Italy, The, 1079'. 

Bianchini, Francesco, b., 10831 ; d. (1729). 

Bianci, General, at Tolentino, 5201 . 

Biard, Francois Auguste, b., 7142 ; d., 
7522. 

Biarritz, Napoleon meets Bismarck, S232. 

Biart, Father, in Canada, 5703, 

Bias, b., 10162; one of Seven Sages, 

10103. 

Bibb County, Alabama, cyclone, 3361 . 

, Thomas, governor, Alabama, 129 2 . 

, Wm. Wyatt, b. (1780) ; governor, Ala- 
bama, 1273; d. (1820). 

Bibbiena, Bernardo, b., 10783; d., 10802. 

Biberach, battle of, 7121 , 8002. 

Bihle.Septuagiht version written, 10203; in 
Ethiopic, 11; Coptic written, 10082; 
Gothic, 10G83; Vulgate prepared, 10091; 
prohibited; permission to translate, 10851 ; 
Slavonic printed, 7051 ,11151 ; divided into 
chapters and verses; Pope forbids, 8522; 



first concordance of, 6723; translation by 
Wyelif, 8602, 8563; printed in Ger., 7871 , 
10791; flrst Rabbinical Hebrew, 10812; 
Tyndale's trans., 8663; Coverdale's read 
in churches, Eng.; petition for general 
reading, 8082; prohibited laymen, It., 
10812; Matthew's in English, 8683; read- 
ing, permitted some, 8092; Taverner's ; 
Cromwell's (great Bible); Cranmer's ; 
forbidden to women, Eng., 8683; Danish 
published, 0371 ; Welsh; used inchurches, 
8723; decreed in churches, 8743; decreed 
in houses, 8753; King James's trans., 
8782, 3; Rouse's trans"; ordered read in 
churches, 8843; Eliot's Indian, 403; flrst 
in Ire., 9023; G e r. edition in Am., 652; 
first Am. publication, 95 2 ; in Amharie, 
0503; translated into Burmese, 10403; 
in raised characters, 9543; readers im- 
prisoned, 10873; gift at Paris exposition, 
73S 2 ; convocation for revision, 9742; 
trans, into Japanese, 10922; old Testa- 
ment revised and pub., 3203; Pope en- 
joins B. study, 4441 ; banished from 
schools, Providence, 3582 ; Conf. at 
Northfleld, Mass., 3042, 4341 ; school for 
scientific study, 3702 ; school use uncon- 
stitutional, Tex., 3923. 

Bible Association of Friends org., 1383. 

and Common Prayer Book Soc. orga- 
nized, 1542. 

Christian Soc, fnd., 9271 ; Christian 

Foreign Miss. Soc. organized, 941' . 

Societies fnd. (chronological order): 

First, Eng., 9002; Fr,. 7083; Naval and 
Military ; London, 921' : for Wales, 9303; 
Brit. aridFor.. 993' ; Basel, Switz., 11382; 
Berlin ; Prussian Centra], 8083, 8103; Nu- 
remberg, 8083; Hibernian. 9331 ; Norway, 
11301; Finnish, 9331; Russian, 11103, it 
suspends, 11171 ;Berg, Ger., 8103; Zurich, 
11382; Netherlands, 11021 ; Wurtemberg ; 
Saxon ; Hanover ; Hamburg ; Altona ; 
Liibeck; Coire ; Lausanne; Geneva, 
11382; Sehleswig-Holstein ; Brunswick; 
Bremen, S103; Danish, 6383; Lauenburg- 
Ratzeburg; Lippe-Detmold ; Rostock; 
Waldeek ; Frankfort ; Strashurg ; Hesse- 
Darmstadt ; Eutin ; Pyrmout, 8123 ; 
American, 1243; Marine, 125'; Neu- 
chatel, 1)382; Waldcnsian at Paris, 723' ; 
Marburg, 5203; Ionian, 1035' ; Eisenach; 
Miilhausen; Hesse-Cassel; Colinar, 8123; 
Gbttingen ; Hanau ; 8123; Glarus, 11382; 
Baden ; Anhalt ; Bernburg, Weimar; 
8123; Bavarian, S13'; Trinitarian, 9442; 
9922; French and Foreign, 721)3; Staven- 
ger, 11053; Russian Evong. Soc, 1117'; 
Antwerp ; Belgian ; Ghent, 5442; Anhalt- 
Dessau, 815' ; American and Foreign, 
1403, Bible House built, 1713 ;Altenburg, 
8182; Am. Bible Union, 1002; National 
for Scot., 9042; of France, 7302; Imperial 
Russia, 11183; Am. Baptist, 3102; Eng. 
Auxiliary in Australia, 9303; societies 
prohibited, Hung., 520 3 . 

Biblical Archeology Society fnd., 9702. 

Inst. Baldwin University, 1802. 

Repositorif and Blbllotkeea Sacra es- 
tablished, 1703. 

Repertory anil Princeton Review, 133'. 

l',il'lioteL-a tl't/tt lehteinia issued, 1117'. 
Blbllttlheett, Xoeissitna established, 799'. 

Washi/ttj/onletti" est., 3502. 

Bifi/intlteh tier scl/bnrn IVlsst itschtiflen, 

803'. 
Bib/iotheque Cl/nisie issued, 697'. 

Ancientie et Mtttlerne issued, 6972. 

Anglais issued, 16972. 

Britaniiii/ite issued, 0992, 113S' . 

lie I' Kettle ties Charier issued, 7283. 

ties Scienees, etc., issued, 703 2 , 

Germaniqite-, 699'. 

Historic issued, 723' . 

Ilalique issued, 1137' . 

Baisonne'e, etc., est., 699 2 . 

Universelle issued, 1138' . 

Universelle et Hlslorlque, 695'. 

Bibracte, action at, 105S 2 . 

Bichat, Marie Francois Xavier, b. (1777) ; 

works, 713'; d., 7143. 
Bickerstaff, Isaac, b., 9082; d., 9242. 
Biekersteth, Edward, b., 9242; d., 9562. 

, F., appointed bp. for Japan, 9902. 

, Edw. Hen., b. (1825) ; cons, bp., 9922. 

Bicocca, Swiss defeat. 080' ; battle of, 788'. 
Bicycle clubs find., Eng., 981' . • 

intro., 2973 ; pneumatic tires, 374'. 

R. R. Co., L. I., est., 3853. 



Bicy-Bixa. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1 JNI L) Jl, A. . Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1193 



Bicycle relay race, 406' , 4693. 

Biddle, James, b., 961 ; on Hornet, 1231 ; 
d., 164' . 

, , commissioned col., 3S4i . 

, John, b., 8801 ; d., 8902. 

, Nicholas, financier, b., 981 ; d., 1562. 

, , naval officer, d., 912. 

Univ. org., 2583 ; chartered, 2963. 

Bidwell, Daniel D., Gen., b. (1816±); skir- 
mish with Early, 236i ; d., 2392. 

, John, nom. for pres., 4092 ; popular 

vote, 4192 ; electoral vote, 4243. 

, Shelf ord, phonograph, 302 1 ; tele- 
photography invented, 9881. 

Biela taken, 5651 . 

, Wilhelm von, b., 8042 ; d., 8201 . 

Biela's comet discovered, 520 s . 

Bielnski, critic, b.-d., 1116 3 . 

Bielski, Marcin, b.-d., 11142. 

Biencourt, de, in Canada, 5703. 

Bienville, de, Jean Baptislo Lemoine, b., 
481 ; in La. ; on Red River ; commands, 
55 2 ; fnds. New Orleans ; gov.-gen.,592 ; 
against Chickasaws, 621 ; commission 
from king, 633 ; d. (1768). 

Bierstadt, Albert, b., 138 1 ; Academy De- 
sign, 1902; paintings, 2023, 2291, 2541, 
2721,3161,3131. 
Biezwaag, famine, 5333. 
Bigamy, disfranchised by, 2971 ; statute 

of, passed, Eng., 8552. 
Big Bear captured ; escapes, 5841 . 
Big Bethel, Va., Federals repulsed, 1961; 
occupied, 2021. 

Big Blue, Mo., Trice defeated, 2392. 
Bigelow, Allen Oilman, d., 3881 . 

, Erastus Brigham, b., 1231 ; d., 3022. 

, Hobart B., governor, 3093 ; d., 3922. 

, Jacob, b. (1787) ; d., 3001 . 

, John, b., 1261 ; works, 1802, 2643, 3323, 

3982. 

, Poultney, German Emperor appears, 

3502 ; expelled from Puis., 11223. 
Big Foot., Ind., at Wounded Knee, 3741 . 
Biggar, Joseph Gillis, b. (1828) ; reporters' 
exclusion, 9772 ; d., 10021 . - 

Bigger, Samuel, gov., Ind., 1531 . 

Biggs. Bouj. T.. gov. Del., 3293. 

Big Horn Mts. ,: Mont., Sioux (let'., 2581 ,2921 . 

Big Hurricane Creek, Mo., defeat at, 2001 . 

Bigler, John, b. (1804) ; gov., 1712 ; d. (1871). 

— , William, 1). (1813) ; d., 3041 . 

, , b.. 78i ; gov. Pa., 1712 ; on Com- 
mittee of 13, 1892. 

Biglow, William, b. (1773) ; d., 1562. 

Bignon, Louis Pierre Edouard, b., 7042 ; 
d., 7282. 

Big River Bridge, Mo., action, 2001 . 

Big Rock, Minn., log-jam, 3452. 

Big Springs, Kan., Free-State Conv., 1772. 

Big Water Lake, Taylor's victory, 1461 , 

Bihar, Ind., conquered, 10421. 

Biheron, Marie C, b., 6981 ; d.. 7061. 

Bijanagar, sacked. 10422 ; Hindu king- 
dom, 10432 ; crushed, 10433, 10441 . 

Bijus, Anna, Poems, 10991 . 

Bilaspur mission, 1049 1 . 

Bilbao captured, 11301 ; strikers, 11331. 

Bilderdijk, Willem, d.-d., 11011 ; works, 
11012, 11022. 

Biltinger, Georg Bernhard, b., 7982 ; d., 
8022. 

Billard, Charles Michel, b., 7142 ; d., 7262. 

Billaud-Varennes, Jean Nicolas, b. (1756); 
d.,7223. 

Billault, Allgusto Adolpho Marie, b.,7163; 
d., 7361. 

, Gustave, minister, 7371 ; d., 7371 . 

Bill of indemnity, royal assent, 9613. 

of Rights, passed, Eng., 8993. 

Bille, Steen Andersen, b., 0382 ; d., 6421. 

Billing, House of, rules, 7732. 

Billings, Jesse, Jr., acquitted, 2991 . 

, Edward C, d., 4441 . 

, John Shaw, b. (ix:;s) ; work, 4462. 

, Josh. (See H. W. Shaw.) 

, Wm., b., 662 ; music for schools, 761 ; 

d., 1082. 

" Billion Dollar Congress " ends, 3793. 

Billot, Gen., minister, 753 2 , 3. 

Billroth, Theodore, b. (1*29) ; d., 8361 . 

Bills. (See Titles of Bills.) 

Biloxi, Miss., fortified, 5141; captured, 
2021; fire, 4733. 

Bilsborrow, John, cons, bishop, 10082. 

Birnbia, Ger. colony founded, 8313. 

Bimeni settled, 173. 

Bimetallic league conven., 4343 ; motion 
lost, G. B., 10033. 



Bimetallic Convention, Pan-Am., 4402. 

Hinders, automatic, introduced, 2761. 

Binding-twine, free list, 5931. 

Binet, Jacques, b., 7061 ; d., 7322. 

Bing, Jost., inv. measuring-conipass, 7921 . 

Bingham, George C, E. of Lucan, d., 998 2 . 

, Henry H, b., 1522. 

, Hiram, missionary, 1263. 

, John A., b. (1815); Com. of Recon- 
struction, 2493 ; on impeachment, 2612. 

, Judson B., commis. col., 3141 , 

, Kinsley S., b. (1808); gov. Mich., 1792; 

d. (1861). 

, Mary A., Pres. Mt. Holyoke, 3383. 

, Wm., b. (1752) ; pres. Senate, 1073 ; 

d. (1804). 

Binghampton, N. Y., Asylum for Inebri- 
ates opd., 2412 ; Ruled' hanged, 2742 ; 
training-school, 4702 ; Commercial Trav- 
elers' Home Association, 4723. 

Binney, Amos, b., 1102 ; d., 1622. 

, Herbert, b., 5781. 

, Horace, b., 931 ; d., 28S1 . 

llioi/rajth/e i T ji'werselle de Musicians, 5443. 

Bion, b., 10263. 

Bioski, Stanislaus, executed, 11183. 

Biot, Jean, b., 7043; ascension, 7142; d.,7342. 

Birague, Rene de, b., 6802 ; d., 6842. 

Birch, Charles B. A. R. A., d., 10102. 

, J. C, on Com 33, 1891 . 

, J. W., proclamation, 10492. 

, Samuel, b., 5363. 

, , Lord-Mayor London, 935 3 . 

, Thomas, b., 9022 ; d., 9162. . 

Creek reservoir destroyed, 1763. 

Birehall, Reginald, trial of', 5903, 5912. 

Birck, Sixt, Susanna, 7911. 

Bird, Chancellor, opinion, 3642. 

, Chas. W., gov., O., 1113. 

— -, Frederick Mayer, b., 1482. 

, Golding, b., 9363 ; d., 9582. 

— -, Isabella, Trarks In Japan, 9863. 

, Robert Montgomery, b., 1102 ; works, 

1443, 1451; d., 1741. 

Birde, William, b., 8682 ; d. (1623). 

Birdie, Non Xab/s Domhte, 8803. 

Birds' Protection Act passes, 977 2 . 

Bire, Edrnond, J'irtor Huqn, 1X52, 7641. 

Birger II., b. (1281); reigns, 11351 ; d. (1324). 

, Jarl, regent, 11351. 

Birkenberg mines burned, 5351 ; fire, 5353. 

Birkenfebf added to Oldenburg, 8113. 

Birkenhead, Eng., docks, 962 1 ; street rail- 
ways opd., 9641 ; religious riots, 9671 . 

Birkenhead sinks, 5981 . 

Birmingham, Ala. 7 fnd., 2973 ; Howard 
Coll. org., 1543; Aqa Heratil, 3'2S2; strike, 
3523 ; Real Estate Cong, meets, 3803 ; 
explosion, Pratt mines, 3853 ; Federa- 
tion of Labor Conv., 3971 ; train derailed, 
4382 ; govt, defrauded, 4522 ; fire, 1673. 

, Conn., solid head pins, 1501 . 

Eng., small town, 845 2 ; grammar 

school fnd., 8711 ; besieged, S84i ; button 
manufactories. 8941 ; cotton mill erected, 
9102; Aris's Gavtte, 9111; Soho Works 
est., 9173; Dr. Ash's hospital fnd.; musi- 
cal festival held, 917 2 ; Lunar Soc. org., 
9212; anti-Dissenters' riots. 92~.2; Asylum 
for Deaf and Dumb, 9391 ; theaterburned, 
9413; borough, 9453; town hall built, 9461 ; 
B. and Liverpool railway opd., 9481 ; 
Brit. Asso. meeting, 94S2, 9541, 9662; 
incorporated; police act passes, 9493; 
Queen's Coll. incor., 9523, 95S3 ; Inst, of 
Mechanical Engineers' find., 9541; Corn 
Exchange, 9553 ; B. and Midland Inst, 
incor., 959i ; Music Hall opd., 9602 ; Na- 
tional Social Science Asso. fmd.j park 
opd.; public park opd., 9602; post issued, 
9623; Free Li hraryopd., 96-13; almshouses 
erected, 9(13 1 ; Social Science Asso. meets, 
96G2, 9881 ; Shakespeare Library fnd., 
9671; Reform meeting, 9691; Exchange 
opd. ,969 3 ; anti-popery riots, 9703; horse 
show, 9713; first house ; Erdington Or- 
phan Houses est., 9731 ; explosion in Lud- 
low's factory, 9753; Royal Horticultural 
Exhibition opd., 9761 ; Joseph Priestley 
statue, 9781; Josiali Mason's Coll. est., 
9791; Philosophical Soc. fnd., 9801 ; Lib- 
eral Federation fmd., 9823 ; Bp. Isley 
cons., 9822; statue of Queen, 9921 ; riots, 
reform demonstration, 99:;i ; Brit. Asso. 
meets, 9961 ; statue of John Bright, 9981 ; 
Liberal Unionist Asso. fmd., 9992 ; cre- 
ated city, 1001 1 . 

Birney, David Bell, b., 1322 ; near Rapi- 
dan, 2321; d., 2392. 



Birney, James Gillespie, b., 1022 ; Abolition 
destroyed, 147 1; nominated for pres.; 
declines, 151 3 ; vote, 1531; pres. candi- 
date, 1571 ; renominated, 1573; vote, 1572; 
electoral vote, 1592 ; d., 1801 . 

Biron, Armand Louis de Gontaut, Due de 
Lauzun, b., 7003 ; d., 7082. 

Birot, Jean B., works, 7171 , 7231 . 

Births taxed, 9003 • 9231 . 

Biscay, united to Castile, 11273. 

Biscayans discover America, 123. 

Bischoff, Theodor Ludwig Wilhelm, b., 
8083. 

Biscop, Benedict, imports glass, 842 1 ; fnds. 
monasteries, 8423 ; fnds. Wearmouth Li- 
brary ; Jarrow Library, 8431 ; d. (690). 

Bishop, Bridget, convicted, 531 . 

, Edward, imprisoned, 523. 

, Henry Row-ley, Sir, b., 9242 ; organ 

pedal, 9343 ; regulator, 9402 ; d., 9603. 

, Richard M., pres. conven., 2682,2722, 

2762, 2802, 2S-J2, e 8( ;2 ; gov., 3012; d.,4241. 

, Washington Irving, mind reader, 

libel suit, 9931 ; d., 3382 ; autopsy, 3412. 

.William Henry, works, 3031, 3163 

3183, 3263, 4482. 

Bishoprics multiply, It., 10723 ; Ger., 
tithes to Fr., 781*3 ; given away, Eng., 
8483 ; act passes, 9S22, 9832. 

Bishop's College, Knoxville, 5791 , 

Bishops dispute, Can., 5991. 

consecrated (see personal names) ; 

excommunication opposed (Ger.), 8273; 
electing (Eng)., 8543; married, deprived 
of office, S703 ; war, in Scot., 8821 ; ex- 
cluded from voting, 8S23 ; excluded from 
House, 8852 ; order abolished, 8863 ; fn 
H. L., S90 2 ; restored, 8912; refuse oaths, 
898 2 ; deprived of office, 8983 ; number 
reduced, 9462 ; Resignation Act, 9722, 
9802 ; Conference 9982 ; est. in Port., 
11093 ; absolute power, 11252. 

Biskupitz, cruelty, 5362. 

Bisland, Mary, world tour, 3533, 3593. 

Bismarck, N. Dak., settled, 2793; capital, 
2972,3, 3451 ; first legislature, 3483. 

Bismarck-Bohlen, Ct.,gov. of Alsace, 7411 . 

, Count Herbert, minister ; resigns, 

8351 ; married, 8362. 

, Prince Otto Eduard Leopold, b., 

8103; at Univ. of Gottingen, S151 ; mar- 
ries, 8163; in Landtag, 819 i ; Confed.Diet; 
envoy to Aust., 8193; in St. Petersburg, 
S21 1 ; in Paris ; in Chamber Deputies ; 
minister ; sustained, 8213; escapes assas- 
sination; offends deputies, 822 2 ; Dukeof 
Lauenburg, 8251 ; premier, 8232; quarrels 
with Aust.; new constitution, 8232,3; 
retires ; chancellor ; circular letter, 825 a , 
8272; -war declaration; created prince, 
S271,2; negotiations with Favre, 8272; 
circular letters, 7412,3; meets Jules 
Favre, 7412; deniandsof Fr.,7413; replyto 
Brit. Govt., 7432; armistice to Fr., 7433; 
first chancellor, 8273; life threatened, 
8291; resigns presidency, 8292 ; Eastern 
policy, 8293; birthday' eel. ; at Berlin 
Cong., 8311; alliance with Aust.; and 
Pope; disclaims Liberals; meets Jaeob- 
ini; resigns, .831 2; defeated ; Germanizes 
Posen ; colonization, 8313, S332; statue 
at Stuttgart, S32i ; premiership eel., 8322; 
resigns, 8333; on over-education, 8342; 
birthday ; refuses dukedom ; press utter- 
ances, 8343,4351 ; leaves Berlin ; in Reich- 
stag, 8353; honored, 8363. 

Schierstein, Count yon, Friedrich Au- 
gust Ludwig, d., 8361 . 

, Count William, presi. Landtag, S332. 

Bissell, Clark, b. (1782i; gov., 1633; d. (1857). 

, Josiali Wolcott, Col., b. (1818) ; boats 

under Island No. 10 ; in Mo., 2052. 

, William H., b. (1811) ; gov. 111., 1832; 

d. (1860). 

, Henry Augustus, b. (1S14) ; cons. 

bishop, 2622; d., 4301. 

, Wilson S., P. M. General, 4271 . 

Bisticci, Vespasiano da, Vite di Uomini 
IHustri, 10812. 

Bistritz, famine, 5333. 

Bithoor, Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 

Bithynia surrendered, 10292; bequeathed 
to Romans, 10591; ruled by Lysimachus, 
11491 ; overrun by Tartars, 1155 3 . 

Bitis church reorganized, 11581 . 

Bitonto, action at, 10841 . 

Bittenfeld, Gen., commander, 8221 . 

Bitto ministry formed, 5292. 

Bixa appears, 5553. 



1194 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Bize-Bloo. 



Bizerta captured, 11393. 

Bjerregaard, Henrik Anker, b. (1792) ; 

works, 11042; d. (1842). 
Bjornson, Bjbrnstjern, b., 1104' ; works, 

11043. 
Blackford, Lord, Henry Rogers, d., 10021 . 
Black, Baron, title created, 975' . 
, Francis, b. (1782) ; chief justice, 9532, 

9573; lord chanc, 9092; d., 10082. 
, James, pies, candidate, 277 3 ; popular 

vote, 2792; d., 446'. 

, C. C, b., 154'. 

, Jeremiah Sullivan, b., 1162; Atty.- 

Gen., 183' ; strengthens Buchanan, 1893; 

treasurer. 1892; d., 314' . 

, John C., b., 1502; speecb, 4392. 

, Joseph, b., 90S' ; dis., 9142; d., 9283. 

— -, C. S., b., 1482; amendment, 4403. 

, Luke P., inaug. gov., 3033. 

, Samuel W., governor, 187' . 

-,Wm.,b.(lS41) ; works, 9723, 9882,10103. 

, , 1... 9502; works, 91183, 10103. 

Ball Line established, 1273. 

Bartholomew's Day, Eug., 8903. 

■ Caps at Kingston. (Jan., 58G 3 . 

Crook at Niblo's Garden, 258' . 

Death prevails, 5073; appears, 9693; in 

Great Britain, 85113; Germany, 7822,3. 
Diamond, seizure of, 589'; reported, 

5892; Victoria harbor, 5893. 
Eagle conspiracy formed, 633'. 

Flags, Tongking, 4802; F r . protecto- 
rate, 481 2 ; Fr. defeat, 482'; massacre, 
4823. 

Friday occurs, 2673. 

Hawk, b., 74' ; in Wis., 140' ; d., 1482. 

Hawk explodes, 149 3 . 

Hawk War reunion, 3903. 

Hills, S. Dak., silver ; copper dis. ,254' ; 

Prohibition Law opposed, 36S 2 ; gold 
found, 370' . 

■ Coll. org. at Hot Springs, 3233. 

Hole tragedy, 914' . 

Joke attacked, 616' . 

Monday, 111., massacre, 8523. 

Prince. (See Edward.) 

Prince in collision, 1000' . 

River, Miss., defeat at, 222' , 

, Mo., action at, 1982. 

Rock, N. Y., action at, 120' ; burned 

by British, 121'. 

Sea : storm, 9582; free, 11172 ; Rus- 
sian claims. 11193; canal to sea of Azov, 
11213; frozen, 1154'. 

stone, 4863. 

vomit plague, 6743. 

Walnut Creek, Mo., action at, 2003. 

Warrior seized, 1753. 

Black's Run, Fa., dynamite explosion, 4553. 

Blackburn riots, 983'; cotton-miners 
strike, 9813; strike closes, 9983. 

Blackburn's Ford, Va., battle, 1563. 

Univ., org. at Carlinville, 111. (1859). 

Blackfan, Joseph II., commissioner, 2732. 

Blackfeet Mission, 1822. 

Blackford, A. L., missionary, 556 2 . 

Blackheath, Eug., action at, 866' ; Tunnel, 
collision, 9673. 

Blackie, George S., b., 1422. 

■, John Stuart, b., 9343; many works, 

9623, 979 1,9983. 

Blacking, ox v muriatic used, 924' . 

Blackman, Geo. Curtis, b., 128' ; d. (1S71). 

Blackmore, Richard Doddridge, b. (1825); 
works, 9723, ;)7i;3, ]K Kj3, 10043. 

Blackshear, Ga., R.R. accident, 3293; anti- 
negro mob, 387' . 

Blackstock, N. 0., battle at, 923. 

Blackstone, William, Sir, b., 9062; Com- 
mentaries, 9171 ; d., 9203. 

Canal opened, 1373. 

Blackwall, Eng., railway opened, 950i : 
Benbow launched, 992' ; Sans Pareil 
launched, 9961. 

Blackwater, battle of, 876' . 

— —Bank; Pomona wrecked, 1853. 

Blackwell, A. J., tortured by Indians, 4762, 

— -, Antoinette Brown, b., 1322. 

, Elizabeth, b., 1301 ; M. D., 1663. 

, John, gov. Pa. (1688). 

, Lucy Stone. (See Stone, Lucy.) 

-, Samuel, Interior Dept., 4472. 

Blackwell's Is. Bridge Bill passed, 3592. 

Blackwood, William, b.,9203; d.,9462. 

, Frederick T., E. of Dulferin, b., 9422; 

gov. -gen. Can., 5833 ; gov.-gen. of East 
India, 9932; Brit.- Ambassador, 10073; 
viceroy, 10492; Ameer meets, 71 ; resigns, 



Bladen, Thomas, governor Md., 65 3 . 

Bladcnsburg, battle of, 1222. 

Blaidsdell, Henry G., gov. Nev.(Ter.), 2ii^. 

Blaine, James Gillespie, b., 1381; amend- 
ment to Constitution, 251 2 ; encounter 
with Conkling, 2523; speaker, 267', 2733, 
283 2 ; calls for investigation, 2793; candi- 
date for speaker, defeated, 2893; nom. 

for pres. contest, 293', 3043; vote for, 
3043,3051 ; Sec. Stale, 3072,3372; resigns, 
3092; eulogy on Garfield, 3111 ; nom. for 
pres., 3172; popular vote, 3192; electoral 
vote, 3211 ; withdraws from candidacy, 
3311; presidency declined, 401 2 , 405 3 ; 
nom. for pres. ; resigns, 4091 ; proclama- 
tion, 4231 ; d.,422i ; funeral services, 423 3 . 

and Sherman men unite, 3051 . 

, James, Jr., marriage, 4022. 

Blainville, Henri Marie Ducrotay de, b., 
7043; d., 7302. 

Blair, Austin, b. (1S18) ; gov. Mich., 2032; 
d., 4681. 

, David, Sabbath instructor, 915'. 

, Francis Preston, b., 1022; d., 2921 . 

, , b., 1301 ; offer to Lee, 1941 ; 

atTuscumhia.2271 ; reenforces Sherman, 
2342, 2363; before Atlanta, 2363; nom. 
for Vice-Pres., 2633; vote for, 2653 ; d., 
2881. 

, Henry W., b., 1422; prohibitionist, 

2923; in Senate, 329'; Educational Bill, 
3233, 353', 3542,3552. 

, Hugh, b., 9062; Sermons; Rhetoric, 

921' ; professor, 9152; d., 9303. 

, James, b. (1656); commissary, 483; 

pres. college, 523; d., 642. 

, John, b., 62i ; lieut.-governor Va., 

772; justice, S. C, 1012; d. (1800). 

, Montgomery, b., 121 1 ; P. M. Gen., 

1931; d., 3141. 

.Robert, d.,9122. 

Blake, Edward, b. (1833) ; premier, 5833. 

, Henry Arthur, Sir, governor, 5003. 

, John Henry, shot, 9891 . 

, L., b., 1001 ; d., 180' . 

, Joseph, b. (1020r-); governor South 

Carolina, 533; d. (1700). 

, Robert, admiral, b., 8762; battle in 

Channel ; in Downs ; destroys Sp. fleet ; 
reduces Tunis, 11392; punishes pirates; 
defeats Dutch, 1100 1 ; d., S882. 

, Rufus, b., 1122; d., 2212. 

, William, b., 9143; works, 9231 , 9271 ; 

d., 9422. 

, William Phipps, b., 1341 . 

Blake launched, London, 1002'. 

Blakely, Capt. Johnston, b. (1781); cap- 
tures Reindeer, 122' ; d. (1814). 

Blakeman, B., d., 472'. 

Blakey, Robert, b., 9263; d. (1878). 

Blanc, Auguste Alexandre Philippe 
Charles, b., 7222; d., 7522. 

, Dr., in Abyssinia, 3' . 

, Jean Joseph Charles Louis, b., 7203 ; 

works, 7291 , 7302; organization of labor, 
7311 ; {n Paris, 7412, 7451 ; d., 7522. 

Blanchard, Ed. Laman, b. (1820) ; d.,10001. 

, Francois, b., 700 2 ; ascension, 1041; 

parachute; velocipede, 7041; d., 7191. 

, Jonathan, d., 4061 . 

, Laman, b., 9322; d., 9522. 

, Newton C, b., 1661 . 

, Thomas, b., 1001 ; d., 2332. 

Blanche, reigns in Navarre, 11273. 

Blanche wrecked, 932' . 

Blanco Encalada captured, 6082. 

party in Uruguay, 1160 3 . 

, Antonio Guzman, pres., 1160 3 . 

Bland, Richard, b., 144'; Silver Coinage 
Bill, 4532. (See Silver Bill.) 

Blandville College founded, Ky., 2623. 

Blankenburg, Froebel's kindergarten 
opens, 815 2. 

Blankets first made, 858 2 . 

Blanqui, Jerome Adolphe, b., 713' ; Politi- 
cal Econmmi, 7272; d., 7332. 

,Louis Auguste. b.,71«3; leader, 7432; 

insurrectionist, 745'; sentenced, 7463; 
elected, 753' ; in Assembly, 7523; d.,7522. 

Blanshard, R., gov., Canada, 581 2 . 

Blanton, Licut.-Col., Lancaster, Va.,2003. 

Blantyre, Earl of, title created, 8772. 

mission, 6003. 

Blarpiire, Baron De, title created, 931' . 

Blashtield, Edwin H., b. (1848); Academy 
of Design, 3321. 

Blasphemies suppressed, England, S87 2 . 

Blatchford, Samuel, b., 1282; justice of 
Supreme Court. 3132; d., 4321 . 



Blaue, William, printing-press, 11002. 
Blauvelt, C. F., in Acad, of Design, 186' . 
Biavatskv, Madame (Helena Petrovna 

Hahn-Hahn), theosophist. 2902; d., 1006' . 
Bleaching works established, Ger., 7842. 
" Bleeding Kansas," 179' , 182' . 
Bleecker, Ann Eliza, b., 683; d. (1783). 
Bleek, William Heinrich Immanuel, b., 

5973 ; d. (1875). 
Bledsoe, Albert Taylor, b., 116': d.,2962. 
Bleichfeld, battle at, 776' . 
Bleking annexed, 637 2 . 
Blemco, Gen. revolutionary leader, 5503. 
Bleneau, Royalists defeated, 690' . 
Blenheim lost, 932' . 

.battle of, 696'. 

Blervie Castle wrecked, 9633. 
Blessing of the Bay built, 32' . 
Blcssin'gton. Countess of, Margaret Power, 

b.,9243; d.,9542. 

, Viscount, lord keeper, 9013. 

Blicher, Steen Steenson, b., 6382; d., 6403. 

Bligh, 'William, b., 9123; d. (1817). 

, Capt., William, b. (1753) ; botanist, 

494'; gov.; deposed, 495' ; d. (1817). 
Blignieres, M. de., Minister Egy., comp- 
troller-general, 659' ; resigns, 6592. 
Blind, Karl, b., 8122. 

John, elected king, 5053; k., 506' . 

, printing for, commenced, 9422. 

Blisdell, Henry G., governor, 2413. 
Bliss, Frederick J, dm. Muni/ < ities, 478' . 
, Nathaniel, b.(1700j; astronomer royal, 

9161 ; d. (1764) . 

, Philip Paul, b. (1838); d., 292' . 

, Porter Cornelius, b., 164' ; d. (18S5). 

, Willard, b., 1322. 

, William Root, Colonial Times, 3323. 

, Zenas R., commis. colonel, 322' . 

Blissot, Jean, b., 7022. 

Blizard, Sir William, b., 9103. 

Blizzard, Okla., I. T., 450'; in Eastern 

States, 328'; S. Dak., 356'; in Neb.; in 

Wyoming, 454' . 
Bloch, Joanna Koerten, b.-d., 11003. 

, Markus E., b., 8002 ; d., 8063. 

Blocher, John, gift, 3943. 

Block Island, It. I., Indians annoy, 34' . 

, Adriaen, iiuilds Onrust ; explores 

Sound, 28' ; in Conn., 292. 
, Victor, forms Missionary Soc, 640 3 . 

printing, invented, 6122. 

Blockade : of Am. by G. B., 1193, 1213 ; of 
Delaware River, 120'; of Charleston, 
1942 ; of Confed. ports, 194' ; in N. C. and 
Va., 1942; proclaimed, 195'; Confed. 
States removed, 2483 ; Sp. causes, 5522. 

Blockholt, John, Anabaptists' theocracy, 
7903. 

Blodget, missionary, 619'. 

Blodgett claim, decision against, 4753. 

, Henry W., arbitrator, 425 2 . 

, Leonard, criminal, 471' . 

, Rufus, b., 1422. 

Blodoxe, Eric, over-lord, 11043. 

Bloeman, John Francis van, b., 541' ; d., 
5422. 

Bloemeart, Abraham, b.-d., 10983. 

Bloemfontein, Bruce cons, bp., 996 2 . 

, O., Free State, mission, 11053. 

Bloemhof, mission, 11242. 

Blois, ceded to crown, 6713 • treaty, 6793 ; 
alliance signed at, 6812 ; States-General 
meets, 6852 ; Germans occupy, 743' . 

Blomticld, Chillies James, bishop of Lon- 
don, b., 924'; d.,970'. 

Blommaert, Samuel, resident. 551' . 

Blonde], Francois, b., 6862; d., 6942. 

Blondin, Charles Emile Gravele, b. (1824) ; 
crosses Niagara, 185 3 . 

Blood, Col. Thomas, b. (161S) ; abuses Or- 
monde ; theft, 893' ; d. (1680). 

circulation discovered, 882'. 

Bloodgood, Sam. DeWitt. b. (1799) ; d.,252' . 

Bloody Brook, Mass., battle at, 46'. 

Pond, N. Y., massacre at, 702. 

Bloomer, Mrs. (Amelia Jenks), b. (1818) ; 
costume, 166 3 . 

Bloomtield, Conn., tramp murder, 3903. 

, Ind., bank robbers, 4723. 

, N. J. Then. School opd., 2663. 

, Joseph, d., 1302. 

, Robert, b., 9163 ; d. (1823). 

Blooming Gap, Va., action, 204' . 

Blooniington, 111., Wesleyan Univ., org., 
173'; Hiram Buck's gift, 3923; mercury 
rises, 33S2; Schureman, embezzler, 4303. 

, Indiana Univ. org., 1363. 

, Tenn., Bloomington Coll., fnd., 3183. 



Bloo-Bois. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1 JN L/Jc, .X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1195 



Bloornsburv, England, "Working Women's 
College begun, 9682. 

Blooniville, U., temperance crusade, 3803. 

Blore Heath, battle of, 8621 . 

Blouet,Paul (Max 0'Rell),b. (1848); Brother 
Jonathan, 3503. 

Blount, Alfred, lynchers, 430 3 . 

, Charles, b., 8882 ; d., 9001 . 

, James H., minister, 4272, 4292. 

, Win., b. (1744*); gov. Tenn., 1032; 

1172 ; d. (1S00). 

Blow, Henry T., b. (1817) ; Com. of Recon- 
struction, 2493 ; d. (1875). 

Blow-pipe, compound, invented, 110*. 

Bloxham, Wm. D., gov. Fla., 3093. 

Bloxland, explorer, 4941 . 

Bliicher, Marshal Gebhard Leberecht, 
h., 80Q3 ; in Dresden, 7183 ; commands 
Silesian army, 7201 ; at Brienne; at 
Mockern,7202 ; in Prus. campaign, 7203 ; 
campaign in Belg., 722 1 ; Pr. of Wahl- 
statt, 8111; d. (1819i; monument, 8361; 
d., 8122. 

Bludoff, Count, Dmitri Xikolayevitch, b., 
11162; d., 11182. 

Blue and Gray reunion, Champion Hill; 
at Port Gibson, 3591. 

nine Cross Society established, 54G 2 . 

Blue Gap, West Ya., action at, 2021 . 

Spring, Mo., Fed. defeated near, 2201 . 

Licks, battle, anniversary, 3113. 

Mills Landing, Mo., battle at, 1983. 

Mountain, Miss., Female Coll., 2822. 

University organized, 2922. 

Laws published, 95 2 . 

Ribbon movement, London, 9831 ; be- 
gins, 9231 ; prominent, 9903. 

Ridge bursts boilers, 1633. 

Blueneliis, Nicaragua, mission, 11032 ; cap- 
tured, 11043 ; report, 455 1 . 

Bluhme, or Blume, Friedrich, b., 8063 ; 
d.,828i. 

Blum, Robert, Nat. Acad, of Design, 4461 . 

, Robert, b., 80S3 ; d., 8162, 8173. 

Blumaner, Aloys, b., 8022 ; d., 8063. 

Blumdell, Lieutenant, killed, 9372. 

Blumenau, battle, 8242. 

Blumenbach, JohamiF.,b.,8022; d.,8143. 

Blumenthal, Oscar, Das Z. Gesichf, 83G 2 , 

Blumhardt, C. H., missionary in Abys., 12. 

Blunt, Edmund March, b., 761 ; d., 2023. 

, Gen., b. (1826); in Ind. Ter., 2101 ; at 

Cane Hill, 216 1 ; at Prairie Grove, 2162 ; 
at Honey Springs ; at Elk's Spring, 225 1 . 

— -, Matthew M., commis. colonel, 3141 . 

, R. F. L., consecrated bishop, 10062. 

Bly, Nellie. (See Bisland, Mary.) 

Blyden, Edmund W., works, 9963 ; presi- 
dent west coast Africa, 11612. 

Blyth, G. F. P., consecrated bishop, 9962. 

Blythe, James, b. (1765) ; moderator, 1243; 
d. (1842). 

Blythswood, Baron, title created, 10091 . 

B'nai B'rith, I. O., statistics, 4463. 

Boabdil, Moorish king, d., 11282. 

Boades, Bernat, Fry ft d' Amies, 11271. 

Boadirea lost, 9381 . 

Boadicea, Queen of Iceni,S39i , 3 ; d., 8392. 

Board of Commissioners, Eng., est., 917 3 . 

of Health: N. Y., est., 2511; inMich., 

2S31 ; in N. J., 2972 ; j n Ky., in R. I.; in 
Mass., 3011 ; 3251 ; in la., 3071 ; in W.Ya., 
3072 ; inMo.,3151 ; inMe.,323i ; Nat., ap- 
pointed, 3013 ;Gen. Board of Health est., 
Eng., 9552 ; B. of H. convention, 4263. 

of Trade : for American colonies, 53 3 . 

(See also large cities.) 

of Trade and Plantations, England, 

established, 8892 ; ah. dished, 9231 . 

Boardman, Captain, killed, 9352. 

, George Dana, b., 110 1 ; missionary, 

10463; d.,1382. 

, Henry Augustus, b. 1. 1808) ; moder- 
ator, 1762 ; d. (1880). 

— — , Richard, b., 642 ; in Philadelphia, 762; 
missionary, 919 1 . 

Boat, submarine, tried, 918 2 . 

Boatner, Charles J., b., 1661. 

Boaz marries Ruth, 11423. 

Bobadilla, Francisco de, b. (1502) ; impris- 
ons Columbus, 152 ; g0T ., 153 ; d., 11263. 

Bobbin lace, machine for, 9343 

Boblingen, battle at, 7881 . 

Boccaccio, Giovanni, b.-d., 1076 2 ; works, 
10772. 

Boccage, Manoel Maria Barbosa du, b.-d., 
11102. 

, Marie Anne le Page du, b,, 6963 ; d., 

7143. 



Boccanegra, Simon, 1>. (1300) ; first doge of 
Genoa, 10773 ; d. (1363). 

Bocchoris reigns, 6511 . 

Boeehus 1., treachery, 1056 1 - 

Bochart, Samuel, b., 6861 ; d., 6903. 

Bockh, August, b., 9042 ; -works, 8131 , z 
d., 8243. 

Bocock, Thos. S., speaker, Confed. House; 
2393; d., 3881. 

Bocskai, Stephen. Protestant leader, 5101 • 
5113 ; prince, 5113 ; d. (1606). 

Bode, Johann Ehlert, b., 8003 ; d., S123. 

Bodel, Jean, works, 6711 . 

Bodenstedt, Friedrich, b., 8122 ; d., 8361 . 

Bodenstein, Andrew, b. (1480) ; friend of 
Luther, 7883 ; d. (1541). 

Bodichon, Barbara Leigh Smith, d., 10061 . 

Bodin, Jean,b., 68<)3 ; I!,'/>uMiaue ,d.,6843. 

Bodleian Library founded, 877 2 . 

Bodley, Sir Thomas, b., 8682 ; d. 87S2. 

Bodmer, Johann Jakob, b.-d., 1137 2 . 

Bodyke, Ire., evictions resisted, 9971. 

Boece, Hector, b. (1465) ; History of Scots, 
8671; d. (1536). 

Bcehm, Henry, b. (1775) ; centenarian, d., 
2902. 

, Jos. Edgar, statue of Darwin, 9921 ; of 

Wellesley,!)98i ; of Queen,1000i ; d.,10042. 

Boehme, Jacob, Aurora, 7931 . 

Boekzaal van Europa issued, 1101 2 . 

Boemia, George, anathema against, 5083. 

Boen, Baldor E., b., 1682. 

Boendale, Jan van, b. (12S0) ; Brabantsche 
Yeesten, 10991; d. (1365). 

Bosotia, fnd., 1015 1 ; Ogyges reigns, 10133 ; 
invaded, 10191, 10222" | revolt, 10212. 

BoerhaaveJIermaan, b.-d.; founds organic 
chemistry, 1100 3 . 

Boers, disaffected, new settlements, 599 2 ; 
defeat Zulus, D9S1 ; in Orange Free State, 
11051,2; demand independence, 9861; 
suppressed, 6032; leave Cape Colony, 
11241 ; W ar with Kaffirs, 11242 ; declara- 
tion of independence, 11243; formation 
disbanded, 10062. 

Butt hi us written, 666 3 . 

, Aniens Maul ius Sever inus, b.-d., 1070 2 . 

De Consolatione Philosophe, 10711 . 

, or Boec, Hector, b., 8641 ; d., 8681 . 

Boetie, Etienne de la, b., 6S03 ; contre un, 
6812; d., 6822. 

Boetler, Alex. R., Tariif f'ommiss., 3111 . 

Boettcher, Herr von, Black Eagle, 8342. 

liog-aers, Adrianus, b. (1795) ; works, 11022; 
d. (1S70). 

Bogardus, Everardus, letter, 343; d.,381 . 

, James, b., 1082; d., 2S42. 

Bogatzky, Karl II., b., 7982; d., 8041. 

Bogdan reigns in Moldavia, 11121 . 

Bondanoviteh, Ippolit F., b.-d., 11143. 

Bogn-s. Charles Stuart, h., 1162. 

,LiburnN.,b. (1798); gov. ,1472;d.(lS61). 

Bogota, Colombia. Belalcazar at ; capital, 
6283; mission, 6293; captured, 6281 ; riot- 
ing, 62S2 ; Cong, meets, 6291 . 

B<>:j;i-an, Gun. Lewis, president, 10413. 

Bogue, David, b. (1750) ; d., 9422. 

forts, taken, 6161 ; destroyed, 6162. 

Boliemia, Slavs revolt, 7712; invaded, 
5021 ; premysl rules ; Prague fnd. ; Bor- 
zivoj, D. ; dukes rule, 5031 ; Christianity 
in, 5022 ; Spitchney I., D., 5031 ; Vratis- 
lav, D., 5032 ; Christianity abounds, 
7723 ; St. Ludmila murdered, 5023; Yac- 
slav, D. ; Boleslav, D. ; tribute ; resists 
Poland; Jaromir,D.,5032 ; surrendered, 
7741 ; Oldric, D., 5032 ; Betislav I. con- 
quers, 502 1 ; conquered; Spitelmev II., 
D. ; Yrastislav II., D., 5033 ; Ger. influ- 
ence in, 7781 ; Yesovici massacred, 5023 ; 
Borzivoj, D. ; Vladislav or Ladislaus 
I., D. ; Sobieslaus L, D. ; Emperor 
resigns ; Yladislav II., D., 5033 ; Silesia 
restored ; kings rule ; Sobieslaus II. 
reigns ; Yladislav abdicates, 5051 ; bp.,of 
Prague rebels, 5042; KonradOtho reigns; 
Premysl Ottocar, 505 1 ; monks' schools, 
5042; royal title; WenceslausI.,D., 505 1 ; 
Premysl Ottocar II. reigns ; acquires 
Austria, Styria, Carinthia" 505 2 ; Ottocar 
against Prus., 5041; truce; Wenceslaus 
II. reigns, 5052 ; Puknpis Kralndworsky, 
written, 5043 ; Wenceslaus' possessions, 
5041 ; Wenceslaus III. reigns ; Rudolf 
reigns ; Henry reigns ; Blind John king, 
505 3 ;' reign divided ; Charles I. reigns ; 
annexes Silesia and Lusatia ; Wences- 
laus, K., 507 2 ; Albert V- ; insurrection, 
507 3 ; Hussites ravage, 5063 ; Sigismund 



reigns ; Hussite uprising, 5073 • Ger. re- 
pulsed; Hussite conquests; Sigismund 
repulsed, 5061 ; John of Prague attacked, 
5062 ; Taborites annihilated, 5071 ; Com- 
pactata accepted, 5073 ; Albert I., D., 
5091, 7853; oivil law, 7841; Ladislaus, 
K., 5092 ; Ladislaus III., K., 5091 ; elects 
native kings, 7872; Moravian brothers 
appear, 50H2 ; printing introduced; tol- 
eration, 5083 ; Pj'diebrad rules, 5091, 2 ; 
Hungarian war ends ; invaded ; Victo- 
rin invades Aust., 5081 ; oppression, 5092; 
serfs of soil; Albert X. reigns, 5091; 
Matthias acquires, 5092 ; literature flour- 
ishes, 5111 ; Louis, K. ; independent 
representative system, 5093; under Haps- 
burg rule, 7893; persecutions, 5103; Max- 
imilian, K.,5112; Sacramental cup sanc- 
tioned, 5103; Rudolph II. drowned,5112; 
Matthias, K.; ceded ; Diet org., 511 3 ; arts 
and science cultivated, 5111; adminis- 
tration changes ; Protestants revolt, 
7951; Thirty Years' War ,511 1 ; Ferdinand 
II. crowned ; deposed ; Protestants re- 
volt,5113; subdued, 510 1 ; becomesCath- 
olic, 7952 ; Protestantism extirpated, 
7943 ; Catholic invasion, 5101 ; subdued, 
books destroyed ; Ferdinand persecutes, 
5131 ; leaders'exeeuted,5U>2; war against 
anti-Protestants, 5101 ; Benedictines im- 
ported, 513i ; Catholicism restored, 5123; 
new constitution, 5132 • persecutions, 
5123 ; Protestants awed, 5132 ; Saxons in- 
vade, 7942; Saxons driven out, 5121; 
Peace of Prague, 5132 ; plague, 7961 ; 
Swedes leave, 796 1 ; Wr angel departs, 
5122; Aust. secures, 5132; allied army in- 
vades, 5141; Pragmatic Sanction, 5151; 
taken by Charles Albert ; Maria Theresa, 
Queen, 515 2 ; tillies driven out ; Frederick 
II. invades, 5142 ; Ger. in schools, 5171 ; 
peasantry revolt, 5172 ; Frederick in- 
vades, 516 2 ; Diet curtailed, 5173 • peace 
negotiations at, 7211 ; Slavonic Cong. ; 
Czechs rise, 5231 ; Prus. enter, 5261 • evac- 
uated, 8243; Moravian Mission,52S2; self- 
government, 5291 ; floods, 5321 ; strikes, 
5323, 5331 , 2; German-Czech Conf., 5333; 
floods ; waterspouts, 534 1 ; emancipation 
demanded, 5352; Czechs oppose Ger.; dis- 
order, 5362, 5371 ; collision in Landtag, 
5371 ; tribute to Otho, 7733 ; conquered, 
7741 ; struggle for independence, 7753 j 
royal charter granted, 793 3 ; arrested; 
executed; refuses allegiance to Emp., 
7952 ; religious liberty, 7923. 

Bohemia, cholera aboard, 415 3 . 

Bohemian brothers banished, 5123. 

soldiers' monument, Chicago, 4061. 

Bohemond I., b.-d., 0682; Crusade, 6683. 

Bohlen, Henry, h. (1810) ; d., 2132. 

, Peter von, b., 8063; d., 8143. 

Bohler, Peter, b. (1712) ; d., 823. 

Bohm, Johann, b., 7963. 

, Theobald, b., 8082 ; d. (1881). 

Bohme,or Bohm, Jakob, b., 7922; tf., 7943. 

Bohmisch-Brod, battle of, 7841. 

Bonn, Henry George, b., 9283; work, 9611 ( 
9902 ; d., 9922. 

, Johann, b. (1640) ; Prorerbs, 9623; d., 

7983. 

Bohnenberger invents electroscope, 8121 , 

Boiardo,MaU;eo Maria, b. (1434) ; Orlando 
Jnnamorafn, 10792; 10S12; d. (1494). 

Boieldieu, Francois Adrien, b., 7043 ■ cl., 
7262. 

Boies, Henry M., Prisoners, Paupers, 44.62, 

, Horace, nom. for gov., 3451 ;gov.,375i , 

3S72, 4212, 4371 ; nom. for pres., 4092. 

Boileau-Despreaux, Nicolas, b., 6882 ; 
works, 6911, 2,0931,6952; historiograph- 
ers-royal, 6932 ; d., 6963. 

Boiler manfs., meeting, New York, 3623. 

Bois, R. M., liuhin I)<ty, 1511. 

B< 'isbaudron, Paul E. F. Lecoq' de, works, 
7483. 

Boisgobey, Fortune Abraham, Du, h. 
(1821) ; works, 7482, 7502, 7523, 7542 ; a., 
7601 . . 

Bois-le-Duc. (See Hertogenbosch.) 

Boisrnbert, Francois le Metal de, b., 6842 • 
d., 6902. 

Boissard, Jean Jacques, b., 6803 ; d., 6862. 

Boisseree, Sulpice, b., 8042 ; d., 8201 . 

Boissieu,Jean Jacques de,b., 6982; d., 7191 , 

Boissonade, Jean F., b., 7043; a., 7322. 

Boissy, Louis de, b., 6943 ; d., 7023. 

d'Anglas, Francois Antoine, b. (1756) ; 

d., 7242. 



1196 



Text Figures denote Page. IJND.C.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Bois-Bord. 



Boiste, Pierre Claude Victoire, b.(1765) ; d., 
7242. 

Boivin,MarieA.V.G.,b., 7042; d.,7382. 

Boker, George Henry, b., 1302 ; d., 3501 . 

Bokhara, Turks invade, 1155 2 ; conquered, 
549' ; war of succession ; Mesdjidi Mogak 
built, 5492 ; W ar, 1118' ; Komaroff in, 62. 

Bolan Pass, British loss at, 4' . 

Bolan founders, 10013. 

Bolandshahr, Sepoy rebellion, 104S' . 

Boles, Arkansas, cyclone destroys, 42S 1 . 

— — , John, missionary, 24 2 . 

Boleslas I., becomes D. of Poland, 1113 3 ; 
war with Henry II., 774' ; d. (J025). 

II., b. (10-10) ; murders St. Stanislaus, 

11132 ; K. of Poland, 11133 ; d. (1090±). 

■ in., reigns in Pol., 11133 ; d. (U38). 

IV., reigns in Pol., 11133 ; d. (1173). 

V., Duke of Pol., 1115' ; d. (1279). 

Boleslav, of Bohemia, war with, 7722 ; 
vassal of Germany, 7733. 

of Prus. avenges St. Adalbert, 7752; 

defeats Henry V., 776' ; d. (1025). 

II., duke, 5032 ; d., 5022. 

Boleyn, Anne, b., 866' ; marriage ; be- 
headed, 839'. 

Bolingbroke, Viscount, title created, 905' . 

, Vis. Henry St. John, b. (1078) ; in- 
trigues, 9052 ; impeached, 11053 ; intro. 
Schism Act, 9043 ; d., 9123. 

Bolivar, Mo., Southwest Bapt. Coll., 3003. 

, Tenn., action at, 2122, 2183. 

, Simon, b.-d., 1160'; forms Repub- 
lic; dictator, 6283, 11082 ; resigns, 6283; 
aids Ecuador, 643' ; statue of, 318' . 

Bolivia. (See Text, pp. 550, 551.) 

Bolles, It., Aust. troops cuter. 520' ; siege 
of, 5222;siego raised, liSO' ; Univ. of, fnd.; 
Irnerius lectures, 1075' ; Univ. degrees 
inst., 10752; Coll. of Brescia fnd., 1077' ; 
Univ. of theological education, 10772; 
conquered, 1078' ; united with States of 
Church, 10813; Acad, of Arts Cud., 10S2' ; 
observatory erected at, 10822 ; uprising, 
1086' ; insurrection in, 10872, 1089' ; 
united to Italy, 10892; mission in, 10883. 

, Frank, d., 448' . 

, Lucius, b. (1779) ; d., 1562. 

, Giovanna de, Bologna, b.-d., 5403. 

Bolton, Eng., miners strike, '031' ; cotton 
workers strike, 9823; engineers strike, 
9913. 

, Miss., action at, 2242, 230' . 

— — , Alderman, bribery trial, 417 1 , 

-, Duke of, lord-lieutenant, 9072. 

Boma, Roman Catholic mission, 10943. 

Bomarsuud, fort captured, 958' . 

Bombay, ceded to Eng. ; govt, seat ; pres- 
' idency, 1045' ; mission, 10402, 3, 1047', 
10483 ; bishopric erected, io47' ; first rail- 
way opd., 10473 ; univ. est., 10462 ; hospi- 
tals erected ; railway completed, 10493 ; 
telegraph line completed, 10193 ; Bp. 
Mylne elected, 9803 ; Bp. Porter cons. li. 
C. bp., 9962 ; Bp. Dalhoff cons., 10082 ; 
British dollar coined, 10123. 

London, telegraph line opd., 9693. 

Bombay burned, 9673. 

Bombay collides with Oneida, 2693. 

Bomford, James V., b. (1811) ; d., 398' . 

Bompard, Mile., sentenced, 760 3 . 

Bompas, \V. C, elected bishop, 9742. 

Bon, Mayer, a Jew, burned, 7822. 

Bonacum, Thomas, cons. R. C. bp., 3282. 

Bonald, Louise Gabriel Ambroice de, b. 
(1754) ; works, 7133, 7151 ; d. (1840). 

Bonaparte, Charles, b. (1746) ; d., 707' . 

— — , Lucien Jules Laurent, b., 7143 ; 

d., 7322. 

, Jerdme, b., 706' ; marries, 7152, 717' ; 

K. of Westphalia, 7172 ; king, 8093 ; flees 
from Cassel, 7212 ; returns, 7293; d., 7342. 

, , suit of rights, 735' , 

, Joseph, b., 7032 ; R. of Naples, 7172, 

10S53; of Sp. ; retires from Sp., 7173, 
11312; at Talavera de la Reina, 718'; 
evacuates Madrid,7182 ; at battle of Vit- 
toria, 936'; Venezuela opposes, 1160'; 
d., 7283. 

-, Letizia, b., 701' ; d., 7282. 

, Louis, b., 7043 ; K. of Holland, 7172, 

11023 ; abdicates, 7193 ; d., 7283. 

, Lucien, Pr. de Canino, b., 7043; d., 

7232. 

, Marianne, d., 7602. 

, Napoleon. (See Napoleon I.) 

, , IV., Eugene Louis -lean Jos.,b., 

7322; of age,74S3;k., 752' ,3; statue, 986' . 

, , Joseph Charles Paul, Pr. Napo- 



le'on, b., 724' ; minister. 93 ; marries Clo- 
tilde, 735' ; expelled, 7463, 7472; imperial 
Pr., policy ; a Rep., 7483 ; leader, 753' ; 
manifesto, 7533; d., 7602, 7612. 

Bonaparte, Napoleon, Pr. Louis, head of 
Bonaparte house. 7612. 

, , Victor, Pr., b., 721' . 

, Pierre, kills Victor Noir, 7383 ; ac- 
quitted, 739'. 

Bonaparte's Expulsion Bill, Fr., 7553. 

Bonaveiitura, St., b.-d., 10742. 

, Giovanni di Fidenza, b. (1221) ; inter- 
dicts Bacon's lectures, 8543 ; d. (1274). 

Bonaventure, Jean, work, 681'. 

Bonchamp, Marquis, Charles Melchoir 
Artus, b., 7023 ; d., 7082. 

Bonchor, Maurice, Michel Lando, 7623. 

Bon de Saint-liilaire, Francois Xavier, b., 
6923 ; d., 7023. 

Bond, George Phillips, b., 134' ; dis. Hy- 
perion, 164'; satellite of Saturn, 954'; 
Saturn's inner ring, 956'; receives gold 
medal; d., 2423. 

., Hugh L., d., 440' . 

, J. W., shoots Mayor Harinan, 4743. 

, Shadraeh, governor Illinois, 127 2 . 

.Thomas Emerson, b.,95'; d., 178'. 

-, William B., elected bishop, 9803. 

, Cranch, b., 100' ; d., 1842. 

issue, letter ; denounced ; subscrip- 
tion, 449 2 ; awarded; upheld, 451'; cir- 
cular bids, 4752 ; Stewart Syndicate, 
477' ; circular for bids, 4772. 

Bondholders, agitation against, 299'. 

Bondi, Clemente, b., 1084=; d., 10S62. 

, Jonas, b. (1804) ; d., 284' . 

Bonds : U. S., slow sale, 1882 ; (;' s , issued, 
1913; authorized, 2013, 2313; sale of U. S., 
197'; issue, 2193; issue authorized, 2313, 
2353, 2433, 2753; low interest, 3033; re- 
demption, 3712; redeemed, 3853; syndi- 
cate bids, 4772; Can. guaranteed, 5912. 

Bone, Henry, b., 9123 ; d. (1834). 

Bone-dust fertilizer, 80S' . 

Boner, Ulrich, Jewel, 7823. 

Bone-setting practised. England, 880'. 

Bonet, Juan Pablo, b.-d., 11283. 

Ronfiim, Count, at Torres Vedras, 1110'. 

Bonga revolts, 1112'. 

Bonham, G., Sir, to Nanking, 6193. 

, John M., Secularism, 4783. 

-, Milledge L., b., 124' ; governor South 

Carolina, 2173. 

Bonheur, Rosalie, b., 724' ; Horse Fair, 
732' ; Lion at Home, 752' . 

Bonhomme, Jacques, leader, 074 3 . 

Hnuhomuw llirl/aril. battle with, 902. 

Bonichi, Bindo, poetry, 10772 ; d. (1337). 

Boniface I., St.. Pope; 10702; d, (422). 

II., Pope, 10703; d. (532). 

III., Pope, 1071'; confines title to 

bishops of Rome, 1031' ; d. (607). 

IV., St., Pope, 1071' ; d. (615). 

V., Pope, 10711 ; d. (624). 

VI., Pope, 10723; ,1. (895). 

VII., Pope, 10731 ; d. (985). 

VIII., Cardinal Benedetto Gaetani, 

b.-d., 10742 ; Pope, 10763 ; anathema 
against IC. 6722; seized, 6733; adds crown 
to cap, 10763; Cuds. University of Rome, 
10771 . 

IX., Pope, 10771; opposes municipal 

liberties, 10792 ; d., 10782. 

, George C, b., 1401. 

■, Joseph Xavier, St., b.,7131 ; Picciola, 

7271; d., 7362. 

, Marquis of Monferrat, crusade, 6703, 

kingdom of Salonika, 10351. 

of Savoy, archbp., 8522 ; d. (1270). 

,Winfred, St., b., 7702; priest; archbp.; 

missionary, 8423; cons, archbp.; burned, 
7702, 10723. 

.Count, rebels, 10712; d. (432). 

Bonilla, Polyearpo. pres. Honduras, 10-113. 

Bonin, Adolf von, b. (1803); Gen. at Hold- 
ing, 6401 ; d. (1872). 

Bonjean. Christopher, cons, bishop, 96S'. 

, President, executed, 7453. 

Bonn, Prussia, taken, 692' , 902' ; Univer- 
sity founded, 813' . 

Bonnard, Communist, shot, 7483. 

Bonnechose, Francois Paul Emile Bois- 
normand de, b., 7143 ; d., 750' , 

Bonner, Edmund, !>., 866' ; bp. of London; 
minister, 8713 ; d., 8722. 

.Robert, b., 132' ; Ledr/er, 1583; Scotch- 
Irish Cong., 4302 ; trotter ,s'«noZ, 3473. 

Bonnet, Charles, b.-d., 11372. 

, Mine., spy, sentenced, 7603. 



Bonneval, Claude Alexandre, Comte de, 
b., 6923; d., 7003. 

Bonneville, Benj. L. E„ b., 106' ; d., 2982. 

Bonney, explorer, Stanley meets, 562', 

, Samuel W., d., 6202. 

Bonnia, Leopold chums, 513 3 , 

Bonnier, Gen., killed, 10'. 

Bonn Island, Jesuit mission, 5703. 

Bonnivard, Fran v ois de, b.-d., 11371. 

Bonnivert, Seigneur de, leader, 7881. 

Bonny, mission at, 11613. 

l; lycastle, John, d., 9403, 

Bonpland, Aime, b., 7042 • explorer, 8062; 
d., 7342. 

Bonvouloir, M. de, sounds Congress, 813. 

Boocock, Murray, canoe journey, 593 a , 

Boodle's Cluii established, 9171 

Book, first, in England, 8642 

first printed in Ire., 871 1 . 

Bookof Common T'ruiii /Americanized, 1002; 
used, 1022 ; enriched. :;l<;2 ; first Eng.; 
8702 ; in churches, 8722 , revised, 8903 ; 
alterations considered, 9762 ; Reforma- 
tion League, 9623. 

of Discipline, first in England, 8722, 

of Homilies published, Fug., 8702, 

of Mormon translated, 1391. 

of Psalms published, 6371. 

of Sports published, 88O2 ; burned, 

8843 ; clergy refuse to read, 8823. 

of the Chase written, IIO91. 

of the Dead, 0453 ; copies, 6483. 

of the Law, original, 11463. 

Book's. (See publications.) Amer. publi- 
cations yearly. 3283, ;!322, 3502, 3743; 
costly, England. 8583 ; infected; magic, 
8711; patents for, S771 ; auction sale, 
8971 ; religious, prohibited, 11563. 

Booksellers, first, 8503 ; convention, 4683. 

Boomers driven out, Okla., 3361. 

Boone, Col., at Van Buren, 2143. 

, Daniel, b., 622 ; settles Ivy., 693, 761 ; 

explorations, 772, 791 builds fort, 802 ; 
captured, SS 2 ; repels Indians, 883 ; d., 
1282. 

, Thomas, governor N. J., 732, 

, Wni. J., missionary, d., 6242. 

, , Jones, cons, bp., 1563 ; d., 6202. 

Court House, Va., action at, 19S2. 

, N. C, captured, 2442. 

Boonesboi-o. Ky., Indians attack, 862. 

Boonsborough, Cane Hill Coll. org., 1703. 

Boonville, Mo., action at, 1961 , 1982, 2101 . 

Booi-man, .lames, b. (1783) ■ d., 2501. 

Booth, Agnes, b., 4973. 

, Barton, b., 8942 ; d., 9082. 

. , Catherine, d., 10041. 

, Clifford, Sirs., arrives, 3941. 

, Edwin, b., 1421 ; in Boston, 1661 ; in 

N.Y., 2411 ; in London, 2541 ,2581 ; theater 
opd., 2641 ; birthday, 3712 ; d., 4301 . 

, George, Sir, insurrectionist, 8S81; 

Royalist leader, S893. 

, G. Sclater, Royal Commission, 9951. 

, John Wilkes, b., 1502 ; plan to assas- 
sinate Lincoln, 2431 ,2471; arrives at Dr. 
Mudd's, 2471; shot, 2472. 

.Junius Brutus, b., 9283; appears, 9381 ; 

in America, 1281; d., 9582. 

, Major, at Fort Pillow, 2311 . 

, Mary L., b., 13S2 ; d., 3361 . 

, Newton, b. (1825); gov. Cal., 281 1; nom. 

for president, 2931 ; d., 410' , 

, Samuel, d., 4741 . 

, Win., Gen., b. (1829); fnds. Salvation 

Army, 9682 ; fund for poor, 11)042 ; Dark- 
est England and the Way Out, 10043 ; 
social regeneration, 10052 ; renounced 
by Am. Sal. army, 334 ' ; arrives, 474' . 

, William, Mrs., funeral of, 1005' . 

Boothbay, schooner seized, 337 2 . 

Boothia, explored, 5802. 

, Felix, discovered, 944' . 

Boots and shoes, mfg. machine, 924' , 2. 

Bopp, Franz, 9043 ; works, S13' ; d., S243. 

Bora, Katharina von, weds Luther, 789'. 

Borbetomanus. (See Worms.) 

Borda, Jean Charles, b., 69S3 ; d.. 7142. 

Senhor Idiarte, pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

Borde, Andrew, b. (1500 ) ; named. 871' . 

Bordeaux, Fr., held by Eng. king, G712 ; 
capitulates; occupied, 678'; univ fnd., 
6783; revolts, 6882, 7112; strike, 7603 ; 
occupied, 7203,7.18' ; banner raised, 7212. 

Line, steamers established, 3073. 

Borden, Andrew J., murdered, 4123. 

, Gail, b.( 1801); invents condensed milk, 

166' ; meat biscuit. 168' ; d. (1870). 

, Lizzie, acquitted, 429'. 



Bord-Bost. 



Text Figures denote Page. Lis D.fc.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1197 



Borden, Simeon, b., lOSt ; d., 1731 . 

Bordentown, N.J., Female Coll. opened, 
1703; monument, 392 1 . 

Border Mission in Mexico, 10962. 

State Convention, 195 2 , 1971 . 

Bordes, Borgnis de, defeats pirates, 4S23. 

Bordeu, Theophile de, b., 6982 ; d. 7043. 

Bordone, Paride, b., 10791 ; d., 10822. 

Boreas, wrecked, 932 1. 

Borel, Jean Louis, b. (1819) ; minister, 7512; 
d. (1884). 

Borelli, Giovanni Alfonso, b.,10S23; dis- 
covers planets, 7301 , 7481 ; d., 10S31 . 

Boreman, Arthur Ingraham, guv., 2293. 

Borges, Jose, in Calabria ; shot, 10881 . 

Borghesi, Bartolommeo, Count, b., 10843 ; 
d., 10882. 

Borghi-Mamio, Adelaide, b., 10862. 

Borgia, Cesare, b., 10783 ; loses provinces, 
10781 ; subjects San .Marino; receives Ur- 
bino, 10813 ; d., 10802. 

, Francis, (1510 1) ; Jesuit gen., 10811; 

d. (1572). 

, Lucrezia, b., 10783 ; d., 10802. 

Borgne, Lake, La., Brit, fleet enters, 1223. 

Borgo de San Sepolero, earthquake, 10S41 . 

Borgono, Sefior, premier, 6093. 

Borica, Diego de, governor, 1053. 

Borie, Adolph E., b. (1S10+); sec. navy, 
2671 ; resigns, 2672 ; d., 3022. 

Borinage district, strike, 5463. 

Boris introduces Christianity, 565 2 . 

Godonof, usurps throne, Rus., 1115 2 . 

Borivoy, Christian prince, 5022. 

Borjesson, Johan, b. (1790) ; Erik XIV., 
11362 ; d. (1866). 

Borland, Solon, gov. N. Mex., 1743 ; d., 2312. 

Born, Ignaz von, b., 5143 ; d., 5191 . 

Borna, prince of Croatia, 5031 . 

Borne, Ludwig, b., 8043 • Writings, 8151 ; 
d., 8143. 

Borneo, dis., 5511 ; Christianity repelled; 
Spaniards favored ; Dutch, trade ; fac- 
tories, 5513; insurrection ; disturbances ; 
Dutch in ; piracy, 551 2 ; Dutch protecto- 
rate, 5521 ; Spanish ter., 5522 ; Brit, pro- 
tectorate fmd., 5523 ; civil administra- 
tion ; Brit. ter. enlarged, 5522. 

Bornhoeved, battle of, 6351 , 77S2. 

Bornu troops in Sudan, 6611. 

Borodino, battle of, 7182. 

Boron, Robert de, Saint Groal,8503. 

Boroughbridge, action at, S56i . 

Boroughs treated as counties, G-. B., 9992. 

Borreo, Dr., president Kc.uador, 6443. 

Borromeo, Carlo, b., 10803 ; Sunday in- 
struction of children, 10832 ; d., 10822. 

, Federigo, b., 10803 ; d., 10S23. 

Borrow, George, b., &323 ; d., 9882. 

Borsad, Bombay, mission, 10471. 

Bort de Teisserenc, Pierre, minister, 7512 ; 
d., 7G21. 

Bortel, English defeat, 7101 . 

Borthwick, Baron, title created, S63 1 . 

Borup, Capt. Henry, accomplice, 7631. 

Borussia conquers' Yenedi, 7683. 

Borussia.., sinks 5853. 

Borut, prince, 5031 . 

Bory de Saint Vincent, Jean Baptiste 
George Marie, b., 7051 ; d., 7283. 

Borzivoj, duke, 5031 , 3. 

Bosanquet, commissioner, 9473. 

Bosboom, Mine. (Aimii Luize Geertruide 
Toussaint), b.-d., 11021 . 

Boscan, Almogaver, Juan, b.-d., 11263. 

Boscawen, Edward, b., 9042 ; Adm., takes 
Fr. ships, 9121 ; \ n battle, 9141 ; at Yarri- 
ba, 11613 ; at Pondicherry, 10441 ; d., 9151 . 

Bosch, or Bosco, Hieronymus, b.-d., 10982. 

Boscobel, Beecher's country place, 3493. 

Boscovicli, Ruggiero Giuseppe, b., 10831; 
d., 10843. 

Bose, Col., at Mupng, 4823. 

Bosio, Francois Joseph, Baron, b., 10S42 ; 
d., 10863. 

Boskowitz, lightning kills persons, 5321 . 

Bosnia, kingdom : Pannonian War, 10603 ; 
king defeated, 5072 ; joins Turkey, 5092 ; 
conquered by Mohammed I., 11561 ; capi- 
tal founded,*5093 ; Turks conquer, 511 2 ; 
ceded, 515 1 ; rebellion quelled, 5243; 
Herzegovinians revolt, 5262 ; rebellion, 
5232 ; Austrians enter, 5281 , 5293 ; Turks 
aid, 5281 ■ against Turks ; revolts ; revolt 
subdued ; to Aust., 529 3; war ends, 5301 ; 
occupied ; quiet, 5311 j insurrection, 
5312; avalanche, 534i ; annexed, 5352. 

Boso, Duke of Burgundy ; revolts, 6672. 

Bosporus, kingdom fnd., 11472 ; Eumelus 



kills relatives, 11483 ; Scythians conquer, 
11491 ; conquered, 11501. 

Bosporus, earthquake, 1150 2 . 

entered, 11181. 

Bosquet, Pierre Joseph Francois, b., 719i ; 
d., 7342. 

Bosquillion, Edouard F.M.,b,,7003; d.,7222. 

Bosse, Dr. von, minister, 8363. 

, F. X., prefect, 5842. 

Bossi, Giuseppe, b., 10843 ; d., 10862. 

Bossuet, Jacques B.,h.,6863; works, 6931 ( 2, 
6951; d., 6962. 

Bossut, Charles, b., 09S3 ; d., 7211 . 

Boston, Trimountain, fnd.; gen. court held, 
331 ; first church, 322 ; school est., 343 ; 
commissioners opposed, 43 1 ; training- 
days, 441 ; secession church, 442 ; print- 
ing-press, 443 ; Castle destroyed, 453 ; 
slave traffic, 471 ; Savoy confession ap- 
proved, 463 ; church quarrel, 482 ; char- 
ter expires, 493 ; ] l nguenot fresh, church, 
King's Chapel erected, 50 2 ; capital of 
seaboard, 51i; Eng. revolution known, 
512 ; Public Off urrenees suppressed, 503; 
Br. fleet arrives, 521 ; disease decimates, 
533 ; Manifesto church est., 542 ;fire,473; 
population, 553, 633 ; antislavery, 551 ; 
Queen Anne proclaimed, 553; News-Let- 
ter, 571 ; great fire, 573 ; Bank of Credit, 
593 ; deep snow, 58 1 ; sale of books, 583 ; 
Boston Gazette pub., 5S 3 ; New Eng. 
Courant, 603 ; inoculation controversy, 
611; smallpox scourge, 613, 693; first 
Freemasons, 031 ; stage line, <!33; Weekly 
Museum; Christian History, 051; seamen 
impressed, 67 1 ; King's Chapel built, 661 ; 
theatrical exhibitions, f>7 1 ; eong. of govs., 
713 ; smallpox, 093; Xviv Eng. Magazine, 
792; fire, 733 ; taxation resisted; stamp 
agent resigns, 75 1 ; Liberty Tree, 75 3 ; 
Royal artillery in ; Bomney irritates, 741 ; 
Brit, officers impeded ; vexes Brit, sol- 
diers; citizens board schooner, 77 1 ; Gage 
invades, 76i ; riot, 743 ; Brit, troops in ; 
non-importation, 77i ; massacre; troops 
withdrawn, 76* ; conven. of delegates ; 
Castle William delivered; liberty pole 
cut, 773; Tea Party; Port Bill, 782, 791 ; 
9193; funds for poor, 783; illuminated, 
793. period of Revolution : siege of, 
801 ,2 ; buildings for fuel, 813 ; delivers 
guns, etc.; blockaded, 80 1 ; conflicts in 
harbor, 802; The Neck fortified, 801 ; 
Putnam on Hog Island ; invaded, SO 2 ; 
attack pushed, 811; storm favors Am.; 
Brit, bombarded ; evacuated ; cannons 
protect, 821; churches destroyed, 851; 
conven. troops, 88 1 ; Constitutional Con- 
ven. at, 933 ; Am. Academy Arts and 
Sciences, 931 ; Mass. Sentinel; Republi- 
can Journal, 90 3 ; slavery decision, 97 2 ; 
First church organ, 982 ; tire, 99 3; mass 
said, 1001; Washington arrives, 101 3 ; 
first theater, 1021; census, 1033; prices- 
Current and Marine Inteli'u/eneer issued, 
1043 ; Mass. Magazine, 1003 ; Meth. 
church opd., 106 2 ; Constitution launched, 
1061 ; aqueduct water, 111 2 ; Female 
Soc. org., 1102 ; sheet copper mfd., lid ; 
Daniel Webster arrives ; ice-trade be- 
gins, 1133 ; Library, Athemeum fnd.; R. 
C. see, 1143 ; Park St. Church erected ; 
Mrs. Duff appears, 1161 ; Evan. Tract Soc. 
org., 11S3 ; Monthly Anthology, 1123 ; 
< 'hristian Disciple ; Daily Advertiser, 
1212 ; Linnean Soc. org., 1231 ; corset pa- 
tented, 1241 ; B. Handel and Haydn So- 
ciety org., 1241 ; B. Soc. org., 1243 ; Meth- 
odist Magazine, 1251 : Handel's Messiah ; 
Haydn's Creation, 1261 ; Christian Exam- 
iner, 1273, 1323; Christian Register, 1291 ; 
B. Courier, 1312 ; gas used, 1313; Lyman 
Beeeher pastor, 1342 ; State Library fnd., 
1351 ; lithographs made, 1353; tempera- 
ture in, 1361 ; Benjamin Franklin, the first 
steamboat, 1373; Seaman's Friend Soc. 
org., 1362; Ladies' Magazine, 1363 ; asy- 
lum for blind ; Globe, 1371 ; Daily Morn- 
ing Post; Liberator, 1391 ; Mount Auburn 
Cemetery dedicated, 1393 ; B. and Wor- 
cester R'.R., 1413, 1471; B. Daily Jour- 
nal; New Eng. Magazine, 1423 ; Benevo- 
lent Fraternity org'., 1442 ; Select Journal 
of Literature, 1423 ; indignation meeting, 
1432; ice exported, 1433 ; Charlotte Cush- 
man appears, 144 1 ; B. & Providence 
R.R. opd., 1453 ; Christian Review, 1443 ; 
B. & Lowell R.R. opd., 1453 ; Transcen- 
dental Club fmd., 1471 ; B. Quarterly Re- 



view eat., 14X3; Wendell Phillips appears, 
1491; singing in schools, 1481; dis. of 
printing eel., 1511; iron front building 
erected, 152 1 ; Dial, 1523 ; S.S. Union dis- 
solved ; City Mission Soc. org., 1542 ; B. 
and Maine R.R. , 1573; Littell's Living 
Age; New Eng. Hist. Soc. library fnd., 
1583; Ainevirau Messent/' r ; B. Univ. fnd., 
1631; -water intro.; Forest Hills Ceme- 
tery est., 1653 ; Edwin Booth appears, 
1661; cholera at, 1673; Y.M.C.A. org., 
1683 ; Woodlawn Cemetery est., 171 2 ; 
New Eng. Hist. and GeneoJot/ical Register ; 
library fnd., 1703 ; Treniont Temple 
burned, 1712; telegraphic fire alarm, 
1713 ; Congregational Library fnd., 1731 ; 
rescue of Anthony Burns, 1742; B., Con- 
cord, and Montreal R.R., opened, 1752 ; 
Public Library erected, 1782 ; clearing 
house est.; B. and Cambridge Street R.R. 
opd., 1793 ; fire at; industrial exhibition 
opens, 1813 ; Dr. Hayes sails, 1881 ; New- 
ton Cemetery opd., 1893. Civil War 
Period: Oth'Regt. leaves, 1941; troops 
on Common, 1953"; tirst colored troops, 
1961 ; Review, 199 1 ; Mason and Slidell ar- 
rive, 2003. 2012 : City I -I; iillslonelaid,2173; 
B. Coll.org.; Union Cluborg., 2642 ; 54th 
Regt. leaves, 2222 ; non-union mob, 2253; 
Somh End City Hospital, 2333; Horticul- 
tural Hall, 2493; Mass. Inst, of Technol- 
ogy opd.; Young Women's Christian 
Asso., 2502; Masonic Temple, 2573; New 
Eng. Conservatory of M usie est.; statue 
of Edward Everett, 258 1 ; Roxbury an- 
nexed, 261 3 ; Board of Missions fmd., 
2642; Women's Club org., 2651 ; Univ. and 
Coll. of Liberal Arts fnd., 266 2 ; school 
fordeat',2603 ; Congregational Cluborg., 
26S2; B. Univ. opd., 2763. Peace Peri- 
od : World's Peace Jubilee eel., 266 1 , 
2781,3; G'A^/,2782; great lire, 2793, 2883; 
Sunday reading-room, 2S1 1 ; Mass. Nor- 
mal Art School fmd.; Beethoven Quintet 
Club find., 2821 ; enlarged, 2882; R. C. 
archdiocese, 2862; anniversary of Bunker 
Hill; aqueduct built, 2893 ; Jesse Pom- 
eroy arrested ; Winshiu forgeries, 2911 ; 
R.R. engineers strike, 2943; MarcellaSt. 
Home opd., 2971 ; Back Bay Park system 
est., 2973 ; Dorchester annexed, '2693 ; 
Museum of Fine Arts, 2701 , 3542 ; New 
Eng. Conservatory of Music meorp.,270 1 ; 
Literary World ; Old and New est.,270 3 ; 
Chinese school org.; Wide Awake, 2922 ; 
Prot.Epis. Church Cony., 2962,4761 ; first 
telephone, 2941 ; library repts., 2962 ;. 
Daily Evening Record , o(.)03 ; Associated 
Charities org., 3011; settlement eel., 
3053; Symphony Soc. est., 3061; Nat. 
Conven. W. C. T. U., 3071 ; Law and Or- 
der League org., 310 3 ; Unit. Ministers- 
Monday Club org. 3142; Foreign Expo- 
sition opens. 3153; Algonquin Club org., 
3231; statue of Win. L. Garrison un- 
veiled, 3241; Chamiing Club org., 3262; 
Unit. Nat. Bureau of Unity Clubs org., 
3262 ; R.R. accident, 3273 ; State House 
enlarged, 3333 ; liquor licenses raised, 
3362 ;'" schools and politics, .'3423; Nat, 
Guild Unit. Alliance org.. 3403; school 
history trouble, 3463; A m. flag on schools, 
3471 ; Maritime Exhibition opens, 3473 ; 
squadron of evolution, 34S 1 ; cong. of 
churches, 3482; T. H. Hart reelected, 
3491 ; fire, 3492 ; first electric street rail- 
road, 3513 ; Art and Science Inst, pro- 
jected ; Brewers' Syndicate, 3553 ; brick- 
layers' agreement, 3563 ; carpenters 
strike, 3583 ; Ancient and Honorable 
Artillery eel., 3601, 3.351 ; Bunker Hill 
anniversary, 3611; monument to Count 
Schwab, 3641; Meth. centennial, 3642, 
3701; emancipation eel., 3683; Journal, 
change, 3862 : Irish members of Parlia- 
nienfin, 371 1 ; Nathan Matthews mayor, 
3732 ; free coinage protest. 3763 ; strike, 
3782 ; Xew Nation appears. 3781 ; Naval 
Order U. S. est., 387' ; Ucpubliean Press 
Club org., 3883 ; Kindling Wood Trust 
find., 3893; temperance petition, 3931; 
W. C. T. U. conven., 3943 ; Confed. bat- 
tle-flag returned, 4001; fire, 3933, 4213. 
4273,4613; bank swindle, 3943 ; Burn- 
ham's gift, 3951 ; run on savings bank, 
3953 ; New Chamber of Commerce, 4013 ; 
Maverick Bank directors indicted, 4023 ; 
negroes' mass meeting, 4082 ; balloon ac- 
cident, 4093 ; banquet to Dr. E. E. Hale, 



1198 



Text Figures denote Page. IlSl DKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Bost-Boyl. 



4042; World Magazine, \'1(\2; Anti-saloon 
League fmd., 4042 ; Columbus statue, 
4161, 4461 ; carriage-makers' strike, 4263; 
Tremout Temple burned, 4261 ; petitions 
Senate, 4411; trainmen attacked, 4442; 
low wages protested, 4432 ; lizard orna- 
ments, 4513; laborers demand work,4521 ; 
Patriots' Day, 457 1 ; jail-delivery, 4643 ; 
Elevated U.K. Bill. 4673 ; garment-work- 
ers strike, 4722 ; E. U. Curtis, mayor 
477 2 ; Public Library Building, 478 1 ; 
Dennison Mfg. Co. anniversary, 4793. 
(See Massachusetts.) 

Boston, damaged, 3421 , 

Boston, B. of, title created, 0152. 

, Thomas, b., 8942 ; d. (1732). 

Bostrom, Baron, Minister of State, 6423. 

Boswell, James, b.,9103 ; Life of Johnson, 
9251 ; d., 9263. 

, T.W.,surety for Jefferson Davis, 2563. 

Bosworth Field, brittle of, 8661. 

, Joseph, b., 9243 ; d., 9802. 

Soc., Royal, org., 9482. 

Botany Bay, felons transported to, 9251 ; 
settled, 9252. 

Gardens, Kciv, 9541 ; Oxford, 8801 . 

Botanists, journeys of, 8902. 

Botetourt, Lord Norbonne Berkeley, b., 
(1734+) ; gov.; dissolves Assembly, 77 2 ; 
d. (1770). 

Bothwell, Earl. (See Hepburn, James.) 

Bridge, action, 8941 . 

Botiller, Edmund le, viceroy, 8572. 

Botreaux, Baron, title created, 8591. 

Botta, Carlo Giuseppe Gugliel mo, b.,10S42; 
works, 10852; d., 10862. 

, Paul Emile, b., 7142 ; explorations, 

7281; Monuments of Ninereh, 7302; dig- 
covers ruins of Assyria, 11562 ; d., 7382. 

Bottari, Giovanni Gaetano, b., 10S31 ; d., 
10843. 

Bottcher, Johann Friedrich, b. (1681) ; 
Dresden China, 7982 ; d. (1719). 

Bottger invents matches, 8161. 

Botticelli, Filipepi Sandro, b.-d., 10783 ; 
works, 10781. 

Ib'.ttiger, Karl A., b., 8023 ; d., 8143. 

Vilhelm, b. (1807) ; Poems, 11363 ; 

d. (1878). 

Botts, John Minor, b., 1101 ; surety for 
Jefferson Davis, 2563 ; d., 2641 . 

Botume, Elizabeth EC., Contrabands, 446 2 . 

Botyras reigns, 11473. 

Bou Ameema, leader, 10 1 . 

Bouchain, Fr. gains, 6933 ; captured, 6962. 

Bouchardon, Iidme, b., 0943 ; d.,7033. 

Boucher, Jonathan, b., 9102 ; d.,9323. 

de Perthes, Jacques, b., 7062 ; d., 7382. 

Boucherville, M. de, minister, 593 2 . 

Bouchet, Claude Antoine, b., 7061; d.,7282. 

Bouchier, Thomas, Archbishop of Canter- 
bury, 8682 ; d. (1486). 

Boncicanlt, Dion, b., 9403 ; d., 10041. 

Bouck, William C, b. (1786) ; governor New 
York, 1553 ; d. (1859). 

Boudet, Paul, !>. (1800) ; minister, 737'. 

Boudinot, Elias, b. (1740) ; d., 1301 . 

Bouet invents pastel painting, 6861 . 

, Capt., on West Coast of Afr., 11611 . 

, Gen., at Hanoi, 4802 ; Black Flags, 

4803 ; at Sontay, 4821 . 

Boutliers, Due de, Louis Francois, b., 6883; 
d., 6963. 

Bougainville, Louis Antoine de, b., 69S 3 ; 
Around the ll'ur/d, 7052 ; d. (1814). 

Boughton, Geo. Henry, b. (1836) ; in Nat. 
Academy, 2761 . 

Bouguer, Pierre, b., 6943 ; to Peru, 6981 ; he- 
liometer ; earth's density, 700 2 ; d., 7023. 

Bouguereau, "William Adolphe, b. (1825) ; 
Homer, 7481 . 

Bouhours, Dominique, b., 6863 ; works, 
6931 ; d., 6932. 

Bouille, Francois Claude Amour, Marquis 
de, b., 7002 ; d., 7142. 

Bouillerie, M. de la, minister, 7473. 

Bouillon, Godfrey de, b.-d., 5392 ; Assises 
de Jerusalem, 6691 . 

Henri de la Tour d'Auvergne, b., 6S22; 

d., 6863. 

Boulainvilliers, Comte Henri de, b., 6902 ; 
works, 6992, 7013 ; d., 6982. 

Boulanger, Georges Ernest Jean Marie, b., 
(1837); inTunis,754i ; minister, 7652,3; life 
exposed ; pronunciamento ; duel ; ar- 
rested, 7563, 7571 ; dismissed; trial, 7561 ; 
Invasion, No. 1, 7562 ; dispute in Cham- 
bers, 7571 ; demonstrations favor, 7572 ; 
greeting; indictment; manifesto; leaves 



Paris ; name erased, 75S 3 ; treason ; in- 
dictment ; prosecution of ; warrants for; 
trial, 7591 ; demands court-martial; man- 
ifesto ; sentence, 751)2; defeated; pub. 
letter, 7611 ; suicide, 747' ; visitors, 1001 1 . 

Boulanger, Bernet, minister, 767 z . 

Boulder, Colo., Univ. College org., 2962. 

Boule, M., minister, 7473. 

Boullougne, Bon. 1)., 6883 ; d. (1717), 6971 , 

Boulogne, Fr., taken, 6SO2 ; edict of, 6843; 
encampment at, 7141 ; pilgrimages to, 
7342; captured, 8681 ; surrendered, 80113. 

Boulton, Matthew, b., 9081 ; est. Soho 
works, 9173 ; with J. Watt, 918i ; d., 9343. 

Bou Ma'za, Si Mohammed, b., 4882. 

Boundbrook, N. J., action at, 86 2 . 

llouutii, crew mutinies, 9241. 

Bounty, drafted men's, U. S. A., 2361. 

Bouquet, Henry, b. (1719) ; at Fort Du 
(..mesne, 702; against Indians, 741; d., 
(1766). 

Bourbaki, Charles Denis Ranter, b., 7222 ; 
at Nancy, 7381 ; arnivof Nortli; atTours, 
7421 ; commands, 7423 ; at Dijon, 7431 ; 
at Belfort ; in Switzerland, 7441 . 

Bourbeau, Louis Olivier, b. (1811) ; minis- 
ter, 7392. 

Bourbon, Ind., church wrecked, 3903. 

, Alfonso de, retires to Fr., 11321 . 

, Cardinal de, proclaimed K., 6853. 

, Charles, b.-d., 6783, 

, Dukeof, Prime Minister; dismissed, 

6993 ; banishment, 7092. 

, Duke of, in Tunis, 11392. 

family enthroned, 6853 ; reconciled, 

7333; dethroned, 7172; from Sicily, 10872; 
restored, 7213, 7232. 

, Francois de Paule de, d., 7621 . 

, Jacques do, leadsagainst Pope; killed, 

6801. 

, Juan de, renounces claim, 11313. 

Bourbonnais, St. Viateur's College (R. C.) 
organized, 2863. 

Boureet, Pierre Joseph, ]>., 6943 ; d., 7051. 

Bourdaloue, Louis, b., 0882 ; d., 6962. 

Bounleilles, Pierre liarntome lie, b. (1540); 
works, 6851 ; d. (1614). 

Bourdin, Martial, blows up, 10111. 

Bourdon, Isidore, b., 7123 ; d., 7342. 

, Louis Pierre Marie, b., 7142 ; d., 7322. 

, Sebastien, b., 6862 ; d., 6922. 

Bonrdonnaise, Adm. B. F. Make de la, b., 
(1699) ; commander, 10441 ; d. (1775). 

Bourgade, P., eons. R. C. bishop, 3202. 

Bourgainville, Louis Antoine de, d., 7211. 

Bourgas, insurrection, 5673. 

Bourgeois, Auguste, d., 746' , 7471 . 

, Leon, minister, 7611, 7632, 7651,2; 

resigns, 7652. 

Bourges : Church Council, 6703 ; Univer- 
sity of, founded, 6783. 

Bourget, Paul, Academician, 7561 ; works, 
7602. 

Bourguet, Louis, b., 6923 ; d., 7002. 

Boungnon, Antoinette, b., 540 3 ; founder, 
6903 ; d., 5422. 

Bourke, Capt., J. G., killed, 4183. 

, Richard, Sir, b. (1777); governor Aus- 
tralia, 4952 ; d. (1885). 

, Southwell, E. of Mayo, assassi- 
nated, 977' . 

, Robert L. Connemara, gov., 1045 3 . 

, Walter, shot, 989' . 

Bourmof, M., president, 5663. 

Bourmont, Comte Louis Auguste Victor, 
b., 7042 ; in Algiers, 82, 92 ; d., 7283. 

Bourn, Augustus O., gov. R. I., 3153. 

Bourne, Stuigvs, b. (176'.)) ; minister, 9432; 
d. (1845). 

, Vincent, b., 1698+) ; d., 7003. 

, William, mentions log, 874'. 

Bournemouth, convent opened, 980 2 ; New 
Victoria Hospital opened, 10023. 

Bournet, J.C. Ernest, cardinal priest, 7622. 

Bourrienne, Louis Antoine Fauvelet de, 
b. (1769); d., 7262. 

Boursault, Edme, b. (1638); works, 6911, 
6932 ; d. (1701). 

Bourse Taxation Bill passes, Ger., 837 2 . 

Boustield, Henry B., elected bishop, 9803. 

Bousmard, Henri J. B. de, b., 7003 ; d., 7163. 

Bousquet, M-, minister, 7563. 

Boussingault, Jean B. J. D., b., 7143 ; d., 
7561. 

Bouteler, Alex. R., Com'tee of 33, 1891 . 

Boutelle, Charles A., b., 1502; onHawaiian 
question, 4471 ; resolution, 4491 . 

Bolltenvek, Friedricll, b„ 8023; d.,8141. 

Bouton invents diorama, 7241 , 



Boutwell, Geo. Sewall, b„ 1262; gov., 1692; 
Reconstruction Com., 2493 ; impeach- 
ment manager, 2612 ; gee. treas., 267'. 

Bouvain, Fr. Damien's monmnent, 5493. 

Bouvart, Alexis, b., 703' ; d., 7282. 

Bouvianum, action, 1052' ; captured, 10562. 

Bouvier, Hannah M., b., 1162. 

John, b., 981 ; d., 1682. 

Bouvines, battle of, 6701 , 8521 . 

Bow, use of, 11422. 

Bowden, Lemuel Jackson, b. (1815); d., 2311 . 

Bowditch, Nathaniel, b., 781 ; works, llli, 
1371 ; d., 1482. 

, Thos. Edward, b., 9243 ; d., 9422. 

Bowdoin Coll. fn.l.. 1063; Library est., Ill' ; 
boat-race, 3173, 32)3, 3-53, 3273; centen- 
nial, 464' . 

, James, b., 602 ; d. (1811). 

, , b. t 6S 3 ; Articles of Confedera- 
tion, 973 ; governor, 991 ; d., 1022. 

Bowdon, Ga., B. College organized, 1822. 

Bowell, Sir Mackenzie, Min. Customs, 
5931 ; Commerce, 5952 ; Premier, 5963. 

Bowel) mission, 5001. 

, Chas., Sir, S. C, lord justice, 9912. 

, Francis, b., 1162 ; Lowell lectures, 

1663 ; Modern /7/<7o«y)//.i/, 2903 ; d. (1S90). 

• , George Fergusson, Sir, b. (1821) ; gov- 
ernor Australia, 4972, 49S3. 

, Henry, d.,3162. 

, John S., b. (1829) ; Gen. at Salem, Mo., 

2003 ; at Port Gibson, 2211 ; d. (1863). 

, Nathaniel, b.,912 ; consecrated Prot. 

Epis. bishop, 1263 ; d., 1502. 

Bower, Hubert, consecrated bishop, 3022. 

, "William H., b., 1681 . 

Bowers, Mrs. D. P., b., 1381 . 

, Theo. S., b., 140'. 

, William "W., b., 1422; 

Bowes, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Lord, lord chancellor, 9153. 

Bowlby, Henry B., cons, bishop, 10062. 

Bowler, R. B., Treasury Department, 4472. 

Bowles, Sam., b., 134' ;'work, 2083; d.,2982. 

, William Lisle, b., 9162 ; d., 9562. 

Bowlesby, Alice A., murdered, 2783. 

Bowling'Green, Ky., occupied, 1983; Con- 
fed, capital, 2012 ; Ogden Coll.org., 2963. 

Bowman, Samuel, b., 10S2 ; cons. Prot. 
Epis. bishop, 1842 ; d., 1983. 

, Thomas, b., 126' ; eons, bishop, 2763. 

Bowne, Anthony, lord may or London, 941 3. 

, Walter, mayor New York, 1372. 

Bowring, James, b., 926 2 . 

, Dr. John, b. (1792) ; British ntinister, 

6193 ; d. (1872). 

Bowyer, George, Sir, b., 935' ; d. (1883). 

Box, copper-plate mill, 8761. 

Boxer, surrenders, 1203. 

Boxer, life-saving rocket, 982'. 

Boxhorn, Marcus Zuerius, b.-d., 11003. 

Boyce, mowing-machine, 9282. 

, James P., b., 1342. 

, W. W., on Committee of 33, 189'. 

Boycott, Capt., besieged, 9863. 

of merchants, 4602 ; paper mills, 4662 ; 

British goods, 55S3. 

Boycotting; brew erics, Chicago, 3003; legal 
decision, 4271, 2,4352 ; illegal, 4793; con- 
demned, 5002; advocated, Eng., 9863; 
increases, 9883 ; tenants, 1001 1 . 

Boyd, Andrew K. H., b., 1322 ; d., 2482. 

, Capt., killed, 9352. 

, Charles, killed, 9851 . 

, James, ineligible, 3832 ; governor 

Neb., 3991 ; decision, 4012. 

, John Parker; b., 70'; first. Presbvteri- 

an.563 ; at Chrvst let's Field, 1203 ; k., 90' . 

, Linn, b. (1800); speaker, 1692, 1732; 

d. (1859). 

, Thomas, attacked, 985' . 

, Vincent, consecrated bishop, 3342. 

.William, Lord Kilmarnock, executed, 

9112. 

Boydell, John, b., 9062 ; Shakespeare's 
Works, 931'; d.,9323. 

Boyden,Seth,b., 11)01 ; patent loather,126i ; 
malleable castings, 136 ] ; d., 270' . 

BoydtonandWhitcl lak Koads,battle,2443. 

Boyer, Abel, b., 6903; d., 6983. 

, Baron Alexis, b., 7022 ; d., 7262. 

, Gen., meets Bismarck, 742' . 

, Jean Pierre, b., 85' ; succeeds Petion ; 

practical dictator ; exile ; invades dis- 
turbed dis. ; annexes, 10402 ; d. (1850). 

Boyesen, Hjalmar iljorth, b. (1848) ; Gun- 
liar, 2823 ; works, 2823, 2903, KD23, 3003, 
3083,3123,3163. 

Boyle, Baron, title created, 903' . 



Boyl-Braz. 



Text Figures denote Page. I IN D Ji, -A. . Superior Figures indicate Column* 



1199 



Boyle, Bernardo, vicar W. I., 142. 

, Charles, b., 8942 ; d., 9082. 

, Father, sentenced, 5S91 . 

, George Fred., E. of Glasgow, d., 10022. 

, Henry, minister, 9032, 3 ; d. (1725). 

, Mary Louisa, d., 10022. 

, Richard, E. of (Jerk, l..(tr,5G); d.,8843. 

, , Great Earl, b., S722 ; d. (1643 or 

1644). 

, Robert, b., SS2 1 ; experiments on air, 

8921 ; electrical, 8941 ; institutes lectures, 
8983 ; d. (1691). 

, Roger, b., 8S02 ; d., S942. 

Boylston, Nicholas, b., 5Si ; d., 762. 

, Zaodiel, b., 481 ; d., 741 . 

Boyne, battle of, S'J81 ; anniver., 3643, 5922. 

, Viscount of, title created, 9051 . 

Bozeman, capital of Montana, 3432. 

Bozman, Johu Leeds, b. (1757) ; d., 1302. 

Bozzaris, Marco, b.-d., 10343; killed, 10342. 

Brabant, taken from Sp.,0972; beer-brew- 
ing known, 10082; William of Orange en- 
ters, 5401 . 

Brabazon, Capt., captured, 6201 . 

, William, Sir, deputy, 8712. 

Brabourne, Baron, title created, 9871. 
(See Knatehbull-H ugessen.) 

, Theophilus, ou Seventh Day, 8822. 

Braccioliui, Francesco, b., 10803. 

Brace, Charles Boring, !>., 1341 ; Unknown 
God, 3743 ; arrested, 5243 ; d. (1890). 

, Julia, b., 1122 ; d. (1884). 

, Memorial Farm School opd., 4761 . 

Braeepeth, Baron, title created, 965 1 . 

Brachvogel, Albert Emil, b., S123;d. (1878). 

Brackel, Ferdinande von, b., S143. 

Brackenbury, Charles Booth, d., 10022. 

Brackenridge, Henry M., b. (17S6) ; Voyage 
to South America. 12S3; d. (1871). 

Hugh Henry, b. (1748) ; Modern Chiv- 
alry, 603; d. (1816). 

Bracket, Albert, Gallatin, b., 1362; col., 
near Village Creek, 2091. 

Bracket*, J. Q. A., gov. Mass., 3692, 3751 . 

Brackettville, Tex., silver mine, 4141. 

Bradburn, Mrs. Sainual, est. S. S., 9223. 

Braddell, John, shot, 9671 . 

Braddock, Pa., steel works reopen, 463 3 . 

Edward, b., 9042 ; leaves lid., 681 ; in 

Va., 681 , 2 ; effect of defeat ; at Fort Du 
Quesne, 68 2 ; on colonial taxation, 69 3 ; 
d., 9123. 

Braddon, Mary Elizabeth, b., 9482. 

Braden, John, b., 1341 . 

Bradenburg conquered, 5121 . 

Bradfield, reservoir breaks, 9673. 

Bradford, Eng., Nat. Asso. for Social Sci- 
ence meets, 9621 ; Br. Asso. meets, 9741 ; 
memorial to W. F. Forster, 10021 ; weav- 
ers' strike ends, I1H151 ; cholera, 10113. 

, Alex. Wartield, b., 1211 ; d., 2582. 

, Andrew, b., 642 ; publisher, 583 • d. 

(1742). 

, Duke of, title created, 937 2 . 

, John, d., 8702. 

, , N„ pres. Synod, 1232, 1263. 

, Joseph M., b., 1321 ; d. (1872). 

, Mai., at Fort Pillow, 2311 . 

, William, b. (15S8) ; governor Mass., 

303,352,3,373; d. (1657). 

, , printer, b., 421 , 523.; issues al- 
manac, 483; Xew York Gazette, GO 3 ; d., 
683. 

, , atty.-gen., b. (1755) ; d., 1061 . 

, , b., (1729) ; pres. Senate, 1091 ; d. 

(1808). 

, , b., 1342; paintings, 2901, 3021, 

3121,3161,3181; d., 4041. 

, ,H.,b. (1800); d.,2023. 

, Pa., fire, 4273, 4613. 

Bradlaugh, Charles, b., 9102 ; loses elec- 
tion, 9792 ; refuses oath, 98.52 ; affirms; 
refuses to withdraw, 935 3 ; reelected ; 
expelled, 9872; police interference, 9873; 
denied in H.C.,'. is: 1 2 ; refused oath, 9912; 
arrested. 9913; administers oath to him- 
self; trial, 9932 ; oath H. C. ; refused 
oath, 9951 ; Oaths Bill, 9993 ; expulsion 
records, 10012 ; oaths resolution ex- 
punged, 10053 ; d'., 10042. 

Bradley, Edward, b., 9422 ; light of stars ; 
variation of axis, 90Si ; astronomer, 
9102 ; d., 9162. 

, G. M., Koch's remedy, 3773. 

, James, b., 9001 ; d. (1762). 

, Joseph P., b., 1211 ; associate justice, 

2731 ; Electoral! 'ommission,295l ; d.,4001 . 

, Louis R., gov. Nevada, 277 2 . 

, Martin, Miss, weds, 4283. 



Bradley,StephenR.,pres.Senate,1113,1153. 

, Thomas, explorer, 151 . 

, , shoots Mathes, 4423. 

, Warren Ives, b. (1847) ; d., 2621 . 

Bradshaw, John, b., 8781 ; pres. council, 
SS73; d., S9I12; disentombed, 8911. 

Mts., Ariz., cliff-dwellers, 4761 . 

Bradstreet, Anne, b., 261 ; Poems, 391 ; d., 
442. 

, John, b., 562 ; at Fort Frontenac, 

5743 ; d., 662. 

, Col. John, b. (1711) ; campaigns on 

Great Lakes, 741 ; d. (1744). 

, Simon, b., 26 2 ; governor, 47 3 ; re- 
stored to power, 512 ; d. (1697). 

Bradstreet's issued, 3023. 

Bradwardine, Thomas, Archbp. Canter- 
bury, b.-d., &-.12; works, 8533. 

Brady, James T., b., 1241 ; d., 2641 . 

, John, cons, bp., 3981 ; d., 380i . 

, Joseph, convicted, 9911. 

, Meziere, b. (1796) ; L. chancellor, 9533 ; 

9632 ; chief justice, 9573. 

, Michael, dismissed, 4643. 

, Nicholas, Psalms, 900 3 . 

, Patrick, murderer, 393' . 

, T., street-ear robber, 4743. 

, Thomas A., resigns, 3073. 

, , J., indictments, 3103; acquitted, 

3132 

, Wm. V., mayor N. V. City, 1632. 

Bradyville, Tenn., action at, 2191 . 

Braga, earthquake, 1109 3 . 

Braganea taken, 1110 1 ; House est. ; Duch- 
ess claims Port. ; 11102 ; House ceases, 

11103. 

Brueg, Braxton, b., 12G1 ; commands Con- 
feds., 1931 ; enters Ky., 2121 ; a t Frank- 
fort, 2142 ; at Munilordville, 2131 , 2163 ; 
at Murfreesboro, 217 1 ; in Tenn. ; at Shel- 
byville, 2231 ; pursued bv Kosecrans ; at 
Lookout Mt.,2262; atOhicauiauga, 22C3; 
at Chattanooga ; at Missionary Ridge ; at 
Tunnel Hill, 2282 ; Hardee supersedes, 
2283; at Kinston, 2303, 2441 ; d., 2921 . 

, Thomas, b. (1810) ; gov. N.C., 1792 ; 

senator, expelled, 1973. 

, Walter L., Interstate Commissioner, 

3512; d„ 3902., 

Braliam, John, b., 91S 3 ; first apj>earance, 
9241 ; d. (1856). 

Brahe, Tycho, b.-d. ; astronomical discov- 
eries, 636 2 ; invents sextant, 7921 ; erects 
observatory ; system of astronomy, 
11341 ; drawings, 10S02. 

Brahma Soma] of India formed, 10483. 

Brahmanism in India ; ruling religion ; 
reformers arise, 10431 . 

Brahmans regain power, 10431 . 

Brahms. Johannes, b., 8142. 

Braid, Spencer Fullerton, d., 3262. 

Braidwood, Thomas, opens Asylum for 
Deaf and Dumb, 9352; 9391. 

, 111., striking miners, 3401 . 

Braine, Daniel Lawrence, b. (1829) ; pro- 
moted rear-admiral, 3261 . 

Brainard, David, b., 58 1 ; d. (1747). 

Brainerd, John, b. (1720) ; missionary, 663; 
d., 662. 

, Gardiner Calkins, b., 1061 ; d., 

1361. 

, Thos., b. (1S04) ; moderator, 2411 ; d., 

2521. 

Braithwaite, John, steam fire-engine, 9441 . 

Bramah, Joseph, h., 9122 ; safety-lock, 
920 2 ; hydraulic press., 9222; planing 
machine, 9302 ; d., 9363. 

Bramante, Donate Lazzari, b.-d., 10783. 

Bramlette, Thomas E., b. (1817) ; vote for 
vice-pres., 2812 ; gov., 2293; d. (1875). 

Bramham Moor, battle, 8601 . 

Brainpston, John, Sir, b. (1576) ; chief jus- 
tice, 8833 ; d. (1654). 

Braniwell, Baron George William Wil- 
shire, b. (180S) ; d., 1008'. 

Branra Flor appears, 1109'. 

Branch, John, b. (1782) ; sec. navy, 1372 ; 
objects to defense of Wash. .1923; d., 2191 . 

, Gen. Lawrence O'Brien, b. (1820) ; at 

New Berne, 2051 ; d. (1862). 

, William A. B., b., 1622. 

Brand, Henry Wm. Bouverie, Sir, b. (1814) ; 
Viscount Hampden, Speaker H. C.,9772. 

, John Henry, Sir, pres., d., 1105 3 . 

Brandao, Fernao, work, 11091 . 

Brande, William Thomas, b., 9242; d., 970'. 

Brandenburg, bishopric, 7723. 7741 ; est., 
7772; mark of, attacked, 782' ; Louis, 
margrave, 7831 ; margravate sold, 7853 ; 



Albert III,, margrave ; John III., 7S7 2 ; 
incorporates Teutonic knights, 7892 • 
Joachim II., 7913; dukedom of Prus. 
annexed, 793 3 , 7951 ; Joachim Frederick, 
margrave ; John Sigismund, elector, 
7933; invaded, 7942; Frederick III., elec- 
tor ; king ; powerful, 797 2 ; annexations ; 
annexes Magdeburg. 7973; sovereigns at, 
8192 ; Herr, minister, 8353. 

Brandenburg, O., Morgan raids, 2242. 

Brandes, George Morris Cohen, b., 6403. 

, Otto, mobbed, 7642. 

Brandiez, battle of, 796'. 

Brandis, Christian A ugust,b.,8043; d.,8243 

Brandon, Can., Sun, 5S43. 

, Miss., meteor falls, 4321 . 

, Baron, title created, 9031 . 

, Gerard C, gov. Mississippi, 135 3 . 

Brandreth, Jeremiah, insurrection, 939 3 . 

Brandt, Carl L., mem. Acad. Design, 2801 . 

, Count, beheaded, 6392. 

, Isabella, marries Rubens, 5411 . 

, Georg, b.-d., 11342; discovers phos- 
phorus, 7902; cobalt, 1134'. 

Brandy Co., Cal., org., 3433. 

Station, tight at, 2223, 2303. 

Brandywine, battle of, 87' . 

Brandywine bums, 1413. 

Brann'au, John M., b., 128' ; at Pocotaligo, 
2143; d., 418'. 

Brant, Joseph, b., 642; Indian chief at 
Fort Schuyler, 87' ; raids N. Y., 883; in 
N. Y., 903; d., 114'. 

, Sebastian, b., 7862 ■ Ship of Fools, 

787' ;■ d., 7882. 

Brantford, Can., Weekly 
Congregational Union', 5S82. 

Brantly.Wm. Theophilus. b., 1242; d. (1845). 

Brantc'mie, Pierre de Bourdeilles, b., 6803; 
d., 6862. 

Brascassat, Jacques Raymond, b., 716 3 . 

Brashear City, La., captured, 223' . 

Brasidas, commander ; k., 10202; d., 1021'. 

Brasilia discovered, 1060' . 

Braso, mission at, 11613. 

Brass mfg. from copper and zinc, 7902. 

Brasseur de Bourbourg, Charles Etieune, 
b., 721'; d., 7482. 

Brassey, Baron, title created, 996 3 . 

Brasso, action at, 5222. 

Bratiano, Jean, d., 1113 2 . 

Bratton, Robert F., b., 158'. 

Braun, August E., b., 8083; d #J 820'. 

, Karl, invents nephoseope, 7382. 

Brauwer, Adrian, b.-d., 11003 ; makes broad- 
cloth, 892' . 

Bravais, Auguste, b., 719' ; d., 736' . 

Bravalle, battle of, 634' . 6353. 

Bravo, Gen. Nicolas, b.-d., 10952; at Cha- 
pultepec, 1622. 

Bray, Mrs. (Ann Eliza Kempe),b.,9302; d., 
9922. 

, Rev. Dr., deposed, 3382. 

Braybrooke, Baron, title created, 9232. 

, Lord, experiment succeeds, 9392. 

Brayman, Mason, b. (1813); gov. Ida., 295'. 

Brayr, Baron, title created, 867 2 . 

Brawley, William H., b., 1522. 

Brazen, wrecked, 930'. 

Brazil. (See Text, pp. 552-560.) Cabral pos- 
sesses, 14 2 ; discovered; Amazon River 
dis., 15' ; navigated, 21' ; Rio de Janeiro 
Bay dis. ; Ojeda's second voyage, 162 ; 
colony at All Saints, 172; colonized, 173, 
11093; divided, 212; gold dis., 22' , 232 ; 
bp. arrives ; first Plot, mission ; Jesuits 
arrive, 222; est. coll., 223; Jewish refu- 
gees, 222; important. 282; Prot. colony ar- 
rives, 232,3; colony divided; Veiga, gov. ; 
Prot. return to Fr. ; under Sp., 252; com- 
munism ; Jesuits in, 291 ; invaded, 312 ; 
raids for slaves, 322; marriage with na- 
tives ; toleration, 323; govt, est., 332; in- 
surrection, 361; slaves, 37 1; Port, pos- 
sess, 372, 393, 11103; insurrection; war 
of colonists, 38' ; against missionaries, 
40'; gold mining, 533 ; diamonds dis., 
573, 613, 653, 5541,2; Jesuits expelled, 
723; 'Rio de la. Plata dis., 163; naval bat- 
tle, 1182, 1231 ; King of Port, in, 11103 ; 
separated from Port. ; independence, 
11103 ; war with Buenos Ayres, 11601 ; 
Florida captured, 2383; representatives 
welcomed, 3531 ; miners out of work, 
4273 ; Amnesty Bill passes, 5593 ; ac- 
cepted, 5lil> 3 ; Republic recognized, 6423; 
dispute with G. Br., 9672; war with Pa- 
raguay ; peace ; indemnity, 11062; recon- 
ciliation of Port., 11113 . 



1200 



Text Figures denote Page. INDH.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Braz-Brik. 



Brazil Company, Port., abolished, 61 ' . 

, Ind., strike, 317' . 

Brazilian wood introduced, S74' . 

Brazos Island, Banks lands, 227' : French 
steamers arrive, 2281 . 

, Santiago, Tex., Federals occupy, 216' ; 

Gen. Dana at, 227'. 

Bread and Cheese War, Neth., 1098' . 

making invented, 1013'. 

riots, in Versailles, 7073; Eng., 9272. 

Breadalbane, E. of, title created, 893 2 . 

, Marquis, title created, 9S7' . 

Breaker Island, N.Y., Are, 3S33. 

Breakspeare, Nicholas, fnds. bishopric of 
Drontheim ; arrives from Home, 1105 3 ; 
Pope Adrian IV. ; d., 10742. 

Breamore, England, It. It. accident near, 
9933. 

Breathitt, John, b. (1789) ; goy. Ky., 1412 ; 
d. (1831). 

Brebeuf , Jean de, b. (1598) ; in Can., 302 ; 
tortured, 3S2. 

, Guillaume de, b. (161S) ; Pkarsalia, 

6903 ; d. (1661). 

Brechin, see of, erected, 850 2 , 90S 3 . 

Breck, Samuel, commissioned col., 436'. 

Breckenridge, W. C. P., b., 148' ; Pollard 
Case, 4562; contest hitter, 4703. 

Breckinridge, Clifton It., b., 1602; speech, 
4392; minister, 4473. 

, Desha, stahs Livingstone, 4722. 

, Henry M., b., 98'. 

, James, b., 723; d., 142' . 

, John, d., 1522. 

or Breckenridge, John Cabell. b.,130' ; 

nom. for vice-pres., 18IJ3, 1823 ; vote, 1812; 
nom. for pres., 1SS2; vote for, 1883, 1:>13; 
disloyal speecli, 109' ; joins Confed., 1993; 
expelled, 201 3 ; at Baton Rouge, 2103; at 
Murfreeslioro,217' ; atNe\vMarket,233' ; 
at Bull's Gap, 240'; driven back, 2402; 
d.,2881. 

•, Joseph C, brig.-gen., U. S. A., 334' . 

, N., in War Dept., 3512, 4472. 

, Robert J., b., 1082; moderator, 1542 ; 

Chairman Hep. Convention, 23.52 ;d., 2742. 

, William L., moderator, 1863. 

Breda, treaty of, 433; declaration of, 891' ; 
Mi/sttrtl performed, 10982 ; compromise 
of, 10993; taken, 1100', 2. 

Brederode, Hendrik, b.-d., 5403; compro- 
mise, 10983; petition to Margaret, 10993. 

Brederroo. Gerbrand Adriaanssen,b.(15S5); 
works, 1101', 2 ; d. (1618). 

Brcdow, Gabriel G., b., 804' ; d., 8102. 

Bree, Herbert, consecrated bishop, 9862. 

Breech-loaders in Brit, army, 974'. 

Breese, Kidder Randolph, b., 1382; d. 
(1881). 

Breffitt, Edgar, elected alderman, 9832. 

Bregeuze, league formed at, 8192. 

Brehm, Alfred Edmund, b. (1829) ; d.,8302. 

Breislak, Scipione, b.,10S42; d., 10862. 

Breitenfeld, Catholics defeated, 512' . 

Breithaupt, Johann A., b., 8043; d., 828' . 

Breitkopf, Johann Gottlob Emmanuel, 
b., 7982; musical notes, S022; d., 8002. 

Brember, Nicolas, executed, 8603. 

Bremen, fud., 7713 ; bishopric, 7703 ; free 
city, 7972 ; Danish rule, 7993 ; taken, 
802'; sold to Hanover, 8012; independ- 
ence of, 8112; restored, 8113; new con- 
stitution, 819 '; Agr. Exhibition, 8293; 
Polish Jews in, 8:i5 3 ; statue of Einp., 
836'; strikers, 835' ; cholera, 8373; ceded 
to Eng., 9072; ceded to Hanover, 11353. 

Bremenliafen, Am. riflemen at, 8343. 

Bremer,Fredrika,b.-d., 11343; works, 11302. 

, Gordon, Sir, in Opium War, 616'. 

Brviifla collides villi IM/ji/i'/n, 905 3 . 

Brendel, Karl F., b., 8102 ; d., 8243. 

Brenham, Tex., lynching, 395' . 

Breiman, W. I., trade tribunal, 410 3 . 

, T. F., consecrated bishop, 398 2 . 

, Thomas, arrested, 985' ; Phoenix Park 

murders, 991 ' . 

Brenner, Adolph, attempts murder, 4603. 

Brenneville, battle of, 668' . 

Brennus, invades Greece ; defeats Gauls, 
1026'; sacks Rome, 10513. 

Brentano, Clemens, b., 8042; works, 813' ; 
d., 8162. 

Brentford, England, inundated, 950' . 

Brentius, founds Ubiquarians, 7903. 

Brenton, Samuel, b. (1810) ; d., 180' . 

, Wm., gov. R. I., 412, 433; d. (1674). 

Brentwood, Tenn., action at, 220' . 

Breogwine, Archbishop Canterbury, 843' . 

Brescia, stormed, 680' ; taken,5222; battle 



of, 784'; coll. fnd., 1077'; conquered, 
1078' . 

Breslau, fnd., 7732; bishopric, 7743; capi- 
tal, 7783 ; burned, 780' ; Bohemia an- 
nexes, 7832; univ. fnd., 508 3 ; captured; 
peaceof',800 1 ; conquered, S012; battleof, 
516' , 808' ; recov., 802' ; sur., 8112; univ. 
unite, 5203, 809' ; meat famine, 8353. 

Bressani, Francis Joseph, captured, 363. 

Bresse surrendered, 6973. 

Brest, Fr., cable laid, 2673; revolts, 712' . 

/Si-etar/tie, gold shipment, 423 3 . 

Brete'uil taken, 742'. 

Brethren sect appears, 9442; schools sup- 
pressed, 743'. 

Bretigny, peace of, 6753. 

Bretislav, conquests (Bohemia), 502' . 

Breton, E., bomb-thrower, 7663. 

Francois Pierre 11 ippolyte Ernest, b., 



7192 



750' 



■, Jules Adolphe Aime Louis, h., 7243. 

— — , Lily le. (See Langtry.) 

, missionary at, 72S3. 

Bretsehneider.'llerr, lined, 833'. 

, Karl G., b., 804' ; d., S102. 

Brett, Jacob, Atlantic cable planned. 9522. 

, J. Watkins, Atlantic cable, 9522. 

, Philip M., d., 186'. 

, Sergeant, killed, 971 ' . 

Bretwahia L, leader of Saxons, 8413; con- 
verted L 8422. 

H., King, 8413. 

IV., christianized, 8422. 

Bretz, John L., b., 170' . 

Breughel, Abraham, b., 541' ; d. (1690). 

, Jan, b.-d., 5403. 

Brevet, promotion IT. S. A., 352' . 

Brevoort, J. K., Nat. Acad. Design, 229' . 

Brewer, David Josiah, b., 1482; \lecision, 
3232 ; Associate Justice, 3433, 3513. 

, Leigh Richmond, b. (1S39) ; cons. 

bishop, 3042. 

, Thomas Mayo, b. (1814) ; d., 3022. 

Breweries, Eng. syndicates purchase, 3333, 
3393, 3473, 3S33. 

Brewers' Association fmd., 2152, 297' ; fa- 
vors political action, 2503 ; session in 
Wash., 3593; in Boston, 407': coll., 3983. 

Cong, opposes Woman Suffrage, 309' . 

and Maltsters' Association define 

trade, 3163 ; conven.,407' . 

Brewerville, mission at, 11612. 

Brewster, Abraham, b. (1797) ; lord chan- 
cellor, 9712. 

, Benjamin Harrison, b. (1810) ; ap- 
pointed attorney-general, 3092. 

, Daniel, b., 9222 ; suggests kaleido- 
scope, 936 2 ; E'Jiithuriili 'Eiti'y,, 935 2 ; 
spectrum analysis, 9402 ; inv. stereo- 
scope, 9602 ; lit'hoscope, 9662 ; d. (1868), 

, James, b. (1788); d., 254' . 

, O. H., speaker La. House, 2772. 

Breusters, N. Y., P. O. robbery, 4743. 

Brialmont, Alexis Henri, b., 5423. 

Brian-Boroihme, King, at Clontarf, 846' ; 
assassinated, 8463. 

Briand, John Olivier, cons, bishop, 5763, 

Bribers punished, U. S. A., 3362. 

Bribery, remonstrance against, 57 2 ; Thos. 
de Weyland punished, 855' ; Wm. de 
Thorpe, hanged, 859'; in Eng. Pari., 
889'; in H. C., 693' ; political, prevails, 
9153 ; in Legislative Union of Ire., 9293; 
Mr. Swan, M. P., and Sir M. Lopez fined 
and imprisoned for, 9392 ; vitiates elec- 
tions in Derby, 9592; Yarmouth disfran- 
chised for, 9703; of Emp. Frederick III., 
7872; New York aldermen punished, 
3232± ; Jacob Sharp, convicted 327' . 

Brice, Benjamin W., b. (1809) ; d., 418' . 

, Calvin S., b., 158' ; chairman Dem. 

National Convention, 3412. 

, W. F., embezzler, 4763. 

Brice's Cross Roads, Miss., action at, 2342. 

Briceville, Term., miners' uprising, 388' ; 
convict labor, 3882, 391' . 

Brick, Mfgs. Association tight, 3G63. 

Brickner, Geo. H., b., 1422. 

Bricks, manufacture of, 28' ; first made in 
N. Y., 40' ; made by slaves, 6483. 

Br i da inc. Jacques, b., 6943 ; d., 703'. 

Bridewell Prison. (See London.) 

Bridge, Horatio, Natli. I law! home. 4783. 

Bridgeport, Cal., Indians murder, 385 2 ; 
Chinese-Indian feud, 387'. 

, Conn., soldiers' relief, 1923 ; strike, 

4323, 4483; menagerie burned, 3273. 

, Tenn., Hooker at. 227'; Sherman's 

advance at, 228' . 



Bridges, Mr., killed, 981'. 

, RohL S., Overheard in Arcady, 4782. 

Bridges : Bridge of Sighs built, 1082' ; Bri- 
tannia Tubular, 954', 2; Caesar's over 
Rhine, 10582 ; East River B., 268', 3122, 
3133, 316' 3833, 3873; East River, New 
B.,450'; Essex B., Dublin, 894'; Foyle 
B., 982' ; Fourth B., 10021 ; Hungerford 
suspension bridge opened, 9521, 9662; 
Kelso B., 9282 ; Lambeth anil Westmins- 
ter, 9661 ; London B., stone. 8502, 9441 ; 
Long B., Belfast, 8961 ; Menai chain sus- 
pension bridge elected, 9421; Minneapo- 
lis, 1761 ; .Memphis B., 4073 ; New Bruns- 
wick Bridge built, 940i ; Niagara Suspen- 
sion, 1761; Niagara Cantilever, 315 3 ; 
Niagara International, 2833 ; Queen's 
B., Dublin, 9172, 9501 ; Severn iron 
erected, 9202, :i2(;2 ; St. Louis Tubular, 
2841 ; TayB.,9741 ; Tower Bridge opened, 
10121 ; Trajan's, 10641 ; first chain over 
Tweed, 9401 ; Tyne B., 9741 ; Vauxhall, 
9343; Victoria Tubular, Can., 5813; Wa- 
terloo, 9343, 9382 ; Westminster, 9102, 
9122, 9661; Wire bridges inv., 9642; 
Xerxes, boats, 1018' . 

, Bill intro., N. Y., 4012 ; passes, 4573. 

Bridgewater canal opened, 9143. 

. (See Egerton.) 

, Eng., surrendered, S86'. 

, Mass., Indians attack, 462. 

, Treatises, 9443. 

Bridginan, Rev. D., enters P. E. eh., 3842. 

.Elijah C, miss., 1363, 6103 ; d., 6202. 

, Frederick Arthur, b., 1622 ; in Na- 
tional Academy of Design, 3081 . 

, Laura Dewey, blind-deaf-mute, b., 

1362 ; d., 3401 . 

, Orlando, Sir, keeper, 8932 ; d. (1674). 

, William M ., made captain, 3981 . 

.School est., 6211. 

Bridie, Benjamin C, Sir, d., 9662. 

Bridport, Baron, title created, 925 s ; vis- 
count, title created, 9051 . (See Hood.) 

Brie, taken, 7423. 

, Matthaeus Z. van, h.,5422 ; d., 5442. 

, Philip Jacob van, b., 5422 ; d., 5442. 

Briel, Neth., seized, 10981 . 

Brienne, Fr. Archbp. de, minister, 7071 ; 
Gen. Bliieher repulsed, 720 2 . 

Brier Creek, battle of, 902. 

Brigandage of barons suppressed, JETr., 
6683 ; extermination of, 10903. 

Brigandet, Paul A., cons, bishop, 9603. 

Brigands in It. ,10881 , 10893; inTurk., 11591 . 

Briggs, Mr., murdered, 967'. 

, Ansel, gov. la., 161 3 . 

, Dr. Charles Augustus, b. (1841); in- 
stalled prof., 376' ; pr< »test to Presbytery, 
3S22 ; sends statement, 3842; replies to 
charges ; trial, 3923 ; rase appealed, 3942 ; 
trial for heresy, 4062, 4162; suspended, 
4302; case reopened, 4321 ; case in Pres- 
bytery, 4321 ; charges dismissed, 4401 . 

, George Nixon, b., 1061 ; gov. Mass., 

1611; d. (1S61). 

, Henry, b., 8721; completes loga- 
rithms, 8801; d.,8822. 

, John, d., 531 . 

, William, d., 5782. 

, Willoughby L., d., IOO82. 

Brigham, Charles Henry, b., 1282; d. (1879). 

, J. C, missionary, 489' . 

Young College opened, 3003. 

Bright, Charles T., Sir, d., 9982. 

, Jacob, M. P., 9711. 

, Jesse D., pres. senate, 177', 1792; 

expelled, 2033. 

, John, b., 935' ; leader anti-corn 

law league, 9493 ; in Pari., 9613, 9633 ; 
minister, 973', 9752, 9852; resigns as 
chanc.,9893 ; statue, 998'; d., 1000'. 

, Richard, b., 9243. 

— — , Timothy, works, 8763. 

Brighton, Colo., Coxeyites drowned, 4633. 

, Eng., chain pier completed, 940 2 ; rail- 
way opened, 9501 ; pavilion sold, 9553 ; 
second pier erected, 9093 ; Hastings rail- 
way collision, 9533; ,.)iiv falls, 9333; rail- 
way collision, 9053 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 
9741 ; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741 ; 
church eong. at, 974 2 ; aquarium opd., 
inaugurated, 976' ; free library museum, 
picture gallery opd., 977J; Burrows' 
statue, 982' ; Hove Town Hall opened, 
9913 ; Preston Park opd., 992'. 

, Mass., archbp. holds meeting, 3642; 

St. John's B. E. Sem. org., 3183. 

Brikaina captured, 1010' . 



Bril-Broo. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1201 



Bril, Paulaus, b.-d., 5403. 

Brille captured, 540 1 . 

Brilliant, explodes, 1713. 

Brindley, James, b., 906 2 ; improves canal 

walls, 9143 ; builds tunnel, 9161 ; d.,9183. 
Brinton, Daniel Garrison, b., 1422; Races 

and People, 3962. 
Brinvilliers, Marquise (Mario d'Aubray), 

b. (1630?) ; executed, 6932. 
Brisacb, revolts, 6792. 
Brisay, Calbeck de, gov. Can., 577' . 

, Col. J. F. W. de., gov. Can., 577' . 

Brisbane, Charles, Si renins Curaeoa,9321 ; 

d. (1829). 
.Thomas MacDougal, Sir, b., 9183; 

gov. Can., 4951 ; d., 9642. 
, fnd., 4951 ; bishopric, 4962 ; first pari., 

4972 ; floods, 5001 ; Arcbbp. Dunne cons., 

9862 ; Bp. Webber cons., 9922. 

River explored, 4941 . t 

Brisbin, James S., d., 3981 . 
Brisson, Barnabe, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. 

, Henri, pres.; resigns, 7552. 

— -, Mathurin Jacques, 1.., 6982 ; d., 7163. 

, M., pres. Chamber, 753 2 . 

Brissot de Marville, Jean P., b., 7022 ; d., 

7082. 
Bristed, Charles A., b., 1282 ; d., 2841 . 
Bristol, Conn., nickel-in-slot machines, 

4631. 
, Eng., J. Cabot sails, 143; taken, 84S1 ; 

St. Mary's church built, 8502 ; rights 

f ranted, 8593 ; see erected, 8683 ; sassa- 
ras expedition leaves, 8793 ; Bapt. Ch. 
built, 8823; surrenders, S841, 8S61 ; hos- 
pital fnd., 9031; Bristol Times issued, 
9043 ; rechartered, 9(152 ; new exchange 
built, 9113; bread riots, 9132; bridge 
built, 9153; Bapt. Theological Sem., 9191 ; 
riot,'927i , 945i ; <locks built, 9322 ; orphan 
houses est., 9491 ; railway opd., 9501 ; 
Cholera appears, 9693 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 
9741; University Coll. opd., 9811; tire, 
9813 ; Avonmouth Dock opd., 9833 ; Mor- 
ley statue unveiled, 996i; labor riots, 
10083 ; Burke memorial, 10101 . 

, Marquis of, title created, 9412. 

, R. I., fired upon, 803 ; burned, 3333 ; 

State Soldiers' Home opened, 3851 . 

, Tenn., Confed. captured, 2402 ; King 

Coll. org., 2602 ; R. R. wreck, 4733. 

, Va., Confeds. captured, 2402. 

Bristow, Benj. H, h., 1401 ; sec. of treas., 
2852, 2931 ; investigates whisky ring,2S92. 
resigns ; nom. for pres. contest, 2931 . 

, F. M., on Committee of 33, 1S91 . 

, George F., b., 1322. 

Bristow's Station, Va., Confederates re- 
pulsed, 2271 . 

Britain, invaded by Romans, 8391 ; popu- 
lation, 8392 ; an island, 8392. KK'42 ; Ro- 
mans rule, 8393 , ior,7 2 ; restored to Rome, 
10673. (See Text, p. 849±). 

Britannia, Canard steamer, 951 3 . 

wins race, 4673, 4693; against Vigilant; 

beaten ; Meteor challenge won ; wins 
Yacht Club race, 10113 ; Vigilant beaten ; 
outsails Vigilant, 10123. 

, cable ship, 10123. 

Tubular Suspension Bridge, first loco- 
motive passes, 9542. 

Britannicus Tiberius Claudius Germani- 
cus, b. (42+) ; set aside for Nero, 10633 ; 
d., 10622. 

British Admiral, wrecked, 9793. 

andForeiguAnti-SlavervSoe.cst.,9511 . 

and Foreign Bible Society fnd., 9331 ; 

report, 5322 ; penny Testament, 9922. 

British Archadogicai Society find., 9521 . 

Army, Royal Dragoon Guards fmd., 

8961 ; death-rate reduced, 974i ; mobili- 
zation, 9981 . 

Association org., 9441; meetings, 

9461 , 9482, ft-,21 , 9541 , gc,()2, 9661 ? 3, 9741 , 
9881 , 9961 , 10041 , 10121 ; presented with 
Kew Observatory, 9501 . 

Borneo Co., gazetted, 5522. 

Central Air. Protectorate fmd., 6043. 

claims, message, 267 2. 

Columbia, Vancouver Is., dis.; settled; 

Spaniards seize; Geo. Vancouver in, 5772 ; 
colony est., 9632 ; Victoria capital, 5793; 
gold dis.; diocese est., 580i ; Metlakahtla 
est.,5802;ro/'»»7.s7 issued, 5811 ;Vancouver 
granted; Douglas, gov.; Kennedy, gov.; 
5812 ; Bp. Durien cons., 5823 ; province 
fmd. ,5831 ; added to Can.; San Juan settle- 
ment, 5S32; Truteh, gov.; Richards, gov.; 
Cornwall, gov.; federal relation to, 5833; 



Duncan, miss.; missions, 5x42; mineexp., 
5853 ; coal mines close, 5872 ; for reci- 
procity, 5892 ; sealers arrive, 5S93, 5913, 
5933; salmon pack, 5913; Chinese re- 
strictions, 5923 ; R.R. strike, 5943 ; Scot- 
tish crofters in, 5951; Majestic arrives, 
5953; floods, 5961,3; see of, est., 9583, 
9803 ; Bp. Perrine consecrated, 10102. 

British Commerce collides ; sinks, 9913. 

British Commercial Geog. Soc. fnd., 9922. 

East Africa, imperial decrees ; re- 
vived, 5603 ; coast blockaded, 5622. 

East India. (See Burma.) 

East India Co. formed, 9033. 

Foreign Temperance Soc. fnd., 9431. 

Gourkhas treaty signed, 1045 3 . 

Guiana. (See Text, p. 1039.; Bishop- 
ric est., 9483. 

Home Rule Association fmd. 995 2 ; 

Union formed, 995 3 . 

Honduras acquired, 8932. 

Institution for Artists fnd., 9322. 

Jews, Congregation formed, 9502. 

Magazine issued, 946 3 . 

Medical Asso. org., 9461 . 

Mineralogical Society est., 9201 . 

Museum founded, 9122; lottery, 9132; 

opened, 9142 ; Phigalian marbles, 9381 . 

Navy, strength of, 9721 . 

North Am. Act passes, 5831 ,2. 

North Borneo ceded, 983 2 . 

Nurses' Association founded, 997 2 . 

Orphan Asylum established, 9432. 

Opium trade destroyed, 6161 . 

Orchestral Society formed, 9761 . 

Quarterly Berie/e issued, 9531 . 

, Royal Meteorological Soc. org., 9561 . 

Settlement Act passed, 500 3 . 

Soc. Propagation of Gospel fmd., 9503. 

South Africa Co. chartered, 6033. 

Spoliations, Am. indemnification, 1352. 

Women's'Temperance Asso. fmd. ,9811 . 

Brito, Bernardo de, h. (1569) ; Monorchia 
lAisitania, 11101 ; d. (1617). 

, Duarte de, I'imo, 11091. 

, Richard, kills Becket, 8512. 

Britons, repel invaders, 7693 ; war with 
Romans, 8391 ; aid of Romans, S401 ; Ro- 
mans retire, 841 1 ; embassy to Rome, 
8412 ; revolt, 10633. 

Brittain, Nathan, d., 2761. 

Brittany, Independent, 6672 ; Duke of, re- 
volts; secured to French crown, 6793. 

Britton, John, b., 9183. 

Britton's Lane, Confeds. defeated, 2122. 

Brixton, Central Free Library opd., 10103. 

Brizeux, Julien Auguste Pelage, b. (1806) ; 
Marie, 7271 ; d. (1856). 

Brizzi, Francesco, b., 10S11 ; d. (1623). 

Broach, Bombay, mission, 10471. 

Broad-Bottom admin, formed, Eng., 911 3 . 

Church School, prominent, 94S3. 

Broadcloth made, Eng., 8SO1 ; dyed, 8921 . 

Broadhead, Jacob, pres. of synod, 1323. 

, James O., minister, 447 3 . 

Broadus, John Albert, b., 1342. 

Broadway Magazine, Eng., issued, 9702. 

Brock, Isaac Sir, b. (1769) ; gov. Canada, 
5772 ; killed at Queeiistowu, 1182. 

Brockes, Barthold Heinrich, b. (1680); 
works, 7991. 

Brockhaus. Friedrich A., b., 8031 ; Conver- 
sations Lexicon, 8131 ; d., 8122. 

Brocklesby, Richard, b., 9062 ; d. (1797). 

Brockport, N. Y., Normal Schools, 2603. 

Brockton, Mass., strike, 3211. 

Brockway, Supt., charges against, 4343 ; 
case dismissed, 4483. 

Bi-octon, N. Y., Socialists' community 
founded, 2583. 

Broderland, issued, 5443. 

Broderick, Baron, title created, 925 z . 

, Case, b., 1502. 

, David Colhreth, b. 1282; senator Cal.; 

d., 1871 ; monument restored, 3421 . 

Brodhead, Col. Daniel, b. (1736) ; against 
Indians, 903 , d. (1809). 

, Jacob, b. (1782); pres., 1242 ; d. (1S55). 

, John Romeyn. b. (1814) ; d., 2802. 

Brodie, Benjamin Collins, Sir, b., 9223 ; d. 
(1802); pres. Roval Society, 9621 . 

Brodribb, J. H. See Henry Irving, 9482. 

Brodrick, Alan, Viscount Middleton, chief 
justice, 9952 ; lord chancellor, 9053. 

Brody, raft capsizes, 5353. 

Broen, Miss de, mission Paris, 7462, 7482. 

Brofferio, Angelo, b., 10843; d., 10882. 

Brogden, Curtis H, b. (1815*) ; gov., 2873. 

Brogham, L. Henry. (See Hobhouse.) 



Broglie, Due de, Achille Charles L^once 
Victor, b., 701)1 ; ministry, 7253, 7273; d., 
7382. 

, Due de, Jacques Victor Albert, b., 

7223; academician. 7321 ; minister, 7473, 
7511; p r . Talleyrand, 7602 ; d., 7501. 

, Marshal Claude Victor Marie, b., 

(1757) ; to supersede Washington, 851 ; 
executed (1794). 

Brohm, Albert E., b., 8142 ; d. (1884). 

Broiham, Cord, invents beer, 788 2 . 

Broke, Capt., b. (1763) ; at Burlington 
Heights ; at (Jape Ann, 1202 ; d. (1851). 

— , Baron Willoughby de, title, 8671 . 

Bromin discovered, 7241 . 

Bromley, Isaac Hill, h., 1421. 

, Thomas Sir, b. ( 15:10 1; lord chancellor: 

minister, 8753; d. (1587). 

Bromoy, Pierre, d., 6942. 

Brompton, Eng., Consumption Hospital 
fnd., 9511 ; Cancer Hospital fnd., 9571 . 

, F., manager, d., 5801 . 

Bromsebro. peace of, 6373. 

Brondel, John D., cons. R. C. bishop, 3022. 

Brondon. Silas, founds library, 2703. 

Brondsted, Peter Olaf, b., U3S2 ; d., 6403. 

Brongniart, A<lolphe Theophile, b. (1801) ; 
d.,7501. 

, Alexander, b. (1770) ; d., 7301 . 

Bronk, Robert, pres. rcf. synod, 1442. 

Bronnow, Philipp von, d., 111S2. 

Bronte, Anne, b. (1820) ; Wildfeld Hall, 
9551 ; d. (1849). 

, Charlotte, b., 9382; works, 9543, 9623; 

d., 9603. 

, Emily, b. (1819) ; Wuthering Heights, 

9543 ; d. (1848). 

Brooke, Earl of, title created, 9112. 

, Francis lv., bishop Okla., 4202. 

, Henry, h„ 9022; work, 9171 • d., 9223. 

, Henry, L. Cobham, conspirator, 879 2 . 

, Jame's, Sir, b., 9323 ; appeal, 5522; ap- 
pointment ; at Sarawak ; gov. Bolivia, 
in Eng.; treaty, 5521; defeats pirates, 
5522; 5., 5523. 

, John R., military gov. La., 2872 ; 

com. brig, gen., 328 1 ; at Pine Badge, 3741 . 

, Stopfonl Augustus, b., 9462; Early 

English Literature, 10103. 

Brookhaven, Miss, White Caps, 4281 . 

Brookings, Agricultural Coll. opd., 318 3 . 

Brooklyn, N. Y., first birth, 303; chartered, 
391 ; first church, 422; Brooklun Hall Su- 
per-Extra Gazette, 952: Sands St. Meth. 
Epis. Ch.org., 1062; navy-yard est., 1101 ; 
first steam terry, 1213, 1333; brick house 
erected, 1313; Mission and Tract Soc.org., 
1363 ; Youmi Misses' Magazine, 1443 ; 
Brooklyn and Jamaica R. R.,1473 ; Green- 
wood Cemetery incorp., 151 3 ; E(tijle is- 
sued, 1523 ; gas intro.; Are, 1653, 3773, 
3953, 4033, 4073, 4173, 4233 ; dry dock; 
Evergreen Cemetery dedicated, 1673 ; 
opd., 1712; R. c. diocese est., 1723; street 
preaching riot, 1742 ; cholera; street cars 
run, 1753; Hartstein's expedition sails, 
1761 ; Polytechnic Inst, org., 1762 ; en- 
larged, 177 3 ; river frozen, 1781, 3573; 
aqueduct water intro., 185 3 ; Art Asso. 
est., 1902. Civil war Period : Woman's 
Relief Asso. org., 2192; Long Is. Hist. 
Soc. incor., 2213,3012; draft riots, 2253; 
Park Theateropd., 2291 ; Standard Union, 
2412,3562. Peace Period : Acad, of De- 
sign est., 2541 ; East River Bridge begun, 
26S1 ; St. John Baptist's Coll. org., 2722; 
Prospect Park completed, 277 3 ; Taber- 
nacle burned, 2793; new Tabernacle Ch. 
ded., 2.842 ; new charter, 2S51 ; Home for 
Aged fnd., 2911; theater burns, 2933; 
Bureau of Charities fmd., 2991 ; Foreign 
S. S. Asso. fnd.,3002; St. Mary's Hos- 
pital opd.. 3103; C;ccilia Ladies' Vocal 
Soc. org., 3141; Elevated R.R. opd., 3213; 
B. Inst, opens training-school, 3223; Cit- 
;;.c/Mssued,t'!242; Mission org. by Woman's 
Auxiliary, 3202; Pratt's Inst, org., 3283; 
Meth. Epis. Home for the Aged ded., 
3402. 3SS3; air-ship. 3421 ; Memorial Arch, 
32S1 , 3422, 3461 ; Lyman Abbot, pastor, 
3463, 3521 ; schools presented with tlags, 
3403 -Adelphi Acad, burned, 3482; Art and 
Science lust, projected, 3541 ; Dr. Cuyler 
receives .830,000 ; Murat Hal'stead ed., 
standard Union, 3562; carpenters strike, 
358 3 ; elevated roads sold, 3613; arrears 
of taxes, syndicate formed, 365 3 ; An- 
archists' meeting forbidden, 3683; Bp. 
Loughlin's Golden Jubilee, 370i ; woman 



1202 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN JD.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Broo-BrtUL 



robbed, 3802 ; Memorial Hospital opd.; 
memorial fur Gen. Sherman. 383' ; bridge 

Eromenade free, 3833; Froebel Soc. est.; 
tranahan statue. :>S41 ; Pratt's gift to 
Institute, 3843; Beecber statue, 3861; 
Mazzini's birtbday eel., 3863; medical 
attendance free, 387' ; Bridge funds for 
both cities, 3S7 3 ; boy convict; female 
burglar, 3S92; chinamen ill-treated,:;:!:',' 
plans for dry-dock, navy-yard, 396 1 
many licences, 4022; Larsen'o'utrage, 404 2 
Excise Enforcement League find., 4083 
youtbful burglars; railway franchise pro- 
tests, 4103; How, defaulter, 4123; fran- 
chise veto, 4133; shoemakers strike, 4142; 
Columbianeelehrationovereharges,4183; 
4211, 4222, 4451, 4573- Dr. McGlynn's 
ovation, 4201 ; B. Institute, Raymond's 
gift, 4202 ; navy-yard land sale ; Hebrew 
Orphan Asylum 'ded.; Traction Co. lease 
R. R., 4213 ; overcharges legalized, 4223 ; 
anti-personal taxation organization, 
4242; Bryce A. White embezzles, 4262; 
Chinamen ostracized, 4263 ; free trol- 
ley franchises, 4271; burglaries, 4282; 
Hebrew Charitable Soe. est., 4322; ex- 
cise moneys spent, 4342, 4.102; explosion, 
4352; ice cream poisoning, 4:;." 3; Howloek 
suicide, 4362; Independent Com. of 100 
meets, 4392; Hamilton statue, 4401 ; 
Beecher anniversary; bridge surveys, 
459i ; counterfeiters; McKane trial (see 
McKane, J. Y.); brewers' investments, 
4522; boxing stopped; Irish liag not on 
City Hall, 4531 ,4542, 4553; Anti-Compul- 
sory Vaccination League, 4571 ;house .col- 
lapses,!.^; Talmagepastoratecel.,458' ; 
bankwreckers indie ted, 45X2; Tabernacle 
burned, 4601 , 4613; anarchist murderer 
Sutherland sentenced; street railway 
strike, 4603; Japanese Soc. fmd., ,461 1 ; 
G-essner murder, 4642; Orangemen's 
parade forbidden, 4643; illicit still cap- 
tured, 46S 2 ; home for epileptics opd.; 
Huber suicide, 470 2 ; Standard Oil con- 
trols Gas Companies, 4713; German Hos- 
pital, 4742; Law Enforcement League 
org., 4751 ; Cath. Hist. Soe. est., 4761; 
thieves raid, 47G2; Kurth and Deterling 
bribery; consolidation carried, 4772; 
starvation; wharfage trust, 4773. 

Brooklyn Bridge. (See East River Bridge.) 

lirookhm blockades New Orleans, 2021 . 

Brooks, Charles T., b. (1813) ; d., 3122. 

, David, d., 3842. 

, Erastus, b., 1241 ; d., 3242. 

, Jas., b., 1162; nom. for speaker, 2492 ; 

protest, 2572 ; censured, 2x12 ; d., 2802. 

, John,b.(1752>;gnv. Mass. ,1252;|d., 1322. 

, A., nom. for vice-pres., 3311 . 

, Maria Gowen, b., 106'; works, 129', 

1331; d., 1581. 

, ST. M., in P. O. Department, 4472. 

, Peter Chardon, b., 74'. 

, Phillips, b., 144' ; p. E. bp., 3822, 

3923; d., 422'; memorial service, 4242; 
in Westminster, 1010' . 

, Preston Smith, b. (1819) ; assaults 

Sumner, 179'; indicted, 1803; d. (1857). 

, Wm. Keith, b., 164' ; The Oyster, 3963. 

, W. R., discovers comets, 3222, 330' , 

334' 342' 994'. 

, Win. Thomas Harbaugh, b., 1282 ; 

dismissed, 2182 ; d., 2702. 

Brookshire, Elijah V., d., 178'. 

Broome, James E., gov. Florida, 1743. 

, JohnL., b., 132'. 

, Napier, Sir, gov. Australia, 499 2 . 

Brooms, broom-corn mfd., 102'. 

Brorson, Hans Adol, Psalm Hook, 6383. 

Brosius, Marriot, b., 156' . 

Brosses, Charles de, b., 6963; d. (1777). 

Brotas, mission, 5562. 

Brother Jonathan issued, 1212. 

Brotherhood of Locomotive Engineers at 
New Haven, 359' ; at Jersey City, 3923. 

Locomotive Firemen, strikes, 469' . 

of Philip and Andrew conven., 446' . 

of Railway Trainmen founded, 317 1 ; 

convention, 37113 ; statistics, 4463. 

of St. Paul established, 10042. 

of the Oratory org., 1081 2 . 

Brothers of the Cross org., 7602. 

Brotier, Gabriel, b., 6982 • d., 7062. 

Brough, John, governor Oliio, 2413. 

Brougham, John, b., 1162 ; d. (1880). 

Broughton, Bishop, arrival, 4942 

,Rhoda, b., 9502. 

, T., gov. S. C, 633. 



Brouncker, Lord, pres. Royal Soc, 890'. 

Broussa, earthquake, 11562. 

Broussa is, Franyois Joseph Victor, b., 704 2 ; 
d., 728'. 

Broussel arrested, 6893. 

Broussonnet, Pierre Auguste, b., 7023; d., 
7163. 

Browal, Johan, b.-d., 11342. 

Brown, Aaron F., P.-M. General, 183' . 

, V enable, b. (1795); governor Ten- 
nessee, 161' ; d. (1859). 

, Albert G., 1572. 

, Benjamin Gratz, b., 134' ; gov. Mo., 

2772 ; Liberal Rep. nominee for vice- 
pres., 3783, 3792 ; vote, 2812. 

, Blower, champion pedestrian, 985 3 . 

Brothers expelled, 32'. 

, Captain, at Arkadelphia, 2183. 

, Charles Brockden, b., 762 ; W orks, 

1063, 1091,1103, 1111,113'; d.,1162. 

, D. Russell, nominated for gov. R. I., 

4032, 4272, 4533 ; inaugurated, 4793. 

, Ethan A., b. (1776) ; governor Ohio, 

1272 ; d. (1852). 

, Ford Madox, b., 9403 ; d. (1893). 

, Frank, inaug. gov. Md., 4212. 

, Frederick, killed, 181'. 

, General, at Springfield, Mo., 218' . 

, George Loring, 1>. (1814) ; Bay of New 

York, 1902; c', 7 „ 7 , SUOi ; Venice, 3121 ; d., 
3402. 

, George, Captain, promoted, 3261. 

, George, Sir, b. (1790); d., 9681. 

, P., absconds, 3543. 

, Goold, b. (1791); d., 180'. 

, Harvey, b. (1795); d., 284' . 

, H. C, arrested, 3883. 

, Henry B., b., 146' ; justice, 3513, 3733. 

, Kirk, b., 123' ; statues, 1521 , 1581 , 

1871 ; Washington, 1581 ; d., 3241 . 

, Horace, Col., on Lake George, 871 . 

, J. A., works, 2901 , 3081 . 

, Jacob, b., 823 ; defends Ogdensburg, 

1182; Gen. at Sackett's Harbor, 1202; 
at Williamsburg, 1203; at Chippewa; at 
Fort Erie ; at Lundy's Lane ; burns 
Sackett's Harbor, 122'; major-general; 
commander of army, 124' ; d., 136'. 

, James M., at Garfield Park, 4143. 

, Jason B., b., 1502. 

, John and Samuel, est. Episcopal 

worship, 302. 

, , b., 1082; at Osawatomie, 180' ; in 

Va., 186'; seizes Harper's Ferry; con- 
victed, 187-' ; d., 1842, 1S63 ; monument, 
296'. 

, , b. (1757) ; president Senate, 

1131 , 2 ; d. (1837). 

, , clergy, b. (1784) ; d., 9622. 

, , Eng. el., b., 9042 ; d. (1766). 

, , moderator, 2942. 

, , physician, b., 90S2 ; d., 9243. 

, , Scot, 1:,., 9062 ; d., 9242. 

, Allen, b.,93l ; paints Sprine/litne, 

318' ; Paleolithic Man, 9963 ; d., 27S2. 

, Calvin, b. (1827) ; governor Ten- 
nessee, 2772; d. (1889). 

, G., moderator, 2S62. 

, , George, b. (1831) ; member Na- 
tional Academy Design, 229' . 

. Henry Hobart, b. (1831); cons. 

P. E. bp., 2882; d., 330'. 

, Mason, lleyinninys of Ky., 3743. 

, Y., governor Kentucky, 399' . 

, Mrs. John Crosby, gift to' Museum, 

338'. 

, Joseph Emmerson.b. (1821); gov. Ga., 

1832; calls out militia, 236' ; withdraws 
troops, 238' ; d., 476' . 

, Morris, bp. African M. E. Ch., 1363. 

, Neil S., gov. Term., 1633 ; d. (1886). 

, Nicholas, b., 70' ; d., 1522. 

■ , Robert, b., 870 1 ; conforms to estab- 
lished church, 8743 ; d., 8822. 

, , botanist, b., 918 3 . 

, Samuel, b., 9382 ; d., 9603. 

, Susan, gift to Princeton, 3602. 

, Thomas, governor Florida, 167'. 

, , b., 9203 ; ruling-machine, 9302 ; 

d., 9402. 

, , writer, b., 8902; d. (1704). 

, Thompson S., d., 176' . 

County of Indiana, gold (lis., 344'. 

Univ.,fnd., 742; boat-race, 3213; E B. 

Andrews, president, 341 ' . 

Browne, Baron, title created, 947' . 

, Bordon P., Phil, of Theism, 3323. 

, Chas. Fa rranAi'tenius Ward), b., 1422; 

Artemus Ward, His Book, 211' ; d., 256' . 



Browne, Edward Harold, b. (1811) ; elected 

bishop, 9742; d., 10062. 

, Felicia Dorothea, work, 937' . 

, George, archbp., in Reformation, 868 2 . 

, Horace, Col., at Manwyne ; retreats 

to Rangoon, 622'. 

, Isaac Hawkins, b., 9022; d. (1760). 

, James, b., 9262 ; consecrated Bp. 

Ferns, 9922 ; d. (1841). 

, J. Mills, Navy Department, 3512. 

, John M., d., 476' . 

, John Ross, b., 1262 ; d., 288' . 

, Maximilian Ulysses, b., 5123; in Sax- 
ony, 5142 ; wounded, 516' ; d., 5143. 

, Thos., Sir, b., 878' ; works, 8S51 ;d.,8962, 

, Thomas M., d., 3881 . 

, Wm., b. (1590) ; works, SS03 ; d. (1645). 

Brownell, Henry Howard, b. . 1282; d., 2781 . 

, Thomas Church, b., 912 ; cons, bp., 

127' ; invited to Ala., 1383; d., 2422. 
Browning, Abraham, Bp. of Ussory, 9922. 

, Daniel M., in Int. Dept., 4472. 

, Elizabeth Barrett, b., 9343 ; works, 

943',949', 9611; d., 9462. 

, Orville Hickman, b. (1810); secretary 

of interior, 2532; d. (1881). 
, Robert, b., 9362 ; works, 9463, 9603, 

96S2, 9S43, 10022; d., 1002' ; buried, 10023. 

Society founded, London, 9882. 

Brownlee, John T., moderator, 3242. 
, Wm. Craig, b. (1784); president synod, 

1502; d. (1S60). 
Brownlow, Duke of, title created, 937 2 . 
, Wm. Gaimaway, b. (1805); gov. Tenn., 

251'; Unionist. 2253; proclaims martial 

law, 2653,; d. (1877). 

, Wm. R., cons. R. C. bp., 1012' . 

Brown-Sequard Edouard, b., 7223; elixir 

tested, 342', 3441 ; d., 7661. 
Brown's Ferry, Confeds. defeated, 2271 . 
Brownson, Orestes Auguste, b., HO 2 ; est. 

Boston Quarterly Periew, 1482 ; d., 290' . 
Brownstown, Mich., Indian victory, 118' . 
Brownsville, Kentucky, action at, 201'. 
, Tennessee, Female College founded, 

1703; action at, 2102. 
, Tex., occupied, 192' , 216' , 22S' ; R, C. 

vicarate erected, 2862; raids of bandits, 

390'. 
Bruce, Blanche K., b. (1841V colored sen- 
ator, 3012. 

, David, returns to Scot., 8592; d., 414' . 

, Dr., mission in Persia, 1108 2 . 

, Edward, crowned, 8572; invades Ire- 
land ; defeated; killed, 856' , 8562. 
, Frederick, Sir, b. (1814); English am- 
bassador, 6213; d. (1867). 

, George, b. H7S1) ; d., 252' . 

, G. W. H. K., cons, bishop, 9962. 

, Henry, General Houston, 3982. 

, Austin, minister, 973' . 

, James, b., 9082; in Abyssinia, 12,3 ; 

fired on, 620'; on Nile, 9162; d.,9263. 
, , E. of Elgin, b., 6763; gov.-gen., 

5812, 10492; viceroy, 01X2, t',212, 10493; 

signs conven., 6212; Elgin marbles, 9302; 

embassy to China, 9613; at Peking, 9652; 

d., 5801 . 

, , moderator, 4461 . 

, J. W., nom. for gov. N. Y., 3912. 

, Michael, b., 9122; d., 9163. 

, Robert, contests crown, 855 3 ; at 

Loudon Hill; conquests, 8561; King of 

Scotland ; defeated ; dees. 857 1 ; murders 

Comyn, 8563, &571 ; d., 8573. 

, Thos., E. of Elgin, b., 9163; d., 9502. 

, Victor Alexander, minister, 995 2 . 

, William, moderator, 3023. 

Bruoke, Ernest W., d., 5342. 
Bruckner, Johann, b., 7922; d., 803'. 
Brudenell, James Thomas, Earl of Cardi- 
gan, b.,9283; d., 9722. 
Bruenn, anarchists arrested, 5362. 
Brueys, David Augustine de, Grondeur, 

695'; Acoea/ Pathelin, G97' . 
, Admiral Francois Paul, b., 701' • k., 

7122; d., 713'. 
Bruges, John, b.-d., 5392. 
Brugsch, Bey Heinrich K., b., 814' ; d., 

661'. 
Bruinsburg, Miss.. McClernand at, 221' . 
Bruiser, collides, 9693. 
Brumidi, Constantine, b. (1805) ; frescoes 

dome of U. S. capitol, 250' ; d. (1880). 
Brummell, George Bryan (Beau), b.,9203; 

d.,9502. 
Brumov, Pierre, b. (1688) ; d., 7003. 
Brun, Charles Marie, minister, 7543. 
Brunanburh, battle of, 844 2 . 



Brun-Buff. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN D.C.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1203 



Bruiick, Richard Francois Philippe, b., 
6983; d., 7143. 

Brundisium seized, 1060 1 . 

Brundow, Baron, leaves England, 959 2 , 

Brune, Guillauine Marie Anna, b., 703*; 
general, 5182; at Bergen, 7123; d., 7222. 

Bruneau, Abbe\ guillotined, 676 1 . 

Bruneliilde, or Brunehaut, marries ; cruel- 
ty ; prisoner ; revenge on nobles ; flees ; 
forsaken ; punished, 7711 ; d., 6651 . 

Brunei, Sultan dethroned, 5511; treaty 
with, 551 2 ; Portuguese trade, 5513; 
agreement, 552 1 ; settlement at, 9993. 

Brunei, Marc Isambard, Sir, b., 91S2 ; d., 
9542. 

,Isambard Kingdom, Ik, 9323; Thames 

tunnel, 942 1 ; Great Eastern, 9G02 ; d., 
9622. 

Brunelleschi, Filippo, b.-d., 10762; church 
of San Lorenzo, 10791 . 

Brunei*, Deputy marshal, killed, 4223. 

Brunet, Gilbert, b., 9042. 

, Jacques Charles, b., 7051 ; d., 7362. 

, M., minister, 7511 ; liquidator of Pa- 
nama Canal Company, 7573, 7593.- 

Brunetiere, Marie Ferdinand, b. (1849) ; 
Academician, 756 1 . 

Brunhilda, asteroid, discovered, 2781 . 

Bruni, Leonardo, b.-d., 10762 ; Florence, 
10792. 

Brunn, siege ; abandoned ; 5122; Prussians 
enter, 526 1, strikers resume, 5323 ; siege 
of, 7961 ; occupied, 8242. 

, Henry, b. (1822) ; d., 8361 . 

Brunnow, Philipp von, b., 11162 ; d. (1S75). 

Bruno, Saint, b.-d., 6681 . 

, Giordano, b., 10803; works, 10832; 

burned, 10823, i0S32; statue, 1090'. 

, The Great, arohbp., counselor, 7733. 

Bruns, archbp., founds Brunswick, 7732. 

Brunswick, D. of (Charles Frederick Wil- 
liam), b. (1735); at Yalmy ; withdraws 
from Ft., 70Si ; manifesto, 7091 ; at Pir- 
masens, 710 1 ; at Auerstadt, 7161; op- 
posed, 8113; ,1. (1806); monument, 5461. 

, Duke of, Ferdinand, b., 7983; d.,80G2. 

, ex-duke, gift to Geneva, 1138 3 . 

, G-a., captured, 2042; mo b lynches ne- 
groes, 3782; cloud-burst, 4141; people 
leave, 4373; yellow fever, 4393. 

, Ger., fnd., 7732; nourishes, 7773; for- 
tified, 7791 ; Otho.tirst duke, 781 1; Henry 
I., D. ; "William I., D.; Henry II., D., 7853 ; 
Frederick ; William II. ; Henry III. ; 
Eric, 7872 ; Henry IV., 7873 ; Julius; 
Henry Julius, 7933 ; Frederick TJlric, 
7951 ; Augustus, 7953; Danish kings de- 
feated, 5121; Rudolph Augustus, 7973; 
Augustus William, D. ; Lewis Budolf 
Charles, 7992; Ferdinand Albert, 8012; 
Seven Years' War effects, 803 2 ; Charles 
William Ferdinand, 8053 ; taken, 8081 ; 
William Frederick ; annexed to West- 
phalia, 8093; independence, S112; insur- 
rection, 8133; tariff convention, 8251. 

, Me., Bowdoin College fnd., 1063. 

, House of, 9053. < 

jubilee, Great Britain, 9372. 

Brunswiek-Bevern, Anton Ulrich, D., b. 
(1714) ; captured, 5161 ; d. (1714). 

Brunton, Mary Balfour, b., 9203; d., 9382. 

Bruselas founded, 630 1 . 

Brush, Charles Francis, b. (1849) ; invents 
dynamo and lamp, 2901 . 

, G. K., d., 4761 . 

, Mary, patent for corset, 1241 . 

, Run' Church, Disciples, org., 1163. 

Brusquet, b., 6S02 ; d., 6822. 

Brussels, Belg., St. GuduleCathed., 5392 ; 
capital; Prots. executed, 5412; Union pro- 
claimed, 10993; convent fnd.; Courrier 
V&ritable dr* Pa}/x-Eas,~>lli ; bombarded, 
5421; taken by Fr., 5431,11002; upris- 
ing, 5421 ; taken, 7081 ; Gen. Boulanger ; 
International Penal Law Congress ; Afr. 
Conf. ; Shah visits, 5462 ; Anti-Slavery 
Conf. ; Cafe populaire ; Miners' Conf. ; 
Leopold rs. S tat 1 1 ey , 5463 ; dynamite car- 
tridge, 547J ; outbreak ; Nat. Cong. 



meets, 5433; National 
troops enter; Leopold enters, 5433 ; riots; 
Obsercafeitr; Philanthropic Conf., 5443 ; 
Czar visits, 545 1 ; Maritime Conf., 5453 ; 
statistical Cong., International Society ; 
Science Asso., 544 1 ; Cong, of Workmen, 
5471 ; Royal Botanical Garden, 5441 ,5451 ; 
International Conf. held; Industrial Ex- 
hibition, 5453; Health Conf., 5451 ; elec- 
tion riots, 5442; vaccine used, 5441 ; in- 



dependent issued, 5443; Artistic Conven. ; 

patriotic fete ; temperance discussed, 
5461; Petition of Radical Asso., 5463; 
Commercial Museum opnd. ; Inter. Rail- 
way Conf. ; Palace of Justiee opnd., 5473; 
riots, 5471 ; Suffrage Conf., 5463; Bou- 
langists warned ; Constitution revision, 
5472; strikers, 5471 ; dock improvements ; 
fire, 5473; treaty rejected, 3793 ; ratified, 
3992; Monetary Cong., 549 1 ; riots; So- 
cialists' riot ; cashier Ins. Co. absconds, 
54S1 ; Fr. delegates expelled; Miners' 
Cong. ; mayor beaten, 5482 ; military 
disperse crowds, 548i ; Pr. Charles mar- 
ried; strikes, 54S 2 . 

Brute, Simon Gabriel, b., 912 ; d., 1502. 

Brutians subdued, 10522. 

Brutus, Decimus, at Mutina, 1060 2 ; re- 
ceives Gallia Cisalpina, 1061 2 ; killed, 
10602. 

, Lucius Junius, leader insurrection, 

one of the first consuls, 10512; d., 10502. 

, Marcus Junius, b.-d, 10583; surren- 
ders at Modena, 10581 ; triumvirs against, 
10602; receives Macedonia ; assassinates 
Caesar, 10612; at Philippi, 10281 . 

Br uy fere, Jeande la, b., 6883 ; Caracteres, 
6951. 

Bruys, Pierre de, burned, 6G)i ; d., 6943. 

Bryan, Francis, Sir, deputy, 8712 ; i rd 
marshal, 8712; d. (1550). 

, Wm. Jennings, b. 1861 ; for Free Wool 

Bill, 403 2 ; against, silver repeal, 436 3 . 

Bryant, Henry G., Arctic exped'n., 4621 , 

, Jacob, b., 9042 ; d., 9323. 

, Wm. Cullen, b., 1042; works, 1271, 

1311,2723 ; d., 29S2. 

Bryantown, Va., assassins in, 2471 . 

Bryant's Station attacked, 943. 

Brydges, Sir Sam.Egerton, b., 9162; d.,9482. 

Brydon, Dr., wounded, 5 2 , 

Brydone, Patrick, b. (1741+) ; d., 9383. 

ISubastis, Egv., capital, 6511. 

Bube, Adolph, b., 8082; d., 8281. 

Bubna, Littz, Ferd., Ct., b., 5163 ; d., 5202. 

Buccaneers, in Haiti, 10401. 

Buccleuch, D. of, title created, 8932. 

, D. of, d., 9922. 

Buch, Leopold von, b., 8041 ; d., 8201. 

Buchan, David, Polar exped., 9381 . 

, E. of, title created, 8643. 

.William, d., 9323. 

Buchanan, Claudius, d., 9363. 

, George, b., 8662 ; d., 8742. 

, , address on slavery, 1031 , 

■ , James, b., 1022; ni , ni . for Pres., 1803; 

elected; vote, 181 2 ; inaug., 1823; message, 
1S33; financial message, 1 ! 85 2; first cable- 
gram, 1853; resents inquiry, 1872; vetoes 
Preemption Bill, 1882; m .ii-coercive pol- 
icy, 1883; declines to reinforce Sumter ; 
appoints day of prayer, 1892 ; refuses to 
surrender Sumter; receives Confed. Com- 
missioners unofficially ; drops vacillating 
policy, 1893 ; Confed." Commissioners ig- 
nored ; decides to reinf< .ree Sumter, 1903 ; 
patriotic message, 1911 ; d., 2621 . 

, Jennie killed, 4583. 

, John P., gov. Tenn., 399: 

effigy, 4123. 

, Mclvean, actor, d.. 2762. 

,Robt.C., succeeds* ;en. Hancock, 2601. 

, , W., Scotch poet, d., 950*. 

} , f arrested. 4(182, 4283. 

, Dr., sells false diplomas, 3071 . 

Biicher, Lothar, d., 3361 . 

Biichner, Friedrich, K. C. L., b., 8123. 

BiH'keley, Morgan G., gov. Conn., 3492. 

Buckingham, Dukes of. (See Stafford, 
Villiers, and Grenville.) 

, James Silk, b., 9242 ; d., 9603. 

, Lady, plays faro, fined, 9292. 

, William A., gov. Conn., 1852; memo- 
rial unveiled, 3161 . 

Buckinghamshire, Eton Coll. est., 8623. 

, Earl of. (See Sheffield, John.) 

Buckland, Frank Trevelyan, b., 9422. 

, William, b., 9223. 

Buekland's Mills, Va., action at, 2271. 

Buckle, Henry Thos., b., 9463; d., 9662. 

Buckley, Arabella. Burton, b. (1840) ; Moral 
Teachings of Science, 4203. 

- — , D. J., convicted, 4503. 

Samuel, Botsford, b., 1161 ; d. (1884). 

, William, assassinated, 4323. 

Buckminster, Joseph, b. (1751) ; d., 1183. 

, Joseph S., b., 96i ; d. (1812). 

Bucknell Univ. fnd., 1631; observatory 
est., 3281. 



hanged in 



Bucknell, Simon Bolivar, b., 1302; orders 
State, Guards, Ivy., 1902 ; a t Bowling 
Green, 19S3; address in Ky., 1993; at Fort 
Donelson, 2041 ; evacuates Knoxville 
and Kingston, 2l!G2 ; gov . Ky., 3293. 

Buckner, James F., d., 3422. 

, Simoii B., against Lincoln, 1993; sur- 
renders, 2041 ; gov. Ky., 3293. 

, Judge against lottery, 3771. 

Bueknill. A. C, works, 9583. 

Bucquio.Chas.de L.,Ct., b.,5102; d.,5123. 

Buckstone, John Baldwin, b., 9303 ; ap- 
pears in N. Y., 1521 ; d., 9841 . 

Buda, Synod of, 5042; Univ. (Of en) char- 
tered, 5071; captured, 50S2; library est., 
5083; retaken, 5122; Catholics treaty, 
5641; stormed, 798i; Turks lose, 7992. 

Budapest, Univ., fnd., 5131 ; steamboats, 
5212; taken, 522i; Austrians recover ; 
captured, 52^2; execution of Batthyani, 
5233; Francis crowned, 5253; emperor 
welcomed, 5263; crowned, 5273; stormed, 
52S2 ; capital, 5292; R. R. accident, 5293 ; 
Socialists arrested, 5312; duel; Shah of 
Persia visits ; students arrested, 5323 ; 
anarchists; royal eel., 5351 ; Szapary 
shot; Honved " monument ; Kossuth's 
birthday eel., 5361 ; embezzlement, 5362; 
Marriage Bill ; mobs of students ; riots ; 
honors Kossuth, 5363, 5373 ; delegates 
meet, 5371 ; cholera ; Hygienic Congress, 
5381; Religious Freedom Bill, 5382; Hy- 
gienic Cong, opd., 5383. (See Pesth.) 

JSitdaj/csfi Szrnilr at Hung., 5^12, 

Budaun taken, 1048 1 . 

Budd, James H., election contested, 477 • . 

, William, b., 9351 . 

Buddacus, Johann, b., 7963 ; d., 8002. 

Buddha, Gotama, b.-d., 10421, 3; fnds. 
Buddhism, 11462 ; bone of, 6123. 

Buddhaghosa writes Ijliamnwjiada, 10431. 

Buddhism fnd., 11462 ; Annam, 4S23;intro. 
in China, 6103; abolished, 6122; i u Tibet, 
6123 ; favored, 6132 ; 6142 ; prohibited, 
6143; Pali text adopted, 10431 ; intro. in 
Japan, 10911; opposed, 10913 ; intro. in 
Persia, 11063. 

Buddhist creed in India ; Council at Patni; 
missionaries in Burma, 10431. 

Buddhists banished, 6123; massacre, 6203. 

Bude, Guillaume, b.-d., 6782. 

Budgell, Eustace, b., 8962 ; The Bee, 9091 , 

Budington, Wm. Ives, b.,1241 ; d., 602, 3022. 

Buduan mission, 1048 3 . 

Budweis, R. R. connections, 5213. 

Bueil, Honorat de, The Bergeries, 6872. 

Buel, Jesse, b., 912 ; d., 1502. 

Buell, Don Carlos, b., 1262 ; at Nashville, 
2042 ; at Pittsburg Landing, 2061 ; at 
Louisville, 2141 ; at Perryville, 3142. 

Buena Vista, battle, 1621 . 

Buenos Ayres, fnd., 201 ; destroyed, 231 ; 
reestablished, 23 1 ; colonized, 252 ; pros- 
perous, 253 ; bishopric, 2S2 ; gov., 293 ; 
capt tired, 9321 ; Spaniards attack ; taken; 
re-taken, 4891 ; Brit, repulsed, 11601 ; aid 
to Chileans, 600 1 ; separated, 11052; Con- 
stitution decreed, 4903 ; W ar against, 
5541 ; mission, 4902; burned, 4892; block- 
ade; blockade raised; capitulates; in- 
vaded; Urqruza, 4901; Presb. mission, 
4902; secedes ; refugees enter, 4911 ; civil 
war, 490 2 ; National Cong., 4912 ; mob, 
Jesuits, Coll. burned, 4913 ; separated 
from Peru, 4893 ; Bank closed ; Govt, 
exhibit ; amnesty bill, 4913; Theological 
Inst., 4903 ; bank deposits suspended; 
Custom House defalcations, 4922 ■ con- 
spiracy, 4921 ,3 ; financial panic ; immi- 
grants, -19-J3; legations abolished ; panic, 
4922; revolution, 4921. 

Buffalo.N.Y., laid out, 1113 ; burned, 1211 ; 
Library fnd., 1463 ; R.R. to Rochester, 
1553; gale, 156i; Nat. Liberty Conven., 
1571; 0. S. Pres. Synod org., i563; R. C. 
diocese est-, 1623 ; Free Soil Convention, 
1651; cholera, 1673 ; Forest Lawn Ceme- 
tery, 1693; street-preaching riot, 1742; St. 
Joseph's Coll. opd., 199 1? Society Nat. 
Sciences org., 201 1 ; Academy Fine Arts 
incorp., 2171; Historical Society org., 
2191 ; Lincoln obsequies, 2472 ; Fenians 
gather, 2522 ; Orpheus Singing Society 
org., 2681; Canisius Coll. org"., 2722; park 
svstem begun, 2761 ; Normal school est., 
2763; Insane Asylum, 2783; Interna- 
tional Bridge, 2821 , G pd., 2833 ; Evening 
News, 2823; tornadoes, 3321; fire, 3353, 
3773 ; Free kindergartens est. ,3803 ; Army 



1204 



Text Figures denote Page. INDJc^.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Buff-Burn. 



Of Potomac reunion, 3871 : lithographers 
strike, 393' ; Home for Aged Men, 3943 ; 
Dem. mass-meeting. 405' ; Father Dent, 
Bp. Ryan slander-suit, 41102 ; Nat; Bank 
fails, 3083; strike; U. S. troops, 4121 ±, 
414' ; R. R. open, 4133 ; State Arbitrators 
at, 4142 ; K.B. blockade, 4153 ; riot, 4163. 
School Protection League fmd., 4182 ; 
election frauds, 4192, 4423; Police Bill 
protest, 4282, 4092 ; tire, 4292, 4332, 4372; 
4573,4773, 4793 • largest elevator, 4433 ; 
fresliet,446' ; li.lt. men strike,4643; Wm, 
Gipps, murderer, 4743. 

Buffalo Mills, Mo., action at, 200' . 

Buffet, Louis Joseph, minister finance; 
resigns, 739 2 ; pres. Nat. Assem., 747 3 , 
749' ; minister, 749 2 ; resigns, 751 1 . 

Burlier, Claude, b.-d., 11142. 

Buffingt. m, AdelbertR., b. (1837); ordnance 
dept.,334'. 

Island, O., raiders captured, 225' . 

Buffon, Comte de, Georges Louis Leclerc ; 
b.,6962 ; Natural History, 7(102 ; d.,7062. 

Buffum, Arnold, pres. Abolition Soc, 141' . 

Buford, Col., massacred, 92'. 

, John, b., 134' ; Col. in Kan., 1792. 

, , b. (1825) ; Brig.-Gen. in court 

martial, 216' ; at Beverly Ford, 2223 ; d., 
229'. 

, NapoleonBonaparte,b.,114i ; d.(1883). 

, Thomas, Col., acquitted, 303' . 

Bugeaud de la Pieonnerie, Thomas, Due 
de Tolly, b., 70G' ; in Algeria, 82, 93, 
728' ; d., 7302. 

Bugenhagell, Joliann, b. (14S5) ; d., 7922. 

Bugge, Thomas, b., 038' ; d., 6382. 

Buhle, Johann G., b., 8023 ; d., 8122. 

Builder issued, 9503. 

Bukki, higli-priest, 1141' . 

Bukowina, Galieia acquires, 517 2 . 

province, ceded to Aust., 11122. 

Bulak,Egy., mission, (Ml' ; .Museum, 6563. 

Bulgaria, Romans in, 1028'; invaded by 
Gr., 10321 ;est. kingdom in Moesia, 10313; 
Christian powers defeated, 5061 ; Leopold 
claims, 5133 ; insurrection suppressed, 
11592 ; Turkish barbarities, 11583 ; Rus- 
sian interference, 11213 ; reconciled to 
Ft., 7632. (See Text, pp. 5(15-570.) 

Bulgarians, invade empire, 1030' ; devas- 
tate Greece, 10302 ; invade Gr.; kingdom 
in Moesia, 10313 ; annihilate Gr. army; 
at war with Gr., 1032' . 

Bulgaria, Dimitri, b.-d., 10343. 

Bulger, Capt. A., gov. in Can., 5773. 

Bulkelev, M. J., gov. Conn., proclamation, 
3763 ; refuses to resign, 3853 ; lawful ex- 
ecutive, 3992- gov., 399' . 

Bull Auseulta Fili, burned, 6733. 

, Edward, kills wife, 4603. 

, Henry, b. (1609); gov. R. I., 493, 5]3 ; 

d. (1693). 

, John, b. (1563) ; God Save the King, 

8783 ■ a. (1625). 

— — , 01eBornemann,b.-d., 1104' ; appears, 
156' ; at Peace Jubilee, 266' ; d. (1881). 

, Wm., b. (1710); gov. S. C, 653, 732 ; d. 

(1791). 

, Col., burns Inverness, 821 . 

of Demarcation, 153. 

Unam Sanctum issued, 6733. 

Unigenitus, dispute, 699'; issued, 

697', 10832; elorgv forced to accept, 701' . 

Bullant, Jean, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. 

Bullark.lt uf us B., director U. P. R.R. ,3512. 

Bullen.Maj. J. !»., at Donaldsonville,2232. 

Buller, Charles, b., 9323 ; d. (1848). 

, Gen. R., commander in Pre., 995 3 . 

Bulletin de V Industrie issued, 5443. 

Bullets as currency, 352. 

Bullhouse Bridge, R. R. accident, 9933. 

Bulli collierv ; explosion ; 4993. 

Bullinger, Heinrich, b.-d., 1137' . 

Bullions, Peter, b., 1023 ; moderator, 1862 ; 
d., 2312. 

Bullock, Alex. Hamilton, b. (1816); gov. 

, Archibald, b. (1730±) ; gov. Ga., 853 • 

d. (1777). 
, Ruf us Brown, b. (1S34); gov. Ga., 2652; 

accused of fraud ; leaves. 2752 ; d., 310' . 

, William, murdered, 2772. 

, Wm. £.., b. (1813) ; web-perfecting 

press, 2212; do 2561. 
Bull Hun, Va., first battle, 1963; 2d, 2122. 
Bull's Ferry, Va., skirmish at, 921 . 

Gap, Tenn., Federal defeat, 2401 . 

Buhner, Gippsland mission, 4963. 
, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9941 , 



Bulnes, Gen., b. (1799) ; president, 6072 ; 
d. (1866). 

Bulow, Count Friedrieb Wilbelm von, b., 
8022; at b. Dennehitz; at b., Gross- 
beeren, 7201; d., 8121. 

, Hans Guido von, b., 8142 ; at Kolding, 

8181; d.,8361. 

Bultbaup, H., Eine Xene Welt, 8362. 

Buluwayo, captured, 6041 , 

Bulwer, Sir H. E. G., gov. of Natal, 6013. 

, William Henry Lytton, Earle, b., 

9323 ; d., 976' . 

Clayton treaty, 1672. 

E.G.E.L.. (See Lytton.) 

Jiunce, Francis M., b., 1461 . 

Bundy, Jonas M., d., 3902. 

Bungay, George W., d. 4101. 

Bunker Hill, Mass., battle of, 802; monu- 
ment, 132' ; completed, dedicated, 1541; 
anniversaries of, 28111 ; 3611; 432'. 

, W. Va., occupied ; vacated, 1963 ; 

Early at, 237', 2,3. 

Bun-Lan, b., 4813. 

Bunn, Benj. H., b., 1562. 

, Wm. N., inaug. gov. Ida., 3193. 

Bunsen, Chevalier ( 'hristian K. J. von, b., 
8043 ; made life-peer, 8203 ; d„ 8202. 

, Robt. W. E., carbon battery, 816'. 

Bunting, Jabez, b., 9203 ; d., 9022. 

Bunyan, John, 8822; converted; preaches, 
8882; in Bedford jail; refuses to conform, 
8902 ; released, 8923, 8932 ; Pilgrim's 
Progress: Ilulti War, 8943 ; refuses indul- 
gence, S963 ; d„ 8982 ; statue, 978'. 

Buoi-Schauelisteili, Karl F. von, b., 519' ; 
d., 5262. 

Buoniiisegna, Duccio di, Majesty, 1076 2 . 

Bura destroyed, 10223. 

Burbage, Richard, Lord Chamberlain's 
company, 876 2 . 

Burbank, John A., gov. Dak., 2692. 

Burbeck, Henry, b., 683 ; d., 104' . 

Burbridge, Gen., at Bayou Coteau,228' ; at 
Cythiana; at Mount Stirling, 2342; at 
Abingdon, 2383; at Bristol ; atKingsport, 
2402 ; relieved, 2422. 

, Stephen Gano, b., 138 2 . 

Burcbard. Dr. Samuel Dickinson, alliter- 
ation, 3192 ; d., 3932. 

Burckhardt, Johann K., b., 804' ; d., 8123. 

Burdeau, Auguste, minister, 763 3 , 765', 
767'; d.,766'. 

Bni'dell, Dr. Harvey, murdered, 1803. 

Burden, Henry, b., 1022 ; d., 272' . 

Burdett, Robert Jones, b., 1562. 

, Sir Francis, b., 9183 ; in duel, 9332 ; 

in Tower, 9353 ; radical, 9393 ■ d„ 9522. 

, Baroness, Angela Georgina, b., 

9363; made burghess, 9772. 

Coutts, Baron, title created, 975'. 

Bnrdelte, S. S., com. G. A. R., 3203. 

Burdon, J. Shaw, elected bp., 9742. 

Burdwan, grant of, 10452. 

Burger, Gottfried A., b., 8003; works, 8052; 
d., 8062. 

Burgess, Alex., b. (1819); cons, bp., 2983. 

, Edward, b. (1848) ; d. 386' . 

, George, b., 116' ; cons.Prot. Epis. bp., 

1263: d. (1866). 

, John William, b., 1562. 

, Neil, b., 166' . 

, Thomas, b., 9143; elected bp., 9423 ; 

bp. of Salisbury ; d., 9482. 

, Tristam, b., 762; d., 1732. 

Burgh, Hubert de, regent, deprived of of- 
fice, 8533; defeats Fr. fleet, 670'; con- 
quers Galwav, 852' ; d. (1243). 

, Walter de, Earl of Ulster, 8552 ; d. 

(1271). 

Burghers, reunite with Antiburghers, 9403. 

Burgkmair, Hans, b., 7862; d., 7922. 

Burglary, capital crime, 9443. 

Burgo, Wm. Fitzalden de, viceroy, 8512. 

Burgos, Castle besieged, 936'. 

Burgoyne, John Gen., b., 9082 ; arrives in 
Am., 80' ; blockades Boston,823; inCan., 
S6' ; in N.Y.; at Crown Point, 862; at 
Fort Edward; at Hubbardtown ; meets 
Six Nations; takes Fort Ticonderoga ; 
proclamation ; at Whitehall. 863 ; leaves 
Fort Edward, 87' ; inN.Y., 872 ■ surren- 
ders at Saratoga, 88 1 ; army detained, 
882; defence in Pari., S93, 9213; army in 
Va., 901 ; controversy, 913 ; d., 9262. 

, Sir John Fox, b.,'9223 ; d.,9761. 

Burgundians in Germany, 6662; settle near 
Worms, 7693 ; subdued, 7712. 

Burgundionuiu \ Burgundy), est., 6633. 

Burgundy, kingdom est., 5212, 6633, 7093 ; 



Maximilian acquires. 5092 ; conquered; 
tributary, 6652 ; p r . acquires, 6732; occu- 
pied, 6753 • united to Fr. crown, 6792 ■ 
occupied, 6913 ; united to Ger., 7313 ; 
fief of empire, 7733 ; acquired by Ger. 
Emp., 7872. 

Burgundy, House of, reigns, 1099 2 ; pos- 
sessions, 541 1 . 

, Louis, Duke of, b. (1682) ; at Ouden- 

arde, 6961; d. (1712). 

Burial Act passes, 986' ; Fr., 759' . 

Burials Bill rejected, 9783, 9803. 

Buridan, Jean, d., 6722. 

Burigny, Jean Levesque de, b., 6942 j d., 
7061. 

Burke, Ida., avalanches destroy, 3521 . 

, N. Y., caterpillar plague, 3861 . 

, Andrew H., gov. N. Dak., 3992. 

, Daniel W., commissioned major ,4561 . 

, Edmund, b., 9082 ; agent of N. Y., 

773, 9193 ; famous speech, 791 ; works, 
9151 , 9191 , 9291 ; against Anier. taxation, 
919 3 ; minister, 9232 ; moves Hastings's 
impeachment, 9233 ; Dagger Scene in 
H. C, 9272; d., 9283 ; memorial, 1010'. 

, Sir John Bernard, b. 9363; d. (1892). 

, Martin, arrested, 5863 ; committed, 

58S3 ; sentence. 3482, 5891 . 

, M. F., cons. It. C. bp., 3262. 

, Richard, convicted, 9723. 

, Robert O'Hara, b., 940 3 ; explorer, 

4962. 

, T. H., stabbed, 989' . 

, Thomas, M. A., bp. of Albany, 4641 . 

, N., b., 944' ; d. (1883). 

, (Fenian), sentenced, 9703. 

, murderer, executed, 9443. 

Burkersdorf, defeat at, 5162. 

Burkesville, Ky., Morgan's raid, 2242. 

Burkujanna, mission, 5002. 

Burlamaqui, Jean Jacques, b.-d., 11372. 

Burleigh, Edwin C, gov. Me., 3991 ; 3492. 

, Lord William Cecil, b., 866' ; d., 8762. 

, Va., Bapt. church fmd., 582. 

Burlingame, Anson, b., 130'; special am- 
bassador, 2613 ; at San Francisco, 2613 ; 
Chinese representative, 6213 ; treaty, 
2633,2653 ; d., 2701. 

Burlington, Ind., masked men, 4582. 

, la., Coll. fnd., 170 3 ; Association of 

Unitarian church org., 2942 ; tire, 4293. 

, N. J., Quakers meet, 48 2 ; Epis. 

church erected, 563; AVtr Jcrsei/ Gazette, 
851; coll. fnd., 103'; It. It. accident, 1773. 

, Pa., air-ship Co. organized, 384' . 

, Vt., university fnd., 1023; northern 

army at, 1182; It. C. diocese est., 1723; 
Louis DeGoesbri and cons. bp., 1723,3642; 
St. Joseph's College est., 3183; home est. 
for children, 2552. 

Heights Can., Brit, repulsed, 1202. 

Burma, conquered, 614' ; invaded, 616' ; 
942'; tribute mission, 625 2 ; province 
fmd., 9672 ; mission, 10462, 1047' ; treaty 
with ; king of Ava deposed ; peace ; 
Lower annexed, 10473; war; Queen's Ju- 
bilee, 10482; Brit., envoy rejected; Upper 
annexed ; submission ; natives rebel ; in 
Brit. India ; provisional govt, est., 1049 2 ; 
railway opd. ; Chins revolt, 1008' , 10493. 

Burinaiiiius, P., works, 8003. 

Burinudez, Edward E., b. (1832); d., 414' . 

Burmeister, Hermann, b., 8083 ; d. (1891). 

Burmese, in Siam, 11242; treaty withG.B., 
9432; war, 1046' ; second war, 10462. 

Burn, John, patents machine, 9343. 

Burnap, George Wash., b. (1802); d., 1842. 

Burnand, Francis Cowley, b., 9482. 

Burnes, Alex., b., 9323; in Afghan., 5' ; at 
Kabul, 9493 ; d.,9502. 

, Daniel D., b., 1682. 

, James X., eulogized in Cong., 337' . 

, , Ld.Monboddo,b.,9(H2; d.,9283. 

Burnet, David G., b. (1789); pres. Tex., 
1472, 153'; d. (1870). 

, D. S., moderator, 2642. 

, Gilbert, b., 8843; works, 8943, 907'; 

d. (1715). 

, Thomas, b., 8822; work; 8943; d.,9042. 

, William, b. (1688); gov. N.Y., trans- 
ferred Mass., 613; d. (1729). 

Burnett Creek, Indians assault, 116'. 

, Francis Eliza Hodgson, b., 1661; 

works, 2903, 2923, 3003, 3063, 3131 , 3243. 

, H. G, obstructionist, 2031. 

, Peter Hardeman,!). (1807); gov., 1671. 

, Mr., bequests of, 9231 . 

Bumev, Charles, composer, b., 9063. 

, , auth., b., 9143; d., 9303. 



Burn-Cabr. 



Text Figures denote Page. lNJJllX. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



1205 



Burnham, Carrie, admitted to bar, 3523. 

, James C, b. (1820+); d., 254 1 . 

, S. W., on Alpha Delphiiii, 286' ; an- 
nounces eclipse, 5501 ; resigns, 4081. 

, T. O. H. P., gift, 395' . 

Burning lens used at Athens, 10203. 

Burnington, Geo., gov., N. C, 63 2 . 

Burnley, riots, 983'. 

Burnouf, Eugene, b., 7143; works, 727', 
7292,7363; d., 732'. 

Burns, Anthony, 1>. (1830±); rescue, 1742. 

, Francis, b., 116' ; bp., 1843 ; d., 2213. 

, George, Sir, d., 10022. 

, John, arrives, 4762; in Socialist 

League, 995'. 

, Robert, b., 9143; jm: ms, 925' ; d.,92S3; 

statue, 3001 , 982' , <ISG1 , 902' , 1006' . 

Burnside, Ambrose Fverett, b.,132' ; com- 
mands in N. C, 202' ; Hatteras expedi- 
tion, 2022; takes Koanoke Is.. 204'; at 
New Berne, 205' ; takes Fort Macon,2063; 
recalled, 210 2 ; at Antietain, 213'; suc- 
ceeds MeOlellan; changes base, 215' ; at 
Fredericksburg, 2162; relieved, 2182; 
army of O., 220' ; issues order No. 38, 
2202; arrests Vallamligham, 2212; sup- 
presses Chicago Times, 2222; declares 
martial law in Ky.; leaves Camp Nelson; 
leaves Crab Orchard, 226' ; at Cumber- 
land Gap; at Knoxville; crosses to Term., 
2263; at Phila., Tenu., 227'; at Knox- 
ville, 2281.2; defeats Longstreet, 2282; 
north of Rapidan, 232' ; at Spottsylvania, 
2323; corps incorp. A. of Potomac, 233 2 ; 
gov., R. I., 2553; commander G. A. R., 
2743,281'; d., 308'. 

Burr, Aaron, b., 71' ; electoral vote, 1033, 
1073, iii2; becomes V. Pres., 1112; chal- 
lenges Hamilton, 113'; treasonable, con- 
spiracy, 1133; arrested, 115' ; d., 146' . 

, Enoch Fitch, b., 1262. 

Burra Burra mines opened, 496' . 

Burrill, Alex. M., b. (1807); d., 264'. 

Burrill, James, b., 762; d., 12S2. 

Burrill School, Ala., opened, 2623. 

Burrington, Geo., gov. N. C, 612. 

Burritt College, Teun., org., Ifi43. 

, Elihu, b., 4162; d., 3002. 

Burroughs, A. J., murder of, 255' . 

, G. S., pres. Wabash College, 4162. 

, John, b., 1482 ; Locusts, 303' . 

Burrow, James, Pres. Royal Acad., 916 2 ; 
Royal Society, 9182. 

Burrows, Sir John Cordy, statue, 982' . 

, Julius C, b., 1482 ; motion, 4052 ; 

amendment, 4492. 

, Gen., in Afg., 6' ; at Maiwand, 61 . 

Burrus, Afranius, influence over Nero, 
10633 ; d., 62±. 

Burscough Junction, R. R. accident, 985 3 . 

Burt, Francis, gov., 1771 . 

Burton, Asa, b., 683 ; d., 1462. 

, F. N., Sir, gov. Can., 5773. 

, Hutehins G., gov. N. C, 1332. 

, John Hill, b., 9343; d., 98S2. 

, Mary F., police judge, 3833. 

, Richard Francis, Sir, b., 9403; as- 
cends Kongo River, 10931 ; explores Ara- 
bia, 4S83 ; dis. gold, 4981; d., 10041. 

, Robert, b., 8742; fined, 8831; d.,8822. 

, William, gov. Del., 187' . 

, , b. (1575) ; work, 8803; d. (1645). 

, Eng., bridge built, 850'. 

, title created, 9963. 

Burtsell, Richard Lalor, papal approval, 
352' ; farewell at Roundout, N. Y., 3642. 

Burwell, Lewis, gov. Va., 672. 

Bury, Eng., action at, 8442. 

Busaco, battle of, 718' . 

Busaney, regiment destroyed, 7402. 

Busbecq, Angier Uhisleu.'b., 5402; d.,5403. 

Busby, Richard, b. (1606) ; d., 9002. 

Busching, Anton F., b., 8002; d., 8062. 

Buschmann, Johann Karl Eduard.b., 808' . 

Busenibaum, Hermann, b., 7922; d.,7963. 

Bush, George, b., 106' ; d., 1842. 

Bushe, Charles Kendal, b. (1767) ; chief jus- 
tice, 9413; d. (1843). 

Bushey, dynamite on R. R., 986 3 . 

Bushire, captured, 960' . 

Bushiri, det'wated at Zanzibar, 563' . 

.Arabian commander, 8381 ,2; d. (1889). 

Bushmen, mission, 5971 ; habitation, 6023. 

Bushnell, David, invents torpedoes, 9201 . 

.Horace, b., 110'; works, 1663, 1843, 

2643, 2683 ; d., 2902. 

Bushenhagen. Henrv, murdered, 3903. 

Bushrangers' Act, N. S. W., 4952, 4903. 

Bushville, Ind., license refused, 4723. 



Bushville, N. Y., Jacob Moore murdered, 
4542. 

Bushwiek, consolidated, 177 3 . 

Bushy Run, battle of, 741 , 

Busiel, Chas. A., nom. for gov. N. H., 4712. 

Business Education Asso. Conven., 364 2 . 

failures, U. S., 4333 ; in 1838, 1493. 

Men's Protective Asso., N. Y., 3691 . 

Busra, mission, 6571 . 

Bussey, Benj., 1541 ; Harvard gift, 2761 . 

, Cyrus, in Interior Dept., 3512. 

Bussv-ltubutin, Roger, Comtc de, b., 686 2 ; 
d., 6942. 

Bustamente, Anastasio, b.-d., 1095 2 ; acting 
pres. ; banished, 10962. 

, Carlos Maria de, b.-d., 10951 ; over- 
thrown ; president ; resigns, 10962. 

, Pedro Ruiz de, gov., 630 2 . 

Bustard, bombards Samoa, 10121 . 

Bute, Earl of. (See Sir John Stuart.) 

, Marquis of, title created, 9252. 

Butler, missionary opposed, 1383. 

, Mo., action near, 2143. 

, N. J., St. Anthony's shrine, 4361 . 

■ oil-well burns, 3941 . 

, Alban, b., 9042; d., 9183. 

, Andrew Pickens, b. (1796); d., 1S01 ; 

Sumner on, 1792. 

, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1795) ; Atty.- 

Gen., 1392, 1473; resigns, 1512; ,1. (1858). 

, ■ ■, b., 1262; commands at An- 
napolis ; occupies Baltimore ; seizes Re- 
lay House, 1942 ; at Fortress Monroe, 
1943; slaves declared contraband, 1961 ; 
1971, in Hatteras expedition, 1981; in 
Gulf, 205 2 ; invests Ft. Jackson and St. 
Philip ; lowers Confed. Hag, 2063 ; order 
No. 15, 2072 ; arrests officials N. Orleans, 
2081 ; aversion against, 2083 ; Baton 
Rouge evacuated, "2111 ; in N. C-, 2142 ; 
superseded, 2151 ; proclamation against, 
2173; sails for Bermuda Hundred, 2322, 
2401 ; at Drewry's Bluff, 233' ,3; fails at 
Petersburg, 234 2 ;digs I hitch Gap Canal ; 
on James River, 239' ; command of New 
York, 2392; leaves Hampton Roads, 2402; 
at Fort Fisher ; removed from command, 
2403; impeachment manager, 2612; opens 
case; against Pres., 2613; jnaug. gov. 
Mass., 3132; declared disorderly, 3823; 
nom. for president, 3172; popular vote, 
3192; Aut„l„,„irai,liii,i-H)2; ,1., 422'. 

, Charles, h., 9122; J. (1832). 

, - — , gift accepted, 3582. 

, David, gov. Neb., 2553, 2593. 

, P., impeached, 275' . 

, Ezra, b. (1763) ; gov. 1352 ; d. (1S38). 

, Geo. B., Academy Design, 284'. 

, James, gov., 8593; Duke" of Ormonde, 

8631; lord lieut., 8951,9032. 

, , Duke of Ormonde, b., 8782; gov., 

8.853; surrenders Dublin, 886' ; lord lieut., 
8873, S913; wounded, 893' ; d., 8782. 

, , b. (1665) ; D. of Ormonde ; lord 

lieut., 9052; impeached, 91153; d. (1748). 

, John, d., 1042. 

, Joseph, bp., b., 900' ; Analogy of Be- 

lir/ion, 909' ; d.,9123. 

, Matthew C, b., 1462; Negro Emigra- 
tion Bill, 3491 ; speech, 4403. 

, Pierce M., b., 1081 ; gov. S. C, 1472 ; 

d., 1622. 

, , d., 2582. 

, Richard, d., 1022. 

, Sam., b., 8782; //„,W,ras,891' ; d.,8942. 

, Thomas, E. of Ossory, b. (10)34); tea 

importer, 8933 ; in Eng. Channel, 8921 ; 
captures Dutch ships, 8933; d. (1680). 

, , deputy, 8613. 

, Win, missionary, 10483, 10962. 

, William Allen, b., 1322. 

, Orlando, b., 1042; succeeds Gen. 

Scott, 1622; nom. for Vice-pres., 1651 ; 
vote, 1652; d., 3041 . 

University. Ind.. org., 1782. 

Butt, Sir Charles P., d., 100S2. 

, Isaac, b. (1813) ; M. P., 9753; d. (1879). 

, John, cons, bp., 9922. 

Butte, Mont., tire, 4293; Penrose shot, 3852. 

a4a- Rose La, captured, 220 3 . 

Butter, Nathaniel, Xcirs from Sj>ain, 8783. 

Butterfield Claim arbitrated, 6423. 

, Daniel, G en., b.( 1851); presents medal, 

3411 ; entertains Rus. officers, 4342. 

, John, b. (1783) ; d., 26S1 . ' 

, Ralph, gift, 4261 . 

odometers, 8941 . 

Butterworth, William, gov., 10473. 

mission, 597 2 . 



Buttman, Philipp K., b., 8023 ; d., 8142. 
Button, Sir Thomas, at Port Nelson, 5702; 

Arctic voyage, 8781 ; d. (1634). 
Butt,, ns manufactured, 8941. 
Buturlin, Dmitri Pelrovitch, b., 11162; d r 

11182. 
Buxar, action at, 9161 , 
Buxton, Jedediah, b., 9022 ; d., 9183. 

, Thomas Fowell,Sir,b.,9242; d.,9522. 

Buxtorf, Johann, 1). 7922 ; Lexicon Hebrai- 

cum, 11371; d. 7943. 
Buyide dynasty founded, 487' . 
I'.u'zacott, Aaron, b. (1800) ; d., 4973. 
Buzzard's Roost, skirmish at, 2323. 
Byblis, asteroid, discovered, 302'. 
Byhlos, tribute to Assyr., 1145'. 
Byford, Wm. Heath, b., 126'. 
Byland, Aim., action with Fieldin, 920'. 
Bvles, Mather, b., 562; d., 100'. 
Bylot, Robert, explorer. 28' , 5702. 
Byng, Viscount, John, b., 9022; s hot, 912' ; 

d., 9143. 
Byng. (See Torrington.) 
B'ynuni, William D., b., 152'. 
Byrd, Gov., reelected, 367' . 
Byme.Chas. Albert, Drum.XetrsinA., 2863. 

, Frank, leaves Dublin, 991' . 

Byrnes, Thomas, appointed Police Supt., 

405 3 ; charges against Parklmrst, 419' . 
Bvron, George Noel Gordon, Lord, b., 9243; 

"in duel, 917'; works, 933'. 937', 941'; 

joins Greeks, 10842 ; swims Hellespont, 

1157'; d., 9122 ; statue, 984'. 

, Henry James, b., 9462; d. (1884). 

, John, h. (1692) ; d., 9162. 

, , Adm., b.. 906 2 ; commands Br. 

fleet, 883; d., 9242. 

, . stenography, 9162. 

, Baron, title eroded, 883'. 

, Lord, in Civil War, Eng., 884' . 

Bystrom, John Nils, b.-d., 11342. 
Bywell Castle collides Princess Alice, 903$. 
Byzantine rule, revolt against, 565 3 . 
Byzantium, colonized, 10153; conquered, 

101S2 ; captured, 10221; revolts against 

Athens, 10233 ; siege, 10241 ; subdued, 

10621 ; seized, 10041 ; capital empire, 10692. 
Bzowski (Bzovius), Abraham, b.-d., 11142. 



Caamans, Jose Maria Plaeido, b. (1838) ; 
Pres. Ecua., 6443. 

Cabal Ministry fmd., 8932. 

Cabnllero, B., elected pres., 11062,3. 

, Firm in Agosto, b.-d., 11302. 

Cabanel, Alexandre, b., 7241 ; d., 7562. 

Cabanis, Pierre Jean George, b., 7022 ; 
Bapports tin physii/ue, 7151 ; d., 7163. 

Cahannes, sentenced, S332. 

Cabanos, Pres., exiled. 10412. 

Cabarrus, Francois, b., 701' ; d., 719'. 

Cabat, Nicolas Louise, b., 7192. 

Cabell, Wm. H., gov. Va., 1133. 

, Gen., at. Mine Creek, 239'. 

Cabet, Etienne, b., 7062 ; Icaria, 729' ; d., 
7322. 

Cabin Creek, Kan., Confeds. at, 2382. 

Cabinet officers, first, 1012, and see U.S.A., 
Mar. 4 in following quadrennial years ; 
opponents excluded, 1112; p. O. Gen., 
partof, 1372; quarrels in. 1392; Tyler's re- 
signs, 1533 ; in Tenureof Office Bill, 2563. 

Cabira, action at, 1058' . 

Cable, Geo. Washington, b., 1502 ; works, 
303' , 3003, 3191 , 323' , 3323. 3503, 3743. 

Cable : Bermuda and Halifax ; purchase of 
Fr., 10012; between Eng. and Fr., 956'; 
Can., 5893. (See Atlantic Telegraph.) Red 
Sea, accelerates telegrams, 9622; to Ft. 
Monroe, 2033. 

Caboche, Simon, leader, 6763, 6772. 

Cabot, John, Arctic expedition, 8662 ; dis- 
coveries, 8662, 10782, 1103' ; commission 
at Cape Breton ; sails for Am., 143. 

, Sebastian, b., 8042 ; settlement, 4892; 

in Davis Strait, 570' ; discoveries, 570' ; 
5711 ,8662, 141 ,3, 11051 ; Sp. service, 163 ; 
in Can., 171; explorations, 19' ; builds 
fort, 193; d., 8721. 

Cabot, attacked by Brit, sloop, 822. 

,Geo., b., 683; se c. navy, 1092; d. (1S23). 

Cabral, Pedro Alvarez, b.-d., 11092; in 
Brazil, 142, 151 ; erects cross, 5523; sails 
for India, 10433; d., 5523. 

Cabrera, Antonio de Acuna y, gov., 605 2 . 

, Don Ramon, b.-d., 11303; Gen. ; re- 
tires to Fr., 11301. 



1206 



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Cabr-Cali. 



Cabrera, Senor, Bp. of Madrid, 11323. 
Cabrillo, Juan, explorer, 223; d. (1543). 
Caceres, Alfonso de, fnds. capital, 10412. 

, Andres, Avelino, in 1838); pres., 11082. 

Cachoeira, mission, 5563. 

Cadallac, Sieur de la Motte, at Detroit, 

552; d. (1720). 
Cadalso, Jose de, b.-d., 11283. 
Oadamosta, Luigi da, b.-d., 10783. 

Caddee, formed, 1137 3 . 

Cade, John, insurrection, 8G2 1 ; at Seven- 
oaks ; in London ; killed, 7621 , 8622. 

Cadell, Francis, explorer, 4981. 

Cadet de Gassicourt, Charles L., b., 7042 ; 
d., 7223. 

, Louis Claude, b., G9S3 ; d., 7142. 

Cadillac, Antoiue de la Mothe, b.,i)203; d., 
6971. 

Cadiz, fnd., 11252; conquered, 10543 ; Co- 
lumbus lands. 143; destroyed, 109S 2 ; ta- 
ken, 8761 ; burned, 11281 ; attacked, 696' 
bombarded, 11301 ; yellow fever, 1131 
insurrection, 11301 ,2; surrendered, 724 
revolts, 11321 : ce l. dis. Am., 1133'. 

Cadiz, wrecked, 9793. 

Cadmus, Cornelius A., b., 156 2 . 

, Phenician writer, 10132; worship of 

Bgyptian-Phen. deities, 10131; builds 
Thebes, 10133; picture of, 10263. 

Cadmus, takes Fr. ships, 9341 . 

Cadogan, D. of, title created, 9311 . 

-, Geo. Henry, b. (1840) ; minister, 9953. 

Cadoudal, Georges, b., 7042; d., 7151 . 

Cadwallader, D. Colden, mayor N. Y., 1272. 

, John, b.,642; fights duel, 892; d.,981 . 

Cadwallon, in Britain, 8421 . 

Cadwell's Manor, church find., 5763. 

Cady, Ernest, nom. for gov. Conn., 4731 . 

Cieeilian Musical Society fnd., 9222. 

Csecilius, Q., besieges ISTumantia, 10561 . 

Caedmon flourishes, 8431 ■ d., 8421 . 

Coadonian monarchy revived, 8412. 

Cselius, Aureliauus, b., 10642. 

Csscillia discovered, 760 1 . 

Caen, Fr., Trinity Ch. fnd., 6683; captured, 
6761; Univ. fnd., 8763 ; retaken, 878'. 

Cge u inians, defeated at. Rome, 10501. 

Caapio, Q. Servilius, in South Gaul, 10561 ; 
denounced, 1057 2 . 

Cassalpinus, elassilies plants, 10821 . 

Caesar, Julius, b.-d., 10563; in conspiracy 
of Catiline, 10591; indebtedness, 105S3 ; 
pretorship, 10592 ; propretor ; in His- 
pania Ulterior ; first triumvirate ; agra- 
rian law ; consul, 1059 2 ; commander, 
6631 ; conquers Gauls, etc., 10582, 11251 ; 
proconsul, 6632; subdues Sertorius, 
11252; in Belgium, 539'; in Brittany; 
Gaul, 6621 ; triangular alliance, 1059 3 ; 
invades Britain, 839' ; proconsulship ex- 
tended ; alienated from Pompey, 10593 ; 
works; crosses Rubicon, 10583; compro- 
mise, 10593 ; war with Pompey, 10583 ; 
reinforced, 1060' ; at Brindisium ; su- 
preme ruler ; fleet against Pompey ; up- 
held by Sp. ; in It. ; army in Epirus ; 
transports captured ; at Dyrrhachiurn ; 
retires to Thessaly ; defeats Pompey ; at 
Pharsalus ; Alexandrine War ; fires 
Egyptian fleet ; against Pharnaces ; at 
Zela; warinAfr.; at Thapsus, 1060'; at 
Corduba ; at Munda, 10602 ; declared 
enemy ; marches toward Rome ; as dic- 
tator ; abdicates ; at Alexandria ; con- 
quers Numidia ; triumphs ; offices ; govt. 
reforms, 1061', 2; at Alexandria, 652'; 
rebuilds Corinth, 10292 ; corrects calen- 
dar, 10603; assassinated, 1060' ±. 

, Caius, adopted by Augustus, 1061'; 

peace with Parthians, 1062' . 

, Lucius, adopted by Augustus, 1061 ' . 

Csesarea, fnd., 11413 ; earthquakes, 11502 ; 
rebuilt, 1151 2 ; captured, 1066'; mission 
of Am. Bible Soc, 11563 ; mob, 11591 . 

Caasarion, Caesar's true heir, 10613. 

Cietani, b., 10843. 

Caffarel, Gen., scandal, 7563. 

Caffarelli, Gietano Majorano, b., 10831 : d., 
10843. 

Cattery, Donelson, b., 1442; speech, 4372. 

Caflieri, Jean Jacques, b., 6982; d., 708 2 . 

Caffrey, Thomas, executed, 9911 . 

Cagliari, Paulo. (See Veronese.) 

Cagliostro, Alessandro di (Giuseppe Bal- 
samo), Count, b., 10842; d., 10843. 

Cagnola, Luigi, Marq., b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Caliirciveen, Ire., attack collapses, 970 3 ; 
Fenian outbreaks, 9712. 

Cahours, Auguste, b., 7203. 



Cahors, annexed, 6732; Univ. fnd., 6743; 
statue of G.'imbetta, 7541 ; seized, 684' . 

Caigniez, Louis Charles, b.,7023 ; d.,7282. 

Cailan, St., Bp. of Down, 8403. 

Caillaux, II., minister, 749', 3, 751'. 

Caille, L'Abbe, Nicolas L. de la, b., 6963 ; 
d., 7023. 

Caille, or Caillie, Rene, b., 7142; d., 728' . 

Caillet, Guillaunie, named Boiihomnie, b., 
6743; d., 6742. 

Cailliand, Frederic, b., 7062; d., 7382. 

Cain, builds Enoch, 1139 3 ; agriculturist, 
1139' ; offers fruit as sacritice, 1139 2 . 

, Auguste, d., 766' . 

Caine, Hall, works, 10043. 

Cainsville, Term., action at, 218 3 . 

Caird, Sir James, b., 9382 ; d., 1008' . 

, James Xennant, d., 9962. 

Cairnes, John Elliott, b., 9403 ; d., 9802. 

Cairns, Earl of, title created, 975' . 

, Hugh MacCalmont, Lord, b., 93S3; 

lord justice, 9693 ; l,,rd clianc, 9713; 
Land Transfer Bill, 9773; p. minister, 
9792; lord chanc, 985' , d., 994' . 

, William W., gov. Australia, 4983, 

499 ',5643. 

Cairn, blown up, 2162. 

Cairo, disappears, 9832. 

,Egy..fiid.,054 ' ;eapitalFatimites,487' ; 

6552; taken; earthquake, 6542, 6563; 
Mosque Amro ; Mosque Tooloon, 6542 ; 
Univ. fnd., 6551; taken, 6553, 6561 ; m is- 
- sion ; school lor Copts and Moliam., 6563; 
railroad opnd., 6573; Brit, occupy, 65S 2 ; 
Nile bridged, 6593; palace burned, 6613; 
revolt in, 7122; jy. capitulate, 7141 . 

, 111., levee breaks, 1841 ; occupied, 

1941 ; Grant expedition, 1982, 20(12,2022 ; 
Stonewall burned. 2693 ; tish fall, 3681. 

, Ky., Grant leaves, 2022. 

Caithness, see erected, 850 2 ; tithe rebel- 
lion, 852' . 

, Earl of, title created, 863' . 

, Earl of, invents steam road-carriage, 

964'. 

Caius, Cies.ar Gernianieus. See Caligula. 

, St., pope, 10643. 

Aureolas, put to death, 10672. 

Caixias, Duke de, pres. Brazil, 557 2 . 

Cajetan, Tommaso de Yio, b., 1078 3 ; in- 
terviews Luther, 7SS2; d., 10803. 

Calabar, Afr. See text, p. 1161. 

Calabria, b.-d., 10722. 

, reduced, 10322 ; restored to Gr., 

10332; confiscated by Leo III., 10732; 
subdued, 1074' ; cities destroyed, 10742 ; 
taken from Pope, 1075 2 ; earthquake, 
10822,10861 ; devastated, 1084'; insurrec- 
tion fails, 10872. 

Calais, capitulates, 674' ■ taken, G75' ; Eng. 
troops at, 6802; Eng. loses, 6832; taken, 
682'; Sp. possession, 6S5 3 ; new harbor, 
7593; strike, 7603; Eng. surrenders, 8733. 

and Dover steamboats est., 9413. 

Calama, battle at, 606 2 ; captured, 1108' . 

Calame, Alexandre, b.-d., 1138'. 

Calamy, Edmund, b., 8922; d., 8962. 

Calamattn, Luigi, b., 10843; d. (1869). 

Caland, Pieter, b., 1102' . 

Calas, Jean, b. (1698) ; executed, 7033. 

Calasanzio, Jose St., de, b.-d., 11282, 

Calatanmi, action at, 1088'. 

Calcinate, Imperialists routed, 696'. 

Calcutta, Black Hole tragedy ; taken, 
914' ; bishopric est., 937' ; Bp. Goethals 
eons., 9822; captured, 1044' ; Asiatic Soc. 
fnd., 10442 ; Bp. Johnson elected, 9803 ; 
Literary Gazette est. ; Literary Review 
est. ; C. Mohammedan Coll. ; Bishops' C. 
Coll.; C. Coll. of Sanscrit; C. Coll. of 
Medicine, fnd. ; Monthly Register est., 
10442 ; E. I. Co. agency, 10443 ; London 
missionary in, 10462; mission opd., 10443; 
Bp. cons., 5523 ; fnd. ; purchased, 1045' ; 
mission; univ. est., 10402; bishopric 
erected, 10463 ; Cathedral fnd., 1047' ; 
Cath. Mission Coll. opd., 10483; cyclone, 
10482,3; legislative council, 10492 ; chol- 
era ; Defense Asso. f'md. ; Intemat. Exhi- 
bition ; marriage of Hindoo widow eel. ; 
railway completed, 10493. 

Caldani, Leopoldo, Marco Antonio, b., 
1084' ; d., 1085' . 

Caldara, Polidoro, b., 1079' ; d., 10803. 

Caldas, Francisco Jose, b., 762. 

Caldecott, Randolph, d., 994'. 

Caldeira, founds Ilelem, 29 2 . 

Calder, Sir Robert, b., 9103; ta 
932' ; d. (1818). 



Caldera, battle at, 60x2 ; reopened, 630 2 . 

Calderon, Bridge of, battle, 1095'. 

de laBarca, Pedro, b.-d., 11283 ; works, 

11292. 

, Francisco Gracia de, pres. Peru, 11082. 

, Serafin, work, 1131' ; b.-d., 11302. 

Calderwood, Henry, b., 9442. 

Caldiero, battle, 5182, 3. 

Caldini, Gen., at Castelfldado, d., 734'. 

Caldwald, James, b., 622; d. (1781). 

Caldwell, Charles, b., 762; d., 1722. 

, John C, b. (1831), at Florida, 2102. 

, Joseph, b., 78' ; d., 1442. 

, Marv B., marriage, 361'. 

■ , Tod R., gov. N.C., 2772. 

, Judge, decision, 4503. 

, Ma]'., gov. Can., 5773. 

Caleb, conquers Arabia, 1'; king, 13; 
kingdom, 4833. 

Caleb Ciis/iuifi, captured, 2232. 

Grimshaw , burns, 1673. 

Caledon, E. of , title created, 931 ' . 

Caledonia recaptures Albion, 120'. 

Caledonians, repelled, 839' ; in Scot., 8401 . 

Calef, Robert, d.,60'. 

Calendar, changed, Am., 692 ; in Braz., 
5573; in Fr., 6S52; 70S' ; reformed, G. B., 
8742; Gregorian adopted, G.B.,9122; New 
Style used, It ; Eng., 913 3 ; Gregorian 
regulated, 10821 . 

Calepino. Ambrogio, b.-d., 10783 ; polyglot 
dictionary, 10792. 

Calf Rock Lighthouse, destroyed, 9893. 

Calgary.N.W. Ter., The Herald, 5843; The 
Tribune, 5851 . 

Calhoun, John Caldwell, b., 951 ; leader in 
Cong., 1173; slavery agitation, 1291 ; Sec. 
War, 1253; ri!i2; vote for V. Pres., 1332, 
3; 1372; inaugurated, 1333, 1372; opposes 
Jackson, 1373; resigns; senator; on re- 
moval of funds, 1412 ; nullification de- 
bate, 1413 ; see. State, 157 2 ; favors Texas, 
1591 ; gov. S.C., 1692; d., 1681 . 

, Ga., Moonshiners, 456 3 . 

Calico imported, 8S33 ; prohibited, 901 1 ; 
printing begun, 9102, 

Calicut, f mi. . missionaries at, 10431 . 

Calieja at Cuantla, 1095' .» 

California, dis., 191 , 203 ; Lower Cal. set- 
tled, 213; Jesuits' land grant. 542; Diego 
de Borica, gov., 105 3 ; Presidios est., 791 ; 
Philippe deNeve.gov., 79 1 ; Missions est., 
963, 1083 ; Pedro Fajes, gov., 953 ; JosS 
A. Roman, gov., 103 2 ; Dominican mis- 
sions est., 1123 ; Jose J. de Arrillaga, 
llli ; Pablo V. de Sola, gov., 1252; 1312; 
a part of Mex., 10953; Luis Arguello, 
gov., 1313; J. M. de Echeandia, gov., 
1333 ; Jose Figueroa, gov., 1433 ; inde- 
pendence proclaimed, 1472, 1612; Mari- 
ana Chico, gov., 147 2 ; JuanB. Alvarado, 
gov., 1472; Rio Pico, gov., 1412, 1611; 
Manual Jlicheltorena, gov., 1553 ; Com. 
J. D. Sloat, gov., 1613; Am. flag raised, 
1612; Military govt, est., 101 2 ; indepen- 
dent of Mex., 1612; Mormon Missiona- 
ries, 1623; annexation proclaimed, 1632; 
annexed U.S., 1632, 3 ; immigration to, 
1652; gold dis., 1622; Mex. attempts tore- 
gain, 1602; (J. and Ore. Meth. Epis. conf. 
f'md., 1642 ; u. S. troops occupy, 1602 ; 
Treaty of Guadalupe Hidalgo ; John 
C. Fremont ; Gen. S. W. Kearny ; Col. 
R. B. Mason govs., 163 3 ; Gold excite- 
ment, 165 2 ; Constitution adopted, 167' ; 
admission recommended ; State consti- 
tution fmd., 1671 ^admitted, 1672; p r ot. 
Epis. diocese org., 1682 ; State Library 
fnd., 168 3 ; Cliris/ian Adrocate, est., 1691 ; 
P. H. Burnett, gov., 167'; reprieved 
prisoner hanged, 169' ; John M'Dougall, 
gov., 1692 ; Vigilance Committee org., 
1703 ; 179'; 1803; C. Meth. E.Conf. meets, 
1722 ; telegraph line est., 1733; Gen. B. 
Riley gov., 1671 ; banks suspend, 1773 ; 
John Bigler gov., 1712 ; R. R. opened, 
179 3 ; Insurrection in San Francisco, 180 3 ; 
Cong. Conference org., 1822 ; N. S. Pres- 
byterian synod org. 1821 ; J.Neely John- 
son gov., 1812; Judge Terry kills Brod- 
erick, 1871 ; John B. Weller gov., 1852 ; 
Japanese embassy, 1872; List, for Deaf 
Mutes, 1903; John G. Downey gov., 1903; 
Pony express est., 1933; daily mail route 
est., 1973; floods, 2011; becomes Rep., 
2012 ; convicts escape, 2113 ; Leland 
Stanford, gov., 2173 ; M. S. Latham, gov., 
1903; ratifies Kith amend., 2492 ; Conf. 
Afr. M.E.Ch. fmd., 2502; silk worm In- 



Cali-Came. 



Text Figures denote Page. IjN-D.ti.-X. Superior Figures indicate Column 



1207 



dustry, 260 t ; Chinese missions find., 2612, 
2722; [Juiv. org., 2023; Fred. F. Low, gov., 
2293 ; Southern R. E. chartered, 2693 ; 
earthquakes, 276 * ; Henry Haight, gov., 
2652 ; Univ., located, 2822 ; Compulsory 
Educational law passed, 2863 ; death pen- 
alty, 2871; Newton Booth, gov., 281'; 
Southern Meth. Epis. Oonf. find., 2903 ; 
R. R. commissioners, 2913 ; O'Connor 
law passes, 2913 ; Soc. for Prev. Cruelty 
to Children, 2923 ; Workingman's Party 
org., 2972; Constitutional conven. meets, 
2992; Dennis Kearnev, political orator, 
2992; new Constitution effective, 3032; 
Wm. Irwin.gov., 29f2 ; Geo. C. Perkins, 
gov., 3033 ; Southern California Univ. 
opened., 3012 ; Big Bend mining Tunnel, 
3113; EreeiIeth.Conf.org., 3122; Norm. 
School opd., 3123; Wash. Coll., Irvine, 
fnd., 3143; G. Stonemau, gov.,315' ; Lick 
Observatorycomplered,318i ; Pacific Uni- 
tarian conf.; Arbor Day est. ,3251 ; women 
vote for sch. commissioners, 3362 ; Con- 
gregational Gen. Asso. S. Cal. org., 3262; 
Univ., State tax, 3282; W. Bartlett, gov.; 
H. H. Markman, gov., 3292; 3671 ; 3991 ; 
Lick observatorv erected, 3301; earth- 
quake, 3321, 3521, 3711; women voting, 
3362 ; Anti-Insurance Trust Bill, 337.1 ; 
Brandy Countyorg.,3123; gold inFeather 
River, 316 1 ; Veterans' Home, 350 3 ; 
Preston School of Industry fnd., 3503 ; 
filibustering, 3591 ; train talis, 3593; Fire 
in grain-fields, 3613; 10th anniversary 
eel., 3683; Big Trees Park, 3691 ; asylum 
for insane, 3723 ; Canneries organize, 
3773; fires, 3933; World's Fair exhibit 
fund, 3791 ; Anti-Chinese Bill, 3811 ; De- 
sert Lake appears, 386 1 ; earthquake and 
tidal wave, 3881 , lull , 4501 ; bush fires, 
3873, 3973, 4.H3 ; Scotchmen swindled, 
3913;YumaIndianssentenced,395i ; fires, 
3973; meteorite found, 4001 ; flour trust, 
4133; admission anniversary, 4153; prize- 
fights prohib., 4262; Parole Bill; convicts 
release, 1263 ; Chinese immigration regis- 
ter test, 1291; outlaws encounter, 4322 ; 
Geo. C. Perkins, senator, 425 1 ; Curtis ac- 

guitted, 436 2 ; troops for Chinamen, 4363 ; 
hinese registration begins ; outlaw 
Evans sentenced, 4451; train robbery, 
■450 3 ; six companies register, 451 3 ; wheat 
corner, 455 3 ; Chinese and Japanese 
houses looted, 4563; M. W. Estee nom. 
for gov., 163 2 ; labor outrages, 4563; Ital- 
ian distilleries, 1623 ; free silver, female 
suffrage, 163 2 ; Cannery Co. formed, 463 a ; 
strikerssubdued, 1612, 465 2 ; meteor, 4661 ; 
stage robbery, 470 3 , 1723 ; mammoth cav- 
erns dis., 4721 ; j. h. Budd, election con- 
tested, 4771 ; Coll. est. at Oakland (1872); 
Peninsula dis., 203; 213. 

Caligula, Caius Ca?sar, b.-d., 10622 ; emp., 
7691; expedition, 8391, 6622, 10621; 
statue in Temple, 10623 ; visited by Jew- 
ish embassy, 11533 ; reigns, murdered, 
10632. 

Calixtus, Georgius, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. 

I., St., pope, 10643 ; d. (223). 

II., pope, 10743 ; d., 10742. 

III., pope, 10791 ; d., 10783. 

, anti-pope, 10751. 

Calkins, W. H., d.,4501. 

Call, Richard Keith, b. (1757) ; at Wahoo 
Swamp,146> ;gov.Fla.,1472,1552;d.(1792). 

, Wilkinson, b., 1422 ; senator, 3972 ; 

speech, 4403. 

Callahan, John T., bribery, 4622. 

Callan, riots, 9831 . 

Callanan, James Joseph, d., 9441 . 

Callao, Peru, destroyed; earthquake, 502, 
661 ; bombarded, 11081 ; blockaded, 6062; 
taken, 6063 ; occupied, 6073. 

Callaway, G., patents steam plow, 9541. 

Callcott, Sir Augustus Wall, b., 9203 ; d. 
(1844), 9522. 

, John Wall, b., 9163 ; d., 9403. 

, Maria Graham, b., 9242. 

Calleja, Gen. E., captain-general, 6343. 

del Rey, Felix Maria, b.-d., 10951; 

viceroy, 10953. 

Callendar, Elisha, ordained, 5S 2 . 

, Ellis, pastor, 542. 

Callet, Jean Francois, b., 7003; d., 713i . 

Callias, commander, 10201 ; treaty of, 10233. 

Callicratidas at Mitylene, 10221 . 

Callieres, Francois de, b., 6883 ; d., 697' . 

, Bonnevue, Louis Hector, b. (1639) ; 

gov. Can., 5752 ; d. (1703). 



Callimachus, poet, b., 10263 ; lives, 6523. 

, b., 10162; invents architecture, 10162. 

Callinicus conquers Saracens, 10302; in- 
vents Greek tire, 10333. 

Callinus, b., 10142. 

CallippusofCyzic us, b.; calculates eclipses, 
10243. 

of Syracuse reigns, 1025 2 . 

Callisen,'AdolfIvaiiPader,b., 6382; d., 642'. 

, Hendrik, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. 

Callisthenes, b.-d., 11162; dis. in Tower of 
Babel, 1140' ; killed, 1025' . 

Callisto, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2 . 

Callistratus, b., 10243. 

Callot, Jacques, b., 6S42 ; d., 6882. 

Calmar, assembly at, 1105 2 . 

, Unionof Norway, Sw., and Den., 6372; 

dissolved, 6373. 

Calmels, Antoine Celestin, b., 724' . 

Calmet, Augustine, b., 6922 ; d., 7022. 

, Dom Augustine, works, 6972, 6991 . 

Calmon, Marc Antoine, b., 7222, 760' . 

Calo-Joannes, emp., b.-d., 10322. 

Calonne, Charles Alexandre de, b. (1734) ; 
comptroller, dismissed, 707' ; d. (1802). 

Caloric ship on Potomac, at N. Y., 172' . 

engine, Ericsson's, 180' . 

Calov, Abraham, b., 7923; d., 7982. 

Calprenede, Seigneur de la, Gautier de 
Costes, b. (1610) ; d., 6903. 

Calpurnius Agrieola, gov., 10652. 

Calpurnius, Bestia L., sells peace, 10572. 

Calthorpe, Baron, title created, 9252. 

Calumet. Mich., mine accident, 431 2 . 

Calverly, Walter, executed (1605), 879' . 

Calvert, Benedict C, renounces faith, 58 2 ; 
hereditary rights, 59' ; gov. Md., 61 a . 

, Cecil, b. 1 lik.15) ; l;mdgraut,333; plants 

colonies, 1103' ; d., 463. 

, Sir Charles, confirmed, 413; L.Balti- 
more, b. (1629); proprietor, 47' ; gov. Md., 
593; d. (1714). 

, Dionisi, b.-d., 5403. 

, Sir Geo., b. (1580) ; in N. F., 1103' ; 

d. (1632). 

, George Henry, b., 1102; d. (1889). 

, Leonard, b., 26 2 ; sails, 333 ; gov., 

36'; resigns, 373; d., 38'; monument, 
3841. 

, Philip, gov. Md., 412. 

Calvin, John, b., 6802 ; preaches, 6803 ; 
drivenoutof Fr. ;works,681' ; in Geneva; 
exiled, 7903; d.,6822. 

Calvinism, est., protected, 1098 3 ; assailed, 
11011. 

Calvisius, Sethus, b., 7922 ; d., 7943. 

Cam,Diego,b.-d.,11092; dis., Angoa, 11611. 

Camacho, Gen., stops revolt, 550 2 . 

Camagiiey, armistice agreed to, 6321. 

Camafia, Spaniards settle, 11601 . 

Camargo, Alonzo de, in Peru, 21 1 . 

Camarina, fnded., 10153. 

Cambaceres, Due de, Jean Jacques Regis 
de, b. (1753); consul, 7133; d., 7242. 

Cambahee River, S. C, raid, 2241 . 

Cambellsburg, Ky., Home Coll. fnd., 3143. 

Cambert, Robert, b., 6863; works, 6901, 
6922; d., 6923. 

Cambiaso, Luca, d., 10822. 

Cambio, built at Perugia, 10781 . 

Camboa, Alonso de Anguciana de, gov- 
ernor, 6301 . 

Cambodia, invaded, 11241; Christianity, 
4803; foreigners; Dutch in, 4813 ; Phara- 
Norodom king, 481 2 ; Fr. protectorate, 
4831,7373; rebels, 4833. 

Camborn, Jules, governor Algiers, 10 : 

Camborne, anti-Irish riot, 991' 
Methodist Conf. held, 9982. 

Cambrai, League of, find., 6SI2 ; with- 
drawal, 7872 ; Ladies' Peace, 6813 ; cap- 
tured, 6921 ; Fr. gains, 6933 ; Fr. defeat, 
7301 ; bombarded, 7441 . 

Cambreleng, Churchill, b., 981 ; d., 2073. 

Cambrensis, Giraldus, works; d., 8523. 

Cambria, races, 2713. 

, steamer, founders, 9753. 

Cambrian Archaeological Ass. find., 9541 . 

Cambrics first worn, 875 3 . 

Cambridge, Eng., burned, 8441 , 8461 ; plun- 
dered, 848' ; < 'imniicle issued, 9111 ; statue 
of Newton, 9122 ; railway to London 
opd., 9522 ; Clarkson statue, 988' . 

Heath, Eng., Fem. Refuge est., 9443. 

, Mass., Congregational Synod, fmd., 

342; printing-press est., 343; general as- 
sembly meets, 35 3 ; gen. synod meets, 38' ; 
printing-presses limited, 422; 432; gen. 
court at, 77 2 ; provincial cong. at, 793; 



Union flag. 82' ; Literary Miscellany est., 
113' ; General Repertory and Review est., 
119'; sewing-machine inv., 154'; com- 
memoration day eel., 248 2 ; Washington 
centennial eel., 2893; John Harvard 
statue, 318' ; no license adopted, 3723; 
L. Wetherell, burglar, 385' ; great lens, 
47S'. (See Harvard University.) 

Cambridge University fnd. ,843' ; restored, 
8443; Franciscan teachers, 8523; Domin- 
ican teachers, 8543, s.,03, s<;03; Peter- 
house Coll.; Baliol (.'oil., fnd., S543 ; rec- 
ords burned, 8543, 8003 ; discipline re- 
formed, 8543 ; Triuilv Hall fnd.; Pem- 
broke Hall Coll., fnd.,' 8583, 881' ; "King's 
Scholars" fnd.; Michael house Coll., fnd.; 
King's Hall fnd., 8503; Clare Coll., fnd., 
8.583; King's Coll.; Christ's Coll., fnd., 
S623; Univ. library, fnd.; St. Catherine's 
Coll. fnd., 8642; Divinity professorship, 
fnd. ; Christ's Coll. endowed, S663 ; St. 
John's Coll. endowed, 867' ; professor- 
ships est., 8691; Trinity Coll. endowed, 
8703; chartered. 8723; Gonville and Caius 
Coll. enlarged. 8723; Emmanuel Coll. en- 
dowed, 8751; Sidney-Sussex Coll. fnd.; 
Pilgrimage ta J'ftr/taxsus .- Return to Par- 
nassus, acted, 8771,2; pari, represen- 
tatives, 8792 ; Arabic prof., 8823 ; Luca- 
sian prof, est., 8903 ; music prof., 8961; 
against king, 8903 ; chemistry prof. ; as- 
tronomy prof., 9023, yi'ji ; anatomy prof, 
est., 903' ; receives books, 9043; Downing 
Coll. fnd., 9063 ; 9303 ; Thos., D. of New- 
castle, chancellor, 913'; mathematical 
tripods inst., 912' ; Augustus Henry, D. of 
Grafton, chancellor of, 917' ; philosophy 
prof. fnd. 923' ; mineralogy prof., fnd., 
935'; philosophical soc. est., 93S2,939'; 
observatory erected, U42' ; polit. econ. 
prof, est., 913' , 9663 ; Fitzwilliam Mu- 
seumest.,951' ; eominissionersuppointed, 
961' ;newstatuteseoiiiirined,9032;Newn- 
ham Coll. opd., 9S03 ; Cavendish Coll. 
est., 981' ; Ridley Hall est., 9S12; Selwyn 
Coll. fnd., 9863; museum, Classical Art 
and Archaeology opd., 992' . 

platform submitted, 382; adopted, 833. 

, Adolphus Frederick, Duke of, b., 

919' ; viceroy of Hanover, S113; d. (1850). 

— — , Augusta Wilhelmina Louisa, Duchess 
of, Princess, d., 1000' . 

, GeorgeWilliamFrcderiekCharles, b., 

(1819); commander-in-chief, 960', 9961; 
field-marshal, 9661 . 

Cambridgeport, Mass., Congregational, 
conf. org., 2512. 

Cambriels, Albert, at Chatillon le Due, 
7422; d., 7621. 

Cambronne, Baron de Pierre J. Etiemue, 
b., 7012; d.,7282. 

Cambvses, conquers Egy., 11061; reigns, 

11071 ; d., 11062. 

III., reigns, 11172; disasters, 6502; 

cruelty, 6oti3; conquests, 651 2 . 
Camden, collides -witli Diane, 9933. 
Camden, Australia, sheep-farming, 4951 . 

Comer, N. C, Bapt. church est., 60s. 

, Ind., oil-well, 4181 . 

, La., action at, 231 1 . 

, Me., fire, 4193. 

, N. C, confeds. defeated at, 2062. 

, N. H., public library opd., 336 2 . 

, N. J., steam ferry, 1213; burns, 1793; 

murderer punished, 3011; library opd., 

3362;abduction,:;S83; riot, 1423; suicide, 

4623; collision, 4713. 

, S. C, evacuated, 941. 

Historical society, fnd., G. B.,949i. 

Town, Loud., rebuilt, 9253; Veterinary 

coll. est., 9261 ; Cob-den statue. 9721 . 

, E. of. See Pratt, Charles. 

, Johnson N., d., 1361 ; speech, 4392. 

, Marquise of, title created, 937 2 . 

, William, b. (1551); BrUammia, 875' ; 

d.,8802. 
and Amboy Railroad opd., 1433; train 

derailed, 1773; surrenders rights, 2673. 
Camelon, builds castle. 8393; taken, 8441, 

845'. 
Camera lucida invented, 854' , 9342. 

obscura invented, 10802. 

Camerarius, Joachim, b., 786 3 ; d., 7922. 

, , botanist, b., 7902; d., 7922. 

, Rudolf J., b., 7963; d., 7983. 

Cameron, Mo., action at, 200' ; Wesleyan 

Univ., fnd., 3283. 

, Angus, wins prize, 966' . 

, Dr., for disestablishment, 9992. 



12C 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Came-CanU. 



Cameron, Sir Duncan A., b. (1S0S); d.,9982. 
, James Donald, b., 1421 ; committee 

Foreign Relations, 2733; speech, 4392. 

, S., pres. synod, 1282. 

, John, b., 8742; d., 8802. 

, , cons, bp., N. S., 5S22. 

, Richard, d., 8942. 

, Simon, b., 1082; nom. for president, 

1873; S ec. war, 193' ; vs. R. E. Lee, 1941 ; 

resigns, 2032; d., 3402. 
, Verney Lovett, d., 1012' ; in Kongo, 

1093' . 

, William E., gov. Va., 3132. 

Cameroon, Afr. Sec Ivaiuerun, text, p. 1161. 
Camidge, Chas. E., cons, bp., 9962. 
Camilla, asteroid, discovered, 9662. 
Camillus, Marcus Furius, takes Veil, 1050' ; 

expels Gauls from Rome, 10502; exiled, 

1051 3 ; celebrates triumph, 1052'. 
Caminetti, Anthony, b., 174' . 
Camisards, suppressed, 696'; revolt, 697'. 
Camoens, Luis de, b.-d., 11092; Lusiad, 

1110'. 
Camons, M., minister, 749' . 
Camoys, Baron, title created, 859'. 
Camp, Maxiine du, Academician, 752' . 
Campagna, draining begun, 10893. 
Campanile de 1S70, 7432. 
Camp Alleghany, W. Va., action at, 201' 
Campan, JeannieLouiseUenrietteGeneste, 

b.,701'; work, 7243; d., 734' . 
Campanella, Toininasco, b. (156S); many 

works, 10832; d. (1639). 
Cainpanha, Braz., church org., 5563. 
Campania, suluuits to Itome, 1052'. 
Campania, record, 4353,4432,4392,4692, 

4713, 10113. 
Campanini, Italo, b,, 10S63; appears, 314'. 
Campbell, Pa., R. R. accident at, 1S1 3 . 
— -, A. J.,d.,476'. 

.Sir Alex., coin iiiissioner.f>8o 2 ;d., 594'. 

, , fnder., b., 100' ; immersed, 1183 ; 

est. Christian Baptist, 1312; expelled, 

1343; moderator, 16S2±; d., 970' . 

.Allen, d.,454'. 

, Archibald, E. of Argyll, treason,8953 ; 

expedition sails; beheaded, 896'. 
, E. of Argyll, in civil war, S842; 

beheaded, 8913. 
, , Sir, Gen., b. (1739); gov., N. B., 

5773 ; invades Burma, 941' ; 1046'. 
, Arthur, Col., b. (1742); at Augusta, 

Savannah, 90'; King's Mountain, 922; 

d. (1815.) 

, , Washingtonian, 151' . 

Bannerinan, Henry, chief secretary, 

9932; minister, 9952; 1009'. 

, Bartley, b., 156' ; d. (1888). 

, Charles W., d., 1012' . 

, C. L., address, 4703. 

— -, Cleveland, J., b. (1836) ; d. 248' . 
, Sir Colin, Lord Clyde, b., 9262 ; gov. 

N. S., 5792 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; 

d.,9662; statue, 972'. 

, David, gov. Va., 1492. 

, Donald, Sir, gov. (Ian., 5792. 

, Douglas, Puritans, 4203; 

, ,Geo., D. of Argyll, b., 9403; 

minister, 9593, 9633, 969', 973', 9852, 

9873; works, 9702, lohjs. 
— -, Duncan, R., b. (1814); d., 248' . 

, Sir George, d., 1008' . 

, , b., 91)62 ; Jlhetoric, 921' ; d., 9283. 

, Helen Stuart, Anne Bradstreet, 3962. 

, Jabez Pitt, b., 124' ; d. (1891). 

, James, b. (1812) ; P. M.-Gen., 1732 ; 

d.,422'. 

, C, elected bp., 9583. 

. E., gov. O., 345', 375', 3873; nom. 

for Pres., 4092. 

, John, D. of Argyle, b., S942; d., 9103. 

, , Baron, b., 9203 ; lord chancel- 
lor, 9512 ; d., 9642. 

, , b., (1653); editor, 57' ; d. (1728). 

, , Rev., trial of, 5942. 

, Archibald, b., 1162; justice, 1743; 

in Coufed., 1952 ; peace commissioner, 

243' ; paroled, 2491 ; d., 3382. 

— , , Nicholson, b. (1798); d., 2312. 

, J. H., on Com. of 33, 189' . 

, Niel, Lord, gov. N. J., 503. 



iN. 



,84' 



•, Thomas, b., 9203 ; works, 9292, 9352 ; 

d., 9522 ; statue, 982' . 

, , b. (1763) ; seceder, 1143 ; im- 
mersed, 1183 ; d. (1854). 

, Cockburn, Sir, d., 5013. 

, AY., consecrated bp., 3842. 

, Timothy J., b., 1522. 



Campbell, Walter G., swims Niagara, 3453. 

, William, gov.S.C.,813, 83' ; d.(1778). 

, Henry, b. (1S0S); pres.synod, 1603. 

, W., disappearance, 4482. 

, W., Lord, gov. N. S., 5753. 

, Poneii, b.(lS07);gov. Tenn.,1692; 

d. (1867). 

, W. J., Nat. Republican Com., 4092. 

, Adjt., statue erected, 3861 . 

, Col., at Williamsburg, 2123 ; near 

Franklin, 221'. 

, Major, in duel, 9452. 

, Mr., libel suit, 1003' . 

, Prof., air-ship fails, 342'. 

Cauipbellites ( I lisciples of Christ) expelled 
by Baptists, 1343. 

Campbell's Station, Tenn., action at, 228'. 

Camp Creek, Ga., skirmishes near, 233' . 

Dick Robinson, Ky., org., 19S 2 . 

Douglas, conspiracy, 2413, 242' . 

Jackson, Mo., Capt. Lyon at, 1942. 

Camp-meetings, many, U. S., 3423. 

Campe, Joachim Heinrich,b.,S003; d.,8122. 

Campeachy wood introduced, 874' . 

Campeggio, Lorenzo, b. (1472) ; d., 10803. 

Campeiion, Francis Nicolas Vincent, b., 
7042 ; d., 7282. 

, J. B. iM. E., Gen., minister, 7532, 755' ; 

resigns. 7552 ; d., 760'. 

Camper, Pieter, b.-d., 1101'. 

Cainpordown, E. of, title created, 945' . 

, Neth., naval battle, 92S' . 

Camperdovm launched, 992' ; collision, 
10101. 

Canvpero, Marcico, b. (1815) ; Pres., 5512. 

Camphausen, Ludolf , b., S0S2 ; minister ; 
resigns, 8293 ; d. (1848). 

mine explosion, 8313. 

Campi, Giulio, b., 1079' ; d. (1572). 

Campinas, boarding-school, 5562. 

Campistron, Jean Galbert de, b., 6902 ; 
works, 695', d., 6982. 

Campo, Francisco, minister, 6443. 

Campobello, Me., Fenians gather, 2522. 

Campo-Forniio, peace of. u43 2 ,7132; treaty, 
5182. 

Campomancs, Pedro Rodriguez, b.-d. ,11283. 

Campos, Gen. Martinez de, sent to Cuba; 
peace negotiations, 0321; commander; 
in Havana ;gov.-gcii.,i;3:i2; bombs, 11331 . 

, Braz., revolt, 5.581 , 5592. 

Campra, Andre, l>., 6902 ; d. (1744). 

Campuzano, Diego de Herrera, gov., 6302. 

Camus, Armand Gaston, b., 7002 ; d., 715'. 

, Chas. Etienne Louis, b., 0943; d., 7032. 

Cana, Cal., mission, 1124'. 

Canaan, land divided, 11413. 

Canada: see text, pp. ;>70-59G ; surrendered 
to British, 7033; Brit, colony, 9153 ; ac- 
quires Vancouver's Is., 923 3 ; divided, 
9253 ; Lower C. rebels, 9492 ; Britannia 
Tubular Suspension Bridge, 9.542 ; govt, 
troops for, 9653; Dominion find., 971 2 ; 
legislative freedom, 10032; N. F. declines 
alliance, UO32. (See New France.) 

Canada, launched, 986' . 

Canadian, wrecked, 9U5 3 . 

Canadian Pacific It. It., 5873; strike, 5942. 

Canajobarie, N. Y., burned, 92'. 

Canal, first great. opd.,Eug.,9143; great ca- 
nal tunnel opd., 9182 ; Dismal Swamp 
Canal destroyed, 2063; EricC.opd., 1273; 
Bridgewater opd., 9143 ; Gloucester and 
Berkeley, 942'; water-tight walls, 9143. 
(See Panama Canal ; Suez Canal.) 

, Boisrond, president ; deposed, 1040 3 . 

, conservative leader, Colombia, 629' . 

deHaro, international boundary, 2792. 

du Midi, Fr., completed, 7353. 

Canals in 1831, U. S., 1413. 

Canandaigua, N. Y., burned, 90 3 . 

Canaris, or Kanaris, Constantine, b.-d., 
10343 ; burns Turkish fleet, 10342. 

Canary Isles, naval battle, 118 2 . 

Canas, Juan Manuel de, gov., 6303. 

Canby. Edward Itichard Sprigg, b.,128' ; at 
Val'verde, 2042 ; at Fort Fillmore, 2103 ; 
at Dumfries, 2163; succeeds Banks, 2.132; 
enrolls citizens, 2363 ; besieges Mobile, 
2442; at Spanish Fort and Fort Blakcly, 
2422, 2452 ; 2d military district, 258' , 
266' ; military gov., Va., 2672 ; massa- 
cred, 2801 , 2. 

Fr. vessels in, 7021 . 
iticrial, appears, 1109' . 
la defeated, 1108'. 
nrral, appears. 1127'. 

g, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. 

en, invades Egy., 653' . 



lie Ba 



Candahar, kingdom fnd., 11073. 

Candaules, reigns, 1145 2 . 

Candia, city fnd., 10332; taken, 1034', 

1082' ; earthquake, 11562. 
Candlemas instituted. 1071'. 
Candle molds made, 8022. 
Candles devised, 8442; tallow used, 854'; 

wax, 8563 ; in worship, 10722. 
Candlesticks used, 8442. 
Candolle, Augustin P. de, b.-d., 11372. 
Candor, N. Dak.,Kreeders murdered, 4331 . 
Cane College, Mo., fnd., 2663. 

Hill, Ark., Confederates defeated, 

2161 ; c. H. Coll., org., 1703. 

River, La., Confeds. defeated, 2311 . 

Ferry, La., action, 2322. 

Canesteo, N. Y., natural gas dis., 3382. 

Caiiete, Manuel, b., 11303. 

Canisius College, N. Y., org., 2722. 

Canmore, Malcolm, rebuilds castle, 849' . 

Cannae, action at, 1054'. 

Cannel engine invented, 11002. 

Cannes. Dom Pedro arrives at, 557'. 

Canning, Chas. John, Earl, b., 936 2 ; minis- 
ter, 9592 ; viceroy, Ind., 1049' ; d. (1862). 

, George, b., 9183 ; enters H. C, 9273 ; 

minister, 9332,3, 9412,3,8432; wounded, 
9352 ; flees, 9432 ; d., 9422. 

, Samuel, knighted, 969'. 

, Stratford de Redcliffe, Viscount, b.. 

9242 ; d. (1S80). 

Cannon, Henry W., Monetary Confer- 
ences. 4132. 

, James Spencer, b. (1776); pres. Synod, 

1212 ; d., (1852). 

, Jos. G., b. 146 2 ; on committee, 349' . 

, Marion, b., 1422. 

, Newton, b. (1781) ; gov. 1453; d. (1842). 

, Win., b.( 1809); gov. Del. ,2293; d. (1865). 

Cannons invented. 7821 , 8G81 ; brass made, 
SS2' ; from church bells, 7433 ; colonial 
factory, Phila., 8.33 ; plantat West Troy, 
350' ; leathern fired, 9241 ; breech-load- 
ing, orders for, 984' . 

Cano, Alonzo, b.-d., 11283. 

, Juan Sebastian del, b. (1460); d.,1128i. 

Canog, Alexis, cons, bp., 954' . . 

Canon City, Colo., water-spout, 410'. 

Canonbury, collision in Tunnel, 9893. 

Canonicut Island, destroyed, 81' . 

Canoonan, Australia, gold dis., 496' . 

Canopus, Nathaniel, intro. coffee, S853. 

Canova, Antonio, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. 

Canrobert, Fninvois Certain, b., 719' ; com- 
mander, 95S1 ; at Chalons ; at Nancy, 738' ; 
council of war, 7472. 

Causey, Peter F., gov. Del., 179' . 

Canso, Me., fort destroyed, 64' ; 5742. 

, Strait of, new seaport, 5913. 

Canstein, Baron Carl Hilderbrand von, b., 
7963 ; d., 7983. 

Cantarini, Simone, b. (1612) ; d., 10823. 

Cantemir, Antiochus, b.-d., 11142. 

, Demetrius, b.-d., 11142 ; becomes vas- 
sal of Rus., 11122. 

Canterbury, Eng., Cathedral fnd.; arch- 
bishopric est.; first choir service, 8422; 
churchbuilt,,S423; taken, 844' ,846' ; early 
bps., 8442,3, 84C2. 84,s3; archbps.of,8503, 
8562 ; school by Theodore, 843' ; commis- 
sion for Am., 3*33; Cathedral begun, 8502. 

, N. Z., fnd., 11033; 

, Archbp., peers address, 9963. 

, Viscount of, title created, 945' . 

, . (See Chas. Sutton.) 

Canton, Ala.. Feds, capture, 2442. 

, China, fnd., 6113; Europeans in; Eng. 

factory, 6153 ; military expedition, 616' ; 
Brit, withdraw; earthquakes ; flood; for- 
eigners leave; ransomed, 6162; Napier ar- 
rives, 617 2 ; convention signed; tire; open 
to Brit. ; opium fired. 6173 ; bombarded; 
rebellion; siege of, 618', 2; blockaded; 
forts taken, 6IS2 ; mission, 6183, 619', 
6203, 623' ; bombarded; robbers executed; 
massacre ; mob, 6192 ; restored to Chi- 
nese,0213 ; anti-foreign excitement, 6232; 
gold, 624'; coll. started, 6243 ; tire, 6273. 

, Mo., Christian Univ. fnd., 173'. 

, N. Y., St. Lawrence Univ. org., 1802. 

River overflows, 624' . 

, John, b., 9062; introduces amalgam, 

9122 ; d., 91S3. 

Cantu, Cesare, b., 10843 ; works, 1087' . 

Canuleian law, passed, 1051'. 

Canusium, Hannibal's camp, 10543. 

Canute the Great, b.-d. ; conquers Norway, 
6351,2; K. of Eng., 6352,3; pilgrimage, 
6352 ; advances into Scot. ; battles with 



Canu-Carl. 



Text Figures denote Page. Lr% Dh,\. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1209 



EdraundII.,8461 ; Christianized ; patron 
of church., 8402 ; banishes Jews, S463 ; 
prohibits slavery; reigns, 8471; holds 
council, 8472 ; killed, 8472, 8481 . 

Canute II., elected, 6352. 

III., enthroned, 6352 ; Canute IV., 

Canute V., Canute VI., enthroned, 6353. 

Erikson, reigns, 1135*. 

Canveau, Pierre J. 0., b., 5781 . 

Canz, Israel G,, b., 7982 ; d., S022. 

Caonabo captured, 141 . 

Capac, Huayna, reigns, 13 3 ; d M 182. 

, Inca Mayta, reigns, 13 2 . 

, Tupac, reigns, 133. 

Cape Ann, Mass., settled, 312 j naval bat- 
tle near, 1202. 

Breton, Am. continent dis., 143 ; fish- 
eries, colony, 571t; restored, to Fr., 
5722 ; Eng. settlement, 5732 ; Eng. pos- 
sesses, 5743, 5753 ; restored to Fr., 5753; 
Highlanders in, 577 3 , 5792; reannexed, 
5792; fires, 5941; coal-mines syndicate, 
Whitnev syndicate, 5952. 

Coast Castle, Air., taken, 8913, 1161 1 . 

Cod, Mass., Indians drive off Fr., 272; 

Pilgrims at, 293 ; colony, 31 2 ; Jason 
wrecked, 4453. 

Colony. (See Text, pp. 597-604.) 

deVerd Islands dis., 11091. 

Fear River, N. C. colonists, 431 ; block- 
ade-runners 2421 . 

Finisterre, Fr. fleet taken, 7001 . 

Girardeau, Mo., St.VincenfsColl.org., 

1583 ; collision, 1633 ; action, 2121 ; 2203. 

Hatteras, Monitor founders off, 2171; 

General Lyon burned, 2443. 

Henry, Constellation ashore, 3401 . 

Lookout, lighthouse blown up, 231 1 . 

May, N. J., purchased, 332 ; against 

cigarettes, 371 1; President at, 3871; 
whales stranded, 4432. 

of Good I I"pe, Phenieians round, 11462; 

disc, 5973; taken, 9273; Eng. acquires, 
9332; ceded, 9373; action at, 956 1 ; Par- 
liament opens, 6043. 

Palrnas, war, 1161 2 ; mission, 1161 3 . 

Race, Va., naval encounter, 681 . 

St. Roque, Vespucci at, 5531. 

St. Vincent, battle off, 1231 . 

Town, colony captured ; Royal Ob- 
servatory, 597 1 ; bishopric, 5972 ; Moffat 
in, 5971, 2; fnd., 5973 ; library inaug. ; 
So. African Coll. ; storm, 5981 ; bp. ap- 
pointed, 5 l JS 2 ; representative govt. est. ; 
first R. R., 5993; Cetewayo in; P. O. 
robbery, 601 2 ; Confederation debate ; 
responsible govt, est., 601 2 ; exhibition, 
first telegram ; harbor inaug.; R. R. ap- 
propriations ; telegraph open, G013; dele- 
gates conference refused, 6031 ; ministe- 
rial crisis ; Natal's offer declined, 603 2 ; 
Bank suspends ; Conference for Customs 
Union, 6033 ; Brit, influence defined, 
6033; Bp. Gibson cons., 10121. 

York, explorers, 4961 . 

Capefigue,-Te:tn UaptisteHonoreRaymond, 
b., 7143; d., 7461. 

Capehart, James, b., 1623. 

Capel, Arthur, E. of Essex, b., 8822 ; lord 
lieut., Ire., 893 2 ; conspiracy, 8971; d. 
(1683). 

, Sir Henry, lord of admiralty, 8933 ; 

lord lieutenant, Ire., 9012. 

Capell, Edward, b., 9042 ; d., 9222. 

Capellen, TUeodorus Fredrik, b. (1760+) ; 
bombards Algiers, S2 ; d. (1S24). 

Capellianus, defeats Gordianus, 1066 1 . 

Capellu, Adm., defeats Algerines, 8 1 . 

, Bianca, b., 10S03 ; d. (15S7). 

Capers, Ellison, eons. bp. (S. C), 4341 . 

, William, b., 1022 ; bp., 1603 ; d., 1761 . 

Capet, Hugh, b.-d., 6662. 

Capetian dynasty reigns, 6673. 

Capes, Aust., gossips arrested, 5311 . 

Caphyse, battle at, 10262. 

Capil'las, Francis de, beheaded, 6I8 3 . 

Capistrano, Giovanni da, b.-d., 10762. 

Capital, issued, 2662. 

Capital punishment, abolished, 111., 2591; 
in N, Y., 4682 ; for train robbers, Ariz., 
3362; re-est. in Maine, 3292; abolishment 
opposed, Belg., 5451 ; restored Fr., 7333; 
abolished, Gcr., 8173; within Prisons I Jill, 
G.B.,9731 ; abolished, Neth., 11023; abol- 
ished inlt., 1090 2 ; abolished, Roumania, 
11123; abolished. Port,. 11113; abolished, 
Rus., 11172; abolished, Switz., 11383; Bill 
rejected, Fr., 7672. 

Capital Univ., Columbus, O., fnd., 1683 



Capitan Pasha defeated at Samos, 10342. 

Capitation tax, Aus., 5133. 

Capito, Wolfgang F., b., 7862; d., 7902. 

(.'apitoline games eel., 10691. 

Capitolinus, Julius, Augustan Hist., 10671 . 

Capinany, Montpalan y Antonio de, b.-d., 
11283. 

Capo d'Istria, Count John, b.-d., 10343 ; 
elected pres. Gr., 1035 3 . 

Cappa, Charles Albert, b. (1834) ; d., 4201 . 

Cappadocia subdued, 1149 1 ; conquered, 
11481 ,11511 ; independent, 11491 ; ravaged, 
11501 surrendered, 10292; Rom. province, 
10632 ; annexed, 11553; Huns in, 11472, 
11541 ; Saracens in, 1 1552; recovered, 1155 2 . 

Cappel, Louis, b., 6S42; d., 6902. 

Cappcronnier, Claude, b., 6922; d., 7003. 

Caprara, Giovanni Battista, b., 10842; d., 
10851. 

Capraro, chief of brigands, killed, 10893. 

Caprivi, de Caprara de Monteeueoli, Georg 
Leo von, b., 8142; order of Black Eagle, 
8342; chancellor, 835 1 ; Anglo-Ger. agree- 
ment, 835 2 ; decorations; defeated; in- 
fernal machine, 8363 ; gold standard ; 
resigns, 8371. 

Caprotti, Peter, cons. R. C. bp., 9S62. 

"Caps," disturb country, 11353. 

Captain, lost, 9741 . 

Captaincies, power revoked, Braz., 5533. 

Capua, diet, at, 781 1 ;taken, 10501 ; Romans 
annex, 1053 2 ; action; llaniiibalin, surren- 
ders, 10542 ; action, 10702 ; taken, 10881 . 

Capuchins sail for Am., 3462 ; released 
from vows, 7522; order fnd., 10811 ; C. of 
Hasbrouck, order dissolved, 7353. 

Capus, Alfred, Annies d' Adventures, 7662. 

Caque, Peru, Pizarro plunders, 201 . 

Carabobo, Venez., royalists defeated, 6281 ; 
action at, 1160 2 . 

Caracalla, Marcus Aurelius Antoninus, 
b.-d., 10642 ; massacre at Alexandria. 
6531 ; rules in Brit., 8411 ; reigns, 10293 ; 
subdues Alemanni, 10641 ; murders rela- 
tives, 10651; cruelty; Parthian expedi- 
tion, killed, 10653. 

Caracas, Venez., Audiencia in, 233; fnd., 
251 ; settled, earthquake, 1160 1 ; capt.- 
generalcy, 1160 1 . 

Caracas, steamship affair, 4151. 

Caracci, Agostino, b., 10803; d., 10S23. 

, Annibale, b., 10803 ; d., 10323. 

, Ludovico, b., 10803; d., 10S23. 

Caraccioli, Francesco, Pi\, b., 10S42; exe- 
cuted, 10S53. 

Caraetacus, King, prisoner, S391; leads 
Britons, 8393. 

Carafa, Michele, b. T 10S43; d. (1872). 

Caraffa, archbp., fnds, Theatines, 1081 1. 

Cara-Mustapha, b.-d., 11563. 

Caranus reigns in Maeedon, 10152. 

Caratheodori, Pasha Alex., at Berlin, 8311 . 

Carausius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 
reigns, 10673 j Saxons aid 7692 ; rules 
Britain, 8411 ■ d., 8402. 

Caravaggio, Michaelangelo Amerighi da, 
b. (1569); d., 10823. 

Carazo, Seuor, pres. Nicaragua, 1103 3 . 

Carbery, John, Earl, pres. R. Soc, 8961 . 

, Baron, title created, 9051 . 

Carbo, Cneius Papirius, army lost, 10561 ; 
terrorizes Rome,1057 3 ; in Etruria, 10581 ; 
d. (119). 

, Papirius Marias, leads Dem. party, 

10591 ; besieges Rome, 10562 ; d. (82 B.C.). 

Carbon Hill, Ala., race riot, 3761 , 2. 

■ battery invented, S16i . 

Carbonari revolt, 10861,10872 ; increased, 
10871. 

Carbondale, 111., Normal Univ. opd., 2S63. 

, Pa., miners rescued, 4733. 

and Honesdale R. R. trip, 1373. 

Carcassone, Fr., taken, 6701 ; sacked, 6741 ; 
bp. of, salary stopped, 7622. 

Carchemish, history of, 1143 2 ; battle of, 
6501; taken, 11442. 

Car-couplerand butler, Miller patent, 2291 . 

Bill passes, 4243. 

Cardan, Jerome, b., 10791 ; d. (1576). 

Carden, Robert W., Lord mayor, 9612. 

, Walter, d., 9962 

Cardenas, Adam, pres. Nicaragua, 1103 3 . 

, Cuba, Lopez lands, 032 1 ; Cubans 

land, 6322 ; sugar refinery, 6333. 

Cardiff, W., Univ. Coll., fnd., 9923 ; bridge 
opd., 10053 ; Meth. Conf. at, 10062. 

Cardillac, Antoine de la Mott, b., 621 ; in 
Detroit, 54i ; 552. 

Card-making machines invented, 7002. 



Cardonne, Dennis Dominique, b., 6982 • 
d., 705i. 

Cardoso, Francisco, kidnapped, 6342. 

Cardova, R. C. missionary, 6143. 

Cardoza, F. L., ex-treas., "convicted, 2971 . 

Car dross, Lord, in Port Royal, S. C, 493. 

Cards invented, 6762. 

Carduccio, Vincenzo, b. (1568) ; d., 10823. 

Cardwell, Edward, Viscount, minister, b. 
(1813), 9633, 9692, 9731; n vivisection, 
9812; d.,994i. 

Careil, Comte, Louis S. F., d., 7601 . 

Carelia, annexed to Sweden, 11351,2. 

Careme, Marie Aaitoine A., b., 7061 ; d., 
7262. 

Carera, Gen., pres. Mex., 10962, 

Carew, Baron, title created, Eng., 9451; 
Ire., 9471. 

, Bamfylde Moore, " king of beggars," 

b., 9001 ; d. (1770). 

, Sir Benj. Hallowell, b., 9143 ; d. (1S34). 

, Sir Geo.,b. (1555); besioge-s Spaniards, 

8761; d. (1629). 

— — , J. L., warrant for, 1000 2 ; sentenced, 
10003. 

, Thomas, b., 8762 ■ works, SS3i , 8S43 ; 

d., 8822. 

, , Sir, opposes royal treaty, 8713. 

Carey, Eleanor, b., 6063. 

, Henry, work, 9071 ; d. (1743). 

, Chas. b., 1042; d., 3022. 

, James, b. (1S45) ; confesses crimes, 

shot, 991 1 . 

, J. Brenton ; at Imbabani, 6002 ; sen- 
tence quashed, 601 1 . 

, Jos. M., b., 15»i ; Wyo. Bill, 3491 . 

, Matthew, b., 722; d., 1502. 

, Samuel F., electoral vote, 2952. 

, Thos., gov., 572 ; trial ; rebels, 573. 

, Win., b., 9151 ; fnds. Baptist Miss. 

Asso.; miss., 9263. 

, , bp. for Exeter, 9383 ; in Calcutta, 

10443 ; J., 9462. 

Carford, Britons defeated, S401 . 

Carhart, Jeremiah, b. (1813); d., 2622. 

Caribbee Islands, discoveries in, 142. 

Cariboo Fly, explorations, 5861 . 

Carignan, Fr. repulsed, 7402. 

Carinthia, Aust-Hung., early princes and 
dukes, 5031 ,3; Frederick II. receives; 
Premysl Ottocar, D., 5051 ; Albert I., D. ; 
Imperial tief ; Menhardt Il..,D.;Rudolph, 
II., D. ; Ulrich III., D.,5052; inherited, 
5072; Turks invade, 5081, 2 ; earthquakes, 
5302, 5321 ; railway accident, 5341 ; made 
duchy, 7751. 

Carinus, Marcus Aurelius, appointed Au- 
gustus, 1067 2 ; reigns; subdued ; d, (285). 

Carissiini, Giovanni, b., 10822. 

Carlen, Emilia Smith Flygare, b.-d., 11361 ; 
works, 11362. 

Carleton, Baron, title created, 9232. 

, Sir Guy, b., 9062 ; gov., 772, 992; in 

Can., 821 ; 842 ; on Lake Champlain, 
842; in n. York, 943; peace negotiations, 
95 3 ; expels Americans, 5761 ; gov.-gen., 
5771 , 2; L. Dorchester (1797) ; d. 9343. 

, G. W., Our Artist in Peru, 2551 . 

, Henry, b. (1785) ; d., 2213. 

, Thos., b. (1736) ; gov., 5772 ; d. (1S17). 

, Will, b., 1581 ; works, 2S23, 2903, 2942, 

3143, 3231 , ;_;r,n3; ,i., 9283, 9702. 

Coll. est. at Northneld, Minn., 2722. 

Carli, Gian Ridaldo, Count, b., 10831; d., 
10S43. 

Carlin, Thos., b. (1791) ; gov., 1512 ; d. (1852). 

, William Passmore, b. (1829); pro- 
moted brig. -gen., 4301 . 

Carling, John, b. (1828); minister Can., 
5931,5952. 

Carlinglord, Baron, title created, 9751. 

Carlingford, L. (See S. Fortescue.) 

Carlisle, Eng., built, S49 2 ; see erected, 
8483; surrenders. 886 1 ; taken, 9101 ; Bp. 
Bardsley cons., 10082. 

, Pa., Dickinson Coll. fnd., 963. 

School fnd., 1323 ; Gen. Ewell at, 2232 ; 
cavalry at, 224 1. 

, Sir Anthony, b., 9163 ; voltaic bat- 
tery, 930 1 ; d.,9502. 

, E. of, title created, 891 1 . (See How- 
ard.) 

, John Griffin, b., 1442; speaker, 3152, 

3212, 3292; nom. for president, 4092; see. 
treas., 42 ( 1 , 423 1 ; bankers confer, 4292. 

, Lord, minister, 9113. 

Carlists put down, 7273; defeated, 11301; 
partyfmd., 11312; many conflicts, 11321, 
2; amnesty offered, 11333. 



1210 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNlJJJiJv. Superioy Figures indicate Column. 



Carl-Case. 



Carloman I., king, in r 
feats Saxons, 771 ': 
6642. 

II.. emp., d., 6672. 

Carlos I. (D. of Braganza), reigns, 11112. 

V., b.-d., 11302. 

VI., d., 11303. 

-VII., b., 11303. 

, Don, b., 11102; claims succession, 

in Eng., excluded from Sp., retires, pro- 
claimed K., 11312; in Navarre, 11321; 
surrenders ; enters Sp., 11332. 

Carlovingian, or Carolingian, dynasty 
reigns, 6653, 7712 ; kings reign', 607', 
773', 10732. 

Carlow, Eng., castle erected, S50'; insur- 
gents routed, 92S 1 . 

Carlowitz, Baronne Aloise Christine, b., 
7123; d., 736'. 

Carlsbad, Hoods, 534'; sovereigns at, S223. 

Carlstadt, Andreas, 1)., 7862 ; J., 7902. 

Carlton, Caleb H., commis. col., 400'. 

Carlvle, Jos. Dacre, b., 9143; d., 9323. 

, Thomas, !>., 9203 ; works, 9423, 94G3, 

9563,9882; .1., statue, 990'. 

Society fnd., 9843. 

Carmagiiobt, Francesco, b.-d., 10782. 

Carman, Albeit, b. (1833) ; bp. Can., 5823. 

Carmaox, Fr., strike, 763' . 

Carmel Mission, fnd. by Moravians, 3223. 

, Mt., Pal., prayer test, 11442. 

Carmelite monks, order fnd., 1075' , 1155' ; 
expelled from Fr., 7522 ; convent in 
London, 9822. 

Car m ine, color produced, 1082'. 

Carmontelle, Louis Carrogis, !>., 697'; d., 
7163. 

Carmoucbe, Pierre Frederic Adolphe, b., 
7123; d., 7382. 

Carnahan, James, b. (1775) ; d., 1842. 

Carnarvon, Wales, besieged, 860' . 

■ , D. of, title created, 9252. 

, E. of. (See Herbert.) 

Carnatic, Brit, war in ; conquered, 1044' ; 
annexed, 10472. 

Carnbome, Viscount, minister, 9633. 

Carneades, b.-d., 10263. 

Carnedes, Roman embassy, 10292. 

Carnegie, Andrew, b, (1835) ; rebuilds 
Johnstown library, 3443, 401! ' ; Pittsburg 
library, 3403, ;;,-,-2', 3..1X3; gift to Authors' 
Club, 3562 ; GosjkI of Utalth, 4002 ; H. 
brarygift, Ayr, library opd., 10023, 

, Mrs., library at Peterhead, 10063 ; at 

Music Hall, 3583. 

— — , Phipps and Co., navy contract, 3773. 

Carney, Thos., gov. Kan., 2032, 

Carnian festival instituted, 1015'. 

Oarnefax Ferry, W. Va., battle, 1982. 

Carniola, Aust.-Hung., to Frederick II., 
505'; imperial th-f, r>05 2 ; Turks invade, 
508' , 2, 510' ; peasant war, 5082 ; Ameri- 
can's suicide, 536' . 

Carnochan, John M., b., 126' ; d., 3262. 

0arnot,lazareHippolyte,b.,7143 ; d.,7562. 

, Nicolas Marguerite, b., 701'; 

deposed, 7132; d., 724'. 

, Marie-Francois Sadi, b., 7262; min- 
ister, 7532, 7552 ; Pies, of Fr., 757' ; as- 
sassinated, 7591 ,71)63, 7072; inPautheon, 
7593; funeral, 7663. , 

Carnwath, E. of, title created, 883' . 

Caro, Venez., German settlement, 193. 

— —j Miguel A., pres. Colombia, 629 2 ; de 
clines honors, 6292. 

Caroline, steamboat, attacked, 148'. 

Caroline, Immaculata, married, 538' . 

of Saxe-Meiningeii, marries, 9392. 

, Princess Amelia Eliz., weds, 927 2 , 3 ; 

investigation, 9332 ; acquittal, 941' ; re- 
turns ; riots ; divorce refused; trial, 9412; 
claim rejected, 9413; d., 9413. 

Isles, gospel received, 10403. 

Caron, Sir Adolphe, petitionsagainst, 5923 ; 
minister, 593'; corruption, 5942, post- 
master, 5952. 

, Francois, d., 6922. 

, Rene Edouard, b., 5762 ; gov. Can., 

5832; d.,584'. 

CarondArt passes Island No. 10, 206' . 

, Mo., annexed to St. Louis, 2613. 

Carpani, Giuseppe, b., 10842; d. (1825). 

Carpenter, Chas. C, Rear-Adm., 448'. 

, Cyrus C, gov., la., 281' . 

, G. E., sentenced, 4083. 

, Gilbert S., commissioned maj., 450' . 

■ , L. L., pres. convention, 3223. 

, Matthew Hale, b. ( 1824) ; pres. 

2813, 2832, 2873; d. (1881). 



Carpenter, Peter, explorer, 493'. 

, Wm, Benj., b. 9363; d. (1885). 

, Boyd, cons, bp., 9922. 

Carpentier, Pierre, b., 0943; d., 703'. 

Carpet, machinery for, 158' . 

" Carpet Baggers," corruption, 2652; nick- 
named, 2772. 

Carpi, Lombardy, French defeat, 694'. 

Carpzov, Benedict, b., 7922; d., 7963. 

Carr, Caleb, gov. R.I. (1695). 

, Elias, inaug. gov. (N.C.); 4472. 

, Eugene A., Gen., b. (1830) ; near St. 

Charles, 235' . 

, Robt., b. (1589) ; made!), of Somerset, 

minister, S79 3 ; condemned, 879' ; d. 
(1645). 

, , Sir, gov. Pa., 423; d., 422. 

, Robt. James, elected bp., 9423. 

, R. S., gov. of W. Va., 3372. 

, Thomas, eons. R. C. bp., 9862. 

Oarranza, Bartolome de, b.-d., 11263. 

, Bruno, pres. Costa Rica, 631' . 

Carrara, It., Mazzini statue, lotto' ; siege, 
10902. 

Carrasco, Fr. Antonio, gov. Chili, 6053. 

Carre, Michel, b., 7223; d., 7461 . 

Carregui, lien., killed, 1130'. 

Carrel, Nicolas Armand, b., 7142; d.,7262. 

Carrell, Geo. Aloysius, 1>. (1803) ; d., 264'. 

Carreno de Miranda, Juan, b.-d., 1128 3 . 

Carrera, Rafael, b.-d., 1039'; defeats Sal- 
vadoriaus ; vs. Revolutionists, 1038'; 
Barrios' rival; pres. Guatemala, 1038 2 . 

Carrere, Jos. B. F., b., 7002; d., 7143. 

Carriages mfg. in Am., 123' ; intro in Ger., 
771' ; used in Fug., 872' , 8733. 

Carrick, E. of, title created, 9112. 

Carrick's Ford, W. Va., battle of, 1962. 

Carrier, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022; d., 7102. 

Carriere, Moritz, b., 812' ; work, 8342. 

Carillo, Braulio, pres. Costa Rica, 630 3 . 

Ciirrington, Baron, title created, 925 2 . 

, Col., at Mafeling, 602' . 

, Lord, gov. Australia, 4993. 

Carrion, Geronimo, Pres. Ecu., reelected ; 
resigns, 6442. 

Carroll, Charles, b., 642 ; d., 140' . 

, Sir George, L. Mayor London, 9492. 

, John, b. (1735) ; cons, bp., 1002; Pre- 
fect Apostolic, 903 ; d. (1S15). 

, , cons, bishop Shrewsbury, 10102. 

, D., b., 622 ; d., 124' . 

, Lee, Pres. Sons of Revol'n, 3563. 

, Wm., b. (1788) ; gov. Tenn., 1293, 1373; 

d. (1844). 

Station, Teim., action at, 2382. 

Carrollton, Ga., White Caps, 4283. 

, Miss., annexed to New Orleans, 2873; 

negroes killed, 3232. 

Carron, Scot., sinelting-works est., 9142. 

, Guy Toussaint Julieii, b., 7023 ; 

d., 7223. 

Can's Rock, R. R, accident at, 2613. 

Carskadon, T. R., nom. for vice-pres., 4093. 

Carslake, Lieut., wins prize, 966' . 

Carson City, Nev., capital, 2013; State Con- 
vention, 235 3 ; Orphans' Home, 269' ; 
capitol opd., 2753. 

Newman Coll., Tenn., fnd., 1663. 

Valley, Nev., Sutro Tunnel opd., 3033. 

, Christopher (Kit), b., 116' ; explores, 

154'; d., 262'. 

, John, death, 399' . 

, W. David, moderator, 3082. 

Carstares, Wm., b., 8862 ; d., 9042. 

Carstens, Asmus Jakob, b., 638' ; d., 6382. 

Carstenz, explorer, 493' . 

Carthagena, Colombia. (See Cartagena.) 

Cartagena, Afr., fnd. ; annexed to Rome, 
11252; pillaged, 1128'; besieged, 1132'; 
insurrection, 11322. 

, Colom., taken, 24' ,028' ; naval battle, 

6942; expedition, 64' , 910' ; secedes, 029' . 

Cartago, Costa Rica, convent, 030' ; earth- 
quake, 6313. 

Cartas Espaholax issued, 1131'. 

Carte-de-visite taken, 732' . 

CartcUior, Pierre, b., 7022 ; d.,7261. 

Carter, Eliz., b., 9062 ; d., 9323. 

, E. It., defalcation, 4792. 

, Franklin, b. (1837) ; M. Hopkins, 4203. 

, Geo. W., speaker, 2772. 

, H.(?),Col.,al Cumberland Mts., 205'. 

, H., Gen., at Monticello, Ky., 221' . 

■ -, James, Lord .Mayor London, 9612. 

, Coolidge, b. (1827) ; in Arbitra- 
tion Court, 4272, 4292; resigns, 449'; 
Pres. American Bar Association, 4702. 

, Josiah Mason, b. (1813) ; d., 2602. 



Carter, Martha, accused, 531 . 

, Robt., gov. Va., 613. 

, Samuel Powhatan, d., 3842. 

, Thos. H., Nat, Rep. Committee, 4112. 

, William, hanged, 8743. 

, W. M., cons, bishop, 10062. 

Carteret, Sir Geo., b. (1680); purchase, 
43'; grant confirmed, 45 a ; minister, 
8933 ; d. (1680). 

, John, Lord Granville, b., 8982 ; lord 

lieut., 9073; minister, 9113. 

, Philip, gov. N. J., 43' ; returns, 453 ; 

deposed, 45 2 ; arrested, 473. 

, , voyage, 910' , 4932; d. (1796). 

Carthage, Afr., alliance with Home, 10512, 
10532; naval expedition captured, 10523; 
peace with Rome, 10533, 1055 3 ; war 
against, 1125' ; attacked, 10543 ; besieged ; 
captured; burned, 1055'; Roman prov- 
ince, 10503; Rom. city ; Christian bishop- 
ric, 1139'; Vandal capital, 10712; cap- 
tured, 1071' ,2, 1030' ; razed, 103IJ2, 1139'. 

, Council /'.s. Pehtgianisin, 10702. 

College, 111., org., 2703; anti-Mormon 

mob, 1563. 

, Mo., battle of, 1962. 

, Tenn., storm ruined, 136' . 

Carthaginians in Sicily, 1050'; at Syra- 
cuse, 10513; massacred, 1051' ; in Spain, 
11252 ; sue for peace, 10523 ; against 
Rome, 10533 ; expelled from Sp., 10543, 
'1125' ; constitution reformed, 10553; est. 
new town, 1055' . 

Cartheuser, Johann F., b., 7983 ; d., S042. 

Carthusian Monks, .order fnd., 7762. 

Cartier, Sir Geo. Etienne, h.,5763; min- 
istry defeated, 581 2 ; d., 582' . 

Cartouche, Louis D., b., 6942 ; d., 6982. 

Cartwright, G, president N. C., 453. 

, Edmund, b., 9103 ; invents power- 
loom, 9222; J-, ij„. machine, !)20l ; d., 9403. 

, Maj., John, b., 9103; Radical, 9393 ; 

d., 9422 ; statuej 944' . 

, Peter, b., 962 ; d., 278' . 

, Sir Richard, treaty-making, 587' ; on 

reciprocity, 593' . 

, Samuel, gov. N. C. (1674). 

.Thomas, b., 868'; opposes Epis. in- 
tolerance, 8742 ; d., 878' . 

Carus, Karl G., b., 8043 ; d., 8202. 

, Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642 ; de 

feats Saiiiurtiaiis, 1004'; invades Persia, 
1106'; reigns ; killed, 10672. 

, Victor Julius, b., 8122. 

Caruth, Asher G., b., 1562. 

, George W., U. S. minister, 4473. 

Carvajal, Cardinal, at Prague, 508 2 . 

, Francisco de, b.-d., 11263. 

, Tomas Jose Gonzales, b.-d., 11283. 

Carver, John, b. (1590 - ) ; gov., 293 ; d., 301 . 

, , traveler, b., 62' ; d., 93' . 

, Jonathan, b. (1732) ; d., 93' . 

Carvilius, Spurius, at Aquilonia, 10522. 

Cary, Alice, b., 12S.2 ; works, 1802, 2551 ; 
d.,272'. 

, Geo. W., Committee of Seven, 2933. 

, Henry Francis, b., 9183 ; d., 9502. 

, Lot, missionary, 11612. 

, Lucius, Viscount Falkland, b., 8782 ; 

administrator, 885' ; k., 884' ,3. 

, Phoebe, b., 132'; works, 1763, 2643; 

d.,274'. 

, Samuel Fenton, b. (1814) ; nom. for 

Vice-pres., 293'. 

Casa, Giovanni della, b. (1503) ; Gaiateo, 
10812 ; d., 10803. 

More, Count de, funeral, 6343. 

Casabianoa, Louis, b., 7022 ; d., 713'. 

Casanate, Pedro Portale, governor, 6052. 

Casus, Bartolome ile las, b.-d., 11203 ; work, 
1129'; sails with Columbus; friend of 
slaves ; priest, 10' ; protector of Indians, 
173, 212; Dominican; on Pearl Coast, 
183 ; hi Guatemala, 203 ; bp. of Cbiapa ; 
resigns, 222 ; d., 242. 

, Las, Capt,-Gen. Cuba, 6323. 

Casat i, Capt,, leaves for Rome, 5632. 

Casaubon, Isaac, b., 6822; d., 6862. 

Casco, Me., destroyed, 50' . 

, Bay devastated, 572' . 

Case, Augustus Ludlow, b., 1382. 

School Applied Science est. in Cleve- 
land, 0. (1880). 

Caselius, Johannes, b., 7902 ; d., 7943. 

Caseneuve, Pierre de, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. 

Caserio, Santo, stabs Pres. Carnot, 7663 ; 
trial ; executed, 767' ,3. 

Casey, James P., kills James King, 179'. 



Case-Cava. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN DKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1211 



Casey, Lieut., at Wounded Knee, 3741 . 

, Lyman L., b., 1482. 

•, Silas, b., 1141; at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; 

court, 2161 ; d. (1882). 

, , b. (1841) ; Capt. U.S.N., 3341 , 

, T. A., Vicar-Gen., d., 4501 . 

, Thomas L., commis. brig. -gen., 3281 ; 

in war dept., 3512, 4472. 
Casbel, see erected, 8443 ; archbishopric 

est., 8502 ; Bp. Day cons., 9742. 
Oasilear, John W., b. (1811) ; in Nat. Acad. 

Design, 1701 ; paintings, 264 1 , 2761 , 2901 

2941 , 2981 , 3001 , 3101 , 3141 ; d. (1893). 
Casilla, Alonso de Guzman y, gov. Costa 

Rica, 6302. 
Casimir I., K. of Poland, 11133 ; d., 11131 . 

II., b. (1138) ; K. of P., 11133 ; d. (1194). 

III., the Great, b.-d., 11142 ; King of 

Poland, 11152 ; f n ds. Univ., 5071. 
IV., b. (1427) ; K. of Poland, 11152 ; 

aids Prus.', 7842 ; against Teutonic 

Knights, 7853 ; d. (1492). 
Perier, minister, 7471 ,3 ; resigns, 7471 ; 

for Republic, 7491 ,2 ; pres. Chamber, 

7652, 7672; forms ministry, 767 1 ; Pres. 

France ; pardons prisoners, 767 2 . 
Casin, Mohammedan leader, 10431 . 
Caslon, makes llrst cast types, 9061. 
Gasman founded, 10511 . 
Caso/iis, <'ysl:<:hi> MiKt'itm. issued, 5203. 
Caspari, Karl Paul, b., 8102. 
Casper, Johann, b., 8063 ; d., 8221 . 
Cass Co., Ariz., cyclone, 3641 . 

, Pa., Molly Maguires operate, 2172. 

, Lewis, b., 951 ; se c. war, 1392 ; nom. 

for Pres., 1651 ; vote, 1652 ; at Dem. 

Conven., 1711 ; pres. Senate, 1771 ; candi- 
date for Pres., 1803 ; s ec. state, 1S23 ; 

resigns, 1892 ; d.,252i. 
Gassagnac, Paul Granier de, b. (1843) ; 

duel, 7383, 7463; lined, 7503. 
Cassander, b. (354 B. c.) ; at Athens, 10243; 

marries Thessalonica, 1025 3 ; rebuilds 

Thebes; marries; fnds. Thessalonica, 

1025 3 ; rules Caria, 11483 ; regent ; rules ; 

war with Polysperehou ; expelled from 

Gr., 10261 ; kills lloxana; master of Gr., 

10271 ; d., 10263. 
Cassandra, asteroid, discovered, 2742. 
Cassano, It., Imperialists defeat, 6961 ; 

action at, 5182. 
Cassard, Capt., attacks Dutch, 10391. 
Cassas, Louis Francois, b., 7022 ■ d., 7243. 
Cassel, Prussians enter, 5233 ; royal defeat, 

6921 ; Fr. gains, 09:13 ; observatory, 7921 ; 

Congress meets, 8192; action, 18091. 

, Johann P., b., 7983 ; d., S042. 

Cassianus, Johannes Massiliensis, or Jo- 

anesEremita,b.(3«t)>; works, 0131 ; d.(433). 
Cassidy, G. W., b. (1836) ; d., 40S1 . 
Cassilis, Bai-on, title created, 867 1 . 
Cassin, John, b., 1211 ; d., 2641 . 
Cassini, Cesar Francois de Thury, b., 6963 ; 

draws the meridian line, 1901 ; d., 7061 . 
, Giovanni Domenico, b., 10S2 3 ; disc. 

satellites, 6922 ; chart of moon, 6942 ; d., 

10831 . 

■, Jacques, b., 6923 ; d., 7022. 

, Jean Dominique, b., 6863 ; d., 6963. 

Cassiodorus, Marcus Aurelius, statesman, 

b.-d., 10702. 
Cassius, Andreas, gold purple for making 

red glass, 7982. 
, Avidius, in Parthian war, 10641 ; 

rebel, 10641 . 
, Longinus Caius, triumvirs against, 

10602; assassinates Caesar; rules Syria, 

10612, 11512; massacre in Seleueia, 

11532 ; at Philippi, 10281 ; d. (42 B. c). 

, Longinus Lucius, destroyed, 10561. 

, Spurius Viscellinus, defeats Hernici, 

10501 ; Latin alliance, 10512. 
Cassivelaunus against C;esar, 8391, 8403. 
Castagno, Andrea del, b.-d., 1078 2 . 
Castalio, Sebastien, b., 6802; d., 6822. 
Castalla, Sp., contest at, 7183. 
Castanheda, Fernao Lopez de, b.-d., 11092. 
Castanon, action at, 11321. 

, Gonzalo, murdered, 6323. 

Castafios, Francisco Xavier de, D. of Bay- 

len, b.-d., 11283; at Baylen, 7162. 
Castel, Louis Bertrand, b., 6942; d., 7022. 
- — , Rene Richard Louis, b. (1758); works, 

713i; d. (1832). 
Castelar, Emilio, b., 11303; repub. leader, 

11313; pres. executive; resigns, 11332; 

a monarchist, 1133 3 . 
Castelbon, M., canal scandal, 7642,3. 
Castelfidardo, launched, 10882. 



Castelfidardo, It., Papal army defeated, 
734i. 

Castell, Edmund, b., 8781 ; Lexicon Hepto- 
glotton, 8931 ;d., 9862. 

Castellan, Antoine Louis, b., 7042; d.,7281. 

Castelli, Benedetto, b., 1081 1 ; d., 1644. 

, Ignaz F., b., 8042; d., 8202. 

Castello, Giovanni liatlista, b., 10791; d., 
10811. 

Castelnau, de la Mauvissiere, Michel, b., 
6803; d., 6842. 

Castelnaudary, Fr., battle at, 6881. 

Castelnuovo, Aust., Aust. defeated, 7121 . 

Cnstig.-ui, John, minister, Can., 5931 . 

Casriglione, It., battle, 5181. 

, Baldassare, b. (1478); 11 Cortigiano, 

10812; d. (1529). 

, Carlo, Ottavio, Ct., b., 10843; d.(1849). 

, Giovanni, Benedetto, b., 10823 ; d., 

10S31. 

Castile, Sp., connected with Portugal, 
11091 ; against Aragon, 11261 ; no private 
revenge, 11271 ; united with Galicia, 
11272; with Aragon, 11273; insurrection, 
11293; rulers of. See text, pp., 1125-1173. 

Castilla, Ramon, b.-d.; chosen pres., 1108 2 . 

Castille, Chas. ilippolyte, h.,7223; d.,7542. 

Castillego, Cristoval, b. (1494); works, 
11291 ; d. (1556). 

Castillejos, Morocco, action at, 1097 2 . 

Castillion, siege of, 6781 . 

Castillo, Canovas del, convention, 11333. 

, Ignacio .Maria capt. -gen., frees slaves, 

6333; in Cuba, 6332. 

, Santin del, pres., San Salvador, 11232. 

Castine, Me., captured, 412, 441 ,462; Brit, 
occupy, 402. 

Cast-iron mfg., Eng., 868 1 ; malleable, pre- 
mium for, 1361 ; rails for railroads, 9162. 
See Iron. 

Castle, Nicholas, elected bp., 298 3 . 

Garden, N.Y., erected, 1021 ; perform- 
ances at, 1761 ; receiving station, 1793; 
closed, 3573. 

Island, Ire., moonlighters, 9943. 

Castlebar, Ire., occupied, 7133. 

Castlemain, Lord, ainbas., 897 3 ; d. (1705). 

Castlemaine, Baron, title created, 9372. 

, Lady, presented, 8911. 

Castle-Pollard, Ire., riots, 9451 . 

Castles, Fr. demolition, 687 3 . 

Castleshock, Ire., police resisted, 9451 . 

Castle-Stuart, Earl, title created, 9311 . 

Castleton, Baron, title created, 9651. 

, Vt., normal school opd., 260 3 . 

Castle William, Brit, hold, 77 3 . 

Cast mirrors invented, 6942. 

Castor and Pollux, recover Helen, 1014 3 . 

Castren, Matthias Alex., b., 11163 ;d.,11182. 

Castro, Guillem de, b.-d., 11282. 

, Inez de, assassinated, 11092. 

, Jose Maria, b. (1818); pres., 6311 ; re- 
signs, 11G02. 

, Lope Garcia de, gov. Peru, 251 . 

, Vaca de, inspector, 213; d., 11282. 

Castruccio, Arrigo di, comic poet, 10772. 

Castruecio-Castraeana, b. (1282); power in 
It., 1077 3 ; d. (1328). 

Castrum, colony at, 1053 3 . 

Cast steel, first made, 9481 . 

Caswell, Alexis, b.,1082 ; d., 2941. 

, Richard, b. (1729); gov. N. C, 85 3 , 

973; d. (1789). 

Catalani, Angelica, b. (1779) ; d., 10863. 

Catalonia, Sp. plants colonies in, 11252 ; 
flood, 1128 1 ; conquered, 11293; insurrec- 
tions, 11302; Carlists hold, 11321. 

Catalpa, Fenians escape in, 981 1 . 

Catamarea, Argentine, insurgents, 4922. 

Catana (Catania), fnd., 10511 ; Romans rule, 
1053 3 ; taken, 1086 1 ; earthquake, 10741; 
univ. fnd., 10792; destroyed, 10822; in- 
surrection, 10891. 

Catapnlta) invented, 10223. 

Catargi, M., assassinated, 11133. 

Catawba coll., est. at Newton, N. C. (1851). 

Catchings, Thos. C, b., 1623. 

Catel, Charles Simon, b., 704=; d., 7261 . 

Catelier, Jean Baptiste, d., 6942. 

Caterham Junction, railway ace, 9693. 

Caterpillar plague, U. S., 3861 . 

Catesby, Mark, b., 8942; d., 9122. 

, Robt., gunpowder plot, 8792; d. (1605). 

Cathcart, Baron, title created, 8631. 

—— , D. of, title created, 9372. 

, Sir George, Earl of, b., 9263; takes 

Danish vessels, 6381 ; gov. -gen., Can., 
5793; Kafir war, 5981 ; defeats Basutos, 
11052; d., 9582. 



Cathedrals, Aquileia, 10741 ; Assumption' 
at Moscow, 11143, Bari, 10741 ; Cremona' 
10743; Lucca, 11178'; Milan, 10771; Mo" 
dena, 10751 ; Naples, 1O703; Niccola Pisa- 
no pulpit erected, 11)761 ; Perugia, 10743; 
Pisa, 10741; Salisbury, 8521; San Sisito, 
fnd., 10743; Transliguration, 11143. (See 
Cologne; St. Paul's ; St. Peter's; Stras- 
burg.) 

Catherine, Queen, Eng., crowned, 8631; 
ex-queen, d., 9033. 

1., emp. Bus., b.-d., 11142; Acad. Sci- 
ence, III51 ; enthroned, 11153. 

n., emp., Bus., b.-d., 11143 ; enthroned, 

reforms, 11172; d., 11173. 

Adamson, wrecked, 4973. 

of Aragon, b.-d., 11263; marries Henry, 

8663, 8672,3. 

of Braganza. 1). (1638); marries, 8913 ; 

d., 1705. 

de Cornaro, sells Cyprus, 11572. 

of Medici, b., 081)2; marries Henry, 

6813; calls Poissy Conf., 6823; power in 
Fr.; regent, 0833; tl., 6842. 

Parr. (See Par.) 

■ ofWiirteinlierg, weds Bonaparte, 7171 . 

, Princess, b. (1401); weds Henry V. of 

Eng., 6773: d. (1458). 

, Saint, d., 6542. 

Catherwood, Mary Hartwell, Tonty, 3743. 

Catholic Univ. of Am. org., 3282; Mc- 
Mahon Hall of Philosophy erected, 4042. 
(See Roman Catholic.) 

Catiline, Lucius Sergius, d., 10563; at 
Pistoria, 10582; conspiracy, 10591; fails, 
10592; renewed, 10592. 

Catinat, Nicolas de, b., 68S 2 ; at Carpi ; at 
Marsaglia; at Nice, 0941; d., 6963. 

Catlett's Station, Va., Confeds. take, 2121 . 

Catlin, George, b., 1061 ; d., 2782. 

, S. P., money found, 4313. 

Catlyn, Robt., Sir, chief justice, 8732. 

t'uro wrecked, 9221. 

, Marcus Porcius, (Elder), b.-d., 10531 ; 

defeats iUtolians, 10551 ; works, 10552. 

, Porcius (Younger), b.-d ; against 

Cyprus, 10.7.13; suicide, 10602, 10611. 

Catron, John. b.,98i ; justice, 1492; d.(1865). 

Cats, Jakob, b.-d., 10983; works, 11011. 

Cattell, Alex. Gillmore,b.(1816) ; civil ser- 
vice commissioner, 2732. 

, Wm. C, b., 1343. 

Cattermole, George, b.,9302; d., 9722. 

Cattle, intro. New Eng., 31 2 ; live, exported, 
2833; Ger. prohibition of, 4751 ±, 8363; 
acclimated. 495 3 ; diseased, 9102, 9753. 

plague, Hung., 5153; Eng., 9691. 

thieves in Wash., 3S02. 

Catullus, Caius Valerius, b.,87B.C; poems 

of, 10583; d., 54 B.C. 
Catulus, Lutatius, b. (152 B. a); de- 
stroys Carthaginian licet, 10531. 
, Q. Lutatius, b. (152 B. c.) ; reenforced 

by Marius, 10562; on Campus Martius, 

10581 ; dedicates capitol, 10583; d. (60 B.C.) 
Caub, monument to Von Bliicher, 8361 . 
Caucasia, Amazons conquered, 10131 . 
Caucasus, Russian victories, 11181 . 
Cauchon, Joseph Edward, b. (1816); gov., 

5833; d. (1885). 

, Pierre, d., 6782. 

Cauchy, Augustin L., h., 7062; d., 7322. 
Caucuses. Congressional, held, 107 2 . 
Caudaules, killed, 11453. 
Caudine Forks, It., Roman defeat, 10521 . 
Caulaincourt, Armand A. L., de, Due de 

Vincenza, b., 7042; d., 7243. 
Caulfield, Sir Geo., chief justice, 9133. 
Caumont, Arcisse de, b., 7143; d., 7461 . 
Caus, Salomon de, b., 0841 ; invents steam 

apparatus, 6861 ; d., 6863. 
Causey, John W., b., 1522. 
Caussin. Nicholas, b., 6842; d., 6902. 
, Pereival de, Armand Pierre, b., 7102; 

d., 7461 . 
Cautley, Sir Proby Thos., b.,9303; d.,9761 . 
Cavaignae, Eleonore Louis Godefroy, b., 

7143 ; resigns, 7633 ; d., 7283. 

, Jean Baptiste, b. 7023 ; d., 7243. 

, Louis Eugene, b., 7143 ; gov. Alger., 

93 ; dictator ; pres. of council, 7312 ; 

minister, 7632 ; d., 7322. 
Cavalcanti, Guido, b., (1240); d. (1300); 

work, 10771. 
Cavalier, Jean, b., 6933 ; d., 7002. 
Cavaliere, Emilio del, oratorio, 10821. 
Cavalieri, Bonaventura, d., 10823. 
Cavaliers org., Eng., 8852. 
Cavalli, Pietro Francesco, b., 10823 ; d., 

10831. 



1212 



Text Figures denote Page. ljNJjlLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Cava-Chai. 



Cavallon, Juan de, gov. Costa Rica, 6301 , 
Cavalry, first used, 11401 . 
Cavau, E. of, title created, SS1 i . 
Cavanagh, Maurice, murderer, 8663. 
Cavanilles, Antonio Jose, b.-d., 11283. 
Cavazza, Elizabeth, Penelope, 3323. 
Cave, Edward, b.,8982 ; Gentleman's Mag- 

ozine,909i ; d., 9123. 
, Stephen, in Egy., 659' ; judge-advo- 

cate-gen., 9792. 

, William, b., S322 ; d., 9042. 

Cavelier, Pierre Jules, b., 721', 
Caven, J. B., shot, 4722. 
Cavendish. Lord Edward, d., 1006'. * 
, Lord Frederick Charles, b. (1836) ; in 

Ire., 9892 ; stabbed, 9S9 1 ; conspirators, 

991' ; reward ottered, 9892. 

, George, Life of Wooheit, 871'. 

, Henry, b.,'908'2 ; hydrogen gas, 916' ; 

electricity, 918 2 ; water composition ; 

gases. *.)22i ; nitric acid. 9222 ; water elec- 
tricity, 924' ; d.,935'. 

, Judge de, beheaded, S603. 

, or Candisb, Thomas, b., 8722 ; com- 
mander, 605' ; at Sao Vicente, 5521 ; d., 

8762. 
, , Duke of Newcastle, b., 8762 • 

d., 8942. 
, Win., Duke of Devonshire, b. (1610) ; 

minister, 8992 ; lord lieut., 9093 ■ d., 

10062. 
, , E. of Harrington, b. (1720) ; lord- 

lieut., 9133 ; d. (1747). 
, Henry, forms ministry, 9232 ; 

dismissed, 9233. 

, , Sir, b., 8662 ; d. (1557). 

, Spencer Compton, Marquis Harting- 

ton, b. (1833) ; minister, 'J7:;i , 9852, 9912 ; 

Liberal leader, 9793 ; on Labor Commis- 
sion, 10072. 

Society founded, 9543. 

Caventou, Joseph B., b., 7103 ; discovers 

quinine, 7222 ■ d., 7502. 
Cavill, Mr., swims Fug. Channel, 9833. 
Cavour, Camillio Bens. >, Count di, b. 1085 ' ; 

11 JRisorgimento, 1087' ; prime minister, 

10873 ; d.; monument, 10882. 

■ Cawdor, Earl of, title created, 9412. 

■ Cawein, Madison Curtis, Aecolon, 3502. 

■ Cawnpur mission, 1047' ; captured, 1048' . 
Caxamarea, Peru, entered, 20' . 
Caxtou, Wm., b., 8022 ; first: printing-press, 

8642 ; works, 8642, 3, S663; d., 866'. 

Society formed, 952' . 

Cayenne, Guiana, attacked, 1039' ; French 

traders, 1039'. 
Caiflerseille, Kv., conflict, 421'. 
Cayley, Sir George, b. (1773) ; hot-air en- 
gine ; 9342 ; d. (1857). 
Caylus, Comte de, Anne Claude Philippe 

de Tubieres, b., 6942 ; encaustic paint- 
ing, 7002 ; d. (1765). 
- — , Marquise de, Marthe Marguerite de 

Villette de Murcay, b. (1673) ; d., 6983. 
Caynal, David, minister of interior affairs, 

France, 767' . 
Cayuga and Seneca Canal completed, 1373. 

Indians sell lands, 101'. 

Cayvan, Georgia, b., 184' . 

Cazales, Jacques Antoine Marie de, b., 

7023 ; d. 7163. 
Cazauran, Augustus R., d., 334' . 
Cazotte, Jacques, b. (1719) ; Diable Amou- 

reux, 7052 ; a. (1792). 
Cean-Bermudez, Juan Augnstin, b.-d., 

11283. 
Ceara, Braz., republic, 5552; missions, 5563; 

insurrections, 558' ; gov. deposed, 5592. 
Ceawlin at Wimbledon, 840' ; d. (593). 
Cecchi, Giovanni Maria, d., 10822. 
Cecil, Lord A. P., drowned, 5882 ; d.,588'. 
, Robt., Earl of Salisbury, b., 872' ; 

minister, 8773, 879' , 2 ; d., 8792. 

, . (See Salisbury.) 

, Wm., Sir [Lord Burleigh], b. (1520); 

minister, 8712, X732, 8753, S 77a ; d. (1598). 

, Lieut., in duel, 9372. 

Cecilia, St., d., 10642. 

Cecilian Coll., Ky., org., 1863,2583. 

Cecrops, king, b.; erected altar to Jupiter, 

1013' ; est. matrimonial ceremony, 10132; 

in Attica; king; fnd. civilization, 10133. 
Cedar Bridge, Va., encounter, 803. 

Creek, Va., battle of, 239' . 

Falls, Tex., Normal School opd., 2923. 

Hill Cemetery laid out, 2513. 

Keys, Fla., captured, 2022 ; Mayor 

Cottrell threatens life, 3583. 
Mountain, Va., battle, 2103. 



Cedar Valley Seminary find., 211' . 

Cedars, The^ Can., captured, 822. 

Ceillier, Remi, b., 0942; d., 7083. 

Celakowsky, Frantisck Ladislav, b., 519' ; 
d. (1852). 

Celer, legate in Tarragona, 10633. 

Celestial globe iutro., 1023'. 

maps issued, 820' . 

Celestine 1., St., pope, 10702 ; d. (432). 

II., pope, 10743; d. (1144). 

III., b. (11061 ; pope, 1075' ; d. (1198). 

IV., pope, 1075' ; fnds.Celestines, 10763; 

d., 10762. 

V., b. (1215) ; pope, 10763. 

Celestines, monastic order fnd., 1076 3 . 

Celibacy of clergy imposed, Aust., 5042; 
in It., 10119', 10722; in Ger., 10743; en- 
forced, 7743; inSwe., 11343; in Fr., 7512. 

Cellarius, Christoph, h., 7963 ; d., 7983. 

Cellier, Alfred, d., 10062. 

Cellini Benvenuto, b., 1079' ; d. (1570). 

Celman. (Sec Juarez Celnian.) 

Celsius, Anders, b.-d., 11342. 

, Olaus, b.-d., 11342; 

Celsus, Aurelius Cornelius, b., 10622; En- 
cyclopaedia, 10623. 

, Platonist, b., 10642. 

Celtes, Conrad, b., 7862; d., 7863. 

Celtibei-ians revolt, 1125 ' . 

Celtic Society nourishes, 9532. 

tribes, Belgium, 5393. 

Celtis, Konrad, b. (1459); Amoves, 7S7'; 
d. (1508). 

Celuta, asteroid, discovered, 748' . 

Cemeteries, Nat. Congress provides, 257' ; 
Gettysburg soldiers'^dedicated, 2293. 

Cemetery Ridge, battle for, 224'. 

Cenci, Beatrice, b. (1577); d., 10823. 

Cenidse, captured, 10262. 

Censure of govt, punishable, Fr., 735 3 . 

Census, U. S. A., first taken, 1033; decen- 
nially taken, 1293, 1893. 2713, 3l>,->3, 3613, 
3633, 3723, 373' , 3S23; Investigating Com- 
mittee resolution, 399 3 . 

, Eng., 9132, 9652. 

, financial census, 273 3 . 

Centaur, sinks, 922'; 

Centenary Biblical Inst, org., Bait., 2543. 

Coll., La., est., 1323. 

Centennial, Johnson's voyage in, 2933. 

Centennial Day, Y. P. S. C. E., 3862. 

Exhibition, Phila., 2732, 0773, 2852,3, 

2901,2,3, 2933, 7493. 

Loan Exhibition opens in N. Y., 333' . 

of First Republic, Fr., 763' . 

-, Washington's inauguration, N. Y., 



338' 



,3392 



Centeno, Diego de, 1). (1505) ; Lake Titicaca, 
22' ; d. (1549). 

Centerburg, O., fire, 4393. 

Centerville, Dak., coal discovered, 332'. 

, Mich., tobacco mnf., 146' . 

, Md., negro lynched, 3832. 

, Va., McDowell reaches, 1963; occu- 
pied, 2043 ; Confeds. driven west, 2122 ; 
evacuated, 2123; Meade advances, 228' . 

Centlivre, Susannah, b., 9062; d., 8922. 

Cento Xoeelle Autielte appears, 1077'. 

Central Africa, liquor traffic petitions, 
3972. (See Congo Free State Ger. East 
Africa ; British East Africa.) 

Central Agency for For. Miss, est., 990 2 , 

Central America,, wrecked, 1833. 

Central America, Toltecs enter, 113; semi- 
civilized, 14' ; Federation fmd., 6303; 
Nicaragua enters, 1103' ; States dissolve 
union, 6303 ; Republics treaty; Union, 
resolutions 6312 ; non-interference of 
Powers, 11032. 

Inter-Ocean Canal, Bulwer-Clay- 

ton treaty, 1672. 

— - Asia, to explore, 760' ; R.R., opd., 11193. 

China Mission est., 621' . 

City, Neb., Central Coll. opd., 3223. 

W. Va., explosion, 3993. 

Coll., fnd. at Enterprise, Kan., 3962. 

, Lafayette, Mo., org., 1823. 

Falls, R. I., figured muslin in, 136' . 

Labor Union, Anti-militia, 414 2 . 

N. Y., Conf. Meth. Epis., 2762. 

Ohio College, fnd., 3123. 

Pacific R. R. ; ground broken, 2193; 

connects with U. Pacific R. R., 2673; 
train robbers. 3932. 

Park suggested, 170'; begun, 182'; 

Morse statue, 2741 , Fitz-GreeneHalleck 
statue, 2941; Egyptian obelisk; Burns 
statue; Thomas Moore statue, 3061 ; lo- 
custs in, 3422; obelisk deteriorates, 3501 . 



Central Pennsylvania Coll. org. at New 
Berlin (1855). 

R. R., Ky., train robbery, 111., 4423. 

Tennessee Coll. chart, 2522. 

Univ., la., org., 1731 . 

, Ky. (S. l'res.), org., 2863. 

Weslevan Coll., Mo., fnd., 2412. 

Centralia, Mo., Bill Anderson at, 2382. 

Centre College, Ky., org., 1271. 

Cepeda, Argentine, Urquiza in, 4902. 

Cephalonia, Byron joins Greeks, 10342. 

Cephren, Egy. \ pyramid opened, 6563. 

Ceracchi, Giuseppe, b. (1760); busts by, 
1021 ; d. (1800). 

Cerbere, captured, 9301 . 

Cerberus, escapes, 920' ; takes ships, 9343. 

Cerceau, Jean-Antoine du, b., 6922; d., 
6983. 

Cerda, Chris, de hi, gov. Chili, 6052. 

, Juan Luis de la, b.-d., 11282. 

, Fernandez Salinas y. -^ov., 6302. 

Cerdagne, Sp., acquired, 67i)i ; restored, 
6793. 

Cerdic, settles in Eng., 7693 ; at Carford, 
S40i ; fnds. Wessex, 8413. 

Ceres, asteroid, discovered, 10841 . 

captured, 9361 . 

takes Alfred, 882. 

wrecked, Ire., 9693. 

Liber Temple decorated, 10502. 

plays introduced, 10742. 

teaches bread-making, 1013' ; wor- 
shiped, 10503. 

Cerestes, action at, 11561 . 

Cerignola, It., battle at, 6782. 

Cerinthus, b.-d., 11521 . 

Cerisier, Antoine Marie, b., 7003 ; d., 7243. 

Cerisoles, It., battle at, 6802 

Cerium discovered, 11361 , 

Cerna, Gen. Vicente, pres. Guatemala, 
10382; defeated, 10381 . 

Cerne, Eng., waterspout damages, 10001 . 

Cerro Blanco, mines, N. Mex., 3493. 

Gordo, Mex., battle, 1621 . 

Cersoblcptes captured, 10241. 

Certon, Salomon, b., 6822 ; d., 6S62. 

Cervantes Saavedra, Miguel de, b.-d., 
11282 ; works, 11291. 

Cerveira, Manoel, fnds. St. Felipe, 1161 1 . 

Cervolle, Arnaud, de, b.-d., 673 2 . 

Cesari, Antonio, b., (1760) ; work, 10852 ; 
d., 10S02. 

Giuseppe, painter, b., 10S03 ;d., 10823. 

. Giuseppe Cavaliere di, b. (1570) ; d., 

10882. 

Cesarotti, Melchiore, b., 10842 ; d., 10851 . 

Cesnola, di Luigi Palnia, b., 1401; discov- 
eries in Cyprus, 11581. 

Cespedes, Carlos Manuel, b.-d., 6322 ; 
fights for life, 6321 ; at Yara ; insurrec- 
tionist, 633' ; leader, 032' ; deposed, 6332. 

Cetewayo, chief; conflict; death, 600' ,2,3. 

Cethegu's, conspirator, 1059 2 . 

Cevallos. Pedro, b.-d., 11283. 

Ceylon, Eng. takes, 9273 ; 9392 ; bishopric 
est., 94S3 ; seat of Buddhism, 1043' ; con- 
quered ; Portuguese in, 10433; Dutch in, 
10441 ; Christianity intro., 10443; Brit. in, 
10453; revolt, 10461; mission, 10462,3; 
10471, 10483; Brit, control; Brit, set- 
tlements seized, 10472. 

Cliabannes, Antoine de, b.-d., 6762. 

Chabanon, Michel Paul Guy de, b.,6983 ; 
d., 7082. 

Chabas, Franc Joseph, b., 7222. 

Chahert, Jos. B. de, b., 0982 ; d., 7163. 

Chabot, Philippe de, b. (1480) ; d., 6803. 

Observatory, Oakland, Cal.,324'. 

Chabrias in Eg\pt, 10233 ; d., 1023'. 

Chabrillan, Celeste Vernard de, Comtesse 
de Moreton, b., 7242. 

Chabrol, de Volvie, Gilbert J. G., b., 7042 ; 
d.,7283. 

Chabrouillaud, editor in duel, 7563. 

Chaeabueo. Spaniards defeated, 606'. 

Chacon, Pedro, b.-d., 11282. 

Chacornac, Jean, b. (1823) ; discovers plan- 
ets, 732' ; d. (1873). 

Chadbourne, Paul Ansel, b., 1302; d.(1883). 

Chaddock Coll., fnd. at Quincy, 111.. 2SS3. 

Chadonine, M., expelled from Bulg., 7632. 

Chadwick, Edwin, b„ 9303 ; d., 10022. 

, F. E., Com., in navy dept., 447 2 . 

, S. F., gov. Ore., 2973. 

Chseronea, Gr., Philip defeats Athenians 
and Thebans, 10241 ; Sulla defeats Arche- 
laus; Mithridates makes peace, 10281. 

Chain, Gunter's, made, 8781 . 

bridge, first, Eng., 9401 . 



Chai-Char. 



Text Figures denote Page, IJND-hL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1213 



Chain Pier completed, Eng., 9402. 

Chaitanya, incarnation of Vishnu, 10431 . 

Chaix d'Est Ange, Gustavo Louis Adolphe 
Victor Charles, b., 7142 ; d., 750' . 

Chaka, king, 5973 ; assassinated, 5992. 

Chalcedon, fnd.; 10153 ; taken, 1022' ; Ecu- 
menical Council, 6543, 10703. 

Chalchuapa, Barrios killed, 1038' . 

Chalcis, annexed to Syria, 11533. 

Chalgrin, Jean F. T., b., 7002 ■ fl., 7191 . 

Chalk Bluff, Ark., Gen. Jeff Thompson 
surrenders at, 2463. 

Challemel-Lacour, Pierre Marie Paul 
Ainand, b. (1827) ; minister, 7543 ■ Pres. 
Senate, 7652. 

Challenger, life-boat, patented, 9562. 

Challis, Thomas, lord mayor London, 9572. 

Challoner, Richard, b., 8982 ; bp. of Lon- 
don; d., 9222. 

Chalmers, Alex., b., 9143 ; d., 9462. 

, Charles, D., d., 10102. 

, George, b., 9103 ; d., 9422. 

, Robert, d., 9982. 

, Thos., b., 9203; works, 937', 9543; 

d., 9542 ; statue 982'. 

Chalons, House of, in Orange, 6813. 

, taken, 7203, 743' ; Republican out- 
break, 735 ' . 

sur-Marne, occupied, 740' . 

Chamapier, Symphoren, b.-d., 6782. 

Chamberlain, Dan. H., goY. S. C, 2912, 
2932 ; withdraws claim, 295 3 . 

, E. T., in treas. dept., 4472. 

, Joseph, b. (1S.)6> ; banquet, 3272; at 

Wash., D. C, 3273, 4402; minister, 9852, 
9952; prest. Unionist. 9992; leader, 1009' . 

, Joshua Lawrence, b., 136' . 

-, J. L., gov. Me., 2593. 

Chamberlayue, makes iron pens, 8962. 

Chambers, B. J., nom. 305' ; vote, 3072. 

, Ephraim, b., 8942; a., 9103. 

, James R., nom. for gov., 345 2 . 

, John, gov. La., 155 2 . 

, Robert, publisher, b., 9303; d., 976' . 

, , publisher, d. 9982. 

, Sir Thomas, d., 10062- 

, Walter, d., 10102. 

, Sir Win. ,\b., 9063; builds Richmond 

observatory, 918' ; d. (1796). 

, , b., 9302; d., 9922. 

, -, cons, bp., 10082. 

Chambers's Edinburgh Journal, 9463. 

Chambers' s Eurgelopwdia, 9983. 

Chambers, of Reunion est., Fr., 693 3 . 

Chambersburg, Pa., raided by Confeds., 
2223; Lee enters, 223' ; burned, 2363. 

Chambly, N. T., captured, 802. 

Chainbon de Montaux, Nicolas, b., 7003; 
d., 7242. 

Chambord, Comte de, Henri C. F. M. D. 
d'Artois, b., 7223 ; protests, 7332 ; head 
of Bourbons, 7473; manifesto, 7492; d., 
754'. 

Chambray, Marquis de, Georges, b., 705' ; 
d., 7302. 

Chamfort, Sebastien RochXicolas.b., 7002; 
d., 7102. 

Chamier, Daniel, b., 6823; d., 6863. 

Chamillard, Michel, b., 6902; d., 6982. 

Chamilly, Marquis de, Noel Bouton, b., 
6882; d., 697'. 

Chamisso, Adelbert von, b., 8042 ; work, 
8103; d., 8143. 

Chamorro, Pedro Joaquin, pres., 11033. 

Chamousset, Chevalier de, Claude Hum- 
bert Piarron, b., 697' ; d., 7042. 

Champagne, PhiUijjpede, b., 5403; d., 541' . 

Champaign, 111., Univ., org., 2583. 

Champaubert, allies defeated, 7202. 

Champe, John, b., 683; d., 108' . 

Champeaux.Guillauino de, b.-d., 668 2 ;fnds. 
Univ. of Fr., 671'. 

Champfleury, Jules Fleury-Husson, b. 
(1821); works, 7302, 7323,7363,7502; d., 
(1889). • 

Champigny, Fr., taken, 7423. 

Champiilion, Jean Francois, b., 708 2 . 

Champion, Edmund, tortured, 8743. 

, H. H., in Socialist League, 995' . 

Jim, lynched, 3782. 

Championnet, Jean E., b., 7023; d., 7142. 

Champion's Hill, Miss., battle, 222' ; Blue 
and Gray at, 359' . 

Champlain, Samuel de, b.-d., 5703; inCan., 
26', 073, 5713; Des Salvages, 571'; on 
Lake Champlain, 26' ; explorer, 5713, 
voyages, '571' ; battle with Indians; on 
Lake Huron, 28'; gov., 31', 5731; re- 
pulses Kirk, 5721 ; at Quebec, 301 . 



Champlain, Canal navig.,1273; eel., 1331 ,3. 

, Lake, discovered, 261 . 

Valley, Indians in, 923. 

Champlin, E. T., speaker, Minn., 3752. 

, John Donison, b. (1834) ; work, 3502. 

, Stephen Gardner, b. (1827); d., 2312. 

Champmesle, Marie Desmares, b., 6883 ; 

d., 6943. 
Champney, Benjamin, b., 1261. 

, James Wells, b., 1561 . 

Chainpollion, Jean Francois, b. (1778) ; 

works of, 7211 , 7251 , 7271 ; d., 7262. 
Figeac, Jacques Joseph, b. (1778) ; d., 

7362. 
Champs de Mars, Fr., attack in, 7091. 

(See Paris.) 



attacked, 2322 ; Battle-Field Asso., 2921 . 

Chancery and Common-Law-Offices Act 
passes, 3712, 

Chan-Chia-wan, Chinese defeat, 620'. 

Chanch Rayada, battle of, 6061 . 

Chandausi mission, 1048 3 . 

Chandler, Okla., bandits attack bank, 4663. 

, Abiel, b., 891 ; d., 1682. 

, Amelie Rices, works, 3331 . 

, Charles Frederick, b., 1462. 

, Edward Barron, b. (1S00) ; gov. N. B., 

5831 ; d. (1880). 

, George, in interior dept., 351 2 . 

, John G., comniis. colonel, 4001 . 

, Richard, b., 9102 ; d., 9351 . 

, Samuel, b. (1794) ; d., 2582. 

, S. C, Scientific Soc; dis., 3942. 

, William Eaton, b., 1442 ; niinister to 

Rus. ; sec. navy, 3111; Hawaii resolu- 
tions, 4232; Roach investigation, 4291 ; 
investigation resolution, 4672. 

, Zachariab, b. (1813) ; sec. interior, 

2892 ; war investigation, 203' ; d., 3022. 

Chanfrau. Frank S-. b., 1482 ; produces 
Mose; Bowery Bog, 1641 ; d. (1884). 

Chang, enthroned, 0122; dynasty; rules, 
6111 ; overthrown, 6112. 

and Eng, twins, d., 2841 . 

Keo, defeated, 612' ; controls, 6123. 

Ping, waterspout, 624' ; flooded, 10921 . 

Changarnier, Nicolas A. T., b., 70S 2 ; de- 
prived of command, 730' . 7313 ; military 
demonstration, 730' ; d., 7502. 

Changchow taken, 6203. 

Changsunehi, patrojtess of letters, 6122. 

Changtl I., enthroned, 0113. 

II., enthroned, 6113. 

Chang-wang, executed, 6202. 

Yin Huan, power to make peace, 627' . 

(Mian-King port opened, 6253. 

Channel, Eng., naval battle in, S8S' , 9261 . 

Islands, earthquake, 10001 . 

Channing, Edward. Eni/lish History, 44S2. 

, Edward Tyrrel, b.'(1790) ; d., 1781. 

, Willianr Ellery, b., 93 1 ; works, 1271 , 

1371 ; preaches, 1282 ; d.,1541; birth cel- 
ebrated, 3042. 

Chanson de Roland, written, 6691 . 

( 'bausons in Fr. literature, 672' , 671' . 

Chantal, Jean F. F. de, b., 6823 ; d., 6883. 

Chantillv. Va., action at, 2122. 

Chantry', Sir Francis Legatt, b., 9222 ; d., 
9502. 

Chanzy, Antoine E. A., b.,7241 ; gov., 102; 
at Bazoche des Hautes, 7423 ; at Dijon 
le Mans, 743i ; at siege of Le Mans ; de- 
feated, 7441 , S26i ; d.,7541. 

Cliao dynasty, 6112. 

Chaohow, enthroned, 611 1 . 

Chaoti, enthroned, 6113. 

Chaou Kwang-yin, Avar with Tartars, 6121 . 

Wang, enthroned, 611 2 . 

Ohaoyang, insurgents defeated, 6261 . 

Chapa mission, 10491. 

Cbapelain, Jean, b., 6S42 ; Pucelle, 6911; 
d.,6922. 

Chapel Hill, University N. C, org., 1063. 

, Va., action at, 2191 . 

Chapelle, Claude, E. L.. b., 6863 ; d., 6942. 

Chapin, Edwin H., b., 1231 ; d., 3042. 

, Mayor, reviews Italians, 386 3 . 

Chaplains tirst appointed. Eng., S802. 

Chapleau, Jos. A., scandal, 5922 ; sec. 
state, 593 1 ; resigns, all:: 2 ; minister, 5943. 

Chaplin, Henry, minister, 9933, 10013. 

Chapman, Alvan Wentwortb, b., 1161. 

, Fredrik Heurik af , b. (1721) ; d., 

11361. 

George, b., 8721 ; works, 8772, SSO 3 , 

8771, 8783,8883; d., 8822. 

, Nathaniel, b., 931 ; d., 1722. 



Chapman, Orlow W., in justice dept., 3512. 

, Reuben, b. (1799) ; gov., 1633; d. (1S82). 

, Maj. Wm., b. (1810) ; near Pooles- 

ville, Md., 2123. 

Cliapmansville, W. Va., action, 1983. 

Chapone, Hester, b. (1727) ; d., 9303. 

Chapoo, attacked, 616 2 . 

Chappaqua, N.Y., lire, 3553. 

Chappe, Claude, b., 7031; first telegraph; 
optical telegraph, 706', 7082; d., 7163. 

Chapsal, Chas. Pierre, b., 7062 ; d.,7342. 

Chaptal, Jean Antoine, Comte de Chante- 
loupe, b. (1756) ; d., 7262. 

Chapu, Henri M. A., d., 7602. 

Chapultepec, Hex., battle of, 1622. 

Charas, Mol'se, b., 6863; d., 6943. 

Char-asiab, battle of, 6'. 

Charcot, Jean Martin, d., 764'. 

Chardin, Jean, b., 6883; d., 6963. 

Chardjin, Ivomarotl', Gen., arrives, 62. 

Chardon de la Rochette, Simon, b.,701'; 
d., 7211. 

Charenton, Fr., battle, 6882; collision, 7533. 

Chares, Gen., b., 10243. 

, bronze statuary, b., 10263. 

Charibert, king, 0052; d., 6652. 

Charilaus, hostilities, 10141. 

Charitable Relief Society, org. Eng., 9731 . 

Charities and Correction Conf., 3583. 

Charity Schools, est., S903; fnd., 9043. 

Society, Mass., find., 991 . 

Charlemagne. (See Charles the Great.) 

Charlemagne, published, 8483. 

Charlemo'nt, Vise, title creat., 8911 , 9051 - 

Charlemont Packet, wrecked, 925 3 . 

Charleroi, riots, 5462 ; mine explosion, 
5473; miners strike, 5482. 

Charles I. of Anjou, b. -d., 10742 ; king of Na- 
ples, 10153, 10763 ■ struggles tor It., 10772. 

in. of Aust., k. of Two Sicilies, 10793. 

I. of Bohemia, reigns, 5072. 

I., K. of Eng., b.,iS762 ; reigns ; mar- 
ries ; dissolves Pari. ; dismisses Queen's 
servants, 8S13 ; aids Wahlenses, 8822; 
exacts war loan; in Edinburgh, 8831; 
Second Book of Sports, 888' ; rules with- 
out Pari. ; crowned in Scot., 8832; levies 
ship-money impost ; agrees with Scots ;. 
meets Covenanters ; favors Episcopacy, 
8833; in Civil War, SSI '; in Edinburgh, 
885'; at Hull; distrusted; retires to 
York, 8852 ; defeated at Chester ; sur- 
renders, 886' ; rejects terms ; struggle 
with Pari., 8871 ; 'agreement with Scot., 
8872 ; in Isle of Wight, 8872; trial ; be- 
headed, 8873; d.,S862 ; executioners pun- 
ished, 8912; statue, 894' . 

II., b. (1630) ; king of Eng., 8873 ; in 

Scot., S802 ; invades Eng. ; at Worces- 
ter; raises regiment in Belg., 8SS' ; proc- 
lamation against Cromwell, 8892; healer; 
proclamation, 891' ; tonnage and pound- 
age grant ; income ; abolition ; est. coun- 
cils; proclaimed king. 8912; king Va., 412; 
restoration ; crowned ; dowry, 8913; pre- 
sents Lady Castlemaine, 891' ; marries, 
891 3 ; grants Guiana, 1039' ; promises, 
891'; intro. racing, 893'; deserts Hol- 
land, 1100' ; closes exchequer, 8932; first 
lord of admiralty, 8933, S972 ; gift from 
Fr., 8951; peace with Holland, 6933; 
treaty with Fr. , 8953 ; Winchester palace, 
8961 ; d., 8972. 

I., the Great, or Charlemagne, b.-d., 

6642; revives learning, 7703; reign, 7713, 
7722; controls freemen, 7703; defeats Sax- 
ons, 770' : description of, 6651 ; rebellion 
against, 771 3 ; subdues Saxons, 6641; de- 
stroys Lombard kingdom, 7713, 10733; 
conquers Desiderius, 6641 ; king of N. 
Italy, 7713; enlarges kingdom of Pope, 
10723; convenes synod ; supports Christi- 
anity, 6643 ; at war with Sp., 7701; im- 
poses tithes, 7702 ; in Westphalia, 770i ; 
punishes idolaters, 7702; est. school, 6651 ; 
inPannonia, 6641 ; est. free schools, 6651 ; 
at Frankfort, 7713 ; war with Avars, 
7701 ; Frankfort council, 10322 ; delivers 
Aust., 5031 ; naval expedition. 7701 ; shel- 
ters and restores Pope, 7703,7713; favors 
arts and sciences, 0001 ; patronizes learn- 
ing, 6662; crowned, 6663, 7713, 10733; re- 
forms church, 6662; intro. heraldry, 7702; 
unites It. and (ier. ; distributes adminis- 
tration, 7731 ; Homilarium, 7703 ; against 
Danes, 7731; d., 6671; canonized, 7782; 
monument, 5441 . 

— II., the Bald, b.-d., 6662; oath, 666 3 ; at 
Fontenay, 7721 ; king ; reigns, 6671 ,7731 - f 



1214 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN Di^ysl. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Char-Chas. 



at Andernaeh, 7721 ; treaty with North- 
men ; emp. of Romans ; 667 2 ; invades It. ; 
crowned ; poisoned, 773 2 ; d., 6672. 

Charles II., the Bad, of Fr., revolutionist, 
6752; rules in Navarre, 11273. 

the Boldof Fr.,b.-d.,6762 ; atMontlhery, 

at Liege, 678' ; D. of Burgundy, 6792; a t 
Beauvais ; war on Swiss, 678* ; war \vith, 
786', 11373 ; at Granson; at Morat ; at 
Nancy ; killed, 6781 , 7861 . 

H. or III., the Fat of Fr., b.-d., 6662; 

king, 6672, 7732, 10732; deposed; abdi- 
cates ; Ger. empire united, 7732; deposed, 
6672. 

III., the Simple, Fr., reigns; d., 6672. 

IV., the Fair, of Fr., b.-d.,6722; reigns, 

6751,11273; d.,6751. 

V., the Wise, Fr., b.-d., 6742; refuses 

currency; reigns, 6753; war in Low 
Countries, 6SO1 ; invades Provence, 680 2 ; 
in Tunis, 11392; d., 6753. 

VI., Fr., at Roosebeke, 674 2 ; governs, 

6752,6772; reigns, 6753; licenses drama, 
107S1 ; marries Isabelle ; insane, 677 2 ; 
d., 6773. 

VII., the Victorious, Fr., b.-d., 6762; 

reigns, 6773; est. standing army, 6762; 
siege of Metz, 7841 ; at Rouen, 6781 ; d., 
6791. 

VIII. , the Affable, Fr., conquers Italy, 

goes to Fr., 6782; reigns, 6792; marries 
Anne; in Italy, 6793; in Naples, 10793, 
6793; d., 6793. 

-IX., Fr., b., 6822; reigns, 6833; d., 

6853. 

X., Fr., b., 7023; crosses the Belts, 

6362; king, 6353, 7253; abdicates ; in 
Eng.; sustains, dismisses ministers, 725 3 ; 
' leaves Eng., 7272; family banished,7273 ; 
d., 7262. 

IV., Emp., b.,504 2; reigns, 5072, 7832; 

at Rome, 7821 ; fnds. Univ. of Prague, 
5071 ; rebuilds Prague; issues Golden lint I, 
7833 ; receives Brandenburg, 7833 ; di- 
vides lands, 7852; d., 7852. 

V., Emp., (Charles I. of Sp.) b., 7863; 

king of Two Sicilies, 10i;i3 ; k. f Sp., 
11293; war with Rome, 10801 ; elected 
emp., 7892, 11293; emp. in Ger.; Diet at 
"Worms; treaty with pope, 7892,3; war 
with Fr.,7SSi ; marries, alliance against, 
7893; crowned, 7913, 5093; against Prot- 
estants; war withFrancis; religious war; 
decree, 7913; besieges Venlo, 10981; in 
Fr., 6832; divides kingdom ; abdicates ; 
resigns Neth.; resigns empire; in monas- 
tery; d., 7922, 7932. 

VI., Emp. H. R. emp., 5143, 7993 ; 

treaty of Vienna, 515 1,2; issues Prag- 
matic Sanction, 79!l3; d., 5143, 3012. 

VII., -Charles Albert, b., 7982; emp., 

8012; refugee, 5152; d., 8003, 8013. 

II., king of Naples, 10772. 

1., of Roumauia, b., 11123; elected Pr., 

11131; king, 11132. 

1, of Sp. (Carlos), (V. of Ger.), b.-d., 

11263; reigns, 11293. (See Charles V.) 

II., Sp., reigus, 11293. 

III., Archduke of Aust., pretender, 

reigns in Sp., 6972, 9031 ; in Eng., 9031 ; 
in Sicily, 10793 ; takes Saragossa, 11281 ; 
leaves Sp., 9041 . 

III., of Sp., b. (1716) ; king of Sicilies, 

10852 ; reigns in Sp., 11293 ; d. (1788). 

IV., of Sp., b. (1748) ; reigns ; abdi- 
cates, 11312 ; d. (1819). 

— I. or VII., of S\v., reigns, 11351 . 

VIII., of Sw. (Knutsson), b. (1409); 

reigns ; dethroned, 11352 ; d., 11342. 

— - IX., of Sw., b.-d., 11342; regent ; reigns, 
11353. 

X., Gustavus, of Sw., b. (1622); defeats 

Poles; invades Den.; in Poland, 11341, 
6362 ; reigns, 11353 ; d., 11342. 

XL, of Sw., b. (1655) ; aids Ger. ; de- 
feats Danes, 11341 ; reigns; reforms, 11353; 
d. (1697). 

XII., of Sw., b.-d., 11342 ; in Holstein, 

6362 ; prohibition of whisky, 11351 ; in- 
vades t)en.; at Narva ; at Riga ; at Pul- 
tusk ; against Peter ; in Warsaw, 11141 ; 
despot; flees to Tur., 11353; k., 11341. 

XIII., of Sw., b.-d., 11342 ; reigns ; 

against Napoleon I., 11363. 

XIV., of Sw., Jean Baptiste Jules Ber- 

nadotte reigns as, 11363 ; treaty with 
Alex. I. ,11171 ; at Mohrungen, 716i ; com- 
mands army ; in Pomerania, 7201 ; re- 
gains Hanover, 811 2. 



Charles XV., of Sw., b.-d., 11361 ; reigns, 

11363. 
1., of Bohemia, enthroned, 5072; d., 

5062. (See Charles IV.) 
V., of Aust., D. of Lorraine, b. (1643); 

Imperialist gen., 5122 ; d. (1690). 
1., of Wiirtemberg, b., 8122 ; king, 

8231; d., 8361. 
, Archduke Aust., b., 5163 ; Fr. War 

Coalition, 5181 ; takes bank of Rhine, 

8073 ; at Zurich, 7122 ; d., 5203. 

, Archduke, in Port., 1110 1 . 

— -, Due d' Orleans, b.-d., 6762. 

, Duke of Brunswick, 7992. 

, Duke of Grafton, lord lieut., 9073. 

III., Duke of Parma (1849, Mar. 14) ; 

stabbed, 10873. 

, Duke of Kiehiin mil, postmaster, 945 2 . 

, Duke of Rutland, d., 9242. 

, Prince of Aust., possessions, 5112. 

, Prince of Bavaria, in army, 5261 . 

, Prince of Ger., married, 548 2 . 

, Prince of Orleans, works, 676 3 . 

of Anjou, war with Pedro ; at Bene- 

vento, 6721; ic. Two Sicilies, 6732, f 

Naples, 7803, 7813, of Sicily, 7S13. 

of Bavaria, gen. of Confederation, 824 1 . 

of Blois, at Auray, 6741 ; contends for 

dukedom, 6751 

of Bourbon, married, 5363. 

of Burgundy, killed ; unites with Ed- 
ward of Eng., 6792. 

of Lorraine, Silesian Wars, 5141, 2. 

of Luxemburg, ami-king, 7832. 

Albert (Carlo Alberto Ainadeo), of 

Sardinia, b., 10813 ; aided by Fr., 7013 ; 

D. of Bavaria, 8012; archduke; king; 

emp., S01 2 , 515 2 ; Aust. inheritance, 5152; 

enters Milan, 520' ; abdicates, 10873 ; d., 

10863. 
— - Alexander, D. of Wiirtemberg, 8012. 

Alex., grand D. of Saxc-Weim.'ir, 8193. 

Anthony, Pr., resigns, 8191 ■ d., 8302. 

Augustus, invades Denmark, 6361. 

-Edward, Louis Philip Casimir (Young 

Pretender), b. (1720) ; in So it., 9101 , 9113; 

escapes to Fr., 9101 ; d. (1788). 
Emmanuel I. (III. of Savoy), king, 

10833, 10852 ; at Geneva, 11371 ; d., 6882. 

Eugene, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 8012. 

, Felix, king of Sardinia, 10872. 

, F. M., cons, cardinal priest, 5322. 

, Frederick, margrave, 801 2 ; acquires 

Baden-Baden, ,s(i:;3; Grand !>., 8093, 8152. 
Wrn., Duke of Brunswick, 8113; 

assumes gov't Brunswick, 8133. 
, Jacques Alex. Cesar, b.,7003; d., 7241 , 

Joseph, d., 7262. 

Lewis Frederick, Grand Duke, 8111. 

Louis, heir Aust., 531 3 ; putative re- 
gent, 5332, 

Martel, Duke of Austrasia, b.-d., 7702. 

Robert, king of Hungary, 505 3 . 

, Theodore, elector, 8013 ; claims of 

Aust. ; duke of Bavaria, 8053. 

William, margrave, 7973. 

Win. Ferd., duke of Brunswick, 8053. 

Charles If'. Wetmnre, sails, 3853. 

Charlesbourg,Can.,fortr. at,23i ;fnd.,5712. 

Charleston, cruiser, 3381,3441,3821,3901. 

, Ind., Baptist Church, at, 1083. 

, Mo., action at, 1981 . 

, N. C, Saran/ath escapes, 1961. 

, S. C, fnd., 45i ; Baptist Ch. est., 482, 

522,542; Episcopal Ch. est., 482; capital, 
491 ; settlements, 493; Huguenot Presb. 
Ch., 502; custom officer, est., 503; Fr. 
defeated, 56 1 ; massacre, 581; printing- 
press, 623; s.f. Gavtte, 623 ; st. Michael's 
ch. built, 683 ; Bap. Asso. fmd., 691 ; 

Jewish congregati 74 2 ; theater opd., 

781; 981; Brit, fleet off, 822; Lafayette 
at, 862; attacked; invaded, 911 ; bom- 
barded; taken by Brit., 921; evacuated, 
941; p r ot. Epis. Conven., 982; Ed. C. 
Genet at, 1051 ; fire, 1073, 1493,2013; 
Monthly Register, 1131 ; earthquake, 1241 ; 
yellow fever, 1273; R. c. diocese est., 
1283 ; night or Sunday schools prohib- 
ited for slaves, 131 2 ; Howard monument, 
1361 ; Southern Aarieultiirnlistest.; South- 
ern Review est., 1371 ; Railroad to Ham- 
burg, 1393; army at, 1412; proslavery 
mob, 1452; Southern Quarterly Review, 
est., 1551 ; Elliot Nat. Hist. Soc. org., 
1721; fire, 1793; Russell's Magazine est., 
1823; Echo arrives, 1851 ; Maj. Anderson 
at ; arsenal seized ; flag removed; State 
seizes the forts, IS81 ; excited by election; 



war meeting, 1883; State Conven. at,189 z ; 
under Gen. Beauregard, 1921; forces un- 
der Confederacy, 1931 ; blockaded, 1942, 
2021, 2033; blockade run, 2001, 2002, 2021, 
2072 ; harbor obstructed, 2022; harbor 
attacked, 2182 ; fired on, 226 1 ; Weehawken 
sinks, 228 3 ; Housatonic destroyed, 2302; 
Patapsco blown up, 2421 ; Confeds. retire, 
2422 ; martial law, 2422 ; Fed. flag at,2432; 
mass meeting, 247 1 ; Freedmen's conven., 
248 3 ; new constitution ; State Conven. 
meets, 261i; H. P. Northrop cons, bp., 
3102; H.D.Howren, preaches, 3383; Mil- 
itary Acad., reopd., 3102; cyclone, 3201 ; 
earthquakes, 3241,3741; longshore-men 
(white) secede, 3543; gala week, 417 1 ; 
liquor stores raided, 450 2 ; chamber of 
commerce eel., 4503; c. Coll. org. (1785). 

Charleston, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2283. 

, W. Va., retreat to, 1963; action near, 

2142, 2161 ; Constitutional Conven., 2772; 
capital, 2972. 

Charlestown, Mass., fnd., 31 3 ; Court of 
Assistants, 331; paper-mill, 601 ; arsenal 
emptied, 781; tea arrives, 78 3 ; burnt, 
802 ; troops disheartened, 821 ; Howard, 
1432. 

Charlet, Nicolas Toussaint, b., 7082; d., 
monument, 1361 ; Cath. persecuted, 728 a . 

Charlevoix, Can., landslide, 5961 . 

, Pierre Francois Xavier de, b,, 481 ; d., 

6923; in Can., 5751 ; New France ; ascends 
Mississippi, 5752; d., 7523. 

Charlois, disc, planets, 6601,7561. 

Charlotte, N. C, Brit, enter, 922; branch 
mint est., 145 2 ; mint .seized, 1951 ; Davis 
arrives, 2462; Bi.t.ileriiiv.org.,2583.-j:ir,3. 

, Augusta, Princess, b. (1796) ; d., 9382. 

, Countess of Derby, defense, 8841 . 

, Empress of Mexico, in Paris, 7371; 

mission to Fr., 7372. 

, Princess, b.. 9283; weds, 9391. 

, Sophia, b. (1744); weds, 9153; d. (1818). 

Charlottenl 1 urg, Ger., statue William, 8321 . 

Charlottesville, Va., Sheridan in, 2423; ob- 
servatory est., 3201 . 

Charlottetown, Can., diocese est., 5782 ; 
battery's prize, 5881 ; Examiner and 
Island Arms, 5803. 

Charlton, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8573. 

Charnier, Adm., in Fr. Coeh.-China, 4801 . 

Charnock, Robt., executed, 9011 . 

Charost, Armand Joseph de Bethune de, 
b., 6982; d., 7142. 

Charpentier, Francois, b., 6863; d., 6962. 

Charras, Jean Baptiste A., b., 7191; d., 
7362. 

Charriere, Madame de St. Hyacinthe de, 
Isabelle Agnes Van Tuyll, b., 7002 ; d., 
7163. 

Charron, Pierre, b., 6803; work, 6871; d., 
6862. 

Charter Oak, Conn., biding, 51 1; blown 
down, 1813. 

of Liberties passed, 492, 8492, 8571 . 

schools est., Ire., 9091 . 

Charters, Can., revoked, 5731 . 

Chartier, Alain, b.-d., 6763; works, 6763. 

Chartists org.,'G.B.; Asso. est., 9472; meet- 
ing, 9492; petition of, 9493; demonstra- 
tion occurs, 9552. 

Charton, Ednuard, b., 7163; d.,7502. 

Chartres, Fr., Northmen routed, 6661; 
ceded to Crown, 6713; taken, 7421; an- 
nexed to Crown, 6732; treaty, 6772. 

Due de, Robert Philippe Louis Eugene 

Ferdinand d'Orleans, pr., b., 7282 ; in 
U. S. Army, 1983. (See Robert Philippe.) 

Chase, Carleton, b., 1042; cons. P.E.bp., 
1563; d., 2682. 

, Ira J., b., 1042; gov. Ind., 3952, 4092; 

d.,2392. 

, Philander, b., 823; cons. bp. of 111., 

1263, 1443; d., 1701. 

— *-, Salmon Portland, b., 1142; pres.Free 
Soil conven., 1651; g0 v. O., 1812; Sec. 
Treas., 193 1 ; Nat. Banking system, 2013; 
resigns, 2353; d., 2.S02 ; bust, 2852. 

, Samuel, b., 642; justice, 1073, 1132; 

d., 1162. 
, Wm. F., b., 1661 . 

Chaska, Minn., accident, 4722. 
Chasles, Michel, b., 70S 2 ; d., 7522. 

, Victor E. Philarete, b., 7142; d.,7461 . 

Chasse, David Heindrick, b.-d., 11011 ; sur- 
renders Antwerp, 11021 . 

Chasseloup-Lauhat, Marquis, Justin Na- 
poleon Samuel Prosper, b. (1805); pres. 
state council, 7392; d. (1873). 



Chas-Chic. 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNJDii.A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1215 



Chassepot, Antoine Alphonse, b., 726 2 ; 

rifle, adopted by Fr., 7361 . 
Chastelain, Georges, b.-d.,539 3 . 
Ohastelard, Pierre Boscoseel de, b., 680= ; 

d., 6822. 
Chasteleer, Marchioness de, k., 5462. 
Chasteler, Jean du, b., 5163 ■ d., 5202. 
Cbastelet, Uabrielle, Marquis du, b.,6963; 

d., 7003. 
Chastellaine, Georges, b. (1405±) ; Jacques 

de Lalaing, 6783 ; d. (1475). 
Chastellux,' Francois Jean, Marquis de, 

b., 6983 ; d., 7062. 
Chatard, Francis Silas, b. (1883) ; cons. E. 

C. bishop, 2983. 
Chateaubriand, Francois Rene\ Vicomte 

de, b., 7042; visits U. S., 1051; works, 

7131,7151,7251; d., 730=. 
Chateau-Cambresis, treaty, 6832,8732. 
Chateau (Jailbird, Fr., captured, 6701 . 
Chateaudun, Fr., massacre, 6712 ; stormed, 

7421 ; recaptured, 7422. 
Chateauroux, Marquis de, b. (1717) ; guides 

Louis XV., 7013 ; d. (1744). 
Chatel, Abbe\ fails in estab. church, 7263. 
, Jean, b., 684 1 ; assassin fails, 6851; 

d., 6842. 
Chatham, Can., R.C. diocese est. ,5802; The 

World issued, 5843. 
, Eng., vessels launched, 9661 , 9701 . 

(See names of vessels.) 

, Earl of. See Pitt, fm. 

Chatillon-sur-Seine, Fr., Congress, 7212. 
Chatillon le Due, attacked, 7422. 
Chatnole, Eng., water-spout at, 10001. 
Chatrain, Alexandre, b., 7242 ; d., 7601. 
Chatsworth, 111., E. E. accident, 3273. 
Chattahoochee, Confeds. burn, 2462. 
Chattanooga, Tenn., Eosecrans at, 2262; 

siege of, 2262,3; Sherman tights battles, 

2282, 2322 ; Johnston at,280T; survivors' 

reunion, 3441 ; tj. S. Grant Univ. org., 

2543 , Confed. reunion, 3623 ; fire, 3833, 

3933 ; raiders' monument, 3841 ; negro 

trial, 4082; lynching, 4303 ; Wertsshot, 

4502. 
Chatterton, Thos., b., 9123 ; Poems, 9163 ; 

d.,91S3. 
Chatti War, 10641. 
Chaucer, Geoffrey, b.-d., 8562 ; -works, 

8583, 8603. 
Chaudet, Antoine Denis, b., 7031 ; d.,719i . 
Chaudiere Valley, Can., inundated, 5921 . 
Chauffepie, Jacques George, b.-d., 11011. 
Chau-Kia-Keo mission, 6242. 
Chaulieu, Guillaume, Amfrye de, b., 68S2 ; 

d., 6982. 
Chaul-Mong, emp. of Annam, 4382. 
Chaumette, Pierre Gaspard, b., 7031 ; d., 

7102. 
Chaumonot, treaty of, 937 3 ; allies at, 811 2 . - 
, Pierre Marie Joseph, b. (1611) ; mis- 
sionary, 401 ; d. (1693). 

, M. J., b., 6862 ; d.. 6942. 

Chauncey, Isaac, b., 762 ; d., 1521 . 

, John S., Commodore, d., 2741 . 

Cbauncy, or Chauncey, Charles, b., 56 2 ; 

Pres. of Harvard, 391 ; d., 442. 

, Charles, lawyer, b., 891 ; d., 1661 . 

Chaussard, Pierre Jean Baptiste, b., 7031 : 

d., 7241. 
Chaussee, Pierre Claude Nivelle de la, b., 

6942 ; works, 6992 ; d., 7022. 
Chaussier, Francois, b., 7003 ; d., 7243. 
Chautauqua, N.Y., Chautauqua Coll. est., 

2823 ; first Assembly, 2843 ; College of 

Liberal Arts opd., 4102 ; c. Literary 

and Scientific Circle org., 3003 ; w. E. 

Harper at, 3423. 
Chauvelin, Francois Bernard de, b., 7031 ; 

d., 7262. 

, Germaine Louis de, b., 6923 ; d., 7023. 

Chauvenet, Wm., b., 1282 ; d.,2721. 
ChauTin, Can., colony of, 571 3 . 

, Etienne, b., 6883 ; d., 6982. 

Chauz, Fray Fuan de, gov. Costa Eica, 6302. 
Chavee\ Honore Jos., b., 5423 ; d. (1877). 
Chaves, Juan de, gov. Costa Eica, 6302. 
Chavigny, Theodore, d., 7042. 
Chaworth, Baron, title created, 9451 . 
Chazal, Antoine, b., 7082 ; d., 7322. 
Chazelles, Jean Mathieu de, b., 6902 ; d., 

6963. 
Cheat Mt., W. Va., battle. 1982. 
Cheatham, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1820); 

at Murfreesboro, 2171 ; d. (1886). 
Chedel, Quentin Pierre, b., S962 ; d., 7023. 
Chedorlaomer, in Assyria, 11401 . 
Chee-Foo, famine, persecution, 6251 . 



Cheesman, J. J., pres. Liberia, 11612. 

Cheetham College founded, 8883. 

Cheever, Ezekiel, b., 261 ; d., 562. 

, Geo. B., b., 1141 ; d. (1890). 

Chefket Pasha, at Plevna, 5652. 

Chefu, mission, 6203, 6222,3 ; rioters, 6243; 
fleet returns, 6261 ; Russians at, 6263 ; 
convention signed, 9812. 

Cheke, Sir J. din, b. (ir»14) d., 8721 . 

Cheliemen, Mongol leader, 6151. 

Chelius, Maximilian J., b., 8062; d., 8282. 

Chelmsford, Lug., St. Mary's Church built, 
9293. 

, Baron, title created, 9591. (See 

Thesiger.) 

Chelsea Hospital fnd., S951 ; waterworks 
built, 9073; Carlyle statue. 9901 ; Chem- 
ical Industrial Society fnd., 3061 , 9881 ; 
chemical rays dis., 8O62. 

Chemical innf. at Salem, Mass., 1182. 

Society formed, 9501 , 9881 . 

, Am., 2961 , 4613, 4781 . 

Chemistry, system fnd., 8001 , Moors intro- 
duce, 11262. 

Chemnitz, Johann, b., 8002 ; d., 8063. 

, Martin, b., 7882 ; d., 7922. 

Chemnitzer, Ivan Ivanovitch, b.-d., 11143. 

Che-nan-foo mission, 6222. 

Chenango Canal, N. Y., completed, 149 3 . 

Cbenavard, Paul Joseph, b., 7163. 

CheiiedoMr, Charles .lulieu I'ioult dr. !>., 
7042; Genius of Man, 7171 ; d., 7262. 

Chenevix, Richard, b.,9191; d., 9442. 

Cheney, Benj., gives Webster statue, 3222. 

, Charles Edward, b., 1462 ; cons. Ee- 

formed Episcopal bishop, 2822. 

, John, racing calendar, 9071. 

, Person C, governor N. H., 2912. 

Cheng Ku, mission, 6243. 

Chenier, Andre Marie de, b., 7031 ; works, 
7063 ; d., 7102. 

Chenier, Louis de, b., 6982 ; d. (1796). 

, Marie Joseph de, b., 7031 ; works, 

7063, 7171 ; d., 7191. 

Chenot, Claude Bernard Adrien, b., 7143 ; 
d., 7322. 

Chentu fu mission, 6231 . 

Chenu, Jean Charles, b., 7163 ; d., 7521 . 

Chen-Yeun, sunk, 02t;i ; damaged, 6272. 

Cherasco, treaty of, 6892. 

Cheraw, S. C, Confeds. defeated, 2423. 

Cherbourg, Fr., captured, 67t;' , 6791 ; for- 
tifications razed. 7021, 0141 ; Alabama 
destroyed off, 2343 ; Brit, fleet at, 7371 ; 
occupied, 743 1 ; torpedo boat sinks, 7581 ; 
7601. 

Cherbuliez, Charles Victor, b.,7262; works, 
7351 ,7383, 74x2, 7,322, 7562; Academician, 
7522. 

Cheri, Eose Marie Cizos, b., 7242; d., 7342. 

Clierif Pasha, minister, 6592. 

Cherino, Diego de Artieda, fnd., Esparza ; 
gov., Costa Eica, 6301 . 

Cherizy, attack repulsed, 7421. 

Chermside, Col., in Sudan, 6603. 

Cherokee I. 'Per., boomers expelled, 3541 . 

County, Kan., lead discovered, 2961 . 

Strip, Okla., 3553, 3363; settlers; 

boomers, 4893, 8382; white Caps terror- 
ize, 4442; bonds bid, 4331. 

Cherokees, at Fort Loudon, war with, 
721 ±; treaty, 1072; mission, 1103, 1243, 
1263,1303,1322; expelled, 127 1 ; alpha- 
bet invented, 1331 ; seminary for girls, 
3423. 

Cheron, Elizabeth S., b., 6883; d., 6963. 

Cherops rules Gr., 10152. 

Cherrapooujee mission, 1047 1 . 

Cherry Valley, N. Y., Indian massacre, 901 . 

, Philippe, b., 7023; d., 7281 . 

trees, Eng., protected, 9051 . 

Cherub, captures Essex, 1221 . 

Cherubini, Maria Luigi Carlo Z. Salvatore, 
b., 10S42; /,orfn; s /.T(,9242; d., 10862. 

Chervreuse, Duchesse de, b., 6861 . 

Chesapeake, attacked by Leopard, 1141 , 
1173; takes prizes; captured, 120 2 , 933 3 . 

and Ohio E. E., op., 2853. 

canal, completed, 1533. 

Bay, Va., explored, 243; Brit, in, 902; 

Am. vessels in, 942; blockaded, 1201 . 

Chcsebro, Caroline, b., 1361 ; d., 2802. 

Cheseldon, William, b., 8982; d., 9123. 

Cheshain, Baron, title created, 9591. 

Cheshire, inundated. 8402; Royalist rising, 
8893. 

, Joseph B., Jr., cons. bp. N. C, 4401 . 

C'lieshunt College, W., opened, 9171. 

Chess-player, mechanical automaton, 9181 . 



Chester, Eng., battle, 8421, 886 1 ; walls 
built, 8453; ravaged, 8461; mysteries 
performed, 8541; fi re , 8653; se e erected, 
8683; practical technical school, imd., 
9503; Fenians attack, 9703, 9712; town 
hall opd., 9733; cathedral opd., 9762, 
9803; Bp. Jayne cons., 9983. 

, Mass., E. R. accident, 4373. 

, N. S., Bapt. miss. soc. org. 5783. 

, Pa., colonists, conven., 492; Progres- 
sive Friends, org.. 1723; explosion, 3113; 
syndicate, 8683; leprosy in, 3713; largest 
steel plate, 470 1. 

, John, moderator, 1311. 

, Joseph L., b., 1301 ; d., 3102. 

, Wm. Bennett, cons, bp., 9922. 

Chesterfield, Duke of, title created, 8831 . 
See Stanhope. 

Chestertown, Md., Wash. coll. org., 952. 

Chestnut James, b. (1815) ; senator, ex- 
pelled, 1973. 

Ridge, Md., Bpt. church built, 651 . 

Chesub Chunder Sen., in London, 9742. 

Chetham, James, buys papers, 1103. 

Chetwynd, Viscount'of, title created, 9051 . 

Cheu Kin Lung, captured, 6251 . 

Chevalier, Antoine de Rodolphe, b., 67S3; 
d., 6823. 

, Michael, b., 7163 ; Material Interests, 

7272; d., 7521. 

. Sulpice G. P., b., 7143; d., 7362. 

Chevallier, -lean, Baptistie Alphonse, b., 
7082; d., 7521. 

Chevereau, M.. minister interior. 7393. 

Chevreau, Urbain, b., 6862 ; d., 6943. 

Chevreul, Michel Eugene, b., 7061 ; work, 
7251; d., 7581. 

Chevreuse, Duchesse de, Marie de Rohan, 
b. (1600); d., 6923. 

Cheverus, Jean L< ■uis Anne Madeleine Le- 
febre de, b., 7032 ; cardinal, 7262 ; d. 
(1836). 

Cheverus, John, missionary, 982. 

Cheves, Langdon, b., 851 ; speaker, 1232; 
d., 1801. 

Cheyenne, Colo., riot, 4163. 

, Guiana, Fr., settlements, 333. 

, Wis , grasshoppers, 4701 . 

, Wyo., C. Evening Leader, est., 2582 ; 

E. C. dio. est. ; deaf and dumb school, 
3342; constitutional conven. 3451 ; first 
state legislature 3713 ; Mormons church 
est., 3622. 

Cheylesmore, Baron, title created, 9963. 

Chezy, AntoineLeon.de, b., 7042; d., 7262. 

Chlabrera, Gabriello, b., 10803; d., 10823. 

Chiapas, Garcia Granados invades, 10381. 

Chiang Chin mission, 620 3 . 

Chiari, Lombardy, French defeat, 6941 . 

Chiaroscuro engraving invented, 7862. 

Chicago, wrecked, 4113. 

, Fort Dearborn est., 1133 ; McCormick 

theological seminary est., 1383; lots sold; 
surveyed, 1893; on frontier; a steamboat 
arrives, 1413 ; Baptist church org., 1422 ; 
The Democrat est., 1423; bank est.; mail 
in 1834, 1453 ; incorporated, 1473 ; water 
supplied, 1533 ; E. C. see erected, 1581 ; 
theater opd., 1622 ; Chicago Tribuneest., 
1631; River and Harbor Conven. meets, 
1633 ; cholera, 1673, 1753 ; nullifies Fu- 
gitive Slave Law, 169 1 ; Board of Trade 
org.; gas in, 1693 ; through train arrives, 
1713; K. R. collision; Galena and Chicago 
Union E. R. opd., 1733; Masonic Temple; 
water-works, 175 3 ; license riot, 1763 ; 
wooden pavement, 1813 ; Theolog. Sem. 
opd., 1822; first street-cars; Rose Hill 
cemetery est., 1873 ; charter amended, 
1931 ; Board of Public Works org., 1953 ; 
Graceland cemetery est., 2083 ; Chicago 
Times suppressed, 2052, 2222 ; Dearborn 
Observatory fnd., 2171 ; Branch Sanitary 
Commission org., 2172 ; Sanitary Fair 
opd., 2273, 2472 ; water-works tunnel, 
2313, 2553, 2573 ; Democratic National 
Conven., 2393; Confed. prisoners near; 
Oakwood Cemetery est., 2413 ; funeral 
of Lincoln ; Union Stock Y'ards opd., 
2493 ; Ger. Mannerchor org., 2501 ; Cook 
County Hospital, est.,250 3 ; Crosby Opera 
House lottery, 2.3.31 ; Douglas monument, 
2553 ; burned, 2613 ; Republican Nat. 
Conven., 2631 ; Der Nordamerikanische 
Sangebund org., 2641 ; Wash. St. tunnel 
opd. ,2653; Lake Side Montltly est.; St. 
Ignatius Coll. est., 2662 ; Nat. Temper- 
ance Conven., meets, 2663 ; West Side 
Park Commission org., 2672, 3 ; ji a t. Pro- 



1216 



Text Figures denote Page. 1-ND.lL.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Chic-Chin r 



hibition Party org.; Irish Nat. Conven. 
meets, 267 2 ; parks laid out; Douglas 
Park ; Lincoln Park ; Humboldt Park ; 
Garfield Park ; Jackson Park, 2693 ; 
Public Library est., 2822; Grand Pacific 
Hotel opd. ; Palmer House opd., 2833 ; 
circulating library opd., 2843 ; C. Daily 
News est., 2S83 ; Union Sional est., 2863 ; 
0. Club find., 2691; Foundling's Home 
opd., 2733; Apollo Musical Club, org., 
2741; aid to sufferers, 2743 ; great fire; 
La Salle St. Tunnel opd., 2753 • Jnter- 
Ocean est., 2771; Exposition Park pur- 
chased, 2773 ; day schools for deaf, 2911 • 
Horn. Med. Coll. opd., 2922 ; Red flag in, 
2943 ; Socialists discouraged ; W. C. T. 
U. Nat. Conven., 2971; Citizens' League 
fmd., 2972; Calumet Club fmd.; Hliuois 
Club fmd. ; Union Club fmd., 2991 ; Ex- 
position opd., 2993; Academy of Fine Arts 
incor., 3001 ; Central Music Hall opd., 
3021 j Graph i<- est., 3023 ; Rep. Nat. Con- 
ven. held, 3043 ; Govt, buildings com- 
pleted, 3053 ; Herald est., 3081 ; Home 
Protection Party org., 311 2 ; cable rail- 
way opd., 311 3 ; Coll. of Phys. and Sur- 
geons opd., 3123 j Charity Organization 
Soe.fmd.,3131; bricklayers' strike,3132; 
telegraph to N. Y. ? 3133 ; Washington 
Park Club org. ; Voice and. Hearing Sell. 
est., 315 1 ; Epliphatha Seh. for Deaf opd., 
3191 ; public buildings opd., 3193 ; Opera 
House opd., 3201 ; M. E. Training School 
fnd. ; Church Extension Society fnd., 
3203 ; anarchists' riot ; lumber-shovers 
strike, 3232 ; Board of Trade building ; 
22 anarchists indicted, 3233, sentenced, 
3243 ■ Western Unitarian Association 
org., 3242 ; meat-packers strike, 3243 ; 
pork-packers strike, 3251 ; Lincoln statue, 
3281; Burlington and Quincy strike, 
3291 ; gas di.s.,332' ; ,Saturda>i Blade est., 
3322; Wesley Methodist Hospital est., 
3331 ; p. H. Cronin suspected, 3391 ; De 
witt C. Cregier mayor, 3392 ; fire, 3393 ; 
Drainage Bill passes, 341 1 ; 0. Hincke- 
ley's Univ. gift, 3411 : wind-storms, 3421 ; 
fire; second city in U. S., 343 2 ; La Salle 
statue, 3461 ; Crerar Library fnd. (see 
Crerar)j 3471 ; horse show opens, 3473 ; 
Patti sings, 3481 ; Clan-na-Gael conspi- 
rators sentenced, 3482 ; (see Cronin) ; J. 

F. Beggs discharged, 3483 ; influenza in, 
3501; Afro-Am. League Conven., 3511; 
Angelas exhibited, 352i ; P. B. Hutchin- 
son robbed, 3522 ; J. j. West sentenced, 
3523 ; Lieut. Schwatka in, 3533 ; Grant 
Monument, 3561 ; bucket shops attacked; 
carpenters strike; plumbers sir ike, 356 2 ; 
strikers active, 3563, :r>S2,3 ; Daily News; 
expose; eight-hour movement, 3563; Pub- 
lic School Protectors org., 376 2 ; finan- 
cial panic ; ice-dealers' trust ; World's 
Fair incorporated, 3573; (see Columbian 
Exposition); Lakeview Cemetery; Gar- 
field Memorial dedicated, 358 1; anar- 
chists fail ; Cronin monument ; dynamite 
bomb found ; waiters strike, 3591 ; Pres. 
Garfield buried, 3593; Garfield Memo- 
rial, 360 1 ; Irish boycott breweries, 360 3 ; 
Bunker Hill anniversary, 361 1 ; Park 
Nat. Bank closes, 3613 j Chicago Univ. 
incorp., 3622 ( se e below); World's Fair 
Commission org. {see Columbian Expo- 
sition) ; explosion on Tiago, 3633 ; new 
armory; meteor seen, 3641 j Switchmen's 
strike off, 3663 ; M'Vicker's theater 
burned, 3673 • leg-vaccination forbidden, 
3683; fire, 3693, 3713, 3313, 4293; Woman's 
Temple begun, 3701 ; Archbp. Feehan's 
silver jubilee, 370 2 ; Harry Varnell 
raided, 4711 ; anarchists' eel., 3711 ; area 
increased; Irish delegates welcomed, 
3723 ; Rolling Stock Co. assign ; Window 
Glass Trust, 3733 ; Bureau of Justice 
org., 375i; air-ship model exhib., 376 1 ; 

G. J. Gibson accused, 3781 j Italians vs. 
Union men, 3782 ; Carter Harrison for 
mayor, 3811 ; five candidates for mayor, 
3812; Grip doubles death-rate ; sash and 
door combination, 381 3 ; gambling houses 
closed ; marble cutters strike, 3823 - la- 
bor unionists boycott ; molders strike ; 
Pr. George of Gr. in, 3863 ; R. R. strikers 
fined, 3891 ; Nat. Building and LoanAsso. 
swindle, 389 2 ; cabinetmakers strike, 
3903; Dittlinger defalcation, 391 1 ; wheat 
advanced, 3913 ; Grant statue, 3921 • ca- 
ble-loop ordinances ; U. S. Warehouse- 



men's Asso. org., 3932 j women register, 
3942; anarchists, 3943, 3951; union men, 
vandals, 3951; land syndicate; railway 
accident, 3953 ; mail-wagon robbed, 397 1 ; 
Brewer's Coll. est., 3983 j Crerar's Li- 
brary Fund, 4001 ; school furniture trust 
4013; World's Fair Sunday closing op- 
posed, 403 2 ( S ee World's Columbian Ex- 
position) ; " boodle " aldermen, 4023 ; 
brewers' trust, 4033, 413 3 ; colored mass- 
meeting, 4042 ; relay bicycle despatch ; 
soldiers' monument, 4061; anarchist 
flags ; Conven. Federation of Women's 
Clubs, 4063 ; corn drops ; elevated R. It. 
opd.; Wergeland arrives, 4073; Demo- 
cratic Nat. Conven., 4092 ; forged deeds, 
4123 ; trotting record broken, 413 3 ; Gar- 
field Park raid, 4143 j anarchists' mon- 
ument, 4161 ■ liverymen's trust, 417 2 ; 
Asso. Press org., 4182 j Williams, em- 
bezzler ; Kean indicted ; jurymen sen- 
tenced, 4183 ; Conven. Nat. Farmers' 
Alliance, 4222, 423'; stockyards syndi- 
cate, 4232; strikers wreck' train, 4242; 
police blackjtia.il ; Spiritualism decision, 
4263 ; Carter Harrison mayor ; hotels ex- 
orbitant ; strike at World's Fair, 4271; 
bankers offer gold, 4273 ; anti-treaty 
mass-meeting, 42S2 ; Duke of Veragua 
in; Pres. Cleveland in, 429 1 ; banks sus- 
pend ; Richter statue, 4301 ; World's 
Temperance Cong., 431 1; Exposition 
Flyer ; time, 4313 ; anarchists' monu- 
ment, 4321; pardoned; gambling-house 
investigation, 4323; riots feared, 4331; 
Ammon robbery, 4343 ; masked robbers, 
4343; excursion rales; fireworks explode, 
4352 ; fire, 4353, 4373, 4513, 4533 ; finan- 
cial depression, 4353; Jewish Cong.; R.C. 
Cong., 4361; laborers violent; meetings 
for unemployed, 436= ; Theosophisis, 
4363 ; trainmen armed ; World's Pari, 
of Religions, 4381 ; shooting in Board of 
Trade, 4383; Evang. Alliance Cong.; Y. 
M. C. A. Cong., 4401; Chicago day at 
Fair, 4402; World's Agricultural Cong., 
4413; Mayor Harrison assassinated, 442 1 , 
body in state, 443 2 ; anarchists' demon- 
stration; Prunty outrage, 4423; G. B. 
Swift mayor, 4431,4452; Columbian Me- 
morial Museum, 4432; collision, '4433; 
criminals vanish, 4442; registry fraud, 
4443; j, p. Hopkins nom. for mayor; 
unemployed relief fund; .stamps-depart- 
ment robbery, 445 1 ; Hopkins mayor, 
4471 • Campbell defalcation ; gambling 
houses closed, 448 2 ■ Alderman Muivihill 
wounded, 450 2 ; bank swindle, 450 3 ; 
Coughlin acquitted, 4522 ■ Chinamen 
smuggled, 454 2; W.L.Clitl'ord shot, 4543; 
painters strike, 4562; <r ;is trust illegal, 
4582; Pullman strike, i-,s3,459i ; Liberal 
Religious Cong., 4602; Field Columbian 
Museum dedicated, 4601; Viking ship 
donated; Fr. republic law suit; popu- 
lation, 4613; female inspector; J. Cane 
attempts murder, 4622; labor coalition; 
money for Home Rule, 4623 ■ Simrott 
absconds, 463 1 ; Prendergast sentenced, 
4643; injunction against strikers, 4651 ; 
gas trust dissolved, 4653; Eugene Debs 
held, 4662, 4691; postal clerk Tufts ar- 
rested, 466 3 ; troops to remain, 4671 ; Uni- 
versal Gas Co. contract, 467 2 ; Pullman 
shops open ; rioters damage Park, 4673; 
Pullman charter test ; stockyard strike 
ends; Sunday baseball opposed, 468 2 ; 
infernal machine ; counterfeiters ar- 
rested ; train- wreckers arrested, 468 3 ; 
Fr. exhibitors damage suit; Pullman 
strikers resume, 4693; Nat. Labor Com- 
mission, 470 2 ; R. R. officers' cases, 4703; 
gamblers resist, 4711 ; whisky trust ille- 
gal, 4722; lottery scheme, 4723 • Anti- 
gambling Asso., 473i ; Pullman Co. tax- 
ation ; W. C. T. V., fountain, 4733; Rus- 
sian emigrant trouble; train attacked, 
4742; election riot; jewelry stolen; trouble 
at polls ; street-ear robbery, 4743; R, R. 
officials indicted, 4751 • Merchants' Asso. 
org., 475 2 ; employees colonize, 475 3 ; E.P. 
Hilliard,k.,4762; civil service resolut'ns, 
4763 ; cable-car collision, 4773 ; Pres. 
Purinton disappears, 479 1 ; switchmen's 
wages, 4873; q Burlington, and Quincy 
R.R.; C. and Fort Wayne R.R., 1813; C., 
Milwaukee, and St. Paul R.R.,2853 ; C. 
and Mobile R. It. grant, 1691 ; R. R. acci- 
dent, 3613 j C. and Rock Island R.R. opd., 



1713, 1753, 1813; R. r. accident, 1773; O 
and St. Louis R. R., 1833; C. Theological 
Seminary org., 1822. 

Chicago University, Bapt. Theolog. Semi- 
nary opd., 1822; 0. Hinckeley's gift,341i - r 
Marshal Field's gift, 3522; hicorp., 3622; 
Wm. R. Harper pres., 3682; Rockefeller's 
gift, 3682; 3102,3, 4421 ; buildings, 3862; 
opening ceremonies, 4162; purchase of 
lenses, 41S 2 ; campus fund, 4221. 

Chicha, ruins Peru, 152. 

Chichele, Henry, b.-d., 8582; archbp. Can- 
terbury, 8622. 

Chicheley, Sir Henry, gov. Va., 473. 

, Sir Thomas, minister, 897 3 . 

Chichester, bp. Durnford cons., 9742. 

, Sir Arthur, lord deputy ; b. (1563), 

8793; d. (1625). 

, D. of, title created, 9311 . 

, E. of. (See Pelham, Thomas.) 

Chichimecs migrate, 111 ; invasion, 112; in 
Mex., 132; converted, 133. 

Chicahominy, Va., battles, 2092.- Johnston 
crosses, 2072; Grant crosses, 2342. 

Chicamauga, Ga., battle, 2263 ; Nat. Park 
est., 3673. 

Chickamaitga, preys, 2202; blown up, 2421 , 

Chickasaw Bayou, Miss., action, 2171. 

Nation, silver dis., 3461 . 

Chickasaws, defeatFr.,621 ±; missionaries 
to, 1273,1351. 

Chickering, Chas. A., b., 1561 . 

, Jonas, b., 1062; d., 1722. 

Chico, Cal., Normal School opd., 3482. 

, Mariana, gov. Cal., 1472. 

Chicot, b., 6822± ; d., 6842. 

Chicoutimi, Can., R. C. diocese est., 5S42. 

Chiffiet, Jean Jacques, b., 6842; d., 6902. 

Chihuahua, Mex., mission, 10962 ; cave 
dwellers fnd., 10973. ■ 

Child, Francis James, b., 1322. 

, Sir John, gov.-gen. India, 10451 . 

, Sir Josiah, b., 8822; d., 9002. 

■ , Lydia Maria, b., 1101 ; d., 3041. 

, Mr., opens Homestead, 4103. 

Childebert, I., b. (495); king, <aG>^2 j -war 
with Sp., 11251; d., 6642. 

II., b.-d., 6642. 

III., b.-d., 6642. 

Childeric L, takes Lutchia [Paris], 6622;. 
king of Franks, 66,7.3; d., 6623. 

II., b.-d., 6642; assassinated, 6651. 

■ III., king, 6653. 

Childers, Hugh (lulling Eardley, b. (1827); 
minister, 9731, 9352, 9912, 9952; Lond. 
Conference, 993 2 . 

Childersburg, Ala., negro lynched, 3931 . 

Chiblevert, Pr., saved, 7711. 

Child labor, regulated, Fr., 7633. 

Children in mines, G.B., 9511. 

, cruelty to, bill, 10012. 

, John Geo., b., 9203; d., 9582. 

Children's Crusade, 10751 . 

■ Special Service Mission org., 9702. 

Childress, Sarah, weds Pres. Polk, 1331. 

Chihls, Col., besieged, 1622. 

- — , George Wm., b., 1362 ; birthday, 3832; 
d.,450i. 

, Henry H., phys. (b. 17S3) ; d., 2602. 

, Robert A., b., 1581 . 

Child's Paper, issued, 1723. 

Chile. (See Text, pp. 604-609.) 

Chilliamvalla, battle at, 10462. 

Chillicothe,0., fnd., 1073; Brit. officers im- 
prisoned, 1221 ; The Recorder, 1232; cen- 
ter of population, 187 3 ; relics of mound- 
builders, 3961 ; R. R. wreck, 4633, 

Chillingworth, Win., b., 87S1 ; works, 8831 ; 
d.,8843. 

Chilmead, Edmund, b., 8782; d. (1653). 

Chiloof Laeeda-inon, philosopher, 10163. 

Chilon of Sparta, b., 10162. 

Chilperic I., b.; king, 6652; d., 6642 • mar- 
ries, 665 1 , 771 1 ; assassinated, 6651. 

II., b. ; king, 6653; d., 6642. 

Chiltagong, India, grant of, 10452. 

Chilton, Wis., pearl clams found, 3681 . 

, Horace, b., 1722. 

Chimalpopoea, enthroned, 1095 2 . 

Chimay, Belg., fire, 5473. 

, Pr. Jos. de, b. (180S) ; d., 5481 . 

, Princesse de, Jeanne Marie Ignace 

Therese, de Cabarrus, b., 7043; d., 7262. 

Chimney < 'orner, fnd. by Leslie, 2503. 

Chimney tax imposed, 891 3 . 

Chimneys introduced, G. Brit., 8521. 

Chin dynasty, rules Egy., 613i . 

China, ashore, 3492; breaks record, 3553. 

China, see text, pp. 610-627, treaty with- 



Ciun-Chri. 



Text Figures denote Page. IlN DJiX^. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1217 



U. S., 1572 ; gospel promulgated, 9562 ; 
Fr.and Eng. expedition, 7341 ; Am. treaty 
signed, 185' ; French ambassador turned 
back, 7352 ; Com. Tattnall assists Eng., 
184' ; Gen. Ward not admitted, 1853; Bur- 
lingame treaty, Am., 2033 ; treaty with 
Japan, 1093' ; treaty with Rus., 11213 ; 
ally of Annam, 4813 ; conquers, rules, 
abandons Annam, S40 1 , 4811,2; war, 
4821 + ; peace with France, 755 2 ; suprem- 
acy in Korea, 10943 ; minister in Am., 
4311,2; envoy refused, 10933; treaty dis- 
cussed, U. S., 4351 , 4592 ; ratified, 4692, 
4771 ; war with Japan, 10933. 

Chi-Nan-Fu, mission, 6223, 6243. 

Chincha Isles, restored to Peru, 11083. 

Chinchilla, Sp., action at, 11321 . 

, J., Gen., capt.-gen. Cuba, 6343. 

Chinchon, Countess of, Ana, b.-d., 11282. 

Chinese, embassy arrives U. S. A., 2611 ,3, 
2992; immigration opposed, citizenship 
refused, 2712; grievances, 291 3 ; on re- 
striction bill ; vetoed, 3012 ; mission be- 
gun, 2962; SundnySchool lor, 3092; treaty 
with U. S.,3052 ; continued, 3073; exclu- 
sion operative, 3112 ; attacked in Wyo., 
3203, protected, 3212 ; indemnity bill, 
3252; labor forbidden, immigration pro- 
hibited 20 yrs., 3293, :m 2; approved,3312; 
valid, 3411 ; Charitable and Benevolent 
Asso., N. Y\, 3:541 ; schooner seized for 
smuggling, 3613 ; -Indian feud, 3871 ; ab- 
duction Am., 3SS3 ; ill-treated, 3931 ; de- 
nied Am. registry, 4113 ; sailors forbid- 
den, 4132 ; Civil Rights League, 4163 ; 
smuggled, 434 2 ; protected by troops, 
4363 ; mob, violence to Chinese, 4383 ; 
six companies register, 4493 ; conquer 
Bokara, 5491 ; immigration to Borneo, 
5511 ; rise in Borneo, 5522; executions of, 
Braz., 5523 ; punishment of, Can., 5922 ; 
immigration of, Chile, 607 1 ; smuggling 
of, 5953 ; mission to Blind, Eng., 9962 ; 
immigrants excluded, Australia, 4982, 
4992; m Korea, 10941 ; great influx, Mex., 
10973. 

Enumeration Bill, protest, 3542; re- 
jected, 3571. 

Registration Law, 426 3 . 

Exclusion Act, correspondence, 3531. 

Exclusion Bill, 405' , 2, 4071 , 2, 4162, 

4273, 4292, 4311, 2, 4332, 4351 4371, 2, 
4383, 4431. 

restriction Bill, N. S. Wales, 5003. 

Ching Cho Fu, mission, 6222. 

Kiang-Fu, rioters, 6251 . 

Chiugti, enthroned, 3131 , 6H3. 

Chingting Wang, enthroned, 6112. 

Chiugtsong, d., 6142. 

Ching Wang, destruction of books ; im- 
provements, 6102 ; reformer, 6103 ; en- 
throned, 6112; d., 6103. 

Cbinbai, attacked ; taken, 616 2 ; bom- 
barded, 6241 ; mission, 6242. 

Ch in ing Chow, mission, 6243. 

Chiniquy, ex-priest, lectures prohib.,389' . 

Chin Kang, in embassy, 6213. 

Keang, taken, 6162. 

Chinkiang, mission, 623' . 

Ching-king, mission, 6203. 

Chinnery-Haldantj, James R. A., cons, bp., 
9862. 

Chinsurab, Dutch capitulate, 9141. 

Chinten Wang, enthroned, 611 2. 

Chintella, reigns, 11253. 

Ohioggia, port forced, 1076'. 

Chios revolts against Athens, 10213,10233; 
naval battle near, 10551 . 

Chipman, J. Logan, d., 4361 . 

, Nathaniel, b., 683; u ., 156'. 

Chippenham, Eng., taken, 8441 . 

Chippewa, battle of, 1221 . 

Chira, Isle of, possession of, 6301. 

Chisholm, Caroline, b. (1810) ; Home est., 
4963; d. (1877). 

Chiswiok Horticultural Garden, 9402. 

Chitachuan, Ariz., intrenched, 3381 . 

Chitchze Tzeng, d., 6242. 

Chitesi, mission, 11122. 

Chiti, enthroned, 6113. 

Chitsou, expedition, 614' . 

Chittenden, Martin, b. (1776), gov., 1213. 

, Simeon B., d. (1840) ; 3382. 

, Thos.,gov.,b. (730), 913, 1032;d. (1797). 

Chittra mission, 10472. 

Chittur, fort, taken, 10422. 

Chitty, Joseph, b., 9203; d., 9502. 

, Thomas, b., 9303 ; d. (1878). 

Chivalry, rise of, Fr., 665' ; in Ger., 7763; 
in Eng., 849', 859'. 



Chivington, Col., attacks Indians, 240'. 
Chladni, Ernst F. F., b., 8023 ; d., 814' . 
Chladnitz invents glass harnionia, 804' . 

Clllopicki, JOS., 1.., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Chloral discovered, 814' . 

Chlorin bleaching, discovered, 11342, 

Chloroform dis. ; used, 140' , 814' . 

Clirael, Joseph, b., 519' ; d., 5242. 

Chiniemicki, Bogdan, b.-d., 11142. 

Clioate, Joseph Hodges, b. (1832), pres. 
conven., 459 3 . 

, Rufus, Capt., b. (1834) ; d., 250' . 

, , senator, b., 1082; d., 1842. 

Chocolate intro., Eng. 8S73 ; in Sp., 1128'. 

Choctaw, mission est., 1263, 1283, 1343, 
135'; Am. Board, LSIJ2; Christ ians, 1802. 

Chodowiechi, Dan. N., b., 8002; d., 807' . 

Chodzko, Alexander, b., 11162. 

, Leonard Jacob, b., 11162; d., 11182. 

Choerilus, b.-d., 1019'. 

Choir service, first in G. B., 8422. 

Choiseul, Due de, Etienne Francois, b., 
698' ; dismissed, 7053; d., 706' . 

Goufiier, Comte de, Marie Gabriel 

F. A., b., 701'; d.,7222. 

Choisy, Francois Timolton, de, b., 6883 ; 
d., 69S2. 

Choisy-le-Roi, statue of Rouget, 7621 . 

Chokang, enthroned, 611 ' . 

Chokier, Surlat de, regent, Belg., 5433. 

Cholera, Asiatic, appears in U.S.A., 1413 ; 
in New York, 1453,1673 ; in Jersey City, 
N.J., 4373; in Rus., 4413; i„ Belg., 549' ,2; 
in Jiddah, 4883 ; in Galicia, 5373, 5383 ; 
in Quebec, 5793 ; in Egy., 6613 ; in Fr., 
7373, 7553 ; in Ger., 8141 , 8373 ; in Eng., 
9453, 9553, 9693, 10903, 10923 ; i n Korea, 
10943 ;rnIt.,10S73;inPort., 11113; inRus., 
11233 ; in Sp., 11323 ; in Valencia, 1133' . 

Cholmely, Sir Roger, chief justice, 8712. 

Cholmondeley, Viscount of, title created, 
8911; Marquis, 9372. 

Chomel, Auguste Francoise, b., 7062 ; d., 
7342. 

Choo, against Mongols, 6141. 

Yuen-Chang, Duke of Woo, 6152. 

< 'Impart, Francois, h., 7011; d., 7102. 

Chopin, Frederic F., b., 11163 ; d., 11182. 

Ohoroebus, Elean, first victor, 10142,3, 

Choron, Alexandre Etienne, b., 7042 ; d.j 
7262. 

Chorrillos, Peru, battle of, 6063. 

Chosen .Friends Order, statistics, 4463. 

Chosroes I., the Great, reigns, 11072 ; in 
Arabia, 11, 4833; expedition, 4831; de- 
feated, 1030' ; put to death, 11062, 11072. 

II., against Eastern Emp., 10302 ; 

peace with Gr., 1031 3 ; devastates Syria, 
1106'; takes Jerusalem, 1154'; war with 
Romans, 11062 ; frees Armenia, 1107' ; 
reigns, 11072. 

111., captures Alexandria, 654' ; driven 

into Armenia, 1064' . 

Chotiinir, Prince of Carinthia, 503' . 

Chotusitz, Moravia, battle of, 800' . 

Chou, enthroned, 611 ' . 

Choulaut, Ludwig, b., 8043 ; d., 8202. 

Choules, Jolm Overton, b., 9303 ; d. (1856). 

Chousin, enthroned, China, 6112. 

Chowmodo, China, battle at, 616' . 

Chow Ping, mission, 6243. 

Siang, enthroned, 6112. 

Wang, d., 6103. 

Chremonides, leader in Athens, 10262. 

Chretien de Troyes, b.-d., 6683; Chritien 
Beige at /' Citinti founded, 5443. 

Chrestien, Florent, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. 

Christ, Jesus, b., 10623 ; events, 1152' ,2,3. 

Christ on the Cross, painted, 78627 

Christian I., b.-d., 6362 ; K. of Den., 6373 ; 
andSwe., 11352; cedes Isles to Scot., 65' . 

II., b.-d., 6362; k. of Den. and Swe., 

637 2 ; executions, 637' ; reigns, expelled, 
1135 2 ; massacre of nobles, 1135' ; de- 
posed, 637 ',3. 

III., Den., b.-d., 6362 ; a t Copenhagen, 

636' ; annexes church lands ; establishes 
Lutheranism, 636 3 ; fnds. Library, 637' ; 
enthroned, 6373. 

rv., Den., b.-d., 6362; aids Ger. Prot- 

testants, 512' , 6363 ; K. of Nor. andDen., 
6373 ; fnds. Christiania, 11052; leads 
Prot. League, 6373, 7952; in Thirty Years' 
War, 794 ' ; receives lands ; peace with 
Wallenstein ; prom, to Ger. Emp., 7953. 

V., Den., b., 6362; enthroned, 6373 ; 

d., 6363. 



Christian VII., Den., b.,638' ; reigns, abol- 
ishes shivery, 6392 ; d., 6382. 

VIII. , Den., b., 6382 ; reigns, 6393 • 

Schleswig-Hol. Union, 041 i,817i;d., 6403. 

IX., Den.,b., 6382 ; weds, 0411 ; reigns, 

6412; proclamation, 6413; Crown Pr. b. ; 
in Iceland, 6421 ; golden wedding, 6422. 

I., elector of Saxony, 7933. 

II., elector of Saxony, 7933. 

.David, d.,638i. 

, Ernest, est. order of Concord, 7972. 

, Frederick, first convert, Greenland, 

1038' ; baptized, 602. 

, Pr. of Anhalt-Bernburg, b., 7922 ; 

under ban., 5123 ; d., 7943. 

, Pr. of Schlesw ■ ig-1 1 1 .lstein, weds, 9692. 

Christian I III., tired at, 818'. 

Alliance Association formed, 9523. 

apologists nourish, 1028 3 . 

Brothers' Coll., Mo., org., 1782 ; in 

Tenn., 2782. 

burial-place, first, 10722. 

College, Ky., established, 3163. 

, Mo., established, 1683. 

, Ore., established, 2543. 

Commission, org., 201' ; meets, D. C, 

396'. 

Community, Eng., founded, 8962. 

Church divided, 6543. 

Students' Conference, 3622. 

Endeavor, Young Peoples Society of, 

first soc. org., 3062 ; U. S. census, 3302 ; 
Soc. in Am., 3423 ; 9th interna t. conven., 
3601 ; conven. inK.Y.,410' ; World'sFair 
action, 429 ' ; census, 438 1 ; Cleveland con- 
ven. ,4641; Montreal conven., 5942 ; del- 
egates mobbed, Can., 5943. 

era commences, 10021 ; inGr. B.,8442; 

restored, Fr., 7172. 

Evidence Society organized, 9742. / 

Faith Society formed, 8983. 

institution founded, Africa, 11602, 

Knowledge Society, organized 9002. 

Marriage Bill passes, 10491 . 

Philosophy, Amer. Inst., 3643, 4102. 

Reformed Mission Society org., 11022. 

Social Purity League est., 3803. 

Remembrancer est., 9391 . 

republic, plan for, 6863. 

Scientists org., 3222 ; meet, 3602. 

Socialism est., 9603. 

Teacher, established, 9471 . 

Unity Association formed, 960 3 . 

University founded, Mo., 1731 . 

Vernacular Educ. Society fnd., 9622. 

Workers' Conven., Hartford, 370 2 ; in 

Boston, 4181. 

Christiania, Nor., fnd., 11052; fire, 11053 ; 
Univ. fnd. ; hiieWaji ii/sted/tr est. ,11042; 
liquors prohibited,' 11053; parties, 1131 2 . 

, Pa., antislaverv riot, 1691. 

Christiancy, Isaac P., d., 3681 . 

Christianenburg, mission, 5983. 

Christianity intro. in Den., 635'; in Fr., 
6662; Ger., 76S2, 7711, 7843; in G. B., 
8402 ; (2d) in Gr., 10343; in Hung., 5022 ; 
in India, 10443 ; i„ Japan, 10911; in Pa- 
raguay, 11052 ; in Gullaland, 11112; in 
Rus., 11131 ; in Finland, 11143, 11343; in 
Servia, I1231 ; in Siam, 11242; i n Swe., 
11333; inSwitz., 11372; banished in Fr., 
6103; proscribed, 7111; reest., 7151; 
spreads iuG.B.,S4'_'2; exterminated, S403; 
inaug. in It., 10623; sign of cross, 10642 ; 
renounced, 10683; merits discussed; su- 
preme in Egy., 1009 ' ; prohibited in Mad- 
agascar, 10942 ; in Paraguay, 11052. 

Christians of Early Church. (See Text, 
Turkey, and Italy.) 

, origin of name, 1153 ' ; freed from 

observances, 1153' ; equal with Moham- 
medans, 1157 ' ; Fr. and Eng. intervene 
for, 1159' ; war with pagans, 8402; vene- 
ration of saints, 8443 ; persecuted ; 1st 
gen., 10621 ; 2d, 3d, 4th,5th, 6th, 10641 ,2; 
7th, 8th, 9th, 10th, 10661,2; Apostolic 
church, 11523 ; inAfr.; in Antioch, 10722; 
in Croatia, 11563 ; in Fr., 6623, 6631 ; in 
Ger., 7682. 7S2' ; in Japan, 10911 , in Jedda, 
11581,3; in Korea, 10942; in Persia, 11063; 
11071 ; in Syria, 11571 ; in Turkey, 10342; 
against Saracens, 11261 ; celebrate Eas- 
ter, 10623 ; use holy water, 10642 ; tol- 
erated ; worship of, 10682; allowed usury, 
10793. 

(Denomination) in Am., Abingdon 

Coll., est., 17S2 ; Eminence Coll. est., 
1822 ; Hesperian Coll., Cal.,2622 ; Pierce 
C. Coll., Cal., 2763 ; S. Ky. Coll., 3082 ; 



1218 



Text Figures denote Page. iJND.c,.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Chri-Cinc. 



Christian Coll., Ky., 3123 ; For. Miss. 
Society organized, 3262. 

Christie, Alex., gov., 577 3 . 

, Samuel Hunter, b., 9223 ; d.,968i. 

Christina, queen, b.-d., 11342 ; reigns in 
Sweden; abdicates, 11353. 

Christine, Buntzen, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. 

dePisan, b.-d., 6742; song, 6763. 

Christlieh. Theodor, b.,8142. 

Christman, Chris., murderers, 4182. 

Christmas, a fast day, 8343. 

Islands annexed to G-. B., 1001 1 ; under 

Sraits Settlements, 10492. 

Soc. org., 39(13 ; gifts, 4211 . 

Christotie, Charles, b., 7163 ; a., 7361. 

Christofori, Bartoloineo, makes piano, 
10822. 

Christophe, Henri, b. (17G7) ; gov. Haiti ; 
commits suicide, 10402. 

Christopher, pope, 10723. 

, emp., 10332 ; d., 10322. 

1., Den., b., 6362; reigns; poisoned, 

637i. 

• II., b.-d., 6362; reign*; dethroned, 6372. 

III., king Nor., Swe., and Den., 6372, 

11352. 

, Edward R., embezzler, 4631 . 

, the Pacific, D. of Wurtemberg, 7931 . 

Christopolus, Athanasios, b.-d., 10343. 

Chromium discovered, 7123. 

Chromolithograph y intro., 1641 . 

Chronirle, bv E. of Simeon, ends, Eng. 

.of Worcester, ends, Eng., 8433. 

, London, issued, 970 2 . 

of Dino Compagni, est., 10771. 

Chronicles of England, 8643. 

of Eng"., Scot., and Ire., compiled, 8751 . 

,Books of, written, 11463. 

Chronique de Reims, appears, 673 1 . 

Chrysander, Friedrieh, b., 8123; d.,2862. 

Chryseis, asteroid, discovered, 3021. 

Chryseus, Johaim, l-Iofteufel, 7911. 

Chrysippus, b.-d., 10263. 

Chrysoloras, Manuel, b.-d., 10762. 

Chrysopolis, action at, 10681. 

Chrysostom, John, St., b.-d., 10283; patri- 
arch, 1069 1 ; elected bp. Constantinople, 
11543; exiled, 10303. 

-Dio, writes orations, 10291. 

Chrvstler's Field, Can., action, 1203. 

Chubb, Thomas, b., 8942; d.,9122, 

Chu Chia Tsui, mission, 6211. 

Chudov Monastery, robbery, 11223. 

Chuhsien, escapes, 624 1 . 

Chuiua mission, 10483. 

Chumnus Nieephorus, d., 10.343. 

Chun, drainage, 6113; reigns, 6111. 

, Pr., dictator, 6233; d., 6242. 

Chund, or Chand, b.-d., 10423. 

Chung-Ho, battle at, 6262. 

Chung-How, cashiered ; signs treaty, 6232. 

Chungkang, enthroned, 611 1 . 

Chung-king, mission, assaulted, 6243. 

Chung-Mai, Laos, mission at, 11243. 

Chungti, enthroned, 6113. 

Chungtiug, enthroned, 6112. 

Chungtsong, poisoned, 6123. 

Chung Tsun, mission, 6203. 

Chung Wang, leader, 62Q1 ; d., 6202. 

Chun-king, mission, 622 1 . 

Chuntche, mathematician, 615 3 ; d., 6142. 

Chunti, reigns, 6113, 6152; flees, 6152. 

Chupas, battle of, 221 . 

Chuquiugua, battle at, 221. 

Chuquisaca, Independence of, 5503. 

Church vs. State, Ger., 8282± ; Fr., 7622. 

and State separated, U. S. A., 933. 

communicauts in 1870, U. S. A., num- 
ber, 2722, 3062. 

Antislavery Soc, fmd., 1S62. 

— - army constituted, London, 9902. 

councils. (See councils.) 

of England, payments to Rome pro- 
hibited, 8552 ; form of ordination, 870 2 ; 
English church services decreed, 8722 ; 
retains former creeds, 870 3 ; est., 8723; 
attendance decreed, 8743; law est., 8782; 
suppressed, 8863 ; Am. colonists resist, 
57i ; Low Church party, formed., 9023 ; 
Churches Act passed, 9042; unites with 
Ire., 9303; c. Missionary Soc, est., 9363; 
C. Building Soc. , est.; C. donations, 93S3; 
C. Building Act passes, 9451 ; C. Inquiry 
Commission, 9462; c. Penitentiary Asso- 
ciation, fmd., 9571 ; C. Discipline Act 
passes, 9502 ;C. Union, est.; divided, 9642; 
C. Cong., Cambridge, Manchester, Bris- 
tol, Norwich, York, Wolverhampton, 
Dublin, Liverpool, 9643 ; at Wakefield, 



Wolverhampton, Manchester, 9942 ; 
Hull, 10042, Birmingham, Exeter, 10102; 
Educational Soc, fnd., 9681 ; as so. against 
popery; readers permitted; union of 
Eng and Or. churches, 9682; disest. of 
Irish C, 9702; c. Reform Soc, org.; C. of 
Ire., convention. 9722; Cong., Swansea; 
Athanasian Creed, 9742; resolution for 
disest., 9743; against Romanists, 9762; 
Temperance Soc, fnd., 9762; Cong, in 
Scot, (first), 9782; Workingmen's Soc, 
est. ; Lambeth conf . ,9803 ; Book Soc org. ; 
ritualism, 98G 2 ; conferences; Leicester, 
Newcastle-on-Tyne, Derby, Reading, 
Carlisle, Portsmouth, 9862 ; Catholic 
League, fmd. ,988 2 ; C. Army, constituted, 
9902; purity Soc, fnd.; School Co., fmd., 
9922; House of Laymen meets; C. Pat- 
ronage Bill, intro., 9942; Conf . of Bish- 
ops, 8982; Conf. at Folkestone, 10082. 

Church of Eng., in Can., missions ; bishop- 
ric of Can. fmd.; bp. of Que. appd.,5763; 
Cathedral at Que., 5771; Education and 
Home Mission Soc, find., 57S2; in Ont., 
5783, 5361, 5S82; in Br. Col., 5801 , 5842; 
inP. Q., 5302, 5 S61 , 5SS2; missions, Br. 
Col., 5782; Woman's Board For. Mis- 
sions, find., 5822; Domestic and For. Mis. 
Soc, fmd., 5342; hi Man., 58S2. 

, Free, Epis., secession, 9822. 

of God, in Am., org., 13S2; inPa., 1383, 

1582; iuO., 14G2; Miss. Hoc. org.; in Ind., 
1603,1821,2; in la., 1642; in 111. ,1741 ,3463; 
in Tex.; in Ark., 1802; in Ind. Ter., 1822; 
German Eldership, 1762; Triennial Gen. 
Eldership meets, 2522; in Kan.; in Mo., 
2762; m MxL; in Va., 2802, 31S2; temper- 
ance movement, 3271 ; in Neb., 2882 ; in 
Me., 3002; conf. in Chicago, 3463. 

of Ire., disestablished, 9722. 

of Scotland, patronage condemned, 

9503, and abolished, 9732; disestablish- 
ment, 9992, 10022. 

of Wales, disest., 10012, 10123. 

property confiscated, Mex., 10962. 

and State Bill, Fr., intro., 7622. 

, Beni., b., 341 ; traitor, 812; d., 581 . 

, Fred. Edwin, b., 1341 ; Nat. Acad. De- 
sign, 1661 ; 3221 ; paintings in Lond.,2501 . 

' , Stuart, paintings, 30^2,3061,3181, 

3221. 

-, John, arrested, false charges, 9843. 

, Adams, b., 1561 . 

, Levi Ruggles, d., 5941 . 

, Louis K., gov. Dak., 3252. 

, Pharcellus, b., HOi ; d. (1886). 

, Richard William, d., 10042. 

, Sanford Elias, b. (1813) ; d., 3041 . 

Churches, public, erected, 10683. 

, Eastern and Western, separated, rec- 
onciled, 10303; separated, 10322,3,10343. 

of Christ. (See Disciples of Christ.) 

Churchill, Baron, title created, 937 2 . 

, Chas., b., 9082; works, 9152 ; d., 9162. 

, Henry Adrian, d., 9941. 

, John, D. of Marlborough, b., SSS2 ; 

joins Wm. of Orange, 8973 ; dismissed, 
restored, 8993; letter, 9012; embarks for 
Ire., 8981; wa r of Sp. succession, 6961; 
envoy, 9032; takes Yenlo ; inNeth., 9021 ; 
created D., 9032; at Blenheim, 696 1 ; at 
Ghent, 542i ; dismissed from army, 9041 ; 
appointed capt-gen., 904 1 ; takes Bou- 
chain, 904i'; minister, 9053; d., 9062. 

— --Spencer. George Charles, D. of Marl- 
borough, d., 10082. 

.Lord Randolph Henry, b. (1849) ; 

minister, 9933, 9953; liquor traffic ; at 
Barnum's banquet, 10023; bill, 10031. 

, Sylvester, b., 961 ; at Arkansas Post, 

218i; d.,2172. 

, Thomas J., gov. Ark., 3093. 

Churton, Edward T., cons, bp., 9962. 

Churubusco, battle of, 1621 . 

Chusan, evacuated, G1C ; taken, 616 2 . 

Chutia Nagpur, Bp. Whitley cons., 10042; 
converts in, 10471 . 

CliwangSiaiig Wang reigns, 611 2 ; d.,6103. 

Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Chwenhio enthroned, 611 1 . 

Chwolson, Daniel, b., 11163. 

Clivtraus. David K., b., 7902; d., 7922. 
Cialdini. Enrico, D. of Gaeta, b., 10S51 ; at 
Castelridardo, 10831; ;it Messina, 10881; 
d., 10901. 
Ciampoli, Giovanni Battista, b., 10S22. 
Cibber, Cains Gabriel, b., 6362; d., 6381 . 

, Colley, b., 8922; p„et laureate, 9091 ; 

d.,9143. 



Cibola, Mex., wonders of, 203. 

Cibrario, Luigi, b., 10843; d., 10882. 

Cicero, Marcus Tullius, b.-d., 10563; stu- 
dent, 10291 ; orations, 10563; consul; 
against Catiline ; speeches, 1059 2 , 10612; 
exiled; recalled; house burned, 10593; 
proscribed; k., 10603, 106I2 

Cicogna,Emmanuele Antonio.b., 10843; d., 
10882. 

Cieognara, Conte da Leopoldo, b., 10842; 
d., 10862. 

Cid, The El Campeador, Rodrigo or Ruy 
Diaz, b.-d., 11262; against Moors, 11261 . 

Cidonia, seized, 11581 . 

Cider first made, 8533. 

Cienfuegos, Kicasio Alvarez de, b.-d., 
11283. 

Cienfuegos yJovellanos, Jose, b.-d., 11302. 

Cigarette Manufacturers' Trust, 3533; li- 
censed, Ind., 376 2 . 

Cigarniakers' Internat. Union org., 2412. 

Cignani, Carlo, b., 10823; d., 10831 . 

Cignaroli, Giovanni Bettino, b., 10S31 ; d., 
10842. 

Cilicia, capital, 10592; subdued, 10621; 
Rome takes, 10581; pirates org., 10583 ; 
earthquakes, 11502. 

Cilley, Jonathan, killed, 1491 . 

Cimabue, Giovanni, b.-d., 10762; Madonna 
with Angels, 10761 . 

Cimarosa, Domenico, b., 10842; d., 10843. 

Cimarron, Kan., train robbers, 4322. 

Cimbri, invasion, 10561,2, 11251, 662 1 ; mi- 
gration, 7691; defeat Romans; over- 
whelmed, 10562. 

Cimburg, Citbor de, political works, 5083. 

Cimon, b.-d., 10162; in Thrace; expels 
Persians, 101S* 3 , 1019 1 ; form under dra- 
pery ; rival of Pericles ; banished ; re- 
called ; leader; reconciled, 10193. 

Cinasthon, poet, flourishes, 10143. 

Cincinnati, sinks, 2063; lost, 2222. 

, cruiser, launched, 4181 . 

, 0.,fnd., 933; laid out, 1013; firstbank; 

1133; wine mfg., 1301 ; Commercial Reg- 
ister est., 1351 ; Lane Theological Semi- 
nary opd.; Western Heritic' est., 1371; 
Ohio River rises, 1401; St. Xavier, Coll. 
fnd., 1403, 1423, 1523; R. C., archbishop- 
ric created, 1422; "Mercantile Library 
fnd., 1443; Philanthropist destroyed, 
1463; Abolition office destroyed, 1471; 
anti-abolition riot, 1531 ; observatory 
erected, 154 1 ; Wesleyan Coll. fnd., 155i ; 
Spring Grove Cemetery incorp., 1593; 
steam fire engine mfg., 1721; Know- 
Nothings meet, 177 2 ; Democratic Nat. 
Convention at, 18n3; saved from Confed- 
erates, 2123; Kirby Smith threatens; 
martial law, 2VJ.3, '2243; Soldiers' Monu- 
ment, 2411 ; Pike's Opera House burned, 
2533;Public Librarvfnd., 2583 ; musical 
festivals est., 2641 ; Hospital opd., 2651 ; 
Harmonic Society org., 268 1 ; encamp- 
ment of G. A. R.,2691 ; St. Mary's Hos- 
pitalest., 209 1 ; Univ. incorp., 2702; opd., 
2722 ; Industrial Exposition, Southern 
Conven , 2713; Sunday reading rooms, 
opened, 2731 ; annexations, 27,'>3; Tyler- 
Davidson fountain est. ,2741 ; Unionstock 
Yards Co. fmd. ; Cotton Exchange est., 
2773 ; Liberal Republican Convention, 
2783; Eden Park, Burnett Wood laid 
out, 2801 ; St. Joseph's Coll. org., 2823; 
League of Rep. Clubs, 3832; biennial 
musical festivals, 2841; Univ. org., 2863; 
Queen City Club, org., 2872; Hebrew 
Union Coll., org., 2883; Kat. Repository 
est., 2922; Republican Nat. Conven. ,2931 ; 
Coll. of Music est., 3001; Widows' and 
Old Men's Home est. ; Associated Chari- 
ties org., 3031 ; Museum est., 3061 ; Daily 
Post est., 3063; Ohio River rises, 312 1 ; 
flood, 316i ; Kirk murdered ; riots, 3171 • 
Church Extension Soc. org., 3282 ; Cen- 
tennial Exhibition fire, 331 3 ; reform 
ticket, 3363; fire, 3533, 3373; Carpenters 
strike, 3G03, ;;6('>3; soap-works, capital- 
ized, 3633; explosion, 3653 ; J'ollcsfreund 
is seized, 3683 ; League of Rep. Clubs 
meets, 38:; 2 ; Nat. Union Conf., fnds. 
People's Partv, 385 2 ; German Teachers 
Asso., 3S62; water bonds issued, 405 1 ; 
Prohibition Nat. Conven., 4092; Rev. H. 
P. Smith's trial, 4181 ; ice-gorge, 4201 ; 
Cathedral mortgaged, 4202 ; Herr von 
Koutsky disappears, 4222; iron and steel 
syndicate, 427 3 ; Baur-Bribery, 4383 ; anti- 
negro mob, 448 3 ; union men refuse work, 



Cinc-Clau. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN DJlfX!. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1219 



4493; jealous priest, 4581 ; Music festival, 
460' ; E. R. wreck, 4673 ; adulterated 
drugs, 4723. 

Cinoinnatus, Lucinius Quiutus,b. (519 B.C.), 
10502 ; defeats JSqui, 1050' ; dictator, 
10512. 

Cindasuinto, reigns, 11253. 

Cineas, b., 10263; d. (277). 

Cinua, Lucius Cornelius, besieges Rome, 
10562; consul; driven from Forum; gath- 
ers arnry; takes Home; rules; k., 10573. 

Cinnamus, Joannes, b., 10322. 

Cinnebar, prepared, 79S2. 

Cinq-Mars (Henri) Cottier de Ruze^ Mar- 
quis de, b., 6863; beheaded, 6892. 

Cintra, Convention of, 7173. 

Cipher telegrams, investigation, 3012. 

Ciquard, missionary, 9S2. 

Circa Epborus, master of Apelles, 11462. 

Cireassia, Polemon II., Mithridates II., 
Cotys reign, 1153 2 . 

Circassians, revolt, 1158' . 

Circe, asteroid, discovered, 7321 . 

Circensian games est., 10503. 

Circignano, Niceolo, b. (1516); d., 10822. 

Circles, Germany, divided into, 5093. 

Circuit court districts, Eng., S51 2 . 

Circular saw, invented, 804' . 

Circumcision, rite instituted, 1140 2 . 

Circus, first, 1050 2 ; faction colors, 1065 1 . 

Cirencester, Richard of, d., 8602. 

Cirrha, destroyed, 1016' ; punished, 10172. 

Cirta, captured, 10572. 

Cisalpine Republic, est., 7132, 10S52; recog- 
nized, 5193. 

Gaul, conquered, 1053'; Rom. prov- 
ince, 1055 3 ; Latin rights, 10573. 

Cisco, Tex., cyclone, 428' , 4293. 

Cisneros, Salvador, (Jnl)an pres., 633 z . 

Cisplatina, rebellion, 5552. 

Cissa, in Sussex, 8412; K., S. Saxons, 8413. 

Cissey, Ernest Louis Octave Courtot de, 
b., 7192; minister, 7473,7491,7493,751'; 
dismissed, 751 ' ; d., 7522. 

Cistercian monks est., 6683; in Eng., 8483. 

Cities chartered, Fr.; become communes, 
6693 ; defection of Ger., 7S13 ; misruled, 
U.S., 1832. 

Citizens disfranchised, Fr., 749' . 

Citizens', Soldiers' and Sailors' Conven., 
2252. 

Citizen's Union org., in Mich., 329' . 

rights, born abroad, 1772; naturalized, 

protected, 2633. 

Citronelle, Ala., confeds. surrender, 246 2 . 

<My of Alexandria, burned at sea, 443 2 . 

City of Atlanta, burned, 4232. 

City of Boston, wreckage; Cornwall, 2713. 

City of Bristol, wrecked, 9513. 

City of Columbus, wrecked, 317 3 . 

City of Glasf/o/r, first trip, 16113; lost, 9593. 

City ofHamlnirij, collides, 10113. 

City of Mont/tal, burns, 3273. 

City of New York, in trans-ocean race, 
3452; speed, 3453; ashore, 4432. 

City of Para, Kearsarqc crew on, 6293. 

City of Paris, speed, 3433,4133,4173, 10013. 

City of Rome, on Fastnet Koeks, 3613. 

City of Vera Cruz, founders, 3053. 

City of Waco, burns, 2893. 

City Point, Va., Butler takes, 2322 ; gun 
explodes, 2371 ; Sheridan arrives, 2442. 

Ciudad Rodrigo, captured, 718' ,2. 

Civiale, Jean, b., 7082; operations in lith- 
otrity, 724' ; d., 7362. 

Civil disabilities of Jews removed, 945 2 . 

Engineers' Society org., 9381 . 

, Am., org., 1711 ; meets, 2762. 

gov., in Conn., 353. 

Marriages Bill passes ; royal assent, 

529i; opposed, 5361,2,3; passes; sub- 
mitted, 5372; supplement; passes, 53S2, 3. 

passes, Ger., 8292,3; church 

opposes, Uruguay, 11603; approved, 
Switz., 11383. 

oaths taken, 11411 ; on Gospel, 10713. 

office, "Iron Clad Oath" for, 2112. 

Rights Act, amendment, 2891 ; decis- 
ion, 3152. 

Bill passes. 2512, 2791; vetoed; 

overrides veto, 2.323; amendment, 2891 . 

Service Bill introduced, 2493, 2563. 

Exam. Bill passes senate, 4243. 

— : Reform, first step, 2493 , 2732 ; Bill 

intro., 2563; commissioners meet, 2751 ; 
rules enforced, 2953; reforms, opposed 
in Congress, 2973. 

■ Asso., 3052; resolution, 347 2 ; 

meets, 35S3; conven., 3923; regulations, 



4763; Bill passed, 3112, 3132; rulesvio- 
lated, 3112; repeal postponed, 3251 ; pro- 
moted, 3252; custom-house censured, 
3412; Commission es. N. Y. P. O., 3432; 
mail service, under, 3392; appropriation 
denied, 3783; extended, 413'; internal 
Revenue Office under, 4752; el assitied ser- 
vice; examination system intro., 9752. 

Civil War, U. S. A. (1860 ->, 1SS' ¥; media- 
tion urged, 165' ; ends, 2463, 2523. See S. 
Confederacy. 

Fr., 666' , 676' , 678' , 6822, 684' . 

, in England, 8841 . 

Civilis, Claudius, b.-d., 7681 ; leader, 6622. 

Civilization laws, Gr., 10143. 

Civilized state, China, 6123. 

Civita Vecchia, occupied, IO8S1 . 

Civitella, siege raised. 6821 ; relieved, 10801 . 

Claassen, Peter J., arrested, 3522,3802. 

Cladel, Leon, b., 7262. 

Claflin, Horace Brignam.h. (1811) ; d., 3202. 

, Lee, b. (1791) ; d., 272' . 

, William, b. (1818) ; gov., Mass., 2092. 

Univ., org. at Orangeburg, S.C. (1869). 

Claggert, Thos. John, b., 642; cons., 1023. 

Clague, John J., commissioned maj., 4561 . 

Claiborne, Wm., settles Kent Island, 333 ; 
armed boats ; dispossessed, 34' ; pinnace 
seized, 351 ; rebel, 361 . 

, . Charles Cole, b. (1775) ; gov., 

1132; d. (1S17). 

Clairaut, Alexis Claude, b., 6963; d.,7031. 

Clairon, Claire Joscphe Levees de laTude, 
b., 6982; d., 7143. 

Clairvaux, monastery at, 6683. 

Clair ville, Louis Francois Nieolaie,b.,719l ; 
d., 7521 . 

Clajus, Johannes,!). (1533); <!rammar,7931 ; 
d. (1592). 

Clainageran, M., minister, 755 2 . 

Clamenges, Matheiu M. de, b.-d., 6742. 

Clou Macduff, founders, 9S93. 

Clanbrasil, Baron, title created, 9372. 

Clanearty, Earl, title created, 9311 ; vis- 
coiuit, 9412. 

ClanConal, Baron, title created, 9531. 

Clancy, John M., b., 1482. 

Clanmorris, Baron, title created, 931' . 

Clan-na-Gael, condemns Dr. Cronin,338i ; 
archbp. denounces, 3403 ; in Parnell 
forgery, 10032 ; secret soc, find., 9871 . 

Clanriea'rde, Marquis, title created, 9412. 

Clanton,. Gen., at Pine Barren Creek, 2442. 

Clanwilliam, Earl, title created, 9172; 
Baron, 9412. 

Clap, Roger, b., 262; d. (1691). 

, Thos., b., 541 ; pres. Yale, 651 ; d.,74'. 

Clapp, Col. W. W., Boston Journal, 3862. 

Clapisson, Louis, b., 719' ; d., 7362. 

Clapperton, Hugh, b., 9243 ; crosses Sahara, 
9402; d., 9422. 

Clare, John, b., 9262; d. (1864). 

, Richard de (Strongbow), E. of Pem- 
broke, d., S502; in Ire., 8501 . 

Clarence, Chief, proclaimed, 11043. 

, Duke of, b., 5393. 

, D. of, minister, 9432; funeral, 11072. 

, E. of, in duel, 941' . 

, Earl of, on Ala. Claims, 2652. 

Clarendon, Ark., action at, 2103. 

, N. C, colony abandoned, 43 3 . 

, D., title created, 9212. 

, Earls of. See Hyde and Yilliers. 

constitutions, Eng., adopted, 8512. 

Claretie, Jules Arsene Amaud, b., 7282; 
Academician, 7561 . 

Cb, ridge, Richard, b., 8862; d. (1723). 

Clarina, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

Ctariuila, asteroid, discovered, 7561. 

Clarionet, invented, 7982. 

Clarissa, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . 

Clark, Aaron, mayor New York. 1492. 

, Alvan, b., 1121 ; dis. Companion of Si- 

rius, 2191 ; equatorial at Princeton, 3141 ; 
lens for Chicago Univ., 478' ; d., 3262. 

, Sir Andrew, b., 9422; d. (1893). 

, Billy James, b. (1788) ; org. first tem- 
perance society, 115' ; d., 256' . 

, Champ, b., 1681 . 

, Charles, paroled, 2491. 

, Daniel, pres. senate, 2292, 2332. 

, , murdered, 9152. 

, Davis, Wasgatt, b., 1183; ord. bp., 

2332; d., 2741. 

, Edward, gov. Tex., 203 2 ; proclama- 
tion, 1972. 

, Emmons, Col., brig.-gen., 342' . 

, Francis E. , organizer of Christian En- 
deavor Society, 306 2 . 



Clark, George Rogers, b. 6S3 ; in Ky.,793; 

in Ohio, 883; at St. Vincent, Ky.; at Vin- 

eennes, Ind., 901 ; Miami Indians ; at 

Detroit, 943; d., 1263. 

, Henry T., gov. N. C, 2032. 

, James, b. (1779),; gov. Ky., 1472, 1613; 

d. (1839). 

, John B., moderator, 250 2 . 

, Joseph, moderator, 110 2 . 

, J. T., shoots Dr. Jlolfett, 4183. 

, Laban, b. (1778); d., 2641 . 

, Lewis Gay lord, b. (1810) ; Kn icker- 

bocker Magazine est., 1403; d., 2S2' . 
, Mary Ann, mistress of Duke of York, 

, Myron Holley, b. (1806); gov. N. Y., 

1792; d., 4141. 

, Thos., memorial obelisk, 9841 . 

, March, b., 1183; cons, bp., 1762. 

, W. H., shoots Randolph, 3511. 

, Wm., b.,762; inPacific, 1121 ;d., 1482. 

, Wm. Travis, b., 1362. 

, Willis Gaylord, b., 1162; d., 1522. 

, Capt., explores Bering St., 5762. 

, Mr., kills George Payne, 935 2 . 

Univ., Ga., org.; 2803', 2962; Gammon 

Theo. School fnd., 3143 ; Chrisman Hall 

dedicated, 418 2 . 

Univ., Worcester, Mass., ded., 3463. 

Clarke, Neb., wife murder, 3782. 

, Adam, b., 915' ; d. (1832). 

, Alured, b. (1745) ; at Cape Town, 

5971; d. (1832). 

, Sir Alfred, gov.-gen., India, 10453. 

, Sir Andrew, gov., 10473 ; treaty at 

Pankor, 10492; d., 10102. 

, Charles, gov., 2413; arrested, 2503. 

, Cowden, b.,9242; d. (1877). 

, Edward, in Interior Dept., 3512. 

, Sir , minister, 9953; counsel, 10063. 

, Dan., b., 9182; d., 9403. 

, E. S., Rock Fountain mission, 6011. 

, George, gov. N. Y., 633; d. (1763). 

, Henry, b., 9363; a. (1818). 

, James Freeman, b., 1162; d. (1888). 

, Jeremiah, b., 8922; d. (1707). 

, John, b., 262; at Newport, 353; pun- 
ished, 383; d.,463. 

, Sleeper, b., 1442. 

,Mary Victoria Cowden, b., 9343; Con- 
cordance to Shakespeare, 9531 . 

, Richard H., b., 1561 . 

, Samuel, b., 894' ; d., 9082. 

, Walter, gov. R. I., 47 1 , 503, 533. 

, William. (See Clark.) 

Clarkesville, Term., surrendered, 2121 ; 

2181. 

, Col., at Mafeling, 602'. 

, Father, arrested, 10003. 

Clarkson, James S., in P. O. Dept., 351 2 ; 

retirement, 3611 ; President Republican 

League, 3832. 

, Lloyd, d., 4481 . 

, Robert Harper, b. (1826); cons. P. E. 

bp., 2482; d. (1884). 
, Thos., b., 9151 ; philanthropy, 9232; 

d., 9522; statue, 9881. 
Clarksville, Ga., lynching, 4063. 

, Southwestern Univ., Tenn., org., 2903. 

, W. Va., Broaddus Coll. chartered, 

2963 ; org., 277'. 
Clarksriile, burns, 1653. 
Classen, P. J., arrested, 3522. 
Clastidum, battle of, 6621 . 
Clauberg, .loliann, b., 7943; d., 7963. 
Claucon, leader in Athens, 10262. 
Claude, Jean, b., 6863; d., 6942. 
, Lorrain, b. 6862; paintings, 10822; d., 

6922. 
Claudia, discovered, 7601 . 
Claudius, Marcus Aurelius, b.-d., 10642; 

nearNaissus, 10522; defeats Goths, 10282; 

conquests in Ger., named Germanicus, 

10661; reigns, 10672, 11532. 

,Agrippa, plants colony, emp.,769'. 

, Appius Claudius Crassus Sabinus Re- 

gillensis, designs against Virginia, 10513. 

, C. Caudex, in Sicily, 10523. 

, Ciecus, censor, consul, 10532. 

, (Pulcber), power at Rome, 1057' . 

, Mathias, b., 8003; d., 8103. 

, Publius, near Drepanum, 10523. 

, Tiberius Claudius Nero, proscribes 

Druids, 6623; in Britain, 8391 ; aqueduct 

and conduit, 10622; banishes Jews, 10623; 

ruled by favorites, 10631 ; reigns, 10682; 

poisoned, 10633. 
Claughton, Thos. Legh, b. (1808); elected 

bp.,9803; d., 10081. 



1220 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Clau-Clin. 



Claus, Karl Friedrieh Wilhelm, b., 8143. 

Clausel, Bertrand, b. (1772) ; in Algeria, 
82,92,3; d. (1842). 

Clausen, HeurikNicolai.b., 6382; d.,642'. 

Clausenitz, Karl von, Prus. Geru, b., 8042; 
d., 8142. 

Clausius, Rudolf J. E., b., 8122; d., 8321 . 

Claussen, Peder, lieimskriniita, 6371. 

Claverhouse. See Graham, John. 

Claviere, Etienne, b.-d., 11372. 

Clavigero, Francisco, b.-d., 11283. 

, — - Xavier, b.-d., 10951 . 

Clavius, Christoph, b., 7902; d., 7923. 

Clay burned, 1713. 

Co., Ala., outrage, 3583; Mormon el- 
ders whipped, 3583. 

Creek, S. Dak., Indian outbreak, 3741 . 

, Cassius Marcellus, b., 1163. 

, Clement Claiborne, b., 1001 ; gov. 

Ala., 1453; captured, 2473; d. (1882). 

, Henry, b., 89i; at Fort Meigs, 1202; 

peace commission, 123 3 ; Speaker, 1173, 
1252, 1273, 1313; leader of Democracy, 
1233; Treatyof Ghent, 1213; Colonization 
Soc. fnd., 125i; slavery agitation, 1291 ; 
presidential vote, 1332, 1392, 1412, 1572; 
vote in House, 133 3 ; welcomes Lafayette, 
1332; S ec. of state, 1333; duel, 1352; re- 
moval of funds, 1412; Compromise Tar- 
iff, 1413; censuring Jacksou, 143 3 ; re- 
signs in Senate, 1552; Alabama letter, 
1572; withdraws from campaign, 165 1 ; 
compromise slavery bill, 1671, 167 2 ; 
medal, 1712; d., 1701; obsequies, 1711; 
statue, 1601 . 

, , Jr., b. (1811); d., 1623. 

Clayborne, William. (See Claiborne.) 

, W. C. C, gov. la., 1193. 

Clayton, Abner, b., 622. 

, John, b., 8962; d., 781. 

, Middleton, b., 1061 ; sec. state, 

1653; treaty, 1793; d., 1781 

, Joshua, gov. Del., 1013; d. (1798). 

, Powell, b. (1833); gov. Ark., 2652; de- 
clares martial law, 2652. 

, Dr., gas-lights, 9102. 

Bulwer Treaty, 1793 ; resolution, 455 2 . 

— Tunnel, Eng., collision, 965 3 . 

Clavijo, Kuy Gonzalez de, in Bokhara, 
5491 ; d. (1412). 

Claxton, Kate, b., 1641 . 

Clazomente revolts against Athens, 10213. 

Cleander, prime minister, 1065 2 ; d. (ISO). 

Cleanthes, b.-d., 1026 3 ; invents painting, 
10131 . 

Clearchus, d., 10231. 

Clear Creek, Colo., miners est., 185 3 . 

Clearing-house est. in Boston, 1793; assists 
banks, 371 3 ; certificates, 3733. 

Cleary, James V., cons. bp.,5842; archbp.; 
denies absolution, 5901 . 

, Win. C, reward lor capture, 247 3 . 

Oleaveland, John, b., 8801 ; d. (1659). 

, Parker, b., 931 ; d., 1841 . 

Cleaves, Henry B., Me., 4092, 4471 , 4631. 

Cleburne, Pat. E., b. (1828); at Ringgold, 
2282; k., 2402, 2411. 

Cleef, Henry van, b., 5402; d., 5403. 

, Jan van, b., 5403; d., 5422. 

or Cleve, Joost van, b.-d., 5402. 

Cleisthenes, social reforms, 1017 1 ; est. os- 
tracism, expelled, 10173. 

Clemenceau, Eugene, b., 72S2; duel, 7042, 
7671 ; Panama Canal scandal, 7642. 

Clemens, Archie, desperado, 2562. 

, Jeremiah, b„ 1231 ; d. (1865). 

— ~, Samuel Langhorne (Mark Twain), b. 
(1835); works, 2«)3.2683, 2782; 2823,2863, 
2942, 3063, 3123, 3163, 3183, 3503, 4781 . 

Clement I., St., bp. at R., 10623 ; d., 10642. 

II., pope, 10731 . 

III., pope ; sells indulgences, 10751 ; 

d. (1047), 10742. 

IT. rules, 7803; d., 10762. 

V., b. (1264) ; pope ; offers indulgences, 

10763; abolishes Knights-Templar, 10773; 
d. (1314). 

VI., b. (1292); pope, 10763,10771; d., 

10762. 
VII., b. (1342) ; pope, 7842,10811; im- 
prisoned, 6801 ; escapes, 6802 ; d., 10803. 

VIII., antipope, resigns, 10791; pope, 

10812 ; charters Univ., 10771 ; d., 10823. 

IX., b. (1600) ; pope, 5723, 10832 ; d., 

10831. 

X y b. (1590) ; pope, 10832 ; d., 10831 . 

XI., b., 10823 ; pope, 10832 ; decision, 

6163 ; d., 10832. 

XII., b., 10831 ; pope, 1083^ 

lotteries, 10853 ; d., 10842. 



Clement XIII., b., 10831 ; pope, 10832 ; fa- 
vors translation of Bible,1085i ; d., 10842. 

XTV., b., 10S31; pope, 10832; pope's 

toe, 10851; d., 10842. 

, Jacques, assassin, b. (1565), 6S5 3 ; d. 

(1589). 

, Joseph, planes iron, 9421. 

, Minister, Bulg., 5672. 

of Alexandria, b., 6522; liyes, 10643. 

Clement, Ambroise, b., 7163 ; d., 7342. 

, Felix, b.,'7241; d.,7542. 

, Francois, b., 6963 ; d., 7082. 

Clementi, Munzio, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. 

Clementina, jisteroid, discovered, 7481. 

Clements, Baron, title created, 9451. 

, Judson C, Commerce Com., 4473, 

Clemincin, Diego, b.-d., 11291 . 

Clendennin, D. B., Lieut.-Col., raids, 2341 ; 
commissioner, 247 2 . 

Cleobulus, K., b., 10162 ; sage, 10163. 

Cleodamus, deteats Goths, 10661. 

Cleombrotus invades Ba'otia ; slain, 10222. 

Cleomedes, b., 10283. 

Cleomenes I., against Athenians ; capitu- 
lation ; expels Hippias, 10173 ; d., 10191 . 

III., b., 10263 ; war with Achasan 

League, 1026 2 ; K. of Sparta, 10273 ; d., 
10263, 10271. 

Cleon, leads democrats, 10212 ; refuses 
peace, 10213 ; at Amphipolis ; takes 
Spacteria, 10311 ; killed, 10202, 10211. 

, paints Cadmus, 10263. 

Cleopatra, asteroid, discovered, 7501 . 

Cleopatra, sails for Cuba ; seized, 1693. 

Cleopatra, b., 6522 ; seeks throne ; mar- 
ried, 6521,2; poisons brother, 6531, 2 
and Antony; expelled; reigns, Egy, 
visits Antony, 6532 ; at Tarsus, 10602 
territory by Antony, 1151 2 ; marrie 
abandons Antony, 10611 ; war on; "Queen 
of Kings," 1061 3 ; murders Seleueus, 
11503 ; 5., 6522, 10003 ; tomb dis., 6611 . 

[II.], regent, Egy., 6531 ; reigns as 

queen, 6532. 

V., reigns, Egy., 6532. 

VI., war with Ptolemy, 6521 . 

of Macedon assassin., 10271 (308 B.C.). 

Cleoph, K. of It., 10731 ; assassinated, 10713. 

Clerc, Jean le, Ars Critica, 11371 . 

, Laurent, b., 7061 • d., 73S2. 

, Nicolas Gabriel, b., 69S2 ; d., 7131 . 

Clerfayt, Francois Sebastian Charles de 
Croix, b., 5143; at Hockst,518i ; at Wat- 
tignies, 7101; d.,5191. 

Clergy, Hung., corrupt, 5042 ; power op- 
posed, Belg., 5423; property confiscated, 
Fr. ; renounce privileges, 7062 ; sup- 
ported by state, 7073 ; power limited, 
7011; under surveillance, 7091; ex- 
cluded in education, 7551 , 7552,3 ; to re- 
spect Republic, Fr., 7622 ; political activ- 
ity, Fr., 76:12 ; Reserves, Can., 5762, 5772, 
5S82, 5891; Govt, dispute, Ger., S2S2 ; 
fined, 8283 ; subordinate to State, Set) 2 ; 
drunkenness, G. B.,S43i ; disputes, 8443; 
degraded, 8503; orders forbidden, 8541 ; 
incomes demanded, 8562; opposed, 8571 ; 
exempt from arrest ; education confined 
to, 8582,3 ; vices, 8431. 

Clerical Fund Bill passes, 8352; forbidden 
Pari.; regulations, S0S3; restrictions re- 
moved, 8,02; absolved, 8703; forbidden 
civil office, SS52 ; persecuted, 8963 ; re- 
stricted in State affairs, 9043 ; corrup- 
tions, 9093; against inoculation, 9142; 
Incapacitation Act, 9303 ; property con- 
fiscated, 11343. 

Clerieix Laji-os issued, 6733. 

Clerk, Sir R. G., gov. Bombay, 10473. 

Clermont, Australia, strikers, 5002. 

Clermont, s.ails from New York, 1141. 

Clermont, on Seine River, 7142. 

Clermont, Baron, title created, 9591 . 

, Comte de, b. (1709) ; commander, 5161 ; 

at Krefeld, 7021 ; d. (1770). 

Tonnerre, Comte de Stanislaus, b., 

7003 ; d., 7082. 

, Fr. ch. council at, 66S 3 ; subdued, 7403 . 

Cleron, Othenin Paul de, Comte d'Hauson- 
ville, Academician, 7561 . 

Clesinger, J. B. Auguste, b., 721 1 ; d., 7541 . 

Clesse, Antoine, b., 5423 ; d., 5461 . 

Cletus, St., bp. at Rome, 10623. 

Cleveland, O., fnd., 1063, 1073; mob, 1711 ; 
fire, 177 3 ; Perryinenunieiit.l.ssi ; Lincoln 
obsequies, 247 2 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' 
meet, 225 2 ; Historical Soc. org., 2583 ; 
Public School Library fnd., 2623 ; Nat. 
Temperance Conven., 2631 ; Bessemer 



steel mfd., 2641 ; standard Oil Co. fmd., 
2653 ; Evening Neivs and Herald est., 
2663 ; Woman's Suffrage Conven., 2691 ; 
Lake View Cemetery est., 2733; Vocal 
Soc. org., 2801; Lake View Park est., 
2853; w. C. T. U. org., 2862; Cong. Club 
fmd., 2902; Bach Soc. org., 3001 ; South 
Side Park est., 3033- Democratic Nat. 
Conven.; Prohibition Nat. Conven., 3051 
Soc. for Organization Charities, 3071 
School of Science opd., 3081 ; strike, 3103 
Adelbert Coll., 3123; electric cars, 3173 
strike in rolling-mills, 3203 ; Union Gos- 
pel News est., 3322; Epworth League 
org., 3402, 4321 ; Dr. Quigley suspended, 
3423; ut is Steel Co. purchased, 3433; Bp. 
Gilmour investigation, 3461 ; Cleveland 
Daily World est. ,3502; breweries pur- 
chased, 3533; Garfield .Memorial, 3581 ; 
Pres. Garfield buried, 3503 ; switchmen's 
strike, 3611 ; Gallery of Arts est., 3721 ; 
MacQueary's trial, 3742 ; street-car 
strikers, 408 3 ; Epworth League Conf., 
4321; Saengerlumd festival, 4342; dyna- 
miter, 4423; K. R. clerks arrested, 4443 ; 
mobs, 4582 ; Soldiers' Monument, 4641 ; 
Christian Endeavor Conven., 4641 ; J. B. 
Cavenshot, 4722; C. Robinson confesses, 
4731 ; W. 0. T. U. Conven., 4743; w. H. 
Price killed, 4763. 

Cleveland, Chas. Dexter, b., 1101 ; d., 2662. 

, Grover, b., 14S 2 ; elected gov. N. Y., 

3112 ; inaug., 3153 ; nom. for pres., 3173; 
popular vote, 3192- resigns governorship, 
3193 ; message to Cong, ; electoral vote ; 
inaug., 3211 ; proclamation, 3212 ; decis- 
ion, Pacific Islands, 3213; married, 3233; 
renom. for pres., 3311; popular vote, 
3312; arbitrator, 3353 ; in Tammany Soc, 
3372; at Centennial, 3523; practice in Su- 
preme Ct., 3582; denial, 3791; daughter 
b., 3931 ; address Univ. Mich., 4021 ; nom. 
for pres., 4092, 4113 ; acceptance; World's 
Fair dedication, 4171 ; popular vote, 4191 ; 
electoral vote, 4243 ; inaug. ; arrival, 
4253 ; reviews ships, 4283 ; Sultan's pres- 
ent, 4331 ; Esther b., 4381 ; intercedes for 
Hawaiian queen ; recognizes Hawaii, 
10413; ridiculed, 4391,2; arbitrator, 4512; 
against rioters ; action in strike, 4652,3; 
amnesty, 4731 . 

Cleves, O., railway wreck, 4073. 

Julicb, quarrel settled, 7973. 

Clevia, mission established, 10393. 

Clifden, Viscount of, title created, 9231 . 

Cliff-dwellers dis., 3341, 3481; traces in 
Ariz., 4761. 

Clifford, Alfred, cons, bishop, 10082. 

, Anne, Countess of Pembroke, b., 

7862 ; d., 8942. 

, Baron, title created, 8932. 

, John Henry, b. (1809) ; gov. Mass., 

1743 • d., 2902. 

, Nathan, b., 1102 ; articles of peace, 

1651 ; justice U. S. S. Court, 1852; Elec- 
toral Commission, 2951 ; d. (1881). 

, Sir Robert C. Spencer, d., 10062. 

, Rosamond, poisoned, 8511 , 

, Sir Thomas, minister, 8932,3; resigns, 

8933. 

, Lord, in Parliament, 9452. 

Clitlin, Eng., action at, 9101; Suspension 
Bridge, 9662. 

, Aaron B., d.,3501. 

, Baron, title created, 8772. 

, William, cons, bishop, 9603. 

Clifton, captured, 2262. 

Clifton Junction, R. R. accident, 9773. 

Springs, N. Y., Miss. Union, 3602. 

Cliuiatologieal Asso., fmd., Am., 3141 . 

Clinch County, Ga., fight, 3983. 

, Duncan Lamont, b. (1787) ; defeats 

Seminoles, 1441; aids Gaines, 1461; d., 
(1849). 

Clinchamp, Francois E. V., b., 706 2 ; d., 
7522. 

Cline, James C, assassinated, 2772. 

Clingman, Thomas Lanier, b. (1812) ; sen- 
ator, expelled, 1973. 

Clinical Soc. org., 9641 . 

Clinton, Ky., Cedar Valley Seminary fmd., 
2111 ; tornado, 3501. 

, Mass., factory burned, 4293. 

, Miss., College org., 1703; Confeds. re- 
pulsed, 2301 ; riots, 2891 . 

, N.Y., Hamilton College org., 1191 . 

, Charles, b., 9892 ; d. (1773). 

, De Witt, b., 761; duel, l'lli; mayor 

N.Y., 1132, 1153, 1192 ; electoral vote, 



Clin-Cohn. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN UrLA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1221 



1212 ; gov. N. Y., 1332 ; anti-Mason ex- 
citement, 1352 ; d., 136' . 

Clinton, Edward Finnes de.'Lord, b. (1512); 
minister, 8732, 8753 ; d. (1585). 

, George, b., 6242 ; g0 v. N.Y'., 653 ; de- 
mands royal revenue, 67 2 ; commissioned 
gen., 86' ; gov., 892 ; defeated, 1033 ; 
electoral vote, 1012,1033,1073, 1132,1153; 
vice-president, 1132 ; 1171 ; d., 1183. 

— — , Sir Henry, b., 0102; arrives, 80'; at 
Charleston, 822; in N.Y., 84'; ascends 
Hudson River ; captures furls, 872 ; com- 
mander, 882; leaves 14.1., 903; In S. C; 
in Savannah, 91 ' ; returns to N.Y., 92' ; 
with reeiiforeements, 943; d., 9263. 

, Fynes, b., 9222 ; d., 95S2. 

, James, b., 622 ; d., 1183. 

, Joseph J., b., 1302. 

, Baron, title created, 8563. 

Clisson, Olivier de, b. (1332) ; in Brittany, 
6742; d. (1407). 

Clitus in Hellespont, 10243 ; d., 1025'. 

Clive, Caroline, b., 9303 ; k. (1785). 

, Robt., Lord, b., 9062 ; at Trichinopli, 

700' ; conquers Orissa, 912' ; created 
baron, 9132; at Chinsurah ; takes Cal- 
cutta, 914' , ami Orissa, 1044 1 ; at Plassey, 
10442 ; gov. India, 10452, 3 ; d., 919' . 

Clock, sent to Fi\, 6642 ; first striking, Ger., 
gift to Charlemagne, 7722 ; electro-mag- 
netic telegraph, 950' ; astronomical, at 
Strasburg, 816' ; striking, in London, 
85S2 ; electric, illuminated. 056 2 ; hltro., 
593 ; mnf. in Conn., 104' ; by electricity, 
94S'; revolutionized, 14S' ; magnetic 
inv., 164' ; inv., 666' ; first in Eng., 8833; 
inv., 666' , 894' ; pendulum inv., 11002. 

Clodion, conquers Gaul, 6622 ; king of 
Salic Pranks, 6133. 

Clodius Publicus, partisans riotous ; 
against Cato and Cicero ; d., 1059 3 . 

Clodomir, king, 6652; d. (524). 

Clogher, bishopric est., 840 3 . 

, Bp. Stack cons., 9962. 

Clokey, Joseph, moderator, 1903. 

Clonbrock, Baron, title created, 9252. 

Cloncurry, Baron, title created, 923' , 945' . 

Clonfert, Bp. Duggan cons., 9762 ; Bp. 

Healy, coadjutor, 9922. 
•Clonmacnois, Ire. ; see erected, 8403. 

Clonmel, Ire., surrenders, 8862. 

,Earl, title created, 925 2 . 

, Earl of. (See John Scott.) 

Clootz, Baron Jean Baptiste (Anacharsis), 
b.,8023; d.,8062. 

Clorinde, captured, 936' . 

Closson, Henry W., a colonel, 330' . 

Closure Resolution, intro., 3763 ; unfin- 
ished, 377'. 

, new rules passed, G. B., 9872 ; rule 

adopted, 9912. 9:172 ; applied, 9933. 

Clot, Antoine Barthelemy (Clot-Bey), b., 
7103; d., 7382. 

Clotaire I., b.-d., 6623 ; king, kingdom 
divided, 665 2 ; condemns son, 665' ; pun- 
ishes Brunehilde, 771 ' . 

II., b.-d., 6642 ; king, 6652 ; executes 

Brnnehaut, 665' ; holds Pari.; 6652. 

IV., d., 6642. 

Cloth mfg. improved, G. B., 8982 ; mfg., 
9222,9582; encouraged, G.B., 904'. 

workers, settled, G. B., 8562. 

Clotho, asteroid, discovered, 7342. 

Clotilde, St., b.-d., 6623; we ds Clovis,6632. 

marries Pr. Napoleon, 735'. 

Cloture. (See Closure.) 

Cloquet, Bar. Jules Germain, b., 7062 ; 
d., 754' . 

Clouet, Peter, b., 5403; d., 5422. 

Clough, Arthur Hugh, b., 9383 ; works, 
9543; d., 9642. 

Cloute, Adm. minister, 753 2 . 

Clover Hill, Va., action at, 246' . 

Cloverport, asphalt deposits discovered, 

Clovio, Giulio, b., 5082; d., 5102. 

Clovis I., b., 6623 ; at Tolbiacum ; power in 
Gaul, 6622; baptized, 613' ; weds Clotilda, 
6632; a Christian; K. of Franks, 6633; at 
Aries, at Vougle, 664' ; conquests ; king- 
dom divided ; treaty with Theodoric ; 
patrician, 6652; defeats Alemanni, 768' ; 
rebuilds Worms ; sole ruler, 7693 ; d., 
6652, 7712. 

IL. b.-d., 6642 ; king, 6653. 

III., b.-d., 6642; king, 6653. 

Cloyd's Mountain, (loafed, defeat, 2323. 

Cloyne, see est., 8403; united, 8622; 9462. 

Clue, Adm. de la, in naval battle, 914' . 



Cluke, Col., at Mount Sterling, 220'. 
Cluseret, Gustavo Paul, b., 7242 ; near 

Winchester, 2082; signs manifesto, 7413; 

flees, 7413. 
Clusium (Chiusi), besieged, 1050' . 
Clut, J., cons., 5822. 
Clutharis, king of Itally, 1073' . 
Cluver, Philip, b., 7022; Germania An- 
tigua, 795' ; d.,7943. 
Clyde, steam-vessel son, 9362; strike, 9823; 

10023; lockout, 10003. 

Baron. (See Colin Campbell.) 

Clydebank, Scot., strike, 10063. 
Clymene, asteroid, discovered, 7342. 
Clymer, Christopher P., b., 121' . 

, George, b., 642; d. (1813). 

, Hiester, vote for speaker, 2832. 

, Mr., Columbian printing-press, 0362. 

Clyteinnestra, y., cruelty, 10143; k., 10143. 
Ch/ti'illiU'Strrt, asteroid, discovered, 296' . 
Clytia, asteroid, discovered, 2072. 
C. M. Palmer collides with Liulmurth, 9333. 
Cnidus, battle of, 10222. 
Coachmakers licensed, G. B., 9222. 
Coadon, John, cons. R. C. bp., 9862. 
Coal, dis. in Pa., 102' ; mined, 11l>3; in mfg. 

iron, 126', 150'; anthracite marketed, 

1293 ; use, 146'; in dwellings, 132'; on 

R. R., 1473 ; dis. Indiana, 278' ; dis. in 

Dak., 332' ; exportation stopped, Belg., 

5472; dis. in Ijraz., 5542; dis. Can., 588' ; 

dis. G. B., S52' , 918' ; use opposed, 8363; 

marketed Eng., 8613 ; used, 8813 ; dis. 

Mex., 10973; gas from, G. B., 9102. 

■ and coke, substitute charcoal, 924' . 

combine, decision against, 4142. 

Creek, Tenn., convict miners' trouble, 

3983; strikers, 404' ,412' ,413' , 434' ,424' , 

4343,4493. 

gas, experiment, 926' . 

lands, great sale, 285' . 

miners' strike. (See strike.) 

stations, established, 4462. 

tar colors, invented, 814' . 

Coalition, first, against Fr., 81172, 3, 9272 

second, 7133, 8073 ; war of, S0U2, s.073 

third, 7153, S093, 9332 ; fourth, 7172 

fifth, 71S' , 7193; sixth, 7212. 
Coan, Titus, b., 110' ; d., 3102. 
Coast defenses and fortifications, 399 3 . 
Coastwise slave-trade bill, approved, 2353. 
Coatepeque, Guatemalans defeated, 1038' . 
Coatlan, Mex., temple dedicated, 162. 
Cobalt discovered, 1134' ; 312'. 
Cobb, Col., at Moore's Mills, 2102. 

, Geo. T., b. (1S13) ; d., 2702. 

, Howell, b., 1242; speaker, 167'; gov. 

Ga., 1692; sec. treas., 1823; resigns, IS)' ; 

chairman Confed. Cong., 1913; d.,2622. 
— — , James E., b., 1442. 

, Seth W., b., 1482. 

, Thomas R. R., b. (1857) ; d., 2172. 

, W., b., 96' ; d., 138' . 

Cobbe, Fiances Power, b., 9403, 4732. 
Cobbett, Win., b., 9163; in Phila., 1051; 

works, 93H, 9;j!) 1 ; radical, 9393; d.,9462. 
Cobbs, Nicholas Maimer, b. (1796); con.s. 

P.E. bp., 1563; d., 1902. 
Cobden, Miss., action against. 1005'. 
., Richard, b., 9323 ; treaty with Fr., 

7352; testimonial, 9333; censured, 9612; 

leader Anti-Corn Law League, 949 3 ; d., 

968' ; statue, 972'. 
Cobham, Viscount, title created, 905' . 

, Lord. (See Brooke, Henry.) 

, •, takes Vigo, 112S' . 

Cobiago, Cal., petroleum oil dis., 390'. 
Cobourg, Can., Sentinel Star, 5783 ; Vic- 
toria Univ. fnd. 579' . 
Coburg, Pr. of, at Wattignies, 710' . 
Coburn, Abner, gov. Me., 2293. 

, Col., near Franklin, 220' . 

Cocaine, as anesthetic, 3181. 

Cocarde forgeries, Paris, 765' ; documents 

pub., 7653. 
Cocceius, Johannes, b.-d., 11003; est. Coc- 

ceians, 797'. 
Coccius, Ernst Adolf, b., 8123. 
Coeheco, -Me., Indians defeated, 462. 
Cochecto, N. Y., R. R. wreck, 4133. 
Coeherel, battle of, Fr., 674' . 
Cochery, M., minister, 7532, 7543. 
Cochet, L'Abbe\ Jean Baptiste Desire', b., 

7192, d., 7501 . 
Cochin, Chas. Nicolas, b., 6971 , d., 7062. 
China, won, 6141; annexed; rebels, 

6152; Fr. conquest, 6193; see est., 9S03; 

mission, 10462; naval expedition, 11301. 
Cochlaus, Johann, b., 7862; d., 792'. 



Cochran, Ga., New Ebenezer Coll. fnd., 

1782. 

, John P., gov. Del., 2912. 

, Melville A., commissioned col., 3642. 

, William, b., 9102; d. (1785). 

Cochrane, Alexander D. B., Ld. Laming- 

ton, d., 10042. 
, Sir Alex. Inglis, b. (1758); squadron, 

554' ; destroys frigates, 9341 ; d, (1832). 
, John, Gen., b. (1813); nom. for vice- 

pres.,2352; pres. Soc. Cincinnati, 4642. 
, Thomas, Earl of Dundonald, b.,919' ; 

d., 9642. 

, E. of Mar, murdered, 8643. 

, Lord, Radical, 9393. 

Cochren, Henry S., takes gold, 4382. 

Cock, Thomas, d., 2662. 

Cockburn, Sir Alex. James Edmund, b., 

9303; Alabama arbitration, 2752; d., 9861 . 

, Mrs. Alison, b., 9042; d. (1794). 

, Sir George, b., 918 3 ; burns Am. 

towns, 1202; d., 9582. 

, Lord Henry Thos., b., 9203; d., 9582. 

Cocker, Edward b., 8822; Arithmetic, 8943 • 

d., 8941. 
Cockerell, Chas. Robert, b., 9243; d., 9662. 

, , b. (17S8); d., 9722. 

, John A., Pres. of Press Club, 3482; 

Morniiif/ Adeertiser, 3962. 

, Mr., St. Paul's repaired, 9402. 

Cockerill, Francis Marion, b. (1834); Gen., 

near Butler, Mo., 2143. 
Cock-lighting prohibited, Gr. Br., 889'. 
Cockin's Sound, N. Am., entered, 5702. 
Cochran, P. E. (Nelly Bly), tour, 3533. 
, W. Bourke, b., 174' ; nom. for vice- 

pres., 4092; speech, 437'. 
Cockrell, Francis M.,b., 1422; speech, 441'. 

, Jeremiah V., b., 142' . 

Cockrill, John, editor, acquitted, 3103. 
Codazzi, Agostino, b., 10843; d., 10882. 
Coddington, Win., b., 262; at Newport, 

353; gov. R. I., 392, 453; d., 463. 

, , Jr., gov. R. 1., 492. 

Code Napoleon promulgated, 7153. 
Codex Alexandrian, presented, 8823. 

Sinaiticux, discovered, 8162, 488' . 

Cod-fishing in Newfoundland, 1103'. 
Cod-liver oil a remedy, 922'. 
Codl'ington Coll., W.'l., founded, 583. 
, Sir Edward, b., 9183; vice-admiral; 

off Navarino. 724', 10342; d., 9562. 

, Sir Wm. John, b., 9302; d. (1884). 

Codrus, king, d., 10142, 1015'. 

Medon, first arcbon, 1015' ; d., 10142. 

Cody, Wm. Frederick, b., 1581 . 

Coe, James, moderator, 1623. 

Coll.(Presb.) org. at Cedar Rapids, la., 

(1881). 
Coehorn, Menno van, b.-d., 11003. 
Cade-Syria, ceded to Ptolemy, 11492. 
Coelho, Goncalo, s.ails with Vespucci, 162. 
Coello, Claudio, b.-d., 11283. 
Cieparius, conspirator, 10592. 
Coercion Act for Ire., 9472, 9872,9973, 9892, 

9972. 
Coetus formed, N. Y., 663. 
Cceur, Jacques, b.-d., 6762. 

d'Alene mining tr. mble, 4112. 

Coffee introduced, Arabia, 4873; in G. B., 

Coffee-house in Eng., 8883, 8903. 

plant intro., Borneo, 5541; in Costa 

Rica, 6313. 
Coffee, Col., at Lone Jack, 211' . 

, John, b., 1421 ; fights Indians, 1203. 

Coffeeu, Henry A., b., 1522. 
Cotfeeville, Miss., action at, 2162. 
Coffeyville, Kan., bank robbers, 4163. 
Coffin, Chas. Carleton, b., 1301 ; work, 3962. 

, Geo. AV.,b., 1581 ; promotedeapt.,420'. 

, Sir Isaac, b., 9143; d., 9482. 

, James Henry, b., 2802; d. (1873). 

, Joshua, b. (1792); d., 235'. 

, O. Vincent, 110111. gov. Conn., 473'. 

Cojran, Thomas, b., 9082; d. (1818). 
Coggeshall, John ; gov. R. I., 39' . 
Coggia, 31., discovers asteroids, 7382, 750'; 

dis. comet, 748', 760'. 
Cognac alliance against emp.,7893. 
Cogswell, Joseph Greene, b., 98'; New 

York Review, 149' ; d., 2742. 

, William, b., 1482; d. (1850). 

• Polytechnic Coll., Cal., opd., 3322. 

Cohansey, Mass., Bapt. church est., 522. 
Cohen, Carl, to assassinate Bismarck, 8222. 

, Jacob Da Silva Solis, b., 1482. 

Conn, Ferdinand, b., 814' . 
Cohnneini, Julius F., b., 8143; d. 8302. 



1222 



Text Figures denote Page, IN D1L.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Coho-Colo. 



Cohoes, N. Y., hosiery manufactured, 140 1 ; 

strike, 3103; assessors indicted, 4063, 
Coignv, I>uc de, Francois de Franquetot, 
b., 6922; d., 7023. 

Coillard, Mr., mission, 6022,3. 

Coiuibatore, Bp. Bardou, cons., 9742. 

Coimbatur mission, 10462. 

Coimbra, Port., earthquake, 11093; Univ. 
est., 1109', 11101. 

Coin, Eng., debased ; interest, 8693; clip- 
ping, 9003. 

- — and Currency Bill passes S.. 3753, 3763. 

Coinage, silver, authorized, 2931 ; Brit, dol- 
lar,10123; silver dollar, U.S., 3193; three- 
cent discontinued, 3092; silver dollars, 
4671 ; souvenir half-dollars coined, 4193; 
Sp. driven out, 1793 ; 20-cent pieces, 2891 , 
same suspended, 299 1 . (See Silver.) 

Coit., Irene W., admitted to Yale, 3862. 

, J. C, nom. lieut. gov., 355 2 . 

, Stanton, Ethical Culture, 3723. 

, Thomas Winthrop, b., 1102 ; d., 3202. 

Coke', archbp., letters conv., 10052. 

, Sir Edward, b., 8701 ; speaker, 8773; 

chf. just. ,8793; imprisoned,SS13;d.,8822. 

, Levi, indictment, 4222. 

, Richard, b. ,1362 ; gov. Tex. , 2873 ; vote 

for, 2832; speech, 4372. 

, Tho., b., 662; bp., 963; 9223; jn Am., 

963; a t Baltimore, 1062; d., 1231. 

and coal, substitute charcoal, 9241 . 

workers, Pa., mob, 3803. 

Cokesbury Coll., Del., opens, 991 . 

Colani, Timothee, b., 7242; d., 7562. 

Colban, Marie Adoltine Schmidt, b., 11041 . 

Colberg, Prus., Russians take, 5162. 

Colbert, Jean Baptiste, b., 6863; est. Acad, 
of Sciences, of Belles-Lettres, 6901 ; C on- 
troller,6913; JIarq.de Seigue lay; d.,6923. 

Colborne, Can., grip rages, 5913. 

, Sir Francis, in India, 10482. 

, Sir John, b. (1778) ; gov., 5773, 5792 ; 

leaves Can., 5793; d. (1863). 

Colbrenner, Edmund, reigns in Swe.,1133 3 . 

Colbum, Warren, b., 1042; d., 1421. 

, Zerah, b., 1121 ; d., 1521 . 

Colbv, Anthony, b. (1792) ; gov. N. H., 
1613; d. (1873). 

, C. C, pres. of council, 5892. 

, George, d., 3721 . 

, Thomas, b., 9223; d., 9582. . 

University, Jle., fnd., 1291 . 

Colchester, Eng., surrenders, 8862; cong. 
of cyclists, 9943. 

Colchester, lost, 9101. 

, Baron, title created, 9372. 

, Lord, postmaster-general, 9632. 

, . (See Abbott, Charles.) 

Colchis, Argonautie expedition, 10131. 

Colcomb, Col. ile. in Algeria, S3. 

Colcord, Ross K., gov. Nev., 3991 . 

Cold, in New Eng., lSOi ; northwest, 3981 ; 
in Eng., 9061, 9161, 9262, 9641. (See 
Frost.) 

Coldbath Fields, London, cruelties, .9312. 

Colden, Cadwallader, b. (1688) ; gov. N.Y., 
732; d. (1770). 

, David, b. (1769) ; mayor N. Y., 

1272; d. (1S34). 

, Mr., stereotyping, 911. 

Cold Harbor, Va., battle of, 2341. 

Coldingham, convent est., 8423. 

Cold Knob Mountain, Va., defeat, 2161 . 

Springs, O., explosion, 4133. 

Coldstream Guards, Eng., instituted, 8901 . 

Coldwater, Jiiss., action near, 2131 ; Con- 
feds, defeated, 2183. 

, Tenn.,Oonfeds. defeated, 2203. 

Colebrook, William, Sir, gov., 5792. 

Colebrooke, Henry Tin is., h., 9162 ; d. (1837). 

Colebrookdale, Iron railway, 9241 , 9253. 

Colechurch, Peter, Thames bridge, 8461 . 

Cole City, Ga., jail delivery, 3863. 

, Pr., occupied, 7422. 

, Asahel N., d., 3422. 

, Henry A., d., 10022. 

, Thonias, b., 110i ; works, 1361 , 1381, 

1401, 1421, 1541; d., 1641. 

, Capt., at Winchester, 2043. 

, Dean, fnds. St. Paul's School, 8671 . 

Colehour, 111., R.R. collision, 4392. 

Coleman, Tex., train robbery, 4303. 

, George, b., 9162. 

, James D., pres. Cath. Knights, 3402. 

, Leighton, b., 1502 ; cons, bp., 3302. 

, Samuel, in Nat. Acad. Design, 2171. 

, William T., d., 4441 . 

, Sec, executed, 8951. 

Colenso, John Win, b. (1814) ; bp. ; Penta- 



teuch, 5983, 9663; work condemned, 59S3; 

deposed; excommunicated, 5991; in 

Eng., 6003 ; d., 6033. 
Coleridge. Baron, title created, 9751. 
, John Duke, b. (1821) ; Lord Justice, 

9872; visits Am., 3151 ; ,1., 10121 . 
, Hartley, b., 9283; works, 9483, 9563; 

', Samuel Taylor, b., 9183 ; works, 9271 

9291,9352,9431; d.,9462. 

, Sarah, b., 9323; d. (1S52). 

Coles, Col., captures Suffolk, 2303. 

, Edward, b. (1786); gov., 1312; d.,2622. 

, Elizabeth, will, 3991 . 

Colet, Louise (Revoil), h., 7191 ; d., 7501 . 

Colfax, Schuyler, b., 1302; speaker. 2292, 
2492,2572,21113; resigns, 2071; nom. for 
vice-pres., 2631; vote, 2653, 2791; inau- 
gurated, 267i; d., 3182. 

Colgan, John, cons. R.C. bp., 9S62. 

Colgate, James B., Univ. gift, 3383, 3843. 

, Samuel, b. (1822) ; d., 4241 . 

Univ., Madison Univ. name changed, 

34H ; Colgate's gift, 3843. 

Colhonn, Edmund R., b., 1301. 

Coligni, Gaspard de, b., 0802; est. colony, 
222, 5531 ; at Jarnac, 6822 ; Prot. leader, 
6833; d., 6823; statue, 7581. 

Colin, Alexander, b., 54(13; d., 5403. 

, Heinrich J., works, 8072. 

Collamer, Jacob, b„ 1022; P.JI.-Gen., 1653; 
on com. of 13, 1892; d., 2482. 

Colle, Charles, b., 6903; d., 7051. 

Colle, Rattaellino dal, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

College, Stephen, executed, S953. 

of cardinals, appears, 10723. 

of City N. Y. org., (1S47). 

of Emporia (Pres.), Kan., org. (1882). 

— - of Jlontana org., 3143. 

-of St. Joseph org. JIo. (1869). 

Park, Cal., University of the Pacific 

fnd., 1702. 

students Conf., Northfield, 3622; 

grievances of Rus., 1119 1 . 

Springs, la., Amity Coll. org., 1822. 

Colleges, Europe, etc. (See under respec- 
tive names in alphabetical place.) 

of U. S. A. (Those having thirty or 

less instructors may he found in their 
alphabetical place.) Adelphi, Brook- 
lyn, org. (1896) ; Armour Institute of 
Technology, Chicago, org. (1S93) ; Bar- 
nard, for women, New York, founded, 
3443; org. (1889) ; I'.en-a, Berea, Ky.,org. 
(1855) ; Bryn Mawr, Bryn Mawr, Pa. org., 
3223; Central Tennessee, Nashville, 
Tenn., chartered, 2522; College of the 
City of New York, org., 1642; Colorado, 
Colorado Springs, fnd., 2863; Cornell, 
Mt. Vernon, la., fnd., 1822; Dartmouth, 
Hanover, N. H., fnd., 763; Coll. Agri- 
culture and Jleehanies est., 2623, W.J. 
Tucker, pres., 4022; Cirard, Phila.,opd., 
1632; Hampton Institute. Hampton, Va., 
org., 2643; iowa.Grinnell, la., org., 1631 ; 
Iowa State. Agricultural, 2662 ; Knox, 
Galesburg, 111., 1483; Jlass. Institute of 
Technology opd., 2522; Jlich. Agricul- 
tural, Landsing, org. (1857) ; Jlouht Hol- 
yoke, South Hadlev. Jlass., org., (1837), 
M. A. Bingham, pres., 33S3, E. S. B. 
Mead, pres., 3562; Mount St. Mary's, 
Ernni its burg, Md., fnd., 1143; Oberlin, 
Oberlin, O., fnd., 143 1 ; Penn. State, at 
State College. 1823; Polytechnic Insti- 
tute, Brooklyn, N. Y., org., 1762 ; Pratt 
Institute, Brooklyn, N. Y., org., 3283, 
endowment, 3843; Kadcliffe, Cambridge, 
Mass., fnd., 3023, est., 4441 ,2, A. Irwin, 
dean, 4602 ; St. Francis Xavier, New 
York, org., 1631 ; Smith, Northampton, 
Mass., org., 2883, observatory erected, 
3241 ; Teachers', New York, chartered. 
3342, renamed, 4182, gift for, 4202, opd., 
4742; Tufts, Jlass., org., 1703; U. S. Mil- 
itary Acadeiuv, West Point, N. Y., est., 
1101, 1111, Library fnd., 1191, observa- 
tory erected, 15()i. admission limited, 
2521,4621; U. S. Naval Academy, Anna- 
polis, Md., org., 1583, opd., 3501 , hazing 
prohibited, 2841 : Vassar, Poughkeepsie. 
N. Y., fnd., 1991, name changed, 2562, 
observatory erected, 3001 ; JVellesley, 
Wellesley, Jlass., org., 2883, Jiartineau 
statue, 3241, Stetson gift. :«62, School 
of Art dedicated, 3471. (See those of 
other countries under their names.) 

.grant reduced. Can.. 5883; anti-reli- 
gious, 691 ; Am. below Gel'., 8322. 



Collet, Philibet, b., 6883; d., 6981 . 

(Jolletet, Guillaume, b., 6861 ; d., 6902. 

Colleton, James, gov.. 503; banished, 513. 

Colletta, Pietro, b. (1775) ; work, 10871 ; d. 
(1833). 

Colley, Clara B., reception, N. Y., 3802. 

, Sir Geo. Poinerov, gov., 6011 ; k.,6031. 

Colli, Gen., b. (1760); 'at "Mondovi, 7121 ; d. 
(1812). 

Collier, Alfred, Mountebanks, 4161 . 

, Arthur, b., 8942; d., 9082. 

, Sir George, d.,9263. 

, Henry W., b. (1801); gov. Ala., 1671 - 

d. (1855). 

, Jeremy, h., 8882; works,9003; d.(1726). 

, John Payne, b., 9243; d., 9922. 

.Robert Laird, b. (1837); d., 3641. 

Colliersville, Tenn., action at, 2263. 

Collin, Heinrich J. von, b., 8031 ; d., 8102. 

d'Harleville, -lean F., works, 7063. 

Collingwood, Lord Cuthbert, b., 9122 : at- 
tacks Fr. fleet, 934 1 ; d., 9351 . 

Collins, Anthony, b., 8942; d., 9082. 

, John, b., 5S1 ; gov. R. 1., 992, 1293; 

d. (1795). 

. H. J. F., defaulter, 4382. 

, J. W., suicide, 4022. 

, Napoleon, Com., b. (1814) ; captures 

Florida, 2383; d. (1875). 

, William, b., 9062; works, 913', 9481 • 

d., 9143. 

, , b., 9243; d., 9542. 

, , Wilkie b., 9422; works, 9623; 

d. (1889). 

Line, Washington sails, 1633. 

, Pres., commits suicide, Cal., 4022. 

Collinson, Peter, b.,900i ; expedition, 9542. 

Collinsville, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2281 . 

Collis, Cal., train robbery, 4123. 

Collisions (see Railroads) at Sea (see dis- 
asters), Bill to prevent, 363 2 . 

Collodion, asteroid discovered, 11381. 

Collombet, Franc. Zenon, b., 7163; d., 7322. 

Collot d'Herbois, Jean Marie, b., 7011 ; d., 
7123. 

Collyer, Bohert, b., 1302. 

Colman, George, b., 9082; d.,9263. 

Colmar, Gcr., occupied, 7402. 

Cologne, Ger., fnd., 7691 ; invaded, 6792; 
bishopric fnd., 7682; imperial city, 7733; 
Univ. est., 7851 ; it suspends, 8072; peace 
with, Soest, 7853; Jews expelled, 7863; 
Diet of, 7873; Protestants expelled, 7943; 
occupied, 7981 ; taken, 8061 ; archbishop- 
ric secularized, 8071; musical festival, 
8121 ; archl.].. confined, 8151 ;stoned,8322; 
riots, 8163, 817 1; archbp. dispute, exhi- 
bition 8222. 

, Cathedral, commenced, 7802; work 

suspended, 7862 ; collections, S103 ; re- 
paired, 8102; opd., S101,3; completed, 
8301 ; opd., 8302; Bp. McCarthy cons., 
9782. 

Coloiua, Carlos, Las Guerras, 11292. 

Coloman, King, takes Dahnntia, 5021 . 

Colomarde, Francisco Tades, b.-d., 11302. 

Colombia, S. Am., see Text, pp. 628-629; 
kingdom of Granada, est.. 652; Republic 
find., 6442 ; treaty with U. S., 1333, 3073. 

Colombo, Ceylon, bishopricest. ,9483,10463; 
captured, 10441 ; mission, 10471. 

Colombo, It. and T. Magazine, 10462. 

Colon. (See Aspinwall.) 

Colonia, Uru., settlement destroyed, 11593; 
mission, 11603. 

Colonial Branch Army Act passes, 9712. 

and Brit. Congress meets, 9943. 

Clergy Act passes. 9793. 

and Continental Ch. Soc, find., 9642. 

Institute fnd., 9721 ,2. 

Missionary Societv org., 998 3 . 

Naval Act, G. B., 9691 . 

office, G. B., created, 4972; recon- 
structed, 4951. 

Order incorporated U. S., 400 2 . 

Society meets, 9731 . 

treaties, Eng., 1O072. 

Colonna, Prospero, b., 10783; at Bicocca, 
6801; at Genoa; at Rome, 1080 1 ; d., 10802. 

, Vittoria, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Colonne, Guido delle, works, 10771. 

Colorado, gold (lis., 1841 ; settled, 1852 ; 
Ter. org., 1933; first legislature, 2031; 
Confederates t liken, 2051 ; J. Evans, gov., 
2173; severe winter, 2293; bill for state, 
2313 ; Jleth. Epis. Conf., 2332 ; Indian 
camp attacked, 2401 ; Alex. Cummings, 
gov., 2511; Cong, admits, 2531; read- 
mitted, 2553; ter. enlarged, 2611; A. C. 



Colo-Cone. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDJliX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1223 



Hunt, gov., '2593; Denver, capital, '2652; 

E. M. M'Cook, gov., 2692; narrow-gauge 
R. R., 27113; Territory org. ; constitution 
ratified, 289 1 ; Sam. A. Elbert, gov., 2851 ; 
J. L. Kouatt, gov., 291 2, 2951, 399 1 ; Univ. 
org., 2962; gold and silver, 2992; silver 
dis.; Indians troublesome, 3021, 303 1 ; 

F. "W. Pitkin, gov., 3033 ; Denver City 
capital, 3093; Labor Day legalized, 313 1 ; 
J. B. Grant, gov., 3152; B. H. Eaton, 
gov., 3233, 3563.; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 
3282; avalanches, 3341 ; river rises, 3422; 
Job A. Cooper, gov., 3492; Soldiers' and 
Sailors' Home est., 3503; prairie fires, 
3553; cloud-bursts, 3641 ; snow falls, 366 1 ; 
Indians dis., 3662; collision, 3693; police 
killed, 3751 ; legislative factions, 3753 ; 
train robbers, 3903; silver mines closed, 
4053 ; timberland burned, 4152 ; R. R. 
strike, 4171; desert crossed ; mine expe- 
dition, 4233 ; silver mines closed, 4333 • 
strikers, 4343 ; Free Coinage of Silver 
appeal, 435 1; Nat. banks close, 4352; 
miners resume work, 4382 ; frauds in 
land-grants, 4383; extra Legislature ses- 
sion, 449' ; gold dis., 442' ; Woman Suf- 
frage granted, 445 2 ; snowfall, 4521 ; de- 
cision against governor, 4551 ; cloud- 
burst, 4601, 4673; militia for strikers, 
4651 ; stage robbery, 4663 ; H. "W. Mcln- 
tyre, nom. for gov., 4712. 

Colorado Beetle, in N. Y., 2833; in G. B., 

9833. 
Canon, Maj. Powel descends, 2661 . 

- Springs, Col. Coll. fnd., 2863; Childs- 
Drexel Home est., 3712; dedicated, 4063; 
Tarsney outraged, 4631 . 

Color caste in government, 2112. 

printing invented, 3121 . 

Colored cotton-pickers organize, 3911 , 

Educational Conven., 289 1 . 

labor, protest, Austral., 5003. 

lawyers, Bar Asso., .Miss., 3783. 

Men's Conven. in D. C, 3523. 

- — People Conv., 2653, 2963, 2971, 3322, 
3523, 3591 , 4042. 

Colosseum erected, 10622. 

Colossi, San and Abydos, 6462. 

Colossiatis, Ki>istk'S to, written, 11531. 

Colossus thrown down, 10263 ;broken,10333. 

Colossus, launched, 986 1 . 

Colquhoun, Patrick, b. (1745); d.,9402. 

Colquitt, Alfred Holt, b., 1321; vote in 
conven. for pres., 281 2 ; gov., 2973; sen- 
ator (1883-94); paralytic stroke, 4542; 
d., 4541 ; funeral ; memorial, 455 2 . 

, Walter T., b., 1082; d., 1761 . 

Colston, Edward, b. (1636) ; hospital fnd., 
9031; d. (1721). 

Colt, Samuel, b., 1231 ; patents revolving 
pistol, 144i; d., 2023. 

Coltman, Robert, Jr., The Chinese, 4202. 

Colton, Calvin, b. (1789) ; d., 1801 . 

, Gardner Quincy, b., 1231. 

— , George Hooker, b. (1818) ; American 
Review, 1583 ; d. (1847). 

, John, gov., Ire., 8611 . 

, Walter, b., 1062 ; a., 1682. 

Columban, Saint, b.-d.,8402; expelled from 
Ger., 7711 ; f n ds. Iona, 8403. 

Columbia, cruiser, launched, 4121 j speed, 
4441 ; sails, 4661. 

Columbia, steamship record, 3613. 

, wins race, 2753. 

asteroid, discovered, 760 1 . 

City, Ind., defalcation, 4502. 

, Ky., Christian college fnd., 3123. 

, Mo., University org., 1543; Stephens 

College fnd., 1802; fire, 3993. 

, S. C, coll. org., 1111; theological 

seminary est., 140 3 ; state conven., 141 2 ; 
small-pox, 1392; action, 2401; Schofield 
reaches, 2401; fire at, 2422; Gen. Sher- 
man reaches, 2422; secession repealed, 
2491; takes military district, 257 2 ; tax- 
payers' conven. ,2742; Normal school est., 
2843; Winthrop Teachers' Training 
school opd., 3242; negroes' State Fair, 
3513 ; Farmers' State conven., 3552 ; Afro- 
Am. League org.; negroes assemble, 359 1 . 

, Tenn.,0out'ed. cavalry defeated, 2281 . 

Columbia, Va., Sheridan arrives, 2441. 

College (King's coll.), N. Y., est., 543; 

Bill intro., 671,691; King's Coll. char- 
tered; opens; S. Johnson, first pres.; 
gifts to, 691; corner-stone, 712; Myles 
Cooper, pres., 731 ; Benj. Moore, pres., 
831; military hospital, S51 ; Columbia 
Coll. sonamed,97i ; receives library,2622, 



42S2; Sain. Johnson, pres., 991 ; incorpo- 
rated, 1002; Dr. Moore, pres. of; Dr. 
Wharton, pres. of, 1111 ; new site, 1731 , 
1822, 4021; boat-race, 3113, 3173, 3213, 
3253, 3073, 3313, 3422; animal meeting 
held, 3261; Barnard's gift, 3443; Scth 
Low,pres., r 3463, 3512; library gift, 3622; 
Aristotle's constitution, 3.S0 2 ; library, 
Emanu-El Theo. Sem.,4042. 

Columbia Kiver discovered, 1021 . 

Columbian caravels, at Montreal, 595 3 . 

celebration, U.S.A., 4113, 4132, 4162,3, 

4171; frauds, 421 1 ; foreign ships, 426 1 ; 
naval officers ; International flotilla ; 
Sp. squadron, 42S 1 ; legal holiday, 4283. 
(See World's Fair.) 

Univ. of Wash, org., 1311 . 

Leagues, fmd., 4583. 

Columbian ,\f<i't'izinc, Phila., est., 991. 

, Ore., est., 1533. 

Columbian Museum Fund, gift, 4433. 

printing-press produced, 936 2 , 

univ. fnd., Wash., 131 1 . 

Columbus, Ga., Federals capture, 246 2 . 

, Ky., state guards at, 1962; occupied, 

1982; evacuated, 2042. 

, Miss., Industrial Institute and Col- 
lege opened, 3203. 

, O., laid out; capital, 1193; state li- 
brary fnd., 1251 ; Capital Univ. fnd., 16S3; 
State House burned, 171 2 ; two regiments 
for Wash., 1941 ; Crisis wrecked, 2213; 
Morgan escapes, 2233; Lincoln funeral, 
2472; State Cmv., 2323; Agricultural and 
Mechanical Coll. opd., 2922; Trades 
Unions Cong., 325 1; gas explosion, 3523; 
strike, 361 1 , 41*2, 41^2, m ine workers of 
Am. meet, 3763; Elliott convicted, 3383; 
leather trust, 4393; McDonald indicted, 
4402; miners' conf., 462 2 , 3; commission- 
ers indicted, 4723; Winthrop Teachers* 
training-school opd., 324 2 . 

Columbus, attacked by Br. sloops, 822. 

, Bartholomew, Indians shipped, 15 2 ; 

sea-charts intro., S663; d. (1514). 

, Christopher, b.-d., 10783; many events, 

'122±; dis. Cuba, 631 2 ; Haiti, 10401; 
signs document, 631 2 ; dis. Guiana coast, 
10393; dis. Costa Rica, 6301 ; Views Hon- 
duras, 10411; and Tenez., 11601; and Ni- 
caragua, 11031; remains removed, 6433, 
6343; canonization desired ; letters fnd., 
10392,3; statues, 4101 , 4161, 446 1 , 4601. 

— — before Isabella, group in capitol, 320 1 . 

, Diego, governor, 173. 

Columella, Lucius Junius Moderatus, b., 
1062 2 ; TJe-Re-I!usti>:a, 10623. 

Colve, Anthony, gov., N. Y., 441 , 453. 

Colver, Nathaniel, b. (1794) ; d., 2721. 

Colville, Baron, title created, S77 2 . 

of Culross, Baron, title created, 987 ] . 

Colvin, Sir Auckland, adviser, 659 a . 

, Verplanck, surveyor, 2813. 

Colvocoresses, Geo. M., b. (1816) ; d., 2781 . 

Comana, A'enez., settled, 19 2 . 

Comarford, M., cons K. C. bishop, 9983. 

Comayagua, founded, 10412. 

Coinbaconum, Madras, mission, 10471. 

Combahee, last bat tie of Kev., 943. 

Combat, trial by, 8491 ; forbidden, SS31 . 

Combe, Andrew, b., 9283 ; d. (1S47). 

, George, b., 9243 ; d., 9622. 

Combermere, Vise, title created, 9412. 
(See Cotton Stapleton.) 

Combes, Edmond, b., 7193; <l, 7461 . 

Comegys, Cornelius Parsons, b. (1S13) ; 
gov. Del., 1492. 

, Joseph P., d., 4221 . 

Comenius, John Amos, b., 510 2 ; works, 
5131 ; d., 5123 ; eel., 4041 , 412 2 , 5351 . 

Comet, disappears, 36i ; visible, 421,463, 
481; discovered, 2092, 211 1, 2941, 2981, 
3101, 3121, 3141, 32OV. 3341, 3481,3421, 
3461, 5001, 0003, 6022, S421, 808 1, 8902, 
8941 , S9G1 , 9022, OKI 2 , 0343, ;)021 , 9641 . 

Comedians, English, in Ger., 7921. 

Comfort, George Fisk, b., 1421 . 

Comines, Philippe de, b., 6782 ; Memoins 
et Lettres, 67S3 ; d., 6S02. 

Commentry, dynamite explosion, 7631. 

Commerce, vexed, U. S., 115 2 , 3 ; restric- 
tions removed, 1173 ; open to Brit., 1393. 

, early, Great Britain, 8411 . 

Commercial Conven. at Keokuk, la., 2673; 
at Louisville, Ky., 2693; a t Cincinnati, 
2711 ; at Kansas City, :.W2 2 , 3x33 • at New 
York, 4383. 

Cong. (International), 7583. 

depression, Fr., 7553; Eng., 9353,9513. 



Commercial panic, Eng.,927 2 ,3,9533,9553 ( 

9613. (See panic.) 

Temperance League org., 3251. 

Travellers' Bill, 4031 . 

Coininerson, Philibert, b., 698 2 ; d., 7043. 
Commissioners for peace, Va., 1912 • Eng. 

Boardfor Am., 753; office abolished, 947 1 . 
Committee of Five appointed on traitors, 

1911 • of 13 on concession, members, 1892, 

reports, 1S93; of 33, on pacification, 1891 ; 

report, 1912 • on Public Safety, Fr., 7093. 
Connnodus, Lucius iElius Aurelius, b.-d., 

10642; reigns ; tribute to Ger. ; govt, of 

Ger. ; conduct ; executes Crispiana, 

10651; strangled, 10652. 
Common wins the Derby, 10053. 
Common, Ainslie, telescope, 9841 . 
Commonus, peace with Romans, 7691 . 
Common/real, Anarchist paper, 10083. 
Commonwealth est., Eng. ; seal of, 8873. 
Common Carriers Contract Bill, 4232, 4252. 
Prayer Book, first, 8702 ; outvoted, 

8843 ; pp< >sed, 8863 ; a do] .1 ed . 9042 ; issued 

in Am., 294 2 ; reformation league, 9623. 

(See Book of C. Prayer.) 

Prayer Book and Tract Soc. org., 1243. 

Commons, House of, Eng. (See text.) 
Commons suppressed, Fr., 6663, 
Commune est., Fr., 7083. (See Paris.) 
Communication of Houses, G. B., 9612. 
Communion sanctioned, Ger., 7843. 

service instituted, Eng., 8702. 

Communists' flag in Chicago, 2923. (See 

Anarchists.) 
Commutation Act passes, 9233. 
Conmenus, Alex., at Durazzo, 10741 . 
Como, Colo., mine explosion, 423 2 . 
Comonfort, Ignaeio, b.-d., 10952; president; 

forced to retire, 1096 2 . 
Comorn, earthquake, 5163. 
Compact Law subscribed to, C. Rica, 6303. 

of Stanz formed, 11373. 

Compagnie de la France Equinoxiale est. ; 

des Indes Ocuidental.es est., 10393. 
Companion of Siritts discovered, 2023, 
Compass used, ll 1 ; theory published, 9401 j 

various forms, 9441 ; box invented, 8781 ; 

mariner's used, 10781. 
Compensation Bill intro., Eng., 8983; 

passes; rejected, 9853. 
Compiegne, siege of, 676 2 . 
Comptett Library issued, 9002, 
Complutciisian l J t>lt/</!"t printed, 11271. 
Compromise Bill intro., 1671; referred to 

committee, 1672. 
Compromise Tariff passes, U. S., 143 2 . 
Comptoir d'Escompte, fails, 7573; in finan- 
cial panic, 7593. 
Compton, Alwyne, Lord, bp., 9663, 9922. 

, Barnes W., b., 1381 . 

, Chas. E., commissioned colonel, 3261 . 

, Henry, b., SS2 2 ; .suspended, 8963 ; d. 

(1713). 
Compton's Ferry, Mo., Confcds. defeated, 

2103. 
Compulsory Act passes, G. B., 9512. 

Attendance Bill rejected, 9793. 

Education. (See Education.) 

Comstock, Anthony, b., 1562; arrests, 4691 . 

, Cyrus B., commissioned col., 3301 . 

, John Lee, b., 1001 ; d., 1841 . 

, J. M., in treasury dept., 4472. 

Tunnel Co. incorporated, 3452. 

Comte, Isidore Auguste Francois Xavier, 

b., 7131; -works, 7251, 7291, 7303, 7323; 

d., 7322. 
Comudett, Deputy, duel, 7563. 
Comum, captured, 10531 . 
Comyn, John, defeats Eng., 8561; mur- 
dered, 8563, 8571. 

, bailiff, 8712. 

Conant, Edwin, gift to Harvard, 3781 . 
, Hannah O'Brien Chaplin, b. (1809): 

d., 2423. 

, Roger, b. (1593) ; d., 463. 

, Thomas Jefferson, b., 1101 ; d., 3821. 

Conaro, Vinccnzo, Erotocritos, 1035 1 . 

Concalvi, Ercole, b., 10842. 

Concepcion, Chile, earthquake, 6051 , 6063; 

fnd.; destroyed, 605 2 ; mission, 6071 . 
Conceptionists, order founded, 10791. 
Concertina invented, 942 1 . 
Concert-room est., Eng., 9441. 
Concerts, ancient; king's concerts begin ; 

subscriptions est., 9202. 
Concha, Jose Gutierrez de la, b., 1130 3 ; in 

Pampeluna, 11301 ; antislave trade, 6323. 

, Jose de Santiago, gov. Chile, 605 3 . 

Conciliatory Bills in Pari., 893, 9213. 



1224 



Text Figures denote Page. INJDJiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. COllC— Cong. 



Concino Concini. (See Ancre, Marquis d'.) 

Concon, battle of, 60S3, 

Conconully, Wash., cloud-burst, 4641 . 

Concord, Mass., founded, 352; battle of, 
80t; centennial, 2893. 

, N. H., railroad to Nashua opd., 1553; 

Boston Univ. fnd., 1631 ; fire, 1673, 2013; 
first regiment leaves, 1043; pierce speaks, 
2253; Mrs. M. H. Woodworth elected, 
357 1 ; Webster statue, 322 1 ; Stark statue, 
3701; Hale statue, 412 1 ; granite cutters 
independence, 4143 ; Abbot hanged, 4303. 

College, Ky., org., 2623. 

and Nashua R. It. opened, 1553. 

, Order of, instituted, Fr., 7972. 

, Temple of, built, 10502. 

Concordat signed, 52,31; observed, 527 3 ; 
on infallibility, 528 2 ; suspended, 5291; 
bill to abolish, 521)2; of Asehaffenberg, 
signed, 7851; with Pope, Belg., 5423; Fr., 
signed, with pope, 0812; tV>r religion, Fr., 
7151 ,2; new, Fr., 721 1 , 7231 ; Fr. govt, sup- 
ports, 7631 ; at Worms ; disputes compro- 
mised, 7763; settles papal dispute, 7772 ; 
of Vienna concluded, 785 1 . 

Concordia, Kan., Ft. C. diocese org., 3282. 

, Miss., Federals burn, 2162. 

, Coll. fnd. at Fort Green, 1503. 

Condamine, Charles Marie de la, b., 6943 ; 
to Peru, 6981; a. (1774). 

Conde, trotting record, 3273. 

Conde\ Henry I. de Bourbon, Prince de, b., 
at Jarnac, 6822; d., 6842. 

, Jose Antonio, b.-d., 11291 . 

, Louis I. de Bourbon, Prince de, b., 

6303; Huguenot leader ; d., 6823. 

, Louis II. deBourbonPr.de, Due d'En- 

ghien, b., 6863; viceroy, 29 1 ; imprisoned, 
6373 ; arrested, 6893 ; i u Guienne ; in 
Sp.;liberated.69l2; ; ,t b.Allerheini, 7961 ; 
pardoned, 6913 ; in Belg., 6921 ; d., 6942. 

, Fr. gains, 6933. 

Condensation, Eng. method of, 9161. 

Conder, Lieut., survey of Palestine; Hit- 
tite inscriptions, 115S1. 

Condict, John, b. (1S34) ; d., 1422. 

Condillac, Etieime Bonnot de, b., 6971; 
works, 7012, 7032, 7102 ; d.,705*. 

Condit, J. B., moderator, 2023. 

Condon, Thomas, imprisoned, 10003. 

Condorcet, Marie Jean Antoine Nicolas 
Caritat, Marquis de, b., 700 2 ; Muman 
J\r>"d, 7103 ; d., 7102. 

Condottieri appear, It., 10761. 

Cone, Snencer Houghton, b. (1785); d.,1761. 

Conecte, Thomas, b.(1434) ; preacher, 677 1 ; 
burned (1434). 

Conemaugh A r alley, Johnstown relief 
fund, religious meeting, 3403. 

Conestoga, N.Y., Indian Conference, 61 1. 

Coney Island, N. Y., assault, 4563. 

Confederate laws, Ger., new, 8153. 

States of America. (See Southern 

Confederacy.) 

Confederacy of the Bar, Pol., find., 11172. 

of Guex, find., 10983. 

Confederation, Ger., of Rhine, 7172; treaty 
for revision, 819' ; Diet of; rt-t urn; restora- 
tion considered, 819 2 ; dissolved, 8251 . 

Confederations, German, free, 7712. 

Conference of Ref. Dutch church, 71 1 . 

Confexsi-o Amantis, issued, 8643. 

Confession, auricular, opposed, Eng., 9622. 

Confession of --luf/shurq, read, 7903. 

of Faith, adopted', Rimini, 10683. 

lioseze Cruris, appears, 7951 . 

Confiscated estates, disposal of, Ger.,795 3 . 

Confiscating Act, (Am.) Eng., 9193. 

Confiscation Act, (Jon fed. property, 1953, 
1992, 2013 j passes, 2112. 

Confiscations, royal, 8693. 

Conflans, Comte de, b. (1690); off Belle 
Isle, 7021; d. (1777). 

Conformity Act passed, Eng., 8763. 

Confucius, b.-d., OI02 ; disappointed, 6103. 

Congaree Creek, S. C. , Co nfed. repulse, 2422. 

Congdon, Cbas. Taber, b. (1821) ; d., 3761. 

Congleton, Baron, title created, 951 1 . (See 
Parnell.) 

Congregational Church, Can.; Theological 
Coll. fnd., 5791 ; Conf.; Miss. Soc. fmd., 
5802; i n jr. S.,580i ; Union at Brantford, 
5882; Woman's Board of Miss, org., 5942. 

, G. B.; Ch. fmd., 8763; a t South- 
ward 8782; Fund Board est., 9002; C. 
Union org. (Scot.), 9363; Union of Eng. 
and W. org., 9442; dissenters, pub. dec- 
laration, 94i53; Hoard of Education org., 
9523; Memorial Hall, London, 9782; Co- 



lonial Miss. Soc. org., 9983; Nat. Pas- 
tors' Koinoinia, 1000 2"; Intvrnat. Council, 
London, 10062; Union in London meets, 
10102. 

Congregationalists in Am.; first in Am., 
282; i n Mass., 282; 2d church, 302; 
taxes; intolerance, 321 ; 1st church in 
Boston; election sermons begin, 322; 
Thomas Hooker arrives ; Anne Hutchin- 
son vexes; 1st. Gen. Synod, 342; Har- 
vard Coll. projected; pillory for the het- 
erodox,362; 2d". Gen. Synod, 381 ; missions, 
3S 2 ; organized, 382, 3; Half-way Cove- 
nant, 3S3; yd Church, Boston, 442; Savoy 
Confession, 463; State support, 522; 
Manifesto Church, 542; Old S. Church, 
603; Edwards's great awakening, 623; 
instrumental music, Boston, 982; mis- 
cellaneous, 111)2,3, H43, 1311,1713, 1881, 
2542, 2682, 2802, 2S62, 2882, 3122, 3142, 
3162,3262, 3462, &502; i n N , H., 322; m 
Dover, 342; Dartmouth Coll. est., 763; 
Gen. Asso.org., 1163; in Mil., 322; j n 
Conn., toleration enacted, 443; Yale 
Coll. est., 543; absentees punished ; Say- 
brook Platform ; union with Presbyteri- 
ans, 563; Gen. Asso. org., 571 ; partial 
toleration; New Lights vs. Old Lights, 
651; unite with Presbyterians, 742; Ly- 
man Beecher iu, 1163; miscellaneous, 
1431, 2962, 3162, 31S2. Indian Missions, 
3S2,3, 4-02,3, 422,442,3, 023, 043, 663, 6S3, 
1263, 1283, 1363, 1382, 1402, 1442,3, 1S62,3; 
JohnEHot, a missionary, 382,3; Jona- 
than Edwards with Indians, 663; Ed- 
wards at Stockbridge, 691; unite with 
Presbyterians, 742, 1062, 1102, 1163, 1171 , 
11S3, 1463, 1722; in Vt., 1062,3322; in 
Ohio, 1062, 1431, 1702,2742,2902,3502, 
3742; in Me., 1063,1243,1341,2832,3022, 
3062. Bowdoin Coll., 1003 ; Lyman 
Beecher in N. Y., 1083; Mass. mission- 
ary Soc, 10S3; Boston Female Soc. org., 
1103; Am. Board Missions, 1142, HG3, 
1171, 1183, 1503, 3142; Conn. Religious 
Tract Soc. org., 1142; Andover Sem. opd., 
1143; in R. I., 1163,3502; in N. H.,1163. 
Disrupted in N. Lug., 1171 , 1243; Female 
Foreign Miss. Soc. org., 1191; Bangor 
Theo. School opd., 1243; mission school, 
1261; Amherst Coll. est., 1311 ; in Midi., 
1343, 1543, 2232, 3282,3502; in HI., 13S2, 
1562,3,1822,1863. Wabash Coll., 1403; 
in N. Y., 1423, 3022, 3162, 3322, 3463, 
3521 . Hartford Theo, Sem. est., 1431 ; 
Oberlin Coll. est., 1431, 1443; Marietta 
Coll. est., 1443; union with Presb. ends, 
1463; in Wis., 1522. 1G3' , 3:122; in la., 
1522, 1631 , 3502, 3742. Colt. Soc. fmd., 
1571; Beloit Coll., Wis., est.; la. Coll., 
est., 1631; in Ore., 1642, 1723; inMinn., 
1702, 1S01 , 3002. 3d Conven., 1722; C. li- 
brary fnd., 1731; in Kan., 1762, 2502; 
in Neb., 1522, 1822, 2782, 3123, 3162; in 
Cal., 1822, 2762, 2882, 3162, 3262, 3502. 
Chicago Then. Sem., 1822; j n Chicajro, 
1822;in Did.; Triennial Conven. of N.W., 
1842; Wheaton Coll. est., 1863; Grand 
Traverse Coll. est., 2232; National Conf., 
2452; in Mo., £182, 2502; 2.^23,31x2,3262. 
4th Gen. Synod; Washburn Coll. est., 
2502;Tabor(*oll.,2543;Gen.Conf.ofConn. 
org., 2582; Fiske Cniv., 2602; in Tenn., 
2602,2742;inN.J.,2662. Straight Univ., 
2662; in La., 2662, 2683; in Tex., 2742. 
National Council find., 2742; meets, 2362, 
2962, 3062, 3p;2; at Worcester, 3462; i„ 
S. Dak., 2762; i n n. Dak., 2763, 3142. 
Fargo Coll., 2763; Doane Coll., 2782; 
Drury Coll., Mo., 2823; in Colo., 2863, 
3262, 3322. Colorado Coll., 2863; Am. 
Coll. and Education Soc. org., 2863; in 
Ala., 2903. New West Educational 
Commission, 2983 ; i n o a . , 3002 , 3722 ; in 
N. C.,3002. First T. P. Soc. Christian 
Endeavor, 3062; in Utah, 3102; j n Miss., 
3122. Gates Col I., 3123; i n Fla., 3142, 
3223. Ind. Missions tranferred, 3142 ; 
Declaration of Faith, 3102; i n Mont.; 
in Ariz.; in N. Mex., 3163; in D. C. 
Kollins Coll., 3223; i n Pa., 3242; i n 
Ark., 3263; j n Wash., 3502. On Sun- 
day closing, 3701; Am. Board meets, 
3701 , 416I . 

CoHj/rrss, bombards Guayamas, 1622. 

■, Colonial; 1st Am., 513; at Albany, 

673 ; at Alexandria, 693 ; at Boston, 
713; at New York, 752; first Continental, 
792; second, 793, 812; votes for army ,802, 



813; issues manifesto; issues bills of 
credit, 813 ; loan proposed, 833 ; creates 
naval captains, 842; third C. Cong., 852 ; 
abolishes troop distinctions, 862; fourth- 
sixth C. Cong., 873 ; the agent of the 
States, 892; seventh C. Cong.", 893; meets 
at Phila., 893 ; f Revolution closed ; of 
Confederation ; eighth C. Cong, opens, 
933; ninth to fourteenth, 971,993; dies, 
1011; intimidation proposed, 95 T ; five 
commissioners, 952; Ordinance of 1787 
passes ; requisitions of, 992; ratifies con- 
stitution; first Federal opens, 101 1; J. 
Langdon, pres. pro tern; F. A. Mtihlen- 
burg, speaker; removed from New York 
to Phila. jfounds nat. bank ; three execu- 
tive depart, org., 101 2 ; J. Trumbull, 
speaker, 1032; opens (see Dec. every odd 
year following), 101 1 ; acceptsN.C. lands; 
funds the war debts of" States, 103 1 ; 
passes Fugitive Slave Act; organizes 
militia, 105 1 ; favors discriminating du- 
ties ; open doors ; embargo law ; provides 
for a navy, 1052; Neutrality Act, 1053; 
ratifies Jay's treaty, 107 1 ; Washington's 
farewell ; 'special session, 1073; organ- 
izes Mississippi Territory, 1092; also In- 
diana Territory, 1093; passes Alien Act, 
1092; capital transferred to Washington, 
1093; establishes West Point Academy; 
abolishes internal revenue, 1112; makes 
Louisiana purchase, 1113; submits 12th 
Amendment, 1131 ; forms Michigan Terri- 
tory ; impeachment of Chase (senate), 
1132; prohibits British manufactures, 
1133; prohibits importation of slaves; 
prohibits coasting by foreigners, 1152; 
forms Illinois Territory, 1153; extra ses- 
sion, 1172; Temperance Society org., 
1551 ; annexation of Tex.; denies right 
of petition, 159 1; reduces postage, 1592; 
Wilmot's proviso, 1593; admits Fla.; first 
overrides veto ; fixes elections on uni- 
form day, 159 2 ; Library burned; end- 
ing hour fixed, 1692; new library fnd., 
1731 ; Banks's speakership struggle, 179 1 ; 
investigate Kan. polities, 1792, 1812; 
Com. of Five, 181 1 -*-, 1911 ; called to pass 
Army Bill, 181 1 ; representatives enter 
new hall, 1S8 2 ; Southern Senators in, 
1833; Long contest for Speaker; on 
Brown's raid, 187 1 ; Committee of thir- 
teen, 1S9H-, it reports, 191 2; loan of S10,- 
000,000; promotes secession, 1^92; South- 
ern members withdraw, 18934 ; nat. vote 
on secession proposed, 1903; confiscates 
slaves, 1991 ; Jef. Davis on secession, 
1911,2; counts vote; Lincoln elected; 
5-20 bonds, 1913; admits merchandise to 
mail ; passes Thirteenth Amendment; 
defense of Wash, opposed ; authorizes 
loan, 1923 ;Senate passes aThirteenthPro- 
slavery Amend., 1931 ; slaves as contra- 
bands,' 196i ; Army Act ; admits Senators 
from W.Va.; expels ten Conlrd. Senators; 
War loan passes H., 1973, 1992 ; confis- 
cates Confed. property, 1992,ii013; eman- 
cipation in D. C, 1993 ; slavery divides, 
2013 ; Committee on Conduct of War, 
2013,2031 ; bonds authorized; Ball's Bluff 
investigation; thanks Capt Wilkes, 2013; 
opposes slavery; increases duties; Yal- 
landigham obstructs, 2031 ; early peace 
predicted; Senator Bright expelled, 2033; 
demand notes increased ; certificates of 
indebtedness ; A. Johnson resigns ; fu- 
gitive slaves in army, 2053; abolishes 
slavery, 2072,3; Grant defended by 
"Washburn; appoints sanitary inspectors, 
2073; excludes slavery from territories; 
passes Agrieul. Coll. Act., 2093 ; admits 
W. Va.; passes Tariff Act ; reorganizes 
navy ; passes Confiscation Act ; forbids 
polygamy; passes Oath of Office Bill; 
provides medals for soldiers ; passes In- 
ternal Revenue Law, 2112; postage 
stamps legal tender, 2113; thanks Gen. 
Grant and army, 2283; slavery prohibi- 
tion amendment ; authorizes enlist- 
ment of negroes, 229 3 ; grants freedom, 
2302,2313; authorizes bonds, 2313, 2353; 
representation refused to Ark., 235 3 ; 
thanks Sherman, 2403; abolishes slavery, 
2431; salaries increased, 2433; constitu- 
tional amendment proposed, 249 2 , 251 2 ; 
excludes Southerners, 2493; disagree- 
ment with Pres. Johnson, 2511 ,2, 2611 ±; 
more radical, 251 1 ; fails to override veto, 
2513; thanksGen.Hancock,252i ; Amend- 



Cong-Cons. 



Text Figures denote Page, IJN Dll-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1225 



ment Bill passes, 2531; Reconstruction 
Coin, reports, 253 1 ; suffrage for negroes, 
repeals Amnesty Act, 2552; Temperance 
Society revived ; honors Cyrus W. Field, 
2562; terms begin .March 4, 2563; eighty 
members absent, 2372; Credit Mobuier, 
stockin,2593; approves Sheridan's course, 
261 1 ; resolves to impeach Johnson ; (See 
A.Johnson); congratulates limp, of Rus., 
2632; removes disabilities, 2092; South- 
ern states all represented, 271 1 ; depart- 
ment of justice provided, 27L2; increases 
salaries, 2312; Senate and Pres. in con- 
troversy, 3233; House favors commercial 
union with Can.; Elections Bill in Sen- 
ate, 3371 ; approves Indian contract 
schools, 3423; Alaska demands repre- 
sentation, 3473; enfranchisement of 
women, 3593; eighty-live members ex- 
cluded, 3493; committee on works of 
art restored, 3601; two sessions of H. 
same day, 379 1 ; Code of Rules; H. 
adopts, 437 2 ; bribery investigation, 
4572,3, 4631 ; closure defeated in S., 4772; 
favored, 4792. 

Congress of churches, Boston, 34S2. 

of Cyclists, Colchester, 9943. 

of Indian National, at Nagpur, 10493. 

of Liberal Religions, 4602. 

of Orientalists, London, 1007 1 . 

of Rastadt, fails, 7132. 

Congreve, William, b., S922; works, 9002,3; 
d., 9032. 

, Sir Wm., b., 9183 ; military rockets, 

9322; color-printing, 9402; d., 9423. 

Conham, Eleanor, marriage, 8623. 

Conkling, Roscoe, b., 1362 ; aids recon- 
struction, 249 3 ; proposes amendment, 
251 2 ; legislative encounter with Blaine, 
2523; conven. contest; candidate for 
pres., 2931; leader of Stalwarts, 3043; 
opposes civil service reforms, 297 3 ; re- 
signs, 3073; d., 3301. 

Conmy, John, cons. R. C.bp., 100S2. 

Connaught, D. of, tour in Can., 5903; at 
Alexandria, 6581 ; marries, 830.3. 

Conneau, Henri, b., 7143; d., 7502. 

Connecticut, U.S., settled, 292; land grant, 
332; Dutch traders in; valley, emigra- 
tion, 333; Indian outrage. 32 1 ; Saybrooke 
Ft.built,3ii ; Winthrop, gov., 35i ; Dutch 
expelled; Hooker migrates; war against 
Pequots, 352; colony formed, 353; Bible 
for a constitution, 343; civil govt.; Col. 
Haynes, gov. ; New Haven colony est. ; 
T. Eaton, gov., 353 ; E. Hopkins, gov., 
372,3 ; Republic of N. Haven ; Say- 
brooke ; named; G. Wyllys, gov., 373; 
T. Welles, gov.; boundary; John Web- 
ster, gov., 41'; F. Newman, gov.; T. 
Welles, gov.; J. Winthrop, gov., 412, 
432; Wm. Leete, governor, 413; intem- 
perance punished, 41 1 ; chartered, 413; 
surrenders claim, 43 1; J. Haynes, gov- 
ernor, 373; county courts, 433 ; claim 
for Duke of York, 47 1; R. Treat, gov- 
ernor, 492, 513; writs against, 503; char- 
ters rescinded, 511 ; gov't resumed, 512; 
royal power over militia ; resumes char- 
ter, 532; Assembly divides; Fitz-John 
Winthrop, gov., 55 1 ; Yale Coll. com- 
menced,^; gov't meets, 552; Saybrooke 
Platform adopted ; church delinquents 
fined ; ministers exempt from taxes, 563; 
Soc. of Cong. Ministers org. ; tolera- 
tion of dissenters, 57 1, 65 1 ; G-. Salton- 
stall, gov.,572; election sermon, 563; J. 
Talcott,gov.,612; English laws enforced, 
613; Baptist yearly meetings, 622; N. Y. 
boundary settled, 632; Indian church 
successful, 623; Jonathan Law, gov., 653; 
R. Wolcott, gov., 673; T. Pitch, gov., 693; 
in Wyoming Valley, 733; colonists vs. 
Stamp Act, 743; Wm. Pitkins, gov., 753; 
J.Trumbull, gov., 77 2 , 1092; copper-mine 
as prison; Indian population, 793; dis- 
comfort in churches, 823; Conn. Journal, 
743; Declaration of Independence, 833; 
offers lands, 933; Blue Laws, 952; cedes 
western claims, 992; ratines constitution, 
1011 ; farmers combine, 1003; alienates 
*' Western Reserve," 107 1 ; S. Hunting- 
ton, gov., 991 ; O. Wolcott, gov., 1073, 
1272; Missionary Society of, fnd., 1083; 
brilliant meteor, 1141; Conn. Religious 
Tract Society organized, 1142; Lyman 
Beecher installed, 1163 ; J. Treadwell, 

fov., 1172; R. Griswold, gov., 1192; j. c. 
mith, gov., 1213; Brit, surprise Say- 



brooke, 1221; Trinity Coll. org., 1312; 
Historical Soc. Library org., 1323; Gr. 
Tomlinson, gov., 1353; J. S. Peters, gov., 
1392; H. W. Edwards, gov., 1433, 1453; 
S. S. Foote, gov., 1452; liquor license 
optional, 151 1 ; Wm. W. Ellsworth, gov., 
1512; C. F. Cleveland, gov., 1553; The 
New Eng lander est., 1563; R,, s. Baldwin, 
gov., 1591; I. Toucey, gov., 1613; c. Bis- 
sell, gov., 1633; J. Trumbull, gov., 1671 ; 
T. H. Seymour, gov., 169 1; drawbridge 
disaster, "1733; Moods, 1741 ; Emigrant 
Aid Asso. incorp., 1742; prohibitory law 
passed, 1742, repealed, 2803; H. Dutton, 
gov., 1771 ; W. T. Minor, gov., 1791 ; A. H. 
Holley, gov., 1832; W. A. Buckingham, 
gov., 1852; leads in soldiers' relief', 1923; 
ratifies 13th amendment, 2432; ratifies 
14thamendmeiit,253i ; J.R.Hawley,gov., 
2553; J. E. English, gov., 2593, 2732. 2973; 
ratifies 15th amendment, 2671 ; M.Jewell, 
gov., 2692, 2772; election returns exam- 
ined, 2751 ; Constitution amended, 2832; 
Chas. R. Ingersoll, gov., 2851 ; Constitu- 
tion ratified^ 2*92; new eapitul opd.,2991 ; 
election fails, 299 2 ; U.B.Andrews elected 
gov., 3012, 3033; H. B. Bigelow, gov., 
3093; T. M.Waller, gov., 3151 ; H. B. Har- 
rison, gov., 3233; P. C. Lounsbury, gov., 
3293; Secret Ballot Bill passes, 3412; 
Oleomargarine Bill passes, 3431; M. G. 
Buckeley,gov., 3492, 3853, 3991 ; restricts 
sale of tobacco, 3363; female suffrage 
defeated, 341 1 ; earthquakes, 3741 , 4501 ; 
Dem. candidates sworn in, 3753; Rep. 
officers in Sunn te, 3763; canvass of votes, 
3772; Judson Bill passes H., 381*; gov. 
claimants, 3932 ; largest tobacco crop, 
3933; World's Fair Fund meeting, 4012, 
4033; G-en. Merwin nominated for gov., 
4151; Republicans win election case, 
4172; gambling prohibited, 4282; Anti- 
Oleomargarine Bill, 4312; elections, no- 
license, 4422; L. B. Morris, inaug., 4471 ; 
E. Uady nominated for gov., 4731 ; O. V. 
Coffin nominated gov., 4731. (See New 
England.) 

Connecticut Farms, N. J., burned, 921 , 

Uoiinellsville, Pa., collision, 3173; strike, 
3763; mob, 3803; attack deputies, 3822. 

Connelly, captured, 803. 

Connemara, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Lord. (See Robt. Bourke.) 

Conner's Crossing, Pa., explosion, 4193. 

Connet, Capt., near Athens, 2071 . 

Connolly, Henry, gov. N. Mex., 2032. 

Connor, Ire., bishopric est., 8403. 

Connor, David, Com., b. (1792); occupies 
Tampico, 1602; bombards Vera Cruz, 
1621; d., (1856). 

, Selden, gov. Me., 2951 . 

Connors, John, suicide, 4682. 

Conolly, John, b., 9263; d., 9701. 

Conon at Mitvlene. 10221 ; Athens restora- 
tions, 10222; d., 10231. 

— , pope, 10722. 

Cononcallv, Wash., fire, 4152, 

Conover, Thomas A., b. (1794); d., 2392. 

Coiii] iii-rot-, launched, 986' ; lost, 9142. 

wrecked, 9533; i«,st, 9641. 

Conrad I., is warlike, 7721 ■ elected K.; re- 
sisted, 7732; d.,7722. 

II., attacks Hungarians, 7741; con- 
quers Provence, 6692; restores pope, 
7743; expedition to It., 7741; K. of It., 
10733; einp., 7752; returns from It.; d., 
7753. 

III., b.-d., 7762; at Weinsberg ; joins 

Crusade, 7761 ; in Second Crusade, 7763, 
7773; king; emp. ; puts Henry under 
ban; gives Saxony, 7772; d., 7772. 

IV., emp. of Ger., K. of It., b.-d., 7802; 

reigns ; defeated, 780 1 ; d., 7812. 

III., duke of Carinthia, 5033. 

, son of Fred II., king, 7811 ; crowned, 

7771. 

, son of Henry TV., rebels, 7771 . 

■ de Montferrat, K. of Pal.; k., 11552. 

, Rolandslied, 7763. 

, king of Naples, 10753. 

the Red, rules Lotharingia, 7733 ; 

rebels, 7733. 

I. of Wormsfeld, duke, 5032. 

, Chas. M., b. (1804+); sec. war., 1672; 

d. (1878). 

, Holmes, in dept. of just., 4473. 

, Robert Taylor, b. (1809); Aylmere, 

1731; cL, 1841. 

, Timothy Abbott, b. (1803); d., 2961 . 



Conradin, b. (1252); king of Sicily, 7813; of 
Naples. 10752; defeated; beheaded, 7802, 
7813, 10772. 

Consalvi, Ercole, b. (1757); d., 10862. 

Consarbruck, <ien., defeats Fr,, 7962. 

Conscience, Hendrik, b., 5423; d., 5461. 

Conscription Bill passes Cong., 2193. 

Conseils de Prudhouimes, organized, 7171. 

Uonsidei-ent, Victor, b., 7163. 

Consistory, first, est., Oct., 7911 . 

Conspiracy of Catiline fails, renewed, 
10592; of Aaron Burr, 1133; against Ed- 
ward II., 8573, punished, 8612; against 
Henry V. fmd., 8631; to Murder Bill, 
Eng., 9832; against D. of Orleans, 6992 ; 
against emp., 7372, arrested; of Lincoln's 
assassins, 2432 ; political in Rus., 11222 ■ 
of nobles detected, Swe., 11353. (See 
Lincoln — assassination. See Gunpowder 
Plot.) 

Conspirators punished, Fr., 7391. 

Constable, Archibald, b., 9191 ; d., 9422. 

, John, b., 9203; work, 9441 ; d., 9482. 

Constan, JVL. minister, 7531 , 7572, 7611 • re- 
signs ; receives explosives, 7611 . 

Constance, Council of, 7S43, 30791; lake 
dwellings, 113si ; papal conven., 7773. 

Constans I., Flavius Julius, b.-d., 10682; 
reigns, 10692; persecutes Jews, 10683; 
defeats Constantine II., 10081 ; k., 10692. 

II., reigns ; peace with Arabs, 10313; 

purchases peace, 10302; k., 10312,3. 

Constant Warwick, built, 8821. 

Constant, Benjamin, d., 5583. 

de Rebeeque, Henri Benj., b., 7031 ; 

d., 7261. 

Constantine, Algeria, taken by Fr., 83. 

1., the Great, Flavius Valerius Aure- 

lius, b.-d., 10662; emp. Gaul, 6633; de- 
feats Franks, etc. ,10002; becomes Caasar, 
10673; erects St. Peter's Church, 10662; 
at Susa, Turin, and Verona ; at Saxa 
Rubra ; dissolves Pretoriau guards ; a 
Christian, 10283; favors church, 6543, 
10283, iQi»)i ; founds papal power, 10682; 
defeats Licinius, 10282; 1068 1 ; alliance 
with Licinius, co-rulers ; emp., 10692 ; 
fnds. library, 11551. enacts Sunday ob- 
servance, 10682; sole ruler, 10293, 10673; 
splendor of court, 1069 1 ; sons divide em- 
pire, 10692. 

■ — — II. (Caius Flavius Valerius Aurelius 
Claudius Constantinus), b.-d., 10662; 
reigns, 1061)2; defeated, 1068' ; k., 10692. 

111., Heraclius, poisoned, 10312. 

IV. (Pogonatus), b. (905); quells re- 
bellion, 10302; reigns, 10313, 10,331 ; mur- 
dered, 10331. 

V., Copronymus, b. (719); reigns, 10331 ; 

defeats Saracens, 1032 1 ; sends organ to 
Fr.,6642; forbids monks, 10723; deposed, 
10331 ■ d. (775). 

VII., b.-d., 10322; reigns; banished, 

10332. 

VIII., b. (1394); reigns, 10332; d.(1453). 

IX., reigns, 10332,3. 

X., reigns, 10333. 

XI., reigns, 10333. 

XII., acquires territory, 11552. 

XIII.,PalseologiLs, b.-d"., 10343; reigns, 

10353. 

1, of Scot., reigns, 8412; k. 8411 . 

— - II. of Scot., reigns, S452 ; beheaded, 

IV. of Scot., reigns, S47i ; slain, 8463. 

, pope, 10722; intro. kissing of pope's 

toe, 10723. 

, Geo. A., Marquis of Normandy, d., 

10022. 

, grand duke of Vladimir, 11151 ; re- 
nounces succession, 11173. 

Nikolayevitch, b., 11163; d., 11221. 

, Pavlovitch, b., 11162; d., 11163. 

Constantinople, capital, 1 155 1 , 10203, 10692; 
library fnd., 11551; council of, 10201; 
Procopius seizes, 11541 ; |)p. second to 
Rome, 10291; walls built, 10301; earth- 
quake, 10302; Green and Blue factions, 
10301,10311,2; Nika squabbles; second 
St. Sophia fnd., 10303, 11543 ; burned ; re- 
ligiousdissensions;rebuilt, 11551 ; plague- 
smitten, 10313; council meets, 10711 ; be- 
sieged, 10302, 10313, 10321 ; invasion, 4842; 
Church Council, 10722 ; earthquake, 10322, 
11502, U562 ; oth Council at, 10323 ; in- 
vaded, 11131 ; taken, plundered, 10341; 
fall, 5092; Latin emperors reign, 10351; 
recovered by Greeks,- 10352 ; action at, 
10761; invested; besieged, 11561; peace 



1226 



Text Figures denote Page. IN DjiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Cons-Cork 



of Greeks and Turks, 10353; fell pre- 
vented, 5212; attacked, 6562; conquered, 
11561 ; coffee-houses opd., 11571 ; fire, 
1157', 11583; plague, 1157'; Christians 
persecuted, 1150 3 ; mission, 11563, 11582; 
Moniteur Ottoman issued; Armenian 
Ch. org., 1157' ; alliance with Eng.,9592; 
telegraph with Lond.,963 3 ; Robert Coll. 
opd., 11582; cholera rages, 11583; com- 
pulsory education, 1158 2 ; Shah of Per- 
sia visits ; railway to Adrianople, 11583; 
first Turkish Parliament, 11592; Conf. 
on Turkish rule, 5662; Conf. of Ambas- 
sadors, 11593 ; St. Sophia Ch. cons., 11582 ; 
Conf. of powers, 6592; Anglo-Turkish 
Conven. meets, 5672, 6612; first express 
from Paris, 7573 ; steamer to London, 
11583; manifesto against Turkey, 1159 3 ; 
Greek churches closed ; religious riots, 
1158 2 ; brigands abound ; cholera, 1159'. 

Constantius I., Flavins Valerius Chlorus, 
b.-d., 1066 2 ; receives Caul, Britain, and 
Sp., 1067 3 ; overthrows Allectus, 841'; 
restores Britain to Rome ; elected Au- 
gustus, 10673 ; defeats Franks, 6622; 
Christians rest, 10663. 

II., Flavius Julius, b.-d., 10682; de- 
feats Magnentius, crushes Vetranio, 
1068'; exiles Liberius, 1U683; reigns, 
10692. 

Constellation, launched, 106'; takes Vln- 
surqent, 108'; Brit, barges, 118'; to 
Norfolk, 120' ; ashore, 340' . 

, cargo of provisions, 985' . 

Constituent Assembly convoked, Fr., 7412. 

Constitution, launched, 106'; takes Java, 
118 2 ; Ghierriere, US' ; Ci/ane aud Le- 
vant, 123' ; out of commission, 308' . 

Constitution Crimina/is Theresiana pub- 
lished, 517'. 

Constitution, Federal, U. S. A., plan for, 
693; signed, 9!' 3 ; religious amendment, 
1002; Congress ratifies; enforced, 101'; 
States ratify, 101 ',3, 1023, 1032. (See 
Amendments id' Constitution.) 

, Fr., (dein.) adopted ; immolation of, 

7073; accepted, 709'; new, 709 3 , 7153; 
ratified, 713 3 ; proclaimed, 7213; n ew , 
7312, 7332, 7473, 7493; govt, by C. intro.; 
modified, 7392 ; amended, 7492; Consti- 
tution Revision Bill, 7572. 

, Ger., revised, S183; considered, 8192; 

new, 8233; adapted, 8272,3. 

, Netli., granted, 11023. 

. (See under several American States.) 

Constitutional Union Party, Nat. Conven., 
1872. 

, America, meets, 2832. 

Constitutions, Am. States adopt new, 853. 

Consulate governs Fr., 713 3 . 

Consumers' League fmd., 3603. 

Contagious Disease Act passes, Eng., 971 ' ; 
prevention, Am., 299 3 . 

Conte, Nicolas Jacques, b., 7022; d., 714 3 . 

Contemporaire, issued, 732 3 . 

Conteras, battle of, 162' . 

Conti, Prince of, Francis Louis de Bour- 
bon, b.,C90 3 ; d., 6963. 

Continual Council appointed, Eng. ; dis- 
missed, 861' . 

Contreras, Francisco Antonio de Rivas, 
gov., 6302. 

, Hernando de, b.-d., 11282. 

, Hioronimo de, b.-d., 11283. 

, Rodrigo de, b.-d., 11263. 

Conventicle Act passes, 8903, 891 3 , 892 3 . 

Convention, Fr., with U. S., 1392; Fr.- 
Switz., 7372; Fr. with Ger., 747', 7472; 
Fr. with Nor. and Sue., 711.12; (J. B. with 
U. S. A., 1272; Eng. with Fr., 757 3 ; G. B. 
with U. S. A., 1272, 1352, 9432. 

, Nat. Association of Publishers and 

Booksellers, 408 3 . 

Convents abolished, 1117'. 

Converse, Julius, gov. Vt., 281' . 

Conveyancing Act passes, 9793. 

Convict Labor Bill, U. S., 3672, 369', 
3732; opposed, 471'. 

Convicts, transportation abolished, 973'; 
census of U. S. A. ,375' . (See Australia.) 

Convocation of clergy, Eng., S782; graded, 
8982; meetings cease, 9063 

Convulsionaires, excesses, Fr., 699' . 

Conway Tubal a r Bridge, YV\, erected, 954' . 

, Baron, title created, 905'. 

, Sir Edward, minister. .8812, 8832. 

, Elias S., gov. Ark., 1712. 

, Frederick B. b. (1819) ; appears, 166' ; 

d. (1874). 



Conway, Henry Seymour, b., 9062; minis- 
ter, 9173; commander, 922'; d. (1795). 

, Hugh, eons, bp., 9762. 

, James S., gov. Ark., 1472. 

, Moncure Daniel, b., 140'; works, 

3962; 4202. 

, Thomas, Count de, b., 62' ; Am. brig.- 

gen., 86' ; duel ; Cabal exposed, 892; mo- 
tion approved, 953 ; d. (1800+). 

, Wm. Martin. Jlimalai/as, 4782. 

Conybeare, Wm. Daniel, !>., 9242; d., 9622. 

Conyers, Baron, title created, 867 2 . 

Conynham, Marquis of, title created, 9372. 

Couyngham, Capt., sent out, 862. 

Conze, Alex. Christian Leopold, b., 8142. 

Coode, John, leader, 51 2 . 

Cook Arctic Expedition, N. Sydney, 470' . 

, Clarence, b., 136' ; d., 184' . 

, Eliza, b. 9382; d., 1000'. 

, F. C, S/teeilcer's Commentary, 976 3 . 

, Henry F., d., 2272. 

, James, b., 90S' ; explorer, 4932, 5762, 

5772,9162, 9182,9202; transit of Venus, 
4932; d., 9203; monument, 498' . 

, John, b., 1322; near Warsaw, 19G' . 

, Joseph, b., 1482; works, 28S3, 2963, 

3003, 303' , 3063, 31S3, 3243. 

, Perry, captured, 4722. 

, Russell S., b. (1811); d., 2392. 

, Thomas, excursionist, d., 1008'. 

Cooke, Edward William, b.,935' ; d. (1880). 

, Edwin F.. d., 2582. 

,Geo. Frederick,!.. (175G); Richard HI., 

116'; d. (1811). 

, Jay, b., 130' ; panic, 2S3 3 . 

, John Esten, b., 138' ; works, 176 3 , 

1802, 255'. 260 3 , 268 3 , 2722, 277', 282 3 , 
3143,323'; d., 3242. 

, Josiah Parsons, b., 1342. 

, Nicholas, b., 58'; gov. R. I., 813, 83' ; 

d. (1782). 

, Parsons, b. (1800); d., 2312. 

, Rose Terry, b., 1342; works, 188', 

2903, 3083, 3982; d.; 410'. 

, "Wm. Fothergill, b. (180H); telegraph, 

948' ; d. (1879). 

Cookman, Alfred, b., 136' ; d., 2742. 

, Geo. G., b. (1800) ; d., 1522. 

Institute established, Fla., 2922. 

Cooley, Thos. Mclntyre, b., 132' ; Inter- 
state Commission, 3512; Ainer. Bar As- 
sociation, 4362. 

Coolgardie. Australia, gold disc, 500' . 

Coolidge, Carlos, b, (1792); gov. Vt., 167' ; 
d. (1866). 

, Susan. (See Woolsey, Sarah.) 

Coombe, William, b., 910 3 ; d., 9403. 

Coombs, William J., b., 142' . 

Coon River Crossing, Wis., wreck, 3S6 3 . 

Cooper, Anthony, E. of Shaftesbury, b., 
8922 ; d., 9042. 

, Ashley, b., 880 2 ; attacks govt., 

8S9 3 ; lord chancellor, leader against 
court, S93 3 ; deposed, 8952; committed, 
released, d., 895 3 , 8963; statute, 994', 
998'. 

, , E. of Shaftesbury, b., 9303 ; 

provides playgrounds, d., 9941 , 

, Sir AstlcyPaxton, b., 9163; d. (1841). 

, Charles M., d., 1781 . 

, Constance Fenimore, works, 3123, 

3163. 

, Edward b. (1824); mayor N. Y., 3033. 

, George Henry, b. (1821); d., 3941. 

, George W., b., 1682. 

, James, b., 1 1(12 ; at Elk's Spring, 2251 ; 

d. (1863). 

, James Fenimore, b., 1001 ; works, 

129' , 131' ,2, 135' , 137' , 1403, 145' , 149' , 
151', 1523, 154 3 , 155'; 158 3 , 164 3 , 168 3 ; 
d., 1682. 

, Job A., gov. Colo., 3492. 

, Joseph .)., moderator, 2172. 

, Julia D., d., 2602. 

, Miles, b., 622 ; pres. King's Coll., 73' ; 

mob annoys, 81'. 

, Peter, b., 1022; mnf. locomotive, 138' ; 

org. Cable Co., 1753 ; nom. for pres., 293' ; 
vote, 2932; d., 3122. 

, Phillip H., b. (1844) ; captain, 448'. 

, Samuel, b., 602; d., 96' . 

, , b., 8782; d. (1672). 

, S. B., b., 168'. 

, Thomas, scientist, b., 722; d.,1521. 

, , poet, d., 10081 . 

, S.,b.,9323; d.,9522. 

, T. C, first appearance, 1061 . 

, Wm. B., gov. Del., 153'. 

, WilliannR., b., 9522 ; d. (1878). 



Cooper, Lieut., killed, 5623. 

Limestone, List, f ml., 308 3 . 

Huddleston Coll. org. at Daleville, 

Miss. (1865). (Addenda.) 

Cooperative industry, steel company, 3703. 

Cooper'sHill, Civil EngiiieeringColl., opd., 
104S 3 . 

Coorg, Madias, annexed, 1047 3 . 

Coornhert, Dirk Volkerszoon, b. (1522) ; 
Zedekunst, 1099' ; d. (1590). 

Coosa Kiver, Gen. Hood crosses, 238 3 . 

Coote, Sir Eyre, b., 906 3 ; d., 922 3 ; at 
Wandewash, 10442; at Porto Novo, 10442. 

, Richard, b. (1(13(1); gov.. 552; d. (1701). 

, Thomas, lord keeper. 9013. 

Cope, Charles West, b., 935' ; d. (1890). 

, Edward Drinker, b., 152' . 

, Sir John, at Prestonpans, 910' ; d. 

(1760). 

, Thos. Pym, b. (1768) ; d., 174' . 

Copeland, Wm. Taylor, lord mayor, 9453. 

Copenhagen, Den., built, 635 3 ; attacked; 
captured ; against Frederick I. ; yields 
to Christian III., 636' ; astronomical 
tower ; blockade ; siege ; invested, 636 2 ; 
Univ. fnd. ; first press. (13(13 ; royal library 
fnd., 637'; capital, 11372; treaty, 637 3 ; 
bombarded, 638' ; college of Missions, 
opens ; Univ. reopened, (138 3 ; bank fnd.; 
palace bums ; tire; G393; tire. 6413; con- 
quered, 782' ; bombarded, 9333; Norske 
Selskahor, 11042 ; mission school, 6403 ; 
theater fnd., Frederick VII. 's statue, 
theological school, 642'; Scandinavian 
Exhibition, 642 3 ; fortification decreed, 
821' ; treaty signed, 9(113 ; railroad opd., 
11053. 

Fields, Loudon, cattle market, 9613. 

Copernicus, Nicholas, b., 7862; describes 
attraction, 7882; system of astronomy 
pub. ; meridional instrument, 7902 j 
Henrenlq Bodies, 7912; d., 7902. 

Copiah Co., Miss.. White Caps, 426 3 . 

Copland, W. II., shoots, 4563. 

Copleston, Edward, bp. of Llandaff, b., 
920 3 ' d. 9542. 

, R. S.', elected bp., 9803. 

Copley, John, b., 9082 ; sieqe of Gibraltar, 
9242. 

, John Singleton, Baron, Lvndhurst,b., 

9183; minister, 9433, 9473, 9512; ,1., 9662. 

, , b.,G42; works, 722, 9202; d. t 

1242. 

, , b. (1772) ; minister, 9433; d. 

(1863). 

, Sir Lionel, gov. Md., 513, 532. 

Coponius, procurator, 1151 3 . 

Coppee, Francois Edouard Joachim, b., 
7282; works, 7363. 7502, 7523, 7582; Aca- 
demician, 752' . 

, Henry, b., 130' . 

Copper engraving, used, 1078' . 

etching, invented, 10S02. 

plate Mill, invented, 876' . 

engraving known. Ger., 7842, 

ring collapse, Eng., 10013. 

River, S. C, Baptist Church, 483. 

Copperamahu mission, 498', z . 

Copperhead, anti-war Democrats, 2292. 

Coppinger, John J., a colonel, 374' . 

Coptic alphabet, invented, 6533. 

Bible written, 655' . 

Copying machine invented; d., 9202. 

Copyright, 30 years, Fr., 729' ; Agreement 
with Ger., signed. 405 2 ; Ass. .elation, U.S. 
Congress memorialized, 147' ; Interna- 
tional meeting held, 333' ; League, offi- 
cered, 3712; eel. ,3803; Bill, International, 
U.S., 3731, 3302, 3721, 3781,2, 3791,2; 
Harrison's proclamation. 3802, 9512; ben- 
efits extended, 4172; Law amended ; Act 
passed, Eng., 9052 ; Bill passes, 1553. 

Coquelin, llenoit Constant, b., 7282. 

Coquerel, Athanase Josue, b., 7223; works, 
7863; d., 7501. 

, Laurent Chas., b., 710 2 ; works, 

7272 ; d., 7382. 

Coques, Gonzales, b., 5403; d., 5422. 

Coquillart, Guillaume, works, 6783 ; <J. 
(1490). 

Coquimbo, Chile, troops defeated, 608' . 

Coral Miss. Magazine and Fund, 948 3 . 

Coram, Capt. Thos.,b. (1668) ; est. hospital, 
9112; d. (1751). 

Corax, rhetorician, 10191. 

Coray, Adamantios, b.-d., 10343. 

Corbet, Richard, b., 8742; d. (1635). 

Corbett, James J., pugilist, 414 3 , 4153, 
4462,4482,3. 



Corb-Cost. 



Text Figures denote Page. I-NDJLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



122T 



Corbett, Thomas, cooking estab., 9643. 

Corbie, Fr., surrenders, 6881. 
Corbiesdale, action at, 8862. 

Corbit, fm. P., b., 1262. 

Corbould, Edward Henry, b.,9363. 

Gorbulo, Doinitius, in Armenia, 10621 . 

Corcoran Gallery of Art, est., 2701 . 

, Michael, b., 1342; at Suffolk, 2181 ; at 

Deserted House, 21S2 ; d., 2291 . 

, Win. Wilson, b. (179S) ; deeds Art 

Gallery, 2621 , 2701 ; gift to Univ. of Va., 
2922,3; d. (1888). 

Corcyra (Corfu) fnd., 10153 ; revolt, 10141 ; 
Spartans defeated, 10202. 

Cordage trust, 593 3 . 

Corday, Marie Anne Charlotte d' Annans, 
b., 7032 ; stabs Marat, 7083, 7093 ; exe- 
cuted, 7093; 

Cordeliers, rise of club, 7071 . 

Cordera, Pres. of Ecuador, 6443. 

Cardial, Caxton finishes, S642. 

Cordier, Pierre Louis A., b., 7043; d., 7342. 

Cordova, Argentine Republic, fnd., 4892 ; 
mission, 4903 ; plot, 4931 ; R. R. tracks 
demolished, 4933. 

■, Sp., taken, 11251 ; capital, 11253; Cali- 

fate, 4853 ; Great Mosque fnd., 11252 ; 
med. school fd., 11262; free schools ,486 2; 
conquered, 11261 ; annexed Sp., 11273. 

, Fernandez de, b.-d., 11302 ; discov- 
eries in Sp., 11281 . 

, Fernando de, in Yucatan, 17 1 ; slave 

ships, 172; beheaded, 193. 

, Francisco Hernandez de, b.-d., 11263; 

founds Granada, 11031 . 

, Gonzales de, commander, 5401 . 

, Gonsalvo Hernandez de, b.-d., 11263; 

takes Granada, 11262; at .Stnigiiola, 67S2. 

, Jorge, Pres. Bolivia, 5502, 5511 ; ex- 
iled, 5511. 

Corduba, Caesar, repulsed, 10602. 

Corenzio, Belisario, b., 10822; d. (1643). 

Corey, Charles, d., 4561 . 

Corfe, Chas. John, cons, bp., 10022. 

Corhnium, It., captured, 10601. 

Corfu, captured, 10342; mi i T . est., 10351 ; 
Roman conquests in, 10262 ; acquired, 
10773. (See Corcyra.) 

Corinth, Greece, fnd., 1013 3 ; first warships, 
10141 ; potters nourish, 10142 ; early 
kings, 10152; BacchiaiLe obligarchy gov- 
erns, overthrown ; gov. by prytaues, 
10153 ; legends on vases, 10161 ; Temple of 
Jupiter erected, 10162 ; forms republic, 
10172 ; in Persian war, 10182 ; war with 
Athens, 10183; war with Corcyra, 10201; 
architecture! uven ted. 101 1) 2 ; action near, 
10222; taken. 10262; captured, in Achaean 
League, 10272 ; Roman ambassadors at, 
10273; falls, 10281; despoiled, 10282; re- 
built, 10292 ; taken, 10341,2; besieged, 
10342; falls, 10561 ; divided, 10571 ; sacked, 
10661. 

— — , Miss., Confederates unite, 2051 ; Fed- 
erals defeated, 2071, 2162; action near, 
2081, 2, 2141; evacuated, 2082; Feds, 
evacuate, 230 1 . 

Corinthians, Epistles to, written, 11531 . 

Corio, Bernardino, b. (1459) ; History of 
ynian, 10812 ; d. (1519). 

, Sannazzaro, Jacopo, Arcadia, 1081 2 . 

Coriolanus, Cnceus Marcius, defeats Vol- 
sci; at Rome, 10501 ; banished, 1051 2 ; d., 
10502. 

Corisco mission, 1161 1 . 

Cork, Ire., chartered, 8513; Sp. invasion, 
8761 ; see erected, 8403, 8622; garrisoned, 
8501 ; burned, 8813; S ee separated, 8942; 
taken, 8981 ; se e unites, 940 2 ; cathedral 
built, 9063; National Exhibition, 9573; 
Fenians arrested, 9l,!>2; British Asso. in, 
9521; railroad est., 9561; Fenians rise, 
9703, 9711; Tenants Conf., 9732; mayor 
resigns, 9732 ; Cathedral cons., 9742; 
constabulary differences, 990 3 ; Bp. Greg 
elected, 9803; arms stolon, 9863; riots, 
9871 ; Industrial Exhibition opens, 9913; 
Bp. O'Callaghan cons., 9922 ; Defense 
Union find., 9943; anti-Parnellite riots, 
10003, 10083 ; faction tights, 10083 ; Chi- 
cago, wrecked, 4113. 

, Earl of, created, 881 1. 

Corkey, W., wins championship, 983 3 . 

Corliss, Charles G., shot, 1552. 

Cormac, Ulf ada, king, 841 1 . 

Cormenin, Vicomte de, Louis Marie de la 
Haye, 7062; d., 7382. 

, F., duty on corn, 7672. 

Cornbury. (See Hyde.) 



,6891 



923. 



•■; works, 6911,6952; 



— — , Thomas, b., 
d., 6963. 

Cornelia Maximiliana, burned, 10651. 

Cornelius, baptized ; d., 1152 2 . 

, St., pope, 10643. 

, Peter von, b., 8043; d., 8243. 

Cornelius Hari/reares, collides, 3713. 

Cornell, Alonzo B., b., 1401 ; gov. N.Y., 
3052; portrait, at Capitol, 4421. 

— -Univ., opened; Library fnd., 2623; 
boat-races, 3153, 3173, 3213, 3273, 3432, 
3623; Fisk will, 35S2 ; library building, 
3423, 3023; defeats Harvard and Yale, 
3623; Aristotle's Constitution ree'd, 3802; 
Pres. Adams resigns ; Prof. Schurman 
pres., 4042. 

College, la., fnd., 1822. 

, Ezra, b. (1807) ; d., 2861 . 

, Wm. A., makes galvai leter, 3201. 

, W., b. (1823) ; d., 2701 . 

porters strike, Eng., 10051. 

Cornet, Cointe de, Mathieu Augustin, b., 
701i; d. 7262. 

Cornish, George H., b., 5782. 

, Johnston, b., 1842. 

Corn-Laws repealed, G. B., 9532. 

Corntliwaitc, Robert, cons, bp.,960 3 . 

Cornu, Sebastien Melehior, 7151 ; d., 7382. 

, measures light, 7481 . 

Cornwall, sehoolship est., 9631. 

Cornwall, Can., Freeholder, 5S03 ; strike, 
5862,3; earthquake, 5941. 

, Eng., action at, 8441 ; refuge for 

criminals ; see created, 8443; see unites, 
8463; duchy of, 8591; given to Robert, 
S491 ; earthquake, 594 1 . 9622, 10081 . 

, C. F., gov. Can., 5933. 

, Lord Charles, lord admiralty, 8992. 

Cornwallis, Charles, Earl and Marq. of, 
b., 9102; gov. Can., 5752; crosses Hudson 
River, 843 ; at Boundbrook, S6 Z ; ma- 
neuvers, 863 ; at Charleston, 91 1 ; at Sand- 
ers' Creek, 922; evaded by Greene, 923; 
In S. C, 923 ; at Guilford Court House, 
941 ; at Wilmington, N. C. ; conquest of 
Va.,94i ; at Petersburg, attack ordered, 
blockaded ; evacuates Williamsburg ; 
evacuates Richmond ; contemns Arnold, 
942; surrenders, 943, 9202; command in 
E. I.; 9241; conquests in India, 10442; 
gov-gen. India, 10453, 10472; at Ballina- 
muck, 7122; lord.-lieut., 9293; ,1., 9323. 

, Falliott H., elected bp., 9303. 

, Fred., urehhp. Canterbury, 9151 

Coro, Venez., settled, 11601 . 

Coron, taken by Turks, 10781 . 

Corona, boiler explodes, 3473. 

Corona, variable star, seen, 2521. 

Coronado, Francisco Vasquez de, b.-d., 
11263; explorer, 211; atZuni,21i; turns 
back, 223. 

, Gonzalo Vasquez de, gov. Costa Rica, 

6301. 

, Juan Vasquez de, b.-d., 112S 2 ; mayor, 

6301 ; gov. C. R., 6301 ; d. (1565). 

Coronation, founders, 8981 , 

Coronea, action at, 10201 . 

Coronel, surrenders, 6081 . 

Coronelli, Marco Vincenzo, b., 10823, d., 
1083L 

Coronet, defeats Dauntless, 3293. 

Coropat mission, 1049 1 . 

Corous murdered, 771 2 . 

Corporation Act, Eng., passes, 891 3 ; re- 
pealed, 9253. 

and Test Acts repealed, 9423, 9433. 

Corpsey, J. F., Old Church, 3061 . 

Corpus Christi Ch., consecrated, 3742. 

festival inst., 8542. 

Pass, Tex., taken, 2281 . 

Correa de Serra, Jose Francisco, b.-d., 
11102. 

Corroggio, Antonio Allegri da, b., 10783; 
works, 10801. 

Correo Literario, issued, 6063. 

Correoso, Pres., Colombia, 6281 , 6292. 

Correspondence LiUeraire Secrete, 705 2 . 

Corresponding Soc. of London, fmd., 9271 , 
treason of, 9271 . 

Corrie, Daniel, fnds. Benares mission, 
10462; bp. Madras, 10471 . 

Corrientes, war at, 4902; rebellion, 4921; 
joins Pres. Rosas, 11602. 

Corrigan, J. H., d., 3721. 

.Michael Augustine, h. (1839) ; assist- 
ant at Pontifical Throne, 3262; archbp. 



Of N.Y.,3203; circular letter, 3342; sails, 
3521 ; call for conf., 3761 ; M'Glynn's re- 
storation, 3942 ; approves Satolli's deci- 
sion, 4662. 

Corrigan, Patrick, accused, 3642; trial, 4182. 

Corruption, official, prosecuted, Fr., 7652. 

Corry, Pa., R. R. wreck, 2793. 

, Henry Lowry, lord admiralty, 9712. 

, Samuel, gov. Me., 2413. 

Corryville, annexed to Cincinnati, 273 3 . 

Corse, John Murray, b. (1835) ; at Alla- 
toona Pass, 2383; d., 42Si . 

Corsica,Rom. province, 10533; taken, 1031 3 , 
10752; Carthaginians expelled, 6621 ; van- 
dals possess, 6622 ; conquered, 6661 ; 
under Genoa, 6833; revolts, 10852; revo- 
lution, 6993; sold to Fr., 7033; ceded to 
Fr., 10852; revolt in; unites with Gt. 
Brit., 7112 ; ceded to Eng., 10853 ; Eng. 
parliament opens, 7113; revolts, 7121 ; 
Brit, leaves, 7132; annexed, 7211 , 927 3 . 

Cort, Henry, b. (1740) ; puddling iron, 9221 ; 
d. (1800). 

Cortenuova, battle of, 7801. 

Cortereal, Gaspar, b.-d., 11092 ; in New- 
foundland, 123; explorer, 151 ; takes In- 
dians, 171 ; in Can., 57H ; lost, 162. 

, Miguel, lost, 162, 171 . 

Cortez, Hernando, or Fernando, b.-d., 
1126 3 ; in San Domingo, 172; in New- 
World, 173; in Mex., 161 , 1S1 ; conquers 
Narvaez ; elected gen., captures Hon- 
duras, 182; exploring Meet, 191 ; letters 
of explorations, 192; in Sp., 193, 213; at 
Vera Cruz, 212 ; d., 221 . 

Corti, Count, in Cong, of Berlin, 8311. 

Cortland, Ala., burglars, 4483. 

Cortlandt, Jacobus van. mayor, 573, 593. 

, S. van, mayor N. Y., 473, 511 . 

Cortona, It., truce with Rome, 10521. 

, Pietro Berrettini da, b., 10823 ; d. 

(1669). 

Cortone, Domenico da, builds Hotel de 
Ville, 6802. 

Cortot, Jean Pierre, b., 7062; d., 7283. 

Cortright, G. C. H., gov. Guiana, 10393. 

Coruniba, taken, 5561 . 

Corundum wheel-makers combine, 4232. 

Corunna, Sp., battle at, 716 2 . 

Corupedion, battle of, 10261. 

Corvallis, Ore., Agricul. ( 'oil. opened, 2623. 

Corvino, John de Monte, miss., 6143. 

Corvinus, Matthias I., b.,5082; conquests, 
5081; king, 5081, 5092; invasions, 8081; 
expels Fred. III. from Hung., 7S61 ; at- 
tacks Podiebrad, 5092; d., 5082. 

Corvus, Valerius, defeats Volscii, 10521. 

Cvrwin, sails, 4441 . 

Corwin, Thomas, b., 1042; gov. 0., 1531 ; 
sec. treas., 167 2 ; on Committee of 33, 
1891 ; d., 2482. 

Corwyn, Col., at Tupelo, 2212. 

Cory, Giles, executed, 53' . 

, Isaac, in duel, 9292. 

Coryatt, Thomas, b., 8742; d., S801 . 

Cos, revolts against Athens, 10233. 

Cosa, action at, 10581 . 

, Juan de la, expedition Venez., 151 ; 

S. Am. voyages, 163 ; discoveries, 1126 2 ; 
makes map, 171 ; d. (1509). 

Cosihuiriachic, mission at, 10962. 

Cosimo I., Duke of Tuscany, 1081 1 . 

II., Duke of Tuscany, 10S13. 

III., Duke of Tuscanv, 10813. 

Cosin, John, bp., b., 8762; Cosin Hall fnd., 
9563 ; d. (1072). 

Cosme, Jean Baseihac, b.,0962 ; d., 705'. 

Cosnac, Daniel de, b., 0882 ; d., 6963. 

Cospatrick, takes fire, 9793 . 

Cossacks in militia, subjugated, 1114'; re- 
-bel, 1116' ; take Azov, 11572. 

Cosse, Charles de, b., 6783 ; d., 6822. 

Cossham, Handel, d., 10022. 

Cossignv, de I'ahna, ,los. Francois Char- 
pentier, b., 0983 ; d., 7191. 

Costa Rica (see pp. (!30-631), dis„ 162; re- 
named, 233 Sp.; massacre, 561 ; Cahlera 
opd., 633 ; dispute with Nicaragua, 3353. 

, Cabral, Antonio Bernardo, D. of 

Thomar, b.-d., 11102. 

Cabral, D. of Thomar, b. (1803) ; un- 
popular, 11111; d. (1889). 

, Duarte da, Capt.-Gen., 23 2 . 

, de, gov.-gen. Brazil, 553 2 . 

, Lorenzo, b. (1450) ; paints Court of 

Isabella D'Este, 10S0' ; d. (1530). 

, Sir Michael, b., 1085' ; d. (1884). 

Costanzo, Angelo di, b. (1507) ; History of 
Naples, 10832 ; d., 10822. 



1228 



Text Figures denote Page. LN L)h.2\.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Cost-Crab. 



Coste, Jean Francois, b., 7002 ; d., 7223. 

Costs, Jean Jacques Cypricn Victor, b., 
7163 ; d., 7461. 

Costello, Dudley, b., 9323 ; d., 968' . 

Coster, Joseph Francois, b., 0;)S3; d., 7203. 

, Laurens Janszoon, b.-d. ; movable 

types, 10982. 

, Samuel, Fenwis the Boor, 11012. 

Costes, Gautier de, works, 6891 . 

Costigan, John,. see. state, 5952; minister, 
5963. 

Costlogon, Col., in Sudan, 6582. 

Cosway, Kiehard, b., 9103 ; d., 9423. 

Coteau Landing, Can., bridge opd., 5913 ; 
canal, 593 2 . 

Cotelier, Jean Baptiste, 1)., 6803; d. (1686). 

Cotes, Eoger, b. (16S2) ; d., 9062. 

Cothell, Capt., captures Kiitaus, 1181. 

Cotner, Univ. (Christ) org., Lincoln, Neb., 
(1889). 

Cotopaxi, Mount, eruptions, 6432. 

Cotta, BemUard, !>., 80X3 ; work, 815' ; d., 
830'. 

Cotta, M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642. 

, Marcus A melius, defeated, 105S' . 

Cottage City, Mass., Soldiers' mon't.,388' . 

Cottayam, Madras, mission, 10462. 

Cottenham, Earl of, title created, 951'. 
(See Pepys.) 

Cotter, Joseph B., cons, bishop, 34S2; Presi- 
dent of Union, 389'. 

, Patrick, b. ; giant, 9153. 

Cottesloe. (See Ffeiuantle, Thomas F. ) 

Cottin, Sophie Kistand, b., 7043 - Eliza- 
beth, 717^; d., 7163. 

Cottington, Lord, minister, 8S33. 

Cotton destroyed, 218' . 

, cultivation in Am.. 31' ;lirstmill,98' ; 

exportation of, 993; factory, R. I., 1021 ; 
-yarns ninf., 104' ; mill at New Ipswich, 
112' ; print goods infg., 1173; mill at Fall 
River, 1182; export of ninf., 1353; power 
mill erected, 123' ; stripper exhibited, 
172'; "Cottonis King," 1833; price rises, 
1913,2033;2113, 2153; burned bvConfeds., 
2063; sold in N. Y., 2433; in South, 2553; 
not taxed, 261' ; crop in 1869, 268' ; anni- 
versary eel., 3693 ; crop increased, 3913 • 
cultivation increased, (1573 ; lirst imported 
in Eng., 922', 2, 9413 ; price, 9493; picker, 
mechanical, 392'; paper made, 610 2 , 
1030 2 ; supply ceases, 9653; worm ravag- 
ing. Fgy.,(jljl3; spinning machinery used, 
706' ; famine causes distress, Fr., 7373 ; 
stockings made, Eng., 908' ; first mill in 
Eng., 9102 ; goods exported, Eng., 9153 ; 
bounty, 922' ; duty reduced, Eng., 9472 ; 
districts distressed, 967' . 

crop in Egypt, 6613. 

, Charles, b., 8822 ; d., 9862. 

, S., promoted captain, 398' . 

, Sir Henry, chief justice, 983 2 . 

, John, b. (1585) ; election-day services, 

322; in Mass., 422 ; d.,38'. 

, B., in justice department, 351 2 . 

.Pierre, b., 6822 ; d., 6863. 

, Stapleton, Yise.Combermere, b.,9183; 

at Lilerena, 7182 ; storms citadel of 
Bhartpur, 1046' ; d., 968' . 

, Wm. James Richmond, Lord mayor, 

9812; hiring, poultry market, 9813. 

Cottrell, W. W., violent, 3582 ; k.,371'. 

Cotys reigns in Thrace, 11533. 

Couch, Darius Nash, b. (1822); gen., at 
Malvern Hill, 2092 ; at Fredericksburg, 
2162; at Uhancellorsville, 221' ; at Kins- 
ton, N.C., 244'. 

, W. L., at Stillwater, 319' . 

Coucy, Robert de, d., 6722. 

Couder, Lonis Charles Auguste, b., 7062 ; 
d.,746'. 

Coudert, F. R., anti-Maynard. 4023 ; May- 
nard investigation, 405' ; in Arbitration 
Court, 4252, 4293. 

Coues, Elliot, b., 154' . 

Ooughlan, Lawrence, d., 5782. 

Coughlin, Daniel, sentenced, 3482 ; new 
trial, 4422 ; acquitted, 4522. 

, John, infernal machine, 4683. 

Coulanges, Marquis de, Philippe Emman- 
uel, b., 6882 ; d., 697'. 

Numa, Denis Fustel de, b. (1830) ; d., 

758'. 

Coulomb, Charles Augustin de, b., 6983 • 
d., 7163. 

Coulter, Thomas B., in treas. dept., 3512. 

Council Bluffs, la., Army of Tenn., 4723 ; 
inspectors injured, 479' . 

, Church, at Ariminum, 840 2 ; at Aries, 



6623 ; at Basel. Switz., 6763, 784V ; at 
Bourges, 6703; at Chalce.lon, 10703,1071' ; 
at Clermont, 6683 ; at Constance, Swita. 
6762; at Constantinople. 1029', 1031', 
10323, 10722 ; rit Elvira, 11252 ; at Ephe- 
sus, 10303, 10702 ; nt Frankfort, 7703 ; at 
Ferrara-Florence, 785' ; at Lyons, 6722; 
at Nice, Asia M., 6643, 10283, 10683 ; at 
Nice, Fr., 7913 ; at Soissons, 6643, 6683; 
at Piacenza, 10743; at Pisa, 1079' , 1081' ; 
at Rome, 669', 0702,3 ; at Saragossa ; 
atSardis, 10683; of Sutri, 7743; of Toledo, 
11252; at Tours, 6S12 ; at Trent, 5102,3, 
681'; at Treves, 76S2, 7843, 1081'; at 
Tyre, 10682 ; at Vienna, 6723 ; Vatican 
held, 10S83. 

Council of Ancients dissolved, 7133. 

, Ecclesiastical, at Whitby, S423. 

, Grand, of state, est., Gr., 10353. 

of Nobles abol., 11213. 

of Sixteen find., Fr., 6852. 

of State revived, Ger., 8313. 

, State, Montenegro, 10973. 

of Ten governs Venice ; ceases to ex- 
ist, 10773. 

of Thirty, Eng., S952. 

at Wash., 3292. 

of War, Fr., 7472. 

of Women, Paris, 7583. 

Councils of Conciliation Aid passes, 970 3 . 

of India Amendment Bill, 10032. 

Count Belt/io.io, wrecked, 9233. 

Count Jtudof, issued, 7783. 

Counterfeiters, hanged, 8493. 

Countess Evelyn, wrecked, 10113. 

of Carnarvon, captured, 11122. 

of Dull; -rin, loses Am. cup, 2933. 

of Flanders, collision, 5473. 

Country Party formed, Eng., 8812,9023. 

County assessments, 8613. 

Councils est., G. B., 9992. 

Officers and Court, Act passes, 983 2 . 

County of Aberdeen, collides, 9913. 

Coupd'E'tat. (See Paris.) 

Cou/rageux, yvrecked, 928 ' . 

Courayer, Pierre Francois le, b., 6923 ; d., 
7043. 

Courbet, Adni., captures Hue, 4S0 3 ; at 
Sontay forts, 4821 ; at Fuchau, 022' ; mon- 
ument of, 760' . 

, Gustave, b., 7223 ; d., 7502. 

Cource, Baron de, arbitrator, 4252. 

Courcel, M. de, minister, 757 z . 

Courcelles, battle of, 740' . 

, Etienne de, b.-d., 11562. 

, M. de, gov., 423, 432. 

Courcy, Gen. de, in Aunam, 4822. 

, John de, E. of Ulster, S512. 

Cournot, Antoine Augustin, b., 7143 ; d., 
7502. 

Courrier, issued, 927' . 

Courrier de Mere, Paul Louis, b., 7042 ; 
Pamphlet iles I'amiililets.Tlol ; d.,7242. 

Courrier de la Mode, issued, 703 2 . 

Court of Chancery hist., Eng., S432, 8453 ; 
refounded, 8473. 

Combining Bill passes Asso., 4033. 

of Exchequer est.. 8492. 

de Gebelin, Antoine, b., 6982; d.,706'. 

of Justice in Senate, Fr., 758 3 . 

officers tirst appear, Ger., 7733. 

Party fmd., Eng., 8812. 

of Referees est., 969'. 

, Supreme, anniv., 3523. 

Court of Love, issued, 8642. 
Courtenay, John, b., 9103 ; d., 9382. 
Courteney, Wm. R., E. of Lucan, d., 9982. 

, Wm. R., E. of Devon, d., 9982. 

Courten's -Association founded, 1045'. 
Courtland, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462. 
Courtney, F., consecrated bishop, 9983. 
, Philip, governor, 861' . 

Courtois, Guillaume, b., 6.863; d., 6923. 

, Jacques, b., 6862 ; d., 6922. 

, M. de, discovers iodine, 719'. 

Courtown, Earl, title created, 925 2 . 
Courtrai.Belg., bat tie of. 672' ; surrenders, 

6SS1, 6922. 
Courts, " not guilty," 9432 ; supremacy of, 

upheld, 2591. 
Courvi >isier , -lean Joseph Antoine, b., 7043 ; 

d., 7262. 
Cousin, Jean, b.,67S3 ; d., 6842. 

, Louis, b., 6863 ; d„ 6963. 

, Montauban, Gen., minister, 7393. 

, on S. American coast, 131 . 

.Victor, b., 7082; works, 725', 7272, 

7292,7323 ; d.,7362. 
Cousins, Robert G., b., 1842. 



Coustou, Guillaume, sculptor, b., 6923 • 
d., 7003. 

, , sculptor, b., 697' ; d., 7043. 

, Nicolas, b., 6902 ; d., 69S3. 

Coutances, Fr., captured, 676' . 

Coutinho, Francisco i'eriera, captain, 5532. 

, Vaseo Fernandes, failure, 5532. 

Coutras, Fr., brittle at, 684'. 

Couture, Thomas, b., 7222 ; d., 752' . 

Cnvadonqa-, captured, 11302; blown up, 606 2 . 

Cove Creek, N.C., Confed. defeat, 216'. 

Covenant, Scotch, first ; second ; signed, 
S722 ; illegal, 8913. 

Covenanters, meet, 8942; persecuted, 8943. 

Covent Garden Theater, 90S' . 

Coventry, strike, 9643; Pari., lawyers ex- 
cluded, 8613. 

, Earl of, title created, 899' . 

, Henrv, minister, 8933. 

, Sir Thomas, b. (1578) ; keeper, 8813 ; 

minister, 8832 ; d. (1640). 

Coverdale, Miles, b., 866' ; Bible transla- 
tion, S6S3 ; d. (156S). 

Covert, James W., b., 154' . 

Covilhao, or Covilham, Pedro da, b.-d. 
11092 ; in Abyssinia, 13. 

Covington, hid.. Normal Coll. opd., 3242 

, Ky., diocese est., 1723 ; Gen. Heth 

arrives, 2123 ; Suspension Bridge com- 
pleted, 2553 ; White ( 'aps raid, 3543. 

, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 220' ; earth- 
quake, 332' . 

Covode resolution ; adopted Cong., 1872. 

Cowan, Sir Edward P., d., 1002' . 

, Sir John, Lord mayor London, 9492. 

Cowan's Ford, S. C. skirmish at, 91' , 93' . 

Cowdry, Eobt. H., vote for Pres., 3312. 

Cowes,' Eng., Henrietta arrives, 2553. 

Cowie, William G., cons, bp., 9663. 

Cowles, S. P.. accused of murder, 3782. 

Tobacco Tax Bill, in Cong., 337' . 

Cowley, Earl, title created, 959' . 

, E. of. (See Wellesley, H. R. C.) 

, , Abraham, b., 880' ; works, 8863, 

8923; d.,8922. 

Cowpens, S. C, battle of, 923; eel., 3073. 

Cowper, Archdeacon, d., 4963. 

, Earl, title created, 905' . 

, , lord lieut., 9S52 ; resigns, 9892 ; 

minister, 9053; d. 9062. 

, , William, b., 8902 ; keeper, 9033. 

, Edward Alfred, d., 1010' . 

, Temple, Wm. Francis, Baron 

Mount-Temple, d., 9982. 

, Wm., anatomist, b., 8922; d., 9042. 

, , poet, b., 9082; works, 921' ,9263; 

d., 9302. 

Cox, Christine, hanged, 3043. 

, David, b., 9062; d. (1859). 

, C, commissioner, 2732. 

, George William, b., 9422. 

, Henry G., b. (1819); d., 252' . 

, Jacob Poison, b. (1827); at Princeton, 

W. Va., 208' ; at Town Creek ; at Kins- 
ton, 2303, 244'; near Goldsboro, 244'; 
gov. O., 2553; see. int., 207' ; resigns, 273' . 

, John Edmund, b. (1812); d., 1004' . 

, Melville B., missionary, 1613. 

, Nicholas, b., 1482. 

, Sir Richard, b. (1500); L. chancellor, 

903'; chief justice, 9052; ,1.(1581). 

, Samuel Hanson, b., 1042; moderator, 

1623; d.,308'. 

, Sullivan, b., 132'; vote for 

Speaker, 2832; irlii/ ll'e Laui/h, 2943; d., 
3442; statue, 386' . 

, Detect ive, killed, 9903. 

Coxcie. Michael, b.-d., 5402. 

Coxe, Arthur Cleveland, b., 1262; eons, 
bp., 2412. 

, Brinton, Judicial Power, 4783. 

, Daniel, interest in N. J., 51' . 

, William, b., 9122; d., 9423. 

Coxey, J. S., proclamation against, 457'; 
resolution opposed. 4592 ; Army of the 
Commonwealth, 4543, 4582.3, 4593, 4612, 
4622.4633, 4682; home burned, 4743. 

Coypel, Antoine. 1>.. 6902; d., 6982. 

Coysevox, Antoine, b., 6883; d., 6982. 

Cozzens, Frederick Swartwout, b., 126 2 ; 
d., 268'. 

, Wm. B., b. (17S7); d., 2312. 

, Cole, b.dslll; Gov., 2293; d.(lS76). 

Cpo, Andrea Arias JIal.Mtre.; gov., 6302. 

Crab Orchard. Ky.. Burnside leaves, 2261 . 

Crabb, Gen., at Springlield, 2181 . 

, George, b., 9203; d., 9562. 

Crabbe, Geo., b., 9123 ; works, 9231 , 9331 , 
9383, 9391; d.,9461. 



Crab-Croe. 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNi_)iSA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



122& 



Crabbe, Thomas, b. (17S8); d. 278'. 

Crabtree, Lotta, b., 1623. 

Cracow, Aust.-Hung., capital, 5053 ; s tu- 
dium general; Univ. fnd.; Univ. recon- 
structed, 507'; given to Aust.,5192; in- 
surrection, 5201 ; Univ. opd., 5203; free 
republic, 5212,3; annexation objected to, 
5213 ; fire, 5233 ; insurrection ; seized, 
1116' . 

Craddock, Charles Egbert. (See Murfree, 
Mary Noalles.) 

Cradi, Juan Fernandez de Bovadilla y, 
gov., 6303. 

Crafts, Samuel Chandler, b. (1768) ; gov. 
Vt., 1372; d. (1853). 

Craggs, James, sec. war, 0072; d. (1720). 

Cragier, mayor, renominated, 381' . 

Cragsford, Baron, title created, 9311. 

Craig, A. K., Congressman, d., 4121 . 

■, Sir James H., gov.-gen. Can., 5773. 

, John, b. 8061 ; d., S762. 

, Oscar, d., 4481 . 

, Sir Thomas, b. 8682; d., S781 . 

, W. G., moderator, 4301 . 

Craige, Kerr, in P. O. Dept., 4472. 

Craighill, William P., corps of engineers, 
3261. 

Craigie, Capt., in Afgan., 42. 

Craik, Mrs. (Dinah Maria Mulock), b., 
9422 ; works, 9611 ; d. (18S7). 

, George Lillie, b., 9283; d., 9701 . 

, James, b., 621 ; d., 1231 . 

Crain, William H., b., 1641. 

Cramer, Johann A., b., 800=; d., 8043. 

Crampton, Sir John Fiennes Twisleton, 
b. (1807); minister; 1703; d. (1S86). 

, Thomas Russell, d., 9982. 

Cranach, Lucas von, b., 786 2 ; encaustic 
painting, 7882; d., 7922. 

Cranbrooke, D. of, title created, 10091. 
(See Hardy, Gathorne.) 

Cranburne, Charles, executed, 9011. 

Cranch, Christopher Pearse. b.( 1S13); mem- 
ber Nat. Acad. Design, 2411 ; d., 3981 . 

, William, b., 761 ; d. (1855). 

Crane, Sir Francis, tapestry making, 8801 . 

, Jonathan T., b. 1281 ; d. (1SS0). 

, Wm. Carey, b., 1242; d. (1885). 

, William H., b., 1581 . 

Cranfleld, Edward, gov., 473; d. (1704). 

Cranftll, James B., nom. for vice-pres., 
4093; vote, 4192; electoral vote, 4243. 

Cranford, N. J., train-robbers, 4682. 

Cranganore, E. I. Co. agency, 10443. 

Cranmer, Thomas, b., 8662; archbp. Can- 
terbury, S682, 8692; revision of Bible; 
decree against Baptists, S6S3; minister, 
8712; burned, 8722. 

Crannon, battle of, 10253. 

Cranston, Henry Y., d , 2312. 

, John, gov. R. I., 473; d. (1680). 

, Sam., gov. R.I., 551 ; d. (1727). 

Cranworth. (See Rolfe.) 

Cranz, David, b., 8002; d., 8042. 

Craonne, Fr., allies checked, 7203. 

Crapo, Henry H., gov. Midi, 2511 ; d., 268' . 

Crasa burned, 7843. 

Crascus I., Duke of Poland, 11132. 

Crashaw, Richard, b., 87S1 ; Steps to Tem- 
ple, 8863; d., 8882. 

Crassus Dives, Marcus Licinius, b.-d., 
1056 3 ; in conspiracy ; restores tribunate, 
10591 ; triangular alliance. 10592, 3; rules 
Syria, 10593, 11512; plunders temple at 
Jerusalem, 11502; renews alliance; con- 
sul, 10593 ; rapacity incites revolt, 11252. 

, Lucius Licinius, b.-d., 10563. 

■, Publius, at Rome ; at Spoletium, 

1058' ; in Apulia ; subdues the Aquitani, 
10582 ; in Mesopotamia ; pays Caesar's 
debts, 10583. 

Craterus, reenforces Antipater, 10242; ter- 
ritory, 10253; d., 1025'. 

Crates of Thebes, b., 10243. 

Cratinus b.-d., 10102; comic poet, 1017'; 
Flagon, gains prize, 10212. 

Cravant, battle of, 6761 . 

Craven, Eng., zinc-mine discovered, 9343. 

, Braxton, b., 1302. 

, Chas., gov. N. C, 591 ; d. (1754). 

.Pauline, b. (1K20); works, 7363, 7482; 

d. (1891). 

, Thos. T., b., 1142; captures Georgia, 

2372. 

, Tunis Augustus M., d., 2373. 

, Col., at Fayetteville, 2143. 

, D. of, title created, 931'. 

, Earl of, wedding, 4283. 

Crawfis, ex-treas., embezzling, 4443. 



Crawford, Francis Marion, b., 158'; works, 
3123, 3143, 3183, 3243, 32S3, 333', 3502, 
3743, 3962, 39S2, 4462, 4783. 

, Geo. W., b., 10S1 ; gov. Ga., 1611 ; sec. 

war, 1653. 

, John, gov., 5832. 

, Martin Jenkins, b., 128 2 ; commis- 
sioner, 1931; d. (1883). 

, Nathaniel Macon, b., 1162; d., 2741 . 

, Samuel J., gov, Kan., 251' . 

, Wylie, b., 1362; takes Orange 

Court House, 2102; Ciril War, 3323. 

, Thomas, b., 121' ; works, 152' , 166' , 

108'; d., 180'. 

, Col. Wm., against Indians, 943. 

, — -, b. (1676); d., 10022. 

, Harris, b., 762; leader in Cong., 

1173; pres. senate, 1192; sec. treas.,1253, 
1292; presidential candidate; charges 
against; vote, 1332; d., 1422. 

, T.,b., 178'. 

, Capt., killed, 3221. 

, E. of, title created, 8603. 

Crawfordsville, Ga., Stephens monument, 
4301. 

, Ind., Wabash Coll. fnd. at,1403; Pres. 

Burroughs accepts, 4162. 

Crawley. Richard, d., 1010' . 

, Thomas, lord justice, S631 . 

Crawshaw, Baron, title created, 10091. 

Crayer, Gaspard, b., 5403; d. (1669). 

Craysfort, Earl, title created, 9231 . 

Creasy, Sir Edward Shepherd, b., 9362 ; 
Decisive Battles, 9563 ; d., 9822. 

Crebillon, Prosper Jolyot de, b., 6922 ; 
works, 6971,2; 6992 ; d., 7023. 

Crecy, Fr., battle of, 6741 ; cannon first 
used, 6742. 

Credi, Lorenzo di, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. 

Credit Mobilier of Am. incor., 2453 : char- 
ter purchased, 2573 ; contracts Pacific 
Railroad; stock distributed, 2593; scan- 
dal, 2792,3 ; exposed, 2803 ; investiga- 
tion, 2S12 ; senator expelled, stock 
owned by Congressmen, 2813. 

, Fr., formed, 7333; fails, 7373; 

directors held liable, 7383. 

Creditors, Northern, unpaid, 1971. 

Credulity, religious, Eng., 8582. 

Creed, phonograph projected, 912' . 

Creeden, police capt., 'fund raised, 453'; 
restored to office, 479' . 

Creedmoor, N.Y., rifle match, 2923. 

Creek Indians, warriors, 541 ; defeated, 
1001 ; treaty, 1031 , 1072 ; war with, 1203; 
in Fla., 1261; mission, 1311; land con- 
troversy, 1333. 

Creektown, mission at, 11613. 

Crefeld, battle of, 516i ; transferred to 
Prus., 7992 ; house falls, 8353. 

Oroighton, Mandell, cons, op., 10062. 

, Robert, b., 8822 ; d., 90S2. 

, William, b. (1795) ; d., 2471 . 

Univ., Omaha, Neb., org., 3003. 

Crcil, Fr., explosion of bridge, 7402. 

Crelle, August L., b., 8042 ; d., 820' . 

Crema, It. 7 attacked, 776' ; taken, 778'. 

Cremation legalized, 993', 3; societies in 
London, 9792. 

Cremieux, Gaston, executed, 747' . 

, Hector J., d., 7621 . 

, Isaac Adolphe, b., 7123 ; minister jus- 
tice, 7412 ; in govt, delegation ; minister 
of war, 7413 ; d., 7522. 

Cremona, It., Diet of, 7802 ; fortress 
erected, 1053' ; destroyed, 10H2' ; fnd. by 
Romans, 10533 ; Cathedral of, 10743. 

Creole, slaves uprise 011, 153' ; dispute, 155 2 . 

Creoles defeat Spaniards, 632'; insurrec- 
tion, 633' ,2 ; plot discovered, 6332. 

Creon, elected archon, 10153. 

Crequi, Francois de Bonne de,Duc de Les- 
diguieres, b., 6863 ; at Luxemburg, 6922; 
defeated (Ger.), 7962 ; d., 6942. 

Crerar, John, founds library, 3471,4001; 
mil, 4322. 

Crexrnit ('it//, Spaniards board, 171'. 

Creseentini," Girolamo, b., 10842 ; d., 10863 

Cresecntius, defeated, 774 '; proposes re- 
public, 10733. 

Crescenzi, Pietro de, b.-d., 10742. 

Crescimbeni, Giovanni Maria, b., 1083'; 
fnds. Academy, 10833 ; d., 1084' . 

Cresco, 111., fire, 3453. 

, Joaquin, pres. ; rebellion, 1160 3 . 

Cresphontes, leader, 1015'. 

Crespi, Giuseppe Maria, b., 10831 ; d., 1084' . 

Crespy, peace of, 7913. 

Crested Butte, miners, conflict, 396' , 397' . 



Creswell, John A. J., b. (1828) ; P. M. Gen., 
267' , 2813 ; resigns, 2852 ; d., 3961 . 

Creswick, William, d.,9982. 

Crete, seized, 10281; pirates org., 10583; 
Roman province, 1029 2 ; subdued, 10582; 
Greeks lose, occupied, taken from Sar- 
acens, 10332 ; Saracens expelled, 10321 ; 
ceded to Venetians, 10351 ; purchased, 
10753 ; rebels subdued, 1 15-12; conquered, 
10821; surrender, 10833; annexed by 
Turk., 11572; under Egypt, 11573 ; against 
Turk,, 11501; mission, 11563 ; Christians 
persecuted, 115S 2 ; Turk, rule abolished, 
11591 ; rebellion in, 115S' ; insurrection, 
11593; Gr. language forbidden, 115S2. 

, Neb., Doane College founded, 2782. 

Cretin, Guillaume, chronicle, 681 1 . 

, or direst in, de Troyes, works, 671' . 

Creusen, battle of, 774' . 

Creuze de Lesser, Auguste Francois, b.* 
7042; d.,7282. 

Crouzer, Ceorg F., b., 803' ; d.,820'. 

Creveco'ur, Hector St. Jean dc, b., 6983 ; 
d., 7203. 

Crevier, Jean Bapt. Louis, b., 6942; d.,7031 . 

Crew, Sir Benjamin, d., 9462. 

Crewe, Sir Randolph, chief justice, 8813. 

Crew's Farm, Va., battle of, 2092. 

Creuzot, strike, 7383. 

Crickets, plague of, 10 3 . 

Cridge, Edward, cons, bishop, 2921 . 

Crillon, Louis des Balhes de Berton de,Duo 
deQuiers, b., 6803; Minorca,704i ; d.,6862. 

Crime, Eng., 8731 ; statistics, 9571 , 9651 . 

Crimea, Rus., allied armies in, 9581 ; ceded 
to Rus., 11573; annexed Turk., 11572; in- 
vestigation committee, 9592; evacuated, 
9321,960'; colonized by Gr., 11132; Gen- 
oese expelled, 11152; invaded, 1116' ; in- 
dependence of, 11172. 

Crimean War, 7321 , 9581 ±; war ends, 9601 . 

Crimes Act expires, 9943. 

, notable. (See Assassination, murder,, 

trials, etc.) 

Criminal Justice Act, G. B., 9572. 

Criminals, Fr., execution of, 7672 ; be- 
headed, Eng., 8491; transported, 8811; 
photographed, 977' . 

Criminal Law Amend. Act opposed, 9772. 

Crinoline skirt introduced, 1773. 

Cripple Creek, Colo., troops leave, 4553 ; 
striking miners, 4581 , 4611 . 

Crisp, Chas. Frederick, b., 158' ; speaker, 
3972,4351; reply, 4253; senator, 4552. 

Crispi, Francesco," b. (1819) ; premier, 10902; 
fired at, 10903. 

Crispiana, executed, 10651. 

Crispin, St., patron of shoemakers, 66 . 

Crispus, Flavius Julius, in insurrection, 
10302 ; executed, 10691 . 

Crissa destroyed, 10161 . 

Critalla, Pers. troops concentrated, 1018' . 

Critclilow.Svl vest er, trial, 411', 4183. 

Critias killed, 1022' , 1023' . 

, statuary, d., 10162. 

Criticism legalized. Eng., 927'. 

Critolus, leader, 1028' ; "K. embassy, 10292. 

Crittenden County, Ky., mob, 4743. 

, A. P., murderer of, 2742. 

, Geo. B., b. (1812) ; d., 3042. 

, John Jordon, b., 98' ; senator, re- 
signs, 1273 ; atty.-gen., 1532, 1672 ; gov. 
Ky., 1652; plan of concession, on Com- 
mittee of 13, 1892 ; vote on secession, 1903 ; 
Compromise, 1903, 1912, 193' ;M.C, 1972; 
resolution, 1973 ; d., 2272. 

, Thomas Leonidas, b. (1S19) ; at Mur- 

freesboro, 217 ' ; in Chattanooga, 2262 ; 
atChicamauga ; relieved, 2263; d., (1893). 

, T., gov. Mo., 3093. 

Croasdale, Samuel, d., 2133. 

Croatia, Aust.-Hung., conquered, 502' ; 
early princes, 503' ; Stephen I., king ; 
early kings, 5032,3 ; united to Hung., 
5033; unites with Aust., 5111 ; Pragmatic 
Sanction, 5151 ; massacre of Christians, 
11563 ; Diet abolished ; amnesty, 5253 ; 
Diet dissolved ; protests, 5273 ; Turks re- 
volt, 1156 2 ; union with Hung. ; deputies 
in Reichstag, 5291; taxes, 5292; insur- 
rection, 5301 ; anti-Jewish riots, 5303 ; 
Dietopens, dissolved, 5312; Croatian-Sla- 
vonic Diet, 5223 ; against Hung., 5312. 

Croats, drive Avars from Servia, 1123' . 

Crockett, David, b., 98'; d., 1462 ; birth 
celebrated, 3662. 

, S. R., works, 10103. 

Croes, John, b. (1762) ; cons, bishop, 1243 ; 
d. (1832). 



1230 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. CrCES-CuMl. 



■Croesus reigns, 11471; conquers cities, 

1016'; court, 11471; dethroned, 10172. 
Croft, Elizabeth, seditious speeches, 8711 . 

, William, b., 8942 ; d. (1727). 

Crofton, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Robert E. A., commissioned col., 3221 . 

Croghan, Col. George, b. (1791); at Fort 
Stephenson, 1203 ; in O., 673 ; assaults 
Mackinaw, 1222 ; d. (1849). 

Croke, Thos. W., cons, bp., 96Si ; censures 
Land League, 9982. 

Croker, John Wilson, b., 9203 ; d., 9622. 

, Richard, resignation, 4593, frorn Man- 
hattan Club, 4623. 

, Thos. Crofton, b., 9283 ; d. (1854). 

Croly, David Goodman, b. (1S39) ; d., 3382. 

, George, b., 9223 ; works, 9391, 943i; 

d. (1860). 

, Mrs. Jane Cunningham (Jenny June), 

b. (1831) ; work, 3982 ; pres. clubs, 4751 . 

Cromer, telegraph line, 8201. 

, Baron, title created, 10083. 

Crouipton, Samuel, b. (1753) ; spinning- 
jenny, 9182 ; d. (1S27). 

Cromwell, Bartlett J., capt. U.S.N., 3221 • 
3361. 

, Henry, b. (162S) ; gov., 8893; d. (1674). 

, Oliver, Gen., b., 8762 ; Puritan, 35i; 

against N. Scotia, . 'to' ; rejected in Va., 
392,3 ; against Fr., 5721 ; j n H. C, 8832; 
lieut.-gen., 8842 ; in civil war, 8841 , S861 ; 
in Dublin ; leaves Ire. ; in Scot., 8862 ; 
escapes enemies, 887 1; in Ire.; lord 
lieut. ; aids Waldeuses, 8873; attempt to 
kill ; partisans ; dissolves Rump Pari. ; 
lord protector, 8891; proclamation 
against ; excludes members from Pari., 
8892 ; refuses title of king ; organizes 
H. Lords; d., 8893 ; disentombed, 891'; 
statue, 980' . 

, Richard, b., 8822 ; protector ; dissolves 

Pari., 8893 ; resigns; d., 9042. 

, Thomas, b.,866' ; vicar-general, 8682; 

Royal [iijiuirlimix, .S69' ; minister, 869 2 ; 
privy seal ; E. of Essex, executed, 8693 • 
d., 8682. 

■Croniea cieiiHjica, ;/ lUteraria issued, 1131 ' . 

Genera! de Espaloi, appears, 1127'. 

rima del Chi, appears, 1127'. 

Cronin, Patrick Henry, suspected treach- 
ery, 339' ; funeral, 3412 ; murderers sen- 
tenced, 348 2 ; Asso. monument, 359' . 

Cronstadt, ship-canal opened, 11213. 

Cronstedt, Axel Frederick, b.-d., 11342 ; 
discovers nickel, 1134' . 

-Cronuse, Lorenzo, nom. for gov. Neb., 4132. 

Crook, George, b., 1361 ; at Lewisburg, 
208i ; at Cloyd's Mountain and New 
River Bridge, '2323 ; in Shenandoah Val- 
ley,2322; at Lynchburg, 2343; atKearns- 
town, 23(13 ; Army of Shenandoah, 2371 ; 
commands Dept. W. Va., 2381 ; reen- 
forces Meade, 2403; captured, 2422; sur- 
renders, 2.S01 ; against Indians, 3121, 3201 ; 
succeeded, 322 1 , 3541 ; d., 3541 . 

Crooked Run. Ya.,(Jonfeds. repulsed, 2372. 

Crookes, William, b. (1832) ; investigates 
Spiritualism, 9761 . 

Crooks, Geo. Rich., b. (1822); Simpson, 3743. 

Cropredy Bridge, action at, 8841. 

Cropsey, Jasper Frank, b., 1302 ; paintings, 
1622, 1701, 1821, 2171, 2721, 3021,3031, 
3161 ,3181 , 322' ; Xat. Acad. Design, 1701 . 

Crosbie, Thomas, Bar. Daere, d., 10021 . 

Crosby, Alpheus, b., 1162. 

, Edward, killed, 4683. 

, Ernest H, bill, 3372; judge, 3412. 

.Howard, b., 1341; moderator, 2822 ; 

Chairman conf., 3702 ; asserts official 
bribery, 3711; d., 3801. 

, John Schuyler, b. (1839) ; gov., 3132. 

, Lord Mayor, in Tower, 9193. 

, William, gov. N. Y., 632. 

, B., d., 2452. 

, George, b. (1806) ; gov. Me., 1743 ; 

d. (1881). 

Crosland, Newton, Mrs., Landmarks, 478 3 . 

Cross Keys, Va., battle, 208 3 . 

Lanes, Federal defeat, 1981. 

posts est., Eng., 9073. 

, Delia, made capt., 3623. 

, Edward, est. Zoo. Gardens, 9441 . 

, Mrs. (Mary Ann, or Marian, Evans), 

George Eliot, b.,9383; works, 9623, 9763; 
d., 9861 . 

, Sir Richard Assheton, b. (1823) ; 

minister, 9933, 9953. 
, Viscount, title created, 996 2 . 



Crosse, Andrew, I)., 9223; d., 9603. 

Crosses in churches, 10703; on spires, 10722. 

Crossley, John T., d., 10001 . 

Crosswell, Charles M., b. (1825) [ gov. 
Mich., 2973; d. (1886). 

Crosthwaite, H. J., cons, bp., 10022. 

Oroswell, Edwin, b. (1797) ; d., 2741. 

Croton (Crotona), It., fnd., 10151, 2; 
Venetians defeated, 10722. 

Crotopas, reigns, 10133. 

Croven, Gadred, takes Isle of Man, 8481. 

Crow Indians code land, 3733. 

Crowder, Thos., b., 1561. 

Crowe, B. W., negro school question, 4262. 

Crown, ecclesiastical power, Eng., 872; offi- 
cers, H. C, 9153 ; imperial state, G. B., 
9493; c. elective, 11352. 

jewels sold, Fr., 7523. 

Land Sales Act, passages, Eng., 4971. 

of It., order instituted, 10S93 

Point, N.Y., fortress est., 5741; sur- 
rendered, 70 3 ; occupied, 721 ; expedition 
against, 6Si; taken, 801 ; Carleton oc- 
cupies, 842; Burgoyne advances, 5761. 

Crowninshield, Arrant Schuyler, b., 1561 ; 
promoted capt., 4481 . 

, Benj. Williams, b. (1772) ; sec. navy, 

1253; d. (1851). 

, Jacob, b. (1770); sec. N., 1132; d.(1808). 

Crowther, John, hydraulic crane, 9421. 

, Samuel, takes orders, 11603. 

, Adiai, cons, bp., 96S';d. (1891). 

Croxton, John T., d., 2842. 

Croydon, Church Congress at, 9742 j iron 
tramroad, 9301 . 

Crozat, Anth., trade monopoly, 591 , 5752. 

Crozier, Francis Kawdon Moira, capt., b. 
(1795) ; attacks rebels, 5841 ; Arctic expe- 
dition, 9522. 

, Judge, decision, 3592. 

Cruden, Alexander, b., 9022; Concordance, 
9091; d., 9183. 

Cruelty to Animals Act, G. B., 9471 . 

to animals in transit, law, 2851 . 

Cruger, John, b., 562; mayor, N. Y., 652, 
713; d., 1022. 

Cruikshank, George, b., 9262; d. (1878). 

, Win., b., 910 3 ; water gas, patented, 

9501 ; d., 9302. 

Cruin, leads Bulgarians, 10321. 

Crump, W. W., surety tor J. Davis, 256 3 . 

Crusade of persecution in Fr., 670. 

-, Children's, 10751. 

Crusades, first, 7761, 848' ; crosses Hung., 
5023; cause of, 4872; papal favor, 668 1; 
proclaimed, 6683 ; i n Gr., 1032'; in Asia 
M., 10323; conquests, 4872; take Jerusa- 
lem, 4872, 654'; desolate Syria, 1155'; 
second, 669 2 , 776 3 ; cause, 1032' ; awaken 
Ger. intellect, 777'; third (Ger.), 7782, 
5042, 6701, 3,7792, S501, 10322; Fourth, 
6703, 7732, 10323 ; at Constantinople, 
10351; Fifth, 5042, 6703; Sixth, 6721, 2, 
6.S02; Seventh, 6722; results of, 6731. 

Crusaders attack Prague, 7843. 

Crusenstolpe, Magnus Jakob, b.-d., 11343; 
works, 11362. 

Crusius, Christian A., b., 7983; d., 8041. 

Cruys, Cornells, b.-d., 11142. 

Cruz, Gaspar da, introduces Christianity, 
4803; d. (1570). 

, Jean de la, works of, 11292. 

, Jose Maria de la, b. (1801) ; leader, 

6061, 6072; d., 6063. 

, Juana Inez de la, b.-d., 10951 . 

Crypteia, Gr., formed, 10143. 

Cserhalom, battle of, Aust., 5021 . 

Csokonai, Vitez Mihalv, b.,5163; d.,5192. 

Csomade Koros, Sandor, b.,5163; d., 5203. 

Ctesiphon, plans, erects Temple of Diana, 
10162, 11461. 

, Asia, seized, burned, 10641 ; con- 
quered, 11061. 

Cuadra, Antonio Vasquez de la, gov. 
Costa Rica, 6302. 

Cuba, see Text, pp. 631-635, Columbus 
, reaches, 122; visited, 142; tobacco known, 
151 ; Columbus signs document, 143; cir- 
cumnavigated, 163 ; conquered, 161 , 173; 
Baracoa settled ; Havana settled, 173 ; 
negroes for, 212; De Soto gov., 213; Ha- 
yana, capital, 23 2 ; Indians gone, 231 ; 
Eng. colonists attack, 641; Havana re- 
stored, 733 ; cyclone, 76 1 ; port opened, 
773 ; U. S. offers to buy, 1652; Lopez in- 
vades, 1063; and defeated, 168' ; he again 
lands, 1691 ; filibusters denounced, 6331 ; 
Ostend Manifesto, 177' ; bill to purchase, 
in Cong., 185 2 ; Thomas Jordan, filibuster, 



lands, 266 3 ; massacre of Americans, 2833 ; 
insurrection ended, 11322 ; slavery pro- 
hibited, 11323 ; commercial duties with 
Am., 4631, 6333; colonies eel.. 3702; Reci- 
procity Treaty, U. S., 377' ; U. S. claims 
for duties, 4631, 11333; for independence, 
11332 ; partial home rule granted, 11333. 
(See Havana.) 

Cuban League find, in U. S., 6332. 

Cubitt, Sir Wm., b., 9223 ; invents tread- 
mill, 9381 ; Lord mayor, 9652; d., 9642. 

Cuckoo and X'ujhtinaalc, issued, 8603. 

Cudahy, John, pork conspiracy, 416 3 . 

Cuddalore mission, 10472. 

Cudden, Dr., drowned, 8322. 

Cud-worth, Ralph, b., 890' ; works, 8943, 
9091 ;d., 8982. 

Cuenca, Sp., taken, 11321. 

Cuesta, Gregorio Garcia, Gen., b. (1740) ; 
at Talavera, 7181 ; d. (1812). 

Cueva, Fernando de la, gov. C. R., 6301 . 

Cuffee, Paul, b. (1759) ; d., 1262. 

Cujas, Jacques, 1... 6SU3; d., 6842. 

Culberson, David B., b., 1381. 

Culbertson, Chas. A., nom for gov., 4692. 

, Matthew Simpson, b. (1818) ; d., 6202. 

Cullen, Scot., action at, 8461 . 

, King, murdered, 8463. 

, Paul, b., 9323 ; cons, archbp., 9562 ; 

d., 9S22. 

, William, b., 9043; d., 9243. 

Cullman, Ala., fire, 4533. 

Culloden, Scot., battle of, 9101 . 

Cullom, Shelby Moore, b., 1362 ; speech, 
4372. 

Cullum, Geo. W., b. (1809) ; Sanitary Com- 
missioner, 1971 ; will, 4023; d., 4021 , 

Culpepper, Va., Lee's army at, 2222 ; ac- 
tion, 2263; winter quartets, 2283; Grant's 
headquarters, 2303. 

John, Pres. N. C, 473. 

, Lord Thomas, land grant, 39 2 ; gov. 

Va., 453, 472, 3; in y a ., 453; d., 582. 

Cultivation of Oysters Act, G. B., 9693. 

Cimiacho, Gen., defeated, 5513. 

Cumffi. (See Naples.) 

Cumans, defeated, 5021 . 

Cumberland, sunk, 2043. 

purchased, 6061 . 

Cumberland, Eng., fief to Malcolm, 8453; 
strike, 1001 1 ; works close, 10073. 

Ford, Ky., occupied, 1982. 

- — Gap, Term., works seized, 2091 ; Con- 
feds, defeated, 2123; evacuated, 2132. 

, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2262. 

Islands discovered, 5712. 

, Md., Confeds. defeated, 237' ; miners 

strike, 4622. 

Mountains, Confeds. defeated, 2051 . 

, R. I., cold-cut nails, 891 . 

Stage, N. V., Fr., flag at, 11032. 

, W. Va., Federals captured, 2422. 

, Duke of, marries, 6422. 

, Richard, phil., b., 8822 ; a., g 62. 

, dramatist, b., 9082; d., 9351 . 

, William Augustus, Duke of, b., 9062; 

Capt. -gen., 9101; Royalist commander, 
9101 ; d. (1765) ; statue, 9181 . 

, Army of, moves southward, 2261 ; 

Gen. Thomas commands, 2322. 

and Oxford Canal completed, 1373. 

Univ. org., Term., 1551 , 

, Vise, of, title created, 9252. 

Cuming, T. B., gov., 1772. 

dimming, Alfred, b. (1802±) ; gov., 1832 
peace est., 1841; resigns, 1971; d. (1873) 

, Ronaleyn Geo. Gordon, b. (1820) 

Hunter's Life, 9563; d. (1866). 

Cummings, Alex., gov. Colo., 2511. 

, Amos Jay, b., 1522. 

, Arthur, intro. curve pitching, 2693. 

, Thomas Seir.b. (1804); in Nat. Acad, 

of Design, 1341 . 

Cummins, Geo. David, b., 1301 ; cons. bp. 
2542; presiding bp., 2822; deposed, 2842; 
d., 2921. 

, Maria S., b., 1342; d., 2541. 

Cummiskey, M. T. G., defaulter, 4071 . 

Cumoona surrenders, 10461 . 

Cunagheen, Ire., R. R. collision, 9833. 

Canard, Samuel, Sir, b.,9242; linesteamers 
est., 1533; d., 9681 

Cunaxa, Asia, action at, 10221. 

Cundell, Wm., beheaded, 9352. 

Cufiha, Tristan da, in Mozambique, 11111 . 

Cunningham, Allan, b., 9223; .Poems,9352; 
d., 9502. 

, , botanist, 4941 . 

, George, killed, 4222. 



€unn-Dahl. 



Text Figures denote Page, IN DiL2\.. Superior Figures indicate Colun 



1231 



'Cunningham, Haines W., ed. of Press, 3471 . 

, Thomas, d., 3341 . 

, Capt., at Sturgeon, 2141 . 

, Mrs., trial in N. Y., 1S03. 

Curaco, bombards Samoa, 10121. 
Cura'coa, W. I., surrendered, 9321 . 
Curaudau, Francois Ken.', b., 7031 ;d.,720 3 . 
Curbellis, William de, archbp., 8483. 
Curei, Carlo Maria, b., 10851 ; works ; d., 

loaoi . 

Curfew, sinks in Suez Canal, 6613. 

Curfew bell rings, Eng., 8491 . 

Curiatii, champions, 10501. 

Curieuse Blbliothek, issued, 7991. 

Curio, Caius Soribouius, in Sicily ; in Afr., 
defeated by Juba, k., 10601 . 

Curius Dentatus Manlius against Sam- 
nites, 10522. 

Curley, Daniel, convicted ; executed, 991 1 ; 

Curr, John, iron railway, 920 2 . 

Curran, J. J., solicitor gen., Can., 595 2 . 

, John Philpot, b., 9122; in duel, 9252; 

d., 9382. 

Currency, Am.,tobacco,302; wampum, 313, 
413;hullcrs.::") 2 ; province bills ; inflated, 
591 ; issue prohibited, 59 3 ; hemp and flax, 
611; tobacco, 632; paper depreciated, 
861, 933, issue restrained, 65 3 , paper 
redeemed, 672; inConn.,79 3 ; scarce, 91 3 ; 
Wild Cat Banks, 1413; contracted by 
" Specie circular," 147 2 ; specie payment 
suspended, 2032; postage stamps, 2113; 
C. Bureau opd.,2352; vast paper in 1865, 
2492; contraction begun, 2493, 2511; 
Schenck Bill, reduction forbidden, 259 2 ; 
reduction prohib., 2611 ; "Greenback" 
agitation, 2652 ; provision against con- 
traction, 379 2 ; silver dollar unminted ; 
trade dollar coined, 281 2 ; expansion bill 
passes, 285 2 ; legal-tenderf orbidden, 299 2 ; 
no premium, 4373; taxes in, 4411 ; imita- 
tion unindicted,4752; imitators arrested, 
4703; Carlisle C.Bill substituted; reform, 
debate, 4793; depreciated, Argen., 4913; 
issue, 4922 ; copper money, Ecu., 6443 ; 
nationalization of silver, Fr.,765 3 ; con- 
ven. in Ger., 8211 ; uniform, G. B., 9432; 
gold standard, Rumania, 11132 ; silver 
roubles, coinage suspended, Rus., 11231. 
■ Current Island, fisheries fail, 5893. 

Curribert, king of Italy, 10731 . 

Currie, James, b., 9143 ; hydropathy re- 
vived, 9282; d.,9323. 

Currier, Moody, gov. N. BL, 3233. 

Curry, Daniel, b., 1161 ; d. (1887). 

., Geo. Law, b. (1820) ; gov. Ore., 1743 ; 

d. (1878). 

, Jabez Lamar Monroe, b., 1322, 

Cursor Mundi, issued, 8563. 

Cursus, asteroid, discovered, 9061 . 

Curthose, Robt , builds Newcastle, 8481 . 

•Curtin, Andrew Gregg, b. (1817) ; prepares 
for war, 1952; gov. Pa., 2032; calls for 
men, 2131,2223; d.,4721. 

Curtis, Alfred A., b. (1S33I ; cons, bp.,3242. 

, Benj. K., b., 116i ; justice, 1692 ; i n 

impeachment trial, 2612,3; d., 2861 . 

— -, Charles M., b., 1861 . 

, Edwin U., mayor Boston, 4772. 

, George Ticknor, b. (1812); d., 4541 . 

, Win., b. 1321 ; works, 1703, 1731 , 

180 2 ,396 2 ; Civil Service Commissioner, 
2732, 2751 ; pres. of Civil Service Reform, 
3472,3703; chancellor of Regents, 3522; 
presides at Convocation, 3862; d., 4141 , 

, James L., vote for pres., 3312. 

, Harvey, shoots Philip Moran, 4623. 

, M. B., acquitted, 4362. 

, Newton Martin, b., 1442 ; appeals, 

3112. 

, Samuel E., b. (1S07±) ; on Com. of 

33, 1891 ; commands in Mo., 2021 ; a t p e a 
Ridge, 2042 ; at Little Rock, 2091 ; at 
Helena, 2121 ; rules Dept. of Mo., 2132; 
relieved, 2222; at Mine Creek; at Little 
Blue, 2391 ; carries Fort Fisher, 2421 ■ d. 
(1866). 

, Wni. E., in treas. dept., 4472 ; d., 3041 , 

Curtls's Botanical Magazine, issued, 9251 . 

Curtius, Georg, b., 8122; d., 8302. 

, Rufus Quintus, b., 10622; Alexander 

the Great, 10623. 

, Ernst, b., 8102; works, 8163. 

, Marcus, b., 10531 . 

Curule officers, age proscribed, 10553. 

Curupaiti, Brazil, attack on, 5561 . 

Cururuyuqui, Bolivia, battle at, 550 2 . 

Curwen, John, b. (1816); tonic sol-fa sys- 
tem, 9521; d. (1880). 



Cusack, Thos., mayor, 8613. 

Cushlnf/, lirst topedo boat, 3521 ; specd,360 2 . 

Cushing, Caleb, b. (1800) ; China treaty, 
1592, 6192; atty.-gen., 1732; conciliator, 
1892; d., 3001. 

, Thomas, b., 602; d., 1001. 

, Wm., b., 621 ; justice 1012; d. (1810). 

, Lieut. W. B., b. (1842±); blows up Al- 
bemarle, 2391; d., 2861. 

Cushman, Charlotte Saunders, b. 1242; in 
Boston, 1441 ; in N. Y., 1481 ; d., 2902. 

, Pauline, sentenced, 225 3 . 

, Robert, b. (1580); d., 301 . 

, Thos., b. (160S); elder, 382; d. (1691). 

Cuspius Fadus, procurator, 11533. 

Custer, Geo. Armstrong, b., 150 2 ; near 
Waynesboro, 2422; ;L t Appomattox Sta- 
tion, 2452 ; against Indians, 2561 , 2641 , 
2841, 2921; d., 2921. 

Custine, Cointe de, Adam Philippe, b., 
7002 ; conquests 7081 ; guillotined, 7093. 

Custis, Martha, marrics^YVashiiigton, 712. 

Custom-House, Eng., est., 9173. 

Customs Adminisl ration Bill, U.S., passes, 
3591 ; C. Bureau Bill, U.S. ,4531 ; c.and In- 
land Revenue Bill, G. B., 10033 ; C. and 
Internal Revenue Bill, 9992 ;t nun Ls.Eng., 
9092;C. League, fmd., Ger., 8353; C. Pari., 
first, Ger., 8253 ; C. Union, Pan-Am. 
Cong. 3613 ; C. Unions est., Ger., 8153. 

Custozza, battle at, 816 1; 8241. 

Cutemi, Prince, k., 9 2 . 

Cuthah, colony planted, 11453. 

Cuthbert, Capt., in duel, 9271 . 

, St., archbp. Canterbury, 8431 ; d.,8421 . 

Cuthbertson, Rev,, in Pa., 691 . 

Cuthing, A. K., libel, 10972. 

Cutler, Nathan, gov. Me., 1373. 

, Timothy, b. (1684) ; rector Yale, 583 ; 

d. (1765). 

Cutlery, table, mnf. in Am., 1421 . 

Cuttae'k, India, Bapt. Coll. fmd., 1421. 

Cutter, Gen., near Mattapony River, 2103. 

, Geo. W., b. (1814) ; d., 2482. 

Cutting, Francis Brockholst, b. (1805) ; d., 
2702. 

Cutts, John, gov. N. H., 473. 

Cuvier, Baron, Georges Chretien Leopold 
Frederic Dagobert, b., 7042; anatomical 
classification, 7123 ; anatomy, 7142 ; pe- 
riods of life, works, 7191 , 7221 ; d., 7262. 

, Fredenc, b., 7043; d., 7281 . 

Cuyaba, Borneo, gold-mines, 5523. 

Cuyler, Cornelius C, b. (1783) ; pres. Re- 
formed synod, 1343, 1351 ; d. (1850). 

, Theo. Ledyard, b. (1822) ; Total Absti- 
nence, 2771 ; retires, 3562; president Nat. 
Temperance Soc, 3831. 

Cuza, Alex., John, pr. of Roumania, 11123. 

Cuzco, Peru, besieged, 20 2 ; monastery, 
203; earthquake, 6281 ; Univ. fnd., 11083. 

Cyane captured, 1231 ; bombards San Juan 
de Nicaragua, 1741 ; bombards Grey town, 
1773. 

Cyaxares, attacks Nineveh, 11442; in Me- 
dia, 1145 3 ; captures Nineveh, 11461 . 

II. (Darius), reigns, 11472; d., 11462. 

Cyclists, cong. of, 9943; Touring Club, 
fnd., 9843. 

Cyclopedia written, Arabia, 4862. 

Cyclops launched, 9741 ; 

Cygni, distance from earth, 8141 , 

Cylinder carding machine invented, 9161 , 

Cylon seizes Acropolis; executed, 10171 . 

Cymry, war against, 8421 , 

Cynewulf, works, 843 1 . 

Cynics school founded, 10231. 

Cynoscephabe, Pelopidas, slain at, 10223 ; 
battle of, 10262. 

Cynossema, action near, 1020 3 . 

Cynric, in Eng., 7693; conquers Berkshire, 
8401 ; fnds. Wessex, 8413. 

Cynthia, in collision, 5873. 

C'vnthiana, Kv., attack on, 2101 ; Federals 
defeat, 2342; meteor falls, 2941 . 

Cyprian, bp. of Carthage, 10662; d., 11391 . 

, Thascius Ca-cilius, d., 10662. 

Cyprus, granted to Cleopatra, 11512; bat- 
tle of Salamis, 10261 ; war with Egy., 
6502; Egv. loses, 0513; Ptolemy holds, 
6531; a kingdom, 6532; taken, ('542, (1552; 
Cato in, 10593; ceded to Eng., 9S51 ; Gre- 
cians rule, 1015 3 ; conquers Gr. cities, 
10172; surrendered, 10212; Jews revolt, 
11533; taken, 10313, 10321, 10341; seized 
by Arabs, 11541 ; Gr. reigns, 10153; sugar- 
cane, intro., 11551 ; Or. loses. 1033 3 ; given 
toGuy del. usigmm, 11553; Order of Sword 
est., 11551 ; taken by Venetians, 1078 1 , 



10793,11572; conquered, 11572; taken by 

. Turks, 10801 , H561 ; insurrection, 11573; 
massacre, 10342; Gr. revolt, 11562; orna- 
ments disc, 11581 . 

Cyrene, asteroid discovered, 2801 . 

Cyrene, given to Euergetes, 6521; fnd., 
10153 ; massacre, 10651 ; granted to Cleo- 
patra, 11512. 

Cvrenius, levies taxes, 11513. 

Cyril, b.-d., 6542; bp. of Alexandria, 6543; 
of Jerusalem deposed, restored, 10683; 
Sermons, 1113 2 . 

, St., miss, to Slavs ; to Moravians, 

5022; adopts Gr. alphabet, 5023; preaches 
Christianity, 11131. 

Cvropediiun, "action at, 11481. 

Cyrus the Great, b.-d., 11002; reigns, 11071 , 
1147 2 ; conquers Asia M., takes Babylon, 
11061; aids Temple, 11462, 11463; con- 
quests, 11461; in Media; in Phenicia, 
11472; k., 11061. 

the Younger, revolts, 10221 ; d., 11062. 

Czajkowski, Michael, b., 11162. 

( ';.«»', wrecked, 9633. 

Czarewitch, attacked in Japan, 10923. 

Czartoryski, Adam Jerzy, b., 1116 2 ; d., 
11182. 

Czaslau, Boh., Austrians defeated, 5142. 

Czechic literature, golden age, 5083. 

Czechs, in Hung., 5031; in Moravia, 5032; 
uprising, 5231; emperor, king of; sep- 
arate govt., 527 3 ; reconciled to Ger., 
5331 ; oppose Ger., 5362; in Landtag, 5371. 

Czeruiak, Johann Nepomuk, b., 5202; d., 
5282. 

Czernowitz, Univ. est., 5131 , 5283. 

Czerny, Geo., b. (1766); expels Turks ; est. 
government ; killed, 1123 2 . 

, Karl, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. 

Czuczor, Gergely, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. 



Dabentone, Jean, d., 6742. 

Dablon, Claude, b. (1618) ; missionary, 401 , 
442,3 ; d. (1697). 

Dabney, Chas. W., Jr., in agri. dept., 4473. 

Dabnev's Mills, Ya., Confeds. retire, 2421. 

Daboll', Nathan, b., 662, 1262. 

, William S., d., 4141 . 

Dacca, Bengal mission, 10463. 

Dacia, conquered by Romans, 5023; Rom. 
province, 7691 f 1065 1 ; sacrificed by Rome, 
10293; Goths in, 10652; Romans trans- 
ported, 10672; abandoned, 7692; war in 
Translyvania, 10641. 

Tiacia Lileraria, issued, 11133. 

Daeians, revolt, 7691 . 

Dacier, Andre, b., 6002; d., G982, 

Da Costa, Isaak, b.-d., 11021. 

Dacre, Baron. (See Crosbie, Thomas.) 

Dacres, Capt., surrenders Guerriere, 1181; 
commands Tiber, 1231 . 

D. Adam*, confiscated, 589 2 . 

Dade, Francis Langhorne, in Seminole In- 
dian war, 1531 ; killed (1835). 

Dasdalus, myth, 10132. 

Da'gsastan, battle at, S421 . 

Dael, Jan Franz Van, b., 5422; d., 5442. 

Daendels, Hermann Willem, b. (1762); 
commander, 551 2 ; d. (1818). 

Dagger scene in H. C, 9272. 

Daggett, David, b., 741 ; d., 1682. 

, Naphtali, b. (1727); pres. Yale Coll., 

743; d. (1780). 

D'Agincourt, Jean Baptiste Louis George 
Seroux, b., 6983; d., 7211. 

Dagobert I., b. (602); patronizes clergy; 
builds St.. Denis, 6642; mistresses, 6551 ; 
king, 6652; d. (638). 

II., king, 7712; d. (679). 

III., king, 6653; d. (715). 

Dagoli, action at, 22. 

Dagon, falls, 11422. 

Daguerre, Louis Jacques Mande, b., 7062; 
invents diorama, 7241 ; invents daguerre- 
otype, 7222, 7281 ; d., 7302. 

Daguerreotypes, made in America, 1521 , 

D'Aguesseau. (See Aguesseau.) 

Dalil, Vladimir Ivanovitch, b., 11162; d., 
11182. 

Dablbom, Anders Gustaf, b.-d., 11361. 

Dahlgren, John Adolf, b., 1161 ; at Freder- 
icksburg, 2151; at Charleston, 2242; at 
Ft. Wagner, 2251 ; at Ft. Sumter, 2261 ; at 
Ft. Wagner, 2262; ,1., 2702 



,'Ka'rT Johaii, h!-d!', 11342. 
-, Ulric, b. (1842) ; d., 2312, 



1232 



Text Figures denote Page. IND.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Dahl-Dari. 



Dahlmann, Friedrich Christoph, b., 8042 ; 

works, 815', 2, 8163; d., S202. 
Dahlonega, Ga., branch mint, est., 145 2 . 
Dalln, Felix, b. (1834) ; works, 8203, 829' , 

8342; poems, 8203. 
Dahomey, W. Africa, first visited, 1161' ; 

under Port. ,1101 2 ; natives repulsed,762 ' . 

(See text p. 1161.) 
Dailbo, launched, 10882. 
Daille, Jean, b., 6842; d., 6922. 
Dain, Olivier le, b.-d., 6762. 
Daireaux, M., Life on La Plata, 755 3 . 
Dairymen, convention in Can., 5863. 
Dakin, Thos., L. mayor of London, 975 3 . 
Dakka, Afghan. Baker, occupies, 61. 
Dakoof, mission, 657' . 
Dalayrac, Nicolas, b., 701' ; d., 719' . 
Dalberg, Karl Theodor Anton Maria von, 

b., 8003; grant of Frankfort, 8092; Duke 

of Hesse, 811'; d., 812'. 
Dale, Richard, b., 71' ; d., 134' . 
, Sir Thomas, b. (1619); enforces ortho- 
doxy, 28 2 ; inVa., 29' ; gov.; resigns, 29 2 ; 

d.,282. 
Dalechamps, Jacques, b., 6802; d., 6842. 
D'Alembert. (See Alembert.) 
D'Alencon. (See Alencon.) 
Dales, John B., moderator, 260 2 . 

, W., lynched, 3803. 

Dalga run. George, b., 882' ; d., 8962. 
Dalholl', Theodore, eons, bp., 10082. 
Dalhousie, founders, 9593. 

, wrecked, 9673. 

, E. of, title created, 883' . 

, Marquis of. (See Ramsey, James.) 

, College, corner-stone, 5783. 

Dalimil, Rhvmiug ( 'hrnnicler of Boh. ,5043. 
Dalin, Olaus von, b. (170S) ; works, 1135' ; 

d. (1763). 
Dallas, Ga., action at, 233' ; Sherman near, 

2332. 
, Tex., Buckner Orphans' Homefnd., 

269' ; Walton absconds, 3523; Tom James 

killed, 3543; tire, 3X93; E. M. Tate shot, 

3912; archbishopric created, 416' ; Capt. 

Vial shot, 417' ; hurricane, 448' . 

, Alex. James, b., 722; d., 126' . 

, George Mifflin, b., 1022; nom., 1572; 

vice-president, 1592; d„ 241'. 

, Isabella. (See Glyn.) 

Dalles, Ore., Indian mission, 1483, 163' ; 

robbery, 473' . 
Dalmatia, taken by ( Vdoman, 502' ; Roman 

province, 5023; eeded.5192; insurrection, 

529 ',531 2; disturbances, 550' ; coast, ship 

capsizes, 5353; i; r . i ose , 10332; acquired, 

10712,10733; captured, 10741,10773. 
Dalong, Pierre Louis, steam experiments, 

7222. 
Dalrvmple, Sir David, Lord Hailes, b., 

9063; d., 9262. 

, James, b., 8S0' ; d., 9002. 

, John, B. of Stair, b. (1673) ; at 

Dettingen, 700' ; commander-in-chief, 
910'; d. (1747). 
Dalston, Eng., Ger. Hospital, fnd., 953' . 
Dalton.'Ga., Johnston at, 2322; Confeds. 

evacuate, 233' ; Confeds. defeated, 2372; 

Federals surrender, 2383. 

, O., tornado, 450' ; fire, 4713. 

, John, b., 9163; works, 927', 9322; d., 

, - — Call, b., 1322; a., 334' . 

Daly, Fenian leader, killed, 9703. 

, Augustin.b., 1482; theater, 268' . 

, Sir Dominick, gov. Australia, 4972, 

5792; d.,4993. 

, M. B., lieut.-gov., N. S., 5912. 

, Thos. M. .minister Can., 5952, 5963. 

Dalzell, John, b., 158' . 

Dalziel, Gen., defeats Covenanters, 892' . 

Dam, Rip van, gov., N. Y., 632. 

Damad Ali, defeated, 514' . 

Daman, Christian, b., 798 3 . 

Damaraland, missionaries, 5982; a Ger- 
man dependency, 11613. 

Damas, Francois Etienne, b., 703' ; d., 
7243. 

Damascene, John, b.-d., 11542. 

Damascenus, Nicolaus, h., 10282. 

Damascius, philosopher, b., 1030 3 . 

Damascus, city, 11413; taken, 1142' , 1154' , 
10242; annexed to Israel, capital, 11433 ; 
captured, 1144' , 1155' ; recovered, 1145' ; 
given to Greeks, 11473; separate king- 
dom, divided, 1150 3 ; annexed to Rome, 
1151' ; emirs revolt, 1032' ; destroyed by 
Tamerlane, 11542; mosque erected, 1154' ; 
emirs revolt; taken by Turks, 11552; 



royal residence, 4X52; Saracens capture, 
484'; mission, 1157'; massacre, 11582; 
persecutors executed, 1159'. 

Damastes of Sigeum, history of Gr.,1031' . 

Damasus, St., pope, 10663. 

II., pope, 10731 ; wears papal cap, 10742. 

Darner, Lionel S. W. Dawson, Earl of Por- 
tarlington ; d., 10082. 

Damiani, Pietro, b.-d., 10722. 

Damianics, Janos, b., 519' ; at Szolnok, 
5222; d. (1849). 

Damien, Father, b. (1840) ; d., 10412; monu- 
ment, 5493. 

Damiens, Robt. Francois, b., 696 3 ; at- 
tempted regicide, 7033; trial; punished, 
7033; d. (1757). 

Damietta, Egv., captured, 654' , 6561 ; chol- 
era, 6593; restored to Turks, 6721. 

Daminhoor, mission, 6571 . 

Damiron, Jean P., b., 7102; works, 7261, 
7292; d., 7342. 

Damjanies, Janos. (See Damianics.) 

Damm, Chris. Tobias, b. (1699) ; d., 8042. 

Damnnnii, descent of, S393. 

Damont, Charles Albert Eugene Auguste, 
d., 7541. 

Damnphilus decorates temples, 10502. 

Dainpier, Win., b., SSX2; explorer, 4932; 
sacks Leou, Nic, 11031 ; d., 9042. 

Dampierre, Marquis de, Auguste Henri 
Marie Picot, b., 7022; d., 7082. 

Damreinont. (See Danremont.) 

Damroseh, Walter J., b., 8202. 

Dan I. defeats Babylonians, 1140' . 

Dana, Chas. Anderson, b., 12S' : Am. Cy- 
clopedia, 2S23; minister to Eng., ap- 
pointment rejected, 2913. 

, Francis, b'., 64 2; minis! or, 933 ; d., 1162. 

, James Dwight, b., 121' ; works, 1843, 

2272, 2803. 

, John Winchester, b. (1808); gov. Me., 

1633; d. (1867). 

, Napoleon Jackson Tecumseh, b., 

130' ; occupies Brazos, Santiago, and 
Brownsville, 2161,227'; 2281. 

, Nathan, d., 1442. 

, Richard Henry, b., 981 ; works, 1311 , 

1351; d.,3002. 

, Jr., b., 1242; 1523; d. (1882). 

, Samuel Luther, b., lOGi ; d., 2602. 

— — , T., bank swindler, 3943. 

, William Parsons, b. (1833) ; National 

Acad. Design, 2291. 

, William Star, Wild Flowers, 4462. 

Danse, asteroid, discovered, 7321. 

Danaus, arrives ; king, dethroned, 10132,3. 

Danbury, Conn., raided, 862; fire, 3533; re- 
lief fund, 4443 ; strike, 4502. 

Danby, Francis, h., 92i;2; d., 9642. 

Dance, Polka, in N. Y., 1571 . 

Dancing, intro. in Eng., 8681. 

Dnnekers in New York, 463. 

Dancourt (Florent Carton), b., 6902 ; 
works, 6951,2; d., 6982. 

Dandolo, launched, 10892. 

, Enrico, b.-d., 10742. 

, Vincenzo, count, b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Dandridge, Tenn., Fed. defeat near, 230' . 

Dane, Nathan, b. (1752); draws up ordi- 
nance, 992; d. (1835). 

Danegelt abolished, 8473 ; revived, 8491. 

Danenhower, John Wilson, b., 1661 ; d. 
(1887). 

Danes, terrorize nations, 6352; invade Gt. 
Brit., 8441; wa r with, 770', 7722; de- 
feated, 7721 ; in Rus., 11132; invade Sp., 
11261; emigrate to Eng., 6352; in East 
Anglia, 845 2 ; destroy schools, 8443; 
Christianized, 8443; invade Fr.; attack 
It., 6351; last invasions, 8461; rebel, 7741 ; 
treaty with Normandy ; paid to depart, 
8471,2; masters of Eng., 8472; dynasty, 
ends in Eng., 6352; tribute from Eng., 
6353; in Ger., 6351 ; demand toll, 6372; 
lose territory, 7803; recover territory, 
11352; expelled from Aust., 7961 ; est. 
East India Co., 6373; settle at Tranque- 
bar, 10443; defeated, 11341 ; Wallenstein 
scatters, 6361 ; mission work, 10443; fleet 
surrenders, 6381,6393; possessions pur- 
chased, 10473; subscription for, 16411; 
driven from Prus., 5261 ; political pro- 
ject, 8211. 

D'Anethan, Baron. (See Anethan.) 

Danewerk, Den., Austrians advance, 5261 ; 
defeat at, 6401 ; defended, abandoned, 
6402 ; battle at, 8161 . 

Danforth, Thos., b. (1622); gov., Mass., 
513; d. (1699). 



Dangan, D. R. pres. conven., 3142. 

Dang'-rlield, Lord, imprisoned, 8952. 

Danham, Sir John, d., 8922. 

Danican, Francois Andre, b., 6982; works, 
7053; d., 7102. 

Daniel, written, 671'. 

, captive, prophesies, rules, 11462 ; in 

lions' den ; interprets dreams, 11463. 

, Alexandroviteh, reigns, 11152. 

, Anthony, b. (1601); in Can., 302; joins 

Hurons, 341; killed, 382, 5723. 

, Gabriel, b., 6883; F r , t 6972; d., 6982. 

, Hermann Adalbert, b., 8102; d., 828'. 

.John W., b., 1542; oration, 3201; 

speech, 439' ; defense, 451 3 . 

, Peter Vivian, b., 962; justice U. S. 3. 

Ct., 1552; d. (1860). 

, Robert.gov. N. C, 572, 592. 

, Sam., b.,872';works, 877', 8772, 8783; 

poet laureate, pensioned, 8803; d., 8801 . 

, Wm., b. (1806) ; nominated for vice- 
president, 3173; d. (1873). 

Daniell, John Frederick, b.,9243; pyrom- 
eter, 9401 ; d., 9522. 

, Thomas, b., 9122 ; d. (1840). 

, William, b., 9182 ; d., 9482. 

Daniels, Charles, b., 1341 ; speech, 4382. 

Danllo I. rules, 10972. 

Danish affairs, conference on, 6413. 

, Church org. in America, 2S02. 

, Language Society fnd., 638 3 . 

Missionary Society find., 6383; mis- 
sions, 6403, 6421. 

Danmark, rescued by Missouri, 3393; sinks, 
6423. 

Dann, Edward S., defaulter, 4083. 

Dannecker, Johann H., h., 8023; d., 816'. 

D'Annibile, G. (See Annibile.) 

Danremont, Chas. Marie Denis, k., 83. 

Dansk Maandesskrift, issued, 6403. 

Danske Meraci/nx, issued, 6371. 

Dantan, Jean Pierre, b., 7142; d., 7382. 

Dantas, Manuel Pinto de Souza, b. (1825) ; 
policy supported, resigns, 5572. 

Dante Alighieri. b.-d., 107IJ2: works, 7063, 
1077' ; statue, 10882. 

Danton, George Jacques, b., 7023; leader 
of Cordeliers, 7071 ; guillntined,7r03,71H. 

Dantoo mission, 10471 . 

Dantz, Johann A., b., 7963 ; d., 8002. 

Dantzic, fnd., 773 3 ; captured, 7162; free, 
7172; allies possess, 7212; ruled by Teu- 
tonic Knights, 7831 ; ceded to Poland, 
7S72; taken, 8001 , 8101 ; battle, 8081 ; re- 
taken, 8101 ; inundated, 8141 ; riots, 8362; 

Dantzy, Edward, deputy, 8631 . 

Danube, sealer. arrives, v 5933. 

Danube, fleeton, 5122; navigation of, 5213; 
rocks removed, 5253; inundation, 5262; 
new channel, 5273, 5293 ; frozen, 5302; 
overflows, 534 1 , 2; 5342; passage of, 5651. 

Danubian provinces, troops recalled, 524' ; 
occupied. 525 ; conference on, 7351 . 

Danvers, ill., natural gas dis., 4021. 

, Mass., Whittier's birthday eel., 373'. 

Danville, la., 5251 ; Bapt. Church org., 1442. 

Junction, 111., non-unionist shot, 4662. 

, Ky., Center Coll. org., 1271; Theo- 
logical Seminary est., 1731 . 

, N. C, J. Davis's address, 2453. 

, Va., race riot, 3151 . 

, Vt., library gift, 3443. 

Daphne, launched, 9913. 

, asteroid, discovered, 732'. 

, produced, 7943. 

Da Ponte, Lorenzo, b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Daran, Jacques, b., 6942, 706'. 

Daras taken, 10302. 

D'Arblay, Mme. (Frances Burney). See 
Arblay. 

Darboy, Georges, b.,7203; arrested, exe- 
cuted, 7443 ; d., 746' ; assassins con- 
demned, 7463. 

Darby, Abraham, bridge builder, 9202. 

Darbytown Road, Va., action on, 2383. 

Darcare sentenced, 7623. 

Darcet, Jean, b., 6982; d., 7143. 

Darcey, John S., b. (1788) ; d., 2272. 

Darey, Lord, executed, 868' . 

D' Arcy, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8573. 

, Sir Roger, gov. Ire., 8592. 

Dardanelles, fortified, 1156' ; closed, 11573; 
Brit, fleets sail for, 9592, enter, 1118' . 

, Ark., Price crosses at, 238' . 

Dare, Virginia, b., 25 3 . 

Dar-es-Salaam attacked, 838' , 2. 

Darien, Colombia, dis., 163 ; company to 
colonize, 533 ; Scotch colony est. ; sur- 
renders to Spain, 6283. 



Bari-Davo. 



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1233 



Darien, Ga., Feds, destroy, 2223. 

, Gulf of, explored, 1623. 

Daries, Joachim G., b., 7983; d., 8043. 

Darius I., reigns, 11472; subdues revolt in 
Babylonia, 1037*, 11461; crosses Bos- 
porus, 114G 1 ; fleet destroyed, 10161 ; con- 
quers Milesians ; sends heralds to Gr., 
10173 ; takes Babylon, 11472 ; d., 11062. 

— — II., deposes Sogdianus ; reigns, 1107' ; 
rules Palestine, 11473. 

III., Codomanus reigns, 11473; de- 
feated at Issus, 10242; enthroned, 1107'; 
dethroned; murdered, 10242, 11073. 

, reigns over Pontus, 1151' . 

Darjiling mission, 10483. 

Dark Ages, period of, 663' . 

Day in New England, 93' . 

Darkness, phenomena, Can., 5762. 

remarkable, in Eng., 894' . 

D' Arlanges, Marshall. (See Arlanges.) 

Darley, Felix Octavius Carr, b., 130'; d., 
3282. 

Darling, Australia, floods, 500' . 

, Sir Charles, gov. Austral., 4973. 

, Grace, b., 9363; saves lives, 9493; d., 

9502. 

— , Henry, b. (1824) ; moderator, 3082; d., 

, Sir Kalph, gov. Austral., 495' , 4952. 

- — , Lady, gift to, 4973; objections, 4983. 

Darlington, Eug., strike, 9883. 

, William, b., 95' ; d. (1863). 

Darmeister, James, d., 766' . 

Darmstadt, Ger., Prussians occupy, 526' ; 
Polytechnic schools est., 815'. 

Darnford, Capt., at Mobile, 91' . 

Darnley, E. of, title created, 9072. 

, Henry Stuart, Lord, b., S70' ; mur- 
ders Rizzio, 873'; married, killed, 8733. 

Darrah, Lydia, informs Washington, 88' . 

D' Arras, Gautier. (See Arras.) 

D' Arrest, H. L. (See Arrest.) 

D' Artaguette. (See Artaguette.) 

Dartford, Eng., first paper-mills, 8742. 

Dartmoor, Eng., Am. prisoners k., 123'; 
taken, 886' ; riot, 9372. 

Dartmouth, Can., Davis sails, 5702; drown- 
ing disaster, 5913. 

Dartmouth, cargo of tea, 782. 

, E. of, title created, 903' . 

, Earls of. (See Legge.) 

N. H., Coll. fnd.. 763; Coll. of Agri- 
culture and Mechanics est., 2623; Win. 
J. Tucker, president, 4022, 4<»1 ; Butter- 
field collection, 426' . 

D'Artois, Comte. (See Artois.) 

Dartrey, Earl of, title created, 965' . 

Daru, Napoleon, Comte, b. (1807) ; minister, 
resigns, 7392; d., 7582. 

, Pierre Antoine Noel Bruno, Comte, 

b., 703' ; d., 7243. 

Darvall, William, mayor New York, 47' . 

Darwin, Charles Robert, b., 9343; works, 
9503, 962' , 2, 963' , 9763, 9882 ; d., 990' ; 
statue. 992' . 

, Erasmus, b., 90S 2 ; in Lunar Society, 

9212; d. (1802). 

Dasent, Sir Georgi ■ Webbe, author, lawyer, 
b., 9402. 

Das Ibid, ihernisejir Jnhrl'uch., issued, -SOU' . 

Dashiel, Robert L., b., 134'. 

Dashkoff, Yekaterina Romanova, b.-d., 
11143. 

Dat.han, mutinies against Moses, 11413. 

Dathe, Johann A., b., 8002; d., 8043. 

Datis commands at Marathon, 1018' . 

Daub, Karl, b., 8023 ; d., 8143. 

Daubenton, Louis Jean Marie, b., 697'; 
Anatomy, 7002 ; d., 7142. 

Dauheny,' Charles Giles Bridle, b., 9263 ; 
d.,970'. 

, James, d., 10102. 

D'Aubigne, T. Agrippa. (See Aubigne\) 

Danbigny.Chas. Fr:iiH;ois,b.,7222; d.,7502. 

D'Aubry, Gen. (See Aubry.) 

Daudet, Alphonse, b. (1840) ; works, 7383, 
7482, 7503, 7542. 

, Leon, Les Morticoles, 766 2 . 

Daudin, Francois .Marie, b., 7043; d., 715' . 

Daughter of Joints, painted, 820' . 

Daughters' College. Ivy., fnd., 1802. 

Daughters of Liberty org., 93 2 ; at Water- 
bury, Conn., 3903 ; Nat. Council, 469' . 

of the Revolution, Am., org., 93 3 , 

3662 ; plant liberty tree, 4573. 

Daujoutin, Fr., stormed, 743'. 

D'Aulnoy, Marie C. (See Aulnoy.) 

Daumas.Melchior Joseph Eugene, b., 7143 ; 
d., 746' . 



Daumer, Georg F., b., 8063 ; d., 8282. 

Dauiiiesnil, Pierre, b., 7043 ; d.,7262. 

Daun, Leopold Joseph Maria von, b., 5123; 
at Koiin,516' ; Fink surrenders to, 516 2 ; 
d., 5163. 

Daunou, Pierre C. F., h., 7023 ; d., 7282. 

Dauntless, loses race, 2713 ; wins ocean- 
race, defeated, 3293. 

Dauphin, H. Albert, minister, 755 3 . 

Dauphine, province, sold, 675' . 

Dautresme, Lucien, minister, 757' . 

D'Auvergne. (See Auvergne.) 

Dauvray, Helen, b., 184' . 

Davatsi subdued, 616' . 

Davenport, la., first house, 1413; incorp., 
1712 ; Griswold Coll. org., 1843 ; Home 
for Children, 2192 ; R.C. diocese est., 3082. 

, 111., cyclone, 174' . 

, Edward L., b., 123' ; d., 296' . 

, Fanny Lily Cipsey, b., 166'. 

.Henry Ivailock, b. (1820) ; d.,278'. 

, Isaac, surety for Davis, 256 3 . 

, John, b. (1598) ; in Mass., 343; Puri- 
tan, 353 ; d., 442. 

, I., naturalization frauds, 409'. 

, Nicholas T., b. (1831) ; d., 2582. 

Female College N. C, fnd., 1823. 

Davenant, Sir William, b., 878' ; Gondibert, 
8883 ; intro. operas, 896' ; d., 8922. 

Davey, Sir Horace, solicitor gen., 995'. 

, Robert C, b., 1722. 

David, K. of Israel, kills Goliath, 1142' ; 
a courtier in cave Adullam ; marriages, 
1143' ; flees from Saul, 11432 ; defeats 
Amalekites, 11421 ; anointed king, 11432; 
takes Jerusalem, 11421 ; brings Ark to 
Ohed-Edom, 11432; house of cedar, 11422; 
conquers Ammonites, Syrians. Moabites, 
takes Damascus, 11421 ; sins, 11423 ; re- 
hellions against ; liees from Absalom, 
11433 ; Psalms of, collected, 11423. 

1., K. of Scot., 819 2; improves churches, 

84S3 ; sole K. ; est. feudal barons, 8493 ; 
d. (1153). 

II., b. (1324) ; K. of Scot., &573 ; impris- 
oned, ransomed, 8592 ; d. (1371). 

II. in Armenia, 1155 3 . 

, Felicien Cfear, 7191 ; d., 7501 . 

, George, fanatic, d., 541'. 

, Horatio, Oath <>f tin- llaratii, 706' . 

, Jacques Louis, b., 7003; d., 7242. 

, Jerome, Baron, minister, 7393. 

, Pierre Jean, b., 7062 ; d., 7322. 

, Saint, d., 842'. 

David Croeheft, seized, 3693. 

David J. Attains, seized, 5852. 

Davidson, George, b., 9422. 

, John, works, 10103. 

, W., b. (1824) ; Hoc 11I surrenders to, 

2463; d. (1881). 

, Lucretia M., b., 114= ; d., 1322. 

, Margaret Miller, b., 1302 ; d., 1482. 

, Randall T., cons, bp.,9862, 10062. 

, Robert, moderator, 1063. 

, Warner, comet, 5001 . 

, Wm., Lieut.-Col., b. (1786) ; k., 931 . 

College, N. C, org., 149' . 

Davie, Margaret, executed, 8692. 

Wm. Richardson, b. (1756) ; gov. N.C., 



10:13 



d.. 1282. 



, 1162. 



Daviel, Jacques, b., 6943; d., 7023. 

Davies, Chas., b., 108' ; d., 292'. 

, David, d., 1004' . 

, Enoch, shot, 471 ' . 

, Henry Eugene, b., 1402 ; d. (1881). 

, Sir John, b., 8722 ; d. (1626). 

, Samuel, b., 602 ; d., 723. 

, Thomas F., bp. of Mich., 3462. 

, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 1002' 

Daviess, Jos., Hamilton, h., 78' ; 

Davila, Enrico Caterino, b., 1081 
10823. 

, Gil Gonzalez, explorer, 19'; founds 

Granada, 193 ; in Nicaragua, 1103'. 

Davis Mills, Miss., Confed. defeat, 2163. 

, And. Jackson, spiritualist, b., 134' . 

, A. J., at Murfreesboro, 217' . 

, Charles Augustus, b. (1795) ; d., 256' . 

, Henry, b. (1807) ; succeeds Foote, 

207'; d., 294'. 

, Cushman Kellogg, b., 1482 ; gov. 

Minn., 2873 ; Pension Hill intro., 3483. 

, Daniel F., gov. Me., 30:13, 3052. 

, David, h., 1242 ; justice, 2173 ; pres- 
idential candidate, 2773 ; declines nom., 
2791 ; vote, 2812; senator, 2951; pres. 
Senate, 3092 ; d.,3241. 

, Edmund J., gov. Tex., 2732, 2832. 

, Emerson, b. (1798) ; d., 252' . 



. G. S., Arctic Seas, 421 1 . 

, , W., commissioned major, 456' . 

, Henry G., in America's Cong., 3451. 

, Winter, b., 126'; on Committee 

of 33, 189'; d., 2501. 

, Jefferson, b., 1142 ; graduates, 1341 ; 

Black Hawk War, 1381 ; against Paw- 
nees, 142' ; resigns, marries, 145 2 ; be- 
gins in politics, 1572; in electoral coll., 
1573; marries, 159'; Member of Cong., 
1593 ; resigns, 1613 ; Col., charges Fort 
Teneria, 1601 ; idol of army, 1602; Gen. 
Taylor compliments, 162'; appointed 
senator, 1632 ; opposes Taylor, 1643 ; 
elected senator, 1652 ; against free Pa- 
cific coast, 167 2 ; in State R.gncs Party ; 
resigns senator-ship, 1692; 1,0m. gov. of 
Miss., defeated, 1692; Sec. War, 1732 ; 
sends expedition to Pacific, 1713; second 
term in Senate, 1831 ; Dem. leader, 187' ; 
proslavery resolutions, 187 2 ; speech on 
Union, 189' ; on Com. of 13, I892 ; justi- 
fies secession, 191 ' ; defends State sov- 
ereignty, 1912 ; pres. Confederacy, 1913, 
1923; calls for troops, 192'; letters of 
marque, 194' ; calls for men, 1942; coun- 
teracting proclamation, 1943; lyt inaug- 
ural, 2d inaugural, threatens retaliation, 
1973, 2152, 2163 2173 ; elected Pres. Con- 
federacy, 2012 ; inaugurated, 2053; proc- 
lamation against Butler, 2173 ; annual 
message; on Lincoln's emancipation, 
2192 ; conscription proclamation, 2253 ; 
funding of the finances, 22y2; visits 
Hood's army. 23X2; message, 2^92 ; pro- 
claims fast day, 2423 ; appoints Peace 
Commissioners, 243' ; last message; ad- 
dress to Southerners ; flees from Rich- 
mond, 2453 ; council of war, 246' ; at 
Charlotte, N. G, 2462 ; changes route, 
2463 ; captured, 24G3, 2473 ; at Fortress 
Monroe, 2472; Miss, petitions forpardon, 
249'; trial deferred. 2492; indicted for 
treason, 253' ; admitted to bail, 2563 ; 
released on bail, 2573 ; in Can. ; returns 
to Richmond ; trial adjourned, 2592; am- 
nesty for treason case ; trial abandoned, 
2653; seat in Senate occupied, 267' ; am- 
nesty granted, 2912; refused, 2913; ac- 
cepts gift, 303 2 ; Rise and Fall of the 
Confederate Government, 3083 ; ovation 
to, 3232 ; lays Confed. monument, 3222 ; 
d., 34S'; memory in the Southern So- 
ciety, 351'; birthday a legal holiday, 
4082; entombed in Vs., 4313. 

, C, b. (1828); at Chapmansville, 

1983; at Milford, Mo., 201'; at Pea 
Ridge, 2042; takes .Memphis, 2083; at 
Helena, 212'; Brig.-Gen., shoots Maj.- 
Gen. Nelson, 2133; at Rome, 233'; at 
Jonesboro,238' ; d. (1879). 

, John, b. (1530) ; explorer, 243 ; e x- 

plorer,57()2; in Labrador, 5712 ; d., 878'. 

, , Capt., plunders St. Augustine. 

42'. 

, , b., 134' ; gov., Mass., 98' ; 1452 ; 

defeats Wilinot proviso, 161 2 ; d., 174'. 

, A., accounts short, 3543 ; par- 
doned, 397'. 

— , Sir Francis, b., 9263 ; Napier's 

assistant, supt. trade, 6172 ; minister, 
6192; d., 1004'. 

, Lee, b. (1825) ; d., 3361 . 

, W., gov. R. I., 3293 ; again, 3751 . 

, Dr. J. W., killed, 4683. 

, , b. (1799); speaker, 1593; 

gov. Ore., 1772 ; d., 1842. 

, Mrs., gift to Johns Hopkins, 3702. 

, Noah, b., 1262. 

, N. S., pres, Medical Congress, 38S 2 . 

, Rebecca Harding, b. (ls40<.) ; works, 

2011 , 26(13. ai43, 2803, 4203. 

, Reuben, b. (1813) ; on Committee of 

33, 189'. 

, Thos. E., nom. for gov. W. Va., 4132. 

, Fred., b. (1804); bp., 1723; d. (1871). 

, measuring-angles ; invents quadrant, 

8762. 

Davison, John R., judge adv. -gen., 989' . 

Davis's Strait discovered, 243. 

Davitt, Michael, b., 9522 ; for treason fel- 
ony, 975i; released, 983 1 ; forms Land 
League, 985 2 ; arrested, 987 ' ; released, 
989'; elected M. P., election annulled, 
9892 ; seditions speeches, 991' ; Dem. 
Labor Federation. 1005' ; w'ded, 10083. 

Davoust, Louis Nicolas, Pr. d'Eckinuhl, 



1234 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DiS-A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Davy-Dela. 



Due d'Auerstadt, b., 7042; at Auerstadt, 
7161 ; at Eckmiihl, 718' ; invades Swe. 
Pomerania, 7182; i u Hamburg, 7201 • d., 
7241. 
Davy, Sir Humphry, b., 9203; electroliza- 
tion; ice melted by friction, 9282; elec- 
tricity; gas, 9301 ; photographs produced, 
930 2 ; electrolysis; galvanic current; 
sciences, 9322 ; magnesium obtained, 
9343 ; voltaic arc, 9362 ; safety lamp, 
9381 ; pres. Royal Soc, 9401 ; d., 9441 . 
Davys, George, elected bishop, 9523. 
Dawbarn, Dr., vertebral operation, 4441 . 

Dawes, James W., b. (1845) ; gov., 3152. 

, Nathaniel, cons, bishop, 10082. 

, William Rutter, b. (1709); dis. Saturn's 

inner ring, 9561 ; d. (1868). 

Dawison, Bogumil, b., 11163 ; d., 11182. 

Dawkins, Capt., court-martialed, 9801. 

Dawson, Col., at Ripley, 2181 ; at Trenton, 
2182. 

-, Dr., B. Sea arbiter, 10073 ; sails, 5931 . 

, Henry Barton, b., 1301 . 

, John Littleton, b. (1813) ; declines 

governorship of Ivans., 1772 ; d., 2703. 

, Sir John William, b., 5781; works, 

5803,5811,5823, 5843. 

, Lieut., leads expedition, 5611. 

, William, b. (1798) ; d., 1781 . 

Day, Benj. P., made (Japt., 3841 ; d., 3481 . 

, Francis, fouuds Madras, 8833 ; ex- 
plorer, 10451 . 

, Hannibal, b. (1S02±) ; d., 3801 . 

, Horace Hollister, b. (1813) ; d., 2982. 

, James R., chancellor ; Univ., 4421 . 

, Jeremiah, b., 781 ; pres. Tale, 1271 ; 

d., 2582. 

, Maurice Fitzgerald, elected bp.,9742. 

, Stephen, h., 878 2 ; types imported, 

343 ; d., 8922. 

, Justice, on Parnell Oommis., 9992. 

" Days of June," Fr., 7312. 

Dayton, 0.,laid out, 105 3 ; G. A. R. meets, 
3043 ; Farmer's linn,- est., 3063. 

, Capt., near Grafton, 1981. 

, Jonathan, b., 722 ; speaker, 1072,3 ; 

d., 1321. 

, Win. Lewis, b., 1141 ; nom. for viee- 

pres., 1803 ; electoral vote, 181 2 ; nom. 
pres., 1873; d., 2411. 

Daza, Hilarion, Gen., b. (1838) ; pres., 551 2 ; 
d. (1894). 

De Acha ends rebellion ; dictator, 5511 . 

Deacon, Edwin Parker, kills M. Abeille, 
divorce, 7623. 

Deaconess, conven., 3423 ; Inst, est., 9642. 

" Dead Rabbits " control New York, 1832. 

Deadwood, S. Dak., gold dis., 2841 ; laid 
out, 295 3 ; prohibition opposed, 3682. 

Deadv, Matthew P., d., 4261 . 

Deaf Mutes, Am. Asso. of, 3S02, 4102 ; 
Bell's gift, 3781. 

Deak, Francis, b., 519i ; leader, 5263; sus- 
tained, 5272 ; d., 5282 ; statue, 5302. 

Deal Beach, N. J., Windermere aground, 
4033. 

Dean Richmond lost, 4413. 

Dean, Amos, b. (1803) ; d., 2601 . 

, Gilbert A., State senator ; d., 3952. 

, Henry, Lord-lieut., 8672; d. (1503). 

Deane, Charles, b. t 181.!) ; d., 3461 . 

, James, miss., b., 662 ; d., 1302. 

, , phys., b., 110i ; d., 1841 . 

, Samuel, b., 62 1 ; d., 123' . 

, Silas, b., 642 ; Commissioner, 83' ; in 

Fr., 833, 7053 ; recalled, 892 ; d., 100' . 

Dear, Private, wins rifle prize, 1002' . 

Dearborn, Henry, b., 683; sec. war., 1112; 
commands army, 118' ; in winter quar- 
ters, 118 2 ; Army of Center, 1201; takes 
Ft. George, 1202; d., 1362. 

Observatory fnd., 2171 . 

Dear Island occupied, 10943. 

Dease, Peter, explorations, 578'. 

Death penalty abolished in la., 2803, 301' ; 
Cal., optional, 2871 ; abolished in Me., 
2923; restored in Me., 3151, abolished 
3292 ; abolished Braz., 5552 ; abolished 
Eng., 9352, 9431, 9651, 9731; abolition 
bill rejected ; 9772, 9952 ; abolition pro- 
posed, 983 1, 9873. 

Dehate Soul awl Body appears, 1127'. 

Debeb defeated, 22; aims for power, 33. 

Debendra Nath Tangore revives Brahman 
Church, 10463. 

Deberdt, Dennis, Mass., agent, 752. 
Debidour, M., History <>/ Europe, 7602. 

Deborah, defeats Sisera, 1140', 1141'; 
judges Israel, 11413 ; prophetess, 11422 j 



song of triumph, 11423; delivers Israel, 
1143'. 

De Bow, James Dunwoody Brownson, b., 
1282; Z)t Bote's Commercial Itecietc est., 
161'; d. (1867). 

Debreczian, Hung., Protestant Coll. fnd., 
511'. 

Debris Relief Bill passed, 3052. 

Debrosse, Jacques, builds the Luxem- 
bourg, 686'. 

Debs, Eugene Y., endorsed, 4643; indict- 
ment ordered, 4652; trial, 469'; stay 
granted, 479' . 

Debt, imprisonment for, Am., 139' ; abol- 
ished Fr., 7373; G. B., 949'; state as- 
sumed by nation, 103' . 

, national of , U . S. , 97 2 , 1031 . (See Text 

in following years, .Ian. 1); extinguished, 
1473; certificates issued, 2053 ; exchanged, 
2572 ; at close of civil -war, 2491 ; pay- 
ment pledged, 2492, 265 2 ; payment iu 
coin, 2663; becomes law, 2671; refunded, 
2712; reduced, 3552, 3573; f G. B., 8651 , 
8993, 9032, 9073, 9233, 9392, 9492 ; new 
form, 9592. 

Debtors' Act passes, F.ng., 975 2 . 

Decamps, Alex. Gabriel, b.,7143; d.,7342. 

Decauville K.lt. opens, 6253. 

Decatur, Ala., Cooled, defeat, 2102; battle, 
2362, 2392; strikers quelled, 4363. 

, Ga., Gen. Rousseau leaves, 236'. 

, 111., Grand Army Republic post org., 

2522; Nat. Mem. Hall Asso. find., 3883. 

, Stephen, b., 912; in Algiers, 82; burns 

Philadelphia. 112' ; takes Macedonia, 
1182; surrender of Algiers, 1223 ; sails 
for Algiers, 1211 ; negotiates treaty, 1251 ; 
k., 1291 ; d., 1282. 

, , Jr., b., 682; d., 1142. 

Decazes, Louis Charles Elie Ananieu, b. 
(1819); minister; 7233, 7491, 7493, 7511; 
d. (1886). 

, Elie, Due, b., 7051 ; d., 7342. 

Deccan, India, ravaged, conquered, 10441 ; 
independent, 10452. 

Deceased Wife's Sister Bill, 999' ; 10123. 

Decebalus defeats Doniitian, 10642; de- 
pendent prince, 769' . 

Decelean War, 10203. 

Decemvirs, in power; revolt against, 1051 2 ; 
overthrown, 10513. 

Decer, John de, hrst provost, Ire., 8572. 

Dechen, Ernest H. C, b., 8063; d., 832'. 

Decies, Baron, title created, 9372. 

Decimal system iuv., 7862 ; adoption de- 
feated, 9872. 

Coinage Act passed, Australia, 501' . 

Decius, Cants Messius Quintus Trajanus, 
b.(200) ; against Goths, 1066' ; persecutes 
Christians, 1(161.2; reigns, against Philip 
I.; killed, 10671, 10662. 

,MusPublius, commander, 6621,10522. 

Declaration of Independence, 1351 , 

of Indulgence, Eng., 8933. 

of Rights, Am., adopted, 752, 792. 

Declaratory Act passes Pari., 752, 9173; 
introduced, 9253. 

De Clifford, Baron, title created, 8551. 

Decoration Day instituted, 2621 ; cel.N.Y., 
2631; a holiday, 3503; Confed., 3551 . 

Decree of sovereignty, Eng., 8773. 

Ihdolus captures La Pendente, 928 2 . 

Dedekind, Friedrich, Grobianus, 7923. 

Dedham, Mass.. hats, bonnets manf., 1081 , 

Dee, John, b. (1527) ; d., 8781 . 

Deems, Chas. Force, b., 1282 ; Pres. Am. 
Inst. Christian Philos.. 4102; d., 4441 . 

Deeming, F. B., guilty, 5003. 

Deep Bottom Ran, Va., action, 2372. 

Harbor Conven., Topeka, Kan., 3453. 

Water Conven. at, Detroit, 3973 ; it 

appeals to Congress, 397 3 . 

Deer Creek, Miss., Federals raid, 2203. 

Deerfleld, 111., detective shot, 4702. 

, Mass., purchased, 432 : Indians at- 
tack, 461 , 5i;i : train derailed, 3233. 

Deer Lodge, Coll. of Montana opd., 3143. 

De Failly, Gen., at Bitsch, 7381 . 

Defence, lost, 9342. 

Defense fund, Fr., 757'. 

, govt, of, 7411,7433. 

of Property in Ire., Fund est., 9891 . 

Deffand, Marquise du, Marie de Vichy- 
Chamrond, b., 0943 ; d., 705' . 

Deffenbach, Johann F., d., 8162. 

Defiance College, m m-sectarian, organized 
at Defiance, O. (1884). 

, O., Saner embezzlement, 453' ; cen- 
tennial eel., 4713; D. Coll. org. (1884). 



Defloss, M., on Fishery Commission, 5852. 

De Foe, Daniel, b.,8902; works, 9023, 9063; 
condemned, 903' ; d., 9082. 

De Forest, John William, b., 134'. 

, Col., at Warrenton Junction. 

2212; works, 1683, 1823, 1S43, 1863, 2603, 
277', 2803, 2843, 2903. 

, R. E., b., 1581. 

Fortou, duel, 7503. 

DeFreyne, Baron, title created, 951' . 

DeGann, Policeman, testimony, 4523. 

Degerando, Jos. Marie, b. (1772*) ; d., 7282. 

Degrees, measured, 8821 . 

Deguerry, L' Abbe, executed, 7453. 

Dehon,Theo.,b. (177G) ; bp.,119' ;d. (1817). 

Deinhard, Adm., at Saadani, 5631 . 

Deiopeia, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . 

Deiotarus seizes Armenia Minor, 11512. 

Deir, Aboo-11 innis, mission, 6571. 

Birsha, mission, 6571 . 

El-jenadily mission, 657' . 

Deism, Eng., react ion against, 9243; litera- 
ture of, 9163. 

llejau'/ra, asteroid, discovered, 748'. 

Dejazet, Marie Yirginie, b.,7123; d.,750'. 

Dcjoces reigns, 1145 3 . 

Dejoux, Claude, b., 6933; d., 7222. 

De Kalb, Baron John, b., 60' ; sent to 
Am., 77' ; joins Washington, 863 ; at 
Saunders Creek, 1)22; d., 93'. 

De Kay, James Ellsworth, b., 1023 ; d., 
1682. 

Deken, Aajen, b.-d., 1101' ; works, 11012. 

Dekker, Jeremias de, b.-d., 11003. 

, Thomas, h., 8742; works, 8772 ; 883' ; 

d., 8S42. 

De Koven, James, b., 1382; d., 3002. 

, Reginald, composer, 416' . 

De la Barre. (See Barre.) 

laBeche, Sir Henry Thomas, b., 9283; 

d.,9603. 

Lacy, Ex-Alderman, returns, 359'. 

Delacroix, Ferdinand Yictor Eugene, b., 
7142; d., 7362. 

Delafield, Edward, d., 286' . 

Delagoa Bay, Afr., goes to Portugal, 6012; 
arbitration, 11112; Railway claims set- 
tled, 10033 ; completed, 11122. 

De la Graviere, J. B. E. Jurien, d., 792' . 

Delalande, Pierre Antoine, b., 7062 • d., 
7241. 

Delamater, George W., nom. for gov., 
3631 ; embezzler, 375' . 

Delambre, Jean B;iptiste Joseph, b., 7003; 
d., 7241 . 

Delainere, Baron, title created, 9372. 

De la Mere, Lord, minister, 8992. 

De Lancy, James, b., 541 . 

, Win., lleiilhcote, b., 1062; d., 2452. 

Deland, Flu., Stetson Univ. fnd., 3143. 

, Margaret, John Ward, Preacher, 3323. 

Delaney, Patrick assault by, 9903; con- 
victed, executed, 991' . 

Delano, Amasa, b., 723 ; agent in Cuba, 
633'; d., 1302. 

, Columbus, b. (1809) ; minister, 2313. 

, Wm. H., resigns, 2892; outrage 3032. 

De la Ramee, Louise (Ouida), b., 950 2 : 
works, 9803. 

De la Rive. (See Rive, de la.) 

Delaroche, Paul (Hyppolyte), b., 7123 ; 
works, 724', 7201, 7281, '7301, 730,. d., 
7322. 

De la Rosa, Signor. signs peace, 165'. 

De La Rue. Warren, b. (1815) ; d., 1000' . 

De Launay murdered, 7072. 

Delaunay,' Chas. Eug., b., 7222; d., 746' . 

Delavall, Thos., mayor N.Y., 433,452,473. 

De la Valette, Marquis, d„ 762'. 

Delavan, Edward Cornelius, b. (1793); 
declaration, 1451 ; d. (1871). 

De Laveaucoupet, M., 7621 , 

Delavigne, Jean Francois Casimir, b., 
7082; works, 7232, 7251 , 727' ; d., 7283. 

Delaware, wrecked, 9773. 

Delaware, U. S. A., bay dis., 28' ; Swedes 
settle, 353, 362; Luth.worship.342; Peter 
Minuet, gov., 353 ; Johan Printz, gov. 
(1643); Peter Hollander, gov., 372; toler- 
ation granted, 382; .bihan C. Rising, gov., 
393 ; purchased by Netherlands, 41 ' ; 
British supremacy, '42' ; sold to Amster- 
dam, 423 ; invaded, 44' ; Quaker meet- 
ings, 463; grants to Perm., 49' ; seceded, 
513 ; under N. Y., 53 3 ; separate from 
Pa. in part, 553 ; Henry Ellis, gov., 
713 ; John Mclvinley, gov., 853 ; ratifies 
Federation Constitution, 1003 ; Joshua 
Clayton, gov., 1013 ; Dan. Rogers, gov.. 



Dela-Depe. 



Text Figures denote Page. INI31i.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1235 



1091 ; Richard Bassett, gov., 1093 ; 
James Sykes, gov., 1112 ; David Hall, 
gov., Nathan Mitchell, gov., 1133; 
Geo. Truett, gov., 1153 ; Jos. Haslett, 
gov., 1192; Lewiston bombarded, 1202; 
Dan. Rodney, gov., 1233; John Collins, 
gov., 1293; Jacob Stout, gov., 1292; Caleb 
Rodney, gov., 1312; Jos. Haslett, gov., 
1313 ; Sam. Paynter, gov., 1332 ; Geo. 
Poindexter.gov., 1353; David Hazzard. 
gov., 1392; Caleb P. Bennett, gov., 1433; 
Cornelius P. Comegys, gov., 1492; \Ym. 
B. Cooper, gov., 1531 ; Thos. Stockton, 
gov., 1591 ; ,|,,s. Maul, gov.; Win. Temple, 
gov.; Win. Thorp.gov., 1613; Peter F. 
Cansey, gov., 1791 ; refuses to secede, 
1903 ; loyal , 1933 ; Peace Convention 
meets, 19*72 ; Wm. Cannon, gov., 2293 ; 
Meth-Epis.Conf.org., 2332; Grove Sauls- 
bury, gov., 251i; rejects 14th amend., 
2573 ; James Ponder, gov., 2i«2; eel. 15th 
amend., 2703 ; John P. Cochran, gov., 
2912; John W.Hall, gov., 3033; torchlight 
parades forbidden, 3t>:)i ; Chas. C. Stock- 
ley, gov., 3152; Benj. T. Biggs, gov., 3293 ; 
earthquake, 332 1; Rodney monument, 
3461 ; whipping of criminals, 3583; R. J. 
Reynolds, gov., 367i, 3991; Treas. Her- 
bert, defaulter, 3782 ; Free School Bill 
passes, 3812 ; Local Option Bill passes, 
3831 ; Delinquent Law reenacted, 4263. 

Delaware and Chesapeake Can: ilopd., 137 3 . 

and Hudson Canal opd., 1373. 

and Lackawanna Railway, men dis- 
charged; wreck, 3783, 4043. 

College, Del., fnd., 2583; 2703. 

, Earl of, title created, 9152. 

, Earl of. (See West.) 

River blockaded, 120 1 . 

Delbriick, Martin Frlederieh Rudolf, b., 
8121. 

Delcasse, Theophile, minister, 7671 , 7672. 

Delegate gov't, transferred, Fr., 7433. 

Delescluze, Louis Chas., b. (1809) ; dele- 
gate of war, 7453 ; d. (1871). 

Delessert, Benjamin, b., 7043 ; d. % 7301 . 

Delfosse, Maurice, on Fishery Commis- 
sion, 2972; dispute, 2992. 

Delft, The Three Khu/s performed, 10982. 

Delftware invented, 10781 . 

Delhi, massacre, conquered, 10422; Kutab 
minar erected, 10423 ; capital, 10432; 
sacked; massacre, 10441 ; captured, 10461 ; 
mission, 10471; siege, 1048 1 ; king sen- 
tenced, 10491. 

Delille, L' Abbe, Jacques, b., 700 2 ; works, 
7051, 2, 7151; d., 7203. 

Delilah ensnares Samson, 11423. 

Delisle, Guillaume, b., 6923; d. (1726). 

, Jos. Nicolas, b., 6942 ; measuring 

sun's distance, 7022 ; d., 7032. 

Delitzsch, Franz, b.; 8102; d., 83*1. 

, Friedrich, b., 8181 . 

Deliuin, action at, 10202. 

Delius, Nikolaus, b., 8102; d., 8321. 

Deliverance Society org., 3862. 

Delolme, Jean Louis, b.-d., 11372. 

DeLoug, Geo. Wash., b., 1562; on Arctic 
expedition, 3021 ; d., 3082; body fnd., 3101 . 

Delorme, Philibert, b., 6802; d., 6841 . 

Delpech, Jacques Matthieu, b. (1775) ; d., 
7262. 

Delphi, Temple plundered, 10241 . 

, action near, 10261 . 

, excavation fund, Fr., 7601 . 

Delpit, Albert, b. (1849) ; Passionnfynent, 
7582; d., 7641. 

Delsarte, Francois A. N. C, b., 7191; d., 
7461. 

Deluc, Jean Andre, b.-d., 11372. 

Deluge occurs, 11392, 11401 . 

Demades, Peace of, 10252. 

, orator, d., 10251 . 

De Mantel at Schenectady, 5721 . 

De Mauley, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

Dembinski, Henryk, b., 11162; at Kapolna, 
5221 ; at Szorek, 5222; d., 11182. 

Dembowska, asteroid, discovered, 7601. 

Demenhoor, battle at, 6561 . 

Demerara, Br. Guiana, acquired, 9313 ; 
missions est., 10393. 

Demeratus in Persian army, 1018 1 . 

DeMesy, gov. Can., 5732. 

Demeter, temple of, begun, 10203. 

, Zvonimir, king, 5033. 

Demetria, written, 121 2. 

Demetrius I., D. of Russia, reigns, 1115 s ; 
d., 11142. 

II., D. of Moscow, reigns, 11152. 



Demetrius III., D. of Mose< >w, reigns, 1115 2 . 

II., king of Macedonia, 10272. 

III., Eucerus, reigns, 11511 . 

II., Nicator, reigns ; overthrown ; a 

captive, 11493; released, 11503; war with 
Egy., 6522. 

Phalereus, b.-d., 10243; g0 v., 10253; 

expelled, 10271 . 

Poliocretes, b.-d., 10251 ; i n Gr.; in 

Cyprus ; war with Pyrrhus ; gen. of 
States, 10261 ; expels Demetrius Phale- 
rius ; murders Alexander V. ; seizes 
Macedon ; a fugitive, 10271 . 

, Soter, king, b.-d., 1148 2 ; seizes Syria, 

11483; reigns, 11492; war with Egy., 6522; 
frees Jews from tribute; overthrown, 
11493; defeated; killed, 10551 . 

Valerius, librarian, 6523. 

Demetz, Frederic Auguste, b., 7123; d., 
7461. 

Demidoff, Nikita, b., 11131 ; d. (1720+). 

Deinilier, Father, missionary, 140 2 . 

De Mille, James, b., 5782; works, 5811 , 
5S23; d., 5841. 

Deming, Henry C, d., 2781. 

Democracy, new, Henry Clay, leader, 123 3 . 

Democratic Party, U. S. A.; national con- 
ventions ; 1st nominating at Bait., 1411 ; 
3d at Bait., 1513; 4thatBalt.; two-thirds 
rule adopted, 1st division ; Tyler con- 
vention at Bait., 1572; 5th at Bait.; 
withdrawals, 1651; 6th at Bait., 1712; 
7th at Cincinnati, 1S03; 8th at Charles- 
ton; divides on slavery, 1872; seceders 
meet at Richmond, 1873, 1882; and at 
Wilmington ; reassembles at Bait.; se- 
ceders reassemble at Bait., 18S2; 9th, 
date changed ; at Chicago, 2392; 10th, at 
New York, 2633; 11th at Bait., 2792; 12th 
at St. Louis, 3931 ; 13th at Cleveland, 
3051 ; 14th at Chicago, 3173; at St. Louis, 
3311 ; 15th at Chicago, 4092. 

decrees, Rome, 10593. 

Democratic-Republicans elect J. Madison, 
1193; elect J. Monroe, 1292, 1371. 

Democrats, U. S. A., oppose internal im- 
provements, 1232; Locofocos appear, 
1452; party split by slavery, 1572,1651, 
167 2 ; long rule broken, 1532; decline in 
numbers, 1613; and the Army, 163 3 ; sup- 
port Kansas-Nebraska Bill, 1751 ; anti- 
slavery, coalesce with Whigs, 1771 ; enact 
prohibition in Me., 1783; white men's 
govt.; against freeing negroes, 2112; 
alienated from Lincoln by slavery, 2113; 
assail Lincoln ; win elections, 2153; anti- 
war against Lincoln, 2213 ; sympathy 
for VaTlandigham, 2233; called Copper- 
heads, 229 2 ; resist negro enlistments, 
2293; divided by war, 2393; in elections 
of 1867, 2592. 

social rule election in Ger., 8371 . 

Demoeritus, b.-d., 10191; on Milky Way, 
10211. 

Demoivre, Abraham, b., 6903; d., 7022. 

Demole, Chas. Etienne, minister, 755 2 . 

Demophoon reigns, 10133. 

Demorest, W. Jennings, for pres., 4092. 

De Morgan, Augustus, b., 9323; d., 9761 . 

Demosthenes, commander, 10201 ; aids 
Athenians; in Messenia, 10202; executed, 
10203. 

, orator, b.-d., 10231 ; against Philip, 

10241,10252,3; orations, 10251,2; politi- 
cal position ; complaint against iEehines, 
1025 2 ; exiled; returns; flees; poisons 
himself, 10253. 

Demme, Hermann, Christoph Gottfried, 
b., 8023; d., 8122. 

Deinniin, August Friedrich, b., 8122. 

Dempsev, Hugh F., guilty, 4222. 

Dempster, John, b., 1042; d., 2291. 

Denain, Fr., battle of, 6962, 7981 . 

Denant, Pierre, cons, bp., 5763. 

Denayrouze, M. aerophone successful, 9781 . 

Denbigh, E. of, title created, 881 1 . 

Denby, Charles, minister, 3513, 4473; re- 
turn ordered, 4672. 

Denderah, Temple of Athor, Egy., 6461 . 

Dene, Henry, arebbp. Canterbury, 8622. 

Denelle, Jean Paul, minister, 7553. 

Denham, Dixon, b. (1786) ; crosses Sahara, 
9402; d. (1628). 

, Sir John, b., 880 1 ; Cooper's Hill, 

8951 ; d. (1668). 

Denifle, Friedrich, HeinrichSuso, b., 5203. 

Denina, Giaeomaria Carlo, b., 10842; d., 
10851. 

Denis, Saint, b.-d., 6623. 



Denison, Tex., four women shot, 4063. 

, Edmund, elected bp., 9423. 

, John Evelyn, b., 9302; speaker, 9613, 

9633; d. (1873). 

, Sir Win., gov., Madras, 10491,2. 

, Sir Wm. T., gov., New South W., 

4972; pari, at Sydney, 4972. 

University, ( >., org., 1403. 

Mfg. Co., gift, 4793. 

Ileiinian, Karon, title created, 9451. 

, Thomas, b., 9082; d., 9382. 

, Baron, b., 9203; chief justice, 

9472; d., 9582. 

Denmark (See text, pp., 634-642), Feu- 
dal system; quarrel with Fr., 6353; 
unites with Norway and Swe., 11051 ; 
wrecks plundered, 6371; Oldenburg an- 
nexed, 785 3 ; free preaching est., 6363; 
war with Swe., 7961 ; returns conquered 
territory, 1135 3 ; Europai.sehe Zeitnnq 
est., 6871; armed neutrality, 9312; E n g. 
demands the fleet, 9333; alliance with 
Fr.,7173; [exchange of provinces, 5211; 
indemnity treaty with U. S., 1372; new 
constitution, 8191,3; war resumed with 
Prus., 5222; Sound dues refused by U.S., 
175 2 ; integrity guaranteed, 9571 ; treaty 
with Prus., 8192; royal manifesto, 8193; 
war with Aust.,5261 ; Eider Danish proc- 
lamation ; Schleswig annexed, 8222 ; 
Schleswig incorporation bill, 8223; Bis- 
marck's quarrel with, 8232; treaty for 
sale of W. I. Isles, 2592 ; mission, 2902. 

Denner, Balthasar, b., 7982; d., 8003. 

, Johann Christoph. b. (16,(5) ; invents 

clarionet, 7982; d. (1707). 

Dennewitz, Prus., battle of, 7201 . 

Dennie, Joseph, b., 76i ; Portfolio, llli; 
d. (1812). 

Denning's comet appears, 9881 . 

Dennis, John, b., 8882; d., 9082. 

Dennison, Wm., b. (1815); gov. O., 1903; 
resigns as P. M.-Gen., 2532; d.,3102. 

Denny, W., gov. Pa., 713. 

Denon, Dominique Vivant.b., 7003; d.,7242. 

Denonville, Jacques Rene de Bresay at- 
tacks Indians, 501 ; gov. Can., 503. 

Dennriseh, deserters gather, 5681 . 

Dens, Peter, b.-d., 5422. 

Denson, Wm. H., b., 1602. 

Dent, Alfred, charter Braz., 5522. 

, Dennis, d., I861 . 

, Father, against Bp. Ryan, 4062. 

, Frederick Tracy, b. (1820) ; d., 4201. 

, George, b. (1760 - >; speaker, 1092. 

, John Charles, b.(1841); Canada, 5843; 

Rebellion, 5851; d. (1888). 

, Herbert, b. (1782); d., 1302. 

, Julia T., marries V. S. Grant, 1643. 

Denton, Richard, b. (1586); Presbyterian 
services, 321 ; d. (1662). 

Dent's company, in Archipelago, 5522. 

Denver, Colo., legislature at, 2031; Uni- 
versity of Denver org., 2093; floods at, 
2332 ; Republican est., 2543 ; vicarate 
apostolic est., 267 2 ; made capital, 2652, 
3093; R. R. to Pueblo, 2793; breweries 
purchased, 3433; Rocky Mts. Conference 
org., 358 2 ; Nat. Republican League C011- 
ven., 4633; no mayor, 3813; Trans.-Mis- 
sis*dppi Coim.. 385i,3; silver men de- 
feated, 3853; Nat. Mining Cong., 3953; 
Dr. Graves' trial. 3971; Meth. Hospital 
and Home fnd., 3983; Bob Ford killed, 
4082; talcose silica deposits, 4161; fire, 
4213; dynamite explosion, 4352; troops 
withdrawn, 454 1 ; State and City conflict, 
4542; Police Board trouble, 4551,2; 
Union Depot burns, 4553; Irrigation 
Conven., 4713; woman strangled, 47G3. 

, James W.,b., 1202; gov.lS52; d.,4101. 

Meth. E. Conf., org., 2842. 

Pacific R. K., partly completed, 2713. 

and R. G. R. R. train robbers, 3903. 

University org., 2093 ; Mary Lowe 

Dickinson, Prof, at, 3383. 

Deoli mission, 10483. 

Deorham, Eng., British defeated, 8401. 

Deparcieux, Antoine, b., 6962; d., 7041. 

DePauw College fnd., Ind., 2543; School 
of Theology, org., 3183. 

Dependent Pension Bill vetoed, 3272; Bill 
intro.,3483; passes, 3552, 3571,3,3612, 
4072, 4092. 

DePere, Wis., Deliverance Society organ- 
ized, 386 2 ; coronation of statue, 4062. 

Depew, Chauncey .Mitchell, b., 1422; M.C., 
228 3 ; pres. Union League, 3511; a*' 
to Engineers, 3591 ; address, 4041 . 



1236 



Text Figures denote Page. l.NDJi..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Depe-Diaz. 



Depeyre, M., minister, 7491. 

De Peyster, Abraham, b., 401 ; d., 602. 

, John Watts, b., 1301 . 

Depoele, Van, Charles, J., d., 4021. 

Deportation Bill, Fr., 7552. 

Depping, George B., b., 8042; d., 8201 . 

Depretis, Agostino, b., 1085 1 ; minister, 
10893; d., 10901. 

Deputy speaker appointed. G. B., 9592. 

De Quineev, Thomas, b., 9223; works, 9411 , 
9551; d., 9622. 

iDeramore, Baron, title created, 9871. 

Derbingy, Pierre Auguste Charles Bouris- 
gay, b. (1829) ; gov. La., 1372. 

Derby, silk-throwing mill est., 9041 ; bri- 
bery in elections, 9591 ; Bp. Ware cons., 
10022; infirmary est., 10073; Federation 
of coal-mine owners, 10111 . 

, Earl of, title created, 8643. 

, Earl of. (See Stanley, Lord.) 

, George H., b., 1302; d., 1943. 

races; winners, 9213, 9813, 9833,9853, 

9873,9953, 10053. 

Derbyshire, Eng., insurrection, 9393. 

Dercos, Archbp., elected Gr., patriarch, 
(Joachim IV.), 11582. 

Dercyllidas, leader, 10221. 

Derelicts, bill for destruction, 4412,4431. 

Dereveeyah, Wahabis surrender, 4881 . 

Der Ereisrhiitz appears, 8121. 

Derglotz, Adm. Von, chief admiral, S321. 

Derham, William, b., 8882 ; d., 9082. 

Dermatological Asso., Am., org., 2901 . 

Dermbach, Ger., battle at, 8242. 

Dermody, Thomas, b., 9191 ; d., 9303. 

Derniot, King of Leinster, d., S46 2 . 

Der musika/is'-he Patriot, issued, 800 3 . 

Derosne, Chas.,b. (1780) ; discovers narco- 
tin, 7142; d. (1846). 

Deroulede, duel, 7642. 

Der Patriot est., S003. 

Der patrintixrh, Meilikus est., 8011. 

Derqui, Dr. S., b. (1810); pres., Argen., 4912; 
d. (1863). 

Derry, Ire., see erected, 8422; granted to 
companies, 8S1 2 . 

Der Vaderlander est. at Ghent, 5423. 

Der Vermin f'tter, first Ger. paper est., 7991 . 

Dervish Pasha, b., 11563. 

Derwent, Baron, title created, 9871. 

Der JVinsbecke est., 7823, 

Derzhavin, Gabriel Romanovitch, b., 
11143; Ode to God, 11171 ; d., 11163. 

Desaix de Veygoux, Louis Charles An- 
toine, b., 7041; d., 7142. 

DesArc.Ark., taken, 2182; moneyf'd,4313. 

Desart, Earl, title created, 9252. 

Desault, Pierre Joseph, b., 7003; d. 

Des Bordes, Gen., murdered, 4833. 

Descamps sentenced, 7623. 

Descartes, Rene, b., 6842; works 
sioned, 6891; d., 6883. 

Deschamps, Cardinal, d., 546 1 . 

, Augustin E-tienne Martin, b. (1819) ; 

works, 7231 , 7251 , 7333. 

, Eustaehe i. Morel), works, 6763. 

Deschanel, Emile Augustin Etienne Mar- 
tin, b. (1819) ; duel, 767 1 ; Lamartine, 764 1 . 

Descharges devises port-holes, 67S 2 . 

Deseret, State find., 1792; Univ. org., 2662. 

Deseronto, Q/tinte burns, 589 3 . * 

Desert Land Law, Bill passes, 3233. 

Deserted House, Va., action at, 218 2 . 

Desfontaines, Pierre Francois Guyot, b., 
6923; d.,7003. 

, Bene Louiche, b. (1750) ; Flora Atlan- 

tica,713i; d. (1833). 

Desford, Eng., li. R. collision, 9893. 

Desforges, Louis O., indicted, 4602. 

Desha, Jos., b. (1768) ; gov., 1332; d. (1842). 

Deshoulieres, Antoinette, b., 6882; Gen- 
siric, 6932; d., 6943. 

Desiderius, king of Lombardy, 10732. 

— -, bp.. stoned to death, 7711 . 

Desjardins, Jean, d., 6822. 

, Marie Catherine, b., 6883; d., 6923. 

Des Landes, Andre Francois Boureau, b. 
(1690) ; Belle Mainan, 7581 ; d. (1757). 

Desmaiseaux, Pierre, b., 6903 ; d., 7003. 

Desmarets, Jean. Chris l r isionnaires,69V . 

De Smet, Peter John, b., 5423; d., 5442. 

Desmichels, Gen. Louis Alexis, b. (1779) ; 
gov., 93; d. (1845). 

Des Moines, la., Mormon missionaries, 
2562 ; capital built, 2753 ; bridge de- 
stroyed, 2973; Drake Univ. fnd., 3082; 
syndicate, 3533; Gen. Kelley stays, 4582; 
College of Iowa, org., 2502 ; training- 
school opened, 3123, 



, 7102. 



pen- 



Des Moines Rapids, canal opened, 2973. 

, Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 2332. 

Desmond, killed, 8741 . 

, Earl of, title created, 881 1 . 

Desmoulins, Camille, b., 7023 ; leads Cor- 
deliers, 7071 ; executed, 7111. 

Desnoyers, Baron, Auguste Gaspard Louis 
Boucher, b., 7043; d., 7322. 

Desor, Edouard, b.-d., 11381. 

Despatch^ U. S. steamer, wrecked, 3933, 

Desportes, Philippe, b., 6803; d., 6862. 

Despres, Josquin, b. (1450±); d., 5402. 

Despretz, Cesar Mansuete, b., 7082; d., 
7362. 

Desprez, Julien Florian Felix, b. (1807) ; 
cons, cardinal priest, 7502. 

Dessalines, Jean Jacques, b., 722 ; gov. ; 
succeeds Toussaint ; crowned ; captured, 
10403; assassinated, 10402. 

Dessau, Bridge of, Ger., battle at, 794i. 

Desseilligny, M., ministry, 7472. 

Dessoles-Dccazes, ministry of, 7233. 

D'Ksterre, Mr., killed in duel, 9372. 

Desterro, surrenders, 5582; revolts, 559 2 . 

Destitute Children's Dinner Soc. est., 9711 . 

Destouehes, Philippe, Nerieault, b., 6923; 
works, 6972, 6992; d., 7022. 

De Tabley, Baron, title created; 9412. 

Detmold, Hermann J. b., 8083; d., 8201 . 

Detro, Thomas E., assassinated, 277 2 . 

Detroit, Mich., settled, 39 1 , 552; occupied, 
541, 552; besieged, 562, 722; Beletre 
surrenders at; conspiracy, 72 1; de- 
stroyed, 1133; surrendered; 1181; R. C. 
diocese, <n-g., 1422; St, Philip's Coll. fnd., 
1503; fire, 1653; anti-Nebraska conven- 
tion held, 1752; Meth. Epis. conf. org., 
1782; R. R. completed to Toledo, 1S3~3; 
Pr. of Wales at, 18S2; Harper Hospital 
opd., 2392; Confeds. plot, 2402; Public 
Library fnd., 2502; Daily Post est., 2522; 
Woodmere Cemetery est., 'J(i;i3 ; soldiers' 
monument unveiled, 276 1 ; Ereninq Xews 
est., 2S22; Michigan Coll., org., 1 " 2963 ; 
Asso. of Charities org., 3032; Michigan 
Coll. of Physicians and Surgeons opens, 
3223; bishop confirmed, 336 1 ; street-car 
strikes, 3823; G.A. R meets, 389i ; street 
railways sold, 3S9 3 ; R. C. teachers ex- 
cluded, 4162; fire, 4432, 4453, 4733; labor 
conflict, 4571 ; arbitration of strike, 4643; 
bribery of school-board, 470 2 . 

River, Mich., tunnel abandoned, 2833. 

& Toledo R. R. opened, 1833. 

Detroit, launched, 3941 . 

Dettingen, Bavaria, battle of, 514 2 . 

Deucalion, deluge of, 10131. 

Deusdedit, archbp. Canterbury, 8423. 

In nti <ronomu, written, 11463. 

Deutsch, Emanuel O. M.,b.,S142 ; d.,8281. 

Deutsch-Brod, Bohemia, battle of, 7841. 

Deutsche Allqemeine Zei/ung, est,, 8152. 

Deutsche Zeitung, est., 8163. 

Jhaitsche Museum-, est., 818 3 . 

Deutsche Rundschau, est., 8291. 

Devastation (Fr.), launched, 7521 . 

Devastation (Eng.), launched, 9741. 

I>eveaux Neck, action at, 240 2 . 

Develle, M., minister, 7553, 7G1 1 , 7632, 
7651, 2. 

Devens, Charles, b., 12S2 ; commander-in- 
chief, 2831 , 2872; minister, 2953; d., 3742. 

Deventer, Neth., surrenders, 6921. 

De Vere, Aubrey, Sir, b., 9243 ; d., 9522. 

, Thomas, b., 9363; -works, 

8873,9503,9963. 

, Maximilian Scheie, b., 1282. 

Devereaux, Capt., kills Wallenstein, 7953. 

, Robert, Earl of Essex, courtier, gen., 

b.-d.,S722; minister, 8753, 8772; attempts 
insurrection ; in Sp. ; takes Cadiz, 8761 ; 
lord.-lieut., S773 ; d. (1601). 

, , Earl of Essex, parliamentary 

gen., b., 8762; i n civil war, 8841; es- 
capes, 8842 ; d., 8862. 

, Walter, Earl of Kssex, b„ 8681 ; polit- 
ical conspiracv, 897 1 ; d. (1576). 

Devery, W. G., Capt., indicted, 4443. (See 
New York.) 

Deves, M., minister. 7532, 3. 

Deville, Henri Etienne St.-Claire,b., 7223; 
d., 7522. 

Devil's Bridge, Mass., vessel wrecked, 
3173. 

Lake, N. Dak., school for deaf mutes, 

3731. 

Devizes, Eng., surrender, 8861. 

Devon, Earl of, title created, 8711 . 

and Exeter Institution est., 9321 , 



Devonport, Eng., Icarus launched, 9921 ; 
Serpent, launched, 996 1. 

Devonshire, Eng., see united, 8463 ; title 
created, 899 1 ; Duke of, minister, 915 2 ■ 
reduces rents, 10033. 

Devozioni del Giovedi e Venerdi Santo, 
10771. 

Devrient, Gustav E., b., 8082 ; d., 82fii. 

, Karl A., b., 8063 ; d., 8281 . 

, Ludwig, b., 8042 ; d., 8142. 

, Philipp E., b., 8071 ; d., 8282. 

De Vries, David Pieterssen, est. Lewiston 
settlement, 332 ; on Staten Island, 372. 

Dew, remarkable, 9001. 

Dewangiri, action at, 10482. 

Dewdney, Edgar, min. of interior, Can.. 
5931. 

De Wette, Wilhelm M. L., b.,8042; d., 
8181 . 

Dewey, Chester, b., 961 ; d., 2582. 

, Geo., b. in Vt. (1837) ; apt. cadet (Sept. 

23, 1S54); in Naval Acad. (1854-58); on 
Wahasii in Mediterranean squadron 
(1858-59) ; on Mississippi, West Gulf 
squadron (1861-63) ; at capture of New 
Orleans (Mar., 1S62) ; at Port Hudson 
(Mar., 1SC3) ; in action below Donaldson- 
ville, La. (July, 1863) ; commis. lieut. 
(Apr. 19, 1861) ; on gunboat Agaivam, N. 
Atlantic blockading squadron (1864-65) ; 
in two attacks on Ft. Fisher (Dec, 1864, 
Jan.; 1865) ; commis. Lieut.-Commander 
(Mar. 3, 1865) ; on steamer Kearsarge, 
European squadron (1866) ; on Colorado, 
flag-ship of European squadron (1S67) ; 
in Naval Acad. (1SG8-69) ; commanding 
Narragansct, in special service (1870-71) ; 
on Torpedo Stat i< m (1872) : commissioned 
Commander (Apr., 13, 1872) ; command- 
ing Narraaanset, Pacific Survey (1872- 
75) ; Light House Inspector (1876-77) ; 
sec. Light House Board (1877-82) ; com- 
manding Juniata, Asiatic Station (1SS2- 
85); promoted captain (Sept., 1884); 
commanding Dolphin (i8S4i ; coramand- 
mg Pensaca/a, rhm-Mnpof European Sta- 
tion (1885-88) ; chief of Bureau of Equip- 
ment and Recruiting; rank of commo- 
dore, 2512 ; in Light"lh>u>e Board (1893- 
96). 

, Nelson, gov. Wis., 1652. 

, Orville, issues Christian Examiner, 

1271; d., 3101. 

Dewing, Thomas W., National Academy 
of Design, 3321. 

De Witt, Cornelius, Adm., b. (1623) ; in 
channel, 8S81 ; victories, 1100 1 ; torn in 
pieces, 11012. 

, , John, b.-d., 1100 3 ; pensionary of 

Holl., 11013 ; torn to pieces, 11012. 

, Thomas, pres. Reformed Synod, 

1322, 1342 ; d., 2842. 

De Witt's land explored, 4931 . 

Dewsbery, William, b., 8802 ; d. (1688). 

Dewsbury, colliery explosion, 10113. 

Dexippus, Publius H., d., 10283. 

Dexter, la., Dexter Normal Coll. opd., 3043. 

, Henry Martyn, b., 1301 ; d., 3701 . 

, J. Gregory, governor Providence and 

Warwick (1653). 

, Samuel, b., 723 ; d., 1242, 

De Young, shoots Mayor Kalloch, 3031. 

, M. H., World's Fair, 3633. 

Dhammapatia, written, 10431. 

Dharmapala assails Christianity, 4381 . 

Dhooden Khera in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 

Dhvus in battle at Leueopetra, 10281. 

Dial, appears, 1523. 

Dialectic Soe. fnd.. London, 9783; Eng. D. 
Soc. in 1867. 

Diamagnetic polarity proven, 9602. 

Diamond-cutting est. in Nuremburg, 7842. 

Necklace scandal, 707 1 . 

thief captured, 3871 . 

Diamonds dis. in Brazil, 573, 5541 ( 2 ; in 
Transvaal, 5981; hi Cape Colony, 5981, 
6002,3, G001,3; artificially made, 7521; 
presented to Queen, VO0 3 ; .Star of the 
South, 9602. 

Diana, Temple erected, 9162 ; burned ; 
rebuilt, 10231. 

Diane de Poitiers, b., 6783 ■ mistress of 
Henry LT., 6813 ; d., 6833. 

Diarbekir, church reorganized, 1158 1 . 

Diario <lt> fas Literates, issued, 11292, 

di Roma, issued, 10833. 

Noticioso, issued, 11292, 

Diaz, Bartolommeu, b.-d., 11092 j discov- 
erer, 5973. 



Diaz-Disa. 



Text Figures denote Page. IND1I.X.. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



1237 



Diaz, Bishop, beheaded, 4803. 

, M., murder in China, 480' . 

, Porfirio, b.; leads war, 10961; leads 

insurrection ; pres.; reelected, 1097' ; at- 
tempt to kill, 10973. 

— — del Castillo, Bernel, b.-d., 112G3. 

Dibble, Samuel, contested election, 311' . 

Dibdin, Charles, b., 9103 ; d., 9363. 

, Thomas Frognall, b., 919' ; d., 9542. 

Dicey, Edward, b.,9461. 

Dick, James T., b., 1422 ; d., 260' . 

— -, Thomas, b., 919' ; d. (1857). 

Dickens, Charles, b., 9302 ; visits U. S., 
155 2 ; Pres. Johnson receives ; in New 
Tork, 2G1' ; works, 9483, agca, 903' , 9682; 
d., 9742. 

Dickerson, Mahlon, b. (1770) ; gov. N. J., 
1252 j sec. navy, 1473 ■ resigns, 1492 ■ d. 
(1853). 

, Philemon, b. (1788) ; gov. N. J., 1472; 

d. (1862). 

Dickey, Miss., 'White Caps, 422'; negroes 
lynched, 424' . 

, J. J., office dynamited, 431' . 

Dickeys, Capt., at Mumfordville, 2163. 

Dickie, A. R., minister militia, Can., 5963. 

Dickinson, Anna Elizabeth, b., 1542 ; 
What Answer, 2643. 

, Baxter, b. (1795) ; moderator, 1503 • 

d. (1875). 

, Daniel Stevens, b. (1800) ; d., 252' . 

, Don M., chairman Democratic Cam- 
paign Committee, 4113 4132. 

, Edward, d., 2842. 

, John, b., 62' ; Liberty Song, 762 ; pe- 
tition, 792 ; pres. Council, 9:53 ; d., 1142. 

•, , bishop of United Breth., 2682. 

, T., World's Fair, 3633. 

, Jonathan, b., 502 ; d., 662. 

, Mary Lowe, Prof, at Denver, 33S3. 

, Capt., commands Pem/uiii, 123'. 

College, Carlisle, Pa., 963. 

Dickma, Herr, arrested, 823'. 

Dickson, Sheriff A., shot, 4503. 

Dictator, first Plebeian elected, 10533; last 
nominated, 10553. 

Dictionaries, Eng.; Johnson's, 9133 ; Web- 
ster's,1363, 1523, 2412; Worcester's (1860), 
(1888); Murray's (begun), 9923; Webster's 
International, 3722 ; standard, 4782. 

Dictum de Kenilworth, England, 855 2 . 

Diderot, Denis, b., 6963; works, 7012,3, 
7032,7052; d., 706'. 

Dido, asteroid, discovered, 302' . 

Didon, Pere, Life of Jesus, 7602. 

Didot, Ambroise Firntin, b.,7062; d., ?50' . 

, Firrnin, b., 703' ; d., 7262. 

, Francois A., b., 6983; d., 715'. 

Didron, Adolphe Nap., b., 7163; d., 7362. 

Didymus, grammarian, d., 6532. 

, the Blind, b.-d., 6342. 

Diebitsch, Hans Karl Friedrich Anton 
von, b., 11162; d., 11163. 

Diedenhofer, Ger., Diet of, 773' . 

Die Discurse der Midler, issued, 799' . 

Die Einsiedlerzeitung, issued, 809' . 

Diefenbach.Lorenz, b., 8082 ; Lexicon, 8163; 
d., 8302. 

Die Gegenwart, issued, 829'. 

Dielman, Frederick, b., 1623 j member 
Nat. Academy, 314'. 

Dieman, Anthony van, b.-d., 10983. 

Die Matrone, issued, 801 ' . 

Die Meistcrsinger, appears, 8243. 

Dieppe, bombarded, 694'; occupied, 743' . 

Diescach, discovers prussic acid, 7982. 

Dieschone Maejebyne, appears, 791' . 

Diesterweg, Friedrich Adolf Wilhelm, b., 
8043; d., 8243. 

Diet of Estates, France, 6722. 

Dietenberger, Johann, trans. Bible, 791' . 

Dietrich, Christian Wilhelm Ernst, b., 
7983; d., 804'. 

, Johann C, b., 7923; d., 7963. 

Dietrichson, Lorentz Henrik Segelcke, b., 
1104' . 

Dieterici, Friedrich, b., 8122. 

Karl F. W., b., 8043; d., 8202. 

Dietrick, Viola, sentenced, 4442. 

Dietz, Samuel, monument gift, 406' . 

Die Zauberlb'de, appears, 804'. 

Diez, Friedrich C, b., 8062; d., 8282. 

, John, sells absolutions, 7863. 

Diffenbach, Johann P., b., 8062. 

Differential calculus disc, 8902. 

Digby, N. S., vessel seized, 585 2 . 

, Baron, title created, 881' . 

, Sir Everard, b. (1578) ; gunpowder 

plot, 8792 ; d. (1606). 



Digbv, Sir Kenelm, b. (1603) ; d., 8922. 

, Henry, b., 9302; d. (1880). 

, Lord, administrator, 885'. 

Digges, Sir Dudley, b., 8742; imprisoned, 
8813; d. (1639). 

,Edward,b.(U',2ll);gov.,41t,433;d.(1675). 

, Leonard, glass lenses, 8741. 

Digliton, John, executes princes, 8653. 

Dijon, Fr., battle, 6622 ; acquired, 6732; 
bombarded, 7422; evacuated, 7431 ; occu- 
pied, 744' . 

le Mans, engagement at, 743' . 

Dike, asteroid, discovered, 736'. 

Dikes fail, Neth., 1099' . 

Dilettanti, society est., London, 908' . 

Diligence, wrecked, 9493. 

Dilke,AshtonW., for decimal system, 987 2 . 

, Charles Wentworth, b., 9243; d., %8' . 

, , b., 935' ; d., 9722. 

, , Sir, b., 9522 ; expenditure 

motion, 9772; a republican, 9772; Greater 
Britain, 10043. 

Dillingen, Ger., Univ. suspends, 809'. 

Dillingham, Paul, gov. Vt., 2512; d., 388'. 

, Wm. P., gov. Vt., 3332. 

Dillman, Christian Frederick August, b., 
8122; d., 836'. 

Dillon, Viscount, title created, 881' . 

, Count Arthur, b. (1750); erased leaves, 

7583; sentenced, 759', 2; d. (1794). 

, John, b., 95G2; address, 5002; M. P., 

arrested, 987' ; Irish agitator, 9883 ; 
Times attacks, 9973; S ;iils for New York, 
10013, 3711; arrested; trial, 1005'; re- 
leased, 1007' ; outrage against, 100S 3 . 

, Louise, b., 180' . 

, Sydney, will, 4083; d., 408' . 

, V. B., lord mayor, London, 10112. 

, Wentworth, Earl of Roscommon, b., 

8822; d., 8962. 

, Mr., killed, 735'. 

Dills College, at Piketon, 215' . 

Dillwyn, Mr., for disest. Ch., Wales, 10012. 

Dilolo, Lake, discovered, 560 2 . 

Diman, Jeremiah Lewis, b. 1382; d., 3062. 

Diraitri I., Duke of .Moscow, 1115 2 . 

■, D. of Russia, 11152. 

IT. rules Moscow, 11152. 

, (Otretief), impostor ; reigns, 1115' ,2. 

III., defeats Mai the Don, 1114' . 

, rules Moscow, 1115 2 . 

Dimmock, Chas., b. (1800); d., 2272. 

Diinond, Francis M., gov. R. I., 1753. 

Dinapur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . 

1'indorf, Wilhelm, b., 8082; d., 8302. 

Dingaan, defeated, 598' ; massacres Boers, 
598'; treachery, 5982; killed, 5992. 

Dingelstedt, Baron Franz von, b., 8102; d., 
380'. 

I ringhein, Mrs., linen starching, 870' . 

Dingledek, John, convicted, 4503. 

Dingley, Nelson, Jr., b., 140' ; gov. Me., 
2873; Worsted Bill passes, 3592; Bill in 
Supreme Court, 403' . 

Dingwell, Baron, title created, 8772. 

Diniz I., king, b.-d., 11092. 

Dinizulu, revolt of; surrenders, 6022+; 
crowned ; disturbances ; submits, 6032. 

Dinocrates rebuilds Temple of Diana, 
1023' ; defeats Philopcemen, 10263. 

Dinsmore, Hugh A., b., 168' . 

, Samuel, b. (1766); gov., 1393 ; d., 1442. 

, , b. (1799) ; gov., 1671 ; d., 2641 . 

Dinter, Gustav Flic. irieli.ii., 8023; d.,8142. 

Dinwiddie Ct. -House, Sheridan at, 2442,3. 

.Robert, b.,522; gov. Va.,692; d.,762. 

Dioceses established. (See Roman Cath- 
olic and Protestant Episcopal churches ; 
also names in alphabetical place for 
those in Great Britain and Colonies.) 

Diocletian, Cains Aurelius Valerius, b.-d., 
10662 ; against Christians, 0523; takes 
Alexandria, 6541, 10661 ; builds palace, 
106G 2 ; age of; cruelty, 10663; reigns; 
est. govt. ; divides empire ; sends ambas- 
sadors to China ; against Maximian ; ab- 
dicates, 10672,3. 

Diodato, doge of Venice, 10732. 

DiodorusSiculus, b., 10282; Library, 1029 1 . 

Diogenes, b.-d., 10211. 

, Laertius, b„ 10283; History of Phi- 

losophi/, 10292; Roman embassy, 10292. 

Diomed, wins Derby, 9213. 

Dion, statesman, b.-d., 10502; welcomedin 
Syracuse, 10233; k., 10252. 

,Cassius,b. , 10283 ; Rome, 10292 ; d. (230+). 

Dione, sinks, 9933. 

Dionis du S6jour, Achille P., b., 6983; d., 
7102. 



Dionysius, the Elder, b.-d., 10502; invents 
catapulta?, 10223; usurps govt., 10232; 
captures Rhegiurn, 10502 ; rules Syra- 
cuse, 10513. 

, the Younger, b.-d., 10502; reigns 

expelled, 10233. 

Cassias Loiiginus, works, 10292. 

Exiguus, Christian era, 1070 2 . 

1., Portugal, reigns, 11093. 

of Byzantium, b., 10283. 

of Halicarnassus, b., 10282; History of 

Rome, 10291. 

, St., pope, 10643; patriarch, 10662; d., 

10283. 

the Areopagite, d., 10283. 

Diophantus of Alexandria, b., 10303. 

Diorama invented, 724' . 

Dioscorides, b., 10282. 

Dioscorus, bp. at Ephesus, 10703. 

Diphtheria bacillus found, 4693. 

Diplomatic Correspond. of Tall, grand, 7582. 

Review, Fug., issued, 961' . 

Dipoenus sculptor, 10162. 

Directory est., Fr., 7113 ; conspir. against, 
713' ; elections hostile, 7l:ia. (See Paris.) 

of worship approved, Eng., 8843. 

Direct Tax. (See Tax.) 

Diriohlet, Peter G., b., 8082; d., 8202. 

Dirk I., reigns, 1099'. 

II., reigns, 1099' ; d., 10982. 

III., reigns ; makes history; subdues 

Friesians, 1099' ; d., 10982. 

IV. rules, 10991 ; attacks fleet, 1098' . 

V., Count, rules, 10991 . 

VI., rules, 10991. 

VII., rules, 10991 ; d., 10982. 

Dirkson, Adin., defeats Alva's fleet, 10981 . 

Disability Pension Bill. (See Pensions.) 

Disabling Act passed, Eng., 8951 . 

Disarmament in America, 3592. 

Disasters, marine, collisions, Am.: near 
Cape Girardeau, 50 deaths, 1633; Arctic 
with iceberg, 300 d. 1073 ; Ogilensburg and 
Atlantic, 100 d., 1713 • Arctic with Vesta, 
off Cape Race, 323 d. , 1773 ; John Rutledge 
with iceberg, 156 d., 1793; La Lgounaise, 
on sea with^sailing vessel, 116 d. ; Ocean 
Wave with Brit, vessel, 77 d., 1813 ; West 
Point with a steamer, 75 d., 2113 ; Metis 
with a schooner, 50 d., 2793; Pomerania 
with a bark, 48 d., 2993 ; Narrayaiisett 
wdth. sailing-vessel, 27 d. ; Mamie with 
Garland, 16 d., 3053 ; Sciota on Ohio, 57 
d., 3113 ; State of Fhrula with Pomena, 
123+ d.,3173; Oregon with schooner, 3233; 
lieacon Light with iceberg, 3593 ; C. H. 
Northern with Continental, 3<ft3; Viscaya 
withCornelius Hargvares.'t'ud., 3713; Uto- 
pia with Anson, 574 d., 3813 ; Alva with 
H. F. Dimock, 4133 ; Aztec with Sam 
Sloan, 4053; Dorian with Clara E.Simp- 
son, 3d., 4773. 

, , , Can. : Cynthia with Poly- 
nesia, 8d., 5873. 

, , , French : Ville de Havre, 

226 d., 7493. 

: , , Great Brit . -.Josephine Willis 

with Mangerton, 70 d. ,901a ; Bruiser -with 
Jlasu-cl!.l~><\.,'.H','.t3-, J\'nrwati</i/\\ith'Mary, 
34d.,9733; Northlhet, 300d..9773; Strath- 
clgde with Franconia, 17 d., 9813 ; Ava- 
Iclnche with Forest, 12 saved ; Knapton 
Hall with Lochfyne, 9 d. ; C. M. Palmer 
with Ladworth, 14 d. ; Princess Alice 
witliBywe/l Castle, 90O_;_ d,; Fanny with 
Helvetia, 17 d.; Mizpah, d., 9833 ; Brit. 
Commerce with ( Ouutu of Aberdeen, 1 ^ d., 
9913 ; Dione with Camden, 17+ d., 9933 ; 
Dolphin with Breitda, S d., 9953 ; Eap- 
unda with Ada. Gilmore, 298 d., 9973 ; 
Nereid-with Killocheen, 23 d. ; Largo Bay, 
10013 ; Countess Evelyn with City of 
Hamburg, 25 d., 10113. 

, , wrecks, etc., A in.: Monitor fndrs.; 

Fulton, blows up, 1373; J-Io/ne, wrecked; 
BlackHairk, explodes ; Moselle, explodes, 
1493; Lexington, burns, 1513 ; President, 
lost, fate unknown ; Peacock, wrecked ; 
Erie, burns, 1533 ; Malora, explodes, 
1553 ; Missouri, burns ; Shepherdess, 
sinks ; Lucy Walker, explodes, 157 3 ; 
Belle Zone, sinks ; Marquette, explodes, 
1593 ; Somers, capsizes, 1613 -, phamix, 
burns; A. V. Johnson, explodes; Blue 
Ridge, explodes, 1633; Clarksville, tmrns; 
Edward Bates, explodes; Ocean Mon- 
arch, burns, 1053; Caleb Grim s haw, burns 
at sea ; Louisiana, explodes ; Gri.ll/th, 
burns, 167 3 ; Anglo-Norman, explodes, 



1238 



Text Figures denote Page. IND.E.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Disa-Dodg'. 



169 2 ; John Adams, sinks ; Oregon, ex- 
plodes, 1693 ; Brilliant, explodes, 1712 ; 
Glencoe, Saluda, St, James, explode ; 
Henry Clay, burns ; Franklin, collapses ; 
Reindeer, explodes, 1713 ; Independence, 
wrecked, Cal. ; Jenny Lind, explodes ; 
Ocean Ware, Great liepulilic, burn, 1733; 
Secretary, explodes; I'oirhattan, wrecked 
on L. Island, 1753 ; Lexington, explodes ; 
Pacific, fate unknown ; New Jersey, 
ferry-boat, burns, 1793; Northern Indi- 
ana, John Jay, burn ; Northern Belle, 
wrecked, 1813 ; Central America, sinks 
at sea, 1833 ; Pennsylvania, Princess, 
explode ; Austria, burns atsea ; Pomona, 
wrecked, 1853 ; Luna, wrecked, 1873 ; 
Golden Gate, burns ; North America, 
founders atsea, 2113 ; Monitor, founders, 
2171; Gen. Lyon, burns at sea, 2453 ; 
Miami, explodes, 2513 ; Evening Star, 
founders at sea, 2553 ; Magnolia, ex- 
plodes; Sea Bird, burns, 2613 ; H. E. 
Arthur, explodes, 2733 ; iv, st field, ferry- 
boat, explodes ; Garni Ware, explodes. 
2753; Oceanus, explodes, 2773; Henry A. 
Jones, burns ; Atlantic, wrecked, 2813 ; 
Wawasset, burns; Virginius, founders, 
2833; Pat Rogers, burns, 2S53 ; Pacific, 
founders ; City of Waco, burns, 2893 ; 
St. Clair, burns, 2933; L'Ameriqite, runs 
ashore, 295 3 ; Metropolis, wrecked, 2993; 
American, rounders; Seaacanhetka, burns, 
City of Vera Cruz, founders, 305 3 ; Asia, 
wrecked ; West Point, burns, 3093 ; Ba- 
hama, founders ; Golden City, Robert E. 
Lee, burn ; Gold Dust, explodes ; Malle- 
ville, Wambe, wrecked, 3113 • Yazoo, 
sinks ; Grappler. burns, 313 3 ; City of Co- 
lumbus, wrecked, 3173 ; La Mas'cotte, 
burns; Flying Scud, lost, 3253 ; W. H. 
Gardner, City of Montreal, burn ; Mys- 
tery, capsizes, 3273 ; Alfred D. Snow, 
wrecked ; Juliet, explodes, 3293 : Snow 
Bird, wrecked; Kate A/lams, John H. 
Hannah, burn, 3313; Bristol, burns, 3333; 
Pettinqill, wrecked, 3373 ; Danmark, 
3393, 6423; Alaskan, founders, 3412; 
Corona, explodes, 3473 ; Germania, 
wrecked, 3492 ; City of Rome, ashore, 
3613; Tioga, explodes, 3033 ; Sea Wing, 
capsizes; William Rice, founders, 3653; 
Elizabeth, wrecked, 37:)3 ; Stralhairlif, 
wrecked, 3813; Despatch, wrecked, 3933; 
Oliver Bierne. burns, 3953 ; Nicaragua, 
wrecked, 3973 ; Venezuela, Polynesia. 
wrecked, 4013; Windermere, 4033 ; Flor- 
ida, ashore, 4073 ; Chicago, wrecked, 
4113 ; Western Reserve, breaks, 415 2 ; 
City of Atlanta, burns, 4233 ; Neronic, 
lost, 4273 ; City of New York, wrecked, 
City of Alexandria, burns, 4432; Jason, 
wrecked, 4453 ; La Champagne, ashore, 
4593; Plymouth, ashore; James D. Nich- 
oll, sinks, 41133 ; Massasoil. wrecked, 4753 ; 
Ozama, wrecked, 477 2 ; Annie J. Pardee, 
wrecked, 4773. 

Disasters, marine, wrecks, collisions, etc., 
Canadian : Borussia, founders, 10 d., 
5853 ; Uicron'rt, upset, several hundred d.; 
Asia, founders, 98 d. ; Algoma founders, 
5853 ; Shiloh, wrecked, 14 d., 5873 ; St. 
Lawrence, wrecked, 5892 ; Montreal, 
wrecked; Quinte. burnt, 5893; Georgiana, 
capsizes, 17 d., 5933 ; Loodiana, burns, 
crew d., 5953. 

, , , St. George, Ont.,Can., 10k., 

5873; at Stuttgart, Ger., 10k., 8333; G.B., 
Mary Rose, 8693 ; Haddington, lost, 253 k., 
9133 ; Meua.i, 60 d., 9233 ■ HJswell, 3863 ; 
Charlemant Packet, 104 d.,9253 ; Queen, 
369 d., 9293 ; yEneas, 340 d. ; Aurora, 300 
d.; King George, 125 d.; Prince of Wales, 
Rochdale, 300 d., 9333 ; William and 
Mary, 60 d.,9393; Alert, 70d.,9413; Lady 
Sherbrooke, 273 d., 9453; Hibernia, 150 d. ; 
Ainphitrite, 128 d. ; Lady Monro, 70 d., 
9473 ; Forfarshire, 38 d. ; Diligence, 56 d.; 
Win. Huskisson; Ld. Wm. Beutiuck, 85 
d. ; Ld. Castlcreagh, many lost; City of 
Bristol, 35 d.; Gov. Earner, 122 d. ; Wm. 
Browne, many d. ; Amanda, 41 d.; James 
Cooke, Abercrnmbie, liatiinson, Waterloo. 
many d. ; Reliance, 109 d., 951 3 ; Con- 
queror, many d. ; Jesse Logan, many d. ; 
Solway, many d. ; Amelia Thompson, 
many d. ; Pegasus, 52 d. ; Manchester, 30 
d., 9533 ; Exmouth, 230± d. ; Ocean Mon- 
arch, burns; Royal Adelaide, 400 d. ; 
Orion, 50 d., 9553 ; Edmund, 100d.; Ama- 



zon, burns, 102 d. ; Victoria, 9573 ; St. 
George, 51 d. ; Q. Victoria, 67 d.; Tay/eur, 
380 d. ; City of Glasgow, 480 d. ; Wile- 
Chester, mairyd.; Annie Jane, 348 d.; Dal- 
housie founders, 60 d. ; Prince, 144 d. ; 
Nile, all d. ; Geo. Canning, 96 d. ; Will 
o' the Wisp, IS d., 9593 ; Morna, 21 d. ; 
John, WO A.; Pallas, 72 d. : Violet, many 
d. ; Dunbar, 121 d.,9613; Austria, burns, 
471 d. ; India, 27 d.; Blervie. Castle, 57 d., 
9633; GnH«/«<!H,3r>d.,9(i53; Mars, 50 el.; 
Bencoolen, 26 d. ; Life Guard, fate un- 
known ; Ang/o-Setxon, 237 d. ; Stanley, 
Friendship. Dalhousie, 34 d. ; lUnnbay, 
burns, 91 k.,9673; Eagle Speed, 205 d. ; 
Ibis, 15 d. ; London, 220 d. ; Gen. Grant, 
85+ d. ; Ceres, 36 d., 9693 ; Hibernia, 
manyd. ; Italian, 26+ d.,9733 ; Cambria, 
170d.,9753; Gennau'ue.'li- d.; Delaware, 
45 d., 9773; Q. Elizabeth, 20 d.; Atlantic, 
560 d. ; Brit. Adm., 80 d. ; Cospatriek, 
burns, 470+ d. ; La Plata, S7 d. ; Cadiz, 
62+ d. ; Great Queensland, fate un- 
known, 569 d., 9813 ; Eurydice, found- 
ers, 300 d., 9S2i ; Cairo, disappears ; 
Mesopotamia. 8 d., 9833 ; Valentine, 16 d.; 
Vingorla, 06 d., 9S53 ; Teuton, 200+ d. ; 
Clan Macduff, 32 d. ; Bahama, 20 d. ; 
Livadia, 23 d. ; Kosmos, 21 d.,9S93 • Pan- 
ama, 20 d. ; Winton, 24 d. ; St. George, 
11 d" ; Langrigg Hall, 24 d. ; Raunure 
Castle, 30 d., 9913; Navarre, 745+ d. ; 
Dunstaffnage, 23 d. ; Wykeham, 22 d. ; 
Grappler, burns, 70+ d. ; Daphne, heels 
over, 124 d., 9913 ; Iris, 35 d. ; Auk, 22 d., 
9933 ; Merchantman. 70 -_ d. ; Frentoive.r, 
50+ d., 9953 ; Monarch, 11 d. ; Falls of 
Brucr, 24 d., 9973 ; Bolau, 33 d., 10013'; 
Thracian, 23 d., 10093 ; Triuacria, 31 d., 

10113. 

Disciples of Christ, (Campbellites), T. 
Campbell, 1143; lu Pa., 1163, 1183, 1343; 
Christian Bap/ist, 1312. Church of 
Christ org., 1343 ; Ky. Univ. est., 1463 ; 
in Ky., 1463, 1802, 3123, 3143. Beth- 
any Coll., 1563; Barritt Coll.. 1643; Chris- 
tian Coll., Mo., 1683 ; Christian Univ., 
173'; Eureka Coll., 1782; in III., 1762. 
Butler Univ., in Ind., 1782. Daugh- 
ters Coll., 1802; (Jskaloosa Coll., 2093; 
in la., 2093, 2083. Christian Coll., 
Ore., 2543; in Ore., 2543. Hiram Coll., 
O., est., 2583; in O., 2583. Add-Bau. 
Univ., Tex.; in Tex.. 2823. Christian 
Women's Board of .Missions, org., 2862 ; 
For. Missionary Soc, org., 2S82 ; Drake 
Univer., 3082; central « >'hio Coll.; Chris- 
tian Coll., Ky., 3122 ; Washington Coll., 
Cal.; Home Coll., Ky.; Ash Grove Coll., 
Mo. ,3143; inCal.,in Mo., 3143. Gar- 
field Univ., Kan.; for Temperance, 3242; 
in Kan., 3243. For annual conven- 
tions, see Text in each year. 

Discovery Harbor, Lieut. Greely at, 308 1 . 

Discovery, arctic expedition, 980' . 

Disease, prevention of, Act, 9612. 

Disestablishment, Irish, protested, 9702; 
resolutions, 9713; f Scotch Church de- 
feated, 10022 ; Act, Ch. of W., 10053. 

Disfranchisement Hill, Pitt's, 9233. 

Disloyalty in New England, 1233. 

Dismal Swamp Canal destroyed, 2063. 

Disraeli, Benjamin, Earl of Beaeonsfield, 
b., 9323; minister, 9572, 9632, 9692; pro- 
tectionist niotioti.957 2 ; inCong.of Berlin, 
831' ; Eeform Bill, 9633 ; ministry, 9712 ; 
resigns,973' ; works, 943' ,9.i.';i ,9703,;is63; 
ministry, 9792; d.,9882; statue, 990'. 

D'Israeli, Isaac, b., 9163; works, 927' , 937' , 
9503; d.,9542. 

Dissection of human body, 5402. 

Dissen, Georg L., b., 8042; d., 8143. 

Dissenters, Eng., favor colonists, 823; 
abound, 8723; named, 8903; toleration 
granted, 9063; Society for Religious Lib 
erty, 9523; trial of, 9043; eligible, 9433; 
ministers resign allowance, 9803; ad- 
mitted to university honors, 9463; union 
with, favored, 9782; Equality Bill, 10072. 

Distaff spinning introduced, 8662. 

Distemper, horses affected, 2793. 

Distinguished Sin-vice Order, inst., 994' ,3. 

District of Columbia, org., 1032; Brit, ap- 
proach; cabinet flees, 1233; slavery 
abolished; reconsidered, 1052; slavery 
preserved, 1672; Japanese embassy in, 
1873; slavery abolished, 2013; emanci- 
pation in, 2073; negroes vote, 225 2 , 259' ; 
contraband village in, 2292; elective 



franchise in, 256 3 ; real estate taxed, 
2713; govt, granted. 2732; Alex. E. Shep- 
herd, gov., 283 2 ; Territorial govt, abol- 
ished ; commissioners appointed, 2852, 
3012; Zoological Park, est., 340'. (See 
Washington City.) 

District Churches Act passes, 9722. 

Telegraph Co. org., America, 2813. 

Districts, Eng., divided into, 8892. 

Ditniarshes, Ger.,war with Denmark, 786' . 

Dittees, Friedrich, b., 8142. 

Dittlinger, P. W., defaulter, 391'. 

Ditton, Humphrey, b., 894' ; d., 9042. 

Di un Monacho che, etc., appears, 1077' . 

Diurnal Occurrences, appears, 8843. 

Diving-bell, first, 10243 ; used, 892' . 

Divorce, absolute decision, 347 2 . 

and Matrimonial Clauses Act, 963' . 

Bill passes, Fr., 7532. 

frequent, Fr., 7103. 

Diwer, Patrick, testimony against, 4522; 
resumes place, 4543 ; charges, 476' . 

Dix, Dorothea Lynde, b., 110'; Bill for 
insane, 175' . 

, John Adams, b., 108' ; see. treas. 

" Flag order," 191' ; at Fortress Monroe, 
2083; to St. Albans' raiders, 239', 582'; 
incendiaries at N. Y., 240' ; gov. N. Y., 
285' ; d., 3002. 

, Morgan, b. (1827), 1342; p re s. of Dep- 
uties, 346'. 

Dixey, Henry E., b., I6S2. 

Dixmude, Bel., captured, 6922. 

Dixon, County. Tenn., lynching, 465'. 

, 111., iron' bridge falls, 2813. 

, Archibald, b. (1S02); repeal Mis- 
souri Compromise, 175' ; d. (1876). 

, John, b. (1799); d., 2802. 

, Joseph, d., 2662.. 

, S. J., at Niagara Falls, 3673. , 

, Thomas, denounces Tammany, 4062. 

, Wm. Hepworth, b. (1821); New Amer- 
ican, 2603; d. (1879). 

Dixon's Compulsory Education Bill, 9812. 

Dixyvell, John, b. (1608); refugee, 413; d., 
(16S9). 

Djarkend, destructive earthquake, 1120' . 

Dmitrief, Ivan Ivanovitch, b., 11143; d., 
11163. 

Doane Coll. fnd. at Crete, Neb., 2782. 

, Geo. Washington, b., 1082; cons, bp., 

1402; trial begins, 1662; d., 1842. 

, J. W., Govt. U.K. director, 4473. 

, William Croswell, b. (1832), cons, bp., 

2642j regent univ., 4002; speech, 4022,3. 

Dobbin, James Cochrane, b. (1814); sec. 
navy, 1733. 

Dobbs, Ferry, N. Y., monument, 462'. 

, Arthur, b. (17S4) ; gov., 693 ; d. (1765). 

Dobell, Sydney Thompson, b.,9422; works, 
9563; d. (1874). 

Dober, O'Leonard, missionary, 622. 

Dobrentei, Gabor, b., 5163; d.,524'. 

Dobrowski, Josef, b., 5143; d., 5202. 

Dobrudja, ceded to Rumania, 11132; an- 
nexed to Turkey, 11592. 

Dobson, Austin, b. (1S40); Horace Walpole, 
10063. 

, Wm.,b., 8782; a. (1646). 

Dockers' Union, laborers' strike, 1005'. 

Dockery, Alex. M., b., 158' . 

Commission Bill passes, 4592. 

Doctor of music, first in Eng., 864' . 
Doctors, feyv in Eng., 8662. 
Doezi, Lajos, b., 5203. 

Dod, Daniel, b. (1788); d., 1302. 
Do-dar Island, occupied, 6182. 
Dodd, Mr., builds steam vessel, 928'. 
.William., b. <1729i; convicted, 9212; 

d., 9203. 
Daldiugton, lost, 9133. 
Doddridge, Philip, b.,9022; d., 9123. 
Dodds, Gen., in Dahomey, 764' ; against 

King Bohanzin, 1161 2 . 
Doderlein, Ludwig, b., 8043; d., 822'. 
Dodge, Grenville Mellen, b. (1831) ; Gen., 

near La Vergne, 216' ; at Pulaski, 2283; 

before Atlanta, 2363; Pres. Society 

Army Tenn., 393' , 4723. 
, Henry, b. (1782); gov. Wis., 1472, 

161'; d., 256'. 
, James Mapes, invents sewing-ma- 
chine, 126' . 

, Joshua E., in dept. of justice, 4473. 

, Marv Abigail (Gail Hamilton), b., 

138' ; works, 2133, 2043, 2723, 2842, 3223; 

Washing!. in Bible Class, 3962. 

, Mary Mapes, works, 2943, 303' , 3143. 

, Nath. Shatswell, b. (1810) ; d., 284' . 



Dodg-Doug. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIRA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1239 



Dodge, Theodore Ayrault, b. (1S42); Hanni- 
bal, 3963. 

, William Earl, b., 1122; pres. Evan. 

Alliance, 2562; d., 312' ; statue, 3221 . 

, , pres. Evan. Alliance, 3183. 

Dodington, George Bubli, b., 8082, d. (1762). 
Dodaley, Robert, b., 9022; a (1764). 
Dodson, John George, minister, 985 2 ; 

chancellor, 9S93. 
Dodwell, Edward, b., 9163; d. (1832). 
Dodworth, Harvey B., d., 3761 . 
Doe, Joseph B., in war dept., 4472. 
Doebereimer, Johann W., b., 9042 ; d., 

818' . 
Doeiteh Election Bill passed, 3392. 
Dot/all protects, 558' . 
Dogate, at Venice, 1073' ; at Genoa, 10773. 
Doggett, David Seth,b., 1162; ord. bishop, 

2522; d., 304'. 
Doherty, Police capt., dismissed, 4662. 
Dohnavur, mission, 10462. 
Dohrn, Anton, b., 8143. 

, Heinrich, b., 8143. 

Doivan surrenders, 4823. 
Dolabella, Lucius Cornelius, routs Sen- 
ones, 10522. 

,Publins Cornelius, b. (70 B.C.); Roman 

commander, 662'; d. (43 B.C.). 
Dolaro, Selina, d., 334' . 
Dolbear, Amos Emerson, b., 14S 2 ; system 

of telephone, 30S'. 
Dolce, Gen., exiled, 11313. 
Dolci, Carlo, b., 10823 ; d., 1083' . 
Dole, Sanford B., pres., 10413; reply, 451' ; 
4412,4673; meets minister Willis. 10413. 
Doles, George Pierce, b. (1830) ; d., 235' . 
Dolet, Etienne, b., 6802; burned, 6S12; d., 

6803. 
Dolgeville, N. Y., Koelzler murder, 4522. 
Dolgoroukoff, Prince, d., 1122' . 
Dolgoruki, Ivan Alexeioviteh, d., 11143. 

, Mikhailovitch, b.-d., 11162. 

, Peter Vladimirovitch, b., 11162 ; d., 

11182. 

, , murdered, 11172. 

, Vassili Vladimirovitch, b.-d., 11142. 

, Princess, marriage, 1121'. 

Dollars, gold, coined, U. S., 1673. 
Dollin, Capt., at Brownsville, Tenn., 2102 
Dollinger, Johann Joseph Ignaz, b., 8063 
works, 815 ,820 3 ; excommunicated, 8262 
rectorof Munich Univ. ; advocates union, 
8263; receives delegates, i)2S3; d.,832'. 
Dolliver, Jonathan P., b., 184' . 
Dollond, George, d., 9582. 

, John, b (1706) - r telescope ; aberration 

of light, 9142; d. (1761). 
Dolly's Brae, Orangemen riot, 955' . 
Dolomieu, Dedodat Guy Svl vain Tancrede 

Gratet de, b., 701' ; d.. 7143. 
Dolon, inv. theatrical exhibitions, 10162. 
Dolores, Chile, troops defeated, 608' . 
Doloughty, John, murder of, 9903. 
Dolph, Joseph Norton, b., 1442; Dolph 
Bill passes, 363' ,367' ; Chinese Bill,437' ; 
speech, 4383, 439 2 ; resolution, 4552. 
Dolphin arrives, 428' . 

collides with Brenda, 9953. 

Doman, dvnamite explosion, 5333. 
Domat, Jean, b., 6863; d., 6943. 
Domazlice, Imperial army defeated, 506' . 
Dombey, Joseph, b., 7002; d., 7123. 
Dombrowski, Jan Henryk, b., 11143 ; d., 

11163. 
Domenichino, Domenico Zampieri, b., 

paints St. John, 10822 ; d., 10823. 
Domesday Book completed, 8492. 
Domestic animals sent to America, 173. 

and For. Miss. Soc. org., 5842. 

comforts introduced, Fr., 6692. 

improvements, Fr., 6712. 

Domett, Alfred, b., 935' ; d. (1887). 
Dom Eurives appears, 1109' . 
Dominic de Guzman, St., b.-d., 11262. 
Dominican Republic, W. I. (See text, p. 
643.) Ceded to Fr., 7113 ; Fr. army ca- 
pitulates, 714' ; revolt in, 714' ,11302'; Sp. 
annexes ; Sp. relinquishes, 11313 ; Am. 
annexation treaty, 2692 ; rejected, 2712, 
2733; commission; report, 275' . 
Dominicans org., 1075' ; missions reduced, 
1523 ; revolt against, 172 ; from Pearl 
Coast; inNew World, 183; in Fla.; labor, 
Ala.; in Ala., 222; in Chile, 605' . 
Domingo, Santa Maria, pres. Chile, 6073. 
Dominique, Jean A., work, 719' . 

Baron Louis, d., 7263. 

, Michael, defeated and flees ; presi- 
dent, Haiti, 10403. 



Dominis, Marco Antonio de, b., 510 2 ; d., 

5123. 
Doniitanus, takes Alexandria, 655'. 
Domitian (Titus Flavins Domitianus Au- 
gustus), b.-d.,10622 ; reigns.10633; against 
educators, 1063' ; erects wall in Ger., 
1062' ; persecutes, 10042; murdered,10633. 
Domitius, L. (See Nero.) 
Domville, Sir William, lord mayor, 9353. 
Donaghadee, telegraph completed. 9593. 
Donald V. dethroned ; suicide, 845' . 

VII. reigns, 8492 ; dethroned, S49' , 2; 

blinded, 849'. 

, E. F., unseated, 3592. 

, Lord of the Isles, at Harlaw, 860' . 

Donaldson, Mormon bp., under arrest,36S 3 . 

, Edward, b., 1242. 

, James Lowry, b., 123' ; d. (1885). 

, John N., b., 935' . 

, William, b., 9362; d. (1861). 

, Washington H., balloon ascension, 

2893. 
Donaldsonville, La., action, 2143, 223' ,2 ; 

Federals defeated, 2243. 
Donar, Ger., gen., 7682. 
Donatello, b.-d., 10762; statues, 1078' . 
Donati, Giovanni Battista, b., 1086 2 ; dis- 
covers comets ; d., 1088 2 . 
Donation Bill passes, Fr., 7312. 

controversy ; bitter, 1068 2 . 

Donatists at Carthage, 1067' ; council 
against ; controversy ; elect Donatus, 
10682. 
Donatus, b., 9' ; elected bishop, 10682. 
Donauworth, Fr., defeat, 696' . 
Doncaster, Earl of, title created, 891' . 

, Are, 9593. 

Doneau, Hughes, b., 6S03; d., 6842. 
Donegal, Ire., distress, 9903. 

, Marquis of, title created, 9252. 

Donelson, Andrew Jackson, b. (1800); nom. 
vice-pres., 1792 ; TO te, 1812 ; d. (1871). 

, John L., nom. for vice-pres., 1792. 

Doneraile, Viscount, title created, 923' . 
Dongan, Thomas, b., 34' gov. N. Y., 482, 
492; charter bv, 503; protects Five Na- 
tions, 51'; d., 58'. 
Don Gioniuni appears, 804' . 
Dongola, Egy., evacuated, 6602. 
Dong-Song, Fr., captured ; evacuated, 4822. 
Donington, Baron, title created, 987' . 
Doniphan, Kan., farmers' feud, 2903. 

, Mo., Federals defeated, 2222. 

, Alex. Wm.,b. (1808) ; marches to Sal- 

tillo, 1002; at Sacramento, 162'; d.(1887). 
Donis, Nicholas, map, 12' . 
Donizetti, Gaetano, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. 
Don Juan, in Tunis, 11392. 
Donn, Bp. McAlister cons., R. C, 9962. 
Donne, John, b., 8742 ; works, 877' , 881' ; 
d., 8822. 

, Maria Dalle, d., 1542. 

Donnellan, Nehemiah, lord keeper, 901 3 . 
Donnelly, Ignatius, b., 1382; Great Cryp- 
togram, 3283 ; nom. for gov., 4112. 

, James, cons, bishop, 968' . 

Donnier, Col., Chinese defeated, 482'. 
Donop, Carl Emil Kurt von, Count, b. 

(1740) ; at Red Bank, SS ' ; d. (1777). 
Donoso Cortes, Juan, Francisco Maria de 

la Salud, b.-d., 11303. 
Donoughmore, Earl, title created, 931' . 
Donovan, Capt., killed, 600' . 

, Caroline, gift to Hopkins Univ., 347' . 

, Edward, b., 0283 ; d., 9482. 

, John, b., 9343. 

, Mr., in duel, 9212. 

Donus I., pope, 10722. 

II., pope, 1073'. 

Doo, George Thomas, b., 9302 ; d. (1886). 
Doolittle, James Rood, b., 1242 ; on Com. 
13, 1892; pres. Conven., 2533, 2792. 

, W. H., b., 168' . 

Dooly, John Mitchell, b., 762 ; d., 1342. 
Doran, John, b., 933' ; Fenian, sentenced, 
9703; d.,9822. 

, Bp. See of Leighlin ; murdered, 8663. 

Dorat, Claude Joseph, b., 6983; Mte de la 
poksie allemande, 7032 ; d., 705' . 

, Jean, b., 6783; d. (1588). 

Dorchester, Eng., unites with Sidnacester, 
8483; destroyed by Are, 8793. 

, Mass., fnd., 33' ; Heights taken, 82 

annexed to Boston, 269 r 
opened, 2763. 

, Baron, title created, 9232. 

, Baron. (See Carleton, Guy.) 

Dore, Paul Gustave, b., 7262; d., 754' 
Doremus, Robert Ogden, b., 132' . 



Dorfingen, Ger., battle of, 784' . 
Doria, familv in ascendancy, 1077 2 . 

, Andrea, b., 10783; frees Genoa, 10813; 

d., 10803. 

, Lamba, defeats Dandola, 1076' . 

Dorian, M., minister, 7412. 

Dorians besiege Athens, 1014' ; migration, 

1015' . 
Doric architecture, 1013' . 
Dorigny, Louis, b., 6902 ; k., 7002. 

, Sir Nicolas, b., 6902; d., 7003. 

Dorion, Sir A. A., d., 592' . 
Doris, asteroid, discovered, 732' . 
Dormer, Baron, title created, 881''. 

, Lord, in Parliament, 9452. 

Dorner, Isaac A., b., 8083; d., 8302. 
Dorpat, Rus., Univ. founded, 1115' . 
Dorr, Julian Caroline Ripley, b., 1322. 
, Thomas Wilson, b., 1122 ; leads Suf- 
frage party; rebellion, 155 2 ; tried, 1572; 
released, 1592; d. (1854). 
Dorrego, Manuel, Pres., b. (1787) ; shot, 

490', 3; captured. 4903. 
Dorset, Earl of, minister, 879' , 8833, 8992. 
Dorsetshire, waterspout, 1000' . 
Dorsey, George W. E., Bank Bill, 394' . 

, James Owen, b., 164' . 

— , John Syng, b., 96' ; d., 1262. 

, W., indictments, 3103, 3132. 

, Stephen W., b. (1842) ; indictments 

against, 3103,3132. 

, Mrs., bequest to J. Davis, 3032. 

Dort, Neth., villages lost, 1099' ; synod 

favors Calvinists, 1101 ' . 
Dortmund, Prus., miners dispersed, 833' . 
Dosquet, P. H., consecrated, 575' . 
Dost Mohammed Khan, b., 43; surrenders 
to Brit., 4'; takes Herat; forms regu- 
lar army, 42 ; ally of British ; sent to 
India; restored, 52; d., 43. 
Dostoyefsky, Fedor Mikhailovitch, b., 

11163; works, 11183; d., 1120'. 
Dosza, Kuruc, crusader, 5082 ; tortured, 

509'. 
Doterel, destroyed, 986' . 
Doty, James Duane, b. (1799) ; gov. Wis., 

1552,2413; d. (1865). 
Douai, Fr., annexed to Burgundy, 677 2 ; 
part of Sp. Neth., 0792; Univ. fnd., 6832; 
Bible printed, 087' ; annexed, 6973. 
Douay, Charles Abel, b., 719' ; d., 7382. 

, Felix Charles, b., 7223 ; at Belfort ; 

falls, 738'; defeats Commune, 7443; d., 
752'. 
Double Island, mission, 620 3 . 

refraction explained, 636 2 . 

Doubledav, Abner, b., 1282; ,1., 422' . 

, Thomas Donnelly, b. (1810) ; d., 2332. 

Douboussat, Numa, bribery, 4702. 
Douce, Francis, b., 9162 ; d., 9462. 
Doucet, Charles Camille, b. (1892) ; in 

Academy, 732' . 
Douck-Hanb, crowned ; d., 4S33. 
Dougherty, Col., at Charleston, Mo., 198' . 

, Daniel, b. (1820) ; address to Congress, 

3463 ; d., 414' . 
Doughty, Francis, banished. 342; in N.Y., 
363. 

, Richard, Presbyterian pastor, 36 3 . 

, Thomas, b., 1042; d., 178' . 

Douglas, Sir Archibald, at Annan, 858' ; 
d., 866' . 

, , Earl of Angus, usurps power 

banished, 8673. 

, A. G., cons, bishop, 9S62. 

- — , Baron, title created, 975' . 

, David, b., 9283 ; d. (1834). 

, Gawin, or Gavin, b., 8642; works, 

8663, 867' ; d., 8663. 

, George, b., 578' . 

, Gen. Howard, b (1776) ; gov. N. B., 

5773; d., 9642. 

, Earl of, at Homildon Hill ; at Nesbitj 

Muir, 860' . 
, James, Earl of Morton, regent ; re- 
signs, 8753; d., 8742. 

, , governor Vancouver, 5812, 

— — , Sir , invades Eng., 856' . 

, John Hancock, b. (1824) ; d., 416' . 

, Robert Kennaway, b., 9482. 

.Stephen Arnold, b., 121'; debates 

with Lincoln, 158'; in senate, 1632; 
prominent at Nat. Conven., 171'; intro. 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill; senate agrees, 
175' ; Lincoln challenges to debate, 177' ; 
candidate for nom. for vice-pres., 1803 ; 
proposes Committee of Five, 181' ; not 
elected senator, 181 2 ; opposes Lecomp- 
ton Constitution, 1832; joint debate with 



1240 



Text Figures denote Page. IN lJlt,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. DoUgf— Dubl. 



Lincoln, 185' ; nominated forpres., 1882; 
on Committee of 33, 1892; vote, 1883, 
1913 ; aids Lincoln, 1953 ; d., 1963 ; death 
mourned, 197' ; monument, 2553. 

Douglas, Wm, Earl of, murdered, 8633. 

, Mr., builds New York theater, 713. 

Douglass, Frederick, b., 126'; pres. of 
convention, 2653, 2773. 

Dounay, Maurice, work, 7662. 

Dour, Belg., mine explosion, 5473. 

Douro, Spain, battle of, 718'. 

Douville, Jean Baptiste, b. (1794) ; dwells 
in Kongo, 1093'. 

Douzy, Fr., Germans attack, 7402. 

Dove, emigrant ship, 322. 

Dove, Heinrich W., b., S082 ; d., 830' . 

-, Richard Wilhelin, b., 8142 ; d. (1879). 

Dover, Del., Epis. ch. erected, 57' ; peace 
conven., 1972 ; Rodney monument, 346' . 

, Eng., resists Fr., 670' ; steamboats to 

Calais, 9413 ; admiralty pier, 9533 ; tele- 
graph with ' >slend, 9593 ; and Deal R.R. 
opd.,9873; Municipal huildings and park 
opd., 9913 ; Bp. Eden rous., 1U042 ; har- 
bor works, 1011 3 ; cliff falls, 9582. 

, Me., earthquake, 3521. 

, N. H., settlement, 31', 2, 3; Cong. 

Church org., 342; Indians attack, 50'; 
Agricultural Coll., 3542; Hitchcock Me- 
morial Hospital, dedicated, 429'. 

, O., railway accident, 3873. 

, Term., Confederates defeated, 2182. 

and Chatham Co., amalgamates, 9832. 

College, Eng., established, 9743. 

Dow, Lorenzo, b., 89' ; d., 1422. 

, Neal, b., 112'; bill becomes Maine 

law, 169'; calls out militia, 1763 ; nom. 
forpres. ; vote, 305'. 

Dowden, Edward , b., 9522. 

, John, cons, bishop, 9962. 

Dower, missionary, retained, 6003. 

Dowler, Bennet, b., 1062 ; d. (1879). 

Dowling, Thomas J., cons, bishop, 5843. 

, Irish agitator, wounded, 9903. 

Down, Ire., bishopric est., 3403 j see unites. 
8622 ; Bp. Reeves cons., 9962; Cathedral 
rededicated, 8503. 

Downe, Viscount of, title created, S943. 

, Com. John, b. (1784 ?) ; captures At- 
lanta, 2223 ; d., 176'. 

, Wm., lord chief justice, 9313. 

Downey, John G-.,gov.Cal., 1903; d., 452'. 

, Col., at Moorefleld, W. Va., 208' . 

Downie, George, Adin., at Plattsburg, 1222; 
d. (1814). 

Downing, Andrew J., b., 1242 ; suggests 
Central Park ; d., 170' . 

, John, killed, 9863. 

— — , S. B., nom. for governor, 345' . 

Downs, Spanish defeat, i>90' ; naval battle, 
888', 892'. 

Downshire, Marquis of, title created, 923' . 

Dowse, Richard, d., 10022. 

, Thomas, b., 762 ; d., 178' . 

Dowze, Judge, reports on country, 987 ' . 

Doyle, A. Conail, works, 10043. 

— -, Sir O.H.,lieut.-gov.N.S., 5792,583', 2. 

, Sir Francis Hastings, d., 9982. 

, Jeremiah, cons. R. C. bishop, 9962. 

, Richard, b., 9422. 

College, founded, Tenn., 3183. 

Draco, b., 10142 ; laws, 10171. 

Draft, ordered, U. S., 2113 ; in S. Confed., 
2253, 2301,3, 2312; riot, N. Y., 2252; 
stopped, 2472. 

Dragali, capture of, 5301 . 

Dragoman Pass, Bulgaria, defended, 5061 ; 
Bulgaria wins, 5662. 

Dragoon Guards, formed, Eng., 8961. 

Dragut, gov. of Tripoli, 1138' ; d. (1565). 

Drain, Ore., Normal School est., 3223. 

Drake, wrecked, 940' . 

Drake, Benjamin, b. (1794) ; d., 186' . 

, Col., at Pine Bluff, 232'. 

, Daniel, b., 962 ; d., 170' . 

, E. L., finds petroleum, 1853. 

, F. M., president, 3242. 

, Sir Francis, b., 8682; marauder, 24'+; 

explorer, 243±; on Pacific coast, 630' ; 
intro. potatoes, 8733 ; in?W. I. ; voyage, 
874' ; Arctic expedition, 8742; commands 
Eng. fleet, 876' ; intro. tobacco, 8772 ; 
attacks Vigo, 1128' ; d., 8762 ; memorial, 

, - — Samuel, b., 136' ; d., 320' . 

, Friedrich, b., 8082 ; d., 8302. 

, John A., robbed, 4423. 

— , Joseph Rodman, b., 106' ; works, 
763, 1283, 1443 ; d., 1282. 



Drake, Samuel Adams, b. (1833) ; work, 
3962. 

, Samuel Gardner, b., 108' ; d. (1875). 

University founded, la., 3082. 

Drama, Eng., sacred; first comedy, 870' ; 
forbidden, 885'; females in, 8881 ; 890'; 
indecency prevails ; correction of, 901 ' ; 
Play License Act, 9093 ; theatrical fund 
est., 915 2 ; in Rome, 1053'; sacred, li- 
censed, Fr., 1078' ; first in Europe at 
Rome, 10S0' . (See Theater.) 

Drauesville, Va., action at, 2003 ; Confeds. 
defeated, 202' ; Federals defeated near, 
2202, 2302. 

Draper, Alonzo Granville, b.(1835);d., 248'. 

, Henry, b., 1482 ; photographs nebu- 
las, 308' ; d., 3102. 

, John Christopher, b., 1442 ; d.,3202. 

, W., b., 935' . 

, Wm., b., 1162; makes daguerreo- 
types, 152' ; Ciril War, 2003; d., 310' . 

, F., b., 1542. 

, Sir , spectra, of stars, 2S0' . 

Drasa, Peter R. Kendrick, bishop, 1542. 

Drave River overflows, 534' . 

Drayton, Henry, b., 152' . 

, John, governor S. C, 1112, 1153. 

, Michael, b., 872' ; works, 877' , 8802 ; 

d. (1631). 

, Percival, b. (1812) ; d., 248' . 

, William Henry, b., 642 ; d., 912. 

Dreadnought, built, 984' . 

Drebbel, 'Cornells Van, b. (1572); inv. al- 
cohol thermometer, 880' ; microscope, 
10982 ; thermometer ; submarine ship, 
11002 ; d. (1634). 

Dred Scott Case ; decision rendered ; free- 
dom unconstitutional, 183' ; reacts, 183 2 . 

Dreher, Virginia, b., 184' . 

Drelincourt, Charles, b., 6842 ; d., 6903. 

Drentelen, Gen., attempt to assass., 11203. 

Drepanius, Latimus, d., 6623. 

Drepanum (Trapani), action near, 10523. 

Dresden, Saxony, fnd., 7812 ; capital city, 
7913; alliance find. ,7993 ; peace of, 8013; 
bombarded ; captured, 892' ; held by 
Aust., 8093; battle of; retaken, 810'; 
Napoleon enters, 811'; siege of, 520'; 
occupied, 7183, 822'; taken, 7202 ; con- 
ferences, S192 ; insurrection, 8183 ; Prus- 
sians in, 526' ; Art Academy opd., 832' . 

china first made, 7982. 

Dressed Beef Law unconstitutional, 3592. 

Dreux, Fr., Protestants defeated, 682' ; 
Fr. army repulsed, 7423. 

Drevet, Pierre, b., 6943; d., 7002. 

Drew, Daniel, b. (1788) ; d., 3022. 

, George F., gov. Fla., 2973. 

, John, b., 1722; d. (1862). 

, Mrs. John (Louisa Lane), b., 9382. 

, Samuel, b., 9162; 9462. 

, Thos. S., gov. Ark., 159' . 

Theological Seminary fnd., 254 3 . 

Drexel, Anthony Joseph, b. (1826) ; est. 
D. Indus. Coll., 3362; d. (1893) ; will, 4341 . 

, Mrs. Joseph, gift, 3341 . 

, Kate, Sister of Mercy, 3383 ; takes 

black veil, 3522. 

Industrial College, fnd., 3362. 

Institute, Phila., ded., 3961 . 

Dreyfus, Albert, duelist, 7593; charged with 
treason, sentenced, and degraded, 7671 . 

, chief rabbi of Fr., 7622. 

Dreyschock, Alexander, b., 8122; d. (1869). 

Dreyse, Johann N. von, b., 8043; invents 
needle-gun, 8141; d., 8243. 

Drobudsha occupied, 5651 , 

Drogheda, Ire., taken, 8862 ; Fenian up- 
rising, 9703; for Home Rule, 9792; Ten- 
ants' Defense, 10023. 

, E. of, title created, 8911 . 

, Marquis of. (See Seymour, Sir 

Henry F.) 

Drogo, duke of Apulia, 775 3 . 

Dromore, Ire., see erected, 8403. 

Drontheim, or Trondhjem, Nor., bishopric 
fnd., 11053 ; polar expedition 5301 . 

Droop Mountain, Confed. defeat, 2281. 

Drouais, Jean Germain, b., 7031 ; d., 7062. 

Drouet d' Erlon, Gen. Jean Baptiste, 
b. (1765) ; gov., 93; d. (1844). 

Drouyn de Lliuvs, Edouard, b., 7163; on 
mediation, 2153; d., 7522. 

Drowne, Deacon Shem, vanes, 662. 

Droysen, Johann G., b., 8083; works, 8151 , 
8182,8203; d., 8302. 

Droz, Antoine Gustave, b., 7262; works, 
7363, 73S3, 7483, 7S42. 

' 7043; d., 7302. 



Druell, Judge, decides governorship, 2793 . 

Druids, religion proscribed, 6623 ; in Brit- 
ain ; sacrifice criminals ; power, 8392; in 
Ger., 10632. 

Druillettes, Gabriel, missionary, 38' ; at 
Sault St. Marie, 442. 

Drum, Gen. Richard Coulter, b. (1825) ; 
succeeded by Kelton, 3401 . 

Drumclog, Scot., action at, 8941 . 

Drumgoole, John C, b. (1828) ; d. (1888) ; 
statue, 4561 . 

Drummond, Gen. Sir Gordon, b. (1771) ; 
besieges Ft. Erie, 1222; at Lundy's Lane, 
1222; gov. Can., 5773; d. (1854). 

, Henry, b. (1851) ; Ascentof Man,Vmz. 

, Thomas, b.,92s3 ; ] no* luces limelight, 

9421; light mT ., 8602; d., 9502. 

.William, gov. N. C.,393, 423; hanged, 

472. 

, , of Hawthornden, b., 8742; works, 

8802, 3; d.,8862. 

Drunkenness, death penalty, Scot., 8451. 
(See Temperance.) 

Drury College, Mo., fnd., 2823. 

Drury's Bluff, Va., Butler at, 233' . 

Druse, Roxalana, murderer, hanged, 3263. 

Druses, fnd., 6552; Maronite war, 11581 , 2. 

Drusus, Csesar, b.-d., 10622. 

, Germanicus Claudius Nero, b.-d., 

1003; ha Ger., 7681 ; extends Roman rule, 
10621; poisoned, 10631. 

, Marcus Livius, changes land laws ; 

tribune, 1057 2 ; bills of ; assassinated, 
10573. 

Dryad, in naval engagement, 9361. 

launched, 1010 1. 

Dryden, John, b., 8822; works, 8883, 8903, 
8911,8931,8943,8963,8983,9003; d.,9022. 

Drysdale, Hugh, gov. Va., 613. 

Drzislav, Pr. of Croatia, 5031 . 

Duane, James, b., 621 ; mayor, N. Y.,973. 

, William, b., 722; d., 1442. 

, ■ John, b., 931 ; refuses to remove 

funds, 1432; dismissed, 1433; d., 2481. 

Duba, Baron Andreas de, constitution 
for Bohemia, 5071 . 

Dubarry, Q. M., com. brig.-gen., 364'. 

Du Bellay. (See Bellay.) 

Dublin, Ire., built, ,s;(93; Christianity est., 
8403; St. Patrick's Cathedral est., 8403, 
8503; captured, 8441 ; partly built ; walls 
built by Danes, 8452; Battle of Contarf, 
8461; Christ's Church built, 8463, 8522; 
named, 8471 ; archbp. cons. ,8483; Strong- 
bow takes, sr.ni ; archbishopric est., 8502; 
chartered, 8512, and by James II. (1609) ; 
Black Monday massacre ; citizens ex- 
communicated ,852 2 ; Castle built,princes 
do homage to K. John, 8531 ; De Decer 
first provost, 857 2 ; mayor's privileges; 
Thos. Cusack, first mayor, 8613; plague, 
8653; Christ's Church Deanery, 8683; St. 
Patrick's Cathedral desecrated, 8691 ; 
cathedral restored, 8703; trial by com- 
bat, 8711; Celtic printing intro., 8743; 
Trinity Coll. fnd., 877i , and chartered, 
8783, 8831 ; articles of religion est., 8802; 
Werburg Street Theater est., 8821 ; sur- 
rendered to Parliamentarians, 8861 ; be- 
sieged by Irish Royalists, 6862; Orange 
Street Theater est.; 8901 ; Coll. of Physi- 
cians fnd., 8923 ; Cromwell in (1649 ,Aug.); 
blue-coat hospital, S031; Essex Bridge 
est., 8941; Royal Hospital fud., 8943; 
Queen's Bridge built (1684) ; Dublin 
News Letter est., 8963; earthquake, 8982; 
D. Intelligencer est.; Trinity Coll. bar- 
rack, 8983 ; James II. arrives ; Irish Pari, 
meets, 8983, 8992 ; Ptie's Occurances 
est., 9003; laws against Catholics, 9012; 
lamp-lighted (f698) ;D. Gazette. est., 9043; 
Aungier St. Theater est., 9081 ; Crow St. 
Music Hall est. ; Royal D. Soc. fmd., 9081 ; 
ineorp. (1749) ; D. Coll. Library est. , 909 1 ; 
Infirmary fnd., 9092; Linen Hall opd.; 
Pari. House begun, 9093; Chapel Street 
Theater est., 9102; Fishamble Music 
Hall est., 9102 ; Foundling Hosp. est. ; 
EsdaUe's Xewx-Letter changed to Saun- 
der's ; Literary Journal est. ; Lying-in 
Hospital fnd., 9112 ; St. Patrick's spire 
erected, 9131 ; Crow Street Theater 
Royal, est., 9142, 9401 ; Trinity Coll. 
erected,'9152; Queen's Bridge destroyed, 
9173, and rebuilt, 9162; Freeman's Jour- 
nal issued, 9163 ; Hibernian Soc. org. ; 
Marine Soc. est., 9172; Royal Exchange 
begun, 9181 ; General PavingAct passes ; 
penny post est., 9193 ; state lottery 



Dubl-Duhr. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1241 



drawn, 9212; custom house built, 9212; 
Knights of St. Patrick org., 923 1 ; ob- 
servatory est., 9222; Bank of Ireland 
est., 9233; inundated, 924 1 ; police est. 
(1786) ; Royal Irish Acad. est. ; Surgeons' 
Soc. fnd. ,9241 ; D. Library inst.; D. Royal 
Coll. of Surgeons est., 925 1 ; police stat- 
ute, 9203; first steam-engine iu, 926 1 ; 
Maynooth Coll. fnd., 9271 ; Carlisle 
Bridge opd. (1794) ; The Press; est. ; sup- 
pressed, 9291; City Armed Asso. find., 
3292 ; insurrection ; L. Fitzgerald ar- 
rested; union with Eng. voted, 9293; 
Emmett's insurrection, :);.;oi ; Lift'ey Val- 
ley inundated, 9302; j_>. institution fnd. ; 
theater riots, 9372, 9392, 9412 ; Clare- 
mont Deaf and Dumb Asy. est., 9392; 
Hawkins Street Theater opd., 9401; 
George IV. visits; "bottle riot," 9412; 
gas intro.,9433; Irish nat. school-system 
est., 9443; Brit. Asso. meets, 9461; D. 
Royal Soc. org. (1831) ; Hibernian Acad, 
fnd., 9411 .ja. Whately.archb.,9442; rail- 
way to Kingston opd, ; Zoological Gar- 
dens opd., 9461 ; D. University Maya::ine 
est., 9463; destructive storm, 94S2 ; D. 
Review est., 9483; Mt. Jerome Cemetery 
cons., 9493 ; Irish Archaeological Soc. 
find., 9501 ; Queen's Theater, Brunswick 
St., est., 9521 ; Maynooth Coll. endowed, 
9523 ; O'Connell's arrest, 9532 ; J. Mit- 
chell's and O'Brien's arrest, 9552 ; Irish 
Felon suppressed ; Nation suppressed, 
9543 ; Fenian funeral demonstrations ; 
Fenians shoot policemen ; Weekly News 
libel ; Kildare annexed, 9551 ; Queen 
visits, 9553 ; Great Aggregate meeting, 
SoS^-Jrish Quarterly Ih rieu: est.; Queen's 
Univ. est., 9563 ; (see Royal Univ. of Ire.) ; 
Electric telegraph to London ; Royal 
Exchange est., 9573 ; Nat. Gallery est., 
9582 ; Industrial Expos, opd.; Queen 
visits, 9593 ; British Association meets, 
9602 ; riots, 9631 ; Fine Arts Exhibition, 
9641 ; Queen visits, 9651 ; Maynooth Coll. 
enlarged, 9643; o'CouncH's statue; Gold- 
smith's statue, 9662, 3; R. C. Trench, 
archbp., 9663 ; religious riots, 9672 ; in- 
dustrial Exhibition opd., 9673 ; Irish 
People seized ; Queen's Univ. chartered ; 
St. Patrick's Cathedral restored, 9682 ; 
Fenian disturbances, 9683 ; and trials, 
9691 ; proclaimed, 9692; lnt.u-nationalEx- 
hibition opd.; 9693 ; Conf. of Bps., 9702; 
Irish Coll. of Science est., 9701, 2 ; Fenian 
uprising ; Liverpool Fenians arrested, 
9703; two policemen shot ; Pr. of Wales, 
welcome; Irishman, prosecuted, 9711; 
Smith O'Brien statue ; British Asso. 
meets, 9741 ; Home Government Asso. 
meets, 9752 ; Brown Hospital endowed, 
9771 ; Fine Arts and Industrial Exhibi- 
tion opd. ; Spencer Dock inaug., 9773 ; 
Cath. Union re-org., 9782 ; Roman Cath. 
Coll. proposal rejected, 9733 ; Grattan 
statue, 9801; Christ Church cathedral 
reopened, 9822 ; Archbp. McCabe cons., 
9S23 ; anti-land league pastoral, 9842; 
Moore centenary eel., 9843 ; Home Rule 
meetings, 9851 ; Royal Theater burned, 
98.") 3; Queen's Univ. dissolved into Royal 
Univ., 9862 ; United Ireland, est., 9S63 ; 
proclaimed ; agitators in jail, 9871 ; 
Hawkins Street Tbeater burned ; pro- 
claimed, 9873 ; Social Science Asso. 
meets, 9881 ; Parnell imprisoned ; Irish 
Invincibles org. ; riots ; HomeJJUile 
meeting, 98S3 ; Phoenix Park murders 
(see Phoenix Park) ; arms prohibited, 
9S91 ; O'Connell statue ; Orange St. The- 
ater opd., 8901 ; plot against govt, mem- 
bers ; detectives assaulted ; martial 
law; police difficulties ; constabulary; 
settled, 9903 ; Vigilance murder organi- 
zation, 9911 j Exhibition Irish Arts, 
9913 ; Museum of Science and Art est., 
9921; Archbp. Walsh cons.; Archbp. 
Plunkett cons., 9922; p r . of Wales visit, 
9931 ; Lord Mayor imprisoned; deer 
forests raided, 9972; Pope's interference 
resented, 9983, 10002 ; distillery syndi- 
cate, 10013 ; Science and Art Museum 
opd. 10041 ; National Press est., 10043; 
Irish Nat. League meets, 1005 1 ; Nat. 
Federation Conv. opens ; United Ireland 
reappeais, 1005 2 ; Daily Irish Indepen- 
dent est.; Nation suspends; Freeman's 
Journal and Nat. Press united, 10063 ; 
dynamite explosion, 10083 ; rioting, 10083, 



10103; demonstration, 10091 ; riots, 10103; 
Parnellite Conven. meets, 1011 1; V. B. 
Dillon, lord mayor, 10112. (See Phoenix 
Park ; see Trinity College.) 
Dublin Castle, burned, 8973. 

University, females admitted, 10103. 

Bill, rejected, 9773. 

Dubois, Fred. T., b., 1682; Senator, 3972. 

, Guillaume, b., 6902; d., 6982. 

Du Bois, Gualterus, b. (1666) ; pastor Ref. 

Dutch Church, 711 ; d. (1752). 

, Raymond E. H., b., 8122. 

, Win. Ewing, b.,1162; d., 3081. 

Dubois-Pigalle, Paul, b., 7243, 

Dubos, Jean Baptiste, b., 0922; -works, 

6991,2; d., 7002. 
Duboscq, Jules, b. (1817) ; improves sac- 

charometer, 7301 ; electric light, 7321. 
Dubost, M., minister, 7671. 
Dubravka, Princess, < Christian e!forts,5022. 
Dubs, Jakob, b.-d., 1138 1. 
Dubufe, Claude Marie, b., 7062; d., 7362. 

, Edouard, b., 7223; d., 7541. 

Dubuque, la., R. C. diocese est., 1483; St. 

Joseph's Coll. est., 2822; School for Deaf 

opd., 3191 ; lead-mine discovered, 3541 . 
I>u Camp, Maxime, b., 724i ; d., 7661 . 
Du Cange, Charles du Fresne, b., 6862; 

d., 6942. 
Ducarel, Andre Coltee, b., 6963; d., 7061. 
Ducas, Michael, b., 10343. 
Ducasse, Capt. Jean Baptiste, b. (1640) ; 

at Cartagena, 6942; d. (1715). 
Ducat, struck in Venice, 10753. 
Due d'Aquitaine, lost, 9142. 
Duchachet, Henry, b.(1796); d., 24S2. 
Du Chaiilu, Paul Belloni, b., 7262; works, 

1802, 1991, o 60 3, 2651, 2771, 3503, 47s 1 ; 

exhibits at Royal Inst., 9G82. 
Duchatel, Charles Marie Tanneguy, b., 

7143; d., 7362. 

, Pierre, d., G822. 

Duche, Jacob, b.. 642; chaplain of Con- 
gress, 782, 792, d., 1081 . 
Ducbesne, Andre, b.,6342; d., 6883. 
, Col., defeats Chinese, 4822. 

proposal, protested, 5453. 

Ducie, Earl of, title created, 9451 . 

Ducis, Jean Francois, b., 69S3; works, 

7051,2, 7063, 7083; d., 7222. 

Duckiug-stool set up, N. Y., 531. 

Duckworth, Sir John Thomas, b., 9122; 
at Constantinople, 9321; in Dardanelles, 
9321; d., 9382. 

Duclerc, Charles Theodore Eugene, b. 
(1812); pres., 6533; ministry, resigns, 
7533; d. (1888). 

Duclos, Charles Pinean, b., 696 2 ; works, 
7012, 7083; d., 7042. 

Ducos, Robert, in Prairial revolution, 7133. 

Ducret, Edouard, sentenced, 7651 . 

Ducrot, Auguste Alexandre, b., 7222; dis- 
missed, 7501 ; at Metz, 8261 ; d., 7522. 

Dudik, Beda Franz, b.(1815), 5202; d. (1890). 

Dudith, Andrew, b.-d., 5102. 

Dudley, Earl of , title created, 9651. 

, Benjamin Winslow, b., 962; d., 2682. 

, Charles Edward, b., 931 ; d. (1841). 

. Edward Bishop, b. (1787) ; gov. N. 0., 

1492; d. (1855). 

, John, Earl of Warwick, b., 866 2 ; pro- 
tector, 8712; minister, 8713; executed, 
8702. 

, Joseph, b., 381 ; defends charter, 49 1 ; 

gov. Mass., 493, 503, 553, 592; trouble 
with Court, 553; conspiracy, 57 2 ; d., 58 2 . 

, Lord. (See John button.) 

, Lucillia Y., sboots at liossa, 320 3 . 

, Paul, b., 463; d., 683. 

, Robert, E. of Leicester, b. (1532+) ; 

minister, 8732, 8753 ; forms Nat. Asso., 
8752; at Zutphen, 8741. 

, Thomas, b (1576); gov. Mass., 333, 

372,392; d. (1652). 

, b. (1837) ; cons. P. E. Bp., 2362. 

, Viscount, minister, 9432,3. 

, William, gift to Birmingham, 9751 . 

, W., lynched, Ky., 3903. 

, Col., resigns, 3892. 

Observatory est., 1801; new comet 

discovered, 3101. 

Duel, first in New England, 302. 

Duels, noted. (Others may be found un- 
der 'the names of the participants in 
alphabetical places.) Adams, wounds 
Chas. James Fox, 9212; Artois, Comte 
d\ wounded by Due de Bourbon, 7053 ; 
Barron, Com., kills Com. Decatur, 1291 ; 
Boulanger, Gen., wounded by M. Flo- 



quet, 7563; Broderiek, Senator, is killed 
by Judge Terry, 187 ] ; Burr, Aaron, kills 
Alexander Hamilton, 7383 ; Byron, Lord 
(poet'sgreat uncle), kills Chaworth,917i ; 
Cassagnac, Paul de, wounds Lissagaray, 
7383 ; wounded by Kane. 7463 ; Chaworth, 
killed by Lord Byron, 917 1; Clare, Earl 
of , with Henry Grattan, 9411; Clay, 
Henry, wounds Humphry Marshall(1809); 
fights with John Randolph, 1352; Corry, 
Isaac, wounded by Henry Grattan, 9292; 
Decatur, Com., kills Com. Barron, 1201 ; 
Hamilton, Duke of, kills Lord Mohun, 
905i ; Henry, Prince (Don Enrique), 
killed by Duke of Montpensier, 739i ; 
Floquet, M., wounds Gen. Boulanger, 
7563 ; Fourier, Capt., wounds Henri 
Rochefort, 7543 • Fox, Charles James, 
wounded by Adams, 9212 ; Grattan, 
Henry, wounds Corry, 9292 ; fights Earl 
of Clare, 941 1; Jackson, Andrew, kills 
Charles Dickinson (180G, May 30) ; Len- 
nox, Col. (D. of Richmond), with D. of 
York, 9252; Lissagaray, M., wounded by 
Paul de Cassagnac, 7383 ; Mohun, Lord, 
killed by D. of Hamilton, 9051 ; Mont- 
pensier, Due de, kills Pr. Henry (Don 
Enrique) ,'7391 ; Rochef ort,Henri, wounds 
Capt. Fourier, 7541; Soutza, Pr., kills 
Ghilka, 74S3 ; Terry, Judge, kills Sena- 
tor Broderiek, 1871; York, D. of , fights 
Col. Lennox (D. of Richmond), 9251 . 

Duelling, Brit, code of, pub., 943i; for- 
bidden, Fr., 6731 ; in Eng., 8943 ; prohib- 
ited in army, Ger.,8341 ; in army checked, 
Eng., 9271 ; discouraged, 949 1 ; prohib- 
ited, 10971. 

Duenas, Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232. 

Duer, John, b., 95 1 . 

, William Alexander, b., 931 ; d., 1841 . 

Due West, S. C, Erskine Coll., org., 1511 . 

Dufaure, Jules Armand Stanislas, b. 
(1798); minister, 7451, 7493, premier, 
7511,2; resigns, 7513 ; d. (1881). 

Dufay, Charles Fram/ois de Cisternay, b., 
6943; on electricity, 69S1 ; d., 7002. 

Duif,Alexander,b.,9323; visits U.S., 1762; 
miss, sails; wrecked, 9442; missions, 
9483; declines professorship, 9542; mod- 
erator, 9782 ; miss., 10463 ; d., 9822. 

, King, murdered, 8463. 

, M. E. Grant, gov. Madras, 10453. 

, Mountstuart EJphinstone Grant, b., 

9441. 

, Robert W., gov. Australia, 5012. 

, Mrs., as Juliet, 116i . 

Duiferin, N. S., sale of gold-mine, 5873. 

, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

, E. of. (See F. T. H. Blackwood.) 

, Marquis, title created, 9963. 

Dufheld, Alexander J., d., 10041 . 

, George, b. (1816) ; moderator, 2172 ; 

d. (1888). 

Duffy, Sir Charles Gavan, b., 9382; colony 
federation, 4972; premier, resigns, 498 3 ; 
works, 9863, 10082. 

, Frank, murderer, 4222. 

Dufour, Aries, St. Simonian, d., 746"> . 

, Guillaume Henri, b.-d., 1138'. 

, L'Abbe V., works, 7523. 

Dufrenoy, Adelaide Gillette Billet, b., 
7031; d., 7242. 

, Pierre Amand, b., 7082 ; d., 7322. 

Dufresnoy, Charles Alphonse, b., 6862 ; 
d., 6903. 

Dufresny, Charles Riviere, b., 6S83; works, 
6952 ; d., 6982. 

Dugas-Montbell, Jean Baptiste, b., 7043; 
d., 7262. 

Dugdale, Sir William, b. (1605) ; d., 9862. 

Dugenne, Col., occupies Langson, 4821. 

Duggan, Patrick, cons. bp. Clonfert, 9762; 
acquitted, 9782. 

Dugliet, Gaspard, b., 6862 ; d.,6923. 

Dug Spring, Mo., battle of, 1981 . 

Duguay-Tfouin, Rene, b., 6922; Adm. at 
Rio de Janeiro, 5541 ; requires capitula- 
tion, 555 1 ; d., 6983. 

Duguesclin, Bertrand, b.-d., 6722; at Au- 
ray ; defeated ; captured ; in Navarre ; 
in 'Spain, 6741 ; constable of Ft. ; in Brit- 
tany ; regains territory, 6742; takes Fr. 
territory, 6753. 

Dulialde, Jean Baptiste, b., 6922; d., 7002. 

Duhamel, Joseph Thomas, b. (1841) ; cons. 
bp.,5822; cons, archbp., 5843. 

de Monceau, Henri Louis, b., 6943; 

d., 7051 . 

Diihring, Eugen Karl, b., 8142. 



1242 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Duil-Dush. 



Duilius, Cains, naval commander, 10523. 

Duisburg, Prus.,Univ. suspends, 801)1 . 

Duke, Gen., defeated at Kingsport, 2402. 

, Sir .John, lord mayor, London, 9492. 

Dukes, N. L., acquitted, 313' . 

Duke's Laws enacted, 433. 

Dulaney, Lloyd, duel, 9231 . 

Dulaure, Jacques Antoine, b., 7022; d., 
7262. 

Duller, Eduard, b., 8083; d., 8201 . 

Duloz, M-, disappears, 7651 . 

Duluth, Minn., canal dug, 2733; coal-dock 
strike, 3332; p. c. Prentice against 
Mayor Beaser, 3432 ; Clias. W. Wetmore 
(whaleback) sails, 3S53 ; lire, 3933 ; first 
whalebacks,394' ; State Turnfest resolu- 
tions, 4102; strike, 4642. 

Dulwich College, Surrey, fnd., 8803. 

Dumas, Alexandre, pere, b.,7143; -works, 
7272, 7291 , 7303, 7323, 7;«;3; d., 7382. 

, Alexandre, tils, b., 7242 ; works, 7302, 

7323, 7462, 7523; Fr. Academy, 7321 . 

, C. W. F., U. S. agent, 913. 

, Jean Baptiste Andre\ b., 7142 ; d., 

7541. 

, M., safety miner's lamp, 7342. 

, Comte Mathieu, b., 7011 ; d., 7262. 

Du Maurier, George Louis Palmella Bus- 
son, b., 9462. 

Dumblane, D. of, title created, 8932. 

, battle of, 9041 . 

Dumeril, Aedre Marie Constant, b., 7043 ; 
d., 7342. 

, Auguste Henri Andre^ b., 7191; d., 

, Edelestand Pontas, b., 7143; d., 7461 . 

Dumfries, Scot., It. 11. accident, 975 3 . 

, Va., Conferates routed, 216 3 . 

Dumichen, Johannes, b., 8142. 

Dnmmer, Jeremiah, b. (1680 +); defends 

charters, 61 1; Indian treaty, 61 2 ; d. 

(1739). 

, Wm., b. (1677) ; gov., 612,3; d. (1761). 

Dummler, Ernst Ludwig, b., 8142. 
Dumont, Augnstin Alexandre, b., 714 3 ; d., 

, Charles Alb. Eug. Auguste, b., 7282. 

, Ebenezer, b., 1242; d., 2721 . 

, Gabriel, b. (1680) ; stirs up Indians, 

5863; pardoned, 5871 ; d. (1748). 

, James A., in treas. dept., 3512, 4472. 

, Jean, b„ 6883 ; d., 6982. 

.Pierre Etienne Louis, b. -d., 11372; 

works, 7152, 7192. 
d'Urville, Jules Sebastian Cesar, b., 

7062 ; d., 7282. 
Dumoulin, Charles, b., 6783; d., 6823. 
Dumouriez, Charles Francois, b., 7002; 

at Neerwinden, 5181 ; at Brussels ; at 

Valmy, 7081 ; takes Breda, 11002; d., 7242. 
Dun, Edwin, minister, 447 3 . 
Dunajewsky,A.,cons. cardinal priest, 5322; 

primate of Poland, 11202. 
Dunalley, Baron, title created, 9311. 
Dunbar, Pa., explosion, 3613. 

, Soot., action at, 8.862 ; taken, 8561 . 

, Col., in Phila., 682. 

Dunbar, wrecked, 9613. 

, Sir William, d., 10021 . 

, , b., 8641 ; works, 8663; d., 8681 . 

Dunboyh, Baron, title created, 8551 . 
Duncan I. reigns, 8472; assassinated, 8471 . 

II., usurper, S4',l2; murdered, 8491 . 

, Viscount, Adam b.,908 2 ; at Camper- 
down, 9281 ; d., 9323. 

, E. H., elected bp., 3223. 

, Francis, d., 9982. 

, Henry, lynched, 4211 . 

, , b. (1770) ; est. Friendly Society, 

9352; d. (1846). 

, J. H., des. Grant's Monument, 3681. 

, John, sewing-machine, 9322. 

, Joseph, b. (1789) ; gov., 1452 ; d. (1844). 

, Sara Jeannette, in London, 396 2 . 

, William, b. (1772); d., 2312. 

, W., in Alaska, 58-12; est. village, 3282. 

, , 0., b., 1321 ; d., 2332. 

, Capt., at Harper's Ferry, 2131 ; at 

Huntsville, 2151. 

, Capt., polar voyage, 9242, 

Duncker, Maximilian W., b., 8102; d., 8321 . 
Duncombe, Parmelee Dubois, b., 1381 . 
Dundas, Gen., b. (1735) ; at Kilcullen,928i . 

, Sir David, commander-in-chief, 9341 . 

, George, gov. Can., 5792. 

, Henrv, Viscount Melville, b., 9103; 

acquitted; lord admiralty, 9332, 9433; 

minister, 9433; d., 9351 . 

s, b. (1788) ; d., 2481 . 



Dundas, Lawrence, E. of Zetland, lord- 

lieut., 1O012. 
Dundee, Scot; -Mccr/iserest.,9303; burned, 

8601 ; Baxter Park opd. ; British Asso. 

meets, 9662 ; Albert Institution opd., 

978i; Victoria Wet Dock opd., 9813; 

Burns statue, 980 1 ; mill-hands strike, 

10103 ; Univ. fnd., 9902 ; Elder Profes- 
sorship endowed, 9923. 

, Viscount. (See Grahame.) 

Dundonald, E.of . (See Cochrane, Thomas.) 
Dundy, E. S-, restores wages, 4573. 
Dunedin, N. Z., see of, est., 9583; bp. No- 
vell cons., 9742. 
Dunellen, Fla., phosphate rock dis., 3421. 
Dunes, Fr., battle of, 8881 . 
Dunfermline, Scot., burned, 860 1. 

. (See Abercromby.) 

Temperance Asso~ fmd., 9451. 

I human Hill, battle at, 8861 . 
Dungannon, Ire., riots, 9863. 
Dnngarven, Ire., election riots, 9691. 
Dungeuess, Wash., highwaymen, 4191. 
Dungi, king of Akkad, 11393. 
Dunglison, Robley, b., 10S1 ; d., 2661 . 
Dunk, Geo. M., E. Halifax, Id. adm., 9133. 

, W. McK., on committee of 33, 1891 . 

Dunkers. (See Baptists, German.) 
Dunkfeld, see of, erected, 8483. 
Dunkirk, Fr., fnd., 6673; burned, 6761; 

taken, 6S81 ; surrenders, 6901, 7101 ; 

ceded to Eng., 6912; sold to Fr., 6913; 

bombarded, 694 1 ; siege of, 710 1 . 
, N. Y., Dean Richmond lost, 4413 ; 

strikers resume, 422 2 ; oil dis., 468i ; 

K. R. accident, 4473. 
Dunklin, Daniel, gov. Mo., 1412. 
Dunksburg, Mo., action at, 2003. 
Dunlap, Robert Piiiekney, b. (1796); gov. 

Me., 1452; d. (1859). 
.William, b., 741; works, 1301, 131 1 ; 

d., 1502. 
Dunleath, Baron, title created, 10091. 
Dunlop, George Kelly, b. (1830) ; cons, bp., 

3042; d. (1888). 
Dunmore, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

, Earl of, 8971. 

, John Murray, b., 621; gov. N. Y., 773; 

Va., 783; at Norfolk, »2' ; retires, 833; 

in N. Y., 841 ; d. (1809). 
— - see unites, 9462. 
Dunn, Andrew H., cons, bp., 10082. 

, John, chief, 6013; revolt, 6021. 

, Oscar, leader, 2752 ; d., 2742. 

Dunne, Robert, cons, bp., 9862. 
Dunnell Reapportionment Bill, 3771. 
Dunning, Albert E., work, 4782. 
, John, Baron Ashburton, b., 9082; d. 

(1783). 

, Paris C, gov. Ind., 1652. 

, Baron, title created, 9651. 

, Col., at Blue Gap, W. Va., 2021 . 

Dunois, Jean, b.-d., 676 2 ; at Bordeaux, 

6781. 
Dunphy, Edward J., d., 1781 . 
Dunraven, Earl, title created, 9412. 

, Earl, Royal Commission, 9951. 

, Lord, challenge, 3393 ; arrives in 

N. Y., 4382; yacht race, 4413. 
Dunsandle, Baron, title created, 9531. 
Dunsany, Baron, title created, 8623. 
Dunse, Scot., Pacification of, 8821 . 
Dunsmir, Cal., J. W. Smith lynched, 4163. 

, Robert, d., 5861 . 

Duns Scotus, John, b. (1265+) ; writes 

treatises, 8503; doctrines, 8542; d., 8562. 
Dunstable, Hug., miracle-play, 8482. 
l)intx/«ll'ti<<(i<', wrecked, 9913. 
Dunstan, St., b.-d., 8442; works; abbot, of 

Glastonbury, 8443; banished, 8451, 3; 

favorite ; recalled ; archbp. Canterbury, 

8453. 
Dunster, Henry, b. (1612) ; Pres. Harvard 

Coll., 371; arraigned, 402; d., 401. 
Dupanloup, Felix Antoine Philibert b., 

7143; d., 7502. 
Dupaty, Louis M. C. H. M., b., 7042 ; d., 

7242. 
Duperrey, Louis Isailor, b., 7061 ; d.,7362. 
Divperroh, Jacques Davy, 1)., 0822;' d„ 6862. 
Dupetit-Thouars, Adm. Abel Aubert, b. 

(1793); in Marquesas Island, 7281; d., 

7362. 
Dupin, Andr£ Marie Jean Jacques, b., 

7051 ; d., 7362. 
, Baron, Francois Pierre Charles, b., 

7061; d., 7461. 

, Louis Kllics, b., 6902; d., 6981 . 

Dupleix, Marquis Joseph, b. , 6943 ; d. , 703 1 . 



Duponceau, Peter Stephen, b.,722; d., 1562. 
Dupont, Henrique N., d., 7621. 

, Henry, d., 3442. 

, Pierre, Gen., b. (1765) ; at Baylen, 

7162 ; d. (1838). 

, , b- (1821) ; Two Angels, 7291 ; d. 

(1870). 

, Samuel, b., 642; d., 1261 . 

, Samuel Francis, b., 1102; Port Royal 

expedition, 2002, 2043 ; attempts Charles- 
ton, 2202; d., 2481. 
Du Portail, Louis Leb^que, b. (1736); en- 
gineer engaged, 861 ; d. (1802). 
Diippel, redoubts stormed, 6401 ; siege, 

6402 : attacked, 5261 , 6402. 
Dupplin Moor, action at, 8573, 858'. 
Ituprat. Antoine, b.-d., 6782. 
Dupre\ Giovanni, b., 7222; d., 7522. 

, Jacques, gov. La., 1392. 

, Jules, b. (1811) ; d., 7581 . 

Duprez, Guilbert Louis, b., 7163. 
Dupuis, Chas. Francois, b., 7002 ; d., 7191 . 

, Felix, killed, 7562. 

, M., at Hanoi ; on Red River, 4801 . 

Dupuy, Clias., forms ministry, 7652 ; pres. 
Chamber, 7671 ; ministry ; premier, 7672. 

, Louis, b., 6963 ; d., 7102. 

Dupuytren, Baron, Guillaume, b., 7043 ; 

d., 7262. 
Duquesne, Pa., TJ. S. troops at, 4121, 

Mills, strikers resume, 4103. 

, Abraham, b.,6862; in Mediterranean ; 

at Algiers, 81 , 6921 ; d., 6942. 
Duquesnoy, Francois, b.-d, 5403, 
Duquet, Alfred, works, 7661 . 
Duran, Augustin, b.-d., 11302. 
Durana, Fr., canal to Marseilles, 7293. 
Durand, Asher Brown, b.,1061 ; paintings, 
2601, 2681, 2721, 276', 2841, 2S61, 294': 
d., 324' , (1866). 
-^, Cyrus, b., 981 ; d. (1868). 

, Guillaume de, St., b.-d., 6722. 

, Jean Nicolas Louis, b., 7023; d., 7262. 

, Sir Mortimer, at Kabul, 72. 

Durango, Colo., fire, 3432. 

Durani, Shall, invades India, 1044'. 

Durant, Henry Towle, b., 1302 ; d., 3081 . 

, Thomas, connects railway, 2673. 

Durante, Francesco, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 
Duras, earthquake, 10243. 
Durazzo, Turk., taken, 10321 , 1074' . 

, Charles, assassinated, 5072. 

Durban, Natal. John Mercer arrives, 6032. 
Durbin, John Price, b., 1082 ; d. (1876). 
DurBorow, Allen C, Jr., b., 1801 . 
Durer, Albert, b.; first studies ; paintings, 
7862 ; court painter, 5082 ; pensioned, 
7862 ; d., 7902. 
Duret, Francisque, b., 7151 ; d., 7362. 
D'Urf<5, HonorC. (See Urfe, d'.) 
Durfee, Job, b., 1022 ; d. (1847). 
Durfort, Louis, E. of Feversham, b.; com- 
mands royal army ; at Sedgemoor, 8961 . 
D'Urfrey, Thomas, b., 8822 ; d., 9062. 
Durham. Kuc, see erected, 8462 ; ravaged, 
848' ; Bp. Lightfoot elected, 9S03 ; coal- 
miners strike, 9N-13, KIU23, 1 1 Kir, 1,10083; 
colliery explosion 9873, 9893; Bp. West- 
cott eons., 10042. 

, N. C, Trinity Coll. org., 1863. 

Station, Johnston surrenders, 2462. 

, E. of, title created, 945' . 

- — -, Joseph, statue Prince Albert, 966' . 

, Lord. (See Lambton.) 

Univ., fnd., 7883,8883, : 483 ; collapses, 

8883; fnd., 9463, 9473, 941N ; lip. Hatfield's 
Hall fnd., 953' ; Bp. Cosin's Hall fnd., 
9563 ; College of Science opd., 998' . 
Durhamville, Tenn., action near, 2132. 
Durien, Paul, cons. bp. Can., 5823. 
Durier, Anthony, b. (1833); cons, bp.,3202. 
Durin, Father, org. Deliverance Soc, 3862. 
Duringsfeld, Ida von, b., 8103 ; d., 8282. 
Durkee, Charles, b. (1807) ; gov. Utah, 2512; 

d., 268'. 
Durnford, Richard, elected bp., 9742. 
Durnova, M-, minister, 11213. 
Duroc, Gerard Christophe Michel, Due de 

Friuli ; b., 7042 ; killed, 720' ,3. 
Durouf, M., in post-balloon, 7413. 
Duruy, Jean Victor, b., 7191 ; works, 7291 , 
7323 ; minister, 737i ; Academician, 7521 ; 
d., 7661. 
Duryea, Abram, b. (1815) ; d., 368i . 
Du Ryer, Pierre, b. (1605) ; Alcyonie ; Sci- 

vole, 6891 ; d. (1658). 
Dusarius kills Flaminius, 10541 . 
Dusch, Johann J., b., 8002 ; d., 8043. 
Dushet, Cardinal, d., 11322. 



Duso-Eato. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1243 



Du Somrnerard, Alexandre, b., 7043; d,, 

72S2. 
Dusseldorf, Prus., battle at, 51Si ; allies 
repulsed, 7102; town, 7813; Adolf at, 785 2 ; 
art scbool est., 8022 ; bombarded, S06' ; 
capital, 8092 ; mine explosion, 835 3 . 
Dussingdale, action at, 870 1 . 
Dust and disease controversy, 9721 . 
Dustin, Hannah, b., 401 ; captured, 522 ; 

escapes, 531 , 
Dutch, seize Port, possessions, 1110 2 ; de- 
feat Spaniards, 11281 . 

Boers, in Orange Free State, 11051 . 

East India Co., fnd., 10443, 11012. 

Flanders, France owns, 543 2 . 

Dutch Folic Songs appears, 10991 , 
Dutch Gap, Va., canal dug, 2391 . 

Guinea, see test p. 1C39 ; acquired, 

9772 ; canal constructed ; slave-trade 
abolished ; gold discovered, 10393. 

polar expedition sails, 11021. 

Reformed Church. (See Eeformed 

Church.) 

Tom Gulch, Wyo., gold, 4621 . 

W. I. Co., fnd., 453. 

Dutchess County Presbytery org., 723. 

Election. 3952.3, £17*2. 3, 3992,4312. 

Dutens, Joseph Michel, b., 7031 ; d., 7302. 
Duties, enacted by Parliament, 753 ; in- 
creased in Am. ,203 ! ; increased, Fr., 7553; 
corn reduced, Fr. ; silk est., Fr., 7613 ; 
on liquor, Fr., 7633 ; octroi abolished, Fr., 
765 2 ; heavy, Eng., 8792 ; withdrawn, 
Eng., 9652. (See Tariff.) 
Dutroebet, Rene Joachim Henri, b. (1776); 

d., 7301. 
Duttlingen, battle, allies defeated, 6361 . 
Dutton, Arthur Henrv, b. (1S38); d., 2352. 

, Henry, b. (1796) ; gov., 1771 ; d., 2661 . 

Hill, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 2202. 

Duty on grains, Fr., 755 2 ; on corn, 7613, 

7672; salted meats, 7631 ; on wheat, 7672; 

on tea est., Eng., 9173; Eng. in Am.,7S3. 

Duvair, Guillaume, b., 6822; works, 6851 ; 

d., 6863. 
Duval, Alexandre Vincent Pineu, b., 7031 ; 
d., 7282. 

.Claude, b. (1643); executed, 8931; d. 

(1070). 

.Gabriel, b., 6S3 ; justice, 1192; d. 

(1S44). 

, Valentin Jameray, b., 6943 ; d., 7043. 

, Wm.P., b. (1784) ; gov., 1312 ; d. (1854). 

, Gen., shot, 7442. 

Duvall's Bluff, Ark., skirmish,210i ; taken, 

2182; Feds, captured, 2372. 
Duvaucel, Alfred, b., 7082 ; d., 7242. 
Duvaux, M., minister, 753 3 . 
Duverdier, Bonnet, arrested, 7512. 
Duvergier, Jean Baptiste .Marie, minister 
of justice, 7392 ; d. (1877). 

de Hauraune, Jean, b., 6842; d., 6902. 

, Prosper, b., 7131 ; d., 7522. 

Duvernois, Clement, b. (1836) ; minister, 

agri., 7393 ; sentenced, 7483 ; ,1. (1S79). 
Duvernoy, Georges Louis, b., 7043; d. 7322. 
Duveyrier, Henri Darinv, b., 72S2; d., 7621 . 
Duvoisin, Jeau Baptiste, b., 7203 ; d., 7003. 
Duwai, camp attacked, 61 . 
Dux, Bohemia, explosion, 5373. 
Duxbury, Mass., cable laid, 2673. 
Duyckinck, Evert Augustus, b., 1242; d., 
2982. 

, George Long, b., 1302 ; d., 2212. 

Duyse, Prudens van, b., 5423 ; d., 5442. 
Dwars, annexed, 10492. 
Dweir, mission, 6571 . 
Dwellings of ancient Ger., 7683. 
Dwenger, Jos., cons. Bp. Fort Wayne, 2763. 
Dwight, John Sullivan, b., 1211 . 

, M. D., president synod, 1582. 

, Sereno Edwards, b., 9Si ; d. (1850). 

, Theodore, b. (1796); d., 2541. 

, , Wm., b., 1302 ; d., 4081 . 

.Timothy, b., 683; works, 991, 1063, 

1271, 1311; p r es. Yale, 1063; org. Reli- 
gious Tract Society, 1142 ; d., 1261 . 

, , b., 1361 . 

, •William T., d., 2482. 

Dyce, Alexander, b., 9283 ; edits Shake- 
speare's Works, 9623. 

, William, b.. 9323 ; d. (1864). 

Dyckman, Garrett W., d., 2621 . 
Dydalsus revolts ; reigns, 11461 . 
Dye, Joseph, lynched, 4023. 
Dyer, soda-ammonia process inv., 9482. 

, Gen. Alex. Brvdie, h. (1815) ; d., 2842. 

, Charles VolneV, b. (1808) ; d., 2982. 

, Elisha, governor H. I., 1832. 



Dyer, George, b., 9123 ; d., 9502. 

, John, b., 9002 ; d., 9143. 

, Mary, d., 401, 3. 

, William, mayor New York, 491 . 

Dyers' Guild, first established, 7722. 

Dyman, Byron, governor R. I., 1613. 

Dyine, in Achaean League, 10272. 

Dijnamene, asteroid, discovered, 3021 . 

Dynamite losses, Fr. ; fund for, 7633 ; ex- 
plosion, H. C, 9933 ; bombs seized, 10923. 

Dynamometer used, 1481 . 

Dynevor, Baron, title created, 9212. 

Dyrenforth, R. G., rain experiments, 3901 . 

Dyrrhachium.Pompey blockaded at, 10601. 

Dysart, Earl of, title created, 8S51 . 

Dzoungaria, attacked, 11181 ; annexed, 
11193. 

E. 

Eadburga, murderess, 8451 . 

Eadie, Johu, b., 9363 ; d.,9802. 

Kadtner, or Edmer, d., 8482. 

Eads, James Buchanan, b., 1282 ; creates 
gunboat fleet, 1962 ; Sural 1), fence, 2651 ■ 
tubular bridge, 2841 ; on Mississippi 
River, 2913 • jetties, 2993 ; d., 3261 . 

Eagle, James P., gov. Ark., 3492, 3991. 

Eagle Speed, wrecked, 9693. 

E'ding, comet, observed, 9901 . 

Earner, Sir John, lord mayor, 9312. 

Earldoms created, Eng., 8472. 

Earle, Archdeacon, cons, bishop, 9983. 

, Pliny, b., 723 ; d., 1401 . 

, Thos., b. (1796) ; nom. for viee-pres., 

1513 ; electoral vote. 1531, 2 ; d. (1845). 

, Gen. Wm., b. (1S33) ; in Sudan, 660± ; 

d. (1885) ; statue, 9961 . 

Earleham College, Richmond, Ind., org., 
1843 (or 1847). 

Earlswood, Eng., Idiot Asylum est., 9551. 

Early, John, b. (1785) ; bp., 1762 ; d., 2821 . 

, Jubal Anderson, b., 1242 ; at Antie- 

tam, 2131; at Fredericksburg, 2162; at 
Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Moorelield, 2301 ; 
in Washington campaign ; near Balti- 
more, 2351, 2361; at Fort Stevens; on 
theMonooaey ; at South Mountain; skir- 
mish with Bidwell, 23lii ; recrosses Poto- 
mac, 2362 ; at Strasburg; at Kearns- 
town, 2363 ; recrosses Potomac, 2371 ; at 
Bunker Hill, 2372,3 ; abandons Shenan- 
doah Valley; at Fisher's Hill; at Win- 
chester, 2382 ; at Cedar Creek, 2391 ; at 
Beverly, 2403 ; near Waynesboro, 2422 ; 
d., 4521. 

Peter, b. (1773) ; gov. 1213 ; d. (1817). 

Closing Bill defeated, Eng., 9992. 

Early European- Friends of America, 1271 . 

Earnshaw, Win., eom'der-in-chief, 3032. 

Earth, shape of, 11 1 , 121; expeditions to 
measure, 6981; density measured, 9182 ; 
magnetism of, 8741 ; axis; variation of, 
discovered, 9081 . 

Earthquakes in U. S. : in New England, 
341, 601. 631, 703, 723, 1701 ; in West 
and South, 3741; Oal., 2761, 3521 ; San 
Francisco and Ore., 2481 , 3741 ; Los 
Angeles, Cal., 3321; in Conn.,3741; in 
Del., 3321; Macon, 1741; Ind., 3321 , 3521 ; 
in Farmington, Me., 3321 ; Dover ; in 
Montana, 3521; inN.Y.,426i; New York 
City, 152' ; Adirondacks, N. Y., 3321 ; in 
Mohawk Valley, 3521 ; i n Toledo, O., 
3621, 3741 ; in Ore., 2481, 3521, 4041; in 
Pa; in Phila.; 1182; Ashley, Pa.; in 
Pittstown, Wilkesbarre, 3321 ; in S. C, 
Charleston, 3241 ; in Tex., 3741 ; in Va., 
Richmond, 2881 ; in W. Va., 4501 . 

, in Argentine Republic, 4913, 5321. 

, in Aust.-Hung.,534l, 5361. 

in Can., 5821 , 5861 , 5901 , 5961 . 

in Chile, 6063. 

in China, 6142, 6162, 6271 . 

in Colombia, 623 2. 

in Costa Rica, 6313. 

in Cuba : Santiago, 6322, 6341 . 

in Ecuador, 11092, 6281 , 6432±. 

in Egypt : at Cairo, 6563. 

in Franc, 0(161 , 736 1 , 7561 , 7531 . 

in Great P.ri tain, X4S2, 8.541 . 8562,8741 , 

9121, 9662, 9741,9921; in Lincoln, 8501 ; 
Herefordshire, 8741 ; in Dublin, 8982 ; 
Inverary, 9861 ; Yorkshire, 9921 ; at 
Anandale, 9981 ; Channel Islands ; Lan- 
cashire, 10001; Cornwall, Wales, 1008 1 ; 
10101. 

in Ger., 6661. 

in Greece : 10282, 10312, 10322, 10383 ; 



at Sparta, 10191 ; Peloponnesus, 10223 ; 
Duras, 10243 ; destroys Lysimachia, 
10263. 

Earthquakes in Guatemala, 78 1 , 10391 ; de- 
stroys Santiago, 10383. 

in Hawaii, 10401 . 

in India, 10462, 10483, 

in Italy, 606' . IOS61 ; in Rome, 10702 ; 

in Catania, 1074 1 ; Naples, 10781,10841; 
Syracuse, 10802 ; Naples and Calabria ; 
Rimini and Ragnsa ; Sicily, 10822 ; Pa- 
lermo, 10841. 

in Japan, 10911 , 10921 . 

in Peru, 11092; at Lima, 242, 321 ,501 . 

in Portugal, 11093. 

in Persia, 11073, 11562. 

in Russia, 11201 , 11221 . 

in Spain, 11302, 11322. 

in Turkey, 10282, 11481, 11502, 11562, 

11582. 

in Venezuela. 11601 . 

in W.I. : in Jamaica; Port Royal, 26 1 , 

532 ; in Martinique, 741 ; in St. Domingo, 
662 ; in Salvador, 11232. 

East African Co., expenses, 5642. 

Anglia, see erected, 8422. 

Boston, Great Republic launched, 1733. 

Cape Colony, Bp. Kicards cons., 9742. 

Francia, Ger. many called, 7732. 

Galicia, Austria secures, 5172, 5193, 

Goths, kingdom fnd., 5023, 10713 ; 

treaty ; invade Gr. ; in Ger., 10671 ; van- 
ish from history, 10713. 

Hampton, L. I., Lyman Beecher or- 
dained, 1083; sperm whale killed, 3813. 

India, Dutch rule est., 11013 ; war with 

Eng., 7001 ; Hyder AH defeated, 9202 ; 
territory surrendered, 9313. 

Company (new), chartered, 8773, 

8912,9013; charter renewed. 9472, 10472; 
imports tea, 8933 ; trade with, 6153 ; 
treaty with Siam, 11242; incorporated, 
10451 ; landholders' rights in Calcutta, 
10452; attack Siamese, 11242 ; monopo- 
lies end, 6173 ; administration trans- 
ferred, 10491 . (See India, text pp. 1042- 
1049.) 

, French, formed, 6913. 

Docks opened, 9322. 

Indian Archipelago, British posses- 
sion, 4992. 

— — Jordan, Mich., explosion, 4033. 

Liberty, Central Ohio Coll. fnd., 3123. 

London, Cape Colony, incor., 5993. 

Rumelia. See text p. 5662+. 

Mississippi, Female Coll. opd., 2782. 

Northfield, Mass., Young Woman's 

Conference, 4631. 

Pierre, S. Dak., Pierre Univ.org., 3143. 

- — River, N. Y., frozen, 1701 . 

Bridge, survey, 2681 ; work be- 
gun, 2681 ; opened, 3121, 3133 ; accident, 
3133 ; description. 3161 . 

Bridges Bill, 3773, 3972. 

Saginaw, Mich., fire, 3653. 

St. Louis, Frye's Army leaves, 4563. 

Somerset, Cape C, mission, 6003. 

Tenn., Land Co. organized, 3493. 

, Wesleyan University org., 2602. 

, Va., and Ga. R. R. robbery, 4171 . 

Eastburn, Manton, b., 1101 ; bishop, 1543 ; 
d.,2781. 

Easter festival celebrated. 10623 ; con- 
troversy, 8402, 10643 ; eel. of, 10682. 

Eastern Empire. See Greece, pp. 1030t ; 
ends, 11561. 

Literary Institution. Eng., fnd., 9423. 

Eastlake, Sir Charles Locke, b., 9262; 
pres. Royal Society, 9561 ; d., 9681. 

Eastman, Anna F., sermon, 4222. 

, Harvey Gridley, b. (1832) ; d., 2982. 

, Mary Henderson, b., 1262. 

, Robert Langdon, b. (1840+) ; d.,2482. 

Easton, Pa., Lafayette College org., 1403 j 
first centenary, 3593. 

Eastport, Me., British take, 1221 ; burned, 
1513 ; Fenian raid, 3522. 

, N. Y., steamer ashore, 4593. 

Eastward IFa, written, 8783. 

Eastwick, William Joseph, d., 1000>. 

Eaton, Amos, b., 851 ; d., 1542. 

, Arthur Wentworth, Heart of Creeds, 

3321. 

, Beebe, b. (1806) ; d., 294L 

, Daniel Cady, b., 1422. 

, George B., b., 1121 . 

, Washington, b., 1121 ; d., 2781 , 

, Horace, b. (1804) ; gov., 1613; d. (1855), 

, John, gov. R. I., 513. 



1244 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN L)ll,yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Eato-Educ. 



Eaton, John, Henry, b. (1790) ; sec. of war, 
1372 ; gov. Fla., 145= ; d. (1856). 

, S., moderator, 2802. 

, Nicholas, b. (1593) ; gov. E. I., 392, 

452, 51? ; d. (1675). 
, Theophilus, b. (1591+) ; Puritan ; gov- 
ernor, 353 ; d. (1658). 

, Win., b., 74' ; in Egypt, 112' ; d., 1162. 

Eau G-allie, State Univ. removed, 3143. 
Ebbw Vale W., colliery explosion, 9833. 
Ebel, Johann G., b., 18023 ; d., 8142. 
Ebeling, Ohristoph D., b., 8003 ; d., 8121. 
Ebelman, Jacques Joseph, b.,720 1 ; d., 7321. 
Ebelsberg, Austrians defeated, 7181. 
Eoenezer, Ga., fud., 633 ; Lutherans Bet- 
tie, 622 ; College founded, 1782. 

Church, Ala., defeat at, 2451 . 

Mission, Australia, 4962, 5001 ; in 

Siam, 11241 . 
Eber, Paul, b., 7863 ; d., 7922. 
Eoerhard I., b. (1445) ; Duke of Wiirtem- 
berg, 7873 ; d. (1496). 

II., Duke of Wurtemberg, 7873. 

III., Duke of Wurtemberg, 7952. 

, inv. etching on metal, 8121 , 

, Johaun A., b., 8002 ; d., 8083. 

, Konrad, b., 8031 ; d., 8202. 

, Louis, Duke of Wurtemberg, 797 3 . 

Ebers, Georg, b., 8143 ; works, 8222, 8322 ; 

8291 ; 8303. 
Ebert, Friedrich Adolph, b.,8043 ; d.,8142. 

, Karl Egon, b., 5191 ; d. (1882). 

Eble, Jean Baptiste, b., 7023 ; d., 7192. 
Ebo preaches in Denmark, 6351 . 
Ebu Juuis, astronomical tables, 4862. 
Ebner-Eschenbach, Marie von, CJnsehn- 

bar, 8342. 
Ebrard, Johann Heinrich Auguste, b., 

8122 ; d., 8321. 
Ebulkher Khan, fnds. dynasty, 5491 . 
Ebury, Baron, title created, 9591 . 
Ecchellensis, Abraham, d., 11563. 
Ecclesiastes, written, 11423. 
Ecclesiastical Commission est., 9463. 

laws, opposed, Aust., 5292 ; pro mul- 

gated, Ger., 8202 ; published, 8283. 

property confiscated, Fr., 7073. 

reservation disputes, Ger., 7923. 

statutes confirmed, Eng., 8592. 

Titles Act passed, 9.372; repealed, 9572, 

9743 ; protest against, 9562. 

tribunal, Ger., 8292. 

Ecclesiastics, marriage of, G363 ; removed 

from parliament, Fr., 6733. 
Ecclesiological Society org., London, 948 2 . 
E^cleston, James C, b., 1482. 
Echeandia, J. M. de.gov. Cal., 1333. 
Echenique, Jose Rutino, b. (1808); pres., 

11082 ; revolt against, 11083 ; d. (1879). 
Echo, seized, 1351 . 

de V Orient, issued, 11571 , 

Echols, Ma]. John, at Droop Mt., 2281 . 
Echuuga, Australia, gold found, 4961. 
Eck, Johann, b., 7862 ; Bible trans., 7911 ; 

Luther controversy, 7882, 3 ; d., 7902. 
Eckels, James N., in treas. dept., 4472. 
Eckenrode Mills, Pa., trains collide, 4153. 
Eckermanu, Johann Peter, b., 8062 ; d., 

8201. 
Eckernfforde, Ger., taken, 6402. 
Eckersberg, Christoph Wiluelra, b., 6382 ; 

d., 6403. 
Eckford, Henry, b., 823 ; d., 1401 . 
Eckhart, Johann Georg vou, b., 796 3 ; d., 
8002. 

, Meister, b.-d., 7802. 

Eckhel, Jos. Hilary, b„ 5143 ; d. (1798). 
Eckhof, Conrad, b., 7933 ; d., 8042. 
Eckmiihl, battle at, 5183. 
Eclectic EiuiIiaIi, in ag.izine, appears, 2663. 

Magazine, N. Y., 1583. ■ 

Review, issued, 9371 . 

Eclectic Society, instituted, 9231 . 
Eclipse, solar, 1121; observed, 1161, 1381, 
1481, 3321, 3501, 6083, 6102, 6681, 8062, 
8501,2,8562,8883, 9041, 9401, 9502, 10161. 
Ecnomus, Sicily, action at, 10521 , 3. 
Ecob, Rev. James, withdrawal, 430 2 . 
Economic Asso. Conven., Am., 3731, 4792. 
Economite Society escheated, 424 2 . 
Ecouis, fight at, 7421 . 

Ecuador (see text, pp. 643-644), Quito an- 
nexed, 592 ; war with Bolivia, 5502 ; re- 
fuses Union, 6281 ; declines to join Conf. ; 
independence maintained, 6291. 
Ecumenical Council. (SeeCouncil, Church.) 
Eddy, Ansel Doan, b. (1798) ; moderator, 

1542, 1563 ; d. (1875). 
, Mrs. M. B. G., leader, 3222. 



Eddy, Norman, d., 2761 . 

, Thomas M., b., 1302 ; d., 2861 . 

Eddystone lighthouse, erected, 9013 ; de- 
stroyed ; rebuilt, 9022 ; burns, 9133 ; re- 
built, 9133, 9142 ; opened, 9893. 

Edelinck, Gerard, b., 6883 ; d., 6963. 

Eden, theocracy in, 11393. 

, Charles, b. (1673) ; gov., 591 ; d. (1722). 

, Sir Fred. Morton, b. (1766) ; d., 9343. 

, George, L. Auckland, b. (1784) ; Lord 

adm., 9472 ; minister, 9473 ; gov.-gen., 
9492 ; minister, 9523 ; yields Benjdeh,52. 

, Rodney, cons, bishop, 10042. 

, Robert, gov. Mil., 772 ; d. (1786). 

, Wm. L Auckland, b., 9363 ; d., 10021 . 

Edes, Benjamin, b., 621 ; d., 11102. 

Edessa, built, 11491; action at, 1066 1; 
taken, 10321. 

Edfos, mission, 6571. 

Edgar, blows up, 9041 . 

Edg;ar, King, penance, 8443 ; on Dee ; 
kills Athelwold, 845 1; lord of ocean, 
8461; dethrones Donald Bane, 8491; 
reigns in Scotland, 8492 ; d., 8462. 

, F. E., defaulter, 4543. 

, John Todd, b. (1793) ; moderator, 

1543 ; d. (1860). 

Edgcumbe, Earl of, title created, 9232. 

Edgefield Junction, Tenn., action, 2121. 

Edgehill, Eng., battle at, 8841 . 

Edgerton, female officials resign, 3583. 

, Sidney, gov. Montana, 2413. 

, Thomas, killed, 4763. 

Edgewater, N. J., fire, 3453. 

Edgeworth, Maria, b., 9163; works, 9303, 
9371,9463 ; d., 9542. 

, Richard Lovell, b., 9103; d., 9382. 

Edliem Pasha, grand vizier, 11592. 

Edict of Restitution issued, 5123. 

of Tolerance, Ger., 8053. 

of Worms prohib. new doctrines, 508 3 . 

Ediles elected, 10512. 

Edinburgh. Mo., G. River Coll. fnd., 1683. 

, Scot., fnd., 8393 ; St. Giles Church 

fnd., 8483 ; fortified, 8491 ; castle de- 
fended, 8512 ; taken by Eng. ; burned, 
8561 ; Peace with Eng., 8573; surrenders, 
8581 ; burned, 860' ; New Coll. chartered ; 
St.Giles Church destroyed ; rebuilt, 8602. 
Coll. of St. Salvntor's fud. ; St. Andrew's 
Univ. fnd., 8623 ; capital, 8632 ; annual 
fair; chartered, .sii;i3, 868 1 ; first printing- 
press ; Royal Coll. of Surgeons incor., 
8663; High School fnd., 807 1 ; burned, 
8681 ; first covenant signed, 8722 ; High- 
gate School fnd., 8731 ; E. Coll. char- 
tered, 8751; see erected, 8823; violence 
in St. Giles Church, 8831 ; pari. House 
complete, 8851 ; Pari, disturbances, 8911 ; 
Theater of Music, 8922 • Advocates Li- 
brary ; coffee-houses opd. ; Coll. of Phy- 
sicians incorporated ; women insult 
govt., 8943; Merchants' Co. incorp.,8953; 
/;. Gazette, est... 9003 ; Bank of Scot., est., 
9012; E. Courant, est., 9023; E. Flying 
Post, est.; Union riots, 9031 ; E. Mercury, 
est.; gen. assembly of Kirk; see fnd., 
9063; broad swords prohibited, t(07 ' ; 
Royal Bank fnd., 9073; Medical Society 
fnd. ; stereotyping ; Allan Ramsey's 
theater, est.; thresh ing-niaehine inv., 
9081 ; Porteous riots ; Royal Infirmary 
incorporated, 9092; Board of Trade est. ; 
city fined, 9093, Royal Society est.. 9102, 
9221 ; E. Weekly Journal, est., 0112 ; 
gold chains to magistrates, 9133; Pres- 
bytery formed, 9151 ; Hugh Blair, a 
professor, 9152 ; Royal Exchange com- 
plete, 9153 ; Baptist Church org., 9163 • 
North Bridge fnd., 9173; Theater Royal 
est., 9181 ; e. Magazine and Review, est.; 
Deaf and Dumb Academy opd., 9122 ■ 
Register office est., 9193; 'So.-, of Anti- 
quaries find.. 9203; Calton Hill Observa- 
tory, est., 9202; action against R. Cath- 
olics ; South Bridge erected, 9233; first 
panorama; leathern cannon; KoyalColl. 
of Surgeons, est.. 9241 , 931 1 , 9321 ; Univ., 
stone laid, 9251 ; Bridewell erected, 9293 ; 
E. Farmer's Magazine, est., 9303; E. Re- 
view, est.. 9311'; Asylum for Deaf and 
Dumb ; JC. Encyclnjnmlia, appears, 9352 ; 
Savings institution opd., 9373 ; Nelson's 
monument, 938' ; Victoria Theater opd., 
9382; Scotsman: Blackwood's Magazine, 
est., 9383; Scot's Magazine changed to E. 

Magazine, 939 ' : cas pany est. ; water 

company est., 9393; Caledonian Theater 
fnd. ; Soc. of Arts fnd., 9401; Bannatyne 



Club fnd., 9412; Waverley Novels by 
Scott; North Brit. Aden-User, est., 9431 ; 
cholera appears ; Royal Exchange opd., 
9453; Asso. Fine Arts fmd. ; Brit. Asso. 
meets, 9461, 9541, 9741 ; statue George 
IV., 9461 ; Tait'sE. Magazine est. ; Cham- 
bers's E. Journal, est., 9463 ; Edinburgh 
and Geaton railway begun, 9481 ; Abbots- 
ford Club fnd., 9491 ; Scott's monument, 
9501 ; Medical Miss. Soc. fmd., 9503 ; 
New Coll. fnd., 9503; Wodrow Soc. fnd., 
9511 ; monument to martyrs, 9521 ; Spot- 
tiswood Soc, 9531 ; E. Philosophical 
Asso. est., 9543; Nat. Gallery opd., 9561 ; 
Scottish Review, est., 9583 ; Scottish 
rights meeting, 9591 ; Nat. Social Science 
Asso. meets, 9641, 2, 966 1 ; Industrial 
Museum est, ; Post-Ofiiee erected ; House 
f alls, 9653; Nat. Museum opd., 9681; Post- 
Oflice opd., 9093; St. Giles' Cathedral 
restored, 9762, 9902 ; St. Mary's Epis. 
Cathedral fnd., 97S2, 9862; Albert Me- 
morial ; Nat. Training School Music est.; 
statue of Livingstone, 9801 ; statue of 
Chalmers, 9S2 1 ; Pan-Presbyterian Con- 
ference held, 29(i 2 . 9822; Academy of 
Music fnd., 9901 ; Theater Royal burned, 
9913 ; Scottish Geographical Soc. est., 
9923 ; ancient cross restored, 9953 ; Bp. 
Dowden cons.. 996 2 ; Industrial Exhibi- 
tion. 9973; Harrison memorial archway, 
9981; Heriot-Watt Coll., est., 10002; 
Andrew Carnegie library opd., 10023; 
Electric Exhibition, 10033 ; Industrial 
Exhibition ; Irish Nat. League conven., 
10051 , 10033 ; R. R. men strike, 1C052 ; 
statue of Abraham Lincoln, 10101 . 

Edinburgh, launched., 986 1 . 

Castle, held against Fr.. 8512; surren- 
ders, 8862; attempted siege, 9041. 

and Dalkeith Railway opd., 9441 . 

and Geaton Railway begun, 9481 . 

Edington, action at, 8441 . 

Edison, Thomas Alva, b., 1623; transmis- 
sion of speech, 2881; fnv. microphone, 
telephone, 2941 ; j nv . phonograph, 2961 ; 
experiment with platinum, 2981 ; tele- 
phone in England, 9821 ; inv. microtasi- 
meter ; subdivides electric current ; inv. 
electric pen; inv. megaphone, 2981, 2; 
exhibits vacuum lamps, 3021 ; phono- 
graph, 3261 ; improves phonograph, 3301 ; 
heliograph, 3641 ; adapts phonograph to 
water-motor, 3741 ; inv. electric street- 
car motor, 3921 ; gift to Paris poor ; ban- 
quet to, 7583. 

,Thoma.s-IIoustoii-,consolidation,4ul3. 

Edisto island, S. C, skirmish, 2062. 

Edith Bourn, collides, 9853. 

Editorial Asso. convention Am.,365 1 . 

Edmonds, Francis W.,b. (1806); pain tings, 
1501 , 1501 , 1602, 1801 , 1841 ; d. (1863). 

, John Worth, b., 1082; a., 2842. 

, Newton, gov. Dak., 2293. 

Edmonton, Can., The Bulletin, 5843. 

Edmund, wrecked, 957 a . 

I., king, killed, 8453. 

II. battles with Canute, 8461 . 

■ , Ironsides, king, murdered, 8472. 

, king of Sicily, 7812. 

, St., king, killed, 8452. 

■ , ,■ archbp. of Canterbury, b.-d., 

8502. 
Edmunds, George F., b., 1361 ; senator, 
2523; on Committee of Seven, 2933; Elec- 
toral Commission, 2951 ; pres. Senate, 
315 2 ; vote for pres. nominee, 3173; Nat'l. 
Univ. Bill, 3582, 3592 ; made LL.D., 
3622 ; resigns, 3812 ; Anti-polygamy Bill 
passes, 3111, 3233; Canadian Fisheries 
Bill passes, 3272. 

, Paul C, b., 1462. 

Edmundson, Wm., among Friends, 443. 
Kdonton, N. C, founded, 591. 
Edred, king, d., 8442. 
Edrisi, b. (1099±) ; d., 4863. 
Edson, Franklin, mayor New York, 3152. 
Education, U. S.: Alcohol, school instruc- 
tion, 11693; Bennett School law; (see 
same); census of 1880,3071 ; Compulsory, 
Grant recommends, 2S92 ; bill revised, 
N. Y., 3403 ; passes Senate, 4051; re- 
pealed, 111., 3752 ; in Conn. : colonists, 
1543 ; general, 723 ; lands for, 1063 ; for 
deaf mutes, 1251 ; Department, at Wash., 
est., 2511, 2562, 2623 ; En};-, language in 
schools; (see Bennett law); in Ga., ne- 
glected, 723 ; denied to Indians, 1371 ; 
of Indians by colonies, 63 1 , 651 , 67 1 ; de- 



Educ-Elco. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



124S 



nied to, Ga., 137'; common, Ga., 139'; 
in Mass. colonists, 323, 371 ; public scliools 
est., 371 ; general, 723; h, Md. neglected, 
723; first public school, 1371; in N. Y. 
colonists, 342, 543, 571 ; non-sectarian 
struggle, 69 ' ; free scliools for negroes, 
983; indifference to public, 1023; law for 
public, 1063 ; iii pa., colonists, 523; Prot- 
estant conf . on, 3702 ; in S. C, colonists 
neglected, 723 ; denied to negroes, 131 ' ; 
in Southern States, advancing, 3423 ; in 
Va., colonists, opposed, 443 ; activity in, 
723; E. and Home Mission Soc. est. ,5732 ; 
shorter College course, 3722 ; Webster's 
spelling book, 963 ; Dictionary, 1363. 

Education in Brazil, early, 223. 

in Canada, 342, 35' . 

in Fr., Bill in Assembly, 7492, 753'; 

compulsory E. Mill, 7513,7542 ; Ministry 
of Education fmd., Ger.,813 1 ; statecon- 
trol, 8263 ; Sectarian Bill opposed, Ger., 
8363. (See May laws.) 

in Great Britain, restricted, 8483 ; in 

three languages,. S5o 3 ; confined to clergy, 
8583; Trust Fund est., 9543; mixed, con- 
demned, 9702, 9802 ; school fees in ad- 
vance, 9873 ; grant proposal, 1007' ; and 
Local Taxation Act, Eng., 1009 2 ; Society 
fmd., 9802. 

in Iceland, 132. 

Mexico, Aztecs, 15' ; Univ., 223, 331 . 

, minister for, appointed, Port., 11102; 

independent of clergy, Switz., 1138 1 ; 

Struggle of denominations, 1138 2 . 

, Neth., Free State, limited, 11022. 

in Peru, early, 222, 243, 283. 

— ' — in Roman provinces, diffused, 10643. 

, Sp., committed to priests, 11303. 

, Turk., in Constantinople, 115S2. 

Educational Bill, U. S. A., Blair, 31G3, 

3233, 353', 3542, 4512. 
, Belg., adopted; royal assent, 

Conference, Friends, N. T., 378' . 

Convention at Louisville, Ky., 281' . 

International Congress held, 2922. 

Union, Catholic, 3562. 

institutions suppressed. Rus., 11183. 

Edward, Arctic expedition, 870' . 
Bates, accident, 1653. 

captured, 862. 

Edward, martyr, assassinated, 846 3 . 

reigns, Port., 11093. 

I., " Longshanks," K. of Eng., b.-d., 

8521; defeats Barous, S54' ; in 8th Cru- 
sade, 854' , 855 z ; reigns ; treaty with 
Flemings in Eng. ; conquest of "Wales ; in 
Isle of Man, S54' ; expels Jews, 854' ,S5r>3 ; 
crowned; Welsh conquests, 855 2 ; pun- 
ishes bribery ; mandate against wolves, 
8553 ; defeats Wallace ; recovers Gas- 
cony ; takes Sterling, 856' ; subdues, 
rules Scotland ; marries Margaret, 857' ; 
against clergy, S562, 857' ; renounces ar- 
bitrary taxation, 857' ; d., 8572. 

II., K. of Eng., b.-d., 8542; reigns, 

marries Isabella, S572; rebellion against, 
invades Scot., S56' ; tournaments, 8563 ; 
defeats Barons ; Scots invade, 856' ; 
truce with Bruce, 857 2 ; surrenders, im- 
prisoned ; deposed, 8573 ; murdered, 8563. 

III., K. of Eng., li.,S553; reigns; assumes 

govt., 8573; marries, 1099' ; claims Scot, 
throne, 859' ; claims crown of Fr., 674' , 
675'; homage to Philip VI., 075' ; invades 
Scot.; atlialidon Hill, 858'; claims the 
crown of Fr., 075' , 859' ; loses battle of 
Sluis, 674'; defeats Fr. navy, 85S' ; in 
Brittany, 674' ; grants first patents of 
nobility ; charters Oxford, 858 3 ; atd'eey, 
invades Normandy, 674' ; est. Order of 
St. George[Garteii, *»~>{)i ; declines crown 
of Ger., 7833, 8592; defeats Sp. ships, 
853' ; reerects Windsor Castle, S532; ally 
of Fr., 675 2 ; ravages Scot.; takes Calais, 
674', 858'; buys Baliol's claims, 8592; 
Fr. partly ceded, 6572 ; invades F.,85S' ; 
renounces Fr. claims, 6753; est. Maun- 
day Thurs. alms, 859' ; orders Eng. lan- 
guage in law, 8593 ; summoned to Fr., 
675 3 ; loses Fr. possessions, 6752, 8593; 
d.,S582,8603. 

IV., K. of Eng., b., 8622; defeats Lan- 
castrians; enters London, 804' ; reigns; 
secret marriage, 865 ' ; insurrection ; 
prisoner; flees to Holland, 8652; at Ra- 
venspur, 864' ; agrees to conquer Fr., 
679 2 ; intrigues for Fr. crown, 8652 ; at 
Calais, 678'; d., 8653. 



V., K. of Eng., b., 8642; prisoner in 

Tower ; murdered, 8653. 

Edward VI., Eng., b., 8682 ; reigns, 8712 ; 
est. Protestantism, N702 ; d., 8712. 

, Pr. of W., Black Prince, b.-d., 8562 ; 

aids Pedro, 1127 3 ; at Limoges, at Poi- 
tiers, 674'; extorts money from Fr., 6753. 

,Pr. of W., b.,8i::i3; beheaded, 864' ,3. 

, the Confessor, K. of Eng., b.-d., 8462; 

reigns, makes laws, Normans at court, 
8472; bones enshrined, 8553. 

the Elder, b.-d., against Danes, 8443 ; 

Lord of Britain, 8453. 

the Martyr, king of Eng., 847' . 

, Earl of Derby, minister, 9912; statue, 

978'. 

, of Worcester, minister, 8812. 

, of Meath, lord keeper, 9013. 

, of St. Germain, postmaster, 955' . 

Plaiitagenet, E. of Warwick, b. (1475) ; 

in tower, 8672; d. (1499). 

Edwardes, Sir Herbert Benjamin, b.,9383 ; 
in Sikh war, 10462 ; d., 9722. 

Edwards Ferry, Va., Confederate re- 
pulse, 2123. 

, Alfred Geo., cons, bp., 10022. 

, Amelia Blandford, b., 9442 ; d., 1008' . 

, Bryan, b., 9103 ; d. (1800). 

, George, b., 9002 ; d. (1773). 

, Guillaume Frederic,!}. , 7043; d., 7282. 

, Henry W., gov. Conn., 1433; d., 1623. 

, Jonathan, b., 54' ; at Northampton, 

623; missionary, 663; at Stockbridge, 
69'; d., 71'. 

, , b., 662; pres. Princeton Coll., 

712; works, 67' , 712, 732, 1003; d., 110' . 

, John C, gov. Mo., 1592. 

, Ninian,b. (1775) ; gov. 111., 1172, 1352; 

charges against Crawford, 1332; d., 142' . 

, Passmore, gilt of, 1010' . 

, Patrick, Whitt.' Caps punish, 463' . 

, Rich., b. (15231 ; works, 873' ; d. (1566). 

, Samuel, decision on election, 3473. 

, Tyron, b., 116' . 

Edwardsville, 111., fire, 3492. 

, Pa.,fire, 3S33. 

Edwin, King, b., 842' ; Christianized, 8422; 
killed, 842'. 

Edwy, or Eadwig, King, d., 8442. 

Eeckhout, Gerbiant. van der, b.-d., 11003. 

, Jacob J., b., 1101' . 

Eels, James, moderator, 296 2 . 

Eenal, sidtan, 6553. 

Effen, Justus Van, b.-d., 1101'. 

Effingham, E. of, title created, 945'. 

Egait, James Francis, arrested, 903' , 2. 

, John, cons. R. C. bp., 10042. 

, Judge, dismisses prisoners, 4272. 

, Patrick, demands reparation, recog- 
nizes govt., 6092 ; house guarded, 609 3 ; 
leaves Ire., 991' ; envoy of U. S., 3513. 

Egba, Christians crucified, 11613. 

Egbert, conquest of, S44' ; K. of Eng. ; K. 
of Wessex, 845' ; d., 8442. 

, King, b. (775±) ; d., 777' . 

, archbp., est. school and library, 843' . 

Egede, Hans, b., 6363; miss., 583; Green- 
land's Conversion, 6383; d., 638' . 

, Paul, b., missionary, 1038'; works, 

10383; d., 1038'. 

Egelbert, Margrave, duke, 5033. 

Eger, council at, 7852. 

Egeria, asteroid, discovered, IO862. 

Egersseg, Anti-Jewish riot, 5303. 

Egerton, Baron, title created, 959'. 

, Alfred J. F., d., 1004' . 

, , E. of Bridgewater, b., 9082 ; d. 

(1853). 

, Henry, E. of Bridgewater, b., 

9143; d. (1829). 

, Leveson Gower, E. of Ellsinere, 

b., 9302; d.,9622. 

, Thomas, Lord Ellsmere, b., 8682 ; 

high chancellor, minister, 8773, 8793, 
881' ; lord chancellor, 8792; d., 880' . 

Egesta solicits help, 1020 2 . 

Egfrid, in Ireland, 842' . 

Egg, Augustus Leopold, b. (1S16) ; d., 
9662. 

Egglcston, Edward, b. (1S37) ; works, 277' , 
2803, 2823, 2S63, 3003, 3143, 3283, 3982. 

Eggo, Life of Christ, 775' . 

Egibe's'bank mentioned, 1145'. 

E^inhard, b.-d., 6642 ; with Charlemagne, 
6663. 

Eginton, Francis, b., 9083; d. (1805). 

Egira, institutes priesthood, augurs, and 
vestals, 10503. 

Egleston, Thomas, b., 140'. 



Eglinton, E. of, title created, 867 ' . 

, E. of. (See Archibald, William 

Montgomerie.) 

Eglon, subdues Israelites, 1140'; assas- 
sinated, 1143' . 

Egmont, Count, b.(1522) ; at b. Gravelines, 
872'; seized, 10993; d. (1568). 

, E. of, lord admiralty, 9133. 

, E. of, title created, 9072. 

, Lamoral, b.-d., 5403. 

Egreinont, Lord, minister, 9153,9172. 

Egrica, reigns, 11253. 

Egypt. (See Text, pp. 645-061.) Chil- 
dren receive Gr. education, 1015' ; Alex- 
andrine war, 10G01 ; edict against Chris- 
tians and Jews, 10603 ; Chosrocs subdues, 
11072; war with Turk., 1156', 11573; 
Esarhaddon invades, 11442 ; revolts 
against Assyria, 11453 ; Athenian fleet 
destroyed, 1019' ; reconquered, Achil- 
leus revolts, 1066' ; in Triangular League, 
10272 ; acknowledges suzerainty to. 
Rome, 10553; supremacy of Turk., 11592; 
obelisk given to Eng., '982' , 9833 ; evac- 
uation demanded, 11593; Eng. declines to 
evacuate, 10012 ; Khedive, in Order of 
Bath, 10083 ; London Conference, 9932 ; 
Debt Conversion scheme, Fr. govt, re- 
fuses, 759' ; scheme, dead, 10012, 10033. 

Egyptian Refugee Fund, 991'. 

Society founded, Eng., 939'. 

Ehlers, Lieut., in East Africa, 8382. 

Ehlobaue, mission, 6023. 

Ehrenberg, Christian G.,b., 8063; d.,8282. 

Pass, Maurice forces, 792'. 

Ehrensward, Ct. of, August, b.-d., 11342. 

Ehud delivers Israel, 1140' , 1143' ; judges 
Israel, 11413. 

Eichberg, Julius, b. (1824) ; d., 422' . 

Eichhorn, Karl F., b.,8042; works, 809'; 
d., 820' . 

Eichendorf, Baron Joseph von, b., 8043; 
works, 811', 8132; d., 820'. 

Eichhorn, Johann G., b., 8022; d., 814'. 

Eichstadt, ceded, 5193. 

Eichthal, Eugene d', works, 766' . 

Eiehwald, Edward, b., 11162; d., 11182. 

Eider boundary, Ger. and Denmark, 775 2 . 

Eiffel, Gustav, engineer, b. (1S43) ; Panama 
Canal scandal, sentence withdrawn, 7643. 

Tower, opd., struck by lightning, 

7593; reopened, 7613. 

Eight-hour labor day, Kansas City, 357' . 

Hour Labor Bill, in Cong., 3772, 3792. 

Bill rejected, Eng., 1009'. 

Eimmart, Georg C, b., 7963; d., 7983. 

Einhard, or Eginhard, b.-d., 8422 ; secre- 
tary to Charlemagne, 770 3 . 

Eion, captured, 10183. 

Eira, polar expedition, 984' , 986' . 

captured, 1014' . 

Eisenach, annexed to Saxe-Weimar, 7972. 

Eisenhart, Johann F., b., 7983; d., 8042. 

Ekombela, mission at, 1124' . 

Ekowe, siege, 600'. 

Ekron, Egyptians defeated, 650' . 

El Adiel, defeats Crusaders, 654' ; sultan, 
6552. 

Elagabalus, b. (205) ; reigns, 10653; a t An- 
tioch, 1064' ; conduct, murdered, 1065' . 

Elah, reigns, killed, 11433. 

Elam, attacked, 1139' ; invaded, 1144' ; at 
Halule, 11442. 

El Ameen, reigns, Egypt, 6552 

El Amer, calif, 6552. 

Ebonites in Babylonia, 1140'. 

El Arisch, Morocco, taken, 7132. 

El Ashraf Bursabey, sultan, 6553. 

El Ashraf Shahan, reigns, 655 3 . 

El Ashrof Khaleel, sultan, 6553. 

Kaiutbey, sultan, 6553. 

Toman Bey, reigns, Egy., 655 3 . 

Elatherius, St., pope, 10643. 

ElAzeez, calif, 655 2 ; patron of letters, 
655'. 

Elba, captured, 926' ; Napoleon at, 7213. 

El Bardoese Pasha, d., 6562. 

El Bayadeeyya mission, 65G 3 . 

El Beliani.i 'Literario, est., 11292. 

Elberon, N. J., Pres. Garfield, dies, 3092. 

Elbert, Samuel, b., 642; d., 100'. 

, H., gov. Colorado, 285' . 

Elbogen, A., kidnapper, 385' . 

Elbroiu, palace-mayor, 6653. 

El Censor, issued, Sp., 11293, 1131'. 

Elcho Challenge Shield, contests, 966', 
978' , 992' . 

Elchungen, Austrians defeated, 714' . 

El Correo Literario de la Eur. issued, 11293. 



1246 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Eleo-Elna. 



El Correo Mi rrantil. issued, 11211 . 

Eldad, a prophet, 11403. 

Elder, John, professorship endowed, 9923. 

,¥m, Henry, 1>. (1819) : eons.R. C. bp., 

182' ; bp. of Cincinnati, 3142. 

Eldership. (See Church of God.) 

El Dhafer, calif, 6552. 

Eldon, D. of, title created, 9372. 

, Earl of. (See John Scott.) 

Eldorado County, Cal., forest fires, 3933. 

El Dorado, enters Panama Canal, 6293. 

Eldridge, Alice B.. gymnasium gift, 4102. 

Eleanor, Queen, b. (1122r) ; marries Henry 
II., divorced, 6712 ; poisons Rosamond, 
8511 ; coronation eel., 8523 ; refounds 
hospital, 855'; crosses in honor, 8563; 
d. (1204). 

, , reigns in Navarre, 11273. 

Eleasa, battle of, 11481. 

Eleatic school est., Gr., 10163. 

Eleazar, high-priest, 11403, 11482, 1149'; 
d., 11411. 

— - II., high priest, 11503. 

III., high priest, 11503. 

Election, Am., presidential, 101 1 . Follow- 
ing elections, see quadrenniums ending 
in Nov., 1800-4-8-12-16-20-24 etc. ; M. C. 
caucus abandoned, 1332 ; nominating 
conventions intro., 1433; excitement, 
1531,2932; uniform day for, 1592; rule 
for electoral vote, 2433 ; bitterness in 
counting, close, disputed, 2932 ; electo- 
ral commission bill, 295' ; investigation, 
award, repudiated, 295 2 ; investigation 
of frauds. -H9 2 ; bribery exposed, cipher 
despatches, 3012; direct vote resolution, 
399 3 ; frauds in Lansingburg, N.Y.,426 2 . 

, bishops in, 7622, 7631 . 

, Eng., restricted, 8632 ; bribery in, 

8953; bill passses, 9773. 

, first agitation in U. S., 993. 

.French, 7273, 7332, 737', 739', 7413, 

747' ,7492, 751' ,2, 759' , 7633 ; frauds, laws 
changed, 7252; new law, 749' ,3; bill, 755'2. 

, Ger., general, mobs, 8333. 

, National, in Austria, 5292. 

, Southern, discussed, 337'; elections 

bill in Congress, 373' ,2, 375' ,3, 3763. 

Electoral college appears, Ger., 781 2 . 

Hesse, invaded, 527' ; for Prus., 5272. 

vote, Am., 1012. (See quadrenniums 

ending in Feb. 1802-6-10-14-18-22-26, etc.) 

Electra, asteroid, discovered, 280'. 

Electric capal-boat test, 4453. 

cars in Boston, 351 3 . 

exhibition, Edinburgh, 10033. 

gen.-machine at Niagara Falls, 5892. 

— - Light Asso., Am., at Niagara, 5893. 

light, carbon, 410' . 

Lighting Act. passes, 991 2 . 

— —lighting, Westinghouse system, 348'. 

machine, constructed, 11003. 

motor for street car, Edison, 392' . 

omnibus, London, 1000' . 

poles, removed, Arn., 3293. 

power, Albany syndicate, 4312. 

Electrical Engineers, Am. Society org., 
3192; conven., Buffalo; 4022; Amer. Inst, 
session, 4082. 

cong. in Paris, 752' ,3, 7542, 7583. 

figures produced, Ger., 804' . 

machine constructed (first), 7692. 

Soc. fmd., London, 948' . 

tramway in Paris, 752' . 

Electricity, Am. exhibition of, 66' ; Frank- 
lin experiments, 703; first electrocution, 
365'; induction coil made, 148'; incan- 
descent light, 158'; vs. gas, 2993; pro- 
duced by Bell, produced by Tainter, 3081 ; 
lights on cruiser, 3121 ; discussed by Du 
Fay, Ft., 6981 ; Gilbert experiments, G. 
B.,8762, 4941 ; glass for generating, 8041 ; 
phenomena dis., 906' ; apparatus, glass 
cylinder, 9102; transmission of, 912'; 
glass machine invented, 916'; investi- 
gated, 9182 ; light, 930' ; telegraph dis., 
secondary currents, 948' ; magneto-elec- 
tricity applied to electroplating, 9502. 

.galvanic battery, It.; experiments, 

voltaic battery, 1084' ; animal, 1086' . 

Electrocution law, consti'l, 3492, 355 2 . 

Electro-galvanic experiments, 926'. 

Electrolyzation discovered, 9282. 

Electromagnetic apparatus constructed, 
948' ; rotation described, 9402. 

Electro-magnetism experiments, 940' . 

Electrometer, induction invented, 81G', 
9182; Lane's, completed, 9162; gold-leaf 
invented, 9242. 



Electrophone inv. and exhibited, 9662. 

Electrophorus, invention improved, 922' . 

Electroscope invented, 812'. 

El-elf ee Bey, d., 6562. 

Elementary Education Act, 9733, 9772, 

9812, 10073, 
Elements, four named, 10163. 
Elephant, first, in Eng., 8533. 
Eleusinian Mysteries, instituted, 10132; 

abolished, 1069'. 
Eleusis, Temple of Demeter begun, 10203. 
Elevated roads. (See Brooklyn, Chicago, 

New York City.) 
El Fayoom, mission, 651' . 
El Fiygez, calif, 6552. 
El Glioree Kansooh, reigns, Egy., 655 3 . 
Elgin, Baron, title created, 951' . 
, E.of, title created, 883' . (See Elgin, 

Victor A.) 
, Earl. (See Bruce, James.) 

marbles, 9302; purchased, 938'. 

Elgiva, Queen, cruelty to, 845' ; exiled, 

8453. 

El Hafus, calif, 6552. 

El Hakin, calif, 6552. 

Eli, high priest, 11422; judges Israel, 
11432; d., 11422. 

Elias, Levita, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Eliashib, high priest, 11463. 

Elibank, Baron, title created, 8851. 

Elijah, prophet, 11442. 

Elim, mission, 5972, 11242. 

Elionareus, high priest, 11523. 

Eliot, Charles William, b., 1422. 

, George. (See Cross, Mrs.) 

, , Augustus. Baron Heathfield of 

Gibraltar, b. (1717); d., 9243. 

, John, b., 262; in Boston, 321 ; Psalm 

Book, 371 ; missionary, 382 ; among In- 
dians, 402,3; New Testament in Indian 
laiiguaae,403;ind.Bible, 403, 422; edition 
of Bible, 483; d., 502. 

, Sir John, b., 8762; 

resolutions in H. C, 
d., 8832. 

, Samuel, b., 1301 . 

, Thomas Dawes, b. (1808); d., 2702. 

Eli. .11, Gilbert, Sir, in Corsica, 7113. 

Elis devastated, 10221. 

Elisha, prophet, miracles of, 11442,3. 

Elizabeth, wrecked, San Francisco, 3793. 

, Can., Brit., surprised at, 1201 . 

, N. J., purchased, 431 ; colony at, 

431,2; Pros, church fmd., 422; assembly 
meets, 433; evacuated, 861 ; Brit, in, 921 ; 
Singer works burned, 3593; fire, 3813; 
Bancroft launched, 4061 . 

crowned in Rumania, 11133. 

of Bavaria, married, 5243 ; crowned 

Empress, 5273. 

of Prussia, d., 8033. 

of Russia, ally of Austria, 5153 ; reigns, 

11153. 

Petrovna, empress, b.-d., 11142. 

, Princess, of Aust.,b., 5102; rules, 5091. 

, Queen of Eng., b., 8681 ; imprisoned 

when princess, released, 8713 ; reigns, 
motto, 8732 ; head of church, 8722 ; silk 
stockings given to, 8731 ; excommuni- 
cated, 8723; opposes Puritans, 8743 ; de- 
clines sovereignty of Neth., 8753; sends 
aid to Fr., 8761 ; Lambeth articles op- 
posed, 8763; d., 878', 879'; statue, 8761. 

, Saint, b.-d., 5042. 

Stuart, princess, b. (1592); marriage, 

8791 ; d. (1662). 

Woodville, queen, b. (1437±) ; mar- 
ried, 8651 ; d. (1492). 

, Mine., guillotined, 7103. 

City,N.C.,taken,204'; NormalSchool 

est., 3962. 
Elizabethan Gothic architecture intro., 

Eng., 8662. 

statutes, enforced, 8782. 

Elizabethtown. Ky., first Bapt. church,95i . 

El-Jawily, mission, 657 1 . 

El Kaber, reigns, Egy., 6552. 

El Kernel, treaty with, 7811. 

Elk Fork, Ark., Confeds. defeated, 2171 . 

Elkhorn. (See Pea Ridge.) 

Elkin, Brig.-Gen. J. A., commission, 2472. 

Elko, Nevada State University, org., 2863. 

El Komr El Akbdar, mission, 6571 , 

Elk's Spring, Confeds. defeated, 225' . 

Ell, 1 A. report, 3353. 

Ellazio, Gen., Pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

Ellenborough, Lord. (See Law, Sir 

Edward.) 
Ellcnsburg, Wash., fire, 3433. 



Ellenville, N. B., bigamist, 3883. 

Ellerslie, N. Y., fire, 4353. 

Ellery, William, b., 602 ; d. (1820). 

Ellesmere, E. of, title created, 951' . 

, L. (See Egerton, Sir Thomas.) 

Ellet, Charles, Jr., b., 1162 ; commands 
Queen of the West, 2183 ; d., 2092. 

, Elizabeth F., b., 1262 ; d., 2942. 

Ellicott City, Ind., Eock Hill Coll. org., 
1822. 

, Andrew b., 682; d., 1282. 

, Chas. John, b. (1819) ; elected, bp., 

9583. 

, E. L., Civil Service Commiss., 2732. 

Ellinge, W-, pres. Reformed synod, 1363. 

Ellington, C. H., Pres. Nat. Conv., 4111 . 

Elliot, Capt., Supt. trade, 6172. 

, George Henry, becomes colonel, 4301 , 

, H. B., dis. Madonna, 350'. 

, Richard C, d., 10081 . 

, Stephen, cons. bp. of Ga., 1523. 

Nat, History Society, org., 1721. 

Elliotson, John, b., 9242;" d., 9722. 

Elliott, Charles, b. (1792) ; d., 2641 . 

, Loring, b., 1183; d. (1S6S). 

, David, b. (1787) ; moderator, 1463 ; d. 

(1S74). 

, Ebenezer, b., 9222; works, 9291 ,9443; 

d., 9542. 

, Ezekiel Brown, b., 1302; d. (1888). 

, Geo. F., pres. league, 475' . 

, Jesse Duncan, b." 95' ; on Lake Erie, 

1182; truce with Keshen, 6161 ; d., 158' . 

, Robert Woodward Barnwell, b. 

(1840) ; cons, bp., 2842; d., 3262. 

, , b. (1806) ; bp., 1523; d., 254' . 

, , Conf ed. Gen., d., 252' . 

, William, b. (1788) ; d., 219' . 

, W. E., murderer, 3883. 

Elliott's Mills, Sid., college fnd., 113'. 

Ellis Island, N. Y., inspection, 431'. 

.Alexander John, b. (1814); Musical 

Pitch, 9843 ; d. (1890). 

, Edward, b., 123' . 

, George, b., 9103; d., 9363. 

, G. F., wounded, 4722. 

, Sir Henry, b., 9203; d., 9722. 

, , b. (1721) ; gov., 713; d. (1806). 

, John Willis, b. (1820) ; gov. N. C, 

187'; restores Fed. forts, 1901; d. (1861). 

, Whittaker, lord mayor, 9891 . 

, Sarah Stickney, b., 9362; d. (1872). 

, William, b., 92'63 ; d., 9761 . 

, R., b., 1681. 

, T., b., 1581. 

Ellis's Chapel, Vu., Meth. conference, 951 . 

Ellmaker, Amos, b. (17S7) ; electoral vote, 
1413; d. (1851). 

Ellsler, Erne, b., 184lT~ 

Ellsworth, Ephraim Elmer, b. (1837) ; 
killed, 1943. 

, Henry L., d., 1841 . 

, Oliver, b., 662 ; justice, vote for 

Pres., 1073; d., 114'. 

, T. G., invents telephone, 3201 . 

, Wm. Wolcott, b. (1791) ; gov. Conn., 

1512 ; d. (1868). 
El Madgy, calif at Mecca, 4842. 
El Mamoon, patron of literature, 655' ; 

reigns Egy., 6552. 
El Mansoor, persecutes Christians, 6543 ; 
patron of literature, 6551 ; sultan, 6553. 

Kalaoon, takes Tripoli, 6542; 

sultan, 655 3 . 

Lageen defeats rebels, 6542. 

Mohammed, reigns, 6553. 

El Mantussin, reigns, Egy., 6552. 

El Mantuz, reigns, Egy., 6552. 

Elmes, Harvey Lonsdale, b., 9363; d.,9542. 

, James, b., 9223; d. (1862). 

Elmhurst, 111., Evang. Sem. opd., 2703. 
Elmina, acquired, 9772; captured, 1161'. 
Elmira, N. Y., Elmira Coll. org., 1783 ; 
Telet/ram, issued, 3023; Steele Memorial 
Library Association, 438' . (See Brock- 
way, Supt.) 
El Moaiyud, sultan, 6553. 
ElMoez,fnds. dynasty, 0553; sultan, 16553. 
Elmore, Frank. Harper, b. (1799) j d., 163' . 
Kl Mostain, reigns, Egy., 6552. 
ElMotamekkei, reigns, Kgy., 6552. 
El Mozuffer, sultan, 6553. 

Bavleurs, sultan, 6553. 

Elmsley, Peter, b., 9183; d., 9422. 

El Muritusser, reigns, 655 2 . 

El Mustalee, calif, 6552. 

El Mustansir, calif, 6552. 

Elmwood Cemetery. Memphis, est., 1713, 

El Nasr Mohammed, abdicates, 655 3 . 



Eloi-Epes. 



Text Figures denote Page. lJN.Uli.-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



1247 



Eloi, St., patron of smiths and artists, 

6042 ; works in metals, 66*1. 
Elon, judges Israel, 11432. 

Coll. N. C. (Christian) org. (1S90). 

Eloy, or Eligius, b.-d., 6642. 
El Panorama, issued, 11311. 
El Paso, Tex., Southwest Silver Conven., 

3971 ; smugglers caught, 4522. 
El Pensador, issued, 11292. 
Elphin, Ire., bishopric est., S403 ; see 

unites with Kelmore, 9462. 
Elphinston, James, b. (1721) ; d v 9343. 
Elphinstone, Baron, title created, 8671, 

, Sir George Keith, b. (1746) ; at Cape 

Town, 5971 ; d. (1823). 

, Sir Howard Crawford, d., 10021 . 

, Lord, gov. of Bombay, 10473. 

, Mountstuart, b., 9203; d., 9622. 

, William, '..., ,802.2; d., S661 . 

, Gen. William Keith, b. (1782) ; in 

Afghanistan, 42, 53; d. (1842). 

El Kadee reigns, Egy., 6552. 

Elsa, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

El Semanariode A<iricultnra, issued, 11311 . 

Elsheiiner, Adam, b., 7922; d., 7043. 

Elsinore, Den., conquered, 7821. 

Elson, Louis C, Iteotm of Music, 4462. 

Elssler, Fanny, b. (1810) ; in N. Y., 1521 ; 
d. (1884). 

Elswick, Eng., gun-works, strike, 10031 . 

Elsworth, Win. Wolcott, b. (1791) ; d., 2601 . 

El-Teb, Sudan, battle of, 6601 . 

Elton, Borneo, b. (1790) ; d., 2682. 

El Trifuno, suspension sentence, 6333. 

Elultasus revolts, 11452. 

Elvira, church est. at, 10662, 11252. 

Elvira, asteroid, discovered, 756i . 

Elwes, W. W., cons, op., 10121 . 

Ely, Eng., Bp. Compton cons., 9922. 

, Alfred, b. (1815) ; d., 4061 . 

, EzraStiles, h. (1780); moderator, 1363; 

d. (1861). 

, Marquise of, title created, 9311 . 

, R. S-, bequests, 4542. 

, Bichard Theodore, b., 1741 . 

, Smith, mayor of New York", 2972. 

, Prof., trial as socialist, 4691 . 

Elyot, Sir Thomas, b., 8661 ; works, 8691 ; 
d,,870i. 

Elzevir, Abraham, b., 10983; d. (1652). 

, Bonaventure, b.-d., 10983. 

— -, Daniel, b.-d., 11003. 

, Joost, b.-d., 10983. 

, Louis, b.-d., 11003. 

Elzey, Arnold, b. (1815) ; d., 2721 . 

Emancipation by Fremont, 1981, 1992; 
gradual urged by Lincoln, 2052; military 
by Gen. Hunter, 2071 ; military counter- 
manded, 2081; urged by Lincoln, 2112; 
alienates Democrats, 2113; approved by 
governors, 2133 ; monitory proclamation, 
215 2 ; retaliated; Lincoln's message, 2173; 
Lincoln proclaims, 2181, 2192; compen- 
sated, defeated, 2192,3; by enlistment ; 
by amend., 2313 ; eel., Richmond, 3703. 

- — Bill, rejected, Brazil, 5572. 

passes, Cuba, 6332, 

Emails, Storm, trial, N. Y., 3992. 

Emanuel, David, gov. Ga., 1112. 

, P. A., aluminum process, 3741. 

Emanu-El Theol. Sem., library, gift, 4042. 

Embargo Actpassed, 1052; 2dAct passed, 
1152,3; removed, 1172 ; expires, 1181 ; 3d 
Act passed, 1192; 4th Act Am., 1213; re- 
pealed, 1232 ; foreign, Gt. Britain, 9312. 

Emblem, John, in Boston, 482. 

Embroidery machine invented, 9321; by 
Sidonians, 11402. 

Embury, Emma Cath., b. (1S06); d., 2191. 

, Philip, b., 602 ; m N. Y., 723 ; lirst 

Meth. pastor, 742 ; in John St. church, 
762; d., 823. 

Eniden, telegraph line, 8201 . 

Emeric, Hung., leader, 7973 ; enthroned, 
5051. 

David, Toussaint Bernard, b. (1755) ; 

d., 7282. 

Emerson Inst., Ala., opened, 2583. 

, Geo. Barren, b., 1062 ; d., 3062. 

, Ralph Waldo, b., 1102 ; works, 1463, 

1523, 1543, 1583, 1683, 1802, 1803, 2603, 
2723,2903 ; d., 3101. 

Emery, George W., gov. U., 2912. 

Emid Said Khan rules Bokhara, 5492. 

Emigrant Aid Asso incorporated, 1742. 

Emigrants going west, 107 3 ; to Ore., 1573; 
inFr., 6323; deprived of property, 7091 . 

Emigration to Am., 493 ; Chinese, 6193, 



6233; prohibited inFr., 7413; forbidden, 
Ger., 8292 ; increases, 8311 ; license im- 
posed, Eng., 8S31 . 

Eiuile-Brugsch-Bey, antiquities, 3681 . 

Emilia, asteroid, discovered, 7481 . 

Emilia, It., fnd. by Romans, 10533. 

Emilio, Paolo, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. 

Emington, 111., dynamite explosion, 4413, 

Emin Pasha, injured, 5032; j u Sudan, 0003; 
leaves equatorial provinces, 0012; deco- 
ration, 8321 ; in Afr. ; in Zanzibar, S382. 

Eminence Coll., Ky., org., 1822. 

Emir of Bokhara meets Afghans, 63. 

Emirs rule in Cordova, 11253. 

Emly, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

Emma, asteroid, discovered, 7561 . 

, loss of life on, 3353. 

Emma Mine frauds, Gen, Schenck ac- 
cused, 2913. 

of Waldeek-Pyrmont marries, 11023. 

Emmanuel I., b., 6S22 

Manoel, b.-d., 11092 ; reigns, 11093. 

Philibert, b. (1528) ; at St. Quentin, 

6821; d. (1580). 

, Queen Kalakaua's rival, 10412; re- 
gent, 11023. 

Victor, struggle in It., 7353; body re- 
moved, 10903. 

Emmaus, mission, 59S 2 ,3. 

Emmerton, James A., b., 1422. 

Emmet, Robert, b., 9203: insurrection, 
9301,9313; d.,9323. 

, Thomas A., b., 741 ; d., 1342. 

, Addis, b., 9102; d., 9422. 

Emmett, Joseph K., d., 3S42. 

Emmmittsburg, Md., Motmt St. Mary's 
Coll. fnd., 1143. 

Emmons, Ebenezer, b. (1799) ; d., 2272. 

, Samuel Franklin, b., 1522. 

Emory, John, b., 1001 ; bp., 1402; ,1. (1S35). 

, William H., b. (1S12) ; Gen. at Pleas- 
ant Hill, 2311 ; arm v of Shenandoah, 2371 ; 
checks Carterites, 2772; d. (1887). 

, H., b., 1162. 

■ and Henry College, Ya., org., 1491 . 

Coll. chartered, Ga., 1471. 

Emoyafi, misssion at, 11241. 
Empedocles, b., 10211; establishes four 

elements, 10203. 

Emperor Nicltolas I. in N. Y., 4352. 

Emperors nominate popes, 10742. 

Empire City, Kan., lead discovered, 2961 . 

Order of Mutual Aid, Buffalo, 4073. 

Umpire State, explodes, 1S13. 

State Express, lirst, 3953; time, 4312. 

Employers' Liability Act, 9872, 10112. 

anil Workmen's Act passes, i)Sl 1 . 

Employment of Children's Hill, 10012. 

Emporia, Kau., Norm. Sc. [Coll.], est.,219 2 . 

Ems, Prus., false telegram from, 8271. 

Emser, Hieronvmus, b. (1477); work, 7892; 
d. (1527). 

Emucfau, Ala., battle of, 122i . 

Enazuris, Federico, pres., 6072. 

Encaustic painting invented, 10243; intro., 
7882; revived, 9222. 

Encke, Johann F., b., 8043; d., 8222. 

comet discovered, 7221 ; visible, 9742. 

Enclosure, Copyhold, and Tithes Commis- 
sions united, 993 2 . 

Encoye settled, 1161 1 . 

Encumbered Estates Act, passes, 9553. 

Encyclopedia Mctropolitana, Eng., 9391. 

Ew'ticinini'ilf Dictionary, Eng., 10022. 

Encyclop;e<lic AtUjeineine, published, 8322. 

Endemus, king, 10133. 

Endicott, John, b. (1589) ; in Mass., 313; 
against Indians, 341 j gov., 411 ; d., 422. 

, Wm. Crowninshield, b. (1827) ; minis- 
ter, 3211. 

Endlieher, Stephan Ladislaus, b., 5191; 
d.,5223. 

Endres, Matthias, Excise Bill, 4011 . 

Endymion, captures President, 1223. 

Eiiiantin, Barthelemy Prosper, b., 7123 ; 
d.,7362. 

Enfranchisement of It., 10573. (See Suf- 
frage, Female.) 

Kngau, Johann R., b., 7983; d., 8023. 

Engel, Ernst, b., 8122. 

, George, executed, 3272. 

, Johann J., b., 8003 ; Lorenz Start, 

S072; d., 8082. 

Engelbert, d., 5062. 

, St., archbp. of Cologne, royal adviser, 

7793; murdered, 7802,3. 

Engelbreehtsen, Cornelius, b.-d., 10982. 

Engelmaiin, Godefroy, b., 7002; d., 7282. 

Engelstoft, Christian Thorning, b., 6382. 



Engeman, G. H., imprisoned, 376 2 . 

Engen, A ust., defeat at, 8062. 

Enghien, Due D', Louis Antoine Henri de 
Bourbon-Conde, b. (1772) ; in Fr. army, 
6S81 ; executed, 7153. 

, Due D', commander, 7961 . 

Engines, for plowing iuv., 8801 ; hydraulic, 
8941; heal, '.Kid 1 , 11,(12, iir,-|2; atmospheric, 
9041,9422; expansion. 9202; double, 9221 ; 
rotary, lirst used, 9241 ; cylinder expan- 
sion, 9322. (See Steam-engine.) 

Engineers. (See Locomotive Engineers.) 

England. (See Text, Great Britain, pp. 
839-1013. Items without preceding local- 
ity words relate to England). Cffisar 
crosses Channel, 10583 ; visited by Ro- 
mans, 10673 ; rule of Caracalla, 10653 ; 
claims Am. continent, 173; emigration 
restrained, 353; truce with Fr., 562 ; of- 
fended with U. S., 2013 ; summons for 
peace, 2012; declines mediation, 2153; re- 
scinds recognition of Confed., 2473; sov- 
ereign, value est., 2851; peace with Fr. 
excludes Protestants, 6S73 ; restored to 
Rome, 10002 ; surrenders possessions, 
7152; hostilities with Scot., 7021; reve- 
nues in India, 10453 ; Indo-European tele- 
graph line opened, 104113; aid to Dutch, 
10982 ; war with Neth., 1100 1 ; war with 
Persia, 11081. 

, John, bp., b., 981 ; d., 1542. 

England's Helicon ; Em/laud's Parnassus, 
issued, 8772. 

Engles, Wm. Morrison, b. (1797); d., 2582. 

Englewood, 111., Voice and Hearing School 
est., 3151 . 

, N. J., Daisy Fields Home, est., 4502. 

Englis, Wm. M., moderator, 1523. 

English in Japan, 10911 ; origin of, 8471 . 

, E.James, gov. Conn., 2593, 2732 2973; 

votes, 2751. 

, Thomas Dunn, b., 1281 . 

, William H., nom., 3051 ; votes, 3072. 

Historical Society Est., 9491. 

English Jieeieic, issued', 9231. 

Universities, modern history, 9071 . 

Zenana Missionary Soe. org., 9862. 

Engolini, mission, 5983. 

Engraving on glass inv., 7061; electro- 
faced, 9621 . 

machine, copper plate 930 2 . 

Enidiseni, mission, 5991 . 
Enigma, lirst, 11423. 
Enkoping, action at, 11341. 
Enloe, Benj. A., b., 1641 . 

En Nasi' Eareg, sultan, 6553. 
Enneking, John Joseph, b., 1522. 
Ennemoser, Joseph, b., 8043; d., 8201. 
Kiiiiiskillen, Ire., resists Eng., 8981. 

, Earl of, title created, 9231 . 

Ennius, Quintus, b. (239 B.C.) : works, 

10552; d. (169 B.C.). 
Enoch, first city built, 11393. 

, translated, 11392. 

Enochs, William H., d., 4341 . 

Enon, mission, 5972. 

Enrique de Bourbon, Don, killed, 11323. 

Enriquez, (Jen., suppresses revolt, 10383; 

killed, 10381 . 

, Gomez Antonio, d., 112S3. 

Ensilage used, 6521 . 

Enterprise, Kan., Central Coll. fnd., 3962. 

Enterprise, captures Boxer, 1203. 

first steamer to India, 9433. 

polar expedition, sails, 9542, 

wrecked, 10001 . 

Entombe, mission at, 11241 , 
Entomological Society, org., 9461. 
Entrecasteaux, Joseph Autoine Brunid', 

b., 7002; d., 7082. 
Entre Rios, civil war at, 4902 ; joins Pres. 

Rosas, 11602. 
Entzheim, Imperialists defeated, 6921. 
Enzio, King, b. (1225); captured, 7801; 

prisoner, 7803; at Ancona, at Meloria, 

7801 ; d. (1272). 
Eolian harp, invented, 7962. 
Eon de Beaumont, Charles Genevieve 

Louis Auguste Andre Timothee d', b., 

6982; d., 7191. 
Eotvos, Josef, b., 5202 ; Jews Congress, 

5291; d., 5282. 
Epamfnondas, b.-d., 10211; leads Sacred 

Band, greatest Gr. gen., 10222, 3 • at 
,Mantines, k., 10223. 
Epee, Charles Michel de 1', b.,6963; d., 

7062. 
Epervier, captured, 1221 . 
Epes, James F., b., 1542. 



1248 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Epke-Esta, 



Ephecheres reigns, 11435. 

F.j>lo'inerides dn < 'iloiien, issued, 7033. 

Epheiio rirl, .,■ Li/terarix, issued, 7991. 

Ephesdammin, action at, 1421. 

Ephesians, Epistles to, written, 11531 . 

Ephesus, Asia Minor, fnd., 10152; Temple 
of Diana erected, 10162 ; burned, 10231 ; 
destroyed, 10282 ; church council, 10703 ; 
conquered, 11461 ; revolts, 11472 ; earth- 
quakes, 11502 ; falls, 11551. 

Ephetre, Gr., court of, established, 10151 . 

Ephrata, Ga., early Sunday school, 643. 

, Nicaragua, mission, 1103 2 . 

Ephyre. (See Corinth.) 

Epieharnus, b., 10211 . 

Epictetus, b., 10283. 

Epicurus, b., 10243 ; opens school at 
Athens, 10263; d. (270 B.C.). 

Epidamnus, Turk., captured, 10262. 

Epidemiological Society, find., 9561. 

Epigenesis, theory advanced, 8022. 

Epileptics, colony for, N. Y., 4592. 

Epimeuides, b., 10162; nourishes, 10143. 

Epinal, Fr., captured, 7421 . 

fipiuay, Louise d', b., 6982; d., 7051 . 

Epiphanius, bp., b.-d., 10283, Panarium, 
10691. 

Epiphany, Feast, est., 10723. 

Epirus, Gr., freedom declared, 10273 ; 
seized, 10351 ; subdued, 10543 ; Romans 
plunder, 10552; Cajsar's army iu, 10601 ; 
annexed Turk., 11572. 

Episcopacy, Mug., abolished, 8703; in Scot., 
87S2; rejected Scot., 8823; revived Eng., 
8902 ; restored in Scot, and In Eng., 
8903; abolished in Scot., 8983; tolerated 
in Scot., 9042; in Mass., 282. 

Episcopius, Simon, b.-d., 10983. 

Epistolte Obscurorinii, issued, 7892. 

Epping Forest, Eng., dedicated, 967' . 

Eppstein, Capt., 1982. 

Epsom, Eng., races at, 9053; Royal Medi- 
cal Benevolent College est., 9611 . 

Epworth League org., O., 3402; reports, 
39S2; Cleveland Couf., 4321; withdraws 
exhibit, 4323; report, 4461 . 

Equal Rights Association answered, 5891. 

Equator, Kongo, mission at, 10942. 

Equestrian Order, Gt. Brit, est., 8392. 

Equitable Aid Union, org., 3032. 

, statistics, 4463. 

- Mortgage Co. fail, 4373. 

Era, Christian, restored in Fr., 7172. 

, Common (Usher) (4004 B.C.). 

, Jewish, begins, 3761 B.C. 

of Alexander begins, 10603. 

of Constantinople (,"..,os, Sept. 1,B.C). 

of Martyrs, begins, 100(53. 

of Mohammedans begun, 4842. 

of Nabonassar begins (Feb. 26, 

747 B.C.). 

, Revolutionary, Fr., 7092, 7111 . 

, Roman, begins, 10502. 

Eraclius, Etnp., defeats Chosroes, 11062. 

Eralo, asteroid, discovered, 8201. 

Erarie, reigns, 10713; d. (541). 

Erasistratus, b.-d., 1148 2 ; applies dissec- 
tion, 10263. 

Erasmus, Desiderius, b.-d., 10982. 

Erato, Queen, rules in Armenia ; gov. 
Syria, 11513. 

Eratosthenes, b.-d., 10263 ; invents armil- 
lary sphere ; lays down parallel, 10263. 

Erben, Henry, rear-adm., in Brooklyn 
Navy Yard, 3841 ; hi London, 10122. 

Erchenwin, King, 8413. 

Ercilla y Zuniga, Alonzo de, b.-d., 11282. 

Erckiuann, Emile (Erckmann-Chatrian), 
b., 7242; works, 7343, 7363. 

Erdman, Constantine J., b., 1602. 

Erdmann, Johann Eduard, b., 8082. 

, Otto Linne, b., 8082; d., 8262. 

Erechtheus (Erichthonius), King, wor- 
ship of Minerva, 10131 ; reigns, k., 10133. 

Erechtheum, Athens, fnd., 10223. - 

Eresburg, captured, 7701 . 

Eretria, Gr., Persia holds, 10181 . 

Erfurt, Prussia acquires, 8091 ; Napoleon 
meets princes, 7173 ; musical festival, 
810i ; pari, opd., 5233; diet at, 5243. 

, League, dissolution demanded, 5233. 

, University of fnd. afresh, chartered, 

7851; suspends, 8131. 

Erie I., Den., 6352. 

IX, Den., enthroned, 6352. 

III., Den., enthroned, 6353. 

IV., Den., 6371. 

V;, Den., reigns, 6371 . 

VI., Den., reigns, 6271. 



Eric VII., Den. ; reigns, 6372. 

L, Nor., reigns, 11043. 

II., Nor., reigns, 6372; marries Mar- 
garet of Scot., 1105 1 . 

the Victory-Blest, Swe., reigns, 11332. 

(IX.), Swe., chosen king, 1135 1; con- 
verting Finns, 11343. 

II. (X.), Swe., reigns, 11351 . 

III. (XI.), Swe., reigns, 11351 . 

IV., Swe., reigns, 11352. 

VII., Swe.. reigns ; oppressions of ; 

dethroned, 11352. 

XIV., Swe., b.-d., 11342; coat of arms, 

11341 ; introduces titles, 11351 . 

, Duke of Brunswick, 7872. 

Eigodl., Den., 6353. 

Erich, Duke, storms camp of Avars, 7701 . 

Erichthonius. (See Erichtheus.) 

Ericsson, tried on Potomac, 1721. 

, launched, 4601 . 

Ericsson, John, b., 11361 ; report on sun's 
diameter, 2801; atmospheric engine, 
9422; screw propellers, 1481,9481; calo- 
ric engine, 9.542; arrives in Am., 1501 ; 
heat motor, 1721 ; patents caloric engine, 
1801 ; solar rays, 2641 ; solar engine, 3381 ; 
d., 3361 ; memorial services, 3663 j body 
transferred, 3683; statue, 4281. 

, Lief, explorations, killed, 112. 

, Magnus, < 'amnion Lair appears, 11343. 

Erie, Pa., women violent, 1742; bank rob- 
bery, 4163. 

canal, enactment, 1173; bill for, 1251 ; 

opd., 1273 ; toll collected, 1293 ; nrs t boat 
through, 1313; completion celebrated, 
1331 ; finally completed, 2173 ; electric 
canal boat, 445 3 . 

Erie, burned, 1533. 

, Lake, naval battle, 1203. 

Meth. Epis. Conference find., 1462. 

Ring Panic occurs, 267 3 . 

R.R. commenced, 1453 ; opd., 1G93 ; ter- 
minus in Jersey City, 1733; wreck, 4002; 
seeks Albany and Susquehanna, 267 3 . 

triangle, purchased, 1051. 

Erigena, Johannes Scotus,b.(S00±); works, 
6663; d., 8442. 

Erigone, asteroid, discovered, 7481 . 

Er'tkskroniL-un, appears, 11343. 

Erlach, Jean Louis d', b., 6S42; d., 6902. 

iiiiandsen, Jacob, archbishop, 636 1 . 

Erlangen, Ger., Univ., chartered, 8011; 
university T unites with Altdorf, 8091 , 

, Baron Emile D\ concession to, 739 3 . 

Erlanifer L/leratiir:ei/iua/, issued, 807 2 . 

, Michael, d., 7621 . 

Erlau, Hung., Turks besiege, 5101 . 

Erlautertes I'rensten, issued, 8003. 

Ei-man, Gustav A., b.,8082; d., 8282. 

, Paul, b., 8023; d., 818' . 

Ermelo Missionary Society, fmd., 11021. 

Erment mission, 6571 . 

Erminie, first sung in U. S., 3241 . 

Erne, Earl of, title created, 9231 . 

Ernest I., resigns Saaltield, 8133. 

III., reigning D., 8092 ; deposed, 8093. 

, Aug. A. II., D. of Cumberl'd, b., 9522. 

, Duke of Bavaria, 7852. 

Fred. I., Saxe-Gotha, reigns, 8023. 

August, D. of Cumberland, b., 9183 ; 

K. of Hanover, 8153. 8311; grants elec- 
toral rights, 8173 ; d., 8182. 

, Duke of Saxe-Coburg, b. (1818) ; d., 

8361 , 8371 . 

-, Duke of Styria, 5073. 

the Valiant, margrave, 5033. 

Ernesti, Johann A., b., 7983 ; d., 8042. 

Ernley, Sir John, minister, 897 2 . 

Ernoul, M., minister, 747 s . 

Ernst, Heinrich W., b., 8102; d., 8222. 

, Oswald Hubert, b., 1542. 

, of Swabia, revolts, killed, 7752. 

Erovant, usurper, rules Armenia, 11533. 

Errard, Charles, b., 6862; d., 6942. 

Errett, Isaac, b. (1820) ; president conven- 
tion, 2882, 2942 ; d. (1888). 

Errington, Sir John S., d. 10101 . 

Errol, Earl of, title created, 8631 . 

Ersoh, Johann S., b., 8023 ; d., 8141. 

Erskine, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

, David Montagu, b. (1776) ; Brit, min- 
ister, 1172 ; d. (1855). 

, Ebene/er, b., 8942; forms Presbytery, 

9083; followers divided, d., 9123. 

, John, b., 9002 ; d. (1768). 

, John, Earl of Mar, b., 8941 ; d., 9082. 

, Ralph, b., 9862 ; d., 9123. 

, Robert Francis St. Clair, Earl of Ross- 

lyn, d., 10041 . 



Erskine, Lord Thomas, b., 9122; lord 

chancellor, 9332 ; d., 9403. 

College, S. C, org., 1511 . 

Ertoghrul, unites with Aladdin; drowned, 

11543, 11553. 
Ervigius reigns, 11253. 
Erving, John, b., 621 ; d. (1786). 
Erwin, Alex. R., b., 1S61 ; d. (I860). 

von Steinbach, d., 7822. 

Erxleben, Johann C. P., b. 8003; d., 8042. 
Erythrasa, revolts against Athens, 10213. 
Eryxias, last archon, 1015 3 . 
Erzerum, Turk., action at, 11073, 1116 1 ; 

earthquake, 115G2 ; revolts, 11593 ; mis- 
sion est., 11563. 
Erzeroum, or Erzerum, Turk., earthquake 

at, 11073. 
Esahaddon, in Egypt, 6512, 11442; reigns, 

invades Judea, 1145 3 . 
Esau, sells birthright, 11402 ; marriages 

of, 1141 1 . 
Escala, at Pisaqua, 6062. 
Kseanaba, .Mich., disturbance, 3891. 
Eschenbach, Wolfram von, works, 7783 ; 

d., 7782. 
Eschenburg, Johann J., b., S003 ; d., 8122. 
Eschenmayer, Karl A., b., 8031 ; u ., 8201 . 
Eschscholtz, Johann F., b., 8002; d., 8142. 
Esclot, Bernat,b.-d., 11262. 
Escobar, Gen., elected pres., 11063. 

, Marie de, reaps wheat, 233; d. (1560±). 

y Memloza, Antonio, b.-d., 11283. 

Escoledo, Mariano, b., 10961 . 
Escombrera Bay, action in, 11321 . 
Escosura, Patricio de la, b.-d., 11303 > r 

works, 11311. 
Escurial. (See Madrid.) 
Esgdis, Louis Philippe Mariaucheau d', 

b. (1710) ; cons, bp., 5763 ; d. (1788). 
Esher, Baron, title created, 9871. 
Esher, Bp. J. J., guilty, 3542. 
Eskil, Elder West (lota Law, 11343. 
Eskimos disturb in Greenland, 133. 
Esmarch.JohannesFried. August, b., 8122. 
Esmenard, Jos.Alphonse, b., 7042; d.(l.sll). 
Esmeralda, at Acapttlco, crew killed, 6082. 
Espagne, Jean d', b., 6S42; d., 6902. 
Esparto ro, Baldomero,D. of Vittoria,b.-d., 

11302 ; at Barcelona, bombards Seville, 

defeats Carlists, 11301; expels nuncio, 

insurrectionist, premier, regent, 11313 ; 

Pr. of Vergara, declines crown, 11332. 
Esparza, founded, 6301 , 
Kspejio, Antonio de, at Santa Fe, 252. 
Esper, Eugen Johann Christoph, b., 8003; 

d. 8102. 
Espieijte. gold shipped on. 6092. 
Espin'a, Col., senteneed, 493 3 . 
Esplnel, Vicente, b.-d., 11282; works, 11292. 
Espinosa, l>on Diego de, b.-d., 11263. 
, Xavier, b. (1815); elected president, 

6443; d. (1870). 

, explorer 163; in Costa Rica, 183. 

Esproneeda, Jose lie, b.-d., 11303; works, 

11311. 
Esproneda, released, 297 1 . 
Espy, James Pollard, b., 962; d.,1861. 
Esquimau, Br. Colour., defenses of, 5951 . 
Esquimaux Point fisheries tailed. 5893. 
Esquirol, Jean Etienne Dominique, b. 

(1772) ; d., 7282. 
Esquiros, Henri Alphonse, b., 7211 ; d. 

(1876). 
Esquivel, Ancieto, pros.. 6311. 
Ess, Karl Van, b., 8031 ; d., 8123. 

, Leander van, b., 8031 ; d. 8162. 

Essad Pasha, grand vizier, 11592. 

Es Salah, sultan, 6553; takes Jerusalem, 

6562. 
Essek, fortress, taken, 5221 . 
Essen, Prus.. cast steel factory est., 8101 . 
, Count Hans Henrik, b.-d., 11342 ; in 

Poland, 7162. 
Essequibo, Br. Guiana, acquired, 9313. 
Essex attacks Alert.- cruises. 1181; cap- 
tures Norton. 1182; captured, 1202, 1221. 
Essex, Eng., Fair lop Oak, blown down, 

9401; electric tramway cars, 9881 . 
County. Mass., Natural Hist. Soc. 

org., 1421'; Institute Library, fnd.. 1642 ; 

telephone exhibit ion. 2941 ; Conf. Liberal 

Churches, org., 2542. 
, Earl of, title created, 891'. (See 

Devereux, Robert ; Devereux, Walter.) 

, Lord, resigns from council, 8952. 

Essling, Aust., battle of. 5183. 

Esslingen, Ger.. under Baden, 7S72; Swa- 

bian League, find., 7873. 
Estaing, Comte d', Chas. Hector, b., 6983; 



Este-Evan. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1249 



in R. I. ; commands Fr. licet. S83; leaves 
Boston for W. I., 891 ; in Ga., 903 ; d., 7102. 

Este, House of, power at Modena, 10773. 

Estee, M. W., noin. for gov. Cal., 463' 

Estella. Sp., action at ; taken. 11321,2. 

Estero Velhaeo. battle at, 5561 . 

Esther, Bool; of , written, 11443. 

Esther, Queen consort. 11472. 

Estlionia, annexed toRus., 11153; ceded to 
Rus., 11353. 

Estienne, Henry, b. (1503) ; works, 6832 
6843; d. (1559). 

Estrades, Conite d', Godefroi, b., 6862; d., 
6942. 

Estrees, Gabrielle d', b., 6823; d. 6S61 . 

, Jean, b. (1624) ; Fr. Marshal at Has- 

tenbeck, 5161; d. (1707). 

, Due d', Victor Marie, b., 6902; at 

Southwold, 6921 ; d., 6983. 

Estremoz, Port., action at, 11281 . 

Estridsen, House of, reigns, 6352. 

Estrup, Premier, resides Den., 6423. 

Etaples, treaty of, 6793 

Etawah, mission, 10471 . 

Etching, invented, 7862. 

Club, find., 9481 . 

Etex Antoine, b., 7163; d., 7562. 

Etkalion, wrecked, 9282. 

Etlielbald. marries Judith, S451 ; d., 8442. 

Ethelbert, at Wimbledon. 840 1 ; laws, 8411 ; 
king of Kent, 8413; d.,8421. 

, king of W. Saxons. 8452; d., 8442. 

Ethelfleda, conquests, 8442; d. (918±). 

Fthelfrid. massacre of monks. 8422. 

Ethelfrith, warrior, S42i ; killed (617). 

Ethelheard, archbp. Canterbury, 8431 . 

Ethelnoth, refuses to cons, king, 8472. 

Ethelred, massacres Danes, S463; in Nor- 
mandy ; d., 8472. 

II., music for, 8462 ; king, 847 1; d., 

8462. 

Ethelreda, takes the veil, 8423. 

Ethelwolf. defeated ; defeats Danes, 8441 ; 
marries Judith, 8451 ; pilgrimage; d.,8442; 

Ether, as anesthetic, 1602. 

Etherege, Sir George, b., 8822 ■ Man of 
Mode, 8943; d., 8982. 

Ethical Culture Societies, conven., 3721 . 

Ethiopian dynasty, est. ; expelled, 6511. 

Ethnological Society, find.. Loud., 9521. 

Ethus, king, d., 8451. 

Etienne, Chas.Guillaume.b..7043; d., 7283. 

, Henry, printer, b.-d., 678 2 . 

, , printer, b., 6803; d., 6861 . 

, Robert, b. (1503); d., 6822. 

Etiquette, majestic, Fr., 6912. 

Eton Coll., Eng., commissioners for, 9611 ; 
fnd., 8622, 10002; completed. 8623. 

Etowah, Ga., armies cross, 2331, 2. 

Elruria, speed, 3313, 9993. 

Etruria, Southern, subdued; truce of 
cities, 10521 ; kingdom find., 10853. 

Etruscans, against Rome, 10501 , 10521 ; 
power declines, 10513 ; truce with Ro- 
mans, 10.332; lose independence, 10533 

Ettmuller, Ernst M. L., b., 8082; d., 8282. 

Ettrick, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

Etty, Win., b., 9242 • Cleopatra's Arrival, 
9401 ; d. (1849). 

Eu, Comte d', Louis Philippe Marie Fer- 
dinand Gaston d' Orleans, b., 5542; mar- 
ries, 5563 ; emperor. 5593 ; beheaded, 6752. 

Eubcea, island, 10211; captured, 10341; 
Venice loses, 10781 . 

Euclid of Alexandria, b.. 10243; citizen, 
6502; mathematician, 0523; works, 8743; 
9023; laws revised, 10232; on light, 10263; 
on optics, 10671 . 

Eudes, reigns, 6672; d. (898). 

Eudocia, b. (393±) ; exiled, 10311; calls in 
Vandals, 10712 ; d. (460+). 

Eudora, asteroid, discovered, 5282, 

Eudoxians, condemned, 10291. 

Eudoxus, discourses on planets, 10232. 

Euaauos e .■Is^ii/am/nitos, etc., 11271. 

Eugene, Francois Eugene de Savoie- 
Carignan, Savoy, b. ; in Aust., 5123 ; 
at Peterwarden ; takes Belgrade, 5141 ; 
atRaab, 5183; at Luzzara, 7981 ; war of 
Spanish succession, 6941; 6961; at Mar- 
aaglia, 6941 ; at Blenheim, 6961 ; joins al- 
lies of Fr., 6972; d., 6983. 

, Prince. (See Beauharnais.) 

City, Ore., Univ. opd., 2922. 

Eugenie, Empress, b., 7242; gifts to Paris, 
7533; crinoline skirt, 1773. 

Eugenius I., king, 8412. 

II., invades Britain, 8401. 

■ VIII., assassinated, 8432. 



Fu genius, proclaimed em p.. 10693 

I., St., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . 

II., pope, 10723; d., 10721 . 

III., pope, 10743; d., 10742. 

IV., pope, d., 10783; deposed, 7843. 

Eugubine tablets written, 10223; dis., 10781. 

Euhrussi, M., wins lottery prize. 7563. 

Eulalie. Infanta, visits U. S., 4303, 4311 , 
4322 ; 4342, 11333. 

Eulchi Hwangti, enthroned, 6113. 

Eulenberg, Count, resigns, 8312 ; decora- 
tions ; premier, 8363; minister, S372. 

Euler, Leonhard, b.-d., 11372. 

Eumelus, of Corinth, poems, 10143. 

reigns Bosporus, 11473, 11491 ; kills 

relatives, 114S3. 

, paints Helen, 11521 . 

Eumenes^ Gen., b.-d., 1023 1; regency, 
10253; in Thrace, 11481 ; executed, 10243, 
10253. 

I., of Perganms. reigns, 11491. 

II., of Pergamus, aids Romans, pun- 
ished, 10551, 3; reigns, 1149 2 ; collects 
library, 11483; d., 11482. 

Eunapius, b., 10283. 

Eunike, asteroid, discovered, 2981. 

Eunomia, asteroid, discovered, 1862, 7301. 

Eunomians, condemned, 10291. 

Eunuchs, intrigue, 6132; mentioned, 11411 . 

Eunus, captured, dies, 10561. 

Euphranor, paintings, 10223; d., 10243. 

Euphrosyuc, asteroid, discovered. 1761. 

Eupolis, b. (449 B.C.) ; produces dramas, 
10211; d. (410 B.C.). 

Eupompus, painter, 10223. 

Eureka, 111., college fnd., 1762. 

, Mo., Feds, take, 2131 ; collision, 2713. 

, Nev., waterspout, 2S5 3 . 

Euric, king, 6633; reigns, 11253 ;d.(4S4or4.S. r o. 

Euripides, b.; pictures ; tragedv prize, 
10191; works, 10192; manuscript, 10271 . 

Europa, myth, 10132 ; teaches writing, 
11402. 

European Magazine, issued, 9231 . 

Enrotos. in naval engagement, 9361 . 

Euryalus, launched, 9S01 . 

Eui vbiades at Artemisium ; in straits of 
Salamis, 10182. 

Eurijdice, lost, 9821 . 

, asteroid, discovered, 2152. 

Eunildeia, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

Euryinedon, Asia Minor, battle of, 10183; 
fleet defeated, 10551 . 

Eurysteus, reigns, 1013 3 . 

Eurysthenes, enthroned, 10151 . 

Eusden, Laurence, poet laureate, 9063. 

Eusebius. archbp., elected bp., 10683 ; d.. 
10291. 

, bp. of Csesarea, b.-d., 10283. 

, bp. of Doi-yla-uni, deposed, 10703, 

, bp. of Emisa, b.-d., 11542. 

, historian, b.-d., 11542. 

, patriarch, b., 11542. 

, St., pope, 10663. 

Eustachius, Bartolonimeo, discovers Eu- 
stachian tube, 10802; d., (1574). 

F.uslathius, d., 10322. 

Eustis, James B., ambassador, 4473. 

, William, b., 683 ; S ec. war., 1171 ; 

gov., 1313 ; d., 1322. 

Eutaw Springs. S. C, battle at, 942. 

Eutropius, guardian of Arcadius, 10693, 

Entyches, b.-d., 10283 ; condemned, 10703. 

Eutychianus, St., pope, 10643. 

Eva, asteroid, discovered, 7481. 

Ecu Dow/lots, yellow fever on, 4133. 

Evald, Johannes, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. 

Evauder, colonizes Magna GiTeeia, 10133. 

Evangelical Alliance, New York branch, 
org., 2562; meets in Neth., 2602; in N.Y., 
2822; Wm. E. Dodge, pres. U. S. branch, 
3183; in Boston, 3481 ; eong. in Chicago. 
4401 ; m Copenhagen, 6421 ; ha Paris, 
7323; in Berlin, 8202; find. 9523; i n Ge- 
neva ; Brighton ; Oxford ; Constanti- 
nople ; Southport ; Basel ; Edinburgh, 
9762 ; in Norwich ; Copenhagen ; Brigh- 
ton ; Glasgow; Ryde ; Plymouth, 9882; 
in Hull ; Bath ; Amsterdam ; Derby, 
9682; in Florence 10901 . 

Association, U. S., J. Albright 

preaches, 1023 ; org., 1103 ; Tract Soc. 
org., 1183; Women'sMiss. Soc. org., 1502; 
Northwestern Coll. est., 1991 ; "Woman's 
Board 3163; bps. guilty, 3542; New Evan- 
gelical Church org. 4742. 

church basis, Hung., 5103. 

Church of Ger., find., 8123; conven- 
tion in Berlin, 8263. 



k. 10282. Evangelical Continental Society, formed, 
9523. 

Educational Society, org., 215 2 . 

Lutheran Church, U. S. A. (Ger. Luth- 
erans), est. in Iceland, 222 ; in N.Y., 
301, 582, 443, 543, 9S2, 1243, 1583, 2802. 
First minister ord. ,552 ; Palatines arrive, 
571 ; many immigrants, 5X2, fjo3; in Del., 
343. Indian missions. 362; party tole- 
rated; J. Fabricius preaches. 422 ; min- 
isters in W. I., 622; i n Ga., 622 1903, 
2023; in va., 623, 1283, 1563, 1731 . New 
Era, Muhlenberg arrives, 651; first sy- 
nod, org., 663 ; est. theological sem., 
742; N. Y. synod find., 9S2; in Pa., 651, 
742, 1003. 1023, 1403, 1603, 1782, 2542, 
2583, 2602. Franklin Coll. est., 1003 ; 
Land grant to, 1023; j„ N.C., 1123, 1802, 
1862. Hartwiek Sem. est., 1243; in O., 
1282, 1462, 1582, 3, 1023. 1631, 1683, 1822, 
2902. Gen. synod find., in Md., 1283. 
United Synod South find., 1283, 1383; 2d. 
gen. synod, 131 1 ; in S.C., 1323 . Penn. 
Coll. est., 1403; Ger. Foreign Miss. Soc, 
org., 1463; Women's Foreign Miss. Soc, 
org. ; Concordia Coll., est., 1503; i n ru 
1503, 1702, 1821, 1863, 1991, 2582, 2703. 
Wittenberg Coll. est., 1583; Hanges Nor- 
wegian Synod org., 1623 ; j n Mo., 1631 , 
3322,3643; inlnrt., 1642,1782,2542. 2762. 
Synodical conf. org. ; Capital Univ., 
1683 ; in Tex., 1702, 2023. Norwegian 
synod, 1723 ; Roanoke Coll. est., 1731 ; 
in la., 1762, 1782. Ger. eldership find., 
1762 ; i n Miss. United Synod South 
org., 1782 ; Newberry Coll. est., 1S02 ; 
N. C. Coll., est., 1862; Augustana Coll. 
est., 1863; i„ Mich., 1902; j n Minn., 
1902. Norwegian Univ. est., 1991; 
Southern gen. synod secedes. 2023 ; Pa. 
synod withdraws, 2412 ; Northwestern 
Univ., 2503 ; Convention at Reading ; 
gen. synod ; Pa. synod withdraws, 2542 ; 
1st gen. council ; 111. Gen. Synod, org., 
2582 ; Muhlenberg Coll., 2583 ; Pa. Gen. 
Synod org.. 2602 ; begins foreign mis- 
sion work. 2682 ; Carthage Coll. ,2703; in 
Neb., 2762, 3982. Danish Church in 
Am., org., 2802 ; in N. J., 2S02. Ger. 
Augsburg Synod, org., 2902; Synod of 
Wartburg.2942; inTenn.,3002. Wom- 
en's Home and For. Miss. Society org., 
3023; Bethany Coll..Kan.,3082; in Kan., 
3082. Danish Asso., org. 3182; Iceland- 
ers' Synod, 3223 ; in 'Wis., 3223. Im- 
manuel Ger. Synod, org.. 3262; Finnish 
Suomi Synod, org.. 3502 ; against com- 
pulsory education law , 3602 ; in Cal., 
3981. Eng. Synod, Rocky Mts., 3982 ; 
United Ger. Cynod, .Mich., Minn., Wis., 
org., 4202; Slavonian Synod org. 4781 . 

Lutherans, Can., in Out., 5882. 

, Meetings of Gen. Synod, meet at 

Frederick, 1303, 1311 , 1323, 1383; Gettys- 
burg, 1343; llagerstown. 1363, 1483; Bal- 
timore, 1422, 1542, 1563, 2902; Chambers- 
burg, 1503; Phi la., 1603; New York; 1642; 
Charleston, 1682 ; Winchester, 1723 ; 
Heading, 1822 ; Pittsburg, 1862, 2542, 
3403; Lancaster, 2191 ; York, 1443, 2411 ; 
Harrisburg, 2642, 3223 ; Washington, 
2682 ; Dayton. 2762 ; Canton, 2822 ; Car- 
thage, 2962 ; Wooster, 3023 ; Altoona, 
3082; Springfield, 3142; Omaha, 3282; 
Allegheny, 3463; Lebanon, 3982; Ottawa; 
5882. 

, Mission Society, Ger., find., 8131 . 

, Mission, Cent., Asso., org., 8262. 

Magazine, issued, Eng., 9271. 

Miss. Society. Mass., org., 1142. 

, India, missions, 10471. 

enters Rus., 11171 . 

, Nat., Institution, org., 11361. 

party, Church Eng., appears, 9211. 

Society (Fr.), formed, 7243. 

Tract Society, org., Am., 1183. 

Evangelista Island, discovered, 143. 

Evans. Augusta. (See Wilson, Mrs.) 

, Charles R. Ogden, d., 10022. 

, Chris, sentence, 4451 . 

, David, Lord Mayor, London, 10073. 

, Edward Pavsom b., 1421. 

, Fred. Wm., b., 1142; a.. 4241 . 

, George, b. (1797) ; d.. 2561 . 

, Sir, De Lacy, b., 9242; takes 

Trum. 11301 ; commander in Sp., 11301 ; 
d.,9742. 



1250 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Evan-Fair. 



Evans, John, gov. Col., 2173. 

, Gary, gov. S. C, 4731 , 4793. 

, H. Clay. Horn, for gov. Tenn., 4692. 

, Mary Ann (George Eliot). (See 

Cross, Mrs.) 

, Col. Nathan Geo., b. (1828) ; at Ball's 

Bluff, Va., 2001 ; a t Kinston, 2162 • d., 
(1868). 

, Oliver, b., 711 ; patents steam-wagon, 

951; d., 1281. 

, Robley D., promoted capt., 4201 , 

, Thomas, b., 1081 ; d., 2621. 

, Sir Thomas W., d., 10081 . 

, Lieut., removed from command, 9S01 . 

Evanston, 111.. Northwestern Univ. org., 
1703, 1782 ; Swedish Theol. Sem. fn3., 
2703; Garrett Biblical Inst, opd., 1802. 

, Wyo., Insane Asylum opd., 3391. 

Evansville, Ind., school for deaf, 3251 ; 
Chas. Ritter, defaulter, 3782 ; Natural 
"Waterways Convcn., 3932; Am. Humane 
Asso., session, 4723; it. K. strike, 4603. 

Evaristes, St., bp. at Rome, 10623. 

Evarts. Jeremiah, b. (1781) ; d., 1382. 

, Wm. Maxwell, b., 1262 ; Johnson's 

counsel, 2612; atty-gen., 2633; pre s. Bar 
Asso., 2691 ; minister, 2953. 

Eve, Paul Fitzsimmons. b. (1806) ; d.,2961. 

, statue executed, 1501. 

, temptation of, 11391 . 

Evelyn, John, b., 8802 ; Diary. 8851 ; d., 
9022. 

Evening prayer, reading of, Eng., 8702. 

Eren/ng Star, founders, 2553. 

Everest, Chas. B., dis. rock salt, 2981 . 

, Sir George, b., 9243; d. (1866). 

Everett, Alex. Hill, b., 1022; d. (1847). 

, Charles Carroll, b., 1502. 

, Edward, b., 1042; Orations, 1463; gov. 

Mass., 1472; pres. Harvard, 1611; for 
vice-pres. 1 872 ; vote, 1883, 1913 ; at 
Seneca Palls, 1961 ; d., 2422; statue, 2581 . 

, William, b., 1502. 

Evergreen Cemetery, dedicated, 1673 ; 
opd., 1712. 

Everhard, Sir Richard, gov. of N. C, 612. 

Everlasting Compact, signed, 11383. 

Evers, Carl, b., 8122. 

Eversley, Vise. (See Lefevre, C. S. 9493.) 

Everts, Win. Wallace, b., 123 1 ; d. (1890). 

Evesham, Eng., battle of, 8541. 

Evicted Tenants Arbitration Bill, 10091, 
10123. 

Evil-mero-dach, impris. ; reigns, 11472. 

Evington, H., cons, bp., 10121 . 

Evolution, doctrine advanced, 9521. 

, squadron of, at Genoa, 3541 . 

Evora, University of, fnd., 11091. 

Evreux, Fr., captured, 6761 ; Germans re- 
pulsed, 7423; Germans occupy, 7431 . 

Ewald, Georg Heinrich August, b., 8082 ; 
dismissed from univ., 8152 ; d., 8283. 

, Johannes, b. (1743) ; works, 6383, 6391 ; 

d. (1781). 

Ewell, Richard Stoddard, b., 1261 ; at 
Front Royal, 2081 ; a t Chantilly, 2122 ; 
at Winchester, 2223 ; at Carlisle, 2232 ; 
at Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Spottsylvania, 
2323 ; south of Rapidau, 2321 ; at Sailor's 
Creek, 2451; d., 2761. 

Ewen, Mary Cecillia, b. (1836); d.,2541. 

Ewer, F. C, defalcation, 4043. 

, Ferd. Cartwright, b., 1341 ; d., 3142. 

Ewing, And., at Ironton, 2381 ; d., 2351 . 

, D. R., president convention, 3981. 

, Finis, b. (1773) ; d., 1522. 

, James S., 4473. 

, Robert E., moderator, 2962. 

, Thomas, b. (1789) ; sec. treas,, 1532 ; 

sec. interior, 1653 ; S ec. war, 2612 ; d., 
2741. 

, Wm. Bellford, b. (1776) ; d., 2521 . 

College i Baptist), 111., founded, 2863. 

Exchange, at Antwerp, 5402 ; at Amster- 
dam, 11002. 
Exchequer, consolidated, G. B., 9393. 
- Excise Bill, opposed, Eng., 9092 ; intro. ; 
petition against, 9093. 

Reform Association, incor., 385 1 . 

system established, Eng., 8853. 

Exclusion Bill, passed, Eng., 8952. 
Excommunication, threatened, Ger., 7751 ; 

acts disapproved, 8262. 
Execution Bills, Fr., 7552. 
Exedia, Manoel Godinho De, dis., 4931. 
Exeter, Eng., taken, 8441 ; besieged ; castle 
surrenders, 8481 ; nunnery fmd., 8522; Ed- 
ward at. .8591; annual festival est., 8711 ; 
taken, 884t ; canal at, 8953 ; water-works 



erected, 9013 ; Ex. Mercury, Protestant, 
Mercury, Postmaster, or Loyal Mercury, 
issued, 9003 ; Sessions HoWe built, 9193; 
new bridge, 9213 ; E. Theater erected, 
9221 ; lunatic asylum fnd., 9272; Inst, of 
Science est., 9321 ; subscription library 
fnd., 9331; gates removed, 9393 ; public 
baths erected, 9412; Mechanics' Institu- 
tion opd., 9421 ; British Asso. meets, 
9662; Albert Memorial Museum given, 
9741; bread and meat riots, 9711; Bp. 
Biekersteth cons., 9922. 

Exeter, N. H., Are, 4273. 

College, Eng.. founded, 8563 ; William 

Grocyn, teacher, 866 3 . 

Exeter'Codex, compiled, 8483. 

, Marquis of, title created, 9311. 

Exile, sovereign power to, 10632. 

Exilles, battle at, 7001 . 

Exmouth, wrecked, 9553. 

Exmouth, Viscount of, title created, 937 2 . 

. (See. Edward Pellew.) 

Exodus, 11413. 

, of Israelites, 11403. 

Expedition fund, Fr., 7633. 

, second, to Italy, 7722. 

, third, to Italy, 7741 . 

- — , polar, Dutch.' sails, 11021 . (See Arc- 
tic.) 

Expedition of Igor, appears, 11143. 

Exploits of Basilios D. Acritas, appears, 
10322. 

Explosions, U.S.A. : Birmingham, Ala., 
3853 ; west Berkeley, Cal., 4113 ; dyna- 
mite, Denver, Colo., 4352 ; mine, Cdino, 
4232; Wilmington, Del., 1753,3713; bomb, 
Atlanta, Ga., 4611 ; Chicago, 111., picnic, 
4352; Litchfield; Geneva, 4312; Eming- 
ton, 4413; at Maysville, Ky., 1773 ; in 
Hoosac tunnel. Mass., '2593; Worcester, 
4233; at White Pigeon, Mich., 3913; East 
Jordan, 4033 ; at Syracuse, N.Y., 1533 ; 
street, in N. Y. City, 1673, 4432 ; Brook- 
lyn; Columbus, O., 3533; at.Findlav, 3773; 
Cold Springs, 4133 ; f powder, 3653 ; 
saw-mill at Thila., Pa., 2573; mine, 3353; 
mine, Ashley, 3593; gas, Pittsburg, 4213; 
dynamite, at Black Run, 4553; Sliamo- 
km, 4273, 4733; mine, Wilkesbarre, 4393; 
Tracy City, Tenn., 4662 ; dynamite, Tex., 
4493; at Midlothian, Va., 1773; Spokane 
Falls, Wash., 3693, 4413 ; Central City, 
powder-mill, W. Va., 3993 ; Hurley, 
Wis., 3553; bomb, Milwaukee, 4211; of 
Peacemaker, 1561 ; f Lucy Walker, 1573; 
of Marquette, 1593. 

,Bulli colliery. Austral., 4993 ; Doman, 

Austro-Hung., 5333; Trieste ; Somerein ; 
Galicia, 5353 ; Mobacs, 5362 ; Hung. ; 
Dux, 5373; bomb, Pilsen, 538 1 ; Karwin, 
5383 ; Ganshoren, Belg., 5462; Liege and 
Mons, 5471 ; mine, Mons ; dynamite, 
mine, Dour ; Anderlues colliery; Charle- 
roi, 5473; dynamite, Ostend ; dynamite, 
Seraing ; dynamite-, Liege, 5481 ,2; Turk- 
ish monitor, Bulg.,5661 ; mine, Nanaimo ; 
dynamite. Quel ice, 5,8.53; Quebec ; Spring 
Hill, N. S., 5932 ; Staples, Out., 5953; 
Montreal, 5962 ; p a Chow, China, 6253 ; 
at Laon, Fr., 7402 ; mine, Ger., 8373 ; 
Wales, 9973, 10033 ; Scot., 9973. (See 
Anarchists and Dynamite.) 

Exportation, restricted, Eng., 8591. 
Exports, value of, Am., 10 3 . 

Express, business intro., Am. ,1513; Adams' 
founded, 1533. 

Express attacks Prometheus, 9572. 

Expulsion Bill, Fr., adopted, 7533. 

Extradition treaty, with Eng., 3491 , 3552 ; 
with Fr., 4051. 

Bill, Can., 5873, 5903. 

Exurna, asteroid, discovered, 142. 

Eyb, Albrecht von, b. (1420); Menclia-mi 
and Haccides, trans., 7,871 ; d. (1478). 

Eybek, sultan, 0553; killed, 6551. 
Eyck, Hubert van, b.-d., 5392. 

, Jan van, b,-d., 5392. 

Eye, Johann L. A., b., 8123. 

Eyers, Nicholas, Bapt. preaching, 571 ; 

licensed, 583 ; pastor, 602. 
Eykens, or Eyekens, Pieter, b.-d., 5403. 
Eylau, Prus., battle of, 7162. 
Eynden, Roland van. b.-d., 11011 . 
Eyraud, arrested, 7603. 
Eyre, Charles, b. (1817) ; cons, bishop, 9682. 

, Edward John, b., 9363; journey, 4942. 

, John, transported for theft, 9192. 

Eysehen, Kerr, order of Red .Eagle, 8331 . 
Eystein II., reigns, 11051 . 



Eytinge, Rose, b., 1482. 

Ezekiel, captive, prophesies, 11462. 

, Moses Jacob, b., 1562. 

Ezeta, ex-president, in Panama, 6282. 
, Gen. Carlos, pres. San Salvador, 

11232 ; leader, 10381, 11233. 
Ezra, Book written ; leads expedition, 

11403; in Jerusalem, 11473. 
Ez Zahir, calif, 6552. 



F. 

Fa, emperor, enthroned, 6111 . 

Faber, Basil, b., 7882 ; d., 7922. 

, Frederick Wm., b., 9363 ; in Fathers 

of Oratory, 9543 ; d. (1863). 

, George Stanley, !>., 9183 ; d., 9582. 

, Jacobus, b.-d., 67S2. 

, Johann, b., 7862 ; d., 7902. 

Fabiagens secede, 10512. 

Fabian, Robert, b. (145±) ; Concordance, 
8643 ; d. (1512). 

, St., pope, 10643. 

Fabii, slain, 10501 ; three surrendered, 
10513. 

Fabinyi, Herr, resigns, 533 2 . 

Fabius, Caius Pictor, decorates temple, 
10531. 

, Maximus Cuntator, d., 10552. 

, Rullianus Quintus, against Han- 
nibal, 10541 ; Roman commander, 6621 ; 
captures Tarentum, 10543; dictator, 
10552 ; defeats L'mbrians ; at Vadimon- 
ian Lake, 10521; at Tifemum, 10522; 
d. (290±). 

Servilianus, peace with invaders, 

11252. 

, defeated by Mithridates VI., 11501 . 

Fabliaux productions, 5711; works, 670 3 , 
6711; F. period, 6803. 

Fabre, Antoine F. H., b., 7123 ; d., 7322. 

, Edward Charles, eons, bp., 5822; arch- 

bp., 5842; forbids papers read, 5941 ; cen- 
sor, 5962. 

, Ferdinand, b. (1830) ; Ma Vocation, 

7582. 

, Jean, b., 6982 ; d., 7123. 

, M. F., Xaviitre, 7602. 

d'Eglantine, Philippe Francois Ja- 
cobin, b., 7022 ; d., 7102. 

Fabrctti, Raffael, b., 10823 ; d., 10831. 

Fabriano, It., paper-mill at, 10762. 

, Gentile da, b. (1370) ; paints Adora- 
tion of Magi, also Madonna, 10781 ; d. 
(1450). 

Fabricius, Jacob, in New York, 422. 

, Johann C, b., 8003 ; d., 8083. 

Luscinus, visits Pyrrhus, 10533. 

Fabrigio, discovers vein valves, 10821. 
Eabroni, Angelo, b., 10842 ; d., 10843. 
Fabry, comet visible, 9941 . 

Fabyan, N. H., American Library Associ- 
ation Conference, 3682. 

, Robert, b., 8622 ; d., 8661 . 

Facciolati, Jacopo, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 

Facetus, appears, 11271 . 

Facilidas, reigns in Abyssinia, 13. 

Factory and Workshop Act, passes, G. B., 
IOO72. 

Fadeyev, RatslavAndrieyevitch, b.,1116 3 . 

[■'., dinger, leads revolt, 5121 . 

Faed, John, b., 9402 ; works, 9541 , 9601 . 

Fagan, Michael, convicted ; executed, 

Fagius, Paul, b., 7863 ; d., 7921 . 
Fagnani, Giuseppe, b., 10862 ; d., 10882. 

, Joseph, b. (1819) ; d., 2821 . 

Fahrenheit, Gabriel, b., 7982 ; thermom- 
eter, 8001 ; d., 8002. 
Fahta, mission, 6571 . 
Faidherbe, Louis Leon Cesar, b., 7223 ; 

Gen. at St. Quentin, 7441; at Pont- 

Noyelles, 7431; d., 7581 . 
Fail, Noel du, works, 6811 , 6851 . 
Failey, Harriet, b., 1623. 

, NoahL.,b. i 1362. 

Faillon, Michel F.tienne, b., 5762; d., 5821 . 
Failly, Pierre Louis Charles Achille de, 

b.,7191 ; at Beaumont, 7402 jatMentana, 

7361 ; d., 7621 ; 
Fair, Laura D., trial ; acquitted, 2742. 
, James Graham, b. (1831) ; senator ; 

restores monument, 3421 ; d., 4781 . 
Fairbairn, Sir William, b., 9243 ; d. (1874). 
Fairbanks, Erastus, b., 1022 ; gov. Vt., 

1712,1903; d.,241l. 
.Horace, b. (1820); gov. Vt.,296'-; d. 



Fair-Favr. 



Text Figures denote Page. UNUrLA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1251 



Fairehild, Cassius, b. (1828) ; d., 2622. 

, Clias. Stebbins, b. (1842) ; sec. treas., 

3272. 

, James Harris, b., 126' . 

, Lucius, b., 1382 ; gov. Wis., 2553 ; 

commander-in-chief, 3243. 
Fairfax, Baron, title created, 881 1 . 

, Bryan L., b., 621 . 

, Donald McNeill, b. (1S22) ; d., 448' . 

, Edward, Jerusalem Delivered, 8772 ; 

d., 8822. 

, Lord Thomas, b., 8782 ; commander, 

8842 ; in civil war ; takes Manchester, 
884' ; d., 8922. 

Court House, Va., action, 2041,2123, 

220'. 
Fairfield, Conn., burned, 902. 

, la., Parson's College org., 2922. 

, Tex., lynching, 4723. 

, Vt., Fenians invade Canada, 2703. 

, John, b. (1797) ; gov. Me., 1512, 1552; 

d. (1847). 
Fair Garden, Tenn., Confeds. defeat, 230' . 

Haven, Conn., town hall, 453 3 . 

, Mass., burned, 89' ; library, 4182. 

Fairlop Oak. (See Essex, Eng.) 
Fairmount, W. Va., Normal Schools 

opened, 2603. 
Fair Oaks, Va., battle of, 2083. 
Fair Play, captured, 212'. 
Fairport, la., silver found, 376' . 
Fairs, introduced, in Eng., 8453; It., 10713. 
Fairview Pipe-Line, incorporated, 2853. 
Faithorne, William, b., 880' ; d., 9892. 
Faizabad, mission, 10463, 10483. 
Fajes, Pedro, gov. Cal., 95 3 . 
Fakhr-ed-Din, Ad-Razi, I.. (1150) ; d.,4863. 
Falaise, Fr., captured, 676'. 
FalcSo, Andre, Creacaade I/omen, 1110'. 
Falck, Dr., double acting engine, 9202. 
Falcon, sails, 432' ; returns, 470' , 594' . 
Falcon, Juan Crisostomo, president, 1160 2 . 
Falconer, Hugh, b., 9343 ; d. (1865). 

, William, b., 9082; Shipwreck, 9163 ; 

d., 9182. 
Falerii, war with, 1052' . 
Fales, Alden, convicted, 408 2 . 
Falieri, Marino, b.-d., 10762; doge of Ven- 
ice; conspiracy of ; beheaded, 1077 3 . 
Falk, Andrew J., gov. Dak., 2553. 

, Henry, confesses, 4423. 

, Johann F. G., b., 8122 ; d., 8282. 

, Paul Ludwig Adelbert, b., 814' ; min- 
ister, 8263, 8273 ; May Laws, 8282; laws; 
resignation, 8302, 8312. 
Falkenstein, Vogel von, in Austro-Prus. 

war; at Frankfort, 824 2 . 
Falkirk, Scot., battle of, 856' . 

Moor, Scot., action at, 910' . 

Falkland Islands, occupied, 9472; ceded to 
Great Britain, 9193. 

, Viscount of, title created, 881' . 

, . (See Cary, Lucius.) 

, , gov. Nova Scotia, 5792. 

Falkner, John Pascoe, Melbourne, 4953. 
Falkoping, Sue., battle of, 636' . 
Fallangia, mission at, 1161 ' . 
Fallieres, M., minister, 7533, 7563,757', 2, 

761'. 
Falling Waters, Va., Confederates de- 
feated, 2243. 
Fallopio, Gabriello, b., 10802 ; d., 10803. 
Falloux, Vicomte de, Frederick Alfred 

Pierre, b., 719'; d., 7542. 
Fallows, Samuel, b., 1442. 
Fall River, Mass., cotton-mill, 1182 ; mills 
burned, 2873; strike, 289'; spinners 
strike, 317'; Borden murder, 4123+ ; 
mills close, 4353 ; Amalgamated Associ- 
ation, 461' ; strike, 473' . 
Falls of Alexandria, La., dam, 232'. 
Falls of Bruar, sinks, 9973. 

of St. Anthony, Indian massacre, 151' . 

Falmouth, Me., burned, S03; Indian treaty, 
613; Falmouth Gazette, issued, 983; City 
of Bath aX, 3093. 

, Duke of, title created, 905' . 

Falquieres, statue of Gambetta, 754' . 
Fa Men, mission, 621' . 
Family Compact, signed, Fr., 7033. 
Family atari/ Paper: established. 2823. 
Famine, China, 6153, 6233 ; charged to 
missionaries, 6163 ; in Egypt, 645' , 6553, 
6613; inEng.,S473. 8513,8573,8593,8633, 
9133, 9273, 9313, 9413, 9533, 9552 ; i n Eu- 
rope, 775' ; in Fr., demoralizes, 669'; 
suffering, 6712, 6732, 677', 6973, 7073; in 
Ger., 8033; in Gr., 10322; in Great Brit., 
8453; hi Hung., 5333; in Ire., 9113, 9553, 



985'; collections for Tre., 372'; King's 
Daughters relieve, 4063; in Labrador, 
5853 ; aid, 5903 ; of corn, Neb., 3733 ; 
Okla., 3693 ; in Eus., 11223, 11232 ; in 
Va., 29' ; cattle die, W. Va., 3593 ; in 
Zululand, 6033 ; 

Fanatic, imitates Abraham, 301' . 

Faneourt, Samuel, b. (1678) ; ti'-st circulat- 
ing library, 911' ; d. (176S). 

Fane, Julian! :has. Henry, b..94'.3; d.(1870). 

Faneuil, Peter, b., 54' ; builds Faneuil 
Hall, 64'; d., 642. 

Hall, Boston, built, 66^ ; indignation 

meeting, 1432. 

Fanfani, l'ietro, b., 10862 ; d., 1090'. 

Fanham, Ralph, d., 2023. 

Fannie Chase, finds ambergris, 3422. 

Fanniere, Francois Auguste, b., 7223. 

, Joseph, b., 7242. 

Fanning, David, b. (1756) ; d., 1322. 

, George E., gov. Pr. E. Is., 577' . 

, John Thomas, b., 1482. 

Fanny, collides with Helvetia, 9833. 

Fanshawe, Sir Richard, b., 8782 ; d. (1666). 

Fanti, Gen. Manfredo, b. (1S08) ; atPesaro, 
1088' ; d. (1865). 

Faraday, cable ship, 10123 ; lands direct 
cable, 2853 ; lays Atlantic cable, 753 3 , 
7893. 

, Michael, b., 9243 ; electro-magnetism, 

940' ; electro-magnetic rotation ; lique- 
faction of gases, 9402; discovers benzine, 
942'; Chemical Manipulation, 943'; vol- 
taic electricity, 944' ; Researches in Elec- 
tricity ,\)b'±3 , suggests mitt a-pereha, 954' ; 
d.,970'. 

Faraud, Henri-Joseph, cons, bishop, 582'. 

Faravohitra. Madagascar, mission, 1094' . 

Fareino, Marsilio, b.-d., 10783. 

Farebother, Chas., lord mayor Lond.,945 3 . 

Farel, Guillaume, b., 6783 ; d., 6823. 

Farewell, Lieut., settlement Cape Colony, 
5973. 

Fargo, N. Dak., Agricultural College es- 
tablished, 3742 ; Are, 4313. 

, William George, b. (ISIS) ; d., 308' . 

College, N. Dak., org., 2763 ; opened, 

3283. 

Fargus, Frederick John, b., 9542. 

Faria y Sousa, Manvel de, b.-d., 11102. 

Faribault, Minn., deaf mutes, school est., 
2292 ; sc. for feeble-minded opd., 3032. 

Plan, defeated, 4162; Archbishop Ire- 
land denies failure, 438' . 

Farinclli, Carlo, b., 1083'; d., 10843. 

Farini, Carlo Luigi, b., 10802 ; d. (1866). 

Farjeon, Benjamin Leopold, b., 946 2 . 

Farley, publishes Am. Chronicle, 723. 

, Patrick, indictment dismissed, 359'. 

, Samuel, editor, 723. 

Farlow, Win. Gilson, b., 1562. 

FarmMortgage Census Bill. passed, 353' ,2. 

Farmer, Hugh, b., 9042; d., 9242. 

, John, b., 100' ; d., 1482. 

, , in Phila., 523. 

, Moses F., incandescent light, 290'. 

Farmers combine, 1003. 

Alliance Conven., at Atlanta, 327 a ; 

Cal., 43«2; Chicago, 2831 , 4222, 4231 ; Col- 
umbia, S. C.,2552; Indianapolis, 3951 , 2; 
in Kansas legislature. 3713 ; Memphis, 
4183, 4193 ; meets ; Ocala, 3723 ; Wash., 
D. C, 3772; Catholic opposition, 3522; 
Nat. organization, fmd., 3071 ; supreme 
council meets, 3951 ; unite with K. of L., 
3551. 

Association, at Raleigh, N. C, 3313. 

College, org., O., 1631 . 

Congress, at Topeka, 3313. 

Farmer's JIame, issued, 3063. 

Mutual Benefit Asso., meeting, 3592. 

Farmington, Conn., Am. Board fmd., 
1163; canal opened, 1373. 

, Me., earthquake, 332' . 

, Miss., Confederate defeat, 2063; ac- 
tion at, 207'. 

, Tenn., action at, 2263. 

Farmville, Va., repulse at, 245' . 

Farncombe, Thos.. lord mayor, 949 2 . 

Farnese, Alessandro. b., 10803; gov. Neth., 
5413; viceroy, 10993; d., 10823. 

, Peter L., rules Placentia, 10813. 

Farnbam, Eng., action at, 844' . 

, Eliza W., b., 1242; d., 241' . 

, Roswell. inaug. gov., 305 2 . 

, Thomas Jefferson, b., 112' ; d., 164' . 

, Baron, title created, 913 2 . 

Farochon, Jean Baptiste Eugene, b., 7163; 
d., 746' . 



Farokhsir revolts, 10452. 

Farqubar, George, b., 8942 ; works, 9003 ; 
d., 9022. 

, Norman H., naval capt., 322'; in 

navy dept., 3512. 

Farr, J. P., shot, 3903. 

, William, b. (1S07); d., 9922. 

Farragut, David Glascoe (or Clasgow), b., 
110'; appt. to West Gulf, 204'; on the 
Miss. River, 2062; passes Fort Jackson, 
etc., New Orleans surrenders, 2063; at 
Vicksburg, 208', 2092; at Port Hudson, 
220' ; bombards Fort Powell, 2302 ; in 
Mobile Bay, 237' ; attacks ports, 237' , 2; 
madeviee-admiral,24(>3; appointedadm., 
252' ; d., 2702; statue, 306' , 432' . 

Farrah, Afgh., depopulated, 53. 

Farrand, Com. F., at Citronelle, 2462. 

Farrar, Bp., burned, Wales, 8703. 

, Eliza Ware, b. (1792) ; d., 270' . 

, Frederick Wm., b., 9442; chaplain in 

H. C, 10042; works, 979'. 

, John, b., 912; d., 1722. 

, Timothy, b., 662; d., 166'. 

Farre, Arthur, d., 9962. 

Farren, Elizabeth (Nellie), appears, 918 2 . 

Farrer, Henry, b., 156'. 

, Thos. Charles, b., 1482. 

Farris, Isaac, d., 282' . 

Farrow, T. Stobo, in treas. dept., 447 2 . 

Farthing tokens, issued, Eng., 8793. 

Faiwell, Leonard J., gov. Wis., 169 2 . 

Fasquelle, Jean Louis, b., 1142; d., 2172. 

Fassett, J.Sloat, protests, Gov. J ones, 3392; 
nom. for gov. N. Y., 3912. 

Fast ordered, Eng., 8862. 

Fast-day, nat., observed, 1233 ; in 1861, If 92 j 
by Confeds., 197', 1983; on death of 
Lincoln, 247'; in Mass., N. H.,3S03,404' ; 
colored people observe, 4062; abolished 
in Mass., 4542. 

Fastnet, Ire., City of Rome, aground, 3613. 

Fatah Ali Shahi b'. (1762) ; reigns, 11073; 
d. (1834). 

Fatamites, in Egypt, 487' ; dynasty over- 
thrown, 11553. 

Fathers of the Oratory, est., 9543. 

Fatima, marriage, 4853; d., 484 2 . 

Fatteh Khan, murdered, 5' . 

Fauche, Hippolyte, b., 7123; d., 7382. 

Fau-Cheng, mission, 6223. 

Faucher, Leon, b., 7143; d., 7322. 

Fauchet, Claude, b. (1530); works, 6843, 
685' ; d. (1601). 

, Jean Antoine Joseph, b. (1763) ; 

envoy, despatch, 1053. 

Faugere, Armand Prosper, b., 719'; d., 
756'. 

Faulkner, Charles .lames, b., 1623; speech, 
4383: amendment, 439' ; d. (1884). 

, George, est., Faulkner's Journal, Ire., 

909'. 

, Lieut.-Col., at Durhamville, 2132. 

Faunce, Daniel Worcester, b. (1829) ; elder 
of Mass., 402. 

Fauntleroy's forgeries, 945'. 

Fauquier, Francis, b. (1720+) ; gov. Va., 
713; d. (1768). 

Faure, Constance Caroline Lefebvre, b., 
7243. 

, Felix, minister, 7672. 

, Jean Baptiste, b., 726' . 

, M., electric accumulator. 752'. 

Fauriel, Claude Charles, b., 7042; History, 
7292; d., 7283. 

Faust, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7902. (See 
Printing.) 

Faust, appears, 812' . 

Fausta, Cornelia, b. (S8± B.C.) ; plotting 
of ; executed, 10691 . 

Fauveau, Felicie de, b., 7143. 

Fauvelet, Jean Baptiste, b., 7242. 

Fava, Baron de, ambassador, 431 2; Blaine, 
correspondence ; recalled, 381 2 ; pro- 
test ; resumes post, 10902. 

Favart, Charles Simon, b., 6963; d., 7082. 

, Marie, b., 7262. 

, Justin Benoite, b.,6982; d.,7042. 

Faventia (Faenza), action at, 10581. 

Favier, Jean Louis, b., 6982; d., 7061 . 

Favila, reigns in Asturias, 11253; d. (739). 

Faville, Oran. b. (1817) ; d., 278' . 

Favorinus, b., 10622. 

Favre, Jules Gabriel Claude, b., 719' ; at- 
tacks ministrv, 73ii2 ; proposes uprising, 
741' ; calls on U. S. A., 7412; meets Bis- 
marck ; minister, 7412, 745'; issues 
circular, 7412. 7432, 3 ; reports Bis- 
marck's demands , 741 3 ; imp eached, 745 2 ; 



1252 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Favr-Ferg. 



resigns, 7463; negotiates with Bismarck, 

8272; d., 7522. 
Favre, Pierre Etienne Lazare, b., 7192. 
Fawcett, Edgar, b., 1623; works, 3183, 

3263, 3283, 3323. 
, Henry, b., 9462; in parliament, 969' ; 

opposes Princess's dowry, 975 3 ; post- 
master-gen., 9852; d. (1884). 

, Millieent, b., 9542; ,1. (1777). 

Fawkes, Francis, d., 9002. 

, Guy, b., 8742; gunpowder plot, 8792; 

d., 878' . 
Faxardo. (See Saavedra.) 
Fay, Andreas, b., 5163; d., 5262. 

, Jonas, b. (1737) ; d„ 1262. 

, Theodore Sedgwick, !>., 114'. 

Faye, Etienne Leopold, minister, 757', 2. 
, Herve Auguste Etienne Albans, b., 

721'. 
Fayerweather, Daniel B., bequest, 3722, 

4042, 471)3; contests end, 3782. 
Fayette, la., Upper Iowa Univer. founded, 

, Mo., Central College org., 1823. 

Fayetteville, Ark., captured, 2042 ; Con- 
federate defeat, 210' , 2143. 

, , Industrial Univer. org., 2763. 

, N. C, fire, 1393; arsenal taken, 194' ; 

Sherman takes, 244' ; colored normal 
school opd., 2963. 

, Va., Federal defeat, 213' ; Confeder- 
ate defeat, 2143; 215'. 

Fayne, Frank L., b., 1462. 

Fa voile. Francois Joseph Marie, b. (1774); 
d., 732' . 

Fayrer, Sir Joseph, b., 9422. 

Favssoux, Peter, cons. K. Epis. bp., 3022. 

Fearne, Charles, b., 9122; d., 9263. 

Feast of Epiphany, est.; of the Nativity of 
Virgin est., 10723; of Nophalia, 10162; f 
Presentation of Virgin est., 1077' ; of the 
Purification eel., 1071 ' ; of Transfigura- 
tion eel., 10703; of Roses, painted, 7802. 

Featherstonehaugh, J. P., shot, 971' . 

, George W., b., 93' ; d. (1866). 

Febiger, John Carson, b., 130' . 

Fecbner, Gustav T., b., 807' ; d., 832' . 

Fedchenko, Alexis, b., 11163; d., 11182. 

Federal Congress, meets, Argentine, 491 ' . 

Council, Australia, 4972; est., 4993. 

. Democratic Government, est., 993. 

Diet, in Prus. alliance, 821' . 

Election Bill, 349', 353', 3613, 363', 

3643 , 307 ' , 373 ' , 2 , 3703 , 421 ' , 439 ' , 4403 , 
4411,4452,4491,2,4512, 477'. 

losses in civil war, 238' . 

officers, indicted, 4522. 

reforms, considered, Ger., 8192. 

- — state, Ger., 7733. 

Supervision Bill, debated on, 373' . 

Federalist party destroyed, 123 3 . 

Federation of Women's Clubs, state, 475' . 

of Labor, Am. (See Am. Federation.) 

Federman. Nicholas, b. (1501) ; at Bogota, 
213; d. (1543). 

Fee, Antoine Laurent Apollinaire, b., 
7062; d.,7482. 

Feehan, Patrick A. (1865) cons. bp. of 
Nashville; (1880) archbp. of Chicago; 
opposes the Clan-na-Gael, 3403; silver 
jubilee, 3702. 

Fehrbellin, Prus., bath at, 7962. 

Feijoo, Diego Antonio, regent, 555 3 . 

Feissenhainer, Jacob A., b., 1522. 

Feitama, Sibrand, b.-d., 1101'. 

Feith, llhijnvis, b. (17531 ; works, 11012; d. 
(1824). 

Fejer, Gyorgy, b., 5163; d., 524' . 

Feke, Robt., b. dsoii) ; painter, 66'. 

Feldman. Leopold, b., 8082; d., 8302. 

Felibien, Andre, b., 6803 ; d., 6942. 

Felice, Fortunato, Bartolomineo, b., 10832, 
d., 10843. 

Felicia, asteroid, discovered, 760' . 

Frlirilas, asteroid, discovered, 268' . 

, killed, 10643. 

Felinski, archbp., exhorts Poles ; ban- 
ished, 11182. 

Felix, lost, 932' . 

I., St., pope, 10643. 

II., pope, 10663 ; anti-pope, 10683 ; ex- 

communicates patriarch, 1030 3 ; excom- 
municated, 10703; d. (492). 

HI., St., pope, 10703. 

IV., St., pope, 10703; d., 10702. 

V., anti-pope, 1079' . 

Felix, Celestin Joseph, b., 719' ; d., 7602. 

Felix Furlti/'s Journal, issued, 9043. 

of Valois, Saint, b.-d., 6683. 



Fellenberg, Philippe von, b.-d., 11372. 
Feller, Francois X. de, b.-d., 5422. 

, Henrietta, b., 5762 ; d., 582' . 

Fellows, Sir Charles, b., 9283; d., 9642. 

, John, b., 621 ; d. (1844). 

, E., b., 140' ; trial, 4751 . 

, Samuel, cons. R. Epis. bp., 292' . 

Felons, transported, Eng., 9251 . 

Council Bill, passes, 9492. 

Felsing, Jakob, b.. si)S2 ; d., 8302. 
Felt, Joseph Barlow, b., 1001 ; d., 2662. 

cloth manufactured, 1461 . 

Feltham, Owen, b., 8782; d. (1668). 

Feltner, A. M., murdered, 4263. 

Felton, Cornelius Conway, b., 1141 ■ works, 

1431 , 1523, 1632. 2003; d., 2052. 

, Samuel Morse, b. (1S09) ; d., 3341 . 

Female Education Society, org., 9463. 
inf antic ide prohibited". 023' ; punished, 

6251. 

iufluence in Egypt, 6483. 

labor regulated, Fr.. 7633; labor pro- 
hibited in mines, G. B., 9511 . 

Miss. Soc. of N. Haven, org., 1191 , 

rulers forbidden, Fr., 6733. 

Suffrage. Women's Campaign, Kan., 

2592, 2053, Am. Women's Suffrage Asso- 
ciation 2692 ; in Utah, 271'; defeated i n 
Mich., 2S72; in Mich. School Board, 2892; 
in Wyo., 297', 3293, 4452; in Ore., 3052, 
307', 317'; in Me., 307'; in Kan., 3272, 
425 3 ; defeated, Conn., 341' ; for schools, 
357' ; petition for,N. Y., 4612; rejected, 
4683 ; rejected, Austral., 5003 ; rejected, 
5012; defeated, Can., 5922; illegal, G.B., 
973' ; meeting for, 985' ; in Madras, 9942; 
Bill rejected, 9712. (See Woman.) 

Fen countries deluged, 9382. 

riots, G. B., 9392. 

Fenr'u/ff Mas/er, first production, 416' . 

Ferulail, Josias, arrested, 41'. 

, Philip Kicard, b. (1794); d.,2602. 

Fendler, August, b., 8102, d., 8302. 

Fenelon, Francois de Salignac lie la Mothe 
de, b., 6902; works, 0932, 0951,2, 6972; 
condemned by pope, 6951 ; d., 6971 . 

, Marquis de la Mothe, d., 6842. 

Feneon, Felix, suspected anarchist, 7663. 

Feng-Huang, defeat at. 6263, 6271. 

Fenians, meet at Phila., 2483; James Ste- 
phens arrested ; arms seized, 2522; raid 
in Can., 2522,2703; proclamation against, 
2531 ,2711 ; invasion, Can., 5821 ; expenses 
claimed, 5831 ; org., Ire., 8392 ; Conven- 
tion in U. S.; appear in Ire., 9672, 9683; 
trial of; in prison, 9691; sent to Am., 
9703; released, 9831. 

Fenimore, Constance, Jupiter Lights, 3503. 

Cooper. (See Cooper.) 

Fenner, Arthur, b. (1745) ; gov. R. I., 1032; 
d. (1805). 

, James, b. (1771) ; gov. E.I., 1152, 1572; 

d. (1846). 

, C, gov. E. I., 1332. 

Fenton, Elijah, 1.., 9st',2; d., 9082. 

, Reuben Eaton, b., 1281 ; gov. N.Y., 

2511; proposed for vice-pres., 263 1 ; d., 
3202. 

Fenwick, George, b., 262; d., 401 . 

, John, b. (1618) ; buys part of N. J., 

452; colony at Salem, 47' ; d. (1683). 

, Sir John, executed, 9011. 

Feodor I., or Theodore, b.-d., 11142; reigns 
as Czar ; murdered, 11132, 11152. 

II., b. (1589) ; enthroned, 11153 ; d., 

11142. 

Feodore, first great-grandchild of Victo- 
ria, b., 9851. 

Feramoz Khan, assassinated, 52. 

Ferber, Johan Jacob, b.-d., 11342. 

Ferchard, king, prisoner, 8431 . 

Ferdinand I., Einp. of Aust., reigns, 5212 ; 
at Innsbruck, 5223; abdicates; abdica- 
tion refused, 5232; d.,5282. 

1., Emp., 8153. 

II. of Aragon, regent in Castile ; mar- 
ries Isabella of Castile ; becomes V., the 
Catholic, 11273; annexes Navarre, 11262; 
conquests, king of Sp., 11273 ; takes 
Tripoli, 11381 ; d., 11293. 

VII., Fr., liberated, 7252. 

1., Ger., b., 7863; king, 5093, 7932, 

10813; emp.; tribute, 5112 ; d., 7922. 

II., Hung., b., 7922 ; declared king ; 

crowned emp., Ger., deposed, restored, 
5111; protests against Protestantism; 
league with Maximilian ; league with 
Spain ; league with Lutheran Elector of 
Saxony ; issues edict Eestitution, 795 z ; 



peace of Eatisbon, 7953. (See p. 5113, 

5131 ; d., 7963.) 
Ferdinand ILL, K. of Hung., 5132 : emp. 

Ger., 5132, 7972; d., 5123, 7973. 

IV., K. of Hung., 5132; d., 5123. 

I. (IV. of Naples), b., 10842 ; king of 

Naples, 10793; d., 10862. 
1, (formerly IV. of Naples), king of 

Sicilies, 10871. 

I., Port., reigns, 11093. 

II., Port., reigns as regent, 11111 : d., 

11102. 

I., King of Sicily, 10772. 

IV., King of Sicily, 10853. 

II., King of Two Sicilies, 10872. 

III. (of Sp.), K. of Two Sicilies, 10793. 

IV., King of Two Sicilies, 10852. 

I. (the Great), Sp., b.-d., 11262 • reigns, 

11272. 

II., Sp., separates Leon from Castile, 

11273 ; conquests, 1126' . 

III., Sp., reigns in Castile; annexes 

provinces, 11273. 

IV., Sp., reigns in Castile, 11273. 

V., King, Sp., b.-d., 11263. 

the Catholic, king, Sp., 10793. 

VI., enthroned, 6053, H293; cedes 

tract to Portuguese, 1106' . 

VII., Sp., King, b.-d., 11302 ; reigns, 

6053, 11312 ; abdicates for Napoleon, 
11313; restored, 11312. 

- — VII., Sp., reigns, 11312; refuses Mex. 
crown, 10953; marries Maria Christina, 
11312. 

, Archduke, Aus., defeated, 5113; per- 
secutes Bohemians, 5123 ; commander, 
8081. 

of Aust., king, 5093; possessions, 5112. 

of Aust., condemns Eeformation ; 

opposes Ana baptists. 789' ; marries Anne; 
enters religious alliance, 7893; K. of Bo- 
mans, 7912; agreement with Protestants, 
7913. 

of Bavaria, archbp., b., 7922; d., 7963. 

of Brunswick, drives Fr. back, 516' . 

of Brunswick, at Krefeld : at War- 
burg, 7021 . 

I., D. of Tuscany, 10813. 

11., D. of Tuscany, 10813. 

-^IIL, D. of Tuscany, 10813; expelled, 
10853. 

IV., Grand Duke of Tuscany, 1089' . 

, Pr. of Bulg., marriage abandoned ; 

birthday eel. ; assassination plot dis., 
5682,3; threatened; marries, 6683 ; at 
Sofia; remits injustice; authority ille- 
gal ; at Philippopolis ; elected Pr. ; pro- 
clamation, 569'; anniversary eel. ; Eus- 
sia refuses recognition, 5693 ; conspiracy 
against, 5702. 

Prinee,of Ger. visits Aust. ,5352; mar- 
ries, 8362. 

, Prince, weds Maria II. of Port., 1111 1 . 

, Pr., crown prince of Rumania, 11132. 

— — Albert, Duke of Brunswick, 8012, 
commander, 8021 . 

deffalavera, b. (1445); opposes Colum- 
bus, 121; d. (1507). 

Francis, Aust., b., 5262. 

Mary, rules Bavaria, 7972. 

Philippe, Due d' Orleans, b., 719' ; 



7282 



d.. 



the Just, reigns, 11273. 
Fernando Po, W. Afr., Bapt. expelled, 

11613. 

Fere Champenoise, Fr., allies victorious, 

7203. 
Ferelo, Bartolome, explorer, 223. 
Ferghana. (See Khokand.) 
Fergus I., founds monarchy of Scot., 839' : 

d.,8402. 

II., revives monarchy, 8412; d., 8402. 

III., assassinated, 843' ; d., 8422. 

Falls, Minn., Insane Asylum est., 

325'. 
Ferguson, Adam, b., 9062; Moral Philoso- 
phy, 9192; d., 9382. 

, Alex., wins rifle prize, 982' . 

, Donald, b. (1839); minister, 6963 . 

, James, b. (1797) ; discovers Euphro- 

syne, 176'; Virginia, 182'; Echo, 188'; 

d. (1867). 

, John, mayor N. T., 1252. 

, L., embezzler, 397' . 

, Mayor Patrick, b„ 9103 ; at King's 

Mountain, 922 ; d., 931 . 

, Robert, b. (1820); Poems, 9192. 

, Sir Samuel, b. (1810) ; works, 9683, 

9863 ; d. (1886). 



Ferg-Fire. 



Text Figures denote Page. INUJiX. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



1253 



Ferguson, Thos. B., minister to Den., 4473. 

Fergusson, James, b. (1710) ; Parthenon, 
9923 ; d. (1776). 

, Sir James, b., 9462; postmaster, 1007 3 ; 

gov., 10473 ; d. (1886). 

Ferishtah, Mohauimed-Kasin, b.-d., 11063. 

Ferland, Jean Baptiste Antoine, b., 576 3 ; 
work, 581'; d. (1864). 

Ferles, Casbier, suicide, 5362. 

Fermanagh, Baron, title created, 975'. 

Fermat, Pierre de, b., 6862 ; d., 6903. 

Fermor, Count, b. (1704); commander, 802' ; 
d. (1771). 

Fermoy, Baron, title created, 959' . 

Fern, Fanny. (See Parton, Mrs. Sarah.) 

Fernald, James C.,New Womanhood, 3982. 

Fernandez, Juan, b.-d., 11282. 

de Castro, Manuel, b., 11303. 

, Diego de la Haya y, gov., 6302. 

, Diniz, b.-d., 11092. 

, Prospero, pres., 6312 ; d., 6313. 

Fernandina, Fla., taken, 2043. 

Fernel, Jean, b.-d., 6783. 

Fernkorn, Anton D., b., 8102 ; d., 8282. 

Ferns, see erected, 8403 ; unites with Oa- 
sory, 9462. 

Femtower, founders, 9953. 

Ferokhdad, reigns, 11072. 

Feronia, asteroid, discovered, 1963. 

Feroze, reigns, 11072. 

Ferozepur Sikhs, attack Brit., 1046' . 

Ferrand Count Antoine Francois Claude, 
b., 701'; d., 7242. 

, contractor, fined, 748 3 . 

Ferrara, It., annexed to Rome, 10833 ; in- 
surrection, 1089'. 

, university chartered, 1077' . 

Florence, council, 785' . 

Ferrard, Vise, of, title created, 891' , 9252. 

Ferrari, Gaudenzio, b., 1078 3 ; paints Last 
Supper, 10802 ; d., 10803. 

, Giuseppe, b., 10S5' ; d., 10882. 

, Luigi, b., 1085'. 

Ferraris, Count of, at Valenciennes, 708' . 

Ferre, Theophile Charles, b. (1845) ; shot, 
747'; Commune leader, 746 2 . 

Ferreira, Antonio, b.-d., 1109 2 . 

, Jorge, Eltfrosina, 1109'. 

Ferrers, Duke 'of, title created, 903' . 

Ferrier, James Frederick, 9343 ; d., 968' . 

, M., carte de visits, 732' . 

Ferriere, Claude de, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. 

Ferrieres, Fr., German headquarters, 7403. 

Ferris, Isaac, b. (1798) ; pres. Reformed 
Synod, 1402 ; d. (1873). 

Ferrol, Sp., uprising, 1132' . 

Ferron, Gen., minister, 7563. 

Ferrouillat, M., minister, 757' ; resigns, 
7572. 

Ferry, Elisha P., gov. Wash., 281' ; nom- 
inated for governor, 345' . 

, Jules, b.,7262; anti-clergy bills, 7502; 

educational bills, 751 3 ; minister, 753' , 2 , 
7543; premier, 7532, 7543; resigns, 7552 ; 
life endangered, 757' ; pres. senate, 7652; 
d., 764' ; state funeral, 7643. 

, Orris Sanford, b., 302 ; on com. 33, 

189'; d., (1875). 

— , Thomas White, b. (1827) ; acting vice- 
pres., U.S., 2892; pres. senate, 2972,299' . 

Bill passes, Fr., 753' . 

Fersen, Count Axel von, b.-d., 11342. 

Fesca, Friedrich E., b., 8043 ; d., 8123. 

Fesch, Joseph, b., 703' ; d., 7282. 

Fesh, mission, 657' . 

Fessel, Prof., invents gyroscope, 818'. 

Fessenden, Samuel, b. (1784) ; d., 266' . 

, Thomas Amory Debois b. (1826) ; d., 

2622. 

, Green, b., 762 ; d., 1482. 

, William Pitt, b., 1122 ; sec. treas., 

2373 ; on committee of 15 on reconstruc- 
tion, 2493 ; d., 2662. 

Fessler, Ignaz Aurelius, b., 5143 ; d.,6203. 

Festing, 3. W., cons, bp., 10042. 

Festitich, Count, sues for separation, 5323. 

Festival, Eng., inaug., 9072. 

of Fools, celebrated in Paris, 6712. 

of Holy Trinity, inst., 10723. 

of Immaculate Conception, app., 1079' . 

Festus, Porcius, d., 10623. 
Fetis, Francois Joseph, b., 5422 ; d., 5442. 
Feud, Georgetown, Ky., 3903. 
Feudalism, abolished in Aust., 5172 ; in- 
tro.inEng.,849' ; barons est., Eng., 8493; 
in Fr., 6652 ; strength increases, 6673 ; 
edict against, 6713 ; suppression of; ju- 
risdiction limited, 673 2 ; revolt against, 
7072 ; rights surrendered, 7073 ; growth 



in Ger., 7723; develops in Ger., 7753 ; in 

It., 10732 ; i n Neth., 10973 ; abolished in 

Japan, 1093' ; height of reaction against, 

Ger., 821'. 
Feudatories, excesses of, 677' . 
Feuerbach, Ludwig A., b., 8082 ; d., 828' . 

, Paul Johann Anselm, b.,804' ; d.,8142. 

Feuillants, Les, rise of club, 707' . 
Feuille, Felix Martin, minister, 7543. 
Feuillet, Louis, b., 6902 ; d., 6983. 
, Octave, b., 7192; WO rks, 734', 737', 

7462 ; d., 760' . 
Feure, Eaoule le, work, 8642. 
Feval, Paul Henri Corentin, 7222 ; works 

of, 729' , 7343, 7482 ; d., 7562. 
Fevershani, Earl of, title created, 965' . 

, Earl of. (See Durfort, de, Louis). 

Few, William, b., 662 ; d., 1362. 
Feydeau, Ernest Aime, b., 7223 ; works, 

7343, 7383; d., 746'. 
Feyjoo, Francisco Benito Jeronimo, works, 

11292 ; d. (1873). 
Feysal, d., 4882. 
Fiana, earthquakes at, 1130 2 . 
Fianarantsoa. Madagascar mission, 10942. 
Fichte, Immanuel H., b., 8063 ; d., 830' . 
, Johann G., b., 8023 ; works, 807' ; d., 

8102. 
Fick, Adolf, b., 8142. 
Fidenates, war with, 1050' . 
Fiegenbaum, Chas., kills Hoffman, 4702. 
Field, Baron, title created, 1005 2 . 

, Barron, judge, Australia, 495' . 

, Charles W., Darby road, 23S3; d., 404' . 

, Cyrus West, b., 128' ; org. Atlantic 

Cable Co., 1753; gold medal, 2562; dinner 

in London, 263' ; lays Atlantic cable, 

2533; monument to .Ylaj. Andre, 302' ; d., 

410'. 

; David Dudley, b. (1781) ; d'., 256' . 

, b., 1122 ; Bar Association 

Medal, 3903; d., 4562. 
, E. M., arrested ; insane, 397' ; jury 

disagree, 4022. 

, Eugene, Holy Cross, 479' . 

, Henry Martyn, b., 1302. 

, Herbert, murderer, 2743. 

, James Gaven, b. (1826) ; nom. for vice- 

pres., 401', 415 2 ; popular vote, 4192; 

electoral vote, 4243. 

, John, b., 9223; d., 9482. 

, Kate, b. (1S40±) ; works, 2643, 2842. 

, Marshal, gifts to Baptist Univ., 3522, 

, Richard Stockton, b., 1102; d. (1870). 

, Stephen Johnson, b., 1242 ; justice 

U. S. S. Ct., 2292; Electoral Commission, 

295'; vote, 305'. 

, Thomas, b., 9422. 

, Mr., stabbed', 9903. 

Field Lane Refuge opd., Eng., 969' . 

of the. Cloth of Gold, 6813. 

Fielden, sentenced, 3272. 

Fielder, George R-, b., 1542. 

Fielding, Copley Vandyke, b., 9242 ■ d., 

9603. 
, Henry, b. 9022; works, 909', 911'; 

d., 9123. 
, Rudolph W. B., E. of Denbigh, d., 

1008'. 

, Adm., opposes Adm. Byland, 920' . 

Fields, James Thomas, b.,* 126' ; works, 

1663, 2803, 2923 ; d. (1881). 
Fiemin, Thomas, scheme for poor, 901' . 
Fiennes, William, Lord Saye and Sele, b., 

8742 ; d., 8902. 
Fiersbras, issued, 791'. 
Fieschi, Joseph Marie, b., 706 2 : assassina- 
tion of king, 7272; d., 7262. 
Fiesco, Giovanni Luigi, b.-d., 10802. 

, John Lewis, drowned, 1081 3 . 

Fiesole, It., Cathedral fnd., 1073' ; La 

Badia Monastery built, 1079' . 

, Giovanni Angelieo da, b.-d., 1076 2 . 

Fievee, Joseph, b. (1767) ; works, 713' ; d., 

7282. 
Fife, Earl of, title created, 9132; Duke of, 

9963. 

, D. of, marries Princess Louise, 1001' . 

Fifer, Joseph W., gov. 111., 3492. 
Fifth Muiarehv Ilen,uprisiug,ssi:3,.s912,3. 
" Fifty-four, Forty, or Fight," 1573. 
Figueiredo, Jorge de, captaincy, 553 2 . 
Figueras y Moracas, Estanislao, b.-d., 

11303. 
Firrueroa, Francisco de, b.-d., 1128 2 . 

, Jose, gov. Cal., 1433. 

Figuerva, Aloiiso de Cordova v. gov., 605 2 . 
Figuier, Guillaume Louis, b., 7223; d., 766' . 



Figyelmezo, issued, 6392. 

Fiji, ceded to G. B., 9793. 

Filangieri, Gaetano, b., 10842 : -works, 
10852 ; d., 10843. 

File cutting, first known, 7842. 

Filelfo, Francesco, b. (1398) ; work, 10792; 
d. (1481). 

Files, Israelites used, 11422. 

Filibustering, proclamation against 1692 ; 
Cuban expedition, 188'; fails, 632', 2; 
from Los Angeles, Cal., 359' . 

in Senate, 1612. 

Filicaja, Vincenzo da, b., 10823; d., 1083' . 

Firmer, Sir Robert, I'atrtarcha, 8943 ; d. 
(1688V 

Filipoff, forbidden to lecture, 5323. 

Filippovic, Gen., at Han Belalovich, 528' . 

Filletrault, A., accusations, 594' . 

Fillmore, Lewis, d., 10022. 

, Millard, b., 1082 ; marries, 1352 ; 

signs Delavan's declaration, 145' ; nom. 
for vice-pres., 165'; electoral vote; in- 
aug., 165 2 ; inaug. Pres. ; slavery com- 
promise, 167 2 ; signs Fugitive Slave Bill, 
1673 ; at opening Erie R. R., 1693 ; at 
Whig Nat. Conven., 171' ; nom. for Pres., 
1792 ; vote, 1812 ; Pres. Commercial Con- 
vention, 26113; declines opposing China, 
633'; d.,284'. 

Finance Bill, in Senate, 3752. 

Finances, Roller! Morris, supt. of, 933. 

Financial crisis in 1836, 1473 ; relief for, 
1493; in Ger., 8373; in Port., 11113. 

Finch, Daniel, E. of Nottingham, b. (1647); 
minister, 8933, s.972, 8992,3, 11032, 9053; 
d. (1730). 

, Sir Heneage, b., SS02; keeper of seal, 

8933; lord chancellor, 895' ; d., 9862. 

, John, Sir, minister, SS33; lord chan- 
cellor, 885'. 

, Bird, b. (1852) ; d., 3262. 

Finck, Henry Theophilus, b. (1854) ; Spain 
and Morocco, 3963. 

Fincuane, John, imprisonment, 1000 2 , 

Finderne, N. J., oil-well, 470' . 

Findlay. O., gas explosion, 3773. 

Coll. (Ch. of God), org. (1888). 

Findley, James, b. (1775±) ; d., 1442. 

Fine, Oronce, b.-d., C7N3; planetary clock, 
6822. 

Arts, American Society org., 300' . 

Fine Arts Quarter/// Jitrittc, issued, 966 3 . 

Finegan, Gen. Joseph, defeats Fla. expedi- 
tion, 2302. 

Fineux, John, chief-justice, 8673. 

Fingal, Legendary Prince of Morven, Cal- 
edonia, b., 8402. 

Fingall, Baron, 945'. 

, Earl of, title created, 881' . 

Fingoland annexed. Cape Colony, 6012. 

Fink, Albert, b., 1342. 

.Friedrich August von, b., 7983; d., 

8023. 

, Louis M.. cons, bp., 2742 ; opposes 

Farmers' Alliance, 3522. 

Finland, annexed to Bus., 11153 ; Suomi, 
issued in Swedish, 1117'; celebrates es- 
tablishment of Christianity ; Mission 
Soc. fnd., 1118 2 ; mission work; Seamen's 
Mission Society org., 1120' ; Russian lan- 
guage in schools, 11203; autonomy abol- 
ished, 11213; ceded toliussia, 11353, 11363. 

Finlay, George, b., 9283; d., 9802. 

Finlayson, Duncan, gov. Red River S., 
5773. 

Finley, James Bradley, b. (1781) ; Indian 
mission, 1282 ; d. (1856). 

, Robert, b., 762; d., 126'. 

, Sam., b., 58'; on baptism, 663; d.,74'. 

Finn, Henry J., b., 962; d., 152' . 

, Patrick J., P. O. robber, 45H . 

Finnbogi, in Mass.; murdered, 112. 

Finney, Chas. Grandison, b., 1022 ; d., 288' . 

, James B., d., 178' . 

Finnis, Thos. Quested, lord mayor Lon- 
don, 9612. 

Finsbury, Technical Coll. opd., 9902. 

Fiona, fires on Fr. vessel, 761' . 

Fiorentino, It., Ser Giovanni, Pecoroni, 
10772. 

Fiorenzuola, battle of, 7722 ; action at, 
1072' . 

, Agnolo, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Fiorillo, Johann Dominicus, b. (1748) ; d., 
8122. 

Firdusi, Fii-doiisi, or Firdausi, AbulCasim 
Mansur, b.-d., 11062. 

Fire, U. S. losses by, 3033. 

annibilator invented, 9542. 



1254 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Fire-Flet. 



Fire -engine, steam, made at Cincinnati, 
1721 ; constructed, 944' ; first made, Ger., 
7882. 

Engineers, meet at Springfield, 3892. 

Firefly, locomotive, 9461 . 

Fire Island, N. Y., purchased, 4271 ; quar- 
antine station, 4141 , 3, 4151 1 3. 

Fireside Companion, est., 1881. 

Fireworks explode, Eng., 9033. 

Firmin, Thomas, b., S822. 

Firmus, revolts, reigns, 10672. 

Firth, Mark, opens Firth Park, 9801 . 

Coll., Sheffield, endowed, 9842. 

Firnum, colony at, 10533. 

Firuz Shah Tughlak reigns, 10433. 

Fiscal Corporation Bill, Tyler vetoes, 1533. 

year changed, U. S. govt., 1553. 

Fisch, George, b., 7211 ; d., 7522. 

Fischart, Johann, b., 7902 ; works, 7931 ; 
d., 7922. 

Fischer, Adolf, executed, 3272. 

, Ernst Kuno Berthold, b., 8123. 

, Geo. Jackson, b., 1322. 

, Gotthelf, b., 11162; d., 111S2. 

von Erlach, Baron Johann B . , b. , 7963 ; 

d., 8002. 

Fish Creek, Can., battle at, 5841 . 

Dam Creek, N. C, action at, 923. 

, Hamilton, b., 1142; g0 v, N. Y., 1671 ; 

Sec. State,267 1,281 3; on Alabama claims, 
2692; on Joint Commission, 2732; minis- 
ter, 2813; d., 4361. 

, Henry, d., 2961 . 

, Nicholas, b. (1758) ; d., 1421 . 

, Can., duty on, 5932 ; duty revoked, 

5751. 

, fall of, at Cairo, 111., 3681 . 

Fishback, William M., gov. Ark., 4471 . 

Fishburn, William, b, (1760) ; d., 1281 . 

Fisher, Charles, b. (1816) ; d., 3842. 

, Elwood, d., 2172. 

, George H., pres. Ref. Synod, 1662. 

, Bark, b., 1342 ; Colonial Era, 

4203; in treas. dept., 3512. 

, John, bp., b., 8641 ; executed, 8682. 

, — -, b. (1748) ; elected bp., 9303 ; C ons. 

bp., 9291; d. (1825). 

, Samuel, sentenced, 3803. 

, W., moderator, Assembly, 1502, 

1822. 

Fisheries, in Can., 571 1 ; Fr. struggle over, 
913; convention U. S., G. B., 1272; Am. 
dispute with Eng., 171 2; treaty with U.S., 
1752, 9592; Commission created, 2631, 
■ 2732 ; awards to Can., 2972, 3011 ; diffi- 
culties, 3252; correspondence demanded, 
2991,2; Retaliation Bill passed, 3272 ; 
Joint Commission meets, 3272 ; signed, 
3293 ; Eng. assents, 3311 ; senate disap- 
proves, 3312 ; convention, 579i ; tempo- 
rary use, 5831; dispute limited, 5832; 
Commission at Halifax, 5851 ; regula- 
tions enforced, 585 2 ; Bill, passes Con- 
gress, 5852; joint commission appointed ; 
treaty ; Senate disapproves, 5863 ; an- 
nual report, 5863. 

Act Amendment passes, Can., 5872 ; 

treaty enforced, 5912 ; Fisheries Act 
passes, 9831. 

Rights, N. F., 10052. 

, Soe. Conven., Am., 4071 , 4601 . 

Fishermen, privileges, Am., 5923. 
Fisher's Hill, Va.,Confeds. defeated, 2383. 

- Island Sound, whale caught, 4773. 
Fisherwick, Baron, title created, 9252. 
Fishing-Creek, S. C, skirmish, 922. 
vessels lost, Fr., 759 3 . 

Fisk, Clinton Bowen, b., 1362; Pres. East 
Term. Land Co., 3493 ; nom. for pres., 
3311 ; pop. vote, 3312 ; d., 3621 . 

, Ezra, b. (1785) ; moderator, 13S3 ; d., 

(1883). 

, James, Jr., and Erie Ring Panic, 2673. 

k.,2772. 

— -, Mary H., d., 3341. 

, Pliny, b., 1022; miss., 1263; d., 1322. 

, Samuel, b., 1362; d., 2373. 

, Wilbur, b., 1022 ; d., 1502. 

• Univ. org., Tenn., 2602; Jubilee Sing- 
ers, campaign, 2782. 

will ease derided, N. T., 3582. 

Fiske, John, b., 1542 ; works, 2643, 2803, 

2871, 2943, 3143, 31S3, 3231, 3303, 3502, 

3743,4203, 4782. 
Fiskville, R. I., reservoir bursts, 345 2 . 
Fitch, Ashbel P., b., 1641 . 

, C. E., clerk Const. Conv., 4593. 

, John, b., 642 ; experiments, 961 j 

steamboat trip, 1021 ; d., 1081 . 



Fitch, Leroy, b., 1442 ; d., 2881 . 

, Thos., b. (1699) ; gov. Conn., 693 ; d. 

(1774). 

Silk Ribbon Bill passes, 3531 . 

Fitchburg, Mass., Parochial School, 3942 ; 
Mayor Graves guilty, 4042 ; R.R. acci- 
dent, 4153. 

Fithian, G. W., b., 1741. 

Fitson, John, b., 662. 

Fitz-Alwyn, Henry, mayor Lond., 8513 ; 
d. (1212). 

Fitzgerald, CatherineM., shoots Mrs. Pear- 
sail, 43S3 ; acquitted, 4603. 

, Edward, b. (1833) ; cons, bp., 2562. 

, Lord Edward, b., 9162; arrested, 9293; 

d., 92S3. 

, Francis, murdered, 9671. 

, James N., elected M. E. bp., 3302. 

, John, Pres. Irish Natl. League, 9943. 

, , d.,4781. 

, Baron John David, d., 1000 1 . 

, Mam-ice, viceroy, 8532. 

, Oscar P., elected bp., 3531 . 

, Percy, Literary Remains, 10022. 

, Robert, patent granted, 8961 , * 

, Thomas, gov., 8572. 

, William, b. (1814) ; cons. Rom. Cath. 

bp., 9822 ; d. (1883). 

, W. R. Seymour, gov., 10473. 

, Judge, report on country, 9871 . 

Fitzgibbon, John, b. (1749) ; lord chancel- 
lor, 9253 ; d. (1802). 

Fitzhenry, Meyler, viceroy, 8531 , 

Fitzherbert, Maria Anne Smy the, b., 9143; 
marries Prince of Wales, 9252 ; d. (1837). 

Fitzhugh, William E., d., 3422. 

Fitzjames, James, D. of Berwick, b., 8922; 
war of Span, succession, 696i ± ; invades 
Sp.; killed. 698', 3. 

, Capt., Arctic Expedition, 9522. 

Fitzmauriee, Gerald, gov., 859 3 . 

, James, leads Desmond revolt, 8741 ; 

murderers punished, 9983. 

, Wm. Petty, Marquis of Landsdowne, 

b., 9083 ; minister, 9432 ; d., 9323. 

Fitzosbern, Rodger, revolts, 8481 . 

Fitzpatriek, Bemj., b., 1101 ; gov. Ala., 1552; 
pres. Senate, 1831, 1S51,2 ; d. (1869). 

— ; — , Mayor, impeachment suit, 4703. 

Fitz-Peter, Geoffrey, administrator, 8513. 

Fitzroy, Augustus Henry, D. of Grafton, 
b. (1735); chanc, 9171; d. (1811); asst. 
prime minister, 9173 ; resigns, 919 3 . 

, Sir Charles, gov. N. S. Wales, 4971 ; 

retires, 4972. 

, Sir C. A., gov. P. E. I., 5792. 

, Henry, b. (1663) ; lord lieut., 8692. 

, , D. of Grafton, aids William of 

Orange, 8973 ; killed, 8981 . 

, Robert, b., 9323 ; d., 9681 . 

Fitzsimmons, Thomas, b., 642. 

, , b. (1741) ; niaj . near Trenton, 208 1 J 

d. (1811). 

Fitz-Stephen, invades Ire., 8501 . 

Fitzurse, Reginald, kills Becket, 8512. 

Fitzwalter, Kobt., marshal, 852' ; in Lond., 
8532; tenure of Manor, 8543; d. (1225). 

Fitzwilliam, K. of, title created, 9051 ,9112. 

, William Wentworth, b. (1748) ; lord- 

lieut., 9273 ; d. (1833). 

Five Forks, Va., Sheridan approaches, 
2442 ; battle, 2443. 

Mile Act passed, Eng., 8923, 8932. 

Nations, peace with Fr., 421 ; treaty 

with, 432 ; Fr. at war with, 48 1 ; protec- 
tion of, 51 1 ,523, 5721,2. 

Year Benefit Order, decision, 4211 . 

Fizeau, Hippolyte Louis, b. 7223 ; meas- 
ures velocity of light, 7401 ; photogra- 
pher, 7801 . 

Flaccus, Caius Valerius, b. 10622 ; Argo- 
nautica, 10631 , 

, L. "Valerius, commands army in Asia, 

10562; consul, murdered, 10573. 

, M. Fulvins, sent away, 10571 ; favors 

citizenship, 10572. 

, Matthias (lllyricus),b., 7882; d.,7922. 

Flack, James A., resigns from Tammany, 
3451 ; trial, 3543 ; sentence, 3552 ; new 
trial, 3753. 

— , William L., at father's trial, 3543. 
Flacour, Etienne de, b., 686= ; d., 6902. 
Flad, Mr. in Eng., 31, 2. 
Flag : Am. Union, first unfurled, 821 ; U.S. 
adopted, 1272 ; Gen. Dix's order, 1912 ; 
at Monterey, 1612; forced display, 2021 ; 
presentation to schools, 3601 ; at Charles- 
ton, S. C, 2432, 3403 ; half-mast, 3203; 
from Boston schools, 3471; New York, 



4253 ; Flag day eel., 4322 ; Bill for Am. 
flag vetoed, N.Y., 4612 ; on public build 
ings,471i ; Ger. raised in Afr., 8382; E ng 
Nat., 8792; Gt. Brit., new flag, 9312. 

Flagellants, conspicuous, 506 2 ; in France* 
6743; in Ger., 7802; abuse, 7823; appear, 
It., 10763 ; increase, 10771 . 

Flagg, Azariah Cutting, b. (1790); d. 2821 . 

.Edmund, b., 1242. 

.George Whiting, b. (1816); in Nat. 

Academy Design, 1701 . 

, Jared B., in Nat. Acad. Design, 1661 . 

, Wilson, b., 1122 ; d. (1884). 

Flagler, Daniel W., brig.-gen., 3761 ; in 
war dept., 4472. 

, H. M., requisition for, 4793. 

Flags, Confederate, not restored, 3272 • de- 
nationalized, Fr., 7193. 

Flahaut, de la Billarderie, Comte de, An- 
guste Charles Joseph, b., 7061 ; d., 7382. 

Flambard, Ralph, minister, 8492 ; d.(1128). 

Flambeaux, Feast of, instituted, 10132. 

Flamel, Nicolas, b.-d., 6742. 

Flaminian Way, built, 10531 . 

Flaminius, Caius, builds Flaminian Way r 
inst., Plebeian games, 10531 ; proposes 
Agrarian law, 10533 ; against Hannibal,. 
10541 ; commands; subdues Epirus,10543; 
killed, 10541 . 

, Titus Quinctius, consul, freedom of 

Greek states, 10553. 

Flammarion, Camille, b., 7282. 

Flammock, Thos., tax insurrection, 866 1 . 

Flamsteed, John, b., 8862 ; astronomer 
royal, 8941 ; catalogues stars, 8982 ; His- 
toric Cailestis, 9071; d., 9062. 

Flanders, Belg., conquered, 5391; manu- 
factures, 6661 ; invaded, 6722 ; severe cold, 
5401,2; revolt; independence, 673 3 ; rav- 
aged, 6742; trade flourishes, 5413; lettuce 
intro., 8662; ceded, 6813; possession dis- 
puted, 7913; invaded, 10981,2; Protes- 
tant insurrection, 10993 ; alliance for 
partition, 689 2 ; Louis claims, 6913 ; Fr. 
conquer, 5401 ; Fr. enter, 5181 . 

, Alvin, gov. Wash., 2693. 

, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1816) ; gov. of 

La., 2573,2593. 

, Philip, Count of, b., 5442 ; struggles, 

10992. 

Flandin, EugeneNapoleon,b.,719i ; d.750i . 

Flandrin, Jean II ippohte, b.,7191 ;d., 7362. 

Flannary, Michael, cons, bp., 9583. 

Flannel, manufacture of, 1321 . 

Flannigan, Stephen W., d., 10062. 

Flasch, Killan C, cons, bp., 308 2 . 

Flatbush, N. Y., settled, 393 ; Ref. Dutch 
Church est., 383 ; Bedingfield robbed, 
4282 ; part of Brooklyn, 4592. 

Flat Lick Ford, Ky., action at, 2041 . 

Flatmaii, Thomas, b., 8822 ; d. (1688). 

Flaubert, Gustave, b., 7223 ; works, 7343 
7351,7383, 7502 ; d.,7522. 

Flaurenc, Francois Fleming, works, 7541 . 

Flavian, patriarch Constantinople, 10303 ; 
d., 11542. 

Fl.'ivianus, bp. of Antioch, d., 1154 2 . 

Flavin, Miss., exiles a leper, 3382. 

Flavius Arrianus, works of, 10292. 

Flaxman, John, b. (1755) ; d., 9422. 

Flayers appear, Pi-., 677i . 

Fleas, remarkable, 9022. 

Fleohier, Esprit, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. 

Fleet, German, sold at auction, 8193. 

Fleetwing , on ocean race, 255 3 . 

Fleetwood, Wm.,bp.of Ely ,b. 8882; d.,9062. 

Fleischer, Heinrich L., b.,807i ; d., 8321 . 

Fleix, treaty of, 6841 , 6852. 

Fleming Co., Ky., Confed. defeated, 2223. 

, A. B., contest for gov., 3491, 3532; 

gov. W. Va.,375i. 

, Francis P., gov. Fla., 3492 ; address, 

3511. 

, John, b. 9223 ; d., 9622. 

Flemings, defeated, 639 1 ; expelled from 
Holland, 10981 ; improve manufacture, 
8982 ; tradesmen in Eng., 8733. 

Flemington, W. Va., college opd., 2643. 

Flemming, Paul, b., 7923; Poems, 7971 ; d., 
7963. 

, Sir Thomas, chief justice, 8792. 

, Walter M., b., 1482. 

, William 1.. (1734) ; d., 1321 . 

Flemsburg, Ger., occupied, 6402 ; rebels 
defeated, 6401 ; battle at, 816 1 . 

Fletcher, Andrew, b., 8882; d., 9062. 

, Benjamin, gov. N. Y. ; commands 

Conn, militia, 521 , 532 ; intolerance 
forced, 522; gifts from pirates, 531 . 



Flet-Font 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1255 



Fletcher, G.,b.,S762; works, 8783; d.,8802. 

, James Coolev, b. (1823) ; miss., 5542. 

, J. M., nom. gov. N. H., 369' . 

, John, b., 8742; works, 8783, 8S03, 8S1' ; 

d., 8802. 

, Loren, b., 1421. 

, Phineas,b.,8742; Purple /stand, 883' ; 

d., 8882. 

, Ryland, gov. Vt., 1812. 

, Thomas Clement, b. (1827) ; gov. Mo., 

2413. 
Fleur-de-lis as emblem, Fr., 663' . 
Fleurieu, Comte de, Charles Pierre Claret, 

b., 7002; d., 719'. 
Fleurus, Belg., battles of, 518' , 540' , 694' , 

806' ; Waldeek defeated, 542' ; action at, 

1100'. 
Fleury, Andre Hercule de, b., 6902; prime 

minister, 6993; d., 7003. 
, Claude, b., 6883 ; works, 6932, 6952; 

d., 6982. 

, Emile F., b., 7222; d., 754' . 

Flevee, Joseph, b., 703' . 

Fliedner, Theodor, b., 807' ; d., 8222. 

Flinders, Matthew, b. (1774) ; surveyors, 

494' ; d. (1814). 
Flinn, Andrew, b. (1773) ; moderator, 119' ; 

d. (1820). 
Flint, Austin, b., 1183; d. (1886). 

, Austin, Jr., b., 1462. 

, Chas. R., delegate Americas Con- 

, Henry Martyn, b. (1829) ; d., 264' . 

, Robert, Philoso/ihg „f History, 479' . 

, Timothy, b. (1780) ; d., 152' . 

Castle, destroyed, 854' . 

River, Ala., Baptist church org., 1443. 

tools, discovered, Eng., 942' . 

Floating Island at Henry Lake, 334' . 
Flodden Field, Eng., battle of, 866' . 
Floki, in Iceland, 11' . 

Flood, Henry, b., 9082; d., 9243. 

, James 0., d., 336' . 

, Vincent, cons. bp. auxiliary, 9962. 

.Warden, chief justice, 9153. 

Floods in Conn. Valley, 174' ; at Denver, 
Colo., 2332 ; in Mohawk Valley ; Poto- 
mac, 342' ; at Los Angeles, 350' ; in Illi- 
nois Valley, 406' ; Indiana, 508' ; sub- 
side N. Y., Pa., 460' ; in Queensland, 
Austral. ; Brisbane ; Darling, 500' ; in 
Bohemia, , ",32' ; in Galicia, 5373; in Eng., 
878', 1000'; in Fr., 756'; Japan, 1092'. 
(See China.) 

Floquet, Charles, Expulsion Bill of, 7533 ; 
duel, 756 3 ; minister, 757 ' ; pres. chamber, 
7592, 7612, 7632. 

Flor, Juan Lopez de la, governor, 6302. 

Flora, seized, 5933. 

, games in honor of, 10552. 

Floral and Horticultural Soc, est., 9402. 

Floras, Gen., leads refugees, 491 ' . 

Flore Co., Miss., race war, 344' . 

Florena, Thos. B., b., 1183. 

Florence, goes ashore, 407 3 . 

Florence, Ala., Gen. Hood, approaches, 
240' ; Normal College est., 2822. 

, Colo., railway accident, 3693. 

, It., San Miniato al Monte, rebuilt, 

1073' ; Santa Croce begun ; Santa Maria 
del Fiore built ; San Michele begun ; 
Santa Maria Novella begun, 10763 ; 
adopts new govt., 10772 ; Academic in- 
struction given, 1077'; Campanile be- 
gun, 10762; war with Pisa, 1076' ; Univ. 
chartered ; grant, 1077 2 ; Medici in power, 
10773, 10972 ; conquers Pisa, 1078' ; San 
Lorenzo begun, 1079' ; Council of, 1079' ; 
Sacra Rapitreseittariione, 10792 ; conspir- 
acy against de Medici ; theoretical 
republic, 10793 ; treaty with Fr., 6793 ; 
academy est., 1080 2 ; merged with Tus- 
cany, 1081 3 ; Euritlir-e presented, 1082'; 
Booh of the Majtrah; Hedge of the Law, 
1085' ;'Fr., enter, 1084'; peace of, 7152; 
Republic proclaimed, 10S7 3 ; Florence 
Dritto, 1087' ; R. R. to Turin est., 10873; 
revolution in, 108X3; capital of It., 10892; 
Dante festival, 10893 ; Pari, meets in ; 
riots ; grist-tax adopted ; neutrality pro- 
claimed, 10892 ; p r ot. mission, 10883; 
statue Victor Emmanuel, 1090' . 

, S. C, state dispensary seized, 4543. 

, Thomas Birch, b. (18i2) ; d., 288' . 

, Wm. James, b. (1831) ; appears, 152' ; 

d., 394'. 

, Mrs. Wm. Jernvyn, b., 1602. 

Florentine), Pier Angelo, b., 10843 • d., 
10882. 



Flores, Ccrilo, b.-d., 10383 ; k., 1038'. 

, Gen. Venancio, Pres. Uruguay, 1160 2 ; 

creates civil war, 11603. 

Florescence, phenomenon, dis., 958 2 . 

Florez, Enrique, b.-d., 11283. 

, Juan, gov Costa Rica, 630 3 . 

, Gen. Juan Jose, 1>. (1800) ; in Ecuador, 

643' ; pres. Ecu., 6442 ; leaves country, 
G442 ; d. (1864). 

Florian, St., b., 1113'. 

, Jean Pierre Claris de, b., 7022; works, 

7063, 7083; d., 7103. 

(Marcus Florianus), claims throne ; 

k., 10672. 

Florida, sails from Eng., 210' ; at sea, 212' ; 
escapes, 218 2 ; captures Joeoh Bell, 2183; 
captured, 2383. 

collides with Poneina, 3173. 

Florida, Am., redis., 163; Sp. claims, 17 3 , 
1128' ; missionaries perish, 203 ; Jesuit 
mission, 222; Dominicans in, 232; Hugue- 
nots massacred, 243; piracy, 25' +; expe- 
dition against, 54' ; Gov. Moore in, 56' ; 
Eng. claims, 572; slaves welcomed, 632; 
Franciscan reports, 723 ; ceded to Gt. 
Brit., 733 ; Pensacola taken, 952; ceded 
to Sp., 97' ; R. C. bishop appt., 1043; oc- 
cupied, 1173; Sp. cedes East F. to U. 
S. A., 1272 ; invaded by Jackson ; St., 
Marks taken ; Pensacola taken ; Baran- 
cas reduced, 126'; surrendered, 1292; 
Andrew Jackson, gov., 1293; territorial 
gov. for ; Win. P. Duval, gov., 1312; land 
voted to Lafayette, 133' ; John H. Eaton, 

gov., 1452; Indian war, 146' ; Richard K. 
all gov., 1472, i-,52; p,„ t . Epis. dio. est., 
1483 ; capture of Indians, 150' ; Robert 
R. Reid gov., 1512; Meth. Epis. Conf. 
find., 1563. 2763; Branch John gov., 159'; 
State admitted into Union, 1592; Wm. 
D. Moseley gov., 161'; Thomas Brown 
gov., 167' ; James E. Broome gov., 1743; 
Madison S. Perry gov., 1832 ; Federal 
forts seized ; Ft. Taylor held ; Pensa- 
cola Navy Yard seized, 190' ; arsenal 
seized ; Pensacola for secessionists ; 
State Conven. meets; secedes, 191' ; sen- 
ators withdraw, 1912 ; Cedar Keys cap- 
tured, 2022 ; John Milton gov., 2032 ; 
Jacksonville surrendered; Ft. Church 
and Fernandina taken ; St. Augustine 
surrendered, 2043 ; Appalachiola sur- 
rendered, 206' ; Federal expedition to, 
230' ; annuls secession ; adopts new con- 
stitution, 249' ; William Marvin gov., 
249' , 251' ; David S. Walker gov., 2553 ; 
Homestead Dill disposes of land, 253'; 
African M. E. Conference org., 2562 ; 
Constitutional Union party org., 259'; 
constitutional convention meets, 261'; 
adopts new constitution, 2612 ; read- 
mitted, 2632 ; civil authorities rule, 
263 3 ; ratines new constitution ; adopts 
14th amendment, 2t!32 ; Harrison Reed 
gov., 2632,2652; ratifies 15th amendment, 
2672 ; annexation with Ala. favored, 
2692 ; George F. Drew gov., 2973 ; o. B. 
Hart gov., 285'; M.L. Stearns gov., 2873; 
Constitution, Amendments ratified, 289' ; 
three sets electoral votes, 2932, 3 J 2953 ; 
State prison made insane asylum, 2943 ; 
election frauds investigated, '2992, 3012 ; 
govt, lands conveyed, 3073 ; Wm. D. 
Bloxham gov. ; syndicate purchases 
lands, 3093 ; Gen. Congregational Asso. 
org., 3142 ; State Univ. removed, 3143 ; 
prospers, 3153; Institution for deaf est., 
319'; Rollins (loll. org. at Winter Park, 
3223; Edward A. Perry gov., 3233 ; Con- 
stitution ratified, 3252; phosphate rock 
dis., 342' ; Canal Co. find., 3453 ; Asso- 
ciated Land Dept. find., 3473 ; Francis 
P. Fleming gov., 3492 ; Subtropical Ex- 
hibition opd., 351' , 3; rolling-mill strike, 
3523; Univ. of F. fnd., 35X2; election day 
changed, 373' ; " Bulldozer " fined, 3782; 
illicit stills destroyed, 37X3; liquor trade 
condemned, 385'; race conflicts, 397'; 
Republicans make in nominations, 4052; 
yellow fever vessel, 4133 ; cyclone, 472' ; 
cigar-makers strike, 473' ; frost, 4793. 

, Mo., Federals defeated at, 2102. 

, Blanca, Count of, Jose Monino, b., 

11283. 

Florillo, Johann D., b., 8003. 

Florine. Tex., Insaue Asylum opd., 397' . 

Florio, John, b. (1553); trans. Essays, 8783; 
d., 8802. 

Floris I., Count, rules, 1099' ; d., 10982. 



Floris II., rules, 11199' ; d., 10982. 

III., rules, 1099' ; d., 10982. 

IV., rules, 1099' ; d., 10982. 

V., Count, rules, 1099' . 

, Frans, b., 5402; d., 5403. 

Floris, issued, 7783. 

Flotow, Friedrich von, b., 8102 ; d., 830*. 
Flour, price falls, 1293. 
Flourens, Gustave, leader, 7432, 7442 ; 
defense committee, 743 3 . 

, Leopold Emile, b. (1841) ; minister, 

7553, 7563, 757'. 

, Marie, insurrectionist, 7452. 

, Jean Pierre, b., 7102 ; d., 7362. 

Flovard, b.-d., 6662. 

Flower, Benjamin, fined ; imprisoned, 929' . 

Flower Leaf, issued, 9603. 

, Roswell Pettiboue, b. (1835) ; gov. 

N.Y., 3912, 1212; charges against, 4653. 
Floyd, John, b. (1770) ; gov. V a., 139 2; popu- 
lar VOte, 1412, 3; d., 1482. 

, Buchanan, b., 114' ; gov. Va., 

1672; S ec. war, 1823; sends guns South ; 
resigns war dept., 1893 ; scatters the 
army, 190'; in W. Va., 1982; at Carni- 
fex, 1983; at McCoy's Mill, 2003; at Fort 
Donelson, 204' ; d., 2272. 

, William, b., 622; d., 130' . 

Flugel, Gustav L., b., 8082; d., 8262. 

, Johann G., b., 8043 ; d., 820' . 

Fluoric acid, used, 7963. 
Flushing, N. Y., Baptist converts, 402; Gil- 
man defaulter, 3823 ; Citizens' League 
org., 3823. 

, Isle of Walcheren I ibarded, 934' . 

, Neth., taken, 1098' , 1102' ; new port 

opd., 11023. 
Fluxions, Rittenhouse dis. method, 682. 
Fly shuttle used, 912' . 
Flying Childers (race-horse), dies, 9113. 
Flying Fish, sails in exploring exp., 148' . 
F/'f/in'y Send, disappears, 3253. 
Flvnri, Michael, convicted, 9903. 
Fodi Silah, chief, 1010' . 
Foeldvar, riots, 531'. 
Foerster, Wilhelm, b., 8142. 
Fog; at Salem, Mass., 308' . 
Fi.grlberg, ISengl Erland, b.-d., 11342. 
Foggia, It., battle of, 7S0' . 
Fohi, art of writing, 610' ; intro. marriage, 
6103; mythical founder of Empire, 611' . 
Foix, Fr., annexed, 6732. 

, Gaston de, b. (1489); DM wits de la 

Chasse, C763; at Ccrignola, 6782; relieves 
Bologna; takes Brescia; k., 680'. 

, Paul de, b., 6803; d., 6842. 

Fokshani, action at, 1116' . 
Folard, Jean Chas. de, b., 6903; d., 701' . 
Folentino, treaty signed by pope, 7132. 
Foley, Baron, title created, 9212. 

, John Henry, b., 9383; d., 97S2. 

, J., cons. Rom. Cath. bp., 3302. 

, Maj., at Elk Fork, 217' . 

, Samuel J., Liquor-dealers' Bill, 401* . 

, Sir Thomas, b., 9143; d., 9462. 

Folger, Charles James, b. (1818) ; sec. 
treas., 3092; loses governorship, 3112; 
d.,3162. 

, William M., in navy dept., 3512. 

Folkes, Martin, b. (1690) ; pres. Royal So- 
ciety, 9102; d. (1754). 
Folk-Lore Society est., 9S3' ; in Am., org., 

(1878) ; meets, 421'. 
Folkstone, first convent, 8422 ; landslide, 

1004'. 
Follen, August, b., 8062. 

, Charles Theodore Christian, b., 8063; 

d., 8143. 
Folsom, George, b. (1S02) ; d.,266'. 

, Jos. L., b. (1817) ; d., 176' . 

, Nathaniel, ).., 6(12; d. (1790). 

Folz, or Volz, Hans, b., 7862. 
Fonblanque, Albany W., b.,9262; d.,976'. 
Fonda, Jesse, pres. Reformed synod, 131' . 
Fonfrede, Jean Baptists Boyer, b., 703' ; 

d., 7082. 
Fonseca, Eleonora Piiiiental, Marchioness, 

de, b.-d., 10842. 
, Juan Kodriquez de, bp., b. (1441) ; In- 
dian affairs, 153; d. (1524). 

, Manuel Deodoroda, b., 5542; pres. 

Brazil, 5352, 5572, 559' ; signs constitu- 
tion, 558'; congratulations. 5583; dicta- 
tor, 559' ; deposed ; resigns, 5592; d.,5583. 
Fontaine, Alexis, b., 6962; d., 7042. 

, Pierre Francois Leonard, b., 7023 ; 

d., 7322. 

, M., Panama Canal scandal, 7642 ; 

sentence withdrawn, 7643. 



1256 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Font-Fort. 



Fontana, Domenico, b., 10803; d., 10823. 
Fontanais, Manuels Milay, b.-d, 11322. 
Fontainebleau, Fr., treaty of, 733, 6933, 

7173; pope's residence, 7192. 
Fontaine-Franyaise, battle of, 684' . 
Fontanes, Marquis de, Louis, b., 7022; 

works, 7052 ; d.,7223. 
Fontarabia, or Fuenterrabia, capitulates, 

6981. 
Fontenay, Fr., battle of, 772' . 

, Francois, confession, 4263. 

, Jean Baptiste Blain de, b., 6902 ; d., 

697'. 
Fontenelle, Bernard le Bovier de, b., 6902; 

works, 6932, 0972 ; d., 7022. 
Fontenoy, Belg., battle at, 542' , 700' , 800' . 
Fontleroy, in Am. colonies, 75' . 
Food, Fr., exportation forbidden, 741' . 

tax, Eng., 8853. 

Fools, Eng., law for natural, 8563. 

Foord, John, b., 1542. 

Foot, Solomon, b. ( 1802) ; pres. Senate, 1973, 

2032, 2053 ; resigns, 207' ; pres. Senate, 

2093, 2193, 2213, 2313 ; d. (1866). 
Foote, Andrew, Hull, b., 1122 ; leaves 

Cairo ; takes Fort Henry, 2022'; at Fort 

Donelson, 204' ; in Tenn., 205' ; at Island 

No. 10, 2052, 206' ; d., 2232. 
, Henry Stuart, b., 1082 ; defeats J. 

Davis, 169 2 ; gov. Miss., 1712 ; peace 

resolutions, 2033; d., 304' . 

, Josiah Ives, b. (1796); d., 152' . 

, Mary Hall. irk; fit,, sen fallen, 4462. 

, Samuel, b., 9062; d., 9203. 

, Augustus, b. (1780) ; gov. Conn., 

1452 ; d., 1602. 

Foquet, Nicola, b., 6S62. 

Foraker, Joseph Benson, b. (1846) ; gov. 

O., 3252 ; nom. for gov., 3412. 
Forbach, Ger., battle of ; Germans occupy, 

738'. 
Forbes, Baron, title created, 8623. 

, Charles S.,b., 944'. 

, Duncan, b., 8962 ; d., 9122. 

, Edward, b., 9363 ; d. (1854). 

, Francis, U. S. minister, 3552. 

, James David, 9343 ; d., 970' . 

, Maj. John, b. (1710) ; attacked, 6043 ; 

d. (1759). 

, Sir John, b., 9242 ; d., 9642. 

, John M.,b., 114'. 

Forbin, Claude, b., 6902 ; d., 6983. 
Forbonnais, Francois Veron de, b., 6982 ; 

d., 7142. 
Forcade-Laroquette, Jean, LL.D. de, b., 

7223 ; d., 7482. 
Force Bill, passes Cong., 1413, 1432 ; de- 
clared void in S. C, 1432 ; passed by 

Cong., 275'; 

, Peter, b., 1022 ; d., 260' . 

Forcellini, Egidio, b., 1083' ; d., 10842. 
Forchhanimer, Johann, h., 0382 ; d., 642' . 
Forckenbeck, Von, resigns, 8312. 
Ford, Kau., natural irrigation, 4493. 
, Earl of Tankerville, commissioner of 

Treasury, 9013. 

, Bob, killed, 4082. 

, John, b.,S702 ; works, 8823; d.,8822. 

, Bruce, d., 474' . 

, Richard, b. (1796) ; d., 9622. 

, Seabury, b. (1801); gov. O., 167'; d. 

(1855). 

, Thos., gov. 111., 1553 ; d. (1851). 

Fordham, N. Y., St. John's Coll. org., 1543 ; 

Hughes statue, 386' . 
Foreign Christian Missionary Soc. org., 

2882. 

Enlistment Act, passes, 9752. 

Evangelization Society org., 9742. 

Exposition, in Boston, 3153. 

Indian School Mission, 1802. 

Sunday School Asso. fnd., 3002. 

Foreign Quarter!// lierietc, issued, 943'. 
and Colonial Quart: rli/ Review, est., 

9523. 
Foreigners banished, Eng., 850' . 

decree against, Braz., 5573. 

must register, Fr., 765' . 

Tax Bill passes, Fr., 7592. 

Forepaugh, Adam, d., 352' . 

Forest Charter confirmed, Eng., 857' . 

Gate, Industrial School burns, 10033. 

Hill Cemetery, est., 1653. 

Forester, Baron, title created, 9372 ; title 

of Earl, 883'. 
Foresters parade, New York, 389 2 ; meet 

in London, Can., 5883. 
Foresti, E. Felice, b., 10843; d., 10882. 
Forestry Asso., meets, Am., 397' , 4691 . 



Forestry Congress at Albany, 4533. 

Forey, Elie Frederic, b., 715''; at Monte- 
bello, 524' ; d., 7461 . 

Forfarshire, lost, 9493. 

Forgery, punished, 8731 ; death for, Eng., 
883 1 , 907 1 ; death penalty abolished, 947 1 ; 
remarkable, 3832. 

Forget, A. J., testimony, 4523. 

Forkel, JohannNikolaus,b.,8003; d. (1818). 

Forlaequier, annexed, 673 2 . 

Forman, William S., b., 1623. 

Formerie, Prussian, repulsed, 7422. 

Formes, Carl (Charles John), b. (1810) ; d., 
3481. 

, Karl, b., 8121 ; d., 8321 . 

Formigny, Fr., English defeated, 6781. 

Formosa, annexed to China, 0153; mission, 
6203, 6211 , 6222, 6242 ; bombarded, 6221 ; 
Japanese massacre, 623 2 ; It. R. plant 
est., 6233 ; evacuated ; subdued, 6241 ; 
China and Japan agree regarding, 625 2 ; 
decree against Japanese, 10931 . 

Formosus, pope, 10723. 

Forney, John Weiss, b., 1261 ; d., 3082. 

Fomovo, It', battle of, 6782. 

Forrest, Edwin, b., 1122; appears in New 
York, 1341; in London, 1461; in Astor 
Place riot, 1643 ; as Virginius, 219'; d., 
2782. 

, Henry de, editor, 67 1 . 

, Miles, executes princes, 8653. 

, Nathan Bedford, b., 1301 ; a t Ready- 

ville, 2122; strikes < .rant's line, 2163 ; at 
Parker's Cross Roads, 217 ' ; near Lexing- 
ton, 2181; at Fort Donelson, 2183; at 
Brentwoody,220l; at Pulaski, 2283; near 
West Point, 23U2 ; demands Padueah ; 
raids into Kv., 2303; attacks Kort Pillow, 
231 1 ; at Brice's Cross Roads, 2342 ; be- 
tween Pontotoc and Tupelo, 2362 ; at 
Murfreesboro, 2402,3; at Ebenezer Ch., 
2451 ; d., 2542. 

Forsell, Karl Gustaf af, b. (1783) ; Statis- 
tics, 11362 ; d. (1848). 

Forster, Ernst J., b., 8071 ; d. (1885). 

, Heinrich, Pr., bishop of Breslau, b., 

8071 ; deposed, 8283 ; .1., 8301. 

, Johann G. A., b., 8022 ; d., 8062. 

, R., b., 8002 ; d., 8063. 

, John, b. (1812) ; works, 9551 , 9763 ; d. 

(1876). 

-, Murphy J., governor La., 4212. 

.William Edward, b., 9383 ; Element- 
ary Education Bill, 973 3 ; intro. Coer- 
cion Bill, 9S72 ; resigns, 9892 ; d. (1886) ; 
portrait, 9981 ; memorial, 10021 . 

Forsyth, Ga., Monroe Female Coll., 1662. 

, Mo., action at, 1963. 

, Mont., Industrial Army at, 458 2 . 

, Capl. Benjamin, at Elizabeth, 1201 ; 

d. (1814). 

, Col. Geo. A., tights Indians, 262'. 

, James W., b. (1835:-) ; commissioned 

col., 3221 ; exonerated, 3781; com. brig.- 
gen. ; in California, 4741 . 

, John, b., 931 ; gov. Ga., 1353 ; sec. 

state, 1473 ; d., 1522. 

, , b. (1813) ; Confed. commissioner, 

1931 ; d. (1879). 

Forsythe, Rev. Mr., ignites gunpowder by 
percussion, 9322. 

, Gen., explores N. Dak., 2881 . 

Fort Abercrombie, N. Dak., Sioux against, 
2141. 

Abraliam Lincoln, expedition leaves, 

2841. 

Adams, Miss., steamboat accident, 

3733. 

Alexander, Alas., missionaries, 2542. 

Amsterdam, N. Y., begun, 321 . 

Anderson, N. C, Porter attacks. 2302; 

Gen. Forrest abandons, 2311; Federals 
capture, 2422. 

Andros, Me., built, 50'. 

Ann, N. Y., battle of ; burned, 863. 

Armstrong, captured, 9561 . 

Augustine, Fla., seized, 1901. 

Beau Sejour, N. S., surrenders, 68 2 . 

Berthold, mission transferred, 3142. 

Blakely, Ala., Gen. Steele arrives ; 

invested ; Miltraukee blown up, 2442 ; 
Itotlolpll sunk , 2443 ; Federals take, 2452. 

Boyer, Ala., attacked by British, 1222 ; 

surrenders, 1223. 

Brown, Tex., bombarded, 1601 ; occu- 
pied, 1921. 

Carleto, Can., burned, 5841 . 

Carolina, Fla., built, 251; stormed, 

241 . 



Fort Casimir, Del., built ; Dutch expelled, 

Caswell, N. 0., seized, 1901; 1922; 

blown up, 2421 . 

Charles, S. C, erected, 233. 

Chartress, O., Engish hold, 74'. 

Chippewyan, Mackenzie returns, 5762. 

Christina, Del., Epis. service, 343. 

Church, Fla., taken, 2043. 

Clark, N. C, bombarded, 1981 ; cap- 
tured, 2122. 

Clinton, N. Y., captured, 87 2 . 

Crevecceur, 111., built, 462. 

Cumberland, N. S., defended, 5761 . 

Darling, Va., naval battle, 2081 ; Gen. 

Butler at, 2331. 

Dauphin, Madagascar, taken, 10951 . 

Dearborn, erected, 1133 Indians mas- 
sacre, 1181. 

Defiance, O., built, 1041 . 

Denonville, taken, 60' ; retaken, 5741 . 

de Russy, captured, 230 2 ; Federals 

blow up, 2303. 

Dodge, la., saloons exposed, 4303. 

Donelson, Tenn., invested, 2042; Con- 
feds, repulsed. 212' ; taken, 2183. 

Dummer, Vt., built, 612. 

Du Quesne, Pa., built, 681 , 5742 ; ex- 
lie, lition against, 6S1 ; Braddock de- 
feated, 682 ; burned, 703. 

Edward, N. Y., erected, 682. 

Erie, Can. .surrenders, 122' ; assaulted; 

besieged ; Brit, retire, 1222 ; Americans 
evacuate, 1223. 

Esperanza, Tex., Federals occupy, 

2282. 

Fillmore, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 

2103. 

Filmore, N. Mex., surrendered, 1981 . 

Fisher, N. C, expedition for, 2402; 

blow up powder-boat ; bombarded ; Fed- 
erals capture, 2403, 2421 ; magazine ex- 
plodes, 2421 . 

Frontenac, Can., built, 5721; La 

Salle's manor, 5733 ; La Salle returns to, 
5743 ; taken, 702. 

Gaines, Ala., seized, 1901 ; Gen. Gran- 
ger at ; attacked ; surrendered, 2371 . 

Garry, Can., Wolseley at, 5821 . 

Gaspereau, N. S., surrenders, 682. 

George, Can., abandoned, 1203 ; Gen. 

Vincent at, 120' ; taken, 1202. 

, N.Y., erected ; Fr. repulsed, 682; 

Abercrombie at, 702. 

Gower, Va., militia patriotic, 793. 

Granhv, taken by Col. Lee, 942. 

Greenville, O.,bu'ilt,104i ; treaty, 1071 . 

Gregg, Va., Federals capture, 2443. 

Halifax, Me., built, 68'. 

Hamilton, N. Y., Cunningham killed, 

4222. 

Hare, action at, 956' . 

Harmar, O., built, 98' ; Indian treaty 

at, 101'. 

Harrison, Va., Confeds. repulsed ; 

Federals capture, 2382. 

Hatteras, N. C, bombarded, 198'; 

captured, 2122. 

Henry, Ky., taken, 2022. 

Hill, Miss., Porter attacks, 2222. 

Huachuca, Ariz., soldiers ambushed, 

346'. 

Huger, Ala., Federals take, 246' . 

Jackson, Ga., seized, 190' . 

Jackson, La., seized, 190' ; bombarded, 

2062 ; invested ; Farragut passes, 2063 ; 
officials imprisoned at, 208'. 

Jefferson on Mississippi, built, 92' . 

Johnson, S. C, taken, 803 ; seized, 

190'. 

Johnston, N. C, seized, 1922. 

King, Fla., Seminole Indians at, 144' . 

Lafayette, N. Y., Beall hanged, 242: 

Kennedy hanged, 2442 ; political pris- 
oners discharged, 2452 ; burned, 2653 
torpedo-gun mounted, 320'. 

Laramie, Wyo., Fremont arrives, 154' 

jury of both sexes, 2703. 

Leavenworth, Kan., negroes enlist, 

2103. 

Lee, N. J., threatened, 843. 

Loudon, Tenn., garrison massacred, 

72'. 

MacKenzie, factory massacre at, 

10012. 

Mackinaw, Mich., taken, 722. 

Macom, N. C, taken, 2063. 

Maiden, Can., attemptedcapture,1182. 

Marion, Fla., seized, 190' . 



Fort-Foxe. 



Text Figures denote Page. UNL/Jc-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1257 



Fort Masagran, defended by French, 83. 

Massachusetts, Mass., taken, 66 1 . 

McAllister, Ga., Federals bombard, 

2182 ; attacked, 2191 • Federals capture, 
2402. 

McHenry, Md., bombarded by Brit., 

1222. 

Meigs, O., British besiege, 1202; again 

besieged, 1203. 

Mercer, N. J., British take, 188'. 

Mifflin, Pa., taken, 88' . 

■ Mims, Ala., surrendered, 1203. 

Montgomery, N. Y., captured, 87 2 . 

Morgan, Ala., seized, 100'; attacked, 

237' ; surrendered, 2372. 

Moultrie, S. C, surrendered, 921 . 

Nassau, N. J., built, 30' , 31' . 

, N. Y., built 2S' ; destroyed, 292. 

Necessity, Pa., defense of, 681 . 

Niagara, N. Y., built, 60i ; expedition 

against, 6Si ; capitulates, 703 ; taken, by 
Brit.,121' ; rebuilt,.".74i ; capitulates,5743. 

— Ninety-Six, S. 0., Indians attack, 72 1 . 

Ontario, N. Y., siege of, 70 ' . 

Orange, N. Y., built, 30', 31'; Wal- 
loons at, 312 ; Bef. Dutch worship est., 
321 ; surrenders, 42' , 43' . 

Philip Kearney, Indian massacre at, 

254' 

Pickens, Fla., held, 1901 ; truce, 1902; 

reinforced, 1941 ; attacked, 2001 , 3. 

Pillow, Tenn., attack, 207i ; action at, 

2083 ; Coufeds. defeated, 2303 ; Forrest 
attacks, 2311. 

Pitt, Can., attack on, 5S41 ; epidemic, 

5872. 

, Pa., built, 703. 

Plain, N. Y., confidence men, 4SS3. 

Powell, Ala., bombarded, 2302 ; blown 

up, 237'. 

Pownall, Me., built, 72' . 

Pulaski, Ga., seized, 189', 190', 191'; 

fired on, 2001 ; prisoners exchanged, 2401 . 

Recovery, O., built, 1041 . 

Rendsburg, seized, 6401 . 

Ridgely, Minn., Indians besiege, 2121 . 

Ringgold, Tex., Garza's attacks, 3971. 

Rouille, Toronto, built, 5742. 

Sanders, Tenn., Longstreet assaults, 

2282. 

Sandusky, O., taken, 722. 

Schuyler, N. Y., battle of, 871 . 

Scott, Kan., ice-dam gives way, 3421 ; 

hotel collapses, 4333. 

Sedgwick, Va., Confeds defeated, 

2392. 

Smith, Ark., murders near, 3723. 

Stanwix, N. Y., built, 702 ; treaty 

with Indians, 77 ' ; attacked, 87' ; Indians 
surrender lands, 972. 

St. Diego, Fla., taken, 64' . 

Steadman, Va., assaulted, 244 2 . 

Stephenson, O., Brit, assault, 120 3 . 

Stevens, D. 0., Early at, 236' . 

St. George, Me., built, 58'. 

, built, 10451 . 

St. Louis, 111., founded, 481 . 

St. Nicholas, Bulg., taken, 5652. 

St. Philip, La., seized, 1901; bom- 
barded, 20G2, 3 ; Farragut passes, 2063. 

Sully Missions, transferred, 3142. 

Sumter, S.G., occupied, 1881 ; demands 

to be defended, 1803 ; reinforcements 
for, S. C. demands, 1903 ; relief expedi- 
tion for. 1901 , 191 1 ; unrelieved, 190' ; re- 
fused S. C, 1013; divides cabinet, 1932; 
attacked, 2202 ; siege, 225' ; bombarded, 
226' ; flag restored, 2462. 

Sunbury, taken, 90' . 

Taylor, Fla., garrisoned, 190' . 

, Tex,, Mexicans bombard, 160'. 

Teneria, Mex., Jef. Davis charges, 

1601. 

Ticonderoga, N. Y., French retreat, 

703 ; Brit, take, 863. 

Tracy, Ala., Federals take, 2461 . 

Valley, Ga., Conf. veterans meet, 

3421. 

Wagner, S. C, assaulted, 2243 ; 2251 ; 

evacuated, 2202, 

Warren, Mason and Slidell im- 
prisoned in, 2003, 2012. 

Washington, N. Y., attacked, 843. 

Watson, S. C, taken, 94'. 

Wayne, Ind., Concordia Coll. fnd., 

1503; Fort Wayne Coll., org., 161' ; R. C. 
dio. est., 1821 ;' Taylor Univ. fnd., 3742; 
Club officers indicted, 4443 ; school for 
feeble-minded est.. 329' ; tire, 3313. 



Fort Wayne.Tex., Spring Palace, opd., 3413. 

Railroad, opd., 187 3 ; collision on, 

4172; accident, 4413. 

White, action at, 9561 . 

William, Can., fire, 5913 ; R. R, acci- 
dent, 5963. 
, Ga., attacked, 641 . 

Henry, Me., erected ; taken, 52' . 

, N. Y., erected; besieged, 70' ; 

surrenders, 70 2 . 
, W. Va., attacked, 87' . 

Witworth, Ya., Feds, capture, 2443. 

Worth, Tex., Hubbell Smith, ar- 
rested, 4702. 

Univ. (Meth. Epis.), org. (1881). 

Wrangel, Alas., mission, 2922, 2962. 

Wright, Ark., attacked, 2062. 207' ; 

levee cut, 20G 2 . 

Fortainps, Belg., bank embezzler, 5451 . 

Fortescue, Earl of, title created, 9112. 

, Chichester .Samuel, minister, 9731; 

pres. council, 991 2 . 

, George Franklin, b. (1809) ; gov. N.J., 

1692 ; d., 2762. 

, Sir John, b., 8602 ; works, 8643 ; d., 

8642. 

Forth Bridge, train crosses, 10053. 

and Clyde canal, steamboats in, 9242. 

Fortier, Alcee, Louisiana Studies, 4783. 

Fortifications, App. Bill, 3W2, ;i012, 3732, 
377', 2, 409', 4H2, 4213, 4232, 4532,4652. 

Fortoul, Hippolyte Nicolas Honore, b., 
7192 ; minister, 7473 ; d., 7322. 

Fortress Monroe, Va., Butler in command, 
1943 ; slaves contraband, 196' ; Gen. 
Wool commands, 19Si ; Hatteras expedi- 
tion sails, 1981 , U022 ■ Port Royal expedi- 
tion sails, 2U02 ; McOlellan arrives ; Mc- 
Clellan leaves, 206'; Butler returns, 
Gen. Terry leaves, 2403 ; Confed. com- 
missioners reach, 243'; Jefferson Davis 
at, 2463, 2471. 

Fortuna, action at, 11322. 

Fortunatus, Bp. of Poitiers, writes Poems, 
6643. 

Fortune, Indian trader, 29 1 ; returns, 303. 

Fortune Bay, settlements, 311 2 ; U. S. 
fishermen at, 11032 ; Bait Law riots, 
11033. 

, Robert, b., 9363 ; d., 9861 . 

Fortuny, Mariano, b.-d., 11303. 

Forward, Walter, b. (1786) ; sec. treas., 
1533 ; d. (1852). 

Fosbroke, Thomas Dudley, b., 9183 ; d., 
9502. 

Foscari, Francesco, b.-d., 10762. 

Foscarini, Marco, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 

Foscola, Ugo, b., 10843; works, 10852; d., 
10SG2. 

Foss, Cyrus David, b., 1422; cons., bp., 3042. 

, Henrik Hermann, Tidsnornerne, 

11043. 

Fossalta, It., battle at, 7801 . 

Fosses, Castonnet des, work, 7602. 

Fossombrone, It., appeals to Sardinia, 
10891. 

Foster Abby Kelley, b., 1162; d. (1887). 

, Augustus J., cili^v burned, 117 2 . 

, Charles, b., 1362 ; gov. O., 3052 ; sec. 

treas., 379'. 

, J. Ellen, b. (1840) ; org. Woman's 

Republican League, 331' . 

, Geo.Eulas.,b.(1847>; minister finance, 

593' 595 2 596 3 . 

, Henry,' kills J. B. Morgan, 4083. 

, John, b., 9183; works, 993' , 941' ; d., 

9502. 

, , sets up press, 443. 

, , d.,2842. 

, (tray, b. (1S23) ; at New Berne, 

205' ; at Somerville Heights, 207' ; at 
Lone Jack, 211'; near Slaughterville ; 
at Washington, N. C, 2123; in Webster 
Co., 215' ; at Kinston, 2162 ; in East 
Tenn., 2283; commands Dept. of South, 
234' ; d. (1874). 

, Wells, b., 1242; Prehistoric Races, 

2823; see. state ; 4092; replies to Canada, 
419 2 ; to Minister Stevens, 425' ; arbi- 
trator, 4252; d. (1873). 

, Lafayette Sabine, b. (1806) ; d., 304' . 

, M. M., discovers Brah, 820' . 

, Randolph Sinks, b., 1282; cons, bp., 

2763. 

, Sir Robert, chief justice, 8912. 

, R. S., Gen. at New Berne, 230'; at 

Honey Hill, 2402; at Charleston, 2422; 
captures Forts Gregg and Witworth, 
244-3; military commissioner, 2472. 



Foster, Stephen, b. (1798) ; d., 1442. 

, Collins, b., 134' ; d., 231'. 

, Wm., hanged, 2S1 ' . 

Fostoria Fields, O., oil-well, 452' . 
Fothergill, Jessie, b. < 1C50I ; d., 1006' . 

, John, b., 9042; d., 921'. 

Foucault, Leon, b., 722<3 ; invents side- 
rests ; d., 7382. 
Fouche, Joseph, Due d'Otrante, b., 703' ; 

d., 7223. 
Foucher, Paul, b. (1704) ; works, 7602 ; d., 

(1778). 

, Victor A., b., 7143; d., 7362. 

Fould, Achille, b., 7142; minister, 7313; 

d.,7362. 
Foulis, Andrew, b., 9042; d., 919'. 

■ , Robert, b., 9022; d., 9203. 

Foulke, Wm. Dudley, Pres. College, 3722. 
Foulon, J. A., cons, cardinal priest, 7582. 

, Joseph Francois, b„ 097' ; d., 7062. 

Foulques de Neuilly, d., 0702. 
Fountain of Youth, search for, 17' . 
Fouque, Friedrich, Baron de la Motte, b., 

8042; works, 809' , 8132; d., 8162. 
Fouque, Henri. Baron lie la Mutte,b.,7982; 

gen., d.,S04'. 
Fouquet, Jehan, b.-d., 6762. 
, Nicolas, Marquis de Belle-Isle, b. 

01615) ; d., 6923. 
Fouquier, Deputy, duel, 7583. 
Tinville, Antoine (.Hientin, b., 7003; 

prosecutor, 711' ; guillotined, 7102, 7112, 
Four, Aries du, appeal to Ct. Brit., 7432. 
"Four Bills," rejected. Eng., SS72. 
Fouracariah. mission at, 11603. 
Fourah Bay Coll., fnded., 11602. 
Fourcroy, Antoine Francois de, b., 7022; 

water ; electricity, 924' ; d., 719' . 
Fourdrinier, Henry, b. (1766) ; paper- 
making machine inv. (1807) ; used in 

Am., 138' . 
Fourichon, Martin, b. (1809) ; minister 

navy, 7412; d. (1884). 
Fourier, Francois Charles Marie, b., 7042; 

works, 717', 725' , 7291 ; d„ 7262. 
, Baron Jean Baptiste Joseph, b., 7042; 

d., 7261 . 

, Pierre, b., 6823; d., 6S83. 

Fonrmont, Etienne, b., 0923; d., 7003. 
Fournet, Victor, b., 7143; d., 7382. 
Fourneyron, Benoit, b., 7143 ; turbine, 

7241; d., 7362. 
Fournier, Capt., signs treaty, 6233 ; duel, 

, Edouard, b., 7223 ; d., 7522. 

, Juliette, suicide, 4693. 

, Pierre Simon, b., 6963; d. (1768). 

Fourtou, M., minister, 7473, 7491 , 7511 . 

Fowle, Dan. G., gov. N. C, 3492; d.,3801. 

Fowler, electro-galvanic experiments, 
9261. 

, Sir Chas., lord mayor, London, 9333. 

, Charles Henry, b., 1482 ; elected 

M. E. bp., 3163. 

, Henry Hartley, minister, 1009 2 . 

, Sir John, at Barnum banquet, 10023. 

, Joseph Smith, b., 1302. 

, Orson Squire, b., 116' ; d. (1887). 

, Philemon Halsted, moderator, 266 2 ; 

d., 3022. 

, Sir Robert Nicholas, lord mayor Lon- 
don, 9932, 3; d., 1006'. 

Fox Channel, discovered, 5722. 

, Sir Charles, b., 935' ; d. (1874). 

, Charles James, b., 9122 ; minister, 

9173 ; gambles, 91:12; ;,, opposition ; lord 
treas., 9193; in duel, 9212, 9292 ; leads 
opposition, 9213 ; minister, 9232, 9332 ; 
dupe of Pr. of Wales, 925' ; struck off 
list, 9292; d., 9323; statue, 938' . 

, Commodore, captures Fr. W. I. fleet, 

7001,912'. 

, George, b., 8802 ; among Quakers, 

443, 8863 ; preaches, 8S63 ; order for 
arrest, 8931 ; Journal, 8983; d., 89S2. 

, L., b. (1825) ; appears as Bottom, 

260' ; d. (1877). 

, Capt., Gustavus Vasa, b. (1821), and 

Capt. Sumter expedition, 192' ; d. (1883). 

, Henry Richard Yassall, third Baron, 

Holland,' b., 9183; d. (1840). 

, D., Spiritualist, 1032. 

, Luke, b. (1586) ; Arctic expedition, 

5722 ; d. (1635). 

, Margaret, b. (1S36) ; d., 4261 . 

, Samson, gift to (loll, of Music, 1000 1 . 

ReformBill, Eng., 9233. 

Foxe,Johnb.(1517i ;/;.»,/,■. <f Martyrs, 873' j 
d., 8762, 



1258 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Foxf-Fran r 



Foxford, Baron, title created, 9372. 
Foy, Maximilieii Sebastien, b., 7043 j d., 

7242. 

Foye, W. H., seized, 5873. 

'Fracastioro, Girolamo, d., 10803. 

FraDiavolo (Michell Pezza), b., 10842,3. 

Fragonard, Jean Honore, b. (1732) ; Jero- 
boam, 7002; d. (1806). 

Fra Marcos, explorer, 21 1 . 

Fram, Arctic expedition, 11053. 

Franc, Gen., in Ecuador, 6431 '. 

Francais, Cape, naval battle at, 9141 . 

France, see text, pp. 661-767 ; Roman 
armies defeated, 10561, 10621; invaded 
by Ger. tribes ; Caligula's expedition, 
10621; Alemanni cross Rhine, 10641; 
provincial Rom. emp. est., 10672; cam- 
paigns against Ger. tribes, 10661 ; in- 
vaded by Franks, 10681 ; Burgundians 
and Alemanni settle, 10711 ; invaded by 
Atawulf ; Goths and Alemanni defeated, 
10701 ; reconquered by Eng., 8481 +; calls 
Switz. against allies, 7841 ; invades It., 
7881 ; army expelled from It. by plague, 
7901 j intercourse with Siain, 11241 j colo- 
nizes N. S., 5712, 3 ; Conde viceroy Fr. 
empire in Am., 571 1 ; colonizes Me., 5713 ; 
fleet captures Algerines, 81 ; colony 
destroyed in Can., 5713; settle in Can.; 
Fr. empire in Am. ruled by Hundred 
Associates, 573 ' ; loses all Can., 5721; 
Can. restored, 573 2 ; colonies in Mada- 
gascar, 10951; Can. a Royal Province, 
5732; suppresses piracy in Tripoli, 11382; 
King William's War against the Fr. in 
Am., 5721 ; possess Newfoundland, 11031 ; 
Grand Alliance against, 5431; honors 
Eng. flag, !in:j2; aggressions in Am., 692; 
ally of Aust., 8032; French and Indian 
War, Am., 68i k; supremacy in New 
World, 702 ; Fr. loses the greater part 
of Am., 5743; aids Am. revolutionists, 
832, 861, S92 ; expedition against Egy., 
6561; annexes Nice; alliance against, 
5181; cedes Nice, 10852 ; army in South 
Ger.,806i ;invaders captured, \Vales,928i ; 
invades It., 10853; invades Port., 11101 ,3; 
annexes grand duchy Tuscany ; regains 
Milan, 10x52; annexes States of the 
Church, 10853; aids Belgium, 5441 ; Pres. 
Jackson collects claims, 145 2 ; conquers 
Algeria, 83 ; demands reparation from 
Mex., 101)61 ; Hi-public congratulated by 
U. S., 165' ; intervention in Mex. f 10963; 
fishery privileges exchanged, 11032; pro- 
poses mediation in U. S., 2153, 2192; 
war against Mex.; withdraws from Mex., 
10963; irritated bv Ger. .827 1 ; agreement 
with Ger., 8273 ■ annexes Tunis, 11393 ; 
protectorate in Madagascar, treaty with 
Madagascar, 101)53; rescinds recognition 
of Coirfed., 2473 ; Bulg. ref uses Fr. de- 
maud, 5693 ; commercial treaty favored 
Can., 5963. (See Franks.) 

, College of, fnd., 681 1 . 

.University of, fnd., 6711; receives 

statutes, 6711 . (See French.) 

France, Jacques Anatole Thibault, b. 
(1844) ; Le Lys Rouge, 7662. 

Franeesehini, Mareantouio, b., 10823; d., 
10841. 

Francesca, Piero Delia, b. (1420) ; paints 
Duke and Duchess, 10781 ; d. (1492). 

Franche-Comt^, conquered, 6901 ; subdued, 
6921 ; gains, 6933. 

Franchi, Ansonio (Cristoforo Bonavino), 
b., 10862. 

Franchise, color restrictions abolished, 
2912; elective extended, Japan, 1093 2 ; 
extended to women, 11033. 

Bill passes, G. B., 9572. 

law passed, Am., 2563. 

Francia, Francesco Raibolini, b., 10783; 
paints Madonna; Nativity, 1078 2 ; d., 
10802. 

, Br. Jose 1 Gaspar Rodrique, b. (1761) ; 

elected dictator, 11061 ; d. (1840). 

Francis I., Hung. (Stephen); b., 5142; D. 
of Tuscany, 10813; co-regent; marries 
Maria Theresa, 515 2 ; emperor, 5153, 
8013; d., 5163. 

I.,Fr , Count of Angouleme, b.,6783 ; 

reigns ; enters Milan, 680i ; thwarted, 
6812; W ar with Ger., 788 1, 7901 ; signs 
Concordat, 6803 ; builds palaces, 6802 ; 
competes for empire, 7802; prisoner at 
Pavia, 6801. 

1., of Fr., challenges Charles V., 

6812; renews war with Charles, 7893; 



alliance with Sultan ; builds ; captivity 
at Madrid ; war against Sp.; d., 6813. 

Francis II., Fr., marries Mary, Q. of Scots, 
6832; reigns, 6833; ,1., 8733. 

■ I. (II. of Ger.), Emp. Aust., b., 5163 ; 

emp., 5192, 3 ( 8072, 8092 • resigns, 5193; 
d., 8153. 

IV., D. of Parma, expelled, 10872. 

V., D. of Parma, 10872. 

I., D. of Tuscany, 10813. 

I., K. of Two Sicilies, 10872. 

II., Maria Leopoldo, b., 10861 ; K. of 

Two Sicilies; proclaims amnesty ; de- 
posed, 10891; d., 10901. 

IV., Grand-Duke of Modena, 10871 . 

V., of Modena, regent, 10891 . 

Charles, Aust., b. (1802) ; d., 5282. 

, Convers, b. (1795;; d., 2212. 

, David R., gov. Mo., 3492. 

de Sales, St., b., 6823 ; d., 6863. 

, Due D'Alencon, dies, 6852. 

, Duke of Guise, assassinated, 6833. 

, E. of Longford, lord keeper, 9013. 

Frederick Anthony, Duke, 8073. 

, J. A., defaulter, 4743. 

, Jassens, promoted •arehbp., 3062. 

, John, tires at Queen Victoria, 9511 . 

, B., b., 1302; gov. R. I., 3433 • d., 

2373. 

, Wakefield, b., 1001 ; d., 1902. 

, Joseph, b., 1101 ; receives medal, 356' ■ 

d.,428i. 

, emp. of Aust., b., 5202 ; reigns, 

5232; marries; revokes constitution, 5243; 
reply to Napoleon, 5252; coronation gift, 
5262; appeals to Fr., 527' ; crowned, 5273 ; 
attempt to assassinate, 5303 ; thanks, 
5322; memorialized, 5342 ; at Prague ; 
life threatened, 5343 ; opposes Marriage 
Bill, 5363; Inter. Exhibition, 5373; meets 
King William, 8223. 

de Paula, b. (1416) ; founds hermit 

monks, 10791; d. (1507). 

, Marquis of Conynham, postmaster, 

9473. 

of Assisi, St., b.-d., 10742; Cantico 

del Sole, 1077 1. 

— — of France, title conferred, S732. 

, Sir Philip, b., 9103; Letters, 9191 ; d., 

9343. 

, Phoebus de Foix, reigns, 11273. 

Franciscan Fathers, expelled from Jerusa- 
lem, 1158 2 ; monastic order, 10751 ; monks 
in Fla., 183 ; mission, N. Mexico, 243, 
302; in Can., 5703,5711; in Japan, 10911 ; 
in Haiti, 16i ; in Acadia., 282 ; in Chile, 
6051; crucified, 1091 1. 

Franciscans, Indian mission, 1343. 

Francis'-o Morosini launched, 10882. 

Francisco d'Assiz, Don, marries Q. Isabel- 
la, 11313. 

, Miranda, b., 662. 

Franck, Adolphe, b., 719i . 

f Sebastian, b. (1500.!;); works, 791*; 

d. (1545). 

Francke, August Hermann, b., 7963 ; est. 
orphan tropheon, 7982 ; d., 8002. 

Franckean, N. Y., Evangelical Lutheran 
General Synod org., 1483. 

Francken, Ambrosius, paintings, 11002. 

, Frans, paintings, 1098 2 . 

Franco, General, pies. Ecuador, 6442. 

American cable laid, 2673. 

expedition, treaty signed, 405' . 

, or Francon, b.-d., 7742. 

of Cologne, musician, 7762. 

Prussian war, 738±, 826+ ; Austria 

neutral, 521)1 ; Eng. neutral, 9752; Sweden 
neutral, 11363; u. S. neutral 2772. (See 
text, France (1870-71), pp. 738-745; Ger- 
many (1870-71), pp. 826-827.) 

Russian convention decreed, 7653. 

Siamese agreement, 7653. 

Francceur, Louis Benj., b., 7043 ; d., 7302. 

Francois, Louise von, Letzte Rottenburgen, 

deNeufchateau,N.L.,b.,701i;d.,7243. 

Fran conia collides with S t rut hmore, 9813. 

, internecine lends, 772' ; seat of war, 

7771; Nora Lltteraria, issued, 8003 ; oc- 
cupied, 8242. 

, House of, reigns, 7752. 

Mountain, N. II. State park, 3521. 

Frank, Johann P., b., 8003 ; d., 8122. 

, Royal T., commissioned col., 4701 . 

pledge revived, Eng., 8512. 

Frankenstein, Gen., advance on Frank- 
fort, 8251 . 

Frankfort, Viscount, title created, 637 2 . 



Frankfort, Ger., synod of, 10723 ; capital 
city, 7731 ; diet of, 7811 , 7822, 7332 ; im- 
perial city, 781 1 ; revolt, 7813; league at, 
7851 ; imperial chamber est., 7873 ; union 
of, 8013 ; captured, 8061 ; grand duchy, 
8111; Hots, 8152, 8163, 817'; students* 
insurrection, 8153 ; National Assembly 
meets; central govt, convened, 8172; die- 
solved, 8173 + ■ removed, 8172; Pari. ,5233; 
Nat. Assembly fails, 8183 ; Diet of Con- 
federation meets, 5243, 819 1 ; Confeder- 
ate Cong, meets, 8191; p rus . leaves As- 
sembly, 819 1 ; parliament convenes ; Ger. 
sovereigns meet, 8192 ; Cong, of Ger. 
princes, 8223 ; Cong, at, 5263 ; Confed- 
eration Diet re-est., 8193; peace Cong. 
meets, 8203; Prussians enter, 5261 ; Diet 
decrees, 527 1; deputies refuse war ex- 
penses, 8231; electric telephone, 5441; 
peace of, 8261 ; entered ; held, 8242. 

Frankfort, John Rodgers, shot, 4531 . 

, Ky., State library fnd., 1311 ; Border 

State Conven., 1971 ; Legislature re- 
moved, 2122; Bragg joins Smith, 2142; 
Confed. State govt, org.; capital, 2153 ; 
Confeds. defeated, 2161; Secessionists' 
conven., 2193; Texan legion surrenders, 
2203 ; Morgan invests, 2342 ; Farmers 1 
conven. meets, 2513 ; white man freed, 
273 1; Constitutional conven., 3691 ; Edu- 
cation conven., 3131 . 

on-the-Main, Prus., captured, 7021 f 

802i; geat of elections, 7833; grant of, 
8092 ; free city, 8113 ; annexed to Prus., 
8252. 

on-the-Oder, N. Ger., univ. chartered, 

7871; captured, 7941; university unites 
withBreslau, 809 1. 

Franking privilege, granted Mrs. Lincoln, 
2511 ; privilege withdrawn, 2812. 

,M. P. relinquish privilege, G.B., 951 2. 

Frankfurter Journal issued, 7951 . 

Ober postants Zeitung issued, 7951. 

gelehrte Zvitunq issued, 801 1. 

Frankl.Ludu ig August, b., 8102 ; d. (1894). 

Frankland, Edward, b., 9422. 

Frank Leslie's Illustrated founded, 1731; 
FrankLcs/iis III us/rirtc Zeitioaj founded, 
1783. 

Franklin, in the St. Lawrence, 803. 

, accident on, 1713. 

Franklin, Pa., tornado, 3581 . 

Park, N.Y., fire, 417 3 ; negroes ejected, 

4562. 

, State of, plans fail, 993. 

, Term., action at, 2162 ; Federals oc- 
cupy, 2182 ; are defeated, 2201 ,2; action, 
2211; battle of, 2402. 

, W. Va., Confederates defeated, 2161. 

, Benjamin, b., 562,3 ; in Boston, 603 ; 

in Phila., 611 ; introduces paper money, 
612; in Europe: onPct. Gazette, 61*; est. 
Phila. library, Poor h'irhan/'s Almanac, 
623; student, 631 ; clerk of Assembly, 633; 
publisher; institutes library, 65i; pro- 
jector of Pa. Univ., 671 ; lightning con- 
ductors; Arctic expedition instigated, 
683; at Colonial Cong., 693 ; electricity 
experiments, 661 , 68 3 , 703; ambassador, 
71 3 ; on independence ; returns from 
Eng., 732; in Eng., 751 ; in House of Com- 
mons, 752, 9173; suggests phonography, 
763; before privy council, 791 ; dismissal 
as P. M., 791; confers with Howes, 793; 
pres. Abolition Soc, 81 1 ; leaves London; 
in Phila., 812; plan of consolidation; 
postmaster, 813 ; on Committee of Decla- 
ration of Independence, 833, 842; am- 
bassador to Fr., 842, 853 ■ confers with 
Howe, 853; in Paris, 7053 ; <_'oni. f Safety; 
treaty with Sp.,853; minister toFr.,893; 
treaty commissioner, !)52 ; investigates 
mesmerism, 96 1 ; in Phila., 97 3 ; pres. su- 
preme council, 99 1 ; d.,1022; statue, 2801 . 

, James, New England Cowramt; im- 
prisoned, 603. 

, Lady Jane, b. (1792) ; aids polar ex- 
pedition, 9801 ; d. (1875). 

, Jesse, b. (1760) ; gov. N. C, 1292 ; a., 

(1823). 

, Sir John, b., 9242; expedition, 9381; 

second expedition, 9382 ; Arctic expedi- 
tion, 9522, »i54.l ; expedition, 9421, 578 1; 
relief exped., 954 1 ;d.,9542; relief exped., 
9542, 956', 9582; relies of, 9622, 3021; 
Hall's exped. sails, 1861; search for,964l. 

, William, b., 602; gov. N.C., 733 ; d., 

1211. 

, Wm, Buel, b., 1302; with McClellan, 



Fran-Free 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN LJlLJ^.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1259 



206' ; at West Point, Va., 207' ; in Seven 
Days' battles, 209' ; at Antietam,213' ; at 
Fredericksburg, 2102 ; dismissed, 2182 ; 
at Sabine Pass, 2262. 

Franklin College, Pa., est., 1003. 

, Franklin, Ind., organized, 143' . 

, O., org., 133'. 

Franklin Co., \a., gold discovered, 336' . 

Franklin and Marshall College, Pa., org., 
1463; two colleges united, 173' ; S.Stahr, 
pres., 3682. 

Franks, in Neth., 10072 ; iirst mentioned, 
6632; invade Gaul, 6622,3, 7U8' , 10673, 
1068'; confederacy find., 70.02; in Sp., 
11253 ; expelled from Batavia, 10673 ; 
kingdom est., 6033; supreme, 6033, 064' ; 
found German and Fr. kingdoms, 7693; 
possess Strasburg, 7003 ; kingdom re- 
united, 7712 ; expelled from Sp., 1125' ; 
kingdom divided, 771 2 ; invade Bohemia, 
502'; invade Italy, 10702. 

Franz, Gen., Austrian leader, 524' . 

, Robert, b., 8103; a. (1892). 

Franzen, Frans .Michel, b. (1772); Colum- 
bus, 11362 ; d. (1847). 

Franz-Ferdinand, archduke, arrives, 4402. 

Fraser River, Can., gold discovered, 580' ; 
floods, 596', 3. 

, Alexander Campbell, h., 9383. 

, Charles, b., 95' ; d., 180' . 

, James, cons, bp., 0603; Bp. Manches- 
ter, d., 994'. 

, James Baillie, b., 9223 ; d., 9003. 

, Simon, b. (1729) ; d., 89' . 

, Lord Simon Lovat, b., 8922 ; be- 
headed, 9122. 

Fraser's Ma(ja-.'nte founded, 9443. 

Fraternal Mystic Circle org., 3192 ; statis- 
tics, 4463. 

Order of Templars of Honor and 

Temperance, org., 11383. 

Fraternity of Modern Woodmen, fnd., 317' . 

, Phi Gamma Delta session, 4742. 

Fratres Minimi, fnd., 1079' . 

Fratricelli, condemned, 6723. 

Frauenburg, Prus., besieged, 788' . 

Frauenlob, Heinrich von Meissen, b.(1260); 
d., 7822. 

Frauenstadt, Christian, M. J., b., 8102 ; 
d.,830'. 

Frauna, German goddess, 7682. 

Fraunhofer, Joseph von, b., 8043; improves 
telescopes, 80S' ; spectrum discovered, 
80S', 810'; d., 8123. 

Frayser's Farm, Va., battle, 2092. 

Frazee, John, b. (1700) ; executes busts, 
128' ; d. (1852). 

Frazer, General, at Alexandria, 6562. 

Frazer's Island, mission, 498' . 

Frazier, Gen., at Cumberland Gap, 226 2 . 

Frechette, Louis Honore, b., 57S 2 ; works, 
5823, 5843, 5862 ; crowned poet, 5843. 

Fredegaire, b.-d., 6042; Gregory, 6643. 

Fredegonde, b.-d., 6642,661' ; marries, 665' , 
771'; beauty and ferocity; holds Brune- 
hilde prisoner, 771 ' . 

Frederic, Harold, Seth's Brother's Wife, 
329' ; Copperhead, 4783. 

Fredericia, Jutland, captured, 816' ; sortie 
at, 818'; siege of, 640', 2. 

Frederick, Crown Prince of Den., marries 
Louisa, 11363. 

1., Barbarossa, emp. (Holy Roman) ; 

b.-d., 7762 ; wars in It. ; against Poles ; 
subdues Milan ; attacks Creina, 776' ; in- 
troduces heraldry, 7702; king, 7773; wars 
against nobility ; expeditions into It.. 
7773, 779' ,2 ; conven. with Papal See, at 
Diet of Ratisbon; crowns Ladislaus, 777 3 ; 
captures Rome, 778' ; under ban, 77S3 ; 
joins crusade, r,ll42. 778', 2, 850' ; in third 
crusade, 7792; takes Iconium, 10322; pays 
homage to pope, 1075'; K. of Naples, 
crowned at Rome. 10753 ; drowned, 7702. 

II., emp. (Holy Roman), K. of Naples, 

and Sicily, b.-d., 77S 2 ; cedes conquests 
to Waldemar II., 0353 ; quarrels with 
pope; in Sicily, 7782; promises crusade, 
7783 ; anti-emp. ; elected K. of Ger. ; 
crowned ; gives Swabia ; leaves Ger. ; 
emp. at Rome ; marries lolanthe ; for su- 
premacy of church ; under ban ; lays 
ban on Lombard cities, 7793 ; expels 
papal troops; attacks popes; besieges 
Parma, 780'; defeats Lombards, 780', 
1074'; in crusade. 780', 781'; excom- 
municated, 7802 ; diet at Cremona, 7803 ; 
codes opposed by pope ; cedes Holy 
Land to Christians. 781' ; K. of Jerusa- 



lem, 7812, 11552 ; draws constitution of 
Melfi ; represses feudal system] raises 
imperial power ; elects Conrad king ; ex- 
communicated ; deposed ; life endan- 
gered ; possesses six crowns; d., 7812. 

Frederick III. (IV.?), claims to be D. of 
Aust.; unites empire, 5092; nees5093; K. 
of Ger. ; emp. reigns, weak ruler, 7S53; 
war with Albert, 780'; gives up lands, 
7872; d.,5082, 7872. 

III., emp. of Ger., b., 8142 ; marries 

Victoria of Eug., 8203 ; reigns ; d., 8332. 

III., K. of Ger.. assassinated, 7852. 

I., of Den., at Copenhagen, 636' ; Prot- 
estant, 6363; K. of Nor., 6373. 

II., of Den. and Nor., 6373 ; marries, 

641'; divorced, 6302,641'. 

III., of Den., b.-d., 6362 ; enthroned ; 

changes constitution, 6373. 

IV., of Den., b., 6362; invades Hol- 

stein, 6362, 6373 ; enthroned, 6373 ; con- 
quests, 638'; plans Protestant mission, 
7083 ; d., 638'. 

V„ of Den., b., 638' ; K. of Nor. ; mar- 
ries, 6302; d.,6382 

VI., of Den., enthroned, 6303. 

VII., of Den., b., 6382 ; throne dis- 
puted, 640'; enthroned, 6411; d., 6403; 
statue, 642' . 

the Fair, It., est. Univ., 1077' . 

T., K. of Naples, 10793. 

II., K. of Naples, 10793. 

1., K. of Prus., b., 7963; elector of 

Brandenburg, is crowned as Frederick 
I., K. of Prus., 7092 ; abolishes serfdom, 
799'; seizes Swiss terri., 7993 ; d.,7983. 

II., the Great, K. of Prus., b., 7983 ; 

reigns, 8012, invades Saxony, 802' ; Sile- 
sian wars, 514', 2, 516', 2; at Breslau, 
800 ',2; withdraws from alliance; de- 
clares war, 8013 ; defeats Aust., 5142; 
alliance with Charles VII., 5153, 8013 ; 
in Saxony and Bohemia, 800' ; in Silesia, 
8021,2; war with Empire, 5101; charge 
of treason, 8032; at Rossbach, 7021 ; sub- 
sidies fail, Eng. ; endeavors to restore 
prosperity, 8033 ; in Bavaria, 8041 ; Ger. 
princes union proposed, 5173 ; works, 
8011 , 803' , 8051 ; d., 8053 ; statue, 8181 . 

■ II., King of Sicily, 10772. 

III., King of Sici'ly, 10772. 

I., elector, Palatine, (1451-76), at Pfed- 

dersheim, 7801 . 

11., elector, Palatine (1544-56). 

III., elector, Palatine (1559-76). 

• TV., elector, Palatine (1592-1010) ; 

leader, 7933. 

V., elector, Palatine (1610-20) ; K. ; 

head of Protestant Union ; accepts crown 
of Bohemia; loses Bohemia ; under ban; 
lands confiscated ; arrests Bohemians, 
7952; marries, 8791; flees to Holland, 
5102. 

Augustus I., elector of Saxony, b. 

(1750) ; war with Hung., 5081 ; K. of Po- 
land, 7992; deposed, 11153; d. (1827). 

II., elector of Saxony, king, 801 2 , 

11153. 

III., elector of Saxony, 8033. 

III., elector of Saxony, b. (1463) ; D. 

elector ; champion of Reformation, 7S73; 
d., 7882. 

1, of Hesse-Cassel, reigns, Sweden, 

11353, 

I., of Nuremburg, elector, 7S53. 

of Schleswig-Ilolstein, b., 6403. 

, Prince, regent. 0302,3 ; d., 6403. 

, Pr., D. of Schleswig-Ilolstein, sus- 
tained, 8223 . 

I., Austria, duke, 505' . 

I., son of Albert, duke, 5053. 

II., duke; d.,505'. 

III., of Ilapsburg.D. of Aust., elected 

K. ; reigns, 7831 • K. of Ger ; K. of Ba- 
varia ; opposes Louis, 5053 ; captured, 
5041,7881; prisoner; released, 5053; d., 



5071,7833. 



trib- 



II., the Fighter, b., 5ft 

ute claim, 505i ; killed, 504' 

, Duke of Brunswick, 7872. 

Francis I., grand I), of Mecklenburg 

8113. 

II., D. of Mecklenburg, 817'. 

IV., D. of Tyrol and Aust., 5073 

509' 



d., 



I., Duke of YVTirtemberg, 8073. 

II., D. of Wurteiuberg, marries Eng. 

princess, 8073; elector Germany, 809'; 
becomes king as Frederick I., 8092. 



Frederick Franz Ferdinand, Archduke of 
Aust., commands army, 534'. 

, Duke of Stvria, king, 7853. 

Duke of York and Albany, b., 9162 ;. 

d., 9423. 

, false king of Prussia, 7813. 

Charles, pr. of Prus., b., 814' ; at Ech- 

ernforde,OW)2; at Vionville, 740' ; com- 
mands, 7403 ; field-marshal, 7422, 822'; 
atLoiret, 7423; at Dijon le Mans, 743' ,. 
826' ; siege of Le Mans, 744' ; d., 8302. 

, pr. of Hesse, marries, 8363. 

Ferdinand, Crown Prince of Den., 

marries, 642' . 

William, crown prince, b., 8203; mar- 
ries Victoria, 0032; commander, 822';. 
emp., K. of Prus., 8332 ; ill, 8322 ; diary 
published, S322 ; d., 832' , 8333. 

, George William, Earl of Clarendon, 

lord-lieutenant, 955 2 . 

Henry (Neth.), succeeds Maurice, 

11013. 

of Hohenstaufen, has Swabia, 777' . 

, John, founds university, 793' . 

Leopold marries, 833' . 

Louis, Pr. of Wales, b. (1707) ; marries, 

9093 ; d. (1751). 

, f. of George III., d., 0123. 

Roger, elected emp. Ger., 7792, 

Ulric, Duke of Brunswick, 795' . 

William, "Great Elector" of Bran- 
denburg, b., 7943 ; K. of Prus., 7972 ;. 
peace with Fr., 7973; at Fchrbel']n,7962; 
d., 7982. 

I., Prus., king, 7093; d., 8012. 

II., Prus., b.,"8003; king, 8053; in- 
vades Fr., 800' ; d., 8073. 

III., Prus., b., 803' ; pope visits,. 

805' ; K.,8073; at AuerstadI ,710' ;meets 
rulers ; grant to Fr., 8003 ; appeals for 
volunteers, 810', 811'; est. Iron Cross, 
810'; in London, 8112 ; grants constitu- 
tional law, 8113 ; d., 8143 ; statue, 830' . 

IV., Prus., b., 8063 ; elector, mar- 
ried, 963'; alliance with Holland ; treaty 
with Fr. ; peace of Vossem, 7973 ; con- 
cessions to church, 815' ; K.,8153; assas- 
sination attempted ; liberty of press ;. 
liberal measures resisted; Federal Union 
decree ; amnesty ; reconciliation of Ger. 
empire, 817' ,2,3; Schleswig-Holstein 
claims, 8103 ; declines Ger. crown, 820' , 
2, 3; diss.. Ives Assembly, 8173 ; d., 8202 ; 
statue, 826'. 

I., elector of Hesse-Cassel, 817' ; 

opposes union, 5233. 

City, fnd., 072 ; Frederick Coll. org.,. 

73'; Confederates in. 2123. 

and Richmond R. R. completed, 1493. 

Fredericksburg, Va., fnd.,61 2 ; movement 

on, 2062 ; action at, 215'; battle; occu- 
pied, 2162 ; Confed. soldiers' monument, 
384' ; monument to Mrs. Washington, 
458'. 

Frederickshald, or Frederickshall, Nor., 
siege of, 1134' ; action at, 526' . 

Frederieton, N. B., capital, 5772 ; King's 
College fnd., 57.83 , and re-named, 5803 ; 
fire, 5813 ; The Globe, 502' ; bishopric est., 
9483 ; Royal Gazelle ; Reporter and Ad- 
vertiser, 570' ; Relif/ious Intelligencer, 
5803; Bishop Kingdoiiconseerated.lOlO 2 . 

Fredericktown, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 
200'. 

Fredonia, N. Y., W. C. T. U., germ, 283' . 

Free and Open Church Asso. fnd., 9682. 

Binding Twine Bill, in Congress, 403' , 

407'. 

Church, formed, Eng., 9523. 

of Holland, founds Christian Re- 
formed Mission, 11023. 

Society founded, 9622. 

Coinage Bill, in Congress, 3233, 3613, 

3631,3752,3 3773,4012,4032,4072. 

Association organized, 433'. 

Communion Baptists. See Baptists. 

Methodists. (See Methodists.) 

Press, colonists secure, Can., 597' . 

school system est., Can., 4943. 

Silver Coinage. (See Free Coinage and 

Silver.) 

Soil Party meets, 165', 1712; holds 

political balance, 167' ; meets at Topeka, 
1791. 

State fight. (See Kansas.) 

Suffrage, bitterness against, 2772. 

Sugar Law, effective, 3812. 

trade, prohibited, 31' ; abolished, 453 - 

Sp. permits, 793 ; conven. meets, U. S. f , 



1260 



Text Figures denote Page. UNU-tLyC. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



Free-Fron. 



1392; doctrines popular, 2692; Fr. unionFremont d'Ablancourt, Nicolas, b., 6862 ; 

fmd., 7612; Pitt's Bill, 9233; in Argen- d., 6943. 

tine settlements, 4892; budget, Austral., Freiuy, Edmond, b., 721'; d., 7502. 

4983; rejected, 499'; proclaimed in Bo- , Edward, manufactures steel, 9642. 

livia, 551' ; policy est., Fr., 7352 ; agita- French, Augustus C, gov. 111., 1613. 

tion in Fr., 7392 ; est. in Swe., 11363. , J. H., bank swindler, 3943. 

Free University, est. at Brussels, 5443. Philip, mayor N. Y., 553. 

— - Wool Bill in Congress, 403i,2, 405 1 ,2. , Gen. Samuel G., at Kelley's Ford, 

Freedtnen, first dav-sohool for, opd., 2023 ; 228' ; at Alatoona Pass, 2383. 

Legislative exclusion illegal, 2792; rights , Win. H., moderator, 3182. 



limited, 293 
Freedrnen's Aid Society org., 2543. 

Board, Presb. Church, org., 2502. 

Bureau, established, 2433. 

■ Act, 243' , 2312,3, 2532, 2633. 

Convention, at Charleston, 2483. 

Savings and Trust Co. est., 2513. 

Freedom, Congressional struggle for,aban- 

doned, 1912. 

Convention held in Ivy., 2313. 

of press, favored, Sp., 11332. 

of speech restricted, 109 2 . 

Freehold, X. J., Scotch meeting-house est., 

522 ; Presbytery meets, 563 ; incendi- 
aries, 479' . 
Freeland, Pa., Ursinus College organized, 

2722; not, 4603. 
Freeman, Edward Augustus, b., 9403 ; 

works, 9702, 10063 ; d., 1008' . 
, George Washington, b. (1789) ; cons. 

bishop, 1563 ; d. (1858). 
, James, b. (1759) ; changes Prayer 

Book, 962; changes liturgy, 9.S2; d. (1835). 

, , wife murderer, 397' . 

, Lucian, matricide, 5883. 

, Patrick A., arcllbp. of Chicago, 3042. 

, Richard, lord chancellor, 9033. 

, Wm. Grigsby, b. (1815) ; d., 254' . 

, Col., at Salem, Mo., 2003. 

Freeinautle, settlement of, 495 2 . 

, Thomas Francis, Baron Cottesloe, b. 

(1798); d., 1004'. 
Freemasons, recognized, Aust., 5172 ; 

G. B., 843' ; first lodge, Am., 63' ; 

Phila., 63' ; abduction of Morga 



,423'; 
See text, pp. 1161 ; treaty 



unites 



Cochin-China insurrectiou,480' ,4812. 

See Annam. 

, Md., burned by British, 1202. 

Eversole, feud, Ky., 330' . 

Academy, founded, 686' . 

Association for Advancement Science 

established, 746' . 

Atlantic Telegraph Co., formed, 7393. 

Creek, Can., Americans embark, 1203. 

Guiana, captured, 5541 j convicts sent 

out, 10393. 

expedition in Am., 62' , 64' . 

Extradition Treaty in Congres 

4232. 
Kongo. 

signed, 767 3 . 
and Indian War (Am.). 

colonies, 71= ; closes, 5743. 

language enjoined, 681' . 

language in Eng., 8463; use abolished, 

Eng., 8592, 11022. 

lock, invented, 800' . 

Mills, Gen. Wilkinson at, 122' . 

National Society org. in London, 7523. 

Protestant Coll.', Mass., deil., 347' . 

Relief Fund established, 975' . 

Romance becomes known, Eng., 84(13. 

Spoliation claims, submitted, 3193 ; 

passes Congress, 3793. 
Frenchto\vn,"Mich., taken, 120' ; retaken, 

by British, 120'. 
Frendenberger, Sigmund, paints Lover's 
m Present, 1137' . 
at Freneau, Philip, b., 6S2 ; d., 140' . 
anti- Frenzel, K., Wahrneit, 834 2 . 



masonry politics, 135 2 ; national ticket Frere, Chas. Theodore, b., 7222 ; d., 7562. 

against, 1392 ; Grand Lodge of Xev. org., , John Hookkam, b., 9182 ; d., 9522. 

2423; statistics, 4463; in Commune, , Pierre Edouard, b., 7223 ; d., 7542. 



7443; against lloulanger, 7563; first 

grand lodge in Eng., 907' ; in Ire., 9092 ; 

excommunicated, 909' ; Pr. of Wales as 

patron, 975'; interdicted, 1085' ; pro- 
hibited in Naples, 10873. 
Freeport, Pa., bank robbery, 3783. 
Freetown, W. Afr., settlement at, 11602 ; 

mission, 11603. 
Freewill Baptists. (See Baptist.) 
Fregellae, action at, 1052' . 
Freia, asteroid, discovered, 6403. 
Freiberg, or Fribourg, Switz., Bavarians Freron, Elie Catherine, b., 

defeated, 688'; captured, 692', 6962; 7012 ; d., 7013. 

revolts, 7*13 ; Austrian* defeat ed, 5102 ; , l.i.uis Stanislas, b.,703' ; d.,7143. 

University established, 787' . Frescobaldi, Girolamo, b. (15SS) ; d.,1083'. 

Freidauk, Bescteidenheit, 7803. Fresenius, Karl Remigius, b., 8122. 

Freilinghuysen, Frederick Theodore, b., Fresnaye, Jean Vauquelin de la, b. (1536) ; 

126' ; on electoral commission, 295' ; on works, 6843 ; d. (1606). 

committee of seven, 2933; sec. state, Fresnel, Augustin Jean, b., 7062 ; d., 7243. 

3092; d., 3202; statue, 468'. Fresno, Cal., first raisins shipped, 3913; 

, Theodore, b., 98'; nom. vice-pres., L. B. McWhirter shot, 414" 



-Orban, Herbert Joseph Walther, b. 
(1812) ; ministry ; resigns, 545 2 ; new 
ministry, 5453. 

Frere Town, Afr., mission station, 5612. 

, Sir Henry Bartle Edward, b., 9363 ; 

expedition, 561' ; gov. Ind., 10473 ; gov. 
Cape Colony, 601 2 ; ultimatum; opens 
exhibition ; queen's telegram, 6013 ; re- 
called, 603' ; d. (1884); monument, 998' . 

Freret, Nicolas, b., 6942 ; d., 7003. 

Frerichs,.l''riedrich Theodor, b., 8122. 

' ; works, 



1572 ; electoral vote, 1592 , ... 
, Theodorus Jacobus, b. (1691); inN. J., 

583; d. (1747). 
Freiligrath, Ferdinand, b., Sl()2 ; d., 8282. 
Freind, John, b., 894' ; d., 9081 . 
Freinsheim, Johann, b. (1008) ; d., 7963. 



Fresnoy, Lenglet du, works, 699 2 . 
Freteau de Saint-Just, Emmanuel Marie 

Michel Philippe, b., 7003 ; d., 7102. 
Freteval, battle at, 6701 ; taken, 743' 
Freund, Wilhelm, b., 8082. 
Frey, Jacob, L'arriar/c-Jlook, 7923. 



Freising, Bp. Otto von, works, 7763 ; hjtro- Freya. (See Frauna.) 



duces peripatetic philosophy, 7763 
Freiteh.Capt. A. , goes to Queens town,4693 
Freuiiet, Emmanuel, b., 7242. 
Freminet, Martin de, b., 6822 ; d. (1619). 
Fremont, John Chas., b., 121'; explora 

tions ; 2d trip, 154'; sights Pike's Peak . 

returns, 156'; raises Am. flag in Cal.', Freydis, explores Mass., II 2 

captures Sonoma, 160' ; declares hide- Freytag, invents French lock, 800' 



Freyeinet, Chas. Louis de, b. (1828) ; min- 
ister, 7512, 3, 7552, 757' , 2, 7611 , 7632 ; 
forms ministry, 7531 ; premier; resigns, 
7532; shot, 7543. 

, Louis Claude Desaulses de, b., 7043 ; 

d., 728-" 



poiideneeof Cal., 1612 ; proclaims annex. 
ation, 1632 ; gov. Cal., 1633 ; 4th explor- 
ing expedition, 1641 ; nom. for pres., 
1803 ; vote, 1S1 2 ; commissioned niajor- 
gen., 1962 ; commands Western Dept., 
1963; commands in Mo., 198 3 ; emanci- 
pation in Mo., 19S 2 ; manumits slaves, 
1991 ; declares martial law, 1992 ; sur- 
renders command, 2001 
mountain dept., 2043 ; 



Georg Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 8043 ; 
works, 8151 , 8163, 8203 ; d., 8202. 

, Gustav, b., 8121 . 

Frezier, Amedee Francois, b., 6923 ; d. 

(1773). 
Fria, German goddess, 7682. 
Frias, Thomas, b. (1805); pres. Bolivia, 
5512 ; d. (1884). 
commands Fribourg. (See Freiburg.) 
" ., 2052 ; Frick, H. C, of Homestead, shot, 4103. 



overtakes Jacks. >n, 2083; at Cross Keys ; Fridav, worship dav, 4843. 

enters Strasburg, 2083 ; nom. for pres., Friebiug, Ger., R. C. Univ. fnd., 1138'. 

2352 ; withdraws camlidacv, 2393 ; gov. Fiiedemanu, Friedrich Traugott, b. 8062 ; 

Ariz., 3012 ; d., 3641 ; widow pensioned, d., 820' . 

3652. Friedewald, Prus., treaty of, 793' . 



Friedland, battle of, 7162. 

, Duke of, prince of empire, 7952. 

, Valentin, b., 7862 ; d.,7922. 

Friedlingen, (iermans defeated, 694'. 

Friedman College at Fairfax Court House. 
204'. 

Friedmann. (See Friedemann.) 

Fridolin, St., apostle to Germany, 10703, 

Friedriehshall, Prussia, victory, 8242. 

Friedrichstad, bombarded, 6401. 

Frienbach, battle of, 784' . 

Friend of the Clergy, organized, 955' . 

, Sir John, executed, 901'. 

Friends, in Am., Quakers opposed to, 322; 
excluded, Mass., 40' , 2; from New Eng. ; 
persecuted, 40 2 , 3 ; excluded from Va.; 
hanged in Mass. ; 1st yearly meeting, 403 ; 
penal laws suspended, 413 j iu N. C. ; 
Geo. Fox in Am., 443 ; inDel.; oppressed 
in Mass., 463 ; in N. J., 473 ; increase in 
Am., 481; gen. meeting in N. J. A 48 2 ■ 
yearly meeting est. in R. I., 542; prevail 
in Pa., 571 ; arrested in Pa., 863; Indian 
missions, 106 2 , 1142 ; antislavery peti- 
tion, 1072; Hicksite secession, 134 3 ; Bible 
Asso. fmd., 1382 ; Haverford Coll. est., 
1423 ; Progressive Friends org., 1722, 3 ; 
Earlham Coll. est., 1843 j Swarthmore 
Coll., Pa., 21163; Miami Valley Coll. O., 
277i ; Perm Coll., la., 2S22 ; Wilmington 
Coll., O., 28S3 ; Bryn Mawr Coll., Pa., 
3223 ; meeting, N. Y., 3403 ; Home and 
For. Miss. Union org., 3742; Educational 
Conf., 3781 ; missions in Mex., 10962. 

, appear in Eng. ; origin of name, 8863 ; 

in Ire., 8S83 ; released, 8962 ; meeting- 
house opd., 9U02; affirm oaths, 901 3 ; So- 
ciety revived, 9123 ; marriage legalized, 
9052 ; Syrian mission org., 9782 ; miss. to 
India, 10483. 

of Finns, Society org., 11361. 

of Order, fired on Fr., 745 2 . 

Friendship, seamen's prayer-meeting, es- 
tablished, 9371. 

, wrecked, 9673. 

Friensheim, Johann, b., 7923, 

Fries, Elias Magnus, b.-d., 11343. 

, Jacob F., b., 8041 ; d., 8I62. 

, John, b. (1764±) ; insurrection leader, 

1093 ; d. (1S35+). 

Friesians, subdued, 10972, 10991 ; in Neth., 
10973; Stedingers attacked, 780' . 

Friesbmd, Eastern, submits, 7892 ; ceded 
to Prus., 8013; annexed to Neth., 1099', 2. 

Frieze, Ann E., murder of, 3011 . 

Frio, Cape, Braz., fort at, 5532. 

Frioul, betrayed, 771' . 

Fripp, E. T. R., in Havana, 6323. 

Frisch, Johann Leonhard, b.,7963 ; d.,8003. 

Frischlin, Nicodemus, b., 7902 : works, 
793' ; d., 7922. 

Frisco, Mo., robbery, 417' . 

Frissell, H. B., in Normal Institute, 4302. 

Frith, Mr., intro. Municipality Bill, 9853. 

of Forth, collision, 10053. 

Frivaldskv, Enrich, b., 519'. 

Frizell, William, postmaster, 8832. 

Fro, god of ancient Germans, 7682. 

Froben, Johann, 7862 ; d., 7882. 

Frobisher, Sir Martin, b., 8682 ; explorer, 
243 : Arctic expedition, 5702, 874' ; third 
voyage, 5712 ; in Greenland, 10383 ■ d., 
8762. 

Frobisber's Straits, dis. ; communion cele- 
brated, 242. 

Frochot, Comte Nicolas Therese Benoit, 
b., 7022 ; d., 7243. 

Froebel, Friedrich, b., 8042 ; works, 8132 ; 
opens kindergarten, 8152 ; d., 818'. 

, Julius, b., 8082 ; d (1893). 

Society incorporated, Am., 384'. 

Frogmore, Eng., Mausoleum built, 966' . 

Frogs, shower at Jamestown, 3382. 

, plague of, Minn., 414' . 

Froila I., reigns (Sp.), 11253. 

II., reigns, 11272. 

Froissart,John,b.-d.,6742; Chrouicles,6763. 

Frolic, captured, 1182, 122' . 

Fromantil, improves pendulum, 11003. 

Frome, Edward Charles, d., 1002'. 

Fromentin, Eugene, b., 7223; d.,750'. 

Fronde, Civil War of (See Paris), 6893. 

Frontenac, Louis tie Buadc, Comte de, b., 
6863 ; in Quebec, 452 ; gov. ,5733 ; recalled, 
492; attack on colonists, 50'; against 
Indians; in New York, 52' ; against Mo- 
hawks ; against Iroquois, 574' ; d., 6943, 

Front Royal, Va., action at, 208' ,2 ; Con- 
feds, defeated, 240' . 



Fron-Gali. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1261 



Frontier regulated, Fr., 7371 . 

Frossard, Charles Auguste, b., 7163 ; at 
Forbacb, 7381 ; d. (1875). 

Frost, midsummer, Eng., 8402 ; prevails, 

8961 ; summer, Mass., 1661 . 
, Gen., at Prairie Grove, 2162. 

-, John, transported, 9511 . 

, b. (1800) ; d„ 1842. 

, Ruf us Smith, b. (1826) ; d., 4521 . 

Frostburg, Md., miners strike, 4622. 

Frothingfiam, Ellen, b., 1442. 

, Nathaniel L., b., J104 2 ; d., 2701 . 

, Octavius Brooks, b., 1302 ; works, 

2803,3031,3743, 3982. 

Froude, James Anthony, b., 9383 ; works, 
9611 , 9783, <J882, 0383 ; d. (1894). 

Frumentius, in Abys., 11 , 1068 3 . 

Fry, Benj. St. James, b., 1321 . 

, Cary Harrison, b. (1813) ; d., 2821 . 

, Sir Edward, lord justice, 9912. 

, (nee Gurney), Elizabeth, b., 9211 ; d., 

9522. 

, James Barnet, b., 1342 ; d., 4641 . 

, William Henry, b., 1242 ; d., 2411 . 

Frye, Thomas, b. (1710) ; paints porcelain, 
9121 ; d. (1762). 

— -.William P., b., 1382; resolution, 449 1. 

Fryxel, Anders, b.-d., 11343 ; Swedish His- 
tory, 11362. 

Fuad Pasha, b.-d., 11563 ; executes perse- 
cutors; pres. council; grand vizier, 11591 . 

Fuca, Junade, in (Jan., 243; explorer ,571 2 ; 
d., 10343. 

Fuchau mission, 1,183, G191, 2, 6203,6211, 
6242; JVI. E. Church erected, 6191, 2; 
printing-press, 6203 ■ persecution, 621 1 ; 
bombarded; Adm. Oourbet at. 6221 ; Bib- 
lical Institute fnd., 6222 ; mob ; Meth. 
Conference find., 6223; Anglo-Chinese 
Coll.; Female Coll. org., 6231 ; treaty- 
port closed, 0263; occupied, 6271. 

Fuchs, Johann von, b.,8041 ; invents water- 
glass, 8121 ; stereochromy, 8141 ; d., 8201 . 

, or Fuchsius, Leonhaid von, b., 7S63; 

d., 7922. 

Fucinus, Lacus, conduit from, 10622. 

Fuenta, Luis Merlo de la, gov., 605 2 . 

Fuentes, Pedro Henriquez d'Azevedo, 
Count, b.-d., 11282. 

, -de-Onoro, Messana checked, 7182. 

Fuere, Gen., pres. Chile, 6071 . 

Fuetiers, Antoine, b., 6862. 

Fugitive Slave Act passed, 1051; violated, 
1663; passes H., 1672; signed, 1673; Chi- 
cago council annuls, 1691; Know Noth- 
ings approve, 1793; repeal of, 235 2 , 3. 

Fuhkien. (See Fukien.) 

Fuiiwara nobility reign, 10912. 

Fukien mission, 6191; province, rebels, 
6241; riots, 6251,2. 

Fulc of Anjou, king of Palestine, 11552. 
• Fulda Monastery, best school in Ger.,7723. 

Fuller, Andrew, b., 9123; d., 9363. 

, George, b., 1302; d., 3162. 

.Levi K., nom. for gov. Vt., 409 2 ; 

gov., 4212. 

, Margaret Ossoli, b. (1810) ; works, 

1583, 1631. 

, Melville Weston, b., 1421 ; u. S. Su- 
preme Court, 3332; oration, 3491 . 

, Sarah Margaret, b., 1162; d., 1681 . 

, Thomas, b., 8782; works, 8851, 8883; 

d., 8902. 

, Timothy, b. (1778); d., 1442. 

, William, commissioner, 393. 

Fullerton, Col., in duel, 9212. 

rLady Georgians,, b., 9362; <J. (1885). 

, William, b. 1262. 

Fulton, Mo., Westminster Coll. org., 1783; 
Female Coll. op., 278 2 ; miners' fire 
shafts, 4663. 

Fulton, launched, 1222; blows up, 1373. 

Fulton, Justin, b. (1828); denounces Ro- 
manism, 5922. 

, Private, wins ritle prize, 9941. 

, Robert, b., 741 ; invents submarine 

torpedo, 1121 ; Clermont, 1141; Clermont 
on Seine, 7142; d., 1242. 

, Wm.S., b. (1795);.gov. Ark., 1453; d., 

1562. 

Fulvia, wife of Antony, 1O0O2; d. (40 B.C.). 

Fulvius, Cneius, at Herdonia, 10542, 

, M., killed, 10572. 

Fundamental Law, Transvaal, 5992. 

Funding Act vetoed, 3072. 

bill, cong.,2513,2523; approved, 2523. 

Funds, removed by Jackson, 1432; oppo- 
sition, 1412. 

Funeral oration, first, 10163. 



Funeral tax, Eng., 9273. 

Funfkirchen Univ. fnd., 5071. 

Fungche, d., 6232. 

Fung-tseung Foo, Mongols take, 6141. 

Funk, Benjamin F., b.; 1482. 

, Isaac K., b., 1502; Standard Diction- 
ary, 4783. 

Funstou, Edward H., b., 1402. 

Furantuen, Japanese advance, 6271. 

Furetiere, Antoine, b. (1620); works, 6911, 
6951; d., 6923. 

Furgler, Francis, recluse, 891. 

Furkus mission, 6571 . 

Furman, James Clement, h. ( 1809) ; d., 3781 . 

University, S. C, org., 1723, 

Furnaces inv. for glass-work, 9642. 

Furneaux, Capt., explorer, 4932. 

Furness, Eobt. W., gov. Neb., 2851 . 

, Wm. Henry, b., 1102. 

Furniture Manuf's Conv. meets, 3353. 

Fur-Protection Bill passes S., 4223. 

Furrukhabad mission, 10471. 

Fiirst Bismarck breaks record, 1C073. 

, Julius, b., 8082; d., 8281. 

Fiirsteuberg, F. Von., b. (1812); conse- 
crated, 5302; d., 5342. 

, Baron Friedrich W. F., b., 8902; d., 

8102. 

Furstenwalde, Prus., Treaty of, 7832. 

Furtado, Francois Jose, b. (1818); forms 
ministry, 5571; d. (1870). 

Fusan, telegraph opd., 10943. 

Fushimo, action at, 10921 . 

Fusion, Fr., legislative, 7492. 

Fiissen, Bavaria, peace of, 5153. 

Fust, or Faust, Johann, work, 7852, 7871 ; 
est. printing office, 7852; d., 7862. 

Fustians and jeans, manufactured, 951 . 

Futrer, Ulrich, Bnrli der Abenteuer, 7871 . 

Futtehabad, action near, 61. 

Futtehgurh mission, 10471 . 

Futtigarh Sepov Rebellion, 10181. 

Futvoye, Geo., d., 5921. 

Fwambo, or Fwamboon, mission, 8383 ; 
10941. 

Fyt, or Feyt, Jan, b., 5403; works, 11002; 
d. (1671+). 

Fytche, Albert, C. S. I., d., 10081 . 



Gabelentz, Hans C. von der, b., 8083; d., 
8281. 

Gabelle tax enforced, Fr., 6751 . 

Gabelsberger, Frank, b. (1789); stenogra- 
phy, 8121 ; d. (1849). 

Gabinius, Aulus, conspirator; elected con- 
sul, 10592; proconsul, 11511; d. (48 B.C.). 

Gablenz, Anton von, gov. of Ho!stein,8232; 
mediation declined ; holds assembly ; 
protests invasion of Hoist ein, 8233. 

Gabler, Johann P., b., 8022; d., 8123. 

Gablonz, Bohemia, strikers' riot, 5331. 

Gaboriau, Emile, b., 7262; works, 7351, 
7371; d., 7461. 

Gabourd, Amedee, b. 7163; d., 7362. 

Gabriel, Indian, b., 3541 . 

, I., prince, 5113. 

, II., grandprince ; king, 5113. 

, Jacques Ange, b., 6963; d., 7051 . 

, Jean, Greek independence, 10342. 

, Thomas, Lord Mayor, 9691 ; receives 

Belgians, 5451. 

Gabrielle, Catarina, b., 10842; d. (1796). 

Gabriels, Henry, consecrated bp., 4062. 

Gabun, abandoned ; mission, 11611, 3. 

G-achard, Louis Prosper, b.,5432; d.(1885). 

Gackwar of Baroda, dethroned, 10492. 

Gacon, Francois, b. (1667); d., 6982. 

Gad, inheritance, 11413. 

Gadban, Effendi, in Bulg., 5673. 

Gaddi, Agnolo, b.-d.; frescoes at Prato. 
10762. 

, Taddeo, b.-d,, 10762. 

Gade, Niels Wilhelm, b., 6382; d., 6421 . 

Gades. (See Cadiz.) 

Gadsden, Ga., Gen. Hood arrives, 2391. 

, Christopher, b. (1724); d., 1122. 

, Edwards, bp., b., 902; d., 1701 . 

, Edward M., in P. O. Dept., 4472. 

, James, b., 1001 ; d., 1841 . 

Purchase, 173.2 

Gaelic Society org. in Am., 3032; in Lon- 
don fnd., 9212. 

Gaen, Fr., St. Etienne Church fnd., 6683. 

Greta, fortress surrendered by Fr., 6782; 
besieged, 1087 1. 

Gaetano, discoveries, 10411. 



Gaf urid, Franchino, teaches music, 1078 2 . 

Gagarin, Ivan, b., 11163; d., 11201 . 

Gage, Baron, title created, 925 2 ; Viscount, 
title created, 9051. 

, Francis Dana, b., 1142; d. (1884). 

, Thomas, b., 9062; commander, 722; 

sent to Boston, 761 ; fortifies The Neck, 
783, 801 ; in Salem, 782; g OT . Mass.: sup- 
presses liberty, 79 1 ; offers pardon, 812; 
seizes stores, 801 ; d., 9242. 

Gagelen, Francis, strangled, 4803. 

Gagern, Gen. Frederick von, pres. Nat'l 
Assembly; shot, 8172. 

, Baron lleinrich Wilhelm August, b., 

8063; pres. Nat'l Assemblv, 5231 ; d., 8301 . 

Gagging Bill enacted, 9272. 

Gagi, Anthimos, issues newspaper, 10351 . 

Gag Law, on slavery, 1471, 1492, 3; pro- 
slavery, 1531. 

Gagnier, Jean, b., 6922; d., 7003. 

, , b., 8922; d., 9103. 

Gahagan, Usher, executed, 9132. 

Gai, Ljudevit, b., 5192; d., 5282. 

Gail, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022; d., 7243. 

Gailen, Joseph, d., 7051 . 

Gaillard, Edwin S., b., 1342. 

, Gabriel Henri, b., 6982; d., 7163. 

, John, pres. senate, 1172, 1232, 1272, 

1291, 1312, 3, 1332. 

Gailor, W. H., indicted for extortion, 
4043. 

Gaine. Hugh, publisher, 691. 

Gaines, Edward Pendleton, b., 891 ; at Fort 
Erie, 1222; attacked by Seminoles, 1461 ; 
d., 1661 . 

, John P., gov. Ore., 1671 ; d. (1858). 

, Myra Clark, b. (1805); d., 3182; suit 

of heirs, 3411. 

Mill, Va., battle of, 2092. 

Gainesville, Fla., Confeds. routed, 2301; 

outlaws lynched, 3782. 

, Va., lynching, 4023. 

Gainsborough, Earl of, title created, 9511 , 
, Thomas, b., 9081; works, 9162, 9182; 

d.,9243. 
Gainsford, Thomas, b., 9203; d. (1855). 
Gaiti, enthroned, 6113, 6131. 
Galapagos Archipelago, colonists' expedi- 
tion, 6443. 
Galas defeats Swedes, 7961 , 
Galaswintha murdered, 7711 . 
Galatea loses yacht race, 3253. 9953. 
Galatea, asteroid, discovered, 2661. 
Galatia, Asia Mine >r. settled, named, 11492. 

new provinces, 10613. 
Galatians, Epistle written, 11531 . 
Galaton, artist of Alexandria, 6522. 
Galaxy Magazine appears, 2543. 
Galba, P. Snlpicius, b. (24 B.C.); in Illyria, 

10543. 
, Servius Snlpicius, b.-d.. 10603 ; emp., 

6633; proclaimed emp., 10623, 6632. 
, ( Galba), imperator; reigns; 

assassinated, 10633. 
Galbaio, Giovanni, doge at Venice, 10732. 

, Maurizio, doge at Venice, 10732. 

Galdan, rules Cent. Asia; checked, 6142; 

at Chowmodo, 6161 . 
Galdos, Peres, b. (1845); works, 11323. 
Gale Coll. (Presbt.) org. at Galesville, 

Wis., (1856). 

, N.B., will, 4792. 

, Theophilus, b. (1628); gift, 443; d. 

(1678). 

, Wm., walking record, 9S33. 

Galekas, defeated, 600 1 . 

Galen, Christopher B. von, prince, bp. of 

Munster, b., 7922; d., 7962. 

, Claudius, b., 10283; nourishes, 10282. 

Galena, reenforced by Atlantic, 3341 ; at 

Navassa Island, 3441; at Baltimore, 

3461 ; stranded, 3801 . 
, HI., Gen. Grant a citizen, 1753, 1S71 ; 

Ger.-Eng. Coll. fnd., »2623; statue of 

Grant, 3841. 
, Kan., prosperous, 2961 . 

and Chicago Union R. R. opd., 1693, 

1733. 

Galerius, Caius Valerius Maximianus, 
extends empire to the river Tigris ; 
gov. Illyricum, Macedonia, and Greece, 
10673; visits Sp.; conquers Mesopotamia, 
11061; restores King Tiridates, 11533; 
defeats Varanes III., 11072; d., 10673. 

Gales, Joseph, b., 981 ; d. (1860). 

Galesburg, 111., Knox Coll. fnd., 1483; 
Lombard University org., 1703. 

Galgacus, in battle of Grampians, 8391 . 

Galiani, Fernando, b., 10841 ; d., 10843. 



1262 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNIDiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Gali-Gari. 



Galiano, Antonio Alcala, b.-d., 11303. 

Galiber, Adm., minister, 7552. 

Galicia, Aust.-Hung., Stephen II. in, 5021 ; 
Cracow capital. 5053; Leinberg Univ. 
fnd., 5171 ; acquires Buckawini; oatli of 
allegiance, 517 2 ; insurrection, 5213; abol- 
ishments, 5291 ; troops keep peace, 5321 ; 
hurricane, 5341 ; Anti-Semitic riot; Jew- 
esses' school; custom frauds, 5343; Polish 
boc., 5351; mine explosion, 5353; snow, 
5361; cholera; floods, 5373, 5383. 

, Sp.,Brit. armyin, 710 2 ; insurrections, 

8171 ; conquered, 11251 ; united with Gas- 
tile, 11272. 

Galien, Joseph, b., 6943; d. (1782). 

Galigai, Leonora de, assassinated, 6872. 

Galilei, Galileo, b., 10803; works, 10802, 
10832; d., 10823. 

Galimard, Nicolas Auguste, b., 7203; d., 
7522. 

Galin, Pierre, b., 7061 ; d., 7242. 

Gall, Saint, b.-d., 8402. 

, Franz J., b., 8023; phrenology, 5191 ; 

work, 5203; d., 8141. 

Galla, Afr., tribes enter Abys., I 3 ; mis- 
sion field, 5612. 

Gallagher, Nicholas Aloysius, cons. K. C. 
bp., 3102; b. (1846). 

, Wm. Davis, b., 1142. 

Gallait, Jean Pierre, b., 7022; d., 7223. 

, Louis, b., 5423 d., 5461 . 

Gallaland, (Christianity in, 11112. 

Galland, Antoine, b., 6883; trans. Arabian 
Nights: d., 6971. 

Gallant, Private, wins rifle prize, 9821 . 

Gallas, Matthies von, b., 5102; defeats 
Swedes, 7961 ; d., 5123. 

Gallatin, U. S. revenue cutter, ashore, 3981. 

Gallatin, British warship, launched, 9701. 

, Teun., Federals defeated, 2103; cap- 
tured, 2121 ; Oonfeds. defeated, 2141 . 

, Albert, b., 723 ; sec. treasury, 1112, 

1171, 1213; Treaty of Ghent, 1233 ; d., 
1661. 

Gallaudet, Edw. Miner, b., 1482. 

, Thomas, b., 1302. 

•, -Hopkins, b.,981 ; opens deaf mute 

school, 1251 ; d., 1682. 

•Galle, Johann Gottfried, b., 8102; dis. 
Neptune, 8161, 7281. 

Gallegos, Jose Rafael de, pres., 6303. 

Galleher, John Nicolas, b. (1839) ; cons. 
P. E. bp.,3023. 

Galli, M., French Army in Germany, 7582. 

Gallia, asteroid, discovered, 748 1. 

, oarries members of Kristhena So- 
ciety to India, 3342. 

Belgia, a Roman province, 10G3 2 . 

Gisalpina, Roman ally, 6612. 

Narbonensis, a Roman province, 10591 . 

(See Narbonensis.) 

Gallic nations against Romans, 6632. 

Gallicauus, Vulcacius, Auaustan History, 
10671. 

Gallienus reigns, 10293. 

-, Publius Licinius Valerianus, b.-d., 

10342; appointed; reigns; at Treves, 
10672. 

Gallinger, Jacob H., b., 1801; Sanitarium 
Bill, 4052. 

Gallipoli taken, 10341 . 

Gallissonniere, Roland Michel Barrin, 
Marquis de la, b. (1693) ; gov. Can., 5753; 
d. (1756). 

Gallitsin, Dimitri Augustine, b., 11162; d., 
11163. 

Gallitzin, Mikhail Mikhailovitch, b.-d., 
11142, 

, Vassili, b.-d., 11142. 

Gallo, Pedro, insurrectionist, 6061 . 

Gallois, Jean, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. 

Gallos Island wreck, 5873. 

Galloway, E. of, title created, 881*. 

, Scot., see erected, 8403; bp. of, 8783; 

Bp. MaLachlan cons., 9841 ; church fnd., 
10702. 

, Charles B.,b. (1849 r); elected bp.3223. 

-, Joseph, b. (1730); plans rejected, 792; 

examined, 913; d., 1102. 

, Samuel, b. (1811) ; d., 2762. 

Gallup, Col., at Half Mountain, 2321 . 

Gallus, Caius Vibius Trebonianus, b. 
(205±); reigns; deposed, 10671 . 

, C. .'Elius, expedition, 4831. 

, Cornelius, b. (66 ± E. a); gov. Egypt, 

6533; d. (25± B. a). 

, Flavius Claudius Constantius,b. (205); 

made Caesar; rules in East; executed, 
10692. 



Galoengong, volcano eruption, 10921 . 

Galois, Evariste, b., 7192 ; d., 7262. 

Galphinton, Ga., Indian treaty, 991. 

Gait, Sir Alexander Tilloeh, b., 5763; Fish- 
ery Commission, 5852 ; d., 5941 . 

, John, b., 9203 ; works, 9411 ; d.,9483. 

Galte, battle at, 6432. 

Galton, Francis, b.,9403 ; Natural Inheri- 
tance, 10022. 

Galuppi, Baldassare, b., 10831 ; d., 10843. 

Galusha, Jonas, gov. Vt., 1172, 1252. 

Galvani, Alvisio, b., 10842 ; d., 10843. 

, Luigi, b, (1737) ; scientific researches, 

9242; experiments, 10841. 

Galvanic battery invented, 10841. 

current separates potassium, sodium, 

etc., 9322. 

Galvanometer invented, 3201, 11381. 

Galvano-plastik process invented, 8101. 

Galvao, or Galvan, Antonio, b.-d., 11092. 

Galvarino, in Chilean navy, 6061 . 

Galveston, Tex., St. Mary's Univ. org., 
1783 ; Federals take, 2142 ; recaptured ; 
Federals defeated. 2181 ; blockade re- 
moved, 2183 ; harbor improvements en- 
acted, 3693 ; Rosenberg bequests, 4303 ; 
Henry HI, Jones, burns, 2S1 3 ; storm in- 
jures, 2881 . 

Galvez, Bernardo de, b. (1756) ; at Mobile, 
91i; d. (1794). 

de Montalvo, Luis, b.-d., 11282. 

Galvin's Industrial Army seize train, 4582. 

Galway, Ire., conquered, 8521 ; capitulates, 
8981; mail packets sail. 9633; Bp. Mac- 
Cormack cons., 9762 ; riots, 9851. 

, Viscount of, title created, 9902. 

, Lord Henry, b. (1647) ; at Almanza, 

6961 ; takes Madrid, 11281 ; in Lisbon, 
11101 ; d. (1720). 

and North Am. steamship service, 

9653. 

Gama, Christopher de, in Abyssinia, 11. 

, Stephen de, in Abyssinia, 11 . 

, Vasco da, b.-d., 11092 ; a royalist 

manifesto, 5593 ; Brazilian revolt, 5601 + ; 
explorer, 5973 ; discovery, 10433 ; first 
passage to Indies, 1 11)!' 1 ; at Mozambique, 
11111. 

Gamaliel, the Younger, d., 11521 . 

Ga Matlale, mission, 11241 . 

Gambalat, sultan, 6553. 

Gambetta, Leon Michel, b., 7282; minister 
of interior, 7412 ; virtual dictator of Fr. ; 
escapes in balloon, 7413 ; proclamation, 
7432 ; circular letter, 7433; disavows ar- 
mistice, 7451 ; censured, 7472 ; duel ; con- 
victed ; sentence, 750 3 ; favors parlia- 
mentary govt., 7511; pres. Chamber. 
7513 ; premier ; resigns, 753 2 ; shot, 7533; 
d., 7522; statue, 7541; monument, 7561, 
7581. 

Gambia, "W. Afr., Eng. factory est., 8S12 ; 
Eng. colony est., 8832. 

Gambier, O., Kenyon Coll. org., 1331. 

, W. Afr., mission, 11603. 

, Lord James, b., 9043 ; destroys Fr. 

ships, 9341 ; takes Danish vessels', 6381 ; 
d. (1833). 

Gamble, Hamilton Bowan, b. (179S) ; gov. 

Mo., 1991 , 2032 ; protection offered, 1992; 
d., 2312. 

Gamboa, Martin Ruiz, gov. Chile, 6052. 

Gambrell, Roderick Dhu, murdered. 3271 . 

Game and I'lat/c of Cl/exse, trans., 8642. 

Games, Gr., 10131 >± ; Eoman, 10503+. 

Gamez, Gutierre Diaz de, works, 11271. 

Gamjarn, Madras, famine and cholera pre- 
vail, 10493. 

Gamme], William, b., 1183; d. (1889). 

Gammer Girrfnn's Nredle, issued, 8751. 

Gammon Theolog. School, Ga., fnd., 3143. 

Gamper, J. U., socialist leader, 404 3 . 

Gandamak, Afg., treaty signed, 6 3 , 9851 . 

Ganges, Mich., infernal machine in mail, 
4483. 

Ganglbauer, Celestine, consecrated, 5302. 

Gan-hwuy, mission, 6212. 

Ganilh, Chas., b., 7023; d., 7262. 

Gannett, Ezra Stiles, b. (1801) ; d., 2741. 

Gannon, Mary, b. (1829) ; d., 2603. 

, M. V., resigns presidency, 440 2 . 

Gano, Jose de. gov. Chile, 605 3 . 

Gans, Eduard, b., 8003; d., 8143. 

Gansbacher, Johann, b. (1778) ; d., 5203. 

Gansevoort, Peter, li„ 062; at Fort Schuy- 
ler, 871; d., 1183. 

Ganshoren, dynamite explosion, 5462. 

Ganti. enthroned, 6113, 6131. 

Gan Wang, enthroned, 611 2 . 



Garardin, Emile de, d., 7522. 

Garat, Dominique Jos., b., 7003; d., 7262. 

Garay, Francisco de, explorer, 183 ; d. (1524). 

, Henry Peters, d., 1781 . 

• , Janos, b., 5202; d., 5242. 

, Juan de, b. (1541 i : at Santa Fe, 252 ; 

lieut.-gov. Argentine. 4N92; expedition, 

4892 ; d. (1584). 
Garber, Silas, gov. Neb., 2912. 
Garbett, James, b., 9303; d. (1879). 
Garcao, or Garcam, Pedro Antonio Correa, 

b.-d., 11102. 
Garcelon, Alonzo, gov. Me., 3033. 
Garchus in Italy, 7862. 
Garcia I., of Navarre, b.-d., 11262 ; reigns 

in Galicia, 11272. 

II., of Navarre, reigns, 1127 2 . 

III., of Navarre, reigns, 11272. 

■ IV., Bamirez, of Navarre, reigns, 

11272. 

of Asturias, reigns, 1127 2 . 

, Cubas Antonio, b., 10961 . 

. Gen. Calixto. commander, 6321 ; dis- 

embarks, 6322 ; band in Cuba, 6342. 

, Gen. Catarina, defeated, 10961 ; re- 
volts, 10971. 

, Eugene E., embezzler, 3942. 

, Manuel, b.-d., 1130 2 ; larvygoscope 

invented, 9602. 

, Manuel de Popnlo Vicente, b.-d., 

11302. 

, Moreno Gabriel, b. (1821) ; Pres. Ecu., 

6442; resigns, 6442 ; revolutionist, 6443 ; 
assassinated, 6443 

, Simon, search by troops, 3901 . 

Garcilaso de la Vega,*b.-d., 11263. 

Garczvnski, Stephen, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. 

Gard, U. S. Marshal, on ltata, 3861 ; en- 
forces Geary Act, 43S3. 

Garden issued, Eng., 9763. 

Garden City, N. Y., Cathedral, gift, 3842 ; 
school teachers strike. 4191 . 

Gardener's Chronicle issued, 9503. 

Gardening, ornamental, intro., Eng., 8662. 

Gardiner, Capt. Allen, b. (1742) ; Ooshooia 
mission; starvation, 4902; treaty signed, 
5992 ; d. (1809). 

, John S., b., 741 . 

, Robert Halliwell.b. (1782+) ; d.,2312. 

, Samuel liawson, b..944i ; works, 9902. 

, Stephen, bp.,of Winchester, b., 8642; 

minister, 8693, 8713 ; high chancellor, 
8713 ; d., 8702. 

, Sylvester, b., 581 ; d., 98' . 

Gardner takes fire, 3273. 

Gardner, August K., b., 1183. 

, A. W., pres. Liberia, 11612. 

- , Baron, title created, 9311. 

, G. W., charges, 4191 ; agent, 4242. 

, Gen., surrenders Port Hudson, 2242 ; 

at Salisbury, 2461 . 

, H. A., absconds, 4682. 

, Henry J., governor Mass., 1792 ; d., 

4101. 

, John J., b., 1581. 

, Dr. Joseph, gift, 4242. 

Garenganze, mission, 6022. 

Garesehe, Julius P., d., 217 2 . 

Garfield, James Abram,b., 138 2 ; on canal, 
1643; father dies, 1431; enters Coll., 1763; 
graduates, 1802,3; marries. 1851 ; at Mid- 
dle Creek, Ky., 2022 ; at Pound Gap, 
2042 ; in court, 2161 ; speaker, 2932, 2973; 
3013; electoral commission, 2951 ; presi- 
dential candidate ; vote, 3043, 3051 ,3072; 
inaug. President ; shot, 3072, 3092 ; re- 
moved to Elberon, 3083; d., 3081 , 3092 ; 
grief over. 3083; action in Eng. ; buried, 
3091 , 3593 ; eulogy, 3111 ; Great Britain 
in mourning for, 9SS3 ; murderer sen- 
tenced, 3102; memorial, 3581, 31302; 
buried, 3593. 

, Mrs., fund presented, 3091 ; franking 

privilege granted, 3092; pensioned, 3111 , 

Univ., org. at Wichita, Kan., 3242. 

Garhwai mission, 10483. 

Garibaldi, Giuseppe, b., 10851 ; repulses 
Fr. at Rome, 7301 ; struggle in It., 7353 ; 
at Mentana, 7361 ; in command ; at 
Tours, 7421 ; proclamation, 7422; gen. -in- 
chief, 7452; monument, 7021; London 
riots; in Southampton, London, 9671; 
at Velletri, 10S61 ; in Rome; campaign 
in It., 10881; calls for volunteers; m Ca- 
tania ; appealstoEng.; amnesty, granted. 
10892; course disapproved ; dictator of 
Naples, 10891; proclamation against, 
10892; in Italv, 10893; d., 10901 ; statue, 
2641,3321. 



Gari-Gene. 



Text Figures denote Page, 1JN J-JliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1263 



Garigliano, action at, 10881 . 

Garissoles, Antoine, d., 690 2 . 

Garland collides with Mamie, 3053. 

, Augustus Hill, b., 1401; gov. Ark., 

2912; minister, 3212. 

, Austin M., tariff commissioner, 3111. 

, James A., University gift, 4441 . 

, John, b. (1792) ; d., 1963. 

, Landon Cabell, b., 116 2 . 

Garneau, Francois Xavier, b., 5763 ; Can- 
ada, 5791; d., 5821. 

Garner, Florence, marries Sir W. Gordon- 
Oumming, 10063 . 

, Peter M., b. (1809) ; d., 2621 . 

, R. L., Speech of Monkeys, 4203. 

Garnerin, Andre" Jacques, b. (1769) ; in 
parachute, 7142 ; d. (1823). 

Garnet, Henry, b. (15.".5) ; Gunpowder Plot, 
8792; d. (1606). 

Gamett, Richard Brooke, b.(1841) ; d., 2251 . 

■, Robert Selden, b., 130'; at Laurel 

Hill; at Carrick's Ford, 1962 ; d.,1963. 

Gamier, Adolphe, b., 7143; d., 7362. 

, Francis, on Red River ; at Hanoi, 

4801; k., 4802. 

, Jean L. 0., b., 7242; erects Grand 

Opera House, Paris, 7361 , 

, Marie Joseph Francois Auguste, b., 

7282; d., 7461. 

Pages, Louis Antoine, b., 7143 ; con- 
victed, 7372 ; d.,7502. 

, Robert, b., 6803 ; works, 6832, 6843 ; 

d., 6842. 

Garofalo, Benvenuto Tisio, b., 10783; d., 
10803. 

Garonne, Fr., action on, 10561 j overflows, 
7493. 

Garrard, Col., at Rogersville, 2281 . 

, James,b.(1749); gov.Ky.,1073; d.,1302. 

, Kenner, b., 1381 ; d., 3002. 

Garretson, Freeborn, b., 682; d., 1302. 

Garretsville, O,, explosion in church, 3032. 

Garrett, Alex. Charles, b. (1832) ; cons. 
P. E. bp., 2862. 

, Col., at Plymouth, 2122. 

, Mary E., gift, 3702, 4202. . 

Biblical Institute opd., 111., 1802. 

Garrick, David, b., 9062; Lethe performed, 
683; appears, 9102, 9132; d., 9203. 

Garrison, J. H., pres. convention, 3322. 

, Win. Lloyd, b., 1121 , Liberator, 1391 ; 

addresses at Charleston, 247 1 ; reception 
in London, 2563; d., 3002; statue, 3241 . 

Garrissoles, Antoine, b., 6842. 

Garside, William B., b., 1442. 

Garter, Order of, instituted, 8591 ; reinsti- 
tuted, 9331 . 

Garth, Sir Samuel, b., 8902; d., 9062. 

Gartland, R. C, d., 1741. 

Garumna, asteroid, discovered, 748' . 

Garvagh, Baron, title created, 937 2 . 

Garza, Catarino, released, 2971 ; rebel 
camp, 3861 ; a t Ft. Ringgold, 3971 ; de- 
feated, 3981 ; enters Mex., 4001 , 4191. 

Gas illuminating dis., 8102; experiments, 
9061 ; from coal ; theory explained, 910 2 ; 
used extensively. 'J2X2 ; intro. London, 
9342, 9362, 9401 ; from water, 9501 . 

, used in Boston, 1313 ; St. Louis 

lighted ; Brooklyn, 165 3 ; Nashville ; 
Lowell ; Chicago, 1693. 

, natural, as fuel, 3181 , 3321 ; dis. N.Y.; 

Chicago ; in S. Dak., 350' ; in Pittsburg, 
3561 ; p a ., 3721 ; at Kingsville, Can., 5861 ; 
at Kingston, Can., 5901 . 

, nitrous oxide, discovered, 9202. 

Gasea, Pedro de la, b. (14S5) ; possesses 
fleet ; in Peru, 221 ; secures peace ; sails 
for Sp., 232 ; dis. Davis' strait, 243 ; 
d. (1561). 

Gascoigne, Caroline Leigh, b., 9363. 

, George, b., 86S1 ; works, 8731 8743 ; 

d. (1577). 

■, Sir William, jurist, d., 8622. 

, , inventor, b., 8782; d., 8843. 

Gascon, Francois, b., 6903. 

Gascony, Fr., invaded, 688 1 ; recovered, 
6791 , 8561 ; homage to Eng., 8533. 

Gascoyne-Cecil, Robt. Arthur Talbot, 
forms ministry, 993 3 . 

Gases, compression of, 8901 ; liquefaction 
discovered, 9402. 

Gasias, encaustic painting, 10243. 

Gaskel, Mrs. Elizabeth Clegliorn Steven- 
son, b., 9351 ; works, 9543, 9702 ; d., 9681 . 

Gasman, John, pres. reformed synod, 1383. 

Gasparin, Comte Adrien Etienne Pierre 
de, b., 7051 ; d., 7342. 

, Agenor Eti. de, b., 7191 ; d., 746 1 . 



Gasparis, A. de, dis. asteroids, 7301 , 10862. 
Gaspee burned, 761 ; 773. 

Gasport, N. Y., Are, 4593. 

Gass, Friedrich Wilhelm Heinrich Joa- 
chim, b., 8102; d. (1889). 

Gassendl, Pierre, b., 6842 ; works, 6872, 
6903; astronomer, 6882; d., 6902. 

Gasser, Valhorn Joseph, b., 5202; d., 5282. 

Gassion, Comte de, Jean, b., 6862; d., 6883. 

Gassiot, J. P., gift of, 9761 . 

Gastein, Aust., sovereigns meet, 8223. 

, treaty of, 5263; broken, 8233. 

Gaster, chief of police, fined, 4222. 

Gaston, B. F., killed, 4703. 

, William, b., 912; d., 1562. 

, L., b., 1282; gov. Mass., 2873; d., 

4481. 

Gatchell, Joseph, arraigned, 482. 

Gate of Lions erected, 10142. 

Gates, Horatio, b., 602 ; commander, 823 ; 
at Ticonderoga, 842 ; at Bemis Heights ; 
inN. Y., 871 ,2; in South, 92 1 ; at Sander's 
Creek, 922; d., 1122. 

, Merrill Edwards, b. (1848) ; pres. of 

Amherst College, 3622, 3642, 3862. 

, Thomas, b., 582; gov. Va., 291 . 

College, Neligh, opened, 3123. 

Gateshead, explosion ; fire ; panic in thea- 
ter, 10073. 

Gathorne-Hardy, Gathorne, minister, 9933. 

Gatling, Richard Jordan, b., 1262; inventB 
Gatlinggun, 2011. 

Gatschet, Albert Samuel, b., 1401 . 

Gatschina, palace undermined, 11212. 

Gatteaux, Jacques Edouard, b., 706 2 ; d., 
7522. 

Gatterer, Johann C, b., 8002; d,, 8063. 

Gatti, Bernardino, d., 10811 . 

Gau, Franz C.,b., 8043; d.,820'. 

Gauchos, massacre, 4913. 

Gauden, John, b., 8781 ; d., 8902. 

Gaudens, Ger., resist Fr., 7162. 

, Augustus, of Nat. Academy of De- 
sign, 3501 . 

Gaudin, Marc Antoine, sapphires, 7342. 

Gauhati mission, 10471 . 

Gaul, settled, 6621 ; Romans defeated, 
10561 ; Ger. invade, 6621 ; a Roman prov- 
ince, 10593 ; Trans. Alpine, divided, 6632; 
subdued by Rome, 1067 2 ; Ger. expelled, 
7692 ; Christianity in, 6623 ; tribes mi- 
grate to, 7693 ; Brit, colony in, 8412 ; 
civilization in, 6623 ; ravaged, 663 2 ; Sara- 
cens defeated, 4S42 ; Moslems invade, 
4853; museum est., 7521 . (See also text 
under France.) 

Gaul, Gilbert Spencer, b., 1781 ; in Nat. 
Academy, 3121 . 

Gauley, W. Va., property burned, 2131 . 

Gauls invade Gr.; detent Romans in Rome, 
6621 ; dwellings, 6622 ; arts, 6623 ; dress, 
6631 ; appearance, fiiie 2 ; leave Macedonia, 
10261; at Olusiuin, 10501 ; in Central It.; 
atRome, 1050 2 ; build Milan ; burn Rome, 
10513; aid Hannibal, 10541; revolt, 10593; 
in Asia, 11492. 

Gaultier, Leonhard, b., 7921 . 

Gaunt, Elizabeth, burned, 8971 . 

, John of, D. of Lancaster, b.-d., 8582. 

Gauntlett, Henry John, b., 9323> d. (1876). 

Gausbacher, Johann, b., 5163. 

Gauss, Karl F., b., 8042; Arithmetical Dis- 
quisitions, 8072; d., 8201. 

Gautier de Metz, writings of, 6723. 

, Judith, b., 7302. 

, Theophile, b., 7192; works, 7271 , 7291 , 

7331 ; d., 746'. 

Gavazzi, Alessandro, b. (1809) ; lectures, 



Gaveston, Piers, minister, opposed ; vice- 
roy, 8572; executed, 8563, 8572. 

Gavitt, Maj., at Black River, Mo., 1982 ; 
at Ironton, 200' . 

Gawler, Mr., in duel, 9272. 

Gay, Claude, b., 7142; d., 7461 . 

, Ebenezer, b. (1696) ; Unitarian 

preacher, 582; d. (1787). 

, John, b., 8962; works, 9043, 908' ; 

d., 9082. 

, Marie F. S. N. de Lavalette, b., 7043; 

d., 7322. 

, Mr., at Concepcion Bay, 291 . 

, Sydney Howard, b., 1231 ; d. (1888). 

Gayangos, Pascual de, b., 1130 3 . 

Gayarre, Chas. Etienne Arthur, b., 1122. 

, Julian, d., 11322. 

Gayle, John, b. (1792) ; gov. Ala., 1392; d., 
1842. 

Gayler, Chas., b., 1282; work, 2011. 



Gayler, Sir John, escapes from Lions, 8822, 
Gaylor, Thomas F., cons, bp., 434' . 
Gay-Lussac, Joseph Louis, b., 7043 ; bal- 
loon ascensions, 7142; works, 7192, 7231 ; 

invents psychrometer, 726' ; d., 7302. 
Gaynor, W. J., in McKane case, 4422 • 

decision on betting, 4702. 
Gaza, Syria, battle, 6562 ; surrenders, 

10242, 11501 ; mission, 11563. 

, Theodore, b.-d., 10343. 

Gazan, battle at, 6262. 

Gazetta del Popolo issued, 10883. 

Gazette de France issued, 701 3 . 

des Beaux Arts issued, 7343. 

Extraord maris /'osttijdinghen issued, 

5411. 

Franeaise de Stockholm issued, 1135' . 

Litte'raire issued 703 3 . 

of Fashion founded, Am., 1762. 

Gazzoli, Abu H., b.-d., 11543. 
Gear, John Henry, b., 1322. 
Geary, John White, b., 12S1 ; gov. of Kan., 

1811, 2 j 2593; at Lawrence; reports 

peace; resigns, 1812; proclamation, 1811 ; 

near Chariest. m, 216' ; d., 2802. 

, Thos. J., b., 1741. 

Geber, Abu Musa Jaffaral-Sofi, chemist, 

4861 ; d., 4842. 
Ged, William, b., 8982 ; stereotypes, 9081 ; 

d., 9122. 
Gedaliah, gov. of Judea, 11472. 
Geddes, Alexander, b., 9083; d., 9303. 

•, John, b. (1773±) ; gov., 1272 ; d. (1828). 

Geddie, John, d., 4981 . 

Gcefs, Willem, b., 5423; d., 5461 . 

Geelong, settled, 495 2 . 

Geert, in Denmark, 6361 . 

Geertruidenberg, Neth., retaken, 10982. 

Geerts, Charles Henri, b., 5423; d. (1855). 

Geffrard, Fabre, b. (1806) ; pres. Haiti, 

10403; d. (1879). 
Getion captured, 6401 . 
Gegenbaur, Karl, b., 8123. 
Geias-ud-din reigns, 1043 a . 
Geibel, Emmanuel, b., 8103; d., 8302. 
Geiger, Lazarus, b., 8142; d., 8262. 

, Ludwig, d., 8162. 

Geijer (Geyer), Erik Gustaf , b.-d., 11342 ; 

works, 11362. 
Geikie, Cunningham, b. (1826) ; works, 

9983. 

, Walter, b., 9263; d. (1837). 

Geinitz, Johann Bruno, b., 810 2 . 
Geiqua Town, Afr., Moffat leaves, 5972. 
Geirstade reigns, 11043. 
Geisenhainer, F. W., patents hot-air blast 

mnf., 138L 
Geiser collides with Thingvalla, 8323. 
Geismayer, Michael, in Peasants' War, 

788'. 
Geissen, Fr. and Swede armies unite, 796' . 
Geissler, Heinrich, b., 8102; d. (1879). 
Geiza I., enthroned, 503 2 . 

II., enthroned, 5043. 

Gekenkirchener, Prus., explosion, 8333. 

Gekmeh, sultan, 6553. 

Gela, Sicily, colonized, 10153; fnd., 10511 ; 

under Gelon, 10512. 
Gelusius, St., pope, 10703; d., 10702. 

II., pope, 10743 ; d., 10742. 

Gelcenkirchen, explosion, 8353, 
Gelderland, Neth., seized by Prus., 7992; 

ceded, 7993; submits, 10982, 10993. 
Gelehrtc Zeituntj issued, 801' . 
Gelehrtes Prenssetr issued, 8003. 
Gelimer, Vandal kine, defeated, 1030' . 
Gell, Frederick, elected bp., 9583. 

, Sir William, b., 9203 ; d., 9482. 

Gellert, Christian Furchtegott, b., 7983; 

works, 801'; d., 803' . 
Gelli, Giovanni Battista, b., 1079' ; d.(1563). 
Gellir, Thord, divides island, 10421 . 
Gelon, Gamori, at Himera, 10182 ; usurper, 

10192; rules Gela, tyrant, 10512. 
Gemara published, 1071' . 
Gembloux, Agricultural Inst, est., 544'. 
Geminiani, Francesco, d., 10842. 
Genealogical Soc, org., London, 962' . 
General Armstrong, escapes, 120' ; in New 

York, 122' . 

Grant wrecked, 9693. 

Lyon burns, 2443, 2453. 

— — Parkhill captured, 1942. 

Amnesty Hill passes, 275'. 

Award Bill passes, 3111 , 

Bankrupt Law passed, 1532. 

, Congress revives grade, 2532. 

Deficiency Appropriation Bill, Cong., 

3652, 3671 ,2, 3792, 4092, 4112, 4633, 4672. 



1264 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Gene-Gerb. 



General Estates, first meeting, Ger., 8171 , 

Licensing Act, passed G. B., 945 1 9772, 

Magazine published, 651 . 

Theo. Sem. (Prut. Epis.), org. in Man- 
hattan, N. Y. (1817). 

University, Fr., est., 717 2 . 

Genesee, N.V., Normal school opd., 2763. 

Conf. Meth. Epis., fmd., 117' . 

Geneseric in N. Africa, 81 . 

Genesis and Exodus, poem, written, 8543. 

Genesius, Josephus, b.-d., 11542. 

Genesta defeated by Puritan, 3213, 9953. 

Genestet, Peter Anton de, b.-d., 11021 . 

Genet, Edmond Chas., b.,703 1 ; at Charles- 
ton, 1051 j at Phila. ; appeals to people ; 
presents papers ; recall asked, 1052 ■ 
d., 7262. 

Geneva County, Ala., tornado, 3561. 

, 111., explosion, 4312. 

, N.Y., Hobart Free College, fnd., 1331 ; 

Smith Observatory, 3321 . 

, Switz., annexed to Fr., 7133; witches 

burned; party quarrels; bank fnd. ,11373; 
Univ. of, fnd., 11381 ; revolt ; joins in Act 
of Mediation, 11382 ; Peace and Liberty 
Congress ; gift from ex-Duke of Bruns- 
wick; Alabama Cla,i ins Arbitration; Ar- 
bitration ami Peace Cong., 11383. 

Coll., Beaver Falls, Pa., org., 1643. 

Genevieve, Saint, b.-d., 6623. 

Genghis Khan, b.-d., 10423 ; j n N. China; 
in W.Asia, 4i ; rules Arabia, 4873; in 
Bokhara, 5491; at Peking; devastates 
country ; in Hea ; in Tibet, 6121 ; in In- 
dia, 10422; i n Persia, 11072; takes Sa- 
marcand, 11131; holds Tartary, 11151. 

Genius of America., statue executed, 1681. . 

Genlis, Comtesse de, Stephanie Felicity, 
b.,7003; Adele vt Theodon , 7052 ; works, 
7052,7151,7251; d., 7261 . 

Genoa, It. , free city, 10733 ; wars with Pisa; 
war with Venice, 1074' ; important, 10752; 
enriched, 10753 ; yields to Rome, 1057 2 ; 
commercial power; bank fnd., 10753; war 
with Venice, 10761; cathedral begun, 
10771; Dogate est., 10773; disorders; for- 
eign powers rule ; freedom of, 10792 ; 
ruled by Fr., 10793; sacked, 10,801 ; liber- 
ated from Fr., 10813; bombarded, 10821 , 
10841; war with Savoy, 10821; taken, 
10S41 ; earthquake, 10S5~i ; revolution in, 
6993; surrendered, 7Hi; trans, into Li- 
gurian Republic, 10852 ; incor. with Fr., 
10853 ; Campo Santo est,, 108G3; seized; 
surrenders to Eng., 10861; annexed to 
Sardinia; made a duchy, 10871; insur- 
rection, 10373. 

, Duke of, at Mortara, 5222. 

Genoese, reject Columbus, 123 ; war with 
Gr., 10341; conquer Turks, 10821; in 
Crimea, 11151 ; defeated, 11261. 

Genoude, Antoine Eugene, b. , 7082; d., 7302. 

Genouihy, Adm. Rigault de, off Saigon; 
off Touron, 4801 , minister, 7373, 7392, a. 

Gensen Lieden Boec.eken appears, 10991. 

Genseric captures Carthage ; invades Af- 
rica ; takes Rome, 10701 ; est. Vandal 
kingdom, 10712; i n Sp.; in Africa, 11253; 
d., 7681. 

Gensonne, Armand, b., 7023 ; d., 70S2. 

Genssen, Poland, archbishopric fmd., 7742. 

Genthius, K. of lllyria, subdued, 10551. 

Gentleman' $ Journal issued, Eng,, 8983. 

Magazine, Am., appears, 1491 . 

Gentz, Fred, von, b. 8023 ; a., 8142. 

Genua. (See Genoa.) 

Geoffrey Plantagenet, Count of Anjou, b. 
(1113); at Varaville, 6681; marries Ma- 
tilda; receives Normandy, 6693; d. (1150). 

de Mariscis, viceroy, 8532. 

of Monmouth, b. (1100 t); Hist, of Brit- 
ish Kings, 8491 ; d., 8502. 

Geoffroi, de Villehardouin, ConquUe de 
Constantinople, 671 1 . 

Geotfroy, Julien Louis, b., 7003 ; d., 721 1 . 

, Saint Hilaire, Etienne, b., 7042; zool- 
ogist, 7142 ; work, 7231 ; d., 7283. 

Geographers' Congress, at Antwerp, 5441 ; 
at Paris, 7481 ; at Bordeaux, 7521 . 

Geographical Society, Royal, org., 9441 . 

Geography, discourses on, 6522 j first 
charts, 10163. 

, first published, 1023. 

Geological map of Eng., 9291 . 

Soc, org., Eng., 9342; inst.,9481. 

, Am., meets, 3481, 3731, 3991. 

Geologists' Congress, London, 9981 . 

George I., Eng., b.(1660); reigns, 9053; pur- 
chases library, 9043 ; escapes assassina- 
tion, 907i ; d., 9073 • statue, 9061 . 



George II., Eng., b., 8962; p r . of Wales, 
under arrest, 9072; enthroned, 9073; a t 
Dettingen, 7001, 9101 ; endows Univ. of 
Gottingen, 8011; marries, 9032; d.,9143, 
9153. 

III., Eng., b. (1738) ; reigns ; marries, 

9153 j K. of Corsica, 7112 ; peace with 
U. S., 952 ; est. Knights of St. Patrick, 
9231 ; ratines treaty, 972; statue, 773, 
9241 , 9343, 94S1 ; insane, 9253,9332, 9353; 
seizes neutral vessels, 1052; stoned, 927 2 ; 
assassins plot, 9311; drops title, K. of 
Fr., 9313 ; golden jubilee, 9352 ; library 
presented, 941 1 ; d., 9412. 

IV., Eng., b. (1702); reigns, 9412; K.of 

Hanover, S133 ; Pr. of "Wales; marries 
Mrs.Fitzherbert,92o2; marries Caroline, 
9272; mobbed, 9272; in Ire.; in Scot., 
9412,3 ; crowned, 9413 ; d.,9452; statue, 
9461. 

V., K. of Hanover, b., 8122; reigns in 

Hanover, 8193; d., 8282. 

I., duke, founds Moscow, 11151 . 

, Duke of Argyll, P.-M. general, 9612. 

, Duke of Clarence, L. Lieut., S651 ; 

executed, S652. 

, Earl of Carlisle, L. Lieut., 9612. 

, Earl of Macclesfield, .President Royal 

Society, 9122. 

, Elector of Saxony, 7873. 

, king of Tonga Islands, 10052. 

, Marquis of Halifax, minister, 8992. 

of Cappadoeia, archbp., killed, 6453, 

8403. 

, of Podiebrad, rules Bohemia, 5091 . 

, of Spires, search of, 203. 

, Pi-, of Den., marries, S972; Lord Ad- 
miralty, 9031 . 

, Prince of Greece, in Chicago, 3863. 

, Pr. of Wales, Order Black Eagle, 

10031 ; titles conferred, 100S3. 

, son of Pr. of Wales, b., 9691 . 

- — , William, Duke of Prussia, 7952. 

, Frederick Charles, Duke of Cam- 
bridge, b., 9383. 

Canning wrecked, 9593. 

, David, est. Family of Love, 8711 . 

, Enoch, b., 741; cons, bp., 1243; d., 

1362. 

Grisvold arrives in England, 2192. 

, Henry, b., 1502 ; nationalizing of 

land, 309*i; standard AU*; works, 303'; 
4052. 
, James Zach., b., 1341 ; speech, 4391 . 

Little captured by Grauicus, 1223. 

, William S., b., 1322. 

Georgenholz, mission, 11242. 
Georges guillotined, 7152. 
Georgetown, Can., White Caps in, 5S6 3 . 
, D. C, settled, 692; Academy org., 

1003; agricultural exhibition, 1173; Oak 
Hill Cemetery est., 1673. 

College [Univ.], D. C, est., 1043. 

, Ky., lynching; feud, 3903; College 

(Bapt ) org. (1829). 

, Mass., Forger Vining confesses, 4222. 

, Tex., Southwestern Univ. opd., 2*23. 

Georgia, Asia, annexed to Russia, 11073, 
11173. 

, U. S. A., Sp. arrive, 223 ; gold mines, 

433 ; Ger. Luth. settle, 622 ; Moravians, 
623 ; colony org. ; liquor prohibited ; 
slavery forbidden, 631 ; granted by king, 
632 ; Scotch Highlanders, 633 ; Sp. de- 
feated, 641 • rum necessary, 652 ; lands 
in fee simple, 053; charter surrendered ; 
financial failure ; Capt. John Reynolds, 
gov., 69 2 ,3; liquor licenses limited, 71 2 ; 
divided, 71 3 ; paper money issued ; J. 
Wright, gov., 732; land ceded to K.,793; 
joins Am. colonies, 81 3 ; A. Bullock, 
gov., 852 ; invaded, 883 ; Tories annihi- 
lated, 901 ; D'Estaing in, 90s ; Brit, suc- 
ceed in South, 911; royal govt, reest., 
913 ; Indian wars, 961; univ. org., 983 ; 
Creeks defeated ; cedes lands to Fed- 
eral govt. ; ratifies constitution, 1011 ; 
Geo. Walton, gov., 1013 ; Ed. Telfair, 
gov., 1032; cotton-gin invented, 1041; 
Geo. Matthews, gov.,105 2 ; Jared Irwin, 
gov., 1073, 1151 ; James Jackson, gov., 
1093; David Emanuel, gov.; Jos. Tatt- 
nall, gov., 1112 ; John Milledge, gov., 
1113; David B. Mitchell, gov., 1172, 1252; 
Presb. Synod org., 1212 ; Peter Early, 
gov., 1213 ; Cherokees expelled, 1271; 
Matthew Talbot, gov., 1273 ; Prot. Epis. 
diocese est., 1303 ; <;,.,,, m. Troup, gov., 
1313; treatv with Indians, 1332 ; Indian 



land controversy, 133 3 ; John Forsyth, 
gov., 1353; Geo. R. Gilmer, gov., 1373, 
1492; missionaries opposed, 1383; Wilson 
Lumpkin, gov., 1392 ; local option law 
passed, 143 1 ; Wm. Schley, gov. ; Indian 
lands ceded, 1453; Emory Coll. est. ; set- 
tlers leave, 147 1 ; Universalists State 
convention organized, 14S3 j Chas. J. 
McDonald, gov., 1513 ; Southern Coll. 
org., 1571 ; Georgia road completed, 1573; 
Presbyterian synod, O. S., organized, 
1583; Geo. W. Crawford, gov., 101 1 ; Geo. 
W. B. Towns, gov., 1032 ; Howell Cobb, 
gov., 1692 ; Jos. E. Brown, gov., 1S32 ; 
legislature arms the state, 1S8 3 ; Federal 
forts seized, 1901 ; senator withdraws ; 
secession conven.; state secedes, 1912 ; 
Justice Campbell resigns, joins Confed- 
eracy, 1952 ; Gen. Johnston commands 
Confederates, 22S3 ; militia called out, 
2361 ; Stonenian's raid, 2303; Kilpatrick's 
raid, 2372 ; Wheeler's raid, 2381 ; Hood 
tears np R. R., 238 3 ; James Johnson 
appt. provisional gov., 2431 , ^483 ; proc- 
lamation for reconstruction, 2482 ; an- 
nuls secession ordinance ; passes 13th 
Amendment, 2491; adopts revised con- 
stitution ; war debt void ; ratifies 13th 
Amendment, 249 2 ; Chas. J. Jenkins, 
gov. ; James Johnson, gov., 251 1 ; Meth. 
Epis. conferences (North and South), 
fmd., 2522 ; Afr. Meth. Epis. conf. org., 
256 2 ; Cong, rejects new constitution, 
2572 ; Conservative Party fmd., 259 2 ; 
Constitutional conven. meets ; T. H. 
Ruger, gov., 2593; Meth. Epis. conf. fmd.; 
2602 ; capital changed to Atlanta, 2611 ; 
new constitution ralified, 2612; readmit- 
ting bill, 2032; ratifies 14th Amendment, 
2633; Rufus B. Bullock, gov. ,2652; Gen. 
Terry's military dist., *J07i ; negroes eligi- 
ble to office, 2672 ; Cong, declares exclu- 
sion of freedmen from legislature illegal, 
2692 ; negroes enter legislature, 2693 ; 
reconstruction comp 1 eted ; refuses to 
ratify 15th Amendment, 2692; later rati- 
fies it, 2693 j negroes excluded from of- 
fice, 2692; public school system est., 
2703; act for readmission, 2712; Cong. 
disapproves constitution, 277 2 ; James 
Milton Smith, gov., 281 1 ; Alf . H. Col- 
quitt, gov., 2973; G. Congregational Asso. 
fmd., 3002; Macon and Brunswick R. R. 
sold, 3033 ; tornadoes, 3121 ; Alex. H. 
Stephens, gov., 3132; Henry D.M'Daniel, 
gov., 3152; local option law passed, 3211 ; 
John B. Gordon, gov., 325 2 ; prohibition 
defeated, 329 1 ; Technological school 
opd., 3303; thst friendly union of veter- 
ans, 3421 ; Northern Soc. org., 356 3 ; race 
war at Star's mill, 3023; National Park 
est., 3673 ; negroes lynched, 3782 ; gen. 
conven. Congregatioiuilists, find., 3722 • 
partial prohibition, 3.S92 ; Confed. pen- 
sions, 3911; Confed Veterans' Home de- 
clined, 3912 ; mechanical cotton-picker, 
3921 ; Wm. J. Northen gov., 4212; White 
Caps, 4263, 4423, 457 ' ; cyclone, 4301 ,4401 ; 
yellow-fever, 436 2 ; Alex. Stephens' mon- 
ument, 3401 ; state militia bills, 4511 ; C. 
F. Crisp, senator, declined ; Patrick 
Walsh, senator, 455 z ; mob cruelty, 4623; 
race war, 479 1 . 

Georgia destroys commerce, 2202 ; cap- 
tured, 2372. 

Georgians captures Essex, l^ 2 - 

, wrecked, 5933. 

Gephhe, incorporated with Lombards, 
10713. 

Gerando, Joseph Marie de, b., 7042 ; d., 
7282. 

Gerard, Balthazar, kills William of 
Orange, 5411; d. (1584). 

, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

, Conrad Alexandre, ambassador, 893; 

d. (1790). 

, Earl of Kildare, lord justice, 8613 ; 

deputy, 8672, 3. 

, Etienne Maurice, b., 7043 ; at An- 
twerp, 7261 ; minister, 7273; d., 7321 . 

, Francois Pascal Simon, Baron, b., 

7042 ; Entry of Henri /T.,672i ; d., 7263. 

, Jeanlguaee Isidore, b., 7143; d., 7301. 

, Jules, b., 7222 ; d., 7362. 

, Marc-Antoine de, Mois-Sauvt', 6892. 

, Nerval (Gerard Labrunie), b. (1808) ; 

works, 7353 ; d. (1855). 

Gerbert. (Sen Pope Sylvester II.) 

, AbbC, makes wheel-clocks, 666L 



Gird-Gild. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN J-)li.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1265 



Gerda, asteroid, discovered, 278* . 
Gergard, Edward, b., 8063 ; d., 8243. 
Gerhardt, Chas. Fred.,b„ 7222 ; d.,7322. 

, Paul, b., 7923; Hymns, 7971 ; d.,7963. 

Gericault, Jeau Louis Theodore Andre, b., 

7062 ; d., 7242. 
Gerizira, Palestine, temple at, 1146 3 . 
Gerlache, Etienne Constantine, b., 5422. 
Germain, St., b.-d., 0623; in Wales ; founds 

schools, 8403. 
Germaine, George. Viscount Sackville, b., 

9062; trial, 9142; se e. state, 9212; d. (1785). 
German-American Union, purification 

plans, 4443. 

Baptists. (See Baptists.) 

Book, first, appears, 7723. 

Catholic armies, 5121 . 

Catholics, secede, 1623; society org. 

against Bennett Law, 3582; against com- 
pulsory education law, 3602; Cong, meets, 
3661, 3652, 3922 ; parade, 3922 ; pilgrims 
at Rome, 8361 ; Central Soc. Conven., 
4142 ; Cent. Verein session, 4701 ; school 
resolutions, 4721 ; societies in conference 
at Danzig, 8342. 

Christian Society organized, 8003. 

College est. at Mt. Pleasant, 2822. 

East Africa. (See text, p. 838.) 

■ Company, agent recalled, 

5631 ; lease of coast, S381 . 
English College, founded, 111., 2622. 

Flats, N. Y., attacked, 702. 

Foreign Miss. Society, org., 1463, 

language, in Russia, 11212. 

Lutherans arrive, N. Y., 363 ; lose 

church, 443; in Ga., 622; attack educa- 
tion law, 360 2 . (See Lutherans.) 

Mannerchor, organized, 2501 . 

National Federal Association meets; 

government formed, 8213. 

Ocean, naval battle, 9202. 

philologists, congress of, 8291 . 

Reformed Church, Am., pioneer min- 
ister, 603; coll. at Mercersburg.Pa., 1463 ; 
Miss. Board org., 1483; Theol. school at 
Carlisle, 1323 ; Franklin ami Marshall 
Coll., 1463, 1731 ; Heidelberg Univ., 1683; 
gen. synod org., 229 1 ; " German" erased, 
268 2 ; union proposed, 3601 ; temperance 
movement, 3271. 

Southwest Africa. (See text, p. 838.) 

Co., negotiates sale, 1001 3 . 

Union of Natural Phil, fnd., 8132. 

unity, facilitated, 8272. 

Wallace College, O., org., 2352. 

Germania (Ger.) wrecked off N. J., 3492. 

, Arctic expedition sails, 8261 , 8301 . 

, mail-steamer, wrecked, 9773. 

Germania, Inferior, Rom. province, 1063 2 . 

, Superior, a Roman province, 19633. 

Germanic Confederation, or union, fmd., 

5233,8053 ; supersedes Rhine Confedera- 
tion; first Diet of, XI [3; extension of, 8192; 
decree executed, 5262 ; falls, 5271; anni- 
versary, 8222 ; dissolved, 8233. 

Germanicus, Cassar, in Ger., 10632 ; re- 
called ; revenges Teutoburg disaster, 
10621 ; in Armenia, 11501 ; poisoned, 10631 . 

Germantown, Pa., Mennonites at, 48 2 ; 
settled, 493 ; first paper-mill, 50 2 ; Ger. 
paper issued, 631 ; Washington at, 863 ; 
Ger. Bible, 652 ; battle, 872 ; Brit, en- 
camp, at, 872; Nugent's Home fnd., 3332. 

Railroad, Pa., opened, 1413. 

Germany. (See text, pp. 768-837.)? Chatti 
war, 10641 ; Franks repulsed, 10661 ; Ale- 
manni defeated, 10681 ; frontier restored, 
5151 ; Fr. driven out, 5181 ; mercenaries 
against Americans, 803 ; treaty with 
Madagascar, 10953 ; treaty with Italy, 
10902 ; treaty with Korea, 10943 ; Afr. 
possessions sold, S38 3 . 

Gerrnon, Effie, b., 1581 . 

Gero, Margrave, com'der, 7722 ; d., (965). 

Gerobeea, mission, 6571 . 

Geroldseck, Bishop, defeated, 7801. 

Gerome, Jean Leon, b., 7242. 

Geromino, Mexican, killed, 3852. 

Gerona, Spain, capitulates, 6721 . 

Gerry, Elbridge, b., 662; gov. Mass., 1173; 
electoral vote, 1212; vice-president, 1213; 
d., 1231. 

Gerscheim, Prussian victory, 8243. 

Gerson, John Gharlier de, b.-d., 6742. 

Gerstacker, Friedricb, b., 1242 ; works, 
8163,8202 ; d. (1872). 

Gerstenberg, Hemrich Wilhelm, b. (1737) ; 
works, 8031 ; d. (1823). 



Gerstenwieg, Gen., killed, 11191 . 

Geruzey, Eugene, b., 7142 ; Literary His- 
tory, ,7323; d.,7362. 

Gervais, Adm., entertained by Q., 10071. 

, Paul, b., 7222 ; d., 7521 . 

Gervinus, invents circular saw, 8041 . 

, Georg Gottfried, b.,8082; dismissed 

from university, 8152 ; works, 8152, 8182; 
treason, 8183 ; d.,8262. 

Gesalric, reigns, 11253. 

Gesenius, Frtedrieh II cinrich Wilhelm, b., 
8043 ; d., 8162. 

Gesner, Johann Matthias, b., 7982; d., 8023. 

, Konrad von, b. (1516) ; History of An- 
imals, 11371; d. (1565). 

Gessi, Lieut. Romolo, b. (1831) ; in the 
Soudan, 6581 ; d. (1881). 

Gessius Florus, procurator, 11533. 

Gessler, Swiss tyrant, shot, 7831 . 

Gessner, M., suicide, 4642. 

, Salomon, b. (1730) ; paints Death of 

Abel, 11371; d. (1788). 

Gester invents air-gun, 7842. 

Geta, Publius Septimius, b.-d., 10642 ; 
murdered, 1065 3 . 

Getse, subdued, 10241 ; ravage Gr., 10301 . 

Getty, George Washington, b., 1281 ; N. of 
Rapidan. 232 1 ; on military board, 3221 . 

Gettysburg, Pa., Coll. fnd., 1403; battleof, 
2241; Lincoln'8 announcement, 2253; 
Nat. Cemetery cons., 2282, 2293; monu- 
ments dedicated, 3741, 3981,4081, 4201, 
4321,4331,4461. 

, Trolley road motion, 4612. 

Geurrazzi, Francesco D., works, 10871. 

Gewissas in Gwent, 8401 . 

Geyer, Florian, leader, killed, 7881 . 

Ohazni, Afg., est., 4871 ; a fine city, 53; 
Mohammed Jan, seizes, 61 ; enriched, 
4871 ; decline; falls, 4872; captured, 10421 . 

Ghazni, house of, reigns, 10432. 

Ghaznivides, taken, 10421 . 

Ghbzee-ud-deen, king of Oudh, 1047 2 . 

Ghent, Belg., besieged, 672i ; rebels, 5401 ; 
pacification of, 5412 ; Gazette van Ghent, 
issued, 5411; Leopold II. visits, 5451; 
taken, 540 1 . 542'; peace signed, 1223; 
treaty of, 5773 ; uniy. fnd., 5423 ; Jlessayer 
des Sciences historiqiies, 5443 ; socialism 
in, 5451,5481. 

Gherardi, Bancroft, rear-adm. (U. S. N.), 
3261 ; commands N. Atlantic squadron, 
3341 ; flag-ship, 3941 ; squadron sails, 
4261 ; retired, 4741 . 

Ghibellines, war against Guelfs,776i ; con- 
tention for crown, 7773. 

Ghiberti, Lorenzo, b.-d., 10762. 

Ghika, Gregoria, pr. of Moldavia, 11123. 

Ghilka, N., killed, 7483. 

Ghilzais help Ayoob ; attack Stewart, 61 ; 
defeat Ameers ; defeated; victors, 6 2 . 

Ghiyas-ud-din-Tughlak leads revolt, 10432. 

Gholab Singh d., 10483. 

Gholam Hussein Khan, gov., 63 ; at Kot 
tadab, 62 ; d., 10483. 

Hyder, commander ; reenforced, 6 2 ; 

gov., 71 . 

Gliur, Afghanistan,. subdued, 10421. 

( Ihurkhas, war with, 10461 . 

Giambelli. or Cianil>idli.I r e(lerigo,b., 10803. 

Giannoue, Pietro, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 

Giants, Battle of the, 6801 . 

Gibbes, Robert, governors. C, 573. 

, Wilson, b., 1161 ; d. (1866). 

Gibbets cut down, Eng., 9171 ; as land- 
marks, 8933. 

Gibbon, Edward, b., 9083 ; Decline and 
Fall of Roman Empire, 9211 ; d., 9263. 

, John, b., 1341 ; near Mattaponv 

River, 2103 ; north of Rapidan, 2321 . 

Gibbons, Gringling, b., S861-; d., 9062. 

, James, b., 1422 ; cons, archbp., 2622 ; 

a cardinal, 3223 ; circular letter, 3382 ; 
investigation, 3461 ; favors high license, 
3463; suit against Kingrose, 3702 ; cons, 
church, 3742 ; against women in politics, 
3782; ordains colored priest, 8961 ; Colum- 
bus proclamation, 4141 ; in Parliament 
of Religions, 438 1 . 

Gibbons, Orlando, b., 8742 ; music, 8701 ; 
d. (1685). 

, Sills John, lord mayor London, 975 3 . 

Gibbs, Alfred, d., 2641 . 

, Isaac L., governor Idaho, 2593. 

, James, b„ 8923 ; d. (1754). 

, Josiah Willard, b., 1022 ; d., 1922. 

, Michael, lord mayor London, 9492. 

, Montgomery, murdered, 4731 . 



Gibbs, Oliver Wolcott, b., 1302. 

, Sir Samuel, k. at New Orleans, 1223. 

, William C, governor R. I., 1293. 

Gibeonites deceive Joshua, 11413. 

Gib-lam, destroyed, 4S02. 

Long, dethroned ; d.,4811. 

Gibney, Matthew, cons. R. C. bp., 9962. 

Gibraltar, Saracens capture (712); taken 
from Jews ; taken by Moors ; Moors 
lose, 11201 ; Sp. fleet ruined, 11001 ; Brit. 
take, 6961; Sp. attacks, 9001; besieged, 
7041,9221; Brit, defeat Sp. and Fr. fleets, 
7041 ; yellow fever, 11311 ; bishopric est., 
9483; Bishop Sanford consecrated, 9742. 

Gibson, Ga.. Morn 1011 elder assaulted, 3611 . 

, N. B., fire, 5953. 

, A. G. S., cons, bishop, 10121 . 

, Alex., nom. for gov. R. I., 4011 . 

, Charles B., d., 2471 . 

, H., b., 1542. 

, Edmund, b., 8982 ; d. (1748). 

, Edward, Baron Ashbourne, b. (1837) ; 

minister 9933, 9953 ; i, or d Ashbourne's 
Act passes, 9951 . 

, Geo J., arrested, 3781. 

, Henry, lynched, 4723, 

, John, b. (1740) ; gov., 1192 ; d. (1822). 

, , b., 9243 ; w'ork, 9002 ; d., 9701 . 

— -, M. M., moderator, 3282. 

, Otis, fds. Chinese missions, 2642. 

, Randall Lee, b., 1401; near Orange 

Court House, 2102 ; d., 4181 . 

, Thomas Milner, b., 9331 ; censure mo- 
tion, 9632 ; minister, 9033,9692 ; d.(1884). 

, William Hamilton, b., 16S1. 

, H., agent, murdered, 2751 . 

Giddings, Joshua Reed, b., 1061 ; anti- 
slavery resolutions, 1552 ; d., 2351 . 

, Marsh, gov. N. Mex., 2772. 

Gidel, Charles Antoine, b., 7343. 

Gideon, defeats Midianitcs, 11421; over- 
throws altar, 11422 ; judges Israel ; de- 
livers Israel, 11431 . 

Girls issued, 11022. 

Gieseler, Johann Karl Ludwig, b., 80G 2 ; 
d., 8201. 

Giessen, University of; chartered, 793i ; 
transferred; removed, 7951 , 7971 . 

Giffard, steam-injector, 9622. 

, Sir Geo. M., Lord justice, 9733. 

, Sir Hardinge, minister, 9933, 9953. 

Gilford, Baron, title created, 9412. 

, Robert Swain, b., 1522 ; member 

Academy Arts, 3001 . 

, Sanford Robinson, b., 1302 ; subjects, 

1811,2681,2801,3001,3061; d.,3041. 

, William, b., 9143; works, 927 1;d., 9422. 

Glgault, Eniile de la Bedolliere, d., 7541 . 

Giger, Geo. Musgrave, b. (1822) ; d., 2481 . 

Gignoux, Franvois Regis, b., 7222 : d.,7522. 

Gigoux, Jean Francois, b., 7191 ; d., 7661 . 

Gigur, conquers Iceland, 10422. 

Gil Vicente, b.-d., 11092. 

Gilbert Islands, Brit, protectorate, 10092 ; 
gospel received, 10403. 

, Davies, b. (1767) ; pres. Royal Soc, 

9422 ; d. (1839). 

de Clare, in Barons' war, 853 3 . 

de la Porree, b.-d., 6682. 

, George, miser d., 3682. 

, Mrs. George II., b., 9402. 

, Sir Humphrey, b., 8682 ; work, 8751 ; 

voyage, 243, 252 ; in N. F., 243, 5712 ; 
charter, 571 2 ; expedition of colonists, 
252 ; shipwrecked, 253 ; d., 8742. 

, Sir John, b., 9382. 

, John Gibbs, b. (1810) ; d., 3402. 

, Joseph Henry, b., 9382. 

, Josiah, b., 9363. 

,MahlonNorris,b.(1848);cons.bp.,3242. 

, Marie Dolores Eliza Rosanna Lola 

Montez, b. (1818) ; in N.Y., 1681 ; d. (1861). 

, Motier, d.,7262. 

, Nicolas Joseph L., b., 7011; work, 

7052 ; d., 7051 . 

, Raleigh, colony in Me., 272. 

, Rufus Henry, I). (1832) ; d., 3202. 

, William, b.,8GS2 ; earth's magnetism, 

8741 ; electricity, 8702 ; d. (1603). 

, Schwenck, b., 9482 ; composes 

Mountebanks; 4161 ; Pinafore, 9841 ; pa- 
tience, 988 1 ; lolnntlic, 9901 . 

Gilberton, Pa., R.R. light, 4362. 

Gilboa, Mt., Saul defeated, 11421 . 

Gildas, De E.vci<li<> liritannice, 8403. 

Gilder, Richard Watson, b., 1562 ; works, 
2903, 3003,4442. 

, William H., b., 1183. 



1266 



Text Bigures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Gild-Glov. 



Gilder, Wm Henry, b., 148 2 ; Pclar expedi- 
tion starts, 324' ; returns, 326' ; d., 2312. 

Gildersleeve, Basil Launeau, b., 1382. 

Giles, Chauncey, b., 121'. 

, Henry, b., 116' ; d., 3102. 

, William, Branch, b., 733; gov. Va., 

1533 ; d., 1381 . 

Gilnllan, James, b. (1829) ; d., 478' . 

Gilhoolv, Nationalist, arrested, 1)983,1001'. 

Gilkesoh, Benj. L., in treas. dept., 3512. 

Gill, John, b., 9002 ; d., 9183. 

, Juan Bautista, pres., 11063. 

, Moses, gov. Mass., 1093. 

, Theodore Nicholas, b., 1482. 

, Thoinas P., arrives in Am., 3703. 

, William, d., 9822. 

, W. J., guilty of bribery, 4182. 

Gillain, Zaeharia, builds fort, 5732. 

Gillem, Gen. Alvan Cullem, b. (1830); at 
Greenville, 238' ; at Carroll Station, 2382. 
at Morristowii, 239' ; at Bull's Gap, 240' ; 
inMiss., 2.381 ; 4th Military District, 262' ; 
removed, 266' ; d. (1875). 

Gilles, Pierre, b.-d., 6783. 

Gillespie, Geo. de Normandie, b. (1819) ; 
eons. P. E. bp., 2863. 

, Thos..b. (17(1X1 ; deposed,913i;d.(1774). 

, Win. .Mitchell, b. (1816); d., 260'. 

Gillet, Charles W., b., 152'. 

Gillett, Fred. H., b., 16S2. 

Gillette, Wyo., raid, 419'. 

Gilliams, Jacob, b. (1784) ; d., 260' . 

Gilling, monastery erected, 8423. 

Gillis, Charles H., commodore, 326' . 

, Duncan, forms ministry, 4993. 

, James Melville, b., 1162 ; d., 2423. 

, John Pritchet, b. (1803) ; d., 2S22. 

Gillmore, Quincy Adams, b., 1322 ; at Ft. 
Pulaski, 206' ; near Somerset, 2202; com- 
mands Dept. South, 2222 ; at Morris 
Island, 2242 ; besieges Ft. Sumter, 225' , 
226' ; takes Fort Wagner and Battery 
Gregg, 2262 ; d., 330' . 

Gillooly, Lawrence, cons, bp., 9583. 

Gilman, murdered, 333 2 . 

, Arthur, b., 1482 , d. (1882). 

, C, defaulter, 3823. 

, Daniel Coit, b., 1382 ; Pres. Johns 

Hopkins University, 291'. 

-, John Taylor, b.,' 722 ; gov. N.H. 1053, 

1213 ; d. (1828). 

, Nicholas, b. (1814) ; d. 123' . 

, N. Paine, works, 3503, 3982. 

, Samuel, b. (1791) ; d., 184' . 

Gilmer, George Rockingham, b. (1790) gov. 
Ga., 1373, 1492 ; d. (1859). 

, Thomas Walker, gov., 153' ; k., 156' . 

Gilmor, Harry, b., 14S 2 ; at Mooretield, 
242' ; d. (1883). 

Gilmore, James Roberts, b., 130 2 . 

, Joseph Albree, b. (1S11); gov. N. H., 

i2293 ; d., 256' . 

, Patrick Sarsiiehl, b. (1S29) ; at Peace 

Jubilee, 266 1 , 278' ; d., 4161 . 

Gilmour, Richard, b. (1824); eons, bp.,2762 ; 
suspends Dr. Quigley,3423 ; in Cleveland, 
3461; d., 3801. 

Gilpin, archdeacon, dean, 5862. 

, Henry D., b. (1S01) ; Atty-Gen., 1531 ; 

d. (18G0). 

Gilroy, Thoinas F., mayor of N. Y., 4212. 

Gil y Zarate, Antonio, b.-d., 11302. 

Gindely, Anton, b., 5202 ; d. (1892). 

Ginghilovo, battle at, 6001 . 

Ginguene, Pierre Louis, b., 7053 ; d., 7222. 

Ginji, India, taken, 10441,2. 

Ginkel, Godard van, b.-d., 11003. 

Gin-law enacted, Eng., 9092. 

Gioberti, Vincenzo, b., 10843 ; work, 10S71 ; 
d., 10863. 

Gloja, Melchoir, b. (1767); d., 10862. 

Giollitti.Siguor, premier; on bank scandal, 
10902. 

Giordani, Pietro, b., 10842 ; d., 10863. 

Giordano, Luca, b., 10823 ; paints Hercu- 
les, 10822 ; d„ 10831 . 

Giorgione, Giorgia Barbarelli, b., 10783 ; 
d., 10802. 

Giornale d>r/li Eruditi, issued, 10902. 

slorio dt/la L< tttratura, 1O90 2 . 

Giotto, or Giotto di Bondone, b.-d., 10762. 

Giovio, Paolo, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. 

Gipps, Sir George, gov., 4953. 

, William, murderer, 4743. 

Gippsland, mission, 4963. 

Gipsies, in Fr.,677i ; prohibited, Eng., 8692. 

Gipsy moth, in Mass., 3553. 

Giraldus Cambrensis, b.-d., 8502. 

Girard, Charles, b., 1302. 



Girard, Gabriel, b., 6923 ; d., 7003. 

, Philippe H.. spinning-iiiachine, 5202. 

, Stephen, fud., b.,662; Coll. endowed, 

1632 ; d., 1382. 

College opened, 1632. 

Girardin, Madame de Delphine Gay, b., 
7151 ; works, 7251 , 7271 ; d. 7322. 

, Emllede, b.,7163; libel, 7371; d. (1881). 

Girardon, Francois, b., 6SG3 ; d., 6971 . 

Giraud, Charles, d., 7621 . 

, Jos. Bartlielemi, b.,7143; d., 7522. 

Girls' Friendly Society, find, in Am., 2983 ; 
in Eng., 983'. 

Girodet-Trioson, Anne L.,b., 7031 ; d.,7242. 

Giron, Francisco Hernandez, b. (1505) ; at 
Chuquingua ; at Pucara ; at Lima, 22 1 ; 
leader, 232 ; executed, 221 , 232 ; d. (1554). 

Girondists, conspicuous, 7083 ; [ n power, 
709' ; fall of, 7093 ; beheaded, 7111 . 

Girton College, Eng., opd., 9783. 

Glsborne, Fred. New ton, b., (1824); d.,594'. 

Gisela, princess, b., 5242. 

Giskra, Karl, b. (1S70) ; d., 5302. 

Gisors, Fr., Battle of, 8501 . 

Gist, Christopher, in Q.,673. 

, Wm. H., gov. S. C, 1S52. 

Gitschin, Bohemia, battle at, 8241. 

Giudiei, Paolo Emiliani.b., 10851 ; d.,10SS2. 

Giuliani, Gianbattista. 1... 10X62; d., 10901 . 

Giulio, Romano, b., 10783 ; paints Jlohi 
Family, 10801 ; d., 10803. 

Giusti, Giuseppe, b., 10S51; work, 10871; 
d., 10S63. 

Gi List iniani, Agostino Pantaleone,b. (1470) ; 
polyglot psalter, 10813 ; d. (1536). 

Gizeh, Egy., Aahnies mummy in, 6491. 

Gjellerup, Karl Adolf, b., 6403. 

Giabrio, Manias Acilius, in Epirus, 1055' . 

Glaciers, discovered by Mark Kerr ; by 
Prof. Russell, 368'; field discovered in 
Ida., 4122 ; period ; discourse, 8141 . 

Gladden, Washington, b., 1462 ; Plain 
Thoughts, 2643. 

Glade Springs, Southwest Va. Inst, fnd., 
3143. 

Gladiators, first show, 10531; at funerals, 
10532; combats suppressed, 10691,10713. 

Gladsden, Chris. Edwards, cons, bp., 1503. 

Gladstone, Sir Thoinas, d., 10001 . 

, William Ewart, b., 9343 ; in Pari., 

9472; minister, 9512, 9533, 9591, 
9593,9633,9691; resigns, 9611 ; works, 
9623,9723, 9762, 9791,9811, 9843, 10083; 
Reform bill, 9692 ; purl. Representation 
Bill, 9712 ; prime minister ; ministry, 
9731 ; Liberal leader ; resigns, 9773, 9792; 
Berlin Treaty, 9832 ; premier, 9852 ; to 
affirm oaths, 9853 ; procedure rules, 9891 ; 
intro. New Reform Bill, 9932 ; ministry, 
resigns, 9933, 9952 ; Home Rule Bill ; 
IrishPolicy disapproved; ministry, 9952; 
restores ancient cross, Edinburgh, 9953 ; 
motion rejected, 9973 ; G. Library opd., 
9983 ; Home Rule speech ; golden wed- 
ding, 10011; favors disest. Scotch Ch., 
10022 ; birthday eel., 10023 ; motion on 
address, 10032 ; against Parnell, 10053 ; 
lecture at Oxford Univ., IOO82 ; adminis- 
tration; electoral majority, 1009 2 ; life 
endangered, 10103 ; Home Rule Bill in- 
tro., 10111; resigns, 10112 ; declines to 
visit U. S. A., 4673 ; statue, 4321 . 

, William Henry, d., 10061 . 

Glaire, Jean Baptists, b., 713'; d., 752'. 

Glaisher, James, b., 9402. 

Glaneur Misx'tonuairt: issued, 5443. 

Glanvill, Joseph, b., 8822 ; d., 8942. 

, Ranulf de, d., 8502. 

Glarus, Switz., Are, 11383. 

Glas, John, b., 9002 ; fnds.Glassites,9083; 
d., 9183. 

Glasyow, attacks Com. Hopkins squadron, 
822' ; captured, 842. 

, Scot., see erected, 8403, 8642, 9083 ; 

inundated, 842' ; Cathedral begun, 8503; 
a borough, 8512; Univ. fnd., 8623 ; char- 
tered, 8633, .8751 ; library fnd., 8642 ; Fac- 
ultyofPhysici:ms and Surgeons, 8762; bp. 
cons., 878 3 ; independence, X793 ; royal 
burgh, SS33; fire, 8893; G. Courant, 9043; 
calico printing, 9102 ; plundered, 9112 ; 
mathematical instruments 9142 ; thea. 
ter opd., 917i ; G. Herald, 923i ; Cham- 
ber of Commerce fnd., 9233; Walter Stir- 
ling's library, fnd., 9251 ; intro. of spin- 
ning machinery, 9262; Anderson's Univ- 
fnd., 9271 ; Trades' Hall built, 9273 ; 
G. Philosophical Soc. fnd., 9302; theater 
burned, 9453 ; last lottery drawn ; strike, 



947i ; Maitland Club fud., 9491 ; Father 
Mathew visits, 951 1 ; telegraph in, 9513: 
statue of Wellington, 9521; Bible in 
raised characters ; North British l)aily 
Mail, 9543; fire-alarm panic, 9553; Loch 
Katrine water-works opd., 963 3 ; statue 
of Pr. Albert, 96S1 ; Industrial Exposi- 
tion opd. ,9693; buildingsest.,9722; Tech- 
nical Coll. est., 9743; Albert Bridge begun, 
Nelson launched, 9801 ; Campbell statue; 
New Stock Exchange opened ; Burns 
statue, 9821; colliery explosion, 9833, 
9973 ; freedom to Gen. Grant ; new 
Queen's Dock opd., 9833 ; J. Hannay 
makes diamonds, 9S4i ; Theater Royal 
burned, 985 3 ; improvements, 9931 ; panic 
in theater, 9933 ; new municipal build- 
ings opd., 9981 ; Bp. Harrison cons., 9983; 
Inter. Exhibition opd., 9993 ; strike, 
10003 ; factory wall falls, 10013 ; dock 
laborers strike, 10031 ; R. R. meu strike, 
10052 ; b. R. accident, 10053 ; cholera 
panic, 10093. 

Glasgow, Mo., Lewis Coll. opd., 2543 ; 
Morrison observatory fnd., 2861. 

, E. of, title created, 903' . 

Glass, Commander Henry, promoted capt., 
4481. 

used by Chinese, 6462 ; used in Eng., 

3502; manufactured in Eng., 8721 ; elec- 
trical machine invented, 9161 ; windows, 
10622, 8421; first factory in Am., 931; 
generating electricity, 8941 ; harmonia 
inv.,8041 ; lenses arranged, 8741 ; puiuting 
on, in Ger., 7742 ; plate-g., made, 8922. 

Glassblowers conven. ; leave Knights of 
Labor, 3882. 

, U. S., Company founded, 3893. 

cutters, in Ger., 7762. 

Glassites fnded., 9083. ' 

Glastonbury Abbey built ; rebuilt, 8423 ; 
destroyed, 854 1. 

Glatz, Prus., ceded, 515 2 ; taken, 8021. 

Glauber, Johann R., b., 7923; d., 7963. 

Glaucia, C. Servilius, leader. 10573. 

Glaueus, b., 10162; w-elds iron, 10142. 

Glaudi, Bernard, convicted, 3831. 

Glavalicero, insurrection, 5301 . 

Gleason, Patrick, mayor, sentenced, 3703. 

Gleditseh, Johann G.,'b., 7983; d., 8043. 

Glcir/tiuit suppressed, 5322. 

Gleig, George, b., 9123 ■ d. (1839). 

, Robert, b., 9283; d., 9982. 

Gleim, Johann Wilhelni I.udwig, b. (1719) ; 
works, 80H , S031 , 8051 ; d. (1803). 

Glencoe, massacre of, 9003. 

Glencoe explodes, 171 a . 

Glen Cove, N. Y., P. O. robbery, 4663. 

Echo, Nat. Chautauqua opens, 3849. 

, James, gov. S. C, 653. 

Glendale -Mills burned, Mass., 3953. 

, Va., battle of, 2092. 

Glendalough, see of, erected, 8422. 
Glendower, Owen, b. d.,8582; rebellion of, 

8001 , 8613; treaty with Fr., 8613. 
Glenn, Wm., miss, to Persia, 11071 . 
Glens Falls Paper Co., stock, 4332 ; Whlt- 

temore outrage, 471 1 . 
Glenthorn, mission, 598 2 . 
Glenville, W. Va., Normal Sc. opd., 2823. 
Gleyre, Gabriel, Illusions Lost, 7281 . 
Gli< hezari, Heinrich der, poem, 7783. 
Glick, Geo. W., gov. Kan., 3152. 
Gliddon, Geo. Robbins, b., 1161; d., 180>. 
Glinka, Feodor, b., 11162 ; d., 11201. 
Glisson, Francis, b., 8762; d. (1677), 8942. 

, Oliver S., b., 1161 ; d., 3721 . 

Globe Tavern, Va., action at, 2372. 
Glogau, Silesia, captured, 5141 , 8001. 
Gloiieux, A. J., cons. R. C. bp., 3202. 
Gloriosa Island, Fr. possess, 7633. 
Gloucester, Eng., Romans in, 8391 ; Abbey 

fnd., 8423 ; Abbey burned, 8473 • pari. 

meets, 8611; see erected, 8683; besieged, 

8841 ; -wall demolished, 8901 ; Cathedral 

musicrendered,9Ui;i ; li 1st Sunday school, 

9223. 

and Berkeley canal, Eng., 9421. 

■ , D. of, d., 9013. (See Humphrey and 

Woodstock, Thomas.) 

, Earl of. (See Robert.) 

, Mass., first Univ. Ch., 932; fishing 

schooners lost, 3213 ; anniversary, 415 2 . 

Glover, John, at Mount Zion, Mo., 2021 . 

, , brig.-gen., b. (1732) ; commis- 
sioned, 861 ; d. (1797). 

, Sir John Hawley, b. (1829) ; gov. N. 

F., 11032; d.,5841. 

, Richard, b., 9042; d., 9223. 



Glov-Goor. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDrL«X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1267 



Gloversville, N. Y., strike, 3231 . 

Gluck, Johann Christoph von, b., 7983 ; 

Orfeo ed Euridicc, 517 ' ; Iphit/e/iie en Tan- 
ride, 7052, inv. harmonica, 1)102; d.,8043. 
Gluoksburg, House of (Den.), reigns, 6412. 
Glundubh, king Niall, defeated, 8442. 
Glycerine discovered, 11342. 
Glycerius reigns, 10712. 
Glyn, Geo. Grenfell, Baron Wolverton, 

postmaster-gen., 9951; Postman's Best, 

9963; d.,9962. 

, Miss.d., 10001. 

Glvnne, Sir John, chief justice, 8892. 
Gmelin, Johann (1., b., 798=; d.,8023. 

, Samuel G., b., 8003; d., 804i. 

Gnadendal, mission, 597 1 . 
Gnatohg, Asia, attacked, 9981. 
Gnauth, Gustav A., b., 8143. 
Gneisenau, Ct. August Xeithardt, von,b., 

8023; d., 8142. 
Gneist, Rudolph, b., 8121 . 
Gnupsson, Erie, bishop, 111, 10381; seekB 

Vinland, 122. 
Goa, India, conquered, 10433. 
Goats, Angora, Alpaca, raising, fails, 2601 . 
Gobat, Samuel, b. (1799) ; missionary in 

Abyssinia, 12 ; d. (1879). 
Gobazye, Abyssinia, defeated, 21 . 
Gobelin, Jean, tapestry, (SHU ; d. (1476). 
Gohcrta, asteroid, discovered, 7601. 
Gobi, China, exploring expedition, 11201 . 
Goblet, Bene, minister, 7532, 7552,3, 7571 . 
God bless the Kiiuj, vocalized, 8781 . 
Go-Daigo, reigns, 10912. 
God Sore the kin;/, composed, 8783. 
Goddard, Bouverie, d., 9941 . 
Godebert, king of Italy, 10731. 
Godefroi, Denis, b., 6822; d., 6863. 
Godefroy, Frederic, b., 7242. 
Goderich, Viscount. (Sec Robinson.) 
Godey, Louis Antoiue, b. (1804) ; d., 2982. 
Godfrey, the Bearded, marries, 1075 3 ; in 

war of succession, 7742. 
de Bouillon, b.-d., 1st crusade, 6683 ; 

K. of Jerusalem, 0i)!j2. 11552; est. Assize 

of Jerusalem, 1155 1 . 
— — , Sir Edmundbury, murdered, 8943. 
, Thomas, b., 0112'; reflecting quadrant, 

631 ; Prince •>/ Pnrthia, 741 ; d., 662. 
Godjani, Abyssinia, rebels, 3 2 
Godkin, Edwin Laurence,!}.. 1382; arrested, 

3562 ; libel suit, 4023. 
Godman, John D., b. (1794) ; d., 1381 . 
Godollo, Hung., battle at, 5222. 
Godolphin, Earl of, b.,8822; council, 8952; 

minister, 8992 ; ministry, 9032. 
Godongwana, celibate army, 5971 . 
Godoonof, Boris, b.-d., 11142. 
Godthaab, mission station, 10381 . 
Godwin, E. of Wessex, 8472; rebels, exiled, 

returns ; d., 83G2. 

, George, d., 9962. 

, Gen., Sir Henry Thomas, b. (1784); 

in Burmese war, 10462; d. (1853). 
, Mrs., Marv Wollstonecraft, b., 9143 ; 

works, 9263; d., 9283. 

, Parke, b., 1242; works, 1703, 20H . 

.William, b., 9143; works, 9271,9423; 

d., 9462. 
Godyn, Samuel, Indian purchase, 331 . 
Goe, Field Flowers, cons, bp., 9962. 
Goeben, Gen. von, at b. of Forbach, 738 1 ; 

nearBapaume, 7431 ; at St.Quentin, 7441 . 
Goederwacht, mission, 6023. 
Goes, Hugo van der, b.-d., 5392. 
, — , Johaun Antonides van der, b.-d., 

11003; Ijstroom, 11012. 

, Pedro de, captaincy, 5532. 

Goesbriand, Louis De, cons. R.C. bp., 1723; 

golden jubilee eel., 3642. 
Goethals, Hendrik, b.-d., 5392. 

, Paul, cons, archbp., 9822. 

Goethe, Johann Wolfgang von, b., 8003 ; 

works, 8041 , 8051 , 8071 , 8091 , 8111 1 8132, 

8151; d. (1832), 8142. 
Goetwater, John E., New Amsterdan,402. 
Goff, John W., fined, 4242 ; Counsel for 

Lexow Com., 4523; recorder, 4732. 
, Nathan, b. (1843) ; sec. navy, 3072 ; 

gov. W. Va., 3372, 3492; majority, 3531 . 
Goffe, Win., h. (1605) ; in Boston, 41i ; refu- 
gee, 413, 423; defends Ha. 1 lev, Mass., 461 ; 

d. (1679). 
Gogo, E. Afr., mission, 10471. 
Gogol, Nikolai Vasilievitch, b., 11163 ; 

Dead Souls, 11171 ; d., 11182. 
Gogra, E. I. Co. agency, 10443. 
Gohier, Louis Jerome, b. (1746) ; Revolu- 
tion of 30th Prairial, 7133 ; d. (1830). 



Gohlson, R. D., gov. Wash., 2032. 

Goito, Italy, battle, 5221 . 

Golconda, India, conquered, 10441. 

Gold-beating invented, 7762. 

Coast, W. Afr. (see text p. 1161), 

settled, 8812; acquired, 9773. 

discovered in Arrowrock, Ark., 3361 , 

4061 ; in Ariz., 3561 , 4093; at Bahia, 221 , 
233 ; in Brazil, 232, 533 ; in Cal., 2681, 
3461 ; in Colo., 1841 , -2993, 4001 , 4421 ; in 
Dak. ,2541; in Ecuador, 6433; inGa.,433, 
3022 ; in Haiti, 141 , 153 ; in Iowa, 4781 ; 
in Ind., 3441, 4501 ; in Ind. Ter., 3361, 
3481,3701; In Kan., 4021; in Labrador, 
242; in Mich., 3641 , 4241 , in N. J., 3361 ; 
in N. Mex., 4501 ; in Ore., 1713; in R. I., 
4181 ; in S. Dak., 2841 , 3681 , 3701 ; in 
Tenn.,430i ; in Tex., 3921 ; in Utah, 4541 ; 
nVenez.,202; in Wvo.,2601, 3361,4621; 
n Va., 3361 ; dis. in Australia, 4942, 4973, 
4981; in Canoonan, 4961 ; in Echunga ; 
in Melbourne ; in Meroo Creek ; in 
N. S. Wales ; in Summerhill Creek, 4901 ; 
in Bendigo Fields; in Tatutpa, 4981, 
in Coolgardie, 5001 ; at Bahia, Braz., 
5522 • duties on, 558 3 ; in Minas, Goyaz, 
and Cuyaba, 5523 ; in Brit. Columbia, 
5801 • diggers ; Brit. Am., 5813 ; in Nova 
Scotia, 581 3 ; Princess Ledge, Can., 5881; 
Hastings Co., Can., 5821 ; in Cape Colony, 
5981 ; hi Iquique, 6063; in Canton, 624* ; 
in Ire., 10021 ; in Wales, 10061 ; in Peru, 
11093; in Port., 11113; in Malacca, 11242; 
in Uruguay, 11602. 

dis. in coal, 1622 ; deposited in mint, 

1653 ; dollars are coined, 1673 ; produc- 
tion in 1849, 1673 ; s tock Co. org., 2593 ; 
premium for, 207 3 , 2373 ; price rises in 
panic, 2673 ; payments, to bondholders, 
2991 ; without premium, 3013 ; shipment 
refused, 381 1 ; through train with, 4133 ; 
European shipments', 4233; reserve bonds 
for, 4251 ; reserve low, 4273, 4412, 4613, 
4633, 4671 ; shipment to Eur., 4313, 4773; 
certificates suspended, 4292,3 ; offer of 
Baltimore Bank, 4292; reserve increased, 
4353 ; receipts large ; payments ; pre- 
mium, 4372 ; export conf., 4633 ; bonds 
purchased, 475 2 ; at premium, 477 2 ; de- 
posit in suh-treas., 4773 ; G e r. standard. 
8371; coin appears in Eng., 8551; pre- 
mium Argentine, 4923 ; prosperity by, 
Braz., 5533 ; revenue, Aust., 4972. 

Dust, explosion on, 3113. 

fulminating, discovered, 7842. 

wire made, 10762. 

Goldbeck, Anna M., b., 1421 . 

Golden City, Colo., Indus. School est.,309i . 

City, burned, 3113. 

Gate, Cal., improved, 2733; City of New 

York ashore, 4432 ; Park, Key's monu- 
ment, 3321 ; needy men, 3543. 

Golden Age, Chinese, 6111 , 6122, 6I31 . 

Gate, burned, 2113. 

Bull, issued, 7833. 

Chain Order; statistics, 4463. 

Fleece, order of, est., 6771 . 

Horde of Tartars ; conquests in Rus., 

11141, 11151. 

League, formed, 11372. 

number discovered, 1021 1 . 

period, Saracenic empire, 4853 ; of 

Rome, 10611. 

Rule, issued, Boston, 2883. 

Goldfish brought to Eng., 8993. 

Goldman, Emma, arrested, 4362. 

Goldoni, Carlo, b. (1707) ; works, 10851 ; d., 
10843. 

Goldsborough, N. C, action at, 2163; Gen. 
Sehoiield occupies, 2303 ; Confeds. re- 
pulsed; Federals occupy, 2441 ; Sherman 
at, 2442, 3; asylum for insane opd., 3071 ; 
colored normal school opd., 3283. 

Goldsborough, Lewis M., b., 1122 ; Hat- 
teras expedition. 2022; takes Roanoke 
Island, 2041; d.,294i. 

Goldschmidt, Hermann, b., 8082 ; dis. 
planets, 7321 ; d., 8243. 

, Levin, b., 8142. 

, Meyer Aaron, b., 6382 ^ d., 6421 . 

, Madame. (See Lind, jenny.) 

Goldsmid, Sir F., explorer, 10932. 

, Sir Francis H., lawyer, 9471; fnds. 

Jewish Infant School, 9503. 

, Isaac Lvon, made baronet, 9512. 

Goldsmith. Oliver, b., 908 1 ; works, 9163, 
9192; d., 9191 ; statue, 9662. 

Goldsmiths' Co. formed, London, 8573. 

Goldstucker, Theodor, b., 8122; d., 8281 . 



Goldsworthy, Roger T., gov., 5643. 

Goldzier, Julius, b., 1741 . 

Golembeski, Jean, d., 7302. 

Goliath of Gatli killed by David, 11421. 

Gollhein, battle of, 7821 . 

Golovnin, Vasilli Mikhailovitch, b., 11162; 

d., 11163. 
Goltmark, Karl, b., 5202. 
Goltz, Hermann von der, b., 8143. 
Goluchowiski, gov. of Galicia, 5272. 
Gomarios, leader Gr. insurrection, 10353. 
Gomarus, Francis, b.-d., 10983. 
Gombauld, Jean O., b., 6823; works, 6872; 

d., 6903. 
Gomberville, Marin le Roy de, b. (1600) ; 

works, 6872, 0903; d. (1674). 
Gomez, Estevan, b.-d., 11092 ; explorer, 

191,5701. 

, Lorenzo de, discoverer, 551 1 . 

Gomorists, dissensions with Arminians, 

11011. 
Gomorrah and Sodom, destroyed, 1140 2 . 
Gomot, M., minister, 755 2 . 
Gompers, Sam.,Pres. Am. Fed. Labor,4462. 
Gomperz, Theodor, b., 8142. 
Goncalvez Diaz, Antonio, b.-d., 5542. 
Goncourt, de, French Society, 758 2 . 
Gonda Gouddi, battle, 21 . 
Gondesa, action at, 11321 . 
Gondicar, converted to Christianity, 663' . 
Gondola. Giovanna, a., 5102; d., 5123. 
Gongaza, Eleonora de, Star of Cross, 513 1 . 
Gongora, Luis de, Comedies, 11292. 

y Argote, Luis, b.-d., 11282. 

Gondi, Jean Francois I'aul de (Cardinal 

de Retz), b. (1614) ; works, G911 , 6883; d. 

(1679). 
Gondwana mission, 104S3. 
Gonin, Joachim H., cons, bp., 9603. 
Gonjon, Jean, b., 6802. 
Gontault, Charles de, conspires against 

Henry IV. of Fr.; tried, sentenced, 6873. 
Gonthier, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7922. 
Gontran, ot Burgundy, d., 6642. 
Gonville Hall College, fnd., 8583 ; en- 



Gonzaga, Antonio de Guill y, gov., 6053. 

, Gen. Ferdinand, b. (1506) ; at For- 

nova, 6782; d. (1557). 

, Thomas Antonio, b.-d., 5542. 

Gonzagas family rules in Mantua, 10773. 

Gonzago College, Ky., org., 1311 . 

Gonzalez, Juan G., elected pres., 11603. 

, Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232. 

, Gen. Ramon, defeats Indians, 5502. 

.Manuel, b.-d., 109(12; president, 10971. 

Gooch, Daniel, b. (1810); knighted, 9691; 
d., 10001. 

, Sir W., b. (1681) ; gov., 613; d. (1751). 

Good Xeirs launched. 10941. 

Good, John Mason, b., 9162; d., 9423. 
-==-Government Conference, Phila.,4502. 

Parliament rules, Eng., 8593. 

Roads Conven., Asbury Park, 4642. 

Templars. (See Independent Order of.) 

Goodall, Frederick, b., 9403. 

Goode, Bernard, in P. Dept., 4472. 

, George Brown, b., 1682 

, William, b. (1800); d., 2561 . 

Goodel, William, b., 1362; d. (1867). 

Goodell, David H., gov. N. H., 3492. 

, Lavinia, rejected Wis. Bar, 2911. 

Gooderham, Wm, d., 5893. 

Goodnight, Isaac H., b., 166'. 

Goodrich, Chauncey Allen, b., 1022 ; re- 
vises Webster's Die, 1863; d., 1861. 

, , clergyman, d., 260 2 . 

, Eliztir, b.,'622; d. (1797). 

, Sam. Griswold, b., 1042; d. (1860). 

, Thomas, b. (1480); keeper of seal; 

high chancellor, 8712; d. (1554). 

Goodsel, Daniel A., elected bp., 3302. 

, Dr., mission at Constantinople, 11563. 

Goodwin, Harvey, cons. bp.,9G63 ; d., 10062. 

, Ichabod, b'. (1796) ; gov. N. H., 187' ; 

d. '1882). 

, John A., gov. Ariz., 2292. 

, Nat. C, b., 1801 . 

, Thomas, b., 8762; d., 9842. 

, William Watson, b., 1382. 

Goodwood, Eng., races started, 9313. 

Goodyear, Chas., b., 10S 2 ; patents vul- 
canized rubber, .1501 ; d., 1902. 

, W. H., Roman and Medieval Art, 

4783. 

Gookin, Charles, gov. Pa., 573. 

, Daniel, b. (1612) ; in Worcester, Mass., 

433; d. (1687). 

Goorkhas, war against, 6161 , 9361 . 



1268 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DJc,X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Goor-Grah. 



Goorneh, mission, 657' . 

Goossens, archbp., cons, cardinal, 5461. 

Gooty, Madras mission, 10471. 

Goppert, Heinrich R., b., 807' ; d., 8302. 

Gorakhpur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; mis- 
sion, 10483. 
Gorboduo, first tragedy, 8721. 

Gorce, M. de la, Second Empire, 766' . 

Gordianus I., Marcus Antonius, b.-d. t 
10642; revolts, 10653; reigns, 10293, 10653; 
commits suicide, 10653, 

II., Marcus Antonius, b.-d., 10642 ; 

reigns, 10293 ; appointed coregent ; 
killed, 10653. 

III., Marcus Antonius Pius, b.-d., 

10642; reigns, 10293,1067'; defeats Per- 
sians, 10661. 

Gordon, Sir Alexander H., d., 10022. 

, Andrew, electrical cylinder, 9102. 

, Arthur Hamilton, b. (1829) ; gov. 

Can., 5792 ; gov. India, 10491 . 

, Charles George, b., 9462; org. Chinese 

army, 620 2 ; meets Li Hung Chang, 6221 ; 
atKintang ; Sooshoo ; Chahgchow ; Nan- 
king, 6202; resigns, 6021 ; in Sudan, 6582, 
6593, 6G01 ; gov. in Kgv., 651H ; killed, 6602, 
994»; statues, 9981. 

— -, Col., in duel, 9231. 

, DavidS., commissioned colonel, 4001 . 

, Duke of, title created, S93 2 . 

— — , George, Lord, b., 9122 ; fanatic in 
H. C, 9213; riots ; prisoner, d.,9212. 

, Hamilton, E. of Aberdeen, b., 

9223 ; minister, 9433, 9473, 9512; admin- 
istration, 9591 ; d., 9642. 

, Henry, b., 1322 ; south of Rapi- 

dan, 2321 ; captures Fort Si .'adman, 2442; 
at Petersburg, 2443 ; at Amelia Court- 
House, 245i . 

, N". (See Byron, Lord.) 

— -, Gen., killed at Yellow Tavern, 2331 . 

, , killed at Winchester, 23S 2 . 

, J. E. H., dynamo machine, 9901 , 

, J. H., memorial to, 600 3 . 

, John B., b., 1401 ; gov. Ga,, 3252. 

, Campbell Hamilton, E. of Aber- 
deen, b. (1847) ; lord-lieut., 995 1 ; gov.- 
gen. Can., 5952, 10112. 

, Julien, Successful Man, 3962. 

, J. Wright, gov'. Mich., 1552. 

, Lord, created peer for life, 9813. 

, Nathaniel, slaver, hanged, 2052. 

, Patrick, b. (1635) ; gov., 613 ; d. (1699). 

, Win., cons. R. C. bp., 10042. 

, Viscount of, title created, 937 2 . 

Cuinming. Constance F., b., 9482. 

, Sir Win., Chief, Highland Asso., 

3883 ; married ; baearat scandal, 10063. 

Gordonia, asteroid, discovered, 7601. 

Gore, Catherine Grace Frances Moody, 
b., 9283; d., 9642. 

, Christopher, b. (1758), gov. Mass., 

1172; d. (1827). 

, Francis, gov. Can., 5772, 3. 

— — , John, chief justice, 9172. 

Goree recovered by Fr., 7053. 

Gorgas, Josiah, h.\ 1262; d. (1883). 

, , editor, 1422. 

Gorgasus decorates temples, 10502. 

Gori/enus'r<d/rri/ of Gallant In rentions,&75*. 

Gorges, Sir Ferdinando, b. (1565+) ; effort 
in Mass., 292; in N.H., 311 ; gov., 352; d. 
(1647). 

Gorgey, Arthur, b., 5202; at Gtidiillo, 5222; 
surrenders, 5223; treachery, 5232. 

Gorgias, b.-d., 10191 ; at Ashdod, 11481 . 

Gorm the Old, persecutes Christians ; en- 
throned ; enlarges kingdom, 6352. 

Gorman, Arthur P.,b., 1502; attacks pres., 
4671 ; nominated for pres., 409 2 ; resolu- 
tion, 4271 . 

, John Berry, b. (1793); d., 2411 . 

, J. S., b., 1681. 

, Willis Arnold, b. (1814); gov. Minn., 

1751; d. (1876). 

Gormanston, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

Gormanstown, Vise, gov. Guiana, 10393. 

Gornij Dubnik, battle at, 5661 , 

Gbrres, Jakob Joseph von, b., 8041 ; work, 
d., 8162. 

Gorringe, Henry Honeychurch, b. (1841); 
d., 3202. 

Gorsianus I., defeated, 10661 . 

Gorst, John E., minister, 9933. 

Gort, Viscount, title created, 9372. 

Gortmanston, Vise, of, title created, 8643. 

Gorton, David Allyn, Monism of Men, 4783. 

, Samuel, b., 262 ; heretic, 342 • ex- 
pelled, 362 ; gov. R.I., 392 ; d., 463. 



Gortschakoff, Alexander, b., 11162 ; at 
Cong, of Berlin, 8311; prime minister, 
11192 ; chancellor, 11193 ; d., 11201. 

, Michael, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Goschen, George Joachim, b., 9442 ; min- 
ister, 9731 , 9972 ; education grant, 10072; 
protection scheme, 6591 ; L # admiralty, 
9753; on Grand Commission 9912 

Gosf ord, Earl, title created, 931 1 . 

, Earl of, gov. -gen.; offers reward, 579 2. 

Goshen, Lnd., train robbers, 4443. 

mission, Cape Colony, 59S3. 

Gosnold, Barth., in Mass., 26' , 271 ; d., 262. 

Gospel Magazine, London, issued, 9171 . 

Gosport, Va., navy-yard burned, 902, 2071 . 

Goss, Wm. H., B.C. archbp., Ore., 3202. 

, W. S., murder of, 2871 . 

Gosse, Edmund William, b., 9542. 

, Philip Henry b. (1810) ; d., 9982. 

Gossler, von, minister, hospital gift, 8343; 
anti-clerical, 8351 ; resigns, 8353. 

Gossner Miss. Society, confirmed, 8162. 

Gosson.Step., b.(1554); work, 875 1 ; d. (16231. 

Got, Francois Jules Edmond, b., 7242. 

Goteborg, missionary soc. org., 11361. 

Gotefend, George F., d., 8201 . 

Gothic architecture in England, S392, 8442, 
8462, 8541 . 

language displaced, 11252. 

Soc. of Stockholm, fnd., 11362. 

Goths, war with Romans, 5021 ; in Dacia, 
10641 , 10652 ; Romans pay tribute, 10653; 
invade Roman empire, KilUi , 10661 ; rav- 
age Ger.; in Asia M., 10661 ; invade Ger., 
7681 ; destroy Greece, 1U282; takeAthens, 
10661, 10293; defeated at Naissus, 10522; 
in Greece, 10281 , 2; defeat Valens, 10282; 
Iioni. citizens, 10_'113 ; peace with Rinnans; 
war with Rome, 1068 1, 10701; m Sp., 
11251,3; settle in Mcesia, 7692; revolt, 
10693 ; female contempt for men, 7703 ; 
revolt; defeat Aetius; defeated, 10701 ; 
expelled, Hung. ,5031 ; West Goths, under 
Witterie.Guiideinar. 7712; invade Sicily, 
10301 ; in Italy, 10693 ; destroy Milan ; 
Narses defeats, 10702 ; East kingdom 
falls ; against Swedes, 11341 , 11351 . 

Gott, John, consecrated bp., 1006 2 . 

Gottfried of Ghemen, collection of prov- 
erbs, sets up press, 6363. 

of Strasburg, Tristan and Isolde, 778 3 . 

Gottingen, Prus., Zeitungen con gelehrte 
Sachsen, issued, 801 1 ; 1st telegraph, 8141 , 

, Univ. of, est., 801 1 ; Bismarck a stu- 
dent, 8151 ; banishes professors, S152. 

Gottschalk, the monk, b.-d., 772 2 ; con- 
demned, 6662. 

, Louis Moreau, b., 1362 ; d., 2681 . 

Gottschall, Rudolph, b., 8122; works, 8163, 
8183, 8303, 8362. 

Gottsched, Johann, b., 7983 ; works, koos, 
8011; d., 8023. 

Gotz, Hermann, b., 8143 ; d., 82S2. 

, Johann Nieolaus, b. (1721) ; translates 

Anacreon, 801 1 ; d. (1781). 

Gouffe, murderer, confesses, 7603. 

Gougeard, M., minister, 7532. 

Gougli, Viscount, title created, 9511. 

, Viscount Hugh, b., 9203 ; at Jelala- 

bad, 61 ; defeats Sikhs, 10461 , 2 ; a t Can- 
ton, 6162 ; d., 9722. 

, John Bartholomew, b.,126 2 ; reforms, 

1551 ; lectures, 157' ,9831 ; ensnared, 4591 ; 
in Eng., 9591 ; d., 3222. 

Goujon, John, b. (1515±); d., 6823. 

Gourko, Joseph Vladimirovitcli, b., 11163. 

Goulard, de M., minister, 7471 ,3. 

Goulburn, Australia, diocese est,, 4963. 

, N. S. W., see est., 9583. 

, Bp. Chambers eons., 10082. 

, Henry, b. (1784) ; minister, 9433 ; d. 

(1856). 

Gould, Augustus A., b., 1122 ; d., 2541 . 

, Benjamin Aptborp, b., 981 ; d., 1842. 

, — , Jr., b. 1321 . 

, Edwin, money demanded from, 4422. 

, George M., works, 4482, 4782. 

, Hannah Flagg, b., 1001 ; d., 2481 . 

, Helen, arrest for annoying, 3983. 

, Jay, b., 146 2 ; and Erie Ring panic, 

2673 ; settles with Erie Co., 2793 ; jury 
duty, 3611; life threatened, 3983; d., 
4181 ; will, 4191 ; inheritance tax, 4323 ; 
estate taxed, 4753. 

, John, b., 9323 ; Birds, 9663 ; d., 9882. 

Goulding, Wm., land grant in N. J., 43 2 . 

Gounod, Charles Francois, b., 7223 ; Faust 
played, 7342; d.,7661. 

Goupil, M., system of photogravure, 7541 . 



Gourgaud, Baron Gaspard, b., 7051; d., 

7322. 
Gourgues, Dominic Chevalier de, b. (1530); 

vengeance, 24i , 251 ; d. (1593). 
Gourko, Gen. Vladimirovitcb, b. (1828) ; in 

Rumelia; atTirnova,505i ; at Sofia, 5661 . 
Gournay, Maria le Jars de,b., 6822; d.,6883. 
Gousla, Peter de, fnds. monastery, 8502. 
Gout, Ralph, Pedometer, 9282. 
Gouvea, Antonio de, b.-d., 1109 2 . 
Gouvion-Saint-Cyr, Laurent, in Naples, 

7141. 
Gouvy, Theodore, b., 7242. 
Gou Wang, enthroned, 6131 . 
Govan, Scot,, Miujic'u cue launched, 9981 , 
Government Land Loan Bill, 4003. , 
Governor Fenner run down, 951 3 . 
Governors of U. S. A. (See each State, at 

the close of each year.) 

, Congress of Colonial, 713. 

, in convention, D. C, 3491 . 

, meeting of loyal, 2133. 

, war, of U. S. A., 2032. 

Govinda. Singh, b.-d., 10443. 
Gowan, O. B., b., 9302. 
Gowen, Maria. (See Brooks.) 
Gower, Earl, minister, 9233. 

, John, b., 8502; works, 8603; d., 8602. 

Gowrie, E. of. (See Ruthven, William, 

and Ruthven, John.) 
Goyaz, gold-mines, 5523. 
Goycticche, Gen, Jose Manuel, b. (1775) ; 

defeated, 5501 ; d. (1846). 
Gozlan, Leon, b.,7163; d., 7362. 
Gozo, Bp. Pace cons., 9822. 
Gozzi, Carlo, works, 10851 ; d., 10843. 

, Count Gasparo, b., 10831 ; d. (1786). 

Graaf, Reguier van, b.-d., 11003. 

, Reinet, mission, 5982. 

Graat, Barnet, b.-d., 11003. 

Grabbe, Christian Dietrich, b. (1801); 

works, 8151 ; d. (1836). 
Grab Bill, passes, 2812 ; repealed, 2851 . 
Grabowski, Ambrose, b., 11163; d., 11182. 
Gracchanus, M. Jurnus, d., 10563. 
Gracchus, Cains, against senate; tribune, 

10571 ; ue w roads ; second election ; f 

vors citizenship of Rome; killed, 1057 
, Tiberius Sempronius, b.-d., 10552 ; 

commander, 10542; murders Capuans, 

10552; laws for poor, 10563; tribune, 

leads disturbances ; reelection, 1057 1 . 
Grace, Edict of, 6892. 

of God, Eng. king assumes, 8622. 

, Wm. R., mayor N. Y., 3092, 3212. 

Gracian.Baltasar, b.-d. ,11283; works,10572. 

Grady, Benjamin F., b., 1382. 

, Henry Woodfen.b. (1851); Xeic Smith, 

3503; illness, 2482; d.,3481; mon - t,394i. 
Griecus, Marcus, makes gunpowder, 10721 . 
Grrevius Johann Georg, b. (1632); works, 

7991,8003; d. (1703). 
Grafe, Albrecht von, b., 1362; d., 8262. 

, Karl F. von, h., 8043; d., 8143. 

Grafenberg, Wheat von, works, 7783. 
Grafton, N. S. W., diocese est., 4981. 
, W- Va., Federals enter, 1961 ; action 

near, 1981 . 
Grafton launched, 10081 . 

, Bp. Doyle cons., 9962. 

, Bp. Green cons., 10121. 

, Charles G, cons. P. E. Bp., 3383. 

, D. of, title created, 8932. 

, D. of. (See Fitzroy, Henry, and Fitz- 

roy, Augustus Henry.) 
Gragn, Mohammed, shot, 11. 
Graham, Dr., murders Col. Loring, 1743. 

, E. of, title created, 9051 . 

, A., discovers planet, 9541. 

, C, suspended, 9973. 

, Carlisle IX, in Niagara Rapids, 3253. 

, Chas. Kinnaird, b. (1824); d., 1321. 

, Gen. Gerard, in Sudan, 6582, 6601 ; at 

El-Teb; at Tamanieb, 660 1 ; at Barosa, 

7181 ; at San Sebastian, 7201 ; a t Gna- 

tong, Asia, 9981. 
, George, b., 8941; pendulum clock, 

90G1; deadbeat ; escapements ; watches, 

9001; d. (1751). 

, R., b. (1813) ; publisher, d., 4641 . 

, James Robert George, Sir, b. (1792) ; 

minister, 9452, 9512, 9592 ; Labor Hours 

Bill, 9532 ; resigns, 9611 ; d. (1861). 
. , Marquis of Montrose, b., 8782; 

org. army; ravages Scot. ; retreats, 8842; 

plot, 8852 ; captured ; executed, 887 3 . 
, John, Vis., b., 8843; at Drumclog, 

8941; at Killiecrankie, 8981; for James 

II., 8993; d., 8982. 



: 



Grah-Grav. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



J 269 



Graham, John H., b., 1442; d., 4562. 

, Sir Luniley, d., 1004 1 . 

, Sir Robert, executed, 8632. 

, Sylvester, b., 1042; d., 16S2. 

, Thomas, b., 93'23; d., 0722. 

, W., counsel for Times, 999a. 

, William Alex., b., 1121; gov. N. C, 

161 1 ; sec. navy, 1672; nom. for vice- 
pres., 1711 ; vote, 1732; d., 28S1 . 

, M., commissioned col., 3S41. 

Grahame, James, b., 9162; d., 9351 . 

Graham's Town, G. Colony, attacked,597i ; 
ravaged; mission coll., 5981; s. Af. Ju- 
bilee exhibition, 6033; bishopric est., 
9543; Bp. Webb cons., 9862. 

Graham's Magazine, appears, 1543. 

Grain, binders, reward for, 3481; crops 
large, 3033; Ger. duty removed, 3933. 

drill, patented, 1521 . 

, elevator companies combine, 3393. 

Graindor, de Douai, La Chanson, 67V . 

Graitis receives Christian baptism, 7682. 

Gram, Johan, or Hans, b., 6363; d., 638i . 

, Br., homeopath ist, 132i . 

, Judge, arbitrator, 4252, 7612. 

Gramatica de la Lenyua Castelana ap- 
pears, 11303. 

Gramble, Eliza Burt, work, 4791 . 

Grammatieus, Gall'ridus, work, 8623. 

, Saxo, Gesta Danorum, 6363. 

Grammont, Belg., riots, 5481. 

, Comtede, Philibert.b., 6S63; d.,6963. 

, Due de, Antoine Agenor Alfred, b., 

7223; at Dettingen, 700 1 ; kills Dillon, 
7351 ; foreign minister, 7392,3; d., 7522. 

Gramophone invention announced, 3281. 

Grampians, battle of, 8391 . 

Gran, Hungary, action at, 5222. 

, Daniel, d.,5143. 

, Luis de, arrival, 5531 . 

Granada, Nicaragua, fnd., 6283; 11031; 
taken, 11032. 

, Sp., taken, 11262; conquered, 11273; 

newspaper in, 11292; treaty at, 6793; 
earthquakes. 11302; cholera, 11323. 

, Luis de, works, 11291 , 

Granadine Confederation, find., 6291. 

Granados, Garcia, invades Gaut., 103i , 3. 

Granard, Baron, title created, 9311 ; E. of, 
title created, 8943. 

Granby, Marquis of . (See Manners, John.) 

Grand Canon, Ariz., gold found, 3561 . 

Coteau, La., St. Charles Coll. est., 1483. 

Ecore, La., Gen. Banks at, 231 1 ; Por- 
ter joins Banks, fleet imperiled, 2321 . 

Forks, N. Dak., Pacific R. R. begun, 

2773; Univ. of North Dak. org., 3183. 

Gulf, Miss., naval battle, 221 1; evac- 
uated, 2212; confeds. defeated, 2362. 

Haven, Mich., Sunday closing, 4723. 

Island, Neb., Soldiers' Home opd., 

3303; R. R. wreck, 4173, 4193. 

Grand Junction, Colo., gas-well, 4401 . 

, Tenn., Grant's army at, 2151 . 

Lake, La., boats destroyed, 2363. 

Metis, earthquake, 5861 . 

Prairie, Mo., action at, 2143. 

-Pre, N. S., Col. Noble at, 661 . 

Rapids., Mich., R.C. diocese est., 3102; 

Soldiers' Home est., 3251; fire, 3593; 
riotous strikers, 385 2 , 3863 . 

, Gaston le, duel, 7603. 

Pierre, Jean Henry, b., 7142; d., 74S2. 

, Sarah, ffearenh/ Ttrins, 10103. 

Alliance, find., 5133, 6952. 1129a; 

Second fmd., 6953, 9032. 

Army of the Republic, first post org., 

2522; institutes Decoration Day, 262 1; 
encampment meets, 2523 .255 1 ,2653 , 209 1 , 
2723, 2743, 2811, 2831, 2872, 2883, 2943, 
2972, 3011, 3032, 3043, 3072, 3103, 3151, 
3172, 3203, 3243, 3271, 3303, 3662, 3891, 
4143,4363, 4703; flags for schools, 3463, 
3601 ; app. amendment, 4052. 

Chancellor, office restored, Ger., 781 1 . 

Committee, G. B., first meeting, 9912. 

— — Council of Eunuchs created, 6152. 

Junction Canal England, commenced, 

9173. 

Remonstrance, Eng., 8852. 

■ River Coll., Mo., fnd., 1683. 

Traverse Coll., Mich., org., 2232. 

Trunk R. R., commenced; opd., 581 3 ; 

Sunday freight, 5873. 

Grandin^ Vitalis J., cons, bp., 5002, 5822. 

Grandison, Viscount of, title created,881i . 

Grandmoutines established, 6683. 

Granet, Etienne A. F., minister, 755, 2,3, 

Grange. (See National Grange.) 



Granger, Francis, b.(17S7); electoral votes, 
1472; p. m. gen., 1532; d., 2622. 

, Gideon, b., 741 ; p. m. gen., 1112, 

1171; d., 1302. 

.Gordon, b. (1821); at Shepherdsville, 

2132; at Franklin, 2202; a t Ft. Gaines, 
2371; at Ft. Morgan, 2372 ; Mobile sur- 
renders to, 2461 ; d., 2902. 

Grauirus captures Geotye Little, 1223. 

, battle of, 10241 . 

Granier de Cassagnac, Adolphe Bernard, 
b., 7163; d., 7522. 

, Paul Adolphe Marie Prosper de, 

b., 7283. 

Granite veins experimented on, 9222. 

Granpre, M. de, balloon ascension, 7162. 

Granson, battle, G7S1 , 786 1 ; massacre, 7861 . 

Grant, Sir Alexander, b., 9422; d. (1884). 

, Anne Mc Vicar, b., 9123; d., 9482. 

Capt., surveyor, Australia, 494 1 . 

.Charles, b. (1746); minister, 9472; d. 

(1823). 

, Sir Francis. ]>., 9323; pres. Roval So- 
ciety, 9681 ; d., 9822. 

, Frederick Dent, b. (1850); minister, 

3512; in Aust., 5331. 

, Hugh J., mayor N. Y., 3332, 3712, 

4751 ; appoints school commissioners, 
3482; removal of telegraph poles, 3813; 
Sunday opening, 3903. 

, Gen. James, 1>.( 1720) ; defeats Indians, 

721 ; at Vallev Forge. 882 ; d., 1806. 

, -, novelist, b., 9323; d. (1879). 

, , novelist, b., 9403 ; d., 9962. 

, B., inaug. gov,, 315 2 . 

, Augustus, b., 9423 ; in Africa, 

5603; d., 10081. 

, Sir James Hope, b. (1808) ; com- 
mander, 6201 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 ; 
in Jorway pass, 10482; d., 9802. 

— ~, John, mayor of Victoria, 5863. 

, Lewis A.,b. (1820); in war dept., 3512. 

, Sir Patrick, field marshal, 9921. 

, Principal, moderator, 5862. 

, Robert Edmund, b., 9262. 

, Ulysses Simpson, b., 1302 ; enters 

"West Point, 1501; graduates. 154 1 ; in 
La., 1581; under Taylor, 1602; in Mex.; 
1st Lieut., 1622; marries, 1643; in Ore., 
1701; capt., 1721; resigns commission, 
1761,3; in leather business, 1753; a citi- 
zen of Galena, 111., 187 1 ; returns to army 
life, 1942; commands in Mo.; enters Ky., 
1982; commands camp, 1942; brig.-gen. 
of vols., 1643; commissioned col., 1961 ; 
expedition leaves, 1982; gunboat expedi- 
tion; leaves Cairo, 2H22; at Belmont,Mo., 
2002; takes Ft. Henry, 2022; invests Ft. 
Bonelson; maj.-gen., 2041 ; removed from 
command, 204 2 ; resumes command; in 
Tenn., 205 1 ; at Shiloh, 206 1 ; superseded 
by Halleck, 2062; defended in Cong., 
2073; besieges Vicksburg, 208 1, 2143; 
near Grand Junction, 2151; traverses 
Miss.; at Holly Springs, 2161 ; march on 
Vicksburg, 2163; a t Young's Point, 2182; 
atPort Gibson, 2211 ; at Champion's Hill; 
at Black River, 2221 ; Vicksburg cam- 
paign, 2222; fires mine, 2231 ; Vicksburg 
surrenders, 2242; command of western 
armies; at Nashville; at Chattanooga, 
2271,2282; at Missionary Ridge; at 
Nashville, 2282; medal for, 2283; goes 
to "Washington, 230 2 ; 15th commander- 
in-chief, 2303; appt. lieut.-gen., 2302; 
visits Army of Potomac ; at Culpepper 
Court House,2303 ; campaign in Va.; near 
Chancellorsville; at battle of Wilder- 
ness, 2322; at Spottsvlvania, 2323; at 
North Anna, 2332; at Pamunkey River; 
at Totopotomoy River, 234 1 ; crosses 
Chickahominy, 2342; at Cold Harbor; 
changes base; crosses James River, 
2341, 3; gratitude to, 2352; threatens 
Richmond, 2371 ; at Strawberry Plains 
and Deep Bottom Run, 2372; before 
Petersburg. 2392; at Hatcher's Run and 
Dabney's Mills, 2421 ; conf. for peace, 
2423; plan to assassinate, 243'; grand 
advance, 2442; takes Petersburg; takes 
Richmond, 245' ; summons to surrender, 
245 2 ; Lee surrenders, 2461; meets Sher- 
man at Raleigh, 2462; appt. general-in- 
chief, 2521 ; Stanton's successor; appt. 
sec. war, 259'; vacates office; control 
of Southern States, 2611 ; nom. for pres., 
2631 ; " Let us have peace," 2032; elected 
pres., 2651; vote, 2653; inaugurated, 
2671 • receives Pr. Arthur, 26f ' 



Fenians, 271' , 2, 3; proclamation against 
Kuklux, 2733; Message on annexation, 
2751 ; renom. for pres.; assailed, 2791; 
popular vote, 279 2 ; electoral vote, 2812; 
inaugural address, 2S11 , enters office; 
against disorderly bands, 2832; declines 
third term, 2892, 2931 ; recommends 
nonsectarian and compulsory education, 
2893; vetoes Salary Bill, 2913; journey 
round the world, 2951 ; banquet in New 
York ; at San Francisco, 3031 ; nom. for 
pres. candidate; vote for, 3043, 3051; 
pensioned, 321'; in Glasgow, 9833; at 
Shanghai, 7341 ; Cubans not recognized, 
6331; d., 3202; funeral obsequies, 3213; 
monument completed, 356' , 2593; statue 
at Chicago ; at Wash., 3592, s ? 3972 ; a t 
Galena, 384 1, 3501, 3921; removal to 
Riverside, 373' , 2. 
Grant Monument Asso., N.Y., Pres. Porter 
elected, 4022; chooses design, 368' ; fund, 
3802 3953; Appropriation Fund Bill, 
4031 ; corner-stone laid, 4041 ; fund com- 
pleted, 4093. 

and Lee Monument Asso., org., 3G1 1 . 

, Tenn. University org. 2543. 

Cronica de /■Jspaiia appears, 11271. 

de los Conyueridorcs, 11271. 

Grantham, statue of Newton, 9621 , 
, Lord, minister, 9231. 

, Richard B., d., 10062. 

Grantley, Baron, title created, 9212. 
Grant's Creek, N. C, stores captured, 2462. 
Grantsburg, "Wis., forest fires, 4733. 
Granvella, archbishop of Mechlin, 10983. 
Granvelle, Cardinal de (Antoine de Perre- 

not), b.-d., 11282 ; ru ler of Neth., 10992. 
Granville, Can., Baptist Asso. org., 5771. 
, O., Denison Univ. org. ; Ladies' Inst. 

fnd., 1403; Shepardson College l'nd.,3283. 

, Earl de, title created, 9451 . 

, Earl. (See Leveson-Gower; Carteret, 

John.) 

, Edward, lord-lieutenant, 9573. 

, Geo.,Bar. Lansdowne,b.,8922;d.,9082. 

, Randulph de, works, 8503 

Grao Para, independence, 5591 
Grape, culture of, China, 6102, 
vine, disease, in Fi\, 7373,7513; re- 

intro. in Ger., 768'; immense, 9181 ; in 

Madeira, 11093; in Portugal, 11113. 
Graphophone invented, 3281. 
Grappler burns, 3133, 991s. 
Grasmere, "Wordsworth Society, 9862. 
Grasse, Francois Jos. Paul de, Marquis de 

Grasse-TiUy, b., 69S2 ; in Chesapeake 

Bay, 942, 7041; d., 7062. 
Grasshopper pest, 2933 ; in West, 2853 ; 

in Wis., 4701 ; troops to fight, 1120' . 
Grassmann, Hermann Giinther, b., 8083; 

d.,8282. 

, Robert, b., 8103. 

Gratefeud, F., embezzler, 4343. 

Gratian (Gratianus), b.-d., IO6S2 ; reigns, 

10693 ; massacre of Christians, 11543 j 

captured; k.. 10692. 

, canonist, b., 10742. 

Gratianus, Decretum Gratiam, 10752. 
Gratry, Auguste Joseph Alphonse, b., 

7163 ; d.,7461. 
Grattan, Henry, b., 9122 ; i n duel, 9292 ; 

Cath. exclusion motion, 9393 ; in duel, 

9411; d.,9402; statue, 9801. 

, Thomas Colley, b., 9283. 

Gratton, Australia, see established, 9583. 
Gratz, capital of Stvria, 5073; , Jesuits set- 
tle, 5103 ; Univ. fnd., 5111 ; s trike,533i ; 

students 1 riots, 5362; accident, 5373. 

, Hirsch, b., 8121. 

Graux, Charles, b., 7322 ; d., 7522. 
Gi^ave, The, poem, appears, 8463. 
Gravel, Elphege, cons, bishop, 5842. 
Gravelines,Fr., French defeat, 6821 ; taken, 

6S81, 8721. 
Gravelly Run, Ya., Federals driven, 2443. 
Gravelotte, Ger., battle of, 7401 . 
Graves, mayor of Fitchburg, guilty, 4042 c 

, Anson R., cons. P. E. bp., 3502. 

, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Charles, cons, bishop, 9962. 

, F. R., bishop to China, 4321 . 

, John, leader, 851 . 

, Lord Thomas, b. (1725); in Chesa- 
peake Bay ; reenforced, 942 ; d., 9303. 

, T. Thatcher, 3983. 

, William J., kills Cilley, 1491 . 

Gravesande, Willem Jakob van 's., b.-d., 

11011. 
Gravesend, Eng., cholera panic, 10093. 



1270 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DlLsL. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



Grav-Greg. 



Gravesend, N. Y., municipal election, 4552. 

Gravier, Jacques, d., 696 3 . 

Graviere, Jeanne Pierre Jurien de la, Aca- 
demician, 756 1 . 

- — , Adm. de la. (See De la Graviere.) 

Gravina, Ferderico, Adm., b. (1750); at 
Trafalgar, 716' ; d. (1806). 

, Giovanni Vincenzo, b., 10831 ; founds 

academy, 10833. 

Gravitation disc, 8902 ; laws, 894' . 

Gravitza, entrenchments seized, 5661 . 

Gravius, Johann G., b., 7943 ; d.,7983. 

Gray, Fr., French defeated, 7422. 

, Alonzo, b. (1808) ; d., 186' . 

Asa, b., 1162 ; d.,32S'. 

Earl de, in Joint Commission, 273 2 ; 

minister, 995 2 . 

, Elisha, b. (1835) ; telephone, 296' . 

, Francis Culley, b., 1022 ; a., 178' . 

, George, b., 1522. 

, Robert, b., 9343 ; d. (1872). 

, Zabriskie, b. (1838) ; d., 3422. 

, Henry Peters, b. (1819) ; d., 296' . 

, Horace, h., 1362 ; justice, 3092. 

, Isaac Pusey, b. (182S) ; gov. Ind., 3233; 

nom. for viee-pres., 4092 ; minister, 447 3 . 

, John Edward, b., 9302 ; d. (1875). 

, Hamilton, b. (1814) ; d., 5S8' . 

, Robert, b., 71' ; discoveries, 102' ; d., 

1122. 

, , b. (1827) ; cons, bp., 5972 ; org. 

Church of S. Africa, 599' ; d., 6013. 

, Stephen, dis. electrical phenomena, 

906' ; Copley medal, 908' ; d. (1730). 

, Thomas, b., 9062 ; works, 911' , 913' , 

1117'; d.,9183. 

, William Crane, cons, bishop, 420' . 

Grayer, Gaspard de, d., 541' . 

Grayson, Col., at Hodgesville, Ky., 200'. 

, Wm., revolutionary soldier, d., 1022. 

, -, b., 98' ; gov. (1839-41) ; d., 2622. 

, John, b., 100' ; d., 2272. 

Grayville, 111., railroad accident, 3153. 

Graziani, Francesco, b., 10862. 

Grazie, Marie Eugenie della, works, 8362. 

Greard, Vallery "(.'lenient Octave, Aeade- 
mieian, 752' . 

Great Britain (see text, pp. 839-1013) ; de- 
clares war, 70' ; postal conven. with 
IT. S., 1652; Am. relations strained, 1793; 
recognizes Confederates as belligerents, 
195 3 ; rescinds recognition, 969'; treaty 
with U.S.A., '2093 ; 'Fortune Bay settle- 
ment, 3112, 3122 ; abolishes slavery in 
Guiana, 10393 ; treaty with Korea, 10943 ; 
peace with Persia, 11083. 

Great Canal, Red Sea and Nile, 648z±. 

■ Falls, Mont., sun dance prohib., 4622. 

Lakes, explored, . r >722; first vessel on, 

5733; gales in 1856, 180' ; through vessel 
to Europe, 1813. 

Marlow, Royal Military College, 9292; 

removed, 937' . 

Meadows, Va., battle at, 68' , 5742. 

Namaqualand (see text, West Coast of 

Africa); made Ger. dependency, 11613. 

Salt Lake Valley, surveyed, 166' . 

Eastern, launched, 9602 ; at N. T., 

1893; pays out 2d cable, 2493; lays cable, 
2533; lavs 4th cable, 2833 ; lays 6th cable, 
2853 ; sails, 964' , 9693 ; for sale, 9893. 

Barry, built, 866' . 

Northern, largest wheat cargo, 435 2 . 

Queens/ant/, sails ; disappears, 981 3 . 

Republic, launched ; wrecked, 1733. 

Western, sails, 1493, 94.S2, 9493; arrives 

in N. Y., 1513. 

" Contract " discussed, Eng., 8793. 

German party, formed, 818 3 . 

Northern R. R. Am., finished, 4213. 

seal, adopted by Congress, 953. 

, Eng., 8773. 

wall, China, 610' , 2, 6142. 

Western R. R., Can., built, 5813, 1752. 

Greater New York. (See New York.) 

Greatorex, Eliza, b., 1282. 

Greatrix, Valentine, impostor, 893' . 

Greaves, John, b., 878' ; d. (1652). 

Greban, Arnoul, works, 678 3 . 

Grecian, architecture, revived, 880' ; cities, 
freedom proclaimed, 10252; empire, pow- 
erful, 10333 (see Greece) ; frontier ex- 
tended, 11573 ; policy condemned, G. B., 
9553 ; republics decay, 10233. 

Grecoff, M., selects cabinet, 5702. 

Greece (see text, pp. 1013-37) ; crown of, 
accepted, 6412; king in London, 985' ; in- 
dependence declared, 1055 3 ; subjugated, 
1056' ; Romans return, 10563 ; Roman 



province, 1057' ; Isthmian games re- 
vived, 10583; Romans invade, 1060' ;Rom. 
province, 10633; war with Persia, 1106' ; 
first temples, 11463. 

Greek alphabet adapted to Slavonic, 5023. 

chronology begins, 1144 2 . 

church, Cal., burned, 3402 ; in Egypt, 

485' ; union with Eng. eh., 9063 ; con- 
demns images, 10322; independent, 10323, 
10742; protected, 1035' ; est., 10663 ; lib- 
erty questioned, 11573; in Georgia, IO682. 

citizens in Rome, 10292. 

Danish Missionary Soc. fmd., 6403. 

Empire est., 10312; falls, 10253. 

exarchs govern Italy, 10313, 1033' . 

fire invented, 10333. 

M.S., Gospel of Peter, found, 661' . 

slave executed, 150' . 

Greeley, Col., normal school est., 3503 

, Horace, b., 116 2 ; Tribune, issued, 1523 ; 

in N. Y. politics, 1652; on temperance, 
171'; confers with Confederates, 2373 ; 
works, 2412^ 2643 ; surety for Jefferson 
Davis, 2562, 2573; nom. pres., 2783; pres. 
candidate ; pop. vote, 2792 ; d., 2782 - 
home burned, 3553 ; statue, 368' , 460' . 

Greely, Adolphus W. b., 1562 ; polar ex- 
pedition, 306', 308', 3103; search for, 
316' ; rescue, 3162 ; a brig-gen., 320' ; 
American Weather, 3323 ; in war de- 
partment, 3512, 4472. 

Green Bay, Wis., first steamer, 1293; p. E. 
missions, 1323 ; Green Bail luteUiqencvr 
issued, 1423; R. c. diocese est., 2642. 

Brier, W. Va., battle of, 1983. 

Cape, wreck, 4993. 

Island, in Ivy., 2892, 3592. 

Mountain, la., first Congregationalist 

Church fmd., 14S3. 

River, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 213' . 

Bridge, Confeds. repulsed, 224 2 . 

, Chief Justice, women officials, 3823. 

, Andrew H., bridge committee, 3613. 

Green, Arthur Vincent, bishop, 1012' . 

, Ashbel, b. (1762); moderator, 1323 ; 

d. (1848). 

, Berian, b. (1794) ; pres. Amer. Anti- 
Slavery Society, 143' ; d. (1874). 

, Sir Charles, gov. Guiana, 10392. 

, Maj. Henry, aids Khan, 5392. 

, Hetty, deeds forged, 4123. 

, Horace, b. (1S02) ; d., 254' . 

, John, introduces seraphine, 946'. 

, Richard, b., 9482 ; works, 979' ; 

d. (1833). 

, Mrs. Lyeott, baccarat scandal, 1006 3 . 

, Maj. Malcolm, aids khan, 5392. 

, Matt, assault by, 4343, 4503. 

, Maurice, b., 9002. 

, Norvin, b., 1262 ; d., 424' . 

, Oliver D., commissioned col., 400'. 

, Robert S., governor N. J., 3293. 

, Samuel S., b., 1162. 

, Seth, b., 1262 ; d., 3262. 

, Thomas, b. (1816) ; at Plymouth,2122; 

near Grand Eoore, 231' ; d. (1864). 

, Marshall, Sp. Consjiiraeif, 398 2 . 

, Wm. Henrv, b.,1322;nio.lcrator,3842. 

, Sir William Kirby, d., 10042. 

, Mercer, b. (1798) ; eons. P. E. bp., 

1662; d.,326'. 

and lllne factions, conflict, 1031' . 

Bag, inquiry, 9393; sent to Pari., 941 2. 

■ MountCemetery.Md., dedicated, 1513. 

Ribbon Army, prominent, 9903. 

Water Lily, society est., 617' . 

Greenback, agitation, 265 2 ; Nat. Conven. 
at Indianapolis, 293' ; at Chicago, 305' . 

Greenburg, Pa., railway accident, 393 3 . 

Greenbush, N. Y., northern army at, 1182. 

Greencastle, Ind., As bury Univ. fnd ; De- 
Pauw Univ. fnd., 1483 ; school of the- 
ology org., 3183 ; McKim Observatory 
erected, 322' . 

Greene Co., N. C, White Cap outrage, 3643. 

, A. L. P., d., 2842. 

, Col. Christopher, b. (1737) ( ; at Red 

Bank, 88'; d., 93'. 

, E. J., bank swindler ; defaulter, 4382. 

, Francis Vinton, b. (1850) ; General 

Greene, 448 2 . 

, Geo. Washington, b., 1162; d., 312' . 

, Nathan., b., 642; quartermaster, 882 ; 

at Springfield, N. J., 92'; commands 
Morgan's army ; in South ; escapes Corn- 
wallis ; supersedes Gates, 923 ; at Guil- 
ford Court House. 93', 94'; re-crosses 
Dan ; retreat from N. C. ; in Va., 93' ; 
~ 1; retires, 942; d., 98'. 



Greene, Nathan b. (1797) ; d., 2962. 

, Robert, b., 872' ; works, 8763; d.,8762. 

, Samuel Dana, b., 152' ; d., 318' . 

, Thomas, gov. Md., 39'. 

, Wm., b. (1695) ; gov. R. I., 653, 713. 

, , Jr.,b. (173lf; gov., 913; d., 116'- 

, W. Brenton, at Princeton, 4202,3. 

Greenfield, Mass., cutlery mfg., 142' ; 
C. M. Moody defalcation, 3882. 

Greenhalge, Fred. T., nom. for gov. Mass., 
4411,4732; governor, 4793. 

Greenhow, Robert, d. 174'. 

Greenland (see text, p. 1038), discov- 
ered; named; Northmen visit, 11'; 
Helgi and Finnbogi leave, 112 ; inhab- 
ited, 113 ; visited, 122 ; explorers ; cut 
off, 123 ± ; commerce restricted ; Eski- 
mos appear ; settlements destroyed, 133 ; 
Frobisher possesses, 25 2 ; eight men 
survive, 333 ; missions, 583, 603, 622 ; 
Kane's boats ; Kane fnd., 176' ; Greely's 
exped. in, 308' ; Peary arrives, 434' ; mis- 
sion, 638' ; fisheries regulations, 6423. 

, Miss, revives enameling, 9222. 

Gap, W. Va., action at, 2203. 

Greenleaf, Benjamin, b., 98' ; d., 2392. 

, Simon, b., 96' ; d., 1722. 

, Thomas, -V. J>ail// Ailvrtiser, issued, 

1003 ; printing-office wrecked, 1002. 

Greenly, William L., gov. Mich., 1633. 

Greenock, N. S., Pomerania returns, 5953. 

, Scotland, strike, 10003. 

Greenough, Horatio, b., 1122; works, 136' . 
156', 1701; d. (1852). 

, Richard S., b., 128' . 

Greensboro, N. C, council of war, 2461 ; 
Bennett College founded, 2823. 

Greensborough, Ala., Southern University 
established, 1802, 3043. 

- — - College, Meth. Epis., org. (1846). 

Greenup, Christopher, b. (1750) ; gov. Ky., 
1132 ; d. (1818). 

Greenville, 111., Almira Coll. fnd., 1782. 

, Miss., State Bar Asso. colored law- 
yers, 3783; fire, 4053. 

, O., Robertson hanged, 3043. 

, Pa., Thiel College org., 2722. 

— , S. C, Furman Univ. org., 1723. 

, Term., and Tusculum Coil, org., 1063; 

Union Conven. meets, 1972; action, 2381 . 

Greenwich, Conn., public school built,4042. 

, Eng., observatory est., 8941 ; telescope 

erected, 9401 ; railway opd., 9481 ; equa- 
torial telescope in observatory, 9641 . 

Greenwood Ky., R. R. accident, 3293. 

, John, executed, 8763. 

, , opens dentist office, 1001 . 

Greer, James Augustin, b. (1833) ; com- 
modore, 3221 ; rear-admiral, 412' . 

, John E., commissioned major, 456' . 

College, at II pstou, 111. (1891). 

Greg, Robert Samuel, elected bp., 9803. 

, William Rathhoiie, b. (1809) ; works, 

9563, 9763; d. J1881). 

Gregans, landslide, 1086' . 

Gregg, Alex., b. (1819) ; cons. P.E.bp., 1862. 

, Andrew, b. (1755) ; pres. senate, 117 2 ; 

d., 1442. 

, David McMnrtrie, b., 142'. 

, John Irvin, b., 134' . 

, Maxey, b., 123' ; col. at Vienna, 196' ; 

gen. at Raymond, 222' ; at Beverly Ford, 
2223; north of Rapidan,232' ; atReams's 
Station, 2372; al. Sycamore Church, 238' ; 
at Hatcher's Run, 239' ; d. (1862). 

, Thomas H., eons. R. C. bp., la., 2942. 

, Dr., R. E., Common Prayer, 2942 ; 

Brooklyn pastor, 3562. 

, Robt. Samuel, cons, archbp., 1012' . 

Gregorian Code published, 1067' . 

Gregorioff, Col., hanged, 11223. 

Gregorovius, Ferdinand, b.,8122; d., 834'. 

Gregory I., St., the Great, b.-d., 10702; pope, 
1071'; enthroned; improvements; reli- 
gious beliefs ; intro. church music, 10722. 

II., St., pope, 10722 ; excom. Leo, 10322. 

III., St., pope, 10722. 

IV., pope, 10723 ; institutes Festival 

of Holy Trinity, 10723. 

V„ pope, 1073' . 

VI., pope, 1073' , 10742 ; against Cres- 

centius, 10733. 

VII., St. (Hildebrand), b.-d., 10722 ; 

reformer, 7743 ; deposed, 775 1 ; alliance 
with Normans ; disputes with emp. ; re- 
leases subjects, 7753; besieged, 776'; 
rules church, 10742; elected pope; sends 
legates to courts ; est. wakes, 10743 ; 
great political power, 1075 2 . 



Greg-Guat. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1271 



Gregory VIII., pope, 1075'. 

IX., pope ; est. Inquisition, 1075'. 

X., pope, 10763. 

XI., pope ; establishes Feast of Pre- 
sentation, 1077'. 

XII., pope, 1077' ; deposed, 7843. 

XIII., pope, 10812; reforms cal., 1082'. 

XIV., pope, 10812. 

XV., pope, 571'; est. Congregatio de 

Propaganda Fide, 10832. 

XVI., pope ; forbids infant schools ; 

against slave trade ; d., 10863. 

, A. C, exploration, 496' . 

, David, b. (1627) ; problem of catenary, 

900' ; edits Euclid's works, 9023. 

, Gilbert Asbburtou, d., 9502. 

, James, b. (1638) ; reflecting telescope, 

890'; d. (1675). 

, John H., gov. Virginia, 155 3 . 

, Nazianzen, St., b.-d., 11512; music 

for history of Passion, 1154' . 

, Olinth'us Gilbert, b., 919' ; d. (1841). 

, "William, speaker, 8952. 

, ■ Henry, gov., 1049' ; d., 1008' . 

, St., converts Tridates II., 11543. 

, St., bp. of Myssa, b.-d., 10283. 

, of Tours, bp., b.-d., 6642. 

the Theologian, nourishes, 1029'. 

Institute, Wilmington fnd., 2862. 

Gregr, Herr, for emancipation, 5352. 
Greifswald, Prus., university est., 787'. 
Grementum, battle of, 10543. 
Grenada, W. I., eclipse observed, 994' . 
Grenadier troops, est., 690'; guards mu- 
tiny, 1006' . 

Grenelle, Paris, laboratory est., 756'. 

Grenfell, Gen., in Sudan, 6602,3. 

Grenholm, Geo. A., paroled, 249' . 

Grenier, Mayor, Montreal, reelected, 591'. 

, M., sentenced for treason, 763' . 

Grenoble, Fr., university est., 6743 ; reor- 
ganized, 681' ; unites with Valence, 6832. 

Grenville, D. of Portland, minister, 9233. 

, George, b. (1712) ; prime minister, 733, 

9172; in Paris, 953; Stamp Act, 75' ; lord 
admiralty, 9133; minister, 9153; d.(1770). 

, Richard, Sir, b.( 1541); takes merchant- 
man ; at Roanoke; leader, 253; d.,8762. 

, Plantagenet Temple Nugent 

Brydges Chandos, D. of Buckingham, b. 
(1823); d., 1000'. 

— — , Thomas, b. (1755) ; premier ; lord ad- 
miralty, 9332 ; d. (1846). 

Gresham, Sir Thomas, at Roval Exchange, 
Lond., 872' ; fnds. college, 875' ; d. (1579). 

— — , Walter Quinton, b., 1522 ; wounded 
at Atlanta, 2362 ; se c. treas., 3192 ; de- 
clines nomination, 411' ; sec. state, 427' . 

College, founded, London, 875' . 

Gresley, Gen. Henri Francois Xavier, b. 
(1819) ; minister, 7512,3. d. (1890). 

, Thomas, grants warrant, 857'. 

Gresset, Jean Baptiste Louis, b., 6963 ; 
works, 6992, 7012 ; d., 7043. 

Gressier, M., minister public works, 7392. 

Gretny, Andre Ernest Modeste, b., 7002 ; 
d.,721'. 

Greuze, Jean Baptiste, b., 6982; d. (1805). 

, , b. (1726) ; d., 7163. 

Greville, Baron, title created, 965'. 

, Sir Fulke, b., 8702; d., 8822. 

, Robert, b., 8782; d., 8843. 

Grevin, Jacques, b. (1540) ; works, 683' ; d. 
(1570). 

Grevy, Albert, b. (1824) ; in Panama Canal 
scandal, 7642; gov. Algeria ; resigns, 102. 

, Francois Paul Julc, b., 7163; pres. 

Nat. Assem., 745', 747 2 , 7512 ; resigns, 
7473 ; pres. chamber, 751 ' ; pres. of 
France, 7513,7552; grants amnesty, 7532; 
pope's letter; reply to pope, 7542; refuses 
to resign ; resigns, 7563; d., 7621 . 

Grew, Nehemiah, b., 8822; d. (1711). 

Grey, Charles, 2d Earl, b., 9162; minister, 
9332; against annexation; vs. Clerical 
Reserves, 5812; lord of admiralty, 9332, 
9473 ; premier, 9452 ; resigns, 9453,9472; 
lord lieut., 9512; minister, 9533, 973' . 

de Ruthyn, Baron, title created, 8563 . 

, E. of, title created, 931' . 

, Earl. (See Charles Grey.) 

, Edmund Dwyer, d., 9982. 

, George, senator ; speech, 439' . 

, , Sir explorer Australia, 4942; 

gov., 4953. 

, , b. (1799) ; minister, 9593, 

9633,969'; d. (1882). 

, Henry, D. of Suffolk, opposes royal 

treaty, 8712; d. (1554). 



Grey, Lady Jane, b., 868 2 ; struggle for 
crown ; reigns, 8712 ; d., 8702. 

, Sir John, deputy 1. lieut., 863' , 8652. 

, Lord, and Main Conspiracy, 8792. 

, , political confederacy, 897' . 

, Sir Richard, executed, 865 3 . 

, Thomas, Sir, executed, S63' . 

, , Lord Stamford, at StrattonHill, 

884' ; d. (1688). 

Nuns, Order founded, 575' . 

Grevtown, Xic, bombardment, 1773. 

Grihoiedoff, Alexander, b.-d., 11162., 

Grider, Henry, Joint Committee of Re- 
construction, 2493. 

Gridley, Jeremiah, b. (1705) ; American 
Magazine, 671; d. (1767). 

, Richard, b., 562; d. (1796). 

Grier, Robert Cooper, b., 1042 ; justice 
U. S. Supreme Court, 1613; d. (1870). 

Grierson, Benjamin Henry, b. (1826) ; near 
Coldwater, 2131; near Covington, 2201 ; 
raids, 2203, 2211 ; at Vicksburg, 2403. 

Griesbach, Johann J., b., 8003; d., 8102. 

Griffin, launched, 463. 

Griffin, Charles, b. (1826) ; north of Rapi- 
dan, 2321; appt. to Warren's command, 
2443; d., 2582. 

, Cyrus, h., 662; d., 1162. 

, Dr., Brooklyn Health Dept., 3871 . 

, Gerald, b., 9323; work, 9431 ; d., 9502. 

, Gilderoy Wells, b., 1522. 

, Lieut. R., 2132. 

Griff enf eld, Ct. of. (SeeSchumacher,Peter.) 

Griffis, William. Eliot, b., 1561. 

Gri/fMi burned, 1673. 

Griffith, David, b. (1742) ; bp.,983; resigns, 
1002; d. (1789). 

, Walter S., b., 1521 . 

Griffiths, John Willis, b., 1161 ; d. (1882). 

, Maj., gov. in Can., 5773. 

Grifton, King, in convent, 6653. 

Grigorovitch, Nich.,b., 11163; works, 11183. 

Grigsby, Hugh Blair, b., 1122; d., 3062. 

Grijalva, Juan de, b., 11282 ; expedition 
of, 171; d. (1527). 

Grillparger, Franz, b. (1791) ; works, 8131, 
8151; a. (1872). 

Grim, asst.-snrg., indictment, 4163. 

Grimes, James Wilson, b. (1816) ; gov. la., 
1771 ; on committee of 13, 1892 ; Com- 
mittee on Reconstruction, 2493; d.,2762. 

, John J., cons. R. C. bp., 9962. 

Grimke, Archibald H., C. Sumner, 4203. 

, Thomas Smith, b., 981 ; d., 1422. 

Grimm, Baron Fried. M., b., 8002 ; d.,8083. 

, Jakob Ludwig, b., 8042 ; works, 8103, 

8151 , 8202 ; dismissed from univ., 8152 ; 
d.,S221. 

.William, b. (1786); works, 8151, 2, 

8202; d. (1859). 

, W. H., sentenced, 4482. 

Grimmelshausen, Christoffel, b. (1625) ; 
Simplicissimus, 7971 ; d. (1676). 

Grimoald, D. of Benevento, usurper, 10731 . 

Grimsby, Eng., docks begun, 9541 ; fish- 
ing fleet wrecked, 10013. 

Grimshaw, William, b., 951 ; d., 1701 . 

Grimston, Viscount of, title created, 9051 . 

Grincourt, Marquis do, pamphlet, 7432. 

Grindal, Edinuiid, b.(1519); archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8743; d. (1583). 

Gringore, Pierre, b. (1475±) ; works, 6811; 
d. (1544). 

Grinnell, la., tornado, 3101 ; Iowa College 
organized, 1631. 

, Henry, b. (1799) ; exped. starts,166i ; 

sends Kane arctic exp., 1721 ; d., 2S4 2 . 

, Moses Hicks, b. (1803) ; d., 1102. 

Grinstead, Baron, title created, 937 2 . 

Grinthorpe, Baron, title created, 9963. 

Grip prevails. 3513; epidemic, 3813; doubles 
death rate, 3813, 6273. (See Influenza.) 

Griqualand, diamonds, 6002 ; annexed, 
6011 ; constituted colony, 9772. (See also 
text, Cape Colony, pp. 597-604.) 

Griquas, characteristics, 6023. 

Griscorn, John, b., 731 ; d., 1701 . 

Grisebach, August H.R., b.,8102; d., 8301. 

Grisi, Giulia, b. (1811) ; sings at Castle 
Garden, 1761 ; d. (1869). 

Grisons, Switz., canton, joins "Act of 
Mediation," 11382. 

League, allies of Confederates, 11373. 

Grissell, C. E., arrested, 9352; breach of 



Grist-tax, adopted, It., 10892. 
Griswold, Ga., Confedis. repulsed, 2401 . 

, Alexander Vietz, b. (1766) ; cons, bp., 

1171 ;d. (1843). 



Griswold, Casimir Clayton, b. (1834) ; Nat. 
Academy of Design, 2601 . 

, John Augustus, b. (1818) ; d., 2781 . 

, Roger, b. ( 1762); gov. C, 1192; d. (1812). 

, Rufus Wiimot, b. (1815) ; d., 180'. 

, Stanley, b. (1763) ; d., 1242. 

College, la., org., 1843. 

Grivart, M., minister, 7491. 

Groat, Sam., cons. bp. Jerusalem, 11571 . 

Grobnik, Mongols defeated, 5041 . 

Grocyn, William, b., 8622 ; at Exeter Col- 
lege, Oxford, 8663; d., 8661. 

Groesbeck, N. H., polygamist, 407' . 

, Wm. Sloeomb, b! (1815) ; Pres. John- 
son's council, 2612; pres. candidate, 2791 ; 
vote, 2812. 

Groff, Lewis A., in int. dept., 3512. 

Grbnandael, R. R. collision, 5473. 

Groningen, Netherlands, taken, 1098 2 . 

Gronovius, Jakob, b. (1G45) ; Thesaurus, 
11012; d. (1716). 

Gros, Baron Antoine Jean.b., 7042; work, 
7142; d., 7262. 

Grose, Francis, b., 9082; d.(1791). 

Grosmone, W., action at, 8601. 

Gross, Samuel David, b., 1122; d., 3162. 

Grossbeeren, Prussia, battle of, 7201. 

Grosse, Julius H. von, b., 8142. 

, Philip Henry, b., 9351 . 

Island, Can., artillery competition, 

5881; cable laid, 5892. 

Grosser Kurt'iirst, collides and sinks, 828', 

, Gen., d., 1122'. 

Grosseteste, Robert, work, 8543; d., 8542. 

Grossi, Tommaso, b., 10843; d., 10863. 

Grossjagerndorf, Prus., battle of, 802' . 

Grostiago, Gen., commander, 6063. 

Grosvenor, Charles H., b., 142' . 

, Lord Robert, Sunday Bill, 9612. 

Gros Ventres Mission, transferred, 3142. 

Grote, George, b., 9263; works, 9543, 9683; 
d., 976'. 

Grotefend, Georg Friedrich, b., 804'; d., 
(1853). 

Groton, Conn., Baptist church org., 563; 
battle eel.. 391 1 ; monument, 1381 . 

Grouchy, Marquis Emmanuel, b., 703' ; 
d., 7301. 

Grousset, Paschal, b., 7283. 

Grout, William W., b., 1462. 

Grove, Sir George, b. (1820); work. 9842. 

, Wm. Robert, b. (1811) ; nitric acid 

battery, 9501; work, 9511; decomposes 
water, 9541 ; electro-induction, 9841 . 

Groveland, Minn., Cath. coll. fnded., 3682. 

Grover, Gen. Cuvier, b. (1830) ; sent to 
Baton Rouge, 2163. 

, Lafayette, b. (1823); gov. Ore., 2732. 

, Wm., gov. N. C, 573. 

Groveton, Va., battle of, 2122. 

Grow, Galusha Aaron, b., 1321; speaker, 
1832, 1972, 2013, 4532. 

Grubb, K. IS., 110m. gov. N.J., 345'. 

Grubbs, John C, b., 1462. 

Gruber, Jacob, b., 912; d. (1850). 

Grumatz, action at, 11121 . 

Grumbach, Wilhelm, b. (1503) ; plunders 
Wurzburg ; protected by John Freder- 
ick ; executed, 7931 ; under ban, 7932. 

GnuidVnitjiuiat, issued, 7991. 

Grundtvig, Nicolai Fredrik Severin, b., 
6382; work, 6391; d.,6421. 

Grundy, Felix, b., 89'; atty-gen., 1512; 
d., 1522. 

Gruner, Wilhelm H. L., b., 807' ; d., 8302. 

Gruter, or Gruytere, Jan., b.-d., 5403. 

Gryphius, Andreas, b., 7943; works, 797' ; 
d'., 7963. 

Guadalajara, mission, 1096 2 . 

Guadaloupc dis., 142 ; attacked, 703. 

Hidalgo, treaty of, 1633. 

Guaimaro, constitution at, 633' . 

Goal, Pedro, pres. Venezuela, 11602. 

Gualbert, John, fnds. Benedictine Abbey, 
10742. 

Guanere, earthquake, 6282. 

Guano, intro. U. S., 1653; exported, 1109' ; 
agreement, 6093 ; Sp. seizes isles, 11083. 

Guarantee by Companies' Act, 9713. 

Guarapari. Dutch defeated, 38'. 

Guardia, Tomas. president, 631'. 

Guardian, lost, 4953. 

Guardians, compulsory education, 5472. 

Guardiola, Gen. Santos, b. (1810) ; pres., 
10412; d. (1862). 

Guarini, Giov. Bat., b., 10803 ; d., 10823. 

Guasralla, battle at, 698' . 

Guatemala, defeated, 11233. (See also text 
pp. 1038, 1039.) 



1272 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Gliat— Hate. 



Guatemozin, h. (1497); executed, 181. 
Guay, M. le, Panama Canal scandal, 7643. 
Guayainas, Mex., bombarded, 1622. 
Guayaquil, earthquake, 643 2 ; free schools, 

6433 ; riots, 6443 . 
Gubbio, Eugubine Tablets dis., 10781 . 
Gudalur, Madras mission, 10443. 
Gudin, Jean Autoine Theodore, b., 7143 • 

d., 7522. 
Gudrod, reigns, 11043. 
Gudule, St. /Cathedral, 5392. 
Guelders, Netherlands, taken, 9021. 
Guelf II., is duke, 7771. 

V., marries .Matilda, 7763. 

Guelfs, war against Ghil>ellines,7761 ; con- 
tentions, 7773 ; rule Naples, 7821 . 
Guelph, Fund Bill, Her., 8371. 

Guelphic Order of Knighth 1, 8111 . 

Guemez Pacheco de Padilla Horcasitas, 

b. (1740) ; viceroy, 101153 ; d. (1799). 
Guercheville.Madamede, fails, colony, 291 , 
Guercino, Giovanni Francesco Barbieri, 

b. (1590) ; St. Jerome. 10S22 ; d., 10831 . 
Guericke, Heinrich Ernst Ferdinand, b., 

8082 ; d. (1878). 
, Otto von, b., 7922 ; inventions of, 

7962 ; d., 7982. 
Guerin, Eugene, minister, 765 2 , 7672. 
Guernsey, East Surrey Regt. rebels, 10041 . 

, Alfred Hudson, b., 1322. 

Guerrazi, Francesco Doineuieo, b., 10843 ; 

d., 10S82. 
Guerrero, mission, 10962. 

, Vicente, b.-d., 10952 ; pres., 10962. 

Guerrier, Gen., president, 10402. 
Guerrilla bands, U. S., 2023, 209 1 ; McNeil, 

Morgan; Quantrell, 2142, 3; in Bolivia, 



5501 



invents alphabet, 



Guess, George, 1 
1331; d., 1561. 

Guessing contests legal, 3723. 

Guest, John, d., 3091. 

Guettard, Jean Etienne, b., 697' ; d., 7061 , 

Guevara, Luis Velez, b.-d., 11282 ; Diablo 
Cojuelo, 11292. 

Guex Confederacy formed, 10983. 

Guglielmi, Pietro, b., 10841 ; d., 10843. 

Guiana, S. Am. (see text, p. 1039), negro 
insurrection, 73 1 ; peace, 732 ; colonists 
perish, 752; annexed to Brazil, 5551; 
boundary dispute settled, 7613 ; annexed 
to G. B., 9332 ; Bp. Swaby cons., 10002 ; 
ceded to France, 11103 ; invaded, 11G03. 

Guiart,Guillaume, poetical chronicle, 673 1 . 

Guibert, Comte de, Jacques A. H., b., 
7003 ; d., 7062. 

, Jos. Hippolyte, b., 7143 ; d., 7542. 

, archbp., favors nuns in schools, 7542. 

Guibord, Joseph, burial of, 5821 , 3, 

Guicciardini, Francesco, b., 10783 ; works, 
10813 ; d., 10802. 

(r/t'u/c issued at Port Hope, Can., 5791 . 

Guidi, Carlo Alessandro, b., 10823 ; d., 
10831. 

Guidici, Paolo Emilliani, works, 10871 . 

Guido d'Arezzo, b.-d., 10722 ; invents mu- 
sical system, 10721 . 

, Cardinal, in Bohemia, 5042. . 

della Colonne, b., 10762. 

, Miguel Sanchez de, governor, 6301. 

, Reni, b., 1081' ; d., 10823. 

Guienne, ceded, 6732 ; lost to Eng., 8633. 
Guignes, Joseph de, b., 6982 ; d., 7142. 
Guigniaut, Jos. Daniel, b., 7102; d., 7501. 
Guild of Literature and Art inaug., 9682. 
Guildford, Eng., bp. Sumner cons., 9983. 

, West Austral., settlement, 4952. 

, Earl of, title created, 9112. 

Guilds, property confiscated, Eng., 8692. 

Guilford, N. 0.'. Mormons expelled, 4703 ; 

G. College (Friends), organized (1837). 

Court House, Gen. Greene at, 93 1 ; 

battle at, 94 1 . 

Guillamore, Viscount, title created, 9412. 
Guillard, Nicolas Francois, b., 7011 ; d., 

7211. 
Guillaume, de Jurnieges, Frere, b.-d., 678 2 . 

de Lorris, works, 6712 ; d. (1240+). 

Guillemeau, Jacques, b., 6803 ; d., 6862. 
Guillon, Abbe, Marie Nicolas Sylvestre, 

b., 7023; d.,7301. 
— — , M. E., works, 7582. 
Guillotin, Jos. Ignatius, h., 7002 ; d.,7211. 
Guilmeth, Alexandre Auguste, b., 7163, 
Guilt, Joseph, d., 9662. 
Guinaud, Pierre Louis, improves telescope, 



Guinea fowls, introduced, France, 6833, 

Guineas coined, England, 8913. 

Guinegate, Louis XI. defeated, 078 i ; bat- 
tle, 6801 ; Duke of Guise takes, 6821 . 

Guiney Station, b. of Spottsylvania, 2323. 

Guinne, united to France, 6792. 

Guinness, Benjamin L., restores St. Pat- 
rick's Cathedral, 9682. 

, H. Grattan, founds East London In 

stitute, 9762. 

Guion, John G., governor Miss., 1692. 

, W. H., establishes steamship line, 

1553; d., 10121. 

Guiraud, Ernest, b. (1837) ; d., 7621 . 

, Pierre Marie Therese Alexandre, 

Baron, b., 7062 ; d. (1847). 

Guiscard, Robert, b.-d., 10722 ; alliance 
with pope, 775 3 ; rescues pope, 7761 ; in 
Gr., 10321; conquests, 10741 ; fnds. univ., 
10751; leader Normans ; duke, 10752. 

Guischard, Karl Gottlieb, Col., b., 8002 • 
d., 8041. 

Guise, Charles de. (See Lorraine, Card, of.) 

, Due de. (See Lorraine, Francis of.) 

. (See Lorraine, Henry I. of.) 

Guises, revolt against, 11833 ; k., 6851,3. 

Guitar, Col., at Oompton's Kerry, 2103. 

Guiteau, Chas., b. (1*4(» ; .shoots Pres. Gar- 
field, 3072, 3092 ; trial, 3091 ; sentenced, 
3102 ; hanged, 3103. ■ 

Guizot, Francois Pierre Guillaume, b., 
7002; ministry, 725' ,3, 7273, 7293; works, 
7283, 7292, 7343, 7432 ; d., 74S2. 

Gujarat, India, conquered, 10421 , 2; inde- 
pendent, 10433 ; dynasty conquered, ' 
10441 ; annexed, 10443 ; in Sepoy rebel- 
lion, 10481 . 

Gulf of Passat, action at, 10241 . 

Gulfport, Miss., railroad wreck, 4373. 

Gull, Sir Win. Whitney, b., 9383; d., 10042. 

Gulot-Dessagcn, M., minister, 7572. 

Gummere, John, b., 962; d.,1581. 

Gum Swamp, N. C., action at, 2222. 

Gun, first used, 7842 ; multicharge or- 
dered, 3441 ; plant for making est. by 
Congress, 3501 ; steam, invented, 9402. 
(See cannon.) 

Gunboat fleet, Eads, 1962 ; on Mississippi, 
2062, 2101 . 

Guncotton, discovered, 8161, 11381. 

Gundeniar, king, 7712, 11253. 

Gunderic, K., 6633 ; rules in Spain, 11253. 

Gunderode, Ivaroline von, b., 8042 ; d.,8082. 

Gundibald, Lex Gundibaldia, 6643. 

Gungunum, king of Ur, 11393. 

Gunnbjorn, discovers Greenland, 111 ,10382. 

Gunning, Bedford, governor Del., 1073. 

Gunnison, Miss., levee endangered, 4071. 

Gunpowder, inv., 7822, 10721 ; for blasting, 
used in Ger., 7782 ; used in Eng., 8502, 
8581; igniting, 9:122 ; smokeless, '5321 . 

Plot, discovered, 8791, 2. 

Guns, rifled at South Boston, 1441 . 

Gunsberg, Eberlin von, work, 7892. 

, Edmund, b., 8742 ; invents chain, 

Giinth'er.'Albert Karl Ludwig, b., 8142. 

, Anton.Pr. of Auhalt.b., 7963; d., 7983. 

, , b., 8042 ; d., 8221 . 

, C. Godfrey, mayor N. Y., 2032. 

, Count of Sch war/burg, b.(l:>04); emp., 

opposed ; sells claim, 7833 ; d. (1349). 

, Johann Christian, b. (1095) ; Poems, 

8003 ; d. (1723). 

Gunton, George, Sneial Eeoiinmics, 3963. 

Guntram, king of Franks, d., 6652. 

Guntur, mission, 10471 

Gupta dynasty, reigns, 1043 2 . 

Gurgyong, fort captured, 10482. 

Gurley, D., moderator. 2162 

, John A., governor Ariz., 2173. 

Gurney, Elizabeth. (See Fry.) 

, T., stenography, 9041 , 

Gurowski, Adam, b.', 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Gustafsvaern bombarded, 9581. 

Gustalla, ceded to Spain, 5153 ; given to 
Maria Louisa, 10S71 . 

Gustavus I., Vasa, king, b.-d., 11342 ; re- 
bels against Dunes, 11341 ; org. church, 
11343 ; king of Sweden, 11352. 

II., Adolphus, b.-d., 11342 ; reigns, 

11353 ; victories over Sigismund ; in 
Thirty Years' War, 7941, 11341; aids 
Protestants, 5121 ; fails in Finland and 
Livonia, 11341 ; reigns ; against Rus., 
11353, 11153; endows Univ. Upsala ; fnds. 
Univ. Dorpat, 11343 ; prohibits whisky, 
11351; k., 5121. 

III., b.-d., 11342; creates SwediBh 



Academy, 11351 ; reigns, 11353 ; shot, 

11351. 
Gustavus IV., Adolphus, b.-d., 11342 ; 

reigns ;deposed, 11353. 

Charles, commander, 11001 . 

, Prince of Sweden, b., 11361 ; marries 

Victoria of Baden, 11363. 
Gussfeldt, Paul, b. (1840) ; expedition to 

Africa, 8281. 
College (Lutheran) org. in St. Peters, 

Minn. (1862). 
Gutenberg, Johannes, b.-d.; movable type 

in-printing, 7842 ; festival honors, 8152 
Guthred, in Ireland, 8521 . 
Guthrie, Okla., laid out, 339 3 ; govern- 
ment org., 3392 ; iron-ore disc, 3421 . 
James, b., 1042 ; S ec. treas., 1732 ; d. 



discovers chloro- 



2661 
, Samuel, b., 95 

form, 1401 ; d., 164 
, Thomas, b., 9323 ; ordained, 9442 

advocates prohibition, 9563 ; d., 9781. 
Guthrum, leads 6352 ; reigns, 1105'. 
Gutierrez, Diego, governor, 6301 . 

, Garcia, El Trooador, 11311. 

, Gen., pres. San Salvador, 11232. 

, Nicolas, governor California, 1472. 

, Santos Joaquin, b. (1820) ; president, 

6292 ; d. (1872). 

, Tomas, revolts in Peru, 11083. 

Guts Muths, Johann Christoph Freidrich, 

8143. 
Gutta-percha, introduced, 9521 ; insulator, 

9541 ; mnf . ; telegraph wires 1641. 
Gutzkow, Karl F., b., 8102 ; works, 8151 , 

8163 ; d., 8282. 
Gutzlaff, Karl, b., 8082 ; d., 8182. 
Guy de Lusignan, K. of Jerusalem, 6712, 

7783, 11552 ; defeated, 11541 ; transfers 

claim for Cyprus, 6713 ; d. (1194). 
, Seymour Joseph, b. (1824) ; in Na- 
tional Academy of Design, 2501 . 
, Thomas, b., 8843 ; founds hospital, 

9071 ; d., 9062. 

, breaks trotting-record, 3433. 

Guyandotte, W. Va., action at, 2003. 
Guyon, Madam b. (1048) ; in Bastile, 6951 ; 

influence of, 6971 ; d. (1777) 
, Jeanne Marie Bouvier de la Motto, 

b.,6883 ; d.,6971. 
Guyot, Arnold Henry, b., 1141 ; geograph- 
ical maps, 2291 ; d ., 3162. 

, Yves, minister, 7572, 7611 . 

Guyton, Ga., cloud-burst, 4361 . 

de Morveau, Louis Bernard, b., 6983 ; 

d., 7222. 
Guzman, Alfonzo Perez de, b.-d., 11262 ; 

takes Gibraltar, 11261 

, Dom, hot-air balloon, 11113. 

, Fernando, elected president, 11033. 

, Luis Munoz de, governor, 6053. 

Gwalior, conquered, 10441 ; under British 

protection, 10472 ; seized, 10481 . 
Gwamba negroes, mission to, 11242. 
Gwilt, Joseph, b., 9223; d. (1863). 
Gwin, Wiu.McKeinlrce, b. (1805) ; d., 320». 
Gwydyr, Baron, title created, 9252. 
Gwyn, Eleanor (Nell), b., 8882 ; d., 8982. 
Gyges, leader, 10141 ; conquests of, 11453. 
Gyi'ippus, b., 10211 ; commander, 10202. 
Gyllembourg- Khrensvard, T h o m a s i n e 

Christine Buntzen, b. (1773) ; works, 

6392 ; d. (1856). 
Gyllenborg, Gustaf Frederik, b. (1731) ; 

Across the Belt, 11351 ; d. (1809). 
Gympie, Australia, gold-field dis., 4981 . 
Gynecological Soc. org., Am., 290i . 
Gynlay, Franz, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. 
Gyongyosy, Stephen, b., 5102 ; d.,5123. 
Gyroscope, invented, 8181 . 
Gyrowetz, Adalbert, b. (1763) ; d., 5223. 



H. 

Haakman, M., closes court, 6591. 

Haaman, aims to destroy Jews, 11463. 

Haarlem, invaded, 10981 . 

Lake, drained, 11022. 

Haas, Johann llatthais, b., 7982; d., 8003. 

, Maurice F. H. de, b., 1401 ; National 

Academy of Design, 2601 ; d., 11021 . 

Haase, Heinrich Gottlob Frederik Chris- 
tian, b., 8083. 

Habakkuk, a prophet, 11443. 

Habberton, John, b. (1842) ; works, 2943, 
3243. 

Habeas Corpus, suspended, Am., 1951, 2, 
2073, 2113, 2152, 2213, 2273, 2373, 2751 ,2; 



Habe-Hall. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDjbX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1273 



ignored, 1953; extended, 197' ; sustained, 
1973; legal, 2112; ineffective, 2352 ; par- 
tially restored, 2492, 2523. 

Habeas Corpus Act, suspension, Can. ,5811 ; 
signed, Eng., SII52, X!)'.I2 ; suspended, 9012, 
9073, 9113, 9212, ;i_>73, 0292, 9312, 9552, 
9703,971', 2, 3. 

Habeneck, Antoine Francois, b., 705' ; d., 
7302. 

Habercomb, L. W., in treas. dept., 3512. 

Haberlin, Franz D., b., 7983 ; d., 8043. 

Habert, M., murders Dupuis, 756 2 . 

, George, d., 8822. 

, Baron, Pierre J., b., 7013 ; d., 7242. 

Habicht, Christian M., b., 804' ; d., S143. 

Habington, William, b., 878' ; d. (1654). 

Habitual Criminals Act. passes, 9732. 

Drunkards Act passes, 983' . 

Habsburg, House of, anniversary, 5303. 

Hacliette, Jean Fourquette, b. (1454) ; at 
Beauvais, 678' . 

, Louis Christophe, Francois, b. (1800) ; 

d., 7362. 

Hackelinan, Pleasant Adam, b. (1814) ; d., 
2152. 

Hackensack, N. J., R. R. wreck, 3213 ; 
robbers' den; 445' ; R.R. collision, 4493. 

Hacker, Ludweek, S. S-, at Ephrata, Pa.; 
Sunday-school, 643. 

Hackert, Philipp, b., 8002 ; d., 8083. 

Hacket, William, hanged, 8763. 

Hackett, Horatio Baleh, b., 1142; d., 288'. 

, chief of police, kills Hannon, 4003. 

, James Henry, b., 10S2; an actor, 134' ; 

d., 2742. 

Hackettstown, N.Y., Smith murdered,3263. 

Hacklander, Friedrich W. von, b., 812' ; 
works, 8182, 825' ; d., 8282. 

Hackley, Charles E., b., 1462; d., 1902. 

HackneycoachesinLondon,S813; licensed, 
9393; restrictions on, removed, 945 3 . 

Hackworth, Timothy, invents steam-jet, 
942'. 

Haco VIII. weds Margaret of Den., 11352. 

Haddington, Earl, of, title created, SSI'. 

— -, E. of, lord-lieut., 9473 ; minister, 9512. 

, Scotland, cholera appears, 9453. 

Haddock, Rev. Geo. C, murdered, 3243. 

Haddys, murder of, 9903. 

Hadee reigns, 'Egypt, 6552. 

Hadji Khalfa (Mustapha Ben Abdallah), 
d., 11563. 

Hadley, Mass., Indian attack, 46' ,2. 

, Henry Hamilton, b. (1826) ; d., 2373. 

— , James, b., 130' ; d., 2782. 

, John, b. (1682) ; reflecting sextant, 

90S' ; d., 9103. 

, Orzo A., governor Ark., 2772. 

Hadrian, Publius iElius Hadrianus, b.-d., 
10623 ; in Egypt, 6533 ; in Gaul, 6632 ; 
rampart in Ire., 839' ; in Britain, 8393 ; 
reigns, 10293 ; erects temples at Rome, 
persecutes Christians, 10642 ; and Jews, 
11532; Jews revolt, 10643; improvements, 
1065' ; perpetual code; adopts Antoninus, 
1065 2 ; builds temples, 11532 ; restores 
Nicomedia; relinquishes authority, 11533. 

Haeckel, Ernst Heinrich, b., 8142; works, 
825', 829'. 

Hafiz, Mohammed Shems-ed-Din, b.-d., 
11063; 

Hafsfiord, action at, 1104' . 

Hagrar sent away, 11402. 

Hagedon, Friedrich von, b., 7983 ; works, 
801' ; d., 8022. 

Hagedorn, Christian L., b., 7983; d., 8042. 

Hagelgan, Hislor// of Arminius. 797'. 

Hagen, Ernest A., b., 8063 ; d., 830'. 

, Friedrich Heinrich von der, b., 8042; 

d., 820' . 

Hagenau, Ger., Germans occupy, 738' 

Hagenbach, Karl R., b., 807' ; d., 828' . 

, Peter von, governor, beheaded, 7872. 

Hager, A. L., b., 168'. 

, Albert David, b., 1262. 

Hagerstown, Md., miss. soc. org., 146 3 ; 
Fed. enter, 196' ; Confed. occupy, 213' . 

Haggai discovers the book, 1146' ; com- 
pletes temple ; a prophet, 11463. 

Haggard, Henry Rider, b. (1S56) ; works, 
9923, 10043. 

Haggart, John, postmaster, 593' ; minister 
R. R. and canals, 5952, 5963. 

Haggerty, John, jumps bridge, 4332. 

Haghe, Louis, b., 9303; d. (1885). 

Hagisa reigns, 11453. 

Hagood, Johnson, governor S. C, 3052. 

Hague, The (Eng.), (or Fr., La Hogue), in- 
dependence of, 10993; states-gen. meet, 



5433; league of find., 6933; naval battle, 
694'; treaty of, 7992, 7993,7112, 11013; 
evacuated by Fr., 1102' ; cholera, 11023. 

Hague, Arnold, b., 1522. 

Halm, August, b., S062; d., 822' . 

, Michael, governor La., 2312,3, 2413. 

, Philipp M., b., 8002; d., 8043. 

, Simon, b., 79S2; d., S002. 

Hahnel, Ernst Julius, b., 8102 ; d. (1891). 

Hahnemann, Sam. C. F., b , 8023; d.,8162, 

Halm-Halm, Countess Ida Marie Luise So- 
phie Friederika Uustave von, b., 8082 ; 
works, 8152, 8202, 825' ; d., 830'. 

Haichung, mission, 6222. 

Haid, Leo, cons. R. C. bishop, 330 2 , 

Haidarabad Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; mis- 
sion, 10463, 1(1483; mutiny at, 1049'. 

Haidiugor, Wilhelm, b., 8003; d., 8262. 

HaiDzuong, Black Flags, 4821. 

Haifong, typhoon, 6222 

Haight, Benjamin J., d., 3002. 

, Henry Huntley, b., 1322; governor 

Cal., 265,2; a., 2982. 

Haik rules Armenia, 11412. 

Haile, William H., nom. gi?v. Mass., 415' . 

Hailey, Ida., fire, 3432. 

Haileybury Coll., Herts, fnd., 933' , 9623. 

Haillan, Bernard de Gerard du, Histolre 
de France, 683 2 . 

Haimonsk/nder, appears, 791'. 

Hainan, China, mission, 6143, 623' , 6242. 

Hainaut, Belg., French conquer, 5401 ; 
House of, reigns, 10991 . 

Haiiier, Eugene J., h., 1682. 

Haines, Charles D., d., 1781 . 

, Dan., gov. N. J., 1572, 1652; d., 2941. 

Bluff, Miss., Feds, at, 220'; Confeds. 

defeated, 2212 ; evacuated, 222' . 

Hainfleld, Socialist Congress, 531 1 . 

Haiphong, Fr. repulse, 4802. 

Hair-powder, in use,Eng.,877 3 , tax, 9272,3; 
repealed, 9732. 

Haiti, W. I. (see text, p. 1040), gold mines 
dis.,141 ; religions, 142; Columbus leaves, 
143, 153; Isabella fnd. ; Columbus re- 
turns, 14 3 ; Indian labor, 152; Council of 
regency ; gold mines, 153 ; Dominican 
monks arrive; Franciscans enter, 161; 
slavery abounds, 171 ; negroes in mines, 
172 ; Columbus' illness, 1443 ; indepen- 
dence, 715 3 ; recognized, 2093 ; Kear- 
sarge at ; Gss/pee at', ;>4o' ; Galena leaves, 
344'' ; North Atlantic squadron at, 356' ; 
defaulting pres. captured, 7643; British 
grievance, 1001 2. 

Haiyen surrenders Manas, 622' . 

llaizinger, Amalie, b., 807'; d., 8302. 

Hakall, Richard B., surety, 2563. 

Hakim, Calif, o 6542. 

Hakka, mission, 023' . 

Hakkas, mission, 6183. 

Hakluyt, Richard, b., 8702 ; works, 8751 ; 
d., 8801 . 

Society, founded, 9543. 

Hakon I., invades Scotland, 1104' . 

III., reigns, 1105' . 

IV., reigns, 11051 ; in Scotland, 8541 ; 

Iceland subject to, 10422. 

V., reigns, 11051 ; d., 11041. 

VI., reigns, 11051. 

the Good, reigns, 11043; d., 1104' . 

Jarl governs provinces, 11043. 

Halai defeated, 22. 
Halberstadt, Prussia, bishoprics, 770 3 . 
, Albrecht von, translates Ovid's Meta- 
morphoses, 7783. 

Halbig, Johann, b., 8102; d., 8302. 
Ilaldane, Robert, b., 9162; d.,9502. 
Haldeman, Samuel S., b., 1183; d., 3041. 
Haldimand, Frederick, gov., 892; gov.-gen.; 

land grants, 5772. 
Haldon, Baron, title created, 9871 . 
Hale, Benj , b., 1062, d., 2251. 

, Chas. R., cons, bishop 111., 4202. 

, Edward Everett, b., 1302 ; works, 

1643, 1742, 2011 2643, 2723, 2803, 2863, 

2923, 3063, 4203, 4482 ; banquet, Boston, 

4043. 

, Eugene, b., 1462. 

, Horatio, b., 1262. 

, John Parker, b., 1122; nominated for 

pres., 1642, 1712 ; vote, 1712, 1732 ; d., 

2821 ; statue, 412' . 
, Sir Matthew, h., 8782 ; witchcraft, 

8911; chief justice, 8932; d., 8942. 
, Capt. Nathan, b., 71 1 ; hanged, 842 ; 

d., 851 ; statue, 4441. 

, Nathan, journalist, b., 962; d., 2191. 

, Samuel W., gov. N. H., 3152. 



Hale, Sarah Josepha Buell, b. (1790); d., 
3002. 

, Warren S., lord mayor, London, 965a. 

, William, governor N. H., 183 2 . 

Hales, John, b., 8742; d. (1656). 

, Sir Robert, murdered, 8603. 

, Stephen, b., 8942 ; g as experiments, 

9061; ventilators, 9102; d.,9151. 

Halevy, Jacques Francois Fromental filie, 
b. 7142; d., 7342. 

, Leon, b., 7143; d., 7541 . 

, Ludovic, b.,7262; Academician, 752' . 

Haley, Edmund, magnetic variations,896' ; 
sun's distance, S98 2 . 

Half Mountain, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 
2321. 

Haifa Wady,GordondefeatsMahdists,6001. 

Halt.lan I., reigns, 11043; d., 11041. 

II., reigns, 11043. 

III., reigns, 11043. 

Halford, Sir Henry, b.,9163; d., 9522. 

Half-way covenant, 383; adopted, 402. 

Haliartus, action at, 10221 . 

Haliburton, Thomas Chandler, b., 5762 ; 
works, 5791 , 5S03; d., 5821 . 

Halicamassus, Asia, surrenders, 10242 ; 
Mausoleum -erected, 11462. 

Halidon Hill, Eng., action at, 8581 . 

Halifax, N. S., fnd., 5753; //. Gazette, 5752: 
R. C. dio. est. ; Acadian lleeorder; Royal 
Gazette, 577 1 ; free port, 5773; Dalhousie 
Coll. est.; Xora Scotiau , 5783; archbish- 
opric fmd., 580 2; We tie van; Evang. Advo- 
cate; Preslj. Witness, 5803; fi re , 5853; 
Weekly Herald, 5843 ; Fishery Commis- 
sion in, 2972, 585i ; award, 11032 ; yellow 
fever; cable contract, 5873 ; Presbytery 
of, 5882; strike; carnivals, 5883; anni- 
versary, 5S92 ; Jack the Kipper, 5903 ; 
snowstorm ; gale, 5921 ; steamer sinks, 
5953. 

, E. of. (See Montague, Charles.) 

, E. of, lord-lieut., 9153; minister, 9172. 

, Lord. (See Wood, Charles.) 

, Lord, in Va., 672; proposes taxation 

of colonies, 693; opposed; paid, 2992. 

, Marquis of. (See Savile.) 

, Viscount of, title created, 965' . 

Hall, Arthur, Homer's Jliades, 8751. 

, C. A., bishop of Vt., 450' . 

, A. Oakey, mayor, 2692 ; trial, 2811 . 

, Asaph, b. (1829) ; dis. satellites of 

Mars, 2961; gold medal, 4671. 

, Basil, b., 9243; d., 9522. 

, Bayard Rust, b. (1798) ; d., 2191. 

, Charles Francis, b., 130i ; Arctic ex- 
pedition sails, 1861 , 235' ; reports, 250' ; 
returns, 2661 ; sails, 2741 ; d., 2741 , 2. 

, Henry, b., 1282. 

- — , Col., near Milton, Tenn., 2201 . 

, David, governor Del., 1113. 

■ — -Fitzsiinmons prize-tight, 3883. 

, Frederick, d., 1561 

, George Henry, b. (1825) ; in Academy 

of Design, 2641 . 

, Gordon, b. (1782); miss., 10463;d., 1341. 

, Hiland, b., 1061 ; governor Vt., 1852. 

, James, b., 1042; moderator, 1123; d. ( 

2622. 

■ , , paleontologist, h., 1162. 

, Sir , b. (1761) ; experiments, 9222; 

d. (1832). 

, Mrs. J. D., murderer hanged, 3043. 

, John, clergyman, life endangered, 

3951. 

, I., in dept. of justice, 447 3 . 

, W., governor Del 3033; d., 4001 . 

, Joseph, bp., of Norwich, h., 8742 ; 

works, 8771 , 8851 ; d., 8882. 

, Louisa Jane, b. (1802) ; d., 1482. 

, Lyman, b., 602; d., 1022. 

- — , Marshall, b., 9243; d. (1857). 

, Nathan Kelsey, b. (1810) ; P. M.-Gen., 

1672; d., 2841. 

, Rev. Newman, b. (1816) ; at Lincoln 

Tower, 9792. 

, Robt., b., 9162 ; works, 9292; d.,9442. 

, II., commissioned colonel, 4301. 

, Samuel Carter, b., 9302; d., 10001. 

, T., in office of Iron Hall, 4143. 

, UrielS., b., 1701. 

, Wm. A., defeats compensation, 2193. 

, N., d., 6222. 

, R., commissioned major, 4561 . 

, invents rolling-machine, 5082. 

of Columns erected at Karnak, 6481. 

Hallam, Arthur Henry, b., 9351 ; d. (1833). 

, Henry, b., 9203 ■ works, 939i , 950» ; 

d., 9622. 



1274 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Hall-Haiio. 



Hallam, "William, theatrical company, 683. 

Halle, Prus., Naturalists and Physicians, 
Conv.,8341 ; stormed, 716' ; cholera, 8373; 
Univ. chartered, 799' ; univ. closed, 800' ; 
univ. unites with Wittenberg, 8111. 

, Adam de la, b. (1240) ; works, 6731 ■ 

d. (1287). 

, Jean Noel, b., 7022; d., 7242. 

Halleck, Fitz-Greene, b. (1790) ; works, 
1283, 1312; d., 2582; statue, 2941. 

, Henry Wagner, b., 124 2 ; maj.-gen., 

1981 ; commands in Mo.; Order No. 3, 
2003; orders martial law, 2021; com- 
mands three depts., 2043; i n West, 2052; 
supersedes Grant, 2062; commander-in- 
chief, 2101; sent to McClellan, 2141; 
countermands Red River exped., 2322; 
exchange of prisoners, 2283 ; d., 2761 . 

Haller, Albrecht von, b.-d., 11372; works, 
8011,8032. 

Hallet, William, fined, 402. 

Hallet's Point Reef, blown up, 2933. 

Halley, Edmund, b., 8882; SU n motion ; 
transit of Mercury, 894 1 ; foretells comet, 
8961, 9022; red flames, 9041; sun's dis- 
tance; astronomer royal, 9061 ; d., 9103. 

Halliday, Lizzie, murderess, 4363, 4631. 

, Paul, body found, 4363. 

Hallixche Jafirbuch, issued, 815 2 . 

Halliwell-Phillipps, .lames Orchard, b., 
9402; a., 10001 . 

Hallock, Gerard, b., 1082. 

, William A., d., 3041 . 

Halloran, Dr., transported, 9392. 

Hallowell, girls' iiidus. school opd.,2871. 

, Richard Price, b., 1442. 

Halpin (Fenian), trial, 9711 . 

Halpine, Charles G., b., 1362; d., 2622. 

Halsbury, Baron, title created, 9871. 

, Lord. (See Giffard.) 

Halstan reigns in Sweden, 11333. 

Halstead, James, death, 4343. 

, Murat, b., 136 2 ; nomination rejected, 

3391; editor Standard Union, 3562. 

Halule, action at, 11442. 

Haluntaqni, battle of, 6431 . 

Halve Moon, sails with Hudson, 261. 

Halyburton, Thomas, b., 8923; d., 9042. 

Ham, Ft., surrenders to Duke of Guise, 
6821 ; occpuied, 7423. 

Hamadan. Persia, mission at, 11082. 

Hainan, plots against Jews, 11472. 

Hamann, Johann G., b., 8002; d., 8043. 

Hamath, Syria, reduced, 11441 . 

Hamberger, Georg B., b., 7982; d., 8023. 

Hambleden, Baron, title created, 10052. 

Hamboys, John, music, 8641. 

Hamburg, Ger., Fr. annexes ; revolt 
against Fr., 7193 ; archbishopric, 7722 ; 
fnd.,7731 ; imperial city, 7823; free town, 
7873; peace preliminaries, 7972 ; peace 
of, 8033; sequesters Brit, property, 8073; 
taken, 8081 ; Fr. evacuate, 8101 ; inde- 
pendence restored, 8112; in Ger. Confed- 
eration, 8113 ; Am. Baptists in, 8143 ; 
burned, 8163 ; inundated ; new con- 
stitution, 8202 ; new assembly meets ; 
new Constitution, 8212; taken, 635i; 
oocupied, 7201 ; in N. Ger. Confederation, 
8252; joins Ger. Empire, 8272; free port, 
8273 ; harbor works, 8321 ; Socialist 
"vTedde, funeral, 8331 ; surrenders free- 
dom, 8332; cholera prevails; 8373. 

, N. Y., railway collision, 3533; town 

collector short, 4183. 

- — , S. C, race fight, 2891 , 2923. 

Am. line steamers est., 1633 ; with- 
draws steamers, 5952. 
HambargiS'-lo r- Co rri^jionden t , issued,799l . 
Hamerton, Philip Gilbert, b. (1834) ; works, 

8723. 
Hamid-bin-Thwain, Sultan, 5642. 
Hamilcar at Himera, 10182 ; in Sicily, 
10523; in Sp., 10531, 11251 ; extends 
dominions, 11252; d., 11391. 
Hamilton, Can., R. C. diocese est., 5802 ; 
Weekly Spectator ; Wesleyan Female 
Coll., '5803; Tinus, 5811; Brooklyn regi- 
ment ree'd ; Herald ; Public Library est., 
5833. 

, G. B., miners' riots, 9963. 

, N. C, action at, 2101 . 

, N. Y., Hamilton Coll. org., 119 1 ; Pres. 

Skillman inaug., 3902 ; Madison Univ. 
est. ,1251 ; Literary and Theological Insti. 
est., 1291 ; Library building est., 3383. 

River, immense falls discovered, 5961 . 

College, Wis., Pres. Striker, 4221 . 

Univ. est., Red Wing, Minn., 176 2 . 



Hamilton, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Bp., on supernaturalism, 9701 . 

, D. of, title created, 8S51 , 8932. 

, D. of, surrenders, SS62; killed, 9051 . 

— — , Marquis of, minister, 8833. 

, Alexander, b., 711; acquits Zenger, 

631; at Ft. Washington, 852; Washing- 
ton's aide, 871 ; sec. treas., 1012; opposes 
Jefferson, 103 1 ; leads Federalists, 1033; 
Essay* of Camilla*, 1063; challenged by 
Burr, 1131 ; killed, 1121 ; statue, 4401 . 

, Andrew, gov. N. J., 511 , 532, 552±. 

, Gen. Andrew J., b. (1815) ; on Com. 

33, 1891; gov. Tex., 2483, 2491, 2511; d. 
(1875). 

, Count Anthony, b., 6883 ; Comte de 

Gramont, 6972; d., 6982. 

, Charles, cons, bp., 9922. 

, S., d., 3821 . 

, Elizabeth, b., 9143; d., 9382. 

, Frank Hastings, b., 1211 ; d., 3241 . 

, Gail. (See Dodge, Mary Abigail.) 

, Lord George Francis, D. of Aber- 

corn, b. (1845) ; minister, 9792 ; L. of 
Admiralty, 9933, 9953; appropriation for 
warships, 10012; opens exhibition, 10081 . 

, George William, E. of Orkney, d., 

10001. 

, Gustavus, at Newton Butler, 8981 . 

, Hamilton, elected Acad. Design, 3501 , 

— -, Henry.gov. Mich., 991 ; d. (1796). 

, James, b., 562 ; gov. N. J., 672, 713, 

731 ; captured at Viucennes, 
, , b. (1786) ; gov. S. C, 1392; on nul- 
lification; pres. convention, 1412; d.,lS2i . 

, , Duke of Abercorn, b., 9351; 

L. lieut., 9692; d., 9941 . 

, , Earl of Arran, b. (1477); regent, 

8693; d. (1529). 

, John, pres. N. j., 633. 672. 

, John B., in treas. dept., 3512. 

,Sir John Campbell Hamilton-Gordon, 

E. of Aberdeen, gov. -gen. Can., 595 2 ,3. 

, John M., governor 111., 3152. 

, Col. J. S., arrested ; acquitted, 3271 . 

, Paul, b. (1762) ; gov. S. C, 1132 ; seo. 

navy, 1171; d. (1816). 

Sir Robert, resigns, 9953. 

, Walter Kerr, elected bp., 9583. 

, Sir William, antiquary, b., 9082 ; 

Braes of Yarrow, 9152; d., 9323. 

, Sir ,b.,9243; w. irks, '.1583; d., 9603. 

, William Richard, b., 9203; d. (1859). 

, Sir — - Rowan, b., 9323 ; mathemati- 
cal method, 9521 ; d., 9681 . 
Hamley, Sir Edward Bruce, b. (1824) ; d., 

10102. 
Hamlin, Charles S., in treas. dept., 4472. 

-, Hannibal, b., 1161 ; gov. Me., 1832 ; 

nom. vice-pres., 1873, 1931 ; vote, 1883, 
1913, 1931; d., 3861. 
Hamline Univ. (Meth. Epis.) org. at St. 
Paul, Minn. (1854). 

, Leonidas Lent, b., 1062 ; cons, bp., 

1563; d., 2452. 
Hamman, mission, 6571. 
Hammarskiold, Lars, b.-d., 11342 ; fnds. 
Literary Society, 11351 ; works of, 1136 2 . 
Hammellinrg, Prussian victory, 8242. 
Hammerieh, Frederik Peder Adolf, b., 

6382; d., 6421. 
Hammer-Purgstall, Joseph von, b., 8041; 

work, 8103; d., 8201. 
Hammersmith to Kew, tram-cars, 9901 . 
Hammon, David, surveys Phila., 492. 
Hammond manufactures lace, 916 2 . 

, Lord Edmund, blackmailing scheme, 

10023; d., 10022. 

, Geo., English minister, 1032. 

, Jabez D., b., 912; d., 1761 . 

, James Hamilton, b., 1141 ; gov. S. 0., 

1553; Cotton is King, 1833; d. (1864). 
- — , Matthew, burned, 8743. 

, Samuel, b., 71 1 ; d., 1452. 

, Thomas, b., 1561 . 

, William Alexander, b., 1362. 

Hammurabi, dynasty ; reigns, 483 2 ; de- 
feats Rim Shi ; builder, 11401 . 

Canal, built, 11412. 

Hamon, Jean Louis, b., 7223; d., 7482. 
Hampden, Lord, impeached, 8852. 

, Viscount of, title created, 9871. 

, John, b., 76 2 ; Puritan, 351 ; refuses 

ship-money, 883 3 ; wounded, 8841; d., 
8843. 

, Renn Dickson, bp., b., 9262; d., 9722. 

, Richard, minister, 8993. 

club, est., 9393. 

Sydney, College, Va., org., 851 . 



Hampdenk, John, political conspiracy, 

8971. 
Hampshire, Eng., waste of land, 8491 . 
Hampton, Baron, title created, 9751. 
Hampton Court Conf., held, 8782, 8792. 

Court Palace, Raphael Cartoons, 8821. 

Institute, Va., org., 2643 ; H. B. Fria- 

sell superintendent, 4302. 

, John, missionary, 522. 

, S., gov. W. Australia, 4972. 

, Wade, b., 683; d., 1442. 

, , b., 1262 ; at Shepherdstown, 

2141; commands Confederates, 1201; 
south of Kapidan, 2321 ; near Trevilian 
Station, 2342; ;lt Sycamore Church, 2381 ; 
at Columbia, 2422; ;t t Cheraw , 2423; near 
Jackson's Mill, 2441 ; gov., 2932, 2973; in 
int. dept., 4472. 

Roads, school opd. for freedmen, 

2023 ; Congress burned ; Cumberland 
sunk ; Monitor arrives, 2043 ; Merrimac 
fights, 2062, 207 1 ; Fort Fisher expedition 
leaves, 2402 ; peace commission meets, 
2431. 

Wick, R. R. accident, 9993. 

Hamurab, reigns, 11393. 
Hanaford, Phoebe Coffin, b., 1362. 
Hanani, prophet ; imprisoned, 11423. 
Hanau, Prus., principality, 8091; incor- 
porated, SU!>3; Bavariaiis'defeated, 7202. 
Han Belalovich, Bosnians defeated, 5281 . 

dynasty rules, 611 3 . 

chung Foo, taken, 6141 . 

Hancock, Mil., Confeds. driven from, 2363. 

, John, b., 642; sloop seized, 753; pres. 

AssemDly, 792; p re s. Cong., 812; pardon 
withneid, 813; p re s. Cunt. Cung., 832: 
resigns, 893; guv., 933, 1011 ; electoral 
vote, 1012; d., 1042. 

, Gen., at La (Julie Mills, 1221 . 

, Winfield Scott, b., 1321 ; at Williams- 
burg, 2071 ; near Charlestown, 2142 ; at 
Fredericksburg, 2162 ; at Gettysburg, 
2241 ; near Kapidan, 2321; ;l t Spottsyl- 
vania, 2323 ; at Cold Harbor, 2341 ; at 
Weldon K. R. 2343 ; at Petersburg, 2343; 
at Reanis's Station, 237 2 ; at Hatcher's 
Run, 2391; Cung. thanks, 2521 ;maj.-gen., 
2o2i; against Indians, 2561; commands 
5th military dist., 2581; nom. for pres., 
2931 , 3051 ; vote, 3051 , 3072; d., 3222. 
Hand, Brig. -Gen. Edward, b. (1744) ; com- 
missioned, 861 ; d. (1802). 

, Daniel, d., 3961 . 

Handel. George Frederick, b., 7982; in Lon- 
don, 9041 ; first English oratorio, 9061 ; 
composes The Messiah, 910 2 ; Jephthah, 
9122 ; d., 8023 ; commemoration, 9222, 
9461 ; festival, 9622. 

Society, formed, London, 9521 . 

and Haydn Soc. org., 1241; anniver- 
sary, 3561 . 
Handful of Phasont Ihdiyhts, issued, 8751 . 
Handkerchiefs, Paisley, 'first made, 910 2 . 
Handoub taken, 6603. 

Handsworth, east steel manufactory, 9102. 
Hanel, Ernest Julius, b. (1811) ; d., 83H . 

, Gustav F., b., 8062; d., S282. 

Hangehow-f u, China, captured; desolated, 

6201 ; mission, 6203, 6211,2. 
Hanging Rock, S. C, attacked, 922. 

in chains abulished, G. B., 9471 . 

Hango, Hermann, works, 8362. 
Hangorf, Thomas, martyr, 472. 
Hanifs, idolatry, 4843. 
Hanka, Venceslav, b., 5181 ; Bul-opis 
Kralodirorsl://, discovered, 5203; d.,5262. 
Hanke, Henriette W., b., 8042; d., 8202. 
Hankel, Wilhelm Gottlieb, b., 8102. 
Han-Keu, sacked, 618 1 ; allies punished; 

defamed; fugitive, 10553. 
Hankow, China, mission, 0203; riots, 6251 ; 



R. R. syndicate, 6253; fire, 6273. 

Hanley, Eng., coal-mine caves in, 10013. 

Hanlon, E., on Lake Quinsigamond, 3253. 

Hanna, Hugh, open-air preaching, 9603. 

, Speaker, life endangered, 3751. 

Hannay, J., makes artif'l diamonds, 9841 . 

Hannen, Lord, arbitrator, 425 2 . 

, Sir James, Parnell Commission, 9992. 

Hannibal, lost; 9301. 

, b.-d., 11391 ; in Italy, 6021 ; at Sagun- 

tum, 10531 ; expeditions. 1054', 11251; 
recalled, 10543 ; under Prusias, 11481 . 

Hannington, James, b. (1847) ; sails, 5613; 
returns, 5613 ; cons. ; martyred, 5621. 

Hanno, defeated, 10523, 10531 . 

Hanoi, Fr. defeated; evacuated ; Fr. cap- 
ture, 4802. 



Hano-Harr. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column 



1275 



Hanoteaux, M., minister, 7672. 

, Gabriel, Richelieu, 7641 . 

Hanover, Ger., restores Rhine Palatinate, 
7972 ; becomes 9th electorate, 7992 ; Er- 
nest Augustus, elector (1692); Geo. Lewis 
elector (1698) ; treaty of, 9073 ; Geo. 
Augustus elector (1727) ; purchase of 
Bremen, 801 2 ; in Seven Years' War, 
8032 ; Geo.-Wm.-Fred. elector (1760) ; 
seized by Prus., 7021, 8073 ; occupied, 
8091 ; acquired by Pius., 5272, 8092 ; re- 
gained for Eng., 7212, 8112 ; Guelphie 
order est.; Westphalia gains part, 8111 ,2; 
regained by Eng., si 12; elector becomes 
king (1814) ; in Confederation ; Duke 
of Cambridge viceroy ; representative 
govt, fmd., 8113 ; Geo.-Augustus-Fred., 
K. ; Wm. Henry, K., S133 ; constitu- 
tion abolished ; Victoria, Q. of Eng. ; 
separated from Eng., 8153, 9492 ■ elec- 
toral rights opposed ; Constitution 
granted, S173 ; alliance with Prus. ; in 
Tariff Union ; George V., K., 8193 ; 
Constitution annulled, 821 1 ; gives up 
State dues, 8212 ; claims crown jewels, 
821 1 ; ally of Aust . ; invades Holstein ; 
Prus. troops in, 822' , 8233 ; Prus. gains, 
8252 ; treaty with Prus. ; Bavaria royal 

Property sequestrated ; treason in, 8253; 
Id Catholic movement, 8263; king weds 
Thyra, S303 ; Ernest Augustus II., K., 
8311 ; imperial capital, 8353. 

, N". H., Dartmouth College est., 763 ; 

College of Agriculture est., 2623; Miss 
Warden shot, 3882. 

County, Va., mission, 71 1 ; Sunday 

School in, 983. 

Court House, Va., taken, 2082. 

Junction, Va., cavalry tight, 2241 . 

College, Ind., org., 1423. 

Hospital dedicated, 4291 . 

Hans of Den., defeats Sten Stare, 11341 . 

Busk Life-Ship Institute fnd., 9723. 

Hansa, Arctic expedition, 8261 . 

Hansard, John K. G.. b., 1462. 

, Luke, b.. 9123 ; d., 9423. 

Hansbrough, H. C, b., 1641 ; speech, 4391 . 

Hanse towns, struggles with Den., 6372. 

Hanseatic League, fmd., 7773, 7811; W ar 
with Den., 782 1 . 

Hansen, Mauritz Christopher, b. (1794) ; 
works, 11042; d. (1842). 

, Peter Andreas, b., 8063; Table of the 

Moon, published, 9621 ; d., 8281 . 

Hansom, Jos.Alovsius. in v. safety cab,946i . 

, Capt., killed in duel, 9212. 

Hansteen, Christoifer, b.-d., 11041 . 

Hanway, Jonas, b. (1712) ; est. Marine 
Society, 9151; d., 9253. 

Han-Yang, sacked, 6I81 . 

Hapsburg, House of; est., 5033, 5052; 
rule begins, 5093 ; reigns, 10992, 5853. 

Lorraine, House or, 5232. 

Harback, Abram A., commis. maj., 4501 . 

Harbaugh, Henry, b., 1202; d., 2582. 

Harberton, Viscount of, title created, 9252. 

Harbour Grace, N. F., Standard estab- 
lished, 5811. 

Harcourt, Edward W., d., IOO62. 

, D', Gen., at Turin, 6S81 . 

, Due d', Henri, b., 6902; d., 6981. 

, Sir Simon, b., 8902; keeper; lord 

Chanc, 9052; lord lieut., 9193; d. (1777). 

, Sir Wm. Geo. Granville Venables 

Vernon.b. , 94 J3;ininister,'.lS".2, 9952, 10092, 
10112; intro. Coercion Bill, 9892; Liquor 
Traffic Bill, 1011 1. 

Hardee, Wm. J., b., 1262 ; at Shiloh, 2061 ; 
at Perryyille, 2142 ; at Murfreesboro, 
2171 ; supersedes Bragg, 2283; at Pump- 
kin-Vine Creek, 2341 ; at. Jonesboro, Ga., 
2381 ; at Savannah, 2402 ; from Charles- 
ton, 2422 ; at Cheraw, 2423 ; at Averys- 
boro, 2441; d., 2821. 

Harden, J. S., murderer, 1882. 

Hardenberg, Friedrich (Novalis) von, b., 
8031 ; work, 8072; d., 8071 . 

, James B., pres. Ref. Synod, 1543. 

, Pr. Karl August von,b.,8022; d.,8122. 

Hardicanute, K., b., 8462 ; reigns, Den., 
6352; reigns Eng.; d., 8472. 

Hardie, Capt., defeats Garza, 398 1 . 

Hardin, Charles H., gov. Mo., 2912. 

, Martin D., b. (1880); d., 1302. 

Harding, Chester, b., 1022; at Fort Donel- 
son, 2183; d., 2521. 

, James Duffield, b., 9283; d., 9662. 

, Karl Ludwig, b. (1765) ; dis. Juno, 

8081,9322; d. (1834). 



Harding, Stephen, b., 6683. 

, S., gov. Utah, 2032. 

College, fnd. at Mexico, Mo., 2782. 

Hardingc, Viscount, title created, 951 1 . 

, Sir Arthur E., d., 10081 . 

, Henry, b., 9223; gov.-gen., 9532, 

10473; at Mudkee. HMO' ; commander-in- 
chief. 9561; d., 9603. 

, Capt., killed, 9341. 

Hardman, Sir William, d., 10041. 

Hardouin, Trissor de V< 'nerie, 6763. 

, Jean, b., 6883; d., 6983. 

Hardrada, Harold, lights Danes, 6351; 
killed, 8461 . 

Hardt, Hermann von del', b.,7963; d.,8003. 

H a rdwick, Philip, b. (17921 ; begins Maryle- 
bone Church, 9362; d. (1871). 

Hardwieke, Lord. (See Yorke, Philip.) 

, E. of, title created, 9112. 

, E. of. (See Yorke, Charles.) 

Hardy, Alexander, plays of, 6871 . 

, Arthur Sherburne, b., 1623 ; works, 

3163, 3263,3503. 

, Sir Charles, b. (1705±) ; gov. N. Y., 

712; d. (1780). 

, Gathorne, Viscount Cranbrook, b. 

(1814) ; minister, 9953. 

, Josiah, gov. N. J., 732. 

, Thomas, b. (1840) ; works, 9763, 9963, 

10121 . 

, Sir Masterman, b., 9183 ; bom- 
bards Stonington, 1222; d., 94S3. 

Hare, Augustus Julius Charles, b., 946 2 ; 
Two Noble Lives, 4783. 

, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

, Darius D., b., 1561 . 

, Julius Charles, b., 9263; d., 9603. 

, Robert, b., 93 1 ; compound blow-pipe, 

1101; d., 1841. 

, Thomas, d., 10061 . 

, Wm. Hobart, b. (1838); cons, bp., 2803. 

Harel, Abbe Telesphore, d., 5881. 

Haren, Willern van, b.-d., 1101 1 ; Gevallen 
van Frisco, 11012. 

Harewood, E. of, title created, 9372. 

Harlieur, Fr., surrenders, 6761 , 8621 . 

Hargraves, Edmund Hammond, b., 9382; 
discovers gold, 4961 . 

Hargreaves, James, carding-machines, 
9142; spinning-jenny, 9161, 9172; water- 
power spinning, 9181 ; d., 9203. 

Haring, Wilhelm. (See Alexis.) 

Harington, Sir John, b., 8721; Orlando 
Furioso, 8771 ; d. (1612). 

Hariri, Abu Mohammed Kasim ben Ali, 
b. (1054); d., 4863. 

Harker, Gen. Chas. G., b. (1836); k., 2351 ,2. 

Harkins, Matt., b. (1845) ; cons, bp., 3262. 

, Capt., near Winchester, 2161. 

Harkncss, William, astron., b., 1482. 

Harlan Court-House, feud. 3471 ,3561,4502. 

, James, b., 1282 ; se c. of interior, 

2473; resigns, 2532. 

, John Marshall, b., 1421 ; justice, 

2973; arbitrator, 4252, 4471. 

, Richard, b., 1061 ; d., 1561 . 

Harland, Marion. (See Terhune, Mrs.) 

Harlav, Achille de, b., 6803; d., 6863. 

Harlaw, battle of, 860 1 . 

Harlech, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

Castle, Wales, besieged, 86O1 . 

Harlcian Library est., 9023. 

Society fnd., 9721 . 

Harlem Courant, London, issued, 8983. 

Harlem Heights, N. Y., attack at, 842. 

R. R. built, 1393, 1493; wreck, 3971. 

Harless, Gottlieb Christolph Adolph von, 
b.,8082; d., 8202. 

Harley, Edward, E. Oxford ; library, 9023. 

, Robert, E. of Oxford, b. (1661) ; L. 

admiralty, 9031; dismissed, 9052; im- 
peached, 9053; d. (1724). 

, Robert, E. of Oxford, b., 8902 ; min- 
ister, 9032; speaker ,9031 ; dismissed,9033; 
chanc, 905 2 ; assassination fails, 9051 ; 
1. treas. ; created Karl, 905 2 ; d., 9062. 

Harlots punished, Eng., 8591. 

Harlow, George Henry, b., 9242; d. (1819). 

Harman, Edward R. King, d., 9982. 

, Mayor J. W., shot, 4743. 

Harmar, Josiah, b., 683; general-in-chief, 
1001 ; defeated by Indians, 1021 ; d., 1211 . 

Harmon, Capt., near Decatur, 2102. 

, R. F., letter, 4753. 

Harmonica, J. C. Gliick plays, 9102. 

Harmonic Union, fmd., Eng., 958 2 . 

Harmonichord invented, 8101 . 

Harmonists founded, 8043 ; Ind., 1243. 

Harmony, Davis B., rear-admiral, 3381 . 



Harms, Claus, b., 8042; d., 8201 . 

, Louis, b. (1809) ; inane, missionary 

society, 8182; d. (1S66). 

Harmshope, mission, 11241. 

Harmsworth, Polar expedition, 10121 . 

Harnden, Lieut.-Col., captures Jefferson 
Davis, 2463. 

, Wm. Fred., org. express, 1513. 

Harnett, Cornelius, b., 002; d., 931. 

Harney, William Selbv, b., 1082 ; captures 
Inds., 1521 ; at San Juan Is., 1852 ; re- 
called, 1873 ; in command; protects St. 
Louis, 1921,1942; relieved, 1941 ; d.,3382. 

Harnoy, Vice-Adm. de Dampierre, minis- 
ter, 7473. 

Harold, Earl, subjugates Wales, 8461. 

I. king of Eng.. reigns ; d., 8472. 

II. reigns, 8473 ; crowned, 8463 ; a t 

Stamford Bridge ; k., 8461 . 

K. of Den. ; est. Christianity, 6352. 

the Blue Tooth, reigns, 6352. 

Heju reigns, 6353. 

I. reigns in Nor., 11043; at Hafsfiord, 

10041; consolidates, divides kingdom, 
11043. 

II. Graafeld, reigns, 11043 ; deposed. 

10743; d., 11041. 

III. invades Eng., 11041 . 

, Hardrada reigns in Nor., 11051 . 

TV. reigns ; killed, 11051 . 

Haroon reigns, Egypt, 655 2 . 
Harpagus takes Za'nthus, 11461. 

Harpe, Jean F. de la, b. (1739) ; Waru-ick, 
7032 ; d. (1803). 

Harper, Fletcher, b., 1122; d., 2942. 

, , b. (1828) ; d., 3581 . 

, James, b., 1061 ; mayor N. Y., 1591 ; 

moderator, 2642; d., 2661 . 

, Joseph Morrill, b. (1787); gov. N. H., 

1393 ; d., 2423. 

, Wesley, b., 1101 ; d., 2701 . 

, B. D., moderator, 2023. 

, Robert F., d., 1322. 

, Goodloe, b., 741 ; vote for vice- 

pres., 1253, 1292 ; d. (1825). 

, William, b., 1022; d. (1849). 

- — , Rainey, b., 1781 ; Pres. Chicago 

Univ., 3682; at Chautauqua, 3423. 

Harper'sFerrv, Va., govt, armory and mnf., 
1081; Brown's raid, 1861,3, 1871; fired, 
1941 ; Confeds. evacuate, Federals oc- 
cupy, 1961; action, 1962; Banks crosses 
at, 2041; Confeds. invest, surrendered, 
2131 ; evacuated by Confeds., 2132;Storer 
College opened, 2603. 

Harper's Bazaar founded, 2623. 

New Month/// Maijeciite fnd., 168 3 . 

Youna People issued, 3023. 

Harpestring, Henrik, on medicine, 6363. 
Harpeth Shoals, gunboats destroyed, 2182. 
Harpooner wrecked, 9381 . 

Harpoot, mission of, 11563. 

Harqua Hala mine, Arizona, 4073. 

Harraden, Beatrice, work, 10122. 

Harran, Pedro Alcantara, Pres., 6291. 

Harrigan, Edward, contempt, 9991. 

Harriman, Walter, b. (1817); governor N. 
H., 2593 ; d. (1884). 

Harrington, Earl of, title created, 9112. 

, Earl of. suspended, 9973. 

, Earl of, Wm. Stanhope, ininister,9113. 

, James, b., 8782; Ormmi,88SS; d.,8942. 

, M. W., in Agri. Department, 4473. 

, Samuel Maxwell, b. (1803) ; d., 2482. 

, Timothy, Irish agitator in X. Y., 37H. 

Harris, Baron, title created, 9372. 

, Caleb F., b., 1262; d., 3081 . 

, Carlyle W., convicted, 4002, 4222. 

, C. J., first, chief Cherokees, 3971. 

, E. C, gift of, 9842. 

, Elisha, governor R. I., 1633. 

, Frank, editor, 10002. 

, George, jurist, d., 10041 . 

, Lord , Gen., b. (1746) ; at Seringa- 

patam, 10461 ; d. (1829). 

, Ira, Committee of 15, 2493; d., 2881. 

, Isham Green, b., 1262 ; gov. (1857) ; re- 
fuses troops, 1952; seizes U.S. funds, 1951 ; 
proclaims independence, 197 2 ; Kecon- 
struction Committee, 2493; pres. Senate, 
4351 ; speech, 4392. 

, James, b., 9042; works, 9131 ; d.,9211. 

, , Earl of Malmesbury, b.,9122; d. 

(1820). 

, Howard, third Earl of Malmes- 
bury, b., 9331 ; minister, 9573, 9632,9692, 
9792 • d. 10001 . 

, Joel Chandler, b., 1641 ; works, 3183, 

3322. 



1276 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN L)h.J\.. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



Harr-Hatc. 



Harris, John,b.(1667) ; works, 902=1; d.(1719). 

, Major, in Abyssinia, 13. 

, Mary, trial, 2551. 

, Matthew, libel decision, 10003. 

-, Riehara, constructs pendulum, 8842. 

, Samuel, clergyman, o., 1231 . 

, Smith, bp., b., 1522 ; cons. P. E. 

bishop, 3022 ; d., 3301 . 

, Thaddeus Mason, b., 761; d., 1542. 

, William, b., 1061 ; d., 1781. 

, Thomas Lake, b., 130 2 ; fnds. Brocton 

community, 25S 3 . 

, Mealey, Brig.-Gen., b. (1817) ; mil- 
itary commissioner, 247 2 . 

, Townsend, b. (1803) ; treaty with 

Japan, 1831 ; d. (1878). 

, Tucker, d., 130'. 

, T. W„ Merriwether's Landing, 2103. 

, Win., b. (1765) ; pres. Columbia Col- 
lege, 1191. d. (1829). 

, , A., b., 1522. 

, Torrey, b., 1442; in interior de- 
partment, 3512, 4472. 

, Logan, b., 1262; C ons. Meth. Epis. 

bishop, 2763; d. (1887). 

, Sir Snow, b., 926 2 ; inv. thermo- 

electromcter. 9422; makeseompass, 9441 j 
d., 9722. 

Harrisburg,Pa.,laid out. 993; capital, 1193; 
State Library, tiul., 1251 ; Church of God 
org., 1382; R. R. with Phila., 1413; Whig 
Nat. Conven. meets, 1512 ; Lincoln at, 
1923 ; Gen. Wool at, 2142 ; threatened, 
2232 ; obsequies of Lincoln, 2472 ; R. C. 
diocese est., 2642; Hartranft monument, 
3841; cloud burst, 3851; train wrecked, 
4093; dynamite wreck, 4651. 

Harrison, N. J., Mehaffey assault, 4703. 

, O., Morgan enters, 2243. 

, Ben]', patriot, b., 642 ; d., 1022. 

, , Pres., b., 1421 ; graduates, 1723; 

marries, 1732 ; at Atlanta, 2362 ; nom. 
for pres., 3311; vote, 3312 ; inaug., 3372; 
addresses Grand Army, 3332; proclama- 
tion, 3392; Sunday parades, 3401 ; LL.D. 
Miami Univ., 341 1 ; Log Coll. eel., 3443 ; 
effigy burned, 3472; at Carnegie Library 
in Pa., 3522 ; at Centennial eel. ; bur- 
glars, 3523 ; veterans' reunion, 3701 ; 
trans-continental trip, 3S22 ; proclama- 
tions to foreigners, 3802; speeches, 3902; 
message to Cong., 3972; at Grant's mon- 
ument, 4041; renominated. 4091 ; accep- 
tance, 4151; vote, 419 2 , 4243 ; Mormon 
proclamation, 421 2 ; Indianapolis ad- 
dress, 428 3 ; Commander of Loyal Le- 
gion, 4291; lecture, 4541, 4562; funeral 
of wife, 4171 , 

, Mrs. Burton, work, 3963. 

, Carter Henry, b. (1S25) ; mayor, 3811, 

4272 ; assassinated ; d., 4421 , 4432. 

, Sir G., memorial archway, 9981. 

, Henry B., governor Conn., 3233. 

, James Albert, b., 1641 . 

, C, appt. judge in Kansas, 1812. 

, John, b., 9002 ; time-pieces, 9081 ; 

spinning wheel improved, 9122 ; time- 
keeper, 9161 ; watches, 9062 ; d.,9203. 

, Nap. Bonaparte, b (1823); d.,2721. 

, Bob. Hanson, b. (1745), 602 ; electoral 

vote, 1012 ; justice S. C, 1012; d. (1790). 

, Thomas, Confed. gen., d., 3861 . 

, William Henry, b., 782 ; graduates, 

1023; marries, 1071; gov. Ind., Ill'; at 
Tippecanoe, 116'; meets Indians, 1172; 
in Can., 118' ; commands army, 120' ; at 
Ft. Meigs, 1202 ; invades Can., 1203 ; 
presidential vote, 1472; renominated for 
pres., 1512, 1531 ,2 ; " Log Cabin " cam- 
paign, 1531 ; inaug., 1532 ; d., 1522, 1532. 

, T., eons, bishop, 9983. 

, Judge, unconfirmed, 1812. 

, Mr., ice-machine patented, 9621. 

Harrison's Bar. V:i.,i M< ■< J l ell an leaves, 211', 

Landing, McClellan at, 210', 211'. 

Harriott, Thomas, b., 872' ; solar observa- 
tions, 904' ; d., 8802. 

Harrit.y, William F., chairman, 4113. 

Harrodsburg, Ky., settled, 79'; Daugh- 
ters' College founded, 1802. 

Harrowby, Earl of, title created, 931'. 

, Earl of. (See Ryder.) 

Harrow, Eng., School founded, 8743. 

Hart, Alphonse, in treas. dept., 351 2 . 

, Anthony, lord chancellor, 943 3 . 

, C, d., 394'. 

, Charles S., b., 1623. 

, Ernest, H>i/inofism, Mesmerism, 448' . 

, James McDougal, b., 136 2 ; in Nat. 



Academy of Design, 184' ; paintings, 
186' , 286' , 300' , 3061 , 3121 , 318I , 3221 . 

Hart, Joel T., b., nc.2; a,,,/, 1002 : d.,294i. 

, John, rules, Md., 591 . 

, Seely, b., 1162 ; d., 2941 . 

, O. B., governor Fla., 2851 . 

, Rowland, prints lie)/, ra Bible, 11371. 

, Solomon A., b., 1122 ; d. (1881). 

, T. H., Mayor Boston, 3491 . 

, William, b., 1302. 

, H., in treas. dept., 3512. 

, W., stabs Clemens Warner, 4743. 

Dyke.Sir Win. .minister, 9933; School 

of Handicraft, 9983. 

Harte, Francis Bret, b., 1502; works, 1463, 
2603, 2683, 2723, 2771, 2863, 2911, 2983, 
3003, 3-J-3, 3203, 4203, 4782, 10043. 

Harter, Michael D., b., 1522. 

Hartford, Conn., fort erected, 333 ; fnd., 
35 2 ; witchcraft, 41 *; Gov. Andros at; 
Charter Oak event, 51 1 ; Gov. Fletcher 
at, 521, 532; first newspaper; Conn. 
Courant, 742; conference at. 922; incorp., 
973 ; theater opd., 106' ; conven. meets, 
1233 ; H. Tract Soc. org. ; deaf mute 
school, 125'; H. Times issued, 1271; 
Trinity Coll. org., 1312; axes null'., 1341 ; 
Theological Sem. fnd., 1431 ; Library 
Asso. fnd., 1503 ; R. c. diocese erected, 
1581; Charter Oak falls, 1813; Watkin- 
son Library fnd., 1S43 ; Colt Armory 
burned, 231 3 ; Cedar Hill Cemetery est., 
2513 ; Congregation Club formed, '2902 ; 
Legislature meets, 2991; memorial to 
Gov. Buckingham, 3161 ; Free Library 
fnd., 354 2 ; conven. of Christian workers, 
3702; fire, 4513; bust of Mrs. Stowe, 4601 ; 
Washington - Rochambeau memorial, 
4653; bodies found, 4073 ; Mrs. Bobbins 
arrested, 4083 ; Francis defalcation, 4743. 

Hartford passes Port Hudson, 2201 ; in Mo- 
bile Bay, 2371. 

Hartington, Marquis of. (See Cavendish, 
Spencer Compton.) 

Hartismere, Baron, title created, 9651 , 

Hartland, Sir R., governor India, 10453. 

Hartlepool, Eng., riot at Colliery, 10083. 

Hartley, David, li., 9022; in Academy of 
Design, 3981; d., 9143. 

Hartiuan, Charles C, b,, 2023. 

Hartmann, von Aue, b. (1170±) ; works, 
7783; d., (1210±). 

, Eduard von, b., 8143. 

, Karl R. E., works, 8263. 

, Moritz, b., 8122 ; d., 8281 . 

Hartog, Dirk, explorer, 493i. 

Hartranft, John Frederick, b. (1830) ; gov- 
ernor La., 2851 , 295' ; commander G. A. 
R., 2883, 2943 ; pres. contest, 293' ; d. 
(18S9), 346' ; monument, 3841 . 

Hartshorn Memorial College fnd., 3143. 

Hartshorne, Edward, b., 1262; d. (1885). 

, Henry, b., 1302. 

, Joseph, b., 912; d., 1681 . 

Hartstene, Henry J., finds Kane, 1761 j d., 
2602. 

Hartsville, Ind., University org., 1703. 

, Pa., Log College celebration, 3443. 

, Teun., action at, 2162. 

Hartt, Charles Frederic, b. (1840) ; d.,2982. 

Hartville, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2181. 

Hartwell, Colo., R. R. collision, 4253. 
Hartwiek, N. Y., theolog. sem. at, 1243. 
Hartwood, Va., cavalry captured, 2161 . 
Hartzenbusch, Eugenio, work, 11311. 
, Juan, b.-d., 11303. 

Hartzhoim, Joseph, b., 7982; d., 8023. 
Harun-al-Raschid, calif, 4863; Egypt, 6552; 
gift to Charlemagne, 6661 ; invades Gr. ; 
peace with emp. ; ravages Asia Minor, 
10331 ; d.,4842. 
Harvard, John, b., 202; gift, 343; freeman, 
351 ; d., 341 ; statue, 3181 , 3622. 

Asso. fnd., prevention of crime, 9703. 

College, Harvard gift ; renamed, 343; 

H. Dunster pres. ; first commencement ; 
support of, 371 ; Chas. Chauncy, pre3., 
391 ; Gale library, 443; ferry granted; 
Mather, pres., 483 ; against Whitefield, 
G51 ; students in homespun, 692; library 
burned, 742; Botanical Garden and Chair 
of Nat. His. est., 1121; John Q. Adams 
prof., 1143 ; Divinity School opd., 1243, 
1271 ; Edward Everett pres., 101 1 ; Hi/pe- 
riondis., 1641 ; Scientific Dept. est., 1642; 
James AValker. pres., 1731 ; commemora- 
tion day eel., 248 2 ; Museum built, chair 
of Am. arelneologv and ethnology en- 
dowed, 2541 ; Dental School est., 2623, 



2641 ; photoheliograph used, 2701 ; School 
of Agri. est., 2761 ; School of Forestry 
est., 2782 ; Memorial Hall opd., 2863; in 
boat race, 3053, 3073, 3113, 3173, 3213, 
3253, 3273, 3313, 3432, 3023 ; Annex in- 
corp., 3102; Veterinary School est., 3121 ; 
woman wins Sargent prize, 3602 ; three 
years course, 3702; Edwin Conant's gift, 
3781 j Aristotle's Cemst'etiitiem at, 3802; in- 
terment of Lowell, 3892 ; large attend- 
ance, 4162 ; station in the Andes, 4421 j 
Garland's gift, 4441 ; Radcliffe Coll., an- 
nex named, 4442 ; wins Coll. debate, 448 2 ; 
Agnes Irwin, dean of Radcliffe College, 
4602; athletics in regular course, 4761 . 

Harveian Society org., 9441 . 

Hareest Moon blown up, 242 2 . 

Harvey, Gabriel, b., 8682; d., 8822. 

, Sir George, b., 9323. 

, Hayward A., d., 4361 . 

, James Madison, b. (1833) ; governor 

Kan., 2692. 

, Lord John, b., 9002 ; gov. Va., 33' , 

352 ; tines imposed, 332 ; deposed, 352; 
restored, 353 ; pres. of N.C., 49'. 

, Sir , gov. Cape Colony, 5792, 

, Louis Powell, b. (1820) ; gov. Wis., 

2032; d. (1862). 

, Mat., b. (1781) ; gov., 1392 ; d. (1866). 

, Thomas, governor N. C. in 1695. 

• , William, b.,8742; works, S7S', 8823; 

blood circulation, 8821 ; Medical School 
est., 8901 ; d., 8882. 

, W. H., murderer, 5863. 

Harwich, Eng., fleet sails, 570 2 ; Mammoth 
remains, 9321 , 

Harwich wrecked, 8981 . 

Harzburg, Brunswick, besieged, 7753. 

Hasa invaded, 4861. 

Hasbain, battle of, 6761 . 

Hasdrubal, at Lilvbtenum, 10523 ; in Sp., 
10531 , 10541 ; at Bjecula, in N. It., 10542 ; 
incites Gauls, 10552; defeated; k., 10543. 

Hase, Heinrich, b., 8043; d., 8162. 

, Karl A., b., 8071 . 

Hasebreek, Johannes Pieter, work, 11022. 

Hasell, James, pres. N. C, 773. 

Haselrig, Lord, impeached, 8852. 

Haseltine, William Stanley, b. (1835); in 
Nat. Academy of Design, 2023. 

Haseltoii, S., minister, 4473. 

Hasenclever, Peter, b., 7983; d., 8062. 

Hashem, calif, 485 z . 

Hrtsl/eiii'i arrives, 49G 3 . 

Haslett,' Joseph, gov. Del., 1192, 1313. 

Hass, Karl A., d., 8341 . 

Hassan, calif, 485 2 ; deposed ; restored, 
6553; at Cairo, 6561. 

, Pr., to Eng., 6232 ; commissioner in 

Sudan, 6612 ; shot, 6601 ; d., 6611 . 

, assassinates Hussein Avni, 11583. 

, Jubab, insurrectionist, 487 2 . 

, Muley, reigns, 1097 2 . 

Hasse, Friedricb C. A., b., 8041 . 

, Heinrich G. F. C, d., 8243. 

, Johann A., b., 7983 ; produces operas, 

800'; d., 8042. 

, Karl E., b., 8102. 

Hassel, Johann G. H., b., 803' ; d., 8142. 

Hasselquist, Fredrick, b.-d., 11342. 

Hassenphug, Hans Daniel Ludwig Fred- 
erich, b. (1794) ; aided, 5233 ; minister, 
819 1 ; d. (1862). 

Hastenbeck, Prus., allies defeated, 516'. 

Hasting, the sea-king, expelled, S44' . 

Hastings, Eng., battle of, 846' . 

, Neb., C. N. Paul embezzles, 3991 ; in- 
sane asylum, 339' . 

, N. Y., observatory erected, 1902 ; 

train wrecked, 3973. 

County, Can., gold discovered, 5921 . 

, Dan. H., nom. for gov. Pa., 4573. 

, Baron, title created, 8551. 

, David, embezzler, 4003. 

, E. C, shoots Hilliard, 4762. 

, Sir Edward, minister, 8713. 

, Francis Rawdon, Marquis, of Hast- 
ings, E. of Moira ; b. (1754) ; gov.-gen. 
India, 10472; suppresses Pindaree, 10461 ; 
d. (1826). 

, John, lynched, 4182. 

, Marquis. (See Moira.) 

, Warren, b., 9082; gov.-gen. Ind.,9193; 

impeachment, 9233; trial, 925'; d., 9382. 

, LordWm., b. (1430 ) ; beheaded, 8653. 

HaswM collides with Bruiser, 9693. 
Haswell, Anthony S., killed, 411 1 . 

, Chas. Haynes, b., 1161. 

Hatch, Edwin, b., 10021 . 



Hate-Heat. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN JJJS.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1277 



Hatch, J. Porter, b.(1822i; ;it Oxford, 1316! ; 
at Rienzi, 2243 ; at Honey Hill, 2402. 

, Rufus, d., 4241. 

, William H., b., 1421 . 

Hatcher's Run, Va., battle of, 2391; Con- 
feds. driven back, 2421 , 2443. 

Hattield, Eng., R. R. collision, 9753. 

, Mass., Indians attack, 461 , 2. 

, tires at king, 9311 . 

, Edwin Francis, b. (1S07); moderator, 

3122. 

, Octavius, elected bp., 9742. 

, Robert M., d., 3S01 . 

Hattield's Hall, Bishop, Durham Univ. 
founded, 9531. 

Hathaway, F. H., major, 4561. 

Hatherton, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

Hatshepsu, Queen, art patron, 6462; reigns, 
6483, 6491. 

Hats, mnf. in Am., luSi ; of palm-leaf, 
1341 ; fhst made, (i7i',2 ; intro. Fr., 6791 ; 
manuf. in Eng., 8662. 

"Hats " disturb Netherlaud, 11353. 

HaTsevase, Trans., mission, 6003. 

Halteras blown up at Galveston, 2181. 

Hatteras, expedition bombards, 1981, 
2022±. 

Hat-trimming case, verdict, 3412. 

Hatti-sherif, statutes, issued, 11573. 

Hatto I., regent of Ger., 7732. 

Hatton, Christopher, lord chancellor, 
minister, 8773; d., 8762. 

, Frank, b.(lSW) ; P.M.G..3192; d.,4581 . 

Hatvau, battle, 5222 ; railroad opd., 5332. 

Hatzfeldt, Ot. von, Order of B. Eagle, 8342. 

Hauch, Johannes Oarsten von, D., 6382; 
works, G391, 6403; d., 6421. 

Hauff, Wilhelm, b., 8082 ; works, 8132; d., 
8141. 

Haugen, Nils P., b., 1662. 

Haughey, T. P., embezzler, 4362. 

Hauk, Minnie, b., 1722. 

Hauksljee, Francis, b., S&82; d., 9082. 

Haupt, Moritz, b., 8083. 

, Paul, b., 1841 . 

Hiuptmann, Gerhardt, works, 8362. 

, Moritz, b., 8062; d., 8243. 

Haureau, Jean Barthelmi, b., 7192. 

Haasblatter issued, 8202. 

Hausen, Prus. victory, 8242. 

Hauser, Kaspar, d., 8142. 

Hausruckviertel ceded, 5193. 

Hausser, Ludnig, b., 8122 ; works, 8202, 
8243. 

Haussez, Baron d', Charles Lemercher de 
Longpre, b., 7043; d., 7322. 

Haussmann, Dav. J. L., b., 8043; d., 8222. 

, Baron Georges Eugene, b., 7191 ; dis- 
missed, 7392; d., 7601. 

Haussonville, Comte d', work, 7622. 

Haut'efeuille, Jean de, b., 688 3 ; watches; 
heat-engine, 6922 ; liquenes ozone, 7521 ; 
d.,6982. 

Hauting, theatre accident, G25 3 . 

Hautpoul, ilarq. d', Alphonse Henri, b., 
7062; d., 7362. 

Hautville, Tancred de, sons in It., 10733. 

Haiiy, Rene" Just, abbe, b., 700 3 ; works, 
7143, 7151,7243; d., 7242. 

, Valentin, est. school for blind, 7063. 

Havana, San Cristoval de la, dis. ; fnd., 
6313; named, 192 ; Fr. burn ; Fr. destroy, 
6311 ; capital, 6313; pirate Sores plunders, 
221 ; defenses built; walls begun; Morgan 
takes ; Am. Colonists at ; Eng. takes 
Morro Castle, 6311 ; gov. capitulates, 
6312; yellow fever ; restored to Sp., 6313; 
cyclones, 6322 ; open to foreign com- 
merce, 6323,6331,3; expedition leaves, 
6321 ; Rom. Cath. see erected ; flood ; 
Columbus' bones reinterred, 6322; Jesu 
Maria burned; Fr. emigrants plundered ; 
cholera ; railroad to Bejuoal ; to Guinea, 
6333; hurricane, 6322; Gen. Lopez exe- 
cuted, 6321 ; Crescent Viti/ boarded, 1713; 
telegraph est., 6333 ; hail, snow, 6322 ; 
univ. students shot, 6331 ; liberal decree 
published; Botanical Garden est., 6322; 
Bible Society work; Sunday school est., 
6323 ; El Trifituo suppressed ; daily Am. 
mail, 6333; cigar makers' strike; Presb. 
mission, 6341 ; brigand Maelin executed, 
6342; powder explosion; bomb in church; 
caravels leave, 6343 ; Infanta Eulalie 
sails; troops patrol, 6342. 

Havelberg, Prus., bishopric fnd., 7723 ; 
destroyed, 7741 . 

Havelock, Sir Henry, b., 9263; i n Sepoy 
rebellion, 10481 ; d., 9022; statue, 9642. 



Havemeyer, Frederick C, d., 3881 . 

, Henry, gift to Greenwich, 4042. 

, H. O., indicted, 4732. 

, Wm. Fred., b. 1121; mayor, N. Y., 

1652, 2752. 

Haven, Alice B., b. (1828) ; d., 2521 . 

, Lieut. Edwin T.de.Polar Exped.,1661 . 

, Erastus Otis, b., 1282; cons, bp., 3042 ; 

d.,3081. 

, Gilbert, b., 1301 ; bp., 2763 ; d., 3022. 

, Harriet M., b., 1321 . 

, Joseph, b., 1242 ; d., 2842. 

, Samuel Forster, b., 1122 ; d. (1881). 

Havens, Nath. Appleton, b.,962; d. (1874). 

Haverford Coll., Haverford, Pa., org., 1423. 

Haverhill, Mass., Indians attack, 522 ; 
Bapt. Ch. est., 742 ; Public Library, fnd., 
2822 ; R. R. wreck, 3293 ; employees 
strike, 351 1 ; 250th anniversary cele- 
brated, 3633. 

-, N. H., attacked, 56 1 ; burned, 3113. 

Haverstraw, N. Y., landslide, 394i; dyna- 
mite explosion, 3973. 

Haviland, John, b., 9262 ; d., 9582. 

, T. H., at Montreal, 5743 ; glJ v., 5833. 

Havre, Fr., built, 6813; transferred to Eng., 
6833 ; bombarded, 6941 ; advance on, 7431 . 

de Grace, Md., burned, 120 2 . 

Hawaii. (See text, pp., 1040-1041.) Sand- 
wich Islands ; Mormon mission, 162 3 ; 
annexation defeated, 1771 ; reciprocity 
treaty with U. S., 2591 ; treaty discussed, 
3771,4231,2, 4251, 4271, 4471, 4491, 4512, 
4612,4692,4792; annexation discussed; 
commissioners in Washington, 1). 0., 
4232 ; asks for redress, 4243 • protecto- 
rate favored, 4251 ; Minister Stevens ap- 
proved, 4252 ; Blount's special mission, 
4272 ; former gov. suggested, 4432 ; cor- 
respondence, 4451 ,44y2 ; Pres. sends mes- 
sage, 4471 ; Provisional Gov. will not re- 
sign ; Queen accepts condition, 4491; 
Dole vs. Willis, 4511 ,2, 4552 ; no force to 
be used, 4612 ; non-interference, 4613; 
Republic recognition, 4672 4691, 8372; 
S. B. Dole, pres., 4673. 

Hawarden Castle captured, 8541 . 

, Viscount of, title created, 9252. 

Haweis, H. R., prohibited preaching, 9942. 

Hawes, Mary V. (See Terhune, Mrs.) 

.Riehard, b. (1797); gov., 2153; d. (1877). 

, Step., b. (1479=); works, 8663; d.(1523i). 

Hawe's Shop, Va., Conf eds. defeated, 2341 . 

Hawke, Baron, title created, 9212. 

, Edward, b., 9042 ; defeats Fr. fleet, 

7001 ; lord admiralty, 9133 ; d. (1781). 

Hawkers and pcdU-rs licensed, Eng., 9011. 

Hawkes, Lieut., in duel, 9531 . 

Hawkesbury River, hood, 495 3 . 

Hawkins, Atvin, gov., Tenn., 3093. 

, Col., Pa., indicted, 4163. 

, Elder, sentenced, 2743. 

— -, G. S., on Com. of 33, 1891 . 

-, Ham. S., commissioned colonel, 4681 . 

, John, b. (1520) ; cargo of negroes, 231 ; 

aidsHuguenots.'Jo 1 ; Air. cxped., 8731 ; In- 
tro, potatoes, S733; tobacco, 8772; d. 8762. 

— , John, Sir, b., 9062 ; d.(1789). 

, Henry Willis, b. (1799; ; temper- 
ance signers, 1551 ; d., 1841 . 

, — P., b. (1831) ; col. at Rural Hill, 

2161 ; commissioned brig. -gen. vols., 4201 . 

, Wm., b (1770) ; gov., 1192 ; d. (1819). 

, William George, b., 1302. 

Hawks, Francis Lister, b. (1798) ; d., 2541 . 

, Cicero Stephen, b., 1183 ; cons. P. E. 

bp., 1563 ; d., 2621 

Hawkshaw, Sir John, b. (1811) ; d., 10061 . 

Hawley, Gen., at Falkirk Moor, 9101 . 

— — , Joseph Roswell, b., 1341 ; gov. Conn., 
2553 ; pres. Rep. Convention, 2631 ; nom. 
for pres., 3173. 

Hawley ville, Conn., railway eollision,3933. 

Haw River, N. C, skirmish at, 931. 

Haworth, Joseph S., b., 1761 . 

Hawson, Reginald, lord mayor, Lond, 9953. 

Hawthorne, Julian, b., 1602 ; works, 2823, 
21163, 3031 , 3063, 3123, 3143, 3183, 3231 . 

, Nathaniel, b., 1121 ; WO rks, 1491 , 1631 , 

1653, 1703, 1731 , 1863, 2291 ,2651 ; d., 2332. 
Haxlehurst, Miss., mayor killed, 4443. 
Hay, Baron, title created, 9031 . 

, John, b., 1502 ; works, 2771 . 

, , Lord, at Alexandria, 6601 . 

, Maj., restores loyal govt. inFla.,2301. 

, Philip C, moderator, 166 2 . 

Hayden, Ferd. Vandeveer, b.,1362; d.,3281 . 

, H. H., acquitted of murder, 3032. 

Haydensville, Mass., floods, 2853. 



Haydn, Joseph, b., 800 2 ; Creation, 5191, 
9282 ; musical festival, 5191 ; d., 8083. 

, , b. (?) ; author of Diet, of Dates,. 

d. (1856). 
Haydon, Benjamin Robert, b., 9242; d., 9522. 
Hayes, Augustus Allen, b., 1122 ; d., 3102. 

, Daniel, executed, 9983. 

, Isaac Israel, b.,140i ; sails north, 188 '; 

d., 3082. 

, John L., tariff commissioner, 3111. 

, J. T., cons, bp., 10022. 

, Lucy Ware Webb, mar., 1711 ; d., 3402. 

, Michael, murders Braddell, 9671 . 

, Mr., duel, 9092. 

, Rutherford Birchard, b., 1302 ; grad- 
uates, 1551 ; marries, 1711; gov., 265 2 , 
281)3, 2951; n0 m. for pres., 2931; vote, 
2932,2952 ; election confirmed; sworn in, 
2952 ; inaugurated pies. ; cabinet ; calls 
special session ; unpopular, 2953 ; Indian 
Conference, proclamation toW.Va.,2972; 
presides, 3703 ; d., 4221 , 4231 . 

, Thomas, cons, bp., 9983. 

, Walter I., b., 1522. 

Havgood, Atticus G., elected bp., 3581 . 
Hayley, William, b., 9103 ; d. (1820). 
Haymerle, Heinrich von, b. (1828) ; minis- 
ter, 5311; d.,5302. 
Haynau, Julius Jacob von, b., 5163 ; takes 
Brescia ; commander, 5222; dictator, 52o a ; 
d., 5242. 
Hayne, Arthur Peronneau, b. (1790) ; d., 
2542. 

, Col. J. W., commissioner, demands 

Sumter, 1913. 

, Friedrich G., b., 8023 ; d., 8142. 

, Isaac, b., 662; d., 931 . 

, Paul Hamilton, b., 1381 ; works, 1783, 

1863, 2823 ; d., 3241. 

, Robert Young, b., 1022; defends state 

rights, 1373; governor, 1412; d., 1602. 
Haynes, John, gov., 351 ,3, 373; d., 381 . 

■ , N. S., pres. Disciples Conven., 3601 . 

Hays, George P., moderator, 3182. 
, Gen. Alexander, b. (1824) ; at Gettys- 
burg, 2241; killed 2322,2332. 

, Isaac, b. (1776) ; d , 3002. 

Haijticn Ui}mhli<: seized 595 2 . 
Haywood, Nathaniel, b. (1808) ; d., 2481 . 
Hazael, in Judea ; defeated, 11441 ; sub- 
dues Jehoahaz, 11443; reigns ; oppresses 
Israel, 11451. 
Hazard takes Albion and Caledonia, 1201. 
Hazard, Rowland Gibson, d., 3301 . 

, Mr., nom. for governor R. I., 2892. 

Hazaz, battle, 4831. 

Hazen, Abraham D., in P. O. Dept.,3512. 

, Wm. Babcock, b., 1381 ; at 'Woodbury,. 

2202; at Brown's Ferry, 2271; captures 
Fort McAllister, 2402 ; d., 3261 . 
Hazing abolished at Annapolis. 2843. 
Hazleton, Pa., mine burning, 4453; Ameri- 
can Catholic Church formed, 4701 . 
Hazlitt, William, b., 9203; works, 9331, 

9391, 9463 ; d., 9442. 
Ilazzard, David, governor Del., 1392. 
Head, Sir Edmund Walker b., 5763; gov- 
ernor Can., 5792, 5812 ; d'., 5821 . 

, Sir Francis Bond, b., 5762 ; governor 

Can., 5773; at Toronto, 5781 ; d.,6841. 

, Sir George, b., 9223 ; d. (1855). 

, Nath., b. (1828) : gov., 3033; d. (1883). 

dress decreed, Eng., 8752. 

Headfort, Marquis, title created, 9311 . 
Headley, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Joel Taylor, b., 1231 . 

Health, Protective Asso., Ladies', 5563. 
Healy, George Peter Alexander, b. 1211 . 

, James Augustine, b. (1830) ; cons. 

R. C. bishop, 2882. 

, John, cons bp. for Clonfert, 9922. 

— — , Thomas, seditious speeches, 9911. 

, Timothy M., arrested, 9863, 9973. 

Heang Yu, leader, 610 1 ; struggle, 6113. 
Heard, John T., b 1522. 
Hearn, Lafcadio, Japan, 478 2 . 
Hearne, Samuel, b., 9103 ; fn Arctic re- 
gions, 5762 ; d., 9262. 
Hearst, George, b. (1820) ; d., 3781. 
Hearth tax abolished. England, 899 2 ; re- 
fused, 10992. 
Heart's Content, N. F., cable laid, 2833. 
Heat, excessive, 3841, 4121, 9721 ; a motion, 
8801 ; latent, Black's discovery, 9142. 

rays, discovered, 9301. 

Heath, Charles, b. (1784) ; engraving on 
steel, 9382; decarbonizing, 9401 ; d., 9542. 
— — , Nicolas, b. (lSOO-) ; high chancellor,. 
8732 ; d. (1579). 



1278 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Heat-Henr. 



Heath, Sir Robert, land grant, 332 ; chief 
justice, 8863. 

, William, b., 642 ; d., 1231 . 

Heathcote, Caleb, b. (1065) ; mayor N. T., 

573 ; d. (1721). 
Heathfield, Eng., action at, 842' . 
Heaton, John, steel process, 9701. 
Heaventiold, action at, 842'. 
Heavysege, Charles, b.,5763; works, 5803, 

5811; d., 5841. 
Hebbel, Friedrich, b., 8102; d., 8221 . 
Hebe, lands, 9442. 
Hebel, Johann Peter, h., 8023; work, 8091 ; 

d., 8123. 
Heber, Reginald, bp., b., 9223; d., 9422. 

, Rev., on bribery of clergymen, 3703. 

Hebert, Jacques Rene, b., 7022; d., 7102. 

, Paul O., gov. La., 1771 ; d. (1880). 

Hebrew Literature Society est., 9743. 

Rabbis Conf., Am., 4101 , 4181 . 

. (See Jew.) 

— — Union Coll., Cincinnati, org., 288 3 . 
Hebrews, Epistle to. written, 11531. 
Hebrides annexed, 8693. 
Hebron, Can., mission, 5782. 

, S. Afr., mission, 11241. 

Hebrus, captured L'Etoile, 9361 . 
Hecatanis, geography. 10162; work, 10171. 
Hecate, asteroid, discovered, 2621. 
Heek, Barbara, b., 622 ; d.. 1121. 
Hecker, Friedrich Karl Franz, b., 8102 ; 

leader, 8172 ; d., 8301 . 
— -. Isaac Thomas, b., 1281 ; d., 3302. 

, John, d., 2842. 

Heekewelder, John, b., 642; d., 1302. 
Heciiuet. Philippe, b.. 6902 ; d., 0983. 
Hedda, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2 . 
Hedding, Elij., b., 931 ; bp., 1322 ; d., 1701 . 

College, tad. at Abingdon, 1782. 

Hederich, Benjamin, b., 7963; d., 8003. 
Hedervary, Ct. Khuen, lninistrv find. ,5383. 
Hedge, Frederick Henry, b., 1122; d. (1890). 
Hedges, Sir (Jhas., minister, 9032; d. (1714). 
Hedglev Moor, battle of, 8641. 
Hedley, John C, cons. R. C. bishop, 9742. 

■, Wrn., makes first locomotive, 9362. 

Hedleyville, Canada, tire, 5953. 
Hedstroin, O. G., mission ship, 158 2 . 
Hedwig, Johann, h., 8002; d., 8063. 
Hedwige, b. (1371); reigns, 11152; d. (1339). 
Heeiuskerk, Jacob, d., 11003. 

, Johau van, Batacian Arcadia, 1101 2 . 

, Martin, b.-d., 10982. 

Heenan, John, prize tighter, defeated by 

Morrissey, 1851; 9643. 
Heeney, W., delegate arrested, 3822. 
Heeren, Arnold Hermann Ludwig, b.,8023; 

works, 8072, 8091, 8132; d., 8162. 
Hefele, Karl Jos. von, b., 8083; d.,8361 . 
Hegel, Georg Wilhelm Freidrich, b.,8031 ; 

works, 9072, 8103; d., 8142. 
Hegira, occurs, 4843, 4851 . 
Hegner, Otto, pianist in London, 9981 . 
Hegyes, action at, 5222. 
Hehl, Father, animal magnetism, 5163. 
Heiberg, H., Schulter an Schulter, 8342. 

, Johann Ludwig, h., 6382 ; d., 6403. 

, Peder Andreas, b., 6381 ; d., 6403. 

Heidelberg, Ger., siege raised, 683' ; Stat- 
lung, proclaimed, 7852; siege, 7943; Univ. 
reconstituted, 81)83 ; mission, 11241,3. 

, 0„ Coll. fnd. at Tiffin, 1683. 

Heidelberaisehe Jahrbuch der Lileratur is- 
sued, 8072. 
Heilbronn, Ger., league find., 7923, 7953. 
Heilprin, Angelo, b. (IMS); work, 4462. 

, Louis, b. 1 1851) ; Hist. Inference Book, 

(1884). 

, Michael, h., 1302; d. (1888). 

— — , Prof. A., relief expedition, 4001 , 
Heilsberg, Prussia, battle of, 8081 . 
Heilton, Cashier, embezzler, 10031 . 
Heimskringla written, 132, 10422. 
Heine, Heinrich, b., 8063 ; works, 8132, 

8152, 8162 ; d., 3201 . 
Heineccius, Johann, b., 7982; d., 800«. 
Heiner, Daniel B., b., 1741 . 
Heinse, Johann J. W., Ardinghelo, 8052. 
Heinsius, Antonius, b.-d., 11003. 

■, Nikolaes, Mirandas, 11012. 

Heintzelman, Samuel P.,b., 1122; in Army 
of Potomac, 2043; at Williamsburg, 2071 ; 
at Fair Oaks, 2082; d., 3041 . 
Heiss, Michael, b. (1818) ; R. C. archbp. of 

Milwaukee, 3122 ; d., 3541 . 
Heister, .Joseph, governor Pa., 1292. 
Hejaj, at Mecca, 4841. 
Held, Adolf, b., 8162; d., 8301. 
•Heldtnbucll appears, 785 2 . 



Hele, Philip, invents watches, 7862. 
Helen of Troy, 1>., 10131 ;abduction,1014i ,3; 

marries Menelaus, 10143. 
Helena,Ai-k., Federals occupy, 2101 ; action 
near, 2103; expedition returns, 2121; 
Confeds. repulsed, 2162,2242. 

, Montana Univ. opens, 3962; National 

Cong., favors free coinage, 4103; earth- 
quake, 4261 ; Free Coinage Asso., 4331 . 

paints Battle of Jssus, 6502. 

Augusta Victoria, Princess, b., 9522; 

weds, 9692. 

, Flavia Julia, St., empress, "Holy 

Coat" at Treves, 7762; erects ch. at 
Bethlehem ; finds true cross ; d., 10682. 

, Princess weds Due d'Orleans, 727 3 . 

Helena, asteroid, discovered, 2621. 
Helene, Fredrica Augusta, weds Prince 
Leopold George, 9891 . 

, Sainte, at Schenectady, 5721. 

Helen-Judith, b.,5153. 
Helgi, in Mass. ; murdered, 112. 
Helgoland, or Heligoland, Ger., ceded, 
5633; naval engagement. 641)2; Fr. fleet 
off, 7422; fort iticat ions, 8341 ; Emp. Wil- 
liam at ; Defeuse Bill ; passes, 8352 ; 
taken, 9333. 
Helice, Greece, destroyed, 10223. 
llelieius, Stanilaus, body found, 5382. 
Heliodorus, Bp., b., 102S3 ; JLthiopica, 

10691 ; in Jerusalem, 11482. 
Heliograph invented by Edison, 3641. 
Heliometer invented, 7002. 
Heliopolis, Egv. .obelisk, 6461 ; Great Wall, 
6482; Turks deleated, 0561 ; sacked,11542. 
Helioscope invented, 7943. 
Heljand appears, 7723. 
Hermann, Jessie, condemned, 1121L 
Hell, Maximilian, b., 5142; d., 5191. 
Hellanicus, works, 10192. 
Hellas attacked, 6161 . 
llelldorf, Heir, protest, 8352. 
Hellen, king of Pythia, 10133. 
Hellenic cities, union ; league, 10192. 
Heller, Stephen, b.. 5202; d., 5302. 
Hellespont bridged, 1018 1; coasts sub- 
dued, 10221 ; naval engagement, 10282 ; 
Lord Byron swims, 11571 . 
Hell Fire Clubs suppressed, Eng., 9071 . 
Gate, N. Y., improvement, 267 3 ; ex- 
plosion, 2933 ; Rock blown up, 3213. 
Helhvald, Friedrich Anton Heller von, b., 

8162. 
Helme, John Larne, b. (1802) ; gov. Ky., 

1692,2593; d. (1867). 
Hclincrs,JanFred.,b.-d.,1101i; work, 11022. 
Hehnholtz, Hermann Ludwig Ferdinand 
von, b., 8122 ; inv. myographion, oph- 
thalmoscope, 8181 ; d., 8361 . 
Helmichis, poisons Kosamunda ; poisoned, 

7711. 
Helmont, Jean Baptiste, b.-d., 5403; intro- 
duces term, gas, 540 2 . 

, Segres Jacob van, b.-d., 5422. 

Helnishore, Eng., collision occurs, 9653. 
llcliiistadt, Bavaria, University suspends, 

8091 ; Prussian victory, 8243. 
Ileloise, b.-d., 6683. 
Helots, revolt, 10193; liberty of, 10201. 
Helper, Hinton Rowan, b., 136 2 ; The Ne- 
groes, 2651 . 
Helps, Sir Arthur, b., 9382; works, 9543, 

9723; d., 9802. 
Helsingfors, Finland, Univ. fnd. ; re- 
moved, 11151 ; Suometar issued, 11183. 
Helswell wrecked, 9233. 
Helvetia collides with Fanny, 9833. 

, subject to Germans, 11372. (See 

Switzerland.) 
Helvetic republic, recognized, 519 3 ; pro- 
claimed, 11382. 
Helvetius, Claude Adrien, b., 6971 ; works, 

7032, 7052; d., 7042. 
Helvicus, Christopher, b., 7922; d., 7943. 
Hemann, Johann G., Socrates, 8031. 
Jlemans, Felicia Dorothea Browne, b., 

9263; works, 9391 , 9443; d. (1835). 
Heinel en Aarde, lepers helped, 5972. 
Hemenay, Mary, bequests, 4521. 
Hemes, Capt., commands Leo, 1231. 
tleming's patent lights London, 8973. 
Hemingway, W. L., embezzles, 3523,3611. 
Hemming inv. soda; ammonia process, 

9482. 
Hemmingway, Jacob, Yale student, 543. 
Hemp-duck, manufactured, 601. 

trade, discussion in Den., 6393. 

Hemphill, John, b. (1803); senator, ex- 
pelled, 1973; d. (1862). 



Hempstead, N. Y., races at, 45 3 . 

, Tex., Normal School opened, 3023. 

, Stephen H., gov. la., 1691 . 

Hemsterhuys, Frans, b.-d., 11011. 
Henault, Charles Jean Francois, b., 6923; 

works, 7012, 7032; d., 7042. 
Henderson, Ky., attacked, 2362. 

, N. C, Judson College fnd., 1843. 

, Alfred, Latin Proverbs, 9723. 

, David B., b., 1522. 

, Col. E. Y. AY., police coniniiss., 9732. 

, James P., b., 1142 ; gov. Tex., 1613; 

d. (1858). 
, John Brooks, b. (1826) ; abolition 

amend., 2293; pies. Rep. Conven., 3043. 

, John S., b., 1602. 

, Peter, b. (1823) ; d., 3521 . 

, Thomas, b., 9283; d. (1844). 

, Jefferson, b., 1422. 

College, Tex., org., 2823. 

Henderson's Hill, La., cavalry taken, 2303. 
Hendrick, Indian chief, b. (16S0i); k., 682. 
Hendricken, Thomas F., b., 1342. 
Hendricks, Thos. Andrews, b., 1281 ; enters 

House, 1692 ; senator, 2293 ; vote, 2812 ; 

gov., 2851 ; nom. for vice-pres., 2931 ,3173; 

vote, 2952, 3051 ; conven.. vote, 3173, 3211 ; 

inaug., 3211; d., 3202; monument, 3621 . 

, William, gov. Ind., 1272, 1312. 

Hendrix College (Meth. Epis. S.) org. at 

Conway, Ark. (1884). 

, E. H., elected bp., 3223. 

, Joseph C, b., 1722. 

Hendy, Andrew, election chief, 11043. 
Heneage, Edward, minister, 9952. 
Henfrey, Arthur, b., 9383; d. (1859.) 
Hengervar, Herr H. von, ambassador, 5371 . 
Hengistesdun [Cornwall], Danes in, 8441 . 
Hengist, fnds. towns, 7693; in Kent; king, 

S412; d. (488). 
Hengstenborg, Ernst Wilhelm, b., S082. 
Henle, Friedrich Gustav Jakob, b., 8083 ; 

d. (1SS5). 
Henley, invents electrometer, 9182. 
, John, "Orator Henley," b., 9001; 

opens oratory, 9071 ; d., 9143. 
, Joseph Warner, b. (1794±); withdraws 

from cabinet, 9633; d. (1884). 
.Robert, L. Northington, b. (1708); 

lord keeper, 9153; d. (1772). 
Henly, Baron, title created, 9252. 
Hennegan, B. K., gov. S. C, 1531. 
Hennepin, Louis, b., 5403 ; in Can., 5731; 

explorer, 5722; captured, 48 1 ; on Missis- 
sippi River, 5733; d., 5422. 
Henner, Jean Jacques, b. (1829); Idyl, 7461 , 
Hennessy, David C.,shot, 3703; monument, 

4061. 

, John, b. (1825±); cons. R. C. bp., 2542. 

, J., cons. R. C. bp., 3302. 

, Pope, b. (1834); d., 10062. 

Hennesy, Wm. J., b. (1839); in Academy 

Design, 2291. 
Henniker, N. H., N. Douglas shot, 4683. 

, Baron, title created, 9311. 

Henoticon, decree of union, issued, 10703. 
Henrici, Jacob, b. (1803) ; d., 4201 . 
Henrietta, sails on ocean race, 255 3 . 
Henrietta Maria, of Fr., b. (1609); mar- 
ried, 8813; Holland arms, 8841 ; d. (1669). 
Henriquel-Dupont, Louis Pierre, b.,7123. 
Henriquez, Alnians a Mar tiiule, b.-d. ,11282. 
, Don Martin, viceroy, 252; d., 11082. 

de Rivera, Payo, b.-d., 11283. 

Henrotin, Ellen M., president, 4583. 
Henry I., of Castile, reigns, 1127 3 . 

II., of Castile, invades Spain, 11261 ; 

reigns ; poisoned, 11273. 

III. reigns in Leon-Castile, 11273. 

IV. reigns in Castile, 11273. 

I., Eng., king, b., 8482 ; a scholar, 

8483; reigns; marries Matilda; grants 
charter of liberties ; Court of Exchequer 
est. ; imprisons brother, 8492 ; defeats 
Robert, 6681 ; d., 8493. 

II., Eng., king, b., 8482; marries 

Eleanor ; homage to Louis VII., 6712 ; 
reigns ; pope gives Ire. ; in Wales, 8511 ; 
homage to church, 8502 j intro. scutage 
system; Becket opposes, 8511; recon- 
ciled to Becket ; at Waterford, 8512 ; in 
Ire., 8501 ; leaves Eng., 8513 ; penance at 
•Becket's tomb, 8502 ; charters Dublin ; 
homage from Scot,, 8512; charters Cork ; 
conspiracy against ; d., 851 3 . 

III., Eng., b.-d., 8521; reigns, 8532; 

prohibits tournaments, 8523 ; renews 
Magna Charta ; homage in Fr.; marries 
Eleanor, 8533 ; Fr. expedition ; impris- 



Henr-Heri. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coluni 



1279 



oned; released, 854 1; forbids Pari.; bull 
from pope ; tree- trade granted ; d.,855 2 . 
Henry IV., Eng., b (1366) ; marries Mary, 
dau of E. of Hereford ; reign, 8612 ; at 
Shrewsbury, 3(i ° 1 > assumes title of 
Grace ; Order of Bath esi., 8603 ; invades 
Scot. ; rebellion, 8G0 1 ; marries Jane, 
8613*; d., 8622. 

V., Eng.,b., 8602; claims Fr. throne, 

6772; invades Normandy, 802 1; marries 
Catherine, 6773; reigns, 863' ; in Fr. ; at 
Havre ; returns to Fug., 6761 ; d., 6773. 

VI., Eng., prisoner, 862 1 ; reigns, 

8631 ; crowned, 8632 ; recovers health, 
8633 ; marries Margaret of Anjou, 079 1 ; 
mental trouble, 8033 , deposed, 8651 ; re- 
leased ; murdered, 8652. 

VII., Eng., king, 8622; escapes, 8652; 

at jVIilford Haven, 866 * ; unites theHouses 
of York and Lancaster by marrying Eliz- 
abeth of York ; reigns, 807 2 ; builds ship, 
866 1 ; signs Cabot's commission, 143 ; 
Cabot's disc, unclaimed, 142; grants Am. 
patent, 16 2 ; extortions, 8671 ; coins shil- 
ling, 8673 ; d., 8661 f 8672. 

VIII., Eng., b.,866i ; lord lieut., 8672; 

reigns ; ministers ; weds Catherine of 
Aragon ; divorced, 8673; in Holy League; 
"Most Christian King," 8673; head of 
Eng. Church, 8692; under interdict, 8683; 
shaves head ; weds Anne Boleyn ; weds 
Jane Seymour, 869 1 ; weds Anne of 
Cleves ; weds Catherine Howard; weds 
Catherine Parr, 8692 ; king ,>f r re ., 8693; 
assists French king Site i , 8693 ; at Calais ; 
at Teroiianne 680 1 ; war against Fr. ; 
against Fr. and Turks ; alliance with Fr., 
6S13 ; aids Charles V., 7901; persecutes 
dissenters, 222 j d., S71 2 . 

I., Fr., b.-d., 6662 - reigns, 6692 ; mar- 
ries Anne, 669 1 ; defeated at Varaville, 
6681. 

II., Fr., b., 6802 ; reigns, 5712, 6S13 ; 

against Charles V., 6832 j marries Cath- 
erine de Medici, 6813; invades Ger., 6821 ; 
d., 6S32. 

III., Fr.,b.,6S22; alliance with Henry 

of Navarre, 6853; enthroned, 5712; flees 
to Chartres, 6853; expeditions in Italy, 
10741; apt's three popes, 10742 ; d., 6S53. 

IV., Fr., b., 6822 ; rules Lower Na- 
varre, 6851 ; reigns, 5S53; for toleration, 
6853; at Arques ; at Paris, 684 1 ; changes 
faith, 6851 ,3; pope absolves, 6843; grants 
Edict of Nantes, 6863 ; divorced, 6S72 ; 
war against Savoy, 6861 ; assassinated, 
6873. (See Henry of Navarre.) 

VI. of Fr., king, 6773; wins Sicily, 

10741; emperor, 10753. 

I., Ger., b., 7722 ; buys off Magyars ; 

defeats Wends, 772 1 ; forts and defenses, 
7723 ; est. Ger. monarchy ; peace with 
Hung. ; regains Lotharingia ; advances 
civilization; est. North Mark of Sax.; 
refuses tribute to Magyars ; d., 9733. 

II., Saint, emp., b.-d., 774 2 ; elected 

king ; invited to Italy ; crowned emp. ; 
tribute from Poland ; peace with Poland, 
7752; defeated by Boleslav, 774' ; expe- 
ditions to Italy, 7741 . 

III., emp., b.-d., 7742 ; reigns, 7753 ; 

conquers Bohemians ; deposes popes, 
7743 ; at Menfew, 7741 ; expedition against 
pope; suppresses Hungary; cleanses 
church ; crowned, 7753 ; defeated by 
Dirk IV., 10981 ; turns Ger. history ; fa- 
vors Truce of God ; at siege of Presburg, 
7742 ; d., 7753. 

IV., emp., b.-d., 7742 ; abducted ; 

erects fortresses ; flees from Harzburg ; 
disputes with popes, 775 1 , 3 ; excommu- 
nicated, 7763; suspended; decision of 
case referred, 7753 ; humbled : submits 
to pope, 7762; goes to Kome ; deposed ; 
excommunicated, 777 1 ; invades Saxony ; 
takes Rome, 10741 ; expedition to Italy, 
7761 ; Conrad rebels ; H. betrayed ; flees ; 
abdicates, 7771 ; distressed, 7763; d., 7771 . 

— V., emp., b., (1081); he rebels against 
father ; reigns ; est. State over church, 
7771 ; resigns investiture rights, 8483 ; 
makes pope prisoner, 10743 ; holds Pascal 
II. prisoner ; crowned ; marries Matilda 
of Eng, 7771 ; possession of Eng. ; lands ; 
d., 7772. 
VI., emp., b.-d., 7782; marries Con- 
stance, 7702; excommunication threat- 
ened, 77S2; reigns, 7791 , 2 ; against Henry 
the Lion ; Italian expeditions, 7781 ; sur- 



renders Tusculum ; tribute to Aust. ; be- 
sieges Naples ; king of Naples, 7792. 
Henry VII., emp., b.-d., 7802; Count of 
Luxemburg ; reigns, 783 1 ; expedition to 
Italy, 7821; d., 7821 . 

JUL., D. of Guise, at Naples, 10833. 

, prince, Neth., d., 11021 . 

, Marquis of Anglesey, minister, 9433 ; 

lord lieutenant, 9452, 

, D. of Anjou, king of Poland, 6852. 

, Margrave of Istria ; D. of Aust., 5023. 

1., margrave of Austria, 503 2 . 

II., duke of Austria, 5043. 

, archduke of Austria, 5342. 

of Battenberg, weds Beatrice, 9942. 

, D. of Bavaria, rebels, 7721, 7731 ; for- 
given ; receives Bavaria, 7733. 

, I), of Bavaria, " the Quarrelsome," 

revolts ; deposed ; receives Bavaria, 7751 . 

, D. of Bavaria, " the Black," 7772. 

, D. of Bavaria, " the Proud," under 

ban, 7772 ; d., 7773. 

, D. of Bavaria, Sax., "the Lion," b.-d 

7762 j receives, loses, regains Bavaria 
receives Sax. ; founds Munich, 777 3 , 
feud, arises ; enlarges Brunswick; deserts 
emp.; pilgrimage, 7782; under ban; do- 
minions divided ; overthrown, 7791 ; peace 
with emp.; d., 7792. 

— — of Besancoii, against Saracens, 11261 . 

of Bolingbroke, in rebellion, 861 1 . 

of Brabant, landgrave, 781 2 . 

1., I>. of Brunswick, 7853. 

H.,B. of Brunswick, 7S53. 

III., 1). of Brunswick, 7872. 

IV., D. of Brunswick, 7873. 

of Burgundv, gains territory, 11092. 

of Sehever, 1>. of Carinthia, 5032. 

IV., IX of Carinthia, 5033. 

of Carinthia, D. ; reigns, 5053. 

I., of Hainault, reigns, 10351 , 

, D. of Hereford, banished, 8612. 

of Huntingdon, works, 8491 . 

-, D. of Lancaster, inc. rebellion, 8601 . 

, E. of Manchester, minister, 8S3 2 . 

the Minstrel, writes Wallace, 8642. 

of Navarre, b. (1553) ; at Cahors ; at 

Coutras, 684 1 ; joins Calvinists ; recog- 
nized as king, 6853; d. (1610). (See 
Henry IV., Fr.) 

, Marquis of Normandy, 1. -lieut., 9473. 

, D.of Northumberland, 1. -lieut. , 945 2 . 

of Orange, takes Yenlo, 10981 ; takes 

Breda, 1100 1. 

of Port., " the Navigator," b.-d., 11092, 

of Port., the Cardinal, reigns, 11093. 

, Count of Port., reigns, 1109 2 . 

, Prince of Prussia, marries, 8322. 

of Schwerin, imprisons king, 6353. 

, elector of Saxony, 7913. 

, Prince Sp., killed in duel, 7391 . 

, Earl of Surrey, minister, 8693. 

, K. of Sw abia ; of Borne ; of Aachen ; 

7793 ; weds Isabella of Eng. ; revolts 
against father ; prisoner ; d., 7811 . 

, Duke of Tyrol, d., 5062. 

, Bp. of Upsala, intro. Christianity, 

11143. 

de Valois, king of Poland, 11152. 

, Prince of Wales, d., 8793. 

rifle patented, 2023. 

Henri/ A. Jones, burns, 2813. 

Chauncey, rapid passage to N.Y., 3493. 

Clay, burned, 1713. 

Henry, Caleb Sprague, b., 1121 ; d. (1S84). 

, Crassus, reigns in Navarre, 11272. 

, Edward Lamson, b. (1841) ; in Acad- 
emy of Design, 2681 . 

, Emile, trial ; executed, 7663, 

, £tienne Ossian, b., 7131 ; d., 7461 . 

, Guy V., Col., at Baldwin, 2302. 

, James, b., 1162. 

, John, b. (1750)'; vote for pres., 1073 ; 

exposes conspiracy, 1192; d. (1798). 

, Joseph, b., 1062; electricity, secon- 
dary currents, 9481 ; d., 2982. 

, Matthew, b., 8902 ; d., 9042. 

, Patrick, b., 622 ; on Conduct in House, 

731 ; popular rights, 733; speech for 
rights, 75i ; patriot, 80i ; speech to Bur- 
gesses, 831 ; gov., S53, 973; d., 1082. 

, Paul, dis." planets, 746i , 7481 , 7521 . 

, Prosper, dis. planets, 7411, 7481. 

Henry Reiil, launched, 10942. 

, Visct. Sydney, minister; 1. lieut. ,8993. 

, William, d., 1462. 

, W r irt,/'<(/r/cA-, 3962;, .ration, 4391. 

, Lake, island floats, 3341 . 

Henryson, Robert, b. (1430) ; works, 8643 ; 
d. (1500+) . 



Hensel, Luise, b., S063; d., 8282. 
Henselt, Adolph, b. (1814); d., 8321. 
Henshaw, John Prentiss Ivewley, b. (1796); 

cons. P. E. bp., 1562; d. (1852). 
Henslow, John Stevens, b., 92S3; d. (1861). 
Henson, G. N., shoots J. B. Werts, 4502. 
, Josiah, b., 9S 2 ; received by queen. 

9823; d. (1887). 
Henty, Edward, arrival in Australia, 4943. 
Hentz, Car. Lee Whiting, b., 1082; d., 1781. 
Henuijuez, Juan, governor Peru, 6053. 
Hepburn, O., railway accident, 3S93. 
, James, E. oi Bothwell, b., 8682; weds 

Mary, 8733; d., 8742. 

, Sir P., at Nesbit Muir, 8601 . 

, William P., b., 1421 . 

Hepp, Alexandre, Lc Lait d'un Autre, 7622. 
Heptarchy, Eng., formed, 8412. 
Heptasophs, Improved Order, 4463. 
Hera, asteroid, discovered, 2621 . 
Heraclea, action, 10261 ; captured, 10582; 

action, 10681 . 
Heracles destroys Troy, 10141; fnds. 

dynasty, 11432. 
Heraclian invades Borne ; in Spain, 10701. 
Heraclidse invade Gr., 10141, 10151 ; ex- 
pelled from Peloponnesus, 10151; dy- 
nasty of, 11432. 
Heraclitus of Ephesus, fire theory, 10163; 

nourishes, 10171. 
Heraclius I., emp., b.-d., 10303 ; defeats 

Persians ; at Aznadin ; at Yermuk ; re- 
bels; kills Phocas, 103112; issues A7,V/;r.w,s, 

10311 ; reigns, 10313; recovers True Cross, 

10722; takes.lcrusaleiii, 11541. 

II. reigns, 10313. 

Heraldry, in Ger., 7701 ; improved, 776 2 . 
Herald's College, Eng., est., 8643. 
Heralds' Visitations cease in Eng., 897 1. 
Herat, Afg., struggle for, 41 , 2, 51 , 2, 3 j 

61,2,3,9601, 11083. 
Herbart, Johann F., b., 8041 ; d., 8161 . 
Herbelot, Barthelemy d\ b.,0803; d.,6943. 
Herbenger, Col., leaves Dong Song, 4822. 
Herber, Milesian prince, in Britain, 8393. 
Herbert, ex-treas., defaulter, 3782. 
, Arthur, commander, 896 1 ; minister, 

lord of admiralty, 8992. 

, C, Art of Music, 4783. 

, Sir Edward, lord keeper, 889 1 ; chief 

justice, 8973. 

, George, b., 8762; works, 8823, SSS3. 

, Henry Howard Molyneaux, E. of 

Carnarvon, b. (1831); minister, yoya, 9792; 

9832, 9933; proposal, 6012; d., 10022. 
, W., b., 1141 ; d., 1841 ; publishes 

American Monthly Magazine, 1443. 
, Hilary A., sec. navy, 4271 ; despatch, 

4511 . 

, John R., d., 10021 . 

, PaulO., d., 3041. 

, Lord Sidney, b., 935i ; minister, 9512, 

9593 ; resigns, 961 1 ; d., 9642 ; statue, 9701 . 
Herbertsdale, Cape Colony, mission, 6003. 
Herbomez, Joseph Louis d', d., 590 1 . 
Herculaneum overwhelmed, 10622. 
Hercules launched, 9701 . 
Hercules, b., 10131 ; in Phrygia, 10143 ; 

worshiped, 10503. 
Herder, Johann G. von, b., 8003; works, 

S032, 8051,2, 8091; d., 8082. 
Herdonia, action, 10542. 
Herdonius surprises Kome, 10501. 
Heredia, Jose Maria, b.-d., 6322; work, 7641 . 
, M. de, Academician, 7561; minister, 

7563. 

, Gen. Pedro de, at Sacramento, 1621 . 

Hereditary principle, abolition proposed, 

G. B., 9952, 10012,10033. 
Hereford, see erected, 8423 ; H. Journal, 

9043; H. Times, 9463. 

, Viscount, title created, 8711 . 

Herefordshire, revolts, 8481 ; earthquake, 

8741 . 
Heremon, Pr. of Sp., in Britain, 8393. 
Hereroland, S.W.Afr., Ger. annexes, S381. 
Heresy, Smith trial, 4562; punishable, 

6813 ; exterminated, 0852 ; detuied, S683; 

articles repealed, 8702, ( See Briggs.) 
Heretics, offenses, Ger., 7802; treatment, 

8502; writ abolished, 8951 ; baptism dis- 
puted, 10663. 
Herford, Ger., a newspaper issued, 7951 . 
Hergenrother, Joseph, b., 8122; d., 8341 . 
Hering, Constantine, b., 1082; d., 3041 . 
Heriot, George, b. (1563 ■ ); fnds. hospital, 

8811; d. (1623). 

Watt College inaug.. 10002. 

Herisson, Anne Charles, minister, 7543. 



1280 



Text Figures denote Page. INL)lii.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Heri-Hida. 



Herisson, Conrte d', works, 7602. 
Herjulfson on American coast, 111. 
Herkimer, N. Y., Mrs. Druse hanged, 3263. 

, Gen., battle of Oriskany, 87 ' . 

, Nicholas, b., 58' ; d., 89' . 

Herkomer, Hubert, b., 9542; d., 818'. 
Hermann (Arminius), statue, 828'. 

of Baden, in authority, 5052. 

of Luxemburg, abdicates; d.,777'. 

of Swabia, vs. Henry II., 7752. 

Binger, b., 1561 ; M. C, 3612. 

, Friedrich B. W. von, b., S063; d., 8243. 

, Gessler, d., 5042. 

, Johann G. J., b., 803' ; d., 8162. 

Hermannsburg, fnd., 4982; mission society 
fmd., 8182. 

Herraannstadt, battle, 5221 ,2; fnd., 7791. 

Hermanric Huns defeated, 7681 ; subdues 
country, 7692; d. (376). 

Hermes, Georg, b., 8041 ; d., 8142. 

, Johann Timotheus, b. (1738) ; work, 

8032; d. (1822). 

Hermetic Society fnd., 9922. 

Hermitage, Tenn. , Soldiers' Home, 406 3 . 

Hermoder issued, 11042. 

Hermogenes, b., 10283. 

Hermoginian code published, 1067' . 

Hernandez, Franeiso, b. (1514) ; fnds. 
Bruselas, 630' ; d. (1578±). 

, introduces tobacco to Spain, 1128'. 

Heme's Ancient Oak destroyed. 9673. 

Herndon, William Henry, b. (1818) ; Lin- 
coln, 3502 ; d., 380' . 

, L., b. (1813); d., 182' . 

Hernici invade Rom. empire, 1050' ; wars, 
10502; in Rom. and Latin Leagues, 1051 2 . 

Hero wrecked, 9342. 

Herocleonas (< 'onstautine III.'), 10313 

Herod the Great, b.-d., 11502 
luxury, 1073'; takes Jerusalem, 1150'; 
rebuifds Temple, 11502 ; massacres in- 
fants ; builds theater at Jericho, 11503 ; 
rebuilds Samaria ; gov. of Galilee ; mar- 
ries Mariarane; K. of Judea, 11512; visits 
Rome ; brings back sons ; accuses sons ; 
invites Agrippa to Judea ; sons con- 
demned ; conspiracy against ; d. ; domin- 
ions divided, 11513. 

Agrippa, Syrian king, b.-d., 1152'; 

procurator, 10632. 

Antipas, b.-d., 1152'; rules Galilee; 

exiled; 11513. 

I., King, b.-d., 11502; tetrarch of 

Palestine, 11532. 

• II., Prince of Chalcis; pleads for 

Jews, 11533. 

Herodes, Tiberius Claudius Atticus, b.-d., 
10283. 

Herodian, b., 10283; Rome, 10292; d. (240t). 

Herodotus, b.-d., 1019' ; recites own works, 
1021' ; history, 1023'. 

Hi'rndotus translated, 9623. 

Herold, David E., assassin, 243'; at Dr. 
Mudd's, 247' ; captured, 2472; sentenced, 
2482,3. 

, Louis J. F., b., 7082; d., 7262. 

Heron, or Hero, b., 10263 ; constructs 
seolopile, 6522. 

, Bijou, b., 229'. 

Herophilus, b., 10243; applies dissection, 
10263. 

Herostratus burns Temple, 11462, 11471. 

Herrera, Fernando, b. (1534); poems, 1129' ; 
d. (1597). 

, Francisco de, b.-d., 11282. 

, Jos6 Joaquin de, b.-d., 1095 2 . 

, Dr. Vicente, pres.,631'. 

y Tordesillas, Antonio, b.-d., 112S2. 

Herreros, Manuel Breton de los, b.-d., 
11302; work, 1131'. 

Herrfuth, Hcrr, resigns, 837'. 

Herrick, Anson, b. (1812); d., 260' . 

-, M. T., struggle with outlaw, 4423. 

, Robert, b.. 8762; works, S863; d.,8923. 

, Stephen Solon, b., 142' . 

, William, shot, 4542. 

Hemes, Baron, title created, 8671 , 9871 , 

, J. C, minister, 9433. 

Herring, James, d., 258 2 . 

, JohnF., b.,9263; d.,968'. 

, Thomas, archbp. Canterbury, 9123. 

Fisheries enrich Holland, 10982. 

Herrings, battle of, 676' . 

Herrnhut. Moravian settlement, 5143. 

Herron, Francis, b. (1774) ; moderator, 
1343; d. (1860). 

, Gen. Francis Jay, b. (1837) ; at Fay- 

etteville, Ark., 2143 ; at Prairie Grove, 
216 2 ; commands Army of Frontier, 2202. 



Herschel, Caroline L., b., 9123; d.,9542. 

Herschell, Baron, title created, 9963. 

,Farrer, b.(1837); lordchancellor,995' : 

minister, 9952, 10092. 

, Sir John Fred. Wm., b., 9262; heat- 
rays, 930' ; uses soda in photography, 
93S 2 ; studies stars, 9401 ; j nv . actinom- 
eter, 942 1 ; spectrum analysis, 9422 ; As- 
tron., 9481 • school scheme, 5991 ; d., 9761 . 

, Sir Wm. Fred., b., 9102; sun-spots 

measured; dis. Uranus, 9202; telescope, 
9241 , nebular hypothesis, 9343; d., 9403. 

Hersilia, asteroid, discovered, 302'. 

Hertford, E., minister, 871 2 . 

, E., lord-lieut., Ire., 9173. 

, Marquis, title created, 925 2 . 

College, fnd., 8563 ; dissolved, 933'; 

revived, 9783. 

Hertha, asteroid, discovered, 284' . 

Hertogenboseh, 'S (Bois-le-Duc),D.of York 
defeated, 710' . 

Herts, Ilailevburv College fnd., 933'. 

Hertwig, Richard, b., 818' . 

Hertz, Hendrik, b., 6382; works, 639' , 2; 
6403; d., 642'. 

Hertzen, Alexander, b., 11163 ; works, 
11183; d., 11182. 

Herve, Aim 6 Marie Edouard, academician, 

, Florimond Ronger, b. (1825); d., 7621 . 

Mangon, minister, resigns, 7552. 

Hervey, Lord A. C, cons, bp., 9663. 

, Gov. John, monopolist, 323. 

, Lord John, b. (1686); d., 9103. 

, Thomas Kibble, b., 9323; d. (1859). 

Hervieu, Paul, L' Armature, 7662. 

Hervy, James, b., 9042. 

Herwegh, Georg. b., 8121 ; insurrectionist, 
8172; d., 8282. 

Hery, Thierry de, b., 6861 ; d. (1599). 

Herz, Cornelius, micro-telephone used, 
7553 ; Panama Canal scandal, 7642 ; ex- 
pelled, Legion of Honor, 7643. 

, Heinrich, b., S0S2; d., 8321. 

Herzegovina, Turk., unites with Bosnia, 
5053 ; duchy, 509' ; anti-Turk, insurrec- 
tion, 5261 ; revolt, 528 1 , 5293, 5301 , 5312, 
565 3 ; to Aust., 5293 ; Austriaus enter, 
5281,5293. 

Herzqg, Hans, d., 11381 . 

, Johann J., b., 8082; d., 8302. 

, Sheriff, embezzling, 410 3 . 

JLtzo'i Ernat appears, 77S 3 . 

Hescp-ti, K., reigns in Knvpt, 6453. 

Hesiod, b. ; works, 10142. 

H-'sione, freed from monster, 10143. 

Heslin. Thomas, cons. R.C. bp., 3423. 

ILxprriir, asteroid, discovered, 10862. 

Hesperian College, org., Cal., 2662. 

Hess, Gen. Heinrich von, b., 5163 ; at Sol- 
ferino, 524' . 

, Johann Jakob, b.-d., 11372. 

Hesse, Ger., Drusus' camp, 768'; Attila 
plunders, 769'; war with Saxons, 7713; 
Diet at Worms, 775 1 ; Imperial Diet ; 
Diet of Tribur, 7753 ; Concordat at 
Worms, 7762; ruled by Thuringia, 7773; 
Arnold is K., 7782; Imperial festival ; 
Richard captive at Worms, 7792; Mar- 
burg cathedral fnd.; Oppenheim cathe- 
dral fnd., 7802; Diet of Mainz, 781'; 
Rhenish League meets ; Henry of Bra- 
bant, Pr., 7812 ; printing inv. (?), 7842 ; 
first book pub., 7862, 7.S71 ; Bible printed, 
7863; Univ. of Mainz fnd., 787'; Diet of 
Frankfort (1486), 7872; imperial chamber 
est. at Frankfort, 7873; Diet of Worms, 
Luther at, 7883 ; Marburg Univ. fnd., 
7892; Leagueof Schmalcald, 7912; under 
ban, 7913; Univ. of Giessen chart., 793' ; 
Treaty of Friedwuld.7'.l.'j' ; divided, 7932; 
Tilly wins at Wimpfen ; at Hocht, 794' ; 
Imperialists take .Mainz, 7943 ; Univ. of 
Rinteln fnd., 795' ; Ct. Turenne takes 
cities ; Fr. take Mainz, 7961 ; Fr. take 
Mainz, 7981; retaken from Fr., 806 1 ; 
Mainz ceded to Fr., 8073;leaves Confed. 
of Rhine, 7212 ; electorate reest., 8112 ; 
in G. Confederation ; New Constitution ; 
cedes Westphalia to Pros.; gains Mainz, 
8113; William 11. elector, 8133; Louis II., 
grand D., 815 3 ; Louis III. grand D., 
8173 ; Aust. invades ; Prus. enters ; re- 
tires, 8181 jevacuation demanded; elector 
restored, 5233; ally of Aust., 8221 ; Prus. 
invades, 8233 ; Pan-Protestant Conf., 
8262 ; Louis TV. grand D., 8293 ; grand 
D.,d., 8361. 
Cassel, Ger., troops by Br., 82-2; elec- 



torate, 809'; electorate reest.. S112; Con- 
stitution given, 8153; Fred. William elec- 
tor, 817' ; ceded to Prus., 8252; war ; asks 
for aid, 5233 ; legislative contest, 819 2 ; 
Constitution maintained, 8212. 
Hesse-Darmstadt, loses territory, 8073 ; 
gains Westphalia, 809' ; a grand duchy, 
Louis I., G. D., 8093 ; grand duchy ; 
Louis I., grand d., 8093; acquires Mainz, 
8113; peace with Prus., 8252; joins N. 
Ger. Confederation, 8272. 

Homburg, est. landgraviate, 7933 ; 

H.-Homburg absorbed, 809 2 ; absorbed 
by Hesse, 809 2. 

Nassau, beer-riots, 829'; Limburg 

Chronicle, 7823. 
Hessians in Am. (See pp. 83-93.) 
Hestia, asteroid, discovered, 9602. 
Het Vaghet in den Oosten, 1099' . 
Hetteria Philike, est. at Odessa, 10353. 
Heth, Gen. Henry, b. (1825) ; atLewisburg, 
208'; Covington, 2123; Gettysburg, 224' ; 
south of Rapidan, 232'; Globe Tavern, 
2372. 
Hettner, Hermann J., History, 8203. 
Hetzendorf, emperors meet, 537' . 
Hetzer, Louis, beheaded, 7902. 
Heuglin, Theodor von, b., 8123 ; d., 8282. 
Heule, Friedrich G. K., d., 8302. 
Heung-noo expelled, 6ubdued, 610 1 . 
Heureaux, Gen. Ulises elected president, 

6433. 
Heuselt, Adolph, b., 8102. 
Hevelius (Hewel), Johannes, b.-d., 11142. 
Hewes, Joseph, b., 62'; d. (1779). 
Hewett, Sir Prescott G., d., 1006' . 

, William, d., 10062. 

, Sir William N. Wrighte, inAbys.,32; 

at Suakin, 6582 ; d., 9982. 
Hewitt, Abram Stevens, b., 1302 ; Com- 
mittee of Seven, 2933; mayorN.Y.,3292. 

, Augustine Francis, b., 1282. 

, James, lord chancellor, 9173. 

Hexham, battle, 864' ; Bp. Henry O'Cal- 

laglian cons., 9982. 
Hexthorpe, railroad collision, 9973. 
Heyde, Van der, hose invented, 11003. 
Heydt, August von der, b., 807'; ministry. 

8212 ; resigns, 8233 ; d.,828'. 
Heyerman, Commander, trial, 454' . 
Heygate, Win., lord mayor London, 9413. 
Heyl, Edward M., promoted colonel, 334' . 
Heylin, Peter, b. (1600); d.,8902. 
Heyne, Christ. Gottlob, b., 8002 ; d., 8102. 
Heyse, Johann Ludwig Paul, b., 8142 ; 

works, 8182, 8222, 829' , 8303, 8362. 
Heytesburv. Baron, title created. 941 2 . 
Heyward, Thomas, b. (1746) : d., 116'. 
Heywood, Mrs. Abel, statue, 980' . 

, Col. Chas., in navv dept., 4472. 

, John, b. (1500); Interludes, 667'; d. 

(1580+). 

, Thomas, works, 8803 ; d., £882. 

Hezekiah, reigns, 1145 3 ; army destroyed, 
6503 ; cleanses temple, 11443 ; receives 
embassy from Sargon, 11452. 
Hia dynasty fnd.; rules, 611'. 
Iliaccoincs, Indian missionary, 363. 
Hiao Hweiti, enthroned, 6113. 

Vouti enthroned, 613' . 

Wang enthroned, 611 2 . 

Hiaotsong enthroned ; progress, 615 2 . 
Hiawatha, Kan., colony est., 4753. 
Hibbert, Robt., d. (1849); trust fund, 9543. 
Hibernia wrecked, 9473; accident, 9733. 
Hibernians of Am., A. O., statistics, 4462. 
Hicbborn, Philip, in navv dept., 4472. 
Hickes, George, b., 8842 ; d., 9042. 
Hickev, Frank, gov's, requisition, 4263. 

, Patrick, d., 336'. 

, Thomas, hanged, 823. 

Plot, discovered, 833. 

Hickok, Laurens Perseus, b., 108' ; mod- 
erator, 180' : d. (1888). 

Hicks, Albert W., hanged, 1882. 

, Elias, b., 662 ; d., 138' . 

, John, envoy, 3513. 

, Josiah D., b., 1562. 

, Mrs. (witch), hanged, 907' . 

, Thos. Holliday, b. (1798) ; gov. Md. 

(1858-61); urges truce, 195'; d. (1865). 

, Whitehead, b. (1728) ; mayor N. Y., 

753; d. (1780). 

, William, b. (1831) ; pasha in Sudan, 

6582; killed (1883). 

Beach, Sir Michel Edward, b. 9482 ; 

minister, 9933, 91)53 ; resigns, 9972. 

Hicksite Friends. (See Friends.) 
Hidalgo y Costella, Miguel, b.-d., 1095' J 



Hide-Hodg. 



Text Figures denote Page. I JN D.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



1281 



proclaims revolt, 10953 ; leads war ; de- 
feats Spanish ; defeated ; resigns ; cap- 
tured ; tried and shot, 10951 . 

Hidetada, Jap., studies' 'hrislianity, 10913, 

Hideyoshi, Jap., kills missionaries, 10911 j 
rises to power ; shogun ; subdues re- 
volt ; d., 10913. 

Hiel, Emanuel, poet, b., 5442. 

Hienfung enthi-oned, 6192 ; d., 6202. 

Hienti enthroned, 6113. 

Kientsong poisoned, 6123. 

Hien Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Hiep-Hoa enthroned, 4813, 483' . 

Hierax, heresy, 10663. 

Hiero II., deserts Carthaginians,. 10523 ; 
signs treaty ; K. of Syracuse ; ally of 
Carthage, 1053 3 . 

Hieronymus, ruler of Syracuse, 10552. 

Hidden, Ralph, work, 8583 ; d., 85S2. 

Higgins, Andrew, cons. R. C. bp., 9902. 

and Voorhees, Elections Bill, 3733. 

, Anthony, b., 1522. 

, Patrick* convicted of murder, 9903. 

, Thomas, convicted of murder, 9903. 

Higginson, Francis John, captain, 3841 . 

, John, b. (1616); d., 563. 

, Thomas Wentworth, b., 1302 ; com- 
mands volunteers, 2151 ; takes Jackson- 
ville, 2201 ; works, 2272, 2683, 2771,2802, 
2911 , 3031 , 3183, 3323, 4203, 4462. 

Highbinders, Cal., shoot Chinamen, 4183. 

High Bridge, Va., action at, 2451 . 

Highbury College, London, fnd., 9431 . 

Tunnel, railroad collision, 9893. 

High Church party, Eng., develops, U023. 

High Coinmis. Ct. assembled, Eng., 8973. 

Highland Asso. of 111., elects chief, 3883. 

Land Law Reform Asso. fmd., 9912. 

, Kan., university organized, 1822. 

Society est., 923 2 . 

High license, Harper Law in 111., 3151 ; in 
Mo., 3131, 315I; in O., 3171, 3251; i u 
Minn., 3291 ; in Pa., 3292 ; in Mass., 3332 
in Mich., 3431 ; proposed in la., 3551 , 2 
3562, 3571 ; in X. J., 3511 ; . in Md., 3751 
in Wis., 3511 ; in N. Hex, 3983; Peter 
borough, 5S62; in Minn., 3291 ; in Mich., 
3431. 

Point Female College fnd., 3322. 

priests sub-rulers in Judea, 11472 ; 

rulers of Judea, 11491 ; corruption, 11523. 

Higinbotham, 11. N., pres. Directory, 4133. 

Hilarion, St., b.-d., 11542. 

Hilarius, painter, in Athens, 10282. 

Hilary, Saint, b.-d., 6623. 

, . Bp. of Poitiers, 6623. 

, , Bp. of Borne, 10683. 

, , pope, 10703 ; d. (467). 

Hilb.irn, Samuel G., b., 1422. 

Hilda, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . 

, Saint, b.-d., 8421 . 

Hildburghausen, tier., acquired, 8133. 

Hildebald, reigns ; assassinated, 10713. 

Hildebrand. (See Gregory VII.) 

, king of Lombardy, 1073 2 . 

Hildehra'ndslied appears, 7723. 

Hildehrandt, Eduard, b., 8121 ; d., 8243. 

, Ferd. Theodor, b., 8082 ; d., 8281 . 

Hildesheim, Prus., bishopric, 7703 ; news- 
paper issued, 7951 . 

Hildetand, Harald, at Bravalla, 6341. 

Hildreth, Richard, b., 1141 ; works, 1583, 
1663, 1731 , 1742, 1763, 1783 ; d., 2481 . 

, Samuel Prescott, l>. (1783); d., 2251 . 

Hilgard, Julius Erasmus, b. (1825); d.,3821 . 

Hilgenfeld, Adolf Bernhard Christolph 
Christian, b., S122. 

Hilkiah, high-priest, 11462. 

Hill, Abigail. (See Mashani.) 

, Ambrose Powell, b., 1322; at Seven 

Days' Battles. 2091 ; at Antietam, 2131; 
at Fredericksburg, 2PJ2 ; at Chancellors- 
ville, 2211; at Ohambersburg, 2232; at 
Gettysburg, 2241 ; at Bristow's Station, 
2271 ; south of Kapidan,232i ; defeats Fed- 
erals on Weldon R.H., 2343 ; at Ream's 
Station ; attacks Weldon R.R., 2372 ; at 
Kinston, 2441 ; d., 2482. 

, Benjamin Harvey, b., 1302; d., 3102. 

, Daniel Harvey, b., 1301 ; at Fair Oaks, 

2082; at Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; at An- 
tietam, 2131; at Chaneellorsville, 2211; 
d., 3442. 

, David Bennett, b., 1561 ; gov. N. Y., 

3193, 3233, 3332 ; vetoes ballot reform, 
3393, 3552 ; addresses delegates, 3472 ; 
signs Weekly Payment Bill, 3603 ; par- 
dons Davis, 3971 ; senator, 3972; in Dem. 
delegation, 4003 ; southern political tour, 



4032 ; nom. forpres., 4092 ; speech, 437i , 
4412, 4571 ; resolution on BlandBill, 4532; 
vs. Senator Gorman, 4671 ; nom. for gov., 
4731. 

Hill, F. M., nominee for gov. Me., 3612. 

, Isaac, b., 1001 ; gov., 1472 ; d., 1682. 

, John E., treasurer, sued, 4263. 

, J., gift to college, 3682. 

— , T., defaulter, 3823. 

, Joshua, b., 1183 ; d., 378 

, Lord, commander-in-chief, 9421 . 

, Gen. Rowland, b., 9103 ; at Merida, 

7182. 

, Sir Rowland, b., 9263 ; penny postage 

bill, 9493; d., 9841 ; statue, 9881. 

, Rowland, b. (1744) ; clerg. ; d., 9462. 

, Viscount Rowland, b., 91.83; d., 9502. 

, Sir Stephen J., gov., 11032. 

, Thomas, b., 1262; d., 3941 . 

, William, b. (1769) ; moderator, 1303 ; 

d. (1852). 

, , Tariff Policy in U. S., 4783. 

, Viscount, title created, 9511. 

Hillebrand, Karl, b., 8142 ; d., 8302. 

Hiller, Ferdinand, b., 8102; d., 8302. 

Hillhouse, James, b. (1754) ; pres. senate, 
1112 ; d. (1832). 

, Abraham, b., 1001 ; works, 1191 , 

1212, 1283, 1331 , 1511 ; d., 1522. 

Hillard, George S., b., 1142 ; d., 3001 ; Six 
Months in Italy, 1742. 

Hilliard, E. P., killed, 4762. 

, Henry Washington, b., 1142; d. (1892). 

Hilliers.Barraguay d', at Bomarsund. 95S1 . 

Hillingdon, Baron, title created, 9963. 

Hills, Gen., governor Afghanistan, 63. 

Hillsboro, 111., natural gas dis., 3941 . 

, N. Mex., Indians pm-sued, 3681 . 

, Tex., fire, 4473. 

Hillsborough, Ky., action at, 2001. 

, O., College founded, 1823. 

, Earl, title created, 9152. 

, Lord, colonial secretary, 753 ; minis- 
ter, 9173. 

Hillsdale, Mich, College org., 1783. 

Hilton Head, S. C, expedition, 2141. 

, Henry, lawsuit, 4043 ; Garden City 

Cathedral, 3842. 

, John, surgeon, b., 9331 , 

Ilillvard, legacy to Orphanage, 9711. 

Hilyard, Robert, insurrectionist, 865 2 . 

Hiniera, Sicily founded, 1051 1 . 

Hims, battle, 6562. 

Hinault, editor, imprisoned, 7663. 

Hinckeley, C, gift to Chicago University, 
3411. 

Hinckley, Thomas, b. (1618) ; governor, 491 , 
513 ; d. (1706). 

Hincks, Sir Francis, b., 5763; d., 5841 . 

Hincmar, b.-d., 6662. 

Hind, John Russell, b., 9403 ; discovers 
planets, 9541 . 

Hindman, Gen. Thomas C, b. (1818) ; Prai- 
rie Grove, 2162; near Steven's Gap, 2262 ; 
d. (1868). 

Hindmarsh, Capt., governor, 4952. 

Hindlip, Baron, title created, 9963. 

Hines, Capt., enters Ind., 2223. 

, William H., d., 1781 . 

Hinduism in India, 10431; marriage ques- 
tion; Brit, support withdrawn, 10483. 

Hindus, recover India, 10421 , 10432 ; settle 
in Ganges valley, 10432 ; war, 10441 . 

Hing Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Hinklev, Holmes, h. (1793) ; d., 2501 . 

Hinnian, Clark T\, b., 1281 ; d., 1741. 

Hinoyossa, Alex, d', gov. Pa., 412, 423. 

Hinsdale, Burke Aaron, b., 1482 ; work, 
3323. 

Hinton, Harvey, lynched, 3991 . 

, John Howard, b., 9351 ; d. (1873). 

Hipparchus, Nicpea, b.; flourishes ; astro- 
nomical talks, 10282 ; d., 11482. 

, tyrant, assassinated, 10162. 

Hippeau, Celestin, b., 7143 ; d., 7541 . 

Hippias, rules in Gr., 10172; expelled from 
Athens ; in Persia, 10173; d. (490±). 

Hippocrates, b.-d., 10191 ; flourishes, 10211 ; 
studies human body, 10223. 

Hippomenes deposed, 10153. 

Hipponax, iambic poet, 10163. 

Hippopotamus, bones dis. Eng., 10041 . 

Hiram of Tyre, king, 11432. 

College, organized, O., 2583. 

Hirlfeld,Arild,rAro»;We<y'7JeremarA-,637i. 

Hirosaki, missions, 10922. 

Hiroshima, Jap., army embarks, 6263. 

Hirsch, Baron; b. (1815) ; est. Hebrew Im- 
migrant Fund, 376 2 ; donation to trades- 



men, 5323; Jewish schools, 5343; Argen- 
tine purchase, 8351 ; est. Jewish Colo- 
nization Co., 10071. 

Hirsch, Solomon, minister, 3513. 

Hirtius, Aulas, at Mutina, 10602 ; consul, 
10612; killed (43 B.C.). 

Hiscock, David, b., 1422. 

Ilispania, Laws written, 11252. 

Ulterior, joins Ca'sar, 10601 . 

Ilispaniola [Haiti J, discovered, 142. 

Histijeus, Ionian leader, 10173 ; d. (494 B.C.), 

Wistaria Literar'ui issued, 9091 . 

Historian, first Chinese, 6102. 

Historical Ma<ia::ine appears, 1823. 

Historical Soc. meets, Am. ,3482, 3731 ,3971 . 

Society, Eng., est., 9491 . 

Histoire de Baudonin, V , written, 6711 . 
Histoires des ournujes des Savants, 6951. 

Historisk Tidsskrifi issued, 6403. 

History, authentic, of China, 6111. 

, birth of, in Egypt, 6463. 

History of Learuinq issued, 8983. 

of liorks of Learned, 9003,9091. 

Hita", Gines Perez de, work, 11291 . 

Hitchcock, Charles H., b., 1462. 

, Edward, b., 1042; Geoloayofthe Globe, 

1742 ; d., 2312. 

, Ethan Allen, b. (1798); d., 2702. 

, Henry L., clergyman, d., 2821 . 

, Hiram, hospital, 4291 . 

, Maj.-Gen., in Porter trial, 216'. 

, Peter, b., 931 ; d., 1722. 

, Roswell Dwight, b., 1262 ; d., 3262. 

, Samuel Austin, b. (1784) ; d., 2821. 

Hito, Mutsu, b., 10912. 

Hitsong expelled from capital, 6132. 

Hitt, Robert R., b., 1422. 

Hittell, Jonn S., Mental Growth, 4782. 

Hittites powerful, 11431 ; subdued, 11452. 

Hittorf, Jacques Ignaee, b., 7DS2; d.; 7362. 

llitzig, Ferdinand, !.., 8083 ; d., S282. 

Hiuenti enthroned, 611 3 . 

Hiwassee College, Tenn., founded, 1663. 

Hixem proclaims holy w 7 ar ; truce, 1125 1 . 

Hll-ifa, Affonbladet, 11362. 

Hime, David, works, 9111. 

Hoachanas, mission, 5983. 

Hoadley, Archbp., commissioner, 905 2 . 

, Benj., b., 8942 ; bp.; d., 9151 , (1761). 

, George, b. 1826) ; governor O., 3193. 

Jloai enthroned, 111. 

Hoaiti enthroned, 6131 , 

Hoang-Ho River, overflows, 6241 , 6271 . 

Hoar, Ebenezer Rockwood, b., 1242 ; atty,- 
gen.,2671: resigns, 2712. 

, George Frisbie, b., 1341 ; Credit Mo- 

bilier investigation, 2812; Committee of 
Seven, 293 3 ; Electoral Commission, 2951; 
pres. Rep. Nat. Conven., 3043 ; resolu- 
tion, 4551 . 

Hoard, William D., gov. Wis., 3492, 3672. 

Hobart, Tasmania, council meets, 5003. 

Free College. X. Y., fnd., 1331. 

, John G., b.,642. 

, Henry, b., 823 ; bp., 1171 , d., 138> . 

, Lord, minister, 931 2. 

, Mai., in duel, 9252. 

Hampden (Hobart Pasha), Augustus 

Charles, b.-d., 11563. 

Hobbema, Mynderhout, b., 5403; d., 5422. 

Hobbes, Tin unas. b.,8762; tor materialism, 
8843; works, 8851 , s.s.83, 8923 ; d., 8942. 

Hobbs, A. I., pres. Convention, 300 2 . 

Hobhouse, Baron, title created, 9871. 

Hohkirk's Hill, S. C, battle, 941 . 

Hoboken, N. J., steam-ferry est., 1193; Ste- 
ven's Inst, fnd., 2763 ; Sunday law en- 
forced ; warrants for officials, 3803; relics 
of St. Quietus, 3881 ; p. o. robbery, 4762. 

Hoche, Lazare, b., 7042; at Dunkirk, 7101 j 
at Quiberon, 7102 ; at Kaiserslautem, 
8061 ; d., 7123. 

Hochelaga. (See Montreal.) 

Hoehhausen. battle of Baden, 8243. 

Hochheim, Plus., battle of, 7202. 

Hochkirch, Frederick defeated, 5161. 

Hochkirchen, Austrians defeated, 7201 , 

Hdchst, Prus., battle at, 7941 . 

Hochstade, Conrad von, fnds. cath., 7802. 

Hoehstadt, Bav., Imperialists defeated, 
6961; Aust. defeated, 7141; taken, 7942. 

Hochstetter, Jonathan, murdered, 4042. 

Hock, Jan van, b.-d., 5403. 

Hocking Valley, O., miners strike, 3172. 

Hoekst, battle, 5181. 

Hodaibiya, treaty, 4851 . 

Hodel, Emil H. M., shoots at emp., 8291; 
executed, 8303. 

Hodge, Casper W., b., 1382; d., 3922. 



1282 



Text Figures denote Page. lNJJljX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Hodg— Hoild. 



Hodge, Chas., b., 1062; works, 133' ; mod- 
erator, 1623; d., 2982. 

, H. Lenox, b„ 1462; d., 2802. 

Hodges, Edward Noel, cons, bp., 10042. 

, Henry C, commissioned col., 330 1 . 

Hodgesville, Ivy., action, 200' . 
Ilodgkins, Tims. C, gilt to Inst., 3942. 
Hodgkinson, Eaton, b., 9243; ,1. (1861). 

, John, b. (1S05) ; est. theater, 1061. 

Hodgson, Frances, b. (17S1) ; works, 3083 ; 

d. (1852). 
, Sir Kobert, b. (1798); gov. Can., 5833; 

d. (1880). 
Hodson, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 
Hoe, .Richard March, b., 1183 ; rotary 

printing-press, 1622; d., 3222, 
Hoefer, Johann C. P., b., 8102; d., 8282. 
Hoeth, Earl, title created, 9252. 
Hoev, Frances Sarah Oashel, b., 9442. 

, John, defaulter, 3932; d., 418' . 

Hofer, Andreas, b., 5163; leader, 5193, 

718' ; yields, 3183, executed ; statue, 202, 

536' ; family ennobled, 521'. 

, Edmund, b., 8122; d. (1882). 

Hotf, Henry Kuhn, b. (1809); d., 300'. 

Hoifenthal, mission, 6003. 

HolHin, Loe, lynched, 4023. 

Hoffmann and Fritzsche, inv. anilin, 814'. 

, August H., b., 8063; d., 828' . 

, Chas. Fenno, b., 1122; works, 1403, 

1443, 145', 1523; d., 3162. 

, David, b., 962; d., 174' . 

, Ernst T. W., b., 804' ; Tales, 811' ; d., 

8122. 

, Friedrich, b., 7963; d., 8003. 

, Hans, Seitab mm Weqe, 8362. 

, Johann J., Universal Lexicon, 1137'. 

, John Thompson, b. (1828) ; gov. N. Y., 

2693; d., (1888). 

, Murray, b. (1791); d., 2982. 

Hofhuf, besieged; Turks defeated, 486' . 
Hofmann, August W., b., 8122. 

■, Josef, plays, 996' . 

Hog; Island, boundary dispute, 349' ; St. 

Lawrence on, 589 2 ; San Albano on 4033. 
Hogan, Edward D., air-ship over Brook- 
lyn ; over New York ; in sea, 3421 . 
., John Joseph, b. (1829) ; cons. K. C. 

bishop, 2622; in Kansas City, 3042. 

, Patrick, arrested, 9932. 

, Police Justice, testimony, 453' . 

Hogan's Industrial Army, captured, 4582. 
Hogarth, William., b., 9002 ; works, 908' ; 

d., 9162. 
Hoge, James, b. (1784) ; moderator, 1403 ; 

d. (1863). 
Hogg, James (Ettrick Shepherd), b., 9183; 

work, 937'; d., 9462. 

, S., gov. Tex., 3992; message,4223. 

Hohenl'riedberg, Pros., battle, 5142, 
Hoheniinden, Bavaria, battle, 5182. 
Hohenlohe, Pr. of (Gustav Adolf) ; b, 

(1823); cons. card, priest, 8243. 
Ingelfingen, Pr. of (Friedrich Lud- 

wig), b., (1746); at Jena; at Prenzlau, 

716' ; d. (1818). 
Schillingsfurst.Pr.of (Chlodwig-Karl 

Victor); b. (18191; tier, ambassador, 749' ; 

pres. of Landtag, 827' ; rejected, 8273; 

premier, 837 2 . 
Hohenstaufen, House reigns, 7772 ; rules 

Sicily, 10753 ; overthrown, 10772. 
_Lohenwart, Count, minister; resigns, 5292. 
Hoijer, Ben;. Karl Henrik, b.-d., 11342. 
Hojo clan, in military offices, 1091 2 . 
Hoke, Gen., at Town Creek, 230 2 ; at 

Kinston, 2303, 244' ; captures Plymouth, 

232' ; on Darby Road, 2383; at Fort An- 
derson, 2422; near Goldsboro, 244'. 
Hokodato, mission, 10922. 
Holbach, Paul Thierry d', b., 6982 ; Sys- 
tem of Nature, 705' ; d., 7062. 
Holbein, Hans, b., 7863; d., 7902. 

, Society fnded., 972' . 

Holberg, Ludwig, b., 6363 ; comedies ; 

writings, 6383; d., 638'. 
Holbrook, Fred., gov. Tex., 2032. 

, John Edwards, b., 1042; d., 274' . 

Holcoinb, Thomas, in state dept., 4472. 
Holeombe, Lieut., massacred, 10493. 

, Wm. F., b., 1342. 

Holcroft, Thomas, b., 9103; d., 9343. 
Holden, Mass., anniversary, 3873. 

, Edward Singleton, b., 1602. 

■ •, Oliver, d., 1682. 

, Wm. Woods, b. (1818) ; gov. N. C, 

2473; relieved, 2493; proclaims Alamance 

Co., 2663; against secret society, 269'; 

impeached 273'; d., 402'. 



Holder, Charles Frederick, b. (1851) ; L. 
Agassiz, 4482. 

Holderlin, Johann Christian Frederick, 
b. (1770) ; Hyperion, 807' ; d. (1843). 

Holdich, Joseph, b., 1122. 

Holfer, Edmund, d., 8302. 

Holgate, O., strikers lire sheds, 4762. 

Holguin, Cuba, revolt, 632'; rebellion, 
G332; railroad to Gibara, 6333. 

Holinshed, Raphael, d., 8742. 

Holkar, family important, 10452. 

. commander defeated, 1046' . 

Holl, Francis, b., 9363; d. (1884). 

, Frank, b., 9522 ; d. (1888). 

Holland (see Neth., text, pp. 1098-1102). 
prospers, 1099' ; naval battle, 858' ; an- 
nexed by Den., 6372 ; enriched by fish- 
eries, 10982; Philip annexes, 10992; Wil- 
liam of Orange inherits, 5412; commerce 
from Antwerp, 1099'; United Neth. est., 
252; revolts, 11293; war-ships, 6052; over- 
run by Fr.; Fr. expelled, 1100'; fort- 
resses garrisoned, 543' ; gives constitu- 
tion, 10392 ; sympathy of 1780,933 ; loses 
Eng. colonies. Hut) 2 ; acknowledges inde- 
pendenceof U.S., 953; againstEng., 9273; 
peace with Eng., 5452 ; annexed to Fr., 
7113, 7193 ; detached from Fr., 7212 ; 
insurrection, 811 2 ; restored to House of 
Orange, 11023; uprising, 543 2 ; religious 
difficulty, 5423 ; conven. against ; with, 
5452. 

, Mich., Hope College org., 2502. 

, Edward, mayor N. Y., 672. 

— , George, b. (1791) , d., 272'. 

—, Sir Henry, b., 9243; d.,978'. 

, Thurston, minister, 9953. 

, Josiah Gilbert, b., 128' ; works, 1823, 

1813, 229' , 2643, 28113, 2X23. 28(13; d., 302.1 . 

, Canon Scott, sermon, 1009'. 

, Thomas, lord, trustee, 8612. 

Hollander, Peter,gov. Del., 372; d. (1600+). 

Holleindsvhe Spertalor, issued, 1101 2 . 

Hollar, Wenceslaus, b., 7923; d., 7963. 

Holleben, Theodore von, minister, 4052. 

Holies, Benzil, baron, b. (1599) ; impeached, 
885' ; d. (1679). 

Holley, Alex. H., governor Conn., 1832, 

, Horace, b., 93' ; d., 1342. 

, Lyman, b., 140' ; d., 310'. 

Holliday, B. S., Com. of Customs, 3512. 

, Capt., at Hillsborough, 200' . 

, Fred. W. M., governor Va., 3012. 

Holliman, Ezekiel, baptized, 343. 

Hollins, George Nichols, b., 1082 ; bom- 
bards San Juan, 174' ; d., 2982. 

Hollis, Thomas, b. (1659) ; d., 62'. 

— , Mr., supports Indian pupils, 63'. 

Hollister, Gideon Hiram, b., 1262; d.,3062. 

llolloway Coll., foundation laid, 9842. 

Holly Springs, Miss., action, 215' ; supplies 
captured, 2163 ; Rust Univ. fnd., 2623 ; 
State Normal School opd., 2702. 

Holman, Wm. Steele, b., 1302; Crittenden 
resolution, 2013; on Appropriation Com- 
mittee, 3972 ; resolution adopted, 3993 ; 
statement, 4132. 

Holmes, Abiel, b., 723; d., 1482. 

, Adm., at Eomina, 1161'. 

, David, governor Miss., 1172, 1333. 

, George Frederick, b., 128 2 . 

-, H. H., fraudulent insurance, 475'. 

, Obadiah, whipped, 383. 

.Oliver Wendell, b., 116'; works, 

1843, 199', 2603, 2723, 2803, 287', 3063, 
3223, 3283, 3743 ; d., 472' . 

, Sergt., at Nolensville, 2183, 

, Theophilus, b. (1829); in Seven Days' 

Battle, 209' ; at Helena, 2242 ; d. (1880). 

Holmfrith, flood, 9573. 

Holofernes, reigns, 1149 1 . 

Hoist, Hans Peter, b., 6382 ; d. (1893). 

, Hermann Eduard von, b., 816' . 

Holstein, Prus., Prussians enter, 526', 
527' ; ceded, 6353; invaded, 6362 ; con- 
quered, 638' , 936' ; Aust. evacuate, 040' ; 
independence, 6412; invaded, 6413; sub- 
mits to Danish rule, 7932 ; conquered, 
794' ; overrun, 7962; occupied, 818' ; old 
constitution restored, 8212 ; invaded, 
822' ,3, 8233; part of Prussia, 8252. 

IlohtrinUchc Zet/inn/s-f Yirrespondent.TJdl . 

Holston, treaty with Oherokees, 1072. 

Conference, Meth. Epis., org., 247'. 

River, Tenn., Burnside defeats Long- 
street, 2282. 

Holt, John, b. (1721) ; editor, 743; ,1. (17S4). 

, , b., 8S42 ; justice, 8992 ; d., 9042. 

.Joseph, b., 114'; p. m. gen., 1852 , 



sec. of war, 1893 ; replies to Hayne, 1913 ; 

judge advocate gen., 2133 ; Porter trial, 

216' ; military commission, 2472; d.,466'. 
Holt, J. W., bp. United Brethren, 3462. 
Holtenau, stone of ship canal laid, 8333. 
Holty, Ludwig Heinrich Christoph, b., 

8003 ; Poems, S052; d., 8042. 
Iloltzmann, Adolf, b., 8102; d., 2862. 
Holub, Emil, b.,5203. 
Holwell, John Zephaniah, b. (1711) ; gov. 

in India, 10452 ; d. (1798). 
Holy, Dan., endows Inst, for Blind, 985' . 

Alliance, formed, 5212 ; Fr., joins, 

7233; conven., 9373. 

Catholic League, est., 6843. 

Coat exhibited, Fr., 7622, 8342 ; in 

Treves, 7762; offered for devotion, 8162; 
possession claimed, 1122' . 

Cress College, org., Pittsburg, 157' . 

Crusade, against Aragonese, 672' . 

Ghost College, chartered, 3123. 

Land, treaty concerning, 11573; ceded 

to Christians, 781'. 

League formed, 6812. 

Roman Emp., Ger. states, 5032 ; in- 
terregnum, 5052 ; dissolved, 5193 ; sepa- 
rated, 6672 ; terminated, 7172 • period, 
10732. 

See, prerogatives enlarged, 10683. 

Sepuleher. preservation of, 11582. 

Synod, Bulgaria, illegal ; meets, 568'. 

Trinity, order founded, 7782. 

Water, in churches, 10723. 

Holyhead and Howth, cable laid, 9593. 
Holyoake, George Jacob, 9382. 
Holyoke, Mass., tire, 2893; flood, 3413. 

Edward Augustus, b., 602; d., 1362. 

Holyrood, see erected, 8483. 
IloJzapfela-Susinarsliausen, Ger., end of 

Thirty Years' War, 7962. 

Holzer, Johann, b., 7983; d., 8002. 

Homans, John, b. (1793) ; d., 2602. 

Borne wrecked, 1493. 

and Foreujn Review, issued, 9663, 

Journed, founded, 163' , 

Home, Earl, title created, 8772. 

— — , Henry, Lord lvalues, b., 9002 ; Criti- 
cism, 9163; d., 9223. 

, John, b., 9062; Doitgl as 915'; d., 

9343. 

- — Arts Asso., est., London, 994' . 

Circle, statistics, 4463. 

Association, founded, 3032. 

College. Disciples founded, 3143. 

Govt. Asso., meets, Dublin, 9752. 

Guards Minute Men. org., Mo., 1902. 

Miss. Soc. Am. (See under American.) 

Missionary Soc., org., Eng., 9383. 

Missions, report, 3322. 

Protection Party, org., 3112. 

Bule, Ire., money for, 4623 ; intro., 

Can., 587'; com", in Dublin; motion re- 
jected, 9792 ; meetings held. 985' ; con- 
vention at Newcastle-on-Tyne, 9853 ; 
members withdraw, 9893 ; policy sus- 
tained, 9952 ; Scottish Amendment re- 
jected, 10032; Bill intro., 9952, 10111; 
reported, 10112; program, 979 2 . 

Homeopathic Coll., attacked by mob,l7l 1 . 

Medical College, opened, 199' . 

Physicians, convention, 2923. 

Homeopath ists International Congress, 

Atlantic City, 3863. 
Homeopathy, first intro. in N. Y., 1321 . 

, Am. Inst, of, meets, 4081. 

Homer, Ga., L. Willis kills father, 4542. 
, poet, b., 10142 ; Iliad, trans., 8772, 

10142; Odi/sxri/, tvsos, 10142; gods ; poems 

in Greece, 10142. 

, Winslow, b., 146 2 ; member Nat. 

Homes College, chartered, La., 1782. 

Academy of Design, 2501 . 
Homespun, fashionable, 692; mnf., 1001 . 
Homestead, Pa., labor trouble, 4083, 4101 , 

2,3, 4111,2, 4131,2, 4142,3, 4163, 4183, 

4191 ,2,3, 4222,3 ; press, 4273, 4373; 4473, 

4793. 

Act, approved, U. S., 2093. 

Bill, dispossess of land, 2531. 

Homeyer, von, Capt. Alex., b. (1834) ; ex- 
pedition in Kongo, 10931 , 
Homildon Hill, Eng., battle, 8601. 
Homilies, Blieking, written, 8463. 

, Eng., author unknown, 8483. 

Homilies, Book of, published, 8702. 
Honan, China, 'improved, 6122 ; mission, 

6223, 6243 ; famine, 6233 ; Presbytery 

formed, 6243. 
Honduras (see text, p. 1041), explored, 162; 



Hone-Hous. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JNI L)J^X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1283 



captured, 182; flourishing, 233; settlers 
in; Eng. overpowered; Sp. quiet, 5641 ; 
Bp. Ormsby cons., 10102 ; at war, 1038' ; 
surrendered to Nicaragua, 11043. 

Hone, Philip, b. (1781) ; mayor N. Y.,1352; 
d. (1S51). 

, Win., b., 921' , or (1719) ; d. (1842). 

Honeychurch, Henry G., b., 1522. 

Honey Hill, S. C, action, 2402. 

Springs, Ind. Ter., action, 225' . 

Honfleur, Fr., riot, 7432. 

Hong, Ulm, shoots Chu Hing, 4682. 

Honghoa Anuam, Chinese lire, 482' . 

Hong Kong, China, taken by Brit, 615'; 
Gazette: mission,619' ,2,6203, 623' ; Dally 
Press, 6H) 3 ; ceded to Eng. ; a protector- 
ate, 6173 ; Lord Elgin returns, 6182 ; mis- 
sionaries in, 6183; sirlt. Grunt commands, 
620' ; typhoon, 6222. G24 ' ; F. >reign Enlist- 
ment Act proclaimed, 625' ; gale, 627'; 
black plague, 6273 ; bishopric est., 9543 ; 
Bp. Kaimond cons., 9742. 

Hong-tsiuen, claims, 619' . 

Hongwou, Buddhist, 6143; d., 6142. 

Honolulu, tirst missionaries, 10402 ; Amer. 
flag down, 429' ; Bp. Willis cons., 9742. 

Honorius, archbp. of Canterbury, 8422 ; 
fixes parish boundaries, 8423. 

— — 1., pope, anathematized, 1031'; d., 
1071'. 

II., pope, 10743. 

III., pope, 1075'. 

IV., pope, 10763. 

Flavius, b. (3841 ; reigns in West, 10693 ; 

assembles representatives, 0633 ; d. (423). 

Hontheim, Johann N. ron, b., 7983 ; d., 
8043. 

Honthorst, Gerard, b., 5403 ; d., 541'. 

Hood, Alex., b. (1727 i) ; Lord Bridport, 
defeats Fr. fleet, 7102 ; d. (1814). 

, Baron, 923', 1009'; viscount, title 

created, 925 2 . 

, Capt., explorer, 578' . 

■, John Bell, b. (1831 ) ; at Antietam,213' ; 

at Gettysburg, 224' ; in Term., 2322 ; at 
Pumpkin-Vine Creek, 234' ; commands 
Dept. Tenn., 236' ; commands Confeds., 
2362; at Kulp House, 235'; before At- 
lanta, 236 2 ,3; truce with Sherman; evac- 
uates Atlanta, 238' ; crosses Coosa River ; 
Dalton surrendered, 23S3 ; at Gadsden ; 
invasion of Tenn.,239' ; at Decatur, 2392; 
at Florence, 240' ; atSpring Hill ; invests 
Nashville ; at Franklin, 2102 ; at Tupelo, 
2403 ; relieved of command, 242' ; sur- 
renders, 2463 ; d., 3022. 

, Robin, flourishes (2), 851' ; d., 8543. 

, Viscount Samuel, b., 906 2 ; adm., at 

Toulon, 708' ; d., 9382. 

, Thomas, b., 9283 ; works, 9431, 9523 ; 

d., 9522. 

Hooft, Pieter Corneliszoon, b.-d., 10983 ; 
works, 1099'. 

Hoogvliet, Arnold, b.-d., 1101'. 

Hook, James Clarke, b., 9383. 

Hooke, Nathaniel, b., 8982 ; d. (17G3). 

, Robert, b.,8822; balance wheel, 8882 ; 

inventions, 890'; experiment on air; 
conveys sounds ; telephone ; gravitation, 
892' ; suggests telegraph, 896' ; d., 9022. 

, Theodore Edward, !>., 9213 ; d., 9502. 

Hooker, Joseph, b., 123' ; at Williamsburg, 
207' ; at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; iu Seven Days' 
Battles, 209' ; at Malvern Hill, 2102 ; at 
Antietam, 213' ; at Fredericksburg, 2162 ; 
commands Army of Potomac ; dismissed, 
218 2 ; crosses Rapidau ; at Chancellors- 
ville ; crosses Rappahannock, 220 3 ; or- 
ders of congratulation, 2212 ; at Chancel- 
lorsville,221' ; protects Washington, 2223; 
pursuit of Lee ; relieved of Army of Po- 
tomac, 223' ; reinforces Roseerans, 2263 ; 
at Bridgeport, 22i ' ; at Lookout Moun- 
tain; at Ringgold, 2282 ;, at Pumpkin- 
Vine Creek, 234' ; d. (1879). 

, Sir , Dalton, b., 9382 ; president, 

976'. 

, Richard, b., 8702 ; Ecclesiastical Pol- 
ity, SIT* \ d.,8762. 

, Thomas, in Mass., 342 ; d., 381 . 

-, Warren B., d., 178'. 

., William Jackson, b., 9223 ; d., 968'. 

, Worthington, b., 1122 ; d., 2582. 

Hoogstrat, James, assails Luther, 7882. 

Hoole, John, b., 908' ; d. (1803). 

Hoonan, Green Water Lily Society, 617' . 

Hooper, John, cons, bp., 8703 ; d., 8702 ; 
burned, 8703. 

, John Kinnersley, lord mayor, 9492. 



Hooper, Johnson J., b. (1815) ; d., 229' . 

, Lucy, b., 1242 ; d., 1522. 

, William, b., 642 ; d., 1022. 

, Capt., takes Wrangle Land, 3092. 

Hoorn, Count of, b. (1520±) ; opposes In- 
quisition ; beheaded, 10993. 
Hoosac Tunnel, Mass., begun, 1813 ; work 

resumed, 2273, 2652 ; explosion, 2593 ; 

completed, 283 3 ; first train, 2873 ; Mass. 

sells interest, 3293. 
Hoosick, N.Y., settlement destroyed, 68' . 
Hoover, George, shot, 3803. 
Hoover's Gap, Teun., action, 223'. 
Hop-gardens, Ger., 7722. 
Hope captured, 822 
Hope in search of Eira, 988' . 
Hope, Ark., tornado, 430' . 

College, Mich., org., 2502. 

, Eng. magistrate murdered, 602'. 

, Admiral, repulsed, 620'. 

, Anthony, Prisoner of Zint/a, 10122. 

, Thomas, b., 9183 ; d., 9442. 

Hopedale mission, 5763. 

, 111., R. R., accident, 3273. 

, O., White Caps, 333' . 

Hopetoun, Baron, title created, 931' ; earl, 

903'. 

, Earl of, gov., 501' . 

— -, Earl of, 1. high commissioner, 10002 
Hopewell, N. J., funds for school, 711 . 

, Pa., Indian treaty, 991 . 

Hopfen, Hans, t;lair.,-ii<les Mend, 8362. 
Hopkins, Albert, d., 278'. 

, C, b., 1482. 

, J., b., 1602. 

, Edward, b., 262 ; gov., 372,3 ; d., 40' . 

, Elliee, est. Purity Society, 9931 . 

, Esek, b.,5S1 ; commander, 81' ; at New 

Providence, 821 ; captures Glasgow, 843 ; 

d., 1102. 

, Harry, sermon, 440' . 

, John Henry, b., 1282 ; cons. P.E. bp., 

1402 ; d. (186S). 

, P., mayor, Chicago, 445' , 447' . 

, Johns, b., 1001 ; hospital fund, 2943 ; 

d., 2821 . (See Johns Hopkins Univ.) 

, Mark, b., 1102 ; Man, 2842 ; d., 3262. 

, Matthew, witch-finder, 8871 . 

, Moses, capitalist, d., 4001 . 

, Sam Miles, b. (1813) ; moderator, 2542. 

, Samuel, b., 601 ; against slavery, 851 ; 

first patent, 3641 ; d., 1102. 
, Stephen T., b., 562 ; go v. R.I., 712,3, 

731; d.,402i. 

, Timothy, gift to Leland Univ., 4041 . 

, W. E., Commodore, d., 4741 . 

Searles will case settled, 4033. 

Hopkinson, Francis, b., 642 ; Pretty Story, 

891; d., 1022. 
, Joseph, b., 762 ; Hail Columbia, 1091 ; 

d., 1542. 
Hopkinsville,Ky.,SouthKy.Coll.org.,3082. 
Hopkinton, la., Lenox College, org., 3183. 
Hopper, Isaac Tatem, b., 762 ; d., 1701 . 
Hoppin, Augustus, b., 13G2. • 

; William Warner, b. (1807) ; gov., 1772. 

Hopson, Peregrine Thomas, gov., 575 2 . 
, William Heartly, b. (18231 ; pres. Dis- 
ciples Convention, 3022. 
Hopton, iron-workers strike, 9883. 
Horace, Quintals Horatius Flaccus, b.-d., 

10583; student, 10291 ; works, 10603,10623. 
Horatii, champions, 10501. 
Horden, John, b. (1828) ; elected bp., 9742. 
Hormayr, Joseph von, b., 5163 ; d., 5223. 
Hormisdas, St., pope, 10703 ; d. (525). 
I., reigns 11071; favors Manichees, 

11063 ; d. (272). 

II., reigns, 11072. 

III., reigns, 11072. 

IV., reigns, 11072 ; d. (591). 

Hormuzd Rassam, dis. at Nineveh, 11562 ; 

in Abyssinia, 31 . 
Horn, Gustaf, b.-d., 11342. 

, Philip de Mont, b.-d., 6403. 

Hornblower, Joseph Coerten, b. (1777) ; d., 

2351. 

, Wm. B., b., 1682 ; Supreme Ct., 4391. 

, double cylinder engine, 9221 . 

Home, George, b., 9082 ; d. (1792). 

, Richard Hengist, b., 9323 ; ,]., 9922. 

, Thomas Hartwell, b., 9211 ; d., 9662. 

Horner, Francis, b., 9203 ; d., 9382. 
Hornet, defeats British, 1201; captures 

Penguin, 1231. 
Horniman, John, d., 10102. 
Hornpipe dance intro., Eng., 8563. 
Horodycki, insurrectionist, 11181. 
Horological Society est., Eng., 962' . 



Horrox, Jeremiah, b., 880 1; transit of 
Venus, 8821; d., 8842. 

Horsa, Jutish Chief, inds. towns, 769 3 ; in 
Kent, 8412; killed, 8401. 

Horse artillery intro., 8001 . 

Guards first, Eng., 8701 ; revived, 8901 . 

shoe, Ala., Indians defeated, 1221. 

shoeing introduced, 847 3 . 

Shoe Rock, Niagara, drops, 3341 . 

Horseshoes made by machinery, 1441. 

Horse thieves indicted, Okla., 4603. 

Horses, stolen, 3893; tamed by Rarey,962i ; 
used as food, 7373. 

Horsey, Stephen, sentenced, 239 2 . 

Horsford, Gen., defeats Nana Sahib, 10481 . 

, Eben Norton, b., 1262 ; d., 4201 . 

Horsley, Chas. Edward, b. (1822) ; d., 2902. 

, John, b. (1685) ; d., 9082. 

, Samuel, bp., b., 9082 ; d. (1S06). 

Hortensian Law, passed, 10533. 

Horticultural Garden, est., Eng. ,9402, 9653. 

Society org. ; chartered, 9322. 

Horton, N.' S., Bapt. church, est., 5763. 

Horus, polytheist, 6482; reigns, Egy., 6492. 

Horvath, Mihaly, b., 5192 ; d., 5282. 

Horve, Earl of, title created, 9372. 

Hosack, David, b., 761 ; d., 1442. 

Hose for fire-engines invented, 11003. 

, G. F., cons, bp., 9862. 

Hosea, prophet, 11443 ; oppressed by As- 
syrians, 11441 ; aided by Sabaco, 6511 • 
reigns, 11452; rebels against Assyr., 11452. 

Hosein besieges Medina, 4841 . 

Hoshangabad mission, 10483. 

Hoshiarpur mission, 10471. 

Ho-Shung, intro. Buddhism, China, 6103. 

Hosiery manufactured, 1401, 1441. 

Hoskins, Sir A., in Mediterranean, 10001 . 

Hosmer, Harriet Goodhue, b., 1381. 

, William, b. (1810) ; d., 3402. 

//o,^ja^< //ers of St. Job 11, arrive inChile, 6051 . 

Hospitals. (See under cities.) 

Hoss, J. F., org. Washingtonians, 1511. 

Host, Georg, b., 6381. 

, Jens Kragh, b., 6382 ; d., 6403. 

Hoste, Capt. Wm., defeats Fr. fleet, 9342. 

Hostilianus, coregent executed, 10671. 

Hot-air blast, patented, 9422. 

Hotankia, enthroned, 6112. 

Hotham, Sir Charles, gov., 4972; d., 4973. 

, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Capt. Henry, b. (1776) ; captures Fr. 

fleet, 7102; Napoleon surrenders to, 7221; 
destroys Fr. ships, 9361 ; d. (1833). 

Hothfield, Baron, title created, 9871. 

Hoti, introduces grape culture, China, 
6102 ; enthroned, 6113, 6131. 

Hotman, Francois, b., 68(13; Erauco-Gallia, 
6843 ; d., 6842. 

Hot Springs, S.Dak., B. Hills Col. org., 3283 

,\Vash., train robbery, 4183; cloud- 
burst, 4641. 

Hottentots in Kafir War, 9561. (See Cape 
Colony, text, pp. 597-604.) 

Hottinger, Johann H., b.-d., 11371. 

Houdin, Robert, b., 7163 ; d., 7461 . 

Houdon, Jean Antoine, b.,7002 ; sculptor, 
981 ; d., 7343. 

Houel, Jean Pierre Louis Laurent, b., 
6983 ; d., 7211. 

Hough, Franklin Benj., b., 1302; d., 3202. 

, Robert T., in treas. dept., 4472. 

, Major, wounded, 2003. 

Houghton, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

, Douglas, b., 1161 ; d. (1845). 

, George Fred., b., 1282; d., 2701. 

, Henry Oscar, b., 1302. 

, Lord, lord lieut., Ire., 10092. 

Houk, George W., b.. 1322 ; d., 4501 . 

, Leonidas, d., 3842. 

Houlakou, makes couquests, 4873. 

H'usatf'iiie destroyed, 2302. 

R.R. completed, 1513. 

House, Edward Howard, b., 1462. 

, James Alford, b., 1501 . 

of Commons, Eng., first meets, 8552; 

adopts Eng. language, 8631 ; Journals be- 
gun, 8703; judicial power, 8N92; members 
liable to arrest, 9193; long sitting, 9772; 
members suspended, 9872, ;ty<>3 ; sala- 
ries, 1O091, 10112; Rom. Cath. disabili- 
ties, 10091. (See Parliament; also in 
text, Great Britain, under State.) 

of Lords, journals, commenced, 8663; 

, bankrupt peers excluded, 9753 ; salaries 
reduced, 10112; abolition of, 10122. 

of Peers (Port.), changed tolife, 11112. 

of Representatives, new rules, 355 3 . 

(See also text, America, under State.) 



1284 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Hous-Hulk. 



Houseless Poor Act, G. B., passes, 9671 . 

Houssaye, Arsene, b., 7222 ; works, 7292 
7343, 7522. 

, Henry, b. (1848); Academician, 7661. 

Houston, Tex., soap mfg. co., 3813 ; rob- 
bery, 3991 ; shooting, 452' ; fire, 4733. 

, George Smith, b. (1811) ; gov. Ala. 

2873; on Committee of :!3, 1891; d. (1879). 

, Sam, b.,1042; gov.Tenn., 1353,1872; 

defeats Santa Anna, 1461 ; pres. Tex., 
147 2 , 1552; opposes secession, 1931 ; ex- 
pelled, 1932; d., 2272. 

Houtman, Cornells, sails for India, 10443 ; 
d. (1605+). 

Hovas, in Madagascar, 10953±. 

llovede.il, Roger of, d., 8521. 

Hovell, Capt/, Port Phillip, 4951 . 

Hovenden, Thomas, in Nat. Acad., 3121 . 

Hovey, Alvin P., gov., 3492; gen. at Clar- 
endon, 2103 ; d.,3941. 

How, John L., defaulter, 4123. 

Howard, John, monument erected, 1361. 

, Benj. Chew, b. (1791); d., 2762. 

, Catherine, marriage; executed, 8G92. 

, Lord Charles, of Effingham, b., 8682; 

destroys Span. Armada, 8761 ; d., 8802. 

, Francis, of Effingham, b. (1630±); gov. 

Va., 492,3; political conspiracy, 8971; 
d. (1694). 

.Edward, d., 10081. 

, of Glossop. Baron, title created. 9651 . 

, Geo. fin. F., b., 9303; L. n e ut., 0213; 

minister, 9432,3; d., 9681 . 

, G. A., in P. O. dept., 4472. 

, Henry, gov. R.I., 2851 . 

-, , Earl of Surrey, works, 8691 ; be- 
headed, 8701 , 8712. 

, Jacob Merrett, b. (1805) ; Committee 

of Fifteen, 2493; d. (1871). 

, John, b., 9063 ; sheriff ; prison inves- 
tigations, 9192 ; statue, 9282 ; d., 9243 ; 
monument, 1361 . 

, John Eager, b.,0S2; pres. senate, 1111 ; 

vote for V. Pres., 1252 ; d., 1342. 

-, J. J., coachman discussion, 4752, 

, Luke, works, 931 1 , 9551 . 

, Oliver Otis, b., 138 1; at Antietam, 

2131; at Chancellorsville, 2211; at Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ; at Adairsville,233i ; com- 
mands Army of T-enn., 2363; at Jones- 
boro, 2381 ; at Atlanta, 2401 ; at Cheraw, 
2423; against Chief Joseph, 2961 ; major 
gen., 3221; succeeds Gen. Crook, 3541; 
Pres. Nat. Temperance Union, 4583; re- 
tired, 4741 . 

, R. P., d., 5861. 

, Thomas, Duke of Norfolk, b. (1536) ; 

executed, 8752. 

, , D. of Norfolk, b., 8642; ravages 

Scot., 8681; minister, 8693; lord lieut., 
8673; d., 8742. 

, W., guilty of killing, 4222. 

, Wm. Alauson, b. (1813) ; on Com. of 

Thirty-three, 189 1; on Committee of 
Five;' on traitors, 191 1 ; d. (1880). 

, , Viscount Stafford, b., 8782; be- 
headed, 8952. 

College, Ala., org., 1543. 

, Dr., released in Cuba, 2791 . 

Institute Bill enacted, 2523. 

— — Payne College (Bapt.), org. at Brown- 
wood, Texas (1890). 

University org., opened, 2583. 

Howe, brigadier-general, Albion, b. (1818); 
Paris commission, 247 2 . 

, Elias, b., 1281 ; invents sewing-ma- 
chine, 1541 ; patent, 1602 ; d., 2582. 

, Gen. Geo. Augustus, b.,90U2; k., 702. 

-, Hubert, works, 3323. 

, Jephtliali D-, insurance fraud, 4751. 

, John, b., 8822; d. (1705). 

, Joseph, gov. N. S., 5832,3. 

, Julia Ward, b., 1281; works, 1742, 

1823, 2551,2871,3063. 

, Lyman B., b., 1501 . 

, Earl Richard, b.,9002; commissioner 

to Am., 752; letter to Washington, 852 ; 
in New York, 9212; L. Adm.,9232; min- 
ister, 9233; in Eng. Channel, 9261; off 
Ushant, 7101 ; d., 9283. 

, Robert, b. (1732); gen. at Savannah, 

901 ; a. (1785). 

, Sam. Gridley, b., lid ; in San Do- 
mingo ; commissioner, 2732; d., 2902. 

— -.Timothy Otis, b., 1242; postmaster- 
general, 3092 ; d., 3122. 

, Sir William, b., 908 2 ; commissioner 

to Am.. 752 ; arrives, 801 ; in Boston, 
803; leaves Halifax ; N.Y. Harbor, 822 ; 



on Staten Island, 823 ; in N. 1 ., 841 
offers pardon, 85 2 ■ confers with Am 
statesmen, 853; at New Brunswick, 862 
goes to sea, 863; before Phila., 871,2 
at Port Mifflin ; at White Marsh, Pa. 
881 ; recalled, 882 ; controversy, 913 
d.,9363. 

Howe, William Bell White, cons. asst. 
bp., 2742. 

Co., mnf. pins, 1441 , 1501 . 

Howell, David, b.,662; d., 1321. 

, James, b. (1595+); d., 8922. 

, Joshua.B., d., 2411 . 

-, Richard, b. (1753); gov., 1053; d. (1802). 

, , A., d., 10101. 

, Robert Boyte Crawford, b. (1801); d., 

2602. 

, T. C.,d.,414i. 

Howells, William Dean, b., 1482 ; works, 
2543, 2603, 2651, 2S02, 2823, 2871, 2903; 
3063, 3083, ;;123, 3203, 3231, 3283, 3503, 
3963, 4203, 4783. 

Howgate, H. W., defaulter, 4722. 

HoU'ick, Lord. (See Grey, Sir Chas.) 

Howitt, Mary, b., 9323; d., 9962. 

, Botham, b., 9283. 

, Win., b., 9263; Journal, 9131; d.,9S4i. 

Howland, Alfred Cornelius, b. (183S) ; in 
Nat. Academy, 3121 . 

, W. P., gov. Ont., 5832. 

Howley, Wm., b., 9162; archbp. of Can- 
terbury, 9442 ; d. (1848). 

Howlock, F., suicide, 4362. 

Howorth, Henry H., work, 9963. 

Howren, Henry D., in Charleston, 3383. 

Howry, Charles B., in dept. of justice, 4473. 

Howth and Holyhead, cable completed, 
9593 

Howth, Baron, title created, 9871 , 

Hoy family murdered, 4303. 

Hoyle, Edmund, b., 8922; Whist, 9111; 
d.,9183. 

, Benjamin T., b., 1282 ; d., 2561. 

, Henry M., gov. Pa., 3033; d., 4181 

, John P., gov. Ida., 2912, 2973. 

, Russell B., arrested, 4663. 

H. R. Arthur, explosion on, 2733. 

Hrotsvitha, b.-d., 7741. 

Hry, Thierry de, b., 6783. 

Huacho, Peru, gold discovered, 11093. 

Huamantla, Mex., action at, 1622. 

Huaucavo, action at, 1108 2 . 

Huanuco, Peru, battle at, 6063. 

Huascar, becomes lnca, 193 ; imprisoned, 
6431. 

Huascar captures vessels ; captured, 6062; 
sunk, 6082. 

Huasco, occupied, 60S2 ; insurgents mass- 
ing, 6083. 

Huayna Capac, rules Ecu. and Peru, 6441 ; 
conquers Quito, 6431 ; d., 6443. 

Hubbard, Henry, b. (1784) ; gov. N. H., 
1553 ; d., 1821 . 

, John, b. ( 1794); gov. Me., 1692; d., 2641 . 

, Joseph Stillman, b., 1302 ; d., 227.2. 

, Lord Addington Gellibrand, d., 10001 . 

, Lucius Fred. b.l 1836); gov.Minn.,3152. 

, Richard, gov. Tex., 2951. 

, William, b., 301 ; d., 562. 

Hubbardtown, Vt., encounter at, 863. 

Huber, Francois, b.-d., 11372. 

, Johann Nepomuk, b., 8142 ; d. (1879). 

, John Francis, cons, bp., 5763. 

, John J., suicide, 4702. 

, Matthieu, b., 6883; d., 697i . 

.Walter, archbp. of Canterbury; ad- 
ministrator, 8513 ; d., 8521. 

Hubert de Burgh. (See Burg.) 

Hubertusburg, Saxony, Peace of, ends 
war, 5162, 5172, 8033 ; battle of, 8922. 

Hubmever. Balthazar, preaches at Ratis- 
bon, 7882 ; burned, 7902. 

Hubner, Baron yon, Nap. addresses, 525 2 . 

, Karl, b., 8102; d., 830i. 

.Rudolph .Jul. Benno,b.,8082; d.,8302. 

Hue, Evaristc Regis, b., 7211 ; d. (1860). 

Huchau, mission, 618 3 . 

Hiahh'rsllrlil rescues passengers, 9513. 

Hiuldleston, Bar., John Walker, d., 10041 . 

Hudson, Mo., Confcds. defeated at, 2021 . 

- — , N. Y., bank clerk defalcation, 4792. 

, O., Western Reserve Coll. fnd., 1351 ; 

observatory erected at, 1501 ; College, 
name changed ; removed, 3123. 

, Erasmus Darwin, b., 1122; d. (1887). 

, Frederick, b., 1281 ; d., 2881 . 

, Henry, voyage, 8781; explorations, 

N. Y., etc., 262; dis. Hudson Bay, 281; 
perishes ; crew rescued, 283 ; d., 8782. 



Hudson, Henry Norman, b., 1231 ; Shake- 
speare, 2802 ; d., 3222. 

, Mary Clemmer Ames, d., 3162. 

, Thomas J., b., 1562. 

William Leverreth. b. (1794); d., 2152. 

Bay, discoveries, 651 , 8781 ; settlement 

9373 ; surrendered, 5752 ; missions, 5802. 

— Co., chartered, 5733 ; monopoly, 

5793; in courts; monopolies restricted ; 
rights sold, 5812; funds seized; monop- 
oly ends, 5x32 ; eharter expires, 9732. 

and Mohawk R. R., opened, 1393. 

River, dis., 191 , 202 ; frozen, 1281 . 

Bridge BilL 3552, 3572, 3631 ,3972, 

4593, 4631. 

Committee, org., 361 3 . 

R. R., opd., 1673, 1693 ; bridge 

completed, 261 3 ; train accident, 4153. 

Tunnel, water in, 305 a ; work 

suspended, 3113, 3153, resumed, 3452. 

Strait, discovered, 5702. 

Hudsonville, Miss., action at, 2151 . 

Hue, forts captured, 4803 ; Annamese re- 
volt ; Thayat attacks, 4822 ; Fr. rein- 
forcements arrive, 4823. 

Hue ami I'n/ established, Eng., 9051. 

Hnefl'er, Francis, d., 10001 . 

Huelva, Columbiananniversary eel. ,11331 _ 

Huemac Ateopaneeatl, d., 111. 

Huesca, Sp., University founded, 11271. 

Huessin Bey, rules, 9 2 . 

Huet, Pierre D., b„ 6882 ; d., 6982. 

Huf eland, Christoph Wilhelm, b., 8023; 
d., 8143. 

Huff, Capt. de, near La Grange, 221 1 . 

Hugel, Karl Alex. Anseleni von, b., 8063; 
d.,28G2. 

Hugelmann, Gabriel, sentenced, 7483. 

Huger, Gen. Benjamin, b. (1806) ; destroys- 
GosiJortNavy Yard. 2071 ; at Seven Days* 
Battles, 2091; d., 2962. 

Huger, Isaac, b., G42; d., 1062. 

Huggins, Win., b., 9422;, analyzes stars, 9661. 

Hugh, India, factory opened, 10451. 

the Great, Conite de Paris, ruler in 

Fr.; d., 6673. 

Capet, reigns, 6673; d. (996). 

, Count of Verinandois, joins First Cru- 
sade, 6681 . 
, Earl Fortescue, l.-lieut., 9493. 

of Provence, K. of It. expelled, 10733. 

Hughes and Buttner, bogus lawyers, 3762. 

wins walking-match. 3813. 

, Sir Edward, in E. I., 7041 . 

, John, b., 1062; cons. bp. (1838); in 

see of N. Y (1842) ; first archbp. (1850) ; 
draft riot, 2252 ; ,1., 2291 ; statue, 3861 . 

, W., hanged, 2551. 

, Joshua, elected bp., 9742 ; d., 5861 . 

, Louis C, governor Arizona, 4471 . 

, Robert Ball, b., 1122 ; d., 2602. 

, Man., Gen. Johnston, 4482. 

, P., commissioned colonel, 3301. 

, Simon P., governor Arkansas, 3233. 

, Thomas, b., 9403; works, 9603, 9623, 

10022; suggestion of New Rugby, 3043. 

Hugo, Gustav., b., 8023 ; d., 8162. 

, Victor, governor Guiana, 10391 . 

, Marie, b., 7143; works of, 7231 to 

7542 ; in Paris, 7412; defense committee, 
7433; expelled, 7443; radical, 745i ; sen- 
ator ; amnesty motion, 7511 ; d., 7542; in 
Pantheon, 7543. 

Hugstettin, Baden, K. R. wreck, 8313. 

Jfuaucnots, opera, appears, 8141 . 

, Sir John Everett Millais, 9582, 

, colony, America. 222; massacre of, 

243; in Fla., 251 ; I'resbv. church, N.Y., 
482 ; on Staten Island, 483 ; in Mass., 
502,3; inS.C.,503,511; inN.C.,512,572; 
inNewRochelle, N.Y.,513; in Va.,552; 
settle in Braz., 5533 ; persecuted, 5531; 
war against Fr. ; discipline in army ; 
Eng. aids, 6821 ; religious liberty granted; 
aim of ; conspiracy of, 6823; rise instate 
affairs, 68.31 ; massacre of, 6832; wars of ; 
partial liberty granted, 6833 ; war with 
Fr., Eng. support, 6861 ; revolt ; deprived 
of towns ; cause ruined, 687 3 ; perse- 
cuted, 6943, 6951. 

Hultzilihuitl, enthroned, 10952 ; d. (1414). 

Huitzilopochtli, temple dedicated, 122. 

Hu-Kuang, taken, 618 1. 

Hulaku, invades Persia, 11062; d. (1265). 

Huldah, a prophetess, 11462. 

llulick, George W., b., 1421 . 

Hulin, or Hullin, Comte Pierre Augustin, 
b., 7023; d., 7282. 

Hulks for punishment, Eng., 9212. 



Hull-Huyg. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JNU.C.-X. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



1285 



Hull, Eng., Literary and Philosophical So- 
ciety fnd., 0411 • Narcissus launched, 
99-41; Church Congress, 10U42; dock la- 
borers strike; riots, 10103 

.Isaac, b., 78 2 ; captures G-uerriere, 

1181; d. (1843). 

, John A. T., p., 1522. 

, Jonathan, steam navigation, 9081 . 

, William, b.,G83; gov. Mich., 1133; re- 
turns from Can.; capture Ft. Maiden ; 
surrenders Detroit, 1181; d., 1322. 

Hullah, John, b., 9362. 

, Pyke, h. (1812); d., 9922. 

Hulpias River, Ariz., dam bursts, 3533. 

Hulst, Spain, recovers, 10982. 

Humaita, Parag., passage forced, 5561 . 

Human Freedom League, organizes, 3931 . 

Humane Soc, meets, Am, ,3703,3931 ,4723. 
(See Royal Humane Society.) 

Humanitarians, founded, 9701 . 

Humansville, Mo., action at, 2051 . 

Humayun, h.-d., 10431; reigns; flees, 10433. 

Humbert I., Raneri Carlo Emanuele Gio- 
vanni Maria Ferdinando Eugenio, king, 
b., 10863; weds, 10893; reigns (1878). 

, Joseph Amahle, b., 7022; at Castle- 
bar, 7122; d.,7242. 

, M., minister, 7532. 

Humble Petition and Advice adopted, 
Eng., 8892. 

Humboldt, Tenn., lynching, 4682. 

, Baron, Friedrieh Heiurirh Alex, von, 

b., 8031; works, 8091, 8163; explorer, 
8062; d., 8202; centenary, 8271; statue, 
8301. 

, , Karl W., b., 8023; works, 8072, 

8083,8131; minister, 8133; d., 8143. 

Hume, David, b., 9042; works, 9132, 92H ; 
d., 9203. 

, Hamilton, at Port Phillip, 4951 . 

, Joseph, b., 9203; d., 9603. 

, preacher, refuses indulgence, 8963. 

Humiliation, day of, Am., 2373. 

Hummel, Johami N., b., 8042; d., 8143. 

Humphrey, A. T., wins rifle prize, 9741 . 

, D. of Gloucester, regent, 8631 ; mar- 
riage; cruelty of , 8623; arrested; mur- 
dered, 8632. 

, Edward Porter, b. (1809); moderator, 

1702. 

, Heman, b., 912; d., 1922. 

, J., lord mayor, London, 9492, 

, J., on Com. of Thirty-three, 1891 . 

, Marshall, b., 601 . 

, Z. M., moderator, 2762 

Humphreys, Andrew Atkinson, b., 1162; 
at Petersburg, 2443; a t Amelia Court- 
house, 2451; d\, 3142. 

, Benjamin G., gov. Miss., 2553; forced 

to vacate Miss., 2632. 

, David, b., 682; treaty, 1071 ; d., 1262. 

, Eliza, killed, 4362. 

, Lyman U., governor Kan., 3293,3991. 

, P., killed, 4362. 

Humphries, Corporal, wins prize, 9661. 

Hunchung, mission, 6242. 

Hundred Associates rule Canada, 5713. 

Years' War, 674i , 6751 ; ends, 6781 . 

Huneric persecutes Christians, 7682,10703. 

Hunfalvy, Pal, b.,5202; d. (1891). 

Hung, Phineas R., d., 6222. 

Hungary. (See text, Austria-Hungary, pp. 
502-539.) Pagan princes, 503 1 ; ravages 
Ger., 7733; pagan uprising, 5023; Ger- 
mans immigrate, 5032; war with Bohe- 
mia,504i; Greeks repel, 10.I22; Gr. civ- 
ilization intro., 504"3; Golden Bull con- 
firmed, 5051 ; supremacy broken in Ru- 
mania, 11121; war with Venice, 506 1 ; 
Turks invade ; loses coast lands ; partly 
annexed to Turk., 11572; representative 
gov't est., 507 3 ; war with Bohemia and 
Turk., 5081; literature and arts in, 5083; 
Bohemia united, 5093 ; under Hapsburg 
rule, 7893; independent, 5093 ;> Protes- 
tant revolt ; Turks aid Protestants ; 
abandoned to Turks, 5101 ; revolt. 7973; 
Turks driven out ; Protestants revolt, 
5122; counts executed, 5131 ; insurrec- 
tion; Servian colonists settle, 5133; war 
with Turks, 5141 ; peasants revolt, 5151 ; 
religious toleration, 5163; censorship 
of press, 5171; change of territory; in- 
dependence guaranteed, 5173; academy 
est., 5203 ; uprising ; constitution pro- 
mulgated, 5213 ; war with Rus., 11161 ; 
rebellion; Aust. enters, 5221 ; Hungarian 
war ended, 5223; provisional gov't, 5231 ; 
constitution abolished ; declared free, 



5232, 8183; Rus. intervention, 5232; R.R. 
opd., 5253 ; Prus. enter, 5262 ; rights re- 
stored; autonomy, 5263; independence, 
5271; dual government, 5272; Fiume 
R.R. opd., 5293; landwehr est., 5321 ; 
war vessels for; strategic railroad, 5332; 
union with Austria denounced, 5373. 

Hungerford bridge opened, 9521 , 9662. 

, Sir Thomas, speaker, 8593. 

Hung-Tsiuen. b., 6163; leader, 6181; Tai- 
ping rebellion; emperor, 6193; suicide, 
6213. 

Huni, reigns, Egypt, 645 3 . 

Huniades, Joannes Corvanus, b., 5062; 
leader, 5081 ->-; gov., 509 1 ; atVerna, 5651 j 
atNish, 11561; d., 5082. 

Hunkers, Democratic Nat. Conven., 1651. 

Hunnewasser, battle at, 824i. 

Huns, invade Hung., 5023, 5031 ; subdued. 
6101; drive out Goths, 7692; invade and 
ravage Gr., 10301; migrate westward, 
10651; near Caspian Sea, 10671, HO61 ; 
in Rus., 10692, 11131 ; invade Roman Em- 
pire; monarchy falls, 1071 2 ; burn Pa- 
via; invade It., 10721 ; rule in It., 10732; 
invade Cappadocia, 11541 . 

Hunt, A. Cameron, governor Colo., 259 a . 

, Capt., Indian slave-dealer, 282. 

, Capt., on Kongo River, 10931 . 

— , Major, at Sturgeon, Mo., 2141 . 

, Freeman, b. (1804); d., 1841 . 

, George Ward, b. (1825) ; minister, 

9792; d. (1877). 

, Helen. (See Mrs. Jackson.) 

, Henry Jackson, b. (1819); d., 3341 . 

, J. B., suicide, 4682. 

, Leigh Henry James, b., 9223; works, 

9383,9411,9543; d., 9622. 

, R., clerg., at Jamestown, Va., 26 2 . 

, Robert, b., 9331 ; d., 9962. 

, Thomas Terry, b., 1322; d., 4001 . 

, Ward,b., 1162; justice, 2793; d.,3222. 

, Washington, t>. (1811); governor N. 

Y., 1692; d., 2561. 

, Win. Henry, painter, b., 9243; d.,968i. 

, , b. (1824); sec. navy, 3072; 

resigns, 3111; d., 3162. 

, Holman, b., 9423; paints Isa- 
bella and Pot of Basil, 9721 . 

, Morris; b., 1321 ; d., 3022. 

Hunter, A. J., b., 1382. 

, Benjamin F., hanged, 3011 . 

, Claudius S., 1. mayor London, 9353. 

, David, b., 1102; receives Alvarado, 

1621 ; at Charleston, Mo., 198i ; in South, 
205 2 ; orders against, 2133; on Porter 
case, 2161; suceeeds Fremont; draft of 
negroes, 220i ; relieved of com mand,2222; 
at Staunton, 2242, 2342; fails to meet 
Sheridan; commands W, Va.; at Pied- 
mont, 2342; at Lynchburg, 2343; on com- 
mission, 2472; d. (1886). 

, John, b., 9081 ; d., 9262. 

, Gen. Peter, b. (1805) ; gov. Can., 5772. 

, Robert, governor X. Y.,573; d. (1734). 

, Mercer Taliaferro, b., 116i ; 

speaker house, 1512; n Com. 13, 1892; 
expelled, 1973; pres. Confed. Senate, 
2393; peace commissioner, 2431 ; d.,3262. 

, William, b., 9062; d., 9223. 

, , lord mayor, London, 9572. 

, B., kills Nickerson, 3721 . 

, Capt., governor Australia, 4951 . 

Hunterdon Co., N. J., no license, 3332. 

Hunterian Society organized, 9382, 9391 . 

Huntersville, W.Va., stores captured,202i . 

Huntingdon, Eng., R. R. collisions, 9813. 

, Earl of, title created, 8672. 

, Lady Selina, b. (1707) ; evangelist, 

9123; Methodist, 9131 ; d. (1791). 

Huntingfield, Baron, title created, 925 2 . 

Huntingford, George I., elected op., 9303. 

Huntington, Va., R.R. to Richmond, 2353. 

, W. Va., Normal School at, 2643; 

train robbery, 4191 . 

, Charles B., forgeries dis., 1803. 

, Daniel, b., 1242; Nat. Acad., 1521. 

, Fred. Dan, b., 1281 ; cons, bp., 2662. 

, J. R., bank shortage, 4791 . 

, Lucius Seth, Professor Conant, 5843. 

, Samuel, b., 621 ;'governor, 991 j vote 

for president, 1012; d., 1061 . 

, , b. (1731) ; gov. 0., 1153; d., 1262. 

Huntley, H. V., governor P. E. I., 5792. 

, Gen. W., governor N. B., 5773. 

Huntlv, Marquis of, title created, 8773. 

Hunton, Eppa, b., 1302; Com. of Seven, 
293 3 ; on electoral commission, 2951; 
testimony, 457 3 . 



Hunton, Jonathan D.,gover. Maine, 1392. 

Hunt's Merchants' Minjazine, appears, 1523. 

Huntsman, Benj., mfg. cast steel, 9102. 

Huntsville, Ala., surprised, 2062. 

, Tenn., Confederates defeated, 2151 . 

, Tex., Normal School opened, 3031 . 

Huntt, George G., commis. colonel, 3821 . 

Hunza Niger, Tibet, attacked, 10061. 

Hupt Moritz, d., 8281. 

Huran, Mohammedans rebel, 6211. 

Hurd, Richard, b., 9062; bishop Worces- 
ter, 9223; d., 9343. 

, Col., near La Vergne, 2161 , 

Hurdy, Sir Chas., college subscription, 712. 

Huret, Jules, Kroiution Litteraire,7G22. 

Hurlbut, Stephen Augustus, b., 1242; com- 
mander G. A. R., 2551 ; d (1882). 

, William Henry, b., 1342. 

Hurley, Wis., mine accident, 3553. 

Huron, Can., burned, 5723; bishopric est., 
9483, 9722; Bp. Baldwin cons., 9922. 

Huron, strikes rocks, 2961 . 

College (Presb.), organized at Huron, 

South Dakota (1883). 

Huron driven out, 5721 . 

Lake, Champlain visits, 5702, 5713. 

Hurricane, W. I., 421 ; in Tex., 3581 , 4481 ; 
Gulf of Mex., 4061 ; i n Aus., 4993; m k. 
S. W.,500i; in Galicia, 5341; j n Sofia, 
5693; in Hong Kong, 6241; i n Havana, 
6322; in Eng., shn2, 948 1 . (See Cyclone.) 

Hurst, John Fletcher, b., 1422; Indika, 
4203; consecrated bishop, 3042. 

, J. T., land purchase, 4133. 

Hurt ado, Bartolome\ explorer, 163. 

Hurth, P. J., cons. R. C. bishop, 10121 . 

Husain Ali, supported, 10441. 

Husbandry, first taught, 10131 . 

Huskisson, William, b., 9183; pres. Board 
Trade, 9413; minister, 9432,3, 

Huss, John, b., 5062; prof, at Prague; 
rector of Univ. of Prague, 5071; de- 
nounces indulgences ; pope's ban ; ar- 
rested' condemned, 5063, 6762, 7843; 
burned; festival, 5062,3. 

Hussein dynasty reigns, 11393, 11072. 

Avni, grand vizier, 11592; ass* 

nated, 11583. 

Pasha, b.-d., 91. 

Hussey, Obed, inv. reaping machine, 1421 . 

Hussite creed war, 506 1 ,3, 7841 . 

Hussites terrorize, 5061 ; demand com- 
munion; heresy su].]>r*ssed,5063; granted 
use of cup, 7843; enter treaty, 5071; jj 
Bohemia, 5073; crusade against, 5083. 

Husted, James Win., b. (1833) , d. 4161 . 

Hustler, Ky., office wrecked, 4311 . 

Huston, James N., treas. dept., 351 2 . 

Hutcheson, Francis, b., 9002; d.. 9122. 

Hutchings, Sam., attempt to kill, 986 3 . 

Hutchins, Sir George, keeper, 8993. 

Hutchinson, Kan., cyclone, 4061. 

, Anne, b. (1600) ; org. women's meet- 
ing, 323; in R. I.; religious enthusiast; 
at Newport, 353; massacred, 361. 

, B. B., robbed in Chicago, 3522, 

, Ellen Mackay, Am. Literature, 3323. 

, Col. John, b., 880i ; d. (1664). 

, John, philos., b., 8923; doctrines, 

8942; Moses' Principia, 9061 ; d.,9083. 

, Jos., chief justice, 732; assailed, 752. 

, G., nom. for governor, 3451 . 

, Thomas, b., 562; conspicuous, 731 ; 

gov. Mass., 732, 772; controversy with 
general court, 783; leaves Boston, 79 2 ; 
against colonists, 793; d., 931. 

, Bishop, Witchcraft, 9063. 

, Capt., killed, 461 . 

, Viscount of, title created, 9372. 

Hutchinsonians appear, Eng., 8942. 

Hutten, Ulrich von, b., 7862; war of 
nobles, 788i; works, 7892; d., 7882. 

Hutton, Charles, b., 9083; d., 9403. 

, James, b., 9063; experiments, 9222; 

d., 9283. 

, Lawrence, Letters <>f Dickens, 10063. 

, Mancius S., pres. R*ef. Synod, 1742. 

, Matthew, archbp. Canterbury, 9151 . 

Huxley, Thomas Henry, b., 9422; works, 
9631, 9723, 9811, 986 3, 1010 3; opens 
Working Men's College, 9703; commit- 
tee vivisection, 4812; pres. Royal Soc, 
9901 ; unveils Darwin's statue, 9921 . 

Huy. Netherlands, taken, 9021 . 

Huygens, Christian, b.-d., 11003; dis. Sat- 
urn's ring; form of Saturn; dis. satel- 
lite ; inv. pendulum clocks, 11002; oscil- 
lation theory; undulatory theory; law of 
double refraction, 11003; works, 11012. 



1286 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Huyg-IllU, 



Huygens, Constantijn, b. (1 
Tempe, 11012 ; d. (1687). 

Huysuin, Jan van, b.-d., 1101 ' . 

Buzzard, Samuel, d., 2702. 

BCwaiti enthroned, 6131. 

Hwang Chao, rebels, 6132. 

Hwangti enthroned, 611 1 . 

Hwei Wang enthroned, 611 2 . 

Hyacinth attacked, 6161 . 

Hyacinthe, Father. (See Loyson, Charles.) 

Hyatt, Alanson, murder and suicide, 4602. 

, Alpheus, h., 150 1. 

, James W., d., 4261 . 

Hyattsville, Md.,Ooxeyites arrested, 4682. 

Hydahs, Alaska, sehool for, 30S 2 . 

IIvdaspes,Md., battle of, 10242. 

Hyde, Anne, queen, d., 8922. 

, Edward, E. of Clarendon, b., 8781 ; 

minister, sin 2 ; impeached, 8932; chanc., 
8912; Great liehc/lion, 903^; d.,S923. 

— , , Viscount Cornbury, 552 ; gov. 

of N. Y. ; forges, 543; deposed ; gov. N. 
C.,573; d., 601. 

, Henry, Earl of Clarendon, b. (1638) ; 

minister, 8972; 1. lieut., 8973; land grant 
to, 423 ; d. (1709). 

, Lawrence, Earl of Rochester, minis- 
ter, S972 ; dismissed, 8973 ; hi Council, 
8952 ; 1. lieut., 9013 ; d. (1711). 

, Lavius, d., 245 2 . 

, Sir Nicholas, b. (1572) ; chief justice, 

8813 ; d. (1631). 

, Sir Robert, chief justice, 8913. 

Park, Serpentine rivulet find., 9081 ; 

Marble arch, 9542. 

Hyderabad, Bishop Caprotti cons., 9862. 

Hyder-Ali, b.-d., 10443 ; at Porto Novo ; 
against Madras ; overruns Carnatic ; 
takes Arcot, 10442 ; usurper, 1045 3 . 

Hydraulic canal begun, N. Y., 467 3 

crane patented, 9421 , 9541 . 

engines invented, 8941 . 

press patented, 9222. 

Hydrochloric acid discovered, 9182. 

Hydro-electric machine invented, 9501 . 

Hydrogen gas lighter than atmosphere, 
9161. 

Hydropathic Society formed, 9501 . 

Hydropathy, first institution for, 1581; 
suggested, 5202 j practised, 4862 ; re- 
vived, 9282. 

Hydrophobia, inoculations for, 3241. 

Hyeres Islands, Arrogant e sinks, 7501. 

Hygeia, asteroid, discovered, 7301 . 

Hygiene and Demography Congress in 
Lond.,1007 1 ; at Budapest, 5381 ; Internal. 
Cong., 5383, 1001 ; Internat. exhib., 8313. 

Hyginus, St., bishop at Rome, 10623 ■ ap- 
points sponsors, 10643. 

Hvksos,inEgvpt,04G3±,647i,3;exp.,649i. 

Hylleof Perfection issued, 8663. 

Hylton, Baron, title created, 9651. 

Hyndinan, H. M., in Socialist League, 

Hyne,*C. J. Cutcliffe, work, 4791. 

Hynes, Francis, executed, 9903. 

Hypatia, b., 6542 ; murdered, 6543. 

IL/fx.'rhm, asteroid, discovered, 1641 . 

Hypermenestra honored, 10132. 

Hypogea, of Beni-Hasan, 6462. 

Hyppolite, Louis Mondestin Florvil, b. 
(1827) ; president ; gen. in battle, 10403. 

Hyrcanus I. (John), high-priest, delivers 
Judea ; destroys Samaritan temple ; 
tower of Antonio, 11502 ; des., 11511. 

ir.,b.-d., 11521 ; high-priest, 11483; de- 
feated, 11501 ; restored, 115U2, 11511 , 2 ; 
rival king; supported by Jews, 11511; 
defeated in Judea, 11501 

Hyrtle, Joseph, b., 5201 . 



Iambic verse introduced, 10143. 

lams, Thomas, punished, 4121 . 

Iantke, asteroid, discovered, 2601 . 

Iapiza, Hospicio, insurgents fail, 6081 . 

Iasomirgott, Henry, margrave, 5043, 

Ibeka, attack of, 600 1 . 

Iberia, annexed ; independent, 11072. 

, Ohio Central College, fml., 1663. 

Iberville, Pierre le Moyne <T, b.-d., 572? ; 
across Gulf of Mexico, 541 ; on Missis- 
sippi River, 551 ,2; at Schenectady, 5721 ; 
3d voyage, 5752; d„ 562. 

Ibis wrecked, 9693. 

Ibn Khaldun, b.-d., 4863. 

Tofail, writer, d., 4862,3. 



Batava Ibn-Yunas, Ali-Ibn-Abd-er-Rahman, d., 



Ibraham becomes calif, 485 2 . 
Ibrahim II. reigns, 1157 2 . 

Bey, h., 6562 • W ar with Murad Bey, 

6571; d., 6562. 
, Dey expels pasha, 92 ; reigns, 11393. 

Lodi, reigns, 10433. 

Pasha, b., 6562; at Yembo, 488i ; bat- 
tle near Gaza ; conquests, 6562 ; ex- 
pelled from Egypt, 6563; viceroy, 6573 ; 
at Navarino, 942 1 ; in Gr.; captures Mis- 
solonghi, 1034 2 ; overthrows Wahabis, 
11573 ; d., 11563 

Ibsen, Henrik, b. (1828); works, 11042. 

Ibycus, b., 10162. 

Ibzan judges Israel, 11432. 

Icard, Ralph, b., 642. 

Icarus launched, 9921. 

Ice, mfd., 9221 ( 9343, 9621 j melted by fric- 
tion, 9282. 

Trade of America introduced, 1133. 

Iceland,, see erected, 11 1 ± ; miss., 111 ; 
Althlmg meets ; Irish in, lis ; famine, 
693. (See text, pp. 1041^2.) 

Icelander's synod, org., U. S., 3223. 

Ichang mission, 6223 ; foreigners' houseB 
burned, 6251 ; fi re , 6273. 

Ichisokaki, missions, 10922. 

Icon Imlac reigns in Abyssinia, 13. 

Iconium taken, 10322; sultanate ends, 
10341 ; capital ; Seljuks rule, 11552. 

Iconoclast controversy, 10322. 

Ictinus, b., 10211. 

Ida, king of Deira, 8413. 

Idaho, territory, org., 2213 ; "V\ r m. H. Wal- 
lace, gov., 2293; Caleb Lyon, gov., 2413; 
David W. Ballard, gov., 2553, 2652; Isaac 
L. Gihbs, gov., 2593 ; Roni. Cath. vicar- 
ate apostolic est., 2642 ; Gilman Mars- 
ton, gov., 2732 ; Thos. W. Bennett, gov., 
2772 ; John P. Hoyt, gov., 2912 ; Mason 
Brayman, gov., 295 1 ; John N. Irwin, 
gov., 3152 ; Wm, N. Bunn, gov., 3193; 
Ed. A. Stevenson, gov., 3252 ; Kthelbert 
Talbot cons. Prot. Epis. miss. hp. 3262 ; 
iloating island, 334 1 ; admission bill in 
Cong., 337' , 34111 , 3553, 3032; avalanches, 
3521; bp. Donaldson arrested, 36X3 ; R el >. 
elected, 3693; Indians trouble, 3741 ; Geo. 
L.Shoupe.gov.; Norman B.Willey, gov., 
3751 ; striking miners, 4103; glacial held, 
4122 ; horse-thieves killed, 417 1 ; Appor- 
tionment Act unconstitutional, 4212 ; 
Mormons enfranchised, 4231 ; cricket 
pest, 440 1 ; non-union men ill-treated, 
4642; Wm. J. McConnell, gov., 4471, 
4793; mineral output, 4793. 

Iddesleigh, Karl of, title created, 9871 . 

, Earl of. (See Northcote.) 

Ideler, Christian L., b., 8023; d.,8162. 

Idle, Eng., battle of, 8421 . 

Idlib, Syria, Ref. Church, mission, 11582. 

Idolatry, of degenerate Arabs, 4842; pun- 
ished; surrendered, 7702 ; abolished from 
Brit., 8423 ; revived by Saxons, 8403 • 
edict for suppression, 10691 ;, 

Idols destroyed at Mecca, 4843. 

Idomene, action at, 1020 2 . 

Idstedt, Prussia, battle of, 6401. 

Idumea subdued, 11493 ; iucorp., 11501. 

Iduna issued, 11042. 11362. 

Idunna, asteroid, discovered, 2961 . 

Ifumu mission, 598 3 . 

Iglesias, Jose Maria, b.-d., 10952. 

, Gen., makes claims, 10971 . 

, Pres. Peru, peace with Chile, 11083 ; 

defeated at Lima, 11082. 

, Rafael, pres., 6313. 

Ignatieif, Nikolai Pavlovich, b., 11163 ; 
resigns, 11213 ; Gen. implicated, 5682. 

Ignatius, patriarch; deposed; restored, 
10323. 

■ , St., Thcophorus, d., 10642, 3, H521. 

I S or I., b. (875 1) ; reigns, 11133; d. (945). 

II., Duke of Tvielf, 1133 ; K. (1147). 

Igualada, Sp., taken, 11321. 

Ilala, Afr., David Livingstone, d., 5611 . 

Ilarim, bishop, Testaments, 11131 . 

Ilchester, Earl of, title created, 9112. 

Ildebard, slain, 7703. 

II Filanqwni issued, 1088 3 . 

Illieos, Braz., captaincy transferred, 553 2 . 

Hi, China, annexed, 6161 . 

Iliad, present text written, 10212. 

Ilissus, Gr., temple erected, 10191 . 

Illangina, Madagascar, mission, 10941. 

Illapel, earthquake, 6063. 

Illinois, La Salle in, 491 ; first Eng. settle- 



ment, 492 ; Fr. vacate, 54i; annexed to- 
Fr., 592; Fr. build forts, 701 ; Eng. 
troops in, 741 ; a county of A'a.,893; First 
Baptist Church, 1062 ; territory fmd., 
1153 ; Ninian Edwards, gov., 1172,1352 ; 
State admitted, 1272 ; Shadrach Bond, 
gov., 1272 ; Edward Coles, gov., 1312 ; 
First Congregational Ch. fmd., 1383; m. 
Coll. org. ; Monthly Magazine, appears* 
1391 ; John Reynuids, gov., 1392; o. S. 
Presby. synod org., 1402 • prot. Epis. 
diocese org., 1442; Abraham Lincoln 
elected to Leg.; Jos. Duncan, gov., 1452; 
Universalist State conven. org., 1483 j 
Thomas Carl in, gov.; capital at Spring- 
field, 1512 ; Thos. Ford, gov., 1553; Cong. 
Conf. org. ; N. S. Presb. synod org., 1562; 
Gen. Congregational Asso. org., 1563 - f 
Mormon mob, 157 1 ; Mormon Temple 
finished, 1582; Augustus C.French, gov., 
1613; HI. Female Coll. org., 1631; aids 

f ranted Chicago and Mobile R. R., 1691 • 
Ivan. Luth. Gen. synod of Northern 
111., org.; Southern 111. Meth. Epis. conf. 
org., 1702 ; Hi. Wesleyan Univ. (M. E.), 
est. (1851) ; Eldership Church of God 
org., 1741 ; Joel A. Matteson, gov., 1743; 
Central R. R. completed, 1773 ; Hedding. 
Coll. est. ; Northwestern Univ. fnd., 
178 2 ; bridge at Rock Island completed, 
1793, 1801 ; Rom. Cath. diocese of Quincy 
transferred, 1S02 ; Stephen A. Douglas 
candidate for senator, 181 2 ; Southern 
111. Evan. Luth. synod org., 1821; levee 
breaks, 1841; tornado, 186 1 ; Free Meth. 
Conference fmd., I862 ; arms from St. 
Louis, 1942 ; Northwestern Coll. org., 
1991 ; gunboat expedition, 2<it>2 ; leaves 
Cairo, 2022 • Richard Yates, gov. ; Con- 
stitutional conven., 13th amendment 
ratified, 2032; constitution rejected, 2093; 
Lincoln's party defeated, 2153 ; sale of 
Gov. Mattesoifs property, 2333; ratifies 
13th amendment, 243 1 , 251 1 ; Westfield 
Coll. org., 2502 ; Cook County Hospital, 
est., 2503 ; Richard J. Oglesby, gov., 
2511 , 2851 , 3233 ; ratifies 14th amendment, 
2572; Univ. of 111. org., 2583; conf.Meth. 
Epis. Church South, org., 2582 ; capital 
punishment abolished, 2591 ; Pullman 
Car Co. org.. 2613 ; ratifies 15th amend- 
ment, 2671 ; John M. Palmer, gov., 2C92; 
new constitution framed ; ratified, 271 z ; 
John L. Beveridge, gov., 285i ; Southern 
111. Normal Univ. opd.,2803; Unitarian 
Conf. org., 2882; African M. E. Conf. 
org., 2942; Central 111. Free Meth. Conf. 
org., 3002 ; sugar mnf. from sorghum, 
3101; Harper Law passed, 3151; John 
M. Hamilton, gov., 3152; tornadoes, 3222; 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Home est., 3243* 
mercury at 94 , 3382 ; Anti-Trust Bill 
passed, 3392; troops disperse striking 
miners, 340 1 ; Hotehkiss Secret Ballot 
Bill passes, 341= ; straw bands bounty, 
3481 ; Jos. W. Fifer, gov., 3492; the saw- 
fly in, 3581 ; many Unions for political 
action, 3592; cyclone, 360 1 ; Lutherans 
and Ger. Cath. attack educational law, 
3602; Gen. Palmer nom. for gov.; Legis- 
lature in special session, 3612; strike 
of trainmen, 3623 ; World's Fair Fund, 
bonds for ; World's Fair Bill signed, 
3652; mastodon's bones unearthed, 3681 ; 
Compulsory Education Law, repeal, 375 2 ; 
Free Coinage endorsed, 377 1 ; Pullman 
Car Works burned, 3773 ; Compulsory 
Education Bill, Eng. language, 3852 ; 
natural-gas well burns out, 3921; wreck 
on C. and A. R. R., 3943 ; World's Fair 
Amendment adopted, 3D52 ; Alien Law 
unconstitutional, 3972 ; Anti-Trust Bill 
passed, 3992 ; Lincoln's birthday a legal 
holiday, 4003 ; John P. Altgeld, gov., 
4053,4471; Illinois valley flooded, 4061 ; 
Nat. History Univ. dedicated, 4182 ; In- 
terstate Commerce Act, unconstitu- 
tional, 4192; Naval Reserve est., 4201; 
levee breaks, 4213 ; White Caps, 438 2 ; 
Central R. R. train robbery, 43S2,4423; 
train ditched, 4432; strike in coal-region, 
4582,3, 4652 ; U. S. troops against stri- 
kers, 4603; locust plague in, 4601. 

Illinois Central R. R. completed, 1773. 

, Weslevan Univ. (M. E.),est.atBloom- 

ington (1851). 

■ and Miehigan ('anal deepened : trans- 
ferred to 111., 2753. 

Illuminata, rise of, Sp., 11291- 



Ulu-Indi. 



Text Figures denote Page, IND11.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1287 



Illuminati Society fnd., Bavaria, 8052. 

I/lustreret Xi/hedshlad issued, 11043. 

Illyria, a Roman province, 5023 ; quicksil- 
ver discovered, 5082 ; conquered ; sub- 
dued, 10241 ; ravaged, 10301; subdued, 
divided, 10553 ; provinces formed, 5103, 

Illyrians, of Scodra, conquered, 10531 j in- 
vade Greece, 10141 ; subdued, 10223. 

Illyricum, ceded, 1068* . 

11 Politecno issued, 1087 1 . 

II Progreso Halo-Americano issued, 3023. 

Use, asteroid, discovered, 3201 . 

Imad-ed-Din, Mohammed Al-Kateb, b.-d., 
11063. 

Imad Shabi, dynasty rules, 1043 3 . 

Image worship, est. at Nice, 6643 j intro. 
G. B., 8422; restored; forbidden, 10322 ; 
edict against, 1033 1 ; controversy, 10663 

Imamkuli, ruler Bokhara, 5492. 

Imandandriana, mission at, 10941 . 

Imbabani, Zulus at, 6002. 

Imbert, Joseph Gabriel, b., 6002; d., 7002. 

Immaculate Conception, made a dogma, 
8182; Coll. of, org., 155 1 ; festival ap- 
pointed, 10791. 

Immanuel, Ger. synod, Evan. Luth., org., 
3262. 

Immigrant vessels quarantined, 4151 . 

Immigrants from Britain, Cape Colony, 
5973 ; in Kafir lands, 5903 ; in Nyassa- 
land, 6033. 

Immigration, in U. S. A., statistics, 125a, 
1293 . (See Dec. 31 each following year.) 

Census, 2753, 3073; Act passes, 2891 ; 

7 Chinese; Cal. objects, 2913; Chile pro- 
hibits, 607 1 , 6083; opposed in Chile, 6083; 
inEcuador, 6472; board of, est., la., 2692; 
regulations issued, 357 2 ; unrestricted, 
opposed, 3383; Kalian, excessive, 3823; 
favored in Cuba, 6333 • Chinese excluded, 
Ecu., 6443; checked, Fr., 7671 . 

and Contract Labor Bill, passes, 4252. 

Congress in Ga., 3603; Ala., 3313. 

Law, effective, U. S. A., 3812. 

, Stone Bill , passes, 467 1 , 469 1 . 

treaty, U. S., China, G252. 

Suspension Bill, 4213. 

Immorality of court, France, 705 2 . 
" Immortals," TJ. S., bill for, 4571 . 
Impeachment threatened, Eng., 885*. 

. (See Johnson, Andrew.) 

Imperators rule empire, 769 1 , 10652. 
Imperial arrives at New Orleans, 2243. 
Imperial Aulic Council, est., 7873. 

. bishopric est., Chile, 6051 . 

Brit. E. African Co., est., 9993. 

Constitution, addition, 8241 . 

Decree published, Fr., 7372. 

Defense Act, Australia, 5003 

Federation, discussed, 5013. 

Library, China, Soui's gift ; Yangti's 

gift, 6122. 

, Russia, founded, 1115 1 . 

Order of Crown of India, est., 9831- 

of Medjidi, instituted, 11571 . 

of Osmanieh, org., 11583. 

Impetueux burned, 9261 . 

Imphal taken, 10482. 

Impolweni mission established, 6003. 

Import duties, bill for abolition, 9532, 

Importation Act passed, Eng., 632 ; en- 
forced iu Am., 732, 743. 

Importations, Fr., into Eng., 8752. 

Imports, Eng., from N. Am., 553 ; Am. 
from Eng., 613, 732 ; restricted, Eng,, 
8651 ; Russian taxed, Ger., 837 f . 

Impostor, at La Salette, 7282 ; 7462 ; a t 
Lourdes,7382.74i;2; Maluli, Kgy.,G38i+; 
John Cade, 862 1-f; Lambert Simnel ; 
Warbeck, SGG1 ; Holy Maid of Kent exe- 
cuted at Tyburn, Apr. 21 (1534) ; Eliz. 
Croft, 8711; Win. Ilaeket I. 8763 ; in Lon- 
don ; Greatrixin fre.,8931 ; Titus Oates, 
8951 ±; Robert Young, 9003; Old Pre- 
tender, 9033; Young Pretender, 910 1 ; 
Cock-Lane Ghost, 917 1 ; Johanna South- 
cote proclaims her conception of the 
Messiah, 9363; j hn Thorne, 6491; de- 
scendant of Peter III., 11191 ; Alexander 
II., 11503 ; Otrefief, Polish monk, 11151. 

Impregnable wrecked, 9282. 

Imprensa Er angelica published, 5562. 

Impressment of sailors, 1051 , 3, 1151 , 1213. 

Imprisonment for debt abolished, 2723. 

Abolition Act passes, 9732. 

Improved Order of Heptasophs fnd., 3011 . 

Ina, laws of, published, 7703. 

Inachus, king of Argives, 1013 3 , 

Inarus leads rebels in Egypt, 10183. 



Inauguration Day Resolution intro., 4253. 

, presidential," deferred, 295 2 . 

Inca imprisoned, 201 . 

Sayri Capae, reigns, 232 ; to Lima, 233. 

Titu Cusi Yupanqul, reigns, 233, 6041 . 

Tupac Amaru, Indian leader, 5503 ; 

reigns; beheaded, 252. 

Incandescent lights, Farmer makes, 2901 . 

Incas, rule, 132 ; harems, 152; wealth, 173. 

Incendiaries burned, 3683. 

Incendiary attempt, New York, 4542. 

Incest in Egypt, 6523. 

Inchbald, Mrs. (Elizabeth Simpson), b., 
9123; d. (1821). 

, John W., d., 9962. 

Inchiquin, Baron, title created, 8692. 

Incledon, Charles Benjamin, b. (1763) ; 
first appearance, 9242 ; d. (1826). 

Income Tax, reduced, 271 2 ; abolished, 
279i ; protest, 4451 ,4613; recommended, 
448 3 ; debate, 4632; repeal amendment, 
4692; appendix; rates, 471 1 ; retained, 

* 4772 ; test suit, 4792 ; passes Australia, 
4991 ; negatived, Fr.,747i ; opposed, 7472; 
Bill passed, G. B., 9513 ■ doubled, 9612, 
9632; extended, 9592; increased, 9633, 
9651; rate reduced, 9652; amount pro- 
duced, 9653. 

Incorporated Law Soc. fnd., Eng., 9431 . 

Incumbents Resignation Act passes, 9743. 

Indemnity for Alabama claims paid, 2832; 
Italian, announced, 405 2 ; reduced for 
China bv France, 62.33; Fr. to Ger., 7463, 
7471,3,74X3; J ndemnity and Oblivion Act 
passes, S891 ; for Jap. outrages on for- 
eigners, 10923; from Morocco toSp., 10973. 

Independence, la., trotting record, 4152. 

, Mo., action at, 2042; Quantrell de- 
feated, 2051; surrendered, 2103. 

, Tex., Baylor Univ. org., 1631 . 

Independence wrecked, 1733. 

Independence, U. S., Franklin denies, 73 2 ; 
war begins, 801 ; first at Mecklenberg, 
81 2 ; in government; increase of; dis- 
cussed; asked for, 83 2 ; committee for ; 
drafted ; Cong, debates ; Conn, issues 
declaration, 833; Declaration, 851 ; 
adopted; colonists jubilant, 852; de- 
clared at New Orleans, 91 3 ; becomes gen- 
eral, 952; Den. acknowledges ; alsoSwe. 
and Holl., 953, and Sp. and Rus., 971; 
day;2presidentsdie, 1352; Can. acknowl- 
edges, 5772. (See Revolutionary "War.) 

of Brazil, 372 ; attempt for, 5543. 

of Belgium, 5433. 

of Chile, 6071. 

of France proclaimea, 6723, 

of Germany regained, 5211 . 

of So. Am. republics recognized, 1312. 

, price for Cuban, 6342. 

Independencia, in Chilean navy, 6061; 

wrecked, 6062. 

Independent, L\ issued, F., 7231 . 

Independent Order of B'nai B'rith, 1571 . 

of Good Templars org. ,1703; favor 

political action, 2563; at Toronto, 5883. 

Odd Fellows inst. Am., 127i ; Sov- 
ereign Grand Lodge meets, 2743 ; day at 
World's Fair, 4383 ; statistics, 4463 ; home 
dedicated, 4703. 

of Rechabites org., 1551 . 

(Sub-Treasury) Bill, 1492, 1512,3, 1532. 

Party formed, U. S. A., 3623. 

Polish Cath. Church Conven., 468L 

treasury system est., 1612. 

Independents, rise of, Fr., 7233. 

Church, appears, Eng., 8843, 8863; con- 
cessions to, S8G3 ; epitome of faith, 8883. 

Index Society, London, fnd., 9821 . 

India (see text, pp. 1042-1049), Tamerlane's 
expedition to, 41 ; trade monopolized, 
6553 ; invaded by Baber, 41 ; Ind. Trade 
Act passes, 9373; peace with. Eng., 93S1 ; 
suttee abolished, 'J4">2; slavery abolished, 
9492 ; Muerta, defeat at, 4901 ; wa r with 
Persia, 1108 1 ; relief fund, Eng., 961 1; 
Ind. Govt. Act., 9632; Ind. licensing sys- 
tem, 9633 ; famine fund, 965 1 ; Meth. Ep'is. 
Conf. fmd., 2903 ; Kuram annexed, 53 ; 
Pitt's Ind. Bill in Pari., 9233 ; missions 
reports, 10491; mint; closure opposed, 
10112. 

rubber, vulcanized, patented, 150 1. 

Indian wrecked, 9633. 

Indian Appropriat. Bill, 3371 , 3613, 379 1 , 2, 
4031 , 4051 , 4252, 4633, 4663. 

Commission, app. refused, 4632. 

Depredation Y>\\\ passes, 3732. 

Famine Relief Fund, Eng., 9831 . 



Indian Female and N. I. Society org., 9583. 

Institute, Oxford, fnd., 9842. 

Land Commission, sale, 3632. 

lands bought, Am., 117 2 ; controversy 

in Ga., 1333 ; cede Seminole land, 1453. 

massacre, Ore., 2801 . 

missions transferred, 1303. 

, R. Cath. Bureau est., 2862. 

University est., 3043. 

War Pension Bill, passes H., 4071 , 

Indiana, Bapt. church in, 1083 ; "Win. H. 
Harrison, gov., llli ; territory fmd. ,1172; 
Thomas Posey, gov., 1213; Harmonists 
fnd. New Harmony, 1243, 1331 ; Abra- 
ham Lincoln moves to, 125 1 ; admitted ; 
Jonathan Jennings, gov., 1252; William 
Hendricks, gov., 1272, 1312; Indianapo- 
lis settled, 1273 ; James P. Ray, gov., 
1333; Ind. Univ.org., 1363; Noah Noble, 
gov., 1392 ; Meth. Kpis. Conf. org., 1402; 
Rom. Cath. diocese of Vineeniies est., 
1442; David Wallace, gov., 1492; Sam. 
Bigger, gov., 1531 ; Presb. O. S. Synod of 
Northern Ind. org., 1542; O. S. Presb. 
Synod of N. Ind. org., 1502 ; North Ind. 
Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1563 ; James 
Whiteomb, gov., 1572; Eldership Church 
of God org., 1G0 3 ; Univ. State Conven. 
org., 1642; Paj-is C. Dunning, gov., 1652; 
canal between Luke Mich, and 1 11. River, 
1653 ; Jos. A. Wright, gov., 1671 > South 
Eastern Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org.; 
Northwest Ind. Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 
1702; Dem. support Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill, 1751 ; Univ. building burned, 1753 ; 
Northern Ind. Gen, Svnod Evan. Luth. 
org., 1782 ; South Ind. Eldership Ch. of 
God org., 1821 ,2; Ashbel P. Willard, gov., 
1832; Ind. Cong. Gen. Conf., org.; Cong. 
Gen. Asso. org., 1842; 1st regiment for 
war, 1941 ; Oliver I*. Morton, gov., 2032 ; 
disloyal Senator Bright expelled, 2033 ; 
Confeds. enter, 2'JL'3; rati ties 13th Amend- 
ment, 2432; Normal Sch. at Indianapolis 
opd.,2543; ratifies 14thAmendment, 2572, 
3; Conrad Baker, gov., 2593 ; ratifies 15th 
Amendment, 2672; proclamation against 
lynching, 2752 ; Evang. Luth. Synod 
fmd., 2762 ; block coal dis., 2781 ; Thos. 
A. Hendricks, gov., 285 1 ; meteor seen, 
2941; James D. Williams, gov., 2973; 
Albert G. Porter, gov., 3093 ; Apaches 
pursued, 3221 ; tornadoes, 3222; Isaac P. 
Gray.gov., 3233; Normal Coll. at Coving- 
ton opd.; Free Meth. North Ind. Conf. 
org., 3242; earthquake, 2521 ,3321 ; Insane 
Asylum opens, 3332 ; lieut. excluded 
from senate, 3333; bill to punish bribers, 
3362; legislature vs. court, 3372; subter- 
ranean water-course, 3382 ; Australian 
voting system adopted, 339 1 ; liquor 
traffic decision, 3411 ; gold dis., 3441 ; Al- 
vin P. Hovey, gov., 3492 ; White Caps, 
3503, 3762, 3871 , 31^2 ; cigarette license ; 
wife beaters lushed, 27»! 2 ; against trusts, 
3772; liners strike. 3823 ,397 1 , 4401 ; Audi- 
tor Cavelle, defaulter, 3932 ; Lieut. Gov. 
Chase elected gov., 3952 ; woman wins 
prize-fight, 397 1 ; opposes Sunday closing 
World's Fair, 4042; floods, 4081; Regis- 
tration Law unconstitutional, 4152; Ap- 
portionment Act unconstitutional, 4192; 
silver and zinc dis., 4241 ; gas companies 
consolidate, 4293; accident, Fort Wayne 
R.R., 4413; hunt for burglars, 4442; tor- 
nado, 4561 ; U. S. troops ordered, 4603 ; 
Claud Matthews, gov., 4471 . 
Indiana launched, 424 1 ; armor-plate shat- 
tered, 4561. 

, relief steamer to Russia, 11223. 

Indiana University (non-sect.) est., Bloom- 
ington (1820). 

Indianapolis, Ind., settled, 1273 ; char- 
tered 1633 ; Crown Hill Cemetery est., 
2293 ; street cars intro., 2413 ; Lincoln 
obsequies, 2472 ; 1st Nat. encampment, 
G. A. R., 2523,2551; Normal School opd., 
2543; encampment, G. A. R. meets, 255 1 ; 
colored people meet, 2552 ; Simpson Coll. 
fnd., 2583 ; News issued, 2662 ; Conf. of 
Unit, and Indep. Religious Soc. meets, 
2983; Ind. Puolic Lib. inaug., 2782; Agri- 
culture Cong., 2831 ; Reform School for 
girls ; Women's prison opd., 2831 ; Green- 
back Nat. Conven., 2931 ; Charity Organ- 
ization Soc. org., 3031 ; Nat. Conven. W. 
C. T. U., 3032 ; corner-stone of State 
house,3053; G. A. R. meets, 3332 ; earth- 
quake, 3521 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' mon- 



1288 



Text Figures denote Page. UNlJilX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Indi-Inge. 



uinent, 3441 ; fire, 35T>3, 4013, 4753 ; Hen- 
dricks' monument, 362 1 ; Ger. in schools, 
365 1 ; trunk robberies systematized, 3723; 
strike, 399 1 , 4022; Iron Hall reorganiza- 
tion, 4143; Liberty Bell in, 4283; Capital 
Nat. Bank suspends, 4293; Y. M. C. A. 
conven.,4301 ; Pres. Haughey embezzles, 
4362 ; G. A. R. encampment, 4363 ; de- 
mand for labor, 4503 ; \Y. H. Bruning 
shot, 4563 ; train robbers ; kidnappers 
confess, 4622 ; pay-roll reduced, 4653 ; 
Populist leaders arrested, 4683. 

Indianola, la., Simpson Coll. fnd., 2583. 

, Tex., storm injures, 2881 , 

Indianola runs blockade, 2183. 

Indian ring discovered, 2891 . 

Indians, Am., cast on coast Ger., 123; 
baptized, 14*, 16* ; differ, 15 1 ; cruelty 
to family, 152; sent to Sp., 152±, 171 ; 
Christianized, 153; fight Ponce de Leon, 
181,193; massacred, 20i ; tight de Soto, 
20 2 ± ; enslaving forbidden, 203 ; battle 
with; persecute Spaniards, 211 +; guide 
burned; subdued, 212; new laws for, 
231 ; mission at St. Augustine, 242 ; ter- 
ritory of various tribes : Algonkian, 
Athapascan, California, Catawba, Cher- 
okee, Comanche, Dakota, Huron, Iro- 
quois, Klamath, Mobilian, Tuscarora, 
Seininoles, 262, 271 ; govts., 271 ; attack 
settlers; attacked, 301 ; warning of, 302; 
pestilence decimates ; defrauded, 303 ; 
treaty of peace, 321 ; alliance with, 322 ; 
purchase ratified, 331; at Saybrooke, 
341 ; massacre at Wethersfield ; plunder 
trading-vessel, 341; war, New Neth. ; 
subdued ; in New Eng. colonies ; war- 
fare ; truce on L. I. ; troubles ; in Va., 
361; converted; welcome Jesuits, 362; 
on Staten Island ; liquor prohibited ; 
kidnapping ; massacred at Pavonia,37i ; 
peace signed, 373 ; massacre in Can. ; 
colonists against, 38 1 ; Christianized ; 
Christian Indians, 383; school opd.,39i ; 
rebel in N. Y.,40i; reject Christianity, 
402 ; liquor prohibited, 403, 411 ; in Costa 
Rica, 41 2; truce with; expedition against; 
massacres in N. Y. ; ravage Mass., 421 ; 
Susquehannocks annihilated ; routed ; 
war with Mohegan ; at Medfield, Mass.; 
plot revealed, 441 ; praying-towns; first 
church, 442; at Deerfield, 461 ± ; treaty 
at Albany, 453; aid allies ; treaty, Mass.; 
outrages, R. I.; chiefs killed ; hostilities 
in Va., 461 ; massacres ; subdued, 462 ; 
abused; war impending, 463; oppression 
of, 471 ; peace with, 473 ; chiefs k. in 
Va., 483 ; Penn's treaty, 492 ; depreda- 
tions, N. H. ; terrorize Can. ; allies of 
Fr M 501; attack N. H. villages; Mo- 
hawks attacked ; depredations, Me. ; 
peace, Me., 521; war with, Mass., 541 ; 
treaties with; 55i , 2; bounty for scalps ; 
in Mass., 56i ; war in N. C, 562 ; Catho- 
lics, Fla., 563; Sixth Nation find. ; mas- 
sacred in N. C. ; expelled from S. C, 
581; peaceable, 583; Natchez; depreda- 
tions, Me.; sign peace, 60i ; worship sun, 
602 ; traitors ; war against; reward for 
scalps, 611; Eng. protection ; migrate to 
O., 612, 3; treaty with, Me. ; cede terri- 
tory ; meetiug-honse, 623, £43 ; in Hous- 
atonic school, 63 1 ; education of girls ; re- 
vival among, 651 ; at Marlborough, 661 ; 
in schools, 07i ; treaty with, 672 ; in O., 
673; schools at Stoekbridge, 083 ; war- 
fare, Va., 701 ; attack Fort Ninety-Six, 
721 j capture Eng. forts ; Paxton Boys 
massacre, 722; Christians persecuted; 
collection for, 723 ; civilized, 77i ; war, 
781,841; aid sought for, S2i ; formilitary 
service, 822; Wyoming massacre, 883 ; 
Cherry Valley massacre, 90' ; expedition 
against, N. Y.-Pa., 903 ; attack, N. Y., 
923; surrender lands, 972; treaty at Mc- 
intosh, 973; treaties with, 99i ± ; Creeks 
defeated; Onondagas treaty; Cayugas 
sell lands, 1011; Kickapoos surprised; 
Northwestern wars; Miamis war, 1021; 
Creeks treaty, 1031 ; Friends work, 1062; 
Shawnese uprise, 116' ; massacre at Ft. 
Dearborne, list ; defeated at Talladega ; 
defeated at Autosse, 1203; Creek mas- 
sacre, 1212; defeated at Emucdau ; de- 
feated at Horse Shoe, 1221; Seminole 
war, 1241 ; Cherokees mission, 1243 ; 
Creek war in Fla.; Seminole warinAla., 
1261 ; treaty with, 1252, 1332 ; mission- 
aries to, 1263; Cherokees expelled, 1271 ; 



Choctaw mission, 1283 ; miss, to Wyan- 
dots; miss, to Oneidas, 1282; Ottawas 
mission ; Cherokee mission, 1303; Mack- 
inaw mission, 1311 ; Onondagas mission, 
1303; Creeks mission, 1431 ; Meth. Epis. 
missions, 1322, 1363, 1383, 1422, 1631 ; 
Baptist mission, 1323, 1343, 1351, 1402, 
1423,1542,1722, 1843; treaty in Ga.-Ala.; 
Cherokee alphabet inv., 1331,2; land 
controversy, 1333 ; Franciscan mission ; 
missions trans, to Am. Board, 1343 ; 
Choc taws and Chickasaw missions, 1351; 
Stoekbridge mission; Ojibwas mission, 
1363; suits with, 1371 ; Black Hawk war, 
1381; missions in Ga., 1382 ; miss, per- 
secuted, 1383 ; Cherokees read, 139 1 ; 
wars, Wis., 1401 ; Ojibwas mission ; 
Creeks mission, 1402 ; Presb. missions, 
Chippewas, 1423, 1462, 1483, 1542, 180 1, 
2722, 3U62; Ind. Ter. set apart for, 1433; 
Seminole hostilities ; Fla. war, 144i ; Da- 
kotas and Pawnees mission, 1442 ; sale 
of liquor, 1451; Seminoles cede lands, 
145 3 ; Creek, Cherokee, Aroostook wars ; 
outbreak of Seminoles, 1461 ; Kef. Dutch 
Church missions, 1462, 1631; settlers 
abandonAla.,Ga.,147i ; Roanoke burned, 
1473 ; Jessup captures ; Cherokees re- 
moval, 1481 , 1491 , 2 ; k. Cath. missions, 
Nez Perce, 1483 ; reward for capture, 
1501 , 1511 ; Seminoles treaty, 1501 ; Sioux 
massacre Chippewas, 1511; Presb. miss, 
to Creeks, 1542; Nez Perce conversions, 
1543 ; massacre miss, at Walla Walla, 
1623 ; Dalles mission trans, to Ref. Ch., 
1631; Father John Bapst, miss., 1642; 
Apache, Navajo, and Utah war, 166 1; 
dis. gold in Ore., 1713 ; mission among 
Pueblos, Navajos, 1722 ; Kearny defeats 
Sioux, 1761 ; Sioux tight Chippewas, 1763; 
Seminole war, 180 1, 1841; massacre at 
Mountain Meadow, 1823; mission among 
Sioux, 1903 ; Cherokees Christianized, 
Am. Board withdraws, 1903; LittleCrow 
Band massacre, 2111 ; attack New Ulm, 
2121; Sioux assault Ft. Abercrombie ; 
troubles in Minn,, 2141 ; 3s hanged, 2152; 
prohibition enacted, 2172; battle in 
Dak., 2261; attack Julesburg, 2403 ; at- 
tack Platte's Bridge, 248'; massacre at 
Ft. Philip Kearny, 2541 ; Gens. Hancock 
and Custer against, 256 ] ; removal treaty, 
2571; wreck train, 25S1 ; defeated m 
Mont., 2601; raid in Kan., 2621, 2661; 
defeated ; (.'uster defeats, 2641 ; war ends, 
2681; removal of Osage, 2712; Act for 
removal, 2783 ; decision against, 2812 ; 
war ends, 286 1 ; massacres in northwest, 
2871; subdued, 2881; wa r with Sioux, 
2901+ ; Home missions planted, 2903 ; 
Custer attacks, 292 1 ; Philip Mackay. 
mission, 2922 ; surrender S. Dak. land, 
2953 ; Nez Perces victorious, 2961 ; Gen. 
Howard against, 2962; ordered from Ok- 
lahoma, 3013; Sitting Bull's people re- 
turn ; Apache driven into Mex., 3041 ; 
Univ. fnd., 3043; Chilcats school; Pue- 
blos school, 3062 ; in Mex., 3121 ; adopt 
negroes, 3171 ; Apache trouble, 3201 ; re- 
sponsiblefor all crimes, 3231 ; surrender 
at Skeleton Canon ; removed to Fla., 
3241; Rom. Cath. Miss. Bureau incor., 
3263,3882; effect of alcohol taught, 3263; 
skirmishatMilk Creek, 3321 ; intrenched, 
3381 ; Chippewa outbreak, 346 1 ; contract 
schools ; general govt, supports schools, 
3423; Apaches ambush, 3461 ; Chippewas 
sell reservation, 3472 ; Choctaws pass 
lottery law, 3543; Cheyenne on warpath, 
3561 ; chiefs meet, Mont. ; mutinous in 
Wis., 3603; ra id in Wyo., 3611; troops 
for ; defense against, 3621 ; tribe of dis., 
Colo., 3662 ; pursued, 368 1 ; Sioux out- 
break feared ; Sioux at Pine Ridge, 
3701 ; Conf. opd. at Lake Mohonk, 3702, 
3931, 4723 ; Chippewas welcome Sioux, 
3703 ; troops tight ; Chief Red Cloud, 
3721; ranchmen lighting ; Sitting Bull's 
band and Big Foot's join ; armed, at 
Pine Ridge, 3721 ; ghost dances ambush, 
3721,2; killed, 3723; arms against, 3731 ; 
rise at Clay Creek ; trouble in Ida. ; at 
Pine Ridge; surrender; battle at 
Wounded Knee Creek ; enlist as soldiers, 
3741 ; Chinaman outrage, 3852 ; reserva- 
tion settlement, N. Dak., 385 3 ; over- 
awed, 3861; contracts with Catholic Ind. 
schools, 3882 ; Page's daughters, 3891; 
reservation to Fed. Govt., 3933 ; sen- 



tenced, 3951 ; messiali dance, 3991 , 4142; 
wars with Winnebagos, 401 1 ; Cheyenne 
reservation open, 405 1 ; Wash, reserva- 
tion open, 407 1 ; Cong, in S. Dak., 4101; 
on war-path, 41S1 ; police for S. Dak., 
4223 ; disagreement about land, 4252 ; 
reservation ceded, 431 1 ; reservation 
withheld,435i ; disturbance, 4543; against 
cowboys; 4562; Creeks reject plan, 4572; 
Cree sun-dance, 4623 ; S un dance for- 
bidden, 4622; urge original faith, 4681 ; 
on war-path, I. T.,4753; Utes against 
settlers ; Indians torture, 4762 ; tribal 
govt, abolition, 4771 . (See Woman's In- 
dian Association.) 
Indians,Canadian, toPort.,5701 ;massacre 
at Montreal; alliance attempted; war 
in Can.; expedition against, 5721 ; tor- 
ture miss., 5723; hospital for, 5722 ; al- 
liance of, 5733 ; treaty of peace ; at 
Haverhill, N. H. ; expedition against, 
5741 ; Fr. and Indian war closes, 5753 ; 
Iroquois treaty, 5752; conf. at Montreal, 
5772; at Saskatchewan ; at Battleford, 
5841; murderers, 5851; depredations; 
Industrial School, Church of Eng., 5902; 
mortality. 591 3; attacked by wolves, 5953; 
suffering, 5963. (S ee names of tribes.) 

Rights Association organized, 3131 . 

Indian Territory, De Soto m, 223; erected, 
1093; John Gibson, gov., 1192 ; setapart, 
1433 ; Eldership of the Ch. of God org., 
1822 j Gen. Blunt in, 2101 ; secession re- 
pealed, 2193 ; Bp. Pierce cons., 2683 ; 
power unrecognized, 2812; K, Cath. Pre- 
fecture Apostolic erected, 2942; I, Univ. 
fnd., 3043; Cherokee Strip cleared,372i ; 
boomers driven out, 306 1 ; Bapt. Manual 
Labor School fnd., 30*2; cyclone, 3101 ; 
gold dis., 3361, 3461, 3701 ; rush of 
boomers, 3363 ; Indian Seminary ded., 
3423; elections, 3451 ; Lottery Law, 3543; 
silver dis., 3461 ; Gov. Byrd reelected, 
3671; Allen Lee captured, 3703; silver 
mining in, 3913 ; land petition, 3952 ; 
reservations opd., 4U53 ; train robbery, 
4103,4502,4742 ,4762 ; political strife,4143; 
Dept. -Marshal "V* hitman k., 4343; Osages 
refuse to cede, 435 1 ; Treas.McCurtin dis- 
appears, 4402; outlaws shot, 4683 ; Cook 
gang ravages, 4742 ; troops for, 4752 ; 
hotopa Protective Asso. formed, 4751 . 
Indigo, cultivation in America, 651 . 

dyeing, known, 6461 . 

Jndo-Sevthis, empire founded, 10432. 
Indulf , killed, 8461 . 

Indulgences, pope promises, 5063 ; Clem- 
ent III. sells, 10751 ; traffic in, 7882. 
Industrial Army leaves Chtl., 4553; troubles, 
4563. (See Coxey.) 

Christian Alliance formed, 3861 . 

Congress, first in United States, 1591 . 

- Exhibition, at Boston, 1813 ; at Ot- 
tawa, 5853; ; ,t Toronto, 5872 ; at Berlin, 
8183 ; at Edinburgh, 10033. 

Exposition, Cincinnati, O., 2713. 

Improvement Societies formed, 961'. 

Institute and College opened, 3203. 

Senate, formed, 3551 . 

Ine, king, goes to Rome ; Saxon laws 

published, 843 1 ; d. (729). 
Inebriates, asylum for, 1763 ; Am. Asso., 

cure of, 2731 . 
Infallibility, concordat on, 5282; revolt in 

Fr.,7383 ; decreed ; against Ger., 8262. 
Infante, Jose Miguel, b., 6051 • d., 6063. 
Infidels multiply, Fr., 7032. 
Inflexible launched, 9741 . 
Intiuenza, 3501 ,5322, 5473, 8353, 8361 , 8373, 

10033, H213. (See Grippe.) 
Informers, law against, 10633. 
Ingalls, John J., pres. Senate, 3252, 3292, 

3372, 3483 ; resigns office, 3791 ; on pu- 
rity in politics, 3983. 

, Rufus, b. (1820) ; d., 4221 . 

Inge II. reigns, Nor., 1105'. 

Ingebord divorced, 6353. 

Ingeburgn, weds Philip II., 6712; divorced, 

6713 ; d. (1236). 
Ingelow, Jean, b.,9442 ; works, 9683, 981' . 
ingemann, BernhardSeverin, b., 6382 ; d., 

6403 ; works 639', 2. 
Ingermanland, Rus., ceded to Gustavus 
Adolphus, 11153 ; ceded to Rus. ; ceded 

to Sweden, 11353. 
Ingersoll, Chas. Jared, b., 951 ; d., 2072. 

, Roberts, b. <1S21) ; gov. Ct.,2851. 

, Jared, b., 662; vote for vice-pres., 

1212 ; d., 1302. 



Inge-Iowa. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1289 



Ingersoll, Ralph Isaac, b. (1783) ; d., 2781 . 

, Robert Green, b., 142* . 

Ingham, Chas. Cromwell, b., 106 1 ; d., 229* . 

, Ernest G., cons. bp. T 9862. 

, Sir James T., d., 10021 . 

, Samuel Deluceima, b. (1779) ; sec. 

treas., 1372 - d. (I860). 

Inghiranii, Francesco, b. 10842 ; d., 10863. 

, Tommaso, b., 10783 ; d., 10802. 

Ingle, Capt. Richard, rebel, 36 1 . 

Ingleiield, Sir Edward A., d., 10121 . 

Inglis, Chas. b. (1734) ; bp., 5861 ; d. (1816). 

, Henry David, b., 9263 ; d., 9462. 

, Lord John, d., 10061 . 

, Sir Eardley Wilmot,b.,9363 ; d., 

9662. 

, Samuel, moderator, 1232. 

Irtgo I., reigns in Swe., 11333 ; d. (1112). 

II., reigns in Swe., 11333 ; d. (1130). 

Ingoldsby, Richard, gov., 532, 573. 

Ingolf, in Iceland, 10412. 

Ingolstadt, Bav., Univ. est., 787 1 , 3 ; moved 
toLandshut, 807 2. 

Ingor, in Black Sea, 10321. 

Ingraham, Benjamin, bp., b., 562. 

, Duncan Nathaniel, Capt., b. (1802) ; 

rescues .Martin Ivoszta, 1721 ; d.,3922. 

, Joseph Holt, b., 1161 ; d., 2542. 

Ingres, Jean Auguste Dominique, b., 7051 ; 
works, 7241, 726 1 , 728 1, 7301, 7321; d., 
7362. 

Ingulphus, Abbot of Croyland, b.-d., 8462. 

Inliambane, mission, 11113. 

Inkanyana, Zulus repulsed, 600 2 . 

Inkerman, Crimea, battle, 9581 . 

Inman, George, d., 9922. 

, Henry, b., HO 1 ; Fitz-G-reene Halleck, 

1361. 

, William, b. (1797) ; d., 2861 . 

Line of steamers est., 1813. 

Innes, Thomas, b., 8902 ; d., 9103. 

Inness, Capt., in India, 1048 2 . 

, George, b., 1322 ; in Academy of De- 
sign, 2641 ; works, 2601 , 2721 , 2861 3001 , 
3061,3101, 3221. 

, , Jr., b. (1854) ; works, 3021 ,3121 , 

3161. 

Innocent I., St., pope, 10702. 

II., pope, b.-d., 10742,3. 

III., pope, b.-d., 10742; excommuni- 
cates emperor ; ordains marriages in 
churches ; grants dispensations ; de- 
clares King John usurper ; corresponds 
with John Lomaterus, 10322. 

- — IV., pope, 10751 ; abandons It., 7802; re- 
sists emp., 10763; Univ. of Bologna, 10772. 

V., pope, 10763. 

VI., pope, 10771. 

— VII., pope, 10771. 

■ — VIII., pope ; against witchcraft.10791 . 

. — IS., pope, 10812. 

X.,pope, los:;2; against idolatry, 6143. 

XL, Benedetto Odescalehi, pope, b., 

10323 ; pope, 10832 ; d., 10831 . 

XII., pope; condemns Quietism, 10832. 

XIII., pope ; d., 10832. 

Innsbruck, Aust., Univ. fnd., 5131 ; privi- 
leges restored, 5172 ; library gift ; status 
reduced, 5171; Austrians cross, 51S2 ; 
Hofer statue, 5202, 5361 ; Ferdinand flees 
to, 5223 ; King of Saxony k. at, 8203. 

Innviertel, Aust., ceded, 519 3 . 

Ino t asteroid, discovered, 7481 . 

Inoculation made known, 9061 ; preached 
against, Eng., 9142 ; prohibited, 5343. 

Inquirer, issued, 950 3 . 

Inquisition, est. in Peru, Mex., 242; intro. 
Belgium, 5401 , 6703 ; condemns many, 
5411; tribunal, est.Eng. ,8683; in Fr.,6703; 
abol., Fr., 7171 ; est. in It., 10751 , H093 ; 
revived, 10791; abol. in Tuscany and 
Lombardy, 10851 ; in Neth., 10983 ; pro- 
tested, 10993; in Port., 11093; re-est. Sp., 
11263 ; in Andalusia, 11272 ; suppressed, 
11303; last victim of, Sp., 11303. 

Insane, Bill to relieve, vetoed, 175 1 ; supts. 
of asylums meet, 3611; exhibition of, 
stopped, 9192 ; poorhouse system abol- 
ished, 3323 ; treatment, Engl, 9271. (See 
names of States, U. S. A.) 

Insects, exhibition of, 7481 . 

Inspectors of Elections, power, 3531. 

of Public Buildings, coiiven., 3663. 

Institute of Actuaries fmd., 9541 . 

of Bankers organized. Eng. (1879). 

of Brazil founded, 5542. 

of Chemistry of G. B. org. (1876). 

of Civil Engineers org., 9381 . 

of Ele* > : ?ai Engineers, org. (1871). 



Institute of Homeopathy meets, "Wash., 
4081. 

of Mechanical Engineers fmd., 9541 . 

of Mining Engineers, Eng., fnd., 9561 . 

of Naval Architects fnd., 9641. 

of Sculptors, Eng., est., 9642. 

Institutio issued, 11101 . 

Instruction of Am en em- hat, copies, 6483. 

Instruction, Am. Inst, meets, 4101 , 464 2 , 

Insubres, It., subdued, 10543. 

Insurance Co. of N. Am. incorp., 105 3 . 

Co. of Pa. incorp., 1053. 

Duty, Eng., 9232; law, first Eng., 8773. 

Insurrection, San Francisco, 1803; in York- 
shire, 8652. 

in tell itjence issued, Can., 5791 . 

Intelligenza appears, It., 10771. 

Intemperance in Va.,283 ; appeal against, 
Mass.; prohibited, Mass.. 323; fined, 
Md., 371 ; fined, Conn.; fined, Mass., 
fined, R. L, 391 ; fined, Conn. ; punished, 
Md., 411; fined in N. J., 423; names 
posted, 443 ; Friends against, 483 ; in N. 
H., 551 ; names posted, N. H..51H ; fined, 
Vt.,912 ; reported, Me., 129 1 ; intoxication 
a misdemeanor, S. C, 4762 ■ in Cong., 
4131; pegs in cups,Eng., 8451 ; fined,Eng., 
8791; committee of inquiry, Eng. ; cure 
for, 9811; consumption of liquor, Eng., 
9972; death penalty for, 10171; beer- 
drinkers boycott breweries, 3603. (See 
Drinking, Prohibition, Temperance.) 

Intercollegiate Association, Mass., 3582. 

Prohibition Association meets, 4631 . 

Intercolonial Conference, Ottawa, 5962. 

Inter-Commerce Bill passes, 3193. 

Interior Department created, 1652. 

Interdict, papal, Eng., $502, 3531 . 

, Fr., under papal, 6762. 

Interdicted, Fr. kingdom, 6693. 

Interim of Augsburg, 7911 

Law, published, 7913. 

Interior dept., created, U S., 1652. 

Internal improvements, an issue, 1292 ; 
objections, 1312, 1332 ; favored, 1652. 

revenue abolished, U. S., 1112. 

Revenue law, U.S. bureau; everything 

taxed, 2112 ; bill for reduction, 2532 ; on 
tobacco abolished, 3692 ; Bill reported, 
4493; amendment to tariff, 4511 . 

, U. S., 105i . (See following years 

in December.) 

law passed, 2353. 

International African Asso., report, 10932. 

Agri. Exhibition at Bremen, Ger. ,8293. 

American Bank, plan submitted, 3593; 

bill for charter, 363L 

Asso. (Socialists), at Geneva, 11383. 

Bible conference opens, 3661 . 

Bimetallic Cong, opens, Paris, 7592. 

Catholic Cong., arrangements, 8342. 

Conf., Workingrnen, Paris, 7543. 

Congress on crime, 9771 . 

Cong. Weights and Measures, 7503. 

Hygiene and Demography, 10061 . 

Conven. of Deaf Mutes, N. Y., 3663. 

Copyright Act, 9942; Bill passed, 3302, 

3532, 3591 , 3792,3 ; proclamation, 3872. 

Education Soc, Coll. fnd., 9702. 

, Electrical Cong., Paris, 7523; Emigra- 
tion Cong., Paris, 7642; Exhibition opnd., 
Chile, 6073 ; Exhibition, Munich, Bav., 
8261 , S313 ; Exhibition, in Port., 11113 ; 
Exhibition of Arts opnd., G. B., 9741; 
Fr. Cong., at Mont., 5953. 

Geological Cong, meets, "Wash., D.C., 

3901. 

Homeopathists Congress, 3863. 

Hygienic Cong., Budapest, 538 3 . 

- Exhibition, Berlin, 8313. 

Industrial Exhib. in Edinburgh, 9973. 

Labor Conf., 8343. (See under Labor.) 

Literary Asso., 11x42, 11102, 11223. 

Loan Exhib., South Kensington, 9S01 . 

Magazine appears, 1683. 

Marine Conf. adjourns, 3492. 

Maritime Exhibition, Paris, 7493. 

Medical Cong., "Wash., 326 1 ; Staten 

Island, 3882; in Copenhagen, 6421; in 

Berlin, 8341. 
Medical Missionary Society, est., 3063. 

Medico-legal cong'. opens, 3401. 

Migration Society, 4743. 

Miners' Cong, at Brussels, 548 2 . 

Miss. Union, meets at Niagara, 3182, 

3501 , 4621 ; at Binghampton, 3501 . 
Monetary Conf., meets, 375 2 ; post- 
poned, 4292 ; in Brussels, 4172, 5491 ; cor- 
respondence, 4053 ; in Paris, 7373, 7512 ; 
rejects English plan, 10093. 



International Postal Cong, in Paris, 7503 
7532. 

laws operative ; regulations, 8293. 

Union, colonies join, 5012, 

Potato Exhibition, London, 9853. 

Review est., 2863. 

rifle match, 2923, 5451 . 

Salvation Army Cong., London, 9942. 

Sanitary Congress, 3071 , 9873. 

Silver Cong., resolution, 3992 j Silver 

Conference, 401 1 , 8371 . 

Soc, Colonization Jews, incor., 376 2 . 

Social Workmen's Cong., Berlin, 835 1 . 

Statistical Congress, 5441 . 

Submarine Conf., Paris, 7523. 

Telegraph Conf., Paris, 7603. 

Temperance Conf., London, 9903. 

Trades-Union Cong., 7553, 9991 . 

Typographical Union meets, 4082. 

Woolen Exhibition, London, 9873. 

Working Men's Asso. org., 9672 ; op- 
posed, 9771. 

Workmen's Exhibition opnd., 9741 . 

Y. M. C. A. conv., 383i . 

Interstate Commerce Act, 321 1, 3371,2, 
4652. 

Intervention, for peace, Fr., 7411 • in East, 
6272; in Italy, Fr., 7373; for armistice, 
7432. 

Intestacy Bill rejected, 1011 1 . 

Intolerance, S. C, repealed, 563 ; against 
women, Mass., 423 ; religious, Mass., 
342,3,371,383,542 ; opposed, Conn., 343 ; 
in Va., 362,3 ; i n N. Eng., 363 ; opposed 
in R. L, ; opposed in Md., 382 ; in Md., 
383,542,562; Jews favored, K.Y., 401; in 
N.Y., 401 ,2, 443, 522, 563 ; against Qua- 
kers, Va., 403 ■ in Va., 403, 402 ; in Me. 
482 ; i n s. C, 542 ; in N. C, 562. 

Intoxicating Liquors Bill rejected, 10072. 

Intra-Mercurial planets dis., 3001 . 

Intransigentists, uprising, 11321. 

Intrepid, in navy, Chile, 606 1 . 

, Capt. Parker Snow commands, 9641 . 

Inundations, 7281, 7321, 7351, 8181, §962. 
(See Flood.) 

Invalid Pension Appropriation Bill, 4251 . 

In rali fie Ihisse issued, 11171. 

Inventions, Eng. ; devised, 8901 . 

Inverary, Scot., earthquake, 9861. 

Inverlochy, Scot., action, 8842. 

Inverness, Can., fire, 5912. 

, Scot., taken, 8561 . 

Inverness burned, 821 , 

Investigator sails, 9542. 

Investitures, lay, Rome, condemned, 7743 ; 
rights usurped, 10723 ; Ger., War of the, 
7762 ; Eng., prohibited, 8582. 

Invincible in collision, 10001. 

, lost, 9301. 

Armada, fmd.; inEng. Channel, 8761 ; 

struggle, 241 ; destroyed, 11281 . 

Inwoud.j William, b. (1771); St. Pancras 
Church, 9382 ; d. (1843). 

.A', asteroid, discovered, 2481. 

Iodine discovered, 7191 . 

lodocas condemned, 7682. 

Iona, Scot., founded, 8403. 

lone City, Cal., Preston School fnd., 3503. 

lones settle Ephesus, 10152. 

Ionia, colonized, 1143 2 ; conquered, 11461 ; 
subject to Persia, 11473 j annexed to 
Rome, 11493. 

Ionian Greeks, revolt, 10161, 10173. 

Islands, Fr. retains, 5192; ceded, 5193; 

taken, Fr., 7122 ; ceded to Eng., 9673 ; 
ceded to Fr., 10353. 

Ionic Architecture invented, 10131 . 

Iowa, territory org., 1492 ; Robert Lucas, 
gov., 1512; Gen. Congre. Asso. org., 1523 ; 
John Chambers, gov., 155 2 ; Mcth. Epis. 
Conf. fmd., 1563 ; I. Wesleyan Univ. est., 
1571 ; admitted ; Ansel Briggs, gov. ; 
James Clark, gov., 1613; State Univ. org., 
1631; eldership Church uf God org., 1642; 
Stephen Hempstead, gov., 1691; O. S. 
Presb. synod org., 1702; p. e. diocese 
org., 1723, 1741 ; N. S. Presb. synod org., 
174i ; Ger. synod Evan. Luth. org., 1762 ; 
James W. Grimes, gov., 1771 ; Gen. Synod 
Evan. Luth. org. ; Upper la. M. E. conf. 
org., 17S2 ; Ralph P.Lowe, gov,. 1852; 
Tornado, I860, 186 1 ; Sam. J. /jTirki^ood, 
gov., 1903; Wm. M. Stone, go* 2413; 
Des Moines Coll. org., 2502 ; ratifies 13th 
Amendment, 2512 ; Tabor Co 1 ., org., 2543; 
ratines 14th amendment, 2613 ; constitu- 
tion changed; negroes to vote, 2651 ; Sam. 
Merrill, gov., 2652; Agricultural Coll. 



1290 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Iowa-Iron, 



opnd., 2662 ; board of immigration, est., 
2692; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 j relics 
dis., 2701 ; n. W. la. Meth. Epis. Conf. 
fmd., 2763; North Free Meth. Conf. fmd., 
276 2 • Liquor Law changed ; death pen- 
alty abolished, 2803 ; Cyrus 0. Carpenter, 
gov., 2311 ; Free Meth. Conf. org., 2822 ; 
Sam, J. Kirkwood, gov., 205 1 ; death pen- 
alty enforced, 301 1 ; John H. Gear, gov., 
3012; Buren R. Sherman, gov., 3052; 
Board of Health fnd., 3071 ; prohibitory 
Amend, ratified, 313 1 ; Proh. Liquor Law, 
3172, 3231 ; w. la. Free Meth. Conf. org., 
3182 ; Wm.Larabee, gov., 3252 ; Coll. ob- 
servatory erected, 328 1 ; Law and Order 
League est., 3331; s. B. Downing, H. 
Boies, nom. for gov.; Jos. G. Hutchinson 
nom. for gov., 3-151 j Horn. Cath. Dio. est., 
3501 ; Non-partisan prayers ordered, 3521 ; 
legislative deadlock broken, 3532; lead- 
mine dis., 3541 ; high license in, 3551 ,2 ; 
high license defeated, 3562, 3,771 j seizure 
of beer, 3563 ; pharmacists' no liquor tax, 
3571 ; liquor-selling increasing, 3583 ; 
State Congre.Asso., right tor pub. schools, 
3602 ; incendiaries in Oxford, 3683 ; ori- 
ginal packages of liquor, prohibited, 
3711,2, 3763; Horace Boies, gov., 3751, 
4212 ; Hiram C. Wheeler, gov., 3872 ; 
liquor quest ion, local settlement, 4031 ,2 ; 
floods, 4093 ; R. r, accident, 4103 j torna- 
does, 4321 • banks resume, 4353 ; Frank 
D. Jackson nom. for gov., 4363 ; admis- 
sion anniversary, 4303 j Univer. State 
Conven. org., 446 1 ; Prohibition Amend- 
ment void, 4403 ; churches attack Amer. 
Protect. Asso., 4501 ; municipal female 
suffrage, 4532 ; local option bill passes, 
4542 ; prairie fire, 4553 j tramp thieves 
desperate, 4582 ; storm damage, 4733 ; 
gold dis., 4781 ; F. D. Jackson, gov., 4793. 

Iowa State Coll. est., at Ames., 2662. 

Coll. org., 1631. 

Univ. org., 1631; Med. Dept. 

opd., 2703. 

Wesleyan Univ. est., 1571 . 

Ipanenia, refining furnaces, 5541 . 

IpUicrates cuts Spartan mora, 10222 ; com- 
mands Athenians, 10223. 

lphigenia captured, 9361 . 

, asteroid, discovered, 2741 . 

Ipsara, Turkish atrocities, 10342. 

Ipsns, battle, 10261 , 10271 , 10481 . 

Iquique, Chile, blockaded ; naval battle, 
surrenders, 6062, 6081 ; gold-mines, 6063; 
recaptured, 008 1 ; bombarded ; occupied ; 
defeat, 6082 ; riots, 6083 ; tire, 6093. 

Iranyi, D., d.,5361. 

Irazu, eruption, 6313. 

Irby, John L. M., b., 1741 . 

Iredell, James, b., 662 j justice, S. C, 1032; 
electoral vote, 1073 ; gov., 1353 ; d., 1082 

Ireland, Christianity intro., 8392 ; early 
kings, 8393, 8411,3, 8433, 8452,3, 8471, 
8493; standing army org., 8392; Killala 
Church built, 8403; rivalry with Rome, 
8423; women non-military, 8431 ; mortal- 
ity, 8493, 859 3 ; civil strife; conquest; 
given to Eng., 8502; Pari. begins; divided; 
lords of, 8512; native bps. forbidden; 
given to pope, 8531, 8522; disease rav- 
ages,8533; wool staples est., 8593; Rich- 
ard II. visits, 8603; statute of Kilkenny; 
pestilence, 8613 ; Kilmore Cathedral 
erected, 8622 ; commissioners for ; crim- 
inal prosecution jury, 8632; anti-tax law, 
8633; Head Act passes, 8643 ; mints est.; 
Eng. Oath of allegiance, 865 1 ; plague, 
8653, 8673, 8793; poyning's law; Eng. 
customs-house laws, 8672; Fitzgerald's 
insurrection, S68i ; Reformation pro- 
moted, 8682 ; reformed religion in, 8691 ; 
made kingdom, 8693 ; bps. summoned, 
8703; Liturgy, first book printed, 8711; 
Ulster officer appt., 8712; papal bull, 
8713; Ulster devastated, 872 1 ; English 
shilling, 8732 • counties est., 8733 ; Des- 
mondrevolt; Castleof Carlo surrenders, 
8741 ; revolt in Ulster, 8761 ; coinage 
struck, 8773 ; Protestants' settlements, 
8783; Tanistry abolished, 8791; under 
Eng. rule, 8792; insurrections, 88-11, 3, 
8852 ; Royalists declare for Pari., 8862 ; 
subjugated, 888 1 ; represented in Pari., 
8892 ; Settlement Act imposed, 8913 ; 
Regium Donum est., 8023, 8983 ; brass 
money coined, 8993; greasy matter falls ; 
manufactures restrained, 9001; exports 
taxed ; linen manuf . encouraged; woolen 
manuf. discouraged, 9013; Bible printed, 



9023; laws against Catholics, 0023, 9032; 
Irish Linen Board est., 9053; copper coin- 
age, 9073; charter schools est., 9091; 
small coins for, 9093; linen scarfs at fu- 
nerals, 9092 ; famine, 9113 ■ naturaliza- 
tion refused to Jews, 9123 ; Whiteboys 
ravage, 9142,9152; honeydew falls, 9143; 
linen mnf., 9153 ; coal-mine dis., 9181 ; 
steel-boys soc. resist employers, 9192* 
stamp duties est., 919 3 ; Sacramental 
Test Act repealed, 9211; tobacco culti- 
vated ; trade restrictions removed ; 
woolen exportations ; Relief Bill passes, 
9213; Genevese sheltered, 923i ; Catholic 
Relief Bills, 9273 ; legislative independ- 
ence est.; Poyning's law repealed, 9232; 
railway, atmospheric, first in, 9521; ter- 
rific storm, 9261, 9362, 9482; insurrec- 
tion, 9281 , 9293,9313; Protestants perse- 
cuted, 9292; legislative union; amnesty 
granted, 0293 ; "Habeas Corpus Act sus- 
pended, 9313, 9GS3, 9692 ; Militia Act 
E asses, 9353 ; first steamer, 9401 ; Ribbon 
oc. org., 9411; Total Abstinence Soc. 
org., 943?; waterspout, 944 1 ; Protestant 
communities est., 9443 ; customs consol- 
idated, 9452 ; Reform Act passes, 947 2 ; 
tithe disorders ; poor laws extended, 
9491,3; rents instituted, 9403 ; atmos- 
pheric railway, 9521; Molly Maguires 
Soc; Queen's colleges est., 9531 - Famine 
Relief Acts, 9533 ; insurrectionists ; Vic- 
toria holds court; writs of error judged, 
9552 ; great famine, 9553 • Queen's Uni- 
versity est., 9563; County Clare riot, 9571 ; 
population, 9572 ; Statute of Kilkenny, 
859', 2; Income Tax extended, 9592; Or- 
ange Clubs, 9613; National Gallery fnd., 
0621 ; National school system agitated, 
9623; secret societies opposed; Phoenix 
clubs est., 9631,2; soldiers' ovation; 
agrarian outrages, 9643, 9671; repeal 
agitation, 9652 ; Roman Catholic Uni- 
versity est., 9663 ; emigration to Amer., 
9671; moonlighters raid; Crimes Act 
protested, 9071; compulsory vaccination, 
9673; fire-arms seized, 969i; concealed 
weapons forbidden, 9692 ; counties pro- 
claimed, Habeas Corpus suspended, 0703, 
9733 ; Fenian funeral opposed ; consta- 
bles sworn in, 9713 ; Agrarian outrages, 
9731,9811,0863,9883, 9943; linen-makers 
strike, 9792 ; Univ. Bill intro., 9851 ; lot- 
tery drawn, 9871 ; population decreases, 
9873 ; strike in potteries ; agitators ar- 
rested ; extra magistrates, 089 1 ; police 
disloyal, 991 3 ; population, 9051 ; plan of 
campaign opposed, 0053; Natl. League 
suppressed, 097 1 ; nationalists dispersed ; 
counties proclaimed ; National League 
proclaimed, 9973 ; Pope's rescript re- 
sented, 9982 ; drunkenness, 0901 ; M. P. 
ignore summons, 10002 ; indignation 
meetings; evictions of tenants, 1000 3 , 
10083 ; political interferences, 1000 3 ; 
Tenants' Defense League fmd., 1001 1; 
gold dis., 10021; reporter sentenced, 
10023 ; r.r. men strike, 10031 ; Devon- 
shire reduces rents, 10033; County Clare 
moonlighters, 10051; potato crop fails, 
10053 ; plan of campaign collapses, 10063; 
relief fund, G. B.; campaign fund, 10073; 
Coercion Act; moonlighters raids; at- 
tempted train wreck, 10083 ; municipal 
franchise, 10091; relief works made, 
10093; Am. help, 1632 ■ cable to Am. be- 
gins, 1833; 2d cable laid, 2493, 2533; Am. 
collections for, 2722; cable to N.Y., 2893; 
advancing Home Rule, 3231 j Irish Natl. 
League meet, 3931 , 

Ireland, John, gov. Tex., 315 3 . 

, , archbp.,b.; cons., 2882; archbp. 

3302; high-lieense address, 3463; educa- 
tion address, 3622 ; * collection for poor, 
3702; against lotteries, 3762; policy con- 
firmed, 4302 ; Faribault plan, 4381 . 

, Samuel, b., 9123 - d. (1800). 

, W. H., b.,9203. 

Ireland's True Diurnal issued, 8851. 

Iremeus, b., 10283; bp. of Lyons; mar- 
tyred, 6623 ; refers to gospels, 10643. 

Irene, b. ; marriage proposal, 10322 ; re- 

§ent ; imprisoned; rules; reigns alone ; 
ethroned, 10331; deposed; murdered, 
10322. 

, Princess, of Hesse, marries, 8323. 

Ireton, Henry, b., 8782 ; d., 8882. 
Iriarte, Ignacio, b.-d., 11283, 

(Yriarte), Tomas de, b.-d., 11283; 

works, 11303. 



Irick, John S., d., 4681 . 

Iris sinks, 9933. 

, planet, discovered, 9541 . 

Irish, invade Eng., 848 1 ; expelled, 8623 ; 
affairs discussed, H. C., 987 2 ; amend- 
ments in H. C, 9872 • forfeited estates, 
resumed, 9013 ; land commission, 9891; 
report, 9912; lace exhibit, London, 9913 ; 
law charges adopted, G. B., 10013 ; mili- 
tia, service to Eng., 932 1; members of 
Pari, in N. Y., 3711. 

Am. military encampment, 4323. 

American Society, find., 3851 . 

Archa-ologienl Society, find., 9501. 

Association, formed, 5903. 

Church Reform Bill passed ; commis- 
sion app., 9702, 9713 ; church disestab- 
lished, 9713, 9732. 

Coercion Act passes, 991 2 . 

Confederation Party, fmd., 953 3 ; mem- 
bers arrested, 9552. 

Defence Union, find., 9943. 

- — Education Act, 10092. 

Exhibition. London, 0981. 

Famine Relief Bill, G. B., 9552. 

flag displayed in N. Y.„ 4522, 4542. 

Home Rule Bill. (See Home Rule.) 

Rulers, Gen. Grant ignores, 292 3 

House League intimidation, 9943. 

Intermediate Education Act, 9832. 

Invineibles Society est., 9883 ; Lord 

Cavendish killed, 9891 . 

Land Act, tenants' rights, 9751 ; com- 
mittee sit, 9892; Land Bill, 9872,3, 9973; 
divides party, 9872,3. 

Land Corporation dissolved, 9903. 

Purchase Act, G. B., 9993. 

Law Court Commission, app., 9653. 

Local Govt. Bill (Balfour's), 10091. 

Loyal and Patriotic Union, est., 993? - 

magistrates, power of appt., 10112. 

Nat. Cong, meets, 2672, 2711 . 

— Nat. Rep. Conven., Chicago, 2672. 

Nationalists* meeting, 371 1, 

— 1 — Nat. Education Board, incor., 9531. 

Federation, Water ford, 10071 . 

Land League, find., 9852, 9372 , 

Bp. McCabe against, 9842 ; manifesto ; 
ladies arrested ; leaders passive, 9883 - T 
censured, 9882 ; against landlordism,. 
9883; suppressed, 989 1 ; in Phoenix Park 
conspiracy, 991 1 . 

—League of Am., fnd., 3071; con- 
ven., 393i , 9943, 10051 ; pres. Gannon re- 
signs land league, 4402 ; in Dublin, 9911 . 

parliament, last meeting, 9312; Parli- 
amentary Fund Asso., fmd., 3211. 

pilgrims in Rome, 10091. 

policy, fails, 9892. 

Presb. Ch. Regium Donum, est., 9742. 

Property Defense Asso,, fmd., 9871. 

Society ."chartered, 8932. 

Sunday Closing Bill, passes, 983*. 

Tenant League, meets, 9571 . 

Tenants Bill, defeated, 10092. 

favored, 9883. 

Tenure Land Bill, rejected, 10033. 

Union Bill, in H. C, 9311 , 2. 

University Bill, rejected, 9792. 

charter, 9852. 

- Volunteers Bill, defeated, 9852. 
Irkutsk, gold discovered, 11201. 
Irma, asteroid, discovered, 7481. 
Irminger.CarlLudwig Christian, b., 6382; 

d., 6421. 

Irnerius lectures, 10751. 

Iron Duke, nearly lost ; collides, 9801 . 

Iron, first castings, 361; works encour- 
aged, Am., 373; forge in Mass., 381 ; (pig), 
mnf. in Am., 581 ; mnf. prohited in Am., 
593; first rolling-mill, 1241; coal used, 
1261, 1501; galvanized inv., 1361, 1721; 
hot-air blast, 1381 1441. 

and Steel Inst, org., 9721; opens, 3681. 

Clad Oath Bill repealed, 3172. 

Cross, order instituted, 8101 , 811 1 ; be- 
stowed, 7403, 826i ; decoration, 8271 ; or- 
der in It., 10853, 

crown, It., surrendered, 5272, 

Hall, accounts, 4142 ; receiver appt'd, 

4152 ; treas. Coke indicted, 4222. 

League trouble, 4122. 

mask, Man with the, 6932. 

Mt., accident, 4752 

nailers riotous, Eng. 900 2 

ore, discovered <>kla., 342 

4612 ; made in England, 8681 
intro., 8941 ; improvementsin mnf., 92: 
wrought by magnetism, 9701; welding 
discovered, 10142; forging inv., 11391 * ** 



duty on, 
tinning 



Iron-Jack. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1291 



Ironmongers Co. formed, 8653. 
Ironsides formed by Cromwell, SS41 . 
Ironton, Mo., action, 2001 , 238 2 , 
Irrigation conven., 3913, 4553, 4713. 
Irun besieged, 11321 . 
Irvin, Wm., physician, b. (1805) ; d., 248 
Irvine, Ky., three persons shot, 371 1 . 

, Wash. College founded, 3143. 

, S. G., moderator, 300 2 . 

Ii-ving, Edward, b., 9262. 

, Henry, b., 9482 ; first in Am., 314 

as-ffamte>,97Sf ; Henry VIII. y 10061. (S« 

Brodrib, John Henry.) 

, T., governor, 10393. 

, John Beaufain, b. (1S25) ; works, 200 

2681,2861, 2941. 

, Lieut. John, remains found, 302 1 . 

, Peter, b., 762 ; d., 1501 . 

, Washington, b., 96*; works, 114: 

1171, 1283, 1312, 1323, 1371, 1411, 145 

1463, 1491, 1663, 16S3, 1783; d., 1842 

bust, 2541 . 

, William, b., 741 ; d., 1301 , 

Irvington, III,, College organized, 2502. 

, Ind., Butler University org., 1782. 

, N. J., gold discovered, 336i . 

, N. Y., J. S. Penman resigns, 4321 . 

Irwin, Agnes, Dean of Radcliffe, 4602. 

, Bernard J. D.,commis. colonel, 3661 . 

, Jared,b.(1750);gov., 1073,1151 ;d.,1262. 

, Jobn N., gov. Ariz., 3152, 3673. 

, Com. , b. (1832) ; promoted, 3341 . 

, L. S., Chinese smuggling, 4542. 

; , Nathaniel, b. (1756) ; moderator, 1103; 

d. (1812). 

, William, b. (1827); gov., 2912; d.(18S6). 

Irwinville, Ga., J. Davis abandons, 2463. 

Isaac Smith captured, 2182. 

Isaac, sacrifice of; digs wells, 11402. 

I., Conineuus, reigns, 10333; d. (1061). 

II., Angelus Conmenus, reigns ; de- 
throned ; restored, 10333 ; against 3d 
crusade, 10322 ; d. (1204). 

, M., duel, 7Q23. 

Isaacs, Sir Henry Aaron, lord mayor, 9993 . 

Isabel escapes, 202' . 

Isabella Island, discovered, 142. 

, Queen of France, exiled, 6771 ,3. 

, ofSp.,b.-d.,112<;3; rules Castile ; mar- 
ries Ferdinand II., 11273; aids Columbus, 
123 ; aids Indian slaves, 152, 171 ; founds 
hospital, 11272, 

II. (Maria Isabella Louise), Spain, 

queen, b., 11303; reigns, 11312; deposed; 
declared of age ; married, 11313 ; sep- 
arated, 11323; abdicates, 11332. 

, of Eng., marries, 6733, 8572, 8603; in- 
vades Eng., 8561; cruelty to Edward, 
8563; at Fr. court, S572; prisoner, 8573. 

, Princess, b., 5542; marries, 556 3 . 

, Princess of Aehaia, rules, 10352. 

, of Port., marries Charles V., 7893. 

Isabella, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

Isabella and Pot of Basil painted, 9721 . 

I sabey, Eugene Louis Gabriel, b., 7151 j d., 
7542. 

, Jean Baptiste, b., 7031 ; d., 7322. 

Isasus, b.-d., 10211 ; orations, 10231 . 

Isagoras, leader of nobles, 1017 3 . 

Isaiah, prophet, 11443. 

Isambert, Franvois A., b„ 7082; d., 7322. 

Isandra mission opened, 10941. 

Isandula, British defeat, 6002. 

Isasi, Don EmilioCallejae,capt. -gen. ,6333. 

Isaszeg, battle, 5222. 

Isaure, Clemence, b.-d., 678 2 . 

Isauric race of emperors, 10331 . 

Ischesne, earthquake, 11562. 

Ischl, Maria Valeria, married, 5343. 

Isenberg, Miss, in Abyssinia, l 2 . 

Isernia, action, 10S81. 

Ishaga, destroyed, 11613. 

Ishak, Khan, Bokharan service ; defeated; 
at Tash Kurgan, 62; at Bokhara, 63 ; 
revolts ; in Russia, 7* ; flees, 73. 

Ishbosheth, reigns, 11432. 

Ishima Island, volcanic eruption, 10921 . 

Ishingana, revolt; surrenders, 6022. 

Ishinomoki, missions, 10922. 

Ishmael, b., 4832; archer, 1140 1 ; sent away, 
progenitor of Arabs, 1140 2 . 

, reigns in Morocco, 10972. 

I., high priest, 11503. 

II., high priest, 11523. 

Ishpeming, Mich., gold found, 3641. 

lsialawl., grand T>. of Russia, 11133. 

II., D. of Kietf ; expelled, 11133. 

Isidorus, Hispalensis, b.-d., 1125 1. 

Isinglass wins Derby, 10053. 



Isis, asteroid, discovered, 9602. 

Isla, Jose Francisco de, b., 541; works, 

11292, H303. 
Islands 111, spreads, 4S43 ; Berbers won, 

4851; reformed, 4882; checked, 5622. 
Island No. 10, Tenn., 205 1 ; taken, 2052, 
2061; passed, 2061. 

of Rugen, ceded to Prussia, 11363. 

Island Queen seized, 5813; plot to capture 

Mivhiqan ; sunk, 2382. 
Isle of Man subdued, 842 1 , 84S1 , 8541 ; re- 
covered, 8561 , 85S1 ; ceded to Eng., 8613; 
restored to Stanley, S793; sold to crown, 
9173. 
Isles, see of, erected, 8402, 9063; bishopric 

est., 9543. 
Isley, Edward, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. 
Islington, London, thimbles mnfd., 900 1 ; 
Industrial Exhib. opened, 9G52 ; horse- 
show opd., 9673; Myddleton statue, 9661. 
Islip, N. Y., robber-caves, 387 1 . 
Ismael, conquers Bokhara, 5491. 
Ismail, Russia, taken, 11161. 

(Ishmael), conquers Georgia, 11062. 

L, Sufi, reigns, 11072. 

II., Meerza, reigns, 11072. 

Pasha, Egy., b.,6563; viceroy, 6571 ,3; 

titled Khedive, 6573; Gr. insurrections ; 
killed, 6562. 

, ex-Sultan, India, surrenders, 1048 2 . 

Sadyk, Egypt, banished, 6591. 

, Samani, conquers Persia ; rules Tur- 
kestan, 4871. 
Ismaila, Egypt, founded, 6573. 
Ismene, asteroid, discovered, 298*. 
Ismi-dagon reigns, 11413. 
Isocrates, b.-d., 10211 ; works, 10231. 
Isolde, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . 
Isotry, Madagascar, mission opd., 10941. 
Isovina, mission opened, 10941 . 
Ispahan taken, 11062 jcapital Persia, 11072. 
Israel ruled by Judges, 11411 ; in Canaan; 
first bondage, 11413 ; 2d, 3d, 4th bond- 
age, 11431 ; 5th, 6th bondage, 11432; war 
with Judah, 11433. 
Israelites (see text, pp. 1141+) t migration, 
6463; in Egypt, 6482 ; exodus, 6493 ; de- 
livered, 11401 ±. 
Issus, battle, 10242, 10641 . 
Istaliff, Afgh., stormed by British, 42. 
Isthmian games, Gr., instituted, 10132 ■ re- 
vived, 10583, 10691. 
Isthmus, Darien, U. S. Congress approves 

canal, 2693. 
Istria, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 
Istria, a Roman province, 5023 ; ceded to 
Aust., 5192,3 ; Venice acquires, 10733 ; 
Hung, acquires, 1077 3 . 
Isturiz, Francisco Xavier de, b.-d., 11302. 
Itajuba, Vicomte d', Geneva Conven- 
tion, 2752. 
Italia launched, 10882. 
Italian wrecked, 9733. 
Italian Asso. for Science meets, 10861 ; 

conquests, Fr. give up, 6892. 

kingdom overthrown, 10871 , 

legation, U.S., becomes embassy, 4312. 

protest against New Orleans lynch- 
ing, 3802. 

subjects protected, Am., 381 1 . 

wars, 7741 . 

Italy (see pp. 1050-1090) ; Pope Pius IX. 
opens council, 2082 ; diplomatic rupture 
with U. S., 3813, 5593 ; diplomatic rela- 
tions resumed, 405 2 ; confederation of 
States, 5253 ; surrendered, 681 3 ; king- 
dom recognized, 7353 ; feudal system 
suppressed, 781 1 . 
Rata, Chilean steamer, escapes to sea, 
3821. (See 3821, 3832, 3841, 3S6i, 3872, 
6082, 6093.) 
Ithaca, N. Y., Cornell Univ. est., 2623, 
3423. 

and Oswego R. R,., commenced, 1393. 

Ithome, Gr., taken, 10141; Helots sub- 
dued, 10191. 
Ito, Count, intro. "Western dress, 10923. 
Iturbide, Augustin de, Mex., b.-d., 10952 ; 
issued manifesto ; emp, ; overthrown ; 
signs treaty, 10953; f ; ,]ls, 11231. 
Ink a, Miss., Confeds. defeated, 2132. 
Ivan I., Kalita, d., 11142; Grand Duke of 
Moscow, 11152. 

II., b.-d., 11142; D. of Moscow, 11152. 

III., takes Kasan, subjugates Novgo- 
rod, 11141. 

III., Basilovitz, or John III., Grand 

D. of Moscow; takes title of Czar, 11152; 
Sudebnik, code of laws, 11143; d., 11142. 



Ivan IV., b.-d., 11142 ; conquers Kasan, 

11141 ; Sudebnik, code of laws, 11143 ; 

Czar, 11152. 

V., b.-d., 11142; Czar, 11153. 

VI., b.-d., 11143; reigns in Russia; 

imprisoned ; killed, 1115 3 . 
Ivanoff, Alex. Andreyevitcb, b., 11162 • 

d., 11182. 
Ivanoviteh, Vladimir, work, 11183. 
Iveagh, Baron, title created, 10052. 
Iverson, senator, b. (1798) ; withdraws, 

1912 ; d. (1873). 
Ives, Levi Silliman, b. (1798) ; cons, bishop, 

1383, 1733 ; deposed, 1732 ; d. (1S67). 

■ , Thomas P., d., 2482. 

, W. B., Pres. Privy Council, 5952 ; 

Minister of Trade and Commerce, 6963. 
Ivison, Henry, d., 3181 . 
Ivry-la-Bataille, Fr., battle, 6841. 
I "Wang enthroned, 6112. 
Ixtlilxochitl, Mex., chief, b., 10951 ; Chi- 

chtmec ruler, 133. 
, Ferdinand de Alva Cortes, b.-d., 

10951. 
Iyeharu, shogun, 10913. 
Iyemitsu, shogun, 10913 ; opposes Chris- 
tianity, closes Japan ; d., 10913. 
Iyemochi, shogun, 10923. 
lyenori, shogun, 10913. 
Iyesada, shogun, 10913. 
Iyetsuna, shogun, 10913. 
lyeyasu, shogun, Japan, favors education - r 

decrees isolation; resigns title; leaves 

code; d., 1091 1,3. 
, defeats enemies ; expels foreigners, 

10911. 
Iyeyoshi, shogun, 10913. 
Izard, Mark W., governor, 1792. 
• , Ralph, b. (1749) ; Pres. senate, 105* ; 

senator; d., 1122. 
Izcoatzin, enthroned, 10952. 
Iztapalapan, conquered, 18 1, 
Izzard, George, governor Ark., 1333. 



J. 

tTabal, first builder, 11391 . 

Jabalpur, mission, 1046 3 . 

Jabin rules Israel, 11431 . 

Jablochkoff, Paul, electric candle, 750'; 
electric light system, 9822. 

Jacapa, Gen. Enriquez, killed, 1038 1 . 

Jack, Capt., Indian ehief, 2801 ; executed, 
^2821. 

Jack the Ripper (?), arrest, 5903. 

Jackman, David K., surety for Davis, 2563. 

Jackmann, Edouard K. E., b., 11163. 

Jack's Creek, Ga., Creeks defeated, 1001 . 

Jackson, Fla., Sub-Tropical Exhibition 
opd., 3513 ; troops called, 408i. 

, Mich., R. R. collision, 4413. 

, Miss., raid, 2103 ; j. e. Johnston ar- 
rives at ; Feds, take, 222 1 ; Sherman at, 
2242 ; action at ; Johnston besieged at ; 
Confeds. craniate, 2243; Confeds. driven 
out, 2361; Gov. Clark convenes Leg., 
2473 ; Immigration Conven. meets, 2612 ; 
Agricultural Coll. org., 3043 ; Normal 
School opcl. ,314 2; Millsapduiiation,3362; 
Constitutional Conven., 3671 ,3712; Con- 
fed, monument, 3841; Ratcliffe trial, 
4542 ; Confed. soldiers' monument, 384 1 . 

, Tenn., Confeds. def.-ated, 2243; South- 
western Univ. est., 2863, 2903; negro 
lynching, 3883. 

, Abner, b. (JS11) ; d., 2842. 

, Alice, abducted, 351 1. 

, Andrew, b., 741 ; at Hanging Rock, 

92i; marries, 107 1 ; rep. 107 2 ; senator, 
1091 ; hero of New Orleans, 1181 ; army 
disbands, 1201 at Autosse; at Talladega, 
1203 ; at Emucfau ; at Horse-shoe, 1221 ; 
atNew Orleans; attacked by Pakenham ; 
at Pensacola, 1223 ; lights Indians, 1241 ; 
invades Fla. ; reduces Barancas ; sub- 
dues Seminoles ; takes Pensacola ; takes 
St. Marks, 126 1 ; gov., 1293; electoral 
vote, 1332, 1372, 1413 ; presidential can- 
didate ; popular vote ; vote in House of 
Rep., 1332 ; pres. ; against Nat. Bank ; 
vote for pres., 1371; electoral vote; in- 
aug., 1371,2; "reigns," 1372; opposed 
to Calhoun, 1373 ; nom. for pres., 141 1 ; 
popular vote; against milliners, 1412; 
anti-nulliheation message, 1413; attempt 
to assassinate, 1431 ; orders " removal of 
deposits"; second term; signs Tariff 
and Force bills, 1432 ; resolution to cen- 



1292 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Jack— Jap a. 



sure, 1433 ; suppression of antislavery 
literature; Delavan's declaration, 1451 ; 
reprisals on Fr. commerce, 1452 ; specie 
circular ; vote of censure expunged, 
1472; fine refunded, 1572; d.,1581 ; sword 
presented to Cong., 1773. 

Jackson, Capt. , battle with Indians, 2781 . 

, Charles Thomas, b., 1122 j gov. R. I., 

1611; d.,304i. 

, Claiborne Fox, b.(lS07), gov. Mo., 2032; 

d., 2172. 

, Edward Payson.b. (1840) ; work, 3982. 

, Frank D., gov. la., 4363, 4793. 

Harms worth, polar expedition, 10121 , 

, Mrs. (Helen Maria Fiske, later Mrs. 

Hunt), Helen Hunt, b., 13S2 ; works, 
2771,2803; d., 3202. 

, Henry, steam engine, 9261 . 

, M., cons, assistant bp., 376 2 . 

, R., b. (1S20) ; at Green Briar, W. 

Ta., 1983. 

, Howell Edmunds, b., 1401 ; associate 

justice, 4251 . 

, Jacob R., gov. W. Va., 3093. 

, James, b., 891 ; gov. Mo., 1093 ; seizes 

arsenal, 194 1 ; loyalty of militia; near 
Warsaw,' 1961 ; battle 'of Carthage, 1962 ; 
declares state independence, 1992 ; calls 
legislature at Neosho, 2012 ; d., 2582. 

, S., b. (1822) ; d., 2152. 

, JohnK., d., 2501. 

, Jonathan, b., 642 ; d., 1162. 

, Mary Ann, works, 4202. 

, Private, wins ritle prize, 9941 . ■ 

, Thomas .Jonathan, b., 1321; at Mar- 

tinsburg, Va., 1962; at Bath, 2021; at 
Blooming Gap, 204 1 ; at Winehester,205i ; 
at McDowell ; in Shenandoah Valley, 
2071; near Winchester; retreats, 2082; 
escapes Fremont ; at Port Republic ; at 
Cross Keys, 2083 ; in Seven Days' Battles, 
2091 ; at Cedar Mountain ; raids, 2103 ; 
on the Rapidan,211i ; at Centerville ; at 
Chantilly ; at Groveton, 2122 ; at Antie- 
tam ; at Harper's Ferry, 2131 ; at Fred- 
ericksburg, 216 2 ; at Chancellorsville, 
2211 ; d., 2232 ; statue, 2SS1 , 3041 ; monu- 
ment, 3881. 

, William J., b., 9082 ; cons. bp.. 9862. 

, Dr. W. L., pres. soc, 4722. 

, Wm. L., sec. for Ireland, 10073. 

— , Gen. W. S., forced from,W. Va., 2281 . 

Coll., Miss., Col. Uaptist fnd., 3023. 

Park, Chicago, laid out, 2693. 

Jackson's Mills, N. C, Feds, routed, 244i . 

Jacksonville, Fla., surrendered, 2043 j 
Feds, occupy, 2142 ; again taken, 2201 ; 
Feds, evacuate, 2202 ; Confeds. driven 
out, 2301 ; Cookman Inst, est., 2922 ; In- 
stitution for Deaf and Dumb, 3191 ; yel- 
low fever, 3313; election fraud : 3711; 
fixe, 3913 ; Confederate (lags -10S2 ; race 
war, 4102 ; Corbett-Mitchell prize-right, 
4462, 44S2 ; U. S. troops, 4483. 

, 111., College org., 1391; Female Col- 
lege org., 1621 . 

Jacob seized by pirates, 11331. 

Bell captured, 2183. 

vision, 11402 ; marriages of, 11411. 

, John J., gov. W. Va., 2772. 

Jacoba, claims lordship, 10992 ; d., 10982. 

Jacobi, Friedrich H., b., 8803 ; d., 8122. 

, JohannG.,b.,8002 ; Poems, 8032 ; d., 

8102. 

, Maximilian, b., 8041 ; d., 8201 . 

, Michael Angelo, cons, bp., 9682. 

, Moritz Hermann, b. (1S01) ; electric 

light, 316i; d.(1874). 

Jacobins, origin of, 6703 ; rise of clubs, 
7071; club sittings permanent, 7091 ; rule, 
7092 ; attacked, 7111, 2. 

Jacobite lords trial, Eng., 9053 ; plot 
against king, 9012 ; rebellion, 9053, 9101 ; 
riots, 9051 ; in Eng. ; suppressed in Scot. 
9041; in Glasgow, 9112. 

Jacobites sect fnd.. Syria, 11543. 

Jacobs, Christian Frederick Wilhelm, b., 
8023 ; d. 8162. 

, Joshua W., commis. major, 4561 . 

Jacobus, Baraiheus, finis. Jacobites, 11543. 

, Melancthon W., b., 1242 ; moderator, 

2682; d., 5921. 

Jacotot, Joseph, b., 7042 ; d., 7282. 

Jacquand, Claudius, b., 7163 ; d. (1878). 

Jacquard, Jos. Marie, b., 7011; weaving- 
machine, 7123 ; d., 7262. 

Jacque, Charles Emile, d., 7661. 

Jacquemart, Albert, b., 7163 ; d., 7501 . 

, Jules F , b., 7262 • d., 7522. 



Jacquemont, Victor, b., 7143 ; d., 726 2 . 

Jacques, Baron, suicide, 7651. 

Jadassohn, Salomon, b., 8142. 

Jaddua, high priest, 11463. 

Jaeger, Kate, killed, 4222. 

Jaehne, Henry W., sentenced, 3232 ■ par- 
doned, 4642. 

Jaenbert, archbp. of Canterbury, 8431 . 

Jaffa, or Joppa, Syria, taken by Saladin, 
11541 ; taken by Louis IX. of Fr., 11542 ; 
Eng. king takes, 4872 ; Napoleon takes, 
7122; Caliph Omar takes; Crusaders take, 
11541 ; Am pilgrims at, 11582 ; Am. col- 
ony at ; R. R. to Jerusalem, 11583. 

Jaffe, Philipp, b., 8122 ; d., 8262. 

Jaffna, Ceylon, Bp. Melizan, cons., 9862. 

Jaynlalak, Afghanistan, attacked, 61. 

Jagger,Thos. Augustus, b.(1839); bp.,2S82. 

Jagic, Vatroslav, philologist, b.,5203. 

Jahangir, reigns, India, 10443. 

Jahn, Friedrich L., work, 8103 ; d., 8181. 

, Johann, b. f 8022 ; d., 8121 . 

Jahr, Georg H. G., b., 807 1 ; d., 8282. 

Jaipur, India, mission, 10483. 

Jair, reigns, 11431 . 

Jalabert, Charles Francois, b., 7223. 

Jalander Khan, taken, 62. 

■ , mission, 10471. 

Jalapa, Mex., Americans enter, 1621. 

Jaloulah, battle, 4841. 

Jamaica, W. I., discovered, 143 ; Colum- 
bus detained, 162 ; earthquake, 261,522; 
taken, 401 ; cyclone at, 601 , 631 ; Maroons 
settle, 652 ; theatrical performance, 661 ; 
negro conspiracy, G7 1 ; Moravians, 691 ; 
St. John's mission ; converts baptized, 
711; port Royal destroyed, 78 1 ; Fr. at- 
tack, 6321 ; Eng. capture, S88i ; ceded to 
Eng., 8892; bishopric est., 937'; negro in- 
surrection, 9691 ; Up. NuttaLl cons., 9862. 

, N. Y., Polish mob raid, 3783. 

Bay,N. Y., Mystery capsizes, 3273. 

damages, Per., reigns, 11072. 

Jamee, or Djami, Per poet, b.-d., 11063. 

Jamenez, Je^us, pres. Costa Rica, 6311. 

James Islands, ri.C, skirmish < ui.2083 ,2091 ; 
assaulted, 2243 ; Feds, take, 2263, 2422. 

— River, Va., Kilpal rick damages canal, 
2302; Grant near, 2342, 3 ; rises, 2701, 
2713. 

James Cooke wrecked, Ire., 9513. 

James 1). N troll sinks, 463 3 . 

James I. of Eng. (James VI. of Scot.), b., 
8722 ; rules Scot. ; at Castle Ruthven ; 
escapes, 8753 K. ; Essayes, 8752; mar- 
ries Anne of Den., 8783 ; 'bridles liberty 
of church ; divine right, 876 3 ; crowned 
K. of Eng. ; reigns, 8791 ; domains, S792; 
Bible, 8783 ; revives Episcopacy, 8782 ; 
in Scot., 8811; works, 8772, 8803; con- 
test with H. C. ; grants Nova Scotia, 
8312 ; coutends with Loudon Company, 
311; d. t 8802, 8813. 

II., b., 8822; D. of York, 1. high adm., 

8901; marries, 8912 ; claims throne; in 
Fr., 8952 ; excluded, 8953; est. sea sig- 
nals, 8S6 2 ; award damages, 8971 ; at bat- 
tle of Southwold, 6921 ; reigns ; lord of 
admiralty, 8972 ; restores charters ; pro- 
rogues new pari., 8973 ; grants pardon, 
89Yi; marriage opposed, 8933; favors 
Catholics, 8902; for liberty of conscience, 
8963, 8973; escapes ; arrested, 899 1 ; con- 
venes Irish Pari., 8983, 8992 ; tears up 
Parliament writs, 899 1 ;aid from Fr.,8981 ; 
in Scot., 9032; d., 9022; statue, 8962, 3. 

I., Scot., b.-d., 861)2; imprisoned, 8603 ; 

reigns, 8613 ; released, 8631 ; crowned ; 
marriage ; King's Quair, 8623 ; mur- 
dered, 8632. 

II., Scot., b.-d., 8622 ; reigns, 8632 ; 

killed, 8651. 

III., Scot., b.-d., 8622; reigns, 8651; 

conspiracy against ; prisoner, 865 3 ; 
marriage, 8652; k.,8672. 

■ IV., Scot., b., 8642; K.,86',2 ; supports 

Warbeek, 8661 ; marriage, 8671 ; k., 8661 . 

V., Scot., b., 8661 ; reigns, 8673 ; mar- 
riage, 8692 ; d., 8682. 

I. of Aragon, takes Majorca, 11261 ; 

reigns, 11273. 

II., the Just, reigns in Aragon, 11273. 

I. (II.), king of Sicily, 10772. 

the Apostle, called, 11521 ; writes 

Epistle ; beheaded, 1153 1 . 

, Capt., in Canada, 5722. 

, Charles T., b. (1805) ; d., 2152. 

, D. of Montrose, P. M. general, 9692. 

, E. of Morton, pres. Royal Soc, 9122. 



James, E. of Ormond, 8(532; gov., 8592,8612. 

, Earl Stanhope, prime minister, 9172. 

, George Payne Kainsford, h., 9-393; 

works, 9443, 9503, 9623 ; d., 9642. 

, Henry, b. (1811) ; d., 3102. 

, Jr., b., 1561; works, 2911, 2863, 

3L03, 3031 , 3151 , 3243, 3743, 4203. 

, Sir , b., 9323 ; defends Times t 

9993; d.,9822. 

, Horace, b., 1262. 

, John, persecuted, 8903. 

, Angell, b., 9223 ; d., 9622. 

, Louis, b., 1542. 

, Major, at Cameron, Mo., 2001 . 

, Tom, pugilist, killed, 3543. 

, Thomas Lemuel, b. (1831) ; post- 
master general, 3072. 

, Warren, d ,2921. 

, "William, Psychology, 3722. 

, H., governor Nebraska, 2772. 

James's Bay, Can., discovered, 321 . 

- — Gazette est., 10083. 

Jamestown, Kan., woman, judge, 3833. 

, N. Dak., insane asylum opd., 3203 ; 

frogs, 3382 ; diocese est., 350i. 

, O., Woman's Temperance Crusade 

opened, 2831 . 

— , Va., colony, 263, 272, 8792 ; chapel, 
262 ; sickness ; prosperous, 272, 292 
Afr. slaves, 283 ; Burgesses meet, 293 
massacre threatened, 302 ; Harvey ar- 
rives, 331 ; tobacco exported, 311 ; king's 
proclamation, 31 2 ; burned, 462, 472. 

Jameson, Anna, b., 9283 ; works, 9551 ; d., 
9642. 

, Charles Davis, b. (1827) ; d., 212. 

, James S.,d., 5621.- 

Jamieson, Geo., wins rifle prize, 9741 . 

Jamison, B.K. and Co., bankers, fail, 3733. 

Jamnia, or Jabne, battle at, 11481 . 

Jamyn, Amadis, work, 6843. 

Jan, seizes Ghazni, Afg. ; killed, 61. 

Janarius. St., chapel at Naples, 10832. 

Janauschek, Fanny ( Fran/.isca Magdalena 
Romance), b.,5202. 

Janequeo. avenges husband's death, 6051. 

Janes, Edmund Storer, b., 114 1 ; conse- 
crated bishop, 1563 ; d., 2921 . 

Janesville, Wis., anti-prohibition conven- 
tion, 3S63. 

Janet, Ange Louis, b., 7223 ; d., 7461 . 

, Paul, b., 7342 ; works, 7331 , 7363, 

7462, 7503, 7542, 75(32, 7532. 

Janeway, George L., gift to Rutgers Col- 
lege, 3482. 

, Jacob Jones, b. (1774) ; moderator, 

1263 ; d. (1858). 

Jania, action at, 110S2. 

Janias, reigns in Egypt, 6473. 

Janicke, Pastor, founds societies, 8083. 

Janin, Jules Gabriel, b., 7151; works, 
7263,7283, 7303 ; d., 7482. 

Janisch, Antonie, b., 5223. 

Janizaries, org., 11542 ; Christian slaves, 
11551 ; revolt, 11561 , 2 ; j n Algeria, 92. 

Jankau,Boli..Swedes victorious, 5122,6361. 

Jannev, Samuel M., b., 1101 ; d., 3041 . 

Jannier, T. A., Old Sen- Spain, 3963. 

Jansen, Cornelius, b.-d., 10983 ; Augus- 
tinus, advocates free grace, 1101 1 . 

, Johannes, mayor New York, 612. 

, Zacharia, invents telescope, 10822 ; 

microscope, 10982. 

Jansenist, Fr., dispute, 6951 ; persecuted, 
6991,7011. 

Janson,KristofferNagle,b., 11041 ; works, 
11043. 

, or Jenson, Nicolas, b.-d., 6762. 

Janssen, John, cons. bp. Belleville, 3302. 

Janssens, Francis, b. (1847) ; archbishop 
Louisiana, 306 2 . 

January, edict of, 6833. 

Januensis, Friar Johannes Balbus, " Ca- 
tholicon," 7S7U 

Janus, temple of, erected, 10503 ; closed, 
10532, 106H, 1073L 

Japan (see text, pp. 1091-1093), Am. expe- 
dition, 1712 ; inter-commerce with Am., 
1721 ; embassy in Am., 1S72, 2773 ; treaty 
with U.S., 3073,4771,1751,1831 ; Bishop 
John MeKini eons., 4321 ; Crown Prince 
visits West Point, 4363 ; emigrants de- 
barred, Am., 4633 ; in Korean dispute, 
4663 ; minister recalled, 4671 ; students 
executed, 4771,6273; Congressional ac- 
tion ; aids Korea, 6121 ; dispute with 
China; treaty with ; war avoided, 6232 ; 
transports leave, fS202; rejects peace pro- 
posals ; war on China ; alliance with 



Japa-Jeru. 



Text Figures denote Page. INUiiA. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1295 



Korea, 6272 ; demands ambassador; 
peace negotiations, 0273 ; Fr. conven., 
7372; Brit, treaty -with, 9632; Bp.Bicker- 
steth cons., 9962 ; ambassadors in It., 
10832 ; gunboat attacked, 1U941; treaty 
■with Peru, 11093 ; in Siam, 11241 ; Chi- 
nese war; Russian interference, 11231. 

Japanese swords, subscription, 3S0 1 . 

Japix, Gysbert, b.-d., 6362. 

Jaques, ChristovSo, in Patagonia, 163, 
in Pernambueo ; Gov., recalled, 5532. 

Jaraslaw I., grand duke of Russia, 11133. 

II., grand d. of Rus., reigns, 1115 2 . 

III., grand Duke of Vladimir, 11152. 

Jardine, Edward, d., 4341 . 

Jardins, Marie Oath. des,b.,6SS2; d. (16S3). 

Jargeau, France, captured. 6761. 

Jarnac, France, battle of, 6822. 

Jaromir, duke, 5032. 

Jaropolk I., duke of Poland, 11133. 

II., duke of Kieff, 11133. 

Jarratt's Station, Col. Spear, 2322. 

Jarrow, Scot., monastery fnd., 8423 ; li- 
brary fnd., 8431 ; launchings, 9701 , 9941 . 

Jarves, James Jackson, b., 1262 ; d., 3301. 

Jarvis, Abraham, b., 642; cons.Prot. Epis. 
bishop, 1082 ; d., 1211. 

, Thus. Jordan, b. {1836); gov.N.C., 3033. 

Jasmin, Jacques, b., 713 1 ; works, 7251, 
7271,7291; d., 7362. 

Jasomirgott, Henry, rules Bavaria, 7773. 

Jason, wreck, Cape Cod, Mass., 4453. 

Jason, inv. breastplates, 11422 ; leads Ar- 
gonauts, 10131 . 

- — , of Pherie, rules Thessaly, 10233. 

, assassinated, 10232. 

, purchases priest's office, 11482,11492. 

Jasper, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2083. 

discovers San Diego, Cal., 4281 . 

, John, revival at Richmond, Va., 3383. 

, Win., b., 662 ; saves flag, 823 ; d., 912. 

Jasquand, Claudius, d., 7502. 

Jassy, Rumania, evang. church, 11133. 
Jaucourt, Louis Chevalier de, b., 6962 ; 

d., 7043. 
Jaureguiberry, launched, 766-1 . 
Jaureguiberry, Adm., minister, 7513,7532. 
Jaureguiy, Aldecoa Agustin de, b. (1708) ; 

governor, 6053 ; d. (17S4). 
Jaures, minister, 7572 ; d., 7562. 
Java Station, Mont., avalanche, 4201 . 
Java lost, 9321. 
, captured, 1182. 

Sthainba, erected, India, 10423. 

Javadeva, b., 10423. 

Jay, John, b., 662; colonial address, 792 ; 
pres. of Cong. ; commissioner, 913, 952 j 
in Paris, 953 ; pres. Manumission Soc, 
99i ; votefor pros., 1012, 1073, 1112; jus- 
tice of S. C, 1012; gov.N. Y., 1033, 1073; 
envoy to Eng., 105 2 ; treaty ratified, 
1071,2; declines justiceship, llli; d., 
1362. 

, William, b., 912 ; d., 1S42. 

, , b., 9183 - d. (1853). 

Jay-Eye-See, trotting-record, 3173. 

Jayne, Francis John, cons, bishop, 99S3. 

, William, governor Dakota, 2032. 

Jeatfreson, John Cordy, b., 9442, 

Jean V., D. of Brittany, at Auray, 6741 . 

Jeanesville, Pa., rescue of miners, 3793. 

Jeanne, d'Albret, Joan, Q. of Navarre, b.,- 
6803 ; d., 6823. 

Jeannette, on Arctic expedition, 3021 j 
wrecked in ice, 306 1 ; two escape, 3081 . 

Jeannin, Pierre, b., 6803; JS'egofiatioiis, 
6872; d.,6863. 

Jeanron, Philippe Auguste, b., 7191; d., 
7502. 

Jeans, J. S., steel, 9843. 

manufactured in America, 951 . 

Jebb, John C, b., 9082 ; work, 47S2. 

Jebel Zait, petroleum discovered, 6611 , 

Jeddah, Arabia, taken, 6542 ; Christians 
massacred, 11581. 

Jeejeebhoy, Byramjee, d., 10483. 

",Sir Jamsetjee,b.-d., 10443; erects hos- 
pitals, 10493. 

Jeffers, E.T., moderator, 3062. 

, William, b., 1321. 

Jefferson captures British barges, 1181 . 

Borden, mutiny, 2883. 

Jefferson City, La., united with New Or- 
leans, 2731 ,3. 

, Mo., State convention, 1931 ; Gen. 

Lyon at, 1961; Lincoln Inst. Normal 
School opd., 2543 ; inaugurated Liberal 
movement, 277 2 . 

Co., Va., transferred to W. Va., 2513. 



Jefferson, Ind., Union Leag. ; effigy, 3472. 

, Pa., Monongahela College org., 2623. 

Parish, La., mob torture, 4382. 

, Joseph, b., 1362 ; as Rip Van Winkle, 

2501 ; Dramatic Action, 3743. 

, Thomas, b., 642 ; graduates, 731 j mar- 
ried, 771 ; antislavery paper, 783; on 
Committee; drafts Declaration of Inde- 
pendence^ 3 , 85 1 ; gov. Va., 913; treaty 
commissioner, 952; Xotes on Va., 971; 
minister to Fr., 973 ; sec. of state, 1012; 
opposes Hamilton, 1031; opposes U. S. 
Bank, 1032 ; leads Republicans ; presi- 
dential vote, 1033, 1072,3, 1112,1133; re- 
signs as sec. of state, 1052 ; vice-pres., 
1073; reduces navy, 110i ; pres., 1112, 
1132 ; forbids intercourse with G. B., 
1151 ; declines renomination, 1152; in- 
dignant at Brit., 1213 ; erects observa- 
tory, 1321 ; d., 1352. 

Jefr'eVsonville R. R., Ind., robbed, 2631 . 

Jeffrey, Francis, b., 91S3 ; d., 9562. 

, Reuben, d., 348i . 

Jeffreys, Lord George, b., S862 ; Church 
commissioner, 8963 ; persecutions, 8971 ; 
chief justice, 8972 ; high chanc, 8973 ; 
in Tower, 8991; d., 8982. 

, H., gov. Va.,472. 

Jett'revson, John, lord keeper, 9013. 

Jeffries, John, b. (1744) ; d., 1281 . 

Jehan, Shah, erects Tai Mahal, 10442; 
revolts, 10441 ; reigns, 10451 . 

Jehander, Shah, reigns, 1045 2 ; d., 10443. 

Jehoahaz, reigns, 11451 ; subdued by Ha- 
zael, .11443. 

II., reigns, 11471 . 

Jehoash, reigns, 11451 ,2 ; idolatry ; repairs 
Temple, 11443. 

Jehoiachin, reigns, 11471 ; released, 11472. 

dehoiada, high priest, 11443. 

Jehoiakiin, reigns ; revolts; sent to Bab- 
ylon, 11471. 

Jehoram, reigns, 11451 . 

Jehoshaphat, reigns, 11451; invades Moab; 
sends teachers, 11442. 

Jehu, prophet, 11423 ; revolts, 11441 • ex- 
terminates idolatry, 11443 ; reigns ; trib- 
ute to Assyria, 11451 . 

Jehuda Hanassi, compiles Mishna, 11532. 

Jelaboff condemned, 11211. 

Jelalabad, Afg., defended by Sale ; revolt 
led by Akbar Kban, 41; British enter; 
occupied, 61 ; razed, 5 3 . 

Jelapla, action with Tibetans, 10482. 

dellaehieh, von Buzim, Count Joseph, b., 
5191; at Velencze, 522 1; revolutionist; 
commander, 5231 , 

Jellasore, mission, 10471 . 

Jemappes, Belg., battle of, 5181, 5431, 
7081,8061. 

Jena, battle of, 7161, 80S1 ; Ger., Saxe- 
Weimei'-L'isriiach, Al/i/eme'nie Literaiur- 
zeitung, issued, 8052, 8091; Literaturzei- 
tung, issued, 8291 . 

Jenckes, Joseph, b. (1656) ; gov. R. I., 613 ; 
d. (1740). 

, Thomas Allen, b. (1818) ; introduces 

a civil-service bill, 2493, 2563 ; d. (1875). 

Jenispn, Silas A., gov. Vt., 1453. 

Jenkins, Albert G., b. (1830); at Cloyd's 
Mt. and New River Bridge, 2323; d.,2332. 

, Charles Jones, b. (1805) ; gov. Ga., 

2511; presidential vote, 2812. 

, Col., in Afg. ; at Char-asiab,6i . 

, Dr. vs. Federal authorities, 4153. 

, Horatio, pres. of Fla. conven., 2612. 

, John, pres. N. C, 491 . 

, Judge, decision reversed, 4723. 

, Robert, d., 10121. 

, Thornton Alex., b., 1163 ; d. (1893). 

Jenkins's Ferry, Confeds. repulsed, 2321 . 

Jenkinson, Anthony, in Bokhara, 5491 . 

, Charles, E. of Liverpool, b., 9081 . 

.Robert Banks, E. of Liverpool, b., 

91S3; minister, 9353; premier,9372,9412; 
9423. 

Jenner, Edward, b., 9122 ; vaccination, 
9202, 9262 ; jrjft by Pari., 9302 ; d., 9403 ; 
statue, 9621,9661. 

, Sir William, b., 9363. 

Jennie Hall, fined, 3333. 

Jennings, Edmund, gov. Va., 572. 

, Jonathan, Ind., b. (1776+) ; gov. 1252; 

d. (1834). 

, O., moderator, 1303. 

, Patrick, ministry, 4993. 

. Sam., gov., 473 ; remonstrance, 572. 

, Sarah, Duchess of Marlborough, b^ 

8902. 



Jenny Lind, steam pipes burst, 1733. 

Jensen, Christen, glossary, 11041. (See 
Janson.) 

, Peter Andreas, En Erindring, 11043. 

Jenyns, Soame, b., 9022 ; d., 9242. 

Jephthah, defeats Ammonites, 11421 j 
vows, 11422 ; judges Israel, 11432. 

Jeremaisson, missionary, 6231. 

Jeremiah, prophet, 11462. 

at the Fall of Jerusalem, painted, 8281 , 

Jerez dela Front era, Goths defeated, 11251 . 

Jericho, Israelites captured, 11401; de- 
stroyed, 11411; Ochus takes, 11461; 
theater built, 11503. 

Jerilderie, Australia, Kelly Gang, 4982. 

Jeroboam 1., reigns, 11433'; Sheshonk an 
ally, 6503 ; defeated, 11421. 

II., recovers terr. ; captures Damas- 
cus, 11441 , 11451 ; reigns, 11452. 

Jerome, Antoine, discovers bromin, 7241. 

, David H., gov. Mich., 3093. 

, Marshal of France, 7301 . 

of Prague, b.,5062,7S22 ; burned, 5063. 

, St., b.-d., 106S2 ; prepares Vulgate 

Bible; Christian worship, 10691 , 

Jerrold, Douglas William, b.,o:;i>3; Punch, 
9503 ; d.,9022. 

Jersey City, ferry est., 733 ; railroad to New 
Brunswick, 1433 ; terminus of N. Y. and 
Erie R.R., 1733 ; fire, 1753 ; waterworks, 
1773 ; draft riots, 2253 ; election frauds, 
3551, 3591, 3632, 3711, 3871; AVein con- 
victed, 4002; Sunday liquor-selling, 4062; 
ballot-box stutters, 4083; Italians against 
Ams., 4362 ; cholera, 4373 ; Orangemen 
parade, 4643. 

, E. of, title created, 8991 . 

, E. of, gov. N. S. W., 5011 . 

Jerusalem, Pal., first mentioned, 11411; 
Joshua kills king, 11401; David takes, 
11412; Davids capital, 11432; David 
flees, 11433; Temple eons., 11423; Ara- 
bians plunder, 11441 ; Shishak takes, 
11421,3 ; Temple treasures carried to 
Egy., 6511 ; Joash takes, 11441 ; Temple 
profaned, despoiled, repaired, cleansed, 
11443, H462; Pekah besieges, 11441; 
pays tribute to Egy., 6512 ; destruction 
foretold, 11461; Temple spoils restored, 
11471; Daniel exiled, 11462; Babylon- 
ians besiege, raze, 11461 ; Ezekiel exiled, 

11462 ; destroyed, 11463 ; 2d Temple 
built ; stormed by Herod, 11462,3 ; Mal- 
achi prophesies ; Nehemiah returns, 
high-priests sub-rulers (see names 1146:=), 

11463 + ; Alex, the Great sacrifices, 11471 ; 
Ptolemy I. takes ; Egy. expelled, 11491 ; 
AntiochuslTI. sacks ; ills 1 ; Simon, high- 
priest, repairs rr einple ; Jupiter's altar 
in Temple, 114S-2 ; Maceabean princes 
rise ; Matthias Maccabeus opposes Syr- 
ians; Judas Maccabeus rules, 11492; Tem- 
ple purified; Eleazar Maccabeus rules as 
K.; Judas Maccabeus rules, 11492 ; routs 
Syrians; John Maccabeus rules; Jews 
independent; Jonathan Maeeabeusrules; 
defeats Syrians, 11481 , 11493; Jews reject 
Alcimus, forced upon them ; first treaty 
with Romans ; Jewish embassy to Rome, 
11493, Tower is purified, 11481; Tower 
of Antonia built, 11502 ; Pharisees rebel; 
Alex. Janmcus triumphs; Aristobulus 
and Hyrcano II. rival kings, 11511 ; Aris- 
tobulus takes ; defeated ; Pompey takes; 
restores Hyrcanus, 11501; Judea a Ro- 
man province; Phasel gov.; Parthians 
take, 11512 ; Herod the Great takes, 
11501 ; builds theater, 11503 ; wa lls re- 
built, 11512 ; Temple rebuilt, 11502 ; Ro- 
mans take census ; Matthias high-priest; 
taxes levied in Judea, 11513 ; John Bap- 
tist b. ; Jesus Christ b. at Bethlehem ; 
ranbis burned alive, 11502 ; Jesus visits 
temple, 11503 ; 3d Temple built, 11502; 
Jesus Christ crucified ; buried ; raised ; 
ascends into heaven, 11523; walls rebuilt, 
11521 ; Apostolic Council held ; Herod's 
persecution; Apostles separate, 11531 ; 
Romans raze city, burn Temple ; Jewish 
policy and nation terminate, 11533; Tem- 
ple of Jupiter on Mt. Calvary, 11532 ; 
blank history, name dropped; Adrian re- 
vives, 11533; C'hosroes takes, 11541; Per- 
sians rule, 11.551 ; Heraelius retakes; Sar- 
acens take, 11541 ; Moslems rule, 11552 ; 
Mosque of Omar fnd., 11543 ; Arabs take ; 
Crusaders take, 11541 j Christians rule, 
11552; Hospital erected, 11551; Saladin 
takes, 11541 ; Saracens take, 11553; Turks 



1294 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNUllX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Jerv-Johii. 



take, 1154<; Fred. II. receives, 11553; 
Crusaders take ; Mohammedans take, 
1154' ; Egy. take, 11542 ; Turks take, 
11561 ; Greeks excluded ; Holy Sepulcher 
burned, rebuilt; missions est.; Prot. bish- 
opric est. ; Anglican cathedral erected; 
Am. church erected, 11563 ; claims to 
Holy Sepulcher ; Emp. Aust. visits ; 
Montetiore's benefactions. 11583 ; Union 
find., 8183; bishopric dissolved, 1157'; 
R. R. to Jaffa, 11583 ; Franciscans ex- 
pelled, 11582. 

Jervis, John, E. of St. Vincent, b., 9082 ; 
at Cadiz, 11201 ; L. Adm., 9273 ; d., 9403. 

, Blooinfield, d., 31S2. 

Jervois, Sir Wm. F. D., gov. India, 10492, 

Jeshua killed in Temple, 11403. 

Jessel, Sir George, b., 9422 ; solicitor-gen., 
9772 ; master of rolls, 9773. 

Jessie Lagan wrecked, 9533. 

Mat/ launched on Thames, 9813. 

Jessup, Henry Harris, b. (1832) ; modera- 
tor, 3023. 

, Thomas Sidney, b. (1788) ; Seminoles 

sign treaty. 146' ; Indian prisoners, 1471 ; 
d.,1801. 

Jesuits. (See Societv of Jesus.) 

Jesu Maria, lire, G333. 

Jesus I., high priest, 11502. 

II., high priest, 11503. 

, high priest, 11512. 

■, the Christ, b., 1150 2 ; events of his 

life and his death, 11502,3, 11521,2,3; 
papal orders for worship, 10763. 

Sirachides, Ecclesiasticus, 11483. 

Jeswunt Rao at Poona, b., 10461 . 
Jethro, counsels of, 11412. 

Jetter, T. B., governor S. C, 3051. 

Jeune, Francis, cons, bishop, 9663. 

-Jevons, William Stanley, b., 9462; works, 
9763. 

Jew, The Wandering. (See Sue, Eugene.) 

Jewel, John, bp. of Salisbury, b., 8663 ; 
work, S731 ; d., 8742. 

Jewell, Marshall, b.,1322; gov. Conn., 2692, 
2772 ; vote for, 2751 ; p. M.-gen., 2852 ; 
nom. for pres. ; resigns, 2931 ; d., 3122. 

Jewett, Clerk, charges against, 375 2 . 

, Sarah Orme, b., 1662 ; works, 3163, 

3183,3331. 

Jewish Alliance for immigration, 3893. 

Colonization Co., formed, 1007 i . 

Denominational Congress, 4361,2, 

Emancipation Bill, defeated, 9492. 

Historical Soc. find., Am., 4081 . 

Infant School formed, 9503. 

Ministers' Association, session, 3582. 

Orphan Asylum established, 9451. 

Poor Society founded, 9023; 

schools established, 11203. 

Jews, (Hebrews) ; in Argentine Repub- 
lic, 4921, 4932, 4982, 5002, 5533; in 
America; tolerated in New York, 
401 ; org. in R. I., 402 ; est. at Newport, 
522 ; first synagogue, 523; many in N.Y., 
603; org. in'Savanuah, 622; disfranchised 
in N. Y., 642 ; est. in Charleston, 742 ; 
in Md., 1311 ; in St. Louis, 1583; Hebrew 
Union Coll., O. 2883 ■ refuge in Am., 
3103 ; celebration in N. Y., 3443 ; est. 
schools, 3482; Jewish Ministers' Asso. of 
Am., 3582, 3843, 3862, 4101,4181; anar- 
chist, 3683 ; Sabbath League formed, 
3843; Rabbi Rosenberg expelled, 4182; 
Orphan Asylum, 4211; Charitable Soc, 
4322; Jewish Denomination! Cong. ,4361 ; 
laborers parade, 4362 j j n Arabia, 
tribes attacked ; war with Mohammed, 
4841 ; resist Mohammedanism ; martyred, 
4843; in Austria-Hungary, perse- 
cution of, 5062 ; congress ; disabilities 
abolished, 5291 ; relig. soc. favored, 5322; 
school, 5343; j n Brazil, 222, 5532; 
in Can., 5922; i n P. Quebec, 5882 ; i„ 
Egypt, captivity in, 6512; persecuted, 
6522,6543. 6663; revolt, 6533; liberties re- 
stricted, 6543 ; i n Egypt, 0.-.S3; in Fl„ 
banished, 6683, 6703, 679 1 ; persecuted, 
6701, 6742; annoy Christians, 6743; 
mission to, 7562 ; in Ger., synod at 
Worms, 7751 ; persecuted, 7822 ; massa- 
cred, 7823; expelled Cologne, 7863; study 
law of Prus., 8183; anti-movement con- 
demned, 8302 ; emp. defends, 8303 ; ex- 
cluded from public schools ; persecu- 
tors denounced, 834 2 ; in Gt. Brit., 
mentioned in Eng. chronicles, 8431 ; 
banished from Eng., 8463, 8542; in Eng., 



8471,8483; massacred, 8503, 8542, 3; r i t s Poitiers, 6741; prisoner of Eng, 6752, 
against, 8511; denied freehold, 8542, 8591 ; hostage ; liberated, 6753; d. (1364). 

8551 ; imprisoned, 8522 ; capitation tax ; John I., Ziiuices, reigns in Greece, 10332. 

banished from Eng., 8542 ; persecuted; II., Conmenus, in Gr., reigns, 10333. 

sign of usurer, 8551 ; readmitted, 8882,3 ; n. reigns in Navarre, 11273. 

acquire land, 9111,3 ; professors, natural- VI., Pakeologus. reigns, Gr., 1035 2 ; 



ization refused, 9123 ; ,.j v il disabilities, 
9452; mission in Ire., 9593; first baronet, 
9512; in Pari., 9632; disabilities removed, 
9652 ; Workshop Act, 9742; released from 
Sunday observance, 9743 ; Rus. cruelty 
denounced; fund, 9883, 9891, 9913; as- 
sembly in Lond., 10102 ; in Italy, 
banished from Rome, 10623 ; revolt, 
10633, 10641 ; revolt, against Hadrian, 



communion with Rome, 10343, 

VII., Paheologus, reigns, Gr., 10353. 

VIII., , solicits help, 10343. 

I. rules Netherland, 10991. 

III., of Avenues, Neth., rules ; forces 

Utrecht into alliance. 10991 ; d., 10982. 
II., or Casimir V., reigns in Poland ; 

abdicates ; d., 11153. 

III., Sobieski, king of Poland, 11153. 



10643; massacred in Cyrene, 10651 ; edict I., Port., b.-d., 11092 ; reigns, 11093 ; 

,gainst, 10663 ; persecuted ;_ favored, invades Africa, 11091 



10683; massacre Christians, 10722; 
Neth., favored, 11011 ; in Port., ban- 
ished, 11093; i n Russia, persecuted, 
11131,3; citizenship granted, 1117 1 ; po- 
litical privileges granted, 111S2 ; miss, 
work prohibited, 11202; hostilities, 1122' ; 
emigration, 11222; i n gp., expelled, 
11252; tolerated, 11322; j„ Sweden, 
Mission Union, 11361 ; era of, 11391 ; in- 
dependence of ; treaty with Romans ; 
embassy to Rome, 11493 ; recover Syria, 
11503; rights of Roman citizenship, 
11513; pay tribute to Rome, 11512. 

Jeypore, or Jaipur, mission, 1047 2 . 

Jezebel killed, 11443. 

Jezreel, house of ivory at, 11442. 

Jhansi taken, 10481. 

Jiddah, massacre ; assassins executed, 
4881,2; cholera, 4883; M.Ali takes, 6562. 

Jinienes, pres. 6431 ; flees to Haiti, 6432. 

Jimenez. Ramon, gov. Costa Rica, 630 3 . 

Jimmu, Tenno, first mikado, 10911 ,2. 

Jingu-Kogo, reigns, 10912, 10941. 

Jintsoiig, educationist, 6122 ; d., 6142. 

Jiwai, mission, 10471. 

Joachim, high priest, 11463. 

I., elector, 7873. 

II., margrave, 7912. 

Frederick, 

7933 



II., Portugal, reigns. 11093. 

III., Portugal, reigns, 11093. 

IV., Port., reigns, 11102. 

V., Portugal, reigns, 11103. 

- VI., Port., b.-d., 11102; regent, 5551, 
11103; reigns; withdraws to Brazil ; re- 
turns from Brazil, 11103; d.,5413. 

1, of Castile invades Port., 11261; 

reigns, 11273. 
II. of Navarre reigns in Aragon ; 

reigns Leon-Castile, 11273. 

I. of Sweden reigns, 11351. 

II. of Swe. (I. of Den.) reigns, 11352. 

III., Swe., reigns, 11352 ; promotes 

Catholicism ; condemned, 11343. 

II., king of Den. and Swe., b. (1555) ; 

reigns, 6373 ; d. (1513). 

II., Duke of Bavaria, 7S72. 

III., of Brandenburg, 7S7 2 . 

III., elector of Prussia, 7872. 

I., St., pope, 10703; d., 10702. 

II., pope, 10703; d., 10702. 

III., pope, 10711 ; d., 10721. 

IV., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . 

V., pope, 10722. 

VI., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . 

VIX. pope. d.. 10721 . 

VIII. , pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . 

grave Brandenburg, IX., pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. 

X., pope, 10723; d., 10722. 



Joan of Are, b.-d., 6762 ; announces mis- XI., pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. 

sion; at Jargeau; at Troyes ; com- XII., pope, 10723 ; deposed, 10731 ; In 

mands troops ; in Orleans, 6761 ; cap- Otho's army, 10733. 

tared; condemned, 0762, 677 1 ; at Reims, XI II., pope; banished, 10731 ; d., 10722. 

6773; burned, 8622; canonization, 7622 ; XIV., pope, 10731 ; d., 10722. 

statue, 7601 . XV., pope, 10731 ; d.. 10722. 

of Kent, burned, 8702. XVI., pope ; expelled, 10731 ; d., 10722. 

XVII. , pope, 10731 ; d.. 19722. 



Joanna of Aragon, marries, 10991 ; co-ruler 

in Castile, 11273. 

I., reigns in Naples ; k., 10772. 

II., marries ; reigns in Navarre, 1127 3 . 

II., Q. of Naples, 10772; d., 10792. 

Joao de, b.-d., 11092. 

Joash, defeats Syrians in Jerusalem, 11441 . 

Joazar, high priest, 11503. 

Job, Greek patriarch, works, 11151. 

, patriarch, flourishes, 11402. 

Job, Book of, written, 11411 . 
Jobbe-Duval, Arniand M. Felix, b., 7241 ; 

d.,7581. 
Jobeidah, d., 4842. 

Jocelyn, Robt., lord chancellor, 911 2 . 
Jockey Club formed, Eng., 9132, 
Jodelle, Etienne, b., 6803 ; works, 6831 ; 

d., 6841. 
Jodhpur, India, mission, 10483. 
Joel, prophet, 11443. 

, in S. Afr., defeated, 6021 . 

Jogues, Isaac, b., 686 2 ; miss. ; captured, 



XVIII. , pope. 10731 ; d.. 10722. 

XIX., pope, 10731 ; d., 10722. 

XX., pope, 10731 ■ d., 10332. 

XXL, pope ; adds crown to cap, 10763; 

d., 10762. 
XXIL, pope, 10763; deposed, 7832; d., 

10762. 
_—XXIIL, pope, 10791; fugitive, 7843; 

d., 10783. 
John wrecked, 9613. 
, king of Abyssinia, killed, 33. 

usurps Eastern throne. 10711. 

of Brazil, marries his aunt, 11113. 

d'Albret, reigns in Navarre, 11273. 

of Aragon, king, 10793. 

, archduke of Aust., at. Hohenlinden, 

5182, 7141; enters Frankfort, 5231; ad- 
ministrator, 5231 , S172,3; changes name, 
5323. 

of Austria, or Don Juan, b., 790 2 ; d., 

7922. 

[Blind], Bohemia, reigns, 7831 ; con- 
quers Lombardy, 10761 ; d., 5062. 

John Adams strikes snag, 1693. 

the Baptist, b.-d., 11502 ; reproves 

Herod, 11521 ; preaches, beheaded, 11503. 
, Bp. of Seville, Arabic Bible, 4842. 



5723 ; k., 382. 
Johanan, high priest, 11463; kills Jeshua 

in Temple, 11463. 
Johan11.1t, Alfred, b., 7142; d., 7262. 

, Tony, b., 7143; d., 7322. 

Johannson, Arqus issued, 11371. 

John the Apostle, b.-d. ; called, 11521 ; ex- of Bologna, b., 10S03 ; d., 10823. 

iled ; returns to Kphesus ; writes Gospel; of Braganza, king, 5543; 

Epistles, Apocalypse, 1153 2 . de Brienne, K. of Jerusalem, 11552 

, Lackland, K. of Eng., b.-d., 8502; regent, 10351 ; d. (1237). 

reigns ; in Ire. ; uses " we," 8531 ; at Bull, origin of name, 9051 . 

Waterford ; marries Avisa, 851 3 ; mar- , oldest locomotive, 4293. 

ries Isabella; murders Arthur; trial; John Elder wrecked, 609 3 . 

sentenced, 8531 ; forfeits Fr. possessions, , E. of Bridgewater, 1. admiralty, 899 2 

6713,8531 ; summoned to answer ; league , Earl of Bristol, minister. 8812. 

against Fr., 6713 ; papal interdict ; ex- , Dauphin, Fr., d., 6773. 



communicated, deposed; yields, pope's 
vassal, a522 ; yields to pope; charters 
Pandulph, S53'i ; peace with pope, 6713; 
grants election charter ; overruns coun- 
try, 8521 ; d., 8532. 
I. of France, infant, d., 6733. 



— -, Don of Aust., leads revolt, 10833, 
ee John VI. of Port.) 
, D. of Marlborough, lord.-lieut., 9813. 
I., Duke of Bavaria, 7852. 
(Albert I.), Duke of Poland, 11152. 
Ernest, ruler, 7992; sons follow, 8012. 



■ II., of Fr., the Good, reigns, 6752 ; at Frederick, D. of Saxony, 7912. 



John-Jone. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN Dh.X.. Superior Figures indicate Colun 



1295 



John Frederick, D. of Wiirtemberg, 7933. 

Friedrich L., b., 8042. 

the Fearless, D. of Burgundy, b. 

(1371) : assassinated, 6773 ; murdered 
(1419). 

Gaston, Duke of Tuscany, 10813. 

of Gaunt, D. of Lancaster, b. (1340) ; 

marries; king of Castile, 8593; d. (1399). 
, George, elector Brandenburg, 7933 ; 

under ban, 5123. 
, I., elector Saxony, 7933; alliance 

with Gustavus Adolphus, 7953. 

, II., elector Saxony, 797 3 . 

, III., elector, Saxony, 7973. 

, IV., elector Saxony, 7992. 

, of Jagerndorf , leader, 7941 . 

de Gravina weds princess, 10352. 

George H. Hannah burns, 3313. 

Hyrcanus, high priest, 11483; reigns, 

delivers Judea, 11493 ; conquests, 11503. 

Jay burned, 1S1 3 . 

Lascaris reigns, 10351; deposed, 

10352. 

of Leyden, b. (1510+) ; leader Ana- 
baptists, 7901 ; d. (1536). 

Maccabeus killed. 11193. 

de Matha, Saint, b.-d., 6702. 

de Montfort claims dukedom, 6751 . 

, Lord Beaumont, created viscount, 

8623. 

, of Oxnead, Chronicle, 8562. 

, the Painter, fires dockyards, S51 . 

, prince, conspiracy, 7 earldoms, 851 3 . 

George Rutkdge founders, 1793. 

, 'elector of Saxony, 7893. 

, of Saxony, b., S0~i ; K., 8211 ; a., 8281 . 

of Salisbury, b. (11201-) ; work, 8503 ; 

d. (1180). 

Sigisnmnd, elector Brandenburg, 7933. 

Vatatzes reigns, 10351 . 

, viceroy of Netherland, 5413, 10993. 

"- - of Wef th, at Mei-geiitheim, 63G1 . 

, ffm, E. of Besborough, lord.-lieut., 

9533. 

George Wesley, mission ship, 1582. 

'William, stadtholder, 11013. 

Johns Hopkins, f nder., d., 2821'; univ. org., 
2922; inoorp., 2,582; I >an. O. Oilman, pres., 
2911; Hospital begun, 2913,2943; opened, 
2922; Emergency Fund, 3383; gift, 3471; 
Women's Medical funds, 37(12 ; Scharf 's 
gift, 3822; Miss G-urctt's gift, 4202. 

John, b.(1796); cons, bp., 1543; d. (1876). 

Johnson, Vt., Nor. Schools opd., 2603, 2923. 

, Albert, shoots woman, 450 2 . 

, Alfred, voyage, small boat, 2933. 

, Andrew, b., 1142 ; marries, 1352 ; signs 

Delavan's declaration, 1451 ; in Cong., 
1571 , 1632 ; gov., 1743, 2053 ; IT. S. sena- 
tor, 1832 ; vote for, 1913 ; sole senator 
from South, 1972 ; gov. Tenn. ; resigns 
senatorship, 2053 ; nom. for vice-pres., 
2352 ; 20th presidential election, 2412 ; 
plan to assassinate. 2431 ; electoral vote, 
2432 ; oath of office, 2433 ; takes oath as 
pres., 2472 ; insurrection ended ; reviews 
army, 2463 ; proclaims amnesty ; hostili- 
ties ceased ; Southern ports open ; resto- 
ration of Va. ; reward for capture of 
Davis ; est. provisional govt, in S. C. ; 
reconstruction of South, 2473 ; discontin- 
uance of army corps, 248i; blockade re- 
moved ; restoration of civil govt, in 
Miss. ; reconstruction of Ga. and Tex. ; 
removes trade restriction, 2483 ; an- 
nounces reconstruction policy ; issues 
2d amnesty, 249 1 ; restores Habeas Cor- 
pus, 2492, 2523 ; disagreement with Cong., 
2511 ; resolution of confidence fails, 251 2 ; 
vetoes Freedmen's Bureau Bill ; de- 
nounces Reconstruction Com., 2513 ; de- 
clares insurrection suppressed; vetoes 
Civil Eights Bill. 2523; declares general 
amnesty; objections to 14th Amendment; 
against Fenians, 2531; message on ad- 
mission of Tenn., 2532 ; peace in Texas ; 
cables Victoria ; indorsed by Conven., 
2533 ; disputatious speeches ; Conserva- 
tives indorse. 2533 ; at Douglas's monu- 
ment. 253 3 , 2553; his policy condemned ; 
conciliatory message ; vetoes negro suf- 
frage bill, 2552 ; movement to impeach, 
2553, 2572 ; vetoes Tenure of Office Bill 
and Military District Bill. 2571 ; Judiciary 
Com. reports inability, 2572 ; removes 
Gen. Sheridan; requests Stanton to re- 
sign ; proclaims general amnesty, 259 1 , 
2632 ; upholds supreinacyof civil courts ; 
vetoes 2d Reconstruction Act, 2591 ; Im- 



peachment Committee reports, 2592 ; 
Stanton message, 2593 ; receives Charles 
Dickens ; censured ; jurisdiction re- 
stricted, 261 1 ; impeachment decided, 
2612 ; dismisses Stanton ; appoints Gen. 
Thomas sec. of war ; nominates Thomas 
Ewing sec. war, 2612 ; Cong, resolves to 
impeach; court convenes. 2612; impeach- 
ment abandoned ; cablegram to Field, 
2631; vetoes Readmission bill ; vetoes 
bill to readmit Ark., 2632 ; purchase of 
Alaska, 263 3 ; obligations of govt. ; pro- 
claims amnesty, 2652 ; message on Brit, 
claims, 2672 ; senator, 28113 ; <l., 2881. 

Johnson, Lady Arabella, wife of Isaac, d., 
321. 

, Gen. Bradley Tyler, b. (1829) ; enters 

Md., 2361 . 

, Bushrod Rust. b. (1817) ; driven from 

Quaker Road, 2442 ; d. (1880). 

, Captain, 9433. 

, Captain, in European waters, 862. 

, Cavo, b. (1793) ; P. M. Gen., 1592 ; d. 

(1866). 

, Charles, governor of Borneo, 5522. 

, C. J., convicted, 4303. 

, Col., at Chapel Hill, Va., 2191. 

, Daniel, d., 3721 . 

, David, b. (1782) ; gov., 1613 ; d. (1855). 

, , b. (1827); ill Acad. Design, 2023. 

, Eastman, b., 1321 ; in Academy De- 
sign, 1902 ; d. (1873). 

, E. R., elected bp., 9803. 

, Gen. Edward, b. (1816); at Camp Alle- 
ghany, 2011; at Gettysburg. 2241 ; south 
of Rapidan, 2321 ; d. (1873). 

, Gabriel, gov. N. C, 633 ; d. (1752). 

, Col. Guy, conf. with Indians, 5772. 

, G. W., prov. gov. Ky., 2012. 

, H., loaographic printing, 9222. 

, H. R.~W., pres. Liberia, 11612. 

, Hancock, gov. Mo., 1832. 

, Henry, b. (1783) ; gov., 1332; d., 2392. 

, U b., 168L 

, Herrick, b. (1832) ; moderator, 3122. 

, Herschell Vespasian, b. (1812) ; gov. 

Ga., 1743; nom. vice-pres., 1882; d., 3041. 

, Isaac, gov. La., 161 1 ; d. (1630). 

, Captain J., governor of Borneo, 5522. 

, James, b., 1162; gov., 2431 , 2483,2511 . 

, S., cons. P. E. bp., 3282. 

, John, mayor N. Y., 591 , 

, — — , lord mayor, London, 9492. 

, Sir , b. (1742) ; flees to Canada, 

802 ; disbands troops, 821 ; d., 9442. 

, Jos..b.(17S5); gov. Va., 1712; d.(1877). 

, J. Neely, gov. Cal., 1812 ; insurrec- 
tion, 1803. 

, Judge, gov. (Red River), 5773. 

, Maj., at Scottville, 2301. 

, Martin N, b., 1681 . 

, Mortiniore L., promoted capt., 42D1 . 

, Sir Nath., gov. N. C, 553 ; d. (1713). 

, Oliver, b., 1161 ; d., 3481 . 

, Reverdy, b., 1061 ; atty.-gen.,. 1653 ; 

Com. on Reconstruction, 2493 ; proposes 
Blaine Amend. ,2571 jininister, G.B.,2632; 
Ala. Claims Cominis., 2052,3 ; d., 2902. 

, Rich. Mentor, b. (1781); electoral vote, 

1472, 1532 ; vice-pres., 1473 ; d. (1850). 

, Robt., b. (1682) ; gov. 632 ; d. (1735). 

, S., presidential vote, 1073. 

, Samuel, cl., b., 1302 ; d., 3101 . 

, , b., 522 ; at Stratford, 602; p re3 . 

Columbia College, G91 , 991 ; d. (1772). 

, , cl., b., 8862 ; punished, 8963. 

, .author, b., 9042; works, 9091, 

9131 ,2, 9151 _ 9192 ; d., 9223. 

, Wm, b., 1381 . 

-, Thomas, b., 621 . 

, , justice S. C, 1032. 

. , murderer, 5863. 

, , lord mayor, London, 9492. 

, L., b., 1741 ; speech, 4392. 

, Win., b., 762; justice, 1132 ; d. (1834). 

, Sir , b., 581 ; erects forts, 682, 

701 ; at Fort Niagara 703 ; tribute to 
Americans, 782 ; d. (1774). 

, Sir , publisher ; d., 9981 . 

, Frame, b. (1808) ; gov. Pa., 1652 ; 

d. (1S72). 

, Samuel, b. (1727) ; d., 1281 . 

Clarendon treaty, rejected, 2672. 

Johnsonville. Tenn., Fed. gunboats de- 
stroyed, 2392. 

Johnston, Pa., burglars, 4542. 

, A. K., Afr. expedition, d., 5611 . 

, Albert S., b. 1102; in winter quarters, 

1821; at Salt Lake City, 1843; commands 
in West, 1982 ; at Shiloh, 2061 ; d., 2072. 



Johnston, Alexander, b., 166 2 ; d., 3422. 

, Keith, b., 9323 ; expedition, 5611 ; 

d., 9761 . 

, C, in treas. dept., 4472. 

, John Taylor, b. (1829) ; paintings sold, 

4241; d.,4261. 

.Joseph E., b., 1161; at Bull Run, 

eludes Patterson, 1963 ; reorganizes 
army, 2003 ; evacuation of Manassas, 
2043; in Tenn., 2051; holds McClellan, 
2061 ; commands at Yorktown, 2062 ; at 
McDowell; at Williamsburg; retreats, 
2071; crosses Chickahommy, 2072; 
wounded at Fair Oaks, 2082; at Gallatin, 
2121 ; commander in West, 2161 ; ordered 
to Miss.; at Jackson. 2221, 2243; at Bol- 
ton, 2242; commands in Ga., 2283; atDal- 
ton; at Rocky Face Ridge, 2522 ; crosses to 
Allatoona Pass ; evacuates Dalton,233i ; 
at Kesaca, 2333; abandons Allatoona; at 
LostMountain,234i ,3; leaves Pine Moun- 
tain, 2342; evacuates Marietta, 2351 ; at 
Atlanta; near Smyrna Camp Ground, 
2361 ; superseded, 2: (62 ; at < Ulattahooche, 
2361 ; commands in N. C.,2422; atBenton- 
ville, 2441; in Davis council, 2461 ; sur- 
renders ; Govt, disavows terms, 2462 ; 
political disabilities removed, 2952 ; d., 
3801. 

, Richard M., b., 1302; works, 3962. 

, Samuel, b., 621 ; gov., 1011 ; d., 1242. 

, William, moderator, 3222. 



, Sir- 



-. d., 



Johnstone. Commodore at St. Jago, 9202. 

, pacing record, 3193. 

Johnstown, N. Y., Indians confer, 893 ; 
burned, 921 . 

, Pa., flood, 3401, 3413, 3561; under 

military rule, 3401 ; victims found, 345 2 , 
359 3 ; religious meeting, 3403 ; Carnegie 
library, 3443 ; relief committee, 3522; 
Sultan of Turkey sends funds, 11583 ; 
fishing-club sued, 3863; forest fires, 4173. 

Joint Commission of G. B. and U. S. 
meets, 2732,2752. 

Synod. (See Evangelical Lutheran.) 

Joinville, Fr., secret treaty at, 6852. 

, Jean Sire de, b.-d., 6702; Louis, 6731 . 

, Pr. de, Francois Ferdinand Philippe 

Louis Marie d'Orleans, b. (1818) ; atMog- 
ador, 7281 ; in Assembly, 3433, 7453. 

Jokai, Maurice, b., 5202. 

Joliet, 111., car wrecked, 339 3 ; Steel Co. 
divides profits, 3703 ; furnace falls, 3733. 

, Louis, b., 361; explorer, 5722; on 

Mississippi, 443; d., 541 . 

Jolivet, Charles, eons. R. C. bp., 9742. 

, Gen., subdues Arabs. 83. 

, Pierre Jules, b., 7143; d., 7461 . 

Joly, Marie Elizabeth, b., 7023; d„ 7131. 

Jomelli, Niccolo, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 

Jomini, Baron Henri, b., 7043; d., 7382. 

Jonah, prophet, preaching of, 11443 ; Com- 
mentary on, 6663. 

Jonathan, defeats Philistines, 11421. 

, high priest, 11483. 

Maccabeus, rules Jerusalem, 11493; 

confirmed, 11493; high priest, 11483; con- 
ducts war, 114S1 ; captive killed, 11493. 

Jones, Alfred, b. (1S19) ; in National Acad- 
emy Design, 1701 . 

, Anson, Pres., b. (1798), 1592; d., 1842. 

, Charles Colcock, b. (1804) ; Negro 

Myths, 3323; d.,4341. 

, C. H., editor, World, 4342. 

, Frank H., in P. O. Dept., 4472. 

, George, finis. Times, 1683 ; d., 3881 . 

, Galnsha, d., 1422. 

, Gen., at Dungan Hill, 8861 . 

, H., shoots Capt. Vial, 4171. 

, Hugh Bolton, b. (1848) ; in National 

Academy Design, 3141 , 

, Inigo', b. (1572±); d., 8S82. 

, Jacob, b., 761 ; captures Frolic, 1182; 

d., 1681. 

, James C„b., 1161; gov., 1552; d.,1842. 

, Kimbrough, b., 1502 ; speech, 

4411. 

, John, gift of, 9901 . 

, M., b. (1820) ; d., 2332. 

, P., murdered in Pa., 2891 . 

, P.,b., 1381 (senator (1873) ; Mone- 
tary Conf., 4132 ; joins Populists ; re- 
quested to resign, 471 2 . 

, Paul, b., 662; lieut. commander, 

S11 ; prizes, 823; on Alfred, 841 ; on Provi- 
dence, 823. 841 ; captain, 841 ; on Banger, 
881; at Whitehaven ; on Scottish coast, 
882 ; on Serapis, 903 ; superintends 
America, 941 ; d„ 1022. 



1296 



Text Eigures denote Page. INL)1l^C. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Jone-Jupi. 



Jones, John Taylor, b. (1802) ; missionary, 
11243; d. (1851). 

, M^, h. ('*<>">): speaker, 1572; d.(lS48). 

, Justin Edw., d., 3361 . 

, Lieut., at Lake Borgne, 1223, 

, Llewellyn, elected bp., 9803. 

-, R. L., in Liverpool charities, 979 2 . 

, Roger, b. (1789) ; d., 334' . 

, Thomas G., gov. Ala., 375', 4212. 

, "\Y. Bonce, boycotted, 9871 . 

, "W. C, d., 588'. 

, Wra., b. (1754); sec. navy, 1123 ; gov. 

R. L, 1192; d. (1822). 

, cl., b., 9063; d., 9302. 

, , transported, 9511. 

, A., librarian, h., 1262. 

, A., M. Cong., b., 1662. 

, Basil, elected bp., 9742. 

— , Sir , b., 9122 ; d., 9263. 

, Capt. near Smithville, 209 1 . 

, Edinondson, b. (1824) ; raid arrested, 

2242 ; at Uogersville, 22Si ; near Wythe- 
ville, 2323 ; at Piedmont, 2342; d., 2351 . 

, W. J-, murdered, 4071 . 

, "W". W., elected bp., 9742. 

Jonesboro, Ark., Judge Ferrell k., 4751. 

, Ga., action at, 2381 . 

Jonesport, Me., Mormons assemble, 3662. 

Jones's Bridge, Va., fight at, 235 1 

Jonesville, 111., molt hangs prisoner, 1771. 

— — , La., John Hastings lynched, 4182. 

, Va., action at, 22S3. 

Joniaux, Mine, poisons relatives, 5482. 

Jonis, Richard, d., 5013. 

Jonius, Franciscus, b., 6803. 

Jonnart, M., minister, 7671. 

Jonquiere, Marquis de la, gov. Can., 575 3 . 

Jonson, Ben, b., 8742; works, 8771 , 2; p0 et 
laureat, 8823 ; d., 8822. 

Joo-ning Foo, fall of, 6141. 

Joppa. (See Jaffa.) 

Joram, reigns, 11451 . 

Jordaens, Jakob, b.,5403; d.,5411. 

Jordan, divided, 11403; expedition to, 1622. 

, Clinton, murder and suicide, 4443. 

, David Starr, b., 1682 ; pres. Leland 

University, 3802. 

,Mrs. (Dorothy Bland), b. (1702+) ; last 

appearance, 1)362; d. (1816). 

, Thomas, b., 1301 ; in Cuba, 2663. 

, Wilhelin, b., 8122. 

Joret, M., constructs steel bridge, 7361. 

Jorge Juan in Cuban navy, 6341 . 

Jorgenson, Jorgen, b., 6382. 

Joraal de Cnimbra issued, 1110 1 . 

— Enciclop<<lico issued, 11101. 

Jortin, John, b., 9002; d. (1770). 

Joseph, sold; will, 11412; gov., 11413,6463. 

of Nazareth, (light into Egypt, 11503. 

I., b. (1677); K.of Hung.. .".133, 7992; K. 

of Romans, 7992; emp.jGer., 5143, 7993; 
seizes Duchy of Mantua, 10833 ; receives 
papal dispensation, 11113; d., 5143. 

II., emp., b., 8003 ; King of Romans, 

5172 ; curbs the priests, 5423 ; in Ba- 
varia, 8041 j suppresses abbeys, 5103 ; 
est. schools, 8052 ; edict of tolerance, 
5172, 8051; abolishes serfdom, 8052; 
abolishes slave trade, 5172; ascends 
throne of Hung. ; abolishes reforms, 
517 3 ; resigns command, 516 3 ; con- 
trols the pope ; institutes reforms ; 
change of terr., 5431 ; Dutch indemnity, 
8053 ; improves legal system, 5173 ; emp. 
Holy Roman Empire, 5172, 8053; d.,5163. 

Emanuel, Port., reigns, 11103; tor- 
tures subjects, 11113, (See Pedro III.) 

-Henri attempts king's life, 7292. 

— — , son of Kami, high-priest, 11523. 

I., Caiaphas, high-priest, 11503. 

Josephine. Willi a collides, 9613. 
Josephine of Flanders, married, 5482. 

, Marie Josephe Rose Tascher de la 

Pagerie, b., 7031; marries Napoleon I., 
713i; d., 721i. 
Josephus, Flavius, b., 10622; Antiquities 

of the Jews, 10643. 
Joshua defeats Midianites, 11401; suc- 
ceeds Moses, 11413 ; commands sun and 
moon, 11402 . d., 11413. 
Josiah reigns, 11453; reforms; keeps feast, 
11462 ; i n b. Megiddo, 11461 ; killed, 6501 . 

-Mason's College, established, 9791 . 

Josika, Miklos, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. 
Jossus elected emperor ; d., 7853. 
Jotham reigns, 11451 ; bramble tale, 11423. 
Joubert, Peter J., in Transvaal, 6032, 

, Barthelemy Catherine, b., 7042 ; k. 

at Novi, 5182 ; d., 7142. 



Joubert, Joseph, b., 7022 ; d., 7242. 

, Leo, b.,7242. 

, M., financial scheme, Egypt, 659 1 . 

Jouett, James E., rear-admiral, 3221. 
Jouffroy, Marquis de, Claude Francois, b. 

(1750±); his steamboat, 7041; d. (1832), 

, Theo. S.,b., 7123; works, 7271 ; d.,72S2. 

Jouitsong encourages learning, 6122. 
Joule, James Preseott, b.,9383 ; d., 10001. 
Jounont, Gen., at Than-Moi, 4823. 
Jourdan, Col., at Reedyville, 23.81 . 
, Jean Baptiste, b.,7023; at Wattignes, 

7101 ; at Vittoria, 720 1 ; d., 7262. 
, Lopez, defeat, 4902 ; gov. Argentine, 

4912 ; captured, 4913. 
Journal of Stendhal appears, 758 2 . 

Britamiiffiie issued, 7012. 

de Commerce issued, 7032. 

d'Educofion issued, 7051. 

de LitUraire, 705 2 . 

de Marine issued, 705 *. 

• de Monsieur issued, 705 2 . 

de Musique, 7051 . 

de Paris issued, 705 2 . 

des Beaux- Arts issued, 5443. 

des Dames issued, 7032. 

des Sciences issued, 7051 . 

des Theatres issued, 7051. 

du Palais issued, 6931 . 

EccUsi'istique issued, 693 2 . 

Etranger issued, 703 2 . 

LitUrairc published, 6972. 

Journal of Sir W.Scot 7, etc., appears, 10043. 
Jouson Beg, at Medina, 4881. 
Jourdan, dean Baptiste, in War, 5181 . 
Jouvenet, Jean, b., 6S83 ; d., 69G3. 
Jouy, Victor Jos. E. de, b., 7031 ; d., 7283. 
Jovellanos, Gaspar Melchoir de, b.-d., 

11283. 

, Salvador, elected president, 11062. 

Jovellar, Gen., in Havana, 6332. 

Jovian (Flavius Claudius Jovianus), b.-d., 

10682 ; defeats Gauls, 6622 ; reigns, 

10092; purchases retreat, 11061 ; d., 10692. 
Jovis, M. M., balloon ascent, 75G1. 
Joy, Charles Arad, b., 302. 

, F., b. ( 1662. 

Joyce, Isaac W. t elected M. E. bp., 3302. 

, John, shot, 9902. 

Joyeuse,Duc de, Anne, b. (1501±); at Cou- 

tras, 6841 . 

, V.-Adm. Villaret de, in battle, 6291 . 

Jozar, high priest, 11502. 

Juan, Don, de Acuna, viceroy Mex., 61 2 . 

Juarez, Benito Pablo, b.-d., 10952 ; defeats 

Miramon ; takes Mex. City, 10961 ; pres. ; 

revolt against ; factions tor; d., 10963. 
, Celman, Miguel, b. (1844) ; resigns, 



est., England, 9153; 



4922 

Juba defeats Curio. 10601; killed, 10602. 

Jubal inv. musical instruments, 11391. 

Juhalpur mission, 10483. 

Juda, Leo, b.-d., G783. 

Judah, kingdom formed ; war with Israel, 
11433; alliance with Israel, 11451 ; trib- 
utary to Assyria, 1145 2 ; Amaziah reigns, 
11451 ; kingdom falls, 11471 . 

, Henry M., d., 2501 . 

Judas, betrays Christ ; suicide, 11523. 

(Aristobulus I.), high priest, 114S3. 

, high priest, 11492. 

Maccabeus, at Beth-heron ; at Caph- 

arsalama, 11481 ; restores Temple ; falls, 
11483 ; killed, 11481, 2. 

, son of Simon III., assassinated, 11493. 

Judd, Max, exequatur not granted, 537 ] . 

, Orange, b., 1302. 

, OrinB., d., 3981. 

, Sylvester, b. (1813) ; Margaret, 1591 ; 

d., 1722. 

Judea invaded by Philistines, 11441 ; idol- 
atry restored 11443 ; province of Baby- 
lon, 1147 2 ; high priests become sub- 
rulers, 11473; province of Syria; sub- 
ject to Egypt, 11491 ; taken by Antio- 
chus III., 11492; invaded by Syrians; 

Eeace with Syria, 11493 ; delivered from 
yria; rebellion of Pharisees, 11511; 
Roman province, 11512, 11533, 10632; 
tributary to Rome, 10592 ; divided, 
11512; taxes levied by Cyrenius, 1151 3 ; 
annexed to Pal., 11532 ; high priest cor- 
ruption, 11523; Jews revolt, 10633, 
10641,3; Jewish war against Rome, 
10621 ; invaded by Vespasian ; desolated 
by Syrians ; revolts against Rome, 11533. 
(See Palestine.) 

Judge advertising scheme, 3493, 

Judges rule Israel, 11411 . 



Judges, 
impeached, S943. 

Judicature reformed, French, 7551. 

Judiciary, National, est., Am., 1012. 

Judith reigns in Abyssinia, 13. 

of Bavaria, marries Louis I., 6663. 

Judore mission, 10491 . 

Judson, Adoniram, b., lOOi ; miss, move- 
ment, 1171; ordained, 1183 ; at Calcutta, 
1191 , 10463 ; bequest, 1363 ; visits home, 
1603 ; d., 1681. 

, Edward Z. C, b. (1822) ; d., 3241 . 

.Emily, b., 1262; returns, 131 1; d., 

1742. 

Judsonia, Ark., Judson Univ. org., 2763. 

Juel, Nicholas b., 6362 ; d., 6363. 

Jitewa, asteroid, discovered, 2861 . 

Juga>us reigns, 11452. 

Jugdespore Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

Jugduluk Pass, taken by Gen. Pollock, 42. 

Juggernaut, state allowance for, 10472. 

Jugurtha defeats Romans ; war; defeated; 
delivered to Marius, 10561; prisoner in 
Rome, 10563 ; buys peace ; struggle for 
Numidian throne, 10572 ; k. (104 B.C.). 

Jujuy, revolution, 4913. 

Jukes-Brown, A. J., British Isles, 9983. 

Julesburg, Colo., Indians attack, 2403. 

Julfa, mission at, 1108 2 . 

Julg, Bernhard, b., 8123 ; d., 8321 . 

Julia explodes boiler, 3293. 

, asteroid, discovered, 7361. 

marries Pompey, 10591 . 

(the elder). Julia (the younger), ban- 
ished. 10631. 

Julian, George Washington, b. (1817); nom. 
for vice pres., 16;>2, 1712; electoral vote, 
1732, 2812; Joshua li. Giddings, 4203. 

(Flavius Claudius Julianus), de- 
feats Franks. 6622 ; emp.; campaigns in 
Gaul, 663i,3 ; defends Gaul ; defeats Al- 
emanni, 7692 ; war against Sapor II., 
10681; fails to rebuild temple. 10683; re- 
nounces Christianity, 10291, 10083 ; fnds. 
hospitals; revives Isthmian games, 10691 ; 
made csesar ; reigns in Gaul, etc.; pro- 
claimed emp., 10692 ; war with Persia, 
11061; killed, 10692. 

Julianus, Didius Salvius, reigns ; opposed 
edicts; executed, 10651 ,2. 

Jnlich-Cleves, quarrel for succession. 7933. 

Julien, Louis Georges, b.. 7192 ; d., 7342. 

, Pierre, b., 6983 ; d., 7151 . 

, Stanislaus, b., 7142; Chinese Lexicog- 
raphy 7291 ; d., 7461. 

Julius I., St., pope, 10603 ; calls synod, 
10683. 

II., b.-d., 10783 ; forms Holy League, 

0812 ; conquests. 10781 ; pope, 1079 1 . 

III., b.. 10783 ; pope, 10812 ; d., 10803. 

, C, cons, bp., 10042. 

, Duke of Brunswick, 7933. 

Pollux, The Onomasticon, 10292. 

Jumbo, elephant, purchased, 9893, 3113. 
Jumonville, N. Coulon de, b. (1725+) ; at 

Great Meadows, 681 ; killed (1754). 
Jumuden Turkomans, defeated, 11181 . 
Juncker, Henry D-, b., 8102. 
Jung-Bahadur, b.-d., 10462. 

, Joachim, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. 

Junger, iEgidius, cons. R. C. bp., 3022. 
Junghans, Sophie, b. (1845) ; d., 8162. 
Junghuhn, Franz W., b., 8102 ; d.,8221. 
Jung-Stilling, Johann H., b., 8002 ; d.812i . 
Junin, Peru, action at, 11081 . 
Junior order United Araer. Mechanics, 

statistics, 4463 ; flags on schools, 3543. 
Junius, Franciscus, theologian, b., 6803; 

d.,6862. 

, , philologist, b., 8762. 

, Marcus, commander, 10542. 

Junker, Wilhelm, b. (1840) ; d., 11221. 

Junkermann, August, b., 8142. 

Junkin, George, b.(179(» ; moderator, 1582; 

d.,2621. 
Juno, arms stolen from, 9S63. 

discovered, 808 1 . 

Juno, worshiped, 10503 ; temple built, 

10142, 10502. 
Junot, Andoche, Due d'Abrantes, b., 7042; 

enters Lisbon ; at Vimeiro, 716 2 ; decree 

for Port Independence ; evacuates Port., 

7173 ; d., 7203. 
, Madame (Laure Permon), Duchesse 

d'Abrantes, b. 7061 ; d., 7281 . 
Junta est. in Chile, 6091; legal proceed- 
ings ; surrenders power, 6092, 
Junto Whigs rule, Eng., 9012. 
Jupiter captured, 5581 . 



Jupi-Kans. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDiifX. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



1297 



Jupiter known, 6102; fifth satellite dis., 
4141. 

Jupiter Olympus, altar to, 1013 1 ; temples 
of, 10162, 10203, 1U502, 11532 ; colossal 
statue, 10203 ; worshiped, 10503, 10553. 

Jurgem invents spinning-wheel, 7901 . 

Juridical Society fnd., 9611 . 

Jurie, or George I., Duke of Kieff, 11133. 

, or George II., grand duke, 11151. 

, or Geo. III., reigns in Russia, 11152. 

Jurieu, Pierre, h., 6882 ; d., 6963. 

Jurisprudence, Ger. system of, 8312. 

Jury, trial by, intro., Australia, 4943. 

Jussieu, Antoine Laurent, b., 7003 ; sys- 
tem of plants, 7061 ; d., 7262. 

, Bernard de, b., 6943; d., 7043. 

Juste, Theodore, b., 5423 ; d., 5461 . 

Justi, C, Diego Velazquez, 8322. 

Justice, principle of, 10312. 

, Dept. of, est., Am., 2712. 

Justices appointed, Eng., 8492. 

Justin, or Justinus I., b.-d., 10303; reigns, 
10312; alliance with Turks, 10313; re- 
stores bishops, 10303. 

II. reigns, 10313 • defeats Persians, 

10302. 

, Dr., dynamite shell tested, 3661 . 

, St., b.-d., 10642; apology, 10643. 

Justinian I., emp., b.-d., 10303 ; reigns, 
10312; emp.; pays Chosroes for peace, 
11061; rebuilds Constantinople, 1155'; 
fnds. second St. Sophia, 11543. 

II. reigns, 10313 ; defeats Bulgarians, 

5651 j debauchery ; mutilated, 10312 • de- 
throned; restored, 10313; code of laws 
compiled, 10311,2; honors the pope, 
10723 ; d. 10303, 10312. 

Justus, archbishop, 8422. 

Jutland, invaded, 6361, 6401; pillaged, 
6402; Prus. administrative ; power, 6413; 
conquered, 7941 . 

JuTenal (Decimus Junius Juvenalis), b.- 
d., 10622 ; Satires of, 10643. 

Juxon, William, b., 8742 ; minister, 8833; 
archbp. Canterbury ; d., 8902. 



Kaab, Arabian poet, d., 4842. 

Kaaba, dispute over, 4853 ; ruined, 4863. 

Kaas, Nikolaus, b.-d.. 6362. 

Kabatnik, Mart., in Asia and Egypt, 5083 . 

Kabir, b.; disciple of Ramanand, 10431 . 

Kabul, Afg., Brit, in, 41 ± ; taken by 
Baber, by Nadir Shah, 41 ; byAzim,43; 
the capital, 51 ; under Ufzul and Azim, 
52, 3 ; massacre, 53; Afghans leave, 61 ; 
receives Abder-Rahman, 71 ; conquered, 
10441 ; annexed to Ind., 10433 j indepen- 
dent, 10452. 

Khan defeats Kins, 6121 . 

Kabyle, insurrection of, 82, a, 93, HP . 

Kader, war with Fr. t 82,3 ; emir, 93. 

Kadesh,aetionat, 11401 ; Israelitesat, 11403. 

Kadi jah, Mohammed's convert, 4S43; wife, 
4853; d.,4842. 

Kadlubek, Vincent, d., 11142. 

Kadol, Burmese war, 10482. 

K.a-en-Ra reigns in Egypt, 647 2 . 

Kaffraria, missions, 5971,2, 5982; "Win. 
Shaw sent to, 5972 ; natives defeated, 
6001 ; African war, 6012 ; amnesty, 6002 ; 
social conditions, 6023 jlanguagesspoken, 
6043. 

Kafir war, 1st, 2d, 5971 ; 3d, 4th, 5th, 593* . 

Kafirs, mission work, 597 1, 2; defeated; 
raid of, 5981 ; suicide of, 5992; insurrec- 
tion, 6001, 6012; war with, 9381; rise 
againstEng.,9561 ; war with Boers, 11242. 

Kafoor reigns in Egy., 6552. 

Kafr-Bilmisht, mission, 6571 . 

Kanazarenes in Russia, 11132, 

Kahnis, Karl F. A., b., 810* ; d., 8321 . 

Kahpoo taken, 6202. 

Kah-sing taken, 6202. 

Kaieteur falls, discovered, 10393. 

Kai-fung Foo, retreat of emp., 6141 ; siege, 
6142 ; human flesh for food, 6151 . 

Kaigan, church at. 10921 . 

Kaiking enthroned. 6172; dethroned, 6163. 

Kaikobad reigns, 10432. 

Kain, John Joseph, eons, bp., 28S 2 . 

Kainarjii, treaty of, 11573. 

Kaine, Thomas, attempt to rescue, 1711 . 

Kai Ping, mission work, 6242. 

Kaiser, Jacob J., sentenced, 4403. 

Itaiser Octavianus appears, 791 1 . 

Kaiserslautern, Bavaria, battle of, 8061 . 



Kaiulani, Princess, appeal, 4242. 

Kaiyereu, mission, 6222. 

Kajar, dynasty reigns, 11073. 

Kajaruak, Eskimau convert, 643, 10381. 

Kakaa reigns in Egypt, 647 1 . 

Ka-Kau reigns in Egypt, 6453. 

Kak Chieh mission, 6211. 

Kalafat, Rumania, Turks enter, 11181 . 

Kalakaua I., David, b., 10411 j king ; visits 
Washington, D.C., 287 1,2; in Gal., 3723; 
d., 10412 ; funeral, 3773. 

Kalamazoo, Mich., Coll. est., 1423, 1783 ; 
street-car accident, 3393, 

Kalangan massacre, 5522. 

Kala*t-i-Gilzai, Afghans repulsed, 42. 

Kalawa, Father Damien, d., 1041 2 . 

Kalbeck, Max, b., 8181. 

Kalderoon, action at, 11561. 

Kaled defeats Romans, 4841 . 

Kaleidoscope suggested, 9362. 

Kaley, George, murderer, 4003. 

Kalid, Mussulman, 4843. 

Kalidasa, b., 10423. 

Kalila and ZHmna appears, 11271 . 

Kaliouchnaia, Maria Wassilieona, sen- 
tenced, 11211. 

Kalish alliance, 811 1 ; Rus. victory, 7183. 

Kalisch, David, b., 8122 ; d„ 8281 . 

Kalkbrenner, Friedrich, b.,8043 ; d., 818 1. 

Kalley, Rev. .missionary, 5542; org. church, 
5562 ■ retires, 5563. 

Kallock, mayor San Francisco, shot, 3031. 

Kalnoky, Count, minister of foreign af- 
fairs, 5311; Austria-Hung. Conf.,5351. 

Kalpi Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 

Kaltenborn-Strachan, Gen. von, resigns, 
8371. 

Kamakura,destroyed,1091 1 ; capital, 1091 2 . 

Kambathet reigns in Egypt, 651 2 . 

Kambini mission, 11113. 

Kambula, battle at, 6001 . 

Kamchatka, Kussia, discovered, 1114' . 

Kamchi, David (Radak), d., 6702. 

Kamed Pasha, governor of Syria, 11593. 

Kamehameha I. reigns, 10411 . 

II. reigns, 10411; ends idolatry, 10402. 

III. reigns, 10411 . 

IV.,b.; weds, 10411 ; succeeds; d.,10412. 

Kamerun, W.Afr., colony fnd., 8313. (See 
text, p. 1161.) 

Kamienic, Russia, taken, 11561 . 

Kamil, El, sultan, 6552 ; d., 6542. 

Kampen, Nikolaus Godfried van, b.-d. 

11011. 

Kampfer, Engelbrecht, b., 7963 • reaches 
Japan, 10911 ; d., 7983. 

Kamran enthroned, 51 ; d., 43. 

Kamsan captured, 63. 

Kanagawa mission at, 10921 . 

Kanawha, W. Va., Coxeyites steal train, 
4622 ; storm, 344 1. 

Kandahar fnd., 53 ; taken by Nadir Shah, 
41 ; entered by Shere Ali, 43 ; Afghans 
leave; Brit, hold ; revolts, 6 1 ,3; Ameers 
occupy ; Ayoob retires ; occupied ; Rob- 
erts arrives, 6 1 ; annexed to India, 10433 • 
conquered, 1044 1 ; Persians wrest, 10443. 

Kandy, Pagnani, bp., cons., 9822 ; taken, 
10461 ; mission, 10462. 

Kane, Edward, b., 1542. 

, Elisha Kent, b., 1282 ; commands 

Grinnell's expedition, 166',1721; 2d ex- 
pedition, 1731 ; in Greenland ; Hartstein 
finds, 1761 ; returns, 1761 , 1781 • d., 1821 . 

, Sir Robert b., 9351 . 

.Theodore F., promoted captain in 

U.S. A., 3221. 

, Thos. Leiper, b., 1302 ; d. (1883). 

, Mr., shot, 9891. 

Kang-hi cheeksGaldan, restores churches, 
6142 ; reigns, 6153 ; d., 6163. 

Kangra mission, 10463. 

Kangti enthroned, 6131 . 

Kang Wang, enthroned, 6112. 

Kanfshka founds Buddhism, 10431. 

Kanizsa, Ferdinand, defeated, 5113. 

Kansas, territory org. ; Kansas-Nebraska 
Bill, 1751; Emigrant Aid Society sends 
parties to, 175 2 ; Congregational Gen. 
Asso. org., 1762 ■ bloody election ; im- 
migration, 1763 ; in Cong. ; A. H. Reeder, 
gov., 1771 ; removed, 1772; legislature 
upholds slavery, 1771; intruders from 
Mo., ; fraudulent t-lection, 1771, 2; J. W. 
"Whitfield delegate in Cong., 1771 ; elec- 
tion for territorial legislature; Daniel 
Woolson, gov. ; Free State men meet ; 
proslavery legislature meets ; supple- 
mentary elections held; proslavery strug- 



gle ; Wilson Shannon, gov., 1771, 1791 ; 
mercury falls, 1781 ; Cong'l. Conf. org. ; 
Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1782 ; sheriff shot, 
1783 ; C ivil war in ; Free Soil Party 
meets ; Free State conven. meets ; in- 
dictments against Reeder and others ; 
Free State constitution ratified; fraudu- 
lent votes ; "Bleeding Kansas" times; 
Whitfield elected M. Cong. ; Lawrence 
sacked ; proslavery party meets ; To- 
peka antislaveiy constitution adopted, 
1791 ; Lawrence sacked ; Chas. Robinson 
elected M. C. ; pres. recognizes prosla- 
very legislature ; Col. Buford in, 1792 ; 
govt, employs Buford, 1793 ; proslavery 
struggle ; legislature meets ; Chas. Rob- 
inson inaug. ; indicted ; Cong, commit- 
tee investigate, 1792, it reports, 181 1 ; 
Northern men opposed ; civil war, 1793; 
legislature dispersed by U. S. troops ; 
Missourians drive out Free State men ; 
House votes for admission; Committee 
of Five ; rebellion declared, 181 1; dele- 
gates to conven., 1831; Free State men 
capture post, 181 1; John W. Geary, 

fov., 1812 ; Geary disbands hostile 
orces ; he releases prisoners ; prosla- 
very troubles ; House admits ; Senate 
rejects admission ; legislature meets 
at Topeka, 181 1; Gov. Geary resigns; 
Judge Lecompton removed ; no major- 
ity in legislature; peace reported; pro- 
slavery legislature meets ; Free State 
legislature meets ; legislators arrested, 
1812 ; U. S. troops aid proslavery party, 
1821; Baker Univ. fnd. ; Highland Univ. 
fnd. ; St. Benedict's Coll. org., 1822 ; il- 
legal Constitution Conven. j election by 
Free State men; election illegal, 1831; 
elections, 1833 ; Robert J. Walker, gov.; 
Lecompton proslavery constitution re- 
jected ; proslavery constitution nomi- 
nally adopted ; constitutional election 
held, 1832 ; state admitted, 1851,1873, 
1912 ; constitution rejected, 1851 ,2 ; 
constitutional conven. voted for ; con- 
ven. at Wyandotte ; antislavery consti- 
tution find. ; James W. Denver, gov. ; 
Samuel Medary, gov., 1852 ; antislavery 
constitution wins, 187 1; State legisla- 
ture first meets, 1932 ; A 7 e?u Sam Gaty 
flies Confederate flag, 1953 ; first over- 
land coach arrives, 1973 ; State capital 
located ; admitted into S. Confed., 2012; 
Geo. M. Bebee, gov. ; Thomas Carney 
gov. ; Chas. Robinson gov., 2032 ; mar- 
tial law, 2041; negroes enlist, 2103; 
Quantrell raids, 2143 ; insane asylum 
est., 2292 ; ratifies 13th Amendment, 
2432 ; martial law abolished, 2491 ; 
Washburn Coll. org., 2502 ; colored con- 
ven. at Topeka, 251 1, 2672; Samuel J. 
Crawford, gov., 2511 ; Ottawa Univ.org.; 
Univ. of Kan. org., 2543 ; Hancock and 
Custer against Indians, 2561; Indians 
removal treaty ,257 1 ; ratifiesl4thAmend- 
ment, 2572 ; State constitution amend- 
ments rejected; rejects negro suffrage, 
259 2 ; Woman's suffrage campaign, 2592, 
2653; Luth. General Synod fmd, 2642; In- 
dians raid, 2661 ■ colored conven. meets, 
2672 ; Free Meth. Conf. org., 2682, 3042 ; 
Universalists State conven. org., 682; 
James M. Harvey, gov. ,2692; ratifies 15th 
Amendment, 269*3 ; Eldership Church of 
God org., 2762 ; Indians Removal Act- 
passes, 27S3 ; drought, 282' ; South Kan. 
M. E. Conf. org., 2841 ; Thos. A. Osborn, 
gov. ,2S5i ; E. Baxter, gov. ,2852; grasshop- 
per plague, 2853; State bonds issued.2883; 
color franchise abolished, 2912 ; Geo. T. 
Anthony gov., 2973 j John P. St. John 
gov., 2993; tornado, 3001; negro immi- 
gration to, 3011, 3071; Constitutional 
Prohibitory Bill, 3082, 3052,3082; Uni- 
tarian Conf. org., 3042; Green, drive-well 
patent, 3073; first Dem. gov., 3112; West 
Kan. Free Meth. Conf., fmd., 3122 ; Reg- 
ulators disband, 3131 ; R.R. commission ; 
George W. Glick gov., 3152 ; Southwest 
Kan. Coll. est. at Winfield (1885); anti- 
saloon Rep. org., 3231 ; John A. Martin, 
gov., 3233 ; Western Univ. org. at Salina, 
8242; storm, 3261; female suffrage per- 
mitted, 3272; R. C. diocese of Wichita 
org. ; R. C. diocese of Concordia org. , 328 2 ; 
liquor in drug stores, 329 1 ; Lyman U. 
Humphreys, gov., 3293 ; State troops pre- 
serve peace, 8801 ; capital removed, 8333; 



1298 



Text Figures denote Page. IN L).C,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. XailS— KeiDX 



resubmission of prohibition amendment, 
34/72, 3792 ; corn for fuel, 3493; silk in- 
dustry encouraged, 3513 ; prohibitory 
law unconstitutional, 3592 ; whisky war 
prevails, 3603, 3623 ; prohibitory laws 
nullified, 3612; original liquor packages 
decision, 3613, 3711 ; Farmers' Alliance 
in legislature, 3713 ; horse thieves shot, 
3723 ; new legislature, 375* ; Female Suf- 
frage Bill, 3791; Cherokee strip boom- 
ers; White Maskers, 3903 ; negro school 
children, 3951 ; mob kills sheriff, 3983 ; 
L. U. Humphrey, gov., 399i ; prairie fires, 
4053 ; robbers wreck train, 4163 j consti- 
tutional conven. proposed, 4192 ; legisla- 
tive struggles of Populists, Republicans, 
Democrats, 4222 + ; Republicans win, 
4251 +; bank robbery, 4222; Woman's 
Suffrage Bill passes, 4253 ; war on liquor 
joints, 4262; destitution, 4333,4513; com- 
panies disband, 4341 ; militia subdues 
strikers, 4342 ; vagrant labor, 4452 ; Mrs. 
Lease controversv, 4513 ; avalanche, 
4481; tornado, 456i ; land cave-in, 4732. 

Kansas Citv, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 1963 • 
action at, 1932, 2003 ; ft. G. diocese est., 
3042; Congregational Club find., 3182 ; 
tornado, 3222; Math. College est., 3522; 
eight-hoar day, 357 1; Ferguson embez- 
zles, 3971 ; rail way wreek, 3053, 3713; Am. 
Nat. Bank suspends, :i773; International 
Y. M. C. A. meets. 383 1 ; Western States 
Commercial Cong. 3822, 3833 ; oars side- 
tracked, 3913; natural g. is, 4021 ; Knights 
of Pythias, 4142 ; election fight, 4543, 
458 2 ; parochial schools abandoned, 4681 ; 
bridge collapses, 4712. 

Wesleyan Univ., 3242. 

Kansooh Nasr, sultan, 655 3 . 

Kansuh, Mussulmans defeated, 6161; Mo- 
ham's rebel, 6202, 6213; mission, 6223. 

Kant, Immanuel, b., 8002; works, 803 1, 2, 
S051 ; d., 8082. 

Kauter invents pressing-boards, 8041. 

Kantiliav, Abys., submits to Italy, 32. 

Kantner, Abraham, b., 7983. 

Kan-wang executed, 6202. 

Kanweh, action at, 10422. 

Kao, enthroned, 611 1. 

Iviohwang enthroned, 6113. 

Kaotsong weds Woo How, 6123; d., 6122. 

Kaou-te, books to be burned, 6102. 

Kao Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Kapolna, Hung., battle at, 5221. 

Kapp, Friedrich, b., 8123; d. ( 8302. 

Kappel, Switz, wars of, 11371. 

Kaptsehak, Khan of, empire est., 11152. 

Kapmida founders, 9973. 

Kapanda Station, copper ore, 49G 1 . 

Karachi mission, 10463. 

Karageorgevitch, d., 11201. 

Kara-in-das reigns, 11413. 

Karaites sect founded, 11543, 

Karakal, Madras, mission, 10471. 

Kara-Khar-das reigns, 11413. 

Karakozow attempts Czar's life, 11191. 

Karam, Joseph, leader Maronites, 11581. 

Karamsin, Nikolai, b., 1116 2 ; works, 
11171 ; d., 11163. 

Kara Mustapha, Turkish loader, 5222. 

Karat, Prince of Carinthia, 5031 . 

Karaveloff, ministry, 5671 ; regent ; re- 
signs, 5673; arrested, 5683. 

Karelia ceded to Sweden, 11353. 

Kareraa conquers Uganda, 5632. 

Karens, missions among, 11243. 

Karez-i-atta, battle at, 62. 

Kargan mission, 6211. 

Karim Khan reigns, 11073. 

Karl Slcronik'tn written, 11343. 

Karlowitz, peace of, 5133, 7992. 

Karlsbad, Congress of, 5212, 8193. 

Karlsefne, Thorfinn, explorer, 112. 

Karlsruhe, Prus. army in, 818 1 . 

Karman, captives massacred, 11073. 

Karmathians, skeptics, 4863; stormMecca, 
rise, 4861; 4863,4871. 

Karnak, Egypt, Hall of Columns erected, 
6481 ; Temple of Ammon, 6462 ; Temple 
of Abydos, 048 1 . 

Karnal, Madras, mission, 10471. 

Karolyi, Count, London, Conference, 9932; 
duel, 5323; killed, 5333. 

Karr, Jean Baptiste Alphonse, b., 717i ; 
works, 7602, 7292; d., 7601 . 

Kars, Russians expelled, 5651 ; surrender, 
9601 ; action at, 11562; taken, 11161 , 11581 ; 
ceded to Russia ; annexed to Turkey, 
11592. 



Karsten, Henry, brutality, 4442. 

, Karl J. B., b.,8042; d.,8201. 

Kartner, Madame, assassinated, 11212, 
Karun River, open to commerce, 11083. 
Karwin, explosions, 5383. 
Karzburg mines, Brunswick, opened, 7741 . 
Kasan, conquered, 11141 ; famine, 11232. 
Kaschan, earthquake at, 11073. 
Kashgar, Turkestan, annexed, 6113 ; in- 
surrections, 6172, 6213; taken, 6221. 
Kashgaria conquered. 6142. 
Kashgate, battle of, 658 2 . 
Kashmir, or Cashmere, lost by Afghans, 

51 ; captured; subdued, 1044' ; conquered, 
10461 ; native council est., 10493. 
Kasos, Turkish atrocities, 10342. 
Kasota, Minn., train robbery, 4102. 
Kaspary founds humanitarians, 9701. 
Kasrur, Madras, mission, 10483. 
Kassai, Dejaeh, revolts, 32. 
[John If.], crowned ; punishes mis- 
sionaries, 32. 
Kassala, E. Afr., besieged, 6001 . 
Kassimir, Albert, D. of Saxe-Teschen, b. 

(1738) ; at Jemmapes, 51S1 ; d. (1822). 
Kasson, John Adams, b., 1302. 
Kastner, Abraham G., d., 8071. 
Katahdhi launched, 4221 . 
Katakazy, M., dismissed, 2752. 
Kate Adams burned, 3313. 
Katensky, ( 'ol., assassin fails, 11211. 
Kater, Henry, b.,9203; d., 9462. 
Katona, Istoan, b., 5143; d., 5202. 
Katosou enthroned, 6103, 6113. 
Katzbach, battle of, 7201 . 
Katzer, Fred Xavier, archbp., letter, 4061 . 
Kautfman, John, murder ; suicide, 4623. 
Kauffmann, Maria A., b.-d., 11372. 

, Thomas, inv. harmonichord, 8101 . 

Kaufman, Gen., at Khokand, 11181. 
Kaufmann, Konstantin Petrovitch, b., 

11163; d., 11201. 
Kaulback, J. A., archdeacon, 5862. 

, Wilhelm von, h., 8082; d., 8281. 

Kaulbars, Gen., in Bulg., 5673. 

Kaunitz, Wenzel Anton von, b., 5142 ; d., 

5191. 
Kautz, August Valentine, b. (1828) ; at 

Sycamore Church, 2381 ; on Darby Road, 

2383; commissioner, 2472. 
Kavanagh, Edward, b. (1795) ; gov. Me., 

1572; d. (1844). 

, Julia, b., 9422; d., 9822. 

Kavanaugh, Hubbard Hinde, b., 1102; 

ordained M. E. bp., 1762; d. (1884). 
K.ay, Prussians defeated at, 5161 . 

, John, shuttle throwing plan, 9143. 

Kaying-chau mission, 6231 . 
Knyscrling, Moses, b., 8142. 
Kay-Shuttleworth, Sir U., minister, 9952. 
Kazan, University of, fnd. Rus., 11171. 
Kazinczy, Francis, b., 5163. 
Ke, Viscount, refuge in Korea, 10942. 
Kean, Charles John, b., 935 1 ; in New 

York, 1381; d., 9722. 
, Edmund, b., 9242; in N. Y., 1281 ; last 

appearance, 9461 ; d., 9462. 
, Mrs. (Ellen Tree), b., 9323 ; in N. Y., 

1461; d., 9861.. 

, John, Jr., nom. for gov. of N. J., 4151. 

, Sir John, b. (1781) ; at Kandahar, 41 ; 

d. (1844). 

, J. J., embezzler, 460 2 . 

, S. A., ex-banker, indicted, 4183. 

Keane, Baron, title created, 9451. 

, Gen., b. (1781) ; at New Orleans, 1223; 

d. (1844). 
, John J., b. (1839) , cons, bishop (1878); 

resigned (Ihss); dci louncespublicschools, 

3362 ; address, 3423. 
Kearney, N. J., riot, 3781 ; E. Bull, mur- 
derer, 4603; robbers den, 4623. 
, Dennis, arrested, 2971 ; pres. Work- 

ingman's Party, 2972; in Boston, 2991; 

agitator in Cal., 2!i!t2 ; imprisoned, 3032. 
Kearny, Lawrence, b., 1001 ; d., 2641. 
, Philip, b., 1242 ; defeats Sioux, 1761 ; 

at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; at Chantilly, 2122; 

d., 2132. 
, Stephen Watts, b., 1042 ; invades 

Mex. ; captures Santa Fe. 1601; at San 

Gabriel, 1621 ; gov. Cal., 1633; d., 16-11 . 
Kearnstown, Va., battle of, 205 1 ; Feds. 

defeated, 2363. 
Kearsarge destroys Alabama, 2343 ; at 

Haiti ; at Port-au-Prince, 3401 ; wrecked, 

4501; fired, 4541. 
Kearse, S. C, race riot occurs, 3643. 
Keary, Annie, b., 9422. 



Keate, Robt. W., governor Natal, 6011 . 

Keating, Sir Henry S., d., 9982. 

Keats, John, b., 9263; works, 9391 ; d., 9403 

Kea-tsing, d., 6142. 

Keble, John, b., 9262; work, 9431 ; d., 9701 . 

Ke-choo, capital, 611 1 . 

Kedney, John Steinfort, b., 1281. 

Keeley, S. V., embezzler, 436i . 

Keeling Islands acquired, 9613; detached 
from Ceylon, 10492. 

, Josiah, dis. Rye House Plot, 8971 . 

Keely, John Worrall, b. (1837) : motor de- 
veloped, 2801 ; d. (1899). 

Keen, Alpheus A., d., 2411. 

Lung, in Central Asia, 6161 ; encour- 
ages art, 6162 ; feast to ancients, 6171 ; 
enthroned ; abdicates, 617 2 . 

Phouc, king, 4832. 

Keenan, John, indictments, 3591 ±, 

Keene, Charles Sam., b. (1S23) ; d., 10042. 

, Laura, b., 1282; d., 2821. 

, Thomas W., b., 1622. 

Keener, John Christian, b., 1281. 

Keet, Mr., prefix "Rev.," refused; case 
tried, 9782; 

Kehl, Baden, captured, 6981 . 

Kehukee Baptist Association fmd., 742. 

Keifer, Joseph W-, speaker, 3092, 3152. 

Keightlev, Thomas, b., 9243 ; conimis- 
sioner,'9052; d.,9761. 

Keigwin, Col., at Cumberland Mts., 2051. 

Keiki reigns, 10912 ; last shogun, 10931 . 

Keilmever, Karl F., d., 8162. 

Keim, Theodor, b. (1825) ; d., 8282. 

Keiser, Keinhard, b., 7963 ; d., 8002. 

Keith-Falconer, mission opened, 4882. 

, George, b. (Hi39_-.); Quaker leader, 

8863 ; d. (1716). 

, Viscount Elphinstone, b. (1746) ; 

d., 9403. 

, James, b., 7982 ; d., 8023. 

, Frances Ed., b., 9002 ; d. (1758). 

, Sir William, gov. Pa., 592 • proposes 

Stamp Act, 613. 

, Mr., missionary, 542. 

Keitt, Lawrence M., b. (1824); at Fort 
Wagner, 2251 ; d., 2351. 

Kekule, Friedrich August, b., 8142. 

Kellach, coronation, 8443. 

Keller, Father, arrested, 9971 . 

, Joseph, b., 8102 ; d., 8281 . 

Kellermann, Francois Cliristoph, D. de 
Valmy, b., 6983, 7081 ; at Lyons, 7101; 
d., 7223. 

Kellersberg, Baron von, new ministry, 
5292. 

Kelley, Benj. Franklin, b. (1807) ; at Phil- 
ippi, W. Va., 1961 ; a t Romney, 2002; at 
Cumberland, 2371 ; captured, 2422. 

, Eugene, treas. Home Rule, 3851. 

, Robert, in Arctic seas, 411 1 . 

, Thos., lord-mayor, London, 9453. 

, William Darrab, b. (1814) ; d., 3501 . 

Kelley's Ford, Va., actions, 2201 , 2281 . 

Kellgren, Johan Henrik, work, 11351. 

Kellie, E. of, title created, 8731. 

Kellogg, Clara Louise, b., 1541; debut, 
N. Y., 1902; debut in London, 9701. 

, Ensign H., Fishery Commission, 2972. 

, Win,, b. (1814) ; on Com. of, 33, 1891 . 

, P., b. (1831); gov. La., 2791,2,3, 

2812, 2872,3 ; driven out, 2*53; restored ; 
assumes office. 2872 ; maintained, 2873. 

Kelly, Edward, d., 10062. 

, Ellen Alice Terry, b., 9542 ; first ap- 
pears, 3141 . 

, Eugene, d., 4781 . 

, Francis, cons, bishop, 9543. 

, Harrison, Committee on Mnfgs., 3491 , 

, Horace, donates gallery of arts, 3721 . 

, James B., cons, bishop, 9663. 

, Michael, b., 9162 ; d., 9422. 

, Mike, lynched, 3782. 

, Ned, captured, 4982. 

, Timotbv, convicted; executed, 9911 . 

Kelley's Band, W. Va., arrested, 4643. 

Kelso, Scot., monastery fnd., 8483 ; stone 
bridge commenced, 9282. 

Kelton, John C. , appointed adjt. -gen., 3401 ; 
in war dept., 3512 ; d., 4341 . 

Kelung, Formosa, taken, 6221; Fr. re- 
pulsed, 6222; forts captured; taken, 6241. 
Kelvin, Baron, title created, 10083. 

Keivng, Sir John, chief justice, 8932. 

Kem, Omer M., b., 1761. 
Kemble, Adelaide, b. (1814) ; first appear- 
ance, 9501; marries Fred. U. Sartoris 
(1843) ; d. (1879). 
, Chas.,b.,919i; inN.Y.,140i; d., 9582. 



Xemb-Key. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1299 



Kemble, Francis Ann, b., 935'; first ap- 
pearance, 9441 ; in N. Y., 140i ; d., 100S2. 

, Gouverneur, b. (1786) ; d., 288 1 . 

, John M., b., 9331 ; d., 9622. 

, Philip, b., 91-43; d., 9403. 

Kemburg acquired, 8133. 

Kemin, John, elected prince, 5132. 

Keminler, William, sentence, 3631 ; first 
electrocuted, N. Y., 3651 . 

Kemp, James F., Ore Deposits, 478 3 . 

, John, b. (1400±) ; archbp. of Canter- 
bury, 8622; d. (1454). 

, Hicham, nominated for gov., 37 3 . 

Kempelen, Wolfgang von, b., 5143 jd., 5191 . 

Keinpen, Emily, opens law school, 3443. 

Kemper, Jackson, b. (1789); cons, P. E. 
bishop, 1442, 1762 ; d. (1870). 

, James Lawson, b. (1823) ; gov., 2873. 

Kempff, Louis, promoted, 3841. 

Keinpis, Thos. A., b.-d., 7842 ; work, 7871 . 

Kempt, Sir James., gov. N. S., 5773, 5792. 

Ken, Thomas, b., 8822 ; acquitted, 8963; 
d., 9042. 

Kendal, Mrs. (Margaret Brunton Robert- 
son), b., 9542. 

Kendall, Amos,b., 1001 ; p.-m.gen., 1473 ; 
resigns, 1513; d., 2681. 

, Bion Freeman, b. (1S27) ; d., 2191 . 

, George, embezzles, 272. 

, Wilkins, b. (1810) ; d., 2582. 

, K. S., moderator, 2722. 

, Win. J., swims Niagara Rapids, 325 3 . 

Kendrick, Asahel Clark, b., 116i . 

, James Kyland, b. (1821) ; d., 3422. 

, M. John, cons. P. E. bishop, 3341 . 

— -, Peter R., bp., 1542 ; archbp., 1623. 

Kenesaw Mountain, Ga., action, 2342,2351 . 

Kengting enthroned, 611 2 . 

Keng Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Kenilworth Castle, Eng., built, 8482' 
siege of, 854 1 . 

Kenlis, Baron, title created, 945 1 . 

Kenly, John Reese, b. (1820;, or (1822); at 
Front Royal, 2081. 

Kenmare, Baron, title created, 9593. 

, Earl, title created, 9311. . 

Kenmare Castle wrecked, 9913. 

Kenna, John Edward, b. (1848) ; d., 4201 . 

Kennan, Geo., b. (1845) ; works, 2723, yoss. 

Kennedy, Anthony, b., 116 2 ; d., 4101. 

, Sir Arthur, gov. Australia, 499 1 . 

, E. B., exploring expedition ; k.,4961 . 

, F. W., embezzler, 3851 . 

, John Pendleton, b., lOGi ; d., 2702. 

, Stewart, founds United Chari- 
ties Building, N. Y., 4243. 

, R. C, hanged as spy, 2442. 

, Thomas J., nom. for gov. N. J., 4132. 

, W., moderator, 3981 . 

, William, Flytinq of Dunbar, 8663. 

. N., b. (1839/; gov., 5812; d. (1885). 

Kenner, La., negroes banded, 4123. 

, Duncan F., b. (1813) ; tariff commis- 
sioner, 31H; d. (1S87). 

, John C, cons M. E. South bp., 2522. 

Kennet and Avon canal, built, 9293. 

Kenneth L, K. of Scotland, 8413. 

II., K, of Scotland, 844 1 ; takes Came- 

lon.8451. 

III. at Luncarty, 846 1 . 

Kennett, Capt., near Lebanon, 2151 , 

Square, Pa., Cedarcroft on tire, 4793. 

Kennicott, Benjamin, b., 9062 ; d., 9223. 

Kennion,Geo. Wyndham, bp., 9862,10121. 

Kenny, filibuster, invasion, 10382. 

, John, murder of, 9931 . 

Kenrick, Francis Pa [rick, b., 1062; d., 2251 . 

, Peter Richard, b. (1806) ; bp. St. Louis, 

1563 ; archbp., 1623 ; St. John's R. C. 
church, 3801 ; cons., 1542. 

Kenry, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

Kensett, John Frederick, b., 1262 ; works, 
1661 , 1701 , 1821 ( 2411 , 2601 ; d., 2782. 

Kensington, Can., fire, 5893. 

, London, statue of Jenner removed, 

9661; Rom. Cath. Univ. Coll. opd.,9743. 

, Baron, title created, 9172, 9953. 

Kent, Eng., won by Eng., 8403 ; early 
kings, 8412 ( ravaged ; conquered, 8421 ; 
Christianity in, 8422; revolts, 8481 ; Good- 
win-Sands find. ; inundated, 8482; strike, 
9831. 

, O., railway accident, 3933. 

Island, Md., settled, 333 ; Clayborne 

at, 341; reduced, 381. 

,D.of,Edw.Augustus,b., 9163; d., 9402. 

, Edward, b. (1802); gov. Me., 1512, 

1531; d. (1877). 

, Jas., b., 723; Am. Law, 1351 ; d., 1623. 



Kent, Joseph, b. (1802) ; d., 1482. 

, William, b. (1802) ; d., 1902. 

, , b., 8962 ; d., 9122. 

, Mr., explorer, Australia, 4942. 

Kentish Gazette [/'oxt], issued, 9063. 

men, imprisoned, 9031 . 

Town, London, Eng., railway acci- 
dent at, 9653. 

Kenton, O., burglars, 4482 ; W. Dales, 
lynched, 3803. 

, Simon, b., 711 ; d., 1462. 

Kentucky settlers in, 632, 693, 79 1 ; county 
of Va., 853 • Transylvania Presb. fmd., 
982 j terr. org. ; seeks admission, 1031 ; 
admitted, 1033; Isaac Shelby, gov., 1033, 
1051,1193; James Garrard, gov., 1073; 
Presb. synod formed, 1103; Christopher 
Greenup, gov., 1132; k. c. diocese, Louis- 
ville, est., 1143 ; Chas. Scott, gov.. 1153; 
George Madison, gov. ; Gabriel Slaugh- 
ter, gov., 1252 ; John Adair, gov., 1292 ; 
State Library fnd., 131 1; Jos. Desha, 
gov., 1332 ; P. E. diocese est., 1363 ; pub- 
lic school system est.; 137 1 ; Thos. Met- 
calfe, gov., 137 2 ; John Breathitt, gov., 
1412 ; James T. Morehead, gov., 145 2 ; 
Univ. org., 1463 ; James Clark, gov., 
1472; Chas. A. Wickliffe, gov., 1512; 
Robert P. Letcher, gov., 1531; Conf. 
M. E. Church, South, org., 1582 ; "Win. 
Owsley, gov., 1591 ; John J. Crittenden, 
gov., 165 2 ; John L. Helm, gov. ; Laza- 
rus W. Powell, gov., 1692 ; M. E. Conf. 
org., 1702 ; Chas. S. Morehead, gov., 
1792; Reriah H. Magoffin, gov., 1871; 
in civil war ; refuses troops, 1933 ; neu- 
trality by arbitration. ; delegates against 
secession, 195 2 ; neutral in war, 195i,3; 
Border State conven., 197 1 ; special elec- 
tion, unionists win, 1972; neutrality vio- 
lated ; Union force enters 198 2 ; Gen. O. 
M. Mitchell commands, 1983; armed neu- 
trality; Coufeds. violate neutrality, 1992; 
Confed. troops ordered out ; state troops 
to expel ; Gen Buckner calls to rise 
against Lincoln; proclamation of neu- 
trality; gov. protests; army to repel Con- 

( feds. ; Gen. ft. Anderson commander ; 

' admitted to S. Confederacy; Sovereignty 
Confed. Conven. held ; state secedes ; 
gov. elected, 201 2 ; Sen. Breckinridge 
expelled ; Confed. legislature meets, 
2013 ; Jas. F. Robinson, gov., 2032, 2113; 
guerillas overrun, 2091: guerillas de- 
feated, 210' ; Gov. Magoffin "resigns, 2113; 
Bragg' s invasion, 212i; Richard Hawes 
Confed. gov., 2153; Secessionists conven; 
broken up, 2 19 3 ; under martial law, 2261 . 
Afr. M. E, Zion Conf. org., 2272; Thomas 
E. Bramlette, gov., 2293 ; gov. against 
military enrollment of slaves, 2302; legis- 
lature protests, 2312 ; Freedom conven. 
held, 2313; Morgan's raids, 2121, 234 1 ; 
Habeas Cm-pus suspended. 237 3 ; Agricul- 
tural College est., 2423; refuses to ratify 
13th Amend., 2432; lead ore mined, 2481 ; 
martial law abolished, 219 1 ; State Farm- 
er's conven. at Frankfort, 2513 ; Normal 
Inst, opd., 2543 ; George David Cummins, 
cons. P. E. bp., 2542 ; terrorized by 
"Skaag's men," 255 1 ; ratifies 14th. 
Amend., 2572; Presb. synod separates 
from Northern Asso., 258 2 ; gov. sup- 
presses lynchers, 2592; John L. Helm, 
gov.; John W.Stevenson, gov., 2593; rat- 
ifies 15th Amend., 2671; synod joins 
Presb. church, 2682; disturbance at Ben- 
son, 2743 ; Public Library fnd. ,2763 ; Pres- 
ton H. Leslie, gov., 2811 ; State Colored 
Univ. org., 2822; secures Green Island, 
2892; James B. McCreary, gov., 2912; 
meteor seen, 2941 ; State Board of Health 
est.; Whipping Post Bill rejected, 3011 ; 
Luke P. Blackburn, gov., 3033; Coll. of 
Agriculture and Mechanics est., 3043; 
iron strikers, 3072; South Ky. Coll. org., 
3082; Hatfield-McCoy vendetta, 3131 , 
3331, 3802; R. R. commissioners ap- 
pointed, 3132; J. Proctor Knott, gov., 
3152; Holbrook-Underwood feud closed, 
3271; Simon B. Buckner, gov., 3293; 
troops ordered out, 330 1 ; treasurer a de- 
faulter, 3331 ; asphalt deposits dis., 3442; 
Howard faction feud, 347 1 , 4222; gov. 
declines troops, 3503; bill against lot- 
teries passed, 3543, 4032; Green Island 
ownership fixed, 3592; new constitution, 
3892 ; syndicate buys coal land, 3933 ; 
John Y. Brown, gov., 3991; "moon- 



shiners" dis., 4042; negro R. R. coaches 
ordered, 4072 ; Howard-Turner feud, 
4222 ; Turner-Nolin feud, 4503 ; Breck- 
inridge Congressional contest, 470 2 ; W. 
C. Owens, vote for Congress, 4731 . 

Kentucky University est., 1463. 

Wesleyan College org., 2543. 

Kenyon, Baron, title created, 9232. 

, James Benj., b. (1858); work, 3291 . 

, Lord Lloyd, b., 9082; chief justice, 

9253; d., 9303. 

College org., O., 1331 . 

Keokuk, la., Constitution office sacked, 
2192; Commercial Convention at, 2673. 

Kephart, E. B., bishop, 3082. 

Kepke, William, murderer, confesses, 3891 . 

Kepler invents wood engraving, 784 2 . 

, Johann, b., 7922; studies planets; 

explains tides, 792 1, 8961; Rudolphine 
tables; telescope, 792 1 ; completes tables, 
7943; dis. motions of planets; his third 
law dis.; mathematician, 5111 - t works, 
7921 5 7931 f 7951 ( 5111 ,5131 ; d., 7943. 

Keppel, Com., destroys fleet, 6182. 

, Viscount Augustus, b., 906 2 ; cap- 
tured Fr. vessel, 7041 ; lord of admiralty, 
9232; d., 9242. 

, Arnold van, Earl of Albemarle, 

b.-d., 11011. 

, George Thomas, Earl of Albemarle, 

b. (1799) ; d., 10042. 

, Sir Henry, piracy, 5521 . 

Island, mission, 4902. 

Keppler, Joseph, d., 450i . 

Ker, Baron, title created, 9372. 

, John, b., 9103; d., 9323. 

Keratry, Auguste Hilarion de, b., 704a ; 
in Brittany, 7422 ; envoy, 7432; d., 7342. 

Kerbala besieged, 4861 . 

KerchJiof, Cheer for Low Spirits, 7931 . 

Keren, annexed by Italy, 33. 

Kerfoot, John Barrett, b. (1816) ; cons. 
P. E..bp., 2502; d. (1881). 

Kerf stan, paper machine, 8102. 

Kerguelen-Treniarec, Yves J. de.,b., 7003; 
d., 7123. 

, or Desolation, Is., Fr. occupies, 7671 . 

Kerman, or Kirman, captured, 1106 2 . 

Kernan, Francis, b., 124 2 ; in Electoral 
Commission, 2952; d., 4141 , 

, John D., strike investigation, 4662. 

Kemell, Harry, d., 4261 . 

Kerner, Andreas J., b., 8043; works, 8103, 
8151 ; d., 8202. 

Kerr, David, moderator, 2543. 

, John Leeds, b. (1780) ; d., 1562. 

, Mark, dis. glacier in Alaska, 368 1 . 

, Michael Crawford, b. (1827) ; vote for 

speaker, 2671 , 2893; d. (1876). 

, O. C, Siuokai Class, 2651 . 

, Robert, b. (1755); d., 9363. 

Kerrville, Tenn., lynchers, 4751 . 

Kerry, Ire., Fenian outbreak, 9703. 

, E. of, title created, 9051. 

Kersa reigns, 1107 2 . 

Kerwin, Michael, appointed, 4653. 

Keshen, Commissioner, truce with, 6161 ; 
commissioner of trade, 6173. 

Keshko, Natalie, weds Prince Milan, 
11233. (See Natalie, Queen.) 

Keshuqua, Pa., lumber burned, 435 3 . 

Kesseldorf , G er. , A us trians defeated, 5142 j 
battle of, 8001 . 

Kessels, Matthias, b.-d., 11011 . 

Kessler, Anton, shoots Mrs. Jaeger, 4222. 

Kestell-Cornish, R., bp., 9742, 10943. 

Kesteveii, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

Kef, William, rebel, 8701 ; d. (1549). 

Ketbogha. insurrection at, 6553. 

Ketchum, Edward B., forgeries of, 2483. 

, "William Scott, b. (1813); d., 2741 . 

, Winthrop W., b., 1282; d., 3042, 

, "W. S., murder case, 3102. 

Ketil Haeng, in Iceland, 10412. 

Ketteler, Baron Wilhelm E. von, b., 8102; 
d., 8282. 

Kettell, Samuel, b. (1800); d., 1761. 

Kettles of brass made, 1441 . 

Kettle Run, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2121 . 

Keufstein, merchant, murdered, 5343. 

KeukaColl. (Free Baptist) est. at Keuka 
Park, N. Y. (1892). 

Kevetzow, Herr von, pres.Reichstag,8333. 

K.e\v, Eng., Gardens fnded., 9461; royal 
kitchen, 9.j4i ; observatory given to Brit. 
Asso. 9502 ; photolieliograph erected, 
9621 ; tram-cars to Hammersmith, 9901. 

Kexholm, ceded to Swe., 11153, H353. 

liey, Sir Astley Cooper, b. (1821); d., 9982. 



1300 



Text Figures denote Page. INDijX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Key-Kins. 



Key, Bramsby L., cons, bp., 996 2 . 

, David MeKendree, b. (1824) ; p.-m. 

gen., 2953; resigns, 3043. 

, Francis Scott, b., 93 1 ; Star Spangled 

Banner, 1232 ; d., 156' ; monument, 332 1 . 

, Sir John, lord mayor Londojx, 945 3 . 

, Joseph S., bp., 3223. 

, Philip Barton, b. (1757) ; Sickles ac- 
quitted of, 185^ ; killed (1815). 

, Thomas Hewitt, b., 9283; d., 9802. 

, Marshall, b. (1819); d., 2641 . 

Key to Shakespeare's works appears, 9843. 

Key West, Habeas Corpus suspended, 1952; 
squadron leaves, 3561 ; storm, 473 3 - 

Keyes, Erasmus Darwin, b. (1810) ; in Army 
of Potomac, 2043 ; in Seven Days' Battles, 
2091 ; at Edwards Ferry, 2123. 

, Thomas, executed, 9011 . 

Keynerts, Tiaeart, d , 7903. 

Keyser, Nicaise de, b., 5423; d., 5461 . 

, Polydore de, lord mayor Lond., 9973. 

Khaf-ra, reigns, Egy., 6453 ; builds pyra- 
mid ; statues of, 6451 . 

Khaibar Pass, Brit, envoy stopped, 53. 

Khain, Ameer of Khorassan, d., HOSi . 

Khaleel, El Ashrof, d., 6542. 

Kha-kau-Ra (Usertsen III.), reigns, 6473. 

kheper-Ra (Usertsen 11.), reigns, 6473. 

Koalatlolu, mission at, 11241. 

Khamaraweeyeh, reigns, Egy., 655 2 . 

Khan of Cipango, letter to, 122. 

Khandesh annexed, 10443; ravaged, 10441 . 

Kharesmians, expel invaders ; reign, 11072. 

Kharkoff, Univ. of, fnd., 11171. 

Khartum built, 6573 ; invested, 6601 ; 
stormed, 6602. 

Khasi Hills, mission, 10471. 

Khelat, Afghans besiege, 5381 ; captured; 
Brit, retake; Brit, overpowered, 5382; 
Brit, gov., 539i; revenue, 5393; diplo- 
matic relations, 5392. 

i-Ghilzais, Ameer defeated, 62. 

Kheper- ka-Ka (Usertsen I.) reigns, 6473. 

Kheraskoff, Mikhail, b.-d., 11143. 

Kherson, anti-Semitic riots, 11222. 

Khilji, House of, rules, 10432. 

Khilkof, Andrei Yakof Levitch, d., 11143. 

Khitans, war with, 6121 . 

Khiva, expedition against, 11161 j Rus- 
sians at; surrenders, 11181; partly an- 
nexed; revolt, 11192. 

Khodadad Khan, wounded ; restored,5392. 

Khokand, war with Russia, 11181 j annexed 
to Russia, 11193. 

Kholand, aid to, 6121 . 

Khorsavad, built, 11452. 

Khoshkadem Moaiyud Ahmed rules, 6553. 

Khoten annexed, 6113. 

Khoulalonkorn 1., b. ; reigns, 11243. 

Kliu-aten, built, 6492. 

Khufu, Cheops, king of Egy., 6451, 3; 
builds Great Pyramid, 6451. 

Khugianis, defeated by British, 61 . 

Kbiin-Hedervary.Ct., Ban of Croatia,5312. 

Ivbusru Khan, sultan, 10432. 

Khusruf, Pasha, captured; in Egy. ; revolt 
against, 6561 ; expelled, 6572. 

Khutab Shaih, dynasty reigns, 1043 3 . 

Kia the tyrant, reigns, 6103, 6111 . 

Kiaehta, telegraph to Peking, 6253. 

Kiaking, emp. of China, d., 6163. 

Kiamil Pasha, grand vizier, 11593. 

Kiangnan, China, subdued, 6121 . 

Kiang-si, mission, 6222. 

Kiangsu, famine, 625 3 . 

Kian Weuti, enthroned, 6131 . 

Kibaichick, condemned, 11211. 

Kickapoo J mii;uis surprised, 1021. 

Kidd, William, b.,381 ; royal commission, 
521 ; pirate, 53' ; convicted, 543; d., 541 . 

Kidder, Daniel Parish, b. (1815) ; Rio de 
Janeiro, 5542 

Kidderminster, riot, 9931. 

Kidwell, Zedekiah, b. (1814): d., 2762. 

Kiett sacked, 11141 ; U niv. fnd. ; univ. re- 
moved, 11171 ; inundated, 11181 ; martial 
law, 11212 ; gov. closes R. C. churches, 
11202; Nihilists sentenced, 11211; univ. 
closed, 11*222. 

Kieft, Win., gov., 35 3 ; Indian treaty, 361 . 

Kiel, Prus., Univ. fnd., 7971; peace of, 
8112; Fred, enters, 8223; cholera, 8373 ; 
observatory, 828i ; marine station, 8231 , 

Kk-l<T Zcitung, Pr. Fred.'s Diary in, 8322, 

Kielland, Alexander, work, 11043. 

Kielmeyer, Karl F. von, b., 8023. 

Kien-Luug, b.-d., 6163. 

Wang, enthroned, 6112. 

Kiepert, Heinrich, b., 8122. 



Kies, Mary, receives patent, IMP, 

Kiffin, William, d., 9022. 

Kii river bursts banks, 10921 . 

Tilbourne, Henry S., major, 4501 . 

Kilbride, Dennis, warrant for, 10002. 

Kilcullen, Ire., action at, 9281. 

Kildare, Ire., see erected ; St. Bridget 
nunnery est., 8403; see unites withTuam, 
9462 ; see united with Dublin, 9551; M. 
Comarford cons. R. C. bp., 9983. 

, Earl of, gov., 8573. 

, Thomas, Earl of, deputy, 8651. 

Kildwick, Eng., R. R. collision, 9813. 

Kilfenora, see erected, 8542. 

Kilgore, Buckley, b., 1442. 

, Carrie Burnham, practitioner, U.S. S. 

Court, 3523. 

Kilian, Lucas, b., 7922; d., 7963. 

Kilkenny, Ire., Castle built, 8501 ; English 
settle, 8512; surrendered, 8862; tenants' 
meeting, 9732. 

Killala, bishopric est., 840 3 ; Fr. invasion, 
9281 ; Bishop Conway consecrated, 9762. 

Killaloe, Ire., archbp. est., 8463; Bp.Ryan 
cons., 9762; Bp. Chester cons., 9922. 

Killam, Judge, adverse decision, 5902. 

, C. Flash, cons. R. C. bishop, 3082. 

Killarney, Ire., waterspout, 9441 ; threat- 
ened, 9703. 

Killeen, Father, controversy, 4221. 

Killieerankie, Scot., action at, 8981. 

Killigrew, Henry, b., 8782. 

Killochan in collision, 10013. 

Kilmacduagh, see of, erected, 8422; Bp. 
McCormack consecrated, 9762. 

Kilmaine, Baron, title created, 923 1 . 

Kilmainham, Ire., Home Rulers jailed; 
" Treaty of " ; released, 9892. 

Kilmallock, Ire., Abbey fnd., 8423 ; police 
barracks barricaded, 970 3 - 

Kilmarnock, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

, Lord. (See Boyd, William.) 

Kilmore, Ire., see erected, S483 ; Bishop 
Shone cons., 9922 ; Bp. Maginnis, 9983. 

Kilmorey, Lord, title created, 9412. 

, , at Barnum Banquet, 10023. 

Kilpatrick, George A., minister, 5931 . 

, Hugh Judson, b., 1462 ; at Leesburg, 

2132; at Carlisle, 224 1; at Falling Wa- 
ters, 2243 ; raid, 2302, 2372 ; at Aiken, 
2422 ; routed, 2441 ; d., 3082. 

Kilrain, Jake, pugilist, 3433 ; fights, 9971 . 

Kilrush, Ire., houses wrecked, 10091. 

Kilsyth, Scotland, battle of, 886 1 . 

Kilwa captured, 5613, S382. 

Kilwarden, Lord (Arthur Wolfe), b. 
(1740±); justice; killed, 9301, 

Kihvardly, Robert, archbp., 8522; d. (1279). 

Kimball, Charles., nom. for gov., 391 2 . 

, F., missing, 3562. 

, Heber Chase, b. (1801) ; d., 2621 . 

, Rich. Burleigh, b., 1242 ; d., 4201 , 

Kimberley, S. Afr., diamonds at, 600 2 ,3 ; 
capital; mission, 601 1 ; Victoria diamond 
dis., 6022 ; K. r. opened, 6033. 

, Earl of, title created, 9651 . 

, Earl of. (See Wodehouse, John.) 

, Gen. Lewis Ashfield, b. (1830) ; pro- 
moted rear-admiral, 3261. 

Kimbolton, Lord, impeached, 8852. 

Kiniewa expelled, 5622. 

Kimpai destroyed ; defeat, 6221 , 

Kin enthroned, 611 1 ; dynasty rules, 6133; 
Mongols against, 6141. 

Kinathal, king of Scotland, reigns, 8413. 

Kinburn, Rus., captured, 960 1 ; action at, 
11161. 

Kincaid, Charles E., shoots Taulbee, 3523. 

Kinchau, mission, 6222. 

Kin-Chow retaken, 6263. 

Kind, Johann F., b., 8031 ; d., 8162. 

Kindergarten system investigated, 2782 ; 
in New York schools, 4102. 

Ktnderkook,Tenn.,Confeds. defeated, 2103. 

Kindling-wood trust formed, 3893. 

King George Court House, captured, 2161 . 

— '■ — George's Sound, military station, 495 1 . 

and Queen's Court House. action, 2343. 

William's Town mission, 5972, 5983 ; 

incorporated, 599 3 . 

King George lost, 933 3 . 

Horn, 8543. 

King, as vassal, Eng., 851 1 . 

, female ruler called in Hung., 5071 . 

, Austin A., b., 10952 ; gov . Mo., 1652; 

d., 2702. 

, Edward, L. Kingsborough, b., 9263. 

ssin, executed, 9011 . 
iecrated bishop, 9922. 



King Edward War, 641 , 5741 . 

, H. Clay, sentenced, 3802 j shoots 

Posten ; condemned, 4023 ; flees from 

mob, 4123. 

, inventor, patents light, 158 f . 

, James, killed, 179i . 

, John, moderator, 1043. 

Edward, explorer, 4962. 

, Alsop, b. (1788); gov. N. T., 1832; 

d., 25Si. 

, Locke, franchise bill, 957 2 . 

, Peter, b., 8922 ; d., 9082. 

, Sir [Lord], b. (1669) ; L. keeper,. 

9073 ; d. (1734). 
- — , Philip Gidley, gov., 4951 . 

Preston, b., 1122 ; d., 2482. 

, Rufus, b.,71i ; vote for v.-pres., 1133, 

1153, 1252 ; d., 1342. 

— , H., banker, b. (1784) ; d., 2581 . 

- — , Samuel W., gov. R. I., 1512 ; leads 
Law and < trder party, 1552. 

, Thos. Butler, b. (1804) ; d., 2332. 

, Starr, b., 1321 ; d., 2212. 

Wang enthroned, 6112. 

, Wm., b. (1768); gov. Me., 1292 ; d. r 

(1852); statue, 3001. 

, Rufus, b., 981 ; pres. senate, 1472, 

1492, 1512, 1531 , 1672 ; nom. for v.-pres., 
17H ; vote ; vice-pres., 1732 ; d., 1792. 

College Tenn., org., 2602. 

Orendel, poem, appears, 7783. 

Philip's War, 463 (See Philip.) 

Bother, poem, appears, 7763. 

• William's War, 501 ±> 5721 . 

Kingdon, H. Tully, cons, bishop, 10082. 

Kinglake, Alex. Wm., b., 9351 ; Invasion 
of Crimea, 9663 ; d., 10042. 

Kingo, Thos., b., 6362; works, 6371 ;d., 6381 . 

King's Book approved, Eng., 8683. 

Kingsborough, Lord. (See King, Edward.) 

King's Bounty distributed, Eng., 9443. 

Kingsbridge,'N.Y., Morrison attacks, 4502, 

King's Coll. unites with Aberdeen, 9623. 

Kingsbury, Ga., sa It works destroyed,215i . 

, Ind.,R.R. accident, 4393. 

, President, conspiracy, 4642. 

, Cyrus, missionary tolndians, 1243. 

King's Chapel. (See Boston.) 

College. (See Columbia.) 

, London, established, 9443 ; Hos- 
pital founded, 951 1 . 

County, Ire., founded, 8732. 

Mills, O., railway accident, 3653. 

Mountain, N. C, battle of, 922. 

Daughters fnd., 3223 ; furnish help, 

4063 ; conven., 4662 ; form guild, 10002. 

Sons, fnd., 3223 ; conven., 4662. 

Kingston!, Anna, fnds. Hermetic Society. 
9922; d., 9982. 

Kingsland, Ambrose C, mayor N.Y., 1692. 

Kingsley, Calvin, b., 1183 ; cons.M.E. bp. f 
2332; d.,2702. 

, Charles, b., 9383 ; works, 9523, 9603 ; 

Christian Socialist, 9603 ; d., 9802. 

, James Luce, b., 912 ; d., 1701 . 

Kingsport, Tenn., Con feds, defeated, 2402. 

Kingston, Can., Weekly Xevs, 5771 ; R. C. 
diocese est., 5782 ; Queen's Univ. est. j 
Weekly Brit. Whit/, 57l)i ; Canadian Free- 
man, 5851; Black Caps org., 5863 ; Peo- 
ple's Political Party org., 5.s;>2 ; gas dis- 
covered ; Rom. Oath, see, 5901 . 

■ , Eng., railway opened, 9461 . 

, N. Y., Indian massacre, 42 1 ; burned, 

87 3 ;Ostrander defalcations, 3912; militia 
called out, 3921 ; anniversary, 4402,4733. 

, Pa., Confeds. occupy, 2232 ; eaith- 

quake, 3321. 

, Tenn., Burnside at; Confederates 

evacuate, 226 2 . 

, Duchess of (Elizabeth Chudleigh), b. 

(1720) ; trial of, 9192 ; d. (1788). 

, Earl, title created, 9172. 

Kingsville, Can., petroleum discovered ; 
gas discovered, 5861. 

Kingti, enthroned, 6113, 6131 , 6152. 

Kinhwa, mission, 6183. 61*22, 6231. 

Kinkead, John 11., governor Nevada, 303 3 . 

Kinkel, Johann G., b., 8103 ; d., 8302. 

Kin-Kiang, mission, 6243. 

Kinloss, Baroness, title created, 8772. 

Kinnaird, Baron, title created, 9651. 

, Baroness, title created, S93 2 , 

Kinneh, mission, 6571. 

Kinnoull, Earl of, title created. 8831 . 

Kino, Father, in California, 541 , 2. 

Kinogawa River, bursts banks, 10921. 

Kins, war with ; defeated ; conquered, 
6121 ; dynasty ends, 6151 . 



Ens -Kong*. 



Text Figures denote Page. INJJxLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1301 



Kinsale, Ire-, Eng. troops ; take, 898*. 

, Baron, title created, 8511 . 

Kinsolving, Geo. Herbert, bp. Tex., 4202. 
Kinston, N. C, action, 2162 ; Confeds. re- 
pulsed ; Schofield occupies ; Federals 

banged, 2302; Confeds. defeated, 2441 . 
Kin tang, Gordon repulsed, 620 2 . 
Kinti taken, 10482. 
Kiutore, Baron, title created, 945 1 ; Earl 

of, 893 2. 

, Earl of, gov. Soutb Australia, 5003. 

Kinzie, David H., major, 4561 , 

Kioto, missions at, 10921 . 

Kioty, Jap., taken, 10911 . 

Kiowa, Kan., gambling-bouses closed, 

3831; female mayor, 3931. 
Kip, William Ingraham, b., 1163 ; cons. 

Prot. Ei>is. bishop, 1723; d., 4261. 
Kipling, Rudyard, b. (1865) ; works, 4203, 

4482,9983, 10032, 10103. 
Kippis, Andrew, b., 9062 ; d., 9263. 
Kipton Station, O., railway accident, 3833. 
Kirby, James, executed, 999 1 . 
— -, William, b., 9143 ; d. (1850). 

., , Ckien d y Qr, 5843. 

Kircber, Atbanasius, b., 7922 ; inventions 

of, 7962; d.,7971. 
Kircbmaier, Georg K.,b., 7963 ; d., 7983. 
Kircboff, Gustav R., b., 8123 ; d., 8321 . 
Kiretscbjian, Herant M., appeal, 4762. 
Kirghiz invasion, Bokhara, 5491 . 
Kirk, Sir David, at Quebec, 30 1 ; captures 

Ft. supplies, 5721 ; settles in N. F., 11031 . 

, Edward Norris, b., 1102 ; d., 2841 . 

, Sir John, in Zanzibar, 5623. 

, John Foster, b., 5781 ; works, 5811 . 

, Richard, governor S. C, 493. 

-, William H., murder of, 317 1 . 

Kirkaldy, Sir William, d,, 8742. 
Kirkbride, Thomas S., b., 1161 ; d. (18S3). 
Kirke, Percy, soldiers' depredations, 8972. 
Ivirker, Thomas, governor of O., 1152. 
Kirkham, Mr., Methodist, 90S3. 
Kirkland, Caroline M. S., b., 1101 ; d.,2312. 

, John Thornton, b., 762 ; d., 1522. 

., Samuel, b., 642 ; d., 1142. 

Kirkpatrick, D., vote for vice-pres., 2952. 
Kirksville, Mo., Confederates defeated, 

2103; Normal School established, 2763. 
Kirkwood, Daniel, b., 1231. 
, Samuel J., b. (1813) ; gov., 1903,2973; 

sec. interior, 31)72; resigns, 3111 ; d.,470i. 
Kirsten, Peter, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. 
Kirtland, O., Mormons organize church, 

1383, 1402 ; Mormon conference, 3801 . 
Kirwan, Richard, b., 9123 ; d., 9362. 
Kisfaludy, Karoly, b., 5163; d. (1830). 

, Sandor, b., 5163 ; d., 5203. 

Kismaya, East Africa, native revolt, 5643. 
Kiss, August, b., 8082 ; d., 8222. 

, C, b.,9303. 

Kissingen,Bav., Prus. victory, 5261 , 8242. 
Kisoff, Col., conspirator, 5683. 
Kisulutini, mission opened, 5612. 
Kitchener, Lieut., survey of Pal., 11581 , 
Kite, ice-bound, 3881 . 
Ki-tsiang, b., 6183 ; marries, 6231. 
Kitteridge, Thomas, b., 662 ; d. (1818). 
Kittery, Me., first; Baptist church, 482. 
Kitto, John, b.,9323 ; d., 9582. 
Kittrow, Karl Ludwig t b., 5202. 
Kiukiang, mission, 6211 , 2. 
Kiung, enthroned, 611 1. 
Kiushiu, Bp. Evington cons., 10121 ; siege 

of castle, 10911 ; number of R. C, 10922. 
Kiwiwa, reigns ; deposed, 5623. 
Kju!inf)i j riser, appears, 6363. 
Itfladno, Bohemia, strikers' riot, 5323. 
Klapka, Gvorgv, b., 5202 ; d., 5342. 

,b., 8042; d., 8143. 
, 8003 ; discovers zirco- 
d'., 8121. 
Klausenburg, Hung., trial of Roumanian 

nationalists, 537 3 . 
Kleber, Jean Baptiste, b., 7022 ; gen., at 

Heliopolis ; commander, 6561 , 6572 ; 

army in Egy. , 7123 ; Turks defeated, 7141 ; 

assassinated, 7141, 2. 
Klein, Jakob T., b., 79S2 ; d., 8023. 

■, Johann Adam, b., 5191 ; d.,5282. 

, J. W., shot, 4142. 

Kleist, Ewald C. von, b., 7983 ; Spring, 

8011; d., 8023. 
, Heinrich von, b., 8042 ; works, 8083 ; 

8132 ; invents Leydenjar, 11003 ; d.,8102. 
Klengel, Johann C, b., 8022 ; d., 8123. 
Klenze, Leo von, b., 8042 ; d., 8222. 
Kleph, killed, 771 1. 
Klerksdorp, mission, 11242. 



Kliest, Marshal, at Kulin, 5201. 

Klinger, FriedrichM., b.,8022 ; Storm and 
Stress, 8051; d., 8142. 

Klopstock. Friedrich G., b., 8002 ; works, 
8011,8032; d.,80S2. 

Klose, C, wife murderer, 4343. 

Klotz, Christian A., b., S002 ; d., 8031 . 

Kluber, Johann L., b., S023 ; d., 8143. 

Klune, R. L., arrested, 4023. 

Kmety, Georg, b., 5202 ; d., 5262. 

Knabe, Ernest J., d., 4562. 

Knapp, Georg c., b., 8022 ; d., 8123. 

, Jacob, b., 1082 ; d., 2841 . 

, Hermann, b., 1401 . 

, Lyman E., governor Alaska, 3492. 

, Manning M., d., 4001 . 

, Ft. F., indicted, 4043. 

, William E., d., 4001 . 

Knappe, Emil C, embezzler, 4623. 

Knapton Hall, sinks, 9833. 

Knared, treaty of, 11353. 

Knatchbull-Hugessen, Edward H., Lord 
Brabourne, d., 10082. 

Knaus, Ludwig, b. (1829); paints Ifoh/ Fam- 
ill/, 8281. 

Knebel, Karl L. von, b., 8003 ; d., 8142. 

Kneeland, Samuel, b., 1301. 

Kneller, Sir Godfrey, b., 7903 ; est. art 
academy, 9041 ; d., S002. 

Knickerbocker, David Buell, b. (1833) ; 
consecrated Prot. Epis. bishop, 3142. 

Knickerbocker Magazine, est., 1403. 

Knigge, Ernest, a'ssaul ted, 4562. 

Knight, Charles, b., 9243 ; works, 9583, 
9611; d.,97Si. 

, Cyrus F., cons, bp., 3382 ; d., 3842. 

— 7— , deputy marshal, killed, 4223. 

,E. F.^Yitise of the. Aterte, 3962. 

, Edmund, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. 

, Edward H., Die. of Mechanics, 9963. 

, Henry Edmond, lord mayor, 991 2 . 

, James, explorer, 5743 ; d. (1719±). 

, John, Arctic explorer, 8781 . 

, Richard Payne, b., 9123 ; d., 9422. 

-Bruce, Sir James L.,1. justice, 957 2 . 

Knighthood intro., Eng., 8491; for free- 
holders, 8553. 

Knightley, Baron, title created, 10091. 

Knights of the Golden Circle meet, 1853 ; 
arrested at Reading, 2213. 

of the Holy Sepulchre, founded, 539 2 ; 

revived, 10791 , 10863. 

of Honor org., 2S3 1 ; statistics, 4463. 

Hospitallers buhl Rhodes, 11553. 

of Labor, org., 269i ; Gen. Assembly 

org., 3011; increase, 3032 ; proclamation 
against, 3211 ; strike, 3291 ; agree, 3522 ; 
unite with Farmer's Alliance, 355 1 ; for 
political action, 3591 ; political meeting 
inlll.,a r >92; strike, 3662 ; glass-blowers' 
conven., 3NS2; leave Iron League, 4082 ; 
conven. St. Louis, 4183 ; Hugh Deinpsey 
convicted, 4222; Gen. Asso. meets, 4423 ; 
Powderly's resignation; con ven.inPhil a., 
4443; low wages, 4482; aid strikers, 4563; 
conven. ,4743; Sovereign re-elected, 475 1 ; 
protest against government bonds, 4762. 

and Ladies of Honor, founded, 2983 ; 

statistics, 446 3 . 

of the Maccabees, statistics, 4463. 

of Malta, at Jerusalem, 6543; Eng., 

8692 ; confirmed, 10741. 

of Pythias, soc. fnd., 3091; liquor 

dealers excluded, 3603 j session, 4142 ; 
statistics, 421 1. 

of Round Table revived, Eng., 8583. 

of St. Catherine instituted. 11551 . 

of St. John, at Rhodes, 10341 ; inst., 

10743 ; erect hospital at Jerusalem, 
11551 ; expelled from Tripoli, 11382. 

of St. Patrick, established, 9231 . 

Templars, membership, 3891 ; con- 
clave, 4123 ; suppressed ; order abol- 
ished, 10763. 

Knighthood, orders re-established, 11323. 

Knipperdolling, Bernhard,d., 7902. 

Knitting, known, 0802 ; common, 8662. 

Knives, first made, Eng., 8721 ; manufac- 
tured in America, 1361 . 

Knock, Ire., shrine at, 10002. 

Knold, Carl, indictment, 4143. 

Knolles, Richard, b. (1550±) ; History of 
Turks, 8783 ; d. (1610). 

Knone Island, E. I., Fr. possess, 7641 . 

Knott, James Proctor, b. (1S30) ; resolu- 
tion, 2933 ; governor, 3152. 

Knout, use of, abolished, 11223. 

Knowles, Commander, indignation against, 
671 ; impresses seamen, 672. 



Kuowles James Sheridan, b., 9223 j 
works, 9383, 9431 , 9443 ; d., 9662. 

"Know-Nothing" Soc. appears, 1743; Nat. 
Conven., 177 2 ; enacts prohibition, R. I., 
1783 ; presidential nominations, 179 2 ; 
riot in Baltimore, 1803. 

Knox vs. Lee, case of, 273 2 . 

, Henry, b., 662 ; maj.-gen., commands 

army, 961 • forms Soc. of Cincinnati, 97 1 ; 
sec. of war,101 2 ;( ,rg. militia, 1021; d., 1122. 

• , John, b.,866i ; pres. Reformed Synod, 

1363; preachings ; refugee in Eng., 8702 ; 
in Eng. ; est. Reformation ; writings 
of, 8722 ; works, 8723,8751; d.,8742. 

, J., d., 4001. 

, Robert R., consecrated bishop, 9962. 

College founded, 1483. 

Little, Canon, at Toronto, 5861 . 

Knoxville, Tenn., settled, 1013 ; printing- 
press intro. ; K. Gazette est., 1043; Univ. 
of Tenn. org., 1143 ; Burnside at ; evac- 
uated. 2262, 2281 ; Confeds besiege, 2281 • 
Confeds. seize fort ; battle ; Longstreet 
at, 2282 ; siege raised, 22sa ; Stoneman 
raids, 2442; insane asylum, 2872; St. 
Mary's School est., 3123; r. r. accident, 
3452 ; Morning Journal seized, 3762 ; 
Afro-Am. League meets, 3872; shipment 
of arms, 4121 ; Presb. against mobs, 4382. 

Knudson, A. A., invents telephone, 320 1 . 

Knutslord college est., 9771. 

, Baron, title created, 9963. ■ 

Knutsson, Torkel, regent, 11351 ; d., 11352. 

Knyphausen, Baron Win. von, Hessian 
gen.inAm.,b.,800i ;inN.J.,92i ;d.,8043. 

Koanto annexed, 1091 2 . 

Kobad (Kuhadt, reigns, 11072. 

Kobe, missions at, 10921 , 2. 

Ivobell, Franz von, b., 8082. 

Kock, Charles Paul de, b., 7102 ; works, 



7232 



74i; 1. 



Koch, Christoph Wilhelm von, b., 8002 ; 
d., 8102. 

■ Joseph Anton, b., 8031 ; d., 8143. 

, Hans, martyr, 7891 . 

, Henri de, b., 7241 ; d., 7621 . 

, Karl Heinrich Emil, 1>..N083; d.,830i. 

, Robert, b. (1843) ; U. S. fund, 3732 ; 

remedy tested in N. Y., 3481 ; in Conn., 
3773 ; remedy praised ; Aust. proposes 
hospitals, 5341 ; investigation report, 
7601; microbe dis., 830i; tuberculosis 
remedy ; institute est., 8341 ; Order of 
Black Eagle, 8342 ; aid from emperor, 
8343. 

Kochi, mission at, 10922. 

Koechlin, Daniel, b., 7061 ; d., 7461. 

Koeckmann, Hermann, cons., 10411 . 

Koekkoek, Bernard Cornelius, b.-d., 11021. 

Koelxler, F., suicide, 4522. 

Koliaku, mikado reigns, 10913. 

Kohima mission, 10463. 

Kohl, Johann G., b., 8083 ; d. ( 8282. 

Kohler, or Koehler, Johann D., b., 7982 ; 
d., S023. 

Kojuk Pass, British at, 41 . 

Kokomo, ind., White Caps outrage, 4211 • 
women outlaws, 444 2 , 

Kokoran, Ayoob at, 61 . 

Kolb, Capt., oath of office, 4771 . 

Kolbe, Adolf W. H., b., 8122 ; d., 8302. 

Kolberg, Ger., resist Fr., 716 2 ; fortress 
captured, 8022. 

K'olcsey, Ferencz, b., 5163 ; d., 5203. 

Kolding, Danes defeated, 8181 ; taken fc 6402. 

Kolga, asteroid, discovered, 2981 . 

Kolin, Bohemia, battle of, 8021 , 516I . 

Kollack, Theodor, b., 8122. 

Kolliker, Rudolf Albert, b., 8122. 

Kollman, cloudburst, 5341. 

Kolokotronns, Theodorus, insurrectionist, 
in Peloponnesus, 1035 3 . 

Koloman, king, 5033. 

Kolowrat, Leopold Krakowski, founds mu- 
seum, 5171 . 

Kolozsvar, Univ. founded, Hung,, 5283. 

Kolpakoviski, Gen., defeats Oghlan, 11181 . 

Kols mission, 10463. 

Koltadab, Gholam Khan at, 62. 

Komaroff, Gen., at Bokhara ; at Chard- 
jiu, 62. 

Kome-es-paht, mission, 6571. 

Komei-Tenno, reigns, 10913. 

Komorn, Hung., yields, 5223. 

Kondutchi, attacked, 8381 . 

Kongo Free State (see text, pp., 1093-1094), 
treaty saved, 3832 ; Am. missions, 5461 ; 
Conf. proposed, r>462; Bin adopted; loan; 
gov. appointed ; Purchase Bill ; railroad 



1302 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Kong— Lat)0, 



govt, fund, 5472 ; railroad subscriptions, 
5473 ; Free-trade zone, 5642. 

Kongo River, dis., 1161 1 ; explorations on, 
10931; steamer on, 10932 ; mission, 10942; 
Port, protest, rights denned, 11112. 

Konias, Anthony, Jesuit book-burner, 5131 . 

Konicli, battle at, 6562. 

Kdnig Friedrich, b., 8041 j steam printing- 
press, 9343 ; d., 8142. 

Kdnig Wilhelm, launched, 8243; collides, 
8281. 

Kbniggratz, Bohemia, battle of, 8242. 

Koiii-inhuf, Bohemia, captured, 8241. 

Kbnigsberg, fud., 7812 ; treaty of, 7173 ; 
statue of emp.,736 1 ; capital, 7813; Grand 
Masters, Teutonic Order at, 7S72; dukes 
at, 7893; Lutheran Univ., 7911; Univ. of 
K.,7931; taken, 80S1. 

Konigshofen, peasants defeated, 7881. 

Konias mark, Count, Johann Christoph, b. 
(1600) ; at Prague, 5122 ; a t Magdeburg, 
6361 ; d. (1663). 

, Philipp Christoph von, b. (1662) ; at 

Morea, 10341 ; assassinated (1694). 

Kb'nigstein Tun built, 8013. 

Konrad Otho enthroned, Bohemia, 5051 . 

Kookas revolt, 104S2. 

Kooneh Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 

Koos, mission at, 6571 . 

Kooshab, action at, 110S1 . 

Kopfner, Johann G.,dis. cobalt blue, 8121 . 

Kopp, Prof. vs. Win. Tell, a myth, 11381 . 

Kbppen, Adolph Louis, b., 6382. 

, Friedrich, b., 8041 ; d., 8201. 

Koprili-Fasil-Ahmed, b. (1626) ; grand viz- 
ier, 11572 ; d. (1676). 

, Mustafa, killed, 5122. 

Koralyi, Gustavo Siegmund, d., 5342. 

Korah mutinies, 11413 ; engulfed, 11403. 

Koran, written, 4S42 ; 8th chapter ; col- 
lected, 4843 ; appears, 10722. 

Korashan, Messiah, San Francisco, 4021 , 

Korea (see text, p. 1009), Adm. Rogers at- 
tacks, 2721; Ams. endangered, 4601 ; war 
with China, 6121 ; Japanese claim, 6141; 
invaded ; annexed, 6152 ; demand of 
China, 6252; treaty with Japan, 6272; 
bp. Corf e cons., 10022 ; Japanese invade, 
10911; subdued, 10912; anti-Japanese 
riots; China-. Japanese war, 10921 ; war, 
6251,2,3, 6272,3. 

Ivoreysh, development, 4833. 

Koreyshites, Mohammed defeats, 4841. 

Korner, Karl T., b., 8043; Lyre and Sword, 
8103 ; d., 8102. 

Korti, Egypt, evacuated, 6602. 

Kortright, Eliza, married, 932. 

Korum, Felix, papal nomination, 8303. 

Kosair, mission, 3571. 

Kosciusko, Miss., political tight, 4522. 

, Thaddeus, b., 11143 ; in Am. army, 

871 ; inLond.,92:>2; taken at Maciejoviee, 
11161; insurrectionist, 11172 • d., 11163. 

Kosegarten, Johann Gotfried Ludwig, b., 
8062 ; d., 8202. 

Koshin, attacked, 6273. 

Koskatad, miss, dower, 6003; mission, 601 1 . 

Kosmos sinks, 9893. 

Kossova, Turks victorious, 5081 ; eel., 5332. 

Kossuth, Francis, succeeds father, 5372 ■ 
advances father's ideas, 5382. 

, Louis, b., 5191 ; at "Vienna, 522 1 ; gov., 

5231,2; i u exile, 5232; i n Turk., 5233; 
sentenced, 5242; deputy ; letter, 5273; re- 
signs, 5291 ; citizenship denied, 535* ; for- 
bids visiting Hung., 536 1 ; in N. Y. ; in 
"Wash., 1691; addresses Cong. ; U. S. ves- 
sel for, 1692 ; sails for Liverpool, 171 1, 
9571 ; seized, 9592; d., 5361; funeral; 
Hung, in mourning, 5363 ; funeral con- 
cessions, 5372 ; remains honored, 5373 ; 
memorial resolution, 4551 ; library, 5373. 

Kostomaroff, Nicholas Ivanovitch, b., 
11163; d., 11201. 

Kostza, Martin, at Smyrna; seized, 525 1 ; 
rescued, 1721. 

Kotah taken, 10481. 

Kotapad mission, 10472. 

Kotgur mission, 10463. 

Kothair-byu, convert, 10463. 

Kothapur mission, 10471. 

Kotonou, secession ; action at, 11612. 

Koto us captured, 118 1 . 

Kotze, Von, Chancellor, arrested, 8363. 

Kotzebue, August, Fred.Ferd.von,b.,8023; 
works,80f>2; assassinated, 8132; d.,8122, 

, Otto von, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Kouts, Ind., R.R. collision, 3273. 

Koutsky, Herr von, embezzler, 4222. 



Kow-Shung settled, 6263. 

Kraft, Joseph, child kidnapped, 4442. 

Kraitsir, Charles, d., 524z. 

Kranichfeld acquired, 813 3 . 

Krantz, Adm., minister, 757 1 . 

Krapf, John L., miss, in Abyss., 12, 561 2 ; 
at Mombasa, 5612. 

Krapotkin,l>emetrius ( assassinated, 11191 . 

, Prince Peter, b. (1842) ; trial, 7531 . 

Krasieki, Ignatius, b.-d., 11143. 

Krasinski, Waleryan, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Krasnoi, W. Rus., contest at, 7183. 

Krauel, Dr., signs agreement, 835 2 . 

Krause, Marshal, gov. of Prague, 5311 . 

Krauth, Chas. Philip, b. (1797) ; d., 2471 . 

, , Porterheld, b., 1302; p res . of 

council, 2742 ; d., 3121. 

Kray, Baron Paul von, b. (1735) ; at Mag- 
nano, 7122 ; at Stockach, 5182 ; d. (1804). 

Krebs, John Michael, b. (1804); moderator, 
1583 ; d. (1S67). 

Kreeder, D. S., murdered, 4331 . 

Krefeld (Crefeld), Prus., battle at, 7021 . 

Kreli, repulsed, 6001 . 

Kreiuentz, Philip, card, priest, 8361. 

Kremlin, fnd. at Moscow, 11141 ; Napole- 
on's headquarters, 7183. 

Kremsier, Moravia, seat of govt., 5231; 
rulers meet, 5312 ; first Anst. diet, 8173. 

Kresimir, Prince of Croatia, 5031 . 

I., king of Croatia, 5032. 

II., prince of Croatia, 5031 ; k., 5032. 

Kreutzer, Rudolf, b., 8823 ; d., 8142. 

Sonata excluded from mails, 3642. 

BLribbs, George F., b., 1602. 

Krieg <mf <l<r ii'arthurg issued, 7823. 

Kriloff, Ivan Andrievitch, b., 111G2 ; Fa- 
bles, 11171; d., 11163. 

Krishnagar mission, 10463; Bp. Pozzi cons. 
R. C, 9962. 

Kristhena Soc. sails for India, 3341 . 

Kritim-fw Jl'alder issued, 803 2 . 

Kritzinger, Pastor, chaplain, S322, 8342. 

Krivandoff, Capt., in Siiistria, 5683. 

Kropp, on bone dust as fertilizer, 8081 . 

, George, cons. card, priest, 8361 . 

Krosche, riot in church, 11222. 

Kroton, destroys Sybaris, 1016 1 . 

Krudener, Gen., at Plevna, 5652. 

Krug, Commissioner, bribery, 4722. 

, Wilhelm T., b., 803i ; d., 8162. 

Kruger, Stephen J. Paul, president Trans- 
vaal, 6031, H243, 11252. 

Kruman, Moffat's church, 5981. 

Krummacher, Fried. A., b., 8031 ; d., 8162. 

Krupp, Alfred, b., 8102 ; exhibits steel in- 
got, 8181, 820'; d.,8321. 

, Friedrich, d., 8123. 

Krusentern, Adam Johann von, b., 11162; 
d., 11182. 

Kuang-si, robbers infest, 6192. 

Tri, missionaries killed, 4823. 

Tung, robbers, 6192. 

Kubasolf, Sergius, Chronograph, 11151. 

Kublai Khan, in Peru, 123"; favors Budd- 
hism, 6142; jurisdiction, 6151; d., 6141, 2. 

K.uche annexed, 6113. 

Kucheng mission, 6191 . 

Kuchler sentenced, 8311 . 

Kuchnoel, Christian F., d., 8161 . 

Kufeit, Abyssinia, conflict at, 22. 

Kugler, missionary in Abyssinia, 12. 

, Franz T., b., 8083 ; d., 8201 . 

Kulm, Adalbert, b., 8102; d. (1881). 

K ubiio, Gustav F., b., 8082 ; d., 8321 . 

Kulmer, Rafael, b., 8082; d., 8282. 

Kuhnol, Christ. Gottlieb, b., 8031 ; d.(1841). 

Kuiranga, captured, 8383, 

Kukiang, enthroned, 611 1. 

Kuklux, in Ky., atrocities, 2831 ; in Ala- 
mance (N. C.) County, 266i ; militia sup- 
press, 2703 ; Congress passes Act, 2751; 
in Tenn., 2651, 2 , 3; proclamation 
against, 2732, 2752; terrify negroes, 2783. 

Kub'ff seha, action at, 11161 . 

Kulja, Russia annexes, 623 2 . 

K ullack, Theodor, b. (1818); d., 8302. 

Kullmen tries to kill Bismarck, 8291. 

Kulm, Prus., action at, 5201. 

Kulp House, Ga., Confeds. repulsed, 235* . 

Kumamoto, earthquake destroys, 1092 1 . 

Kuraarila preaches, 10431 . 

Kumassi, W. Afr., burned, 11612. 

Kummamett mission, 10483. 

Kunersdorf, Frederick defeated, 5162. 

Kung, Prince, b., 6163; signs conven., 6212; 
degraded ; reinstated ; regent, 6213 ; dis- 
missed, 6233; dictator, 6273. 

Kung Wang, enthroned, 6112. 



Kungti enthroned, 613 1 ; k., 6123. 

Kunkel, discovers nitric ether, 798 2 

Kuunah, Burmese war, 10482. 

Kunnankulam mission, 10463. 

Kunst-en Letvurhlad issued, 5443. 

Kunth, Karl S., b., 8043; d., 8181 . 

Kuntz, John S., commander-in-chief, 3172. 

Kunz, John, imprisonment 3 years, 3482. 

Kuper, Adm., at Kagoshima", 966 1 ; bom- 
bards Kagoshima, 10921 . 

Kuppel, Wilhelm P. E. S., d., 8302. 

Kuram annexed, 53. 

Kurds ravage Per., 11081 , raid Arm., 11593. 

Kuriking, captured, 618 2 . 

Kurman, mission, 5972. 

Kurram Valley, explored, 53. 

Kurri-Galzu reigns, 11413. 

Kursheed, besieged, 6562. 

Kurts, dynasty of, 43. 

Kurtz, Benjamin, b. (1795); d., 2481 . 

, Johann H., b., 8083. 

, John Nicholas, b. (1720±) ; first min- 
ister, 542 • ordained, 663 ; d. (1794). 

Kurze Uistotre, issued, 801 1 . 

Kushan, earthquake, 11073. 

Kustrin, retaken, 810 1 . 

Kusunoki-Masashige leads revolt, 10911. 

Kutab-ud-din, sultan of Delhi, 10432. 

Kutchuk-Kainardji, peace of, 10351 ; treaty 
of, 11122, 11172. 

Kuti, sultan of, British treaty with, 5521 . 

Kntusoff, Mikhail, b., 11143 ; at Borodino, 
71S2 ; at Austerlitz, 7161; d., 11163. 

Kurz, Heinrich, b., 8082; d., 8281 . 

KTiatofski, hanged, 11203. 

Kwai, Yung, editor, 4662, 

Kwala Kapnas, mission at, 5523. 

Kwa-mouth, mission at, 10943. 

Kwangsi, commissioner sent; prime min- 
ister sent, 6193; itinerary, 6243. 

Kwangsu <Tsaitien), b., 6222; rules, 6232. 

Kwang Vouti (Lew Sew), enthroned, 6113. 

Wang, enthroned, 6112. 

Kwantsong, b., 6142; d., 6153. 

Kwei-Chau, mission, 6223. 

Kwei-hwa-clieiig, mission, 6242. 

Kwei-yew, reigns, 6151 ; d., 6142, 

Kyd, Thomas, Sjiauis/t Tragedy, 8751 , 

Kyelang mission, 6191 . 

Kyle, James H., b., 1741 ; nom. for pres., 
4111 ; testimony, 4573. 

, John C, b.," 1082; speech, 4392. 

Kynett, Alpha, b., 1362; d. (1899). 

Kyoto, capital Japan, 10912; Czarewitch 
attacked; rebels arrested, 10923; capital 
transferred, 10931. 

Kypriak, M., new ministry, 5671 , 

Kyrle Society formed, 9801 . 



La Abra claim discussed, 3993. 
Labadie, Jean de, b., 3093; d., 6922. 
Labat, Jean Baptiste, b., 6903; d., 7002. 
Labbe, Philippe, b., 6,%2; d. (1667). 
Lab£, Louise, b., 6803 ; Bttbat de la folie, 

6831; d., 6823. 
Labec, Notker, philosophical works, 7751 . 
La B&iolliere, fciiiile Gigault de, b., 7211 . 
Labedoyere, Conite de, Charles Angelique 

Huchet, b., 7061 ; shot, 7232; d., 7222. 
La BeesiiK.-, Father, missionary, 5731 . 
Label printers combine, 365 3 . 
Laber, Hadamar von, Die Jagd, 7823, 
Labiche, Eugene Marie, d., 7562. 
Labienus, Titus, fights; occupies Paris, 

105S3; k., 10602. 
Lablache, Luigi, b., 10843; d., 10S82. 
Labor, prices fixed, 323; value of, 331; 

first movement, 1571; agitations, 169' ^ 

exalted by Lincoln, 201 3 . 

, Am. Federation. (See under Am.) 

, Nat. Bureau of, created, 3191 . 

Congress, Nat., meets in Cinn., 2711 ; 

in St. Louis, 2743. (See International.) 
Congress in Montreal, 5891; elective 

resolution, 5903; procession, 596 2 . 

Convention, 2603, 2773, -j83i , 301 1 . 

Day legalized in Colo., 3131 ; in Mass., 

3271; in N. J., 3291; i n Me.; in Ore., 3292; 

in N. Y., 3663 ; in la. ; O., 3752 ; in 

D. C, 4792; generally observed, 3911, 

4143,4703; denounced', Can., 5S82. 
Labor, eight-hour, 2021, 2632, 2651; Bill, 

3772, 3792 ; law, passes H., 4093. (See 

Eight-hour day.) 

Exchanges," Congress of, 7623. 

, division of, Ger., 7723. 



Labo-Lake, 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1303 



Labor investigations, Fr., 7551; disturb- 
ances, 7563; Cong, in Paris, 7583 ; dis- 
turbances, 7G0 2 , 3; protected, 761 1 ; hours 
limited ; regulations ; Bill for Govt. 
Bureau, 7613. 

Reform National Convention, nomi- 
nations, 279 2 . 

, scant supply, Eng., 8591 ; protected ; 

Irish, opposed in Eng., DUD 2; unions for- 
bidden, 9132; Bill for labor hours, 9532; 
wages, 9571,9631,9771. 

Societies to leave, 380 2 ; boycott non- 
union men, 3863; demonstration, 387 1 . 

troubles, non-union, in Pottsville, 

Pa., 3891; of convicts opposed, Tenn., 
3882,3903,3911 ; mass-meeting for relief , 
4443 ; demanded in Indianapolis, 4503 ; 
commission reports on strikes, 4763 ; 
unions protest against " L" R.R., 423 3 ; 
Judge Rick's decision, 426 2 ; Italians 
oppose Am. labor, 43G 2 j unions refuse 
low rates, 4493 ; conflict, 4571 ; coalition 
in Chicago, 4623; men light, 4703. 

troubles, arbitrators, Australia; Con- 
ference decision, 500 2 ; war advocated, 
Belg.,547i. 

Union against militia, N. Y., 4142. 

Union and People's Party unite, 4711 ; 

league against labor unions, 4722. 

wage rates determined, Cuba, 6333. 

Laborers' Electoral Asso. meets, 10031; 
capital against labor, 10053. 

Housing Act passes, 9571, 9692; as 

pilgrims, 9791 . 

League est., 9991. 

Laborde, Comte de, Alexandre Louis 
Joseph, b., 7043; d., 728 2 . 

■ , Comte de, Leon Emmanuel Simon 

Joseph, b., 7163; d., 7382. 

Laborosarchad reigns, 11472. 

Labouchere, Henry, Baron Taunton, b., 
9283 ; d. (1869) 

, •, b. (1831) ; accuses govt. ; insults 

Salisbury; suspended, 1003 2 ; abolition 
amendment, 10122. 

Laboulaye, Edouard Rene" Lefebre, b., 
7192; works, 7283, 7291 , 7331 ; d., 7541 . 

Labourdonnais, Bertrand Francois Mahe" 
de, b., 6943; d. (1753). 

Labrador, dis., 5701 ; Cortereal visits, 151 ; 
mission, 763; Davis visits, 5712; Mora- 
vians in, 575i; famine, 585 3 ; vessels 
wrecked, 5933 ; discoveries, 5961 j Indians 
suffering, 596 3 , 

Labuan Island, English acquire, 5521 ^9551 ; 
see est., 9583. 

Labynetus. (See Belshazzar.) 

I,a Calle, telegraph lineopd., 10893. 

La Calprenede, Gautier de Costes de, b., 
K 6862; Faramond, 6911 ; d. (1663). 
Xac Court d'Oreilles, mission at, 1423. 

Lace manuf. in Fr., 6721 ; in Eng., 916 2 ; at 
Augsburg, 7842; at Annaberg, 7S8 2 ; im- 
ports forbidden, 8653. 

Laceda^mon fnds. Sparta, 1013 3 . 

Lacedaemonians invade Arcadia, 10141. 

Lacepede, Comte de, Bernard G. S. de la 
Ville, d., 7242. 

La Cerda assassinated, 675 2 . 

Lacey, Edward S-, in treas. dept., 351 2 . 

, John F., b., 152 2 ; speech, 439 2 . 

, William, b. (1781); d., 2541 . 

La Chaise, Francois d' Aix, Pere, b., 6863; 
king's confessor, 6923; d., 6963. 

, Pere, anarchist riot, 7563. 

La Chauss^e, author of Gouvernante, 7012. 

Lacftexis, asteroid, discovered, 7361 . 

Lachine, Can., attacked, 50i , 5722; bridge 
completed, 587 2 ; canal begun, 5793. 

Lacbmann, Karl, b., 806 2 ; works, 8131 , 2 ; 
d., 8181. 

Laclos, Pierre Ambroise Fran9oise Choder- 
losde, b.,7002 ; d., 7143. 

La Condamine, Chas. M., works, 701 2 . 

Laconia, Gr., coasts plundered, 1022 2 ; rav- 
aged, 10223 

, New Hamp., N. B. Gale's bequests, 

4792. 

Lacordaire, Jean Baptiste Henri, b., 7143; 
works, 7271 , 7283, 7292; d., 7342. 

Lacour, Paul Challemel, Academician, 
7561. 

Lacretelle, Jean Chas.de, b., 7031 ; d.,7322. 

, Pierre Louis de, b., 7011 ; d., 7242. 

Lacriosa, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

Lacroix, John C, b., 1421 . 

, Jules, b., 7191. 

, Paul, b., 7163; d., 7541 . 

, Sylvestre Francois, b., 7031 ; d., 7283. 



La Crosse, Wyo., mercury low, 3121 . 

Lacrosse played at Windsor, 9813. 

Lacteals discovered, 10822. 

Lacy, Drury, moderator, 1163. 

, Hugh de, justice, 8512 ; lord deputy, 

8513; viceroy, 853 1 ; k. (1186). 

, Richard, cons. R. C. bp., 9822. 

Ladas wins Derby, 1005 3 . 

Ladd observatory, Providence, R. L, 3941 . 

, Herbert W., nom. gov., 3373, 3412, 

3492, 3811 , 3992; gives observatory, 3941 ; 

prize-fight unopposed, 395 1. 

, William, b., 912; d., 152 2 . 

Ladies' Asso. collects funds, Am., 1503. 

, education of heathen org., 9682. 

for Jewish females org., 9583. 

China Miss. Soc. of Bait, org., 1642. 

Ladies' Conytauton appears, 1291. 
Ladies' Health Protective Asso., 3563. 

Inst, at Granville, O., fnd. 1403. 

Ladies' Magazine, 1091, 1363. 
Ladies' Mount Vernon Asso., 1851. 

Nat. Aid Society fmd., 993t. 

Nat. Covenant fmd., 2333. 

Nat. Tennis Tournament, 4083. 

Ladies' Wakhi Mi seel lam/ est., 1143. 
Ladislaus I., St., or Wladislaw, b. (1041) ; 

k. of Hung., 5032 ; conquers Croatia, 

5021 ; d. (1095). 

the Margrave rules ; d., 5051 . 

, or Lancelot, king of Naples, 1077 2 ; 

rules Rome, 1079 2; sacks Rome ; opposed 

by pope, 10781. 

II. reigns in Hung., 5051 . 

III. the Cumen, reigns in Hung., 5052; 

assassinated, 5043. 
IV., king of Hung, and Bohemia, 

50S 2 , 509i; son is poisoned, 5091; d., 

5081,2,5651. 
V., Posthumus, king, 5091; returns, 

5092; d.,508 2 . 
VI. reigns in Bohemia, 509 2 ; reigns 

in Hung., 5093. 
I., b. (1044+) ; K. of Poland, 11133 ; d. 

(1102±). 
II., son of Boleslaus III., reigns in 

Poland, 11133. 

III., Duke of Poland, 11151 . 

I., king of Poland, b.-d., 11142. 

II., K. of Poland, b.-d., 1114 2 ; reigns, 

11152. 
III., K. of Poland, b.-d., 11142; reigns 

11152. 

IV., K. of Poland, b.-d., 11142. 

IV. the Short, king of Poland; de- 
posed, 11152. 

V. (II.) reigns conjointly; alone, 11152. 

VI. (III.) reigns, 11152 ; elected k. of 

Bohemia and Hung., 5091 ; d., 5651 . 
of Poland reigns in Russia, 1115 2 ; 

ravages Moscow, 11141 . 

VII. (IV.) reigns in Poland, 11153. 

. (See Wladislaw.) 

Ladmirault, Gen., at Tbionville, 738 1 ; 

gov., 7461 . 
Lady Elgin collides, 1893. 

Munro wrecked, 9473. 

Nugent lost, 9581 . 

Sherbrooke lost, 9453. 

Ladysmith mission, 5983. 

Lady's Pictorial issued, 9862, 

Laeken, statue of Leopold I., 546 1 ; castle 

burned, 5473. 
Laemlein, Alexandre, b., 8102; d., 8262. 
Laenias, C. Ponrpillius, ambassador, 10553. 
Laennec, Rene" Theodore Hyacinthe, b., 

7051 ; invents stethoscope, 7221 ; d., 7242. 
Laerde Efter retain yer issued, 6391 . 
Leetitia, asteroid, discovered, 7321. 
Lafane, Mary, shot, 4262. 
La Fare, Marquise, Charles Auguste, b. 

(1644) ; Pantltie, 6952 ; d. (1712). 
Lafarge, John, in Nat. Acad. Design, 2681 . 

, Marie C, b., 722 2 ; d., 7322. 

Lafayette, Ind. Purdue Univ. org., 2863 ; 

train wreck, 4293. 

, La., election disorder, 3392. 

, Mo., desperadoes in, 256 2 . 

, Tenn., Confeds. repulsed, 2351 . 

, Marquis de (Marie Jean Paul Roch 

Yves Gilbert Motier), b., 71 1,7023; joins 

Americans, 7041 ; org. Nat. Guard, 7061 ; 

leader of Feuillants, 7071 ; commander, 

707 2 ; delivers Royal family, 707 3 ; leaves 

Fr. army, 7081 ; llees from Paris, 7092; 

escapes from prison, 711 1 ; commander 

of Nat. Guards, 7241, 7253; ministry of, 

725 3 ; joins Am. army, 86 1 ; maj.-gen., 

8623; wounded, 87 1 ; in Gloucester, N. J. ; 



commander, 88 1 ; request to D'Estaing: 
in R. I., 883 ; at Valley Forge, 88 2 ; 
leaves Am. ; receives sword, 90 1 ; returns 
to Am., 911 j furnishes army outfits, d:; 2 ; 
in Va., 94 2 ; pursues Arnold, 94i ; block- 
ades Cornwallis ; travels in Am., 97 1; 
visits Am. ; voted land, 1331 ; welcomed 
by Congress; voted remuneration, 1332 j 
d., 7262 ■ grave decorated, 7673 ; monu- 
ment, 2661. 

Lafayette, Comtesse de, Marie M. P. de la 
V., b., 6S82; works, 6911 , 6931 ; d., 694 2 . 

La Fayette Coll. (non-sect.) est. at La 
Fayette, Ala. (1883). 

Lafayette Coll. org. Easton, Pa., 1403. 

La Fere, Fr., French repulsed, 7423. 

Laffaldt, battle at, 7001 . 

Lafitau, Joseph, d., 700 2 , 

Lafitte, Jacques, b., 704 2 ; ministry of, 
7253 ; d.,7283. 

, Jean, b., 7051 ; d., 7242 (or 1746). 

Lafleche, Louis F., cons, bp., 5822; tithe 
order, 5902. 

La Fleche in Derby race, 10093. 

La Fontaine, August H. J., b., 8023 ; d., 
8142. 

, Jean de, b., 6863 ; works, 6903, 

691 2 , 6931; d., 6943. 

Lafosse, Charles de, b., 6883 ; d., 6971. 

La France in collision, 7573. 

, Pome, et V Italic published, 7343. 

La Fuente, Modesto, b.-d., 11303; Granada, 
11311. 

Laghouat, Algeria, taken, 8 3 . 

La Gillepe dam inaugurated. 5453. 

Lagos, W. Afr., captured, 9561 ; acquired 
by Great Britain, 9653 ; mission, 1161 1. 

La Grande, Ore., Chinese expelled, 4383. 

La Grange, Ark., action near, 2181 . 

, Ga., Southern College org., 1571 . 

, La., Federals defeated, 2211 . 

, Mo., College, founded, 1843. 

, Tenn., Grierson leaves, 2203 ; 

Confederates defeated, 2151. 

Lagrange, Comte, Frederic, d., 7541. 

La Grange, Joseph de Chancel de, b., 6923; 
d., 7023. 

, Jos. Louis b., G983 ; libration of moon 

702 2 ; on planetary orbits ; celestial in- 
equalities. 704 1 ; works, 7063 ,7131 ; d.,7211 . 

Lagarde, Paul Anton de, b.(lS27) ; library 
purchased, 434 2 ; d. (1891). 

Lagree, Capt. Doudart de, expe<lition,4813. 

La Gueronniere, Arth. de, b., 7222 ; d., 7501 . 

Laguerre, Deputy, arraigned, 758 2 . 

Laharanpur mission, 10471. 

La Harpe in Texas, 59 2 . 

, Jean Francois Piacenza, b., 7002 ; 

works, 7063, 7151 ; d., 7151. 

Lahire, Philippe de, b., 6883 : d., 6981 . 

Lahore, see of, est., 9803 ; Bp. Matthew 
cons., 9962 ; Bp. Pelckmans cons., 10121; 
taken, 10421; occupied, 10432; citadel 
occupied, 10461; mission, 10471, 10483; 
annexed, 10473 ; Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

Laibach, Aust., Cong, of ; emperors meet, 
521 2 ; demands for crown prince, 5322. 

Laidlaw, W. R., suit, 444 2 ; award, 4543. 

Laigle captured, 6761. 

Lainez, Jacob, Jesuit general, 1081 1. 

Lainriesa, Dr., president. 10383. 

Laing, Alex. Gordon, b., 9262 ; d., 9422. 

, Samuel, b., 921i ; d., 9722. 

Laingsburg mission, 5983, 6023. 

Laing's Neck, Transvaal, action at, 9861 . 

Laird, James, builds steam-rams, 9681 . 

Laisant expelled from army, 7581. 

Laius dethroned, 10131 ; d., 10132. 

L,a Junquera, battle at, 11321 . 

takawn, mission at, 11242. 

Lake Alexandria mission, 4962. 

Angeline, Mich., mine cave-in, 3693. 

Baptist Missionary Soc. org., 1142. 

Bogo mission ; reopened, 4962. 

City, Fla, Stale University, 3143. 

dwellings in Switzerland, 11381 . 

Erie, steamer on, 1273; rises, 1501; 

and Ohio connected, 3473. (See Erie.) 

— — Forest Univ. ( Presb.), est. at Lake 
Forest, 111. (1857). 

George, N. T., fort on, 682 ; college 

boat-races, 315 3 , 3253 ; Amer. Asso. at, 
3862 ; tire, 4333 ; propeller sinks, 4353. 

Henry, floating island reported, 3341 . 

Huron, Champlain visits, 5702, 571a ; 

Asia wrecked, 3093. 

Michigan, steamboat on, 1293. 

Minnetonka, Minn., bones of mound- 
builders, 3G6i. 



1304 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN JJJltA.. Superior figures indicate Column. 



Lake-Lang. 



Lake Mohonk, N. Y., Indian conference at, 
3702,3851,3931. 

Okeechobee, Flu., drainage of, 3133. 

Pepin, Minn., Sea Wing capsized, 365 3 , 

Providence, Federals 'defeated, 2183. 

Quinsigamond, Mass., intercollegiate 

boat-race, 3273. 

Regillus, action at, 1050 1 . 

Superior, Algoma founders, 5853. 

Tiberias, Crusaders defeated, 6541. 

Timsah, channel from Mediterranean, 

6573. 

, Viscount Gerard, h., 9103 ; at Lin- 

celles, 70Si; at Castlebar, 7122; at 
Bhartpur ; in India, 10461 ; d., 9343. 

, John. b. (1024i ; acquitted, 8963 ; d. 

(169S). 

Shore R. R. accident, 259 3 ; collision, 

3553 ; strike, 4262 ; forged passes, 4443. 

Side Monthly appears, 2662. 

Lakeport, Ark., crevasse, 4293. 

Lakins, George, dispossessed, 9243. 

Lalande, Jos. Jerome le Franc ais de, b., 
6983 ; d.,7163. 

Lalemant, Jerome, b., 6842 ; d., 6922. 

Lallemand, Baron Charles Francois An- 
toine, b., 7043 , d., 7282. 

, Claude Francois, b.. 7062 ; d., 7322. 

, Gabriel, tortured, 382, 5723, 

Lalliany, Robert G., d., 9982. 

Lally, Count Thos. Arthur, b., 9022 ; com- 
mands in India, 10442 ; d., 9163. 

Lally-Tollendal, Marquis de, Trophime 
Gerard, b., 701i; d.,726i. 

Lalorre, L., president of Uruguay, 11603. 

Lamachus dies, 10202. 

Lamannais, L'Abbe, Hugues Felicity Rob- 
ert de, d., 7322. 

Lamar, Lucius Quint us Ciiicinnatus, b., 
1322; at Seeessiouville, 2091; sec. inte- 
rior, 3212; Supreme Court, 3332; d.,4221. 

, Mirabeau Uui aiapai'te, b.(1793) ; gov., 

1512 ; d. (1S59). 

Lamarck, Chevalier de, Jean Baptiste An- 
toine de Monet, b., 7003 ; U n animal de- 
velopment, 7183 ; d., 7243. 

Lamarque, Comte Maximilian, b., 7042 ; 
d., 7262 ; conflict at funeral, 7272. 

Lamartine, Alphoiise Marie Louis de, b., 
7062 ; works, 7232, 725' , 7271 , 7302,3 • d., 
7382. 

Lamb, Charles, b., 919 1 ; works, 929 1 , 9331 
9411; d.,9462. 

Mrs. (Martha. -Joanna Reade Nash), b. 

(1829) , d.,420i. 

Lamballe, Prineesse de (Marie Therese de 
Savoie-Carignanj, b.,7003; mobbed, 70S 3 ; 
d. (1792). 

Lambdin, George C, b. (1832) ; in Academy 
Design, 2641 . 

Lamberg, Count, murdered, 5231. 

Lambert the Short, Afixandre, 6711. 

, Father A., not sustained, 3422 j leaves 

R. C. church, 4541. 

, Aylmer Bourke, h., 9151 ; d. (1842). 

, Daniel, b. (1770) ; d., 9351 . 

, Francois, b., 07S3 ; d., 6803. 

, Gen., at Fort Boyer, 1223. 

, Sir John, gen., b., 91S3 ; d., 9542. 

, Sir ,b. (1810); statesman ;d., 10081. 

^— , Sir , Gen., b., 8801 ; revolts, 8301 ; 

expels Rump Pari. ; suppresses rising, 
8893; attempts to rouse army ; defeated; 
arrested, 8911; d., 8962. 

Lamberta, asteroid, discovered, 7501. - 

Lamberton, Robert A., d., 4381 . 

Lambeth Articles withdrawn, 8763. 

Palace founded, 8781 . 

, Eng, prelates great meeting, 8963 ; 

glass-plate made, S922 ; foundling asy- 
lum, 9152 ; bridge opd.,9661 ; Pan-Angli- 
can Conf., 9702 ; Bishops' Cong., 9983. 

Lambrecht, minister, 7451 ; d., 7471 . 

, author of Alexanderlied, 7763. 

Lambruschini, Luigi, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. 

Lambton, John George, E. of Durham, b., 
9262; minister, 9452; gov.-gen. Can.; 
report of ; resigns, 579 2 ; Can. ordnance ; 
commissioner, 9492. 

Lamech.inv., 11391 ;intro. polygamy, 11392. 

Lamennais, Hughes de, b., 70ji; works, 
7231,7252, 7271,7291. 

LaMesilla, N. Mex., election riot, 2743, 

Lameth, Comte de, Alexander Theodor 
Victor, b., 7023 ; d., 7243. 

La Mettrie, Julien Offray de, b., 6963 ; 
works, 7012 ; d., 7011. 

Lami writes JS'or>-l/e Letterarie, 10851. 

Lamian "War, 10242. 



Lamington, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

Lamlet reigns, 10732. 

Laiiioignon, Chretien Francois, b., 688 s : 
d., 6963. 

Lamon, Ward H., d., 4281 . 

Lamont, Daniel S., sec. war, 4271 . 

, Johann von, b. (1805) ; magnetic dis- 
turbance discovered, 9561 ; d. (1879). 

Lamoral, Count of Egmont, at Gravelines, 
6821. 

Lamoreaux, S. W., In int. dept., 4472. 

Lamoriciere, Christophe Louis Leon Ju- 
chault de, b., 7163; conquers Kader, 83; 
at Castelfidard, 7341 ; d., 7362. 

Lamotte, Jeanne de Valois, b., 7022; d., 
7082. 

Lamp, incandescent, patented, 2981 j ex- 
hibited, 3021. 

, improved patent, 9222 ; safety ap- 
pears; '* Geordy " inv., 9381 . 

Lampadius, Wilhelm A., b., 8031 ; pro- 
duces sulfurous carbon, 7821 ; dis. light- 
ing gas, 8102 ; d., 8162. 

Lampeter, W., St. David's Coll. est., 9411. 

Lampridius, .Elius, Jug. History, 10671. 

Lamps, oil, used. 1140 2 . 

Lamson, Alvan, b. (1792) ; d., 2351. 

Lamu Islands ceded, 5631 . 

La Navidad erected ; fort burned, 142. 

Lancashire, Eng.,spiiming-jenny invented, 
9161; plate glass nianf., 9182; strike, 
9831,9942 

Lancaster, Eng., Working-Men's Society, 
9651 j earthquake, 1000' ; cotton-workers 
strike, 10083, 10103. 

, Ky., illicit whisky, 4082. 

— — , Mass., Indians attack, 461 . 

, O., gas explosion, 3993. 

, Pa., Iroquois sell land, 65 3 ; capital 

removed, 1193; Franklin and Marshall 
Coll.org., 1463,1731 ; Indus. School, 4721 . 

, Va., Confederates defeated, 2003. 

, House of, 8612. 

. (See John of Gaunt.) 

, Sir James, b., 8701 ; at Pernambuco, 

5521; at Olinda, 5522 ; d.,8S0i. 

, Joseph, b., 9203 ; charity teacher, 

9292 ; d.,9482. 

, Thomas, E. of, leader, beheaded, 857 2 . 

, , bishop of Kildare, 8702. 

Sound discovered, 5703 ; Capt. Ross 

visits, 5762 ; Parry enters, 5781 . 

Lance, George, b., 9303 ; d., 8961. 

Lancelot, Doin Claude, b., 6862; a., 6943. 

Lancers appear, 9381. 

Lancey, James de, governor, 693, 7J3, 

, Oliver de, royalist corps, 842. 

, AVm. H. de, cous. P. E. bishop, 1503. 

Lan-Chau mission, 6242. 

Lanchner, Franz, b., 8082; d., 8321 . 

Lancival, Luce de, works, 7171 , 7192. 

Land, grants to refugees, Algeria, 10 2 ; 
sales forbidden, China, 6252 ; power of 
bequeathing, Eng., 8492 ; rent of, 8693. 

Act denounced, 9S83. 

and Stamp tax, France, 7071 +. 

Bill introduced, 9733, 9952. 

Land of Cor};,u/t/»e issued, 8562. 

Land Court Bill passes, 3732, 3791. 

Grant Bill, notice of, Can., 5902. 

Forfeiture Bill, 3573, 3651 , 3691 . 

Law, as so. to support, 9883 ; Landed 

Estates Court established, 963 2 . 

League. (See Irish Nat. Land League.) 

Land and Liberty circulated, 11203. 

Land nationalization begins, 3091 . 

Society formed, 9883. 

of Opliir, Columbus names, 153. 

Registry office fails, 9733. 

Tenure Reform League meets, 975 2 . 

Transfer Act for Eng., 9812. 

Landau taken, 7961 . 

Landen, John, b., 9062. 

Lander, Frederick William, b. (1821) ; at 
Philippi, W. Va., 196i ; d., 2052. 

, Louisa, b.. 1442. 

T Richard Lemon, b„ 9323 ; d. (1834). 

Landes-Union find, in Mecklenburg, 7893. 

Landgrave, title established, 777 2 . 

Landi, Gasparo, b., 10842 ; at Calatatimi, 
108S1 ; d., 10862. 

Landiver, Rafael, b.-d., 10951. 

Lando, pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . 

Landon, Charles Paul, b., 7023 ; d., 7242. 

, Letitia Llizabeth (Mrs. George Mac- 
lean), b., 9303; d. (1838). 

, Samuel, b., 602. 

Landor, explorer, Australia, 4961 . 

, Walter Savage, b.,919i; works, 9271; 

9371,9423,9483; d.,896i. 



Landrost and Heemraaden ends, 5973. 

Lands, public, granted to railroads, 1691 j 
revenue from, 179 ] . 

Landsdowne, Marquis of. (See Fitz- 
maurice, William Petty.) 

Landseer, Sir Edwin, b., 930 3 ; works, 
9461,9521; d.,978i. 

, John, b., 9151 ; a., 9582. 

, Thomas, b., 9283 ; <j. (1880). 

Landshut, Prus.,I'rnssians defeated, 5162; 
Austrians defeated, 7182 ; Univ. of In- 
golstadt moved, 8072 ; univ. moves to 
Munich, 8132. 

Landslide, Rossberg Mountain, 11381 . 

at Troy, K. Y., 1541 . 

Landslides, Jap., earthquake causes,1092l 

Landstadt, Magnus Brostrup, author of 
Norske Folkeviser, 11043. 

Landtag formed at Berlin, 8171 . 

Land tax enacted, Australia, 4991; fixed, 
Eng., 9292. 

Transfer Bill passes, 10012. 

Landwehr formed, Ger., 8101 . 

Lane electrometer completed, 9162. 

, Edward William, b., 9303 ; d., 9802. 

, ex-county treasurer, embezzler, 3991. 

, James Henry, b.(1814) ; gen. at Hua- 

manta, 1622; indictnients against, 1792 ; 
at Papinsville, Mo., 198 3 ; enlists ne- 
groes, 2103 ; suicide, 2523 ; d., 2581. 

, Jos., b., 1101 ; gov., 1671 ,1743; for vice- 

pres., 1S82; vote, 1883, 1913 ; d. (1881). 

, Sergeant, wins prize, 9661. 

, Sir Richard, lord keeperof seal, 8871 . 

, William C, governor N. Mex., 1712. 

, Theol. Seminary opd. in Cincinnati, 

1371 ; Lyman Beecher, president, 1403. 

University organized, Kan., 2093. 

Lanesborough, E. of, title created, 9132. 

Lanfranc, archbishop of Canterbury, b. 
(1005±) ; d., 8462. 

Lanfrey, Pierre, b., 7243; Napoleon I., 7371 • 
d.,7502. 

Lang, Adra., commands ; resigns, 624 1 . 

, Andrew, b., 9522; Ballads in Blue 

China; Rhymes, 9863. 

, Dr., missionary work, 4942. 

, Heinrich, b., 8123; d., 8282. 

, Louis, b.,123i ; in National Academy 

Design, 1721. 

Langalibalele, trial, 6012 ; released, 6012. 

Langara, Adm., in b. St. Vincent, 9201 . 

Langbridge, Frederick, b., 9542. 

Langdale, Lord. (See liickersteth, Henry.) 

, Charles de, settles in Wis., 671. 

Langdon, F. W. S., killed, 2093. 

, John, b., 642; pres. senate, 1012,1033; 

gov. N. H., 1133, 1173; electoral vote, 
1153 ; d., 1281. 

, Loomis L., commissioned col., 3341 . 

, Samuel, b. (1723) ; d., 1062. 

Lange, Card., treat v with peasants, 7893. 

, Daniel, dredges Suez Canal, 6573. 

, Johann Peter, b.,8082; works, 8163, 

8203 ; d., 8302. 

, Ludwig, b., 8L23 ; d., 8302. 

Langebek, founds J >anishLung. Soc, 6383. 

L'Angeli, court fool, d., 6923. 

Langenieux, B. M., card, priest, 7542. 

Langensalza, Prus., battle of, 8241 . 

Langenstein, Hugo von, St. Martin, 7823. 

Laugevin, Sir Hector Louis, b., 5781 ; pe. 
tition against, 592 3 ; exculpated ; re- 
signs, 5931. 

, Jean, cons, bishop, 5822 ; d.,5941. 

Langford, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

Langham, Simon de.b., S562; d., 8582. 

Langhoi-ne, John, b., 9082 ; d.,9203. 

Langiewic/,, Margan, b. (1827) ; dictator of 
Poland, 11192. 

Langland, William, b.-d., 8582; piers Plow- 
man, 8583. 

Langley, Samuel Pierpont, b., 1422 ; 
moon's temperature. 3281 . 

Langobardi, surrender idols, 7702; barbar- 
ous customs, 7703. 

Langres, Fr., submits to Austria, 7202. 

Lnn<frit/g Hull wrecked, 9813. 

Langside, Scot., battle of, 8721 . 

Langson, surrender ; Chinese evacuate ; 
retake, 4822; evacuation demand, 4832. 

Langstroth, L., d., 1162. 

Langtoft, Peter, Chronicle of Eng, ,8562. 

Laiigton, Stephen b.-d., 850 2 ; election ; 
archbp ; primate; divides Bible, 8522. 

Langtry, Mrs. (Lily Le Breton), actress, 
b., 9562. 

Language, useof Fr. abolished, Can., 5911 ; 
in Eng., 8463. (See French.) 



Lang-Lava. 



Text Figures denote Page. INL)li,^C. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1305 



Languedoc, France, submits to Crusaders; 
670i ; annexed to crown, 6732 ; revolt, 
6753,688^; Huguenots persecuted, 6951 . 
canal constructed, 6913; completed, 7253. 

Languet, Hubert, b., 6S02 ; d., 6842. 

Langworthy, E. R., gift to college, 9791 . 

Lamer, Sidney, b., 1542; works, 2603,2903, 
2923, 3031, 3063, 3083, 3143, 3183 ; d., 
3031; bust, 3701. 

Lanjon, surrender of, 6321. 

Lankester, Edwin, b.,9363 ; d.,9542. 

Lanman, Charles, b., 1281. 

Lannes, Jean, Due de Montebello, b., 
7042 ; at Montebello, 7141 ■ a t Pultusk ; 
at Saalf eld ; in Fr. campaign in Prus., 
7161 ± ; at Aspern, 5183 ; d., 7191 . 

Lannoy, Gen. Cliarles, b. (1470 1) ; atPavia, 
6801 ; d. (1527). 

— -, Baroness of, Juliana Cornelia, b.-d., 
11011. 

LaNoue, Francois de, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. 

Lansdown, Eng., battle of, 8841 . 

Lansdowne, Marquis of, title created, 9231 . 

, of. (See Petty-Fitzmaurice.) 

Lansing, Mich., State Library est., 1371 ; 
school for the blind, 3043; tire, 451 3 . 

, John, d., 1362. 

, Nicolas, b. (1748) ; pres. synod, 1163 ; 

d. (1835). 

■, Robert, arbitrator, 4252. 

Lansingburg, N. Y., election frauds, 42G 2 . 

Lanterne suppressed, 7383 ; repub., 7502. 

Lanterns inv., 8442; n houses, Eng., 8933. 

Lantier, Etieiine Francois de, b.,698 3 ; d., 
7242. 

Lanyer, Jerome, patents velvet paper, 8821 . 

Lanyon, Sir William Owen, gov. South 
African Republic, 6013, H243. 

Lanza, Giovanni, b., 10862 ; d., 10901. 

Lanzi, Luigi, b., 10842; d., 10S51 . 

I^aocoon group produced, 10622. 

Laodiee, Ojueen, poisons sons, 1150 3 . 

Laodicea, Asia M., built, 11491. 

Lao Ling mission, 621 1 . 

Laon, Fr., Napoleon defeated, 7203 • sur- 
renders, 7402. 

globe appears, 12* . 

Laotze, b. ; religious teaching, 610 2 , 3 . 

La Paz, Peru, gold dis., 601; captured; 
Indian insurrection, 5501 ; Jesuits op- 
posed, 550 2 j pres. Arce assassinated ; 
Sucre driven out, 5503; banks' shortage; 
college fnd. ; gas ; silver mine, 5513. 

La Perouse, Comte de, Jean Francois de 
Galaup, b.,7002; expeditions, 7061,7062. 

Lapliam, Elbridge Gerry, b., 1231 ; elected 
senator, 3092. 

, Increase Allen, b., 1163; d., 288 1 . 

, Oscar, b., 1482. 

Lapide, Cornelius, d., 5411. 

Lapierre, Adm., before Touron, 4801 ; com- 
mander, 481 3 . 

Lapio-Bicske, battle of, 5222. 

Laplace, Pierre Simon, b., 7003 ; investi- 
gates tides, 701 1 ; works, 7123 , 7133 , 7193 ; 
d., 7243. 

La Plata founders, 9793, 

La Plata, Brit, claim navigation, 4901 . 

Lappenberg, Johann Martin, b., 8062 ; d., 
8222. 

La Puerta, Gen., president Peru, 11082. 

Lara, Miguel Gomez de, governor, 6302. 

Laramie City, Wyo., founded, 2633 ; Uni- 
versity of Wyoming opened, 326 3 . 

Larangeiras, church organized, 5563. 

Larcaris, Andreas Joannes, d., 10343. 

Larcom, Lucy, b., 1341 ; d., 4281 . 

Larcy, M. de, minister, 7451 , 7491 . 

Lardner, Dionysius, b., 9262 ; d., 9622. 

, Nathaniel, b., 9862 ; d., 9163. 

La Real Academia Espaiiola created, 
11292. 

La Religion de /' Univers issued, 7291 . 

La Ressagna Italiana issued, 1090 2 . 

Larevelilere dismissed, 7133. 

La Revue issued, 7323. 

archiologigue issued, 735 1 . 

Britannique issued, 7251 . 

de V Empire issued, 7291, 

de Paris issued, 725 2 . 

des Cours Litteraires issued, 7363. 

des Deux Mondes appears, 7263. 

EuropSenne issued, 7343. 

Frangaise issued, 7251 . 

German! que issued, 7343; changed 

to La Rente Modern*, 7363. 

Hisforiqtie issued, 750 2 . 

■ Independante issued, 7291 . 

National!' issued, 7343. 



La Revue Philosophique issued, 7502. 

Largo Bay in collision, 10013. 

Largs, Scot., action at, 8541. 

Larish captured, 10971 . 

, Countess of, condemned, 8323; exiled, 

5323. 

Larivey, Pierre, b. (1550+) ; works, 6843, 
6871; d. (1612). 

Larkin, Allan, executed, 9711 . 

Larned, J. N., Bistort/, 4783. 

La Rochelle, Fr., surrenders, 6861 ; peace 
of, 6852. 

Laromiguieri, Pierre, b. (1756) ; Logons de 
pkifnsophie, 7231; d. (1837). 

Larondi, rebellion, 5601 . 

La Rochefoneauld-Lianeonrt, Francois 
Alexandre Frederic, Due de, b., 7003 ; 
works, 6912 ; d.,7243. 

La Rochejacquelein, Henri du Vergier, 
Comte de, b. (1772) ; at Le Manes, 7101 ; 
d., 7102. 

La Rothiere, French defeat, 7202. 

Larousse, Pierre, b., 7222 ; Dictionnaire, 
7263 ; d., 7501. 

Larra, Mariano Jose de, b. (1809) ; work, 
11311; d. (1837). 

Larrabee, William, governor Ia.,325 2 . 

Larret, Jean, Muse Historique, 6S9 2 . 

Larrey, Baron Dominique Jean, b., 7031 ; 
d., 7282. 

Larsen, Mary, robbed, 4042. 

Lartet, Edouard, b., 7143. 

Lartius, Titus, dictator, 1051 2 . 

La Rue Co., Ky., Lincoln homestead, 4513. 

Laryngological Asso. meets, Am., 3581 . 

Laryngoscope invented, 9602. 

L,a Salette, miracles claimed, 7283 ; pope 
discredits miracles, 7502. 

Las Salinas, battle of, 20 2 . 

La Salle, Colo., train robbery, 413 1 . 

, Jean Bapt iste de,b.,6902; d.,6981 . 

, Robert Cavelier de, b., 6883 ; in 

Can., 433 ; explorer, 441 ; tour of discov- 
ery, 463; erects Fort St. Louis, 5721 ; ex- 
plores Can. ; on Mississippi River, 5733; 
land grant, 473, 6933 ; near Arkansas 
River; on Mississippi; returns to Can. ; 
in La., 481; in Ark. ; in La., 491 ,3; in 111., 
491 ; in Tex., 493; on Mississippi, 501 ; 
assassinated, 502 ; d., 6942 ; statue, 36i . 

College, Phila., organized, 2252. 

Las Carreras, Haitians defeated at, 1040 2 . 

Cases, Marq. de, Emmanuel Avigus- 

tin Dieudonne de, b., 703i ; d., 7282. 

Cerreras, battle at, 6431 . 

Chas Islands, occupied, 6261 . 

Cruces, N. Mex., Agri. Coll., 3502. 

Lasell Seminary or§., 241 2 ,_ 

Laselle.Chas. Cuarrier des Etats C7ms,137i . 

Lasker, Eduard, b., 8142 ; resolutions re- 
jected, 3172 ; d., S302. 

LasLunas, N. Mexico, lynching, 4291 . 

Las Nbvedades est., 2922. 

Lassalle, Ferdinand, b., 8123 ; socialist, 
8203; org. socialistic party, 8223; d., S222. 

, Disciples of, org., 2503. 

Lassell, satellite of Neptune, dis., 9522. 

Lassell, Wm, b. (179a) ; dis., 954 1 ; d. (1S80). 

Lassen, Christian, b.-d., 11041 . 

Lasso, Orlando, b., 5402. 

Lasson, Saint, holds conference, 442. 

Last, J. T., expedition, 562i . 

Island, submerged, 1801 . 

Lasulitch, Vera, acquitted, 11191. 

Lasus, poet, 1017 1 . 

Laswari, India, action at, 10461 . 

Latakia Ref. Presb. mission, 11582. 

Latane, James Allan, cons, up., 3022. 

Lateran Council, 10743, 10751 , 10811 . 

Later Hojo, family rule, 10913. 

Tsin dynasty,' rules, 6131 . 

Latham, John, b., 9103 ; d., 9482. 

, Milton Scott, b., 1342; gov . Cal., 

1903 ; d., 3101 . 

, Robert' Gordon, b., 936 2 ; d. (1888). 

LaThang, capital Tongking, 4811 . 

Lathom, Earl of, title created, 975 1 . 

House, defense of, 884* . 

Lathrop, Kan., temperance crusade. 3523; 
trial concluded, 3761 . 

, Geo. Parsons, b. (1851) ; works, 2943, 

3131, 3163, 3183. 

, Judge, on Benefit Order, 421 1 . 

, John, b., 642 ; d. (1816). 

, Hiram, b., 1082 ; d., 2521 . 

, Mr., at Scituate, 342. 

Latimer, Asbury C, b., 168 2 . 

, Hugh, b., 8642 ; burned, 8702,3; Ser- 
mons, 871 1 . 



Latimer, Viscount, lord treas.; minister, 
8933. 

Latin Bible, printed, 681 1 . 

colonies est., 10513. 

Empire, ends, 10341 , 10352. 

English dictionary, first, 8691 . 

"War, Great, 10521 . 

language, prohibited in courts, 9091; 

displaces Gothic, 11252 • abolished in 
Italy, 10731 . 

League, subjugated, 10511; surren- 
ders cities, 10r>2i ;~renewed, 10532. 

towns, settled by Rinnans, 1053 2 . 

Latini, Brunetto, Tesoretio, 10771 . 

Latins, attack Roman repub. ; war with, 
10501 ; allies of Rome, 10511 ; desert Ro- 
mans ; harass Tuseulans, 1051 3 ; subju- 
gated, 10532 ; king of Janiculum rules, 
10511. 

Latium, defeated, 10521 . 

Latour, Count, murdered, 5231 . 

d'Auvergne, Tlieophile Malo C. de, 

b., 7003; d., 7142; body inl'aiitheon, 7593. 

Latreille, Pierre Andre, b., 7023 ; d., 7262. 

Latrobe, Pa., R. R. accident, 3413, 

, Charles Joseph, b. (1801) ; gov., 4953; 

d. (1875). 

, John Hazelhurst Boneval, b. (1803) ; 

d., 3902. 

Latta, Alex. Bonner, b. (1S21) ; d., 2471 . , 

, James, b. (1732); moderator, 1043; 

d. (1801). 

Latter Day Saints. (See Mormons.) 

Latude, Henri Masers de,b.,698 2 ; d.,7163. 

taube, Heinrich, b., 8083 ; works, 8151, 
8182 ; d., 8302. 

Laud, Ferdinand, b., 520 2 ; d., 5282. 

, Wm.,b.,8742; bp.,880 2 ; archbp. Can- 
terbury, 878 2 ; commission, 8822 ; min- 
ister, 8833 ; martyred, 8843, 8853, 8862. 

Lauderdale, D. of. (SeeMaitland, John.) 

, Earl of, title created, 881 1 . 

, E. of. (See Maitland, James.) 

Laudini, Christoforo, b.-d., 676 2 . 

Laudon, Gideon Ernst von, b., 514 2 ; at 
Kay, 5161 ; defeats Prussians ; at Glatz 
8021 • d., 5163. 

Laudonniere, Rene" de, leader, 25 1 . 

Lauenberg, ceded, 526 3 ; king possesses, 
8232. 

Laufach, battle at, 8242. 

Laugel, Antoine Auguste, b., 7261 . 

Laughing gas, in Paris, 7361 ; in London, 
9701 . (See Nitrous oxid gas.) 

Laugier, Comte de, Cesar de Bellecour, 
b., 10843; d., 10882. 

Lauman, Gen. Jacob G., b. (1813) ; at 
Jackson, 2243. 

Launitz, Edward Schmidt yonder, b.,8063; 
d., 2862. 

, Robert Eberhard, b. (1806) ; d., 2721 . 

Laura, b. (130S) ; meets Petrarch, 10771, 
d. (1348). 

Laure, Sir Peter, lord mayor, Lond., 945 3 . 

Laurel Hill, Cal., Broderick monument 
restored, 3421. 

, Cemetery est., Phila., 1473. 

,W r . Va., Confeds. defeated, 1962. 

Lauremberg, Johann, Comic Poems 7971 . 

Laurence, St., martyred, 10663. 

Laurens, Henry, b., 602; pres. of Cont'l 
Congress, 89 2 ; captured by Brit., 933 ; 
treaty commissioner, 952; d M 1022. 

, John, b., 711; tights duel, 89 2 ; d.,95i. 

Laurent, discovers JS'emausa, 7342. 

Lauren tin, asteroid, discovered, 7481 . 

Laurentius, archbishop, 8422. 

Lauridsen, Niels, b., 6362. 

Lauriston, Marquis de, Jacques Alexandre 
Bernard Law, b., 7042 ; d., 7243. 

Lausanne, Switz., Workmen's Interna- 
tional Congress, 11383. 

Lauson, M. de, gov. Can., 573 2 , also (1656); 
Montreal given to, 5732. 

Lautaro, b. (1535+) ; leader, 6043 ; d. (1557). 

Lautrec, Marshal, at Bococca, 6801 ; before 
Naples, 6S0 2 . 

Lauzun, Antoine Nompar deCaumont de f 
b., 6882; d., 698 2 . 

Lavadia, Chung-How signs treaty, 6232, 

Laval-Montmorency, Francois Xavier, b,, 
301 ; cons, bp., 5723 ; first R. C. bp. Que- 
bec ; resigns, 5731 ; d.,575i. 

University, Can., founded, 5803, and 

Victoria Univ., amalgamated, 588 2 ,3. 

Lavallee, Tlieophile Senastien, b., 715 1 ; 
History of the French, 7271 : d., 736 2 . 

Lavalette, Comte de, Marie Chamens, b., 
7042 ; condemned; flees, 7232 ; d., 7261. 



1306 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Lava-Lee. 



Lavater, John Casper, b.-d., 11372 ; physi- 
ognomic Fragment*, 8051. 

Lavedan, Henri Leon Ewile, b. (1S59) ; 
Marionnettes, 7662. 

Laveleye, Emile Louis Victor, b., 5423; d., 
(1891). 

Lavelle County, Ind., defalcation, 3932. 

, Gen. Juan, b.(1797); defeat; shot, 490' . 

La Vergne, Tenn., action near, 2161 . 

Lavergne, Louis Gabriel Leonce Guilhaud, 
b. (1809) ; Rural Economy, 733' ; d. (1880). 

Lavigerie, Chas. Martial Allemand, cardi- 
nal, b.. 91; cons, bp., 7362; cardinal 
priest, 7522 ; unity of church and state, 
7582; antislavery'address, 7003 ; recog- 
nizes Fr. Republic, 7632; est. pro-cathe- 
dral, 11393; d., 7641. 

Layisse, Ernest, Academician, 7561 ; 
works, 7582. 

Lavoisier, Antoine Laurent, b., 7003 ; de- 
composes water ; theory of phlogiston, 
7041 ; d., 7102. 

law, A. E., fined, 4171. 

, Charles Edward, Lord Ellenborough, 

gov.-gen., Ind., 10473; d., 10041. 

, Edmund, b., 9022. 

, Edward, Lord Ellenborough, d., 9243. 

, , L. Ellenborough, b., 9122; chief 

justice, 9313 ; d., 9382. 

, , L. Ellenborough, minister, 9433; 

gov.-gen., 9513; lord admiralty, 9532; d., 
9761. 

, Hugh, lord chancellor, 9891 . 

, John, b., 8922 ; projects Mississippi 

scheme, 592,593, 3972, 6972, 3; company 
chartered, 593 ; bank privileges, 6992 ; 
insolvent, 6993 ; expelled from Fr., 611, 
6992; d., 9082. 

, Jonathan, b. (1674) ; gov., 653 ; d. 

(1750). 

, Richard, b., 622 ; d. (1806). 

, Sallie, C. G., d., 464i. 

, William, b., S962 ; d. (1761). 

Amendment Society est., 9531 . 

Enforcement League org., 4751 . 

and Order League, la., 333i ; stop 

Sunday traffic, W. Va.,3633; against ne- 
groes, N. J., 4562. 

Law Quarter'// fteriew issued, 9942. 

Lawes, Sir John Bennett, b., 9363. 

Lawler, Daniel V., Phonetic Bill in Cong., 
3562; nom. for gov., 4132. 

, Thos. G., commander G. A. R., 4703. 

Lawrence, Kan., Congregational Church 
fmd., 1762; election for leg.; Free State 
men meet, 1772; besieged, 1781 ; sacked, 
1791,2; attacked, 1812; fl rs t legislature 
meets, 1932; state Univ. at, 2191 ; raided, 
2261 ; TJniv. of Kansas org., 2543 ; Pro- 
nib. Party org., 3172; R. R. wreck, 4493. 

, Mass., Pemberton mill falls, 1873 ; 

strike, 3103; Bolton bribery trial, 4171 . 

, Abbott, b., 1022; est. scientific dept., 

Harvard, 1642 ; d., 1761 . 

, Amos, b., 981 ; d., 1701 . 

, Sir Arthur Johnstone, d., 10081 . 

, Baron, title created, 9651. 

— — , Charles, convicted, 3902. 

, Cornelius VanWyck, b. (1791) ; mayor 

N. T., 1452; d. (1861). 

, George Alfred, b., 9423. 

, Henry, shot, 4743. 

, Montgomery, b., 9323 ; against 

Sepoys, 104S1 ; d. (1857). 

, James, b., 931 ; defeats British, 1201 ; 

at Cape Ann, 1202; d., 1211 . 

■, , lord mayor London, 9691. 

, J. F., arrested, 3902. 

, John, mayor N. Y., 453, 532. 

, , b., 662 ; pres. senate, 1092 ; d., 

1162. 

, Lord , Laird Mair, b., 9351 ; vice- 
roy, 10492; d. (1879). 

, Richard, to assassinate Jackson, 1431 . 

, Maj. Stringer, b. (1697) ; at Pondi- 

cherry, 10441 ; gov. N. S., 5752 ; d. (1775). 

, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9821. 

, Sir Thomas, b., 9183 ; Hamlet, 9302 ; 

pres. Royal Society, 9401 ; d., 9442. 

.William, cons, bp., 4301 , 4401 . 

, , b., 9223 ; lord mayor London, 

9652; d., 9151. 

, , spiritualist punished. 9823. 

, Beach, b., 1082; d., 3062. 

University, org., Kan., 1632, 1663. 

Lawrencebnrg, Term., D. Crockett anni- 
versary eel., 3663. 

Lawrie, Gawen, gov. N. J., 492. 

Laws in New Eng., 721 ; prohibitory in 



Am. colonies, 731. (See under the title 
of each law.) 

Lawson, Cecil Gordon, b. (1851); Hop Gar- 
dens, 9781; d. (1882). 

, James Anthony, d., 9962. 

, John, surveyor, captured, 562 ; ex- 
plorer, 4941 , burned, 562, 572. 

, Justice, assaulted, 990 3 . 

, Thomas G., b., 1442; speech, 4392. 

, Sir Wilfred, on local option, 9851 . 

Lawyers' exclusion statues repealed, 9772. 

Lay, Henry Champlin, b., 1302; b p ., 1862. 

Helpers' Association org., 9682. 

Readers" Brothers org., 3322. 

o/Havelock, 8543. 

of the Hon, !/*iicl;/c appears, 6723. 

of Kola tul brought from France, 8463. 

I.ayainon. poet. Brut, 8523; d., 8521. 

Lavard, Sir Austen Henry, b., 938 2 ; works, 
9551,9963, 11571 ; discoveries at Nineveh, 

11562 ; d., 10102. 

Layer, Christopher, in conspiracy against 
king, 9072; executed, 9073. 

Layton, Fernando C, b., 1623. 

Lazare Carnct, attempt to burn, 7671 . 

Lazarists, congregation of, 6871 . 

Lazaro, Count, duel, 5323. 

Lazarus raised, 11522. 

, Emma, b., 1662; d., 3262. 

, Moritz C, b., 8123. 

Lazear, Maj., at Van Buren, 2143. 

Lazelle, Henry M. .commissioned col. ,3341 . 

Lazo, Elias, minister, 6443. 

Lazzaroni, as pikeinen, 10841 ; at Naples, 
10861. 

Lea, Henry Charles, b., 1322; work, 3283. 

, Isaac," b., 1022; d„ 3242. 

Female College, Miss., fnd., 2963. 

Leach, Richard, murderer, 4751. 

, William Elford, b.. 9243; d., 9482. 

Lead discovered in Kansas, 2961. 

City, S. Dak., against prohibition, 

3682; fire, 4393 ; cashier embezzles, 4483. 

ore Bill passes House, 411 1 . 

Leadville, Colo., settled, 2973 ; mines 
closed, 4333. 

League Island presented to Govt., 2621 . 

for Commercial Liberty, Fr., 7463. 

of German Princes inaugurated, 5173. 

of Patriots, scandal ; suppressed, 757 2 . 

of Rhine cities, Ger., 7833. 

of the Rose fmd., 7571 . 

Leagues against nobles, Ger., 7793. 

Leahy, John, bp., 9583 ; murdered, 9903. 

Leake, Sir John, Adm., capture in Mediter- 
ranean ; at Barcelona, 9021 ; lord of ad- 
miralty, 9031 ; at Sardinia, 10821 . 

, Walter, b. (17601 ) ; gov. Miss., 293 ; 

d. (1825). 

, William M., b., 9203; d., 9642. 

Learning, James R., d., 4181 . 

Leander ordered out of Am. waters, 1133. 

Leang dynasty rules, 6131 . 

Leaoutung, cue enforced, 615 1; Tartars 
take, 6153. 

Lear, Edward, d., 9962. 

, Tobias, b. (1760) ; d., 1242. 

Learned, Joseph E. *'.., d., 2702. 

Leary's raft at Riker's Island, 3653. 

Lease, Mary Ellen, speaks to unemployed, 
4531 ; on'State Charities Beard, 451 2 ; 
opposes gov., 4513 ; speech, 453i . 

Leather, patent, produced, 126i. 

Leavenworth, Kan., proslavery party 
meets, 1791 ; election troubles, 181 1 ; Con- 
fed, flag, 1953 ; Times, 4513 ; excluded 
from mails, 3703 ; pontoon bridge de- 
stroyed, 3933 ; prisoners liberated, 4683. 

Leavitt. John Brooks, in court, 4331. 

, Joshua, b., 1042; d., 2801. 

, Mrs. Mary Clement, report, 3943. 

Lebanon, 111., McKendree Coll. fnd., 1351 . 

, Ind., White Caps sentenced, 3643. 

, Ky., Feds, captured, 2242 ; skirmish 

near Junction, 213 2 . 

, Mo., action near, 2001 . 

, Tenn., Cumberland Univ. org., 1551 ; 

Confeds. defeated, 2063; action near, 
2151 ; Federals occupy, 2183. 

Valley College, Pa., org., 2583. 

Schools Society est., London., 9643. 

Lebel rifle in bus. army, 11201 . 

Lebceuf, Edmond, b., 719i ; chief of staff, 
7381 ; minister of war, 7392; d., 7562. 

Le Boesme, Father, missionary, 422. 

Le Bourget recaptured, 7422. 

Lebron in Paraguay, 11052. 

Lebrun, Charles, b. , 6862 ; Passage of 
Granicus, 6901 ■ d., 6942. 



Lebrun, D. de, Charles Francois Piacenza, 
b., 7002; consul, 7133; d., 7242. 

, Pierre Antoine, b.,7061 ; works, 7052, 

7171,7232; d.,7461. 

, Pigault, L'Enfant du Carnival, 7083. 

, Ponce D. E., b., 6983; d., 7163. 

Le Caron, Joseph, miss., 282 ; d. (1632). 

Leehaeum, Gr., action at, 10222. 

Lechfeld, Ger., battle of, 7722. 

Lechus I., D. of Poland, 11132. 

II., I), of Poland, deposed, 11132. 

Lechus III., D. of Poland, 11132. 

IV., D. of Poland, 11132. 

V., D. of Pol. ; abdicates, 11133. 

Le Clear, Thomas, b., 1262; d. (1882). 

Le Clerc, Jean, b.-d., 11372; work, 8963. 

, Louis, Count of Buffon, Histoire 

naiurelle, 7012. 

, Victor Emmanuel, b., 7042 ; slavery 

. in Haiti ; d., 7143. 

Lecke, Sir H., at Bushire, 9601 . 

Lecky, William Edward Hartpole, b., 
9482 ; works, 9683, 9842. 

Lecluse, Carolus, b., 6803; d., 6862. 

Lecombo, Bp. Smyth, cons., 10082. 

Lecompte, tries to assassinate king, 7292. 

, Edward W., d., 428 1 . 

Lecompton, Kan., post captured, 181 1; 
partisan judge; proslavery force; pro- 
slavery Legislature, 1S12 ■ illegal con- 
ven., 1831 ; Lane University org.. 2093. 

, Judge, removed ; restored, 1812. 

Bill, House rejects; Sen. passes, 1851 . 

Constitution, Douglas opposes, 1832 ; 

rejected, 1833. 

Lecomte, Gen. Claude Martin, shot, 7442, 3; 

murderers sentenced, 746 3 . 
Leconrield, Baron, title created, 9591. 
LeConte, John, physicist, b., 1 262 ;d. (1891). 

, , naturalist, b., 962; d. (I860). 

, Lawrence, b., 1322; d., 3142. 

.Joseph, b., 1302; works, 3003, 

3323; Pres. Amer. Asso., 3901 ; d., 3821 . 
de Lisle (Chas. Marie Leconte), b. 

(1820), 7223 ; works, 7523, 7351 , 7333, 7542; 

Academician, 752 1 ; d., 7661 . 
Lecoq, Henri, b., 7143; d., 7461. 

de Boisbaudran, Paul Emile, b., 7281 . 

Lecot, Victor L., cons. card, priest, 7622. 
Lecouvreur, Adrienne, b., 6942; d., 6983. 
Le Crezut, Fr., strike, 7443. 
Lectisternian festival instituted, 10503. 
Ledebour, Karl F. von, b., 8042 ; d., 8181 . 
Leddchowski, Ct. Mieczyslaw, or Miecis- 

las Halka, archbp., b., 11163; fined; 

imprisoned; deposed ; card, priest, 8283. 
Ledra, William, hanged, 403. 
Ledru-Rollin, Alexandre Auguste, b., 

7171; defense committee, 7433 ; leader, 

7432; d., 7482. 
L6 dynasty, Annam, 4811 . 
Ledyard, John, b., 683; d., 1001 . 
Lee, Alfred, b., 1141 ; bp., 1542; d., 3261 . 
, Ann, b., 622 ; assumptions of, 9151 ; 

in Am., 782; d., 962, 3. 
, Arthur, b., 642 ; ambassador to Fr., 

853, 7053; quarrels, 892; d. (1792). 
, Charles, b., 621; inN. Y., 821 ; defense 

of Charleston, 822 ; captured ; crosses 

Hudson River ; insubordinate, 843, S92 ; 

treasonable negotiations, 861 ; ex- 
changed, 882; trial, 883; duel, 892; dis- 
missed, 911. 

, Eliza Buckminstcr,b.,10S2; d.(1864). 

, Fitz-Hugh, b. (1835); at Dumfries, 

2163; at Beverly Ford, 2223; at Wilson's 

Landing, 2332; at Yellow Tavern, 2331 ; 

at Cold Harbor, 2341 ; gov. Va., 3252; in 

Lexington Military Inst., 3431; Govt. 

R. R. director, 4473. 

, Francis Lightfoot, b., 622; d., 1062. 

, Gideon, b. (1778) ; mayor, N. Y., 1433; 

d. (1841). 
, Hannah Farnham Sawyer, b. (17S0) ; 

d.,2482. 

, Harriet, b., 9143; d., 9562. 

, Henry, b., 711 ; great strength, 882 ; 

atPaulus Hook, 903; with Pickens, 931 ; 

takes Fort Watson, 941 ; d., 951 ; gov. 

Va., 1032 ; d., 1262. 

, , of Mass., vote for v. pres., 1413. 

, , actor, b., 1781 . 

, Washington, b. (1815) ; cons. 

P. E. bp., 1762; d.,2861. 

, J. D., Mormon bp., shot, 2943. 

, Jesse, b. (1758) ; eel., 3642 ; d., (1816). 

, John, fnds. Numismatic Soc, 94S1. 

, Leroy Madison, b., 1142; d. (1882). 

, Luther, Rev., b., 1082. 



Lee-Lent. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1307 



Lee, Nathaniel, b. 8882, or (1653 ?), d. (1692). 

, Richard, wire bridges, 9642. 

, Henry, b., 621 ; independence 

resolution, 832 ■ pres. Senate, 1033 ; d., 
1042. 

.Robert Edward, b., 114 1 ; graduate, 

136 1 ; capt., 14S 1 ; chief engineer, 1602; 
supt. West Point, 170 1 ; captures John 
Brown, 186'; apptd. col., 1921 ; com- 
mands Va. troops ; offered command of 
Federals ; resigns in U. S. A., 194 1 , 2 ; 
commands Confederates, Va., 1942 ; 
commands coast defenses, '2021 ; resumes 
command, 2052 ; at Fair Oaks ; near 
Richmond, 2083; at Seven Days' Battles, 
209' ; confronts Pope, 2103; at'Groveton ; 
at Manassas, 2122 ; in Maryland cam- 
paign, 2123, 2132; at Antietam ; at South 
Mountain; at Hagerstown, 2131; at 
Holly Springs ; at Ilndsonville ; near La 
Grange, 215' ; at Fredericksburg, 2162; 
at Chancellorsville, 2211 ; at Culpepper, 
2222; at Chambersburg ; enters Pa., 2231 ; 
retreats to the Potomac, 2242; at Falling 
"Waters; at Williamsport, 2243; offers 
resignation, 226 1 ; moves for Washing- 
ton, 227 1 ; behind the Rapidan ; on Rap- 
pahannock, 2281 ; at Locust Grove, 22S 2 ; 
Gen. Meade declines to attack ; at Mine 
Run ; declines exchange of prisoners, 
2283 ; south of Rapidan", 232' ; at North 
Anna, 2332 ; at b. of Wilderness, 2322 ; 
at Spottsylvania, 2323 ; at Cold Harbor ; 
at Paiuunkey River ; at Totopotornoy 
River, 2341; at Strawberry Plains; at 
Ream's Station, 2372; appt. commander- 
in-chief ; commands all Coufed. armies, 
2421; meeting for peace, 2423, 2452; 
assaults Fort Steadman, 2442 ; at Boyd- 
ton and White Oak Roads ; evacuates 
Richmond, 2443, 4451 ; notifies J. Davis ; 
at Amelia Court-House ; at Sailor's 
Creek, 2451; retreats; turns toward 
Lynchburg, 2451 ; at Appomattox Sta- 
tion ; escapes ; proposes peace ; condi- 
tions of surrender. 2452, 2461 ; applies 
for pardon, 2483 ; d., 2702; statue un- 
veiled, 3501 , :i,-,.si , 3591 ; birthday a holi- 
day, 3762, 39S3, 4483. 

, Samuel, b., 9223; d., 9582. 

, F., at Vicksburg, 2081 . 

, Gen. S. D., near Tnpello, 2362 ; a t 

Resaca, 2383. 

, Sophia, b., 9123; d. (1824). 

, Thomas, gov. Va.. 672 ; d. (1750). 

, William, invents stocking weaving, 

8761 ; d. (1610±). 

, , Sir, chief justice, 9093. 

, Henry Fitz'uugh, captured at 

South Anna, 2231 ; d., 3922. 

Leech, Edward O., in treas. dept., 3512. 

, John, b., 9382 ; a., 9681 . 

Leechburg, Pa., original packages, 3591 . 

Leeds, D. of, title created, 8991 . 

, York, Eng., bridge built. 8573 ; Shen- 

field Grammar School fnd.,S71i ; Mercury 
issued 9003 ; Colored Cloth Hall built, 
9153; White Cloth Hall built, 9193; a bor- 
Ough,9453; Brit. Asso. meets, 9002, 10041 ; 
reform meeting,'. 1091 ; Literary arid Phil- 
osophical Soc. est., 9411 ; art exhibition, 
9721; Social Science Asso. meets, 9741; 
Church Cong., 9742 ; new bridge opened, 
9773 ; exhibition of arts and mnfs. opd., 
9721,9781; musical festival, 9781, 9821. 
9681 ; Yorkshire Coll. of Science opd., 
9723, 9801; amphitheater burned; new 
exchange, 9813 ; new municipal offices ; 
free library opd., 9923 j anti-Lords Con- 
ference, 10123. 

, Mass, floods, 2853. 

Leem, Knud. Beshrivelse, etc., 11042. 

Leesburg, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2132. 

Leaser, Isaac, b. (1806) ; d., 2601 . 

Lee's Mills, Va., action at, 2062. 

Leete, Wm, b. (1603+) ; gov., 413; d. (1683). 

Leeuwenhoek, Antonius van, b.-d.; dis- 
covers animalcules, 11003, 

Leeuwin exploration, 4931 . 

Leeward Islands, Fr. govt, possess, 7572. 

E,efebvre-Wely, Louis J. A., b., 7222; d.,» 
7382. 

Lefebvre, Francois Joseph, Due de Dant- 
zic, b., 7022 ; at Danzic, 7162 ; d., 7223. 

Lefevre, Charles Shaw, speaker, 9493. 

(Lefebvre), d'Etaples, b.-d., 67S2. 

, Peter B., bishop, d., 5402. 

■ , Tannegui, !>., 0802 ; d., 6622. 

Lefferts, John, d., 4281 . 



Lefferts, Marshal, b. (1821); defends Wash- 
ington, 1941 ; d. (1876). 

Le Flo, Adolphe Emmanuel Charles, b. 
(1804); gen.; minister, 7412, 7451 ;d. (1887). 

Lefort, Francois, b.-d., 11142. 

Lefranc, Victor, minister, 7471 ; censured, 
7472. 

Lefroy, Edward Cracroft, d., 10042. 

.explorer, 4961. 

, Thomas, chief justice, 9573. 

legacy taxes repealed, U. S.,2712. 

Legal Tender Act, 2031 ,2, 2053, 2112 ; de- 
cision on, 2732; passes, 3172; limit, 2611 . 

notes, retirement prohibited, 2992. 

Legare, Hugh Swinton, b. (1783); atty.- 
gen., 1533 ; sec. state, 1552 ; d. (1843). 

Legend 0/ Lohem/rin, poeni, 7803. 

Le'gendre, Adrie'n Marie, b.,7011 ; d.,7262. 

Legge, Augustus, consecrated bp., 10063. 

, Francis, governor N. S., 575 3 . 

, George, E. of Dart. ,b., 8.862; commands 

navy, StTc ' ; minister, 8972 ; d., 8982. 

, H. B., minister ; dismissed, 9152. 

, James, b., 9363. 

, Wm., E. of Dartmouth, sec. for colo- 
nies, 9193 ; prime minister, 773. 

Leggett, C. W., infernal machine, 4483. 

, Mortimer Dormer, b. (1831) ; gen. at 

Bolivar, 2122. 

, Wm., b., 1102 ; d., 1502. 

Legion of Honor in: , Fr., 7152 ; in Am, 301 1 . 

Legislative Assembly, est., Fr., 7091. 

Legislature, masses in Mass., 293. 

Legitime, Gen. defeated ; pres., 10403. 

Legitimists, Fr., 7211; unite with Orlean- 
ists, 7473 ; monarchy negatived, 7492. 

Legnano, It., Aust. retains, 5252 ; battle 
of, 7781 . 

Legouve, Ernest Wilfred Gabriel Baptiste, 
member of Academy, 7321 . 

, Gabriel Marie, lean Baptiste, b., 7031 ; 

Henry IK, 7171 ; d.. 7192. 

Lcgraud, Jacques Guillaume, b., 700 3 ; d., 
7163. 

, Pierre, minister, 7552, 7571 ; resigns, 

7552. 

Le Grande, Ore., Blue Mt. Univ. org., 2922. 

Legris, Emile Alexis, minister, 7392. 

t,eli mission, 6242. 

Lehi, Utah, gold disc. ,4541 ; Enoch Davies 
shot, 471 1 . 

Lehigh'University organized, Pa., 2543. 

Co., Pa., zinc discovered, 1622. 

and Wilk.1 '<>al Co. embezzlement, 4483. 

Lehmann, Heinrich, b., 8103 ; d., 8302. 

, Johann G., d., 8031 . 

Le Houx, Jean, Faux tie Vire, 6832. 

Lehree, earthquake, 104S3. 

Leiba, Ponciano, president, 10413. 

Leibhardt, Davis P., in P. O. dept., 3512. 

Leibnitz, Gottfried W. von, b., 7963; 
works, 7971 , 7991 , 8032 ; d., 7983. 

Leicester, Eng., surrenders, S80i ; Luddites 
hanged, 9302 ; Abbey Park opd., 9881 . 

, E. of, title created, 9451 . (See Mont- 
ford, Simon of; Dudley, Robert.) 

, Lit. andPhilos. Soc. founded, 9463. 

Leichhart, Friedrich Wilhelm Ludwig, 
b. (1813) ; last despatch ; disappears, 
4961; expedition, 4973. 

Leidesdorf, Professor, d., 5342. 

Leidy, Joseph, b., 1302 ; d., 4061 . 

Leigh, Baron of, title created, 9451. 

, Benjamin, b., 931 ; d., 1561 . 

, Edward, Sir, b.,878i ; d. (1671). 

Leighlin, see erected. 8422 ; united, 8763. 

Leighton, Sir Frederick, b., 9442 ; Her- 
cules, 9761 ; president R. A., 9822. 

, Geo. E., director Union Pacific, 3512. 

, Robert, b., 8782 ; d., 8962. 

, Sir Wm., lord mayor London, 9333. 

Leimor, John, whipped, 4143. 

Leinster, Ire., action at, 8442. 

, D. of, title created, 9172. 

, D of, Gerald F., d., 10102. 

, Viscount of, title created, 9112, 

Leipsic, Prus., great fairs, 7872; hattle of, 
5201 , 7202, 7941 ,2, 7962, 8101 ; univ. fnd., 
7851; newspaper issued, 7971; Rostocker 
Zeilunci issued, 790 1 ; I.iijr.iger Litt-ratur 
::eil/ini) issued. 807 2; Ilrnirs issued, 8131 ; 
Ger. Union Natural Philosophers fnd., 
8132 ; locomotive railway, 8141 ; Evang. 
Luth. Soc. fnd., 8143; anniversary of bat- 
tle, 8222 ; Supreme Court at, 8293; dyna- 
mitards ; trial, 8303 ; pres. of court re- 
signs, 8332 ; Hebrews arrested, 8343. 

Leisler, Jacob, temporary gov. N.Y.,512,3; 
arrested, 513; warrant, 503; hanged, 513. 



Leiter, L. Z., contribution, 4433. 

Leith, granted to Scot,, 8273; burned, 868* ; 

Mercurius Politicus, 8883 ; new dock 

opened, 987 3 . 

and London steamboats est., 9413. 

, Sir George, land purchase, 10453. 

Leitner. Gottlieb Wilhelm, b., 5203. 
, Mr., lepers ; d., 5972. 

Leitrim, Earl of, title created, 9252. 

, Earl of, shot, 9831 . 

, Earl of, d., 1008 1. 

Leiva, Ponciano, b. (182S±) ; pres. Hon- 
duras, 10413. 
Lejeune, Henry, b., 9383. 
Le Jenne arrested, 5362. 
tekain, Henri Louis Cain, b., 6982; d.,7043. 
Iceland, la., anti-liquor resolution, 3643. 

, Aaron W-, moderator, 1682. 

, Charles Godfrey, b., 1321 . 

, John, b. (1754) ; clergyman, d. ,1522. 

, , clergyman, b., 8982; d. (1766). 

, , b., 8662; linguist ; d. (1522). 

Stanford, Jr., Univ. Cal., 3802 ; gift 

of Czar, 3841; railway literature, 4041; 
(See Stanford.) 

University founded, Cal., 2703 . 

Lelande, observations on moon, 7002. 
Lelewel, Joachim, b., 11162; d., 11182. 
Le-Loi, on throne, 4811 . 

Lelong, Jacques, b., 6903; d., 6982. 

Leniaire, Jacques, d., 11003. 

Lemaistre, Antoine, b., 6862 ; d., 6902. 

Lemaitre, Frederic, W7142 ; d., 7501 . 

, Jules, Myrrha, 7662. 

Lemberg, University, joins Cracow, 519 2 . 

Lembery, Count, d., 5223. 

Lemercier, Louis Jean Nepomucene, b., 
7042 ; works, 7133, 7232 ; d., 7282. 

Lemery, Nicholas, b., 6883 ; d., 6971 . 

Lemettre, Joseph, condemned, 7463. 

Lemley, Sam. C, in navy dept., 447 2 . 

Lemnos taken, 10161 ; naval battle near, 
10581 ; lost by Venice. 10781 . 

Lemoine, Francois, I.., 6942; d., 6983. 

, G. Abbe, d., 5901. 

Lemoinne, John Emile, b. (1815) ; d.,764i . 

Lemon, Mark, b., 9351 ; Punch, 9503 ; d., 
9742. 

Lemonnier, Pierre Chas.,b., 6971 ; d.,7142. 

Le Moyne, Charles, b. (1626) ; missionary, 
383; d. (1683). 

, Julius, d., 7521 . 

Lempriere, John, b., 9151 ; Classical Dic- 
tionary, 9251 ; d., 9422. 

"Lena, 111., reunion Black Hawk War, 3903. 

Lenau, Nikolaus, b., 8082 ; d., 8181 . 

Lences, Bartolome de, governor, 6301. 

L'Enclos, Anne (Ninon de),b., 0802; d., 6963. 

Lendermann abolished. 11051. 

Lenfant, Jacques, b., 6902 ; d., 6982. 

Lennep, David Jacob van. b.-d., 11011. 

, Jacobus van, b.-d., 11021 . 

, Jan Daniel, b.-d., 1101 1 . 

Lennon, Patrick, convicted, 9711. 

Lennox, Col., in duel, 9252. 

, Charlotte, b., 582 ; d., 1122. 

, Chas., D. of Richmond, b., 9082. 

, , D. of Richmond, b. (1764) ; gov.- 

gen., 579 2 ; minister, 9233. 

— — , Henry, D. of Rich., sec. forScot.,9951 . 

, Gordon, D. of Richmond, 

minister, 9333, 9792, 9933 ; d. (1819). 

, Earl of, regent ; killed, 8752. 

Lenoir, L'Abbe, Charles Pelage, b., 7223. 

Coll. (Luth.), est. at Hickory, N. C. 

(1891). 

Lenora.Mo., Eugene McEnroe killed, 4682. 

Lenormant, Charles, b., 7143 ; works, 7271 , 
7292; d., 7342. 

, Francois, b., 7262 ; works, 7383,7462, 

7522; d.,754l. 

Lenotre, Andre, b., 6862 ; gardens of Tui- 
leries, 6962 ; d., 6943. 

Lenover, Pa., eyndicate, 3553. 

Lenox, James, b., 1082 ; d., 3022. 

College, la., organized, 3183. 

. Library, N. Y., incorp., 2702 ; opd., 

2963; Art Gallery opd., 2981 . 

Lyceum, N. Y., opened, 3503. 

Lenoxville, bishops Coll., Can., 5791. 

Lens, Fr., battle of, 6881 ; dynamite ex- 
plosion ; strike, 7623. 

burning, at Athens, 10203. 

system, in lighthouses, 1721 . 

Lent observed, Eng., 8423 ; obs., Rome, 
10643; marriage forbidden during, 10691 . 

Lenthall, William, b., (1591); speaker H. 
C, 8833, 8893 ; d. (1662). 

Lentulus. Publius Cornelius 'Sura), con- 
spirator, 10592; d. (63 B.C.). 



1308 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNJJiLyC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Lenz-Leve. 



Lenz, Jakob Michael Reinhold, b. (1751) ; 
Hofmeister, 805 1; d. (1792). 

, Heinrich Oskar, b., 5223. 

Leo captured by Tiber, 123 1 . 

Leo the Great, St., pope, 10703; saves 
Rome from Attila, 1O70' . 

II., St., pope, 10722; usurper of inves- 
titures, 10723; d., 10721. 

III., St., pope; driven out ; restored; 

supreme bp., 10723 ; d., 10721. 

IV., St., pope, 10723; encloses Leonine 

city, 10721, 10733; d., 10721. 

V., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . 

VI., pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. 

VII. pope, 10723 ; d., 10722. 

VIII., pope, 10731 ; d., 10722. 

IX., b.-d., 10722; pope, 10731 ; prisoner, 

est. army ; reforms church, 10742. 

-X.,b., 10783; pope, 10791; embellishes 

Rome, 10801; se ll s indulgences, 10811; 
d., 10302. 

XL, pope, 10312 ; d., 10823. 

XII., b., 10812 ; pope, 103(53; d., 10862. 

XIII., b., 10851; elected pope, 2983, 

10383; condemns communism, socialism, 
and nihilism, 10333 ; letter ; approves 
Wash. Univ. statues, 3361 ; confirms ac- 
tion in Dr. Burtsell's case ; issues ency- 
clical ; receives Archbp. Corrigan, 3521 ; 
Statue, 3921; jubilee, 4241, 4461, 10901; 
thanks Cardinal Gibbons, 430 2 ; on 
school question, 4322 ; temporal power 
claimed, 5461 ; letter, 5602 ; thanks Can. 
Caths., 5901 ; scheme, China, opposed, 
624 2 ; favors Lavigerie's plan, 758 2 ; de- 
clines to address bps., 7G02 ; Fr. govt., 
note to, 7622; encyclical to Fr., 7632; and 
to clergy, 7672; prisoner, 7743; encyclical 
read, 9901 ; prohibits Parnell meetings, 
10022; accepts terms of Fr., 10901 . 

L, emp., reigus, Gr., d., 10312. 

II., Younger, reigus, 10312 ; d., 10303. 

III., reigns, 1033' ; excommunicated; 

against pope ; forbids image worship ; 
d., 10322. 

IV., the Iconoclast, b.-d. ,10322; reigns, 

10331. 

V., the Armen., reigns, 10332; k., 10323. 

VI., the Philosopher, reigns, 10332. 

VI., king of Armenia, d., 11562. 

VII., K. of Armenia, prisoner, 11553. 

Afric.Al Hassan Ibn M.,b.-d., 11263. 

, Diaconus, b., 10322. 

, Heinrich, b., 8063 ; d., 8282. 

Leoben, peace of, 5192, 7132. 

Leofric, bp. of Exeter, 8463. 

Leomedon reigns, 11413. 

Leon, Nicar.,fnd., 11031 ; sacked, 48 * , 11031 . 

, Sp., church est. at, IOG62 ; united to 

Castile, 11272; separated, 11273; uprising, 
11321 ; rulers of Leon and Castile, 1127 2 ,3. 

, Don Diego, attacks Palace, 11301. 

, B"Vay Luis de, works, 11291 ,2. 

, a Mexican, riding record, 9833. 

, Pedro de, instructs deaf, 1129 3 . 

, Ponce de. (See Ponce.) 

Leonard, Abeil, cons. bp. of Nev., 3282, 

-, Juan Genimiry, gov., 6302. 

, J,, cons. R. C. bishop, 9742. 

, Win, Andrews, b. (1848) ; bp., 3462. 

Leonhard,KarlC:isar von,b., 8042; d.,8202. 

Leonhardt, Gerhard Adolph Wilhelm, b., 
8103; d., 3301. 

, minister, speech, 8253. 

Leonidas killed, 10643. 

IL, fugitive ; recalled, 10272. 

- I. at Thermopylae, 1018* ; d., 10191 . 
Leonine City, Rome, 1'nd., 10733. 
Leonnatus, territory, 10253. 
Leontini founded, 10511 . 

Leontius reigns, 10313 ; mutilated, 10312. 

Leopard attacks Chesapeake, 1141, 1151. 

, lays Atlantic cable, 1833. 

Leopardi, Giacomo, Count, b., 10843 ; Ope- 
rettemorall; Canti, 10871 ; d.. 10862. 

Leopold I., the Great, b.,79G3; K. of Hung., 
5132 ; emp. Holy R. Empire, 7973 ; suc- 
cession of, 5132; leaves Vienna ; claims 
provinces, 5133 j war against Fr., 693 3 ; 
d., 7933. 

IL, b., 8003; d. of Tuscany, 10813; 

emp. Holy Roman Empire, 5173, 80S 3 , 
10852; aids Fr.,5I92 ; restores constitu- 
tion, 5432; d., 8072. 

■ I., Georges Chretien Fred., D. of Sax., 

b.,8043; K.Belg., 54.33; visits Eng., 5443 ; 
marries, 5452; d., 8222; statue. 544 1 ,546i . 

II., of Belg.. Louis Philip Marie Vic- 
tor, b., 5442; marries, 5443; K. of Belg., 



5452; in Eng., 545 1; Cong, of Afr. ex- 
plorers, 5463, 10931 ; sovereign of Kongo, 
10933; silver wedding, 545 1 ; in Berlin, 
5463; favors universal suffrage, 5471, 
10933. 

Leopold, prince of Anhalt-Dessau, b. , 7963 ; 
d., 8003. 

I., margrave of Aust., dynasty begins, 

5032; d.,5022. 

IL, margrave Austria, 5033. 

III., the Saint, margrave, 5033. 

the Strong, margrave of Austria, 5033 ; 

canonized, 508 2 . 

IV., margrave of Austria, 5043 ; B. 

of Bavaria, 7772; crusader, 5042. 

of Austria, at Leipsic, 7961 . 

I., duke of Austria, 5053. 

III., duke of Austria, 5072 ; d., 5062. 

IV., duke of Austria, 5072; d., 5062. 

V., D. of Aust.; captures Richard L, 

5051. 

VI., duke of Austria, 5051 ; d., 5042. 

, Archduke of Styria, at Prague, 5101 . 

, Duke of Bavaria, 7772. 

, margrave, first D. of Bavaria, 7732. 

, Grand Duke of Baden, 8133. 

of Dessau in Silesian Wars, 5141 ,2. 

, Ferdinand, prince Belg., b.-d., 5442. 

, prince of Prussia, candidate for Sp. 

throne,827i ; long ride, 8373 ;Fr.off ended; 
he withdraws acceptance, 7393. 

, Pr. of Saxe-Coburg, marries, 9391 ; 

master Freemasons, 9S4 3 . 

II. , Tuscany, b., 5191 ; d., 52S2. 

II. , granduke of Tuscany, 1087 2 . 

, Charles Edward Geo. Albert, prince, 

D. of Albany, 9922, 9032. 

, Geo. Duncan Albert, D. of Albany, 

b., 9582 ; prince, titles, 9871 ; income in- 
creased ; marries Ilelcne, 9891 ; d.,9922. 

, William, archduke, at Lens, 688 1 . 

Leopoldville, Congo Africa, founded, 10932; 

mission, 10942. 
Leosthenes killed, 10251. 
Leotychides, Greek commander, 1018 3 . 
Lepanto launched, 10882. 
Lepanto, Gr., .Eloliaus besieged, 10551; 
taken by Turks, 10731 ; battle at, 1080 1 . 
Le Pape et le Cougres issued, 734 3 . 
Le Parnasse Con tempo rain 7363. 
Lepaute, Jean Andre, b., 6963; d., 706 2 . 
Le Pays, Rene" de, Sieur Pleswis-Ville- 

neuve, b., 6882; d., 6942. 
Lepe, Diego de, b. ( 1460 ■) ; explores Brazil 

coast, 15i ; d. (15151). 
L'Ep^e, Abbe - de, est. deaf and dumb 

schools, 7063. 
Leper Colony, Honolulu, Miss Flavin, 

3382; in Pa., 371 3 . 
Lepere, M., minister, 751 3 , 7531 ; resigns, 

7531. 
Lepers persecuted Fr., 6742; hospital 

founded, Sp., 11272. 

Le piderinage de Churl 1 magne written, 6691 . 

Le Phung, revolt, 4812. 

Lepidus, iEmilius Paulus, opposes Anto- 

nius, 10602 ; defeated on Campus JVIar- 

tius ; at Cosa ; flees to Sardinia, 10581 . 

-, Marcus /Emelius in 2d triumvirate; 

governs Afr., 1061 2; ejected from trium- 
virate, 10(113; in Sicily ; prisoner, 10612,3. 
Le Pique, M., balloon ascension of, 7161. 
Le Pour et le Contre issued, 6991 . 
Leprosy question, committee for, 604 3 . 
Lepsius, Karl Richard, b., 8102; d., 8202. 
I/Equester, Matthew de. postmaster Eng., 

8812. 
Lerdo, de Tejada, Miguel, b.-d., 10952. 

— — , Correal, Sebastian, b.-d., 10961 j 

pres. ; retires, 10963. 
Leri, Baron de, on Sable Island, 171. 
Leribe, O., free State, mission at, 11051. 
Lerida, Sp., captured, 6961 ; University of, 

founded, 11271. 
L'Ermite, Tristan, b.. 6762; d., 6783. 
Lermontoff, Mikhail Yurievitch, b., 11163; 

works, 11171. 
Le Roger, M., president of senate, 759 2 . 
Le Roi Louis written, 6691 . 
Lerotholdi, chief, attacked, 6021 . 
Leroux, Hector, Ilerculaneiim, 7521. 
, Pierre, b., 7131 ; minister of agricul- 
ture, 7392 ; d., 7461. 
Le Roy, Edgar, d., 3302. 
Leroy, Julien, b., 6942 ; d., 7023. 

, David, b., 6983 ; d., 7151 . 

, Pierre, b., 6981; d.,706i. 

d'Etiolles, Jean Jacques Joseph, b., 

7131; d.,7342. 



Lersundi, governor's volunteers, 6321 . 
Le Sage, Alain Rene, b., 6903 ; works, 

697i,2; d.,7003. 
Lesbos revolts ; submits, 1021 3 . 
Lescarbault, M., discovers Vulcan, 7342. 
Lescarbot, Marc, Muses, etc., 571 1 . 
Lesches, b. (700i E. c); Little Iliad, 10143. 
Lescot, Pierre, b., 6802; d., 682 3 . 
Lescure, Marquis de, Louis Marie, b., 7031 ; 

d., 7082. 
Leszcynski, Marie, weds Louis IV., 6993. 

, Stanislaus, Fr. support, 6981. 

Lesdiguieres, Due de Francois de Bonne, 

b., 68O 3 ; d.,686 3 . 
Les Jardins canal, accident, 7333. 
Lesko V. restored ; assassinated, 11151 . 

VI., Duke of Poland, 11151. 

Lesley, John Peter, b., 1281 . 
Leslie, Alexander, L. of Leven, b. (1580+) ; 
in civil war, 8841; leader, 8821; d. (1661). 

, Charles Robert, b., 9263 ; d., 1842. 

, Eliza, b. (1787) ; d., 1842. 

, Frank, b., 1301; founds F. Leslie's 

Illustrirte Zeitntig, 1783; Gazette of Fash- 
ion, 1862 ; d, 3022. 

, Henry, musical choir organized, 9901 . 

, Sir John, b., 916 3 ; artificial ice ; heat 

rays, 9343 ; d.,9462. 

, Preston Hopkins, b. (1819) ; gov. Ky., 

2811,3252. 
Lespes, Adni., at Tamsin ; at Kekung, 

6221. 
Lespinasse, Julie Jeanne Eleonore de, b., 

6983 ; Lettres, 7192 ; d., 704 3 . 
Lesquereaux, Leo, b. (1806) ; d., 3461. 
Leeseps, Chas. De, pres. Panama Canal 
Co. ; circular for subscription, 757 3 ; 
confidence expressed. 7593 ; trial, 7603 ; 
Canal scandal, 7642,3 ; appeal rejected, 
sentence changed, 764 3 ; in Suez Canal 
Co., 7663. 
, Vicomte de, Ferd., b., 7163 ; Acade- 
mician, 752i j message of condolence, 
7671; Suez Canal project, 6563 ; d.,7661. 
Lessing, Gotthold Ephraim, b., 8002 ; 
works, 8011 , 8031 , 2 ; d., 8042. 

, Karl Friedrich, b.,80S3; paints Buss, 

SI81 ; dis. Kratn, 820' ; d., 8301. 
Lester, Charles Edward, b.,1242;d. (1890). 

, Rufus E., b., 1482. 

Lestocq, Gen., at Eylau, 7162. 

l'Esioile, Pierre de, b. (1544±); work, 6843; 

d. (1611). 
L'Estrange, Sir Roger, b. (1616); d., 9022. 
Lesueur, Eustaehe, b. (1617) ; d., 6902. 

, Jean Franvoise.b., 7023; d.,7262. 

Letcher, John, b. (1813) ; gov. Va., 1903 ; 
recognizes Confederacy, 1943; proclaims 
Confederacy, 1951 ; d., 3162. 

, Robert Perkins, b. (1788) ; gov. Ky., 

1531 ; d. (1861). 

, W., d., 1902. 

Lethbridge, Col., at Ogdensburg, 1181. 
Letronne, Jean Antoine, b., 7062. 
Letter-carriers in uniform, 263 3 ; conven- 
tion, Boston, 367 3 ; reunion, N. Y., 3871 . 
Letters, anonymous, felonious, Eng., 9071 . 
, revival of, Eng., 8671 . 

of Duke of Or/cans edited, 7602. 

of marque by Congress, 822; byGreat 

Britain, 861 . 

Lettuce introduced, Eng., 8662. 

Leu defeated, 6181. 

Leuckart, Karl Georg Friedrich Rudolph, 

b.,8122. 
Leuchtenberg, Due de, Nicolas, d., 7601 . 
Leucopetra, battle of, 10281 , 
Leuctra, Gr., battle at, 10222, 10262. 
Leuret, Francoise, b., 712 3 ; d., 7302. 
Leurden, Jan, b.-d., 1100 3 . 
Leuthen, Prus., Frederick IL wins, 51G1 . 
Leutze, Emanuel, b., 1242; works, 154 1 ; 

1581, 1641, 1681, 1721, 1861, 2411; d., 

2622. 
Leuvigildo, co-ruler, 11253. 
Levalliant, Francois, b.,7011 ; d., 7342. 
Levant captured by Constitution, 1231 . 

Company chartered, 8753. 

Levee, Ark., cut by Confederates, 2062. 

■ conven. at Vicksburg, Miss., 3153. 

Levelers appear, Ger., 7911 . 

Leven, Earl of, title created, 8351. 

Leveque, Jean Charles, b., 7223 

Lever, Aston, b. (1729) ; establishes society 

toxophilites, 9212 ; d. (1788). 
, Charles James, b.,9323; works, 9411 • 

d.,9762. 
Leverett, Fred. P., b., 1102 ; d., 1462. 
, John, b., 40i ; d. (1724). 



Leve-Lich. 



Text Figures denote Page. IND.C,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1809 



Leverett,John, Sir, b., 281 ; gov. Mass. Bay, 

452; d., 463. 
Levorian Museum sold, Eng., 9233. 
Levering, Joshua, nom. vice-pres., 4093. 
Leverrier, Urban, Jean Joseph, b., 719 2 ; 

dis. Neptune, 728 1 ; on orbits of planets, 

7482 ; d., 7502. 
Le Vert, Octavia W., b., 1282 ; d. (1877). 
Leveson-Gower, George, E. Granville, b., 

9363 ; negotiations tail, 6233 ; minister, 

9533, 9633, 969' , 973' , 9852,9952; opposes 

English mediation, 2153 ; d., 1008' . 
Levesque, Pierre Charles, b., 69S3 ; d., 7192. 
Levetzow, Von, pres. Reichstag, 8351 , 
Levi, Leone, b., 9403 ; d., 9982. 
Levis, Duo de, Francis, b., 69S 2 ; d., 7062. 
Levitch, Andrei Yukof, Russia, 1115' . 
Levizac, Abbe, Jean P. V. L. de, d., 721' . 

, Sir John, b., 9363. 

Levy en masse, France, 709a . 

, Arthur, Napoleon intime, 764'. 

Lewal, Gen., minister, 755 3 . 

Lewald, Fanuy, d., 832' . 

, Johann Karl August, b., 8062 ; d., 

2862. 
Lewelling, L. J)., nom. for gov. Kan., 4632. 
Lewes, battle of, 854' ; treaty of, 8552. 
, Mary Ann Evans (George Eliot). (See 

Cross, Mrs.) 
, George Henry, b., 9382 ; works, 953' , 

9603,979'; d.,9822, 
Lewis, Andrew, b. (1720) ; Gen. at Point 

Pleasant, 78' ; d. (1781). 
, August us, bigamy, 3883. 

Col., at Pittman's Ferry, 2143. 

, David P., governor Ala., 2792, 3. 

, Dio, b., 1302; Our Girls, 277' ; d., 3222. 

, Estelle Anna B., b., 132' ; d., 304'. 

, Francis, b., 58' ; d. (1803). 

, George Comewall, b., 9323; minister, 

9612; d., 9662. 
, Ida (Mrs. Wilson), b. (1841) ; medal, 

3093. 

, Isaac C, city missions, 3462. 

, James T., governor Wis., 2293. 

, J. H., explores Virginia, 366'. 

, John Frederick, b., 9323 ; d., 9802. 

, John Travers, b.,578' ; bishop, 9583. 

, Matt. Gregory, b., 919' ; d., 9383. 

, Meriwether, b. (1774) ; sent to Pacific, 

112'; governor La., 1152; d., 116'. 

, Morgan, b. (1758) ; gov., 1132; d., 140' . 

, Richard, consecrated bishop, 9862. 

, Rudolf, D. of Brunswick, 7992. 

, Samuel, b., 1082 ; d., 174' . 

, S. W., defalcation, 3883. 

, Taylor, b. (1802) ; d., 2942. 

, Wm. Berkeley, b. (1784) ; d., 254' . 

— -, Winslow, b. (1770) ; d., 288' . 

Brothers and Co., assignment, 343 3 . 

College, Mo., opened, 2543. 

Lewisburg, Pa n Bucknell Univ. fnd., 163' ; 

observatory erected, 328' ; Univ. of 

Lewisburg founded, 1663. 

, W. Va., Confeds. defeated, 208'. 

Lewiston, Del., fnd., 332 ; massacre, 323 ; 

threatened, 452 ; Beresford at, 120' ; 

bombarded, 120 2 . 

, Ida., Wilbur Coll. fnd., 3123. 

, Me., Bates College org., 2232; fires, 

3513,3533. 
, N. Y., burned by Brit., 121' ; hydrau- 
lic canal, 4673. 

-, O., reservoir breaks, 4293. 

Lew Kew Island annexed, 613' . 

Pang, leader, 610' ; struggle for 

throne, 611 3 . 
Pei, prince, 613' . 

Sew, army victorious, 610' ; leads 

rebellion, 6113. 

Lexington burned, 1513. 

explodes, 1793. 

Gazette issued, 99'. 

Lexington, Ky., Transylvania Coll. fnd., 
109' ; cholera at, 1433 ; Univ. org., 1463; 
occupied, 1983 ; Gen. Morgan reaches, 
2123, 2142 ; Feds, defeated, 2163 ; Nor- 
mal Inst, opd., 2543 ; centennial of ad- 
mission, 4013 ; merchants boycotted, 
4602 ; J. D. Livingstone stabbed, 4722. 

.Mass., battle of, 80', 576'; normal 

school opened, 1503 ; battle commemo- 
rated, 2893 , 4283 , 4542. 

, Mo., proslavery convention meets, 

1772 ; action at, 1982,3. 

, N. C, Morgan retains, 2342. 

& Ohio railroad commenced, 1393. 

, S. C, lynchers acquitted, 361' . 

j Tenn., action near, 218'. 



Lexington, Va., Fitzbugh Lee supt. Mili- 
tary Inst. ,343' ; Jackson moiiument,3S8'. 
Lexow, Clarence, committee members, 
451'; investigation, 4522 ; expenses bill 
vetoed, 461 ' ; witnesses disobey, 4652. 
Ley, James, E. of Marlborough, b. (1550) J 

chief justice, 8812 ; d. (1626). 
Leybourne, Win. de, appointed adm., 854' , 
Leyden, Neth., relieved, 540' ; besieged, 
1098'; fever-stricken, 11012; Indepen- 
dent Church, 8782. 

jar invented, 1100 3 . 

, John, poet, b., 919' ; d., 935' . 

, Luens van, b.-d., 10982. 

Leydenburg mission, 1124' . 

Leygues, Georges, minister, 7672. 

Leys, Jean Auguste Henri, b.-d., 5423. 

Lezeen, Afghans defeated, 42. 

L'Hermite, Tristan, Marianne, 689' . 

L'Heritier de Brutelle, Charles Louis, b., 
7003 ; d., 7142. 

Lhoinoiid, Chas. Francois, b.,6982;d.,7102. 

L'Hopital, Guillaume Francois Antoine, 
Marquis de St. Mesme, b., 6902; d., 6962. 

, Michel de,b.,6783; work, 6832; d.,684'. 

LUuys, Edouard Drouyn de, minister, 
735 3 ; resigns, 737 2 ; proposes media- 
tion, 2153. 

Liaoyang mission, 6222. 

Libby Prison, prisoners escape, 230'. 

Libel of press, 603 ; emp. Russia by Lon- 
don Courier, 929' . 

Bill passes, Fr., 7592, 7652. 

, Fox's, passed, Eng., 9272, 9993 ; a 

felony, Eng., 8692. 

Libelt, Kardl, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Libenyi, attempted assassin, 5243. 

Libera Temple decorated, 10502. 

Liberal Association formed, Ger., 8293. 

Churches, Essex Conf. org., 2542. 

Colored Repub. Nat. Conven., 2792. 

Convention opens, Can., 5953. 

Federation Cong., Newcastle, 1007' . 

majority in Reichstag, 5312, 5472. 

ministry resigns, Belg., 547', 5572; 

organized, 5833. 

monarchy, Belg., adopted, 5433. 

party, leaders arrested, China, 6292. 

organized in Cuba, 6332. 

■ Republicans, movement inaug., 277 2 ; 

reformation of revenue conven., 279' ; 
coalition with Democrats, 2792 ; Nat'l 
Convention, 2783. 

Unionists fmd., 995 2 ; London Confer- 
ence, 9973. 

Liberalists defeat Federalists, Ger.; sup- 
pressed, 821'. 

Liberals, Belg., rule election,5452; elected, 
5552; leave ministry, 569' ; org. govt. 
Colombia, 629' ; elect in Fr., 7253 ; meet- 
ing at Offenburg, Ger.; demand of, 817' ; 
org. party, 8312; rise of, Eng.,9433. 

Liberation, war of, Fr., 7183; in Prussia, 
811'. 

Liberator appears, 139' ; reward, 141' . 

Liberatrix, asteroid, discovered, 741' . 

Liberia, Afr. (See text p. 1161) ; secured, 
129' ; independence recognized, 2093 ; 
republic fnd.; Conf. Sem. opd., 1161 2 ; 
conf.org., 11613; L. Herald issued, 11612. 

Liberius, St., pope, 10663. 

Liberty seized, Boston, 743, 753. 

Coll. (Bapt.), est. at Glasgow, Ky. 

(1875). 

, Mo., Wm. Jewell Coll. fnd., 1662; ar- 
senal seized, 194' . 

, statue of, 754' ; pedestal, 3162 ; re- 
ceived in N. Y., 320' ,3 ; dedicated, 324' . 

, struggle for, Amer. colonists, 812.4- 

of conscience proposed, 5273 ; refused, 

Eng., 8963. 

Gap, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2231 . 

Party convention at Warsaw, 1512 ; 

Nat'l Convention meets, 1513, 157' , 1632. 
(See Abolition, Free Soil Party.) 

Silk Mills fire, 3513. 

tree consecrated, 753. 

of Worship Bill passes, 537' . 

Libno, treaty of, 511 3 . 

Libraries, Cal. State, 1683; San Francisco, 
Mercantile, 173' , 2232; Free Public, 3023; 
Conn.; Yale Univ., 543 ; gift, 341' ; An- 
sonia, 408' ; Conn. Hist. Soc. org., 1323; 
Hartford, 1503; Watkinson Reference, 
1843,3542; Waterburv.S. Bronson, 2703 ; 
Wesleyan Univ., 1423 ; D. C; U. S. Con- 
gressional, HO 3 ; U. S. Bureau of Educa- 
tion, 2623; u. S. Patent Office, 1503; U.S. 
Senate, 1703 ; U. S. Surgeon-General'B, 



2502; 111., Chicago, 2822, 2843 ; Crerar, 
347', 400', 4322; Northwestern Univ., 
1822, 3882 ; Indiana State ; Indianapo- 
lis, State, 2782 ; Kentucky State, 131', 
2763 ; Louisville ; Polytechnic, 302 1 ; 
Md., Maryland State, 135' ; Historical 
1583; Baltimore Mercantile, 1503; Md. 
Historical, 158 3 ; Johns Hopkins ; 
Peabody Institute, 2922 ; Pratt, 323' ; 
Maine State, 1403 ; Bowdoin College, 
1111; Portland Public, 3362; Mass. 
State, Boston, 351' ; Boston Athenaeum, 
1143; Public, 1703, 1782, 2962; N. Eng. 
Historical and Genealogical, 1583 ; Essex 
Inst., 1642; Worcester, 1843; Am. Anti- 
quarian Soc. fnd., Worcester, fnd. ; Am- 
herst Coll. fnd., 119'; Andover Theol., 
1143; New Bedford, 173'; Arlington, 
3482; Fairhaven, 4082; Haverhill, 2822 ; 
Lowell, 1583; Melhuen, 378' ; Mo., St. 
Louie, Mercantile, 161 ' ; Public School, 
Hist. Soc, 2503; N. H., Camden, 3362; 
Wolfboro, 3522; Mich. State, 137'; M. 
Univ., 1543; Detroit Public, 2502; N. 
Carolina State, 139' ; New York, first in 
Am., 543; Public, 611; Columbia Univ.,. 
691; Astor, 1173, 1663, 1742, 3023, 3543 ; 
Hist. Soc. ,1131 ; Apprentice ; Mercantile, 
1291, 265'; Union Theol. Sem. ,1443, 1463; 
Lenox, 2702 , 2963 ; New York State, 125 ' ; 
Univ., 4342 ; Columbia Univ., 69' , 4042, 
4282 ; Brooklyn, 1823; Long Island Hist., 
211' ; Colgate (Madison) Univ., 3383; Cor- 
nell Univ., 2623, 2923, 3423; Elmira, 
438' ; Syracuse, 3843; West Point Acad. ; 
N. J. : Princeton Univ., 119' ; Rutgers 
Coll., 3482; O., Ohio State, 125' ; Cincin- 
nati, 2583 ; Y. M. Mercantile, 1443 ; Cleve- 
land, 2623; Pa., Bethelem, Linderman, 
3083 ; Johnstown, Carnegie, 3443, 4021 ; 
Pa. State, 1271; Phila., first circulat- 
ing in Am., 623; public, 651; Mercan- 
tile, 1311; Pittsburg, 3463, 3522, 3983; 
Allegheny, Carnegie, 2522 ; Acad, of 
Nat.Sciences fnd. ,1191 ; R.I. ; Providence 
Athen.-eum, 691; vt., Danville, 3443 ; 
Virginia, State, 211 1; Wis., State, 1663; 
Aust., Imperial, Vienna, 5083 ; Egy., 
Ptolemy's, Alexandria, 6T>23, 6551; Fr., 
Royal, Paris, 6743; Ger., Royal, Munich;, 
7923; Greece, Aristotle's, first, 10251, 
Apellicon's, Athens, 10291, 10563; Pisis- 
tratus, public, 10163; Great Brit., Cam- 
bridge Univ., 8642 ; Bodelian, Oxford ; 
Cottonian, London, 8772; Brit. Museum, 
9132; Harleian,9023; Ratclifl'e, Oxford, 
9091 ; first circulating, 911' , 913' , 9553 ; 
Gladstone, London, 9983; Glasgow,8642; 
Royal Coll. Surgeons, 925'; Royal So- 
ciety, 8923 ; Williams' Public, Lond., 
909' ; Liverpool, 915' ; Trinity, Ire., 9152; 
Dublin College, 909' ; Manchester law, 
941' ; Manchester Free, 9563 ; Hungary, 
Corvinus, at Buda, 50S3; Rome Attalus, 
III., in Rome, 1148 3 ; Grecian removed 

to, 1029' , 10552; Palatine, 10.SH2; Ulpean 
est., 10643; Vatican, 10792 ; Russia, Im- 
perial, 11511 ; Turkey, Constantine's, 
11541 . 

Library Association, London, org., 9823; 
Amer. meets, 3682, 4042. 

Library Journal established, 2922. 

Libreville, French settle, 1161 1 . 

Libri-Carrucci, Comte, Guillaume Brutus 
Icile Timoleon, b., 715 1 ; d., 7382. 

Libro de los Castigos y Documentos, King, 
Sancho IV. appears, 11271 . 

Libussa, asteroid, discovered, 3241 , 

Libyans invade Egypt, 6481 . 

License Act passes, Eng., 9451 , 9772. 

Act, for work hours, 9771 ; passes, 

9793. 

Clause, " ultra vires," Can., 5863. 

, first liquor law, Eng., 8711; system 

established, 9651. 
, high. (See High License.) 

horse-dealers, Eng.. 9733. 

, Hunterdon Co., N. J., 3332. 

law, Mass. colony, 351 . 

Licenses, consolidated, 9231 ; granted,965i ; 

liquor, in Ire., 10023; abolished by Pari.,. 

9733; for grazing, Australia, 4952. 

for venders, 9012. 

of coffee-houses withdrawn, 8951 . 

Licensing clause omitted from govt, biil, 

9992; illegal, 8831. 
Lichfield lost, 914 1 . 
Liclrneld, see erected, 8423 ; Bp. Maclagan 

elected, 9803; Bp. Legge cons., 10063. 



1310 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIRA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Lich-Lind. 



Lichfield, E. of, title created, 9451 . 

, E. of, postmaster, 9473. 

Lichnowsky, Prince Felix, killed, 8171 . 

Lichtenan, mission at, 782, 1038 2 . 

Lichtenberg, Georg Christoph, b., 8003 j 
electrical figures, 8041 ; a., 8063. 

Lichtenburg, Pius., capitulates, 7381. 

Lichtenfels, mission at, 711. 

Lichtenstein, Prince Joseph Wenzel, b. 
(1696) ; at Piacenza, 7001 ; d. (1772). 

, Martin Heinrich Karl, b., 8042 ; d., 

8201. 

, Ulrich von, b. (1199i); Frauendienst, 

7803; d. (1275±). 

Lichtwer, Magnus G., b., 7983; d., 8042. 

Licinius (Caius Flavius Valerius Lician- 
ius) ; augustus, 10673; at Heraclea; de- 
feated, 10681; favors Christians, 10682 ; 
alliance with Constantine ; co-ruler, 
10692 j hostilities with Constantine, 
10282 ; murdered, 106S1 . 

(Caius L. Calvus Stolo), union of 

classes, 1051 3 . 

Lick, James A., b., 1061 ; Key monument, 
3321 ; observatory, 3041 ; d., 2921 . 

Ford, Ky., action at, 2041 . 

Observatory, Cal., begun, 3041 ; com- 
pleted, 3181 ,3361 ; Prof .Bumham resigns, 
4081. 

Licome captured, 7041 . 

Liddel, Duncan, phys., b., 8721 ; d., 8801 . 

Liddell, Henry George, b., 9351 . 

Liddon, arctic expedition, 9382. 

, Henry P., canon, d., 10041 . 

Lie enthroned, China, 6111. 

, Jonas Lauritz Edemil, b. (1833) ; 

works, 11043. 

Lie Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Liebenau, engagement at, 8241 . 

Lieber, Dr., resigns, 8372. 

, Francis, b., 1082 ; d., 2781 . 

, Guido Norman, b. (1837) ; col., 3161; 

in war department, 3512, 4472. 

Leibers, ex-police serg., surrenders, 4742. 

Liebig, Baron Justus von, b., 8082 ; dis- 
coveries, 8141; analysis of substances, 
8141 , 8221 ; works, 8152, 81S2 ; d., 8281 . 

Liebold, Philipp F. vou, d., 8243. 

Liedmann, Lieut., d., 5632. 

Lief becomes Christian, Hi . 

Liege, Belg., Beguine nuns org., 5392; new 
univ. ; L* Esprit des Journaux at, 5423 ; 
Charlemagne's monument, 5441 ; strikes 
of miners, 5462; Social Science Congress, 
5463; arrests, 5471 ; dynamite explosions, 
5471,54S 1 , 2; anarchists' trial, 54S1 ; cap- 
tured, G7Si ; taken, G901 ; destroyed, 7861 . 

Liegnitz, Frederick, victorious, 5162, 8021. 

Lieta, Gen. Barrelto, gov. Brazil, 559 2 . 

Lieutenant-General Bill passes Congress, 
2313 ; by brevet, grade revived, 177 2 , 2302 ; 
pres. approves, 2313 ; Bill intro., 3491; 
grade re-established, 3092. 

Lieven, Dorothea, b., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

Life Assurance Company est., 9022. (See 

Lifeboat patented, 9222; tubular, 9562. 

Idfeguard, fate uncertain, 9673. 

Life' Insurance Amendment Act, 975 3 . 

Life of King Edward the Confessor, 8483. 

of J'- sns appears, Neth., 10991. 

of St. Leger -written, 6663. 

Life-raft sails from N. Y., 2561 . 

t savers pay increased, 4113 , 

' saving apparatus invented, 9342 ; sta- 
tions est., 2*12. 2992; 1, ill for, 4671. 

Liffey Valley inundated, 9302. 

Liiford, Viscount of, title created, 9231 . 

Light, Capt. F.,Penang settlement, 104^3. 

Brigade, charge of, 9581. 

, Druminoml, produced, 9421 ,9602. 

, interference of, 9302. 

, polarization of, 7162. 

, velocity of, 6362. 

Lightfoot, John, b., 8781 ; d., 8942. 

, Jos.Barber,b.i 1828) ; bp.,9803 ;d.,1002i . 

Lighthouse, lens system est., 1721 ; new 

system of lighting, 3481 . 
Lightning conductors, set up, Am., 683. 
Ligne, Karl Jos. de, b., 5143 ; d., 5202. 
Ligny, Belg., battle of, 7221 . 
Ligonier, John (Jean Louis), Earl of, b., 

8942; commander-in-chief, 9141 ; d.,9183. 
Liguori, St. Alfonso Maria de, b., 10831 ; 

fnds. Redemptorists, 10851 ; d., 10843. 
Ligurian Republic est., 7132, 5193. 
Li Hung Chang, struggle for power, 6213 ; 

meets Gordon, G22 1 ^degraded ; restored; 

signs treaty with Fr. ; unpopular, 6233 ; 



divested of jacket ; military commander, 
6261 ; degraded ; purchase offer, 6263 ; 
reinstated, 627 1 ; degraded, 6272. 

Lilsea, asteroid, discovered, 3022. 

Lilburne, John, b., 880 1 (or 1614?); d. 
(1657). 

Lilerena, battle at, 7182. 

Liiford, Baron, title created, 9252. 

Liliuokalani, queen, 10412; forces new con- 
stitution, 10413 ; deposed, 4232. 

Lilja, Goran (Georg Stjernkjelm), b.-d., 
11342. 

Lille, Fr., fnd., 6692; ceded, 6733, 6753; 
Louis possesses, 690 1 ; taken, 6961; be- 
sieged, 7081. 

, Rouget de, Mars< iilaise I/i/mn, 70S 3 . 

Lilley, William, d., 4441 . 

Lillington, Alex., governor N. C, 53 2 . 

Lilly, George, b., 9002 ; d. (1739). 

, or Lyly, John, b., 8702 > d., S762. 

, W.,b.;S64i ; Grammar, Mill ; d. (1522). 

, William, M., Cong., b., 1301 . 

, , b., 8781 ; d., 8942. 

, S., Christianity, 10122. 

Li Long mission, 619 1 . 

Lily wrecked, 9593. 

Lilybamni taken, 10523. 

Lim country, Austrians occupy, 5301 . 

Lima, O., Lima College (Evan. Luth.) es- 
tablished < 1893) ; strike, 3333. 

, Peru, occupied, 20 1 ; fnd., 213 ; San 

Marcos Univ. ,223; Pizarro in, 232; Coun- 
cil of, fmd., 233; auto da fi, 242; earth- 
quake, 242, 321 ; destroyed, 60i ; Chileans 
enter ; evacuated ; insurrection ; occu- 
pied, 11081 ; San Martin enters, 4901; Mer- 
curio Peruano est. ; nautical school est. ; 
revolution, 11083; Indian witch burned, 
11093. 

Limborch, Philippus, b.-d., 11003. 

Limburg, Neth., taken, 9021 . 

Limburg Chronicle issued, 7823. 

Limburg-Maestricht 1'assorer Play, 10982. 

Limenitis, Georgilas, work, 10351 . 

Limerick, Ire., bishopric est., 8403 ; char- 
tered, 8513 ; cathedral fnd., 8522 ; siege 
of; surrenders, 89S1 ; treaty of, 8993; 
Chronicle issued, 9171; riots, 945 1 ; Fe- 
nian trials, 9703 ; Fenian demonstrations, 
9711 ; new graving-dock opd., 9773; riots ; 
tenants strike, 9883 ; constabulary dif- 
ferences, 9903 ; Bp. Graves cons. ; Bp. 
O'Dwyer cons., 9962 ; Irish Times libel, 
10003 ; faction lights, 10083. 

, Earl of, title created, 9311 . 

Limestone Springs, S.C., Cooper Inst. 3083. 

Limoges, Fr., captured by Black Pr.,674 1 . 

Limon, Colo., railway accident, 3653. 

Limousin, Fr., Gramiinontines est., 66S3. 

Linacre, Thomas, b., 864 1 ; works, 8642 ; 
d., 8663. 

Lilian, Ma Sien repulsed, 61S3. 

Linares, Jose' Maria, b. (1810); president, 
551'; d. (1861). 

Lincelles, French defeat, 7081 , 

Lin-Ching mission, 6243. 

Lincoln, Eng., battle of, 6701 , S">0i ; earth- 
quake, 8501 • Great Tom hung, 8793 ; 
Bishop King consecrated, 9922. 

, Neb., Home for Friendless opd., 3102; 

Univ. of Neb. org., 2663, 2763 ; Insane 
Asylum, 2743 ; R. c. diocese est., 3262 ; 
Wesleyan Univ. fnd., 3322 ; anniversary 
of statehood, 4073 ; gold dis., 4181 . 

— — , Abraham, b., 1161 ; moves to Ind., 
1251; mother dies, 1272 ; works a ferry, 
1331 ; in Black Hawk war, 138 1 ; moves 
to 111., 1391; Whig candidate ; supports 
Clay, 1411 ; a merchant, 143 1 ; signs De- 
lavan's declaration, 1451 ; elected to leg- 
islature, 1452; practises law, 1471 ,2,1492; 
protests against slavery, 1473; leader of 
Whigs, 111., 1492 ; marries ; addresses 
Temperance Soc, 1551 ; elected to Cong., 
1613, 1632 ; secures a patent, 166 1 ; joins 
Sons of Temperance, 1711; challenges 
Douglas to debate, 1771; candidate for 
nora. for vice-pres., 180 3 ; debates with 
Douglas, 1851 ; norm for pres., 1873 ; de- 
clines liquors, 188 1 ; elected pres. ; vote, 
1883, 1913 ; farewell to Springfield ; 
starts for Wash., 1913; hastens ; arrives, 
1923; inaugurated; 1st cabinet, 193 1 ; 
inaugural ; announces his policy, 1932 ; 
tries to save Va. ; summons Cong.; calls 
for 75,000 men, 192 2 , 1933 ; administration 
becomes popular, 1943 ; calls for volun- 
teers, 1942,1952; calls for additional vol- 
unteers; informs foreign govts, the Union 



is to be maintained by force ; Term, re- 
fuses troops, 1952 ; suspends Habeas Cor- 
pus, 1951 ,2 ; asks for troops, 1973 ; mes- 
sage, policy stated, 1972 ; anti-intercourse 
proclamation ; revokes Fremont's eman- 
cipation order, 1992 ; commands general 
advance, 2022 ; exalts labor, 2023 ; de- 
clines mediation ; war order No. 1, 2033 ; 
issues order No. 3, 2043 ; urges emanci- 
pation, 2052 ; bereaved ; 2d message, 
favors gradual emancipation, 205 3 ; 
countermands military emancipation, 
2081; signs Homestead Act, 2093; orders 
negro aid ; orders Confed. property 
seized, 210 2 ; calls for volunteers, 2111; 
signs Pacific R. R. Bill ; urges emanci- 
pation, 2112; orders a draft, 2113; issues 
monitory proclamation, 2152; loses pop- 
ularity ; party defeated in 111., 2153 j 
emancipation message, 2173; emancipa- 
tion proclamation, 2181, 219 2 ; Demo- 
cratic crusade against ; approves Finan- 
cial Bill, 2193; visits Army of Potomac, 
2202 ; proclaims draft, 2221; calle for 
troops, 2223 ; replies to Ohio Yallandig- 
ham com. ; letter to Albany Democrat, 
2233 ; orders draft ; proclamation of 
triumph after Gettysburg; declines in- 
terview with Alex. H. Stephens, 2253 ; 
orders retaliation, 226 1, 2273; calls 
for men, 2271; message of amnesty; 
plan of reconstruction, 2292 ; orders 
draft, 2301 ,3, 2313; gives Grant commis- 
sion, 2303 ; signs Colo, and Nev. Bills ; 
appts. Gov. Hahn military gov. Miss., 
2313 ; modifies Vallandigham's sen- 
tence ; signs Neb. State Bill, 2333 ; ap- 
proves Nat. Bank Tax Bill ; re-nom. for 
pres., 235 2 ; refuses to sign Reconstruc- 
tion Bill, 2353 ; calls for volunteers, 
2362, 2373, 2413; Reconstruction Act 
message, 2373 ; proclamation for Thanks- 
giving, 2393; vote, 2412, 2432 ; inaugura- 
tion message, 2413; orders Grant to de- 
cline peace conf., 2423; announces addi- 
tion to army, 2^32 ; conspiracy of assas- 
sins, 2431 ± ; signs Reconstruction Bill ; 
electoral vote ; meets Confed. peace 
commissioners ; special message, 2432 ; 
calls extra session of senate ; enters 
second term ; " with malice toward 
none," 2433 ; visits Richmond, 2451 , 3 ; 
assassinated in Wash. ; d., 2471 ; funeral ; 
buried ; trial of conspirators, 2472 ; 
condolence, 969 1 ; four assassins hanged, 
2483; Com:, appropriates for statue, 2541 ; 
statue unveiled, 260i , 2721 , 2901 ; statue 
in N. Y., 2641 ; widow pensioned, 2712; 
body removed, 2753; monument, Phila., 
2781 ; monumental Springfield, 111., 2861 ; 
statue executed, 328 1 ; Monument Bill 
introduced,;^'.'.! ; proclamation eel. ,3683; 
birthday legal holiday, 111., 4003; statue, 
G. B., 10101. 

Lincoln, Mrs. Abraham, franking privi- 
lege, 2511; gold medal by the French, 
2551 , 7372 ; pensioned, 311 1 . 

, Benj., b., 622; se c. Assembly, 792 ; 

gen., commissioned, 80i ; ;i t Boundbrook, 
862 ; in command, 891 ; j n Ga., 902, 3 ; 
surrenders Charleston, 921 ; suppresses 
Shay's rebellion, 981 ; electoral vote, 

1012; d., 1162. 

, Bishop of, trial of, 10022. 

, Earl of. (See Clinton, Ed. Fiennede.) 

, Enoch, b. (1788); gov. Me. ,1353; d.,1362. 

, John Larkin, b., 1262 ; d., 3922. 

, Levi, b., 662 ; d., 1282. 

, , b., 951 ; atty.-gen., 1112 ; gover- 
nor Mass., 1153, 1333 ; d.,2621. 

, Robert T., b., 1542 ; minister, 3072, 

351 3 ; vote for pres. nora., 3173 ; nom. 
for president, 409 1 . 

, Thomas, son of Abraham, d., 2053. 

City, Md., train accident, 3353. 

College erected, 8642. 

Territory formed, 3193. 

Theological Seminary opd., Pa, 2771 . 

Univ. (Cumb. Presb.) est. at Lincoln, 

111. (1865). 

University org., Pa,, 1762. 

Lincolnshire, Eng., inundated, 8402. 

Lind, Afr., captured, 8382. 

, Jenny, b.-d., 1136 1 ; sings in Castle 

Garden, 1661 ; charities, 1671 ; in London, 

9541 ; d., 9962. 
Lindal, Matthew, b., 8882. 
Lindau, Paul, b. (1839) ; works, 8291. 
Linde, Sam. Bogumil, b., 11162 ; d., 111S2. 



Lind-Live, 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNI L)Ji».X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1311 



Linden, Tex., Williams sentenced, 37S 2 . 

Lindenau, Bernhurd August von, t>., 8042 ; 
d., 8201. 

Linderman, L. P., library gift, 3083. 

Lindisfarne, see erected, S422. 

Lindisse, see erected, 8423, 

Lindley, John, b., 9283; d., 9C81. 

, Sir Nath., lord justice, 9S9 1 . 

, Thomas, I)., 900 2 ; d., 9203. 

Lindolf, Duke of Swabia ; rebels, 7733. 

Lindrum, Lieut.-Col., at Cynthiana, 210* , 

Linds, Kan., Bethanv College org., 3082. 

Lindsay, Sir David, ri., 866 1 ; d. (1555-). 

, E. of, title created, sxi i , 8841 . 

, Lord Alexander William Crawford, 

b., 9363; d. (1880). 

, Robert B., gov. Ala., 2732; suit to re- 
cover documents, 273 1 . 

Lindsey, O., R. R. accident, 4353. 

, Philip, b. (1786) ; moderator, 1442 ; d. 

(1855). 

, Theophilus, b. (1723); Sabbath In- 
structor, 9151 ; d. (1S0S). 

-, William, b., 1442. 

Linen, art of staining, 8741 , 

paper, first made, 0102, 7842. 

Weavers Co. formed, S57 3 . 

Ling, Peter H., b.-d., 11342. 

Lingan, James Mac cu bin, b. (1752±) ; 
killed, 1192. 

Lingard, John, b.,9183; Eng., 9391 ; d.,9562. 

Lingelbach, Jan, or Johaun, b., 5403 ; d., 
5422. 

Lingen, Baron, title created, 987 1 . 

Lingg, anarchist, suicide, 327 2 . 

Lingti enthroned, 6113. 

Lingtum, Tibetans defeat, 104S2. 

Linguet, Simon Nicolas Henri, b., 6983 ; 
d. (1794). 

Ling Wong enthroned, 6112. 

Linlithgow, Scot., captured, 8561. 

Linn Creek, Va., action at, 2041 . 

, William, b., 6S3; d., 1142. 

Linna, Oxford monk, Map., 8562. 

Linnasan Society organized, 1231 , 9241 . 

Linnaeus, Carolus (Carl von Liune), b.-d., 
11342; est. botany system, 11341; fnda. 
Royal Academy, 1135 1 . 

Linnell, John, b., 9262; d. (1882). 

Linotype invented, 3321 , 

Linsin enthroned, 6112. 

Linsong, Tartar chief, 6121. 

V Insurgent e captured, 1081. 

Linten, Sidney, cons, bp., 9862; d.,5013. 

Lin Tishseu, anti-opium com'er, 6172. 

Linton, James D., b., 950 2 . 

, William James, b., 9362; i n Nat- 
ional Academy, 3121 . 

, William S., d., 1731 . 

Lintz, Aust., R. R. connections, 5213; bp. 
of; sentenced, 528 2 ; inundated, 5341 . 

Linus, St., bp. at Rome, 10623. 

Linyanti, Livingstone arrives, 560 2 . 

Lin-Yun-Fu, against Fr., 4802. 

Linz, J. Kepler, prof, mathematics, 5111 . 

Linzendorf, Count, royal minister, 7993. 

Lion Sermon annually preai-hed, 8822. 

Tamer first produced, New York, 3981 . 

Lionberger, John R., d., 4601 . 

Lionel, D. of Dorset, lord-lieut., 9093. 

, Pr., D. of Clarence, b. (1338) ; gov. 

Ire., marries Elizabeth, 8">!) 2 ; d. (1368). 

, Lord Crantield, minister, 8S12. 

Lippe, Ger., ruled bv Bernard, 7772 ; Ber- 
nard VIII., turns Protestant, 7923 ; di- 
vided, 795i ; Fred. II. elector of Ger. ; 
gains territory ; electorate, 809 1 ; elector 
is King Frederic I.,909 2 ; Sehaumberg- 
Lippe a principality ; Princess Pauline 
rules, 8093; L.-Detmold joins Confed. of 
Rhine, 8093; in Ger. Confed., 8113; leaves 
Nat. Assembly, 817 2 ; dissolves Rump. 
Pari., 819 1 ; Lippe 2d in N. Ger. Confed- 
eration, 825 2 . 

Lippert, Mai., at Doniphan, 2222. 

Lippi, Filippo, b.-d., 10782. 

Lippincott, Mrs. (Sara Jane Clark), or 
Grace Greenwood, b., 1302. 

Lippincotfs MtgaStne appears, 2623. 

Lippit, Henry, gov. R. I., 2892, 2912, 2931. 

Liprandi, Gen. Paul Petrovitch, b. (1796); 
at Balaklava, 5981 ; d. (1864). 

Lipsius, Justus (Joest Lips); b.-d., 10983. 

Liptroth, John, d., 10021. 

Liquor, sale to Indians, 391 ; Indian traf- 
fic; prohibited Indians, 1/52; Methodists 
forbid, 1191, 1643; prohibited in Ga., 
3892; S. C.State dispensaries, 4333,4342, 
4543,4662; law, unconstitutional, 4683; 



constitutional, 4723 ; traffic Austral., 
monopoly, 4951 ; convivial lined, China, 
6103; vending in Eng., 9012; hawkers 
whipped, 9112. 

Liquor-dealers in S. Dak., 3511; Conven. 
N. Y., 3903; indicted, 3942; Dr. Park- 
hurst's evidence ; crusade against, Ky., 
4302 ; resist officers, 4342 ; uncompen- 
sated, 9991. 

question in Sweden, 11351 ; consump- 
tion of, Swe., 11363. 

drinking ;soci a hrestric ted, China,610 2 ; 

imbibers beheaded, 6123; Methodists for- 
bid, 962, 1643; in Am. army, ration, 1071, 
1131 ; in Am. navy, 111*, 1131 ; consump- 
tion, Ger., 8303; in Eng., 9S71 . (See In- 
temperance.) 

legislation; Wine Art, Eng., 8911 ,9651 ; 

fee, 9853 ; duties, Fr., 7633, 7652 ; in Fr., 
7652. (See Local Option, Prohibition, 
and under names of states.) 

licenses; optional, N. H. and R. I., 

1492; optional in Conn., 1511; first in 
Vineland, N. J., 419i ; on steamers and 
steam-cars, 4713; restricted, Eng., 8711; 
forfeited, 879 1; scarce, 9093; local con- 
trol, 10072. 

traffic, govt, controls, China, 6111; 

makers banished, 6151; prohibited in 
Va., 471 ; limited in N. J., 483; limited 
in Ga., 712; i n o., 731 ; action of Meth.. 
96 2 , 1191 , 4071 ; restriction law, la., 2803; 
prohibition at military posts, 3071; op- 
posed by R. C. prelates, 319 1 ; prohibited 
in N. Dak., 321 1 ; prohibited to druggists, 
3291 ; estimate; opposed, 3303; New York, 
3331 ; decision, Ind., 341i; control; dis- 
cussed, 259 2 ; Cong, taxes, 295 1 ; stopped 
on Sunday, la., 43U3 ; Fort Wayne Club 
officers, 44-13; Sad. Hi against, 4G6 2 ; Sun- 
day prohibition, 4663; condemned, 4071 ; 
church saloons, 4% 2 ; state control, 4671 ; 
destruction, 4763; N. Y. committee to 
study, 4791 ; curtailed, Australia, 4943; 
Dominion Alliance for Suppression of, 
5831; signs opposed, Eng., 909 2 ; advo- 
cated, 9563 ; sums spent for, Eng., 9751 ; 
cost per capita, 987' ; direct veto favored, 
10023; regulation bill, 10031; sa les for- 
bidden, 10043 ; Local Veto Bill ; Local 
Control Bill, 1011 1 ; traffickers beheaded, 
China, 6122. 

. — , govt, monopoly, 11383. 

Liris, given to Volscians, 10532. 

Lisbon, Port., occupied, 7162 ; captured, 
11091 ; capital Port.; chief market of 
world; earthquake, 11093 ; Arckivo Pit- 
toresco issued ; Eng. army in ; evacuated, 
11101; disturbances, 1110 3 ; revolution, 
11111 ; Eng. mobbed; Nat. Defense Fund 
started; R. R. to Madrid, 11113, 1132a ; 
R. R. to Santarein ; Royal Acad, of Sci- 
ence fnd. ; fire, 11113; Empress of Brazil 
interred, 5573; D<>m Pedro arrives, 557 1 ; 
Brazilian legation withdrawn, 5603. 

Lisburne, Earl, title created, 917 2 . 

Lisle, Lady Alice, b. (1614+) ; beheaded, 
8971. 

, Baron, title created, 9132. 

L'Isle, Gen. liriere de, in Annam, 4821. 

Lisle, Guillaume de, d., 6982. 

, Lord, minister, 8693. 

, Marcus C, d., 2172. 

, Philip de, gov., 8872. 

Lismore, Scot., sec erected, 8422 ; unites 
with Waterfnrd, .S5S 2 ; with Ernly, 9452; 
Bp. Power cons. R. C, 9962. 

, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

, Viscount, title created, 9311 . 

Lissa, naval battle near, 8242. 

Lissagaray, M., duel, 7383, 7563. 

Lister, Sir Joseph, b., 9423 ; antiseptic 
surgery, 974i. 

, Thomas Henry, b., 9303 (or 1800) ; d. 

(1842). 

Liston, John, b. (1776) ; last appearance, 
94S1; d. (1846). 

Listowel, Ire., R. R. built, 9993. 

, Lord, title created, 9412. 

Liszt, Francz, b., 520 2 ; produces Lohen- 



grin 



, .1., 5302 



Litanies first used, 869 1, 10691. 
Litchfield, Conn., Ly. Beecher installed, 
1163 ; condensed milk mfd., 1801. 

, 111., explosion, 4273. 

Literarische Aimlekten issued, 7991. 
Literarisrhes Centrnlblatt issued, 8I8 3 . 

Wochenblatt issued, 813 1 . 

Literary Asso. Internat. 9842, 11102, 11223. 



Literary Club fnd., London, 9163. 

Copyright protected, 5372. 

Digest, N. Y., issued (1890). 

Gazette issued, 9391 . 

Inst., Eastern ; and Western, 9423 ; 

Marlebone, Westminster, 9463. 

International Asso., Paris, 7582. 

Interna ti<> rial < 'ongrtss, Paris, 7503. 

Jotfraa/ issued, Lond., 9091 ; Dub. ,9112. 

and Philosophical Society est., at 

Manchester, 9221; at New Castle, 9271; 

at Sheffield, 9401 ; at Leeds, 9411 . 

Magazine issued, 9091 , 9151 . 

Revieiv issued, 1311 . 

and Scientijic lupoaiiory appears, 1291. 

World appears, 270 3 . 

Year issued, 7032. 

LiteraturhUu/et issued, 11362. 
Literature, Royal Soc, London, 9401. 

- — in Iceland, 132 ; encouraged, China, 
6102; in Egy., 045 2 , 6463; injunctions 
against, Ger., 8303. 

Literaiur Zeitung issued at Jena, 829'. 

Lithium discovered, 11361 , 

Lithographers est. at Boston, 1353; com- 
bination formed, 4232. 

Lithography dis., 5191 1 806 2 ; intro., 938' . 

Lithoscope invented; described, 9662. 

Lithotrity, Civiale receives prize for, 7241 . 

Lithuania invaded, 11141 ; annexed, 1115 2 ; 
anti-Jewish riots, 11212; Christianity in- 
troduced, 7S43. 

Li Tseching defeated, 6141 . 

Littell, Eliakim, b. (1797). 

LittelVs Living Age, 15S3; d., 2702. 

Litteratur-S, Ixhtl.s S/:rift< r issued, 6381 . 

Tidende issued, 6391 . 

Little Belt fires on J'resident, 1161. 

Little Big Horn River, Indian battle, 2921 . 

Blue, Mo., Feds, defeated, 2391 

Egg Harbor, N. J., Am. 

burned, 891. 

Falls, Minn., plague of frogs, 414» . 

■ , N. Y., fire, 4233. 

Kenesaw, Ga., action at, 2342. 

• Osage, Mo., Price defeated at, 2392. 

Rock, Ark., laid out, 1293; R. c. dio- 
cese est., 1562; arsenal seized, 1902; Gen. 
Curtis at, 209 1 ; captured, 2262; Free- 
State gov., 2293; Meth.Epis. South Conf. 
fmd., 252 2 ; P.p. Fitzgerald cons. R. C, 
2562; Little r U( _. k Coll. org., 2,s63; Philan- 
der Smith Coll. fnd., 2962; L. R. Univ. 
fnd., 3142 ; silver ore dis., 4121 , 2 ; bank 
failure, 4222, 4233 ; State Tax unconsti- 
tutional, 451 2 ; tornado, 4733. 

College org., 2863. 

l'niversit\ fnd., 3142. 

Round Top Hill, battle for, 2241 . 

Wallachia, ceded, 5151; restored to 

Porte, 5152. 

, George, b. (1754) ; d., 1161 . 

, Louis H., d.,2133. 

Littledale, Richard Frederick, b. (1833) ; 
d., 10021 (or 1890). 

Littlefield, Alfred H., governor of R, I., 
3043, 3052. 

Littlejohn, Abrani Newkirk, b., 1321 ; con- 
secrated, bp.,2642. 

Littleton, Mass., Congr. Conf. org., 2542. 

, Lord Edward, b., S76 2 ; lord keeper, 

8852; d. (1645). 

, Sir Thomas, b., 8602; d., 8642. 

, William H., gov. S. C, 713. 

Litton, Edward Falconer, d., 10041 . 

Littr£, Maximilian Paul Emile, b., 7143 ■ 
works, 7351 ; d., 7522. 

Littrow, Jos. Johann von. b.,X042; d.,8143. 

, Karl Ludwig, b., 8102; d., 8282. 

Liturgy, New Church, opposed, Eng. ; 
completed, S70 2 ; in Ire. ; revised, 8703 ; 
abolished, 8843; revision, 8902. (See 
Book of Common Prayer.) 

Liuchi, Empress, regent, 6113. 

Liukiu Islands, annexed to Japan, 1093 1 . 

Liu Kun Yi, commander-in-chief, 6271 . 

Liutold, duke, 5033. 

Liutprand, b.-d., 10721; king; captures 
Ravenna, 10721 . 

LiuvaL, reigns, 11253, 

IL, reigns, 11253. 

Livadia sinks, 9893. 

Liveley, Greenland, Kane found at, 1761 . 

Livermore, Sam., pres. senate, 1072, 109 3 - 

Liverpool, Eng., chartered, 8533 ; inde- 
pendent, 8591 ; paved, 873 3 ; petition to 
queen, 875 2 ; separated from Lancaster, 
8832; ship-money, 8833; taken, S841 ; 
separate parish, 9002 j old dock built, 



1312 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN1 Dili A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. Live— LOHLU. 



9013; Blue-Coat Hospital fnd. ; L. Cou- 
rant issued, 9043; infirmary est., 913*; 
L. Advertiser issued, 9132 ; Seamen's 
Hospital fnd. ; Salthouse Dock opd. ; 
Town Hall begun, 9133 ; library fnd., 
9151; Gore's General Advertiser, 9171; 
theater opd., 918 2 ; House of Industry 
est., 919 2 ; equips army, 920 1 ; musical 
festival, 9222 ; King's Dock built, 9233; 
American cotton seized, 973 • Lunatic 
Asylum fnd., 927* ; Hydropathy revived, 
9232 ; Athemeum opd., 9293 ; Lyceum 
erected, 931 '; Union newsroom opd., 
9313 ; docks built ; statue George III., 
9343 ; r iot, 9352 ; Corn Exchange, opd.; 
Royal Exchange completed; St. Nicho- 
las Tower falls, 9353 ; Literary and Phil. 
Soc. est., 937*; Royal Inst, fnd., 937', 
9381; Wellington-rooms erected, 9373; 
first trans-Atlantic steamer at, 938 2 ; Am. 
Seamen's Hospital est., 941 1; Marine 
Humane Soc. find., 9412; St. John's Mar- 
ket opd., 9413 ; Laver theater opd., 942i ; 
House of Industry erected, 943' ; Clar- 
ence Dock completed ; railway to Man- 
chester opd., 9441; Blackrock Light- 
house ; locomotive steam carriages 
used, 945 3 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9461 ; 
Welsh Presby. Soc. fnd., 9502 ; Sailors' 
Home est., 9531 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 954 1 ; 
earthquake, 9562; breadriots,959i ; docks 
completed; Nat. Asso. for Social Sci- 
ence meets, 9621 ; cholera appears, 9693; 
H. W. Beecher speaks, 2272 ; Confeder- 
ate States Fair, 2393 ; Shenandoah sur- 
renders, 2483 ; Fenians arrested, 9703 ; 
Royal Bank suspends, 971 3 ; Greek Ch. 
est., 9722; Brit. Asso. meets ; Social Sci- 
ence Asso. meets ; Stanley Park opd. ; 
statue of Queen, 9741 ; Bp. Reilly cons., 
9742 ; foundation of Stanley Hospital, 
9743; Seamen's Orphan Inst., 9752 ; Sef- 
ton Park opd., 9761 ; coffee-saloon opd., 
977 2 ; art gallery est., 978'; Mormon 
missionaries in, 9782; Seamen's Orphan- 
age opd., 9792; w. Rathbone statue; 
"Walker Art Gallery opd., 9821 ; theater 
riot, 9831; Literary and Philosophical 
Soc. est., 9371 ; Rotunda Theater burned, 
9833 ; bishopric est., 9342 ; riots, 9843 ; 
named city, 9852 ; Univ. Coll. fnd., 9862, 
9882 ; plot against town hall, 9871 ; Lang- 
ton Dock opd., 9893 ; Home for Ancient 
Mariners, 9903 ; Mersey Tunnel opd., 
9933 ; riots, 9943 ; Gen. Earle statue ; 
Queen's statue ; Royal Jubilee Exhibi- 
tion opd., 9961 ; Seamen's strike ends, 
10011 ; dock laborers strike, 10023, 10031 ; 
grain-porters 3trike ; strikers parade, 
10031 ; Trade Unions Cong., 10043; Naval 
Exhibition opd., 1008'; Victoria Build- 
ings, Univ. Coll. opd., 10082 ; cholera 
panic, 10093; elevated railway opd. ,10113. 

Liverpool, N. S., Meth. Conf. meets, 5882. 

Liversegge, Henry, b., 9323. 

Livery Companies formed, Eng., 8573. 

Livingston, Ala., Normal Coll. opd., 3142, 

Manor, N. Y., White Caps at, 4631 . 

, Brockholst, b., 741 ; justice, 115 1 . 

, Edward, b., 741 ; mayor N. Y., 1112 ; 

sec. state, 1392; d., 1462. 

, Henry Brockholst, b. (1757) ; d., 1382. 

, John Henry, b. (1746); d., 1322. 

, La RhettL., commissioned Col., 3841. 

, Leonidas F., b., 140 1. 

, Philip, b., 58i ; d., 911. 

, Robert R., b., 662 ; sec. for. affairs, 

95 2 ; chancellor, builds steamer, 108 1 ; 
pres. Rutger'a Coll., 1171 ; d., 1211 . 

, William, b. (1741) ; work, 671 ; d., 602. 

, , gov. N. J., 853, 1013 ; d., 1022. 

Livingstone launched, 10941. 

Livingstone, David, b.,9363; explorations 
in Afr. ; sails for Cape Town, 5601 ; sails 
for Eng., 5602; consul, 5603, 9691 , H61i ; 
second expedition ; returns, 5603 ; in 
Cent. Afr. ; home despatches ; tidings ; 
letter, 5611; Stanley's tidings, 2741; let- 
ter in Herald ; letter on slave-trade ; 
parts from Stanley, 5611 ; miss. dis. Lake 
Ngami, 5982 ; represents London Miss. 
Soc; wifedies ,5983; at Lake Tanganyika, 
5991 ; meets Stanley, 6003; travels, 8381 ; 
Last Journal, 9791 ; d.,5611 ,6003; interred 
Eng., 9782; statue, 9801 , 9841 . 

, John H., b. (1746) ; pres. svnod, 1103, 

1123; d. (1825). 

Coll. (Afr. Meth.) est. at Salisbury, 

N. C. (1882). 



Livingstone expedition, Grady leaves, 1091 . 

Livimum, fnd., 11432. 

Livius, Andronicus, b. ; drama, 10531 . 

Livno, captured, 5301 . 

Livonia, in international race, 2753. 

Livonia, Alex., Pr.; annexed to Pol. ,11152; 
annexed to Russia, 11153 ; ceded, 11353. 

Le Lirre issued, 7522. 

Livre des Cent Ballades written, 6763. 

faits du Marichal de Boucicaut 

appears, 6763. 

Livrets, abolished, Fr., 7392. 

Livy, Titus Livinus, b.-d., 10583; Annales, 
1061 1 . 

Li "Wang, enthroned, 6112. 

Iii-Yang-tsai, rebel leader, 6221 . 

Li Yuna, commander-in-chief, 6262. 

Ljudevit, Prince of Croatia, 5031 , 

Llamo, Tex., gold mine rediscovered, 3921 . 

Llandarf, Bishop Lewis, cons., 9SG2. 

Llangattock, Baron, title created, 10091 . 

Llewelyn the Great, Pr. of W., 8513 ; de- 
stroys castles, 8541 ; defeated ; k., 8541 ,2. 

Llorente, Don Juan Antonio, b.-d., 11283. 

Lloyd, Arthur T., cons, bishop, 10121. 

, Chas., b.(1775) ; Poems, 92d* ; d. (1S39). 

, Daniel Lewis, eons, bishp, 1004 2 . 

, Edward, b. (1799) ; gov., 573; d.(1834). 

, , b. (1815); works, 9003, 907 1, 

9503 ; d., 10022. 

, Henry, b., 9082 ; d., 9223. 

, Demarest, work, 478 2 . 

, Thomas, b. (1640±); pres. Pa., 493; d. 

(1694). 

.William, bp. b. (1627); acquitted, 

8963 ; d. (1717). 

, , smashes vase, 9521 . 

Loa sunk, 6062. 

Loan, subscription, Eng., 9273. 

, Fr.,7072, 7333,7352, 7391, 7411, 7433, 

7453, 7472. 

, authorized, U. S., 1892. 

Act, a law, 1973, 1992 ; authorized 

§25,000,000, 1923 ; from banks, 1992 ; by- 
treasury, 2193 ; last for war, 2433. 

Loando, Afr., fnded. canal at, 1161 1 . 

Loano, It., Austrians defeated, 7102. 

Loaysa, b. (1500±) ; bp. of Lima; archbp., 
222 ; d. (1575). 

Lobau Island, Bonaparte crosses, 5183. 

, Comte de, Georges Monton, b., 7042 ; 

d.,7282. 

Lobeira, Vasco de, b.-d., 11092 ; Amadis de 
Gaul translated, 1109 1. 

Lobengula, king, 6041,2,3. 

Lobkowic, John de, in Palestine, 5083. 

Lobo, Aristides, resigns, 5573. 

, Jeronimo, b.-d., 11102. 

Lobomeria, Austria secures, 517 2 . 

Lobositz, Bohemia, battle of, 5142. 

Lobsinger, Hans, stamped leather, 7921. 

Local Govt. Bill, Ritchie's, 9991,2. 
Militia Bill, G. B., 9572. 

option, in Minn., 2723 ; in Pa., 2S03, 

2911; in Tex.; in R. I.,2911 ; inGa.,321i ; 
in Miss., 325 1 ; in Dak., Mich., Mont., 
3291 ; in Wis., 351 ' ; for D. C, 3251 ; re- 
pealed in N. J., 3511; constitutional, 
Mich., 3702,3; in Del., 383 1 ; in Mel- 
bourne, 4982 ; resolution adopted, G. B., 
9851,3; approved, 9891. 

Preachers' Nat. Asso. org., 1843. 

Lochearn sinks Vilie de Havre, 7493. 

Lochfyne collides with Knapton Hall, 9833. 

Loehr'en, William, in int. dept., 4473. 

Lock, Sir Henry, Brougham, gov. Victoria, 
4992; Cape Colony, 0033 ; against Mata- 
beles 6041 

Locke, 'David Ross, b., 1421 ; d., 328' . 

, John, b. (1792) ; invents magnetic 

clock, 1641 ; d. (1856). 

, , poet, d., 3341 . 

, , philosopher, b., 8822 ; constitu- 
tion modified, 442; Grand Model, 451; 
works, 8983; d., 9022. 

, Richard Adams, b. (1800); "The 

Moon Hoax," 1443 ; d. (1871). 

Locker, Arthur, d., 10101 . 

Lockhart, John Gibson, b.. 9263 ; Scott, 
9491 ■ d. 958 2 . 

Lockport", 'n. Y., tornadoes, 3321 ; Odd Fel- 
lows' Home dedicated, 4703. 

Lockroy, Ednuard Etienne Antoine (Si- 
mon), b. (1*38); minister, 7552,3, 7571; 
report on Magenta, 7661 . 

Lockwood, Belva, nom. for pres., U.S.A., 
319i; lawyer, 4623. 

, Daniel N., b., 1562. 

Lockyer, Joseph Norman, b., 948 2 . 



Lockyer, shot, 8873. 

Locofocos (Democrats) appear, 1452. 

Locomotive patented, 9302 ; tirst, 9362 ; 
mnf. in America, 1381 ; early trip, 137 3 ; 
Firefly, speed, 9461 ; Rocket travels, 9441 • 
North Star, speed, 9482. 

engineers, women delegates, Eng., 

4183; strike, 951' ; convention in Can., 
5883. (See Brotherhood of Locomotive 
Engineers.) 

Locomotives use anthracite coal, 146' ; as- 
cents, 1473 ; cross Miss. River, 1793. 

Locria Epizephyrii, fnd., 10153. 

Locust Grove, Va., action at., 2282. 

Locusts, plague of, 103 ; ravage Minn. ,284 1 ; 
in Central Park ; in Lackawanna Valley, 
3422; inNyack,N.Y.,456i; inlll.,460'; 
on R.R., 4633 ; flight, Arabia, 4883 ; in 
Fr., 6661 ; in Syria, 11583 ; plague, 1154' . 

Lodge, Henry Cabot, b., 1781 ; works, 3131, 
3163, 3191; 3502; on Silver Act, 4351; 
speech, 4391 ; bribery charges, 4611 . 

, Thomas, b., 8721 ; works, 8751 , 8763 ; 

d., 8802. 

, Federal Election Bill, 3632, 3671 . 

Lodging-house Act, G. B., 9572. 

Lodi fnd. ; House of, rules, 10433. 

, bridge of, battle at, 712' . 

Lodiana mission, 10491 . 

Lodor, Richard, commissioned col., 400'. 

Loeghevg issued, 5862. 

Loendade Santa Iria appears, 11091 . 

Lofoden Isles, fishing fleet wrecked, 11053. 

Loftcha mission, 5662. 

Lofthouse, railroad accident, 9853. 

Loftus, Baron, title created, 931' . 

, Lord Augustus AYilliam Frederick 

Spencer, b. (1817) ; gov., 4991 . 

, Major, on Mississippi, 741 . 

Log, mariner's, first mentioned, 874'. 

" Cabin " campaign, 153' . 

College, est., Pa., 583, 603 ; eel., 3443. 

Logan, Ky., Female College fnd., 2543. 

, Utah, Brigham Young Coll., opd. t 

3003 ; Agricultural College opd., 3662. 

, Benjamin, b., 682 ; d., 1102. 

, Friedrieh von, Simuiedichte, 797' . 

, James, b., 442 ; pres.Pa.,033; d.,93'. 

, John, chief, b. (1725) ; d., 931 . 

, Alexander, b., 1341; before At- 
lanta, 2363 ; pres. Nat. Conven. of Vet- 
erans, 2552 ; impeachment manager, 
2612; commander G. A. R., 2653, 2691 r 
2723 ; on committee of seven, 2933 ; nom. 
for vice-pres., 3172 ; vote for pres. nom., 
3173 ; electoral vote, 321 1 ; d., 3242 ; in- 
terred, 3333. 

, (son), lieut. 5th Reg., 3541 . 

, Sir Wm. Edmond, b.,5702 ; d.,5841. 

Logan's Fort, Ky., Indians besiege, 863. 

Logansport, Ind., Insane Asylum, 3332. 

Logaris attack Stewart, 61 . 

Logarithms invented, 8761. 

Logerot, M., minister, 7571 . 

Loghlen,Sir Michael, masterof rolls, 9492. 

Logographie printing patented, 9222. 

Logs town, Ya., treaty with Indians, 69 2 . 

Logue, Michael, cons. R. C. archbp., 9823; 
cons, cardinal priest, 1010 2 . 

Lohengrin appears, 7621 , 816 1 . 

Loliehstein, Daniel Kaspar von, b. (1635); 
Arminius mid Thns>ielda,709^ ; d. (1683). 

Lohnian, \Y. D., short accounts, 450 2 . 

Loizellon, Gen. J. L., minister, 765 2 . 

Loja, Granada, uprising, 11301. 

Lollards rise, 8582,-8622. 

Lollius, Marcus, defeated in Gaul, 10621 . 

, Urbicus, gov. of Caledonia, 10652 ; 

turf rampart, 8392. 

Lomaterus, John, correspondence with 
pope, 10323. 

Loniax, Gen., at Crooked Run, 2372. 

Lombard, Lambert, d., 5402. 

League fmd., 7791; peace with em- 
peror, 7792; diet against, 7803. 

, Pierre, b.-d., 6683 ; The Sentences, 

6711. 

University, 111., org., 1703. 

Venetian kingdom, subject, 5232 • 

siege, 5241 ; given to Aust., 10871 ( 3. 

Lombardy, It., fnd. by Romans, 10533; in- 
vades Hung., 5031 ; Hannibal reenforced, 
1054' ; overrun, 1070' ; ravaged, 10702 ; 
in Gaul, 6641; in It., 10731; i n Eastern 
Empire, 10302 ; conversion completed,. 
10731; kingdom destroyed, 7713; an- 
nexed to papal dominion, 10723; Charle- 
magne conquers, 10732; annexed, 6653; 
war with Gr., 10321; fortified towns, 



Lomb-Lond. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNJjJl,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1313 



1073 2 ; revolt, 7753 ; rule upper It., 7781 ; 
conquered, 10761 ; under Visconti, 10773; 
Fr. and Spaniards expelled, 10821; Sp. 
loses, 6972; ruled by Anst., 10852; Trans- 
padane Republic formed, 10*52; given 
to Fr.,5192; enip. maintained, 5212; re- 
bellion, 5213; incor. with Sardinia; in- 
surrection, 1087 2 ; given to Sardinia, 5252, 

Lombardy poplar introduced, 993. 

Lombe, Sir Thos., silk-throwing mill, 904 1 . 

Lome, Dupuy de, balloon ascension, 7443. 

Lomenie, Louis Leonard de, b., 7223 ; d., 
7502. 

Lomia discovered, 7361 . 

Lomonosoff, Mikhail, Vasilievitch, b.-d., 
11142; works, 11151. 

tonato, French victory, 7121 . 

ISOncle Joseph sinks, 7533. 

Londesborough, E. of, title created, 9963. 

Londinum. (See London, 839 3 .) 

Londman, Thomas, b., 9002. 

London founders, 9693. 

London, Can., K. C. dioc. est., 5802; Weekly 
Free Press, 5803, 5811 ; Advertiser, 5811 ; 
battalion org., 58Si ; foresters org. ,5883; 
Cranbourne Club, gambling, 5S91 . 

, University of, Eng., est. (1836) ; sup- 
ports woman suffrage, 8723. 

London, Eng., capital ; large town, 8393 ; 
stone placed; Gothic architecture ap- 
pears, 8392, S482, 8541 ; St. Paul's built ; 
bishopric est., 8402; walls built, 8412; 
plague ravages, 8413 ; St. Paul's de- 
stroyed ; rebuilt ; see erected ; "West- 
minster Abbey fnd., 8422 ; Danes pil- 
lage, 2441; Danes expelled, 844 1 ; fire, 
8453,8473. 10th Century, besieged; 
bridges over Thames, 8461 ; Thames long 
frozen, 8462, 8622, 9143 ; St. Paul's 
burned, 8473, 8482, 8493 ; storm ravages, 
8481 ; Tower begun ; St. Paul's rebuilt ; 
"Westminster Hall built ; Temple Church 
built, 8482 ; St. Stephen's Chapel built, 
8483 ; Newgate prison est. ; chartered, 
8492; great mortality, 8493,8593, 8813; L. 
bridge burned, 8493; 12th -Century : 
stone bridge built, 8502; Temple fnd.; 
St. Catherine's Hospital fnd. ; massacre 
of Jews, 850 3 , 8542 ; anti-Jewish riots, 
8511 , 8543 ; population, 8511 , 8773, 8593; 
Henry Fitz-Alwyn first mayor ; first 
fleet prison est. ; Longchamp deposed, 
8513; 13th Century : L. bridge burned, 
8533, 8493; St. Thomas's Hosp. est.; for- 
eign merchants united ; convent demol- 
ished, 8523; Barons convene ; first Pari., 
853 2 ; pope interdicts, 8522 ; water supply, 
8521 ,8813 ; Temple erected; present West- 
minster Abbey begun, 852 1 ; Westmin- 
ster convent demolished, 8523 ; char- 
tered, 8533, 8953; water intro. ; St. 
Mary's erected, 8521 ; aldermen; watch 
est., 8533; Savoy Palace built, 8541 ; St. 
Thos. a Becket's Co. org., S55 3 ; riotous 
tailors and goldsmiths, 8543 ; free trade 
privileges limited ; House of Commons 
est. ; charter annulled, 8552 ; St. Kath- 
erine's Hospital fnd. ; sea-coal prohib- 
ited, 8551 ; Edward I. crowned, 8553 ; 
Blackfriars convent erected; 8542 ; wa- 
terworks est., 855 3 ; all Jews expelled, 
8542 ; fixed prices, 857i ; 14thCentury : 
Lincoln's Inn Court est. ; tournaments 
in, 8563 ; Merchant. Tailors' Co. ; Skin- 
ners' Co.; Goldsmiths' Co. find., 8573 ; 
Westminster Abbey nave built, 858 1 ; 
Grocers' Co. fmd„ 8573 ; St. Stephen's 
Chapel rebuilt, 8582 : Tuner and Middle 
Temple Court opd., 8583 ; Pari, becomes 
two Houses ; four representatives, 9592; 
Clifford's Inn Court est.. .8583 ; title lord- 
mayor est., 8592 ; K. John of Fr. pris- 
one'r,959i ; Gray's Inn of Court est. ,8583 ; 
Vintners' Co. find., 857 3 ; striking clock, 
8582 ; John Wyclif summoned, 8583 ; 
Richard II.crowned,'861i ; Watt the Ty- 
ler, k., 8601 ; Savoy Palace burned, 8613; 
ward meetings intro., 861 1; L. Mayor 
Breraber executed, 8603 ; Mercers' Co. 
fmd., 8613; aldermen for life, 8612; parish 
clerks perform plays ; Westminster Hall 
repaired, 8602; Christmas festival, 10,000 
guests; Order of the Bath est., 8603; 
Richard II. prisoner in Tower, 8612 ; 
15th Century; coal intro.; opposed, 
8613 ; Wm. Sautre, heretic, burned ; al- 
chemists forbidden, 860 2 ; lanterns ; 
street lights, 8631.2; Staple's Inn of 
Court est. ; Guild Hall est. ; Lyon's Inn 



of Court est., 8022 ; Henry V. crowned, 
8631; Whittington Coll. est.; adulte- 
rated wine condemned ; Whittington's 
almshouses est., 8623; St. Paul's much 
burned, 8622; Drapers" Co. fmd.; Haber- 
dashers' Co. find., 8633 ; John Cade en- 
ters, 8621 ; l. mayor's show inst., 8633 ; 
Edward, I>. of York, marches into, 8641 ; 
Ironmongers' Co. find., 8053 ; printing- 
press introduced, 8642 ; Henry VI. mur- 
dered, 805 2 ; Clement's Inn of Court es- 
tablished, 8642; ( 'lothworkers' Company 
fmd.; Edward V. murdered in Tower; 
Richard III. crowned, 8653 ; New Inn 
Court est., S642 ; Henry VII. crowned; 
Star Chamber Court est., 867 2 ; sweat- 
ing sickness, 8073 ; anti-tax insurgents, 
8661 ; court removed to Calais, 8673 ; 
16th Century; Henry VII. Chapel be- 
gun, 8062 ; Fleet ditch navigable, 8673 ; 
merchants extorted, S67 2 ; St. Paul's 
School fnd., 8071 ; Henry VIII. crowned, 
8673; 13 surg. and doctors, 8002; Henry 
VIII. head of Church, 8082 ; Bp. Fisher 
and Sir Thomas More executed; peti- 
tion to read Bible, K0S2; Wm. Tyndale 
burned, 8683; Fishmongers' Co. fmd., 
8693; wine runs in conduit, S691 ; bills 
of mortality, 8692 ; st. Bartholomew's 
monastery confiscated, 8083; surgeons 
and barbers united, 80,si ; term lord pope 
forbidden, 8683 ; Bethlehem Lunatic 
Hosp. est.; Christ's Hosp. fnd.; 40 tav- 
erns in, 8711; q. Mary crowned, 8712 ; 
Rus. Trading Co. est., S71 3 ; John Rogers 
burned, 8703; Congreg. meetings est., 
8721 ; Abbey of Westminster reest.; Puri- 
tans arise ; Poultry Compter becomes 
prison, 8713; Stationers' Co. incorp., 
8723, 8783 ; glass mfd., 8721 ; head-dress 
designated, 8731 ; St. Paul's struck by 
lightning, 8723 ; Salters' Company 
formed, 8733; Outer Temple made Inn 
of Court ; Westminster a collegiate ch.; 
Westminster School or St. Peter's Coll., 
fnd., 8723; first tragedy, Gorboduc, 8721 ; 
58 Scotchmen in; knives made, 8721; 
Furnival's Inn of Court est., 8731 ; plague 
prevails, 8733, 8793; Merchants' Adven- 
turers Co. fmd., 8733 ; Royal Exchange 
est., 8721 ; care of poor, 873i ; Physic Gar- 
dens est., 8.2' ; lottery in St. Paul's Ca- 
thedral, 8731; Temple Hall built; Soc. 
Antiquarians find., 8711; Gresham Coll. 
fnd., 8751; Anabaptists burned; Bapt. 
Soc. fmd., 8743 ; fi rs t regular theater 
built; gold-seekers visit America, 8741 ; 
Turkey and the Levant Cos. chartered ; 
enlargement prohibited ; Thames water 
supplied, 8753; Henry Percy murdered, 
8753; Northwest Passage excitement, 
8742; Wm. Shakespeare in- Q. Eliza- 
beth's statue, 8761 ; tobacco intro., 8772; 
Thanksgiving services, 8762 ; Afr. Co. 
fmd., 8773; Congreg. Church find., 8763; 
Thames dry. S701 ; Shakespeare's Globe 
Theater built ; taffeta ranf.; Lord Cham- 
berlain's actors ; 17th Century; Lord 
Admiral's actors, 8762; Cottonian Li- 
brary est., 8772; population in 1000,8773; 
Essex's insurrection, 8761; James I. 
reigns.^791 ; sanitary rigor, 8783; R ; ,leigh 
in Tower, 8792, 8812 ; Gunpowder Plot, 
8762; London Company established for 
Amer., 8792; Charter House fnd., 8783 ; 
Granaries built, 8793; Great Tom bell; 
lottery for Va., 8791 ; burned; New River 
water-supply opened., 8793, 8813; paved ; 
Thames improved, 8813; Francis Bacon 
conspicuous; Bridewell prison built; Ra- 
leigh beheaded, 8,sl2 ; gambling licenses 
granted, 8811; The Commit, Weekly 
News, etc., Certain Ne/vs, etc., issued; 
Sion Coll. and Hospital est., 8803 ; New 
River Co. fmd.; Charles I. reigns, 8813; 
Banqueting House erected, 8801 ; hack- 
ney coaches est., 8813 ; commission to 
restore St. Paul's Cathedral, 8822 ; pos- 
tal communications opd., 8832 ; wind 
sawmill inv., 8821 ; first Particular Bap- 
tist Ch. est., 8822 ; velvet paper patented, 
8821 ; Devonshire Square Bapt. Ch. est.; 
St. Giles parish begun ; bps- in Tower, 
8823, 8852, 8963 ; Fleet Prison for debt- 
ors ; Long Pari., 8833 ; Diurnal Occur- 
rences issued ; Puritans divided, Presb. 
and Independents, 8843 ; £,. Gazette is- 
sued ; plays prohibited, 885 1 ; civil war ; 
Charles I. leaves, 8852 ; excise system 



est., 8S53 ; Westminster Assembly fmd., 
8843; Royal Soc. ni t -ets,s.S(i2,,s'joi ; submits 
to army; 2d civil war, 8861 ; Presb. gain 
control ; Cromwell coerces Pari., 8872 ; 
Rump Pari.; Charles I. beheaded ; Com- 
monwealth proclaimed ; explosion, 
8873 ; public In/' l/i, /<■/)>;■ issued, 8883 ; 
Oliver Cromwell, L. Protector, 8891 ; 
festival of sons of clergy, S88 3 ; first ac- 
tress, 8881 , 8911 ; Portuguese svnagogue 
in, 8883 ; Richard. Cromwell, Protec- 
tor ; army officers rule,8S«.)3 ; army enters, 
8901 ; Charles II. reigns; regicides tried; 
K. India Co. char., 8012; banking begun, 
8913; Anabaptists rise, 8902; Fifth Mon- 
archy men rise, 891 2 .3 ; Medical School 
est.; great storm, 8901; Ch. of Eng. re- 
stored; Act of Uniformity, 8903; first 
play bill, 8911; the Great Plague, 8913; 
Geo. Fox, Wm.Penn., Quakers, arrested; 
impostor whipped; riot, 8931, 8951; L. 
Gazette removed to ; Serjeant's Inn est.; 
lighted by lanterns ; the Great Fire; run 
on banks; Royal Exchange fnd.; fire 
insurance begins, 8933; Moravians Soc. 
est.; RovalSoc. Library fnd., 8923; great 
fire, 8922; tires, 8933, "8953, 9003, 9093, 
9133, [)413, 9473, 9513,9633,9913,10013, 
10053; Drury Lane Theater rebuilt ; 
monument commemorating fire, 8922; 
present St. Paul's built, 8942; bribery 
of Pari., 8943; Dutch loom used, 8941; 
City Mercury, 8943; coffee-house sup- 
pressed, 895 1'; first City Directory, 8943; 
statue Charles I.. 891; anti-Oath, demon- 
strations, 8943, 8982,8991; Titus Oates' 
popish plot, 8951; Walbrook Church 
built, 8941; Domestick Jutelliqence est., 
8943; Meal Tub Plot, S952; Mercureum 
Librarius; chartered. 8913; oil-lighted; 
penny-post set up, S953, 8972; Catholics 
expelled; election riot ; Chelsea Hospi- 
tal fnd., 8951; Sadler's Wells est., 8961 ; 
Rye House Plot, 897 1 ; king bumbles, 
8972; Charter surrendered, 8973; operas 
intro., 8961 ; Fr. Protestants settle, 8962; 
James II. reigns 8972; statue James II., 
8902; charity schools est.; clergy disobey 
king; 7 bishops in Tower, 8963; James 
II. relents ; Hemming's patent street 
light; charter restored ; Princess Anne 
flees, 8973; silkweavers come; anti- 
Oatholie mobs, 89S2, 8991 ; Universal In- 
telligence, Athenian Gazette, Eng. Cour- 
ant, Harlem Couranf, L. Courant, L. In- 
telligence, L. Mercury, Orange Gazette, 
issued, 8983; anti-Catl). riot ;' James II. 
flees; Irish Night; King William enters, 
8991; "William and Mary reign, 8992; 
Young's forgeries, 9003; Lloyd's coffee- 
house, 8913; Bank of Eng,' projected, 
9012; charter restored, 8993; Lincoln's 
Inn Theater opd.; thimbles made, 9001 ; 
marriages and births taxed, 9003; haw- 
kers and pedlars first licensed, 901 1 ; 
first triennial Pari., 9012; Lloyd's News 
est., 9003; St. Paul's Cathedral choir re- 
opd.,9002; Hand-in-IIand lire insurance, 
9013; welcomes "William III., 9011; 
Grey Coat School-fnd., 9003; Peter the 
Great in; stage immoral, 9011; White- 
hall palace burned ; East India Co. est., 
9013; isth Century ; Haymarket Thea- 
ter built, 9021; and rebuilt, 916*, 9401; 
great storm, 9021 ; Q. Anne reigns, 9032; 
Kit-Cat Club est., 9031; Da Hi/ Cnuravt ; 
The Review, 9023 ; Her Majesty's Theater 
opd., 9022, 9253; union with Scot, meet- 
ing, 903 3 ; Country Gentleman's Courant, 
9023; Soc. of Antiquaries est.; flea plague, 
9022; Saelievercirs sermons; United Br. 
E. India Co. est., 9033; Sons of Clergy- 
musical festival ; St. Paul's Cathedral 
completed, 9042; The Examiner; Guar- 
dian, 9043; Am. Indians visit Q.Anne, 
9051 ,573; Sun Fire Office est., 9053; Han- 
del's opera ; private Acad, of Art, 9041 ; 
Mohocks ravage, 9051 ; Q. Anne statue, 
9041 ; newspapers first stamped, 9043; Q. 
Anne" touches " for scrofula; Hamilton- 
Mohun duel, 9051; George I. reigns, 
9053 ; Scriblerus < Hub fnd. ; Welsh charity 
schools est., 9043; Whig and Tory riots ; 
Jacobite riots, 9051 ; Jacobite lords exe- 
cuted, 9053; James Quinn appears, 9061 ; 
Mug-house riot ; first Free Masons, 907' ; 
South Sea Bubble excitement, 9053, 9071 ; 
Westminster Hosp. fnd., 907* ; first ma- 
rineinsuranceco.,9073; Guy's Hosp. fnd.; 



1314 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



London. 



Hell Fire clubs suppressed, 907' ; Chel- 
sea waterworks built, 9073; Layer's con- 
spiracy; Order of the Batli revived, 9072; 
smallpox in, 9073; Acad, of Art est.; Chris. 
Macklin appears ; George I. statue, 9061 ; 
Newport Market " oratory " opened; L. 
Daily Post and Gen. Advertiser issued ; 
Lloyd's List issued, 9071; George II. 
reigns, 91)73; public library est.; fitsforia 
Literaria issued, 909 1 ; St. Martin's .Lane 
Acad, opd.; Hyde Park Serpentine est., 
9081 ; prisoner reprieved for experiment; 
criminals transported to Am.; first forger 
hanged, 9092; Bank of Eng. begun, 9093; 
English opera ; first oratorio ; Covent 
Garden Theater opd., 9081 ; Literary 
Mag. issued; L. Mar/., The Bee, issued, 
9091 ; Soe. of Dilettanti est.; Royal Acad, 
of Music; time-pieces produced; high 
tides, 9081; White's Club est.; riot at 
theater, 9092 ; post to Edinburgh est.; 
Fleet Ditch covered ; Fleet Market opd., 
9093; Wesley, and Whitetield in, 9083; 
Westminster Bridge est., 910*, 01*^2,9673; 
Royal Soc. Musicians org., 9112; Metho- 
dists first Confer. ,9111 ; Foundling Hosp. 
est., 9112, 9152; jf ew Mansion House 
built, 9113; l. Hosp., 9112; hard winter, 
9113; Madrigal Soc. org., 9102; White- 
field's chapel built, 9112; surgeons and 
barbers separate, 9102; Middlesex Hosp. 
est.; Coll. of Surgeons est.; Smallpox 
Hosp.; Lock Hosp.; Jews' Hosp.; Brit. 
Lying-in Hosp.; City of L. Lying-in Hosp., 
9112; Harmonica played, 9102; Chess 
Club fniil,, 9121 ; Universal Mag. issued, 
9131 ; solar eclipse, 9121 ,9161; circulating 
library est., 9131 ; conjurer excitement; 
close Fr. war eel., 9132; Monthly Re- 
view, 9131; earthquake, 9121, 9132; Q. 
Charlotte's Hosp. est.; L. Hosp. est.; St. 
Duke's Asy. fnd., 9132; jail distemper, 
9133; Soc. of Arts, 9122; Soc. for Promo- 
tion of Religious Knowledge; Joanna 
Southcott's fanatics, i»13i ; Jockey Club 
est.; earthquake, 9132; World issued, 
9131 ; Brit. Museum est., 9122, 9132; opd., 
9142; lotteries popular; L. lie view issued, 
9132; Whitetield's Tabernacle built ; Lit- 
erary Mat/.; Johnson's Idler, 9151 ; usury 
punished; hosp. census, 9152; Thames 
bridge burned, 9153; Public Ledger ±9152; 
theatrical fund est.; art exhibition, 9142; 
George III. reigns ; Blaekfriars' bridge 
est., 9153, 9193; Catch club fmd., 9143; 
riot at theater; Boodle's club est., 
9171; Royal Magazine, North Briton, 
9152; ghost imposture; shop signs re- 
moved, 9173; Sadler's Wells Theater 
opd., 916 1 ; Press unites with St. James's 
Chronic{,\SH63; Lambeth Hospital est.; 
John Wilkes mob, 9171,2; Mozart ap- 
pears, 9161; Literary club est.. 91G3; 
murderer burned, 917 1 ; first annual sci- 
entific lecture, 916i ; Royal Acad. Arts 
est., 9162; weavers' riot ; convicts leave 
for Am., 9172; Tattersall's est., 9173; 
Haymarket Theater rebuilt, 9161; Nau- 
tical Almanac, 9171 ; Gospel Ma//., 917' ; 
Royal Exchange repaired ; Royal Acad, 
exhib.; letters" of Junius, 9173, 9191 ; 
Morning Chronicle, 919 1 ; D. of Cumber- 
land statue; saw-mills erected, 918 1; 
Pantheon erected, 9182; Morning Post, 
9191; Lady's Mat/, antislavery decision, 
9192; Medical Soc. fmd., Astley's Am- 
phitheater built, 9182; Adelphi lottery 
sale ; Cox's .Museum lottery sale ; Royal 
Humane Soc. fnd., 9192; mail coaches 
est., 9193; obelisk erected; Garrick's 
last appearance, 91S 2 ; masquerades re- 
vived, 9212; ancient concerts given ; pris- 
oner's silence punished, 9212- L. Bible 
Soc. est.; Protestant Asso. fmd.; first 
Sunday newspaper, Brit. Gazette and 
Sunday Monitor; Wi-sleyan Meth. Mag., 
9211; "No Popery" r.ots, 9211,2,3; 
Morning Herald, 9211; King's Bench 
prison burned ; news of Cornwallis's sur- 
render to Washington, 9213; Morning 
Herald, 9231 ; Surrey Theater opd., 9221 ; 
Hunter Museum begun ; Handel's com- 
memoration ; first balloon ascension, 
9222; St. Patrick's Benev. Soc, 9231; 
Leverian Museum lottery, 9232; first 
mail-coach leaves, 9233; Royal Soc. of 
Music est.; Csecilian Music Soc, 9222; 
Daily Universal Register (Times), 9231 , 
9251; Strangers' Friend Soc est.; High- 



land Soc. est.; 97 shop-lifters executed, 

9232; Curtis' s Botan. Mag.; Library Royal 
College of Surgeons fnd.; training-ship 
on Thames, 9251; umbrella used, ""92.53; 
Glee Club formed, 924' ; County Chroni- 
cle, 9251 • Linnajan Soc. est.; Italian 
opera revived ; George III. statue, 9241 ; 
Swedenborg Soc formed, 9243; Analyti- 
cal Review; Times, formerly Register, 
9251; Anna Storace appears, 9242; The 
Mail, 9251 ; Her Majesty's Theater, Ital- 
ian Opera House burned ; opd.; Chas. 
B. Incledon appears, 9242; antislavery 
agitation, 9252; observer, 9251 ; Regent's 
Park demolished j Horsemonger Lane 
Jail built; regis teringof shipping begins; 
fire watch est"., 9253; Veterinary Coll. est., 
9261 ; Corresponding Soc fmd.; Sun, Ob- 
server, issued; Asy. for Deaf and Dumb; 
plot against King's Bench prison ; Morn. 
Advertiser, 9271 ; Assembly Rooms built ; 
theater crush, 9273; police magistrate 
system est., 9272; Lyceum Eng Opera 
House est., 9262 ; Miss. Soc fmd., 9263 ; 
Coldliath Fields Prison built ; bread riot, 
9272; Miss Mellon appears, 9262; John 
Howard statue ; coldest day, 9282; Bell's 
Messenger, Monthly Mag., Meth. New 
Connection Mag., 9291 ; Kosciusko ar- 
rives, 9292; Bank of Eng. suspends spe- 
cie payments, 9293; An/'i-Jarobin Review 
and Mag.; Philosophical Mag., 9291; 
Royal Masonic Institution ; Smithfield 
Club org.; members of Corresponding 
Society punished, 9292; river police est., 
9293; L. Courier libel; Religious Tract 
Soc. est., 9291; docks built, 9293; and 
opd., 9302; i9tu Century; soup-house 
opd., 9293; storm ; Royal Inst. Labora- 
tory est. ; Royal Inst, first meeting ; 
Brit. Mineralogical Soc est., 9301 ; Post- 
Office. Directory; Library Fast India Co. 
fnd., 9303; Sir William Staines lord- 
mayor, 9312 (lord-mayors are hereafter 
elected annually. See text 9312±). First 
steamboat, 9301 ; Weekly Dispatch, 
9303; Soc for Suppression of Vice org.; 
Charitable Bank inst.; white bread pro- 
hibited, 931 1 ; Westminster Hall re- 
paired ; Royal Jennerian Inst, fnd.; 
West India Docks est., 9302; Christian 
Observer, 9311 ; w. II. W. Betty appears, 
9302; The Globe, 931 1; Astley's Amphi- 
theater burns ; fire ; Westminster partly 
burned, 9313; Goddess of JHseord exhib- 
ited; Royal Ophthalmic Hospital est,; 
East India Docks opd.; Horticultural 
Soc. est.; Finsbury Ophthalmic Hospi- 
tal Royal est.; stereotyping revived, 
9322; Brit, and ForeignBibleSoc.org.; 
Order of the Garter reest., 9331 ; L. In- 
stitution fnd., 9322, 9331 ; Brit. Institu- 
tion fmd.; Surrey Theater burned, 9333; 
Refuge for Destitute creeled, 9333, 9591 , 
9683; Adelphi Theater; Olympic Thea- 
ter opd.,,9322; Monthly Rej>osifory,d3Zt; 
fire panic, 9333; g : ,s intro., 9352, 9362; 
A.D. 1810 r ; Geological Soc est., 9342; 
Afr. Institution est.; Female Peniten- 
tiary est., 9352; Society for Promoting 
Christianity among Jews est.; The Ex- 
aminer, 9351 ; Covent Garden Theater 
burned, 9353; i>, Bedford statue; Eng. 
Opera House opd. (Lyceum), 9343; Quar. 
Review, 9351; (old prices) riots, 9352; 
warehouses burned, 9353; Baptist Coll. 
fnd. ,9:352; flooded, 9353; y ; , uxhallBridge 
begun; Waterloo Bridge, 9343, 93s t; 
Church Miss. Soc. est., 9363; philhar- 
monic Soc find.; Marylebone Ch. com- 
menced, 9362; Wbitecross St. Prison 
erected; Orphan Asy. fnd., 9372; print- 
ing by steam power ; fair on Thames ; 
New Monthly Mag. ; Thanksgiving, 9371 ; 
Bonaparte defeated ; Regent Park im- 
provements, 9373; corn-bill riots, 9372; 
Fox statue, 93.x 1 ; Asiatic Journal, 9383; 
meetings at Spa-fields ; Milbank prison 
receives convicts ; Westminster Royal 
Hosp. est., 9391 ; Savings Bank est., 9393; 
Nelson column erected; Waterloo Bridge 
built, 9381 ; riot in St. James's Park, 9391 ; 
Peace Soc est.; Blanketers rise, 9392; 
gold sovereign intro., 9393; Inst, of Civil 
Engineers, 9381; infant schools opd., 
9391 ; Mendicity Soc. est., 9392; Ch. St. 
Pancras begun ; Hunterian Soc. fmd.; 
Soutbwark Bridge opd., 9382; Port of 
LondonSoc.org.; Bethel Union Soc.org.; 



Poultry Chapel erected, 9383; Egyptian 
Soc. org., 9391 ; A. D. 1820± ; John Hull, 
94H; George IV. reigns; Q. Caroline 
demonstration, 9412; Royal Astronom. 
Soc; Medico-Botanical Soc org.; Bank 
of Eng. completed ; Havmarket Theater 
rebuilt, 9-n)i; Bell's Life, 941 1 ; Dread- 
nought Hosp. fnd., 9412; L. and Leith. 
steamboats est., 9413; Achilles statue; 
Thames forded; St . Paul's Cathedral ball 
and en »ss restored; R. >val Acad, of Music 
est., 9402; Sunday Times, 9411; Royal 
Soc Literature est., 9402, 9411; Royal 
AsiaticSoc.org.; chartered; Mechanics' 
Institution org.; Meteorological Socest., 
9402; Lancet, 9411; ca bs intro., 9413; 
National Gallery begun, 9402; Westmin- 
ster Review; Athemeum Club org., 941 1; 
Royal Soc Prevention of Cruelty to 
Animals est.; Q. Adelaide's Hospital 
fnd., 9412; Thames tunnel begun; Mel- 
odists' Club est.; Zoological Soc. find., 
9421 j l. Univ. char.; opened ; Highbury 
College fnd.; Athis issued, 9431 ; New L. 
Bridge built, 9422,- completed, 9441 ; For- 
eign Quar. Review; Soc for Promotion 
and Diffusion of Knowledge; Standard 
Medical Gazette, 9431 ; Protestant Soc. 
est., 9423; Incorporated Law Soc. est., 
9431 ; Brit, Orphan Asylum est., 9432; 
St. Katherine's docks begun, 9433 ; 
Queen's Theatre opd., 9422; police Ga- 
zette; Record; Spectator ; Athenseam ; 
Court Journal; Medical Times issued, 
9431 ; Free Royal Hospital fnd.; stocks 
removed; Soc for Artists' widows est,, 
9432; theater wall falls, 9433; tirstgreat 
exhibition, 9453; Trafalgar Square be- 
gun; Fanny Kemble appears ; Post-Of- 
fice completed, 944 1; new police force 
est., 9452; Frazer's Mag.; A. D. 1830+; 
Metropolitan Mag.; Westminster Review 
unites with London Review; new police 
service ; King's Coll. incor., 9443; omni- 
buses intro.; New Bridewell Prison 
erected; Farrington Market opd., 9453; 
William IV. reigns, 9452; Royal Geo- 
graphical Soc. org.; Garrick Theater 
opd., 9441 ; Fauntleroy's forgeries; bet- 
ting-bouses suppressed, 9451; Lyceum 
burned; Covent Garden market built, 
9453; New L. Bridge completed ; Surrey 
Zoological Gardens; Paganini appears ; 
Pitt statue ; Strand Theater opd.; Har- 
veian Soc org.; John Cartwright and 
Geo. Canning statues set, 9441 ; Central 
Board of Health fmd.; New Charing 
Cross Hospital ; Jews' Orphan Asylum ; 
L. Temperance Soc. meets, 9451 ; cholera 
fast, 9442; penny Mag. ceases, 9443 ; 
Medii-al Asso. org.; Zoological Gardens 
opd., 946i; Mark Lane Express; Naval 
and Military Gazette; Marylebone Lit- 
erary Inst, fnd., 9463; anti-Wellington 
mob, 11471 ; Entomological Soc. org.; Ed- 
mund Kean retires; seraphine intro.; 
Waithman Obelisk erected, 9461 ; Univ. 
Coll. Hospital est., 9471; Hungerford 
Market opd., 9473; Architects' British 
Royal Institution org., 946 1 ; United 
Service Gazette, l M^\ Carlton Club fmd.; 
St. George's Chess Club fnd.; last lot- 
tery, 9471 ; Lyceum reopd.; Statistical 
Soc. org.; Royal Inst. Brit. Architects 
org., 9461 ; City of I,. School fnd.; West- 
minster Literarv Inst, fnd., 9463; tailors' 
strike; Sisters of Charity work, 9471; 
St. James [Princess's] Theater opened; 
Protestant Asso. est., 9463 • Sailors' 
Home opd. ; St. Mark's Hosp. fnd., 9471 ; 
Reform Club, 9473; Numismatic Soc. 
fnd 9481; Musical World, 9483; statue 
of George III. erected ; Orthopaedic 
Hospital fnd., 9401 ; Bridewell Prison 
rebuilt, 9493; Art Union fmd.; Ornitho- 
logical Soc org.; Electrical Soc. org.; 
City Theater, Norton-Folgateopd.,9481 ; 
Mormons succeed, 9482,3; Edwin For- 
rest appears, 146 1 ; Magnet; Era; Rail- 
way Times; Publishers' Circular, 9491; 
Q. Victoria reigns ; crowned, 9492; 
Royal Agri. Society fmd.; Etching Club 
fmd.; John Liston retires; hurricane; 
railway to Greenwich ; railway to Bir- 
mingham, 94s 1 ; Eng. Historical Soc. est.; 
Arundel Yacht Club org.; Ecclesiastical, 
Gazette; Medical Press issued, 949'; 
Paddington to West Drayton telegraph ; 
Royal Exchange burned, 9493; Royal 



Xondon. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1315 



Polytechnic Inst, opd.; Microscopical, 
Eee'lesiological, Royal Botanical Soci- 
eties org., 9482; Ragged School est. ,9491 ; 
A. D. 1840±; wood-paving fails, 950 1 ; 
dog-power abolished ; King's Coll. Hosp. 
fnd.; Theatrical Fund est.; atmospheric 
pressure experiment ; railway to Brigh- 
ton, to Blackwall, to Bristol opd., 9511 ; 
Circulating Library fnd.; Tablet, K. C. 
weekly, issued, 9503; Chemical, Pharma- 
ceutical, Hydropathic Societies formed; 
Adelaide Kenible appears; Princess's 
Theater opd., 9501 ; Nonconformist; Gar- 
dener's Chronicle ; Jewish Chronicle ; 
Punch; Pharmaceutical Journal; Non- 
conformist, 9503; Percy, Parker Socie- 
ties ; Metropolitan Asso. (improving 
dwellings) ; Consumption Hosp. ; L. 
Philanthropic Soc. fnd., 951 1 ; Astley's 
Amphitheater burned, 9513; reopd., 
95*21; Marylebone Theater opd., 9502; 
Inqu i rer ; Lloyd's Weekly Ne wspaper ; 
Illustrated London News; Builder; 
British Society for Propagating Gospel 
among Jews formed ; Philological So- 
ciety organized, 9503; Woman's Hospi- 
tal est., 9511 ; Marshalsea Prison demol- 
ished ; Pentonville Model Prison est., 
9513; Christian Alliance org., 9523; Eth- 
nological Soc; Brit. Archaeological 
Asso.; Royal Archaeological Inst, org.; 
Nelson Column set ; Thames tunnel opd; 
Thames overflows ; South Eastern rail- 
way to Dover and to Folkestone opened, 
9521 ; Economist ; News of the World ; Law 
Times : Farmer ; Allen's Indian Mail, 
9523; Sydenham Law Amend., and Nat. 
Temperance Societies find., 9531; Eng. 
Churchman, 9523; Round, Catch, and tile 
Cannon Club est.; St. Mary's Hosp. fnd., 
9531 ; Wellington statue, 9521; British 
Quar. Review : Musical Times; Agricul- 
tural Gazette; Y. M. C. A. est.; 9523; 
Fleet Prison taken down ; Royal Ex- 
change opd., 953 3 ; Handel, Syro-Egy., 
Ray, and Caxton Societies find.; Hun- 
gerford Bridge opd., 9521, Y. M. C. A., 
parent society org., 9523; Victoria Park 
and Trafalgar Square est.; Victoria 
statue set ; railway to Cambridge, 9522; 
model lodging houses ; Knight's Penny 
Mag., 9531 ; Building Act operative ; 
penny fares on steamboats, 9533; Wel- 
lington Arch set, 95.12; Guardian ; Daily 
News issued, 953 1 ; Pathological Society 
org., 9541 ; Cavendish Soc. and Hakluyt 
Soc. fmd., 9543; twopenny omnibuses, 
955 3 ; Jenny Lind sings; Palteonto- 
graphical Soc. fmd., 9541 ; Education 
Times; Weekly Times issued, 9543; 
Shakespeare's house sold; commercial 
panic, 9,553 ; Inst, of Actuaries find., and 
Arundel Soc; Bentinck statue set, 9541; 
Psychological Journal est., 9543; Chart- 
ist demonstration, 9552; park Theater 
bums, 9533 ; cholera in, 9553, 9593. 9(393; 
Board, of Health fnd.; Art Journal; Pho- 
netic News; Notes and Queries issued, 
9551 ; Protectionists meet, 9552; Coal Ex- 
change opd.; Olympic Theater burned, 
9553; A.D. 1850^; Marble Arch erected, 
9542; Prince Albert statue set ; Lyceum 
reopened. 956 1 ; Reynolds's Newspaper; 
Household Words; New Coll. fmd., 9503; 
Hahnemann Hosp. fnd.; Royal Hosp. for 
Incurables fnd., 9571 ; powerful magnet, 
9562; Crystal Palace built, 95(12, 9582; 
Govt. Sctioolof Mines opd., 9563; Cancer 
Hosp. est.; Children's Hosp. est.; Royal 
Orthopaedic City Hosp. est.; St. Luke's 
Hosp.; L. Temperance League formed, 
9571 ; Smithtield Market closed, 9572; 
telegraph to Dublin ; Crystal Palace ex- 
hibition, 9573, 9532; electric clock set 
up, 9562; City Prison opd., 9571 ; panop- 
ticon of Science and Art est., 9582; Jour. 
of Mental Science; Jour, of Society; Jour, 
of Art ; and Leisure Hour issued, 9583; 
N.W. Reformatory Institution fnd.; Ref- 
uges for Boys and Girls est., 9591 ; Chas. 
H. Spurgeou, pastor; Epidemiological 
Soc fmd., 956i; Philobiblon Soc est., 
9583; cabmen's strike ; St. Thomas's 
Hosp. fnd.; Christ's Hosp. fnd.; Harriet 
Beecher Stowe received, 9591; Field; 
Civil Service Gazette ; Wesleyan L. Quar. 
Review; Commercial Gazette; Press united 
with St. James's Chronicle, 9583; poultry 
exhibition ; Trades Museum est., 9583; 



Standard Theater opd., 9582; Building 
News; Workingmen's Coll. est., 9591, 
9703; statue of Peel, 9602; Illus. Times; 
Over/and Mail; Daily Telegraph; Sat. 
Review; Daily Chronicle and. Clerken- 
we/l News, 9603; bread riots; Juridical 
Soc. -est., 9611; Metropolitan Board of 
Works est., 9612; Metropolitan Cattle 
Market opd., 9613; Napier statue ; Odon- 
tological Soc. fmd., 9602; Gen. Eng. Con- 
greg. Synod, 9603; peace eel.; Postal 
Guide: M»rn. Star; Court Circular; Engi- 
neer, 9611; Royal Brit. Bank suspends, 
9612; Pavilion' Theater burns; Covent 
Garden Theater burns, 9613; South 
Kensington Museum opd.; Sheepshanks 
collection, 9602; (Genealogical Soc; Nat 
Asso. for Social Science org., 9621 j City 
Press; Solicitor's Jour., 9623; Horologi- 
cal Soc; Soc. Fine Arts, and Musical 
Soc. fmd., 9631 ; Rarey tames horses; Jen- 
ner statue; Covent Garden reopd., 9621 ; 
Hailcybury or East India Coll. fnd.; 
finaksi Her; Photographic News, 9623; 
Dental Hosp., 963 1 '; postal districts, 9032; 
popular Monday concerts fnd.; electric 
telegraphs intro.; Handel festival held, 
!)i.;-j2; Sporting Life; religious riots, 9623, 
9671; Maoni'/lan's Mag.; Dental Hosp. 
fnd.; Christian. World; Corn hill Mag.; 
OnceaWeek; Chemical News ; builders' 
strike, 963 1 ; stock exchange panic, 9633; 
A. D. 1860 +; Richard I. statue, 9641; 
Inst. Naval Architects ; Acad. Music 
org.; Clinical Soc fnd.; Spurgeon's Tab- 
ernacle opd., 9612; Good Words; Catho- 
lic Times; National R< former ; Army and 
Navy Gazette; Temple Bar; Universe; 
Workingmen's Club opd., 9643, 9663; St. 
-lames Soc for Relief; Soc. Prevention 
of Cruelty to Animals est.; distress pre- 
vails, 9651 ; West Kent wharf burns; New 
Hibernia wharf burns ; Metropolitan un- 
derground R. It. begun, 9(553; and opd., 
9673; G. F. Train est. street railways, 
9041,9053, and abandoned, 9653 ; Crystal 
Palace injured; storm; Adelina Patti 
appears ; Deaconess Inst, est.; statue of 
Uavelock erected, 9642; Middle Temple 
New Library opd. ; Illus. Times incor. 
with Penny' ///us. Paper; Queen; Fun; 
St. James's Mag.; Church Review, 9643; 
Home for Incurables est., 9651 ; wharves 
burn ; Elcho Shield in Guildhall ; pneu- 
matic tubes laid ; Home for Dogs opd., 
9653; Orchestra; International : Vieforia 
Mag.; Reader, 9663; Royalty Theater 
opd.; special exhibition of art ; 2d Inter- 
national Exhibition opd.; Westminster 
Suspension Bridge opd., 9661; Sporting 
Gazette; L. Society Mag., 9663; Royal 
Soc of Naval Architecture ; Royal Sc. 
Naval Architecture est.; Hyde Park riot, 
meeting prohibited, 9671 ; 'Westminster 
Bridge opd., 9673; Macgregor statue; 
Pr. Albert statue set, 9661 • Anthropo- 
logical Soc org., 9662; Children's Day 
Asylum opd.; St. John's Hospital, 967 1 ; 
mail-bags by pneumatic dispatch, 9673; 
pneumatic railway opd.; North Indus- 
trial Ex. opd., 9662; "Oxford Declara- 
tion," 9663; first train enters ; Peabody 
dwcllings opd.; Thames embankment 
begun; Charing Cross R. R. opd., 967 3 ; 
Owl; Working Women's Coll. begun; 
Salvation Army fnd.; Albert Veterinary 
Coll. opd.; Glowworm; Sporting Times; 
Fortnightly Review; Pall Mall' 'Gazette '; 
Eng. Mechanic; Sportsman, 90S 2 ; Sani- 
tary Commission (TJ. S. A.), 2312; bur- 
glaries ; workhouses abuses, 96S3; Sur- 
rey Theater burned ; cattle plague, 9693; 
Holhorn Theater opd., 96S1 ; Working- 
men's Club ; training ship est.; Pea- 
body's gift, 90.33; reform meeting, 969 1 ; 
Standard Theater burned; Black Fri- 
day panic ; bank suspensions, 9093; Jos. 
Jefferson appears, 2.501; Edwin Booth 
appears, 2541 ,2581 ; Wm. Lloyd Garrison 
received, 2503; Humanitarians fnd., 
9701 ; Law Journal; Bulliouist; Engineer; 
Land- and Water; Belgravia. Mag.; Con- 
temporary Review, 9702; Street Reform 
Asso. fmd.; Women and Children Hos- 
pital fnd.; Royal Canoe Club fnd., 9703; 
Crystal Palace tire, 9713; Albert Hall of 
Arts est.; East L. Theater opd.; laugh- 
ing gas intro. ; Queen's Theater opd. ; 
St. George's Opera House opd.; Herbert 



statue ; Mile. Nilsson appears ; Kate 
Terry retires; Mile. Kellogg appears, 
9701; Coll. of Internal. Education Soc 
est.; Guards Inst, inaug., 9702; tailors' 
strike; Alexandra Ophanage est., 9703; 
Stoekwell Orphanage fnd.; explosion by 
Fenians; labor scarce; Orphans' Home 
est., 9711; County Court est., 9713; f C e 
breaks; Holhorn Viaduct begun; Belgian 
visitors, 5451 ; Barnsbury Jewish Syna- 
gogue fnd.; Workingmen's Coll. opd., 
9703; Millwall docks opd. ,9713; Holbein 
Soc, Royal Hist. Soc, and Colonial Inst, 
est.; Peel statue set ; Clyde statue; St. 
Pan eras K. It. station opd.; Globe Thea- 
ter opd.; Gaiety ; A.D. 1870 ■ ; Harleian 
Soc; Amateur Mechanical Soc. fmd.; 
Cobden statue; Burlington Fine Arts 
Club fnd., 9721; Bazaar; Rock; Echo, 
9722; Peabodygift to poor, 9723; Asso. 
Prevent Poverty and Crime est., 9731; 
King's Cross Market opd.; Albert 
Thames Embankment partly opd. ,9733; 
Royal Acad, in new building ; Iron and 
Steel Inst, fnd.; Industrial Exhib. opd.; 
Peabody statue ; Charing Cross Theater 
opd., 9721 ; Sunday Lecture Soc, 9722; 
Morning Star suspends ; Morning Herald 
suspends ; The Spiritualist ; Nature, 
9723; Imbeciles' Asylum fnd.; Woman's 
Club and Inst, opd., 973 1 ; Vaudeville 
Theater opened : Martyrs' Memorial 
erected, 9722,3; pall Mall Gazette, Free- 
mason, Graphic, Architect, Financier, are 
issued; Univ. London and Univ. Coll. 
for Woman's Higher Education, 9723; 
Opera Comique opd.; Inter. Workmen's 
Exhib. opd., 9741; Hebrew Literature 
Soc est., 9743; riotous meetings of un- 
employed ; labor meetings prohibited; 
Refugees' Benevolent Fund est., 9751; 
Millbank prison est.; "Victoria Thames 
Embankment inaug., 9753 ; Anthropo- 
logical Inst, est., 9731 ; Intermit. Exhib. 
of Art, 9741 ; Outram statue, 9742; first 
Metropolitan Sc. Board election ; Em- 
pire; Jour. of Edu.; Portfolio; B,. CUnir. 
Coll. opened.; Rate-payers' Board Asso. 
est., 9743; Paris Relief Fund est., 9751 ; 
Workman's Peace Asso.; Pr. Arthur, 
freedom of city, 9752; Royal Albert Hall, 
Arts and Sciences, opd., 9753; Inst, of 
Electrical Engineers est. ; Stephenson 
statue set; Zoological Soc, many ani- 
mals, 9701 ; New Cath. Club opd.; Bibli- 
cal Archaeological Soc, 9702; Asso. Oral 
Instruction of Deaf Mutes ; Woman's 
Education Union est., 9763; Marylebone 
Women's Hosp., 977 1 ; Marine Engineers' 
Inst, est.; Brit. Orchestra Soc fmd.; 
East L. Museum opd.; Internat. Exhib. 
opd.; John Stuart Mill statue set, 9761 ; 
East L. Inst, fnd.; Union Chapel at Is- 
lington opd., 97C 2 ; Library and Museum 
at Guildhall '.-pen ; Brit. Mail : Metropol- 
itan; Money ; Provident Knowledge Soc. 
org.; Soc. for Org. of Academic Study 
org.; Quar. Jour. Naval Science issued; 
schools for unruly children opd., 9763; 
builders, bakers, porters, gas-stokers 
strike; Fenian demonstrations, 9771 ; Her 
Majesty's Theater rebuilt, 9773; Royal 
Alexandra Theater opd., 9761 ; The Hour; 
first L. School Board opd., 9771; work- 
ing-men's demonstration, 9772; 4th In- 
ternat. Exhib. opd.; Albert statue set, 
9781 j Nat. Training School for Music 
opd., 9781 , 9783; New Shakespeare Soc; 
Dialectic Soc, fnd.; Iron, 9783; Nat. 
Health Soc org.; Hosp. Sunday est.; 
Temperance Hosp.; Orphans' Home est., 
9791 ; Cremation Soc. org., 9792; panic on 
Stock Exchange, 9793; Physical Soc; 
Henry Irving appears ; Shakespeare 
statue set ; Bunyan statue set ; Priestly 
statue; Derby statue set, 9781 ; city Tem- 
ple opened, 9782; Musical Asso.; Public 
Analysts, Shakespeare Memorial Socie- 
ties org.; Workingmen's and Working- 
women's Coll. amalgamated ; Medical 
Soc. for Women opd., 9783; j/lus. Sport- 
ing and Dramatic News, Brit. Architect, 
Pictorial World, Englishman, Sanitary 
Record, World , Accountant issued; Throat 
and Ear Hosp. opd.; Liberal Club org., 
9791 ; Hosp. Saturdays begun; Lincoln 
Tower est.; Women's Protective and 
Provident League, 9792; Criterion, Re- 
gent's Circus built. ,9793 ; Congreg.Memo- , 



1316 



Text Figures denote Page. Ii\ DEX. Superior Figure 



indicate Column 



Lond-Long. 



rial Hall opd., 9782; Psy etiological Soc, 
980 1 ,2; Royal Aquarium Soc, Ch. Choral 
Soc. est.; Nat. Opera House opd., 9801 ; 
diocese rearranged ; Pan-Presb. Cong, 
lield; Baxter statue set ; Education Soc. 
org., 9802; Passiouist Monastery dedi- 
cated, 9803; Bulgarian atrocities; bicycle 
clubs find., 98P; drainage works com- 
pleted ; Metropolitan R. R. extended, 
9813; and reports, 99.'i3; spelling-bees 
intro.; Smithtield poultry market, 9813; 
Internal. Loan Exbib.; Mineralogical 
Soc. est.; Grattan statue, 980 1 ; Faraday 
statue; Sanitary Inst., 9802; Christ Ch. 
ded.; Cb. of Eng. Workinginen's Soc. 
est., 9803; Nat. Conf. against" war ; Pneu- 
matic Dispatch Co. suspends, 9813; The 
Hour suspends ; Daily Reorder of Com- 
merce, Mind, Whitehall Review, issued ; 
Working Lad's Inst, opd., 981 1 ; cable to 
New Zealand; Royal Albert Hall opd.; 
war conference ; 'Weston walks, 981 3 ; 
eel. dis. of printing ; Egy. obelisk set ; 
electric light tried; Grosvenor Gallery 
opd.; Afr. Exploration Fund est.; Inst. 
of Chemistry fnd.; Library Asso.; Index 
Soc. org. ; Library Asso. fnd. ; Peel statue 
set; Wagner festival held; Nineteenth 
Century issued ; Referee, Truth, issued ; 
Josiah "Henson received ; masons' strike, 
9823; whale in aquarium; pedestrian 
contest, 9833; Brit, ami For. Unitarian 
Soc.org.; Carmellite Convent opd.; Pan- 
Anglican Cong. ; Jabloehkoff electric 
light system ; Sunday opening of libra- 
ries, 9822, 9812, 98.31 ; Library Asso. org.; 
Weekly Weather fir port issued ; New City 
Library and Muse mti est., 9*23; Blue Rib- 
bon movement; J. B. Gough lectures; 
ZeteticalSoc; Folk Lore Soc. est.; Girls' 
Friendly Soc. est., 983 1 ; Great Eastern 
Street opd.; Temple Bar removed, 9833; 
Imperial Theater opd.; Citizen, Mag. of 
Art, Statist, Electrician; Northwest L. 
Hosp. fnd., 9843; Astrological Soe. fnd., 
9841 ; Metropolitan Free Library Asso. 
fmd.; Carlyle Soc. fnd., 9812; engineers 
strike ; City Church Protection Soc. 
fmd., 9813 ; Truscott, lord-mayor, 9852; 
A. H». 1880 1; International potato ex- 
hibition, 9853; Albert Inst, inaugurated; 
Lord Byron statue ; Robert liaikes 
statue, 984' ; Exeter Hall for Y.M.C.A.; 
Sunday Schools monument set, 9842; 
St. James's Gazette; Aristotelian Soc. 
fmd., 9843; Home Hosp. opd.; Harley 
Street murder ; tournaments at Agri- 
cultural Hall ; Sir Chas. Whetham, 1.- 
mayor ; Woman Sulfrago meeting, 9851 ; 
new post-office begun, 985 2 ; Holborn 
Town Hall opened; Holborn Theater 
burned ; Victoria Docks renamed Royal 
Albert, 985 3 ; Princess's Theater reopd. t 
98G1 , 9901 ; p r . of Wales statue set ; Vic- 
toria statue set ; Temple Bar Memorial 
uncovered; Typographical Soc. org.; Bal- 
loon Soc. org., 9861 ; Topographical Soc; 
Ascham Soc. find.; Univ. of L., women's 
degrees, 9862; Temperance Hosp. fnd.; 
Evening Ne ws, 9363; Municipal Reform 
League org.; Internat. Pharmaceutical 
Cong.; Mansion House explosion, 9871; 
Internat. Sanitary Exhib.; Internat. 
Woolen Exbib., 9873 ; Iuternat. Horticul- 
tural Exbib.; Chemical Industry Soc. 
org.; Savoy Theater opd.; Moody and 
Sankey visit; Browning Soc. fnd.;Meth. 
Ecumenical Conf.; Examiner suspends ; 
Hellenic Society Jour., Knowledge, Peo- 
ple, 9882; Parnell agitators' meeting, 
98S3; John W. Ellis, l.-tnayor,9892 ; Royal 
Alexandra Theater burned, 9S93; Soc. for 
Psychical Research org.; Rowland Hill 
statue set ; Abbey Gardens opd.; Inter- 
nat. Electrical Exhib.; Wagner's Ring 
des Nibelnngen, 9881 ; City College fnd.; 
Great Bell dedicated ; Land Nationali- 
zation Soc. fmd.; anti-cruelty to Jews 
meeting, 9883; Fenian arms seized; 
Queen attacked; Internat. Electrical and 
Gaslight Exhib. opd., 9891 ; City of L.Sc. 
opd.; Jumbo leaves, 9893 ; Oh. Army org.; 
Sc. of Dramatic Art opd., 9992; Internat. 
Temperance Conf.; Metropolitan Public 
Garden, Boulevard, and Playground As- 
so.; Persecuted Jews aided ; Nat. Tem- 
perance Jubilee, 9903; h. R. Knight, 1.- 
mayor, 991 2 ; Alhambra Theater burned, 
9913; and reopd., 9921 ; Strand Theater 



rebuilt, 9913; Princess's Theater opd.; 
Beaconstield statue set ; Electrical Ex- 
hib. opd.; Royal Coll. of Music opd., 9901 ; 
Eng. Illustrated Mag.; Lonymans' May.; 
Technical Coll. opd.'; Nat. Review ; East 
End Juvenile Soc. est. ; Pan-Presb. Coun- 
cil; East End Juvenile mission est., 9902; 
dynamiters fail; Egy. Refugee Fund; 
Whiteehapel murders, 991 1 ; Nat.Healtb 
Soe. Exhib.; attempt on local govt, office; 
Irish Lace Exhibition opens, "9913; Seal. 
Soc. org., 9921 ; Positivists meet,9922; Sir 
R. N. Fowler, 1. -mayor, 9932,3; Metro- 
politan R. R. reports, 9933; cable tram- 
way, first in Europe, opd.; Burns statue 
set; Empire Theater opd., 9921 ; New St. 
Paul's Sell. Buildings opd.; Soc. of Au- 
thors fnd.; Brit. Commercial Geography 
Soc. org.; Bp. Temple cons.; Ch. of the 
Oratory fmd.; Salvation Army Building 
fnd., 9922; Educational Conf. 'opd.; New 
St. Paul's Sc. opd. ,9923; eel. of abol. sla- 
very ; dynamite in R. R. stations ; anti- 
franchise meeting ; Soc. Preventon Cru- 
elty to Children est.; shoemakers strike, 
9931 ; conf. for Egy. affairs, 9932; fi re a t 
Aquarium, 9933; a. D. 1885 + ; Darwin 
statue set, 9921; Holloway Asy. opd.; 
unemployed meet, 993 1; Shaftesbury 
statue set ; Home Arts Asso. est., 9941 ; 
Selborno Soe., Bacon Soc, Shelley Soc. 
org., 9942,3; j. Staples, l.-mayor, 9951; 
R. Hanson, l.-mayor, 9953; terrific storm, 
9963; Colonial and Indian Exhib. opd.; 
Q. Anne statue set, 9941 ; Sion's Coll. and 
Hosp. opd.; ch. census; Eng. Hist. Re- 
view issued; 1620 churches; Brit, and 
Colonial Cong., 9942; riotous meetings, 
9943; Socialist League fmd.; Nat. Con- 
servative Club fmd., 9951; Brit. Home 
Rule for Ire. Asso. fmd.; private posting 
boxes, 9952; Josef Hol'mann plays; Inter- 
nat. Shorthand Cong. ; Anglo-Jewish 
Antiquities exhibited; Q.Victoria statue, 
Holloway, 996i ; Selden Soc. org.; Vola- 
piik advocated; Postman's Rest est., 
9963 ; Queen's Jubilee, 997 1 : strikers 
meet ; Nat. Union org.; Poor Children's 
Aid Soc. org;.; Parnellism and Crime 
published; Times trial, 9972; Liberal 
Unionists Conf.; P. de Keyser, l.-mayor ; 
Grand Theater burned; Irish Coercion 
Bill protest, 9973; St. Paul's Cathedral 
reredos unveiled, 9962; statues, Welling- 
ton, Shaftesbury, Gordon, Iddesleigh 
set; tablets, Stewart and War Correspon- 
dents ; monument of Sir Bartle Frere ; 
tablet to Soudan soldiers ; Internat. 
Cong, of Geologists ; portrait of W. E. 
Forster ; Italian picture exhib.: Irish 
Exhib.; Anglo-Danish Exhib. opd.; Gal- 
lery for Modern Pictures opd.; Italian 
Exhib.; Anglo-Danish Exhib.; Irish Ex- 
hib.; Internat. Cong. Geologists, 9981 ; 
Cong, of Prot. Missions; 3d Lambeth 
Conf.; Cong. Prot. Missions, 9982; East 
End murders ; Universal Review; Glad- 
stone Library opd.; Sc. of Handicraft 
opd. ,9983; Iuternat. Trades Union Cong.; 
Whitehall murder ; New Central Hosp. 
opd.; strike of matchmakers; anti-liquor 
sellers meeting, 9091 ; J. Whitehead, 1. 



of Queen ; Royal Coll. of M usie gift; elec- 
tric omnibus ; Spanish Exbib. of Arts 
opd.; donation to Koyal Coll. of Music, 
10001; World's Sunday-School Conven.; 
N. Y. Herald in ; New Party ; Sat. Re- 
view bought, 10002; Pr. Ferdinand visits, 
5682; Road Woman's Hosp. fnd., 10003; 
dock laborers strike, 10011; women in- 
eligible to council, 10012; ferry opd. to 
Woolwich ; Salvationists dispersed, 
10013; Neiv Review, 10022; Barnum ban- 
quet, 10023; dock laborers strike; gas- 
men strike; The Speaker; Daily Graphic; 
Subjects of the Bay; Quinn's charity 
gift; Convalescent koine est.; Patriotic 
volunteer fund est., 10023; A.D. 1890± ; 
workmen's holiday settled ; workmen's 
demonstration; shoemakers' strike ends; 
Siberian exiles demonstration; strike 
against sweating system; ship-carpen- 
ters strike; tailors strike ; H.M.Stanley 
arrives, 10031 ; Loan Exbib. of Paintings ; 
influenza rages ; Barnum's circus at- 
tended ; Royal Agri. Soc. Exhib., 10033; 
telephone connection with Paris, 10041 j 



St. Paul's Cathedral service, 10042 ; Ship- 
ping Union fmd.; Paternoster Review, 
10043; Armstrong laborers stiike; Union 
men ignored; Mayhew absconds, 10051; 
Jos. Savory, l.-mayor ; Whiteehapel 
murder; Blue Book disclosures, 30052; 
electric railway hiaug., 10053; a Joint- 
Stock Bank fails, 5013; Jnternat. Cong, 
of Hygiene ; Grenadier Guards refuse 
parade. 100G1 ; Internat. Comjreg. Coun- 
cil, 10062; labor meeting in Hyde Park ; 
baccarat scandal ; New York Herald dis- 
continued, 10063; murder of women; 
laundresses meet ; Oriental Cong.; omni- 
bus strike ; Women's Labor Home opd.; 
bank robbed ; St. Paul's reredos case dis- 
missed, 10071 : Trafalgar Square Theater 
opd., 10081; Pall Mail Gazette changes, 
100S2; Borough Road Polytechnic opd., 
10083; Spurgeon obsequies; St. James's 
Gazette office attacked; Westminster 
Gazette; coal porters stiike, 10083; Cali- 
fornia fruit received; cholera panic; 
New Oriental Bank fails ; cattle disease; 
liquor dealers' demonstration ; Trafal- 
gar Square to be used for political meet- 
ings 30093 ; Camberwell, South L. Art 
Gallery opd., 10121 ; South Kensington 
Imperial Institution opd., 1010 2 ,3; Ar- 
menian mass meeting, 10102; Victoria 
Docks strikers ; Total Abstainers' 
trouble; North L. Hosp. opd.; Eight 
Hour Movement favored, 10103; Anarch- 
ist meeting ; Nat. League mass meeting; 
wedding procession Duke of York ; Con- 
sumptives' Hosp. opd., 10111; vestibule 
train intro.; Nat. Workmen's Exhib. 
opd., 10113; Tower Bridge opd., 10121; 
demonstration against House of Lords : 
cab-drivers strike, 10122 ; Chartered 
Bank fails, 5013; Australian Joint-Stock 
Bank fails, 10123; bp. appointed, 10682; 
Univ. of L. est., 943 1 ; R.K. strike, 9771; 
R. R. accident, 9773; (see British Mu- 
seum ; King's Coll.). 
Municipality Bill intro., 9S53; Paro- 
chial Charities Act passes, 9913. 

and Brighton R.K., Eng., strike, 970». 

Co. chartered, 27 1 , 3,291 , 8793 ; poor 

management, 283; bankrupt, 311 . 

Insurance Co. formed, Eng., 9073. 

, Ky., Con fed. prisoners taken, 2163. 

■ , Tenn., lynching, 4211 . 

Univ. chartered; opd., 943 1 ; favors 

higher education for women, 9723; de- 
grees to women, 9823; first woman in, 
9862; Queen's statue set, 10001 . 

Londonderry mentioned, 8413 ;. Abbey 
burned, 8441; captured, 8781 ; besieged, 
8981 ; iron bridge opd., 9823 ; strike,1000.3 

- — , Marquis of, title created, 9372. 

, . (See Stewart, Charles William.) 

Lone Jack, Mo., action at, 2111 . 

Star Soc. org., U. S., 17H, 6323. 

Lonesome Hollow, Ky., R. R. wreck, 4093. 

, Armistead L., b., 1341 ; d., 3821 . 

, Edwin.b., works, 9442 ; ^41 ; d., 10061. 

, Eli, b., 1482. 

, George, b., 9302. 

, John Day is, l>.( 1838}; gov. Mass. ,3052. 

' , Sir Robert, minister, 8912. 

, Roger, b., 8942 ; d., 9183. 

, Stephen Harriman, b., 962 ; d., 2392. 

, Bishop William, est. schools, 8583. 

Long Beach, N. Y., kidnappers, 4682 ; 
Summer Pari, opens, 464 2 ; Maxsassoit 
ashore, 4753. 

Branch, N.J.,G< nnania wrecked,3492; 

Interdenominational Bible Cong. opens, 
3661 ; hotel tire, 4113; Pier wrecked, 4453. 

Eaton Junction, R.R. collision, 9733. 

Island granted to E. of Stirling, 311 ; 

battle of, 841 ; -weekly mails, 1193 ; His- 
torical Soc. Library find., 2111; Oregon 
collides, 3233 ; R. R. line to Boston, 3913. 

City, N". Y., mayor sentenced, 

3703; free'librai-y given, 3722; street-car 
strike, 3831 , 4542; fire, 3833 ; watchman 
murdered, 4042; railroad accident, 4373. 

Sound, steamers collide, 4773. 

Longamilla, battle of, 606 1 . 

Longehamp, William of, government ad- 
ministrator ; deposed, 8513; d. (1197). 

Longden, James Robert, gov., 5643, 10393. 

Longet, Francois Achille, b., 7191 ; d., 7461 . 

Longfellow, Henry Wadsworth, b., 1141; 
works, 1451 , 1511 , 1543, 1571 , 1591 , 1631 ,2, 
1663, 1703, 1783, 1843, 2291, 2603, 2643, 
2771 , 2803, 2843, 2903,3003, 3151 ; d., 3101 . 



Xong-Loui. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1 N-Ui^yV. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1317 



Longfellow, Robert, report, 312 1. 

Longford, Earl, title created, 9231 . 

Longhead, Flora Haines, work, 32S3. 

Longhi, Giuseppe, b. (1766) ; d., 10862. 

Longinus, Dionysius Cassius, pliilosopher, 
executed, 10661 . 

Longjumeau, Fr., peace of, 6833. 

Longley, C. T., archb. of Canterbury, 9662. 

Longmeadmv, Mass., thimbles nifd., 150 1 . 

Longnecker, Henry ( 'lay, b. (1*20) ; d., 274 " . 

Lougobardi takes North Italy, 10721 . 

Longomontauus, Christian, b.-d., G362. 

Longstreet, Augustus Baldwin, b. (1790) ; 
d., 2702. 

, James, b., 1301; at Williamsburg, 

2071; at Seven Days' battles, 2091; to 
the Rapidan, 2111 ; at Groveton, 2122 • 
at Antietain, 213 1 ; at Fredericksburg, 
2162; leaves Suit.. Ik, 2212; at Chambers- 
burg, 2232 ; .-it Gettysburg, 22-! i ; in Tenn., 
2263 ; at Phila., 2271; detached from 
Bragg ; besieges Knoxsville, 2281 ,2,3; 
at Cainpell's Station, 2281 ; at Fort San- 
ders, 2232 ; at Bean's Station, 2283; jn 
Va., 231 1 ;S. of Rapidan, 232i ; n6 arChan- 
cellorsville, 2322 ; on the James, 2391 , 

Longueih Christophe de, b.-d., 6783. 

Longue Point, Can., steamboat accident, 
5873 j asylum burned, 5913. 

Longueville, Duchesse de, Anna Gene- 
vieve de Bourbon Conde.b., 0863 ;d.,6923. 

Longus, Tiberius Sempronius, at Trebia, 
10541. 

Long View, Tex., bank robbery, 4603. 

Longwood, British defeated, 1221 , 

Longworth, Nicholas, b., 951 ; d., 2191 . 

Longwy, capit., 7081 ; bombarded, 7441 . 

Longay, Count, premier; ministry; re- 
signs, 5292. 

Lonnrot, Elias, b.-d., 11343. 

Lono, Gomez y, d., 11322. 

Lonsdale, Capt., gov. Victoria, 4953. 

, Earl of, title created, 9311. 

, , in duel, 9271 . 

Loochow captured, 6121 . 

Loodiana burned, 595 3 . 

Looker, Othniel, governor 0., 1233. 

Looking-glasses mid. ; limited, 10762. 

Lookout Mountain, Tenn., Gen. Bragg at, 
2262; Gen. Hooker at, 2282. 

Loom, Dutch, used Eng., 8941 . 

Loomis, Elias, b., 1163; d., 3441. 

Looms, power, introduced, Eng., 9322. 

Loop, Henry A., b. (1831) ; in Academy of 
Design, 2023. 

Loos, C. L., pres. Disciples of Christ, 3282. 

Loosjes, Adrian, b. (1761); Charlotte van 
Bourbon, 11022 ; d. (1818). 

!L6per, Herr, libel published, 5681. 

Lopes, Fernao, b. (1380+) ; Chronicles, 
11091; d. (1449). 

, Sir Henry, lord justice, 9951 . 

Lopez, Carlos Antonio, b. (1795) ; dictator, 
pres. Paraguay, 11061 ; hostilities ; oppo- 
sition treaty, 4912; proclaimed outlaw, 
11062; freedom to slaves, 5561 ; s hot, 5562. 

, F. L., dictator Paraguay, 11061. 

, Jos£ Hilario, b.-d., 62S2 1 ; conspiracy 

of, 6331 ; president, Columbia, 6291. 

, Sir Manassch, bribery of, 9392. 

, Narciso, b.,0322; invades Cuba, 1663; 

defeated, 16S1 ; in Cuba, 169i ,2 ; a t Car- 
denas, 1691 , 6321 ; d., 6322. 

, Vincente, governor, Argentine, 491 1 . 

deZuniga, I>ie<j;o de, Count of Nieva, 

viceroy, 233 ; d. (1643+). 

I*oras, Mathias, b. (1792) ; consecrated 
Roman Catholic bishop, 1483; d. (1858). 

Lorca inundated, 11311 . 

Lord Castlentt/h wrecked, 9513. 

Lord, Daniel, b. (1795) ; d., 2602. 

, Eleazer, b. (17SS) ; d., 274 1 . 

, John, b., 1162 ; d., 4781 . 

, Chase, b. (1805) ; moderator, 

1722; d. (1877). 

, Nathan, b. (1793) ; d., 2702. 

Lord Melville lost, 93Si. 

Lord Warden launched, 9681. 

William Be.nt.inck wrecked, 951 3 . 

Lords rebel, Eng., 8561 . 

Lord's Supper, restrictions in, 10743. 
Lore lift asteroid, discovered, 2901. 
Lorena, Frederico, provisional pres., 5593. 
Lorencez, Coiute de, Charles Ferdinand 

Latrille, b. (1814) ; commands French 

force, 10961; d. (1892). 
Lorfit, Campbell, b., 1282. 
Loring, William Wing (Loring Pasha), b., 

1262 ; at Fayetteville, 2131 ; d. (1886). 



Lome, Marquis of (George Edward Henry 
Douglas Sutherland Campbell), b., 5782; 
fnds. soc, 5843; in Can.; at Halifax, 
5851; gov.-gen., 5S5 2 ; marries Princess 
Louise,975 i' ; , .pons Yorkshire Inst., 9923 ; 
visits Washington, 313 1 . 

L'Orient, Fr., French fleet defeated, 7102 j 
attacked, 7001. 

L'Orient blown up, 928 1 . 

Loring, Col., murdered, 1743. 

, Frederick W., b., 160= ; d., 2742. 

, George Bailey, b. (1817); d., 3902. 

Lorinser, Karl I., b., 8063 ; d., 8201. 

Loriot, Antoine Joseph, b., 0971 ; d., 7051 . 

Loris-Melikoff, Count Mikhail Tarielo- 
vitch Tainow, b., 11163 ; Gen., peril, 
11203; dictator of Rus. ; minister of in- 
terior ; reform system, 11213 ■ d., 11201 . 

Lorrain, Nareis.-e-ZepIiirih, cons., 584 2 . 

Lorraine (Lotharingia) divided, 6672,7732- 
3,7782; a kingdom, 7732; civil war, 774 1 ; 
surrendered to Otho, 7751; Lothair re- 
nounces claim, 6673 ; annexed to Fr., 
6832, 6892 ; restored to Ger. duke, 6953, 
7733; subject to Fr., 6982 ; House of, 
reigns, 8013 ; reverts to Fr., 8033 ; an- 
nexation opposed, 8272 j ceded to Fr., 
7013, 7741 ; ceded to Germany, 7451 . 

, Charles de (Chas. of Guise), b., 6803. 

, Cardinal, est. Univ. at Pout-a-Mous- 

son, 6832; founds University of Reims, 
7812 - d.,6S4i. 



UCllt SV^Ull. C&U., -a)0 — , 11UU HI; .ii*±«, <Jlli.V. 

of Southern Cal. opd., 3042 ; Normal 
School opd., 3123 ; TJniv. of, fnd., 3281 ; 
earthquake, 332 1 ; Hoods, 350 1 ; St. Vin- 
cent's Coll.est.,25S!3;liIibusteringexped., 
3591; railway trainmen conven., 3703; 
Geary Act enforced, 4383 ; earthquake, 
4501 ■ industrial army leaves, 4553 j 
United Sons of America formed, 4682. 

University founded, 3282. 

Losigna, Bp. Herbert, cathedral, 8483. 

Los Olivos, Cal., robbery, 4222; meteor 
falls, 4261. 

Losse, W.,d.,448i. 

Lossing, Benson J., b., 1211 • works, 2G83, 
2903,3283 ; d., 3842. 

Lost Island of Seven Cities on maps, 121 . 

Mt., Ga., Johnston retreats to, 2341 ; 

action at, 2342 ; Johnston retires, 2343. 

Lostwithiel, Essex surrenders, 8842. 

Lot taken ; rescued, 11401 . 

Lota mission, 6071 . 

Lothair, b. (941) ; K. of Fr., reigns, 6673 ; 
emp. of It., 1073 2 ; conquers Normans, 
10741; surprises Otho, 7741; surrenders 
Lorraine, 7751 • d., 6673. 

Lothairel., b.(795i); emp., 7731 , 10731 ,2; 
defeated at Fontenay, 7721 ; d., 7732. 

II., D. of Saxony, K. of Ger., in It. ; 

emp. ; authority rejected ; crowned ; re- 
stores ch. property ; invests Albert the 
Bear; in It. ; curbs Roger the Norman ; 
expels Roger; d., 7772. 

, the rebel, 7771; 

Lotharingia. (See Lorraine.) 

Lothian, ceded to Scotland, 847 2 . 

Lothrop, Daniel, d., 4021 . 

Lotich, Peter, b., 7902 ; d., 7922. 

Lotteries, mails closed against, 2523; Arch- 
bp. Ireland against, 376 1 ; advertise- 
ment, 3692 ; decision against, 4721; in 
Fr., suppressed, 7103 ; abolished in Ba- 
varia, 8163 ; abound in Eng., 9003 ; abol- 
ished, 9432; penalty for advertising, 9491 • 
popes oppose, 1085 3 . 

Lottery sunk, 1201. 

Lottery for Va. plantations, 28 3 ; Bill ap- 
proved, 85 3 ; est. at Natchez, 1291 ; sup- 
pression of , 1431; inLa.,3023,;;n:;2,;;,sj3 T 
3883, 3931, 3942 ; mails exclude, 3652 ; 
great, in Paris, 7503; tirst iu Eng., 8732, 
8S31 ; in London, 8791 ; demand for tick- 
ets, 9132 ; in sale of buildings, 9192 ; li- 
cense law, 9212 ; last in Glasgow, 9471 ; 
drawn in Ire., 9871 ; Fr., national draw- 
ing, 7512. (See Louisiana.) 

Lotto, Loreu/.o, paints St. Jerome, 10782. 

Lotze, Rudolph H., b., 8121 ; works, 8203, 
8163,8251; d.,8301. 

Lotzen, Prus., Wallenstein defeated, 5121 . 



Loubet, Ernile, new ministry, 7632 j min- 
ister, 7571 , 7632, 7651 . 

Loucault, L^on, photographer, 7301 ; ex- 
hibits telescope, 7361 . 

Louckes, H. L., president National Farm- 
er's Alliance, 4183. 

Loud, Eugene F., b., 1623. 

Loudenslager, H. C., b., 1701. 

Loudon, Tenn., Burnside falls back, 2281 . 

, Earl of, title created, 8831 . 

, John Campbell, Earl of, b., 9022 ; a t 

Halifax, 701 , 914i ; abandons expedition, 
retired, 702; controversy, 713 ; d.,951. 

Hill, Scot., action at, 8561 . 

, C, b., 9223; horticulturist; d.. 

9522. 

, Samuel, editor, 851 . 

Lough, John Graham, b., 9323 • d,, 9802. 

Loughborough, Lord. (See Wedderburn, 
Alexander.) 

Loughlin, John, b. (1816) ; cons. R. C. bp. of 
Brooklyn (Oct. 30, 1853) ; golden jubilee, 
3701; d.,396'; bequest to church, 4001 . 

Louis, king of Sicily, 10772. 

, king of Port., b.-d., 11102. 

I., king of Naples, 10772. 

I., emperor, 1073 2 . 

II., K. of It., b. (822); emperor, 10732; 

d., 7732. 

III., king of Italy, 10732. 

IV., emperor, invades It., 10761 j ex- 
communicated, 10763. 

I., son of K. of Aries, K. oflt., 10733. 

I., D. of Parma, K. of Tuscany, 10853. 

II., D. of Parma, K. of Tuscany, 10853. 

IV., or V., K. of Bavaria, emp., b.-d., 

7802; protected, 7733; expedition to It., 
7821; excommunicated; crown forbid- 
den, 7822 ; crowned ; confirms confeder- 
ation ; excommunicated ; protest ; de- 
posed; emp.; deposes King John; 
resigns : unpopular ; sides with Eng., 
gains Tyrol; family power increased, 
7831,2; d.,7833. 

I., b., 8043; king of Bavaria, 8133; 

abdicates, 8171 ; d., 8243. 

II., b. (1845) ; K. Bav. 8231 ; d. (1886). 

III., or IV., K. of Bavaria, d., 7722. 

L, duke of Bavaria, 7792. 

II., duke of Bavaria, 7812. 

II., duke of Hesse-Darmstadt; 8153. 

III., duke of Bavaria, 7823 ; war with 

Aust. ; defeats Frederick, 5041 . 

of Bavaria, commands army, 7981. 

1., Le D^bonnaire, b.-d., 6642; emp., 

6671, 7731; order of succession, 6671; 
marries, 6663 ; sends monks to Den., 
6351 ; penance decreed ; divides realm ; 
dethroned ; restored ; dethroned again ; 
condemned, 6fJ62; restored ;divides realm 
again ; troops desert, 7721 ; d-, 6671. 

I., of Fr. (See Louis le Dcbonnaire.) 

II., the Stammerer, of Fr., b. (846); 

king, 6672 ; d. (879). 

III., of Fr., b. (863 - ) ; defeats North- 
men, 6661; reigns; d., 6672. 

IV., of Eng., king of Fr. ; d., 6673. 

V., of Fr., b. (921) ; reigns, 6673 ; d., 

6662,3. 

VI., of Fr., b.-d., 66S3 ; reigns ; joint 

king with Philippe ; d., 6693. 

VII., the Young, of Fr., b. (1120±) ; 

reigns, 6693; seeks absolution; in 2d 
crusade, 669 1,3; divorces wife, 6712 ; de- 
feated, 6712, S501 ; d. (11S0). 

VIII., the Lion, of Fr., b. (1187); 

crowned, 6713; against A Ibigenses, 6701 • 
siege of Marmande ; invades Poitou ; 
besieges Avignon, 6702 ; marries, 6713 ; 
accepts Eng. crown, 8532 ; frees serfs. 

6712 ; d., 6713. 

IX., Saint, of Fr., b.-d., 6702 ; king of 

Fr. ; marries, 6713 ; loads 6th crusade, 
6722 ; takes Jaffa., 11542; in Egypt, 6732; 
at Mansurah, 654 1 , 672 1 ; ransom, 6541; 
d., 6732 ; canonized, 6722. 

X., the Quarreler, of Fr., b. (1289); 

reigns, 6733 ; d. (1316). 

XL, of Fr., b.-d., 6762 ; reigns, 6791 ; 

takes Rouen; takes Perpignan, 6781; 
invades It., 6782 ; iu Milan, 6793; League 
of Public Weal oppose; rules over Nor- 
mandy ; humbles nobles, 6791; at Pe- 
ronne, 6792; drinks infant's blood, 0782 ■ 
d., 6792. 

XII., of Fr., b. (1462); reigns ; divorces 

queen; marries Anne, 0793; claims Milan, 
10793; at Agnadello, 6801; excommuni- 
cated, 6S03 ; d., 6812, 



1318 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coiumn. 



Loui-Love 



Louis XIII., of Fr., b., 6862 ; against Sp., 
686', 6872,3; marries Anne of Austria, 
6873; d., 6883. 

XIV., the Grand, of Fr., b. ; king, 

6893; embassy to Siam, 695 1, 11242; 
marries; invades Sp. Neth.; treaty with 
Emp. Leopold, 6913 ; subdues Franche- 
Comt6 ; conquests in Holland, 6921; 
patron of music, 6922 ; assembly of cler- 
gy called, 6923; agreement with Eng., 
8953; claims Flanders, 540 1 , 0913; perse- 
cutes Protestants, 6931 ,3,6943; marries, 
6932 ; height of power, 0933; convention 
with Emp., 6932 ; i a Palatinate ; in 
Belg., 6941; court conspicuous, 6952; 
patron of art, 6962 ; in Alsace ; at Stras- 
burg, 7973, 7931 ; d., 6971,3 ; statue, 698'. 

XV., of Fr., b., 6963 ; king, 6973 ; 

assumes govt. ; marries, 6993 ; against 
Protestants, 6991; at Fontenoy, 7001; 
invades Netb., 7013 ; builds Pantheon, 
7022; limits Pari., 7033; contest with 
Pari., 7053; aids Charles Albert, 8012; 
d., 7043. 

XVI., of Fr., b., 7022 ; K., 7053 ; mar- 
ries, 7052 ; edict of toleration, 7002 ; 
yields to popular demands, 7072 ■ oath 
of constitution ; title changed, 7073 ; 
leaves Paris; captured, 7083; reinstated, 
7091 ; imprisoned ; trial, 7092,3 ; be- 
headed, 7093, 7103 ; mourning for, 7232 ; 
centenary celebration, 7643. 

XVII., of Fr., b., 7061; king, 7093 ; 

d., 7102, 7111,3. 

XVIII., of Fr., b., 7022 ; marries, 

7053; religion of state, 7211; leaves 
Paris, 7213 ; reenters Paris, 7232 ; d., 
7242, 7252. 

I., Gor., b.-d., 7722; reigns, 7731; a t 

war, 6661; defeats Kadbod, 5031 ; at An- 
dernach ; invades Fr. ; at Fontenay, 
7721 ; restores image worship, 7722; takes 
Federation oath, 773 1; record of oath, 
66G3 ; d., 6672. 

the Child, king of Germany, 7732. 

■ III., grand duke of Hesse,'8173. 

IV., g. duke, Hesse-Darmstadt, 8203. 

I., of Hung., campaigns, 5061 ; fnds. 

Univ. Fu.nfkirc.heu, 507 5 ; reigns in Po- 
land, 11152 ; K. of Hung., 5072 ; K. of 
Poles, 5072 ; d., 5082. 

II., of Hung, and Boh., king; k. 5093. 

I., of Sp., reigns, 11293. 

de Bourbon, at Sedan; killed, 6881. 

, prince, given Brandenburg, 7831 ; 

marries Margaret Mult as cb, 783' ,2. 

, Count of Flanders, restored, 6741 . 

, Dauphin of Fr., d., 6773. 

-, Eugene, duke of Wurteniberg, 8073. 

, Ferdinand, prince, killed, 7161 , 

, prince of Hesse, marriage, 9652,9671. 

Hutin, reigns in Navarre, 11273. 

de Male, rules Lille, 6753 ; expelled 

from province, 675 3 . 

Marie d'Orleans, b., 7223. 

Napoleon IV. (See Napoleon.) 

of Nassau, revolutionist, 10981. 

, Due d'Orleans, b., 6962 ■ d., 7011 . 

Philippe, Port., prince, b., 11102; de- 
clared heir, 11112. 

, Due d'Orleans, b., 6982 ; d.,7061. 

, of Fr., Due d'Orleans, b., 7043 ; 

marries Marie Amelie, 7193 ; lieut-gen., 
7241 ; accepts office ; reigns, 725 3 ; mar- 
ries, 7273; abdicates, 7311; banished, 
7312 ; d., 7302 ; buried, 7513. 

Joseph, executed, 711' . 

, Pierre Charles Alexandre, b., 7062 ; 

d., 7461. 
, the Pious, Duke of "Wiirtemberg, 7933 . 

Valois, assassinated, 676 3 . 

, William, Grand Duke, 8133. 

Louisa, princess, marries Fred. V., 6392. 

, princess, Hesse-Cassel, marries, 641 1 . 

, princess, Swe., marries, 6521 . 

Louisburg, N. S., defenses of, 58* , 5741 ; 

taken, 661, 5742,3, 9101 ; fortress cap- 
tured, 702 ; evacuated, 576 1 . 

Louise, princess, Belg., b., 5442 ; marries, 
5451. 

, princess of Eng., b., 970i ; marries 

Marquis of Lome, 975 1 ; dowry, 9753. 

, princess, marries Dukoof Fife, 1001 1 . 

, of Fr., queen, d., 5442. 

of Savoy, peace of Cambray, 511 1 . 

, princess of Scbleswig, marries, 8331 , 

, Caroline Alberta, b., 9542. 

Margaret, Princess of Prussia, mar- 
ries, 8303. 



Louise Margaret, Princess, of Russia, mar- 
ries Prince Arthur, 9843, 

, Maria Therese, de Savoie-Carignan, 

d., 7082. 

Louisiana explodes, 1673 ; speed, 3113. 

Louisiana, conquered, 20 2 ; possession, 
491 ; Fr. colony, 55 1 ; Fr. missions, 582 ; 
settled, 591 ; slaves arrive, 591,3, 61 1 ; 
Bienville, gov.-gen., 592 ; Mississippi 
Co. surrenders charter, 63 2 ; commerce 
with W. I., 652 ; sugar-cane intro., 662, 
693 ; Fr. population, 713 ; ceded to Sp., 
733; Fr. republic est., 772 ; Rom. Cath. 
bp. appointed, 1043 ; Moniteur issued, 
1063; ceded to Fr. ; treaty of Ildefonso, 
1111; purchased by U. S., 1113 ■ 0. s. 
takes possession ; Wm. C, C. Claiborne, 
gov., 1132; Lewis Meriwether, gov., 
1152; admission, twin-birth of States, 
1192; Jacques Villere, gov., 1252; Thos. 
B. Robertson, gov., 1292 ; H. S. Thibo- 
deaux, gov., 1312 ; Henry Johnson, gov., 
1332 ; Peter Derbigny, gov., 1372 ; a. 
Bauvais, gov., 1373 ; Jacques Dupre, 
gov., 1392 • first railroad opd., 1393 ; Ed- 
ward D. White, gov., 1452 ; p. E. diocese 
est., 1483 ; Andre B. Roman, gov., 1512 ■ 
Alex. Mouton, gov., 1552; u. S.Grant in, 
1581 ; Meth. Epis. Ch. South Conf. org., 
1603; Isaac Johnson, gov., 1611 ; Joseph 
Walker, gov., 1692 ; p H ul O. Hebert, 
gov., 1771; Robert (J. Wieklift'e, gov., 1812; 
lands for railroads, 1S13 ; State Univ. 
est., 1863 ; Confeds. seize Federal arse- 
nal ; forts seized, 1901 ■ Xbos. O. Moore, 
gov., 1903; Secession Conven.; secedes, 
1912,3; senators withdraw, 1913; rati- 
fies Confed. Constitution, 1932; troops 
raised, 1942 ; <; e o. F. Shepley, gov., 2093, 
2133 ; Order No. 15 published, 2072 ; ne- 
gro recruits raised, 2102 ; representa- 
tives admitted, 2103 ; Opelousas, capital, 
2073; Henry F. Allen, Confed. gov. (1863); 
state election; Free State Conven. held, 
2293; Gen. Banks's expedition; forces 
of Red River Expedition unite, 2303 ; 
Banks falls back, 231 1; Michael Hahn, 
gov., 2312, 2413 j State Conven. meets, 
antislavery State, 2313 ; Confed. boats 
on Grand Lake, 2363; constitution rati- 
fied, 2393; Confed. gov. Allen resigns, 
247 3 ; James M. Wells, gov., 2511; con- 
stitutional conven., 2523 ; Homestead 
Bill, 2531 ; political massacre, 2532 ; riot 
at Republic Conven., 2533 j rejects 14th 
Amend. ; reconstruction obstructed, 
2573 ; Gen. Sheridan removed, 259 1 ; 
constitution prohibiting slavery; dis- 
franchising Confeds., 2592 ; Ben). F. 
Flanders, gov., 2593 ; ratifies new con- 
stitution, 2ii3i ,3 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 
2633; readmitted, 2032; eb-ctionfrauds; 
riots; Social Finality Bill, 2051 ,3;Joshua 
Baker, gov.; Henry C. Warmoth, gov., 
2652 ; ratifies 15th Amend., 2662 ■ Cong. 
Asso. org., 2083; grains Stale bonds,271l ; 
political factions in, 2752,3; Warmoth 
Legislature meets, 277 2 ; militia in legis- 
lative contest, 2773; \V. P. Kellogg, gov.; 
Fusion Legislature convenes ; Return- 
ing Board divided; election disputed, 
2793 ; two legislatures, 281 2, 2873 ; Jnhn 
McEnery installed gov. ; W. P. Kellogg 
installed gov., 2812"; McEnery legisla- 
ture arrested, 2s(3; State Labor Conven., 
283i; Anti-Ivellogg Conven. at New Or- 
leans ; disorderly bands proclaimed ; 
McEuery party troublesome ; warning 
proclamation from pres., 2S32 ; Rep. 
officials shot, 2S5i ; John McEnery claims 
governorship, 2853 ; Gen. Brooke, mili- 
tary gov.; proclamation against armed 
partizans; Crescent City White League 
f md. ; State buildings surrendered ; 
Gov. Kellogg reinstated, 2*72,3; 0. S. 
troops in Legislature, 2S73 ; legislative 
claims submitted ; Congressional Com- 
mittee adjust political claims, 2891; 
mouth of Miss. River deepened, 2913 ; 
electoral vote disputed, 2932 ; two gov- 
ernors and legislatures, 2951; electoral 
vote awarded, 2952 ; Packard Legisla- 
ture dispersed, 2953 ; Stephen B. Pack- 
ard, gov., 2973 ; election frauds investi- 
gated, 2992; yellow fever, 2993; capital 
changed to Baton Rouge, 3012 ; Francis 
T. Nicholle, gov., 3012, 3332 ; new con- 
stitution, 3013,3033; Bureau of Agri. 
and Immigration est., 3033 ; Southern 



0niv. opd., 3043 ; Louis A. Wiltz, gov., 
3052 ; tornadoes, 3121 ; Samuel D. M'En- 
ery, gov., 3132; Normal School est., 3183, 
3223 • care for Confederates' widows and 
children ; school for deaf mutes, 3251 ; 
cyclone, 3541; levee overflowed, 354i, 
3673,4081, 4353; Labor Day holidav, 
3751 ; negro burned 3851; a. J. West- 
fall, for gov., 3853 ; cattlemen fight, 3891 • 
Farmers' Alliance and Democrats unite, 
389 2 ; hot coldest, 3931; mob lynches 
Felton and Smith, 3943; silver question, 
4011; Dem. mass meetings, 4052; tire- 
arms license required, 4073 ; m. J.Fors- 
ter, gov., 4212 ; call for protection 440,2 ; 
race-conflict, 4571 ; negroes lynched,4582. 
Louisiana State Lottery Co.; Anti-Lottery 
League org., 3523 ; legislative compro- 
mise ; lottery of, legalized in N. Dak., 
353*; renewal of charter asked, 3563; 
amend, vetoed, 3632 ; money offered for 
charter, 3583 ; pro-led terv man lynched, 
3611; Assembly favors 'lottery, 3623; 
charter extended, 3631 ; Lottery Bill 
passes Lower House, 363 1 ; bill vetoed, 
3671; pro-lottery amend., 3771 ; contest, 
3972 ; withdraws offer, 4002 ; offer re- 
jected, 4053 ; chartered by Niear., 11042. 

State University est., 1863. 

Co. fmd. in Fr., 6973 ; grant, 592. 

■ , 0niversity of, org., 3003. 

, Mo., Cane College founded, 2663. 

Louisville, Ky., settled, 913; incorporated,, 
933 ; R. C. diocese est., 1143 ; L, Journal 
issued, 1391 ; Meth. Epis. Church South 
org., 1582 ; Cave Hill cemetery est., 
1593 ; Methodist Epis. Church South 
Conf. fmd., 1603; cyclone, 1761; riot, 
1771 ; Southern Bapt. Theolog. Sem.fnd., 
1843; union meeting, 1951; legislature 
moved to, 2122 ; escapes capture by 
Confeels., 214 1; threatened, 2143; Com- 
mercial, 2232 ; martial law, 2243 ; Wm. 
G. McCloskey cons. R. C. bp., 2622- 
Courier Journal issued, 2023 ; Medical 
Coll. opd., 2602 ; St.ite Education Con- 
ven. held, 2602, '_-t;,s 2, ;;„<; 2, ;;f,oi ; Commer- 
cial Conven. at, 2693 ; Nat. Convention 
Radical Democrats meet, 2792 ; Indus- 
trial Exposition, 2793 ; Ger. Bapt. Or- 
phans' Home est., 2803 ; State 0niv., col- 
ored, 2822; Times issued, 2902 ; Amer. 
Printing House for Blind, 3012 ; Poly- 
technic Soc. Library fnd., 3023 ; Charity 
Organization Soc, fnd. ; Nat. Conven. of 
colored people, 3151 ; Southern Exposi- 
tion held, 3.153 ; bridge caisson breaks,. 
3513 ; labor strikes, 3623 ; fire, 2673, 
3633, 4793 ; railway accident, 3893 ; Nat. 
League Rep. Clubs, 4291; Humphreys 
murder, 4302 ; bridge falls, 4473 • annexes 
suburbs, 4493 ; moonshiners' trial, 4723. 

Louie, Due de, minister, 1111 2. 

Lonndres, Henry de. castle, 8531 . 

Lounsberry, George H., a suicide, 3522. 

Lounsbury, Phineas C, gov. Conn., 3293. 

Lount, insurrectionist, hanged, 5792. 

Lourdes, Fr., miracles at, 7323; virgin at, 
7342 ; grotto, 7462 ; pilgrims at, 7482. 

Lourenco, Mnrquez, siege of, 6042. 

Lourties, M., minister, 7072. 

Louth, Eng., see erected, 8403. 

, Barem, title created, 8692. 

, James, patents setbotelephone,352l. 

Louvain, Belg., .Van de Weyer's statue, 
5441 ; Univ. est., 5392; riots,'548i ; North- 
men defeated, 7721 . 

L'Ouverture, Toussaint. (See Toussaint.) 

Louvet, Chas., minister agriculture, 7392. 

de Convrav, -lean Baptiste, b., 7023 ; 

d., 7123. 

Louvois, Marquis de, Francois Michel 
Letellier, b., 6S83; d., 6942. 

Louvre, council against pope, 6733. (See 
Paris.) 

Lovaine, Baron, title created, 9231. 

Lovat, Baron, title created, 8643, 9451. 

, Lord. (See Fraser, Simon.) 

Lovatz, Bulg., captured, 5G5 2 . 

Love, Family of, est., 8711; end, 8743. 

, Alfred H., pres. Peace Union, 3903. 

, John W., embezzler, 4502. 

, P. E , on Committee of 33, 1891 . 

feasts forbidden, 10083. 

Lovejoy, Elijah Parish, b., 1102 ; antisla- 
very martyr, 1482, 1491,4322. 

, Owen, b. (1811) ; d., 2312. 

Lovelace, E. of, title created. 9451 , 9871. 

, Francis, b. (1630±); gov. N. Y., 433. 



Love-Luyn. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1319 



Lovelace, John, gov. N. Y., 573; d. (1709). 

, Richard, b., 880' ; work, S863 ; d., 8882. 

Lovell, Chas. Swain, b. (1611) ; d., 2721 . 

, John, b., 562; d., 100'. 

— -, Gen. ManBfield, b. (1822) ; withdraws 
from New Orleans, 2003; d. (1884). 

and Stafford, insurrection, 866' . 

Lover, Sam., b.,9283 ; works. 9483 ; d.,9722. 

Lovewell, John, b. (1691) ; tight, 60' ; d. 
(1725). 

low, Abiel A., b., 1163 ; d., 420' . 

, Frederick Ferdinand, b. (1828) ; gov. 

Cal.,2292; d., 466'. 

, Setb, b. (1850) ; pres. of Columbia, 

3463, 3522 ; on liquor problem, 479' . 

, William C.,pres. of Committee, 4392. 

Church party develops, Eng., 9023. 

Lowe, Col., at Fredericktown, 200'. 

, Gen., at Verlage, 2243. 

, Sir Hudson, b., 9183; d. (1844). 

, Johann Karl Gottfried, b., 8063 ; d., 

8262. 

, Johanna Sophie, b., 8103; d. (1866). 

-, Ralph P., gov. la., 1S52. 

, Robert, Viscount Sherbrooke, b., 

935'; minister, 973'; Spelling Reform 
Asso., 9843; d., 1008'. 

, Thaddeus S. C, b. (1832) ; balloon 

ascension, 1963. 

Lowelbund Asso. formed, 7852. 

Lowell, Mass., fnd., 1293; carpet power 
looms, 150' ; library fmd.,1583 ; gas intro., 
1693; soldiers' monument, 248'. 

, Capt., near Lebanon, Mo., 200'. 

, Chas. b. (17821 ; d., 1902. 

, Russell, b. (1835) ; d., 2392. 

, W., nom. for gov. Mass., 3912. 

, James Russell, b., 128'; minister to 

Eng., 3032; works, 1583,1643,2412,2503, 
265', 2683, 2722, 277', 3833, 4203; d., 
388'; interment, 3892; memorial, 444', 
10062. 

, John F., b., 1082; d. (1836). 

, Percival, Japan, 3963. 

, Robt. Traill Spence., b.,1242 ; d. (1891.) 

Offering appears, 1543. 

Lowenstein, Emil, hanged, 2843. 

Lower Cal. annexed to U. S., 359' . 

Lower Germany, founded, 769' . 

, Richard, b., 8822; d., 8982. 

Lowestoft, Eng., naval battle near, 892' . 

Lowiek, Edward, executed, 901'. 

Lowndes, Rawlins, b., 60'; d., 1082. 

Lowrie, John Cameron, b. (1808) ; modera- 
tor, 2502. 

, Walter Macon, b. (1819) ; k., 6183. 

Lowry, Grosvenor P., d., 428' . 

— — , Robert, gov. Miss., 3132 ; with mili- 
tary company, 344' . 

Lowth, Robert, b., 9042; d., 9242. 

Lowther, William, E. of Lonsdale, b. 
(1787) ; postmaster, 9512; d. (1872). 

Loyal Convention in Mo., 199'. 

Loyal Legion org., 247' ; conven., 3703. 

Loyalists in N.Y., 933; leave U. S., 953 ; 
Eng. help in Am., 1003 ; arrive in Can., 
5752 ; Confederates expel, 1992. 

Loyang captured, 612' ; palace, 6133. 

Loyola, Ignatius de, b.-d., 11263; es t. order 
of Jesuits, 5102, i;ir,i , 681' , 7903, 108I1 . 

— — , Martin Gracia Ones de, b. (1548+) ; 
viceroy, 253; gov., 6052; d. (1598). 

Loyson, Charles (Pere Hyacinthe), b., 
7243; fnds. congregation, 7502; in N. Y., 
2691; against infallibility, 7383. 

Lozier, Charlotte T., 268' . 

, Clemence Sophia, b. (1812); d., 330' . 

Lubbock.Fraucis liieh.,1,. (1815); gov. 2032. 

, Sir John, b.,946 2 ; Prehistoric Times, 

9633; assists strikers, 1001'. 

, Sir William, b., 9323; d., 968' . 

Lilbec, Ger., fnd., 7773; free town, 7803; 
in Hanseatic League, 7871; Peace of, 
5121, 6373; occupied, 7161; allies pos- 
sess, 7213, 7953 ; battle, 80S' ; retaken, 
810'; regains independence, 7803, 8112; 
in Ger. Confederation, 8113; gets con- 
stitution, 8173; i n N. Ger. Confed., 8252. 

Luberk, Col., at Charleston, 2283. 

Liibke, Wilhelm, b., 8123 ; d. (1893). 

Luby, Thomas Clark, Fenian, 9683. 

Luca, battle at, 782 1 ; Roman colony,10553. 

Lucan, Marcus Anmeus, b.-d., 10622. 

, Earl, title created, 9252. 

. (See Bingham, George.) 

Lnrania beats Paris, 4413 ; record, 4413, 
4432, 4713, 4753. 

Lucanians subdue,], 10522. 

Lucar, action at, 11322. 



Lucas, Adm., surrenders, 9261 . 

, Charles .lean .Marie, b., 715' ; d., 7482. 

, John, b., 933' ; d., 9782. 

, Margaret, d., 10042. 

, Matthias Prime, lord mayor, 9413. 

, Robert, b. (1781) ; gov. O., 1412, 1512; 

d. (1853). 

, William V., b., 1442. 

Bend, Ky., action at, 1983. 

Lucca independent, 10773 ; cathedral be- 
gun ; Palazzo di Mendieita begun, 1078' ; 
united to Tuscany, 1087 2 . 

Luce, Cyrus G., gov. Mich., 3293. 

Luceri, action at, 1052' . 

Lncerne revolts, 11373. 

Lucian, b.-d., 10283 ; works, 10292 ; exe- 
cuted, 1063'. 

Lucifer matches used, Eng., 946' . 

Lucilius invents poetic satire, 10563, 10643. 

Lncina, asteroid, discovered, 748'. 

Lncius intro. Christianity in Britain, 8402. 

I. St., pope, 10643. 

II., pope, 10743. 

III., pope, 10751. 

Luck, John B., cons. R. C. bp., 9862. 

Lucke, Gottfried Christian Frederick, b,, 
8062; d., 8201. 

Lucker, Samuel, naval captain, 82' . 

Lucknow, Bp. Clifford cons., 1(H>S2; treaty 
of, 10472; besieged, 104S1 ; mission, 10483. 

Lucretia, suicide, 10503. 

Lucretius, Titus L. Carus, b.-d., 10563; De 
Rerum Natura, 10583. 

Lucullus, Lncius Lucinius, b.-d., 10563 ; 
defeated, 10581 ; captures cities ; defeats 
Tigranes ; mutiny; in Mesopotamia; 
invades Armenia ; in Asia M. ; takes Ni- 
sibis, 10582 ; Mithridates defeats, 11501 . 

Lucy Walker wrecked, 1573. 

Lmlden, Patrick Antony, b. (1838) ; cons. 
R. C. bp., 3282. 

Luderitz, F. A. S., in Afr., 8381 . 

Liiders, Gen. Alex., b. (1790) ; at Sehiiss- 
burg, 5222; in Moldavia, 11181 ; d. (1874). 

Ludi Apollinares instituted, 1055 2 . 

Ludington, Harrison, gov., 2951 ; d., 3842. 

, Mark, commissioned colonel, 470'. 

Ludlow, Edmund, b., 8802; d., 9002. 

, Geo. C, gov. N. J., 3093. 

, John, b. (1793) ; pres. Reform Synod, 

1342; d. (1857). 

Ludovica, Duch, d., 836'. 

I.udvigsen, Anna Kristiane, d., 642' . 

Ludwell, Philip, gov., leaves N. C.,513 ; 
gov. S. C, 512, 532. 

Ludwig, son of Pepin, succeeds Charle- 
magne ; revolts, 773' . 

, Christian G., b., 7983; d., 804' . 

, Karl Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 812' . 

, Prince, b., 7922 ; d., 7963. 

TAtdwigslied appears, 7723. 

Ludtrorth collides with CM. Palmer, 9833. 

Luebofnd., 10932; mission, 10943. 

Lufft, Hans, b., 7862; d., 7922. 

Lugan, China, mission, 6243. 

Lugard, Capt., terms with Mwanga, 5642. 

, Sir E., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

Lugash, Austrians defeated, 804' . 

Lugdunensis, a Roman province, 10593. 

Lugdunum. (See Lyons.) 

Luge, Arnold, d., 8301 . 

Lulm, Adalbert, d., 8301 . 

Luh Vinh Phuoc, rewarded, 4822. 

Lulken, Jan, b. (1649); work, 11012; d. 
(1708). 

Luis I., reigns, Port. ; marries ; d., 11112. 

Luitbert, king of It., 10731 . 

Luitpold, Pr. regent, 8331 ; for throne, 8372. 

Luitprand, king of It., 10731 ; d. (744). 

Luke, St., Gospel : Boole of Acts, 11531 . 

Lukin, Lionel, b., 9103 ; granted patent, 
9222; d., 9462. 

Lulli, Jean Baptiste, b., 6882; d., 6942. 

Lully, Ramond, b.-d, 11262 ; Lo Desconort, 
11271. 

Lulu wins yacht race, 5892. 

Lulu, Miss'., mayor Harmon shot, 4743. 

Luluburg founded, 10932. 

Lumpkin, Wilson, b. (17S3); gov. La., 1392; 
d. (1870). 

Lumen, asteroid, discovered, 7481 , 

Lumley, Viscount, title created, 881'. 

Lummis, Charles F-, work, 4791 . 

Lumphanan, action at, 8461. 

Lumsden, Mai., in Afghan, 53. 

Luna wrecked, 1873. 

Luna y Arellano, Tristan de, b. (1519) ; in 
Fla., 233 ; d. (1571). 

Lunacy Acts Amend. Bill passes, 999' . 



Lunalilo, William C, king, d., 10412. 

Lunar Society org., 9212. 

Lunardi, Vincent, balloon ascension, 9222. 

Luncarty, action at, 746' . 

Lund Hill mine explosion, 9613. 

, Univ. fnd., 11343; mission soc.,1136'. 

Lundu mission, 5523. 

Lundy, Benjamin, b., 100' ; d., 1502. 

Lundy's Lane, battle of, 1222 ; eel., 5943. 

Liineberger Heide, petroleum in, 830'. 

Liineburg, Prus., Are, 8333. 

Lunenburg, N. S., settled, 5753. 

Luneville. Fr., treaty of, 5182, 5193. 

Lung-Chow R.R., construction edict, 6253. 

V Unirers Reliqieux becomes Le Morale, 
735 '•. 

Lunney, Ella, shoots McEnroe, 468 2 . 

Lunt, Orrington, presents library, 3882. 

Lupul, Vasilje, rules successfully, 11122. 

Lurgan, Baron, title created, 945' . 

Lurin stormed, 6063. 

Lurting, Robt. t mayor, N. Y., 612. 

lusa, R.R. opened to Turin, 10873. 

Lusatia, Ger., Austrian advance, 516', 
802'; Lower, united to Bohemia, 7833; 
ceded to Saxony, 795 3 . 

Luscinus, Fabricius, defeats Samnites, 
10522. 

Lushington, Edmund L., d., 10102. 

, Lieut., explorer, 4942. 

Lusitania, war with Romans, 1055'. 

Lusk, Andrew, lord mayor London, 9753. 

Lutai railroad destroyed, 625' . 

Lutal, Viceroy of China, 6263. 

Lutchia [Paris], taken, 6622. 

Lutetia, asteroid, discovered, 732' . 

Luther, Karl T. R., discovers planet, 820'. 

, Martin, b., 7862.3 ; events of his life, 

7863; instructor at Erfurt ; prof, at Wit- 
tenberg, 787' ; visits Vatican, 108' ; nails 
thesis, 7882; attracts attention, 6803 ; as- 
sailed, 7SS 2 ; collection for choral singing, 
7892; before Diet of Worms ; condemned, 
7883; at Wartburg Castle, 78!M ; reforma- 
tion spreads, 5083; works, 7892, 3 ; final 
sermon, 7911 ; d., 7902; monument, 825' ; 
centennial, 8303; birth eel., 317' . 

Lutheranism est., 11343 ; in Denmark, 
7363 ; opposed, 7893. 

Lutherans, in New Amsterdam, 301 ; reli- 
gious tolerance, 422, 6923, 7922, 7953 ; 
Church in N. York, 57' , 582 ; in Spott- 
sylvania, Va., 623 ; org. synod, 663 ; in 
N. Y., 982 ; Theol. Sem., 742; granted 
lands in Pa., 1023; N. C. synod fmd., 1123; 
English intro., 1163; Theolog. Sem., at 
Harwick, 1243 ; synods fmd., Md., Va., 
O.; United Synod fmd., 1283; Gen. Synod 
of Maineorg.,1582; org. Ger. Foreign Miss. 
Soc.,1463; Concordia Coll. fnd.,1503; Roa- 
noke Coll. org., 173' ; Norwegian Univ. 
org., 111., 1991 ; Gen. Council, Akron, O., 
2782; Woman's Home and Foreign Miss. 
Soc. org., 3023 ; Norwegian L. annual ses- 
sion held, 3601 ; Univ. of Jena fnd., 7931 ; 
oppressed in Aust. -Hung., 5132; dismissal 
of pastors, Rus., 11202 ; Univ. est. at 
Kdnigsberg, 791 1 ; Univ. of Helmstadt 
est., 7931. (See Evangelical Lutherans, 
German Lutherans.) 

Lutine wrecked, 9282. 

Lutke, Fedor Petrovitch, d., 11201 . 

Lutter, Tilly defeats Danes at, 512' . 

Luttrel, Ladv. lined for]. laying faro, 929 2 . 

Luttrell, Henry, b., 9562. 

Lutz, Johann von, b., 8123 ; d., 834' . 

Liitzen, battle at, 5121 , 720' . 

Luxembourg, D. of Nassau arrives, 5462. 

, Due de, Francois Henri de Montlno- 

rency-Bouteville, b., 6863 ; at Fleurus, 
694'; at Neerwinden, 694'; at Steen- 
kerke, 6941; d., 6943. 

Palace, built, decorated, 686'. 

Luxemburg, Belg., taken, 6922, 1098', 
11001 ; ceded to Fr., 6933 ; Fr. contest 
with Prus.; Fr. desires to purchase, 7373; 
surrendered to Fr., 11021 ; annexed to 
Neth.; proposals for annexation, 7393 ; 
evacuated, 8243 ; question settled, S253 ; 
conf. in London, 9712 ; Journal Histo- 
Hque et Litteraire, 5433. 

, House of, reigns, 5053, 5072. 

Luxor Temple, Egv., erected, 6481; mis- 
sion, 6571 ; obelisk in Paris, 726' . 

Luynes, Due de (Charles dAlbert), b., 
(1578); king's favorite, 6873; d. (1621). 

, Duke of, flees from Fr., 761' . 

- — , Due de, Honore Theodoric Paul J., 
b., 7143 ; d., 7362. 



1320 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Luza-Macc. 



IjUzan, Don Ignacio, b.-d., 11283 ; works, 
11292. 

Luzerne, Anne Cesar de la, b., 7002 ; min- 
ister tO TJ. S., 913 ; d., 7082. 

Luzzarra, It., battle at, 7981. 

Irycsean games instituted, 10132. 

Lycia, subdued, 1062' ; a province, 10632. 

Jjycomedes commands Arcadians, 10223. 

Lycophron of Phene, rules Thessaly,1023 2 . 

Lycui'gus, Gr., b., 10142; est. clubs ; makes 
laws, 10143; rules in Sparta. 10152; laws 
revived, 10272 ; laws abrogated, 10273. 

reigns in Sparta, 10273. 

Lyden, Martin, murder of, 9903. 

Lydgate, John, b., 8582 ; works, 8622, 
8642,3; d.,864'. 

Lydia, empire of, 11452 ; -war with Media, 
11461; -war witrx Miletus, 10141; con- 
quered; province of Persia, 11472,3; an- 
nexed to Pergamus, 11491 ; part of Turk, 
empire, 1155 3 . 

Lydia, asteroid, discovered, 7361. 

Ly-ee-Moon wrecked, 4993. 

Lyell, Sir Charles, b., 9283 ; work, 9663. 

Lyford, John, banished, 312. 

Lyji Kassa [King Theo.], b., 13. 

Lyle, Ed., works, 875' ; d., 878' , 9163. 

Lymaa, Charles, pres. Civil Service Com- 
mission, 341' , 3512, 4473. 

, E. H. R., gift, 420'. 

, Joseph Bardwell, b. (1829) ; d., 2761 . 

, Gen. Phineas, b. (1716) ; erects Ft. 

Edward, 682 ; d., 823. 

, Theodore Benedict, b., 1242 ; P. E. 

assistant bishop, 2822; d.,4441. 

Lyme Regis, Eng., chalk cliff falls, 9482. 

Lymne, Eng., taken, 8401 . 

Lymphatics discovered, 11341. 

Lyneeus, dethrones Danaus, 10133. 

Lynch in Gulf of St. Lawrence, 803. 

Lynch, Charles, gov. Miss., 1453. 

, James, cons, bp., 968' . 

, John R., in treas. dept., 3512, 

, Johnson L., murder of, 3151 . 

, Thos., M. C., b., 1562. 

, , Jr., b., 662 ; d., 912. 

Lynchburg, Va., Feds, invest ; Hunter re- 
tires, 2343. 

Lynching in U. S.. 3782, 3802, 3832, 3883, 
3903, 393' , 3943, 3951 , 3991 , 4003, 4042,3, 
4063,4082,3,4102, 419', 421', 424', 429', 
4331,4343, 4382,3, 4.-,s2, 4(102,4623, 4651, 
4702, 4711, 4722,3, 4731, 4743, 4751; in 
Can., 5003. 

Lynde, Isaac, yields Fort Filmore, 1981 , 

Lynden, Wash., Normal School opd.,3242. 

Lyndhurst, Lord. (See Copley, John S.) 

Lyndon, Josiali, gov. K. I., 772. 

Lyndsay, Sir David, works, 869' ; d., 8702. 

Lynn, Eng., railway accident, 9673. 

, Mass., fire, 3492, 339 1; first Amer 

Lynnfleld, Mass., White Caps, 395' . 

Lyon, relief vessel, 332. 

, Caleb, b., 1302; gov. Ida.,2413;d.,288i . 

, George Francis, b. (179;j) ; expedition, 

9401,9421; d. (1832). 

, Gen. (Confed.), at Ashbyville, 2403. 

^ Irving W., Colonial Furniture, 3982. 

, Mary, b., 1062 ; d., 1662. 

, Nathaniel b., 1281 ; commands Mo. 

volunteers, 194 1 ; at Camp Jackson, 1942; 
at Jefferson Citv; at Uoonville,Mo.,196i ; 
at Day Spring, 1981 ; d., 1983. 

Lyonnais conquered, 6733. 

Le Lyonnais founders, 1813. 

Lyons, Fr., fnd. ; developed, 6632; plun- 
dered, 6641 ; synods of, 6722 ; university 
est., 673' ; silk manufactured, G8O2 ; Do- 
let burned, 681 2 ; steamboat on Saone, 
704' ; taken, 710' , 7S13 ; demolition de- 
creed, 7111; insurrection, 7273, 7312; 
mobbed, 8272, 7523 ; republican flag 
raised, 7412,3; riots, 767 2 ; exhibition 
opd., 7673. 

, Gen. Arnaud, killed, 7432. 

, Lord Edmund, b., 9243, 962 ( . 

, Richard Bickerton Pemell, b. (1817); 

proposed mediator, 1951 ; Trent affair, 
2013 ; discloses raid, 2281 ; surety for J. 
Davis, 2563; d. (1887). 

Lyric poetry, period of, 10143. 

Lys taken, 912' . 

Lysander at ■ iEgoppotainos ; besiegesAth- 
ens ; commands fleet, 1022' ; est. oligar- 
chical govt., 10232 ; d., 1023' . 

Lysias, b.-d., 1019' ; writes orations, 10192; 
at Bethsura, 1148' ; d. (380 B.C.). 

Lysimachia, earthquake, 10263. 



Lysimachus, b.d., 1023' ; master of Thrace, 
10243, 10272; war with Seleucus, 1026'; 
at Cyropedium, 1148' ; rules Bithynia, 
1149'; rebuilds Smyrna, 1155'; k.,1026'. 

Lysippus, b., 10243 ; brings bronze horses 
from Constantinople, 10742. 

Lyster, John, cons. R. C. bp., 9983. 

, Sir Richard, chief iustice, 8693. 

Lylel Gesteofliobin Hode, etc. .issued, 8663. 

Lyttleton, gov., provokes Indian war, 72' . 

, Lord George, b., 9042 ; d., 9183. 

, William, patent granted, 9262. 

Lytton, Bulwer Edward Geo.,E.Lytton, b., 
9323 ; works, 943' , 951 ' , 9643,9763 ; d.,978' . 

.Earl of, title created, 987' . 

, Edward Rob. Bulwer, E.Lytton (Owen 

Meredith), b., 9442; viceroy, 10492; min- 
ister, 9632 ; works, 9603, 9(J43; d., 10062. 

Lyveden, Baron, title created, 959 1 . 



M. 

Ma assassinated, 6212. 

Maatrasina, trial, 9932. 

Maanedtiifc AfJtaudl'nujer issued, 11042. 

J/aanrihtl.rii'i^'or Lilt'craturc issued, 6391 . 

Maas, Joseph, d., 9942. 

, or Meas, Nikolaas, b.-d., 11003. 

Maat-en-Ra (Amen-em-hat 111.) reigns in 

Egypt, 6473. 
Khem-Ra (Amen-em-hat IV.) reigns 

in Egypt., 6473. 
Mabie, Hamilton W., work, 3963. 
Mabillon, Jean, b., 6882; d., 6963. 
Mably, Gabriel Bonnet, L'Abbe de, b., 

6963; works, 7012, 7032, 3; d., 706' . 
Mabotsa mission, 5601 . 
Mabuse, -Ian, or Gossaert, b.-d., 5402. 
Macadam, John Loudon, b., 9143 ; roads 

intro., 9382; d., 9482. 
McAdoo, William, in navy dept., 447 2 . 
McAleer, William, b., 150' . 
MacAlester College opened, St. Paul, 3223. 
McAlester, I. T., mine explosion, 3993. 

, Miles David, d., 262' . 

McAlister, Patrick, cons. R. C, bp., 9962. 
McAll, Robert W., opens mission, 7462. 
McAlpin, Claude, kidnapped, 4622. 

W. H., imprisoned, 260'. 

Macao, China, Ruggiero arrives, 6143 ; 

Portuguese get, 6153 ; Eng. to retire, 616' ; 

mission, 6163, 11243 ; Napier d., 6172 ; 

Eng, refuses, 6173 ; typhoon, 6222. 
McArdle, Eliza, marries Johnson, 135 2 . 
Macarius Chctii Alinei, 11143. 
Mac Arthur, Duncan, b., 76 2 ; gov. O., 

1392; d., 1502. 

, John, sheep breeder, 4941 , 4951 . 

Macartney, Earl of, George, b., 9083 ; gov. 

Ind., 10453; at Peking, 6172; d., 9323. 

, Lord, in duel, 9232. 

Macaulay, Cohnan P. L., d., 10022. 

, Thomas Babington, Baron Macaulay, 

b.,9302; in Pari., 9452 ; minister, 9492; 

works, 9411 , 9431 , ;ir,ij3, 955' ; d., 9622. 

, Zachary, b., 9163; d. (1838). 

Mac-Auley, Catherine E., d., 9503. 
McAyeal, R. A., moderator, 2762. 
Macbeth at Dunsinane ; at Lumphana, 

346' ; assassinates Duncan, 847' ; 

usurper, 8472; killed, 846', 2. 
McEride, John, Pres. Amer. Federation 

Labor, 479'. 
McCabe, Charles C, b., 1462. 
, Edward, b., 9382; cons. R. C. bp.,9823; 

against Land League, 9842; card, priest, 

9882; manifesto read, 9882; d., 9941. ' 

, robber, hanged, 8991 . 

Maccabees, rise'of, 11492. 

McCall, George" Archibald, b. (1802) ; at 

Seven Days' Battles, reenforces McClel- 

lan, 2091 ; d. (1868). 

, John, intro. Australian meat, 969 s . 

, Samuel W., b., 1682; j n House, 4392. 

McCalla, Com., suspended, 3561 ; sen- 
tenced, 3581 . 
McCann, William P., commander, 3261; 

commands, S. Atlantic Squadron, 3661 ; 

commands S. Pacific Squadron ; com- 
mand of Charleston, 3841 . 
M'Carthy, Gen., at Newton Butler, 8981. 
McCarthy, John, cons. bp. Cologne, 9782. 

, John, shoots J. G. Wolf, 4723. 

, Justin, b., 9443 ; works. 9723, 9862 ; 

pres. Irish Land League, 987 2 ; leavesNa- 
tionalists; in Nat. Federal Conven.,1005 2 . 

, Father, boycotts, 10002 ; trial, 10003. 

McCarty, John, bill in assembly, 4223. 



M'Caskill, Gen., in Afghan, 42. 

McCaughey, land commissioner, impeach, 
ment, 4272. 

McCauley, C. A. H., commis. major, 4591 . 

, E. Y.,d.,470i. 

, Francis, moderator, 1343. 

McCausland, Gen., at Hancock, 2363 ; 
burns Chambershurg, 2363; at Cumber- 
land ; at Moorefleld, 237 1 ; at Front 
Royal, 2401 . 

McCawley, Charles G., in navy dept., 
3512; d., 3922. 

MacCheyne, Rob.Murray,b.,9363; d. (1843). 

MeClave, John, resigns, 4653. 

McCleary, J. T., b., 1722. 

MacClellan, George Brinton, b., 1341 ; com- 
mands dept. Ohio, 1942; maj.-gen., 1943; 
at Beverly ; at Currick's Ford ; relieved 
of command, 1963, 2043, 2151 ; commands 
Army of Potomac, 1981, 2043 ; reviews 
army, 2003 ; changes base, 2051 ; leaves 
Fortress Monroe ; besieges Yorktown ; 
against Richmond ; controversy with 
war dept., 20l>' ; appeals for more men, 
2071, 2; at White House, 2081; at Fair 
Oaks; takes Hanover Court House, 2082; 
reenforeed by McCall ; retreats ; in 
Seven Days' Battles, 2O91 ; leaves Harri- 
son's Bar, 211'; at Aquia Creek, 2121; 
defends Washington ; at Alexandria, 
2122 ; at Antietam; at South Mountain, 
2131 ; arrests Maryland Legislature,2133; 
to cross Potomac, 2142 ; first Va. cam- 
paign, 2143; in politics, 2153; nominated 
for Pres. ; accepts nomination but re- 
jects platform, 2393 ; resigns command 
U. S. A., 2401 ; defeated; vote, 2412; 
electoral vote, 2432; g qT ., 3012; d., 3202; 

widow pensioned, 3652 ; statue, 4741. 

, B., Irish flag, 4551 . 

McClelland, Alexander, d., 2411. 

, Robert, gov., 1712; sec. interior, 1732. 

McClernand, Gen. John Alexander, b. 
(1812) ; at Belmont, Mo., 2002 ; at Fort 
Donelson, 2041 ; supersedes Sherman, 
2163, 2181; at Arkansas Post, 2181; at 
Young's Point, 2182 ; at New Carthage, 
2202 ; at Black River ; at Haine's Bluff ; 
at Champion's Hill, 222i ; congratulates 
troops, 2222; relieved, 2223; at Mata- 
gorda, 2321 ; pres. Dem. Conven., 2931. 

Macclesfield, E. of, title created, 9051 . 

, Baron, lord chancellor, 9072. 

McClintock, Sir Francis Leopold, b., 9383; 
brings Franklin relies, 9622. 

, John, b., 1231 ; work, 2603; d., 270'. 

McCloskey, John, b., 1162; cardinal, 2882; 
dedicates St. Patrick's, 3002; d., 3202. 

, Wm. George, b. (1823) ; bishop, 2622. 

McCluney, William J., d., 2312. 

McClure, Gen., abandons Ft. George, 1203. 

M'Clure, Robert John Le Mesurier, b., 
9331 ; discov., 5801, 9542,9602; d.,9781. 

, P. F., nom. for gov. S. Dak., 3451 . 

M'Clurg, Joseph W., gov. Mo., 2693. 

MeConias, Judge, refuses mandamus, 4732. 

McComb City, "Miss., lynching, 4083. 

Macconnel, John L., b., 1341 ; d. 

McConnell, F., d., 5881. 

, Wm. J., gov. Ida., 4471 . 

, S. D., Am. Ejii.icujial Church, 3743. 

McCook, Alex. McDowell, b., 1382 ; at 
Murfreesboro, 2171 ; at Chickamauga ; 
at Farmington ; relieved, 226 3 ; at Mossy 
Creek, 2301 ; at Ashbyville, 2403 ; Gen. 
Jones surrenders, 2463; brig. -gen., 3621 , 
3641 ; maj. -general, 4741 . 

, Gen. Itan., killed near Kenesaw, 2351 . 

, Edward M., b., 1422 ; rn Ga., 2363 ; 

gov. Colo., 2692. 

, Edwin S., d., 2821. 

, Robt. L., b., 1482 ; at Laurel Hill, 1962. 

MacCorkle, W. A., gov. W. Va., 4472. 

McCormack, Alex. H-, captain, 3981 . 

MacCormack, Francis, cons. E.G. bp.,9762. 

McCormick, Cyprus Hall, b.,1161 ; patents 
reaper, 144'; machine perfected, 1602 ; 
gold medal, 1701 ; highest award, 258' ; 
grain binder ; gold medal, 2981 ; d., 3162. 

, Rich. 0., Jr., b., 1401 ; gov. Ariz., 2553 

Observatory dedicated, 3201 . 

Theological Seminary est., 1383. 

McCosh, James, b., 9351 ; works, 9563, 1863, 
3063, 2771, 2371; d.,4741. 

McCoskry, Samuel Allen, cons. P. E. bp., 
1462; deposed, 2983. 

McCoy feud in Ky., 3331 . 

McCoy's Mill, W. Va.. action at, 2003. 

MacCracken, H. M., chanc. of Univ., 3843. 



Mecr-Mcle. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJN JJ-hL-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1321 



McCrary, George W., b., 1442 ; minister ; 

resigns, 3033; d., 360'. 

, W., minister, 2953. 

McOrea, Jane, b., 683; k., 863. 
MeCready, Benjamin W\, d., 410' . 
McCreary, James B., b., 150'; gov. Ky., 

2912; hi Monetary Conference, 4132. 

Bill passes Senate, 4411. 

McCreedv, Thomas C, d., 262'. 
M'Crie, Thomas, b., 9183; d., 9462. 
MacCullagll, James, !>., 1KJ.3 1 ; d., 9542. 
McCulloeh, Ben., b. (1814) ; d., 2052. 
, Hugh, b. (1811) ; sec. treas., 2453, 3192; 

contraets eurreney, 2>1' ; Men, 3323. 



Macedonia captured, 118 2 . 

Macedonia, Gr., dynasty at, 6513 ; Cara- 
nus reigns, 11)152 ■ Philip !.. reigns, 10153; 
conquered, 1016', 10173; Athenians 
against, 10253 ; overrun with Goths, 
10293 ; Eoman province, 10292, 1057' ; 
conquered, 10551 ; ceded;desolated,1068' ; 
phalanx instituted, 10223; Persian wives, 
1025' ; condemned, 1029'; earthquakes, 
11502 ; annexed to Ottoman Empire, 
11572 ; empire ends, 10292 ; insurrection, 
11592 ; dynasty reigns, 10332. 

Macedonian War, first, 10542 ; second, 
10543 ; third ; fourth, 1055' . 



, Sir James, premier, 4973 ; knighted, Maeedonius, bp. of Oonst'ple, 1029', 10683. 

Darling grant, 49X3; ministry, 4991. McEnery, John, gov. La., 2793, 2812; 

, Gen., at Milliken's Bend, 2222. claims govt, of La., 2853 ; d., 3801 . 

MaeCulloch, John, b., 9183: d., 9462. , discovers flint tools, 9421 . 

M'Culloch, John Ramsay, b., 9203; workB, M'Enery, Samuel D., gov. La., 3132. 

9423,9463; d., 9681 . McEntee, Jervis, b., 1362; works, 2721, 

, Philip D., b., 1682. 2861 , 2941 3021 3061 , 3101 , 3121 , 3161 , 

MteCullough, John, b. (1837); as Icilius, 3181, 3221, 3261 ; d., 3761 



2191 ; d., 3202. 

, J. B., d., 466.1 . 

McCurdy, Hugh, Commander, 4123. 

MeCurley, James, org. Washingtonian MacFarlaiid, Daniel, acquitted, 2703. 



Maeeo, Gen., surrenders at Gibraltar, 6322 
McEttrick, M. J., b., 1602. 
Macevilly, John, eons, bishop, 9583. 



movement, 1511 

McCurtin, treas., accounts short, 4402. 

M'Daniel, Henry D., gov., 3152. 

McDannold, John J., b., 1682. 

McDearmon, James C., b., 1562, 

M'Dermott, Terence, conspirator, 9923. 

MacDill, David, moderator, 4202. 

Maed.mald, A. A. gov. P. E. I., 5833. 

, Angus, cons. K. C. bp., 9841 . 

, Charles F., in P. 0. Dept., 3512. 

McDonald. Colonel, at K"iuney. 200 2 . 

MacDoiiald^D. A., gov., 5832 

M'Donald, E. F., 
stated, 375J. 

MacDonald, Etienne Jacques Joseph Alex- 
ander, Due de Tarente, b., 7031 ;b. of Par- 
ma, 5182; at Bar-sur-Aube, 7203; d., 7232. 

, John, cons. bp„ 9682. 

, John C., d., 1002'. 

, Baron, title created, 9172. 

, Baron, lord chancellor, 9072. 

, Sir John Alexander, b. (1815) ; 

premier, 5812, 5x52; ministry of, 5812; 



McFarland, Francis, moderator, 

, W. H., surety for J. Davis, 2563. 

MacFarren, Geo. Alex, b., 9303 ; d. (1887). 

McGann, Lawrence E. b., 1701 . 

MeGarrahan, Win., title sustained, 423i. 

Claim, passes senate, 4253. 

McGee, Thomas D'Arcy, b.,9422 ; assassi- 
nated, 5823, 9722. 

, Maj., near Strasburg, 2203. 

, Sheriff, killed, 4762. 

MaeGeohegan, Abbe James, b., 900n ; Ire- 
land; d.,9151. 
eated, 3592; rein- McGill, Alexander T., d., 3341. 

, Andrew It., gov. Minn., 3252. 

, Jobn D., b., 1162. 

M'Gill, James, b. (1744) ; gift, 577' ; d.(1874). 

Coll., Montreal, 5783. 

Univ., gift, 5X83, 5902; applied science 

movement, 5902. 

Maegillivray, William, b., 9283 ; w'ar with 
Indians, 901 ; d., 9582. 

Melilassin, attacks Brit., Plattsburg, 1222. 

McG-lensey, John F., promoted capt., 352" 



charges against ministry ; admits money M'Glynn, Edward, at Cooper Union, 3541 



received ; ministry resigns, 5X33 ; con- 
gratulations, 58li2 ; threatens, 5871; re- 
signs presidency, 5892 ; support, 5921 ; 
address, 5923; 'policy continued, 593'; 
d., 5921 ; statue, 5961. 

McDonald, Jos. E., nom. vice-pres., 3173 ; 
d., 3861. 

, W. A., bribery, 5943. 

, W. Z., indictments, 4402. 

MacDonald, Capt., in Uganda, 5641. 

, Lady, raised to peerage, 5922. 

, Mr., M. P., gift of, 9882. 

, Baron, title created, 1005 2 . 

, George, b., 9422 ; works, 9663. 

Mac lonnvll, Dictinnariinr' (Junfalions ,9291 . 

, Alex., gov. R. River, 5773. 

, , Rom. Oath, bishop, 5901 . 

McDonnell, Charles Edward, bp., 4021 . 

, Col., takes Ogdensburg, 1201. 

, Capt. Miles, governor, 577 3 . 

~'R. G., gov. N. S.,5792 



attacks parochial schools, 
ehurch despots, 3482 ; conditions of re- 
storation, 3942 ; restored ; ovation, 4201 ; 
speaks, 421 1 ; visits pope, 4321 ; celebrates 
mass, 4341. 

MeGoldriek, James, cons. R. C. bp., 248 2 . 

McGovern, Thomas, R. C. bp. cons., 3282. 

McGowan, Col., at Kinderhook, 2103. 

McGrane, Chief of Police, arrested, 4443. 

McGrath, James, sentenced, 987 1 . 

MeGraw, John H., gov. Wash., 4472. 

McGreevy, Thomas, resigns, 5981 . 

Macgregor, Sir Charles Metcalfe, d., 996 2 . 

, Sir James, statue, 966 2 . 

, John, d., 10081. 

Campbell, Hob Roy, b.,8902; d.,9082. 

McGuffev, Wm. Homes', b. (1800) ; d.,2802. 

McHale, John, d., 9382. 

Maehanidas, killed at Mantinea, 10262. 

Machaut, Guillaume de, b. (1284) ; works, 
6743 ; d. (1370), 



Macdonough, Thomas, b., 961 ; at Platts- Macben, Willis B., vote, 2812. 



burg, 1222 ; d., 1322. 
McDougal, Mr., discharged, 773. 

, Alex., b., 1581 ; d. (17S6). 

, Ephraim, d., 1682. 

, John, moderator, 1283. 

, Robert, org. Presb. Church, 5763. 

, William A., moderator, 1422. 

McDougall, Alex., b., 621; a t Peekskill, 

861 ; d., 981 . 
MacDougall, F. J., bp., 5523. 
McDowell, Va., Federals defeated, 2071 



M'Henry, Mary S., president, 3891. 
Machine launehed, 39G 1 ; trial trip, 430'. 
Maehiavelli, Niccolo, b., 10783 ; sec. at 

Florence, 10793 ; works, 10812 ; d., 10803. 
Machiewicz, Abbe, hanged, 11183. 
Machray, R., cons, bishop, 9683. 
Mcllvaine, Charles Pettit, b. (1799) ; cons. 

P. E. bishop, 1402 ; d., 2802. 
Mcintosh, Ga., Dorchester Acad., 2763, 4. 

, James McQueen, at Pea Ridge. 202 

Lachlan, b., 602 ; d., 1122 



MacDowell, Irvin, b., 1262; advance on Mclntyre, H.W., nom. for gov. Col., 4712. 

Manassas, 1963 ; in Army of Potomac, , Peter, cons, bishop, 6S02. 

2043 ; in Va., 2052 ; commander ; de- Mack, Karl, surrenders Ulm, 51S3 ; con 

tached, 206' ; at Fredericksburg, 20112 ; mander, 8083. 

defense of Wash., 2082 ; at Centerville ; , Leiberich, b., 5143 ; d., 5202. 

at Groveton, 2122 ; relieved, 2123, 2263 ; McKaig, William M., b., 158' . 

commands Pacific Coast, 2:132; commands Markall, Gen., at Island No. 10, 2052. 

4th military dis., 258' ± , 262' ; d., 3202. McKane, John Y., case, 4422, 4423, 444: 

M'Dowell, James, b. (1796) ; gov. Va., 1572; 4451 4483, 4492, 4502,3, 453' , 4592. 



d. (1851). 
MeDuffie, George, b. (1788); gov. S. C, 

1452; d., 1682. 
Mace, Samuel, in Va., 26' ;. 
Macedo, Jose Agostino de, Or'tente, 1110'. 
Macedon rises in power, 10233 ; invaded, 

10243, 1026'. 



Mackarness, John Fielder, d., 1000 

Mncko y-Bennett cable-steamer, 471 2 . 

Mackay , n Alex. Murdock, b. (1849) ; Zanzi- 
bar, 5612 ; baptism in Uganda, 5613; ex- 
pelled, 562' ; d.,5622. 

, Charles, b., 9363 ; works, 951', 9682; 

d., 10021 . 



Mackay, Capt., rifles Martello tower, 9711 . 
McKay, Donald, b., 1162 ; d., 3041. 
Mackay, Gen., at Killiecrankie, 8981. 

, G. M. ^contested election, 3111. 

, John W., trip, 3933 ; shot, 4242. 

, Philip, mission, 2922. 

, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 982' . 

, Thomas, Pita for Liberty, 3962. 

Mackaye, Steele, b., 56' ; d.,452'. 
McKean, Frank A., embezzler, 4763. 

, Thomas, b., 622 ; g0 v., 1093 ; d.,.1262. 

, William W r ., d.,247'. 

JIcKee. Maj., at Hudson, Mo., 2021 . 
McKeesport, Pa., mills resume, 4373 ; 

strike, 4622 ; centennial, 471 3 . 
McKeever, Isaac, b., 1042 ; d., 1781. 
McKeighan, William A., b., 1542. 
McKendree, Wm., b. (1757) ; ordained bp., 

1142 ; d., 1442. 

College founded, 135' . 

McKenna Bill, passes, 3532. 

, Alice, murdered, 1001'. 

, Col., defeats Sioux, 2921 . 

, Donald, governor, 5773. 

McKenzie, Tenn., Bethel Coll. org., 1703. 

Mackenzie, Alex. Slidell.b., 1102; d., 1641 . 

, Sir Alex., b., 9123 ; polar expedition, 

5162, 9242 ; goes to Pacific, 5762 ; reaches 
coast, 1041 ; d., 9402. 

, , b. (1822) ; agent frees slaves in 

Afr., 5632 ; premier, 5833 ; ministry re- 
signs, 5852 ; d.,594'. 

, , maj.-gen., d.. 1002'. 

, Charles F., bp. at Zambesi, 5612; lib- 
erates slaves 59X3 ; d., 6612. 

, Douglas, cons. P. E. bishop, 9862. 

, Sir George, b., 8822 ; d., 9862. 

, Henry, b., 9103 ; d., 9442. 

, J. Kenneth, d., 6242. 

, Sir Morell, b. (1837) ; royal physician, 

3822 ; tracheotomy, 8223 ; d., 1008'. 

, Robert Shelton, b., 935' ; d., 986' . 

, Ronald Slide]], d., 3341 . 

, William Lyon, b., 5762 ; leader,578i ; 

proclamation, 5792 ; d.,5801. 

Basin, exploration, 5901 . 

River, Can., disc, 576 2 ; attractions, 

5863 ; Bishop Bombas, cons., 9742 ; 
Bishop Reeve, cons., 1006 3 . 

McKeon, Mr., kills opponent; hanged, 925'. 
Maekie, Charles P., Ocean Sea, 3982. 
McKim, A. J., colporteur, 6323. 

, John, bishop to Japan, 4321 . 

Mackinac Island, park on, 289i . 
Mackinaw, Mich., mission, 563,602,1311, 

5151 ; surrendered to British, 1181 ; as- 
saulted, 1222. 
McKinley, John, gov. Del., 853. 

, ', b., 931 ; justice of U. S. 1492. 

, William, b. (1844) ; M. C. from O., 

2972 ; Committee on Ways and Means, 

3491 ; intro. Tariff Bill, 3592 ; nom. for 

gov. O., 3872 ; chairman Nat. Conven.; 

nom. for pres., 409i ; gov. O., 4212, 4312 ; 

subscription for, 4242 ; debts paid, 4521 ; 

pres. U. S. (1897-1901). 
Tariff Bill, 3571 , 3592, 3, 3691 ,2, 4013, 

4031 ; Aust. press attacks, 5353. 
McKinney, Luther F., nom. for gov. N.H., 

4151 ; minister, 4473. 

, Philip W., governor Va., 3751 . 

Mackintosh, Sir .lames, b., 9162; works, 

9353 ; d. (1832). 
McKitrie, E. S., moderator, 3501 . 
Macklin, Charles, b. (1697±) ; appears in 

London, 906' ; d. (1797). 
McKnight, John, moderator, 1062. 
McKnivett, James, sentenced, 987' . 
Mackonnochie, A. H., ritualist ; trial, 9702; 

sentence, 9782; appeal dismissed, 9862. 
MacLachlan, John, cons. R. C. bp., 984'. 
Maclagan, Wm.D., elected bp., 9803, 10062. 
MacLane, Louis, b., 98' ; sec. of treas., 

1392 ; treaty with Mex., 1903 ; d., 182' . 

, Rob. Miiligan.b. (1815); diplomat,1903. 

McLaren, Edwin W\, b., 1382 ; cons. P. E. 

bishop, 2883. 
McLauin, John L., b., 186' . 
Maclauriii, Clin, b., 9002 ; d., 9122. 
McLaws, Gen. Lafayette, b. (1821) ; at 

Gettysburg, 224' . 
Maclav College of Theology opened, 3203. 

, Edgar Staunton, U. S. Navy, 479 ' . 

, Dr. Robert S., opens mission, 1094' . 

Maeleag mission, 5002. 

McLean Co., 111., relief for Russians, 4023. 

, Alexander, b., 142' . 

A., kills Miss Douglas, 4683. 
Capt., on American, 305 2 . 



1322 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Mcle— Magll. 



McLean, John, b., 962 ; p. m . gen., 1333; 
justice IT. S. Supreme Court, 1372 j nom. 
pres., 1S03, 1873 ; d., 1922. 

•, Robert, .shoots at queen, 988 1 . 

■, M. W., moderator, 5882. 

McLeod, Alexander, indicted, 1532 ; ac- 
quitted, 579'. 

M'Leod, John, in Georgia, 633. 

MacLeod, Xavier Donald, b., 130 1 ; d. 
(1865). 

Maclise, Daniel, b., 935' ; Play Scene in 
Hamlet, 9502 ; d. (1870). 

Maclure, "William, b., 723 ; d., 1522. 

, Capt., captured, 9703. 

Mc3Iahon, Lawrence S., cons, bishop of 
Hartford, 3022 ; d.,436'. 

MacMahon, Comte Marie Edme, Patrice 
Maurice de, Due de Magenta, b., 717 1 ; 
at Magenta, 5241 ; at Strasburg ; at 
Worth ; at Saverne, 738' ; fails to relieve 
Bazaine ; reaches Chalons-sur-Marne, 
740 '; at Sedan; retreats; retreat cut 
off, 740 2 ; commander-in-chief, 7442 ; 
pres. of Fr., 7473 ; increased power, 7491 ; 
displaces Simon ministry, 751 1 ; submits 
to majority, 7512; arbitrator, 6012; con- 
flict with Chambers ; opens Exhibition, 
7513; on council of war; supported for 
pres., 7472; d., 7661 ; funeral, 7662. 

, Marchioness, conspiracy, 748 3 . 

McMahon, "Win. H.. tariif commissioner, 
3111. 

M': Million, James, gift to E. C. univ., 3822. 

Mai.' Master, Donald, commissioner, 5942. 

McMaster, John Bach, b. (1852); works, 
3163, 4203. 

McMiehael, Morton, b., 1141 ; d., 3001 . 

MacMillarapatna, India, mission, 10463. 

McMillan, James, b., 1501 . 

■, William H., moderator, 3162. 

McMillin Benton, b.,158i ; speaker, 3992 ; 
Internal Revenue Bill, 4511 . 

M'Minn, Joseph, governor Tenn., 1252. 

McMiunville College, Ore., org., 1863. 

M'Mullen, Favette, governor Wash., 1833. 

McMurdo, Sir William Scott, b., 10102. 

McMurray, Wm., pres. lief, synod, 1263. 

McMurrough, Dermod, banished, 851 2 . 

MoMurtrie, Henry, d., 2471. 

Macnab, Sir Allan Napier, b., 5762; leader, 
5781 ; d., 5801 . 

Macnaghten, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Sir "William, Aden captured, 9493 ; en- 
voy to Afghanistan, 51 ; killed, 52. 

McNagny, William F., b., 1681. 

M'Nair, Alexander, governor Mo., 1292. 

McNales, James, shoots ' leo. Hoover, 3803. 

Macnally, David R., b., 1162. 

McNeil, Col., at Ivirksville, 2103 ; gueril- 
las hanged, 2143 ; at Cape Girardeau, 
2203. 

, Gen., in Sudan, 6602. 

Macneil, Hector, b., 9122; d.,9383. 

MacNeven, Wm. James, b., 916 2 ; d.,9502. 

McNierny, Francis, cons. Roman Catholic 
bishop, 2763, 2962 ; d., 4481 . 

McNish, George, missionary, 522. 

M'Nulty, Father, beaten, 3803. 

M'Nutt, Alex. G., gov. Miss., 1492. 

Macomb, Alex., b., 951 ; commands army, 
1341 ; at Plattsburg ; retires, 1221 ,2 ; d., 
1522. 

, Commander, takes Plymouth, 2392. 

, William H., d., 2781 . 

Macon, Fr., purchased, 6713. 

Macon, Ga., Mercer Univ.org., 1423; earth- 
quake, 1741 ; Stoneman'rt raid, 23G 3 ; sur- 
rendered, 2462 ; pio Nono College, R. C, 
org., 2922 ; bust of Lanier, 3701 . 

and Brunswick R. R. sold, 303 3 . 

, Nathaniel, b.,71 ; speaker,1112,113i ,3; 

No. 2 Act passes, 119 2 ; electoral vote, 
1332 ; pres. Senate, 1352 ; d., 1482. 

McPherson, Edward M., pres. Nat. Rep. 
conven., 2931 ; clerk of House, 3483. 

Macpherson Ministry, formed, 4983. 

Macpherson, Sir Herbert Taylor, d., 9942. 

, James, b., 9102; Ossian, 9152; d., 9283. 

, Birdseye, b., 1362 ; a t Bruins- 
burg ; at Champion's Hill ; at Haines' 
Bluff; at Raymond; at Jaekson, 2221 ; 
recalled from Red River ; commands 
Dept.of Tenn., 2303,2322; near Marietta, 
near Pumpkin Vine Creek, 2341 ; at At- 
lanta, 2362 ; d., 2373. 

, Sir John, b. (1745) ; gov. -gen. India, 

10453 ; d. (1821). 

, R., b., 1421. 

, Gen., at Suez, 6582; in Abys., 61. 



McQuaid, Bernard J., cons. R. C. bp., 2622; 
cons., Dp., sustained by pope, 3422. 

MeQuaid, Alderman, of New York, sen- 
tenced, 325L 

MeQuade, John, commissioner, 4593. 

Maequarie Plains, gold discovered, 4961 . 

, Col. Lachlan, gov., 4951 . 

MacQuearey, Howard, suspended, 3542 ; 
trial ; suspended deposition, 3742. 

M'Rae, John J., gov. Miss., 1771 ; d., 2621 . 

McRae, Thomas C, b., 1682. 

Macready, William Charles, b., 9262; first 
appearance, 9362 ; Astor Place riot, 
1643 ; in N. York, 1341 ,1641 ; d., 9781 . 

McRedmond, T. T., cons. R. C. bp., 10042. 

Macrinus, Marcus Opilius, b. (164) ; de- 
feated, 10641 ; reigns, 10293, 10653; assas- 
sination of Caraealla ; purchases peace ; 
killed, 10653. 

Macro, Navius Sertorius, favorite of Tibe- 
rius, 10632; k. (38±). 

Macrorie, W. R., cons, bp., 6003,9663. 

McTavish, Wm., gov. Red River S., 5773. 

McT'vcire, Holland N., ordained Meth. 
Epis. bishop, 2522 ; d., 3361. 

McVeagh, Wayne, h. (1833); minister, 3072; 
atty.-gen., resigns, 3092 ; ambassador to 
Rome, 4473. 

MacViokar, John, b., 982 ; d., 264i. 

M'Vicker's Theater burned, 3673. 

McWhirter, L. B., shot, 4142. 

McWhorter, Alexander, b. (1734) ; modera- 
tor, 1062 ; d. (1807). 

M'Willie, Wm., gov. Miss., 1852 ; d., 2661 . 

Machinery prohibited in prisons, 3783. 

.exports prohibited, 9182,9193 ; riots 

against, in G. B., 9451 . 

Machine ram invented, 7901 . 

Macy, Thomas, in Mass., 412. 

Mad Parliament assembles, Eng.,8551. 

Mad River Railroad opened, O., 1493. 

Madagascar tsee text, pp. 1094-95), Fr. pro- 
tectorate, 753 3 ; Fr. honor supported, 
7551 ; peace, 7552 ; protectorate recog., 
7611; rupture of relations, 7632 ; grant 
protested, 7672 ; fund for campaign ; 
trouble with, 7673; naval engagement, 
9342; Bp. Kestell-Cornish cons., 9742. 

Madaiiapalli mission, 1047 2 , 

Madden, Sir Fred., b., 9303 ; d.,9781. 

Madder cultivated in Ger., 7921. 

Madderne, Edward Byrne, threats, 9831 . 

Madeira, acquired by Port. ; grape-vine 
and sugar-cane planted, 11093. 

Madeline wins America cup, 2933. 

Madersburger, sewing-machine, 5202. 

Madison, N". J., Drew Sem. fnd.,2543. 

, S. Dak., Normal School opd., 3143. 

, Va., Confederates defeated, 2263. 

, Wis., Univ. of Wis. org., 1643 ; State 

Histor. Soc. Library tint., 1663; Coll. for 
Women opd., 2742 ; Washbume Observ- 
atory erected, 3001 ; hospital est., 360 3 . 

, George, governor Ivy., 1252. 

, James, b. (1749) ; bp., 1022; d. (1812). 

, , b., 692; graduates from Prince- 
ton, 771 ; marries, 1071 ; se c. state, 1112 ; 
electoral vote, 1153, 1212 ; inaug. pres., 
1171,1213; war against Eng., 1173; favors 
Fr. commerce, 1172 ; war message ; de- 
clares war, 1192 ; cabinet, 121 3 ; signs 
Delevau's declaration, 1451 ; d., 1462. 

Univ., N. Y., est., 1251 ; Library build- 
ing, 3383 ; changed to Colgate Univ., 341 1 . 

Madler, Johann H., b., 8062 ; d., 8281. 

Madoc, legendary (•/> Welsh pr., d., 8502. 

Madole, battle at, 518' . 

Madoz, Pascuale, b.-d., 11303. 

Madras, E. I., fnd., 8S33 ; attacked, 9101 ; 
bishopric est., 9483 ; Archbp. Colgan 
cons., 9862; surrenders, 10441 ; besieged, 
10442; mission, 10462, 10483, 10491 ; uni- 
versity established, 10462. 

Madrazo, Don Federico, d., 11322. 

Madrid, Sp., sacked, 11261 ; peace of, void, 
6802; yutnria's Requiem printed, 11292; 
treaty of, 452, 6333, 6.S13 ; foundation of 
Escurial, 11281 ; capital of Sp., 11293; in- 
trigues, 5133 ; taken, 11281 ; telescope, 
9302 ; Napoleon enters, 7173 ; supreme 
junta fmd., 11312 ; Eng. enter, 936', 
7162; evacuated, 7182; surrenders; mili- 
tary revolt, 11301 ,2, H322 ; k. R. to Lis- 
bon, 11113 ; students' riots, 11312 ; Pro- 
testants worship ; professors and stu- 
dents expelled. 11322,3; Ger. legation 
attacked, 11333 ; Workman's Cong. ; ex- 
plosives in Cortes, 11331 ; Cortesguarded, 
11333; Protestant church opened, 11323. 



Madrid-Aranjuez R. R. opened, 11311. 
Madrigal Society fnd., London, 9102. 
Madura, Jesuit mission, 10432, 1046 3 ; 

Roman Catholic success at, 10491. 
Madvig, Johann Nikolai, b.,6382; d.,6421. 
Maecenas, Caius Cilnius, b.-d., 10583. 
Maelin, Victor, executed. 6342. 
Maerlant, Jakob van, b.-d., 539 2 ; Flowers 

of Nature, 10983. 
Maes, Camillus Paul, b. (1846); bp., 3182. 
Maestricht, Neth., taken, 692' , 7001 , 11001 . 
Mafeking, attack on, 6021 . 
Mafia, in Sicily, 10893 ; mob against, 381' . 
Maffei, Francesco Scipione, b., 10831 j 

works, 10833 ; d. (1775). 
Maffit, John Newland, b., 1061 ; d., 1681 . 
Mafube, O., free State, mission at, 11051. 
Magadha, ambassador from, 613 2 . 
Magannis, Edward, cons. R. C. bp., 998 3 . 
Magantone invents stucco-work, 10761 . 
Magasinal istoriea peutru Dacia, 11133. 
Magauscia uncrowned, 3 3 . 
Magazine of Am. History appears, 296 3 . 
Magaw, Col., at Fort Washington, 843. 
Magdala, Abys., bombarded, 21 . 

, Nicaragua, mission at, 11032. 

Magdalena River, steamboats run, 6293. 
Magdeburg, Saxony, fnd., 7732; imperial- 
ists repulsed, 6361 ; Catholics take, 5121 ; 
battle at, 6961 ; occupied, 7161 ; besieged, 
7921 ; monastery at, 7723 ; archbishopric 
fmd., 7742; under ban, 7913; blockaded, 
794' ; taken, 7942,795' ; archb'pric ceded 
to Sax., 7953; battle of, 796'; 808'; an- 
nexed to Brandenburg, 7973, to West- 
phalia, 8093; restored to Prns., 8112. 
Magdoshu captured, 561 3 . 
Magee, William, b. (1765) ; d., 9442. 

, Connor, b. (1821) ; cons, bp., 9663; 

10062 ; d., 1006'. 
Magellan, Straits of, entered, 183. 

, Fernando, b.-d., 11092; sails; enters 

Pacific, 183 ; in Plata Sea, 489' ; sails 
around S. Am., 11093 ; circumnavigation 
of globe, 182, 191. 
Magrllancs, engagement with, 608 3 . 
Magendie, Francois, b., 7051 ; d.,7322. 
Magenta launched, 7341 ; destroyed, 7481 ; 

worthless, 7661 . 
Magenta, It., battle of, 5241 , 7341 . 
Maghazee reigns in Egypt, 655 2 . 
Maglieramorne. Baron, title created, 996 3 . 

, Lord, J. M. Hogg, d., 10022. 

Magi banished, 6123; order est., 11063. 
Magic' ill Egvpt, 6483. 

lantern invented, 7962, 8541 , 

Magic wins race, 2713. 
Magiciemie wrecked, 9341 , 

launched, 9981. 

Magila, mission station, 8383. 
Maginn, William, b., 9263; d.,9502. 
Maginnis, J'Mward, cons. R. C. bp., 9983. 
Maglai, action at, 5281. 

Magliabccchi, Antonio, b., 10823; d., 10831. 
Magna Charta, King John grants; an- 
nulled ; revised, 853 2 ; renewed, 8533. 
Magna Gra-cia, colonized ; colonizes Italy. 

10133; states ruined, 10552. 
Magnan, Bernard Pierre, b., 7082; d.,7362. 
Magnano, It., French defeat, 7122, 
Magnard, Francois, d.,7661. 
Magnay, Christopher, lord mayor, 9393. 

, S. W., lord mayor London, 9492. 

Magne, Pierre, b. (1806) ; financier, 739' ; 

minister, 7392, 3, 7472, 7491 ; d. (1879). 
Magner, Thomas F.,b., 1861. 
Magnesia, battle of, 10262, 10551. 
Magnesium first obtained, 9343. 
Magnet known, 6101 ; powerful, 9561 , 
Magnetic needle, dip discovered, 8741 . 

variations, theory published, 8961 , 

Magneto- elect lie machine, first, 9461 . 
Magnifying-glasses invented, 4862. 
Magnin, M., minister agriculture, 7412. 
Maqnolia explodes, 261 3 . 
Magnus I. reigns, 11051, 11351; d., 11041. 

II. reigns," 11051 , H852. 

III. reigns ; conquests in G. B., 11051 ; 

invades Orkneys, Scot., Ire. ; k., 11041. 

IV. reigns ; dethroned, 11051 . 

, V., defeated by Swerro, 11041 , 1105' ; 

crowned by archbishop, 11051. 

VI. reigns, 11051 . 

VTI. reigns, 11051 (Magnus III. of 

Sweden); d., 11041. 

, Albertus, K.rjio.sition Aristotle, 7803. 

, Heinrich Gustav, b., 80S2; d. (1780). 

of Norway enthroned, 6352 ; on Isle 

of Man, 8481 . 



Magn- Mali. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1323 



Magny, Oliver de, Sonnets, 6831 ; d. (1560±). 

Mago, at Genoa, 10543. 

Magoffin, Beriah, gov. Ky., 187 1 ; refuses 

troops, 1932; proclaims neutrality, 1953; 

resigns, 2113. 
Magomero mission, 561 2 , 838 3 ; slave settle- 
ment, 5983. 
Magoon, Elias Lyman, b., 1162; d. (188G). 
Magrath, And. G., gov. S. C, 2413; d.,4261 . 

, W., in Nat. Acad, of Design, 2941 . 

Magruder, John Bankhead, b. (1810) ; at 

Big Bethel, Va.,19Gi; checks McClellan, 

2001 ; i u Seven Days' Battles, 2091 ; a t 

Galveston, 2181 ; d. (1871). 
Maguire, Edward, in duel, 9372. 

, James G., b., 1722. 

, John, burial, 3322. 

, Francis, b., 9363; d., 9762. 

Magwe captured, 10482. 
Maifijar Museum issued, 5171. 

, Laszld, d., 5262. 

-Magyars in Hung., 5031 ; in Aust., 5032, 

5041 ; defeat Turks, 50S1 ; in Bavaria, 

7721; conquer Ger., 7721, 7732; in Fr., 

7722; demand tribute, 7733; uprise, 8172. 
Mahaffey, John P., b. (1839) ; works, 9791 , 

9983. 
Managua, provincial govt, est., 11042. 
Mahalla mission, 6571 . 
Mahan, Capt. Alfred Thayer, b. (1840) ; 

works, 4203, 4461; in London; degrees 

conferred, 10122. 

-, Fred. A., commissioned major, 45G1 . 

Mahanoro, mission, 101*42 ; bomb'd, 10953. 
Mahanoy, Pa., Soldiers' Monument, 4161 . 
Mahar, James, starvation, 4773. 
Mahazula, at Laureneo Marquez, 6042. 
Mahdi reigns in Egy., 6552. 
Mahdists, ravage Abyssinia, 31 . 
Mahdiya captured, 11392. 
Mahichandra Rautore reigns, 10432. 
Mahmoud reigns, 1107 2 . 

Canal opened, 6563. 

Pasha, Kgypt, forms ministry, 6592. 

— , grand vizier, Turk., 11591 , 2. 

Shah reigns, Afgh. ; favors literature, 

53; dethroned ; restored; gains Herat; 

expelled ; d., 51 . 
Mahmud, sultan of Ghazni, b.-d., 10423 ; 

defeats rajah, 10421 ; est. dynasty, 1155 2 ; 

intro. Mohammedisrn, 10431. 
, sultan of Arabia, 4871 . 

Shah reigns in Persia, 11073. 

II., conqueror, Ind., b.-d., 10423. 

reigns in Ind., 10432,3. 

— — Shah reigns in India, 10452. 
, son of Mir Wais, d., 43. 

I., b.-d., 11563; reigns, Turk., 11572. 

II., b.-d., 11563; reigns, Turk., 11573. 

IV., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10431 . 

V., emp. Ind,, b.-d., 10431 . 

XIII., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10443. 

XIV., emp. Ind., b.-d., 10443. 

Ali, nawab of Oudh reigns, 10473. 

Bahadur Shah reigns, 10473. 

of Ghur, in India; rules, 10432. 

Tughlak reigns, 10432, 3. 

Mahoetahi, action at, 9641 . 
Mahogany in Eng.,8773; general use, 9073. 
Mahon, Thaddeus M., b., 1522. 
Mahone, Wm., b., 1341 . 

-, William F., nom. for gov. Va., 3451 ; 

political circular, 3912. 

Mahoning Valley, furnaces closed, 3973. 

Mahony, Francis (Father Prout) ; b., 
9323 ; Father Prout, 9483; d., 9701 . 

Mahratta, fort of, captured, 10441 ; king- 
dom founded, 10451 . 

War (first), 920 1 , 9321, 10441,2; de- 
feated, 10441 ; cause of war, 10453; power 
broken ; second war ; third war, 10461 ; 
Holkar refuses Brit, treaty, 10472. 

Mahuaim, mission at, 11241 . 

Mahy, Fran. 0. de, minister, 7532, 3 t 7571. 

Mai, Angelo, b., 10843; d., 10863. 

Mala, asteroid, discovered, 1922. 

Maichu, peasants attack, 7881 . 

Maida, battle at, 7161 . 

Vale ; Home, incurable children, 981 1 . 

Maid of the Mist on Niagara River, 3153. 

Maids'of the Cross, Eng., est., 8802. 

Maidstone, Eng., riot at, 9292. 

Maigret, Junell, d., 10412. 

, Louis D-, cons, vicar-apostolic, 10402. 

Mailath, Janos Nepomuk, b., 5163 ; d., 5242. 

Mailberg, King John defeated, 5061 . 

Maillard, Oliver, b.-d., 6762. 

Maillart, Jean, kills Marcel, 6752. 

Mailly, Abbe, Akebar composed, 688 z . 



Mails exclude antislavery papers, 1453 ; 
merchandise admitted; daily delivery 
in N. Y., 1933 ; withdrawn from the 
South, 1953, 1971 ; overland, 1973 ; at St. 
Louis, 1853 ; cut off, Confederate, 2033 ; 
trains, fast, intro., 2*93; troops protect, 
3221 ; under Civil Service, 3392 ; Am. ves- 
sels employed, 3873 ; Service Bill passed, 
3392 ; robbery, 4343 ; Stead's book ex- 
cluded, 4562 ; subsidies, Can., 5872 ; by 
coaches, Eng. ,9193; overland route, 9473; 
on railroads, G. B., 9493 ; posts in Fr., 
6671; robbery, 7681. 

Maimbourg, Louis, b., 6862 ; d., 6942. 

Maimonides, Moses, b.-d., 1126 2 . 

Main conspiracy discovered, 8792. 

Maine, battleship, launched, 3701 , 

Maine, Fr., conquered, 6681 ; ceded to 
Anjou, 6693; united to Fr., 6792; sur- 
rendered, 8632. 

, U. S. A., division line est., 33 2 ; pur- 
chase, 393; population, 412 ; yields to 
Mass., 421 ; taken from Mass., 432; :\Iass. 
governs, 433 ; Fr. gets E. part, 45 1 ; Iiob- 
ertP. Dunlap.gov. .452; Mass. purchases, 
472 ; a province of Mass., 491 ; Jesuit 
missions, 502 ; on Fr. frontier, 533 ; Fr. 
and Indian conflict; Indians pacific, 541; 
Fr. claims in, 551 ; Kasles, mission in, 
582; English settlements, 592 ; Machias, 
Margaretta seized, S02 ; posts est. ex- 
tending to Ga., 81 2 ; Falmouth Gazette 
issued, 983 ; Bowdoin Coll. fnd., 1063 ; 
separated from .Mass., 1272; P.E. diocese 
org., 1282; State admitted; Colby Univ. 
fnd., 1291 ; Wm. King, gov., 1292 ; W.D. 
Williamson, gov., 1293 ; Gen. Conf. of 
Congregationalists org., 1342; Enoch Lin- 
coln, gov. ,1353; Universalists' StateCon- 
ven. held, 1362; Daily Courier, 1371 ; Na- 
than Cutler, gov., 1373; Samuel B. Smith, 
gov. ; Jonathan D. Hunton, gov., 1392 ; 
library, state.org., 1403 ; Edward Kent, 
gov., 1512, 1531 ; John Fairfield, gov., 
151 2 ; Edward Kavanagh, gov., 1572 ; 
Hugh J. Anderson, gov., 1591 ; first pro- 
hibitory law, 1611 , 2, 17S3; Geo. Burgess, 
cons. P. E. bp., 1623 ; John W. Dana, 
gov., 1633; East Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 
1642 ;;M. law signed, 1691; John Hub- 
bard, 'gov., 1692; tornado, 1701; Demo- 
crats strengthen M. law., 1703 ; W. G. 
Crosby, gov., 1743 ; Prohibitory Law 
enacted, 1783, Law repealed, 1803; Sam- 
uel Wells, gov., 1812 ; Joseph H. Wil- 
liams, gov., 1832; Hannibal Hamlin, gov., 
1832; Lot M. Morrill, gov., 1852 ; Dem- 
ocrat office destroyed, 199 1 ; Israel Wash- 
burn, Jr., gov. ,2032; Aimer Coburn, gov., 
2293 ; Confed. raiders in, 2362 ; Samuel 
Corry, gov., 2413 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 
2432; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572; intoxi- 
cants prohibited, 2591 ; J. L. Chamber- 
lain, gov. ; Prohib. Liquor Law passed, 
2593; Agricultural Coll. fnd., 2623; Con- 
stabulary Law repealed, 265 2 ; earth- 
quake extending to Iowa, 2702, 3521 ; 
Prohibitory Law reinforced, 2723, 2811; 
Sidney Perham, gov., 2772 ; industrial 
school at Hallowell, 2S71; Nelson Ding- 
ley, gov., 2873; Unit. Asso. formed, 2882; 
Compulsory Education Bill passes, 2911; 
death penalty abolished, 2923 ; Selden 
Conner, gov., 2951 ; statue of Gov. King, 
3001 ; Eldership Ch. of God, org., 3002 ; 
Alonzo Garcelon, gov. ; Rep. claim legis- 
lature, 3033 ; Dan. F. Davis, gov., 3052 ; 
Young People's Society of C. E. org., 
3062; Female Suffrage, 3071; Harris M. 
Plaisted, gov., 3093 ; death penalty re- 
stored, 3151; Fred. Robie, gov., 3152; 
Prohibitory Amend, approved, 3191 ;Pro- 
hibitory Amend, adopted, 3192 ; Board 
of Health est., 323 1 ; Capital punishment 
est.; Labor Day est., 329 2 ; Sebastian S. 
Marble, gov., 3293; Brit. Gleaner seized, 
3372 ; Austral, ballot system rejected, 
3363; selling votes, 3391 ('plumbago mine 
dis., 3421 ; Anti-trust Act ; Edwin C. 
Burleigh, gov., 349 2 ; W. P. Thompson 
for gov.. 3632 ; disfranchisement of illit- 
erates ; Gen. Tern. Bill passes, 3812 , ,aw 
effective, 3831 ; tornado. 3921 ; forest fires, 
3933 ; Edwin C. Burleigh, gov., 3991 ; 
Henry B. Cleaves, gov., 4471 . 

, Sir Henry James Sumner, b., 9403 ; 

works, 9643, 9923, 9763; d., 9981 . 

de Birun (.Marie Francois Pierre Gon- 

thier de Brian), b., 7031 ; d., 7242. 



Maintenon, Francois d' Aubigne, b., 6882; 
Louis XIV. marries, 6932 ; Memoires, 
6972; d., 6981. 
Mainz, Hesse. (See Mentz.) 
Maipo, Chile, battle of, 6061 . 
Mair, John (Major, John), b. (1470±) ; 

Great Britain, 8671 ; d. (1550+). 
Mairet, Jean, b., 6862; d., 6942. 
Maisonneuve, Jules Germain Francois, 

b.,719i. 
Maissonier, Sieur de, gov. Montreal, 5723- 
Maistre, Jos. Marie, Comte de, b., 10842 ; 
works, 7131 , 7192, 7231 ; d., 10862. 

, Comte Xavier de, b., 7031 ; works, 

7103,7193; d., 7322. 
Maitland, Can., hematite ore dis., 5901 . 

, Adm., at Macao, GIG 1 . 

- — , James, Earl of Lauderdale, b., 9143 ; 
d., 9483. 

, , D.of Lauderdale, b., 8801 ; royal 

decree, 8923; minister, 8932; persecutes 
Covenanters, 8943. 

, Peregrine, lieut.-gov., 579 2 ; gov., 

5773; assists Griquas, 11052. 

, Sir Richard, b., 8661 ; d., 87G2. 

, Sir Thomas, Commissioner, 1035 3 . 

Club, Glasgow, founded, 9491. 

Maittaire, Michel, b., 8922; d. (1747). 
Maiwand, battle at, 61 . 
Maiz-Ad-Din builds Cairo, 4871. 
Maize, cultivation begun, 281. 
Majd, Zanzibar, 4882. 

Majestic, maiden trip, 3573; breaks record,. 
3573, 3793, 3893 ; injures schooner, 4673. 

■ , at Victoria, 5953. 

captures 'J'lrpsiehnre, 9361 . 

Majesty, title of addicss, Eng., 8791. 
Major, J. P., takes Brashear City, 2231 . 
Majorca, taken, 112G1 . 
Majorian (Julius Majorianus) reigns; mur- 
dered, 10712. 
Majors, Thomas J., nom. for gov., 4692. 
Majuba Hill, Transvaal, action at, 9861 . 
Majunga captured, 10953. 
Makanjira, chief, defeated, 10121 . 
Makart, Hans, b. (1840); d., 6302. 
Makemie, Francis, inMd.,482; org.Presb.. 
church, 4S2 ; appeals for missionaries, 
522; licensed, 542; trial, 563. 
Makenzie, Mr., Brit, resident resigns, 6032. 
Makhaberg, mission at, 11241 . 
Mikodweni, mission at, 11113. 
Makomo, d., 6013. 
Makta River, French defeated, 8 2 . 
Malabar, India, conquered, 10433 ; Portu- 
guese settlements taken, 10451. 
Malaboch, chief, surrenders, 6042. 
Malacca conquered, 10433 ; ceded to Brit., 

10472 ; gold dis., 11242. 
Malachi prophesies, 11463. 

II., Ire.; defeats Danes, 8461 ; reigns,. 

9472 ; d., 8462. 
Malaga, Sp., naval battle off, 9021 ; upris- 
ing, 11321 ; cholera, 11323. 
Malagrida, Gabriele, b. (1689); burned, 

11113. 

Malahide, Baron Talbot de, title created, 

9412 9591 . 
Malan mission, 6023. 

Mala Vita' brigands execute persons, 10903. 
Malazkuna, action at, 1032. 
Malbone, Edvi aid G., b., 891 ; d., 1141 . 
Malehus defeats Herod, 11501. 

, dedicates Waterford cathedral, 8483.. 

Malcolm I., king, murdered, 8451 . 

Ily king; assassinated, 8471. 

III., vassal, 847 2 ; reigns, married, 

8473 ; invades Eng., 8481 ; homage to 

William, 8491 ; killed, 8481. 

IV., king of Scot., 8511 . 

, Sir John, b., 9183; d., 9462. 

Malcom, Howard, b. (1799) ; d., 3002. 
Maid. .11, Eng., battle of, 8461. 
Maldumius, king, strangled, 8431. 
Malebranche, Nicolas, b., 6882 ; works, 

6931, 2; d., 6971. 
Malek Shah, reigns, 11552. 
Malesherbes, Chretien Guillaume de La- 

moignon de, b., 6982 ; advocate for Louis 

XVI., 7092 ; a., 7102. 
Malet, Sir E. B., signs agreement, 835 2 . 
, Lucas (Mrs. Wm. Harrison), work, 

10063. 
Malherbe, Francois de, b., 6823 ; works, 

6851, G871; d., 6863. 
Mali takes Swat., 41. 
Malibran, Maria Fclieita Garcia, b., 7171 ; 

d., 7262. 
Malin, Adm., at battle of Gravelines,872i .. 



1324 



Text Figures denote Page. UN ±J ILK.. Superior Figures indicate Co/u 



Mali-Mant 



Malines. (See Mechlin.) 

Mallalieu, Win. F., elected M. E. bp., 3163. 

Maliarino, pres., 629*. 

Mallet, height, of balloon ascent, 7561. 

, Charles Auguste, 1>., 7163 J d., 7501. 

, Sir Louis, d., 10021. 

, orMalloch, David, b., 9002; d. (1765). 

Malleville founders, 311 3 . 

Malley, James, acquitted of murder, 3103. 

Mallory sinks, 2063. 

, C, Confed. sec. navy, 1913. 

— -, Stephen B., b., 1522 ; d., 2821 . 

Malloy, Patrick, sentenced, 9993. 

Malmaison, Fr., sortie against, 7421. 

Malmesburv, William of, b.-d., 8482. 

, Earl of, title created, 931 1. (See 

James Harris.) 

, Earl of, erects hospital, 8S11 . 

Malmd, Sue., truce of, 8161 ; compact re- 
jected, 8173. 

Malokong mission, 11241 , 

Malone, X. Y., arsenal burned, 1221. 

, Edmund, b., 9103 ; d., 9363. 

, Sylvester, regent, 4541 ; jubilee, 4721. 

Maloney, Billie, gives bail for trial, 3591 . 

Malory, Sir Thomas, b. (1430±); King Ar- 
thur, 8642; d. (1470±). 

Malou, Julius, b. (,1810) j ministry, 5452,3, 
5471; d. (1886). 

Malpighi, Marcello, b., 10823 ; discovers 
Malpighian layer, 10822; d., 10831. 

Malplaquet, Fr., French defeated, 5141; 
battle of, 6962. 

Malta, given to knights, 10811 ; taken, 7122. 
10741; surrenders, 7141 ; dispute with G, 
B.,7153; mutinv,932i; annexed to G. B., 
9312; besieged, 11561. 

Ridge, N. Y., gas-well, 4401 . 

Malta, infernal machine in, 9871 , 

Maltby, Pa., riot, 4731. 

Malte-Brim, Conrad., b.-d., 6382. 

Malthas, Thomas Robert, b., 9163; Prin- 
ciples of Population, 929 ^ ; d., 9462. 

Malus Etienne Louis, b., 7043 ; polariza- 
tion of light, 7162 ; d., 7192. 

Malvern Hill, Va., battle of, 2092, 2102,3. 

Malwa, ceded, 1042, 

Mama Ocello Huaco, arrives, ll 1 , 3 . 

Mamelukes, overthrown ; rule Egy., 6553; 
massacre, 6562 ; struggle against Turks, 
6572; in Armenia, 11553; defeat of, 11561 . 

Mamertines, aided by Romans ; seize Mes- 
sana, 10522. 

Mamiani, della Rovere, Count Terenzio, 
b., 10843; d., 10901. 

Mamie collides with Garland, 3053. 

Mammalia, system introduced, 9622. 

Mammals, development of theory, 8141 . 

Mammoth skeleton found. Eng., 9321 ,9402; 
flesh discovered in Siberia, 1116 2 . 

Mamoun, or Al Minium, b.-d., 11542. 

Mamre mission, 5971 . 

Mamusa, O. Free State, mission at, 11051 . 

Man, see of, erected, 8402. 

with Iron Mask, d., 6962. 

Managua. Nicaragua, riots, 1104 2 . 

Manakintown, conference at, 93 1 . 

Mauamadura mission, 10463. 

Manas surrendered, 6221. 

Manassas strikes Richmond, 200 1 . 

— — , Va., advance on, 1963 ■ evacuation 
begun, 2043 ; battle, 2122. 

— —Gap, Va., Confederates defeated, 2251 ; 
Augur defends, 2391. 

Junction, Va., Confeds. at, 1963, 2122. 

Manassas, high-priest, 11491. 

Manasseh, sins of, 11443 % reigns, 11453 ; 
high-priest, 11482. 

Manby, Capt., life-saving apparatus, 9342. 

Mancenion. (See Manchester.) 

Manchester wrecked, 9533. 

Manchester, Eng., Roman station, 839 1 ; 
taken, 8401 , 8841 ; subdued, 8421 ; Chris- 
tianized, 8422 ; burned, 8441 ; retaken 
from Danes, 8442; chartered, 8571 ; sanc- 
tuary privileges removed, 8683; aulnager 
stationed at, 8733; Cheetham Coll., fnd., 
8883; riot. 995 1 ; M. Weekly Journal, 
9063; m. Gazette, 909 1 ; Queen's Theater 
opd., 9122 ; Infirmary fnd., 9132 ; corn- 
grinding at, 9153; Agricultural Soc inst., 
9161; lunatic asylum est., 917 2 ; muslin 
mfg.; subscription concerts, 920 2 ; Liter- 
ary and Philos. Soc. fnd., 9211 ; mechan- 
ics' riots, 9212; Philos. Soc. est., 922 1 ; 
new Baity Bridge built, 9233; fever hos- 
pital erected, 933 2 ; new Bailey Court 
built, 9253 ; Queen's Theater burned, 
9253 ; Philological Soc. inst. ; Theater 



Royal est., 9322 ; portico erected, 9331 ; 
water-works est., 9353 ; Blanket meet- 
ing suppressed, 939 1 ; Lock Hospital fnd., 
9392; reform meeting held, 9392, 9691; 
Natural History Soc. projected ; New 
Brunswick Bridge built, 940 1 ; Floral and 
Horticultural Soc. est. ; Royal Inst'n ; 
Mechanics' Inst'n org., 9402 ; Deaf and 
dumb school est. ; Law library fnd., 941 1 ; 
Chamber of Commerce est., 9413; musi- 
cal festival, 9422 ; launching disaster, 
9433; concert-room est., 9441; borough 
est., 945 3 ; Choral Soc. est.; Statistical 
Soc. fmd., 9461 ; church rate refused, 
9463; incorp.,9473; Geological Soc. inst., 
9481; British Asso. meets, 9482, 9602, 
9961; chartered; Police Act passes, 9493; 
PeelParkopd.; Philip's Park opd., 9522; 
Queen's Park opd., 9522 ; Chetham Soc. 
fnd. ,9523; Anti-Corn-Law League meet- 
ings ; free trade meetings, 953 1 ; Owen's 
Coll. fnd. ,9531, 9743; bishopric est., 9543; 
free library opd. ,9563; strike, 9571 ,9611 ; 
Peel statue, 9582 ; a city, 9592; Exhibi- 
tion Fine Arts opd. ,9602 ; Xat. Social Sci- 
ence Asso. meets, 9641 , 2, 9662, 9741 ; Re- 
ciprocity Asso., 9643 ; Fenian outbreaks, 
9711; Town Hall opd.; panic in Music 
Hall, 9733 ; Nat. Soc. for Women est., 
9723; Alexandra Park opd., 9741 • Owen's 
Coll. est., 9743 ; Scientific Industry est., 
9781 ; statue of Cromwell, 9801 ; Free Li- 
brary opd., N822; Owen's Coll. changed to 
Victoria Univ., 9S43 ; Art School opd., 
9861 ; Fine Art and Industrial Exhibi- 
tion opd.; Fine Art Gallery opd., 9901 ; 
Geographical Soc. est., 9923; great polit- 
ical meetings, 9931 ; ship Canal Co. fmd., 
9953 ; Royal Jubilee Exhibition opd., 
996i; bp. Moorhouse cons., 9962; ship 
canal begun, 9973, and opd., 10073, 10123; 
Birchfield grounds opd., 9991 ; gas-men 
strike, 10023; Oldham bank cashier ab- 
sconds, 10031; martyrs' meetings pro- 
claimed, 10032 ; anarchist meeting 
stopped, 10111. 

Manchester, N. IT., Unit. Asso. org. at, 2191 ; 
R.C.dio.fmd.,31S2;GV/^/M,<asliore,308i. 

, N. Y., burned by British, 1211 ; Mor- 
mon church at, 1363. 

-, Duke of, title created, 905 1. 

Manchu, anti-Christian riots ; Mohamme- 
dan insurrection, 6271 . 

, dynasty rules, 615 3 . 

Tartars, invasion, 6141, 6153. 

Manchuria, mission, 6222, a ; insurrection 
of Mohammedans, 6271; Russian forces 
massacred, 11201 . 

Mancini, Hortensia. b., 10823 ; d., 10831 . 

, Pasqnale Stanislaus, b., 10862. 

Maneo Capac, in Peru, 111 , 3; d., Ill . 

II., b., 16'; defeat, 202; crowned, 

212 ; d., 221. 

Inca Yupanqui reigns, 2(.M ; k., 232. 

Manda, British flag raised, 5632 j conces- 
sion canceled, 562 2 . 

Mandalay, mission, 10472; Brit, in, 10482. 

Mandapasalia mission, 10463. 

Mandats for land issued, Fr., 7113. 

Mander, Carel van, b.-d., 5403. 

M a nderson, Charles F., b., 1482; senator; 
Pres. senate, 3792; vote of thanks, 4253. 

Mandeville, Nationalist, imprisoned, 9971 , 

', Sir John de, b.-d., 8562; Travels, 8583. 

Mandl a mission, 10483. 

Mandomai mission, 5523. 

Mandridrano, Madagascar, mission, 10943. 

Mandru, ex.-treas., accounts short, 4743. 

Maneroo Plains explored, 4941 . 

Manes, or Manielueus, b.-d., 11062 ; teach- 
ings ; burned alive, 10663. 

Manetho, b.-d., 6522 ; History t 6523. 

Manfaloot mission, 656 3 . 

Manfred, b.-d., 10742; K. of Naples, 10753; 
at Benevento, 6721; K. of Sicily, 7812; 
falls at, 7813. 

Mang enthroned, 6111 . 

Mangalore, Bp. Pagani cons., 9922. 

Mangals defeated, 61. 

Mangan, James Clarence, works, 9551. 

Manganese found 3601 . 

Mangerton collides, 9613. 

Manghoa, M. Dupuis, 4801 . 

Mangu, proclaimed einp., 6151 ; d., 6142. 

Mangum, "Willie Person, b. (1792); elec- 
toral vote; popular vote, 147 2 ; pres. 
Senate, 1552, 1572, 1593; ,1. (1861). 

Manhattan Island (see New York City) ; 

Coll., N. Y., org., 1731 ; incorp., 2253. 



Manhattan Rail. Co. 2813 ; accident, 4373. 

Manichaens, or Manichees, arise, 10663 ; 
favored ; persecuted, 11063. 

Manikraramain mission, 10472. 

Manin, Daniele, b., 10843 ; proclaims re- 
public of Venice, 10872 ; d., 10882. 

Manipur, India, revolution, 10493. 

Manipuris, India, British attack. 10061 . 

Manistee, Mich., Lumber Co. fail, 3713. 

Manisty, Sir Henry, d., 10021 . 

Manitoba, Can., Highlanders in, 5773; M. 
Free Press issued ; insurrection, 5823 j 
province fmd., 5832; Russians in, 5833 ; 
M. Liberal issued ; "Wesleyan Inst, est., 
Nor'west Farmer issued, 5843 ; storm, 
5901; legislature dissolved, 5951 ; timber 
reserves, 5963. 

Mankato,Minn., Normal School opd., 2662. 

Manley, John, b., 622j cruise of, 86 2 ; d., 
1042. 

, , post-master, 889*. 

, Jos. H., Nat. Rep. Committee, 4492. 

, Mary de la Riviere, b., 8922; d., 9062. 

Manlius, Caius, commands insurgents, 
10582. 

, Capitolinu-- Marcus, at Tarpeian 

Rock, 10513. 

Manly, Gen., at ITnionville, 2201 , 

, Charles, governor N. C., 1671 . 

Mann, Alex. H., pres. Ret synod, 1683. 

, Horace, b., 1061 ; works, 1683, 1742, 

3982 ; d., 1842. 

, Lieut., at Wounded Knee, 3741 . 

Manna falls, 11402. 

Manners, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

, Capt., commands Ju-indeer, 1221. 

, Charles, D. of Rutland, b. (1754); lord 

lieut. ; minister, 9233; d. (1787). 

. , C. J.,I>. of R., b. (1816) ; d.,9982. 

, John, Marquis of Granby, b., 9062 ; 

commander-in-chief, 9361; d.,9183. 

, (John James Robert, D. of Rich- 
mond), P. M. gen., 9713, 9792, 9933,9953. 

, Lord. (See Sutton, Thomas M.) 

Mannheim, Baden, founded, 7933 ; taken, 
7102, 7961, 806». 

Manning. Daniel, b. (1831) ; secretary of 
treasury, 3211; d., 3281. 

,Henrv Edward, b., 9331 ;cons. archbp., 

9682 ; card, priest, 9803 ; jubilee, 10002 ; 
assists strike, 1001 1 ; d., 10062 - funeral, 
10072. 

, John L., governor S. C, 171 2 . 

, Richard J., governor S. C, 1332. 

, Robert, b., 8542; works, 8562; d., 

8582. 

Manogue, P., bp. of Sacramento, 318 2 . 

Manometer invented, 7962. 

Mavnooth College founded, 9271 j endowed, 
9523 ; enlarged, 9643. 

Mans, Le, Fr., Yendeans defeated, 7101; 
siege of, 7441 ; battle of, 8261 . 

Mansart, Francois, b., 6861 ; d., 6903. 

, Jules Hardouin, b., 6883; d., 6963. 

Mansel, Henry Longueville, b., 9402 ; d., 
9761. 

, Sir Robert, against Algerines, 81 . 

Mansfeld, Count Ernst von, b., 7922 ; aide 
Bohemians, 7951 ; d., 7943. 

Manst'elt at Costa Rica, 6302. 

Mansfield, Mich., mine accident, 4393. 

, Mo., tornado, 3022. 

, O., counterfeiters captured, 4763. 

, Pa., anarchist miners, 4502. 

, Tex., College organized, 2782. 

, Earl of, title created, 9212. 

, Joseph King Fenno.b. (1803) ; at An- 

tietam, 2131 ; d., 2133. 

, Sir William, in India, 10482. 

Manso, Jose" de, gov. ; fnds. cities, 6053. 

Manson, Federal gen. at Richmond, 2122, 

Mansur, Al, Abou Jaffar Abdallah, d., 
4842. 

, Charles H., in treas. dept. T 4472. 

Mansurah, Egy., Crusaders defeated, 6541 ; 
battle of, 6721 ; mission, 6571 . 

Mantegna, Andrea, b. (1431) ; paints St. 
George and Drat/on, 10781 ; d. (1506). 

Mantell, Gideon Algernon, b. (1790) ; dis- 
covers extinct animals, 9421 ; d. (1852). 

Manteno, 111., cyclone, 1741 ; wreck, 4393. 

Mantes, France', taken, 7403. 

Manteuifel, Baron, Edwin H. K., b.,8083; 
at Olmutz, 5233 ; at Rouen, 7423 ; near 
Bapaume ; at Havre and Cherbourg; at 
Pont Moyelles, 7431 ; drives French to 
Switz., 7441 ; enters Holstein, 8221 ; as- 
sumes govt., 8232 ; d., 8302. 

, Baron Otto Theo.von,b.,S0S2;d. ,8302. 



Iffant-Mark. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNiiJJliX.. Superior Figures Indicate Column. 



1325 



Mantin, action at, 11121 , 

Mantinea, Gr. , action at, 10202 , 10223 , 10262 . 

Mantle, Lee, apxiointed senator, 4253. 

Mantoff, M., shot, 568' . 

Mantoon, Afgh., Mangals defeated, 6'. 

Mantua, It., surrenders, 776'; Gonzugas 

rules, 10773 ; siege raised, 6861 ; sacked, 

1082' ; seized, 10833 ; cceded to Emp., 

5143 ; siege of, 518' ; capitulates, 51S 2 ; 

lost by France, 1084' ; Holer shot, 519' ; 

Aust. retains, 5252 ; restored to It., 10892. 

, Duke of, d., 1082'. 

Mantz, Felix, executed, 11372. 

Manuane, mission at, 11241 . 

Manuel I., Comnenus, emp., b.-d., 10322 ; 

reigns, 10333 ; in it.; at Mvrocephalus ; 

in Lydia, 10322 ; i u Servia, 1123' . 
II., b.-d., 10343 ; reigns, 10352 ; aids 

Mobammed, 10353. 

, or Manoel, Francisco, b.-d., 11102. 

, Jacques Antoine, b., 7043 ; d., 7243. 

, Juan, b. (1282) ; iv, irks, 11271 ; d. (1347). 

, Garcia Co. in N. Y., 1321 . 

■ and Boness Junction, collision, 979 3 . 

Manufactories, steam warmed, 9342. 
Manufacturers Association org., 3903. 
Manufactures oppressed, 551 ; boycotted, 

743; of colonists limited, 63 2 ; of flannel, 

1321 (see cotton, iron, etc.) ; relieved 

from taxation, 2631 ; develop, 85S 2 ; of 

cloth encouraged, Eug., 9041 . 
Manumission Society formed, 991. 
Manutius, Aldus, b.-d., 10783. 

•, Paulus, b. (1511) ; d., 10S1'. 

Manvel, Pres., supplies seed-wheat, 3693. 
Manvels, Allen, d., 424' . 
Manvers, Earl of, title created, 9,31'. 
Manwyne, British expedition attacked, 

622'; massacre, 623'. 
Manzanillo, Cuba, planters meet, 6333. 
Manzoni, Alessandro, Count, b., 10843 ; 

works, 1087' ; d., 10882. 
Mauehetti, Carlo, d., 10SS2. 
Maoris, war with Great Britain, 9641 , 965 1 , 

9661 , 967' . 
Map of northern seas, 8562.; Sanuto's ; 

Lizigana's ; Yalsequa's ; Donis's, 12'; 

La Cosca's, 17' ; John Smith's, 263. 
Mapes, James J., d., 250' . 
, Walter, b. (1140±) ; works, 8503 ; d., 

852'. 
Maps by wood engraving, 7862. 
Maquet, Auguste, b., 721' ; d., 7562. 
Mar, Earl of, title created, 8603, 873'. 
, Earl of, regent, 8573 ; at Dupplin 

Moor, 858' . 

, Earl of, regent ; d., 8752. 

, Earl of, at Harlaw, 860' . 

Marah, bitter waters, 11403. 

Marajo, Brazil, French colony, 29 ' , 5533 ; 

French surrender, 5533. 
Maranham, Bra., insurrection at, 503, 5551 . 
Maranhao, Bra., colony est., 25 3 , 5542 ; 

captaincy of, 5532 ; attached to Brazil, 

555' ; inissious, 5563. 
Marash, mission of Am. Board, 11563. 
Marat, Jean Paul, b., 7003 ; works, 7063 ; 

leader, 707' ; assassinated, 7082, 7093. 
Marathon, Gr., battle of, 1018' . 
Marathon, British cruiser, launched, 998' . 
Maratti, Carlo, b., 10823 ; d. (1712). 
Marbach, Ger., league of, 7852. 
Marbeau, Jean Baptiste Firinin, b., 713' ; 

d.,750'. 
Marble, Sebastian S., governor Me., 3293. 
Marblehead launched, 4i2' ; speed, 444'. 
Marblebead, Miss., tire, 3313. 
Marble Island, expedition lost on, 575' . 
Marburg, Ger., cathedral founded, 780 2 ; 

conf. at, 7902 ; University fud., 7892 ; 

Univ. of Giessen transferre.1, 795' . 
Marca, Pierre de, b., 6842 ; d., 6902. 
Marcabrum writes poems, 669' . 
Marceau, Francois Severin Desgraviers, 

Gen., b.-d (1769) ; at Le Manes, 710' . 
Marcel, Jean Joseph, b., 7043 ; d., 7322. 

, Stephen, leader of revolution, k.,675 2 . 

Marcellinus, St., pope, 10663. 
Marcello, Benedetto, b., 1083' ; d., 10842. 
Marcellus I., St., pope, 10663. 

II., pope, 10812. 

■ , Marcus Claudius, at Clastidum,662' ; 

conquers Venice; atMilanand Comum, 

1053' ; commander, captures Syracuse ; 

defeated ; killed, 10542. 
Marcere, M. de, minister, 7512,3 ; resigns, 

7513. 
March, Earl of, title created, 883' . 
, Earl of, in England, 8643. 



March, Lord Campbell, chief justice, 967 2 . 

, Francis Andrew, b., 1322 ; Compara- 
tive Grammar, 2723 ; work, 2503. 

, Richard, rope machine, 9222. 

Marchall, William Calder, b., 9363. 

Marchant, Sir J. G. Lee, gov. N. S., 5792. 

Marchaud, M., tortured, 4803. 

Marche, Olivier de la, b. (1459); Mimoires, 
6763 ; d. (1501). 

Marchenoir attacked, 7422. 

.Marches, annexed to Sardinia, 1089'. 

Marchfeld, Aust., battle of, 504' . 

Marchienne-au-Pont, Belg., riots, 545'. 

Marciano, French defeat, 682' . 

Marcinnus, b.-d., 10283 ; emp., 10312. 

Marcion, heretic, b., 102S3. 

Marcoinanni defeated, 1062' . 

Marcos, Tex., dynamite explosion, 4493. 

Marcus, Julius de, suicide, 4693. 

, St., pope, 10663. 

Marcy, William Learned, b., 98' ; " to the 
victor belong the spoils," 141 ' ; leads the 
Hunkers ; gov. N. Y., 1433 ; sec. war, 
1592 ; at Dem. Nat. Conven., 165' , 171' ; 
sec. of State, 1732 ; on Danish Sound 
dues, 1752; d., 182'. 

Harden, Lord. (See Yorke, Charles.) 

MardiGrns festival, New Orleans, 3763. 

Mardin, mission, 11563 ; ch. reorg., 1158' . 

Mardonius, Gr. commander, 1016' ; in En- 
rope, 10173 ; commands Persians ; in 
Thessaly, 10182; d., 11062. 

Mardontes, Persian commander, 1018 3 . 

Marduk-bel-usati killed, 1144'. 

nadin-acbi reigns, 1143 2 . 

strum reigns, 1145' . 

Mare, Peter de la, imprisoned ; speaker 
of House, 8593. 

Marees mission, 657' . 

Marengo, It., battle of, 5182, 7141 . 

Maret, Henri Loins Charles, b., 7163. 

, Hugnes Bernard, Due de Bassano, 

b., 703' ; d., 7282. 

Marey, M. E. J., inv. sphymograph, 736' . 

Margantown, W. Va., Univ. opd., 256 2 . 

Margaret of Anjou, queen, b.-d., 6762 ; 
marries Henry VI., 8632; forces defeated, 
864' ; flees to Scot. ; seeks aid of French 
king, 865'; d., 8652. 

of Aust. b., 7862; negotiates peace of 

Cambray, 511'; d.,7902. 

Sophie, archducb., Aust., weds, 536 2 . 

, Duchess of Burgundy, b.-d., 109S2. 

, Queen of Den., b.-d., 636 2 ; regent in 

Nor.; queen; reigns in Swe.,637 2 , 11352. 
, Princess, marries James IV., 8671 , 

I. of Fr. marries Edward I., 8571 . 

, Countess of Holl., claims lordship, 

10991 ; adheres to William ; cause ruined, 

10981 ; resigns ; resumes, 10!I'.I2; d., 10982. 
, Q. of Navarre, b.-d., 6783 ; works, 

6812,6831. 
" Maid of Norway," marriage, 8653 ; 

d., 8542. 

of Parma, regent, 1099 2 ; resigns, 

10993. 

, Princess, of Prus., married, 8363. 

, infant Queen of Scot. ; d., 855 3 . 

of Scot, marries Eric II., 11051 . 

Alart/aretta seized, 80 2 ; in navy, 812. 
Margarit, Pedro de, Uapt.-Gen., 153. 
Man/arita, asteroid, discovered, 760' . 
Margary, Mr., killed, 6231 . 

Marggraf, Andreas, b., 798 3 ; beet-root 

sugar, 8002 ; d., 8042. 
Margraves first appointed, Ger., 7733. 
Marguerite de Valois, b., 6822 ; Mtmoli\s 

of, 6872 ; d., 6862. 

.Princess, marries Edward I., 6733. 

Margueritt.es, Julie de, d., 2521. 

Marheineke, Philipp K., b., 8042; d.,8162. 

Marhof, Daniel, b., 7963. 

Maria I., Port., reigns, 11103. 

II., Port., b.-d., 1110 2 ; reigns; powers 

aid ; declared queen ; sanctions charter ; 

weds Ferdinand, 1111' . 
Christina, Q. dowager, b., 11303; weds 

Ferdinand VII. ; regent ; abdicates, 

11312 ; impeached; returns; deposed; 

escorted to Portugal, 11813. 
, marries Alfonso XII. ; empress ; 

regent of Spain, 11333. 

, reigns in Poland, 11152. 

, queen of Sicily, 10772. 

Bertha de Rohan, marries, 5363. 

Francesca, marries P. John, 11113. 

Francesco, Donna, reigns ; d., 555' . 

Henrietta marries, 5443. 

Maria Isabel captured, 606' . 



Maria Louisa, Aust., b., 519' ; weds Bona- 
parte, 5203, 521' ; d., 730' . 

Augusta, b., 8102 ; d., 832' . 

of Sp. weds Monlpensier, 7292. 

Louise, empress ; d., 5203. 

Mercedes Isabella, b., 11322. 

Pia, princess, weds K. of Port., 10893. 

Theresa of Aust., queen of Hung., b. f 

7983; dominions settled; heir, 515'; 
marries Francis 1..8012 ; convokes diet ; 
infant son to diet, 5122 ; opposes clergy, 
542? ; alliance with Fug., 5152 ; appeals 
to Hung. Diet, 8012 ; peace with Prus., 
5152, 8033 ; crowned, ,0152 ; claims sup- 
ported, 11013; gift, 5171; ruling spirit, 
8013; fnds. Belgian Acad.. 5123; council 
Of state, 5172 ; fosters industry, 5173 ; 
reforms, 5163, 5172; aids serfs"; rules 
Hapsburg dominions ; uniform laws, 
6172; d., 5163; monument, 5302 

of Sp. marries Louis XIV., 6913. 

Valeria marries, 5343 

Vittoria, D. of Aosta, d., 11322 

Mariamne marries Herod the Great 11512. 

Mariana, colony founded, 6613 

, Juan de, b.-d., 11282; works, 1129' . 

Mariani, M., d., 7562. 

Marianna, Ark., Confeds. defeated, 215'. 

Maricha, minister in Abys., 23. 

Marie, grand duchess, Rus., weds, 979' ; 
1119'. 

Amelie, b., 705'; weds, 7193; d., 7362. 

de Bourbon, b., 7362. 

Antoinette, b., 7022 ; , ve ds Louis XVI., 

7052 ; Diamond Necklace scandal, 707' ; 
beheaded, 70S2, 7103, 7111 . 

de France, Giti/enier, Equitan, 6711 . 

, Princess, of Bourbon, weds, 8331. 

, Princess of Edinburgh, weds, 8362. 

Louise, of Parma, married, 5683. 

Mariel, port of entry, 6342. 
Mariendal, French defeat, 688 1 . 
Marietta, Ga., Confeds. captured, 2341 ; 

Johnston evacuates, 2351. 

— -, O., settled, 1013; Centennial eel. ,3293. 

■ College founded, O., 1443. 

Mariette, Auguste Edouard, b., 724' ; 
works, 7343, 7383, 7432, 7433, 7502 ; d., 
7522. 

Marin, Don Saba, commander, 6342. 

Marine Conference International, 7493. 

Biological Association founded, Lon- 
don, 992' . 

Engineers Inst, fmd., Lond., 976' . 

Schools, est. by govt., 2852. 

Society fnd., London, 915' . 

Mariner's compass used, 1078'. 

Marini, Giovanni Bat list a,!,. 15011; ; works, 
10832 ; d. (1625). 

Marino Sanuto, map of, 12'. 

Marinus, St., fnds. republic of, 1071 2 . 

1., pope, 10723. 

II., pope, 10723. 

Mario, Giuseppe, b., 1085' ; d., 1090' . 

, Marchesse di Candia, I). (1812) ; fare- 
well, 9742 ; d. (1883). 

, Signer, at Castle Garden, 176' . 

Marion, N. J., R. R. collision, 4233. 

County, Tenn., phosphate rock dis- 
covered, 342' ; land purchases, 349 3 . 

, Francis,!.., 62' ; leader, 92 1 ; in South; 

retreats, 922 ; d., 1061. 

Mariote, Edma, b., 6863 ; d., 6923. 

Mariposa, gold shipment, 4393. 

Mariposa, Cal., Big-tree park, 2351 . 

Maris or Myrrha, discovered, 7481 . 

Marischal Coll., fnd., 877' ; rebuilt (1837) ; 
unites with Aberdeen Univ., 9623. 

, E., aids Jacobite rebellion, .9061. 

Maritime Canal Co., Nicaragua, 1st expe- 
dition, 3412, 3432 ; org. ; receiver, 1104' . 

Conference, Brussels, 544' . 

Exchange, Silver Resolution, 435' . 

Provinces, Can., favor union, 595' . 

supremacy, struggle for, 25' . 

Marius, invents hammer action, 696 2 . 

— -, Caius, b.-d., 1055 ' ; in Provence; in 
Af r., 1056' ; war with Sulla ; defeats the 
Marsi ; at Pass of Little St. Bernard ; 
crosses Alps; mutiny; escapes to Afr., 
10562 ; defeats Gauls, 662' ; besieges 
Rome, 1056 3 ; in command ; consul ; 
against constitution, 1057 2 ,3 ; unpopu- 
lar ; retires to Asia ; terrorizes Rome, 
10573 ; at Sacriportus, 1058' . 

Mariux, Filips van, works, 1099' . 

Marivaux, Pierre Carlet, de Cbamblain de, 
b., 6942 ; works, 699' ,2 ; d., 703' . 

Mark Lane Express issued, 946 3 . 



1326 



Text Figures denote Page. lis ]J.fc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Coktmn. Mark-Mary. 



Mark, Father, mission to Znili, 203. 

, St., intro. Christianity in Egypt, 6522; 

Gospel written, 1153 2 . 

Markets, est. in towns, Ger., 7833. 

Markham, Clements It., b. (1830) ; Peru, 
4203. 

, Henry H., gov. Cal.,3292, 307', -3991. 

, William, dep.-gov. Pa. ; frame of 

government, 533. 

Markhardt of Epperstein, duke, 5033. 

Marks, Albert S., gov., 3033 ; d., 3941 . 

Marlay, Thomas, chief justice, 9113. 

Marthoroiujh enters Liverpool dock, 9013. 

Marlborough, Can., Indian defeat, 5742. 

, Mass.T destroyed, 461. 

, Vt., battle at, 661 . 

, Bishop Earle cons., 9983. 

, Duchess of, appeals for poor, 9851 . 

, Duke of. (Sec John Churchill.) 

, Earl of, minister, 8832. 

Marlowe, Christopher, b., S722 ; works, 
8752, 8771 ; d. (1593). 

Marniaduk, reigns in Babylon, 1145 3 . 

Marmaduke, John S., at Cane Hill, 2161 ; 
at Prairie Grove, 2162 ; at Hartville ; 
attacks Springfield, '-'lsi ; at Cape Girar- 
deau, 2203 : at Mine Creek, 2391; politi- 
cal disabilities, 2952 ; gov. Mo., 3233. 

, Meredith M., d., 2312. 

Marmande, Fr., siege of, 6702. 

Manuier, Xavier, b., 7191 ; f Fr. Acad- 
emy, 7321; d., 7621. 

Marmolejo, Bartolom^, R. G., bp., 6051 . 

Marmont, August Frederic Louis Viesse 
de, Due de Kaguese, b., 7043 ; at Mockern, 
720 2 ; evacuates Paris ; inPrussiani 



paign, 7203; at Salamanca, 9361 ; d.,732? monument, 3281 



Marseilles, Fr. colony at, 6611 , 10171 ; con- 
quered, 11472 ; Human ally, 6612 ; taken, 
6622, 10601 ; Christianized. 6623 ; sacked, 
6661 ; republic, 6i;:i3, 6713; el ass-painting, 
6782 ; united to Fr., 6793 ; siege of, 6801 ; 
plague ravages, 6893, O'.iiia ; loses privi- 
leges, 6913 ; reduced, 7081 ; canal to Du- 
rana, 7293 ; infernal machine, 7331; Re- 
publicans rise, 7432 ; Communists sup- 
pressed, 7452 ; cholera at, 7553, 7633 ; 
Revolutionary relics. 7553; telephone to 
Paris, 7573; dock-makers strike, 7583; 
bread riots, 7643, 7002 ; dynamite explo- 
sion, 7662 ; anarchists arrested, 7671 . 

Mursevan, Am. Girls' College destroyed, 
11591. 

Marsh, Mrs. (Anne Caldwell), b., 9302 ; d. 
(1S74). 

, George Perkins, b., 110-1 ; works, 20H , 

2133, 2412 ; d., 3102. 

, Herbert, b. (1757) ; bp. of Peterbor- 
ough, 9383; d. (1839). 

, James, b., 1042 ; d., 1542. 

, Othniel Charles, b., 1382; exposes In- 
dian ring, 2891 ; pres. Academy, 3381 . 

Marshal, rank of, conferred, Eng., 9081. 

Marshall Islands, gospel received, 10403. 

, Tex., Wiley Univ. org., 2823; Bishop 

College founded, 3083. 

, Sir Chapman, lord mayor, 9492. 

, Humpln -ev, botanist, b.' (1722) ;d., 1101. 

, , Gen., b., 1183 ; at Middle Creek, 

2022 ; at Princeton, 2081 ; d., 2762. 

, , historian, d., 1522. 

, J. W., discovers gold, 1622. 

James W., h., 1562; p.-m.-gen., 2852; 



Marniontel, Jean Francois, !>., 6982; works, 

7032, 7052, 7063 ; d., 7142. 
Marmora, Alfonso Ferrero La, b. (1804)-;- 

in Crimean War, 1086 

10891; d. (1878). 
Maroboduus, conquered, 502 
Marochetti, Carlo, Bar., b., 10843; d. 



John, b., 711; chief justice, 1112; 
electoral vote, 125 2 ; d., 1442. 
-=7-Samuel S., defeated, 257 2 . 

prime minister, , Thomas Alexander, d., 2741 . 

, William, E. of Pembroke, b. (1146) ; 

builds Kilkenny Castle, 8501 ; defeats 
Louis ; d., 8521 . 



Maronites, rise of. 10311,11543; join Eo- , Calder, b. (1813) ; d., 10121. 



Church, 11551 ; rebel, 11581 ; 

with Druses, 1158 1,2; chapel, N.Y., 3761. 
Maroons, in Jamaica, 652 ; revolt, 77 a . 
Maros, Servian settlement, 5133. 
Marot, Clement, b., 6983 ; L'Adolescence 

Clementine, 681i ; d., 6S03. 
Marozia, power in Rome, 10733 ; d., 10721. 
Marprelatc Tract* issued, 8763. 



-, P., governor .Minn., 255 3 . 

, Principles of Economics, 1004 3 . 

Marshtield, Mass., troops sent to, 781; 
Webster's birth celebrated, 3103. 

, Wis., R. R. wreck, 4613. 

Marshman, John Clark, b., 9263; d., 9822. 

, Joshua, b., 9163; d., 9482. 

Marsi yield to Romans, 10522 



Marquand, Henry G., gift to Museum of Marsigli, Luigi Ferdinauilo, b., 10831 ; d., 

Art, 3341 , 3981 ; pres . Museum, 3381 . 10842. 

Marque. (See Letters of Marque.) Marsin, Ferdinand, b. (1656); marshal; 
Marques de Santa Lucia. (See Garcia, at Blenheim, 0961 ; d. (1706). 

Calixto.) Marsovan, mission at, 11563. 
, Jose Amaldo.h. (1825- ) ; rises against Marston, Gilman, gov. Ida., 2732. 

Juarez, 10901 ; d. (1881). , John, b., 8742; works, 8771 ; d., 8822. 

Marquesas Islands, occupied by Fr., 7281 ; , Westland, b. (1819) ; d., 10021. 

taken by Fr., 7571 ; missionaries, 10403. Moor, Eng., battle of, 8842. 

Marquette burns, 1593. Martaban taken, 10462. 



Marquette, Can., mission settled, 443. 

, Mich., Rom. Cath. diocese est., 1822. 

, Wis., diocese suffragan to Mil., 2902. 

, Jacques, b., 6882 ; miss., 422 ; dis- 
coverer, 441; St. Ignatius mission, 442 ; 
on Mississippi, 443 ; d., 463. 

Marquez, Jose Igtiacio de, pres., 623 3 . 

, Leonardo, b., 10952. 

Marquis, D. C, moderator, 3242. 

Marrast, Armand, b., 7143 ; d., 7322. 

Marriage, intro. China, 6103 ; ,,f ecclesi- 
astics, 6303 ; forbidden in Lent, 10691. 

Bill, introduced, Ontario, 5903. 

, Irregular, Act, passes, 9133. 

Law for blacks and whites. 6323. 

, royal, restricted, Russia. 11213. 

Marriages, civil, legalized, Eng., 8891; 

taxed, 9003 ; with lunatics void, 9112 ; 

in churches, begin, 10751. 
Married Woman's Property Act, 990 2 . 
Marriott, Hayes, d., 10081 . 

, Wit. T., judge-adv.-gen., 9953. 

Maii-man. Father, imprisoned. 10003. 
Marryat, Frederick, b., 9262 ; works, 9403, 

9443, 9483, 9623 ; d., 9542. 
Mars Hill, Athens, Dr. Talmage at, 3481 . 
Mars wrecked, 9673. 

, satellites discovered, 2961. 

Mars, worshiped, 10503 ; statue, 9181. 



Martel, Charles. I.. (690'-) ; king, 7712; pal- 
ace-mayor, 0053; leader, 7701; est. feu- 
dalism, 6653 ; at Soissons, 770 1 ; confis- 
cates clerical property, 6643 ; defeats 
Saracens, 4S42 ; rescues Christianity, 
6043; saves Europe, 7702 ; at Narbonne, 
7701 ; protects pope ; d., 6653. 

, Louis Jos., b. (1813) ; minister, 7511 ; 

pres. senate, 751 2 ; resigns, 753' ; d.(lX92). 

Martens, Police Captain, trial, N. Y., 4522. 

, Prof., arbitrator, 7612. 

Martensen.Hans Lassen, b., 6382; d., 6421 . 

Marter, Rich., captures Cetewayo, 6002. 

Marth, Mr., discovers planet, 9582. 

Martha discovered, 5282. 

Martha's Vineyard, Mass., missions, 363; 
naval action, 80 ] . 

Martial, Marcus Valerius, b.-d., 10622 ; 
works, 10643. 

de Paris, works, 6783. 

Martignac, -lean BaptisteSvlvereGayede, 
Vicomte de, b., 7043 ; premier, 725* ; 
ministry dismissed, 725 2 ; d., 7262. 

Martin I., St., pope; est. celibacy of 
clergy, 10722; d., 10721. 

II., pope, d., 10721. 

IV., pope, 10703; d., 10762. 

V., pope, 10791 ; d., 10783. 

I., K. of Sicily, 1077= 



, Mile. (Anne Franyois HippolytcMars II., K. of Sicily, 10772. 

Boutet Mom-el), b., 7043 ; d., 7301 . , Saint, b.-d. ; fnds. convent, 6623; bp. 

Marsala, It. , action, lossi ; telegraph, 10893. of Tours, 6631 . 

Marsaglia, loyalists defeated, 6941. of Aragon, reigns, 11273; defeats 

Marsden, William, b., 9123 ; d., 9482. Genoese, 11261 ; d. (1409). 

Marseillaise Hi/mit, composed, 7083. , Sir Albert, minister, 883 z . 

publication ceases, reappears,7383. , Alex., b. (1740) ; gov., 1013 ; d. (1807). 



Martin, Augustus N., b., 1623. 

, Benjamin, improves niieroscope,9I0*. 

, Bon Louis Henri, b., 7191 ; d., 7541 . 

, Carlos R., escapes, 6211 . 

, bp. of Padenbom, resists clerical 

laws ; punished, 8283. 

, "Eddy," lynched, 4743. 

, Father, gen. of Soc. of Jesus, 11323. 

, Father of Cochem, Jesus, 7991 . 

, Henri, L'llistoire tie France, 7271. 

, Henry Neyvell, b., 1641 ; work, 9811 . 

, John, b., 9243; Babylon, 9382; d.,9583. 

, , b., 1421 ; u. S. senator, 4231 . 

, , M. P., 9753. 

, A., gov. Kan., 3233. 

, Joseph, d., 7621 . 

, Joshua L., gov. Ala., 1611 . 

, Josiah, gov. N. C, 773. 

, Louis Aime, b., 7051 ; d. (1847). 

, Noah, gov. N. H., 1712. 

, makes papier-mache, 8001. 

, Police Inspector, killed, 10003. 

Martineau, Harriet, b., 9303 ; Political 

Economy, 9443; ,1., 9802; statue. 3241. 
, James, b., 9323 ; works, 9362, 9491 

9623, 9983. 
Martinez, Francis, d., 6143. 

, T., elected pres., 11033. 

de la Rosa, Francisco, b.-d., 11302. 

Martini, Giovanni Battista, b,, 10831; d 

10843. 

, Vincenzo, b.-d., 11283. 

Henry rifle ; adopted, Eng., 9721 . 

Martinique, W. I., dis., 162 ; earthquake 

at, 741 ; settled by Fr.,6892; taken, 7101. 
Martinsburg, W. Va. . Confederates de- 
feated, 1962, 2123. 
-Martin's Ferry, O., non-union men, 4791 . 
Martinsvogel Association find., 7852. 
Martius, Karl Frederich I'hilipp von, b.. 

8002; d., 8243. 
Martos, Ivan Petrovitch, b., 11143 ; d., 

11163. 

Marty, Martin, b. (1834) ; cons, bp., 3023. 

, M., minister, 7671 . 

Martyn, Henry, b., 9222 ; in Persia, trans- 
lates Bible, 11071 ; d., 9363. 

Martyrdom of' Huss painted, 8181 . 

Martyrs, era of, 0543 ; festival of, 10643; 
canonized, 10883. 

Marum, Edward P. Mulhallen, d., 10041. 

, Martin van, b.-d., 11011 . 

Marvel, Ik. (See Mitchell, Donald Grant.) 

Marvell, Andrew, b., 8802; d., 8942. 

, Richard, Garden Poems, 8883. 

Marvil, Joshua H., nom. for gov., 4692. 

Marvin, Enoch M., b. (1823) ; M. E. bp., 
2522; d., 2962. 

, Francis, b., 1362. 

, Theophilus, mission, 4891. 

, William, gov. Fla., 2491, 251'. 

College org., Tex., 2823. 

Marx, Karl, b., 8122 ; manifesto, 8173 ; d., 

8302. 
Mart/ collides with Normandy, 973 3 . 

yvrecked, 9021 . 

Man/ Pose, accident to, 8693. 

Mary Sharp Female Coll. org., Tenn., 1703. 

Mary, Virgin, honors increased, 10683; I m . 

maculate < 'om-eption est., 10863. 

, d. of Prince Alfred Ernest, b., 9812. 

I. Tudor reigns, 8712; marries Philip, 

household expenses, 8713; d., 8721, 8732. 

II., b., 89(12; d., 9002, 9012. 

, Q. of Scots, b., 8682 ; sent to Fr., 

8692 ; reigns, 8693 ; marriage opposed ; 
persecutes Protestants, 8703 ; sails for 
Fr., 8712 ; at Langside, 8721 ; marries 
Francis; title conferred, 8732; abdi- 
cates ; in Loch Leven castle ; escapes ; 
goes to Eng. ; prisoner ; claims Eng. 
throne, 8732; j n Scot.; marries L. Dam- 
ley ; marries E. of Bothwell ; prisoner, 
8733 , conspirator ; trial ; sentenced ; exe- 
cuted, 8753, 8762. 

of Burgundy marries; rules; favors 

cities and provinces, 10992. 

, Princess of Denmark, betrothed to 

Alexander III., 11191. 

, Duchess of Gloucester, d., 9622. 

of Guise, or of Lorraine, b. (1515) ; 

regent, 8713 ; d. (1560). 

of Hesse, d., 11201 . 

, K. of Hung., d., 5072. 

of Hung., regent. 10992. 

of York marries William III., 8951. 

Maryborough, Ire., founded, 8732. 
Maryland, Catholics settle ; Soc. Jesus 

est., 322; Clayborne settles in; Cecil 



Mary-Mass. 



Text Figures denote Page. lNUx^X. Superior Figures indicate Co.'i 



1327 



Calvert's Grant ; named ; Leonard Cal- 
vert settles, 333 ; Cluyborne tights, 341 ; 
first Eng. Catli. Ch. in Am. ,342 ; a.G. stato 
church, 343 ; general assembly meets ; 
hostile to Va., 35i ; Clay borne flees, 353; 
Indian war; Clayborne's rebellion, 36 1 ; 
Puritans invited; Catholics rule,362; gov. 
est., 371 ; drunkenness fined; kidnappers 
executed, 37 1 ; Puritans turbulent, 372 ; 
amnesty granted ; rebellion succeeds ; 
Calvert regains govt., 373; Kent Island 
subdued; religious war, 381, 3 ( 401, 3, 
411; toleration enacted, 382; Catholics 
disfranchised, 383; Robt. Yaughn(Prot.), 
gov.; Thos. Greene (Cath.), gov., 39i; 
William Stone (Prot.), gov. ; Puritans 
received, 392 ; Stone resisted ; deposed; 
10 commissioners go vcin,3;)3; Protestant 
counties find. ; two legislative houses, 
392; Stone resisted; deposed; faction 
deposes Catholics; Parliament controls, 
393 ; Puritans in, 40i ; refuge for the 
persecuted, 403 ; Revolution ; two gov- 
ernments ; stocks for drunkards, 41 1 ; 
revolt settled ; Josias Fendall, gov. : 
P. Calvert, gov. ; popular 1 sovereignty J 
independence of L. Baltimore ; L. Balti- 
more confirmed in govt. ; mint act 
passed, 413; felons excluded, 443, 471 ; 
slave act passed, 45 1, 2; population, 
452, 633, 673; Si r Chas. Calvert, proprie- 
tor, 471 ; Thomas Notley, gov.. 473 ; 
Presbyterian church org. ,482,502; fran- 
chise limited, 491; quo warranto, 511; 
John Coode revolts, 512; Revolution; 
a royal province ; Sir Lionel Copley, 
gov., 513, 532 ; church of Eng. est., 51 3 , 
522 ; e. Andros, gov., 532 ; unites with 
Pa.; B. Fletcher, gov.; public post est.; 
Annapolis capital ; Nath'l Blackstone, 
gov. ,533; Anglican ch. est., 542 ; A.D. 
1700-1- ; Thos. Trench, gov., 553 ; anti- 
Cath. laws, 56 2 ; John Seymour, gov., 
57 z ; Edward Lloyd, gov., 573; slaves vs. 
baptism ; Calvert renounces Catholi- 
cism, 582, 3 ; liquor traffic fined, 5S3 ; 
John Hart rules ; proprietary restored, 
591 ; Chas. Calvert, gov., 593; m. Gazette 
issued, 603; inheritors of Eng. law, 61i ; 
Benedict C. Calvert, gov., 613; Balti- 
more city fnd; Samuel Ogle, gov., 632, 3, 
672 ; Charles Lord Baltimore, gov. ; 
tobacco legal tender, 632; copper-works, 
64i; first Bapt. ch., 631 ; Thos. Bladen, 
gov., 653; iron works, CG 1 ; M. Gazette 
revived, 67i ; Frederick City fnd., 672; 
Mason and Dixon Line, 673, 753 • Gen. 
Braddock leaves, 63 1 ; Benj. Tasker, gov. 
692; Horatio Sharpe, gov., 693; Freder- 
ick Coll. org., 731 ; Robert Eden, gov., 
772; Jesuits suppressed, 781 ; magazines 
seized, 801 ; convention ; bills of credit 
issued; minute-men org., 813; declines 
Confederation, 912 ; signs Confederation, 
933; boundary commissioners meet, 973; 
ratifies Federal constitution, 101 1; St. 
Mary's Sem., fnd., 1023 ; T. J. Claggett 
cons, bp., 1023; Bait. Meth. Epis. Conf. 
org., 1042; A.D. 1800 *- ; Odd Fel- 
lows org., 1271; Win. Ellery Channing 
preaches, 1282; Luth. Synod find., 1283; 
Jews org., 1311 ; fire-brick mnf., 134 1 ; 
State library fnd., 135 1 , 1403; defaults 
interest, 1553 ; M. Hist. Library find., 
1583; Gen. Butler seizes Relay House, 
194 2 ; disloyal ; rejects secession ; Fed- 
eral troops prohibited ; Gov. urges truce, 
1951 ; legislators arrested for treason, 
1993 ; fund for soldiers killed, 2032 ; 
habeas corpus suspended, 2073 ; Gen. 
Lee invades, 2123; Legislature arrested, 
213 3 ; Confed. invasion, 2223 ; m. Union- 
ists divided, '2273; M. Club suspended, 
2292; Constitutional Conven.,2333; Gen. 
Early enters, 236i, 237'; Constitution 
ratified, 231)3; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; 
M. Agricultural Coll. est. , 250 2 ; Peabody 
Inst, fnd., 2543; observance of Sunday 
Bill, 2551 ; rejects 14th Amend., 2573 ; 
new constitution approved, 2.7.) 1 ; flood 
in Patapsco River, 2633 ; battle of N. 
Point eel., 3683 ; 15th Amend, rejected, 
2731 ; eldership in Ch. of God org!, 2S02; 
Inst, for Blind and Deaf, 2811; labor 
strikes, 296 3 ; pres. proclamation to 
strikers, 2972; Westminster Theolng. 
Sem. fnd., 3123; earthquake, 332 1 ; bill 
to abolish pool-rooms, 3543; shortage in 
treasury, 3543, 3553 ; negroes excluded 



from State Law school, 3682 ; forest fires, 
3833 ; negro lynched, 3832 ; w. G. Van 
Nort for gov., 3912 j Va. boundary line, 
4112; Frank Brown, gov., 4212; land tax 
unconstitutional, 427 1 ; Free School- 
book Bill returned, 4541 ; Racing Bill 
signed, 4571 ; miners strike, 4583. 

Marylebone Literary Institute fnd., 9463. 

MarvviHe ( lollcge. «>rg., Tenn., 1283. 

Marzials, Theophile, b., 9562. 

Mas, Burmese war, 10482. 

Masaccio, Tommaso Guidi, b.-d., 10782. 

Masailand, Eng., possess, 5613; Hanning- 
ton visits, 5621 . 

Masaniello, Tommas Aniello, b.-d., 10823 ; 
leads revolt, 10821 , 10832. 

Mascara, Algeria, evacuated, 82. 

Mascarenbas, Garcia de, b., 5523; d., 5542. 

Mascarene, Capt. Paul, governor, 5752. 

Mascaron, Jules, b., 6882; d., 6962. 

Mascotte, La, burns on Miss, river, 3253. 

Maserfeld, action at, 8421 . 

Mashakai, action at, 62. 

Masham, Baron, title created, 10052, 

, Lady, Abigail Hill, royal favorite, 

9033; keeper of privy purse, 9052. 

Mashonaland, Boers raid in ; Boera ex- 
pelled, 6041 ; demand for, 6043, 

Ma Sien, at Linan; at Yunnan, 6183. 

Masimian resigns, 10673. 

Masinissa, K., aids Scipio, 10543. 

Maskell, William, b., 9363; d. (1890). 

Maskelyne, Mr., libel damages, 9931. 

, Nevil, b.,9082; transit of J'enus, 91&; 

earth's density, 9182; d., 9351 . 

Mason County, W. Va., white caps, 460. 

, Charles, b. (1730) ; M. and Dixon line, 

est., 431 , 673, 733, 75s, 913 ; d. (1787). 

, Dumane, royal commissioner, 5942. 

, Edward C, commissioned col., 3301 . 

, Francis, b., 1082 ; d., 2841 . 

, George, b., 602 ; d., 1022. 

, . Hemming, b., 9383 ; d. (1872). 

, Capt. James, leader, 34 1 . 

, — —Murray, b., 108 1 ; pres. senate, 

1812, 1881; urges secession, 1953; ex- 
pelled, 1973 ; captured, 2003, 2012, 9653 ; 
in Boston, 2003, 2012; imprisoned, 2012 ; 
surrendered, 203 ; leaves Eng., 2273 ; d., 
2741. 

, Jeremiah, b., 761 ; d., 1641 . 

-. John, b., 262 ; d., 442. 

,—^ t lands in N. H., 3H; d., 341 . 

, ■ Mitchell, b., 762 ; d., 1362. 

, W., in treas. dept., 3512. 

, Young, b. (1799); sec. navy, 1572; 

atty. -gen. ,1592; issues Ostend Manifesto, 
6331; d., 1842. 

, Josiah, almshouses, 9651 ; est. Orphan 

Houses, 9731. 

, Lowell, b. (1792) ; d., 2781 . 

, Mabel, life-saving medal, 3882. 

, Richard B., gov. Gal., 1633 ; d. (1850). 

■, Sergeant, fires at Guiteau, 3083. 

, Stevens Thomson, b. (1811) ; governor 

Mich., 1453 ; d. (1843). 

, William, b., 9062, or (172-I) ; d. (1797). 

Masonborougn Inlet, Columbia burned, 
2182. 

Masonry, opposition party in politics, 1392; 
vote, 1413, 

Mason's Act, No. 2, 417 2 , 

Station, O., R. R. accident, 3133. 

Maspero, Gaston Camil le Charles, b. (1846); 
Peuples de l' Orient classique, 7661 . 

Masquerades, Eng. Court, 8583 ; frequent, 

8911; forbidden, 9063. 
Mass, first celebrated, 10691; said for 
money, 10723. 

Masqat ia, asteroid, discovered, 1086 2 . 
Massachusetts : Norsemen in, explored, 
112; A.D. I6OO-1- ; Rep.govt. find.; John 
Carver, gov. ; Pilgrims land, 283, 293 ; 
Gonges exped., 2:t2; ;i ll citizens in legis- 
lature, 293,331 ; Miles Staudish explores, 
301 ; 1st marriage ; Indian treaty ; Salem 
fnd., 313; Salem Ch.org., 302; Massasoit 
received ; 1st land patent ; 2d company 
arrive; Wm. Bradford, gov., 303, 351, 
373 ; pestilence ; starving time ; first 
exports, 303 ; Prot. Epis. services est., 
30i; Eng. extortion, Weymouth settled, 
and abandoned, 31 1 ; Standish fights In- 
dians, 301 ; 2d laud patent, 31 1 ; conspi- 
rators banished; land allotted yearly ; 
land in perpetual fee ; cattle iutro. ; 
Cape Ann patent ree'd ; settled ; Cape 
Cod settled ; Council of Five est. ; Mt. 
Wollaston settled, 31 2 ; first vessel built, 



301 ; Pilgrims buy out London Co.; wam- 
pum currency ; Dutch embassy re- 
ceived; Mass. Colony est.; Wollaston 
suppressed, 313 • ballot first used in 
Am., 302 ; Mass. Bay Co. chartered ; 
Clnirlestown fnd. ; govt, trans, from Eng. 
to Colony, 313, 331 ; bricks mnfd. ; Epis- 
copal clergy expelled; Indian allegiance; 
J. Endicott, gov., 321 ; thanksgiving for 
plenty; John Winthrop arrives, 321 , 
331, he writes 1st book; Plymouth tol- 
erant, 322; 300 best families arrive; 
wages fixed, 323 ; many perish ; J. Win- 
throp, gov. Mass colony ; many colo- 
nists arrive ; Watertown, Dorchester, 
Roxbury fnd. ; 1st Court; Trimountain 
[Boston] fnd.; Board of Assistants appt., 
331 ; 3d land patent ; great emigration ; 
Lyon arrives ; suffrage limited to ch. 
members; Newtown [Cambridge] forti- 
fied, 332 ; Plymouth courtesy ; Conn, 
valley attractive, 333 ; i s t eh. in Boston. 
321; prohibition (Indians), 323 ; Charles 
I. offended ; govt, restricted ; E. Win- 
slow, gov., ballot used; Thos. Price, 
gov., Plymouth ; Thos. Dudley, gov. 
Mass. Colony, 333 ; irreligion and heresy 
punishable, 342 ; gov't changed to repre- 
sentative democracy ; Plymouth Coun- 
cil surrenders charter ; John Haynes, 
gov. ; Wm. Bradford, gov. ; emigration 
westward; tidal wave, 341 ; Eng. cross, 
decision ; Roger Williams banished ; 
Thos. Hooker arrives ; Anne Hutchin 
son for Women's Rights ; 3,000 immi- 
grants ; musket balls currency ; Concord 
fnd. ; quo-warranto issued, 342 ; Boston 
public school est., 343 ; Indian troubles, 
341 ; submission to est. church; 1st 
Cong, organization, 342 ; Coll. fnd., 
Harvard est., 343 ; Springfield fnd. ; 
emigration ; Gen. Fundamental Laws 
est. ; charter uurescinded ; Henry Vane, 
gov.; Edward Winslo\v,gov.,352;"Pequot 
War, 341 ; synod of N. Eng., first meets ; 
Anne Hutchinson banished; Sam. Gor- 
ton annoys ( ,342, 362 ; Rev. John Har* 
vard arrives; slaves imported, 35 1 , 371 ; 
prohibition est. (Indians), 35i; J. Win- 
throp, gov. ; Wm. Bradford, 352 ; Henry 
Vane leaves ; Colony of Conn, set up ; 
Eng. emigration restrained; Thomas 
Prince, gov., 353 ; Boston printing-press 
est., 341 ; Plymouth 1st gen. assembly ; 
Wm. Bradford, gov. 353 ; effort for co- 
lonial union, 37 1 ; dissenter pilloried, 
362 j i s t book printed in Am. ; college- 
tax ; public schools law; 37 1; Thomas 
Dudley, gov. ; rapid advancement, 372 ; 
Body of Liberties adopted ; Rich. Bel- 
lingham, gov. ; Eng. oppresses com- 
merce, 372; iron castings, ropes mnfd., 
361; suffrage qualified, 362; Harvard's 
1st commencement, 371 ; N. H. united, 
372; ch. sleeper punished; Indian mis- 
sions est., 362, 383,391 ,403,442,443,463, 
623, 631, 663, 683, 771 ; New Eng. Con- 
federacy est. ; John Winthrop. pres. ; 
civil war in Eng., prosperity in Mass., 
373; alarming comet, 361; whipped for 
non-baptism ; dissenters banished, 363 ; 
2 legislative bodies for govt., 373 ; treaty 
withNarragansetts, 36 1 ; Wm. Bradford, 
gov.; Thos. Dudley, gov.; bounty for 
iron works, 373; infant baptism trouble, 
363, 371, 383; Ed. Winslow, gov.; J. 
Endicott, gov., 373 ; 2d Gen. Synod, Con- 
gregationalism org. 38i,2; John Eliot, 
miss. ; prayer-book in Boston, 382 ; j. 
Winthrop, gov. ; commerce restricted, 
391 ; public schools common, 383; pro- 
hibition (Indian), 391, 403 ; Thos. Cush- 
man, elder; Cambridge Platform sub- 
mitted, 382,3 ; j, Endicott, gov.; code 
of laws, 392; many Indian converts; 
Half- Way Covenant, 383, 402,3, 442; 
Thos. Dudley, gov., 392 ; Baptists perse- 
cuted, 383, 40 2 ; John Endicott, gov., 
391 ; purchases Maine ; mint est. ; Rich. 
Bellingham, gov. ; Puritans return to 
Eng. to fight, 393; Nianticks war; iron 
forge est., 381 ; liquor dealers restricted, 
39i ; J. Endicott, gov., 411 ; Quakers per- 
secuted, 40i ,2,3 ; Elder Faunce elected, 
402 ; Mary Dwyer executed, 403 ; Ed- 
ward Whalley and Wm. Goife, regicides 
concealed, 4l'i ,3 ; 423 ; Nantucket fnd.; 
Pari, addressed ; commerce restricted, 
412 j declaration of rights ; anti-Quaker 



1328 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Massachusetts. 



formists ejected ; licensers of the press 
est., 403; adulterers executed, 411; 1st 
Bapt. Ch. ; Episcopalians intrusive; 1st 
Bible printed, Am., 422 j Rich. Belling- 
ham, gov. ; commerce vexed, 423 ; 4 
king's commissioners opposed, leave; re- 
monstrance against tyranny, 43 1 , 2 ; 
printing restricted, 422 ;' Deertield fnd. ; 
Rich. Bellingham, gov. ; Maine wrested, 
43 2 ; Mohawks ravage, 42i ; Maine yielded, 
421, 433; Worcester fnd., 433; Indian 
41 Praying To"\vns " org., 442 ; drunkards 
posted, 443; great training days; bees 
intro., 441 ; disloyal at heart, 442 j W ar 
against the Dutch, 44 1 ; 3 colonies unite, 
452 ; whale fishery established, 453 • 
Indians burn Medtield ; Indian conspi- 
racy, 441 ; Josiah Winslow, gov. ; John 
Leverett, gov., 452 ; commerce vexed, 
453,472; printing-press in Boston, 443 ; 
King Philip's War,44> ;eolonists terri- 
fied, 443; Fast Day, 443 ; Narragansetts 
peaceful ; Capt. Hutchinson's Co. way- 
laid ; Mendon attacked, also Deertield, 
Hadley, Bloody Brook, Hatfield, Lan- 
caster, Deertield, Weymouth, Northfield, 
Marlborough, 461; Rehoboth attacked, 
Sudbury, Bridgewater, Plymouth, Hat- 
field, Hadley ; "Indians defeated at Turn- 
er's Falls and Mt. Hope, 462 ; Indians op- 
pressed, 471 ; E. Randolph, king's mes- 
senger in, 472,a ; anti-Quaker intoler- 
ance, 463 ; Maine bought, 472; treaty of 
peace with Indians, 462, 473 ; Epis. Ch. 
in Boston, 4G3 ; N. H. separated ; Brit, 
govt, assails ; king opposed ; great comet 
terrorizes, 4G3 ; Maine org. as a province: 
T. Hinckley, gov., 491 ; Jos. Dudley and 
John Richards agents, 49 1; quo war- 
ranto issued, 41)2 • first Universalist, 481 j 
charter forfeited ; darkest period; Jos. 
Dudley, Royal pres., 493, 503 ; charter 
expires, 493 ; Epis. service enforced, 
taxation for, 502 ; charter is displaced; 
Sir Edmund Andros vice-regent; Hu- 
guenots arrive, 503 ; tyranny of Andros ; 
N. York annexed ; Boston capital of 
vice-royalty, 511 ; Andros recalled ; joy- 
ous tidings, accession of William and 
Mary ; Gen. Court reassembles ; Simon 
Bradstreet restored; rights demanded, 
512 ; 1st newspaper in Boston, 503 • in 
1st Am. Cong, of governors ; M. fleet 
before Quebec, 50 1 ; witchcraft delusion, 
523,531; new charter; Sir Win. Phipps, 
gov. ,532; State schools and State church 
est., 522 ; Hannah Dustiu, heroine, 531 ; 
under Gov. Bellamont of N. York, 551 ; 
Rich. Coote, gov. ; Wm. Stoughton, gov., 
552 ; A. D. 1700f ; R. Catholics ban- 
ished, 542; slavery opposed, 55 1 ; govt. 
by the Council, 552; -war with Abnakis ; 
Q. Anne's war, 541 ; Q. Anne proclaimed ; 
Jos. Dudley, gov., 553 j Deertield burned ; 
Indians terrorize, 561 ; News-Letter is- 
sued, 57i ; official conspiracy, 572 ; anti- 
Cath. mission, 582 ; Benj. Franklin, b., 
563 ; attempts conquest of Acadia [N.S.]; 
bombards Port Royal ; bounty for In- 
dian scalps, 56i , 61 1 ; Quebec expedition 
sails, 56i; province bills, legal tender, 
591 ; S. boundary rectified; Worcester 
org.; mortgage bills emitted, 5!)i ; coun- 
cil governs ; Jos. Dudley, gov. ; Wm. 
Taller, gov. ; Sara Shute, gov. ; imposes 
duty on Eng. goods, 592 ; £, Gazette is- 
sued, 582 ; manufacturers restricted. ; 
commercial activity ; tea used, 593 ; jy. 
England Courant,' 603 ; quarrel with 
gov. j charters defended, 611 ; smallpox 
vaccination opposed, 613 ; Indian war, 
60i; Gov. Shute flees; Wm. Dummer, 
gov., 612; population, 613; ministers 
reprimanded, 602 ; Western Mass. set- 
tled; treaty with Indians ; explanatory 
charter, 612; Wm. Burnet, gov.; Wm. 
Dummer, go.., 613; 1st paper mill, 601 ; 
minister's support not enforced, 60s ; 
Presb. Ch. in Boston, G22 ; Wm. Tailer, 
gov.; J. Belcher, gov., 632 ; Freemasons 
m, G3i; stage routes; petitions Pari., 
633 ; Arianism in, 643 ; Whitefield's re- 
vival, 65i ; Faneuil Hall fnd., 641 ; N.H. 
separated; Wm. Shirley gov., 653; Fr. 
and Indians take Ft. Mass. ; 1st theatri- 
cal performance, 66 1; impressment of 
seamen resented, 67i ,2 ; treaty with In- 



dians ; a hard-money colony; Spencer 
Phips.gov. ; reimbursed, 672 ; Jonathan 
Mayhew preaches against tyranny, 663 • 
Jonathan Edwards, pastor, 663, 691 ; 
theatricals prohibited, 671 ; Parliament 
vexes, 67 3 ; Wm. Shirley, governor; 
Colonial cong. proposed, 69 3 ; Fr. and 
Indian War ; troops in Acadia ; Gov. 
Shirley commands Brit, troops, 682,701 ; 
earthquake, 703, 722; Spencer Phips, 
gov. ,713; War Cong, of governors ; Thos. 
Pownal, gov. ; quartering troops con- 
troversy ; Thanksgiving Day, 71 3 ; self- 
imposed war taxes, 73i ; superior in ed- 
ucation, 721 ; customs regulated by law, 
73i ; Thos. Hutchinson, governor ; Sir 
Francis Bernard, gov., 732 ; Hutchinson 
appt. chief justice; Revolution in em- 
bryo ^James Otis agitates ; Importation 
Act enforced, 732,743; arbitrary meas- 
ures by king's officers, 73 2 ; Universal- 
ism advances, 723 ; elaims Eng. rights, 
743 ; Stamp Act indignation ; boycott 
Eng. goods, 743, 75i ; Liberty Tree sons, 
753 ■ Royal artillery arrives, 741 ; Mal- 
combo-iot, 743 ; calls Anti-Stamp Cong.; 
stamp agent resigns; Chief-Jus. Hutch- 
inson assailed ; Sons of Liberty org. ; 
Dennis Deberdt, agent in London ; Eng. 
repeal Stamp Act, 75 2 ; Romncy irritates, 
741 ; Pari, enacts duty on tea, etc., irri- 
tation ; nonimportation societies ; cir- 
cular letter to other colonies ; Eng. 
orders circular letter rescinded ; Liberty 
seized, 753 ; Gen. Gage arrives ; Boston 
enraged ; Brit, officers vexed ; quarters 
refused ; Anti-troops Conven. of towns, 
771 , 2 ; Pari, censures ; Gen. Court pro- 
rogued ; obstinate ; Thos. Hutchinson 
assumes authority, 77 2 ; first martyr, 771 j 
Boston Massacre, 76* ; Eng. taxation 
nearly abolished, 771, 2 ; govt, fallen to 
pieces ; court liberates McDougal ; com- 
mittees of colonial correspondence appt., 
773; Pari, opposed, act void, 783 ; Bos- 
ton Tea Party, 782,3 ; court and govt, 
controversy ; tea cheaper in Boston than 
London, 783 ; Gen. Thos. Gage, gov., 791 • 
patriots meet in Old South Meeting 
House, 782; Boston port closed by Pari.; 
Pari, subverts charter, 791 ; Anti-Port 
Act meeting ; County Conventions pro- 
test ; gov. dissolves Gen. Assembly; it 
meets in Salem ; resolves itself into a 
Provincial Cong. ; troops incense citi- 
zens ; militia organized as minute-men, 
792; royalists propose, "patricianorder," 
793; Brit, troops in Marshtield; in Salem, 
781,2; tar and feathers, 783; 2d Pro- 
vincial Cong. ; Pari, restrains trade, 793; 
Gen. Gage seizes munitions ; fortifies 
Boston Neck ; War for Independence 
begins; skirmish of Lexington and Con- 
cord; Gen. Putnam arrives ; Americans 
besiege Boston; skirmish at Martha's 
Vineyard; Gens. Howe, Clinton, andBur- 
goyne in,80i ; Artemas Ward commands 
Am. army at Cambridge ; Bunker Hill 
battle; authorizes privateering; Charles- 
town burned ; Washington arrives; war 
vessels commissioned, 802 ; Gen. Howe 
commands Brit. ; Am. fortify Cobble 
Hill ; Brit. Adm. Shuldam in ; Boston- 
ians besieged ; suffer ; 1st Am. traitor ; 
spirit of freedom grows ; accepts quota ; 
Gen. Court authorizes privateers; par- 
don offered "rebels," 812,3; Brit, use 
houses for fuel, 813 ; first Union flag, 
813, 831; Old South Ch. Brit, riding 
school ,823; Washington unsupplied; can- 
non from Ticonderoga; Aras. bombard 
Boston ; action at Morris Creek ; Ams. 
take Dorchester Heights ; Brit, evacuate 
Boston, 821 ; Washington enters B., 
822, 831 ; Washington leaves ; Hope cap- 
tured ; transports taken, 822 ; Council 
governs ; movement for total indepen- 
dence, 832 ; Declaration of Indepen- 
dence in Phila., 833, 852 ; declares 
independence, 832 ; act against Tories, 
893,913 ; placable toward Baptists, 91 2 ; 
John Hancock, gov., 933, 101 1; adopts 
constitution, 933 ; abolishes slavery, 93 2 ; 
Constitutional Conven. meets; bill of 
rights, 933 ; cedes Western claims. 952, 
973 ; p. E. diocese est., 963 ; M. Maga- 
zine issued, 97i ; aliens expelled, 972; 
Shays' Rebellion, 981 ; James Bowdoin, 
gov., 99i ; sells lands in N. Y., 992; mass 



first eel., 1001 ; ratifies constitution, 1011 ; 
Presbytery of Salem dissolved, 1023 - 
Williams Coll. incorp., 1043 ; Samuel 
Adams, gov., 105 2 ; Unitarian doctrines 
spread, 1062 ; Edward Bass, cons. P. E. 
bp. ; Polar Star and Daily Advertiser, 
1063; Increase Sumner, gov., 1091 ; Moses 
Gill, gov., 1093 ; Caleb Strong, gov., 1112, 
1153 ; James Sullivan, gov., 1151 ; Levi 
Lincoln, gov., 1153, 1333 ; Christopher 
Gore, gov., 1172; Eldridge Gerry, gov., 
1173 ; John Brooks, gov., 1252 ; gelati- 
nous matter falls. 126 1 ^; Maine separated, 
1272 ; -Lowell fnd., 1293 ; cotton mill 
erected, 1301; Amherst Coll. fnd., 1311; 
Wm. Eustis, gov., 131 3 ; Lafayette visits, 
1321; Marcus Morton, gov., 1333, 153 1, 
1572 ; State library fnd., 135i ; M. Hor- 
ticultural Society org., 136i ; Historical 
Soc. of Essex Co. org., 1421 ; support of 
clergy made voluntary, 1422 ; Rom.Cath. 
persecuted, 1432 ; John Davis, gov., 145 2 ; 
Samuel Armstrong, gov., 145 3 ; Edward 
Everett, gov., 1472 ; Bunker Hill Monu- 
ment erected, 154 1 ; John Fairfield, gov. 
155 2 ; Boston and Maine R. R. opd., 1573; 
George N. Briggs, gov., 161 1 ; publishing 
marriage banns~eeases, 166 3 ; George S. 
Boutwell, gov.. 1692; Kansas emigrants 
aided, 1742 ; JohnH.Clifford.gov., 1743; 
Emigrant Aid Soc. org., 1751 ; it enters 
Kansas, 1752; Emory Washburn, gov., 
1771; Henry J. Gardner, gov., 1792; 
submarine cable laid ; Hoosac Tunnel 
begun, 1813 ; watches innfd. by machin- 
ery, 1821; K.P. Banks.gov., 1852; Cong. 
Conf. org., 1S81 ; militia hastens to Bos- 
ton, 1922; Soldiers Relief fmd., 1923; 
6th Regt. leaves for Washington, 1941 ; 
troops called for, 1953; declares for the 
Union ; creates Union Fund, 1953, 1971 ; 
issues scrip for U. S. govt., 197 1 ; first 
colored regiment leaves, 190 1; John A. 
Andrew, gov., 2032 ; ,s7,0(io raised for 
martyrs' families, 2032 ; ratifies 13th 
Amend., 243 2 ; Inst, of Technology opd., 
2502,2522; Norfolk Unit. C011f.org., 2542; 
Alex. H. Bullock, gov., 2553 ; ratifies 14th 
Amend., 2572 ; Agricultural Coll. opd., 
2583; long session legislature, 2632 ; cy- 
clone, 3641 ; to complete Hoosac Tunnel, 
2652, 2833; ratifies 15th Amend., 2671; 
Franco-Am. cable eel., 2673; prohibition 
enacted, 2691 , and repealed, 2911 ; Wm. 
Claflin,gov.,2092; Wendell Phillips nom. 
for gov., 2713 ; session to aid Boston fire 
sufferers, 2793 ; Wm. B. Washburn, gov., 
2811; Nor. Art School est., 282 1 ; Nor. 
School at Worcester, 2S43 ; Wm. Gaston, 
gov. ; Thomas Talbot, gov.. 2873, 3033 ; 
Prohibitory Law repealed ; Smith Coll. 
org., 2883; Alex. H. Rice, gov., 2951; 
Boards of Health, Charity, and Lunacy 
est., 3011; John D. Long, gov., 3052; 
anti-screen law operative, 3071; Benj. 
F. Butler, gov., 3132 ; law for guardians 
of children, 3151; Geo. D.Robinson, gov., 
3152; Constitutional Prohibitory A mend. 
petition, 315 i,319i; Board of Health est., 
3251 ; Labor Dav legalized, 3271 ; begging- 
prohibited, 3291 ;01iver Ames. gov. ,3293; 
high-license enacted ; Australian ballot 
adopted. 33;.! 2; women on sch. board,339i ; 
Colored Men's Conven., 3451 ; W. E. Rus- 
sell, gov., 3472; gypsy moth, :553 ; Nine- 
hour-day Bill passed,357i ; J.Q.A. Brack- 
ett, gov., 3751 ; Free Silver Coinage op- 
posed, 3763; Biennial Elections Bill, 
3791,4492; Fast Day, 3803,4041 ;heightof 
houses limited, 3832 ; Cong, districts 
reapportioned, 3853 ; (has. W. Lowell, 
nom. for gov., 3912; Wm. E. Russell, 
gov., 3991 ;"Anti-Cigarette Bill rejected; 
Anti-Free Pass Bill signed, 4032 ; White 
Caps sentenced, 4043; Ten-hour-day La- 
bor Bill, 4052; Municipal Woman's Suf- 
frage, 4071; Wn). E. Russell, nom. for 
fov.,4172; a nti-slaverv celebration, 428 3 ; 
'ast Day abolished, 4512, 4542 ; vessels 
wrecked; 4573; Elevated R. R.Bill, 4651 ; 
strikes, 469 1 ; F. T. Greenhalge inaug. 
gov., 4793. (See Boston and New Eng- 
land.) 

Massachusetts launched, 430 1 . 

Spy issued, 763. 

Quartt r/tf Rcriew appears, 1631. 

Evang. Miss. Soc, instituted, 1142. 

Horticultural Society org., 1361 . 

Missionary Society organized, 108 3 . 



Mass-Maxw. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1329 



Massachusetts Soc. for Promoting Chris- 
tian Knowledge org., 1123. 

Massacre, (See Indians, see slaughter.) 

Massa-de-Carrani,Ja.,siegedeelared, 10902. 

Massagata 1 , war with Persia, HOG 1 . 

Massalia. (See Marseilles.) 

Massasoit ashore, 4753. 

Massasoit, b. (1580^); in Mass., 30=; treaty 
with colonists, 303 ; d. (16G0). 

Masse, "Victor (Felix Marie), b., 7242 ; d., 
7541. 

Mass^na, Andre\ Prince d'Essling, Due do 
Rivoli, b., 7023 ; at Loano, 7102; at Ve- 
rona, 7121; at Voltri, 714 1 ; in Port., 
7181 ; retreats into Sp., 7182 ; at Areola, 
5182; d. (1817). 

Massereene, Baron, title created, 925 2 ; 
Viscount, title created, 8911 . 

Massey , Sir Edward, b. (1619+) ; at Glouces- 
ter, 8841 ; d. (1674±). 

, Gerald, b., 9423. 

, John, dean of Christ's Church, S96 3 . 

, Joseph, assault, 4262. 

, Gen., captured, 9703. 

Muss/tin, asteroid, discovered, 730' . 

Massillon, O., fire at, 4743. 

, Jean Baptiste, b., 0903; works, 6991 ; 

d.,7002. 

Massinger, Philip, b., 8742 ; works, 8803, 
8831 ; d., 8842. 

Massiuissa. aids Carthaginians, 10542, 

Massitissi, mission, 5991 . 

Masso, Finiguerra, engraves copper, 10781 . 

Masson, Ga., Conservative Party, 259 2 . 

, Antoine, b., G8S2 ; d., 6943. 

, David, b. (1822) ; works, 9631 , 9791 . 

, Frederic, works, 764 1 . 

Massowah, Abys., besieged ; dervishes de- 
feated, 22; war with It., 3 2 ; annexed to 
It.; submits, 33. 

Massy, Baron, title created, 9172. 

Master Builders' Asso. meets, 3523. 

Car Builders' Asso., Saratoga, 4082. 

Mechanics' U. S. R. R. meet, 3863. 

Masters in chancery appt., 8773.. 

Mastodon, bones unearthed, Jll.,368 1 ,3941. 

Masudi, Abu Hasen Ali hen Husein ben- 
Ali, d., 4862. 

Masulipatam, E. I. Co. agency, 10443. 

Masupha, chief, submits, 602 1 ; in Basuto- 
land, 6031 . 

Mataafa, unrecognized as king, 8333. 

Matabele. (See Cape Colony, p. 597-004.) 

Matagorda, La., Gen. Banks at, 2321 . 

Matamoras, Am. army of occupation, 1601 ; 
captured, 10961 ; mission, 10962. 

, Manuel, sentenced 11303. 

Matanzas, Sp., floods, 634 1 ; kidnappers 
punished, 6342. 

Matches, substitutes for, 1321; friction 
used, 1361 , 9401 ; i u cotton, 4013; mnfrs. 
monopolize, Fr., 759 2 ; anti-phosphor as 
inv., 8161 ; lucifer used, 94Gi . 

Matchett, Charles H., nom. for vice, pres., 
4151 ; popular vote, 4192 ; electoral, 4243. 

Materna, Amilie (Frau Friedrich) , b.(1847) ; 
d.,8162. 

Maternus, revolution in Sp., 1065 2 . 

Matha, John de, forms Mathurins, 6703. 

Mathelin, Gen., explosion at home of, 7662. 

Mathematical method, quaternions, 9521. 

Tripos instituted, 9121 . 

Mather, Cotton, b. 421 ; works, 37i, 523, 
543,583, 603; d., 603. 

, Increase, b., 34 1 ; pres. Harvard, 48 3 ; 

degree of D.D., 523; sermon, 582; d.,602. 

Mathes, F. L., shot, 4422. 

Mathesius, Johann, Wife of Lufker, 7931. 

Mathew, Theobald, b.,'9243; administers 
pledge, 9451 ; in Scot. ,951i ; arrives, 1651 ; 
entertained by pres., 1663; d., 9603; me- 
morial church, 3462 ; memory eel., 3471 . 

Mathews, Charles, b. , 9203 ; appears in 
N. Y., 1301; d., 9462. 

, Stanley, b., 1321 ; Justice of Supreme 

Ct., 3092 ; d., 3382. 

, Wm„ b., 1262. 

Mathieu, Pierre, works, 6851. 

, Judge, royal commissioner, 5942. 

Mathurins, order find., 6703. 
Matilda, archduchess, d., 5262. 

, Q. of William I., d., 8482. 

, Q., Den., confesses plot, 6392; d.,6382. 

, of Eng., marries Henry I., 849 2 - 

- — , dau. of Henry I., b.-d.; invades Eng., 
848 2 ; claims throne; marries; in Suf- 
folk, 8493 ; besieged, 8501 ; crowned ; 
retires, 8511 . 
, Queen, Fr.,fnds. Trinity Church,6683. 



Matilda of Tuscany, gives estates to 
church, 7762, 10743; marries, 7763, 10753 ; 
reigns, 10752. 

Matimir, prince, 5031. 

Matina, fort built, 6302. 

Matins of Moscow, 11151 . 

Matrimonial Causes Act passes, 9831 . 

Mats, Ketilmuiulsson, regent, 1135 2 . 

Matsys, Quentin, b.-d., 5402. 

Matta circular, withdrawal, 4003. 

Mattathias, leads revolt, 11481 ; against 
Syrians, 11492; assassinated, 11493,11482. 

Mattapony River, Va., action near, 2103. 

Matter, Jacques, b., 7082 ; d., 7362. 

Matteson, Joel Aldrieh, b. (1808); gov. 111., 
1743; 8 ale of property, 2331. 

Matteucci, Carlo, b., 10851 ; d., 10882. 

Matthew, the Apostle, called, 11521 ; writes 
Gospel, 11523. 

, Archdeacon, eons, bp., 998 3 . 

, Henry J., minister, 9953 ; d., 581 . 

, the Armenian in Portugal, 13. 

Matthews, Asa C, in treas. dept., 3511 . 

, Brander, b., 1701 ; The Stage, 4783. 

, Claud, gov. Ind., 4471 . 

, David, mayor N. Y., 853. 

, Edmund O., in navy dept., 4472; com- 
missioned commodore, 4561. 

, Geo., b. (1739); gov. Ga., 1052; d. (1812) 

, ., cons, bp., 9962. 

, Henry, gov. W. Va., 2973. 

, Joseph W-, gov. Miss., 1652. 

, Nathan, Jr., mayor of Boston, 373 2 . 

, Samuel, gov. Va., 411 ; d., 401 . 

, Stanley, b., 1321 ; d., 3382. 

, Gen., in Va., 902. 

, Can., insurgent hanged, 5792. 

, first makes knives, 8721 , 

Matthias, high-priest; 11483, 11502. 

, son of A nanus, high priest, 11523. 

, Corvinus, king, Hung., 509 2 ; takes 

Vienna; d., 5093. 

II., king, gov., emp, 5113 ; aids Ferdi 

nand, duke of Slyria, 7933 ; d.. 5102. 

Matthisson, Friedrich von, b., 8023 ; Poems, 
8052 ; d., 8142. 

Mat-tie Wins/tip seized, 5861. 

Mattocks, John, gov. Vt., 1572. 

Matto-Grosso, rebellion, 5581; blockade; 
independence, 5592. 

Maturin, Chas. Robert, b., 9223 ; d. (1824). 

Matz, Nicholas, b. (1850); bp., 3263. 

Matzner, Eduard Adolf Ferdinand, b., 
8082 ; d. (1892). 

Maubee mission, 10463. 

Maubeuge, Fr. gains, 693 3 . 

Maubin mission, 10471. 

Mauch Chunk, Pa., coal mined, 115 3 ; 
gravity road, 1353. 

Maud, daughter Prince of "Wales, b., 9733. 

, Princess of Achaia ; marriages, 1035 2 . 

Maud S., trotting record, 3213. 

Maugaseia, king in Abys., 33. 

Maul, Joseph, gov. Del., 1613. 

Maule, Fox. (See Ramsay.) 

Maulmain mission, 10463. 

Maun Singh surrenders, 104S 2 . 

Maundas, Laura, horse-thief, 4343. 

Maunday Thursday, Eng., alms on, 8591. 

Maupassant, Henri Rene Albert Guy de, 
b.(1850); works, 7523,7542,7502; d.,7641. 

Maupertuis, Pierre Ijouis Moreau, de, b., 
6943; to Lapland, 6981; works, 6992; d., 
7023. 

Maur, St., intro. monastic life, 6642. 
Mauregato, reigns in Asturias, 11253. 

Maurepas, Coiiite de (Jean Frederic Phe- 
lippeaux), b. 6943; prime minister, 7053 ; 
d., 7051 . 

Maurer, Georg Ludwig von, b., 8043 ; d., 
8281. 

Hans Georg, priest, 5571 . 

, Jocabina, prophetess, 5571. 

Mauretana, or Mauritania, Ca^sariensis, 
Roman province, 1063 2 ; conquered 
10602, 8i ; divided, 9i. 

Maurice, hanged for piracy, 8543. 

, Pr., takes Exeter, 8841 . 

, St., leader Thebean Legion, 10663. 

, Cappadocian, reigns, 10313 ; against 

Persians, 10302. 

Siegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of Nas- 
sau, b.-d., 1003; gov. of Brazil, 5533; amal- 
gamation of races; recalled, 5543. 

, Count of Nassau, b. (1567) ; stad- 

holder, 5413, 10993 ; takes cities, 10982 ; 
subdues Gelderland, 10993 ; campaigns 
of ; invades Flanders, 10982 ; supports 
Calvinism, 11011,3; takes Sluis, 10982; 



becomes Pr. of Orange, 1101 3 ; record 
stained, 11012 ; d. (1625). 

Maurice, G. Edmund, works, 9963. 

, John Fred. Denison, est. working- 
men's college, 9591 ; works, 9583. 

, Earl of Kildare, gov., 8593. 

, duke, b., 788 2 ; elector of Saxony, 

791 2 ,3; against Ger. emp.; takes Magde- 
burg ; wounded, 792i ; d.,7932. 

Mauricius, Flavius Tiberius, b.-d., 10303. 

Maurier, George Du, works, 4783, 10063. 

Mauritius, Eng., acquires, 9353 ; S ee of, 
est., 9583 ; Bp. Royston cons., 9742 ; Bp. 
Walsh cons., 10063. 

Maurus, Rabanus, b., 7722 ; Abbot of 
Fulda, 7723. 

Maury, Dabney M., works, 4783. 

, Jean Siffrein, b., 7003 ; d., 7223. 

, Louis Ferd. Alfred, b., 7223 ; d., 762«. 

, Matthew Fontaine, b., 1122; inv. mag- 
netic clock, 1641 ; work, 1781 ; d., 2801 . 

, Wm. A., in dept. of justice, 3512. 

Mausoleum at lialicarnassus, 11462. 

Mausolus weds Artemisia, 11471 ; d.,353±. 

Maver, stenography, 9242. 

Mavrocordato, Constantine, manumits 
serfs, 11122; d. (1765). 

Mavrocordatos, Alexander, statesman, 
b.-d., 10343. 

, , physician, b.-d., 10343. 

MLawe, John, b., 9122; d., 9442. 

Maxen, Ger., Gen. Fink surrenders, 5162; 
battle of, 8021. 

Maxentius, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 
war with Constantine 10662; reigns, 
10673; d. (312) 

Maxfield, Thomas, leads Weslevan seces- 
sion, 9163. 

Maxim, Hiram S., gun tested, 3401; 
adopted in Ger., 836i . 

Maximianus, Marcus Aurelius Valerius, 
reigns, jnits down Gauls; defeats Franks, 
6622 ; suppresses Afr. revolt ; defeated 
in Massilia ; appt. Ca-sar ; gov. It., Afr., 
and Sicily, 10673; d., 10662. 

Ma.i-imiti<t, asteroid, discovered, 7342. 

Maximilian, Archd. Aust.,b., 7862; defeats 
Louis XI., 6781 ; marries ; regent, 10992 ; 
K. of Romans, 7S72; espouses Anne, 6793; 
war against Swiss, 78iji ; emperor, 5C93; 
est. imperial chamber ; est. Aulic Coun- 
cil, 7873 ; invests Fr with Milan ; in 
League of Cambrai ; in Holy League, 
7873; in Eng. army, 6801 ; d., 7882, 7892. 

II., b.,7XX2; king, 511 2; reigns ; emp. ; 

truce with Selim 1I.,79:> 2 ; grants liberty 
of conscience, 7923; Cath. leader; duke, 
7933; besieged by Gustavus, 7942; electo- 
ral vote, 7!)">2 ; favors Protestantism, 
5112; d.,5102. 

, Alexander Philipp, Pr. of Neuwied, 

b.,S042; d. 8243. 
Emanuel, D.ofBav., 7973; war against 

emp., 7992 ; dominions restored, 7993. 

, Joseph I.j D. of Bavaria, 8013. 

Joseph 11., b., 8102 ; elector Bavaria, 

8073; Hug, S092, 8173; d., 8223. 
, (Ferdinand Maximilian Joseph), 

Archduke, emp. of Mex., b.-d., 10961 ; 

crown offered, 5263 ; accepts, 10963 ; Fr. 

enthrone, 2281 ; lands at Vera Cruz, 

5263; in Mex., 10961 ,3; unrecognized by 

U. S., 2491, 2533; captured, 10961; issues 

decree ; transfers custom receipts toFr., 

10963 ; hist. order of Mex ican Eagle, 10972 ; 

shot, 520 3 , 10963 ; memorial monastery, 

5342. 
Maximin, at ITeraclea, 1068 1 . 
Maximinus.Galerius Valerius, b.-d. ,10642; 

reigns, 10293; pyrs. defeat, 10042; perse- 
cutes Christians, 10643. 
Thrax (Maximin Caius Julius Verus) 

reigns; assassinated, 1065 3 . 
Maximum, est., Fr., 7111 ; repealed, 7112. 
Maximus Magnus at Aquileia, 10282; emp.; 

reigns in Gaul; defeats Gratian, 0022 ; 

against Valentinian II. crushed, 1069 3 . 

Fabius at Sen tin um, 6621. 

, M. Mallius, commands in S. Gaul, 

10561 ; denounced, 10572. 

, Pretonius, reigns, 10712. 

Max O'Rell. (See Blouet, Paul.) 
Maxwell, executed, 3303. 

, James Clerk, b., 9442; d. (1879). 

, Lawrence, Jr., dept. of justice, 4472. 

, Lily, votes for Bright, 971 1 . 

, Lord, at Solway Moss, 8681 . 

, William, atElizabethtown,N. J., 861 ; 

d. (1798). 



1330 



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May-Meil. 



May, Cornelius Jaeobsori, in N. J., 311 ; 

gOV., 312. 

, Geo. Augustus Chichester, chief 

justice, 9831. 

, Joseph, auth., S. Longfellow, 4783. 

, Samuel Joseph, b., 1062; d., 2741 . 

, Thomas Erskine, b., 9363; d, 9942 ; 

memorial, 10021 . 

, Princess, of Teck, marries, 10111 . 

Maybrick, Florence Eliz., sentence, 10011. 

May-day, Fr., anarchists sentenced, 7623. 

Mayenne, Due de, Charles de Lorraine, 
b., 6822; at Argues and Paris, 6S41 ; in 
Paris, 6853; atMontauban, 6861 ;d.,G862. 

Mayer, Alfred Marshall, h., 1462. 

, Branz, b., 1161 ; d. (1879). 

, Frank Blackwell, b. (1827) ; studies 

Indians, 1701 ; works, 2721 , 3061 . 

, Johann Tobias, h., 8002; d., 8023. 

, Julius Robert von, b., 8103 ; d., 8282. 

, Theophilus, cons. E. C. bp., 10121 . 

, Capt., wounded in duel, 7631 . 

May-field Assembly at Worms, 7701 , 7713; 
at Baderborn, 7713. 

Maijtloirer sails, 293. 

outsails Galatea, 995 3 . 

Mavhew, Experience, b. (1673) ; opens In- 
dian school, 391 ; d. (1758). 

, Henry, b. (1812); works, 9503, 9563; 

d., 9962. 

, John, missionary, d., 502. 

, Jonathan, b., 582 ; in Boston, 663 ; 

against Eng., 673 ■ avows Universalism, 
723; d., 741. 

, Thomas, b., 301 ; work, 383; d., 401 . 

, , Jr., b. (1621); miss., 363; d.(1657). 

absconds, 10051 . 

Mayhor, W., wife murderer, 421 1 . 

May Laws in Ger., 8282 ; repealed, 8302. 

Mavnard. Francois de, b. (1582); Pliilaiulre, 
6891; d. (1646). 

, Geo. Willoughbv, b. (1843): works, 

3061,3121,3141,3181,3221. 

, Horace, b., 123 1 ; at Union Conven., 

2253; p.-m.-gen.,3043; d.,3101. 

, Isaac H., confirmed judge, 3993 ; op- 
posed by N. Y. bar, 4023; Buffalo Bar 
Asso., 4043 ; investigation, 4051, 2 ; ex- 
onerated, 4052; Bar Asso. object, 4212; 
case, 4402; opposed, 4402, 4421 . 

Mayne, Richard Charles, d., 10081 . 

Maynooth College est.. 9263, 9271 .9523; bill 
for improvement. 9532 ; enlarged, 9643. 

May-poles set up, 9031 . 

Maypu, Arg., Spaniards defeated, 4891. 

Mavo, Ire., see erected, 8422. 

, Amory Dwight, b. 1302; d. (1850). 

.Frank, b.,1502. 

-, Win. Starbuck, b., 1183. 

, Earl, title created, 9231 . 

, Earl of, viceroy, 10492. 

Mayow, John, respiration; tire-air, 8922. 

May's Landing, N. J., poisoning, 390 3 . 

Maysville, Ky., magazine explodes, 1773; 
Confederates take, 2131 . 

— ~, N. Dak., normal schools est., 3742. 

Mazade, Louis Charles, Jean Robert de, 
b. (1820) ; works, 7582 ; Academician. 
7521 ; d. (1893). 

Mazari Sherif, Ishak defeated, 62. 

Mazarin, Jules, cardinal, b., 0862 ; prime 
minister, 6892; reforms; exiled, 6893; de- 
prived of power ; flees from Fr. ; re- 
turned to power, 6912; d., 6902. 

Mazeppa, Ivan, b.-d., 11142. 

Maziere, Gen., ninands army, 7421. 

Mazra, Afgh., battle at, 62. 

Mazzini, Giuseppe, b., 10851 ; fuds. Young 
It. Party, 10872; d., 10882; statue, 10901 . 

Mazzola, Girolamo Francesco .Maria, b.-d., 
10802. 

Mazzuchelli, Giovanni Maria, b. (1707) ; 
Scrittori <V Italia, 10833; d. (1765). 

M. D., first degree to woman, 1663. 

itteaeham, Coininissioner, killed, 2801 . 

Mead, Edwin D., in Nat. Edu. Soc., 3423. 

■, Mrs. E. Storrs, pres. Holvoke, 3562. 

, Larkin Goldsmith, b., 1442; works, 

1781 , 1821 , 2541 ; marble group, 3201 . 

Meade County, Ky., white caps, 3723. 

.George Gordon, b., 1242; at Chan- 

eellorsville, 221 1 ; commands army of 
Potomac, 2231 ; moves northward, 2232; 
at Gettysburg, 2241 ; moves for Washing- 
ton, 2271; at Centerville,228i; at Locust 
Grove, 22S2; at Mine Run. 2283; at Cul- 
pepper, 22S3; at Petersburg, 2343; seizes 
Weldon R. R., 2343 ; maj.-gen., 2372 ; 
Sheridan reenf orces, 2403 ; pursues Lee, 



2451 ; commands 3d military district, 
2581 ; calls Const. Conven. in Fla., 2612 ; 
gives Fla. to civil rulers, 2633; d., 2781 . 

Meade, Coin., Naval Architecture, 268 3 . 

, Sir Richard, d., 10121 . 

.William, b., 1001; bp., 1363; d., 2052. 

, Edward, cons, bp., 10121 . 

Meadow Mt., massacre by Mormons, 1823. 

Meadows, Wm., murders Humphreys, 4362. 

Meadville, Pa., Allegheny Coll.org., 1251 ; 
straw paper made, 1361 . 

Meagher, Thomas Francis, b., 9403; gov. 
Mont., 2511; arrested, 9552; in N. Y., 
9571 ; d., 2581. 

Meal Tub Plot discovered, 8952. 

Means, Alexander, b., 1101 ; d. (1883). 

- — , John Hugh, b. (1812) ; gov. S. C, 1692; 
d., 2132. 

Mears, Prof., opposes O. Community, 3032. 

Measures, metric system est., Fr., 7061 . 

Measuring compass invented, 7921 . 

Meat-biseuit invented, 1681. 

Export, and Inspee. Bill, 3553, 3672. 

Meath, Ire., see erected, 8403; Bp. Reichel 
cons., 9922. 

, E. of, title created, 8811 . 

Meaux, Fr., Protestants at, 6803. 

, M. de, minister, 7493, 7511 . 

Mecca, pilgrimages forbidden, 103; King 
Abraha, 4831 ; shrine visited, 4832; Hejaj 
captures ; Mohammed enters, 4841 ; 
mosque erected, 4842 ; Mohammed a 
prophet ; pilgrims assist Mohammed ; 
place of worship, 4843; Mohammed pos- 
sesses; pilgrimage org., -Is 13 ,4851 ; Waha- 
bistake,4SGi ; taken, 4S6i ,6562; pilgrims 
visit, 488 2 ; cholera; grand sherif assas- 
sinated; pilgrims quarantined, 4S83. 

Mechain, Pierre Francois Andre, b.,7003; 
d., 7163. 

Mechanical Engineers, Am. Soc. org., 
2743, 3071 ; meets, 3852, 3951 , 4002. 

Society of Amateurs est., 9721 , 

Mechanics' Gap, W. Ya., action at 1983. 

Institution fnd., London, 9402; m 

Birmingham, 9541. 

Mochaniesville, Ya., battle of, 2091. 

Mechi, John Jos., b., 9302; d. (1880). 

Mechlin, Catholic Cong., pope's power re- 
stored, 5461 ; riot, 5463. 

Meckel, Johann Friedrich, b., 7983; d., 
8041. 

, , b., 8042; d., 8142. 

Mecklenburg, Germany, conquered, 5121 ; 
duchy, 7833; Univ. 'of Rostock fnd., 
7851,2; Landes-Union find., 7893; Wal- 
lenstein D., 7952; dukes under ban, 7953; 
JVetter Vnrrath, 7991; divided, 7992; in 
Confed. of Rhine, 8093; leaves Confed. 
Rhine, 7193, 8112; grand duchy, 8113; 
Fred. Francis II., grand D., 8171 ; anti- 
feudal influence, 8173; Wm. is grand D., 
8212; in N. Ger. Confederation, 8252. 

, N. C, Independence convention, 811 , 

, Grand Duke of, rules, 7413, 8113; at 

Soissons, 7421 ; commands armies, 7422; 
at Bazoche des Hautes ; at Beaugency ; 
at Dreux, 7423; pr. of empire, 795 2 . 

Meclad, prophecy, 11403. 

Medals for military merit, 211 2 . 

Medary, Sam., b. (1801) ; gov., Minn.,1833, 
1852; d. (1864). 

Medea launched, 9981 ; sinks pirate, 61S1. 

Medea, war with Lydians, 11541 . 

Medes, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

Medrteld, Mass., Indian massacre, 441 . 

Medhurst, Waller Henry, b.,9283;d.,9G22. 

Media overrun, 10242; revolts, 11453; war 
with Lydia, 11461 ; Cyrus conquers, 11472. 

Mediation, in Civil War; commission org., 
7252; offer to U.S. A. .952, 201 2, 2152, 3; de- 
clined, 2033; Fr. proposes for U. S., 2153, 
2192, 7371 ; accepted in Bra., 5603; for 
Peru, 6073; de. lined by Fr., 0233; Great 
Brit, declines, 7432; Port., 11112. 

Medical Asso. eel., Am., 3401 ; convention, 
4621; org., Eng., 9461 . 

.Congress, Centennial held, 2922; In- 

ternat., 3261 , 3882, 0421 , 83-11 ; in Wash., 
3261 ; i n Paris, 7382. 

Act passes, Eng., 9811 , 

and ChiriirgicalSoc, Royal, est. ,9821 . 

Coll., Am. Association formed, 2901 . 

College West. Reserve Univ. gill ,420= 

Editors Asso. of America org., 2683. 

• Mission, Phila., established, 3742. 

Missionary Society org., 3063, 9503. 

Relict Association founded, 9252. 

School at Cordova, Spain, 11262. 



Medical Soc, Lond., fnd., 9081 , 9182, 946' . 

Medicine, American Academy org., 2901 . 

Lake, Wash., insane asylum, 3731 . 

Medki'mische Sacltrlcliten issued, 8011 . 

Medici, Alessandro de, rise, fall, 10793. 

, de, D. of Tuscany ; D. of Flor- 
ence, 10813; d., 10803. 

, Catherine. (See Catherine of Medici.) 

, Cosimode.b., 10S02; D. of Tub., 10813. 

, Cosmo, or Cosimo de, " Elder," b., 

10762; chief ruler, 10792; d., 1081 1. 

, Francesco de, rules, 1079'3. 

, Ippolito de, b.-d., 10802. 

, Lorenzode, b.-d., 10783;works, 10792; 

conspiracy against, 10793; D. of U., 10183. 

, Marie de, b., 6841 ■ makes Richelieu 

cardinal, 6S71; regent ; queen, 6873; ref- 
uge in England, 6892; d., 6883. 

, Piero 1., de, chief of republic, 10793. 

, Sylvester de, magistrate, 10773. 

family, power in Florence, 1079 2 ,3. 

Medieo-llo'tanical Society org., 9401 . 

Chirurgieal college'opened, 3083. 

, Legal Cong., Internat., 3401 . 

Psychological Asso. meets 4601. 

Medill, Mo., collapse of R. R. bridge 4073. 

, Joseph, b., 1303; commissioner, 2732. 

, Wm., b. (1805) ; gov. O., 1751 ; d. (1865). 

Medina, Arabia, Mohammed besieged, 

4841; Abdallah calif, 4853; conquered, 
4861, 4881, 6562. 
, Africa, annexed, 11612. 

de Rio Seen, Sp., defeat, 7162. 

, Jose Maria, b. (1815); pres. Honduras, 

10412; d. (1878). 

Habu, temple at, erected, 6482. 

Meding, Oskar, b., 8142. 
Medingin mission, 11242. 
Mediolanum. (See Milan.) 
Medley, W. Ya., action near, 2301 . 

, John D., b., 5762; bp., 9423; d., 5941 . 

Medleys made, 8S01. 

Mednapur, destructive cyclone, 10483. 

Medo-Babylonian empire annexed, 11071 . 

Persian empire formed, 1147 2 . 

Medola, France, victory, 7121. 

Medora explodes, 1553. 

Medusa, asteroid, discovered, 7481. 

Meehan. Charles P. d., 10021 . 

Meek, Alex. Beaufort, b., 1231 ; d., 2482. 

.Fielding Bradford, b., 1262; d., 2921. 

Meeker, N. C, killed by Indians, 3031 . 
r.Ieeks, James, sentence, 355 2 . 

, Jos., trial of Sheriff Flack, 3543. 

Meer Khidadad rules, 5392. 

Nusseer Khan rules ; treaty with 

British, 5391 ; d., 5392. 

, Van der, Jan, b.-d., 11003. 

Meershaert, Theo., consecrated bp., 3981 . 
Meerut rebels, 10181 ; Sepoys active, 10491. 
Megacles saves Aeroiiolis, 10171. 
Megalopolis, Gr., fnd., 1C233; battle of, 

10242; taken, 10262. 
Megaphone invented, 2982. 
Megnpolensis, Johannis, b. (1603) ; pastor 

Dutch Reformed, 862; d. (1670). 
Megara, Gr., defended, 10183; connected 

with Athens, 10193. 
Megaris, Gr., devastated, 10201 . 
Megiddo, battle at, 0481 ,6501 ; Hittites de- 
feated, 11401. 
Meliadpur. Mabrattas defeats, 10461. 
Mehallev, Edward, murders wife, 4703. 
Mehan, John, captured, 3831 . 

, Thomas, b., 1341 . 

Mehemet, Ali, b., "6562; at Damietta,6561 ; 

against Turks ; conquers Syria ; revolts ; 

in Arabia; massacres Mamelukes, 6562; 

reigns ; massacres ; demand of Abdul- 

Medjid, 6572; alliance against Austria, 

5213; gov.; treaty with Porte; invades 

Syria, 6572; conquers Wahabis, 4881; 

invades Greece, 10342; commands, 5652, 

5661 ; murdered, 115S3, 6562. 

Koprili, ~rnnd vizier, 11572. 

Meherrin, N. C, Baptist Ch. find., 603. 
Mehrab Khan annoys British, 5391 . 
Mehul, Etiennc Henri, b., 7031 ; d., 7223. 
Meigs, Henry, forgeries discovered, 1763. 

, John B., murdered, 2383. 

, Montgomery Cunningham, b., 1242; 

sails, 1921 ; at Fort Pickens, 1941 ; d.,3981 . 
- — , Return Jonathan, b., 642; at Sag 

Harbor, 862; d., 1303. 

, , b., 741 ; gov. 1173; d. (1825). 

Meiggs, Henry, b. (1811) ; d., 2961 . 
Meignan, G. Rene, cardinal, priest, 7622. 
Meilhac, Henri, b., 7262; Academician, 

7561. 



Meik-Merc. 



Text Figures denote Page. UN JJii,A. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1331 



Meikeljohn, George D., b., 1821 . 

Meikle, Andrew, thrashing-machine, 9202. 

Meineke,Johann Albert Friedrich August, 

b., 8043; d-, 2862. 
Meiners, Christoph, b., 8003; d., 8102. 
Meinhardt I., count, 5052. 

II., count, 5052. 

Meinhold, Jobami Wilhelm, b., 8063; d., 

8181. 
Meissen, Ger., revolution in, 7821; cathe- 
dral finished, 7S22. 
Meiasner, Alfred, b., 8122; d., 8302. 

, August Gottlieb, b.,8022; d., 8033. 

Meissonier, Jean Louis Ernest, b., 7192; 

picture IS 14 sold, 7601; gift to state, 

7641; d., 7601. 

, Juste Aurele, b., 6943; d., 701 1. 

Meistersauger Guild, last, dissolved, 8141. 

Mejia, Ignacio, b., 10952. 

Mejici, Tomas, b.-d., 1095 2 . 

Mekhiter, Peter, b.-d., 115G3. 

Mekong Kiver explored, 4813. 

Melae, Gen., in Prussia, 798 1. 

Melancbthon, Philip, b., 7863; professor 

at Wittenburg, 7883; Loci Communes, 

7891; d., 7922. 
Melunehus, tyrant, overthrown, 10171. 
Melanesi, N.Z., Bp. Sehvyn elected, 9803. 
Melanesia, Bp. Wilson consecrated, 10121 . 
Melanippides, lyric poet, 10192. 
Melanthus reigns, 1013 3 - 
Melas, Michael von. Baron, b. (1735) ; gen. 

in It., 10S41 ; at Marengo, 7141 ; d. (1806). 
Melazzo, or Milazzo, action at, 10S81 . 
Melbourne, Australia, fnd., 4952; Victoria 

bishopric est., 9543; Bp.Carr cons.,986 2 ; 

Bp. Goecons.. 9962; Chas. J. Latrobe in, 

4953; Univ. library fnd.; gold dis., 4961, 

4971 ; Meth. mission ; explorers, 496 2 ; 
immigration; mayor visits Eng., 4963; 
Moravian mission, 4962; charter ; capi- 
tal, 4971 ; Assembly meets; first Pari., 

4972 ; Land Act passed ; improved ; exhi- 
bition, 497 3 ; great telescope, 4981 ; D. of 
.Edinburgh in ; postal confederate, 4982; 
Federation Council, 4992; Industrial 
museum opd.; Inter nut. Inhibition ,4993, 
5013; floods, 5001; Anglican Cathedral 
cons. ,5002; Aus. Federal Confederation, 
5011 ; banks suspend; docks opened, 5013. 

, Viscount, Wm. Lamb, b., 9203; min- 
ister, 9452; premier, 9472,3; ministry 
dissolved, 9472; administration, 949 2 ; 
resigns, 9512; d., 9542. 
Melchers, Bp., archbp., 823 2 ; arrested; 

fined, 8283; cardinal priest, 8322. 
Melchiades, St., pope, 10663. 
Melchior, Bishop, murdered, 4S03, 4813. 

, Eugene Marie, Vicomte de Vogue, 

Academician, 7561. 
Melchizedek, blesses Abram, 11402. 
Meldrum, Baron, title created, 9372. 
Melegnano, Italy, battle of, 5241 , 11371. 
Melek El Azaae, sultan, 655 2 . 

Shah, subdues Syria, 10321; takes 

Jerusalem; d., 487 2 . 
Melendez-Valdez, Juan Antonio, b.-d., 

11283. 
Melete, asteroid, discovered, 732 1 . 
Meletius, St., b.-d., 11542. 
Melfl, Italy, constitution of, 7S11 . 
Melfort, Earl of, title created, 8772. 
Melgarejo, Mariano, b.-d., 5502 ; at Viacha; 
at Potosi, 5501; leads revolt; subdues 
revolt, 5511 . 
Meli, Giovanni, b., 10S4 2 ; d., 10S62. 
Mi'lihira, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 
Melilla, garrison attacked, 10973,11322. 
Meline, Felix Jules, minister, 7543. 

, James Florant, b. (1811); in treas. 

department, 4472; d. (1873). 
Melinguc, Gaston, d., 7581. 
Melitus, war -with Lydia, 10141 , 
Melizan, Theophilus.cons.R. C. bp.,986 2 . 
Mell, Patrick Hues, b., 1231 ; d. (1888). 
Mellan, Claude, b., 6861 ; d., 6942. 
Mellano, Leonard, cons, bishop, 9682. 
Mellen, Grenville, b., 1082; d., 152 2 . 
Mellette, Arthur C, gov. 3451 , 3492, 3992. 
Mellin, Gustaf Henrik, b.-d., 11361, 

., Prentiss, d., 1522. 

Mellish, Sir George, lord justice, 975 2 . 
Mellitus, Archbishop, 8422; d. (624). 
Mello, Francisco Manoel de, b. (1611) ; 
works, 11292; d. (1665). 

, Fontes Pereira de, ministry, llll 2 . 

, Admiral Custodio J. »se de, b. (1845+) ; 

in rebellion at Rio, 5581 , 5601 ,3, 
Mellon, Miss, first appearance, 9262, 



Melloni, Maeedonio, b., 10843; on heat 

rays, 9343; d., 10863. 
Mellor, John W., judge-adv.-gen., 995 2 . 
Melo, Francisco de Manuel, b.-d,, 11102. 
Melodists Club established, 9421 . 
MeloraiR', mission at, 11241. 
Meloria, battle of, 10761 . 
Melos, island, expedition against, 10202. 
Meloy, William T., moderator, 3322. 
Mclridestadt, battle at, 7761 . 
Melrose, Scot., monastery founded, 8483. 
Melville, Andrew, b., 8682; d., 8S02. 
, Geo. Wallace, b. (1841) ; in navy de- 
partment, 3512, 4472. 

, Herman, b., 1281 ; d., 3922. 

, *W". B., convicted, 4682. 

, Viscount of, title created, 9311. 

, Viscount. (See Dundas.) 

Melvin,Tenn.,Swoit'ord-TollettetVud,41S2. 
Mem de Sa, capt.-gen., 233; at Rio, 5521 ; 

aids Jesuits, 5531 ; gov. -gen., 5533. 
Memling, Hans, d., 540 2 . 
Memminger, Charles Gustavus, b., HO 2 ; 

sec. treas., 1913; d. (1888). 
Memnon, ravages Cyclades, 10242; statue 

removed, 6563. 
Memohra jiour servir a VIFistoire des Sci- 
ences, etc., 695 2 . 
LitUraires de la Grande Bretaipie is- 
sued, 6991. 

Secrete de la RepubUque des Lettres, 

7012. 

de Bachaumont issued, 703 2 . 

de Madame de la Lime d'Lp'/ nay, 7231 . 

Memoirs of Gen. Thiehault appears, 7641 . 

for iht/t ttioiis issued, 9002. 

of Lite rat nre issued, 9043. 

Memorial Literario issued, 11292. 
Memphis, Egy., capital, 6453; taken, 6473, 
6501, 6511; falls, 6501. 

, Tenn., laid out, 1293;0. S. Presb. 

synod org., 163i ; Elmwood Cemetery in- 
cor., 1713; Memphis & Charleston R. R. 
opened, 1S33; headquarters dept. lower 
Miss., 1962 ; capital, 2053 ; naval fight, 
2063; battle of, 2083; Sherman embarks, 
2163; Sherman at, 2263; General Smith 
leaves, 2301 ; race riot,2522,4022; South- 
ern Commercial Convention meets, 2673 ; 
Normal School est., 2763 ; Christian 
Brothers Coll. org., 27S 2 ; Medical Coll. 
opd., 3063; Hospital of S. W. B apt. Univ. 
fnd., 3071; Freda "Ward injured, 400 2 ; 
fire, 4013, 4433; mob, 4022^ Cantilever 
Bridge opd., 4073; Nat. Farmers' Alli- 
ance Conven., 4183, 4193; earthquake, 
4501. 
Mena, first Egyptian king, 6453. 

, Juan de/b.-d., 11262; work, 11271. 

Menage, Giles, b., 6S6 2 ; works, 0931 , 6891 ; 
d., 694 2 . 

, L. F., liabilities, 4423. 

Menagier de Paris issued, 6743. 
Menahem,k. Shallum, 11451 ; reigns, 1145 2 . 
Menai wrecked, 9233. 

Strait, bridge opd., 9422, 9542. 

Menan, Fran. Ant. Carrandi y, gov., 630 2 . 
Menander, b.-d., 10243. 

Menandona, Madagascar, mission at,10942. 
Menapii yield to Rome, 1058 2 . 
Menard, Rene, opens mission, 5723. 
Menas surrenders Sardinia, 10613. 
Menasseh in Samaria, 1147 3 . 
Mencius, philosopher, b., 6103. 
Mendell, Geo. H., in corps of eng., 3221 . 
Mendelssohn, Moses, b.,K002; works, 8032, 
8052; d., 8043. 

Bartholdy, Felix, b., 8083; si. Paul, 

8141; d., 8162. 
Mendenhall, Thomas Corwin, b, (1S41) ; 
Behring Sea commis., 3873 ; resigns, 4032, 
Mendes, Catulle, b. (1640); works, 7351, 
7383;. 

, Egypt, dynasty at, 6513. 

Mendez'in Abyssinia, 12. 

Kunez at Alicante, 11321 . 

Mendi, mission at, 1161'. 
Mendicant orders reduced, 6722. 
Mendicity Society established, 9392. 
Mendon, Mass., Indians attack, 461 . 
Mendoza, Arg.Rep., fnd., 233,4892; earth- 
quake, 4913. 

, Andrez Hurdato de, b. (1490+) ; in 

Lima, 232; on Pacific < 'oast, 203; d. (1561). 

- — , Antonio de,b. (1590*-); viceroy, 10952; 

victorious, 6051 ; i n Arg., 201 ; d. (1644). 

, Count Garcia Hurtado Diego de, b.- 

d., 11263; commander, 6043; capt.-gen., 
6052; viceroy, 233, 253; works, 11291 ,2. 



Mendoza, Juan de Gonz., b.,202; d. (1617)' 

, de Medrano v, governor, 6302. 

, Pedro de, b.-d., 11263; expedition of, 

212; settlement, 4891 ; Plata River, 4892. 

, Gonzales de, b.-d., 11262; presents 

Columbus, 123. 
Menelaus returns to Sparta, 10141. 

, high priest ; deposed ; sells temple 

vessels, 114S2; purchases office, 11492. 
Menelek defeated in Abys.; makes war, 
22 ; king. 

II. Abys,, crowned, 33, 

Menendez, Francisco, pies. S. Salv., 11232. 

, Marquez, Pedro, in Am. ,241 ,3, 251 , 2 . 

Men-en-Ra reigns in Egypt, 6473. 
Meiieptah 11. reigns in Egypt, 6493. 

III. reigns in Egypt, 6492. 

Meneses, Francisco de, gov. Chili, 6052. 
Menestheus reigns, 10133. 
Menevia, Archbp. Hedley cons., 9742. 
Menfew, battle at, 7741 . 
Mengo, battle at, 5G4i ; Porter at, 5643. 
Mengs, Anton R., b., 8002; d., 8042. 
Menhardt II., duke, 5052. 
Menharg mission, 6571 . 
Meninski, Francis M., b.,7943; d., 7982. 
Mi >ti/>f>< , asteroid, discovered, 2981. 
Menippus, b., 10282. 

Men-ka-Ra (Queen Nitocris), r reigns, 6472. 
Men-kau-hor reigns in Egypt, 6472. 
Men-kau-Ra, builds pyramids, builds tomb, 
6451 ; dedicated to Ru, 0452; reigns, 6471 . 
Menno, Simons, b., 7863; tnds. Mennonites, 

7903; d., 7922. 
Mennonite Missionary Society org., 11021 . 
Mennonites in Pa., 482; open' Indian mis- 
sion, 1103; Foreign Miss. Society, 3062; 
purchase land in Kan., 2873; removing 
to Colorado, 3342 ; origin of, 7903 ; emi- 
grate to Odessa ; to America, 8302. 
Menocal, A. G., surveys Nic. Canal, 11033. 
Menou, Baron Jacques Francois de, b. 
(1750); commander in Egy., 6561 , 7141 ; 
surrenders, 6561 ; treaty at Cairo, 6572 • 
d. (1810). 
Menschikov, Prince Alex. Sergeivitch, b., 
11162; at Alma, 9581 • d., 11182. 

, Daniloviteh. b.-d., 11142. 

Mentana, It., Italians defeated, 7361. 
Mentone, Fr., man's skeleton found, 7461 . 
Mentour, A., in 0., 673. 
Mentz, or Mainz, Ger., Franks repulsed, 
10661 ; Napoleon in, 7202 ; destroyed ; 
fortified camp, 7GS1; an archbishopric, 
7702; cathedral fnd., 7742; imperial fes- 
tival, 7792; Diet, 7811; printing-office, 
7352; Cat hoi iron ; Cicero deOtficiis ; univ. 
chartered, 7871; taken, 7942,3, 7961, 7981, 
8061; winter quarters, 7942; occupied, 
7981 ; univ. suspends, 8072; ceded to Fr., 
5192,8073; acquired by Hesse-Darmstadt, 
8II 3 ; celebration of printing, 8253. 
Menzel, Karl Adolf, b., 8042; d., 8201 

.Wolfgang, b., 8063; d., 8281. 

Menzies, Michael, inv. thrasher, 90S1 . 

, Sergt. Robert, wins rifle prize, 9741 

Meramie, Agnes de, marries, 6713. 
Meran, services for crown prince, 5322 
Mer-ba-pen reigns in Egvpt, 6453. 
Mercadante, Saverio, b.,* 10843; d., 10882. 
Mercale, Miss F.,in Ind. dept., Can., 5903. 
Mercantile Library Asso. fnd., N.Y., 1291 ; 
in San Francisco, 1731 , 2232; in Pbila., 
1311. 
Mercator, Gerard, b.-d., 10982; charts pub- 
lished, 5402. 
Merceau, body in Pantheon, 7593. 
Merced, Cal., grain fields burned, 3613, 
Mercedes, Queen, d., 11322. 
Mercer, David H., b., 1821 . 

, Hugh, !>., 582; d. (1777). 

, Jesse, b., 761 ; d. (1841). 

, John, missionary, 6022. 

University organized, 1423. 

Mercersburg, Pa., college at, 1463. 

College organized, 2503. 

Mercers' Company formed, S613. 
Merchandise, England levies, 8832. 

Marks Act passes, G. B., 9672. 

Merchant of Venice performed, 683. 

Shipping Survey Bill rejected, 9793; 

passes, 9812. 

Tailors' Company formed, Eng., 857 3 . 

Mcrchantmein wrecked, 9953. 

Mercia, Eng., see erected, 8423; Christian 

kingdom, $423, $432; re volt in ; annexed 

toWesse\,8453; earldom abolished,849i . 

Mercier, Honore,' address to Cong., 3463; 

premier, Can., 5871 ; papal benediction, 



1332 



Text Figures denote Page. 1xnDjc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. MGrC— Meth. 



5882; speech, 58S3; payment to Jesuits, 
5892;prohibitionspeechcondemned,5902; 
implication, 5922; acquitted ; trial, 5943 
595' ; resigns seat, 5951 ; d., 596' . 

Mercier, Gen., minister, 767' ,2. 

Merck, Johann Heinrieh, b. (1741) ; work, 
805' ; d. (1791). 

Mevcure de Suede, Le, issued, 1135' . 

de France, Le, issued, 6992; suspends, 

7323. 

Mercurian, Jesuit general, 1081'. 

Mercuric- issued, 11292. 

Mercurium Libravius issued, 8943. 

Mercurius worshiped, 1050 3 . 

Mercurius Aultcus issued, 885'. 

Hibernicus issued, 885' , 

Mercury, transit of, 6882, 894'; transit 
foretold, 7943. 

Mercy, Baron Francois b. (1595+) ; at 
Freiburg, 688'; at Duttlingen ; at Aller- 
heim, 796' . 

, Claude Florimond, b. (1GC6) ; atOffen- 

berg, 798' ; d. (1734). 

, Order of, founded, 6703. 

Mereb, Abyssinia, reded to Italy, 33. 

Meredith, Elisha E., b., 164' . 

, George, b., 9423 ; works, 10063. 

, Owen(Bulwer-Lvtton) ; works, 9763, 

9923. 

, William Morris, b., 1082 ; se c. treas., 

1653 ; in treas. dept., 3512 ; d., 282' . 

Meredyth, Baron, title created, 965'. 

Mereloza, <le Juan Gonzales, d., 26' . 

Mer-en-Hor reigns, Egypt, 6472. 

Mer-en-se (?) em-sa-f, reigns, Egypt, 6472. 

Mergbacher, Julio, embezzler, 3S52. 

Mergenthaler, Ottmar, inv. linotype, 332' . 

Mergentheim, Germauv, battle at, 636'. 

Mergui,Bur., taken, 11242 ; mission, 10463. 

Merhab Khan, killed, 5382. 

Meriam, Eben, b., 1042 ■ d., 2312. 

Merian, Maria Sibylla, b.-d., 11372. 

M^rida, Spain, Fr. defeated, 7182. 

Meriden, Conn., Lewis donation, 3462. 

Meridian, Miss., Sherman at, 230'. 

., prime, to be established, 3112. 

Meridional instrument invented, 7902. 

Merigeau, Jacques, anarciiist, 7662. 

Merimee, Prosper, b., 715'; works, 727', 
729', 7302, 7323, 733' , 7482; d., 7382. 

Merinites, dynasty reigns, 1097'. 

Merinosheep in Eng.,9253; in Spain, 1128' . 

Merioka, missions at, 1092'. 

Meri-Ra, Pepi I., reigns, Egypt, 6472. 

Merivale, Charles, b., 9343 ; Romans Un- 
der the Empire, !).".li3; d. (1893). 

, Herman, b., 9323, or (18(16) ; d. (1874). 

, John Herman, b., 9203 ; d. (1844). 

Meriwether, David, b. (1800) ; gov., 1743. 

Merle, Jean Henri d'Aubigne, b.-d., 1138'. 

Merlin, Philippe Antoine, dismissed, 7133. 

Mermillod, Gaspar, expelled, 11382 ; d., 
1138'. 

Mermnad:e. dynasty of, 11452. 

Merodach-Bal'adan II. (See Saigon.) 

Merode, Francois de, b., 7223. 

Meroe, kingdom founded, 6503. , 

Meroo Creek, Australia, gold, 496' . 

Merovaeus, b.-d., 6623; K. of Franks, 6633. 

Merovingian dynasty, 6G3 3 ; monarchy es- 
tablished, 7693. 

Merowich, husband of Brunehilde, 771'. 

Merriam, C. H„ commissioner, 3873. 

• , Henry C, colonel, 320' . 

, William E., gov. Minn., 3332, 3652. 

Merrick, James, clergyman, d., 252' . 

, , poet, b. (1720) ; d„ 9183. 

, Pliny, b. (1794) ; d., 256' . 

Merrill, Col., at Hartville, 218' . 

, Geo. S., commander-in-chief, 307 2 . 

, James C, commissioned maj., 450'. 

, Joseph A., h., 962 ; d., 1662. 

, Lot Myrick, d., 312' . 

, Stephen M., b., 1322 ; bp., 2763. 

, Samuel, governor Iowa, 265 2 . 

Merrimac, Mass., IMward Crosby k.,4683. 

Merrimac sinks Cumberland ; defeated, 
2043; reappears, 2062; in Hampton Koads, 
207'; fired, 2072. 

Merriman, Edgar C, promoted capt., 352'. 

, W. B., governor Minn., 399' . 

Merrimon, Augustus S.,d.,418'. 

Merritt, Weslev. l>. (1836) ; at Crooked Run, 
2372 ; at Five Forks. 2443; disperses In- 
dians, 302' ; protest against removal, 
3072; brig.-gen., 326'. 

, Wm.,b. (1640±) ; mayor, 533; d. (1708). 

Merriwether's Landing, Tenn., Confeder- 
ate defeat, 2103. 



Merry England Magazine issued, 9923. 
Merryman, John, arrested, 1953, 2073, 
Merseburg, Hung., repulsed, 502' . 
Merseburaer Ceihchte appears, 7723. 
Mersen, treaty of, 5393, 6672. 
Mersenne, Marin, b., 6842 ; d., 6883. 
Mersey launched, 992' . 
Mersey dam collapses, Eng., 10073. 

Tunnel opened, 9933. 

Mersina, Kef. Pres. mission at, 11582. 
Merswin, Kuimann, Nine Rocks, 7823. 
Merthyr-Tydvil, Wales, canal opd., 9273 ; 

rioting, 945'; Fenians captured, 971'; 

Miners' Conference, 977' . 
Merton, Eng., action at, 844'. 
Merv, Asia, surrendered, 1120'. 
Merwanl., reigns, Egypt, 6552 ; calif, 4852. 

-II., calif, 4852. 

Merwin, E. S., nom.gov. Conn., 3692,415'. 
Mery, Joseph, b., 713' ; d., 7362. 
Meryon, Charles, b., 724' ; d., 7382. 
Mesae, Thomas, elected bishop, 9583. 
Mesentzoff, Gen., assassinated, 1119'. 
Mesesimordaous reigns, 11453. 
Mesey, M. de, governor Mich., 423. 
Meshach in fiery furnace, 11463. 
Mesmer, Friedrieh Anton, b.,8002; theory 

of mesmerism, 8022 ; d., 8103. 
Mesmerism investigated, 96'. 
Mesnard, Ren£, miss, to Indians, 402,3. 
Meso/>otami<t wrecked, 9833. 
Mesopotamia, Horn, province, 1065', 2; 

Romans conquer, 10673, 1100', 11072; 

traversed by Alexander, 11473. 
Messaba Iron range, U. S. troops in, 4582. 
Messalina rules ; Claudius k., 1063' . 
Messana. (See Messina.) 
Messene, Greece, founded, 10233. 
Mcssenia, Gr.. seized, named, 10133. 
Messenian wars, 1014' , 10183. 
Messenians revolt, 10153 ; Gr. expelled, 

1019' ; independence proclaimed, 10223 ; 

independence restored, 1023 3 ; withdraw 

from League, 10273. 
Messer, Asa, b., 76' ; d., 1462. 
Messerve, Xathaniel, d., 71'. 
Messiah, Indian, delusion spreads, 3603. 
Messier, Charles, b., 6983 ; d., 7223. 
Messina, Italy, fnd. ; named, 10153 ; seized, 

1050', 10522, 1074'; besieged, 10523 ; re- 

volts, 1076' ,1(1833, KI8!)1 ; blockaded, 10821, 

10Sg'; subdued, 10872 ; entered, 10881. 
Messier, Abraham, b. (1800) ; pres. Reform 

synod, 1623; d. (1882). • 
Met, i, lwoguita discovered, 242,3, 5702. 
Metalliferous .Mines Regul. Act, 9772. 
Metastasio (Pietro Antonio Domenico 

Bonaveutura Trapassi), b., 10831 ; works, 

10833; d., 10843. 
Metcalf, Ralph, b. (1798); gov. N. H., 1792; 

d: (1&58). 
Metcalfe, Baron Charles Theophilus, b., 

9223 ; gov. -gen. Ind., 9473, of Canada, 

5793; d. (1846). 

, Thomas, gov. Ky., 1372. 

Metellus, L uci us Ca'eil ins, defeated; killed, 

10522. 
, Quinctus, defeats Macedonians, 1050' ; 

exiled, 10573; in Sp., 10581; subdues 

Crete, 10582; consul, 10591; d.(115±B.c.) 

, Seipio, consul, 10503 ; suicide, 10602. 

Metempsychosis, doctrine taught, 10163. 
Meteor falls near Columbus, 12 1 ; observed, 

1141 , 1881 ; in Mass., 1261 ; in L T.,402i ; 

at Chicago, 364' ; in Cal., 4261, 466' ; in 

Brandon, Miss., 432' . 
Meteor wins race ; loses, 10093 ; loses, 10113. 
Meteorite found in Cal., 400'. 
Meteorological bulletin published, 7342. 
Meteorological Soc. Conven. Am., 456' • 

of Palatinate est., 804' . 

, Eng., meets, 9402 ; reports, 964'. 

, Royal Brit, chartered, org. ,956'. 

Meteors, shower of, 148' , 152' , 1602, 258' , 

264' , 278' , 394' , 403' , 6102 ; periodicity, 

Meter, legal unit of length, Fr., 7102. 

Methodism introduced in Can., 5763 ; Conf, 
formed, 5782 ; Missionary Soc. org., 135' . 
5782 ; unite with Wes'leyans ; Meth. 
Epis. Church org., 5782 ; union with 
Wesleyans severed; New Connection 
Meth. est., 5783 ; union restored, 580'; 
Meth. Church of Can. est., 3822, 5802 ; 
missions, 5802 ; Bp. Carman ord., in 
Brit. Col.. 582 2,5,84 2; Woman's Miss. Soc. 
find., 5842 ; conf. at Belleville, at Sher- 
brooke, 5881 , at Liverpool, N. S., 5882 ; 
3d Gen. Conf. at Montreal, 5902. 



Methodism intro. into Ger., 8143. 

, Wesleyan, England, rise of; George 

Whitefield joins, 9083 ; Charles Wesley 
converted, 909 ' ; John Wesley con- 
verted. 9103 ; first society org.; mobs 
attack, 9111 ; conferences held, 911', 
913' , 915' , 9163, 919' , 9942, 9982, 10062 ; 
Whitefield a field preacher ; separate 
from Moravians ; Wesley itinerates ; 
chapel at Moortields ; conf'. at Islington, 
911' ; soc. fmd. at Dublin ; Lady Hunt- 
ingdon active, 912a ; Whitefield and Wes- 
ley in Scot., 913' ; decline to leave est. 
church; Young People's Societies; Wes- 
ley in Ire., 915' ; Maxfield's secession; 
Methodists expelled from Oxford, 9163 j 
missionaries to Am.; est. Sunday-school; 
sends Supt. Rankin to Am., 919' ; ll'es- 
leuan Mao. issued, 921' ; Am. conf. est.; 
Thos. Coke Am. supt., 9223 ; New Con- 
nection separates; JS'ew Connection Mag. 
est., 929' ; Primitive Methodists org., 
935' ; New Connection's first mission, 
941' ; Wesleyan Meth. Asso. est., 9463 ; 
centenary eel., 9483 ; Primitive Meth. 
Miss. Soc. org., 9523 ; Reformers org., 
9543; Wesleifaii Loud. (Juar. Review est., 
958'; Ladies' Miss. Soc. est., 9622; Met- 
ropolitan Chapel Building fund est., 
9642 ; ecumenical conf. in Lond., 9882; 
New Connection conf., 10002 ; against 
Home Rule, 10102; Adelaide and Mel- 
bourne miss., 41)62; Wesleyans at Cape 
Colony, 597' ; Central M. E. Mission 
conf. opd. in Mex., 10962. (See Wesley 
and Whitefield.) 

— — introduced in Port., 11113. 

in Russia, emigrate to Am., 11222. 

intro. in Sp., 11303. 

in Switz., 11382. 

Methodist Epis. Church, U. S. A. : Wesleys 
in Ga., 023; return to Eng., 642. White- 
field in Am., 642, 3 ± ; i n <ja., 71' , 1463, 
1602, 2623, 2803, 2903 , 2062. Philip Em- 
bury arrives, 723 ; i s t sermon, 742 ; i n 
N. Y. City, 742, 762, 1023, 1062,3, 1082, 
1143, 1263, 1343, 1583, 400'; in Fhila., 
742, 762, 1002. Meth. missionaries ar., 
742; In Va., 742, 912,3, 1403, 1602; F. As- 
bury arrives, 763 ; first conf., 78' ; T. 
Rankin, supt., 2d conf., 782 ; preachers 
return to Eng., 85'; Asbury arrested, 
83', 89'; against distillers; secession in 
Va., 912,3; conf. unite, 93', 95', 96'; 
Asbury supt., detached from Wesley ; 
against slaven , 932; forbids intoxicants, 
962; T. Coke'bp.; Meth. Epis. Church 
org. ; sacraments administered ; fund 
for needy preachers est. ; 1st (?) General 
Conf.; Dickinson Coll. est., 963; in Pa., 
963, 125', 1322, 1462, 1731, 1703, 2883. 
Cokesbury Coll. est., 99' ; in Mel., 99', 
1023, 1042, 1142, 2543 ; publishing bouse 
est. ; gen. conf. ; Meth. council, 1002 , 1023 ; 
rules on intemperance ; org. Sunday- 
schools; 1st Regular Gen. Conf., 1023 (see 
f o llowingfiuad renin nms forotbers); Bait. 
Conf. org., 1042 ; Kelley secession, 1043;. 
in N. Y. State, 1083,117', 1402,1563 ; 
1642, 2722, 2763 ; in Boston, 1062, 163' , 
3042,370'; in Mass., 1062,2412. Negro 
ordained ; Metluulist Matjazine ; Bp. 
Whatcoat cons.; N. Y. Conf. fmd., 1083; 
delegated Gen. Conf., 1142, 1183; restrict- 
ive rules, 1142 ; publishing house rem'd 
toN. Y., 1143; Genesee Conf.org., 117'; 
in O., 121', 1282, 1503,1571,1611,1702, 
1783, 1802, 1823, 2543, 25S3, 2903, 3402; 
Ohio Conf. fmd., 1211; Home Mission 
org., 1211, 1282; Union Am. M. E. Ch. 
fmd., 1212; bps. George and Morriscons.; 
Miss. Conf. fmd., 1243 ; Allegheny Coll. 
est.; Methodist Maaazinc \ Quae. Review, 
127'], 125', 137'; Miss. Soc. est., 1263 ; 
Indian missions, 1282, 1303, 1322, 1351, 
1363 1383, 1422, 1623; Meth. Prot. secede, 
1283; election of elders condemned, 1322; 
Me,, m., Pittsburg, and Iiolstein confs. 
fmd. ; bps.Soule and Redding eons.; Re- 
formers meet 1322, 1343, 1351 , 1362,1382 ; 
in 111., 1322, 1351 , 1503, 1631 , 1702, 1731 , 
2623, 2703, 2SX3, 2903; in Me., 1322; 
1642 ; i„ Tex., 1322, 1503, 2543, 2823, 
2842, 2903. ( Vntenarv Coll. est., 1323; 
in la., 1323, 1782, 2682, 2822. Christian 
Advocate, 1331,1351; S.-S. Union fmd. ; 
McKendree Coll. est., 1351; Quarterly 
Review, 137' ; Wesleyan Univ. est., 139' ; 
in Conn,, 139' . Bps. Andrew and Em- 



Meth-Mexi. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1333 



ery cons., 1402; Western Christian Advo- 
cate est., 1403; in Ala., 1402, 1802,3183; 
in Ind., 1402, 1563, 1611 , 1702,1762,2543, 
3742 ; in N. H., 1402, 1631. Ala., Illd., 
N. H., and Troy Confs. find., 1402; Ran- 
dolph Macon Coll. est., 1403; bps. Waugh 
and Morris cons. ,1462; Ark., Erie, Liberia, 
Mich., N. J., N.C. conf. fmd., 1462 ; i n 
Ark. 1462, 2763, 2962, 314.2 ; i n Mich., 
1462, '1783, 1843, 1991 ; i u N. J., 1462, 
1782, 2543, 2902, 4641; i n N. C, 1462, 
1802, 1823, 1863. Emory Coll. est., 1463; 
E. Tex., North O., Providence and Rock 
River confs. fmd., 1503 ; i„ r. i 1503. 
Christliche Apologete, 150 3 ; Wesleyans 
secede; Northern- Christian Advocate, 
1543 ; Cincinnati Wesleyan Coll. est., 
Wesleyan Univ., O., est., 1551 ; slavery 
agitation ; Fla., la., 1ST. Ind. and Vt. 
confs. fmd., 1563; inFla., 1563, 2763; 
in la., 1563, 157' , 1782, 1322, 1842, 2332, 
2583, 2763, 2822; i n Vt., 1563. Bp. 
Andrew suspended ; ch. divided by sla- 
very ; M. E. Ch. South secedes ; bps. 
Hamline and James cons., 1563 ; la. 
Wesleyan Univ. est., 1571 ; Five Points 
Mission est., 1582, 1741; Indian Mission 
Conf. org. ; Swedish mission, 1582 ; in 
Mo., 1583, 1823, 1842. 2412, 2543, 2842, 
3283,3522. Williainet'teUniv. est.,1583; 
in Ore., 1583, 1642, 1702, 2,342, 3743. Mt. 
Union Coll. est. ; Ft. Wayne Coll. est., 
161' ; 111. Fein. Coll. est. ; Boston Univ. 
est., 1631 ; Lawrence Univ., 1632 ; in 
Wis., 1632,1642, 1663,1782. E.Me.,N. 
Y. East, Wis., Cal., Ore. confs. fmd., 1642, 
in Cal., 1642, 1662, 1702, 1722, 1983, 2703, 
2763 , 2903 , 3203 . Ladies' Miss. Soc. est. , 
1642 ; in Md., 1642. Liquor forbidden, 
1643; Wm. Taylor in Cal., 16i>2; lfiwassee 
Coll., 1663; in Tenn., 1663, 2543, 3183. 
Lawrence Univ., 1663 ; Cal. Christian 
Advocate, 1691; bps. Simpson, Baker, 
Ames ord. ; Cincinnati, Ky., Northwest 
Ind., Southwestern Ind., Ore., So. 111., 
Wyo. confs. fmd., 1702 ; in Ky., 1702, 
2543,2682,3262; in Wyo., 1702. Univ. 
of Pacific, 1702; N. W. Univ., 1703, 1782 ; 
in Chicago, 1703, 3203, 3262, 3321. m. 
Wesleyan Univ. ; Beaver Coll., 1731 ; 
Moore's Hill Coll., 1762 ; in Minn., 
1762, 1783. Hamilton Univ. est., 1762; 
Pittsburg Fern. Coll. est.; in S. C, 1763; 
Cent.O., Germany, Switz., Detroit, Kan., 
Minn., Newark, Upper la., West Wis., 
confs. find., 1782; in Kan., 1782, 2842, 
3242. Pacific Advocate ; HeddingColl.; 
Northwestern Univ., 111., est. ; la. Wes- 
leyan Univ., 1782; Garrett Bib. Inst, est.; 
Baldwin Univ.; Cornell Coll., la.; Upper 
la. Univ. ; Baker Univ. est., 1822; Hills- 
borough Coll. est., 1823; Bp. Burns cons.; 
Local Preachers' Nat. Asso. fmd. ; Mt. 
Union Coll. ; Adrian Coll. est., 1843 ; in 
Neb., 1S62, 1922. Willoughby Coll. est., 
1863; Albion Coll. est., 199'; Univ. of 
Denver est., 2093 ; in Colo., 2093, 2332. 
Ch. Extension Soc. org.; Central Ger., 
Colo., Del., Des Moines, Nev., Southwest 
Ger., Northwest Ger., and Wash, confs. 
org. ; bps. Clark, Thomson and ECingsley 
ord., 2332 ; in Nev., 2332, 2822 ; in 
Wash., 2332. Ger. Wallace Coll. est., 
2352; Lassell Sem. est., 2412; Centenary 
eel., 2502; Bp.Roberts ord., 2522; Freed- 
men's Aid Soc. org., 2543; E. Ger., Tex., 
S.C.,Tenn. confs. fmd.; De Pauw Univ.; 
Ky. Wesleyan Coll.; Cent. Bib. Inst.; 
Morgan Coll. ; Lewis Coll., Drew Theo. 
Sem. ; One Study Coll. ; U. S. Grant 
Univ., 2543; 111. Conf. fmd., 2582; Simp- 
son Coll.; Scio Coll., 25S3; Ala., Ga., Va. 
confs. fmd., 2602 ; Methodist Advocate, 
2611 ; in Ala., 2G02, 2903. Ger. Eng. 
Coll.; Rust Univ.; Board of Education 
est., 2623; in Miss., 2623. Women's 
For. Miss. Soc. ; Boston Univ., 2662, 3 ; 
Ocean Grove Asso. org. ; Lexington and 
La. confs. fmd., 2682 ; Napa Coll.; Swe- 
dish Theo. Sem., 2703 ; Syracuse Univ. ; 
Salt Lake Sem., 2722 ; i n Utah, 2722, 
2782, 2982, 3643. Lay delegates in gen. 
conf. ; fraternal relations, south ; bps. 
Harris, Foster, Wilev, Merrill, Andrews, 
Haven, Peck, ord. ; Central N. Y., Fla., 
Northwest la., Chicago Ger. confs. fmd., 
2763; Ger. Coll., la.; Southwestern Chris- 
tian Advocate, 2822; Bennett Coll.; Mar- 
vin Coll. ; Wiley Univ., 2823 ; Columbia 



River, S. Kan., Tex., German Mission 
conf. fmd., 2842 ; Clark Univ., 2863; 
Chaddock Coll. ; Allegheny Coll., 2883 ; 
Southern fraternity, 2903, 2921 • Austin, 
Cent. Ala., E. Ohio, India, Southern 
Cal., Mont., Southern Ger., Savannah 
confs. fmd., 2903 ; Blue Mt. Univ. ; 
National Repository, 2922 ; Philander 
Smith Coll. ; Clark Univ., 2962, 3143 ; 
Utah Conf. fmd., 2982 ; India Mission 
Conf. fmd., 10491; Ashland Coll., 3023 ; 
women may be leaders ; bps. Warren 
Foss, Hurst, E. O. Haven ord., 3042; Lon- 
don Ecumenical Council, 988 2 ; Wilbur 
Coll. ; Spokane Coll., 3123 ; i n Idaho, 
3123; i„ Wash. (State), 3123. Little 
Rock Univ., 3142 ; bps. Fowler, Ninde, 
Mallalieu, Walden, Taylor, ord., 3163 ; 
Bloomington Coll., 3183 ; Maclay Coll. J 
Chicago Training School, 3203 ; Dakota 
Univ., 3223 ; in S. Dak., 3223, 3283. 
Kan. Wesleyan Univ. ; S. W. Kan. Coll., 
3242 ; first Deaconesses' Home est. ; 
Union Coll., 3262 ; Mo. Wesleyan Inst.; 
Black Hills College, 3283 ; hospital at 
Portland, 3292 ; pastoral term extended 
to5 years; bps. Vincent, Joyce, Goodsell, 
Newman, Fitzgerald, Thoburn, cons.; 
Chinese work in N. Y., 3302; Woman's 
Coll., Bait.; Neb. Wesleyan Univ., 3322; 
Wesley Hospital, Chicago,.".:!:} 1 ; Epworth 
League org., 3402, 3982,432' ,4461 ; Brook- 
lyn Home, 340 2 ; Deaconesses' Conven., 
3423; John St. church eel., 3462; coll. in 
Kan. City, 3522 ; Peking Univ., China, 
6231 ; Utah Univ., 3643 ; centennial N. 
Eng. Meth. eel., 3701; Taylor Univ.,3722; 
Portland Univ., Ore., 3743 ; against 
liquor traffic, 3831 ; Am. Univ. of Wash., 
est., 3843 ; in D. C, 3843. Epworth Pil- 
grims, 381)2; Keumenieal Council, Wash., 
3922 ; Denver and Omaha Hospitals, 
3983. (For General Conferences see p. 
102 in 1792 and quadrenniums following.) 
Meth. Epis. Ch., South, secedes ; org., 1563, 
1582; St. Louis Conf. fmd., 1583 ; gen. 
conf., 1603, 1662, 1842, 2522, 2702, 2982, 
3102, 3223, 3581, 458 1 ; bps. Capers and 
Paine ord. ; Miss., La., and Louisville 
confs. f md. , 1603 ; Bp. Bascom ord., 1683 ; 
Pacific Conf., 1762 ; Wofford Coll. est., 
1763 ; Homer Coll. est., 1782 ; Southern 
Univ. est.; Raleiijh Christian Advocate, 
1802; Central Coll. est.; DavenportFem. 
Coll. est., 1823 ; Pacific Coll. est., 1983 ; 
war ; gen, conf. omitted, 2072 ; Central 
Wesleyan Coll. est., 2412; bps. Doggert, 
Wightman, Marvin, McTyeire, and Ken- 
ner ord. ; Baltimore, Columbia, North- 
west Tex.; Little Rock, N. Ga, andS. Ga. 
confs. fmd., 2522 ; 111. Conf. org., 2582 ; 
Meth. Advocate, Tenn., 2611; N. Miss., 
White River, Los Angeles, N. Ala., Wes- 
tern confs. fmd., 270 2 ; gen. conf. at 
Louisville ; N. Tex., Southwest Mo., 
Denver confs. fmd., 2842 ; Ger. Mission 
Conf., 2862; Vanderbilt Univ., Tenn., 
2903 ; N. Tex. Female Coll., 2963 ; Wo- 
man's For. Miss. Soc. org., 3002 ; Board 
of Missions chartered, 3062 ; bps. Dun- 
can, Galloway, Hendrix, Key, ord., 3223; 
Union Coll., 3282 ; laymen delegates ; 
bps. Haygood, Fitzgerald, ord., 3581 ; 
Central Mexican Mission, 10962. 

, Union Am., formed, 1211 . 

, African, org., 1283; Bp. Al- 
len cons., 1251 ; Bp. Brown eons., 1363 ; 
Bp. Waters cons., 1403; Bp. Quinn cons., 
1582 ; Wilberforce Univ. est. ; Christian 
Recorder, 2252 ,; Ky. Conf., 2272 ; S. C. 
Conf. org., 247' ; Cal. Conf., 2502 ; Ga., 
Fla. confs., 2562 ; Ala. and Ark. confs., 
2642 ; N. J. Conf., 2782 ; Women's For. 
Miss. Soc, 2862 ; in. conf. fmd., 2942 ; 
pro- temperance, 3303. 

■ ,Zion African, org. ,128 3 ; Ky. 

Conf. org., 2272 ; Cal. Conf. org., 2502. 

, Colored, org., 2722, 2862. 

Church, African Union, org., 1343. 

Primitive Church in N. Y., 1383. 

— — Protestant Church ind.-, 1283 ; Mutual 
Rights, 1322; in Pa., 1363; Meth. Protes- 
tant, 1391; Meth. Recorder, 1523 ; Wes- 
tern Meth. Protestant, 1783; secession of 
Methodists, 1843 ; gen. conven., 2562 ; 
"Methodist" Ch. unites, 2942; Western 
Md. Coll., 2663 ; Woman's For. Miss. Soc. 
org., 3023 ; Board of Missions org., 3122; 
Westminster Coll. at Westminster, Md. 



(1867); Theo. Sem., Md., 3123; gen . conf. 
at Adrian ; against liquor licenses, 3202. 

Methodist Republican Church find., 1043. 

Methodists (Free), org. (Aug. 23, 1860) ; in 
111., 1862, 28S2, 3182; inN. Y., 1862,2502, 
2822; in Pa., 1903, 3122 ; j„ Mich., 2411 , 
2882, 3161,3 ; in Kan., 2682, 3122 ; j n l a 
2762, 2822, 31S2; in Minn., 2762 ; i u La., 
2822; in Wis., 2802; in O., 30()2 ; in Cal., 
3121, 3742 ; in Mo.; in S. Dak., 3122 
in Ore. ; in Wash., 3182 ; in Col., 3222 ; 
in Neb., 3502. 

, Wesleyan, secede, 1543, 1563; in N.Y., 

1582 ; Miss. Soc. org., 2191 ; prohibition- 
ists, 3292. 

Methodius' Greek alphabet, d.,5022. 

Methuen, Mary A. Kevins, gift to library, 
3781. 

, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

, J., lord chancellor, 9013, 9032. 

■ Paul, Treaty concluded, 9032; signed, 

11103. 

Metidja, French defeated at, 83. 

Metis in collision, 2793. 

, asteroid, discovered, 9541. 

Meton dis. the meteoric circle, 10211. 

Metric System legalized, U. S. A., 2533; 
conference on, 7481 . 

Metrical Weights and Meas., Austral. ,501'. 

Metropolis wrecked, 2993. 

Metropolitan Maaa~'tne issued, Eng., 9443. 

Free Library Asso. fmd., 9842. 

Museum of Art fnd.,N.Y., 2741 ; opd., 

3022, 3583 ; gift declined, 3381 ; Emile 
Brugsch Bey art collection, 3681 ; open 
Sundays, 3403, 3843; Japanese swords, 
3801; chartered, 3701 ; Marquand's gift, 
3981 ; new wing, 4741 . 

Poor Act passes, 9712, 

Metternich, Clemens Wenzel von, b., 51G 3 ; 
prime minister ; resigns, 5212 ; castle 
burned, 5383; flees 8171 ; d., 8211 . 

Mettray, Fr., Reformatory school at., 7292. 

Metullus killed, 6621. 

Metz, Ger., built, 7691; Christianity in, 
7682; capital of Austrasia, 7712; impe- 
rial city, 7752; firearms in defense, 7822; 
siege of, 6821, 7841, 7921; annexed 
to Fr., 6832 ; advance on, 738i ; Fr. 
frustrated, 7402; Fr. repulsed, 7403; 
sorties, 7421 ; surrendered, 7422; sur- 
render a crime, 74.(3; ceded to Ger., 7451. 

— , M. de, fnds. Reformed School, 7293. 

Metzu, Gabriel, b.-d., 11003. 

Meulen, Antoine Francois van der, b., 
5403; d., 5422. 

Meung, Jehan de, b.-d., 6722; Roman de la 
Rose, 6731 . 

Meunier fires at king, 727 2 . 

, anarchist, 7663; sentenced, 7671. 

Meurin, Gabriel Leo, cons, bp., 9682. 

Meurs, annexed to Prus., 7993. 

Meuse, Fr., fortification of, 5473. 

Meux, Prus., headquarters, 7403. 

Mexborough, E., title created, 9172. 

Mexerai, Ahrene Chrontdooifjue, 6912. 

Mexican Claims Bills, 3992, 4012. 

Silver Dollars Resolution. 4571 . 

Mexico. (See text. pp. 1095-1097). Chichi- 
mecsin; Huemae Ateopanecatl, d., Hi; 
invaded, 111, 2, 121, 133; Aztecs migra- 
tion; annals picture writing, 112; Na- 
huas in ; history begins ; Chichimees- 
Teotenancas ; tribes migrate, 113 ; fe- 
rocity; earthenware, 121 ; human sacri- 
fices, 122, 183, 172, 212; priests; supreme 
creator recognized, 122 ; year divided, 
132; elective monarchy; empire of 
Tutul-Xius overthrown; Montezuma I. 
reigns; triple alliance fmd., 133; first 
military force, 141 ; books, 151 ; beggars 
abound; inquisition in; intoxicants, 15 2 ; 
arts and sciences ; calendar, 161 ; con- 
quest of, 161 , i8i ; prisoners immolated, 
162; dated records kept; east coast dis., 
171 ; siege of; submits to Cortez; subject 
toSp.,181; converts in; Dominicans ar- 
rive* Franciscans arrive; religion of, 183; 
gov'tof ; phonetic language; riches, 192; 
Sp. province, 192, 11293; printing-press, 
212; De Soto's expedition, 2'2' ; Arch- 
bishopric created, 222 ; Coronado re- 
turns; Univ. est., 223; Gothic cathedral 
built ; Jesuits, 242 ; reconquered, 521 ; 
Texan war for independence. 1421 ; Gen. 
Taylor watches, 1581 ; minister with- 
draws, 1592; Scott invades; Stockton 
blockades ports, 160' ; attempt to regain 
Cal., 1602; war declared by U.S.A., 161 «; 



1334 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNJjrLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Mexi-Mila. 



armistice proposed, 1621; city surren- 
dered to ; uprise against U. S., 163 2 ; 
cedes territory to U. S., 1633, 1732; Am. 
army evacuates, 164 1 ; peace proclaimed, 
165'"; treaty adopted, 105' , 3172; neutral- 
ity proclaimed, 1692 ; boundary settled, 
1732; Filibuster's State, 1743 ; treaty 
with U. S. rejected, 1903; crown ottered 
Maximilian, 5263 ; u. S. A. against Fr. 
occupation, 2492; Fr. troops in, 734', 
736', 7372; Harding Coll. fnd., 27S2; 
Texas troops attacked, 296' ; invasion 
contemplated, 3913; first-class mis- 
sion, 379'; Garza enters, 4002; Chile 
claims damages from, 6092; union pro- 
posed, 6303; treaty with Japan, 10932; 
Sp. intervention, 11313. 

Mexico, City of, army evacuates, 164' ; 
taken, 1096' ; mission at, 10962. 

, Gulf of, explored, 1S3. 

Meyendorlf visits Bokhara, 5492. 

Meyer, Adolph, b., 1542. 

-, Annie Nathan, Woman's Work, 396 2 . 

, Hermann, ashes scattered, 3793. 

, Johann G., b., 8102 ; d., 82' . 

, Leo, b., 8142. 

, Marie Paul Hyacinthe, b., 7282. 

, Nicholas de, mayor N. Y., 47 2 . 

Meyer & Co., cotton firm, fail, 3733. 

Meyerbeer, Giaconio {.Jacob Meyer Beer), 
b., 806 2 (or 17911 ; works ; operas pro- 
duced, 814' , 816' ; d. 8222 ; centenary 
celebrated, 835'. 

Meyerheim, Fried. Kduard.h., 8083 ;d., 830'. 

Meyerling estate, religious uses, 5323. 

Meyster, Leonard, martyr, 7891. 

Meza, Gen. de, defends Dannewerk, 6402. 

Mezerav, Francois Eudes de, b., 6862 ; 
Hisloire de France, 689' , d., 6923. 

Mezieres, Fr., sorties from, 7422; surren- 
dered, 743' . 

, Alfred Jean Francois, b. (1826); Life 

of Mirabeau, 7622. 

Mezzofanti, Giuseppe Gaspardo, h., 10842; 
d., 10863. 

Mezzotint invented in tier., 7962, 8862. 

Miall, Edward, b. (1809); disest. church, 
9743; reward, 9762; d. (1881). 

Miami boiler explodes, 2513. 

Miami, O., Evangelical Lutheran General 
Synod org., 158 2 . 

Canal completed, 1573. 

Confed. broken, 104' ; at war, 102' . 

Exporting Co. opens bank, 1133. 

University org. at Oxford, O., 1323. 

Valley Coll. org. at Springboro, 277' . 

iMiantoiunnoh at Kin de Janiero, 446'. 

Miantonomoh murdered, 36'. 

Miaotze rebellion, 6172. 

Miaulis, Andreas Vokos, b.-d., 10343. 

Miazerolle, Alexis Joseph, d., 758 2 . 

Mibas, Braz., diamonds discovered, 554' . 

Micah, has a priest, 1141' ; a prophet, 11443. 

Micaiah, prophet, 11443. 

Michal, marries David, 1143'. 

Michael I., prince of Transylvania, 5132. 

— — II., prince of Transylvania, 5133. 

I., Gr., emp., 1033' . 

II., Gr., emp., 10332. 

III., Gr., emp., 10332 ; assass., 10333. 

IV., Gr., emp., 10333. 

— - V., Gr., emp., 10333. 

VI., Gr., emp., 10333. 

VII., Gr., emp., 10333. 

VIII., Gr., emp., b.-d., 10342 ; reigns, 

1035'; recovers Constantinople 10352. 

1., grand D. of Vladimir, 1111' . 

III., reigns in Russia, 11152. 

II. of Servia reigns, 11233. 

ILL of Servia reigns, 11233. 

IV. of Servia reigns, 11233. 

the Brave, at Mantin, defeats Andreas 

Bathori, 1112', 2; delivers Turks : ap- 
pointed pr. of Wallachia ; annexes Mol- 
davia ; d., 11122. 

— — Cerularius, patriarch; exiled. 10323. 

Constantius Psellus, works, 10323. 

Koributh-Wiesnowiski reigns, 1115 3 . 

Paheologus takes Constantinople, 

11542. 

, St., reported appearance, 8423. 

Micliaelis, Friedrich, b., 8103. 

, Johann David, b„ 7983; d., 8043. 

Michaelius, Jonas, in N. Amsterdam, 302. 

Michaelmas instituted, 10703. 

Michailoff condemned, 1121'. 

Miehaud, Abbe, Old Catholic, 7462. 

, Joseph Francois, b., 703' ; works, 

7192, 729'; d., 7282. 



Miehaud, Louis Gabriel, b. (1772) ; Biogra- 
phie Universelle, 7192; d. (1858). 

Michaux, Andre, b., 7003; d., 7143. 

, Francois Andre, b., 7042; d., 7322. 

Michelangelo (Buonarrotti), b., 10783 ; 
architect of St. Peter's, 10801 ; works, 
10782; d., 10S03. 

Michel, Dan, At/enbite of Inwi/t, 8583. 

, Fraiieisque Xavier, b., 7191 ; d.,7562. 

, Jean, The Passion, 6783. 

, Sir John, b., 9323. 

, Louise, anarchist, b. (1S30) ; impris- 
oned, 7542; arrested, 7003, 7611 . 

Michelet, Jules, b., 7131 ; works, 7272, 7302; 
d., 7482. 

, Karl Ludwig, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. 

Michelis, Friedrich, b. (1815) ; d., S321. 

Michell, John L., nom. for vice-pres., 409 2 . 

Mieheltoreiia, Manuel, gov. Cal., 1553. 

Michie, Sergt., wins ritie prize, 9741. 

Mirl/'n/an, plot to capture disc, 2382. 

Michigan, M. de Mesey, gov.; M. de Cour- 
celles, gov., 423; Fr. flag planted, 482; 
Guy Carleton, gov., 772 ; Fred. Haldi- 
mand, gov., 892 ; invaded. 923 ; Henry 
Hamilton, gov., 991 ; Lord Dorchester, 
gov., 992 ; Arthur St. Clair, gov., 1073 ; 
Wm. H. Harrison.gov., 1112; Territory 
find., 1132; Wm. Hull, gov.. 1133; Macki- 
naw surrendered to Brit., 1181 ; John T. 
Gilman, gov., 1213; Cong. Church fmd., 
1343 ; State Library fnd., 1371 ; Geo. B. 
Porter, gov., 139 2 ; Prot. Epis. diocese 
org., 1402; N. S. Pres. synod org., 1442; s. 
T. Mason, gov., 1452 ; C. Lynch, gov.. 
1453 ; Meth. Epis. Conference fmd. ; S. 
M. Coskry, P. E. bp., 1402 ; state ad- 
mitted, 1472; Wm. Woodbridge, gov., 
1531 ; Christian Herald issued, 1:55 1 ; 
Univ. Library fnd., 1543 ; J. Wright 
Gordon, gov., 1552 ; copper mining be- 
gins, 1593 ; John S. Barry, gov., 1572, 
1692 ; Win. L. Greenly, gov., 1033 ; Epa- 
phroditus Ransom, gov.. 1052 ; canal 
connects Lake Mich, and 111. River, 165 3 ; 
constitution forbids license laws, 1691 ; 
Robt. McClelland, gov., 1712 ; Kinsley 
S. Bingham, gov., 1792 ; M. Agri. Coll. 
est. (1857) ; railroad binds granted, 1813 ; 
Evan. Lutheran Synodical Conference 
org., 1902; Austin Blair, gov., 2032 ; Free 
Meth. Conference org., 241' ; ratifies 13th 
Amend., 2432; public library fnd., 2502; 
Henry H. Crapo, gov., 251'; ratifies 
14th Amend., 2573 ; Henry P. Baldwin, 
gov., 2692; Constitutional Amend., 273' ; 
forest fires rage, 274', 3093, ;js33, 3333, 
4313, 470' , 4712 ; aid to sufferers, 2743 ; 
State Board of Health org., 283'; John 
J. Bagley, gov., 2851 ; Battle Creek Coll. 
fnd., 2863 ; Constitution ratified; female 
suffrage defeated, 2872; Mackinac Island 
made park, 2892; Prohibitory law, 2943, 
3032, 320'; Chas. M. Crosswell, gov., 
2973 ; new eapitol, 3013 ; insane asylum 
at Pontiae. 301 ' ; I lavid H. Jerome, gov., 
3093; Josiah W. Begole, gov., 3152; Rus- 
sell A. Alger, gov., 3233; Citizens' Union 
org., 329'; Cyrus G. Luce, gov., 3293; 
Chas. C. Grafton, cons., 3383 ; heavy 
snowfall, 3401; women to vote, 3411; 
high-license enacted, 3431; R. R, lands 
surrendered, 3452 ; Secret Ballot Law 
enacted, 3492 ; James W. Turner nom. 
for gov., 3672; Local-Option Law consti- 
tutional, 3702; Electors Bill passes, 3832; 
Congressional Reapportionment Bill 
passed, 3853 ; St. Clair River tunnel 
opened, 3693, 3913 ; Edwin B. Winans, 
gov., 3991 ; .Miner Electoral Law uncon- 
stitutional, 4091; pine land purchase, 
4133 ; Evan. Luth. United Ger. Synod 
org., 4202 ; g id rock dis., 4241 ; R. R. 
strike, 4262; boycott decision, 427 ',2; 
Woman Suffrage Law unconstitutional, 
4412; John T. Rich, gov., 447', 4793; 
miners' riot, 4642 ; bribery in school- 
board, 4702. 

Central R. R. opd., 1493, 1713; col- 
lision, 1733. 

Coll. of Medicine opd., 3023. 

, Lake, first steamboat on, 1293. 

Southern R. R. completed, 1713; acci- 

dent,.1853. 

Mirhlucho-Maclay, Nikolas, b., 11182. 
Michmasb, seat of J. Maccabeus, 11493. 
Mickiewicz, Adam, b., 11162; d., 11182. 
Mickle, Wm. Julius, b., 9082; d., 9243. 
Micronesia, mission opd., 10403. 



Microphone, Edison invents, 2941 . 
Microscope inv., 10982; j m p. 9102. 
Microscopical Sue. (Royal) fmd., 9482. 
Micros. 'opists. Am. Soc. meets, 3881. 
Mierotasiineter invented, 298'. 
Middelburg, Neth., taken, 10981. 
Middleborough.Mass.. Bapt.ch. fmd. ,711. 
Middlebrook, X. .1., Wash, at, S62.901. 
Middleburg. Va., Confeds. defeated, 2231 . 
Middlebury Coll. fnd., Vt., Ill'; C. J. 

Starr's gift to, 4082; R.R. accident near, 

3452. 
Middle Creek, Kv., battle of, 2022. 

Fork Bridge, W. Va., battle of, 1962. 

, Tenn.,E. L.Gen. Synod org., 3002. 

Middleport, X. \\. Sons of Vets. meet,4623. 
Middlesborough, Eng., Bp. Lacy cons., 

9822. 
, Ky., Grant and Lee Monument Asso. 

org., 361' ; sale of land, 3493. 
Middlesex, Harrow School fnd., 8743. 

Canal opd, Mass., 1133; filled, 1752. 

, E. of, minister, 8992. 

, Joppling S., gets prize, 962' . 

County Record Soc. fnd., Eng., 9923. 

Middleton, Arthur, b., 642; g0T ., 593 012- 

d., 982. 

, Baron, title created, 903' . 

, Bp., completes cathedral, 8542. 

, Capt. Christopher, explorer, 575': 

in Hudson Bay, 57.53 ; d. (1770). 
, Conyers, b., 9862; Cicero, 911'; d., 

9123. 
, Sir Fred. Dobson, b. (1825) ; at Fish 

Creek, 584' ; ,-anip inspection, 588' ; fare- 
well to militia. 590' ; convicted. 5903. 
, Henry, b. (1771) ; pres. of Cong., 792; 

gov. S.C., 1173; d. (1846). 

, John, giant, born, 8752. 

, Thomas, b., 8742 ; works, S783, 8803; 

d.,8821. 

, Viscount of, title created, 905'. 

, Viscount. (Sec Brodrick, Alan.) 

Middletown, Conn., incur., 973; Wesleyan 

Univ. org., 139', Univ. Library fnd., 

1423; City Hospital est. ,397'. 

, Md., action at, 2131 . 

, N. J., Baptists settle, 382, 43a. 

, O., accident, 3893 ; oil-well, 424' . 

, Tenn., Confederates defeated, 233' . 

Midhat Pasha, b.-d., 11563; grand vizier, 

11592; gov. Syria; in Smyrna, 11593. 
Midian. ('apt. Burton, explores, 4883. 
Midianites defeated, 11401 . 
Midland Coll., Atchison, Kan. (Luth.) est. 

(1887). 
Ry. Co. changes rates, 9793 ; strike, 

9843, 9971. 
Midland ( 'oun/ies Herald issued, Eng. ,9483. 
Midlothian, Va., explosion of mines, 1773. 
Midliapur, grant of, 10452; mission, 10471. 
Miecislas 1. elected D. of Poland, 11132 ; 

a Christian, 11131 . 

II., D. of Poland, 11133. 

III. reigns in Poland ; deposed, 11133. 

IV. reigns in Poland, 11133. 

Mieczeslav, I>. of Pol., vassal of Ger., 7752. 
Miel, or Meel, Jan, b.,5403; d.,5411. 
Mier, action near, 10961 . 
Mieris, Frans van, b.-d., 11003. 
Mieroslawski, Ludwig, b. , 11163 ; insur- 
rectionist, 81S3, 11181 ; d., 11182. 
Mifflin, Thomas, b., 662; maj.-gen., 86'; 

pres. Pa., 101 1 ; gov. Pa., 1032; d., 10S2. 
Mignard, Pierre, b., 6862; d., 6943. 
Migne, L'Abbe, Jacques Paul, b.,7142; d.. 

7501 . 
Mignet, Francois Auguste Marie, b., 7123; 

works, 725' , 7303; d., 7541 . 
Migration Society Internat., 4743. 
Miguel, Herr, minister, 8352. 
, Maria Evaristo, b.-d., 11102; squadron 

captured ; defeated, 11101 ; expelled, 

11102; king, 11111. 
Miguelon Island, confirmed, 733. 
Mihalovitz, J., cons, bp., 5302. 
Mikado, Jaii., institutes Order of Golden 

Falcon, 10923; supreme authority, 10931 . 
Mikados, choice of, 10912. 
Mikandani captured, 838 2 . 
Mikkel, works, 6363. 
Miklos, Lieut., long ride, 8373. 
Miklosich, Franz, b., 6202 ; d. (1891). 
Milan, fnd., 1051 1, 3 ; capital Western 

Empire, 10692 ; sacked, 10701 ; destroyed, 

10702 ; in Lombard kingdom, 10731 ; 

forces Conrad to acknowledge It. fiefs; 

independent, 1075 2 ; destroyed, 778', 

built, 779' ; cathedral begun, 1077' ; 



Mila-Mine. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1335 



duchy, controversy over ; House of 
Sforza rules, 10793 ; Fr. enter, 6782 ; 
Fr. expelled, 786 1, lOSia ; given to Fr., 
7873; surrendered, 080 1, 7781; Francis 
I. enters, 080 1 ; resigned by Francis, 6813; 
passes to Sp., 10813 ; Francis I. claims, 
790 f ; difficulty settled; possession dis- 
pute; given to Philip, 7013 ; Sunday in- 
struction iutro., His:>2 ; ceded, 5151 ; con- 
quered, 69S1 , 7121 ( 10531 ; Bonaparte 
enters, 51S1 ; capital, 713 2 ; Fr. lose; 
taken by Eng., 10S41 ; seized by Fr., 
10852 ; regained by Fr., 10853 ; invaded, 
108G1 ; Napoleon I. crowned, 7153; p li- 
grafo, 10852 ; Politemico issued; Biblh- 
oteca Italiana issued ; Conciliator is- 
sued, 10871 ; mission in, 108S3 ; Charles 
Albert enters ; revolts, 5201 , 6793 ; evac- 
uated, 5213 ; A us t nans take, 5221 ; peace 
of, 10873; outbreak suppressed, 5241, 
7761, 10781; International Peace Con- 
gress meets, 10903. 
Milan, Prinee,-\veds Natalie Keshko,11233. 

I., K. of Servia, 11241 ; divorced, 

11233; abdicates, 11241; reigns, 11243. 

IV., reigns in Servia, 11233. 

Decree, Fr., 1152,9333. 

Milborne, death warrant, 503 ; hanged, 51 3 . 
Milburn, William Henry, b., 1303. 
Mildmay, Sir Walter, b. (1520 '?) ; minister, 

8753 ; d. (1589). 

Mileage Resolution lost, Congress, 436 2 . 

Miledoler, Philip, moderator, 1143. 

Miles City, Mont., against Indians, 3621 . 

, Dixon H., b., 1122 j surrenders Har- 
per's Ferry, 2131 ; d., 2133. 

, Nelson Appleton, b. (1830) ; atFarm- 

ville, 245i; defeats Indians, 260 1 ; de- 
feats Sioux, 2941; succeeds Gen. Crook, 
3221 • at Skeleton Cafion, Ariz., 3241 ; 
major-gen., 3541; at Pure Ridge, 3741; 
in coast dept., 4741 ; commands dept. of 
the East, 4761. 

■ , Pliny, b. (1818) ; d., 2452. 

, Richard Pius, b., 1861 . 

, Sir R. S., governor Canada, 577 3 , 

Miletus, Asia, besieged, 1016 1 ; democratic 
govt, est., 10173; naval battle, 10203; 
revolts, 10213 ; war with Lydia, 11442 ; 
destroyed, 11461. 

Milford, Conn., anniversary, 345 3 . 

, Mo., Confederates defeated, 2011 . 

Haven, Wales, battle near ,8601 ;sham 

battles, 9941. 

Milhaud, Compact of, signed, 6852. 
Milic of Moravia, a reformer, 5062. 
Military Academy est. West Point, 110i . 
, Charleston, S. C, reopened, 3102. 

, Paris, established, 7001 . 

App. Bill, 2571, 3771, 2, 4012, 4032, 

4213,4251,4551,4652. 

Bill passes, Aust., 5313. 

departments, Fr. divided into, 7341 . 

despatch by bicycle relays, 4061 . 

District Bill,257i ; districts est., 2572. 

education supported, Belg., 5472. 

governments withdrawn, Am., 270 1 . 

league, Confed. in Tenn., 1942, 1952. 

Reconstruction Act passed, 243 2 . 

Reserve Act passes, G. B., 9621 . 

Rockets, invented, 9322. 

rule, in Canada, 5753. 

service reduced, France, 7571 . 

freedom, Germany, 7703. 

stores for war colonies, 793, 

tribunals unconstitutional, Am., 2563. 

Militia, org. in Mass., 792; provided for, 
793 ; mutiny, 843 • org. in Penn., 1051 ; 
of New Orleans called out, 110i ; Enroll- 
ment Act, 2113 ; census, 4221, 4501, 5941, 
statistics, U. S. A., 4243 ■ reorg., 4561; 
power to call out, 5891 ; first created, Fr., 
6701 ; service restored, Eng., 8501 ; cen- 
sus, Eng., 8801. 

Act passes, G. B., 9313; Bill passes, 

U.S., 5812, a. 

of Jesus Society org., 7502. 

Milk Creek, Colo., tight with Indians, 3021 . 

condensation, 1661 ; low price, 8733. 

Mill Spring, Ky., battle of, 2022. 

, James, b., 9183 ; works, 9331, 9443 ; 

d., 9482. 

, John Stuart, b., 9323; works, 9523, 

9623, 9682, 9783 ; Female Suffrage Bill, 
971 2 ; chairman Land Tenure Reform 
League, 9752 ; d., 9781 ; statue, 9761 . 

, silk throwing, erected, 904 1 . 

Millais, John Everett, b., 9442 ; paintings, 
9582, 9681 , 9761 . 



Millar, John, b. (1735) ; d., 9303. 
Millaud, Edouard B. P., minister, 7553. 
Millbank, military prison est.,975 3 . 
Milledge, John, b. (1757) ; gov., 1113 ; pres. 

senate, 1153; d.,1262. 
Milledgeville, (in., i Jen. Sherman at,240i . 
Milledoler, Philip, b., 823; moderator, 

1303 ; pies. Kef. Synod, 1311; d. (1852). 
Milieu, Ga., Sherman at, 2402. 

, Horace W., murdered, 291 1 . 

Millenary Petition presented, Eug., 8791 . 
Miller, Catherine, banged, 3071 . 

, Charles, murdered, 4743, 

, Henry, b., 1542. 

, W., nominee for gov. Pa., 3672. 

, Col., at Gallatin, 2103. 

, Emily Huntington, pres. Women's 

College N. W. University, 3902. 

, Father, d.,588i. 

, Gen., captured Honduras, 10411. 

, Hugh, b., 9303; works, 9503, 9611; 

d.,9603. 
, James, b. (1770+) ; defeats Brit, and 

Inds., 1181; d. (1744). 

, , b. (1776) ; gov. 1273 ; d. (1851). 

, Fergurson, b. (1805) ; d., 2622. 

, Joaquin, b., 1522 ; works, 2771 , 2823, 

2911,3003,3183. 

, John, gov. N. Dak., 3492. 

, Joseph, b., 9802 ; d., 9102. 

, Capt. Joseph N., commodore, 4561 . 

, S., in treas. dept., 447 2 . 

, Keeley, murders mayor, 4443. 

, Lewis, org. Chautauqua Circle, 3003. 

, Martin, lias ])< ittsc!i<s Museum, 8051 . 

, Merrill, promoted captain, 4201 

, Pres.,N. C, imprisoned ; redress, 47 3 . 

, Samuel, b., 761 ; d., 1681 . 

, Freeman, b., 1242 ; justice, 2173 ; 

Electoral < '»>mniission,295i ; Constitution 

ofU. 5., 3982; d., 3701. 
— -, Stephen, b. (1810); gov., 2413; d.(18Sl). 
, Decatur, b. (1787); gov. S. C, 

1372 ; d. (1838). 

, Warner, b., 1501 ; senator, 3092. 

, William, adventist, b., 931 ; lectures, 

1422; d., 1662. 

, , governor N. C, 1233. 

, , engraver, b., 9283 ; d., 9901 . 

, , poet, b., 9351 ; d. (1872). 

, Allen, b., 9382 ; d., 9742. 

, Hallows, b., 9323 ; d., 9861 . 

, - Henry Harrison, b. (1840) ; atty.- 

gen., 3372. 

, Patrick, paddle wheels, 9241 . 

, • R., governor Ark., 2973. 

car-coupler ami buffer patent, 2291 , 

Millerites (Adventists) appear, 1422. 
Millersburg, Ky., WesleyanColl.org., 2543. 
, O., lynching, 4042. 

Miller's Hill fortified, Boston, 803. 

Millesimo, Fr. victory, 7121. 

Millet, Aime, b., 7222 ; d., 7601 . 

, FrancisDavis, b., 160 2 ; Academician, 

3221. 

, Jacques, works, 6783. 

, JeanFrancois, b., 7222 (see Ani/elus) ; 

paintings, 3422, 7342, 7581 ; " d. (1875). 

, Pierre, b., 6S82 ; d., 6963. 

Millevoye, Chas.Hubert,b.,705i ; d.,7222. 

, M., charge to Clemenceau, 7653. 

Mil Ham, Pr. of Achia in N. Africa, 81. 

Millie-Christine twins, b., 1701. 

Milligan Coll., Milligan, Tenn. (Christian) , 

est. (1882). 

, L. P., sentenced, 2392. 

Milliken's Bend, La., expedition at, 2171 ; 

Confederates defeated, 2222. 
Millin, Aubin Louis, b., 7023 ; d. (1818). 
Millington, Tenn., negroes killed, 4702. 
Millot, Claude Francis Xavier, b., 6982 ; 

d., 7061. 
Millow, S., Lebensmachte, 8342. 
Mills erected, England, 890 1. 

, Anson, commissioned col., 4001 . 

, Clark, b., 1242; d.,3121. 

, D. O., gift to California, 3201. 

, Roger Quarles, b., 1401 ; Tariff Bill, 

3293,3371 ,3."»92; cominercecommissioner, 

3972 ; speech, 4391 , 4552. 
, Samuel J., b. (17S3) ; moderator, 1142; 

org. Am. Miss. Soc, 1163, 1171 ; d.(1818). 
, T. A., moderator, 1902. 

College. California, opened, 2763. 

Millsap, R. W., gift to coll., 3362. 
Millson, J. S., on Committee of 33, 1891. 
Mills River, Mass., flood, 2853. 
Milltown, Earl, title created, 9132. 
Millville, N. J., saloons opened, 3931. 



Millwall, For East, launched, 9662. 

Milinan, Henry Hart, b., 9243 ; -works, 
9443, 9603 ; d., 9722. 

Milmore, Martin, b. (1844) ; d., 3141 . 

Milne, William, missionary, 0163. 

Edwards, Henri, b., 7142 ; d., 7542. 

Milner, Isaac, b., 9123 ; d., 9402. 

, Joseph, b., 9103 ; d. (1797). 

, Thomas A., d., 1522. 

Millies, Richard JUonekton, L. Houghton, 
b., 9351 ; Life ami Letters of, d., 9941 

Milo, departs to Epirus ; in S. It., 10522. 

, TitusAnnius, partisans riotous, 10592. 

overthrows Clodius, 10593, 

Milroy, Robert H., b. (1814) ; at Camp Al- 
leghany, W. Va., 2011; at McDowell, 
2071; at Winchester, 2223; near Mur- 
freesboro, 2402. 

Miltiades, at Marathon. 10181 ; takes Lem- 
nos, 10161; attacks Paros, 1018 1 ; d., 
10191. 

Miltitz, Karl von, advises Luther, 7882. 

Milton, Cal., stage robbery, 4563. 

, Mass., Hemenway will, 4521 . 

, N. C, R. R. accident, 4373. 

, Tenn., Confederates defeated, 2201 

, John, b. (1740+) ; electoral vote, 101 2. 

gov. Fla., 2032. 

, , poet, b., 8781 ; works, 8823, 8843, 

8851, 88S3, 893i, 8023 ; Latin Sec, 8873 ; 
d., 8922. 

, College organized, Wisconsin, 2603. 

Milwaxikee blown up, 2442. 

Milwaukee, Wis., Bapt. church opd., 1483; 
R. C. diocese est., 15S 2 ; Prot. Epis. dio- 
cese est., 163i; Musik-Verein est. at, 
1681 ; mob kills prisoner, 1771 ; R.R. opd., 
1833; Nat. Soldiers' Home est., 269 1 ; 
Germania; Der Hans- und Bauernfreund 
issued, 2823; Am. Constitutional* Union 
meets, 2832 ; created archiepiscopal 
see, 2902; Nat. Ger.-Am. Teachers' Sem 
opd., 3003; state Insane Asylum opd. r 
303 2 ; Charity Organization "Soc. fmd., 
3091; exposition opd., 3093; Daily Jour- 
na£ issued, 3102; Newhall House burned, 
3133; school for deaf opd., 3171 • statue 
of Washington, 3201 • Normal School 
opd., 3223; Layton Art Gallery opd., 
3281; syndicate purchases mines, 3433; 
millers combine, 3513; Roman Catholics 
against Bennett law, 3562; G-er and 
Eng. academy gift, 3602; grip 381 3 ; 
Saengerfest receipts, 3871 ; Villard syn- 
dicate, 3893; train robbers, 3943; rail- 
way wreck, 4033; Arehbp. Katzer's 
letter, 4062; fire, 4173, 4573; bomb ex- 
plosion, 4211; Falk, incendiary, 4423; 
county officials conspiracy, 4703; Pesch- 
mann'murder, 48S3. 

Milzow, Gerhard, work, 11042. 

Mina, Francisco Javier, b.-d., 1095 2 ; ex- 
pedition, 10951 . 

Minamoto, Jap., elans war with Taira 
clans, 10901 ■ male line ceases; exiled; 
clans fill military offices; supreme, 10912. 

Minas, Braz., goldiniin-s.f.rrj3; conspiracy 
in, separates from Sao Paulo, 5551 ; bat- 
tle of, 5742. 

Mincio, passage, 5182; battles, 7141 ( 7202, 

Mineo, I. T., lynching, 4711 . 

Mindarus, naval commander; killed, 10203. 

Minden, La., mob kill prisoner, 4703. 

, Prus., battle, 5162; bishopric, 7703. 

Mine Creek, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2391 . 

Run, Meade and Lee at, 2283. 

Mine Workers of Am. meet, 3763. 
Miner, Alonzo Ames, b., 123* . 
, Charles, b. (1780); d., 2482. 

, , W., commissioned major, 456V, 

, John R., indictments against, 3103. 

Mineral system first laid out, 7901 . 

tar discovered, 9261 . 

wax arrives from Utah, 3341 . 

RangeR.R., Mich., train robbers,438i . 

Mineralogical Soc. est., G. B., 9301 ( 980' . 
Mineralogy, professorship fnd., 9351 . 
Miners' Conf., 54(i3, 7482; j„ Paris, 7603. 

conv. at Nevada City, Cal., 3113. 

Eight-Hour Bill, 10091. 

Federation, and Firemen's and Sea- 
men's union combine, 10103. 

Intermit. Coug.,54S2. 

Nat. Progressive Union agrees, 352*. 

Minerva issued, 6391 

, satellite discovered, 2581. 

Minerva, worship of, 10131. 10503; statue, 

10203; temple built, 10502. 
Minerve Francaise, La, issued, 7231. 



1336 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column, Ming-MisS. 



Ming dynasty rules, 6152. 

Mingan, defenses destroyed, 6221 . 

Mingchow, rebels hold, 6202. 

Minghetti, Marco, b., 10S02; prime minis- 
ter, 10892; d., 10901. 

Mingo Swamp, Mo., action at, 21S 2 . 

Mingti, constructs dvke, 6102; enthroned, 
6113, 613' ; reforms, 6132. 

Minhla. fort captured, 10482. 

Minh-Maug, king Ann, 4811 ; d., 4813. 

Minie, Claude Etienne, b., 7191 ; d., 7521. 

Minike, Henry, heretic, d., 7783. 

Mining Engineers meet Am. Inst., 3681. 

craze, Braz., 5553. 

Mining Journal issued, 9463. 

Ministers, life incumbent, 542; annuity 

tax, Bug., 9623. (See Clergy.) 
, minority, Eng., tirst time, 9173. 

of War (G. B.), duties, 9612. 

, trial of, for treason, Fr., 7253. 

Ministry of colonies find., Fr., 7672. 
Minneapolis launched, 4341, trial speed, 

46H. 

, Mian., Congregational Church f md., 

1702; bridge completed, 176 1 ; Tribune 
Issued, 2583; Univ. of M. org., 2623; 
Augsburg Theo. Sem. opd., 2663; united 
"With St. Anthony, 281 1 ; Journal issued, 
3003; dis. Falls of St. Anthony eel., 3053; 
Charity Organization Soc. find., 3191 ; 
fire, 4492, 3933, 4353; syndicate find., 
3433; average flour production, 3953; 
Eep. Nat. C mven. meets, 4091 ; Pres. 
Menage's liabilities, 4423; aid for Ar- 
menians, 4762. 

Minnehaha Falls, Soldiers' Home, 3291 . 

Minnesingers flourish, Ger., 7782. 

Minnesota Territorvorg.,1052; Alex Ram- 
sey, gov., 1671,1903; Willis A. Gorman, 
gov., 1743; Congregational Congress 
org., 178 2 ; Congregational Gen. Asso. 
org., 1801 ; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 
1822; Sam. Me iirv, gov., is:)2; admitted, 
1851 ; Henrv H.Siblev, gov., 1852; Evang. 
Luth. Svnndical Oonf.org., 1902; Great 
Sioux War., 2111; Stephen Miller, gov., 
2413; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; \y. R. 
Marshall, gov., "2553; rejects negro suf- 
frage, 25152; ratilies Hth Amend., 2573; 
Tribune issued, 2583; Univ. of M. est., 
2623,2662; Constitution ratified; negroes 
enfranchised, 2652; formal Schools opj., 
2662; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693; vote to 
remove capital, 2692 ; local option 
adopted, 2723 ; Horace Austin, gov., 
2732; forest tires, 2741 , 3933, 4332, 4661 , 
4673; Free Meth. Conf. find., 2762; Min- 
neapolis and St. Anthony united, 281 1 ; 
snow-storm, 2313; saloon-keeper's tax, 
2831 ; locusts ravage, 2841 ; Cushman K. 
Davis, gov., 2873; Woman's suffrage par- 
tially est., 2892; JohuS. Pillsbury,gov., 
2951 ; Constitutional Amend., 2673; State 
Inebriate Asylum est., 3011; School for 
Feeble minded est., 3032 ; Lucius F. 
Hubbard, gov., 3152; And. R. McGill, 
gov., 3252; State Insane Asylum est., 
3251 ; High License adopted; Soldiers' 
Home est., 3291 ; Normal School opd., 
3303; W. R. Merriam, gov., 3332, 3652, 
3901 ; wind storms and prairie (ires, 3381 ; 
mound builders' relics dis., 3332, 3661 ; 
Pillsbury's gift to univ., 3383; Indians 
resign land, 3432; Beef Inspection Law 
unconstitutional, 31", 2, :(r,:*2; great wheat 
crop, 3453; Secret Ballot Law, 3492; 
Memorial day, 3503; cyclone, 364 1 ; S. 
M. Owens nom. for gov., 3651 ; militia 
ordered out, 3661 ; Thomas Wilson nom. 
for gov., 369i ; Chippewas welcome 
Sioux; sham fight, 3703; State Turn- 
fest School system, 4102; lumber syn- 
dicate, 4233 ; Cigarette Bill passes, 
4231 ; arrested legislators dismissed, 
4272 ; school children, free religion, 
4322; boycotting legal, 4352; Faribault 
school plan fails, 4:ssi ; anti-pool rooms, 
4421 ; lumber robbery, 4422; Knute Nel- 
son, gov., 4471 ; bad-debt agency swin- 
dlers, 4522; mob of strikers, 4582; fires 
checked, 4713; storm, 4733. 

Univ. org., 2623 ; medical depart. 

opd., 3322. 

Minnetonka, Lake, Minn., bones of mound 

builders found, 366' . 
Minnie seized, 5893. 
Minor, Wm. Thomas, b. (1815) ; gov., 

1791. 
Minorca, Island, taken, 7021, 7041, 11261, 



11281 ; surrenders, 9121 ; lost to Eng., 
9213; restored. 11312. 

Minot, Charles, b. (1810); d., 2541. 

, Lawrence, IVar-lt/rics, 8583. 

Minotaur, lost, 9342. 

, launched, 9661 . 

Min River, fleet destroyed, 6221 . 

Minster, Baron, title created, 9372. 

Mint erected, Am., 393; nat., est., 1033, 
1373 ; branch mints est., 1452; gold de- 
posited, 165 3 ; branch opd. at San Fran- 
cisco, 1713; Coinage Act passes Cong.; 
foreign coinage authorized, 2582; est. in 
Can., 4972; completed G. B., 9353. 

Mintern, Eng., damaged, 10001 . 

Minto, Lord, gov.-gen.,9333; title created. 
9372; lord admiralty, :H73; gov. of India, 
10472. 

Minuoius, .Marcus attacks Hannibal, 10541 . 

Minuit, Peter, b. (15S0±); gov. NewNeth., 



:;i2, :;:.3; d.,36i 



,493. 



7522. 



Minvielle, Gabriel, mayor j 

Hiosho-Tenno reigns, 10913. 

Mira, Senor Sanchez, segundo cabo, 6342. 

Mirabeau, Cointe de (Gabriel Honore de 
Riquetti), b.,7003; orator, 7061, 7072; d., 
7032,3. 

, castle captured, 6701 . 

Miracle plays in Eng., 8541. 

Miracles multiply in Italy, 10722. 

Miraflores, Peru, battle of, 6063. 

, Marq. (Manuel dePamlo), b.-d., 11302. 

Miramichi, (Jan., settled, 5753 ; fire, 5793. 

Miramon, Miguel, b.-d., 10962 ; bombards 
Vera Cruz; siege, defeated, 1U961; presi- 
dent Mex., 10963. 

Miranda abandoned, 4701 . 

Miranda, Francis, b.-d., 11283. 

Mirbel, Charles Francois (Brisseau de Mir- 
bel), b„ 7043 ; d., 7322. 

, Lizinska Aiinee Zee Rue de, b., 7123; 

d., 7322. 

Mircca reigns in Wallachia, 11121. 

Mireeourt, Eugene, de, b., 7192 ; d. 

Miriam, asteroid, discovered, 2621. 

Miribel, Marie Francois, d., 7641. 

Mir Jafar dethroned, 10452; bribery, 10453. 

Jumla invades Assam, 10441 . 

Kasim enthroned ; revolts, 10452. 

Maasum, conqueror ; d., 5492. 

Mahbub Ali, nizam, 10492. 

Muhammad rules, 5393. 

Wais, b.,43. 

Mirkhond, b.-d., 11063. 

Miro, Gregorio, b.-d., 6282. 

Mirror, Tin', issued, Eng., 9411. 

Mirsky, Leon, sentenced, 11203. 

Mime'lo, Diego, in Fla., 171. 

Mirza Ali Mahmoud.org. Babist sect,H071 . 

Mirzapur mission, 10471 . 

Misanthrope issued, 11012. 

Miscellanai ruriosa issued, 7971. 

Misrilanea (if Comcrcio issued, 11311.. 

Hispano- Americano issued, 11311. 

Mischief wins America's cup, 309 3 . 

Misdon, Vendeans defeated, 7101. 

Mise of Amiens, Fr., 6732 ; Eng., 8552. 

Miskolcz, waterspout, 5282; railroad, 5332. 

Mismer, Charles, Six Ans Soldat, 7602. 

Mission Conf., London Protestant, 9982. 

, first movement, Eng., 8423. 

Society, London, org., 11361. 

Union'for Jews org., 11361. 

work, clergy meet for, 9291 . 

and Tract Society, N. Y., org., 2542. 

Missionary Asso., Am. (See under Am.) 

Presbytery of Canadas fmd., 5782. 

Ridge, Tenn., Federals capture, 2282. 

Society of Conn, fnd., 1083. 

, United Domestic, becomes Am. 

Home Soc, 1342. 

Union, est. at Clifton Springs, 4621. 

, Internal;., 3182, 3501 , 4621 . 

Missions. (See missionary societies under 
denominational names.) 

Mississippi, territory org., 1092; Sargent 
Winthrop, gov.. 1093; Robert Williams, 
gov., 1133 ; David Holmes, gov., 1172, 
1333; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1243; State 
admitted, 1253; G. Poindexter, gov., 1273; 
lottery est., 1291 ; W. Leake, gov., 1293; 
Prot. Epis. diocese org., 1342; Gerard C. 
Brandon, gov., 1353; O. S. Presb. Synod, 
find., 1363; coll. est., 13.01, 1703 ; Abra. 
M. Scott, gov., 1393; Hiram G. Runnels, 
gov., 1433; Alex. G. M'Nutt, gov., 1492; 
repudiates bonds, 1513; T. M. Tucker, 
gov., 1552; Albert G. Brown, gov., 1572; 
M. Univ. fnd., 1642 ; Jos. W. Matthews, 



gov., 1652 ; -Wm. Mercer Green, Prot. Epis. 
Dp., 1662; disunion meetings held, 1691; 
James Whitfield, gov.; John G. Guion, 

fov., John A. Quitman, gov., 1692;Henry 
.Foote,gov., 1712; John J.M'Rae, gov., 
1771; United Synod South Evan. Luth. 
org., 1782; lands granted to R.R., 1813 ; 
Wm. M'Willie, gov., 185 2 ; gov. on seces- 
sion, I882 ; Legislature considers seces- 
sion, 1883 ; radical proslavery, 18b2 ; 
Federal forts seized, 1901 ; Jonn J, Pet- 
tus, gov., 1903 ; Secession Conven heid ; 
State secedes, 191 1 ; special session Leg- 
islature, 191 1 , 2 ; plans So. Conf eaer<.c 3 ; 
senators withdraw, 1912 ; ratifies Gol- 
fed. Constitution, 1932 ; Pemberton su- 
persedes Van Dorn, 2142; Jacob Thomp- 
son, gov., 2173; Charles Clark, gov. ,2413; 
new constitution, 2362, 2473 ; civil govt, 
restored ; Wm. L. Sharkey, gov., 24S3, 
2511 ; ordinance of secession null; pardon 
for J. Davis, 2491 ; Gov. Clarke arrested, 
2503; civil rights for freedmen, 2511; 
Benj. G. Humphreys, gov., 2553 ; ratifies 
Hth Amend., 2573;' rejects 14th Amend., 
2611 ; Rust Univ. est. ,2623; A. Ames, gov., 
2632,2873; rejects new consti.,2B32; con- 
sti. ratified, 2652, 2692; excluded from 
nat. election, 2(152; Normal school opd., 
2702; State Board 1 .1 Educntii in org.,2703 ; 
readmitted to Cong., 2711 ; James L. Al- 
corn, gov., 2732; Riilgfly C. Powers, gov., 
2772; race riot, 2871; East M. Female 
Coll. opd., 27S2 ; president's proclama- 
tion enforced, 2872 ; River jetties appro- 
priation, 2891 ; Gov. Ames resigns, 2913; 
John M. Stone, gov., 2951, 376I; Agri. 
and Mechan. Coll. opd., 3042,3; liquor 
prohibited near univ., 3131 ; Robt. Lowry, 

fov., 3132 ; whites kill negroes, 3232 ; 
local Option Law passes ; migration of 
negroes, 3251; Thomas Heslin cons. R. 
C. bp., 3423 ; James R. Chambers nom. 
for gov., 3452; Treas. Hemingway short ; 
indicted, 361 1 , convicted, 3523; Aberdeen 
outrage in Cong. ,3531 ; levee breaks, 354 1 , 
4073 ; flood sufferers' relief, 3572, 3603 ; 
reunion of Blue anil Cray, 3591 ; division 
of State proposed, 371 2 ; new constitution 
operative, 3751 ; State Bar Asso., colored 
lawyers org., 3783 ; World's Fair appro- 
priation defeated, 4051 ; White Cap out- 
rages, 43S 3 ; State officials arrested, 47U 3 . 
Mississippi Agri. and Mechanical Coll. 
est. 3042 3. 

Coll. (Bapt.), est. at Clinton (1850). 

Company est., 5733. 

railroad opened, 1873. 

River, Pineda enters, 183 ; dis., 222, - 

441 , 481 , 5733 ; crossed, 223 ; explored, 
463, 541 , 5733 ; Fr. on, 552 ; trade with 
Eng., 592 ; Jesuits on, 602 ; Brit, posts 
on, 903; Brit, failure on, 921 ; source dis., 
1401 ; rises, 1561 ; bridge completed, 1761 ; 
ice breaks up, 1793 ; floods, 1681, 1841, 
3101, 3593, 3673, 4101; armament on, 
1943 ; Federals open, 2242 ; appropria- 
tions for, 2891; jetty at mouth, 2993; 
improvement conmiis.appt,, 3013; centen- 
nial of dis., 3113; crevasses in levee, 4313. 

Bill, passes senate, 4033. 

Scheme, in Fr.; shares go up, 6973; fi- 
nancial ruin, 6992,3; mythical gold, 6993. 

Valley, Cotton Planters' Asso. org., 

3033; Industrial Conven., 3091. 
Missolonghi, Gr., siege of ; captured ; Lord 

Byron d., 10342. 
Missoula, Mo., Chinese outrages, 3902. 
Missouri, State of, New Madrid settled 
(1780); St. Genevive fnd. (1785); Daniel 
Boone of Ivy. settles in (1795); detached 
from Louisiana and annexed to Indian 
Ter. (1804, Mar. 26); territory org. (1805); 
Missouri Gazette est. at St. Louis (1808, 
July +); territory of Missouri approved 
(change of name), (1812, June 4); First 
Gen. Assembly meets (1812); Wm. Clark 
provisional gov. (1813, July) ; Cong, op- 
poses a State govt., 1272; Cong, provides 
for State govt., 1291 ; Alex. M'Nair, gov.; 
State conditionally admitted. 1292; Fred- 
erick Bates, gov., 1332; John Miller, gov., 
1352 ; Dan. Dunklin, gov., 1412; Liburn 
N. Boggs, gov., 1472 ; P. E. diocese org., 
1503; Thos. Reynolds, gov., 1531 ; Univ. 
of M. org., 1543 ; St. Louis M. E. Conf. 
fmd., 1583 ; John C. Edwards, gov., 1592; 
Meth. Epis. South Conf. org., 1603; Sy- 
nodicalConf.Evan.Luth.org., 1631 ; Aus- 



Miss-Mohl. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1337 



tin A.King, gov., 1652; Sterling Pijice, 
gov., 1743; voters in Kan., 177* , 2; Han- 
cock Jackson, gov.; Truston Polk, gov.; 
R. M. Stewart, gov., 1S32 ; Secession 
convention meets, 1912 ; state Conven- 
tion favors union, 1931 f 2 j gov. refuses 
troops to Lincoln, 1943; Federal arsenal 
seized, 1951 ; gov. calls for militia, an- 
nounces loyalty, 1961, 1972; gov. flees 
south, 1972; emancipation by Fremont; 
gunboat reconnaissance, 198 2 ; Snead's 
slaves manumitted ; amnesty offered to 
Confederates ; State officers deposed ; 
H. R. Gamble, gov. ; protection to loyal- 
ists offered, 199 1 ; martial law declared ; 
neutrality decided on ; gov. declares 
State independence, 1992 ; Halleck com- 
mands ; Order No. 3 issued, 2003 ; spe- 
cial session legislature; secedes at Neo- 
sho ; official oath required, '201 2 ; guer- 
rillas abound, 2022, 2091, 2143 ; martial 
law extended, 2031 ; C. F. Jackson, gov.; 
H.R. Gamble, gov., 2032; military canal, 
2061; military department fmd., 213 2 ; 
emancipation favored, 2153 ; compen- 
sated emancipation lost, 2193 ; slavery 
abolished, 2253, 2413, 2431; Confed. in- 
vade, 2382; Gen. Price in, 2391; T. C. 
Fletcher, gov., 2413 ; ratifies 13th 
Amend., 2432 ; judiciary officers vacate, 
2453 ; new constitution completed, 247 2 , 
ratified, 2473, 2392; Cong. Asso. org., 
•2482 : j udges est.byf orce,2483 ; LewisColl. 
opd'.; Lincoln Inst. Normal School opd., 
2543 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 ; prize 
fighting punishable, 261 1 ; Universalist 
Conven. org., 2642 ; State seal returned, 
2672; Joseph W. M'Clurg, gov.; ratifies 
15th Amend., 2693; Eldership church of 
God org., 2762; normal schools opd., 2763 ; 
Benj. Gratz Brown, gov., 2772; S. W. Mo. 
Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 2342; Silas Wood- 
^eon, gov., 2851 ; Chas. H. Hardin, gov., 
2912; tornado, 3001; s. West Baptist 
College est., 3003; Thos. T. Critten- 
den, gov., 3093 ; Mo. Free Meth. Conf. 
fmd., 3122 ; Downing High License Law 
passes, 3131,3151 ; State Board of Health 
■est., 315 1 ; John S. Marmaduke, gov., 
3233 ; State Insane Asylum opd., 3272 ; 
A. G.Morehouse, gov., 3293 ; prohibition 
adopted, 3292 ; Bald Knob victims, 3311 ; 
Australian ballot, 3392, 3492 ; D. R. 
Francis, gov., 3492 ; o. O. Howard suc- 
ceeds Gen. Crook, 3541 ; State treas,, No- 
land, suspended, 3543; White Caps out- 
rage, 367* ; E. R. Atwill cons. P. E. bp., 
3701 ; Jjoyal Legion convention, 3703 - f 
World's Fair Appropriation fails, 3771 ; 
direct tax received, 381 1; pool-selling 
prohibited, 3863; outlaws, 3931; j. s. 
Phelps, gov., 2973 ; train robbery, 4002, 
4151 ; Congressional Redisricting Bill 
passes, 4032 ; flood, 4061 ; banks resume, 
4353 ; Wm- J,. Stone, gov., 4471 ; earth- 
quake, 450i; parochial schools aban- 
doned, 4681 ; train derailed, 4713 ; collis- 
ion on N. P. R. R., 4453. 

Missouri Valley Coll. (Cumb. Presb,.) est, 
at Marshall (1889). 

Compromise Bill passes, f29i ; notice 

of repeal, 175 1 - 

Free Meth. Conf. fmd., 3122. 

River Improvement Conven., 3093. 

burned, 1573. 

, relief steamer to Russia, 11233. 

, rescues Denmark passengers, 3393. 

Missroon, John S., d-., 2482. 

Missunde, Schleswig, Danes defeated, 640i . 

■ ■, Ger., burned, 6402. 

Mist Ehamr mission, 657 1 . 

Mistral, FreMeYic, h., 726 1 ; works, 7343, 
7371 , 7602. 

Mitau, Rus., taken, 11141. 

Mitchel, John, b., 9363 ; arrested, 5991. 
955 2 ; escapes ; Jail Journal, 9591 ; M. P., 



9702 



.1., D802. 



, Ormsby McNight, b., 11162 ; com- 
mands in Ky., 1983 ; surprises Hunts- 
ville, 2062 ; d,, 2152. 

Mitchell, S. Dak., university fnd., 3223, 

, Adm., captures fleets, 9282 ; mutiny 

against, 9301 . 

, Alice, wounds Freda Ward, 4002. 

, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

, Charles E., in int. dept., 3512. 

, Sir , proclamation, 6043. 

— -, David Bradie, b. (1766) ; gov. La., 
1172, 1252, 1472 ; d.,1482. 



Mitchell, Donald Grant, b., 1302; -works, 
1632, 1683,2272,2551. 

, Elisha, b., 1042 ; d., 1821 . 

, Sir Francis, monopolist, 881 1 , 2. 

, Jim, shoots four persons, 4521 . 

, John Hippie, b., 144 2 ; senator's 

speech, 4383. 

, L.,b.,1542. 

, J. V., defaulter, 4421 . 

, Margaret Julia ( Maggie), b., 1401 . 

, Maria, b., 1262 ; d., 3422. 

, Nathaniel, governor Del., 1133. 

, Robert B., b. (1825) ; gov. N. Mex., 

2511; d. (1882). 

, Sam. Augustus, b. (1792) ; d., 2641 . 

, Latham, b., 74i ; lectures, 1043; 

Medical Repository, 1083; d., 1382. 

, Silas Weir, b., 1362. 

, Stephen Mix, b. (1743) ; d., 1442. 

, , founds free library, 9791 . 

, Sir Thomas Livingstone, b. (1792); ex- 
plorer, 4941,2; d. (1855). 

, W. K., org. Washingtonians 1511 . 

Mitchell's Fork, Confeds. defeated, 2442. 

Mitehelstown, Ire., agrarian outrages, 
9811; Nationalists meet, 9971. 

Mitchil, C. W., missionary, 6223. 

Mitford, Sir John Freeman, Baron Redes- 
dale, b. (1748) ; chancellor ; speaker, 
9312, a ; d. (1830). 

, Mary Russell, b., 9242 ; works, 9423 ; 

ii., 9603. 

, Wm., b.,9103; Greece, 9231; d.,9423. 

Mithridates of Iberia, king, 11513. 

of Pergamus reigns? 11512. 

, K. of Lydia, marries Laodice, 11503. 

, king, massacres Romans, 1150 3 . 

I., betrays father ; reigns, 11473. 

II., reigns ; prisoner, 1153 2 . 

III., reigns, 11473. 

IV., reigns, 1147 3 ; besieged, attacks 

Sinope, 11481. 

V., in Punic war, 11481 ; reigns, 11492; 

assassinated, 11503. 

VI., reigns, 11492; rules Kherson, 

10292 j war with Rome, 10561 ; conquers 
Bosporus ; defeats Lucullus ; conquests ; 
in Cappadocia, 11501 ; master of Athens, 
1028 1 ; peace with Romans, 10292; treaty 
with Sulla, 10591 ; against Nicoinedes 
III.; extent of territory ; conquers Cap- 
padocia, 1058 1 , 1151 1 ; war against Tigra- 
nes, 10591 ; driven from Cyzicus ; de- 
feated at Cabira, 10581 ; defeated by Pom- 
pev, 11511 ; in Asia M. ; expelled ; sui- 
cide, 10582. 

Mithridatic wars, 10561 , 2, 10581 . 

Mitislaw, duke of Kieff, 11133. 

Mitre, Bartolome' ; in Buenos Ayres,4902, 
49H ,2,3; captured, 4902. 

Mitrophania(motherabbess),exiled, 11191. 

Mitscherlich, Eilhard, b., 8063 ; d., 8221. 

Mitsukuri, KinshOj b., 10912. 

Mittelmark, Prussia, conquered, 7772. 

Mittermaier, Karl Joseph Anton, b., 8043; 
president parliament, 8172 ; d., 8243. 

Mitylene, at war with Athens, 1016* , 
blockaded, 10201; surrenders, 10213; 
naval battle near, 11562. 

Mivart, St. George, b., 9423. 

Mix, Lieut.-Col., at Cove Cree"k, 2161 . 

Mixon, John, b., 602. 

Mizam Shah repulsed, 10441. 

Mizizus enthroned ; killed, 1031 3 . 

Mizner, John K-, commissioned col., 3563. 

, Lansing B., envoys, 3513. 

Mizpah sinks, 9833. 

Mizpeh, Philistines defeat, 11421. 

Moab subdued, 11501. 

rdoabite stone, year of, 11422; dis., 11581 . 

Moabites fnd., 91; in North Afr.,81; de- 
stroyed, 11422. 

Moawiyah I., b.-d., 11542 ; calif in Syria, 
4852 ; reigns, 6551. 

II., calif., 4ST>2 ; reigns. 6552. 

Moberly, < leorge, b. (1803); elected bishop, 
9583 ; d. (18S5). 

Mobert, Jacob Isidor, Crusades, 4782. 

Mobile, Ala., taken, 91 1 ; yellow fever, 1273 ; 
fire, 1513 ; bread riot. 2272, 2392 ; closed 
against Confeds., 2372 ; siege of, 2442 ; 
surrenders, 2461 ; Emerson Inst, opd., 
258 3 ; Ocean Wave explodes, 2753. 

Bay, naval battle in, 2371 . 

Mobilization ordered, France, 743 3 . 

Mobius, August Ferd., b., 8043 ; d., 8243. 

Mochoallog, St., founds Abbey, S423. 

Mockern, Prus., Russians defeated, 718 3 ; 
battle, 7202. 



Mocquard, Constant, b. (1791) ; d., 7223. 

Modeenet, mission, 6571 . 

Modena, It., fortress erected, 10531 ; Rom. 
colony, 10553 ; war, 10602 ; cathedral 
fnd., cons., 10751; gov. by House of 
Este, 10773 ; appeal to Victor Emman- 
uel, 10891 ; insurrection, 5201 , 10S91 ; re- 
stored, 5253. 

Modern Reformers or Socialists issued,7283. 

Review issued, 9862. 

Thought issued, 9843. 

Woodmen Fraternity, statistics, 4463. 

Modimolle mission, 11241 . 

Modjeska, Helena, b., 11163. 

Modlin, allies possess, 7212 ; retaken, 8101 . 

Modoc Indians defeat troops in Ore., 2801 . 

Modon taken by Turks, 10781 . 

Modus vivendi, licenses, issued, Can. ; re- 
jected, 5871 ; expiration of, 5911 ; renewed, 
5912,3; treaty, 6342; Fr. with Sp., 7633 ; 
Eng. accepts, 10052, refuses, 10091. 

Moe, Jdrgen Ingebrektsen, b.-d., 11041; 
Poems, 11043. 

Moen, Philip L., d., 3821 . 

Moeris Lake formed, Kgy., 6462. 

Moeser.A., Deutsche Kals^r/it der, 8342. 

Moesia, settled, 5653 ; Bulgarian kingdom, 
10313; Gothsin, 7692; subjugated, 10603. 

, Inferior, Roman province, 1063 2 . 

Moffat, Jas. Clement, b. (1811); d., 3601. 

.Robert, b., 9263 ; sails, 397»; inland 

journey, 5972; marriage, 5973 ; first 
church, 59S1 ; d., 5612, 6033. 

, Lieut., seizes Echo, 1851 . 

Moff'et Dr., shot, 4183. 

Mog-ador, Morocco, bombarded, 7281 . 

Mogila, Peter, b. (lf>96±) ; confession of 
faith, 11143 ; d. (1647). 

Mogontiacum. (See Mentz.) 

Mogul empire broken, 10441 ; power in In- 
dia ; declines, 10451 . 

Moguls in Hung, and Poland, 505 2 ; grant 
to Christians, 10343 ; reigns, 1097 2 . 

Mohacs, Hungarians defeated, 5082 ; 
Louis II. falls, 5093 ; Turks defeated, 
5122 ; explosion, 5362. 

Mohammed, b., 4842 ; early life ; rises to 
power ; wives, 4853 ; creed ; meditations ; 
prophet ; ascent into heaven, 4S43; flight 
of, 10311; plunders caravan, 4841 ; hom- 
age; Moslem treaty ; letters, 4842,4851 ; 
territory ; extent of'power, 4843- d.,4842; 

, Shah, d., 51. 

, Sultan, of Egypt, reigns, 655 3 - 

I.,conquersBosnia; Wallachia, 11561 . 

reigns, 11572. 

IL, b.-d., 11562; besieges Constanti- 
nople, 1034'; reigns, 11572; in Servia, 
5081, 11232 ; rules Kharismian Turks, 
11553. 

III. reigns, 11572. 

Aboo Dahab rebels, 6571 . 

Ahmed, in Sudan, 6583 ; proclaims 

himself Mahdi ; conquests, 6581 . 

Ali, b.-d., 11563. 

Almuatid conquers Cordova, 11261. 

Bey at Grumatz, 11121. 

, Dost. (See under Dost.) 

el-Senusi'in Tripoli, 11383. 

Jan Wardak against British, 63 ; 

seizes Ghazni ; killed, 61 . 

Khusruf, pasha, 657 2 , 

- — Meerza reigns, 11072. 

Ruchdi, grand vizier, 11591 , 2, 

Shah Kharezin subdues Bokhara, 

5491. 

Sidi reigns, 10972. 

Takoob Beg assumes office, 6202. 

Mohammedan army organized, 11562. 

era begins. 4842. 

rebels suppressed, China, 6221 . 

Mohammedanism est. in Persia, 11071. 

Mohammedans claim churches, 10311 ; re- 
bel, 6211 ; struggle with Gr. Ch., 10311 ; 
enter Indus Valley, 10431 ; rule in Sp., 
11253 ; persecuted ; expelled Sp., 11271; 
est. in Morocco, 1097 ' ; ravage Armenia, 
11541 ; equal with Christians, 1157 1 ; 
massacre ; persecute Christians, 11581 ,2. 

Mohammerah, Persia, captured, 9601 . 

Mohave County, Ariz., gold rush, 4093. 

Mohawk attacks St. Mary's, 2151 . 

Mohawk mission, N. Y., 623, 651 , 663. 

Valley, N. Y., Indians invade, 943 ; 

flooded, 3421 ; earthquake, 3521 . 

Mohilow, Rus., Russian defeat, 718 2 . 

Mohl, Hugo von, b., 8082 ; on protoplasm, 
S201; d.,8281. 

, Julius von, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. 



1338 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNJDil»X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Mohl-Mont. 



Mohl, Moritz von, b. (1S02) ; d., 832' . 
Mcihler, Johann Adam, 1... 811113 ; d., 8143. 
Mohonk, Lake, N. Y., Indian Conference, 

3702,3851,3931. 
Mohr, Karl Friedrich, b., 8083 ; d., 830' . 
Mohrungen, Prus., battle of, 716' . 
Mobun, Ban. n Charles,!.. (11175' ); k.,905'. 
Moigno, Francois Napoleon Marie, b., 

715'; d., 754'. 
Moir mission, 657'. 

, David Macbeth, b., 9283 ; d., 9562. 

Moira. (Si'c Hastings, F. E.) 
Moiroso, chief; killed, 6002. 
Moivre, Abraham de, b. (1667) ; Doctrine 

of Chances, 699' ; d. (1754). 
Mo'kanna (Athen Ben Hakem), propbet, 

597'; d. (780i). 
Molaghur, Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . 
Molahiffe, Ire., moonlighters raid, 9943. 
Molasses, import restricted, 572. 
Molay, Jacques de, b., 6702; bnrned,673'. 
Molh'ceh, Christian, 1.., Ii:!.s2 ; d., 6403. 
Mold, Flintshire, Eng., riots, 973' . 
Mbldau River overflows, 534' . 
Moldavia, Austrians enter, 524'; army 
withdrawn, 5252 ; evacuated, 958' , 11121'; 
Turks fail, 11121; uprising, 11121, 3, 
1156 2 ; annexed ; recovered by Turks, 
11122; Eus. enter, mgt. 
Mole, Comte Louis Matliieu, b., 7051; 
ministry, 7273 ; d., 7322. 

, Mathieu, b. (1534) ; conference with 

queen, 6893 ; d. (1656). 
Molendj, Peru, U. S. agent shot, 4272. 
Molepolole mission est., 11242. 
Moleschott, Jacob, b.8122; d. (1893). 
Molesworth, \"isc., title created, 9051. 

, Sir William, b.,935i ; minister, 9612; 

d. (1855). 

, Nassau, b., 9382 ; d. (1890). 

Moletsane stormed, 602' . 
Mombasa, cable to Zanzibar, 5632. 
Moliere, Jean Baptiste Poquelin, b., 6863; 
in Theatre Illustre, 689' ; troupe before 
Louis XIV., 691' j works of, 691' ,2, 693' ; 
d., 6922. 
Molin, Marquis de, d., 11322. 
Molina, Luis, b.-d., 11282. 
Molindi captured, 5613. 
Moliner, Guillaume, Lei/s a" Amor, 1127' . 
Molino del Rey, Hex., battle, 162'. 
Molk, Heinrich von, satirical poem, 7783. 
Mollinger, Father, blesses visitors, 408' . 
Molly Maguires fmd., 1732; operate, 2072, 
2093, 2172 ; murder Geo. K. Smith, 2292; 
cease, 2703; murder miners ; kill police- 
man, 289' ; hanged, 295'; flourish, 953'. 
Molhvitz, Silesia, Prus. victorious, 514' . 
Molodzoff, Hippolvte, attempt against 

Gen. Loris-Mellik'c.tr, 11203. 
Molotf, Dr., conspirator, Bulg., 5683. 
Molonis, Miguel de, b.-d., 11283. 
Moltenoininistry, dismissed, 6012. 
Moltke, Count Hellmuth Karl Bernhard, 
von, b., 8063 ; in war, 8242 ; statue, 
832'; d. ; 834'. 
Molung mission, 10463. 
Molyneaux, William, b., 8882 ; d. (1698). 
Mombasa, East Afr., 5612, a, 5631 , 2, a. 
railway, fund for, 1009'; appropria- 
tions, 504' ; inaugurated, 5633. 
Mommsen, Christian M. Theodor, b., 812' ; 

works, 8202, 8263. 
Mompelgarde surprised, 784'. 
Monachism in Egypt., 6543. 
Monaco, purchased by France, 7353. 
Monagas, Jose Gregorio, b. (1795) ; presi- 
dent Venezuela, 11602 ; d. (1858). 
, Tadeo, b. (1784) ; president Ven- 
ezuela, 11602 ; d. (1868). 
Monarch launched, 970' . 

founders, 9973. 

brings Peabody's body to Am., 2693. 

Monasteries suppressed, 11303; hi 11 against, 
10883; est. in Ger., 7722; reformed, 7743 , 
1073' ; closed, Ger., 805' ; profligate, Eng., 
8663; dissolved, 8IW2 ; confiscated, Eng., 
8683 ; opposed, 10723 ; multiply, 10722,3. 
Monastery of Sazava founded, 5023, 

of Ze'ven, treaty of, 8032. 

Monastic orders, influence, 10763. 
Monastics in Western Eur., 0042 ; climax 
of, 695' ; orders aid pope, 7803 ; institu- 
tions increase, 8442 ; buildings erected, 
8562 ; institutions revived, 8963 ; appear, 
10662. 
Monastir, Turk., mission work, 5653. 
Monatliche Anzuq issued, 799'. 
Erzahlungen issued, 799 ' . 



Monatliche Unterrcdungen issued, 799'. 
Monbodds, Lord. (See Barnet, J.) 
Moncey, Bon Adrien Jeannot de, Due de 

Conegliano, b., 7022, d., 7282. 
Monchristien, Antoine de, works, 685' . 
Monck, sr Monk, Viscount of, title cre- 
ated, 931' ; baron, title created, 965' . 

, Chas. Stanley, Vise, b. (1819); gov. -gen. 

Can., 581 2 ; viceroy ; opens Pari., 583' . 
Monckhoven, Desire von, d., 546' . 
Monekton, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Robert, b. (1726) ; in N. S., 682: gov. 

N. Y., 732; d., 9223. 
Moncon, treaty of, concluded, 6873. 
Moncontour, Fr., battle at, 6822. 
Monereitf, Baron, title created, 975'. 

, Lord, arbitrator, 9823. 

Moncton, Can., Times; Transcript, 5843 ; 

engineers' convention, 5883. 
Monde, Lc, judgment against, 589' . 
Mondovi, P'iedmontese defeated, 712'. 
Monetary Commission, org.; reports, 2952. 

Conf. Bill approved l.y prcs., 4132. 

Conf., Paris, 7543, 7373. (See under 

International.) 
Money, Hernando D., b., 1502. 
— — , counterfeit, in Am., 913 ; tokens 
used, 2113; gold and silver, 1141'. 

lenders imprisoned, Fr., 673' . 

order oftice set up, Eng., 9272, 9512. 

(See Post-office. See Paper-money.) 
Monge, Gaspard, Comte de Peruze, b., 

7003; d., 7223. 
Mongols invade Hung., 504' ; in Bokhara, 
549' ; sack Kieff, 1114'; invade North, 
6133; power subdued, 614' ; dynastyrules; 
alliance with Sung, 615' ; invade "Japan, 
10902, 3; overrun Armenia, 1154'. 
Moniteur Be/i/e at Brussels, 5423. 

, he, issued, 7063. 

Ottoman issued, 11571. 

Monitor launched, 202 2; completed, 2042; at 
Hampton Eoads, 2043 ; attacks Sewell's 
Point, 207 1 ; at Fort Darling, 208 1 ; found- 
ers, 2171. 
Monk, Bretton, Baron, title created, 9871 , 

, -, Lord. (See Dodson, John Geo.) 

, Sir George, b., 8782 ; in war with 

Neth., 1100' ; defeats Van Tromp, 888' ; 
enters Lond. ; E. of Torrington ; D. of 
Albemarle; capt. -gen., 890' ; takes gov't, 
891' ; minister, 8912; at battle of Downs, 
892'; commissioner treasury, 893 2 ; land 
grant, 423; d., 8922. 

, James Henry, elected bp., 9423. 

, Lord, cablegram to Field, 263' . 

Monks, in Sp. and Egy., 10663 ; inhabit 
caves, II )!.i;3; invent can 11 inc. 1082' ; mul- 
tiply, 10722; influence in Ger., 7723 ; be- 
come eminent, Eng., 8443 ; influence in 
Britain, 845'; punished, Eng., 8682; 
limited education, Hung., 5042. 
Monk's Corner, S. C, action at, 91' . 
Monkswell, Baron, title created, 987' . 
Monloddo, Lord. (See Burnet, Jas.) 
Monmouth, N. J., battle of, 883 ; Salvator 
runs, 3673 ; book-makers ; bail, 4123. 

, Ore., Christian College org., 2543. 

, Geoffrey. (See Geoffrey.) 

, D. of, James Scott, b., 8862 ; com- 
mander, 894' ; claims to throne, 8952, 
8972; in Eng. ; arrested, 8953 ; at Sedge- 
moor, 896'; political confederacy; in 
Eng., 896' , 8971 ; beheaded, 8972. 

College org., 111., 1802. 

Monnier, Marc, b., 7243; d., 7542. 
Monnoyer, Jean Baptiste, b., 6882; d., 694'. 
Monod, Adolphe, b., 7142; d., 7322. 

, Theo., preacher, Fr., 7482. 

Monongahela City, Pa., riot, 4242. 

College org., 2623. 

Monophvsite sec tfnd., 10703; controversy; 

prevails, 10303, 11543; protected, 10303. 
Monopolies abolished, Eng., 8772; pro- 
hibited, 8833. 
Monothelites rise, 10311 . 
Monpesson, Sir Giles, monopolist, 881', 2. 
Monroe, Col. at Ft. William Henry, 70' , 2. 

, Col., at Cainsville, 2183. 

, James, b., 71' ; graduates, 85' ; mar- 
ries, 93 2 ; minister to Fr., 1053; electoral 
vote, 1153; gov. Va., 1093, 1192; treaty 
with G. B., 115' ; sec. state, 1213; pres., 
U. S. A., 1252,3, 1292; inspects army 
posts, 1253; returns slaves, 1272; declines 
nom., 1332; d., 1382, 1393. 

Doctrine declared, 1312, 3, 1323; fails, 

1352; reaffirmed, 3332. 
Female College, Ga., fnd., 1662. 



Monrovia, Afr., commenced, 129' ; mission ; 
capital Liberia, 11612. 

Mons, Belg., E. E. accident, 5453 ; riots, 
5462, 548'; strikes; De Chastileer k., 
5462; explosion, 5473; Flemings defeated, 
672' ; taken, 694' ; surrenders, 6962. 

Badonicus, battle of, 770' . 

Lactarius, action at, 10702. 

, Jean Baptiste van, b., 5422; d„ 544*. 

Monselet, Chas., b., 7242; a., 7562. 

Monsell, Wm. (1812); p.-m.-gen., 9753. 

Monserrat (Montserrat), ceded Eng., 433. 

Monsieur, peace of, 6843 ; revoked, 853. 

Monstrelet, Enguerrand de, b.-d., 6762. 

Montacute (Montagu), E. of Salisbury, 
takes Isle of Man, S58' . 

Montagnac, M., minister, 749' , 3. 

Montagu, Basil, b., 9183; d., 9562. 

of Beaulieu, Baron, title created, 987' . 

- — , Chas., E. of Halifax, b., 8902; resigns 
from Council, 8952 ; named Trimmer, 
8972 ; minister, 9012, 9053 ; commissioner, 
9013; d. (1715). 

, Edward, E. of Manchester, b., 878'; 

minister, 8912. 

- — , , E. of Sandwich, b., 8802 ; min- 
ister, 8912; d., 8922. 

.Elizabeth, h.,9062; d., 9302. 

, Henry, E. of Manch., b.(1562±); chief 

justiee,S793;miiiisU-r„SS12,N992;d.(lG42.) 

, John, E. of Sandwich, b. (1718); lord 

admiralty, 9073, 9133, 9193; d. (1792). 

, Lady Mary Wortley, b., 9892 ; ad- 
vances inoculation, 906' ; d., 9162. 

, William, D. of Manchester, pres. 

Travelers' Society, 9792; d., 10021. 

Montague, Chas., gov. S. C., 753. 

, Sir Edward, chief justice, 8693. 

, Lord Fred., p.-m.-gen., 9432. 

, George, d., 4661. 

, Mrs., silkwonian to Queen, 873'. 

, W. H., sec. state, Can., 5963. 

Montaigne, Michael Eyquem de, b.,6S03; 
Essays, IK43, X7S3; d.', 6842. 

Montaland, Celine, d., 7601 . 

Montalban, Fama Postliuma, 11292. 

Montalembert, Comte de, Charles Forbes, 
b., 7191 ; works, 7271 ,7343, 7351 ; d., 7382. 

, Marquis de, Marc Bene, b., 6963 - 

works, 7052; d., 7142. 

Montalt, Earl de, title created, 9963. 

Montalvan, Juan Perez de, b.-d., 11283. 

Montana, State, territory org., 235 2 ; vigi- 
lance committee acts, 2292,2312; Sidney 
Edgerton, gov., 2413 ; Historical Soc. 
incor.,2423; Thomas Francis Meagher, 
gov., 2511; Green Clay Smith, gov., 2553; 
Indians defeated, 260' ; Benj. F. Potts, 
gov., 2732; Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2903; 
war with Sioux, 290' ; Sheridan in com- 
mand; Sioux defeated, 292' , 294' ; Custer 
attacks Indians, 292' ; J. Schuyler 
Crosby, gov., 8132; Coll. of M.opd.,3143; 
Mormons settle, 3152 ; E. C. diocese of 
Helena est., 3163 ; Constitutional Con- 
ven. meets, 3172, 3432; new constitution 
ratified, 3192, 347'; Piatt Carpenter, 
gov., 3193; Preston H. Leslie, gov., 3252; 
bill to admit, 3363; Eed Lodge thrown 
open, 339' ; Bozeman capital ; fires, 
3432; Jos. K. Toole nom. for gov., 345' ; 
constitution adopted, 345', 3471; ad- 
mitted, 3472 ; State legislature meets, 
3483; Secret Ballot Law; Jos. K. Toole, 
gov. ; Benj. F. White, gov., legislature 
deadlock, 3492; earthquake, 3521 , 4261 ; 
Eep. legislature the legal body, 3531 ; 
App. Biil passes Cong., 3532 ; Crow In- 
dians cede land, 3733 ; senate and two 
houses in session, 3752; legislative com- 
promise ; lower house tie, 377 1 ; train 
robbers, 3951 ; Univ. opens at Helena, 
3962 ; Labor day, holiday, 3983 ; frost, 
4121 ; legislature Rep., 4212; Lee Mantle 
appt. senator, 4253; John E. Eickards, 
gov., 447'; sun dance in, 4623 ; express 
robbed; E. E. wreck, 4643. 

University opens at Helena, 3962. 

Montanus, Journey-Shortenir, 7923. 

, heresy, 10643. 

Montauban, Gen., commander, 620' ; be- 
sieged, 686' ; at Shanghai, 734'. 
Montaud, Deluns, minister, 757' 
Montauk bombards Fort McAllister, 218*; 

destroys Nashville, 219' . 
Montbeilard, Gueneau de, b., 6982. 

, Fr., Germans enter, 7422 ; ceded to 

France, 8073. 
Mont Blanc, observatory erected ; ava- 
lanche, 11382. 



Mont-Moor. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN Uil<.A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



133& 



Montcalm, Gozon de St.-Veran, Louis Jo- 
seph, Marquis de, b., 6963; commands 
Fr., 70' ; in Quebec, 713; wounded, 72' , 
5743; arrives ; d., 5753. 

Monteeau-les-Mines, Fr., rising, 7533. 

Mont Cenis Tunnel, built, 10882; opened, 
11383. 

Montdidier, Fr., attacked, 742'. 

Monte Rotondo, action at, 1088' . 

Vista, Colo., Soldiers' Home est., 3503. 

Monteagle, Baron, title created, 931' . 

, Lord. (See Rice, T. S.) 

Montealegre, Jese Maria, b. (1815); pres. 
Costa Rica, 631'. 

Mont-Earl, Lord, title created, 9412. 

Montebello, Aust., Austrians defeated, 
714'; battle of, 524'. 

Monte-Caseros, Gen. Rosas defeated, 490' . 

Casino, It., monastery finl., 10703. 

Montecuculi,Ct.Kainiondo',b.,5102;d.,5123. 
Montetiore, Moses Haim, b. (1784); sheriff; 

knighted, 9492 ; org. mission, 9502 ; in 
Rome, 9032 ; aids .lows, 11583; d. (1885). 

Montemayor, Jorge de, b.-d., 11092. 

Montenegro (see text, p. 1097) versus Turk. ; 
Aust. supports, 525' ; supports Herze- 
govina, 528' ; war with Turkey, 1158' ; 
boundaries determined ; rises against 
Turk., 1159' ; annexed to Turk., 11592. 

Montenotte, It., Austrians defeated, 712' . 

Montenoy, Chas. Palissot de, work, 7032. 

Montereau, Fr., allies defeated, 7203. 

Monterey, Cal., mission at, 762; fnd., 772; 
Am. flag raised, 1612; taken, 162' ; State 
convention fnd., 167'. 
' Gap, Va., action at, 2242. 

, Mex., battle of, 160' ; capital at, 

10963; mission at, 10962. 

, Tenn., action at, 2072. 

Montero, Diego Gonzales, gov., 605 2 ,3. 

■, Lizardo, b. (1832); pres. Peru, 11082. 

Montesinos, Antonio, miss., 183; d. (1526+). 

Montespan, Marquis de (Francois At.hi- 
nai's de Rocheehouart), !>., 6.SS3; d.,6903. 

Montesquieu, Baron de la Brede et de 
(Charles de Secondat), b., 6942; works, 
699', 2, 7012; d., 7022. 

Montevallo.Ala., furnaces destroyed, 2443. 

Monteverdi, Claudio, b., 1081'; works, 
1082' ; d., 10823. 

Montevideo, Arg. Rep., govt, separate, 
673; capital Uruguay, 1160' ; surrender; 
stormed; Brit, evacuate, 489' ; military 
settlement at, 11593; Univ. fnd., 11602; 
reinforcements; occupied, 554' ; alliance 
with Paraguay, 5553 ; Gania arrives, 
5603; siege ends, 490' ; missions at; re- 
volt, 11603. 

Montezuma captures Essex, 1202. 

1., b. (1390); subdues country, 12'; 

reigns, 133; d., 122. 

1L., b., 122; expedition defeated, 16' ; 

elected, 172; seized; orders invaders out; 
k.; empire overthrown, 18' . 

Montfaucon, Bernard de, b.,6902; d.,7002. 

Montford, E. of, title created, 871' . 

Montfort, Amaury, at Marmande, 6702. 

, John de, at Auray, 674' . 

, Simon de, E. of Leicester, b., 852' ; 

in Baron's war; marries Eleanor, 8533; 
at Lewes ; returns to Eng. ; pres. Mad 
Pari., 855' ; election writs, 8552; k.,854'. 

, de, Comte, b.-d., 66S 2 ; crusade 

against Allugenses, 670'; massacre at 
Toulouse, 6703; killed, 670' . 

Montgolfier, .Jacques Etienne, b., 700 3 ; 
d. (1799). 

, Joseph Michel, b., 7002; tirst balloon, 

701'; hydraulic ram imp., 70S'; d.,719'. 

, Stephen, balloon ascension, 704' . 

Montgomerie, Archibald William, E. of 
Eghnton, in Dub., 963' ; lord-lieut., 9632. 

, John, N. Y., 613. 

Montgomery launched, 396' ; trial, 448' . 

Montgomery, Ala., fnd., 1273; capital city, 
1613; Confed. Cong, opens, 1913; Davis 
Goufed. pres. at, 19.13; Confed. proclama- 
tion, 1943 ; Provis. Cong, meets, 195' ,2 ; 
Confed. capital removed, 197'; surren- 
dered to Federals, 2401 , military district, 
2572 ; immigration conven., 2663, 3313 ; 
constitutional conven. at, 2862 ; monu- 
ment to Confederates, 3222; southern ex- 
position at, 3473 ; Mayor Cottrell k., 371 ' . 

, W. Va., Davis killed, 4683. 

, Alex. B., b., 1482; at Osceola, Mo., 

1983; on Cambahee River, 234'. 

, E. of, lord of admiralty, 8992. 

, H. H., cons, bp., 10022. 



Montgomery, Gen. James, invades Can., 
k., 576'. 

, John Reading, d., 274'. 

, Richard, b., 623; attacks Indians, 

72' + ; at St. John; at Montreal, 803; 
killed, SI' , 823; remains removed, 1273. 

, Robert, b., 933' ; d. (1855). 

, Dr., gutta-percha, 952' . 

Month! a Akuiazinc issued, Eng., 929'. 

Repository issued, Eng., 933' . 

Montliolon, Marquis de, Charles Tristan, 
b., 705' ; insurrectionist, 7293; d., 7322. 

Monti, Vincenzo, b., 10S42; works, 10852; 
d., 10862. 

Montieello, 111., natural gas dis., 380' ; Nat. 
Picket, 3862; air-ship, 390' . 

, Ky., Confederates defeated, 221'. 

, N. Y., Mrs. Halliilay sentenced, 463' . 

Montlliery, Fr., king defeated, 678' . 

Montluc, Blaise de l.asseran-Massencome 
de, b. (1503±); work, 6832 ; d. (1517). 

Montmagny, M. de., gov. Can., 5732. 

Montmartre, stormed, 7203; treaty, 6913. 

Montmedy, Fr., invested, 7422 ; bom- 
barded, 743'. 

Montmirail, Fr., allies defeated, 7202. 

Montmorency, Anne, Due de, b., 6783 ; d., 
682'. 

, Henri II., Due de, b., 6842 ; at St. 

Quentin; prisoner, 682' ; executed, 689' .2. 

Montmorres, Viscount, title created, 913 2 . 

Montpellier,Fr., school of law, 671' ; taken, 
675'; surrendered,; peace of, (ISO' , 6873; 
booth falls, 7073 ; medical school, 669' ; 
Univ. fnd., 671' ; Univ. rank raised, 673' . 

Montpensier, Duehesse de (Anne Marie 
Louise d'Orleans), b., 8863 ; d., 6943. 

, Ducde (Antoine Marie Philippe Louis 

d'Orleans), b.,7242; marries Maria Luisa, 
7292; fatal duel, 739', 11323; arrested; 
exiled, 11313 ; advocated as kiug, 11332 ; 
d., 7582. 

Montreal wrecked, 5893. 

Montreal, discovered, 203 ; site of city 
362 ; to St. Sulpice, 5723 ; Sulpieians 
possess, 363; Indian massacre, 41' ,572' ; 
Indians attack, 50' ; Cartier arrives, 
5712; Hotel Dirtiest., 573' ; Co. purchase, 
5723; Eng. raid, 5742; seigniority ceded, 
5732 ; walls enclose, 703 ; taken, 5743 ; 
fire, 5753, 5773, 581' ,3, 5853, 5933, 5942, 
5953; Ethan Allen fails to take, 576'; 
Indians' conf., 802, 574', 5752; Am. at, 
803; Brit, retake, 822 ;.St. Gabriel Street 
Church erected ; first Presbytery fmd., 
5763 ; hank est., 5773 ; Weekly Gazette; 
Canadian; Weekly Herald, 577' ; expe- 
dition against, abandoned, 1203 ; M'Gill 
Coll. est. ; hospital est. ,579' ; La Minerve, 
5783 ; first Baptist church ; R. C. diocese 
est., 5782; bishopric est., 9483; Weekly 
Witness, 579', • riots, 579', 5823, 583'; 
Baptist College est. ; Cong. Theological 
College, est., 579' ; Epis. bishopric 
est. ; St. Peter's Cathedral projected ; 
Y. M. C. A. fmd., 5802; Witness, 581'; 
Victoria Tubular Bridge built; damaged, 
5813 ; Temperance Conven., 583' ; ice- 
gorge, 5S4' ; La L'resse issued; Le Canada, 
issued, 5843 ; demonstrations against 
govt., 5S5'; Woman's Miss. Soe. org., 
5842; small-pox, 5853 ; Bp. Bond elected, 
9803; Brit. Asso. sits, 9S8' ; ice-palace, 
5853 ; ice-carnival, 5862 ; harbor im- 
provements, 5872 ; roof falls, 5873 ; 
Church of Eng. Synod ; Jewish petition 
granted, 5882 ; w. C. T. U. Conven. , 
Labor Cong. ; Conn. Nat. Guard in, 589' ; 
Hochelaga Exhibition ; pig-iron boom, 
5893 ; surplice land question, 590' ; night 
schools; Mayor Crenier reelected, 591' ; 
ice-bridge, 5913; i e ,Somedi,W2* ; riotous 
meeting ; Hebrew exiles, 5922 ; La. State 
Lottery Co. est., 5933,5943; NelsonMon- 
ument threatened ; explosion ; public 
works scandal ; mob, 5943 ; Internat. 
Fr. Congress ; Columbian caravels in, 
5953 ; bomb expiation, 5962. 

Montreuil-sur-Mer, Fr., treaty at, 6733. 

Montrose, D. of, title created, 903' . 

, Marquis. (See Graham, J.) 

Monts, Pierre du Guast de.b.,6822 ; land 
grant, 27' ; d., 6862. 

Montserrat, Eng. possession, 8932. 

Montsioa, siege of, 6032. 

Montt, Manuel, pres., 6072, 6092,3. 

, Pedro, received at Wash., 395' . 

Montucla, Jean Etienne, b., 6982 ; d.,7142. 

Montyon, J. B. R. A. de, b., 6983; d., 7223. 



Montz, Count von, d., 832' . 

Monument building in Egypt, 645'. (See 
names of cities for Monuments.) 

Monumenta Germanis Historia, society 
founded, 813' . 

Moody, C. M., defaulter, 3S82. 

, Dwight Lyman, b., 1482 ; in Phila., 

2882 ; coll. students' encampment, 3422 ; 
Gospel hymn-book issued, 343' ; services 
at Yale, 3482 ; in Brooklyn, 354' ; at 
Northiield Conf., 386' ; at Bible Study 
Conf., 466' ; i n (Jan., 589' ; in G. B.,9782, 
9882, 9922. 

, John, hanged, 943. 

- — , Samuel, b. (1676) ; d., 662. 

, Z. F., governor, 3132. 

Mookaj in Sikh war, 10462. 

Mookerheide, Spanish victory, 540' . 

Moon, Sir Francis G.,1. mayor, Lond.,9572. 

, John W., b., 146' . 

, map of, tirst drawn, 7962. 

Moon Hoax published in N. Y., 1443, 1452. 

Moonlight, Thomas, minister, 447 a . 

Moonshiners, raid, 4563. 

Moor, Hung., battle at, 522' , fire, 5353. 

Mooravief, Mikhail, b.. 11162. 

Moore, Albert, d., 10102. 

, Alfred, b., 71i ; justice, 1093 ;d.(1810). 

, Andrew Barry, b. (1806) ; gov. Ala., 

1832 ; at Lancaster, Va., 2003 ; at Harts- 
ville, 2162 ; at Ripley, 2181 ; d. (1873). 

, Benjamin, b., 002; pres. King's Coll. r 

831; eons, bp., 1103; pres. Columbia 
Coll., llli; d., 1242. 

, Bishop, library purchased, 9043. 

, Capt., at Wagner Bay, 575' . 

, , Brit, commander, 9321. 

, Clement Clarke, b., 912 ; d., 225' . 

,D. D. T.,d.,408'. 

, Everett, shoots E. M. Tate, 3912. 

, F. Marshall, governor Wash., 2593. 

, Gabriel, b. (1790+) ; gov. Ala., 1373 - 

d., 1562. 

, Sir Henry, b. (1713) ; gov. N. Y., 752; 

d. (1769). 

- — , George Henry, b. (1823) ; d., 406' . 

, J. A., instructor at Kingston, 590' . 

, Jacob A., murdered, 4542. 

- — , James, b. (1640+) ; invades Ga., 54' ; 
gov. S. C, 552, 593 ; in Fla.,56' ; in S. C, 
56' ; defeats Indians, 58' . 

, John, b. (1835) ; cons. R. C. bp., 2942. 

, , cons. R. C. bp. Australia, 9862. 

, , b., 9082 ; archbp. Canterbury, 

9223 ; d., 9303. 

— — , Sir , b., 915'; gen. at Corunna, 

7162 ; d.,935'. 

, B., in state dept., 351' . 

, lieut.-gen., administrator, 5953. 

, Martin, b. (1790) ; d., 250'. 

, O. H., at Green River Bridge, 2242. 

, Nathaniel F., b. (1782) ; d., 2762. 

— — , Richard Channing, b., 723 ; cons. 
P. E. bp., 1232 ; d., 1522. 

, S. P.,d., 340'. 

, Thomas, poet, b., 921' ; works, 935' , 

9391,9443 ;d., 9582; bust in Central Park, 
3061 ; centenary celebrated, 9843. 

, O., governor La., 1903. 

, William Eves, b. (1823) ; moderator, 

3562, 3582. 

, Zephaniah Swift, b., 762 ; d., 1303. 

■ , Mr., Indian miss.. 56 2 ; explorer, 651 . 

Moorefield, W. Va., action at, 2081, 2283, 
237' , 242' ; Early driven out of, 230' . 

Moorehead, Minn., Normal Sell, opd., 3303. 

, Warren K., works, 3962, 4203. 

Moore's Creek Bridge, N. c., action at, 82' . 

Hill College founded, Ind., 1762. 

Mills, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2102. 

Moorflelds, Eng., Whitetield chapel, 911' . 

Moorhouse, James, cons, bishop, 9962. 

Moorish kings, fnd. Alhambra, 11262. 

Moors conquered in N. Afr., 8'; come 
from Sp., 92; origin, 4852,11272; over- 
throw Saracens. 11272; in Algeria, 10972; 
in Portugal, 11091,2; independent of 
Turks, 11382 ; Valencia made capital, 
11272; dominion overthrown, 1109 3 ; 
conquests checked, 11253; Spaniards 
conquer; aid Saracens; sack Madrid; 
lose Marjorca, etc.; take and lose Gib- 
raltar; aid K. of Granada; assist PMro; 
defeated in Granada, 11261 ;intro. astron- 
omy ; fnd. Alhambra; intro. chemistry, 
11262; begin kingdom of Granada; power 
annihilated, 11273; revolt; expelled from 
Sp., 11293. 

Moorvielf, Mikhail, d., 11182. 



1340 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. MoOS-MoiT. 



Moosa, contests throne, killed, 1157 2 . 

Moosehead Lake, Me., R. R. wreck, 4653. 

Moosera, mission, 657 1 . 

Moosh, massacre of Christians, 1158 2 . 

Moosonee, see established, 9722 ; Bishop 
Horden cons., 9742, 

Moot, G. S., president, 4441 . 

Mooteea, mission, 657 1 . 

Moquin-Tandon, Horace Benedict Alfred, 
b.,715i; d., 7362. 

Mora, action at, 11322. 

, Francis, b. (1827); cons, bp., 2983. 

, Juan Rafael, b. (1814) ; president, 

6303, 631' ; deposed, 6311 ; d. (I860). 

Moradabad, mission, 10483. 

Moraes, Prudente, b. (1844±) ; president, 
5602; plot to kill, 5583. 

Moral, Don Jose Zorilla y, works, 11311 , 

Morales, Ambrosio de, b.-d., 1128 2 ; works, 
11291. 

, Augustin, b.-d. ,5502; president, 5512, 

— — , Francisco de, works, 11101. 

, Fr. Xavier, gov., 6053. 

, Gen., surrenders Vera Cruz, 1621 . 

Moral Ode, written, 8503. 

Moran, Edward, b. (1829); works, 2641, 
2841 , 3021 , 3081 , 3141 , 318I , 3221 . 

, M. J., gift to, 3722. 

, Patrick, cons, bp., 9603, card., 4982. 

, Thomas, b., 1482 ; works, 1902, 2411, 

2801, 2981, 3081, 3121, 3181; member 
Nat. Acad, of Design, 3181 . 

Morand, Sauveur Francois, b., 6943 ; d., 
7043. 

Moranza, Gen. Francisca, pres., 6311 . 

Morat, Charles, routed, 7861 . 

Moratin, Leandro Fernandez de, b.-d., 
11283; works, 11311. 

Moravia, cholera, 415 2 . 

Moravia, Aust., Christianity in, 5022 ; at- 
tacked, 5021; Q er . ru i e of; powerful; 
Hungarians in, 5031 ; Bela IV. defeated, 
5041 ; Albert V. obtains, 5073 ; con- 
quered, 6361 ; Conf. at Oltnutz, 6411 ; oc- 
cupied, 8021; evacuated, S243 ; treaty 
for, 8251; strike, 5311. 

Moravians, Aust. missions, 4962 ; brothers 
appear, 5082 ; Cape Colony missions, 
5981 4-; church in N. Ger. ; commence 
Hernnhut, 8003 ; Wesley observes, 9083 ; 
Missions Aid Society, London, 9381 . 

, in America, missions in W. I. ; in 

Greenland, 622, 643, 711 ; in Guiana ; in 
Ga.,623; inN.Y.; Pa., 643, 3301 ; Zinzen- 
dorf visits, 65 1 ; missions opposed,N.Y., 
66 2 ; in Labrador, 69 1 , 763; in Jamaica; 
at St. Croix, 691 ; at St. Johns ; in Gua- 
temala, 10381 ; i u Nicaragua, 11032; in 
O., 711 ; iu Barbadoes, 742; \y. 1,; j n o. 
valley, 76 3 ; converts massacred, 951 ; 
in Alas., 2542, 3202, 3223, 3742 j favor 
temperance, 3311 ; Easter service, 3801 ; 
Comenius celebrated, 4041 . 

Moray, Scot., see erected, 8502, goss. 

, Earl of, title created, 8731 . 

, Sir Robert, Royal Soc.,8901 ; d.(1673). 

Morazan, Gen. Francisco, b. (1792) ; in- 
vader, 6303; d. (1842). 

Mordaunt, Charles, Earl of Peterborough, 
b., 888 2 ; at Barcelona, 6961; minister, 
8992; d., 9082. 

, Frank, b., 1522. 

Mordecai, advanced in power, 1147 2 . 

, Alfred, b. (1804) ; col., 3741 ; d. (1887). 

Morden. Lord. (See Yorke, Charles.) 

More, Hannah, b., 9103; works, 9231 9291 , 
9352; d.,9412. 

, Henry, b., 8801 ; d., 8962. 

, Sir Thomas, b., 8642; works, 8671, 

8691 ; lord chancellor; resigns, 8692; exe- 
cuted, 8681 ,2. 

Morea, Gr., ceded, 5151 ; Fr. army occupy, 
7241; conquest of, 10341, 10352; Vene- 
tians expelled, 10341 ; uprising in, 10342; 
taken from Turks, 10353; Venice loses, 
10781 ; Venetians' authority restored ; 
given to Turk., 10833; subdued, 11572. 

Moreas, Prudente de, b., 5542. 

Moreau, Hegesippe, b., 7191 ; d., 7282. 

, Jean Victor, b.,7023; Fr. Gen., 5181 ; 

at Pirmasens, 7101, 806 1 ; at Radstadt ; 
driven across Rhine, 7122; at Hohenlin- 
den, 7141 ; arrested ; sentenced ; exiled, 
7153; at Engen, 8062; killed, 5201 ,7211 . 

, Louis, consecrated bishop, 5841 . 

Morehead, Charles Slaughter, b. (1802) ; 
gov. Ky., 1792; d. (1868). 

, James Turner, b. (1797) ; gov. Ky., 

1452; d. (1854). 



Morehouse, A. G., governor Mo., 3293. 

— -, Albert P., d., 3922. 

Morel, Frederic, b., 6822; d., 6882. 

Moreland, Sir Samuel, b., 8802. 

Morell, Geo. Webb, b. (1815) ; at Malvern 
Hill, 2092; d. (18S3). 

Morellet, Andre, b. (1727); works, 7231; 
d. (1819). 

Morelos y Pavon, Jose Maria de, b.; re- 
volt ; besieged ; d., 10951 . 

Moreri, Louis, b., 6383; Dictionnaire His- 
torique, 6931 ; d., 6923. 

Mores, Marquis de, duel, 7593, 7623, 7631 ; 
arrested, 7603; anarchist, 7611; assails 
Hebrews, 7642. 

Moret, Henry, duel, 7643. 

Moreto, Augustin, b. (1618±); works, 11292; 
d. (1669). 

y Cabana, Augustin, b.-d., 11283. 

Moreton Bay explored, 4941 ; convict penal 
station, 4943. 

Moreville, Hugh de, kills Becket, 8512. 

Morey, Samuel, b. (1762) ; stern-wheel 
steamboat, 1042; d. (1843). 

forgery circulated, 3051 . 

Mm-^agni, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831 ; 
d., 10842. 

Morgan Park, 111., Baptist Union Theo. 
Seminary organized, 2583. 

, Abel,b.(1673); onBaptism,663;d.,962. 

, Charles Hale, b., 1561 ; d. (1875). 

, Daniel, b., 622; atCowpens; in South 

Carolina, 923; d., 1102; statue, 3073. 

, N., in treas. department, 4472. 

, Edwin Dennison, b. (1811) ; gov. N.Y., 

1871 ; d.,3122. 

, George Nelson, b. (1825) ; d., 2521 . 

, Osborue, judge-adv.-gen., 9853. 

, W., b. (1820) ; vote for, 2733; d., 

4101. 

, Henry, b. (1635 ?) ; buccaneer leader; 

at Porto Bello, 421 ; in Costa Rica, 6302; 
at Havana, 6311 ■ d. (1688). 

, J. B., killed, 4083. 

, John, phys., b., 622; d. (1789). 

, , killed, Canada, 5883. 

, Hunt, b., 1341 ; at Big Hurricane 

Creek, 2001; at Cumberland Gap, 2091; 
atCynthiaua; raids, 2101 ,2231 ; a t Paris, 
2102; a t Gallatin, 2103; at Edgetield 
Junction ; captures Gallatin, 2121 ; 
reaches Lexington, Ky., 2123, 2142; raid 
inKy., 2142,3; at Bardstown ; threatens 
Louisville, 2143; near Lebanon; near 
Nashville, 215'; at Munfordville, 2163; 
at Cainsville, 2183; at Brady ville, 219'; 
at Snow Hill, 2202; crosses Ohio River at 
Brandenburg ; at Burkesville ; at Green 
River Bridge ; at Lebanon, 2242; at Har- 
rison ; at Vernon; at Verlage, 2243; 
raiders captured ; attempts to recross 
Ohio, 225' ; captured, 2261 ; escapes, 22S3; 
2d raid into Ky., 234 1 ; invests Frank- 
fort ; defeated at Jit. Stirling, 2342; 8 ur- 
renders,2462; k. at Greenville, 2381 ,2392. 

, Pierpont, b. (1837) ; gifts, 4042. 

, Tyler, b., 1321 ; arbitrator, 4252; 

speech, 4392. 

, Junius Spencer, b. (1813) ; gift, 9983. 

, K. H., at Davis Mills, 2163; at Deca- 
tur, 2392. 

— -, Lewis Henry, b., 1262; d., 3082. 

, Michael R., commissioned col., 3641 ; 

in war dept., 447 2 ; brig.-general, 4721. 

, Pritchar, discovered gold, 9961. 

, Lady (Sydney Owenson), b., 9203; d., 

9622. 

, Tutor, Methodist, 9083. 

, Thomas J., in interior dept., 351 2 . 

, William, b., 823; abduction of; anti- 
Mason excitement, 135 2 ; d., 1341. 

College org., Baltimore, 2543. 

Morganslown, Ky., skirmish at, 2143. 

Moi-ganton, X. Cl, insane asylum opened, 
3152; deaf and dumb school, 3983. 

Morgarten, Switz., Aust. defeated, 5041. 

Morqenblad issued, 11042. 

Morghen, Ratfaelo S., b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Morhof, Daniel G., d., 7982. 

Moriarty, Daniel, captured, 9703; exe- 
cuted, 9983. 

, Captain David, killed, 600 1 . 

Morier, James, b., 9211 ; d., 9542. 

Morija mission, 5982. 

Morillo Pablo, Gen., at Angostura, 11602; 
d. (1838). 

Morin, Frederic, b., 7242; d., 7482. 

, Jean, b., 6842; d., 690 2 . 

Morini yield to Rome, 1058 2 . 



Moriones, General, at Oroquieta, 11321. 

Morison, James, religious leader, 9503. 

, August. Cotter, b. (1832); d.,9982. 

Morisonians suspended, 9503. 

Moritz, Karl Philip (Anton Reiser), b. 
(1757) ; works, 8052. 

Mork, Jakob Henrik, works, 11351 . 

Morland, George, h., 9162. 

Morley mission, 5981 . 

, Arnold, minister, 10092. 

, Earl of, title created, 9372. 

, Earl of. (See Parker, A. E.) 

, Henry, b., 9403; works. 9682, 978s, 

9963 ; d. (1894). 

, John, b., 9482; minister, 9952, 9992; 

works, 9763,9843; resolution, 10092. 

, Samuel, statue, 9961 . 

Mormons, Book of M. written (?), 1211 ; J. 
Smith's vision, 131 1 ; J. Smith's dis.,1343 ; 
1st church org., 13(13; in Ohio, 1383, 1402; 
Book of M. pub., 1391 ; in Mo., 1402; op- 
posed, 1423; 12 Apostles org., 1442; sur- 
render, 1481 ; in 111. ,1502, 1511 , 1582, 1603, 
1642; J. Smith k., 1563; B. Young pres., 
1582; missionaries; in Utah, 1622, 1643; 
temple burned, 1642; State Deseretfmd., 
1792; revolt, 1812, 1832; U.S. army sent, 
1841; Morrisite trouble, 2093; mission- 
aries sent out, 2562, 3142, 3562; a rebel- 
lion, 2691 ; protest favoring polygamy, 
2703; sulfrage tor women; polygamists 
denied civil rights, 2711 ,2; militia dis- 
persed, 2742; B. Young resigns temporal 
power, 2802; John Taylor pres., 2962; 
Brigham Young Coll., 3002; Edmunds's 
Anti-Polygamy Bill, 3111, 3203, 3233; 
polygamists expelled. 315 2 ; saints as- 
semble, 3382, 3662, 3S01 , 4162, 4401 ; per- 
secuted, 3423, 3462; mmtiles elect, 3523; 
in Wyo., 3622; Church Property Bill, 
3612, 3631; renounce polygamy, 3683; 
defeated by Liberals, 3803; capstone of 
temple set, 4041 ; Harrison's proclama- 
tion, 4213 ; legislature enfranchises, 
4231 ; dedicate temple, 4261 ; London 
confs., 9762, ys.e.2 ; synod at I.ond., 9702. 
Mornay, Philippe de (l)u Plessis-Mornay), 

b., 6822; Works, 6843; d., 6863. 
Momingside Coll. (Meth.), est. at Sioux 

City, la. (1894). 
Mornington, Earl of, title created, 9132. 

, Earl of, governor-general, 10472. 

Morny, Comte de, Charles Auguste Louis 
Joseph, b.,719i ; minister, 7313; d.,^362. 
Morocco (see text, p. 11101); treaty with 
U.S., 992,3; convert, with Ger,, 8352; G. 
B. demands indemnity of, 1001 2 ; in- 
vaded, 11101 ; war with Sp.,1130'; settles 
Sp. claims, 11333. 
Morosco discovers Kamchatka, 11141. 
Morosini, Francisco, at Morea, 10341 , 
Morpeth R. K. accident, 9833. 
Morphy, Paul Charles, b., 1482; d. (1884). 

Morrell, William, first 1'. E. service, 301 . 
Morrill, Anson P., b., 1102. 

, David L., governor N. H., 1332. 

, Justin Smith, b., 1162; on committee 

of 33, 189'; war prediction, 2033; direct 
tax bill, 34S 3 ; on Reconstruction Com- 
mittee, 241)3; reports Funding Bill, 2513; 
on Sherman Law, 4371 . 

, Lot Myrick, b. (1815) ; gov. Me., 1852; 

secretary treasury, 2931 ; d., 3121 . 

Funding Bill Intro.; defeated, 2513; 

bill becomes law, 257 2 . 

Silver Bill, 2612. 

- — Tariff Bill, 1872; bill passes, 193'; 

becomes operative, 1932. 
Morris Canal, N. J., 1333, 1393. 

Creek, Mass., action at, 82' . 

Island, S. C, Confederates defeated, 

, Alex., governor Red River, 583 a . 

, Baron, title created, 931' . 

, Benj. Wistar, b. 1819) ; bishop, 264». 

, Charles, b.,962; d., 178'. 

, Clara, b., 1602. 

, Edward Dafydd, b. (1825) ; modera- 
tor, 2902. 

, George Pope, b., 1102; works, 149', 

1523; d., 2373. 

, Sylvester, b., 1522. 

, Gouverneur, b., 683; recalled, 1053; 

d., 1242. 

, Sir John, gov. Ire., 8592. 

, Sir , gen., attacks Vigo, 1128' . 

, Lewis, b. (1671); gov. N. J., 652; d., 

108'. 

, Luzon B., gov., 3692, 4151 , 447' . 

, Robert, b., 622; gift to soldiers, 852; 



Morr-Mugf. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN Oil. X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1341 



supt. of finance, 933,972; treasurer, 952; 

d., 1122; celebrated, 4733. 
Morris, Robert Hunter, b. (1700+) ; gov. 

Pa., 693. 

, ■ H., mayor of N. Y., 1552. 

, R., ordained M. E. bp., 1243. 

, Thomas, of O., b., S5i; nom. vice- 

pres. candidate, 157' ; vote, 1592. 

, , senator, d., 156 2 . 

, Asbury,b., 1042; bp. , 1462; d.,2S42. 

, Armstrong, b. (1811) ; gen. at 

Carrick's Ford, 1962. 
, William, b., 9462; works, 9623, 972a, 

10063; forms Socialist League, 995 1 . 

Brown OoU. (Metb. Epis. S.) est. at 

Atlanta, Ga. (1881). 

and Smith expedition sails, 9121. 

Island, S. C, Confederates defeated, 

2223; Gen. Gillmore at, 2242. 

Morrisey, John, fights Sullivan, 1732,3; 

defeats Heenan, 185* ; in Cong., 2591 . 
Morrisites defy, 2003; convicted, 2213. 
Morrison, Joseph Wanton, b. (17S3) ; gen. 

at Chrystler's Field, 1203; d. (1S26). 

, Col., at Monticello, Ky., 2211 . 

, Ernest, crosses continent, 49S1 . 

, J. G. W., stoned to death, 4443. 

, Robert, matricide, 450 2 . 

, , b., 9223; miss., 6163; d., 9462. 

, Wm. Ralls, b. (182-5); vote, 3051 ; nom. 

for pres., 4092; interstate Commerce 

Com., 3512, 4473. 

observatory, at Glasgow, Mo., 286i . 

Tariff Bill, 3172,3251. 

Morristown, Mo., action at, 1982. 

, N. J., Washington at, 861 , 911 ; mu- 
tiny at, 923 ; asylum for insane, 2923; 
centennial First Presb. church, 3923. 

, Term., Confederates captured, 2393. 

, Vt., anniversary, 3633. 

Morrisville, N. J., Connors suicide, 4G32. 

Coll. (Meth. Epis.) est. at Morrisville, 

Mo. (1872). 

Morrow, Jer.,b.,762; gov. 0.,1313; d.,1701. 

• Census Amendment Bill passes, 3551 . 

Morse, Allen B., nom. for vice-pres., 4092, 

, Dr., fnds. Chris. Knowledge Soc.,1123. 

-, Edward Sylvester, b., 1501 . 

, Elijah J., b.,1522. 

, F. H., on Committee of 33, 1891 . 

, Jedediah, b., 723; works, 1023, H03; 

d., 1342. 

, John J., Jr., Abraham Lincoln, 4462. 

, missionary, Bulg., 5653. 

, Richard Gary, b. (1795); iV. Y. Ob- 
server, 1312; d., 2622. 

, Samuel Finley Breese, b., 1022; ex- 
hibits telegraph, 148 1 , obtains patent, 
1521 ; appropriation, 1541 ; telegraphs, 
1561 ; offers telephone, 1593; $80,000 from 
Fr., 1861; d., 2762. 

, Sidney E., N. Y. Observer, 1312; 

d., 2742; statue, 2741. 

Mortara, It., action at, 5222. 

, Edgar, restoration refused, 9632. 

Mortier, Edouard Adolphe Casimir Jos., 
Due de Treviso, b., 7042; invades Han- 
over, 7141 ; at Ocana, 7181 ; d., 7262. 

Mortimer, Edmund, E. of March, b.(1390i); 
revolt, 8613 ; gov. Ire., 8631 ; d. (1424). 

, Edward, gov. Ire., 8611 . 

, Roger, E. of March, b.,8.42; treachery, 

8553; condemned, 8573; gov.; k., 8612. 

Mortimer's Cross, Eug., battle of, 8641 . 

Mortlach, see of erected, 8462. 

Morton Bay, penal station, 4943; free set- 
tlement, 4971 . 

, Charles B., hi navy dept., 4472. 

, Earl of, title created, 8631. 

, E. of (James Douglas), b., 8681 ; re- 
gent, restores Episcopacy, 8743; d. (1581). 

, Henry, scholar, b., 1462. 

. Joseph, gov. S. C, 492. 

, John, b. (1420±); archbp. Canterbury, 

S622; d. (1500). 

, J. Sterling, gov. Neb., 1852 ; nom. 

for gov., 4151 ; sec. agriculture, 4271 . 

, Levi P., b. (1824); nom. for pres., 3311 ; 

vice-president, 337 2 ; loss by fire, 435 3 ; 
gov. N. T., 4712; coachman's case, 4752. 

-, Marcus, b., 962; gov. Mass. 1333, 

1531, 1572; d., 2312. 

, Nathaniel, b., 261; work, 443; d.,48i. 

, Oliver Perry, b., 1303; gov. lnd., 2032; 

' nom. for pres. contest, 2931; on Com- 
mittee of Seven, 2933; Electoral Com- 
mission, 2951 ; d. (1877). 

, Samuel George, b.. b>S2; works, 1331 , 

1443, 1511, 1583; d., 1682. 



Morton, Thomas, b., 9162; d., 9482. 

, Wm. Thos. Green, b., 128i ; d., 2622. 

Mortough, reigns in Ire.; policy, 8493. 

Moryson, F., gov. Va., 413. 

Mosby, John S., at Al.lie, 2191 ; at Fair- 
fax Courthouse. 2201 ; a t Dranesville, 
2202; at Warrenton Junction, 2212; near 
Dranesville, 2302. 

Moscheles, Ignaz, b., 8063; d., 8263. 

Moseheroseh, Hans M., works, 7871 . 

Moseoso, Luis Alvarado de, b. (1505); 
leader expedition, 223; d. (1561). 

Moscow, burned; captured; tvremlin fnd., 
ravaged, 11141 ; great bell made, 1114 2 ; 
Cathedral of Assumption built, of 
Transfiguration ; patriarchate est., 
11143; Aposto/ printed; czar overthrown; 
fnd. ; Moskovskia ll'iedoinosti issued ; 
Univ. fnd.; printing-press set up, 11151 ; 
capital of Rus., 11152; burned in war 
with Fr., 7183; Wiedomosti revived; St. 
Nicholas' Cathedral built, 11171 ; Russkoi 
V'yestnik revived, 11183; cong. of Slavs; 
R.R. opd. to St. Petersburg, 11193; ca- 
thedral mined; students arrested, 11211 ; 
martiallaw proclaimed, 1121 2; influenza, 
11213; Holy Coat in Cathedral, 11221; 
robbery from Kremlin, 11223. 

Moseley, Henry, b., 9303; d., 9762. 

, Wm. D., b. (1795); gov., 1611 ; d. (1S63). 

Moselle, bursts boilers, 1493. 

, silver shipment, 6093. 

Moselle, Fr., army retreats, 8261 . 

Mosenthal, Salomon Hermann von, b., 
8122; works, 8182, S222; d., 8282. 

Moser, Friederieli K.von, b., 8002; d., 8063. 

, Johann Jakob, b., 7983; d., 8042. 

, Justus, b. (1720); works, 8032; d. (1794). 

Moses, adopted in king's family; history 
of, 11403, 11413; Jethro counsels, 11412; 
at Egyptian court, 6482, 6493 ; sends 
spies, 11401 , report, 11413; builds Taber- 
nacle, 11402 ; excluded from Canaan, 
11403; writes Pentateuch; Song of ; d., 
11411. 

, Bernard, pres. University Cal., 4142. 

, Charles L., d., 1781 . 

, Franklin J., Jr., gov. S. C, 2SH ; es- 
capes trial, 2842. 

Mosetta, mission at, 11241. 

Mosheim, Johann Lorenz von, b.,7982; d., 
S023.- 

Moshesh, d., 6013. 

Moslem empire, culmination, 4853. 

Inst. inN. Y., 4761. 

Moslems destroy churches, Egy., 6543; exe- 
cuted, 11582. (See text, pp. 4S3-488.) 
Mosley, Capt., expels Indians, 461 . 
Mosque of Amro, erected at Cairo, 6542, 

of Hassan, erected, 6542. 

of Tooloon, at Cairo, 6542. 

Mosquera, Tomas Cipriano, b. (1798); dic- 
tator ; invitation ; seizes gov't. ; pres., 
629i,2; struggle with cong.; deposed; 
sentenced, 6293; d. (1878). 

Mosquito Coast, annexed, 1103 2 ,3. 

Reservation vs. Nicaragua, 4711 . 

Mosse, Bartholomew, est. hospitals, 911 2 . 
Mossel Bay, mission, 601 1 . 

Mossy Creek, Tenn., Carson-Newman Coll. 

fnd., 1663; Confederates defeated, 2301. 
Most, John, anarchist, arrested,3232, 3531 ; 

sentenced, 3852. 
Mostar, Herzegovina, action at, 5281. 
Mostyn, Baron, title created, 9451 . 
Mosul annexed to Turkey, 1157 2 . 
Mot.azilites, Mussulman' theology, 4851 . 
Mo/her Goose's Tales published, 583. 
Motherwell, William, b., 9283 ; works, 

943i ; d., 9462. 
Motley, John Lothrop, b., 133 1 ; minister 

to Eng., 2672; requested to resign, 271 2 ; 

works, 1802, 1881 , 2043, 2863 ; d., 2942. 
Mott, Alexander Brown, b. (1826) ; reports 

of hydrophobia, 3241 ; d., 3442. 

, Lucretia, b., 1042 ; d.,3041. 

, Valentine, b., 962 ; d., 2471 . 

Motte, Antoine Houdart de la, b. (1672) ; 

work, 6991; d. (1731). 
Motteville, Francois Bertantde, b. (1621±). 

M&noires, 6932; d. (1689). 
Mouchot, M., scientific experiments, 10 3 . 
Moukden mission, 6223; fortified, Japan- 
ese approach, 0263. 
Moule, Geo. Evans, cons, bp., 9862. 
Moulin, Gen., in Prairial revolt, 7133. 

, Quignon, Fr., human jaw found, 7361 . 

Moultrie, Wm., b., 621 ; takes Ft. Johnson, 

803; at Port Royal, S. C, 90i ; d., 1122. 



Moulu mission, 6003. 

Mound-builders, relics, 3382, 3661 , 396! . 

City, Ark., burned, 2182. 

Valley, Kan., train robbery, 4363. 

Mounier, Jean Joseph, b., 7023; d., 7162. 

Mount Allison, Wes. Fern. Coll. fnd., 5803. 

Angel College, Ore., fnd., 3283. 

Auburn, annexed to Cincinnati, 2733. 

Cenis R. R. opd., 10893 ; tumiel built, 

10882 ; opened, 11383. 

Coke mission, 5972. 

Desert Island Me., pillaged, 28i ; 

colony on, 291 ; mission, 5713. 

Gretna, Pa., farmers' encampment, 

3662; Chautauqua meeting, 4322. 

Hamilton, Cal., Lick Observatory 

begun, 3041 ; solar eclipse observed, 3841 . 

HolvokeColl.,MaryA.Bingkam,pres., 

3383 ; E. Storrs B. Mead, pres., 3562. 

Hood, earthquake and eruption, 2481. 

Hope, Mass., Indians attack, 462. 

Lebanon University, La., org., 1731 . 

Lyceum, Gr., action at, 10262. 

Pleasant, la., Wcsleyan Univ. org., 

1571 ; fnd., 1782; German Coll. est., 2822. 

, Pa., explosion of (ire-damp, 377 a ; 

Moonshiners captured, 4002. 

St. Elias, Prof. Russell ascends. 394* . 

St. Louis Coll., Can., burned, 5942. 

St. Mary's Coll. fnd., Md., 1143. 

Shasta partly disappears, Cal., 3601. 

Sinai, Arabia, discovered, 4881 . 

Sterling, Ky., action at, 2102; Confed- 
erates take ; retaken, 220 1 ; Confeds. de- 
feated, 2342 ; Morgan surrenders, 2462. 

Tabor, Turks defeated, 650' , 7122. 

Union Coll., O., fnd., 1611 , 1843. 

Vernon, Ala., arsenal seized, 1901. 

, 111., cyclone, 32S1 . 

, la., Cornell College fnd., 1822. 

, N. Y., Hamilton member Nat. 

Academy Design, 3501 . 

, V'a., spared, 94 1 ; purchased, 1851 . 

Washington, N. H., incline R. R.,2553;. 

signal station, 3621 ; fire, 4352. 

Wollaston, Mass., settled, 312. 

Zion, Mo., action at, 2021 . 

Stephen, Baron, title created, 10052. 

, William S.,b., 1141; works, 1481, 2641;. 

d., 2641. 

Mountain Meadow, massacre, 1823. 

Mountcashel, Earl, title created, 9231. 

Mountebanks first sung, 4161 . 

Mountgarret, Vise, of, title created, 871 1 . 

Mountjoy, Deputy, besieges Span., 8761. 

Mountmorris, Lord, shot, 9863. 

Mouradgea D'Ohason, b.-d., 11563. 

Mourning dress forbidden. Russia, 11191. 

Mourzoufle, Emp., put to death, 11541 . 

Moussa Bey exiled to Syria. 115S 3 . 

Moiistier, Marquis de, minister, 7372. 

Mouti enthroned, 613 1 . 

Mouton, Alex, gov. La., 1552. 

, Jean Jacques, Alex. Alfred, b. (1829) ;: 

d., 2312. 

Moutshobo Burmese war, 10482. 

Muu Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Mowatt, Mrs. (See Ritchie, Mrs.) 

, Lieut., at Falmouth, Me., 803. 

Mowbray, Baron, title created, 8551. 

, Lord, executed, 8613. 

, H. Siddons, in Acad, of Design, 3981 . 

Moweni, slave village, 8383. 

Mower, Gen. Joseph Anthony, b. (1827) ; 
captures Confederates, 2303; at Pleasant 
Hill, 2311; d.,2681. 

Mowing-machine invented, 9282. 

Moya y Contreras, Pedro de, b.-d., 11282. 

3Iozaml>ique, Brit, flag raised, 6033. 

Co. extends territory, 11113. 

Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus, b., 8023 ; 
works, 5163, 5171, 2, 8041; visits Eng., 
9161; d.,S043. 

MozufferinEgy.,6541. 

Mpbnda, li. C. colony at, 11121 . 

Mpwapwa mission ; attacked, 8383. 

Mtesa,King, convert 5612; lapses ; d. ,5613. 

Muazzim reigns as Bahadur Shah ; 10451. 

Mubarie reigns, 10433. 

Mttcke, Hemrieh Kurl Anton, b., S083. 

Mucklerat, Pa., opposition to rlag, 3543. 

Mucla Hassim, Sarawak, 5521 . 

Mudd, J. J., at Woodville, 2143. 

, S. A. , assassination plan, 2431 ; sen- 
tenced, 2482, 3. 

Mudie, Robert, b. (1777) ; d., 9502. 

Mufti of Moosh decorated, 11591. 

Mugford, Capt., captures Hope, 822;, 
cruises near Boston, 823. 



1342 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column, Mllgg— Musi. 



Muggleton, Lndowick, b., 87S 2 ; leader, 

8882; d., 9002. 
Muggletonians, rise of, 8882. 
Muliamniad Khan rules, 5391. 
Muhlbaeh, Luise (Mrs. Mundt); b., 8103; 

Frederick, S202, 3; d., 8281 , 
Mulilberg, Prus., battle of, 7901 . 
Muhlenberg College org., Pa., 2583. 

mission, 1161 3 . 

, Frederick Augustus, I >. (1750); speaker, 

1012, 1032; d. (1801). 

, Henry Melchior, b.,7983; in Pa., 651 , 

d., 982,3. 
, John Peter Gabriel, b., 662 ; com- 
missioned brig. -gen., 86 1 ; d., 1141. 

, Wm. Augustus, b., 1061 ; d., 2942. 

Muhler von, resigns, 8273. 

Miihlhausen, Prus., battle of, 7881, 7962 ; 

alliance with Swiss Confederation, 789 2 ; 

articles of, 789 3 ; Socialists' bloody riot, 

8331. 
Muir, Thomas, transported, 9272. 
Muirhead, John, d., 9941. 
Mukhtar, Pasha Achmed, b. (1832) ; de- 
feats insurgents, 328' ; at Kars, 5651 . 
Muktuddir reigns in Egy., 6552. 
Muktuffee reigns in Egy., 6552. 
Mukur insurrection, 6 2 . 
Mulbe, Gen. von, commander, 8221. 
Mulberry-trees, silkworms in Eng., 8762. 
Mulder, Gerardus Johannes, b. (1802) ; 

protein intro., 11021 ; d. (1880). 
Mules, Chas. Oliver, cons, bp., 10082. 
Mulford, Col., exchanges prisoners, 2401. 

, Elisha.b. (1833); .Wm»,2723; d.,3202. 

Mulgrave, Baron, title created, 917 2 . 

, Earl of, gov. N. S-, 5792. 

, Lord, lord of admiralty, 9332. 

Miilhausen annexed to Fr., 8073. 
Mull, coast of, diving-bell, 8921. 
Mullen, Tobias, cons. R. C. bp., 2622. 
Miiller, Charles Louis, b., 7222; d., 7621 . 
•, Friedrich Maximilian (Max Miiller), 

b., 9403; works, 9523, 9623, 9083, 9842; 

Spelling Reform Asso., 9843. 
, George, b. (1805) ; fnds., institution, 

9463; fnds. Bristol orphan-house, 9491 . 
■, Gerhard Frederick, b., 11142 ; work, 

11151; d., 11142. 

, Gottwerth, "work, 8051 . 

, Johann, b., 8071 ; d., 8201. 

, Julius, b., 8071 ; d., 828=. 

-, Karl Otfried, b., 8063 ; works, 8131, 

8152; d., 8143. 

, Otto Frederick, b., 638i ; d. t 6382. 

, Sophie, b., 8082; d., 8142. 

, vonKbnigswinter Wolfgang, b.,812i ; 

d., 8281. 
, Wilhelni, b., 8063 ; works, 8131 ; d., 

8141. 
Mulligan, James A., b. (1830) ; at Lexing- 
ton, 1983 ; drives Early, 2301 ; d. (1864). 
Mulocli, Dinah Maria. (See Craik, Mrs.) 
Mulreadv, William, b., 9242; d., 96G2. 
Multan, or Mooltan, taken, 10421; Brit. 

assassinated, 10462 ; mission, 1046 3 ; in 

Sepoy rebellion, 1048 L 

Kennyree besieged, 104G2. 

Multasche, Margaret, marries Louis, 

7831 ,2; countess of Tvrol,507i ; divorced, 

5072; d., 5062. 
Multiple Candidate Bill passes, Fr., 7591. 
Mulvihill, Jermiab II., wounded, 4502. 
Mumford, Paul, gov. R. I., 1133. 
, William B., cuts down flag, 20G3 ; 

hanged, 2083. 
Mummius, Lucius, at Leucoptra, 10281; 

sends art treasures to Rome, 10563. 
Muncaster, Baron, title created, 9231. 
Muncer. (See Munzer, Thomas.) 
Miinch, Peder Andreas, b., 11041; works, 

11042; d., 11041. 
Bellinghausen, Eligius Franz Joseph 

von,b.(lMfn;> ; works, 5203, 5242; d. (1871). 
Miinchengratz;, Bohemia, sovereigns meet, 

5212; battle at, 8241. 
Miinchhausen, Baron, Karl Friedrich 

Hieronyinus von, b., 7983; d., 8063. 
Munck, Ehha, marries Prince Oscar, 11363. 
Munda, battle of, 10602. 
Munday, Col., at Lick Ford, 2041 . 
Mundeila, Anthony James, b. (1S25); min- 
ister, 9952, 10092. 
Munden, Joseph Shepherd, b. (1758) ; last 

appearance, 9402; d. (1832). 
Mundt, Theodor, b., 8083; works, 8152; d., 

8202. 

, Mrs. Theodor. (See Muhlbacb.Luise.) 

Mundy, Robert M., governor Egy., 5643. 



Muneepur, Maharajah abdicates, 10493. 

Muneepuris massacre Ghoorkhas, 10482. 

Munford, Gen., at Favmville, 2451 . 

Munfordville, Ky., Federals defeated ; 
Confederates defeated, 2131, 2163. 

Mungeli mission, 10491 . 

Munich, fnd., 7773 ; capital, 7812 ; Royal 
Library, 7923; captured, 7001 , 8001 ; Mo- 
reau enters, 7141 ; surrenders, 7942; Par- 
nassus Boieus issued, 8003 ; Univ. of 
Landshut joins Acad, of Science, S132 ; 
revision treaty, 819 1 ; insurrection, 817 1 ; 
Exhibition, 8261, 8313, 8341; Univ., Dr. 
Ddllinger, rector, 8263. 

Municipal Bill, New, Fr., passes, 7453. 

Corporation Act passes, G. B., 951 2 . 

League org., Boston; permanent, 4522. 

, Nat. org., 4003 ; meets, 4762. 

Reform Leaguefounded, London, 9871 . 

Munn, Edward, Ill-treats Chinamen, 4443. 

Munro-Ryan case, N. Y., 3952. 

, Maj. Hector, at Baxar, India, 10442. 

, Norman L., d., 4521 . 

Munroe, James, d., 2702. 

Munster, Count, in London Confer., 9932. 

, Earl of, title created, 945i . 

Munster, Prus., bishopric est., 7703; be- 
sieged ; burned, 7772 ; seized, 7901 ; sur- 
rendered, 7903 ; increase in. rime, 9883 ; 
toll imposed, 1101 2 ; Bank, payment 
stopped, 9953. 

Miinstei'kerehe of Essen cons., 7723. 

Muntz, M., Histoire, etc., 7662. 

Munzer, Thomas, b. (1490+) ; preacher, 
7891; leader, 7881,7892,7911; org. Ana- 
baptists, 7891 ; executed, 7881. 

Mupng captured, 4823. 

Murad. (See Amurath.) 

Bey, war with Ibrahim Bey, 6571; 

battle of Pyramids, 7122. 

Khan, sultan, Bokharan service, 6 2 . 

Murat, Joachim, b., 7042 ; a t Aboukir, 
6561 ; marries Napoleon's sister, 7152 ; at 
Prenzlau,716i ; grand duke of Berg,7172; 
in Sp., 7162 ; in Vienna, 5183 ; K. of 
Naples, 7173 ; commands Fr. army, 7183; 
at Tolentino, .3201 , 7221 ; leaves It., 5201 ; 
alliance with Aust., 1087 1 ; at Modcna, 
10861 ; waragainst Aust., 10871 ;shot,722i. 

, editor, sentence, 7503. 

Muratori, Ludovico Antonio, b., 10S31 ; 
works, 10833; d., 10842. 

Mureay, Villette de, b., 6922. 

Murchison, Sir Roderick Impev, b., 9262 ; 
d.,9761. 

Murcia subdued, 11253, 11273; taken, 11261 ; 
cholera in, 11323. 

Murdoch of Albany, regent, 8631 . 

, James E., b., 1163 ; d., 4301 . 

, Sir Thomas William, d., 5921 . 

, William, b. (1754) ; on coal gas, 9261 , 

9282 ; d. (1856). 

Murdock, JameB, b., 851 ; d,, 1781 . 

Muret, Fr., Albig<-nses defeated, 6701. 

Murfree, Mary Noailles (Charles Egbert 
Craddock), b. (1S50±) ; works, 3183, 3231 , 
3311. 

Murfreesboro, Tenn., Union Coll. org., 
1643 ; Soule Coll. fnd., 1723 ; Unionists 
meet, 2093 ; Feds, defeated, 2101 ; battle 
of, 2171 ; Confederates defeated, 2402, 3. 

Murger, Henri, b. (1822) ; works, 7302 ; d. 
(1861). 

Mm'iatic powder invented, 7061 . 

Murillo, Bartolome Esteban, b.-d., 11283 ; 
works, 11282, 

Toro, Manuel, b.-d., 6282 ; pres., 

6291,2. 

Murner, Thomas, b. ( 7862; works, 7871, 



7892 



d., 7902 



Murphy, Arthur, b., 9081 ; d., 9323. 

, Daniel, cons, bishop, 9541 . 

, Edward, temperance advocate, 4191 . 

, , Jr., senator, b., 146 2 . 

, Francis, reformer, 2831 . 

, Isaac, governor Arkansas, 2413. 

, J. Francis, in Acad. Design, 3281 . 

, James, pres. Ref. synod, 1503, 1523. 

, Jerry, opens jail, 4683. 

, John, at Vinegar Hill, 9281 . 

, ,l>. | i78fi); gov. Ala., 1333; d. (1841). 

, McLeod, b., 1342 ; at Readyville, 

2122; d., 2741. 

, Joseph, b., 1502. 

, Michael, killed, 9281 . 

, N. O., gov. Ariz., 4212. 

, police captain, trial, 4522. 

varnish syndicate sell, 357 3 . 

Murray River explored, 4941 . 



Murray, Alexander, b., 9191 ; d.,9363. 

, David, b., 1381 ; in Japan, 4783. 

, Eli H., governor Utah, 3052. 

, G. W., b., 1722 ; speech, 4403. 

, James, archbp.,IrishNational School 

system, 9443 ; consecrated bishop, 9681. 
, Augustus Henry, b. (1837); works, 

9631,8923. 
, Gen. James, at Montreal, 5743; gov.- 

gen., 5753, 5772. 

, Sir J., at Castalla, 7183. 

, John, b., G42; first American sermon, 

762 ; d., 1242. 

, , publisher, b., 9203 ; d., 10081 . 

, Joseph, gilt to Columbia Coll., 69i . 

, Lindley, b., 662; works, 1003,1063, 

, Nicholas, b. (1803) ; moderator, 1662; 

d. (1861). 

, Pendleton, governor Texas, 2293. 

, Robert, sets up penny post, 8953. 

, William, sails for China, 6222; es- 
tablishes mission to blind, 9962. 

, , E. of Mansfield, b., 9022 ; chief 

justice, 9152 ; declaration, 923 1 ; d., 9263. 

, Henrv Harrison, b., 1522. 

, Vans, b., 723 ; d. (1803). 

Murrell, Capt. Hamilton, gift to; knighted, 
6422 ; rescues JJantneerk, 6423. 

Murrumbidgee River explored, 4942. 

Murska di, lima, b. (1S43±) ; d., 5302. 

Musa, b. (600 * ) ; conquests, 4841 ; d. (71S). 

Chelebi attacks* 'onstantinople, 11561 . 

Khan, ameer, 63; submits to Brit., 71 . 

, Pedro de. missionary, 183. 

Musseus, d., 10131 . 

Musaus, Johann Karl August, b., 8002 ; 

works, 8031 , S052 ; d., 8043. 
Muscat, Persian rule ; Portuguese in, 4873; 

driven out, 4861 ; surrenders, 4873, 4883; 

hurricane; rebellion, 4883. 
Muscovy Co. in Greenland, 273, 3781. 
Museum, The., London, issued, 9131. 
Musgrave, Sir Anthony, gov. S. Afr., 4983, 

4992 ; d., 5013 ; 9982. 

, George Washington, b. (1804); moder- 
ator, 2642 ; d. (1882). 

Musgrove, Sir John, lord mayor, 9492. 

Music, Jubal plays the harp and organ, 
11391 ; harp, flute, and pipe, early Egy., 
6461 ; the octave devised ; Olympus in- 
vents the enharmonic system, 10142 ; 
Pythagoras teaches the music of the 
spheres ; hymns sung in tragedies, 10162; 
iEsehylus writes music to his own tra- 
gedies, 1019 1 ; Archimedes invents water 
organ, 1055 2 ; choristers sing in Roman 
tragedies, 10622 ; Egy. intonation of 
scale, 6522 ; Hucbald invents system of 
scales, 539 1; ch. music intro., 10722 j 
musical notes inv., 10721 ; written on 
staff, 8462 ; uses of measured music cod- 
ified, Ger., 7762 ; earliest extant, 8521 j 
musical notes perfected, 10762 ; i s t Dr. 
of, 8641; 1st public school of music, 
Milan, 10782 ; Paris Academy Music, 
est., 6802; sacred drama in Eng., 8701; 
notes printed, 0822 ; patent for printing, 
8741; 1st true oratorios, Rome; opera, 
Euridiee, at Florence ; operas, Arianna 
and Orfeo, 10821; God Bless the King, 
vocalized ; Tempest, 8781 ; harmoniza- 
tions of tunes, 880 1 ; operas intro. in Eng., 
Cambridge prof, of music appt., 8961 ■ 
Italian opera intro., Eng., 9022 ; Ancient 
Acad, inst.; Handel in London, Rinaldo 
presented, 9041; Handel in G. B. t 9102, 
9123; violin perfected ; pianoforte inv., 
10821 , 2 ; Handel's Esther in Eng., 9061 ; 
1st Ger. opera, 7943 ; i s t Fr. opera, 6822: 
Eolian harp inv., 7962; 1st Fr. composer, 
Pomone, 6922 ; opera ; Royal Soc. Musi- 
cians org., Eng., 9112 ; Comique, Paris, 
appears, '0902; Madrigal Soe.,Loiid.,org., 
9102; pedal harp inv., 8002; licensed in 
Eng., 9132; notes printed, Ger., 8022; 
Mozart in Eng., 9101 ; Mozart's operas, 
8041 , 5163 ; Handel commemorations, 
Eng., 9222, 9461; glass harmonica inv., 
8041 ; Beethoven's com posit ions; Haydn's 
Creation, 5191 • harmonichord inv.,8101 ; 
Royal Acad, of M. est., London, 9402; 
Weber's compositions, 8121 ; Mendels- 
sohn's compositions, 8121, 8141 ; Paga- 
mm in Loud., 9441 ; accordion inv., 10861 ; 
tonic sol-fa system, 952 1 ; Meyerbeer's 
operas, 814 1,81*61 ; Wagner's operas, 8161 , 
818 1, 1 8243, 8281; London, 9881 ; Philhar- 
monic Soc. est., Loud., 9362, 9532 ; Ser- 



Musi-Napl. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN JJ-hL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1343 



aphine appears, Lond., 940 1 ; Musical 
World issued, 9483 ; Royal Soc. Female 
Musicians est., 9501 ; Handel Soc, Lond., 
org., 9521 ; Jennv Lind sings, Lond., 9511 - 
Tonic Sol-Fa Soc. fnd. ; coll. est., 9582 ; 
Musical Soc. of Load, org.; .Monday con- 
certs, Lond., est., 962' ; Handed centenary 
festival, Lond., 9622 ; Acad, of Music, 
Lond., fnd. ; Patti sings, London, 9642; 
Nilsson sings, Lond.; Kellogg sings, Lon- 
don, 9701 ; concert pitch lowered, Lond., 
9721; Grand Opera House built, Paris, 
7361 ; Musical Asso. fnd. ,978 1 ; Nat.Train- 
ing School ; Pirates of Penzance, 9781 ; 

.Nat. Opera House, Lond., est.; Nat. Train- 
ing School of Music, Edinburgh, 9801; 
"Wagner festival, Lond., 9821 ; Patience, 
9SS1 ; Musicians' Conf., Brighton, 9883 ; 
Musical Choir, org. ; Acad. M., Scot., 
fnd. ; Royal Coll. XL, Lond., opd., 9901 ; 
Princess Ida, Mik>ido, presented, 9921; 
symphonion inv.; Joseph Hof man plays, 
London, 9961; Otto Hegner plays in Lon- 
don, 9981 ; Compositions Copyright Act, 
Eng., 9992; oratorios intro. in It., 10S02. 
Music, U.S.A., singing-school music ap- 
pears, Mass., 761; Yankee Doodle sang, 
912; Hail Columbia sang, 1091; Star 
Spangled Ban-tier written, 1232, 3.361; 
Handel and Haydn Soc, Boston, 124 1 ; 
Messiah, Creation, Boston, 126 1 ; My 
Country, 'Tis of Thee, written, 1403 ; 
Operatic Theater in N. Y. fails, 1421; 
singing lessons in Boston public schools, 
1481; philharmonic. Soc, N. Y., first 
sings, 1541 ; Ole Bull in N. Y"., 1561 ; 
Jenny Lind in N. Y., 1661 ; Alboni in 
N. Y., 1701; Sontag in N. Y., 1721; 
Acad, of Music, N. Y., opd., 1761 ; Ade- 
laide Phillips in N. Y., 178 1 , 34$i , 3541 ; 
Parepa lv >sa sings ( 1*57) ; Piccolomini in 
N. Y., 1841 ; P;uti in N. Y., 1801 ; 0. L. 
Kellogg in N. Y., 1902; Worcester Musi- 
cal Asso. org., 229i ; Theo. Thomas soi- 
rees, N. Y., 2411; Mendelssohn Glee 
Club, N. Y., 2501 ; N. Eng. Conservatory, 
Boston, est., 2581 , 2701 ; Salem Oratorio 
Soc. est., Mass., 258 1 , 278 1 , 2 ; festivals at 
Cincinnati est., 2641 , 4GO1 ; Nat. Peace 
Jubilee, Boston, 266 1 ; Der Nordameri- 
kanische Sangerbund, reorg. at Chicago 
(1868) ; Orpheus Singing Soc. est., Buf- 
falo; Harmonic Society, Cincinnati, org., 
2681 ; Apollo Musical Club org., Chicago, 
2741 ; Beethoven Conservatory org., St. 
Louis; Orpheus Soc. org., Phila., 276 1 ; 
World's Peace Jubilee, Boston, 2781; 
Cleveland Vocal Soc org., 2801; Bee- 
thoven QuintetClub, 282 1 ; Oratorio Soc, 
N. Y. a , org., 2841 ; Loring Musical Club 
org., S. Francisco, 292 1 ; M. Teachers' 
Nat. Asso. org., 2923, 3482 ; Mozart Club 
org., Pittsburg, 298 1 ; Symphony Soc; 
Coll. of Music est., N. Y. ; Cincinnati 
Coll. of Music; Bach Soc of Cleveland, 
O., org., 3001 ; Central Music Hall, Chi- 
cago, est. ; Choral Soc org., St. Louis, 
3021; Boston Syinph. Soc. org., 306 1 ; 
Metropolitan Opera House, N. Y., opd.; 
Cecilia Ladies' Vocal Soc. org., Brook- 
lyn; Campanini appears, 3141; Chicago 
Opera House opd., 320 1 ; Erminie sung; 
Am. Coll. of Musicians est., 3241 ; Carne- 
gie Music Hall, fnd., 358 1 , 3821 ; Worces- 
ter Musical Festival ; standard piano 
pitch determined, 392 1 ; Lion Tamer 
sung, 3981 ; Mountehaiiks, Fencing Master 
sung, 4161 ; Acad. fnd. at Northampton, 
4201 ; Sangerfest, N. Y., closes, 462i ; Soc. 
for Promotion of Music meets, 4641 . 

Musical World, London, issued, 9483. 

Musicians, Am. Coll. of, incor., 3241 . 

, Nat. Soc. of Professional, find., 9903. 

Musik-Verein, est. in Milwaukee, 1681 . 

Muskegon, Michigan, tire, 3853. 

Muskerry, Baron, title created, 9231. 

Musket, in armies. 7382; matchlock inv., 
7882 flintlock used, Eng., 9001 ; j n It., 
10822 ; in Burgundy, 6762 ; in Fr., 6861 . 

Muskingum college org., O., 1491 . 

Muslin, figured, woven, 1361 ; first made, 
8001 ■ mfg. attempted, 9202. 

Muspilla appears, 7723, 

Muspratt, James Sheridan, b., 9403 ; d., 
9761. 

Mussa di Carrara, besieged, 10902. 

Khan submits, 71 . 

Mussato, Albertino, b. (1261) ; Eccerinus, 
10771; d. (1330). 



Musschenbroek, Pieter von, b.-d., 1101 1; 
inv. Leyden jar ; inv. pyrometer, 11003. 

Musseerabad mission, 10483. 

Musset, Louis Chas. Alfred de, b., 7191; 

works, 7263, 7271 , 7292, 8152; d., 7322. 
Mussey, Reuben Dimond, b.,931; d.,2521. 
Mustali takes Jerusalem, 4872. 
Mustang Island, Tex., expedition at, 2281. 
Mu.-lapha 1. reign:;, 11572; d., 11563. 

II. reigns, 11572. 

III. reigns, 11572. 

TV. reigns, 11573. 

Koprili, grand vizier, 1157 2 . 

Mustapha et Zeanger, 7051 . 

Mustareb, revolt, 4S3i ; tribes war, 4841 . 

Musurus Pasha in Lond., Conference, 9932. 

Muta, Syria, battle of, 4841. 

Mutcher, Howard, b. ? 1842. 

Mutes, deaf instruction, Dr. Wallis, 8871 ; 

Eng. law against, 9192. 
Muther, Richard, work, 8362. 
Mutina. (See Modena.) 
Mutiny, punished, 5502; f sailors, 8921 . 

Act, 751 , 9172; first, Eng., passed, 8992. 

Mutsu Hito, Japan, welcomes foreigners ; 

reigns, 10931. 
Mutual Employment Soc, object, 4611. 
Mutual Rights issued, 1323. 
Muxica, Martin de, governor, 605 2 . 
Muybridge, E. J., photographs, 9881. 
Muza, Saracen leader, 11251. 
Muziano, Girolamo, b., 10803 ; d., 10823. 
Mwanga, of W.Afr., 5613, 5621 ,2,3,10023. 
Mycale, battle of, 10183. 
Mycenas, Or., fnd., 10133 ; explored, 11581 ; 

walled, 10141 ; destroyed, 10193. 
Myddleton, Sir Hugh, "b. (1555) ; d. (1631) ; 

statue, 9661. . 
Myer, Albert James, b. (1827) ; d., 304i . 
Mvers, Abraham C, b. (1812) ; d., 3402. 
— — , Frederic W. H., work, 44S2. 

, G. A., surety for J. Davis, 2563. 

, Harvey, indicted, 4183. 

My ingyan, occupied, 104*2; mission, 104G3. 
Mvbc,'battle near. 10523; defeat off, 10603. 
Mylne, Louis G., elected bishop, 9803. 
Mynpuri, mission, 10471 . 
Myographion invented, 8181 . 
Myonnesus, action at, 10551. 
Myrocephalus, action at, 10322. 
Myron, Gr. sculptor, b., 10191. 
Myronides invade Birotia, 10191. 
Mysia' ravaged, 10341. 
Mysore, war with ; second, 10442 ; third, 

10461 ; divided, 10472 ; taken, 10473. 

, Bishop Coadon consecrated, 986 2 . 

Mysteries played, 6742. 

Mystery capsizes in Jamaica Bay, 327 3 . 

of the Mat/ian Kiiu/s issued, 11271. 

Mysticism in Ger., 7843 ; intro. It., 10723. 
Mytens, Daniel, b.-d., 10983. 
Mzab annexed, 102. 



N. 

Naaraan comes to Elisha, 11443. 

Nabonassar reigns, 11452. 

Nabonidus reigns, 11472. 

Nabopolassar, viceroy, 11453 ; ally of Cya- 
xares ; burns himself, 11461 . 

Nachod, Bohemia, battle at, 8241. 

Nachtigal, Gustav, b.,8142 ; fnds. colonies, 
8313 ; d., 8302. 

Xacion, La, established, 4913. 

Nacooche, Ga., gold found, 3022. 

Nadab, offers fire, 11403 ; king, 11433. 

Xadal, Bernard Harrison,!.,., 1^42; d. (1870). 

Nadan captured, 10482. 

Nadar*s largest balloon, 7361. 

Naddoddr in Iceland, 11 1 . 

Nadir Kuli, regent, 11072. 

Shah, or Kuli Khan, b.-d., 11063; con- 
quers India, 11062 ; reigns, 11072 j in 
Afghan., 5'; attacks Oman, 4861; pil- 
lages Delhi, 10441 ; assassinated, 11072,3. 

Nadius reigns, 1145 2 . 

Naevius, works of, 10531 . 

Nat'els, battle of, 7841 . 

Nagarkoil, mission, 10462; hospital, 10921 . 

Nagasaki, Japan, missionaries burned, 
10911 ; Dutch privileges, 10913 ; missions, 
10922 ; telegraph est., 10943, UlSi. 

Nagle, dep. -marshal, no jurisdiction, 3571 . 

Nagoya, mission at, 10922. 

Nagpur,Ind.,Bp.Kiccazcuns., 9962; taken, 
10461 ; under G. B. 10473 ; mission, 10493. 

Nagri visits Bokhara, 549 2 . 

Nahant captures Atlanta, 2223. 



Naharro, Propaladia, 11291. 

Nahuas in Mexico, 113. 

Nahum, prophet, 11443. 

Nails, wrought, 93 1 ; by machinery, 9241 , 

Naiitchow sinks, 6273. 

Nairne, Baroness, title created, 8932. 

, , (Carolina Uliphant), b., 9163 • 

d., 9522. 

Naish, John, elianc, 9933, 9951 ; d., 10041 . 

Naissus. (See Nish.) 

Najera, Spain, battle of, 858'. 

Nakhaileh, mission, 6571 . 

Namaqualand, missionaries in, 5982,3 ; 
with Cape Colony, 5993 j annexed, 6032. 

Nam-Dinh, B. Flags beaten ; Fr. conquer ; 
evacuated, 4.S0*; pirates, 4821,4833. 

Nameoki, 111., R. R. accident, 4413. 

Naimtr founders, 9121 . 

Namur, Belg., taken. 5421 , 6941 , 7001 ; chol- 
era,5492 ; capitulates, 6941 ; siege of, 900 1 . 

Nanainio, Can., mine explosion, 5853. 

Nana-Suhib, b.-d., 10462 ; in rebellion; de- 
feated, 104S1 ; at Jorway Pass, 1048=. 

Nance, Albinus, governor Neb., 3033. 

Nancy, Fr. take, G982 ; acquired, 7033, 
743i ; military sedition, 706 1 ; occupied, 
7202 ; statue of Joan of Are, 7601 . 

Nancy Hanks, record, 4133,4152,4173,4373. 

Nanfan, John, governor N. Y., 552. 

Nangar, Madras, mission, 10471. 

Nankeng enthroned, 611 2. 

Nanking, China, capital. 613 1 , 6152 ; battle 
at ; porcelain tower, 6142, 61S3 ; British 
fleet, 6I62 ; peace commissioners ; treaty 
signed, 9173; massacre; taken, 618 1 ; 
siege raised, 620 1 ; recaptured; redress 
demanded, 6202; mission, 6223, 6243; 
protected, 6263. 

Nansen, Fridjof, b., 11041 ; Arctic expedi- 
tion, 11053 ; in Greenland, 6421 . 

Nantes, Fr., Univ. of, fnd., 6783 ; burned, 
8491; massacre, 7112; cholera, 7633; 
strike, 7643. 

, edict of, 571 2; signed, 6872; confirmed, 

5732, 6873, 6903 ; revoked, 482,6931 . 

Nanteuil, Robert, b., 6882 ; d., 6923. 

Nanticoke, Pa., strike, 4242. 

Nantucket, Mass., settled, 412 ; fisheries 
est., 453 ; plundered, 902 ; whaling-ship 
sails, 1033 ; fire, 1613 ; secedes, 1232. 

Nantwich, Eng., battle of, 8841 . 

Nan Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Naogeorg, Thomas, works, 7911. 

Naomi dwells with Ruth, 11422. 

Naoshera, defeat at, 41 . 

Napa, Cal., Coll. fnd., 2703 ; insane asy- 
lum established, 281 1 . 

Napanee, opera-house collapses, 5872. 

Napier, Baron, title created, 881 1 . 

, of Magdala, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

, SirCharles James, b., 9223 jgov.Ind., 

10473 ; d., 9582 ; statue, 9602. 

, Sir John, admiral, b., 9242 ; de- 
feats Dom Miguel, lllOi ; at Beyrout, 
656 3 , 9501; commands Baltic fleet; at 
Bomarsund, 9581 ; d,, 9642. 

, Sir Francis, b. (1819) ; minister at 

Wash., 1831 ; gov. of Madras, 10491 . 

, John, b., 8701 ; Logarithms, 8761 ,8801 ; 

d., 8801 . 

, Joseph, lord chancellor, 9632, 

, Lord, in China ; d., 6172. 

, Sir Robert Cornelius, b., 9351; pro- 
clamation ; in Abyssinia, 21 ; baron of 
Magdala, 9051 ; field marshal, 9901 j vice- 
roy of India, 10492 ; d., 10021 . 

, , shipbuilder, b., 9243 ; d., 9802. 

, Sir William Francis Patrick, b., 9223 ; 

work, 9442; minister to Wash., 1831; 
governor Did., 10491 ,2. 

Napierville, insurrection, 5781 . 

Naples, fnd., 10511 ; Gr. colony at, 10152 ; 
conquered, 10532, 10752, 10781 ; allied 
with Rome, 10522 ; defended, 10542 ; 
plague, 10652, 10S73 ; capital of duchy, 
10713 ; acquired by Gr., 10332 ; Univ. of 
Salerno fnd., 10751; capital, 10752; be- 
sieged, 7781 ; Univ. of, fnd., 10752 ; sur- 
renders, 7S01 ; cathedral begun, 10763; 
separate from Sicily, 10772, 10793, 10853 ; 
St. Janarius chapel erected, 10832 ; Acad. 
est., 10781 ; earthquake at, 107S1, 10822, 
10841 ; invaded, 6793, 1088 1 ; treaty for 
conquest of, 6793 ; Fr. expelled, 6782, 
10813 ; annexed to Sp., 10793 ; resigned 
by Francis, 6813 ; possession dispute, 
7913; revolt, 10S21, 1086 1 ; ceded to 
Aust.,515', 10883 ; claimed by Charles 
VI., 515i ; ruled by Sp., 10S52 ; ceded to 



1344 



Text Figures denote Page. UNDrL-A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Napo-Nati. 



Sp., 10841 ; lazzaroni enrolled, 10841 ; 
Fr. occupied, 714'; Giomale Encyclope- 
dico issued, 10S52 ; Fr. army invades, 
6172 ; Napoleon abolishes temporal 
power, 10751; Fr. capture, 5201 , 10301, 
10702, 10741; united to Sicily, 10871; 
uprising subdued, 5201, 10841, H28*; 
Aust. in; revolt of Carbonari, 10861, 
10872 ; treaty with U. S., 1411 ; Eng. and 
Fr. withdraw, 1087 3 ; Jesuits expelled, 
1086 3 ; Progresso del Science issued, 
10871; R. k. to Rome, 10873; presb. 
mission, 10383; Am. squadron at, 3541 . 

Napoleon, Ark., seizures, 190 2 . 

Napoleon I., Bonaparte, b., 7042; lieut. in 
• artillery, 706' ; at Toulon, 7101 ; crushes 
revolt of Sections, 710 2 , 7113; marries 
Josephine, 713' ; 1st Italian campaign; 
defeats Aust. at Mitlesimo; wins at Mon- 
dovi,712i , and at Lodi ; Savoy and Nice 
ceded ; Belgian provinces ceded ; peace, 
713 2 ; besieges Mantua; wins at Lonato, 
Castiglione,Medola, Roverado, Bassano; 
repulsed at Caldiero ; win? at Areola, at 
Castelnuovo, 712' ; returns to Paris, 7132; 
defeats Aust. at Rivoli ; at Mantua ; at 
Ancona; at TagHamento ; crosses Alps, 
712' ; war with Venice ; abolishes Vene- 
tian aristocracy ; org. Cis-Alpine Repub- 
lic, the Liguriau Republic ; sent to 
Egy., 7132; 2d coalition against Ft., 
7133; sails for Egy.; takes Malta; takes 
Alexandria; in battle of Pyramids; 
takes Cairo, 7122; takes El Arisch; war 
against Aust. ; takes Jaffa ; besieges 
Acre; takes Mt. Tabor; repulsed at 
Acre ; leaves Egy., 7122; controls govt.; 
returns to Fr.; under New Directory; 
coup d' e^at; Council of Ancients dis- 
solved; expels Council of Five Hun- 
dred; chosen consul; consul for life, 
7133; makes overtui'es to Eng.; occu- 
pies Tuileries, 7152; subdues royalists in 
Vendue ; crosses Alps into It.; in Milan; 
wins at Marengo, 714' j signs concordat 
with pope reestablishing religion, 715 1 ; 
assassination of, fails ; peace ; elected 
pres. of Italian Republic, 7152; i 3 t con- 
sul for life ; Simplon road made ; Code 
Napoleon ; Malta disputes ; war against 
Eng., 7153 ; makes insolent demands of 
Eng., 9313; builds docks at Antwerp, 
5433; retaliation against Eng.; camp at 
Boulogne, 714' ; insults Eng. ambassa- 
dor; plans invasion Eng., 9313; conspir- 
ators defeated ; hereditary emperor ; 
crowned; K. of It.; Genoa annexed ; 3d 
coalition, Code N. promulgated, 7153; 
enters Vienna; wins Austerlitz, 716'; 
Peace of Presburg, Aust. cedes terri- 
tory, 717' ; restores calendar; appoints 
brother, Joseph, king of Naples, brother 
Louis, K. of Holland ; est. Confederation 
of Rhine ; ending Holy Rom. Emp. ; de- 
thrones Bourbons in Naples ; slanders 
Q. of Prus.; war with Prus., 717 2 ; insti- 
tutes Order of Iron Cross of It., 10853; 
wins at Jena ; occupies Berlin ; enters 
Vienna; invades Poland; against Rus., 
7161 ; improves State service ; issues Ber- 
lin decree (Anti-Eng.) ; peace with Sax- 
ony, 7173; issues Milan decree, 9333; a t 
Bayonne, 11312; defeats Prus. atEylau ; 
at Friedkmd, 71G 2 ; peace with Rus. and 
Prus.; Prus. cedes large territory, 7172; 
revives education, 717' ; treaty of Kon- 
igsberg ; org. kingdom of Westphalia ; 
treaty of FontaineMeau ; Port, invaded ; 
alliance with Sp. ; Port, claimed ; crown 
of Sp. given ; height of glory, 7173 • Pe- 
ninsular war with G. Brit., 716 2 ; meets 
princes at Erfurt ; enters Madrid sup- 
ported by czar, 717 3 ; abolishes Inquisi- 
tion, 717'; 5th coalition, 7193; pope's 
remonstrances, 5193; -war with Aust. as 
ally of Eng.; wins at Abensberg ; at 
Landeshut ; wounded at Ratisbon ; takes 
Vienna again ; defeated at Aspern and 
Essling ; wins at Wagram ; peace, 718' ; 
king of Italy, 10853; deposes pope; 
abolishes pope's temporal power ; 
takes pope prisoner ; divorced ; excom- 
municated, 7192; retaliates against 
Am., 1151; marries Maria Louisa, 5203, 
5211 ; annexes Hoi. and Hamburg, 7193; 
Napoleon II. born ; denationalizes all 
pro-British flags ; Eng. rejects overtures ; 
war against Rus.; in West Rus.; in 
Vilna, 718 2 ; restrains press, "il92; in 



Moscow; Rus. rejects proposals ; disas- 
trous retreat ; wins at Krasnoi ; hastes 
to Paris ; Rus. and Prus. against Fr., 
7193; power in Ger., 8111 ; War of Lib- 
eration ; raises another army, 7183; 
new concordat with pope, 7211 ; in Bo- 
hemia ; wins at Liitzen ; at Bautzen ; at 
Hochkirchen; armistice, 720'; Austria 
declares war, 7212; wins at Dresden; 
repulsed at Nollendorf, 720' ; retreats; 
defeated at Leipsic ; wins at Hanau ; at 
Hochheim ; in Mentz, 720 2 ; empress 
regent ; leaves Paris ; wins at St. Di- 
zier ; defeated near river Aube ; wins at 
Champaubert ; at Montmirail, 7202; at 
Montereau ; at Craonne ; defeated at 
Laon ; wins at Reims ; defeated at St. 
Dizier ; allies enter Paris, 7203; Cong, 
of Chatillon ; empress flees ; throne for- 
feited ; abdicates ; receives sovreignty 
of Elba, 7212; Louis XVIII. enthroned; 
N. escapes ; at Cannes ; in Lyons ; ban 
against ; enters Paris in triumph ; "Hun- 
dred Days" commence, 7213; abolishes 
slave-trade, 7211; makes concessions, 
7232; reorg. army; in Belg.; wins at 
Ligny ; defeated at Waterloo, 7221 ; ab- 
dicates, 7232; farewell to army; flees 
for Am.; surrenders to Brit.; sails for 
St. Helena, 7221 ; at St. Helena ; family 
banished ; d., 7233, 7273; remains 
in Fr., 7292, 7353; birth eel., 733' , 7383; 
will given to G. Brit., 7333; statue, 7381 , 
7501. (See Coalition.) 

Napoleon II. Bonaparte, b., 7193; d., 7262. 

III., Charles Louis Napoleon Bona- 
parte,^, 7171 ; coup d'etat; proclaimed 
emp., fails, 7273; works, 7272, 7343, 7363, 
737'; insurrection, 7293; pres. Fr., 8173; 
escape from prison, 7293; in Assembly; 
pres. Fr. republic; address; opposed; 
changes ministry; coup d'etat, 7313; 
grand banquet, 7303; Fr. sue cession, 731 3 ; 
recognized, 9573; banishes opponents ; 
at Tuileries, 7313; life endangered, 733' , 
2,7351; tour in South Fr.; dynasty re- 
stored ; proclaimed emp., 7332; marries 
Eugenie ; peace address ; restores peer- 
age, 7331 ; declares war with Aust.. 5241 , 
5252; in Algiers, 91 ; meets Ger. sover- 
eigns, 8212; ultimatum to Port. 11112; 
at Genoa; advises pope, 7352; Mexican 
policy, 735 3 ; excommunicated; against 
temporal power, 7343 ; at Strasburg, 815 3 ; 
proposes European eong., 822' ; demands 
of U. S., 10963; meets Bismarck, 8232; 
withdraws army from Mex., 2552, 7372; 
invites eong.,82:S3; visits Salzburg 5273; 
commands army at Metz ; succeeded by 
Bazaine, 738 1; concessions toward lib- 
eral government, 7391; proclaims war 
against Prussia; empress regent, 7393; 
surrenders at Sedan, 7402; prisoner at 
Wilhelmshohe, Prus., 7412; empire ends, 
7411; issues a proclamation; displaced 
by 3d Republic ; Fr. capitulates, 745 1; 
protests, 7452; refuge in Eng., 745 3 ; as- 
sumes responsibility for surrender at 
Sedan, 7472; d., 746' , 7473; remains re- 
moved, 9972 ; body in mausoleum, 757 3 . 

Nnpoh'^.n III. rf riinlhf appears, 7343. , 

Naquet, Alfred Joseph, b.,7262; senator; 
arraigned, 7582. 

Naram-sin, temple, 11391 ; reigns, 11393. 

Naranjo, battle at, 6321 . 

Narbo, Martins, fnds. Provence, 10572. 

Narbonensis, Gallia, Rom. province, 10572. 

Narbonidus, finds records at Sippar, 1139' . 

Narbonne, Fr., fnd., 6613; surrendered, 
6641; battle, 7701. 

Narbonne-Lara, Comte de, Louis, b., 7022; 
d., 7211. 

Narcein, asteroid, discovered, 7261. 

Narcissus launched, 9941, 

Narcissus rules Claudius, 10631; k. (54). 

, Bp., intro. Christianity, 7682. 

Narcotm discovered, 7142. 

Nardi, Jacobi, Jfisfoi-j/ of Florence, 10832. 

Nares, Capt. Sir George' Strong, b. (1831) ; 
arctic expedition, 9801. 

. James, b. ( 9042; d. (1783). 

, Robert, b. (1753) ; d., 9442. 

Narodnaia Volia reappears, 11203. 

Naronic lost ; life-boats found, 4273. 

Narragaiisett, collision, 3053. 

Narragansett, R. I., Indian battle, 462. 

Bay, cruiser Boston damaged, 3421. 

Narranjeri, Bible translated, 4962. 

Naraes, b.-d., 11062; rules Romans, 7712, 



11071 ; disaffected, io.;o2 ; victories, 10302, 
10312; recovers Rome, 10313, 10702, 10713; 
murders Goths, 7703; defeats Goths at 
Totila; at Capua, 10702 ; expels Tiridates,, 
11533; rules It. as duke, 10713. 

Narsinhpur mission, 10483, 1049 1. 

Naruszewicz, Adam Stanislaw, b.-d. ,11143. 

Narva, battle at, 11141, 11341. 

Narvaez, Pamfilo de, b.-d., 11263; against 
Cortez ; captured, 181 ; in Fla., 182, 191 - T 
gov., 19 3 ; expedition; survivors, 203. 

, Ramon Maria, Duke of Valencia, 

b.-d., 11302; exiled, 11313. 

Nasby, Petroleum V. (David Ross Locke), 
b.(1833); works, 2603,2643; d. (1888). 

Naseby, Eng., battle of, 8843. 

Nash, John, b. (1752) ; rebuilds Haymar- 
ket Theater, 9401 ; d. (1835). 

, Richard, b., 8923; d., 9151. 

, Thos., b., 8722; -works, 8763; d.,8762. 

Nashua, N. H., McKean embezzlement, 
4763; mills strike, 3531 . 

and Lowell R. R. opened, 1493. 

Naskrille runs blockade, 2002, 2042; in 
Eng.; leaves, 2022; destroyed, 2191. 

Nashville, Tenn., trading-post, 59' ; Univ. 
of Tenn. org., 983; Q. s. Presb. synod 
org., 1343; capital citv, 1352; R. C. dio- 
cese, 1483; ii. s. Somth Conven.; dis- 
union assembly, 1672; cholera at, 1673; 
lighted with gas, 1693; U. S. funds 
seized, 195i ; evacuated, 202' ; occupied, 
2042; loyalty of^2073; Confederates re- 
pulsed, 2151 ; Rosecrans leaves, 2171; 
Union Conven.., 2253; Grant's headquar- 
ters, 2283; battle; Hood invests, 2402; 
state conven. meets, 2431 ; Central Coll. 
char., 2522; Fiske Univ. org., 2602; p e a- 
body Normal Coll. opd.; Vanderbilt 
Univ. org., Med. Dept. opd.. 2903; Med. 
Dept. of Univ. of Tenn. opd., 2963; 
statue of Jackson, 3041 ; centennial eel., 
3053; eartliquake,3o2' ; Nat. League Rep. 
Clubs, 3551 ; tire, 3813; mob in, 4063. 

Nasmyth, Alexander, b., 9143; d., 9502. 

, James, b. (1808); inv. steam ram, 9481 ; 

inv. steam-hammer, 9521; sun observa- 
tions, 9641 ; d., 10022. 

Nassau wrecked, 9282. 

Nassau balloon, in "Weilburg, 9481 . 

— , Ger., annexed to Prus., 5272; Von 
Stein memorial, 826' ; see est., 9583; Bp. 
Churton cons., 9962. 

, W.I., mission at, 622. 

Dillenburg, Ct. Louis of, b.-d., 10983. 

, D. of, at Luxemburg, 5462. 

, House of, rules in Orange, 6813. 

, Rene de, rules, 10992. 

— — -Siegen, Joan Mauritz, Count of, 
b.-d., 11003. 

Nasse, Dr.. gov. of Rhine provinces, 8333. 

, Freidrich C. A., d., 8162. 

Nassr-ed-Din, b.-d., 1106 3 ; enthroned, 
11081, 10432,3; in Europe, 5323, 11081. 

Nast, Abner, governor N. C, 913. 

, Thomas,!)., 1522. 

, Win., b., 8083; editor, 1503. 

Nata, Panama, founded, 173. 

Natal, Afr., two colleges, 5981; miBBlone, 
5982,3, 6011; bishopric est., 5983; an- 
nexed G. B., 5992; independent colony, 
5993; insurrection, 600', 2; Council of 
Education; Gordon memorial est., 6003; 
constitution modified, 601 2 ; clergy di- 
vided ; representative govt, est.; tele- 
fraph est., (1013, colonists disaffected; 
ulus' belief, 6031; offer of legislative 
council ^^a; responsible govt., 6043; 
emigre 1, 9413; Bp. Jolivet cons., 

9742; bp. baynes cons., 10102. 

Natale mission est., 10463. 

Natalie, ex-queen, b. (1859) ; in Hung., 
5343; expelled, 11242. 

Natchez, Miss., trading-post est,, 591 ; set- 
tled, 592; Indians attack ; war, 601 ; Eng. 
arrive, 783; first Bapt. church, 932; N. 
Gazette est., llli ; lottery est., 1191 ; yel- 
low fever,1313 : R.C. see e., 1483 ; tornado, 
1501; disunion meetings, 1691 ; Confeds. 
surrender, 2072; Hood surrenders. 2463. 

, La., Inds. captured, 60' ; defeated,62i . 

Natchitoches, La., expedition, 231' . 

Nathan, prophet, fable, 11423. 

Natick, Mass., women on sch. board, 339' . 

National Acad. Bill passes Cong., 4131. 

of Art est., 4121 . 

of Design, building erected, 2541 .. 

of Science, extends membership, 

2701; meets, 338 1. 



Nati-Navi. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1345 



National Afro-Am. League org., 359' . 

Agricultural Conven. meets, 171' . 

Art Asso. Congress, 4061 . 

Assembly, Ger., meets at Frankfort, 

5223; dissolved, 5232; meets, 5672. 
, Er., fmd., 7053; meets, 7072; de- 
crees, 7073; dissolved, 709' ; meets, 731' ; 
workman in, 7443; meets at Bordeaux, 
745'; at Versailles; vote for Ver- 
sailles, 7452; dissensions in, 7463; per- 
manent committee. 747' ; committee for 
constitution, 7472; meets, 749' ; against 
senate ; motion to dissolve ; (5 parties in, 
7492; passes new constitution, 7493; ap- 
peal to nation, 7542. 

, Ger., meets, 8172; est., 8212. 

Association Baptists. (See Baptists.) 

, Builders meets in N. Y., 3763. 

, Democratic Clubs conven, 4172; 

Cleveland's address, 4172. 

, Eng., fmd., 8752. 

for rifle-shooting meets, 966' , 

974' , 982' , 1000' , 1002' . 

for Social Science, meetings, 962 ' . 

of Inventors org, 3803. 

of Military Surgeons org., 391 ' . 

of Naval Veterans org., 3263. 

Bank, first, charter ends, 1192. 

Bill amended, 2333. 

Charters Extension Bill, 311' . 

Circulation Act, 2712, 349' . 

Reserves, :i',T, certificates, 2572. 

Bankruptcy Bill, 257' . 

Banks, funds removed, 1412. 

org., 2293; tax of, defeated, 2333; 

loans of, 2653; call on, 3892; capital law 
passes, 285'. 

Tax Bill, 2352, 4652, 4672. (See 

Banks.) 

Baptist issued, 2503. 

Bar Asso. meets, Wash., D. C, 3963. 

Benevolent Institution est., 9372. 

Board of Health appointed, 3013. 

of Trade, session, 4232. 

Brewers' Association meets, 385' . 

Cong., political action, 2563. 

Brotherhood Ball Players org., 3233. 

Burial Case Association, session, 4593 . 

Capital Building Loan Asso., 3892. 

Casket Co., N. Y., incorporated, 3653. 

Cemeteries, soldiers', Congress pro- 
vides for, 257' ; Gettysburg dedi., 2293. 

Chautauqua, near Wash, opd., 3843. 

Cigarette and Tobacco Co., 4113. 

Civil Service Reform League, 3703, 

3923. 

and Colonial League est., 9733. 

Colors Display Bill, N. Y., 455' . 

Colored Labor Conven. meets, 269' . 

■ Commercial Conven. assembles, 2743. 

Commission, World's Fair, 3693. 

Conference of Charities and Correc- 
tions meets at Buffalo, 3583. 

Confectioners' Asso., 7th meeting, 

3623. 6 

Congress at Buenos Ayres, 4912. 

at Argos, 10353. 

Conservative Partv find., Ger., 8273. 

Club org., London, 995' . 

Convention. (See Paris.) 

Builders', 3523; hour payment, 

3543. 

, Colored, at New Orleans, 2773 • 

at Red Oak, la., 3892. 

of Inventors, London, 166' . 

Radical Democrats.conven.,2792. 

of Soldiers and Sailors, 2552. 

of R. R. Commissio" 359'. 

of Temperance Wo' < \<*5' . 

(See under names ol parties.) 

Cordage Co., buys, 5933. 

Council of Educators, 3622. 

— — Covenant, Scot., signed, 8823. 

Cyclists' Union founded, 9843. 

Deaf Mute Coll. est., 2352, 2412. 

Debt, IT. S. A. (See text, pp. 103 to 

155, on Jan. 1 of each year ; pp. 157-479, 
on July 1 of each year) ; in 1865, 249 ' ; re- 
funded, 2712 ; payment proposed, 2652. 

of Eng., 9012. 

Conversion Bill passed, 999' . 

Defense Govt, appt., 741'; favored, 

France, 7433. 

Democratic Conventions. (See Dem- 
ocratic Party.) 

Divorce Reform League meets, 4222. 

Editorial Asso. meets, 3443, 365', 

3862,3872,464'. 

— — Education (Ireland), Bill, 10112. 



National Education Board formed, 496' . 

Society, Can., meets, 5922. 

, U. S. A., meets, 2782, 3423, 

4002. 

■ Union meets, 9723. 

Electric Light Asso. meets, 3782. 

Federal Asso. meets, Ger., 8213. 

Federation. (See France, 7073.) 

Conven. iu Dublin, 10052. 

of Employees find, Eng., 979'. 

Gallery, London, est., 9402, 956'. 

of Ireland opened, 9662. 

Grange of Patrons Industry org., 261' . 

of Husbandry meets, 4183 ; de- 
mands, 4442. 

Greenback Party fmd., 299'; con- 
vention at Indianapolis, 317 2 . 

Guard est., Fr., 7072 ; dissolved, 724' , 

7463 ; reestablished, 724' ; reorg., 730' . 

Asso. meets, N. Y., 334'. 

of Ohio, John A. Logan, Jr., 1st 

lieutenant, 354' . 

of Seine abolished, 7453. 

of Sp., org., 11302; disorg., 1130' . 

Guild Alliance, Unitarian org., 3463. 

Health Society, London, fnd., 979'; 

Exhibition, 9913. 

Home, Togus Springs, 255' ; near 

Milwaukee, 269'. 

Independence eel., Phila., 1013. 

Industrial Conf. meets, St. Louis, 

4 r ,23 ; favors People's Party, 4022. 

Irrigation Congress, 3913. 

Labor Congress meets, 2412, 271'. 

League l'or\'onsolidation, 9883. 

for Baseball formed, 3133. 

for Protection of Am. Institu- 
tions, address, 4443. 

invades Ulster, 9911 ; meeting pro- 
hibited, 9913, 11932 ; active in Ire., 997' ; 
proclaimed, 9973 ; conven. at Cardiff, 
9972; demonstration, 10103. (See under 
Irish.) 

of Rep. Clubs meets, 355' , 429' . 

Federation fmd., 983' ; at Leeds, 

985'; ends conference, 1011'. 

Liberal Club, supports Gladstone, 

10012. 

Liberty Conven. meets, 157'. 

Live Stock Asso. org., 3193; 4223. 

Loyalists Conven. at Phila., 2552. 

Memorial Hall Asso. find., 3883. 

Mining Congress meets, 3953 ; favors 

free coinage, 4103. 

Municipal League organized, 4603 ; 

convention, 4762. 

Park at Chattanooga, 344' . (See 

California and Wyoming.) 

Pension Fund 'org., Eng., 9983. 

Photographers' Asso. Conven., 3882. 

Picket first issued, 3862. 

Portrait Gallery provided, 9602. 

Prison Reform Asso., org., 269'; 

meets, 321', 3932, 4183. 

Prohibition Party. (See Prohibition.) 

Provident Union r ml., 317' ; statistics, 

4463. 

Quarantine Bill passes House, 423' . 

Quarterly Review founded, 1863. 

Real Estate Cong, meets, Ala., 3803. 

Reform Union meets, 9853, 10122. 

• Repositonj issued, 2922. 

— — - Republican Conven., etc. (See Re- 
publican Party.) 

Review issued, Eng., 9603. 

rifle-inei'tiiig. Belgium, 545' . 

school system agitated, Eng., 9623. 

Seamen's Union of Am. Conven., 4283. 

Shooting-match at Gotha, Ger., 8203. 

- — Silver Conven., St. Louis, Mo., 3492. 

(See Silver.) 

Smoke Abatement Inst, fnd., 9903. 

Social Science Asso. formed, 9602. 

(For yearly meetings see following pp.) 

Society, training school, 9352. 

for sick and wounded, 975' . 

Electro-Therapeutists, 4722. 

of Prof. Musicians, fnd., 9903. 

Soldiers' Home opened, 375'. 

Teachers' Association held, 343'. 

Temperance .Jubilee, London, 9903. 

League formed, Eng., 961' . 

Society foniied,2483. ,Foryearly 

meetings see following text.) 

• established, Eng., 953' . 

Thrift Society founded, 9843. 

Trade Society formed, 9752. 

Truss Society founded, 925' . 

Union founded, 309' ; statistics, 4463. 



National Union (Temperance) formed, 

977', 9972. 
Conference, Cincinnati, 3852. 

Conven. of Conservatives, 2533. 

University Bill, intro. Cong., 3592. 

Volunteer Asso. formed, 962' . 

Waterways Conven. meets, 3932. 

Woman Suffrage Asso. meets, 4503. 

workshops established, Fr.,731'. 

Nationalists dispersed, 997'; meeting at 

Ballycoree, 9973 ; mobbed, 10003. 
Nutiir issued, Germany, 8183. 
Nalura, La, issued, Fr., 10902. 
Natural gas dis., 332', 3382, 350', 362', 

380' , 394' , 402' ; well burns out, 392' . 

History Society, Boston, org., 138'. 

projected, Eng., 940' . 

, Museum of, opd. Phila., 110'. 

, Univ. of, dedicated, 111., 4182. 

selection theory. 962'. 

Naturalists, Am. Soc. meets, 348' , 446' . 

and Physicians Congress, 8362. 

Naturalization Act, first," F.ng., 8632. 

Treaty with Gr. Brit., 2672. 

Naturalized Citizens Bill, 2633. 
Naturforscher Verein formed. 812' . 
Naucratis.Egy., Grecian buildings erected, 

6502. 
Naudain, Arnold, b. (1790) ; d., 276' . 
Naudet, Joseph, b., 7062, d., 7502. 
Naughten, Michael, ens. R. C. bp., 9862. 
Nauhyotl, king of .Mexico, d., Ill . 
Naulochus, defeat off, 10603. 
Naupactus. (See Lepanto.) 

,Moritz Ernst Adolf. b.,s()63; d.,8262. 

Nauiuanu, Johann Gottlieb, b., 8003 ■ d 

807'. 
Nausikan discovered, 5282. 
Nautical JiJar/arJiw issued. 9463. 
Nauvoo, 111., 'founded, 1502 ; laid out, 1633 ; 
Mormonmob,157' Mormon temple built, 
1572,1582; Mormoiistabundoii, 1603,161' ; 
temple burned, 1642. 
Legion, review forbidden, 2713 ; com- 
panies dispersed, 2752. 
Nava, Jose Joaquin de, gov., 6303. 
Naval Academy. Annapolis, Md., 158' 3 
250', 392' ; hazing prohibited, 284'. 

Arch. Marine Engi.. session, 444'. 

App. Bills pass" bouse, 353', 3571, 

3592,3; 3771, 4052, 4251, 4611; pass sen- 
ate, 3593, 3773, 4072, 4252, 4652. 

Bill passes, G. B., 10012. 

Architects, Institution org. (1860.) 

Association Veterans org., 3263. 

Coast Volunteers Act, G. B., 9592. 

College founded, Eng., 9071 . 

Committee, Congresnappoints, 813. 

department reform, Gr., 10181. 

Discipline Act passed, G. B.,9653. 

Dry Docks on Puget Sound, 4181 . 

Force Act passed, Australia, 5003. 

Intelligence committee find., 9912. 

Department find., 996i , 9972. 

and Military Asylum est., 2431 . 

Officers, bill for promotion, 4792; con- 
vention in Boston, 3863. 

Order, U. S., est., 387' . 

ordnance proving-ground ; tests, 3941 . 

repairs ; limit, 3201 . 

reserves, U. S. A., org., 332t, 3332, 

4201 , 4681 ; drill of on North River, 3881 ; 
annual cruise, 410' ,436' (appropriations, 
4212; census, 4501. 

schools authorized, 2852. 

supremacy, struggle for, 241 . 

War College opd., 4621 . 

NavamorquenilciMarq. of, gov. Chili, 6053 
Navara, battle of, 6801 . 
Navarin Island mission, 4903. 
Navarino, Gr., battle of, 7241; taken, 

10342; fleet annihilated, 10343. 
Navarre sinks, 9913. 

Navarre annexed, 6873; partly annexed to 
Sp., 11262 ; kingdom fnd., 11272 ; con- 
quered ; crown passes to Fr., 11273 - 
kings of, 11272, 3; Carlistsin; uprising 
in ; invaded, 1132' ; action at. 1137' . 

, Count of, in Algeria, 8' . 

Navarrete, Martin Fernandez de, b.-d., 

11291; works, 113H. 
Navarro, Luis Diez, gov., 6302, 
Navas de Tolosa, action at, 1126'. 
Navassa Island, Galena at, 344'; rioters 

reach Baltimore, 346' . 
Navesink Highlands, tugboat sinks, 4633. 
Navez, Francois Joseph, b.,5422; d., 5442. 
Navigation deepened, Can. ; opd., 5952. 
Act passed, 392; enforced, 43' , 472,3; 



1346 



Text Figures denote Page. INUllyv. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Navi-Neri. 



anti-Amer., 412; third, 452 ; opposed., 
473; repealed, 893; first, Eng., 8991 , 

Navigation Laws Kepeal Bill, G. B., 9552. 

est., Gr., 10152. 

Navy, officers appointed,81i ; first Am. fleet 
cruises, 821 ; foundation of, 853; war- 
Tessels, 802 ; strengthened, 90 1 ; pro- 
vided for, 1052; in 1798 ; dept. org., 1081 , 
1092; Brooklyn yard est. ; reduced, 110 1 ; 
gunboat system intro., 1121; io hour 
labor system est., 153 1; rations, 1552; 
reorganized, 2112; strength in, 1862,2143; 
statistics, 1865, 2463; spirit ration ends, 
2511; admiral, the ranking officer, 256' ; 
admiral and vice-adm. abolished, 2801 ; 
Reduction Bill passes,.'} l:> 2 ; dept. bureaus 
org,, 3421 ; Squadron of Evolution sails, 
3521 + ; reduction of engineer corps 
stopped, 411)2; new flag, 3491; Cushing 
launched, 3521 ; Enlistment Bill intro., 
3571 ; heavy ordnance manf.,3741 ; plans 
for dry dock, 3961 ; war-ships reclassified, 
3931 . (See names of vessels.) 

, against gov't Chile, 6081. 

appropriation for, Ger., 7321 . 

, Eng., first naval victory, 8441 ; power- 
ful, Eng., 8453; pay office est., 8853; war 
ships lost, 9201 ; mutiny in, 9281 ; ordered 
to evacuate, U.S. A., 9333; numbers, 9361; 
screw propeller, 9501; list completed, 
9521 ; strength, 9561 , 9601 , 966 1 ; flogging 
restricted, 962 1 ; expenses, 9661; Disci- 
pline Act amended, 10031 ; warships 
built, 10012. (See names of vessels.) 

first Fr., 664 1 ; aids Louis in Eng., 6701 ; 

first adin. appt., Fr., 6721 ; enlarged, 7561 ( 
7581; ravages Kng. coast, 8681. 

largest ironclad launched, it., 10901. 

— - successful, Neth., 10981 . 

and Military Asylum est., 2431. 

, Roman, first appearance, 10521 . 

Nawab of Rampur in Am., 431 1 , 4343. 
Naxos Island colonized, 10153 ; f nd., 1051 1 ; 

revolts, 10173; destroyed, 1018 1 ; cap- 
tured, 10183; battle of, 10222. 

Nayibugas reigns, 11413. 

Naylor, James, b. (1616) ; punished, 8892; 
d. (1660). 

Nazarenes in Hung., 5262, 5311 . 

Nazareth, Palestine, battle at, 6541 ; ceded 
to Crusaders, 6552. 

, Madras, mission, 10462. 

, Pennsylvania, fnd., 65 2 . 

Neagle, John, b. (1796); d., 2481 . 

Neal, Dan., h.,S*M2- Puritans, 900^ ; d.,9103. 

, John, b. T 1042; works, 1271 , 1312, 1341 , 

1371, 1423; d., 2921. 

, Jos. Clay,b. ,1141; work, 1583; d., 1623. 

— — , Lawrence T., nom. for gov., O., 4351 . 

Neale, Leonard, b., 662; d., 1262. 

Neander, Joachim, b. (1650 -); works, 7972, 
8132; d. (1680). 

, Johann A. W., b., 8043; works, 8103, 

8151; d., 8181. 

Nearchns, b., 10243; explorations, 10242. 

Nebe, Oscar, sentenced, 3272. 

Nel>-Ka reigns in Egy., 6453. 

Neb-kher-Ka reigns in Kgy., 6472. 

Neho, S. C, negro school difficulty, 4262. 

Nebraska, territory org., 175 1 ; Francis 
Burt, gov., 1771 ; T. B. Cuming; gov., 
1772; Mark W. Izard, gov., 1702; Congre- 
gational Conf. org., 1822; Wm. A. Rich- 
ardson, gov.; J. Sterling Morton, gov., 
1852; Meth. E. conf. find., 1862, 1902 ; 
Sam. W. Black, gov., 187 1 ; A Ivan Saun- 
ders, gov., 2032; bill for forming state, 
2333; constitution trained, 2513; consti- 
tution ratified, 2531 , 'js:>2; Cong, admits, 
2532,2563; David Butler, gov., 2553, 2593; 
negroes disfranchised, 2563 ; legislature 
accepts terms of admission ; admitted 
over veto, 2571 ; capital transferred to 
Lincoln, 2593 ; normal schools opd., 
2603 ; prot. Epis. diocese, est. ; Univer- 
salist conven. org., 2642 ; ratifies 15th 
Amend., 2693 ; state insane asylum, 2743 ; 
Gov. Butler impeached, 275 1 ; Evang. 
Luth. syimd find., 2762 j University of 
N. opd., 2763; Wm.H. James, acting gov., 
2772; Robt. W.Furnas, gov., 2851; grass- 
hopper plague, 2853 j Relief and Aid 
Soc. org., 2871; arbor day est., 2873; 
eldership est. in Church of God, 288a ; 
locust plague, 291i; Silas Garber, gov., 
2912; tornado, 3001 ; Albinus Nance, gov., 
3033 ; Slocum Law effective, 3071 ; N. 
Unitarian Asso., org., 3102; constitu- 
tional amend, rejected, 3103 ; northern 



boundary extended, 3111; James "W. 
Dawes, gov., 3152; land grants to Indi- 
ans, 3191; institution for feeble minded 
est., 3271 ; Wesleyan Univ. opd., 3322; 
insane asylums opd.; Algernon S. Pad- 
dock, gov., 3332 ; legislature taxes din- 
ing cars, 337 2 ; Industrial Home opd., 
339i ; mammoth's skeleton unearthed, 
3441 ; Prohibition party find., 3483 ; Labor 
Day est., 3511 ; legislature special ses- 
sion, 3612; Prohibitory Amend, rejected, 
3711; corn famine, 3733; Farmer's Alli- 
ance in legislature, 3752 ; relief for 
Western farmers, 3771 ; James E. Boyd, 
gov., 3991 ; Lorenzo Crouse, gov., 4132 ; 
train robbery, 4182 ; state officials im- 
peached, 4263 ; trial, 4272 ; prairie fire, 
4273; blizzard, 4541 ; Hibernians against 
Protection, 4583; aid for sufferers, 4693; 
Thomas J. Majors nom. for gov., 
4692 ; straight Dem. ticket ; Dem. unite 
with Populists, 4731 ; Maximum Freight 
Law unconstitutional, 4772; destitution, 
4793; Wm. V. Allen, gov. (1893). 

Nebraska Central Coll. est., 3223. 

City, Institution for Blind opd. , 291 1 . 

Wesleyan Univ. est., 3322. 

Nebuchadnezzar, warrior, 11421 ; burns 
temple, 11422 ; art patron ; takes Tyre ; 
conquers Egy.; invades Syria, 11461 ; at 
Carchemish, 6501 ; visions, 11463 ; 
dreams; reigns; in Judea, 11471 ; resumes 
throne, 11472; d., 11462. 

Nebular hypothesis, Eng., 9343. 

Necho I. reigns, 6512 ; at Megiddo, gar- 
risons; fortih'eat ions, 65 1 ; Red Sea and 
Nile canal; builds fleets, 6502 ; sends 
fleet for discovery, 651 2 ; captured, 6501 . 

Neckam, Alexander, Science, 8503, 

Necker, Jacques, b., 098 3 ; Compte Rendu 
published; resigns, 7<).~.3; disiuissed,707 2 ; 
loses influence, 7073; d.,7151. 

Neckerl, Leo Raymond de, b., 1082 ; d., 
1421. 

NScrologie des Hommes, etc., issued, 7033. 

Necropolis at Assouan, Egy., 661 1 . 

Nectanebo I., reigns 6513; dethroned, 6513. 

II., reigns in Egy., 6513. 

Nectansmere, action at, 8421. 

Nectarius, bp. of Constantinople, 10291; 
d., 10303. 

Nede/rluitsehe Leftcmrfenir/en issued, 5443. 

Nrderiandsch Museum issued, 11022. 

Spectator issued, 11022. 

Needham, Marehmont, b. (1620); works, 
8851; d. (1678). 

Needle-gun invented, 814 1 ; victories, 8243. 

Needlemakers incorporated, 7822. 

Neele, Henry, b., 9283; d. (1828;. 

Neely, Henry Adams, b., 1381 ; bp., 256i , 

Necpawa, The Pcqis!<-r, 5843. 

Neerwinden, Belg., battle of, 5181, 6941. 

Nees von Esenbeck, Christian Guttfried, 



1.., S042; d., 8201 



Ncl'i'i'-; 



L-Ua reigns in Egy., 647. 



-f-Ra reigns in Egy., 647i\ 

ka-Hor reigns in Egy., 6472. 

Ra reigns in Egy., 6453, 6472. 

, Pepi II., reigns, Egy., 6472. 

annu, reigns, Egy., 6472. 

khentu, reigns, Egy., 6472. 

nebi reigns in Egy.', 6472, 

Pepi-senb reigns", Egy., 6472. 

■terer reigns in Egy., 6472. 
lission, 10472. 

Negato, Prince of, bombarded, 10921. 

Negley, James Scott, b., 1342 ; near Jas- 
per, 2083; near Nashville, 2151 . 

Negombo captured, 10441 . 

Negrelli-Moldelbe, Aloys von, b., 519 1 ; 
d.,5242. 

Negrete, Don Manuel de Salamanca y, 
captain-general, Cuba, 6242. 

, Gen., insurrection, Mex., 10961 , 

Negrier, Gen., Francois Oscar de, b. (1839); 
Chinese attack, 482 1 ; victories, 4822; 
wounded in duel, 7603. 

Negroes, insurrection, San Domingo, 462 } 
importation of, 553 ; insurrection in Va.. 
1392; as soldiers, 2102, 2151 ; as soldiers 
opposed, 2112 ; in army, 2113, 2173, 2192; 
vote in D. C. ; conven., Indianapolis, 
2252 ; killed in N. Y., 2253; for soldiers, 
2293 ; in govt, service, 2311; in army; 
Confed., senate opposed, 243 2 ; suffrage 
extended, D. C, 24:13, 2552, 2591 ; Suf- 
frage Bill passes, 2o03 ; ascendency as 
Republicans, 2592 ; suffrage by 15th 
Amend.; Nat. Conven., Wash., 2653; 



eligible to office, Ga., 2672 ; resume of- 
fice, 2693; vote protected, supremacy in 
South, 2711; emigrate West, 30H ; in In- 
dian tribes, 3171 ; Emigration Bill, 3491 ; 
exodus in N. C, S. C, 3511 ; nrs t State 
fair, 3513 ; excluded from law school, 
3682 ; Colonization Bill, 3752 ; mo b 
lynches,393i ; fast day of, 4062; conf . of , 
Ala., 4521 ; migration to Afr.,4743. (See 
Emancipation, Liberia, Slavery.) 

Negropont, naval battle near, 10761 . 

Nehavend, Persia, battle of, 4841 . 

Nehemiah, reforms of; expedition, 11463; 
views Jerusalem ruins ; gov. of Judea, 
11473. 

Nehemialu written, 11463. 

Nehlig, Victor, h. (1830); in National Acad- 
emy Design, 2701 . 

Neild, John Camden, miser, d.,9571. 

Neill, Robert, b., 1502. 

, William, moderator, 1243. 

Neilson, Chas., in P. O. dept., 4472. 

, James B., hot-air blast, 9422. 

, John, b. (1745) ; in N. J., 861 ; d. (1833). 

— , Mr., murdered, 5631 . 

, Tyge, first book printed, 11041 , 

Neipperg, Gen. Adam Adelbert, b. (1775); 
Austrian commander, 514 1 ; at Aschaf- 
fenburg, 8242 ; d. (1829). 

Nekrasoff, Nikolai, b., 11163; works, 11171 ; 
d., 11182. 

Nelaton, Auguste, b. 7163 ; d., 7462. 

Neligh, Gates College opd., 3123. 

Nelson launched, 9801. 

, Minn., R.R. wreck, 4193. 

monument, explosion, Can., 5943, 

, N. Zeal., fnd., 11032 ; bishopric est., 

9483 ; Bp. Mules cons., 10082. 

, C. Kinloeh, bishop of Ga., 4202. 

, Earl of, title created, 931 1 . 

, Henry Addison, b. (1820) ; moderator, 

2582. 

, Horatio, Viscount, b.,9143; at Copen- 
hagen, 6381 ; in w. Indies, 9201 ; captures 
Elba, 926i ; at battle of Nile ; knighted; 
loses arm, 9281 ; in Mediterranean ; in 
Baltic Sea, 9301 ; pursues Sp. fleet, 9321 ; 
at Trafalgar, 7161 ; d., 9323; monument, 
9381. 

pillar erected, 9381 . 

, Rnute, gov. Minn., 4471 . 

, Samuel, b., 1022 ; appointed justice, 

1593 ; d.,2821. 

, T. A. R,, on Committee of 33, 1891 . 

, Thomas, statesman, 642; d., 1001. 

, , publisher, d., 10082. 

, Wm.', b. (1711); gov. Va.,773; d. (1772). 

, , b. (1825) ; org. Camp Dick Rob- 
inson, 1982 ; at Platte City, Mo.; atPike- 
ton, Ky., 2002; at Nashville, 2042; at 
Richmond, 2122; s ] 1G t, 2133, 2152. 

, Wolfred, b., 5762; insurgent, 5781; 

d., 5821. 

Nemausa, asteroid, discovered, 7342. 

Nemcewiez, Julian Ursin, b., 11143. 

Nemean games est., 10132, 

Nemesis, temple begun, 10203. 

Nemours, Fr., treaty of,signed, 6752; edict 
issued, 6843. 

, Due de (Pr. Louis CharleB Philippe 

Raphael d'Orleans), b., 72H; elected 
king of Belg., 5433; refuses crown, 7273; 
regent, 7293. 

Nenetta, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . 

Neo-platonists, at Alexandria, 6523. 

Neopolis. (See Naples.) 

Neosho, Mo , legislature meets, 2012; ac- 
tion at, 2063. 

Nepal, or Nepaul, ambassador from, 6132 ; 
conquered, 10442 ; treaty, 10453 ; war 
with Ghurkhas, 10461 ; revolution, 10492; 
widows as suttees, 10493. 

Nephalia, Feast of, 10162. 

Nephoscope invented, 7382. 

Nepos, Julius, reigns; deposed, 10712 ; d. 
(480). 

Neptune, arrival, 5991. 

, asteroid, discovered, 7281 , 8161 . 

, games to, 10132 ; temple erected, 

10203; worshiped, 10503. 

Neraz, John Claude, b., (1829±); cons. bp. 
of San Antonio, 3063. 

Nereid in collision, 10013. 

Neresheim, battle of, 8062. 

Neri, Filippo de, St., b. ; intro. oratorio, 
10802; inst. Trinity Fraternity, 108H; 
org. Brotherhood of Oratory, 10812; d., 
10823. 

Nerigissar reigns, 11472. 



Mero-Newf. 



Text Figures denote Page, lNJL)ll*A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1347 



Nero, Caius Claudius, against Hannibal, 
10542. 

, Claudius Caesar Drusus Germanicus, 

b.-d., 10622; emp., 769 1 ; despoils Cor- 
inth, 10282; in Gr., 1021)3; erects palace, 
10622; perseeutesChristians, 10623; burns 
Rome; infamy of, 1063 1 ; conspiracy 
against, 1063' , 3 ; revolts against ; com- 
mits suicide, 10633. 

Neron, Abb6, murdered, 4803. 

Nerva, Marcus Cocceius, b.-d., 10622 ; 
reigns, 1065 1. 

Nerval, Gerard de. (SeeGerard de Nerval.) 

Nervii, defeated, 662 1 . 

Nesbit Muir, battle of, 8601 . 

Neshaminy, Pa., Log College, 583, 603. 

JNesle, Fr., pillaged, 6781 . 

Nesmith, James Willis, b., 1282 j d. (1885). 

Nesos captured, 10262. 

Nespawa, Can., Register issued, 5843. 

Nesselrode, Karl Robert von, b., 11162 ; 
d., 11182. 

Nestor, Chronicle written, 11132 ; in Tro- 
jan war, 10141 . 

Nestorian, controversy, 10683 ; missiona- 
ries, 6123; heresy condemned, 10303. 

Nestorians, revivals, 11071; first church 
council, 11082. 

Nestorius, b.-d., 1154 2 ; doctrines opposed, 
6543; patriarch of Constantinople, 10303. 

Neter-bain reigns in Egypt, 6453. 

hen-hotep-en-Amen reigns, 6503. 

ka-Ra reigns in Egypt, 6472. 

.Netherlands, (See text, pp. 1097-1102) ; 
Franks expelled from Batavia, 10673 ; 
Maximilian acquires, 509.2 ; war breaks 
out, 5122; purchases Delaware, 411; 
Dutch territories enlarged, 521 1 ; Peace 
of Ryswick, 6953 ; Peace of Utrecht, 
6973; ceded to Fr., 5192, 7113; Ger.owns, 
7872 ; Eng. takes Dutch possessions, 9273 ; 
Dutch trade in Japan, 10911; influence 
in Japan, 10913 ; leading traders, 11012 ; 
"War of Liberation ; insurrection; Duke 
of Alva arrives, 5401 ; Aust. rules, 5412 ; 
reverttoSp.; truce withSp., 5413; trans- 
ferred to Holl., 7193; boundaries; an- 
nexed to Fr., 5432 ; dissolution of, 5433 ; 
Hague, Triple Alliance signed, 6913 ; 
League of the Hague find., 6933; barrier 
towns open to Fr., 6953 ; independent, 
7972; peace, 798 1; Ger. emp. removes 
treaties of, 8053 ; against Eng. colorB, 
8941 ; barrier fortresses seized, 9021 . 

Netley Hospital commenced, Eng., 9611 . 

Netscher, Caspar, or Kaspar, b., 7963; d, 
7982. 

Netshajew, Sergius, conspiracy, 11183. 

Nettleship, Henry, b. (1839) ; d., 10102. 

Nettleton, Allured B., intreas. dept., 3511 . 

Neu Breisach, taken, 7421 ,2. 

Neubruim, victory of Prussia, 8243. 

Neuchatel, Switz., annexed to Ger., 7993; 
treaty, 8193; reconquered ; Prus. rights, 
8211; ceded to Fr.; canton; joins Act 
Mediation, 11382 ; free from Prus., 11383. 

Neue (Interred ungen issued, 7991 . 

Acerra Philohjira issued, 7991. 

Zeitimqvn voii //e/el/rteit Sac ken, 7991 , 

Neuhof, Baron, Th'eodor von, b., 7982; K. 
of Corsica, 6993; d., 8023. 

Neukomm, Chevalier Sigismund von, b., 
8042; d., 8201. 

Neumann, Baron, intro. waltz, 9372. 

, Johann N., d., 1861. 

, Karl Friedrich, b., 8063; d., 8262. 

Neumark, Prus., battle at, 7121 . 

Neumeister, Erdmann, work, 7991 . 

Neunius, Hi.-ttori/ of Britons, 8443. 

Neurological Asso'., Am., org., 2901. 

Neusatz, Hung., editors duel, 5331. 

Neustria, It., ceded to Rollo, 6672. 

Neutrality, armed, announced, 11172. 

Act passed, 1053; Fr. and Eng., 1052; 

in Ky., Civil War, 195 1 ,2,3, 1932, 1982,3, 
1992,3; in Md., 1951 ; in Mo., 1961 1992, 
3; of Fr., 1972,8232; treaty, Belg.,5452; 
Fr. and U". S. A., 7353. 

proclamation, Mex., 1692. 

Neutrals protected, 1151. 

Neuville, Lemercier de, works, 7622. 

Nevada, silver dis., 1841; territory org., 
1931 ; Carson Citv. capital, 2013; Jas. W. 
Nye, gov., 2032; State Govt. Bill passes, 
2313; Meth. Epis. conf. org., 2332; State 
Constitutional Conven. meets, 2353; a d- 
.mitted, 2393, 2491; Henry G. Blaisdell, 
gov., 2413 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 2432 ; 
ttunnel undertaken, 243 3 ; gold and silver 



mines dis., 2491; boundary extended, 
2523; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572; personal 
tax, law unconstitutional, 2593; ratifies 
15th Amend., 2663; Luther R. Bradley, 
gov., 2772; State Univ. org., 2863; John 
H. Kinkead.gov., 3033; nickel dis. ,3121 ; 
JewettW.Adams.gov., 3153; C.C.Stev- 
enson, gov., 3293; storms, 3533; constitu- 
tion amended, 2972 ; Ross. K. Colcord, 
gov., 3991 ; State Univ. est. (1886) at 
Reno ; Dem. conv. favors silver coin- 
age ; Senator Jones asked to resign ; 
joins Populists, 4712. 

Nevada City, Cal., fire, 1693. 

City, Mo., miners' convention, 3113 ; 

insane asylum, 3272. 

Neve, Philippe de, gov., 791 . 

Nevesinje, uprising, 5281 . 

Nevile, Richard. (See Warwick, Earl of.) 

Nevill, Samuel T., elected bishop, 9742. 

Neville, George, degraded, 8643, 

Neville's Cross, Eng., battle of, 8581 . 

Nevin, John Williamson, b., 1102; d.,3223. 

Nevins, Mary A., gift to library, 3781 . 

, Miss, marriage of, 4022. 

— , N., d., 4521. 

Nevis, W. L, settled, 8832. 

Newabzunge, in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 

New Albany, Ind., DePauwlTiiiv.org., 2543; 
jail entered, 269 1 ; kidnapping fails, 4442. 

New Albion, la., R. R. accident, 3113. 

, N. J., land grant, 351. 

Newall, Robert Sterling, inv. telegraph 
cables, 950 1 ; telescope, 9741 . 

New Amstel, Del., Dutch church est., 383. 

New Amsterdam. (See New York.) 

Newark, Can., burned, 1203; Parliament 
meets, 5773. 

, Del., Delaware Coll. org., 2583, 2703. 

, Eng., R. R. collision, 9753. 

, Mo., Feds, defeated, 2102. 

, N. J., settled, 432; Presbyterian ch. 

opd.,422; Puritans possess, 433; popula- 
tion, 492; patent leather mfg., 126 1 ; Soc. 
Evangelization of World org., 1443; rnilk 
condensed, 1661 ; R. C. diocese est., 1723; 
Fairmount Cemetery incor., 1793; Sol- 
diers' Home est., 255 1 ; St. Benedict's 
College org., 2623; p. E. diocese org., 
2862; parochial schools order, 3522; Wes- 
ton's record, 2873; w. C. T. U. National 
Conven., 2943 ; State Normal Sc. opd., 
3023; Charity Org. Soc. fmd.,3091 ; Even- 
inn News issued, 3143; anarchists eel., 
3711 ; strike in thread mills, 3731 ; brew- 
eries bought, 3393,3433; bomb explosion, 
3933; Alfred Parkes sentenced, 4043; 
Alden Fales convicted, 408 2 ; Italian 
padrone arrested, 4122; Ger. Cath conf. 
opd., 4161 ; Irish- Am. encampment, 4323; 
Rus. Hebrews ill-treated, 4362; Am flag 
only, 4622; Christopher embezzlement, 
4631 ; train-plunderers, 4643; Frelinghuy- 
sen statue, 4681 ; garment-workers strike; 
tramps dispersed, 4722. 

Conf. Meth. Epis. org., 1782. 

New Athens, 0-, Franklin Coll. org., 1331 . 

New Bedford, Conn., free library, 1731 . 

, Mass., burned, 89i ; earthquake, 

3321 ; Borden murder trial, 4291 . 

and Taunton R. R,, 1513. 

Keirhrrn runs Peraiseif ashore, 2342. 

New Berne, N. C, Indian massacre, 581 ; 
N. C. Gazette issued, 712; captured, 2051 ; 
action, 2081, 230 1 ; Edward Stanley in, 
2093; Confederates attack, 216 1 . 

Newberry, S. C, college org., 1802. 

, John Stronu, b. (1822) ;" widow's gift, 

4282; d., 4181. 

Newborough, Baron, title created, 9172. 

New Bridge, Va., Confeds. defeated, 20S3. 

Brunswick, Can., Fr. possession, 721 ; 

first Bapt. ch. in Am., 723, .-,751 ; loyalist 
settlers arrive ; province of, 5772; Chris- 
tian Messenger, 5791 ; rejects confedera- 
tion, 5831; alleged sea-serpent, 5921; 
bishopric est., 94S3; Fenians raid, 2522. 

, N. J., headquarters » >f Howe, S6 2 ; 

railroad to Trenton, 1453; Peter Hert- 
zogTheolog. Hall (Itutger's Coll.) dedi- 
cated, 1802; Scientific School opd., 2503. 

Newburgh, N. Y., Washington's head- 
quarters, 943; train wrecked, 435 2 . 

, Earl of, title created, 8911 . 

Newbury, battle of, 8841 ,2. 

Newburvport, Mass, first woolen mill, 
1042; prints calico, 1061 ; fire, 1193. 

New Calabar, mission at, 11613. 

Caledonia, Jesuit missions in, 76 2 ; 



cable favored, 5013; se e est., 9803; Bp. 
Ridley elected, 9803. 

New Carthage, Ark., McClernand at, 2202. 

, Costa Rica, province est., G301 . 

, Sp., captured, 10542. 

Newcastle wrecked, 902 1 . 

Newcastle, Del., Are, 3913. 

on-Tyne, Eng , taken, 8481 ; coal dis., 

8521; St. Nicholas' church burned; coal 
digging est., 8533; St. Nicholas' rebuilt, 
8582; railway opd., 8781,8862; Courant, 
issued, 9043; mobs, 9051; Literary and 
Philosoph. Soc. fnd., 9271; Antiquarian 
Soc. est., 9362; r. Grainger erects mar- 
ket, 9481 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 9482, 9661 ; 
Grand Central Station built; bridge, high 
level, erected, 9541 ; Inst, of Mining En- 
gineers fnd.,9561 ; engineers strike, 975 2 ; 
Social Science Asso. meets, 9741 ; Coll. 
of Physical Science est., 9763; swing 
bridge complete,980i ; colliery explosion, 
9853; Bp. Pearson cons.; Bp. Wilberforce 
cons.; Technical Coll. inaug.,986 2 ; char- 
tered, 9893; Sanitary Inst, meets, 9901; 
distress of unemployed, 993i ; ironwork- 
ers strike, 9942; Victoria, launched; 
Royal Mining, Engineering, Industrial 
Exhib. opnd., 9961 ; Durham Coll. of 
Science est., 9981 ; Bp. T. W. Wilkinson 
cons., 9982; Trades' Union Cong, opens; 
Liberal Federation Cong., 10071 . 

, N. S. W., strikes, 5002; minerB in 

pit, 5013; Bp. Stanton cons., 10042. 

, Pa., Penn lands, 492; Chronicle is- 
sued, 742 ; fire, 4773. 

, W. Australia, bishopric est., 9533. 

New Castle, Wash., striking miners under 
guard, 3871. 

, D. of, title created, 9112. (See Cav- 
endish and Pelham.) 

Newchwang mission, 6212, 6222; evacw 
ated, 6271. 

Newcomb, Harvey, b. (1803); d., 2272. 

, Richard S., d., 3881 . 

, Simon, b., 1442; go ld medal, 284 1. 

Newcomen, Thomas, steam-engine; min- 
ing, 9022, 9202; atmospheric engine, 
9041; d., 9042. 

New Commission office, Eng., 8702. 

Concord, O., Muskingum College,149i . 

Newcross, R. R. collision, 9733. 

Newdegate, Charles, d., 9962. 

New Design, 111., Bapt. church imd., 1062. 

Ebenezer College fnd., Ga., 1782. 

Newell, John, pres. R. R., d., 4681 . 

, Samuel, b. (1785) ; miss, movement, 

117i;atCalcutta,119i;ord.,1183;d.(1821). 

, William Augustus, b. (1819); governor 

N. J., 1832,3052. 

New Empire, Egy., extended, 6492. 

England, Icelanders visit, lit ; plague 

visits, 13 3 ; fnd., 8802; Puritan emigra- 
tion prohibited, 8823; divided, 31 1 ; 
storm, 341 ; colonies refuse to unite, 371 ; 
advancement of; commerce restricted, 
372; prosperous; first confederate govt., 
373; Quaker persecution, 402,3; popu- 
lation, 412, 533, 673, 713; Eng. regicides 
arrive, 412; commissioners, 431 ; burden 
of war, 46i; postal system, 473; defense 
of frontier, 50i ; power of clergy limited, 
502; Fr. incursions, 521; whale fishery 
begins, 593; education, 723; prohibitory 
laws, 731 ; bill to restrain commerce, 
793; fleet destroyed, 903; dark day; 
wrought iron nails, 931; Historical Li- 
brary fnd., 1583; snowstorm, 1721 ; post 
office robberies, 4361 ; protection statis- 
tics, 4463. (See names of N. E. States.)- 

Association of Farmers, Me- 
chanics, etc., fmd., 1411 . 

Conservatory of Music, 2581, 2701. 

Order of Protection fnd., 3292. 

Women's Club org., 2651 . 

Neio England Courant, 603. 

Memorial, 44 3 . 

East India Co. (See East India Co.") 

Evangelical church est., 4742. 

Newfoundland, Norse colonies est., 113; 

Dutch in; Cortereal visits, 123; dis., 
5701 ; Portuguese fisheries, 173; Bretons 
visit, 163; fish in shoals, 182; fisheries 
used, 193, 579i ; attention in Pari., 23*; 
Gilbert lands, 25 2 ; Concepcion Bay col- 
ony, 291; settled, 8832; fish prepared, 
352; a royal province, 423; Courcelles, 
gov., 432'; Placentia Bay colony fmd., 
412; Eng. get, 5752; diocese est., 578 s ; 
fisheries, G. B. claims, 9573; Electric 



1348' 



Text Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. NeWS-Newm. 



Telegraph Co., chartered, 11032; n. F., 
N. x., and. London Telegraph Co. org., 
1753; Atlantic cable laid, 1853; declines 
Can. union, 5832, 5951 ; cable toN. York, 
2893; Bp. Jones elected, 9803; Lieut. 
Greely leaves, 3001 ; gov't protest, 10033; 
fisheries Fr., modus rirciidi, 7G1* ; dispute 
submitted to arbitrator, 7G12 ; fisheries 
agreement of Fr. and Eng., 10052,3; ar- 
bitration, 592'' ; conven. protested, 5923 ; 
Bait Act unconstitutional, 10073 ; Fish- 
eries Law; David Crockett seized, 3693. 

New School Society org., 941 1 . 

France, [Canada], eons., 202; first set- 
tlement, 5711 ; vice-royalty, 5712; gov't; 
royal province, 5732. (See Canada.) 

Ger. People's Party, manifesto, 5312. 

Glasgow, Eastern Chronicle, 5791 . 

Granada, dis., 151 ; visited, 162; a 

vice-royalty, 592; conquered, 6281; re- 
public fnid., 6283. (See Colombia, pp. 
628, 629.) 

Guinea, annexation; Ger. opposes an- 
nexation, 4992; colonization fails, 8372; 
Brit, protectorate, 9932. 

Newhall, Fales H., b., 1342. 

New Halle, So. Afr., mission, 11241 . 

New Hampshire, instruction vessel, 4361 . 

New Hampshire, religious tolerance, 301 ; 
land patent, 311 ; land grants, 323; first 
Cong, minister, 322; named, 331,432; 
unites with Mass., 372; separated from 
Mass., 473, 532, 653; John Cutts, gov.; 
Mason claims worth less, 473; revoltsin, 
49 2 ; Indians attack, 50i ; reannexed to 
Mass., 513; land speculators, 523; inn- 
keepers fined, 543; Bellamont in author- 
ity; intemperance fined, 551; land dis- 
putes, 672; Mesheck "Weare, pres. of 
Council, (1775); John Langdon, gov. 
(1785), (1788), 1133, 1171 ; John Sullivan, 
gov. (1786); Josiah Bartlett, gov. (1790), 
1051 ; ratifies the Constitution, 101 1; 
JohnT. Gilman, gov., 1053, 1213; first 
cotton mill at New Ipswich, 1121 ; Gen. 
Congregational Asso. org., 1163; Jere- 
miah Smith, gov., 117 2 ; Wm. Plumer, 
gov., 1192, 1252; Sam. Bell, gov., 1273; 
Levi Woodbury, gov., 1313; David L. 
Morrill, gov., 133 2 ; Gen. Conf. Free 
Will Baptist fmd., 1343; Benj. Pierce, 
gov., 1353, (1829); John Bell, gov., 
1373; Matt. Harvey, gov., 1392; Jos. 
M. Harper, gov., 1393 ; Sam. Dins- 
moore, gov., 1393, 1671; Meth. Epis. 
Confer, org. ; Univ. State Conven. 
org., 1402; W. Badger, gov., 1452; Isaac 
Hill, gov., 1472; liquor license optional, 
1492; John Paige, gov., 1512; Henry 
Hubbard, gov., 1553; John H. Steele, 
gov., 1592; Anthony Colby, gov., 1613; 
ten hours legal labor day, 1622; Jared 
W.Williams, gov., 1633; Noah Martin, 
gov., 1712; Nathan. B. Baker, gov., 1772, 
Ralph Metcalf, gov., 1792; Wm. Haile, 
gov., 1S32; -Ichabod Goodwin, gov., 1871 ; 
1st regt. vols, leaves, 1943 ; Concord 
burned, 2013; Nathan. S. Berry, gov., 
2032; Unit. Asso. org., 2191; Jos. A. 
Gilmore, gov. ,2203; ratifies l.;th Amend., 
2432; Fred. Smyth, gov., 2511; ratifies 
14th Amend., 2532 ; Walter Harriman 
gov., 2593; ratifies 15th Amend., 2672; 
Onslow Stearns, 2693; Compulsory Edu- 
cation Law effective, 2763; Jas. A. Wes- 
ton gov., 2772, 2873; Ezekiel Stra\v,gov., 
2811 ; Atlantic cable landed, 2853; Person 
C. Cheney, gov., 2912; 12 constitutional 
amends, adopted; Benj. F. Prescott, 
gov., 2973; dry fog, 3033; Nathan. Head, 
gov., 3083; Chas. H. Bell, gov., 3093; 
Sam. W.Hale, gov., 3152; Moody Currier, 
gov., 3233; Chas. H. Sawyer, gov., 3293; 
7 constitutional amendments adopted; 
prohibition liquor traffic rejected, 3362; 
decision against licenses, 343 1 ; David 
H. Goodell, gov., 3492; Soldiers' Home 
est., 3511; Franconia State Park pro- 
posed, 3521 ; Agri, Coll. fnd.,3542; J.M. 
Fletcher nom. gov., 369i ; lower house re- 
sents senate, 3732; legislature obstruct- 
ed, 3731, 3811; Local Option Bill re- 
jected, 3812; Lahor Day, legal holiday, 
3983; Hiram A. Tuttle, gov., 3991; 
Luther F. Mc Kinney, nom. for gov., 
4151 ; statue appropriation, 4273; John 
B. Smith, gov., 4471 ; forest fires, 4712,3. 

■ Harmony, Ind., est., 1243, 1331 . 

Haven, Conn., purchased; settled, 



353; religious toleration, 343, 353; colo- 
nies unite, 373, 432; Epis, Soc. fmd. ,563; 
Conn. Gazette, issued, 712; N. H. Post- 
Boy issued, 743; Brit, seize, 84 i; Tryon 
takes, 902; incor., 973; Religious Tract 
Soc. org., 1142; Female Miss. Soc. org., 
1191 ; carriages muf., 1331 ; foreign mis- 
sion school est., 1263; 2d centennial, 
1493; New Enylander appears, 1563; 
Am. CJi. Review appears, 1642; Evergreen 
Cemetery est., 1673; water supply est., 
2033; News issued. 3023; James Malley 
acquitted, 310 2 ; Congregational Club 
fmd, 3162; Osborne Hall ded.,3503; R. 
C. school-books, 3722; Antigone per- 
formed, 3801 ; engineers refuse strike; 
railroad wrecks, 3991; mnfs. combine, 
4133; Am. Inter. Sem. Alliance, 4421 ; 
Chinese gamblers, 4531. (New Haven 
colony, see Conn. See Yale University.) 

New Haven, Pa., Hoy family murder, 4303. 

Hebrides, convention signed, 7563; 

Fr. declines annexation, 7592; conven- 
tions, 9973. 

— - Holland, named, 4933. 

Inn Hall chartered, 8602. 

New Ironsides completed, 2171 . 

New Jerusalem, Gen. Conven. meets, 1362, 
1422, 1442, 1462, 14S3 ( 1503, 1523, 154a, 
1563, 1582, 1603, 1623, 1642, 1662, 16S3, 
1702, 1722, 1702, 1782, 1821, 1842,3, 
1881, 2092, 2352, 2482, 2522, 2562, 2662, 
2702, 2742, 2782, 2821, 2882, 2942, 2983, 
3002, 3063, 3102, 3123, 3202, 3223, 3262, 
3302,3403, 3602,4062,4302,4621; Urbana 
University org., 1703. 

centenary eel., Eng., 990 2 . 

.Missionary Society org., 9411. 

New Jersey burns, 179 a . 

New Jersey, land grant, 331 ; Puritans in; 
intemperance lined, 423; named; sepa- 
rated from N. Y., 431 ; p. Carteret, gov., 
431,471; immigration encouraged; pat. 
for land ; lands distributed; Puritans 
land grant; constitution adopted, 432; 
Conn, colonists in, 433 ; colonists refuse 
rent, 45 1 ; name changed; Dutch rule, 
452; Edmund Andros, gov., 453, 511 ; 
laws perfected ; liquor forbidden to In- 
dians, 471 ; divided, 47 2 ; Quakers in ; 
Governor Cartaret arrested, 473, 482 ; 
tribute from, 47 3 ; Edward Byllinge, 
governor (1679) ; Sam. Jennings, deputy 
governor of West J., 473 ; claim relin- 
quished; General Sessions meets ; Penn's 
purchase confirmed, 49 1 ; Robt. Bar- 
clay, gov., of East J.; Thomas Rudyard, 
deputy ; Gawen Lawrie, gov. East J. ; 
Thos. Olive, dep. gov. West J. (1684) ; 
Scotch immigration, 492 ; John Skeine, 
gov. West J., 493 ; Lord Neill Campbell, 
Sep. gov. East J., 503 ; Andrew Hamil- 
ton, dep. gov. East J., 511, 532, 552; 
Dan. Coxe, gov. West J. ; gov't surren- 
dered, 5H ; offered for $25,000, 8953 ; no 
govt., 51 2 ; John Tatham, gov. East J. ; 
Edward Hunloke, dep. gov., West J. 
(1690); Col. Jos. Dudley, gov. East J.; 
proprietors gov. West J. (1691) ; print- 
ing forbidden ; first Epis. Church, 543; 
toleration granted, 542 ; Jer. Basse, gov., 
55i ; Andrew Bowne, dep. gov. East J. 
(1G99) ; royal province; Edward Hyde, 
Lord Cornbury in, 55 2 ; Lord Lovelace, 
Rich. Ingoldsby, Robt. Hunter, govs. ; 
paper money issued, 573 ; Wm. Burnet, 
gov., 593 ; JohnMontgomerie, gov., 613 ; 
Lewis Morris, pres. of council (1731); Wm. 
Crosby, gov. (1732) ; petition for separa- 
tion, 613 ; negro burnt alive, 631 ; John 
Anderson, pres. of council, 632 ; John 
Hamilton, pres., 633, 672 ; separate col- 
ony ; Lewis Morris, gov., 652; Coll. of 
N. J., chartered, 663. (See Princeton 
Univ.) John Reading, pres., 672, 713 ; 
Jonathan Belcher, gov., 672 ; popula- 
tion, 673 ; Francis Bernard, gov., 713 j 
Thos. Boone, gov. ; Josiah Hardy, gov., 
732; William" Franklin, governor 733 ; 
British abandon posts, 85 1, 863 ; Wil- 
liam Livingstone, governor, 853, ms ; 
signs Articles of Confederation, 91 3 ; 
William Patterson, gov. (1790); rati- 
fies Federation < 'onsti tut ion, 1003 ; Rich. 
Howell.gov., 1053; Jos. Bloomfield.gov.; 
Aaron Ogden, gov., 1193 ; Wm. S. Pen- 
nington, gov., 1213, 1492 ; Mahlon Dick- 
erson, gov. ; Isaac H. Williamson, gov., 
1252 ; patent leather mfg., 1261 ; Morris 



Canal begun, 1333 ; Peter D. Yroom, 
gov., 1373, 1433 ; Geo. W. Doane, cons. 
P. E. bp., 1402 ; Sam. L. Southard, gov.„ 
1412 ; N. Y. boundary fixed, 1432 ; Elias 
P. Seeley, gov., 1433 ; m. E. Conf. fmd. r 
146 2 ; Philemon Dickerson, gov., 1472 • 
Dan. Haines, gov., 1572, 1052 ; Chas. C. 
Stratton, gov., 1592 ; Geo. F. Fort, gov., 
1092 ; N. Y. and Erie R. R. in J. City, 
1733; Rodman M. Price, gov., 1772; 
Win.A Ncwe.ll, gov., 1832 ; eonservative 
on secession, 1891; Chas. S. Olden, gov., 
1903 ; vols, go to war, 1942 ; prepares 
for civil war, 195 1 ; passes peace resolu- 
tions, 2192 ;doel Parker, gov., 2293,2811 ; 
rejects 13th Amendment, 2432 ; Marcus 
L. Ward, gov., 2")53 ; ratifies 14thAmend- 
ment, 255 2 ; withdraws ratification of 
14th Amendment, 2612, 2G3i ; Congrega- 
tional Asso. org., 2662; Theo. F. Ran- 
dolph, gov., 2693 ; refuses to ratify 15th. 
Amendment, 2711; free school system 
intro., 2742; Afr. Meth. Epis. conf. fmd., 
2782; Evan. Luth. synod org., 2802; 
General R. R. Law passes, 2853; compul- 
sory education laws, 2863 ; Jos. D. Bedle, 
gov., 2912 ; Asylum for Insane opd.,, 
2923 ; Constitutional amendments rati- 
fied, 2892 ; state Board of Health org., 
2972; Geo. B. McClellan, gov., 3012; 
State Normal School opd., 3023; Geo. C. 
Ludlow, gov., 3093 ; Leon Abbett, gov., 
3193 ; storm, 3201 ; school for deaf mutes- 
opd., 3231; Labor Day est., 3291; Robt. 
S. Green, gov., 3293 ; Hunterdon Co., 
anti-license, 3332 ; Ballot Reform Bill 
passes; Re-districting II ill passes, 3391; 
Breweries liought, 3393 ; Leon Abbett, 
gov., 3451, 375i ; E. B. Grubb, nom. for 
gov., 3451 ; Local Option and High Li- 
cense repealed, 351 1 ; election frauds in 
Hudson Co., 3523, 3551, 3591 ( 3711 ? 3871 
4083,4211; E. F. Donald unseated, 3592; 
glass-makers strike, 3523 ; Agri. College 
est., 3542 ; Industrial Senate find., 3551; 
Anti-Race-Track Bill, 3551; legal state 
senate, 4532; strike, 3643, 3883; Judi- 
ciary Revision Conven., 4052,4fi'3i; free 
schools, 3743 ; Excise Boards new power, 
381 1 ; Congressional Reapportionment 
Bill signed, 3832; Pool -sellers Act uncon- 
stitutional, 3951 ; Half-Holiday Bill en- 
acted, 39S3 ; Australian Election System 
Bill, 3992; race-track bills, 4012, 4242, 
4251 , 4271 ,4491 f 4552 ; Thos. J. Kennedy, 
nom. for gov., 4132; John Kean, Jr., 
nom. for gov. ; George T. Werts, nom. 
gov., 4151,4471; Central R.R. withdraws 
fromReading,4213;ParochialSchoolBill,. 
4262 ; County Excise Law unconstitu- 
tional, 443 1 ; Gerrymander Act unconsti- 
tutional, 443i , 4592 ; Lehigh Valley R. R. 
strike, 4442; Dem. Senators org., 4491; 
Senate divided, two bodies, 449 1,2, 3; 
4512, 4551 ; senators appeal to governor ; 
4493; decision for senate, 455 1 ; female 
suffrage, 4553 ; Rep. election victories, 
4572 ; Central Traction Co., file papers : 
wrecks on coast, 4573 ; Pool-selling and 
Book-making Bill, 4592 ; reform bills 
vetoed, 461 1 ; robbers den found, 4623 ; 
forest fires, 464 1 ; boycotting illegal , 4793 . 

New, John C, b., 1482. 

Lanark, Scot., infant schools, 9383. 

Newlands, F. G., b., 1641 . 

" New Laws " enacted, Peru, 231 . 

New Lebanon, N. H., Shakers in, 982,3. 

Liberty, Ky . , Concord Coll. org. , 2623 . 

Lights, laws against, 65 1 . 

Lisbon, O., Morgan captured, 2261 . 

London, Conn., settlement of, 392; 

missionaries, 542; press set up, 57 1 ; Brit, 
burn, 942 ; incorporated, 973 ; whale 
fishery, 1293; Groton monument, 1381; 
C. F. Hall sails north, 1861 ; Rom. Cath. 
summer school opd., 4122 ; Viking ship 
arrives, 4332. 

, Pa., Old Side Academy est., 663. 

Madrid, Mo., State independence de- 
clared, 1992 ; occupied, 2043. 

Newman, Francis, gov. Conn., K2;d. (1660). 

, William, b., 9323. 

, John Henry, b.,9303; card, priest, 

9842 ; works, 9463, 0543, 9GS3, 9743 ; d., 
10041. 

, Philip, b., 1342 ; bishop, 3302. 

Newmarket, Eng., racing intro., 8931 . 

New Market, Va., Federals routed, 2333. 

Bridge, Va., action at, 2021 . 



^Newm-Newy. 



Text Figures denote Page- INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1349 



New Jfemoirs or' Lift -rntitre issued, 907 1 . 

JSTew Mexico, 'Zuiii visit, 202 ; dis., 243 ; 
revolts, 491 ; uprising of Mex.; 6 Ams. 
killed, 1632 ; treaty of Guadalupe Hi- 
dalgo, 1633 ; territory org., 1G7 2 ; James 
S. Calhoun, gov., 1692 ; Col. E. V. Sum- 
ner, acting gov. ; John Griener, acting 
for. (1852) ; Wm. Carr Lane, gov., 1712 ; 
olon Borland, gov.; David Merri wether, 
gov.,1743; W.H. H.Davis, gov. (lS57);Ahr. 
Rencher, gov., 1832 ; Henry Connelly, 
gov., 2032 ; Confeds. occupy, 2043; Win. 
F.N.Arny, gov., '2593; Kobt. B.Mitchell, 
gov., 251 1 ; peonage abolished, 2562 ; at- 
tached to U.S., 26M; Wm. A. Pile gov., 
2693 ; common schools est., 2763 ; Marsh 
Giddings, gov., 2772 ; home missions, 
2903 ; Wm. D. Ritch, acting gov. (1875) ; 
Sam. B. Axtell, gov., 2951 ; disorders ar- 
rested, 2992- Utes expelled, 2991 ; Jesuit ' 
fathers defeated ; Lewis "Wallace, gov., 
3012; Univ. of N.M.opd., 3082; Lionel A. 
Sheldon, gov. ,3132; Industrial Schoolest. 
at Santa Fe\ 319i ; Indians trouble, 3201 ; 
school for deaf mutes, 3231 ■ Admission 
Bill in Cong., 337 1 ; constitution adopted, 
-3452,3693; Edmund G. Ross, gov. (1885); 
L. Bradford, Prince, gov., 3492; State 
Univ.; School of Mines, Agri. Coll. est., 
350 2 ; drought in, 3621; constitution 
amendments, 3672; disorderly persons 
proclaimed, 3992 ; High-license Law 
enacted, 3983; forest preserve est., 3993; 
fossils found, 406i ; Admission Billpasses, 
4032, 409 1 ,447 1 ,465 1 ; telegraphers strike, 
4171 ; w. T. Thornton, gov., 4472 ; Peralta 
grant claim, 4553. 

New Monthly Magazine issued, 9371 . 

Netherlands. (See New York.) 

Newnham Coll., Cambridge, opened, 9803. 

New Orange [Albany], N. Y., named, 453, 

New Orleans burned, 1013. 

New Orleans, La., fnd., 592; Ursulinenuns 
in, 60s ; Ger. settle, 61 1; Fr. authority, 
612; Sp. possesses, 74' ; first drama, 1021 ; 
R. C. diocese est.. 1043 j negro insurrec- 
tion, 1161 ; Gen. Jackson in ; battle of, 
1223 ; banks suspend, 1233 ; first P. E. 
■church opd. at, 1243; yellow fever, 127 3 , 
1333, 1733, 1752, 2593 steamer line toN. 
Y., 1293; Centenary Coll. est., 1323 ; N. 
O. Bee appears, 135 1 ; cholera rages, 1413; 
Tulane Univ. org., 1431; branch mint 
est., 1452 ; N. 0. Picayune issued, 1471 ; 
Coll. of Immaculate Conception org., 
1551 ; Marquette burns, 1593 ; De Bow's 
Commercial Review appears, 1611 ; floods, 
1641, 1673; sight steamboats burned. 
1693; riotoverCubanexped., 1703; Asso. 
of Science org., 1721 ; disorder rules, 183 2 ; 
Sumter runs blockade, 1962 ; under C. 
martial law, 2001 ; Manassas strikes 
Richmond, 200 1 ; blockaded, 2021; Feds, 
capture, 2062, 3 ; Gen. Butler's offensive 
orders, 2072, 2142; recorder and chief of 
police arrested, 2081 ; aversion to Butler, 
2083 ; State conven. meets, 2313 ; Webb 
captured, 2462; Republicans massacred ; 
constitutional convention, 2523 ; Gen. 
Sheridan's military dist., 257 2 ; colored 
judge presides, 25S3; shivery prohibited, 
2592 ; Straight Univ. org., 2662 j Leland 
Univ. fnd., 270 3 ; R. R. bonds granted 
to, 2711; new charter, 2733 ; Mechanics 
Inst, seized, 2772 ; Exposition Park pur- 
chased, 2773 ; Southwestern Christian 
Advocate est. ; Univ. of, fnd., 2822; and 
org., 3003 ; rival factions, 2x:J2 ; Oarroll- 
ton annexed, 2873 ; state offices surren- 
dered, 2951 ; City Item issued, 2963; The 
States issued ; Southern Univ. opd., 3043; 
Southern Academic Inst, opd., 30S 2 ; 
strike, 3083; Charity Or^tnization Soc. 
org., 3151; Tulane' Univ. opd., 31S3 ; 
World's Cotton Exposition, 3193,3213 ; 
Normal School est.,3u23; school for deaf 
mutes, 3251 ; Evening News issued, 3502; 
Anti-Lottery League org., 3523 ; Con- 
fed. Memorial Day, 3551 ; Anti-Lottery 
League, State conven. ; Hennessy shot, 
3703; assassins found guilty, 372*2 ; ac- 
quitted, 3S02; cotton firm fails, 3733; yew 
Delta issued, 3742 : Mardi Gras festival, 
3763 ; bribery of jurors, 3802 ; mo b kills 
Italians, 3802, 40.13; O'Malley accused of 
bribery, 3S03; lynching; despatch, 381 1 ; 
lynchers' 'prosecution demanded, 3812 ; 
Italian diplomacy, 3813,10902; lottery 
charter, 3823; Bernard Glaudi convicted; 



jury bribery, 3831 ; oath-bound societies, 
3832; Italian consul offends, 3S5 2 ; anti- 
lottery campaign, 3803 ± ; Fourth of July 
eel. ,3871 ; Garcia, embezzler, 3942; War- 
mouth faction, 4002; fire, 4033, 4053, 
4352,4593; Conven. United Confed. vet- 
erans, 4043 ; rice trust, 405 3 ; Hennessy 
monument, 4061 ; Sullivan-Corbett fight, 
4143 ; general strike, 418 2 ; Nicaragua 
Canal Conven. ; street railways pur- 
chased, 4193 ; Sunday laws enforced, 4222 ; 
strike order unlawful, 4263 ; R. C. cen- 
tennial, 4282; crevasse, 4313, 4332,3; 
Jeff. Davis's body removed, 4313 ; ne- 
groeslynched ; colored people protected, 
4382; Maria trouble, 4443; Italian lynch- 
ing decision, 4612 ; bribery of Callahan, 
4622 ; sugar-planters anti-Dem., 4691 , 
4712 ; bribery indictments ; Louis Des- 
forges, bribery ; Numa Douboussat, bri- 
bery, 4702 ; Fitzpatrick impeachment 
suit, 4703 ; R. r. collision, 4733 ; race 
troubles, 4753; Knights of Labor protest, 
4762 ; Exhibition Kill passed, 3172. 

New Party issued, 10002. 

New Plymouth, N. Z., founded, 11032, 

Newport, Eng., chartist rioters, 9511 ; dock 
laborers strike, 10031; colliery explo- 
sion, 10033 ; tank explodes, 10073 ; Arch- 
bp. Hedley cons., 9742. 

— — , R. I., harbor inspected, 191; civil 
govt, est., 353; Rapt, church find., 362,3; 
settled, 372 j Seven Day Bapt. ch. fmd., 
422; Jewish worship, 522; p. E. ch. fmd., 
542 ; p. e. missionary at, 562 ; Baptist 
Asso. fmd., 603; R. J. Gazette, 631; 
slaves iu, 733 ; artillery seized, 781 ; 
threatened, 803 ; Fr. fleet at, 883,921; 
torpedo school est. at, 268i ; Farmer's in- 
candescent lights made, 2901 ; fire at 
" The Breakers," 4193 ; Naval War Col- 
lege opened, 4621 . 

, Christopher, b. (1565) ; in Va., 261 , 3, 

273; deserts colonists, 272 ; d., 261 . 

, Lord. (See Robert Joselyn.) 

News, Va., action at, 2021 . 

New Providence, W. I., settled, 8832 ; 
taken, 821 . 

New Quarterly Review issued, Eng., 9583. 

Quarterly Magazine, Sng., 9783. 

Review issued, Eng., 3231 . 

New Reform Bill introduced, 9932, 

River, W. Va., action at, 2003. 

Bridge, Confeds. defeated, 2323. 

Rochelle, N. Y., Huguenots in, 513 ; 

race fight, 4703. 

Ross, Ire., action at, 9281 - f Boyd 

attack, 985i. 

Rugby, Tenn., inaugurated, 3043. 

San Gaty flies Confederate flag, 1953. 

Newsham, Richard, gift of, 9921 . 

New Soo Line opened, Canada, 5892. 

South Wales dis., 5722; Sydney Ga- 
zette est.; N. S. W Advertiser, 4941 ; first 
church fmd., 4942 ; an Eng. settlement 
at Botany Bay ; felons ; Fr. expedition ; 
immigration, 4943 ; border police ; com- 
mercial crises, 4953 : constitution fmd., 
4961 ; transportation of criminals to, 
ceases, 4903; separated, 497 1 ; new consti- 
tution ; nanhood suffrage, 497 2 ; first 
R. R., 4973 ; denominational schools un- 
aided, 4981 ; Royal Soc. est., 4981 ; R. R. 
connection complete, 4iMi3 ; floods, 5001 ; 
hurricane, 5001 ,5013 ; strike settled, 5003 ; 
yearly salaries, 5012 ; Bp. Barry cons., 
9362. 

Newspaper Libel Act passes, 989 1 . 

Publishers' Asso. Am. Convention, 

3362 3523, 3781 , 4n()3, 4242, 4521 , 4683. 

Newspapers, early, of U. S. A. 1st in 
Am., Public Occurrences, 503 ; Boston 
Gazette; Am. Weekly, Messenger, Phil., 
5S 3 ; New Eng. Courant, Boston; Md. 
Gazette, 003 ; Penn. Gazette, 611 - 
S. C. Gazette; Week/,/ Journal, N. Y., 
it criticizes govt., 623 ; p. J. Gazette ; 
Va. Gazette, 631 • Gen. Mag and, Histori- 
cal Chronicle, 1st literary journal, 651 ; 
Eve. Post, N. Y., 671 ; N. C. Gazette; 
Conn. Gazette; N. H. Gazette, 71 1 ; Pro- 
vidence Gazette, R. I. ; Ga. Gazette, 731 ; 
Conn. Courant, Hartford ; New Castle 
Chronicle, Pa., 742 ; y. y. Journal or 
Gen. Advertiser; Conn. Journal and N. 
Haven Post-Boy, 743 ; Albany Gazette, 
N. Y., 771; y, J. Gazette, Burlington, 
851; yt. Gazette, Brooklyn Hail Super- 
Extra Gazette, 95 2 ; 1st daily in Am., 



Penn Packet or Gen. Advertiser, Phila- 
971; Falmouth Gazette Me., 983 ; Lex- 
iugton Gazette, 991 ; The Sentinel of the 
N. W. Territory, Cinn. , Knoxv'dle Ga- 
zette, Tenn., 1043 ; Moniteur, La., 1063 ; 
sedition, laws against, 1091 ; Natchez Ga- 
zette, Tenn., llli . (See names of news- 
papers in their alphabetical place in 
index, also under names of towns where 
issued.) 

Newspapers, early, in Can.; 1st, Que. Ga- 
zette, 742. 

, France (see text, p. 689+) ; Eng. (see 

text, p. 878+) ; Ire. (see text, p. 896+). 

issued, Eng., 9003; printed by steam 

power, 9362. 

fined, France, 7393. 

injunctions, Ger., 831*. 

in U. S., 1391 ; in 1393, 4442. 

New Sweden fnd., 351 ; dissolved, 411 . 

Testament, in Indian language, 423 ; 

translation, 5502, 5523, 6211; published, 
Den., 6371 ; restricted, Eng., 8683. 

Tamil mission opened, 10483. 

Newton, Mass., first Bapt. Church fmd., 
663; Theological Inst, est., 1323; Con- 
gregational Club org., 3262. 

, Baron, title created, 10083. 

Butler, Ire., battle of, 8981. 

, Ephraim H., d., 2411 . 

, Heher, teachings opposed, 3842. 

, Sir Isaac, b., 8842 ; Differential Cal- 
culus, 8902; light; telescope; shape of 
earth, 8922; investigations ; gravitation, 
8941; Principia, 896 2 ; theory of tides, 
8961 ; in Royal Society, 8962, 9022; spec- 
trum, Optics, 9022; theory of fluids ; os- 
cillation of waves, 9041 ; d.,908i ; statue, 
9122, 9621. 

, Isaac, engineer, b., 1482. 

, John, b., 9062 ; d. (1807). 

, , Gen., b., 1303 ; dismissed, 2182. 

, B., assistant bishop of Va., 4602. 

, Bp. Thomas, b. (1704) ; leader, 921 1 ; 

d. (1782). 

Newtonia, Mo., action at, 2141; price de- 
feated, 2392. 

Newtown, Mass., hegun,332; synod meets, 
342 ; college at, 343. , 

Barry, Ire., riots, 9451 . 

, N. Y., settled, 393 ; Commissioner 

Krug, bribery, 4722. 

New Ulm, Minn., Indians attack, 2121 ; 
cyclone, 3081 . 

West Education Commis. org., 2983. 

Westminster, Can., R. C. diocese est., 

5902; fire, 5912, 5932; see est.; Bp. Sil- 
litoe elected, 9803. 

Wilmington, Pa., Westminster Coll. 

organized, 1723. 

Windsor College organized, 1571. 

New York, cruiser, launched, 3961 . 

New York City (Manhattan), Spaniards 
visit; also Verazzano (?) and Gomez, 
191 ; Hudson visits, 261 ; Under the 
Dutch : Dutch arrive ; erect huts ; est. 
trading-post, 29 1 ; John Smith subdues 
the Dutch ; Dutch build fort ; build the 
Onrust, 281; Sam. Argall destroys the 
post (?) ; New Netherland chartered ; 
settlement est., 291 ; Walloons arrive; 
Lutheran worship est., 30 1 ,2, 31 1 ; under 
Dutch West India Co., 303; Walloon col- 
ony arrive, 31i , 2 ; civil gov't est.; Cor- 
nelius May, gov., 312; first white child 
b.,303, 312'; Wm. Verhulst, gov. N.Neth.; 
Peter Minuet, gov.; j. ays .?24 for Manhat- 
tan Island, 31 2 ,3; friendly with Puri- 
tans, 313; 1st Dutch minister; Refmd. 
Dutch church est.; Presb. church est., 
30 2 ; fur trade flourishes; charter of 
privileges, patroons like lords of Eur., 
270 people, 313; houses, 30 3 ; manors 
created ; southern coast and Staten Isl- 
and purchased, 33i; Charles I., Eng., 
claims N. Neth., 333; Fort Amsterdam 
begun, 321 ; 2d Dutch minister arrives ; 
church built, 322; Wouter van Twiller, 
gov., 333; pulpit politics, 343; brandy 
distilled on Staten Island, 352; William 
Kieft, gov., 353; De Vries settles Staten 
Island, 37 2 ; Indians abused, war follows ; 
stone tavern built, 361 ; stone church 
built, 363; friendly Indians massacred, 
371 ; 1st representative assembly, 372; 
Francis Doughty, Presb., preaches ; Ger. 
Lutherans arrive, 363; city hall built, 
373; treaty with Indians; 100 citizens, 
361 , 373 ; peace thanksgiving, 363; 



1350 



Text Figures denote Page, ll\l-)xl*X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



New York. 



"Breucklyn" chartered; Peter Stuy- 
vesant gov.; slaves iiitro., 391 ; "Wall 
[St.] built across island against Indians, 
381 j incorporated ; municipal gov't est., 
393; war with Swedes (Del.); Indians 
rise, 40* ; Jews may settle ; intolerance ; 
only Dutch worship allowed ; Jews to 
worship privately, 40 1 ; minister Goet- 
water in, 402; streets paved and wind- 
mill built, 401; Eng. take, 421 , 453; 
Under the English : liquor traffic reg- 
elated, 423; population 10,000,432; Luth- 
erans may worship privately ; 1st church 
in Brooklyn, 422; Thos. Willett first 
mayor, 432, ( S ee text, alternate years 
for other mayors) ; Eng. oppress the 
Dutch; tyranny of Gov. Lovelace, 433; 
Rev. Jacob Fabric us in, 422; merchants 
meet daily, 45 - 1 ; May races, 453; Ger. 
Luth. church built; Eng take, 443; 
monthly mail to Boston, 453 ; Dutch cap- 
ture, renamed New Orange, restore, 
441,452,3; 1st Epis. service, 4G3; slaves 
at $150 47i; trade becomes free, 491; 
Huguenot Presb. church est.; Jesuit 
Fathers arrive; R. Cath. worship, 482; 
toleration for Christians ; assenibly 
meets, 49 2 ; chartered, 503; joy over Eng. 
revolution ; feud of factions ; Capt. Leis- 
ler assumes govt.; committee of safety, 
51 2 ; 1st colonial congress of governors ; 
Capt. Leisler and Milborne hanged, 513; 
episcopacy rejected ; toleration granted, 
522; whipping-post, pillory, and duck- 
ing stool est., 531; episcopacy est. by 
law, 522,3; printing intro., 523; Refmcl. 
Prot. ch. incorp. ; 1st synagogue; (1st) 
Trinity Ch., 523 ; (j,000 citizens, 533, 
553 ; A.D. 1700+; night watch est.; 
Capt. Kidd in, 543; lantern-lighted, 553; 
1st public library in Am., 542; 1st ap- 
propriation for cleaning streets £20 
(1690) ; pestilence, 55 3 ; Kings [Columbia] 
Coll.; King's Farm granted to Trinity 
Church, 543, 691 , 712, 731 ; Presb. minis- 
ters arrested, 563; gov. bribed; Luth. 
church est.; slave market ; Trinity Sch. 
est., 57 2 ; Baptist preaching intro'., 57' ; 
negro plot to burn, 583, Win. Tennent 
arrives ; Presb. church org., 58 2 ; first 
Bapt. church org., 602; N. Y. Gazette 
first paper; many Jews come, 603; Benj. 
Franklin in, 611; new charter, 613; i a t 
fire engines, department org.; Boston 
stage, 63 ; Weekly Journal, 623, editor 
Zenger imprisoned 031,3; fire in fort, 
6t3 N i "Gazette zt Wr'kly Post-bcy 
negro conspiracy to burn, 65 2 ; John 
Cruger, mayor, 652, 713 ; Evening Post, 
671; Nassau St- Theater, 66 1 ; Inde- 
pendent Reflector, M> rcury, and Pacquet ; 
Society Library, 69 1 ; 2d Nassau St. 
Theater,6Si , 703; King's College begun, 
712; population 12,000, 713; i s t Metho- 
dist arrives ; clergy in politics ; 1st Bap- 
tist church org., 723; ferry to N. J., 733; 
Eng. preaching in Dutch churches, 741 ; 
Constitutional Gazette, 751 ; Anti-Stamp 
Act Cong.; Sons of Liberty, 752; Metho- 
dism intro.; John St. Theater est., 742; 
flag-pole cut down ; express to Phila., 2 
days, 753; Chronicle, N. Y. Journal or 
Gen. Advertiser, 743; j G hn St. Meth. 
church dedicated, 762; Chamber of Com- 
merce fnd.; George III. statue, 773; 
liberty-pole cut, 772; McDougal impris- 
oned, 77 3 ; tea ship sent back, 783; favors 
cong., 793; War of Revolution: 
Tories mobbed; Riving/on's Gazetteer's 
office wrecked, 81 1 ; Colonial Assembly 
ends Tories ascendant, 812,823; Ams, 
occupy, 82 1; Washington arrives ; Gen, 
Howe in hay, 822; Tory conspiracy 
Brit, land on Staten Island, 823, 84 1 
Gov. Tryon retires to war vessel, 83' 
plot to k. Washington ; hydrant water 
introduced, 833; British land on Long 
Island; battle of Long Island; Wash- 
ington retreats, S4i ; British enter ; 
battle of Harlem Heights; Nathan Hale 
banged; royalist corps raised, 842; 
Washington crosses Hudson River ;Brit. 
take Fort Washington, 843; jr. Y. Pac- 
quet, Am. Advertiser, John Englishman; 
King's Coll. a hospital, 85 1 ; pardon of- 
fered rebels, 852,3; conf. with Howe; 
great fire, Trinity Church burned, 853; 
Ams. raid Staten Island, 87'; Riving- 
ton's N. T. Royal Gazette issued, Brit. 



troops leave for West Indies, 89 1, 
for Ga., 901 ; Fort Mcintosh built ; Ethan 
Allen welcomed; Brit, winter in, 911 ; 
Benedict Arnold's proclamation ; loyal- 
ists org., 933; Brit, peace commissioner 
arrives, 953; Brit, evacuate; Washing- 
ton enters; Am. army disbands, 9C ; 
Under Americans: Presb. churches 
restored, 962; i s t Prot. Epis Conven. 
meets diocese of N. Y., 963; King's Col- 
lege changed to Columbia, 971 ; 11th 
Continental Cong, opens, 973; John St. 
Theater reopened; Contrast, Gamester, 
played, 981 ; St. Peter's, first R. C. ch., 
982; Am. Epis. church separates ; Daily 
Advertiser; free colored schools, 983; 
Manumission Soc; Tammany Soc. org., 
991, 1003: 12th Continental Cong., 991, 
13th C. Cong., 992, 14th, 993; mo b de- 
stroys printing-office, 1003; 1st dentist's 
office est., 1001 ; A r . Y, Mag. and Liter- 
ary Repository, Independent Journal, Ar- 
gus or I )ail u Advertiser, Federalist, 10l)2; 
U.S. Gazette; An ti- Federal mob, 1003; 
last Continental Congress ; 1st Federal 
Cong.; capital of U. S. A., 1011 ; Wash- 
ington inaug celebration, 101 2 ; Castle 
Williams built, 1021 ; 2d Methodist 
church, 1023 ■ Congress removed to 
Phila., 1031 ,2; park project abandoned ; 
1st N.Y.bank est. ;yellowfever,1033, 1073, 
1133; steamboat built, J U4 2, 1ns 1 ; Minerva 
[Commercial Advertiser, 1083], 1043; col- 
ored Meth. ch.; 1st Miss. Soc. org. ,1063; 
Park Theater built, 1081 ; Meth.ch,Duane 
St., fmd., 1082; Monthly Mag. and Am. 
Review, 1091 ; A.D. 1800± : Brook- 
lyn Navy Yard est., 110 1 ; Am. Watch- 
man; Am. Citizen, 1103 \E veiling Post est., 
1111; city hall built, 1121, H82; Acad, 
of Fine Arts; Botanical Garden est., 
1121; Hfstorical Soc. inst.; labor strike, 
1131 ; Clermont, steamboat, first trip, 
1141 ; r. c. see erected ; Meth. Publish- 
ing House; Ladies'* Weekly Miscellany 
estt, 1143; steamboat Paragon built; 
Geo. F.Cook appears, HGi; Eng. used 
in Luth. church, 1163; great fire, 1173; 
Prot. Epis. Tract Soc. org., 1171 ; Liter- 
ary Miscellany est., 1191; first stereo- 
typing; N. Y. Tract Soc. org., 121 1 ; 
Brooklyn steam ferry, 1213; Fulton, 
frigate, launched, 1222; tf Y. Weekly 
Musi inn, 1232; chimnev-s weeps' cries 
forbidden; Peace Soc. fnd.; N. Y. Ma- 
rine Bible Soc. org., 125 1 ; Lyceum of 
Natural History inaug., 1261; hatters' 
union fmd., 1272; Gen. Montgomery 
buried, 127 3 ; Edmund Kean appears, 
1281; mariners' church dedicated, 128 2 ; 
Bethel Union org., 1283; Mercantile Li- 
brary fnd.; Apprentice Library fnd., 
1291; steamship line to New Orleans, 
1293; steam-power printing-press est., 
1301 j Albion ; Literary Review, 1311 ; Ob- 
server ; Christian Baptist; N. Y. Mirror, 
1312; steamer to Norfolk, 1313; A.D. 
1825+ : 1st opera ; homeopathy intro., 
1321 ; Sunday Courier; Lafayette visits, 
1331 ; boat arrives via Erie Canal, 1333; 
Acad. of Design, 134 1 ,2541 ; Edwin Forrest 
appears ; W. C. Muereadv appears, 1341 ; 
Air. Union Meth. church founded, 1343; 
Christian Advocate, 1351; Journal of 
< 'omnierce, 1351 , 14^3 ; Morning Enquirer, 
1351 ; varnish mnf., 1361 ; C'ourrier des 
Etats-Unis ; Quarterly Review; Noah's 
National Advocate, 137 1 ; Charles John 
Kean appears, 1381; Primitive Meth. 
church org., 138 3 ; Spirit of the Times, 
1391; high tariff conven.; Common 
Council divided, 1392; an omnibus ap- 
pears, 1393; Charles and Fanny Kemhlo 
appeal ; Ravel family appears, 1401 ; 
Knickerbocker Magazine; N. Y. Globe 
est., 1403 ; Asiatic cholera appears ; 
street railroad opd., 1413; operatic thea- 
ter opd.; Mechanics' Inst, est., 1421 ; 
Am. Monthly Magazine; Sun, and Jour- 
nal of Commerce est.; news by relays, 
1423;" New- Yorker Staats-Zeitung ; elec- 
tion riot, 1431 ; anti-abolition mob. 1433; 
mayors first elected by citizens, 1432; 
pins mnf., 1441 ; ,-jty missionaries ; N.Y. 
Herald, 1443 ; mechanics hold conven., 
1451; fire; cholera, 1453, 1673; Ellen 
Tree appears, 1461 ; N. Y. Express est., 
1463; flour riot, 147 1; Morse exhibits 
telegraph, 1481; N. Y. Review issued, 



1491 ; Croton Aqueduct, 1493, 1553, I653 r 
3633; Harlem R. R. tunnel ; mercantile 
failures, 1493; Evening Express, 1503; 
fire, 1513; earthquake; Fanny Elsler 
dances; Trinity Church erected; John 
Baldwin Buekstone appears, 1521 ; 2Yib~ 
une, 1523; George Vanderhoff appears; 
Philharmonic Soc. concert, 154 1 ; St 
John's College fnd.; Ger. Meth. church 
org. ,1543; Polka dance intro., 157 1 ; Anna 
Cora Mowatt appears ; Washington 
statue ; hydropathic establishment opd., 
1581 j Wesleyan Meth. org.; Five Points 
Mission org., 1582, 1741 j Swedish Mis- 
sion, 1582; Am. Review ; New Yorker Zei- 
tung est., 1583; fire, 1593; Washington 
monument, 1622 ; St. Francis Xavier 
Coll. org., 1631; w. C. Macready ap- 
pears, 1641; Hamburg-Am. line steam- 
ers est., 1G33; Coll. of City of N. Y. est., 
1642; Associated Press find., 1643; Cen- 
tury Club formed ; Astor Place riot, 
1643; Father Matthew in, 1651; park 
Theater burned ; Croton Aqueduct 
Bridge; Cypress Hill Cemetery est.; 
Calvary Cemetery opd.; gas in Brook- 
lyn, 1653; Jenny Lind sings ; F. B. Con- 
way appears, 100 1 ; VEco d Italia, 1062; 
Astor Library, 1063,1742,3023,3542; Hud- 
son River R.R. opd. ,1073; A.D. 1850+ : 
street explosion, 1673; Teresa Parodi 
appears; Lola Monte/, appears; Mme. 
Ponisi appears, 1681 ; R. C. archiepisco- 
pal see est.; Times est., 1683; Louis 
Kossuth in; Meth. Home opd., 1691; 
Erie R.R. opd.; schoolhouse panic, 1693; 
Central Park suggested, 1701; Y. M. C 
A. org., 1702; medal, to Henry Clay; 
Evergreen Cemetery est., 1712; Lutheran 
Cemetery est.; Bible House est., 1713; 
Henry Clay obsequies ; Thomas Kane's 
exped.; Wallaek's Theater opd.; Henri- 
etta Sontag appears, 1721 ; Frank Leslie's 
Illustrated est.; ( Upper est., 1731 ; Mer- 
cantile Library .Asso. fmd.; Manhattan 
Coll. est., 1731, 2252; banquet to John 
Mitchel ; charter changed, 1732; Great 
Bepuhlic burned; San Francisco sails ; 
Crystal Palace opd.; Clearing House 
est., 1733; Astor Library opd., 1742; Col. 
Loring murdered, 1743; firemen perish, 
1753; Mile Rachel appears; Acad, of 
Music op. 1., 1701 ;Dr. Kane returns; East 
River frozen, 1781 , 2573; Adelaide Phil- 
lips appears, 178 1 ; lllustrirte Zeitwng 
fnd.; city officials indicted; poor relief 
plans; rilibust crs join Gen. Walker, 1783; 
Adriatic launched; Castle Garden a re- 
ceivingstation, 1793; Washington statue, 
1801 ; Harper's Weekly fnd., 1802; Inman 
Line est., 1813; Central Park begun, 
1821; police riots, 1823; Metropolitan Po- 
lice Law constitutional ; resisted ; colli- 
sion of police forces, 1823, 1331 ; " Dead 
Rabbits" control ; legislature interferes 
in gov't; Cent. Park Oommis., 1S32; Am. 
cup presented to Yacht Club, 1833; St. 
Patrick's Cathedral built,184i ,1802,3003; 
Mile. Piccolomini appears, 184 1 ; Crystal 
Palace burned, 1853; World est., 1863, 
1991; Patti appears; Schiller's bust, 
186i;AtliemrumCluMnd.,187i; A.D. 
1S60± : fire, 1873; Japanese embassy; 
Prince of Wales in ; Hicks hanged, 
1882; time ball placed; Union Miss. 
Society org., 1903; Clara Louise Kel- 
logg debut, 1902; Mayor Wood advises 
secession, 1911; Fort Pickens expedi- 
tion sails, 1921 ; 7th Regt. for Wash., 
1941; Soldier's Relief Assn. find., 1943- 
patriotic war meeting, 195 1 ; billiard 
tournament, 1953; cotton advances, 
1973; Bellevue Hospital Med. Coll. est.; 
Homrepathic Med. Coll. opd., 1991 ; Con- 
fed, prisoners at Ft. Lafayette, 2012; 
Monitor launched, 2022, sails, 2042; 
specie payments suspended; Produce 
Exchange org., 2032; slave-trader 
hanged, 2052; premium on gold, 207 3 ; 
press opposes Lincoln, 2111 ; U. S. Brew- 
ers' Asso. org., 215 2, 2971; Democratic 
Anti-Lincoln meeting, 2153; French and 
the Guion lines est., 2173; Union League' 
fnd., 2192, 2431 ; Valandigham sympathy 
conven.; Peace-party meeting held,. 
2233; conscription begins, 2243, 2252; 
terrible anti-draft riot, 2253; Tribune of- 
fice dismantled, 2252; Nat. Academy of" 
Design begun, 2273; Woodlawn Ceine- 



New York. 



Text Figures denote Page. INJDilfA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1351 



tery established, 2293 ; Sanitary Commis- 
sion Fair, 2312; Journal of Commerce 
and World suppressed, 233 3 ; Confed. 
plot to burn, 2393, 2412; Gen. Butler 
takes command, 239 2 ; Theo. Thomas 
concerts ; Edwin Booth plays, 2411 ; aid 
for Savannah sufferers ; petition for 
emancipation, 2423; high price paper, 
2433 ;Lincoln obsequies in City Hall,247i; 
paid fire dept. inst., 2473; Ketchum for- 
geries, 2483; Barnum's Museum burned 
(Nov. 25, 1864), 2493, 2613, 2813; Mendels- 
sohn Glee Club organized.; Commerce 
statue, 2501 ; Free Methodist Society 
org., 2502; Manhattan Club fnd.; Disci- 
ples of Lassalle org.; Chimney Corner 
fnd.; Commercial Bulletin fnd., 2503; 
Board of Health est., 2511 , 3043; Acad, 
of Music and Univ. Med. Coll. burned, 
2533; bust of Irving, 2541; City Mission 
and Tract Soc. org., 2542; Oa/ary Maga- 
zine, 2543; Nat. Acad, of Design, build- 
ing erected, 2541 ; Henrietta, Vesta, Fleet- 
wint/ sail on race, 2553; life-raft sails, 
2561 ; City Hall Park, for P.O. site,2573; 
Black Crook performance, 258 1 ; Even- 
ing Telegram and News fnd., 2583; yel- 
low fever at quarantine ; single track 
elevated cable R. R. opd.; Gold and 
Stock Co. org., 2593; steam-motor man 
exhibited, 2601 ; dinner for Dickens, 
2611 ; court house completed, 2613; Har- 
per's Bazaar fnd., 2623; Dem. Nat. Con- 
ven. meets, 2633; Booth's Theater opd.; 
Lincoln statue; Garibaldi statue, 264 1; 
Mercantile Library opd., 2651; George 
Peabody sails; Ryan's filibusters sail; 
Evening Mall fnd.; St.LouisColl.org., 
2663; Hell Gate improvements, 2673, 
2933; a. D. 1870- ; East River Bridge 
begun, 2681 ; Nat. History, Am. Museum, 
est. (1869), Sunday opening, 4141, new 
wing opd., 4161; price of gold; Erie 
Ring panic; "Black Friday," 2673; 
Augustin Daly's Theater, .2681 ; p e re 
Kyacinthe intro.; Baptist Home fnd., 
269' ; Roosevelt Hospital begun (Oct. 29, 
1869), opened Nov. 2, 1871, Anderson 
gift, 418 3 ; Metropolitan Museum of 
Art, 2701, 2741, 276 1 , 3022, 3321, 3341, 
3381 , 3581 , 3681 , 3801 , 3981 , 4741 ; Public 
Record; Lenox Library, 2702,2963,3981 ; 
Times exposes Tweed King, 2703; Daniel 
MacFarland acquitted ; Tweed-Frear 
Charter granted ; city and county com- 
bined, 2711; New-Yorker Tages Nach- 
richten fnd., 2722; Tweed Ring domi- 
nates, 2731 ; White Star Lin'e est., 2733; 
Capt. Hall sails in Polaris ; Morse statue, 
2741 ; religious riots, 2743; Tammany 
Hal] defeated, 2752,3; Grand Central 
Depot opd.; Red Star Line est., 2753; 
Witness, 2763; Forest and Stream, 2771 ; 
mechanics' combined strike, 2772; Gil- 
bert Elevated R. R. sold; Erie Ring 
collapses, 2773; newspapers overthrow 
Tweed Ring, 27S2, 2912, 297 1 ; Presb. 
Hospital opd.; strikes, 2783; statues of 
Shakespeare, Scott, and Franklin, 2801 ; 
trial of Tweed, 2811 ; Am. District Tele- 
graph Co. est.; Elevated R. R. Cos. 
fmd.; Netherlands Line est.; State Line 
est., 2813; Young "Women's C. A. incor., 
2822; Soe. for Suppression of Vice est., 
2831 ; financial panic ; Stock Exchange 
closed, 2833; Oratorio Soc. org., 2S41 ; 
charter amended ; Kingsbridgeannexed, 
2851; White Cross Line est., 2853; sol- 
diers' monument set up, 2861; Cit a Rec- 
ord established, 2863; Amsterdam-Neth- 
erlands Line est., 2873 ; newspapers 
against Whisky Ring, 2883 ; cable to 
N. F. and Ire.; new post-office occupied, 
2893; Soc. for Prevention of Cruelty to 
Children est.; Soc. of Sons of Revolu- 
tion est., 2911; great fire; Fourth Ave. 
tunnel ; North Dutch Church demol- 
ished, 2913; Journal and Puck appear, 
2922; Seward statue, 2941; Soc. for Pre- 
vention of Crime est., 2943; Halleck 
statue, 2941 ; N. Y. Hospital opd.; fire, 
2953; Communists meet, 2971 ; explosion 
in candy works, 2973; 6th Ave. Elevated 
R.R. opd., 2953 ; Museum, of Nat. History, 
2961,3321,3822,4141,4161 ; A.D.1880+; 
3d Ave. Elevated R. R. opd., 2973; Stew- 
art's body stolen, 299 1 ; 9th Ave. Ele- 
vated R. R.,2993, 3053; Coll. of Music 
incor.; Soc. of Am. Art ; Symphony Soc. 



org., 3001 ; Chinese Sunday-school org., 
300 2 ; Christian Herald; Magazine of 
Art; Signs o/_ our Times; Texas Sift- 
ingSy est.; Univ. Club org.; Volkes-Zei- 
tung est., 300 3 ; Congregational Club 
org., 3022; New-Yorker Hen-Id est., 3023; 
2d Ave. Elevated R. R. est., 3033; Sarah 
Bernhardt appears, 3041 ; Egyptian obel- 
isk, 3041 , 3061 , 3501 ; Dr. Tanner fasts 40 
days; 9th Ave. Elevated reopd., 3053; 
Madison Sq. Garden opd.; bust of Moore; 
Burns statue, 3061 ; Critic est., 3003; Bor- 
deaux Lineest., 3073;, /m/y<.'est., 3082,3493; 
St. Mary's opd.; Charity Organization 
Soc. est., 3103; work, 4531; Jumbo ar- 
rives; Hudson River tunnel begun (1874), 
work stopped, resumed ( 1879), suspends, 
3113, 3153 (1892) ; Park Theater burned, 
3113; Am. Art Union incor. ,3121 • Actors' 
Fund est., 3131 ; East River Bridge opd., 
312i, 3133, 3162; Washington statue, 
3121, 3141; Argosy; Morning Journal, 
3123; telephone 1 to Chicago, 3133; Metro- 
politan Opera House opd., 3141 ; Voice 
est., 3143; Brit, evacuation eel., 315 1 ; 
Standard Theater burned, 3153; earth- 
quakes; Statue of Liberty, 316 2 ; paint- 
ers' strike, 3171 ; Marine Nat. Bank sus- 
pends ; panic on Exchange, 3173; bust 
of Beethoven ; Bolivar statue, 3181 ; 
Church Temperance Soc. reports, 3191 ; 
Blaine defeated by alliteration, 3192; 
Elevated R. R. fare reduced, 3193 ; Arch- 
bp. Corrigan succeeds ; O'DonovanRossa 
assault, Statue of Liberty ree'd, 3203; 
buildings collapse, 3212; Brooklyn Ele- 
vated R.R. opd.; first cable road ; Grant 
obsequies, 3213; Dodge statue, 3221; 
King's Daughters and King's Sons fmd., 
3222; Cosmopolitan est., ,3223; cigar-mak- 
ers strike; 3d Ave. car-line strike; Henry 
W. Jahne sentenced, 3232; John Most 
arrested, 3232, 3852; Forum; HI as Lindn; 
Listy ; Catholic News est., 3242; Com- 
mercial Temperance League org.; Al- 
dermanMc.f.^uaid sentenced, 3251 ; Jacob 
Sharp convicted, 3271 ; Internat. yacht 
race, 327 3 ; Ereninq World ; Press est., 
3283; Unitarian Club org., 3282; Chinese 
mission work, 3302; Bellevue school for 
nurses, 3311; Garibaldi statue, 3321; 
Mail and Express purchased ; joss- 
house est., 3322; ex-Pres. Cleveland, 
lawyer, 3343; fire; Sunday stages with- 
drawn. 3353; K. Cath. pilgrims sail, 3361 ; 
Dr. M' Glynn attacks parochial schools, 
3362; Greater New York Bill, 3372. (See 
New York State.) Centennial Loan Ex- 
hibition ; Centennial parade, 3381 ,3413; 
Sabbath reform movement, 3382; Cen- 
tennial services, 338 3 ; Dunraven's chal- 
lenge accepted; electric poles come 
down, 3393,3493; City Police Commis- 
sion Bill passed, 3392; Meth. Epis. Home 
dedicated ; Museum of A lit opd. on. Sun- 
days, 3403, 3843; Cunenuuigh Valley Re- 
lief , 3403 ; Grant and Ward indictments ; 
Jos. Pulitzer educates pom- boys, 3411; 
locusts in Central Park, 3422; Col Em- 
mons Clark retires, D. Appleton, Col. of 
7th, 3421; special delivery letters, 3433; 
tidal waves at Coney Island, 3442; Emily 
Kempen opens law school ; Daily Gra- 
phic suspends, 3443; gas explosion, 3452; 
R. C. Total Abstinence Soc. org., 3462; 
Anti-Tammany mass -meeting, 347 2 ; 
"World Building corner-stone laid ; 
World's Fair subscriptions, 3473; Dr. 
Koch's lymph tested, 348', 3721, 3732; 
Music Teachers' Asso.meet; school com- 
missioners appointed, 3482; Hebrews est. 
free schools, 3482, 3782; Pan-Am. Cong. 
delegates, 349 1 ; Washington Memorial 
Arch fund ; World's Fair Guaranty 
fund, 3493,3513; Am. Fine Art Society 
fmd., 3501 ; Barnard Coll. org.; Good 
Neivs est. ; Lenox Lyceum opened, 
Homeopathic Medical Coll. opd., 3503; 
A.D. 1890+; Dem. governors honored ; 
Southern Society eulogizes Davis, 3511'; 
grippe prevails ; World's Fair commit- 
tee ; 20 post-office stations est., 3513; 6th 
Nat Bank wrecked, 3522, a, 3533 ;Centen- 
nialof Supreme Court eel.; "World's Fair 
mass-meeting ; Russian- Am. mass-meet- 
ing, 3523 ; cracker-makers trust, 3533; 
Patti concerts, 354 1 ; mass-meeting sch. 
conf., 3542 ; trial of Sheriff Flack, 3543, 
3552 ; shirt-makers strike, 355 1; Jamee 



Meeks sentenced, 3552; Wash. Memorial 
Arch begun, 3561 ; bronze doors in Trin- 
ity Church, 3562 ; muss-meeting for clean 
streets ; framers strike ; clothing-mak- 
ers strike, 3563; bribery of aldermen, 
3572; Castle Garden changed, 3573; rapid 
transit commissioners, 357 ,3893,4292, 
3, 4313, 4451,3; Carnegie Hall begun, 
3581 ; Soc. for Enforcement of Criminal 
Law ; carpenters strike, 3583; John 
Keenan indictments, 359 1; Commercial 
Advertiser building struck, 3601 ; Radi- 
cal Club org.; Consumers' League fmd., 
3603 ; Citizens' Alliance fmd. ; Jay 
Gould fined ; strike against pool beer, 
3611; consolidation commission, 3612; 
heat oppressive, 3621 ; first Hungarian 
rabbi in ; Baptist Institutional Church 
begun, 3622; cloak-makers locked out, 
3623; fall of Bastile eel , 3643; Dr. Burt- 
sell removed, 3642; builders' strike; 
street-cleaners strike; Orangemen eel., 
3643; Prison Asso. successful", 3651 ; fire, 
Western Union ; Lean's raft, 3653; cen- 
sus of, 3653, 3713; l ns t. for Eye and Ear 
Diseases est., 3661 ; brick-layers strike; 
Bavarian Yolkesfest opd., 3663; John 
Ericsson obsequies ; Single Tax conven., 
3673; Greeley statue, 3681; Central Labor 
Federation fights ; public schools over- 
full, 3682; Comte de Paris arrives ; Rus- 
sian Hebrews org., 3683; People's Mu- 
nicipal League convenes, 3683, 3782, 
3932; new city census, 3692,3713, 3723, 
3792; Stanley's first lecture ; Cuban eel.; 
Salvation Army Cong., 3702; Comte de 
Paris in ; Tammany bribe, 3703 ; North 
River Bank, receiver appointed ; finan- 
cial distress, 3713; bribery of police^Tl 1 ; 
Irish agitators welcomed, 3711, 3723, 
3851; Swedish eel., 3711; Citizens' Sav- 
ing Bank, run ; Sugar Trust, receivers, 
3713; Washington tablet unveiled in St. 
Paul's, 3722; Soc. for Psychical Research 
find., 3723; clearing-house certificates, 
3733; Brazilian embassy, 3731; Patrick 
Divver, a police justice, 3731 , 4522,4543, 
3761; strike on school buildings, 3731; 
Das Margin Journal, 3742; total liquor 
shops, 3743; Wciber Zeitung, 3742; home- 
less women ; Herald jackets for news- 
boys, 3751 ; fire on river front, 3753; 
divorce lawyers sentenced, 3762; table 
glassware mnf. trust, 3773; Seney pic- 
tures sold, 3781; Gen. Sherman obse- 
quies ; cloak-makers' strike ; Troy Laun- 
dry .strike, 3782; k. r. tunnel disaster, 
3783, 3793; Sugar Trust Investigation, 
3791 ±; Parnell delegates arrive ; embez- 
zlers, Claassen and Sin nitons, sentenced; 
Italians against lynching, 3802; Sher- 
man statue fund, 3803; 4^1 st. reservoir 
garden project, 381 1 ; i I ugbes wins walk- 
ing-match ; Sugar Refining Trust ; fire ; 
telegraph wires and poles removed, 3813; 
walking delegate arrested; Dr. Briggs' 
trial for heresy; N. Niles arraigned. 
3822; John T. Hill, defaulter ; mutilated 
body dis.; Patria Club first meets, 3823; 
Memorial Home for Aged Women, 383 1 ; 
Poles eel. anniversary ; house-smiths 
strike ; Lumber Dealers' Asso. boycotts 
Handlers' Union, 383 1 ; mutiny, 4593; 
Beth Israel Hospital opd., 3832; fire, 
383 3 ; Parish benefactions, 385 1 ; medium 
obtains house, 3S5 2 ; S. S. Cox statue, 
3861; law school chartered, 3862; dia- 
mond thief captured. 3871 ; Elevated R. 
R. out of Battery Park ; East River 
Bridge funds; Empire Printing Works 
burned, 3873; s. W. Lewis, defaulter, 
3883; editors indicted, 3S83, 3891 ; Good- 
win shot ; Chinese raided, 389i ; cloak- 
makers strike ; Forresters parade, 389 2 ; 
petroleum rises ; great lumber raft ; 
four-track underground R. R t , 389 3 ; 
People's Baths opd.; Temple Beth-el, 
dedication, 3902 ; Mexican eel ; Swedes 
eel.; liquor-dealers protected, 3911 ; Park 
Place, disaster, 3911 ,3; fire, 3913; Ful- 
ton St. praver-nieeting, anniv., 3922; 
Woman's Univ. Club est., 3923; T. H. 
Stout, defaulter, 3932; Sir Edwin Ar- 
nold reads, 3942,3983; Prison Sunday, 
394 2 ; anti-lottery mass-meeting, 3943; 
Vice-suppressing Soc, 3951 ; Grant Mon- 
ument fund, 3953, 4041 , 4053, 4093; fire, 
395 3 ; School of Social Economics opd., 
3962 ; Christmas Soc. org. , 3963 ,421 1 ; Rus- 



1352 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Cotumn, 



New York. 



sell Sage, dynamite peril, 3963; arbitra- 
tion meeting ; E. M. Field insane, 3971 , 
4022; Lion Tamer produced, 398 i ; Stuart 
and Coles benefactions ; John Carson 
murdered; Typotheta- cel.,399i ; Cham- 
ber of Commerce, AVorld's Fair, app., 
3993; 4 Metb. churches unite, 4001 ; Car- 
lyle Harris convicted ; Carnegie's lec- 
ture ; strike, Edison Electric Co., 4002; 
Children's Hospital opd.; police mat- 
rons; Hotel Koyal tire, 4003, 4013; Dr. 
Parkhnrst denounces officials ; starving 
Russians aided, 400 3 ; Dem. mass-meet- 
ing, 401 1 ,2; city ceusus by police escort; 
fire, 4013; 6th Ave. surface road leased, 
4013; Dr. Parkhurst against liquor-deal- 
ers, subpoenaed, 4022 ; Greater New York 
Bill, 4023, 4512, 4752 ; Anti-Maynard in- 
vestigation ; Cullum's benefactions ; E. 
L. Godkin arrested, 4023 ; vote carried, 
4752 ; Standard Oil Trust dissolved ; 
West Side Park Bill, 4033; sale of Rob- 
ertson pictures, 404 1 ; labor unions unite; 
gift to trade-schools ; corrupt police 
department, 4042,3; colored mass-meet- 
ing, 4042; City Club, first meeting; Tif- 
fany and Co. forgery, 4043; tj. S. Bank 
defalcation; Ewer defalcation; Excise 
Law enforced, 4043, 4U63; Central Park 
Speedway Act repealed, 405 1 ; syndicate 
street railways ; rubber trust find. ; Win. 
Murray, supt. police, retires ; Inspector 
Byrnes, supt. police ; Mercantile Ex- 
change ; Grant Monument Asso., 4053; 
bone of St. Anne exhibited ; T. Dixon 
denounces Tammany, 4062; King's 
Daughters charity ; W. C. T. U. Nat. 
Con veu.; Pavers' Union strike ; Actors' 
Fund Fair, 4063; mass-meeting endorses 
Dr. Parkhurst; Cumminskey defalca- 
tion ; Barondess sentenced ; granite- 
cutters strike, 4071; Art Exhibition, 
4081; grand jury discharged ; free medi- 
cal treatment ; Dillon benefactions ; 
prisoner shot in court ; Iron League dis- 
charges Knights of L., 4083; Christian 
Endeavor Conven.; R. C. chapel in Bel- 
levue Hospital ; Columbus statue, 410i ; 
kindergarten in schools, 4102 ; Produce 
Exchange charity ,4103; Tee-To-TumClub 
find. ,4111 ,4263; Armenian mass-meeting, 
4122; politics in health dept., 4132; Art 
Loan Exhibition, 4141; cholera, 4141, 
4152,3, 4173; A. J. Price, defaulter; 
Standard suspends ; R.C. school census ; 
sweating system investigation, 4142; illi- 
cit still seized, 4143; plunge from High 
Bridge, 4152; Metropolitan" Opera House 
tire T 4152; Fenciiuj Master produced,416i ; 
Columbian eel., 414 1 , 4162,3; Chinese 
mass-meeting, 41G3; Ruiz forgery ; cloak- 
makers break Sunday law, 4171 ; Appor- 
tionment Act upheld"; tire in synagogue, 
4172; trolley forbidden ; Battery Park 
Aquarium; Dunraveu's challenge, 4173; 
franchisesfree,4173,4i;)3 ; embezzlement; 
Teachers'Coll. charter, 4 1X2; Anarchists' 
Memorial service, 4183; Dr. M'Glynn re- 
stored; St. John Cathedral, corner- 
stone, 4201 ; Industrial School opd., 4202; 
police accused, 4221, 4462,4482,3,4522, 
4563, 4581 4623, 4643, 4651 ,3, 4662, 4683, 
4703,4742,3,4761,3; Anton Kessler, mur- 
derer, 4222; underground road favored ; 
sole-leather trust, 4233; anti-Gardner 
conspiracy; Phillips Brooks memorial, 
4242; United Charities Building pre- 
sented, 4243; Metropolitan Opera House 
bought, 425 3 ; earthquake, 42G1 ; pool- 
room raids; Judge Kick's decision op- 
posed; Teachers' Coll. gift; Dr. Rains- 
ford on church saloons, 4262; clothing- 
cutters lockout, 4263; Times changes 
owners, 4273; Audubon monument ; 
Ericsson's statue, 4281 ; Col. Shepard's 
will; printing anniversary; Duke de 
Veragua received, 4282,3; waiters strike, 
4283; Columbian XavalParade,4283 ,4291; 
St. Luke's New Hospital, 429 1 ; gold cer- 
tificates suspended, 421)2; panic averted, 
4293; Infanta Eulalie entertained; Jour- 
nal of Commerce and Dai I, >/ Commercial 
Bullet in consolidated, 4302; Whitman 
embezzlement, 4303; Francis Weeks ab- 
sconds, 430 2 ; murderer Johnson con- 
victed; cheap-milk depot opd., 4303; 
Custom House investigation, 4312; im- 
migration investigation, 431 i ; cable-cars 
on Broadway ; new piers and bulkhead 



plans, 4313; Briggs' case reopd.; Bus. 
ship arrives, 4321,4342,4352; Christian 
Union changed to Outlook ; school teach- 
ers dismissed ; Irving Savings Inst, rob- 
bery, 4322; Anti-sweating Law enforced; 
Gould inheritance tax, 4323 , 4753 ; bridge- 
jumpers, 4323, 4.532 ; anarchists meet, 
4331 ; Norwegian Viking ship arrives ; 
Clearing House certificates, 4332, 3±, 
4393; Washington tablet on City Hall, 
4333 ; Sage suit, 4342; Madison Square 
Bank closes, 4353; Cashier Keeley ar- 
rested, 4361; mass-meeting for unem- 
ployed; Hebrew laborers riotous, 4362; 
yellow fever in harbor, 4372; Liberty 
Bell arrives ; Croton Aqueduct cost, 
4373; ClausTimmerman. sentenced, 4381 ; 
Lord-mayor of Dublin in; Green and 
Collins, forgers ; Italian flag, City Hall, 
4382; Mrs. Fitzgerald shoots Mrs. Pear- 
sail, 43S 3 ; excessive immigration, 4392; 
Joseph Chamberlain in ; Archduke 
Franz-Ferdinand arrives; police negli- 
gence^^; Dunraven dinner N.Y. Yacht 
Club; grand jury accused ; Chamber of 
Commerce favors silver repeal bill; J. 
Kaiser, incendiary, 440 3 ; Cotton Ex- 
change favors silver repeal bill, 4412; 
Presb. Hospital fire ; cholera by Russia, 
4413; Anti-Maynard mass-meeting, 4421 ; 
Manhattan Bank forgers ; F. L. Mathes 
shot, 4422; defalcation, 4433,4451; vote 
canvassed without watchers, 4423; boiler 
explosion,4432; Polyclinic Hospital, frac- 
tured vertebrae restored ; Hale statue ; 
Mohammedan muezzin, 4441 ; burglars 
raid,4442; J. Y.Mc Kane's libel suit,4443; 
W. R. 1 Laid law's damage suit, 4442,4543; 
help for reformed women ; Capt. Dev- 
ery indicted, 4443; acquitted, 4563; Anti- 
Tammany Hall movement, 4451, 4682; 
election frauds, 4462, 4532; Dr. Park- 
hurst against Inspector Williams, 4462, 
4482,4502; bigamist Grimm sentenced, 
4482,3; Lexow committee, 4511, 4522, 
4611,4652, 4683, 4722; Greek Orthodox 
church est., 4501; police census, 4502; 

D. J. Buckley sentenced ; Citizens' Re- 
lief Fund, 4503; Northern Lights, 4521; 

E. Wiman acquitted, 4521, 4623, 4643; 
civil justice Roeseh, admits fee, 4522 ; 
Capt. Westerfelt's trial. 4522, 4712; Irish 
flagon City Hall, 4522. 4551 ; Capt. O'Con- 
nor's trial, 4522, 4563; work for unskilled 
women, 453'; Hospital Saturday; R. S. 
Ely's will, 4542; F. E. Edgar defalca- 
tion, 4543; Civil Service Law violated, 
4551 ; smallpox epidemic, 4553; Father 
Drumgoole's statue, 4561 ; saloon census 
of Sunday opening, 4563; Non-partizan 
Park Commission Bill vetoed, 4593 ; R. 
Croker resigns, 4593, 4623; Columbus 
statue, 4681; Greeley statue; Roman 
Catholic parochial school exhibit, 
460i; N. Y. Chapter, Colonial Order, 
est.; pawn-shop, Provident Loan Soc; 
Kean embezzlement ; school for thiev- 
ery, 4602; Catherine Fitzgerald ac- 
quitted, 4603; Mutual Kinployment Soc., 
object; elephant Tip killed, 4613; bust 
of H. G. Pearson, 462 1 ; Philip Moran 
shot ; State Club opd., 4623; Capt. Price's 
trial ; Flag Day eel., 4633; Worthington 
embezzlement, 4642; Policeman Brady 
dismissed ; mass-meeting endorses Chi- 
cago strikers, 4643; trial of police offi- 
cials (see Police Accused), 4221 ; Police 
Commissioner John McClave resigns; 
East River Tunnel completed, 4653; 
Capt. Doherty trial, 4651 , 4662; Chinese 
Xews est., 4662; strikeon school buildings, 
4663; Salvation Army Building, 4681 ; 
diamond thief captured, 4682 ; Alder- 
man Parks arrested ; strikers enjoined ; 
Mutual Employment Soc. est., 4691 ; 
Central Park suicide; infected cheese, 
4693; Josephine Hoffman, k.,4702; anti- 
'* sweating " system strike; Supt. Byrnes' 
report,4703; Capt. Stephenson dismissed, 
4703, 4763; citizens against Tammany; 
Committee of Seventy, 471 2, 4731 ,2,4751, 
2; gov't corrupt, 4222, 4751; Builders' 
League find.; Geo. Appo wounded ; 
shirtmakers strike ; street-car robbery ; 
corruption in city offices, 4722; in police 
department, 4662, 4683, 47^2, 4743; sym- 
pathetic strike, 4723; tailors eel., 4731 ; 
Nathan Straus, W. L. Strong, nominees 
for mayor, Frederick Smythe and John 



W. Goff for recorder, 4732, 4751 ; Thor- 
waldsen statue, 4741 ; Teachers' College 
opd., 4742; Woman's Municipal League, 
4743; Hugh J. Grant nom. for mayor ; 
murderer Leach surrenders ; Dist.-Att. 
Fellows's trial, 475i ; tenement house in- 
vestigation ; district attorney's neglect, 
4752; fire, 4753; Seton Hospital opd.; 
John Burns arrives ; Seeley bank rob- 
bery; Parkhurst banquet; illicit still 
raid, 4762; Capt. Westervelt's trial,4763; 

fold at premium, 4772; sub-treas., big 
eposit, 4773; Capt. Creeden reinstated; 
committee to study liquor problem, 4791 ; 
Federation East Side Workers estab- 
lished; Carter, defaulter, 4792. (See 
Brooklyn.) 
New York State (NewNetherland); Span- 
iards visit (?) ; Verrazzano, and Gomez 
visit, 191 ; Champlain dis. Lake C, 261 ; 
Hudson ascends H. River, 262 , under 
Dutch rule: Dutch settle Manhattan, 
29i , 2 ; fur trade on the Hudson, 291 ; 
John Smith (Va.) overpowers Dutch ; 
fort erected on Manhattan ; Onrest 
launched, 28i ; New Netherland Co. char- 
tered ; Ft. Nassau (Albany) erected, 29*; 
Fr. and Indians right, 281 ; Ft. Orange 
(Albany) built, 292, 301 , 311 ; Lutherans 
in New Amsterdam, 301; new charter, 
303 ; Ft. Nassau built on the Delaware, 
30i, 31i; Long Island granted to Loi I 
Stirling; Walloons arrive, 311; settle tho 
Hudson River region; civil gov't est. ; 
Capt. May, gov. ; 100 cattle arrive, 31- ; 
Win. Verhulst, gov. ; Peter Minuit, gov., 
312, 3; many immigrants, 312; Man- 
hattan bought for ,si*4, 313; " Comfort- 
ers " lead Dutch Kefi umed worship, 302; 
slavery intro., 303 ; friendly with Puri- 
tans, 313; 1st Dutch minister; 1st Presb. 
church, 312; patroons like lords of Eur., 
313; Reformed Dutch service at Albany, 
321; manors created, 331; i s t church 
built ; purchase Cape May (N. J.), 332 ; 
territory claimed by Charles L, 333 ; 
Wouter Van Twiller, gov. ; purchase 
land in (Conn.) ; also in (Pa.), 333, 352 • 
buy lands in (N. J.), 352; Win. Kieft, 
gov ; open for trade, 353 ; distil brandy, 
341 ; Indians abused ; war follows, 36i ; 
Puritan Presb. church at Southold, 362; 
immigration increases, 372 ; Indians seek 
revenge, 36 1 ; Indians torture Father 
Jogues, 362 ; 1st Representative Assem- 
bly, 372 ; massacre of friendly Indians ; 
Hutchinson family massacred ; truce 
with Indians; Indians subdued, 361; 
Dutch miss, for Indians ; First Eng. 
Presb. minister ; intolerance ; Ger. Luth- 
erans arrive, 363 ; peace with Indians, 
361 ; toleration in Flushing, 363; popula- 
tion in 1645, 373 ; Brooklyn chartered ; 
Peter Stuyvesant, gov. ; slaves brought, 
39i ; N. Eng., boundary est., 392 ; built 
Ft. Casimir (Del.), 381; Newtown and 
Flatbush patents, 393 ; church at Flat- 
bush, 383; gait springs dis., 38 1 ; elective 
municipality in N. Amsterdam, 393; Del. 
Swedes subdued, 401, 411 ; Algonquins 
subdued ; Jews not excluded, 40 1 ; [Del.] 
annexed, 41 1 ; Dutch intolerant, 401 , 2 ; 
Jews may worship privately, 401, 662; 
Baptists persecuted, 402; Indians attack 
Kingston, 421 ; Del. possessions sold, 
423; New Netherland and New Amster- 
dam end ; under English rule: Eng. 
take New Netherland, 421 , 431 ; also Ft. 
Orange (Albany), 42i, 3 ; truce with In- 
dians, 42i ; an Eng. duchy; [N. J.] lands 
sold ; Richard Nicolls.Eiig. gov. ; Conn. 
yields claims to Long Island, 431; treaty 
with Five Nations, 42 1 ,432; Schenectady 
settled, 432; liquor traffic regulated, 
423 ; N. Y. City incorp., 432 ; " Duke's 
Laws" enacted; Eng. oppress Dutch, 
433; 1st church in Brooklyn, 422; Francis 
Lovelace, tyrannical gov., 433; arbitrary 
taxation ; protest ; annual assemblies 
demanded, 45i ; Ger. Lutherans build a 
church,443;May races est.; monthly post, 
N. Y., to Boston, 453; Dutch take N.Y. , 
441,452; Anthony Colve, gov. ,453; Eng. 
acquire, 441 , 453 ; D. of York's patent 
enlarged ; Sir Edmund Andros assumes 
gov't ; arbitrary ; restored to Eng. ; dis- 
content with govt. ; treaty with Indians, 
453; Andros repulsed in Conn., 471; 
1st Prot. Epis. service, 463 ; claims 



New York. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



13b 



tribute of N.J. ,473; i s t Gen. Assembly ; 
grants toleration, 48 2 ; Huguenot Presb. 
cliurcb est., 482, 3 ; Thos. Dongan, gov., 
482,492; Jesuits est. R. Cath. worship, 
4S2; trade becomes free, 49 1 ; 1st session 
of Assembly ; Charter of Liberties 
passed, 492; Conn, boundary fixed, 493, 
63 2 ; Fr. attack Seneeas, 501 ; made a 
roval province, 503; Indians repulse Fr., 
50i ; Francis Nicholson, gov. (16SS-S9) ; 
Albany incorporated. ; Representative 
Assembly abolished, 503 ; annexed to 
N. Eng.; Andros, gov. -gen. of Brit. Am., 
511 ; Henry Sloughter, gov. (1691), 511 ,3; 
glad tidings; revolution, Eng.; factional 
feuds ; Jacob Leisler assumes gov't 
(1689-91); committee of safety; conf. with 
Mohawks ; Francis Nicholson, tempo- 
rary gov., 512 ; Huguenots settle New 
Rocheile, 513 ; Indians burn Schenec- 
tady,50i ; 1st Colonial Congress. ; Can. to 
be conquered, 513; expedition fails, 50 1 ; 
arting-gov. Leisler hanged, 513; Schuy- 
ler's raid in Can., 521; whipping-post, 
pillory, and ducking stool est., 531 ; 
Richard Ingoldsby, acting gov. ; treaty 
with Iroquois, 532; Benj. Fletcher, gov., 
521 , 2, 532; toleration enacted ; R. Cath. 
under Test Act, 522 ■ Fr against Mo- 
hawks ; also against Iroquois, 521 ; all 
taxed for clergy; episcopacy est. by law, 
522; arbitrary gov't opposed, 532 ; Flet- 
■cher defied in Hartford, 52 1 , 53 2 ; print- 



copal clergy legal, 523 ; votes of Assem- 
bly published ; population in 1696, 533 ; 
Lord Bellomont, gov. of N. Y., N. J., 
Mass., N. H., and Me., 533, 551 ; Jewish 
synagogue ; 1st Trinity church, N. Y. 
city, 523 ; Bellomont restricts liberties 
and enlarges governor's prerogative ; 
resented, 551 ; A.D. 1700f ; "popish 
priests" to be hanged, 542; treaty (?) 
with Iroquois, Ct. of Chancery est.; John 
Nanfangov.; L. Cornbury, gov. N.Y. and 
N.J.,552; to fortify Narrows, 541 ; King's 
Coll. (Columbia) inception, 543; preroga- 
tives unquestioned ; pestilence in N. Y. 
city, 553 ; slave market, 57 2 ; Presb. 
clergy arrested, 563; Cornbury reproved, 
572, dismissed ; extravagant land grants 
vacated ; John Lovelace, gov. ; gov's 
revenue annual; contest; paper money 
issued ; Richard Ingoldsby, gov., 573 ; 
aids conquest of Can., 561 ; Palatines 
arrive ; Lutherans ; Baptist preaching, 
571 ; GerardusBeeknian, gov.,57 3 ; Robt. 
Hunter, gov., 57 1 ,3; Lutherans in Scho- 
harie Co.,582;'council of gov's, and Indi- 
ans ; Oswego "fnd., 59 1 ; Tuscaroras in, 
593; 1st Presb. church, 582; Peter Schuy- 
ler, acting-gov. ; Wm. Burnet, gov., 593; 
Conestoga Indian conf., 61 1 ; conf. with 
Iroquois, 612 ; Oswego trading house, 
612, 3; 1st Bapt. church, 602; &, y Ga _ 
ztttt* issued, 603; Fr. build Ft. Niagara, 
601 ; Indians seek Eng. protection, 61 2 ; 
John Montgomerie, gov., 613 ; many 
Jews in city, 603; Fr. build fortress, 
Crown Point, 621 ; Rip Van Dam, gov.; 
"Wm. Crosby, gov. ; Dem. vs. Autocratic 
Party, 632; stage route to Boston ; popu- 
lation in 1732, 633 ; Zenger criticizes 
gov't; imprisoned, 623, 632, 3; successful 
Indian missions, 623, 653 j Geo. Clarke, 
gov., 633 ; Hebrews disfranchised, 642 ; 
N. J. separated, 652 ; paper currency 
depreciated; Moravian Indian missions, 
65 3 ; negro conspiracy (?), 65 2 ; Presb. 
Synod of N. Y. find., 65' , 66i ; JT. ¥. 
Gazette or Weekly Post-Hoy, 652; Geo. 
Clinton, gov. ; dissolves legislature, 653; 
gov. opposes missionaries, 643, 661 , 663; 
Indians take Saratoga, 661 ; Lottery Bill 
for college ; Eve. Post issued, 67 1 ; Colo- 
nial and Indian conf. ; revenue for king 
refused, 672; Coetus org. ,663; theatricals 
intro., 661 ; A.D. 1750± ; colony sur- 
passed by others ; an ti-Fr. Colonial Cong., 
673; calendar changed, 692; Troy fnd., 
693; Independent Rr% ict 'or, Mercury, and 
Pacquet,69i ; Sir Danvers Osborne, gov., 
692; James DeLaneey, gov., 693, 713; 
King's Coll. (Columbia) opd., 691 ; mort- 
gages registered, 693 ; Indians destroy 
Hoosick and Schagtieoke,682; reformed 
classics org., 69 1 ; Cong, of seven colo- 
nies ; Fed. Constitution proposed, 69 3 ; 



Ft. William Henry built: Fr. fortify 
Ticonderoga, 70 1 ; Reformed Conferentic 
meets, 711 ; Sir Charles Hardy, gov., 712; 
Abercromliie's expedition fails; Fr. be- 
siege Ft. Ontario ; Oswego surrenders ; 
Ft. take William Henry, 701 ; Indians 
attack German Flats ; Eng. repulsed at 
Ft. Ticonderoga ; Eng. retreat to Ft. 
George; Ft. Stanwix built, 702; Eng. 
expedition ; Fr. leave Ft. Ticonderoga ; 
and Crown Point, 703, 721 ; 1st Metho- 
dist, 723; Cadwallader Golden, gov.; 
Robt. Monckton, gov., 732; treaty of 
Paris; peace, 733; \'t. claimed, 733, 751 ; 
(Jersey City) ferry est., 733; Stamp Act 
indignation, 743; Anti-Stamp Act Cong. ; 
"Declaration of Rights ; " Sons of Lib- 
erty org. ; Stamp Act enforced ; Sir 
Henry Moore gov., 75 2 ; Methodism in- 
tro. ,742; Assembly obstinate; suspended; 
express toPhila.,75 3 ; Indians civilized, 
77i ; Chamber of Commerce incorp.,77 3 ; 
Shakers arrive, 763,782; Albany Gazette, 
77 1 ; Lord John Dunmore, gov. ; Wm. 
Tryon, gov., 773; colonists divided ; 
Whigs and Tories, 79 1 ; Allen surprises 
Ft. Ticonderoga; Crown Point taken, 
801 ; Sir John Johnson flees ; Continen- 
tal armv at Ft. Ticonderoga; expedition 
to Can., 802 ; Tory Coll. pres. mobbed ; 
Colonial Assembly ends ; Tory counties, 
812; A.D.1775+; king's authority over- 
thrown, 813 j Gov. Tryon seeks safety, 
S31 ; Hickey assassination plot, 833 j 
Howe lands Brit, soldiers; Gen. Sullivan 
driven out of Can., commands on Long 
Island, defeated, 841 : many of militia 
desert ; Brit, army in N. Y. City ; battle 
of Harlem Heights ; Nathan Hale 
hanged; Royalist corps org. ; B. Arnold 
fights on Lake Champlain ; Arnold burns 
Crown Point; Aims, abandon Manhattan; 
defeat at White Plains ; Carleton retires 
to Can., 84.2 ; Washington enters N. J. ; 
Ft. Washington surrenders, 843; Riciny- 
ton's Gazetteer (Tory); John Englishman ; 
N. T. Pacquet; Am. Advertiser, 851 ; 
Alex. Hamilton aids Washington ; de- 
clared independent State ; Howe pro- 
claims pardon, 852 ; conf. with Howe ; 
pardon accepted, 853 ; Brit, seize stores 
at Peekskill. 86 1 ; Clias. Lee negotiates 
treason, 861 , 873 ; Brit, surprised at Sag 
Harbor; Burgoyne invades N. Y., at 
Crown Point, 86 2 '; Six Nations join Brit.; 
Brit, return to Staten Island ; Ams. 
abandon Ft. Ticonderoga ; Brit, at 
Whitehall, burn Ft. Ann ; Brit, at Ft. 
Edward ; Jane McCrea k., 863 j Brit, 
attack Ft. Stanwix ; battle of Oriskany ; 
Brit, expedition to Bennington ; Ams. 
raid Staten Island ; Gen. Gates com- 
mands Ams., 871 ; battle of Stillwater ; 
Brit, take Ft. Clinton and Ft. Montgom- 
ery ; battle of Saratoga, 872 ; Geo. Clin- 
ton, gov., 892 ; Washington at White 
Plains ; Indian council, Johnstown ; 
Chief Brant raids Mohawk Valley, 
Cobbleskill Valley, German Flats, 883 ■ 
signs articles of Confederation ; Tories 
to be banished, 893; Cherry Valley mas 
sacre, 901 ; Indian towns destroyed ; 
Stony Point fortified, taken, 902 • mas- 
sacres; Indian war, 901 , 2, 3; 921 ,3, 943; 
West Point fortified, 903; cedes Western 
lands, 913, 931, 953, 973; Tories burn 
Johnstown; Indians burn Canajoharie, 
921 ; B. Arnold's treason, 922; Ams. raid 
Staten Island, 923 ; Board of Associated 
Loyalists find,; transfers land claims, 
933 ; Brit, surrender Ogdensburg, 941 ; 
Am. headquarters at Newburg, 943 ; 
peace proposals, 952 ; Am. army dis- 
bands ; Brit, evacuate, 961 ; religious 
equality enacted, 962; Epis. diocese of 
N.Y.,9G3,!tN2 ; 11th Continental Congress 
inN.Y".,973; (seeN.Y. City) ; Lutheran 
Synod fmd., 982; Board of Regents est. ; 
Manumission Soc. ; Tammany Soc. org. ; 
991 ; retires from Constitutional Con ven., 
992; Conven. ratines Federal constitu- 
tion; Cayuga Indians sell lands, 101 1; 
Baptist Asso. fmd. ; public schools est., 
1023.; John Jay, gov., counted out ; dis- 
count bank at Albany ; road surveyed in 
Genesee county, 1033; steamboat built, 
1042, 1081 , 1141 , 1273 ; Union Coll. estab- 
lished, 1063 ; A.D. 1800+ ; Meth. Epis. 
Conf. fmd., 1083 ; John Jay, gov., Albany 



is capital, 1073; settlers enter Genesee 
Valley, 1073, ma ; Lyman Beecher or- 
dained, 1083 ; abolition of slavery, 1091 ; 
yellow fever, 1093, 1133 ; West Point 
Acad, est., 110 1 ; Geo. Clinton, gov., 1112; 
Buffalo laid out, 1113 ; Morgan Lewis, 
gov., 1132 ; first temperance soc, 1151; 
Daniel D. Tompkins, gov., 1152 ; 
Rochester fnd., 1153, 1193 ; Genesee 
Meth. Conf. find., 1171 ; army at Platts- 
burg, 11S2, 1221 ; weekly mails on Long 
Island, 1193 ; Brit, take Ogdensburg, 
1201; Brit. a t SaeketCs Harbor, 1202; 
Brit, take Plattsburg, 1203, bum Buf- 
falo, etc., burn Malone, 1221; battle of 
Plattsburg, 1222 ; Madison University 
est. ; Erie Canal cut, 1251 , 3, 1273, 1293 
1313, 1331 , 3 ; John Taylor, gov., 1252 ; 
DeWitt Clinton, gov., 1253, 1332 ; State 
library fnd., 1251 ,1271 ; Champlain Canal 
cut, 1273, 1331; Auburn prison opd., 
1272 ; Colgate Univ. est., 1291; Joseph 
C. Yates, gov., 1312, 1343, 1353 ; Mor- 
mons fnd., 1311, 1423; Universalists 
conven. org.,1323; Hobart Coll. est., 1331 ; 
bounties for wolves, 1333 ; Sing Sing 
prison begun, 1352 ; Van Buren leads 
Dem., 137i ; Nath. Pitcher, acting gov., 
1372 ; Martin Van Buren, gov., 1372, 3 ; 
Workingmen's Party appears, 1372 ; 
Cayuga and Seneca Canals ; Enos T. 
Throop, gov., 1373 ; imprisonment for 
debt abolished; Univ. of N.Y'. est., 139 1 , 
1423; Hudson and Mohawk R.R., Harlem, 
1 thaca, Oswego, rail roads, l:;: 13 ;Tro\-M.K. 
Conf. org., 1402; cholera, 1413 , 1453, 1673 ; 
Schenectady and Saratoga R. R., 1413 ; 
Millerites rise, 1422 ; Congregational 
Gen. Association fmd., 1423; suppression 
of lotteries ; Antislavery Soc. est., 1431 ; 
anti-abolition riots ; N. J. boundary 
fixed, 1432 ; Win. L. Marcy, gov., 1433 ; 
conven. of mechanics, 145 1 ; Locofocos 
rise, 1452 ; Erie railroad, 1453 ; Alfred 
Univ. est., 1463; Jamaica railroad; L T tica 
and Schenectady, 1473 ; Western, P. E. 
diocese of, est, 14S3 ; Harlem R. R. ; 
Chenango Canal, 1493; general banking 
law enacted, 1492; Chenango Canal com- 
pleted ; State banks resume, 1493; Wm. 
H. Seward, gov.; Liberty Party conven., 
1512; Syracuse and Utica R. R. ; Syra- 
cuse and Auburn R. R., 1513; St. John's 
Coll. est., 1543 ; Rochester and Buffalo 
R. R.; Wm. C. Bouck, gov., 1553; Silas 
Wright, Jr., gov., 1592 ; " anti-renters " 
outrages, 157 1, 159 1; constitution con- 
ven. meets, 1612 ; manhood suffrage in- 
tro., 1613 ;teleg-raphintro.. 161 3,1632 ;John 
Young, gov., 1613 ; St. Francis Xavier 
Coll. est., 1631; spiritualism rises, 1632 
1653; East N. Y. M. E. conf. fmd.; Coll. 
of N. Y. est., 1642; "Barnburners "Nat. 
conven. ; new code of laws adopted ; 
Free Soil Party Nat. Conven., 1651; 
Hamilton Fish, gov., 1671 ; Hudson River 
R.R., 1673 ; Univ. of Rochester est,, 
1683 ; A.D. 1850± ; Washington Hunt, 
gov.; Whitehalland Rutland R.R. opd., 
1692; Henry Clay burned, 1713; Man- 
hattan Coll.' est ,1731 ; gale, 174 1 ; Horatio 
Seymour, gov., 1743, 2293; N. Y. Central 
R. R., 1752, 3 ; Elmira Coll. est., 1783 ; 
M.H.Clark, Prohibition gov., 1792; Coll. 
of Our Lady; St. Lawrence Univ. est., 
1802; J, A King, gov. ; Whigs interfere 
with local gov't, 1S32 ; St. Stephen's 
Coll. est., 1863; Edwin D. Morgan, gov., 
1871; N. Y. senate votes for constitu- 
tion alpr oh ib., 1872; Prohibitory Amend, 
approved, 1922 ; St. Joseph's College ; 
Vassar Coll. est., 1991; Anti-Lineuln 
Dem. meeting. 2153, 2233; Union League 
fmd., 2192, 2431; Dem. Valandigham 
sympathy conven. ; Peace Party (Dem.) 
meeting, 2233 ; Manhattan Coll. est. ; 
Normal School est. at Oswego; Anti- 
Draft riots, 2252, 3 ; Horatio Seymour, 
fov., 2293 ; in draft riots, 225? ; opposes 
raft, 2273; asylum for inebriates, 2412; 
ratifies 13th Amend.. 2432 ; Reuben E. 
Fenton, gov., 2511 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 
2572 ; public schools made free, 2582 ; 
normal school opd. at Brockport, 2603 ; 
Board of Charities est., 2611; Cornell 
Univ.; Wells Coll. est., 2623; soldiers 
memorial day eel., 2631 ; Tweed controls 
election, 265 1 ; Albany and Susq. R. R., 
2653,2673; St. Louis Coll. est., 2603; new 



.354 



Text Figures denote Page. INOKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Newy— NlclL 



capital, 2673, 2753, 3013, 4011 ; Hell Gate 
improvements, 2673, 2933, 3213; Normal 
schools, Potsdam and Portland, opd., 
2663; JohnT. Hoffman, gov., 261)3; Can- 
isius Coll. est. ; St. John Baptist's Coll. ; 
Syracuse University est.,272i ; Tammany 
Hall defeated, 2752, 2872; Central N. Y. 
M. E. Conf. org., 2763 ; Judge Barnard 
convicted ; insane asylum at Buffalo, 
2783; State Parks Commission est., 2791 ; 
synod of Evang. Luth. org., 2802; survey 
of Adirondack's, 2813 ; Free Meth. Conf. 
org., 2822 ; W. C. T. U. nucleus, 2831 2851 ; 
Wm. M. Tweed, sentenced, 2831; Colo- 
rado beetle in, 2833 ; compulsory educa- 
tion enacted. 2843,3463, 4051 , 4111 ; John 
A. Dix, gov., 2851 ; Samuel J. Tilden, gov., 
2872 ; governor's term lengthened, 2S73; 
soldiers' home est., 2923 ; Lucius Rob- 
inson, gov., 2973; Chautauqua Literary 
Circle est., 3003; Oneida Community dis- 
solved, 3032; Lung Island Historical Soc. 
est., 3042; Alonzo B. Cornell, gov., 3052; 
Miller and Lapham, senators, 3092 ; 
Grover Cleveland, gov., 3112, 3153; re- 
signs. 3193, pros. C.S., 3192, 321 1 , declines 
prohibition, 3212, at Grant's funeral, 
3213 ; State Charities and Corrections 
Council est., 3131; David B. Hill, gov., 
3193, 3233, 3332 ; forest commissioners 
est.; Niagara Falls reservation est., 321 2; 
Board of Arbitration est., 3232; contract 
convict labor prohibited, 3303; electrical 
execution enacted, 3332,3492, 3631, 3651 ; 
Nat. Guard Asso. meets. 334 1; Canal 
Bill, 3353; Naval Militia Bill, 3352; Erie 
Canal enlargement, 3353; Ballot Reform 
Bill; substitute, 3472, passed, 3391 ,3551 ; 
Australian system adopted, 3392 ; 
Greater New York, 3372,4023, 4032,4231 ; 
4272, 4512, 4752 ; secret ballot, 3372 t 
3392, 3, 3532, 3552, 3, 3572; oil dis., 3381 ; 
natural gas dis., 3332 ; moneys for R. C. 
Protectory Bill defeated, 338*3 ; Woman 
Suffrage defeated, 3391, 4052; Dressed 
Beef Bill ; Excise Commission Bill ; 
Rapid Transit. Bill ; Police Justice Bills ; 
N. Y. City Police Coi a miss ion Bill ; Park 
Commission Bill, 3392 ; Saxton Ballot 
Keform Bill, 3392, 3, 3532, 3552, 3572, 
3992; Saxton Aiiti-Pooi-SellingBill.3792, 
4292; Anti-Bucket Bill, 3412; Mohawk 
lioud, 2421 ; Civil Service Reform League, 
3472 ; Barnard Coll. est., 3502 ; a.D. 
1890+ ; earthquake; Geo. Wm. Curtis, 
chancellor of regents, 352 1 ; inspectorsof 
elections are ministers, 3.531; World's 
Fair Bill, 3532, 3993, 4011 , 4271 ; Adiron- 
dacks Park Bill, 3532, 4011 ; ballot re- 
form, petition for, 3543 ; state care of 
Insane Bill, 3553, 3773, 381 1 , 4191 ; Non- 
partisan Police Bill, Ballot Reform Bill 
intro. ,355 s ; WeeklyPayment Billpasses, 
3571 ; Prohibition Amend, to constitu- 
tion, 3571,2, 3592,3772, 3811; Two-Dol- 
lars-a-Day Bill ; Hudson River Bridge 
Bill, 3572 ; paper-mills synch..; water- 
power of Niagara Falls utilized, 357 3 ; 
Blackwell's Island; East River Bridge 
Bill, 3592, 3773, 4012 ; election frauds, 
3591 ; Wood department in State 
Museum, 3641 ; Catholic schools, regent's 
report, 3642 ■ snow falls in Aug., 3661; 
Youths' Anti-smoking law, 3663 ; H. R. 
K. R. Yardmen quit work, 3663 ; supe- 
rior courts abolished, 3672; Stadler 
Dance Hall, Sunday sales, and Hil- 
dreth Liquor Bills defeated; N. Y., 
and Brooklyn Tunnel Bill, 381 1; no 
Knights of Labor employed on C. R. R., 
368 3 ; Conf. of Prot. Denominations on 
public schools, 3702; Noyes election dis- 
pute, 3732; Stadler Special License Bill, 
3783,381' ; Clifton race-track; operators 
punished, 3762; Anti-Pool-Selling Bill, 
379 2 ; election cases transferred to courts ; 
Central R. R. ; traffic resumed, 3793 ; 
Anti-Pinkerton Bill, 3811,4012; Brook- 
lyn Tunnel Bill; Heirs Tax Bill, 3812; 
Schaff Excise Bill, 3813 ; univ. Exten- 
sion Bill, 3832 ; rose chosen for State 
flower, 3833 ; nominees for gov., Bruce, 
Flower, Fassett, 3912 ; State Liquor 
Dealers' Asso., 390 3 ; first train by Sound 
Ferry, 391 s ; tie vote, 3952 ; Dutchess 
County, other defective ballots, 395 2 -t-, 
3971,4312 + , 4792 ; Democratic majority 
in senate, 3973 ; Sherwood seated, 
3992 ; Judge Maynard confirmed, 3993, 



investigation, 4021, 4051 ; "Snap"Demo- 
cratic conven., 4003, 4011 ; Liquor Deal- 
ers' Excise Bill, 4003, 4011 , 4051 ; Three 
Bridges Bill, 4012, 4573 ; St. Lawrence 
Bridge Bill, 4013 ; Dem. anti-silver 
coinage; Grant Monument Bill, 403 1 ; 
constitutional amendments adopted ; 
Freedom of Worship BiU, 4032 ; West 
Side Park Bill ; census taken, 4033 ; 
"Huckleberry" R. R. Bill, 405', 4593 ; 
Woman Suffrage Bill, 4052 ; Constitu- 
tional Conven. Bill, 4052, 4231; Speed- 
way Act repealed, 4051 ; Statutory Re- 
vision Commission codes ; signed, 4072; 
Anti-Hill Conven., 4073, nominates 
Wheeler, 4732 ; Factory Bill signed, 
4072 ; tramps seize freight train, 4083 ; 
State Arbitrators in Buffalo, 4142 ; 
Oneida County election case, 4171 ; Dem. 
sole inspectors, 4171 , 4192; Buffalo elec- 
tion frauds, 4192; Capitol Appropriation 
Bills intro., 401 1 ; Gov. Flower inaug., 
4212; Brooklyn officials protected, 4223; 
Non-partizan Election Inspectors' Bill, 
4243, 4552; Fire Island purchased, 4271 ; 
Buffalo Police Bill, 4272, 4283; Anti- 
Capital Punishment Bill, 4273 • Anti- 
Pool-Room Bill, 4292 ; state Art Teach- 
ers* Asso. session, 44S 2 ; Anti-Conspiracy 
Bill, 4283; Niagara Falls electric syndi- 
cate find., 4312 ; convicts work on roads, 
433 2 ; tax-exempt property, 4372; Racing 
Asso. Tax Bill, 4532; Brooklyn Annexa- 
tion Bills signed, 4592; Pound Compul- 
sory Education Bill, 4611; Bi-Partizan 
Police Bills vetoed, 4533, 4572, 4612 ; 
electoral frauds, 4442, s, 4451, 2; coal 
deposit dis., 448i ; State parks proposed, 
4493; Lexow investigating committee, 
451i±(see N.Y.Citvt ; Side Door Saloon 
Bill lost; Flag on Public buildings Bill 
4551 , 4612; Ehnira Reformatory investi- 
gation, 4551 ; Patriotic League of Revolu- 
tion, 4563; Colony for Epileptics enacted, 

4592, opd., 4702 ; Canal Improvement 
Bill ; Non-partizan Park Commission 
Bill; Ives' Pool Bill unconstitutional, 
4593 ; Constitutional Conven. officers, 

4593, Female Suffrage petition, 4612, rs , 
strikers, 4643, Sunday liquor frame, 4663, 
to abolish coroners, 4712, railroading 
bills, amends, demanded, 4671, favors 
capital punishment, 4682, female suf- 
frage, 4683, death penalty, 4692, Educa- 
tional Amendments, 4702, abolition of 
convict labor, 4711, 2, railroad passes, 
4712, Home rule, pool-selling, 4731 , Demo- 
crats arraign Republicans, adopts con- 
stitution, amendments divided, 473 2 , 
constitutional amendments approved, 
4752; free library system extended, 462 1 ; 
investigation of Gov. Flower, 4551 , 4653; 
race-track decision ; education in charit- 
able institutions ; vaccination in schools, 
4702 ; Levi P. Morton, gov., 4712 ; Stan- 
dard Oil Extradition, 4771 . 

New York Mills, cattle sale, 2833. 

University. (See Univ. of N. Y.) 

Yacht Club org. (1844) ; incorp. 

(1845); custodians of America cup, 1S33 ; 
Cambria defeated 2713 ; Livonia de- 
feated, 2753 ; Countess of Dufferin de- 
feated, 2933; Atalanta defeated, 3093; 
returns cup to donors, 313 3 ; Genesta de- 
feated, 3213 ; Galatea defeated, 3253 ; 
Thistle defeated, 3273; Dunraven's chal- 
lenge, 4173; Vigilant selected, 4392; Val- 
kyrie defeated, 4413. 

New York, cruiser, launched, 3961 ; trial 
trip, 4301 ; at Rio de Janeiro, 4461 . 

, steamship, flag raised, 4253; rec- 
ord, 4712,3. 

New York Custom House Bill passes, 3791 . 

Bridge Bills reported unfavor- 
ably in Congress, 401 2 , 4021 . 

_ and N. J. Bridge Bill, 4251 , 4412, 

4431,4471,4492,4773. 

Central R. R. est., 1752 ; accident 

on, 1853 ; newspaper train, 325 3 ; train 
robbers on, 3931,4022. 

, N. H. R. R. bridge wreck, 1733. 

Newton Tbeolog. (Bapt.) Inst. est. (1825) 
at Newton, Mass., 1323. 

New Zealand. (See text, p. 1103) ; settled, 
9512; mission, 10031; detached, 4953; 
bishopric est., 9483 ; detached bishopric, 
4962 ; Maoris ins., 9(J4 1 , 9661 , 9672 ; strike, 
5002; excluded, 5012 ; Christ church, 
see est., 9583 ; Bp. Julius cons., 1004 2 . 



New Zealand Company organized, 11032. 
Ney, Michel, Due d'Elchigen, Pr. de la- 

Moskowa, b., 7042 ; at Eichingen, 7141 ; 

at Dennewitz, 7201 ; shot, 722i ,2 ; statue 

7321. 
Neyoor in Travancor, mission, 10462. 
Nez Perces, Presbyterians among, 2822. 
Nezahualcoytl, d., 122. 
Nezahuapilli, enthroned, 133 ; d., 161. 
Nezib, battle at, 6562. 
Nezlet-Rooman, mission, 657'. 
N'gami, Lake, Afr., dis., 5601 , 5982. 
Ngape, Burmese war, 10482. 
Nguyen dynasty, Annam, 4811 . 
Niafaaurut reigns, Egypt, 6513. 
Niagara lays Atlantic cable, 1833. 

blockades Charleston ; captures Gen- 
eral Parkhill, 1942, Georgia, 2372. 

Niagara, Can., see est., 9803; Bp. Hamilton 
consecrated, 9922. 

Falls, fort built, 481 ; rivalry for, 

612 ; Table Rock falls, 1261 , 1661 , 172i ; 
men fall, 1753- Internat. Miss. Union 
inaug., 3182 ; Suspension Bridge opd., 
1761, 3; 1773; Blondin crosses, 1853; 
Matt. Webb drowned ; Cantilever Bridge 
built ; peril of Maid of Mist, 315 3 ; 
State purchases park, 3212, 3 ; bridge 
wrecked, 3321; horseshoe rock drops, 
3341 ; S. J. Dixon walks over, 3673; water 
power tunnel, 3573, 36S1, 4513; grant 
for electric machine, 589 2 

Univ. 

Falls, N. 

Nibelungenot (Nibeliaigenlied) est., 7763. 

Nicander, at war with Argives, 10141 . 

Nicanor in Hellespont, 10243 ; at Caphar- 
salama ; killed in Adasa, 114S1. 

Nicaragua lost at sea, 3973. 

Nicaragua (see text,pp. 1103, 1104), dis.,162;. 
rulers, 172; explored, 191 ; colonists 
rebel, 221; Wm. Walker arrives, 1803 r 
1822 ; treaty unratified, 3193; surrenders 
to San Salv., 1123 3 ; Blueiields report, 
551 ; Am. interests protected, 4661 ; sov- 
ereignty recognized, 4711 ; allied to Gua- 
temala, 103S1 ; Honduras defeated, 10411 .. 

Canal, route surveyed, 11031 ,2,3 ; in- 
quiry resolution, 3992 ; conven. session, 
4093, 4193 ; bill to incorporate, 3332,. 
3363 ; bonds guaranteed, 3752 ; bill dis- 
cussed, 3791 , 4772 ; concessions granted, 
11033 ; receiver appointed, 4373; reor- 
ganized, 4453. 

Niccolino, Ciovanni Battista, b, (1782);. 
works, 10871; d. (1861). 

Nice (Nic;ea), Asia, pillaged, 6611 ; crusa- 
ders win, 6682_; Gr. enip. reigns, 10351; 
conquered, 10:i>2 ; Latin Emp. est., 1553 - f 
Council of, bps., 6643, 7913, 10283. 

, Fr., truce of, ends war, 5112; annexed 

to Savoy, 6772; bombarded, 7901; sur- 
renders, 6941 ; annexed toFr., 7092, 7132 ; 
captured by Fr. ; taken by Austrians, 
10841; transferred to Sardinia, 7213; 
treaty for annexing. 7352; accident, 7473 ; 
fire-panic, 10903, earthquake, 7561 , 11502. 

Nicene creed adopted, 10682. 

Niceola Pisano, Cathedral pulpit, 10761 . 

Nicephorus, in Asia. 10321 ; peace with 
Harun-al-Rascbid. I0331 ; reigns ; k.,1032i . 

II., Phocas, reigns, 10332; recovers 

Crete, etc, 10332; marries ; killed, 10323. 

ILL, reigns, 10333. 

Gregoras, b., 10343. 

Patricias, deposed, 10331. 

Nichailovitcb, N'ieolai, d., 11201. 

Nicholas L, the Great St., b.-d., 10721; 
pope, 10723. 

II., pope, 10731 . 

III., pope, 10763. 

IV., pope, embellishes Rome, 10762,3. 

V., b.-d., 10782 ; pope, 10791 ; com- 
mences ne.w St. Peter's, 10781; founds 
library, 10792. 

V., anti-pope, 10771 . 

I., Czar, b., 11162; reigns, 11173; abol- 
ishes slavery, 11172 ; manifesto for Chris- 
tianity, 11182 ; manumission of serfs, 
11191 ; W ar with Western powers, 11192; 
at Varna, 5201 ; d., 11192. 

II., proclaimed emp. Russia, 11231 . 

of Guildford, work, 8523. 

, prince, b., 5652; recommended to 

Bulgaria, 5673; d., 5681 . 

, Czar, Turk, the " Sick Man," 11571 . 

: , St., d., 11542. 

, Czarowitch, d., 11182. 

, Grand Duke, b., 11163 ; d., 11221 . 



Nich-Norm. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN DrLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



18^5 



Nicholas, G. D., insane, 11211. 

, Robt. chief justice, SS93. 

Nicholls, Francis T., gov., 2951 , 3012, 3332. 
Nichols, John b. 9103 ; d., 9422. 

, Louis, in Can. 5723. 

, Win. F., cons. P E. bishop, 3G21 . 

, Ripley, b. (1847) ; d., 3241 . 

Nicholson, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 
, Francis, lieut.-gov., N. Y.,511 ; flees; 

royal commission, 512; gov., 551,593 ; 

peace with Indians, 60 1 ; gov., N. S., 

5752; d. (1728). 

, Henry Alleyne, voltaic battery, 930i . 

, Isaac, consecrated bishop, 386*1 , 3941 . 

, James, commodore, b., 642 ; d., 1122. 

, Margaret, assaults king, 9232. 

, William, b., 9123 ; d (1815). 

, Carmichael, b. (1800) ; d., 2781 . 

, Rufus, b. (1822) ; cons, bp., 2903. 

Nicholson's Crossing, R. R. accident, 3993. 
Nicias, peace of, 1020 2 ; executed, 10203 ; 

leader aristocratic party, 10212. 
Nickel dis., 3121, 11341 ; for coinage, 7533. 

Plate Road, accident, 3873. 

steel experiments, 3901 . 

Nickerson, Town Marshal, killed, 3722. 
Nickolsburg, peace signed, 526 2 . 
Nicksich, aid from Mukhtar Pasha, 5281 . 
Nicobar Isles, acquired by Eng., 9733. 
Nicodemus interviews Jesus, 11521. 
Nicolai, Christoph Friedrich, b., 8002; Se- 

baldus Nothanker, 8051 ; d., S102. 

, Karl O. E., b., 8102 ; d., 8181 . 

Nicolas rules Montenegro, 10972. 

, Don, in Newfoundland, 19 1 . 

, Sir Nicolas Harris, b., 9283 ; d., 9542. 

, Wilson C, gov., 1233. 

Nicolay, John George, b. (1832); Abraham 

Lincoln, 4791 . 
Nicole, Pierre, b.,6863; work, 6931 ; d.,6943. 
Nicolet, R. C. diocese est., 5842. 
Nicoll, James Craig, b. (1846); of Academy 

of Design, 3221. 
Nicollet, Jean Nicholas, b., 7062 ; d.,7283; 
Nicolls, Matthias, b. (1630+); mayor N.Y., 

452 ; d. (1687). 
, Sir Richard, b. H624) ; gov. N.Y., 431 ; 

incorporates city, 432 ; d. (1672). 

, S. J., moderator, 280 2 . 

Nicols, Lewis, Indian missionary, 422. 
Nicomedes 1. reigns, 11492 ; d. (250i B.C.). 
III., Philopater, reigns ; expelled, 

11511; routed by Mithridates, 10562; 

gives Bithynia to Rom.. 1059 1 ; d.(74 B.C.). 
Nicomedia, Asia, earthquakes, 1150 2 ; re- 
stored, 11533; Licinius surrenders, 10681 ; 

Othman invades, 11542 ; surrenders to 

Turks, 11541 ; massacre of Christians 

1154 3 j capital Empire, 11551 j mission, 

11563. 
Nicon, Patriarch, cruelties, 11143. 
Nicopoli taken, 11581 , 
Nicopolis, action at, 10341 ; defeat of Si- 

gismund, 11561 . 
Nicot, Jean, b., 6803; d., 6863. 
Nicotera, Giovanni, baron, b., 10862 • d., 

10901 . 
Nicoya, Costa Rica, pirates; annexed, 6302. 
Nictheroy, Braz., victory, 558 s ; rebellion, 

5601. 
Nicuessa, Diego de, b. (1465+) ; founds 

Nombre de Dios, 173 ; receives grant, 

6282; gov., 6301; d. (1511). 
Niebuhr, Barthold Georg, b., 8042; Roman 

History, 8103; d., 8142. 

, Karstens, b. 8002; d., S103. 

Niederbronn, Alsace, skirmish at, 7381 . 

Nieh degraded, 6263. 

Niel, Adolpbe, b., 7143 ; minister of war, 

7373 ; d., 7382. 
Nielsen, officer, death avenged, 8381 . 
Niemcewicz, Julian Ursin, b. (1757); d., 

11163. 
Niemen, Fr. army cross, 7183. 
Niemeyer, August H.,b., 8022 ; d., 8142. 
Nien-fei, rebels ; defeated, 6202. 
Niepce Jos. Nic^phore, b., 7031; dis. ac- 
tion of light. 7201 ; inv. a velocipede. 7222 ; 

photogalvanography, 7241 ; d., 7262. 
, de Saint-Victor, Claude Felix Abel, 

b., 7163; d., 7382. 
Nierses II., calls synod of bishops, 10711 . 
Nietzsche, Friedrich, Jenseits, etc., 8362. 
Nieure Zijdinghen at Antwerp, 5411 . 
Nieuwentyl, Bernardus, b.-d., 11003. 
Nieuwpoort, action at, 10982. 
Nieva, Conde de. (See Lopez de Zufliga.) 
Niger, Caius Pescennius, overthrown, 

10641 ; in Sp., 1065 2 ; proclaimed emp., 

10653; defeated; killed, 6521. 



Niger districts settled, 9951 . 

River. (See text, p. 1161.) 

Nightingale, Florence, b.,9402 ; army ser- 
vice, 9581 ; at Scutari, 11583. 

Nigra, Count, London Conference, 9932. 

Nihilists, arrest demanded, 5693 ; sen- 
tenced, 7583 ; against Czar, 7603 ; ex- 
pelled, 7652 ; trial of, 11191 ; active ; ex- 
ecuted, 11203; convicted at Kieff, 11211 ; 
offer to Czar ; manifesto, 11213. 

Nihon Bashi, mission at, 10922. 

Niigata, missions at, 10921 . 

Nike, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . 

Nikoforoff, arrested, 5683. 

Nikopoli, battle of, 5061 ; captured, 5651 . 

Nile, source dis., 560 3 ; inundation fails, 
6542 ; rises ; bricks found, 6563 ; Brit, 
ascend, 66O1 ; battle of, 928i . 

Nile, steamer, wrecked, 9593. 

, ironclad, launched, 9981 . 

Niles, O., destitution, 4533. 

, Hezekiah, b., 89 » ; d., 1502. 

.John Milton, b. (1787); P. M. Gen., 

1513 ; d (1856). 

, Wm. Woodruff, b. (1S32); bp., 2702. 

, N., embezzling, 3S22. 

Nilometer erected, 6542. 

Nilsson, Christine, b., 11361; as Violetta, 
9701. 

, Sven, b.-d., 11342. 

Nimeguen, peace of, 5413; Eng. defeat, 
710i; taken, 10981. 

Nimes, Fr., colony fnd., 661 1 ; conquered, 
6621; plundered, 6622; united to Fr., 
6732; Protestants massacred, 7231 ; Cath- 
olics massacred, 682 1; pacification of, 
6371 ; burned and. plundered, 7221 ; mine 
explosion, 7573 ; Prot. Seminary, 7582. 

Nimrud, built, 11431 ; palace built, 11453. 

Nina sails; flag raised, 131; at Lisbon; 
Columbus sails, 142. 

stranded, 3801. 

Ninde, Wm. Xavier, b., 1402 ; bp., 3163. 

Ninety-Six, S. C, British take, 921 . 

Nineveh attacked, 11442; taken, 11471. 
6481. 

Ning, Prince, rebels, 6141 . 

po taken, 6161 ; attacked, 6162 ; mis- 
sion, 6183,6192, 6211, 2 6222; desolated; 
retaken, 6201 ; occupied, 6202; medicinal 
work, 6211. 

hia, mission, 6242. 

Ninh-Binh, evacuated, 4802; yields, 4821 . 

Ninian, St., fnds. ch. in Galloway, 10702. 

Ninko reigns, 10913. 

Ninnescah, Kan., destroyed by gale, 3293. 

Niobe rescues filibusters, 6321 . 

bombards Omoa, 10411 . 

Niogo opened to commerce, 10931 . 

Nippon Islands, earthquake, 10921 . 

Nipsic wrecked at Sainoim Islands, 3361 . 

Nisard, Jean Marie Napoleon Desire^ b., 
7163; d., 7562. 

Nisbet,EugeniusAristi.,b. (1803); d.,2721. 

Nish, Servia, action at, 1066 1; Turks de- 
feated, 5081 , 

Nisibis, action at, 10641 . 

Nitard, Jesuit, expelled, 11291 . 

Nitocris, Queen, avenges murder, 6471 . 

Ni-tek-tso, est. Christianity, 10941. 

Nitric acid, nature of„ 9222. 

ether discovered, 7981 . 

Nitrogen described, 9182. 

Nitrous oxid gas intro. in London, 9701 ; 
used in Am., 2411. 

Nitscbmann, John, b. (1703) ; missionary, 
622 ; d. (1772). 

Nitta Yoshisada leads revolt ; destroys 
Kamakura, 10911 . 

Nitzsch, Gregor Wilhelm, b., 8043; d. t 
8202 

, Karl Ludwig, b., 8022 ; d., 8142. 

Nivollet, Fr., destroyed, 7561 . 

Nixon Dressed Beef Bill read, 3392. 

, Col., near Suffolk, 2211 . 

, John, d., 1242. 

Nizam Ali, treaty with Brit., 10453. 

Shahi dynasty reigns, 10433. 

— -ul-Mulk, yields to G. B., 10493. 

N6, Charles, Hfii-es et Impressions, 760 2 . 

Noachian deluge, 11401 . 

Noah begins ark, 11401 ;sonsdisperse,11412. 

, Mordecai, b., 962 ; d., 1681 . 

Noailles, Due Adrien Maurice de,b.,6923; 
d.,7031. 

, Louis Antoine de, cardinal, b. (1651); 

ecclesiastical head in Fr., 6971; appel- 
lant, 6991; d. (1729). 

, Philippe de, Due de Mouchv, b. (1715); 

marshal; at Dettingen, 7001 ; d. (1794). 



Nobili, Leopoldo, b. (1784) ; animal elec- 
tricity, 10861; d. (1834). 

Nobiling, Karl E., wounds Emp. William, 
8291; suicide, S303. 

Nobility, Fr. contesting, 6692 ; Fr., privi- 
leges of, 691 2 ; records burned, 7083 ; new, 
7191 ■ patents for English, 8583. 

Noble, Benj. F., sec. of interior, 3372. 

, Col., at Grand Pre, N. S., 661 . 

, Matthew, statue of Cromwell by,980 1 . 

, Noah, gov. Ind., 1392. 

, Patrick, b. (1787); gov. S. C, 1512; 

d. (1840). 

Nobles, Ger., disorder of, 7932. 

Noboa, Diego, recalls Jesuits, 6441 • pres. 
Ecuador, 6442. 

Nobrega, Manuel de, b., 1517 ; eBt. Sao- 
Paulo, 5522 ; provincial, 5531 ; d. (1570). 

Nobunaga rises, 10913 ; shogun; suicide, 
10913. 

Nocton captured, 1182. 

Nodier, Charles, b. 7051; works, 7151. 
7231 ; d., 7283. 

Noel, Francois Joseph Michel, b., 7022 • 
d., 7282. 

, Roden Berkeley Wriothesley, b. 

(1799); d., 10121. 

Noell, Thomas, mayor N. Y., 55 2 . 

Noir, Victor, b. (1848) ; killed, 7383. 

Noire, Ludwig, b., 8142 ; d., 8321 . 

Noisseville, Ger., Bazaine defeated, 740 2 . 

Nojara, battle of, 6741 . 

Nola, It., taken, 10521; action at; de- 
fended, 10542. 

Nolan, Capt., unseated, 9771. 

Noland, E. T., state treas., Mo., 3543. 

Nolensville, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2183. 

Nollekens, Joseph, b., 9083; d., 9403. 

Nollendorf, Bohemia, repulse at, 7201. 

Nollet, Jean Antoine, b., 6943 • d., 7042. 

Nombre de Dios, Panama, fnd., 173. 

Nominalists, controversy, 10763. 

Nominating conventions begin, Am., 1433. 

Non-conformists favored, 8963 ; perse- 
cuted, 8923; Bicentenary fund, 9662. 

importation asso. appear, Am., 753. 

Act revived, 1173. 

jurors taxed, Eng., 9072. 

resistant oath repealed, 9073. 

Union labor, World's Fair, 3763. 

Noor-ed-Dern, Egy. at war with, 6541 . 

Nootka Sound discovered, 5772. 

Norbanus, Caius, conquered, 10581 ; con- 
sul at Rome, 10591 ; d. (81+ B. c). 

Nobunaga, Ota, b., 10911 . 

Norbury, Earl, title created, 9412. 

Norcross, Henry L., dynamiter, 3963. 

Nordenflycht, Hedvig'Chark>ita,b. (1718) ;. 
Turtledove 11351 ; d. (1763). 

Nordenskjold, Baron Nils, Adolf Eric, b. 
11041 ; polar exped , 9821 , 11053, 11361 . 

Xordisk Cnirtrsitets Tidsskrirt, 6403. 

Nordog Syd, 6403. 

Nordhausen, Richard, work, 8362. 

Nordhoff, Charles, journalist, b., 1381. 

Nordlingen, Ger., Protestants defeated, 
5121 ; Spaniards defeated, 6881. 

Nore, Eng., mutiny at, 9281 . 

Norfolk, Conn, gymnasium opened, 4102 t 

, Neb., Ins:ine Asvlum opened, 3332. 

, Va., burned, 821, 833 ; taken, 902 ; 

steamer to N. Y., 1313 ; yellow fever, 
1773; Navy Yard burned ; vessels sunk ; 
Gen. Taliaferro at, 194i ; Federals oc- 
cupy, 2071; fire, 4453. 

, Baron, title created, 8643. 

•, D. of, slander ; banished, 8612. 

, Duke of, dismissed, 9292. 

, Duke of, in Parliament, 945 2 . 

, Duke of, envoy extraordinary, 996 2 ; 

(See Howard, Thomas.) 

Island dis., 4932 ; colony, 4951 ; mis- 
sion, 5001 ; annexed, 9253 ; settled, 943 1 . 

Noricum subjugated, 10603; a Roman prov- 
ince, 10632 ; acquired, 10712. 

Norkitten, action at, 11141 . 

Norma, opera, in N. Y., 1761 . 

Normal School Bill passes, Fr., 7513, 

Norman, Okla., university located, 3743. 

, Col., at Jagdalak, 61 . 

, Sir Henry Wylie, governor, 5003. 

, Sir John, lord mayor London, 8633.. 

, Henry, Monetary System, 4203. 

, Robert, magnetic needle, 8741. 

line of kin^s established, 8473. 

barons revolt, 8481. 

Normanby, Marquis of, minister, 9032. 
, Marquis of, title created, 9451 . 

, Marquis of, gov. Australia, 4983,4991 : 

resigns, 4992. 



1356 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Norm— Xoit. 



Normandy collides with Mary, 973 3 . 

Normandy, Fr., named, 6352; peasants re- 
volt, 6673 j war for duchy ; secured to 
Eng., 6693; conquered, 6713, 8481,8633 ; 
losttoEng., 8531. 

Normannia, cholera scare, 4141 , 3, 415 2 , 3; 
damaged by tidal wave ; returns, 4493. 

Normans and Saxons united, 849 2 . 

in Newfoundland, 163; absorbed, 

Eng., 8563; conquer Thessalonica, 10322; 
in S. It., 10721 ; settle at Aversa, 10733 ; 
take Naples, 10741; supreme in S. It., 
10752 ; in JRus., 11132; i n Tunis, 11392. 

Normanton, Earl of, title created, 931 1 . 

Nornena, Francisco de Alva y, gov., 605 2 . 

Norridgewock, burned, GO 1 ; rebuilt, 622. 

Norris, John G., b., 1102. 

Norristown, Pa.,R. R. opened, 1413 ; Har- 
tranft monument, 384 i 

Norsk Maane<hskrift issued, 11043. 

Tidsskrift issued, 11042, 11362. 

Norske Selskahorg. in Copenhagen, 11042. 

North, Baron, title created, 871 1. 

, Sir Francis, b., 8822 ; king's counsel, 

8913 ; lord keeper, 8953; d., 8962. 

, Frederick, E. of Guilford, b., 9082 ; 

prime minister, 772, 919 3 , 923.2 ; resigns, 
953; conciliatory bills, 9213; d. (1792). 

, Marianne, d., 10041 . 

, Sir Thomas, Plutarch's Lives trans- 
lated, 8751. 

Albingian duchies quarrel, 5271 , 

North America sunk, 2413. 

North Am. -Galway steamship service,965 3 . 

North American Magazine issued, 71 2 . 

Review issued, 1251. 

North Am. Canal Co. formed, 5952. 

Saengerbund festival, 4342. 

Volapuk Asso., session, 3662. 

Northampton launched, 9801. 

Northampton, Eng., battle of, 8641; riot, 
9792; strike, 9972 ; Bp. Riddell cons., 9862. 

, Mass., great awakening, 623 ; j. Ed- 
wards retires, 663 ; Clarke Inst, opened, 
2591 ; Lyman's gift, 420 1 ; Indians ravage, 
421 ; attack, 46i ; Smith Coll. org., 2883; 
observatory erected, 3241 . 

, Earl of (Henry Howard), b. (1539+) ; 

minister, 3792, 3 ; d. (1641). 

, Marquis, title created, 9372. 

, Marquis of, b. (1790) ; president Royal 

Society, 9482. 

North Anna, Va., battle of, 2332. 

North British Review issued, 9523. 

North British Borneo Co. chartered, 6523. 

Railway built, 9521 . 

Briton, libel in, 9172. 

Northbrook, Earl of, title created, 9751 . 

Northbrooke, Lord (Thomas George Bar- 
ing), b. (1826) ; viceroy of Ind., 10492 ; 
at Cairo, 6612. 

Northburne, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

Carolina, corn, etc., dis., 242 ; land 

grant, 332 ; Wm. Drummond, gov., 393, 
423 ; first settlement, 393 ; Puritans in, 
413 ; civil gov't org., 423; Sam. Stevens, 

gov., 433, 451 ; Friends settle, 443 ; Geo. 
artwright, gov., 443 ; taxes refused, 
45 2 ; commerce impeded; population, 
453 ; Sam. Miller, gov. (1677) ; insurrec- 
tion, 472, 511; John Culpepper, gov. 
(1678) ; independent, 472 ; John Harvey, 
pres. ; John Jenkins, gov. ; Henry Wil- 
kinson, gov., 491 ; Seth Sothel, gov. ,493; 
quit-rents refused, 511; Huguenots in, 
512,572; Philip Ludwell, gov., 512; toler- 
ation in ; churches erected, 523 ; Alex. 
Lillington, dep.-gov. 532; Thos. Harvey, 
dep.-gov. (1695) naval stores produced, 
533; H. Walker gov. 552; Indian war; 
Ch. of Eng. est., 56 2 toleration repealed, 
563; on clergyman in 57 1 ; Robt. Daniel, 
gov. ,572- sanc'tuaryof runaways, 572,591 ; 
two governors ; Thos. Carey, gov.; anar- 
chy, 572; gov. rebels ; Wm. Glover, pres.; 
Edward Hyde gov yellow fever, 573 ; 
Thos. Pollock, pres. 59 1 ,61 2 ; Chas. Eden 
gov., 59i ;Bapt. ch. fmd.,603; Wm. Reed, 
pres., 612 ; Geo. Burrington, gov., 61 2, 
632 ; Sir Richard Everard, gov., 612 ; 
a royal province, 63 2 ; Nath. Rice, gov., 
633, 692 ; Gabriel Johnson, gov., 633 ; 
officers imprisoned, 652 ; printingintro., 
671; Matthew Rowan, pres., 692; Arthur 
Dobbs, gov., 693; Bapt. Asso. fmd., 71 1 , 
742 ; Wm. Tryon, gov., 751 ; regulators 
resist taxation, 761 , 771 , 3 ; James Has- 
kell, pres. ; Josiah Martin, gov., 773 ; 
boundary settled, 783 j aids Bostonians, 



792; Presbyterians in Mecklenburg Con- 
ven., 811; Mecklenburg, declaration of 
independence, 812 ; subscribes for inde- 
pendence, 832 ; Richard Caswell, first 
State gov., 85 3 , 97 3 ; adopts new consti- 
tution, 853 ; signs Federation articles, 
891; Abner Nash, gov., 913 ; Brit, in, 
922 ; Indian expedition, 923 ; aban- 
doned to Brit., 93i ; Thos. Burke, gov. 
(1781); cedes western lands, 972, 1013, 
1031 ; ratifies Federal constitution; Univ. 
of N.C. fnd., (1789) ; Alex. Martin, gov: 
(1782), 1013 ; Sam. Johnston, gov., 101 1 ; 
Raleigh laid out, 1033; Rich. D. SpaigM. 
gov., 1051; 1453 ; Univ. of org., 1063 ; 
Sam. Ashe, gov., 107 3 ; A.I>. lSOOi ; 
William R. Davie, gov., 1093 ; Benjamin 
Williams, gov., 1093, 1152; James Tur- 
ner, gov., 1113; Lutheran synod formed, 
1123;Nath. Alexander, gov., 1133; David 
Stone, gov. , 1153 ; Benj . Smith, gov., 1173 ; 
Wm. Hawkins, gov., 1192 ; Presb. synod 
org., 1212; Wm. Miller.gov., 1233; p ro t. 
Epis. diocese org., 125 1 ; John Branch 
gov., 1253 ; Jesse Franklin, gov., 1292 ; 
Gabriel Holmes, gov., 1293 ; Hutchins 
G. Burton, gov., 1332; James Iredell, 
gov., 1353; John Owen, gov., 1372; State 
Library fnd., 139 1 ; Montford Stokes, 
gov., 1392 ; David L. Swain, gov., 1412 ; 
M. E.conf. fmd., 1462 ; Edward B. Dudley, 
gov., 1492; John M.Morehead, gov.. 1552; 
Wm. A. Graham, gov., 1611 ; Chas. Manly 
gov., 1671; David S. Reid, gov., 1692 ; 
Thos. Bragg, gov., 1792; Judson College 
fnd., 1843; Coll. of, org., 1862 ; John W. 
Ellis, gov., 1871 ; Fed. forts seized ; gov. 
restores forts, 190 1 ; adheres to slave 
states, 1912; refuses troops, 1933; block- 
aded, 1942; u. S. mint seized ; blockade 
extended, 195 1 ; secedes, 1953 ; senators 
expelled, 1973 ; offices vacated ; M. N. 
Taylor elected gov. ; independence de- 
clared, 2012 ■ Burnside commands in, 
2021 ; Burnside's expedition arrives, 2022 
(see Burnside) ; Henry T. Clark, gov., 
2032; Edward Stanley, niilUa.rygov.,2093; 
Burnside recalled, 210 2 ; Zebulon B. 
Vance, gov., 2173, 297 3 ; amnesty to sol- 
diers, 2252; -Wm. M. Holden, gov., 2473, 
2511 (1868) ; secession ordinance re- 
pealed ; slavery abolished, 2491 ; ratifies 
13th Amend., 249 2; Jonathan Worth gov., 
2493, 2511 ; Constitutional conven. 2512; 
rejects 14th Amend. ; act of amnesty 
passed, 2552 ; Constitutional conven., 
2611; readmitted, 2632; ratifies 14th 
Amend., 2633; ratines new cons., 263 1 ; 
R. C,vicarate apostolic est., 2642 j law- 
less secret societies proclaimed, 2691; 
militia suppress Kuklux, 2703 ; Gov. 
Holden impeached, 273 1 ; Kuklux pro- 
claimed, 2733; senator readmitted, 277 3 ; 
TodR. Caldwell, gov., 2772; amnesty to 
secret societies, 283 1 ; amendments rati- 
fied, 2832 ; compulsory education laws, 
2863 ; Curtis H. Brogden, gov., 2873 ; 
Constitutional conven.; new cons, rati- 
fied, 2892 ; Thos. M. Holt, gov. (1891) ; 
Colored Normal School opd., 2963 ; Con- 
gregational conf. org., 3002 ; State In- 
dustrial Asso. org. ,303 2 ; Thos, J. Jarvis 
gov., 3033; asylum for insane, 3071 ; Pro- 
hibition Bill rejected, 3083 ; Normal 
School opd., 3082; dry fog, 3081; Pro- 
hibitory Amendment voted down, 3091; 
Prot. Epis. diocese erected, 3162; Alfred 
M. Scales, gov., 3233 ; Normal School 
opd., 3283, 3962 ; earthquake, 3321 ; Fe- 
male Coll. fnd., 3322; cloud-burst, 3411 ; 
land syndicate find., 3412 ; Daniel G. 
Fowle, gov., 3492 ; threatened by negro 
exodus, 3503, 3511 ; World's Fair appro- 
priation refused, 377 1 ; Normal School 
opd., 3962 ; illicit stills captured, 419i ; 
Elias Carr, gov., 4472 ; general strike 
4563 ;Dem. for free silver,4692; Rep. favor 
Populists, 4731 ; Cong. conf. org., 3002. 

North Carolina, Univ. of, est. (1787) ; ob- 
servatory est., 1401; H.Smith's address, 
4581. 

College, 1862. 

China, mission est., 6222; see est., 

9722 ; Bishop Scott consecrated, 986 2 . 

Northeote, James, b., 9122; d., 9442. 

, Sir Stafford Henry, E. of Iddesleigh, 

b.,9383 ; minister, 11713,0792, !)933, 9953; 
in Joint Commission, 2732 ; against ob- 
struction, 9852 ; against Suez Canal mo- 



nopoly,9912; royal commission, 9951 ; d., 
9962; statue, 9981. 

North Dakota. (See territorial history 
with South Dakota.) Territory org., 
1931 ; N. Pacific R. R. begun at Grand 
Forks, 2773 ; Gen. Congre. Synod org., 
3142; N. Dak. Univ. est., 3183; Local Op- 
tionLaw passed, 3291 ; Territory divided; 
N. Dak. Ter. org., 3292; John Miller gov., 
3492;bill to a<lnnt..';;i63 ,3471 ;Sioux Reser- 
vation opd.,. '.i4;>2; j ;i,sin;avk, capital; anti- 
trust clause in coiisti(-utiou,j45i ; prohi- 
bition ratified, 3471, 3483; state gov't 
operative, 3472; i s t legislature, 3483; 
La. lottery legalized. 3531 ; tornado, 3621 ; 
prairie fire, 3673; deaf mutes' school 
est., 3731 ; Agricultural Coll. est.; Nor- 
mal Schools est., 3742; La. Lottery 
officers indicted, 3942; Andrew H. 
Burke, gov., 3992; Indians cede land, 
4172; Prohibitory Law constitutional, 
4292; Universalist State conven., 4461 ; 
Eli C. D. Shortridge, gov., 4472; Roger 
Allen, gov. (1S95). 

Univ. org., 3183. 

Danville, Va., Dr. Moffett shot, 4183. 

Eastern R. R., Eng., strike, 9703. 

Eastham, Mass., cable laid, 3033. 

Northern and Continental collide, 3693. 
Northen, Amos Henry, d., 3301. 

, Wm. J., gov., 3751 , 4212. 

Northern Belie wrecked, 1813. 

Northern Illinois Coll. (non-sect.) est. 

(1854) at Fulton. 
Northern Indiana burns, 1813. 
Northern Liang conquered, 6131. 

Missionary Society org., 1083. 

Pacific R. R. chartered, 2353, 2712; 

begun, 2713, 2773; completed, 3153, 
5853; wreck ,:s;>!)3 ; robbery. 4183 ; manage- 
ment, 4253; bond issue, 5893; strike, 4503; 
receivers appointed, 4372; deficit, 4733. 

R. R., N. Hanrp., opnd., 1613, 1633. 

Northesk, E. of, title created, 8851 . 

Northfield, Mass., coll. students' encamp- 
ment, 3422, 4i()i ; Clarke Inst, opd., 2591 ; 
Coll. Students' Conf. opens, 3622; Bible 
Cong.,3G42,:;,x ( ;i ,4341 ,466 1 ; Schoolsof Re- 
ligious Workers, 4122; Young Women's 
Conf., 4321,3, 463i; World's Students' 
Conf., 4342. 

, Minn., Carleton Coll. org., 2722. 

North fleet in collision. 9973. 

North Ga. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2522. 

German Lloyd Ss. line est., 1833. 

Germany annexed to Fr,, 8111; de- 
mands union of S. Gel'., 8253; cities de- 
clare for union, 8272; unity est., 5271 . 

Ger. Miss. Society org., 8143. 

Confederation fmd., 8251, 2; 

Pari, opened, 8253. 

Holland canal opened, 11022. 

Northington, Baron, title created, 9871 . 
, E. of, lord-lieut., 9232. 

North Kent Railway, collision, 9613. 

Little Rock, Ark., outrage, 4143. 

Northmen, in Greenland, 111 ; take Ant- 
werp, 5393; enter Seine, 6661; j n Paris, 
6672; war with Ger., 7701 ; attack Prank- 
ish kingdoms, 7721 ; i n G. Brit., 8441 ; 
ravage Eng., 8461. 

North Point, Md., battle celebrated, 3683. 

pole, magnetic; discovered, 9441, 

Providence, R. I., first cotton mill 

erected, 1041. 

Queensland, Australia, diocese est., 

4982; see est.; Bp. Stanton elected, 9803; 
Bp. Barlow cons., 10062. 

Northrup, H. P., cons. R. C. bp., 3102; 

transferred to Charleston, 3122. 
North Sea blocked, 6401 ; naval battle, 

9141; vessels wrecked, 9913. 
North Star returns, 9561 . 

seized, 5933. 

North Tex., Female Coll. est., 2963. 
Northumberland wrecked, 9021. 

launched, 9681 . 

, Napoleon sails on, 7221 . 

Northumberland kingdom, 8413; ravaged, 

8481; strikes, 9823; miners strike, 9943. 

, D. of, title created, 9152. 

, earldom abolished, 8491 . , 

Northumbria Christianized, 8422 ; con- 

quered,844 1 ; revolts, 8453 ^Romances, 8543 . 
North Wales Chronicle issued, 933 1 . 
Northway, Step. A., b., 1421 ; speech, 4392. 
Northwest Missouri Coll. (Meth. South) 

est. (1892) at Albany. 

boundary, 1572,3; settled, 1592. 



Nort-Ocal. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN L)rii.X, Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1357 



Northwest Passage dis. 9102, 9603; expe- 
dition to, 938*. 

Preventive and Reformatory Insti- 
tution fnd., 9591. 

- Texas M. E. Conf. fmd., 2522. 
Northwestern Baseball League find. ,3133. 

Coll. Napiersville, org., 1991 . 

R. R. collision, 9653. 

Univ., Evanston, 111., org., 1703, fnd., 

1782; H. W. Rogers, pres., 378 1 ; library 
fnd., 3882; Emily Huntington Miller, 
prin. "Woman's Coll., 3902. 

, Wis., org., 2503. 

Northwiek, Lord, pictures sold, 9641. 

Norton, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

.Andrews, b.,981; works, 1191,1491; 

d., 1701 . 

, Caroline Elizabeth, b., 9343; d., 9822. 

, Charles S., commodore, 4561. 

, Elijah L., defeats e<>inpeusation,2193. 

, Joseph, governer S. C, 493. 

, Oliver Perry, d., 2961 . 

, S. F., candidate for pres., 4111 . 

Norwalk, Conn., burned, 902; felt cloth 
mnf., 14i"»i ; drawbridge disaster, 1733. 

Norway, Me., fire, 4593. 

. (See text, pp. 1104,1105.) Extradition 

treaty, 4431 ; conquered ; authentic his- 
tory begins, 6352 ; Denmark surrenders, 
6393; war with Sweden, 11341 ; ceded to 
Sweden, 11363. 

Norwegian sailors in Labrador, 123 ; in 
Newfoundland, 11031. 

Evan. Luth. synod org., Am., 1723. 

Luth. church annual session, 3601 . 

Lutheran University org., la., 1991 . 

Mission Soc. org.; consolidated, 11053. 

Norwich, Conn., paper-mill est., 703; anti- 
abolition riot, 1451 ; Backus's gift, 4103. 

Norwich, Eng., see named, S4S3; cathedral 
erected, 8483, s.">42; cathedral burned, 
8551; plague, 8593; tire, 8673; Courant 
issued, 9013; Weekly Mercury or Prot. 
Packet issued, 906j; canal and harbor 
opd., 9441; Brit. Asso. meets, 9662; So- 
cial Science Asso. meets, '974i; Bp. 
Sheepshanks cons., 10102 ; attacked, 
8701; Blackfriars church erected, 8622; 
Nat. Fisheries Exhibition held, 9861 . 

■ , Vt., University fnd., 1443. 

Norwich Postman issued, Eng., 9031. 

Norwood, Richard, measures degree, 8821 . 

Nostradamus, (Michel do Notredame or 
Nostre'dame), b., 67S3; Prophetical Cen- 
turies, 6831; d.,6823. 

Notes of an Englishman in Paris, 1008 2 . 

Nothelm, arctibp. of Canterbury, 8431 . 

Notium, naval battle near; 10221 . 

Notley, Thos., gov. Md., 473. 

Notman, John, b., 1162; d. (1865). 

Notre Dame, Ind., Univ. of, org., 1551 . 

Nott, Abner Kingman, b. (1834) ; d., 1842. 

, Edward, governor, Va., 572. 

, Eliphalet, b., 781 ; miss., 1171 ; mod- 
erator ; ordained, 1183 ; d., 2501. 

, Samuel, miss, in Calcutta, 10563. 

, Sir William, b. (1782); in Afghan, 42; 

d. (1845). 

Nottingham, Eng., N. Courant issued; N. 
Jour, issued, 9013; machinery riots, 9352; 
Luddite riots, 9372 ; Brit. Asso. meets, 
9662 ; Church Cong. ; Archbp. Bagshawe 
cons., 9742 ; fund for education, 9792 ; 
miners strike, 1003 1 ; ensile burned, 9451 ; 
excessive heat, 980 1 , 9821 ; Art Museum 
opd., 9821; Nat. History museum opd., 
public library opd., 9363 ; Social Science 
Asso. meets, 9881. 

, Earl of, title created, 8831 . 

, — - of, minister, 8791 ,3. 

-, . (See Finch, Charles.) 

Nottinghamshire, lace mills burned, 10093. 

Noue> Francois de la, b. (1531) ; Discours, 
6843 ; d. (1591). 

Noureddin (Malek-al-Adel Nured din Ma- 
homed), b. 1116i: ; takes Syria, 11541 ; d. 
(1173±). 

Nouvel, Father Henry, at St, Marie, 442. 

Nouvelle llih/'m/heque Hrittannique, 7012. 

Revue, La, issued, 7053. 

Nouvelles Deeourertcs dans touies les Par- 
ties issued, 693 1 . 

Nova Litferaria issued, Franconia, 8003. 

Germanise Collecta Hamburgi is- 
sued, 7981. 

Helvetica issued, 1137J 

Maris Balthici 

issued, 7991. 

Nova Scotia, Can., colonies est., 113, 27i 



Fr. expelled, 5701 ; missions, 5711 ; name 
changed, 8812 ; patentfor,303,332, 5713; 
restored to Fr., 5732 ; grant of, 5732, 8812; 
ceded to Fr., 433 ; under Fr. flag; part 
of Mass., 532 ; restored to Fr., 551 ; con- 
quest, 561 ,5743 ; surrendered, 5752 ; emi- 
grants come, 5753 ; disputed claims, 673; 
Boston troops aid, 68 1 ; exile of Aca- 
dians,682 ; Eng. takes, 702 ; constitution 
granted, 713 ; bishopric est., 5763, 9243 ; 
Bp. Courtney cons., 9983 ; Celtic settlers, 
791 ; legislative assembly find.; Acadian 
Recorder; Presb. Church find., 5771 ; 
Nova Scotian issued, 5783 ; Congre., 
conf., 5S01; Casket issued, 5803; gold 
dis., 5813 ; coal deposits (lis., 5881 ; gov't 
loan, 589' ; i^iies, 590 1 . (See Acadia.) 

Novara, battle of, 5222. 

Novatian, first anti-pope, 10662. 

Nova Zembla explored, 243. 

Novello, Vincent, b., 9222 ; d., 9642. 

Novgorod, Rus., seized, 11133 ; subjugated, 
11141 ; invaded, 1115 2 ; anniversary of 
Empire, 11191,2 ; monument, 1119 3 . 

Novi, It., battle at, 5182. 

Bazar, Bosnia, Austrians occupy, 

5301 ; Turks attacked, 5321. 

Xovikoft', Nikolai Ivanovitch, b., 11143 ■ 
d., 11163. 

Nowgong mission, 10471 . 

Noy, Peter de la, mayor N. Y. ( 513. 

Noyes, Edward Follensbee, h. (1832) ; gov- 
ernor Ohio, 2811 ; d., 3661. 

, Geo. Rapall, b., 1081 ; d., 2621 . 

, H. A., election defeated, 3732. 

, John Humphrey, b., 1163; d., 3222. 

, William Curtis,' b. (1805) ; d., 2411 . 

Nubar Pasha, b. (1825) ; minister ; resigns, 
6591. 

Nubia, Afr., annexed to Egy., 6473, 6572. 

Nubians in Egypt, 6541 . 

Nub-kau-Ra (Amen-em hat II.) reigns in 
Egypt, 6473. 

Nuccoli, Cecco, comic poetry, 10772, 

Nuevo Leon, Mex., insurrection in, 10961. 

Nugent, Lord George Grenville,b.,9243 ; 
d., 9562. 

, Sir George b. (1757); at Ballinahinch, 

9281; d. (1849). 

Nuguffgur, Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

Nuits, Fr., taken, 7421 ; Fr. defeated, 7431 . 

Nullification, ordinance passed ; legisla- 
tive, 1412 ; message against, 1413 ; re- 
pealed in S. C, 1432. 

Nulty, Thomas, cons, bishop, 9681 . 

Numa Pompilius, b.-d. , 10502 ; king, 1051 1 ; 
corrects calendar, 10502 • regulates reli- 
gious ceremonies, 10503. 

Numancia, at Alicante, 11321. 

Numantia, besieged; destroyed, 10561. 

Numantine War, 10561 , H251 . 

Numericanus, Marcus Aurelius, appointed 
Augustus, reigns; murdered, 10672. 

Numidia, war with Home, 81; Jugurthine 
War, 10561; reduced, 10581; a Roman 
province, 1061 1 ; united to Afr., 10613. 

Xumisinatir Chronicle, 9491. 

Numismatieal Society founded, 9491 . 

Nuncomar, bribery, 10453. 

Nufiez, Alvarez, b.-d., 11263 ; conquers 
Paraguay, 11051 ; at Callao, 11081. 

, Pedro, b.-d., 11092. 

, Rafael, pres., 6292 ; d , 6282. 

, Vasco. (See Balboa, V. N.) 

, Vela Blasco de, viceroy, 231 ; k., 221 . 

Nuns, eligible to teach, 3882 ; dress op- 
posed in public schools, 4521 ,46S1 ,4742 ; 
exempt from court, 5882; excluded from 
Fr. schools, 7553 ; expelled from con- 
vents, Ger., 8051 . (See Convents.) 

Nuova Antoloijia issued, 10883. 

Giornale Botanico issued, 10883. 

lievista. fnfernaziona/e issued, 10901. 

Nur-ed-din, b.-d., 11543. 

Nuremberg, Ger., fnd., 7753; independent, 
7793; parchment factory, 7822 ; in civil 
war, 7842 ; center of literature, 785 1 ; 1st 
metal type ; Bible printed ; Gazette, 7871 ; 
center of art, 7882; accepts reformation, 
7891; religious peace of, 7912; Gymna- 
sium iEgidianum removed, 793 1 ; obser- 
vatory est., 7963 ; annexed to Bav.,8092; 
IstR.R., 8141 ; occupied, 8242; riot, 8323. 

Nur-Ramman, king of Larsam, 11393. 

Nurse, Rebecca, witch, hanged, 531 . 

Nus, Eugene, b. (1816) ; Miss Million, 7371 ; 
d. (1894). 

Nusseer Khan, defeated ; routs Afghans., 
besieged, 538 1 ; assassinates brother, 
5383 ; enthroned ; d., 5391. 



Nutt, Col., murder of, 3131. 

, Cyrus, b. (1814) ; d., 2881 . 

, S., erects forge in Pa., 581 . 

Nuttall, Enos, cons, bishop, 9862. 

, Thomas, b., 981 ; d., 1842. 

Nuvum, colony at, 10533. 
Nuyts, Peter, surveyor, 3941 . 
Nyack, N. Y-, locusts, 4.561 ; fire, 4752. 
Nyanza collides with Curfew, 6613. 
Nyberg, Julia Christina, b. (1785) ; Poems, 

11362 ; d. (1854). 
Nye, Jas. Warren, b. (1814) ; gov., Nev. 

2032; d., 292L 
Nyegush, Petrovicht, b. (1813) ; enthroned, 

10971; d. (1851). 
Nye Tidender issued, 6383. 



O. 

Oadney, Dr., crosses Sahara, 9402. 

Oakboys organized, 9171 . 

Oakes, James, b., 1342. 

Oak, Fairlop, blown down, 9401 . 

Oak Grove, Va., Confeds. repulsed, 209i . 

Oakland, Cal., Chinese mission , 2962; In- 
stitution for Deaf, Dumb, Blind est., 
2551 ; Chabot Observ. gift, 324 1 ; railway 
accident, 3593; unemployed men, 4562. 

Oakley, Sir C, governor, 10453. 

Oaks races begin, Eng., 9213. 

Oates, Titus, b., 8802 ; revelations of, 8943, 
8951; fined, 8971; released, pensioned, 
8993; d.,9022. 

, William C, b., 1442 • gov. Ala., 4573, 

4771,4793. 

Oath Act, G. B., for Hebrews, 9651. 

of Office Bill, "Iron-clad," passes, 

2112; repealed, 3172. 

Oaths Bill passes, 9552. 

of clergy, 8982. 

Oaxaca, or Oajae.a, Mex., taken, 10961. 

Obadiah, prophet, 11462. 

Obaldia, vice-pres., 6291 . 

Obando, Francisco de, governor, 6053. 

, Jose" Maria, b. (1797) ; pres., 6291 : d. 

(1861). 

Obeidullah, ruler ; murdered, 5492. 

Obelisk, shipped from Alexandria, 3041; 
in Central Park, 306i, 6841 ; examined, 
3501 . (See London, Paris.) 

Obelisks, in Egypt, 6461 . 

Ober-Ammergau, Bav., Passion Play ,7943 . 

Oberkampf, Christoph Philipp, b. (1738) ; 
invents printing machine, 8041 ; d. (1815). 

Oberlin, 0., Coll. fnd., 1431 ; robbery, 4743. 

, Jean Frecienc, b., 7002 ; d, 7242. 

Ohenm, opera, appears, 8121. 

Obes, Julio Herreray, Pres. Uruguay, 
11603. 

Obligado, D. Pastor, gov., 4911 , 2. 

Obold, city treas., accounts short, 4222. 

Obotrittii, on shores of Baltic Sea, 11132. 

Obregon, Juan de, gov., 6302. 

Obrenoviteli.Miloseh, rules Servia; prince; 
abdicates, 11232,3. 

O'Brien, Connor, detents Turlough, 8501 . 

, Cornelius, cons, archbp., 5842. 

, Donald, founds cathedral, 8522. 

, Fitz James, b. (1828) ; d., 2072. 

, Col. H. T., murdered, 2252. 

, Jer., b., 642 ; captain, 812 ; d. 1262. 

, Patrick, wounded, 10003 ■ arrested, 

10051. 

, Thomas, escapes from keeper, 4043. 

(Fenian), executed, 9711. 

, William, b. (1852); in N. Y., 3711; i n 

Can., 5851; agitator, 9883; trial 9951, 
10003, 1(1051; imprisoned, 11971, 10003, 
10071 ; testimony, 9993 ; at Cork, 10003 ; 
riot; at Castlerea; in Manchester, 
10003 ; sentenced, 10011,3; sails for N. 
Y., 10013. 

, , When We ire re Boys, 10043. 

, Smith, b., 9323; leader, 9533; 

contempt, 9532 ■ arrested ; trial ; trans- 
ported, 9552; d.,9681; statue, 9741. 

O'Bryan, William, founds Bible Christian 
Soc, 9371 . 

<>!>s<<7*ratio7ies selecta, etc., issued, 7991. 

ObserratioJis sur les Ecrits Mo/ /e rues, 6992. 

Observations sur la Litterature, 7012. 

Ohservateur Lift era-ire L\ issued, 7632. 

Ocala, Fla., negroes lynched, 4043. 

O'Callagban, Edmund Bailey, b. (1797); 
d., 3041. 

, Col., tenants evicted, 9971. 

, Henry, cons. R. C. bp., 9982. 

, Mr., in duel, 9392. 



1358 



Text Figures denote Page. INJDx^yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Ocal-Ohio. 



O'Callaghan, Thomas, cons. bp. 9922. 
Ocampo, Sebastian de, b. (1495+) ; around 

Cuba, 163; dis. Havana, 6313. 
OcaBa, Sp., Spanish defeat, 7181 . 
Ocean, or Ockham, William of, b.-d., 8542. 
Occasional Conformity Bill passed, 905 2 . 
Occleve, Thos., b.-d., 8S82 ; work, 8603. 
Occoquan, Va., Federals captured at, 2163. 
Occum, Samson, b. (1723+) ; Indian miss., 
643 ; ordained, 723 ; promotes Indian 
schools, 743; d. (1792). 
Ocean loaded with stone, 1251 . 
Ocean Grove, N. J., Asso.org., 2682; baby 
parade, 3891 ; camp-meeting, 3902; Bible 
Conference, 4341 ; Auditorium opd., 4641 ; 
anniversary, 4661 ; King's Sons and 
Daughters Convention, 4662. 
Ocean Monarch burned, 165 3 , 9553. 
Ocean Port, N. J., railroad accident, 2973. 
Oceanic record, 3473. 
Oceanus, explosion on, 2773 
Ocean Wave burns, 1733. 

collides, 1813. 

explodes, 2753. 

Ocellus, b., 10211. 
OcHomogo, revolt quelled, 6303. 
Ochus. (See Artaxerxes.) 
Ockley, action at, 8441 . 

, Simon, b., 8942 ; d. (1720). 

O'Coiglev, James, executed, 9292. 
O'Connell, Daniel, b., 9191 ; in duel, 9372 ; 
in Pari., 9433, 9452, 9551 ; repeal motion, 
9472 ; mayor, 9512 ; at Trim, 9531, deci- 
sion revised; imprisoned; addresses, 
9532 ; d., 9542 ; statue, 9662, 9901 ; mon- 
ument ; burned in effigy, 9672. 
O'Connor, Arthur, b., 9163 ; trial of, 9292 ; 
threatens queen, 9771 ; d. (1852). 

, Connor MaeCormaek, beheaded, 8711 . 

, Dennis, cons. It. C. bp., 5902. 

, Feargus Edward, b., 9283 ; d., 9603. 

, Richard A., cons. E. C. bp., 5862. 

, Police Captain ; trial, 4522, 4563. 

, Thomas Power, b. (1848) ; Irish dele- 
gation arrives, 3711 . 

, William Douglas, b. (1833); d., 3382. 

O'Conor, Charles, b., 1122 ; nom. for pres. ; 

declines ; pop. vote, 2792 ; d., 316 2 . 
Octai Khan, ruler Bokhara, 5491 . 
Octavia, b. (42±); murdered, 10633. 
Octavian. (See Augustus.) 
Octavius, Marcus Cngeus, deposed, 10571; 

consul, 10573. 
October Club org., Eng., 9051 . 
Octroi Duties Abolishment Bill, Fr., 

passes, 7652; abolished, Belg., 545 2 . 
Odawara capital, 10913. 
Odd Fellows, order instituted, 1271 ; Sov- 
ereign Grand Lodge meets, 2743 ; day at 
World's Fair, 4383 ; statistics, 4463 ; 
Home dedicated, 4703. 
Odel, Anders, Sinclairxvisa, 11351 . 
Odell, Moses Fowler, b. (1818); d., 2521 . 
Oden, mission, 11242. 

Odenathus, against Sapor, 10661 ; recog- 
nized, 10672; d.,4831. 
Odenheimer, William Henry, b., 1262 ; 

cons, bp., 2862 ; d., 3022. 
Odessa, Rub., bombarded, 9581 ; Hetferia 
Philike est., 10353 ; Tjniv. fnd., 11183 ; 
Nihilists riots, 11191 ; martial law, 11212. 
Odger, Geo., pres. Inter. W.M.Asso., 9672. 
Odoacer, King, b., 10702; overthrows em- 
pire, 7693, 7681 ; peace with Tbeodoric, 
7693 ; takes Rome, 10701 ; near Aquileia, 
10301 ; k., 7693. 
O'Doherty, J. Keys. cons. R. C. bp., 10042. 
Odometers improved, 8941 . 
O'Donnell, Henry Joseph, Count of Abis- 
bal, b.-d., 11302. 

, Leopold, Count of Lucena, b.-d., 

11303; takes Tetuan ; in Pampeluna ; 
retires to France; leads revolt in Ma- 
drid, 11301. 

, Chief, defeats O'Neill, 8721 . 

, Frank H., suspended in H. C, 9893. 

, Hugh, arrested, 4142. 

, Patrick, cons. R. C. bp., 9983. 

, , shoots J. Carey ; executed, 991 1 . 

O'Donoju, Juan, b.-d., 10951 ; signs treaty, 

10953. 
O'Donovan, Henry W., d., 10022. 

, John, d., 9642. 

Odontologieal Six-iety formed, 9602. 
O'Dwver, Edward T., cons. It. C. bp., 9962; 

attacks John Dillon, 10043. 
Ofh/l, asteroid, discovered, 8161. 
Odysseus in Trojan war, 10141 . 
■CEcolampadius, Job., b., 7862 ; d., 7902. 



Oeder, Georg Ludwig, b., 8002 ; d., 8043. 
GEdipus, myth of ; answers riddle, 10132 , 

K. of Thebes, 10133. 
Oehlenschlager, Adam Gottlob, b., 6382 ; 

works, 6391 , 6403 ; d., 6403. 
CEriophyta, Ga., action at, 10191 . 
Gilnotria, ancient name for Italy, 10133. 
CEnotrus. (See Magna Gracia, 10133.) 
Oersted, Anders Sandoe, b., 6382; d., 6403. 
, Hans Christian, b., 6382 ; electro- 
magnetic action ; on magnetic needle, 
6381; d., 6403. 
Oeser, or Oser, Adam Friedrich, b., 7983; 

d., 8063. 
Oetinger, Friedrich Christoph, b., 7983 ; 

d., 8042. 
Oettinger, Eduard M., b., 8083 ; d., 8282. 
O'Farrell, Michael Joseph, b. (1832) ; 
consecrated Rom. Cath. bishop, 3082. 

, shoots Duke of Edinburgh, 4982. 

Ofen. (See Buda.) 

O'Ferrall, Charles T., b., 1522 ; gov. Va., 

4371,4793 ; oyster question, 4532. 
Of fa, oonquers Kent, 8421 ; gift, 8442. 
Offenbach, Jacques, !>., 7223; d., 7522. 
Offenburg, Baden, Fr. defeated, 7981. 
Cilice seekers struggle, 1372. 
Official corruption prosecution, Fr., 7652. 
Ofterdingen, Heinrich von, b.-d., 7782. 
Og, King, defeated, 11401 . 
Ogdai, Mongol leader, 6133 ; d., 6142. 
Ogden, Utah, Meth. Univ. est., 3743; Sem- 
inary of, org., 2782. 

, Aaron, gov. K. J., 1193; d., 1502. 

, John, b., 1321. 

, Matthias, on Staten Island, 87 1; d. 

(1781). 

College, Ky., organized, 2963. 

Ogdensburg collides with Atlantic, 1713. 
Ogdensburg, N. Y., surrenders, 941; at- 
tempted capture, 118 2 ; taken by Brit., 
1201 ; R. c. diocese est., 2802. 
Oge\ Jacques Vincent, b. (1755+) ; leads 

revolt in Haiti, 10401 ; d. (1791). 
Ogeron de la Bouere, Bertrand Denis d\ 
b. (1615) ; plants colony, 10401 ; d. (1675). 
Oggione, Marco, b., 10783 ; d., 10803. 
Ogi, Tokato, b.-d., 10912. 
Ogilby, John, b., 8762 ; d., 8942. 
Ogilvie, John, b., 9082 ; d., 9362. 
Ogle, Sam., gov. Md., 632, 3, 672; d.(1751). 
Oglesby, Richard .Tames, b., 1321 ; gov. 

111., 2511,2851, 3233. 
Oglethorpe, flames Edward, b., 900 2 ; at 
Augusta, 621 ; organizes Ga. colony, 631 ; 
friendly to Indians, 631 , 2 ; grants Ga., 
632 ; returns to America, 633 ; at St. 
Augustine ; invades Fla. ; protects col- 
onists, 641; closes administration, 652; 
meets Indian chiefs, 653; d., 9223. 
Ogobomosbaw, mission at, 11613. 
O'Gorman, Mahon, James Patrick, d., 
10061. 

, Purcell, d.,9982. 

O'Grady, D., commits murder, 448 2 . 
Ogulnian law passed, 10533. 
Ogyges, deluge of, 10131 ; reign6, 10133. 
O'Hagan, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

, Lord Thomas, lord chancellor, 9732, 

9852; d., 9941. 

, John, d., 10041. 

Oham, British ally, 6001 . 
O'Hara, Wm., b. (1816+) ; cons, bp., 2622. 
O'Hiqqins renamed, 6061. 
O'Higgins, Gen. Bernardo, b. (1776) ; dic- 
tator, resigns, 6071 ; d.(1842). 
Ohio, Fr. settle, 453, 592; Fr. territory by 
treaty of Ryswick, 551 ; route opd., 592; 
Delawares enter, 612 ; French est., 601 ; 
claimed by Eng. ; occupied, 653; Ohio 
Co., 672,3,993; possession disputed, 672, 
682 ; Fr. and Indian allies in ; Washing- 
ton's mission, 092 ; valley settled, 693 ; 
liquor traffic, 731 ; ceded byFr. to Eng., 
733; Bouquet's exped., 741 ; O. country 
annexed to Can. by Pari. (1765) ; Zane 
family, 773 ; Indian war, 781 ; Cincinnati 
fnd., 933, 1013 ; Clark's expedition, 943; 
Indians massacred, 943, 951 ; Va. cedes 
her claim, 97 2 ; Valley inspected ; tem- 
porary gov't., 973 ; Northwest ter. org., 
992 ; "Marietta fnd., 1013 ; Arthur St. 
Clair.gov., 1011, 1032; war with Indians, 
1021 + ;rhe Sentinel est. ,1043; Dayton laid 
out, 1053; First Cong, ch., 1062 ; » West- 
ern Reserve " first occupied, 1072; Cleve- 
land and Chillicothe fnd., 1073 ; A.D. 
1800 +; State admitted; Chillicothe 
capital ; Chas. W. Bird, gov. ; admitted, 



1113; Edward Tiffin, gov., 1132; o. Univ. 
est., 1131 ; Thos. Kirker, gov., 115 2 ; Sam. 
Huntingdon, gov., 1153 ; Return Jona- 
than Meigs, gov. (1810-14) ; Zanesville, 
capital (1811) ; Columbus laid out, 1193 ; 
Gen. Harrison commands Army of the 
West, 1202+ ; M. E. conf. fmd., 1211; 
steamboats intro., 1213 ; Presb. synod 
fmd., 1232; Othniel Looker, gov. ; Thos. 
Worthingham.gov., 1233 ; State Library 
est. ; Appeal issued, 1251 ; P. E. diocese 
org., 1263; Evan. Luth. Joint synod org., 
1263, 1282; Ethan A. Brown, gov., 1272 ; 
wine mnf., 1301 ; p. E. diocese of Cincin- 
nati fmd., 1303; Jer. Morrow.gov., 1313; 
Allen Trimble, gov., 1312, 1352 ; Miami 
Univ. est., 1321 ; Western Reserve Presb. 
Synod fmd., 1323 ; Franklin Coll., Ken- 
yon Coll. est., 1331 ; Univ. State conven. 
org., 1343 ; Western Reserve Coll. est., 
1351; Lane Theo. Sem. est., 1371; Mor- 
mon ch. org., 1383, 1402 ; Duncan Mc- 
Arthur, gov., 1392 ■ flood, 1401, 2541 ; 
Robt. Lucas, gov., 1412; St. Xavier Coll. 
est., 1403, 1423; Denison Univ. est., 1403, 
1523 ; archbishopric of Cincinnati est., 
1422 ; Oberlin Coll. est., 1431; Marietta 
Coll. est., 1443 ; Richmond Coll. (1835) ; 
O. Eldership of Church of God org.; gen. 
synod of E.Ohio, Evan. Luth., est., 1422; 
Ohio Canal opd., 1453 ; Joseph Vance, 
gov., 1472 ; Muskingum Coll. est., 1491 ; 
North O. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 1503 ; 
Wilson Shannon, gov., 1512,1553; Thos. 
Corwin, gov., 1531 ; O. Wesleyan Univ. 
est.; Cincinnati Wesleyan Coll., 1551; 
first R. R. completed (Cincinnati to 
Springfield, 1842) ; Wittenberg Coll. est., 
1583; Evang. Luth., gen. synod of Miami, 
est., 1582; Thos. W. Bartley, gov.; Mor- 
decai Bartley, gov., 159 2 ; Mount Union 
Coll., 1611 ; Wm. Bebb, gov., 1613 ; gen. 
synod of Wittenberg, Evang. Luth., est., 
1623; Farmer's Coll. and Oberlin Univ. 
est., 1631 ; Otterbein Univ., 1632 ; Ohio 
Central Coll. .Oxford Coll. est., 1663; Sea- 
bury Ford.gov., 167i . A.D. 1850+. Cap- 
ital Univ., Heidelberg Coll. est., 1683; 
Reuben Wood, gov., 1692; Cinn. M. E. 
Conf.org., 1702 ; Cong. Asso. of O. org.; 
Western Unit. conf. org., 1702; constitu- 
tion amended ; license laws forbidden ; 
Urbana Univ. est., 1703; railroads opd. : 
Columbus to Zeiiia (1850) ; Cleveland to 
Columbus (1851) ; Cleveland toPillsbury 
(1852); Cleveland to Toledo (1853); Wheel- 
ing, W. Va., to Columbus (1854); Pro- 
gressive Friends org., 1722 ; Antioch 
Coll. est., 1723; freshet, 1781 ; Central O. 
M. E. Conf. org., 1782; Wm.Medill, gov., 
1743; Baldwin Univ. est., 1802; Salmon 
P. Chase, gov., 1812; HillsboroColl. est., 
1823; Mount Unionest.,1843; Willoughby 
Coll. est., 1863, 2503 ; wheat crop de- 
stroyed, 1853 ; Wm.Dennison,gov., 190 a ; 
regiments for defense of Wash. ; depart- 
ment of O. created. 1942, 2121 ; Soldiers' 
Aid Soc. fmd., 1943 ; appropriation for 
regiments ; volunteers' debts exempt ; 
surplus of 10 regiments voted, 2032 ; 
State Univ. est., 2111; Kirby Smith 
threatens Cincinnati, 2123; David Tod, 
gov., 2173 ; C. L. Vallandigham opposes 
Lincoln, 2213+ ; Lincoln's reply to Ohio 
Committee ; Vallandigham nom. for 
gov., 2233; Wilherforce Univ. est., 2252; 
Gen. Morgan captured, 2261 ; Nat. Guard 
offers services, 2322; Ger. Wallace Coll. 
est., 2342; John Brough, gov., 2413; 
Chas. Anderson, gov., 2511 ; One Study 
(Scio) Coll., 2543; Jacob Dolson Cox, 
gov., 2553 ; rejects negro suffrage, 
2562 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2572 ; with- 
drawn, 2633; Hiram Coll., Scio Coll., 
est., 2583 ; Univ. of Wooster est., 2623 ; 
Rutherford B. Hayes, gov., 2652, 2893, 
2951 ; Univ. of Cincinnati est.. 2702, 2722; 
Wilmington Coll., 2722 ; Miami Valley 
Coll., Buchtel Univ., 2771; Edward F. 
Noyes, gov., 2x1 1 ; State Univ. ; St. Jo- 
seph's Coll. est., 2823 ; Christian Tem- 
perance crusade, 2843; revised constitu- 
tion rejected, 2851 ; Woman's Christian 
Temperance Union find., 2862; Univ. of 
Cincinnati org. ,2863; license amend, re- 
jected, 2871 ; Wm. Allen, gov., 2873 ; 
Ashland Coll., Hebrew Union Coll. est., 
2883 ; Southern O. diocese org., 2902 ; 
East O. Meth. Epis. Conf. fmd., 2903 ; 



Ohio -Onea. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Coli 



1359 



Agricultural and Mechanical Coll.; Rio 
Grande Coll. est., 2022; Thos. L. Young, 
gov., 2973; Free Meth. Conf. org., 3002 ; 
Cleveland Press ; Ashland tBapt.) Coll. 
est., 3003; Richard M. Bishop, gov., 3012; 
Chas. Foster, gov.,3052; floods, 254 1 ,3121 , 
316L A.D. 1880+. Central O. Coll. est., 
3123; Scott liquor law passed, 3171 j Geo. 
Hoadley, gov., 3193 ■ Prohibitory Con- 
stitutional Amend, adopted, 3171 ; water- 
spout at Zenia, 3221 ; tornado, 822 2 ; 
Board of Health est., 3231 ; Dow Law 
enacted, 325 1 ; Findlay Coll. est. (Church 
of God), (1886) ; Jos. Benson Foraker, 
gov., 3252 ; Shepardson Coll. est., 32S3 ; 
gas dis., 3321; Sunday liquor-law, 3331 ; 
R.R. strike ; White < 'aps, ;;.i.;2; Epworth 
League org., 3402; Jos. B. Foraker norn. 
for gov., 3412 ; James E. Campbell nom. 
for gov., 3451, 3873 ; Ohio River and 
Lake Erie connected, 3473 ; lieut.-gov. 
unseated, 3532 ; R. R. accidents. 3533, 
4433, 4513; senate deadlock, 3532; R.C. 
Educational Union est., 356 2 ; Labor 
Day, legal holiday ; James E. Campbell, 
gov.,375i ;W.McKinley,Jr , nom. for gov., 
-3872,4312; Nat. People's Party org.,3872; 
John Seitz nom. for gov., 3892 ; Central 
States Unitarian conf. org , 3961 ; train 
held up, 4002; Wm. McKinley, Jr., in- 
aug., 4212, 4793; great miners' strike, 
4291 ; liquor-dealers in politics, 4343 ; 
Lawrence T. Neal nom. for gov., 4352 ; 
miners out of work, 4511 ,3 ; Paige for- 

f;ery, 4542 ; unemployed seize train, 4582 ; 
emale suffrage in school elections, 4592 ; 
mines -eopd. ; Holcomb law valid, 4633; 
Am. railway union men dismissed, 4662; 
Populists and Labor Party combine, 
4692 ; county commissioners indicted, 
4723 ; popular election of senators fa- 
vored ; free-silver plank adopted, 4731 . 

•Ohio, Army of, Schofield commands,2322,3. 

Canal opened, 1453. 

State Univ. est. (1870), Columbus. 

University est. (1804), at Athens. 

Oliliuiiller, Jos. Daniel, b., 8043; d.,8143. 

■Ohm, Georg Simon, b., 8043 ; Ohm's law 
discovered, 8121 ; d., 820' . ■ 

Ohnet, Georges, b. (1848) ; works, 7523, 
7562. 

Ohod, battle 'of, 484' . 

Oil City, Pa., fire, 4093. 

Oilioll, King, killed, 840'. 

Oimara wins contest, 9733. 

Ojeda, Alonzo de, b., 11263; expeditions, 
151,2,6282; in Colombia, 173; inVenez., 
11601; grant, 6282; d. 1514 or 1515). 

Oiibway Missions under Wesleyans,5782. 

Ojin reigns, 10912. 

Okad Fair, 4833. 

O'Kane, James, b., 1502. 

O'Keechobee Lake, Fla., drainage of, 

O'Keefe, John, b., 9122 ; d., 9462. 

CKelley, Irish agitator, 9883. 

', James, b. (1735) ; secedes, 1043 ; d. 

(1826). 

Oken, Lorenz, b., 8042 ; d., 8181 . 

Oki-Maehi reigns, 10913. 

Oklahoma, negroes shot, 3822 ; Indians 
expelled, 3013 ; closed to settlers, 3033 ; 
martial law, 3332; open to settlers, 3392; 
" boomers " driven out, 336' ; lands 
ceded, 337', 2 ; commission appointed, 
3391 ; Guthrie laid out, 3393; municipal 
gov't org., 3392; Geo. W. Steele, gov. 
(1891); iron ore dis., 3421; territorial 
conven., 343' ; Okla. Town Site Bill, 3513, 
5531 , 3553, 4492 ; many negro settlers, 
3522; Temporary Gov't Bill, 3532, 3551 ; 
Cherokee strip entered, 3553 ; 1st terri- 
torial election, 365 2 ; sufferers relieved, 
3662, 3671; capital at Okla. City, 3692 ; 
famine ; seed wheat furnished, 3693 ; 
Univ. located, 3743; women admitted to 
public office, 3X23; Cherokee strip closed, 
3893, 3913; Indian lands opd.,3932; state 
conven. meets, 3972 ; Indian Messiah 
dance, 4142; Abraham J. Seay, gov. ,4212; 
tornado, 4261,4281,4501; Indians cede 
lands, 4311; statehood conven., 4351, 
4371 ; outlaw fight, 4363 ; Cherokee strip 
open, 4391 ; blizzard, 4501 ; Indians fight, 
4543,4562; train robbers. 4563 ; outlaws 
trouble, 457i,45S2,4C03,4642,3,465',4663, 
4722, 4792 ; divorce suits, 4663 ; sand- 
storm, 4741 ; "Wm. C. Renfrew, gov., 4793. 

Okolona, Tenn., Beauregard at, 2082. 



Okrika, mission at, 11613. 

Okubo, Juzammi T., b., 10912; k., 10922. 

Okumo, Skighenobu, b., 10912. 

Olaechea, Francisco de, governor, 6302. 

Olaf I., Swe., reigns, 11051 ; expelled from 
Sweden; d., 11041. 

II., reigns, 11051 ; promotes Christian- 
ity, 11052 ; d., 11041 . 

III., the Ojuiet, reigns, 1105' . 

IV., reigns, 11051. 

V., reigns, 1105' . 

Skotkonung, intro. Christianity, 1133' . 

Olafser, Eggert, b. ; works ; d., 10423. 

Olaneta, Gen., wounded, 5501 . 

Olathe, Kan., Institute for Deaf, Dumb, 
and Blind established, 2503. 

, Mo., action at, 2011 . 

O'Laughlin, Michael, assassin of Lincoln, 
2431 i 2482. 

Olaus IV. the Hungry, enthroned, 635 3 . 

V., reigns, 6372. 

Olbers, Heinrich Wm. Matthias, b., 8023; 
discovers asteroids, 8062; d., 8143. 

Olcott, H. S. , advocates Theosophieal Soc, 
2902; lectures, 2923; presides, 10061 . 

Old and New magazine est., 270 3 . 

Old Believers expelled from Poland, 11143. 

Old Calabar, mission at, 11613. 

Oldcastle, Sir John, L. Cobham, b.-d., 
8582; insurrectionist; escapes; hanged, 
8622, 863'. 

Old Catholics org.; cong., 8262,3, 8283; 1st 
synod; church in Berlin; elect first Ger. 
bp., 8283; meet at Berne; at Geneva, 
11382 ; excluded from R. decree, 5322. 

Colony R. R. officials sentenced, 4362. 

Czechs, leaders retire, 5343 ; agree- 
ment with, 8333. 

Olden, Charles Smith, b. (1799); gov.N.J., 
1903; d.,2902. 

Oldenburg, Ger., ruled by counts, 7753; 
annexed to Den., 7853; house of, reigns, 
6373; ruled by Denmark, 7973; resigned; 
a duchy, 8052; Peter Fred., D., 8053; in 
confed. of Rhine, 8093; Fr. gains, 811' ; 
receives Birkenfeld, 8113 ; treaty with 
Prus., 8252; restored, 7212; gains terr., 
8113; Augustus, grand D., 8152; new 
constitution, 819 1 ; in tariff union; Peter, 
grand D., 8193; in North Ger. Confeder- 
ation; treaty with Prus., 825 2 . 

Ford Station, R. R. collision, 9893. 

Guard, 64th anniv., N. Y., 3561. 

Oldham, Eng., strike, 9811,10103; cotton- 
workers strike, 9831; cotton-weavers 
strike, 9943; wages raised, 10073. 

, John, banished, 31 2 ; in Me., 322 ; mur- 
dered, 341 . 

, , b., 8882; d., 8962. 

Old Lights, contention with, 651 . 

Oldmixon, John, b., 8922; d., 9103. 

Oldric, duke, 5032. 

Old River, La., Confederates defeated, 
2183. 

Old Sarum, Eng., captured, 8401 , 

St. Mary's, Md., Calvert monument, 

Olds, Gamaliel Smith, b. (1777); d., 164' . 

Testament, revised, 3203, 9922. 

Oldtown, Wis., Father John, miss., 1642. 
Olearius, or Olschlager, Adam, b., 7922; 

d., 7963. 
O'Leary, pedestrian, record, 9833. 
Oleg, reigns, 11133; takes Smolensh, 1113' . 
Olen flourished, 10132. 
Oleomargarine, special tax, 3233, 3252; 

original packages ; law void, 3733. 
<)l,,a wrecked, 832'. 
01g;a, baptized; fnds. Rus. church, 1113' ; 

regent, 11133 ; d., 1113' . 
Olid, Cristoval de, b. (1487±); in Hondu- 
ras, 182; d. (1524). 
Olier de Verneuil, Jean Jacques, b., 686 2 ; 

forms company, 5723; <i., 6902. 
Oligarchy, expelled from Rome, 10512 ; 

governs Venice, 10773. 
Olin, Abram Baldwin, b. (1808); d., 3022. 

, Stephen, b., 1062; d., 1682. 

Olinda, Bra., taken, 241 , 5541 ; slaves for, 

323; colony at, 332; Dutch yield, 5541 . 
Oliphant, F. R., Victorian Aije, 10123. 

, Lawrence, b., 9442 ; d., 9982. 

, Mrs. Margaret Wilson, b., 9402 ; 

works, 9842, 10043, 10063, 10103. 

, Thos. Lawrence Kington, b., 9442. 

Olivarez, Count (Gasparo de Guzman), 

b.-d., 11283. 
Olivas, Marq. de, bomb in residence, 11331 . 
Olive Branch, Ind.,Luth. Synod org., 1642. 



Olirer Bierne burned on Miss., 3953. 

Oliver Springs, Tenn., strikers, 4121 , 4131 . 

Alderman, committed to Tower, 9193. 

, Andrew, b., 562 ; resigns, 751 ; against 

colonists, 793; d., 781. 

, Henry W., Jr., Tariff Commis., 3111 . 

Olireros y Artus appears, 11271 . 

Olivet, Mich., Olivet Coll. org., 1843. 

, Jos. Thoulier d', b., 6923; d., 7042. 

Ollendorff, Henry Godfrey, b., 8082; d., 
822' . 

Ollivier, Entile, b., 7242; in Fr. Academy, 
7321; against Public Safety Bill, 735'; 
minister of justice ; ministry recon- 
structed, 7392; reigns, 7393. 

Olmstead, Denison, b., 1022; d., 1842. 

, Frederick Law, b., 130 2 ; pres. candi- 
date, 279'. 

, Guy T., shoots Clifford, 4543. 

.John Wesley, b. (1816); d., 3902. 

Olmiitz, Moravia, peace of, 508' ; Univ. 
fnd., 511'; siege; Frederick II. loses, 
516' ; emp. flees to, 523' ; Nat. Conven., 
5232; conf. at, 5333. 

Olney, Jesse, b., 108' ; d., 278' . 

, Richard, atty.-gen., 427' . 

O'Loghlen, Sir Brien, ministry ; premier; 
resigns, 4992. 

O-lo-peen arrives, 6123. 

Olozaga, Don Salustiano de, b.-d., 11302; 
assumes gov't, 11313. 

Olshausen, Hermann, b., 8063; d.. 8143. 

, Justus, b., 807' ; d., 8302. 

Olsnitz, Saxony, battle of, 796' . 

Oltenitza, Rumania, occupied, 1118' . 

Olustee Station, Fla., Fed. defeat, 2302. 

Olustee preys on commerce, 2202. 

Oluwole, I., cons, bp., 10102. 

Oly, Pa., mission at, 65' . 

Olybrius, Emp., rules; d., 10712. 

Olympeium, Temple of Jupiter, 10203. 

Olympia, trial trip, 442' ; speed, 448'. 

, asteroid, discovered, 732' . 

Olympia, Wash., Const'l Conven., 343'. 

Olympiad first celebrated, 10143. 

Olympiads, epoch of, 10142 ; ends, 10702. 

Olympias invades Macedon; k., 10243. 

Olympic games, intro., 1013'; important, 
10143 ; boxing added ; chariot racing; 
victory valued; widely known, 1015' ; 
famous victors, 1017 ' ; period extended, 
10192; abolished, 1069'. 

Olympiodorus, history of W. Emp., 1031' . 

Olympus, musician, 10142. 

Olynthiac war, 10222; Confederacy de- 
stroyed, 10233; towns subdued, 1024' . 

Olynthus captured, 1024'. 

Omaha, deaf and dumb inst. opd., 269' ; 
Daily Bee est. ,2763 ; conven. of governors, 
2933; Creighton Univ. est., 3003; Neb. 
Unit. Asso. org., 3102; Congregational 
Club fmd., 3162; R. c. diocese est., 3203; 
breweries sold, 3433: Prohibitionists 
org., 348 3 ; bribery of officials, 365' ; mob, 
389', 393', 4571 ; train robbers, 3943; 
Meth. Hospital and Home fnd., 3983; 
Nat. Conven. People's Party, session, 
4141; strike, 4191, 4282, 4663; female 
counterfeiters, 4522; Irrigation Conven., 
4553; wage rates decision, 4573; troops 
subdue strikers, 4682. 

O'Malley accused, 3803; acquitted, 383'. 

Omar I., b.-d., 11542; caliph, 4851; takes 
Joppa, Jerusalem, Syria, 1154' ; destroys 
Alexandrian library, 6551 ; rules Jerusa- 
lem, 11552; k.,4851. 

II., calif, 4852; murdered, 4853. 

Omer Pasha, b., 5192; rebellion quelled, 
5243; d.,5282. 

Omniades, dynasty, 4852. 

Omnibus, inv., 6913; first in u. S. A., 1393. 

Southern War-Claims Bill, 3672. 

O'Moore, Roger, leader, 8841 , 8852. 

O'More, Rory Oge, besieges Castle, 8741 , 

Omri reigns; builds Samaria, 11433. 

Onarga, 111., mastodon remains dis. ,5941 . 

On Conduct of K'uujs, written, 11343. 

Oncken, Johann Gerhard, b. (1800); im- 
prisoned, 815i ; expelled, 8182; d. (1884). 

Onderdonk, Benj. Treadwell, cons. bp. 
(1830); suspended, 1582; d. (1861). 

.Henry Ustick, b. (1789); cons. P. E. 

bp., 1343; suspended, 1563; d. (1858). 

O'Neal, Edward A., gov. Ala., 3132. 

, Gov., Fenian leader, 5821 . 

, James, b., 9542. 

, John, released, 3583, 3591 . 

, Joseph H., b., 1722. 

O'Neall, John II., anti-Convict Bill, 3491. 



1360 



Text Figures denote Page. IlN L)riX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Onei-Orle. 



Oneida collides with Bombay, 2693. 
Oneida, N. Y., community dissolved, 3032. 
Oneidas, missionaries to, 1282. 
O'Neil, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

, Daniel, cruelty, 440 2 . 

, , forms post-office, 8913. 

O'Neill, Charles, b., 130' ; d., 4441 . 

, Hugh, E. of Tyrone, at Blackwater; 

leader, 8761; d. (1616). 

, Phelirn, leader, 8852. 

, Owen Koe, at Benburb, 8861 . 

, Shane, makes war, 8721 ; d., 8722. 

Oneonta, N. Y., Normal School opd., 348 2 . 
One Study College est. O., 2543. 
Ongole mission, 1047 2 . 
Onias I., high priest, 11463; sub-ruler, 

11483; murdered, 11482. 

II., high priest, 11482, 11491 ; refuses 

tribute, 11482. 

III., high priest, 11482; banished, 

11472. 

Onicha, mission at, 11613. 
Onomarchus, in sacred war ; k., 10241 . 
Onondaga, N. Y., salt springs dis., 381; 
chapel built, 383; towns destroyed, 902; 
erroneous election returns; county clerk 
summoned, 395 2 ; centennial, 4633. 
— - Iron Company, plant sold, 4473, 
Onondagas treaty, 101 1 ; mission, 1303. 

Onrust ( Restless) built, 281 . 
Onslow, Arthur, b., 8981 ; speaker, 9093, 
9113, 9133 ; d., 9163. 

, Earl of, title created, 9311 . 

, Earl of, Arthur George, d., 9742. 

, Sir Richard, speaker, 9033. 

Ontario, Can., land donated, 5771 ; chris- 
tian Guardian est.; Ontario est., 5791; 
Can. Bapt. Coll. ; school system remod- 
eled ; Christian i'isitor, 5803 ; Echo est.; 
Ladies Coll. est., 5S23; floods, 5841 ; Em- 
pire est., 586 2 ; legislature opens, 5863 ; 
Diocesan Synod meets, 5882 ; Farmers' 
Union org., 5921; Commercial Union 
Club address, 51«3 ; K. R. accident, 5873, 
5933; Ont. and N. Y. Bridge Co. org., 
5933 ; Sun issued, 5942 ; Nat. Park, 5952; 
see est., 9583, 

Ontological Society, Am., organized, 2643. 

Onyx discovered in Missouri, 3721. 

Oort, Adam Van, b.-d., 5403. 

Oos, emperors meet, 5273. 

Ooshooia, mission work, 490 2 ,3. 

Oost, Jacob ran, b., 5403 ; d., 5411 . 

Ooulard Hill, action at, 9281 . 

Opdam, Adm., Earl of Sandwich takes 
Dutch fleet, 8921. 

Opdyke, George, mayor N. Y., 2173. 

Opechancaiiough rules, 293. 

Opelousas, La., becomes Confederate capi- 
tal, 2073 ; captured, 2203. 

Opera, 1st in N. Y., 1321 ; theater for, in 
N. Y., 1421; at Castle Garden, 1761; 
Italian revived, 9241 ; English Opera 
House opened, London, 9343. 

Opera Comif/uc appears, 096 2 . 

Ophelia, asteroid, discovered, 7481. 

Ophrataeus reigns, 11433. 

Ophthalmoscope invented, 8181. 

Opie, Mrs. (AmeliaAldersi.il), b.,9183; d. 
(1853). 

, John, b., 9151 ; d. (1807). 

Opitergium burned, 10641 . 

Opitz, Martin, b., 7922; work, 7951 ;d., 7963. 

Opium, smuggling, 4182, 5942- destroyed, 
China, 616 1, 6172; importation forbid- 
den, 617 1 , 2 ; abandonment of trade, 6173 ; 
dutiesdiscussed; conven. for duties, 6252. 

war with China, 6161 , 6172+, 9501 . 

Oporto, Port., occupied, taken, 7181 ; 
earthquake, 11093 ; besieged ; junta ca- 
pitulates ; regiments revolt, 11101 ; revo- 
lution in, 11103, mil; International 
Exhibition ; Wine Co. abolished, 11113. 

Oppenheim, St. Patrick's Cathedral com- 
pleted, 7803 ; revolts, 7813 ; taken, 7961 . 

Oppert, Jules, b., 7242 ; d., 8123. 

Oppian.b., 10283. 

Oppidum Ubiorum. (See Cologne.) 

Ops worshiped, 10503. 

Optic nerves discovered, 10802. 

Optics, discused, 6522 ; first treatise, 10671. 

Oran, editors expelled, 6103. 

, M. Roberts, governor, 3033. 

Orange Blossom, colonists' vessel, 8792. 

Orange, William, Prince of, b.-d., 10983. 

— — Clubs, membership restricted, 9613. 

Courthouse, Virginia, taken, 2102. 

, Pa., R. R. accident, 3313. 

Eree State (see text, p. 1105) ; peace 

in; invaded, 598i ; state formed, 5993. 



Orange, House of, reigns, 10992; loyalty 
to, 5433; restored, 8112. 

River territory, annexed, 5992, 1105 2 . 

, University of, founded, 6743 , 

Orangeburg, Ams. take Fort Motte, 942. 

Orangemen, riots at Montreal, 5851; at 
Ottawa, 5891 ; Soc. org., Ire., 9263; form 
lodge, 9272; publish declaration, 9291 ; 
riots, 9571 ; meetings prohibited, 9932 ; 
protected, 2743; eel. battle of Boyne, 
3643; parade; forbidden; attacked, 4643. 

Oranmore, Baron, title created, 9471 . 

Orbigny, Alcide Dessalines d', b., 7143 ; 
d.,7322. 

Orcagna (di Cione), Andrea, b.-d., 10762. 

Orchan, Nicomedia surrenders to, 11542. 

Orchomenus, action at, 10281 . 

Orcutt, W. D., Good Old Dorchester, 4783. 

Orczy, Baron von, resigns, 5332. 

Ord, Edward Otho Cresap, b., 1262 ; at 
Dranesville, Va., 2021; in Army of 
James, 2403 ; commands 4th military 
district, 2561 ; at Vicksburg, 2572 ; re- 
lieved in Miss., 2581; imprisons McAr- 
dle, 2601 ; d. (1883). 

, Sir Harry St. George, gov., 4991 . 

Ordainers appointed, Eng., 857 2 . 

Ordas, Diego de, discoveries, 10393. 

Ordaz, Diego de, b. (1480i:) ; on Orinoco 
River, 203 ; d. (1533). 

Order of Bath.inst., 8603 ; revived, 9072. 

of Cath. Knights of Amer. fnd., 2983. 

of Elks formed, 2651 . 

of Garter, est., 5891 ; reconst'ed, 9331 . 

of Golden Chain founded, 3091 , 4463. 

of Golden Falcon instituted, 10923. 

of Golden Fleece est., 677 1 , 10991 . 

of Good Templars. (See Good Temp.) 

of Iron Cross. (See Iron Cross.) 

of Knights of Malta (See Knights.) 

of Mercy founded, 11263. 

Number 10 issued, 2561. 

15 published, 2072. 

of Red Eagle conferred, 8331 . 

of St. Katherine established, 9843. 

of St.Mic.hacland St. George est.,9392. 

of Santiago founded, 11263. 

of Scottish Clans founded, 3011 . 

of Solon, accounts short, 4142. 

of Star of the Crosi instituted, 5131 . 

of Star of India instituted, 9651. 

of the Sword established, 11351. 

of Theatines instituted, 10811. 

of Thistle instituted, 8692. 

of the Hound Table instituted, 8411 . 

of United Friends founded, 3091. 

Ordericus, Vitalis, b.-d., 8482. 

Orders in Council issued, 1133, 1151 , 2 ; re- 
pealed 1193 ; against Berlin Decree, 
9333 ; blockade ; revokes orders, 9353 ; 
suspended, 9373 ; confers title, 9613. 

, three unite, Fr., 7072. 

onlirico, M., beheaded, 4803. 

Ordoflo II., reigns in Asturias, 11253, 11272. 

III., reigns in Asturias, 11272. 

IV., reigns in Asturias, 11272. 

Oreamuno, Francisco Xavier, gov., 6303 ; 
president, 6311. 

, Jose Antonio, governor, 6303. 

Oregon explodes, 1693. 

■ collides, 3233. 

, Mrs. Delia Cross, captain, 3623. 

, battleship launched, 4421. 

Oregon, Columbia River discovered, 1021 , 
5762; Vancouver explores, 1021; Lewis 
and Clarke explore, 1121 ; Astoria fnd., 
1173, 1192 ; Brit, and Am. joint occupa- 
tion agreed to, 1272, 1353,1611; Meth. 
mission, 1422, 1483 ; Am. Board mission 
est., 1443 ; boundary question ; emi- 
grants arrive, 1453 , 1573 ; settlers enact 
1st code of laws (Feb. 17, 18, 1841) ; first 
Bapt. church, 1582 ; Willamette Univ. 
est., 1583 ; boundary settled, 1592, 9532 ; 
R. C. diocese est., 1603, 5801 ; G. Aber- 
nethy, governor, 161 1 ; Ore. Spectator is- 
sued (1846), provisional gov't fmd., 1611 ; 
treaty with G. B. signed, 1612 ; Mormon 
miss, enters, 1623 ; Congregationalist 
Asso. org., 1642 ; prohibitory law re- 
pealed, 1643 ; Pacific Univ. at Forrest 
Grove opd. (1848) ; chartered (1854) ; ter- 
ritory org., 1652 ; Jos. Lane, gov., 1671 ; 
1743 ; John P. Gaines, gov., 1671 ; M. E. 
Conf. org., 1702; gold dis., 1713 ; Congre- 
gational Coni '. org., 1723 ; Thos. F. Scott, 
cons. P. E. bp., 1741 ; Geo. L. Curry, gov., 
1743 ; constitutional conven. at Salem ; 
ratified (Nov. 9, 1857, Aug. 17+) ; John 



W. Davis, gov., 1772 ; legislature meets 
to org. gov't ; admitted, 1852 ; Meth. 
Epis. Conf. org., 1702; McMinnville Coll. 
est., 1863; John Whittaker, gov., 187 1 ; 
Addison C. Gibbs, gov., 2173; military 
road, 235 3 ; earthquake eruption of Mt. 
Hood, 2481, 4941 ; ratifies 13th Amend., 
2492; Bank of Portland est., 2493; Chris- 
tian Coll. est.; Medical Depart. Willam- 
ette Univ .opd., 2543; ratifies 14th Amend., 
255 2 ;Geo. L. Woods, gov. , 2553 ; Ore. Cen- 
tral R. R. begun, 2571 ,3; State Agricul- 
tural Coll. est., 2623; wheat exported to 
Liverpool, 2653 ; Sch. for Deaf Mutes, Sa- 
lem, 2723; 15th Amend, rejected; against 
Chinese treaty ,2731 ; Lafayette S.Grover, 
gov., 2732; battle with Modocs, 2781 ; Re- 
formed school est., 2782; Indian troubles, 
2801, 2821; adopts 15th Amend., 281 1 ; 
PioneerAsso.org.; Salem Inst. for Blind, 
2831 ;Univ.State Conven. org.,2862; State 
Board of Immigration Law, 2872; Univ. 
of Ore. opd., 2922 ; s. F. Chadwick, gov., 
2973 ; electors' bribery exposed ; Wm. 
W. Thayer, gov., 3012 ; Ashland Coll. 
and Normal School fnd., 3023 ; Female 
Suffrage Amend. , 3052 , 307 1 ; Zenas Ferry 
Moody, gov., 3132 ; Female Suffrage 
Amend, defeated ; Insane Asylum at 
Salem, 3171 ; FreeMeth.Conf.org., 3182; 
Woman's Miss. Soc. org. 3322 ; Normal 
School est., 3223 ; Local Option Bill 
passes (1885); Labor Day est.; Prohibitory 
Amend, defeated, 32!) 2 ; Sylvester Peri- 
noyer, gov., 3293, 3992 ; Portland Univ. 
fnd., 3743; large cave dis., 3861; p, e p. le- 
gislature, 409 1 ; Chinese smuggling, 4342; 
mob abuses Chinese, 4383; floods, 4621 ■ 
Wm. Paine Lord elected gov. (1894). 

Oregon Pacific R. R. , sheriff's sale, 4013 . 

Inlet, N. C, Huron strikes rocks, 296 1 . 

O'Reilly, John Boyle, b. (1844) ; d., 3661 . 

.Patrick Thomas, b. (1833); conse- 
crated R. C. bishop, 2702. 

O'Reilly, Patrick T., cons. R. C. bp., 2702, 

Orelli, Kaspar, b.-d., 11381 . 

Orellana, Francisco de, b.-d., 11263 ; ex- 
plorer, 21 1. 

Orense, Jose Marie de Albaida, b., 11302. 

Oresme, Nicole, works, 6743 ; d. (13S2). 

Orestes kills Clyteinnestra, 10143. 

Orfila, Mateo Jose Bonaventura, b., 7062; 
d., 7322. 

Orf ord, Earl of, title created, 931 1 . 

, Earl of, lord admiralty, 9031 . 

, Earl of. (See Walpole.) 

Organ, first used, 8442 ; sent to Fr., G642. 

Orgonez, Rodrigo de, in Peru, 202. 

Oribe,Munuel,1>.(1802+); capitulates ,4901; 
besieges Montevideo, 11602; ,]. (1857). 

Oriel, Baron, title created, 9372, 

Oriental Congress opens, 10071. 

Origen, Adaniantius, b., 6522 ; persecuted, 
6523 ; visits Rome, 10643 ; martyred 
10663 ; d., 6522. 

Original Package Bill, 3483, 3593, 3631, 
3652,3; 3(171; decision unconstitutional, 
3573 ; law upheld, 3851. 

store in Pa., 3591 ; protest, 3623. 

Orilla, The Packet, 5823. 

Orinoco River, Columbus names, 143. 153. 

Orion wrecked, 9553. 

Oriskany, N. Y., battle of, 871. 

Orissa, Bengal, conquered, 9121, 10441; 
under Brit, rule, 9173 ; ceded, 10452 ; 
famine, 10493. 

Orizaba, Mex., action at, 10961 . 

Orkhan, rules ; takes Prusa, 1155 3 ; d. 
(1359). 

Orlando launched, 9941 . 

Orlean, Herr, denounces police, 5332. 

Orleans, Fr., heretics suffer, (1682 ; upris- 
ing, 6722 ; Univ. fnd., endowed, 6723 ; 
siege, 6701 , 6821 ,7681 ; siege raised, 6761 ; 
States-General meets, 6773 ; captured ; 
occupied ; retaken, 7422 ; surrenders, 
7433. 

family, decree against, 7332; demand 

rights, 7392 ; services declined, 7412 ; 
princes excluded, Fr., 7543. 

, House of, est., 7253; enthroned, 6793. 

, Due d', revolts, 6792. 

, Due d' Jean Baptiste Gaston, b., 

6862 ; at Castelnaudary, 6881 ; d., 6902. 

, Duchess of, Memoires, 6991 . 

, Duchess of, in Chambers, 7311 . 

, Henri Jules, Due d'Aumale, French 

Academy, 7321 . 

Louis, Due d', regent, assassinated, 

6772. 



Orle-Ourl. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1361 



pass 



Orleans, Due d', Louis Philippe Joseph, 
Philippe Egalite, h., 7003; objects to 
loan; imprisoned; banished, 707 2 ; guil- 
lotined, 7082. 

■ , Due, d' Louis Philippe Robert, trial, 

sentence, 759 2 ; plot to proclaim ting, 
7611. 

.Pierre J. D', b., 6883 ; d., 6943. 

Orkney, Earl of, title created, 9011. 

. Isles, ceded to Scotland, 8651 

to Scottish crown, 11052. 

Orloff, Alexei, adm., b., 11143 ; comman- 
der, 10341 ; d., 11163. 

, Count Grigori, b.-d., 11143. 

, Prince, , b., 11162 ; d., 11182. 

, Nicholas, d., 11201 . 

Orm, or Ormulum, poet, OrmvXum, 8523 ; 
d.,8521. 

Ormathwaite, Baron, title created, 9651. 

Orme, Robert, b., 908i ; d., 9303. 

, William W., d., 2541 . 

Ormond, Alexander T., Concepts in Phi- 
losophy , 4782. 

Ormonde, Baron, title created, 9372. 

— ~, Marquis, title created, 9412. 

, (See Butler James.) 

mobs active, England, 9051 . 

Ormsbee, Ebenezer J., gov. Vt., 325 2 . 

Ormsby, George A., cons, bp., 10102. 

Ormuz, Persia, founded, 1107 3 . 

Ornamental gardening, England, 8662. 

Ornithological Society formed, 948 1 . 

Orono, Me., State Agricultural College 
organized, 2623. 

Oroquieta, action at, 11321 . 

O'Rorke, Patrick Henry, b., 1442 ; killed 
at Gettysburg (1863). 

Orosius, Paulus, b.-d., 11251 . 

Orozco y Berra, Manuel, b.-d., 10952. 

Orphantropheon established, 7982. 

Orpheus lost, 9661 . 

captures Frolic, 122 1 . 

Orr, James L., b., 1302 ; speaker, 1832 ; 
commissioner for S. C, 1892 ; governor, 
2511; d.,2802. 

, Mrs. Sutherland, R.Browning, 11063. 

Orsay, Comte Alfred Guillaume Gabriel 
d', b., 7131; d., 7322. 

Orsini, Felici, b., 10862 ; conspirator, 7351 ; 
d., 10882. 

Orso, doge of Venice, killed, 10732. 

Orsova, Hung., Turks capture, 5141; r e- 

, stored to Porte, 515 2 ; 'steamboats at, 
5213. 

Ortega, Gen., in Sp., 11301 . 

, Gen., faction for Mex., 10963. 

, Melchor, work, 11291 . 

Ortelius, or Oertel, Abra., b., 7882; d., 7922. 

Ortenau, Ger., ceded, 5193. 

Orthez, Fr., battle of, 9361 . 

Orthodoxy enforced, 28 2 ; protected, 543. 

Ortigia sinks L'Oncle Joseph, 7533. 

Ortnit issued, 7803. 

Orton, Arthur, trial ; sentence, 9752. 

, Azariah Giles, b. (1789); d., 2411 . 

, James, b., 1381 ; d., 2961 . 

, Jason Rockwood, b. (1806); d., 2561 . 

, fm„ 1342 ; d., 2982. 

Oruro, Bolivia, railroad, 551 3 . 

Osage blown up, 2442. 

Osage City, Kan., Hoover shot, 3803 ; tor- 
nado, 4281. 

Indians, act for removal, 271 2 . 

Osaka missions, 10921 ; opd., 10931 . 

Osawatomie, Kan., proslavery conflict, 
180i; captured; John Brown's son Fred 
k.,18H ; insane asylum est., 2292; Brown 
monument, 2961 ; aerolite falls, 4261 . 

Osborn, Sir Danvers, gov. N. Y., 692. 

, Sellick, b., 961 ; d., 1342. 

, Sherard, b., 9403 ; fleet org., 6202 ; 

d., 9802. 

, Thomas A., gov. Kan., 2851 . 

Osborne, John E., gov., 4192, 4472. 

, Nathan W , commissioned col., 3301. 

•, Mrs. M. A., will, 3831 . 

■, Lord Sidney Godolphin, d., 1000 1 . 

, Thomas O., b., 1402. 

, , Earl of Danby, b., 8822 ; im- 
peached, 895 2 ; liberated, 8972; 1. treas. ; 
minister, 8933, 8992, 3; d. (1712). 

Osbourne, Lloyd, The Wrecker, 4203. 

Oscar I., reigns, 11363 ; fnds. Order, 11052. 

II., b., 11361 ; marries ; reigns ; allow- 
ance reduced ; marries Sophia, 11363. 

Oscala, Fla., National Farmers' Alliance 
Meeting, 3723. 

Osceola, Mo., action at, 1983. 

, Pa., fire sweeps, 2913. 



Osceola, Seminole chief, b., 1122; leader, 

1441 ; prisoner, 1481 ; d., 1502. 
Oscillation, theory of, intro., 11003. 
Osgood, David, b. (1747); d., 1302. 
, Mrs. (Francis Sargeant Locke), b., 

1183 ; d. (1850). 
■, Helen Louise Gibson, b., 1442 



2621 



d.. 



Sam., b. (1812); works, 2603 ; d. (1880). 

Osgoodby, Geo., " Murchison letter," 3333. 

O'Shaughnessy, Sir William Brooke, b., 
9351 ; d. (1881). 

O'Shea, Captain, divorce, 10051. 

, Mrs., marries Parnell, 1007 1 . 

Oshkosh, Wis., Normal School opd., 3283; 
insane asylum est., 28H ; fire, 2853, 2893. 

Osiander, Andreas, b., 7863 ; d., 7921 . 

Osiris, worship of, 6463. 

Oskaloosa, Kan., women in office, 3311 . 

ColL org., la., 2093 ; Penn. Coll. est., 

2822. 

Osman Digma, Arabian Sheik, b. (1836), 
atEl-Teb, 6601; commander, 6582; over- 
thrown, 6601 ; in Sudan, 6603. 

-Pasha, b.(1835±), at Plevna, 5652, 5661; 

defeated, 5661 ; in Turko-Russian war, 
11581; occupies Oltenitz, 11181. 

Osmanieh, Imperial Order fnd., 11583. 

Osmium discovered, 9322. 

Osnabriick, Prus., made bishopric, 7703. 

Osorken I., reigns in Egypt, 6511 , 

II., reigns in Kgypt, 6511 . 

— - III., reigns in Egypt, 6511 . 

Ospina, Ro'lrigin'/, M.iriano,b.(1803); pres., 
5291 ; deposed, 6291 ; d. (1885). 

Ossabaw Sound, Writer Witch taken, 2341 . 

Ossat, Cardinal Arnaud d', b. (1536), Let- 
ters, 6871 ; d. (1604). 

Ossi, Ferdinand, cons. R. C. bp., 996 2 . 

Ossian, Celtic bard, 8403 ; d., 8402. 

Ossipee at Port-au-Prince, 3401 . 

Ossoll, M. F. (See Fuller, Margaret Sarah.) 

Ossory, Ire., see est., 8403 ; Bp. Walsh 
elected,9803; Bp. Browning cons., 9922. 

, Earl of. (See Butler, Thos.) 

Ostade, Adrian van, b., 5403 ; d., 5422. 

Ostend, Belg., capitulates, 5401 ; Sp. be- 
siege, 5401 ; Fr. garrison at, 5421 ; Bruges 
canal works destroyed, 5433 ; theft, 5463 ; 
dvnamite explosion, 548i ; telegraph est., 
9593 ; besieged, 11001 . 

Company fmd., 1045 2 . 

Manifesto issued, 1771 . 

Osten-Sacken, Fabian Wilhelm, Pr. von 
der, b. (1752); at Champaubert, 7202 • d. 
(1837). 

Osterhaus, Gen. Peter Joseph, b. (1820); 
near Searcy, 2081 . 

Ostermann, Count Andrei, b. (1686) ; at 
Kulm, 5201 ; d. (1747). 

Ostgaard, Nicolai Eaium, work, 11043. 

Ostia, It., built, 105H. 

Ostorius Scapula, bat. of Shropshire, 839 1 . 

Ostrander, James E., defaulter, 3911 . 

Ostrog, Rus., Slavonic Bible printed, 11151 . 

Ostrogoths invade Ger., 7681 , 

Ostrolenka, Poland, Rus. defeat, 7162 ; ac- 
tion at, 11161 . 

Ostromir Codex- written, 11131. 

O'Sullivan, James, cons, bp., 10042. 

Osuna, Duke of. (See Teliez y Giron.) 

Oswald, Saint, in Paris, 953; a t Heaven- 
field ; at Maserfield ; killed, 8421 . 

Oswego, N. Y., trading-post, 591, 612; ri- 
valry for, 612 ; fortress, 613 ; surrender, 
701 ; surprised, 951 ; Brit, evacuate, 1061 ; 
Normal School est., 225 z ; Nat. Bank 
suspends, 3593 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' 
monument, 3861 ; railroad wreck T 4043. 

Canal completed, 1373. 

Otago, N. Zeal., fnd., 11032. 

Otalora, J. E„ pres., 6292. 

Ota Nobunaga, defeats Yoshimoto, 1091 1 . 

Oteiza, action at, 11322. 

Otey, James H., cons, bp., 1423; d., 2212. 

Otfried, version of C,,s/>ets, 7723; d.,7722. 

Othman, Sheik, Keith mission, 4882. 

conquests, 4841 ; a Mussulman, 484 3 ; 

calif,485i; killed, 4852. 

, the Turk, fnds. Ottoman emp., 10352 . 

ibn-Affan, reigns in Egypt, 6551 . 

, or Osman, I., b.-d., 11543; reigns, 

11553 ; invades Nicomedia, 11542. 

II. reigns, 11572. 

III. reigns, 11572. 

Othniel, delivers Israelites, 11401 ; judges 
Israel, 11413. 

Otho I., b.-d., 7722 ; repulses Hungarians, 
5021 ; conquest, 5032 ; League against 



Fr., 6713 ; victories; in Fr. wars, 772'; 
defeats Magyars, 7722 ; marries Q. Ade- 
laide, 7731 ; declines crown, 7732 ; expe- 
dition to It., 7722, 7741 ; religious re- 
forms, 7723 ; tribute from Bohemians, 
7733 ; king of Ger., 7733, 10733 ; emp., 
10753; crossesAlps,774i ; conquers Rome, 
7751 ; K. of Lombardy, 10733 ; d., 7751. 

Otho II. invades Fr.,666i ;expeditions,774i ; 
emp., 7751 ; duke, 7811; claims Apulia 
and Calabria 10721; crowned, 10733; as- 
sassinated, 781i . 

III., emp., 7751 ; reigns, 775 1,2; expels 

pope John XVI., 10731 ; emp., 10733 ; 
scheme ; d., 7752. 

IV., K., 7792,3 ; at Strasburg, 7782 ; 

excommunicated, 7782, 7793, 10751 ; de- 
posed ; d., 7793. 

, Duke of Brunswick, 7811 . 

, K. of Bav., insane, 8323;opposed,8372. 

de la Roche, acquires Athens, 10351 . 

of Swabia, receives Lindolf , 7751 . 

of Wormsfeld, duke, 5032. 

, Marcus Salvius, b.-d., 10622 ; reigns ; 

defeated ; suicide, 10633. 

Otis, Elwell S., commissioned col., 3021 , 

, George A., b., 1381. 

, James, b., 602 ; speech of, 731 , 2 ; 

Rights of llrit. < Monies, 742 ; d., 961 . 

, Samuel A., b., 642 ; d., 1231 . 

Otranto, It., taken, 10341 . 

Ott, Gen., at Montebello, 7141 . 

Ottawa, Can., mission, 1303 ; Asso. Bapt. 
Churches meets, 5783 ; R. c. diocese est., 
5801 ; Citizen issued, 5803; capital, 5812 ; 
R. C. archdiocese est., 5842; Le Canada, 
5843 ; New Pari, meets ; territory di- 
vided, 585 2 ; Industrial Exhibition opd., 
5853; Cath. meeting, 5861 ; Sons of Eng. 
conven., 5862; Dairymen's oonven.,5863 ; 
Coll. of Music, 5881; Bapt. conven.; 
Luth. Synod. ; Reformed Epis. Synod, 
588 2 ; brakemenmeet, 58S3; Orange dem- 
onstration, 5891 ; o. and N Y Bridge 
Co. org., 5933 ; Liberal conven., 5953; 
Intercolonial Conf., 5962; new cabinet; 
ministry, 596 a . 

, Kan., Ottawa Univ. org., 2543. 

Indian missions, 1303, 1343, 5731 . 

Ottendorf, Sixt. de, work published, 5111. 

Ottendorfer, Oswald, b., 8123. 

Otterbein, Philip William, b., 602 ; in Pa., 
691 ; d., 1211. 

University org., O., 1632. 

Otterburn, Eng., battle of, 8601 . 

, Battle of, written, 8663. 

Otter Creek, Vt., railroad wreck, 4373. 

, Col., at Battleford, 5841 . 

Otterville, Mo., train robbed, 3662. 

Otto, abdicates Hung. ; enthroned, 505 3 . 

I.,Freidrich Ludwig, king, b.-d. ,10343. 

IV., at battle of Bouvines, 6701 . 

, Duke of Aust., 5071 ; d., 5062. 

,Friedrich Julian, b., 8083 ; d., 8262. 

bicycle first patented, 9S81 . 

Ottocar I., margrave, 5032 ; signs treaty; 
under ban, 501 1 ; declines throne ; inheri- 
tance ; refuses homage, 5052 ; d., 5042. 

II., against Prus., 7801 ; king of Ger. ; 

peace witli Rudolph I., 7813 ; k. (1278). 

III., margrave, 5032. 

IV.) margrave, 5033. 

V., margrave, 5033. 

VI., margrave, 5043; duke, 5051 . 

Ottoman emp. (see Greece, p. 1013+) j an- 
archy prevails, 157 1 ; alliance for, 951 2 ; 
fnd., 10352. 

Ottumwa, la., Lane embezzles, 3991 . 

Otumba, Plain of, Mex., battle, 181 . 

Otway, Thomas, b., 888 2 ; compositions, 
661,8963 ; d., 8962. 

Ouachita, Ark., College fnd., 3242. 

Oudaen, Joachim, b., (1628) ; Johanna 
Gray, 11012 ; d. (1692). 

< Mnlenarde, Belg., Fr. defeated, 5421 . 

Oudh, or Oude, India, pacification of, 9633; 
conquered, 10441 ; independent, 10452 ; 
terr. ceded, 1047 2 ; chiefs surrender, 10481. 

Oudin<5, Eugene Andre, d., 7562 ; d. (1887). 

Oudinot, Nicolas Charles Victor, Due de 
Reggio, b., 7031 ; at Ostrolenka, 7162 ; 
at Grassbeeren, 7201; at Bar-sur-Aube, 
7203 ; d., 7301 . 

Ouida. (See De la Ram£, Louise.) 

Ouimet, J. A., minister, 5931 , 5952, 5963. 

Ourique, Port , Alfonso I. conquers, 11091 . 

Our Lady of Angels College org., 1802. 

Our Lady the I'irt/in performed, 10982. 

Our Lord's Resurrection performed, 10983. 



1362 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. OllSe Pale. 



Ouseley, Sir Frederick Arthur Gore, b., 
942 2- d. 10001. 

, Sir William, b., 9183; d., 9502. 

Outhwaite, Joseph H., b., 1522. 

Outlaw, Koger, governor, 8573. 

Outram, Sir James, b., 9323; at Moham- 
merah, 9601 ; at Kooshab, 11081 ; d. 
(1863); statue, 9742. 

Ouvidor, Brazil, fnd., 5533. 

Ovalle, Jose Tomas, b. (.1791); pres., 6072; 
d. (1831). 

OYambo mission, 6003. 

Ovando, Nicolas de, b. (1460); gov.; res- 
cues Columbus, 172; d. (1518). 

Overbeck, Fried. Johann, b.,S043; d.,8262. 

Overbrook, Pa., St. Charles Borromeo 
Seminary org., 1403. 

Overbury, Sir Thomas, b. (1581); poisoned, 
879'; d., 880'. 

Overdank, assassin; assassinated, 5303. 

Overland Monthly Maijuzinc issued, 2623. 

Oversee, Aust. advance, 5261 ; taken, 6402. 

Overweg, Adolf, b., 8122; d., 8181. 

Ovid, Publius Naso, b.-d., 10603; works, 
10623; banished, 10632. 

Oviedo y Valdes, Gonzalo Fernandez de, 
b.-d., 11263. 

Owden, Tims. Scnmbler, 1. mayor, 9832. 

Owego, N. Y., Nat. Bank suspends, 3593 ; 
tire, 1673. 

Owen, Capt., explorer, 10931 . 

, David Dale, b., 114i ; d., 1861 . 

— — , Rev. E., resigns, 5901 . 

, Elias K., b., 1422. 

-, Major, defeats Kabba Rega, 5643. 

, Mary A., Voodoo Tales, 4481 . 

, Sir Richard, b., H323; system of mam- 
malia, 9622; d., 10082. 

.Robert, b., 918 3 ; defeated in social- 
ism, 9311; d.,9622. 

, Dale, b., 1082; est. New Har- 
mony, 1331; d., 2942. 

Owens, S. M., nominee for gov. Minn. ,3651 . 

, W. C, plurality for Congress, 4731 . 

Owen's College, Manchester, fnd., 9531; 
opd., 9743; gift of Langworthy, 9791; 
becomes Victoria University, 9843. 

Owensboro, Ky., Thos. Young sentenced, 
4131 ; women's temp, crusade, 430 2 . 

Owensburg, Kv., Confed. repulsed at, 213 2 . 

Owsley, William, b. (1782); gov. Ky.,1592; 
d. (1862). 

Oxenburg, Vise, title created, 9871 . 

Oxenden, Ashton, b. (1808); d., 5901. 

Oxenford, Baron, title created, 9511 . 

Oxford, Eng., restored, 8463; first. Nat. 
Council, 8472; stormed, 8481 ; printing, 
8622; pestilence, 8653; see erected, 8Cn3 ; 
Fatal Assizes, 8733; Pari, at, 8853; sur- 
renders, 8861; O. Gazette issued, 8923; 
Pari, meets, 89:12; tire, 8933 ; Ashmolean 
Museum fnd., 8941 ; O. Journal issued, 
9132; Union Soc. est., 9412; excursionists 
ki lied, 9633 ; declaration,9663 ; Bp. Stubbs 
cons., 9983. 

, la., incendiaries burn, 3683. 

, Mass., Universalists conf. at, 982. 

, Miss., Univ. of Mississippi fnd., 1642; 

action at, 2161 . 

, O., Miami Univ. org., 1323; Oxford 

College org., 1663. 

, Pa., Lincoln University org., 1762. 

, Edward, attempts assassination, 9511 . 

, Earl of. (See Harley, Robert.) 

, University; Academy of, fnd., 8443, 

or (1232); center of clerical study, 8503 ; 
foreign students; Univ. chests ; Univ. 
est., 8523, 8583, 8671 ; Merton Coll. fnd.; 
Balliol Coll. fnd., 8042; Oriel Coll. fnd.; 
Queen's Coll. fnd., 8563 ; St. Mary's 
Hall fnd., 8563; Magdalen Coll. fnd.; All 
Souls Coll. fnd., 8623; Lincoln Coll.; 
St. Mary Magdalen Hall est., 8642; 
Brazenose Coll. fnd.; Exeter Coll., Wm. 
Grocyn, 8663; Corpus Christi Coll. fnd., 
8671 ; professorships est., 8691 ; St. Al- 
ban's Hall, est., 8703; St. John's Coll. 
fnd.; Trinity Coll. fnd., 8711; Jesus 
Coll. fnd.; Univ. incorp., 8743; Bodleian 
Library fnd., 8772; elective franchise, 
8783; Botanic garden est., 8801; Wad- 
ham Coll. fnd., 8802; Pembroke Coll. 
fnd., 8811; Worcester Coll. fnd., 9043; 
Political Economy professorship est., 
9423; Univ. Museum opd., 9641; Cath. 
professor, 9743; Magdalen Hall incor., 
9783 ; New Coll. anniversary, 9842; 
Somerville Hall fnd., 9843; women ad- 
mitted, 9923; Univ. museum for weap- 



ons, 9961 • Indian Inst, fnd., 9842 ; 
Mansfield Coll. fnd., 9942; Holy Club 
find., 9083; Kadclitte Library fnd., 9091 ; 
students expelled, 9163; Radeliffe Ob- 
servatory fnd., 9182; Theological lec- 
tures, 9211; Hertford Coll. dissolved, 
9331; Ashmolean Soc. fnd., 9431; Brit. 
Asso. meets and org., 9441 ; meets, 9521 , 
9602, 10121 ; investigating committee ap- 
pointed; ll~yc/il'\i Bible printed, 9563; 
Keble Coll. fnd'., 9722; Hertford Coll. re- 
vived; Magdalen Hall incor., 97S3; New 
Coll., O., anniversary, 9842; mission to 
Calcutta org., 9862; Mr. Gladstone's lec- 
ture, 10083; Shelley monument, 10101; 
wins boat races, 10113, 10123. 

Oxley, Lieut., expedition, 4941 j Queens- 
land, 4951. 

Oxyarges reigns, 10133. 

Oxygen discovered, 11342. 

Oxymuriatie, first used, 9241. 

Oyama, Marshal, Jap. army, 6271 . 

Oyster Fisheries Act passes, Eng., 9712. 

Oysters scarce in England, 9813. 

Ozama lost, 4772. 

Ozark, Mo.,Kegulntors.tried,327l ; hanged, 
3391; onyx caves discovered, 3721 . 

Ozone dis., at Basel, 11381 ; liquefied, 7521 ; 
produced, 2S01 . 

Ozonometers introduced, 9621. 



Pa-ankhi, princes rule under, 651 1 . 

Paars, Peder, Holberg, 6383. 

Pabama Indians destroy towns, 628 1 . 

Pacaud, trial of, 5951 . 

Pace, Peter, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. 

Pachacamac, temple desecrated, 201 . 

Pacheco, Pres., elected, 551 3 . 

Pachomius, Saint, b., 6542; d. (349+). 

Pa Chow, explosion, 6253. 

Pachromius, builds monastery, 10683; d. 

(348±). 
Pacific, Atlantic record, 1693; lost, 1793; 

founders, 2293. 

Advocate est., Cal., 1782. 

Pacific cable to be laid, 5012. 

coast explored, 163, 1021. 

RevenueCutter Bill passes, 3993. 

College org., Cal., 1983. 

(Friends) org. at Newberg, Ore. 

Fur Co. founds Astoria, 117 3 . 

Ocean dis., 163; Magellan enters, 183. 

R. R., route, 1733; explorers for, 1752. 

, survey, 1743; Bill passes, 2073, 

2093, 2112; amended, 2353. (See Union 
Pacific and Central Pacific R. R.) 

Univ. (Cong.) org. (1848), at Forest 

Grove, Ore. 

at College Park, Cal., 1702. 

Pacini, Giovanni, b., 10843; d., 10882. 

Packard, Alpheus Spring, b., 1502. 

, Fred. Adolphus, b., (1794); d., 2582. 

, Louis Richard, b., 1462; d. (1884). 

.Stephen B., gov. La., 2951, 2973; 

holds conventions, 2791 . 

Packer, Alfred, eats companions, 3243. 

, Asa, b., 1122; d., 3002. 

, William Fisher, b., 1141 ; gov. Pa., 

1852; d., 2702. 

Packington, Sir John, minister, 9573, 9G3 2 . 

Paeoareos, Viscount, minister, 5591. 

Pacorus, b. (06+); killed, 10602. 

Pacte de Famine hold monopoly, Fr., 7053. 

Paddington. (See London.) 

Paddle Wheels patented, 9241. 

Paddock, Algernon Sidney, b., 1381 ; gov., 
3332; Pure Food Bill, 4031. 

, Benjamin Henry, b., 1362; cons. P. 

E. bp., 2822; d., 3801. 

, John Adam, b. (1825); cons, bp.,3042. 

— •—, J. W., gov't R. R. director, 4473. 

Padelford, Seth, gov. R. I., 2693. 

Paderborn, Prus. bishopric, 7703. 

Padilla, Juan Lopez de, b.-d., 11263; leads 
insurrection, 6283. 

Padlock invented, 7902. 

Padre-Polli, mission, 10463. 

Padua, It., Church of St. Anthony heal- 
ings, 3403; surrenders, 5221 ; Verona and 
Vicenza league, 7791; besieged, 786 
fnd., 10511; refugees in Venice, 1071: 
Univ. fnd., 10752; conquered, 1078 
seized, 10792; botanical gardens, 10802 

Paducah, Ky., occupied, 1982; Gen. For 
rest at, 2303; sheriff wounded, 4103. 

Pae, John P., commander-in-chief, 3271 . 



Pa^onians reduced, 10223. 

Paepe, Dr. Caesar de, d., 5461 . 

Piestum, It., Temple of Neptune, 10203 ; 
temple built, 10502; new colony, 10533. 

Paez, Francisco, b. (1564); in Abyssinia, 
12; d. (1622). 

, Jose Antonio, b. (1790); pres. Vene- 
zuela, 11602; d. (1873). 

Pagan, Burma, destroyed, 10422; occu- 
pied, 10482. 

, Comte de, Blaise Francois, b., 6862; 

d., 6903. 

rites imitated, It., 10663; sacrifices 

forbidden, 10683; hostile societies, 6251 . 

Pagani, Nicolas, cons, bp., 9922. 

Paganini, Nicolo, b., 10843; appears, 944 1 ; 
d., 10862. 

Paganism, merits discussed, 10691 . 

Pagassi, Antonio, train-wrecker, 4002. 

Page, Calvin, recovers daughters, 3891. 

, Carroll S., governor Vt., 3751 . 

, Charles, in medical dept., 3261 . 

, Grafton, b. (1812) ; d.,2621. 

, H., b., 1561. 

, G. C, makes induction coil, 1481. 

, John, gov. N. H., 1512. 

, , b.(1787); gov.Va., 1113; d.(1865). 

, B., governor Vt., 2593. 

, Gen. R. L., at Mobile Bay, 2371 ; sur- 
renders Fort Morgan, 2372. 

, T., paints Venus, 186i . 

, Thomas Nelson, b. (1853) ; works, 

3191,3283,3331,4791. 

, Wm., b., 1163 ; paintings, 2721 , 2861 , 

3061, 3161; d., 3202. 

Paget, Sir George, d., 10081 . 

, Henry William, Marquisof Anglesey, 

b., 9163 ; d., 9582. 

, Sir James, b., 9363 ; n Pasteur 

method, 756'. 

, Sir William, minister, 8693, 8712. 

Pagin, Lord, arrested, 5943. 

Pagnani, Clement, cons. R. C. bishop, 9822. 

Pajou, Augustan, b., 6983; d., 7191 . 

Pakenham, Sir Edward .Michael, b. (1798); 
attacks Jackson, 1223; k., 1223, 1242. 

Pakhoi, mission, 6243. 

Pakington, Sir John Somerset, b. (1799) ; 
minister, 9633 ; d. (1880). 

Paig'e, Al'onz'o Chris., b. (1797) ; d., 2602. 

, David R., forger, 4542. 

Pailleron, Edouard Jules Henri, b., 7262 ; 
Academician, 7521 . 

Paine, O., railroad opened, 1713. 

, Charles, gov. Vt., 1052; d., 1722. 

, Elijah, b., 711 ; d., 1542. 

, Halbert Eleazar, b., 1342 ; assaultB 

Spring Hill, 2382. 

, J. Knowles, b. (1839) ; work, 4971 . 

, Martyn, b., 1042 ; d. (1877). 

, Robert, b. (1799) ; bp. 1603; d. (1882). 

, Treat, b. (1731) ; jurist ; d., 123'. 

, , Jr., author, b., 78'; d.,1163. 

, Thomas, b., 642 ; works, 83' , 85' ,927' ; 

d., 1162. 

Painerville, Mo., Confed. defeated, 226'. 

Pai-net'em I. reigns, Egypt, 6503. 

Pains and Penalties Bill rejected, 9412. 

Painter, Gamaliel', b. (1743) ; d., 1281. 

, Thomas, whipped, 363. 

Painting, first in Greece, 10131. 

Paisiello, Giovanni, b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Paixhans, Henri Joseph, b.,705' ; d., 7322. 

Palacio, Itainimulo Andrezia, pres., 11603. 

I'alacky, Francis, !>., 5191 ; d. (1876). 

Paladines, D'Aurelles de, b. (1804±) ; com- 
mands at Tours, 7421 ; at Orleans, 7422,3; 
at Louret, 7423 . 

Pala3ograpbical Soc. org., London, 9781. 

Palxontographiea] Society formed, 9541. 

Paheopolfs, capture of, 1052'. 

Palafox y Melzi, Jose de, D. of Saragossa, 
b.-d., 11302; at Saragossa, 7162. 

Palakolla factory opened, 10443. 

Palaprat, Jean, b. (1650); works, 695', 
697' ; d. (1721.) 

Palatinate, war to obtain, 694' ; burned, 
6952; falls to Bavaria, 7793; separated, 
7832; united, 7973 ; insurrection. 8191 . 

Palatine Bridge, N. Y., R. R. ace, 3453. 

Palatines in N. Y., 571 +. 

Palatka, Fla., agents expelled, 4571 . 

Palencia, Sp., Univ. fnd. ; removed, 1127'. 

Palenque, Mex., ruins of, 661 , 10973. 

Palermo, It., massacre at, 6731; taken, 
10522, 10533, 10701, 10741; earthquake, 
10841 ; surrenders, 10861 ; Giornale rli Sla- 
tistica issued, 10871 ; insurrection, 10872, 



Pale -Para. 



Text Figures denote Page. UND-CLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1363 



10881 , 10891 ; stormed, evacuated, 10881 ; 
prov. govt, find., 10891 . (See Panormus.) 

Pales discovered, 7321 . 

Palestine. (See text under Turkey) ; in- 
vaded, 650 1 ; Hebrew monarchy erected, 
11432 ; coerced, 1147 1 ; Persian rule, 11472 ; 
under Gr. rule,11473 ; ruled by Per.,11472 ; 
taken by Autigonus ; subdued by Ptol- 
emy ; taken from Egy.; Egy. rules, 11491 ; 
given to Ptolemy V.; Egy. rules ; battle 
ground; ruled by Syria ;' ceded to Ptol- 
emy Philopator; seized; subject to Syria, 
11492; earthquakes, 11502; Roman cen- 
sus taken. 11513; a Rom. province, aking- 
dom, 10632; independent, 11533; pest of 
locusts, 11541 ; ruled by Fatimite califs; 
ruled by Christians ; taken from Egy., 
11552 ; Turks take, 10341 ; annexed to 
Turk., 11572; Moabite stone dis.; survey 
of, 976 1 , 11581; claims for holy places, 
11191. 

Palestrina, Giovanni Pierluigi da, b., 
10802 ■ work, 10813 ; d., 10823. 

Palestro, It., action at, 5241 . 

Paley, William, b., 9103; works, 9231 ,9271 ; 
d., 9323. 

Palfrey, F. W., d.,348i. 

, John Gorham, b., 1061 ; History of 

New England, 1863 ; d., 3062. 

, Warwick, d., 1S02. 

Palgrave, Sir Francis, b., 9243; Normandy 
and England, 9563 ; d., 9642. 

, Francis Turner, b. (1824); works, 9763. 

, Thos. Turner, Idylls and Songs, 9591 . 

, William Gifford, b., 9422 ; d., 9982. 

Pa-li-kao, Chinese defeat, 16201. 

Palikao, Comte de (Charles Guillaume 
Marie Apollinaire Antoine Cousin-Mon- 
tauban), b. (1796); minister war, 7393 
leaves Paris for Belg.,7412; d. (1878). 

Palilsa, J., dis. minor planets, 5301 , 5321 . 

Palissot, de Montenoy, Charles, b., 6983 
d„ 7211. 

Palissy, Bernard, b., 6802 ; works, 6832 
6843 ; experiments in enamels ; makes 
Faience ware, 6822 ; d., 6842. 

Palla, la., Central University org., 1731 . 

Palladio, Andrea, b., 10802 ; d. (1580). 

Palladium discovered, 9322. 

Palladius, b. (367 1) ; sent to Scotland and 
Ireland, 8403; d. (431+). 

Pallas, asteroid, discovered, 8062. 

wrecked, 9613. 

Pallas rules Claudius, 10631 ; reigns, 11072; 
d. (63). 

, Peter Simon, b., 8003; d., 8102. 

Paltavicino, Sforza, b., 10823 ; d., 10831. 

Pallister, Sir William, b., 9442. 

Palm, Johannes Henricus van der, b. 
(1765); works, 11022; d. (1840). 

— — of Nuremburg, execution of, 716 J . 

Palma, Sp., Aurora, Maliorquina, 11311. ' 

, Gonzalo de, governor, 6301 . 

, Jacopo, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

, younger, b., 10803 ; d., 10823. 

Palmblad, Wilhelm Fredrik, b.-d., 11342 ; 
fnds. Aurora Formbundet, 11351 ; works, 
11362. 

Palmeirim d'Inglaterra appears, 11091. 

Palmella, Duke of. (See Sousa-Holstein.) 

Palmer, Mass., strike, 4263. 

, Anthony, governor, 672; d., 662. 

, Col., in duel, 9372. 

, Erastus Dow, b., 1262. 

, Frank W., b., 1342 • in government 

printing department, 351 2 . 

George H., works, 3982. 

, James A., forger, 4043, 

, Shedden, b., 1162; d., 2582. 

, John, b. (1742) ; d., 8383. 

, McCauley, b., 1262; at Murfrees- 

boro, 2171 ; near Woodbury, 2182 ; at 
Ringgold, 2282; gov. 111., 2692; commands 
district of Ky., 2422 ; vote, 2812 ; n om. 
for gov., 3612; commander-iu-chief, 3891 ; 
pres. society, 3923. 

, Williamson, b., 1322. 

, Joseph, d., 2711. 

, Paul, forms church, 603. 

, Phoebe, b., 1141 ; d., 2861 . 

, Ray, b., 1142; -works, 1511, 1783,2923, 

3063; d.,326i. 

, Roundell, b., 9363; L. Selbourne ; 

L. chancellor; Land Transfer Bill intro. 
9773 ; minister, 9852 ; opens St. Paul 
School, 9923; Bar Asso. medal, 3903. 

, Rufus, 642. 

, Susan B., gift, 4063. 

, Thomas F., transported, 9272. 



Palmer, Thomas W., World's Fair Com- 
mission, 3633 ; u. S. minister, 3513; re- 
signs commission, 433 3 . 

, Tunis, b., 1321. 

, William Adams, b. (1791) ; governor 

Vt., 1393 ; d. (1860). 

, Col. W. J., raid, 2403. 

, Wm. Pitt, b., 1122 ; d. (1884). 

Palmerston, Viscount. (See Temple, John 
Henry.) 

Palmetto, Ga., Jeff. Davis visits, 2382. 

Palm-leaf hats manufactured, Mass., 1341 . 

Palmyra fnd., 11433 ; a Roman colony, 
10653 ; conquered, 10661 ; ruins of, 11571 . 

, Kan., political fight, 1793. 

Palnadu, mission, 10471 . 

Palo Alto, Cal., battle, 160 1 ; Stanford 
Univ., 3263,3923. 

Palo Alto trots at Stockton, 3953. 

Palomino de Castro y Velaseo, Acislo An- 
tonio, b.-d., 11283. 

Palo Pinto, Tex., Federals defeated, 2463. 

Palos, Sp., Columbus sails, 131 ; dis. of 
Am. eel. ; Santa Maria sails, 11331 . 

Palovich revolts, 5281 . 

Paludan-Muller, Frederic, b., 6382; works, 
6392,6403 ; d., 6421. 

Pamacagua, Mateo Garcia rebels, 11082. 

Pamir, troops in, 6241; explanations de- 
manded, 6252 ; Russians invade, 11221; 
Chinese withdraw, 6272. 

Pamplona, Columbia, captured, 936 1 ; up- 
rising, 11301. 

, Sp., surrendered, 7202. 

Pamphilus, St., b.-d., 11521 . 

Pamphylia, new province, 10613. 

Pananus, painter, 10203. 

Panama, Pizarro arrives, 173 ; Pizarro 
sails, 182 ; fnd., 193 ; seat of govt., 192 ; 
travelers perish, 213 ; sacked, 241 ; 
burned ; San Lorenzo destroyed, 441 ; Xn- 
dians destroy towns, 581 ; Am. property 
protected, 320 * ; appropriation of Cong., 
3363 ; telegraph est., 9913 ; bread dis- 
tributed ; military force, 6282 ; treaty 
with Indians, 6283 ; a federal state ; se- 
cedes, 6291; rebellions, 6292; fire ; hy- 
draulics for minerals ; Kearsarge crew 
arrives, 6293; commerce restricted, 6303. 

Canal, in Cong., 2693, 3&33 ; commis- 
sioners appointed, 2773 j Blaine's Circu- 
lar letter, 3073. 

Co. org., 7533; i n Fr., 6293 ; new 

Co. fails ; workmen paid, 6293 ; bank- 
ruptcy bill; commercial standing, 7572, 
3 ; bond issue ; depends on subscription ; 
dissolution decreed, 7573 ; no credit ; 
reports, 7593 j concession extended ; 
new contract, 6292 ; condition, 7632 ; 
parliamentary inquirer, 7651; swindlers 
deprived of decorations, 7673 ; see Fr., 
6293; commercial bouses assist ; shares, 
7573 ; contractors' offer ; work aban- 
doned, 6293 • lottery prize, 7563 j Loan 
Bill, 7591 ; report on, 7592, 7653 ; bonds 
issued, 7593 ; new scheme ; shares fall, 
7613; concessions refused, 7652 ; special 
committee reports, 7613; scandal; De 
Lesseps trial, 7603, 7642, 3 ; investiga- 
tion resolution report, 4321 ; investiga- 
tion begins, 4243. 

Congress fails to meet, 1352. 

R. R., earthquakes destroy, 6282; fi rs t 

train, 6293. 

Pan-American Bimetallic convention, ses- 
sion, 4402, 4573. 

monetary conf., 3491 , 3552, 357 z , 

3593,3631; held, 3593. 

Medical Congress, Wash., D. C, 

4361 ,3. 

Republican Congress, centennial 

day, 3882. 

Anglican Conference of bishops at 

Lambeth, 9702, 9822. 
Panathemean games instituted, 10132. 

Pan-Chuang mission, 6223. 

Pandion reigns, 10133. 

Pandoo Madee, Sepoy rebellion, 1048'. 
Pandora, arctic expedition, 9801 . 

— -, asteroid, discovered, 1841. 

, frigate, wrecked, 9241. 

, war-ship, wrecked, 9342. 

Pandosia, It., action at, 10521. 
Pandulph, charter t<> legate, S, r .;;i ; d.(1226). 

Panet, Bernard Claude, R. C. bp., d., 5782. 
Pangani, Afr., captured, 5631; occupied, 
3381 . 

Pango-Pango, claims of U. S., 3393. 

Panic, commercial, U. S., 1413, 1473 ; fail- 



7112, 



ures in 1837, U. S., 1493 ; in G. B., 8933, 
9551, 10073. 

Panic-stricken England, 9313. 

Panipat, India, victory of, 5 1 . 

Panitza, Major, confession, 5682; conspi- 
racy punished, 5692, 5682; trial,5682. 

Panizzi, Sir Anthony, b., 10843; d. (1879). 

Pankeng enthroned, 6112. 

Panmure, Lord. (See Fox, Maule.) 

Pannius, high-priest, 11523. 

Pannonia, invaded, 5021, 10693; Romans 
rule, 5023, 1062 1, 10632; under Croatia, 
5031; acquired, 10712. 

Pannonian war, in Bosnia, 10603. 

Panama founders, 9913. 

Panopsea, asteroid, discovered, 732*1. 

Panorama issued, 11101. 

Panorama exhibited, 9241 . 

Panormus (see Palermo), 10522- captured, 
10523. 

Pan-Presby. Cong, in London, 2882, 9802, 
9902 ; inPhila.,3042 ; conf. at Belfast, 
3182 ; at Edinburgh, 9822. 

Pan-Protestant Conf. at Worms, 8263. 

Pansa, Gaius Vibius, at Mutina, 10602; 
consul, 10612; k. (43 B.C.). 

Pantagraph improved, 940 1 . 

Panthay rising, 618 1 . 

Pantheon erected; opd., 9182, 10603 (?) ; 
dedicated, 10722; roof destroyed, 10822. 

Panzer, Georg Wolfgang, b., 8002; d., 8082. 

Paokwen enthroned, 613 1 . 

Paoli, Pa., Wayne at, 872 

, PaBquale de, b., 6982 

7021 ; defeated, 7041 ; revolts 
10852; d., 7163. 

Paolluccio, Anafaesto, first doge at Ven- 
ice, 10731. 

Papacy, temporal power, Ger.,4303,770 2 ; 
Greeks acknowledge supremacy, 10703; 
despised ; summitof power, 7743; hatred 
of, Eng,, 8583; contention for crown, 
10731, 10743; dominion restored, 10773; 
bills, imperial sanction, Aust., 517 1 ; 
conflict with gov't, 5442, 5453 ; power 
limited, Fr., 6923 ; encyclical prohibited, 
7362; encyclical, 7542; gov't and nuncio 
circular, 767 2 ; recognizes power, Ger., 
7702 j summons to emperor, 7743, 7751 ; 
releases allegiance, 7793 ; temporal 
power denied, 7832. (See Pope and R. 
Catholic.) 

Papal infallibility, Jesuits favor, 8263 ; 
protest against ; dogma promulgated, 
8262 ; gov't disputes, 8282 ; encyclical 
issued, 3321,8283. 

interdict, Eng., 8683, 8723 ; interfer- 
ence in Ire., 9982; power supreme, 10743; 
nuncic opposes toleration, 11323. 

states fnd. 7713 10732 ; annexed to 

Fr., 10853; insurrection, 10881; vote for 
union 10893 ; Sardinians enter, 10881 . 

Paparo, John, divides bishoprics, 8502. 

Pape-Carpentier, Marie, b. 7222 ; d.,7502. 

Paper, made, 610 2 ; made of straw, 1361 ; 
high price, 2433 ; from asbestos, 7982 j 
machine inv., 8102, 8982; white manf., 
8962; bottles appear, 3281; duties abol- 
ished, G. B., 9651 ,2. 

Duties Repeal Bill rejected, 9652. 

Hangings, used, Eng., 880 1 . 

Mnfrs'. Asso., Am., meets, 389'. 

mill, first est. in Am., 502, 60' , 703; 

in It., 10762 ; first in Eng., 8742. 

money issued, 673, 612, 793; substi- 
tute for taxation, 81 2 ; used in China, 
6133 ; in Cuba, 6333. (See Money.) 

pulp bleached, 3321 . 

trust org. in England, 10033. 

Paphiagonia, surrendered to Rome, 10292 , 

Papias, Exposition of Oracles, 10643. 

Papier-mache, method of, 800 1 ;mnf.,9102. 

Papin, Denis, b., 6883 ; invents digester, 
6922 ; devises steam-engine, 6942, 8001 ; 
invents heat-engine, 6942; d., 6963. 

Papineau, Louis Joseph, b., 5762 ; rebel 
leader, 5731 , 5792 ; reward for, 5792 - d., 
5821. 

Papinian, iEmilius, b.-d., 10642 ■ improves 
justice, 10663. 

Papinsville, Mo., battle of, 1983. 

Papirius Cursor, Lucius, defeats Samnites, 
10521 ; at Aquilonia, 10522. 

Paprade, P. M. V. R. de, Symphonies, 733* . 

Papyrography, invented, 5202. 

Para, Brazil, subdued, 554 1; rebellion, 
5553 ; reportof church, 5563 ; boycotting 
league, 5583. 

Parachute constructed, 7041 . 



1364 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Para-ParL 



Paradis, Father, summoned, 5882. 

Paradise of Dainty Devices issued, 8751. 

Paraffin, made, 818' ; mineral oil, 954 1 . 

Paragon built, 116' . 

Paraguay (see text, pp. 1105-1106), explored, 
19i; Santo Espiritu built, 193; Ascen- 
sion fnd., 213 ; bishopric est. ; Jesuits 
labor; missions est., 222, 242, 262,3; 
Jesuit settlement, 29', 67 3 ; Buenos 
Ayres separated, 293 ; Indian slave 
raids, 323 ; Indian Jesuits, 553' ; Jesuits 
expelled, 742; diamonds dis., 5542 ; re- 
inforcements, 554' ; alliance with Braz., 
5553 ; Water Witch attacked, 1772, 184 1 ; 
war, 556' ; peace with Braz., 557 1 ; moni- 
tors, 556 1 ; boundary treaty, 5512, 

Paramaribo, Guiana, Eng. colonists, 10391 ; 
mission established, 10393. 

Parana, Braz., civil war, 4902 ; insurgents 
hold, 492'; peace expedition, 5553; camp 
bombarded ; victory, 556' ; churches 
org., 5563 ; martial law, 5602. 

Parannis, governs for Commodus, 10652. 

Paray-le-Monial, Eng., pilgrims visit,9762. 

Parchment invented, 1148 2 . 

Pardo, Manuel, pres. Peru, 11082; k. (1878). 

Pardoe, Julia, b., 9322 ; d. (1862). 

Pardons, sale of, exposed, D. C, 2551 . 

Par£, Ambroise, b., 6802; Apologieet Voy- 
ages, 6843 ; d., 6842. 

Paredes y Arrillaga, Mariano, b.-d., 10952. 

Parepa-Rosa (Euphrosyne Parepa de 
Boyesku), b. (1836) ; at Peace Jubilee, 
266' ; d. (1874). 

Paret, Wm.,b. (1826); cons.P.E.bp.,2182. 

Parey-Chaley, mission, 10471. 

Parhelion appears, 7963. 

, H. M., dis. Galatea, 2661 . 

Paria, Venezuela, treaty of, 525'. 

Parieu, Maria Louis Pierre Felix Esquirou 
de, b. (1815) ; pres., 7392 ; d. (1893). 

Parini, Giuseppe, b., 10842 ; works, 10851 ; 
d., 10843. 

Paris, City of, arrives, 4133. 

, R. C pilgrims on, 4661 , 

Paris, Fr., Commune in ; iEtius at ; taken, 
6622; St.Denis church fnd., 6642; burned; 
great council at, 6652 ; gen. assembly 
convoked, 7712 ; Louvre a royal resi- 
dence, 6642; besieged by Northmen; 
Northmen enter, 6661; pillaged, 6672; 
capital of France., 6673; A.D. 1000+; 
Hungary, students in, 5042 ; Cistercian 
convent fnd.; Port Royale des Champs 
fnd., 6703; colleges united; University 
fnd., 671i; development; Festival of 
Fools, 6712, 6771; Notre Dame built, 
6721 , 2; Sorbonne est., 2722, 2731 , 6721 ; 
persecution of Templars, 6723 ; States- 
General meet, 67. v .3. H7r,2; Bastile begun, 
6741 ;Louvre occupied, 6742; Coll. of Medi- 
cine fnd.; royal library fnd., 6743; riots ; 
barons k. ; black plague ; unsanitary 
condition, 675' ;revolt injtreaty withEng. 
rejected 6752; civil strife; anarchy, 6753; 
occupied by Eng., 676 ' ; Eng. evacuate ; 
hats made; Fr. repulsed by Eng., 6762; 
insurrection against taxation, 6763,6771 ; 
brigandage, 677 1 ; Cabochiens arise, 676» ; 
royal family tl. -es, C77 2; Ii n rg i Indians gov- 
ern,6773; recovered from Kng.,6773,8632; 
Pantheon erected, 6782, 7022 ; bridge of 
Notre Dame falls, 6782; Univ. has Gr. 
professor, 6783 ; first post-office, 6792 • 
Acad, of Music fnd. ; Hotel de Ville 
built; boulevards commenced; Louvre 
improved, 6802 ; Calvin preaches 6803 ; 
Jesuits est. ; placards against mass ; 
persecution of Christians, 681 1; Con- 
cordat refused, 6812; Fountain of Inno- 
cents erected ; palace of Tuileries, 6822; 
first Protest, church ; edict for questions 
of faith ; Sorbonne condemns Jesuits, 
6823 ; coaches intro. ; forks used, 6833 ; 
besieged, 6841, 7312, 746a, 7413, Pont 
Neuf begun ; Hotel des Invalides erect- 
ed, 6841 ; Edict of Pacification, 6843; bed 
of justice est., 685' ; D. of Guise enters ; 
insurrection against K., 6853 ; Hotel 
Dieu fnd., 6861 ; Fr. Acad, fnd., 686 1 , 6872; 
Luxembourg Palace begun, 686 1 ; Cis- 
tercianconventremoved,687i ; RoyalPal- 
ace built, 6861 ; Port Royale des Champs 
refmd., 687' ; Concini overthrown, 
6872 ; great revolution, 6873 ; block- 
aded, 6881 : Acad, of Fine Arts ; Val-de- 
Grace built, 6882 • wandering Jew ap- 
pears; Richelieu's influence; death, 6892; 
illumination by pitch ; louis d'or pieces 



struck; members of pari, arrested; re- 
forms for abuses ; taxes refused ; war of 
Fronde, 6893; Acad, of Belles-Lettres, 
690';Acad.of Scienceest.,690i,6912;R O y. 
Observatory est., 6901 ; resort of scholars, 
6911; Acad, of Architecture est.; Nat. 
Theater fnd. ; St. Denis arch erected, 
6922; Mercure Ga/a»rissued,6931 ; female 
dancers intro. ; Le Triompke de r Amour 
played, 6932; national reverses, 695 2 ; 
A.D. 1700+ ; Champs Elysees a public 
promenade; palace erected, 6962; Port 
Royale des Champs, demolition. 697 '; 
Bastile opnd. ; dissolute regent ; Banque 
Generale est.; John Law's Mississippi 
Scheme, 6972 ; paper money issued, 
6972,3; treaty of, 943, 5753, 6313, 7033, 
7213, 7233, 7333, 9032 ; man with iron 
mask d., 6973; Acad, of Surgery est.; 
palace of Deputies erected, 6981 ; mir- 
acles at St. Medard, 6991; Law's Hank 
est., 593; finances low, 6992; military 
academy est., 7001; taxation of eccl. 
property; rise of freethinkers, 701 1; 
steamboats on Seine, 7022 ; Jesuits sup- 
pressed, 7032 ; clergy opposed ; pari. 
restricted ; pari, triumphs over State, 
7033; balloon ascent, 7041 , 7102; Hostile 
pulled down, 7061, 707 1 ; Nat. Guard 
org., 7061 ; monasteries suppressed ;oath 
of ecclesiastics prescribed, 7062; Bulle- 
tin des Stances de rAssemblee National? ; 
Courier de Versailles; deaf-mutes insti- 
tute; Journal des Debats; Journal des 
H tats Gineraux; Lettres a- ses Commet- 
tants issued; Le Moiiiteur VnicerseUe ; 
Patriate Francois; lit. volutions de Paris; 
school for blind ; soc. of the Sorbonne 
broken up, 7063; feteof Federation eel. ; 
Francis, baker, murdered ; Jacobin 
clubs orig.; privileged elasses abolished ; 
Regency Club est.; riot ; titles abolished, 
7071 ; Bastile taken by mob, 707 2 ; mon- 
asteries abolished ; Nat. Bank est., 7073; 
mob at Tuileries, 7081 , 7091 , 7252, 7303; 
Swiss Guards massacred, 7081 , 2; church 
plate for coinage ; pope's effigy burned, 
7082; Reign of Terror; mob massacres 
prisoners; priests exiled; royal family 
imprisoned j royal family flees, 7083 ; 
Commune in, 7091+; Nat. fraternity; 
massacre by Jacobins ; Nat. conven. 
meets; Revolutionary Era; Revolution- 
ary Tribunal, 7092, a, 7141; trial of 
Louis XVI., 7092; Com. of Public Safety, 
7093, 7112; Acad, of Natural Philos. 
est. ; Conservatoire des Arts et Metiers ; 
Institut Nat. est., 710 2 ; Festival of Rea- 
son; Fete del'Et re Supreme, 7103; bread 
riots, 7111, 7331 ; Christianity pro- 
scribed; Dantonists condemned, 711 1; 
Austriansin,518i ; Girondists executed ; 
guillotines glutted; Jacobins mobbed; 
wage rates est.; revolutionists executed ; 
slave-trade abolished, 7111; Committee 
Public Safety arrested ; insurrection 
against gov't."; Moderates control, 7112; 
Nat. Conven. ends ; Prairial insurrec- 
tion, 7113, 7133; gov't, of Directory; 
Royalists' insurrection, 7113 ; N. Bona- 
parte subdues, 710 2 ; Coup d'Etat suc- 
ceeds, 7132, 3; Ancients remove; dis- 
solved; N. Bonaparte's offer; Council of 
500 expelled, 7133 ; Adams' Commission 
meets, 109'; A.D. 1800+ ; amnesty to 
emigrants, 7152; consulate, 7133 ; Napo- 
leon in, 7153 ; Pont des Invalides erected, 
7162; allies capture; evacuate; Napoleon 
enters, marries Maria Louisa, 51203 ; em- 
press leaves; legislative assembly pro- 
rogued, 7212 ; allies enter, 5203, 8113 ; 
imperial guard dissolved; surrenders, 
7221; velocipede patented, 7222; Bells 
of Notre Dame baptized ; Fr. Acad, re- 
org., 7231 ; Napoleon I. abdicates ; allies 
enter; Peace Soc. fmd., 7232; Amnesty 
Law passes ; gas intro., 7233 ; omnibus 
revived ; war of barricades, 7241 ; La 
Revue issued, 7252 ; Louvre taken ; July 
revolution ; siege ; Tuileries sacked, 
7253; Luxor Obelisk erected, 0482, 7261 ; 
Soc. of Progress ; explosion; massacre 
of insurrectionists, 7272; cholera, 7273, 
7493,7633; insurrection, 7273, 7293, 7301, 
7313; election riots; Soc. of Rights of 
Man, 7272 ; gaming-houses prohibited, 
7273; fortifications constructed, 7281; 
Creches est. ; Napoleon I. re-interred, 
7292 ; Nat. Guard re-org., 730 1 ; funeral 



of revolutionary victims, 7303, 7311; 
peace cong. opd., 7303 ; Assembly at- 
tacked ; Executive Commission ; nat. 
workshops est. ; Socialist mobs ; Nat 1 . 
Assembly meets ; Revolution of Febru- 
rary , 731 1 , 826 1 ; Second Republic, 731 1 ; 
Louis Napoleon, pres., 7312; Consulta- 
tive Commission fnd. ; liberty trees 
planted, 7313; capitulation, 8261 • Louvre 
opd., 7321 ; World's Cong. Y. M. C. A. ; 
church of St. Genevieve opd., 7323 ; 
plot to assassinate prince-pres. ; social- 
ist demonstration, 7331 ; legislative 
chambers installed, 7332 ; first agricul- 
tural exhibition ; peace conf. ; telegraph 
to Bastia, 7333; Camp of Chalons, 7341 ; 
great aquarium, 7342 ; £' Univers sup- 
pressed,7343 ;Royal Library ,7351 ;greater 
liberty of speech, 735 z ; Grand Opera 
House erected, 736 1 ; riots, 7371, 7383, 
7392,7(143; horse-flesh as food; Internat. 
Exhibition ; boulevards planned, 7373 ; 
Kinck murder, 7383 ; Claims of Napole- 
onic Dynasty ; Friends of Order fired on ; 
Journal Officiel ; requisitions on shop- 
keepers, 739 1; A.D. 1870+ ; fortified, 
7401 ; Ger. advance on ; Ger. repulse Fr. 
sortie ; Ger. besiege ; actions at ; levy en 
masse, 7403 ; decree against foreigners, 
741'; imperial correspondence seized; 
legislative chamber dissolved ; Nat. 
Guards preserve order, 741 2,3 ; first siege; 
Repub. manifesto, 7413 ; Ger. fire first 
shots ; St. Cloud burned, 7421 ; Imperial 
Guard suppressed, 7422 ; invested, 7423, 
8261; Commune est.; defeated, 7432; 
mobilization of able men, 7422 ; bom- 
barded ; Fr. expelled from Mont Avron ; 
Forts Issy and Yanvres silenced, 7431; 
Republicans defeated, 7432; church bells 
for cannon ; Commune against gov't., 
7433, 7441 , 2 ; Fr. capitulate ; Ger, enter; 
Ger. occupy forts ; Nat. Guard meeting 
suppressed ; troops reviewed, 7441 ; Co- 
lonne Vendome overthrown ; Commune 
in churches ; Guillotine burned; news- 
papers suppressed ; foreigners detailed ; 
reign of terror ; under martial law, 7443; 
capitulation signed ; food from Eng., 
7451, 9751 ; Archbp. Darboy arrested, 
2443, 7452, 3; Commune denounced; 
Communal election, 7452 j gov't at Bor- 
deaux ; Napoleon III. overthrown ; 
Third Republic fmd., 2451 , z; Commune 
revolts; Nat. Guard fmd. ; "advances" 
exacted, 745 2 ; cartridge factory ex- 
plodes ; Communists appeal to Fr. ; 
churches sacked ; Com. of Pub. Safety ; 
*■ famine ; Palais Royal injured ; resorts- 
reopd. ; Commune suppressed, 7453; 
women executed, 746 2 ; drinking fount- 
ains est. ; Communists shot ; Shah of 
Persia in, 7463 ; communist punished, 
7471 ; new ministry; McMahon, pres., 
7473; Grand Opera House opd.; review at 
Longchani ps; A' endome column restored, 
7481 ; Figaro suspended, 7483 ■ Nomina- 
tion of Mayor's Hill passes, 7491; Inter- 
nat. Maritime Exhibition, 7493; Catholi 
Univ. est., 7502; Communists pardoned, 
7503,7511, 2,7531; Library report; Mid- 
may mission fnd., 7502; Communists 
convicted ; Public Instruction Law, 7503 1 
7542 ; Internat. Exhibition opd., 7513 - 
electric tramway est. ; museum est., 
7521; Comedie Francaise eel.; crown 
jewels stolen, 7523 ; Bastile, fall eel., 
3643, 7523, 7583, 7633; Republican Nat. 
fete; Victor Hugo feted, 7523 ; legisla- 
ture returns, 753 1 ; financial panic, 753- , 
7593; high school approved, 7532;Pharo 
Chateau presented, 7533; statue of Re- 
public, 7541, 7581; labor disturbances, 
7543; anarchists' demonstrations ; crem- 
atory est., 7552; telephone to Brussels, 
7553 ; Gamhetta monument ; Shake- 
speare statue, 7561 ; Jewish mission,7562; 
laborers' strike, 7563 ; sewage of city, 
7572; express to Constantinople; tele- 
phone est. ; Opera-Comique "burned ; 
Panama Canal Co. bonds increased, 
7573 ; earthquakes ; Revolution Memo- 
rial Fund; A.D. 1890 4 - ; Pasteur Insti. 
work; Coligny statue ; Republic statue, 
7581 ;ButtaloHill'sWildYVest,bull fights 
stopped ; cabmen strike; railroad strike, 
7.1X3, 7603, 7GP ; Johnstown flood, gifts, 
7583 ; Boulanger demonstration, 7592 • 
Universal Exposition, 7593; awards to 






Pari-Pass. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNiJJliA.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1365 



U. S. A., 3473 ; new Salon, 7691 ; bakers' 
strike, 7603; telephone with Lond., 7613, 
10041; Fenian center org., 9012; stage- 
drivers strike, 7603 ; Boulangists routed, 
7611; dynamite explosions, 7623, 763 1 ; 
anniversary of Commune ; decree for 
exhib. in 1900; dynamite outrages; in- 
demnity, 7633 ; Arago and Renaudot 
statues, 7641 ; Jules Ferry funeral, 7642; 
Revolutionary proclamations, 7643 ; 
Cocarde forgeries, 7651; dynamite ex- 
plosions ; anarchists arrested, 7662, 3. 

Paris, Ky., action at, 2102; barbecue, 4703. 

, Tex., oil tire, 4133; mob, 4222. 

carries off Helen, 10143. 

, A. P., Romantic School, 7251. 

, G. B. P., ITist. cle Charlemagne, 7363. 

-, Comte de (Louis Philippe Alfred 

d'Orleans), pi\, b.,7282; enters Am. Fed- 
eral service, 19S3 ; in N. Y., 3683 ; with 
Gen.McClellan, 3693; entertained, 3703; 
visits Can., 5903 ; minister, 7511 ; family 
leaves Fr.,7553; d., 7631. 

, Matthew, b.-d., S502; works, 8523. 

University fnd., 6711 , 6743, 6783 ; re- 
habilitated, 685 1 ; lawcoui-ses, 6932; con- 
trols education, 7252. 

Parish Bank Friendlv Society est., 935 z . 

Councils Bill, 10112±. 

funds changed, Ger., 8293. 

, Henrv Woodbine, d., 10022. 

, JohnT., will, 3851. 

Parishes enlarged, 8622 ; provided, 9522. 
Park, Edwards Amasa, b., 1142. 

, James, moderator, 3581. 

, Mungo,b.,9183; exploration voyage, 

9262,9322 ; d. (1806?). 

, Roswell, b. (1807) ; d., 2662. 

.National, in Wyo.,2773 ; inGa.,3441; 

in Cal., 369i , (See under cities for names 

of city parks.) 

College, Parkville, org., 2883. 

Parke, John Grubb, b., 1342 ; gen., at 

New Berne, 2051 ; at Petersburg, 2443. 

, Thomas Heazle, d., 10102. 

Parker, Albert Edmund, minister, 9952. 

, Amasa Junius, h., 1141 , 

, Arthur A., d., 1562. 

, Capt., explorer, 4942. 

, Col., at Independence, 2042; at War- 

rensburg, 2051 . 

, Dahigerrield, colonel, 4701 . 

, Edward G., b., 1322 ; d., 2602. 

, Foxhall, Alex., b., 1301 ; d. (1879). 

, Francis Wavland, b., 1482. 

, Sir Henry, d., 62i2. 

, Sir Hyde\ b., 9103 ; at Copenhagen, 

6331; battle on Ger. ocean, 9202 ; fleet 
wrecked, 9221 ; leaves for Baltic, 9301 . 

■, Isaac, b., 1502. 

, James, establishes 2T. T. Gazette, 652; 

publisher, 69 1 . 

, Joel, jurist, b., 1061 ; d. (1875). 

, , b. (1816) ; gov. N. J., 2293,2811 ; 

pres. nominee, 2773 ; declines nom., 
2791 ; candidate for pres.,293i ; d. (1888). 

, John Henry, b., 9323 ; d. (1884). 

, Joseph, forms Baptist church, 60 3 . 

, , baccarat scandal, 10062. 

, Matthew, b., 866 1 ; archbp. Canter- 
bury, S722 ; Bishops' Bible, 8723; organ- 
izes antiquarian Soc, 874 1 ; d., 8742. 

.Sir Peter, b., 9062; on Sullivan's 

Island, 833 ; in N. Y., S41 ; d. (1811). 

, Sam., b., 662; cons, bp., 1123; d., 1122. 

, Theodore, b., 1162; works, 173 1 , 2723; 

d., 1861. 

, Sir Thomas, chief justice, 9052. 

, Thomas, Earl of Macclesfield, b. 

(1666) ; impeached, 9072 ; d. (1732). 

, Willard, b., 1082 ; d. (1884). 

, Sir William, b., 9222 ; d. (1366). 

, William Kitchen, d., 10022. 

Society organized, 9511 . 

Parkersburg, O., Gen. Morgan at, 2251 . 

, W. Va., R. R. opd. ( 1833; oil-well 

struck, 3541 ; R. R. collision, 3452. 

Parker's Cross Roads, Tenn., Confederates 
defeated, 2171. 

Parker Society founded, 9511 . 

Parkes, Alfred, wife-murderer, 4043. 

, Sir Henry, ministry, 5011 ,2 ; resigns, 

5012. 

, Sir Harry Smith, d., 9941 . 

Parkhurst, Charles Henry, b. (1842) ; pres. 
Soc. for Suppression of Crime, 3823 ; on 
city officials, 4001 ,a ; municipal corrup- 
tion, 4021 ; subpoenaed, 4022 ; police de- 
partment evidence ; raid endorsed, 4043; 



protected crime crusade, 407 1; ByrneB* 
newspaper charges, 4191 ; letter to 
mayor, 4403 ; aid to reformed women, 
4443 ; charges police inspectors, 4462, 
448 2 ; city offices corrupt, 4722. 

Parkman, Francis, b., 1303; works, 137 1, 
1663, 17Q3, 2412, 2503, 2603,2683,2871, 
2963,3183; d.,4421. 

Parks, Alderman, arrested, N. Y., 4691. 

Parkville, Mo., Park Coll. org., 2883. 

, N. Y., train wreck, 4332. 

Parkyus, Mansfield, d., 10102. 

, Sir William, executed, 901 1. 

Parliament, Rump, of Aust., 5232. 

, first, of Can., 5793; seeks representa- 
tion, London, 5911 . 

abolished in Fr., 7053; 7072 ; exiled, 

7053 ; grievances of, 707 2 . 

, Eng., first, of Saxons, S452; first writ, 

8532; of Merton, 8533 ; the Mad, 855* ; 
H.C.fmd.,8552; regular form est., 8563; 
first speaker ; fraudulently packed, 8593; 
aids king in Fr. ; separated, 8592 ; on 
Coventry, S613 ; 40 shillings and resi- 
dence qualification, S632 ; acts printed; 
Journals of H. L. commence, 8663 ; 
members exempt, 8693, 9193 ; Jour- 
nals of H. C. begun, 8703 ; the Addled, 
8811; Long Pari. ; omitted, 11 years; 
Short Pari., 8833; struggle with king, 
8851,2,3; triennial meetings, SS51 ; king 
impeaches members ; Star Chamber 
Court abolished, 8852,3; the Rump Pari., 
8373, 8891 ,2; h. L. abolished ; restored, 
887 3 ; Cromwell dissolves ; " Barebones' 
Pari.," 8891 ; the Convention, 8891 ,S912, 
S99i; the Pension Pari., 8913 ; bribery 
in, 8891 ,8943; Roman Catholics excluded, 
8951; refuses army supplies, S973; oaths 
taken; 8992; Triennial Pari., 9012 ; first 
pari, of G. B.,90:!3 ; septennial, 9053 ; 
journals printed, 9133; debates reported; 
9193 ; restrictions, ;*232 ; clergy ineli- 
gible, 9303; first Pari., United Kingdom, 
9312; reform favored, 9393; Rom. Cath. 
elected, 9433, 9452; Reform Bill, 9452,3; 
Houses burned, 947 3 ; franking relin- 
quished, 9512 ; new houses, 9512, 9551 ; 
privilege of Pari, settled, 9512; Hebrew 
admitted, 9632; oaths modified, 9691, 
9873 ; representation, new, 9712 j ob- 
struction in, 9722, 9831, 9*52,9872 • meet- 
ing legalized, 9752 ; cloture adopted, 
9912,9933; new rules introduced, 999 1 ; 
Reform Bill intro., 9713. (For opening 
and closing see text, p. 867 3 -i-). 

demanded, Ger., 817 1 ; preliminary, 

817 1, 2 ; biennial est. ; Rump meets, 
8193 ; Parliamentary Discipline Bill 
introduced, 8312. 

, Irish, meets, 8992 ; last, 9312. 

— — , Italian, meets at Rome, 10893. 

, New S. Wales, members salaried, 

4983 ; dissolved, 5011. 

of Religions opens in Chicago, 4381 . 

, Scottish, last meeting, 9033. 

Reform Bill passes, Belg., 5471 . 

Parma, It., San Giovanni Evan^elista Ch. 
fnd., 10702; taken, 7801, 10S41 ; battle 
near, 69Si; ceded, 5153; battle of, 5182 ; 
given to Maria Louisa, 10871; insurrec- 
tion, 5201 ; revolution, 10891 ; appeals to 
Victor Emmanuel, 10891 . 

, Mich., Pentecost bands org., 3202. 

, Duke of. (See Farnese, A.) 

, Prince of, claims Port., 11102 ; at 

Zutphen, 8741 . 

Parmelee, Theo. Nelson, b. (1804); d., 2842. 

Parmenides, b., 10211; theory of change, 
10171 ; executed, 10251. 

Parmentier, Jean, b.-d., 6783. 

Parmigiano, Francisco Maria Mazzuola, 
b. (1504) ; invents copper etching ; paints 
St. Jerome, 10802 ; d. (1540). 

Parnaces I. subdues Sinope, 11481. 

Parnell, Chas. Stewart, l>., 9522 ; in Nat. 
Land League, 9S5 2 ; leader, 9853; advo- 
cates boycotting; arrested, 9S63 ; Irish 
Amend, defeated; inanifesto,9S72, 10053; 
opposes Land Bill, 9873 ; imprisoned, 
9883; released, 9891,2; holds conven- 
tion, 9951 ; amendment to address, 9953; 
press attacks Parnellism and Crime, 
997 2 ; denounces Crimes Act, 9991 ; com- 
mission to investigate, 9992, 3, 1003 2 ; 
denies letters, 9992; life-member Nat. 
Liberal Club, 10012 ; letter denounces, 
10021; ljbel suit with Times ; reelected 
chairman, 1003 2 ; Cath. primate's letter 



against, 10042 ; co-respondent, 10051; 
chairman; pulpits denounce ; marriage, 
10052, 10071; speaks, 10052 ; leadership 
claimed ; motion to remove ; resigna- 
tion asked, 10053 ; opposed by bishops, 
10062; leadership repudiated; d.,1006i; 
funeral, 10071. 
Parnell, Henry Brook, Lord Congleton, 
9203 ■ d 950 2 . 

, Thomas, h.] 8942 ; d., 9062. 

Parnellite Land Law Amend. Bill, 9932. 
Parnellites fund from U. S.,3243 ; dele- 
gates ill, 3802; refused sacrament, 10062. 
Parny, Evariste Desire de Forges, Vi- 
comte de, b., 701 1 ; works, 7131 ,3 ; d.,721 1 . 

Parochial missions to Jews est., 9802. 

schools, non-supporters punished, 

Can., 5901 ; appeal to Council, 5942. 

Parodi, Teresa, appears in N. Y., 1681. 

Paroja, Gen., commander, 6061. 

Paros, Greece, attacked, 10181 . 

Parr, Catherine, b. (1513+) ; marries 
Henry VI1L, 8692; d. (1548). 

, John, governor N. S., 5753. 

, Samuel, b., 9122 ; d., 9422. 

, Thomas, d., 8822. 

Parra, Aquileo, president, 6292. 

Parral, mission at, 10962. 

Parrault, Charles, b„ 6863 ; works, 6951 ; 
d.,6962. 

Parrhasius, b., 10243. 

Parrish, Joseph, b.,912 ; d., 1522. 

Parrott, Robert Parker, b., 1122 ; d., 2962. 

Parry, William, executed, 875 2 . 

, Sir Edward, b., 9243; Arctic ex- 

ped., 5781,9381,2,9401, 9422; d.,9603. 

, H. Hutton, elected bishop, 9803. 

, Thomas Gambier, d., 9982. 

Parsdorf, armistice, 5182. 

Parsees expelled from Persia, 11063. 

Parsons plot to capture Michigan, 2382. 

Parsons, Albert R., executed, 3272. 

, Andrew, governor Mich., 1743. 

, Gen., at Carthage, 1962 ; at Prairie 

Grove, 2162. 

, John, elected bishop, 9393. 

, Levi, missionary, 1263, 11563. 

, Lewis E., gov. Ala., 2483, 2511 . 

, Lucy, anarchist, arrested, 3711. 

, Samuel, Landscape Gardening, 3982. 

, Theophilus, b., 662 ; Infinite and 

Finite, 2803 ; d., 1211. 

, Thomas William, b., 128i ; d. (1892). 

, William, impostor, 9171 . 

- — , , E. of Rosse,b., 9302; erects tel- 
escope, 9441 ; d.,970L 

, W. H., pres. National League Amer- 
ican Institutions, 4183. 

Parson's College org., la., 2922. 

Parthenire of Sparta, progeny of, 10151 . 

Parthenope, asteroid, discovered, 7301 . 

Parthenope (see Naples), 10152. 

Parthenopian Republic est., 10853. 

Parthia invaded, 11501; overrun, 1C242 ; 
annexed to Persia, 11071 . 

Parthian war, 10641; kingdom fnd., 11492. 

Parthians defeat P. ( 'rassus, lor,83 ; revolt ; 
war with Rome, 10621 ; j n Persia, 11061 ; 
rule Persia, 11071 . 

Partholan, in Ire., 8393. 

Partholani fnds. Phoenician colony, 11413. 

Particular Baptists. (See Baptists.) 

Partitions treaties, Fr., 695 3 . 

Partizanship obliterated, America, 125 3 . 

Parton, Arthur, b. (1842) ; in National 
Academy of Design, 241' . 

, James, b., 1302 ; works, 2412, 2503, 

2603, 2643, 2871; d., 3922. 

- — , Sara Payson Willis, b., 1163 ; -works, 
2723 ; d.,278i. 

Paruta, Paolo, b. (1540) ; Venice, 10832 ; 
d. (1598). 

Parysades reigns, 11473. 

Pascal, Blaise, b., 6S63 ; theory of atmos- 
phere, 6882; works, 6911 , 6931 ; d., 6903. 

Paschal, anti-pope, 10751 . 

I., St., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . 

II., pope, 10743; submission, 7771 ; 

fugitive, 7772; d., 10742. 

, Thomas M., b., 1581 . 

Pasco, burned, 1103 1 . 

Paskevitch, Ivan Feodoroviteh, b., 11162 ; 

takes Kars, 11161 ; d., 11182. 
Paso de la Patria, battle at, 556 1 . 
Pasquier, Etienne, b., 6803 ; Recherchcs, 

683*; d., 6862. 

, Due Etienne Denis, b., 7032; d.,7342. 

Pasque, Garibaldi defeated, 7423. 
Passanante, G., tries to assass. king, 1089 3 . 



1366 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JNL)JQ,-X.. Superior Figure 



indicate Column. 



Pass-Peas. 



Pass Christian, Miss., taken, 2061. 

Passaic, N. J., anti-tramp raid, 4043 ; s. 
B. Palmer's gift, 4063; m m s close, 4453. 

Passarowitz, Servia, peace of, 5151 

Passau, Bavaria, bishop of, case of, 5171 ; 
convention of, 5103, 793a; burned, 7972 ; 
ceded, 6193. 

Passavant, Johann Dav., b., 8043; d.,8202. 

Passerat, Jean, b. (1534) ; works, 6871 ; d. 
(1602). 

Passion written, 6663. 

Passion Play at Gberammergau, 7943. 

Passover instituted, 11403; eel., 1146 2 ,3. 

Passow, Franz L. K. F., b., 8043; d., 8142. 

Passports required of immigrants, 2413. 

Pasta, Giuditra Negri, b., 10X43 ; d., 10882. 

Pastel painting invented, 686 1 ; 

Pasteur, Louis, b., 7242 ; vaccination of 
sheep ; Academician, 7521 ; experiments. 
7541 , 7561 ; Inst, of, opd.,7541 ; L'histoire 
oVun Saranf,7~A 2 , diphtheria microbe, 
7561 ; Inst., Paris, 7.~>S1 , gold medal, 7641 . 

Paston Letters issued, 8623. 

Pastor, Ludwig. works, S3G 2 . 

Pastora, Francisco Fernandez de la 6303. 

Pastoral Aid Soc, est. in Ch. of Eng., 9483 . 

leases granted, Australia, 4971 . 

Pastoureaux, uprising of, 6722, 3. 

Patagones, mission, 4903. 

Patagonia, Christoval Jacques in, 163 ; di- 
vided, 4913 ; boundary dispute, 6073. 

Patagonian Missionary Soc. org., 9523. 

Patapsco blown up, 2421 . 

Patapsco Kiver. flood in, 2633. 

Patay, Fr., battle of, 6761 . 

Patch, Elizabeth, d., 58 1 . 

-, Sam., b. (1807); killed, 1373. 

Pate, Capt., in Kan., 1793. 

assaults Queen Victoria, 9551 . 

Patendtre, M. J., Fr. minister, arr., 3973. 

Patent, first in U. S. A.; centennial, 3641 . 

office, burned, 1473; library fnd., 1503 

completed, 1853, polychromy in, 2501 , 

Pater, Walter, b. (1839);' works,"878a, 10022 
d. (1894) 

Paterculus.Caius Vellius, flourishes, 10623 

Paterson, N. J.,R. R to Jersey City, opd. 
1413: breweries sold, 3433; flre, 3533 
3733, 3933 3973; Father M'Nulty beaten' 
3803; centennial, 4113; silk-weavers 
strike, 4222 train wreck, 4332; C. Klose 
murders wife, 4343; Freeholders con- 
victed, 4422; mills close, 4453 ; aid for un- 
employed, 4462; strikers trouble, 4522, 

, Win., b., 662; justice, 1052; d. (1806). 

, , b., 8882; projects Bank of Eng., 

9012 ; d. (1719). 
Pathan seized, 6263. 
Pathan kingdom founded, 10432. 
Pathaus attack British, 61. 
Pathological Society fmd., 9541 . 
Patin, Gill, Letters, 6931 . 
Patkul, Johann Reinhold, b.-d., 11142. 
Patmore, Coventry, Kearsey Dighton, b., 

9403. 
Patna India, taken 9161; E. I. Co., 10443. 
Paton, Sir Joseph Noel, b., 9403. 
Patrae, in Achasan League, 10272; St. An- 
drew crucified. 11532. 
Patricians, social order, 10532. 
Patrick, St., in Ire., 8403; d.,8402, 8403. 

, Simon, b., 8821 ; d. (1707). 

Patriotic Asso. formed, 9872. 

Brotherhood, sentences, 9911 . 

League, Am., meets, 3603, 4563. 

, Fr., arsenals dis., 757 2 ; letters 

of, 7563 ; members arraigned, 7582 

■ Sons Am., state ticket, 3883. 

Patriots' Day celebrated, 4571. 

Pat Roger burns, 2853. 

Patronage abolished by Church of Scot., 

9782 ; Bill for abolishment, Scot., 9793. 
Patrons of Husbandry, meeting, 359 2 . 
of Industry, Nat. Grange org., 2611; 

meets, 4183; demands, 4442, 
Patta, Brit, flag raised, lowered, 5632. 
Patten, Simon N., Protection, 3743. 
Patterson, Mo.. Federals defeated, 2203. 

, Daniel Tod, b (1786); d., 1502. 

, Eliz., b. (1785); weds, 7152 ; d. (1879). 

, J. C, minister militia, 5952. 

, J. N., in treasury department, 3512. 

, James W., b., 1303 ; d., 4281 . 

, John, d., 1142. 

, Josiah, b., 1482 ; speech, 4392. 

, Robert, senator, b., 662 ; d., 1123. 

, , Gen., b. (1792): crosses Potomac, 

1961 , 2 ; at Bunker Hill, W. Va., 196» ; 



Johnston escapes, 1963; in Shenandoah, 

1981 ; d. (1881). 
Patterson, Robt. Hogarth,b.,9403; d.(1886). 

, M„d.,1122. 

, R. W., moderator, 1862. 

, Thomas H., d., 3382 

, Capt. Walter, gov. P. E. I., 5771 . 

Patti, Adelina Maria Clorinda, b., 10863 ; 

1st appearance, 9641 ; in N. Y., 1861 , 

3541 ; in Chicago, 3481. 

, Carlotta b (1840); d., 1090V 

Pattison Thomas, d.,3961. 

, Robert Emory, b. (1850); gov., 3153, 

3992 ; vetoes 3862; nom. for pres., 4092. 
Pattinson's process, silver from lead, 9441 . 
Patton, Jacob Harris, b. (1820+) ; works, 

1863, 3123, 3183 3323. 
, John Mercer, b. (1796) ; " Gag-Law" 

motion, 1492 j d. (1S58). 

, Robert M., gov Ala., 2511 . 

, W. S., arrested, 4422. 

, William Weston, b. (1821) ; letter to 

Christians, 1543 ; a., 3481 . 
Patusan, fort destroyed, 5522. 
Pauchow subdues Huns, 610V 
Paul, apostle, b.-d., 1150 2 , a Christian, 

11523 ; in Brit., 83112 ; journeys, 10283, 

11531,2; epistles, 1021H, 10623; prisoner, 

Rome, 10623 ; beheaded, 10623,10631. 

I, St., pope, 10722 ; d., 10721 . 

■ II., b.-d., 107S3 ; pope, 10791 . 

III., pope, gives Plncentiu, 10813 ; An- 

ti-Algerine bull, 91 ; d., 10S03. 
IV., pope; Index Purgatorsi, 10812; 

d., 10803. 

V., b., 10803 ; pope, 10812 ; d., 10823. 

1., b. 11143 ; reigns ; insane ; assassi- 
nated, 11173, 11162. 
Alexandrovitch, G. D., marries Alex- 
andra of Greece, 11212. 

, the Langobard, in court, 770 3 . 

of Samasata, bp. of Antioch, 1066 3 . 

, C. N., embezzler, 3991 . 

, David, moderator, 3122. 

, Jose Pablo Rojas. (See Rojas.) 

, Lewis, spinning machine, 9102. 

, Thebias, retires to Egypt, 1066 2 . 

, Vincent de, fnds. hospital, 6892; org. 

Sisters of Charity, 6883. 
Paula, Francis de. (See Francis.) 
Paulding, Adm. Hiram, b., 1062 ; burns 

Norfolk Navy Yard, 1941 ; d., 2982. 
, James Kirke, b., 91 2 ; works, 135i, 

1143, 1271, 1323, 1403, 1431, 1492, 1631; 

sec. navy, 1492 ; d., 1861 . 
, John, b., 711 ; takes Maj. Andre, 922; 

d., 1262. 

, Leonard, b. (1S26) ; d., 2561 . 

.William, b.(17G9); mayor N. Y., 1333, 

1353 ; d. (1854). 
Paulet,L.Wm.,neld-marshal,994t ;d.,1010i . 
, Wm., Marq. of Winchester, b. (1479+); 

minister, 8713; d. (1572). 
Pauli, Georg Reinhold, b., 8122 ; d., 8302. 

, Johannes, Jesting, 7892. 

Paulician sect persecuted, 10311 . 

Pauline captured, 9342. 

Paulists. (See Roman Catholics in Am.) 

Paull, Mr., in duel, 9332 

Paulus Hook, N. J., Lee at, 903. 

, the Spaniard, oppresses, 8412. 

, Lucius jEmilius, consul ; falls, 10541 ; 

commands fleets ; defeats Antiochus II. ; 

drives back Macedonians, 1055 1 . 
, Heinrich Eberhard Gottlob, b., 8023; 

d., 8181. 

, Julius, under Alex. Severus, 1065 3 . 

, Publius, becomes censor, 10532. 

Pauncefote, Sir Julian, in Am., 3392, 3472, 

4771 ; minister, 1001 1 . 
Pauper children, boarding out, 9751 . 
Pauperism, social, considered, Eng., 873V 
Pausanius,leader,10182; executed.10191 ,3. 

, assassinates Philip II., 10251 . 

, b., 10283 ; Periegesis of Greece, 10292. 

, throne of Sparta ; k., 10232. 

Pauthier, Jean Pierre Guillaume, b., 7143; 

d., 7462. 
Pauw, Michael, buys Staten Island, 33 1 . 
Pauwels, Ferdinand, d., 5423. 
Pavia, Gen., at Cadiz, 11321 ; dissolves 

Cortes, 11332. 
, It., action near, 10541 ; taken, 10701 , 

10721 ; developed ; capital of Lombardy, 

10713; court at, 7732; burned, 5021 ; univ. 

chartered, 10772; battle of, 680 1 ; seized, 

10841 ; republican uprising, 10892. 
Pavon, Col., at Mitre, 4902. 
Pavonia, N. J., massacre at, 371 . 



Pawnbroking introduced, 10793. 

Pawnee, Kan., legislature at, 177 2 . 

Paw-Paw, 111., swept away, 3601 . 

Pawtucket, R. I., cotton factory at, 1021 ; 
sewing thread mnf. at, 1042 ; Slater-Cot- 
ton Centennial, 3683. 

Paxico, Kan., R. R. collision, 4413. 

Paxton boys massacre Indians, 722. 

, Sir Joseph, b., 9323 ; Crystal Palace 

built, 9562 ; d., 9681. 

, J. C, at Cold Knob Mountain, 2161 . 

Payen, Anselme, b., 7102 ; d., 7461 . 

Payne Co., Okla., courthouse burned, 4793. 

, Edward John, History Am., 420 3 . 

, George, killed, 9352. 

, Henry B. , b., (1810); on Committee of 

Seven, 2933 ; on Electoral Commission, 
2951 ; candidate for pres., 3051 . 

, James S., pres. West Coast, 11612. 

, John, b., 9502. 

, , b. (1815) ; bp., 1683; d. (1874). 

, Howard, b., 1022; d., 1701; in- 
terred at Washington, 3132. 

, Lewis, Lincoln assassination, 2431; 

stabs Sec. Seward ; sentenced.247 1 ,2482 ,3 . 

, Sereno E., b., 1561 . 

, William, pedometer patented, 9441 • 

ruling machine, 930 2 . 

Paynter, Samuel, gov. Del., 1332. 

, Thomas H., b., 1682. 

Paysandu taken, 5561 . 

Payson, Edward, b. (1783) ; d.; 1342. 

, Norman, discovers planets, 9602. 

Paz, Soldan, Mariano Felipe, b. (1821); 
works, 11083, 11091 ; d. (1886). 

Pazzi, Jacobi, forms conspiracy, 10793. 

Peabody, And. Preston, b., 1163; d.,426i. 

, Elizabeth Palmer, 1122. 

, George, b., 10G1 ; promotes education, 

2562 ; sails for Eng., 2063 ; gifts to Lon- 
don, 9671, 9683, 9723 ; d., 2681 ; body in 
Am., 2693 ; funeral, 2691 ; statue, 9721 . 

, Nathaniel, b., 642 ; d., 1303. 

dwellings opened, 967 3 . 

Institute, 2543, 2562. 

Institute Library founded, 2922. 

Normal College 'opened, 2903. 

Peace, " Let us have," Gen. Grant, 2632. 
, G. B. and Am. ,961, 3; of Paris, 7033 ; 

of Prague, 7943 ; Congress at Paris, 7483. 
Commissioners for Virginia, 1912 ; in 

Washington, 1933. 
, Confed., 1931,2; unrecognized; 

demand refused, 1932,3. 
Cong, at Geneva ; at Berne, 1138 3 ; at 

World's Fair, 4363. 

, Confederate basis of, 2432. 

Conven., Wash., 1912,3 ; plan, 1933 ; 

in Delaware, 197 2 . 

of God est., 6682, 6691 . 

Jubilee, celebrated at Boston, 2661 . 

Preservation Act for Ire, 9733 ; or- 
dered enforced, 9812. 

Society established, England, 9391,2. 

Peacemaker explodes, 1561 . 

Peach Tree Creek, Ga., battle, 2362. 

Peacock captures Bpervier, 1221 ; in ex- 
ploring expedition, 1481 ; wrecked, 153 3 . 

Peacock, Sir Barnes, d., 1004V 

, Thomas Love, b., 9223 ; d., 9582. 

Peacocke, Jos. Ferguson, cons, bp., 10121 . 

Peale, Charles Wilson, b., 642 ; Washing- 
ton, 761,1041; d., 1342. 

, E. W., opens museum, 1101 . 

, John, Battle 0/ Niagara appears, 1271 . 

, Rembrandt, b., 912 ; Washington, 

1401; Court of Death, VOW; d., 1861 ! 

Peapack, N. J., Smith reunion, 436 2 . 

Pearce, James A., b. (1805) ; sec. interior, 
1672 ; d., 2172. 

Pea Ridge, battle of, 2042. 

Pearl-barley mill, invented, 7962. 

Pearls found in America, 3441 , 3452. 

Pears, Sir Thomas Townsend, d., 1008 1. 

IVarsall, Carrie, killed, 4383. 

Pearson, Albert J., b., 1602. 

, Charles Henry, d., 10121 . 

, Col., in Zulu war, 6002. 

, Emma Maria, d., 10101. 

, Henry G., d., 3382 ; bust, 4621 . 

, J. B., consecrated bishop, 986 2 . 

, John, b. (1612) ; d., 8962. 

, Wm. constructs planetarium, 9322. 

Peartree, William, mayor N. Y., 572. 

Peary, Robert Edwin, b. (1856) ; relief ex- 
pedition, 4001, 4081, 4ifli, 4321, 4341 ; 
Arctic Journal, 4482 ; Falcon, 4701 , 5941 . 

Peasants revolt, Eng., 8601 ; conspiracy of, 
7873 ; war, Ger., 7861 , 7873, 7881 , 7892 ; 



Peas-Penn. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDJl«X. Superior Figures indicate Co)u 



1367 



revolt, 7892 ; represented, 8292 • upris- 
ing, Hung., 5082. 

Pease, Edward, builds K. R., 9421 . 

-, Edward M., gov. Tex., 1743, 2591 ,3. 

, Joseph, Quaker in Pari., 9471 ; against 

death penalty, 9873. 

Peaucellier, M., machine for motion, 738 2 . 

Pecci, Giacchino. (See Leo XIII.) 

Peck, Asahel, governor Vt., '2873. 

, Charles P., favors McKinley law, 

4143, 4153. 

, George, b. (1797) ; d., 2921 . 

, Wilbur, gov. Wis., 3992; nom. for 

governor, 4712. 

, Jesse Truesdell, b., 1163 ; cons, bp., 

2763; d.,3122. 

, Gen. John James, b. (1821) ; at Suf- 
folk, 2212 ; d., 2982. 

, John Mason, b. (1789) ; indictments 

against, 3103 ; d., 1842. 

Peckham, John, b. (1240±) ; archbishop, 
8522 ; d. (1292). 

Pecock, Reginald, b.-d., 8602; works, 8623. 

Pecquet, Jean, b., 6863 ; d.,6922. 

Pecquigny, peace of, signed, 6792. 

Peculiar People founded, 9483. 

Pedal Harp, invented, 8002. 

organ, invented, 934 3 . 

Pedee River, Sherman crosses, 2441 . 

Pedersen, Christian, works, 3633. 

Pedometer, pocket patented, 9282, 9441 , 

Pedrarias. (See Avila, Pedro Arias.) 

Pedraza, Manuel Gomez, b. (1788±) ; presi- 
dent, 10962 ; d. (1851). 

Pedro I., b.-d., 5542 ; sails for Port., 5543; 
regent Braz. ; emp. ; abdicates, 555 2 . 

II., b., 5542 ; marries, 5543; emp. of 

Brazil, 5552 ; threatened ; returns from 
Europe, 5571 ; in Am., 2912, 5571 ; recep- 
tion ; sails on Alagoas , refuses pension ; 
opens assembly ; 'dethroned, 5572 ; ban- 
ished; in Portugal, 1110 1 ; declines ab- 
dication, 5573 ; proclaims himself regent, 
lllli; ill; refuses money ; d.,558 3 . 

I., reigns in Portugal, 11093. 

II., regent, reigns in Port., 11103. 

III., reigns in Portugal, 11103. 

IV., reigns; charter restored, 1111' . 

V.,b., 1110 2 ; reigns ; marries Princess 

Sophia Stephanie ; d., 11112. 

II.,kingof Araeon, defeated, k.,6701. 

, or Peter, the Cruel, b.-d., 11262; ex- 
pelled; restored toCastile,6753; against 
Henry II., 11261 ; reigns in Leon-Castile, 
11273; Moors assist ; killed, 11261. 

, Prince, b., 5562. 

de Souza-Holstein, D. of Pamella, 

b.-d., 11102. 

Peeble's Farm, Va., Confeds. retire, 2383. 

Peekskill, N. Y., British at, 861 ; 

Peel, Arthur Wellesley, b. (1829) ; speaker, 
H. C.,9932, 10092. 

.Jonathan, b. (1799); minister, 969 2 , 

9632; d. (1879). 

, Sir Robert, b., 9123 ; minister, 9413, 

9433; Cath. Emancipation Bill, 9452; 
premier, 9473,9512; Sliding Scale Bill, 
951 2 ; Income Tax Bill, 9513 ; Import 
Duties Bill, 9532 ; resigns, 953 2 ,3 ; d., 
9562 ; statue, 9582, 9602, 9721 , 9821 . 

, Sir , b., 9243 ; cylinder carding 

machine, 916i; d., 9442. 

, Sir Thomas, project, 495 2 . 

Peele, Geo., b., 8721 ; works, 8751 ; d.,8762. 

Peer enters H. C, 8873. 

Peerage, hereditary, France, 7273 • for 
life opposed, England, 9612. 

Peers, new created, 7252, 8273 ; bill for 
creating, 9073 ; in Pari, elections, 9773. 

Peffer, William A., b., 1382 ; speech, 4372, 
4392 ; amendment, 4431 ; bond issue, 
4492; resolution, 4533; Land Bill, 4572. 

Pefore, Adm., minister, 767i . 

Peg- Leg Mine, search, 4233. 

Pegasus wrecked, 9533. 

Peggy Stewart, anniver. of burning, 4403. 

Pegram, Col. John, b. (1832); at Rich 
Mountain ; at Beverly, 1962 ; near Som- 
erset, 2202 ; killed, 2421 ,3. 

Pegu, Burma, dis., 10433; stormed, 10462 ; 
annexed to G. B., 9573 ; invaded, 11241 . 

Pegwacket, fight at, 601 . 

Peritang, Cathedral removed, 6242. 

Peirce, Benjamin, b. (1809) ; d., 3041 . 

Peiwar Pass, British defeat, 43. 

Peixoto Floriano, b., 5542 ; appointment, 
5583, 5593 j plot against, 5583, 5602; 
pres. ; power unlimited, 5592 ; resigna- 
tion demanded, 5593. 



Pekah, at Jerusalem ; against Ahaz, 
11441 j murders Pekahiah, 11451 ; reigns, 
11452. 

Pekahiah, reigns, 1145 2 ; murdered, 11451 . 

Peking, peace preliminaries, 4x:;2; sacked, 
612i; earthquake, 6142, 616 2 ; capital, 
615i,2; observatory, 616 2 ; rebels de- 
feated, 6181 ; evacuated ; surrendered, 
6201; threatened, 6202; mission, 6203, 
6211, 2; convention signed, 6212, 6252; 
rebels approach, 6241 ; submerged, 6242, 
6271; fire; tenders for R.R., 6253; canal 
to Pee-Ho, 6142 ; electric lights, 6253 ; 
Dutch embassy to, 617 2 ; emp. favors 
Ricci,6143; emperor's conf.,627 2 ; palace 
ravaged, 620 1; Eng. and Fr. embassies, 
6213 ; P. Gazette, 6122, 6241 ; peace pre- 
liminaries, 4832 ; Rom. Cath. Christians, 
6243- Rus. embassy in, 6171 ; Society lor 
Propagation Gospel, 623i ; Tartars in 
power, 6142. 

Peko, revolt, 528V 

IVIagian controversy, 8403. 

Pelagianism, intro., 10691 • condemned, 
10702. 

Pelagius, fnds. Pelagian sect, 8403 j ban- 
ished, 10691; d.,8402. 

1., pope, 10703. 

II., pope, 107U; d., 10721. 

Pelasgus reigns, 10133 ; acorn food, 10131 . 

Pelayo, reigns in Asturias and Leon, 
11253 ; d., 11252. 

, Mendenez, works, 11323. 

Pelckmans, Godfrey, cons. R.C.bp., 10121 , 

Pelew Islands, seized by Japan, 1093 3 . 

Pelham-Clinton, Henry Pelham, D. of 
Newcastle, b.,9351 , minister,9592,9633; 
d. (1864> 

, George, elected bishop, 9303. 

, Sir Henry, b.,9002; lord treas., 9113; 

forms administration, 911 3 ; d., 9123. 

, J T., elected bishop, 9583. 

, Thomas Holies, D. of Newcastle, b., 

9002; chancellor, Cambridge Univ., 9133; 
minister, 9133, 9153 ; premier, 9153 ; re- 
signs, 9152 ; d. (1768). 

, , Earl of Chichester, b., (1756) ; 

p.-m. gen., 9413; d. (1826). 

Pi'/icaii captures Argus, 120 3 . 

Pelissier, Aimable Jean Jacques, Due de 
Malakoff, b.,7102 ; suffocates Arabs, 83; 
d.,-91. 

Pell, George H., arrested, 3522,3. 

Pellegrini, Count Pelegrino, ass'ted, 10872. 

, Carlos, pres. Argentine, 4922. 

Pelletan, Pierre Clement Ku^ene.b., 72H ; 
d.,7541. 

Pelletier, Bertrand, b., 7023; d.,7123. 

, Pierre Joseph, b.,7062; dis. quinine, 

7222 ; dis. narcein, 7261 ; d., 7282. 

Pellew, Edward, Viscount Exmouth, b., 
9143; takes Fr. fleet, 710 1 ; aj^ainstpirates, 
9381 ; in Algeria, 82 ; d., 9462. 

Pelley, Robert, governor, 5773. 

Pellican, Conrad, b., 7862 ; d., 7922. 

Pellico, Silvio, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. 

Pellison, Paul, b. (1624) ; works, 6903 ; 
d. (1693). 

Felly, Sir Lewis, d., 1008 1 . 

Pelnpidas commands Sacred Band, 10222 ; 
frees Thebes, 10233 ; slain, 10223, 10231. 

Peloponnesian War, first, 10201; league 
independent; confederacy meets, 10212; 
war ended, 10221. 

Peloponnesus, Gr., settled, 10133; invaded, 
10151 , 10222,3 ; ravaged, 10261 . 

Pelops, institutes Olympic games, 10131 ; 
in Peloponnesus, 10133. 

Pelouze, Theophile Jules, b., 7163 ; d., 
7362. 

Pels, Andries, Art of Poetry, 11012. 

Peltier, induction electrometer, 8161 . 

Peltzer, Leon and Armand, trial, 546i . 

Pelusium, Egypt, battle at, 6502. 

Pemba, ceded, 5633. 

Pemberton, Sir Francis, chief justice, 8953. 

, John Clifford, b. (1814) ; supersedes 

Van Dorn, 2142; at Black River; at 
Champion's Hill, 2221 ; at Salisbury, 
2461; d. (1881). 

Pembina, territory fmd., ; changed to 
Huron, 2933. 

Pembroke wrecked, 912* . 

surrenders, 8861 . 

Pembroke, Earl of, title created, 871 1. 
(See Marshal.) 

, Thomas, E. of, pres. R. Soc, 8961 ; 1.- 

adm., 8992, 9031 ; minister, 8993, 9032, 3. 

Pefia Mura, action at, 11321 . 



Pena, Saenz, pres., 4923. 

Penal Code promulgated, 11023. 

laws repealed, Eng., 9213. 

■ servitude recommended, G. B., 969*. 

Penang occupied, 1242 ; ceded, 925 2 ; mar- 
riage portion ; a Brit, province, 10453. 

Penaranda, Diego de Sojo y, fnds. Tala- 
manca, 630 1 . 

Pence, Lafe, b., 1821. 

Pencils made, 870 1 . 

Pencker, Gen. Eduard von, minister, 8173. 

Penda defeats Edwin; attacks Wessex, 
8421 ; K. (655). 

Pender, Wm. Dorsey, b. (1854+) ; d., 225 1 . 

Pendergrast, Garrett Jesse, b. (1802) ; d., 
2152. 

Pendlebury, mine explosion, 9933. 

Pendleton, Edmund, b., 601 ; d., 1102. 

, Geo. C, M. C, b., 1581 . 

, Hunt, b. (1825); for vice-pres., 

2393 ; in election, 2412 ; defeated, 2432 ; 
intro. Civil Reform Bill, 3112 ; d., 3481 . 

Pendulum inv.. 8842; spiral spring inv., 
9001 ; clock inv., 9061 ; improved, 11003. 

Penguin captured by Hornet, 1231 . 

Penguin mission, 498 2 . 

Penick, Chas. Clifton, b. (1843) ; bp., 2942. 

Peninsula campaign begins, 2061 . 

Co. fmd., Eng., 9493. 

War, period of, 9341 , 11101 . 

Penitents org. as nuns, 11291 . 

Penjdeh assured to Afgh., 52 ; given to 
Rus.; occupied; surrendered, 71. 

Penman, John S., resignation, 4321 . 

Penu, D. P., drives Kellogg out, 2853; 
trouble in La., 2853. 

, Davidson R., Fair Committee, 3633. 

, John, b. (1729); gov., 733; d. (1795). 

- — .Richard, b. (1734); gov., 773; inH.L., 
Eng., 9193; d. (1811). 

, William, adm., b., 8802; d. (1670). 

, William, b., 361 ; tried, 8923; Quaker 

leader, 8863; arrested, 8931; sails for 
Am., 8953; i n Pa., 483, 55i ; proprietor 
of Pa., 49i ; gov. Pa., 492, 551 : land 
grants in Del. ; purchase in N. J. ; 
proclamation, 491; in Phil., 492; de- 
prived of rights, 532 ; returns to Am., 
543 ^ proposes a cong. ; frees slaves, 55 1 ; 
conditions and concessions ; at New- 
castle, 491 ; treaty with Indians, 492; 
restored, 532, 3; d., 592 ; eel., 4422. 

College, la., org., 2822. 

Safe Deposit and Trust Co., 3833. 

Haven, Pa., R. R. accidents, 3313. 

Pennant, Thomas, b., 9063; d., 9283. 

Pennecerrada, action at, 11301. 

Pennell, Joseph, b. (1859); work, 43. 

Pennefather, Edward, chief justice, 9512. 

Pennington, Alexander C, d.,256 1 . 

, John L,, gov. Dak., 2851 . 

, William, b. U796); speaker, 1872; gov. 

N. J., 1492; d. (1862). 

, Sanford, b. (1757); gov. N. J., 

1213; d. (1826). 

Pennock, Caspar Wistar, b. (1799) ; d., 
2561.- 

Pennoyer, Sylvester, gov., 3293, 3612, 3992. 

Pennsylvania bursts boilers, 1853. 

Pennsylvania, Walloons ascend the Dela- 
ware, 311 ; Swedes enter the Delaware, 
351 ; Peter Hollander, gov., 372; Swedish 
colony settle Chester, 373 ; under the 
Dutch, 41i ; Alex. D'Hinyossa, gov., 412, 
423; under the Eng., 453 ; Robt. Carr, 
governor, 423; Scotch Presb. and Men- 
nonites arrive, 482 • intemperance op- 
posed ; peacemakers appointed ; printing 
pres6 est. ; commonwealth proposed, 
483 ; Wm. Markham, gov. (1681) ; Thos. 
Lloyd, pres. of Council (1684) ; first 
colony; granted to William Penn, 483, 
49i ; Penn.gov.; purchases Swedes' land ; 
Phila. laid out ; D. of York cedes ; New- 
castle settled ; Welsh immigrants ; 1st 
Assembly ; treaty with Indians, 492 ; 
Thos. Lloyd, pres.; Germantown settled, 
493 ; Presb. Church fmd. ; paper mill 
est., 502; John Blackwell, deputy gov., 
511; [Delaware] secedes, 513; charter 
school est. j Prot. Epis. Church est., 523; 
Penn deprived of gov't., 532, 3 ; Benj. 
Fletcher (of N. T.), gov. (1693); post 
route est.; Wm.Markham.dep.gov. ,533^ 
later, Wm. Penn, 551 ; religious liberty 
est., 542; slaves freed, 551 ; A.D. 1700+ ; 
surrenders constitution ; Andrew Ham- 
ilton, dep. gov.; Edward Shippen, pres. 
(1703); John Evans, gov., 552; prov- 



1368 



Text Figures denote Page, lJNL)-h,X. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



Penn-Pere. 



ince Bet apart; yellow fever, 553, 733, 
1093, 1113 ; Wm. Perm., personal gov. 
(1699); Chas. Gookin, dep. gov., 573; iron 
forge erected, 58 1 ; Dunkers (Ger. Bapt.) 
arrive; Phila. Presb. synod find., 582; 
slave trade prohibited, 583 ; Sir Wm. 
Keith, dep, gov.; deputies govern, 592; 
Log Coll. est., 603 ;Benj. Franklin arrives, 
63i; paper money issued, 612 ; Patrick 
Gorden, dep. gov., G13; Catholics arrive ; 
Ger. Baptists est. monastic soc; 1st Ger. 
Luth. Church org., 622; library est.; 
Poor Richard's Almanac, 623 ; James 
Logan, pres. ; population, 63 3 ; Sunday 
school est. (?), 643 ; Geo. Thomas, dep.- 
gov., 65 2 ; Lancaster treaty, 653; Coetus 
fmd.. 663; univ. fnd., 671 ; A.D. 1750; + 
A. Palmer, pres.; James Hamilton, dep.- 

fov., 672, 713 ( 731 ; immigrants in, 673 ; 
orts est. in West, 681 , 9121 ; no fort on 
Ohio; stockade built at [Pittsburg]; 
Washington against the Fr., 6Si -■-; Brad- 
dock's defeat, 632; hospital est., 69i; 
plan for Am. union, 692 ; Robt. H. Mor- 
ris, dep.-gov.; land colonized, 693; N. Y. 
Presb. Synod unites, 711; taxation 
scheme; W. Denny, dep.-goy., 713 ; In- 
dians massacred, 722; prohibitory laws, 
73 1 ; immigrants debarred ; John Penn, 
gov., 733 ; Methodism intro. ; Neir Castle 
< 'kr-micle issued, 742 ; express to N. Y., 
753 ; Rich. Penn., gov., 773 ; anti-tea 
movement, 79 1 ; hostilities of settlers, 
803; Franklin returns from Eng., 812; 
Colonial charter overthrown ; proprie- 
tary govt, ends, 832; Washington's army 
enters, leaves, 833-^, 87 1 ; Benj. Frank- 
lin, Committee of Safety, 853 ; Geo. 
Bryan, acting-gov., (1777) ; new constitu- 
tion, 85 3 ; Quakers arrested, 863 ; battle 
of Brandywine, S7 1 ; action at Diamond 
Island; Brit, at Germantown, 872; Thos. 
Wharton, pres., 892 ; Cong, at Phila., 
at Lancaster, York, 873; j os . Reed, pres., 
913; Fort Miffin surrendered, S81 ; Wash- 
ington at Valley Forge ; Brit, leave for 
N.Y., 882; Wyoming massuere, 883; Con- 
federation signed, 893 ; Christ's Church 
left ; slavery abolished, 932 ; Wm. 
Moore, pres. (1781) ; John Dickinson, 
pres., 953 ; Prot. Epis. diocese est., 963 ; 
Benj. Franklin, pres. Supreme Council, 
991 ; Harrisburg laid out, 993 • Franklin 
Coll. est. ; ratines Federation Constitu- 
tion, 1003 ; Thos. Mifflin, pres., 101 1 , 1032; 
Easton laid out (1790] ; anthracite coal 
dis., 1021; Jacob Albright's reforms; 
land granted to Lutherans, 1023; Consti- 
tution adopted, 1032; i s t turnpike, 105 3 ; 
Phila.Meth.Epis.Conf.org., 10G2; insur- 
rection against widow tax; Thos.M'Kean, 
gov., 1093; a. D. 1800+ ; Evan. Meth. 
Asso.org., 1103; Washington and Jeffer- 
son Coll. est., 1111 ; p. Acad. Fine Arts 
est., 114 1 ; Simon Snyder, gov. ; coal 1st 
mined, 1153; 1st (?) Sunday school est., 
1163; poor children instructed, 1171; 
steamboat leaves Pittsburg, 1173; rolling 
millatPittsburg,1182; Campheliites rise, 
1183 ; capital removed to Harrisburg, 
1193 ; anthracite coal marketed, 1213 ; 
Allegheny Coll. est.; State library fnd., 
1251 ; Wm. Findley, gov., 1253 ; Western 
Univ. est., 1283; ,j * m Heister, gov., 1292; 
coal marketed, 1293 ; John Andrew 
Shulze, gov., 1313; Pittsburg Meth. Epis. 
Conf. org., 1322 ; Evang. Luth. Synod 
meets, 1343; school slates mnf., 1341; 
George Wolf, gov., 1373; Church of God 
fmd., 1382; East Penn. eldership fmd., 
1383; p a . Coll. org.; Lafayette Coll. est., 
1403 ; Universalist State Conven. org., 
1402; R. R. Phila. and Harrisburg; West 
Chester R. R. opd., 1413; suppression of 
lotteries, 143 1 ; Jos. Ritner, gov., 1453; 
two rival legislatures; militia called out, 
1493; iron made with coal, 1501; N. S. 
Presby. Synod org., 1502; David R. Por- 
ter, gov., 1512; Scranton fnd., 1533; East 
Pa. Gen. Synod Evan. Luth. org., 1543; 
defaults interest, 1553 ; n s, Presb. 
Synod, Western Pa., org.; R. C. dio- 
cese est., 1563; petroleum dis., 15S',392 
3941 ; Eldership Church of God org., 1582; 
Francis R. Shunk, gov., 161 1 ; zinc dis., 
1622; Wm. F. Johnson, acting-gov., 1652; 
univ. of Lewisbnrg est., 1663 ; Wm. 
Bigler, gov., 1712 ; Beaver Coll. est., 
1731; Molly Maguires org., 1732; Pitts- 



burg Female Coll. est., 1763; James Pol- 
lock, gov., 1792; Penn. State Coll. org., 
1823; R.R. and canals sold to Pa. R.R.Co., 
1833; Win. F. Packer, gov., 1852; a. D. 
1860± ; prepares for civil war, 1933 , 195 2 ; 
Andrew G. Curtin, gov., 2032 ; Molly 
Maguires operate, 2072,201)3, -_>172; Agri- 
cultural Coll. est., 2111 ; all able-bodied 
men called out against Confederates, 
2131 ; Chambersburg raided, 2142,2223, 
2363 ; Gen. Wool at Harrisburg, 2142 ; 
Confederate army at Chambersburg ; 
Confed. invasion," 223' , 3; 100,000 volun- 
teers called out, 2233 ; Harrisburg, 
Phila., threatened, 223= ; battle of 
Gettysburg, 2241 ; Stuart's raids, 2242 ; 
Phila. and Erie R. R. opd., 2393; ratifies 
13th Amend., 2432; Lehigh Univ. est., 
2543; Penn. Hospital est., 2843; political 
temperance movement, 2562 ; ratifies 
14th Amend., 2573 ; John W. Geary, gov., 
2593 ; Central Meth. Epis. Conf. fnd., 
2622; Swarthmore Coll. est., 2663; fi re 
mAvondalecoal mine,267 3 ; ThielColl.; 
St. Vincent's Coll. ; Ursinus Coll. est., 
2722; strikes in coal region, 2731 , 4703 ; 
Central Penn. P. E. diocese fmd., 2762 ; 
pres. proclamation to, 297 2 ; local option 
law, 2803, 2911 ; new constitution opera- 
tive; John F.Hartrauft, gov. ,2851, 2951 ; 
non-union men ill-treated, 2912; normal 
school opd., 2923; strikers resume work, 
2971 ; Pittsburg Coll. org., 3003 ; Henry 
M. Hoyt, gov., 3033; coal miners strike, 
3103, 3171 , 3203, 3211 ; floods, 3121 , 4093 ; 
glass-blowers strike, 31. >1 ; inundations, 
3161; Robert E. Pattison, gov., 3153, 
3992; Bullett Act passes, 3233; Cngreg. 
Asso. org., 3242; R. R, vestibule train 
intro., 3253; Brooks Law, 3292, 3303; 
James A. Beaver, gov., 3293.; earth- 
quake; tornadoes, 332i , 3583; collieries 
resume work, 3393 ; Johnstown flood, 
3413; reports on floods, 3453; ship canal 
commission, 3473 ; J. W. Delamater, 
nom. gov., 3631 ; C. W. Miller, nom. for 
gov., 3672; new gas wells dis., 3721 ; L.V. 
R. R. coal rates, 3811; coke region; 
troops withdrawn, 3821 ; Brooks Whole- 
sale License Bill, 3832 ; Compulsory 
Education Bill vetoed, 3862; train rob- 
bers, 3902 ; investigation of officials, 
3932; coke-workers org., 3963; Moon- 
shiners kill Hochstettcr, 4042; Home- 
stead strike, 4083, 4102 + ; R.R. explosion, 
4193 ; Anti-cigarette Bill, 4223 ; wreck- 
ing train foiled, 4362; landing of Penn 
eel., 4422; nuns in public schools, 4521 ; 
4681; 4742; Galusha A. Grow, M. C, 
4532; strike in coke-region, 4543,4581, 
4563; 4571, 4623; tramps steal trains, 
4583; rioters warned, 46U; wheel trust 
fmd., 4733; R. R. collision, 4753, 4793; 
Daniel Hartman Hastings, gov. (1894). 

Pennyslvania Acad. Fine Arts est., 1141 , 

College org., 1403. 

Military,Coll. org., Chester (1862). 

State College org., 1823. 

& Reading R. R. controls roads, 4013. 

, University of, projected, 67 1 ; hospi- 
tal dedicated, 2843; S. W. Pepper's gift, 
3843 ; boat-race, 317 3 ; opd. to women, 
3132, 3471, 4041 ; course lengthened, 
4562; W. Potter's gift, 4761 . 

Penny, Virginia, b., 1342. 

post annexed to crown, 8972. 

Postage Bill, G. B., 9493, 9512. 

postage jubilee, 10023. 

1-Vnnv baker,' Isaac Samuels, b. (1807) ; d., 
1623. 

Penobscot, Me., trading-post seized, 34i . 

and Kennebec R. R. completed, 1813. 

Peiirhyn, Baron, title created, 9G51. 

Penrose, W. J., shot, 3852. 

Penry, John, b. (1559); hanged, 8763. 

Pens, gold mnf., 1521; iron, 8962; steel, 
9321 ; general use, 9401, 9461. 

Pi- a *<-(<■>>/ a sunk, 3381 . 

eclipse expedition, 3461 , 3531 ; flag- 
ship, 3661 

, Fla., Spaniards settle, 521; R. C. 

church, 523 ; taken, 941 , 952, 126 1 ; bat- 
tle at, 1221 ; Gen. Jackson at, 1223; navy 
yard seized, 1901, 191 1; Confederates 
evacuate, 207 1 ; Confederate soldiers' 
monument, 3841 ; yellow fever, 435 3 . 

Pension Act, 813, 25^1, 3172,3193,3233, 
3263, 3483, 3543, 3552, 3592, 3623,3631 
3772, 3871 , 4031 , 42H , 4251 ,2. 



Pension Bureau investigation, 365 2 . 

Fund, Nat., org. Eng., 9983. 

Pensions, granted, 115 1, 1272, 1871; in 

Ga.,391 1 ; special tax, Ala., 421 1 ; order 
annulled, 4312 ; roll enlarged, 455 2 ; re- 
stricted, 3441 ; for army nurses, 3651 ; 
Indian war, 4141. (See Invalid.) 

Bill approved, Fr., 7672. 

by royal grant, G. B., 9492; provided, 

9471. 

Pentaour, writer, 6483. 

Pentarchy of great powers, 5203. 

Pentateuch written, 11411 . 

Pentecost, at Jerusalem, 10623. 

, George Fred.,b. (1S43) ; in Ind., 3681 . 

bands org., 320 2 ; mission, 11053. 

Pentinger, Conrad, b., 7S6 2 . 

Pent land Hills, Scot., action at, 8921 . 

Pen-y-grage, colliery explosion, 9873. 

Penzance, Baron, title created, 9651 ; fa- 
vors C. J. Ridsdale, 9S02. 

Peonage abolished in New Mexico, 256 2 . 

People's Charter, Petition, G. B., 9513. 

Municipal League convention, 3683 ; 

organized, 378 2 . 

Party fmd., 3852 ; conven., 411 1 ; car- 
ries Kan. and N. Dak., 4192; meets, 4683; 
conf., 4793; in Can., 5892. 

Provident Assurance Soc. fnd., 9591 . 

Peoria, 111., N. S. Presb. synod org., 1562; 
John L. Spaulding, bp.,2942 ; R. C. dio- 
cese est., 2% 2 ; steamer ea-psizes, 4113 • 
steam-pipe collapses, 4553. 

Pepe, Gen. Guglielmo, b. (1783) ; leader, 
10861; d., 10S63. 

Pepi I. reigns, Fr., 7472. 

II. reigns, 7472 ; expeditions, 6461 . 

Pepin, Heristal, mayor of palace, 6652, a j 

Pr. of Franks ; defeats Berthar, 6641 ; 
d., 6653, 7702. 

the Short, b.-d., 6642 ; donation of ; 

in It.; takes Narbonne, 664 1 ; delivers 
France, 4853. 

of Aquitania, comma nder-m-chief, 

7701 ; regent, 667 1 ; d., 7731 . 
, Lake, Minn., Sea Wing capsizes, 

3653. 
Pepoli, Gioachino, Marquis, b., 10862 ; d., 

10901 . 
Peppard, Capt., duel, 8092. 
Pepper, William, b. (1843) ; gift, 3843. 
Pepperell, N.H., earthquake shocks, 3741 . 
, Sir William, b., 522 ; at Louisburg, 

661; d.,721. 
Pepys, Sir Charles Christopher, b., 9222 ; 

commissioner, 9473 ; lord chancellor, 

9492,9533; d.,9562. 

, Henry, elected bishop, 9423. 

, Samuel, b., 8822; Diart/, 8903 ; cup 

of tea, 8913; pies. Roy. Soc.,896i;d., 9022. 
Pequot war, 341 . 
IVraiba, captaincy of, 5532. 
Perak, British resident, 10492. 
Peralta grant claimed, 4553. 

, Fr., Ibanez de, governor, 605 3 . 

Perceval, Spencer, b., 9162 ; minister, 

9333; premier, 9353; assassinated, 9371 . 
Perehard, Peter, lord mayor London, 9313. 
Perche, annexed to France, 6732, 6792. 
Percier, Charles, b., 7031 ; d., 7282. 
Percival, James Gates, b., 106 1 ; works, 

1312, 1431, 1571; d., 1781. 
, Thomas, b. (1740) ; cod-liver oil rem- 
edy, 9221 ; d. (1S04). 
Percussion-caps used, 940 1 . 
Percy, Algernon, h. (1602); Duke of North- 
umberland ; minister, 8833; d. (1668). 
, , D. of Northumberland, b., 926=; 

minister, 9573; a. (1865). 

, Sir George, governor Va.,273. 

, Henry, found dead, S75 3 . 

, Sir , at Nesbit Muir ; at Homil- 

don Hill ; at Shrewsbury, 8601 ; d.,8602. 
, Hugh, Earl Northumberland, b. 

(1742) ; lord-lieut., 8172 ; d. (1816). 

, Lady Mary, founds convent, 5411 . 

, Thoinas, liunpowder plot, 8792. 

, , h., 9082 ; -works, 9171 ; d., 9351 . 

Society founded, 9511 . 

Percys revolt, Eng., 8613. 

Perczel, Gen., defeated, 5221 . 

Perdiccas, regent, 10253 ; invades Egypt, 

6502; reigns, 10233 ; opposed, 10253; con- 
quers Cappadocia, 11481, 11491 • mur- 
dered, 10242. 

Pereda, Angel de, governor, 6052. 

Pexefixe, Hardouin de Beaumont de, b., 
6862; Roi Henri, 6911 ; d., 6922. 

Pereira, Antonio, gov. Costa Rica, 6301 . 



Pere-Pete. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDJiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



136'. 



Pereira, Duarte Coelho, captaincy, 553 2 . 

, vice-president Brazil, 5602. 

Pereire, Emile, b., 7143; Credit Mobilier, 
7333,7373 ; d., 750t. 

, Isaac,b.,7163; C. Mobilier, 7333,7373. 

Perestralo, Raphael, to China, 6142. 

Pereyra, G. A., pres. Uruguay, 1160 2 . 

Perez, Antonio, b.-d., 11282. 

, Galdos (Benito), b., 11303. 

, Jose Joaquin, b., 60S 1 ; war renewed, 

6061 ; president, 6072. 

, Juan, letter to Isabella, 122. 

, Santiago, b., 6282 , pres., 6292. 

Pergamus, kingdom fnd., 11491; extent 
of, 1149 2 ; Romans possess library, 
1148 3 ; bequeathed to Romans, 11493. 

Pergolesi, Giovanni Battista, b., 10831; 
d., 10842. 

Periander rules, 10153 ; one of Seven 
Sages, 10163 ; d., 10162. 

Pericles, b.-d., 10162 ; reigns, 10153 ; be- 
gins long walls, 10183 ; improves Athens ; 
overruns Peloponnesus, 10191 ; in public 
affairs ; rival of Cimon ; in Megaris ; 
bribery of, 1020 1 ; subdues revolts ; rules 
commonwealth ; refounds Thurii, 10212. 

Perie, Jose, governor, 6303. 

P^rier, Casimir, b.,7043; d., 7262. 

, — -, b., 7192 ; ministry of, 7273 ; d., 

7502. 

, Isaac, financier, d., 7522. 

Periers, Bonaventuredes, work, 6831. 

Perignon, Dominique Catherine, Marquis 
de, b., 7022; d., 7223. 

Perigueux, Fr., cathedral founded, 6683 ; 
taken, 6741, 

Perinthus, siege of, 10241. 

Peripatetic school of philos. fnd., 10243. 

Perit, Pelatiah, b. (1785) ; d., 2312. 

Perkins, Chas. Callahan, b., 1303; d.,324i. 

, Elisha, b., 642 ; d. (1799). 

, George Hamilton, b. <1S26) ; Capt., at 

Berwick Bay, 220L 

, Clement, b., 1502 j governor, 

3033; senator, 4351. 

D., b.,1522. 

, Roberts, b., 1183 ; d., 2921 . 

, Jacob, b., 741 ; invents steel engrav- 
ing, 1261 ; steam-gun, 9402 ; d. (1849). 

, Justin, b. (1805) ; d., 2681 . 

, Thomas, b., 741 . 

, Handasyd, b. (1764) ; d., 1741 . 

Permissive Prohibitory Bill, G. B., 9673, 
9732,9812, 9851. 

Pernambuco, Bra., captured, 5521 ; cap- 
taincy granted ; fnd., 553 2 ; republic 
est., 5551 , 2 ; bixa malady appears, 555 3 ; 
mission, 5562 ; boycotting league ; elec- 
tion riots, 558 3 ; martial law, 5601 . 

Peroifskaja, Sophie, arrested, 11211. 

Peronne, Fr., besieged, 7431 . 

Perote, Mex., taken, 1621 . 

Perowne, John James Stewart, b. (1824) ; 
consecrated bishop, 1004 2 . 

Perperna assassinates ; executed, 10581 . 

Perpetua, St., killed, 10643. 

Perpetual Edict signed, 10993 ; passes, 

11013. 

Perpignan,Fr., cathedral fnd.; Univ. fnd., 
6743 ; taken, 6781 ; surrenders, 6881 ; an- 
nexed to Fr., 6893. 

Perraud, Adolphe Louis Albert, Academi- 
cian, 7521 , 

Perrault, Claudius, b., 6862 ; works, 6952; 
d., 6942. 

Perrenot, Antoine. (See Granulla.) 

Perrens, Francois Tomme, b., 7242. 

Perrin, Abbe. Pierre, work, 6901 ; d., 6923. 

Perrine, W. W., cons, bishop, 10102. 

Perring, John, lord mayor London, 9313. 

Perronet. Jean Rodolphe, b., 6963. 

Perrot, Art, dans V Antiquite, 7661 . 

, Sir John, deputy, 8753. 

Perrotin, M., discovery planets, 7481. 

Perry, Ire., Bishop lliggins eons., 9902. 

, Kan., tornado, 4321 . 

, train robber, convicted, 4022. 

.Arthur Latham, b., 1381; Political 

Economy, 398 2. 

-, Benjamin Franklin, b. (1805) ; gover- 
nor S. C, 2483, 2511 ; d. (1886). 

, Charles, d.,5013. 

, Commander, ice-bound, 3881 . 

, Edward A., governor Fla., 3233. 

, Enoch Wood, b. (1831) ; National 

Academy Design, 2681 . 

, Madison S., governor, 1832. 

, Matthew Calbrith, b., 1042 ; bom- 
bards Tobasco, 160i ; takes Tuspan,162i ; 



in Japan, 1712, 172 1 , 1732, 10913 ; treaty 
with Japan, 1751 ; d., 1842; statue, 1881 . 
Perry, Oliver Hazard, b., 962 ; on Lake 
Erie, 1203 ; d., 1281 . 

, Stephen Joseph, b., 9462 ; d. (1889). 

, Thos. Sargent, b., 158 1; works, 3722. 

, William Stevens, b., 1402; bp.,2922. 

Perryville, Ky., battle of, 2142. 

, N.Y., trial of dynamite shell, 3661 . 

Persano, Count Carlo l'ellione di, b. (1806); 
Adm. at Lissa, 8242; d. (1883). 

Persepolis captured, 10242. 

Perseus, founds Lyceme, 10133; last K. of 
Macedon, 10273; war with Rome, 10281 ; 
in chaius ; campaigns against, 10551 ; 
empire ends, 10292. 

Persia. (See text pp. 1106-1108) ; subdued, 
11442; wars; invades Gr., 1016 1; inva- 
sion, 1st, 10173; 2d, 3d, 10181 ; 4th, 10182; 
war ends, 10183; 2d expedition; crosses 
Hellespont, 10181 ; invasion arrested, 
10122; independence of, 6513; oppresses 
Gr. cities, 10233; eonquered, 4851 , 10241 ; 
war with Gr., 10502; war with Romans, 
10641, 10701, 10712; vanquished, 10302; 
empire destroyed; defeated, 4841; am- 
bassador from,613 2 ; insurrections, 4S71 , 
2; war with Turk., 11561 ; invades India, 
10441 ; Turks lose possessions, 11561 ; 
war with Rus., 11161 ; peace, 11173. 

Persian Calendar reformed, 11073. 

Persian Monarch ashore, 4593. 

Persians in Afgh., 41 ; take Herat, 42, 51 . 

Persico, Monsignor, represents pope, 9942. 

Persigny, Jean Baptist e Philibert, d.,746 1 . 

, Due de (Jean Gilbert Victor de Fia- 

lin),b.,717i ; instructs electors ; resigns, 
7371 ; d. (1872). 

Persius, Flaccus Aulus, b.-d., 10622; So- 
Personal Liberty Bill, 1851 , 2032, 2113. 

Security Law. Eng., 8632. 

Perth Amboy, N. J., fnd., 492; Assembly 
meets, 553. 

, Can., Courier issned, 5791 . 

, Scot., fnd., 8393; captured, 8561 ,g5Si , 

8721, 8842; burned, 8601; 2d Covenant 
signed, S722; Articles of, 8802; surren- 
ders, 8862; Albert statue, 9662; Bishop 
Parry elected, 9803. 

, W. Australia, settled, 495 2 ; diocese 

est., -4962; gold-field, 4981 ; see est., 9583; 
Bishop Gibney consecrated, 9962. 

, Earl of, title created, 8773. 

Perthes, Fried. Cliristol 1 ,h,b..,S03i;d.,8162. 

Pertinax, Helvius, b.-d., 10642; reigns ; 
murdered, 10651 ,2. 

Perty, Jos. Anton Maximilian, b., 8082; 
d., 8302. 

Pertz, Georg Heinrich, b., 8063; d., 8282. 

Peru. (See text, pp. 1108-1109); Manco 
Capac appears, ll 1 , 3 ; civilized soc. be- 
gins, ll 3 ; communism prevails, 11 2; Incas 
rule, 132, 152 ; Sinchi Rocca reigns ; 
Lloque Yupanqui reigns ; Mayta Capac 
reigns, 132; Rocca reigns ; despotism; 
Yuhuar-Huaccac reigns ; Uira-Cocha 
reigns ; Pachacutec Yupanqui reigns ; 
Tupac Capac reigns ; Huayna Capac 
reigns, 133; arts developed, 141 ; intoxi- 
cants used; highly civilized, 152; roads 
made, 161 ; capitulation, 182; conquest, 
182, 193, 201; religion, 183; gov't of, 
193; rebellion, 201, 232; Almagro ar- 
""' ; Sp. province, 212; disputed 



22 2 ; Pizarro rules; new laws revoked, 
231 ; Sp. crown rules ; anarchy stamped 
out ; secure gov't est., 232- wheat reaped, 
233; Jesuits; Inquisition, 242; Henri- 
quez viceroy, 252; Loyola viceroy ; Her- 
dato de Mendoza viceroy, 253; earth- 
quake, 502, 58i, 661; detached from 
Chile, 6051 ,2; Dutch attack, 11001 ; rup- 
ture with Sp., 11313; treaty with Chile, 
6072; Harvard meteorological station 
est., 4421 ; Santa Cruz enters ; uprising ; 
invades Bolivia, 550 1, 3; Indians work 
mines ; confederation with Bolivia,5502; 
boundary treaty, r>51 2; treaty with Boli- 
via, 6072'; final 'treaty, 6073;' Chile aids, 
6061; Chileans invade, 6061,2; Eng. at- 
tack, 9101 . 

, Neb., Normal Schools opened, 2603. 

Perugia, It. (See Perusia) ; cathedral 
erected, 10743 ; Cambio built ; con- 
quered, 10781 ; pawnbrokir.gintro. ,10793; 
taken, 10821, 10881 ; mission, 10883. 



Perugino, Pietro Vanucci, b.-d., 10783. 
Peruke-makers petition, Eng., 9172. 
Perusia, truce with Rome, 10521 ; reduced, 
10522; surrendered; war of, 10602. (Same 
as Perugia.) 
Peruzzi, Baldassare, b., 10783; d., 10803. 
, Ubaldino, b., 10862; d., 10901. 

Pesaro, It., taken, 10881 . 

Pescadores Islands captured, 6241 . 

Pescara, Marquis < >f < Ferdinand Francesco 
d' Avalos), b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Peschel, Oskar Ferd., b., 8123; d., 8282. 

Peschiera, It., Aust. retains, 5552. 

Peschka-Leutner, Minna, b., 5203 ; d.(1890). 

Peschmann, R. J., confesses, 4483. 

Pesci, Francis, consecrated bishop, 9862. 

Peshawar, Ahmed in, 51 ; mission, 53. 

Pestal, conspiracy against Czar, 11173. 

1'estalozzi, Johaiin Heinrich, b.-d., 11372. 

Pesth (Budapest), fnd., 5031 ; earthquake, 
516 3 ; Danube overflows, 520 1 ; enip. ar- 
rives, 5262; anti-Jewish riots, 5303; mob, 
5311; riots, 5322. 

Petah-ases adopted, 6453. 

Petau, Denis, b., 6842; d., 6902. 

Petchingans exterminated, 11141. 

Peter the Apostle, called, 11521 ; baptizes 
Cornelius, 11523 ; events of life and 
death, 11523 11531,2; Epistles written, 
11531 ; bishop at Koine (?), 10623. 

I. (III.) of Aragmi, K.of Sieily,10772. 

II., K. of Aragon ; kingdom tributary 

to Holy See, 107.-.3; aids Messina, 10761 ; 

• K. of Sicily. 10772, reigns in Navarre, 
11272; reigns in Aragon, 1127 3 . 

the Cruel. (See Pedro the Cruel.) 

III., reigns in Aragon, 11273; con- 
quers Sicily, 11261 . 

IV., the Ceremonious, reigns, 11273; 

aids Messina, 10761 . 

• 1., Hung., enthroned, 5032,3; de- 
throned, 5032. 

III., of Port., reigns, 5551 . 

III., of Rus., withdraws from Aust. 

alliance, 516 2 . 

I., Alexievitch the Great, b.-d., 11142; 

in Eng., 9011 ; against Turks ; visits Ger., 
HolL, and Eng.; a shipbuilder, 11141 ; 
enthroned ; recalled ; punishes rebel- 
lion of Strelitz ; fnds. St. Petersburg ; 
title of emp.; subdues Azo VIL, 561, 
11572; reopens gold mine, 11153; at Pul- 
towa, 1134L 

II., b.-d., 11143; enthroned; deposed, 

11153. 

III., b.-d., 11143; reigns in Rus., 11172. 

of Blois, on transubstantiation,6702. 

the Hermit, b.-d., 6682; preaches 

Crusade, C683, 7762; in Crusade, 10743. 

, K. of Hung., vassal of Ger., 775 a . 

, Martyr, b., 10791 ; d., 10803. 

, grand duke of Oldenburg, 8193. 

, Rus., impostor, 11191 . 

, the Wild Boy, found, 8012. 

Peter the Great launched, 11181 . 

Peterborough, Can., Revieic issued; Ex- 
aminer, 6803; ft. C. diocese est., 5842; 
high license, 5862; silver-cave, 5941 . 

, Eng., mob, 9172 ; see erected, 8683 ; 

Cathedral opd.. 10042, 10082. 

, Earl of. (See Mordaunt, Charles). 

Peterhead. Scot., Carnegie library, 10063. 

Peterkin, George William, b.(1841) ; cons. 
P. E. bishop, 2983. 

Peterman, August H., b., 8122; works, 
8203; d., 8282. • 

, Julius Heinrich, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. 

Peters, Absalom, b. (1796), 2621 ; d. (1869). 

, Bonaventure, b.-d., 540 3 - 

, Carl, h. (1856) ; arrival, 4362; expedi- 
tion, 562 1 ; report of death, 563 1 ; in 
Sudan, 6603; in Africa, 8382. 

, Christian August Friedrich, b.,8083; 

d., 8301 . 

, Henry Frederick, b., 810=; disc. 

asteroids, 1963, 2152, 2483, 2521, 2581, 
2601, 2621, 2681, 2701. 2741, 2781,2801, 
2841 , 2881 , 2901 , 2961 , 0931 ( 30u i , 3021 ,2, 
3141 , 3201 , 3241 , 3261 , 3441 ; d., 8341 . 

, Francis Lucas, b., 5403; d.,541i. 

, Hugh, b. (1598+) ; in Maas, 352; 

hanged (1660). 

, John, b., 5403; d., 5411 

, , burned, 8743. 

, S., gov. Conn., 1392. 

, Samuel, b. (1735); Blue Laws of Conn., 

952; d. (1826). 

, Wilhelm Karl Hartwig, b., 8103; d., 

8302. 



.370 



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Pete-Phil. 



Petersburg, St. (See St. Petersburg.) 

, Tenn., Confederate defeat, 2191. 

, Va., Brit, take, 941 ; R. R. to Rich- 

mond, 1493; Gen. Butler fails, 2342,3; 
losses before, 2351 ; mine exploded, 2363 ; 
siege continues, 2383 ; Gen. Grant's 
army before, 2392; Confederates cap- 
tured, 2443; fall of, 2451 ; State Normal 
and Collegiate Institute est., 3143; tire, 
3492; monument, 3601 . 

and Roanoke Railroad opd., 1453. 

Petersen, Carl, b., 6382; d., 642 1 . 

, Niels Matthias, b., 64S2; History of 

Denmark, 6392; d., 6403. 

Peterson, R. E., d., 474i . 

, Theophilus B., d., 3742. 

Peterson's Magazine, Phila., est., 4202. 

Peter's pence, from N. Am., 350 2 ; on 
Pope's jubilee, 446 1 ; levy forbidden, Fr., 
7343; tax confirmed, G. B,, 8431; col- 
lected, 8423. 

Peterwardein, Hung., Turks defeated, 
5141 ; convention ; entered, 9373. 

Petigru, James Lewis, b., 1001 ; d., 2191 . 

Potion, Mayor, communist, 709'. 

, Alex Sabes, gov. Haiti; d., 10402. 

Petit, Jean Louis, b., 6922; structure of 
eye, 6942; inv. tourniquet, 6981 ; d., 7011. 

Petition, right denied in Cong., 1471 , 1591 ; 
restored, 1573 (See Gag Laws.) 

of rights, Eng., 8832. 

Petofi, Sandor, b., 5202; d., 5223. 
Petrarch, Francesco, b.-d., 10762; meets 

Laura; sonnets, 10771 ; crowned, 1077 2 . 

Petre, Baron of, title created, 8772. 

, Father, in Privy Council, 8973. 

, Lord, in H. L., 9932. 

, Sir William, minister, 8G93, 8712. 

Petreius, Marcus, surrenders at Ilerda, 
10601; killed, 10602. 

Petri, Olaus, works, 11343. 

Petrie, George, b., 9243; d., 9701 . 

Petroleum, found, 1581 ; dis. in Pa., 1853; 
prices rise, 1933; excitement, 1993; low- 
est price, 2033; " shooting wells," 2171 ; 
in 1864,2373; at CobiagoT Cal., 3901 ; at 
Pittsburg, 3921; daily flow, 4181; in 0. t 
4241, 4521; j u Dunkirk, N. Y. 4GS1; in 
N. J., 4701; at Kingsville, Can., 5861; 
dis., 5881; near Athabasca River, 5901 ; 
in Egy., 66H; used in Commune, 7453; 
in Ger., 8301 ; fields discovered, 11221 . 

Act passes, G. B., 9672. 

Petrolia, fire, 5912. 

Petronilla reigns, Aragon, 1127 2 . 

Petronius subdues Ethiopians, 10603. 

, Publius, gov. Syria, 11513. 

Pett, Peter, builds (Vmstant IVarwick,$82l . 

Pettengill Samuel M., d., 382 1 . 

Pettenkofen August von, d., 5322. 

Pettenkofer, Max von, b., 8122, 

Pettie, John, b., 9483. 

Pettigrew, Richard Franklin, b.,1641. 

Pettus, John J., gov. Miss., 1903. 

Petty,Sir Wm.,b.,8802 , works,8903 ;d.,8902. 

— ~, Fitzmaurice, Henry, Marq. of Lans- 
downe, b., 9211 ; minister, 9452, 9533. 

, , Henry Charles Keith, Marq. of 

Lansdowne, b., 9522; viceroy, 585', 2; 
leaves Can., 5862; d., 9662. 

, William, Lord Shelburne, b. (1737) ; 

minister, 9173- in duel, 9212; prime min- 
ister, 9232; d. (1805). 

Pevensey run ashore, 2342. 

PeTensey, Eng. South Saxons conquer, 
8401; William of Normandy lands at, 

Peyrat, Alphonse, b. (1812) ; d., 760i . 

, Napoleon, b., 7191 . 

Peyronnet, Comte, Charles Ignace, b., 
7043; d.. 7322. 

Peyster, Abraham de, mayor, N. Y., 532. 

, Johannes de, mayor, N. Y., 551 . 

Peyton, Sir Thomas, d., 9981 , 

Peytral, Paul Louis, minister of finance, 
7571,7652. 

Pezet, Juan Antonio, b. (1810) ; revolt 
against, 11081 ; pres.Peru, 11083; indem- 
nity, 11083 ; d. (1879). 

Pfaffenhofen, Ger., Ft. defeated, 5142. 

Pfalzburg, Ger., Germans invest, 7381 ; re- 
pulsed, 7401. 

PfeifTer, Dr., dis. influenza bacillus, 8361 . 

, Henry, rights of peasants, 7893. 

, Ida Laura (Reyer), b., 5191 ; d., 5242. 

Pfordten, Ludwig Karl Heinrich von der, 
Baron, b.(1811); issues note,H232 ; d.{1880). 

Phiedrus., b., 10G22 ; fables of, 10623. 

Phaer, Thomas, sEneid, 8731 ; d. (1560). 

Phmtusa^ asteroid, discovered, 7601. 



Phair, John P., hanged, 3011 . 

Phalracus in sacred war, 10241 . 

Phalaris, reigns, 10172; roasted, 10171. 

Phales reigns, 11433. 

Phara-Norodoin, king, 4812. 

Pharaoh drowns, 11403. (See Meneptah II.) 

, alliance of Solomon, 6503. 

Necho, b. in Megiddo ; at Carche- 

mish, 11461 ; subdues Phenicia, 11471. 

Phares, Ida, notary public, 4553. 

Pharisees, rebellion of, 11502, 

Pharmaceutical Society formed, 950*. 

Iuternat. Congress, at London, 9871 . 

Pharmacists of IT. S. meet, 35S3. 

Pharmacopmia issued, 8803. 

Pharmacy Act passes, Kngland, 973 2 . 

Pharnabazus invades Kgypt, 0502; naval 
commander, 10203; leader, 10222. 

Pharnaces fnds. Cappadoeia, 11452. 

I., reigns, 1149 2 . 

IE., reigns in Pontus, 11511 . 

, K. of Bosporus, C;esar opposes; de- 
feated at Zela, 10601. 

Pharos built, 6522. 

Pharsalus, Gr., battle of, 10601 . 

Phasel, governor of Jerusalem, 11512. 

Phaulcon, Constantine, minister, 11241. 

Phaya Chakkri, fnds. dynasty, 11242. 

Phelan, Richard, b. (isr.) ; cons.R. C. bp., 
3203 ; in diocese of Pittsburg, 3482. 

Phelps, Alinira Hart Lincoln, b., 1042 ; 
d. (1884). 

, Austin, b., 1301 ; d. (1890). 

, Benjamin K., b., 1402. 

, Edward J., b. (1822) ; TJ. S. minister 

to Eng. ,3212; in arbitration court.4331 ,2. 

, Eliz. Stuart, b., 1242; works, 2643, 

2683, 2723, 2903, 29X3, 3031, 3143, 3283. 

, John S., b. (1X14) ; gov. Mo., 2973 ; 

on Committee of 33, 189i ; d. (1886). 

, W., b. (1813) ; negro recruits, 

210 2 ; orders against, 2133 ; vote for 
president, 3051 ; d. (1885). 

, Oliver, b. (1749) : P. and Gorham 

Purchase sold, 992; d. (1809). 

, William Franklin, b., 1302. 

, Waller, b. (lXIV.It ; miuister,3513; 

an LL.D., 3622 ; d., 4621. 

Phenicia, conquered, 11451 ; subdued ; an- 
nexed to Babylon, 11471 ; conquered by 
Cyrus, 11472 ; ceded to Ptolemy, 11492 ; 
conquered by Romans, 11501 ; recovered 
by Egypt, 6531; granted to Cleopatra, 
11512; annexed to Turk, 11572. 

Phenicians colonize Nfm.es, 6611 ; elevate 
Gauls, 6631; in Brit., 8393; voyage of 
dis., 6502 ; fnd. Cadiz, 11252 ; trade with 
England, 11422; in Spain, 11473. 

Pherse in Achaean League, 10271 . 

Pherecydes of Syros, teachings of, 10163. 

Phidias, b.-d., 101G2 ; completes Parthe- 
non ; statue of Jupiter, 10203. 

Phidon coins money, 10152. 

Phigalia, Gr., captured, 10141; Temple of 

Apollo built, 1020i,3. 
Phigalian Marbles, in Brit. Museum, 9381 ; 
10211. 

Phi Gamma Delta, Coll. Fraternity, 4742. 
Philadelphia, trial trip, 3621 ; in commis- 
sion, 3641; accepted, 37X1 ; sails, 3941 . 

Philadelphia, Asia M., fnd., 11492 ; de- 
stroyed, 11561 . 

, Pa., first assembly ; laying out com- 
pleted ; printing-press est., 483; Walnut 
St. surveyed. 492; population, 493, 633, 
693, 713, 1033; first Presb-,502, 522, 542; 
first P. E. services ; High Sell, est., 523; 
Baptists immersed ; first Bapt. ch. fmd., 
542 ; chartered, 552 • yellow fever, 553, 
733 ; A.D. 1 700 + ; Bapt. Asso, fmd. ; first 
Am. Presbytery org., 563; Presb. Synod 
of Phila. org., 582 ; Am. Weekly Mer- 
cury, 583 j Ger. Lutherans, 603 ; Pa. Ga- 
zette, 611; r. Cath. church built, 622; 
Library Co. fnd. ; Loganian Library fnd., 
623 ; second Freemasons' lodge in Am., 
631; Philosophical Soc. fmd., 651; thea- 
ter attempted, 661 : Bapt. ch. fmd.; org., 
66 3 ; Arctic exped, ; first theater opd., 
683; CongresB of governors, 71 a ; first 
medical school, 742 ; first Meth. church; 
Meth. org., 762 ; first steam engine, 78 1 ; 
1st Continental Cong., 782, 792; against 
Brit, tea, 791; Am. hospital est., 802; 
Abolition Soc. fmd..81i; 2d C.Cong., 812; 
Pa. Mag., 831 ; Declaration of Indepen- 
dence adopted, 852 ; Howe threatens; 
Washington enters,87i ;4thC. Cong.,873; 
Brit. in,88i ,2; Howe's headquarters,882; 



7th C. Cong. ; Tories leave, 893 ; severe 
winter, 911 ; coldest day,912, 2501 ; bank 
chartered, 913 ; Am. Daughters of Lib- 
erty org. ; bank for army provisions ; 
Christ's Church alone, 932 j New Cong, 
of Confederation opens, 933 ; John 
Moody hanged, 943; Bank of North Am. 
est., 952,3 ; despatch of victory read,. 
952 ; Southwark Theater opens ; U. S. 
army revolts, 961; p a . Pacquet issued, 
971 ; Phila. Directory, 983 ; Columbian 
Magazine, 991 ; Nat. Constitutional Con- 
ven. at, 992; first power loom, lOOi; 
Gen. Conven. P. E. meets ; church org., 
1002 ; Coll. of Physicians est. ; Quakers 
emancipate slaves, 1003 ; capital of U. 
S. A., 1003, 1032; eel. independence, 1013^ 
steamboat to Trenton, 102 1; 2d Cong., 
1032; Bank f U.S. est., 1032,3, 1473; bal- 
loon ascension, 1041 j Chestnut St. theater 
opd., 1042; 3d Cong, opens ; Genet ree'd, 
1052 ; Insurance Co. incorporated, 1053 j 
Cooper first appears, 1061 ; The Literary 
Mag. Am. Register, 1063, 1443; 4th Cong, 
opens, 1072, 5th, 1073 ; Am. Universal 
Magazine, \(m; A.D. 1800+ : 6th Cong. 
opens, 1093; Museum of Nat. Hist, opd., 
110'; 7th Cong, opens, 1112 ; aqueduct 
water intro., lllpj 8th Cong, opens, 1131 , 
9th,1132;capitalU.S.A.remov'dtoWash. r 
1131 ; commission house opd., 1133; Acad, 
of Fine Arts est., 1141; Am. Register; 
R. C. see erected, 1143 ; Mirror of Tastes, 
1171 ; cotton goods printed, 1173; Acad- 
emy of Nat. Sciences est., 1182, 1261 ; 
earthquake, 1182; Library of Acad. Nat. 
Science, 1191; Analytical Mag., 1212; 
anthracite eoal ; first steam ferry ; banks 
suspend, 1213 ; Tract Soc. org., 1251 ; 
Sunday and Adult School Union est., 
1263, 1443 ; anthracite coal sold, 1293 ; 
MercantileLibraryAsso.fnd.;71/wsewmof 
Foreign Literature, 1311; Queen's ware 
intro. ,1321 ; Am.Quar. Rcri< />-, 1351 ; Fair- 
mount water worksest., 1353; Meth.Prot. 
Ch. fmd., 1363 ; mint completed, 1373; 
The Cent issued, 1391 ; free-trade conven. 
opens, 1392 ; connection with Pittsburg, 
1393 ; cholera, 1413, 1673 ; R. R. to Har- 
risburg, to Germantown, 1413 ; Am. 
Anti-Slavery Soc.org. ; Nat. Temp. Soc. 
org.; Whig barbecue, 143 1 ; teeth mnf. 
from minerals, 1441 j anti-abolition riot, • 
1451, 1461, 1491, 1511, 1571; iron tubing 
and fittings mnf., 1461; Public Ledger, 
1463; Laurel Hill semetery established ; 
lighted by gas, 1473 ; Gentleman's Mag- 
azine 1491; u. S. Bank suspends, 1493; 
High School observatory erected, 1501; 
U. S. bank fails, 1513, 1553 ; Wm. J. 
Florence appears, 1521 ; Philharmonic 
Soc. gives concert, 1541; Gen. Conven. 
P. E., 1582; Girard Coll. opd,, 1632; Sons 
of Am. org. ; Sin/leer's Am. Register ap- 
pears, 1632 ; Whig Nat. Conven. meets, 
1651; fire, 1673, 2433, 3173, 3212, 3833, 
3893, 4073 ; Woodlands Cemetery est., 
1712; galvanized iron intro., 172*; Presb. 
Qitar. Review; St. Joseph's Coll. org., 
1723; Nat. theater burned, 1753; tornado, 
1781; Masonic Hall built, 1783; Fair- 
mount, 1793 ; Rep. Nat. Conven. meets, 
1803; drowning, 1813; A.I>. 1860+ ; Jap- 
anese embassy ree'd, 1871 ; troops leave 
for Wash. ,1941 ; soldiers' refreshment sa- 
loon opd., 1971 ; Am. Party Nat. Conven., 
1792; ChriBt Church Hospital, 201'; 
New Ironsides completed, 2171; Union 
League Club fnd., 2172; Chestnut St. 
theater opd., 219 1 ; Sympathy Conven., 
2233; La Salle Coll. org. at, 2252 • Even- 
ing Telegraph, 2292; Sanitary Fair opd., 
2352 ; Nat. Bank org., 2373 ; Savannah 
relief fund, 2423 ; Lincoln obsequies. 
2473 ; Fenians meet, 2483 ; Saturday 
Night, 250 3 ; Antoine Probst executed ; 
Evening Star; Public Ledger, ,2522; Nat. 
Union Conven. of Conservatives opens, 
2533 ; Conven. of Loyalists opens, 255 2 ; 
Americus Club org., '2562 ; Meth. Home 
for Aged opd., 2563 ; explosion in saw- 
mill, 2573 ; Am. Theater burned; Am. 
Naturalist Magazine ; Baptist Quarterly 
Review appears, 2583 ; new courthouse 
opd., 2613 ; presents League Island to 
gov't, 2621; Lippincott's Magazine, 2623; 
monument to Washington and Lafay- 
ette, 266i ; Nat. Labor Conven. meets, 
2663 ; Chamber of Commerce dedicated, 



Phil-Phil. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDil».X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1371 



2673, 2733; Knights of Labor org., 2691 ; 
exhibition of sand-blast, 2721 ; Public 
Record ,2702; Volunteer FireDept. abol- 
ished, 2723 ; Centennial Exhibition Act, 
2732 ; paid fire department org., 2733 ; 
Presb. Hospital est., 2742; smallpox epi- 
demic, 2753 ; Orpheus Soc. org., 2701 ; 
Public Building begun, 2761, 2S*i; Cen- 
tennial Commission org., 2773 ; Lincoln 
monument, 27S' ; Masonic Temple ded., 
2821 ? 2841 ; Girard Avenue Bridge com- 
pleted, 284i ; Produce Exchange org. ; 
Charley Ross stolen, 2S43; Cecilian Soc. 
org., 2872 ; Moody and Sankey meetings, 
2882; Dailtf Cut); Dailif Tiim-s issued; 
Penn. Club org., 2883; Market St. Bridge 
burns, 2893 ; museum aud school incor- 
porated ; Acad, of Nat. Science opd. ; 
School of Industrial Art est., 290 1 ; R. C. 
dioceae erected, 2902 ; R. C. archiepisco- 
pal see, 2902; centennial year eel., 2911, 
2923; Centennial Exhibition opd.,290i, 
2913,2933; Am. Oath. Qnnrterh,; Spelling 
Reform Asso. org., 2922; Normal School 
opd., 2923 ; Bapt. Orphanage fnd., 2943; 
Jefferson Medical College opd., 2962; 
storm, 2981 ; Soc. for Organizing Charity 
fmd., 299*; telephone exchange opd., 
3001; A.D. 1880+; News issued, 3031; 
Committee of One Hundred org., 3043 ; 
Golden Days issued, 3063 ; Medico-Chi- 
rurgical Coll. opens, 308 3 ; electric lights 
intro., 3093 ; centennial of settlement, 
3113; Ladies* Home Journal, 3143 • Wm. 
Penn's cottage rebuilt, 3153 ; carpet- 
weavers strike, 319 1 ; Meth. Epis. Hos- 
pital est., 3203 ; Reform Charter by Bul- 
lett Act, 3233 ; Nugent's Home fnd., 
3332; Centennial of signing Federal Con- 
stitution, 3J73 ; R. R. accident, 3313 ; 
church for deaf mutes cons., 3362; sugar 
refinery est., 34P 3 , 4033; Johnstown Re- 
lief Fund, 3522; Working Girls' Society 
Conven., 3563 ; Bank of Am. suspends, 
3573 ; Temple theater burned, 3253 ; 
Standard Oil Co. Trust, 3713 ; G-. W. 
Childs's birthday eel., 3832 ; Spring Gar- 
den Nat. Bank closes, 3833, 3351 ; Treas. 
Bardsley embezzlement, 385 1, 3871, 2; 
Kennedy embezzlement, 3851; Lord 
Hawkes's Cricket Team, 3923 ; Conven. 
Coll. presidents and professors ; Drexel 
Inst, ded., 3961 ; Nat. Acad, expedition, 
40t)i; Anna P. Wilsbach's will, 4022; 
remains of C. W. Riggin honored, 4121 ; 
robbery,4163; city wells filled, 4173; r.r. 
collision, 4173, 4253, 4753 ; Social Guar- 
dians assignment, 4173 ; electric cars 
intro. ; police census, 4193 ; Peterson's 
Magazine fnd., 4202; trolley system in- 
tro. ,4293; garment-workers strike, 4323; 
Drexel Art Gallery endowment, 4341; 
Emma Goldman arrested, 4362; Liberty 
Bell returned, 4432; Conf. on Good City 
Gov't, 4502; Barney Sacks, suicide, 4583; 
World's Fair Educational Exhibits se- 
cured, 4602; Order of Tonti assignment, 
4613; Orangemen attacked, 4643; Naval 
Reserve training, 4G8i ; Cornstock causes 
arrests, 4691 ; Adm. Benham's reception, 
4721 ; McClellan statue, 474i ; fraudulent 
Life Insurance scheme, 475 1 . 

Philadelphia, Tenn., action at, 227*. 

and Erie R. R. opened, 2393. 

Philsetus flourishes, 6523t 

Philamount, Virginia, action at, 2143. 

Philander Smith College fnd., 2962. 

Philanthropic Cong, at Brussels, 544*. 

Society established, 9251 . 

Philemon, Epistle to, written, 1153'. 

Philetserus, art patron, 11482 ; fnds. king- 
dom Pergamus ; reigns, 11491 , 

Philharmonic Society est., 9362 ; new so- 
ciety established, 9582. 

Philibert de Chalons, stadholder, 10992. 

Philidor, chess-player, wins, 9242, 

Philillovich, Joseph, 5322. 

Philip I., K. Castile, Aust., b.-d., 11263 ; 
marriage, 5093; regent, 5412j co-rulei in 
Castile, 11273; d., 5082. 

I., Fr., b.-d., 6683, at war with Robert, 

6681 , excommunicatea ; in monastery; 
church revenue for vices, 6683, 6692 ; 
reigns; deserts queen ; elopes with Ber- 
trande. 6692; d., 6693. 

II. Augustus, Fr., b.-d., 6702 : attacks 

Normandy ; at war with King John ; 
invades Normandy, 6701 ; banishes Jews ; 
excommunicated ; in third crusade, 6703 ; 



marries Ingeburge, 6712 j divorces her, 
6353 ; reigns, 6712 ; war on Eng. ; mar- 
ries Agnes de Meranie ; seizes Touraine ; 
d., 6713. 

Philip III., Fr., b.-d., 6722; patent of nobil- 
ity, 6731 ; reign6 ; d., 6732. 

IV., Fr., b.-d., 6722 against money 

lenders, 6731 ; marries; reigns, 6732; seizes 
pope; burns "Ausculto Fili" ; excom- 
municated, 6733 ; d., 6723. 

V., Fr., b.-d., 6722 ; reigns. 6733. 

VI., Fr., b.-d., 6722 ; atCrecy; at Cas- 

sel, 6741 • reigns ; d., 6751 . 

(Philippe), joint king, 6693. 

, It., killed in Verona, 10661. 

(Marcus Julius Philippus), reigns ; 

army revolts, 10671 ; Christianized, 10662; 
restores secular games in Rome, 10671 . 

I. reigns in Macedonia, 1015 3 . 

II., of Macedon, b.-d., 10231; se izes 

Pydnaand Potidrea ; conquers P:eonians 
and lllyrians ; takes Amphipolis, 10223 ; 
reigns, 10233 ; captures Olynthus ; con- 
quests ; war with Athens ; ends Sacred 
Wars; in Illyria, 10241; chosen leader, 
enlarges kingdom; in Macedonian coun- 
cil ; peace withAthenians; destroys cities 
of Phocis ; war against ; in Byzantium 
campaign ; league against ; takes terri- 
tory from Sparta ; grant to Athens ; de- 
signs of; assassinated, 10252. 

IV., of Macedon, reigns ; d., 10271 . 

V., of Macedon, b.-d., 10263; war with 

Rhodians ; war with Rome ; inElis ; sur- 
prised by Valerius, 10262 ; aids Achaean 
League ; reigns ; treaty with Hannibal 
against Rome ; treaty with Antiochus ; 
in Achaean League ; deserted by League ; 
Thrace ceded to ; peace with Romans ; 
abandons cities ; war indemnity, 10273 ; 
repulsed at Athens ; driven from Greece; 
resigns ; possessions, 10543. 

V., the Long; reigns Navarre, 11273. 

1., Sp., b.-d., 11263 ; reigns ; d., 11273. 

II., Sp., king; b.-d, 11282; reigns, 

5411 , 2, H293 ; usnrps crown, 5533 ; ex- 
tols massacre of St. Bartholomew, 6843; 
thrones ceded to, 7932 ; i n Eng., 8713, 
8732; commands Armada, 8761; marries 
Mary of Eng., 11293 ; erects Escurial, 
11281; persecutes, 11291; enforces de- 
crees; 10983- K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; 
est. Inquisition, lo:i83 ; to suppress Prot- 
estantism, 10983, 11291 ; succeeds father, 
10992; conquers Port., 11101,2, 11293 ; 

III., Sp., b.-d., 11282; reigns, 5413, 

11292 ; K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; cedes 
Neth. to Albert of Aust., 10993. 

IV., Sp., king; b.-d., 11283; reigns, 

5413; expels Fr., 6881 ; seizes pope, 10763; 
K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; reigns in Sp. 
and Portugal, 11102, 11293. 
V., Sp., b.-d., 11283 ; claims Aust. in- 
heritance, 515 2 ; heir of Sp.; reigns, 6953, 
11281 , 11293 ; possessions in Neth., 6953; 
at Saragossa, 6962 ; dethroned, 6972 ; re- 
enthroned, 6973; enters Madrid, 904 1 ; 
K. of Two Sicilies, 10793 ; resigns, 11293. 

, reigns in Sweden, 11333. 

, Indian chief, war, 441 . 

the Arabian, reigns in Rome, 10293 ; 

coregent murdered, 10671 . 

of Burgundy, regent of Fr.; d., 6772. 

the Disciple, in Samaria, 11523. 

" the Good," of Burg., enriches and 

corrupts church, 10983 ; reigns ; annexes 
Holl. ; summons states general, 10992. 

of Hesse, prisoner, 7901 . 

the Handsome, Count, rules Neth., 

10992 ; marries, 10991 . 

, Count of Flanders, marries, 5451 . 

of Hohenstaufen, K., 7792, a. 

of Nassau, at Lucca, 7821 . 

the Tetrarch, rebuilds CsesareaPhi- 

lippi, 11512 ; dominion of, 11513. 

, Due d'Orleans, b. , 6883 ; regent, 6973 ; 

d., 6943 

II., Due d'Orleans, b., 6922; d., 6982. 

, Ct. of Schauruburg-Lippe, 7972. 

, D. of Swabia, b.-d., 7782 ; K., 7792. 

, E. of Chesterfield, lord-lieut, 9113. 

, Charles, minister, 9592. 

, John W., capt. U. S. N., 336i . 

, Thomas, lord-lieut., 9512. 

, F., resigns treasury, 1911 . 

Philiphaugh, Scot., battle of, 8861 . 
Phifippi fnd., 10233 ; battle of, 10281 . 

, W. Va., action at, 1961. 

Philippians, Epistle to, written, 11531 . 



Philippicus (Bardanes), reigns, 10331 ■ as- 
sassinated, 10323. 

Philippine Islands : 1520, Aug. 7. A Span- 
ish expedition ol three ships under Ma- 
gellan reaches Cebu ; it has already 
dis. Mindanao. 1521, Apr. 25. Magellan 
is mortally wounded in askinnish. [Apr. 
27. Dies.] 1565, Apr. 27. A Spanish expe- 
dition under Miguel Lopez de Legaspi, 
having 400 men, including six Augustine 
monks, arrives at Cebu. 1570. Spaniards 
under Salcedo land near [Manila] ; the 
natives enter a treaty, and agree to sur- 
render their independence and pay trib- 
ute. [Batangas, Mindoro, and Panay 
are soon subdued.] 1610. Serious earth- 
quake. [1010, 1645, 1658, 1675, 1699, 1796, 
1852, 1863 (400 people killed!, 1830, others.] 
1622. Natives revolt against the tyr- 
anny of Churcb and State. [1629 ; other 
revolts, 1649, 1660, 1744, 1825, 1827, 1844] 
1761, Sept. 22. Brit, under Adm. Cor- 
nish and Gen. Draper bombard Manila, 
916i. [It falls.] 1765, Feb. 10. Peace of 
Paris ; it provides for the restoration of 
Manila to Spain. 1779. Jesuits expelled. 
[1852. They return.] 1872. Formidable 
rebellion at Cavity. [1896. Another re- 
bellion.] 1898, May 1. Com. Dewey de- 
stroys Sp. fleet at Manila. Islands ceded 
to U. S. by Sp. ; Aguinaldo attacks Ams. 
at Manila. Gen. Otis's campaign against 
revolting Tagals follows. 

Philippopolis, Rumelia, fnd., 10252 • mis- 
sion, 5653 ; meeting held, 5663 ; Alex, 
arrives, 5673 ; Ferdinand welcomed, 569 1 ; 
captured, 11642 ; revolution, 11593. 

Philippoteaux, Henri Emanuel Felix, b., 
7222 ; d., 7541 . 

Philippsburg, Ger.. surrenders, 6981; 
taken, 796 1, 7981. 

Philips, Ambrose, b. (1670+) ; d., 9122. 

, Gen., gov. N. S., 5752. 

, John, b., 8942; d., 9022. 

, Sir Robert, imprisoned, 8813. 

, Samuel, b.,683; d., 1102. 

, William, b., 9191. 

I'liilipstown, Ire., fnd., 8732. 

Philistia, tribute to Assyria, 1145 1 . 

Philistines arise, Ger., 8152. 

Phillbroke, Mary, rejected, 4622. 

Phillimore, Sir Robert Joseph, b. (1810); 
judge-adv.-gen., 9772 ; d. (1885). 

Phillip, Capt. Arthur, settlement, Aus- 
tralia, 4943 ; gov. ; resigns, 4951 . 

, Ct. d'Evreux, reigns in Navarre, 11273 . 

Phillips, Beniamin Samuel, lord mayor, 
9691 ; visits Belgium, 5451 . 

, Adelaide, b., 1421 ; appears, 1781 ; d., 

3102. 

, Ambrose, b., 8922. 

, C, cons, bp., 10102. 

, George S., d., 3341 . 

, John, b.,582; d., 1061. 

, , b., 9302 ; d. (1874) 

, Judge, Kan., injunction, 3643. 

, Miss, at Peace Jubilee, 2661 . 

, Philip, b., 1422. 

, T., fire-annihilator inv., 9542. 

, Thos. W.,b., 1442; pres. conven., 3742. 

, Watts, b., 9442 ; d. (1874). 

, Wendell, b., 1163 ; antislavery advo- 
cate, 1491 ; nom. for gov., 2713 ; d.,3162, 

, Wm., b. (1731) ; gen. at Petersburg, 

941 ; d. (1781). 

, Wirt, moderator, 1462 ; d., 2452. 

Phillipsburgh, Mo., R. R. wreck, 4173. 

, N. J., Bessemer process nmf., 1801; 

silk-workers attack, 4503, 

Phillpotts, Henry, b. (1777 or 1778); elected 
bp.,9423; d. (1869). 

Philo Judseus, b.-d., 11502. 

, Publius, laws of, 10532. 

Philobiblon Society instituted, 9583. 

Philological Asso., Am., 3431 , 3622, 3862. 

Soc.,inst.,932? ; useof Volapuk,9963. 

Philologists, Cong, of, opens in Phila., 4781 . 

Philomath, College, Ore., org., 2623. 

Philomel, Muscat, 4881. 

Philomela, asteroid, discovered, 3001 . 

Philomelus in Sacred War, 10241 . 

Philo Parsons seized, 5813. 

Philopcemen, b.-d., 10263 ; invades Elis ; 
at Man tinea, 10262 ; gen. Achrean League; 
abrogates Lycurgus laws ; Philip V. re- 
ceives, 10273 ; defeated; executed, 10263. 

Philosophia. asteroid, discovered, 7521- 

Philosophical lamp constructed, 812 1 . 

Magazine issued, 929 1 . 



1372 



Text Figures denote Page. INDl^yv. Superior Figures indicate Coiim 



Phil-Pine. 



Philosophical, Soc, Am., fnd., 651, 67'; 
publications, 761 ; anniversary, 1541. 

, G. B., 9221, 9382, 9391, 9503. 

of Aus., fnd., 4941 . 

Transactions issued, 891 1 . 

Philosophy, Am. Inst. Christian, 3642, 410*. 

revives, Arabia, 4862. 

, school of, Gr., 10163. 

Philostratus, b.-d., 10283. 
Phi lotus killed, 1025'. 
Philpot, John, clergyman, 8703. 
Philpott, Henry, bp., 9583 ; d., 10062. 
Phineas, high-priest, 11411 ; kills, 11412. 
Phinney, Ellen J., pres. Union, 3943. 
Phipps, Sir Constantine, lord chanc, 9052. 
, Constantino Henry, Marq. of Nor- 
mandy, b., 9283 ; d. (1863). 

, John, Barn n M ulgrave, b., 9103; N.W. 

passage, 9182 ; d., 9262. 

Phips, Spencer, gov. Mass., 672, 713. 

, Sir William, b., 38i ; at Port Royal ; 

at Quebec ; fleet wrecked, 501 ; erects 
Fort William Henry, 521 , 1692; gov. 
Mass., 532; d., 522. 

Plwcma, asteroid, discovered. 7321. 

Phocas, emperor, b.-d. ,10303; reigns, 10313; 
killed, 10302. 

Phocion, b.-d., 10231 ; forces Philip to 
raise siege, 10241; executed, 10253. 

Pluebe captures Essex, 1221 . 

Phrebidas in Thebes, 10222. 

Phcecus, inv. statue casting, 10142. 

Phiedra, asteroid, discovered, 2961. 

Pli'cnix makes first trip, 1141. 

burns, 1633. 

Clubs formed, 9631 . 

Park assassins betrayed ; trials, 991 1 . 

Phenixville, Pa., bone-cave dis., 2721. 

Phonetic Society formed, 9521 . 

Phonograph projected, 9121; announced, 
2961 ; improved by Bidwell, 3021 ; inv. 
by T. A. Edison, 3281 ; improved, 3301 ; 
adapted to water-motor, 3741 . 

Phonography suggested, 763, 9122. 

Phoroneus, king, intro. sacrifices, 10131. 

Phosphor-bronze, invented, 5441. 

Phosphorus discovered, 7962. 

Pkosporus, newspaper, issued, 11362. 

Photms, b., 10322; patriarch; deposed; 
restored; writings; d., 10323. 

Photogalvanography, specimens of, 7241 . 

Photoglyphic engraving process, 9621. 

Photograph, negative, multiplying, 9501. 

Photographers, amateurs meet, 3723. 

Association meets, 3662, 3882, 5883. 

Photographic Society est., 9582. 

Photographs, produced, 9302; made on pa- 
per, 9481 ; ignited magnesium used, 968 1 . 

Photography, ammonia" used in, 2171 ; sub- 
carbonate of soda, 9332; collodion pro- 
cess dis., 9562; tannin process, 9642. 

Photoheliograph used, 2701 ; erected, 9621 . 

Photo-lithography introduced, 1861. 

Photophone invented, 2982. 

Phraates restores Roman prisoners, 10603. 

Phra Naret, in Ayuthia ; in Pegu, 11241 . 

Phraortes, subdued, 11442; reigns; k., 11453. 

Phrenology, lectures, Aust.-Hung., 519i . 

Phthia, asteroid, discovered, 2981 . 

Phylloxera Cong, at Bordeaux, 7521; 
checked, 7553 ; affects grape-vines, 11113. 

Phyrnon, commander ; killed, 10161. 

Physic gardens, first planted, 8721 . 

Physical Society org., London, 9781 . 

Physician, first royal, Eug., 849 2 . 

Physicians exempted as jurors, 8662. 

and Surgeons, Am., Cong., 3923, 4601. 

, College, opens, 3223. 

Physick, Philip Syng, b. (17681 ; d., 1482. 

Phythian, Robert L., commodore, 4561. 

Piacenza, It., battle at, 7001 ; Cathedral 
of San Sisto cons.; church council, 10743; 
under Scotti ; Univ. of Pavia est., 10752, 
10772; united with States of Church, 
10S13; ceded to Sp., 10852; given to 
Maria Louisa, 10871. 

Piankhi conquers Egv., 6501 ; reigns, 6511 . 

Piano first made in England. 9161 ; model 
of, 7982 ; inv., 10822 ; standard pitch, 
3921; cabinet, patented, 9342. 

Pianori, attempts assassination, 7331. 

Piastus, Duke of Poland, 11132. 

Piatt, Donn, b., 1362- Gen. George H. 
Thomas, 4482; d., 3941. 

, John James, b. (1835) ; work, 2771 . 

.Mrs.(S.M.Bryan>,b.ll836>;Poe»!s,277i. 

Piau, effects of lightning, 5341 . 

Piazzi, Giuseppe, b., 10842; discovers 
planet, 10841 ; d., 10862. 



Picard, Jean, b., 6862; measures earth, 
6922; d., 6923. 

, Louis Benoit, b., 7042; d., 7243. 

, Joseph Ernest, b., 7241; minis- 
ter, 7412, 7451; defense com., 7433; im- 
peached, 7452; d., 7502. 

Picardy, Fr., invaded, 6881 ; war in, 6901 . 

Picart, Bernard, b., 6922; d., 6983. 

, Claude, missionary, 362. 

Piccini, Niccolo, b.; La Luona Figliuola, 
10841 ; d., 1084». 

Piccolomini, Ales., b. (1550+) ; d., 10811 . 

, royal adviser, 7853. 

, Maria, b (1836) ; in N. T., 1841 . 

, Ottavio, Gen., b., 5102; at Leipsic, 

7961 ; d., 5123. 

Picenum, It., Rome conquers, 10522; Han- 
nibal occupies, 10541 . 

Pichegru, Charles, b., 7023; at Turgoing ; 
in Belgium, 710 1; at Mannheim, 710 2 ; 
transported, 7132 ; arrested, 7153 ; defeats 
Aust., 8061; conquers Neth., 11002; 
strangled, 7153. 

Piehineha, Mount Equa. battle on, 6431 . 

Pichler, Madame (Caroline von Greiner), 
b., 8031 ; d., 8162. 

Piekawillanv, U., post destroyed, 681. 

Pickens, Col. Andrew, b.,642; in Ga.,901, 
943 ; fights Tories, 931 , in Cherokee 
country, 943; gov. S. C, 1252; d., 1262. 

, Francis W., b., 1141 ; gov. S. C, 1892, 

1903; on paving debts, 1971 ; d., 2641 . 

, Israel, b. (1780) ; gov., 1293; d., 1342. 

Pickering, Charles, b. (1805) ; d., 2982. 

, John, b., 891 ; d., 1602. 

, Tim., b., 662; sec. state, 1072; d., 1362. 

William, gov. Washington, 2032. 

Pickersgill, Frederick Richard, b., 9402. 

, Lieut., in Arctic regions, 5762. 

Pickett, Geo. Edward, b., 1322; ;l t Gettys- 
burg, 2241 ; at New Berne, 2301 ; drives 
Sheridan back ; at Five Forks, 2-143; 
presented flag, 3401 ; d., 2881 . 

Picking, Henry F., captain U. S. N., 3341 . 

Pickler, John A., b., 1562. 

, Henry L., d., 2191 . 

Pico, Giovanni, Ct.of Miiandola,b.-d.,1783. 

, Pio, gov. Cal., 1412, 1611 ; d., 4701 . ' 

I'icot, Georges Marie Kene, b., 7282. 

Picou, Henri Pierre, b., 7242. 

Pictou, N. S., Standard issued, 5811. 

Picts settle in Scot., 8393 ; invade Brit., 
7693, 8401, 8412. 

Pidjam, Kashgarians expelled, 6221 . 

Piedmont, It.,Fr. dei'eated,. r >14' ; Fr. enter, 
5241; annexed to Fr., 7153; dispute, 7913; 
acquired, 10793; Sardinia gets, 10871 . 

, Va., Confederates defeated, 2342. 

Piedmontaise surrenders, 9341. 

Piepowder Court, Eng., 8652. 

Pierce, Aratus F., trial ; acquitted, 2772. 

, Bunj., b. (1757) ; gov., 1353; d. (1839). 

, Franklin, b., 1122; M. C, 1412; mar- 
ries ; signs Delavan declaration, 1451 ; 
nom. for pres., 1711; vote, 1712, 1732; 
inaugurated, 1732; opens Crystal Palace ; 
inaug. Washington Aqueduct, 1733; signs 
Kansas-Nebraska Bill ; vetoes Miss l>ix 
Bill, 1751 ; receives Father Vijil ; recog- 
nizes proslavery legislature, 179 2 ; recog- 
nizes filibuster Walker; again candi- 
date, 1803; speech at Concord, 2252; 
monetary proclamation, 6331; d., 2681 

, Brig.^Gen., at Big Bethel, Va., 1961 . 

, Capt. Geo., wins rifle prize, 9741 . 

, Foster, b., 1163; eons, bp., 1762; 

d. (1884). 

, Gilbert A., inaug. gov. Dak., 3193. 

, Henry Niles, b. (1820) ; bishop, 2683. 

, John, land patent, 303, 311 . 

, Mr., Almanac, 343, 351. 

• Christian College, Cal., org., 2763. 

City College, Mo., founded, 3063. 

Piercy, Mr., mission at Canton, 6191 . 
Pierola, Nicolas de, b., 11082; flees, 6063; 

leader at Sorota, 11081 

Pierpont, Francis H.,gov. W. Va., 1923, 
2033, 2413, 2473. 

, John, b., 962; d., 2521 . 

Pierre, S. Dak., first legislature org.,3472; 
capital city, 3473. 

University, S. Dak., org., 3143. 

Pierrepont, Edwards, b., 1262 ; minister, 
toG. B.,2913 ; d., 4021. 

Pierretta, asteroid, discovered, 7601. 

Pierrot, president of Haiti, 10402. 

Pierson, Abraham, b. (1648) ; among In- 
dians, 403; est. church in Newark, 422 ; 
rector of Yale College, 543 ; d. (1707). 



Pierson, Henry R., d., 3501 . 
1'ieta Station, Cal., stage robberies, 4723. 
Piete, Monts de, regulated by law, 7303. 
Pietermaritzburg, Natal, reinforcements 

arrive, 6002 ; mission, 5983, 5991 , 9722. 
Pietists founded, 7983. 
Pietro I., independence est., 1097 2 . 

II., rules, 10972. 

-, St., da Verona, murdered, 10773. 

Pigalle, Jean Baptiste, b., 6963 ; d., 7001 . 
Pigault-Lebrun, Charles Antoine Guil- 

laume, b., 7011; d., 7262. 
Pigeon Bill, Indian desperado, 4223. 
Pigeon shooting prohibited, 9932. 
Pignerol (or Pinerol), It., fortress of, 688' . 
1'ignotti, Lorenzo, b., 10842 ; d., 10851. 
Pigott, Lord, governor, 10453. 

.Richard, punished for libel, 9711; 

forger; suicide of, 10003. 
Pigtail, Chinese adopt, 6151. 
Pig Tin Bill, passes Senate, 4252. 
Pike, Albert, Gen., b., 1162 ; assaults 
York, 1202; at Pete Ridge, 2042; d., 3801 . 

College (non-sect.), Bowling Green, 

Mo., organized (1881). 

, Mary Hayden Green, b., 1342. 

, Zeb. Montgomery, b., 912; d., 1211 . 

Pike's Peak sighted, 1561 ; gold dis., 1841 , 

R. R. completed, 3713; Inclined Railway 

3873 ; forest reserve, 4013 ; snow, 4601 . 

Piketon, Ivy., Confederates defeated, 2002; 

action at, 2151 . 
Pilate, Pontius, procurator, 11513 ; gives 
up Jesus of Nazareth, 10623 ; d., 10622. 
Pilcamai/o joins insurgents, 608 2 . 
Pile, Wm. A., b. (1829) ; gov. N. Mex., 2693. 
Piles, Roger de, b., 6882; d., 6963. 
Pilgrim Fathers' monument, Mass., 3422. 

, United Order statistics, 3422. 

Pilgrimage of Grace insurrection,868i, 2, 3. 
I'ilgrimage to Parnassus acted, 8771. 
Pilgrimages, popular, Fr., 7482. 
Pilgrims, "Am., to Home. 2S42, 3362. 

in New England. (See text, p. 29+.) 

quarantined, 4K..X3, 7622. 

Pilgrim's Progress in Portuguese, 11101. 
Pilitz, Karl von, Gennanicus, 8281 . 
Pilkington, Sheriff, trial of, 8971 . 
Pillnitz. Ger., rulers meet, 5192 ; declara- 
tion of, 7091 ; treaty of, 8053. 
Pillory, set up, 531 ; abolished, 1111 ; rec- 
ognized, Eng., 8543, 873 
Pillow, Gen., at Chapultepec, 1622; occu- 
pies Columbus, 1982 ; at Ft. Donelson, 
2041; at Lafayette, 2351 . 

. Gideon Johnson, b. (1806) ; d., 2982. 

Pillsbury, Amos, b. (1805) ; d., 2821 . 

, Gilbert, d., 4201 . 

, John S., gov. Minn., 2951 ; gift, 3383. 

Pilmoor, Joseph, in Phila., 762; missionary, 

9191 ; d. (1821). 
Pilot Knob, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 23S2. 
Pilot)', Karl Theodor, b., 8123; d., 8321 . 
Pilsen, Bohemia, defeat at, 7941 ; collision 

with troops, 5331 ; explosion, 5381 , 3. 
Pinchback, Pinekney Benton Stewart, b. 
(18371 ; lieut.-gov. La., 2752 ; holds con- 
ven.,' 2791 ; nom. for Cong., for gov. La., 
2792; at Colored Men's Conven., 3523. 
Pinekney, Charles, b., 71i; governor S.C., 
1013, 1073, 1161 ; d. (1824). 

, Cotesworth, b., 662; treaty of 

San Lorenzo, 1071 ; minister to Fr., 1072, 
electoral vote, 1073 ; 1112, 1132, 1153 ; 
treaty with Great Brit., 1151 ; d., 1322. 

, Henry Laurens, b. (1749) ; memorials 

refused, 1471 ; d. (1863). 

, Thomas, b., 662 ; minister to Eng., 

1032 ; electoral vote, 1073 ; d., 1362. 
Pinckney's Island, action at, 2121 . 
Pindar, b.-d., 10162 ; Epinicia, 10171 ; 

house of. saved. 10241 , 10251 . 
Pindarees, war with, 10461 . 
Pine, Sir Benj. C. C, gov., 4982,3, 6012. 

Barren Creek, Ala., action at, 2442. 

Bluff, Ark., action at, 2271 ; supply 

train captured, 2321 . 

Grove Township, Pa., fire, 3833. 

Lake, N. Y., ice breaks, 3353. 

Mountain, Ga., Johnston evacuates, 

Gen. Polk k. ; Sherman occupies, 2342. 

Ridge, S. Dak., outbreak anticipated, 

3701 ; Gen. Miles at; Gen. Brook relieved; 

Indian outbreak ; officers appointed .as 

Indian agents ; Indians surrender, 3741 . 

Pineda, in Mississippi, 183. 

Pinel, Philippe, b., 7003 ; treats lunatics, 

7081 ; d., 7243. 
Pinerolo, pacification of, 8892. 



Pine-Plas. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDl^X. Superior Figures indicate Column, 



1373 



Pinetown, mission, 5983. 

Ping Quen, waterspout, 6241 . 

Pingree, Samuel Everett, b. (1832) ; gover- 
nor Vt., 3193. 

Pingti enthroned, 6113. 

Ping Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Ping-yang, mission, 6223; battle at, 6262 ; 
flooded, 10921. 

Pinillos, Juan, governor, 6303, 

Pinkerton, Allan, b. (1819) ; d., 3162. 

John, b., 9143 ; d., 9423. 

\ Rob. A., defeated, 4102 ; testifies ,419 2. 

system investigation, 4192. 

Pinkham, W. C, cons, bishop, 9962. 

Pinkie, battle of, 870 < . 

Pinkney, William, b., 74i ; atty. -general, 
1213; d., 1302. 

, , b. (1810) ; bishop, 2702; d. (1S83). 

Pino, Joaquin del, b. (1730+) ; governor 
Chile, 6053 ; d. (1804). 

Pins, mnf., Am., 1182 ( 1441 ; 8681 ; solid 
heads mnf., 150i ; inv., Fr., 7822 ; intro., 
Eng., 8681 ; mfd. by machinery, 942* . 

Pinsker, Simcha, b., 5191 ; d., 5262. 

Pinta, voyage ; at Teneriffe, 13 1. 

leaves Havana, 6343. 

Pintard, John, b. (1759) ; d., 1562. 

Pinto, Francisco, Anibal, pres., 607 1 ,2. 

, FernSo Mendez, b.-d., 11092; visits 

Japan, 10911. 

, Serpa. (See Serpa Pinto.) 

Pintos, Gen., governor Argentine, 4911 . 

Pinzo, Alonzo, false cry of land, 13*. 

Pinzon, Martin Alonzo, b.-d., 11263. 

, Vincente Yafiez, b.-d., 11263 ; dis- 
covers Brazil, 15 1 ; discoveries, 163. 

Piombo, Sebastiano del, b., 10783 ; paints 
Holy Family, 10801 ; d., 10S03. 

Pioneer launched, 10943. 

Pio Nono, R. C. Coll. org., Ga., 2922. 

— - Pico, governor Cal. 1412, 1611 . 

Piorry, Pierre Adolphe, b., 7102 ; d., 752i . 

Piozzi, Mrs. (Hester Lynch Salisbury, also 
Mrs. Thrale), b., 9103 ; d. (1821). 

Pipe-Roll Society founded, 992.3. 

Piracicaba, girls' school, 556 3 . 

Piracy, in West Indies, 1312 ; suppressed, 
China, 4821, 3; in Borneo, 5512 ; pun- 
ished, 551i, 2 ; suppresses Roman com- 
merce, 10591 ; in Tripoli, 11382. 

PiroBus, Gr., harbor 10181 ; fortifications, 
10183; seized, 10221; invaded, 10222. 

Pirates subsidized, Algiers, 91; famous, 
93 ; D. Porter, subdues, 1301 ; in S. C, 
581 ; in China, 6181 beheaded, 6251 ; dep- 
redations of ; atNicoya; sack Begasces, 
G302 ; at Tongking, 4321 , 7621 , 7661 ; war 
of, 10581; org. community, 10583; in 
Morocco, 10972 ; on board Jacob, 11331 . 

Pirie, John, lord mayor London, 9492. 

Pirkheimer, Willibald, work, 789=. 

Pirraasens, Bavaria, Fr. defeat, 7101 ,8061 . 

Pima, Saxony, battle of, 8021 . 

Pirogof, Nicholas, b., 11163; d., 11182. 

Piron, Alexis, b., 6942 ; Metromanie, 7012; 
d., 7042. 

Pirot, Servia, retreat to ; occupied, 5662. 

Pirua dynasty begins ; falls, ll 3 . 

Pisa, It.,fud., 10511 ; independent, 10733 ; 
cathedral begun ; war with Genoa, 
10741 ; campanile begun, 10742 ; impor- 
tant city,10752; enriched ; possesses Sar- 
dinia, 10753 ; war with Florence ; fleet 
destroyed, 10761 ; admits invaders, 17821 ; 
naval power declines ; charters univ., 
10772; besieged, 10781 ■ La Spienza com- 
menced, 10782; Council of, 5063, 78G3, 
10791 ; ruled by Florence ; subject to Vis- 
conti, 1079 2 ; independent, 10793; Univ. 
fnd., 1077 2 ; TJniv. revived, 10812; Council 
of, 10811; loses independence, 10813; 
treaty of, 6913 ; Giomale issued, 10852. 

Pisagua blockaded, 6062; bombarded,6062, 
6082 ; revolt, 608 1 ; naval engagement, 
occupied, 6082; cruelties, 6092. 

Pisan, Christine, de. (See Christine.) 

Pisander killed, 10222. 

Pisano, Andrea, b.-d., 10762. 

, Niccolo, b.-d., 10742. 

Pisaus conquers Corsica, 6661 . 

Piscataqua, N. J., Anabaptists at, 502. 

Pisistratue, b.-d., 10162 ; defeats Atheni- 
ans, 10161 ; fnds. library, 10163; rules; 3d 
tyranny, 10172; in Persian army, 1018 1 . 

Piski, battle at, 5221. 

Piso, Calpurnius Lucius, consul, 10592 ; 
conspiracy, 10633; gov. Syria, 1151 3 . 

Pistol, revolving, patented, 144i . 

PiBtols used, 8681. 



Pistoria, or Pistoia, It., action at, 1058 2 . 

Pitard, Jean, fraternity of surgeons, 6721 . 

Pitcairn, Archibald, b., 8882 ; d., 9042. 

Pitcairn's Island, mutiny at, 924' . 

Pitch for concert singing, London, 9721 ; 
piano standard, 3921 . 

Pitcher, Nathaniel, b. (1777) ; governor 
N. Y., 1372; d. (1836). 

Pitezel, Carrie, insurance fraud., 475 1 . 

Pithou, Pierre, b., 6803 ; d., 6842. 

Pitkin, Colo., ore discoveries, 412' . 

, Fred. Walker, b. (1837) ; gov., 3033. 

, John R. C, envoys, 3512. 

, Timothy, b., 741 ; d. (1847). 

Pitkins, William, governor Conn., 753. 

Pitman Sir Isaac, b., 9363. 

, John, commissioned major, 4561 . 

Pitra, Jean Baptiste, b., 7192 ; d., 7582. 

Pitt, William, b., 9022 , treas. fur lie., 9113 ; 
in Newcastle ministry, 713 ; dismissed, 
915 2 ; conquest of Can., 703; sec. state, 
915 a ; resigns ; pensioned ; wife's peer- 
age, 9153; created E. of Chatham ; prime 
minister, 9173; on Stamp Act, 752; con- 
ciliation motion, 79 3 ; commends colo- 
nists,81i,inParl.,83i ; last appear'e, 893. 

, , the younger, b., 9143; chancellor; 

L. admiralty ; reform motion defeated, 
9232; premier, 9233,9332; helps loyalists 
in Am., 1003; i n duel, 9272; resigns ; for 
repeal, 9312; d., 9323; statue, 944i . 

Pittacus, b.-d., 10142; one of Seven Sages, 
10163 ; reigns, 10161 ; overthrows Ma- 
lanchus, 10171 ; tyrant, 10172. 

Pittman's Ferry, Mo., action at, 2143. 

Pitt-Rivers, Gen., ancient weapons, 9961 . 

Pittsburg passes Island No. 10, 206 1. 

Pittsburg, Pa., named, 703; settled, 752 ; 
laid out, 973; p. Gazette, 99 1 , 1003; first 
Sunday-school fmd., 1163 , steamboat 
leaves for N.O., 1173; earthquake , roll- 
ing mill, 1182 ; Western Univ. of Pa. 
org., 1283 ; damask table linen mnf., 
136i ; connected with Phila., 1393 ; R.c. 
diocese est., 1563; Holy Cross Coll. fnd., 
1571 ; Alleghany Cemetery est., 159 3 ; 
fire, 1593,4213, 4353,4432; Evan. Luth. 
synod org., 1603 ; Free-Soil Party Con- 
ven., 1712; p. Female Coll. fnd., 1763; 
United Presb. Church of Am. fmd. ,1842; 
R. R. to Chicago, 1873; protected against 
Confederates, 2223; Soldiers' and Sailors' 
Conven., 225 2 ; Branch of Sanitary Com- 
mission org., 2292 ; Commercial Gazette, 
2412 ; Prot. Epis. diocese of, est., 2502 ; 
gen. synod Evan. Luth. org., 2543 ■ Ho- 
meopathic Hospital est., 2551 ; Nat. Con- 
ven. of Citizens, Soldiers, and Sailors, 
2552; p. Leader, 2722; flood, 2841, 2863; 
Sheridan's troops at, 2961 , great labor 
strike ; Nat. Stockman and Farmer, 
296 a ; order restored, 296 1 : strikers' 
riots, 2971; strike ties up railroad, 2973; 
Mozart Club org., 2981 ; Daily Times fnd., 
3023 ; strike, 3103 , 315 1 ; Free Meth. Conf . 
fmd., 3122; HolyGhost Rom. Cath. Coll. 
est., 3123; Press issued, 3143 ; Exposi- 
tion buildings burn, 3153 ; Union Vet- 
eran Legion org., 317i ; natural gas used, 
3181; R.C. school dedicated, 3362; land- 
slide, 338i ; Kate Drexel, a sister of 
Mercy, 33S3 3522 ; Commercial Gazette, 
2412 ; breweries controlled, 3433 • Car 
negie's free library, 3463, 3522, 3953; 
Sister Alphonse decision announced, 
3482 ; public library, 3522; public hos- 
pital bequeathed, 3523 ; boltmakers 
strike, 3551; street railway franchises, 
3553; gas well dis., 356i,368i; employ- 
ees federation unrecognized,3563; brake- 
men strike, 3611 ; iron-works shut down, 
3733; grip, 3813; Cambria Iron Co., stores 
sold,3873; carpentersstrike,387i ; oil-well 
opd., 3921 ; general strike, 3931 ; Butler 
oil-well burns, 3941 ; Senator Quay's libel 
suit, 3943, 4002 ; free library gift, 3983; 
Sunday newspaper selling, fines, 399 1; 
supt. police poisoned, 4043 ; strike set- 
tled, 4123 ; puddlers strike, 4142 ; raid 
on disorderly houses, 4183 ; gas explo- 
sion, 4213 ; plate-glass factories close, 
4352; iron-mills resume work,4373; "fire- 
bug," 4343; striking miners' trial, 4503; 
Wightman robbery, 463 1 ; G. A. R. en 
campment, 4703 ; Italian bankers ab- 
scond, 4711; car-lines consolidate, 4773 

Landing, Tenn., action at, 2042, 2061 ; 

Grant at, 205 1 ; Buell at, 206 1 ; Pope joins 
Halleck, 2063. 



Pittsburg and Western R. R. strike, 3763. 

Pittsfield, Mass., summer frost at, 1661 . 

Pittston, Pa., earthquake, 3321. 

Piturine extracted, 4981.' 

Pius I., St., biyhop at Home, 10623. 

II., b. (14051; pope, 10791 ; d. (1464). 

III., b.-d., 10783; pope, 10791. 

IV., b., 10791 ; journey to Vienna,517l ; 

pope, 10812; d., 10803. 

- — V., b., 10802; pope, 10812; d., 1081 1. 

VI., pope, b., 10831; enip. controls, 

5173; elected pope, 1085' ; prisoner of 
Fr., 7131,3 ; plea for church, 805 1 ; de- 
posed, 10851; d., 10843. 

— VII., b., 10842; pope, 1083; Fr. soldiers 
capture, 619 2 ; deposed, 7192; prisoner, 
7193; excommunicates Napoleon, 10851; 
reigns, 10851 ( 10863 ; reest. Inquisition ; 
restores Jesuits ; opposes Freemasons ; 
annuls innovations ; edict against Bible 
societies, 10863 ; d., 10862. 

VIII., b., 10842; pope, 10863; d., 10862. 

IX., b., 10843 ; pope, 10863 ; doctrine 

of Immaculate Conception ; est. hier- 
archy in Eng.; reforms religious bodies \ 
legislative power, 10S63; prohibits Vncle 
Tom's Cabin, 10871; reforms instituted, 
10872; power restored, 10873; against 
rebellious subjects, 1088 2 ; condemns 
Fenians ; in St. Peter's, 10883 ; issues 
Syllabus of Errors, 9663, 10883 ; jubilee 
eel., 10883; allocution against Fr. and 
Sardinia, 10891 ; sovereignty, 7382; ex- 
communicates subjects, 10891; refuses 
compromise, 10893 ; gift of relics, 3881 ; 
end of temporal power; jubilee, 10883; 
letter, 5283; d., 10882. 

Pixley, Annie, d., 1781. 

, Mr., obtains prize, 9621 . 

Pizarro, Hernando, d., 242. 

, Francisco, b.-d., 11263 ; in Panama, 

173 ; asks aid from Sp. ; capitulation 
with Sp. crown, 182 ; conquest of Peru, 
I82 + ; sent to Sp., 20i ; brothers confine- 
ment, 202; cruelty to natives* returns to 
Am., 212 ; in Lima ; submits, 232 ; boun- 
dary dispute, 605 1; executes Atahualpa, 
644i ; assassinated, 221 . 

, Gonzalo, in Ecu., 21 1 ; rebels, 23 1 ; 

commands Quito, 213; executed, 221. 

, Padre Juan, Indians kill, 6301. 

Pizigana, map of Atlantic, 121 . 

Place, C. P., cons, cardinal priest, 7382. 

Placentia [Piacenza], frontier fortress 
est., 10531 ; f n d., 10533 ; attacked, 10543 ; 
united with Milan, 10773; revolts, 10792; 
united with Parma, 10813; taken, 10841 ; 
a capital, 11031. 

Plaeeta, insurgents defeated, 6322. 

Placide, Henry, b. (1799) ; d., 2682. 

Placidia, Galla, b. (388 0; regent, 10711; 
marries Atawulf, 10713; d. (450+). 

Plafzburg eiiirenders, 7431 . 

Plague at Hong-Kong, 6273+; in Egy., 
6533, 6573; in Gr., 10313; in F r ., 68 92 ; in 
G. Brit., S413, 8593, 8613, 8653, 8673. 

Pbiguee, ten, 11403. 

Ptainfield, Ind., reform school opd., 2611. 

, N. J., railway accident, 3973. 

Plains, Pa., prize-rights stopped, 4062. 

of Abraham, battle of, 5743. 

Plaisted, Harris Merrill, b. (1828) ; gov. 
Me., 3093. 

Plaistow, Royal Victoria docks opd., 9602. 

J'lan of Iguala issued, 1095 2 . 

Planch^, James Robinson, b., 9283 ; d., 
9861. 

, Jean Baptiste G., b., 7171 ; d., 7322. 

Planck, Gottlieb Jakob, b., 8022; d., 8142. 

, Heinrich Ludwig. b., 8042; d., 8142. 

Plane charts used, 10781 . 

Planer, Johann Jacob, b., 8003; d., 8043. 

Planetarium constructed, 9322. 

Planetary orbits, stability proven, 7041 . 

Planets, minor. (See Asteroids.) 

Planing-machine,mtroduced;constructed, 
1361,9302,9421. 

Plankington, Elizabeth, gift, 3201 . 

Planquette, Robert, b., 7302. 

Plans of defense sold, Fr., 7631 . 

Plantagenet, John, D. of Bedford, b. 
(1389) ; regent ; d. (1435) ; statue, 9343. 

, Geoffry. (See Geoffrey.) 

, Henry, in Eng., 8511 . 

House reigns, 851 1 . 

, Rich., D. of York, b. (1377) ; d., 8641 .. 

Planter runs out of Charleston, 2072. 
Platinum tinder invented, 7822. 
Plass, Bohemia, fire at, 53S 3 . 



1374 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN DJl,A.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Plas-Poll. 



Plassey, Bengal, action at, 9141 , 

Plata, explorations, 4892. 

Plataea, Gr. T under Athens, 10173 ; battle 
of; destroyed, 101X2 ; attacked ; siege of, 
10201; rebuilt, 10233. 

Plate Act passes, Eng. ,9133; repealed,9213. 

Assay Office established, 9182. 

Glass Company established, 9182. 

prohibited in Eng., 9011 . 

Plateau, Joseph Antoine Ferdinand, b., 
5423; d.,5461. 

Platen, August, b. 1 1 700) ; works, 8132 ■ d. 
(1835).' 

Plato, b.-d., 10211; definition of virtue, 
10163; teachings of, 10211; flourishes, 
10212 ; f nds. aead.; composes dialogues, 
10231 ; mentions Atlantis, 112. 

Platon, Lefshin (Leffsehin), b.-d., 11143. 

Platonic theology extinct, 10163. 

Piatt, Carpenter^ gov. Mont., 3193. 

, Orville H., b., 1342 ; on Idaho admis- 
sion, 3491 ; on closure, 4391 . 

, Thomas Collier, b., 1421; removed 

from office, 34S3 ; senator ; resigns, 
3073. 

Platte City, Mo., action at, 2002. 

Co. Defense Asso. meets, 1743. 

, Anson R. Graves, cons, bp., 3502. 

Platte's Bridge Station, Indians at, 2481 . 

Platteville, Wis., normal school opd., 2543. 

Plattsburg, Mo., action at, 2002. 

, N. Y., northern army at, 1182 ; Brit. 

take, 1203; Brit, attack"; Macomb with- 
draws ; battle at, 1222 ; R. c. summer 
school, 4342, 4642. 

Plautus, Marcus Accius, b.-d., 10531; 
works of, 10552. 

Playfair, Baron, title created, 10083. 

, John, b., 9122; d., 9383. 

, Lyon, postmaster-gen., 9792. 

Playitas, Lopez invades", 6321. 

Plays in streets, 8541 ; religious, 8542. 

Pleasant Hill, La., Gen. Banks at ; Taylor 
repulsed, 231 1 . 

Pleasonton, Alfred, b., 1321 ; a t Shepherds- 
town, 2141; at Aldie; at Brandy Station, 
2223; at Middb-burg, 2231; at Gettys- 
burg, 2241 ; at Mine Creek. 238 1 . 

Pleasants, James, b., 76i ; gov. ,1313; d., 1462. 

Pleasantville.N.Y., wreck attempted, 3971 . 

Plebeian games instituted, 10531 . 

Plebeians, lands granted to ; in office, 
10511 ; position of, 10503. 

Pleiade, La, org. in Fr.; founders of, 6811 . 

Plessis, Joseph Octave, b., 5781; cons., 
5771 ; archbp., 57S2. 

Plevna, occupied, 5651 ,2; fighting; Osman 
Pasha at; siege of, 5652; supplies ; in- 
vested ; surrendered, 506 1 ; riots, 5682. 

Pleydelle-Bouverie, Edward, b., 10021. 

Pleyel, Ignaz, b., 8023; d., 8142. 

Plimsoll, Samuel, 1). (1824) ; work, 9783. 

Pliny (Caius Plinius Ciecilius Secundus), 
b.-d., 10(1^3; account of Christians, 1042; 
Nat. History, 10631; questor of Anda- 
lusia, 10633; is legate, 11533. 

Plitt, Gustav Leopold, b., 8143; d., 8301 . 

Plos taken bv Turks, 10781 . 

Plotinus, h., 6522; d. (270±). 

Ploug, Parmo Carl, d., 6421 . 

Plow used, 11402; cast iron intro., 1081; 
Invented, 6101 ; steam, 9481 , 9542. 

Plowden, Sir Edward, land grant, 351 f 2, 

Plucker, Julius, b., 8071 ; d., 8243. 

Plug Uglies rule Baltimore, 1832. 

Plum Creek, Neb., Indians attack, 2581 . 

Island for gov't purposes, 3873. 

Plumb, Preston It., I>.<1837); Free Coinage 
Silver Bill, 3731; d., 3961 , 3972. 

Plurner, William, b., 1102; gov . N.H., 1193, 
1252; d., 1681. 

, Swan, b. (1802) ; moderator O. S. 

Presb., 1502; d. (1880). 

Plunder, Charles, b., 6883; d., 6962. 

Plummer, John F., director, 3512. 

, Joseph B., b. (1822); d., 2111. 

, William, b., 722; d. (1850). 

Plurnptre, Edward Hayes, b., 9403 • d., 
10042. 

Plumstead, William, theater, 683. 

Plunket, Baron, title created, 9412. 

, David R., minister, 9933, 9953. 

, Oliver, b. (1630';); executed, 8953. 

, William Convngliam, baron, b.,9163; 

chancellor, 9152 <)473; d., 9583. 

Plunkett, Thomas Oliver W., d., 10021. 

, , cons, archbp., 9922. 

Plutarch, b.-d.,102.S3; TJres, 8751, 10291. 

Plutarch's Lives, translated, 8751. 



Plymore, Kan., gold discovered, 4021 . 

Plymouth ashore, K. I., 4633. 

Plymouth, Conn., clocks innfd. at, 104 f . 

, Eng., Pilgrims sail, 293 ; submarine 

boat tried, 918 2 ; breakwater begun, 9362; 
Brit. Asso. meet, 9482, 9741 ; Atlantic 
telegraph fleet sails, 9613; Albert viaduct 
opd.; 9622; Church Cong., 9742; Social 
Science Asso. meets, 9741 ; telephone ex- 
hibited^SJ 1 ; memorial of Armada,1004 1 . 

, Mass., John Carver, gov. ; Pilgrims 

land, 291; vessel built, 301; first mar- 
riage; treaty with Indians, 302; colony 
exports,303; cattle intro. ,31 2 ; company's 
interest purchased, 313 ; tolerance, 322; 
sachems' allegiance, 323; 3d land grant. 
332 ; Thos. Prince, gov., 333 ; Bradford, 
gov., 351,3; Gen. Fundamentals est, 
352 ; in New Eng. Confederacy, 373; In- 
dians attack, 462; Congreg. Church for 
-Unitarianism ; 110 3 ; Pilgrim Fathers 
monument, 3422. (See Mass.) 

, N. C, Federal expedition leaves, 

2101; Confederates defeated, 2122 ; Con- 
federates destroy, 216 2 ; Confederates 
attack Albemarle at, 2321, 2391; Con- 
federates capture, 232i ; Federals take, 
2392 ; State normal school opd., 3082. 

, N. H., normal school est., 2763. 

, Pa., accident, 3353, 4513; fire, 4753. 

Bay Conf., Unitarian org., 2562. 

Company chartered, 8792 ; send out 

ships, 27 2 ; reorganized, 293; sells, 313; 
surrenders charter, 352. 

Pneumatic Postal Tubes Bill intro., 3992. 

Despatch Co. suspends, 9813, 

Pniel, mission at, 11051. 
Po river inundations, 10893. 
Pocahontas, Ark., action at, 226*. 
, Miss., action at, 2283. 

saves Smith, 263 ; stolen; marries, 

283; Christianized, 282; goes to Eng., 
292; at Eng. court, 283; d.;262. 

Pocknell, Ley'thle .Shorthand, 9882. 
Pocock, Adm., commander, 722; defeats 

Fr. fleet, 7021, 9141. 

, Edward, h. (1604) ; d., 8982. 

Pococke, Richard, bp.; b., 9022; d., 9163. 
Pocomoke City, Md., fire, 4113. 
Pocotaligo.actioji at, 20S2, 2143, 2402, 2421. 
Podiebrad, George of, b.,506 2 ; aids Fred. 

IIL; conquests, 5081 ; pope threatens, 

5082; regent, 5091 • excommunicated ; 

offers crown; king, 5092; d.,5082. 
Podol, Bohemia, engagement at, 8241. 
Poe, Edgar Allan, b. (1809) ; works, 1371 , 

1491, 1523, 1571; d., 1662. 

, Orlando Metcalfe, b., 1402; col., 3301. 

Poema del Cid appears, 11271 . 

Poerio, uprising of, 10893. 

Poetic satire invented, 10563. 

Poey, Felipe, b., 1082; d., 6341. 

Poll, Sylvester, convicted of murder ,9903. 

Pogge, Paul, b. (1838); explorer, 10931 

d. (1884). 
Poggendorf, Johanu Christian, b., 8063 

d., 8282. 
Pogodin, Mikhail, b., 11162; works, 11183 

d., 11182. 
Pogson discovers planets, 9641 , 966 2 . 
Pohlman, John William, d., 6183. 
Poirtiers takes Wasp, 1182; in Del., 120'. 
Poincare, Kaymond, minister, 7652, 7672. 
Poindexter, George, b., 912 ; gov., 1273, 

1353; pres. senate, 1433; at Silver Creek, 

2021 ; at Compton's Ferry, 2103 ; d. (1853). 
Poinsett, Joel Roberts, b., 912; sec. war, 

1473; d. (1851). 
Point Levi, Can., Wolfe at, 703; posses- 
sion of, 5743. 

Lookout, Confederate sympathy,2472. 

Pleasant, Ark., levees give way,431 2 . 

, W. Va., battle, 781 , 2202. 

Solander, coal dis., 4941 . 

Poirier, murderer, executed, 7483. 
Poirters, Adriaen, Masquer, 11012. 
Poischwitz, Silesia, armistice of, 8101. 
Poisson, Simeon* Denis, b., 7051 ; d., 7282. 
Poissy Conference convened, 6823. 
Poitevin executed, 7463. 
Poitiers, Fr., battle of, 6741; univ. est., 

6763; peace of, 6843. 
Poitou, Fr., invaded, 6702; homage to 

Henry, 8533. 
Poklo mission, 6203. 

Pola, Istria, lire, 5341 ; action near, 10761 . 
Polana, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . 
Poland, aduchy, 11132; peace with Henry; 

tribute to Henry II., 7752; Ger., influ- 



ence in, 7781 ; invaded, 11141 ; Louis of 
Hung, king, 5072; killing of old men 
legalized, 1115 1 ; war with Rus., 11141; 
conquered, 7782, 11153; against Turk., 
10833; religious toleration, 11172; pesti- 
lence, 11173 ; falls, 11172 ; partition 
treaty, 5172, 8033, 8073, 11172; witches 
burned ; new constitution ; crown rev- 
enue sequestered, 11172; Russians in, 
11161, 11172; Diet opd., 11173; Pamiet- 
nilc Uarsztttrslci issued, 11171 ; insurrec- 
tions, 8171 , 11173, 11192; kingdom fmd.; 
reduced; blotted out, 1117 3 ; sovereigns 
meet, 8193; military conscription, 11181 ; 
manumission of serfs ; regulations for 
dress, 11191, amnesty in; agitation ar- 
rested; administrative council app., 
1119 2 ; church against army, 11182; con- 
fiscates church property , rupture with 
pope, 11183 ; amnesty, 11192 ; papal letter, 
11183; Powers intervene, 11192 nation- 
ality abolished ; secret provisional gov't, 
11192, 3 ; centenary of partition,, 11223 ; 
conspiracy for freedom, 11231 ; armistice 
with Sweden, 11353. 

Poland, John S., commissioned col., 3881 . 

, Luke Potter, b., 1242; d. (1887). 

Polar expedition; Dutch sails, 11021 . (See 
Arctic expedition.) 

Polaris sails; frozen in, 2741; survivors 
rescued, 2801. 

Polavieja, Gen., captain-gen., 6343. 

Polding, Bishop, arrives, 4942. 

Pole, Reginald, b.,866i; absolves clergy, 
8703; archbp. Canterbury, 8722; d.,872i. 

Polemon I. conquers Bosporus, 11501 ; 
rules Pontus, 11511 . 

II. reigns, 11532. ■ 

Poles, eel. anniversary, 3831 ; in Hung., 
5033; Soc. in Galicia, 5351 ; invade Ger., 

■ 7741 ; sold to Turks, 11151 ; j u Fr. army ; 
at Ostrolenka; rise, 11161 ; amnesty, 
11192 ; executed, 11163; patriotic, 11223. 

Polevoi, Nikolai, b., 11162; p e ter 1., 11171 ; 
d., 111S2. 

Polfontein mission, 11242. 

Polfrey, T. W.,d.,7582. 

Polhemus, John, d., 4781 . 

Policies of Assurances Act passes, 971 2 . 

Policy captures Essex, 120 2 . 

Polignac, Pr. Jules Auguste Armand 
Marie de, b., 7051 ; ministry, 7252 ; trial, 
7253 ; liberated, 7272 ; d., 7302. 

, Pr. Melchoir de, b., 6902 ; d. (1742). 

, Pr., at Yellow Bayou, 2331 . 

Polish exiles revolt in Siberia, 11193. 

Jews in Bremen, 8353, 

language interdicted, 11183, 11211. 

succession, 5151 ; war of, 6993. 

Politian, Angelo Ambrogini, b.-d., 10783; 
works, 10792. 

Political assessments forbidden, 2943. 

bitterness, 1573. 

disabilities removed, 2692, 2791. 

economy a science, 920 2 . 

prisoners pardoned, Fr., 7331 ( 7452. 

rights restored, 2711 . 

and Social Science, Acad, fnd., 3481 . 

Union formed, Eng., 9452. 

Politics, no purity in, lngalls, 3983, 

Poli til: at/ Historic issued, 11042. 

Politique f'rancaise en Tuiiise, La, appears, 
7602. 

Poliziano, same as Politian, A. A. 

Polk, James Knox, b.,1061 ; marries, 1331 ; 
M.C.,1332; signs Delavan's declaration, 
1451; Speaker, 1453, 1492; gov. Tenn., 
1512; vote for v. -pres., 1532; nom. for 
pres., 157 2 ; elected 1573; inaugurated, 
1592; W ar message, 161 1 ; vetoes Harbor 
Bill, 1612; offer for Cuba, 1652, 6331; 
d., 1662; widow pensioned, 3111. 

, Leonidas, b., 1122; cons. P. E. bp., 

1483; translated to La , 1542; commands 
Confed. dept., 19G2 ; occupies Ky., 1982; 
at Belmont, Mo., 2002; at Shiloh, 2061 ; 
at Murfreesboro, 2171 ; at Chickamauga, 
22G3; in Tenn., 2322; killed, 2342, 2351 . 

, Sarah Childress pensioned, 3111. 

, T. M., defalcation, 3131. 

, Trusten.b. (1811); gov., 1833; d.,2902. 

.William, d., 1442. 

, Mecklenburg, b. (1844); Leonidas 

Polk, 4783. 

Tariff modified, 1812. 

Polka dance intro., Aust., 5202; Eng., 9531. 

Polke, Elise, b., 8122. 

Pollard, Edward Albert, b., 1502; d., 2782. 

Pollio,Trebellius, J'»,7»,s'/a?i History, 10671 . 



Poll-Port. 



Text Figures denote Page- IlN Dli.X!. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1375 



Pollnitz, Karl Ludwig, b., 7982; d., 8041 . 

Pollock, Sir George, b.,9242; in Afghan, 
42,53; d. (1872). 

, James, b. (1810) ; gov., 1792; d. (1890). 

, Maj., wins rifle prize, 10021 . 

, Mrs., award, 4323. 

, Thomas, pres. N. C, 691 , 612. 

, Sir William Frederick, d., 9982. 

, W. G., robbed on train, 4182. 

Pollok, Robert, b., 9283; Course of Time, 
943'; d.,9423. 

Poll Tax, Eng., first, 8603,861'; granted 
king, 8633; assessment, ,8932, 9452; abol- 
ished in Bus., 11193, 11213. 

Polo, Marco, b.-d., 10762; traveler, 1076' ; 
in Japan, 1091' ; visits Kublai, 6143; in 
Tibet, 6153. 

Polotzk, Russia, battle at, 7182,3. 

Polotzki, Simeon, b.-d. ,11142; works, 1115' . 

Polowzes exterminated, 1114' . 

Poltimore, Baron, title created, 945' . 

Pol trot, John, shoots D. of Guise, 6833. 

Polwhele, Eichard, b. (1759+) ; Corn mill, 
933' ; a. (1838). 

Polworth, Baron, title created, 897' . 

Polybius, b.-d., 10263; Rome, 10291; de- 
tained in Rome, 1055 2 . 

Polycarp, Bp., burned, 11521, 11532. 

Polychromyappliedto ceiling, Wash., 250i . 

Polycletus, b.,1021'. 

Polyfem issued, 11362. 

Polygamy, forbidden in ter., 2112; dis- 
franchisement, 271', 2972; abandoned 
in Utah, 3263, abolished, 3682,3 ; in Al- 
berta, 5883; crim.,5903; in Ct. Afr.,603' ; 
in Egy., 647' ; proh. in Ger., 775' ; forbid, 
in It., 10691 ; fi rs t practised, 11392. 

Polygnotus, painter, 10203; d., 10211. 

Polyhymnia, asteroid, discovered, 732'. 

Polynesian goes ashore, 4013. 

, collision, 5873. 

Polyphemus launched, 986' . 

Polysperchon, invadesGr.; retires to^Eto- 
lia, 10243; enthroned, 10253. 

Polytechnic Institute, Brooklyn, 1762. 

College (Meth.-South), Fort Worth, 

Tex., org. (1891). 

Soc, of Ky., Library, founded, 3023. 

Pombal, Marq. de (Sebastiao Jose de' Car- 
valho e Mello), b.-d., 11102 ; court in- 
trigues ; reest. Brazilian Co., 555' ; prime 
minister, Portugal, 11103. 

Pomerania, sinks, 2993; accident, 5953. 

Pomerania, Prus., conquered, 5121 ; an- 
nexed to Den. ; ceded to Prus., 639 3 ; 
ducal house extinct, 7972. 

Pomeranians on shores Baltic Sea, 11132. 

Pomeroy, Charles, speaker H. R., 2663. 

, Jesse, boy murderer, 2911 . 

, Samuel C, pres. vote, 3072 ; d., 3902. 

, Seth, b., 58'. 

Pomfret, John, b., 8922 ; d. (1703). 

Pommeray, Henri de la, d., 762' . 

Pomona wrecked, 185 3 . 

, asteroid, discovered, 732' . 

Pomone captured, 9342. 

Pompadour, Marq. de (Jeanne Antoinette 
Poissonle Normant d'Etioles), b., 6982 ; 
overthrows ministry, 8032 ; influence, 
7013 ; d., 703' . 

Pompeia, asteroid, discovered, 302' . 

Pompeii, Italy^overwhelmed, 10622. 

Pompey (Cneius Pompeius Magnus), b.-d., 
1056 3 ; joins Sulla; against Sertorius ; 
defeats Lepidus ; captures M. J. Brutus, 
defeated by Sertorius ; defeats and exe- 
cutes Perperna, 1058'; subdues Serto- 
rius, 11252 ; subdues Celtiberians, 1125' ; 
restores tribunate privileges, 1059'; an- 
nihilates insurgents in Apulia ; sup- 
presses piracy ; defeats Mithridates ; 
subdues Tigranes ; reduces Syria ; cap- 
tures, desecrates Jerusalem, 10582, 11502; 
dismisses his army; privateeitizen, 10582; 
dethrones Antiochus, 10592 ; triumph 
eel., 10591 ; disaffected by senate, 10592; 
gov. of Sp., 1125 2 ; in 1st triumvirate ; 
his veterans favored, 10592 ; triangular 
alliance renewed ; ruler of Sp. ; sole con- 
sul ; rival of Cpesar ; 2d triumvirate, 
10593 ; war with Ctesar, 10583 ; flees from 
Rome to Gr. before Csesar, 1060 1 , 1061 1 ; 
captures Csesar's transports ; besieged by 
Csesar, defeats him ; defeated at Phar- 
salus, 10601 ; killed, 11501. 

Magnus Sextus defeated by Caesar in 

Sp. and at Munda, 10602 ; conquers Sicily, 
Sardinia, Corsica, Peloponnesus, 10613 ; 
defeated at Mylas, 10603. 



Pomponazzi, Pietro, b. (1462) ; Immor- 
tality, 10812 ; d. (1524+). 

Pompton, N. J., troops mutiny, 923. 

Ponce, Herman, explorer, 163. 

de Leon, Juan, b.-d., 11263. 

, Luis, b.-d., 11282. 

Poncelet, Jean Victor, b., 7062 ; d., 7362. 

Pond, Enoch, b., 1022 ; d., 3101 . 

, John, b., 9163 ; astronomer royal, 

9343 ; d., 9442. 

Ponder, James, governor Del., 2692. 

Pondicherry, E. I., taken, 7081 ,9261 , 10442; 
capitulates, 9142; captured, 9201 ; action 
at, 10441 ; French settle, 10451 . 

Pondoland annexed, 10122. 

Ponema collides with Florida, 3173. 

Poniatowski, Pr., b.,7023; d., 7211. 

Ponisi, Madame, appears in N. Y., 168' . 

Pons, Jean Louis, b., 7023 ; redis. Encke's 
comet, 722'; d., 726'. 

Ponsa, Magdalen, d., 5342. 

Ponsard, Francois, b., 721'; works, 729', 
7303 ; d., 7362. 

Ponson du Terrail, "Viscount Pierre Alexis 
de, b., 7243; d., 746'. 

Ponsonby, Baron, title created, 9112. 

, George, b. (1755) ; lord chancellor, 

9332 ; d. (1817). 

Ponta da Arora, Brazil, fired on,«560' . 

Pont-a-Mousson,pope confirms university, 
6382 ; advance on, 738' . 

Pontano, Giovanni, b. (1426) ; work, 10812; 
d. (1487+) . 

Pontbriand, H. M. D. de, cons., 575' . 

Pontchartrain, Comte de Louis Phely- 
peaux, b., 6883 ; d., 6982. 

Pontgrave, colony of, 571 3 . 

Pontiac, Mich., insane asylum opd., 301' . 

, b., 562 ■ conspiracy, 722 ; d., 76' . 

, vicariate established, 584 2 . 

Pontianus, St., pope, 10643. 

Pontifices appointed, 10503. 

Pontigny, Fi\, pilgrimage to shrine, 9782. 

Pontius, Caius, defeats Romans, 10522. 

Pilate. (See Pilate.) 

Pontmartin, Armand Augustin Joseph 
Marie Ferrand, Comte de, works, 733' . 

Pont-Noyelles, Fr., battle at, 743'. 

I'ontoppidan, Erie, b., 6362; d.,6363. 

, Erik, bp., b., 6363; work, 637' ; d., 638' . 

Pontotoc, Confederates defeated, 2362. 

Pontus, a Roman province, 10592, 1065'; 
power; war, 11492; earthquakes, 11502. 

Pontypridd Junction, W., R. R. collision, 
9833 ; explosion in colliery, 9953, 10113. 

Pony Express established, 1853, 1933. 

Pool, Maria Louise, work, 4462. 

Poole, Eng., public park opened, 10033. 

, Rev. A., suspended, 9622. 

, James, executed, 993'. 

, Matthew, b. (1624+) ; d., 8942. 

, Paul Falconer, b., 935' ; d. (1879). 

Poolesville,Md., act ion, 2123; raided, 216'. 

Poona, Bp. Biederlinden, cons. 9962 ; cap- 
tured, 1044' ; battle, 1046' ; mission, 10463. 

Poor, Agnes Blake, work, 4783. 

, Bishop, Aneren Riwle, 8523. 

Children's Aid Society est., 9972. 

Conrad, conspiracy, Ger., 7873. 

, Eng., punished, 869' ; support of, 873', 

8753; overseers of, appointed, 8772. 

Knights of Windsor, order est., 8591 . 

Law Amendment Act passes, 9712, 

9731,9812; assented, 9472. 

Law Unions report, G. B-, 9671 . 

Laws amended, G. B., 9471 , 9472, 9653. 

rates equalized, G. B., 9632. 

Poore, Benjamin Perley, b., 1282; d.,3261. 

Popai, revolting leader, 6152. 

Pope, elected by cardinals, 10742 ; inde- 
pendent of German emp., 10311 . 

.Alexander, b. ,8982; works, 9043, 9071 , 

9091; d.,9103. 

.Charles Alex., b., 1262; d. 2702. 

, Mrs. Chas. B., library gift, 3443. 

, Hamilton, d., 4441 . 

, John, b. (1770) ; pres. senate, 1173 • 

gov. Ark., 1373 ; d. (1845). 

, Gen., b., 1302 ; occupies New 

Madrid, 2042,3 ; at Island No. 10, 2052, 
2061; captures Point Pleasant, 2051; 
goes to Tenn., 2062 ; joins Halleck, 2063 ; 
at Farmington ; commands in Virginia, 
2101 , 2 ; arrests disloyal citizens, 2102 ; 
crosses Rappahannock ; confronts Lee, 
2103 ; at Groveton ; at Manassas ; base 
of supplies attacked, Va., 2122; relieved, 
2123; commands 3d district, 2561,257a; 
relieved of district, 2581 ; d„ 4161 . 



Pope, W. H., captured in N. Mex., 3563. 

Pope's League against France, 10813. 

Popeliniere, Lancelot de la, France, 6851 . 

Popham, George, b. (1550+) ; colony in 
Me., 272 ; d. (1608). 

, Sir Home Riggs, b. (1762) ; conquest 

in Argentine, 4891 , 9321 , 9332 ; a t Cape 
Town, 5971 , 9332 ; d. (1820). 

, Sir John, b. (1531) ; chief justice, 8773; 

d. (1607). 

Popiel I., reigns, 11132. 

II., reigns, 11132. 

"Popish Plot" revealed, Eng., 8943. 

Popocatepetl, violent eruption, 10973. 

Popoff, Major, trial and sentence, 569 1 . 

Poppsea, Sabina, advisee Nero, 1063 3 . 

Poppig, Eduard Friedrich,b.,8063; d., 8243. 

Popular Science Monthly issued, 2782. 

Populists. (See People's Party.) 

Populonia, action at, 6621 , 10522. 

Porcelain, known, 610 2 ; mnf ., 6122; tower 
completed, 6142; in Eng., 6153, 9121 . 

Porcher, Francis Peyre, b., 1322. 

Porcile, E. H., R. C. pilgrimage, 4661 . 

Porcius Festus, procurator, 11533. 

Pork, Am., admitted, Aust.,5352; in Den., 
6423 ; in Fr., 763t ; in Ger., 3912, 8352,3, 
8363 ; in Italy, 3951. 

Porphyry, b.-d., 10283 ; workB, 10292. 

Porpoise exploring expedition, 148' . 

Porpora, Nicolo, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 

Porsena, wars, 10501 ; aids Tarquin, 1051 2 . 

Porson, Richard, b., 9143 ; d., 9343. 

Porta, Giambattista della, b., 10803 ; in- 
vents camera obscura, 10802 ; d. (1615). 

Portaels, Jean Francois, b., 5423. 

Portage la Prairie, Manitoba Liberal iB- 
sued ; Review, 5843. 

Portal, Antoine, b., 7002 ; d., 7262. 

, Sir Gerald at Mengo, 5643. 

Portalis, Jean Etienne Marie, b., 7003; d., 
7163. 

, Comte, Jos. Marie, b., 7043 ; d., 7342. 

Portarlington, Earl, title created, 9231 . 

Port Arthur, gold-quartz dis.,592'; bom- 
barded, 6262 ; fort captured ; defense ; 
massacre ; Japan squadron at ; Chinese 
fleet confined 6263. 

Augustus, R. R., 4993. 

au^Prince, "W. I., earthquake de- 
stroys, 662. 

Bill, Boston, fast day for, 782. 

Breton, Fr. emigrants enter, 7533. 

— Costa, Cal., fire, 3452. 

Elizabeth, Cape Colony, mission, 6003, 

Portella, Ex-Gov., revolt for, 5593. 

Porteous, Capt. John, hanged, 9092. 

riots, debated, 9093. 

, Bp., Sunday Act of, 9211 . 

Porter, Albert G., b. (1824); gov. Ind., 3093. 

— , Alexander, b., 98' ; d., 1562. 

, Andrew, Gen., b., 642; d., 121' . 

, , Gen., b. (1810+); d., 276' . 

, Anna Maria, b., 9211 ; d., 9462. 

, Benj. C, Nat. Acad, of Design, 3061 . 

, Sir Charles, lord chancellor, 8993. 

, David, b., 93' ; captures Nocton, 1182; 

attacks Alert,ll&i ; subdues pirates, 1301 ; 
captures at Valparaiso, 1221 j sails in Es- 
sex, 1181 ; d., 1561 . 

, , Dixon, b., 1231 ; sails for Sumter, 

192'; in Miss., 2062 ; at Vicksburg,2092; 
sends dummy past Vicksburg, 2183 ; cap- 
tures Arkansas Post, 2181 ; at Bruins- 
burg, 2203; at Grand Gulf, 2241; attacks 
Fort Hill, 2222; attacks Fort Anderson, 
2302, 2422 ; on Red River, 2303, 2321 ; at 
Grand Ecore, 2321 ; attacks Ft. Fisher, 
2403; vice-adm., 2521; adm., 2701 ; d., 
378'. 

, , collector, killed, 4002. 

, R., gov. Pa., 1512. 

, Ebenezer, b., 762 ; d., 1422. 

• , Fitz-John, b., 1302 ; in Seven Days' 

Battles, 2091 ; at Moore's Mills ; at Flor- 
ida, Mo., 2102 ; at Kirksville, 2103 ; a t 
Bristoe Station, 2122 ; court martial, 
2161; dismissed, 218 2 ; appeals to pres., 
2701 ; rehearing, 2981 ; exonerated, 3001 , 
3221 ; sentence remitted, 3103 ; Relief 
Bill, 3112 ; Bill for liberty vetoed, 316' ; 
Restoration Bill, 3172 ; col., 324'. 

, George, cons, bp., 9962, 

, B., gov. Mich., 1392 ; d., 1422. 

— — , Horace, b., 1482 ; Grant Monument 
Asso., 4022 ; address, 4041 . 

, James Davis, b. (1828) ; gov. Tenn., 

2912 ; minister, 4473. 

, Lewis, b., 1362. 



1376 



Text Figures denote Page. INDIlX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Port-Powe. 



, 252 1 . 



Porter, Horace M., d., 2152. 

, Jane, b., 9203 ; works, 9311 

, John Addison, b. (1822) ; d 

, Josiah, d., 4781 . 

, Moses, d., 1302. 

, Noah, b., 1163 ; -works, 2643, 2722, 

2771,3223,3722; pies. Yale, 3763; d., 4021 . 

, Peter Buel, b. (1773) ; d., 1562. 

, Robert J., founds Press, 3283. 

, Sir Ker, b., 9191 ; d. (1842). 

, P., tariff commissioner, 3111. 

, Thomas, jurist, b. (1734); d., 1421 . 

, William David, b. (ISO!)) ; on Yazoo ; 

on Mississippi, 2171 ; d., 2332. 

, Trotter, b. (1809); d., 1842. 

Porterfleld, Col., at Philippi, \V. Va., 1961 . 

Porte St. Antoine, Conde defeated, 690 1 . 

Port Essington, Leiehart arrives, 4961 . 

Porteus, W\ S. Greely leaves Newfound- 
land, 3061 . 
'Port Gibson, Miss., Confederates defeated 
at,221i; reunion,359i ; mob at, 4082. 

Hope, Can., Guide, 5791 . 

Hudson, La., Farragutat, 2201 ; Banks 

at 2222; surrenders, '2242; tornado, 4501 . 

, Jackson named, N.S.W., 4932. 

Jervis, N.Y., officials indicted ; negro 

lynched, 4082. 

Portland, Ind., gold discovered, 4501 . 

, Me., Zinn's Advocate, 1363; Soc. of 

Natural History, 1681 ; r.r. to Montreal 
opd.,1733; liquor riot, 1763; B.C. diocese 
est., 1782 ; flre, 2533, 3533 ; funeral of 
Peabody.2691 ; Congregational Club org., 
3022; first Young IV,, pie's Soc. C. E. org., 
3062; free public library given, 3362 ; 
dam bursts, 4353 ; election frauds, 4262. 

, N.Y., Normal schools est., 2663. 

, Ore., First Nat. Bank est., 2493; Med 



Portsmouth bombards Guavamas, 1622. 
Portsmouth, Eng., Naval Coll. fnd., 9071 ; 
vessels launched: Inflexible, 9741 ; Can- 
ada; Colossus, 9861 ; '('amperdown, 9921 ; 
Trafalgar, 9941 ; Vulcan, 10001 ; Bp. Vir- 
tue cons., 9862. 
, N. H., settlement, 311 , 2; church fel- 
lowship denied ; Epis. minister banishd, 
362; Provincial Assembly, 473 ; Indians 
attack, 521; first P. E. church, 622; N.H. 
Gazette est., 712; fort captured, 781 ; Fr. 
vessel arrives, 862 ; America built, 941; 
first bank, 1033 ; tornado, 1622. 

, Va., taken, 902 ; yellow fever, 1773 ; 

Spear's raid, 2322 ; Pensacola sunk, 3381 . 

, E. of, title created, 9112. 

Port of Spain, Bp. Flood cons. B. C, 9962. 
Portugal (See text, pp. 1109-1111) ; against 
Tangier, 10971; gov. threatens Colum- 
bus, 142 ; driven out of Abyssinia, 13 ; 
occupies Muscat, 4873; in Madagascar; 
massacre, 10951 ; in Siam, 11241 ; debt, 
5552 ; annexed to Sp., 5533 ; peace with 
Sp., 11293; war with Sp., 11301; revolts 
in Sp., 11281, 11293; cruelty; factories, 
4813 ; yields Muscat, 4861, 4S73 ; i n In- 
dia, expelled ; war with Hindus, 10441 ; 
joins allies of Fr., 697 2 ; Conven. of 
Cintra entered, 7173 ; diamonds crown 
property, 613 ; Braz. Co. chartered, 712 
733 ; protects Am. vessels, 992 ; ports 
closed, 9333 ; invaded ; governed by Fr., 
7173; aids against Dutch, 554 1 ; Brit, force 
leave; constitutional monarchy restored, 
11111; claims collected, 145 2 ; claims in 
Kongo, 10932,3 ; dispute with Eng., 
10032 ; Delagoa Railway question, 10033; 
conven. with Eng. ; proposal of modus 
Vivendi, 10052 ; cable to Azores, 11113. 

ical Depart., "Willamette Univ., opd., Portuguese, on West Coast Afr., 11601 . 

2543; Ore. Central R.R. begun, 2573; Porus, Pr., defeated, 1042' ; taken, 10242. 

P. E. diocese of, est., 2642; st. Helen's reigns in Babylon, 11452. 

Hall opd., 2663 ; Portland Univ. fnd., Posen, ceded, 8073 ; Germanized, 8313. 

3743; Reform School est., 2782; fire>4 Posey, Thomas, b. (1750); gov. Indiana, 

2833, 4733; Meth. Hospital fnd., 3292; [ 1213; d. (1818). 

drawbridge accident, 4432; floods, 4621 . Posidonius, b.-d., 10282. 
, Victoria, laid out, 4953; Henty fam- Post, Christian Frederick, b. (1710) ; mis., 

ily settle, 4952. 711 ; d. (1785). 

collides with Avalanche, 9833. , Philip Sidney, h., 1421 . 

-, D. Of, title created, 9051 . (See Cav- Postage, charges reduced, 1592, 1712, 3133, 



endish.) 

, Earl of. (See Weston, Richard.) 

cement first mentioned, 9402. 

Port Lokkoh, mission, 11603. 

of London Soc. est., 9383. 

Portman, Sir Win., chief justice, 8713. 

, Viscount, title created, 9751 . 

Portmore, Ire., captured, 8761 . 
Porto-Alegre Manoel de Aranjo, b., 5542. 
Porto Alegre, Braz., Muckers attacked, 

5571 ; gov. chosen, 5592. 
Bello, W. I., named, 162; sacked, 24 

taken, 42" 



5912, 8712, 9073. 9091 , 9743. 

international, rates est., 3073; laws 

operative, 8293 ; colonics join union, 501 2. 

law, new, G. B., 9493. 

stamps, used. 1633,9512; legal tender, 

2113; receipt stamps, 9873. 

Postal cards, one cent, issue, 2772, 2813. 
Congress meets, 1052, 7503. 

Free delivery, for N. Y., 1923; Bill 

passed, 423i; extended, 3272,3472 

letter-sheet envelopes issued, 1923, 

3252; notes authorized, 3133. 

buccaneers est., Money Orders provided for, 2333, 2393; 

in Eng.,9272 ,951 2 ; conven. with Fr., 9752. 

privileges denied, 445 3 ; receiving 

boxes established, 2213. 

system, in New Eng., 473; adopted in 

France, 7503. 

Telegraph Cable Co., N. Y., 3593. 

trains established, 9951 . 

formed, Germany, 8193. 



462; New Eng. troops at, 641 ; centre of 

commerce, 673, 6293 ; captured, 9101 . 

Novo, India, action at, 10442. 

Port Orchard, Wash., naval station, 3921 . 
Porto Rico, W. I., dis. by Columbus, 142 ; 

subdued by Ponce de Leon, 161 ; Leon, 

gov., 173; San Juan Baptista fnd. (1511); 

sacked by Adm. Drake ; repulses Drake — 

and Hawkins, 241; sacked by D. of Cum- Postel, Guillaume, b., 6802; d., 6842. 

berland i 15981; unsuccessfully attacked Posten, D. H., shot, 4023. 

by the Dutch (1615); also by the Eng. Post-horses for news of war, Eng., 8653. 

(1678); also by Abercromby (1797); revolt houses established, France, 6791. 

for independence (1820); suppressed by Posthumous, Marcus Cassianus Latinus, 

Sp. (1823); appeals to Europe for protec- invades Samnium ; in Caudine Forks 



tion, 11033; slavery abolished, 11323 
Seguro, Easter eel., 5523 ; Cabral ar- 
rives, 553i ; sugar works, 5532. 
Port Patrick, telegraph completed, 9593. 
-Phillip, Australia, convict colony ,4951 



10521; defeats Franks, 11251; est. 

pireinGaul, 10G72; killed (267). 
Postmaster in H. C, Act, G. B., 9692. 

General, member of cabinet, 1372 

-, G. B., united in one, 9453. 



colonized, 4952 ; population, 4953 ; sepa- Post-office, first Am. est., 813; 



rated from N. S. W., 4971 . 

Republic, Va., action at, 2083. 

Royal, N. S., colony deserted, 233, 

272; Huguenot colony, 233; settlement. 

271 ; burm-d, 28) : taken, 301, 561 ; Jesuits 

arrive, 282; seized, 501 ; surrenders 521 ; 

Mass. troopsattaek-,561 ; Fr. settlement, 

5713; Fr. attacked, 5741 . 

, Jamaica ; fire, 673 ; cyclone, 781 . 

, S. C, Huguenots settle, 222; 

Lord Cardross at ,49 3 ; col. mists expelled, 

501 ; Brit, expelled, 901 ; Confederates 

retreat, 2021 ; battle, 2002. 

Expedition , 2002, 2162. 

des Champs fnd. at Paris, 6703. 

grammars written, 691 1 . 



1800, 



1113; carriers uniformed. 2633; branch 
stations est. in N. Y., 3513. 

erected in Eng., 8853, 8912; est., 

8893; completed, 9441 ; authorities cen- 
sured, 9773; register fee reduced, 9832. 

Acts consolidated, G. B., 9492; 

Act passes, 9752. 

App. Hill, 3303, 3371,3612,3631, 

3791 ,2, 4091 , 4251 ,3, 4551 , 4591 , 4652. 

Direct'Tii issued, 9303. 

Protection Act passes, 9932. 

Savings Bank est., G. B., 9653. 

. (See under Money Order.) 

Poston, David H., shot, 3802. 

Postupic, Albr. Kostka de, in Fr., 5083. 

Potato discovered, 182; intro. in N. Eng., 



592; jn Eng., 8733, 8773; starch from,, 
9022; International Exhibition, 9853. 

Potato-beetle appears, 1873. 

Potemkin, Pr. Gregori Alexandrovitch,. 
b.-d., 11143. 

Potgieter, Everhard Johannes, b.-d. ,11021 . 

, Herman, murder of, 5991 . 

Pothier, Robert Joseph, b., 6943; d., 7042.- 

Pothinus, Bishop of Lyons, 6623. 

Pothuan, Vice-Adm., minister, 7451, 7512.. 

Potidasa, besieged. 1020'; revolts, 10212. 

Potocki, Count, minister, 5291 , 5092. 

Potomac attacks guallo Batto, 1401. 

, Army of the, org.. 1981 ; report, 2002, 

2062; reviewed. 20(13; enters Va., 2143; 
advances on Richmond, 2322; winter 
quarters, 2391; reunion, 3871. (See 
names of commanders.) 

Potosi, Bolivia, battle near, 5501 ; silver 
discovered, 5513. 

Potsdam, N. Y., Normal School est., 2663. 

, Prus., Convention of, 8092. 

Pott, August Friedrich, b., 8082; d., 8321. 

Pottawattomie, Kan., fight, 1781 , 1793. 

Potter, Albert G., minister, 3513. 

, Alonzo, b., 1082; cons, bp., 1582; org. 

Evan. Educational Soc. 2152; d., 2481- 

, Asa P., 3943; indicted, 4023, 4283. 

, Chandler Eastman, b. (1807) ; d., 2622. 

, Cipriani, b., 9262; d. (1871). 

, G., d., 10101. 

, Hazard Arnold, b., 1162 ; d., 2681 . 

, Henry Codman, b., 1442; cons. bp.,. 

3142; sermon, 3722; vs. Dr. Newton, 3842. 

, Horatio, b. (1802); cons. P. E. bishop, 

1762; d., 3261. 

, John, b., 8923; Archbp. Canterbury, 

9043; d., 9122. 

, Louis Joseph Antoine de, b.,5422; 

d.,5442. 

, Orlando B., d., 4481 . 

, Robert, b., 9062; d. (1804). 

, W., ex-minister, library gift, 4761 . 

Potteries founded, Eng., 9182. 

Potters flourish, Gr., 10142. 

Pottery, enameled, made, 6942. 

Trust formed, 3413. 

Pottinger. Sir Henry, h.,9243; at Macao, 
6173; d. (1854). 

Potts, Benjamin F.. gov. Mont., 2732. 

, John, governor Va., 313. 

, Stacy Gardner, b. (1799) ; d., 2471 . 

Pottsville, Pa., mnf . iron, 1441 ; coal in 
mnfg. iron, 1501 ; cloudburst, 3881 ; non- 
union men employed, 3891 ; soldiers' 
monument, 3921 ; CO al deposits, 4081 . 

Potvin, Charles, b., 5423. 

Pouchet, Felix Archimede, b., 7143; d. 
(1872). 

Poughkeepsie, Constitution conven. at, 
1011; Vassar Coll. fnd.,199i, Coll. Ob- 
servatory erected, 3001; labor strikes, 
3623; " green goods " man shot, 4242. 

Pouillet, Claude Servais Mathias, b.,7082; 
d.,7382. 

Pouilly, Mensdorff, premier, 8231 . 

Poujoulat, Jean Joseph Francois, b., 7143; ; 



Poulett, E of, title created, 9031. 

Poulson, Zachariah, b. (1761) ; d., 1562. 

Poundage, Eng., 8912; repealed, 9252. 

Pound Gap, Ky., action at, 2042. 

Poundmaker, Indian, 5841 ; surrender,584i . 

Poundridge, N. Y., boy kidnapped, 4002. 

Pourchot, Edme, b., 6902; d., 6983. 

Pourzan reigns, Armenia, 11551. 

Poussin, Caspar, b., 10823; d., 10831. 

, Nicolas, b., 6842; Blind Men of Jeri- 
cho, 6901 ; d., 6903. 

Pouyer-Qnertier, A. T., d., 7602. 

Poveda, Tomas Martin de, gov., 6053. 

Poverty Point, Miss., colony at, 55 2 . 

Povin, Prince of Croatia, 5031 . 

Powderlv, Terence V., gen. master-work- 
man, 3011; indorsed, 3663. 

Powell, Baden, b., 9283; d., 9642. 

, Humphrey, Liturgy, 8711. 

, John Wesley, ,b., 1422; at Wythe- 

ville, 2251 ; descends Colorado River,. 
2661 ; in interior department, 3512. 

, Lazarus Whitehead, b. (1812) ; gov. 

1692; for pacification, 189' ; d. (1867). 

, Lyman P., in Wis. University, 4162. 

, Will. Henry, b. (1825) ; Albert Galla- 
tin, 1561 ; at Front Royal, 2401 . 

Power-loom, in Phila., 1001 ; for mnf. car- 
pets, 1501 ; intro., 1622, 9322; invented,, 
9222; destroyed, 9232, 9432. 



Powe-Pres. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN L)r!,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1377 



Power, Pierce, cons. P. E. bp., 9962. 

, Richard, d., 10062. 

, Thomas C, b., 1502; B peech, 4392. 

Power's Art Gallery est., 2901 . 

Powers, Abigail, marries Fillmore, 1352. 

, H. Henry, b., 1442. 

, Hiram, b., 1122; executes busts, 144'; 

Greek Slave; Eve, 150' ; d., 282' . 

, John H., governor Neb., 3752. 

, Eidgely C, governor Miss., 2772. 

Powerscourt, Vise, of, title created, 9112. 

, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

Powhattan wrecked, 1753. 

, Indian, b. (1550±) ; d., 262. 

Powis, E. of, title created, 931' . 

, E. of (Win. Herbert), liberated, 8972. 

Powlett, Harry G., D. of Cleveland, d., 
10061 . 

, Sir George, massacred, 8781. 

Pownall, Thomas, b. (1720) ; gov. Mass., 
713; d., 1122. 

Poynings, Sir Edward, deputy, 8672; d., 
866'. 

Poynter, Edward John, b., 9482. 

Poyntz, John, Earl Sj lencer , ininister,985 2 . 

Pozo, Almonte, battle near, 6081 . 

Pozzi di Borgo Carlo, Andrea, b., 11162. 

, Francis, cons. K. C. bishop, 9962. 

Ppzoomer, Carolus "Wilhelmus, b.-d., 
11021. 

Pradier Jacques, b., 7082; d., 7322. 

Prado, Gen. Mariano Ignacio, b. (1826) ; 
chosen pres., 11082; at Sorota, 11081; 
revolt against, 11083. 

Pradon, Nicolas, b. (1632) ; PMdre et Hip- 
polyle, 6932; d. (1698). 

Praed, Winthrop Mackworth, b., 9303; 
d., 9483. 

Praemunire, Statute of, Eng., 8612. 

Prasneste, It., surrenders, 10581 . 

Prastorius, Michael, b., 7922; d., 7943. 

Pragmatic Sanction, 509 1 , 5143 ; approved, 
5151 ; promulgated, 6732, 6763, 6773; ab- 
rogated, 6791 ; rescinded, 681 2 ; ratified, 
7493. 

Prague, Bohemia, fnd., 5031 ; Benedictine 
monastery fnd., 5062; studium generale 
authorized, 5071 ; rebuilt, 7833; siege of, 
5061; attacked; Compact of, 7S43; Jes- 
uits at, 5103 ; learned city, 511 1 ; cap- 
tured, 5121 , 5142; Bohemians defeated, 
5131 ; bombarded, 7962 ; Swedes take, 
712 2 ; recaptured, 7942; alliance with 
Saxons, 8012; abandoned, 5142; Maria 
Theresa crowned, 5152; battle of, 5161 ; 
Fr. occupy, 5183; Cong, at, 8112; insur- 
rection ; siege raised, 5221; Czechs 
rise; Slavonic Cong, meets, 5231 ; Prus. 
enter, 526 1 ; mission, 526 2 ; peace of, 
5271 ; riots, 5291 , 5302; treaty abrogated, 
8312; socialists imprisoned^ 5303; strik- 
ers win ; Filipoff silenced, 5323; eight- 
hour movement, 5331 ; bombs explode; 
emp. received; strike, 5343; Czechs 
honor Comenius, 5351; Czechs agitate, 
5362; Charles of Bourbon marries, 5363; 
treason trials, 5372; anti-Ger. agitation, 

Univ. fnd., 5043, 5071 ; John Huss, 

professor ; professors withdraw, 7851 ; 
Wyclif's writings discussed, 506 2 ; Hus- 
site troubles in ; seat of heresy, 5071 ; 
Czech language taught, 5392; students 
dispersed, 5331 ; Omladina Society, trial 
of members, 537 2 . 

Praguerie appear, 6771 ; suppressed, 6791 . 

Prairie du Chien, Wis., taken, 122 1 ; K. E. 
opd., 1833. 

Grove, Ark. , Confederate defeat, 2162. 

View Normal School opd., 3023. 

Praise of Learning, copies of, 6483. 

Pram, Christian Henriksen, b.-d., 11041. 

Pranzini, murderer, 7562. 

Prat, Belosarion, forms cabinet, 6091 . 

, Matthew, Cadwallader Colden, por- 
trait, 761. 

Prati, Giovanni, b., 10862. 

Pratt, Calvin E., b. (1828) ; at Chapmans- 
ville, 1983. 

, Charles, b., 1381 ; gift to institute, 

3843; d„ 3821. 

, , E. of Camden, b., 9042 ; lord 

chancellor, 9173; lord-lieut., 9273. 

, Daniel Darwin, b. (1813) ; d., 2942. 

, Enoch, h. (1808); library gift, 3231 . 

, Gen., in New Zealand, 9641 . 

, Sir James, b., 1442. 

, John, chief justice, 9072. 

, Judge, decision, 3842. 



Pratt, Orson, b., 1163, d. (1881). 

Institute, org. at Brooklyn, 3283 ; 

endowment of Chas. Pratt, 3843. 

Praxiteles, b., 10243; makes silver mirrors, 
10243. 

Prayer-book Revision Soe. petition, 9902. 
(See Common Prayer-hook.) 

gauge debate originates, 9762. 

Preachers, Eug., restricted, 9163, 8743. 

Preakness, Am. army winters at, 923. 

Preang, villages destroyed by lava, 10921 . 

Preble, Edward, b., 723 ; against Moors, 
1121 ; d., 1141 . 

, George Henry, b. (1816) ; d., 3201 . 

Precis Histon'i/urs appears, 5443. 

Preemption Free Land Bill, 1872; passes ; 
vetoed, I882. 

Prehistoric subjects, congress on, 737 1 . 

Prelacies est., Eng., 8502. 

Prelates, troubles in Bulg., 5681 ; confirma- 
tion of, Ger., 7743. 

Preller, Mr., murderer executed, 330 3 . 

, Friedrich, b.,S0S2; d., 8282. 

, Ludwig, b., 8083; d., 8202. 

Premislas, king of Poland ; assassinated, 
11152. 

Premsyl, Duke, 5031 ; conquered, 5021 . 

, Ottocar enthroned, 505i, 2; marriage, 

5052. 

II., duke, 505i ; enthroned, 5052. 

Prence, Thomas, b. (1601) ; gov. of Plym- 
outh (1634, 1638, 1657, 1673) ; d. (1673). 

Prendergast, Patrick E., assassin, 4421, 
4442; guilty, 4642. 

Prentice, Fred. C, verdict for, 3432. 

, George, Wilbur Fi.ike, 3722. 

, Denison, b., 1102; d., 2682. 

Prentiss, Benjamin Mayberry, b. (1819) ; 
in court-martial, 2161 ; at Helena, 2242. 

, Mrs. (Elizabeth Payson), b., 1262; 

Stepping Heavenward, 2683; d., 2982. 

, Seargent (or Sargent) Smith, b., 1142; 

d., 1681. 

Prenzlau, Hohenlohe surrenders, 7161 . 

PreRaifaelite School est., Eng., 9561 . 

Presbyterians, U. S. A., in S. C., Hugue- 
nots in, 222,442,502,583,762, 1212, 1403, 
2963. First church in Am. org., 302; j n 
Conn., intro., 321; Saybrook Platform 
union with Cong., 563 ; in N. Y., 362 ; 
Francis Dougherty in, 363 ; on Staten 
Island, 48 a ; ministers arrested, 563; aid 
from Glasgow, 58»; 723, 1042, 1123, 1142, 
1211, 1281, 1303, 1363, 1463, 1563,1782, 3, 
3362,4241;in N. C, 383, 402, 1212,2583; 
in N. J., Newark, Elizabeth, 422; Wood- 
bridge, Fairfield, 481, 2, 3; New Side 
522, 563, 932, 3; project Princeton Coll., 
663; 1203, 1311, 2663, 3742, 3922; i n 
Md., 482, 1571 , 2582 ; Francis Makemie 
starts a new era, 48 2 ; in Mass., 502, 
622 ; in PUila., 502, 522, 3, 542, 563, 
58 2 , 643, 711 . Brit, missionaries sent. 
522; i n Va., 542, 712, 1322, 1731 . j- irst 
Am. presbytery, 563 ; union with Con- 
gregationalists, 563, 742, 1043, 1062, 1103, 
1163, 1171 , 1183, 1463, 1702 ; Irish Presb. 
arrive, 582 ; Wm. Tennent joins ; synod 
of Phila. find., 582 ; Log Coll. est., 583 ; 
in Pa., 583, 043, 663, 1351, 1403, 1502, 
1563, 1723, 2682, 2771 , 3443. Wilson Coll. 
org. at Chambersburg (1870). Old Side 
acad., 663 ; committee on conf., 602 ; 
Confession of Faith ; Adopting Act, 603; 
divided on Whiteneld's revivals, 043 ; 
schism In Phila., 643, 711 ; New Side 
vs. Old Side, 663 ; overtures of peace, 
651 ; Brainerds with Indians ; synod of 
New York fmd., 663 ; Indian missions, 
663, 723, 1422, 3, 1511, 1543, 1801, 2682, 
2722, 2822, 2903, 2982, 3002, 3002, 3082, 
3122, 3162, 3182 ; in N. H., 663, 1423. 
Inception Princeton Univ., 6i'.3; in Can., 
762. Religious publications, 781 ; Meck- 
lenburg, Independence conven., N. C, 
8H ; synod of N. Eng. fmd., 823, 951 ; i„ 
Ky„ 962, 982, 1083, 1103, 1121, 3, 1142, 
1271,1731,2582,2682. Abingdon, presby- 
tery org.; standards revised, 982,3, 1001 , 
Gen. Assembly org., 1002; (See meetings 
on each succeeding year) ; in N.Y. City, 
1312, 3321, 3443, 34(52, 3502, 3821, 4162, 
4581 , 4601 , 4742. N. Y., missions, 1002 ; 
Gen. Synod becomes Gen. Assembly, 
100 2 ; Northern presbytery org., 1043 ; 
N. Y. Missionary Society org., 1063 ; 
revival period ; camp-meetings, Ky., 
1083, 1102, 1123; Com. on Missions fmd., 
1103 ; Cumberland Presbytery cut off, 



1123, 1142, H63; Reformed Presb. Synod 
org., 1163 ; Mission Board, 1183; Hamil- 
ton Coll. ; Theo. School at Princeton ; 
1191; in Ga., 1212, 1583; in O., 1232,1323, 
1351, 1363, 1371, 1663, 2543; in Tenn., 
1233, 1263, 1283, 1343, 1631, 2602, 4181. 
Board of Missions org, 1243; Woman's 
Miss. Soc. est. ; anti-slavery, 1263 ; 
Center Coll., 1271 ; Auburn Theo. Sem. 
est., 1283, 1311 ; plan of correspondence ; 
Maryville Coll. est. ; Board of Educa- 
tion, 1283 ; union with Reformed Ch., 
1303; Heathen Youth Soc. org., 1311; 
N. Y. Observer, 1312; Union Theo. Sem. 
est., 1323; Princeton Review*, 1331; in 
Ind., 1342, 1403, 1542, 1562, 1702. Con- 
grcgational delegates. !isfranckised,1343; 
Western Reserve Coll. ; Western Theo. 
Sem. est., 1351 ; i n Miss., 1363, 2942; i n 
Ala., 1363. 2022, 2902, ;i0S2. Lane Theo. 
Sem. est., 137', 1403; i„ m., 1383, 1391, 
1402, 1483, 1562, 180' , 2502 ; McCormick 
Theo. Sem. est., 1383 ; i n Chicago, 1383, 
1422, 2842, 36S2. Illinois Coll., 139' ; in 
Mo., 1402, 1783, 2582. Columbia Theo. 
Sem., S. C, Wabash Coll., Lafayette 
Coll., est., 1403 ; 1st church in Chicago, 
1422 ; Hanover Coll., 1423 ; j n N. H., 
1423; in Mich., 1442. Soc. for Evang. 
"World est. ; Marietta Coll., 1443 ; anti- 
liquor, 145' ; four presbyteries exscinded; 
Union Theo. Sem., 1463 ; Western 
Reserve Svnod cut off, 1482; Knox Coll., 
111., 1483 ; Davidson Coll., 149'; split; 
New School and Old School Assemblies, 
1502 ; New Windsor Coll., 157' ; Church 
Erection Fund, 1582, 1762; Oxford Coll., 
1663; Austen Coll., 1683; i n Tex., 1683, 
1702 ; i„ Wig., in Ark., 1702 ; in la., 
1702,1742,1842,3183. Bibliotheca Sacra, 
1703, in Cal., 1722,3, 182'. Com. on 
Publications ; Chinese missions est., 
1722, 3; p. Quar. Review, 1723 ; Danville 
Theo. Sem. est., 173' ; Ministerial Relief 
est., 1782 ; Westminster Coll. ; El- 
mira Coll., 1783 ; opposes slavery, 180' , 
1822 ; Trustees of Board of Domestic 
Missions; Highland Univ. 1822; in Kan., 
1822. United Presb. Church of N. A. 
org., 1842 ; reunion Old Side and New 
Side, 1843 ; divided by civil war, 197', 
219', 241'; Gen. Asso. of Confederate 
States org., 201', 250'; Com. of Home 
Missions (N. S.) ; leave Home Mis. Soc, 
2023 ; o. S. and N. S. correspond, 2172 ; 
Southern presbyteries secede, 219' ; 
United Synod, south, unites, 241 ' ; Freed- 
man's Board org. ; liquor dealers ex- 
cluded; Irvington Coll. est. ,2502; O.S.and 
N. S. assemblies fraternize. 2542; Univ. 
of Wooster, Lehigh Univ.. 2543 ; South- 
ern Synods separate. 25S2; BiddleUniv., 
2583 ; National Union P. Convention; 
King Coll., 2602 ; O. S. votes against 
union,2642; Ger. Theo.Sehool,2663; total 
abstinence, 2682, 385'; union of N. S. 
and O. S., 2682, 2702, 2922 ; secession ; 
first reunited Gen. A ssenibly.270 2 ; Wom- 
an's Board org., 2722 ; Phila. hospital, 
2742 ; Ark. Coll. ; San Francisco Theo 
Sem.; Princeton Review, 2763; Lincoln 
Theo. Sem. (colored), 277'; Pan-Presb. 
Congress, Lond., 2882 ; Dr. D. Swing ac- 
quitted, 2S42 ; South-western P. Univ., 
2903 ; lust, for Colored Teachers ; Par- 
son's Coll., 2922; enters P. alliance, 2942, 
2962; Adger Coll., 2963 ; Bait Hospital, 
297'; Pan-Presb. Conven., Phila., 3042. 
Belfast, 3182 ; Board Aid for Coll. org., 
3122 ; Pierre Univ. ; in S. Dak., 3143. 
Lenox Coll., 3183 ;Macalestei Coll., 3223; 
in Minn., 3223, 3242. Reunion North 
and South considered,3282, 332' ,3402; dis- 
abled ministers' aid. 3292; centennial of 
Gen. Assembly, 330 2 ; revision of creed, 
2302, 2402, 3462, 3, 3431 , 3582, 3682, 3842, 
3862; Harrison's cabinet Presbs., 336 2 ; 
Gen. Ass. in, 1889, 3402 ; gov't appro- 
priation Ind. schools, 3423; Gen. Assem- 
bly Anti-license, 340 2 ; anniversary Log 
Coll., 3443; Welsh P. Conven.. 3602; Sun- 
day closing, World's Fair, 3701 ; Prof. 
Kriggs, 3742, 3822, 3842, 3922, 3942, 4062, 
4163, 4302, 4321, 4401; Prof. Smith's 
trial, 4181 ,4562; dogmatic warfare, 4241 ; 
Presbyterians, Associate Presb. Ch., Am., 
1st presbytery of Pa. org. (1753) ; of N. 
Y. (1776) ; partial union with Associate 
Reformed Church, 95 1 ; presbytery of Ky. 



1378 



Text Figures denote Page. INJ_)xl,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Pres-Prin. 



fmd. (179S); Synod of N. Am. find. (1801); 
excludes slaveholders ; southern seces- 
sion (1831) ; unites in forming United 
Presb. Church, 1842. 

Presbyterians in Can. ; presbytery of 
Truro fmd. ; service in Que. ; in Mont., 
5763; P. Ch. of N. S. fmd. ; union of all, 
fails, 5771; synod of Can. fmd.; Home 
Missions, 57X2 ; Scotch P. divided, 57S3 ; 
United P. Synod fmd., 580' ; in N. S., 
5802, 5882 ; Can. P. Church find. ; Free 
and United P. Churches unite, 5802 ; 
Presb. Ch. of Lower Provinces fmd. ; 1st 
Gen. Assembly, 5S22 ; P. church of Can. 
fmd., 5823 ; Woman's For. Miss. Soc. 
fmd., 5812; in Ont., 5862, 5882,5912; Gen. 
Assembly meets, 5882. 

, Cumberland Presbyterians cut off, 

1123, 1143 ; org., 1163 ; Indian missions, 
1263 ; Cumberland Univ., est., 1551 ; 
Bethel Coll.; Cane Hill Coll., 1703; Trin- 
ity Univ., Tex., 2663 ; Woman's Board 
of Missions org., 306 2 ; Gen. Assembly 
meets, Kansas City, Mo.. 3402; Mex. mis- 
sions, 10962. 

, Reformed, Church, U. S. A., presby- 
tery fmd., 782; dissolved; unites with 
Associate ch., 951 ; lief. Presbytery 
constituted, 1083 ; 1st synod, 1163; Gen. 
Synod, 1422 ; missions, 1463 ; Foreign 
Miss. Committee, 1563 ; bond and coven- 
ant signed, 2762 ; Christ in Constitution, 
U. S., 3622; expels ministers, 3843. 

Church, South ; Presbyterians di- 
vided byCivil War, 197' ; org., 2012, 2191 ;. 
United Synod of the South joins, 2411; 
name changed to 1'resb. Church in U.S. 
2502 ; Central Univ., Ky., 2863; celebra- 
tion, 3262 ; Gen. Assembly at Chatta- 
nooga, 3402 ; at Ash eville ; statistics, 358 1 . 
(See Presbyterians above.) 

, United, Church ; Westminster Coll., 

1723; Monmouth Coll. est., 1S02; org., 
1842; Gen. Assembly meetings, 1843 ; and 
eachfollouing year; Women's (leu. Miss. 
Soc. org., 3142; anti-tobacco, 3622. 

in England; virtually fnd., 8742; 1st 

church, 8743 ; separate from Indepen- 
dents, 8843; est. by Pari.; in Pari. ; mis- 
sions in N. Eng., SS03; Savoy Conf., 8902; 
Uniformity Act, 8903 ; Conventicle Act, 
8903, 8923 ;'Five Mile Act; Test Act, 8923; 
Toleration Act, 8982 ; Schism Act, 9043; 
Presb. Ch. of Eng. org., 9211; Foreign 
Missionary Soc. est., 9423 ; Welsh For. 
Miss. Soc. est., 950 2 ; Jewish mission, 
9762 ; Pan-Presb. Cong., 9802, 9822, 
9902; church reconstituted, 3803; Wo- 
man's Missionary Soc, 9841 . 

, Reformed, in Great Britain; secedes, 

8942; declaration, 9111 . 

in Ireland, presbytery find, at Car- 

rickfergus (June 10', 1642) ; roval gift 
fud., 8923 ; toleration granted, 9003 ; 
the presbytery of Antrim secedes from 
the presbytery of Ulster (1726); Reformed 
Presbytery org. (1792); Gen. -Assembly 
fmd., 9502 ; Jewish Presb. Synod of Se- 
ceders org. (1818) ; mission, 9503 ; Pro- 
testant Alliance, 9523; Female Associa- 
tion org., 9782; Gen. Assembly in Belfast, 
10002. 

Church in Scotland ; First Covenant ; 

first Book of Discipline ; succeeds Catho- 
licism, 8722 ; first Gen. Assembly ; Con- 
gregation of the Lord org., 8723; Second 
Book of Discipline, 8743; supplants epis- 
copacy ; liberty restricted, 8763, 8782; 
Articles of Perth, 8802; Nat. Covenant 
signed; declared independent; Coven- 
anters abolish episcopacy, 8823; Solemn 
League and Covenant approved, 8843 ; 
Westminster confession in, 8863 ; As- 
sembly dismissed by gov't., 888 2 ; dis- 
obeys Cromwell. 88S 3 ; persecution, 8902; 
gov't restores episcopacy; National Cov- 
enant signed; Solemn League and Cov- 
enant annulled, 39f>3 ;opposes episcopacy, 
8921; many ministers return. 8922; Test 
Act against, 8953 ; United Societies of 
Covenanters meet ; Reformed Presb. 
Church secedes, 8942; confirmation age, 
8962; Presbyterianism reestablished, 
8982 ; Act of 'Settlement, SHS3 ; national 
religion of Scot., 9023; Soc. for Promo- 
tion of Christian Knowledge est.; patron- 
age restored, Glassites 9042; Gen. Assem- 
bly, 9063; rise; Associate Presbytery se- 
cede, 8093; Reformed Presbs. org., 911 1 ; 



Burghers and Anti-burghers, 9123,9203 ; 
Session and Relief Churches unite, 9123; 
Relief Church secedes, 915 1 ; First United 
Secession Ch. fmd., 9403, 9543; Foreign 
Mis. Com. ; Y. M. C. A. fmd., 9423; Dr. 
Duff, missionary, 9442, 9183, 9542, 9732; 
Veto Act, 9463; "Morisonians suspended, 
9503 ; Disruption, Free Church secedes, 
9522 ; United Presb. Church fmd., 9543 ; 
Nat. Bible Soc, 904 2 ; patronage abol- 
ished, 9782 ; Pan-Presb. Congress, 9802, 
9822, 9902 ; Zenana mission work, 9862 ; 
Burgher con ventit in. 989 2 ; Home Mission 
to Jews, 9942; high commissioner, 10002; 
jubilee, 10102. 

Presbyterian College org., Clinton, S. C, 
(1880). 

Presburg, Ger., defeated, 5021 ; Diet of, 
5133; peace signed, 5193; UngHsehes 
Magazin, 5171; anti-Jew riot, 5303; 
siege, 7742. 

Preseott, Can., insurrection at, 5781 . 

Co., Kan., deadly strum, 3261 . 

, Benjamin F., gov. N. H., 2973. 

, Richard, Gen., b. (1725) ; gov.-gen., 

5772; captured, S63; exchanged, 8S2; d. 
(1788). 

, William, b., 602; d., 1061 . 

, Hickling, b.,' 1061 ; works, 1491 

1571, 1632, 1783; d., 1842. 

Present Stat,- of Republic!: of Letters,909i . 

Presidency, U. S. A., nominations by Con- 
gressional caucus abandoned, 1332. 

President captured by Endymion, 1223; 
lost, 1533. 

Presidential elections, 101 1. (See each 
following quadrennium.) Salary main- 
tained, 2913. 

Succession Bill passed, 3132, 3212. 

Presles, Raoul de, De civitate Dei, 6743. 

Preslin, Due de, murders wife ; suicide, 
7292,3. 

Press, Am., Asso. incorporated, 4273. 

, censorship relaxed, Rus., 11183; free- 
dom abolished, 11313. 

, freedom of, 631 , 4951 . 7252,7352,7532. 

, limited, Fr., 7273. 

, hydraulic, invented, 9381. 

, restricted, Fr., 7303, 7313, 7343, 7503, 

7572, 765i; freedom legalized, 7391 ; de- 
cree repealed, 7511; restrictions re- 
moved, 7512. 

, , Great Britain, 8831 ; censorship 

license, 8883, 9012, 0291 ; censor, 9002. 

, , Spain, 11313. 

.suppressed, Ger., 8151; restricted, 

8222; gov't defeated ; liberty upheld, 
8292; political use, 8322. 

, unrestrained. Den., 6423. 

Presse, La, issued, 7271 . 

Pressense, Edmond Dehoult de, b., 7242; 
d., 7602. 

Pressing boards made. 8041 ; inv., 9142. 

Pressy, J. T., moderator, 1843. 

Prester John, in Abyssinia, 13. 

Preston, Eng., Guild Merchants' festival, 
8503,991)3; battle of, 8S62; Jaeobitessur- 
render, 9041; strike, '.t.v.n , 9731; Derby 
statue, 9761 ; riots, 9831 ; Harris gift, 
9842; free library fnd., 9902; Newsham 
gift, 9921 . 

, N. Y , insane asylum burned ; lives 

lost, 3593. 

, James P.; gov. Va., 1252; d., 1561 . 

, Robert E., 111 treas. dept., 4472. 

, Thomas Scott, b., 1322; d., 3941 . 

, William Ballard, b. (1805); sec. navy, 

1653; d. (1862). 

, Campbell, b„ 1042; d., 1861 . 

, Lord, arrested, 899 3 . 

, Viscount, secretary of state, 897 3 . 

Prestonpans, Scot., action at, 9101. 

Prestwich, Joseph, b., 9363. 

Preto, ex-premier, banishment, 5591. 

Pretoria, Transvaal, mission, 11241 ; Bp. 
Bousfield elected, 9803. 

Pretorian Guard broken up, 10662. 

Pretorians, power of, 10632; murder Au- 
gusta. 10671. 

Pretorius, Andries, aid to Boers ; invades 
O. Free State, 59K1 ■ pies.. 5993; leader, 
11052. 

Pretorship filled by Plebeians, 10532. 

Preuss, Johann David Erdmann, b., 8042; 
d., 8243. 

Prcussiscke Jahrloicli issued, 820 3 . 

Prevention of Crimes Act, 985=, 9893. 

of Cruelty to Animals Soc. fnd.,9412. 

of Cruelty to Children Act, 10123. 



Prevost, Sir George, b., 9163; at Platts- 
burg, 1222; d., 9382. 

, d'Exiles, Abbe Antoine Francois, b., 

6943; ManonLescaut, 6992; d.,703i. 

, Gen. Augustine, b., 602; at Charles- 
ton, 902; at Fort Sunbury, 901 ; (1.(1786). 

, Louis Constant, b., 7062; d., 7322. 

, Marcel, Panama Canal scandal, 7643. 

, , Les Uemi-Vierges, 7662. 

Paradol, Lucien Anatole, b., 7243; 

d.,7382. 

, Pierre, b., 7031 ; d., 7242. 

Prevoyance, Society de est., 7462. 

Priam reigns, 11431 ; d., 10142. 

Price, A. J., defalcation, 4142. 

, Andrew, b., 1741 . 

, Bonamy, b. (1807) ; Royal Commis- 
sion, 9951 ; d., 9962. 

, Charles, lord-mayor London, 9313. 

, J. K., police captain, trial, 4522, 4623. 

, Richard, b., 9062; d., 9243. 

, Rodman McCawley, b. (1816) ; gov. 

N.J. ,1772; d.,4621. 

, Sterling, b., 1162; in Valley of Taos, 

1621 ; gov. ,1743 ; at Carthage, Mo.,1962; at 
Boonville.1961 ; at Lexington, Mo., 1983; 
leads guerillas, 2022; at Pea Ridge, 2042; 
at Union Mills, 2121 ; a t luka, 2132; at 
Corinth, 2142; at Dardanelles, 2381; a t 
Springfield, 2181; at Ironton ; invades 
Mo., 2382; at Little Blue; at Mine 
Creek ; losses in Mo., 2391 ; at Big Blue, 
Little Osage, :mdNewtonia,2392; d.,2582. 

, T. B., d.,4161. 

, Thos. L., defeats Compensation, 2193. 

, W. H., killed, 4763. 

Prices, Eng., law for governing, 8623; re- 
stricted, 8672, 8692. , 

Prichard, James Cowles, b. (1786) ; work, 
9371 ; d. (1848). 

Prideau, Lieut., in Abyssinia, 31 . 

Prideaux, Humphrey, b., 8862; d., 9062. 

, Gen. John, b. (1718) ; killed, 703. 

, , b., 582; d., 722. 

Prierias, Sylvester, assails Luther, 7882. 

Priessnako'ff hanged, 11203. 

Priessnitz, Yincenz, b.,8063; hydropathy, 
5202; d., 8182. 

Priestley, Joseph, *b , 9082; hydrochloric 
acid, 9182; nitrous oxide gas, 9202; in 
Lunar Soc, 9212; d., 9323; statue, 9781 . 

Priests, marriage law, Hung., 5023; influ- 
encing wills, "5163; power curbed, 5423; 
missions of, 5751 ; illiterate in Fr., 6643; 
decree against, Fr., 7082,3; forbidden in 
politics, 7343, 75K2; indicted, Ger., 8351 ; 
insurrection of, Eng., 876 2 ; celibacy con- 
ditional, 10663; marriage permitted, 
10682; celibacy rejected, 10683; sub-ru- 
lers of Palestine, 1147+ . 

Priesthood, augurs est., 10503; election for, 
10563. 

Prigg Case, decision given, 1551 . 

Prim, Juan, Count of Reus, b.-d., 11303; 
exiled, 11313; revolts, 11302; in Cadiz; 
in prov. gov't, 11313; created marshal, 
11321 ; insurrectionist, 11313; shot, 11323. 

Prima Vista discovered, 5711 . 

Prime, Edw. Dorr Griffin, b., 1231 ; d., 3801. 

, Samuel Ireuajus, b., 1183; d., 3202. 

, Win. Cowper, b., 1322. 

Primitive Methodists. (See Methodists.) 

Primo passes through Suez Canal, 6573. 

Primogeniture abolished in Aust.,497 2 ; in 
Hung., 7073; in Eng. law, 8491 . 

Primrose, Archibald Philip, Earl of Rose- 
bery, b., 9542; lord privy seal, 9933; K. 
of Garter, 10083; minister, 9952, 10092 

Prince Edward Island. Eng. possess, 5743; 
in Confederation, 5833; One House, 5942. 

Rupert River, fort on, 5732. 

Prince wrecked, 9593. 

Albert in Arctic Sea, 9561 . 

George burned, 9141 , 

of Wales wrecked, Brazil, 9652. 

of Wales wrecked, Ire., 9333 

Consort, title conferred, G. B., 9613. 

, L. B., gov. N. Mex., 3492; asks for 

troops, 3663. 

, Thomas, b., 502; gov. Mass., 333, 353, 

412; d., 711. 

Princes succession, Ger., 8093. 

1'rincess bursts boilers, 185 3 . 

Alice sinks, 9832. 

Princess Dagmar marries, 6421 . 

Princess Henriettc, collision, 5473. 

Ledge, Can., gold dis., 5881 . 

Princeton Rerieu- est., 1331 , 2763. 

Princeton, " Peacemaker," explodes, 156' . 



Prin-Prot. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDjCLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1379 



Princeton, N. J., battle of, 86' ; Conti- 
nental Cong., 971 ; centennial eel., 2943. 

University; coll. of N. J., est. at 

Elizabethtown, 663; Nassau Hall fnd.; 
moved to Newark, 671 ; moved to Prince- 
ton; Jonathan Edwards, pres., 712; J. 
Witherspoon, pres., 763; Theological 
School est., 119', 1263 ; rebellion, 126'; 
observatory erected, 296' ; Clark equa- 
torial set up, 314' : MeCosh statue, 342' ; 
Susan Brown gift, 3602; Guyot's library, 
3942; hazing abolished, 472'. 

, W. Va., action at, 208' . 

Principia presented, 8962. 

Pring, Martin, in Plymouth, 26' , 27' . 

Pringle, Sir John, b., 9022; pres. Eoyal 
Soe.,9182; d.,9223. 

, Thomas, b., 9243; d. (1834). 

Printers, local unions find., 1403. 

Printing, presses limited, 422, 432; pro- 
hibited in N. Y„ 502; in N. Y., 523; at 
Charleston, 623; fntro. in N. C, 67' ; set 
at Knoxville, 1043; steam-power press in 
N. Y., 130'; discovery eel., 151'; pro- 
hibited inN. J. ,1543 ; rotary made, 1622; 
anniversary of introduction, 42S 2 ; set 
up in Brazil, 554' ; encouraged in China, 
0102; est. in Fr., 681' ; first i'11 Eng., 8642; 
set up, 8663; inv., 930' ; iron, gen. use, 
9322 ; steam, inv., 9343 ; Albion intro., 
938' ; automatic patented, 964' ; intro. 
Gr., 1035' ; intro. Montenegro, 1097' ; im- 
proved, 11002; in Uruiniah, 11073; intro. 
Hung.,50S3 

, by movable type inv., Ger.. 7842, 

787' ; in dyes invented, 7862; cylindri- 
cal machine inv., 804' . 

, intro. in Eng., 8622; Gothic types, 

8642; Celtic letters intro., 8743; first 
patent, 876'; disorders repressed, 885', 
8903; periodicals prohibited, 8943; first 
types, 906' ; in color; employed, 940 2 ; 
anastatic inv., 948'. 

Bill, U. S. A., 4012, 4192, 4412, 4771 . 

Printz, J., gov. Del., 363, 373. . 

Prior, Matthew, b., 8902; works, 897', 

9003; d.,9062. 

, Richard, criminal, 4522. 

Priories mentioned, G. B-, 8423; seized in 

Eng., 8542; alien dissolved; suppressed, 

8622. 
Prison Asso. successful, 365' . 

Charities Act, 9912. 

, cruelty in, Eng., 9092. 

Discipline Soc. est., 939'. 

labor, prohibited in N. Y., 3303. 

Ministers' Act., 9672. 

Prisoners, Am., aided, 89' ; in Eng., 123' ; 
released by Confederates, 204' ; political, 
released, Am., 2172; general exchange, 
2283; political, discharged, 2352; par- 
doned, Fr., 7672 ; religious, released, 
Eng., 8962; of war, many, 920'; ex- 
change of, 9202. 

Counsel Bill passed, 8473. 

Pritchard, Charles, b. (1808=); d., 1010'. 

, Lieut. -Col., captures Jet. Davis, 2463. 

•, Mr., Due d'Orleans, 7293. 

Priscillian beheaded, 1069' . 
Priscillianists rise, 11252; fnd., 1069'. 
Privateering authorized, 80 2 ; abandoned, 

203'. 

, IT. S. A. refuses to abolish, 961' . 

Privateers, enemies to Brit, commerce ; 
Am. instructions to, 832, 892; Confeder- 
ate, authorized, 194' ; damages by Con- 
federate, 212' , '.H.',3; used by Eng., 8563, 

Privy Council formed, Eng., 8453. 

Prize fighting, Morrissev defeats Heenan, 
185'; punishable, 261'; Hall and Fitz- 
simmons, 388 3 ; prohibited by Cong., 
3912 ; in Cal., 4262 ; pugilist killed, 
342 ; Heenan and Sayers, 9643. (See 
Corbett, J. J.). 

money divided, Eng., 900' , 926' . 

Probst, Antoine, executed, 2522. 
Probus, Marcus Aurelius, defeats Franks, 

6622; intro. vine culture, 6623; kills in- 
vaders, 6632 ; improvements in Ger,, 
768' ; enters Gaul; in Ger.; exacts trib- 
ute; imperator, 7692; defeats Florian; 
against Ger. tribes; employs Ger. mer- 
cenaries, 1064'; defeats Varanes II., 
1106'; reigns; killed, 10662, 10672. 

Procles enthroned, 1015' . 

ProclidEe, kings of, 1015' . 

Proclus, b.-d., 10303. 

Procne, asteroid, discovered, 300'. 

Procopius, Archbp., metropolitan, 10362. 



Procopius, rival of Sallust, k., 1068'. 

, historian, b.-d., 10303. 

— — , Andrew, Hussite leader, 5061 ; attends 
Gen. Council, 507' ; killed, 5062. 

Procter, Adelaide Anne, b., 9423; d., 968' . 

, Bryan \V., b.,9242; d., 9782. 

, Gen Henry D., b. (1765); at French- 
town, 120', 1212; besieges Ft. Meigs, 
1202; assaults Ft. Stephenson; on river 
Thames, 1203; d. (1859). 

Proctor, John K., Civil Ser.Com.,445 1, 4473. 

, Joseph, b., 1242. 

, Kedtield.b., 1382; gov., 3012; sec. of 

war, 3372; eMigy discussed, 3531 ; enlists 
Indians, 378'. 

, Richard Anthony, b., 9482; d., 330' . 

Production, U. S. statistics, 1693+. 

Prcetus, divided kingdom, 10133. 

Profanity, S. C, a misdemeanor, 4762. 

tax, Eng., 901' . 

Profligacy abounds, Ger., 771 2 ; of Court, 
Eng., 891'. 

Progressive Amer. Party fmd., 463' . 

Friends org., 1723; prohibited Mar- 
riage Bill defeated, 957' . 

Prohibition, for Indians, 371, 2172; aban- 
doned in Pa., 371 ; law in Mass., 403, 
41'; Amendment rejected, Neb., 71'; 
passes in Ore., 157'; first Maine law, 
1612; adopted in Me., 1691,2593; Maine 
law repealed, 181 2 ; constitutional in 
N. Y., 319' ,2, 3S12, 3831 ; senate favors, 
1872; in N. Y., 1922; in Army, 1991, 
2021; Good Templars for, 2503; favored 
in Kan., 3032, 323', 329'; unconstitu- 
tional, 3592, 3712, 3792; rejected ill Mich., 
3032, 3151 , 3291 ; at military posts, 3071 ; 
canteens at, 35S 2 ; rejected in N. C, 
3091; adopted in la., 313', 3172, 323', 
333' , 3562, 3571 , 3583, 371' ,2, 403' ,2; po- 
litically opposed by brewers; adopted in 
O.; for Alaska, 317'; sought in Mass., 
3191,393'; approved by R. C. Council, 
319'; adopted in N. Dak., 321', 341', 
347', 3483, 4092; grows in Ga., 321', 
329'; partial, 3S92; in R. I., 3223,3243, 
3362; rescinded, 341 ' ; defeated in Tex., 
3272, 3292; Federal Prohibition Bill, 
2923,329'; partly in Mo., 3292; defeated 
in Ore., 3292; in W. Va., 3292,3332; re- 
jected in N. H., 3362; in S. Dak., 347', 
3682, 3783; rejected in Wash.; rejected 
in Conn., 347'; conven. in Neb., 3483; 
rejected, 371'; submission in N. Y., 
357', 2, 3592,3772, 381'; in Cambridge, 
Mass., 3723 ; partial in D. C, 3983 ; 
churches favor; Christian church, 3243; 
Church of God; Ger. Ref'd Church; 
Evangelical Church, 327' ; Weslevan 
Meth., 3292; Afr. Meth. Zion; Afr. 
Meth. Epis.; Meth. Epis., 3303, 407'; 
Moravian ; Seventh Day Adventists, 
331'; by Presbyterian, 3402,3602; Evan. 
Lutheran, 3403; favored by Sons of Tem- 
perance, 3623; p. Bill in Cong., 367' ; by 
missionary societies, 3702 ; by Nat. 
Farmers' Cong., 3943. 

Party, inGa.,321' ; org. at Lawrence, 

Kan., 3172;National Conventions at Chi- 
cago, party org., 2672; at Columbus, O., 
2773; at Cleveland, 2923, 305'; at Pitts- 
burg, Pa., 3173; a t Indianapolis, 331'; 
at Cincinnati, 4092; commission against, 
Can., 593'; in Ont., 5962; in Bechuana- 
land; by Chief Moshesh, 599' ; upheld, 
China, 6123. 

Nat. Party in G B., 997' . 

Park dedicated, 387' ; Temperance 

Cong., 461'. 

Prome captured, 10462; mission, 10472. 

Prometheus attacked, 9572. 

Promontory Point, U. and C. P. R.R. con- 
nected, 2673. 

Promotion and Diffusion of Knowledge 
Society fnd., 9432. 

of Social Purity League meets, 3803. 

Prony, Baron de, Gaspard Clair Francois 

Marie Riche, b., 7012; d., 7282. 

Propeller screw, first in IT. S., 157' ; pat- 
ented, 9262 ; first built, 948' ,2. 

Propertius, Ci/uthia; Synta.ris, 1061' . 

Property Qualification Abolishment Act, 
9632. 

Propontis, coasts subdued, 1022' . 

Proportional Representation Society fmd., 
9932; proposal rejected, 993 2 . 

Proscription laws abrogated, Fr., 745 3 . 

„,!„„,. r-„n„„„ /^„„„„s Elm . 



Proserpine wrecked, 928' . 

Prospective Rerun' issued, 953' . 

Prosper of Aquitaine, w r orks, 663' . 

Protagoras, b.-d., 1019' . 

Protection of Am. Institutions League 

address, 4443; opposed, 450' , 475' . 

for manufactures an issue, 1292. 

Protectionists favored; defeated, Austral., 

499' ; meet Great Brit., 9552 ; ministry 

formed, 957 2 . 
Protective Tariff Bill, Am., 1313. (See 

Tariff.) 

adopted, Australia, 5012. 

in Austria, 5173. 

policy opposed, (Jan., 593' . 

Protector elective, Eng., 8892. 
Protector wrecked, 9493. 
Protectorate of Humphrey, 863' . 

established, Eng., 889' . 

Protein introduced, 1102' . 
Protestant Alliance formed, 9543. 

Association, Am., meets, 3852. 

organized, 921 ' , 9463. 

churches permitted, Hung., 517'. 

church of Prussia forbids socialism 

834'. 

Conference, N. Y., 3702. 

Conservative Society est., 9442. 

Convocation Articles, Eng., 8802 ; 

Dissenters' relief, 9253. 

Episcopal Church, Am.; in Can., first 

Epis. service in Am., 242 ; j n Va., state 
religion; first service in, 262; daily ser- 
vice, 282; orthodoxy tested ; Pocahontas 
converted; compulsory attendance ; dis- 
sent a crime, 362 ; exclusive in, 402, 422; 
William and Mary Coll. est., 522 ; rev- 
enue in tobacco, 533-982,3,1002, 1022, 
1232, 1363, 1543, 2622, 3142, 4602. in 
Me. : minister in, 262, 1282, 1622. in 
Mass. : among Puritans, 282; est. ,30', 2; 
service in Salem, 302 ; John Winthrop 
in ; leaders expelled ; Prayer Book in 
Boston, 382; compulsory in Boston, 422, 
502; 1st church in Boston, 463 ; King's 
Chapel built, 502,602,603,962,3-1023, 
1123, 1543, 2832, 3822, 3923, 4301, 440'. 
in Del. : 1st service, 343, 542, 57' , 1523, 
3202. j n n. Y. : tolerated, 362; i s t ser- 
vice, 463; est. by law, 522 ; Trinity Ch. 
est., 523 ; King's farm granted ; Colum- 
bia Coll. est., 543 ; Trinity school est., 
57'-9S2,3, 1103, 1171, 1331, 1382, 1603, 
1582, 2412, 2642, 2662, 3142, 336', 3862, 
3922; inN. H. : minister banished, 362, 
622, 1103, 1563, 2702. Indian missions : 
363,571, 622,3, 651, 1243, 1323, 1003 ; j„ 
N.C. : legalized, 442, 662,671; in S. C. : 
482, 452, 563, 9S2,3, 119' , 1263, 1503, 1723, 
2742,358' ,434'. Church bishopless,4t3; 
in Md. : est. by law, 522, 902, 1143, 1522, 
2702,3182 ; in K. I. : in Newport, 542, 
562, 1021 , 1562, 1762. Est. by law, N.C, 
562. Miss, in Newport, R. I., 562; j n 
Conn., 563, 602, 962, 1082, 127', 1312. 
Prevails in N. Y., Va., S. C. ; Trinity 
School, N. Y., est., 57'; reproved in 
Mass., 602 ; in Bait., 643 ; royalistic, 
723; s. Seabury elected bishop, 962,3. 
Standing Committee for union, 962; first 
conven. P. E. Church of Am. org., 963 ; 
in Pa., 963, 983, 1171 , 1323, 1343 ,1663, 
1842, 2502, 2543, 2642, 2762, 3861 ; in N. 
Y. City, 963, 1271, 1762, 1863, 3562, 3702, 
3842,4062, 4201 ,4341 , 4721 . 1st ordina- 
tion, 963 ; 1st gen. conven. ; King's 
Chapel, Boston, secedes, 982 ; in Va., 
982,3, 1002, 1022, 1232, 1363, 1543, 2622, 
3142, 4602; j n N. J., 982, 1241 1402,1631 , 
1862,2862,3023; in Ky., 1363, 1402,2542, 
2862. Bp. Griffith elected; bps. White 
and Provost cons., 983 ; separates from 
Ch. of Eng.; separation of Ch. and State, 
98 3 ; constitution fmd.; Book of Prayer 
Americanized, 1002; Bp. Madison cons., 
Prayer Book used, 1022 ; in Vt., 1023, 
1043, 1402,3, 1443, 2622, 4501 . Bp. Clag- 
gett cons., 1023 ; Bp. Bass cons., 1043, 
1063; lands sequestered, Vt.; Bp. Smith 
cons., 1062 ; Bp. Jarvis eons., 1082 ; Bp. 
Moore cons., 1103, 1232 ; Bp. Parker 
cons., 1123 ; Bible and C. Prayer-Book 
Soc, 1163, 1642 ; Tract Soc. org., 1171 , 
1243 ; bps. Hobart and Griswold cons., 
1171 ; same as Ch. of Eng., 1183 ; Bp. 
Dehoncons., 1191 ; Bp. Kemp cons. ,1232; 
Bp. Croes cons.; first ch. in N. Orleans, 
1243, in La., 1243, 1542, 3023, 3861; j n 
N. C, 1261,1383,1723; in Q.,1263, 1303, 



1380 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Prot-Prov. 



1331, 1402, 1862, 2882, 2902, 3342, 3452, 
3542,3742. Bp. Bowencons., 1263; Bp. 
Brownell cony.; Theo. Sem. est., N. Y., 
1271. Domestic and Foreign Miss. Soc. 
est., 1283 ; in Ga., 1303, 1523, 2861 , 4201 . 
Bp. Eavenscroft eons., 131 1 ; Trinity 
Coll. eBt., 1312; Hobart Free Coll. est. ; 
Kenyon Coll. est., 133* ; in Miss., 1341, 
1(362, 3122. Bp. H. V. Onderdonk, 1343; 
in Tenn., 1363, 24S2, 2643, 4341; Bp. 
Meade cons., 1363; in Ala., 1363, 13S2,3, 
1442, 1563, 3761 ; Bp. Stone cons., 1382 ; 
Bp. Ives cons., 13S3 ; in Midi., 1402, 
1462,2862, 3022, 3.W3, 3462,4162. Bps. 
Hopkins, Smith, Mcllvaine, and Doane 
cons., 1402 ; Bp. Otey cons., 1423 ; Bp. 
White Prayer-Book Soc. org., 1423 ; j n 
111., 1442,3, 2832, 21)62, 2083, 4202. Bp. 
Kempes eons., 1442; Bp. Chase elected ; 
in Chicago, 1443 ; Miss. Soc. changed, 
Norwich Univ. est., 1443; Bp. McCoskry 
cons., 1462; Bp. Lancey cons., 1503; i n 
Mo., 1503, 1.-163, 2622, 3382. Bp. Glads- 
den eons., 1:>()3; Bp. Whittinghamcons., 
1522 ; Bp. Elliot cons., 1523 ; bps. Lee 
and Polk cons., 1542 ; bps. Joans and 
Eastburn cons., 1543 ; Bp. Henshaw 
cons., 1562; bps. Chase, Cobbs, Hawkes, 
and Freeman eons., 1563; in Ark., 1563, 
1862,2683,2762. Bp. H. V. Onderdonk 
suspended, 1563 ; Articles and Canons 
approved ; Bp. B. T. Onderdonk sus- 
pended. Bp. Potter cons., 1582 ; The 
Churchman, 158 3 ; Bp. Burgess cons. ; 
Soc. for Promoting 0. Knowledge est., 
1623 ; i n Wis., 1631, 1731, 1762, 2542, 
2882, 3382, 3041. Burlington College 
est., 1631 ; Evang. Literature Soc. org., 
1642 ; i n Tex., 1642, 1862, 2842, 2862, 
3282,4202. Bp. Doane's trial; bps. Up- 
fold and Green cons., 1662; i n ind., 
1662,2482,3142; in Cal., 1032, 1723,25S3, 
2862. Bp. Rutledge cons., 1683. Bp. 
Wainwright eons., 1702 ; i n la., 1723, 
1741,1762,1843,2922. Bp. Ives cons.; 
deposed ; bps. Davis, Atkinson, Kip, 
cons., 1723 ; Racine Coll. est., 1731 ; Bp. 
Scott cons., 1741; bps. Lee, Potter, 
Clark, Kemper, Jackson, cons., 1762. 
in Wash., 1741, 2692,4202 ; in Ore., 
1741,2642. Prot.Kpis. Quarterly, 1763; 
in Minn., 1822,1862. Bp. Bowman cons., 
1842; Griswold College est., 1843; bps. 
Gregg, Odenheimer, Bedell, Whipple, 
Lay, and Talbot cons., 1862 ; in Kan., 
1862, 2411, 3262. Soc. for Increase of 
Ministry fmd., 1862; St. Stephen's Coll. 
est., 1863 ; Bp. Steveus cons., 2023 ; Bp. 
Wilmer cons., 2052 ; Evang. Education 
Soc. fmd., 2152; Bp. Vail cons., 241 1 ; Bp. 
Cox cons., 2412 ; bps. Quintard, Talbot, 
Clarkson, and Randall cons., 2482 ; in 
Neb., 2482, 2642, 3502; i n Col., 2482, 
2S22, 3282, 4221 . Reunion of Southern 
churches, 2502 ; bps. Williams, Wilmer, 
Cummings, Armitage, cons., 2542 ; Bp. 
Neely cons., 256 ] ; Bp. Young cons. ; in 
Fla., 2582. st. Augustine Coll., 2583; 
Bp. Beckwith cons., 2602; bps. Whittle, 
Bissell, Robertson, cons., 2622 ; ritual- 
ism discussed ; bps. Doane, Morris, Lit- 
tlejohn, cons., 2642; Univ. of tbe South., 
2613 ; Bp. Huntington cons., 2662 ; bps. 
Whitaker, Pierce, cons., 2682,3; Reform 
conv.,2682; in Ariz., 2682, 3341 . Bps. 
Niles and Pinckney cons., 2702 ; Bp. 
Howe cons., 2742 ; Woman's Auxiliary 
org., 2762 ; bps. Hare, Auen, cons.; in 
S. Dak., 2802. Bps. Paddock, Lyman, 
Spaulding, cons.; secession of Reformed 
Epis. Ch., 2822 ; Bp. Elliott cons. ; Bp. 
Cummings deposed, 2842 ; Bp. Welles 
cons., 2861; bps. Wingfield, Odenheimer, 
Garrett, Dudley, Scarborough, cons. ; 
canon against ritualism ; Church Cong, 
org. ; Clergymen's Retiring Fund Soc. 
est., 2862; B p . Gillespie cons., 2863; bps. 
Jagger, McLaren, Brown, Adams, cons., 
2882; in N.Mex., 2882, 3042. First eh. 
congress, 2882 ; Free and Open Church 
Asso. org., 2902 ; Bp. Perry cons., 2922 ; 
Cookman Inst. ; Nat. Repository , 2923 ; 
Up. Penick cons., 2942; i n W. Va., 2983; 
Girls' Friendly Soc. org. ; Soc. Promot- 
ing Christianity among Jews ; bps. Bur- 
gess, Peterkin, Seymour cons. ; Bp. Mc- 
Coskry deposed, 2983; Bp. Harris cons., 
3022. Church Ger. Soc. org.; bps. Star- 
key, Gallagher, cons., 3023 ; Ch. Build- 



ing Fund org. ; bps. Dunlop, Brewer, 
Paddock cons. ; in Mont., 3042; j n 
Wash., 3042. Board of Missions est. ; 
3062 ; ch. Temperance Soc, 3091 , 3191 ; 
Bp. Thompson eons., 3122; bps. Knicker- 
bocker, Potter, Randolph, Walker, cons., 
3142 j i n n. Dak., 3142; inN.C, 3162,3, 
4401. Enrichment ol' Prayer Book, 3162; 
Bp. Watson cons., 3163; Bishop Paret 
consecrated, 3182 ; Temperance report, 
3191 ; Bishop Worthington eons., 3202 ; 
Daughters of the King ; Knights of 
Temperance, 3231 ; bps. Thomas, Talbot, 
cons. ,3262; in Wyo.,3262; inlda.,3262, 
3861. Bps. Johnson, Leonard, cons. ,3282; 
inNev., 3282; in Utah, 3282. Bp. Cole- 
man cons., :>202; Students' Mission Asso.; 
Brotherhood of Lay Readers, 3322 ; 
bps. Kendrick, Vincent, cons., 3341, 2 ; 
N. Y. province fmd., 3361 ; Bp. Knight 
cons.; Bp. Bray deposed, 3882; Bp. Graf- 
ton cons., 3383 ; Colored P. E. Conf., 
3443 ; revision of Prayer Book, 3461, 
4162; bps. Leonard, Davies, cons., 3462; 
Bp. Graves eons., 350 2 ; H. MacQuearey 
deposed, 3542,3742; Bp. Nichols cons., 
3621 ; Bp. Thomas eons., 3742 ; i n Ind. 
Ter., 3742. Bp. Jackson cons., 376 1 ; 
Bp. Brooks, 3822, 3342, 3923; bps. Nich- 
olson, Sessums, eons., 386 1 ;newhymnal; 
Board of Missions ; Bp. Thomas cons., 
4162 ; Cathedral of St. John the Divine; 
Bp. Gray cons.; bps. Nelson, Hale, Kin- 
solving, Wells, Brooke, cons., 4202; i n 
Okla., 4202. Bp. Barker cons., 4221 ; 
Bp. Lawrence cons., 430 1 ; bps. Graves, 
McKim, cons. ,4321 ; bps. Capers, Gaylor, 
cons., 434 1 ; bps- Lawrence, Cheshire, 
cons., 4401; Bp. Hall cons., 450 1 ; Soc. 
for Seamen eel., 4562; Bp. Newton cons., 
4602 ; Monastic Brotherhood fmd., 4721. 

Protestant Fpiseopal Church of Confed. 
States org., 2172. 

, first mission in world, Brazil, 5531 . 

, French College dedicated, 3471. 

Missions Conference, 9982. 

Reformation Society org., 9403. 

Society formed, 9423. 

war, Ger., 7901.' 

word obsolete, changed, 8123. 

Protestantism intro. in Fr., 6702; abjured, 

6843; prostrate, 6871; no congregations, 
6971; ruined in Ger., 7911; flourishes in 
Ger., 7923 ; est. in Eng., 8703 ; rules, 
8722; missions in India, 10491. 

in Austro-Hung.: Wycklif's proposi- 
tions condemned,. 506 2; John Huss under 
ban, burned; Hussite party fmd., Jerome 
of Prague burned, Catholics expelled 
from Prague,5003;Taborites annihilated; 
Univ. of Prague suppressed, 5071 ; La- 
dislaus leader, Moravians appear, 5082; 
George Podiebrad under pope's ban, 
anti-Hussite crusade, 5083 ; called Pro- 
testants ; Reformation spreads; Schmal- 
kaldic League favors ; Peace of Nurein- 
burg favors ; Jesuits' order against ; 
Council of Trent against, 5102; Conven. 
of Passau, Peace of Augsburg, reaction 
against, toleration of, Protestant Union 
fmd., 5103; Thirty Years' War, 5111; re- 
volt of, 5113; Christian II. and Gustavus 
Adolphus aid, 512 1 ; Christian and John 
George under ban, reaction against, 
5123 ; supreme in Bohemia ; rises in 
Hungary, 5131; Herrnhut est., 5143; 
advance in Hung., 5163 ; toleration in 
Aust., 5171 ; rights in Aust.-Hung., 5242; 
rights granted, 5252, 3 ; estates confis- 
cated, 5413. 

in Belgium : intro.; opposed; Alva's 

cruelty ; William of Orange, convert, 
5411 ; Catholics and Protestants oppose 
each other in, 5423. 

inFr.: Luther's heresy condemned; 

first Protestants in Paris ; John Calvin 
preaches, persecuted, 6803 ; Calvin in 
Switz.; persecution of Albigenses, 681 1 . 
disturbs Council of Trent ; church in 
Paris ; advances in ; synod held ; Hugue- 
nots rise ; Poissy Conf. fails; concessions 
in, 6823 ; massacre at Vassy ; 36 years 
religious wars; tolerated; Huguenots 
again rise; gen. synod held, 683 1 ; St. 
Bartholomew's massacre, 6842; success- 
ful in war, 6843; toleration; Holy League 
against Prots. est.; Peace of Poitiers 
favors, 6852; edict of Nemours against ; 
Henry IV. abjures, 6843; edict of Nantes, 



6863 ; Huguenot cause ruined ; tolera- 
tion, 687 1 ; Lutherans tolerated, 6923 ; 
edict of Nantes revoked ; persecution, 
6931 ; Huguenots persecuted, 6943; Cami- 
sards revolt, 6971; severe laws against, 
699 1 ; first nat. synod; declines, 7011; 
toleration, 7032, 7002 ; massacre at 
Nimes ; revival, 7231 . 

ProtestantisminGer.: Reformationbegins; 
Council of Basle, Switz., 7843; Fred. III. 
against, 7851 ; Bible first printed ; Luther 
born; Luther in Rome; Luther's reforma- 
tion begins, ;W2, Zwingli in Switz. ,11371 ; 
Diet of Worms, 78-S3; Anabaptists org., 
Reformation in Prus.; martyrs at Augs- 
burg ; Nuremberg accepts; alliance of 
Prots., 7891; reformers protest; Diet 
of Augsburg, 7902 ; fi rs t consistory in 
Saxony; Luther dies ; cause apparently 
ruined, interim of Augsburg, 7911; 
peace of Augsburg ; flourishes; reaction 
against ; Prot. Union ; Cath. League 
against, 7923; Prot. Union fmd.; peace 
with C. Lengue, 7933 ; Union ruined; 
edictof Restitution, 7943; p. Union, last 
of, 7952 ; toleration granted, 7971 ; Piet- 
ists fnd., 7983; edict uf tolerance, 8051. 

in Great Brit, : Act of Supremacy ; 

Church severed from Rome; persecution 
by Prot. ; Reformation in Ire., 868 2 ; 

Sapal interdict ; Reformation in Scot. ; 
latthew's Bible ; Prots. persecuted in 
Scot.; King's Book standardof doctrines, 
8683; Knox reformers in Scot.; P. form- 
ally est. ; 1st Uniformity Act ; clergy 
marry ; Common Prayer-Book, 8701 ; 
Reformation annulled ; persecution by 
Cath.: reconciled to Rome ; bps. Hooper, 
Taylor, Farrar, Ridley, Latimer burned ; 
Bp. Cranni <t bur lied, 8702 ;persecutionby 
Cath., 870 3 ; p, restored ; Puritans rise ; 
Uniformity reenacted; Reformation est. r 
Scot., 8722 ; Anglican Ch. est. ; papal 
bull againM queen, 8723; Presb. Church, 
est. ,8742; Congregational Ch. est., 8763; 
in Ire., 8783 ; colonized in Ire., 8793; 
massacred in Ire., 8843, 929 2 ; restrained 
by James II., 8963. 

in Italy : massacred at Valtelline, 

10831,2 ; edict against Bible Societies, 
10862; missions in Rome, 10*03, 10881,3; 
massacre in Naples, 30883 ; Evangelical 
Alliance at Rome, 10901 . 
Protestants persecuted in Spain, 1129"! ;. 

massacred in Switz., 11372. 
Protestation, Great, Eng., 8812. 
Protet killed, 6201 . 

Proteus crushed in Smith's Sound, 314 1 . 
I'rotogenes, d., 11482. 
Protoplasm discussed, 8201 . 
Proudhon, Jean Baptist Victor, b., 7023 • 
d., 7282. 

, Pierre Joseph, b., 7191 ; works, 7283- 

d.,7362. 
Proust, M., minister, 7532. 
Prout, Samuel, b., 9223 ; d., 9582. 

, "William, b., 9242; d.,9562. 

Prouty, David, presents High Sehool,3443 r 
Provence, Fr., fnd., 10572 ; conquered, 
11261 ; reunited to Ger. Empire, 6692 ; 
ceded to Barcelona, 6693; united to Fr., 
6792; invaded, 6802, 7901; ceded to- 
Franks, 7712. 
Provencher, J. N., bishop, 5801 . 
Proverbs written, 11423. 
Providence attacked by Brit, sloop, 822. 

, R. I., citizen disfranchised, 342; Bapt^ 

Church org., 343,363,812 ; foundation 
of, 352; gov't of, 372; division in church, 
383; Jewish congregation, 40 2 ; Indians 
attack, 462 ; Athenseum Library fnd., 
691, H63 ; p. Gazette, 731 ; Bapt. Coll. 
est., 763; Am. fleet blockaded, 861; 
home-spun cloth mnf., 100 1 ; riot at, 1391 - 
horse thief whipped, 149 1 ; Meth. Epis. 
conf. fmd., 1503 ; mad elephant, 1753 ; 
Swan Point Cemetery est.. 1853; Evening 
Ilultetin,2'X>2\ Outlining I'nif arianconf. 
org., 2562 ; Union for Christian work 
org., 2602 ; Normal School opd.,2742; 
R. C. diocese est., 2802 ; school for deaf 
opd., 2943 ; Nat. encampment G. A. R., 
2972 ; Cong. Club fmd., 3502 ; Cushing 
launched, 3521 ; Ladies' Cycling Club 
est., 3533; Bible banished from schools, 
3582 ; centennial of first Am. cotton- 
mill, 3693; Ladd Observatory, 3941 ; Has- 
well killed, 4111; fire, 4113; Loan Society 
pawn-shop, 460 2 . 



Prov-Prus. 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNJ_)ii.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1381 



Providence Lake, Federals defeat, 21S 3 . 

and Stonington R. R. opd., 1493. 

Provident Knowledge Society est., 9763. 

Provisions of Merlon, Eng., 8533 ; of Ox- 
ford adopted, 8551 ; annulled, 8553. 

Provoked Huxl>aii<t performed, 722. 

Provost, David, mayor N. Y., 55 2 . 

, Sir George, gov. -gen., 577 3 . 

, Samuel, b., 642 ; cons, in Eng., 983 ; 

d.,1242. 

Prud'homme, John F, E., in National 
Academy of Design, 1G0 2 . 

Prunty, .lames, killed, 4423. 

Prusa (later Brusa) ; taken by Orkhan, 
11553 

Prusias I., defeats Gauls, 11481; reigns, 
11491. 

II., reigns, 11491 ; k. (149 B.C.). 

Prussia, Ger., Caasar crosses Rhine, 1058 3 ; 
Treves est., 7G91 ; Avars and Saxons in 
Thuringia ; Charlein;igne del eats Saxons 
at Bocholt; he defeats the YViltzi, 7701 ; 
he meets council of Frankfort, 770 3 ; 
Theodoric subdues Thuringia; Angles 
settle in Eng., 771 2 ; Aix-la-Chapelle, 
freecity ; Wittekind a Christian; refuge 
of pope, 7713 ; B. of Andernaeh ; Mag- 
yars invade; Wends defeated, 7721; 
archbishopric of Treves est. ; Munster- 
kerche of Essen cons. ; Havelberg and 
Brandenburg, bishopries est.; monastery 
of Fulda, 7723 ; Aix-la-Chapelle impor- 
tant ; Frankfort walled ; capital, 7731 ; 
Breslau fnd., 7732 ■ beginning of Prus- 
sian state ; Danzig fnd. ; Cologne, impe- 
rial city; Holy Roman Empire gains, 
7733 ; Danes and Wends invade, 7741 ; 
St. Adelbert, 7742; Breslau a bishopric, 
7743; pressed by Wends; Boleslav rav- 
ages 7752 ; Rudolf victorious, 7761 ; Car- 
thusian monks fnd. ; Holy Coat brought 
to Treves, 7762 ■ AVends converted, 7763; 
Miinster burned; langrave begins, 7772; 
Vehmic Tribunals in Westphalia, 7782 j 
Breslau capital of Silesia; Berlin fnd., 
77S3 ; feud with Henry the Lion, 7791 ; 
colonized by Germans, 7793 ; Mongols 
invade; Raspe defeated ; heathen Prus- 
sians crusaded, depopulated ; knights 
depopulate, 7S0i ; Wetzlar cathedral 
fnd. ; Colognecathedral fnd. ,7802; Danes 
defeated atllornlnered, 7S()3 ; conquered 
for civilization, 7811 , S021 ; Thorn fnd. ; 
Frankfort diet (1234), an imperial city; 
Hanseatic League est. ; Henry Raspe 
set up, 7811; "Win. Count Holland set 
up; great interregnum; Richard Plan- 
tagenet set up ; Alphonso X. set up ; 
■electoral college est.; Kbnigsberg fnd., 
7812, the capital; Dusseldorf, a town, 
7813; Adolf defeated; Albert of Aust. 
succeeds, is defeated at Lncca ; Branden- 
burg attacked ; Hanseatic League at 
war with Den., 782 1 ; knights rule Dan- 
zig; electors bribed ; Brandenburg given 
to Louis, 7831; diet at Frankfort (1344), 

7832 ; false Waldenmr ; bribery; league 
of the cities ; Frankfort capital; Diet 
of Ger. emp. begins ; Charles IV. gains 
Brandenburg; league of Rhine cities, 

7833 ; B. of Tannenberg ; war in West- 
phalia, 7S41,2; Casimir IV. ally ; Soest 
besieged, 7842 ; ch. council at Treves, 
7843 ; Frankfort anii-emp. league ; Univ. 
Cologne est., 7851; Dusseldorf impor- 
tant, 785 2 ; Frederick I. elector ; secret 
tribunals ; Prussian League est., 7853 j 
Univ. of Treves fnd., 7863, 7871 ; Univ. 
of Greifswald fnd., 787 1 ; Prus. League 
dissolved ; bribery ; Danzig ceded to 
Pol. ; Konigsburg important ; W. Prus. 
ceded to Pol. ; States Union dissolved, 
7872; Diet of Worms (1495); Joachim 
becomes an elector ; free city ; Diet of 
Cologne (1512), 7873 ; w ar G f the Nobles; 
Treves besieged ; Peasants' war, 7881 ; 
Reformation in, 789 1 ; emp. visits ; Sick- 
ingen's League; Albert joins Protes- 
tants ; freed from Poles, 7893 ; Univ. of 
Kbnigsberg fnd.; sweating sickness, 
7911 ; Maurice defeats Imperialists, 7921 ; 
Protestant Union find., 7923 ; dukedom 
annexed to Brandenburg ; Prot. Union 
meets, 7933; war with Swedes, 11341; 
Straslund besieged ; Gustavus takes 
Frankfort-on-Oder and Spandau, 7941; 
Wallenstein invades Silesia, 7942 ; Prot- 
estants expelled from Cologne, 7943 ; 
duchy united with Brandenburg, 795 1 ; 



Geo. William, I). ; Prot. Union ruined; 
Edict of Restitution, 7952 ; Gustavus 
Adolphus victorious, 5121; B. of Witt- 
stock, 7961; Swedes defeated at Fehr- 
bellin, 796 2 ; Swedes aid Protestants, 
5121 ; Protestants appeal, 513 2 ; Fred. 
William rules Brandenburg; rulesPrus.; 
Peace of Westphalia, 7972; alliance with 
Holl. ; neutrality with Fr. ; indepen- 
dence of Poland ; peace with Fr.,7973; 
Fr. take cities, 7981 ; serfdom abolished, 
7991 ; becomes a kingdom; Fred. III. 
crowned; Crefeld annexed ; Gelderland 
siezed, 799 2 ; annexations; Meurs an- 
nexed; Fred. William L. king, 7993; 
Peace of Utrecht, 5143 ; Gelderland 
ceded, 7993; treaty of Baden, 5143 ; Vom- 
pomern and Stettin annexed ; treaty of 
Stockholm, 7993 ; Rus. against, 11153 ; 
Rus. and Saxons take Danzig, N001 ; Sile- 
sian wars; takes Glogau ; takes Moll- 
witz, 5141; takes Breslau, 8001; takes 
Chotusitz, 5142 ; Peace of Breslau and 
Berlin, 515 2 ; flying artillery intro. ; 
invades Bohemia, 8001 ; Fred. Xl. reigns; 
takes Breslau ; alliance against Aust., 
801 2 ; 2d Silesian war, 5153 ; claims Si- 
lesia ; Peace of Breslau; alliance with 
Chas. VII. and Fr. ; union of Frankfort ; 
gains East Friesland, 8013 - East Ind. 
Co. fmd.,1045 2 ; alliance against; Peace 
of Fiissen, 5153 ; secret treaty against 
Aust., 7013 ; Peace of Dresden ; a first- 
class power; envy of Aust., 8013; 3d 
Silesian war; battles; Rus. conquests ; 
Fr. take Frankfort ; Fr. defeated in 
Westphalia ; allies burn Berlin, 8021 ; 
treaty for its partition, 5153 ; alliance 
with Eng. ; Fred. II. charged with trea- 
son, 8032 ; Eng. subsidies withheld ; 
Eliz. dies, Prussia saved ; Peace of 
St. Petersburg, of Hamburg, with M. 
Theresa ; Peace of Hubertsburg ; in par- 
tition of Pol., 8033, 8073; A. D. 1800+ ; 
war of Bavarian succession, 8041; in- 
vades Neth., 11002; Peace of Teschen, 
5173; war, 1st coalition; battles; in- 
vades Fr., 8061 ; manifesto against Fr. ; 
with Aust. against Fr., 807 2 ; partition of 
Poland ; Peace of Cainpo Formio ; Fred. 
William III. reigns ; ally against Eng. ; 
seizes Hanover, 8073 ; withdraws ; cedes 
to Fr. left bank of Rhine; imperiled, 
8081; war with Fr., 7161; battles; Fr. 
in Berlin ; truce ; universal military 
service, 8083 ; Tungenbnnd org. ; gains 
Erfurt ; gains terr. Hesse-Cassel, an 
electorate, Wm. I. elector, 8091 ; conven. 
of Potsdam ; neutral toward Fr. ; Dus- 
seldorf capital of duchy ; gains Hanover 
by exchange ; Confed. of Rhine fmd., 
Frankfort, capital ; kingdom of West- 
phalia formed; abolished; with Eng. 
against Fr. ; Napoleon in Berlin ; Berlin 
decree; Saxony withdraws ; Frankfort 
given to Von Dalberg; European com- 
pact fmd. ; Rus. leaves alliance; Peace 
of Tilsit ; Fr. takes vast territory ; West- 
phalia gains Magdeburg, Jerome Bona- 
parte K., Hesse-Cassel joined; Tugend- 
bund org. ; VonStein ministry ; conven. 
of Berlin ; Hanau joins Frankfort, 809 3 ; 
interdicts Am. trade, 1173 j ally of Na- 
poleon; allies against Napoleon; Order 
of Iron Cross est. ; patriotism of young 
men ; landwehr fmd. ; Napoleonic bat- 
tles, 8101 ; majority nnder arms ; Fr. 
gains Wesphalia; Frankfort a grand 
duchy; uprising against Fr. ; in alliance 
with Rus. ; subsidy treaty with Eng. ; 
in Cong, of Prague ; in alliance against 
Fr. ; kingdom of Westphalia; duchies 
of Frankfort and of Berg abolished ; 
Confed. of Rhine ends, 7212 ; war of 
Liberation, 811 1; Fr. gain Breslau; in 
alliance of Chaumont against Napoleon, 
8112 j in Peace of Paris ; Fr. restore ter- 
ritory, 7213; Magdeburg restored, 811 2 ; 
in new alliance against Napoleon ; con- 
stitutional law given ; gains part of Sax.; 
in Germanic Confederation, also Hesse- 
Cassel, etc. ; in Holy alliance ; Frank- 
fort, free city ; gains Westphalia ; 300th 
anniv. of Reformation ; Evangelical sub- 
stitutes Protestant ; Evan, church fmd., 
8123 ; ministry of education org. ; Univ. 
of Bonn est., 8131 ; a central power, 5232; 
in Cong. Aix-la-Chapelle ; in Cong. Karls- 
bad ; ministry of education fmd. ; Von 



Humbolt resigns ; Prus. and Aust. lead ; 
in Cong. Troppau ; mail routes est., 
813 s ; religious disputes ; Archbishop 
Cologne imprisoned, 8151 ( 3 ; Hesse-Cas- 
sel, constitution ; students rise in Frank- 
fort ; Ger. Tariff Union fmd. ; Fred. 
William IV., K. ; clergy disputes; alli- 
ance with Turk., 8153 ; Berlin, state of 
siege; Schleswig-Holstein war; troops 
sent ; railway, Berlin to Magdeburg, 8161 ; 
king's life attempted ; insurrection, Ber- 
lin, 816 3 ; riot in Frankfort; first Gen. 
Estates meet, reforms in Hesse-Cassel ; 
United Provincial Diet meets ; Fred. 
Wm. elector, Hesse-Cassel ; representa- 
tive gov't est. ; Landtag org. ; Federal 
Union demanded ; king illiberal ; an- 
archy in Berlin, 8171 ; general amnesty ; 
revolt in Schleswig-Holstein ; king pro- 
poses reconsolidation of Ger. emp. ; pre- 
liminary pari, meet ; uprising for re- 
forms ; Bismarck in pari. ; Schleswig- 
Holstein struggle ; Ger. Nat. Assembly 
as pari, at Frankfort ; 4 parties, 817 2 ; 
reaction toward despotism ; anti-despo- 
tism movement ; Nat. Assembly leaves 
Frankfort; dissolved ; king's constitu- 
tion ; communist's manifesto, 8173 ; 2d, 
3d Schleswig-Holstein war,818i ; battles, 
5401 , to exclude Aust. ; Aust. opposes ; 
P. yields, 5233; invades Baden, 818 1 ; 
Peace with Den., 641 1 ; whole army out ; 
Aust. in Holstein, 8181 ; Great Ger. and 
Small Ger. parties ; King Wm. Fred, 
elected emp., declines ; Schleswig-Hol- 
stein gov't recognized ; reaction of im- 
Eerialism ; martial law, Jews may study 
iw, 8183 ; leaves Nat. Assembly ; alli- 
ance of three kings ; Rum]. Pari, meets 
at Stuttgart ; Prus. Aust. central power, 
5232,8191 ; peace with Den.; seeks leader- 
ship of Ger. ; alliance with Sax. Han- 
over ; Aust. protests ; Chas. Anthony 
resigns ; new constitution ; Diet of Con- 
federation meets ; excludes Aust. ; con- 
vokes Union Pari. ; Confed. Cong, meets, 
8191 ; peace with Den. ; Hesse-Cassel 
Cong. ; Ger. sovereigns meet ; out of 
Pari.; rupture with Aust. ; league against 
Prus. ; abandons efforts for Union ; 
Aust. sends ultimatum ; conven. at 01- 
niutz ; compromise ; Hesse-Cassel, new 
constitution, 819 2 ; constitution modi- 
fied ; old Confed. Diet reest. ; reaction 
of princes ; postal and teleg. union, Ger. 
states ; old council of state revived ; 
constitution modified ; Bismarck envoy ; 
treaty with Aust. ; Dem. conspiracy ; 
favors Rus., 8193 ; vacillates on Eastern 
Ques,; agrees to integrity of Turk., 8203, 
8211 ; excluded from Vienna Confs. ; 
accepts treaty of Paris ; renounces Neu- 
chatel , prince is regent ; currency con- 
ven.; Federal party defeated ; Bismarck 
in St. Peterburg,' S21i ; impedes Ger. 
unity; military bills ; William I., king ; 
Von der Heydt ministry, 821 2 ; Wm. I. 
crowned; responsible ministry ; Sclrwe- 
rin ministry; Bismarck in Paris, minis- 
ter ; budget, unconstitutional ; liberal 
papers suppressed. 8213 ; secedes from 
London Protocol, 5203 ; war with Den., 
battles; invades Holstein ; invadesHan- 
over ; Austro-Prussian war, 5261, 5271, 
8221 ; enters Saxony ; alliesagainstAust., 
Hesse-Cassel, Hanover, Nassau, 8221 j 
Bismarck offends deputies ; anti-Dem. 
protest ; controversy, ministers vs. dep- 
uties ; king rules without pari. ; press 
restricted, 8222 ; Frankfort Cong, unat- 
tended, disapproved; Liberal majority ; 
Socialistic Party org. ; Schleswig-Hol- 
stein demands ; enters Altona , London, 
Conf., 8223 ; governs Jutland ; Peace of 
Vienna ; demands on Aust. ; retains 
Schleswig-Holstein ; chamber proro- 
gued ; despotic revenue decree ; Schles- 
wig in Confederation ; treaty of Gastein; 
naval treaty with G. B. ; Bismarck pre- 
mier ; demandson Aust. ; ecclesiastical 
dispute settled ; claims Holstein ; de- 
mands decision of Ger. states ; agrees 
to common disarmament ; treaty with 
It.; Prus. Diet dissolved, 8232 ; ]t. an 
ally; called to disarm; mediation with. 
Aust. declined ; rupture with Aust. ; 
enters Holstein ; invades Hanover and 
Hesse ; Germanic Confederation dis- 
solved ; Austro-Prus. war ; allies in 



1382 



Text Figures denote Page. INJ-)lj>X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Prus-Pyrr. 



north, 8233 ; military movements, bat- 
tles, S24i ; Von Moltke on field ; rejects 
truce, 8242 j Peace of Prague ; evacuate 
Luxemburg, 8243 ; supreme in Ger. ; 
North Ger. Confederation est. ; demands 
Hanover, Hesse, Nassau, and Frankfort. 
Ger. Confederation dissolved ; peace 
with states, 8251, 2; Peace of Prague; 
gains Hanover, Hesse-Cassel, Nassau, 
Frankfort ; cost of war ; gains Hesse 
Homburg ; alliance with N. Ger. states ; 
Annexation Bill passed ; treaty with 
Sax., with Oldenburg ; Schleswig-Hol- 
stein incorp., 8252 ; monarchy hereditary 
over N. Ger. States ; accepts N. Ger. 
constitution; Catholics oppose unity; 
new Landtag opd. ; treason in Hanover ; 
Bismarck chancellor, 825 3 ; Franco-Prus, 
war, battles, 738' +, 826' ; victorious ar- 
mies in Berlin, 8261 ; old Catholics ac- 
tive, 8282+ ; upheld in war against Fr., 
8271 ; imperial crown offered king ; Ger. 
empire est.; papal infallibility disputes; 
Catholics oppose supremacy, 827 2 + ; 
quarrel with papacy, 8273 ; riots in 
Frankfort, 8291 ; Mennonites emigrate; 
clergy subordinated to State ; an ti- Jews 
movement condemned, 8;i()2; Anti-Sem- 
itic League find., 8303; Cong, of Berlin, 
8311; Berlin Conf., 8312 ; conven. with 
Vatican, 8331 ; p r . William regent ; 
Frederick III., king ; "William II., king, 
8332; church denounces Socialism, 8341 ; 
Conf. of Ger. Cath. Soc. ; excluding Jews 
from public schools, 8342. 

Prussic acid discovered, 7982, 11343. 

Pruth, Peace of, 11572. 

Prutz, Robert Ernst, b. (1816); works, 8162 ; 
d. (1872). 

Prymiw, asteroid, discovered, 3241. 

Prynne, William, b.. S7G2 ; HUtriomastix ; 
fined, 8831 • d., 8922. 

Pryor, Gen. Roger Atkinson, b. (1828) ; at 
Suffolk ; at Deserted House, 2181 , 2. 

Creek, I. T., train robbery, 4291 . 

Prytanis reigns Bosporus, 11491. 

Psalmana/.er, George, b., 6923. 

Psalms written, 11423. 

, Book of, printed, 7862. 

Psalter, first authorized copy, 6371. 

Psammetichus I., invades Palestine; mu- 
tiny in army, 6501 ; erects palace at Sais, 
6502; conquests; reigns in Egypt, 6512 ; 
revolts, 11442 ; dethroned, 10172. 

IT., against Ethiopia, 6501; reigns in 

Egypt, 6512. 

III., defeated by Persians, 6502; reigns 

in Egypt, 6512. 

Psammuthis reigns in Egypt, 6513. 

Psyche, asteroid, discovered, 10862. 

Psychical Research, Soc. of, org., 9881 . 

Psychological Asso., Am., meets,478i ,479 2 . 

Society, London, org., 9801 . 

Psychrometer invented, 7261 . 

Ptah-hotep, manuscript writer, 

Ptolemaic system of astrono 
duced, 10642. 

Ptolemy I., Soter, b., 6503 ; takf 
Egypt, 11471 ,3; takes Jerusalem, 11481 , 
11491; subdues Palestine; assassinates 
Simon III., 11493 ; founds museum and 
library, 6503 ; rules Egypt, G513 ; invades 
Gr., 10261; adorns Alexandria, 6522 ; ab- 
dicates, 6531 ; d., 6522. 

II., Philadelphus, b., 6503; in Afr.; 

defeated at Salamis ; aids Rhodians, 
6502 ; marries, 6523 ; reigns in Egypt, 
6531; d.,6522. 

III., war in Syria, 6521 ; rebuilds tem- 
ples, 6522 ; art patron, 6523 ; conquests 
of, 11481 ; hires Athenian manuscripts, 
10271; reigns in Kgvpt, 6531. 

IV., defeats Ant i..,-hus III. ,6521; mur- 
ders relatives, 6523 ; reigns in Egy., 6531 ; 
at Raphia, 11481; against Jews! 11482; 
d., 6522. 

V., rules Palestine, 11492 ; Epiphanes 

enthroned, S531 ; d., 6522. 

VI., Philometor defeats Euergetes ; 

captured, 6521 , 6532 ; reigns in Egypt, 
6531. 

VII., Euergetes, aid from Rome; 

reigns in Egypt, 6531 ; married, 6523, 
6531; reinstated, 6521, 6532; expelled, 
6531. 

VIII., reigns in Egy.; expelled, 6532 : 

d., 6522. 

IX., causes Cleopatra's death ; en- 
throned ; mother avenged, 6532. 



y intro- 
Jews to 



Ptolemy Auletes, divides kingdom, 6523, 
653 2 j reigns in Egypt, expelled, regains 
throne, 6532. 

XII. ,warwith Cleopatra, 6521 ; reigns 

in Egypt ; expels Cleopatra ; drowned, 
6532 j Caesar decides claims, 10611 . 

, Csesar's son, 6532. 

Ceraunus, king of Macedon ; gains 

Thrace and Macedonia ; killed, 1027 2 . 

, Claudius, b. ; on astronomy, 6522 ; 

system devised, 10643. 

Publications for the year, Fr., 7641 ; li- 
censed, Eng., 8751 . 

Public Analysts org., London, 9781 . 

Debt, National, U.S. A. ,1032; rapid re- 
duction, 3152,3252; Debt Bill for pay- 
ment, 2633. (See Debt.) 

Document Bill ; killed, 3993. 

Health Asso., Am., find., 2811 . 

Act passes, 9772, 9793, 10073. 

Instruction Law sanctioned, Belg., 

5453. 

lands, sales encouraged, 2851 . 

Powers Bill reintroduced, Fr., 7493. 

Printing Bill, 4012, 3. 

Safety Bill passed, Fr., 7351 . 

School Protection League find., 4182. 

— Act passed, 4981 ; Australia ; Eng., 

9723. 

system extended, Eng., 9743. 

Weal, League of, 679 1 . 

Works Act, G. B., 9672. 

Worship Regulation Act, 9782, 9802. 

Publilius, Volero, law of, 1051 2 . 

Pucara, battle at, 221 . 

Puckering, Sir John, keeper of 9eal, 8773. 

Puekler-Muskau, Pr. of, Hermann Lud- 
wig Heinrich von, b., 8042 ; d., 2862. 

Pudukattai mission. 10471. 

Puebla, Mex., Ams. enter, 1621 ; Am. be- 
sieged, 1622 ; action near ; taken, 10961 . 

Pueblo, Colo., cloud-hurst, 460i ; Indiana 
known, 202 ; R, R. to Denver, 2793. 

Puendo, Padre, d. 443. 

Puenta de la Reyna, battle, 11321 1 

Puerto Cortes, Venez., rebel troops, 10411 . 

Puespolk llatval, fire at, 535 3 . 

Pueto, Gen., pres. Chile, 607 2 . 

Puffendoif (or Pufendorf), Baron Samuel, 
b.,7943; d.,7982. 

Pugatcheff, Yemelian, h. (1726); rebellion 
suppressed, 11161 ; executed (1775). 

Puget Sound, Wash. ; anniversary of dis., 
4073; naval dry docks, 4181 . 

Univ., org. (1889); [merged into 

Consolidated Univ.]. 

, Pierre, b., 6863 • d., 6943. 

Pugh, Eliza Loftus Phillips, d., 3422. 

, George Ellis, b., 1302; d. (1870). 

, James L., b., 1381 ; speech, 4383. 

Pughe, William Owen, b., 9143 ; d., 9462. 

Pugin, Augustin Welby Northmore, b., 
9363 ; d. (1852) 

Puisaye Count de, Joseph Genevieve, b. 
(1820'); at Quiberoii, 7102 ; d. (1827). 

Pujol, Alexandre Denis Abel de, h., 7061 ; 
d., 7342. 

Pulaski, Tenn., Federals captured, 2063 ; 
Confederates captured, 2283. 

, Count, Casimir, b.-d., 11143 ; joins 

Washington, 863 ; in Am. army, 871 ; 
wounded, 91 1 ; d. (1779). 

Pulcheria, b. (399) ; regent, 10711 ; d., 10312. 

Pulchner, Gen., at llerniannstadt, 5221 . 

Pulci.Luigi, b.-d. ,10783; 11 Morgande ilag- 
giore, 10792. 

Pulgar, Fernando del, b. (1436+) ; work, 
11291 ; d. (1490+). 

Pulger, Gen., pres. Venezuela, 11603. 

Pulitzer, Albert, Das Morgen Journal is- 
sued, 3742. 

, Joseph, educates poor boys, 3411; 

taAs. Evening World, 3283 ; buys World, 
3143. 

Pullen, Com., at Jiddah, 4881 . 

Pullman, Sergt., wins rifle prize, 9741 . 

, George M., Car Co. org., 2613 ; pur- 
chases Union Car Co., 3353 ; statement, 
4591 ; strike ; arbitration, 4643 ; destitu- 
tion, 4683 ; testimony, 4702 ; taxation, 
4733 ; strike ; investigation, 475 2 . 

palace cars in tro. Midland R.R., 9793. 

Pulo-Condore, Fr. occupy, 4811. 

Pulszky, Francis Aureliiis, b., 5202. 
Pultenev Win., Etui of Bath, b. (1684); min- 
ister, 9113 ; d.,9162. 

Pultock, Robert, J'eter WilMns, 9131. 

Pultowa (or Pultava), action at, 11141 • 
princes duel, 11223. 



Pultusk, Poland, battle of, 716i , 11341 . 

Pumpkin-Vine Creek, Ga., action, 2341 . 

Pumps used, 8622. 

Punchard, George, b. (1806); d., 3022. 

Pungwe River, S. E. Afr., conflict on, 
10061 ; free passage, 11113. 

Punic War (first), 10523, 10531; (second), 
10531 ; (third), 10551. 

Punjab, overrun by Ahmed, 51 ; annexed, 
10473 : conquered, 10441 ; uprising, 10462; 
presidency, 10491 . 

Punta Arenas, Nic, Walker lands at, 1803. 

de Obligata, Gen. Rosas attacked, 

4901. 

Pupienus Maximus, elected augustus, 
10671 ; reigus, 10293 ; d. (238). 

Purandokt reigns, 11072. 

Purbach, Georg, b.-d., 7842. 

Purcell, Henry, b., 8882; works, 8941 , 9001 ; 
d., 9002. 

, John Baptist, b. (1800) ; archbp.; 

creditors, 4202 ; d., 3141 . 

, Thomas, b., 8962; d. (1682). 

, Col., at Corinth, 2082. 

Society fud., 9811. 

Purchas, Samuel, b., 8742 ; Purchas, 8803;. 
d.,8821. 

, Mr., heresy of, 9743. 

Purdue University. Lafayette, org., 2863. 

Purefoy, Mr., kills duelist, 9251 . 

Purgatory, doctrine of, 10662. 

Purification, Feast of, instituted, 10711 . 

Purinton, C. S., defaulter, 47P1 . 

Puritan wins yacht race, 3213, 9953. 

Puritans, rise in Eng , 8722 ; common, 
222, 8723 ; so-called, 8733 ; clergymen's 
meetings, 8742 ; opposed by Elizabeth, 
8743; s ign petition, 8791 ; fnd. New Eng., 
8802 ; in Hoi., 263 ; emigration of, 282, 
323, 8832 ; aided ; request of, 282 ■ edu- 
cated, 322 ; perish, 331 ; limit suffrage, 
332 ; in contempt, 371 ; turbulent, 372 ; 
inN. C.,413; religious observances, 422 ; 
annoyed, 432 ; forbidden emigration, 
8823; divided, 8843; oppose theater, 8871 . 

Purkes, R. A., patents steam plow, 954 2 . 

Purna-puriyas reigns, 11413. 

Pursh, Frederick, b. (1774); d., 1282. 

Pushkin, Alexander Sergeievi ten, b., 11162; 
works, 11171 ; d., 11163. 

Pusey, Edward Bouverie, b., 9302; d.,9901 . 

Put-in-Bay, naval battle at, 1203. 

Putlitz, Gustav H. Gans., b., 8112; d. (1890). 

Putnam Co., O., funds embezzled, 4443. 

, Avery D., murder of, 2811 . 

, George J., On the Offensive, 4783. 

, Palmer, b. (1S14) ; d., 2782. 

Israel, b., 582 ; at Concord, 801 ; on 

Hog Island, 802 ; on Long Island, 841 ; 
famous ride, 902 ; d., 1022. 

, Mrs. (Mary Lowell), b., 1162. 

, Rufus, b. (1738) ; d., 1321 . 

Putnam's Ferry, Federals take, 205 2 . 

Magazine, 1731 . 

Puttenliam, George, b., 8762 ; Art of Eng. 
Poesie, 8752 ; d. (1600+). 

Putter, Johann Stephan, b.,8002; d.,8083. 

Puttkamer, Johanna von, marries Bis- 
marck, 8163. 

, Robert Victor von, b. (1828) ; minis- 
ter, 8302. 

Puycerda, besieged, 11322. 

Puy de Dome, Fr., observatory at, 7501 . 

Pwo mission, 1047 2 . 

Pyat, Felix, b. (1810) ; leader, 7432 ; im- 
prisoned 7523; d., 7582. 

Pydna, battle of, 10281 . 

Pye, Henry James, b., 9103 ; poet laure- 
ate, 9251 ; d. (1813). 

Pygmalion reigns, 11451 . 

Pylades, introduces pantomime, 10282. 

Pvlus fortified, 10202. 

Pym, John, b., 8742 ; impeached, 8852 ; 
d., 8843 (1643). 

Pynchon, John, b. (1621) ; d., 541 . 

, William, b.( 1590); at Springfield, 352; 

d. (1662). 

Pyne (Nationalist ), arrested, 9983. 

Pyramid, Great, built, 6451, 6461; opd., 
6542. 

Pyramids, battle of, 6561 . 

Pyrenees, battles of, 9361 ; peace of , signed, 
6913. 

Pyrometer invented, 9401 , H003. 

Pvrrho, b.-d., 10231. 

Pyrrhus, king, b.-d. , 1025 1 ; in Epirus, 1015 1 ; 
invades Italy; atBcneventum ; war with 
Demetrius ;'assists Svraeusans ; invades 
Macedonia; ravages Peloponnesus, 10261 . 



Pyth-Rade. 



Text Figures denote Page. IinDJo-X^. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1383 



rules Epirus, 1027'; king of Macedon ; 

expelled, 10272 ; in Gi\; war in S. Italy ; 

at Asculum ; ally of Tarentines, 10522 j 

peace rejected, 10533. 
Pythagoras, b.-d., 10102; Gr. philos., 6503; 

music of spheres, 10162 ; doctrine of 

metempsychosis ; teachings of, 10163. 
Pytheas, Gr., account of Germans, 7683. 
Pythian games instituted, 10132 ; enlarged, 

10171. 
Pyx, trial of, 9753. 



Q. 

euadra, Vicente, pres. Costa Rica, 631' . 
uadratus deposes Cumanus, 11533. 

Quadruple Alliance find., 907 2 ; against 
Fr., 6033; Sp. accepts terms, 6993; Eng., 
Aust., Prus., Eus. allied with Turk., 
7293. 

Quaglio, Dominico, b., 8043; d., 8143. 

Quain, Jones, d., 968' . 

, Richard, b., 9382; d. (1887). 

Quakenbos, George Payn, b., 1342; d., 
308'. 

Quaker Road, Va., Confederates driven 
from, 2442. 

Quakers. (See Friends.) 

Qualification Act passed, Eng., 9052. 

for Office, Abolition Act, 9692. 

Quallo Batto, Sumatra, attacked, 140' . 

-Quanah, Tex., Brice's embezzlement, 4763. 

Quantico, Va., train robbery, 473' . 

Quantrell, W. C, guerilla, at Indepen- 
dence, 2042; defeated in Mo., 205' ; raids 
Kan., 2143; near Blue Springs, 220'; 
raids Lawrence, 226' ; at Baxter's 
Springs, 2263. 

Qu'Appelle, Bishop Anson, cons., 9922. 

Quarantine Bill, 4213, 423' ,2. 

Quarles, Francis, b., 8762; works, 8823; 
d., 8S43. 

Quarry, Robert, gov. S. C, 493. 

Quarterly Recife appears, 137.' , 935' . 

Quartley, Arthur, b. (1839) ; paints Stormy 
Day, 298' ; d. (1886). 

Quatre-Bras, Belg., Fr. repulsed, 5422. 

Quatrefages de Breau, Jean Louis Ar- 
mand, b., 719' ; pres. Congress of Amer- 
icanists, 371' ; d.,762'. 

Quatremere, Etienne Marc, b., 705' ; d., 
7323. 

de Quincy, Antoine Chrysostome, b. 

(1775) ; d., 7302. 

Quay, Matthew Stanley, b., 142' ; charges 
against, 3563; charges denied, 3782; re- 
signs, 3892; vs. Pittsburgh Post, 3942; 
wins libel suit, 4002. 

Quebec, Can., fnd., 5713; colony trans- 
ferred, 5732; conquest of, 32' ; Eng. pos- 
sess, 5732; seminary fnd., 343; popula- 
tion, 352, 633, 813; IJrsuline Convent; 
vicar apostolic est., 5723; seminary for 
priests ; diocese fnd., 573' ; R. C. bishop- 
ric, 443; Laval-Montmorency cons., 573' ; 
invasion of, 5722; Gen. Hospital est., 
575 2 ; theatrical performance, 522; fleet 
arrives, 50'; attacked, 56', 72'; gov't 
for, 65 3 ; Eng. approach ; Wolfe checked, 
703 + .5743; assaulted; capitulates, 72' ; 
Ramezay, gov., 73' ; Fr. retire, 72' ; Ga- 
zette issued, 5752; Q. Act, governs Can., 
577'; colonial address to, 792; Q. Bill 
passes Pari., 79' ; legislative council 
est., 793; Arnold at, 803; siege begins, 
576'; Presbyterian congregation, 5763; 
Pari., first meeting, 5772; see of, erected, 
9263; cathedral erected; Mercury is- 
sued, '577' ; Are, 5773, 5793, 5813, 5833, 
5853, 587', 3, 5913; Bank of, est., 5773; 
cholera, 5793 ; Gazette and East Town- 
ships Adv., 579' ; R. C. archdiocese est., 
5783 ; Chronicle ; Laval University, 5803 ; 
riots, 581'; gov't seat, 5812; Courier du 
Canada, 581'; Canadian Confederation 
Conf., 582' ; scheme of confederation, 
5813; union scheme adopted. 583' ; L'Evt- 
nement, 5823 ; earthquake,.";^' ,590' ; pari, 
houses burned ; Queen's congratulation, 
5853; storms, 586', 504' ; rock slide, 588' ; 
relief for sufferers, 5883; artillery com- 
petition, 583' ; Ostensory in. 586'; explo- 
sion, 5932; ministry resigns, 595 2 ; Bp. 
Dunn cons., 10082; trials of Mercier and 
Paraud, 594 3 ; immigration prohibited; 
debt, 595' ; floods, 594' ; landslide ; mob, 
596' ; Am. Forestry Asso. Conven.,5903; 
Quebec Bill passes, 577' . 



Quebh reigns in Egypt, 645 3 . 
Queen wrecked, 9293. 
Queen, power of, Eng., 8773. 

Anne touches to heal, 903'. 

Anne's War, 54' , 574' . 

Bounty est., Eng., 9032. 

Charlotte burned, 930' . 

Elizabeth founders, 9793. 

Euphemia's Songs written, 11343, 

of the West, captured; runs block- 
ade; destroyed, 2183. 

Victoria wrecked, 9593. 

, Walter W., d., 440'. 

Queen's Bench Prison, Act for abolishing, 
9672. 

College, Birmingham, est., 9523, 9583. 

, Can., founded, 8623. 

Colleges Act, 953' . 

County, Ire., founded, 8732. 

Rangers recruited, 85' . 

Royal Reg't, 2d, organized, 890' . 

University in Ireland, est. in Dublin, 

9563, 9C82; abolished, 9842; becomes 
Royal University of Ireland, 9862. 

University, Kingston, eBt, 579' . 

ware introduced, 132' . 

Queensbury, D. of, title created ; Marquis 
of, title created, 8932. 

Queensland, Australia, becomes province, 
4972. 

Queenstown, Ire., named, 9553. 

, Can., Americans capture, 1182. 

Queiros, Pedro Fernandez de, b.-d., 11092. 

Quekett, John Thomas, b.,9363; d. (1861). 

Quellyn, Erasmus, b., 5403; d., 541' . 

, Jan Erasmus, b., 5403; d., 5422. 

Quelma, Arabs pillage, 10 z . 

< "u.-ntin, Col., in duel, 9372. 

Querard, Joseph Marie, b., 7123; d., 7362. 

Queretaro, Mex., peace signed, 165' ; Max- 
imilian arrives, 1096' ; battle, 1095' . 

Querouaille, Louise Renee de, b. (1649) ; 
created duchess, 893' ; d. (1734). 

Quesada, Manuel, b., 6322; commander, 
632'; d., 634'. 

, Ximines. (See Ximinez, Quesada.) 

Quesnay, Francois, b. 7043 ; Economic 
Picture. 7032; d., 6943. 

Quesne, Marquis du, governor, 575 3 . 

Quesnoy, Fr., Austrians take, 518' . 

Question d' Alsace appears, 7602. 

Questbr, Plebeian, first elected, 1051 3 . 

Questors, additional number appointed, 

10512,3. 

Quetelet, Lambert Adolph Jacques, b., 
5422; d., 5442. 

Quetta, Afgh., Brit, occupy ; mission ; R. 
R. to Punjab, 72,3, 5393; fortress com- 
pleted, 10482. 

Quevedo y Villegas, Francisco de, b.-d., 
11282. 

Quiberon, Fr., aid for Royalists ; taken, 
7102. 

Quicherat, Louis, b., 7142; d., 754' . 

Quick, Robert Herbert, d., 10042. 

Quicksilver mine dis., Aust.-Hung., 5082; 
frozen, 924' . 

Quietists, org., 697'; condemned, 10832. 

Quievrain, French repulsed, 708' . 

Quigley, Dr., suspension, 3423; indicted, 
3602. 

Quilimane, Livingstone arrives, 560 2 ; be- 
sieged, 11123. 

Quillota, Chile, troops defeated, 608' . 

Quilon, India, Bp. Ossi cons. ,9962; mission, 
10462. 

Quiltings and velvets first made, 9142. 

Quimby, Isaac Ferdinand, b. (1843±) ; d., 
3902. 

Quin, James, b. (1693) ; first appearance, 
906' ; d. (1766). 

Quinault, Philip, b., 6882; works, 691' ,3, 
6932; librettos, 693' ; d., 6942. 

Quinby, W. E., minister, 4473. 

Quincy, 111., R. C. diocese transferred, 
1802; bridge opd., 2653; St. Francis Sol- 
anus Coll. est., 2822 ; Chaddoek Coll. 
fnd., 2883; p r ot. Epis. diocese fmd., 
2983; Soldiers and Sailors Home dedi- 
cated, 3243; White Caps indicted, 4382. 

, Mass., horse-power railroad, 1353; 

R. R. wreck, 2993; derailed train, 3673; 
centennial eel., 41 13, 4213; Massey snoots 
Mary Lafane, 4262. 

, Edmund, b., 642; d. (1738). 

, Josiah, orator, b., 66 2 ; Boston Port 

Bill,l&2; d.,823. 

, , statesman, b., 762; d., 2352. 

, Louise Imogen, works, 329' . 



Quinet, Edgar, b., 715' ; works, 725' ,7263, 
7291,7303, 7343, 735', 7363, 7483,750'; a 
radical, 7452; d. (1875). 

Quinine discovered, 7222. 

Quinn, Henry, charity gift, 10023. 

, J. P., Irish agitator, 9883 ; seditious 

speeches, 991' . 

, Wm. Paul, bp. Africa M. E., 1582. 

Quiftones, Francisco, governor, 6052. 

Quinretaro, action at, 1096' . 

Quinsan, taken, 620 2 . 

Quinsigamond Lake, Mass.,boat-race,3273. 

Quintana, battle at, 600' . 

, Manuel Jose, b.-d., 11302; works, 

1131'. 

Quintard, Charles Todd, b., 132'; conse- 
crated P. E. bishop, 2482. 

Quinte burned, 5893. 

(.tuintero Bay, ships in, 605'. 

Quintilius Varius, Roman gov. ; revolt, 
769'. 

Quintillian, Marcus Fabius, b.-d., 10622; 
emperor, 10672. 

Quintinie, Jean de la, b., 6863; d., 6942. 

Quintin's Bridge, N. J., action at, 8S2. 

Quintuple tro.ily signed, G. B.,9512. 

Quirke, Patrick', murderer executed, 999' . 

Quiroga, Jose, b.-d., 11283. 

, Rodrigo de, governor, 233, 6052. 

Quitman, John Anthony, b., 1082; at Cha- 
pultepec,1622; gov. Miss., Ii:;l2; d.,1842. 

Quito, annexed to Ecua.,592; destroyed, 
683, 6432; conquest of, 643' , 644' ; siege, 
6432; annexed to N. Granada; foreign 
kingdom ; Protestant burials, 644' ; first 
carriage, 6443. 

Quoits, game of, 10132. 

QUOtidienne, La, issued, 7083. 

Quo warranto passed, Eng., 855 3 ; for 
Mass., 492; for Conn, and S. C, 503; for 
Maryland, 51 ' . 

Qval, Segwald A., est. hospital, 3602. 



K. 



Kaab, Hung., battle of, 5183; taken, 5222; 

floods, 530' . 
Kabanus, Maurus, d., 7722. 
Rabbinical Hebrew Bilde printed, 10812. 
Rabbitpest, N. S. W., 500' ; reward, 5013. 
Rabelais, Franfois, b., 6783; works, 681' ; 

d., 6822. 

- Club, meets, 9842. 
Raboda, usurps throne, 1095' . 

Rab Rabina, completes Talmud, 1071'. 
Rabussou, Henri, Hallali, 7602. 
Rabutin, Roger de, Comte de Bussy, b. 

(1618); work, 6912; d. (1693). 
Bacan, Honorat, Marquis de, b. (1589); 

paraphrases on Psalms. 6903; d. (1670). 
Race conflicts in Am., 2923, 3643, 3971, 

4022, 4092, 4162, 4342, 457', 4703, 4751, 

479'. 
Racedo, Sefior, resigns, 4922. 
Racehorse lost, 966' . 
Race tracks under gov't., Fr., 7612. 
Rachel, Eliza or Elizabeth I'Ydix, b., 7223; 
' N. Y., 176' ; d., 7342. 
Joachim, b., 7943; Satirische Gedichte, 

797'; d. (1669). 
RacMs, king of Lombardy, 10732. 
Racine, WiB., cyclone at. 312'. 

, Antoine, cons, bp., 5822. 

, Jean Baptiste, b., 6883; in college, 

689' ; pensioned, 691' ; works, 6912, 

693' ,2, 6951,7012; d., 6943. 
, Louis, b.. 6942; d., 703' . 

College, Wis., org., 173'. 

Rack abolished in Eng.,'883' . 
Kadagaisus, commands Ger. troops in It., 

1070' ; d. (400). 
Radcliff, Jacob, mayor N. Y., 1173, 1252. 
Radcliffe, Ann, gift, 4442. 
. Mrs. (Ann Ward), 9162 (or 1764); d., 

9403. 

, James, b.. 8982; beheaded (1716). 

, Thomas, b. (1526+) ; V. lieut., 8713; 

8732; 1. deputy, 8732; d. (1583). 

College, annex to Harvard, fnd., 

3023; est., 444', 2; Agnes Irwin, dean, 
4602. 

Rademacher, Joseph, b. (1840); cons. R. C. 
bp., Nashville, 3123. 

Radetzhy blown up, 528' . 

Radetzk'y, Joseph Wenzel. b., 5163 ; at 
Goito, 522'; at Shipka Pass, 5652; at 
Senova, 566'; d.,5243; statue, 5342. 

, Countess Josephine, suicide, 5323. 



1384 



Text Figures denote Page. INJjliX. Superior Figures indicate Column. E,adl H.&1C. 



Badicalg, Belg., reports refused, 5471 ; en- 
raged, Fr., 7463; active In G. B., 9393. 

Radma becomes king, 1095'. 

Radnor, E. of, title created, 9152. 

, E. of, minister, 8972. 

, W., taken, 8601. 

Radoslavolf ministry, 5673. 

Radoteur, Xe, issued, 7052. 

Radowitz, Joseph Maria, von, b., 8063; 
dismissed, 8192; d., 820' . 

Radstadt, Aust., peace of, 6973; Austrians 
defeated, 712' ; besieged, 7881 . 

Radstock, Baron, title created, 9311. 

Radul recognized as prince, 11121 . 

Kae, John, b. (1813); explorer. 5801; at 
St. Paul, 1701; searching expedition, 
9582; d., 10102. 

Raeburn, Sir Henry, b., 9143; d., 9103. 

Riedwald, religion of, 8422. 

Rretia, conquered. 1<)<;03; Roman province, 
10632. (See Rhajtia.) 

Raffaello or Raffaelle. (See Raphael.) 

Raffles, Sir Thomas Stamford, b., 9222; 
Singapore factory, 10472; d., 9422. 

Ratinesque, Constantine, b., 962; Smaltz, 
d., 1542. 

Rafn, Karl Christian, b., 6382; d., 6403. 

Ragaz, Switz., German defeat, 7842. 

Ragged Schools est., Eng., 9443. 

School Union org., 9531 . 

Ragimbert, king of Italy, 10731 . 
Raglan, Baron, title created, 9591 
. (See Somerset.) 

Rags imported, 1173. 

Raguet, Condy, b. (1784); d., 1542. 

Ragusa, earthquake, 5123; ceded, 5193; 
war vessels at, 11593. 

Raliab, receives spies, 11401 ; preserved, 
11411. 

Rahbek, Knud Lyne, b., 6381 ; d., 6383. 

Rahl, Col., at battle of Trenton, 851. 

Rahmo, mission, 10472. 

Rahova taken. 5661. 

Raiders, Confederate, in Can., 5S01. 

Raikes, Robert, b., 9082; reproved, 9092; 
est. Sunday-school, 9223; d., 9351 ; 
statue, 9841. 

. Henry Cecil, minister, 9953; d., 10061. 

Raikot mission, 10471. 

Railroads, horse-power in Mass., 1353; 
Albany to Schenectady, 1393 ; four- 
wheel trucks used; Boston and Worces- 
ter, 1413; Camden and Amboy, 1433; 
coal used, 1473 ; Raleigh and Gaston ; 
Wilmington; Roanoke, 1533; Richmond 
and Frederick completed, 1493; speed, 
1653 ; in la^o, 1693 ; uniform gauge used, 
1752; lands granted, 1813; R. R. post- 
office ; trial trip made, 2393 ; 1st dining- 
car, 2653; T. M. C. A. anniversary, 3322; 
Commissioners' Conven., Wash., D. C, 
3591; officials indicted for tunnel disas- 
ter, 3783; many sold for creditors'claims, 
3873; fast time, 3913 , 31173, 4ir,3 ; increase 
in U.S., 1871, 2753; employees conven., 
4002; reduction rates Bill, 4013; officials 
sentenced, 4362; counterfeit tickets, 
4442; commenced, Braz., 5553; Loan Act 
passes, Can., 5831; subsidies appropri- 
ations, 5933; appropriations for, Cape 
Colony, 6013; first China, 6233, 6252; in 
Eng., 9313; Am. Intermit. R. R. Conf. 
approved, Colo., 629,2; Fr. gov't controls, 
7513; first in Ger., 8141; purchase op- 
posed, 8293; in Eng. iron-covered rails, 
9061; for colli. -lies. 9102; cast-iron rails, 
9162; fi rs t in Eng., 9241 , 9313; mails on, 
945 2 ; atmospheric, first experiments; 
North Brit, built, 9521 ; from Cambridge 
to Lond. opd., 9522; cheap trains imper- 
ative ; schemes invest. ; gov't purchase, 
9532; commis. constituted, 9533 ; mania; 
accidents compensated, 9551 ; Railway 
Acts, 9551, 9592; Arbitration Act, 9633; 
pneumatic opd., 9662; Clauses Consoli- 
dation Act, 9672; Metropolitan opd., 
9673; Co 's Securities Act, 9092; against 
gov'tpurchase,9712, 9992; laws amended, 
9732; Asso. est. to watch legislation, 
9751 ; R.R. accidents, total, 9773; Trav- 
elers' Protection Soc. org., 9792; Co. re- 
sponsibility, 9812; speed of trains, 9993; 
2d cla3S carriages withdrawn, 10113; St. 
Gothard opd., It., 10903; Mexico and 
Vera Cruz opd., 1097 2 ; concession 
granted, 10973. 

Supts., Am. Soe. meets, 3932. 

Telegraph Supts. Conven., 361 1 . 

Union, Am., men dismissed, 4662. 



Railroads, bridge-disasters on, U.S.A.: 
Norwalk open drawbridge, 1733; breaks 
through in Mo., 20 k., 1793 ; at Corry, Pa., 
20 k., 2793; through Ashtabula bridge, O., 
70 k., 2933; falls through at Ocean Port, 
N. J., 60 inj.; sinking near I >es Moines, I a., 
17k., 2973; falls through at Tariffville, 
Conn., 16 k., 2993; falls through near 
Boston, 32 k. ; falls through near Chats- 
worth, 111., 75 k.,3273; near Blockshear, 
Ga., 27 k., 3293; near Orange Court 
House,Pa.,9k.,3313; falls at Spottsville, 
Ky., 12 k., 3373; falls through at Oak- 
land, Cal., 13 k., 3593; falls through at 
Kansas City, Mo., 9 k , 3713; falls near 
Medill, Mo., 7 k., 4073; near Milton, N. 
C, 7 k.; near Chester, Mass., 13 k., 4373; 
near Dunkirk, N. Y., 11 k.,4473; falls at 
Anniston, Ala., 1 k., 4733. Collisions: 
near Chicago, 20 k., 1733; at Campbell, 
Pa., 60 k., 1813; near San Francisco, 15 
k., 2693; at Eureka, Mo., 19 k., 2713; at 
Revere, Mass., 20 k.,2753; at Spuvten 
Duyvil Creek, N. Y., 9 k., 3113; ne ar 
Connellsville, Pa., 14 d.,3173; near Aus- 
tell, Ga., 11 k., 3213; at Silver Creek, 
N. Y., 3253; near Hopedale, 111., 9 k.; 
near Kouts,Ind., 10 k.,3273; near Green- 
wood, Ky., 6 k., 3293; near Penn Haven, 
Pa., 61 k., 3313; a t Tallmadge, O., 10 k., 
3353; atLatrobe, Pa., 25 k., 3413; near 
Parkersburg, W. Va.,4k.; near Middle- 
bury, Vt., several k., 3452; near Auburn 
Park, 111., 6 k.; at Palatine Bridge, N. 
Y-, several k., 345 3 ; near Hamburg, N. 
Y., 6k. ,3553; nearWarrenton,Mo„8k., 
3613; near Florence, Colo., 5 k.,3693; 
Sloan's Valley, Ky., 7 k., 3713; Park 
Avenue, N. Y. City, 6 k., 3793; at Ra- 
venna, O., 19 k., 3873; at Hepburn, O., 
9 k.; near Syracuse, N. Y., 13 k., 3893; 
near Zelienople, Pa., 8 k.; near Hawley- 
ville, Ky., several k.; near Kent, O., 3 
k.,3933; at Plainneld. N. J., 3 k.,3973; 
at Eckenrode Mills, Pa., 14 k., 4153; on 
Fort Wayne Road, 13 k., 4172 ; near 
Phila.,7 k., 4173; near Grand Island, 
Neb., 4 k., 4193; near Alton, 111., 12 k., 
4233; near Hartwell, Colo., 3 k.; at 
Phila.,4 k.,4253; at Somerset, Pa., 5 k., 
4293; at Berlin, N. Y., 10 k.; near Long 
Is. City, 11 k., 4373; near Colehour, 111., 
Ilk., 4392; near Kingsbury, Ind., 4393; 
at Jackson, Miss., 13 k.; at Paxico, Kan., 
2 k.; at Wellsville, O., 4 k.; at Battle 
Creek, Mich., 26 k., 4413; near Trenton, 
N. J., 4 k., 4432; on Rock Island Road, 
6 k., 4433; at Hackensack, N. J., 11 k., 
4493; at Seymour, Conn., 50 inj., 4653; 
near Phila., 2 k., 4753. 

- — derailed trains on;U. S. A.: Cam- 
den and Amboy, 21 k., 1773 ; near 
Deerfield, Mass., 12 k.; near Santee 
Swamp, S. C, 7 k., 3233 ; near White 
River June, Vt.,30 k., 3273; at Waters- 
meet, Mich., several k.; near Lincoln 
City, Md., 36 inj., 3353 ; at Thrax- 
ton, Va., 30 k., 3433 ; near Knoxville, 
Tenn., 5 k., 3452 ; a t White Sulphur 
Springs, W. Va., 11 k., 3493 ; near 
King's Mills, 0.,9 k.,3653; nearQuiney, 
Mass., 20 k., 3073; near Statesville, N.C., 
20 k., 3913; B. & O., train, 30 inj., 4353. 
Wrecks, etc.: at Burlington, N. J., 21 
k.; in 111., 40 k., 1773; at Utica, N. Y., 
8 k.; near So. Bend, Mich., 38 k., 1853; 
Lake Shore, 41 k., 2593; at Carr's Rock, 
Pa., 26 k., 2613; at New Albion, la., 21 
k., 3113; near Tehichipa, Cal., 15 k.; 
near Mason's Station, O., 53 inj., 3133; 
Grayville, 111., 9 k., 3153 ; White River, 
Ind., 6 k., 3173; Hackensack, N. J. ,9k., 
3213; near Saluda, N. C, 5 k., 3253; 
near Rio, Wis., 22 k.; 3253; near Haver- 
hill, Mass., 9 k., 3293; Phila. & Reading, 
Pa., 8 k., 3313; near Joliet, 111., 4 k.; 
near Hamilton, Ont., 17 k., 3393. Mis- 
placed switch : at Quincy, Mass.. 21k;, 
2993; Chicago & Northwestern, Wis., 5 
k., 3613; near Limon, Colo., 1 k., 3653; 
at Kansas City, Mo., 2 k.; Louisville, N. 
A. & Chicago road, O., 6 k., at the Dalles, 
Ore., 10 k., 3533; at Shoemakersville, 
Pa., 20 k„ 3693; near Tarrytown, N. Y., 
13 k., 3853; near Dover, 0., 1 k.; Ka- 
nawha & Mich, road, 14 k.,3873; near 
Middletown, O., 7 k.; near Louisville, 
Ky., 13 k., 3893; at Greenhurg, Pa.,3 k., 
3933 ; Chicago, Burl. & Quincy road, 5 



k.; near Toledo, O., 9 k., 3953; at Hast- 
ings, N. Y., 15 k., 3973; near Milwaukee, 
Wis.; 7 k.,4033; near Cleves, O., 7 d., 
4073; at Lonesome Hollow, Ky., 7 k.; 
near Harrisburg, Pa., 12 k., 4093; 
West Shore road, several k ; at West 
Cambridge June, Mass., 9 k.,4153;near 
Grand Island, Neb., several k.; near 
Phillipsburg, Mo., 6 k., 4173 ; at Nelson, 
Minn., 8 k., 4193; at Lafayette, Ind., 10 
k., 4293; at Parkville, N. Y., 8 k.; 
at Patterson, N. J., 5 k., 4332; at New- 
burg, N. Y., 5 k., 435 2 ; near Lindsey, 
N. Y., 3 k., 4353; at Gulfport, Miss., 3 
k.,4373; near Manteno, 111., 8 k.,4393; 
Pittsburg, Ft. W. & Chicago road, 8 k.; 
near Nameoki, 111., 30 inj., 4413; near 
Lawrence, Kan., 4k., 449 3 ; near Marsh- 
field, Wis., 4 k., 4613; at Chillicothe, O., 
3 k., 4633; near Mooschead Lake, Me., 5 
k.,4653; Rock Isl., la., road, Ilk., 4693. 

Rail roads, disasters on; collisions ;Gt.Brit.: 
at Athertone,ll k.; at Clayton Tunnel,23 
k.,9653 ; in Blackheath Tunnel , 6 k., 9673 ; 
at Abergele, 33 k. ; at New Cross, 2 k.; at 
Long Eaton June, 7 k.; near Welwyn, 3 
k., 9733; near Newark, 19 k.; near Barns- 
ley, 14 k., 9753; at Rose Hill June, 2 k.j 
at Clifton June, 4 k.; at Woodhouse 
June, 2 k., 9773; near Mannel, 16 k., 
9793; at Kildwick, 7 k.; near Hunting- 
ton, 14 k.; near Bath, 14 k., 9813; near 
Pontypridd June, 13 k.,9833; at Burs- 
cough, 8 k., 9853; at Desford, 5 k.; at 
Tayport, Fife, 4 k.; Highbury Tunnel, 
5 d.; at Old Ford, 6 d., 9893; at Hex- 
thorpe, 25 d., 9973; near Armagh, 72 k., 
10013; at Taunton, 10 k., 10053. 

, Wrecks, Gt. Brit. : Hampstead 

June, 16 k., 9653; at Winchburgh, 15 k.; 
near Lynn, 5 k.; Chatham June, 3 k.; at 
Brynkir Station, 6 k., 9693; near Carlisle 
6k.; at Hatfield, 8 k.; atKirtlebridge,12 
k.,9753; near Shrewsbury, 4 k.; on North- 
western road, 13 k., 977 a ; at Shipton, 
34 k., 9793; near Morpeth, 5 k.; near 
Cork, 3 k.; near Talybont, 4 k., 9833; at 
Lofthouse,2 k.; near Wennington June, 
8 k., 9S53; at Slough, 12 k., 9893; near 
Breamore, 5 k.; near Preston, 24 k., 
9933; at Hampton Wick, 4 k., 9993 ; at 
Milngavie June, 30 inj., 10053; Hamp- 
stead Heath Station, 8 k., 1O093. (See 
under the names of various railroads.) 

speed on Gt. Northern and North- 
eastern R. E.,9993. 

Raimbert of Paris, Ogier le Danois, 6711 . 

Raimond, J. T., cons. R. C. bp., 9742. 

Raimondi, Marcantonio.b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Rain, Ger., victory at, 7942. 

Kaindle, Victor, embezzler, 6362. 

Rainey, J. H., first colored M. C, 2731 . 

Rains, James F., b., 1342; at Carthage, 
1962; at Dug Spring, 1981 ; d., 2172. 

Rainsford, W. S., on chureh bar-rooms, 
4062. 

, Sir Richard, chief justice, 8951 , 

Rais (or Retz), Baron de (Gilles de Laval), 
b.-d., 6762. 

Raismes, M. de, orator, 7563. 

Raisonnable lost, 9142. 

Rajagan, Raja, World's Fair, 4342. 

Rajah of Sikkim flees, 6252. 

RajainaheiHlri mission, 10472. 

Rajput states combine, 10451 . 

Rajputana mission, 10483; famine. 10493. 

Riikoezv, Franz Leopold, b., 5123 ; insur- 
rectionist, 5133; d., 5143. 

, George, revolt, 5132; d. (1648). 

, Sigismund, Pr. of Trans., 5113; in- 
vades Hung,; in Moravia 7961. 

Rakoto, Pr., enthroned, 10952. 

Rakovian Catechism published, 11143. 

Rakow, Rus.. Socinian church est., 11143. 

Rale, Sebastien, b., 6902; d., 6982. 

Raleigh, N.C., town laved out, 1033; State 
library fnd., 1391; R. Christian Advo- 
cate issued, 1802 ; Grant meets Sherman, 
2462; State conven. meets, 2491, 2611; 
Shaw Univ. fnd., 2503 ; constitutional 
conven. meets, 2512,2892; colored peo- 
ple's conven., 2551 ; conservative mass- 
meeting, 2592 ; Interstate Exposition 
opens, 3933; Confederate Soldiers' Home 
fnd., 3983; anniversary, 4173. 

Raleigh launched, 4041 . 

, Sir Waiter, b., 8701; works, 8771, 

8803 ; at Trinidad, 241 ; in N. C. ; in 



Rale-Ray. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN JDrL^S.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1385 



Guiana, 243,253,28' ; 1st patent ; inVa., 

252; sells rights; in Venezuela, 253;fails 

in colonizing, 29 1 ; invades Sp., 876' ; 

intro. mahogany, 8773; intro. tobacco, 

8772; prisoner, 8773; conspirator ; tried ; 

convicted, 8792 ; released from prison, 

881 ' ; explorations, 10393 ■ beheaded, 

8801,8812. 
Baleigh and Gaston K. R. completed, 1533. 
Ralph, Earl of Norfolk, revolts, 848' . 
Ram No. 1 launched, 416' . 
Kama, Nicaragua, mission at, 11032. 
Ramadan, Mohammedan fast, 4843. 
Ramage, John, miniature painter, 76' . 
Ramah mission, 5822. 
Ramahyuck mission, 4963, 500'. 
Ramales, action at, 1132' . 
Ramaliane, mission at, 1124' . 
Ramanand, Vishnuite reformer, 1043'. 
Ramange, telescope erected, 940' . 
Ramanuja, Brahmin reformer, 1043' . 
Ramapatam mission, 10472. 
Bamberg, Gen., leader, 5312. 
Ranibouillet Decree issued, 1172. 

, Marquise. (See Vivonne.) 

Ramee, Louise de la (Uuida), works, 9683, 

9743. 
Bameau, Jean Philippe, b., 6923; L'Endrl- 

aque, 698' ; d., 703'. 
Ramezay, gov. in Canada, 73' . 
Ramillies, Belg., Fr. defeated ; b. of, 542' . 
Rami! lies launched, 1008' . 

lost, 9142. 

Ramirez, Velasquez, gov., 630' . 

Ramiro I., reigns in Asturias, 11255 ; in 

Aragon,11272; cruelty to Saracens, 1126' ; 

d. (850). 
II., reigns in Asturias ; in Aragon, 

11272; d. (950). 

III., reigns in Asturias, 11272. 

Bamleh captured, 658' . 
Bamman-Nirari I., reigns, 1143'. 

II., reigns, 1143' . 

III., defeats Benhadad; subdues 

Babylonia, 1144' ; reigns, 1145' . 
Rammohun, Roy, b.-d. t 10443 ; fnds. 

Brahman church, 10463. 
Ramon, Alonso Garcia, gov., 605 2 ; d., 605' . 
Eamorino (or Remorino), Girolamo Gio- 
vanni Pietro, b. (1790±) ; d., 10863. 
Ramos, Manuel, captured, 6342. 
Bampur Beauleah mission, 1049' . 
Bamsay, Baron, title created, 975' , 9963. 

, Alex., phys., b., 1242. 

, , gov. Minn., 167' , 1903. 

, Allan, b., 8962; Gentle Shepherd, 907' ; 

d.,9143. 

, , Younger, b. (1713±) ; d., 9223. 

, Andrew Crornbie, b. 9363; d. (1891). 

, Michael, b., 8962; d., 9103. 

, David, b, 662; d., 1242. 

, Fox Maule, b. (1801) ; minister, 9533; 

d. (1874). 
■ , Francis Munroe, b. (1835) ; in navy 

dept., 3512, 4472 ; rear-adm., U. S. N!, 

448'. 

, Geo., E. of Dalhousie, b. (1770). 

, James A. B., E. of Dalhousie, first 

Marq. of, b., 9362 ; gov.-gen., 9552, gov. 

of Can., 5773, 5792; d. (1838). 

, J. D., d., 1008' . 

, John Win., Earl of Dalhousie, opens 

Winchester Coll., 9923 ; minister, 9952 ; 

gov.-gen., 10473. 
— -, Thomas, b., 9042. 
Bamsden, Jesse, b., 9032 ; glass electrical 

machine, 916' ; theodolite, 924' ; d., 9302. 
Bamses (or Rameses) I., b., 6482 ; reigns 

in Egy., 6492. 
II., conquests, 648' , 6492; reigns, 6492; 

fosters king-worship ; greatest builder, 

6482 ; jealous of fame ; married ; progeny, 

648 3 ; against Hittites, 1140' ; persecutes 

Israelites, 11403. 
III., conquests, 648' ; reigns in Egy., 

6493 ; art patron, 6482 ; cultivation of 

land, 6483; female conspirators, 649' . 

IV. to XIII., reigns in Egy., 6493. 

Ramseur, Gen. Stephen Dodsoh, b. (1837) ; 

near Rapidan, 232'; at Stephenson's 

Depot, 2362; d., 2392. 
Ramsey, Alex., b. (1815) ; sec. war, 303 3 . 

, David, inv. engines for plowing, 880' . 

Ramus, Jonas, works, 11042. 

, Peter (Pierre de la Ramee), b. 6802; 

works, 683' ; d. 6823. 
Ramusio, Giovanni Battista, b., 10783; d., 

10803. 
Eana Khumbo Java Sthamba, 10423. 



Kanavalona I., reigns, 1095'. 

II., reigns, 10952. 

III., reigns, 10953. 

Kane, M., duel, 7463. 

Ranee, Armand Jean de Bouthillier de, 
b., 6863 ; d., 6943. 

Rand, Isaac, b., 642 ; d., 1302. 

Randal, Geo. Maxwell, b. (1810) ; cons. 
P. E. bp., 2482; d. (1873). 

Randall, Alex. W., gov. Wis., 1833; p.-m.- 
general, 2532; d., 278'. 

, Charles S., b., 132' ; d. (1881). 

, James Leslie, cons, bp., 10022. 

, Samuel Jackson, b.. 1362 • speaker, 

2932, 2972, 3013, 3052; vo te, 305'; vote 
for speaker, 3092 ; vote for vice-pres., 
nom., 3173; d., 356'; eulogized, 357', 
369'. 

Randolph, Vt., normal sch. opd.,2603, 2923. 

Randolph blown up, 882. 

, Alfred Magill, b. (1836) ; cons. P. E. 

bp., 3142. 

, Beverley, gov. Va., 101'. 

, E. of Moray, invades Eng., 856' . 

, Edmund, b. (1753) ; gov., ; in Consti- 
tutional conven., 992 ; atty.-gen., 1012; 
sec. of state, 1052; intrigue, 1053, d. 121' . 

, Edward, in Boston, 472,3. 

, John, b., 78' ; in Congress, 109 3 ; duel 

with Clay, 1352; d., 142'. 

, Peyton, b., 602; pre s. Cong., 792, 812 

d., 823. 

, Theodore Frelinghuysen, b. (1826) 

gov. N. J., 2693; d., 3142. 

— , Thos. Mann, b. (1741); gov. Va., 1273 
d. (1793). 

, , regent ; d., 8573. 

, , postmaster-general, 8753. 

, Wilton, shot by W. H. Clark, 351' . 

Macon College org., 1403. 

Randon, Gen., Jacques Louis C^sar Alex- 
andre, b. (1795) ; subdues revolt, Algeria, 
83; d. (1871). 

Ranfurly, Baron, title created ; Earl, 9412. 

Rangoon (or Unnguu), Burma, fnd., 10452; 
taken, 1046', 2 ; Brit, officers insulted, 
10462; Col. Browne at, 622'; mission, 
10463, 1047' ; bishopric erected, 10463, 
1049' ; see est., 9803; Bp. Strachan cons., 
9862; annexed to G. B., 10473. 

Ranihhat mission, 1047' . 

Ranipet mission, 10483. 

Ranke, Leopold von, b., 8063; works, 8132, 
8151,8163,8203; d., 832'. 

Ranki, Pazos, translates Testament, 5502. 

Rankin, Arthur McKee, b., 5782. 

, Henry, d., 6202. 

, Jeremiah Eames, b. (1828); pres. How- 
ard University, 347' . 

, John, walks to London, 9833. 

, Thos., b. (1738+); supt. of Meth.,782; 

Mr. Wesley's assistant, 919' ; d. (1810). 

Ranney.Rufus Percival, b. (1813) ; d.,396' . 

Ranseome, Fred., invents stone, 954'. 

Ransom, Epaphioditus, gov. Mich., 1652. 

, Matt W., b., 1342 ; senator, 2773 ; on 

Committee of Seven. 2933. 

, Thomas Edward Greenfield, b., 1422 ; 

at Charleston, Mo., 198' ; at Arkansas 
Pass, 2282; d.,2392. 

Ransome, J., missionary, 5563. 

Ranters appear, Eng., 8863. 

Rantoul, Robert J., b., 1122; d., 1702. 

Rantz, Count, battle Duttlingen, 796' . 

Ranulf de Glanville, at Alnwick, 850' . 

Raouf Pasha, at Shipka Pass, 566' . 

Rapaelje, Sarah, b., 312. 

Raphael, Alexander, sheriff, 9472. 

(or Rafael, or Kalfaelle), Sanzio d'Ur- 

bino, b., 107S3; works, 350' , 882' , 10782, 
architect of St. Peter's, 1080' ; d., 10802. 

Raphall, Morris Jacob, b. (1798) ; d., 262' . 

Raphia, Pal., action at, 1148'. 

Raphoe, Ire., Bp. Patrick O'Donnell, cons., 
9983. 

Rapid City, S. Dak., School of Mines, 3283 ; 
platinum ore dis., 406' . 

Rajiid shells villages, 1008'. 

Rapidan, Gen. Lee behind, 228' ; Federals 
near; Confederates near, 232' . 

Bapin, Paul de, Sieur de Thoyras, b.,6902; 
History ofEnq., 699' ; d., 6982. 

, Rene\"b.,6863; d., 6942. 

Rapp, Frederick, fnds. Harmonists, 8043. 
— , George, b., 803' ; fnds. Harmonists, 
8043; d.,8162. 

Rappahannock Dept. fmd., 206'; Gen. 
Pope recrosses, 212' . 

Station,Va., Confederate defeat, 228'. 



Rappahannock, Lee at, 2283. 

Baptcha, fighting, 566' . 

Rarey, John S., b., 1322 ; horse trainer, 
201', 962'; receives present, 9653; d., 
254'. 

Baritan Canal, rights surrendered, 2673. 

Ras Ali deposed, 3' . 

Alulu, commander, 22; d., 33. 

Baschid Pasha assassinated, 11583. 

Rasgrad, Bulg., Mohammedan disturb- 
ances, 5682. 

Rashi (Rabbenu Shelomoh Yashaki), b.-d.. 



602 

Basoherina reigns, 10952. 

Baspail, Francois Vincent, b., 7102; d., 
733' , 7502. 

Raspe, Henry, emp., 781'; in Thuringia ; 
defeats Conrad, 780' 

Rast, A., of Ark., on Committee of 33, 189' . 

Rastatt (and Baden) Peace of, 5143; Cong, 
of ; agreement with Fr., 8073 ; captured, 
818' ; insurrection, 8183. 

Raster, Herman, Resolution, 2783. 

Ratcliffe, John, gov. Va., 272. 

, Rev., acquitted, 4542. 

Rathbone, Estes G., in p. o. dept., 3512. 

, Maj., wounded by Booth, 247' . 

* , Wm, statue unveiled, 982' . 

Rathdonnell, Baron, title created, 967'. 

Ratibor (Victor Moritz Karl), Duke of, b. 
(1818); d., 836'. 

Ratisbon (Regensburg), Ger., nobles bap- 
tized, 5022 ; taken, 5183, 7942 ; treaty- 
concluded, 6892 ; a truce signed, 6922*; 
Aust. expelled, 7181 ; Diet held, 7773 ; 
Diet at, 7903; electoral assembly at, 7953 ; 
Walhalla begun, 8141 ; boat upsets, 8353. 

Rattazzi, Mine., imprisoned, 7562. 

, Urbano, b., 10851 ; d., 10882. 

Rattler launched, 158' . 

Rattlesnake Point, train-wrecker, 3983. 

Katzseh, Friedrich A., M., d., 820'. 

Rau, Karl Heinrich, b., 8062; d., 8262. 

Rauban, mine explosion, 8333. 

Ranch, Christian Daniel, b., 8042 ; statue 
of Fred, the Great, 818' ; d., 820' . 

, Friederich Augustus, b., 1122 ; d., 

1522. 

, Henry, missionary, 643. 

Raucoux, Austrians defeatj 700'; sur- 
rendered, 11002. 

Raude, Eric, in Greenland, 11', 3. 

Raum, Green Berry, b. (1829) ; in int. dept. 
3512; charges against, 367 2 , 377 2 ; resigns, 
3832. 

Raumer, Friedrich Ludwig Georg von, b., 
8042; d., 828'. 

Raupach, Ernst Benj. Salomo, b. (1784) ; 
works, 815' ; d. (1852). 

Rauscher, Jos. Othmar von, b. (1797) ; car- 
dinal ; letter, 5273; d., 5282. 

Ravachol, anarchist, 7623. 

Ravago, P. Juan de Astrada, gov., 630'. 

Ravaillac, Francois, b., 6862 ; regicide, 
6872; executed (1610). 

Bavel family appear, 140' . 

Ravelin, N. E., arrested, 4643. 

Raven Run, Pa., miners murdered, 289' . 

Ravenna, It., battle of, 680' ; captured. 
1030' , 1070' , 1072' ; capital, 10313, 1071' ; 
annexed to Rome, 10533; cathedral fnd., 
10683 ; imperial residence, 10693 ; sub- 
dued ; surrendered to Pepin, 10732 ; 
6tatue of Dante, 10882 ; united to It., 
10892. 

, O., railway accident, 3873. 

Ravenscroft, John Stark, b. (1772) ; cons. 
P. E. bp., 131'; d. (1830). 

• , Thos., b , 8762; harmonization, 880' . 

Ravensworth, Earl of, title created, 975' . 

Ravignan, Gustave Francois Xavier Dela- 
croix de, Jesuit, b., 7102; d., 7342. 

Rawdon, Francis, Marquis of Hastings, 
b., 9123; in Camden, S. C; at Hobkirk's 
Hill ; defeats Gen. Greene ; evacuates 
Camden, 94'; d., 9422. 

Rawlins, John A., b., 1382; B ec. of war, 
267'; d., 2622. 

Bawlinson, George, b., 9363 ; works, 9663, 
9723,9783, 10022. 

, Sir Henry Crcswieke, b., 935' . 

, Sir Wm., keeper, 8993. 

Rawson, Albert Leigliton, b., 1362. 

Ray, George W., b., 1562. 

, James P., gov. Ind., 1333. 

(or Wray), John, b., 8822 ; botanist; 



1386 



Text Figures denote Page. 1-NDll.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Ray-RegL 



journeys of, 8902; works, 8931 , 8941 : d., 

9022. 
Ray, Private, wins rifle prize, 9821 . 

(Botanical) Soc. formed, 9521 . 

Rayleigh, Baron, title created, 9372. 
Raymbault, Charles, missionary; d., 36 2 . 
Raymond, Miss., Confederate defeat, 2221 . 

IV., Comte de Toulonse, b.-d., 6682. 

VI., Comte de Toulouse, b.-d., 6702; 

a count, 6712 ; joins crusade, 668 1, 3 ; 

defeated; besieged bySimon deMontfort, 

6701 ; crusade against, 6702. 

, Count of Barcelona, in Aragon, 11272. 

, A. V. V., installed, 4602. 

, George Lansing, Art in Theory, 4783. 

, Henry Jar vis, b., 1282; fnds. N. Y. 

Times, 1683; d., 2662. 
, Lord Robert, b. ^1673±) ; chief justice, 

9073; d. (1733). 
, Rossiter Wir thing ton, b., 1522 ; gift, 

4202. 
Raynal, L'Abbe Guillaume Thomas Fran- 
cois, b.,6963; works, 7012, 7032; d.,7123. 

, M. David, minister, 753 2 , 7543. 

, Paul, work, 729 1 . 

Rayner, Isidor, b., 168 1. 

Raynouard, Francois Juste Marie, b., 7023; 

works, 6663, 7171 1 7231, 7272; d., 7262. 
Raysville, Miss., negroes lynched, 3991 . 
Razatindrahety reigns, 1095 3 . 
Razya, Empress, reigns, 10432. 
Razzi, Giovanni. (See Sodoma.) 
Re, Isle of, attacked, 6861. 
Reach, Angus Bethune, b., 9403; d. (1856). 
Read, Abner, b. (1S20) ; d., 2251 . 

, Geo. Campbell, b., 1882; d., 2132. 

, Jacob, b. (1752); pres. senate, 109 1; 

d. (1816). 

, Nathan, b., 722 ; d., 1662. 

, Thos. Buchanan, b., 1302 ; works, 

1783, 1823,2133; d., 2781. 
Reade, Charles, b.,9303; works, 9583,9743; 

d., 9922. 
Reading, Eng., surrenders, 8841; abbots 

coin money, 8591; Bp. Randall cons., 

10022. 
, Pa., Knights Golden Circle arrested, 

2213; Lutherans Gen. Council, 2542 ; 

riots, 2971; tornadoes, 3321; R. R. acci- 
dent, 3673 ; fire, 3773; city treas. short, 

4222; Webber attempts murder, 4623. 
Coal combine investigation, 4091 , 

411»,415i. 

Iron Co. plant sold, 3433. 

— -R. R., employees strike, 3291, 4173; 

discharged employees, 4773. 

, John, gov., 672 ; pies, council, 71 3 . 

Ready, Col., gov. Pr. E. Island, 5771 . 
Readyville, Tenn., Confederates defeated, 

2122. 
Reagan, John Heminger, b. (1818); confed. 

p.-m.-gen., 191 3 ; paroled, 249 1 ; for free 

coinage silver, 3483; amending Constitu- 
tion, 3572. 
Real Estate Nat. Cong, meets, 3803. 
Realists controversy, 10763. 
Ream, Vinnie, statue of Lincoln, 254 1 . 
Reams's Station, Va., Lee repulsed, 237 2 . 
Reaper patented, 1441 . 
Reaping-machine, public trial, 142 1; Mc- 

Cormick's perfected, 1602, 1701 , 258* . 
Reapportionment Bill passes, 3732, 4051 . 
Reason, goddess of, worshiped, 7103. 
Reaumur, Rene Antoine Ferchault de, b., 

6923 ; d. (1757). 
Reaux, Gideon T:i\h-]nnntdes,iristoriettes, 

6931. 
Reay, Baron, title created, 881 1 , 9871 . 

, Lord, governor, 10473. 

Rebecca, riots, 9531 . 

Rebecque, Benjamin Constant de, works, 

7211,7263. 
Rebellion, Am. war of, 1904- ; tariff, 1411 , 

2,3; Shay's, 98i, 992; whisky, 1041 , 1053. 
Rebmann, John, joins Krapf, 5612. 
Rebwick, James, b., 1022. 
Recamier, Madame (Jeanne Francoise 

Julie Adelaide Bernard), b., 7043 ; d., 

7302. 
Recared I. expels Franks, 11251 ; reigns, 

11253. 

II. reigns, 11253. 

Recensent issued, 11022. 

Recesuinto, subdues Basques, 11251; 

reigns, 11253. 
Reihabites, Independent Order, statistics, 

4463; Soc. formed in Eng., 9491 . 
Reehburg, Count, foreign minister, 5252 ; 

resigns, 823 1. 



Recidivists, Fr., transportation of, 7551 . 

Reciprocity, U.S., 1752, 2513, 2873, 3691,2, 
3763, 3812, 3892, 3911 ,2, 3973, 4012, 4032, 
4071 ,2, 4091 , 4212, 471 = , 4793. 

for Aust.-Hung., 5353. 

for Can., 5812,3, 5831 , 3 ? 5371 ,2, 5892, 

5911,2,5923,5931,5951. 

for Chile, 6091. 

for Cuba, 6343. 

Reclus, Jean Jacques Elisee, b., 7261 . 

Recoinage Act passes, Eng.,901 2 . 

Recollects, active, 463; i u Can., 5703, 5731 . 

Reconstruction, U.S.A., Pres. Lincoln's 
plan, 2292; 2353, 2372,3,2432,2483, 2491, 
2,3, 2511,2,3, 2523,2531,2,2571,2,3,2591, 
2632,2692, 2701; Pres. Johnson's plan, 
2473 ; completed, 2692 ; Standing and 
Select Committee, 4271 . 

Recrain, Isle of, pillaged, 8441 . 

Recreative Eve. Schools Asso. fnd., 9963. 

Rector, Henry M., governor Ark., 1903. 

College, Va., founded, 1511 . 

Red Bank, N. J., Fort Mercer attacked, 
88i. 

Redden, Laura C, b., 1522. 

Red Eagle conferred, 8331 . 

Redemptorists fnd., 1085 1 ; Fathers of 
Douay ; Order dissolved, 7353 ; clergy 
readmitted, K322; admitted, 8372. 

Redesdale, Baron. (See Sir John Mitford.) 

, Lord, d., 9952. 

Redtield, S. Dak., natural gas dis., 3501 . 

, Isaac Fletcher, b., 1122; d., 2902. 

, William C, b. (1789) ; d., 1821 . 

Redgrave, Richard, b. (1804) ; d., 9982. 

Redhouxe, Sir James, d., 10062. 

Redi, Francesco, b., 10823; d. (1698). 

Redigher, Col., dismissed, 5671. 

Redistribution of Seats Act passed, 9951. 

Red Jacket, b., 683 ; d., 1382. 

Lodge reservation thrown open, 3391 . 

Men, Order of, founded, 771; statis- 
tics, 4463. 

Redmond, John E., speaks, 4082. 

, William H. R., imprisoned, 1001 1 . 

Red Mound, Tenn., action at, 2181 . 

Rednal, Eng., train wrecked, 9693. 

Red Oak, La., Nat. Colored Cong., 3892. 

Redpath, James, b., 1421 ; d., 3761 . 

Red Republicans, Fr., 7312. 

River, La., rises, 3581 , 

, Can., settlement, 5773; mission, 

5792; R. R. extended, 5872. 

, China, open for trade, 6252 ; Fr. 

conquer valley, 4802. 

Expedition, La., 2303, 2311 , 2321 . 

Russia, added to Poland, 11133. 

Sea, Egyptians overwhelmed, 6481 ; 

cable, accelerates telegrams, 9622. 

Star line of steamers est., 2853. 

Redstone explodes, 1713. 

Creek, Pa., iron-mill est., 1241 . 

Red Wing, Minn., Hamilton University 
incorporated, 1762; fire, 4393. 

Reed, Andrew, b. (1787) ; founds Royal 
Hospital, 9571 ; d. (1862). 

, David, b., 2702 ; d. (1870). 

, Sir Edward J., Japan, 9863. 

, George E., president of Dickinson 

College, 3331. 

.Harrison, governor Fla., 2632, 2652; 

effort to impeach, 2773. 

, Henry, b., 1142 ; d., 1741 . 

, Isaac, b., 9103; d. (1807). 

, John J., promoted captain, 4201. 

, Joseph, b., 642 ; president Exeter 

Council, 913; d., 962. 

, Roland, b., 1702. 

, Thomas I'.rackett, b., 1502; enters H. 

from Me., 2972 ; speaker, 3483 ; made 
LL.D., 3622 ; thanks to, 3793 ; nom. for 
v.-pres. ; nom. for pres., 4091 ; speech, 
4253, 4371 ; Reed's Rules, 4783. 

, William, pres. council, N. C, 61 2 . 

, Sir W., Law of Storms, 9491. 

, W. B., treaty^ U- S. minister, 0193. 

, Col., at Princeton, 851 ; at Lexington, 

1982. 

Reeder, Andrew H., b. (1807) ; gov. Kan., 
1771 ; nom. for Cong., 1772, 1791 ; irregu- 
larities ; removed, 177 2 ; elected to 
Cong., 1791 ; indictments against, 179 2 ; 
d., 2373. 

, Maj., at Mingo Swamp, 2182. 

Reedham, asvlum est., 9531. 

Reedtz, Mutt", Baron, premier, 6423. 

Reedy Fort Creek, N.C., skirmish at, 941 . 

Reedyville, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2381. 

Reek, Stephen, punished, 362. 



Rees, Dak., mission transferred, 3142. 

, Abraham, b.,9103; works, 9231,9311; 

d., 9422. 

Cyclopedia republished, 131 1 . 

Reese, David Meredith, b. (1800); d., 1983. 

Reeves, John, last witness, 8882. 

, William Day, cons, bp., 9962, 10063. 

Refining-houses built, Ger., 7822. 

Reflector, burning, invented, 7862. 

Reform Act approved at Vienna, 5312. 

Association formed, London, 9473, 

banquets held, France, 7311 . 

Bill discussed, G. B., 9453, 9572, 9551 , 

9692,9712,9973; withdrawn, 9992. 

Club, London, formed, 9473. 

Reformation period, Aust.-Hung., 5083 ; 
in Denmark, 6363 ; in Fr., 6803 ; pro- 
gresses, 6823; in Ger., 7843,7882,7891,. 
790-2,3 ; progress under Luther, 7S82,3, 
7891; in Prus. ; spreads, 7891 ; anniver- 
sary of, 8123 ; begins in Eng., 8602; an- 
nulled, 8703 ; in G. B., 8682, 8703 ; in 
Scot., 8722; est. Netherlands, 10983. 

Reformatory School est., Eng., 9623. 

Reformed Church, Am. : Reformed Dutch 
begin worship in N. Y. ; first minister,. 
301 ; org., 302 ; worship at Albany, 321 ; 
records begin; 1st church erected; 2d 
minister, school est., 322; preach poli- 
tics, 343; church at Albany, 362, 401,. 
582, 4021 ; stone church in N. Y., 363; in 
Del. ; church at Flatbush, 383 ; tyran- 
nize N. Y.; church in Albany, 401 , 4021 \ 
oppress Lutherans, 443 ; Reformed Prot. 
Dutch church incorp.,523; 3d church in 
Albany, 58 2 ; Coetus org., 663 ; classics 
find., 691; conference fmd., 71 1; in 
N. J., 711, 743 ; preaching in Eng. N.Y.,. 
741; Rutgers' Coll. est., 743, 1171 ; plan 
for union ; synod authorized, 763 ; mis- 
sion work adopted, 983 ; standards pub- 
lishedin Eng., 1042 ; constitution adopted; 
gen. synod org., 1043 ; minutes in Eng., 
1062 ; Eng. exclusive, 1163 ; plan of cor- 
respondence, 12*2 ; union with Presby- 
terians, 1303 ; Christian Intelligencer, 
1391 ; Board of Education ; mission board 
org., 1402 ; Indian miss., 1462, 1623, 1631 ; 
S. S. union fmd., 150 2 ; miss. soc. fmd., 
1822; Hope Coll. est.; in Mich., 2502; 
name changed to Reformed Church, 
2602 ; Ursinus Coll. est., 2722; Woman's 
Board of Foreign Missions org., 2903; 
favors temperance, 3271; Arabian mis- 
sion work, :s:;i)2, 4ss2; favors union, 3601; 
meetings of General Synod (see text, p. 
106+) . 

of Fr. declines, 7011 ; synod ; wor- 
ship permitted, 6831 ; ministers expelled, 
Fr.,683i ; Gen. Synod at Paris, 7462, 7482. 

Episcopal Church, Am., org. ; Bishop 

Cummings presiding ; Bp. Cheney cons., 
2822; Bp. Nicholson cons., 2903; Bishop 
Cridge, Bp. Fellows cons., 2923 ; Synod 
of the Pacific, of the Northwest, of the 
West; Common Prayer Book; Bp. Gregg 
cons., 2942 ; bps. Faysoux, Latane, Rich- 
ardson, and Bower eons., 3022 ; Synod 
Special, South org., 3023 ; Bp. Wilson 
%cons., 3042; Synod of Chicago fmd., 
3062, of N y., of Phila. ; Bp. Whitehead 
cons., 3102 ; G. R. and Ire. synod sepa- 
rated from Am., 3122; svnod of Can., 
3321 ; Woman's For. Miss. Soc. org.,3403; 
eel. in N. Y., 3481; 13th Gen. Council; 
Bp. Campbell cons., 3842. 

Synod, Can., 3321 ; in Ont., 5882. 

Reforms, asked, Belg., 5432 ; demanded, 

Reform Union, Nat., meets, USf>3, 10122. 
G. B., 8532 ; civil, Ger., 8053. 

Refugees, in Portugal, 5603 ; compensated 
in Fr,, 7252 ; Fr. in Eng., 8973. 

Refunding Art, passed U. S- A., 2732. 

Referendum established, 11383. 

Refunding Act passes Congress, 2732. 

Rega, Henry Joseph, b.-d., 5422. 

, King Kablia, defeated, 5643. 

Regan. Gen., at Thoury, 7403. 

Regency Bill, Eng., 9133, :rj;,3. 9353, 9452,. 
95f2. 

Regensburg, Ger. (SeeRatisbon.) 

Regent's Canal finished, Eng., 9413. 

Reggio, It., taken, 10881 . 

Regibulus reigns, 1145 3 . 

Regillus, Lake, action at, 10501 . 

Regina, asteroid, discovered, 7561. 

'— — , Riel's trial at, 5851 . 

Reginald, at Tinmore, 8442. 

Regiomantanus, Johann Miiller, b.-d.. 



Regi-Revi. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1387 



7842; adopts astrolabe, 121 ; invents re- 
flector ; decimal system, 7S6 2 . 

Regis, Jean Baptiste de, b., 6903; d., 6991 . 

Register, Salem, Mass., suspends, 4302. 

Registration Act passes, Capo Town, 6032. 

Bill passes, G. B., 10123. 

■ law passes, Ger., 829* . 

Registry of deeds, Eng., 9033. 

Regium Donura est., 8923, 9743; revived, 
8983. 

Regnard, Jean Francois, b., 6902; works, 
6951,2; 6971, 6963; d. (1709). 

Regnault, Henri Victor, b.,719i; d.,7502. 

, Marie, murdered, 7562. 

Regnier, Jacques August Adolphe, b. ,715 1 ; 
d., 7542. 

, Mathurin, b., 6841 ; Satires, 6871 ; d., 

6862. 

Regular Army and Navy Unionorg.,328 1 , 
3661. 

Regulation Act passed for Ind., 10453. 

of Mines Act, 9652. 

Regulator, wind, invented, 9402. 

Regulus, Marcus Atilius, naval com- 
mander ; in Afr., 10523 ; consul; com- 
mander, 6621; defeated, I0262; commis- 
sion to Rome ; killed, 10531,3. 

Rehan, Ada, b., 9642; statue, 4261. 

Renim Bi Atalik, regicide, 5492. 

Rehoboam I. reigns, 11433; pays tribute to 
Egy., 6501 ; S ets up golden calves, 11423, 

Rehobotli, Mass., Indians attack, 462. 

, Md., Presbyterian Church fmd., 482. 

Reichardt, Johann Friedrich, b. (1752) ; 
Wachtdes Deutsclieii Vat er land, 8132; d. 
(1814). 

Reiehbauer, Herr, d., 5302. 

Reichel, Charles Parsons, cons, bp., 9922. 

Reichenbach, Prus.,cong. of, 8053; treaty, 
8112 ; hurricane, 832 1; Frederick victo- 
rious, 5162. 

, Heinrich Gottlieb Ludwig, b., 8062 ; 

d., 8301 . 

, Baron Karl von, b., 8043 ; names 

odyl,816i ; makes paraffin, S181 ; d.,8262. 

Reichsrath, Austro-Hung., reconstituted, 
5251 , 3 ; supremacy, 5291 . 

Reichstag, first meeting, 5231 , 8272. 

Reid, Capt., defeats John Brown, 180 1. 

.David Boswell, b. (1805) ; inv. venti- 
lators, 9461; d. (1863). 

, Settle, b. (1813) ; gov.N.C, 1692. 

, Maj.-Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481. 

, Mayne, b., 1262 ; d.,3142. 

— — , Robert R., governor Fla., 1512. 

, R. T., Vivisection Bill, 9912. 

, Samuel Chester, b., 961 ; d., 1902. 

, Thomas, b.,9042; common-sense phi- 
losophy, 9122; works, 9131, 9163, 9231; 
d., 9283. 

— -, Whitelaw, b., 1482 ; Ohio in War, 
2643; retires from Tribune, 3383; minis- 
ter, 3513; nom. for vice-pres., 4091 ; vote, 
4192, 4243. 

— -, Sir William, b., 9283; d., 9622. 

, Private, wins rifle prize, 10001. 

ventilators introduced, 9461 . 

Reikiavik, anniversary celebrated, 10423. 
Reil, Johann Christian, b., 8023; d., 8102. 
Reilly, Bernard, cons. R. C. bishop, 974%. 
, James B;, b., 1581 . 

Reimann, E., History of Austria, 8322. 

Reimarus, Hermann Samuel, b. (1694) ; 
works, S051; d.,8031. 

Reims (or Rheims), church erected, 6631 ; 
sacked, 6ti22; Fr. kings crowned, 6633; be- 
sieged, 674 1 ; Charles VII. crowned, 677 3 ; 
Univ. fnd., 6812 ; New Testament pub- 
lished, 6843 ; Univ. suppressed, 7063 ; 
taken, 7203; Fr. troops leave, 7401 - Ger. 
headquarters, 7402. 

Reinach, Baron J., d., 762i . 

Reindeer, brig, captured, 1221. 

, steamer, explodes, 1713. 

Reinecki Furhs published, 6371. 

Reinesius, Thomas, b., 7922; d., 7963. 

Reinhard, Francis V., b., 8022 ; d., 8102. 

Reinhold,Karl Leonhard,b.,8023; d.,8122, 

Reinkens, Jos. Hubert, b., 8122 • bp.,8283. 

Reinsdorf, F. A., sentenced, 8311. 

R&pe, steel process patented, 9561. 

Reiske, Johann Jakob, b., 7983 ; d., 8041 . 

Reiss, Philip, electric telephone, 5441 . 

Reissiger, Karl Gottlieb, b.,8063. 

Reiter, Commander, case in senate, 3773. 

Reitz, F. W., inaugurated president, 11053. 

Relationes Curinsm issued in Latin, 11343, 

Relations Jesuits, Les, issued. 5731. 

Relay House, Md., seized, 1942, 



Release searches for Kane, 1761 ; brings 

him back, returns, 1781. 
Reliance wrecked, 951 3 , 
Relics, common (Gr. 604), 10722. 
Relief, exploring expedition, 1481. 
Relief Bill intro. Belg. , 547 2 ; Eng. , 921 1 . 

Church of Scot, fmd., 9131 . 

for Court of Claims, resolution, 399 3 , 

of Distress Act for Ire., passes, 985 2 . 

Religion de /' Univers, La, issued, 7291 . 
Religion of Am. colonists, 57 1 . 

in National Convention, Fr., 7103. 

( State, changed, Fr., 7263. 

Religious instruction suppressed, Canada, 

5582. 

Education, Am. Soc. for, 456 2 . 

ceremonies increase, 1066 3 . 

Charities Bill opposed, Belg., 5442. 

Corporations, non-liability, 3842. 

dispute, Ger., 8143. 

dissensions in Pari., Eng., 8871 . 

equali-ty, law enacted, 962. 

Equality Association formed, 9563. 

Freedom Bills passed, Hung., 5383, 

houses, many, Belgium, 5442. 

Liberty enacted, Neth., 11023. 

Messenger issued, 1331. 

orders abolished, Fr., 7522. 

orders suppressed, Sp., 11303. (See 

names of Orders.) 

primers published, Eng., 8682. 

riots, Belgium, 5442. 

rivalry, Eng., 8583. 

tests abolished by Pari., 9702, 9752. 

toleration in Peru, 11092. 

tumults in Netherlands, 10983. 

— — Tract Soc. org. in Albany, 118 3 ; in 

London, 9291. 

war in Europe, 6363. 

wars devastate Fr., 6831 . 

Rembrandt(Rembrandt Harmanzoon van 

Ryn),b.-d., 11003; works, 11002. 
Iteniev, Wm. B., in navy dept.,351 2 . 
Remington, Philo., b. (1816) ; d., 3382. 

rifle. (See Rifle.) 

Remithwaite, Ralph, work, 8803. 
Remonstrance, Grand, Eng., 8852. 
Remonstrants (see Anniniaiis), 11011. 
Remusat, Com to Francois Marie Charles 

de,b.,7123; foreign minister,7463;d., 7501. 
, John Pierre Abel, b., 706 2 ; works, 

7232'; d., 7262. 
Remy, b.-d., 6623. 
Renaissance, period of, 5083, 8671 ; Great, 

inaugurated, 6813. 
Renals, Sir Jos., 1. mayor London, 10123. 
Renan, Jos. Erneste,b.,7242; works, 7303, 

7363, 7482, 7503, 7542, 7562 ; d., 7622 ; 

widow's pension, 7652 ; d. (1892). 
Renata, Maria, burned, 8012. 
Renaud, G-uinglain, 6711. 
Ri-uaud de Montauban appears, 6723. 
Renaudot, Tbeophraste, b. (1584) ; works, 

6891 ; d. (1653) ; statue, 7641 , 
Rencher, Abraham, gov. N. Mex., 183 2 . 
Rendlesheim, Baron, title created, 9311 . 
Rendsburg, Prus., Danes evacuate, 6402; 

taken, 8161,8221. 
Ren£, Duke of Anjou, b.-d., 10782. 

, Peter, wins rifle prize, 10021 . 

Renfrew, Wm. C, inaug. gov., Okla., 4793. 
Rennell, James, b., 9103; d., 9442, 
Rennie, John, b., 9151 ; stone bridge of 

Kelso, 9282; Waterloo Bridge, 9343,9381 ; 

d., 9403. 

, Sir John, b. (1796+) ; d., 9782. 

Reno,Nev., tire, 3013; Asylum opd., 3103. 
, Jesse Lee, b., 1322; at New Berne, 

2051 ; at Camden, N.C., 2062; attacks Da- 

dians, 2921; d., 2132. 
Reuse, electoral meeting, 7832. 
Renshaw, Wm. Bainbridge, takes Galves- 
ton, 2142; k. at Galveston, 2181; d.H863). 
Rensselaer, Kiliaen van, manor land, 33 2 . 
Rensselaerwyck, N. Y., settled, 332. 
Rent tithe, recovery act, 10053. 
Rentes Conversion Rill passes, 767 2 . 
Rents in money, Eng., 8493, 
Renwick, James, b., 1262 ; d., 2191. 
Reorganization of Senate Rill, Fr., 7472, 

7551. 
Repertorium der gesammten deutschen Li- 

teratur issued, 8151 . 
" Reptile " Bureaucracy, Ger., 8263. 
Representatives, House of, occupied, 1152; 

new apportionment, 2492 ; apportion- 
ment on basis of franchise, 251 2 . 
Reprisals, Pres. Jackson favors, 145 2 ; 

British make, 5553. 



Reprisals authorized, Eng., 9312. 

Republican issued, Denver, 2543. 

Clubs, Nat. League meets, 3551 , 4291 . 

League of U. S. org., in N. Y., 3291 ; 

conven. opens, 4633; College Clubs fmd., 
407 2 ; convention, 4152. 

ministry formed, Fr., 751 2 . 

Nat. Conven. meets in Baltimore, 

1392,2352 ; in Philadelphia, 1803,2791; 
in Chicago, 1873, 263 1, 3043, 3311 • in 
Cincinnati, 2931 • i n St. Louis, 3043. 

— — party rises; inception at Detroit; 
name at anti-Nebraska conven., 1752; 
antislavery prominent, 1791; Dred 
Scott decision favors, 1832 ; majority in 
Cong., 1871; elects first speaker, 1872; 
form Wide Awake clubs, 1882 ; 1st pres. 
elected ; majorities in I860, 1883 ; di- 
vided, 2352; divided on Reconstruction, 
2491,2,2511; massacred in N. Orleans, 
2523 ; state elections favor, 255 2 ; in 
elections 1867, 2592. 

Press Club, Mass., org., 3883. 

River, Kan., Indians raid, 2661 . 

Republicans, National, favor internal im- 
provements, 123 2 ; with Anti-Masons, 1392. 

Vatican favors conservative, in Fr., 

7582; overthrown in Italy, 10612. 

Repulse founders, 9181 . 

launched, 10081 . 

Bay, visited, 5751 . 

Ri'jiunitjk der Oeleerden issued, 11012. 

Requesens y Zufiiga, Luis de, b. (1522) ; 
inNeth.; viceroy, Neth., 10993; d.,5412. 

Requiem appears, 8041 . 

Requier, Augustus Julian,b.,1322; d.(1887)~ 

Resaca de la Palma, Tex., battle, 1601 . 

, Ga., battle of, 2311; Confederate- 
repulse, 2383. 

Reschid (or Reheed), Pasha Mustapha, b.- 
d., 11563 ; takes part of Argos, 10342; d. 
(1858). 

Rescue sails for Arctic Ocean, 1661 . 

Resende, Garcia de,b. (1470+); Cancioneiro 
Geral, 11091; d. (1554). 

Reservation, Chippeway, sold, 3472. (See 
under Cherokee and Oklahoma.) 

Reserve, U. S. N., appropriation, 3781. 

Reserve wrecked, 9021. 

Resht, Persia, railway opened, 11083. 

Resistance blown up, 928 1 . 

Resolute presented to Q. Victoria, 1813. 

Resolution wrecked, 9021 . 

ResponsabiliUs , Les, 7483. 

Restitution, Edict of, 7943. 

Resumption of specie payments opposed,. 
U.S.,29!>2; resumed, 3012. 

Retaliation by Confeds., 1973, 2163, 2173. 

Bill (anti-i'anada), passed, 3312, 4091 1 

4113, 4132. 

Retampal Springs, Tex., camp broken up r 
3961. 

Rethel, Alfred, b., 8121 ; d., 8202. 

Retief, Pieter, leader, 5981. 

Retrospective Review issued, 9411 , 

Return from Parnassus acted, 877 2 . 

Retz, Cardinal de (Jean Francois Paul de 
Gondi), h., 6862; d., 6923. 

Retzsch, Friedrich A. M., b.. 8042. 

Reuben, inheritance of, 11413. 

Krueblin, Johann, b., 7862; d., 7882. 

Re Umberto launched, 10882. 

Reunion and Reform Asso. at Nashville,. 
7243. 

Reuss uprising, 11321 , 

, the elder, joins Ger. Confed., 8252. 

Reuter, Fritz, b., 8102; works, 8202; d. 
(1874). 

, Julius, b., 8103; concession to, 7393. 

Reutlingen, Ger., battle of, 7841 . 

Revanche dn Cerf burned, 116 1. 

Revelation (Apocalypse) written, 11532. 

Explained and Defended, 1043. 

Revels, Hiram R., b.(1822) ; senator, 2671 , 
2711 ; favors amnesty and suffrage, 2711 . 

Revelstoke, Baron, title created, 987 1. 

Revenue, annual, gov. N. Y.,573; in Am.. 
colonies, 611; demanded for king, 672; 
Federal, 1032. (Also each following 
year); internal system abolished, 1113;, 
internal est., 1213; by force, S. C, 1412; 
from lands, 179 1 ; in Civil War, 2153;. 
deficits provided for, 1932, 4412, 4732. 

Revere, Mass, R. R. accident, 2753. 

, John W., galvanized iron, 1361 . 

, Paul, b., 622; rides to Concord, 80*;. 

d., 1262. 
Reverend, title applied, Eng., 8882. 
Revista Contemporanea issued, 10871. 



1388 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Revi-Rice. 



Revista de Ciendas y Letras issued, 6063. 

del Pac'tfico issued, 6063. 

Espanuta issued, 11311 . 

Lberica issued, 1131' . 

Medica-Quirurjivft issued, 6063. 

storica Italiana issued, 10902. 

Universal Lisbonvnse issued, 11101. 

Revivals, religious, prevail, 1523, 1S22. 
Revolt against taxes, Eng., 8471. 
Revolution, Eng., S99*. 
, Neth., 10993. 

peaceful arts accomplished, 9142. 

Revolutionary agitation, Ger., 817'. 
Tribunal. (See Paris.) 

War, Am., SO 1 to 953; ends, losses, 

costs, disbanding, farewell, 96* , 97 1 . 
Revolutions de Franvf et de Brabant, 7063. 
Revue, La, issued, 7323. 

archeotoijique. La, issued, 735' . 

Beige issued, 5443. 

Britannique, La, issued, 725* . 

Catholii/ui- appears, 5443. 

Critique d'Histoire el de Litterature, 

7331. 

de Belgique issued, 5443. 

de Bru.vi'lles issued, 5443. 

de V Empire, La, issued, 7291 . 

de Liege issued, 5443. 

de Paris appears. 7252, 7661 . 

des Cours f/itteraires,La, issued, 7363. 

des Deux Mondes, La, appears, 7263. 

European-He, La, issued, 7343. 

Francaise, La, issued, 7251. 

German iij ue, La, issued, 7343; changed 

to La Revue Moderne, 7363. 

Historique, La, issued, 7502. 

Independante, La, issued, 7291 . 

Internal in n a/ e issued, 10902. 

Nationale, La, issued, 7343. 

Philosophique, La, issued, 7502. 

Suedoise issued, 11363. 

Suisse issued, 11381 . 

Trimeslr'telle issued, 5443. 

Key, Jean, b., 7043; d., 7302, 

Revbaud, Marie Roch Louis, b., 7142; d., 

7521 

Reyburn, John E., b., 158'. 

Reyland, J fro me Paturot, 729 1 

Reymond, Mine., murderess, 7631. 

Reyna, Francisco Bruno Cerrando de, 
governor, 6302. 

Reynaud, Antoine Andre" Louis, d., 728 3 . 

Reynier, Gen. Jean Louis Ebenezer, b. 
(1771) ; at Maida, 7161 ; d. (1814). 

Reynolds, Admiral, perishes, 9342. 

— , George N., killed, 9251 . 

, John, governor La., 692,3. 

, , b. (1789+) ; gov. 111., 1392; d., 

2471. 

, John Fulton, b., 1282; a t Cheat 

Mountain, "VV. Va., 1982; appt. 5th dis- 
trict, 2621; at Aquia Creek, 2121; a t 
Warrenton, 2151 ; at Fredericksburg, 
2162; at Chaneellorsville, 221'; a t Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ; d., 2251. 

— -, J. M., in int. dept., 4472; pension de- 

, Sir Joshua, b., 9062; L>iscourses,9152- t 

pres. Royal Academy, 9162; d., 9262. 

, Robert J., gov. Del., 367 1 , 9991 . 

, T. C, transfers state seal, 2672. 

, Thomas, governor Mo., 1531 . 

, , Anti-Tobacco Crusade 9591 , 

, Walter, archbp. Canterbury 8562. 

, William Morton, b., 1183; J. (1876). 

, Mr., possession Wrange) Land, 3092. 

Reynoldsville and Dubois, strike, 4751 , 

Rezin I., reigns, 11433; against Ahaz. 
11441. 

Rhaetia invaded, 5021 . (See Rretia.) 

Rbamdamistus. king of Armenia, 11513. 

Rhamnus Temple of Nemesis begun, 10203. 

Rhawm, W. H., chairman, 4403. 

Rhazes, d., 4862. 

Rhegium, It., captured, 10502, 10522. 

Rheinfelden, imperialists defeated, 7961. 

Rhenish Fred. Wilhelm Univ. fnd., 8131 . 

League meets at Mentz, 7812. 

Mission Society organized, 8143. 

Rhetel, Turenne defeated, 6901 . 

Rhett, William, at Charleston, S. C, 561 . 

Rhetz, Gen. Voigts, at Loiret, 7423. 

Rhine, Fr. cross, 5181,2; free to both 
countries, 5192; left bank ceded, 5193; 
canal to Vssel, 768 1 ; infected with chol- 
era, 8373; Confederacy of, 7161 ; dis- 
solved, 5211; Palatinate restored, 7972, 
8112. 

Rhoda, mission, 6571. 



Rhode Island, colony fnd. by Roger "Wil- 
liams ; colonists protected, 35': strict 
laws, 342 ; First Baptist church, 343 ; 
toleration denied, 36 3 ; new constitution, 
37 2 ; charter, 373 ; war against New 
Neth., 381 ; toleration granted, 382 ; 
church divided, 383 ; Wm. Coddington, 
governor at Portsmouth, 38 3 , 39 2 , 453 ; 
drunkenness punished ; slavery pro- 
hibited, John Coggshall, gov., 391; i s t 
gen. assembly code of laws ; John Smyth, 
gov., 392,3 ; N. Easton, gov., 392, 453 ; 
Sam Gorton, gov. ; admittance to New 
Eng. Confederacy refused, 392 ; Roger 
Williams, gov., 39 3 ; Hebrew congrega- 
tion, 402; 1st Quakers yearly meet, 403, 
542; Benedict Arnold, gov. ,412, 441, 473; 
"Wm, Brenon, gov., 412, 433; Seventh 
Day Baptists Church org., 422,443; reli- 
gious freedom est., 422 ; charters re- 
newed, 423 ; \y. Clarke, gov., 471,503, 
533 ; John Cranston, gov., 473 ; Peleg 
Sandford, gov., 491 ; Win. Coddington, 
Jr., gov., 492; Henry Bull, gov., 493, 513; 
charter rescinded, 51i ; charter resumed, 
512,532 ; gov't dissolved, 511 ; John Eas- 
ton, gov., 513 ; Caleb Carr, gov. (1695) ; 
Sam'T Cranston, gov., 551; Prot. Epis. 
miss, in, 56 2 ; Uom. (laths, disfranchised, 
582 ; hemp-duck mnf., 601 ; weekly con- 
tributions est. for ministry; General 
Baptists org., 003; Joseph Jenckes, gov., 
613; Six Principle Baptists hold yearly 
meetings, 622; r, I. Gazette issued, 631 ; 
population, 633 ; Win. Wanton, gov., 
63 2 ; John Wanton, gov., 63 3 ; Richard 
Ward, gov., 652 ; troops against Fr., 701 ; 
Wm. Green.-, gov., 053,713; Gideon Wan- 
ton, gov., 672; Stephen Uopkins, gov.; 
712,3, 731 ; Sain. Ward, gov., 732,753; 
slaves in Newport, 733; Warren Baptist 
Asso. fmd., 742 ; Brown Univ. est., 742, 
763 ; Six Principle Baptists secede, 76 2 ; 
Josiab Lyndon.gov.; Jos. Wanton, gov., 
772; Gen. Congress proposed, 79i ; com- 
missions cruisers, 802 ; Nicholas Cooke, 
gov., 813, 831 ; repudiate allegiance to 
king, 823; disloyal to king, 832 ; British 
take, 843; action at Quaker Hill ; storm 
separates fleets, 88 3 ; Wm. Greene, Jr., 
gov., 913 ; John Collins, gov., 992 ; 
" homespun cloth " mnf., 100i ; P. E. dio. 
reorganized, 1022; approves Federal con- 
stitution, 103i; Arthur Fenner, gov., 
1032; i s t cotton mill erected, 1041 ; cot- 
ton sewing thread mnf., 1042 ; 1st Sun- 
day School in New Eng. est., 1043; Paul 
Muniford.gov. ; Henry Smith, gov., 1133; 
Isaac Wilbur, gov., 1151 ; James Fenner, 
gov., 1152, 1332, 1572; Congregational 
Conf. org., 1163; "Wm. Jones, gov., 1192; 
Neh. R. Knight, gov. (1817) ; Wm. C. 
Gibbs, gov., 1293 ; riot at Providence, 
1391; Lemuel H. Arnold, gov., 1393; 
John B. Francis, gov., 14.33 ; whipping 
law applied, repealed, 149 1 ; local op- 
tion, 1492; Universalis ts State Conven. 
org., 1502; Wm. Sprague, gov., 151 2 ; 
1903 ; Sam. W. King, gov., 1512 ; rival 
gov't org., 1552 ; Cbas. Jackson, gov., 
1611; Byron Diman, gov., 1613 ; Elisha 
Harris, gov., 1633 ; Henry P. Anthony, 
gov., 167' ; Philip Allen, gov., 1692; pro- 
hibitory law passes, 171 1, unconstitu- 
tional, 1732 ; Francis M. Dimond, gov., 
1743; Wm. W. Hoppin, gov., 1772 ; pro- 
hibitory Law passed, 17X3, and repealed, 
2292; Elisha Dyer, gov., 1832 ; Thomas 
G. Turner, gov.', 1872; Evening Bulletin, 
Providence, est., 2252; James Y. Smith, 
gov., 2293; Wm. C. Cozzens, gov., 2293 ; 
ratifies 13th Amend., 2432,2683; Ambrose 
Burnside, gov., 2553 ; Channing TJnita- 
rianConf.org., 2562; ratiliesHth Amend., 
2573; Board of Charities and Correction 
org., 2691: Seth Padelford.gov.; ratifies 
15th Amend., 2693 ; Roger Williams 
statue for Wash., D. C, 2721 ; imprison- 
ment for debt abolished, 2723 ; normal 
school opd., 2742,3742; Providence R. C. 
diocese est., 2802 ; prohibitory law 
passed, 2843; and repealed, 2911 ; Henry 
Howard, g«>v., 2x51 ; Henry Lippitt, gov., 
2892, 2912, 0931 . sc hool for deaf at Prov- 
idence, 2943; Chas. C. Van Zandt, gov., 
2973 ; House votes to reestablish whip- 
ping post; State Board of Health est., 
3011; Alfred H. Littlefield, gov., 3043 ; 
Augustus O. Bourn, gov., 3153 ; prohibi- 



tion amend, submitted, approved, 323 2 , 
3243 ; Geo. P. Wetmore, gov. , 3233 ; Dem. 
win elections, 3272 ; Compulsory School 
Law passes, 3283; John "W. Davis, gov., 
3293, 3751 ; property qualifications re- 
moved, 3293 ; property qualification 
amend. ; Republicans rule, 3313 ; State 
Agricultural School est., 3323; Royal C. 
Taft, gov., 3332 ; Prohibitory Amend, 
resubmitted, 3362, and rescinded, 3411 • 
Australian ballot adopted, 3371, 3412, 
3492, 381i, 3882; Herbert W Ladd, 
' gov., 3373 ; State ticket in doubt, 3392 ; 
high license law enacted, 3431 ; legisla- 
ture elects state officers, 355 3 ; Bibles 
banished from schools, 358Z; centennial 
eel., 3693 ; election returns, 3812 ; R e - 

£ublican candidates elected, 3853 ; Gov. 
.add protects prize-fight, 395 1 ; Alex. 
Gibson nom. for gov., 4011 ; D. Russell 
Brown, nom. for gov., 4032, 4533; Re- 
publican nominees elected, 4091 ; legis- 
lature prorogued, 4312; gov's action in 
legislature upheld, 4352; weavers strike, 
4402 ; Republicans carry State elections, 
4553; 1), Russell Brown, gov., 4793. 

Rhodes, peopled, 11433; city fnd., 11473; 
earthquake, 11482, H562; flourishes, 
11483; revolts against Athens, 10233; 
besieged, 10261; taken, 10313, 10321, 
10341, H511; residence of Tiberius, 
11513; held by Knights Hospitallers, 
11553; subdued, 10621. 

, Alexander de, missionary, 4803. 

, Cecil J., b. (1853); Brit, resident, 

6032 ; on Anglo-Ger. agreement ; pre- 
mier, 6033, 6043. 

, James Ford, History of U. S., 4203. 

, Lieut.-Col., at Bertram!. Mo., 2011 . 

, R. G., invents audiphone, 3061, 

, Wm. Birk, gift to hospital, 9843. 

Rhodians fnd. colonies in Catalonia, 11252. 

Rhodium discovered, 9322. 

Jl/todoj'f. asteroid, discovered, 2901 , 

Rhondda Valley, AY., mine explosion, 9973. 

Rhone freezes, 6962. 

Rhuddan Castle destroyed, 8541 , 

Rhyl, W., Church Congress at, 10062. 

Riall, Sir Phinehas, b., 9183; at Chip- 
pewa, 1221; d. (1851). 

Rialto, capital Republic of Venice, 10732. 

Riaz Pasha ministry, 6592, 6613. 

Ribalds established, 6701 , 

Ribault, Jean (John) b., 6803; dis. St. 
John River, 223; colony in Fla.; leaves 
colony, 233; aids Huguenots, 251; d., 
6823. 

Ribblesdale, Baron, title created, 9252. 

Ribbon Society organized, 9411 . 

Ribeiro, Bemardin, Eclogues, 11091. 

, Joao Pedro, Researches in Chronol- 
ogy, 11101. 

Riheio, Sefior, resigns, 5573. 

Ribot, Augustin Theodule, b. (1823); d., 
7621. 

, Alexander Felix Joseph, h. (1842) ; 

minister, 7611 , 7032, 7651 ; forms minis- 
try, 7651 ; premier, 7652. 

Ribbonism, Act for suppression of, 9753. 

Ricard, L Xavier de, Autour de Bona- 
parte, 7622. 

, M., minister, 7632. 

Ricardo, David, b., 9183; works, 9383; d., 

Ricards, J. D., R. C. bishop cons., 9742. 

Ricasoli, Baron Bettino, b., 10851; d., 
10901. 

Riccaz, Alex., cens. R. C. bishop, 9962, 

Ricci, Matteo, b. (1552) ; Shanking mis- 
sion ; Jesuit arrives, 6143; at court, 
6153; d., 6142. 

Riccio, Domenico, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Rice, intro. Am., 502; restricted import, 
672; culture in Lombardy, 10801. 

, Alex. Hamilton, b., 1262; gov., 2951. 

, Allen Thorndike, b. (1853) ; d., 3401 . 

, B. H., moderator, 1363. 

, David, b. (1733) ; Presb. in Ky., 962; 

d. (1816). 

, Henry Mower, b. (1816) ; on Commit- 
tee of 13, 1892. 

, James, b. (1844); Mortiboy, 9763; d. 

(1882). 

- — , Holt, moderator, 1282. 

, Luther, h. (17S3) ; ordained, 1183; d. 

(1836). 

, Nathan Lewis, b. (1807) ; moderator, 

1782; d. (1877). 

, Nathaniel, governor, 633, 692. 



Rice-Rios. 



Text Figures denote Page. INUilX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1389 



Rice, Thomas Spring, Lord Monteagle, b., 
9243; d., 9701. 

, Wm. M., gift to Houston, 3843. 

Rich, Claudius James, b., 9242 ; d., 9403. 

., Isaac, b. (1801) ; d., 2761 . 

, John T., nom. for gov, Mich., 4113, 

4672 ; gov., 4471, 4793. 

, Pres., arrested in Ida., 3683. 

, Richard, b. (1498±) ; high chancellor, 

8712 ; d. (1568). 

, Robert, Earl of Warwick, land 

granted ; transfers claim, 332 ; office in 
N. Eng.,373 ; d. (1658). 
Richard I., king, b.-d., 8502; prisoner, 
5043 ; in third crusade, HT>(> i ; gets money 
by licenses ; reigns, 8513; at Ascalon, 
8501 ; releases Scot, from homage ; est. 
licenses ; marries ; shipwrecked, 9513 ; 
gives Cyprus to Guyde Lusignan, 11553; 
takes Jaffa, 4872 ; released ; ransom 
price, 7792 ; recovers Normandy, 6701 ; 
d.,8531; statue, 9641. 

II., king, b.-d., 8582 ; tournament, 

.8563 : reigns, 8603 ; invades Scot., 8601 ; 
appoints Continual Council 861 1 ; mar- 
riage, 8612; pledge to Loudon; controls 
gov't, 8611 ; charters York, 8611 ; in Ire., 
8603; a t Waterford, 8601, 8603; Christ- 
mas festival. 8603; prisoner; deposed; 
murdered, 8612 ; will, 8613. 
III., b., 8622,3; D. of Gloucester ; pro- 
tector ; supported for king ; reigns as 
Richard III. ; title continued, 8653 ; op- 
poses Henry of Tudor ; est. cavalry 
posts ; levies benevolences ; k., 8672. 

of Burgundy routs Northmen, 6661 . 

of Normandy, archbp. Canterbury, 

8303 ; d. (1184). 

, D. of York, lord-lieut., 8632, 8652; 

protector ; rules ; arreste< I ; treason, 8633 ; 
claims crowu. 865 1 ; claim acknowledged, 
killed, 8641, 8651. 

, F. M., eons, cardinal priest, 7582. 

, Henry, erected monument, 9842 ; d., 

9982. 

, Maurice, minister line arts, 7392. 

Plantagenet, E. of Cornwall.b. (1209); 

elected king, Ger., 781 2 ; delivers Jeru- 
salem, 8521 ; king of Romans, 8551 ; d. 
(1272). 
Richards, A. N., governor Can., 5833. 

, James A. D., b., 1581 . 

, John, defends charter, 491 ; d., 1842. 

, L. D., nominee for gov. Neb., 3652. 

, Paul, mayor N. Y., 633. 

, Thomas Addison, b. (1820) ; National 

Academy Design, 1701 . 

, Sir William Buel, d., 5881 . 

, , b., 1022 ; d. (1847). 

, Bishop, cons. E. Cape Colony, 9742. 

Richardson, AltredSpeucer, cons, bp., 3022. 

, Benjamin Ward, b., 9423. 

, Charles, b., 919 ' ; English Dictionary, 

9491; d.(1865). 

, Francis, b., 1682 ; works, 3083, 

3283, 3502. 

, Col., at Covington, Tenn., 2201 . 

, George F., b., 1681 . 

-, H. J., nom. governor Del., 3691 . 

— -, Henry Hobson, b. (1839) ; d., 3222. 

, Israel B.,b.,1262 ; at Savage Station, 

2092 ; d., 2152. 

, Jas., b .(1809) ; explorer, 5783 ; d.(1851). 

, B., governor S. C, 1113. 

, D.,b.,1562. 

, Sir John, b., 9242 ; d., 9681 . 

, John Frarn, b. (1808) ; d., 2602. 

, Peter, b. (1801) ; gov. S. C, 153 1, 

325 z ; against lynching, 3511 ; d. (1864). 

, Samuel, b., 8982; works, 9111; d., 

9151. 

, Sir Thomas, b. (1569) ; chief justice, 

8832 ; d. (1635). 

, William Alex., b., 1301 ; gov. Neb., 

1852 ; minister, 2813 ; resigns, 2852 ; d., 

— — , Mr., murdered, 9661 . 

, Mr., killed in Boston, 771. 

Richaud, M., Fr. resident, 4833. 
Riche\ Gen. Jean Baptiste, b. (1780) ; pres- 
ident Haiti, 10402 ; d. (1847). 
Richelieu, Due de (Armand Jean Duples- 

sis), b., 6842 ; at La Rochelle ; est. Fr. 

Academy, 6861 ; cardinal; censured, 687 1 ; 

administration ; in states-gen., 6873 ; 

dismissal annulled, 6892 ; d., 6883. 
, Due de (Armand Emmanuel Duples- 

sis), b. (1766) ; ministry of, 7232 ; again ; 

resigns oihee, 7233. 



Richelieu, Due de (Louis Francois Armand 
Emmanuel Duplessist, b., 6943 ; treaty 
with D. of Cumberland, 8032 ; d., 7062 

Richeniont, Constable de, at Paris, 6762 ; 
at Formigny, 6781 , 

Richense, regent of Poland, 11133. 

Ricliupin, Jean, b. (1849) ; Le Cadet, 7602. 

Richer, E.louard, b., 7082 ; d., 7262. 

Kichev, M. N., governor Can., 5832. 

Richings, Peter, d., 2721 ; d. (1871). 

Richmauii, Georg Wilholm, b.-d., 11143. 

Richmond, lnd., Earlham Coll. fnd., 1843 
office of Jejfersonian wrecked, 2232 
school for feeble-minded opened, 303 2 
Orphan's Home, cruelty, 450 3 . 

, Ky., Federals routed, 2122 ; Central 

Univ. org., 2822, 2863. 

, Va., college proposed, 283 ; fnd., 653; 

capital, 913 ; stores burned, 923 ; evacu- 
ated, 942 ; constitutional conven. meets, 
1091 , 2592 ; R. Inquirer, 1131 ; eclipse of 
sun, 1161 ; theater burned, 1193 ; Booth 
appears, 1281; R. c. diocese find., 130 3 ; 
State Library fnd., 1311; R. Whig ap- 
pears, 1351 ; R. R. to Frederick ; R. R. to 
Petersburg, 1493 ; R. Coll. org., 1523 ; 
Hollywood Cemetery opd., 1633 ; seced- 
ing Dem. Conven., 1873; Dem. Nat. Con- 
ven., 1882; Confed. capital, 1971 ; Confed. 
Provisional Cong., 1973, 2053 ; first 
Confed. Cong, meets, 2053 ; McClellan's 
advance begins, 2063 ; Confeds. concen- 
trate, 2072 ; bread riot, 2213; Meade ad- 
vances on, 2271 ; Grant advances on, 
2322+ ■ 2d Confed. Cong, meets, 2333, 
2393; Grant threatens, 2371 ; last Confed. 
Cong, adjourns ; evacuated, 2443 ; Fed- 
erals occupy, 245 1 ; lire, 2453; Lincoln at, 
2451,3; review of Federal troops, 2452 ; 
seal of Confederacy .arrives at, 2453 ; 
Davis admitted to bail, 2563; Gen. Scho- 
tleld military commander, 2572 ; Davis 
returns to ; Constitutional Convention, 
2592; Theological Sem. fnd., 2603 ; gal- 
leries fall, 2713 ; R. R. to Huntington, 
285 2 ; statue of Gen. Jackson ; earth- 
quake, 2881 ; ciored People Educational 
Conven,, 28S 3 ; Hartshorn Memorial 
Coll. fnd., 3143 ; Rapt. Home for Aged 
Women est., 317 1 ; Times issued, 3242 • 
John Jasper's revival, 3383 ; decorated 
with Confed. flags, 3591 ; Lee statue, 2591 ; 
emancipation eel., 3703; Conven. South- 
ern Govs., 4282 ; Soldiers' and Sailors' 
monument, 4601 . 
Richmond built, 118 2 . 

struck by Manassas, 2001 ■ ordered to 

Samoa, 3381. 

, Duke of, title created, 8932. (See 

Lennox.) 

, Dean, d., 2521. 

, Legh, b., 9183 ; d., 9423. 

and Alleghany R. R. sold, 3393. 

Observatory, Eng., built, 9181. 

Rich Mountain, W. Va., battle of, 1962. 
Richter, Gustav, b. (1823); paints Daughter 

o/Jairus, 8201 ; d. (1884). 
, Eugen, b. (1838) ; attacks Bismarck, 

8352. 

, Henry Jos., b. (1838) ; cons. bp., 3122. 

, Jean Paul Friedridi, b..S023; works, 

8052, 8071 ,2 ; d., 8123 ■ statue, 4301 . 
Ricimer, defeats Vandals, 10701 ; rules 

Italy ; deposes Avitus ; d., 1071 2 . 
Ri. 'kinds, John E., gov. Mont., 4471. 
Ricker, Marilla, admitted to bar, 3643. 
Ricketts, James Brewerton, b., 1262 ; in 

court-martial, 2161 ; north of Rapidan, 

2321 ; at Baltimore, 2361 ; d. (1887). 
Ricks, Judge, decision on strikes, 4723. 
Hicord, Philippe, b., 7143; d., 7581. 
Riddell, Arthur G., cons. R. C. bp., 9862. 

, John Leonard, b. (1807) ; d., 2582. 

Riddenberger Act passes, 3132. 
Kidding, George, cons, bishop, 9922. 
Riddle, D. H., moderator, 1682. 

, George R., b., 1262; d., 2561 . 

Riddleberger, Harrison Holt, b. (1844) ; d., 

3521. 
Ridel, Stephen, chancellor, 8513. 
Kidgetield College, Md., organized, 2583. 
Kidgelev, Daniel Boone, b.(1813) ; d.,2621. 

, James Lot, b., 1141 ; d. (1881). 

Ri.lgeway, Col. Sir Jos. West, sec, 9973. 

, Robert, North Am. Birds, 3283. 

Ridley Hall, Cambridge, est., 9843. 

, Nicholas, b., 8661 ; burned, 8702,3. 

, William, mission, Australia, 496 2 . 

, , bishop New Caledonia, 9803. 



Riilpath, John Clark, b„ 1522. 
Ridsdale, Rev. C. J., trial, 9802. 

Hied, A list., treaty of, 5211 . 

Riedesel, Friedrieh Adolf von, b., 8002 ; 

d., S071. 
Riedinger, Johann Elias, b.,7982; d., 8031. 
Riego y Nunez Rafael del, leader, exe- 
cuted, 11312. 
Riel, Louis, b., 5782 ; revolt, provisional 
gov't, Can., 5832; surrenders, 5841 ; trial, 
5851; insurrections, 5821, 5852 ; d., 5841. 

Riemarus, Hermann S., b., 7982. 

Kieiner, Isaac de, mayor N. Y., 552. 

Rienzi, Miss., action at, 2243. 

, Cola di, b.-d., 10762 ; revolution in 

Rome; executed, 10773. 

Rierson Island, annexed, 10013. 

Rieunier, Adm., minister, 7652. 

Rifle meeting, Nat., Belg., 5451 . 

, Spencer repeating pat., 1902. 

Rifled gun used, 7862. 

Riga, Russia, siege of, 11341 . 

liigand, Hyaciiitlie, I.., (l!ll)2 ; d., 7003. 

Kigaud, Gen., defeated, Haiti, 10401. 

Riggin, Charles W., killed, 4121. 

Uiggs, Elias, b., 1162. 

, Geo. Washington, b. (1813) ; d., 3081 . 

Right of search at sea renewed, 1851 . 

Rights of Man, declaration of, Fr., 7073. 

Rigord, b.-d., 6683. 

Rig-Veda edited by Max Muller, 9651 . 

Riimkronike appears, 6363. 

Riley, Gen. Bennett, b. (1787) ; governor 
California, 167 1; d. (1853). 

, Charles Valentine, b., 156 2 . 

, James Whiteomb, b. (1852) ; works, 

3242, 3283, 3331 , 3962, 4731 . 

, John, b., 8862; workB,961i ; d.(1691). 

, Patrick, dynamiter, 4742. 

Rimini, Italy, council, 10683 ; cathedral 
erected, 10771; earthquake, 10822. 

Rimnik, Aust., victorious, 8041 . 

Rimouski, R. C., diocese of, 5822; hospital 
built, 5883. 

Rim Sin defeated, 11401 . 

Rinehart, William H., b., 1322; d., 2861. 

J'inif des Nibeluuijen performed, 8281. 

Ringgold, Ga., Confederate defeat 2281,2. 

, Capt., exploring expedition, 1721 . 

, George Hay, b. (1814); d., 2332. 

Rintoln University fnd., 795 1 ; suspends, 
809 1. 

Rintunbur captured, 10422. 

Rio, Wis., R.R. accident, 3253. 

de Janeiro, Portuguese appear, 17 3 ; 

dis.,203 ; Bay dis., 5531 ;named ; Hugue- 
nots at ; Portuguese at, 5532, a ; Fr. set- 
tlement captured, 233, 5531 ,3; Prot. mis- 
sion, 5531 ; Fr. squadron takes ; gov. ca- 
pitulates ; Nat. Library ; tea-plant cul- 
tivated, 5541 ; Imperial chapel erected; 
Journal deCommereio est.; Meth. mission, 
5542; Museum Nat. Hist. , 5541 ; hospital 
erected, 5543 ; mission, i .; ,4 3 . ; -, L -,63 ; polit- 
ical disorders, 5543 ; capital ; founded, 
5551 ; Assembly opens, 5552; invaded; 
revolution, 5551 , 2 ; royal fugitives, 6551 ; 
Brit, officers arrested ; gas intro.,5553 ; 
girls' school fnd. ; current literature, 
5562,5582; D. of Edinburgh visits ; mar- 
tial law proclaimed, 5571 ,5593, 5602; po- 
litical agitation, 557 1 ; Nat. Bank est., 
5573; cannonaded; insurrection ; iron- 
clad launched ; siege ; surrender de- 
manded, 5581 f 2, 5593; boveotting league; 
rioting, 5583,5592 ; Nat. MortgageBank; 

ftrovisional gov't recognized ; State 
oans, 5591; belligerent rights refused; 
coffee syndicate; royal manifesto; troops 
to withdraw, 5593 ; u. S. squadron, 446i , 
5601; siege abolished, 5(11)2; yellowfever, 
5593,5603 ; royal residence, 11103. 

de la Plata, Braz., explorers, 4891; 

gov't, 4892 ; loss of life, 558i ; a vice- 
royalty, 11061 . 

Grande City, jail broken open, 2971 . 

College, org., Ohio, 2922. 

do Sul, Braz., subdued, 5541; re- 
bellion, 5553 ; battle, 5602; mission, 5562, 
10962 ; battle at ; defeat of troops ; up- 
rising, 5581 , 3; victory, 5582 ; riots, 5583 ; 
independence, 5591 ; controls Junta ; dis- 
obeys State ; gov. deposed ; insurrec- 
tion ends; new flag; revolt, 5592,6601 ,2. 

Pongas, mission, 11003. 

Riordan, Patrick Win., b. (1841); cons, bp., 
3142 ; archbp. San Francisco, 3182 ; in- 
vestigates Cleveland affair, 3461 . 

Rios, Pedro Venegas de los, gov., 6301 . 



1390 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Riot-Robi. 



Biots, Boston, 743, Providence, 139' , New 
York, 143' ,2,147' ,1643, 1823, 3782, Phila., 
145' , 157' , Baltimore, 1452, 1803, Cincin- 
nati, 147' , 317' , Columbia Co., N.Y.,1632, 
Christiana, Pa., 169' , New Orleans, 1703, 
Brooklyn, 1742. Chicago, 1703,3232, Port- 
land, 1763, Louisville, St. Louis, 177', 
Washington, 1823, Great Anti-Draft, 
New York, 2253, Charleston, 111., 2312, 
Savannah, 2333, Mobile, 2392, Memphis, 
2522, Somerset, Kv., 269' , Austin. Miss., 
2843, Vieksburg, Miss., 287', Yazoo City, 
Miss. , 28'.)' .Danville, 315' .Seattle, Wash*., 
322', 3232, Hopedale, '_>., 333', Duluth, 
Minu., 3332, Carbon Hill, Ala., 376', 
Kearney, N, J., 378' , Connellsville, Pa., 
3822, Grand Rapids, Mich., 3852, San 
Diego, Cal., 3882. Sacramento, Cal., To- 
nawauda, N. Y., 4082, Homestead, Pa., 
4102, Star City, Ind., 4122, Buffalo, 4163, 
1742, Cheyenne, Colo., 4163, Mononga- 
hela City, 4242, Auburn, Me., 4383, Ab- 
ington, .Mass., 43(12, Camden, N.J.,4423, 
Freeland, Pa., 4603, Wesley, 111., 4622, 
miners, Mich., 4642, R.R., Okla., 465', 
miners, Barnesboro, Pa., 4682, Maltby, 
Pa., 473' ; Chinese, New South Wales, 
Ballarat, Vic., 4963, Vienna, 5223, 533', 
5362, Aust., 5323, 5331, 5302, Bohemia, 
5302, 5331, 5351, Galicia, 533', 534', 
Hung., 531', 5322. 5343, 53o',5362, Bel- 
gium, 543', 548', Brussels, 5443, 547', 
548' , Marchienne-au-Pont, 545' , Charle- 
roi.Mons, 5462, 548', Malignes,5463,Ant- 
werp, 547', 548', Grammont, Louvain, 
548', Pleviia.5t;s2,Soriu, 570' i .Montreal, 
579' ,5823, .583' ,5922, Quebec, 5811 .Chile, 
5083, 6081 , Tangchow, China, Tien-tsin, 
6212, Ching-KJang-Fu, Amoy, Fukien 
province, Hankow, Woo Hoo, 625', Bo- 
gota, Colombia, 6282, Alexandria, Egy., 
658' , France, 7272, 73x1 , 7432, 71^43, 765 1 , 
Paris, 675' . 6763, 6872, 707' +, 711' , 7252, 
7272, 7303, 733', 7371, 7333, 7543, 7043 ; 
Ger., 7872, 7892, 7941, 8152, 8163, 817', 
829' , 8323, 833' , 8343, 835' , 3302 ; Great 
Britain, Birmingham, 91192, 1)252, 9703, 
993', Brist.il. 9132, 927 1,945 1,10103, Ches- 
ter Castle, 9702, n. ar Carlisle, 9751 , Corn- 
wall, 9911 , Dungraven, Eng., 9691 , Dart- 
moor, 9372, Ens., 9352, 9391 , 9451 , Edin- 
burgh, 9411, Exeter, 0711 ; Ireland, 9152, 
9292, 9372, 9392, 9412, 9432, 945', 947', 
955',957', 963', 967' ,2, 9683, 9703, 977' , 
983', 985', 9863, 987', 9883, 9943, 9963, 
997' , 100U3, 1(||)71 , 10033, 1(1103; Glasgow, 
9392, Hebrides, Scot., 9943, Kiddermins- 
ter, 993', Lancashire, 9432, Leicester, 
9943, Lond., 895' ,905' ,9092, 9171 ,2,9212, 
9272, 9352, 9372, 9392, 961', 967', 975', 
9943, 9972, 10103, 1013' , Liverpool, 957' , 
959' , 9943, Manchester. 931 2, 9711 , Maid- 
stone, Eng., 9292, Mold, 973', Notting- 
ham, Eng., 9372, 9683, Northampton, 
9792, Paisley, 9392, Scot., 9292, Skve, 
Scot., 989', Stockport, Eng., 957', Sta- 
leybridgc. Eng., 967 ', SI. Helen's. Wigan, 
10123, Wales, 9451 , 9531 , Worcester.Eng., 
9092, 9251, Wrexham, Eng., 9891, 9943, 
Yarmouth, 9571. 

Ripley, Tenn., action at, 2181 . 

, Eleazer Wheelock, b., 95' ; d., 1502. 

, George, b., 1102; at Fort Erie, 122'; 

Am. Cyclopedia, 2823; d., 304'. 

, James W., b. (1797) ; d., 270' . 

, Lieut., hurt at sea, 338' . 

Ripon, Eng., treaty of, 8833; bishopric est., 
948' ; Bishop Carpenter cons., 9922. 

, Wis.. Ripon College est., 173' . 

, Earl of, minister, 9433. 

.Marquis, title created, 975'. (See 

Robinson.) 

Rippey, William C, shoots Mackay, 4242. 

Rip Raps riot with Wampanags, 1803. 

Risakoff, condemned ; hanged, 1121' . 

Rising, Johann Claesson, b. (1600+) ; gov., 
393. 

"Riska, W., colliery collision, 9853. 

Risley, John E., minister, 4473. 

Rispah watches bodies, 1143' . 

Rist, Johann, b. (1607) ; works, 795' , 797' ; 
d. (1667). 

Ristori, Adelaide, .Marchioness del Grillo, 
b., 10862. 

Ritchie, Alex. Hay, b. (1822) ; Nat. Acad- 
emy Design, 276' . 

, Mrs. (Anna Cora O. Mowatt), b., 128' ; 

appears, 158' ; Fashion, 1583; d., 2702. 

, Byron F., b., 1722. 



Ritchie, Col., at Shirley's Ford, 2132. 

, C. T., minister, 9953. 

, Thomas, b., 912; d., 174'. 

Rites, Tribunal of decision for foreign 
6153. 

Ritner, Jos., b. (1780) ; gov. Pa., 1453; d., 

268'. 

Ritschl, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8083. 

Ritson, Joseph, b., 9123; d., 9323. 

Rittenhouse, David, b., 62'; method of 
fluxions, 68' ; improved orrery, 74' ; 
pres. Am. Philosophical Society, 102' ; 
d. (1796). 

Ritter, Charles, defaulter, 3782. 

, Col. Eli, pres. Prohibition Nat. Con- 
vention, 4092. 

, Frederic Louis, b. (1834) ; d., 548' . 

Galmy appears, 791' . 

, Heinrich, b., 8043; History of Phi- 
losophy, 815'; d., 8262. 

, Johann W., dis. chemical rays, 8062; 

secondary pile, 9362. 

, Karl, b., 8042; work, 813'; d., 8202. 

Ritualism, canon against, 2862; con- 
demned, 9701,2. 

Ritualistic practices, protested, Can., 586' . 

Ritualists censured, 9702, 9722. 

Rivadaria, president Argentine, 4903. 

Rivas, Nic, Gen. Walker rights at, 176'. 

, Jose Maria, rises ; shot, 11233. 

, pres., war against Costa Rica, 6302. 

Rive, Auguste De La, b.-d. ;'invents galvan- 
ometer ; telephone, 1138'. 

River Falls, Wis., State. Normal School 
opd., 2903; lightning kills, 4332. 

, M., arbitrator, 7612. 

and Harbor Appropriation Bill, 1612, 

1633, 1652, 3112 , 3593, 4072, 4592, 4C53, 
469'; act unconstitutional, 4072. 

Rivera, Costa Rica, founded, 630' . 

, Alonso de, governor Chile, 6052. 

, Gen. Jose Fructuoso, b. (1790+) ; de- 
feated, 490' ; d. (1854). 

, Perafau de, gov. Colombia, 630' . 

Riverina; diocese, 4982; Bp. Linten cons., 
9862. 

Rivers, Lord. (See Woodville.) 

Riversdale mission, 5983, 6003. 

Riverside Park, N.Y., Grant's monument, 
3592 - 



Rives, John C, b., 106' ; d., 2332. 

, William Cabell, b., 1042; d., 262' . 

Riviere, Briton, b., 9502. 

, Capt. Henri, at Hanoi, 4802; in An- 

nam, 4813. 

, Pres. Herrard, fails to subdue, 10402. 

, M., finds human skeleton, 746'. 

, R. T., d., 4813. 

Rivington, James, b., 602; d. (1802). 

Rivinus, August (Juirinus, b. 1 1052) ; botan- 
ical student, 7982; d. (1723). 

Rivoli, It., battle at, 5182. 

liivoli taken, 9342. 

Rizo-Rhangabe, Alexander, b.-d., 10343. 

Rizzio, David, b., 10803; k., 873' , 10803. 

Roach, John, b. (1815) ; Relief Bill, 349' ; 
Congress investigation, 429' ; d. (1887). 

, N. W., speech, 441' . 

, William N., b., 1522. 

Road, National, Bill rejected, 1372. 

Roads, improved Macadam, 938 2 . 

Roane, John Selden, b. (1817) ; gov. Ark., 
1652; d., 256'. 

Roanoke, Ga., burned, 1473. 

, Va., negro lvnehed, 40(13, cloud-burst, 

414' ; mob, 4382, 4403. 

College organized. 173'. 

Island, N.C., settlement at, 252; Vir- 
ginia Dare born; abandoned, 24', 253; 
Burnside's expedition arrives, 2022; 
taken, 204' . 

R. R. completed, 1533. 

Robartes, Baron, title created, 965'. 
Robbery prevails, Eng., 8583. 

Robbia, Luca della, b.-d., 10782; invents 

delftware, 1078' . 
Robbins, Ashur, b., 71' ; d., 158' . 

, Gaston A., b., 1842. 

, Horace Walcott, Xat. Acad., 300'. 

, Maria, library gift, 3482. 

, Royal, b., 100' ; d., 1922. 

, Thomas, b. (1777) ; clerg.; d., 178'. 

Robe, J. H., gov. S. Australia, 497'. 
Robert wrecked, 9413. 

E. Lee burned, 3113. 

I., killed at battle of Soissons, 6673. 

I. (Robert Bruce), king, b.-d., 8542. 

II., king of Scot., b., 8562; reigns, 

8593; d.,8602. 



Robert III., king of Scot., 861' ; d., 8613. 
, Count of Artois, battle of Spurs, 672' ; 

refuge in Eng., 675' ; d., 6722. 

, Capt., at Gainesville, 230' . 

de Courtenay reigns, 1035' . 

of Flanders, in First Crusade, 6683. 

Fleury, Joseph N., b., 7123; d., 760'. 

, D. of Fr., revolts ; reigns, 6673; routs 

Northmen, 666' ; k., 6673. 

, the Friesian, defeats Philip, 1098' . 

— — , E. of Gloucester, defeats Stephen ; 

captured, 850'. 

of Gloucester, b.-d., 8542; works, 8562. 

, Hubert, b., 69S3; d., 717' . 

, E. of Kildare, commissioner, 9052. 

, Earl of Mar, at Perth, 858' . 

I., the Devil, duke; d., 6692. 

II., D. of Normandy, excommuni- 
cated, 6662; marries cousin, 6663; reigns, 
6673 ; joins First Crusade ; rebels against 
father ; imprisoned for life ; claim's 
father's throne, 668' ; pilgrimage to 
Holy Sepulchre, 6682; d., 668' . 

, D. of Normandy, revolts ; invades 

Eng., 848' ; imprisoned, 849' . 

the Strong, opposes Northmen, 666' . 

the Wise, K. of Naples, 10772; strug- 
gle for throne of It., 10773. 

Roberts, Baron, title created, 1009'. 

, David, b., 9283; d., 968'. 

, Frederick Sleigh, Baron, b. (1832) ; 

in Sepoy rebellion, 1048' ; in Burmese 
war; commander-in-chief, 1002' , 10482; 
annexes part of Afgh., 53; at Matoon ; 
at Kabul ; at Kandahar, 6' ,2; at Mazza, 
62 ; proclaims martial law, 63 ; proclaims 
amnesty, 7' . 

, George Washington, b. (1833) ; d„ 

2172. 

, J. J., pres. Liberia, 11612. 

, John W, ordained M. E. miss, bp., 

2522. 

, Lord, lord-lieutenant, 8932. 

, Marshal Owen, b. (1814) ; org. Cable 

Co., 1753; d.,304'. 

, Roberts Richford, b. (1778) ; d., 1562. 

, Sergt., obtains prize, 962' . 

, William Charles, b. (1832) ; modera- 
tor. 3402, 3463. 

, : Milnor, b. (1810) ; d., 308' . 

Robertson, A. and J., editors, 743. 

, Anthony Lispenard, b. (1808) ; d., 

264'. 

, Archibald, b. (1765) ; pictures sold, 

404' ; d. (1835). 

, A. S., robbed, 445'. 

, Charles Franklin, b., 1442; cons. P. 

E. bishop, 2622; d., 3222. 

, Fred. William, b., 9382; d., 9582. 

, Jacob, b., 106'. 

, James, b., 642; d., 123'. 

, C, b.,9363; d., 990'. 

, J. P. B., Scotch Local Gov't Bill, 

10013. 
- — , Sir John, ministry, Australia, 4993. 
, Margaret Bruntou. (See Mrs. Ken- 
dal.) 

, Munroe, murderer, hanged, 3043. 

, Samuel M., b., 170' . 

, Thomas Boiling, b. (1773) ; gov. La., 

1292; d. (1828). 

, William, b., 9442; d., 976' . 

William, b., 9062; works, 9152,919', 

9263; d.,9263. 

, W r indham, h. (1803) ; gov. Va., 1472; 

d. (1888). 
Roberval, expedition lost, 223 ; colony 
near Quebec, 23' ; in Can., 232. 

, Giles Personne de, b., 6862; d., 6923. 

Robespierre, Maximilien Marie Isidore, 
b.,7023; leader of Jacobins, 707' ; head 
of gov't, 7093; favors Christianity, 7103, 
7112; conspiracv against; falls, 711 2 ; 
guillotined, 7111,2. 
Robeson, George Maxwell, b., 1342 (1827); 
sec. navy, 2672, 2813. 

, Henry B., promoted capt., 326' . 

Robie, Frederick, inaug. gov. Me., 3162. 
Robin, Charles Philippe, b.,724' ; d.,7542. 

Hood, b., 8502, 851'. 

, Jean, b., 6822; d., 6863. 

Robins, Benjamin, b., 9022. 

Robinson, lost, 9513. 

Robinson, Camp Dick org., 198 2 . 

, Agnes Mary F., b., 9622. 

, Charles, M. C, indictments against; 

gov. Kan., 1792, 2032; Kansas Conjtict, 
4203; d.,468'. 
, C, on Committee of 33, 189' . 



Hobi-Holt. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figurts indicate Column. 



1391 



Robiuson, Clarence, confesses murder, 
473'. 

, Edward, b., 1042; -works, 1543, 1603; 

d.,219'. 

, Ezekiel Gilman, b., 1242; d. (1894). 

, Fred. John, E. of Kipon, Viscount 

Godericll, b., 9223; minister, 9432,3, 
945 2 ; administration ; resigns, 9433 ■ 
d., 9622. 

, George Fred. Sam., Marq. of Ripon, 

b., 9423; i n Joint Commission, 2732; 
becomes Cathe>lie, 1)802; minister, 1009 2 ; 
viceroy, 10492; d., 9932. 

, De.vlcr, b. ( 1S34); gov. Mass. ,3152. 

, Sir Henry, b., 10101. 

, Henry Crabb, b., 9191 ; d., 970' . 

, Sir Hercules, gov. N. S. W., 4983, 

5772; commissioner, 603'; S. Af. Exhi- 
bition; retires, 6033, gov. Ceylon, 1049'. 

, Horatio N., b., 1122; d., 256'. 

, Jas. F., gov. Ky., 2032, 2113. 

, J. B., gov. Ont., 5832. 

, Rev. John, b. (1575); imprisoned, 263; 

fnd. of NewEng.,8802; d. (1625); tablet, 
11022. 

, B., b., 1602. 

, Sir B., b., 5762; d., 580' . 

, John Cleveland, b., 1262 ; comman- 
der-in-chief, 2972, 3011. 

, S., gov. Vt., 1743. 

, Thomas Ilomuey, b., 9262; d. 

(18S2). 

, Lucius B., b., 1342; gov. N. Y., 2973; 

d., 380'. 

, Mrs. (Mary Darby), b. (1758); last ap- 
pearance, 9202; d. (1800). 

, Moses, b. (1741); gov. Vt., 1013 ; d. 

(1813). 

, Stuart, b., 1242; d., 308' . 

, "William, iron method, 970' . 

, E., b., 123' ; d., 400' . 

, C. F., gov. "W. Australia, 499' ,2, 

501', 5792; gov. Straits Settlements, 
10492. 

, Stevens, b., 1262; d„2902, 

Robinsville, Miss., cyclone, 428'. 

Kobitaille, Theo., b. (1834); gov. Que., 5832. 

Robles, Gen. Francisco, pres Ecu.; intro. 
Fr. customs; abdicates, 6442. 

Robot, Isidore, cons. R. C. bp., 3742. 

Robson, John, premier Brit. Col., 5892. 

, Stuart, actor, b., 1462. 

Boca, Julio A., b. (1843); pres. Argentine, 
491 3 ; endangered, 493'. 

, Gen., pres. Ecu., 6442. 

Rocafuerte, Vicente, b. (1783); pres. Ecu., 
6442; d. (1847). 

Rocca, Inca, reigns, 133. 

Rochambeau. (See Vimeur.) 

Rochdale wrecked, 9333. 

Roche, James Jeffrey, b. (1847); John Boyle 
O'Reilly, 3963. 

, Jules, minister ,°761' . 

, Troilus de Mesgouat, Marquis de la, 

b. (1549); commission, 24' ; colony in 
New Fr., 253; i n Can., 25' . 

, Marie Regina, b., 916=; d., 9522. 

Rochebouet, Gen., forms Royalist Cabinet, 
7512. 

Rochefort, Henri (Victor Henri), Comte 
de Rochefort-Ludeav, b., 7262; libel, 
739' ; deputy. 7.7.12; added to gov't, 7412; 

effects reconriliati 7432; resigns,7433; 

arrested, 7443,7453,7462; returns from 
exile, 7532; duel, 7563; leaves Paris, 
758 3 ; warrant for, 759' ; sentenced, 7592. 

Rochefoucauld, Due de la, Francois, b., 
6862; Memoirs, 6S9' ; letter to pope, 7633; 
d., 6923. 

Rochelle, La., restored to Fiance, 674' . 

Roches, Peter des, bp. "Winchester; min- 
ister; dismissed, 853 3 . 

Rochester, Eng., destroyed, 842' ; see 
erected, 8422; cathedra"! burned, 8493; 
diocese re-arranged, 9802; Bp. Thorold 
elected, 9S03. 

, Minn., asylum for inebriates, 2332, 

3011 ; tornado, 3141. 

, N. Y., log cabin at, 1153; R. Daily Ad- 
vertiser, 135' ; cholera, 1413 ; R. ji, to 
Buffalo opd., 1553; Mount Hope Ceme- 
tery est., 159 3 ; Woman'sRights conven. 
meets, 1643; first spiritualistic lecture, 
1653; E. c. diocese est., 2642; women at 
polls, 2773; wall gives way, 2813; Pow- 
ers Art Gallery est, 290'; Warner Ob- 
servatory erected, 302' ; treas. accounts 
short, 3543; soldiers' monument, 406'; 
fire, 4233; ice-cream poisoning, 433 3 . 



Rochester, E. of. (See "Wilmont, John. 
See Hyde, Lawrence.) 

, Viscount, minister, 8793. 

Rochet, Louis, b., 7223; d., 7502. 
Eochette, Desire Raoul, b.,7062; d., 7322. 
Rock Bluffs, lead discovered, 3621 . 

Island, 111., locomotives cross bridge, 

1793; Miss. River bridge completed, 
180'; R. R. strike, 419'. 

River, 111., M. E. Conf. fmd., 1543. 

Spring, Wyo., race riot, 3203. 

, John S., admitted to supreme ct., 

2423. 
Rockaway Beach, N. Y., sanatorium ded- 
icated, 4063, 4342; big hotel sold, 3413; 

gamblers arrested, 4342. 
Rockefeller, John D., b. (1839); gift to 

Bapt. University, 3403, 3682, 4202, 4421 . 
Rocket locomotive travels, 9441 , 
Rock-fall at Ashley, 3593. 
Rockhampton, Austral., Bp. Dawes cons., 

10082. 
Rock Hill College, Ind., org., 1822. 
Rockhill, W. W., in state dept.,4472. 
Rockingham, Marquis of. (See "Went- 

worth.) 
Rocks melted, experiments, 9222. 
Kockville, Md., Early encamps at, 2361. 
Rockwell, James Otis, b. 1142; d., 1382. 
Rocky Face Ridge, Ga., action at, 2322, 

233i. 
Rocky Moimt, S. C, Sumter at, 92' . 
Rocky Mountain Star issued, 2583. 
, Unit. Conference org., 3582. 

Mountains, Verender visits, 575' . 

Rocoux, Belg., Austrians defeated, 5142. 
Rocroft, Capt., killed, 292. 

Rocroi, Fr., Spanish defeat, 688' ; taken, 

743'. 
Rocwitha, works, 7723. 
Rod, Edouard, works, 7662. 
Roda, Gen. Caballero de, at Cadiz, 1132' . 
Rodas, Capt. -Gen. de, resigns, 633' . 
Rodburtus, Karl, b., 8082; d., 8282. 
Roddy, Col., near Corinth, 2162; prisoner 

at Selma, 245 ' . 
Roden, Earl, title created, 917 2 . 
Rodenbach, M., Le Reone du Silence, 760 2 . 
Roderic, at Jerez de la Frontera, 1125'; 

last king "West Goths, 8452, 11253; d., 

11252. 
Roderigo, bribed to poison queen, 8772. 
Rodes, Gen. Robt. Emmet, b. (1829); at 

Gettysburg, 224' ; at Kelley's Ford, 

228'; south of Rapidan, 232' ; at Berry- 

ville, 238' ; killed at Winchester, 2382. 
Rodgers, Christopher Ravmond Perry, b., 

128'; d.,398'. 
, Dr. John, b. (1727); restores Presb. 

churches, N. Y., 962; d. (1811). 

, , Com,, b. (1771) ; d., 1502. 

, , shot, 453' . 

, , b. (1819); on James River, 208' ; 

captures Atlanta, 2223; d., 310' . 
Rodiger, Emil, b., 807' ; d., 8282. 
Roding, Itel, defeats Swiss allies; 784'. 
Rodman, Thomas Jeff., b., 1242; great 

gun cast, 1902; d., 274'. 
Rodney launched, 992' . 
Rodney, Miss., Alcorn Univ. org., 2763. 
, Caesar, b., 62' ; d., 96' ; monument, 

346'. 
, Augustus, b. (1772), atty.-gen., 

117'; d., 1321. 

, Caleb, gov. Del., 1312. 

.Daniel, b. (1764); gov. Del., 1233; 

electoral vote, 1292; d. (1846). 
, George Brydges, b. (1718); defeats 

Fr. fleet off Dominique, 7041 ; a t St. 

Vincent, 9201 ; i n w. I., 9202; takes 

Guiana, 10392; d. (1792). 
Rodoald, king of It., 10731 ; assassinated, 

10713. 
Ihuhdph sunk, 2443. 
Rodriguez, Joaquim Jose, b. (1802) ; pres., 

6312; d. (1873). 
Roe, Azel Stevens, b., 1082; moderator, 

1103; d. (1886). 
, Edward Payson, b., 1502; works, 2803, 

2871, 2911, 2923, 2983, 3003, 3083, 3163, 

3183,3231, 3323; d., 3301. 

, Sir Thomas, mission to India, 8811 . 

Roebling, John Augustus, b., 1122 ; mnf . 

wire ropes, 1541; Niagara Bridge, 1761. 
, Washington Augustus, b. (1837); East 

River Bridge, 2681 ; d., 2662. 
Roebuck, John Arthur, b., 9303; invention, 

9142; d., 9841. 
Roger I., b.-d., 10742; extinguishes Zihite 



dynasty, 11391 ; expels Greeks, 10741 ; 
Count of Sicily and Calabria, 1075 2 . 

Roger II., king, 10752 ; Ct. of Sicily and 
Calabria; subjugates Naples; first king 
of Naples, 1075 2 ; repulsed, 10322 ; con- 
quered, expelled from It., 7772. 

of Hovedon, Annals of England, 8523. 

of Wendover, t 'ltron icle, 8523; d.(1237). 

, Bp. of Sarum arrested, 8493. 

, Col., at Chapel Hill, 2191 . 

, "W. C, b., 1303. 

Supreme Court Bill intro., 3571 . 

Rogers City, .Mich., Kepke confesses, 3891 , 

, Abbie P., gift, 4532. 

, Andrew J., Reconstruction Com- 
mittee, 2493. 

, Daniel, gov. Del., 1091 . 

, Col. David, ascends Miss., 901 . 

, Fairman, b., 142' . 

, Frederick, promoted captain, 352'. 

, James, b. (1826) ; cons, bp., 5802. 

, Blythe, b., 1102; d., 1702. 

, Edwin Thorold, works, 9942, 

10122; d., 1004'. 

, John, sculptor, b., 136 2 ; works, 1861 , 

2023; Nat. Acad. Design, 2291. 

, Adm. John, b., 1183 ; i n Korea, 2721 , 

10941 . 

, , b., 8662 ; Matthew's Bible, 8683 ; 

burned, 8702, 3. 

, Henry Darwin, b., 1142; d., 2521 . 

, H. H., children's library gift, 4192. 

, H. "W., Pres. Northwestern Univ., 

3781. 

, Michael, Jesuit missionary, 6143. 

, Randolph, b., 1322; d. (1892). 

, Robt., b. (1722); on Lake Champlain, 

702; recruits troops, 851 ; d. (1800±). 

, Sam., b., 9162 ; J'oems, 9251 ; d., 9603. 

, Wm. Barton, b., 1122; d., 3102. 

, Woodes, b. (16G5±) ; suppresses buc- 
caneers, 581 ; d. (1732). 

Rogerson, John, chief justice, 9073. 

Rogersville, Tenn., Federals defeated, 
2281. 

Roget, Isaac, convicted, 125'. 

, Peter Mark, b. (1779) ; work, 9583 ; d. 

(1869). 

Rogier, Charles Latour, b.,5423; minister, 
5452; d., 546'. 



d., 6882. 
Rohilla "War in Ind., 918' . 
Roblfs, Friedrich Gerhard, b., 8143 (or 

1831). 
Roi Louis, Le, written, 669'. 

Modus issued, 6743. 

Roig, Jamne, Libre deles Dones, 1127' . 

Rojas, Francisco, works, 11292. 

, Paul Jose Pablo, b. (1845+) ; pres. 

Venezuela, 11603. 
Rokeby, Thomas de, gov., 8592; at battle 

Bramham Moor, 860'. 
Rokitansky, Baron Karl von, b., 519' 



5282 



d., 



Rola, N. Dak., joints raided, 4263. 

Roland the Frank, romantic hero, 665'. 

delaPlatieie,Madame(Manon Jeanne 

Phlipon), b., 7022 ; executed, 7082, 7103. 

de la Platiere, Jean Marie, b., 6983; 

dismissed, 709' ; d., 7082. 

, Philip, b., 7003; d., 7222. 

Roldan, Francisco, b. ^1450±); leads revolt, 
153; d. (1502). 

Rolfe, John, cultivates tobacco, 28' ; mar- 
ries Pocahontas, 283. 

, Robt. Monsey, Baron Cranworth, b. 

(1790) ; commissioner, 955 3 ; minister, 
9592, 3, 969' ; chief justice, 963' ; chancel- 
lor, 969' ; resigns, 9692; d. (1S68). 

Rolitt, Sir A. K., Women's Suffrage Bill, 
10092. 

Rolle, Henry, b. (1589); chief justice, 8872; 
d. (1656). 

, Richard, b. (1290±) ; Pricke of Con- 
science, 8583; d., 8582. 

Rollenhagen, Georg, b. (1542) ; Frosch- 
mauseler, 793' ; d. (1609). 

Rollin, Charles, b., 6902; works, 699', 2; 
d.,7002. 

Rolling-machine invented, 508 2 . 

mill erected, 118 2 . 

Rollins College, Fla., org., 3223. 

Rollo, Baron, title created, 885' . 

, D. of Normandy, b.-d., 6662; besieges 

Paris, 666' ; baptized, 6662; leader, 635' ; 
grant of Neustria, 635 2 . 

Rolt, Sir John, lord justice, 9712. 



1392 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNJJiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Roma. 



Roma, temple erected to, 10642. 

Roniagna, It., conquered, 1078 1 ; insurrec- 
tion in, 520', 10891. 

Roraaine, Wm., b. (1714); religious leader, 
921'; d. (1795). 

, W. G., d., 1010'. 

Koman, Andre Bienvenue, b. (1785) ; gov. 
Louisiana, 139 2 , 151 2 ; commissioner, 
193'; d.,250'. 

Roman, Jose A., gov. Cal., 1032. 

Roman Catholic Church, Am., intro. by 
Columbus and other discoverers in W.I. , 
Cent. Am., N. and S.Am.; first Chris- 
tian worship, 133 ; 12 missionaries with 
Columbus; first converts, 14' ; 1st clergy- 
man, " Land of the Holy Cross," 142 ; 
1st ordination ; Franciscans in Haiti, 
Mex., and Fla., 1G1 ; many Indian mis- 
sions, 161+ ; 200,000 converts ; Domini- 
cans arrive, 183. i n va., 1st service, 
322 ; misc., 1303, 3403, 3462. In N. 
Mex., 203, 243, 302, 1682, 2682, 2882, 
3182. in Can., Canada consecrated, 
202; Jesuits in, 263, 282, 322, 342 + , 362 ; 
Recollects in, 302,34'; hospital for In- 
dians, 342; convent in Quebec, 35' ; Sul- 
picians in Montreal, 362, 3 ; Fa. Mar- 
quette a miss., 422, 442; Bp. Laval cons., 
443 ; rivalry of orders, 463 ; Acadians 
banished, 71' ; tolerated, 782, 793. Do- 
minicans in Peru, 202; Franciscans in 
Paraguay ; Las Casas in Guatemala ; in 
Mex. ; archbishopric of Mex. and New 
Sp. erected ; Jesuits in Brazil, 222 ; i s t 
univ. in Am., 223. i n Fla., 222, 242, 
523,57' ,1043,2722,2042,3682. In Ala., 
Jesuits, 222. Jesuits in Peru, Mex., 
Paraguay; inquisition est. inMex.; auto- 
da-fe" in Am., Peru, 242. In Me., Fran- 
ciscans in, 282, 602, 1732, 2882. Buenos 
Ayres, bishopric est., 28 2 . In Md., 
Jesuits in; Oath, colony, 322; lstchurch 
in Am., 342; rule, 362; Jesuits expelled, 
363 ; disfranchised, 513 ; repressed by 
government, 542, 562; 57' , 78' , 963, 1002, 
1023, 1143, 1363, 2622, 3132, 3323, 3163, 
366' , 3742, 436' . In Mich., 482, 1422, 
1503, 1822, 2963, 3022, 3102, 3122, 3302, 
4162. i n if. y., Gov. Dongan, Cath. 
gov. ; Jesuits in, 482 ; 1563, 1623, 1723, 
199', 2622, 2642, 2722, 2763, 2782, 2962, 
3242, 3282, 3442, 3902, 4141, 4241, 4541, 
4601 , 4641 , 4631 , 4702, 4721 . l n Ind., 
502, 1442, 1571 , 1821 F 2, 2763, 2983. In 
Cal., given to Jesuits, 542 ; wealthy mis- 
sions, 1103; 1123, 1632, 1702,3, 1723, 1802, 
1843, 2583, 2782, 2983, 3182. In S. C, 
613, 1283, 3102, 3122. I„ Mass., 542, 
1102, 1432, 1571, 2702, 2722,3942. In 
N. J., 542, 1723, 1802, 2623, 3082, 3522, 
3642, 3702, 3881, 4182, 4221, 4262, 4361. 
Jesuits protect Indians, 571 . i n K.I., 
582,2802,3262. In La., at N. O., 582; 
Ursuliue nuns inN. O.,603; archdiocese 
of N. O. erected, 1043 ; 1433, 1571, 199 1, 
3062, 3202, 4282. In Tex., 582, 1343, 
1623, 1783, 2S42, 2862, 3063, 3102, 3642, 
3882, 3982, 4161 . l„ Miss., 582, 1433, 
1821 ; Father Rasles k., 602. In Pa., 
622,1403,1502, 1643,2252,2622,2642,2722, 
2902, 3003, 3123, 3203, 3282, 3362, 3442, 
3482, 4081 , 4681 , 4742. l n Phlla., 1st 
church, 602 ; 1102,1143, 1723, 2902, 2922, 
3622. vs. Protestantism in New World, 
691 ; Jesuits expel led, 723, 742, 731. in- 
dian missions, 723, 762, 85', 963, 982, 
1483, 1523. Dr. Carroll, prefect apos- 
tolic, 963. in New York City, 982, 
1543, 163', 1653, 1682, 1731, 1841, 1862, 
2663, 2882, 3203, 3223, 3262, 3282, 3322, 
3342, 3383, 3403, 3482, 3501, 3642, 3701, 
3721,2,3761,3942,4011,4021,4062,4141,2, 
4201 ,4741 ,4761 . In Boston, 1001 , 1143, 
2211, 2502, 2862,3, 3931. Georgetown 
Acad, est., 1003, 104s ; St. Mary's Sem., 
Md., 1023 ; archdiocese of N. O. erected, 
1043 . In D . C . , 1043 , 250 2 , 328 2 , 308 2 , 
4042. St. Charles Coll., Md., 1123. I,, 
Ky., 1143, 1311, 1723, 2583, 2622, 3182. 
Mt. St. Mary's Coll., 1143; Regulations 
and Rules adopted, 117 1 ; Gonzaga Coll., 
1311 . in Mo., 1343, 1403, 1562, 3, 1583, 
1623, 1783, 2622, 2642, 3042, 380', 468'. 
Provincial Bait. Council, 1363 ; Spring 
Hill Coll., 1383; St. Xavier Coll., O., 1403, 
1423, 1523. In Ohio, 1403, 1422,3, 

1523, 1623, 2642, 2762, 2323, 3042, 3562, 
3602,4202,466' . St.Chas.BorromeoSem. 
est., 140 3 . Archbishopric of Cincinnati 



erected, 1422, 2533 ; St. Charles Coll., 
1503. In Iowa, 1483,2542, 2822,3082, 
3163,3602. In Tenn., 1483, 2782, 3123, 
3423. St. John's College, N.Y., 1543 ; 
Univ. of Notre Dame ; Coll. of Immacu- 
late Conception, 155'. In Ark., 1562, 
2562. Coll. of Holy Cross, 157'. In 
Chicago, 158' , 2662, 3062, 3562, 3702. 
In. 111., 1581 , 1S02, 2863, 2942, 2962, 3082, 
3282, 3302. in Conn., 1581,2, 3022, 
3722, 4122. in Wis., 1582, 1802, 2642, 
2902, 2943, 3082,3122, ;;,522,35X2,4061, 466'. 
St. Vincent's Coll., Mo., 1583. i„ Ore., 
1603, 2663. 3202, 32S3. Archbishopric of 
St. Louis erected ; Germans secede, 1623 ; 
St. Marv's Coll., Del., 163' . In Del., 
163' ,2642,3242. St . Francis Xavier Coll., 
1631 ; Augustinian Coll., 1643 ; archdio- 
cese of Santa Ft' erected,1682. l„ "VT. 
Va., 1682, 2882. InWash.,State,1682, 
2112. In Ga., 16S2, 2922, 3223. In 
Minn., 1632, 2382, 3163, 3302, 3482,3642, 
36S2, 3701 ,4162,4322,4381. Archdiocese 
of N.Y.; of Santa Fe erected, 1682; Santa 
Clara Coll., 1702 ; archdiocese of San 
Francisco erected, 1723. I n Vt., 1723, 
3183. St. Joseph's Coll., Phila., 1723 ; 
Manhattan Coll., 1731; American Party 
against,1743; Coll. of Christian Brothers; 
St. Mary's Univ., 1783; Seton Hall Coll.; 
Coll. of Our Lady of Angels ; St. Fran- 
cis de Sales Coll.. 1802 ; Bp. Elder cons., 
1821; St. Benedict's Coll.; Rock Hill 
Coll., 1822. . in Kan., 1822, 2662, 2742, 
3282,3; 3302, 3522. St. Ignatius Coll., 
1843 ; St. Bonaventura Coll. ; Cecilian 
Coll., 1863; St. Joseph's and Jefferson 
colls., 1991; Holy Angels' Coll., 2111; 
Boston Coll., 2212 ; L a Salle Coll., 2252; 
Cath. Y. Mens' Soc 24S2; St. Louis Coll., 
2502. Catholic \V,,rl,l. 2503 ; St. Augus- 
tine Coll , 2582 ; St. Meinrad's Coll. ; St. 
Vincent's Coll., 2583; St. Benedict's Coll., 
2623. In Idaho, 2642, 3202. In N.C., 
2022.2642,3302. In Colo., 2642, 3263. 
St. Ignatius Coll., Chicago ; St, Marv's 
Coll., Kan., 2662 ; St. Helen's Hall, St. 
Louis Coll., N. Y., 2663 ; Canisius Coll. ; 
St. John Baptist's Coll., Brooklyn ; St. 
Vincent's Coll., Pa., 2722 ; St. Mary's 
Coll., Cal., 2782 ; Christian Brothers 
Coll.; St. Joseph's Coll., la., and of O., 
2822,3; Boston archdiocese erected ; Bu- 
reau of Cath. Missions, II. C, 2862, 32G2; 
St. Viateur's Coll., 2863; Santa Fe arch- 
bishopric erected, 288 2 ; Phila. archdio- 
cese erected ; Milwaukee archdiocese 
erected, 2902; PioNono Coll.; Am. Calk. 
Quart, rhi, 2922 l„ ind. Ter., 2942, 

3742. Deaf Mute Inst., Wis.; Cath. Mu- 
tual Benefit Asso. find., 2943 ; Detroit 
Coll., 2963 ; Pittsburg Coll., 3003. in 
Alas., 3022. In Mont., 3022, 3163. in 
S. Dak., 3023, 3501, 4101. Chicago 
archdiocese erected, 3062. St. Joseph's 
Coll., 111., 3082 ; Holy Ghost Coll., Pa., 
3123. In N.H., 3163, 3182. Third Ple- 
nary Council, 3182, 3191 ;St. John's B.E. 
Sem.; St. Joseph's Coll., Vt., 3183. i„ 
Neb., 3203, 3262, 3282. I„ Ariz., 3202, 
3341. Archbp. Gibbons created cardinal, 
3223. In Wyo., .1262,3. In Utah, 
3262. Cath. Univ. of Am. org., 3282 ; (see 
below); Mt. Angel Coll. org., 3283; Nat. 
Conven. colored Caths., 3322 ; archdio- 
cese of St. Paul erected, 3302 ; Maguire 
burial decision, 3322; (lath. Colonization 
Soc. fmd., 3342 ; papal letter ; Pilgrims 
by Wieland, 3361 ; Drexel Industrial 
Coll., 3362; Educational Union; Kate 
Drexel a sister, 3383, 3522 ; Supreme 
Council Knights of Am., 3402 ; against 
secret societies ; gov't appropriation, 
Indian schools, 3403; Abstinence Soc. 
org., 3462; Bp. Ryan on Catholic writers, 
3463; layman opens Halt, Cong.; Centen- 
nial eel.; Archbp. Satolli arrives ; High 

Licensemassi 'tiiig,346 3 ; Dr.M'Glynn, 

3482+; Yale Club fmd.; Sister Alphonse 
sustained, 3432. In N. Dak., 3501. 
Encyclical, 3521 ; against Farmers' Alli- 
ance; Am. Cath. Clerical Union org., 
3522 ; Cath. Educational Union fmd., 
3562 ; Ger. C. societies against Bennett 
Law, 3582 ; Fr. Quigley indicted, 3602 ; 
Dr. Burtsall leaves N. Y.; Am. St. Ceci- 
lia Society meets, 3642; Ger. Cath. Cong., 
2682, 3922', 4142; Y. M. Nat. Union Conv., 
D. C, 368, 4122 ; St. Leo's Coll., Fla., 3682; 



R. C. Press Asso. meets, 3822 ; Indian 
Bureau ignored, 3882 ; first bp. ceremo- 
nially enthroned in Am., 3941 ; first col- 
ored priest, 396' , InOkla.,398' . 1st 
summer school, 4122, 424' ; archbps. meet 
in N. Y., 418'; Dr. M'Glynn restored, 
420'; apostolic delegate est., 422'; pa 
pacy in public schools, 4322 ; summer 
school at Plattsburg, 416', 4342, 464', 
468' , 472' ; R. c. Cong., 4361 ; women in 
coll., 4381; Bible study enjoined, 4441; 
Cath. Benevolent Legion ; statistics, 
4461 ; hone of Brother Gerard, 44S1 ; Eng. 
in churches, 4581 ; Indian Bureau reor- 
ganized, 4621 ; Satolli sustains Bp. Wat- 
terson, 4621 ; liquor dealers condemned, 
4661 , 2 ; Am. Cath. Church fmd., 4701 ; 
Sulpicians in N. Y., 4741 ; against secret 
societies, 478i; Catholic Univ. of Am., 
D. C, org., 3282; corner stone laid, 3302, 
papal approval, 336i , opened, 3471 , Hall 
of Philosophy, 4041 . 

Roman Catholics inAust. : bishopric est. 
in N. S. W., 4942; mission started, 4962. 

in Austro-Hungary ; in Hung., 

5023 ; defeat at Breitenfeld ; oppose 
Protestantism, 5121 ; clergy amenable, 
5291 ; clergy disregard minister, 5342. 

in Belgium ; R. C. ministry fmd., 

5452 ; carry elections, 5442 ; join Radi- 
cals, 5452 ; minority in elections, 5453; 
Liberals against, 5481 . 

in Brazil : violate constitution, 

5562. 

in Canada : dioceses erected, Que- 
bec, 5723,5731; Halifax, 5771; Arichat, 
5783 ; Charlottetown, Kingston, Mon- 
treal, 5782; Toronto,, St. Johns, 5783; 
Ottawa, St. Boniface, Oregon est., 5801 ; 
Chatham, Hamilton, London, St. Hya- 
cinthe, Three Rivers, Vancouver Island, 
5802; Rimnuski, Sherbrooke, St, Albert, 
5822; Alexandria. 590' ; New Westmins- 
ter, 5902 ; Chicoutimi, 5842 ; Arichat 
(changes name), 5843; Nicolet, Peterbo- 
rough, 5842 ; archdioceses, (,'uebec, 5783; 
Halifax, 5S02 ; Toronto, St. Boniface, 
5822; Ottawa, 5842; Kingston est., 5901 . 
Liberty granted, 5751, 5763; vicariate 
est. in "Athabasca-Mackenzie, 5S02; pre- 
fecture est., Gulf of St. Lawrence; vica- 
riate est. inPontiac, 5842; separateCath. 
schools, 5843; favor Fr. in schools ; Cath. 
schools abolished, Man., 5902 ; priests 
instructed for political action, 5921 . 

— in France. (See Church in text, 

pp. 661-767.) 

in Germany. (See Church in text, 

pp. 768-837.) 

— in Great Britain, church est., 

8402 ; George of Cappadoeia is adopted 
as patron saint ; l'elagius founds Pela- 
gians ; St, Patrick. in Ire., 8403; Augus- 
tine arrives ; Canterbury an archiepis- 
copal see ; see of Rochester, of Lon- 
don, est,, first convent, 8422 ; Lent first 
est.; Irish oppose Koine; St. Boniface 
(Winfrid) at York ; English ch. fully 
org.; first convent in Scot., 8423 ; Dun- 
Stan, archbp. ; supremacy of monastic 
orders; celibacy of clergy, 8443; tithes of 
one tenth ; Sab'balli, holy day, 8462; bps. 
made barons ; William II. resists the 
pope ; claims, 8482; papal authority fully 
established ; St. Anselm archbp. ; Cis- 
tercian monks arrive, 8483; appeals first 
made to pope ; Archbishop a Becket 
rules; Ire. given to Eng ; heretics de- 
stroyed ; Eng under papal interdict, 
8502; Richard I. in 3d crusade: St. Pat- 
rick's Cathedral, Ire., fnd., 8503; king a 
papal vassal, 8521 ; Fng under interdict ; 
John deposed, excommunicated, yields, 
and becomes pope's vassal, cedes Ire. to 
pope; tenths for the pope; Archbp. Lang- 
ton ; Exeter nunnery founded, 8522 ; re- 
ligious plays encouraged ; Scotists vs. 
Thornists ; Blackfriars Convent, Lond., 
est.; Statute of Mortmain est.; Jews ex- 
pelled, 8542; king demands half of cler- 
gy's income ; clergy under ban ; great 
cloisters and monastic buildings est., 
8562; Statute of Provisors against the pa- 
pacy ; Lollards oppose papacy ; Pari, re- 
fuses papal demands, 8582 ; clergy not 
liable to arrest for debt ; John Wycliff 
attacks rich hierarchy, 8583 ; Wycliff ex- 
alts Bible and opposes Rome ; Reforma- 
tion begins ; heretics to be burned, 8602j 



Eoma-Ross. 



Text Figures denote Page. llN JDJc,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1393 



110 priories suppressed, 8622 ; St. An- 
drews, Scot., an archbishopric, 8642; pro- 
fligate monasteries, 8642, 3, 8663; Henry 
VIII. declares Eng. church independent 
of Rome; Cranmer, archbp.; Eng. church 
severed from Rome by Act of Suprem- 
acy; Persecution of R. C.'s; monas- 
teries dissolved ; Fisher and More exe- 
cuted ; Pilgrimage of Grace uprising, 
8682 ; Eng. under papal interdict ; con- 
fiscation of monasteries ; clergy excluded 
from Pari. ; Protestants persecuted in 
Scot., 8683 ; Catholicism restored by 
Mary; Protestants persecuted 3 years — 
Bps. Hooper, Taylor, Farrar, Ridley, and 
Latimer burned, 8703 ; earls lead insur- 
rection, 8721 ; John Knox in Scot.; Prot- 
estantism restored by Elizabeth ; Uni- 
formity enacted in Eng.; Conformity in 
Scot. ; abolished in Scot., 8722 ; priests 
plan an uprising, 876 2 ; Jesuits expelled ; 
recusancy not fined ; penal laws against 
R. Ca., 8782 ; Maids of the Cross est., 8802 ; 
Ulster Cs. massacre Protestants, 8843 ; 
Conformity A.ct tolerating Cs., 8903; ex- 
cluded from corporate offices, 8923 ; ex- 
cluded from Pari., 8942, 895 1 ,89S3 ; Gates' 
" Popish Plot " ; expelled from London, 
8951; James II. favors Cs.; Test Act dis- 
pensed ; monasteries restored; bp.cons.; 
papal nuncio received ; Liberty of Con- 
science issued, 8963 ; Anti Cath. mobs ; 
Toleration Act, 8982 ; excluded from 
throne, 8983, 8993; persecuted by law, 
9002; severe laws against in Ire.; sacra- 
mental test against; forbidden to 
marry Protestants, 9023 ; Indulgences by 
Relief bill ; obsolete anti-Cath. laws re- 
pealed ; Sacramental Test Act repealed 
in Ire., 9211; Gordon's "no popery" 
riots, 921 2; many C. disabilities removed, 
9243 ; nuns at Winchester ; Mayuooth R. 
C. Coll., Ire., fnd., 9263; C. Emancipa- 
tion Bill, 945 2 ; C. Poor School Commis- 
sion est., 9543; synod at Thurles, Ire.; 
hierarchy est. ; Archbp. Cullen cons.; 
C. Defense Asso., est.; habits prohibited 
in streets, 9562 ; university originated; 
Religious Equality Association fmd., 
9563; bps.forIre.cons.,9593 + ; C. Union 
Review est. ; univ. est., 9663 ; Ai-chbp. 
Manning cons., 9682 ; Oath's Bill, 9691 ; 
secret societies and mixed education 
condemned in Ire. ,9702; Truth Soc. est. 
9722; League for restoration of temporal 
power, 9742; first made M. A. by Oxford; 
Eccl. Titles Act repealed ; university, 
Kensington, 9743 ; Cath. Club, London, 
est. ; Vatican Decrees published ; reli- 
gious tests for office abolished ; C. Union 
org.; C. Education Crisis fund ; pilgrim- 
age, 9762; C. Union of Dub. org., 9782; C. 
Coll., proposal rejected; mixed education 
condemned, 9802; Passionists monastery, 
opd., 9803 ; hierarchy in Scot. ; Christ's 
Cathedral, Dublin, reopd., 9822; Archbp. 
Newman, cardinal priest; bps. against 
Land League ; Univ. of Ire. Bill, 9842, 
988 2 ; Archbp. McCabe, cardinal priest, 
9882 ; political disaffection forbidden, 
9902; Bp. Presicoinlre., 9942; Pope con- 
demns boycotting, etc.; anti-Italian pro- 
test, 9982; Manning Jubilee; pilgrims 
at Knock, Ire., 1000 2 ; split over univ., 
10013 ; pope against Parnellites, 10022, 
10042, 10062; archbishopric and pellium 
for Bp. Vaughn, 10082 ; pilgrims eel. 
pope's jubilee, 1010 2 ; Archbp. Vaughn a 
cardinal priest, 10122. 

Roman Catholics in Italy. (See text, pp. 
1050-1090). 

Congress at Vienna, 532 2; League 

fmd., 5111, 7393. 

in Russia; coll. at St. Petersburg, 

convents abolished, 11183 ; churches 
closed,11202,3; toleration granted,11222. 

Congress in Madrid, 11323. 

. (See German Catholics.) 

Romandt, Charles R., d., 3481 . 

Romanes, George John, b. (1848) ; Darwin, 
4203; d. (1894). 

Romano, Signor, suicide, 6323. 

, Giulio. (See Giulio.) 

, Michael Feodorovitch, b., 11142. 

Romanos, Ramon Mesonero, Panorama 
Matrileuse, 11311. 

Romans, Epistle to, written, 1143'. 

Romanus, pope, 10723. 

I., exiled; reigns, 10332. 



Romanus II., reigns; poisoned, 1033*. 

III., banishes relatives, 10323; reigns, 

10333; poisoned, 10322, 1033». 

IV., defeats Digor ; at Manzikert, 

10321 ; reigns, 10333 ; peace with Alp 
Arslan, 11552; captured, 11541 . 

Rombouts, Francis, mayor, N. Y-, 473. 

Rome, Ala., train robbers, 3963. 

, Ga., Federals occupy, 2331 • Sherman 

burns buildings, 240i; Shorter College 
fnd.,2962. " 

, It. (see pp. 1050-1090), towns fnd. 

in Ger., 7691; i n port., 11092; governs 
Sp., 11253 ; war with Persia, 11061 ; lan- 
guage distinguished from Teutonic, 6643; 
ambassador from, 6132; law in Ger., 7723 ; 
law intro. in Fr., 6732; payments de- 
manded, 855 2 ; expedition of Charles, 
782i ; pope's residence at, 8583 ; F r . troops 
aid pope, 736 1 ; convention evacuation 
signed, 737 2 ; Sp. envoy not received, 
11322; Fr. troops withdraw, 7403; diplo- 
matic relations cease with Belg., 5442 ; 
Am. Pilgrims visit, 336 2 ; Bulgarian dele- 
gates in, 5673; Anti-Fr. demonstrations, 
7651 j ancient coins found, 6043. 

, N". Y., jire, 4453 ; bank robbery, 479 1 . 

etles Evequ.es published, 7351. 

Romeiro, Francis, in Uheos, 5532. 

Romer, Olaf, b. ; velocity of light, 6362; 
d.,638i. 

Romeyn, James, b. (1797); pres. synod, 
1523, 1542; d. (1859). 

, JohnBrodhead, b. (1777) ; moderator, 

1171; d. (1825). 

, James Van Campen, b. (1765); pres. 

synod, 1123, 1142; d. (1840). 

, Theodoric Dirck, b., 662; moderator, 

1063; d., 1122. 

Romilda, treachery, murder, 7711 . 

Romilly, Baron, title created, 9651. 

, Sir Samuel, b., 9143; d., 9383. 

Romney off Boston coast, 74'. 

, W. Va., Confederates defeated at, 

2002, a, 2022 ; Deaf and Blind School, 
2723. 

, E. of, title created, 9311. 

, George, b., 9082 ; d., 9303. 

Romulus seized, 609 1 . 

born, 10502 • 1st king of Rome, 10511 ; 

est. caste; est. Circensian games, 10503; 
est. senate ; divides people, 10511 ; mur- 
dered, 10503. 

, Augustus, d., 10702. 

Ronalds, Sir Francis, b. (1788) ; electric 
telegraph, 9381 , 9402; d. (1873). 

Roncaglian Plains, Diet on, 7773. 

Roncesvalles, Sp., battle of, 6641 . 

Rondelet, Guillaume, b. (1507); d., 6822. 

, William, b., 6782. 

Ronge, Johannes, b., 810 2 ; attacks Arnold!, 
8162; d., 8321. 

Ronne, Bone Falck, mission-boxes, 6383 ; 
fnds. Danish Missionary Society, 6383. 

, Ludwig Moritz Peter, b., 8082 ; d. 

(1891). 

Ronsard, Pierre de, b.,6803; works, 6831 ,2; 
d., 6842. 

Rood, Ogden, b., 7261 . 

Roodakee, b.-d., 11062. 

Roodenbeck, Eugene T'Kindt de, embez- 

Rooke, Sir George, b., 8882; in Port., 694i; 

takes Gibraltar ; at Cadiz, 6961 ; at Mal- 
aga, 902 1 ; d., 9042, 
Rooker, Emma, married, 10411 . 
Rookwood, Ambrose, executed, 9011 . 

, Baron, title created, 10091 . 

Roon, Albrecht Theodor Emil von, Prus. 

gen., b., 8082 ; pres. Federal Council, 

8292; d.,830i. 
Roos, Philipp Peter, b., 5411 ; d., 5422. 
Konsalkalo&t, 11221. 
Roosebeke, battle of, 6742. 
Roosevelt, James L., d., 288' . 
, Robert Barnwell, b. (1829); Five Acres 

Too Much, 2683. 
, Theodore, b. (1858); works, 3283 , 3323 ; 

civil service commissioner, 3512, 4473. 
Root, Francis M., d., 346i. 

, George Frederick, b., 282. 

Rope-making machine pat., 9222, 9261 . 

Roper, Col., killed, 9251 . 

Ropes, John Codman, b. (1836) ; Campaign 

of Waterloo, 4462. 

, Ripley, d., 3581. 

first mnf., Am., 261 ; of wire, 1541 . 

Roque, Jean Francois de la, receives 

titles, 213 ; in Canada, 6711 ,2. 



Roquette,Forcadela, minister agric.,7373; 
minister of interior, 7391 ,2. 

Ros, Baron de, title created, 854 3 . 

Rosa, Carl, b. (1843) ; at Peace Jubilee, 
2661. 

, Salvator, b., 10823; d., 10831. 

Rosalie, asteroid, discovered, 10601 . 

Rosamunda poisons Alboin, 7703, 10713. 

Rosario, Argentine, captured, 4921, 556 2 ; 
boarding-school, 4903. 

Rosary invented, 11263. 

Rosas, Domingo Ortiz de, governor, 605'. 

, Juan Manuel de, b., 4893; joins Oribe ; 

deposed ; leader ; dictator, 4903; at Mon- 
tevideo, 4911, 11602; d., 4913. 

Roscelin, Jean, d., 6683. 

Roscoe, Sir Henry Enfield, b.,9462. 

, William, b.,*I)i23; d. (1831). 

Roscommon, E. of. (SeeDi 11' m, Wentworth.) 

Rose, Col., escapes Libby Prison, 230'. 

, Capt. Edward, obtains prize, 9621 . 

, Gustav, b., 8063 ; d., 8281 . 

, Heinrich, b., 8063 ; d., 8221 . 

, Hugh Henry, Lord Strathnairn, b., 

9323 ; in Sepoy rebellion, 10481; com- 
mands in India, 10482; d., 9941 . 

, Sir John, d., 9982. 

, W. A., lord mayor London, 965 2, 

, William Stuart, b., 9191 ; d. (1843). 

Roseau, Bishop Naughten cons., 9862, 

Rosebeque, Flemings defeated at, 5391 . 

Rosebery, Baron, title created, 9412; Earl, 
9031. 

, Earl of. (See Primrose, Philip.) 

Rosecrans, Sylvester H., b., 1342; d.,2982. 

, Wm. Starke, b., 1281 ; at Rich Moun- 
tain, 1962; succeeds Me.Clellan, 1963; at 
Carnifex, 1982 ; Maj.-Gen., 2042 ; at 
Iuka, Miss., 2132; at Corinth, 2142; com- 
mands Army of Cumberland ; succeeds 
Buell, 2143 ; at Murfreesboro ; leaves 
Nashville, 217 1 ; at Shelby ville ; at 
Hoover's Gap; in Tenn., 223 1 ; at Chat- 
tachoochee,224i ; moves southward,226i ; 
pursues Bragg; at Chattanooga, 2262 ; 
atChickamauga, 2263; relieved, 2271 ; re- 
inforced by Sherman, 2281 ; retired, 3371 ; 
in treas. dept., 3512; resigns, 4292. 

Rose Hill Junction, R.R. accident, 9773. 

Island, R. I., Plymouth ashore, 4633. 

IjMsrlin, b.-d., 6682. 

Rosellini, Ippolito, b., 10843; d., 10863. 

Rosen, Friedrich August, b., 8082; d.,8143. 

Rosenau, fire, 5353. 

Rosenberg, Rabbi H., expelled, 4182. 

, Henry, will, 4303. 

Rosenhane, Gustaf, works, 11343. 

Rosenkrans, Johann Karl Friedrich, b., 
8082; d.,8301. 

Rosenmnller, Ernst Friedrich Karl, b., 
8031; d.,8143. 

, Johann Christian, b., 8031 ; d., 8122. 

, Georg, b., 8002 ; d., 8103. 

Rosenthal, missionary, 23 ; imprisoned. 31 . 

Rosenweig, Jacob, trial for murder, 2783. 

Rose Poly technique Institute opened,3143 . 

Rosetta, Egy., French defeat, 6561 . 

Roseville, Pa., fire, 3633. 

Rosewater, Edward, est. Daily Bee, 2763. 

Rosicrucians of Germany, 7951 , 

Rosini, Giovanni, b., 10843; d. (1885). 

RoBlin, Scot., battle of, 8561 . 

Roslyn, Wash., bank cashier shot, 4163. 

Rosmini, Carlo de, b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Serbati, Antonio, b., 10843; d., 10882. 

Rosmital, Lew de, travels in Eur., 5083. 

Rosny, L6on de, b., 7262. 

Ross, Ire., see erected, 8403 ; Bp. Fitzger- 
ald cons., 9822. 

, Scot., see erected, 8483. 

, Alexander, embezzler, 4483. 

, Milton, b., 5781 . 

, Charley, abducted, 2843. 

, Edmund G., governor N. Mex., 325 2 . 

, George, b., 62i ; d., 912. 

, James, b. (1762) ; pres. senate, 1093 ; 

vote for vice-pres., 1252; d. (1847). 

, Sir Clark, b., 9302 ; relief expe- 
dition, 9541 ; north pole, magnetic, 9441 j 
d. (1862). 

, Sir John, b., 9203; exped., 5762, 9381, 

9461; discoveries, 9441 ; d., 9603. 

, Lawrence Sullivan, b. (1838) ; gover- 
nor Texas, 3293. 

.Robert, Gen., b. (1770); killed at 

Baltimore, 1222 ; d. (1814). 

, - — , killed at Troy, 4522. 

, William H., governor Del., 1692. 

Rossa, Jeremiah O'Donovan, attempt to 



1394 



Text Figures denote Page, IJNDlL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Ross -Kudo. 



kill, 3203 ; Feni.-m, 9GS3; arrested, 9731 ; 
M.P. for Xipperary, 9733; expelled, 995' . 

Rossbach, Prus., battle of, 516 1 . 

Rossberg, Jit., Switz., land slide, 1138' . 

Kosse, Earl, title created, 931 1 . 

Rossel, Col., court-martial under, 745 a ; 
seutericed ; shot, 747' . 

Rosser, Thos. Lafayette, Gen., b. (1836) ; 
at Fisher's Hill, 2383. 

Rossetti, Christina Georgina, b., 9442. 

, Dante Gabriel, b., 9423; works, 9643, 

9743 ; d., 990' . 

, Gabriele, b., 10843 ; d., 10863. 

, William Michael, b., 9442. 

Itossi, Ernesto, b., 10S62. 

, Giovanni Battistta de, b., 10862. 

, Pellegrino Luigi Odoardo, Count, b., 

10843 ; assassinated, 10873. 

Rossini, Gioacehino Antonio, b., 10843 ; 
operas by, 1086' ; d., 10882. 

Eosslyn, Earl of. (See Wedderburn.) 

Rossmore, Baron, title created, 925' ,945' . 

Rostislaw, Duke of Kieff, 11133. 

Rostock. Ger., University founded, 785' . 

Rostoptehin, Count Feodor, b., 11162 ; d., 
11163. 

Roth, Rudolf von, b., 8122. 

Rotharis, king of Italy, 1073'. 

Rothe, Richard, b., 8063 ; d., 8243. 

, Thuringian Chronicle, 7852. 

Rotherhithe', Eng., docks est., 8773. 

Rotherniel, Peter Frederick, b., 1262 ; 
paintings, 184' , 276' , 294' , 306' , 318' . 

Rothes, Earl of, title created, 8623. 

Rothesay, Duke of, title created, 8643. 

Rothmines, action at, 8862. 

Rothschild, Baron Lionel Nathan, b., 
9343; returns to Pari., 9552, 957' , 9632, 
969'; fuds. Jewish Synagogue, 9702 ; d. 
(1879). 

, Baron, title created, 987' . 

, Mayer Ansehn, b., 8003; begins busi- 
ness, 8052; d., 8102. 

, Sir Nathaniel, County l.-lieut., 10012. 

- — , Nathan Mayer, b„ 8042; d., 8142. 

, Regina, trip around world, 3543. 

Rothschilds, oppose Jewish oppression, 
533'; proposition to Monetary Commis- 
sion, 949' ; gift to Pension Fund, 9983 ; 
Russian loan, 11232. 

Rotrou, Jean de, b., CS62 ; works, 687', 
689'; d., 6902. 

Rotteck, Karl, b., 804' ; d., S143. 

Rotterdam, Neth., taken, 1098' ; bank of , 
tad., 11012 ; laborers strike, 11023. 

Rotton, Otto, d., 450' . 

Kottweil, Ger., French occupy, 790' . 

Rouatt, John L., governor Colo., 2912. 

Roubilliac, Louis Francois, b., 6943 ; d., 
7023. 

Rouche, M., forced from Chambers, 7612. 

Roucber, Jean Antoine, b. (1745) ; Mois, 
7052 ; d. (1794). 

Rouen, Fr., Charles of Navarre seized, 
6752; a bishopric, Ci'.23; captured, 666' , 
678'; guests seized, 6752; capitulates to 
Henry, 676'; Eng. evacuate, 678' , 8633; 
ceded, 6791; besieged, 682', G84' ; Fr. 
defeated, 7403 ; occupied, 7423 ; Cam- 
pagnie du Cap Nord formed, 10393. 

Roug£,Gen. de la Motte, army retires,742'. 

Rouget de l'lsle, Claude Joseph, b., 7023 ; 
d.,7262; statue, 762'. 

Rouher, Eugene, b.,721'; minister, 7313, 
7373; pres. state council, 737' ; president 
senate, 7392 ; d. (1844). 

Roumanille, Joseph, b., 7223 ; d., 762' . 

Roundheads named ; org., 8852. 

Round Lake, missionaries resort, 3422. 

Roimdout, N. Y., Indian massacre, 42' ; 
Dr. Burtsell's parish, 3042. 

Rourke, Patrick H., d., 229' . 

Rous, Francis, b. (1579) ; publishes Bible, 
8843, 887' ; d. (1659). 

Rouse's Point, Fenians' arms seized, 2522. 

Rousse, Aime^ Joseph Edmond, Academi- 
cian, 7521 . 

Rousseau, Jacques, or James, b. (1630); d., 
6943. 

, Jean Baptiste, b., 6922; d., 7002. 

, Jacques, b., 0963, works, 7012,3, 

7032, 7052; in Eng., 9172; d., 7043. 

, Lovell Harrison, Gen., b., 1282; at 

Murfreesboro, 2171; raids, 236i,2; at 
Youngstown, 236 2 ; at Murfreesboro, 
2403; at Sitka Island, 2592; d.,2641. 

, F.yJoi/rrifil Enci/cln/iet/igne, 5423. 

Rousset, Camille Felix Michel, b. (1821) ; 
d., 7621. 



Roussillon, Fr., synod, GGS 2 ; acquired, 
6791 ; rest., G793 ; Fr. possession, 6881 . 

Roustam, or Koustem, b.-d., 11062. 

Routt, John L., gov. Colo. ,2092, 2951, 3991. 

Rouvier, Maurice, b. (1842); minister, 7532, 
7563, 7572, 7611 ; declines pres., 7632; 
resigns, 765'. 

Rouville, llertel de, Salmon Falls, 5721 . 

Rover, Philippe Emile de, resigns, 7652. 

Roveredo, Tyrol, Austrian defeat, 7121 . 

Rowan, Stephen c'legg, b, (1808); takes 
Elizabeth Citv, N. C, 2041 ; d., 3541 . 

, S. N., moderator, 1323. 

Rowe, George Fawcett, d., 3442. 

, James, missionary, 4962. 

, Nicholas, b., 8922; poet laureate, 

9043 ; d., 9002. 

, Sophie, d., 8243. 

, W. A., cycle record, 3253. 

Rowell, Edward N., acquitted, 315'. 

Rowlandson, Thomas, b., 9143 ; d , 9423. 

liowlesburg, W. Va., Confederates de- 
feated, 2203. 

Rowley, Henry, cons. bp. Madag., 10943. 

Roxana, asteroid, discovered, 7601 . 

Roxana marries Alex., 10251 ; k., 1027'. 

Roxburghe Club instituted, 937' , 9463. 

, Duke of, title created, 903' . 

Roxbury, Mass., founded, 33' ; annexed 
to Boston, 2613. 

Roxolani, war with, 10G4' . 

Roy, K. J., president Liberia, 1161 2 . 

, William, b., 9063 ; trigonometrical 

survey, 922'; d. (1690). 

, Gen., defeated at Juniieges, 743'. 

Royal Academy of Arts est., 9162 ; first 
exhibition, 90S', 972'. 

of Music est., 908' , 9402. 

, Swed., est., 1135' . 

Adelaide wrecked, 9553. 

Agricultural Society est., 948' ; jubi- 
lee exhibition, 10013. 

American Magazine issued, 782. 

Aquarium Sob., London, org., 980*. 

Arcanum, Supreme Council org., 295' ; 

membership, 3851 ; report, 4303. 

Archaeological Institute find., 9521 . 

— — Arch Masons convocation, 388 3 . 

Arthur launched, 10041 . 

Asiatic Society org., 9402. 

Astronomical Society founded, 9401 . 

Botanical Society formed, 9482. 

Brit. Meteorological Soc. find., 9561. 

Canoe Club tad., 9703. 

Chamber est., Fr., 7013. 

College of Surgeons est., 86G3, 9112, 

9241,9251,9311. 

' Colonial Institute est., 973 3 . 

Discharged Prisoners' Aid Society 

est., 9631. 

Dublin Society fmd., 9081 . 

Exchange, Dublin, begun, 9181 . 

Exchange, London, repaired, 9181 . 

George sinks, 9221 . 

Geographical Society org., Eng., 9441 ; 

expedition, East Afr., 561' , 2, 5621 . 

Historical Society fnd., 9721 , 2. 

Horticultural Society est., 9322. 

Humane Society fnd., 919 2 . 

Hungarian Guard formed, 5281 . 

Inst. Brit. Architects org., 9461 . 

Institution fnd., London, 9301, 9322; 

opd., 9381 ; laboratory est., 9301 ; power- 
ful magnet exhibited, 9561 . 

of Liverpool fnd., 937' . 

of Manchester fnd., 9-102. 

Irish Guards fnd., 8961 . 

Royalists taxed; insurrection, Eng., 8892; 

insurrection, Fr., 7093 ; control coun- 
cil, 7132 ; cabinet find., 7512 ; meet in 
Paris, 7543. 

Royal Jennerian Institution fnd., 9302. 

gardens with Kew Botanical gar- 
dens, 9541 . 

Labor Commission appointed, 1007 2 . 

Library at Copenhagen, 6371. 

at Munich, 7923. 

Literary Fund fnd., 9252. 

London Yacht Club fnd., 949'. 

Magazine issued, 9152. 

Marriage Act passes, 9193 ; violated, 

9252. 

Masonic Institution for girls est., 

9252; for hi iys, 9292 ; for aged and widows, 



951' 



• Medical Benevolent Coll. fmd., 961' . 
and Chirurgieal Soc. find., 9322. 

• Military College fnd., 9292; removed, 



Royal Military Tournament org., 9921 . 

Navy Artillery, Volunteers est., 9773. 

Oak launched, 9661 . 

Observatory est., Cape Town, 5971. 

(See Greenwich, Eng.) 

Orthopa-dic City Hospital, 9571. 

pensions checked, 9032. 

Polytechnic Institute opd., 9482. 

Red Cross for Ladies, order est., 991' . 

Regiment of Belgium org., 888' . 

School of Naval Architecture est., 

967'. 

Scots Regiment oig., 882' . 

Society incor., 890'; meetings, 8802; 

receives Principia, 8962 ; first anniver- 
sary, 890'; library fnd., 8923; awards 
medal, 90.xi . 930 1 ;' Scientific Fund est., 
9622; presidents, 891)1, S'J41, 8961,9021, 
9061, 9122, 9182, 9261, 9322, 9422, 9482, 
956' , 9621 , 0G42, 3 c, s i , ,,, s4 i , 990 , , 994, _ 

of Arts chartered, 8901. 

of Edinburgh fnd., 9102 ; chart- 
ered, 9221 . 

Good Fellows incorporated, 3131 ; 

statistics, 447 1 . 

of Literature org.. 9402; fnd.,941 1. 

of Music est., 9222. 

of Musicians est., 9112, 950' . 

Sovereign wrecked, 900' . 

burned, 926' . 

launched, 1004' . 

Spiritual Magazine issued, 77' . 

Templars of Temperance, 447' . 

Titles Hill passes, 9S12. 

Royalton, Vt , Indians attack, 923. 

Royal United Service Inst itution est., 945' . 

University, Ire. (See Queen's Uni- 
versity, Ire.) 

Victoria docks opd., 960 2 . 

Royce, Stephen, b. (1787); gov. Vt., 1772; 
d. (1S68). 

Royer, M. le, minister, 7513. 

Rover-Collard, Pierre Paul, b., 703' ; d., 
7283. 

Royston, Peter S., elected bp., 9742. 

Roze, Marie, b., 7283. 

Kubaga mission work, 5612. 

Rubber vulcanized, 150' ; Trust find., at 
Trenton, 3513. 

Rubens, Christoph, b., 8082; d., 8282. 

, Peter Paul, b., 5403 ; works, 5402, 

882'; court painter; decorates Luxem- 
bourg Palace, 5402; in Rome, 1082' ; great 
altar piece ; house in Antwerp, 5402 ; 
married, 541'; d., 5403; centenary of 
birth, 545'. 

Rubenstein, Rabbi Isaac, director-general, 
3923. 

, Pasach N., dies, 2912. 

Rubini, Giovanni Battista, b., 10843 ; d., 
10863. 

Rubinstein, Anton, b., 11163; d., 1122'. 

Rucellai, Giovanni, b. (1475) ; Ilosmunda ; 
Api, 10812; d. (1526). 

Rnchonnet.M. L., d., 1138'. 

Rucker, J. B., wounded, 4102. 

Ruckert, Friedrich, b., 8043; works, 8103, 
8132; d.,8243. 

Rudbeck, Glaus, b. (1030) ; dis. lymphatics, 
1134'; works, 11343; d. (1702). 

Rude, Fran v oise, it. (1784) ; statue of Ney, 
732' ; d. (1855). 

Rudesheim, monument Hermania set, 830' . 

Rudini, Marquis A. di, premier, 10902 ; 
prosecution of N. O. lynchers, 3812. 

Rudlieb, Latin poem, appears, 775'. 

Rudolf (or Rudolph) 1. of Burgundy, K. 
of It., 10732, 3. 

I. of Hapsburg, b.-d., 778=; duke; 

Emperor of Ger., 5052, 3 ; assists Otto- 
car, 5041 ; warwithOttocarll.; conquers 
Austrians; captures Frederick ; in Wur- 
temberg; in Burgundy, 7802 ; despotism, 
7823; d.,5042. 

II.,Emp., b., 7921; enthroned, 5103 ; 

crowned, 5112 ; conciliates Bohemians, 
5113,7933; Pr. of Transylvania; cedes 
Hung. ; abdicates, 511 3 ; d., 5102. 

, Archduke crown pr., b., 5242 ; mar- 
ried, 5302 ; at Constantinople, 5303 ; 
suicide, 5311 . 

IV., D. of Aust., 5062 ; fnds. Univ. of 

Vienna, 5071. 

V., D. of Aust., d., 5062. 

, elected king of Fr., d., 6673. 

, King of Bohemia, d., 5042. 

II., D. of Saxony, 7833. 

invents wire-drawing, 782 2 . 

, D. of Swabia, elected rival emp., 



Eudo-Saar. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDl^X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1395 



7762,777' ; defeats Henry IV., -wounded : 
d.,776'. 
Rudolf of Ems, works, 7803. 

Augustus, D, of Brunswick, 7073. 

, Lucretia, marries J. A. Garfield, 1851 . 

Rudolphine tables, by Kepler, 7921; com- 
pleted, 7943. 

Rueda, Lope de, works, 11291. 

Rufinus murdered, 10093. 

Rufus, P. Salpicius, proposes reforms, 
10573. 

, William, builds Westminster Hall, 

8482; feast of Whitsuntide, 8491 . 

Rugby School founded, 8731- 

Ruge, Arnold, b., S082; d., 8301 . 

Riigen, Ger., annexed to Den.; ceded to 
Prus., (5393; cede to Sweden, 11353. 

Ruger, Thomas Howard, b., 1421; com- 
mands in N. C, 2481 ; gov., 2593 ; com- 
missioned brig. -gen., 322' ; at Chicago, 
4741. 

Ruggiero, Michael, missionary, 6143. 

Ruggles, Gen. Daniel, b. (1810) ; at Tupelo, 
2212. 

, George D., com. col., 3341 ; appointed 

adjt.-gen., 4421 ; in war dept., 447 2 . 

Rugia quarantined, 4152. 

Ruiz, Dominico L., forgery, 4171 . 

, Juan, Ruenamor, poem, 11271. 

Rukli, Shah, reigns, 11073. 

Rules, new, of Procedure, adopted, 9991 . 

Rulhiere, Claude Oarloinan, works, 7131 . 

Ruling machines invented, 9221 ; im- 
proved, 9302. 

Ruloff, Edward H., trial ; execution, 274 2 . 

Rumania (see text, pp. 1112-1113), boun- 
dary est. for Turk., 11573; annexed to 
Turk., 11592 ; made- kingdom, 11593. 

Rumelia (or Roumelia), Gen. Gourko, 
enters, 565i ; Rus. expelled, 5652 ; rail- 
way opened, 11583. 

Rumford, Count. (See Thompson, Benj.) 

Rump, Parliament. (See Parliament.) 

Rumsey, James, b., 642; experiments with 
steam, 961 ; d., 1022. 

Runaway Act passed, Eng., 871-1 . 

Runeberg, Johann Ludwig, b.-d., 11361 ; 
woi-ks, 11362. 

Runels, Charles, gift, 3883. 

Runge, Otto t'hilipp, inv. colors, 8141 . 

Runjeet, Singh, b.-d., 10443. 

Runk, William W., suicide, 4163. 

Runkle, John Daniel, b., 1302. 

Runnels, Hiram G., gov. Miss., 143 3 , 1832. 

Runnymede, Eng., Magna Charta signed, 
8532. 

Runyon, Theo., in army, 1942 ; ambassador 
to Berlin, 4473. 

Rupert, emp. Ger. 5073; K. of Ger.; d., 
7853. 

, Prince, of Bavaria, insane, 8323. 

, , b., 7943; i n civil war, Eng.; at 

Stratton Hill, 884' ; improves mezzotint, 
8862; lord admiralty, 8933; d., 7982. 

Land, bishopric established, 9543. 

Riippell, Wilhelm Peter Eduard Simon, 

b., 8063; d. (1844). 
Rural Hill, Confederates defeated, 2161 . 
Rurik, fnds. Russian monarchy, 11133; d., 

1113'. 
Rurki, Punjab, mission, 10471 . 
Ruschenberger, Win. S. W., b., 1141. 
Rush ordered north, 4041 . 
, Benjamin, b., 662; sec. Abolition 

Soc, 811 ; famous tract, 991 ; d. (1813). 

, James, b., 981 ; d., 2662. 

, Richard, b., 931 ; atty.-gen., 1213; 

electoral vote, 1292, 1372; se c. treas., 

1333 
.William, b. (1756); executes busts 

1001, 1021; d. (1833). 
Rushworth, John, b., 8781 ; d. (1586). 
Rusk, Harrv Welles, b., 1701. 
, Jeremiah McLain, b. (1S30); gov.Wis., 

3132; sec. of agriculture, 3372; fl.,4441. 
, Thomas Jefferson, b., 1102 ; pres. 

senate, 1831; d., 178'. 
Raskin, John, !>., 9383; works, 9551 , 9663, 

9763, 98G3, 9923; Museum of Art, Shef- 
field, 988 1 ; declines poet laureate, 1010 2 . 

Society formed, 9881 . 

Russ, John Denison, b., 1101 ; d. (1881). 
Russelkonda mission, 10483. 
Russell, A. J., pres. Liberia, 11612. 

, Benjamin E., b., 1581 . 

, Sir Charles, b. (1833) ; Arbitration 

Court, 4272; atty.-gen., 9951; counsel 

for Parnell, 9993; counsel, 10063; lord 

chief justice, 10123. 



Russell, Charles A., b„ 1701. 

, David A., b. (1822+) ; at Unionville, 

2201 ; killed, 2382. 

, Edward, E. of Orford, b. (1651) ; at- 
tainder, 8992; off La Hogue, 6941; min- 
ister, 9012; 1. of admiralty, 8992; created 
E. of Orford, 9013; ha Spain, 11281; d. 
(1727). 

, Francis, in house, 8712. 

, I. C, dis. Alaska glacier, 3681; as- 
cends Mt. St. Elias, 3941 . 

, John, col. Royal Regiment Guards, 

8901. 

, , first E. of Bedford, lord-lieut., 

8G72; minister, 8712. 

, , D. of Bedford, lord-admiralty, 

9073; minister, 9113; lord-lieut., 9153. 

, , Prohibition candidate, 277 3 . 

, Scott, b., 9343; d. (1882). 

, Lord , D. of Bedford, b., 9262; 

summons, 2012; minister, 945 2 , 9473, 
9533, 0.7.12, 0G12, 9C33, SWIM ; Reform Bill, 
9452,3, 9572, 9651; Municipal Corpora- 
tion Bill, 9473; attempts ministry, 9532; 
resumes office, 957 2 ; resigns, 9592, 9612, 
9692; title earl created, 9651 ; d., 9822. 

, Lord, minister (1547), 8712. 

, Henry, b. (1827) ; promoted rear- 
admiral, 322 1". 

, Jonathan, b. (1771) ; Treaty of Ghent, 

1233; d. (1832). 

, Lillian, b.; 1861 . 

, Peter, b. (1755+) ; governor, 5772; d. 

(1825+). 

, Lady (Rachel Wroi(hersley),b.,8822; 

d. (1723). 

, Sol. Smith, b., 1641. 

, Maj., tannin in photography, 9642. 

, William, b., 1082; d., 2821 . 

, Lord , b., 8822; political confed- 
eracy, 8971 ; executed, 8971 ,2. 

, Sir , d., 10081. 

, William E., gov. Mass., 3472, 3692, 

3932, 3991, 4172, 4212, 4732; U om. for 
pres., 4092; d. (1895). 

, Howard, b., 9403. 

, Odo, Baron Ampthill, b., 944' ; 

d. (1884). 

, W. Clark, works, 10043. 

Russellville, Ala., negroes lynched, 3803. 

, Ky., Bethel Coll. org., 1762; Sover- 
eignty Conven., 2012; action at, 2141; 
Logan Female College founded, 2543. 

Russia brings cholera cases, 4413. 

issued, 11203. 

Russia (see text, pp. 1113-1123.) : Am. 
treaty, 1332, 2572; befriends Am., 2153; 
famine resolution, 3992; famine relief 
train, 4023; defends Bulgaria, 5651 ; em- 
bassies to Fr., 6913; declines mediation, 
7432; alliance at Kalisch, 8111; hostile 
to Ger., 8312; armed neutrality, 9312, 
11172; against Fr., 9332; war against (i. 
B., 9333; Eng. captures fleet, 9341; Al- 
lies war against, 9592; Goths repelled, 
10692; war with Romans, 10641 ■ rupture 
with It., 10892; Japan restrains com- 
merce, 10913; treaty with Japan, 10923; 
treaty with Korea, 10943; war with Per- 
sia, 11062; treaty with Persia, 11083; 
war with Turk., 11123, 1156' ,11592; cedes 
conquests in Turk.; treaty with Turk.; 
manifesto against Turk., 11573; peace 
with Turk., 1159' ; Sarmatian slaves re- 
volt, 1068'. 

Russian-Am. Nat, League, N. Y., eel., 3543. 

Colonization Society organized, 3923. 

embargo against G. Brit., 9312; out- 
rages denounced, N. Y.,3523; legation 
notice, 4312; loan accepted Fr., 7573; 
exiles opposed, 5003 ; troops on frontier 
Aust., 5352; troops join Austrians, 516' ; 
papers excluded (Bulg.l, 5693; policy 
abandoned, 5673; in Hungary, 5222; 
treaty with China, 6193; naval officers, 
Fr. entertains, 7662. 

Extradition Treaty with U.S.A., 4243, 

4252,4282, 4292,4312. 

Hebrews org., 3682; in Am., 3883; 

home for, 493' ; ill-treated, 4362. 

minerals to Leland Stanford Univer- 
sity, 384'. 

Thistle Bill, 4512, 4653, 4072. 

Russkol Vyestnik issued. 1117'. 

Russo-Ger. Commercial Treaty, 5372, 8372; 
treaty negotiations ruptured, 8353. 

Gr. Church, confession of faith, 11143. 

Turk, war, 525', 5281, 10973; Eng. 

neutrality, 983 1. 



Russy, Isaac D. de, commissioned col. ,3841 . 

Rust, Deputy Marshal, killed, 4223. 

, Rupreeht, copper-plate engrav.,7842. 

University founded, Miss., 2623. 

Rustchuk, Bulg., Alex, welcomed, 567 2 ; 

executions, 5681 ; revolt, 5681 ,2,3; in con- 
spiracy, 5682; action at, 11161. 

Rustow, Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 8122; sui- 
cide (1878). 

Rut, John, explorer, 191 . 

Ruteb.euf, b. (1230+) ; Pauereti Kulebu'uf, 
Tliiophile, 6731 ; d. (1280+). 

Ruter, Fritz, d.,8281. 

Rutgers College, N. J., chartered, 743; 
fnd., 1171 ; suspends work, 125 1 ; for- 
merly Queen's, 743, 1323; peter Hertzog 
Theological Hall (led., 1802; Scientific 
School Olid., 250 3 ; library presented to, 
3482. 

Female College, N. Y.,vs. Tallman, 

3852. 

, Henry, b., 662; d., 1382. 

Ruth, dwells with Naomi, 11422; marries 

Boaz, 11423. 
Rutherford, N.C., college organized, 1731 ; 

R. College opd., 2763. 
, Daniel, b. (1749); nitrogen, 9182; d., 

(1819). 
, John C, b. (1792) ; gov. Va., 1552; d., 

2541 (1866). 

, Lewis Morris, b. (1816) ; d., 4061 . 

Ruthven, Can., gas well tired, 5892. 

, Scot., raid of, 8753. 

, Galway, L. Mountmorres shot, 9863. 

, Baron, title created, 8851. 

, James Alexander, d., 3481 . 

, John.E.of Gowrie, conspiracy against 

king, 8772. 

, William, E. Gowrie, executed, 8752. 

Rutilius, C. Marcius, dictator, 10532. 
Rutland, I), of. (See Manners, John.) 
Rutledge, Edward, b., 662; confers with 

Howe, 853; gov., 1093; d., 1082. 
, Frances Hughes, b., 1082; cons. P.E. 

bishop, 1683; d., 2541. 
- — , John, b., 642; electoral vote ; justice, 

S. C, 1012, 1072; d., 1082. 
Ruys, Augustin, explorer, 243. 
Ruyter, Michael Adriaanszoon de, b.-d., 

11003 ; defeated, 11001 ; in Mediterranean; 

at Southwold, 6921 ; on Thames, 8921 . 
Ryan, Col., sails with filibusters, 2663. 
— — , Edward J., missing, 4083. 

, Father, imprisoned, 9971 . 

, James, cons. R. C. op., Am., 3302. 

, , cons. R. C. bp., Eng., 9762. 

, John, sheriff, 8712. 

, Patrick John, cons., 3302; archbp. 

(1883) ; supports Catholic writers, 3463; 

editor Qitarterlif Review, 3562; trans to 

Phila. June 8, 1884. 
- — , Stephen Vincent, b. (1X26) ; cons, bp., 

2642; suit of Father Dent, 4062. 

, Thomas, minister, 351 3 . 

, William, b., 1522. 

Ryckaert, Martin, b.-d., 10983. 
Rvdberg, Abraham Victor, b., 11361 ; Last 

of the Athenians, 11363. 
Ryder, Sir Alfred P., adm., d., 9982. 
Ryder, Dudley, E. of Harrowby, chief jus- 
tice, 9133; minister, 9432; d. (1882). 

, Francis Stuart, minister, 9933. 

, Henry, b. (1777) ; elected bp., 9383; d. 

(1836). 
live, prices rise, Ger., 8353. 

House Plot discovered, R792, 8971. 

Ryerson, Adolphus E., b., 5762; d., 5841 . 

, Martin A., gift, 4221 . 

Ryle, John Charles, b., 9382; bp. Liver- 
pool, 9842. 
Ryiner, Thomas, b., 8822; d. (1713). 
Rymnik, action at, 1116 1 . 
Rysbraeek, Pieter, b.-d., 11003. 
Ryswick, Neth., peace of, 551 , 6953. 
Kzewuski, Count Stanislaus, Deborah, 

7641. 



Saa, Gen., rebellion of, 4902. 

Saadani, massacre of missionaries, 5622; 

bombarded, 5631 ; Ger. attack, 8381 . 
Saadia, Ben Joseph (Saadia-Guon), b.-d., 

6542. 
Saalfeld, Ger., battle at, 7161 ; acquired, 

8133. 
Saar, strike, 5323; battle at, 8242. 
Saarbrtick, Prus., first action in Franco- 

Prus. war ; abandoned, 7381 . 



1396 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Saar-St. Jo. 



Saargemund, Ger., Germans occupy, 7381 . 

Saavedra, Gen., in Uruguay, 1159 1 . 

, Angel de, Duke of Rivas, b.-d., 11302; 

works, 11311. 

Faxordo, Diego, b.-d., 11283; works, 

11292. 

Sabaco, reigns, Egy., 651 1 ; defeats Sargon, 
11442. 

Sabak-nefru-Ra reigns, Egy., 6473; ad- 
vanced, 6463. 

Sabbath sanctified, 11403; reform move- 
ment, 3382; observance discussed, 8802; 
recreations revived, 8823. 

Bill stolen, Eng., 8903. 

Day ordinance est., 8462. 

Observance Act passes, 8942. 

Union, Am., org., 3302j inPhila.,3792; 

World's Fair, 391 1 ; session, 4441. 

Sabathu mission, 10471 . 

Sabellius, condemned as heretic, 10663. 

Saberis founded, 10511 . 

Sabina, Kan., injustice, 4483. 

Sabine country annexed, 10533. 

Cross Roads, battle of, 2311 . 

Pass, Tex., blockade removed, 218 3 ; 

Banks at, 2262; destroyed, 3241 . 

, Edward, b., 9243; pres. Royal Society, 

9642; d., 9922. 

, Joseph, d., 3062. 

, Lorenzo, b. (1803) ; d., 2942. 

Sabines, war with; take Rome, 10501; 
women seized, 10503; incorporated with 
Romans, 10511. 

Sabinianus, pope, 10711 . 

Sable Island, colony fails, 171 , 25 a . 

Sabutan Island annexed, 10073. 

Sacaza, Dr. Roberto, b. (1840) ; pres, 11033; 
overthrown, 11041 . 

Saccharometer invented, 730i . 

Sacchetti, Franco, b. (1335±) ; writings of, 
10772; d. (1410). 

Sachem captured, 2262. 

Sacher-Masoch, Leopold R. von, b., 5203. 

Sacheverell, Henry, b., 8922; sermons 
against whigs, 9023; riots, 9043; im- 
peached, 9052; d.,9062. 

Sachs, Hans, b., 7862; works, 7892,7923, 
7931; d., 7922. 

Sae it sen. Spiegel issued, 7783. 

Sackett's Harbor, squadron before, 120 2 ; 
burned, 1221. 

Sacks, Barney, matricide and suicide, 
4583. 

Sacksensheim, Hermann von, works, 7871. 

Sackville, Can., Mt. Allison "Wesleyan 
College, 5803. 

, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

, Charles, E. of Dorset, b., 8822; d., 

9022. 

, Thomas, E. of Dorset, b., 8682; min- 
ister, 8773; works, 8721,3; d. (1608). 

"West, Sir Lionel, minister, 3092; at 

Washington, 3273; recalled, 3312. 

Saco, Me., settlement at, 31 1, 332. 

Sacrament Controversy, Ger., 7891 . 

Sacramental test imposed, Eng., 9023. 

Sacramento, Oal., settlement at, 1513; 
battle of, 1621 ; State Library fnd., 1683; 
burned, 1713; Central Pacific R.R. built, 
2193; Anti-Debris Conven., 3113; floods 
resolution, 3491 ; riot, 408 2 ; Lond. fruit 
train, 4113; capital, 4553; XJ. S. troopa 
for mob, 4641 ; levee breaks, 4653. 

Sacred Band enrolled, 10222. 

Black Stone dispute, 4853. 

War, Gr., 10161 , 10201 , 10241 . 

Sacrifices offered, Gr., 10131 , 

Sacrilege, death penalties abnlished,947i. 

Sacy, Baron Svlvestre (Antnine Isaac Sil- 
vestre), b.,7023; works, 117i, 7151; d., 
7282. 

, Louis Isaac, b., 6862; d., 6923. 

Sadales, K. of Odrysoe, territory to Ro- 
mans, 10293. 
Saddles used, Eng., 8421. 
Sadducees appear, 11482. 
Sadi, b.-d., 11063. 
Sadler, Lieut., at Hillsborough, Ky.,2001. 

, Sir Ralph, b., 8661; minister, 8693; 

d., 8762. 

, William Windham, aerial voyage, 

9222; killed (1824). 
Sadovsky, M., assassinated, 11211. 
Sadowa," Bohemia, battle at, 5261. 
Sadras, Ind., Dutch trade begins, 10443. 
Sadullah Pasha dies, 5343. 
Sadyattes, leader, 10141 ; reigns, 11453. 
Saengerfest in Milwaukee, 387' ; in N. Y., 
4621,3. 



Saenz, Gen. Julio, minister, 6443. 
Safaneezah, Egy., mission, 6571. 
Safferian dynasty founded, 4871 . 
Safford, Henry Truman, b., 1462; dis. as- 
teroid Feronia, 1963. 

, A. P. K., gov. Ariz., 2692. 

Saga issued, 11042. 

Sagalla, mission, 5G12. 

Sagasta, Praxedes Mateo, b., 11303. 

Sage, Russell, b. (1816); office destroyed 

by dynamite, 3963; sued, 4342. 
Saget, Gen. Nissage, president, 10403. 
Sag Harbor, N. Y., capture of stores, 862. 
Saguntum, Sp., destroyed by Hannibal, 

10531 ; battle, 10581 ; taken, 11251. 
Sagus Iron Works. Mass, castings, 361. 
Sahara Desert, 103; crossed, 9402. 
Sahu-Ka, great god, 6462.; reigns (Egy.), 

6471; in Arabia, 6461. 
Said Pasha Mohammed, b.-d., 11563; 

grand vizier, 11593; shot, 6601. 
Sa'idTorkee, d., 4881. 
Saif , in power, 4833 
Saigon, colony at, 7352; surrenders, 4801 ; 

treaty signed, 4812, 4823. 
Sailing, middle latitude, 8801. 
Sailor's Creek, Va., battle of, 2451 . 
Sails made from duck, 1161 . 
Sain foil, wins Derby, 10053. 
St. Adelbert, bp. of Prague ; retires to 

monastery, 5022. 

Albans, Eng., church built, 8423; bat- 
tle of, 8621 , 8641 ; borough disfranchised, 
959i; bishopric created, 9802; Bp. 
Claughton elected, 9803 ; archbp. Smith 
cons., 9922; Bp. Festing cons., 10042 
see est., 9732. 

, Vt., Confederates raid, 2391,3 

raiders discharged, 5831; bank robbed 
2393; Fenian arms seized, 2522. 

, Baron of, title created, 8932. 

Albert, R. C. diocese, 5822. 

Amand, Fr. defeat, 7081. 

- — , Almeric de, gov., 859 2 . 

Andrews, Scot., see created, 8443, 

9083; archbishopric fnd., 8642. 

Univ. fnd., 8603 ; est., 9131 ; 

women in, 10083. 

Anne, bone of, exhibited, 4062. 

Anthony Falls, Minn., gold seekers, 

553; State Univ. opd., 2662; united to 
Minneapolis, 2811. 

Arnaud, Jacques Achille Leroy de, 

b., 7123; subdues Kabyles, 83; a t Varna; 
at Alma ; minister, T'\\* ; d., 7322, 9581 . 

Asaph, W., Bp. Hughes cons., 9642; 

Bp. Edwards cons., 10022. 

Augustine, Fla., castle built, 241; 

Indian mission, 242; Fr. attempt to cap- 
ture, 241 ; fnd., 251 ; captured, 421 ; Ogle- 
thorpe defeated, 64i; surrendered to 
FederalB, 2043; R. C. diocese, 2722; Inst. 
for Deaf est., 3191. 

College org., Cal., 2583. 

Avoid, Germans occupy, 7381 . 

Bartholomew, massacre of, 6851. 

Bartholomew's Island, restored to 

Fr., 7512; surrendered, 9202. 

Benedict's Coll. (R. Cath.) est., Atchi- 
son, Kan. (1858). 

Sainte-Beuve, Chas. Augustin, b. (1804); 

works, 7251 , 7283, 7303; d. (1869). 
St. Blaise (horse), sold, 3933. 
St. Bonaventura College org., 1863. 

Boniface, R. C. diocese est., 580i ; 

archdiocese, 5822; l,. Manitoba, 5823; 
miss, in Ger., 7702. (See Winfrid.) 

St. Catherine, The Miracle Play of, ap- 
pears, 8482. 

Catherines, Ont., Journal est., 5783 ; 

gas-well torpedoed, 5872. 

Cecilia Society of Am. meets, 3642. 

Charles, Ark., Confed. defeat, 2091 . 

, Mo., Confederates defeated 

near, 2351. 

Coll. (R. Cath.), Ellicott City, 

Md. (1848). 

- — Christopher Inland, settled, 8813; 
Eng., possession, 8832. 

St. Clair burns, 2933, 

St. Clair, Pa., locomotive explosion, 4013. 

River, Mich., tunneled, 3693; 

opd., 3913. 

, Arthur, b., 622; commissioned 

maj.-gen., 86i; leaves Ticonderoga; at 
Ilu'bbardtown, 863; report to Congress, 
992; treaty with Indians, 10H; gov., 
1011, 1032, 1073; commander; Indian 
war, 1021; d., 1262. 



Sainte-Claire-Deville, Charles, b., 7211 : 

d., 7501 . 
St. Clairsville, O., Appeal issued, 1251 . 

Clement's Island, Md., colony on,333. 

Cloud, Fr., Ancients remove to, 7133; 

conven. signed, 7232; wind-storm, 7601 . <■ 

. Minn., normal schools opd., 

2662; tornado strikes, 3222, 

Croix, West Indies, missions, 622, 

691,763. 

Davids, Bp. Jones cons., 9742; college 

fnd., 9411. 

Denis, Fr., Huguenots defeated, 6821 ; 

bombarded, 744 1 . 

, Charles de, works, 6891 . 

Dizier, Fr., allies defeated, 7202; 

Napoleon defeated, 7203; occupied, 7402. 

Edward's Coll. (R. Cath.), Austin, 

Texas, est. (1888). 

Saintes, Fr., battle of, 6702. 

St. Espiritu, Mich., mission at, 422. 

Etienne, Fr., explosion in coal-pit, 

7593,7613,7633. 

de la Tour, patent for Nova 

Scotia, 332. 

Eustace, insurrection, 5781 . 

Evremonde (Charles de Marguetel 

de St.-Denis), b., 6862; d., 6912. 

Francis, Wis., St. Francis de Sales 

College org., 1802; R. c. normal school 
org., 2763. 

de Sales, mission est., Can., 482. 

, Solanus College est., 2822. 

Xavier College, 1631; admits 

women, 4381. 

Gall joins Act Mediation, 11382. 

Gaudens, Augustus, b. (1848); statue 

of Fai-ragut, 3061; of Lincoln, 3281 • in 
Academy Design, 3501 . 

Genest's, V Assemble' e et la France* 

7482. 

St. George wrecked, 9342. 

wrecked, 9593. 

lost, 9913. 

Islaud, Me., colonists land, 262, 

271. 

, Alas., seal fishery, 2671 . 

, N. Y., fire, 3893. 

, Can., R. R. accident, 5872. 

Knighthood est., 9392. 

George's Bank, Eng., fishing schoo- 
ners founder, 3153. 

chess club fmd., 9471 . 

Germain, treaty of, 333, 6822, 6933. 

Germains, E. of, title created, 937*. 

(see Granville, Edward.) 

Gervais-les-Bains, destroyed, 7621. 

Gothard, Hung., battle of, 5122. 

, It., railway opd., 101103; tunnel 

begun, 11383. 

Gregory of Tours, works, 6643. 

- — Helena, Napoleon arrives at, 7221; 
Napoleon's remains removed, 7292; 
Longwood bought, 7353; acquired by 
Eng., 8773; see est., 9583. 

Helens, colliers strike, 9703, 10111. 

Sainte-Hilaire, Barthel^my. (See BarthtS- 

16my.) 
St. Hilaire, Can., R. R.' accident, 5813. 

, Augustede,b., 7142; d., 7322. 

, Etienne Geoffroy. (See Geof- 

froy.) 
Hilary, writes against Arianism, 6631 . 

Hyacinthe, Can., R.C. diocese est., 

5802. 

Ignace, Can., mission at 443; mis- 
sion sacked, 5723, 

Jacob, battle of, 6781 . 

Jago, naval battle at, 9202. 

St. James explodes, 171 3 . 

St. James, Order of, fnd., 11263. 

, Neb., mammoth skeleton, 3441 . 

Jean d'Acre, bombarded, 9501 . (See 

Acre.) 

St. James's Gazette est., 10083. 

John, Mex., bombarded, 7261 . 

, N. B., Fr. possess, 9161; garri- 
son surrenders, 803; R. C. diocese est., 
5783; Telegraph; Globe, 5811; fire, 5853; 
Sons of Temperance meet, 5i»22; raiders 
from Me., 2362. 

, W. L, Danish price for, 6422. 

• , Baron, title created, 8711. 

of Bletsoe, Baron, title treated, 

9591. 

, Viscount, title created, 905 1 . 

, Henry, b. (1678); Viscount Bol- 

ingbroke ; minister, 905 2 ; dismissed, 
9033; d. (1751). 



St. Jo-St. Se. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDzL-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1397 



St. John, James Augustus, b., 9303; d. 
(1875). 

, John P., b., 142 1 ; gov, Kan., 

2993, 3033 j nom. for pres., 3173; popular 
vote, 3192. 

, Oliver, b. (1598+); fined, 8811; 

d. (1673). 

, "William, lord keeper, 8712. 

,W. P., resigns, 3511. 

Island, purchase treaty re- 
jected, 2711. 

Johns, Newfoundland, sufferers' 

fund, 4103, 10083; Roijal Gazette, 5771; 
Times and Gen. Rom. Advertiser \ 579 1; 
The Globe, 5811 ; Eve. Herald, 5843 ; 
camp inspection, 5881 ; fire; financial 
crisis, 11033. 

, S. Af., Bp. Key eons., 9962. 

Bluff, Fla., fired on, 2141 . 

Deaf Mute Institute, Wis., 2943. 

Coll. est., Md., 1003. 

. Wash., D. C. (R. Oath.), 

est. (1865). 

■ , Fordham, N. Y.(R. Cath.), 

est. (1846). 

■ River, dis. ,223; expedition, 2141. 

School, poor clergy, sons, 95S3. 

Univ. (R. Cath.), Collegeville, 

Minn,, est. (1857). 

Johnsbury, Vt., Museum, 3621 . 

Joseph, Mo., terminus of pony ex- 
press, 1933; B,. c. diocese est., 2642; 
Missouri River Improvement Conven- 
tion, 3093; Exposition buildings burned, 
3453; fire, 4393; train robbery, 4483; 
Palace Car Co. capitalized, 4633. 

Joseph's Island, Mich., Indian refuge, 

- Coll., est. Dubuque, 2822. 

, est. Teutopolis, 1991; org., 

30S2. 

, est. Phila., 1723. 

—Just, Cornwall, water in mine, 10093. 

, Antoine Louis Leon de, b.,703 2 ; 

d.,7102. 

, Letellier de, governor, 5832. 

Katherine, Order of, est., 9843. 

Lambert, Jean Francois, Marquis de, 

b. (1716); works, 7051 , 7131 ; d. (1803). 

Laurent, Can., halt-breeds meet,588 3 . 

St. Lawrence wrecked, 589 2 . 

St. Lawrence River explored, 203, 21 1 ; 
ice-bridge, 5932; Bridge Bill passes as- 
sembly, 4013; possessed for Fr., 5712; 
steamboat sinks, 5892; canals deepened, 
5913. 

Gulf, explored, 163; survey of, 

5901. 

Univ. est., 1802. 

Lazaro, French defeat, 7001 . 

Leger, Anthony, deputy, 8693, 8712. 

■ , Barry, b. (17371; at Ft. Stanwix, 

871; d., 1001. 

Leonards, Baron, title created, 9591 . 

, Baron. (See Sugden.) 

Leonard's College fnd., 6782, 867. 

Levan, Baron, title created, 9963. 

— - L6, Fr., captured, 6761 . 

St. Louis launched, 4753. 

St. Louis, Mo., settled, 493, 751 ; Sp. at- 
tacked; attacked by Brit., 921 ; aban- 
doned, 493; Missouri Gazette, 1143; first 
theatrical performance, 126i ; R. C. dio- 
cese, 1343; St. Louis Univ. org., 137 1 ; 
fnd., 1403; St. Louis Conf. find.; Hebrew 
synagogue built, 1583; Mercantile Li- 
brary fnd., 1611; R. C. archbishopric 
est., 1623; lighted with gas, 1653; fire, 
1653,3553, 4033,4233; cholera at; Belle 
Fontaine Cemetery est., 167 3 ; cyclone 
at, 1681; Washington Univ. org., 1731; 
trains snow-bound, 1761; riot of Am. 
and Irish, 1771; Coll. of Christian 
Brothers org., 1783; train wrecked at, 
1793; Free-State men embark for, 1811; 
connected with Baltimore by R. R., 
1833; Prof. Wise ascension, 1841 ; over- 
land mail, 185 3 ; Minute Men and Home 
Guards org., 1902; under Gen. Harney, 
1921, 194 2 ; arms removed, 1942; Con- 
federate cannon landed ; Lyon takes 
Camp Jackson, 1942 ; Snead's slaves 
manumitted, 1991; martial law, 202 1 ; 
Metropolitan police force, 2032; court- 
house completed, 2113: Conf ederates de- 
feated, 2203; Public School Library 
fnd.; Historical Soc. org., 2503; Caron- 
delet incorporated with, 2613; monu- 
ment to Benton, 262i; St. Louis Coll. 



org., 2663; Tower Grove Park donated, 
2693; Labor Cong., 2743; Beethoven's 
Conservatory of Music est., 276 1 ; Tubu- 
lar bridge completed, 2841; headquar- 
ters of U S. A., 2861; boundaries ex- 
tended, 2912; new parks, 2913; Demo- 
cratic Nat. Con veil., 2931; Southern 
Hotel burned, 2953; dav school for deaf 
est., 30H; Choral Soc. org., 302 1 ; 
Manual Training School est.; Coll. of 
Physicians and Surgeons opd., 3023; Kep. 
Conven. at, 3013; Sjiorfinq Xcws ; Daily 
Chronicle, 3063 ; St. L. Post Despatch, 
editor acquitted, 3103; Evening Star 
Sayings, 3143 ; w. C. T. U. Nat. Con- 
ven., 319 1 ; Nat. Live Stock Asso. org., 
3193 • Merchant's Bridge commenced, 
325 3 ; troops protect mails, 3221; fire, 
3333; Dr. Bray deposed, 3382; elevator 
companies combine, 3393; breweries sold; 
Wheat-growers conven., 3473 ; World's 
Fair, 3513; Alice Jackson abducted,351i ; 
tornado strikes, 3521 ; Merchant's bridge 
completed, 3581; Christian Endeavor 
Conven. ,3641 ; Wanamaker suicide, 3683; 
telegraphers strike; Loyal Legion Con- 
ven. begins, 3703; race-tight, 3782; Gen. 
Sherman's grave, 3793; Archbp. Kenrick 
cons., 3801 ; pool-rooms closed, 3863; train 
robbers, 3963; Nat. Industrial Conf. ,4022; 
flood, 4061 ; Nicaragua Canal Conven., 
4093; Knights of Labor Conven., 4183; 
street R.R. mail car, 4193; brewery com- 
bine, 4233; Sunday-school Conven., 4361 ; 
water-famine, 4453; earthquake, 450 1 ; 
strike on N. Pacific R.R. , 4503 ; nickel-in- 
slot machines, 4531 ; Trans-Miss. Cong, 
meets, 4772; sheriff-elect indicted, 4792. 

St. Louis, Mother, d., 5881 . 

College org., N. Y., 2663. 

College, Wash., org.. 2502. 

.Order of, instituted, 6952. 

Univ., Mo., org., 1371. 

Lucia, W. I., acquired, 9313. 

Lucia's Bay, Eng. flag raised, 6032. 

Ludmila murdered, 5023. 

Malo, Fr., riot at, 7432; Cartier sails, 

203,5712. 

Marc Gerardin, Francois Auguste, 

b.,7143; Gmrs de Litte.rafure draniathjue, 
7291 ; d., 7461 . 

— — Marks, Fla., captured, 1261; "bom- 
barded, 694L 

Martin, Marquis L. C. de, works, 

7052,7083,7151. 

Mary, Ga., taken, 2043. 

Mary's, Fla., attacked, 2151. 

, Kan., St. Mary's Coll. org., 2662. 

, Mich., mission, 343; conf., 442, 

, Senegambia, Eng. settle, 11613. 

Bridge, Va., fight at, 2351. 

College (R. C), St. Mary's, Ky., 

org. (1821). 

College, Del., org., 1631 . 

College, Eng., fnd., 8671 ; -dedi- 
cated, 8691. 

Matthews mission, 5983, 

Sainte Maure, Benoist de, works, 6711 . 
St. Meinrad, Ind., St. Meinrad's Coll., org., 
2583. 

Menehoule, Ger. capture national 

guards, 7401 . 

Michael Knighthood est., 9392. 

Michel, Mont., Fr., destroyed, 7561 . 

Non, Abb£de(Jean Claude Richard), 

b. (1727) ; invents aquatinta, 6901 ; d. 
(1791). 

Nicholas written. 6711 . 

Magazine established, 2823. 

Olaf, Order of, founded, 11052. 

Coll. (Luth.), Northfield, Minn., 

established (1874). 

Olave. Richard de, bailiff, 8572. 

Omer, Fr.. captured, 6921 ; Fr. gains, 

6933. 

Oswald, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

Patrick's Benevolent Soc. fnd., 9231 . 

Paul de Loanda, Livingstone at, 5602. 

Paul produced, 814 1 . 

, Can. Indian Industrial School, 

5902. 

, Minn., first school est., 1631; 

Pioneer issued, 1643 ; capital removed, 
2692; Macalaster Coll. org., 3223 ; brew- 
eries sold, 3393 ; cyclone, 3641; diocese 
made archbishopric, 3302; employees re- 
sign, 375 3 ; John Mohan captured, 3831; 
protest against prize-fight, 3SS 3 ; wolves 
near, 395 3 ; incendiarism for insurance, 



3963 ; falling wall, 3973 ; sluice-bank 
breaks, 4133 ; fire, 4233 ; banks close, 
4353; R. K. men attacked, 4662. 

St. Paul Coll. (Moth. Epis.), St. Paul's 
Park, Minn., established (1889). 

Island, Aust., Fr. possess, 7633. 

Ma<ia;.iia' issued, 9702. 

R. R., Wis., train robbers, 3943. 

Paulinus, works, 6631 . 

Paulo, Jesuit College, 223. 

Paul's Island, A las., seal fishery, 2671 . 

Cathedral, Lond. (See London.) 

Peter, Minn., state hospital opd.,2551 ; 

asylum burns, 3053. 

Peter's cathedral, Rome, first erected, 

10662 ; Michelangelo, architect, 10782, 
10801 ; erected, 1079' , 10x01 ; Kafl'ael, ar- 
chitect, 10801 ; consecrated, 10822. 

Petersburg, fnd., 11153; observatory 

erected ; 1st theater, 11142 ; Imperial Li- 
brary fnd., 11151 ; WinterPalace burned; 
fire, 11153; Univ. fnd. ; Courier de V Eu- 
rope, 11171; bank fnd., 11173 ; p e t er the 
Great launched; telegraph to Japan, 
11181; Gov't Messeja/er; Romanist Coll. 
est. ; univ. riots ; univ. closed ; univ. 
reopened, 11183 ; students' grievances ; 
Gen. deMesentzoff assassinated ; Social- 
ist conspiracy, 11191 ; proposals of peace 
from Aust., 11192 ; R. R. to Moscow, 
11193 ; gold-fields dis. ; war memorial, 
11201; church fnd., 11202 ; Nihilists in 
Winter Palace, 11203; Nihilists arrested ; 
Nihilists mine; k. Alexander II., 11211; 
martial law proclaimed, 11212 ; Repre- 
sentative Council elected ; influenza ; 
ship-canal opd., 11213 ; corner in rye, 
11232; frontier commission meets, 7 1 ; 
peace of, signed, 517 2 . 

and Warsaw R. R. begun, 11193. 

Philip's College founded, 1503. 

Pierre, Bernardin de. (See Ber- 

nardin.) 

, Charles Ir«5nee Castel de,b. ,6902 ; 

d. (1743). 

du Sud, landslide, 5901 . 

Island, confirmed, 733. 

Priest Emmanuel Louis Marie Gui- 

nard, Comte de b. (1789) ; at Reims, 
7203; arrested, 7333. 

Quentin, Fr., redeemed, 6791 ; defeat, 

6S2i ; taken, 7421 ; battle of, 744 1 . 

Quietus, the martyr, relies of, 3881 . 

Real, L'Abbe" de (Cesar Vichard), b. 

(1639) ; Conjuration des Espa//nois t 6931 ; 
d. (1692). 

Ruth, Gen., in Ire., 6941 ; d. (1691). 

Saints venerated, canonized, 10731. 

Saintsburv, George Edward Bateman, b., 
9522 ; works, 9863, 10063. 

St. Sebastian. (See San Sebastian.) 

, League instituted, 9742. 

Simeon, founded at Troyes, 7682. 

Simon, Claude Henri, Comte de, b., 

7023 ; works, 7171 , 7251 ; d., 7242. 

Due de (Louis de Rouvroy), b. 

(1675); Mimoires, 7012; d. (1755). 

Sophia, Constantinople, erected, 10311 ■ 

dedicated, 10683. 

Stephens, Ala., murderers indicted, 

4182. 

Coll., N. Y., org., 1863. 

Stuart, Gen., at Minorca, 11281 . 

Thomas, Can., Southern Counties Jour- 
nal, 5811; petroleum ignites, 5872 ; Am. 
flag down, 5962. 

Island, Guiana, fnd., 253. 

, W. I., Moravian missionaries at, 

622; purchase treaty rejected, 2711; 
Danish possessions, sale of, G422. 

, patents boot machine, 9242. 

Ubes, Port., earthquake destroys, 

11093. 

Vallier, J. B. de la Croix de, bishop 

Quebec, 5731. 

Victor, Paul JaequosKaymond Binsse, 

Comte de, b. (1825); works, 7363, 7371; 
d. (1881). 

Vincent, Braz., burned, 241; battle 

near, 9201 ; Eng. fleet defeated, 6941 ; Sp. 
fleet defeated, 7121 . 

, Cape Verde Island, Dom Pedro 

arrives, 557 1. 

, Ky., taken, 90 1 . 

, Earl of. (See Jervis, John.) 

, Viscount of, title created, 931 1 . 

, Viscount, ministry, Braz., 5571. 

de Paul, reformed, 6871 ; Society 

fnd., 7263; Soc. suppressed, 7343. 



1398 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. St. VI— Sand. 



St. Vincent's Coll. est., Cal., 2583. 
Saiping-Kow, mission, 6222. 
Sais, built ; porticoes erected, 6502 ; dy- 
nasty at, 651 1 . 
Saisset, Emile Edmond, b.,72H ; comman- 
der National Guard, 7452; d., 73G2. 
Sakuran Dyaks, expedition, 552' . 
Sala, George Augustus, b., 9423. 
Saladin (Salah-ed din Yusuf Ibn Ayub), 
b., 6542; sultan, 6552 ; war -with Crusa- 
ders, 6541 ; accepts truce, 6552 ; captures 
Guy of Lusignan, 6701 ; near Tiberias ; 
captures Jerusalem ; takes Jaffa, 11541 ; 
defeated, 8501 ; overthrows Fatimite dy- 
nasty, 11553 ; conquests, 487 2 ; captures, 
Tyre, 10322 ; d.,4S63. 
Salamanca, Sp., battle at, 9361, 11321; 
taken, 11261; Univ. of, fnd. ; Univ. of 
Palencia removed to, 11271 . 

, Gen., funeral of, 6343. 

, Manuel de, governor Chile, 6053. 

Salamis, Straits of, battle in, 10182, 10261 . 

.recovered, 1017'; battle of, 1020'; 

1026' . 
Salassi subjugated, 10603. 
Salalis reigns, Egypt, 6473. 
Salazai, Gen., revolutionary leader, 6443. 
Saldantta, lost, 9342. 

, Oliveria e Daun, b.-d., 11102 ; prime 

minister, 1111'; forms ministry, 11112 ; 
at Torres Vedras, 1110' . 
Saldauka Bay, squadron captured, 597' . 
Sale, George,' b., 9842 ; w ife released, 42 ; 
d., 9082. 

, Sir Robert Henry, b., 9223; d., 9522. 

of Food and Drugs Act passes, 981 2 . 

Salem, Madras, mission, 10462. 

, Pal., first mentioned, 1141' ; founded, 

11413. 

, Mass., colonists in, 313 ; election ; 

Episcopal worship, 30 2 ; bricks mnfd. ; 
Roger Williams, teacher, 32' ; named, 
323 ; Est. Church enforced, 342 ; witch- 
craft, 53' ; military stores defended, 78' ; 
Gen. Gage opposed, 782 ; Assembly 
meets, 79 2 ; Presbytery dissolved, 1023 ; 
chemicals mnfd., 118'; Female Cent. 
Soc. org., 1183; Essex Inst. Library fnd., 
1642 ; Oratorio Soc. org., 258' ; dense fog, 
308' ; Renistir suspends. 4302. 

, Mo., Confederates defeated, 2003. 

f N. J. colony at, 47' . 

, 0., Progressive Friends org., 1722. 

, Ore., Williamette Univ. fnd., 1583 ; 

School for Deaf Mutes, 2723 ; Insane 
Asylum, 317'. 

, Va., Roanoke College org., 1731 . 

Salerno, It., taken ; San Matteo Cathe- 
dral built, 10741. 

, Univ. of, Naples, founded, 10751 . 

Sales, St. Francis de, b. (1567) ; works, 

685',6871; d. (1622). 
Salette, Lady of, apparition, 74G 2 . 
Salford, Eng., Bp. Vaughan cons., 9742 ; 
Bp. Bilsbarrow cons., 10082. 

Unity organized, 9471 . 

Salgar, Gen. E., president, 6292. 
Salic Law inst., 6633 ; abolished, 11312. 
Salieri, Antonio, b., 10842; a., 10862. 
Salina, Kan., Wesleyan Univ. org., 3242. 
Salinator, M. Livius, against Hannibal, 

10542. 
Salisbury, Ala., Normal School, colored 

established, 3082. 
, Eng., see named, 8463; cathedral be- 
gun, 8521 ; Eng. army retreats, 8981 ; s. 
Postman, 9043 ; total eclipse, 9061 ; ,s. 
Journal, 9091; Bp. "Wordsworth cons., 
9922 ; Beaconsfiehl Club opd., 9972. 
, N. C., Confeds. defeated, 2461; Fed- 
erals occupy, 2462; silver vein dis., 3461 . 

Mills, N. Y., soldiers' monument, 3841 . 

, Countess of, beheaded, 869 2 . 

, Earl of, at Blore Heath, 8621 ; in 

Eng., 8643. 

, John of, b.-d., 8482. 

, Marquis of, title created, 9232. 

, Marq., Robert Arthur Talbot Gas- 

coigne-Cecil, b., 9442 ; minister, 9632, 
9792,9972; resigns, 9951 ; ministry find., 
9953; at Congress of Berlin, 8311; Beh- 
ring Sea communications, 3803; Bill for 
Life Peers, 9992 ; on atrocities in Ar- 
menia, 10012 ; note to Port., 10032 ; pre- 
sides, 10121 . 
Salivahana rises against Scythians, 10421 . 
Salkehatchie, S. C., Confeds. repulsed, 



Sallasapet 



, 10483. 



Salle, Antoine de la, works, 6783. 

, Robt. de la, leaves Montreal, 5722. 

Sallentini defeated, 10522. 
Sallo, Denis de, Journal des Savans, 6903. 
Sallust, Caius Crispus, b.-d., 10563; works 
of, 10583. 

against Procopius, 10681 . 

Salmat/undi papers, 1143. 

Salman Shah, in Iconium with troops, 

11553. 
Salmas, mission at, 11082. 
Salmasius, Claudius, b., 6842; d., 6902. 
Sahnedi, Le, issued, 5921 , 
Salmon City, Ida., stage robbers, 4042. 

Falls, N. H., destroyed, 501 . 

, George, b., 9383. 

Salnave, Sylvestre, president ; defeats in- 
surgents ; emperor; defeated; flees; 
captured; tried; shot, 10403. 
Salomon, Edward, gov., Wis., 2173. 

, Ed. S., gov., Wash. Ter., 2732. 

, Gen. .deposed ; reelected, 10403. 

, King, Hung., 5033. 

, ibn Gabirol (Avicebron) ; Fountain 

of Life, 4862; d. (1070±). 
Salomons. David, b. (1801) ; sheriff, 9473 ; 

lord mayor, 9612 ; d. (1873). 
Salon, Le, issued, 8251 . 
Salongs, Burma, mission, 10471. 
Salonica, Aust., occupies seaport, 10053 ; 
kingdom conferred, 10351 ; R. R, pd., 
5693; mission of, 11563; burned, 11591. 
Saloons, in N. Y., 3331 ; destroyed, 3523 ; 
farmers boycott, 389' ; protected by po- 
lice, 391'; in Millville, N. J., 393' ; nu- 
merous in Brooklyn, 4022; iu SiouxFalls, 
S. Dak., 4122 ; R. R. employes enjoined, 
431' ; brewers' licenses, 4522 ; gambling 
stopped, 453'; Sundav opening census, 
4563 ; Satolli against, 406', 2. 

keepers, Masons expel, 351'; Asso. 

of, excluded, 3583; ineligible, 383' ; fined, 
Sunday opening, 4062; unabsolved, 466' . 
Salotoue'hine, M., assassinated, 1121' . 
Salpointe, Bp. J. B., made Archbp. Santa 

F<5, 3182. 
Salt Creek, Tex., cyclone, 360' . 

, Henry, explorations, 9322; d., 9423. 

, Sir Titus, b., 9323; d. (1876). 

, mnfd. at Syracuse, 98'; discovered 

at Warsaw, 298'. 
Salter, William, b., 9323; d. (1875). 
Saltersford, Baron, title created, 9252. 
Saltillo.Mex., captured, 1602; mail-pouch 

missing, 4343; mission, 1096 2 . 
Salton Basin, Cal., water in, 390' . 

Lake, inflow of water, 3461 . 

Saltonstail, Gurdon, gov., Conn., 572. 
Saltoun, Baron, title created, 8623. 
Saltus, Edgar Evcrtson, work, 3503. 
Salt Lake City, fnd., 1622; Brigham Young 
arrives, 1623 ; Mormons arrive, 1643 ; 
University of Utah organized, 1683 ; 
Mormons' desert, 1843; army in winter 
quarters, 182'; Univ. of Deseret org., 
2662; Meth. Epis. Sera, fnd., 2722 ; Deaf 
Mute Inst, opd., 3191 ; Industrial Home 
for Women est., 3263 ; Gentiles elected, 
3432 ; Mormons elected, 3523,3532; poly- 
gamy abolished, 3682 ; gehool election, 
3862; Irrigation Cong., 3911; Mormon 
Church Conf.; temple- completed, 4041 ; 
temple dedicated, 4261 ; unemployed, 
make trouble, 4563. 

water, freshened, 896 1 . 

Saluda explodes, 1713. 

, N. C, E. R. accident, 3253. 

Saluria, Tex., Federals taken, 1942. 
Salus, Temple decorated, 10531 . 
Salvandv, Comte, Narcisse Achille, b., 

7102; d.,7322. 
Salvation Army fnd. in Eng., 968 2 ; build- 
ing fnd. in London, 9922; procession dis- 
persed, '10013 ; gifts to, 10042, 10062 ; 
mobbed, 100X3; jubilee at Crystal Pal- 
ace, 10122 ; prohibited in Bus., 11202 ; 
in India, 10491 ; i n Switz., 11382 ; first 
contingent in U. S., 3082 ; arrested at 
Yonkers, 3502 ; divided, 3341 ; arrested, 
3562; interstate cong. opens, 370 2 ; Mrs. 
Booth-Clibborn arrives, 3941 ; attacked 
in Wyandotte, Mich., 4162; Continental 
Cong, of ; Auxiliary League enrollment, 
4181 ; census, 4201 ; building in N. Y., 
4681 ; Gen. Booth welcomed. 4741 ; in 
Toronto, Can., 5961 ; favored in Ghent, 
5461; mob, 5962; forbidden in Ger., 8322; 
International Cong., 9942. 
Salvator, Charles, d., 5342. 



Salvator runs at Monmouth Park, 3673. 

Salverte, Anne Joseph Eusebe Barcon- 
uiere, b., 7042 ; d., 7282. 

Salvi, Giambattista, b. (1605) ; d., 10831 . 

Salvini, Tommaso, b., 10862. 

Salzburg, bishopric fnd., 5022; Univ. find.* 
5131 ;ceded,5193; Univ. suppressed, 5203; 
Napoleon III. visits, 5273 ; enips. meet, 
5292; nobles killed, 7882; peasants treaty 
with Lange, 7S93; annexed to Bavaria, 
8093 ; state interview, 823' ,2. 

Samadou, King, captures French, 7621 , 

Sanrana, as naval rendezvous, 2692; ces- 
sion toU. S., 6432. 

Samanide dynasty established, 1107 2 . 

Samarcand (or Samarkand), Arabs oc- 
cupy, 5491; subjugated, 11131 ; occupied 
by Russians, 11181 . 

Samaria, Pal., built, 11433; besieged; de- 
livered, 11422 ; captured, 11442; tribute 
to Assyr., 11451 ; temple destroyed, 
11502 ; destroyed, 1150'; rebuilt, 11512;. 
annexed to Pal., 11532. 

Samartians settle Thrace, 1155' . 

Samas-sumukin reigns, 11453. 

Sambas, expedition against, 5512. 

Sambhaji reigns, 10451 . 

Sambre, battle on the, 6621. 

Samnite wars in Central Italy, 10521,2. 

Samnites, capture Capua, 10501 ; defeat 
Romans in Caudine Forks ; war with, 
10521 ; subdued, 10522 ; alliance with 
Romans, 10532 ; secure peace, 10533. 

Samnium, It., invaded, 10521. 

Samoan Islands, vessels wrecked, 336' . 
Trenton saved ; Alert at, 3381 ; commis- 
sioners sail ; conf. in Berlin, 3392; conf. 
demand, 3393; treaty signed, 3572; Ger. 
fleet at, 8321 ; secret' treaty, 8333 ; Rich- 
mond at; Adams at, 338' ; bombarded. 
1012' ; chiefs yield to British, 10121 . 

Samokov, mission work, 565 3 . 

Samos, Gr. temple of Juno, 10142 ; revolt 
in, 1020'; Saracens possess, 10332; sub- 
dued, 1062' . 

Samothrace taken, 10551 . 

Sampson, William Tilden, capt. U. S. N., 
3341 ; in navy dept., 4472. 

Samsi Ramon II., in Assyr., 11441 . 

Samson slays Philistines, 11421; in vine- 
yards of Philistines ; riddle ; suicide, 
11423. 

Sanisu-Iluna reigns, 11393; builds canal ; 
11402 

Samuel, called, 11422 ; judges Israel ; at 
Mizpeh, 11421, 11432. 

Samulcotta, mission, 10471. 

Samur captured, 7081 . 

Sana, Arabia, rebels, 4883; capture, 4881 . 
San Albano wrecked at Hog Island, 4033. 

Sanalio, mission, 656 3 . 

San Antonio Abad Univ. founded, 243. 

, Tex., diocese est., 2842; St.Leo's 

Coll. opd., 3682; Capt. J. G. Bourke,4183. 

Bernadine, Cal., insane asvl. est. ,3723. 

— , Paraguay, Ger. settle, 11063. 

Carlos Coll., Peru, 283; est., 763. 

Sancerre, ceded to crown, 671 3 . 

Sanchez, shot, 1041'. 

Sancho I. in Port., 11091 ; reigns, 11093. 

II. reigns in Port., 11093. 

I. reigns in Asturias, 11272. 

II., the Strong, reigns in Leon-Castile,. 

11272. 

III. (of Navarre) reigns, Castile,11272. 

IV. defeats Moors at Tarifa, 11261; 

documents of, 11271 ; reigns in Castile, 
11273. 

- — II., king of Majorca, fnds. Cathedral 
of Perpignan, 6743 . 

Ifiigo, fnds. kingdom Navarre, 11272. 

II.. the Great, of Navarre, reign6, 

king of Castile, 11272. 

III. of Navarre, reigns, 11272. 

IV., of Navarre, reigns ; in Aragon, 

11272. 

V. (VI.), the Wise, reigns, Navarre, 

11272. 

VI. reigns in Navarre, 11272. 

Garcia I., of Navarre, reigns, 11272. 

Sancroft, William, b., 8801 ; archbp. Can- 
terbury, 8942; acquitted, 8963; d.,9002. 

Sancta Clara, Father Abraham, Mirks 
Wien, 7972. 

Sanctis, Francesco de,b., 10862; d. (1S84). 

Sanctuary privileges limited, 8671 ; abol- 
ished, 9092. 

Sand, George (Armantine Lucile Aurore 
Dupin, Baroness Dudevant), b., 7151 ; 



Sand-Sant. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1IS1 JJJ1-.X.. Superior Figures indicate Cotu 



1399 



works, 7263, 7271 , 7291 , 7323, 7351 , 73C3, 
7502; d., 7501. 

Sand, M., works, 7602. 

blast exhibited, 272 1 . 

Sandby, Paul, b., 9063 ; d., 9351 . 

Sand Creek, Indian Camp attacked, 2401 . 

Sandeau, Leonard Svlvain Jviles, b., 7192; 
works, 7263. 72S3, 7291 , 7303, 7343. 7482; 
d., 7541 . 

Sandeman, Maj. Robert, treatv, 5392. 

Sander's Creek, S. C, battle of, 921 ,2. 

Sanders, Wilbur F., b., 1422. 

, William Reid, b. (18:;;}) ; captured, 

2151 ; k. at Campbell's Station, 2281 . 

Sanderson, John Scott Burdon, b., 9423 ; 
on Pasteur system, 7561 . 

, , b. (1785) , d,, 1562. 

, Robert, b. (1585) ; d., 8902. 

Sandford, C. W., elected bishop, 9742. 

, Peleg, governor R. I., 49* . 

Sandhurst, Eng., Military Coll. fnd., 9392 ; 
military acad. est., 9371 , 9401 ; Welling- 
ton Coll. fnd., 961 1 ; Staff Coll. fnd., 9623. 

, Baron, title created, 975 1 . 

San Diego, Cal., mission, 762; gold district 
dis., 2681; Jtata seized; escapes, 382i; 
Itatdy arms libeled, 3861 ; Itata sails, 
396i; riot, 3882; non-union shop de- 
stroyed, 4071; Jasper found, 4281; con- 
spiracy, 4643. 

Bay, Cal., anniversary, 4173. 

Sandilli, Chief, S. Afr., leader, 6001 ; dead, 
6002. 

Sand Mountain, Confeds. defeated, 2203. 

San Domingo treaty opposed, 2733. (See 
Santo Domingo.) 

Sandoval, Gregorio de, governor, 6302. 

Sand River Convention signed, 5992. 

Sandrocottus reigns, 10432. 

Sands, Elizabeth, d., 3641 . 

-, Com. James H., promoted capt.,448i . 

, Robert C, b., 1082 ; d., 1402. 

Sandshak, ruled by Aust,, 5293. 

Sands Head, M-Tr'kantman wrecked, 9953. 

Sand-storm, Okla., 4741 . 

Sandusky, O., natural gas found, 3442. 

Sandwich Islands. (See Hawaii.) 

, Earl of, title created, 891 1 . (See 

Montagu.) 

Sandy Hook, N. J., lighthouse, 753 ; Gen. 
Howe at, 822; quarantine station, 4151 , 3 ; 
Fr. gun-powder tested, 3881 . 

Sandys, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

, Greorge, b., 8742; Quid, 302 • Travels, 

8803; d., 8843. 

San Elizario, Tex., Mexicans attack, 296* . 

Sanetomo reigns, 10912. 

San Felice, action at, 11321 . 

Fernando fort, Costa Rica, built, 6302. 

, Cal., Maelay College fnd., 3203. 

San ford, Ky., action at, 2142. 

, Nathan, b. (1779) ; electoral vote, 

1332 ; d. (1838). 

, Rhoda, police protection, 4683. 

San Francisco sails, 1733. 

launched, 3461 ; accepted, 3781 ; 

at Rio de Janeiro, 4461. 

San Francisco, Cal., bay dis., 761 ; fire, 
1673,1693,3713; Cal. Christian Advocate, 
1691 ; branch mint opd. at, 1713 ; R. C. 
archdiocese; Presb. Chinese ch., 1723 ; 
John Mitchell arrives ; murders and 
lynching, 1732; Mercantile Library Asso. 
fnd., 1731 ,2H:;2 ; telegraph liue,1733;Meigs 
forgeries dis., 1763 ; Vigilance Commit- 
tee checks disturbances, 1791 , commit- 
tee disbands ; insurrection, 1803; St. Ig- 
natius Coll. org., 1843 ; overland mail 
arrives, 1853 ; Japanese embassy ree'd, 
1872; Baker's speech, 1883; Union Club 
org., 2412 ; earthquake, 2481 , 3, 3741 ; 
Mountain View Cemetery est., 2513; paid 
fire dept. est.,255 3 ; Chinese embassy ar- 
rives, 2611,3; Overland Monthly Mag. 
issued, 2623 ; collision on Pacific R. R.; 
Southern R. R. est., 2693; Blossom Rock 
exploded, 271 3 ; Theological Sem. org., 
2763; Asso. Christian Chinese org., 2762; 
Palace Hotel completed, 2913; St. 
Mary's Coll. org., 27S2 • Bank of Cal. 
suspends, 2393; centennial of Sp. Mis- 
sion eel., 2922; anti-Chinese riots; Vigi- 
lance Committee reorganized, 297"i ; 
Workingmen's party org., 2972 j Free 
Public Library fnd., 3023 ; political 
disorders abound ; Mayor Kallock shot, 
3031 ; squatters ejected from Sand Lots, 
3073 ; gale, 3222; train to Jersey City ; 
panic on Exchange, 325 3 ; Cogswell 



Coll. opd., 3322; Lieut. Ripley hurt, 3381 ; 
Greek ch. burned, 3403 ; plague of 
crickets, 3441 ; appeal to Cong., 3602 ; 
King Kalakau;i la nd>, 3723, funeral ,3773; 
International Soc. Colonization Russian 
Jews ; joss-houses destroyed, 3762 ; 
Elizabeth wrecked, 3793; first block tin, 
3853; free kindergarten fnd., 3863; Mnfs. 
Asso. org., 3903; cargo of slaves, 3911 ; 
Sarah A. Terry disappears ; highbinders' 
feud, 4003 ■ Korashan Messiah, 4021; 
largest, gold-brick, 4073 ; Mountebanks 
first sung, 4101 ; gold shipment, 4133,4393; 
sheriff refuses hanging, 4143; smuggling, 
4182, 4483 j stage robbery, 4182 ; China- 
man shot, 4183 ; Mackay shot, 4242 ; 
Nawab of Rampur in, 4311 bank pecu- 
lations, 4343; Fair Bill passes, 4371; 
Union Sailors' outrages, 43S3 ; news- 
paper men indicted, 4451 j Drake Me- 
morial, 4481 ; Midwinter Fair opd., 4513; 
Somali arrives, 4553 ; Liberty Tree 
planted, 4573; W. B. Melville convicted, 
46S2. 

San Francisco, Chile, battle at, 6062. 

, Peru, action at, 11081 . 

Gabriel, Cal., action at, 1621 . 

Sangallo, Giuliano da, b.-d., 10783. 

S:mg;t.iu'iti, Italians defeated at, 22. 

Sanger, A. L., d., 4481 . 

Sangster, Margaret E., edits Harper's Ba- 
zar, 3383. 

Sangli, Bombay mission, 10471 . 

Sanhedrim, instituted, 11403 j first men- 
tion, 11482. 

Sanitarium Bill in Congress, 405 2 . 

Sanitary Act, G. B., 9692. 

Assurance Asso. formed, 9871 . 

Commission, inception of, 1923, 1941 ; 

appointed, 1971 ; Auxiliary Soc, Lond., 
2312 ; Auxiliary Relief Corps org., 2333. 

, N. W. branch, 2172; Pittsburg 

Branch, 2292 ; Auxiliary Society, 2312, 
2333, European branch of. org., 2292 ; fair 
in N. Y., 2312; fair in Phila., 2352; in 
Chicago, 2472. 

Conference. Paris, 7661 . 

Congress, Intermit., 3071 , 9873. 

Institute of G. B., 9802. 

Laws Amendment Act passes, 9793. 

, Police Co., 2111 ; inspectors in army, 

2073. 

San Jacinto arrives ; overhauls Trent ; 
at Boston, 2003 ; Alabama eludes, 2161 . 

, Mexicans defeated, 1461 . 

Jose\ Cal,, observatory erected, 3221 ■ 

capital, 4271 ; earthquake, 4501 . 

de Cueuta, Colombia, earthquake, 

6282; capital Costa Rica, 6303. 

Juan, Arg., insurrection, 4912 ; R. R. 

tracks demolished, 4933 ; question of, 
5572; boundary dispute, 1S73, 5833. 

Islands defended; boundary dis- 
pute, 185 2 , 1873 ; boundary commission 
meets, 2732 ; dispute arbitrated, 2792, 
8292. 

de Nicaragua, bombarded, 1741 . 

del Norte seized, 11031 . 

, N. Hex., fossils found. 4061 . 

, W. I., treaty for sale, 2592. 

Sankara Acharya, est. Sivaite sect, 10431 . 

Sankcy, Ira David, b., 1522; in Phila. ,2XS2 ; 
in London, 9882,0922 ; in G. B., 9782 ; 
Gospel Hipnn Hon!: issued, 3431 . 

, William, d., 100S2. 

San-ko-lin-sin captures by treachery; re- 
treats, 6201 ; killed, 6202. 

Sanlique, J., musical notes, 6822. 

San Lorenzo Castle, Colombia, attacked, 
6281. 

■ — , Spain, treaty of, 107* . 

Luca, It., academy replaced, 10883. 

LucardeBarraine'da,Sp., strike, 11331. 

- — Luis Potosi, Mex., occupied, 10961; 
mission, 10062; capital, 10963. 

Marcos Univ., Peru, est., 223. 

Marino republic fnd. ,10712; independ- 
ence destroyed, 10813 • subject to pope, 
10S5 2 ; confirmed to pope, 1087 2 ; enters 
convention, 10893. 

Martin captures vessel, 6061 . 

, Gen. Jose" de, b. (1778) ; at 

Chanch Rayada, 6061 ; in Peru, 11081 ; 
proclaims independence, 1108 2 ; d. (1S50). 

Mateo Mt., cliff-dwellers dis., 3341 . 

Miguel, Va.. settlement begins, 193, 

del Mezquital, Mex., mission, 

10962. 

Mining Co., incorporated, 3773. 



Sannazaro, Jacopo, b., 10783; d., 10803. 

Sanons, Christianized, 7702. 

San Paulo, Braz., hardy men, 411 . 

Pedro, battle at, 10961 . 

, Diego de, Carcel de Amor, 11271 . 

Ramon, Miguel, b. (1802) ; president 

Peru, 11082 ; d. (1863). 

■ Salvador, Columbus at, 13 3 ; con- 
quered, 182 ; Thome de Sousa at, 5533 ; 
colony est., 251 ; at war, 10381, 104H; 
captured, 10381 ; conquered, 11001 . (See 
text, Salvador, p. 1123.) 

Sansculottes, Republican leaders named, 
7071. 

Sebastian, Colombia, founded, 173. 

, Sp., taken, 6981, 7201 ; Carlists 

defeated, 11301 . 

Sisto cathedral founded, 10743. 

Sanskrit College founded, 10442. 

Sanson, Nicolas, b., 6862 ; d., 6S03. 

Sansovino, Jacopo Tatti, b. (1479); d. ,10811 . 

Sans Pared launched, 9961 . 

San Stefano, peace of, 566 3 . 

Sant, James, b., 9402. 

Santana, Pedro, leader, 643i ; pres. Domin- 
ican Republic, (I4.;2; against Pres.Baez, 
6433; defeats Haitians, 10402. 

Santa Anna, Antonio Lopez de, b.-d., 
10952 ; proclaims Vera Cruz Republic, 
10953; deposes Guerrero; overthrows 
Bustamente ; dictator of Mexico ; pres.; 
deposed and exiled ; reinstated ; abdi- 
cates, 10962 ; returns from exile ; dis- 
missed by Fr. ; supported by faction, 
10963; defeated, 1401 ; in Mex. war, 1621 . 

Barbara, Cal., Charleston arrives,338i . 

Casa, at Dalmatia ; at Loreto, 1076 3 . 

Catalina, Cal., discovered, 142. 

Catherina Is. surrenders, 5582; revo- 
lution, 5593, 5602. 

Clara, Cal., Coll. org., 1702; R. R. Co. 

est., 2613; Home opd., 3231; mission, 
6341 ; Insane Asylum, 3291 . 

■ Cruz, Andres, b. (1794±) ; pres. of Bo- 
livia; restores order, 550 3 ; entersPeru, 
5501; d.,5502. 

, treaty for sale, 259 2 . 

■ , Canary Island, attacked, 92S1 . 

■ Fe\ Arg., fnd., 4892; Cong.,4911; gov. 

surrenders, 4921 ; revolution, 4923. 

, Sp., agreement with Columbus, 

121. 

, N. Mex,, captured, 160 1 ; R. C. 

archdiocese, 1082 ; proslavery force at, 
1811; evacuated, 2063; R. C. archbishop- 
ric, 2882 ; Univ. opd. at, 3082 ; state 
school est., 3191 ; School for Deaf Mutes, 
3231 ; councilmen attacked, 3762 ; fire, 
4073; r.k. accident, 3833; train robbery, 
4082, 4711 ; strike off, 4283 ; work re- 
sumed, 4711 . 

Maria, Azores. Columbus arrives, 142. 

del Darien, Braz., settlement at, 

173. 

, Panama, taken, 481 . 

Santa Maria leaves Havana, 0343; wrecked 
142 ; sails, 131 , 11331 . 

Monica, Cal., hotel burned, 3353. 

Santander, mission, 11323 - steamer ex- 
plodes, 11331 . 

- — , Francisco de Paula, b.-d., 62S2; pres. 
Colombia, 6283. 

Santarem, R. R. to Lisbon, 11113; besieged, 
11261 . 

Santa Rosa, Cal., Habeas Corpus sus- 
pended, 1952; Pacific College org., 1983; 
earthquake, 3521 . 

• Island, Fla., action at, 2001 . 

Vittoria, battle of, 6941 . 

Santas, J. Maximo, pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

Santayuna, Paraguayans defeated, 556 2 . 

San tee Agency, Neb'., mission, 3142. 

Indians granted land, Neb., 3231 . 

Swamp, S. C, train derailed, 3233. 

Santeul, Jean de, b., 6882; d., 6943. 

Santiago, Chile, fnd., 6052 ; San Felipe 
Univ. est., 6053 ; battle at, 606i ; earth- 
quake, 6063; advance on, 608 1 ; sham 
battle ; taken, 6083, 6092 ; mob ; forts 
strengthened, 60S 3 ; Balmaceda's sui- 
cide, 6092 ; fire ; Egan's house guarded, 
6093. 

de Compostela taken, 11261 . 

de Cuba, fnd., 6313; capital, 173; 

burned, 6301 ; earthquake, 6322, 6341 ; re- 
bellion, 633 2 ; immigration meeting, 6333. 

, Dominican Republic, Haitians de- 
feated at, 6431. 

, Guatemala, earthquake, 10383. 



1400 



Text Figures denote Page. INl-)Ji,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Sant-Saxe. 



Santiago, Order of, fnd., Sp., 112G3. 



- — , Sp., Campania Church b 
besieged, 11322. 

, Tex., occupied, 216i . 

Santipur mission, Ind., 10481 . 

Santo, patriarch of Venice, 5342. 

Santob, Jew, Proverbes Morales, 11271. 

Santo Domingo, W. I., fnd., 153; fort con- 
structed, 141 , 2 ; sacked, 241 ; occupied, 
432; insurrection, 4tJ2; treaty opposed, 
2733. (See Haiti, p. 1040 ; and Dominican 
Republic, p. 643.) 

Santos, Braz., blockaded, 5581 ; boycotting 
league, 5583. 

San Vincente, Brazil, founded, 212. 

Sanvolle, Le Moyne, d., 541 , 

Sao Amaro, Braz., settlement, 5532. 

Saone River overflows, 7282. 

Saood reigns ; k.,4873, 4SS3. 

Sao Paulo, Braz., coll. est., 5522; hardy 
race, 5543 ; Am. school, 5562 ; mission, 
5563 ; governor resigns, 5592 ; martial 
law, 5602. 

Salvador, Kongo, missions, 10941. 

Vicente, Bolivia, burned, 552 1. 

Piratininga, Braz., fnd., 5532. 

Saphir, Moritz, b., 8063. 

Sapor I., defeats Rmnans, 10661 ; conquests 
of, 10661 , H072; enters It., 11001 ; reigns, 
11071 ; cruelty, 11073; assassinated, H062. 

II., reign's, 11072 ; contends with 

Rome, 10681, noiji ; proscribes Christian 
religion, 11063; war with Julian, 10681. 

III., reigns, 11072. 

Sappers and miners originated, G. B., 
9361. 

Sappho, b., 10162 ; invents Sapphic verse, 
10143; Poems, 10163. 

— wins race, 2713. 2753, 9733. 

, asteroid, discovered, 9662. 

Sapulpa, Jim, commands scouts, 4683. 

Saracens in N. Af., 81, 91 ; in Pyrenees, 
485 2 ; in Egy,, 654 1 ; annexed by Turks, 
6542; invade Gaul, 0641 ; defeated, 7701 , 
7741 ; subdued in Sicily, 7782 ; wa r with 
Gr., 10301 , 2, 10331 , 10321 ; occupy Crete ; 
possess Samos, 10332 ; expelled from 
Crete, 10321; success in East, 10641; 
■war with It.; conquer Sicily, 10721 ; con- 
quer Sardinia, 10732 ; j n Port., 11091 ; i n 
Sp., 11251,3; against Christians; pun- 
ished, 11261; in Carthage, 11392; over- 
run by Moors, 11272. 

Saragossa, Sp., fnd., 11252; taken, 7162, 
11261, nasi, ii28i; church council at, 
10683 ; Philip V. defeated, 6962 ; insur- 
rection, 11301 ; mission, 11323. 

Sarah, loss reported, 3353. 

Sarajevo taken, 5081 . 

Saraloff, cholera riots, 11223. 

Saratoga, X. V., attacked, 661 ; battle of, 
872. 

Sarauw sentenced for treason, 831' . 

Sarawak, Borneo, Eng. settle; rebels, 5521 ; 
Rajah of ; expedition, 552 2 ; Chinese 
conspiracy; mission, 5523 ; annexed to 
G. B., 9993. 

Sardanapalus conquers Phenicia, 11441; 
in Egy., 6512. 

II., reigns, 11453. 

Sardica, Council of, Brit. bps. at, 840 2 . 

Sardina, Sefior, ransom for, 6342. 

Sardinia, subjugated, 10532; Rum .province, 
10533 ; surrenders, 10613; taken by Van- 
dals, 10712; It. annexed, 10313; Sara- 
cens conquer, 10732 ; Genoese conquer, 
10733, 10752 ; held by Pisa, 10753, by Ara- 
gon, 10773, by Fr. and Sp., 10781, by 
Eng., 10821 ; ceded to Aust., 10833 ; seized, 
7993 ; a kingdom, 10833 ; peace of, 5152 ; 
acquires territory, 10852; insurrection 
in ; new code promulgated, 10872 j up- 
rising subdued; at war with Aust., 520i ; 
Jesuits expelled, 10863 ; ecclesiastical 
jurisdictions abolished ; against con- 
vents, 10873; Austrians enter, 5241 ; press 
assails Aust.; ultimatum to Aust. ; severs 
from Aust. ; war against ; disarmament, 
5252 ; Pope's appeal against ; new con- 
stitution, 10891. 

Sardinians, rule in It., 10732; enter Milan, 
5213. 

Sardis besieged ; taken, 11442 ; burned, 
10173 ,11442 ,i 147 1 ; action near, 1022 1 ; sur- 
renders, 10242; council of, 10683; moon's 
eclipse, 11462 ; Tamerlane destroyed, 
11542. 

Sardou, Victorien, b., 7261; works, 735', 
7462,7522,7562,7581. 



Sargasso Sea, Columbus enters, 13* . 
11312 ; Sargent, Chas. Sprague,b., 1522; Silvseof 



2sbrth America, 396= 
, Dudley A., athletics in Harvard, 

4761. 

, Epes, b., 1183; d., 3042. 

, John, missionary, 622, 3; d., 662. 

, , delegate, 1352. 

, Singer, b. (1856); EUaleo, 752* . 

, Lucius Manlius, b., 981 ; d., 2561 . 

, Winthrop, gov. Miss., 1093. 

prize won, Mass., 3602. 

Sargon, reigns, 11393 ; builder ; fighter, 

11391. 
, reigns in Assyr. ; embassy to Heze- 

kiah, 1145 2 ; subjugates Carchemish, 

11432 ; defeated ; captures Samaria, 

11442 ; conqueror, 483 2 . 
Sarmatian slaves revolt, 10691 . 
Sarmiento, Domingo Faustino, b., 4893 ; 

pres. Argentina, 4912; d. (1888). 
Saronic Gulf, action in, 10183. 
Sarpi, Paolo, b., 10803; d., 10823. 
Sarras, Egy., occupied, 6603. 
Sarrasin, Jean Francis, b. (1603) ; Con- 
spiration de Waldstein, 6931 ; d. (1654). 
Sarrien, Chas., minister, 7651. 
, Jean L. F., minister, 7552, a, 7571, 

7651. 
Sars, Michel, b.-d., 11041 . 
Sarsfield, Patrick, siege of Limerick, 8981 ; 

d.,9002. 
Sartin, John, b., 1142. 
Sarto, Andrea del, b., 10783 ; Holy Family, 

10801; d., 10803. 
Sartorius, Sir George Rose, d., 9941. 

, Count, defeats Don Miguel, 11101 . 

Sartwell, Henry Parker, b., 1022; d.,2582. 
Sasbach, Baden, battle at, 7962. 
Saskatchewan, Can., Riel insurrection, 

5852 ; see erected, 9782 ; Bp. Pinkham 

cons., 9962. 
Sassacus defeats Albemarle, 2322. 
Sassi nides, dynasty of, 11071 ; last of, 

11072. 
Satanita wins race, 4693. 
Satara, fort of, conquered, 10441; under 

Brit, rule, 10473. 
Satolli, Arehbp., arrives, 3463; apostolic 

delegate ; Wigger-ICilleen controversy, 

4221 ; policy confirmed, 4302 ; English in 

Catholic cathedrals, 4581 ; sustains Bp. 

Watterson, 4001; against liquor-traffic, 

4661, 2. 
Satory, Fr., military camp est., 7321 , 
Satricum, Latin colony at, 1051 3 . 
Satsuma clans, rebellion of, 10932. 
Satterly, A. W., nom. for v.-pres., 4093. 
Saturday Maqazine , Am., appears, 1311 . 

issued, G. B., 9463. 

Saturn, satellites dis., 6922, 954 1 ; inner 

ring dis,, 9561 . 
Saturninus, L. Apuleius, leader, in Rome, 

10573. 
Saturnus worshiped, 10503. 
Safyra da t'v/ice e inftlice Vida appears, 

11091. 
Satyrus, reigns, 11473. 
Saucourt, Northmen defeated at, 6661. 
Sauer, Andrew, embezzler, 4531 . 
Sauk Rapids, Minn., tornado at, 3222, 
Saul, 1st K. Israel, 11432; delf 

Gilead, 11421 ; est. standing army, 11421 ; 

against Amalekites ; at Mt. Gilboa, 

11421; rejected as king; burnt ottering, 

11422; consults witch, 11431 ; search for 

David, 11432. 

, D., Poems, 8362. 

Saulcy, Louis Felicien Jos. Caignart de, 

b., 7162; d., 7522. 
Saulsbury, Eli, b., 1262 ; nom. for pres., 

2792; d., 4261. 

, Grove, gov., Del., 2511 . 

, Willard, b., 4021 ; d., 4041 . 

Sault Ste. Marie fnd., 433 ; chapel built, 

443. 
Saumara built, 4871 . 
Saumarez, Baron de, title created, 945 1 . 
Saunders, Alvan, gov. Neb., 2032. 

, E. of, lord admiralty, 9133. 

, Sir Edmund, chief justice ; minister, 

8972; d. (1683). 

, Sir Edward, chief justice, 8732. 

, George N., capture, 2473. 

, Sir James, b. (1757) defeats Sp. fleet, 

9301; d. (1836). 
Saunderson, Nicholas, b. (1682) ; d., 9103. 
Sauppe, Hermann, b., S08 3 . 
Saurin, Jacques, b., 6923; d., 6983. 



Sam-ma, Baron, ambassador, 4371 . 
Saussaye, De, explorer, 5713. 
Saussier, Gen., election vote, 7571 . 
Saussure, Horace Ben6dicte de, b.-d., 

11372. 
Sautre, "Wm., burned, 8602. 
Saux, Sophie de, b., 7243. 
Savage Station, Va., battle at, 2092. 

.JamesW., director U. P. R.R.Co.,3512. 

, John, b., 1362; d. (1888). 

, , conspirator, 8753. 

, Minot Judson, b., 1522. 

, Richard, b., 9002; d., 9103. 

Club formed, 9623. 

Savannah taken, 1961 ; prisoners, 197 3 . 

wrecked passengers arrive, 4373. 

Savannah, Ga., settled; streets laid out, 

632; Moravians at, 633 ; Jews org., 622 ; 
Church of Eng. org., 711 ; Georgia Ga- 
zette, 731; attacked, 901, 91 1 , siege of, 
903 ; captured, 90i ; Brit, evacuate, 943; 
fire, 1073,3393, 4513; storm, 1121 ; yellow 
fever, 1273, 1293; burned, 1293; freshet 
in river, 1501; bread riot, 2333; Sher- 
man at, 2402, 3 ; Sherman leaves, 2421 ; 
anniversary of settlement, 3133 ; cy- 
clones, 3201 ; Robt. Williuk, k., 3802 ; 
train robbers, 3911; wharf laborers 
strike, 3923 ; David Porter k., 4002; City 
of Birmiiii/1/nm arrives, 4373 ; longshore- 
men's battle, 4703; fire in steamers, 475 3 . 

, M. E. Conference fmd., 2903. 

, Tenn. River expedition lands, 2043. 

Savary, Gen. Anne Jean Marie Rene\ 
b. (J774), in Algeria, 82; d. (1883). 

, Jacques, b., 6863; d., 6942. 

, Nicolas, b., 701 1 ; d., 7062. 

Savatopulk in Moravia, 5031 ; d., 5022. 

Savery, Capt. Thomas, inventions, 9001 ; 
atmospheric engine, 9041 ; d. (1715). 

Savigny, Gen. Karl Friedrieh von, b., 
8042 ; Possession, 8083; d., 8202. 

Savile, Baron, title created, 9963. 

, Geo.,Marq. of Halifax, b.,8822; min- 
ister, 8972; pres. gov't, 8991 ; d. (1695). 

, Sir Henry, b., 8701; works, 8751, 

8771; d., 8802. 

Savings Banks. fSee also Banks.) 

, G. B-, Pari, controls, 9391 ; post- 
age stamps, 987 2 . 

Bill passes, Fr., 7652. 

Investment Acts, 9692, 9732. 

Savoie, Marie Josephine Louise de, mar- 
ries Louis XVIII. , 7053. 

Savolax, annexed to Sweden, 11352. 

Savoldo, Girolamo, paints Holy Family, 
10801 . 

Savona, It., captured, 10841. 

Savonarola, Girolamo, b., 10783 ; leader 
reformation, 10791; writings, 1079 2 ; 
rules Florence, 10793; d., 10791. 

Savory, Joseph, elected lord mayor, 10052. 

Savoy, Fr. annexed, 7092; ceded to Fr., 
713 2 ; treaty for annexing, 735 2 ; erected 

1 a duchy, 10792; Royal Acad, est., 10822; 
war with Genoa, 10821; occupied, 10841. 

, Duke of. (See Eugene, Prince.) 

Conferences, fruitless, 8902. 

confession approved, 463. 

Save, circular, introduced, 9242. 

fly, wheat pest, appears, 3581 . 

Sawmills, Augsburg, Breslau, Silesia, 
7822; erected, G. 15., S901 , 9181 , 11053; in 
Ger., 7681 ; wind, invented, 8821 . 

Sawtelle, Charles G.,com. col., 4701. 

Sawyer, Charles H., gov. N. H., 3293. 

, Philetus, b., 1242. 

, Wm. E., incandescent lamp, 298* . 

, Kingston, b., 9423; d. (1876). 

Sax, Antoine Joseph (Adolph Sax), b. 
(1814); d., 7661 . 

Saxa Rubra, It., action at, 1066 2 . 

Saxe-Altenberg in N. Ger. Confederation, 
8252. 

Coburg-Gotha, Ger., fnd., 7973; John 

Ernest, !>., 7902 ; his sons rule as dukes, 
8012; Ernest Fred. I., D., 8033; Francis 
Fred. Anthony, H.,8073; Ernest III., D., 
8092 ; in Germanic Confed., 8113 ; de- 
posed ; exchanges territory ; Ernest I., 
D., 8133 ; reforms est., 8171 ; in N. Ger. 
Confederation, 8252 ; D. of Edinburgh ; 
reigns, 8371 . 

.Hermann Maurice, Count of, b., 6943; 

takes Brussels, 542i ; at Fontenoy ; mar- 
shal-gen. of Fr. ; in Holl. ; takes Namur, 
7001 ; conquests, 11002; d., 8022. 

Hildburghausen, Prince of, at Ross- 
bach, 7021. 



Saxe-Schi. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1401 



Saxe, John Godfrey, b., 1242; works, 1643; 
1863,2551, 2903; d.,3261. 

Meiningen, Ger., fnd., 7973; annexa- 
tions, 8133 ; joins Ger. Confederation, 
8252. 

-Teschen, D. of. (See Albert Kasi- 

— — Weimar, Ger., fnd., Eisenach an- 
nexed, 7972; divided, 7973 ; reunited, 
8012 ; center of learning, 8033 ; Charles 
Albert, D., 8033 ; becomes duchy, 8092 ; 
accessions of territory; a grand duchy, 
811 2 ; in Confederation ; new constitu- 
tion, 8113 ; Charles Fred., G. D., 8152 ; 
Charles Alex., G. 1)., 8193; Liberal party 
active, 8212 ; in N. Ger. Confederation, 
8252; Pr. William bankrupt, 8343. 

, Gustave, Pr. of, d., 5342. 

Eisenach, Duke, b. (1604): d., 

8361. 

theater, Ger., 7822, 8052. 

-Sax ton, Joseph, b., 1082 ; magneto-electric 
machine, 946 1 ; d., 2821 . 

, Rufus, b. (1824); enlists negroes, 2121 ; 

at Charleston, 247 i . 

Saxo Grammaticus, b.-d.,635i; mentions 
skating, 6353; translation of, 637 1 . 

Saxon Clironirle appears, 7803. 

Heptarchy, 8432, 3452 ; dynasty falls, 

8461 ; supremacy restored, 847 2 . 

English language intro., 8483. 

Saxons, country of, 7691; aid Carausius, 
7692 ; invade Brit., 8412 ; invade Rom. 
empire, 10712 ; enter Kent, 8401 ; do- 
mestic, 8411; revive idolatry, 8403 ; i n 
Eng.,7712; inNeth., 10973; independent, 
7712; war vote, 7713; subjugated, 7701, 
7771 ; repudiate Christian faith, 6643 ; 
conveyance law of land, 8451 ; revolt, 
775 3 ; army surrenders, 5142 ; defeated 
by Henry III., 7742 j Maurice besieges 
Magdeburg; defeats Imperialists, 7921 ; 
concessions to Protestants revoked ; 
Jesuits in favor, 7923; Augustus, elector, 
7932; Christian I., elector ; Christian II., 
John Geo. I., 7983 ; Altenburg inde- 
pendent ; Prot. union meets, 7933 ; suffers 
in 30 yrs'. war ; Leipsic taken ; Magde- 
burg blockaded, 7941 ( 7951 ; Tilly takes 
Madgeburg ; Gustavus wins at Leipsic ; 
invades Bohemia ; Wallenstein invades ; 
Gustavus wins at Liitzen, 7942 ; B. of 
Magdeburg, 796 1; John Geo. II.; John 
Geo. III., electors, 7973 ; B. of Olsnitz, 
of Brandiez; 2d B. Leipsic; Pietists rise, 
7983; League of Augsburg ; John George 
IV., elector; Fred. Augustus L, elector ; 
electors are kings of Poland ; alliance 
with Den. and Bus., 7993 j invaded by 
Fred. II., 8001 ; Moravians commence 
Herrnhut, 8003; war of the Polish suc- 
cession ; Fred. Augustus II., elector, 
5012 ; ally of Aust. ; indemnity to Prus., 
8013; 3d Silesian war ; Fred. II. invades ; 
Fr. allies in; Aust. overruns, 8021 ; Peace 
of Hubertsburg ; Fred. Augustus III., 
elector, 9033; ally of Prus., 8052, 819 1 ; 
Fred. II. opposes emp. ; League of Ger. 
Princes find. ; Fred. William II. reigns; 
Cong, of Reiekenbaeh meets, 8053 ; in 
coalition, 9332; Fr. takes territory, 7161 , 
withdraws from alliance, 8092, 3; peace 
with Napoleon, 7172 ; loses Magdeburg ; 
Aust. holds Dresden, 8093 ; Napoleonic 
wars ; battles, 8101 ; Univ. Wittenberg 
joined, to Halle ; king flees, ; Fr. enter, 
8111; leaves Confed. Rhine, 8112; Prus. 
gains part ; in Germanic Confederation, 
8113; Univ. of Urfurt suspends, 8131; 
Ger. Union of Nat. Philosophers org. 
8132; railway, Leipsic to Dresden, 814 1 ; 
Anthony Clement k. ; revolution ; Fred. 
Augustus II., regent; king, 1831; new con- 
stitution Zollverein est., 8152, riots, 817 1 ; 
insurrection, 8181 ; in alliance, 3 kings ; 
favors revision ; Union Pari, est., 819 1 ; 
John, king, 8211 ; invades Holstein ; 
Prus. invades, 8221 , 8241 ; ally of Aust., 
8221 ; capital punishment abo|ished,825i , 
treaty with Prus., 8252 ; Albert, king, 
8292; women in Univ., 8322; shoe dealers' 
strike, 8343. 

Saxony, Ger., Arminius revolts, 7681 ; 
Laws of Ina; bishoprics est., 7703 ; Sax- 
onssettlein Eng.,7712; rebellion against 
Charlemagne ; Franks subjugate ; re- 
volt, 7713; Magyars made, 772i ; monas- 
tery of Magdeburg est., 7723; duchy est.; 
Magdeburg fnd., 7732; s. Dynasty rules 



Ger.; North Mark est., 7733 ; House of 
Billing rules, 7733 ; Magdeburg arch- 
bishopricfnd.,7742; Henry IV. invades ; 
revolters defeated ; Wends defeated ; 
imperialists defeated, 7761 ; subdued by 
Henry, 7771; given to Albert, 7772; 
Henry the Lion D. ; Guelfs vs. Ghibel- 
lines ; Albert the Bear abdicates ; 
given to Henry the Lion, 7773; Bernard, 
D. ; Anhalt and Wittenberg annexed ; 
Henry overthrown; electoral divided, 
7791 ; Hohenstaufens vs. Welfs, 7793 ; 
Dresden fnd., 7812; divided into duchies, 
7812; Adolf devastates, 7821; Meissen 
Cathedral fnd. ,7*22; Altenburg annexed, 
7S32; Wittenberg favored; Kudolph II., 
first elector, 7833; Univ. of Erfurt est., 
Univ. of Leipsic, 7851; given to Fred. ; 
Thuringia separated ; reunited, 7853 ; 
rifled gun inv., 7862 ; Univ. of Witten- 
berg fnd. ; Martin Luther in Univ., 7871 ; 
Leipsic fairs important ; divided ; Dres- 
den, capital ; Fred. ILL, D. of part ; Fred. 
III., D., 7872 ; George elector, 7873 ; 
encaustic painting ; lace-making ; Luth- 
er's Beformation, 7882, 3 ; Anabaptists 
appear; Protestant alliance, 7891; Ar- 
ticles of Muhlhausen ; John, elector, 
7893; Protestants under ban, 7911 ; elec- 
tor presents a Protest ; elector chief of 
League of Schmalcald ; John Fred., D., 
7912 ; Henry, elector ; Maurice, elec- 
tor ; Protestants under ban ; Altenburg 
added; Duke Maurice, elector; Dresden, 
capital, 7913. 

Saxony, peace of, 5132, 800i , 8252. 

Say, Horace Emile, b., 7102; d., 7342. 

, Jean Baptiste, b. (1767) ; Political 

Economy, 7152; d., 7262. 

, Leon, b. (1826); minister, 

7473,7493,7511,2,3, 7532; Academician, 
7521 ; pres. senate, 753 1 . 

, Lord Treas., executed; 862* . 

, Thomas, b., 982; d., 1422. 

Saybrooke, Conn., fort built ; Indians 
ravage, 341 ; Dutch expelled, 352; pur- 
chased, 373; Puritans at, 47i; British 
surprise, 1221 ; wreck, 4773. 

Platform formed, 563. 

Sayce, Archibald H.,b.,9522; works, 9963. 
Saye, Baron, title created, 8772. 

(or Say) and Sele, Viscount (Wm. 

Fiennes, b. 1582); minister, 8912; d. 
(1662). 

Sayers, Joseph D., b., 1522. 

, Thomas, prize fighter, 9643. 

Sayids, House of, reigns, 1043 3 ; over- 
thrown, 10452. 

Sayings of Alfred, author unknown, 8523. 

Sayle, Wm., in S. C, 451 . 

Sayre, Pa., murder in, 4511 . 

, David Austen, b. (1793); d., 2702. 

Sayreville, N.J. .Clemens Warner stabbed, 
4743. 

Sayward, unlawful sealing, 3772. 

Sayyid (or Sayid), takes Medina, 4861; 
reigns, 4873, 

Ali, Sultan, 5632. 

Aseer, deposed, 4883. 

Barghash-b in-Said, decree, 5613 • d., 

5623. 

Khalifa-Said, Sultan, 5623. 

Khiz Khan reigns, 10433. 

of Muscat, d., 5613. 

Thuwainy obtains Oman, 4882, Zan- 
zibar, 4883. 

Toorkee captures Muscat, 4883. 

Sazava, monastery of, fnd., 5023. 

Sealawags, nicknamed, 277 2 . 

Scales, Alfred Moore, b. (1827); gov., 3233. 

Scaliger, Joseph J., b., 6803; works, 6851, 
6871; d.,6862. 

, Julius Caisar, b., 10783; works, 10812; 

d., 10803. 

Scammon, Rachel, in N. H., 583. 

Scanderberg, Rev. (Alexander), or Geo. 
Castriota, b.-d., 11562; defeated, 11561 . 

Scandia, cholera, 4153. 

Scandinavian Soc. advances confedera- 
tion, 11363. 

Scandinavians in Greenland, 1038 2 . 

Scanlan, Lawrence, cons, vicar apostolic, 
3262. 

, William J., d., 1781 . 

Scanlen and Molteno ministry fmd., 6031 . 

Scannell, Richard, cons. E. C. bp., 3282. 

Scapula, John, b., 7902. 

Scarborough, E. of, title created, 8991 . 

, John, b. (1831); cons. P. E. bp., 2862. 



Scariff, eviction riots, 9871. 

Scarlatti, Alessandro, b., 10831 ■ works of, 
10822; d., 10841. 

Scarpa, Antonio, b., 10842; d., 10862. 

Scarphea, action at, 10281 . 

Scarron, Paul, b., G862; works, 6891 6903; 
d., 6902. 

Scarrytown, W. Va., Federals captured, 
1963. 

Scarsdale, Baron, title created, 9152. 

Scaurus, Marius Amilius, invades Tau- 
risci, 502 1 ; Roman prefect, 1151 2 ; builds 
marble theater, 1150 1,2; victories in 
Syria, 11511. 

Sceaux, Prus., attacked, 7403. 

Sceptre takes Dutch E. Indiaman, 9261; 
wrecked, 9282. 

Schack, Ct. Adolf Friedrich von, b. (1815) ; 
Moors in Spain, 8342. 

Godenhaus Wilhelm Friedrich, b., 

8043; d.,8202. 

Schadow, Johann Gottfried, b., 8023; d., 
8181. 

Schaeberle's comet visible, 988i . 

Schaefrer, Chas. Fred., b., 1141 ; d., 3022. 

Schafer, Arnold, b., 8122; d., 8302. 

Schaff, Philip, b., 1281; works, 2603,2651, 
3323, 3982; d.,4401. 

.Sehaghticoke, N. Y., settlement destroyed, 
681. 

Scharf, John Thomas, b. (1843); gift to 
Johns Hopkins University, 3822. 

, Joseph, trial of, 5303. 

Scharnhorst, Gerhard David von, b., 8023; 
commission, 8081 ; d., 8102. 

Scharnow, riot, 11223. 

Schassburg, Hung., battle, 5222. 

Schauenstein, Count Buol,prime minister, 
5243; resigns, 5252. 

Schaumburg-Lippe, Ger. est., Philip, count, 
7972; prineipalitv. .su ( .)3; in confedera- 
tion, 8113; in Tariff Union, 8193. 

Scheffel, Jos. Victor von, b., 8123; d.,8321. 

Schemer, Johann, b. (1621); works,797i,2; 
d. (1679). 

Schemer, Christoph, b. (1575) ; invents 
pantagraph, 7921; invents helioscope, 
7943; d. (1650). 

Schelandre, Jean de, Tyr et Siddon, 6872. 

Schelde (or Scheldt), closed to commerce, 
5413, 5431, 5473; abolishment of dues 
celebrated; 5443; capitalized by treaty, 
11023. 

Scheele, Karl Wilhelm, b.-d.; discoveries 
of, 11342. 

Schell City, Mo., train robbed; 3702. 

Schellendorf, Count von, retires, 8332; 
minister, 8371. 

Scheller, Geo., arrested for arson, 3133. 

Schelling, Friedrich G., b., 8023; d., 8143. 

, Friedrich Wilhelm Joseph von, b., 

8041; works, 8072; d., 8201. 

Schemberg, Theodorich, Frau Jutte, 7871 . 

Schenck, Robert Cumming, b., 1162; de- 
feated at Vienna, 196 1 ; at McDowell, 
2071 ; martial law in Md., 2232; arrests 
disloyalists, 2292; minister to G. B., 
2731 ; in Joint Commission, 2732 in Em- 
ma Mines fraud; resigns, 2913; at Lin- 
coln Tower, 9792; d., 3541 . 

Bill passes, 2592, 2663, 2671. 

Schendel, Petrus van, b., 5423; d., 5442. 

Schenectady, N. T., purchased, 413; set- 
tled, 43 2 ; attacked, 501 ; Academy fmd., 
983; Union Coll. org., 1063; R. R. to Al- 
bany, 1393; 200th anniversary of mas- 
sacre, 3523; Conven. Y. W.C. A., 4001; 
burned, 5721. 

and SaratogaR. R. opd., 1413. 

Schenk, Hugo, executed, 5303. 

Schenkel, Daniel, b., 8102; d., 8302. 

Schenkendorf , Max von, b. (1783); Poems, 
8111; d. (1817). 

Scherer, Gen. Barthelemy Louis Joseph, 
b. (1747); at Valenciennes, 710i ; atMag- 
nano, 7122; d. (1804). 

, Edmond Henri Adolphe, b., 7222; 

works, 7303, 7351 ; d., 7581 . 

Schereschewsky, Samuel T. J., cons. P.E. 
miss, bp., 2962. 

Schermerhorn, Simon J., b., 1342. 

Scherzer, Karl von, b., 5202. 

Schiaparelli, Giovanni Virginio, b., 10862; 
double canal in Mars, 4122. 

Schieren, Mayor, prohibits boxing, 4531. 

Schill, Ferdinand von, b., 8041 ; ends war 
with Fr., 8081; d., 8083. 

Schiller wrecked, 8293. 

Schiller, Johann Christoph Friedrich von, 



1402 



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Schi-Seot. 



b.,8023; works, 8051,2, 807', 2, 9291; d., 

8082; bust, 186'. 
Schilling, Johann, b., 8142. 
Schinkel, Karl Friedrich, b., 8042; d.,816'. 
Schism of the West, 7842; formal, Eng., 

8723. 

Actintro. Eng., 9043; passed, 9052; 

repealed, 9072. 

Sehlagiiitweit, Adolf, b., 8142; d., 820'. 
, Baron Hermann von, b., 8123; d., 

8302. 

, Kobert, b., 8142; d., 8302. 

Schlauch, L., consecrated, 536' . 
Schlegel, August Wilhelm von, b.,803'; 

■works, 8072, 8091, 8132; d., 8162. 

, Elias, Theatrical Works, 801'. 

, Karl Wilhelm Friedrich von, b., 

803', works, 8072; d., 8142. 
Schlegler Asso. formed, 7852. 
Schleicher, August, b., 8122; d., 8243. 
Schleiden, Matthias Jakob, b., 8082 ; d., 

830'. 
Schleiermacher, Friedrich Ernst Daniel, 

b., 803' ; works, 8072, 8132; d., 8143. 
Schleuburg, Count J. M., at Corfu, 10341. 
Schleswig, Prus., Aust.-Prus. Army in, 

5261 ; war with, 6361 ; conquered, 636' , 

638'. 794'; surrendered to Danes, 7752; 

annexed to Den., 8222; incorporated 

with Prus., 8252; freedom favored, 831 ' . 

-Holstein ; Ditmarshes war with 

Den.; Danes defeated, 7861 Ditmarshes 
submit to Den., 7932; conquered by Im- 
perialists, 7941 ; Altona burned, 7981 ; 
union with Den. decreed, 8171; wars 
against Den.; Fred. VII. against, 6401; 
revolt ; incorporated ; question dis- 
cussed, 8172; common gov't est., 8173; 
2d war; 3d war, 8181; claims recog- 
nized; gov't recognized, 81S3; constitu- 
tion illegal; constitution revived, 8211; 
ceded, 5233; dispute, 8212, 8222, S23', 
8252; war in, 822', Federal Commis- 
sioners in, 6413; conquered, 796' ; incor- 
poration prevented, 5261 ; ceded to allies, 
5263 ; rights transferred, 5272. 

Conference meets, 967 2 . 

Schlettstiidt, tier., bombarded, 7422. 

Schley, William, b. (1786); gov. Ga., 1453; 
d.(1858). 

, Winfleld Scott, b. (1839); commands 

expedition ; finds Greely expedition, 
316' ; promoted capt., 328' ; final re- 
port, 3993. 

Schlever, Johami Martin, invents Yola- 
piik, 754'; Volapiik, 8303. 

SehlietrVn, Gen. von. chief of gcn.staff,834i . 

Schliemann, Heinrich, b., 8122; works, 
8251,829', 8.303; explorations at Troy; 
at Mycenrc, 1158' ; d., 834' . 

Schloss, David F., Industrial Remunera- 
tion, 4203. 

Schlossarck executed, 5303. 

Schlosser, Friedrich C, b., 8042; works, 
8052, 807', 813', 8163; d., 8202. 

Schlozer, August L. von, b.,8002; History 
of North, 805' ; d., 8083. 

Sehnialkald, alliance of, 7903; league fa- 
vored, 5102. 

Sclimauss, Johami Jakob, b., 7982; d., 
8023. 

Schmerling, Anton von, b. (1805) minis- 
ter, 8173; ministry ends, 823'; d. (1893). 

Selunid, Leopold, b., 8083; d. (1869). 

Schmidt, Dervck, gov. Pa. (1655). 

, Heinrich Julian, b., 8122; d., 8321 . 

, Michael L., b., 8002; d., 8063. 

Schmittberger, Police Capt., bribery, 4523. 

Schmitz, Leouhard, b., 8083; d., 10022. 

Sclnnolk, Benjamin, b., 7903; d., 8002. 

Schmucker, Sam. Simon, h. (1799); d., 2821 . 

Schneider, Augusta, shoots tenant, 4403. 

, Conrad "victor, b., 7923; d., 7971 . 

, Joseph Eugene, b., 7163; pres. cham- 
ber, 7373; d., 7501. 

, Hortense Catherine, b., 7262. 

, Johann Georg, b., 8022; d., 8122. 

Schnell, Augustus, surety for J. Davis, 
2563. 

Schnorr von Karolsfeld, Julius, b., 8063; 
d., 8281. 

Schoener, Leonard, burned, 7902. 

Schoenfelder, Prof., Archbp. of Bamberg, 
8342. 

Schoepf, Maj., at NewportNews,202'. 

Schofield, John McAllister, b., 1382; com- 
mands army of Mo., 2222; moves 23d 
corps, 2301 ; at Goldsboro; at Kinston, 
2303; commands army of Ohio, 2322; 



reaches Columbia; retires before Hood, 
2401; at Franklin, 2402; commands in 
N. C, 2421 ; captures Ft. Anderson, 2422; 
defeats Confederates at Kinston, 2441 ; 
commands 1st military district, 256'; 
at Richmond, 2572; removed, 262' : sec. 
war, 263', 267'; maj.-gen., 266' ; trial 
of Fitz-John Porter, 298' ; military 
board, 322' ; commander U. S. A., 330' . 

Schb'ffer, Peter, b., 7843; d., 7863. 

SchofHer, M., beheaded, 4803. 

Scholecher, Victor, abolishes slavery, 7303. 

Scholey, George, lord mayor Loud. ,9353. 

SehoH,'Maximiliaii Samson Friedrich, b., 
8023; d., 8142. 

Scholten, Johannes Hendrik, b.-d., 1102' . 

Scholz, Dr. von, minister; resigns, 835' . 

Schomberg, Capt., in Madagascar, 9342. 

, Fred, von, b. (1615); commands at 

Villaviciosa, 1128' ; in Eng. with Wil- 
liam of Orange, 8901 ; k. (1690). 

, Comte Henri de, b., 684' ; at Castel- 

nandary, 68S' ; d., 6882. 

SchombuVgk, Sir Kobert Hermann, b., 
8082; water-lily, 9482; d., 822'. 

Schonbein, Christian Friedrich, b., 8063. 
dis. antozone. 820'; dis. ozone, 1138'; 
guncotton;colloilioii,8l61, 11381 ;d.,8243. 

, Johann L.. d., 8222. 

Schonborn, F. de Paul, Cardinal, 5322. 

Schbnbrann, O., Indian mission opd., 763. 

Schonbrunn, Aust., peace of, 5193; sover- 
eigns meet, 8231 . 

Schbnebeck, Bruno von, Sour/ or' Solomon, 
7803. 

Schonlein, Johann Lucas, b.,8062; d.(1864). 

School Act, reformatory, passes, 9623. 

, Can., passes, 5823. 

Inspection Bill opposed, Ger., 8263, 

Schoolcraft, Henry Kowe, b., 104*; disc. 

source of Miss. River, 1401 ; works, 1283, 
1443; d., 2411. 

School of Philo.; Seaside Assembly, 3862. 

Schools opposed, Algeria, 102; in Iceland, 
132. 

, Am. Conf. of Protestant Denomina- 
tions on morals in, 3702; in the South 
progressing, 3423 ; public, defense of, 
la., 3602; no Bible in, 3923; p op e Leo's 
letter on, 4322. 

provided in Aust., 5242. 

increased, Hung., 5321. 

, Can., separate lor R. C. denied, 5902, 

592'. 

, China, established, 6102; promoted 

by emperor. 6142. 

, Ger., est. imperial control by Joseph 

II., Ger., 8052; free, are est., 813'. 

, G. B., teach in English, 8603; charity 

first in London, 8963, 9043; charter est., 
9091; infant, first in Scot., 9383; in Lon- 
don, 9391; Board-schools in Sheffield, 
9783. 

in railway cars, Rus., 11203. 

Schoolship Cornwall established, 9631. 
Schoonmaker, Augustus, l>. (1828) ; Inter- 
state Commissioner, 351 2 . 

, Jacob, pres. Reformed synod, 1351. 

Schopenhauer, Arthur, b., 8043 ; advocates 
pessimism, 8121 ; works, 8131 ; d. (I860.) 

— — , Madam (Johanna HenrietteTrosina), 
b., 8031; d., 8181. 

Schopflin, Johann Daniel, b., 7982; d., 
8031. 

Sehopper, Hermann, Speculum vitas auli- 
cx, 7931 . 

Schottelius, Justus G., works, 7971. 

Schouler, James, b., 1502; works, 3063, 
4482. 

Schouvaloff, Count Peter, d., 11201. 

Schouw, Joachim Fredic, b., 6382; Geog- 
raphy of Plants, 6391 ; d., 6403. 

Schrader', F.berhard, b., 8143. 

Schreuder mission, 5982. 

Schreyer, Adolph, b., 8142. 

Schro'ter, Christoph Gottlieb, b. (1649); in- 
vents pianoforte, 7982; d. (1782), 

Schubert, Franz Peter, b., 8063; d., 8141. 

Schuehburg, Richard, Yankee Doodle, 9132. 

Schufeldt, Commodore Robert W., sent to 
Korea, 10941 . 

Schulembourg, Johann Matthias, b.,7963; 
d., 8003. 

Seluilte, Johann Friedrich von, 8141. 

Schultz, C. A., feud, 3903. 

, Heinrich, writes music, 7943; pre- 
pares cinnebar, 7982. 

, John Christian, b. (1840) ; gov. Man- 
itoba ; gives hospital site, 5862. 



Schultze, Ernst, d., 812' . 

, Johann Abraham Peter, b., 8003; d.. 

807'. 

, Max Johann Sigismund, b., 8123; d., 

828'. 

Scbulze, Ernst, b., 8043; Enchanted Hose, 
813'. 

— Delitzsch, Hermann, b., 807' ; d., 

8302. 

Schumacher, Hendrick Christian, b., 6382: 
d., 6403. 

, Peter, C. of Griffenfeld, b., 6362; d., 

6363. 

Schumann, Robert, b., 8102; d., 820' . 

, Valentine, A'achtbuclilein, 793'. 

Schrums, Mrs. Annie, murdered, 448 3 . 

Sehuremaii, John, president synod, 1242. 

, W. H., embezzling, 4303. 

Schurman, Jacob Gould, b. (1854) ; presi- 
dent Cornell, 4042. 

Schurz, Carl, b., 1362; pres. Liberal Re- 
publicans, 2783; minister, 295 2 ; presi- 
dent Reform League, 4763. 

Schuyler, Eugene, b.. 1522; d. (1890). 

, Peter, b. (1675) ; Can. raid ; protects 

settlers ; liberates Mohawks, 52' ; leads 
Iroquois, 574' ; commands in N. Y., 593; 
d. (1724). 

, Philip John, b. (1733) ; with Wash- 
ington at Morristown, 843; commands 
northern army, 86 2 ; in N. Y., 87'; d., 
1122. 

Schuylkill, Pa., Dutch purchase land, 333. 

Schwab, anarchist, sentenced, 3272. 

, Count, monument to, 364' . 

Schwabe, Heinrich Samuel, b. (17S9) ; dis. 
sun-spots, 812' ; d. (1875). 

, Magiste, works, 801' . 

Sclrwabenspif act issued, 7783. 

Sehwach, Smaa/lif/tr appears, 11042. 

Schwanhard uses tiuoric acid, 7963. 

Schwann, Theodor, b., 8102; cell theory, 
814' ; d., 8302. 

Schwanthaler, Ludwig Michael, b., 8082; 
d.,8102. 

Schwartz, Mine. (Marie Sophie Birath) , b., 
1136' ; works, 11363. 

, Wilhelm, b., 8122. 

Schwarz, Christian Friedrich, b.,8002; d., 
8063. 

, Karl Heinrich Wilhelm, b., 8102. 

Schwarzburg - Rudolstadt, principality, 
7993; in Confederation, 8093. 

Sondershausen, principality, 7992; 

Confederation, 8093; hi N. Ger.' Confed- 
eration, 8252. 

Schwarzenberg, Pr. Alexis, wounded, 5323. 

, Felix Ludwig Johann Friedrich von, 

b. (1800); ministry, 5233, 8173; against 
union, 8192; d. (1852). 

, Prince Karl Philipp von, b., 5163; in 

Bohemian armv. 52(1' ; against Napo- 
leon, 7181; at Nbllendorf, 7201 ; at Leip- 
sic,7202; atBar-sur-Aube,7203; d.,8122. 

Schwatka, Fred., b., 1662; leads Franklin 
search expedition, 3021; in N. Mex., 
3401; in Chicago, 3533; Land of Cliff- 
dwellers, 4782; d., 4161. 

Schwechat, Hungarians routed at, 5221. 

Schwcglcr, Albrecht, b., 8122 ; works, 8163 ; 
d., 8201 . 

Schweidnitz, Prus., Austrians take ; Fred- 
erick II. takes, 5162; castle stormed; 
Austrians defeated, 8022. 

Schweinfurth Georg August, b., 8143. 

Schweinitz, Edmund Alexander, b., 1322; 
(1887). 

, von, Lewis David, b., 931 ; d., 1422. 

Schweinschadel, Bohemia, engagement, 
8241. 

Schwenckfeld, Kaspar, b., 7862; d., 7922. 

Schwenkfelders, memorial reunion, 3942. 

Schwerin, Count Kurt Christoph, b.(1684); 
Prussian leader, 5141 ; killed, 5161 . 

Ministry resigns, 8213. 

Schwetschke. Karl Gnstav, b., 8082. 

Sehwilgue, Jean Baptiste, b. (1776); weigh- 
ing machine, 8062; repairs Strasburg 
clock; 8161; d. (1856). 

Schwyz, war with Zurich, 11371 ; chartered 
11373. 

Science, Am. Asso. for Advancement of, 
founded. (See Am. Association.) 

Sciences advance, Eng., 8901 . 

Scientific researches made public, 9242. 

Scotch colonists in Canada, 5713. 

Crofters tenure, 9952. 

E. I. Co. started, 10451 . 

Guards protect Fr. king, 6763. 



Scot-Seem. 



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1403 



Scotch Intelligence issued, S851 . 

— -Irish Congress, Atlanta, 4062, 4302. 
— - Local Government Bill, 10013, 10123. 
Scotists appear, 8542. 

Scotland, Morisonians suspended ; Wit- 
ness issued, 9503; Queen's first visit, 
9513; steam-hammer inv., 9521; discus- 
sions on livings ; Free Church secedes, 
9522; poor-law system est., 953'; United 
Presb. Church fmd. by union ; Edin- 
burgh Philo. Soc. org., 9543; Nat. Gal- 
lery fnd., 950 1 ; Sunday closing enforced, 
959' ; Meteorological Society fud., 9602; 
Aberdeen Univ. amalgamates Marisehal 
and King's colls., 9023; Nat. Bible Soc. 
org., 9642; vaccination compulsory, 9673; 
Nat. Museum of Science and Art opd., 
968 1 ; Parliamentary Reform favored, 
9693; Parliamentary Reform Bill for, 
9713; Tay Bridge opd., 9741 ; Education 
Act passed, 9703; patronage in est. 
church abolished, 9782; Stephen Mitch- 
ell founds free library, 9791 ; Epis. 
Church Central Committee ; Episcopal 
Church Woman's Miss. Asso , 9S0 3 ; R. 
Cath. hierarchy restored, 9822; destruc- 
tive gales, 9881*; Home Rule movement 
org., 9892; Acad, of Music est., 9901 ; 
ejectments resisted, 9943; Forth Bridge 
opd., 10921, 10033, 10053; Home Rule 
Asso. Conf., 1005'; women in St. An- 
drew's Univ., 10082; Free Church jubi- 
lee, 10102; miners' strike ends, 101U. 
(See text, pp. 839-1012 following locality 
word. Scot.) 

Scots Greys Regt. formed, 8961 . 

Scott, Abraham M., gov. Miss., 1393. 

, Austin, pres. Rutgers College, 3722. 

, Carolina Lavinia, marries Benjamin 

Harrison, 1732. 

, Charles, governor Ky., 1153. 

, C. Pern . consecrated bishop, 9862. 

, Sir Geo. Gilbert, b. (1810+) ; designs 

entrance Westminster, 9882; d. (1878). 

, James A., pres. World's Fair, 3S13. 

, John, E. of Eldon, b., 9123; chief 

justice, 9233; minister. 931 2, 9332, 3, 9372; 
d., 9482. 

, , governor Guiana, 10393. 

, — -W., d., 41S1. 

, Levi, b. (1802) ; ord. M. E. hp., 1702; 

d. (1882). 

.Michael, b. (1789); works, 9443; d., 

8562. 

, (or Scotl. magician, d., 856 2 . 

, R. H., Weather Charts, Storm Warn- 
ings, 9811 . 

, Robert Kingston, h. (1826) ; gov. S.C., 

2653. 

, Roger, trial of, 363 . 

Siddons, Mrs. (Mary Frances), b., 

10462. 

, Thomas, b., 9122; d., 9403. 

, Fielding, b. (1807) ; cons. P. E. 

"bishop, 1741 ; d. (1867). 

, H. S., b., 9522. 

— -, Sir Walter, b., 9183; works, 9291, 
9331 , 9371 ,2, 9423, 9431 ; d., 9402; monu- 
ment, 9501 ; statue, 2801 . 

William, M Congress, d., 3922. 

, Anderson, b. (1S13) ; moderator, 

1842; d. (1885). 

, , Baron St.. well, b., 91113; d., 9482. 

, Bell, <L, 10041 ; d. (1890). 

, Winfield, b., 981 ; at Lundy's Lane, 

1222; atMalone; at Fort Erie, 1221; at 
Chicago, 1413; nth commander army, 
1521 ; in Mexico, 160 1 ; at Vera Cruz ; at 
Cerro Gordo ; at Churubusco ; at Con- 
treras, 1621; Mexicans surrender; at 
Chapultepec, 1622; politics in army; 
war-hero, 1633; nom. for pres. U. S., 
1711; vote, 1712, 1732; at Fort Sumter, 
1881; anticipates secession, 1883; com- 
mands Federals, 192'; a t Blue Mills 
Landing, 1983; resigns, 2:02; d., 2521; 
statue, 2571. 

Seottdale, Pa., furnaces close, 375 3 . 

Seotti, rule Piacenza, 10772. 

Scottish church persecuted, 8902. 

Clans Order, fnd.,301 1 : statistics,4463. 

Corporation established. 8931. 

Home Mission to Jews fmd., 9942. 

investigation committee, 9911 . 

Legislation Bill, KMH, 10122. 

Permissive Bill (Temp.) Asso., 9631 . 

Rights Asso. formed, 9591 . 

soldiers in Fr. militia, 6761 . 

Temperance League formed, 9531 , 



Scotto, Alberto, overthrown, 10773. 

Scottville, Ky., Confederate defeat, 2301 . 

Scouller, John Y., moderator, 2842. 

Scran ton. Pa. ,fnd., 1533 ; R. C. diocese est,, 
2642, 2902 ; Soc. Army of Potomac pa- 
rade, 408 2 ; race-war, 4342; ground eaves 
in, 4573, 4693; fire, 4713. 
■, Joseph A., b., 1502; d. (1S64). 



1 Brit. 

'ks, 



- H., d., 2781 

Screw Propellers patented, 948 
Navy, 9501. 

Scribe, Augustin Eugene, b., 7082 ; wo 
7192, 7231 ,2, 7203, 7291 , 7303; d., 7342. 

Scriblerus Club founded, London, 9043. 

Scribner, Chas., b. (1821) ; d., 2741 . 

Scribner's Maoaiiuc founded, 328 3 . 

Monthla established, 2703. 

Scripture Knowledge Inst, fnd., 9163. 

Scriptures forbidden in Eng., 7783, 8522. 

, Canon fixed, 10043. (See Bible.) 

Scrivener, Frederick Henry Ambrose, b., 
9363; d. (1S91). 

Scriver, Christian, b. (1629) ; works, 7971 ; 
d. (1693). 

Scrofula cured by king's touch, 8471 . 

Scroggs, Sir Win., chief justice, 8952 ; d. 
(1683). 

Scrooby, Eng., Independent Church org., 
8782. 

Scroop, Sir Thomas, governor, 8612. 

Scrope, or Scroop, Richard, Archbp. York, 
executed, 8613; 

Scruggs, William L., envoy, 3513. 

Scrutin de liste adopted. Fr., 7532. 

d'arron.lissemeiit Bill passes, 757 2 . 

Scudder, Horace Elisha, b., 1502. 

, Samuel Hubbard, b., 1482. 

Scudery, Georges de, b. (1601±) ; Alaric, 
6903;'d. (1667). 

, Madeleine de, b., 6S62 ; works, 6891 , 

6912; d.,6943. 

Scultetus, Johannes, h., 7922; d., 7963. 

Scutari, Turk., taken, 10793 ; Florence 
Nightingale at, 115S3 ; Am. Coll. for 
Girls est., 11582. 

Scylla, asteroid, discovered, 52S 2 . 

Scyllis, sculptor, 101G 2 . 

Scyros, Gr., pirates reduced, 10183. 

Sevthians, Chinese aid, 6121; at Naissus, 
10522. 

Sea Bird burned, 2613. 

Seabright, N. J., fire, 3853 ; sailors res- 
cued, 4673. 

Seabrooke, Wm. A., gov. S. C, 1652. 

Seabury, Samuel, b., 602 ; P. E. bp. ; in 
Am., 90 3 ; absent from conf., 982 ; in 
House of Bps., 1002 ; d., 1061 . 

Sea-charts introduced, S663. 

Scarield, Earl of, title created, 9031 . 

Sea Fisheries Act passes, 9731 . 

fight, first, Gr., 10141 . 

Gull in U. S. expedition, 1481 . 

Islands, relief for, 4363. 

— — protection, Alaska, 3491 . 

Seal, great, Eng., S813 ; commissioners 
hold, 8871; in commission, 8892, S993, 
9052, 9073. 

, U. S., adopted, 953 ; Confederate, 

2373, 2453, 3333. 

Society founded, 9921 . 

Sealcote, in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 , 

Sealers, unprotected, 5912 ; correspon- 
dence called for, 477 2 ; agreement, 5952. 

Sealing, in St. Lawrence, 5953 ; territory 
outlined, 5962. (See Modus Vivendi.) 

wax intro., S70i , 8733 ; adhesive en- 
velopes supersede, 9553. 

Seals, in Lower St. Lawrence, 5873. 

Seaman, Col., near Butler, 2143. 

Miss. Soc. anniversary, 456 2 . 

Seamen exempt from debt, 9152 ; prayer- 
meetings for, established, .9371 . 

Society, est. in Norway, 1105 3 . 

Seamen's Friend Soc, Am., org., 1351; 
missionaries of, 1363. 

— — ■ Union of Am. Convention, 4283. 

Seamless hose manufactured, 7982. 

Se-ankh-ka-Ra, reigns, Egypt, 647 2 . 

Search of Am. vessels, Eng , 185i . 

Searcy, Ark., action near, 2081 , 

Searle, George Mary, b. (1839) ; discovered 
Pandora, 1841 . 

Jer., pres. Reformed Synod, 1662. 
les, J. E., indicted, 4732; 

Sears, Barnas, b., HO 2 ; baptizes Germans, 

8143 ; d.,3041. 

, Edmund Hamilton, h., 1162; d., 2902. 

Sea Serpent reaches Cowes, 3893, 
Sea-signals systematized, 896 2 . 



Seaton, Baron, title created, 9451. 

, Gen., in Sepoy rebellion, 10481 . 

, William Winston, )>., 962 ; d., 2521 . 

Seattle, Wash., Anti-Chinese rioters, 3221 , 
2, 3232 ; fire, 3413 ; recovers, 3432; anni- 
versary of fire, .ir;i|3 ; Telei/mjili issued, 
3743; Washington Univ. frid., 1991. 

Seaioanhaka burned, 3053 . 

Sea Wi/ng capsized', 3653. 

Seay, A. J., inaug. gov. Okla., 4211. 

, Thomas, governor Ala., 3252, 3332. 

Sebastian, Brazil, founded, 251. 

, king of Port., b.-d., 11092 ; reigns, 

11093 ; invades Morocco, 11101 ; k., 10971 . 

, Wm. King. I). (1814) ; expelled, 1973 ; 

d. (1865). 

Sebastiani, Cointe, Francois Bastien Hor- 
ace, b., 7043 ; d., 7302. 

Sehastojtol, iron-clad launched, 11221; 
Tchesme launched, 11231 . 

.Russia, bombarded, 9581, 9601 ; de- 
stroyed ; evacuated, 9601 , 

Sebennytus, dynasty at, 651 3 . 

Secandum, battle at, 8421 . 

Secannus, .Einilius, theater of, 10513. 

Secession, U. S. A., first conspiracy, 1192 ; 
in Mass., 1232 ; threatened, 1671 ; secret 
prelude, 18S2; S. C. proposes ; non-coer- 
cion, 1883 ; Sec. Cobb joins; Jeff. Davis 
advocates ; committee for pacification ; 
Commissioners for ; commended by M. 
C, 1891; s. C. leads, 1S92; states secede; 
caucus at Wash. ; control of South ; 
Sec. Thompson joins, 191 1 ; ratified in 
Tex., 1923 ; of Va., 1933; mob at Balti- 
more, 1941,3; by coercion, 195 3 ; re- 
jected in Md., 1951 . (See Southern Con- 
federacy and each seceding State.) 

Secessionists seize forts, 1901 ; in North, 
2021. 

Secessionville, S. C, Feds, defeated, 2091 . 

Secchi, Pietro Angelo, b., 10N02; a^ 10882. 

Sechenheim, Ger., battle of, 7861 , 

Seckendorf, Count Friedrich Heinrich 
von, b., 7963 ; d., 8023. 

, Veit Ludwig von, b., 7943 ; d., 79S2. 

Seeker, Thos., b. (1093) ; archbp. Canter- 
bury, 9151; d. (1768). 

Secocceni, lying, leader, 11242. 

Secretan, M. E . paintings of, 7581 . 

Secret-Ballot Bill rejected, G. B., 9572 ; 
law in Am., 3492. (See Australian 
ballot.) 

Service, vote passes, Fr., 7612 ; fund 

voted, 7652. 

Societies condemned, Ire., 9702. 

Secretary bursts boilers, 1753. 

Secretin, M., trial for fraud, 7603. 

Secular education, state controls, 5291 . 

games restored, 1067 1 . 

Union, Am., World's Fair, 4022. 

Security from Violence Act passes, 9672. 

Sedaine, Michel Jean, b. (1719); works, 
7013, 7033, 7051 ; d. (1797). 

Sedalia, Mo., Nat. Farmers' Cong., 3943 ; 
dam, 4432. 

Sedan, Fr., tower of, 6873 ; joins with Sp., 
6881 ; p ro t. Univ. abolished, 6951 ; p r . 
retreat to ; battle of, 7402 ; surrender 
announced; emp. becomes prisoner, 7411 . 

Day, anniversary eel., Ger., 836 3 . 

Sedoleii rescues Aurora, 1073. 

Sedgemoor, Eng., battle of, 8961 . 

Sedgewiek, Adam, b., 9223 ; d. (1873). 

Sedgwick, Catherine y I aria, I >., 100 1 ; works, 
1311,1463; d., 2582. 

, Henry, Elements of Politics, 10082. 

, Gen. John, b., 1211; near Corinth, 

■2081; at Chancellorsville, 2211; at Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ; at Rappahannock Station, 
2281 ; near Kapidan, 2321 ; k., 2323. 

, Theodore b. (1747) ; speaker house, 

1093; pres. senate, 1092 ; d., 1211 . 

, , h. (1811) ; d., 1842. 

Seditious writings prohibited, Eng., 9272 ; 
speeches criminal, 9552. 

Sedley, Sir Charles, b., 8822 ; d., 9022. 

Sedwards, Jeffery, org. Temp. Soc, 9432. 

Seebeck, Johann Thomas, b. (1770) ; ther- 
mo-electricity, 8121 ; d. (1S31). 

Seed Supply Act passes, G. B., 9852. 

Seeley, Elias P., governor N. J., 1433. 

, F. A., minister to Madrid, 355 2 . 

, John Robert, b., 9462 ; works, 9702, 

9843. 

, Julius Hawley, b., 1321 . 

, Samuel C, defaulter, 4762. 

Seely, Henry B., a commander, 3221 . 

Seeriiann, Berthold, b. ,8123 ; d., 8262. 



1404 



Text Figures denote Page. IN J-)li.X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Seet-Seve. 



Seetzen, Ulrich Jasper, b., 8031 ; d., 8102. 

Seftou, Earl, title created, 9172 ; Baron, 
title created, 945 i . 

Sefulu, mission, 6023. 

Segan-Foo, China, taken, 6122. 

Segrave, Baron, title created, 855 1 . 

Seguin, Arthur Edward, b. (1809); d., 3041 . 

, Edouard, b., 7192 - d., 7522. 

Seguir, Alcaeer, captured, 10971. 

Selgur, Comte, Louis Philippe de, b., 7011 j 
d., 7261. 

, Comte, Philippe Paul de, b., 7051; 

NapoUon, 725 1 ; d., 7462. 

Se-hotep-ab-Ka reigns, Egypt, 6472. 

Seikwan, battle at, 6262. 

Seilah, Fr. missionaries dead, 5632. 

Seiss, Joseph Augustis, b., 1303. 

Seitz, John, nom. for gov., Ohio, 389 2 . 

Sejanus, poisons Drusus, 10631 ; under 
Tiberius ; killed, 10632. 

Sekander Lodi, reigns, 10433. 

Sekenen-Ra reigns, "Egypt, 6473. 

Sekigahara, battle of, 10911. 

Selborne,Lord. (See Palmer, Roundell.) 

, Earl of, title created, 9871 . 

, Society established, 9943. 

;Selden, John, b., 8742 ; Table Talk, 8983 ; 
d., 8882. 

Sele, Baron, title created, 8772. 
; Selectmen appointed, Mass., 352. 

Select Vieivs of Literature, 1191 . 

Selenium discovered, 11361 . 

Seleucia burned, 1064 1 ; taken, 1151 1 ; con- 
quered, 11061 ; Council of, meets, 11063 ; 
capital, 11491 ; inhabitants killed, 11532; 
annexed to Mesopotamia, 11551. 

Soleueidre, rule Asia, 10272. 

Seleucidan Era, begins, 11073. 

Seleucus reigns, 1147 3 . 

Seleucus I., Nicator, divides empire, 10271 ; 
unites empire, 10272 ; reigns ; fnds. em- 
pire ; takes Babylon, 11491; recovers 
Babylon, 10253 ; divorces queen, 11483 ; 
at Ipsus ; war with Lysimachus, 10261; 
d., 10272, 11482, H491. 

IV., Philopator, reigns, 1149 2 . 

Callinicus, reigns, 11491. 

Ceraunus, reigns, 11491. 

. Self-binders introduced, Am., 2761. 

denying' >rdinaneepassed, Eng.,8871 ; 

. Selfridge, Capt. Thomas Oliver, b. (1804) ; 
decoration by Fr.,466 3 ; made commo- 
dore, 4561 . 

Seliml.,b.-d., 11562; reigns, 11572; subdues 
Egypt, 6542; calif ale, 4873; i,, Cairo, 6553. 

II., reigns, 11572 ; in Tunis, 11392. 

III., b.-d., 11563 ; reigns, 11572. 

Bey, prisoner, E. Africa, 5641 . 

Selinginsk, mission at, 11171 . 

Seliverskoff, (Jen., killed, 7603. 

Seljuk, Turkish leader, 11552. 

dynasty divided, 1155 2 . 

Turks invade empire, 10321 ; rule Per- 
sia, 11072; kingdom declines, 4872. 

Selkirk, Alexander, b., 8942; d., 9062. 

, Lord, in Hudson Bay territory, 9373. 

, hospital site, Can., 5862 ; settlement 

founded, 5773. 

Sellar, William Young, d., 1004t . 

Sellasia, action at, 10262. 

Sellon, Lvdia Priscilla, est. sisterhoods, 
9543. 

Selma, Ala., Federals capture, 2451 ; Bur- 
rill School opd., 2623; Univ. fnd., 3002. 

Selmer, Christian, impeached, 1105 2 . 

Selons, Henry C, d., 10041 . 

Seluan, N., eons, bishop, 10082. 

Selwyn, Sir Ohas. Jasper, 1. justice, 9713. 

, George Augustus, b., 9351 ; d. (1879). 

, John R., elected bishop, 9803. 

College. (See Cambridge.) 

Selymbria taken, 10221 . 
Semalle leaves Peking, 6233. 
Semanario Erudite issued, 11292. 

Patriotico issued, 11311. 

Pittoresro Espa/'io/ issued, 11311. 

Se-ma-tsien, historical dates, 6102. 
Sembratowics, Archbp., assaulted, 5342. 
Semen-Ptah reigns, Egypt, 6453. 
Seminara, It., battle of, 6782. 
Seminole Indians removed, 1851. 

war in Ala., 1261 , 1701 . 

Semiramis, employs eunuchs, 11411 ; wife 
of Ramman-Xarari III., 11451 . 

Semitic religion in Egypt, 6482. 

Sender, Johann Salonio, b., 7983; d.,8043. 
;, Semraes, Raphael, b., 1162; commands 
Sumter, 1962; commands Alabama, 2121 1 
2343; Service Afloat, 2683; d.,2961. 



Sempach, Switz., battle of, 506i. 
Semper, Gottfried, b., 8082; d., 8301. 

, Karl, h., 8142. 

Sempill, Baron, title created, 867 1 . 
Semple, Eugene, nom. for gov., 3451 . 

, James, b. (1798) ; d., 2541 . 

Semprad, King, martyred, 11551. 
Sempronius, Caius, leader civil strife, 

10571. 
Senalfe, Abys., Italians in, 22. 
Senancour, Etieime Pivert de, b., 7042 ; 

works, 7151 ( 7231 ; d., 7283. 
Senate, U. S., eminent, 1G71 ; library fnd., 

1703 ; occupies new chamber, 1852; extra 

sessions, 2433, ^,373, ^72, 3372; elections 

regulated, 2532 ; all-night session, 4251 ; 

long session, 4411; counting quorum, 

4572. 
, Fr., est., 6332, 7492 ; last meeting, 

741i ; constituted, 7493. 

, Roman, ratifies laws, 10632. 

Senator by appointment void, 4371. 
Senators by direct vote, 4671. 
Sendai, missions at, 10921,2. 
Sendall, "Walter J., governor, 6031 . 
Seneca Falls, N. Y., fire, 3653 . 

Indians, mission among, 1103. 

Mills, Md., Cont'eds. attack, 8961. 

, Lucius Annseus, b.-d., 10622,3; notes 

gravitation; studies tides, 10622; works 
of, 10623; teacher to Nero, 10633; killed, 
10631. 

Senefelder, Alois, or Aloys, b., 8031 ; lith- 
ography, 5191 ; papvgraphy, 520 2 ; d., 
5203. 

Seneffe, Belg., battle of, 6921 . 

Se-nefer-ka-Ra reigns, Egypt, 6472, 

Seneferu reigns, Egypt, 6451,3; leaves in- 
scription, 6452. 

Senegal (see text, p. 1161) ; recovered by 
France, 7053; taken by British, 9341. 

Senegambia, cedes territorial rights, 7631 . 
(See text, p. 1161.) 

Seney, George I., b., 1342; sale of pictures, 
3781; d., 4261. 

Senez, bishop of, expelled, 6991. 

Senior, Nassau Wm, b., 9243; d., 9681. 

Senkorics, Fortress, taken, 5281. 

Sennaar, Africa, taken, 6602. 

Sennacherib reigns, 11453 ; defeats Egyp- 
tians, 650 1 ; great campaign ; takes Ash- 
dod, 11442; in Judea, 11453. 

Senner, Dr., examination, 4311. 

Senones, Celtic, besiege Arretium ; de- 
feated, 10522. 

Senova, Turk., battle at, 5661 . 

Senta, reigns, Egypt, 6453. 

Sentenne, Cure, denounces Labor Day, 
5882. 

Senter, DeWitt C, gov. Tenn., 2693. 

Sentinum, Italy, battle of, 6621 . 

Sentius Saturnius, legatus, 1151 3 . 

Seoul, Japanese repulse troops, 6261 ; fa- 
natical outbreak, 10941 ; mission, 10942 ; 
Union Christian Church org., 10942. 

Separatists, appear ; committed to Black- 
well, 8723. 

Sepharvaim, colony planted, 1145 3 . 

Sepoy Rebellion in India, 10481 ; mutiny, 
6182,9321,9601. 

Septamania, annexed to Fr., 6653. 

Septennial Act passed, Eng., 9053. 

Septien, Jose" Manuel Pareja y.adm.,6072. 

Septuagint version of scriptures, 6523 ; 
translated, 11483. 

Sequoia Park enactment, Cal., 3691 , 3921 . 

Ser reigns, Egypt, 6453. 

Seraing, Belg.,' anarchists, 5471 ; dynamite 
explosion, 548i . 

Serajevo, Bosnia, founded, 5093 ; bom- 
barded, 5281 ; taken, 5123. 

Serampur, Ind., Danes settle, 10443 ; mis- 
sionaries arrive, 10462 ; College of, fnd., 
10463. 

Seraphine, introduced by Green, 9461 . 

Serapis, battle with, 903. 

Serapis, worshiped, Rome, 10643 ; temple 
and worship destroyed, 6543. 

Serfdom, in Cape Colony, 5972 ; abolished 
in Ger., 797 i,Ki:i2; abolished, Eng.,891 1,2; 
abolished in Russia, 11191. 

Serfs, in Mex. and Peru, 113; condition 
improved, Hung., 5172; in Brit., 841 1 ; 
emancipation in Russia, 11211. 

Sergeant, John, b., 912 ; electoral vote, 
1413 ; d., 1702. 

Sergius I., St., pope, 10722; changes name 
for pope ; inst. Feast Nativity of Virgin, 
10723 ; d., 10721. 



Sergius II., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . 

III., pope, 10723 ; d., 10721 . 

IV., pope, 10731 • d., 10722. 

Seria Frio, Brazil, diamond mines, 60i . 
Seribas, expedition against ; pirates, 5521 . 
Seringapatam, India, taken, 924 1 ; mutiny 

at, 9341 ; stormed, 10442. 
Serna, Gen. Jose^ de la, defeated, 5501 . 
Serokina, mission, 6571 , 
Serpa-Pinto, Alex. Alberto da Rocha, b.-d., 
11102 ; attacks Africans, 11122. 

Serpent launched, 9961 ; i UlS t, 10041 . 
Serpentine, first worked, 7921. 

Serra, Junipero, b. (1712) ; at San Diego, 
762 ; d. (1734). 

Serrano y Dominguez, Francisco, Duke 
de la Torre, b.-d., 11303 ; at Alcolla, 
1130 2 ; assumes gov't; exiled, 11313 ; in 
Navarre ; commands troops, 11321 ; chief 
executive Sp. ; regent, 11332. 

Serres, Etieime Renaud Augustin,b.,7062; 
d., 7332. 

Sertorius, Quintus, b.-d., 10563 ; besieges 
Rome, 10562 ; driven from Sp. ; war 
against ; defeats Pompey, 10581 ; revolts, 
11252 ; murdered, 10581 . 

(younger), leader of Democrats, 1059t. 

Servant, Adam, mayor of London, 8513. 

Servants, Duty Act, Eng., 921 2 ; tax im- 
posed, 9232. 

Servetus, Michael, b.-d., 11263 ; discovery 
of circulation of blood, 11281; burned, 
11372. 

Servia, speed record, 9893. 

Servia (see text, pp. 1123, 1124); invaded, 
10522 ; Goths defeated, 10661 ; annexed, 
Turk., 11572, 11592; ceded, 5151; Aust. 
in, 5163; supports Herzegovina, 5281; 
settled, 5653 ; W ar against Turk., 11581; 
Turk, 'signs peace, 11592 ; war against 
Bulg., 5671; warned, 5332; rebel refu- 
gees, 5671. 

Servian colonists, serfs, 515 1 ; press at- 
tacks Aust., 5332 ; raids, 5671 ; boundary 
treaty, 5691. 

Servians leave Bulg., 5662 ; decorated by 
emp.,5343; exodus to Russia, 5153. 

Service Pension Bill intro., U. S. A., 349'. 

Servile War, 1st, 2d, 10561 ,2. 

Servilius, Cneius, against Hannibal, 10541 . 

, Publius, against pirates ; conquests, 

105S1. 

Servitude of Aliens Bill, U. S. A., 2843, 
2852. 

Seryer Pasha, defeats insurgents, 5281. 

Sesheke, mission, 6023. 

Sesostris, King, Egypt, b.-d., 6482. 

(Rameses II. '.'), conquests, 11413. 

Sessums, Davis, cons, assistant bp., 3861. 

Seth, preserver of religion, 11391. 

Set-es, reigns, Egypt, 6453. 

Seti I., reigns, Egypt, 0492 ; conquests, 
4831 ,2,6481 ; favors pi dytheistic religion ; 
sinks artesian well ; named, 6482. 

Setia, Latin colony at, 10513. 

Setin, Lieut., in duel, 9531 . 

Setler, Michael, martyr, 7891 . 

Setnekht, reigns, Egypt, 6493. 

Seton Hall College established, 1802. 

Settle, Thomas, b., 2501 ; Pies. Republican 
Nat. Convention, 279 1 ; d. (1357). 

Settled I. ami Act passes Eng., 9912. 

Settlement Act passes, 8891. 

Seuthes, king of Odrysa*, 10213. 

Seven Days' Battles, Ya., 2091. 

Pines, Va., battle of, 2082. 

Sacraments, decreed, Ger., 7851 . 

Sages of, Gr., 10163. 

Seventh-Day Adventists. (See Adventists.) 

Baptists. (See Baptists). 

Years' War, 5142, 7033, 7973. 

Severinus, pope, 10722. 

Severn launched, 9921 , 

Severn, joined to Thames by canal, 9253. 

Severndroog, taken, 9241 . 

Severnoi Arkli'ir issued, 11171. 

Severus, Flavius Valerius Augustus ; 
Caesar, k., 10673. 

- — , Libius, reigns ; 
10712. 

, Lucius Septimus, b.-d., 10642; at By- 
zantium, 10641; favors Jews; persecu- 
tor, 10643 ; reigns, 10293, 10652 ; builds 
at Baalbec, 11532 ; crushes Niger ; over- 
throws Albinus ; conquests in Scot., 
10653 ; i T1 Egypt, 6533 ; victory near 
Lyons, 6622 ; i n Gt. Brit. ; wall built, 
8401; Caledonian treaty, 8411; d., 10653. 

, Marcus Aurelius Alexander, b.-d., 



Sevi-Shel. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN D.C..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1405 



10642 ; at Palmyra, 10641 ; rules, 10653; 
ruler in Eng., 10651 ; defeats Alemanni, 
1068' ; killed, 10653. 

Sevier, Ambrose Hundley, b. (1802) ; signs 
peace with Hex., 165' ; d. (1848). 

, John, b., 662 ; against Indians, 923 ; 

gov., 99', 1132; d., 1242. 

River, Utah, dam bursts, 3G1 3 . 

Sevierville, Tenn., Conf eds. defeated, 230' . 

Se'vigne, Marie de Rabutin-Chantal, Mar- 
quise de, b., 6863; Letters, 693' ; d.,6943. 

Seville, Sp., taken, 1126' ; Univ. founded, 
1127' ; annexed, 11273 ; bombarded, 1130' . 
woman burned, 1131 ' ; insurrections, 
11323 ; peace signed, 6993. 

Sevres, Fr., porcelain factory established, 
7022 ; surrenders, 7403. 

Sewage Bill passes, Fr., 7572. 

Sewall, Samuel, b., 38' ; confession of, 53' ; 
Selling of Joseph, 543 ; d., 62' . 

, , clergyman, b. (1785) ; d., 2602. 

, Thomas, writer, b. (1786) ; d., 158' . 

Seward, Anna, b., 9122; d., 935' . 

, George Frederick, stabbed, 247' . 

, Wm, Henry, b., 110' ; gov., N. Y., 

1512 ; dominates N. Y. politics, 165 2 ; 
nom. for pres., 1873; on Committee of 
13, 189 2 ; replies to commissioners, 1922; 
sec. state, 193' ; Eng. refuses demands 
1992 ; assassins' plan ; meets Confed. 
Commissioners, 243' ; stabbed, 247' ; Ala- 
bama claims, 2552; d.,278'; statue,294'. 

Sewel, William, b., 8882. 

Sewell's Point, Va., Federals attacked, 
1943, 207'. 

Sewer Pipe Trust fnd., U.S.A., 3353, 4293. 

Sewing-machine, invented, 154' ,5202,726' , 
9322 ; patented, 1602. 

needles made, 872' . 

silk manufactured, 136' . 

Sextant, in Arabia, 486' ; reflecting, made, 
Eng., 908' ; inv., Fr., 792' . 

Sexton, Thomas, house defended, 997'; 
lord mayor of .Dublin, 997 3 ; examined, 
9993. 

, Irish agitator, 9883. 

Sextus, Lucius, union of classes ; first 
curule magistrate, 10513. 

Seydlitz, Friedrich Wilhelm von, b. (1721); 
at Frieberg, 5162 ; d. (1773). 

Seyffarth, Gustav, b. (1796) ; d., 3202. 

Seymour, Conn., R. R. collision, 4653. 

, A. L., indicted contempt of sen., 4732. 

, Axny, shoots Judge Ferrell, 475' . 

, Charles B., d., 262' . 

, Edward, D. of Somerset, b.,8662; in- 
vades Scot., 870' ; minister ; dismissed, 
8712; beheaded, 870' , 8712. 

, Sir , b. (1633); minister, 8912, 

8933: opposed asspeaker,8952; d.(1708). 

, Sir Francis, d., 10022. 

, George Franklin, b., 1362 ; cons. 

P. E. bishop, 2983. 

, Horatio, b., 1162 ; gov., N. Y., 1743, 

2152, 2293 ; draft riot in N. Y., 2252 ; 
against draft, 2273; nom. for pres, U. S., 
2633; vote, 2651,3; d., 3222. 

, Isaac, d., 229'. 

, Jane, marries Henry, 869' ; d., 8692. 

, John, governor Md., 572. 

, S., in interior dept., 447 2 . 

, Sir Michael Culme, b. (1802) ; destroys 

fleet ; at Canton, 6182 ; at Alexandria, 
658' ; commands Mediterranean fleet, 
1010'. 

, Rev. Richard, colonist, 262. 

, Henry F.,Marq. of Drogheda,d.,1008'. 

, Thomas, L. Sudely, beheaded, 871 2 . 

, Hart, b. (1808); gov. Conn., 169' ; 

candidate pres. nom, 2393 ; d. (1868). 

, Truman, b. (1824) ; assaults Ft. Wag- 
ner, 225' ; leads Fla. expedition, 230' ; de- 
feated at Olustee Station, 2302; d.,394'. 

Seyssel, Claude de, b., 6782 ; works, 681' ; 
d., 6803. 

Sezzo Frio, Braz., diamonds dis., 554' . 

Sezegedin, seat of government, 523' . 

Sforza, house of, rules Milan, 10793. 

, Francesco, Duke, b.-d., 10782. 

, D. Ludovico, captured, 1078' ; rules 

in Milan, 7873, 10793 ; d., 10802. 

STiabak conquers Egypt, 650' . 

Shabotok reigns, Egypt, 651' . 

Shackleford, Gen. James M., b. (1827) ; at 
Bean's Station, 2283. 

Shadrach in fiery furnace, 11463. 

Shadwell, Launcelot, vice-chancellor; com- 
missioner, 9473, 9553. 

, Thomas b., 8842 ; poet laureate, 8983. 



Shadyside, N. J., fire, 3453. 

Shafer, Helen Almira, d., 448' . 

Shaffer, Chauncy, d., 460' . 

. J. Wilson, gov. Utah, 2693; restrains 

militia, 2701,2713. 
Shafford, Alfred, lynched, 3332. 
Shatter, Wm. Rufus, b. (1835); col. vol. 

(1864); a colonel U. S. A., 300'; brevet 

brig.-gen. (1865). 
Shaftsbury, Vt., Bapt. church fmd., 762. 
Shaftesbury, Earl of, title created, 8932. 

, Earl of. (See Cooper.) 

Shah-Abdul-Azim, R. R. opened, 11083. 
Shairp, John Campbell, b., 9383 ; works, 

9722,9882 ; d., 994'. 
Shakers in Am., 763, 782, 982,3 ; sign cov- 
enant, 1062. 
Shakespeare, William, b., 872' ; leaves 

Stratford, 876' ; Globe theater built ; 

Lord Chamberlain's company, 876 2 ; 

works, 877' , 2 ; d., 880' ; works appear, 

881' ; statue in Fr., 756' ; in Eng., 978' ; 

in N. Y., 280'. 

fund est., 9643; jubilee eel., 919' ,9483. 

house sold, 9553. 

Memorial Asso.,org., 978' ; Memorial 

theater opd., 984' . 

, Society of, fnd., 9503; issues works, 

Alex. Dyce edits Works of Shake- 



spe, 



,962 



1522 ; 



Shakh Mali, conqueror, writer, 53 

Shaler, Nathaniel Southgate, b. 
works, 3983, 4782. 

Shallum reigns, 11452 ; murders Zachariah; 
murdered, 1145' . 

Shalmaneser I. reigns, 1143' ; subjugates 
Carchemish, 11432. 

II. reigns, 1145' ; invades Babylon ; 

atKarkar; enters Damascus ; subjugates 
Jehu ; defeats Hazael, 1144' . 

III., reigns, 11452 ; expeditions of, 

1144'. 

IV. reigns, 11452 ; abandons siege of 

Tyre, 11442 ; subdues revolt ; besieges 
Samaria, 1144' ; subdues Israel, 1145 2 . 

Shamger kills Philistines, 1142'; judges 
Israel, 11413. 

Shammi (Doctor), b.-d., 1152' . 

Shamokin, Pa., Elixir causes death, 344' ; 
explosion, 4273,4733. 

Shamshi-Ramman II. reigns, 1145' . 

Shamyl, d., 11182. 

Shand, Baron, title created, 1009' . 

Shanghai, China, taken, 6162, 618' ; mis- 
sion, 617', 6183, 619', 6203 ; rebels ex- 
pelled, 618' ; insurrection, 6193; advance 
on ; rebels repulsed, 620' ; Soc. for Chris- 
tian Literature, 6223; opposition toR.R. ; 
R. R. to Woosung, 6233 ; literary center, 
6242 ; miss. conf. ; mission-press, 6243 ; 
mob burns consulate, ^625' ; protected, 
6263 ; fire, 6273; Fr. storm camp, 734' . 

Shauhaikwan, Japanese occupy, 627' . 

Shanking, Jesuit mission, 6143. 

Shannon captures Chesapeake, 1202. 

, Earl of, title created, 9132. 

, Wilson, b. (1802) ; gov. Kan., 1512, 

1553, 1772, 1791 ; exchanges guns for 
prisoners, 181' ; d. (1877). 

Shans, Burma, mission, 10472. 

Shan-si, mission, 6223, 623' ; famine, B233. 

tung, capital, 611 ' ; mission, 6203 ; 

famine, 6253. 

Shaohing, mission, 6183, 621' , 6222. 

Shapuntsai, pirate leader, 618' . 

Sliarbot Lake, coal dis., 590' . 

Shard, J. Ii., moderator, 2502. 

Sharkey, William Lewis, b., (1797); provi- 
sional gov. Miss., 2483, 251' ; d. (1873). 

Sharman, Private, wins prize, 966' . 

SliarnotT, corpse found, 11212. 

Sharp, James, b. (1618) ; archbp. St. An- 
drews, 8903; murdered, 8943. 

, Granville, b., 9082 ; d., 9363. 

, Jacob, convicted, sentenced, 327' . 

, John, b. (1644) ; archbishop of York, 

8983 ; d. (1714). 

, Martin, d., 1000' . 

, William, b., 9103, or (1749) ; d. (1824). 

Sharpe, Horatio, gov. Md., 693. 

Sharpsburg, Md., Confed. dispersed, 214'. 

Shnrswood, Goo., b., 1162 ; d., 3122. 

Shasta. Cal., Bank of , robbed, 4343. 

Shattuck, Aaron Draper, b. (1832) ; Acad, 
of Design, 2023; paintings, 264', 284', 
286', 290', 294', 298', 306', 310', 312', 
316', 318'. 

Shaw, Annie Cornelia, b., (1852) ; Russet 
Year, 322' . 



Shaw, D.B., d., 470'. 

, George, b., 9123. 

, B., b., 174' . 

, Henry, d., 3442 ; d. (1813). 

, Wheeler, b., 1262 ; works, 255' ; 

d., 3202. 

, Sir James, lord mayor, London, 9313. 

, J. D., shot, 387'. 

, Lemuel, b. (1781); d., 1922. 

, Robert Gould, b. (1837); d., 225'. 

, Thomas Budd, b. (1813) ; work, 2603 • 

d. (1862). 

, Wm., E. of Cathcart, b., 9123; Home 

Rule leader, 9852 ; manifesto, 987 2 ; se- 
cedes from party, 989' . 

, , missionary 5972. 

, Capt., killed, 600'. 

, Dr., political sermon, 8642. 

University, fnd., N. C, 2503. 

Shawnee Mound, Mo., action at, 201'. 
Shawnees Indians uprise, 116' . 
Shaw-Lefevre, Charles, Viscount Evers- 

ley, d., 9982. 

, Geo. ,postmaster-gen., 9932; min- 
ister, 10092. 

Shawneeton, Kan., burned, 2143. 

Shays, Daniel, b., 663 ; rebel, 98' , 992 ; 
d., 1322. 

Sliea, " Bat," trial, 4642. 

, John Dawson Gilmary, b.,132' ; work, 

3243 ; d., 402' . 

Sheaffe, Gen., gov., 5772; at York, 1202. 

Sheakley, James, gov. Alas., 4793. 

Shear-steel manufactured, 930' . 

Sheba, expedition against David, 1143 3 . 

Sheboygan, Wis., copper-ore found, 442' . 

Shedd, Win. Greenough Taylor, b., 1282 - 
d., 474'. 

Shee, Sir Martin Archer, b., 9183 ; pres. 
Royal Academy, 944' ; d., 9562. 

, William, appointed justice, 9672. 

Sheehan, J. D., M. P., conspiracy, 10002. 

, J. D., pcdlcr murdered, 4062. 

, John C., defies Lexow Com., 4523, 

, R. A., cons., R. C. bp., 10082. 

, Wm F., Buffalo Police Bill, 4292. 

Sheehey, Alderman, murdered, 9643. 

Sheep, Va\£., exports to Spain, 8653. 

Sheepshanks, John, b. (1787) ; gift of paint- 
ings, 9602; d. (1863). 

, , cons, bp., 10102. 

Sheerness, Eng., burned, 892' ; Swallow 
launched, 992' . 

Sheffield, Eng. , hospital at, 881 ' ; Cutlers' 
Hall built, 9073 ; cast steel made, 918' ; 
Plate Assay office, 9182 ; shear-steel 
made, 930'; destructive rioters, 9372; 
Literary and Phil. Soc. org., 9401; a 
borough, 9453 ; Wesley Coll., opd., 9491 ; 
R.R. opd., 9522 • Athenaaum and Me- 
chanics Institution opd., 9542 ; church 
Cong, at, 9742; board-schools opd., 9783; 
Firth Park opd. ; public museum and 
Hall opd., 9801; Firth Coll. endowed, 
9842; Institution for blind, 9851; Buskin 
Museum of Art, 9881; Corn exchange 
built, 9893 ; Conservative demonstration,. 
9931. 

, Earl, title created, 9372. 

, John, Duke of Buckinghamshire, b., 

8862; lord-lieut., 9213; d., 9062. 

Sheil, Richard Lalor, b., 9243 , d., 9562. 

Shekosniko, N. Y., mission at, 643. 

Shelburne, Earl of, title created, 905 1. 
(See Petty, Wm.) 

Shelby, Isaac, b. (1750); gov. Ky., 1033, 
1051 , 1193 ; d. (1826). 

Depot, Tenn., Confed. defeat, 2143. 

Shelby, Gen., at Duvall's Bluff, 2372. 
Shelbyville, Tenn., Confederate de- 
feat, 2231 ; lynching, 4083. 

Sheldon, Charles H., gov. S. Dak., 4472- 
nom. for gov., 4711 . 

, Gilbert, b. (1598); archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8902; d. (1677). 

, John, works, 8803. 

, Lionel Allen, b. (1829); gov., 3132. 

, Wm., intro. tapestry making, 8801 . 

Shell, George W., d., 1382. 

Shellabarger, Samuel, b. (1817); Credit 
Mobilier investigation, 2812. 

Shelley, Mrs. (Mary Wollstonecraft God- 
win), b., 9283; works, 9391, 947'; d., 
9562. 

, Percy Bysshe, b., 9262; works, 937', 

9383,9411; d,9403; monument, 1010'; 
Shelley Society fnd., London, 9942. 

Shell Mound, Tenn., Confederates de- 
feated, 227'. 



1406 



Text Figures denote Page. 1NDJ1..X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Shel-Shun. 



Slieltou Works, Pa., bought by English, 
3613. 

, Thomas, trans. Don Quixote, 8783. 

Shenanfloali, privateering, 2202; surren- 
dered, 24S1 . 

Shenandoah, la., Western Normal Coll. 
opd., 3082. 

, Va., Indians expelled, 70i ; Gen. 

Banks in valley, 205' ; Jackson's cam- 
paign, 207' } Federals ravage, 2103; 
Gen. Sigel in, 2322; Sheridan in, 238'; 
Sheridan devastates, 2383. 

Shendy, Nubia, taken, 660' . 

Shenendeh reigns, 11072. 

Shen-se devastated, 614' . 

Shen annexed, 6113. 

si, mission, 6223. 

Shenstone, William, b., 9042; work, 909' ; 
d.,9162. 

Shepard, Charles Upham.b., 1122; d.,3222. 

, Edward M., prosecutor, 4423, 

, Elliot Fitch, b. 1442; purchases Mail 

and Express, 3322; d., 426' ; will filed, 
4282. 

Shepardson Coll. fnd. at Granville, 3283. 

Shepherd, Alex E., gov. of D. C, 2832. 

, Edwin M., promoted captain, 420' . 

, James, attends assassination, 907' . 

College org., W. Va., 277' . 

Sliejilienless wrecked, 1573. 
Shepherdstown, W. Va., Federals cross 

Potomac, 2132; action, 214' , 2243; Early 

crosses, 237' . 
Shepherdsville, Ky., Federals capture, 

2123; action, 2132. 
Shepley, George Forster, b. (1819); appt. 

gov. La., 2133; d. (1878). 
Sheppey Island, ravaged, 844' . 
Shepses-ka-f, reigns. Egypt, 647'. 
Shepstone, Sir Theopliilus, proclamation, 

11243; d., 1010'. 
" Sher Afzul Khan" expelled, 72. 
Sherard, Baron, title created, 881'. 
Slierborne, see erected, 8423. 

, Baron, title created, 923'. 

Sherbro, Africa, mission at, 11613. 
Sherbrooke, R. C. diocese est., 5822. 

, Sir John Coape, gov., 5773. 

Shere Ali, in Afgh. (p. 4 4 -), assassinates 

E. S. Bourke, 977' ; d., 63. 

dil Khan, rules ; murdered, 5392. 

Shah Soor, conquers Delhi, 10422; 

revolts, 10433; dethroned, 10422. 

Shing, attacked ; surrenders, 10462. 

Sherger-ad-Durr, regent, Egypt, 655 2 . 
Sheridan, Philip Henry, b., 1382; a t Mur- 

freesboro, 217'; commands cavalry, in 
Army of Potomac, 231', north of Rapi- 
dan, 2321; at Todd's Tavern; on raid, 
2323, 2332 ; joins Butler; joins Grant; 
at fellow Tavern, 233' ; at Cold Har- 
bor; at Hawe's Shop, 234'; near Tre- 
vilian Station ; makes 2d raid, 2342 ; 
at White House ; at King and 
Queen's Courthouse, 2343, at Jones's 
Bridge, St. Mary's Bridge, 235' ; com- 
mands Army of Shenandoah, 237'; at 
Bunker Hill) 2372; in Shenandoah Val- 
ley, 238'; at Winchester; at Fisher's 
Hill, 2332 ; devastates Valley, 2383 ; 
"Sheridan's Eide"; at Cedar Creek, 
239'; maj.-gen. U.S. A., 240'; raids, 
2422; enters Charlottesville, 2423; at 
White House; at Columbia, Va., 244' ; 
at Dinwiddie Courthouse; at FiveForks; 
on Quaker Eoad ; at City Point, 2442 ; 
forced hack, 2443 ; at Amelia Court- 
house; pursues Lee, 24">1 ; at Appomat- 
tox Station, 2452; ;it Clover Hill, 2461 ; 
commands 5th military district, 256'; 
at New Orleans, 2572; removes Gov. 
Wells, 2573; relieved of 5th district, 
258' , 262' ; removes Gov. Throckmorton; 
removed from La., 259'; course ap- 
proved by Cong., 261'; rank lieut.-gen., 
266'; commands against Indians, 2922; 
quells Pittsburg riots, 2961; commands 
U. S. Army, 3141 ; rank of gen.; d., 3301 ; 
widow pensioned, 3371 . 

, P. J., Phoenix Park murders, 991 1 . 

, Eichard Biinsley, b., 9123; works, 

9192, 9291 ; in H. C, 9213, d., 9382. 

Sheriff's Fund est., Eng., 9352. 

Sherifs, dynasty reigns, Morocco, 10971 . 

Sherlock, Thomas, bp., b., 8942; J. (1761). 

, William, writer, b.. 8842; <]., 9022. 

Sherman, Tex., Austin College fud., 1683; 
murder conspiracy, 428 2 . 

, Buren Robinson, b. (1836); gov., 3052. 



Sherman, Frank Dempster, works, 328 3 . 

, James S.,b., 1761. 

, John, b., 1303; speakership coutest, 

1872; intro. Nat. Bank Bill, 2192; Sub- 
stitute Bill passes senate ; house re- 
jects it, 2571 ; sec. treas., 2953; vote for 
pres. candidate, 3043,3051, 3173; pres. 
of senate, 3212; Election of Representa- 
tives Bill intro., 3333; Anti-Trust Bill, 
3483, 3591 ; Bill for Lieut-gen., 3491 ; up- 
holds sec. of treas., 451'; Silver Pur- 
chase Eepeal Hill, 40S3, 4112, 4192, 4223, 
4332,4351,2, 4363, 4371,2, 4412; Letter 
on Eepeal Bill, 4223; Bond Amendment, 
4243,4251,2. 

, Lydia, convicted of murder, 2843. 

, Eoger, b., 601 ; on committee, 833; 

d., 1042; statue, 276'. 

, Thomas Ewing, in Society of Jesus, 

3362. 

, West, b. (1818+); d., 3002. 

, Wm. Tecumseh, b., 1282; brig. -gen. 

of vols., 1943; commands in Ivy", 200' ; 
commands Port Royal expedition, 2002; 
in Tenn., 205' ; at Shiloh, 2061 ; advances 
on Vicksburg, 2162 ; superseded, 2163 ; 
at Chickasaw Bayou. 217' ; at Vicksburg, 
2212; at Jackson, 222' ; at Bolton, 2242, 
3 ; besieges Johnston, 2243; at Memphis; 
at Colliersville, 2263; takes Missionary 
Eidge, 2282 ; leaves Vicksburg ; at Bol- 
ton, 230' ; commands in west ; expedi- 
tion at Meridian, 2302; commands mili- 
tary division. Miss., 2303; at EockyFace 
Eidge; campaign to Chattahoochee; be- 
gins At lanta campaign, 2322 ; at Rocky 
Face Eidge and Dallas; at Eesaca ; at 
Snake Gap Creek ; near Camp Creek, 
233'; crosses Etowah; approaches Dal- 
las, 2332; outflanks Johnston, 2341 ; Gen. 
Blair re-enforces ; at Lost Mountain, 
Kenesaw Mountain, and Little Kene- 
saw; at Pine Mountain, 2342; at Kulp 
House ; near Kenesaw ; at Marietta, 
2351 ; tit Chattahoochee; near Smyrna 
Camp Ground, 2361 ; inarch to Atlanta; 
2d battle of Atlanta, 2362,3; maj,-gen. 
IT. S. A.; besieges Atlanta, 2371,2; 
enters Atlanta ; truce with Hood ; 
attacks Gen. Hardee, 2381; at Alla- 
toona Pass, 2383 ; cuts wires ; from 
Atlanta to the sea; at Milledgeville ; at 
Griswold ; burns part of Atlanta; burns 
Borne , 240i ; reaches sea ; at Savan- 
nah, 2402 ; Cong, thanks ; demands Sa- 
vannah ; at Savannah, 2403; leaves Sa- 
vannah, 2421 ; at Columbia, 2422 ; takes 
Fayetteville ; crosses Cape Fear River; 
crosses Pedee River, 2441 ; returns to 
Goldsboro, 2443 ; occupies Raleigh ; be- 
gins advance, 2461 ; accepts Johnston's 
surrender, 2462; peace memorandum 
disapproved, 2172; appt. lieut-gen., 2521 ; 
Memoirs, 2911; relinquishes command, 
3141; vote, nominee for pres, 3043, 3173; 
lays corner-stone 3461 ; reception in 
Washington, 3583; d., 37s 1 ; interment, 
3793; Statue Fund, 3803; 

Sherpur, action near, 61 . 

Sherwin, John Keyse, b., 9123; d. (1790). 

Sherwood, Mo., Federals defeated, 2221 . 

Sheshonk I., conquests, 0.~,01 ; reigns, Egy., 

, . 651 1 . 

II., reigns, Egy., 6511 . 

III. (Shashank), reigns, 9511. 

IV., reigns, Egy., 6511. 

Shetland Isles ceded to Scot., S651 ; storm 
destroys vessels, 9873. 

Sliidznoka, mission workers at, 10922. - 

Shield, Wellington, presented, 9402. 

Shields, George H., int. dept., 351 2 . 

, James, h. (181ID; at Winchester, 2051 ; 

at Port Republic, 2083 ; d. (1862); statue, 
4441. 

Shiels, W., premier, 5943. 

Shiite Mohammedans, power in Persia, 
11071 ; settle in Persia, 11072. 

Shiites recognize Ali, 4S52. 

Shillaber, Benjamin Penhallow, b. (1814; ; 
d.,3721. 

Shilling coined, Eng., 8673. 

Shiloh wrecked, 5873. 

Shiloh, tabernacle at, 11411 . 

, battle of, 2061 ; Nat. Park Act signed, 

4793. 

Shimabara, Christians revolt at, 10911 . 

Shimadju Saburo, dies, 10923. 

Shimoga, Mysore mission, 10483. 

Shimonoseke, missions at, 10921 . 



Shiner, Tex., thieves captured, 4762. 

Shinwarris def . by Gholam, 6 s : peace, 7'. 

Ship-building Hill passes S., 4072. 

carpenters vs. Am. competition, 613. 

, first, Gr., 10132; submarine, 11002. 

Island seized, 190' . 

Shipka Pass, Turks expelled, 565' ; Sulei- 
man Pasha at, 51532; action at, 1158' . 

Shipley, Col. G. H., gov., 2093. 

, Jos. L., Pres, Rep. Press Club, 3883. 

Ship-money legal, Eng., 883 3 . 

Shippen. Edward. Pres. council, 553. 

Shipping Bill, 365' , 3752, 3792, 3. 

and Industrial League, Am., 353' . 

Shipping and Mercantile Gazette issued, 
9483. 

registered, Eng., 9253. 

■ Union find., 10043. 

Ships, act against unseaworthy, 9812, 

, iron, constructed, 938'. 

Shipton, R. R. accident, 9793. 

Shiras, Alex., sanitary coininiss., 197'. 

, Geo., Jr., b., 1402; justice, 4112, 4172. 

Shires, Eng. divided into, 8453. 

Shirlaw, Walter, b., 1482 ; in Nat. Acad, 
of Design, 332' . 

Shirley, James, b., S762 ; yvorks, 883' ; d., 
8922. 

, Wm. b. (1705) ; gov. Mass., 653, 693 ; 

commander, 082; foreolonial union, 693; 
resigns, 70' ; d. (1771). 

Shirley's Ford, Mo., Confederate defeat, 
2132. 

Shirwa, Lake, Afr„ dis., 5603. 

Shishak invades Judea, 1142 1 ; takes Jeru- 
salem, 11423. 

Slioa rebels, 32. 

Sho-Bandai-San, volcanic eruption, 10921 . 

Shoeblack Society Brigades est., 9571 . 

Shoemakersville, Pa., railway accident, 
3693. 

Shoenberger, John II., bequests, 3523. 

Shoes, pointed, Eng., 8043 ; intro., 8831 . 

Shoe-string iiinf. opposed, Eng., 9252. 

Shogai Matsura visits V . S., 4351 . 

Shoguns become " Mayors of Palace," 
10912. 

Shone, Samuel, cons, bp., 9922. 

Shoovalof, Andrei Peter, h., 11163 ; d. 
(17S9). 

Shop Hours Regulation Act passed, 9963. 

Bill passes, 10092; shoplifting 

felonious, Eng., 9011 ; shop-tax enacted, 
Eng., 9232 

Shore, John, Lord Teignmouth, b., 9123 ; 
gov.- gen., 10453. 

Short, Charles, b., 1301 ; d., 3242. 

Sliortall, John T., Pres. Asso., 4723. 

Shorter, John Gill, b. (1818); gov. Ala., 
2032; d. (1872). 

, Edward, patent granted, 9262. 

College, fnd., 2962. 

Shorthand intro. Eng., 9122, 

Dictionary issued, 921' . 

" Short-laved " Administration fmd., 
Eng., 9113. 

Shorfridge, Eli C. D., gov.N. Dak., 4472. 

Shoshone Co., Ida., martial law, 4112. 

Indians, territory, 263. 

Shot-tower companies form trust, 367 3 . 

Shoulderbone, Ga., Indian treaty, 992. 

Shoup, Francis Asbury, b. (1834; ; work, 
3982. 

, Geo. L., b., 1462 ; gov. Ida., 375' ; 

speech, 4383. 

Shovel, Sir Cloudsley, b., 8882 ; ship- 
wrecked, 9021 ; d., 9022. 

Slireve, Samuel Henry, b., 1362; d. (1884). 

Shrewsbury, Eng., battle of, 860" ; pesti- 
lence, 8713 ; R. R. accident, 977 3 ; Bp 
Knight cons., 9822; Bp.Slaiuer cons. ,9983. 

, N. J., settled, 432. 

, Earl of, title created, 8023. 

, Earl of. (See Talbot, Charles.) 

Shricveport, La., levees break, 455 3 . 

Shriver, in House of Representatives, 1571. 

Shropshire, Eng., battle of, 8391 ; iron- 
workers strike, 9943. 

Shubert, Neb., bank fails,' 4331 . 

Shubrick, John Templar, b. (1778); d., 1242. 

, Wm. Branford, b , 1022; d., 2842. 

Shnja Shah, yrith Brit, marches on Sind, 
41 ; reigns 51 ; assassinated, 42. 

Shulter, polyeliroinises patent office, 2501. 

Shultze, Capt., at Aldie, 2191. 

Shulze, John Andrew, gov. Pa., 1313. 

Shunk, Francis H., gov. Pa., 161' . 

Slum-King, tire, 6273. 

Nung invents plow, 6101 . 



Shuq-Silv. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDiiX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1407 



Shuqualak Female Coll. fnd., Miss., 3063. 

Shurtleff Coll., 111., est., 1351 . 

Sliutargardan, battle at, 61 . 

Shute, Baron, title evented, 987' . 

, Samuel, b. (1(353) ; gov., 592 ; goes to 

Eng. ; receives power, 612 ; d. (1742). 

Shuttle-fly used, 9121 ; throwing intro., 
9143. 

Siam (see text, p. 1124); China rules, 6272; 
Fr. embassy to, 695* ; battle at Khong, 
4823; Fr. blockade ; consents to Fr. ulti- 
matum, 765 3 ; ambassadors, 1)613; treaty 
with, 9612. 

Siamese Islands, Fr. occupy, 7641 . 

twins, born, 11242; d., 2861 . 

Sialkot mission, 10472. 

Siang enthroned, China, 6H1 . 

Wang enthroned, China, 6112. 

Siaokia enthroned, 6112. 

Siaosin enthroned, 611*. 

Siaoy enthroned, 6112. 

Siber, Col., at Fayetteville, Va., 2131 . 

Siberia conquered by Bus., 11152; frozen 
body of mammoth' found, 11162 ; exiles 
revolt, 11193, 11212 ; number of exiles ; 
outrages on exiles ; solitary confinement 
for females, 11212; flogging of females 
abolished, 11223. 

Sibilet, Thomas, b. (1512±) ; Art Poitique, 
6831 ; d. (1589). 

Sibley, Henrv. b. (1815 O ; at Ft. Fillmore, 
2103 ; at Yellow Medicine River, 2141 ; 
d. (1886). 

, H., b. (1811) ; gov. Minn., 1852 ; 

d., 3781 . 

, John Langdon, b. (1804); d., 3202. 

, Joseph C, b., 1682. 

Sibour, Marie Dominique Auguste, b. 
(1792); archbp. of Paris, assassinated, 
7332. 

Sibsagor mission, 10471 . 

Sicard, Abbe Roch Ambroise Cucurron, 
b.,7002; d., 7242. 

, Montgomery, a commoilore, 4561 . 

Sichel, Julius, b., 8082; d., 8243. 

Sicilians in Tripoli, 11381 . 

Sicilian Vespers, 6721 , 6731; reenacted in 
Sp., 7162; period of, 10772. 

Sicily, Gr. settle in, 10153; Naxos, Gela, 
Camarina, Agrigentuni, Messina, and 
Syracuse fnd., 10153, 105H ; sends out 
colonies, 10511; Phalaris reigns, 10172; 
invaded by Carthaginians. 10501 ; Oli- 
garchy expelled ; Gelon, Thrasybulus 
rule, 10182, 10192, 3, 11512; invaded by 
Athenians, 10202; Athenians as slaves, 
10203 ; Dionysius rules, 10512 ; Cartha- 
ginians massacred, 10511 ;civil war, 10223 ; 
Dionysius the Younger rules, 10233 ; 
Dionysius expelled ; Timoleon reigns ; 
Agathocles rules in Syracuse, 10532 ; 
Carthaginians in 10521 ; Hiero II., king 
of Syracuse, 10533 ; pyrrhus assists, 
10261; invaded by Romans, 10523; Clau- 
-dius Caudex in ; Valerius Maximus in 
10523 ; Dion welcomed, 10233 ; assas- 
sinated, 1025 2 ; Syracuse tributary to 
Rome, 10533 ; Hiero II. deserts Cartha- 
ginians ; Hanno defeated ; Cuius Duilius 
in naval battle; Hasdrubal in ; Adherbal 
in; Romans lose 2 fleets. 10523 ; Hamil- 
car in, 10182, 10523 ; Carthaginian fleet 
destroyed, 10531 ; resigned by Carthage, 
10533 ; Hieronymus rules Syracuse ; rup- 
ture with Rome, 10552 ; invaded by 
Romans ; Syracuse, Agrigentum taken ; 
Sicily subjugated, 10542 ; slaves rise 
against Romans, 10561, 2, 10631; Eunus 
-captured, 10561 ; war with Sextus Pom- 
peius, 10602; 10613 ; Octavian conducts 
■war; Lepidus lands, 10602; Agrippa con- 
quers, 10603; slaves punished", 10631 ; in- 
vaded by Goths ; Belisarius conquers, 
10301 ; invaded bv Vandals, 10701 ; subju- 
gated, 10301 , 10601 ; Constantine IV. 
-quells, 10302; Benedictines enter, 10703; 
confiscated bv Leo III., 1073 2 ; Constans 
murdered, 10313 ; Gr. lose, 10332 ; con- 
quered by Saracens, 10721 ; taken by 
Christians ; Gr. and Saracens expelled ; 
silk culture intro., 10741 ; culture of 
sugar-cane, 10742 ; -won bv Henrv VI., 
10741 ; united to S. It., 10752 ; ruled by 
Germans ; Roger II., king, 10752 ; Sara- 
cens subdue, 7782; Papal party expelled, 
7801 ; Eng. possesses, 8551 ; separate from 
Naples, 10772, 10793, 10853 ; revolts, 
10761 , 10772; Sicilian Vespers, 10772; an- 
nexed to Sp., 11261 ; separated from Sp. ; 



reunited, 10773 ; Two Sicilies restored ; 
separated from Naples, 10792 ; John of 
Aragon k. ; Ferdinand the Cath. k., 
10793 ; conquered by Fr. and Sp., 6782 ; 
annexed to Sp., 10793 ; Messina revolts, 
10833 ; Dutch and Spanish in, 10821 ; 
earthquake, 10822 ; owned by Aust., 
10833; claimed by Charles VI., 5151; 
6eized, 7993 ; invaded, 10S21 ; ceded to 
Savoy, 6973,10833; invaded by Sp., 10821 ; 
earthquakes, 10841 ; ruled by Sp., 10852 ; 
subdued, 11281 ; separated from Naples ; 
under Brit, protection, 1085 3 ; united to 
Naples ; Ferdinand I. (IV.), king, 10871 ; 
Francis I., king ; revolution ; Ferdinand 
II., king ; provisional gov't proclaimed ; 
liberal constitution granted; insurrec- 
tion in Messina ; Bourbon family ex- 
cluded, 10872 ; Jesuits expelled, 10863 ; 
Neapolitans in, 10861 ; Francis II., k., 
10891; insurrections, 10881,10891; Gari- 
baldi's campaign ; Gen. Cialdiniin, 1088 1 ; 
Francis II. deposed ; Neapolitans evacu- 
ate, 10891 ; Garibaldi dictator, 10891, 2; 
Mafia outrages, 10893; constitution pro- 
claimed, 10S91 ; anti-tax riots ; exter- 
mination of brigandage, 10903 ; siege 
declared, 10902. 

Sickingen, Franz von, b., 7862 ; -war of 
nobles, 7881; league for Reformation, 
7893; d.,7882. 

Sickles, Daniel Edgar, b., 130 3 ; acquitted, 
185 1; at Gettysburg, 224 1 ; commands 
2d military district, 2561; at Columbia, 
2572; relieved, 2581 ; removed, 2591 . 

, Jacob, pres., 1191 . 

Sicyon, kingdom of, 10132 liberated, 10272. 

Siddons, Marv Frances Scott, b., 10462. 

, Sarah, b., 9123; d., 9442. 

Side-saddles introduced, Eng., 8613. 

Sidi Ali Pasha, bey, 11393. 

Sidmouth, Viscount of, title created, 931 1 . 
(See Addington.) 

Sidnaeester, sees united, 8483. 

Sidney, la., W. Mavhor arrested, 4211. 

.Algernon, b., 8802; work, 8911; at- 
tainder, 8992; executed, 8972. 

, Lord Godolphin, b. (1635) ; minister, 

8972, 8993 ; d. (1712). 

, Sir Henrv, deputy, 8732 ; lord lieu- 
tenant, 8993 ; d. (1586). 

, Sir Philip, b., 8702; atZutphen, 8741 ; 

works, 8761 ; invades Flanders; wounded, 
10981 ; d., 8762. 

Sidon, Pal., Mohammedans capture, 487 3 ; 
tribute to Assyr., 11451 ; destroyed, 11453, 
11461. 

Sidonius, Apollinaris, b. (430±) ; work, 
6631 ; d. (482 or 484). 

Siebold, Karl Theodor Ernst ■ 



d., 8302 



Q,b.,6 



-, Philipp Franz von, b., 8063. 

, Col., at Dalton, 2372. 

Steele, le, issued, 7271. 

Siege Bill passed, Fr., 7512. 

Siegen, Ludwig von, inv. mezzotinto, 7962. 

Siegfried, Bishop, chancellor, Ger., 7811. 

, Jules, minister, Fr.,7652. 

, Walter, Tino-MoraU, 8362. 

Siegerich, murder of, 7703 . 

Siemens, Sir Charles Karl Wm., b., 8121 ; 
armature produced, 958 2 ; inv. furnaces, 
9642; electric light vegetation, 9841 ; d., 
8302. 

, Ernst Werner, b., 8121 ; d., 8361 . 

Siena, Guido da, b.-d., 10783. 

Sienna, Univ., commenced, 10752. 

Sierra Leone, Afr., dis., 11601 ; mission; 
diocese fmd., 11603; acquired by Eng., 
9252 ; bishopric est., 9543; Bp. Ingham 
eons., 9862 ; Sofas defeated, 10101 . 

Sierra Nevada,^ cholera on, 1773. 

Nevada, highest peaks, 2501 . 

Sieunti, expedition against Tartars, 6101 ; 
enthroned, 6113. 

Sieyershauseu, Prus., battle at, 7921 . 

Sieyes, L'Abbe, Comte Emmanuel Jos., 
b., 7003; rep. leader, 7133; d., 7262. 

Siireau, Chief, defeated, 6042. 

Sigebert 1., marries, 6651 ; K., 6652; mur- 
dered, 6651. 

II., king, 6653. 

, commences Cambridge Univ., 8431 . 

Sigel, Franz, b., 1321, at Carthage, Mo., 
1962; at Pea Ridge, 2042; at Centerville, 
2122 ; in Shenandoah Yallev, 2322 ; in 
Dept. W. Va., 2332 ; at New Market, 
2331 ; relieved, 2342. 

Sigiburg captured, Fr., 770' . 



Sigismund, b.-d., 7822; emp., 5073, 7853; 
K. of Hung., 5072; K. of It., 10792; K. 
of Bohemia, 7853; K. of Italy; emp. ; 
deposed, 10702; at. Nicopolis, 11561 ; sells 
margravate of Brandenburg ; dethroned, 
7S53 ; d., 5082. 

I., reigns in Poland, 11152. 

II., reigns in Poland, 11152. 

III., K. of Poland, b., 7922 ; K. of 

Swe.; reigns in Poland, 11152 ; defeated 
at Linkoping, 11341 ; reigns, 11352 ; de- 
throned, 11353; charters "univ., 7931; d., 
7943. 

- — , Archduke of Aust., d., 5342. 

, Duke of Outer Austria, 5091 . 

, D. of Bavaria, 7872; war with Switz., 

11371 . 

, John, king, 5112. 

, king of Burgundy, drowned, 7703, 

Sigmaringen, Prus., fire in palace, 8373, 
Signals, sea, systematized, 8961 . 
Signay, Jos, cons, bp., 5782; archbp., 5783. 
Sigournev, Lydia 11 nut ley, b., 1022; works, 

1251 , 13'12, 1543, 1551 ; d., 2471 . 

Sigurd I., reigns, 11051 . 

Ring, in Bravalla, 6341 . 

Snogoje, enthroned, 6352. 

Sikanderabad, mission, 10471; taken, 
10481. 

Sikes, William Wirt, b. (1836) ; d., 3141 . 

Sikh war, first, 10461 ; second, 10462. 

Sikhs org., 10451 ; exterminated, 10441; 
conquer Kashmir, 10461 , 

Sikki killed, 8383. 

Sikkim, British repulsed, 10482. 

Sikokuni, at war with Boers, 6001 . 

Siladitya convenes council, 10431 . 

Silanus, M. Junius, commands, 10561, 

Silchester, Baron, title created, 9372. 

Silesia, restored to Bohemia,5043 ; Breslau, 
capital, 7783 ; Ger. influence in, 7781 ; an- 
nexed, 507 2 ; anti-reformation, 5123; in- 
vaded, 7942 ; 1st war, 5141; ceded to 
Prus., 5152,3, 5162,3; 2d war, 5142 ; 3d 
war, 5141 ; recognizes Maria Theresa, 
5151 ; allies at, 720i ; waterspouts, 812 1; 
Aust. enter, 5261 ; River Neiss overflows, 
5301; explosion, 8333; Galician miners 
expelled, 5322. 

Silhouette, Etienne de, b., 

Silicon discovered, 11361 . 

Silistria, Bulgaria, revolt, 5 
11121 ; Turks defeated; su 
action at, 11562. 

Silk, sewing, mnf. by machinery, 1361 . 

, mnf. intro. in Gaul, 6641 ; culture in 

Sicily, 10741 ; mantles intro., 8551 ; stock- 
ings first worn in Fr., 6833; mnf., 8781 ; 
broad, woven, 880 1 ; weaving improved, 
8982; culture excitement, 1453; crop re- 
duced, 7333; industry in U.S., 2601; sta- 
tion est., 3513. 

Sill, Joshua W., b. (1831) ; d., 2172. 

Silliman,Benj.,b.,912;work,127i ; d.,2411. 

, , Jr., b., 1242 ; d., 3182. 

, Horace B., pres. of Hamilton College, 

3902. 

Sillitoe, A. W., elected bishop, 9803. 

Silva, Antonio Diniz da Cruz e, Hyssope. 
11101 . 

Silver, fulmination of, 7061 ; dis. in Nev., 
1841; Black Hills, 2541 ; in Colo., 2993, 
3021 ; in Salisbury, N. C; in Chickasaw 
Nation, 3461 ; Fairport, la., 3761 ; I n d. 
Ter., 3913; West Superior, Wis., 3921; 
mines close, 405 3 , 4333 ; purchase of, 
omitted; resolution, 4192, 4392; fnArk., 
4122; in Tex., 4141; and zinc, Ind., 4241 ; 
inS. Austral., 4961 ;inLaPaz, 5513; from 
lead ore, process introduced, Eng., 9441 ; 
in Potosi, 5513 ; Peruvian, legal tender, 
11083 ; roubles, coinage suspended, 1123 1 ; 
utensils used, Eng., 856 3 . 

Bill, Bland, free coinage of, 2951,2, 

2972, 2991, 4003, 4012,3, 4031,3, 4083, 
4352, 4371 , 4491 , 4512, 4532, 4553. 

, Bullion Purchase, Repeal, 4112, 

4192, 4223, 4231 , 2, 4243, 4331 , 2, 4351, 2, 
4363, 4371 ,2, 4391 , 2, 4403, 4412 ; passes, 
4431. 

, Reagan's Free Coinage of, 3483, 

3592, 3612, 3632,3, 3651 , 3, 3731 , 3752, 3, 
3772,3791, 3833,3992. 

-, Stewart's Fsee, passes senate, 

4093; killed, 4112. 

Coinage suspended ; trade dollar 

coined, 2812; suppression of, 2991; un- 
limited, 4671 . 

in China, 6251 . 



, 6963. 



581 ,3; invaded, 
renders, 1116 1 ; 



1408 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Silv-Slav. 



Silver Commission adjourns, 837 2 . 

Conf., Ger. government in, 837' . 

Congress, Internat., 3992,401', 837'. 

Conven., St. Louis, 3192: at El Paso, 

397'. 

Creek, Mo., action at, 202' . 

, N. Y., railroad accident, 3253. 

currency, France, 7653. 

Lake, Edisonlndustrial Works, 3653; 

fire, 4793. 
Law, resolutions of Commercial Con- 
vention, 4383. 
Pool Investigation Committee, 3753, 

3763,3771,3. 
Silversmiths' Co. incorporated, 4193. 
Silvestre, Baron de, Augustin Francois, 

d., 7302. 
, Gregorio, b. (1520); work, 1129'; d. 

(1570). 
Simcoe, John Graves, gov. Can., 577 2 . 
Simeon, reign of, 5653. 
Stylites, b.-d., 11542 ; a pillar saint, 

10703. 
Simeoni, Giovanni, b. (1816) ; d., 1090' . 
Simmons, A., arrested, 3523. 

, Geoffrey, trial of, 981' . 

, James A., embezzler, 3802. 

, Mr., balloon ascension, 988' . 

Simms, William Gilmore, b., 1122; works, 

1423 , 1443 , 145 ' , 1463 , 1523 , 170 ' , 2603 ■ d. 

(1870). 
Simnel, Lambert, claims Eng. crown, 866' . 
Simon, high priest, 1151 2 . 
1., reigns, 11483 ; high priest, 11463 ; 

repairs temple, 11482. 
II., high priest, 11482: assassinated, 

11493. 

III., rules in Judea, 11493. 

IV., high priest, 11502. 

V., high priest, 11503. 

, Duke of Moscow, enthroned, 11152. 

of Sudbury, murdered, 8603. 

Cantherus, high priest, 11523. 

, Jules, b., 721 ' ; works, 7283, 733' ,7412, 

745' , 7473, 751' ; Order of Black Eagle, 
8342. 

, M. E., Emperor Frederick, 7582. 

Maccabeus, high priest, 11483; prince 

of Jerusalem, 11493. 

Magus, founds Simonians, 1153'. 

, Richard, b., 6882 ; d., 6963. 

Simonians founded, 1153' . 

Simonides, iambic poet, 10143; d., 10142. 

, b.-d., 10162 ; iy r i c poet, 1017'. 

Simon's Bay, wreck of Birkenhead, 598' . 
Simons, Thomas, dis. comet, 211' . 

, Young, b. (1828) ; d., 2982. 

Simony, condemned at synod, 7743 • pre- 
vails, 7743, 785' , 7863, 1073' . 

Simoon, Thomas, b.,9042. 

Simor, John, b. (1813) ; cons, cardinal 
priest, 5283; d., 5342. 

Simplicius, St., pope, 10703; d. (483). 

Simplon road constructed, 7153. 

Simpson Creek, Ya., first Bapt.ch.fmd., 783. 

, Edward, b. (1824) ; Confederates sur- 
render to, 2462. 

, James, d., 478' . 

, Sir Young, b., 935' ; d., 9742. 

, Jeremiah, b., 1542. 

, Matthew, b., 1163; ord. M.E. bp., 1702; 

at Lincoln's funeral, 2472 ; d., 3162. 

, Thomas, b. (1808) ; explorations of, 

578' ; d. (1840). 

, , math., b. (1710) ; d., 915' . 

— — , Williamji., gov. S.C.,3012; resigns, 
305'. 

, Dr., pres. Ger. Parliament, 8253. 

College, la., established, 2583. 

Simrott, W. A., absconds, 463' . 
Sims, George B., sentenced, 373' . 

, James Marion, b. (1813) ; d., 3142. 

, William H., in int. dept., 4472. 

Simsbury, Conn., mine for prison, 793. 
Sims-Edison torpedo boat tested, 388'. 
Sinchi Rocca, reign of, 132. 
Sinclair, Baron, title created, 867'. 
, Catherine, b., 9302; d., 968' . 

, James Augustus, Earl of Caithness, 

d., 10042. 

, Sir John, b., 9123 ; d., 9462. 

Sind, India, conquered, 1044' , 10473 ; an- 
nexed, 10443 ; transferred, 10452. 

Sindercomb, Miles, plot of, 8892. 

Sindian family important, 10452. 

Singapore, Brit, settle; G. B. annexes,9393; 
Bp. Hose cons., 9862; mission, 10463; St. 
Andrew's Cathedral, 1047 ' ; Brit, factory 
established, 10472. 



Singer, Otto, d., 448'. 

Singerly, William Miskey, b. (1832) ; nom. 
for governor Pa., 4633. 

Singing lessons in public schools, 148' . 1 

Singleton, John, minister, 9433. 

, J. W., d.,404'. 

Sing Sing, N. Y., prison commenced, 1352. 

Sinhore, mission, 657'. 

Sin-Idiimam, king of Larsam, 11393. 

Sinking Creek, W. Ya., action at, 216' . 

Fund Act passed, 9072. 

Bill, Pitt's, 9233. 

(G. B.), reduced, Eng., 9433. 

Sinope captured, 10582 ; Turk, fleet de- 
stroyed, 1118' ; attacked; subdued, 1148' ; 
capital, 11492. 

Sinoris El Fayoom, mission, 657' . 

Sin Otefchestra issued, 1117'. 

shar-ishkun reigns, 11453. 

Sinsheim, Baden, Imperialists defeated, 
692'. 

Sio Khe, hospital, 6243. 

Sion, Mt., Syrian fort taken, 114S' . 

Siong-Siong, ruler, 10942. 

Sioux Bill passed in senate, 337' . 

Camp, S. Dak., 374' . 

City, la., G. C. Haddock murdered, 

3243; Training School opil., 3502 ; flood- 
wave, 406' , 4073; ex-county officials in- 
dicted, 4763. 

Falls, S. Dak., school for deaf mutes 

fnd., 307'; S. F. Univ. fnd., 3143; con- 
stitution approved, 341'; constitution 
adopted, 347 ' ; K. C. diocese est., 350'; 
saloons reduced, 4122. 

Indians retire to Can., 300' ; pow-wow 

with Gen. Brooks, 372' ; war, 211' . 

Reservation, S. Dak., settlers, 353 2 ; 

gold found, 370'. 

Sipe, William A., b., 1562. 

Sippar, temple built, 1139'. 

Sir Hugo wins Derby, 10053, 10093. 

Siricius, St., pope, iu663, 1069' . 

Sirhts wrecked, 934' . 

Sirmia to Attila, 503' . 

Sirmium, church council at, 5022. 

Siroes kills Chosroes II., 11073. 

Slscar, Gregoria Mayans y,Retorica, 11292. 

Sisebut reigns, 11253. 

Sisenando reigns, 1125 3 . 

Sisera defeated, 1140' , 1141 ' . 

Siserostat invented, 738 2 . 

Sisinnius, pope, 10722; d.(708). 

Sismondi, Jean diaries Leonard Simonde 
de, b. (1773) ; Histiilretlvs Francois, 7232; 
d. (1842). 

Sisseton, Ind. reservation, S. Dak., 405 2 . 

Sisterhoods est., G. B., 9543. 

Sisters seized, 5852. 

Sisters of Charity, t Oder org., 6883. 

Sistof, Bulg., Biblical Institute fnd., 5662. 

Sistova, Bulg., treaty of, 519 2 . 

Sisyphus, institutes isthmian games, 1013 2 ; 
founds Corinth, 10133. 

Sitalces, furnishes army, 1020' . 

Sitka Island, Alas., Gen. Kousseau pos- 

Sitting Bull defeated, 300' ; Indians of, 

return, 304' . 
Sinan Wang enthroned, 6112. 
Siulo, Chinese proviuce, 6132. 
Sivaite sect established in India, 1043'. 
Sivaji, Mahratta, b.-d., 10443 ; rebels,1044' ; 

forms Mahratti kingdom; declares inde- 
pendence ; d., 10451 . 
Sivas, mission of American Board, 11563, 
Si-Votha, Prince, leader, 4833. 
Siira discovered, 5283. 
Siward dies, 8473. 
.Six Acts passed, G. B., 9393. 

Articles Statute passed, 8683. 

Companies formed, 6233. 

Principle Baptists. (See Baptists.) 

Sixteen, Council of, formed, Fr., 6852. 
Sixth Nation formed by Indians, 593. 
Sixtus I., St ., bishop at Koine, 10623 ; erects 

altars, 10643. 

II., St., pope, 10643; martyred, 10663. 

III., St., pope, 10702. 

IV., pope, b.-d., 10782. 

TV., pope, 10791. 

V., pope, 10812; favors Jews, 10832. 

Sjervorog Mts., Malay mission, 10483. 
Sjbberg, Erik, b. (1794); Poems, 11362; 

d. (1828). 
Sjogren, Andreas Johann, b., 11162 ; d., 

11182. 
"Skaag's men" terrorize colored people 

in Kentucky, 2551 . 



Skaania annexed, 6372. 

Skalitz, Bohemia, battle of, 8241 . 

Skalla-Grim in Iceland, 10412. 

Skandia issued, 1136 2 . 

slc'indinavisk Museum issued, 639' . 

Skating known, 8511 . 

Skeena River, explorations on, 5861 ; land- 
slide, 5921 . 

Skeine, John, governor N. J., 493. 

Skeleton Canon, Ariz., Indians yield, 324 1 . 

Skelton, John, b., 864' ; works, 8643, 8663; 
d. (1529?). 

, Martha, married, 77 1 . 

Skene, Philip, b. (1725) ; d., 1162. 

Skerrett, Joseph S., commander Pacific 
Station, 4181; transferred, 4421; frus- 
trates dynamite plot, 10413. 

Skillinti-Xl'ni'i-'tii issued, 11042. 

Skinner, Kichard, b. (1778); gov., 1292; 
d. (1883). 

, Thomas Harvey, b. (1791) ; modera- 
tor, 1762; d. (1871). 

Skiold, reign of, 6352. 

Skiolduugs rule, 11332. 

Skipwith, Miss., levee breaks down, 3541 . 

Skobeleff, Mikhail Dimitryevitch, b., 
11163; in Cent. Asia, 11201; at Lovatz, 
5652; at Scnova, 5G6' ; d., 11201. 

Skolno, along Labrador, 123. 

Skye, no-rent riots, 9891 . 

Slack, James Kichard, b. (1784): at Pea 
Kidge, 2042; ,1. ,m66). 

Slade, Dr. Henry, trial of, 9812. 

, Wm., b. (1786); gov. Vt., 1592: d. 

(1859). 

Slailen, Sir Edward Kose, d., 1002'. 

Slalzar, Lucio, minister, 6443. 

Slankamen, battle of, 5122. 

Slate Creek, Ky., furnace at, 102'. 

Slater, Samuel, b, (1768) ; first cotton mill, 
102', 104'; est. first S.-School, 1043; d. 
(1835). 

, Cotton Centennial begins, 3683. 

Slates, school, mnf . in Pa., 134' . 

Slaughter, Carthaginians, 1051'; Tyrians, 
1146' ; Capuans, 10,542; Romans, 1056' ,2; 
Cimbians, etc., 6621 ; in Pontus, 1056' ; 
in A.. Minor, 11503; in Perusia, 1061'; 
in Jerusalem, 11521; in Syria, 11532; 
in Alexandria 653 1 ; Ger. tribes, 1066 1 ; 
in Gaul, 7692; Tliessalonica, 10292; Con- 
stantinople, 10301; of monks, Eng., 
8422; of Danes, Eng., 8461; in France, 
670' , 683' ; of Jews, Eng., 851' ; of Brit- 
ish in Ire., 8523; m Sweden, 1135'; St. 
Bartholomew, 685 1 ; in Croatia, 11563 ; 
in Russia, 1115 1 ; in Italy, 10832; of 
Brit, in Ireland, 8841; of Scotch at 
Glencoe, 9003; a t Thorn, Prus. (1724) ; 
in Cyprus, 11573; at Batavia (1740) ; at 
Ismail, Rus.; at Praga, Bus., 1116' ; in 
Ire., 9292; Fr. Royalists, 7tl,K3, 7092; at 
San Domingo, W. I., Mar. 29, 1804, all 
the whites murdered ; Fr. in Madrid, 
11312; Mamelukes, 656 1 ; at Nimes, Fr., 
7231; at Scio, etc., 10342; of Janissaries 
at Constantinople, 11571 ; Brit, in Afgh., 
42; in Ageria, 83; in Syria, 11571; i n 
Utah, 1823; in India, 1048'; at Damas- 
cus, 11582; in China, 6242; in Borneo, 
5522; m Buenos Ayres, 4913; in South 
Carolina, 2923; in Afgh., 63; in Alex- 
andria, 658'. (See Indians and Mas- 

, Gabriel, governor Ky., 1252. 

, Col., at Palo Pinto, 2463. 

Slaugliterville, Ky., action near, 2123. 

Slav dvnasty established in Poland, 7731. 

Slave-dealers on Ger. territory, 8382; de- 
feated, E. Afr., 5642. 

hunting expeditions popular in Egy., 

6483. 

— — Importation Act passed, 45 2 ; decis- 
ion for inheritance of, 3451 ; children 
free, 6571, 6323. 

market, N. Y. City, 572; intimida- 
tion, 191'. 

Slaver hanged in N. Y., 2052. 

Slave States become a minority, 1903. 

trade, Abys., suppression, 3'; Eng. 

gov't upholds ; opposed in Am., 61'; for- 
bidden, 833; no longer Sp. monopoly, 
1003,6323; is piracy, 1291 ; treaty against, 
1553,2073; prohibited, 2353; treaty with 
Neth.,93!i3; abolished from Hung., 5172; 
suppressed, Braz., 5543, 5552, 503' , 6323; 
neglect of suppression, 5553; abolished, 
Gold Coast, 116H; Den. opposes, 6392; 
Ecuador opposes, 6433 ; abolished by Ft., 



Slav-Smit. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1409 



721'; prohibited by sea, Ger.; Eng. be- 
gins, 8731; exportation stopped, 8383; 
abolished in Tripoli, 11393. 
Slavery abolished, Algeria, 91,2; intro. 
in Am., 283; prohibited in R. I., 39 i ; in- 
tro. in N. C, 45 1 ; Boston opposes, 551 j 
forbidden in Ga., 631 ; Cong, prohibits, 
83i;inColonies,S:")2; Mass. abolishes,933; 
Pa. abolishes, 032 ; opposed by Meth., 
932, 971 ; law for abolition of, 071 ; local- 
ity for, limited, 99 1 ; Baptists against, 
100 2 ; Anti-slavery Soc. org.; prohibited 
in 6 States; J. Buchanan's address, 1031 ; 
anti-s. petition, 1071 ; gradual abolition, 
N. Y., 1091 , and in N. J.; Abolition Soc. 
dwindles, 113i ; Cong, agitated, 1192; 
public agitation, 127 1 ; Mo. Compromise 
Bill ; 'extension prohibited, 129 1 ; excite- 
ment; Mo. admitted, 1292; agitation 
violent, 1312; agitation by Liberator, 
1391; Anti-s. Soc. org., 1401, 143 1, and 
meeting broken up ; pro-s. violence and 
opposition ; abolition riots in N. Y., 
1432; anti-s. literature, suppression of; 
anti-s. movement opposed ; anti-aboli- 
tion riots, 1451; Northern agitation, 
145 2 ; mail matter excluded, 1453; phi- 
lanthropist destroyed, 1463; petition to 
abolish, in D. C; memorials refused by 
Cong.; right of petition denied, 1471; 
proslavery mob destroys Pa. Hall ; Rev. 
E. J. Lovejoy murdered, 149 1; " Gag- 
Law" passed, 1492,3, 1531 ; abolitionists 
org. political party ; L'Amistad arrives, 
151i; riot at Cincinnati; uprising on 
Creole, 153 1 ; mob at Phila.; suppressing 
slave-trade; law of s. supreme, 155 1 ; 
disturbs Meth., 1563; Tex. annexation, 
157 2 ; divides Democrats, 157 2 , 187 2 ; 
divides two parties, 1573; divideB Bap- 
tists, 1582..1603; balance of States,1593; 
Bapt. missions suffer, 1603; Wilmot Pro- 
viso agitation, 1612; extended, 1633; 
abolished in D. C, 1652; divides Whigs ; 
divides Democrats, 1651 ; Fugitive-Slave 
Law violated, 1663 j Fillmore favors com- 
promise ; wronged, 1672; Clay's Compro- 
mise Bill; in Terr. ; debates in Cong.,1671 , 
1751 ; Webster's speech, agitation, 1671 ; 
debate on admission of Cal.; Fugitive 
Slave Bill passed, 1672; riot at Christi- 
ana, 1691 j agitation quieted by compro- 
mise, 1712; women against, 1711 ; Burns 
rescue, 1742; agitation ceases, 1743, and 
renewed, 1751 ; repeal of Missouri Com- 
promise ; Kan.-Neb. Bill ; enlargement 
of area ; Emigrant Aid Co., 1751 ; North 
and South antagonistic ; emigration to 
Kan., 1763; Kan. legislature upholds, 
177i ; election forTer. legislature ; splits 
Am. party, 177 2 ; pro-s. party meets in 
Kan.; Topeka Conven., anti-s. accepted, 
1791 ; pro-s. legislature recognized in 
Kan., 1792 ; pro-s. conflict at Osawatomie; 
Presbyterians condemn, 180 1, 1822; s .- 
trade revival proposed, 1803; pro-s. trou- 
bles in Kan., 181i ; pro-s. party aided by 
U. S. troops, 1821 • Dred Scott decision, 
1831; Republican party against; Kan. 
election, 1832; "Personal Liberty Bill" 
passed, 1851; anti-constitution in Kan., 
1852; pro-s. resolutions pass senate, 1872; 
Knights of Golden Circle, 1853; free 
States control gov't, 1903; in territories, 
1922; nat., perpetual, unchangeable 
plan, 1923; coerces Border States, 193 1 ; 
13th Amend, for.1031 .2293 ; bill to abolish 
in D. C, 1993, 2013, 2072; divides Cong., 
2013; fugitives not returned; gradual 
abolition, 205 3 ; anti-slave treaty, 207 3 ; 
excluded from territories, 2093; or 
freedom, U. S. choosing, 215 3 ; 13th Con- 
stitutional Amend, prohibiting, intro., 
229 2 , and approved, senate, 231 3 , it 
fails in house, 235 2 , and house passes, 
2431 ; repeal of Fugitive Slave Law, 2352, 
3; ^coastwise slave-trade bill approved, 
2353; prohibited by 13th Amend., 2493; 
Cong, abolishes, as an institution in U.S.; 
Tenn. abolishes, 243 1, and N. C, and 
Ala., 249i, and La., 2592; Am. Anti-s. 
Soc. dissolved, 2703; Vienna Cong, abol- 
ishes, 5203; abolished in Boli v., 5502; in 
Braz., 5543, 5571 ,2; abolishing law nul- 
lified, 5572; disguised, Transvaal, 5991; 
abolished, Colombia, 6282; intro., Cuba, 
6312; abolished in Cuba, 6332, and in 
Den., 6392; m Ecu., 6433; of captives, 
Egy., 6471 ; favors Thothmes III. build- 



ing, 6483; abolition decreed, Egy., 6583; 
abolished inj Fr.. 7303; abounding in 
Brit., 8411 • prohibited in G. Brit., 9102; 
Abolition Slavery Bill defeated, 9272; 
abolished in E. I., 9492; abolished in 
Guate., 10391, in Madagascar, 10952; 
Christian, abolished in Morocco, 10972; 
abolished in Rus., 11172; abolished in 
Porto Rico, 11323; abolished in Sweden, 
11363. 

Slaves, Algerine, 91 ; catching Indians for; 
traffic in W. I., 172; intro. in N. Y., 303, 
391 ; traffic in Boston, 37 1; marriage 
among, honored, Pa.; Wm. Penn frees, 
551 ; real estate, 572; baptism, 57 1 , 
582,3; Eng. exclusive transport; peti- 
tion against freeing, Pa., 583 ; Chris- 
tianity, 603; run to Fla., 632; colonists 
desire, 652; many fugitives, 93 2 ; Qua- 
kers emancipate, 1003; in 1790, 103 1 ; 
masters summary power; Fugitive S, 
Act, 105i ; importation prohibited by 
Cong., 1143; in 1810, 1171; returned to 
Afr.,1272; total in 1820; trade in, piracy, 
1291; Sunday-schools for, prohibited, 
1212; in 1850, 169'; rise on Creole, 1552; 
capturing fugitives, 1711 ; in 1860, 1871; 
contraband of war, 1961, 1971 ; confis- 
cated, 199 1 , 2 , 2013 , 5613 ; Fremont manu- 
mits, 1991 ; excluded from camps, 2003; 
enlisted, made free, 2031 , 2302, 2313; not 
returned„205 3 ; freed in S. C. by Hunter, 
2071; military labor of, 2101; freed by 
confiscation, 2112; J. Davis recommends 
enlisting, 2392; liberated, E. Afr., 5623; 
s.-traders defeated,5643; intro. , Cape Col- 
ony, 5973; liberation opposed by Boers, 
5991 ; released, Tunis, 11392; free, Braz.; 
population, 5571 ,2; sexagenarian, free, 
5572; rntro., yearly Cuba, 631 2 ; impor- 
tation prohibited, 6331 ,3; emancipation, 
6323, 6332; mutilated bodies, Egy., 6471 ; 
in Gaul, 6652; transported, 9251; colo- 
nial freed, G. B., 947 1; revolt of, It., 
1063 1 ; emancipation of, Venez., 11603, 

Slave-trade favored, Eng., 9003, 9252; im- 
portant, 9031; declaration of, 906 3 ; ef- 
forts tosuppress,923i ,9251 ;bp. of Loud., 
abolition provided, 927 1 ; organized ef- 
fort, 9352; suppression of, 9512; treaty, 
Eng. with U.S. ,9671, 2; Suppression Act 
passes, 977 3 ; suppressed in Kongo, 
10932; begins in Port., 11093; decree 
against ; abolished on royal estates, 
11113; abolished, 11311,2. 

Slavin, Frank, pugilist, 10023. 

Slavisa, king, 5033. 

Slavonians, Gr. missionaries visit, 502 3 ; 
rise in revolution, 523 1; separate gov't, 
5273; devastate Gr., 10302; ravage It., 
10721 . 

Slavonic Cong, at Prague, 5231 . 

Slavs, attempt to conciliate, 531 2 ; revolt, 
Bohemia, 7712; i n Ger., 7721; inRus., 
11132; cone, at Moscow, 11193. 

Sleeper, Jacob, d., 3382. 

Sleepy Hollow Cemetery, Monument,474i . 

Sleidan, Johann, b., 7S63; work, 7923; d., 
7922. 

Slemme, Edmund, reigns in Sweden, 11333, 

Slemmer, Adam J., b. (1S28); holds Fort 
Pickens, Fla., 1901 ; d. (1868). 

Slevin, Hugh, Parkhurst's charges, 4403; 
trial, 4522. 

Slidell, John, b., 1042; bill to purchase 
Cuba, 1S5 2 ; senator ; withdraws, 1913; 
Confed. commissioner ; sails ; seized, 
in Boston ; in prison, 201 2 ; released, 2013 ; 
sails for Europe, 2032; d., 2741 . 

, , ill-treats Chinamen, 4443. 

Sliding Scale Act passes, 9433, 9512. 

Sligo, Marquis of, title created, 931 1 . 

Sling used, 11402. 

Slivnitza, Servians defeated, 566 2 . 

Sloan, J. M M Shorthand, 9902. 

Sloan's Valley, Ky., railway accident, 
3713. 

Slc-ane, Sir Hans, b., 8902; pres. Royal So- 
ciety ,9061 ; library bought, 9132;d.(1752). 

, Sir John, designs Bank of Eng., 9401 . 

, "William M., work, 4462. 

Sloat, Com. John Drake, b. (1780); at Mon- 
terey, 1612, 1G21 ; gov. Cal., 1613; d. (1867). 

Slocum, David, robbed, 479 1 . 

, Henry "Wadsworth, b., 1342 ; near 

Charleston, 2161 ; at Gettysburg, 2241 ; 
at Jackson, 2361 ; at Grand Gulf; action 
between Pontotoc and Tupelo, 236 2 ; at 
Atlanta, 2381 ; Atlanta to the sea, 2401 ; 



at Averysboro; atBentonville; at Golda- 
boro, 2441 ; in Credit Mobilier investiga- 
tion, 2812; d.,4562. 

Slough, R. R. accident at, 9893. 

, Col. John P., b. (1829; ; at Vallis, 

2051 ; court, 2161 ; d. (1866). 

Sloughter, Henry, signs death warrants, 
503; gov., 51i; inN.Y., 513; d.,632. 

Sluis, battle of, 6741 ; taken, 10982. 

Slums of cities, Cong, investigation, 4111 . 

Sluyter, missionary in New York, 463. 

Small Agricultural Holdings Bill, 10092. 

German party formed, 818 3 . 

pox rages, Braz., 5573; inoculation 

for, G. B.,9061. 

Smalls, Elliott, contest in congress, 3363. 

, Robert, b. (1839); runs Planter out of 

Charleston, 2072. 

Smart, Benj. Humphrey, b., 9242; d.,9762. 

, Col., at Patterson, Mo., 2203. 

Smeaton, John, b.,'9062; Eddystone light- 
house rebuilt, 9142; d.,9262. 

Smee, Alfred, electric battery constructed, 
9501. 

Sinellie, William, b. (1740); Encyclopaedia 
Britannica, 9191 ; d. (1795). 

Smerdis, killed, 11062. 

Smiles, Samuel, b., 9382; works, 9631, 
9763,9811. 

Smilie, Geo. Henry, b. (1840) ; in Nat. 
Academy, 3121 . 

Smillie, James David, b. (1833) ; in Nat. 
Academy, 294 1 . 

Smirke, Sir Robert, b., 9211 ; d., 9701. 

Smith, Abigail, married, 743. 

, Adam, b., 9062; works, 9152, 92H; 

d., 9243. 

, A. L., in Parnell Commission, 999 2 . 

, Albert, b., 9382. 

, Alexander, b.,9442; d. (1867). 

, Alfred T., commissioned col., 4521 . 

, Andrew Jackson., b. (1815) ; at Milli- 

ken's Bend, 2171; captures Fort de 
Russy, 2302; enters Red River, 2303; 
at Cane River, 231 1; at Grand Ecore, 
2321; at Yellow Bayou, 2331; between 
Pontotoc and Tupelo, 2362 • attacks 
Spanish fort, 2442. 

, A. "W., noni. for gov. Kan., 4093. 

, Benj., b. (1750); gov. N. C, 1173; d. 

(1829). 

, Bosworth, b. (1794); cons. P. E. 

bp., 1402; d. (1884). 

, Leigh, b. (1828) ; discoveries, 

9761 ; polar expedition, 9841 9861 . 

, Caleb B., b. (1808); sec. int., 1931 ; d., 

2291. 

, C. D., gov. Can., 5771 . 

, Sir C. G., gov., 10492. 

, Charles Emory, b. (1842); minister, 

resigns, 4072. 

, Ferguson, b. (1807); gen in Tenn., 

2043, 2051; d., 2072. 

, Christopher, 1. mayor London, 9353. 

, Sir Culling Bradley, in Evang. Alli- 
ance, 9523. 

, Sir Donald, last spike in C. P. R. R,, 

5853. 

, E. D., White Caps, 4263. 

, Edward Kirby, b. (1824) ; threatens 

Cincinnati; at Richmond, Ky., 2122; at 
Murfreesboro, 217 1 ; at Jenkins's Ferry, 
2321; at Griswold, 2401; able to con- 
tinue war, 2462; surrenders, 2463; polit- 
ical disabilities, 2992; d., 4261. 

, Gen., commands at Baltimore, 1222. 

, Col. Euan, antislavery decree, 5633. 

, Francis Pettit, b. (1808) ; intro. pro- 
peller screw, 1481; patented, 9481; d. 
(1874). 

, Frank, minister, Can., 5931, 5952, 

5963. 

, Geo., hanged, 3071 . 

, , b. (1840); explorations in Assyr., 

11581; Assyrian 1 discoveries, 9783; stud- 
ies inscriptions, 11562; d. (1876). 

, K., Molly Maguiresmurder,2292. 

, W., gov. Va., 1192. 

, M. C, b., 1602. 

, Gerret, b., 1062; d., 2861. 

, Goldwin, b.,9403; againstC.P. R.R., 

, Green Clay, b. (1832); gov. Mont., 

2553; candidate for pres., 2931; vote, 
293 2 295 2 . 

, Gustavus Woodson, b. (1822); Battle 

of Seven Pines, 3982. 

, Capt. H., at Aden, 10473. 

, Henry, gov. R.I., 1133. 



1410 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Smit-Soci. 



Smith, Henry, prov. gov. Tex., 1453. 
, Boynton, b. (1815) ; moderator, 

229'; d. (1877). 
, George Wakelyn (Sir Harrv), b. 

(178S); ends war, Cape Colony, 598'; 

gov., 5992 ; defeats Sikhs, 1046' ; in 

Orange Free State, 11052; d. (1877). 

, Rev. P., trial, 418' , 4562. 

, Hezekiah, b. (1737); pastor Haverhill 

Baptist Church, 742; d. (1805). 
, Hoke, sec. interior, 427' ; Commence- 
ment Address, 458' . 
, Horace, b., 9203; Rejected Addresses, 

937'; d.,9542. 

, Hubbell, forgery, 4702. 

, Hyruin, Mormon, shot, 1563. 

.Israel, b. (1810); gov. Vt., 1152; d. 

(1781). 

, Jacob H., commissioned major, 456' . 

, James, b., 019' ; Rejected Addresses, 

937'. 

, , Jr., b., 1682. 

, A., cons. R. C. bp., 10042. 

, Sir Edward, b., 9143; d., 9423. 

, Milton, gov. (4a., 281'. 

, Youngs, b. (1809) ; gov. B. I., 

2293; d. (18"6). 

, Jem, pugilist, !)072, 1002= 



Smith, William, architect, d., 10062. 
, Sir , b., 9363 ; WO rks, 951' ; 9551 ; 

9583, 9643; d., 10122. 

, ,cons. archbp. St. Andrews, 9922. 

, E., b. (1824); gov. "Wis., 3012. 

, Farrar, b. (1S24) ; at ColdHarbor, 

234'; at Petersburg, 2343; work, 4462. 
, H., gov. Ala., 2652; enjoins 

counting votes, 273' . 
, Henry, b. (1S25) ; minister, 9933, 

9953, 9972; chief sec, 9951; lord admi- 
ralty, 9831; d., 10062. 
, , b. (1,sl;5) ; electoral vote for vice- 

pres., 1372, 1472 ; gov. S.C., 1613, 2652. 
, Robertson, b. (1846) ; Britannica, 

9S42; d. 10121. 
, S., leaves Memphis, 2301 ; at West 

Point, Miss., 2302. 
, Saumarez, cons, bp., 10042 ; d., 

10082. 

, Sir Sidney, b., 9162; d., 9502. 

, Capt., at Linn Creek, 2041 . 

family reunion, N. J., 4362. 

College, Mass., org., 2883 ; observa- 
tory erected, 324 1 . (See Northampton, 
Mass.) 

, expedition sails, 9121 ; at Wagner 

Bay, 575' 



Sobieslaus I., duke, 5033. 

II. enthroned, 5051 . 

Sobranje, legislative chamber, 5663, 
Sobraon, India, action at, 10461 . 
Sobremonte, Viceroy, attacks, 489' . 
Sochovukopf, M., expelled, 5683. 
Social clubs est., Gr., 10143. 

Congress, Paris, 763' . 

Democrats Congress opd., 836 3 . 

Guardian Orderassignlnent, 4173. 

Purity Movement org., 3203. 

• Science, Am. Acad, of Political and, 

fnd., 348'. 

Asso., Am., fmd., 250'; conv., 

'"' 3,4142, 470 3 ; prison reform, 



4.'W1 



62,9741,9881. 



-, Je'-emiah, b. (1759); gov. N. H., 1172; Smithtield, Or. Free State, 



. 11051 . 
Smith's Falls, Ont., U. S. treas. agent 

withdrawn, 595 3 . 
Smitbson, James Lewis Macie, b., 741 ; d., 

1362; legacy received, 1501. 
Smithsonian Institution, est., 1602; library 

burned, 2423 ; partially burned, 251 3 ; 

Chinese jewel, 3413; Hodgkin's gift, 3942. 
Smithville, Ark., action near, 209' 



d. (18-12). 
— , John, b., 8742; works, 263, 302; pris- 
one-; on Chesapeake Bay; on Susque- 
hanna River, 261 ; conspiracy against; 
la~o if; life saved; gov. Va.,263, 392,3; 
excluded from council ; imprisoned ; 
p-es of Va., 272; elected pres. ; ill; re- 
leased by Indians; sails for Eng., 27 3 ; 
de-troys Fr. colony ; on Manhattan Is- &mnTakof£,Trudedyuhi/<at/a Ptcheta, 11151 . 



land on New Eng. coast, 28 

map, 283 ; attempts settlement in New 

Eng., 292; d.,321. 

, , beheaded, 9353. 

, , gov R. I., 393. 

, , speaker H. C, 9032. 

, B., gov. N. H., 4151 , 4471 . 

, Biair.b. (1736); moderator; 1083, 

d. (1799). 
, Cof-on, b. (1765) ; gov. Conn., 

1213 ; d. (1845). 

, G., gov. Vt., 2293. 

, Lawrence, b., 1262; d., 3142. 

, M., d., 450' . 

, Joseph, est. savings institution, 9292 

, , b., 1122 ; vision, 1311 ; dis. Mor 

mon Book, 1343 ; org. Mormon church 

1363; s hot, 1562, 3. 

, Rowe, commissioned col., 3521 , 

, Joshua Jonathan, 1. mayor, 9333. 

, J. T., moderator, 328 2 . 

, J. W., wife-murderer, lynched, 4163 



Smoke abatement, Nat. Inst. 

Nuisance Act, G. B., 9592, 9631 . 

Smoking, prohibited by law, N. T., 3663 ; 
death penalty, 1156 3 . 

Smolensk, Rus., taken by Oleg, 1113' ; 
contested possession, 1114' ; battle of, 
7182; Fr. army at, 7183. 

Smollett, Tobias George, b., 9062 ; works, 
9131,9151,9191; d., 9183. 

Smuggling, dis. Cal., 4483; in Tex., 4522. 

Srnybert, John, b. (108(1); d., 682. 

Smyrna built, 10151 ; earthquake, 11502, 
11562; rebuilt, 11551 ; sacked by Tamer- 
lane, 11542 ; captured by Turks, 11561 ; 
Spectator de /'Orient issued; Echo de 
I'Orient ; mission filled, 11571 ; railway to 
Aidin, 115S3; Martin Koszta seized, 5251 . 

Camp Ground, Ga., action, 2361 . 

Smyth, Frederick, gov. N. H., 2511; li- 
brary gift to Camden, 336 2 . 

, , for recorder of N. Y., 4732. 

, Gen. G. S., gov., 5773. 

Melancthon, b. (1810) ; captures , John, forms Eng. Bapt. Church, 

Biloxi, 2021; rear-adm., retired, 4031; 1101'; banished, 34^ 



d.,434' 

, M. H., sentenced, 4483. 

, Morgan Lewis, b. (1822) ; at Vicks- 

burg, 208'; d. (1874). 
, M. P., embezzler, 434= 



Smythe, Sir Thos., dis. Delaware Bay ,28' . 

, William Edmund, cons, bp., 10082. 

Smythies, C. A., cons, bp., 9862. 
Snake Gap Creek, Ga., Sherman ap- 
proaches, 233 T 



, Philander, est. Bible Institute, 10922. Snead, Thos. L-, slaves manumitted, 199' . 

-.Robert, b. (1723); moderator, 1023; Snell, Willebrord, law of refraction, 1100" 



.der, Jacob, breech-loader adopted, 

Eng., 970'. 
Snodgrass, Henry C, b., 164'. 
Snoilsky, Carl Joban Gustav, b. (1841) ; 

works, 11363. 
Snow, blockades western trains, 176' ; falls, 

N. Y., 366' ; violent storm, 1741 ; storm in 

G. B., 10041 ; re d in It., 10861 . 
Snenu Bird wrecked, 3313. 

Hill, Md., Presb. church org., 482. 

, Tenn., action at, 2202. 

, Capt. Parker, searching expedition, 

9641. 
Snowden, Gen. Archibald Loudon, declines 

Homestead reception, 4103. 
Snuff prohibited, G. B., 9172. 
Snyde, Sicke, beheaded, 7903. 
Snyder, Christopher, b. (1755+) ; boy 
martyr, 771. 

, Col., near Medley, 2301 . 

, Simon, b. (1759) ; gov. Pa., 1163 ; d. 

(1819). 

, , commissioned eol., 400' . 

456'. Snyders, Franz, b., 5403; d. (1657). 

— , — - Southwood, b. (1790+) ; d., 9642. Soane, Sir John, b. (1753); d. 9482. 
— , Tillie, killed, 3263. Soap manufacturing, great, org., 3813. 

— , William, com. brig.-gen.,354' ; in war Soapstone discovered, Va.,454'. 
dept., 3512, 4472; d. (1891). Sober Society fnd., N. J., 113' . 

— , b., 91.S3; geologist, 9282; geelogi- Sobieski, John III., b.-d., 11142 ; defeats 

eal map, 929' ; d., 9483. Turks at Vienna, 6122. 



d. (1793) 

, , cons. P. E. bp., 1062; d. (1801). 

, , b. (1757) ; sec. navy, 1112 ; sec. 

state, 117'; d. (1842). 

, , mob murders, 438 2 . 

, Angus, d., 9922. 

, Payne, b., 9383. 

, Roswell, b., 1362; d., 4041. 

, Samuel, pres. senate, 1133, 115' , 1353, 



, , bimetallic motion, 10033. 

, E., gov. Me., 1392. 

, Francis, b. (1808); My Country. 

'tis of Thee, 1403. 
, Stanhope, b. (1750) ; moderator 

1083; d. (1819). 

, Seba, b., 1022; d., 2622. 

, Sol. Franklin, b. (1801); d., 266' . 

, Sydney, b., 9183 ; works, 931 

9522. 

, Thos., lord mayor, London, 933 3 . 

, , gov. S. C, 532. 

, M. K., commissioned major 



-, meets, G.B 
— War, Rome, 10562. 

Socialism, progresses in Ger., 8052, 8203 ; 
power of suppression, 8303 ; forbidden, 
8341 ; est. by Owen, fails, 9311 . 

Socialist Labor Party, fmd., 2983 ; re- 
fused naturalization, 3931; Workmen's 
Cong, at Brussels, 547i; workmen un- 
employed in Den., 6422. 

League fmd., Loud., 9951 . 

Socialistic Republic League fmd., Fr., 
7623; professors, 7672. 

Socialists, Am., Brockton Community of, 
fmd., 2583. 

, Aust.-Hung., Cong, at Hainfleld, 

5311; arrested at Budapest, 531 2 ; op- 
posed, 533 2 ; laws modified, 533 3 ; dis- 
turbance in Vienna, 5362, 5381 ; for uni- 
versal suffrage, 536 3 . 

, Belg., Cong, at Ghent, 6451 ,5481 ; for 

universal sub rage, alt) 3 ; demonstration; 
violence in Brussels, 5481 . 

.agitation by Fr., 7293; alarm assem- 
bly, 7312; dispersed, 7563. 

Party org., Ger., 8223; in Ger. census, 

8291 ; expelled, 8303 ; Expulsion Bill 
issued, 8311; disapproved, 8.'i22; disper- 
sions illegal, SM'Ja ; riot at Miilhausen, 
8331; meet in Berlin; Cong, at Halle, 
8343 ; prosecuted ; Cong, in Cologne ; re- 
fuse cheers for enip. ; opposition to, 837 2 . 

condemned, in Rus., 11191. 

, Sp., at Barcelona, Malaga, and 

Valencia. 11331 . 
Socica Ljubibratich revolts, 5281 . 
Societe Evangelique de Fr., fnd., 7263. 

des Gens de Lettres, Louisiana, fnd., 

7271. 

Marseillaise in Tunis, 7532. 

Society, Am., customs in colonies, 731 ; 

Egy., classified, 6481 ; Fr., corrupt, 6651 ; 
Ger., composed of classes, 7771 , 

of Am. Art., 3001. 

of Am. Florists, 3662. 

of Antiquaries, G. B., 9202. 

of Army of Potomac convention, 

3411,3623,4323. 

for Artists' Widows, 9432. 

of Arts, Eng., 9122. 

of Authors, 9923. 

of Beneficence unsuccessful, 11022, 

of Blessed Sacrament combined,9702. 

of Brothers of Purity, 4861 . 

of Christians (Christian Science), 



3222 



4642 



d„ 



of Company of Jesus, 7903. 

of the Cincinnati opposed, 97 1 ; meets, 

for Diffusion and Promotion of 
Knowledge est., 943 1 . 

of Dilettanti est., 908'. 

Electro-Therapeutists meet, 4722. 

for Encouragement of FineArts,962' . 

for Evangelization of Israel est., 7562. 

■ for Evangelization of Korea, 10942. 

■ for Evangelization of World, 1442. 

of Four, Fr., 691'. 

of Holy Cross, G. B., 9603. 

for Improvement Industrial Classes, 

951'. 

for Increase of Ministry, 1862. 

of Israel's Friends, 8143, 8162, 11382. 

of Jesus (Jesuits), Abys. arrive, l', 2 , 

expelled, 23. 

,inAm.:miss„Fla. : in Paraguay, 

222, 242 ; in Peru, 242; in Can., 263, 322, 
342, 382, 442, 5703, 5722, 5731 , 575' , 6763; 
at Port Royal, 282; settlements in Para- 
guay ; in Brazil, 291 ; est. in Md., 322 ; 
in N. Eng., 362 ; missions to Indians, 
422,502,542; on Lake Mich., 44 2; rivalry 
of, 463 ; in New York, 482 ; California 
grant ; banished from Mass., 542 ; pro- 



Soci-Sont. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN -U-fcL-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column 



1411 



tectors, 571 ; in Miss., 602; miss, at Nor- 
ridgedwock, 022 ; expelled from Braz., 
72a ? in Mich. ; expelled from Paraguay ; 
expelled from Sp. S. Am., 742 ; in New 
Cal., 762. 

Society of Jesus, College, Argentine, 
burned, 4913. 

, Aust.-Hung., order fnd., 5102; 

in Prague; search for books, 513 1 ; ex- 
pelled 5163,5203; suppression, 516 3 ; ad- 
vance, 5251 . 

, Belg., expelled, 5423; coll. at 

Antwerp burned, 5493, 

, Bolivia, opposed at La Paz, 5502. 

, in Braz., 222; opposed, 553* ; ex- 
pelled, Braz.; settlements, 5542. 

, Can., order confirmed, 5703; in- 

corp.; donations protested against, 586 1 
univ. degrees refused; libel suit, 5862 
disallowance amend, defeated, 587 1 
estates ; resolution in H. C. ; request to 
queen, 5871 ; case referred, 5882 ; de- 
cis on, 589 1; gov.-gen's opinion; pay- 
ments to, 5S92. 

, Chile, arrive; expelled, 605' ; ad- 
mission refused; church razed, 6071 . 

, China missionaries, 6143 ; enter 

Tibet ; converts ; decree against mis- 
sionaries ; strife with Dominicans, 6143 ; 
expelled, 6163; anniversary, 6323. 

, Ecuador, recalled, 644 1 . 

, in Fr., est, 681 1 ; condemned, 

6823; expelled, CS43; recalled, 6871 ; sup- 
pressed in Paris, 7032; order abolished, 
7051 , 753i ; schools closed, 7243 ; univer- 
sities suppressed, 725' ; opposed ; educa- 
tional control limited, 725 2 ; expelled, 
7263, 7283 ; number iu Fr., 7362 ; decree 
for abolition, 7522; disbanded, 753 1 ; 
ascendency in Ger., 7923 ; abolished, 
804 3 ; law for expulsion ; favor papal 
infallibility, S263 ; exclusion law re- 
pealed, 8352, 8372 ; law against, 8273 ; 
return denied, 8363. 

, G.B., expelled from Eng., 8743, 

87S 2 ; opens schools, 8963 ; reward for, 
9113 ; expelled, 9442; in India, 10432. 

, It., fnd., 10811; expelled, 10832, 

10863; exiled, 10832; abol. in Rome, 10851 . 

, Japan, crucified, 10911. 

, Neth., expelled, HOP . 

, Paraguay, arrive, 1105 2 ; ex- 
pelled, 1106 1 . 

, Peru, opponents crushed, 1105 3 . 

, Port., expelled, 11113. 

■ , Rus., expelled, 11143. 

■ , Siam, work, 11242, 

, Sp., expelled, 11291; property 

confiscated, 11303. 

, Switz., work, 1138+. 

, Uruguay, work, 11592. 

of Jesuit Fathers of New Mexico, in- 
corporation void, 3012. 
' of Loyal Volunteers, 3983. 

of Maids of Cross, 8802. 

of Mechanics and Tradesmen meets, 

3711. 

for Missions to Afr. and East, 9291 . 

for Organization of Academical Study, 

9763. 

of Positivists meets, 9922. 

for Prevention of Crime, 2943. 

for Prevention of Cruelty to Animals, 

Am., 2811 ; game aud lizard traffic, 4513; 
and same in G. B., 9412. 

■ for Prevention 1 >f Cruelty to Children, 

Am., 2911 ; same in G. B., 9931 . 

of Progress, Paris, 7272. 

for promoting Christianity, etc., 8131 . 

for Promoting Christian Knowledge 

in England, 9002; i n Scotland, 9042. 

for Promoting Gospel among Seamen, 

1263. 

for Promoting Religious Knowledge, 

9131. 

for Promotion of Evangelical Knowl- 
edge, 1623. 

for Promotion of Female Education 

in Japan, 10922. 

for Promotion of Music meets, 464i . 

for Promotion of Science and Useful 

Artsfmd., N. Y., 1521. 

for Propagation of Gospel org., 382, 

9023 , 9403, same among Indians, 542 ; 
same in India, 10462, 10471 . 

for Protection of Legal Rights, 3723. 

for est. playgrounds, 9631 . 

for Psychical Research, Am., 3723; 

Eng., 9881 . 



Society of Red Cross, 54G2. 

for Reformation Manners, 899 1 , 9011 . 

Relief of Aged and Destitute Clergy- 
men, 1643. 

of Rights of Man in Paris, 7272. 

of Royal Templars of Temperance, 

2731. 

of Sons of Revolution, 2911 . 

for Support of Heathen Youth, 1311 . 

— — for Suppression of Crime, 3823. 

for Suppression of Slave-trade, 9251 . 

for Suppression of Vice (see Park- 
hurst, Charles), 2S31 ; sameinEng.,9Sli . 

of Surgeons reorganized, 9102. 

for Abolishing of Vivisection, 9811 . 

of War of 1812 in N. Y., 1331, 3683 ; 

same in Pa., 1823. 
for Young Men fail, 9151. (See Ameri- 
can, British, International, etc.) 
Soeinians, est. church at Rakow, 11143. 
Socinus, Faustus, b., 10803; d., 10823. 

, La3lius,b. (,1525) ; fnds. Univ. Society, 

10811; d. (1562). 

Socono, Woman's Christian Temperance 
Union org., 10972. 

Socorro, N. Hex., School of Mines estab- 
lished, 3502. 

Socotra acquired by G. B., 9953. 

Socrates, b.-d., 1019 1 ; composes orations, 
10231 ; condemned ; d., 10232. 

Soda ammonia process invented, 9482. 

Soden, Herr von, governor, 838 2 . 

Sodom destroyed, 11402. 

Sodoma, II. (Giovanni Antonio Bazzi, or 
Razzi), b. (1477); d., 10803. 

Sodor, see erected, S40 2 ; Bp. Bardsley 
cons., 99G2 ; Bp. Straton cons., 100S2. 

Soest, Prussia, resists Dietrich 11., 7341 ; 
besieged, 7842. 

Sofi'aride dynasty established, 1107 2 . 

Sofia, Bulgaria, a mission, 5653 ; Turks 
defeated; taken; battle, 5661; siege, 
5662, 5681,3, 5691; Alexander leaves, 
5673; assassination plotdis. ; Holy Synod 
meets, 5681; brigands hanged ; Batcheff 
assassination, 6682 ; Ferdinand and 
bride welcomed, 5683, 5091 ; hurricane, 
5693; riot, 5701 +. 

Sotrdian Rock, fortress taken, 10242, 

Sogdianus, deposed, 11071 • murders XerxeB 
II., 11073. 

Sohn, Karl Ferdinand, b., 8082 ; d., 8243. 

Soissons, Fr., Church Council at, 6643, 
6683; battle, 666 1, 770 1; academy est., 
6931 ; Congress of, 6993; attacked, 7403 ; 
surrenders, 7421 . 

Sola Pablo V. de, gov. Cal., 1252, 1312. 

Solamon, King, deposed, 5023. 

Solander, Daniel Charles, b.-d., 11342, 

Solano in Paraguay, 11052. 

Solar eclipse, occurs, 2661,3841; observa- 
tions, Eng., 9041 ; spectrum lines, 8101 , 
9302; year, length of, 10531. (See 
Eclipse). 

Soldiers, Washington's, destitute, 923, 
932; allowance for, 81 2 ; preservation 
of graves, 2521 ; negro enlisted, 2121 ; re- 
lief org., 1923, 1971 ;Home,Nat.,opd.,375i . 

Nat. Park, N. and S. survivors re- 
Soldiers' and Sailors' Convention, Cleve- 
land, 2552. 

Solebay lost, 9041 . 

Solebay, naval battle near, 8921. 

Soleil, Jean Baptiste Francois, b. (1798); 
invents saccharometer, 7301 ; d. (1878). 

Solemn Declaration, G. B., 9653, 

League and Covenant in Scot., 8843; 

signed, 8853, 8863 ; annulled, 8903. 

Soler, Manuel, governor, 6303. 

Soley, James Russell, b. (1851) ; in navy 
department, 8512. 

Solferino launched, 7341 . 

Solferino, Italy, battle of, 5241 . 

Solier, Fr. Antonio de San Mig. y, bp., 6051 . 

Soliman reigns, Morocco ; abolishes sla- 
very, 10972. 

, calif of Moslems, 4852. 

Solis, Antonio de, b.-d., 11283; work, 11292. 

, Juan Diaz de, discoveries, 163, 4891 ; 

in Uruguay, 163 ; d., 161 . 

Solomon, Col., at Newtonia, 2141 , 

, King, alliance with Pharaoh, 6503 ; 

studies Natural History, 11422 ; marries 
princess of Egypt, 1143 1 ; erection of 1st 
temple, 11422";' idolatry, 11423 ; harem, 
6503; writes Pror<-rl>x, 11423; d., 11433. 

Solomon, Song of, written, 11423. 

Solon, b.-d., 10142 ; one of Seven Sages; 



funeral oral ion, 10163; recovers Salamis; 
code, 10171 ; constitutional oath ; returns 
to Gr.; archon for life, 10172. 
Solon, Order of. (See under Order.) 
Solorzano, Alonzo de Castillo, work, 11292. 
Solosa, Carlists defeated, 11321. 
Solovieff, Alexander, attempt against 
Czar, 11191. 

, Sergius, b. (1820) ; History of Russia, 

11203; d. (1879). 
Soltikoff, Count Peter, b. (1700+) ; Aust. 

leader, 5162 ; d. (1772). 
Solvyns, Baron, d., 5481. 
Solivai/ wrecked, 9533. 
Sohva'y Moss, battle of, 8681 . 
Solynian, captures Cappadocia, 11541. 

rules Turkey ; killed, 11571 . 

I., reigns, 11572 ; takes Belgrade, 5082; 

invades Hung., 5101; annexes Tripoli, 
11381; at Vienna, 5101; i n Hung., 5112 ; 
d.,5101. 

II., b.-d., 11562. invades Hung.; aids 

Francis I., 7901; besieges Belgrade, 
11231. (See Suleyman.) 
Solymosi, Esther, murder of, 5303. 
Somali returns, 4553. 
Somali ceded, 5633. 
Somalis routed, 5643. 
Somerein, gasoline explosion, 5353. 
Somerhill, Baron, title created, 9412. 
Somerled, Scot., invades Eng., S501. 
Somers capsized, 161 3 ; wrecked, 1622. 
Somers, Baron, title created, 9231 . 

, Sir George, in Bermudas, 8793. 

, Lord John, b., 88S 2 ; lord keeper, 

9012; dismissed; chancellor, 9013; d., 
9062. 
Somers, Peter J., b., 1682. 
Somerset, Ky., Confeds. defeat, 2202; reg- 
ulators' riot, 2691 , 

, Pa., R. R. collision, 4293. 

, Col., at Fort Armstrong, 9561 , 

, D. of, title created, 871i. (See Bean- 
fort, H., Seymour, Edw. ; Carr, Robert.) 

, Duke of, minister, 9692, 

, Edward, Marquis of Worcester, sig- 
naling telegraph, 8821 ; d., 8922. 

, Lady Henry, 1'res. Brit. Temp. Asso., 

3943; yice-pres. W. C. T. U., 4402. 

, Fitzroy James Henry, Baron Raglan, 

b., 9243; at battle of Balaklava ; at 
Alma ; at Varna, 9581 ; d., 9603 
— , slave, trial of, 9192. 
Somerton, battle at, 8421 . 

, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

Somerville, Mass, first telephone to, 294* . 

, Me., plumbago mine dis., 3421 . 

Heights, Va.. Federals defeated, 2071. 

, Mary, b., 9211 ; d., 9762. 

, William, b., 9002, or (1677) ; d. (1742). 

Somervitte, mission, 6023, 
Somhlolo sentenced, 6022. 
Somkeli submits, 6022 ; trial, 6033. 
Sommelsdijk, governor, 10391 , 
Sommering, Samuel Thomas von, b,, 8023; 

d.,8142. 
Somorrostro, action at, 11321 . 
Somyor, mint-master, 4853. 
Sondes, Earl of, title created, 9871. 
Song dynasty rules, 6131 . 
Song of Battle of Maiden appears, 846 3 . 

of Brunanburh written, 8443. 

Songe du Vergier, Le, issued, 6743. 

Sonis, Col., defeats Arabs, 101 . 

Sonnini, de Manoneourt, Charles Nicolas 

Sigisbert, b., 701 1 ; d., 7192. 
Sonntag, Win. L., in Acad, of Design, 2023. 
Sonoma, Cal., captured* 1601. 
Sonora, Republic proclaimed, 1743 ; mis- 
sion at, 10962. 
Sonorri, b., Ill . 
Sons of America organized, 1632. 

of Clergy, festival instituted, 8S83 ; 

musical festival, 9042. 

of England, Convention, Can., 5862. 

of Liberty org., 75 2 ; Am. Knights or- 
ganized, 2392. 

of Revolution org. in "Wash., 3563 ; 

anniversary, 4102; Cong, of, 4062,4323. 

■ of Temperance org., 155 1 ; Lincoln 

joins, 1711; meeting, 3623; session at 
St. John, Can., 5922. 

of Veterans encampment, N.Y., 4623. 

Sontag, outlaw yvounded, 4322. 

, Henriette, Countess Rossi, b., 80S* 

appears. 1721 ; d., 8201 . 
Sontay. forts captured, 4821 . 
Sonier-Lie-th-h':)!^ appears, 10991. 
Sonthals of Bengal revolt, 10462. 



1412 



Text Figures denote Page. IJMJJl^yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Sooc-Sout. 



Soochoo, rebels defeated, 61S3 ; Gordon 
fails, 6202; mission, 0222; fir..-, 6253. 

Sooloo, Sultan of, rebels, 5522 ■ submits, 
5512. 

Soonees formed, 4851 . 

Soor, battle of, 5142, 5261 . 

Sophia, or Sofia, occup ; ed, 115S1 . 

, Archduchess, d. 528 2 . 

, Princess of Hanover, d., 9052, 

princess, b.-d., 5242. 

of Wiirtemberg, marries "William III. 

11023; d., 11021. 

Sophie, PHncess of Prussia, marries, 8331 . 

Sophocles,b.-d., 10162; prize; works, 10191 ; 
manuscriot, 1027 1. 

Sophomsba, first drama in Europe, 10S01 . 

Sorakichi, Matsada R., d., 3902. 

Sorbon, Robert de, b.-d., 6702 , fnds. Sor- 
bonne Soc, 6722 p fnds. College, 6731 ■ 
it s broken up ' 7 062. 

Sorceries, statue against, Erg , 8731. 

Sorel, Agnes b (1-109) d., 6"82. 

, Albert, Academician, 7561 . 

So^es, Jacob, pirate, ^21 . 

Sorghum, nt. Am. 1801 ; sugar mnf., 3101. 

Soria, Cristobal gnacio de 630 2 . 

Sorocaba, mission work, 5563. 

Sorocco, N Mex., gOi.d discovered, 4501 . 

Sorota, insurrection at, ^108i . 

Sosnowice Russia, strike, 11212. 

Sosthenes, d., 10272. 

Sotelo, "'ather, put to death, 10911 . 

Soterus, St., pope, 10643. 

Sothel, Seth, gov. N. C., 493, 513 ; ban- 
ished, 511. 

Sothern, Henry Askew, b., 1382 ; d., 3062. 

Sothiac festival in Egypt, 64G3 ; cycle, 6582. 

Soto, Bernado, pros. Costa Rica, 631 2 . 

, Fernando, or Hernando, b.-d., 1126 3 . 

sails for Fla., 202 ; fights Indians, 202, 
211 ; in Fla., 202, 211 ; i n Ga. ; in Miss., 
cruelty; expedition, 212; gov., Cuba, 
213; Indians worship, 221; dig. Miss., 
222; expedition at Panuco ; reaches Ark.; 
in La., 223 ; d., 221 ; buried, 223. 

, M. A., Pres. Honduras, 10413. 

Sotomayor, Alonso de, governor, 60S 2 ; at 
Antofagasta, 606 1 . 

, Eloi de Sa, Jardin do Ceo, 11102. 

y Vald^s, Ramon, b., 6063. 

Souhise, Benjamin de Rohan, b., 6842 ; 

leader revolts, (5873 ; d., 6883. 

, Pr. de (Charles de Rohan), b. (1715) ; 

at Rossbach, 702i ; commander, 802i ; d. 
(1787). 

Soublette, Carlos, b. (1790) ; pres. Vene- 
zuela, 11602 ; d. (1870). 

Soudan. (See Sudan.) 

Soufnot,JacquesGermain,b.,6963;d.,705i. 

Soui, science and education ; library gift, 
6122 

Soukari's forest, fire, 103. 

Soulard, Archbp. Xavier Gouthe, fined, 
763L 

Soule College, Tenn., founded, 1723. 

, Joshua, b. (1781) ; cons, bp., 1322 ; d. 

(1867). 

, Pierre, b., 1102 ; Ostend Manifesto, 

6331; d., 2701. 

, "Wilson, d., 4661. 

Souli£, MelchiorFrecb3ric,b.,7143; works, 
7271,7291; d., 7302 

Soulouque, Faustin Elie, b. (1785); at Las 
Carreras, 6431 ; Pres., 10402; d. (1867). 

Soult, Nicolas Jean de Dieu, D. de Dalrna- 
tie,b.,7042; at Corunna,7162; takes Ba- 
dajoz, at Lilerena, at Alhuera, 7182 ; in 
Pyrenees, 720 1 ; commander-in-chief, 
7221 ; ministry, 7273, 7293 , gen. of Fr., 
7281 ; atHellesberg, 808 1 : atOrthez,93Gi ; 
d., 7302. 

Soul-Winning andPrayer Union fmd., 9862. 

Soumet, Alexandre, b. (1788); works, 7243; 
d. (1845). 

Sounddues suspended, 1752; u. S. refuses, 
1791. 

Sourville, Anne H. de C. de, d., 6943. 

Sousa, Alfonso de, in Brazil, 203, 21 2; Rio 
de Janeiro, 5532. 

, Antonio Jose de, D. of Terceira, b.-d., 

11102. 

, Goncalode, on W. Coast Afr.,116H. 

, Holstein, Pedrode, b. (1786); Duke of 

Palmella, resigns ; regent in Port. ,11111 ; 
d. (1850). 

, Pero Lopes de, b. (1503±) ; Aao Amaro, 

5532; d. (1539). 

.Thome" de, b. (1510+) ; at San Salva- 
dor, 5533. 



South, Robert, b., 882=; d., 9062. 

African Republic (see text, pp. 1124, 

1125); find., 5993, 98G1 ; Coll. est., 598 1 ; 
church org., 599 1 ; Stafford House Com- 
mittee org., 6002 ; Confederation, dele- 
gates meet, 6012; Boers agreed; State 
recognized, 6032; Kafirs disturb, 6042; 
Bd. Jones eons., 9742; independent, 9861 ; 
Asso. est., 987' ; Company's charter ga- 
zetted, 10053 ; Eng. and Port, conflict, 
10061 . (See Transvaal.) 

American Republics recognized, 1312; 

Cong, of delegates, 1352; boundary ques- 
tion arbitrated, 4112. 
Southampton, Eng. , Am. life raft at, 256 1 ; 
Pr. Isabella arrives, 5563 ; Brit. Asso. 
meets, 9521,9881; Church Cong. at,9742 ; 
strikes, 10043, 10051 ; railway opd., 9501 . 
, N. Y., founded, 372 ; 250th anniver- 
sary, 3613; whale caught, 4473. 
South Anna, Va.,ContVds. detVatedat,223i . 
Southard, S. G., suicide, murder, 43S3. 

, Samuel L., b,982 ; sec. of navy, 1333; 

gov. N. J., 1412 ; pres. Senate, 1532 ■ d., 
1542. 
South Australia separated, 4952 ; Stuart's 
explorations, 4962 ; representative gov.; 
legislative council, 497 1; wheat crop, 
5013, earthquake, 530 1 ; colonized, 9492. 

Australian Act passed, 495 2 .- 

, Baron, title created, 9212. 

Bend, Ind. R.R. accident at, 185 3 ; 

bank robbery, 4443. 

Bermondsey, fire, 9973. 

Bethlehem, Pa., Lehigh University 

org,, 2543. 
Southbridge, Mass., R.R. accident, 4773. 
South Britain, Roman province, 10632. 

Cal. Five Meth. C< mferenee org., 3742. 

Carolina, U.S.A., Sp. holds, 251 ; land 

grants, 423, sain. ■ extended, 432; Sps. in- 
vade, 441 ; Wm. Sayle, gov. (1669); Pres- 
byterians and Independents settle; tol- 
eration.44 2 ; Fundamental Constitutions; 
Eng. on Ashley River ; self govt., 45 ; 
J. West, gov., 452, again (1674, 1684); 
Dutch arrive ; Sir J. Yeamans, gov.; new 
govt, demanded, 452; slave wars, 481; 
opposing parties, 483; Jos. Morton, gov., 
492; Richard Kirk, gov.; Robert Quarry, 
gov., 493 ; rice planted, 502, >y_>2; James 
Colleton, gov.; Huguenots arrive; writs 
against, 503; Huguenots in, 511 ,3 ; mar- 
tial law; Seth Sothel, gov., 513; Philip 
Ludwell, gov.; Tims. Sinitli.gov.; legis- 
lature acts rejected; Locke scheme 
abandoned; Jos. Blake, gov., 533, also 
(1696) ; moderate party favored; John 
Archdale, gov., 53 3 ; Indian towns de- 
stroyed, 541 ; dissenters abound, Chris- 
tians enfranchised, 542 ; orthodoxy pro- 
tected ; 1st P. E. minister, 543 ; pesti- 
lence in; immigration, 551; debt of; 
James Moore, gov., 55 2 ; Sir Nat'l John- 
eon, gov. ; refuses hereditary nobility, 
553 ; dissenters prevail, 562 disfranch.se- 
ment illegal, intolerance repealed; 1st 
church, 56 3 ; baptism of slaves, 571 ; Fr. 
invade ; dissenters' disfranchise re- 
pealed, Gov. Johnson executive, 572; 
Ed. Tynte, gov.; Robt. Gibbes, gov.,57 3 ; 
pirate's suppressed, 58'; interest issue; 
Chas. Craven, gov., 591; Rob't Daniel, 
go^., 592 ; James Moore, gov. ; Arthur 
Middle-ton, gov., 593, Gl 2; Francis Nichol- 
son, gov., population ; govt, revolution- 
ized, 593; invaded, 601 ; p-oprietarygo^t. 
overthrown, 61 1 ; N. and S. divided; 
Ger. Palatines arrive, 613; Robt. John- 
son, gov., 632 ; yellow fever ; T Brough- 
ton, gov., 633 ; 'indigo intro., 651 ; negro 
teaching prohibited ; Wm. Bull, gov., 
652, 732; insurrection, 652; fire; Fr. col- 
ony fails; James Glen, gov., 633; Library 
Soc. fnd., 671; Indians leave Brit, do- 
mains, 712; Win. H. Littleton, gov., 713; 
Thos. Boone, gov., 73 2 ; land bounties, 
75i; Chas. Montague, gov. ,753; Ger. set- 
tle in, 79i ; aid to Bostonians, 792; Wm. 
Campbell, gov., 813; John Rutledge, 
gov., 831, again (1779); militia in, 861 ; 
Rawlin Lowndes, gov. (1778) ; Ninety Six 
taken, 921 ; military race, 923 ; negroes 
flee to Brit., 932; royal authority reest., 
933 ; Am. takes Brit, posts ; battle of 
Eutaw Springs ; Greene retires from 
Ninety Six, 942 ; John Matthews, gov. 
(1782); Benj. Guerard, gov. (1783); govs, 
at Wash., 953 ; cedes western land claims, 



993; Wm. Moultrie, gov. (1785), 1613; 
again, 1053; Thos. Pinckney, gov. (1787), 
101 3 ; ratifies constitution, 101 1; State 
Convention meets, 1031 ; Arnoldus Van- 
derhorst, governor, 1051 ; Charles Pinck- 
ney, governor, 1073,1151; Edward Rut>- 
ledge, gov., 1093 ; s. C. Coll. org. at Co- 
lumbia, 1111 ; John Drayton, gov., 1112, 
1153; Jas.B. Richardson, gov., 1113;Paul 
Hamilton, gov., 113 2 ; Henry Middleton, 
gov., 1173; Jos. Alston, gov., H9 3 ; Pres- 
byterian Synod org., 1212; DavidR. Wil- 
liams, gov.", 1233; Andrew Pickens, gov., 
1252 ; John Geddes, gov., 1272 ; Thos. 
Bennett, gov., 1292 ; night or Sunday- 
Schools for slaves prohib ; ted, 1312; John 
L. Wilson, gov., 1313; United Synod So. 
(Evang. Luth.), org., 1323; Rich. J. Man- 
ning, gov., 133 2 ; John Taylor, gov., 1352; 
Steph. D.Miiler, gov., 1372; James Ham- 
ilton, gov., 1392; Columbia Theo. Sem. 
est., 1403 ; incipient rebellion ; reward 
offered against Liberator, 1411; Robert 
Y. Hayne, gov.; nullification ordinance 
passed; State Conven. meets, 1412 , se- 
cession threatened , U. S Force Act de- 
clared void nullification repealed, 143 2 ; 
Geo McDuffie, gov., slavery mob enters 
post-office , U. S. mails opd, 145 2 rail- 
road opd., 1453 ; Pierce M. Butler, gov., 
1472 ; Patrick Noble, gov., 1512 , p, K. 
Hennegan, gov. ; John P. Richardson, 
go 17 ., 153 ; James H. Hammond, gov., 
1553; William Aiken, gov., 1592 ; David 
Johnson, gov., 1613 ; W. B. Seabrook, 
go"., 16o2; calls a Southern Cong., 1672; 
John H. Means, gov., 1G9 2; JohnL. Man- 
ning, go^., 17 2; James II. Adams, gov., 
17'<2 ; Newbury Coil, org., 1802 , Robert 
F. W. Alston, gov., 1812 ; Wm. H. Gist, 
gov., 1852; Asso. of 1SG0 fmd., 1882; elec- 
tion excitement in 1860 ; secession advo- 
cated Senators resign ; conven. called ; 
secession assumed, 1883 ; State Conven.; 
E W Pickens, gov ; secedes by ordi- 
nance ; sends commissioners to D. C. f 
1892 3, 190 3 , fo^ts requested; request 
withdrawn Caleb Cushmg sent to S.C., 
1892, independence declared, 189 2 ,3; 
members of Cong withdraw, 1893 , Ft. 
Johnson seized, shot at Star of the If'est, 
1901; Francis W. Pickens, gov., 1892, 
190 3 ; Gen. Beauregard in command; 
Maj. Anderson cut off, 1921 ; Gov. Pick- 
ens notified ; constitution revised ; Ft. 
Sumter surrendered, 1933; Niagara cap- 
tures Gen. Parkhitl ; Charleston block- 
aded, 1942; privateer Savannah escapes, 
196 ; prohibits payment of northern 
creditors, 197 ' ; Sem Chestnut expelled, 
19S3 ; Confed. envoys leave, 2001 , 2012 ; 
Nashville runs blockade; battle of Port 
Royal, 2002 • 17 hrilks block channel, 
2021,2; privateer Isabel escapes ; action 
at Port Royal Ferry, 202 1 ; teachers for 
freedmen, 2052 ; skirmish at Edisto Is- 
land, 206 2 ; Gen. Hunter emancipates 
slaves, 2071 ; Planter runa blockade, 2072; 
action on James Island, 2083, 2091,2243; 
2203, 2422; action on Pinckney's island, 
212 ; 1st reg. S. C. vols, (colored) org., 
2151; M. L.Bonham, gov., 2173; block- 
ade declared open, 2182 ; Charleston 
bombarded,32202 ; Federal raid up the 
Cambahee, 2241 ; Morris Is. surprised, 
2242; Ft. Wagner assaulted, 2243,2251, 
2202 ; Federals' siege of Ft. Sumter, 2251 , 
2261,2; Charleston bombarded, 2261 ; ac- 
tion at Honey Hill ; at Devreaux Neck, 
2402 ; A. G. Magrath, gov., 2413 ; action 
at Pocotaligo ; at Salkehatchie, 2421; 
action at Aiken; Federals enter Colum- 
bia and Charleston, 2422 • Sherman 
crosses Pedee River, 244 1 ; provisional 
govt, est., 2473 ; Garrison speaks in 
Charleston, 247 1 ; Avery Institute opd., 
2482 ; Benj. F. Perry, provisional gov., 
2483; ordinance of secession repealed ; 
13th Amend, ratified; new constitution 
enacted, 2491 ; James L. Or, gov., 251 1 ; 
ratifies 14th Amend., 2552; constitu- 
tional conven. meets, 2611 ; new consti- 
tution ratiiied, 2013 ; State readmitted, 
2632; supt. of schools elected, 2043; Kob- 
ert K. Scott, gov., 2653 ; ratifies 15th 
Amend., 2671; f re e school system est., 
2702; Habeas Corpus suspended, 2751 ,2 ; 
Franklin J. Moses, Jr., gov., 281 1; in- 
dicted ; State debt repudiated ; Normal 



Sout-Spai. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDiiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1413 



scliool at Columbia, 2843 ; Dan. H. Cham- 
berlain, gov., 2912 ; organizations dis- 
band ; electoral vote disputed, 293 2 ; 
Wade Hampton, gov., 2932, 2973 ; certi- 
ficates to Kepub. pres. electors ; 2 Legis- 
lative bodies; 2 governors, Dan. H. Cham- 
berlain, gov., 2932 ; electoral vote dis- 
puted, 2951 ; ex-Treasurer F. L. Cardoza 
■convicted; political frauds, 2971; debts 
scaled, 2993 ; Wra, D. Simpson, gov. ; elec- 
tors bribery exposed, 3012 ■ department 
of Agric. est., 3021; Gov. Simpson re- 
signs; T.B.Jeter, gov. ,305 1 ; Johnson Ha- 
good, gov., 3052; negroes terrorized, 309* ; 
Hugh S. Thompson, gov., 3132 ; John P. 
Richardson, gov., 325 2 ; pension system 
enacted, 3292 ; Confed. seal given to,3333; 
justice for lynchers ; negro exodus ; de- 
tectives driven out by negroes ; negroes 
lynched, 351 1 ; colored people's 1st State 
fair, 3513; colored convention assembly, 
3591 ; Benj. R. Tillman, gov., 3751 , 4212; 
J. D. Shaw shot, 3871; excessive R.R. 
taxes, 4251; Evans Liquor Law opera- 
tive, 4323 ; Dispensary Law unconstitu- 
tional, 4332, 4572, 4683 ; state dispensa- 
ries est., 4333 ; Dispensary Law enforce- 
ment resisted, 4342 ; gov.'s appeal for Sea 
Islands sufferers, 4363 ; cyclone, 4361 1 
4401; gov. suppresses opposition; rebel- 
lion against Liquor Law, 4543; gov. as- 
sumes control, 4552; civil status restored, 
4571; Evans Liquor Law valid, 4583; 
State under prohibition, 4593; State dis- 
pensaries reopd., 46(32; gov.'s liquor proc- 
lamation, 407 1 ; Dispensary Law uncon- 
stitutional, 4682; Dispensary Law consti- 
tutional, 4723; Intoxication and Prof ane 
Language Bill, 4762 ; John Gary Evans, 
inaug., 4793. (See Fort Sumter.) 

South Carolina Coll. est., 1111 , 

Church, Old, Boston, seized, 50 2 ; 

erected, 603 ; tea question discussed in, 
782; as riding-school, 823. 

Southcott, Joanna, b., 9123; fanatic, 9131, 
9263 ; d.,9363. 

South Dakota, territorial history (N. and 
S.Dak.); first settled, 1691 ; territory org., 
193i ; ter. govs., Win. Jayne, 2032, New- 
ton Edmonds, 2193, Andrew J. Faulk, 
2253, John A. Burbank, 2693, John L. 
Pennington, 2851 ; Win. A. Howard (1878), 
Gilbert A. Pierce, 3193, Louis K. Church, 
3252, Arthur C. Mellette (1889) ; Yank- 
ton, capital, 2173 ; Dak. Ind. missions 
est., 2631; S. D. Congregational Asso. 
fmd., 2762 ; Indians surrender lands, 
2953 ; school for deaf mutes, 3071 ; Free 
Meth. Conf. fmd., 3122 ; Yankton Coll. 
opd.,3123; Univ. of, org.; Normal schools 
opd., 3143 • tin dis., 3141 ; Constitution 
adopted ; Insane Asylum at Yankton, 
3171 ; Agricultural Coll. opd. ; bill for 
admission, 3193,3363,3371 ; Constitution 
framed, 3211, 2; Dakota Univ. est., 3223; 
State School of Mines opd., 3283 ; Local 
Option Law passed, 329 1 ; North and 
South D. separated, 3292 ; gas struck, 
332i; riot, 3331; windstorms and prairie 
fires, 3381 ; Kepub. Conven. called, 3431 ; 
P. F. M'Clure nom. for gov., 3451 , 3473 ; 
Arthur C.Mellette nom. for gov., 3451; 
1st Legislature meets, 347 2 , 3513 ; ad- 
mitted to the Union ; Constitution 
adopted, it prohibits the sale of intoxi- 
cants, 3472 ; Arthur C. Mellette, gov., 
3492,3993; Rom. Cath., diocese est., 3501 ; 
liquor dealers continue business, 3511; 
dust blizzard, 3561 ; woman suffrage soc. 
org., 3603; Independent party fmd., 3623; 
gold dis., 3681 ; strikes ; Prohibition Law 
operative, 36S 2 ; troops arrive, 3701 ; 
armed Indians alarm, 3721; destitution, 
3733; capital punishment rejected, 377 2 ; 
Prohibition question resubmitted, 3783, 
and sustained, 4232 ; divorces limited, 
3891; platinum ore dis., 4061 ; r. c. In- 
dian Cong., 4101 ; cowboys k., 4223 ; Re- 
apportionment Act unconstitutional, 
4243,4632; cattle thieves scattered, 4271 ; 
C. H. Sheldon, gov., 4472 ; prairie fires, 
4641 ; free silver platform adopted, 471 1 . 

Univ., est., 3143. 

Southeastern R. R. and London R. R. Co., 
amalgamate, 9832. 

Railway, opened to Dover, 9521. 

Southern Baptists. (See Baptists.) 

Theological Seminary est. (1859). 

College org., Ga., 1571 . 



Southern Confederacy, South. Cong.called, 
1672; states secede : S. C, 1892; Miss., 
Fla., Ala., 191 1 ; Ga., La., 1912; Tex., 
Va.,1913; Ark., 1952; N.C.,1953; Tenn., 
1972- Mo.(?), Ky. (?), 2012 ; official be- 
ginning of, 1892; senators resign, 1883 + ; 
seizes forts, 190i ; provisions for, 1912 ; 
1st Provisional Cong. org. ; provisional 
constitution adopted and style ; Cong, 
elects pres., etc.; it assumes nat. prerog- 
atives ; Montgomery, Ala., capital, 191 3 ; 
call for volunteers, 1921; enraged feel- 
ings, 192 2 ; sends 3 commissioners to 
Wash., 1931,3; importation of slaves 
prohibited ; controls military affairs ; 
army of 100,000 ; constitution adopted ; 
demands independence ; adopts perma- 
nent constitution, 1931 ; appoints for- 
eign commissioners; states to cede forts 
to ; provides for a revenue ; Provisional 
Cong, closes, 1932 ; coast blockaded ; 
privateers for, 1941 ; Lee commands in 
Va.; La. raises troops ; increase of army, 
1942; forts blockaded ; telegrams seized.; 
compact with Va.; Provisonal Cong, 
meets, 1951 ,2; -war recognized; Va. en- 
ters Confed. Cong., 1952; Eng." recog- 
nizes ; aliens' property confiscated ; 
Cong, adjourns to Richmond, U. S. 
mails withdrawn, 195 3 ; postal commu- 
nications prohibited by U. S. ; Rich- 
mond the capital, 1971 ; Fr. neutral ; 
U. S. passports required, 1972; to raise 
a million men, 1973; 3d Provisional Cong, 
at Richmond, 1973, 1992; value of Con- 
fed. dollar, 1973+ ; army in 1861,1981; 
confiscation of property of Confederates; 
G. Brit, communicates with ; Lincoln 
prohibits commercial intercourse ; cit- 
izens of U. S. exiled, 1992; passes re- 
quired, 1993, 2001 ; envoys run blockade, 
2001 ; Army of Va. org., 2003; envoys re- 
leased ; general election ; Davis and 
Stephens elected ; conven. in Ky.; 4th 
Prov. Cong, opens; Cong, admits Ky., 
2012; confiscation of Confed. Property 
Bill, 2013 ; peace resolutions in Cong., 
2033;army under Beauregard,2042; prov. 
Cong., last session ; first Confed. Cong, 
meets; Jeff. Davis inaug. pres., 2053; 
Gen. Johnston commands army of Va. ; 
commerce cut off, 2062 ; gunboats re- 
pulsed in Tenn., 2071 ; Conscription Act 
passes ; 1st Cong, closes 1st session, 207 3 ; 
Lee commands Army of Va., 2083 ; con- 
fiscation of rebels' property, 2112 ; i s t 
Cong., 2d session opens, 2113 ; retalia- 
tion ordered, 2133, 2152 ; Eng. recogni- 
tion proposed, 2152; conscription, 2153, 
2312,3;negroes guarded; Cong, adjourns, 
215 3 ; Davis opposes enlisting negroes, 
2173 ; death for officers of negro regi- 
ments ; on emancipation proclamation, 
2192; dismisses consuls, 2233; 1st con- 
scription proclamation, 225 3 ; bankruptcy 
exposed, 2273; raid disclosed, 2281 ; com- 
pulsory funding of finances recom- 
mended, 229 2 ; army south of Rapidan, 
2321; 2d Cong, meets, 2333,2393; Gen. 
Hood commands dept. of Tenn., 236 2 ; 
seal finished, 2373 ; enlistment of negroes 
authorized, 2431 , 2; and defeated, 2432; 
3 peace commissioners sen t, 243 1 ,2; Cong. 
issues address, 2432 ; Confed. raiders from 
Can. attack St. Albans, 5801 ; raiders dis- 
charged, 5831; Confed. debt repudiated 
by Federal Cong., 2432,3; Davis's last 
message ; last Cong, adjourns ; gov't 
leaves Richmond ; Davis, Danville ad- 
dress ; correspondence with Eng. on 
privateers begins ; seal arrives at Rich- 
mond, 2453; surrender of Lee, 24G1 ; ports 
closed by Federals, 2472 ; opened, 2473 ; 
2491; Eng. and Fr. rescind recognition, 
2473,9691; southern ports closed, 2472, 
and reopened, 2473; Confed. prisoners 
released ; southern ports, restrictions 
removed, 249 1; insurrection declared 
suppressed, 2523; Confeds. disfranchised 
in W. Va. and Tenn., 2531 ; states with 
invalid gov'ts, 2611; amnesty extended, 
263 2 ; legal and political disabilities re- 
moved, 2633, 2711 ; states represented in 
Cong., 2711; flags not restored, 3272; 
Confed. monument at Petersburg, 3601 ; 
Confed. veterans reunion held, 3623 ; 
veterans' reception in N. Y., 3821 ; Con- 
fed. Soldiers' Home, 3983; flag returned 
from Boston, 4001 . 



Southern Convention of Churches, 3163. 
Exposition at Louisville, Ky., 3153; at 

Montgomery, 3473; at Augusta, 3953. 

Governor's' Convention, 4283. 

111. Conf. (Meth. Epis.) org., 1702. 

Immigration Land and Title Co. org., 

4613. 
Interstate Exposition opens, Raleigh, 

3933. 
Ky. College (Christian) est. at Hop- 

kinsville (1849). 
Southern Literary Gazette appears, 1331 , 
Southern Pacific R. R. chartered, 2733 ; 

train robbers, 3911, 4503; conven. for, 

2893 ; formed, 7213. 
— — University (Meth. Epis. S.), est. at 

Greensboro, Ala., 180 2 . 
Southeme, Thomas, b.,8902; d. (1746). 
Southesk, Earl of, title created, 8831 , 
Southey, Robert, b., 919 1; works, 9271, 

9311 , 9371 , 9411 ; poet laureate, 9371 • d.. 

9522. 

, Mrs. Robert, b., 9242. 

Southgate, Horatio, b. (1812) ; cons. P. E. 

bishop. 156 3 . 
South German States protest against alli- 
ance, 8253. 
- — Hadley canal opened, 1053. 

Kentucky College organized, 3082. 

Southold, N. Y., Puritan Church; PreBb. 

church fmd., 362 ; Founder's monument, 

4401. 
Lawrence, Mass., cyclone damages, 

3641. 
Mountain, Md., battles of, 2131 ; Early 

approaches, 2361 . 
South Orange, N. J,, Seton Hall College 

fnd., 1802 ; Smith embezzlement, 4343. 

Omaha, Neb., fire, 475 3 . 

Southport, Eng., British Asso. sits, 9881. 
South Portland detained by gov't., 4151 . 
South Saxons, kingdom established, 8413. 
■ Sea Bubble, formed, 9053 ; investi- 
gated, 9071. 

■ Side R.R., Va., Feds, attack, 2391 , 

Staffordshire, Eng., strike, 9943. 

Vallejo, Cal., Julia explodes, 3293. 

Southwark, Eng., Bp. Butt eons., 9982; Bp. 

Yeatman cons., 10063; bridgeopd.,9382; 

Congregational Church formed, 8782. 
Southwell, Eng., see fnd., 0922; Collegiate 

Ch. opd., 9982 ; Bp. Ridding cons., 9922. 

, Sir Robert, pres. Royal Society, 8961 . 

, Viscount, title created, 9172. 

■ , William, cabinet pianos, 9342. 

Southwest Afr., Ger. boundaries, 8382. 
- — African Co. formed, 8353. 

Bapt. Coll. est. at Bolivar, Mo., 3003. 

Kansas College est., 3242. 

■ Missouri, M. E. conference org., 2842 

Silver Conven., El Paso, Tex., 3971 . 

Southwestern Baptist University est. at 

Jackson, Tenn. (1845). 

Presb. Univ. est., Tenn., 2903. 

Univ. (Meth. Epis. S.) est. at George- 
town, Tex. (1872). 
Southwick, clergyman executed, 8S8 2 - 
Southwold, Eng.," battle of, 692i . 
Southworth, Mrs. (Emma D. E. Nevitt), 

b., 1281 ; Allsicorth Abbey, 2503. 
Soutsong, suppresses rebellion, 6132; d., 

6122. 
Soutza, Prince, duel, 7483. 
Souvaroff . (See Suvarof .) 
Souvenirs du Geveral Jarras appears, 7622. 

du C. de Roclu rhouart, Les, 7602. 

du Genirol du Jjarail appears, 7641 . 

Souvestre, Kmile, b., 7163 ; d., 7322. 
Souza-Botelho, A. M. E. F., works, 710Q, 

7171. 

, Thome de, at Bahia, 23 2 . 

Soverci<rn of the. Seas launched, 8821 . 
Sovereign, gold, Eng., 9393; value est. in 

U. S.,2851. 
, James R., Gen. Master Knights of 

Labor, 4443; reelected, 4751. 
So-werby, Anne, burned, 9172. 

, James, b., 9143; d., 9403. 

Soyer, Alexis, b., 7143; d., 7342. 

Sozomen, b., 10303. 

Spada, Liouello, b., 10811 ; d. (1622). 

Spagnoletto, b.-d., 11283. 

Spaight, Richard Dobbs, b. (1758) ; gov. 

N. C, 1051,1453; d. (1802). 
Spain (see text, pp. 1125-1133) : Hasdrubal 

in, 10531, 10542; conquered by Hamilcar, 

10531 ; Hannibal crosses, 10541 ; Roman 

province, 10553; Carthaginians expelled, 

10543; war in Lusitahia, 10551; Romans 



1414 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Spal-Spri. 



invade, 10561 ; Sertorius expelled,l0581 ±; 
Pompey rules, 10593 ; Romans surrender, 
10601 ; Romans repulsed, 10602 ; CEesar 
propretor, 10592; Augustus surrenders ; 
subdued, 10603 ; partly annexed to Ro- 
man Emp., 10103, ioi;;!2; Petrieus rules ; 
subdued by Koine, 10672 ; Romans visit, 
10673; monks abound, 10663; East Goth 
kingdom est., 10693 ; Vandals and Bur- 
gundians settle, 10711 ; Atawulf invades, 
10701 ; West Gothic kingdom est., 10711 ; 
Eomans expelled by West Goths, 10712; 
Moslem empire, 4852 ; royal library 
burned; philosophy cultivated; philos- 
ophers banished ; Alfonso X. astron- 
omer, 4862; Mex. a province, 1095 2 ; con- 
quest of Salvador, 11231 ; Sp.-Aust. 
ascendency in it., 10S1 3; Peru conquered, 
li08i; loses fleet, 8'; imperilled in 
Chile, 6041 ; at war with Chile, 6043,6051 ; 
war with Neth., 10981; Port, annexed, 
lost, 11101,2; naval power ruined by 
Dutch, 11001; Eng. captures Sp. ships, 
8881; war against Eng., 9201 , 9332 ; in- 
vades Port., 1110 1 ; Fr. cedes territory, 
5413; acquires influence in It., 10833 ; 
Aust. takes Sp. Neth., 543 1 ; treaty with 
Indians in Chile, 6053; demands repara- 
tion of Eng., 92.53 ; evacuates Yazoo 
country, Am., 109 2 ; commercial mon- 
opoly bro ken in Cuba, 0333; independence 
of Port., 11103 ;Fr. army in,7173; war with 
Mex. ,10051 ; injustice, Chile; sovereignty 
in Chile reest.,6071 ; Peruvian independ- 
ence, 11081; treaty with U.S., 1272, 12:12, 
1433,3872,4712,6343; independence of Sal- 
vador, 11231 ; surrenders Fla., 129 2 ; rec- 
ognizes independence of Sp. provinces, 
1312 ; Colombian insurrection, 6283 ; 
Mex. independent, 10962; Fr. frontier 
regulations, 7371 , 2 ; war with Peru and 
Chile, 11081; treaty with Port., 11112; 
greeting to Fr. Republic, 7412; declines 
mediation in Fr., 7432; siege in .Cuba, 
6322; modus vicendi with Fr., 7633 ; re- 
public in Cuba, 633 2 ; Morocco pirates 
rise, and indemnity claimed, 10973. 

Spalatro. Diocletian's palace at, 10662, 

Spalding Club fnd., 9491 . 

, Jesse, gov't director IT. P. R.R.,351 2 . 

, John Franklin, b. (1828); cons. P. E. 

bp., 2822. 

, L., b. (1840); cons. R. C. bp., 2942. 

, Lyman, b., 823; d., 1301 . 

, Martin John, b., 1162; d., 2762. 

Spandau, Prus., Gustavus takes, 7941. 

Spangenberg, August G., b., 562; <j., 1022. 

, Wolfhart. Gan.s/:iinig, 7931. 

Spangler, Edward, assassin, 2431 ; sen- 
tenced, 2482,3. 

Spanish Armada, 11281 ; memorial, 10041 . 

coins; of Am. circulation, 1793. 

College founded, 10772. 

Evangelical Society org., 9603. 

Fort invested, 2442 ; Federals as- 
sault, 2452. 

marriages cause trouble, 7293. 

Mission, centennial eel. Cal, 2922. 

and Port. ChurchAid. Soc. org., 9702. 

Succession, war of, 6953. 

Sparks, Jared, b., 100i ; works, 137i , 1411 , 
1431, 1451, 1583; d.,2501. 

Sparksville, Miss., Agricultural and Me- 
chanical College opens, 3042. 

Sparre, Count, d., 6421 . 

Sparta, fnd., 10133; seized, 10141, 10151, 
10262; early kings, 10152,3, 10172,3; sen- 
ate est., Ephori est., 1015 2 ; conspiracy 
to take, 10153; increases helots, 10151; 
supremacy, 10172,3 ; at war with Ar- 
gives; at war with Athens, 10161 ; earth- 
quake, 10191 ; truce with Athens, 10212; 
armistice with Athens, 10202; supreme 
command, 10232; war with Persia, 10221 ; 
league against, 10232; wa r with Thebes, 
10222; attacked, 10223, 10281 , 10571 ; ter- 
rito-y lost, 10252; revolts against Alex., 
10242 ; Agrarian agitation, 10271 ; in 
Triangular League, 10272 ; in Achrean 
League, 10273 ; sacked, 10661 ; oligarchy 
restored, 10273; power ends, 10262. 

Spartacus I., reigns in Bosporus, 11473. 

II., reigns, 1147 3 . 

captures Thurii, 10281 ; escapes ; 

threatens Rome, 10581. 

Spartan, mora cut, 10222; children raised 
together, 10143; harmosts expelled from 
Greece, 10222. 

Spartanburg, Pa., Woffard Coll. org.,1763. 



Spartanburg, S. C, mayor shot, 3923. 
Spartianus, iElius, work, 10671. 
Spaulding, Oliver L., in treas. dept., 3511 . 
, R. P., amendment to Constitution. 

2512. 

, Solomon, b.,723; work, 1211 ; d.,1242. 

, Rev., missionary in Braz., 5542. 

Speakers in Congress, 1012+. 
Speakership, long struggle, 1791 , 1871 . 
Speaking-trumpei improved, 7962. 
Spear, Col., at Franklin, 2161; at South 

Anna, 2231 ; at Jarratt's Station; raid 

in Va., 2322. 
, Samuel Thayer, b. (1812); clergyman; 

d.. 3801. 
Spearfish, S. D., Normal School opd., 3143. 
Spearville, Kan., bank robbery, 4171 , 
Specie Circular, U, S. A., issued, 147 2 . 

Payment Act passes, 287 3 . 

Payments suspended at Phila.; N.Y. 

banks resume, 1403; suspended in N. O., 
1993; suspended, 2032, 6332; Resump- 
tion Bill passes house, 2S73 ; resumption 
favored, 2972,3; resumed, 3012, 9393. 

Specitic duties, abolished, Australia, 5011. 
Speckter, Erwin, b., 8083; d., 8143. 
Spectacles, gold, manf., 1501 ; invented, 

8541 , 10762. 
Spectateur do V Orient issued in Fr., 11571 . 
Spectator, 9043. 
Spectatrice, La., issued, 6992. 
Spectrum, lines compared, 8081 ; analysis 

solved, 9402, 9422. 
Speculation, general, 3251 . 
Spec, Frieilrich, work, 7971 . 
Speech of Lamech written, 11411. 
Speed, James, b. (1812); resigns as atty.' 

gen., 2532; d. (1887). 

, John, History of Great Britain, 8783. 

Speedwell purchased, 293. 

Spegel, Haquin, b.-d., 11342; works, 11351. 

Speke, Capt. John Hanning, b.,9423; Afr. 

discoveries, 560 3 ; dis. Lake Tanganyika, 

8381 ; d. (1864). 
Spelling, Bill for phonetic, 3562. 

Reform Asso. org., 2922. 

Spelman, Sir Henry, b., 8721 ; d. (1641). 
Spelsbury, John, pastor, 8822. 
Spence, William, prosecuted, 9311 . 
Spencer, Mass., David Prouty gift, a high 

school 3443, 

, Term., Burritt College org., 1643. 

, Charles, E. of Sunderland, b., 8923; 

minister, 9033, 9053, 9072; lord treas., 

9072. 

, Earl of, title created, 9152. 

, Earl, George John, b. (1758+); lord 

adm., 9273; d. (1834). 
, Herbert, b., 9402; works, 9563, 9043, 

9663, 9723, 9783, 9882. 
, John Poyntz, b. (1835); lord-lieut., 

9732,9892, 9952, 10092; resigns, 9912. 

, , gov. India, 1045 2 . 

, Canfield, b. (1788) ; sec. war, 

1533; d.,1761. 

, Piatt R., d., 2332. 

, Robert, E. of Sunderland, b., 8842; 

sec. of state, 8953; bribe from Fr., 8971 ; 

minister, 8972, 8992; d., 9022. 
Churchill. (Sec Marlborough, D. of). 

repeating rilie patented, 1902. 

Spencerian Philanthropists Soc. est.,939 2 . 

Spencers, opposed, Eng., 8572. 

Spenser, Edmund, b., 8702; works, 8751, 

8771 ; ±, 8762. 

— — , John Charles, Viscount Althorp, h. 
(1782) ; leader H. C. (1830-34) ; minister, 
9452, 9472; earl, (1834); d. (1845). 

Spener, Philipp Jakob, b., 7963; pia de- 
sideria, 7972; d., 7983. 

, James, fnds. Pietists sect, 798 3 . 

Speranski, Mikhail, b., 11162; d., 11163. 

Sperry, Lewis, b., 1641 . 

Speve'r, Diet of, 7891, 7902, 791s; taken, 
7961 ; retaken, 8061 

Sphacteria, besieged; taken, 1020 2 . 

Sjihin.r burned, 5293. 

Sphinx Temple built, Egy., 6451 . 

Sphir, Moritz, d., 8201 . 

Sphygmograph invented, 7361. 

Spicer, Albert, pres. Congregational Con- 
gress, 10102. 

Spickardsvillc, Mo., temp, crusade, 3523. 

Spiegel, Friedrich, b., 8122. 

Spiclhagen, Friedrich, b., 8142; works, 
8203, 8263, 8303, 8322, 8362. 

Spies, August, executed, 327 2 . 

Spiess, Heinrich, b., 8142; d., 8282. 

Spina, Alex, de, invents spectacles, 10762. 



Spindler, Karl, b., 8063; The Jew, 8151; 
d., 8201. 

Spink County, S. Dak., natural gas discov- 
ered, 3501. 

Spinner, Francis E., b. (1802); d., 3742. 

Spinning, by machine, invented, 8062; in- 
tro. Eng., 8662; water power, 9181 . 

jenny invented, 9161, 918 2 ; com- 
pleted, 917 2 ; opposed, 925 1 ; introduced, 
9262. 

machine patented, 9102. 

wheel invented, 7901 ; patent granted, 

9143. 
Spinola, Ambrosio, Marq. di, b.-d., 11282; 

takes Breda, 1100 1; against Maurice, 

10982. 
, Francis B., d., 3821 . 

family in ascendency, 10772. 

Spinoza, Baruch, b.-d., 11003. 

Spirits, tax raised on distilled, 2313, 2413. 

Spiritual M"!/a~iiir issued, 9643. 

Spiritualism,' rise, 1632; first lecture, 1653; 
medium gets house, 3852; cong. of be- 
lievers, N. Y., 3883; fn law, 4263; at- 
tracts attention, 9571 , 

Spiritualist issued, 9723. 

Spitaltields, London, Eng., riots, 9172. 

Spitchnev I., duke, 5031 . 

II., duke, 5033. 

Spithead, Eng., naval review, 996 1 . 
Spitzbergen, Willoughby expedition, 8701 ; 

whale Ashing, 8762. 
Spofford, Ainsworth Rand, b. (1825) ; li- 

Drarian of Congress, 3512, 4473. 
, Harriet Prescott, b., 1442 ; works, 

2252, 2412, 2803, 3283. 
Spohr, Louis, b., 8042; works, 8121 ; d., 

8202. 
Spoils System, inaug., 1372, 1411 , 1433. 
Spokane Falls, Wash., Spokane College 

fnd., 3123; flre, 3433; explosion, 3693; 

4413. 
Spoletium, colonized, 10533; Hannibal at, 

10541 ; action at, 10581. 
Spoliation, indemnification for Brit., 1352; 

Indemnity Bill, French vetoed, 161 2 . 
Sponai, mission at, 10922. 
Sponsors, first appointed, 10643. 
Spontana, (,)uecii, killed. 8431 . 
Spontini, Gasparo Luigi Pacifico, b., 10843; 

d., 10863. 
Spooner, JohnE.,nom. for gov. Wis., 4132. 
Spoons forged, 7982. 
Spotswood, Alex., b. (1676) ; gov. Va., 573; 

upholds Indians, 583; crosses Blue 

Ridge ; opens road, 592; d. (1740). 
Spottiswood Society fnded., Scot., 9531. 
Spottiswoode, William, pres., 9761 , 9841 . 
Spottsvlvania, Va., settled, 623; battle of , 

2322,3. 
Spragg, Sir Edward, destroys ships ; k., 

8921. 
Sprague, C. E., I-Iandhookof ]'olapiik,W83. 

, Charles, b., 1022; d. (1875). 

, Peleg, h. (1793) ; d., 3041 . 

, William, b. (1799) ; gov. R. I., 1512, 

1903; soldier, 1942; d. (1856). 

, Buell, clerg., b. (1795); d.,2902. 

Sprat, Thomas, b., 8822; d., 9042. 
Spree, accident to shaft, b'373, 4193. 
Sprengel, Kurt, b., 8023; d., 8142. 
Sprigg.J. Gordon, ministry, 6012; resigns, 

6031 ; premier, 6032. 
Spring, spiral pendulum, invented, 9001. 
, Gardiner, b.,- 962; moderator, 1563; 

d., 2821 . 
, Samuel, Am. Board of Commission- 
ers, 1163. 
Springboro, O., Miami Valley College 

organized, 2771 . 
Springer, Wm. McKendree.b., 1462; Com- 
mittee of Seven, 2933; Ways and Means 

Committee, 3972; substitute, 4792. 
Springfield, 111., Lincoln practises law, 

1471 ; capital, 1512; Oakridge Cemetery 

opd., 1893; Lincoln's farewell, 1913; 

Lincoln monument, 2861 ; p. E. diocese 

org., 2962; new stock-yard company, 

3373; Nancy Hauls record, 4373. 

, Kan., outlaws tight, 3983. 

, Ky., Thomas Edgerton killed, 4763. 

, Mass., settled, 352; Indians attack, 

461; s. Jirpuhliran issued, 1631; R. C. 

diocese of, est., 2722; Fr. Prot. College 

est., 3471 ; Fire Engineers Conven.,:;«i2; 

fire, 4453; Knappe embezzlement, 4623. 
, Mo., battle of, 2002; expedition 

against, 2111 ; Confederates attack, 2181 ; 

Drury College founded, 2823. 



Spri-Stau. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDB,X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1415 



Springfield, N. J., Brit, defeated ; Gen. 
Greene at, 921 ; fire, 1273. 

, N. Y., Brant raids, 883. 

, O., Wittenberg Coll. org., 1583; City 

Hall threatened, 3822 ; strike, 4262 ; 
Scotch-Irish Congress session, 430 2 . 

Spring Hill College, Ala., founded, 1383. 

, Kan., women in office, 4543. 

, N. S., sufferers aided, 5921; ex- 
plosion, 5932. 

, Tenn., Confed. defeated, 2402. 

, Va., assaulted, 2382. 

Springville, la., neglected children die, 
3802. 

Spuller, Eugene, b. (1835) ; minister, 7563, 
7572,7671; work, 7602. 

Spur, John, expelled from church, 383. 

Spurgeon, Charles Haddon, b., 946 2 ; pas- 
tor ; in London, 9502; Tabernacle opd., 
9642; es t. Stockwell Orphanage, 9711 
works, 9723, 9811; d., 10081; body in 
state, 10083. 

, Thomas, pastor Tabernacle, 10102. 

Spurs, in use, 8613; battle of the, 6721, 
6801. 

Spurzheim, Johann Kaspar, b., 8042; d., 
8142. 

Spuyten Duyvil Creek, N. Y., R. R. acci- 
dent, 3113. 

" Squatter Sovereignty," issue, 1751 , 

Squaw Gulch, Colo".", gold found, 4001. 

Squier, Ephraim George, b., 1301 ; d.,330«. 

Squire, Watson C, b., 1502; gov., 3193; 
protection of Chinese, 3232. 

Staal De, Count, in London Conference, 
9932. 

Stack, Charles Maurice, cons, bp., 996 2 . 

Stackpole, Capt., in duel, 9372. 

Stade vessels pay toll, 6353. 

Stadion, Gen., at Montebello, 524 1 . 

Stadtlohn, battle at, 7941 . 

Stael-Holstein, Madame de, Baronne, 
Anne Louise Germain, b., 7031 ; works, 
7063, 7151 , 7221 , 7071 ; d., 7223. 

Staempfi, Baron, Alabama -Arbitrator, 

Stafford, Baron, title created, 8831 . 

, Edward, D. of Buckingham, leads 

revolt ; beheaded, 8653. 

, John, archbp. Canterbury, 8622; d. 

(1452). 

Staffordshire, Eng., collieries strikes, 
9911, 10471. 

Stagil, Germans repulsed, 7423. 

Stagira founded, 10153. 

Stahl, Friedrich Julius, b., 80S2; d., 8202. 

, Georg Ernst, b., 7963; system of 

chemistry, 8001; d., 8002. 

, Gen. Julius, b. (1825) ; at Thorough- 
fare Gap, 2142; d. (1862). 

Stahr, John S., pres. Marshall Coll., 3682. 

Staines, Sir Wm., 1. mayor London, 931 2 . 

Stair, E. of, title created, 9031 . 

, Earl of. (See Dalrymple.) 

Stakebold, John, bailiff,' 8572. 

Stalbridge, Baron, title created, 9963. 

Staley, Thomas, consecrated bp., 10403. 

Staleybridge, Eng., riots, 9671 . 

Stalker, Gen., at. Bushire, 9601 . 

Stalling*, Jesse F., d., 1781. 

Sta/hiinifrirnfh Fr>rl/<i,ll<tn<len issued, 11362. 

Stambuloff, Stephen, b. (1853) ; emp. re- 
ceives, 537 1; premier, 5681; cabLaet 
fmd.; ministry, 5691 ; atoned, 5701 ; re- 
signs, 5702; prefers charges, 5703. 

Stamer, Sir L. T., cons, bishop, 9983. 

Stamford, Conn., anniversary settlement, 
4173. 

, Eng., Mercury issued, 900 3 . 

, Earl of, title created, 8831 . 

, Lord. (See Grey, Thomas.) 

Stamp used on newspapers, 9043. 

Act, proposed, 613, 672, 9172; re- 
jected, 71 3 ; colonial agitation against ; 
troops to enforce ; rights affirmed, 743 ; 
favored, 75 1 ; passes, 75 1 , 9172; colonies 
take oath ; effect in Am. colonies ; 
repealed, 752; anniversary of protest, 
4403. 

cutting known, 6101 . 

duties imposed, 905 2 , 923 2 ; abolished, 

9612; added, 9652; on leases, 9653. 

taxes abolished, 2712. 

Stamped leather press invented, 7921 . 

Stamps reduced, G. B., 9492. 

Stanbery, Henry, b. (1803) ; appt. atty.- 
gen., 2532; on Reconstruction Act, 2573; 
Johnson's counsel, 2612; d. (1881). 

Standard, battle of the, Eng., 8481. 



Standard musical pitch determined, 3921 . 

Oil Co. fmd., 2653, 2813; trust org., 

3112, 3713; absorbs O. Oil Co., 3393; full 
control trade, U. S., 3S33; obtains wells 
in O,, 3893 ; controls gas companies, 
4713; trust dissolved, 4033; extradition 
papers refused; indictments, 4771. 

Standing Army first org., China, 6101. 

Rock, Dak., Indian council, 3412. 

Standish, Miles, b. (1548±) ; defeats In- 
dians; explorations, 30i ; d.,40i, 

Stanfield, Clarkson, b., 9263; d., 9701. 

Stanford, John, b. (1754); in America, 
982; d. (1834). 

,Leland, b., 1321 ; gov. Cal., 2012,2173; 

unites U. & C. P. R. R., 2673; nom. for 
pres., 4111 ; d.,432i. 

, Mrs. Leland, trust-deed executed, 

386 3 ; gift to orphans, 391 1 ; attack on 
car, 4532; Leland Stanford Jr. Univ., 
3802; corner-stone laid, 3203, 3923; Har- 
rison lectures, 4541 , 45G 2 . 

Stanhope, Earl of, title created, 9051 . 

, Adelaide, b., 7342. 

, Charles, Earl of, b., 9123; d.,9382. 

, Edward, minister, 9933, 9953, 9972. 

, Lady Hester Lucy, b., 9203; d., 9483. 

, James, b., 8922; at Sardinia, 10821; 

at Almenara, 6962; d. (1721). 

, Philip D., Earl of Chesterfield, b., 

9002; d.,9183. 

, Henry, Lord Mahon, Earl of, 

b., 9323; chairman Irish Church Com- 
mittee, 9702, g7i3; d., 9802. 

, iron printing-press, 9301 , 9322. 

Stanislaus, Augustus Poniatowski, b.-d., 
11143 ; reigns ; abolishes torture ; re- 
signs crown, 11172. 

, St., murdered, 11132. 

I., Leszcynski, b,-d., 11142; enthroned 

in Poland ; deposed, 11153. 

Stanley wrecked, 9673. 

Stanley, Arthur Penrhyn, b.,9363; d.,9861 . 

, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

,Gen. David S., at Snow Hill, 2202; 

at Middletown, Tenn., 2332; at Spring 
Hill, 2402. 

, Edward, arrives at New Berne, 2093 . 

-^ — , Geoffrey Smith, E. of Derby, b., 

9283, ministry, 9472, 9512, 9572, 9632, 
9691,2, 97(|2; 'postmaster, 9652; ultima- 
tum, 32; resigns office, 9713, 9832; trans. 
Homer's Iliad, 9682; d., 9722; statue, 
9761 , 9781 . 

, Henry Smith, E. of Derby, b., 

9422; d., 10101. 

, Frederick Arthur, E. of Derby, b. 

(1841) ; minister, 9933, 9953 ; gov.-gen. 
Can., 5863; tour, 5892,3. 

, Henry Morton, b., 9502; in Abys.,3i ; 

in Confederate army, 2021 ; in Zanzibar, 
2701 , 2781 , 5632; in Air., 2701 ; finds Liv- 
ingstone, 5611 ; Bennctl expedition,2721 ; 
expedition starts, 5611; displays Am. 
flag ; tidings of Livingstone ; reaches 
Unganyembe, 2741; How I Found Liv~ 
inqxtone, 2803; surveys Victoria Nyanza, 
5611; a t Cape Town, 2961: explorer in 
Kongo, 10931; i„ Sudan, 0603; relief of 
Emin Pasha, 5621 ; meets Tippoo Tib, 
8381; return journey; letter, 5621; 
progress; search ended, 5631 ; sails for 
Egy.,5632; in Afr., 8382; letter to Tip- 
poo Tib, 5462 ; expedition meets, 838 z ; 
receives medal, 10023; Lond. honors, 
10031 ; la Darkest Africa, 3622; first 
lecture in N. Y., 3702; reception, 3712; 
in Belgium, 5461,3; gov. Congo State, 
5472. 

, John, cons. R. C. bp., 2482. 

.Sir , deputy gov., 861 1 ; holds 

Isle of Man, 8613; at Clontarf, 8631 . 

, Lady, refuses divorced lady, 5902. 

— — , Maude, Working Girls, 3743. 

, Sir Thomas, lor'd-lieut., 8632. 

Stannard, Mary, murder of, 3032. 

, Gen. Geo. Jefferson, b. (1820) ; at 

Fort Harrison, 2382; d. (1886). 
Stansfield, James, minister, 9952. 
Stanton, Edwin McMasters, b., 1231 ; Lin- 
coln's sec. of war, 2032; moves troops 
rapidly, 2293 ; requested to resign ; re- 
moved, 2591 ; Johnson's message con- 
cerning, 2593 ; senate refuses to concur; 
non-concurrence ; arrests Thomas ; re- 
sumes office, 2611; impeachment pro- 
ceedings dismissed, 2612; resigns, 2631; 
appt. Ass. Justice U. S. S. Ct., 2692; d., 



Stanton, Elizabeth Cady, b., 1242 ; 
Woman's. Suffrage campaign, 2592; peti- 
tion for Supreme Court, 5703. 

, Fred. P., gov. Kan., 1871 . 

, G. H., elected bp., 9803; bp., 10042. 

, Com. Oscar F., S. Atlantic station, 

4301, salutes flag 4401. 

— — .Robert Livingston, b. (1810); moder- 
ator, 2542. 

, Thaddeus H., commissioned colonel, 

4201. 

Stanwix, John, b. (1690+) ; d., 741 . 

Staplehurst railway accident, 9693. 

Staples, Ont., explosion, 5953. 

, John, lord mayor London, 9951 . 

Star attacks Sewell's Point, 1943. 

Star-and-Stripes canvass, 1652. 

Chamber, court, restricts press, 8831 

abolished, 8852. 

City, Ind., Italian riot, 4122. 

of the Cross, order fmd., 5131. 

of India, order fmd., 9651 . 

Route frauds exposed, 3073, 3091; 

conspirators' trial, 3103, 3131 . 

Star of the IVest approaches Fort Sumter, 
1001. 

Stara-Zagora, mission, 565 3 ; insurrection, 
5681. 

Starch from potatoes, 9022. 

Starching linen, introduced, Eng., 870*. 

Slargard, Truce of, concluded, 5162. 

Starhemberg, Count Ernst Rudiger von, 
b. (1635); defends Vienna, 5122; d. (1701). 

, Count Guide, b. (1657) ; at Almenara, 

6962; at Villaviciosa, 11281; d. (1737). 

Starin, John H., soldiers' and sailors' ex- 
cursion, 3852. 

Staring, Antoni Christian Winand, b. 
(1767) ; Poems, 11022; d. (1840). 

Stark County, O., ex-treas. accounts short, 
4743. 

, Caleb, b. (1804) ; d., 2312. 

- — , John, b., 602; at Carillon, 701 ; at 
Bennington, 871 ; d., 1302; statue, 3701, 
4273. 

Starkey, ThomaB Alfred, cons, bp., 3023. 

Starley, James, b.-d., 988 2 . 

Starr, C. J., college gift, 4082. 

Stars, meteoric seen, 1421 ; catalogue of, 
8982; Chinese chart of, 6102; light of 
dis., explained, 9081 . 

Star's Mill, Ga., race fight, 3623. 

Starter, Jan Janssen.b. (1594) ; work, 11012. 

State Allegiance, paramount, S. C, 1412. 

bank circulation tax imposed, 2423; 

repealed, 4571 , 4612. 

College, Pa., org., 1823. 

State of Georgia in ice-floes, 4553. 

State Railroad Commissioners Nat. Con- 
vention, 3591. 

Rights, Senator Hayne defends, 1373. 

supremacy over church, Eng., 8482. 

Univ., la., est., 1631. 

of Ky. (Bapt.), est. at Louis- 
ville (1879). 

Staten Island, N. Y., purchased, 331 ; first 
distillers, 341 , 351 ; Indians ravage, 361 ; 
colonized, 37 2 ; Huguenot church fmd., 
483; Brit, forces on, 823; Sir William 
Howe on, 841 ; raided Ams., 871, 923; 
quarantine hospital mob, 1851 ; draft 
riots, 2253; Tunnel Act approved, 3783 ; 
Prohibition Park dedicated, 3871 ; In- 
ternal Medical congress, 38S 2 ; election 
frauds, 4611. 

States-General meets, 7072. 

Statesville, N. C, railway accident, 3913. 

Statillius, conspirator, 10592. 

Statistical congress meets, 5441 ; Fr., 7332. 

Society fmd., Eng., 9461,3. 

Statistics, U. S., (yearly after a.d. 1860) ; 

Production and Currency. ls;)3+i; Reve- 
nue Expenditure, Public Debt, 1972-4-. 
Statue of Victory, Gettysburg, 4321 . 

of Liberty, 3162. (See others under 

names of cities.) 

Statues, casting invented, 10142. 
Statute of Laborers passed, Eng., 8592. 

of Limitations passed, 8813. 

of Merchants passed, 8553. 

of Mortmain, 8542. 

of Praemunire passed, 857 1 , 8592. 

of Provisors passed, 858 2 . 

of Westminster passes, 8553. 

of Winchester passes, 855 3 . 

Scabdulum Magnatum. 861 1. 

Statutes first printed, Eng., 8643. 

of Malbridge passed, 8552. 

Staub, Nicholas, elected, Conn., 3771 . 



1416 



Text Figures denote Page. INDllX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Stau-Stew. 



Stauiilin, Karl Friedrich, b., 8023 ; d., 8123. 

Staunton, Va., Jones's raid arrested, 2242; 
Gen. Averell at, 2262; Federals occupy, 
2342; Sheridan raids, 2422. 

, Col., at Blackstock, 923. 

Stauracius, reigns, 1033 1 . 

Stead, William Thomas, b. (1849) ; book 
excluded, 4562; works, 9983, 10023, 10122. 

Steamboats, stern-wheel built, 1042; 1st 
on Hudson, 1081 ; in 1811, 1193; 1st on 
Lake Erie, 1273; anthracite coal used, 
1461; screw intro., 1481; 1st in 6. B., 
9241, 9381; experimental, 9301; l 8 t in 
France, 7022; 1st in Ire., 9401 . 

Steam-engine first built in Am., 781; for 
raising water, 8001 ; suggested, 8901 ;inv., 
9161; model completed, 9162; patented, 
9181; i n mines, 9022; works est., 9182; 
rotary motion ; double acting, 9202; 1st 
constructed, 9261; expansion, 6861; in- 
jector invented, 9G22. 

Makers' Society formed, 9431 . 

engineers oppose strikes, 4602. 

fire-engine constructed, Eng., 9441 . 

hammer made, 7501 , 9521 . 

heat, first used, 9322, 9382. 

jet applied, 9421 . 

motor man exhibited, 2601 . 

navigation est. across Atlantic, 1493 ; 

on Rhine, 8121 ; set forth, 9081 . 

packet breaks records, Eng., 9501 . 

powersuggested,9O0i ; used in mines, 

Eng., 9343. 

printing-press invented, 8081 . 

ram, naval, invented, 9481 . 

road-carriage invented, 95 1 , 9641 . 

whistles prohibited on factories, 9773. 

Stearns, George Luther, b. (1809); d., 2561 . 

, Jonathan French, b. (1808) ; modera- 
tor, 2642. 

, M. L., governor Fla., 2873. 

Stedman, Edmund Clarence, b., 1421 ; 
works, 1881,1991,2643, 2683,2911,2963, 
3001, 3223, 3323. 

, Griffin Alex., b. (1838) ; d., 2373. 

Steel, W. H., vice-pres. convention, 4593. 

, Bessemer process patented, 9602 ; 

tried in Am., 1801 ; cast, 9102, 9343; en- 
graving on, 1261, 9382, 9401 ; puddle 
process patented, 9561 ; Heaton's process 
announced, 9701 . 

guns manufactured, 1963. 

ingot exhibited, 8201 . 

pens, general use, Eng., 9461. 

squares manufactured, 1281. 

Steele, Gen. Fred., b. (1819) ; captures 
Little Bock, 2262; at Camden, 2311; at 
Jenkins' Ferry, 2321 ; at Canton ; at 
Fort Blakely ; at Mitchell's Fork ; at 
Pine Barren Creek, 2442; d., 2601. 

, Joel Dorman, b. (1836) ; d., 3222. 

, John, shot dead, 3643. 

, H., governor N. H., 1592. 

, Sir Richard, b., 8922 ; works, 683, 

9023,9043,9071; d., 90S2. 

Memorial Library Asso. incor., 4381 . 

Steele's Bayou, Federals at, 2201 . 

Steell, John, b.(lS04); Dr. Chalmers statue, 
9821. 

Steelyard Society est., Eng., 8533. 

Steenkerke, Belg., royalists defeated, 6941 . 

Steenwyck. Cornells, mayor N.Y., 451 ,492. 

, Hendrik, b.-d., 5403. 

Steers, James, org. Washingtonian move- 
ment, 1511 

Steevens, George, b., 9082; d., 9302. 

Steilacoom, Wash. Insane Asylum opened, 
3332. 

Stein, Baron vom und zum (Heinrich 
Friedrich Karl), b., S023; chief minister ; 
org. Tugendbund, 8093; fnds. Soc. for 
Ger. hist., 8131; d.,8142; memorial, 8261 . 

, Lorenz von, b., 8103. 

Steinmetz, Karl Frederich von, b. (1796) ; 
at Forbach, 7381; a t Colombey-Nouilly, 
7401 ; d. (1877). 

Steins, Fredrick W., d., 3341. 

Steinway, Henry Englehard, d., 2721 . 

, William, pres. Piano Mnf. Com. ,3921 . 

and Sons, gift library, 3722. 

Stellaland, Afr.. crown colony, 603 2 . 

Stellinaeher, Hermann, executed, 5303. 

Sternberg, Alexander, b., 8083. 

Stenay captured, 7421 . 

Stendal, mission, 5983. 

Stenkill reigns in Sweden, 11333 ; against 
Swedes, 11341. 

Steno, Nicolas, b.; discovers Steno's duct, 
6362; d., 6363. 



Stenography first attempted, 690i ; in- 
vented, 8121 ; system of, 8141 ; intro- 
duced, 9041 , 9162, 9241 ,2. 

Stenyclerus, Plain of, action at, 10141 . 

Stephan, M., discovers Julia, 7361 . 

Stephane, M., Panama Canal scandal, 
7642. 

St< plianta, asteroid, discovered, 5282. 

Stephanie, Princess Clotilde, betrothed, 
5451 ; married, 5302. 

Stephanas murders Itomitian, 10633. 

Stephen, St., stoned, 11523. 

, king, Eng., b.-d., 8482. 

I., St., b., 5022; baptized, 5023; King 

of Hung., 5032; crown discovered, 525 3 ; 
d.,5022. 

IL, K. of Hung.; K. of Croatia, 5033. 

III., King of Hung., 5043; d., 5042. 

rV., King of Hung., 5043. 

V., King of Hung., 5052. 

I., St., pope, 10643. 

II., St., pope, 10722. 

III., pope, 10722. 

IV., pope, 10722. 

V., pope, 10723 ; excommunicated, 

10323. 

VI., pope, 10723. 

VII., pope, 10723. 

VIII., pope, 10723. 

IX., pope, 10723. 

X., pope, 10731 ; founds Papal States, 

10732. 

, Duke of Bavaria, 7833. 

the Great, develops principality ; 

against Turks and Poles ; at Lake Ra- 
kovietz ; d., 11121 . 

, patriarch, 10323 ; reigns ; banished, 

10332. 

of Blois, usurper, 8493; captured ; d., 

8511. 

of Chartres in First Crusade, 6683. 

Dusan, enlarges Servia, 11231 . 

Stephen D. Hooper burned, 5573. 

Stephen, Maj.-Gen., commissioned, 861 ; 
dismissed, 881 , 891 . 

, Sir James, b., 9243 ; d. (1859). 

— -, Sir , Fitzjames, b. (1829) ; d., 

10102. 

, Leslie, Hours in Library, 9791 . 

, Mr., expelled from Temple, 9192. 

Stephens, Alex. Hamilton, b., 183; Union 
speech, 1883 ; minister of S. Confed., 
1951 ;v.-pres.S. Confed., 201 2; commission- 
er to Lincoln, 2253; peace commissioner, 
2431 ; applies for pardon, 2483 ; paroled, 
2491 ; War between the States, 2723 ; re- 
presentative in Cong. ; vote for speaker, 
2832; gov. Ga„ 3132; d.,3122; monument, 
4301. 

, Anna Sophia, b., 1211 ; d., 3241. 

, Father, arrested, 1O003. 

, F. G., Dante Gabriel Ilossetti, 4782. 

, James, Fenian, 9083; arrested, 9691 ; 

arrives N. Y., 2522. 

, John, prints Latin Bible, 6811. 

, Lloyd, b., 1122; d. (1852). 

, Samuel, governor N. C, 433. 

, Thomas, first Englishman in India, 

10443. 

, Justice, decision for cremation, 9931 . 

, explorer, returns to N. Y., 5631. 

Stephenson, Sir E., in Sudan, 6G0 2 . 

, George, b., 9222; 1 S | locomotive, 9363; 

safety lamp, 9381 ; Stockton and Darling- 
ton R.R., 9421 ; d., 9542; centenary,987i . 

, J. C, assassinated, 2772. 

, John, d., 4341. 

, T., police capt., bribery, 4691; 

dismissed, 4703; guilty, 4763. 

, Robert, b., 9323 ; Britannia Tubular 

Suspension Bridge; high level bridge, 
9541 ; d., 9622; statue, 9761. 

, Rowland, defaulter, 9432. 

, Samuel M., b., 1382. 

, William E., governor W. Va., 2693. 

Stephenson's Depot, Va., Confederates de- 
feated, 2362. 

Stepniak, Sereins, b. (1851±) ; arrives in 
N. Y. City, 375 1. 

Steptoe, Col. E. J., gov. Utah, 1771,2. 

Stereochromy invented, 814i . 

Stereoscope, reflecting, invented, 948 2 ; 
prismatic, invented, 9602. 

Stereotvpe plates used for book-printing, 
9381. 

Stereotypes, increased durability of, 9561 . 

Stereotyping intro.. Am., 91 1 ,1211 ; known, 
Eng., 9041 ; improved method, 9202 ; re- 
vived, 9322. 



Sterling, Colo., Pres. Smith sentences,4483. 

, 111., Soldiers' and Sailors' Monument, 

3621. 

, John b. (1806) ; d., 9522. 

, W. H., cons, bishop, 9663. 

Stern, Dr., miss., 23; imprisoned, 31 . 

, Maurice Reinhold von, Erster Fruh- 

ling, 8362. 

Sternberg, Alexander, d., 8243. 

, George M., a brig. -gen., 4301 ; in war 

dept., 4472. 

Sterne, Lawrence, b., 9042 ; Tristram 
S/taiuly, 9152; d.,9163. 

Sternhold, Thomas, b. (1500±) ; d., 8701. 

Sterrett, J. R. Stillington, work, 9963. 

Stethoscope invented, 7221. 

Stethotelepln me patented by Louth, 3521 . 

Stetson, Amos W., gift to Wellesley, 3362. 

University, Deland, founded, 3143. 

Stettin, Prus., seat of dukes, 7771; allies 
possess, 7212 ; annexed to Prus., 7993; 
taken, S08i ; retaken, 8101 ; Overture per- 
formed, 8121 ; Peace of, 11352 ; surren- 
dered to Prussia, 1135 3 . 

Steuart (or Stewart), Sir James Denham, 
b., 9042; d., 9211. 

Steuben Co., X. Y., natural gas, 3321 . 

, Baron Fred., b., 621 ; volunteers, 881 ; 

inspector gen. in Va., 882, 941 ; d., 8063. 

Steubenville, O., honors Baron Steuben, 
3663; labor demonstration, 3871. 

Stevens, Edwin Augustus, b., 1061 ; " Ste- 
vens Battery " gift, 266i ; battery sold, 
2S72; fnds. Institute, 2763; d., 2622. 

Stevens' Gap, Tenn., action near, 2262. 

Institute at iloboken fnd., 2763. 

Point, Wis., strike, 4123. 

Stevens, Isaac I nualls, b.. 121:2 ; gov. Wash., 

1743; at Port Royal Ferry, S. C, 2021 ; at 

Chantilly, 2122; d. v 2132. 
, John, b. (1749) ; builds Phanix, 1141 ; 

d., 1502. 

, , b., 662; d. (1838). 

- — , Livingstone, reply to Blount, 

4451 ; condemned by Cleveland, 10413. 

, Moses T., b., 1322. 

, Robert Li\ ingstone, b., 1001 ; d.,1781. 

, Samuel, gov. N. C, 433, 451 . 

, Simon, d., 4701 . 

, Thaddeus, b.,1022; proposes amend., . 

2492 ; Joint Committee of Reconstruc- 
tion, 2493; on 14th Amend., 2531 ; intro. 

Reconstruction Act, 2571 ; impeachment 

of Johnson, 2612; bill to readmit Ark., 

2631 ; d., 2G22; will sustained, 4721 . 
, Thos. Holdup, b. (1819) ; attacks Fort 

Sumter, 2262. 
, , ends bicycle tour, 327 3 ; work, 

3323. 

, Uriah S., org. Knights of Labor, 2691 . 

• , Walter Ilusted, b. (1827) ; d., 2582. 

, Wm. Bacon, b. (1815) ; cons. P. E. 

bishop, 2023 ; d., 3262. 
Stevenson, Ed. A., gov. Ida., 3252. 
, Adlai Ewing, b. (1835) ; nom. for v.- 

pres., 4092; nom. for pres., 4092, 4113; 

vote, 4192,4243. 
.Andrew, b., 962; speaker, 1353; d., 

1821. 

, Christopher C, governor Nev., 3293. 

, John W., against lynching ; gov. Ky., 

2592 ; pres. Dem. Nat. Conven., 3051 . 

, Robert, b., 9183; d., 9562. 

, Louis Balfour, works, 4203, 9842, 

9902, 9963, 10063. 

, Thomas Greeley, b. (1836±) ; d., 2332. 

, Walter, gives breakwater, 9481. 

, Messrs., dispute on duties, 4991 . 

Stevenson's, Cal. regiment, sails, 1601. 

Stewart, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Alex. Turney, b., 1102 ; nom. sec. 

treas. ; declines, 2671; d., 2902 ; body 

stolen, 2991 ; will case, 3533. 

, Balfour, b., 9423; d., 9962. 

, Capt., survey of Palestine, 11581 . 

, Charles, b., 912; d., 2681. 

, E., president senate, 1803. 

, Seaforth, b., 1082. 

, Stewart Vane Tempest, minister, 

9953. 

, Sir Donald, commander, 61 , 1048 2 . 

, Dugald, b., 9123; works, 9272, 9352. 

, Mrs. E. D., in woman's crusade, 2931 . 

, Edwin, in navv dept., 351 2, 4472. 

, Gideon Tabor, b. (1824) ; nom. for 

pres., 2931 ,2, 4092; vote, 2952. 
.Herbert, b. (1843) ; in Afgh., 61 ; in 

Sudan, 6582,01101; d. (18851; tablet, 9981. 
, James, settles N. S., 5732; d., 5861 . 



Stew-Stre. 



Text Figures denote Page. JLJND.h..X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1417 



Stewart, John, d., 1302. 

, W., governor Vt., 2732. 

, Lieut., in duel, 937 2 . 

, liobert Mareellus, b. (1815) ; governor 

Mo., 1832; d. (1871). 

, Castlereagh, Marq. of London- 

derry, b., 9182; minister, 9333,9353: in 
duel, 9352,9372; d., 9403. 

■ , Thomas J., report of Pa. floods, 3453. 

, William H., b., 1342. . 

, Morris, b. (1827) ; Free Coinage 

Bill, 405' ; speech, 4083, 409' , 4372,4383, 
4411; attack on pres., 4391 ,2; bond reso- 
lution ; debate, 451 1 . 

Stewartsville College, Mo., org., 3023. 

Stickney, A. B., railroad problem, 3963. 

Stieber censured, 8203. 

Stiles, Ezra, b., 603; pres. Tale College, 
891; d., 1061. 

Stilicho, chancellor of Flavius Honorius, 
10693; atFaisulx ; atPolentia, 10701 ; k., 
10711, 10702. 

Stille, Alfred, b., 1211. 

, Charles Janeway, b. (1839) ; Gen. 

Wayne, 4482. 

, John W., work, 3962. 

Stillingfleet, Edward, b., 8822; d. (1699). 

Stillman, Samuel, b. (1737) ; against Stamp 
Act ; pastor Boston ch., 742 ; d., 1141 . 

, Thomas Bliss, b. (1806) ; d., 2501 . 

Stillwater, N.Y., Agriculture College opd. 
at, 3962; battle of, 872. 

, Okla., settlers expelled, 3191 . 

Stillwell, Amos J., murdered, 3331. 

Stimpson, William, b., 1402; d., 2781. 

Stiny, Thos., book for his children, 5071 . 

Stirbieu, Barbu, Pr. of Wallachia, 11123. 

Stirling, Scot., battle of ; Castle besieged, 
taken, 8561 ; Wallace monument, 9721 . 

Stirling Castle wrecked, 9021. 

, Earl of. (See Alexander, William.) 

, Capt., Sir James, lieut.-gov., 4952. 

Maxwell, Sir William,b.,9383;d.,9822. 

, Maj.-Gen., commissioned, 861. 

, Yates, promoted captain, 4481 . 

Stisted, Gen., administrator' Can., 5832. 

Stith, William, b. (1689±) ; History of Vir- 
ginia, 671 ; d. (1755). 

Stjernhjelm, Georg, works, 11343. 

Stockach, Baden, battle at, 5182. 

Stockbridge, Mass., Indian school, 671 , 
683, 1363; J. Edwards, pastor, 691 . 

, Francis B., b., 1342 ; d., 4581 . 

Stdcker, Dr., resigns chaplaincy, 8342; ar- 
rives in America, 4361 . 

Stockhardt, Julius Adolf, b., 8083; d., 8321 . 

Stockholm, Swe., nobility killed, 6371; 
, treaty concluded, ISI33, 7992,9373; Ordi- 
naire Post Tideiule published, 11343 ; 
fnd. ; fortified, 11351; Gothic Soc. fnd., 
11362; receives Ericsson's body, 3683. 

Stockings first knit, 8721 ; weaving inr., 
8761 ; cotton made, 9081 . 

Stockley, Charles C, inaug. gov., 315 2 . 

Stockport, Eng., riot at, 9571 ; ceases, 959i . 

Stockton, Cal., fire at, 1693. 

Park, Eng., opened, 10113. 

, D. W., mnf . mineral teeth, 1441 . 

, Frank Richard, b. (1834) ; works, 

303 1 , 3183 , 3243 , 3283 , 4783 . 

, John P., senator, 2492 ; loses seat, 

2523. 

, Kichard, in N. J., 861 . 

, , b., 621 ; electoral vote vice-pres., 

1292 ; d.,931. 

. Com. Robert Field, h. (1796) ; block- 
ades Mex. ports ; takes Los Angeles, 
1601; est. military gov't, Cal., 1612; gov. 
Cal., 1613 ; d.,2541. 

, Thomas, governor Del., 1591 . 

and Darlington Railway opd., 9421 . 

Stoddard, Charles A., Across Russia, 398 2 . 

— — , Richard Henry, b., 1322; works, 2133, 
2771,3962. 

Stoddert, Benjamin, b. (1751) ; sec. navy, 
1081 ; d. (1813). 

Stoiloff Ministry formed, 5691. 

Stoke, Melis, Uijinkmnils, 10991. 

Stokes, missionary to UTganda, 5622. 

, Caroline Phelps, library gift, 4081 . 

, Col., at Gallatin, 2141 . 

, Edward S., kills Col. Fiske, 2772; 

convicted, 2811 ; sentenced, 2831 . 

■ , George Gabriel, b., 938 3 ; dis. flores- 
cence, 95S2 ; pres. Royal Society, 9941 . 

, Montford, b. (1700) ; governor N. C, 

1392 ; d. (1842). 

Stoke-upon-Trent, action at, 8661 ; Church 
Congress at, 9742. 



Stolberg, Ct. Christian, b. (1748) J Poems, 
8051; d. (1821). 

, Count Fnedrich Leopold, b., 8022 ; 

works, 8051 , 807 1 , 8103 ; d., 8122. 

Stolhard, Thomas, Intemperance, 9202. 

Stolietoff, signs treaty for Russia, 5 3 . 

Stolze, Henrieu August Wilhelm, b. (1794); 
system of stenography, 8141 ; d. (1867). 

Stone, Chas. Pomeroy, b. (1826) ; plans de- 
fence of Wash., 190i ; exonerated, 2021 ; 
arrested, 2022, 2041 ; d. (1887). 

, W., b., 1562. 

, David, b. (1770) ; gov. N. C, 1153 ; d. 

(1818). 

, Henry, lord mayor, London, 9753 . 

, John M., governor, Miss., 3751 . 

, Lucy Blackwell, b. (1818) ; Woman's 

Suffrage campaign. 2592 ; d., 4401 . 

, Marcus, b., 9502. 

, S. C, accused of arson, 3903. 

, W. I., nom. for governor, Mo., 4113. 

, Im, b. (1693+) ; gov., Md. ; deposed, 

392 ; proclamation resisted, 393. 

, A., b., 1602. 

, J., b., 1522 ; governor, 4471 . 

, Leete, b., 1022 ; d., 1562. 

, ,b., 1442. 

, M., governor Md., 2413. 

, M urray, b. ylll'J) ; cons. P. E. bp., 

1382 ; d. (1838). 

, etching, 5191 ; buildings, Eng., 8421 

artificial intro., 9202, 954- 
astronomical cycle of Aztecs, 10953. 
(See Moabite.) 

Stoneman, Geo., b. (1824) ; at Fredericks- 
burg, 2162; raid, 2211 ; raids in Ga.,2363; 
raid in Tenn , Ya.; pushes Breckinridge, 
2402; raid in Ya., 2442 ; raid in N.C.; raids 
in Tenn., Ya.,2441 ; captures lSoone,2442; 
at Wytheville, 2452 ; at Salisbury, 2461 ; 
at Grant's Creek, 2462 ; commands 1st 
military district, 2621 ; gov., Cal., 3151 ; 
d., 4701. 

Stonewall burned, 2693. 

Stonington, Conn., settled, 412 ; British 
bombard, 1222 ; attacked, 802. 

Stono Ferry, S. C, attack at, 902. 

Stony Point, N. Y., abandoned; retaken; 
902; J. D. Sheeban murdered, 4062. 

Stopford, Ailm. Sir Robert, b. (1768); at 
St. Jean d'Acre, 6563, 9501 ; d. (1847). 

Storace, Anna Selina, b. (1766) ; first ap- 
pearance, 9242 ; d. (1817). 

, Stephen, b. (1763) ; Waterman, pro- 
duced, 9241 ; d. (1796). 

Storage of Grain Bill passes, Fr., 761 2 . 

Storch, Heinrich Friedrich von, b., 11162; 
d., 11163. 

Storck leads Levelers, 7911. 

Storer, Bellamy, b., 1623. 

, George Wash., b. (1789) ; d., 2291 . 

College opened, 2603. 

Storm, Theodor W., d., 8321 . 

Lake, Normal and Business School 

opened, 3183. 

signals introduced, Eng., 9641 . 

Storms, great, in Alger., 9 3 ; in Am., 1361 , 
1721,2581, 3041, 3222, 320 1 , 3401, 3441, 
3473, 3521, 3533, 3553, 3933, 4152, 4493, 
4541 , 4601 , 4613, 4733 ; in Austral., 5013; 
in Can., 5861 ; j n Fr., 5741 , 5761 ; in G. B., 
9001, 9143, 9222, 9262, 9301, 9362, 9401, 
9422, 9602, 9641 , 9661 , 10041 ; in Sweden, 
11341. 

Stormont, Viscount of, title created, 881 1 . 

Storrs, Richard Salter, b., 1301 ; works, 
3283 ; pres. Mission Board, 3462, 3701 , 
4161. 

, S., bishop of Richmond, 3462. 

, annexed to Cincinnati, 2733. 

Storthing, est. at Bergen, 11051; distilled 
liquors prohibited, 11053. 

Story, Dr. John, hanged, 8743. 

, Joseph, b., 912; "justice, 1192; works, 

1423, 1443, 1463, 1511 ; d., 1581 . 

, Win. Wetmore, b., 1281 ; work, 3963. 

Stoughton, Edwin Henry, b. (1838) ; cap- 
tured, 2201 ; d. (186S). 

, Wni., b. (1632) ; gov. Mass., 552 ; d. 

(1701). 

Stourton, Baron, title created, 8551 . 

, Lord, hanged, 8731 . 

Stout, Jacob, governor Del., 129 2 . 

■ , L., on Committee of 33, 1891 . 

, Richard, at Middletowu, N. J., 382. 

Stove-molders strike, N. Y., 3232. 

Stoves, first used, 7822. 

Stow, John, b. (1525); works, 8751, 8771; 
d. (1604). 



Stowe, Vt., centennial, 4693. 

, Calvin Ellis, b., 1102 ; d., 3241 . 

, Mrs. (Harriet Elizabeth Beecher), b. 

1163 ; in London, 9591 ; works, 1443, 1703. 

1802, 1863, 2603, 2643, 2683, 2771, 2803, 

2X23, 2911 , ii'23, 2963, 3003 ; bust, 4601 . 
Stowell, Baron. (See Scott, William.) 
Stowmarket, Eng., explosion, 9753. 
Strabo, b.-d., 10283 ; geographical work, 

10291 ; discourses on nature, 11502. 
, Cneius Pompeius, defeats Marsi, 

10562. 



, J. M., consecrated bishop, 9862. 

Strachey, Sir John, viceroy, 10492, 

, William, works, 282. 

Stradbroke, Earl of, title created, 9372. 

, Lord, seconds address, 10032. 

Stradella, Alessandro, b., 10823; d., 10831 . 

Stradivarius, or Stradivari, Antonio, b., 
10823; d., 10842. 

Strafford, Earl of, title created, 951i . (See 
Wentworth, Thomas.) 

Strahan, Gov., against slave-trade, 11611. ■ 

Strahl, Brig.-Gen. O. F., killed at Frank- 
lin, 2402. 

Straight Univ., N. O., org., 2662. 

Strait, Thomas J., b., 1602. 

Sfreiithnairn collides with E. Hough, 9853. 

Straits of Belle Isle, Kite ice-bound, 3881. 
Settlements, acquired by G. B., 9432 ; 
under India, 10473 ; Malay revolt, 10482 : 
defined, 10492. 

Strakosch, Max, b. (1835) ; d., 4021. 

Stralsmund, Prussia, peace of, 6372 ; be- 
sieged, 7941 ; ceded to Prussia, 11363. 

Stranahan, James Sam. Thomas, b. (1808); 
statue, 3841 . 

Strange, Earl of, title created, 9231 . 

, Sir Robert, b., 9062; d., 9262. 

■ , Gen., at Fort Pitt, 5841 . 

Strangford, Viscountess, Emilv Anne, d., 
9962. 

Strasburg, Ger., captured by Alemanni, 
10701 ; gov. by Alemanni ; by Franks ; 
ruled by Franks, 769 3 ; cathedral de- 
stroyed ; reconstructed, 7742 ; besieged, 
7781; imperial city, 7812; mobs burn 
Jews, 7822 ; guilds in gov't, 7s:i2 ; cathe- 
dral tower completed, 7842 ; Louis XIV. 
seizes, 7973; annexed to Fr., 0933; cathe- 
dral clock repaired, SIGi ; Ger. invest, 
7381 ; bombardment of, 7401 ,2 ; sun- 
ders, 7403 ; entered, 8261 ; cathedral 
jured, 8262 ; library destroyed ; Univ. 
restored, 8263. 

, Va., Fremont enters, 2083 ; Confeds. 

defeated near, 2203 ; Early arrives, 2363 

Stratford, Can., Weekly Beoeon, 5803. 

■ , Conn., Christ's Church org., 563 

Episcopal church built, 60 2 . 

, Earl of, lord admiralty, 9031 . 

Canning. (See Canning.) 

upon-Avon,Shakesperiaii monument, 

9901 ; Memorial Theater opd., 9841 . 

Strathairly wrecked on coast, N. C, 3813. 

Strathnairn, Lord, (See Rose, Hugh 
Henry.) 

Strathallan, Vise, of, title created, 8971 . 

Strathbogie Presb., minister deposed, 953. 

Slratheluele collides veith Frerncouitc, 9813. 

Strathmore, Earl of, title created, 8932. 

Strathspey, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

Straton, Norman D. J., cons, bp., 10082. 

Stratonice, Queen, divorced, 11483. 

Stratton Hill, Eng., bat lie of, 8841 . 

, Chas. C, gov., N. J., 1592. 

, Sherwood, b. (1838) ; d., 3141 . 

, D. T., assaulted, robbed, 4262. 

, J. L. N., on Committee of 33, 1891 . 

Straubenzee, commander, 618 2 . 

Strauch, Capt., suppresses slave-trade, 
10932. 

Straus, Nathan, nom. mayor, N. Y., 4732. 

, Oscar Solomon, b. (1850) ; Roger Wil- 
liams, 4782. 

Strauss, David Friedrich, b.,80S3; d.,8281. 

, Johann, b., 5191 ; d.,5223 ; jubilee of, 

5381,2. 

, , Jr., b., 8123. 

Straw, Ezekiel, governor, N. H., 2811. 

, Jack, leader, 861 1. 

, weaving, patent for, 1101 ; paper 

made, 1361 . 

Strawberry Plains, Va., action at, 2372. 

Straw-Haulers' Asso. boycott, 4662. 

Streatfield, Lieut. Eric, appointed A. D. C. f 
5901. 



1418 



Text Figures denote Page. UNDliX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Stre-Stur. 



Streator, Lieut.-Col., Pa., criticized, 4121 ; 
indicted, 4163 ; acquitted, 418' . 

Street, Alfred Billings, b., 1163 ; d., 3062. 

, George Edmund, b. (1824) , d., 9882. 

plays performed, England, S54 1 . 

Railway Association meets, 4171. 

Street er, Alison J., popular vote, 331 2 . 

Streigbt, Col. Abel !>., raid, 2202 ; escapes 
from Libby Prison, 2301 ; d. (1864). 

Strelitz (Neustrelitz) ; org., 11141 • rebel- 
lion of, 11153. 

Strelnikoff, Gen., assassinated, 11211. 

Stremayr, Dr., forms new ministry, 5311 . 

Strickland, Agnes, b., 9331; Queens of 
Eng., 9503 ; d\, 9782. 

Strikes ; in N. Y., 1131 , 2772, 2783; in Fall 
River, Mass, 2891 ; in Mass.-Me., 2943 ; 
R.R., in Md. ; in W. Va., 2963; Reading 
and Pittsburg, Pa., 2971 ; at New Orleans, 
3083 ; miners and iron workers, Pitts- 
burg, Pa., 3103, 3151 ; weavers and spin- 
ners, Mass., N. Y., 3103; bricklayers, at 
Chicago, 3132; glass-blowers; telegraph- 
ers, 3151 ; in Brazil, Ind.; miners in Pa., 
317 1 , 3203 , 321 1 ; painters in N. Y. ; spin- 
ners at Fall River, Mass., 3171; miners 
in Hocking Valley. O., 317 2; carpet- weav- 
ers at Philadelphia, 3191; rolling-mill 
hands, Cleveland, O..3203; shoemakers, 
Brockton, Mass., 3211 ; glove-makers, N. 
Y., 3231; cigar-makers, N. Y.; Third 
Ave. horse-car line ; lumber shovers ; 
Pac. R.R. ; stove molders ; street car, 
3233 ; pork-packers, Chicago, 3243, 3251 ; 
on Reading R.R., 3291; onC. B.Q. R.R., 
3292; coal-dock laborers, Duluth ; L. E. 
& W. R. R. ; Burlington, R.R., 3332 ; in 
Haverhill, 3511; of rolling-mill at Fla.; 
glass-makers, 3523; Nashua Mills, N.H.; 
N. Y.C. R. R.,3531; Ashland, Wis.; bolt- 
makers, Pittsburg; Sheldon Axle Works, 
Wilkesbarre, Pa. ; shirt-makers, N. Y., 
ended ; switchmen, C. and Nw. R. R., 
3551 ; .Chicago carpenters and plumb- 
ers ; clothing-makers, N. Y. ; framers 
3563; waiters in Chicago, 3591; brake- 
men, Pittsburg; street-car men, Colum- 
bus ; switchmen, Cleveland, O. ; miners, 
Mich.; pool beer,N. Y., 3611 ; at Pough- 
keepsie, N. Y.; at Louisville, Ky., 3623 ; 
cloak-makers, N. Y., 3623, 3892; train- 
men,Ill.,3623,3663; street-cleaning dept., 
N.Y.,3642; N.J. steel- works men; union 
workmen, N.Y., 3643; coal-miners, Ala., 
3651 ; lumberman in Minn., 3661 ; Knights 
of Labor, N. Y., 3662 ; carpenters in Cinn., 
O.; varnishers and painters, N.Y., 366 3 ; 
telegraphers, St. Louis, 3703 ; thread 
mills, Newark ; school building, N. Y., 
3731 ; coke-makers, Connelsville, Pa.; 
Pittsburg and Western R.R., 3763; Dob- 
son's mills, Boston ; Troy Laundry Co., 
N. Y., 3782 ; street-car, Detroit, Mich., 
marble-cutters, Chicago, miners, Ind., 
3823; strikers fined, 389 1; general, in 
North and East for eight-hour day and 
higher wages; house-smiths, N.Y.; street- 
cars, Long Island City, 3S31 ; molders 
sympathetic, Chicago, "3863 ; street-car, 
Newark, N. J., 3833 ; cabinet-makers, 
Chicago, 3903 ; wharf men, Savannah, 
Ga., 3923 ; Buffalo lithographers, 3931 ; 
coal miners, Pittsburg, 3931 , 4123; trou- 
ble, Crested Butt, Colo., 3971 • engineers 
refuse at New Haven ; R.R. at Gorcum, 
Tex.; street-cars, Indianapolis, 399 1; 
4022; electric car, Allegheny, Pa.; Edison 
Electric Co., N. Y. ; laundry workers, 
Troy, N. Y., 4002 ; granite-cutters, New 
Eng., 4063, 4071 ; Pavers' Union, N. Y., 
4063; street-cars, Cleveland, O., 4083; 
coal-miners, Coal Creek, Tenn. ; U. S. 
troops, Duquesne, Pa., 412i ; R. R. men, 
Buffalo, 4123, Gov. Flower's proclama- 
tion, 4142 ; sawmills, Steven's Point, 
Wis., 4123; miners, Tracy City,in Oliver 
Springs, in Coal Creek, Term., 4131; 
shoemakers, N.Y. ; puddlers, Pittsburg, 
4142 • d. and R. G. R. R. ; telegraphers, 
Santa Fe R. R., 4171 ; general, New Or- 
leans ; street railway, Ci.luinbus.O., 4182; 
telegraphers, Rock Island R.R., 111.; 
school-teachers, Garden City, 4191 ; elec- 
tric line men, Toledo, O., 4211; resume 
work, Dunkirk, N.Y.; silk-weavers, Pat- 
terson,^ J., 4222; Nanticoke mine, Pa., 
4242 ; Lake Shore R. R.; switchmen, O.; 
T., A. H. and N. M. R. R., Mich., 4262 ; 
weavers, Palmer, Mass. ; carriage-mak- 



ers, Boston ; unlawful in La., 4263 ; on 
World's Fair buildings ; Mich, decision 
against ; Santa Fell. R.,4271 , 4282; min- 
ers in Ind, 4273 j Union Pacific shops, 
Neb., 4282; iron-workers, N.Mex.; wait- 
ers, N. J.; guards, World's Fair, 4283, 
4531 ; coal-miners in O., 4291; gold-mi- 
ners, Wash., 4301 • garment-workers, 
Phila. ; street-cars, Bridgeport, Conn. ; 
lumbermen, Tonawanda, N. Y., 4323 ; 
coal-men, Kan. ,4342; miners, Colo., 4343, 
4382; R. R., Decatur, Ala., 438'; wire- 
workers, Trenton, N. J., 4382; R.R. men, 
Indianola, 111.; weavers in R. I., 4402; Le- 
high Valley R. R., 4442 ; traction-men, 
Bridgeport, Coim..44S3; hatters, Conn., 
4502; N. Pacific R.R., and decision re- 
versed, 4723; silk factories, N.J. .strikers 
attack silk-workers. 4503, 4522; miners, 
W. Va., 4522; dyers, Patterson, N. J., 
4531 ; street-cars, Long Island City, 4542; 
coke region, Pa., 4543, 4571, 458'i ; gen- 
eral, N. Dak. to Wash.; Great Northern 
R.R. ; painters, Chicago, 4563; miners in 
U.S. ,4571 ; coal-miners, 111. -Tenn. , Crip- 
ple Creek, Colo., Mt. Iron mine, Minn., 
4582 ; Pullman Palace Car employees, 
45*3,4591 ; U. S. troops subdue in Ala., 
45S3 ; Evansville and Terre Haute R.R.; 
street-cars, Brooklyn, 4603 ; Cripple 
Creek, Colo., 461 1; miners, Md. and 
Mich. ; miners, Mclvecsport, Pa. ; R. R. 
men, O., 4622; R.R. men, Buffalo, N.Y. ; 
resolutions of sympathy for, 4643; dock- 
men, Duluth, Minn. ; Trinidad, Cal. ; vi- 
olent at Sacramento, 4642 ; Constitu- 
tional Conven., N. Y., on, 4643 ; injunc- 
tion against, 4651; Pullman, Chicago, 
4643, 4683, 4702, 4733, 4752; R, R. block- 
ades ; Pres. Debbs arrested, 465 2 ; In- 
vestigating Committee, pres. consents ; 
R. R. men, Toledo, O., 4653; firemen dis- 
missed ; off' S.Pacific R.R.; R.R. rails re- 
moved, 4662, it ends, 471 1 ; mechanics and 
workmen in N. Y.; beef-killers, Omaha, 
Neb., 4663 ; stockyards, Chicago, off, 
4683- textile workers, Mass.; sympathetic 
condemned, 4691; garment-workers, N. 
Y.,4703; coke-workers, Pa., 4703,4751; 
garment-makers, Boston; garment-work- 
ers, Newark, N. J.; shirt-makers, N.Y., 
4722; decision against engineers, 4723 ; 
weavers, Fall River, Mass. ; cigar-mak- 
ers, Fla., 4731 ; arson during, O., 4762; La- 
bor Commission report on, 476 3 , 4772; 
street-car, Wash., D. C, 4763. 

Strikes, Eng., in Lond., 9471 • union work- 
ers great "puddlers, 9683; colliers near 
St. Helens ; Northeastern R.R. ; London 
and Brighton R. R. ; tailors in London, 
9703; on Great Southern and Western 
R. R., 9823 ; shipwrights, Eng., 9943 ; at 
Blackburn, 9983; railway men; engi- 
neers ; dock laborers ; tailors ; ship-car- 
penters ; shoemakers ; miners ; general, 
10031 ; dock, 10043 j shipyard men ; dock 
men; sailors, etc. ; colliers, 10051; R.R. 
men, 10052 j ship-workers, 10063 ; omni- 
bus, London; miners, W., 10071; coal 
porters, London; great coal-miners, 100s3, 
10111 , 10123 ; great cotton-workers, 10091 , 
10103 ; dock laborers, Hull ; Victoria 
docks, Lond., 10103; mill-hands in Scot., 
10111 ; Lond. cab-drivers ; miners, 10131 , 

, New Zealand ; frequent, New Castle ; 

Sydney, 5002 ; settled, N. S. W.. 5003 ; in 
Moravia, 531 1; in Prague, 5323,5343; 
riots, Kladno, Bohemia; in Saar ; in 
Brunn,5323; in Vienna, 5323, 5333,5343; 
in Gratz; Wilczek collieries, 533 1 ; in 
Belgium ; in Namur and Liege ; dock la- 
borers at Antwerp ; coal-miners, Mons, 
5462 ; Borinage District, 5463 ; general, 
Belg., 5471, 5481,2; Charleroi District, 
5482; Cornwall, Can., 5862,3 ; Toronto, 
5863 ; Halifax, 5SS3 ; Can. Pacific R. R., 
5942 ; nitrate districts, Chile, 6083 ; hi 
Havana, 634 1; at Lyons, Fr., 7272; i n 
Fr., 7503, 7543, 7603, 7033, 7C42; fund for 
strikers, Fr., 7592; j n Berlin, in Nurem- 
burg, in Westphalia, 8323 ; miners at 
Sosnowice, Rus., 11212. 

Strikers denied amnesty in Fr., 7592 ; im- 
prisoned, 8331 ; make trouble, 8343±. 

Stringham, Silas Horton, b., 1082; com- 
mands Hatteras exped., 1981 ; d., 2902. 

Strinnholm, AnderB Magnus, b. (1786); His- 
tory of Sweden, 11362 ; d. (1857). 

Strobel, E. H., minister, 4473. 



Strong, Caleb, b. (1745) ; gov., 1112, 1193 - 
d. (1819). 

, Gen. Geo. Crockett, b. (1832); assault* 

Fort Wagner, 2243; d., 2272. 

, James, b., 1302; ^orks, 2603; d.,468i. 

, C, work, 4783. 

, Josiah, New Era, 4481 . 

, Luther M., b., 1502. 

, S. H., chief-justice, Can., 5952. 

, Thos. M., pres. Reformed Synod, 1462. 

, William, b., 1142 ; associate justice,, 

2731 ; on Electoral Commission, 2951 . 

, L., mayor, N. Y., 4732. 

Strongbow. (See Clare, Richard.) 

Strother, David Hunter, b.,1242. 

Stroud, Lord, impeached, 8852. 

Struensee, Johann Friedrich, h., 6381 ; be- 
headed, 6392. 

Struthas slays Thibron, 10222. 

Strutt, Joseph, b., 9103 ; d., 9303. 

Struve, Burkhard Gotthelf, b., 7963 ; d., 
8002. 

, Georg Adam, b., 7943 ; d., 7982. 

, Friedrich Georg Wilhelm von, h. T 

8062 ; d., 8222. 

, Gustave von, b. (1805) ; insurrection 

leader, 8172 ; d. (1870.) 

• , Otto Wilhelm von, b., 11163. 

Stryker, M. W., pres. Hamilton Coll., 4221 „ 

Strype, John, b., SS43; d., 9083. 

Strzelecki, Count, gold discovery, 4942 ; 
explorations, 4961 . 

Stuart, Alexander, administration, Aus- 
tral., 4992. 

, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Alex. H. H., b. (1807) ; sec. interior, 

1672; d.,3781. 

, Arabella, b., 8742; imprisoned, 8793 ; 

d.,880i. 

- , Archibald, trip inland, 5961 . 

, Maj.-Gen. Charles, in duel, 9232 ; d., 

10081 . 

, Edward, b., 9062 ; d., 9243. 

, Edmund Craig, elected bp., 9803. 

, George Hay, b. (1816); pres., 2602. 

, Gilbert Charles, b.,711 ; works, 1041. 

1061, 1341; d.,1362. 

, Granville, minister 4473. 

, Henry A., d., 4281 . 

, Benedict, Duke of York, d., 9331 . 

, James, E. of Moray, b., 8681 ; titles 

of, 8643 ; at Langside. 8721 ; regent; as- 
sassinated, 8733 ; d., 8742. 

, Gen. Ewell Brown, b. (1833); at 

Dranesville, 2021 ; raid, 2091 , 2143 ; near 
Mattapony River, 2103 ; at Rapidan, 
2111 ; captures Catlett's Station, 2121 ; at 
Edwards'Ferry ; crosses Potomac, 2123, 
2142 ; in Md., 2123 ; in Pa., 2142 ; a t 
Shelby depot, 2143 ; at Dumfries, 2163; 
at Beverly Ford; at Brandy. Station, 
2223 ; at A ldie, 2231 ; at Carlisle ; at Get- 
tysburg, 2241 ; joins Lee, 2242 ; south of 
Rapidan, 2321 ; at Todd's Tavern, 2323 ; 
killed at Yellow Tavern, 2331 . 

, Francis Edward, Chevalier de 

St. George, b., 8992; proclaimed; aban- 
dons followers, 905 3 ; acknowledged as 
king, 9032 ; attempt to land in Scot., 
. 9033,9041; d., 9163. 

, John, Earl of Bute, b., 9042 ; minis- 
ter, 9153. 

, Sir John, at Maida, 7161 . 

, MacDonell, b. (1818) ; inland 

lakes, 4961; crosses eont.,4962; d.,(1866). 

, Mary Macrae, d., 3961 . 

, Moses, b.,93 1 ; miss, movement, 1171; 

works, 1212, 1351 , 1403, 1551 ; d., 1702. 

, Robert, at Berwick, 8581 . 

, House of, 8791 ; restoration of, 891*. 

, Lady, fined for playing faro, 929 2 . 

Stubbea hit k quarantined, 4152. 

Stubbs, Geo., b., 9062, or (1722); d. (1806). 

, Wm., b. (1825); Constitutional HisU 

of Eng., 9791 ; cons, bp., 9983. 

Stucco-work invented, 10761 . 

Students, shot, Cuba, 6323 ■ in politics ; 
societies of, Ger., 8132 ; political disturb- 
ance by, in Hung., 5322; in Rub., 11183±; 
religious culture, 11221. 

Studley, John B., b., 1402. 

Stueben, Baron Fred. Wm. A., d., 1042. 

Stukelev, William, b., 8962; discovers Cur- 
sus, 9061; d.,9163. 

Stundists persecuted, 11201 ( 11222. 

Sture, Sten defeated, 11341; fnds. Univ. 
TJpsala, 11343; protector, 11352 ; d.(1504). 

, (the Younger), protector, 11352; 

d. (1520). 



Stur-Sund. 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNUJi-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1419 



Sture, Svante Nilsso, protector, 11352 ; d. 

(1512). 
Sturekronikorna written, 11343. 
Sturgeon, Mo., Confed. defeat, 2141. 

, William, b., 9223; d., 9582. 

Sturgis, Gen. Samuel D., b. (3846) ; at Fay- 

etteville, Va., 215^; at Brice's Gross 

Roads, 2342; d., 3442. 
Sturleson, Snorro, murdered, 13 2 . 
Sturm, Christopher Cbristian, b., 8002; d., 

8043. 

, Johann, b., 7S63; d., 7922. 

Sturt, Chas., explorer. 4941; advance 

4961; d.,9722. 
Stuttgart, Ger., Castle of, burned, 7S03 ; 

1st mentioned, 781 1 ; capital, 7872 ; Pari. 

adjourns to, 5232; statues of Bismarck 

and Yon Moltke, 8321; r,. r, collision, 

8333. 
Stuyvesant, Peter, b.,V/262 ; gov. N. T.; 

claims to lands, 39i ; in Del., 401 ; signs 

capitulation, 42i ; d., 431 . 
Styria, margravate, 5032 ; margraves of, 

503 2 , 3; ceded to Hung., 5041; annexed 

to Aust.; lapses to empire, 5051 ; imperial 

fief, 505 2 ; conquered, 5052 ; Jesuits 

arrive, 5103; earthquakes, 5302. 
Suadea, Ref. Presb. mission at, 115S2. 
Suakim, Egy., attacked, 6582, 6601 ; open to 

commerce, 661 2 . 
Suarez, Francisco, b.-d., 1128 2 . 
Subhankuly, ruler, Bokhara, 5492. 
Submarine cable, Dover and Fr., 9561 . 

Congress, Paris, 7523. 

Sub-prefects removed, Fr., 7511 . 

Subsidies levied, Eng., 8593. 

Subtropical Exhibition, Fla., opened, 

3511,3. 
Sucasica, Indian uprising, 5502. 
Suchet, Louis Gabriel, Due d'Albufera, 

b., 7042; takes Valencia; at Albufera, 

7182; at Castalla, 7183; d., 7243. 
Suckling, Sir John, b., 8782 • WO rks, 8831 ; 

d. (1642?). 
Sucre, Antonio Jos6 de, b.-d., 5502; enters 

Peru, 550i ; driven from La Paz ; pres., 



5503 



l Ecu., 6431 



Sucro, battle at, 10581. 
Slid America collides, 757 3 . 
Sudan (or Soudan) , independence of, 651 1 ; 
slave dealers rebel, 658 1 ; defense, 6593; 
abandoned to Mahdists, 6602 ; war in, 
9921 j Pioneer Mission party, 358 2 . 

, campaign, 9921 j Can. offers men for, 

5852. 
Sudbury, Mass., Indians attack, 462. 

, Simon of, archbp. Canterbury, d., 

8602. 
Sudeikin, Lieut., assassinated, 11211. 
Sudeley, Baron, title created, 9451. 
Sudermann, Herman, works, 8362. 
I Sudley, Baron, title created, 9871 . 
Sue, Marie Joseph Eugene, b.,7151 ; works, 
■ 7263,7271,7291, 2; d., 7323. 
Suessa Pometia conquered, 10511 . 
Suetonius Paulinus in Mauritania, 81 ; 

commander ; subdues Druids, 8391 . 
Suevi invade Bom. empire, 10641 ; invade 
, Sp., 10701; in Sp., 11253. 
Suez, telegraph line to Aden, 6573, 11583; 
l occupied, 6581. 

Canal begun, 6563, 6573 ; part opd. ; 

. Fr. loan, 6573; Eng. buys, 6591 , 3; inter- 
nal protection, 659 2 ; Brit, neutrality; 
formally opd. ; raises toll, 6593 ; plans 
for widening; neutral, 6612, 7573 ; 1st 
ship in, 9713 ; opd., 9733 ; Brit. Gov't 
buys shares, 981 3 ; agreement, ratified, 
991 3 ; conventions signed ; canal com- 
missions, 9973 ; vote against, 753 3 ; pen- 
sions to de Lesseps family, 7663. 
Suffavean dynasty est., 11072. 
Surheld, Conn., school largest attendance 
inN. Eng., 3642. 

, Baron, title created, 923 2 . 

, R. Rodolph, d., 10062. 

Suffolk, Eng., action in, 8461 . 

Conf., Unit, org., Boston, 2542, 

, Va., Federals occupy, 2081 ; expedi- 
tion leaves, 2161 ; action, 2181; Confed. 
defeated, 221 1 ; Federals capture, 2303. 

, Thomas, Earl of, minister, 881 1 . 

, E. of (William de la Pole), adviser to 

K.; arrested ; sentenced ; beheaded, 8633. 

, E. of, title created, S77 2 ; minister, 

8791, 2. 
Suffrage, limited, 451 ; restricted to whites, 
Kan., 1852 ; of free men protected, 251 2 ; 
1 to negroes in D. C, 2552, 2591 ; impartial 



in South, 2571; impartial by Amend., 
265 3 ; negro, asked for, Kan., 2672 ; Act 
to protect, 2732; universal in Landtag, 
8271 ; extended iu It., 10902. 

demonstration, Aust.-Hung., 536 2 ; 

Bill discussed, 5372. 

, Braz., for males, 5572. 

, Borough, reduced, Eng., 9832. (See 

Female Suffrage.) 

Conf., Brussels. 5463. 

Suffrein, Moiis, at battle St. Jago, 9202. 
Sufi dynasty est., IIO72. 
, Shah, reigns, 11072. 

II., Shah, reigns, 11072. 

Suft Meedom mission, 6571 . 

Sugar, made from starch, 1116 2 ; bounties, 
Am., 4732, 9992; frauds, report in sen- 
ate, 3371 ; refining, Eng., 890 1 ; tariff, 
Cuba, 6333; tax, Eng., 8973. 

Act modified, 75 1 . 

■ Bill in senate, 477 2 . 

cane intro., Am., 662, 693; to W. Ind., 

6313; in Madeira, 11093; in Sicily, 10742; 
in Japan, 10912; in Cyprus, 11551. 

, Abbot, of St. Denis, b., 6682 ; 

minister, 6693; d., 6712. 

River, pearls found, 3441 . 

Trust dissolved, 363 1 ; investigation, 

3802, 37S2, 4533, 4592; charges, 4613; 
report, 4612, 463 2 ; senate consideration, 
461 3 ; examinations, 463 2 ; indictments, 
4642, 4651. 4723; committee reopens, 
senators exonerated, 4671 ; report signed, 
467 2 ; refuse to show books, 379 3 . 

Creek, Ark., action at, 2042. 

Sugden, Edward Burtenshaw, Baron St. 

Leonards, b. (1781); lord chancellor, 947 a ; 

9512,9572; minister, 9572; d. (1875). 

, John, cons. bp. Free Church, 9803. 

Suhm, Peter Frederik, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. 

Sui, at war, 612 1. 

Suicides, bodies of, 9912. 

Suidas, b., 10322. 

Suintila, reigns, 11253. 

Sujin, reigns, 10912. 

Sukkur mission, 10483. 

Suleiman, Pasba, commands, 5661; at 

Shipka Pass, 5652. 
, leader, 620 2 ; for Eng. recognition, 

6221 ; applies to Eng., 6232. 

Sami convicted, 658 3 . 

Suleymau Aba-Jabir, at Mecca, 4861 . 
assassinates Kleber, 7141 . (See Soly- 

Sulfureous carbon produced, 7821 . 
Sulina, Rus., batteries destroyed, 9581 . 

Suliotes, rebel, 10342, 10353 ; BU b., 11573. 

Sulla, Lucius Cornelius, b.-d., 10563 ; con- 
quers Rome ; attacks Mithridates VI. ; 
defeats Archelaus ; captures Bovianum ; 
dismissed ; fines cities of Gr. ; in Mithri- 
datic War ; war with Marius, 10562 ; 
sends library to Rome, 10563 ; consul ; 
reforms; deposed, 10573 • atBrundusiuni, 
10581; builds capitol, 10583; conquers 
Norbanus ; in Capua ; defeats Marius at 
Sacriportus ; in Etruria; repels Samnites 
at Colline Gate, 10581; edict against 
Saninite prisoners ; liberates slaves, 
10583 ; Constitution by ; dictator; consul ; 
abdicates ; treaty with Mithridates ; d., 
10591. 

Sullivan Co., N. V., train-wreckers, 3411 ; 
canvassers, 3952. 

, Alexander M., d., 9922. 

, , sentenced, 3482. 

, Arthur Seymour, b., 9522, r (1842) ; 

works, 978 1 , 9S4i t <jysi , 990 1 , 9921 996I 
998L 

, Barry, b. (1824) ; d., 1006 1 . 

, Sir Bartholomew J., d., 1002' . 

, Daniel, sentenced, 963 1 . 

, Dennis, wounded, 4141 . 

, Edward, cons, bp., 9862. 

, Sir E., lord chancellor, 9932. 

■ , James, b., 662; g0 v., 1151 ; d., 1142. 

, John, b., 642 ; a t Portsmouth, 781; 

driven from Can. ; on Long Island, 841 ; 
in Pa., 843; on Staten Island, 871 ; in 
R. I., 883 ; among N. Y. Indians, 903 ; 
d., 1061. 

, John L., indictments annulled, 3543; 

wins championship, 3433 ; loses cham- 
pionship, 4143. 

— , Gen.Thos. Crook, b. (1833); at Parker's 
Cross Roads, 2171 ; near Lexington, 218 1 . 
— , Thomas C., commissioned col., 4001 . 
— , T. D., punished for libel, 9711 ; testi- 
mony, 9993 ; Irish agitator arrives, 3711 . 



Sullivan, " Yankee," fights Morrisey,1732. 
Sullivan's Island, fort bombarded, 823. 
Sully, Daniel, b., 1761. 

, James, b. (1842k Human Mind, 4203. 

, Due de (Muxiniilien de Bethune), b., 

6822 ; minister, 6853 ■ resigns, 6873 ■ d., 
6883. 

Prndhomme, Rene" Francois Armand, 

Academician, 7521 ; works, 7363, 750 3 . 

.Thomas, b., 961 ; works, 1301, 1501; 

d., 2781 . 
Sulpicians,Soc.fnd. in Paris (1645); possess 

Montreal, 5732. 
Sulpius defeats Philopcemen, 10262. 
Sumarokoff, Alexander, b.-d., 11143. 
Sumatra, Quallo Batto attacked, 140 1 ;: 

war with Achinese, 11021 . 
Sumbalpur mission, 10471 . 
Summerfield, John, b., 1082; d., 1322. 
Summer School Pedagogy and Psychol- 
ogy, 4102. 
Summit, Miss., Lea Female College fnd., 

2963. 
Sumner, Archdeacon, cons, bp., 9983. 

, Charles, b., 1163 ; enters House, 1692 ; 

" Crime against Kansas," 1792; as- 
saulted, 1791 , 2, candidate for noin. for 
v.-pres., 1803 • deposed from chairman- 
ship; against annexation San Domingo, 
2733; against Grant, 2791 ; d., 2841 . 

, Richard, bp. elected, 9423. 

, Edwin Vose, b., 1061 ; in Army of 

Potomac, 2043 ; at Williamsburg, 2071 ; 
at Fair Oaks, 2082 ; a t Seven Days' Bat- 
tles, 2091 ; at Antietam, 2131 ; at Freder- 
icksburg, 2162; d.,2212. 

, , commissioned col., 4701 . 

, George "VY., promoted capt., 384.1, 

- — , Increase, b. (1746); gov., 1091; d. 
(1799). 

, John Bird, archbp. Canterbury, b. r 

9211,9543; d. (1862). 

, Wm. Graham, b. (1840) ; Alexander 

Hamilton, 3963. 
Sumter runs blockade, 196 2 . 
Sumter, Fort, to be reinforced, 1903 ; de- 
manded, 1913; expedition for, 1921 ; bom- 
barded; evacuated 1922 ; flag replaced, 
2462. 

, Col., Thomas, b., 622 ; a t Rocky 

Mount, 92i ; in South; at Hanging Rock,. 
S. C. ; at Fishing Creek, 922; at Black- 
stocks, 923; d., 1402. 
Sumor, Janos, b., 5202. 
Sumptuary Laws in Va., 283 ; opposed,. 
3172. 

enacted, Fr., 6732. 

in Eng., 859 1,875 2, 10143. 

Snmu-Abi fnds. dynasty in Babylonia, 

11393. 
Sun, eclipse of, observed, 3201 , 8502,8562, 
8622,8901,9041, 9061, 9121, 9161, 115H, 
11541; motion of, iS94i ; distance meas- 
ured, 8982, 9061 ; red flames, 9041 ; spots 
on, 1241,8121,9161,9181,9202, 10721. 
Snn Chia Su in embassy, 6213. 

Keuen Khan, Prince, 6131 . 

Sunbury, Pa., tornadoes, 3321. 
Sunda Islands conquered, 10433. 
Sunday, Can., closing <-nl<>rced, 3921 , 5811 1 , 
9443; street cars prohibited, 5921 . 

, Fr., battles prohibited, 668 2 ; opening 

of museums, 7482. 

Liquor Law passed, O., 3331 . 

-Rest Bill passes, 5343, 5352. 

dress parad.es abolished, Am., 3361 . 

newspaper selling opposed, i99 ■. 

Observance Cong., Paris, T58 3 . 

opening, Metropolitan Museum Art,. 

4031 ; museums, Eng., refused, 9782, 9822; 
motion rejected, 9793. 

labor prohibited, Eng., 8411 . 

Act passes, 921 1; amended, 9743 ; 

closing unobserved, 9443. 

Bill, G. B., 9612. 

, " Billy," evangelist, 3361 . 

Lecture Soc. fmd., 9722. 

school, Internat. lesson course, 3403; 

World's Conven., 3423 ; 6th Internat. 

Conven. meets, 3621 ; conven., 4361 ; 

buildings exempt, 9722 ; monument to,. 

9842; centenary of est., 9832. 

Union Am. fmd., 1323. 

fmd. , Eng. , 9303 . 

Society org., 9811; opening refused, 

9821 • Closing Act passes, 9831 ; opposed. 
by Pari., 985i 2; Closing Bill, 1001 2. 

Sunderland lost, 9142. 

Sunderland, Eng., engineers strike, 994». 



1420 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNL)il.-/v. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Simd-Synd. 



Sunderland, Le Roy, d., 3202. 

, Earl of. (See Spencer.) 

Sundry Civil App. Bill passes, 337', 3613, 

3652, 6772, 3792, 4072, 4131 , 4232, 4251 ,2, 

451'. 
Sung dynasty rules, 6133. 
Sunincas, Moors defeated at, 1126' . 
Sunium, Temple of Athene begun, 10203. 
Sunnites oppose Ali, 4852. 
Sunol, trotter, sold, 3473; trots, 3673,3953. 
Suomi mission, 10483. 
Superb wrecked, 922' . 
Superintendents of Insane Asylums meet, 

Niagara Falls, 361'. 
Superior wrecked, 180' , 
Superior Courts abolished, N. Y., 367 2 . 

Gubernative Prov. Union installed, 

6303. 

Supplement rfes Nourelles Ecclesiastigues 

issued, 6992. 
Supplementary Reconstruction Act, 

passes, 2572, 259' ; vetoed, 2572. 
Supremacy of pope acknowledged, 10703. 
Supreme Council of Labor, est., 761 2 . 
Court, Cong, limits membership, 2532; 

open, 4172. 
of Judicature, operative, 9812; 

Act passes, 9832. 
Surajah Dowlah.capt vires Calcutta, 1044' ; 

d., 10443. 
Surat, B. I., taken, 9153; pillaged, 1044'; 

gov't seat removed, 1045' ; mission, 

10462, 1047'. 
Surgeons' Society fnd., London, 9102. 
Surinam, Guiana, dis., 15'; settled, 332; 

taken, 42'; occupied, 433; Moravians 

in, 623; Maroon revolt, 773; colonists, 

1039'. 
Surname Act passed, 865' . 
Surnames employed, 847' , 851'. 
Surplices, intro., 10723; hist worn, 10682. 
Surprise captures Kit/<ms, 118'. 
Surratt, John H., assassination of Lin- 
coln, 243' ; tried ; discharged, 2483 ; 

jury discharged, 2583. 
, Mary E., assassination of Lincoln, 

243' ; sentenced ; hanged, 2482,3. 
Surrey, Dulwicu College fnd., 8803; Zo- 
ological Gardens est., 944', 

, Earl. (See Howard, Henry.) 

Surtees Society est., 9403; fmd., 947' . 
Survey, trigonometrical, 922'. 
Surveyors, start for Pacific, 1733; for ship 

canals, 229' ; maps published, 938 2 . 
Susa captured, 10242; action at, IO662. 
Susanville, Cal., earthquake shocks, 374'. 
Susarion, invents theatrical exhibition, 

10162. 
Suspension Bridge, Niagara, men fall, 

1753; Coll. of Our Lady of Angels org., 

1802; Niagara R. R. opd., 176' ; strike 

N. Y. C. R. R., 353' . 
Susquehanna, collision on, 1753; Military 

dept. fuid., 2222; Gen. Synod Evan. 

Luth. org., 2602. 
Susquehanna lays Atlantic cable, 183 3 . 
Sussex, Eng., converted, 8423; 11-0^868'; 

Archaeological Society fmd., 954' ; strike 

983'. 

, D. of. (See Augustus, Frederick.) 

Sussking, Capt. von, Cross Legionof Honor, 

767'. 
Suter, Andrew B., cons, bp., 9663. 
Sutherland, Charles, in war dept., 3512. 

, Duchess of, against slavery, 171' . 

, Earl of, title created, 8523. (See 

Leveson-Gower.) 

, Maj., in Sepoy rebellion, 1048' . 

, Kenneth F., guilty, 453' ; sentenced, 

4603. 

, William, counsel, 4523. 

Sutri, It., Council of 7743. 
Sutrium, Volscii defeated, 1052'; be- 
sieged, 1052'. 
Sutro, Adolph, supplies trees for Arbor 

Day, 325' . 

tunnel, Nev., completed, 3033. 

Suttee abolished, 9452. 

Sutter, John Augustas, b. (1803); at Sacra- 
mento, 1513; gold ilia., 1622; J. (1880). 

Sutton, Eng., bridge falls, 9693. 

, Vt., Female Miss. Soc. org., 163'. 

, W. Va., action near, 202' . 

, Charles Manners, b., 9123; archbp. 

Canterbury, 933' ; d. (1845). 

, , Jr. speaker, 9393. 

, J. H., governor N. B., 5792. 

, John, governor, 863 2 . 

1 H. T., governor Victoria, 4982. 



Sutton, Thos. Manners, lord chancellor, 
9333. 

Suvaroff , Alexei Vasilievitch, b.-d., 11143 ; 
aids Aust. against Fr.; at Kinburn ; at 
Praga, 1116' ; at Zurich; at Alessandria, 
7123; leaves Switz., 8062; R us3 . gen- 
eral, 5182. 

Suyders, Franz, d., 541' . 

Svaitoslaf, divides kingdom of Rus., 11133. 

Svatopluk II., defeated, 772' . 

Sven, king of Denmark, 777 3 . 

Svenigorod, conquers Tartars, 1114' . 

Svensk Literatur-Titlning issued, 11362. 

Mercurius issued, 11343. 

Sviatoslaf, Izbornik, intro. Christianity, 

1113'. 

S void, battle of, 1004'. 

Swabia, Ger., ceded, 5193; fortified, 777' 
reduced, 7S02. 

Swabian League joins Rhine cities, 7852 
fmd., 7872. 

Swaby, William Procter, cons, bp., 10102 

Swaim, David Gaskill, b. (1834); coimnis 
sioned brig.-gen.,306' . 

Swain, Charles, b., 9:i23 ; ,1. (1874). 

, David Lowry, b. (1801); gov. N. C, 

1412; d. (1S6S). 

, Peter T., commissioned col., 316' . 

Swainson, William, b., 9243; d., 9603. 

Swallow launched, 992' . 

Swamp Angel bursts, 226' . 

Swamp-land Bill defeated, Ark., 4223. 

Swan wrecked, 922'. 

Swan, Chas. H., bridge commission, 3683. 

, Joseph Wilson, b. (1828) ; inv. elec- 
tric-light carbon, 410' . 

, Mr., imprisoned for bribery, 9392. 

Point Cemetery, incorporated, 1853. 

River, W. A., Stirling's expedition; 

immigrants; settlement projected, 495 2 ; 
colony settled, 9452. 

Swann, Thomas, Credit Mobilier investi- 
gation, 2812. 

Swansea, Eng., waterspout, 994'. 

1 Mass., first Baptist church, 422. 

, Lord. (See Vivian.) 

Swanson, Claude A., d., 2172. 

Swanzey, Mass., war begins, 44' . 

Swarthmore, Pa., College org., 2663; Pres. 
Foulke at, 3722. 

Swartout, John, fights duel, 111'. 

Swat, won by Mali, 4' ; conquest, 53. 

Swatow, mission, 6203. 

Swayne, Noah Haynes, b., 1122; justice, 
2032; d., 3162. 

Swaziland, Afr., annexed, 1125 3 . 

Sweaborg, bombarded, 960' ; fortifica- 
tions commenced, 1114'. 

Swearing on Gospels intro., 8432. 

Sweating sickness, in N. Ger., 7911; i n 
Eng., 8673,8713. 

System, investigation, 4013, 4142 ; 

discussed, 4142; abolished, 4731. 

Sweaton, Arthur, elected bp., 980 3 . 

Sweden. (See text, pp. 1123-1136.) Against 
Ger., 5121 ; battle of Falkoping ; peace 
with; war with, 6361 2; Malmo truce is 
signed, 6401 ; peace negotiations open, 
6373; declines alliance, 041 2 ; Fr. mission- 
aries, 6662; forms Continental system, 
7193; grants to, 7971 ; cedes territory to 
Hanover, 7993; peace with Denmark, 
7961.; alliance against Prus., 8032; 
armed neutrality, 9312; war with Neth., 
11001 ; unites with Norway and Den., 
11051 ; crown prince viceroy ; separated 
from Den., 11052; -war with Rus., 1114' ; 
for Protestantism, 11343. 

Swedenborg, Emanuel, b.-d., 11342; visions 
of, 11343; Arcana Cwletlia, 1135'. 

, disciples org., 924' ; Society org. ,9451. 

Swedes, preach in Del., 36 2 ; eel. anni- 
versary, 3911; invade Norway, 11041; 
in Rus., 11132; conquer Poland, 11153. 

Swedish Acad, created, 11351; i s t book 
appears, 11343; Mission Union org., 
11361; Mission, N. Y., 1582; Pomerania 
exchanged, 5211 ; Co. chartered, 1045 2 . 

Sweeny, Thomas William, b. (1820); at 
Forsyth, 196 3 ; defeated near Corinth, 
2162; d., 4041. 

, John, consecrated bishop, 580 2 , 

Sweet, Charles F., work, 4782. 

, Willis, d., 1781 . 

Su-entlri Argus issued, 11362. 

Mercurius issued, 11351 , 

Swerker I., Karlson, reigns in Swe., 11333. 

II., reigns, 11351; petition to pope, 

11343. 



Swerro, adventurer, defeats Magnus V., 
11041, 11051 ; d., 11041. 

Swetchine, Madame (Anne Sophie Soy- 
monoff ), b., 7051 ; d., 7323. 

Swetenham, Edmund, d., 10021 . 

Swett, Leonard, b. (1782) ; d., 3401 . 

Sweyn I., enthroned, 6352; invades G. B., 
8461,8471; d., 6351. 

II., or Suenon Estridsen, enthroned, 

6353. 

III. ( Suenon III.), enthroned, 6353. 

Swiatopolk, grand duke of Russia, 11133. 

II., duke of Russia, 11133. 

Swieten, Gerard van, b.-d., 11011 . 

Swift Creek, Va., Confeds. defeated, 2323. 

, George B., mayor, 4431 , 4452. 

, John F., minister, 3513 ; d., 3801 . 

, Jonathan (Dean Swift), b., 8922; 

works, 9023, 9043, 9071, 9091, 9151; d., 
9103. 

, Lewis, b. (1820) ; dis. comets, 2941 ; 

3461. 

Swinburne, Algernon Charles, b., 948 2 , 
works, 9643, 9791 , 9963, 10022,3. 

Swing, David, b. (1830) ; heresy trial, 2842; 
d., 4721. 

Swinton, W., b. (1S33) ; d., 4161 . 

Swiss-Americans, anniversary, 3912. 

Conference formed, 11373. 

Confederacy formed, 7823, 783'; re- 
newed ; confirmed, 783' ; oppressed, 
784'. 

National Church organized, 11382. 

Rebellion, 6792. 

Republic formed, 7853. 

Switzerland. (See text, pp.1137,1138); Aust. 
defeated at Morgarten, 504' ; revolts, 
5053; liberty assured, 606' ; Peace of 
Basle, 5093, 7112; conquest of, 7122; 
fmd. in Helvetian Republic ; Fr. con- 
quer, 7133; civil war, 784' ; independent, 
7873,7972; Roman army defeated, 1056' , 
Caesar invades, 10582; Am. and Brit, 
claims in, 2752. 

Swofford-Tollette feud, 418 2 . 

Swolerlowes, factory collapses, 5333. 

Swords, small, introduced, Eng., 8772. 

Sybaris, It., fnd., 10153; destroyed, 1016' . 

Sybel, Heinrich von, b., 812' ; works, 8162, 
8202, 8342. 

Sybota, battle of 1020' . 

Sycamore Church, Va., action at, 238' . 

Syddal, the Barber, raises tumult; hanged, 
905'. 

Sydenham Society established, 953' . 

, Thomas, b., 8802; d., 8982. 

Sydney, Australia, bishopric, 4942, 9543; 
missions est., 4942 ; fnd., 4943 ; lighted, 
4953; races est.; Brit, flag, 4943; Legis- 
lative Council, 4952; pari, library, 496' ; 
great comet seen, 4962; miss, jubilee, 
4963; incorp., 497' ; mint est.; first Pari., 
4972; fire, 4973, 4993, 5013; synod assem- 
bles ; Free Public Library ; Capt. Cook 
monument ; cathedral cons., 498' ; Duke 
Edinburgh visits, 4982; Intercolonial 
Exhibition ; R.R. connects to Goulburn, 
499 3 ; Home-rulers arrive ; riot-act ; 
strikers ; Sunday advertisements illegal, 
5002; Constitution Conven.. 5012; steam- 
ers collide,. aoi 3 ; capital, 5772; T/ie Arlro- 
cate issued, 5823; Bp. Smith cons., 10042. 

: , Thomas, lord mayor, London, 9572. 

University founded ; inaug., 496' . 

Sykes, George, b. (1822); at Gettysburg, 
224' ; d. (1880). 

, James, b. (1761) ; gov., 1112; d. (1822). 

Sylander cuirass, adopted in Aust., 536' . 

Sylliet mission, 1047'. 

Sylverius, St., pope, 10703. 

Sylvester, Jtomostroi, 11143. 

- — I., St., pope, 10663. 

II., invents escapements for clocks, 

1072'; pope, 1073'. 

III., anti-pope, 10742. 

Sylvius reigns, 10133. 

Symbert, John, lip. Berkeley, 63'. 

Syme, James, !>., 92S3; d., 9742. 

Symington, W., steamboat on canal, 9242; 
steamboat experiment, 980' . 

Symmachus, St., pope, 10703; pleads for 
Paganism, 1069'. 

Symonds, John Addington, b., 9502; 
works, 3743, 3002, 97S3, 9923, 10043; d., 
1010'. 

Syncellus, George, Select Chronicle, 10323. 

Syndicate, flour. Minneapolis ; iron, Mil- 
waukee ; Denver breweries, 3433; starch 
factories, Des Moines ; Cleveland brew- 



Synn-Talm. 



Text Figures denote Page IJN'jDli^X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1421 



eries, 3533; p a . cotton-mills, 3553; Bos- 
ton breweries ; Murphy Varnish Co., 
Newark ; paper-mills, ;;.i;3; Roach ship- 
building works, Chester, 3(133; arrears of 
taxes, Brooklyn, 3653; oil-carrying craft, 
3713; English in Am.; O. oil works, 3S33; 
Stores of Cambria Iron Co., 3873; street- 
cars, lighting, Milwaukee, 3S93; land in 
Ky., 31133; Chicago haul, 3953; street-car 
lilies, N. Y., 4053; m fu-. W orks, Hart- 
ford; street E. It., N. Y., 4193; Chicago 
stock-yards, 4232; lumber, Minn., 4233; 
iron and steel, Cincinnati ; cooperage, 
N. Y,; Am. press, N. J., 4273; electric 
power, Niagara, 4312; Lincoln Home- 
stead, Ky., 451 3 ; banks in important 
cities, 4772; in Can.,coffee,5593; cotton, 
595 3 ; brewery plants ; twine factories, 
5913; silver, 5932. 
Synnot, detective, killed, 10083. 
Syracuse, N. Y., salt infd., 9S< ; S. & Au- 
burn R. R. opd., 1513; explosion, 153 3 ; S. 
& UticaR.R. opd., 1573; Xorlhem Chris- 
tian Adrocate issued, 1543; fire, 1813, 
3813,3953; Gen. Assembly N. S. Presb. 
meets, 2023; 2d Nat. Unitarian Conf., 
2542; R. C. diocese est., 3242; Glass Cos. 
consolidate, 3493; Reform Party Con- 
ven.,3611; railway accident, 3893; Con- 
ven. Typographical Unions, 393 1 ; Dem. 
State Conven., 4073; sheriff's sale, 4473; 
Indian Council, 4681 . 

, Sicily, fnd., 10153, 10511 ; expedition 

against ; stormed ; besieged, 10202,10542; 
captured, 10202, 10512 ; Temple of Mi- 
nerva built, 1050 2 ; tributary to Rome, 
10533; destroyed by earthquake, 10802; 
surrenders, 10861 . (See Sicily.) 

Univ., fnd., 272 2; observatory erected, 

3281; gift; Wolfe Collection at univ., 
3522; J. R. Day, chancellor, 4421 . 
Syria, revolts against Egy., 6492; invaded, 
11441 ; alliance against ; annexed to As- 
syria, 1145 1 ; tributary to Assyria, 11452; 
conquered, 11461 ; taken by Antiochua 
III., 11492; W ar with Romans, 10553; in- 
vades Judea, 11493; reconquered, 1150 3 ; 
annexed to Armenia ; taken by Romans, 
11511; reduced, 10532; marble theater 
built, 11501 ,2; Roman province, 10592, 
10732, 11511,2; Crassus rules, 10593; 
Parthian invasion ; Parthians take ; 
proconsuls as rulers, 11512; Octavian's 
advance, 10603; earthquakes, 11502; an- 
nexes Chalcis, 11533; Parthian invasion, 
10641 ; Pers. invasion ; Saracen invasion, 
11522; Persians devastate, 11061 ; Jacob- 
ites fnd., 10703; ravaged by Chosroes, 
10302, by Arabs, 10313, by Antony, 10602; 
Christian massacre, 10722; conquered 
by califs, 11541 j taken from Egy., 1155 2 ; 
desolated by Crusaders, 11551 ; emirs re- 
volt; subdued, 10321; Noureddin con- 
quers, 11541 ; annexed to Turk., 11572; 
overrun byTartars, 1154 1,2; conquered by 
Mozuffer, 6541 , by Arabs, 10302, by ca- 
lifs, 10321 ; Christians expelled, 11542; 
Turks take, 10341 ; plague, 11571 ; Mo- 
hammedanism intro., 10351 ; taken by Fr., 
11573; ceded to Ali, 6572; massacre of 
Christians, 11571, 11583; Syrian expedi- 
tion, 965 2 ; Fr. troops avenge Christians, 
7341 ; Fr. troops withdrawn, 7353, 11591 ; 
Protestant Coll. opd., 11582; earthquake, 
11562; Ref. Presb. mission, 11582; text 
of the four Gospels found, 4881 . 
Syriam, E. I., fort taken, 10461 . 
Syro-Egyptian Society formed, 9521 . 
SyudRedin, driven out, 4882; he regains 

office, 4883. 
Szaikszo, battle of, 5221 . 
Szapary, Count Julius von, premier, 5332; 
minister, 5333; resigns, 5363; shot, 5361. 
Szchuen, annexed, 6113, 6133; revolt sub- 
dued, 6121; mission, 6223; murderers 
punished, 6251. 
Szechenyi, Istian, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. 
Szegedin, Hung., flood wave, 530i ,2; quay 

falls in river, 5333. 
Szekhely, George von Mailath von, mur- 
dered, 5303. 
Szemakwang, Garr/c/i of S zemalacang ,&Y12 . 
Szentivanyi, Carl, pres Reichstag, 5271 . 
Szil, crushed in wine-press, 5323. 
Szilagyi, D. von, appointed, 5383. 
Szlavy ministry resigns, 529 2 . 
Szobozlo riots, 5362. 
Szolnok, battle at, 5222. 
Szorek, battle at, 5222. 



Taaffe, premier, changes ministry, Aust., 

5312. 

, Viscount, Ire., title created, 881 1 . 

Taba Mossegu, mission, 11242 
Tabernacle of Moses built, 11402; at Sinai, 

11403; atShiloh, 11411. 
Tabitha restored, 11523. 
Table Bay, breakwater, 5993. 

Tablets, use Of, 6103. 

Tabontes defeated, 5062. 

Tabor, Bohemia, built, 5073. 

, la., Tabor College organized, 2543. 

, Carlos It., minister, 6443. 

Taborites, annihilated, 507 1 ; divided; 
burned ; separate from Bohemian ch., 
6063. 

Tabriz, mission at, 11071 , 11082. 

Taehe, Alex. Antoinc, b. (1S23); cons.R. 
C. bishop, 5802 ; archbp., 5822 ; d., 5961 . 

Tachos in Egypt, 10233. 

Tacitus, Caius Cornelius, b.-d., 10623. 

, Marcus Claudius, b.-d., 10642; against 

Alani, 10661 ; reigns ; d., 10672. 

Tacna, surrenders, 6062, 11083 ; ceded, G073. 

Tacoma, Wash., Geo. Francis Train ar- 
rives in, 3593; land engulfed, 4773. 

Tacon, Gen., gov.-gen. Cuba, 6331 . 

Tacua sinks, 607 3 . 

Tacuarembo, gold dis., 11602 ; mission, 
11603. 

Taddeo, paintings, 10781 . 

Tadinas, battle of, 10702. 

Tadmor. (See Palmyra.) 

Taetwine, archbp. Canterbury, 8431. 

Tafalla, action at, 11322. 

Taffeta, first manufactured, 8762. 

Tatfra, Tamils kingdom, 10432. 

Tafna, fort taken by French, 8 3 . 

Taft, Alphonso, b. (1810) ; attorney-gen., 
2931 ; d., 3842. 

, Royal C, governor, R. I., 3332. 

Tages, Maximo, pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

Taggert, senator, is acting governor, 357 2 . 

Tagguin, surprised, 101 . 

Tagher, action at, 8561 . 

Tagliamento, It., Austrian defeat, 7121 , 

Taglioiii, Marie, b.-d., 11361. 

, Marie, b. (1833) ; d., 5342. 

Tagus captures Ceres, 9361 . 

Ta^us, American squadron at, 11111 . 

Taherite dynasty established, 4S71 ,11072. 

Taherites overthrown, 4871 . 

Tahir Pasha reignB, Egypt, 6572. 

Tahiti, cargo of slaves, 3911 . 

Tahiti, French occupy, 7281 ; annexed to 
France, 7531 , 7G13. 

Tahlequah, Ind. Ter., sem. for girls, 3423; 
Indian desperado, 4223. 

Tahmasp II. recovers throne, 1107 2 . 

Tahureau, Jacques, b. (1527) ; work, 6831 ; 
d. (1786). 

Tai-char, mission, 6211. 

Taif, Wahabis subdue, 4861 . 

Taiguen, artillery used, 6122. 

Taikang enthroned, Egypt, 6111 . 

Taikia enthroned, 6112. 

Taiko-Sarna, emp., invades Korea, 10941 . 

Tai-ku, mission, 6231 . 

Tailer, Wm., governor, Mass., 592, 652. 

Tailbaud, M., minister, 7491. 

Taillandier, Rene Gaspar Ernest, b., 7223; 
works, 7303, 7331 ; d., 7521 . 

Taille, Jean de la, works, 6832. 

Taillebourg, Fr., battle of, 6702. 

Taillon, L. O., premier, 595 2 . 

Tailors strike, England, 10083. 

Tailour, Lieut., destroys Fr. ships, 9341 . 

Taimar Shah executed, 71 . 

Taine, Hippo! vie Adolphe,b., 7243 ; works, 
7323, 7363, 7462, 7483, 7562 ; d., 7641 . 

Tainter, Sumner, inv. photophone, 2982 ; 
sound by electricity, 3081 . 

Tai-ping, China, army increased, 6171 ; dy- 
nasty proclaimed; rebellion, 618 1 ; re- 
bellion, semi-religious, 6191. 

Tai-pings at Nanking, 6201 . 

Taira clans, war with Minamoto, Jap., 
10901 ; in military offices, 10912. 

no Kiyomori, prime minister, d., 

10912. 

Taishan-fu, mission, 6223. 

Tait, Archibald Campbell, b., 9351 ; arch- 
bishop Canterbury, 9722 ; a., 9901 . 

, Arthur F. , in Nat. Acad. Design, 1841 . 

, PeterGuthrie,b.,9422; ozone theory, 

9641. 

Taiting, China, enthroned, 6112. 



Taitsan, China, captured, 6202. 
Tai-tso, Japan, ruler, 10942. 
Taitsong, standing army, 6121 , 6132 ; en- 
throned, 6123 ; recovers empire ; alliance 

with Turks, 6132 ; d., 6122. 
Taitsou, China, at Loo-chow, 6121; en- 
courages arts, 6122 ; gains throne, 6133 ; 

d., 6122. 
Taiwou, China, enthroned, 611 2 . 
Taiyuen, artillery used at, 6121 ; mission, 

6223. 
Takahira reigns, Japan, 10912. 
Takeleth I. reigns, Egypt, 6511 . 

II. reigns, Egypt, 6511. 

Taku, China, allies land, 6201 ; forts taken, 

6182, 6201. 
Ta-ku-tang, mission, 6222. 
Talamanca, fnd. ; Indian uprising, 6301, 

and resubjected, 630 2 . 
Talavera de la Reina, Sp., battle of, 7181 ; 

taken, 11261 . 

, archpriest of, works, 1127 1 . 

Talaveranno, Fernando, gov., Chile, 6052. 

Talhert, W. J., b., 1581. 

Talbot, Charles, Duke of Shrewsbury, b., 

8902 ; minister, 8992, 9012 ; lord-lieut., 

lord-treas., 9052 ; d., 9062. 
, , Lord Talbot, b. (1684) ; lord 

chancellor, 9093 ; d. (1737). 

, Col. at Black River, 1982. 

, Earl of, title created, 9231 . 

, Earl, Charles Chetwynd, b. (1777) ; 

lord-lieut., 9393 ; d., (1849). 

— , Ethelbert, b. (1848) ; cons, missionary 

bishop, 3262 ; of Ga., 3861 . 
^, John, Earl of Shrewsbury, b. (1373) ; 

lord-lieut., 8631 ,2 ; evacuates Rouen, _ 

killed, 6781. 
— , Joseph Cruikshank, b. (1816) ; cons. 

bp., 1862 ; in Ind., 2482 ; d. (1883). 

, Matthew, governor, 1273. 

, Richard, Earl of Tyrconnel, lord- 
lieut., 8973 ; d. (1691). 
Thomas, b. (1818) ; governor, Mass., 

2873,3033; d. (1886). 
, Wm. Henry Fox, b., 9302; observes 

spectrum, 9421 ; photographs on paper, 

9481 ; negative photograph, 950 1 ; photo- 

glyphic engraving process, 9621 ; d., 9822. 

, missionary in Conn., 542. 

Talcose silica deposits dis., Colo., 4161 . 
Talcott, Joseph, b. (1669) ; gov., Conn., 612 ; 

d. (1741). 
Tale of the Tim Brothers, 6483. 
Talfourd, Thomas, iron bridge, 9262. 

, Sir Noon, b., 9263 ; d. (1854). 

Talhouet (Auguste Frederic Bon Amour), 

Marquis de, b. (1788) ; minister public 

works, Fr., 7392 ; d. (1842). 
Taliaferro, Benjamin, b., 662 ; a., 1301. 

, Wm. Booth, b. (1822) ; in Va., 1941 . 

Talien-Wan, China, Chinese possess forts, 

6263. 
Talifoo, China, captured, 6221 . 
Talladee, C. W., d., 4701 . 
Talladega, Ala., battle, 1203 ; Acad, for 

Blind opens, 3331 ; T. Coll. opd., 2583. 
Tallaght, Fenian uprising. 9703 . 
Tallahassee blown up, 2421 . 
Tallahassee, Fla., Gen. Jones surrenders, 

2463 ; State conven., 249 1 , 2Gli ; Consti- 
tutional Union Party org., 2591 . 
Tallah-ud-din reigns, Ind., 10432. 
Tallard, Due de (Camille d'Hostun), b. 

(1652) ; at Blenheim, 5123 ; d. (1728). 
Tallet, Louis de, shelters Calvin, 6803. 
Tallevgauni mission; 10483. 
Talleyrand-Pei'igord, Charles Maurice de, 

b.,7022 ; minister ; resigns, 7232; d.,72S2. 
Tallien, Jean Lambert, b., 7042 ; d., 7223. 
Tallmadge, O., collision, 3353 ; Female 

Charitable Society org., 1243. 

, Benjamin, b., 683 ; d. (1835). 

, Fred. Augustus, b. (1792) ; d., 2662. 

, James, b., 912 ; slavery amendment, 

1272 ; d., 1722. 

, Nathaniel P., governor, 1592. 

Tallman, Jacob B., vs. Rutgers Female 

College, 3852. 
Tallow candles, common, Eng., 8541 . 
Tallushatchie, Ala., Indians at. 1203. 
Talma, Francois Joseph, b.,703i ; d.,7243. 
Talmage, Sam. Kennedy, b. (1798); d.,2481 . 
, Thomas De Witt, b., 1402 ; works, 

2723, 2871 ; new Tabernacle built, 2842 ; 

Tabernacle destroyed ; 2d Tabernacle, 

3462, 3821 ; preaches on Mars Hill, 348i ; 

at Hawarden ; returns from Eur., 3522 ; 

New Tabernacle opd. , 3821 ; in old South 



1422 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Talm-Tayl. 



Church, Boston, 385 1 ; visits Russia, 411 ' , 
11223; anniversary, 4581 ; tour of world, 
4602, 4743 ; resignation, 4742. 

Talmud, translated, 4862; (second) com- 
pleted, 10711. 

Babylonicum printed, 10812. 

Hierosolytanum printed, 10812. 

, Jerusalem, compiled, 11532. 

Taltal occupied, 6082. 

Talybont, E. R. accident, 9833. 

Tamanieb. Sudan, battle of, 6601 . 

Tamaqua, Pa., Molly Maguires in, 2891 . 

Tamar reinforcements for Natal, 6002. 

Tamar Sbab executed, 71 . 

Tamarack Mine, Mich., strike, 3611. 

Tamatave, Madagascar, bombarded, 10953; 
expedition against, 10952. 

Tamaulipas, Mex., expedition lands, 10951 . 

Tamberlik, Enrico, b.-d., 10901 . 

Tamerlane, b.-d., 10431 ; begins conquests, 
41; in India, 41, 10422; at Balkh, 51; 
conquers Bokhara, 5491 ; at Aleppo, 
6542 ; in Armenia, 11542 ; overthrows 
Tughlak dynasty, 10133 ; invades Persia, 
11002, 11072 ; pyramid of skulls, 11073 ; 
burns Moscow, 11141 ; House of, reigns, 
11433. 

Tameeyah, mission, 6571 . 

Tammany Hall, defeated, 2751; protest 
against, 3472; bribe offered, 3703. 

Society, N. Y., org., 991; 1st meets, 

1003. 

Tampico, Mex., occupied, 16U2; evacuated ; 
taken, 10961 ; mission, 10962. 

Tamsin, bombarded; Chinese defea*, 6221 . 

Tanagra, Gr., action at, 10193. 

Tanbody, mission at, G571 . 

Tancred and Hitniunda issued, 8731. 

Tancred, b.-d., 6683 ; 1st crusade, 6683 ; 
king of Naples, 10753 ; besieged at Na- 
ples, 7792. 

Tanda, mission, 6571 . 

Tandy, Napper, liberated; flees, 9282. 
, Tanenberg, battle of, 7841 . 
-{"""Taney, Roger Brooke, b., 891 ; atty.-gen., 
139 2 ; S ec. treas., 1433 ; chief justice su- 
preme court, 1,472 ; renders Dred Scott 
decision, 1831 . and John Mcrrvman, 1953; 
d.,_2392; oust, 2852. 

Tang dynasty rules, China, 6131 ; Golden 
Age of literature, 6122. 

Tanganyika, Lake, dis., 5611, 8381; com- 
pany to develop, 6033; slave-raids, 8383; 
surveyed, 10931 ; missions, 10941. 

Tang Chuang, mission work, 6243. 

Tangier, ceded to Eng., 10972 ; Spanish 
squadron at, 10973. 

Tanis, Louis, insurrection, 10403. 

, Hyksos dynasty at, 6473, 6493, 651 1 . 

Tankerville, Earl of, title created, 9051 . 

Tann, Baron Ludwig von der, b., 8103 ; at 
Artenay; at Orleans, 742 1 ; defeated Or- 
leans, 7422 ; d.,830l. 

Tannah, Lnd., 1st railway opened, 10473. 

Tannahill, Robert, b., 9191 ; Poems, 9331; 
d., 9351. 

Tanner, Henry S., fast, 3053 ; sentenced, 
10011; imprisoned, 10003 ;wounded,10083. 

, James, resigns office, 3451 . 

Tannhauser appears, 8161. 

Tanning, by electricity discovered, 6341 ; 
in Egypt,6462. 

Tanta, mission, 6571 . 

Tantalum columbium discovered, 11361 . 

Tantia Topi defeated, Sepoy rebellion, 
10481 ; captured, 10482. 

Taonism abolished, 6122; declines, 6123. 

Taonist priests forbidden marriage ; ban- 
ished, 6123. 

Taoukwang, reply to Pottinger, 6171 ; en- 
throned, 6172; d., 6183. 

Tapestry, first made by Flemings, 6861; 
intro. Eng., 8801 . 

Tapia, Don Eugenio de, b.-d., 11302. 

Taplin, George, opens mission, 4962. 

Tappan, N. Y., Aiidre^ tried, 922; monu- 
ment to Maj. Andr6, 3021 . 

, A. B., Grand Sachem, Tammany ,3451 , 

, Arthur, b., 981 ; org. antislavery so- 
ciety, 1411 1431; d., 2481. 

, Henry Philip, b., 1122; d., 3081. 

, John, d., 2721 . 

, Lewis, b. (1788); mob attacks, 1432 ; 

d., 2821. 

, Mason Weare, b. (1817); on Commit- 
tee of 33, 1891 ; d. (1886). 

, William Bingham, b., 1042; d., 1662. 

Tar, made from pit-coal, 9221 . 

'Tara, Ire., action at, 9281 . 



Tarapaca, Chile, taken, 6062; ceded, 6073. 

Tarbac, W., mine explosion, 10033. 

Tarbell, John Adams, b. (1810); d., 2312. 

Tarbes, battle at, 7203. 

Tarbox, Increase Niles, b. (1815); d., 3301 . 

Tard's Dirtiuiutaire <h H<i<j< ine, 7323. 

Tarentum, fnd., 10152 ; Spartans colo- 
nized, 1051 1 ; war with Rome ; surren- 
dered to Rome, 10522; Hannibal con- 
quers, 10542; Romans capture, 10543. 

, Pa., petroleum discovered, 1591. 

Tarifa, action at, 11261 . 

Tariff resolution renews, Can., 595i ; 
changes in, 5962. 

, in Chile, 6072. 

Ecu. passes, 6443. 

, new, Fr., 7352,7471, 7612,3,7632,3, 

7651 ; lowered on Swiss nianuf., 7651 . 

, Ger., Union est., 8153; war against 

Sp., 8372. 

Act passed, Australia, 497 3 . 

, U. S., pres. approves first, 101 2 ; 

new protective, 1252, 2031 ; protective 
bill passed, 1313 ; High Protective, 
" Tariff of Abominations, "1353 ,1411, 2, 3, 
1552,3, i<«3, 1D31, 2112, 2453,2891; pro- 
test against high, 1372, 2372; high con- 
ven. meets, 1392; low pi'otective T., 
1411,1812; duties resisted, 1412; Clay's 
Compromise T-, 1413, 1432; modified pro- 
tective T., 1552; pres. vetoes bill, 1553; 
lower non-protective T. passed, 1612,3; 
Polk's T. modified, 1812; Morrill T. en- 
acted and operative, 1S7 2 , 1931 ,2, 1992, 
2572; Morrill extended, 1992; new law 
effective, 2372 ; high, law operative, 
2453; reduced revenue, 2712, 2791,2832; 
new, 2732; changes, 2773, 2783, 2791, 
2813, 2832, 2891,3013, 3133; new, 2712; 
T. commission, 3111,2. 

Bill passes; approved, 3132; changes, 

3252; (Mills) T. bill intro., 3293; passed 
H. but failed in S.,331i ; discussed, 3332; 
anti-free coal amend.; onlish,333 3 ; sub- 
stitute, 3363; McKinley T. Bill debate, 
3592, 3593, 3613, 3652, 3071,2,3, 3691,2; 
passes; approved; operative, 3692; consti- 
tutional, 4031 ; retaliatory ; reciprocity 
clause repeal, 399 2 ; opposition T. bills, 
4011; discussed, 405 1 ; free list to Cuba 
and Porto Rico, 4092; Wilson T. Bill, 
4491 to 4711. (See Duties, Duty,) 

Tariffville, Conn., R. R. accident, 2993. 

Tarik, Saracen leader, 112,51 ; Spanish con- 
quests, 4842; subdued, 4862. 

Tarkio Coll. (IT. Presb.) est., Tarkio, Mo. 
(1883). 

Tarku, at Memphis, 11442. 

Tarleton, Bannastre, b., 9123; Col. mas- 
sacres Am., 921 ; at Fishing Creek, 92 2 , 
Cowpens, Blackstocks, 923; d., 9462. 

, Capt., in Burmese war, 1046 2 . 

Tarnow, Fanny, b., 8042; b., 8202. 

Tarnowski, Jan, b.-d., 1114 2 . 

Tarpon Springs, Fla., Univ. of fnd., 3582. 

Tarquinii, war with, 10521 . 

Tarquinius, Lucius Collatinus, consul, 
10512. 

, Priscus, lays foundation of Rome, 

10502; est. games in Circus Maximus, 
10503; reigns, 10511; d., 10502. 

, Superbus, builds Temple Jupiter, 

10502; reigns; conquests, 10511. 

Tarquins, attack Roman republic, 10501 ; 
overthrown, 10503. 

Tarr, Ralph S., work, 47S2. 

Tarracina, Latin colony at, 10513. 

Tarragona, upied, 11281. 

Tarrytown, N. Y., railway accident; dyn- 
amite explosion, 3853; J. Hannon killed, 
4003; Revolutionary monument, 4741. 

Tarsney, John C, M. C, b., 1581 . 

, Adj.-Gen., Colo., captured, 4631. 

Tarsus, captured, 1066' ; mission at, 1158 2 . 

Tartaric acid discovered, 11342. 

Tartars, invade China, G101 , 6121 ; ex- 
pelled, 6101 ; ravage China, 6121 ; con- 
quests, 6133; in India, 10432; in Syria, 
11542, in Bithynia ; in Armenia, 11553, 
war with Rus.; plunder Moscow; invade 
Poland, 11141 

Tartary, held by Ghengis Khan, 11151 . 

Tarte, M., bribery, 5942. 

Tartini, Giuseppe, b., 10831 ; d., 10842. 

Taschenberg, Ernst Ludwig, b., 8122. 

Tascnereau, Elzear-Alexandre, b., 5781 ; 
cons, arcbbp.. 5822; cardinal, 5842; con- 
firmation, 5882; celebration, 5941 . 

, H. E., judge, d., 5961 . 



Taschereau, Jules Antoine,b.,7143 ;d.,7482. 

Tash Kurgan, Ishak Khan defeated, 6 2 . 

Tasker, Benjamin, gov. Md., 692. 

Tasman, Abel Janszen, b. (1602+) ; dis. 
Tasmania, 4931 ; dis. New Zealand, 11031 ; 
d., 11003. 

Tasmania, explorations, 4961 ; Van Die- 
men's Land dis., 4931 ; detached, 4962; 
convict penal station, 4951 , 5991 ; trans- 
portation, 4963; Brit. Colony, 9313; 
bishopric est., 9483; Bp. Montgomery 
cons., 10022. 

Tasou, Pei, prince, 6131 . 

Tassilo II., deposed, 7713. 

Tasso. Bernardo, b., 10783; d. (1569). 

, Torquato, b., 10803; works, 8772, 

10813; p., 10823. 

Tassoni, Alessandro, work, 10832. 

T'at'ai reigns, Egypt, 6453. 

Tate, E. M., shot, 3912. 

— , FarishC, d., 1781 . 

, Nahum, b.,8882; poet laureate, 9002; 

Psalms, 9003; d., 9042. 

Tat-f-lla reigns, Egypt. C453. 

Tat-Ku-Ba reigns, Egypt, 6472. 

Tat-Ka-lla-Maat reigns, Egypt, 6472. 
latter founded, 9031. 

Tattersall's est., London, 9173. 

Tattnall, Com. Josiab. 1.. (1795); in China; 
assists Eng., 1841 ; fires Merrimac, 2072; 
d.,2741. 

Ta-Tung mission, 6243. 

Tatutpa, Australia, gold dis., 4981. 

Tauberbisehotsheini, battleat, 8243. 

Tnuchnitz, Baron Christian Bemhardvon, 
b., 8121. 

, Karl Christoph Fraugott, b., 8023; d., 

9143. 

Tauenzein, Gen., at Dennewitz, 7201 , 

Trildbee, ex-congressman shot, 3523, 

Tauler, Jobann, b.-d., 7802. 

Taunton, Eng., R.R. collision, 10053. 

Taurasia, (See Turin.) 

Taurisci, invasion of, 5021 ,3. 

Taussig, F. W., works, 4203, 4482. 

Tavares-Bastos, Aureliano Candido, b., 
5642; d. (1874). 

Taverner, Richard, Bible translation, 8683. 

Tavernier, Jean Baptiste, Baron d'Au- 
bonne, b., 6S62; d., 6942. 

Tavoy taken, 11242; mission, 10471. 
Tawnev, James A., b., 1761 . 
Tax, on tea, 772; distilled liquors, 103', 
1213; insurrection against window, 1093; 
direct, est., 1213, 199 2 ; first Am. war 
tax, 1233; direct, repealed and abol- 
ished, 125 3 ; on beer restored, 2313; 
raised on spirits, 2313, 2363, 2413; f 
Nat. Banks defeated, 2333; on banks 
and incomes, 243 3 ; on spirits reduced, 
2692; innfs. relieved, 263'; stamp T. 
abolished ; on legacies repealed, 2712; 
revenue T. reduced, 27S3; repayment 
of direct, 3272, 3483; direct tax bill, 
3311,3363,3371, 3531, 3791,2, 3811; liq- 
uor tax fixed, 343' . 
Taxation, revolt against; 7' ; recom- 
mended for Am.; proposed, 693; right 
denied; opposed in Boston, 75' ; Eng. 
partly renounces right, 892; for ex- 
penses unapproved, 971 ; in Egv-, 6491; 
Paris against, «703, 6771; in G. Brit., 
8411 ; opposed, 8593. 

Taxes universally applied, 2353; reduced, 
2532, 2773; stamp and income, abolished; 
revenue reduced, 2791 . 

, tenths collected, Eng., 8522. 

, levied universally, Fr., 7013; edict, 

Fr., 707i,2. 

— — , internal revenue. (See Am. 1033, and 
each year following.) 

, internal, on fish, fruits, and meats 

removed, 277 3 ; collection resisted, Can., 
6882; in specie intro., G. B., 8473; re- 
mitted, 9013; collected in advance, 11313. 

Tay Bridge opd., 9742; injured by gale, 
9333; disaster, 9853; aid for sufferers in 
disaster, 9871 ; new bridge opd. (1887). 

Tayleur wrecked, 9593. 

Taylor, Alfred, b. (1810); d., 3821. 

, A., b., 1662. 

, Alva B., d., 3341 . 

- — , Arthur H., b., 1702. 

, Bayard, b. 1322; works, 1551, 1631, 

1683, 1703, 1763, 1783, 1823, 2133, 2252, 
2412, 2551, 2603, 2683, 2723, 2803.2843, 
2871 , 2903, 2943, 3003; library gift, 426' ; 
d., 3001. 

, Benj. Franklin, b., 1302 ; d. (1887). 



Tayl-Temp. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1423 



Taylor, Brook, b. (16S5) ; d., S962. 
— -, Corporal, wins rifle prize, 9821 . 

, Edward Burnett, b., 9462. 

, E. B., intro. Bankruptcy Bill, 3491 . 

, Hannis, minister, 4473. 

, Harvey S., d., 2721 . 

, Sir Henry, b., 9303; d., 9942. 

, C, promoted captain, 4481. 

, Horace A., in int. dept., 351*. 

, Isaac, b., 9242; d., 9462. 

, E.,d., 3461. 

, Jeremy, b., 880 1 ; works, 8863; d., 

, John, b., 8742; d., 8S82. 

, , b. (1770); gov. S. C, 1352; d. 

(1832). 

, , b. (180S) ; pres. of Mormons,2962 ; 

d. (1887). 

, W., b. (17S4) ; speaker, 1292, 

1333; d. (1854). 

, Joseph P., d., 2352. 

, Meadows, b., 9343; d. (1876). 

, Moses, b. (1806) ; org. Cable Co., 1753. 

, M., on Committee of 33, 1891 . 

, M, N., provisional gov. of N.C.,2012. 

, Peter Alfred, d., 10062. 

, Gen. Richard, b. (1S26) ; assaults 

Donaldsonville, 2232; defeated at Cane 
River ; at Sabine Cross Roads ; at Pleas- 
ant Hill, 2311; capitulates, 2463; d., 
3002. 

, Robert L., governor Tenn., 3293. 

, Sir , b., 9042. 

, Ross, house burned, 4752. 

, Rowland, bishop, burned, 8703. 

, Sally Knox, marries J. Davis, 1452. 

, Tom, b., 9382; d.,9861. 

, Thomas House, b. (1799) ; d., 2582. 

, Win., .ib. (1821); street preaching, 

1662; revival in India, 10491; m i ss . bp. 
for Afr., 3163, H613; self-supporting 
missions, 3302; at Lueba, 10943. 

, H., governor Wis., 2873. 

, Mackergo, clerg., b., 1362; re- 
signs pulpit, 4162. 

? Rogers, b. (1811) ; d., 33S2. 

, Zachary, b., 962; marries, 1171 ; signs 

Delavan's declaration, 1451 ; brevetted 
brig. -gen., 1481 ; defeats Indians, 1461 ; 
in Tex., 1581; on Rio Grande; relieves 
Fort Taylor; invades Mex.; at Palo 
Alto ; at Resaca de la Palma ; at Mon- 
terey, 1601 ; at Buena "Vista, 162i ; poli- 
tics in army; war hero, 1633; nom. for 
pres., 1651 ; electoral vote ; popular vote; 
inaug., 1652; filibusters denounced, 6331 ; 
d., 1672, 1682. 

University, Ind., founded, 3742. 

Taylor's Stenography introduced, 9241. 

Tayport, Fife, R. R. collision, 9893. 

Tazewell, Henry, b. (1753) ; pres. senate, 
1071; d. (1799). 

, Littleton W., b. (1774) ; pres. senate, 

1392, 1411 ; gov. Va., 1452; vote for vice- 
pres. U. S., 1532; d. (1860). 

Tchernaieff, Gen., in Central Asia, 11201. 

Tchernaya, Rus., action at, 9601 . 

Tchernyshevsky, Nikolai, b., 11163; d., 
11201. 

Tchesme launched, 11201 . 

Tchowfoo mission, 6243. 

Tea, first used in Am., 593; export tax 
on; Boston Tea Party; revenue froui,783; 
intro. Eng.,6153, 8773,8933; taxed, 8912; 
green, intro. in Eng., 9053; and sugar 
duties, 9652; plant intro., Braz., 554 1 ; 
plant in Eng., 9173. 

Teachers' Association, Nat., held, 3431. 

College, N. Y., charter, 4182; gift to, 

4262. 

Guild, 9923. 

Retreat opened, N. Y., 4102. 

Teaching of Twelve Apostles written, 11551 . 

Teanum given to Samnites, 10532. 

Tebee, Stephen, Cherokee chief, 3971. 

Tebhau captured, 6241 . 

Techotl, d., 122. 

Techow, battle at, 6141 . 

Tecklenburg purchased, 7993. 

Tecumseh lost in Mobile Bay, 2371. 

, b., 761; besieges Fort Meigs, 1202; 

killed, 1203, 1211. 

Teen-ke, d., 6142. 

Teeth mnf. from minerals, 1441 . 

Teetotaler, term applied, 9471 . 

Tee-To-Tum Club, N. Y., 411 1 , 4263. 

Tefei, empress, regent, 6133. 

Tefft, Ben. Franklin, b. (1S13) ; d., 3202. 

Tegea pillaged, 10282. 



Tegethoff, Wilhelm von,b., 5202; defeats 
Bosnians, 5281; at Lissa, 8242; d.,5282. 

Tegner, Esaias, b.-d., 11342; works, 11361 . 

Tegyra, action near, 10222. 

Teheran, capital Persia, 11072; mission, 
11082; R. R. opened, 110S3. 

Tehichipa, Cal., R. R. wreck, 3133. 

Tehucana, Tex., Trinity Univ. opd., 2663. 

Tehwei sacked, 6241 , 

Teias, reigns, 10713; killed, 10302. 

Teignmouth devastated, S9S1. 

, Baron, title created, 9252. 

Teja murders Romans, 7703; k., 7712. 

Tekeen El Gezeree, d., 6542. 

Tekoar, action at, 10961 . 

Telamon, Gauls defeated, 6621. 

Telche, Turks expelled, 5661. 

Telegrams, seized by gov't, 1951; army, 
prohibited, 1973. 

Telegraph. (See Morse) ; Morse exhibits, 
148i; patented, 1521; submarine laid, 
1541; inPhila.; Balto.; Boston; N. Y.; 
Buffalo; Harrisburg, 1613; gutta-percha 
insulation, 164 1 ; right of way granted, 
177 3 ; communication suspended, 197 3 ; 
line to Cal., 1903; pacific line opd., 2013. 

in Australia, 4993 ; China, communica- 
tion refused; lines connected, 625 3 ; in 
Colombia, 6293; hi Costa Rica, 6313; in 
Cuba, 6333; in Sweden, 6423; from Aden 
to Suez, 6573. 

, Fr., optical, 7061 , 70S2; Ampere's in- 
ventions, 7222; between Fr. and Eng., 
7313; beacon inv., 7943; machines ex- 
hibited, 8081; from Cromer to Emden, 
8201 ; electromagnetic, invented, 8141 . 

— — , Eng., signaling, 8821 ; suggested, 
8901 , 896i ; electric inr.,9381 , 9481 ; mag- 
netic needle inv., 9481 y wire cables pa- 
tented, 9501 ; alphabetical printing,9502; 
line erected, 9513; transatlantic cable 
planned, 9522; electric, authorized, 9532; 
purchase, D73 1 ; submarine cablebetween 
Eng. and Fr., 9561 ; London to Dublin, 
9573; intro., 9622; London and Constan- 
tinople, 9633; Eng. and Bombay, 9693; 
column printing, 10001 . 

, St. Petersburg to Japan, 1118 1 ; treaty 

between Rus. and China, 11231 . 

cable laid, Braz., 5573, 5593. 

clock, electromagnetic inv., 9501. 

Conference, International, 7603. 

Engineers Society established, 9771. 

Telegraphe issued, 5443 f 581 1 . 

Telegraphers strike, 315 1 , 3703. 

Telegraphic cable, European, convention 
for, 7373. 

fire-alarms, Boston, 1713. 

Union formed, Ger., 819 3 . 

Teleki, Count, expedition starts, 5621 . 

, Ladislaus, b., 5202; d., 5262. 

, Michael, Protestant leader ; revolt, 

Hung., 5122. 

Tel-el-Kebir occupied by British, 6582. 

Telemachus in arena; stoned, 10702, 

Telemaque, Gen., killed, 10403. 

Telephone, principle advanced, 11381 ; elec- 
tric mfd., 2841 ; Graham describes, 2901 ; 
T., 2941 ; Edison inv.; exhibited, Boston, 
2941; Dolbear system, 308 1; mechanical 
inv., 3201; electric, at Frankfort, 5441; 
from Paris to Brussels ; micro-tel. used, 
7553 ; Paris to Marseilles, 7573 ; Bill 
passes, Fr., 7591 ; p r , gov't owns, 7593; 
connects Paris and London, 7613; trans- 
mission of music, 8341 ; musical, inv., 
9741 ; discussions, 10092, 

Telescope inv., 6362, 7982, 8541 ; exhibited 
at Paris, 7361 ; mnf., 7921 ; improved, 
3081; reflecting inv., 890 1 ; Dolland's 
achromatic, 9142; completed, 9241; for 
Madrid, 9302; reflecting erected, 9401; 
at Parsonstown, 9441 ; of Yale Univ., 
1381. 

Telesilla, poet, 10171. 

Telesphorous, St., at Rome, 10623. 

Telfair, Edward, electoral vote, 1012; gov- 
ernor Ga., 1032. 

Telford, Thomas, b., 9143; erects chain 
bridge, 9421; d., 9462. 

Tell, William, b., 11371 ; shoots Gesler, 
7831 ; legend, 7811 , n38l . 

Teller, Henry Moore, b. , 1382 ; sec. interior, 
3111; Free Coinage of Silver Bill, 3731 ; 
speech, 4372, 4383,4391. 

Tellez, Balthazar, b., 11102; d. (1675). 

, Gabriel, b.-d., 11282; works. 11291. 

, Jos6 Vasqnez y, governor, 6303. 

y Giron, Pedro, D. of Osuna,d., 10823. 



Telnga mission, 10463, 10491. 

Telurias at Aspendos, 10222. 

Temenus, leader, 10151. 

Temeraire launched, 9741 . 

Temescal mines, Cal., block tin, 3853. 

Temesvar, Hung., representative gov't, 

5073; battle, 5223. 
Temminck, Coenraad Jacob, b.-d., 1101 1. 
Tempel, Ernst Wilhelm Leberecht, b. 

(1821) ; planets, 7342; d. (1889). 
Temperance Movement and the Liquor 
Traffic, Am. : Chileans make fermented 
drink; drunkenness in Mex.; in Peru, 
152; prohibited Indians, 322, 351, 371, 
391, 403, 423, 471, 4S3, 583, 1111,1251, 
1451,2172; restricted sale in Mass.; dis- 
tillery on Staten Island, 351 ; drunken- 
ness fined, Md., 371 ; penalty for drunk 
enness, R. I.; brew-houses in Va.; ex- 
cessive drinking punished, Conn., Mass., 
391 ; drunkenness punished, Md., Va., 
Conn.; distillation of corn or malt pro- 
hibited, Conn. ,41i ; ministers restricted, 
Va. ; prices fixed, N. Y. ; drunkenness 
fined, N. J., 423 ; drunkards' names 
posted, Mass. ,443; prohibition, Va., 471 ; 
Friends on moderation, 48 2 ; Sunday 
drinking fined, N. H., 543; drunkenness 
fined, N. H., 55 1 ; drunkards' names 
posted, N. H., 591 ; importation prohib- 
ited, Ga., 63i ? 2; rum necessary, Ga., 652; 
licenses restricted, Ga., 712 ; rum in 
Ohio Valley, 73i ; Cont. Cong, against 
distilling, 891; drunkenness fined, Va.; 
Methodists expel distillers, 912; liquors 
unnecessary. Conn., 1003 ; liquor rations, 
1023, 1071, llli, 1131, 1192, 1271, 1411, 
1511,1552,2031,2133,2511; T. memorial 
to Cong.; taxing liquors, 1031 ; Whisky 
Rebellion, Pa., 104 1, 1051, 1063 ; Sober 
Soc. fmd., N. J., 1131 ; 1st T. Soc, 1151 ; 
Methodists expel ministerial traffickers, 
1191 ; prohibited in army, 127 1 ; tipplers' 
names posted. Me., 129 1; Am. Soc. for 
Promotion of T. fmd., Boston, 1352 ; 
Congregational T. Soc. org., D. C., 1431, 
1551 , 2562. IstNationat T. Soc, Phila.; 
lstlocal option law, Ga., 1431 ; Delavan's 
declaration ; Presbyterians against traf- 
fic, 1451 ; local option, B.I. ; N.H.,1492; 
"Washingtonian movement, 151 1 ; Na- 
tional T. conven., 1531 , 2483 (and. suc- 
ceeding years) ; Abraham Lincoln com- 
mends abstinence ; Order of Rechabites 
fmd.; JohnB.Gough pledged, 1551 ,1571, 
1591 . Ore. prohibits ; disui-aee in Cong., 
1571 ; new law, Me., 16fi ; Methodists 
forbid drinking; Ore. repeals prohib., 
1643; Father Mathew honored, 1663; 
Neal Dow's Me. law ; National T. con- 
ven.; Mich. Constitution fori. ids license, 
1691 ; Me. law strengthened ; Good Tem- 
plars org.; Ohio constitution forbids 
license, 1703; Lincoln a Son of T.; R. I. 
prohibits, unconstitutional, 1711,1732; 
Conn, prohibits, 1742 ; Gov. Clark, Pro- 
hib., elected, N.Y.; pro-liquor riot, Me., 
1763 ; prohibition reenacted, Me.; R. I., 
1783; Me. law repealed, 1803 ; Constitu- 
tional Prohib. Amendments proposed, 
N.Y., 1823,1922; Lincoln declines liquors, 
1881 ; prohibited soldiers, 199^,2031 ; U. 
S. Brewers Asso. org., 2152,2213,2971; 
R. I. repeals prohib., 229 2 ; first asylum 
for inebriates, 2412 ; Presbyterians ex- 
clude makers and dealers, 25(J3; T. drifts 
into politics, 2562, 3, 3163 ; Brewers* 
Cong, in polities, 2563 ; Me. prohibits 
with constables, 2591 , 2523, 281 1 ; Mass. 
prohibits ; Presbyterians for total absti- 
nence, 2691 ; Minn, enacts local option: 
2723; Asso. for Cure Inebriates ; Royal 
Templars of T. org., 2731 ; 1st National 
Conven. of Prohibition Party, 2773 (See 
Prohibition Party) ; Conn, repeals pro- 
hibition; Pa. enacts loeal option; la. 
regulates licenses, 2803; Wis. punishes 
drunkenness, 2811; women's crusade in 
N.Y.,2831; in Ohio, 2831 ,2,2843; inKy., 
4302; Murphy's blue ribbon, 2831; R. I. 
prohibits, 2S43 ; Women's Christian T. 
Union, inception (see W. C. T. U.) ; red 
ribbon, 2841 ;T. women convention, 2851 ; 
Ohio rejeets license amend., 2871 ; whisky 
ring,'D. C, 2872, 2883,2912; Me. repeals 
prohib., 2883. Mass. repeals; Pa. repeals 
local option ; R. I. repeals prohib.; Tex. 
constitution guarantees local option, 
2911 ; Federal prohib. intro., senate,2923; 



1424 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Temp— T6ril. 



Chicago Citizens' League,297 2 ;Inebri<i 
Asylum, Mich., 301 i ; Constitutional Pi 
hibition Movement ; Bill passes, Kan.; 
Neb. rejects, 3103; la. adopts, 3131,3172; 
Mass. petitioned, 3151 , 319* , 3343; Ohio 
adopts; defeated, 3171; Me. opposes, 
3191; S. Dak. approves, 321^,3471,3682; 
R.I. approves, 3232,3243; Tenn. defeats, 
3272; Md. defeats, 3291; Ore., Tex., de- 
feat, 3292 ; W. Va. defeats, 3332 ; N. H. 
rejects, 3362 ; R. I. rescinds, 3362, 3411 ■ 
N. Dak. approves ; Wash., Conn., reject, 
3471 ; Neb. rejects, 3711; Mich, defeats 
prohib., 3032 ; outrages suffered, 3032, 
3243,4003,4161,4363; sales prohibited at 
army posts ; high license crusade ; Slo- 
cumb Law, Neb., 3071; Mo. enacts 
Downing Law, 313 1; 111. enacts Harper 
Law, 3151 ; Ohio, Scott Law, 3171; Ga. 
enacts, 321 1 ; Ohio enacts Dow Law, 325 1 ; 
Minn, enacts, 3291 ; Pa. enacts Brooks 
Law, 3303 ; N. c. rejects prohib., 30S3: 
Miss, limits distance, 3131; prohibited 
in Alaska, 3171; Democratic platform; 
Prohibitionists org., Kan., 3172 ; R. C. 
Plenary Council against traffic ; saloons 
and politics, N. Y., 3191 ; la. enacts pro- 
hib. ; Anti-Saloon Republicans org.; 
KnightsofT.org. (Epis.),323i ; Brewers' 
compensation decision, 3232; Unitarian 
T. Soc, aim ; Christian Ch. for prohib., 
3243; instruction in D. C; Commercial 
T. League org., 325 1 ; local option in 
J>. C, 3351, 3983 ; Indians instructed, 
3263; Ch. of God for prohib.; Ger. Re- 
formed Ch., sentiments ; Evangelical 
Ch. for prohib., 3271 ; Mich, has partial 
prohib.; Federal prohib. pn -posed; Ivans. 
restricts druggists, 329 1 ; Mo. partially 
prohibits; Wesleyans for prohib., 329 2 ; 
Nat. Repub. Conven. for ; Afr. Metho- 
dists, 3303; Meth. Epis. Ch. for prohib., 
3303, 4071; High License Congress in 
Mass., 3332; in Boston, 3362 ; in Mich. ; 
in R. 1., 343i ; in "Wis., 351 1 ; defeated in 
la., 3562; in Bait., 3751 ; inN. Mex.,3983; 
Moravians, Adventists, for prohib. ; N. 
Y. City regulates ; original package 
struggle, la., 3331 , 3563, 3583, 3591 ,3603, 
302 1 . 3643 , 30G2, 371 1 , 385 1 , 2 ; Ohio passes 
Sunday Law, 3331, 3363; p a . senate 
passes prohib., 3342 ; Conn, against 
women's vote ; Lad. decision, license a 
special tax. 341i ; Omaha prohib. conven.; 
N. Dak. prohibits, 3483 ; dealers rebel 
in S. Dak., 351i ; crusade in Mo., 3523 ; 
divisions in la., 3551 ; beer in canteens, 
saloonists excluded, 3583; Presbyterians 
commend prohib., 360 2 ; Meth Protest- 
ants for prohib., 3603; N. Y. T. conven.; 
Reform Party, N. Y. ; N. Y. Citizens' 
Alliance, 361 1 ; R. R. Cos. against sa- 
loons, 3611, 37S3 ; Independent Party; 
3623; Non-Partizan W. C.T. U. org.,3623, 
3712, 3943; Sons of T. for prohib., 3623 ; 
citizens violent, la., 3643; in Kan. ,.3752; 
in O., 3803; local option constitutional, 
Mich., 3702; Cambridge, Mass., "no- 
license," 3723; saloons in N. Y.,3741, 
4022, 4043,4063, 4761 ; wrecks of society, 
TJ. S. A.,375i ; illicit stills, Fla., 37S3; 
Pa., 4002, 4042 ; Ky., 4042 ; N. Y., 4143 ; 
Tenn., 4163; N. C.,4191; Md.,4203; Me. 
enacts rigid law, 3803, 383 1 .3942; Sunday 
Law struggle, 3803, 385i ,3'j03, 3931 ,4062, 
4262; protests against gov't extension of 
traffic ; Del. enacts local option ; saloon- 
ists ineligible, 383 1 ; gov't commission of 
inquiry ; N. Y. Excise Reform Asso., 
3851; anti-prohib. conven., "Wis., 3863 ; 
Prohibition Park, 3871 , 3882, 4611 , 4631 ; 
Ga. limits distance, 3892; prohib. peti- 
tion 10 miles long, 3931 ; Brooklyn saloons, 
4022; Boston Anti-Saloon League org., 
4042 ; Brooklyn Enforcement League, 
4083, 4522 ; Cong, prohibits intoxicants, 
World's Fair ; reconsiders, 4112; Tee-To- 
Tum est., N. Y., 411 1 ; saloons in S. Dak., 
4122; first sales inVineland; Murphy's 
pledges, 4191 ; saloon annex to churches, 
war on "joints," Kan., 4262 ; saloon 
screens removed, la., 430 3 ; S. 0. dispen- 
saries monopolize traffic. 4323, 4331 ,4342, 
4502, 4543, 4583, 4723; Ohio dealers in 
politics, 4343; elections in Conn., 4422 ; 
R. C. decisions against traffic, 4661 , 2; 
Brooklyn Law Enforcement League, 
475i ; intoxication a misdemeanor, 4762; 



N. Y. Committee of Fifty, 4791. (See 
License, Liquor, Local Option, and Pro- 
hibition.) 

Temperance, Conference, Internat., 990 3 . 

Jubilee, National, London, 9903. 

League, National, formed, Eng.,9611. 

Society, Church 1 >f England, f ml. ,9762. 

, National, fmd.,2483. (For meet- 
ings see text in each following year.) 

formed, Eng., 9531 . 

Union, National, formed, 9771 , 9972. 

, National Conference for, 3S52. 

Templars, Order of, statutes drawn, 6691 ; 
knights persecuted, 6723± ; burned; or- 
der abolished, 6731. (See Teutonic 
Knights.) 

Temple of Abydos erected; of Ammon 
erected, 648 2 ; of Der-el-Bahari, at Kar- 
nak, 646 2 ; of Jupiter at Corinth; of 
Athens, 10162 • of Victory; Theseum, 
10191 j of I>ianaatEphesus~, 10162, 10461 ; 
destroyed, 10282, 114(32<; and re-erected, 
11462 ; of Edfoo, 6522; f Gebel-Barkal, 
6481 ■ of Juggernaut ; state allowance 
to, IO472 ; of Jupiter Ammon, expedition 
against, 6503 ■ to Roma erected, 1064 2 ; 
of Serapis, library of, 655 1; of Venus 
erected, 10642. 

, N. H., glass-factory erected, 931 . 

- — , Earl, lord admiralty, 9133; minister, 
dismissed, 9152 ; lord-lieut., 9232 ; re- 
signs, 9233. 

, Frederick, b. (1821) ; cons, bp., 9663, 

9922; spelling reform association, 9843. 

, Henry John, Viscount Palmerston, 

b., 9223; minister, 9353,9372, 9432, 9452, 
9472,3, 9533, 9591,3, 9633; disapproves 
Russell, 2012 j offers IT. S. mediation, 
2152; ministry famed, 9691; d.,9681. 

, "William, governor Del., 1613. 

, Sir , b., 8822; works, 8931 , 8983 ; 

forms Council of Thirty ; resigns from 
Council, 8952 ; d., 9002. 

, Granville, b. (1824) ; d., 4641. 

Hall, London, 8741 . 

of Stowe, Earl of, title created, 9412. 

Templemore, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

Temples destroyed in Egy., 6463; of Abu- 
Simbel built, 6482. 

Templeton, Viscount, title created, 9311 . 

Temporal power, foundation of, 10682; be- 
gins, 10723 ; abolished. losr,3, 10873 ; re- 
stored, 10871; downfall, 10873 ; restora- 
tion demanded, 586i ; denied, 7822; con- 
sidered, 8342; declaration against, 10883. 

Ten Virgins written, 6711. 

Tenants' Defense Conven., Ire., 10023. 

League formed, 10011. 

Relief Bill rejected, 9953. 

Ten Broeck, running record, 2953. 

Ten Commandments given, 11403, 11411 . 

Tunerani, Pietro, b., 10843 ; d. (1869). 

Teneriffe, expedition waits, 131 . 

Teniers, David, b.-d., 5403. 

, (younger), b., 5403 ; d., 5422. 

Tenison, Thomas, b. (1636) ; archbp. of 
Canterbury, 8983 ; d. (1715). 

Tennant, Sir James Emerson, b., 9323; d., 
9722. 

, "William, b., 9223; d., 9542. 

, M., moderator, b., 1082. 

Tennemann, Wilhelm Gottlieb, b., 8023 ; 
d., 8122. 

Tennent, Gilbert, b., 541 

, William, b., 562 ; : 

Log College, 5S3.G03; a., 89'. 

Tennessee captured, 237 1 . 

Tennessee, labor contract binding, 393; 
explored, 653; 1st settlement, 713; Bapt. 
churches find., 742; Watauga Asso. set- 
tles; settlers in, 772; expedition against 
Indians, 902; settlers revolt, 972; John 
Sevier, gov.; state of Franklin, 99 1 ; 
Knoxville settled, 1013 ; Wni. Blount, 
gov. Ter., 1032 ; 1st printing-press, 1043; 
John Sevier, gov., 1072, 1132; admitted ; 
constitution adopted, 1072; Archibald 
Roane, gov. (1801); Univ. org., 983, 1143; 
Wm. Blount, gov., 1172 ; Jos. McMinn, 
gov., 1252; Evan. Luth. Synod org., 1283; 
Memphis laid out; Wm. Carroll, gov., 
1293, 1373; N. S.Presb. synod org., 1343; 
capital moved to Nashville, 135 2 ; Sam 
Houston,gov.,1353;P.E. diocese est., 1363; 
Newton Cannon, gov., 145 3 ; meteoric 
shower, 1481; James K. Polk, gov., 151 2 ; 
James C. Jones, gov., 155 2 ; Southwest- 
ern Bapt. Univ. est. at Jackson (1845) ; 
Aaron V. Brown, gov., 161 1 ; Neil S. 



N. Y.,582; est. 



Brown, gov., 1633; Hiwassee Coll. fnd., 
1663; "Win. Trousdale, gov., 1671; calls 
Southern Cong., 1672 ; f m , B. Campbell, 
gov., 1692; And. Johnson, gov. ,1743,2053; 
Isham G. Harris, gov. (1857) ; unionists 
elect, 1913; enters military league, 1942; 
gov. seizes U. S funds, 195 1 ; league with 
Confederacy ; refuses troops to Lincoln ; 
enters league with S. Confed., 1952; 
Union conven. meets ; independence 
proclaimed ; ratified ; secedes by proc- 
lamation, 1972 ; senator expelled, 1973 ; 
Tenn. River expedition lands, 2043 ; 
Army of Tenn. find., 2063; state reor- 
ganized; many unionists, 2073; guerillas 
overrun, 2091 ; Unionists meet, 2093 ; 
Fed. raiders devastate, 2163; Confeds. 
defeated at Nolensville, 218 3 ; Union 
Conven. meets, 2253; Confeds. defeated 
at Columbia and Collinsville, 228i ; Con- 
feds. defeated at Sevierville, 2301 ; loyal 
conven. reorg. State, 2413; slavery pro- 
hibited. 2431 ; new constitution ratified, 
2432, 2711; ratifies 13th Amend., 2453; 
insurrection suppressed, 2483; Wm. G. 
Brownlow, gov., 2511 ; secessionists dis- 
franchised, 2531 ; ratifies 14th Amend.; 
readmitted, 253 2 ; Meth. Epis. conf.org., 
2543; negroes and Indians testimony ac- 
cepted, 255 1 ; color distinctions abolished; 
political disabilities ; Kuklux Klan pen- 
alty, 2652 ; martial law, 2653 ; ratifies 15th 
Amend.; DeWitt C. Senter, gov., 2693 ; 
constitutional conven. ; constitution rat- 
ified, 2711; Central South Cong. Asso. 
org., 2742 ; Agricul. Bureau provided, 
2752 ; Le Moyne Normal School est.,2763 ; 
John C. Brown, gov., 2772 ; new State 
movement ; State conven. at Jackson, 
2832; negro uprising, 2851; insane asy- 
lum at Kiioxvilh.', ^^72 ; constitutional 
conven. , 289 2 ; Southwestern Presb. Univ. 
est., 2903; James D. Porter, Jr., gov., 
2912; scaling of public debt, 3013, 3032 ; 
Albert S. Marks, gov., 303 3 ; farmers in- 
aug. New Rugby, 3043 ; Alvin Hawkins, 
gov., 3093 ; p,,]k defalcation, 3131 ; State 
debt, 3152; Wm. B. Bate, gov., 3153; Hos- 
pital for Insane, 3263 ; Prohibitorv 
Amend, defeated, 3272; Robt. L. Taylor 
gov., 3293; Mormons driven out, 3422,3; 
reunion of veterans, 3441; East Tenn. 
Land Co. org., 3493 ; earthquake, 3521, 
4501 ; J. P. Buchanan, gov., 3051 ; negro 
lynched, 3883; convict leases, 3912,4022, 
4131,2; Nat. Guard Bill passes, 3912; 
Labor Day, legal holiday, 398 3 ; refuses 
World's Fair appro.; Dor itch Election 
Bill passes, 399 2 ; White Caps' raid, 4062; 
Confed. Soldiers' Home opd.,4063; illicit 
still captured, 4163 ; gold found, 430i ; 
coal miners strike, 4582; Peter Turney, 
gov. (1893) ; banks resume business, 4353; 
Dem. lose elections, 4672 ; H. Clay 
Evans, gov. (1895), 4692. 

Tennessee, Univ. of, org., 983, 1143; Med. 
Dept. Univ. of Tenn. opened, 2963. 

Tenney, Sanborn, b. (1827) ; d., 2961 . 

Tennis introduced, Eng., 8911 . 

Tournament, Ladies' National, 4083. 

Tennyson, Alfred, b., 9343; works, 9431, 
9503, 9603, 9723, 9442, 3, 10103; poet lau- 
reate, 9563 ; d., 10081. 

, Baron, title created, 9871. 

, Charles. (See Turner, C. T.) 

, Frederick, h. (1S06±) ; Daphne, 10063. 

Tenoarino destroyed, 10953. 

Tenochtitlan, Mexico, founded, 133. 

Tenterden, Baron, title created, 9412 

, Lord. (See Abbott, Charles.) 

Tenths collected, Eng., 8522 ; king de- 
mands, 8551 . 

Tenure of Land Bill, 10091 . 

of office, 4 years, 129 1 ; Bill intro., 2252; 

Bill discussed ; it includes cabinet ; 
passes, 2563; substitute for, 267 1 ; vetoed; 
passed over veto, 257 1 ; Act repealed; 
substitute Act, 2671. 

Tepanecs invade Mexico, 121 , 133. 

Teplitz, alliance formed, 521 1 ; ministerial 
conference at, 5212. 

Terence, Publius Terentius Afer, b.-d., 
works, 10552. 

Teres retains independence, 10173. 

Terhune, Mrs. (Mary Virginia Hawes),Ma- 
rionHarland,b.,r2S 2 ; works, 1731, 1783, 
1823, 2651, 2722, 2771. 2S23.L'943,3083, 3151. 

Ternaux-Compans, Henri,b.,9163; d. (1864). 

Terntowski, Ferdinand B., d., 8262. 



Tero-Thea. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1425 



Teroiianne besieged ; capitulates, 680 1 ; 
surrenders, 682* , 7921 . 

Terpander, b. ; improves lyre, 10142 j 
musician, 10143. 

Terpsichore, asteroid, discovered, 7342. 

captured, 936 t . 

Terra del Fuego divided, 4913 ; mission- 
aries killed, 4902; civilized, 4932. 

Firma, name for Venezuela, 11601 . 

Terral, Ben, nom. for v.-pres., 4111 . 

Terrall, Chas.M., commissioned col., 4201. 

Terre Haute, Ind.,'Rose Polytechnic In- 
stitute opd., 3143; relief mass-meeting, 
4443. 

Terrell, Alexander W., minister, 4473. 

, Edwin H., envoys, 3513. 

Terreuce Bay fisheries failed, 5893. 

Terrier, Louis, minister, 7652. 

Terrill, Wui.R., b. (1832); d., 2152. 

Terris, William, b., 9542. 

Territorial Waters Jurisdiction Act 
passes, 9832. 

Territory, proposed division in U. S., 972. 

Terror, Reign of (see Paris), 7083, 7443. 

Terrorists in Ire., 9863. 

Terry, Ky., mob violence suppressed, 2981 . 

, Alfred Howe, b., 1342 ; assaults James 

Island, 2243 ; on Darby town Road, 2383; 
leaves Fortress Monroe ; at Ft. Fisher, 
2403; captures Ft. Anderson, 2422; com- 
mands Ga. District, 2681 ■ n military 
board, 322 1 ; d., 372 1. 

, D. S., kills Broderick, 1871 . 

, Eli, manufactures clocks, 1041 . 

, Ellen Alice, b., 9542. (See Kelly, 

E. A. T.) 

, Kate, last appearance as Juliet, 9701 . 

-, Sarah Althea, disappearance, 4003. 

, Silas W., promoted captain, 4201 . 

, William L., b., 1682. 

Tersteegen, Gerhard, b., 7982; d., 8031. 

Tertullian (Quintus Septimus Florens 
Tertullianus), b.-d., 10642; a Christian, 
10643. 

Terunish, Queen, Abys., 32. 

Tervoort, Henry, burned, 8743. 

Tesch shoots at king, 8171 . 

Teschen, Peace concluded, 5173, 

Tescott, Kan., bank robbery, 4702, 

Tescuco occupied, 181 . 

Test Act, Eng., passes, 8923; enforced, 522; 
dispensed with, S963; repealed, 9253. 

Testament, copies forbidden, 6703 ; Old 
and New, in Greek, 10883. 

Testament of Love issued, 8603. 

Testatori of Milan invents violin, 10822. 

Testri, Fr., battle of, 6641 . 

Teta reigns, Egy., 6453, 6472. 

Tete, Livingstone arrives at, 560 2 . 

Tetricus captured, 1066 1 ; in Gaul and Sp., 
10672. 

Tetsong prohibition, 6123. 

Tettenhall, action at, 8442. 

Tetuan, Morocco, taken, 11301. 

Tetzel, Johann, b. (1455±) ; indulgences 
condemned, 7882 • rates, absolution, 
7863; d. (1590). 

Teuffel, Wilhelm Sigismond, b., 8122 ; 
work, 8251; d., 8282. 

Teutoburg, Romans defeated at, 10621 . 

Teuton founders, 9893. 

Teutones defeat Romans in Illyria, 10561. 

Teutonic in trans-ocean race, 3452; record 
3673,3913,3933. 

tribes, migration of, 7602 7691, 2 f 

10693. 

Knights conquer Poland, 7783 ; in 

Holy Land, 7782 ; conquer Prus., 7801 j 
defeated, 7841 ; oppressive, 7842; opposed, 
7853 ; bribe emp., 7872 ; grand master 
made prince, 7892. (See Templars.) 

language intro., Ger., 7703. 

Teutons invade Gaul, 6621 ? 6631 f 2; against 
Gauls, 6632. 

Teutopolis, 111., St. Joseph's College char- 
tered, 3082. 

Teutsche Acta Eruditorum issued, 7991 . 

Tewflk, Mahommed Pasha, b. (1852) ; dis- 
missed; pres. council, 6591 • d., 6611 , 3. 

Bey at Sinkat, 6582. 

Tewkesbury, Eng., battle of, 8641 , 

Texan Legion Ky., surrenders, 2203. 

Texarkana, Ark., negro burned at stake, 
4022; Prof. Ellis wounded, 4722. 

, Tex., train robbery, 361 1 . 

Texas launched, 4081 . 

Texas, Franciscan missionaries in, 582 • 
U. S. claims surrendered to Sp., 1272 ; 
colonization begins, 1293; Austin grant 



by Mex,, 1312, 3, war for independence, 
142i ; declares independence ; Henry 
Smith, provisional pres., 145 3 ; republi- 
can gov't fmd., 147 1 ; Sam. Houston, 
preB., 1472, 1552 ; Democrats favor an- 
nexation, 1472; East Meth. Epis. confer- 
ence fmd., 1503 ; M'irabeau B. Lamar, 
pres., 1512; David G. Burnet, pres., 1531 j 
annexation plan, 157 2 , 159 1 ; VanBuren's 
opposition; annexed, 1591, 2; Anson, 
Jones, pres., 1592; admitted; constitu- 
tion ratified, 1593 ; 1st legislatuie; war 
precipitated, 161 1; J. P. Henderson, 
gov., 1613; Geo. T. Wood, gov., 1633 ; 
P. E. diocese org., 1662; P. Hansborough 
Bell, gov., 167i; James S. Calhoun, 
gov., 169 2 ; Evan. Luth. synod org., 
1702 ; Edward M. Pease, gov., 1743 ; El- 
dership Church of God org., 1822; H. G. 
Runnels, gov., 1832; Sam HouBton, gov., 
1872 ■ Secession conven., 1912 ; State 
secedes, 1913 ; Gen. Twiggs surrenders ; 
FederalB surrender, 192 1 ; Secession 
ratified, 1923; represented in both con- 
gresses ; proclaimed out of Union ; Gov. 
Houston blocks secession, 1931; State 
Conven. ; ratifies Confederate Constitu- 
tion; conven. vacates governorship, 1932; 
payment of Northern debts prohibited, 
1972 ; senators expelled, 1973 ; Edward 
Clark, gov. ; Francis R. Lubbock, gov., 
2032 ; Fr. steamers arrive to invade 
Mex., 2281; Pendleton Murrray, gov., 
229 3 ; A. J. Hamilton, provisional gov., 
2483, 249 1 , 251 1 ; proclamation for recon- 
struction, 2483; Constitutional conven., 
2513 ; Northwest Meth. Epis. South. 
Conf. fmd., 2522 ; constitution ratified, 
2532; war ended, 2533; Meth. Epis. Conf. 
org., 2543; J. w. Throckmorton, gov., 
2553; Edward M. Pease, gov., 2593; state 
convention held, 2632 ; no voting, 265 2 ; 
rivers rise, 2661; Constitution ratified, 
2692; ratifies 15th Amend., 2693 ; read- 
mitted to Cong. ; ratifies 14th and 15th 
amend., 2711; Edmund J. Davis, gov., 
2732 ; public school system intro., 2742 ; 
Southwestern Univ. (Meth. E. S.) est. at 
Georgetown (1872) ; special election ; 
Henderson Coll. org., 2823; E. J. Davis 
and Richard Coke for gov., 2832, 2873 ; 
North T. Meth. Epis. Conf. South org., 
284 2 ; special election unconstitutional ; 
two legislatures org., 285 1 ; Western 
Texas P. E. diocese org., 286 2 ; storm 
damages coast, 288i ; constitutional con- 
ven. ; new Constitution ratified, 2892 ; 
local option guaranteed, 291 1; Agricul. 
and Mechanical Coll. opd., 2922; normal 
school opd. at Cedar Falls. 2923; Rich. 
R. Hubbard, gov. , 295 1 ; North T. Female 
Coll. est., 2963; state troops attacked by 
Mexicans, 2961 ; Eastern conven. of 
Bapt. fmd., 2982; Prairie View Normal 
School opd,, 3023; Sam Houston Normal 
School opd., 3031 ; Oran M.Roberts, gov., 
3033 ; State univ. org. , 308 1 , 3 , 3143 ; John 
Ireland, gov., 3153 ; cyclone, 324* ; Pro- 
hibitory Amend, defeated, 3292 j Law- 
rence S. Ross, gov., 3293; election out- 
rages debated, 3363 ; tin ore dis., 3381; 
floods, 3421, 2, 4701; Arbor Day fixed, 
3513 ; hurricane, 35S1 ; train robberies, 
3611, 39ii ( 4742, 4762; harbor improve- 
ments enacted, 3693; earthquakes, 3741 ; 
nuns eligible to teach, 3882 ; Constitu- 
tional Amends, ratified, 3892 • Dyren- 
forth rain experiments, 390i ; against 
Bible in public schools, 3923 ; Garza's 
men pursued, 398 ' ; Universalist State 
conven. org., 3982; Gorcum strikers, 
399 1 ; James S. Hogg, gov. , 399 2 ; drought, 
4073 ; no part in World's Fair, 4113 ; 
bandits against U. S. troops, 4201 ; mob 
checked, 4223 • land commissioner im- 
peached, 4272; cyclone, 4281 , 4561 ; mail 
stage robbery, 4402; Sheriff Dickson 
shot, 4503; heavy storms, 4541 ; destitu- 
tion, 4553 ; Chas. A. Culbertson, gov., 
469 2 ; boll-worms, 4701 ; floods destroy 
R. R., 4713 ; Standard Oil Trust indict- 
ment, 4771 ; prairie fire, 4773 ; requisi- 
tion for Flagler, 4792; R. R. collision, 
4793. 

Texas Univ. org., 3081, 3, 3143 ; Medical 
Branch Univ. opd., 3923. 

Texel Island, surrender at, 9282. 

Texier, Charles Felix Marie, b.,7143; d., 
7461. 



Teynham, Baron, title created, 881 1 . 

Tezcucano subdued, 12 1 ; 

Tezcuco, Mex., art and culture, 121; 
king's concubines, 132. 

Thaarup, Thomas, b., 6381 ; d., 6382. 

Thaba-Bosiou, O. Free State, mission at, 
1105L 

Timelier, James, b. (1754) ; d., 1562. 

Thackeray, William Makepeace, b., 9351 ; 
works, 9491 , 9543, 9643 ; d., 9662. 

Thackwell, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462. 

Thaer, Albert, b., 8022 ; d., 8142. 

Thai-Nguyen captured, 4821 . 

Thalberg, Sigismund, b.-d., 11381. 

Thales, b.-d.; primary substance; earth's 
form, 10142 ; astronomer ; predictB 
eclipse, 1016 1, 11462; fnds. Ionic phil- 
osophy ; one of Seven Sages, 10163. 

Thalestris visits Alex., 10242, 10251. 

Thames wrecked, 951 3 . 

Thames, overflows, 352 1 ; frozen, 8622, 
9143 ; ebbs and flows, 8S82, 9202 ; naval 
battle, 8921 ; regatta on, 9192 ; canal to 
Severn, 9253; fair on ice; 1st steam- 
vessel on, 9362, 9381; very low, 9402 
bridged, 8502 ; conservation of, 9631 
navigable, 8813 ; traffic blocked, 9281 
overflows, 9813; tunnel begun, 9421 
Embankment Bill passes, 9672, first 
stone laid, 967 3 , Burns statue on, 9921 . 

Thanhoa, pirates defeated, 7621; French 
occupy, 4822. 

Thanksgiving Day, est., Mass., 321,363; 
observed, 371,713,5903; Southern, 2133; 
national for victories, 239 3 ; inU. S. for 
peace, 249 2 . 

in Eng., 9011, 9023, 9252, 937', 

9623 ; London, royal, 9243. 

Than-Moi attacked, 4823. 

Thann, battle at, 5183. 

Thapsus, Afr., battle of, 10601 . 

Thasos, punished, 10183 ; secedes, 10193 ; 
conquered, 1016 1 . 

Thatcher, Adm., James, b., 683 ; attacks 
Sp. fort, 2442 ; takes Fort Blakely, 2452; 
d.,3821. 

Thatone mission, 10472. 

Thau-Khai, King, 4833. 

Thaw, William, d., 3442. 

Thaxter, Celia, works, 2823, 2871, 3003 
3191; d.,4701. 

Thaxton, Va., R. R. accident, 3433. 

Thayer, Samuel R., minister, 3513 ; gov. 
refuses to vacate, 3752 ; reinstated, 3832; 
resigns, 4012. 

, Wm. R., Italian Independence, 446 2 . 

, W. governor, Oregon, 3012. 

Thayetmayo mission, 10463. 

Theater, Am.: 1st play in Can., 522 ; i s t 
play in W. Indies ; 1st play in Boston, 
in Phila., in N. Y., 661 ; inVa. by first, 
regular stock co., 682; 2d theater in 
N. T. ; 1st in Phila., 683; i n n. Y., 703; 
play in R. I., 722 ; ist play written by 
Am.; inN. Y.,74i; play in Albany, 761 ; 
inS. C, 781 ,981; Brit, officers in Boston, 
823 ; 1st in Bait., 891 ; in N. Y., 981 ; 1st 
in La.; in Boston, 1021, 1041, H61 ; in 
Hartford, 1061 ; G. F. Cook, Mrs. Duff 
appear, 1161 ; E. Kean, J. B. Booth ap- 
pear, 1281; C. Matthews appears, 1301 ; 
E. Forrest, W. C. Mac-ready, J. H.Hack- 
ett, appear, 1341; C. J. Kean appears, 
1381 ; Ravel family, C. Kemble, F. Kem- 
ble appear, 140 1 ; opera fails, 1421 ; c. 
Cushman appears, 1441 ,1481 ; Ellen Tree 
appears, 1461 ; F. Elsler, W. J. Florence 
appear, 1521 ; G. Vanderhoff appears, 
1541 ; Mrs. Mowatt appears, 15S1 ; 1st in 
Chicago, 1622 ; w. C. Macready, F. S. 
Chanfrau appear, 1641 , E. Booth, F. B. 
Conway ; Jenny Lind Bings ; 1661 , T. Pa- 
rodi, Mad. Ponisi, Lola Montez appear, 
1681 ; Wallack's est., 1721 ; opera, Castle 
Garden, Acad, of Music, N. Y., Mile. 
Rachel appears, 1761 ; A. Phillips ap- 
pears, 1781 ; Mile. Piccolomini appears, 
1841 ; a. Patti appears, 1861 ; C. L. Kel- 
logg appears, 190i ; E. Forrest, J. McCul- 
lough appear, 219 1 ; 1st in Brooklyn, 
2291 ; E. Booth appears, 2411 ; j. Jeffer- 
son appears, 2501 ; G. L. Fox appears, 
2601; Booth's opd.. 2641; Daly's opd., 
2681 ; S. Bernhardtappears,304i ; Henry 
Irving, E. A. Terry Kelley appear, 3141 . 

, Eng., miracle play intro., 8482; street- 
plays performed and Chester mysteries, 
8541; parish clerks perform, 860 1 ; 1st 
regular comedy ; sacred drama, 8701 ; 



1426 



Text Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Thea-Thom. 



1st tragedy, 872' ; stage, plays licensed ; 
Blackfriars' Theater built, 874'; Shake- 
speare in Lond., 8761 , his Glohe Theater 
built; Lord Chamberlain's Co., 8762; 
Puritans close, 8871 ; 1st female actor, 
8881,8901; theaters reopd.,8911; Drury 
Lane T. rebuilt, 8022 ; operas intro., 8961 ; 
Lincoln's Inn T. opd., 9001 ; Haymarket 
T. opd., 0021; Her Majesty's T. [Italian 
Opera House], opd. ,0021 ; Handel's opera, 
9041; Convent Harden T. opd.; Eng. 
opera intro., OOSi ; Handel's Jephthayer- 
formed ; Queen's T., Manchester, 9122 ; 
Covent Garden Theatrical Fund est., 
9142 ; Sadler's Wells T. opd., 0161 ; Pan- 
theon bnilt ; Liverpool T. built, Miss 
Farrenin ; Ast.ley's Amphitheater opd. ; 
Garrick in Lond., 0182 ; Mrs. Robinson 
in Lond., 0202 ; Surrey T. opd. ; T. at 
Exeter, 9221 ; J. Braham appears ; It. 
Opera revived, 9241 ; Mad. Storace, C. B. 
Incledon appear ; Lodiska performed, 
3242 ; Lyceum built ; Miss Mellon ap- 
pears, 9262; Creation composed, 928 2 ; 
Betty appears, 9302 ; Olympic Adelphoi 
T. opd. ; T. Royal, Manchester, built, 
9322 ; Lyceum opd., 9343 ; Mrs. Jordan, 
last appearance, Macready as Romeo, 
9362; J. B. Booth appears, 9381; Hay- 
market T. rebuilt, 9401 ; Shepherd's last 
appearance, 940 2 ; Liver. T., Liverpool, 
9421 ; Queen's T. opd., 9422 ; F. Kemble 
appears; Garrick T. opd.; Strand T. opd., 
9441; E. Kean, last appearance; Lyceum 
reopd.; The Mountain Sylph produced; 
St. James [Princess's] opd., 9461, 9501; 
CityT. opd., J. Listen, last appearance, 
9841; A. Kemble, 1st appearance, 9501; 
Maryleboue T. opd., 9502 ; Astley's Am- 
phitheater reopd., 9521 ; Jenny Lind ap- 
pears, 9541 ; Lyceum reopd., 9561 ; stan- 
dard T. opd., 9582 ; Covent Garden re- 
opd., 9621; Adelina Patti appears, 9641 ; 
Royalty T., Soho, opd., 9661 ; Kate J. 
Bateman appears, 9662 ; Holborn T. 
[MirrorJ opd., 9681 ; Mile. Nilsson, Mile. 
Kellog appear, Kate Terry last appear. ; 
EastLondon T., Queen's T.; St. George's 
Opera House opd., 9701 ; Globe T.; Gaiety 
T. ; Charing Cross T. ; Vaudeville T. 
opd., 9721 ; Opera Comique opd., 9741 ; 
Royal Alexandra T. opd., 9761 ; H. Irving 
appears ; Pirate* of Penzance, Lohengrin 
produced, 97si; National Opera House 
fnd., 9801 ; Imperial T. opd., 9841 ; Prin- 
cesses T. rebuilt, 986 1, 9881; Savoy T. 
opd. ; Patience, Ring ties Xibe/ungenpro- 
duced,988 1 ; IoUtuthe produced, 9901 ; Al- 
hambra rebuilt, Empire T. opd., 0921 ; 
Yeoman of the Guard produced, 9081 ; 
Irving in Lond., 10061 ; Trafalgar Square 
T. opd., //ad, Ion Hall produced, 10081 . 

Theater, Dublin, Ire., 1st, 8821 ; Orange St. 
T. built, 8901 ; Aungier Street T. [Victor] 
built ; Crow Street Music Hall built, 
9081; 1st Oratorio, llandels; Fishamble 
Street Music Hall opd.; Chapel Street 
T opd., 9102; Crow Street T. opd., 9142; 
T. Royal opd. ; Hawkins Street T. opd., 
9401 ; Queen's T. opd., 9521 . 

, Scot., Theater of Music built, 8922 ; 

Allan Ramsay's T. built, 9081 ; T. Royal 
opd., 9181 ; Victoria (Coburg) T. opd., 
9382; Caledonian T. opd., 9401 . 

Theatines, Order of, founded, 10811. 

Theatrical fund est., 9142, 9511 . 

performances, Fr., 6742,3; first in 

Japan, 10911 ■ i n it., 10622. 

Tbeban Sacred Band annihilated, 10241 . 

ThebanB, est. republic, 10151 ; revolt, 10241 . 

Thebaw, King, sent to Madras ; cruelty, 
1049 2-. 

Thebean Legion, martyred, 10663. 

Thebes, Egypt, dynasty at, 6471 ; capital 
of dynasty, 647 2 ; new empire est. ; build- 
ings at, 6481; dynasties est., 649 1 ; public 
library at, 6483 ; Ramesseum built, 6482; 
captured, 651 2 ; sacked; falls; decays, 
6501 ; siege of, 6521 . 

, Gr., fnd., 10133; wa rs, 10141 ; Greeks 

before, 10183; ally of Sparta ; liberated, 
war with Sparta, 10222 ; freed from 
Spartans ; head of Boeotian League, 
10233 ; garrison in Cadmea ; destroyed, 
10241, 11453; rebuilt, 10253. 

Theed, William, b. (1804); d., 1006>. 

Theiss, river, overflows, 5301 . 

Thellusson Act passes, Eng., 931 2 . 

Themis, asteroid, discovered, 10862. 



Themistocles, b.-d., 10162 ; statesman, 
10192; banished; driven to Persia, 10103. 

Thenard, Arnauld Paul Edniond, b.,7223 ; 
d., 7542. 

, Baron Louis Jacques, b., 7043; work, 

7192; d., 7323. 

Theobald, or Thibaud, archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8483 ; intro. law study, 8493 • ex- 
iled, 8502; d., (1161). 

I. reigns in Navarre, 11272. 

II. reigns in Navarre, 11273. 

. Lewis, d., 9103. 

Theocritus, b., 10263 ; flourishes, 6523 ; 
Idylls, 10271. 

Theodates reigns ; assassinated, 10713. 

Theodebald, king, d., 6642. 

(Hildebaldl, assassinated, 10713. 

Theodohert sacrifices children, 7703. 

Theodolinda, Queen, a Christian, 770 2 ; se- 
lects king; Christian influence, 7711; 
d., 7702. 

Theodolite completed, 9241. 

Theodora, empress, b.-d., 1030 3 ; reigns, 
10333. 

, " the Younger," a power, 10733. 

Theodore, vengeance of ; routs gov. of 
Tigre ; submits, 21 ; oppression of, 3 2 ; 
suicide, 33. 

■ of Tarsus, in Eng. ; archbp. of Can- 
terbury, 8423 ; est. Canterbury School, 
8431. 

I., pope; d., 10721. 

II., pope; d., 10721. 

Lascaris I., reigns, 10351 . 

Theodoret, b.-d., 11542; bp. of Antioch, 
10702. 

- — , Bp. of Cyprus, b.-d., 10283. 

Theodoric the Great, b.-d., 10702; est. East 
Goth kingdom, 10693 ; hostage for peace; 
general, 10312 ; invasions, 10301 ; devel- 
ops Pavia, 10713; peace with Odoacer, 
ascends throne, 7603 ; suppresses gladi- 
atorial contests, 10713; at Aries, 6641; 
subdues Thuringia, 771 2 ; subdues Italy, 
10701 . 

I., reigns, 1125 3 ; settles along Dan- 
ube, 7693. 

II., reigns, 11253. 

Theodorus I., pope; title of Sovereign 
Pontiff, 10722; d., 10721. 

LI.,-pope, 10723. 

of Cyrene, b., 10243. 

Angelus, seizes Epirus ; made em- 
peror ; captive, 10351 . 

Theodosius I., Flavius, b.-d., 10682 ; de- 
feats invaders, 8401 ; peace with Goths, 
769 2 ; supports orthodoxy, 10683 ; ruleB 
inE., 10093 ; co-regent, 7092 ; proclaims 
doctrines, 10291 ; enrolls Goths ; at Aqui- 
leia, 1028 2 ; destroys Serapis temple, 
6543 ; abolishes Eleusinian mysteries; 
abolishes Olympic games ; expelled from 
Church, 10691; massacre at Thessalou- 
ica, 10292; suppresses idolatry, 10691 ; at 
Frigidus, 10282; last sole emp.; d., 10693. 

II., reigns, 10312; emp. of West; con- 
quers John the usurper, 10711; revival 
of learning, 1031 1 ; at Council Ephesue, 
10303; code promulgated, 10312; Grecian 
architecture, 10702. 

III., reigns, 10331. 

writes Pouehenia, 11132. 

, bishop, expelled, Bulg., 568 

Theognis, poet, 10163. 

Theohania marries Nicephorus II., 10323. 

Theology, medicine, law, and arts sup- 
pressed, 7103. 
Theidngisrh Tijdsrhrift issued, 11022. 

Theopbano, Queen, regent ; d., 7752. 

Theophilus, high priest, 11523. 

, condemns image worship, 10322 ; 

reigns, 10332 ; in Armenia, 11541 , 11551 . 

Theophrastus, b.-d., 10231 ; studies botany, 
10243 ; works, 10271. 

Theophylact, b.-d., 10322. 

Tlieosinia, in Messenian Avar, 10141 . 

Theosophic Soc, Lond., Conven., 10061 ,2 ; 
Madame Biavatsky and Col. Olcott ad- 
vocated, 2902; Nat. Conven., 3823, 4283. 

Theosophists, Am., meet, 3383 ; teachers 
dismissed, 4322. 

Theosojihy, lectures by Olcott, 3923 ; 
"White Lotus Day" observed, 4291; 
E. Indians welcomed, 4363. 

Theramenes, d., 10231. 

Theremin, Ludwig Friedrich Franz., b., 
8042 ; d., 8162. 

Theresa, Empress, Braz., b.,5542; at Wash- 
ington, 2912; d.,5881. 



Theresa, St., b.-d., 11282. 

Therese, Alexandre, d., 7301 . 

, Charlotte, d., 7302. 

Thermes, Paul de la Barthe de. b. (1482); 
at Gravelines, 6821 ; d. (1562). 

Thermidor suppressed, 7601 . 

Thermo-electricity discovered, 8121. 

electrometer invented, 9422. 

Thermometer invented, 8001 , 11002 ; alco- 
hol T. devised, 8801 . 

Thermopylae, A niphietyonicCouncil, 10152; 
battle, 10181 , 10342; Brennus at, 10261 . 

Theseus conquers Amazons, 10131 ; fnds. 
Athens; K., 10133 ; steals Helen, 10143. 

Thesiger, Fred., L. Chelmsford, b., 9263 ; 
minister, 9632; in Zulu war,6002; leader, 
6001; d.,9822. 

Thespise destroyed, 10182. 

Thespis, b.; Alcestis; 1st tragedian, 10162. 

Thessalonians, Epistles to, written, 11531. 

Thessalonica, fnd., 10253 ; massacre at. 
10292; taken, 10321 , 2, 10341 . 

Thessalv, Turk, subdued, 10241 ; overrun 
with Goths, 10293; ceded to Gr., 11593. 

Thessander, king of Thebes, 10133. 

Thetford, Bishop Lloyd, cons., 10121. 

Tbeudas leads revolt, killed, 11533. 

Theudebert, confined, killed, 7711 . 

Theuderich, cruelty; poisoned, 7711. 

Theudewald executed, 7701 . 

Theudis reigns, 11253 ; d., (548). 

Theudisela reigns, 11253. 

Thevenot, dean de, b., 6882; d., 6903. 

, Melehisedeeh, b., 6863 ; d., 6942. 

, M., minister, 7572. 

Thibaud. (See Theobald.) 

Thibaudeau, Comte, Antoine Claire de, 
b., 7031 ; d., 7322. 

Thibaudin, Gen., minister, 7543 ; resigns, 
7551. 

Thibaut, rebels against Louis VII., 6681 . 

, Anton F. J., b., 8041 ; d., 8143. 

, Comte de Champagne, b.-d., 6702. 

Thibetans in Bokhara, 5491 . 

Thibodeaux, H. S., gov. La., 1312. 

Thibron, leader, 10221 ; killed, 10222. 

Thicbault, Gustave, murdered, 9671 . 

Thiel, College org., 2722. 

Thien Tu, k., 4811 ; d., 4813. 

Thierry, Amedee Simon Dominique, b., 
7123 ; works, 7323, 7331 ; d. (1873). 

, Edouard, b. (1813); d., 7661 . 

, Jacques Nicolas Augustin, b., 7102 ; 

works, 7251 , 7283; d., 7322. 

I., Fred., reigns in Austrasia, 6652. 

II., king; d., 6652. 

IV., king, 6653. 

Thiers, Louis Adolphe, b., 7123 ; works, 
7251,7292; ministry, 7273, 7293; fall ; ex- 
iled, 7293 ; returns from exile, 7332 ; 
leads opposition, 7371,3, 7453; on de- 
fense committee, 741 1 ; diplomatic mis- 
sion fails ; appeals to Vienna, 7413 ; ne- 
gotiates with Bismarck, 7433 ; peace with 
Ger.; pres. provisional gov't, 7451; im- 
peached, 7152; issues decree, 7453; pres. 
Fr. republic, 7463 ; advocates duties ; 
est. ministry in Paris J inaugural, 747 2 ; 
resigns, 7473 ; Republican leader, 751 2 ; 
senator, 7511; d., 7502. . 

Thiersch, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8042; d., 
8202. 

Thimble League, queen patronizes, 9963. 

Thimbles made of gold, 1501 ; mnf ., 9001 . 

Thimonnier, inv. sewing machine, 7261. 
Thhit/i-alla collides with Geiser, 8333. 

Thionville, Ger., surrenders to Fr., 6821; 
taken, 6881 ; bombarded, 7402, 7423 ; in- 
vested, 7422; ceded to Ger., 7451 . 

Thirkill, Lancelot, explorer, 151 . 

Thirlwall, Connop, bp., b., 9283; Greece, 
9483 ; d. (1875). 

Thirty dukes rule, 10313. 

Years' War, 5101 ; cause, 5111; ends, 

5122,5132, 7062 ; affects, 7951. 
Thisbe, asteroid, dis. 2521 . 
Thistle, loses yacht race, 3273. 

, crew murdered, 6182. 

Thistle, order of, inst., 8692. 

Thiu, German god, 7682. 

Thizy, cotton-weavers strike, 7582. 

Thlotse Heights, mission, 11053. 

Thode, Henry, Der Ring des Frangipani, 
8362. 

Thokore, of Marvi, arrives, Am., 4343. 

Tholuck, Friedrich August Gottreu, b., 
8063; fnds. society ; Christianity among 
Jews, 8131 ; d., 8282. 

Thorn, James, b., 9283 ; d., 9562. 



Thom-Tici. 



Text Figures denote Page. IinDJI-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1427 



Thorn, John, impostor, 9491 . 

Thomas, St., apostle, in China, 6103. 

, A. G., pres. Conven. Disciples, 3182. 

, Antoine Leonard, b. (1732) ; works, 

7032, 7052 ; d. (1785). 

, Arthur L., gov. Utah, 3492. 

-, B. L., cons. card, priest, 7022. 

, Clement, b. (1S00); gen.; assassinated, 

7442 ; murderers sentenced, 746 a . 

, Col., killed in duel, 9231 . 

, Count, acquires Piedmont, 10793. 

, Cyrus, b., 1322. 

, Duke of Clarence, gov. Ire., 8613. 

, Earl of Elgin. (See Bruce.) 

, Earl of Sussex. (See Sussex.) 

, Elisha Smith, b. (1834) ; cons. P. E. 

bp., 3262, 3742. 

, Evans, massacred by Indians, 2801 . 

, Gen., at Constantinople, 10321 . 

, Sir George, b. (1705±) ; gov. Pa., 652; 

d. (1775). 

, George Henry, b., 1242; commands in 

Ivy., 1982; at Mill Springs, 2022 ; at Shi- 
lob, 20G1; at Murfreesboro, 2171; at 
Milliken's Bend, 2222; at Chickamauga, 
226 3 ; commands Army of Cumberland, 
227i, 2322, 2561 ; at Chattanooga, 2282 ; 
at Columbia, 240 1 ; at Nashville, 2402 ; 
maj.-gen.,U. S. A., 2403; 3d military dis- 
trict, 2661 ; d., 2701. 

, Jas., Jr., surety for Jeff. Davis, 2563. 

, Henry F., b., 1562. 

, Isaiah, b., 662 ; d., 1382. 

, John, sculptor, b., 9363 ; d. (1862). 

, .missionary, 9263; in India, 10443. 

, , gen., b., 60 2 ; at Dorchester 

Heights, 821 ; retreat from Quebec ; d., 

, L., inp.-o. dept, 4472; in dept. of 

justice, 4473. 

, Joseph, b., 1163. 

— — , Julia Martha, murdered, 9843. 

, Lorenzo, b. (1804); appt. sec. war ; de- 
clared illegal ; arrested, bailed, released, 
2612; d. (1875). 

, Philip F., b. (1810); sec. of treas., 1891 ; 

aided by banks, 1893 ; resigns, 1911 . 

, Theodore, b., 1442 ; concerts in N.Y., 

2411 ; resignation ordered, 4301 ; festival, 
Cincinnati, 4601 . 

, Gaillard, b., 1382. 

, William, W., minister, 3513. 

, W. E., bp. of Northern Mich., 4162. 

Thomasius, Christian, b. (1655) ; Monats- 
gesprache, 7991; d. (1728). 

Thomasville, Ga., train robbery, 4631 . 

, N. C, Female Coll. org., 1783 ; Bapt. 

Orphanage fnd., 3231 . 

Thomists appear, 8542. 

Thompson, Gen. Alex. Ramsay, k., 1441 . 

, Alfred Wordsworth, b., 1522. 

— — , Arthur J., Animal Life, 4782. 

, A. M., norn. for vice-pres., 3051 ; pres. 

vote, 3072. 

, Sir August Rivers, d., 10042. 

, Benjamin, Poems of , 39 1 . 

, Sir , Count Rumford, 1)., 683, 9123; 

water boils by friction, 9282 ; medal 
awarded, 9301 ; Tory officer, 943; ambas- 
sador, 4473; d., 1231. 

, Capt., at Warrensburg, 2051 . 

, Cephas Giovanni, b., 1162; d. (1888). 

, Charles, b., 602 ; d., 1321 . 

, — — Powlett, gov. -gen. Can., 5793. 

., Daniel Pierce, b., 1061 ; d., 2621 . 

, Denman, b., 1421 . 

, Edward, b. (1810) ; ord. Meth. Epis. 

bp.,2332; d. (1870). 

, Eliza J., pres. Woman's Crusade,2831 . 

, Frederick D., At Sea, 4482. 

, Sir Henry, b. (1820); originates Prayer 

Gauge debate, 9762. 

, Hugh Miller, b. (1830); cons, bp., 3122. 

, S., gov. S.C., 3132 ; Civil Service 

commission, 3512. 

, Jacob, b. (1810) ; sec. int., 1831 ; re- 
signs, 1911 ; gov. Miss., 217 3 ; reward for 
capture, 2473 ; amnesty refused, 2912 ; 
d.,3202. 

, Rev. James, suspended, Can., 5921. 

, Gen. Jeff. C, at Ironton, Mo. ; at 

Fredericktown ; at Big River Bridge, 
200i; east of Helena, 2103; captured, 
2261 ; surrenders, 2463. 

, Jerome, b., 1232 ; d. (1886). 

, Sir John S. D. arbitrator 4252 ; min. 

justice, 593i ; r. c. public schools, 5942 ; 
premier, 6951 , 2 ; cabinet find., 595 2 ; d., 
5961. 



Thompson, Joseph, expedition for E.Afr., 
5612. 

, Parrisli, b., 1281 ; d. (1879). 

, Launt, b., 1421 ; in Academy Design, 

2171; d. 4721. 

, Sir Matthew W., d., 10062. 

, Maurice, b., 1562. 

, M. L. P., moderator, 1842. 

, Mr., photographs bottom of sea, 9642. 

, Richard Wigginton, b. (1809) ; sec. 

navy, 2953 ; resigns, 305 2 . 
- — , liobt. Ellis, b. (1844) ; Life of George 

H. Stuart, 3743. 
, Smith, b., 741 ; sec. navy, 1292 ; jus- 
tice U. S. Supreme Court, 1313 ; d. (1843). 

, Thomas £,., minister, 4473. 

, Waddy, b. (1798) ; d., 2641 . 

, Wm., lord mayor, London, 9413. 

, , bp., 9583; archbp., 9663. 

, P., for gov. Me., 3632. 

, Wordsworth, Acad. Design, 2861 . 

, smoke-consuming furnace, 9941 . 

Thompsonville, 111., farmers boycott the 

merchants, 3891 . 
Thorns, William John. !>., 9323- d. (1885). 
Thomson, Chas., b. (1729); sec. Continental 
Cong., 792, 812; d. (1824). 

, L., moderator, '3322, 3402. 

, James, poet, b. 9022 ; works, 9071 , 

9131; d., 9122. 

, , engineer, b., 9382; works, 979' . 

, Sir William, b., 9422; d., 10042. 

Thongze mission, 10472. 

Thorbecke, Jan Rudolph, b.-d., 11021. 

Thoreau, Henry D., b., 1262; works, 1763, 

2253, 2412, 2503 ; d., 2072. 
Thorinum, discovered, 11361. 
Thorn, W. Prus., fnd., 781 1 ; treaty at, 7872; 
religious riot, 8003. 

, Poland, Protestants are persecuted, 

11143. 
Thornburn, Grant, b. (1773); d., 2291 . 
Thornbury, Pa., first iron mill, 661 . 

, Maj.j k. at Milk Creek, Colo., 3021 . 

Thorncliffe, riot and strike, 973 1 . 
Thorncreek, Pa., oil-well sunk, 3181 . 
Thorndike, Rachel Sherman, Letters, 478 2 . 
Thome, Edwin F., b., 1581 . 

, Robert, explorer, 5701 . 

Thomhill, Sir James, b., 8942 ; opens 

Academy of Art, 9061 ; d., 9032. 
Thornton, Ark., race-war, 416 2 . 

. Capt., attacked on Rio Grande, 1601 . 

, Sir Edward, b. (1817); proposes joint 

commission, 2732. 

, Samuel, elected bp., 9803. 

, W. T., gov. N. Mex., 4472. 

Thorold, Anthony Wilson, cons, bp.,9803. 

, .elected bp., 9803; cons, bp., 

10062. 
Thorolf in Iceland, 10412. 
Thoroughfare Gap, Va., Federals occupy, 

2061 ; Confederates capture, 2142. 
Thorp, William, gov. Del., 1613. 
Thorpe, Benjamin, b., 9343 ; d., 9742. 

, John T., lord mayor, 9393. 

, Robert, voyage, 8662. 

, William fie, hanged, 8591 . 

Thorp's Springs, Tex., Add-Rau Christian 

Coll. org., 2823. 
Thorrismund, reigns, 11253. 
Thorstien, on New England coast, 112. 
Thorvaldsen, Albert, b., 6382; d., 6403; 

statue, New York, 4741 , 
Thorwald, visits New Eng. ; avenges in- 
sult ; explorations extended, 112. 
Thou, Jacques Auguste de, b.,6822; work, 

6871 ; d., 6862. 
Thoury, Germans defeated, 7403. 
Thousand Islands, Can., sold, 5962. 

Park, Miss. Union, 5843. 

Years' Jubilee, celebrated, 8163. 

Thouvenel, Edouard Antoine, b., 7223 ; 

minister, 7352; resigns, 7353 ; d., 7362. 
Tbothmes I., married, 648 3 ; conquests, 
6491 ; worships Amnion, 6482. 

II. reigns (Egy.), 6491 . 

— — III. reigns (Kgy.>, l>49 2 ; conquests, 
6481; chronology of kings, 648 3 . 

IV. reigns (Egy.), 6492. 

Thoweynee, killed, 4883. 
Thrace conquered, 1016', 1024'; settled, 
1151 'j coast subdued, 10161 ; Greek colo- 
nies in, 10193 ; Athenian empire over- 
thrown, 10213; invaded, 10241, 10321; 
tributary, 10252; ceded to Philip V., 
10273 ; Goths overrun, 10293, 11541 ; rav- 
aged, 10301, 1032'; Lysimachus rules, 
11491 ; Turks in, 10352; rebellion, 11513 ; 



subdued, 10621 ; Rom province 10632, 
11513; conquered, 11542. 
Thracian Chersonese conquered, 10223 ; 

possession dispute, 10233 
Thrasybulus rules, expelled, 10193 - com- 
mander. 1U2D3; atMunyclna, 1022i ; over- 
throws Thirty Tyrants, 10232; d., 10231. 
Thrax, Maximinus, expels Alemanni, 10641 . 
Thread, cotton sewing rnnf, 1042. 
Three Rivers, Can., battle of, 5761; R. c. 
diocese est., 6802; farmers pay tithes. 
6902. 
Threshing-machine invented, 9081 9202. 
Thrift Society, Nat., fnd., 9843. 
Thring, Baron, title created, 9963. 
Throckmorton, James Webb, b. (1825) J 

gov. Tex., 2553, removed, 2591. 
Throop, Enos Thompson,, b. (1784); gov. 
N. Y., 1373. 

Polytechnic Inst, est,, Pasadena, Cal. 

(1891). 
Tlxucydides, b.-d., 10191; leader; ban- 
ished; Peloponnesian War, 10212. 
Thumb, Tom. (See Stratton, Charles 

Sherwood). 
Thiimmel, Moritz August, b, (1738) j Wil- 

helmine, 8032; d. (1817). 
Thunberg, Karl Peter, b. -d., 11342. 
Thunderer, launched, 974' ; explosion on, 

9801,9841. 
Thundering Legion escapes, 10641, 
Thurber, H.* J., sec. to Cleveland, 425*. 
Thureau-Dangin, Paul Louis, Academi- 
cian, 7561. 
Thurgau canton, Act Mediation 11382. 
Thurii, fnd., 10193; refnd., 1021 2; captured, 

10281 . 
Thuringia, Ger., separate from Sax,, 7853. 
Thurloe, John, b., 8801 ; d. (1668). 
Thurlow, Baron, title created, 9252. 

, Baron Edward, b., 9082; lord chanc, 

9213,9233; minister. 9233; d.,933'. 
Thurman, Allen G., b., 1211 ; on Commit- 
tee of Seven, 2933; on Electoral Com- 
mission, 2951; pres. senate, 3013, 3033; 
conven. vote, 305 1; vote for vice-pres., 
3173; nom. for pres., 3311 ; birthday cel- 
ebration, 3712. 
Thurn, Count Heinrich Matthias von, b. 

(1580) ; at Vienna, 5101 ; a. (1636+). 
Thurot, Francois, b. (1727) ; invades Ire- 
land ; Isle of Man; killed, 702 1. 
Thursby, Emma, b., 1821. 
Thurston, Asa, b. (1787); miss., 1263; d. 
(1868). 

, Gates P., works, 3962, 

, Lorin A., Hawaiian minister, 4312. 

, Robert Henry, b. (1839) ; works, 4782. 

Thury, Cassini de. (See Cassini.) 
Tliutnelda, asteroid, discovered, 5282, 
Thwaites, Reuben Gold, b. (1863) ; Colo- 
nies, 3962. 
Tliymactes reigns, 10133. 
Thymbra, battle at, 11461. 
Thynne, Thomas, murdered, 895'. 
Thyra, asteroid, discovered, 2741- 

, Princess, Den., marries, 6423. 

Ti, tomb of, 6461. 
Tiago, explosion on, 3633. 
Tiben, synod of Armenian bishops, 10711 . 
Tiber captures Leo, 1231 . 
Tiber River, floating mills on, 10702; over- 
flows, 10882; improvements; inunda- 
tion, 10893. 
Tiberias, Pal., Christians defeated at,4872 ; 
mission, 11582. 

, Lake, crusaders defeated, 654', 

Tiberius, Alex., procurator, 1153 3 . 
- — , Claudius Nero I 'avsar, b. d., 10603; re- 
sides at Rhodes, 11513; emperor, 769', 
10632; est. Roman power in Ger, , 769' ; 
associate ruler, 10313; against Suevi; 
in Aust., 1062'; power of; retires to 
Capri ; sent to Armenia, 10632. 

II. reigns, 10313. 

, usurper, degraded, 10312. 

Tibet, subdued, 612' ; Buddhism prevails, 
6123; Jesuits enter, 0143; annexed to 
Ind., 6151,3; earthquake, 6271; Fort of 
Lingtu captured, 9981 . 
Tibni, reigns ; k„ 11433. 
Tibullus, book of poems, 10611 . 
Tibur, villa erected, 10642. 
Tichborne trial begins, 9752. 
Tichenor, Isaac, b. (1754); gov. Vt., 1091, 

1153; d. (1838). 
Tichi enthroned, 611' . 
Ticino, Switz., fortifications, 5262; canton 
joins Act Mediation, 11382. 



1428 



Text Figures denote Page, INDEX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Tick-Tole. 



Tickell, Thomas, b., S962; d., 9103. 

Tickets of leave granted, G. B., 9611. 

Ticknor, George, b., 1022; works, 1663, 
2272; d., 2721. 

Ticonderoga, N. Y., fortified, 682, 701 ; 
ambuscade; battle, 702; surrendered to 
Allen, SOi; Continental army at ; Schuy- 
ler leaves, 802; celebration, 3832. 

Tide-mills in Venice, 10741 . 

Tides explained, 7041 , 7921 . 

Tidnint/ar om den Lardas Arbelen issued, 
11351. 

Tidss!:ri['t for Litleratur oq Kritick, Den., 
6391. - 

Tidssli-if/for Litterci/in\S\ve.,issnedM3G2. 

Tieck, Christian Friedrich, b., S042; d., 
8181. 

, Luuwig, b.,804i; works, 8071, 8091, 

8132,8151; d.,8201. 

Tiedge, Christoph August, b., 8032; Ura- 
nia, 8072; d., 8162. 

Tieling mission, 6222. 

Tiemann, Daniel N., mayor N. T., 1S5 2 . 

Tien, worship of, 6163. 

Tsin, treaty with China signed, 1851 ; 

treaty signed, 4812, 4831, 9632; treaty 
ratified, 4S32; expedition at, 61S 3 ; mis- 
sion, 6203, 0222, 0231, 6243; occupied, 
6201 ;nrob massacres rnissionaries,6212±; 
treaty supplement, 6213; treaty vio- 
lated, 6221 , 7341 ; hospital started, 6231 ; 
submerged, 6242; R. R. opens, 6253; 
troops ordered, 626 2 ; consuls seek pro- 
tection, 6272,3. 

"Wang, northern march, 618 1 . 

Tierney, George, b. (1761) ; in duel, 9272; 
minister, 9433; d. (1830). 

Tierra de Santo Cruz, named, 553 1 . 

Firma, province formed, 62S3. 

Tiersot. Julian, works, 7602. 

Tietjen, F., discovers asteroid, 8221. 

Tifernum, action at, 10522. 

Tiffany, Louis Comfort, b. (1848) ; Acad- 
emy of Design, 3061 . 

, O. H., clergyman, d., 3941 . 

Tiffin, O., Heidelberg Coll. fnd.,1683 ; show- 
er of snails, 3881. 

.Edward, b. (1776); gov., 1132; d. 

(1829). 

Tiflis, built, 11132; capital, 11173. 

Tigellinus, adviser of Nero, 10633. 

Tiger, Indian trader, 291. 

, ashore, 9581 . 

Tiglathinin reigns, 11413. 

Tiglath-Pileser I., victories, 11421 ; builder, 
11422; reigns, 11432. 

■ II. reigns. 11433. 

III., reigns, 11452; expeditions of ; 

ally of Ahaz, 11441; ar t patron, 11412; 
captivity of Jews, 11443. 

Tigranes I., reigns, 11472; annexes Syria to 
Armenia, 11511; ravages Cappadocia, 
11501; war on, 10582, 10591; submits to 
Pompey, 105S2, 11501 ; aggressions of, 
10591. 

II., enthroned, 11511 ,3. 

III., governor Syria, 11513. 

IV., king of Armenia, 11513. 

Tigranocerta, battle at, 10582, 11501 . 

To/cess rescue of I'alaris exped., 2801. 

Ti'/dschn ft voor Xedcrlan/lsch /nt/ie issued, 
11022. 

Tijdstroom issued, 11022. 

Tiki seizes throne, 611 1 . 

Tiklat-Adar II. reigns, 11433. 

Tikou, est. schools, 6102: enthroned, 
6111. 

Tilbury lost, 9141. 

Tilden, Samuel Jones, b., 1232; gov. N.Y., 
2872; nom. for pres., 2931; vote, 2932, 
3051 ; electoral vote, 2952; declines can- 
didacy, 3051 ; d., 3241. 

Tilford, Tenn., Federals defeated, 2262. 

Tilghman, B. C.inv. of sand-blast, 2721 . 

, William, b., 711 ; d., 1342. 

Tilikot, battle of, 10422. 

Till Eulenspiegel stories appear, 7871 . 

Tillemont, Sebastien Le Nain de, b., 6882; 
work, 6951 ; d., 6943. 

Tilley, Sir S. L., governor N. B., 5831 . 

Tillman, Benj. Ryan, nom. for gov. S. C, 
3552,3691; gov., 3751, 4212; senator, 4772. 

, James F., in treas. dept., 4472. 

Tilloch, Mr., stereotyping, 9202. 

Tillotson, John, b., 8822; archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8983; d., 9002. 

Tilly, Count of (Johann Tserclaes), b., 
7922; commands Catholics, 5101 ; in 
Thirty Years' War, 7941 ; d., 7943. 



Tilsit, Prus., peace of, 7172. 

Tilton, N. H., Soldiers' Home est., 3511. 

, Theo., b. (1835); against Beecher,2S43. 

, W. S., d.,3382. 

Tima mission, 6571 . 
Timanthes, b., 10263. 

of Cythnos, b., 10231 . 

Timber, growth encouraged, 2851, 3012, 

3552,3691. 

reserves, Manitoba, 5963. 

Timble, Allen, d., 2682. 

Tiinbuctoo, Fr. expelled ; occupied, 101 ; 

column annihilated, 103,7661 ; occupied, 

7652; independent, 10972. 
Time ball, placed, N. Y., 1902; electric, set 

up, Bng., 9602. 

keeper, John Harrison's used, 9161 . 

pieces produced, 9081 , 

Times, est., 9231 , 9251 ; trial, 9972; Parnell 

Commission reports, 10032. 
Tininierman. Clans, sentenced, 4381. 
Timoleon, reigns, 10532; d., 10243. 
Timotheus, destroys Spartan fleet, 10222; 

commands Athenians, 10223. 
Timothy stoned, 11532. 
Timothy, Epistle to, written, 11532. 
Timour, or Timur, captures Bajazet, 11121 ; 

saves Greek empire; 1035 2 . 
Timrod, Henry, b. (1829) ; Poems, 1881 ; d. 

(1867). 
Timsah, Lake, channel from Mediterra- 
nean, 6573. 
Timur Shah, reigns, 51; d.,43. 
Tin, dis. in S. Dak., 3141 ; in Tex., 3381 ; 

in Mex., 11973; production Am., 4252; 

duties, 4253. 

plate Bill, 4111 , 4252. 

industry, increase, 4172; mills 

closed, 4733. 
Tinchebray, Fr., battle of, 6681 . 
Ting, Admiral, degraded, 627 2 . 

■ Ang, a convert, 6191 . 

Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Tinghai, bombarded ; taken, 6162; 
Tingitana, Roman province, 10632. 
Tinmore, action at, S442. 
Tinnevelli, India, Bp. Elwes cons., 10121; 

mission, 10462. 
Tinning of iron intro., Eng., 8941 . 
Tinsley's Mai/a-Jnv issued, 9702. 
Tintoretto, jacopo Robusti, b., 10802; d. 

(1594). 
Tinware mfg. in colonies, 761 , 
Tioga, N. \., patriots succeed, 903. 
Tip, elephant, killed, 4613. 
'J.'ipolitza taken, 10342. 
Tippecanoe, Ind., battle of, 1161 . 
Tippermuir, Scot., action at, 8842. 
Tippling Acts passed, Kng., 8791 . 
Tippoo Sahib, b.-d., 10443; attacks Rajah 

Travancore ; conquered, 10442 ; sultan 

of Mysore; treaty with Eng., 10453. 
Tib, letter to, 5462 ; meets Stanley, 

8381 ; paralyzed, 5633. 
Tipton, Ind., gas-well struck, 3681 . 
Tirant lo 'Blanch*- appears, 11271 . 
Tirard, Pierre Emmanuel, minister, 753 2 , 

3, 7543, 7571, 765i, 2; premier; new 

ministry, 7572; d., 7661 . 
Tirhakah vanquished; 6501 ; aids Heze- 

kiah, 650 2 ; defeated by Sennacherib, 

11442; takes Memphis, 6501; reigns, 

Egy.,6511. 
Thidates II., enthroned, Armenia; ex- 
pelled, 11533 ; restored, 10033, 11533. 
Tillemont, Belg., French defeat, 6961. 
Tirloch, King, d., 8482. 
Tirman, Louis, governor ; retires, 102. 
Tirnova, Bulg., captured, 5651 ; against 

ministry ; Alex, arrives ; Nat. Assembly 

meets, 500 3 : manifesto issued, 5673. 
Tirsa, asteroid, discovered, 7561. 
Tiryns, Gr., walls erected, 10141. 
Tischendorff, Lobegott Friedrich Kon- 

stantin von, b., 8103; dis. Codex Sinaiti- 

cus, 8162; d., 8281. 
Tisdale, John A., shot, 3963. 
Tissaphernes, Persian satrap, 10221 ; k. 

(396+ B.C.). 
Tissot, John M., cons, bp., 9681 . 

, Pierre Francois, b., 7042; d., 7322. 

, Simon Auguste Andre, b.-d., 1137 2 . 

Tisza von Borosjeno, Koloman, b. (1820) ; 

premier, 5293 ; ministry reorganized ; 

ministry resigns, 5311,5333; Army Bill, 

5321; assassination plot, 5323; abused; 

vindicated, 5332. 
Titania, America outsails, 1693. 
Titans, revolt of, 10131 . 



Tithe Commutation Act passes, 9492. 

Tithes abolished, Fr.,7073; imposed, Ger., 
7702; compulsory, Eng., 8442; collected. 
8451 ; for church, 8462. 

Ttian, Tziano Vecellio, b., 10783 ; works, 
of, 10801 ;d., 10811. 

Titicaea, Lake, battle near, 221 , 5501 . 

Titres de la Dynastic Imperiale, Les,7383. 

Tittmann, Johann A., b., 8041 ; d., 8142. 

Titus, Epistle to, written, 11532. 

, Flavius Sabinus Vespasianus, b.-d., 

10622 ; emperor, 10633 ; against Jews, 
10621; takes Jerusalem, 10621, 11502, 
1151 1 ; Triumphal Arch erected, 10622 ; 
destroys Temple, Jerusalem, 10623 ; 
assassinated, 10633. 

, Col., captured; exchanged, 1811 . 

, Col., Killinq no Murder, 8893. 

, James, killed T. Smith, 3263. 

Titusville, Pa., petroleum dis., 1853. 

Tiverton, R. I., Bapt. church fmd., 262. 

Tiy enthroned, 6112, 6131 . 

Ti Yuen enthroned, 6113. 

Tizoc enthroned, 133 ; d., 122. 

Tlascalon conquered, 181 . 

Tleincen captured bv French, 82, 3. 

Tobacco, Am., cultivation, 281, 6313; 
currency, 292, 302; exported, 31 1, 713; 
monoply, 312-1 ; duty on, 483 ; church 
revenue, 543; legal tender, 632; fine cut. 
mnf., 1461 ; internal revenue tax, 3013 ; 
prohibited in West Point Military Acad., 
3073; sale of tobacco restricted, Conn. , 
3363; denounced by Ger. Baptists, 3403; 
trust fmd., 3413 ; largest crop, 3933 ; 
intro., Eng.; proclamation against, 8772; 
cultivation restricted, 8073 ; prohibited 
to preachers, 9163 ; cultivation per- 
mitted, 9053; consumption of, 9993; con- 
sumption in Bus., 11213 ; intro. in Sp., 
11281 . 

Act approved, 3773 ; T. Rebate Bill, 

3732. 

Tobasco, Mex., bombarded, 1601 . 

Tobago, W. I., settled, 373 ; taken ; re- 
taken, 441 ; recovered by Fr., 7053; 
neutral, 672. 

Tobitschau, Aust.-Hung., action at, 5261 . 

To-Cheng, mission, 6203. 

Tocqueville, Alexis Charles Henri Clerel 
de, b„ 7103; works, 7271,7331 ; d., 7342. 

Tocuyo settled, 11601. 

Tod, David, b. (1805) ; gov. O., 2173 ; d. 
(1868). 

Todd, John, b., 1082; d., 2821 . 

, Mabel Loomis, Eclipses of Sun, 4783. 

, Maj., declines colonelcy, 5881. 

, Mary, marries A. Lincoln, 1551 . 

- — , Robert Bentley, b., 9351 . 

, Thomas b., 74i ; justice, 1152. 

Todd's Tavern, Va., Confederates de- 
feated, 2323. 

Todgarth mission, 10483. 

Todleben (or Totleben), Count Franz 
Eduard b., 11163; at Plevna, promoted, 
5652 ; commands, 5661 ; d., 11201 . 

Toebbe, Augustus Mary, d., 3162. 

Togrel (or Togrul) Beg, elected snltan, 
11552; conquers Persia, 4872; rules Per- 
sia, 11072. 

Togugawa rises to power ; shoguns rule; 
titles, 10913. 

Togus Springs, Me., soldiers' home, 2551 . 

Tokar, Nubia, surrenders, 6601 ; taken, 
6603. 

Tokay, Hung., fire, 5353. 

Tokoly, Emile, prince Transylvania, 5133. 

Tokolyi, Eiueric, Protestant leader, 5122. 

Tokyo, Jap., missions at, 10921 ; Biblical 
Inst. est. ; library fnd. ; mission work ; 
native church est. ; univ. est., 10922 ; 
Viscount Arniori assassinated ; food 
scarce, 100'J3; e ; q,ital, 10031 ; ambassador 
from China, 6273. 

Tola reigns, 11431 . 

Toland, John, b., 8922; d. (1722). 

Tolbiacum Zulpich, battle at, 6622. 

Toledo, la.. Western College org., 1802. 

, O., Nat. Greenback Conven., 2991; 

Dr. Quiglev suspended, 3423 ; earth- 
quake, 3001 ,'3741 ; railway accident, 3953; 
bribery in Common Council, 4103, 4182; 
electric wires cut, 421 1 ; R. R. men with 
strikers, 4262 ; R. R. boycotts illegal, 
4282; cadets start for Chicago, 4342; fire, 
4493, 4773; R. R. strike, 4653. 

, Sp., church council, 11252; capital, 

Sp., 11253 ; conquered ; taken, 11261 ; 
archbp., primate of Sp., 11263 ; univ. 



Tole-Towl. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1429 



fnd., 11271; annexed by Ferdinand, 
11273. 

Toledo, Francisco de, b.-d., 11282 ; vice- 
roy, 251. 

, Pedro de, b.-d., 11263. 

Tolentino, battle at, 5201 . 

Tolerance granted by emp., It. ,'10851 . 

Toleration in N. Eng., 362 ; denied ; in 
Flusliing, N. Y., 363; i u Del. ; in R. I., 
382, 422 ; in Md., 382 ; i n New Amster- 
dam, 40 1 ; in N.Y., 482,492; inN.C.,523; 
in N. J. ; in Pa., 542 ; i n Hung., 5163 ; 
edict of, 6543, 7062, 805 1 ; granted by 
Henry IV., Fr.,6K.~,3; to Huguenots, 687 1 ; 
in Pr., 6892, 7OG2 ; to Lutherans, 6923 ; 
forbidden Huguenots, 6943; to Vaudois, 
6951 j principles prevail, 7032; to Protes- 
tants in Bavaria, 7913; in Ger., 7923, 
7971 ; to Protestants, 7923; edict of,S05i ; 
to Waldenses, 8883 ; recommended, G.B., 
890 2 ; to Dissenters, 9063; to all religious, 
11173 ; prohibited, 11202 ; to Catholics, 
11222 ; decreed, 11303 ; i n Sp., 11322 ; ex- 
tended Swe., 11361; Act passes, Chile, 
6072,8982,8992. 

Toliekona rules Mongols' gov., 6151 . 

Tolland, John, at Wytheville, 2251; raid 
inW. Va.,226i. 

Toll-bars appear, Eng., 8553. 

Tollemache, Baron, title created, 9751 . 

Tollens, Hendrik, b. (1780), Winter in Nova 
Zembla, 11022; d. (1856). 

Tolligunge mission, 10471. 

Tolliver, Craig, killed, 3271. 

Tolly, Marshal Barclay de, at Smolensk, 
7182; leaves Vilna, 7182. 

Tolosa, Sp., action at, 11321 . 

. (See Toulouse.) 

Tolosa, asteroid, discovered, 7481. 

Tolsto'i, Count Alexii Konstantinovitch, 
b., 11163; works, 11183; d., 11182. 

, Count Dmitri, b., 1116 3 ; minister, 

11213; d., 11201. 

, Count Lyeff , or Lyoif , Nikolaievich, 

b., 11163 ; Kreutzer Sonata excluded, 
3642; works, 11183. 

Toltec empire est.; fall of, 113. 

Toltecan family in Peru, Mex., and 
Bogota, 152. 

Toltecs invade Mex., Hi j civilization, 112; 
decay, 152. 

Toman Bey, sultan, 655 3 . 

T.uiiich, Pere, work, 11271. 

Tomline, George, bp. of "Winchester, b., 
9123; bp., 9383; d. (1827). 

Tomlinson, Gideon, b. (1780); gov. Conn., 
1353; d. (1854). 

Tomo-chichi, present to Gov. Oglethorpe, 
63i. 

Tompion, Thomas, invents escapement, 
9001. 

Tompkins, Charles H., b. (1830) ; military 
commissioner, 2472; col., 3061 . 

, Daniel D., b., 78 1 ; gov. N. Y., 1152; 

electoral vote, 1252, 1292 ; vice-pres., 
1292; d., 1322. 

Toms River, N. J., blockhouse taken, 943. 

Tonawanda, N. Y., riot, 408 2 ; troops 
ordered, 432 1 ; strike, 4323. 

Tone, Theobald Wolfe, b. 9162; captured, 
9282; suicide, 9292; d., 9283. 

Tonga Islands, Brit, protection, 10052. 

Tonghaks attack Koshin, 6271 . 

Tongking (see Annam, text pp. 480-483), 
annexed to China as a province ; only 
tributary state, 6152 ; defense of, 6221 ; 
Fr. conquer, 6232 ; evacuation de- 
manded ; Fr. recognized, 6233 ; telegraph 
complete, 6253 ; subdued, 748 1 ; Fr. 
credit ; protectorate threatened, 7551 ; 
Fr. garrison overcome, 7601 ; pirate 
stronghold captured, 762 1 ; pirates attack 
Ft., 7661. 

Toniataba, E. I., captured, 10081 . 

Tonic Sol-fa Asso. founded ; est., 9582. 

Tonnage dues abolished, Fr., 7372 ; 
granted to Eng., 8912; repealed, 9252. 

Tonti on Mississippi River, 5733. 

, Lorenzo, b., 10823. 

, Order of, assignment, 4613. 

Too-Fuku-no-in, succeeds to throne, 10913. 

Tooke, John Home, b.,9082; work, 9251; 
d., 9363. 

Toole, Jos. K., nom. for gov., 3451 ; gov. 

Montana, 3492. 
Too-le, Mongol leader, 6141 . 
Tooloonide, dynasty overthrown, 11552. 
Toombs, Robert, b., 1162; on Committee 
of 33, 1S9 2 ; denounces Lincoln, 1911; 



sec. State, 1913; exposes Confederacy, 
2273; amnesty refused, 2912; d., 3202. 

Toomey, Michael, d., 1821 . 

Toorkee, guerilla hands, 4881 . 

Toosoon Pasha, against Wahabis; at Me- 
dina, 6562. 

Tooth, Rev. A. H., inhibited, 9803. 

Toj>eka, Kan., Free-State conven.; Con- 
stitution, 1791 ; legislature meets, 179 2 , 
1811; Free-State legislature org.; dis- 
persed, 1812; Washburn Coll.org., 2502; 
colored conven. at, 2511, 267 2 ; Capital 
issued, 2662 ■ Farmers' Cong, meets, 
3313; State Conven. against whisky in- 
vasion, 3623; injunction against original 
packages, 3643; Pres. Harrison at, 3701 ; 
original package agent sentenced, 3852; 
Republicans vs. Populists; political 
compromise, 4242; Republicans hold 
Representatives Hall, 4251 ; M. E. Lease 
in Charities Board, 451 2 . 

Topelius, Zucharias.b., 11163. 

Topiltzin Ceacatl Quetzalcoatl, est. cap- 
ital, 113. 

Toplady, Augustus Montagu, Rock of 
Ages, hymn, 9211 . 

Toplitz, sovereigns meet at, 8212. 

Topographical Society fnd., Lond., 9861 . 

Topsham, Eng., canal at, 8953. 

TordenBkjold, Peter, b., 6363; d., 6381 . 

Torebio, St., archbp., b. (1534); at Lima, 
242; d. (1606). 

Toreno, Jose Maria Queypo de Llano Ruiz 
de Savaria, b.-d., 11302. 

Torgau, Prus., allies possess, 7212; Prot- 
estant alliance at, 789 3 ; besieged; re- 
taken; surrenders, 8101 ; Frederick vic- 
torious at, 5162, 8021, 

Tories, punishment of, 783; named, 791 ; 
arrest urged, 813; measures against, 
831 ; banished; leave Phila.,893; against 
Mass., 893, 913; defeated in N. C, 93i ; 
in Eng., 972. 

Tornado, at Natchez, 1501; i n Me., 1701, 
3921; obstructs P. & C. R. R., 1741; in 
Phila., 1781; in Ill.,Ia., 1861 ; Mo., Kan-, 
Neb., 301)1; Rochester, Minn., 314 1 ; Buf- 
falo, 3321 ; St. Cloud, Minn.; in 0., 3222; 
Lockport, N. Y.; Reading, Pa., 3321; 
N. Dak., 3621 ; St. Louis, 3521 ; Frank- 
lin, Pa., 3581; N. Dak., 3641; Okla., 
4261 , 456i ; Kan., 423' , 432i , 4561 ; West- 
ern states, 4281; Ark., 4301, 4501, 4733; 
La., 4321, 4501; Ind., 3222, 4561; Mich, 
and Minn., 4561 ; Ohio, 4421 , 4561 ; Tex., 
4561 ; in the South, 310 1 , 3161 ; Ga., La., 
3121; 111., 3222; Pa., 3321. 

Torney, George H., a major, 4561 . 

Toronto (York), Can., fnd., 5772; as- 
saulted, 1202 ; Can. Science Asso. meets, 
3442; Bapt. Y. P. Union Conven., 4661 ; 
York seat of gov't, 5773; insurrection, 
5781; diocese est.; Uuiv. fnd., 5783; 
Christian Guardian, 5721; Globe,- Up- 
per Can. Coll. and Academy, 579 1; re- 
named Toronto, 5793; Canadian Bap- 
tist; Christian Messenger; Univ., Trin- 
ity Coll.; Univ. renamed, 5803; R. c. 
archdiocese est., 5822; The Mail, 5823; 
Evening News ; Eratina Telenram; War 
Cry, 5843; dynamite in, 5851; fire; In- 
dustrial Exposition opd; R. R. collision, 
5S53; Empire; Jailers Cong.; Toronto 
Mail, libel suit ; novels destroyed ; Sat- 
urday Night; Weekly Empire; W. En- 
franchisement Asso., 586 2 ; A. O. United 
Workmen ; Harvey arrested ; strike, 
5863; Industrial Exposition, 5872; Sur- 
gical Hospital for Women, 5863; Bapt. 
Cong, of Am. meets; Presb. Gen. As- 
sem. meets, 5882; W. C. T. U. Conven., 
5883; dancing exhibitions agitate, 5891 ; 
Exhibition opd.; syndicate buys brew- 
eries, 5893; diocesan jubilee, 5901 ; Univ. 
burned, 5913, Univ. rebuilt, 590 2 ; no 
Sunday street-cars, 51)2 1 , 5943; Harbor 
Works scandal, 5922; Liberal demon- 
stration, 5923 ; Industrial Exhibition, 
5933 ; females on school-board ; free 
text-books; Sun, 5942; Sunday driving 
fined; women practise in courts, 5943; 
Columbian caravels, 5953; Macdonald's 
statue, 5961 ; labor procession, 5962; bish- 
opric est., 9483; Bp. s wen ton elected,9803. 

Torpedo, submarine invented, 1121 ; shells 
inv., 9201 ; school est. at Newport, 2681 . 

Torpichen, Baron, title created, 8731 . 

Torquatus, Titus Manlius Imperiosus, 
near Trifanum, 10521 . 



Torquemada, Tomas de, b.-d., 11262. 

Torre del Greco destroyed, 10822, 10841. 

Torregiani, Elzear, elected bp., 9803. 

Torrenee, Major, at Silver ( 'reek, Mo., 2021 . 

Torrens, William Torrens Maccullaugh, 
b., 9363. 

Torres, Luis Vac/, de, explorer, 4931 . 

■ Vedras, defended, 7181 ; action, 11101 . 

Torrey, John, b. (1796); d., 2802. 

Torricelli, Evangelist;!,, discovers barom- 
eter, 10822; d., 10823. 

Torrington, Eng., action at, S86 1 . 

, Viscount of, title created, 9051 . 

, Viscount, George Byng, b., 8902; off 

Beachy Head, 6941; against. Spanish 
fleet, 9061 • Lord of Admiralty, 9073; d. 
(1733). 

Torstenson, Lennart, b.-d., 11342; com- 
mander; conquers Moravia, 7961; at 
Jenkau, 5122; in Ger.; at Magdeburg; 
conquers Holstein, 6361 . 

Tortola, W. I., settled, 8932. 

Tortugas, Fla., Habeas Corpus suspended, 
1952. 

Islands discovered, 162. 

Torture, punishment by, abolished in 
Hung., 5172; in Fr., 7053; in Eng., 9112. 

Tory conspiracy dis., S'J3; origin, 8812. 

peers created, Eng., 9052. 

Toscanelli, Paoli, encourages Columbus, 

123, 
Tostig, Earl of Northumberland, 8473; 

killed, 8461. 
Total Abstinence Society org., U.S.A., 

3462. 
Tothmes III., art patron, 6481 . 
Totila takes Naples ; takes Rome ; 

wounded, 10702; reigns, 10713; d., 10301, 

11131. 
Totopotomoy River, Grant and Lee at, 

Tott, Baron de, Francois, b., 6983; d.,7082. 

Tottel, Richard, work, S723. 

Totten, Joseph G., b., 1001 ; d., 2332. 

Tottenham Savings Bank instituted, 9292. 

Touat Oasis, sovereignty of, 703 2 . 

Toucey, Isaac, b. (1796); gov., 1613; d.(1869). 

■ , Jacob, sec. navy, 1831 . 

Tougaloo University, Miss., est., 2663. 

Toul,Fr., taken, 6882; besieged, 7401; at- 
tack, 7402. 

Toulon, Fr., bombarded, 6961; Eng. de- 
feated, 7001; surrenders, 708' ; taken by 
Eng., 7101; cholera at, 7553; Jaxvregue- 
berry launched, 7661 . 

Toulouse, Fr., Tolosa, capital West Goths, 
6623; taken, 6622; settled by Romans, 
10572; fnd., 6611, 10711; captured, 6641 ; 
county created, 6653 ; dukes of Aqui- 
taine reign, 6652; conquered, 6701; in- 
quisition est.; massacre at, 6703; Univ. 
of est., 6711; annexed, 6713; united to 
Fr. monarchy, 6732; battle of, 7203; in- 
undated, 7481 , 7493; army corps mobil- 
ized, 7561 ; war of succession, 8501 , 

, Comte de, at Malaga, 902i . 

Touraine, Fr. occupy, 4811; ceded, 6692; 
seized, 6713. 

Tour du Monde issued, 7343. 

Tourgee, Albion Winegar, b. (1838); works, 
2871,3031, 3143, 3743,3982. 

Tourjee, Eben, d., 3801 . 

Tournaments, frequent in Fr.,6663; abol- 
ished, 6831; prohibited, Eng., 8523. 

Tournay, Belg., Fr. attack allies, 5181 . ■ 

Tournei'ort, Joseph Pitten de, b., 6902; 
botanical system, 6942; d., 6963. 

Tournelles, Rastile, captured, 6761. 

Tourniquet invented, 6981 . 

Touro, Judah, b. (1776); d., 1742 

Touron, Annam, stormed, 4801 . 

Tours, Fr., Alcuin in Abbey of St. Mar- 
tin's, 6651 ; States-General' meets, 6792; 
council of clergy, 6812; Roman circus 
dis., 7333; occupied, 743 1; successor of 
Jeanne d'Arc appears, 7433, 

Tourville, Comte de (Anne Hilarion de 
Conteutin), b., 6883 ; at Beachy Head; 
battle,La Iiogue ; in Belg.,6941 ; d. (1701). 

Toussaint, Anna L. G. (See Bosboom.) 

L'Ouverture, b., 66 2 ; adopts consti- 
tution; aids Fr.; deserts Sp.; fights Sp., 
10401; surrenders, 7141, 10402; capitu- 
lated; arrested, 10402; d. (1803). 

Toutinho, Pedro de Canipo, captaincy ,5532. 
Tower, Minn., striking miners, 40S1, 3 . 

, Orson Squire, d., 3262. 

Towle, George Makepeace, b. (1841); 
Glimpses of History, 2503: d.,4341. 



1430 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. ToWIl-TreV. 



Town, Fr., liberties increase, 0693. 

Creek, N. C, action at, 2302, 0422. 

, Francis L., commissioned col., 4581 . 

• Sites Entry Bill passes, 4512. 

Town Topics issued, 3023. 

Towns, Edwin F., a colonel, 322* . 

, George W. B., gov. Ga., 1633. 

, M. L., resolution, 4643. 

Townsend, Wash., tleet sails, 457 3 . 

, Edward D., d., 4282. 

, Luther Tracy, !>., 1462. 

.Thomas S., b. (1829); Nat. Records 

purchased, 369 1 . 

Townshend Act repealed, 77 3 . 

, Lord, in duel, 9192. 

, Marquis of, title created, 923 1 . 

, Viscount Charles b., 8942; se c. state, 

9073; d. (1738). 

, , b., 906 3 ; asst. prime minister; 

lord-lieut.,9173; d. (1767). 

, Richard Wellington, b. (1840) ; d., 

336'. 

, Thomas, minister, 9232. 

Towton, Eng., battle of, 864' . 

Toxophilites Society founded, 9212. 

Toy, Crawford Howell, b., 1462; work, 
3962. 

Tracer, Charles, b.,1623; d. (1885). 

Tract Soc. Am. (See Am. Tract Soc.) 

, Conn., organized, 125' . 

, Evangelical, organized, 1183. 

, Religious, org. at Albany, 1183. 

Tractsfor the Tinus published, 946 2 . 

Tracy, Tenu., explosion, 4662; riots, 413'. 

, Comte Alex. Cesar Victor Charles 

Destutt de, b. (1754) ; works, 715' , 7192; 
d., 7262. 

, De Prouville, Marquis of, b. 

(1603); at Montreal, 5732; d. (1670). 

, Benj. Franklin, b. (1830) ; sec. of 

navy, 3372; navy dept. org., 342' ; reclas- 
sifies war-ships, 398'. 

, Joseph, b. (1794) ; d., 284' . 

, Sir R., commissioner, 9072. 

.Uriah, b. (1755); pres. senate, 1093; 

d. (1807). 

, William, kills Becket, 8512. 

, W. W., pres. Republican Club, 4292. 

Trade, colonial limited; Am., prohibited 
with Fr., 593; interdicted, 1172,3; re- 
strictions removed, 1173; restrictions 
N. and S. removed in South, 2483 ; de- 
pression of, G. B-, 995' . (See Commerce.) 

dollar not legal tender, 2932. 

marks legalized, 3092. 

policy, sustained. Can., 593' ; recipro- 
city defeated, 5863. 

Society, Nat., formed, 9752. 

Union Act passes, G. B., 9753 ; 

amended, 9812. 

- — Congress in Paris, 7553; advocates 

nationalization, 990 3 ; disapproves na- 
tionalization land, 991 ' ; in Liverpool, 
10043; at Newcastle, 1007'. 

Unions organized, 169' . 

Trades separated, Eng., 8813. 

and Labor Asso., World's Fair, 4443. 

Societies Cong, at Manchester, 973' . 

Unions, laws against, abolished, 943' . 

Tradescant, John, b., 8782; d., 8842. 

Trafalgar launched, 994' . 

Trafalgar Cape, battle of, 719' j disheartens. 
Napoleon, 9332. 

Traritdy of Sir T. More produced, 87G3. 

Train, George Francis, b. (1829) ; opens 
street railways, 964' ; trip round world, 
3543, 3593. 

Training-school begun, 935 2 ; fnd., Batter- 
sea, 9503. 

ship, first on Thames, 925' ; est., 9683. 

Trajan, Marcus Ulpius Trajanus, b.-d., 
10623; reigns; annexes territory; war 
with Dacians, 1065' ; subdues Dacians, 
769'; against Parthians ; conquers Se- 
leucia; seizes Ctesiphon ; in Transvlva- 
nia ; reduces Dacia, 1064' ; bridges Dan- 
ube; persecutes Christians, 10642; eel. 
triumph ; est. orphan houses ; d., 1065'. 

Trajan's Arch, Pillar erected , 10642. 

Tralee, dynamite Edinburgh House, 993' . 

Trail, Russell Thatcher, b., 1183; d., 296'. 

Tramroad, iron, completed, 930'. 

Tramways used, 812' , 912' . 

Tranguebar, Danes settle, 10443; Protes- 
tant mission, 10443, 1047' . 

Transalpine Gaul, partly captured, 10561 . 

Transcaucasia, fighting grasshoppers, 
1120' ; earthquake, 1122'. 

Transcribing manuscripts fashionable, 



Transcript issued, Can., 5843. 

Transfiguration, Feast of, eel., 10703. 

Transforming Act passed, Eng., 8992. 

Transfusion of blood practised, 6782. 

Transkei, mission, 6003; annexed, 6012. 

Transmission of Powers Bill, Fr., 7492. 

Trans-Mississippi Cong., Denver, 385', 3, 
4772. 

Sahara R. R. opened, 103. 

Siberian R. R. opened, 11232. 

Transportation opposed, Australia, 4963; 
Act. Eng., 8932; sentences, 907'; for 
crime ceases, 9192; in G. B., 9473. 

Transubstantiation, opposed, 8462; doc- 
trine accepted, 1073' ; adopted, 1075' . 

Transvaal, diamonds, 598'; color-line 
drawn, 5992; arbitration; boundaries 
enlarged, 601'; flag unfurled, 6012; an- 
archy, 61113; Republic annexed, 6012; in- 
surrection, 6013; Dinizulu invades, 6022; 
gold-seekers, 6023; republic, 603' ; treaty 
of peace, 6(1:!', 9873; see of, est., 9803; an- 
nexed, 9832; proclaimed, 11243. (See 
South Afrieau Republic.) 

Transylvania, Hung., Dacian war, 1064'; 
defeat Turks, 508' ; J. Zapolya, pr.,511' ; 
principality fnd.; J. Sigismund, king ; S. 
B. Zapolya, pr.,511 2 ; Gabriel I., pr.; Ga- 
briel II.,pr.; Sigismund Batory, pr.; Sig- 
ismund Rakocsy, pr.; Stephen Borskay 
pr., 5113; Michael I. pr., 5132; reformed 
religion, 513' ; E. Tokoly, pr.,5133; Geo. 
I.,pr.; J.Kemin,pr.; revolt against Aust.; 
war with Turks, 5132; Michael II., pr., 
5133; F. Rakocsy, pr., 5143; Pragmatic 
Sanction, 515'; Diet convoked, 5263; 
union with Hung., 5272; cyclone, 532' ; 
church fight, 534 3 ; conquered by Mi- 
chael, lll'J 2 ; annexed to Turkey, 1157 2 . 

Coll., Ky., fnd., 109'; joined to Ken- 
tucky University, 2422. 

Trappist monks in Ire., 7263, 9442. 

Trasimene Lake, action at, 1054' . 

Traugott, Romuald, hanged, 11193. 

Trautenau, Bohemia, action at. 526'. 

Trautwine, John C, b., 1162; d. (1883). 

Travancore, India, see of, est., 980 3 ; Bp. 
Hodges consecrated, 10042. 

Trave, La, captured, 936' . 

Traverse City, Mich., insane asylum, 313' . 

Travnik, Austrians occupy, 528'. 

Treadmill invented, 938' . 

Ti'cadwell, Daniel, b., 1022; d., 2762. 

, John, b. (1745) ; gov. Conn., 1172; d. 

(1823). 

Treason, report on, 852; in Egypt, 6612; 
plotted, Braz., 5682. 

Treasons, statute of, passes, Eng., 8592. 

Treasury, U. S., germ of department org., 
832; department formed, 1012; building 
burned, 1433; in 1858, 1852; issues bonds, 
1882; highest reserve, 477'; lowest re- 
serve, 4792 ; debt reduced, 3532, 3632, 
3673, 3912; redemption of bonds, 3672; 
debt, 3712,375 1.3S7 2, 3992. 4083, 4172,4451; 
449' ; report (1893), 447'; deficit, 465'; 
bids for loan, 477'. 

Notes, issued, 1492; authorized, 2013, 

2193; legal-tender, 2053, 2112; issue, 
2193, 2553; Chicago bankers liny, 4273. 

Treat, Robert, Am., b., 62' ; gov. Conn., 
492,513. 

Treaties relating to U. S. A., Mass., with 
Massasoit, 303"; New Netherlands with 
Inds., 33' ; Eng.-Sp. of Aix-la-Chapelle, 
433; Penn with lnds.; Shockamoxon, 
492; Colonists-Inds.; Albany, 493, 532, 
552,591,673; Eng.-Fr. of Utrecht, 59' ; 
Inds. with British, 612,3, 71', 2; Inds. 
with Colonists at Lancaster, Pa., 65 3 ; 
Va.-Inds., 67' , C92; Eng.-Fr.-Sp. of Aix- 
la-Chapelle 672; Mass.-lndians, 672; Fr.- 
Sp., ceding Louisiana. 732; G. B.-Fr.- 
Sp.-Port., of Paris, 733; U.S. A., 203'; 
Fr., 853,873, 89 2 , 1093; purchase, 1113; 
extradition, 405' , 4232; G. B., 913, 952, 
3, 97' , of Paris ; Jay's 1053; Monroe and 
Pinckney, 113', 1252, 1592, 1672, 1752, 
2073, 2513, 2672, 2692, 2873; Swe., 97'; 
with Inds., 973, 99', 2, 101', 1031,1051, 
1072, 1172, 1252, 1332, 2571, 3a5', 3372, 
3432, 3632, 4172, 4211; Prus., 973; Mo- 
rocco, 992,3; Algiers, 1072, 1193; Sp., of 
San Lorenzo, 1071; of Ildefonso, 111 1 ; 
ceding Fla., 1272, 1433, 3872; Tripoli, 
1132; San Salvador, 3973; Honduras, 
4071 ; Norway, extradition, 4431; Rus., 
boundary, 1332; commercial, 1412; pur- 
chase of Alaska, 257 2 ; extradition, 4312; 



Columbia, 1333; Germany, 3572, 3933; 
Denmark, 1372, 2592; Brazil, 3772; 
Turkey, 1373 ; Dominican Republic, 
2692, 2712, 3892; Mex., boundary, 1392; 
ceding territory, 1633, 165' , 1732. 1903; 
Naples, 1411; 1'exas, 1572; China, 1572, 
1592, 1851 ,2633, 3073; immigration, 3293; 
Jap., 1751, 1831, 3073, 3363, 4771; of 
Paris, 2031; Hawaii, 2591; annexation, 
4251, 427'; Dominican Republic, 2692; 
Belg., 3793, 3832, 3992; Guatemala, 3973, 
4072; Eng., of Ghent, 1233; commercial, 
1252; indemnittcat ion, 1352; Oregon, 1353, 
1592, 1612; Washington boundary, 1553; 
Bulwer-Clayton, Can. 167 2 ; reciprocity, 
1752,2513; accedes to treaty of Paris. 
2031 ; antislave trade, 2073; of Wash- 
ington, Alabama claims, 2652, 2751 ; San 
Juan, 2792; fisheries, 3293,3311; extra- 
dition,i349i , 3552; Samoan, 3572; Bering 
Sea, 3952, 4031 . (For treaties between 
other countries follow text. Also see 
titles of treaties.) 
Trebelli-Bettini, Zelia, d., 7621. 
Trebia, action at, 10541 . 
Trebinje, insurgents defeated ; surren- 
ders, 6281 . 
Trebizonde, seat of empire, 11553 ; taken, 

11561 ; Turks take, 10341 . 
Trebonianus Gallus reigns, 10293. 
Trehonius, Caius, captures Marseilles, 

10601. 
Treby, Sir Geo., b. (1644); lord keeper. 

9013 ; d. (1702). 
Tredegar, S. C, manganese found, 360'. 

■ , Baron, title created, 959'. 

Tredgold, Thomas, b., 9243 ; d. (1829). 
Tree, Ellen. (See Kean, Mrs.) 

, Lambert, com. for vice.-pres., 409*. 

Trees, of Liberty planted, Fr, ,7073; sacred 

to gods, Ger., 7682. 
Trefoil, Smaadigte, 11042. 
Treilhard, Count Jean Baptiste, b. (1742) ; 

forced to retire, 7133 ; d. (1810). 
Trelawney, Bishop, acquitted, 8963. 
Tremilius, Emmanuel, b. (1510±); d., 10822. 
Trench, Baron Franz von der, b., 79S3; d., 
8003. 

, Baron Friedrich von der, b., 8002 ; 

d.,8063. 

, Richard Chenevix, b., 9331 ; works, 

9563, 9842 ; archbp., 9663 ; d., 9942. 

, Thomas, governor Md., 55 3 . 

Trendelenburg, Friedrich Adolf, b., 8082 ; 

d., 8281. 
Trenholm, Geo. A., paroled, 249' ; d. (1876). 

, William L., Pinpli'x Money, 4482. 

Trent, Confed. envoys, 200' , 20l'i , 2022,3. 
Trent, Tyrol, council of, 681'; dissolved, 

6823 ; decrees enforced, 10983. 
Trenton lighted by electricity, 312' ; 
wrecked at Samoa, 336'; battery of, 
saved, 338'. 
Trenton, N. C, action near, 208'. 

, N. J., occupied by Washington, 

843 ; battle of, 85' ; Continental Con- 
gress meets, 972; steel guns mnfd., 1963; 
homefor soldiers' children, 2453 ; school 
for deaf mutes, 323' ; pottery trust fmd., 
3413 ; rubber trust fmd., 3513 ; Am. 
Gas Investment Co., 3633 ; hattle monu- 
ment, 396', 440', 3; leather trust; U. 
S. Cutlery Co., 4093 ; Race-track Bills 
rally, 4243 ; Am. Stave and Cooperage 
Co., 4273 ; strike. 4382 ; R. R. collision, 
4432; Miss Phillbroke's application, 
4622 ; Phila. and N. Y. Traction Co., 
4653; Great White Spirit Co. org., 4752. 

, Tenn., action at, 2182 ; negroes shot, 

285', 3871. 

Bridge, N. C, Confeds. defeated, 

2072. 
Trenton's Neck, skirmish at, 2083. 
Trentowski, Ferdinand B., b., 11163 ; d., 

11182. 
Trepotf, Gen., shot at, 11191 . 
Treskow, Gen., ordered to So. Fr., 7403; 

at Dreux, 7423. 
Tr&sor Rationale issued, Belg., 5443. 
Tresilian, chief justice, executed, 860 3 . 
Tressan, La Vergne de, works, 7052, 7131. 
Trevecca, W., theolog. school fnd., 9131 . 
Trevellick, Richard, pres. Greenback Con- 
vention, 3051 . 
Trevelyan, Sir Charles Edward, h., 9331 ; 
governor Madras, 10491 ■ ,\., 994 2 . 

, Sir George Otto, b., 9482 ; work, 9811; 

chancellor Lancaster. 993 2 ; chief secre- 
tary, 9892 ; minister, 9952, 10092. 



Trev-Tuek. 



Text Figures denote Page, IND-h-yC. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1431 



Treves, Prus., fnd.,769i ; taken, 6881 , 6921 , 
6981, 7962 ; bprie. fnd., 7682 ; c h. coun- 
cil, 7682, 7843 ; church of Simeon fnd., 
7682 ; archbishopric find., 7723 ; Univ. 
of est., 7863, 787' ; besieged, 7881 ; electo- 
rate revoked, 7923; occupied, 7981; p r . 
exiles in, 8072 ; pilgrimages t o cathedral, 
8342; prosperous, lnii:;2; capital, 10673. 

Trevethick, patent granted, 9302. 

Trevilian Station, Va., Sheridan at, 2342. 

Trevira. (See Treves.) 

Treviranus, Gottfried Keiuhold, b., 8042 ; 
d.,8143. 

Trevisa, John, Polychronicon, 8603 ; d., 
8622. 

Trevise, Due de. (See Mortier.) 

Treviso, It., Univ. chartered, 10771. 

Trevor, George, b. (1809) ; d., 9982. 

, Sir John, b. (1535) ; keeper, 8993; ex- 
pelled, 9003,9012 ; d. (1717). 

Trew, Ohristoph Jakob, b., 7982 ; d.,8031. 

Trial at bar adopted, G. B., 9472 ; by com- 
bat first, It., 10733 ; by jury, est., Gr., 
8431 ; by juries, Rus., 11192, 14333 ; by 
jury, Fr., 7472; by ordeal, abolished, G. 
B., 8523 ; by peers, est. It., 10712 ; by 
torture, abolished, Port., 11113. 

for Treason Act, G. B., 9012. 

Triana wrecked off Cuttyhunk, 3701 . 

, Rodrigo de, discovers land, 132. 

Tribunal of Rites, decision of, 6151 , 

Tribunate, privileges restored, 10591 . 

Tribune, La, wrecked, 9281 . 

Tribunes, increased to ten, 1051 2 ; military 
successors to decemvirs ; military, abol- 
ished, 10513 ; power in senate, 10532. 

Tribur, or Trebur, Ger., Diet of, 7751 ,3. 

Trichinopoli, India, battle at, 7001 . 

Tridates II., reigns, 11533 ; converted, 
11543. 

Triennial Act repealed, Eng., 8913; passed, 
8851. 

Meeting. (See Baptist.) 

Parliament Act, Eng., 9012. 

Trieste, Aust., severe cold, 5341 ; water- 
spout, 5342 ; Episcopal palace endan- 
gered, 535i ; dynamite explosion ; free 
port, 5353 ; storm, 5361 . 

Trillo, Juan de Ocon y, governor, 6301 . 

Trim, Ire., bishopric created, 8403. 

Trimberg, Hogo von, Renner, 7823. 

Trimble, Allen, b. (1783); governor O., 
1312, 1352 ; d. (1870). 

, Robert, b., 891 ; justice U. S. court, 

1352 ; d. (1828). 

Trimlestown, Baron, title created, 8631 . 

Trimountain (Boston), founded, 331 . 

Trincomalee, Fr. fleet defeated, 10442. 

Trinidad, W. I., dis., 143 ; settled, 173, 
631 3 ; taken, 24 1 , 462 ; G. B. acquires, 
9292 ; see est., 9722 ; Bp. Hayes cons., 
10022 ; mission, 11603. 

, Cal., riotous strikers, 4642. 

Trinitarians, rupture with Unitarians, N. 
Eng., 1243. 

Trinity painted, 7862. 

Trinity Coll. est., Dublin, 8771 , 8783, 8831 ; 
barracks, 8983 ; erected, 9152 ; religious 
tests abolished, 9771 . 

. (See Cambridge and Oxford.) 

est., Durham, N. C, 1863. 

est., Hartford, Conn., 1312. 

Fraternity instituted, Rome, 1081 1 . 

Univ. (Cumb. Presb.), est.,Tehuacana, 

Texas (1869). 

Trinpany, A. V., missionary, 5822. 

Triopas reigns in Argos, 10133. 

Tripartite treaty signed, Fr., 7333. 

Triple Alliance War, Brazil, 5561 ; signed 
against Fr., 6913 ; fmd. against Sweden 
andSp., 6973 ; Rus., Aust., Er., fmd. 8032; 
Ger., Aust., It. against Rus., Fr., 10902 ; 
extended, 5352, 8352,3. 

Tripoli, Afr., war withU. S. A.,1101 , 1112; 
siege of, 1121 ; Am. prisoners liberated, 
1133 ; treaty with U. S. A., 1132 ; taken 
from Christians, 654 2 . (See text, pp. 
1138, 1139.) 

Tripolis, or Tripolitza, taken, 10321 ; 
stormed, 10342. 

T""ipp, Bartlett, minister, 4473. 

Triremes invented, 10142. 

Trissino, Gian-Giorgio, b. (1478) ; "work, 
10812 ; d. (1550). 

Trist, Mr., commissioner, 1633. 

Tristan l'Hermite, Francois, b., 6862 ; 

d., 6902. 
Tristant issued, 7783. 
Tritrea in Achaean League, 1027 1 . 



Triumph launched, 9701 . 

of Germanicus painted, 8281 . 

Triumvir, appointed, 6071 ; lstfmd.,1059'; 

2d fmd., 10612; war of, 10602. 
Triune, Tenn., action at, 2222. 
Trivet, Nicholas, b. (1258±) ; work, 8562 ; 

d. (1358). 
Trn, Bulg., battle of, 5662. 
Trobriand, Philippe Regis de, b., 7222. 
Trochu, Gen. Louis Jules, b., 7222 ; forti- 
fies Paris, 7401 ; decree against foreign- 
ers ; gov. of Paris ; refuses gov't of Fr., 
741 1 ; issues proclamation ; pres. senate, 
7412; resigns; sortie from Paris, 7441; 
libeled, 7463. 
Troil, Uno, b.-d., 11342. 
Troisville, Belg., taken, 7101 . 
Trojan Pass, Russians take, 5661 , 

War, 10141. 

Trojans Bettle in Latium, 10511 . 
Trollope. Anthony, b., 9363; works, 9543, 
9723; <£., 9901. 

, Mrs. (Frances Milton), d., 9662. 

, Thomas Adolphus, b.,9351 ; d., 10082. 

Trommsdorff, Johann Bartkoloniaus, b., 

8031 ; d., 8143. 
Tromp, Admiral Cornelius, or Cornells, 
van, b.-d., 11003. 

, Marten Harpertzoon van, b.-d., 10983; 

adm., at Dunkirk, 6881 ; naval battles 
of; at Downs, 8881: in Eng. Channel; 
victories, 1100 1 ; killed, 888 1 . 
Troost, Gerard, b., 851 ; d., 1682. 
Troplong, Raymond Theodore, b., 7012; 

d., 7382. 
Troppau, Silesia, emperors meet at, 5212; 

Anti-Semites opposed, 5362. 
Tros reigns, 11413. 
Tross-jagerndorf, battle of, 5161 . 
Troubadour period, 6663, 6691 . 
Troublesome llviqu of Kino John, 8771 . 
Troup, George M., b'. (1780) ; gov. Ga., 1313 ; 

d. (1856). 
Trousdale, William, gov. Tenn., 1671. 
Trousers, loose, intro., G. B., 9391 . 
Trousseau, Armand, b., 7143; d., 7362. 
Trowbridge, John, b., 1562. 

, Townsend, b., 1342. 

, William Petit, b., 1362; d. (1892). 

Troy, Ala., normal school opened, 3282. 

, Ancient, Asia, siege of ; captured, 

11421 ; destroyed, 10141 ; site explored, 
11581. 

, N. T., first house, 693; fire, 1293, 1773, 

2073; Rensselaer Polytechnic Inst, org., 
1323 ; horseshoes made, 1441 ; landslide, 
1541 ; stove-molders strike, 323 2 ; steam- 
boats sold, 3493 ; soldiers' and sailors' 
monument, 3901 ; laundry strike, 3782, 
4002; Liberty Bell cast, 4332 ; election 
riot, 4522 ; Bipartisan Election Inspec- 
tors Bill, 4533 ; citizens' petition, 4552 ; 
" Bat " Shea's trial, 4642. 
Troyes, Pr., capitulates, 6761; treaty of, 
signed, 6773, 8733; allies retreat to, 7203. 

, Chrestien de. (See Chrestien.) 

, Jeande, Chrvnujiw Scnn<la/euse,6783. 

Troyon, Constant, b., 7211 ; d., 7362. 
Truce, of Antwerp concluded, 11001 ; Eng. 
and Fr., 5741 ; two years with Eng., 
6741; five years with Eng., Fr., 6781; 
Fr. with Sp., 6793; Eng. 28 years with 
Fr., 8612; Eng. 22 months with Fr., 8621 ; 
of God est., 6682, 6691 , 2; favored, 7753. 
Truck Act passes, 9752. 

system forbidden, 9451. 

True Christian Belief published, 7923. 

Chronicle History of K. Lear, 8771 . 

Truett, George, gov. Del., 1153. 
Trujillo, Gen., pres. Colombia, 6292. 
Trumbull, Benj., b., 622; d., 1282. 

, Henry Clay, b., 1382. 

, James Hammond, b., 1301. 

, John, b.,662; d., 1562. 

, , b., 711 ; paintings, 771 , 831 , 931 , 

951 , 2, 981 , 1001 , 1021 ; commission from 
Congress, 1261 ; d., 1382. 

, G., commissioned major, 4561 , 

, Jonathan, b., 56 2 ; gov. Conn., 772 ; 

1092 ; speaker, 1032 ; d., 1162 ; statue, 
2761. 
— — , Joseph, gov. Conn., 1671 . 

, Lyman, b., 1211; Free-Soil senator, 

1812; Confiscation Bill, 2013; intro. Civil 
Rights Bill, 2512. 
Trun, Sp., action at, 11301 . 
Truro, Eng., action at,886i ; see est., 9803; 
Cathedral of St. Mary fnd., 9842 ; Bp. 
Gott cons. 10062. 



Truro, N. S., Presbytery, 5763; coal dis.. 
5881. 

, Baron, title created, 9511 . 

, Lord. (See Wilde, Sir Thos.) 

Truscott, Sir Francis Wyatt, lord mayor, 

9852. 
Trust, sewer pipe, fmd., 3353; pottery, at 
Trenton, 3413; sweet potato fmd., Balti- 
more, 3433; tobacco find., 3413; cigarette 
mnf. ; cracker-makers, 3533 ; smelt- 
ing organizations, 3553 ; ice-dealers, 
Chicago, 3573 ■ publishers of cheap 
novels, 3593 ; Nat. Casket Co., 3653 ; 
Standard Oil Co., 3713 (dissolved, 4033 ; 
indictment, 4771 ); sugar refiners, N. Y., 
3713 ; window-glass, 3733 ; table glass- 
ware mnf., 3773; sash and door ; Spreck- 
els and Havemeyers sugar, 3813 ; 
whisky, annual meeting, 383 3 ; kindling 
wood, 3893; barbed wire ; Chicago sch. 
furniture, 401 3 ; brewers, Chicago : 
Phila., purchase refinery ; Standard Oil " 
dissolved, 4033; rice, New Orleans ; rub- 
ber, N. Y., 4053; leather, 4093; brewers'; 
flour ; shoe, 4133 ; liverymen, 4172;3viSst~ 
ern book publishers, 4193; sole-leather, 
4233 ; iron pipe, 4273 ; sewer-pipe men, 
4293 ; oak-harness leather men, 4393 ; 
fruit-canners, 463 3 ; Chicago gas, dis- 
solved, 4653 ; wheel, 4733 ; wharfage, 
Brooklyn, 4773 ; wrapping paper, Can., 
5893; cordage, Can., 5933; colliery, Eng., 
10053. 

Trutch, J. W., gov., Br. Col., 5833. 

Truxillo (or Trujillo), Peru, battle, 10951 . 

Truxtum, Thomas, b., 711; battles with 
Fr., 1081 ; d., 1302. 

Tryon, Dwight William, b. (1849) ; ill 
Academy of Design, 3981 . 

, Sir Geo., vice-adm., drowned, 10101 . 

, Gen. J. Rufus, in navy dept., 447 2 . 

, Wm., b. (1725+) ; gov. N. C, 76< , of 

N. Y., 773 ; retires, 831 ; at Danbury, 
Conn., 862; i n Conn, 901 , 2; d., 9243. 

Tryphon, insurrectionist, in Sicily, 10562. 

, usurper, 11481 ; kills J. Maccabeus ; 

kills Antiochus ; reigns, 11493. 

Trytseus flourishes, 10143. 

Tsa Korna mission, 11241 , 

Tsao-Khan captured, 6261 . 

Tsaou Taaou defeats Chang Keo, 6121 , 

Tschang Heng, astronomer, 6122. 

Tschirnhausen, Ehrenfried Walter, b. 
(1651); inv. telescopes, 7982; d. (1708). 

Tschudi, Friedrieh von, b.-d., 11381 . 

Tse-nan Foo taken, 6121 . 

Tseng, Marq., b. (1839) ; signs treaty, 6232; 
director R. R., 6253 ; d. (1890). 

Tsenge Kwofan, d., 6222. 

Tseu-kwo-fan, struggle for power, 621 a . 

Tshak-Khan retires, 62. 

Tsi dynasty rules, 6131 . 

Tsiampa, Annam conquers, 481 ' . 

Tsin dynasty rules, 6112. 

Chi Hwangti, buildings erected, 6102; 

enthroned, 6112. 

Ching Wang org. army, 610 1 . 

Li Chow, cloud burst, 6241. 

Tsinghai, rebels besieged, 6181 . 

Tsiiic-ki;i]iti-pu mission, 6243. 

Tsi-tsien dynasty formed, 10942. 

Tsi-r/uen, Japanese cruiser, sunk, 6261 . 

Tsiu Kno Yin, Chinese ambassador, 3451 . 

Tso-tsung-tang, Chinese leader, 6221; d., 
6242. 

Tsoupa Wang enthroned, 6113. 

Tsousin enthroned, 611 2 . 

Tsouting enthroned, 6112. 

Tsouy enthroned, 611 2 . 

Tsunayoski, shogun, 10913. 

Tsunhua mission, 6231 . 

Tsychandyr, action at, 11181. 

Tsze-Au, d., 6222. 

Tualis, storm, 5341 . 

Tuam, see of, erected, 8403 ; archbishopric 
est., 8502; Bp. O'Sullivan cons., 10042. 

Tuathal org. army, 8392. 

Tubal-Cain inv. iron forging, 1139 1 . 

Tubertus defeats Veientes and Volscii, 
10501. 

Tubarao River, coal discovered, 5542. 

Tuberculosis. Koch's remedy, 8341. 

Tubing and fitting first mnf., 1461 . 

Tiibingeii, Ger., univ. chartered, 7871 . 

Tucapel, battle of, 6043. 

Tuehbald, Elizabeth, d., 9403. 

Tucker, Abraham, b., 9022; d., 9191 . 

, Alfred Robt., cons. bp. of Afr., 10042; 

caravan to Uganda, 5622. 



1432 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Tuck-Tynd. 



Tucker, Beverly, reward for, 2473 ; d., 360' . 

— — , Capt., at Old River, 2183. 

, Charlotte (A. L. O. E.), b. (1821) ; 

d., 10122. 

, George, b. (1775) ; History, 1802 ; d., 

1922. 

, Gideon J., for Socialists, 4671. 

, Henry St. George, b., 1722 ; d. (1S48). 

, Tilghman, M., gov., Miss., 1552. 

, William Jewett, b. (1839) ; pres. Dart- 
mouth College 4022, 4221 . 

Tuckerman, Bayard, b. (1855) ; Gen. Lafay- 
ette, 3503. 

, Henry Theodore, b., 1211; works, 

1451,1631,1663, 1742,1863,2603; d.,2742. 

Repeal Bill, 4392, 4403, 4411, 4492, 

4512. 

Tuckey, James Hingston, b. (1778) ; ex- 
plorer, 10931 ; d. (1816). 

Tucsou, Ariz., Leon, stage robber, 3852 ; 
Geromino killed, 3852. 

Tucuman founded, 4S92; saved, 4921. 

Tudela, Sp., Spanish defeat, 7162. 

Tutlomanifos i/'/iijctimcni/ issued, 5203. 

Tudor, William, b., 912; d., 1382. 

, House of, 8672. 

Tu Due, King, Annam, 4812 ; resists Fr., 
4813; d., 4813. 

Tufts, B. R., arrested, 4663. 

, Charles, b. (1781) ; donor ; d., 2921 . 

, Lieut., at Beokwith's Farm, 2001 . 

, Quincy, d., 2762. 

College, Mass., org., 1703. 

Tugenbund formed, Ger., 8091 , 3. 
Tughlak, House of, rules, 10432 ; dynasty 

overthrown, 10433. 

Tugu, mission, 8383, 10472. 

Tngwell, Herbert, eons, bp., 10121 . 

Tuigg, John, b. (lS20i; d., 3481 . 

Tuileries. (See Paris.) 

Tukulti Adar 1., conquers Babylon, 11401 ; 
reigns, 11431 . 

Tulane Univ. org.. 1431 ; opd., 3183. 

Tulga reigns, 11253. 

Tullia d'Aragona, Infinity of Love, 1081 2 . 

Tullius, Servius, advancement of; divides 
property holders, 10503 ; reigns, 10511. 

Tulloeh, John, 9403; u ., 9942. 

Tullus, Hostilius,b.-d., 10502 ; king, 10511 . 

Tully, William, b., 962 ; d., 1842. 

Tumbez, Peru, Pizarro arrives, 201. 

Tumkur mission, 10483. 

Tummoo, Burmese war, 104S 2 . 

Tuinr Bogha, sultan, 6553. 

Tunbridge Wells, Eng., medicinal springs, 
8793. 

Tungani of Kashgaria. rev.. It. 6202, 6221 . 

Tungche, enthroned, 6213, 6232; receives 
ministers, 6232 ; d., 6222. 

Tung-Chow, mission, 6203, 6211; sud- 
merged, 6242. 

Timgi stormed, 11121. 

Tung-Kwan, pass of ; taken, 6121. 

Tungsten steel manufactured, 8201 . 

Tungu mission, 10471 . 

Tungarahua, Mount, eruption of, 6433. 

Turns (see text, p. 1139 1, subjugated, 10502; 
annexed to Turk., 11592 ; Fr. army in, 
101 ; Bey cedes territory, 102 ; Fr. expe- 
dition, 7532, 7901 ; Fr. protectorate est., 
7551 ; action at, 10523. 

Tunnel, 1st in Eng., 9U',1 ; great canal T. 
opd^ 9182; Thames T. opd., 9521 ; under 
St. Clair River, 3693. (See also under 
specific names.) 

Hill, Ga., Bragg pursued, 2282; Con- 
federates defeated, 2301 ; action at, 2302. 

Tunstall's Station, Va., cavalry fight, 2343. 

Tupac, Amaru, captured, 5501 ; leads re- 
bellion, 11082. 

Yupanqui, at < >uito, 6431 . 

Tupelo, Miss., Confederates defeated, 2212, 
2362; Hood retreats to, 2403. 

Tupper, Sir Charles, b. (1S21) ; minister 
fisheries, Can., 5931, 5952; knighted, 
5943; justice, 5963; at Washington, 3273; 
reciprocity, 381 2 . 

, Martin Farquhar, b., 9351; works, 

9503 ; d., 10021 . 

Tura mission, 10472. 

Turbine, Ralph de, archbp. Canterbury, 
8483. 

wheel inv. by Fourneyron, 7241 , 

Turcoing, Neth., allies defeated, 7101. 

Turcomans defeated, 6 2 . 

Turco-Russian neutrality of rulers, 5293. 

Turenne, Vicomte de (Henry de la Tour 
d'Auvergne), b., 686 2 ; at Mergentheim, 
6361; in Fr, army; campaign in Ger., 



68S1, 6921; j i ns royalists; at Rhetel, 
6901; inNeth. ,5401, 6921 ; in Palatinate, 
6921 ; end of Thirty Years' War, 7961 ; 
joins court party, 6912 ; commander; in 
Hesse, 7961 ; at Dunkirk, 8881; k.,6921. 

Turgeneff, Ivan, b., 11163 ; works, 11172 ; 
d., 11201. 

Turgeon, Peter Flavian, cons. bp. Que., 
5S02; d.,5821. 

Turgot, Anne Robert Jacques, Baron de 
l'Aulne, b., 69S 2 ; comptroller-general, 
7053; d., 7051. 

Turin, It., siege raised, 5141 ; surrenders, 
6881; peace of, 694 1 ; battle at, 6961, 
10662; captured, 10541; Savoy acquires, 
10752; Univ. fuel., 10791 ; occupied by Fr., 
10813, 111853; seized, 10841 ; L' Opinion Re- 
vista Conieinj/onaict : Sardinia gets, 
10871 ; R. R. to Lusa; R.R. to Florence, 
10873 ; monument to Cavour, 10882. 

Turkestan independent, 4871; province 
fnd., 11193. 

Turkey (see text, pp. 1139-1159); indepen- 
dence of, 92; treaty with U. S., 1373; 
fleet captured, 6563 ; quadruple alliance 
with, 7293 ; Eng. trade, 8713; appeals to 
Eng., 9592; Eng. aids, 9581; wars with 
Rome, 10281 ; aid for Christians, 9803 ; 
peace with Venice ; peace with Austria, 
11572 ; ally of Fr., 11553 ; manifesto 
against ; treaty with Rus. ; league with 
Eng. and Rus., 11573; war with Monte- 
negro; war with Servia ; Turko-Russian 
war; evacuation, 115S1 ; famine, 11583 ; 
war with, Rus., 11141, 1116I , 11181 ; war 
indemnity pressed, 11213; Servia strug- 
gles against, 11233; treaty to maintain 
empire, 5251 ; I'ers. invade, 10101 , 10181 ; 
Goths invade, 10282; Huns invade; Betas 
ravages, 10301; Romans invade, 10321; 
Gr. revolts ; Suliotcs rebel, 10353; Great 
Brit, aids, 1037 2 ; Romans invade, 10551 ; 
Gauls invade, 105(1 1 ; rupture with Gr., 
10572; Pompey in, 1060 1 ; Goths ravage, 
10661, 10681. 

red dye introduced, 7002. 

and Levant Co. chartered, 8753. 

Turkeys introduced, Fr., 6833. 

Turkheim, Imperialists defeated, 6921. 

Turkish Mission Aid Soc. org., 9583. 

" Turkish tax" refused, Fr., 7912. 

Turkoman dynasty fnd., 11073. 

Turkomans defeated, 62; conquer Persia ; 
driven out, 11072. 

Turko-Russian war, 5651 -K 

Turks, 1st mentioned, 10313; invade Asia 
M., 10321 ; i n N. Afr., 81 ; conquer Egy. 
and Arabia ; expelled, 4861 ; conquer 
Wahabis, 4882 ; in Arabia, 4883 ; tribute 
to, 5112 ; in Aust., 514i ; hold Greece, 
1035 3 ; in Hung., 5141, 7881; conquer 
Bokhara, 5491 ; ]n China, 6131 ; in Italy, 
10781; in B. Lepanto, 10801; conquered, 
10821; invade Montenegro, 10971,2; war 
with Montenegro, 10972; war withpers., 
11061; Port, troops against, 11101 ; mas- 
sacred, 11121; defeat Servians, 11231. 

Turnau, engagement at, 8241 , 

Turnebus, Adrianus, b., 6S02; d., 6842. 

Turner, A. W., arrested, 4122. 

, Charles, d., 9622. 

, Tennyson, b. (1808) ; Poems by 

Two Brothers, 9431 ; d. (1874). 

, Yardley, b. (1S50) ; Academy of 

Design, 3241 . 

, Col., at Salem, Mo., 2003. 

, Edward, b. (1797); d., 9482. 

, Francis. Bp., acquitted, 8963; d.(1700). 

, Palgrave, b., 9422. 

, Sir George James, lord justice, 9592. 

, Henry G., b., 1502, 

, MeXeal, b. (1833); mobbed, 3271. 

, James, b. (1766) ; gov. N. C, 111 3 ; d. 

(1824). 

, W., nom. for. gov., 367 2 . 

, J. Fraser, cons, bp., 9663. 

, John Wesley, b. (1833) ; at Forts 

Gregg and Witworth, 2443. 

, Joseph Edward, d.. 3422. 

, Mallord William, b., 9191; 

paintings, 11322, 9343, u;ji;2, 9381 ; d.,9562. 

, Nat, b. (1800 ■ ); leads negro insurrec- 
tion, 1391 ; d. (1831). 

Nolin feud fight, 4503. 

, Richard, temperance address, 9471 . 

, Samuel Hulbeart, b., 1022 ; d.,2023. 

, Sharon, h. (1768); d., 9542. 

, Thomas G., gov. R. I., 1872. 

, W. A., arrested, 4743. 



Turner, William, cons, bp., 10102. 

, Wadden, b., 1162 ; d., 1842. 

Falls, .Mass., Indians defeated, 462. 

Turpie, David, b., 1362. 

Turpin, archbp. of Reims, works, 6663 ■ d. 
(812±). 

, Louis W., b., 1662. 

Turquet, Dei)., arraigned, 758 2 . 

Turretini, Francois, b.-d., 11371 . 

, Jean Alphonse, b.-d., 11372. 

Tuscaloosa Univ., Ala., org., 1391 ; French 
College est., 1822; institute opd., 2922. 

Tuscans, defeated at Tusculum, 10501 . 

Tuscany, It., annexed to Rome, 10532 ; 
duchyin Medici family, 10813 ; occupied 
by Fr., 10841 ; annexed to Fr., 1085 3 ; 
ceded to Parma, 5193 ; occupancy pro- 
tested ; restored, 5253; new constitution, 
10872 ; provisional gov't, 10883 ; appeal 
to Victor Emmanuel ; votes for union, 
10891. 

Tuscarora village burned by Brit., 1211 . 

Tusculum destroyed, 778 1 ; action at, 10501 . 

Tuscumbia, Ala.', Confederates defeated, 
2162, 2203; J. Steele shot, 3643. 

, Tenn., Blair at, 2271 . 

Tuskegee, Ala., Normal and Industrial 
School est., 3082 ; colored people's con- 
vention, 421 1 . 

Tuspan, Mex., taken, 1621 . 

Tuttle, Charles Wesley, b.(1829); d.,3081. 

, Frederick A., gov. Ariz., 313 2 . 

, Hiram A., gov. N. H., 3692, 3991 . 

, H. P., dis. asteroids, Maia, 1922, Cly- 

tia, 2072 ; comet, 2111. 

Tu Wensin (Suleiman), d., 6222. 

Tuyen-Kouan, siege of, 4822. 

Quan, besieged, 6241 . ' 

Tuyutu, battle at, 5561 . 

Twain, Mark. (See Clemens, Samuel.) 

Tweed wrecked, 9553. 

Frear charter, granted in N.Y., 27H . 

, Wm. M., b., 1303 ; controls election, 

2651; swindle in N. Y., 2731; arrested; 
in Tombs, 2743 ; trial, 281 1 ; 2d trial, 2831 ; 
civil suit, 2883; verdict, 2911; arrested 
in Sp.; inN.Y.,2923 ; discloses scheme, 
297 1; d.,2982. 

Ring, exposed by N. Y. Times, 270 3 ; in- 
vestigation, 2743 ; newspapers oppose, 
2782. 

Tweeddale, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

Tweedmouth, Baron, title created, 9871. 

Twesten, August I let lev Christian, b., 8043; 
d.,8282. 

, Karl, b., 8122; d., 8262. 

Twiggs, David Emanuel, b., 1022 ; casb- 
iered ; superseded in Tex. ; surrenders, 
1921 ; d., 2132. 

Twiller. W. mter van, gov. N. Y., 333. 

Twiss, Sir Travel's, b., S351 . 

Ttri.ts's Index to Sh(tk<sjH'iire issued, 9331 . 

Twitchell, Geo. S., sentenced, 2651 . 

, Joseph H., John Winthrop, 420 3 . 

Twopenny Register powerful, 939 2 . 

Two Sicilies conquered, (1793 ; subdued; 
7781; restored to Frederick 111., 10792. 

dollars-a-day Bill repealed, 357"2. 

Tyard,Poiitusde,h.,6S03 ; Er rears amou- 
reuses, 0831 ; d., 6S62. 

Tyce, John, makes Taffeta, 8762. 

Tychsen, Olans Gerhard, b. ,8002 ; d.,8103. 

, Thomas Christian, b., 8023; d., 814 3 . 

Tvgart's Valley, Gen. Averell at, 2262. 

Tvler, B. It., moderator, 3122. 

, D. Gardner, b., 1602. 

Davidson, fountain unveiled, 2741 . 

, E. B., Spelling Reform Asso., 984 3 . 

, Geo. Robt., lord mayor Lend., 10112. 

, Gen. Daniel.b. (1799); at Blackburn's 

Ford, Va., 196 3 ; d. (1882). 

, Col. Erastus B., b. (1822±); at Cross 

Lanes, 1981 ; d. (1891). 

, John, b., 1022; gov. Va., 115 3 , 1333; 

marries, 1212, 1591 ; signs Delavan's de- 
claration ; pres. senate, 1452 ; vote for 
v.-pres., 1472, 1532; vice-pres., 1512, 1533; 
cabinet disagrees ; vetoes bank bill ; 
pres., 153 2 ; vetoes tariff bill, 155 3 ; nom., 
1572; withdraws from conven., 157 3 ; en- 
tertains Father Mathew, I66 3 ; seeks 
truce, 1912; pres. of Peace Conven., 191 3 ; 
d.,202 3 ; widow pensioned, 3111. 

, Moses Ci.it, b. (1835); work, 3291. 

, Wat., opposes tax;k., 8601; d., 8602. 

, William S., b., 1162. 

Tyndale(or Tindale), William, b., 8642; 
translates Bible, 8063; Practice of Prel- 
ates, 8091 ; burned, 8682,3. 



Tynd-Unit. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1433 



Tyndall, Prof. John, on dust, 972' ; in 
U. S., 2783; diamagnetic polarity, 9602; 
works, 9743, 9783,9882; d. (1893). 

Tyndaris, naval battle near, 10523. 

Tyne, Sir Richard, chief justice, 9012. 

Tyner, James Noble, b. (1826); post-mas- 
ter gen., 2931 ; in p.-o. dept., 3512. 

Tyng, Stephen Higginson, b.,1082; d.(1885). 

Tynte, Edward, gov., 573. 

Type-setting machine used, 950 2 . 

Types, first in England, 9061. 

Typhoon in China, 6222. 

Typographical Unions Conven., 393', 
against liquor traffic, 4763. 

Union, International, 4083. 

Typothetie, United Asso.of,in session,3682; 
for nine hours, 3863; conven. Cincinnati, 
3942; Franklin anniversary, 3991; con- 
vention, Phila., 4722. 

Tyrconnel, Earlof . (See Talbot, Richard.) 

Tyre, built, 11412; rebuilt, 11431; pre- 
eminent, 11432; tribute to Assyr., 11451 ; 
besieged, 10242, 11461 ; taken, 10322, 
10741 , 11541 ; Council of, 10692. 

Tyrol, Bohemians expelled, 7821 ; gained 
by Ger., 7832; Aust. acquires, 5072; Jes- 
uits arrive, 5103; ceded to Aust., 5132, 
5193,7973; revolts from Bavaria, 8093; 
abandoned ; armed against Fr. suprem- 
acy, 519 3 ; South T. annexed to It., 7193; 
rebellion, 5213; stormed, 5341; request 
for Trieste, 5353. 

Tyron, George Washington, d., 3281. 

Tyrone, Ire., proclaimed, 9952. 

, Baron, title created, 9232. 

Tyrrel, Walter (•.'), shoots king, 8492. 

Tyrrell, James, b., 8842; d. (1718). 

Tyrtams, d., 10142. 

Tyson, Edward, b., 8862; d., 9022. 

Tytler, Alex. Fraser, b., 9122; d., 9363. 

,Patrick Fraser, b., 9243; Scotland, 

9443; d., 9542. 

Ty wappity, Miss., 1st Baptist church, 1123. 

Tzatcheff, Dr., conspirator, 5683. 

Tzegedinac, Pero, leader of revolt, 515 1 . 

Tze-kee, Chinese routed, 6162. 

Tzitzania, Slavic Grammar, 1115' . 



T. 

Uat'-nes reigns, Egy., 6453. 

Tbeda, Francisco Lopez de, Picara Jus- 
tina, 11291. 

Ubicini, Jean Henri Abdolonyme, b., 
7223 ; d., 7542. 

Ubiquarians est., 7903. 

Uchch taken, 10421 . 

Udabuko, trial, 6033. 

Udaipur mission, 10483. 

Udall, Nicholas, b., 8661; work, 8691; d., 
8721. 

TJdayagiri mission, 10472. 

Udderzook, William E., convicted, 2871. 

Ueberweg, Friedrich, b., 8123; d., 8262. 

Uechtritz, Friedrich von, b., 8071 ; d., 8282. 

Tffenbach, Zacharias Conrad von, b., 
7982; d., 8002. 

Ufford, Sir Ralph, gov., 8592. 

Ufzul rebels, 52. 

Uganda, Karema conquers, 5632; Han- 
nington leaves, 5612. (See British East 
Africa.) 

UyentJia:' korie Afhandlingerissueti,110i z . 

Uguru'mission, 8383. 

TJlil, Edwin F., in state dept., 4472. 

, Friedrich, b., 8123. 

Uhland, Johanu Ludwig, b., 8043; works, 
811',8152, 8163; d., 8202. 

Uhlich, Leberecht, b.,8063; d., 8281. 

Thrich, Jean Jacques Alexis, b., 7143; 
surrenders Strasburg, 7403 ; Cross of 
Legion of Honor, 8261 ; d., 7522. 

Uifalvy, de, Charles Eugene, b., 5203. 

Uira-Cocha, Inca reigns, 133. 

Ujiji, Afr., Stanley's band marches into, 
2741 ; Livingstone reaches, 5611 j mis- 
sion, 8383. 

Tkiah, Cal., corner-stone laid, 3723; stage 
robbery, 4703. 

Tkraine, plain, ceded to Cossacks, 1115 3 . 

Tlbach, Louis, b. (1822); d., 758i. 

Ulfijot, leader, 113. 

Ulfilas, Bp., b. (311); translates Scrip- 
tures, 7683, 10683; Gothic Gospels pub- 
lished, 797 <; cons. bp. of W. Goths, 
10683; d. (381). 

Tlick, Marquis of Clanricarde, post-mas- 
ter, 9551. 



U. S. Grant University org., 2543. 

Tllmann, Karl, b., 8063; d., 8221. 

Ulloa, Antonio de, b.-d., 11283; takes New 
Orleans, 741. 

, Francisco de, b.-d., 11282 ; in Gulf 

of Cal., 21'. 

, Lopez de, gov. Chile, 6052; d., 6051 . 

, Pedro Sorez de, gov. Chile, 6052. 

Tim, Ger., treaty of, 6893, 7952; cathe- 
dral commenced, 7822; cath. finished, 
8342; Ney victorious, 7161; besieged, 
7801; Maurice repelled, 7921; captured, 
5183,7981. 

Ulman, Daniel, d., 4161 . 

Tlpean library est., 10643. 

Ulpianus, Doinitius, jurist, 10653. 

Ulpius, Marcellus, expels Caledonians, 
8401. 

Tlrich, Saint, b.-d., 7722. 

, Count, at Reutlingen; wounded,784i. 

I., Duke of Carinthia, 5033. 

III., Duke ; bequest, 5052. 

, Duke of Wiirtemberg, 7873. 

, Charles Frederick, 1842. 

■ ■, Titus, b., 8102. 

Ulrici, Hermann, b., 8083; d., 8302. 

Ulrika, Eleonora, b. (1688); reigns ; abdi- 
cates, 11353; d. (1741). 

Tlster, Ire., ravaged, 8441 ; loses charter, 
8833; convention meets, 10083; Defense 
League fmd., lull 2 . 

Tltramarine known, 1026 3 . 

Ultra-montanism, in Prus., 8151; agita- 
tion in Ger., 8263; in Reichstag, 8292; 
resolution in Pari., Can., 586 2 . 

Umachiri, action at, 110S1 . 

Tmballa, mission, 10471 . 

Umbrellas, intro. Am., 771 ; Eng.,(?) 9202; 
known China, 6101 ; used Fr.,6882; fold- 
ing intro., It., 10822. 

Umbreit, Freidrioh Wilhelm Karl, 8063; 
d.,8202. 

Umbria, speed record, 3313, 10013. 

Tmlilonhlo, murders colonists, 6021 . 

Tmlazi, Zulu mission, 5982. 

Tmpanda, king, 5992. 

Tmtwalume, mission, 5983. 

Tna, against Herusha, 6461 . 

Una, asteroid, discovered, 2901 . 

Unam Sanctum issued, 6733. 

Unas reigns, Egypt, 6472. 

Uncle Sam, cholera on, 1793. 

Tndabuko, trial of, 6022. 

Undaunted launched, 994' . 

Underbill, Eugene, canoe journey, 5933. 

, John, subdues Indians, 361 ; d (1672+). 

Underwood, Francis Henry, b., 1322. 

, JohnWm. Henry, b. (1816); tariff 

commissioner, 3111 ; d. (1888). 

, Lucien Marcus, b., 1722. 

Undina, asteroid, discovered, 2581. 

Undop, mission, 5523. 

Unganyembe, Afr., Stanley reaches,274' . 

Unger, Franz, b., 5191 ; d., 5282. 

Uniform Bankruptcy Bill passes, 4653. 

Uniformity, Act of, stringent, 363 ; passed, 
8702, 8712, 8722, 8903, 8913, 9762; re- 
pealed, 8713. 

of Process Act passes, 9471 . 

Union, Ore., 1st Baptist church org., 158 2 . 

Am. M. E. Church org., 1212. 

Bill, Canada under, 5793. 

of Brussels proclaimed, 10991. 

of Calmar, kingdoms united, 1135 2 . 

Car Co., sold, 3353. 

Chargeability Act passes, 9691 . 

for Christian work org., R. I., 2602. 

Christian College (Christian) org., 

Merom, Ind. (1859). 

City, Tenn., taken, 2052. 

Coll. (Meth. Epis.) org., Barbour- 

ville, Ky. (1886). 

(non-sect.) org., College View, 

Neb. (1891). 

org., Schenectady, N. T., 1063, 

1643; Pres. Raymond installed, 4602. 

of Conservative .Associations, 10082. 

, Edict of, issued, Fr., 6853. 

Fund of Mass., 1971. 

Generale, directors imprisoned, 7531. 

German Princes fmd, 5173, 

Gospel News issued, 3322. 

Iron Works, San Francisco, est., 

3461. 

Jack, national flag of England, 8792. 

League Club fnd., Phila., 2172; In 

N. Y., 2431 ; C. Depew pres., N.Y., 351' . 

Magazine appears, 1632. 

Mills, Mo., action near, 2121. 



Union Pacific R.R. charter purchased ,2573 ' 
joins Cent. Pac, 2673; Credit Mobilier 
builds, 2593; completed, 2713; strike, 
3232, 4662; robbers routed, 4131 . 

Party Convention, Baltimore, 1872. 

Pipe-Line incorporated, 2853; lay 

pipes, 3073. 

— — Prisoners Nat. Memorial Asso. meets, 
3783. 

Stock-yards opened, 2493. 

Theological Sem. org., 1323, 1463; Li- 
brary org., 146 3 ; accepts Chas. Butler's 
gift, 3582; Prof. Briggs installed, 3761. 

Veteran Legion org., 317 1; National 

Organization, 325 1 . 
Unionist Roman Catholics, address to 

Queen, 9942. 
Uniontown, ice-dam, 342'. 
Unitarian Church, Am., first, 582. in 
Mass., 643, 1103, H23, 1243, 1343, 2542, 
2561,2,2722,3262; org., 982. H.Ballou, 
1062; Congregational ists, 1063; Plymouth 
Church, Mass., 1103; in Harvard, 1123; 
disrupt Congreg. Ch., 117 1, 1243; Theo. 
Education Soc; Harvard Divinity Sen. 
est., 1243; Christian Examiner issued, 
1271; Channing's sermon, 1282; s. S. 
Soc. org., 1343; Benevolent Fraternity 
est., 1431; Am. U. Asso. incorp., 1623; 
Asso. of Ministers at Large fmd., 1682. 
In O., 1702, 396L InN.H.,2191. In 
Me., 2352. National Conf., 2452, 2542. 
In Wis., 2542. Conn. Valley Conf. In 
Conn., 2561. Plymouth Bay Conf. In 
R.I.; Channing Conf., 2562. National 
Conf. in N. Y., 2722, j„ Boston, 2782, at 
Saratoga. 280 1 , 2!l22 , unsa ,:<j 14 2 ,3102,3182, 
3242,uiPhila.,3462, at Saratoga ,3922,472'; 
U. Ministers Institute meets, 2922. In 
Mich.,28S2. Inla.,2942. Inlnd.,2983. 
Birth of Channing eel., 3042. in 111., 
3062, 3242. Woman's Western Conf., 
org., 3062. InMo.,3062. In Neb., 
3102. in Ga., 3163. Middle States 
Conference, 3202; Indian mission work 
begins. In Mont., 3223. "Western 
Asso. org., 324 2 ; Bureau of Unity Clubs 
org., 3262. InMinn.,3263. InN.Y., 
3282. U.Yo unger Ministers' Asso., 3463; 
Nat. Guild Alliance org., 3463. i n 
Colo., 3582. Central Conf. org., 396' ; 
conf. in Baltimore, 478' . 

party, rally, 490'. (See text, Argen- 
tine Republic, pp. 490+.) 

Unitarians, in Europe, 900 2 ; Presbyter- 
ians become, 9083; exempt from penal- 
ties, 937' ; association founded, 9822. 

Unite captured, 9342. 

United Alkali Company registered, 10073. 

Am. Mechanics statistics, 4463. 

Association of Typotheta^meets,368' . 

Belgium formed, 543 2 . 

Brethren in Christ fnd., 69'; org., 

1103; otterbein Univ. org., 1632; Harts- 
ville Univ., 1703 ; Westminster Coll.; 
Miss. Society org., 1723; Western Coll., 
1802; Lane Univ., 2093; Bp. Weaver 
elected, 2452 ; Lebanon Valley Coll. ,2582; 
Philmoath Coll., 2623; Bp. Dickinson 
elected, 2682 ; Woman's Asso. fmd., 2882 ; 
San Joaquin Coll. org., 2962; Bp. Castle 
elected, 2983 ; Bp. Kephart elected, 3082 ; 
Gen. Conf. at York, 3403; Bp. Holt 
elected, 3462- Central Coll., Kan., est., 
3962; York College org. at York, Neb. 
(1890). 

Church in Christ in Japan fmd., 10922. 

Confederate Veterans Conven., 4043. 

Domestic Miss. Soc. formed, 1303. 

Friends, order of, inst.,309'; statis- 
tics, 4463. 

Irishman Soc. org., 351' ; active, 9272; 

insurrection, 928' . 

Kingdom Alliance founded, 959' . 

Beneficent Asso. founded, 967' . 

Home Rule League fmd., 9953. 

Norwegian Lutheran Free Church of 

Am. formed, 360' . 

Order Golden Cross, fnd., 2943; s ta- 

■ of Pilgrim Fathers fnd., 3032. 

Presbyterians. (See Presbyterians.) 

Provincial Diet, summons to, 817' . 

Secession Working Men's Insurance 

est., 941'. 

Service Journal issued, 9443, 

Sons of America formed, 4682. 

States of Am. (See text, 84-479) ; 

Bank (see Bank) ; bonds redeemed, 



1434 



Text Figures denote Page. LNDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Unit-Utah. 



3733 (see Bonds) ; Mex. boundary fixed, 
3932 ; Courts, jurisdiction defined, 
369 2 ; Supreme Court, centennial eel., 
female practitioner in, 3523; political 
existence, 812; flag adopted, 127 2 ; Fr. 
Republic congratulates, 165' ; treasury, 
statistics, 239 3 ; statistics, revenue, ex- 
penses, etc., 2712, 2733, 275' , 2791 , 2832, 
2852, 281)2, 22)31 , 2953, 211:12, ;ll>13, 305' ,3, 
3073, 3093, 3111 , 3133, 3152,3, 3173 3193, 
3212,3, 3251,3, 3272, 3293, 3311, 3333, 
3431 , 3632, 4093, 4213, 4331 , 4473; treaty 
with Korea, 10943; treaty with Mad., 
10953; W ar with Mex., 1091!' ; boundary 
dispute with Mex., 10962; war claims re- 
fused by Port., lllli ; treaty with Siam, 
11242; Sp. acknowledges independence, 
11312; claims from Cuban duties, 11333; 
Brewers' Asso., Wash., D. C, 3591; 
Apostolic delegate est., 4221 . 
United States South, failure, 1672. 
United States captures Macedonia, 118 2 . 
United States Cutlery Co. incorporated, 

4093. 
United States Magazine appears, 1083. 
United States Military Acad. (See "West 
Point.) 

Naval Acad. (See Annapolis.) 

United States Review appears, 359 3 . 
United States Rolling Stock Co., assign- 
ment, 3733. 

Workmen. (See Ancient Order U. 

W.) 
Universal Amnesty Bill fails, 2912. 

Exhibition opd. in Paris, 7593. 

Universal German Library, 803 2 . 

suffrage, Aust., agitated, 536 2 ; Bill 

favored ; in Socialist Assembly, 5363; 
extended ; in Bohemia, 537 1 ; Leopold 
favors, Belg., 547 1 ; petition to Council ; 
Socialists favor, 5463 ; in Brussels ; in 
Belgium, 5481. 

favored, Swe.. 11332, 11333. 

Universalist Church, Am., first believers, 
422,482; first preacher, 651. In Pa., 
65i , 951 , 1402. J. Mayhew avows, 723; 
founder Murray arrives, 742. In Mass., 
723, 932, 982, 1422, 1703. In N. J., 
742,583. First church, 932; lstconven., 
982; new era, new theology; H. Ballou 
preaches, 1033; Winchester Confession 
adopted, 1123. in n. y., 1323, 1802 
InO., 1343, 2782. In Me., 1362. in 
Conn., 1402. InN.H.,1402. State 
conven. org., 1323, 1402, 1442, 1483, 1563, 
1583, 2862, 2882, 2962, 3982, 4461. In 
Pa., 1402. in K. I., 1502. i n 
Mich., 1562. U.Qiltrterhi Review, 1583. 
Inlnd.,1642. In Wis., 1642. Tufts 
Coll., Mass., org., 1703; St. Lawrence 
Univ., 1802. In Kan., 2682, 2882. 
Buchtel Coll., O., 2782. In Ida., 2962. 
In Tex., 3982. in W. Va.,3982. In 
Vt.,446i. In Can., 446'. In Wash., 
4461. 
Universities, degrees inst., 10752; suffer 
from plague, 1077 2 ; at Bologna; reor- 
ganized, Fr., 7151 ; emp. seeks to control, 
Ger., 805 2 ; under police supervision, 
8131 ; Act passes, G. B., 9832; riots of 
students, Bus.; gov't restrictions, 11203. 
University of Alabama est., 1391, 2742, 
3163. 

of Arizona org. at Tucson (1891). 

of California est., 2623, 2822, 3282; 

Lick Observatory est., 3301 , 4142. 

of Chicago est., 3522, 3682, 4162, 4182, 

420 2 , 4221 . 

of Cincinnati est., 270 2 , 2863. 

of City of New York est., 139' , 1423; 

Butler gift, 3582; J. Hall, chanc, 3843, 
4041; land purchase, 430 2 ; Lagarde Li- 
brary, 4342; graduates of, 4041, 4562; 
Medical College burned, 2533. 

of Colorado est., 2962. 

of Denver est., 2093. 

of Deseret est, 2662. 

of Florida est., 3582. 

of Georgia est., 983. 

of Idaho est. (1892). 

of Illinois est., 2583. 

of Indianapolis est. (1850). 

Institute (non-sect.), org., Lockhart, 

Miss. (1881). 

of Iowa org., Iowa City (1855). 

of Kansas est., 2191 , 2543. 

of Lewisburg est., 1663. 

of Louisiana est., 3003. 

of Maine org. at Orono (1865). 



University of Michigan est., 1483, 1543 
2703,4021. 

of Minnesota est., 2623. 

of Mississippi est., 1642. 

of Missouri est., 1543. 

of Montana est. (1895). 

of Nashville est., 9S3. 

of Nebraska est, 2663, 2763. 

of Nevada org., 2863. 

of New Mexico est., 3082, 3502. 

— — of North Carolina est, 1063, 458' . 

of North Dakota est., 3183. 

of Notre Dame org., 155' . 

of Oklahoma est. (1892). 

of Omaha est. (1880). 

of Oregon est., 2922. 

of Pacific est., 1702. 

of Pennsylvania est., 347' , 3843, 3882, 

456i,2. 

of Rochester est., 1683. 

of Southern California est., 3042. 

of South Dakota est., 3143. 

of the South est., 2643. 

of Tennessee est., 1143. (See Nash- 
ville.) 

of Texas est., 3143. 

of Urbana est., 1703. 

of Utah est., 1683, 3643. 

of Vermont est., 1023. 

of Virginia est., 133' , 2923. 

of Washington est. (1892). 

of Wisconsin est., 1643. 

of Wooster est., 2623. 

of Wyoming est., 3263. 

of Berlin est., 8103. 

of Paris controls education, 725' . 

of Rostock, fnd., 785'; Faculty of 

Theology, 7852. 

of Toronto, Can., 5803. 

— of Trinity Coll. fnd., Toronto, 5803. 
(See also specific names in Vocabulary 
place as Cambridge, Dublin, Harvard, 
Oxford, Victoria, Yale, etc.) 

boat-races, 3153, 3213, 3253. 

Club, N.Y., org. ,3003; admits women, 

4562. 

degrees denied to women, Scot., 979'. 

Extension, N. Y., 380', 3832, 396'; 

conf., Phila., 4202; summer meeting, 
4342; society first meeting, 464'. 

Settlement, art exhibit, 408' ; aids 

poor ; society meets, 4262. 
Tests Bill passes, 9732; testB abol- 
ished, 9743. 
Unstrut, Ger., victory on, 772' . 
Unyamyembe, explorers reach, 561' . 
Updegraff, Thomas, b., 1422. 
Upfold, George, b. (1796) ; cons, bishop, 

1662; d. (1872). 
Upham, Charles Wentworth, b., 1102; d., 
2881. 

, Frederick W., d., 380' . 

, Thomas Cogswell, b., 1082; d., 2762. 

, W. H., nom. for governor Wis., 4672. 

Upington ministry funned, 6032. 
Upjohn, Richard, b. (1802) ; d., 2982. 
Upper Alton, 111., Shurtletf College, 135' . 

Canada Coll. and Academy fnd., 679' . 

Germany founded, 769'. 

Iowa University founded, 1822. 

Upsala, fortress taken; Garden est., 
1134' ; archbishopric est. ; University 

fnd., 11343; Theolog. Sel 1 opd., 1136'. 

Upshur, Abel Parker, b. (1790) ; sec. navy, 

1533 ; killed, 156'. 
Upton, Anson J., chancellor, 416 2 . 

, Gen. Emory, b. (1839); work, 2603; 

d. (1881). 

, George F., Vise. Templeton, d., 1002' . 

, John, steam-plow, 948' . 

Ur, ruling city, 11393. 
Uraca reigns in Leon-Castile, 11272. 
Urambo, mission, 8383. 
Uranium discovered, 804' . 
Uranus in Greece, 10133. 
Uranus, planet, discovered, 9202, 954'. 
Urartu, KiiiLi, expeditions against, 1144'. 
Urban, Sir Ben]. D\ sets boundary, 598' . 
Urban I., St., pope, 10643. 
IX, pope, 10743 ; council, 10323; re- 
strictions in Lord's Supper, 10743; d., 
10742. 

IXI., pope, d., 10742. 

IV., pope, d., 10762. 

V\, pope, 1077' ; d., 10762. 

VT.j pope, 1077' ; d., 10762. 

VII., pope, 10812; d., 10822. 

Urban VIII., pope, 10832; d., 10823 
Ur-Bahu reigns, 11393. 



Urbana, Md., action near, 120' . 

, O., University org., 1703. 

Urbieus, Lollius. governor, 10652. 
Urbina, dictator Ecuador, 6442. 
Urbino, It., taken, 1078' ; duchy created ; 
seized, 10793 ; goes to L. de Medici ; an- 
nexed to Papal States, 10813; annexed 
to Italy, 10892. 

, Gen., at battle of Galte, 6432. 

Urdu, asteroid, discovered, 2901 . 
Urdamen captures Pharaoh Necho, 650' . 
Urfe, Honors d', b., 6823; Astrie, 6871 ; d., 

6863. 
Urgel, action at, 11322. 
Ur-Gur, king of Shumer, 11393. 
Uri, Switz., confederated, 11373. 
Uriarte, Higinio, elected president, 11063. 
Uric secedes, 11382. 
Urquhart, Richard, b., 878' ; d., 8902. 
Urquiza, Justo Jose, b., 4893; at Buenos 
Ayres, 4901, 2; gov., 4903; deposed; de- 
feat at India Muerta, 490' ; commander, 
490 2 ; conquest ; navigation secured ; 
pres. ; deposed ; dictator ; repels fili- 
busters, 491' ; neutral, 4912; assassi- 
nated, 4913. 
Urraca attacks Countess of Port., 1126' . 
Urriola, Col., leader, 6072; killed, 606'. 
Ursere Zeit issued, 8203. 
Ursicinus elected anti-pope, 1068 3 . 
Ursinus College organized, Pa., 2722. 

, Zacharius, b., 7902; d.,7922. 

Ursua, Pedro d', in Colombia ; seeks El- 
dorado, 223. 
Ursula, d., 8402. 
Ursuline nuns, order fnd., 1081'; est. at 

New Orleans, 603. 
Uruguay. (See text, pp. 1159-1160.) 
Urukh, king, builder, 1140'. 
Urumiah, Per., revival, 1107'; printing- 
press est., 11073. 
Usagala, Stanley meets missionaries ,5622. 
Usambara, Moslems close mosques, 8383. 
Usambrioa, Mackav remains at, 562' . 
User-en-Ra, in Arabia, 646' ; titles, 6462 ; 

reigns, Egypt, 647' . 
User-ka-f reigns, Egypt, 647' . 
Usertsen I., art patron, 646' ± ; erects obe- 
lisk, 646'. 

II., and III. reign, 6473. 

Usher, or Ussher, James, archbp. of Ar- 
magh, chronol&gist, b.,S742 ; d., 8882. 
Usibepu, Chief,atUlundi,602'; defeated, 

6022. 
Uskuto, Bp. Theodosius expelled, 568' . 
lissagah dies, 429'. 

Usse, Anthony, cons. R. C. bishop, 1012' . 
Ussing, Tage Algreen, b., 6382; d., 642' . 
Ustariz, Juan Andres de, gov., 605 3 . 
Usu, mission at, 1161 2. 
" Usufruct," cipher despatches, 3012. 
Usury prohibited, Eng., 8592; allowed to 

Christians, It., 10793. 
Usutus, Chief, fugitive, 6022. 
Utah, U. S. A.: ceded by Mex. to U. S., 
1633: territory org., 1672; Univ. of Utah 
fnd., 1683; Brigham Young, gov., 1692; 
Col. E. J. Steptoe, gov., 177' ; State of 
Deseret fnd., 179 2 ; revolt against U. S., 
1812; rebellion ; army atSaltLake, 182' ; 
Mountain Meadow massacre, 1823 ; 
Young vs. army, 183' ; A. Cummings 
gov., 1832, 1971 ; leaders indicted for 
treason, 1832; compromise; peace, 1841; 
J. W. Dawson, gov.; S. Harding, gov., 
2032 ; conven. meets ; Constitution rati- 
fied, 2053 ; Morrisites defy sheriff, 2093, 
2213 ; D. Doty, gov., 2413 ; C. Durkee, 
gov., 2512 ; Union Pacific R. R. com- 
pleted, 2673; Univ. of Deseret est., 2662; 
Mormons rise against B. Young, 269'; 
J. Wilson Slaffer, gov., 261)3 ; Mormon 
militia repressed, 270' , 2713, 2742, 2752 ; 
protest against interference with polyg- 
amy, 2703; polygamists deprived of civil 
rights; woman's suffrage est., 271'; 
Zion's Cooperative Mercantile Institu- 
tion est., 2733 ; B. Young arrested for 
bigamy; escapes, 2743, 2783,287'; Geo. 
L.Woods, gov., 277'; Ogden Sem. est., 
278 2 ; B. Young resigns temporal power, 
2802 ; Geo. w. Emery, gov., 2912 ; John 
Taylor, chief apostle, 2962; Meth. Epis. 
Conf. fmd., 2982; Brigham Young Coll. 
est., 3003 ; Eli H. Murray, gov., 3052; 
Congregational Asso. fmd., 310 2 ; mis- 
sionaries sent out, 3142; expelled Mor- 
mons enter Montana, 3152; Deaf Mutes 
Instit. est., 319'; Edmunds Anti-Polyg- 



Ute-Vane. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1435 



amy Bill, 311' , 3203, it is constitutional, 
3212 ; Insane Asylum est., 3231 ; Caleb 
W. West, goT., 3252; Women's Indus- 
trial Home est., 3263; prot. Epis. dio- 
cese, 328 2 ; mineral wax ; ice-cave, 3341 ; 
Gentiles elect, 3352,3432; priesthood de- 
ficient, 3462 ; A. L. Thomas, gov., 3492; 
migration to Mex., 3553; Utah Univ., 
3643; Agricultural Coll est., 3662; polyg- 
amy abolished, 3682, 3 ; free schools, 
3743; Irrigation Cong., 391'; Liberals 
elect, 4012; Mormon Temple built, 404' ; 
4261; Gov't Bill passes, 4111 ; admission, 
4291,2,4693; U. and Nevada consolida- 
tion, 4391; W. West, gov., 4472; receiver 
for Mormon church fuiuls.-lUl 2; wreckers 
caught, 4662; Kep. Conven., free coinage 
of silver, 4712 ; settlers against Utes, 
4762; annexation resolution, 4772. 

Ute Indians removed from N. Mex., 2991 ; 
subdued, 4761 ,2. 

Utica (Tunis), flourishes ; ally of Car- 
thage, 11391 ; Koman armies unite, 10551 ; 
captured, 10601 . 

, N. Y., (N. S.) Presb. synod find., 1363 ; 

conven. of mechanics, 1451 ; Barnburners 
Bern. Conven. meets, 1651 ; Gen. Asso. 
N. S. Presb. meets, 1702; B.R. accident, 
1853; Saturday Globe issued, 3123 ; fire, 
3533, 4293 ; natural gas found, 3621 ; 
against gambling, 4531 ; M'Leod ac- 
quitted, 5791. 

and Schenectady R. B. opened, 146 3 . 

Utopia, steamboat, accident, 3813. 

sinks, 10903. 

Utraquist Synod, imitate Luther, 5083 . 

Utrecht, Neth., Peace of, 59 1 , 6973; Pr. of 
Orange abandons, 6921 ; quarrel of minis- 
ters, 6972; Union of, 5411 ; Christian Ch. 
fnd.,1097' ; in alliance, 10991 ; surrendered 
to Prus., 11002; observatory est., 11003; 
annexed to Fr., 11013; Miss. Soe. fnd., 
11022 ; anniversary of Seven United 
Provinces, 11023. 

, Adriaan van, b.-d., 5403. 

Uttlman, Barbara, lace-making, 788 2 . 

Uttoxeter, Scots surrender at, 8862. 

Uvalde, socialist refused naturalization, 
3931 ; flood, 4713. 

Uyui, mission, 8383. 

Vz, Johann P., b., 7983; works, 8011 ; d., 
8063. 

Uzbeck Tartars, in Bokhara, 5491 . 

Uzzah smitten, 11423. 

Uzzi, high priest, 11411 . 

Uzziah (Azariah), reigns, 11451 . 

, defeated, 11441 . 



Vaal River, R. R. connection, 6033. 

Vaart, Jan van der, b.-d., 11003. 

Vaballathus, heir to Palmyra, 10672. 

Vaca, Cabeza de. (See Cabeza.) 

Vaccai, or Vaccaj, Nicolo, d., 10863. 

Vaccination, intra., Am., 613, 11073; Anti- 
Compulsory League org., 4571 ; Law con- 
stitutional, Conn.; in Hartford schools, 
4602; not compulsory, N. Y., 4612; riots, 
Can., 5851; fi rs t used in Ger.,8041; in 
Belg.,5441; in Persia, 11073; idea con- 
ceived, Eng., 9202 ; experiment, 9262; 
lymph procured, 950i ; Act passes, G.B., 
9512; compulsory, 9591 ; opposed, 9751 . 

Vacherot, Etienne, b., 7191 ; works, 7292, 
7343, 7383. 

Vacquerie, Auguste, b., 7223. 

Vacslav, the Saint, duke, 5032. 

Vaderlandsche Lettrroennhufeii, 11012. 

Vadimonian Lake, battle at, 6621 , 10521 . 

Vagrancy, penalties, Eng., 8671 ; punished, 
8752. 

Vail, Chas. N., Bridge Commission, 3613. 

, Thomas Hubbard, b. (1812) ; cons. P. 

E. bishop, 2411; d., 3461. 

Vaillant, Auguste, anarchist, 766 2 ; bomb 
in Chamber of Deputies, 7671 ; executed, 
7663. 

, Jean Baptiste Philibert, b., 7062 ; 

minister fine arts, 7392; d. (1872). 

, Sebastien, b., 6903; d., 6982. 

Vakhtang builds Tiflis, 11132. 

Valabhis dynasty reigns, 10432. 

Valaduc, prince Carinthia, 5031 . 

Valais canton, joins Act Mediation, 11382. 

Valarsaces, or Vagharshag, est. Arsacidse 
dynasty, 1149 3 . 

Valderrama, Baltazar Francisco de, gov., 
6302. 



V aides, Juan de, work, 11291 ; d. (1540). 

Valdivia, Pedro de, b.-d., 11263; fnds. Val- 
paraiso, 23 1; conquers Chile ; to Peru; 
repulsed, 6042 ; return, 6043; explorer, 
6051 ; taken, 6061 ; killed, 6043, 6051 . 

Valdrome, Chevandier de, minister, 7392. 

Valee, Comte Sylvain Charles, b. (1773) ; in 
Algeria, 83, 93; d. (1846). 

Valencay, Fr., treaty of, 11312. 

Valence, Fr., University est., 6783. 

Valencia, Sp., taken, 7LS2; capital, 11272 ; 
Vanciotiero General, 11271 ; insurrection, 
11301 ; conspiracy, 11313 ; surrendered, 
11321; taken, 11261, 11321; cholera, 
11323, 11331; bomb for archbp., 11331; 
Tirant /o' Blanche, 11271. 

, Gen., defeated at Conteras, 1621 . 

Valenciennes, Fr., siege of, 6901,10981; 
captured, 6921, 7081, 710', 722'; Fr. 
gains, 6933 ; revolt, 7823. 

Valengia, annexed to Ger., 7993. 

Valens, Flavius, b.-d., 106S2; defeated, 
1068': reigns, 10692; Augustus, 10293; 
killed, 10282. 

Valentia, Ire., cable laid, 2833, 1833, 2533. 

, Scot., a Boman province, 1069 3 . 

, Lord, in duel, 9272. 

, Viscount, title created, 881'. 

Valentin, Gabriel Gustav,b.,8102; d.,8302. 

Valentine founders, 9853. 

, pope, d., 1072'. 

, St., beheaded, 10663. 

Valentinian I., b.-d., 10682; defeats Ale- 
manni, 1068' ; reigns, 10692. 

II., b.-d., 10682 ;reigns,10693; strangled, 

6633. 

III. (Flavius Placidus Valentinianus), 

b.-d., 10702; at Council Ephesus, 10303; 
reigns, 1071 1 ; assassinated, 10712, 3. 

Valentius, pope, 10723. 

Valerian (Publius Aurelius Licinius Vale- 
rianus), persecutes Christians, 10663; 
reigns, captured by Pers.; conquests; 
prisoner, 1060'; executed, 10671,2; d., 
10662. 

Valerius defeats Philip V., 10262. 

- — Gratus rules in Judea, 11513. 

Maximus, historian, b., 10622. 

Corvinus Messala, against Car- 
thaginians and Syracusans, 10523. 

Valette, Marquis de la, minister, 739' . 

Valfogona, massacre of prisoners, 11322. 

Valkyrie in N. Y., 439 3 ; races Viqllant, 
4413. 

II. races Defender ; wins race, 10013. 

Valla, Lorenzo, 'b.-d., 10782. 

Vallabha-Swami, religion of pleasure, 
1043' ; enthroned, 10432. 

Valladolid, Univ. fnd., 1127'; recovered 
from Saracens, 1127 2 . 

Vallandigham, Clement L., b. 1282 ; ob- 
structionist, 203'; anti-Lincoln speech, 
2213; arrested, 2212; escorted to Confed. 
lines, 2222; i n Bermuda, 223' ; nom. for 
gov. O.; release urged ; no Habeas Cor- 
pus, 2233; in Nova Scotia, 2242; returns 
from Can., 2352; kills himself, 2753. 

Valle, Pietro della, d., 1083'. 

Vallejo, Manuel G., d., 352' . 

Valley City, N. Dak., Normal schools, 3742. 

Forge, Pa., sufferings ; Fr. aUiance 

celebrated ; encounter, 88 2 . 

of Taos, action in, 1631 . 

Valliant launched, 966' . 

Valliant, Francois le. (See Le Valliant.) 

Valliere, Duchesse de la, Louise Francoise 
de la Baume le Blanc, b., 6883; d., 6963. 

Vallis Ranch, Confeds. defeated, 205' . 

Vallombrosa, It., Benedictine Abbey at, 
10742. 

Valmy, Fr., battle at, 70S' . 

Valois, House of, enthroned, 6751 . 

, Charles de. (See Angouleme, Ducd'.) 

, Felix de, forms Mathurins, 6703. 

Valparaiso, Cal., mobs org., 3992. 

, Chile, fnd., 6052 ; bombarded, 606 '; 

earthquake ; storm, 6063; revolt ; threat- 
ened, 6081 ; plot foiled, 6082 ; battle ; 
surrenders, 6083; eel.; Baltimore crew 
attacked, 609 1. 

Valsalva, Antonio Maria, b., 1083' ; d., 
10832. 

Valsequa, chart of Atlantic, 121 . 

Valtelline, It., Fr. seize, 6861 ; Protes- 
tants massacred, 10823. 

Valtezza, battle at, 11562. 

Valverde, N. Mex., action at, 2042. 

Van, Turk., mission, 11563 ; council dis- 
solved, 11582. 



Vanadis, asteroid, discovered, 748' . 

VanAlen, J. J., ambassador, 439' ; resigns, 
4412. 

Van Allen, W., Coxey resolution, 4592. 

Van Arnburg, Isaac, b., 1242 ; d., 250' . 

Van Arteveld, Philippe, killed, 6742. 

Vanbrugh, Sir John, b., 8922; works, 9003;. 
d., 9063. 

Van Brunt, Gershom Jacques, b. (1798) ; d., 
229'. 

VanBuren, Ark., Confederate defeat, 2143, 
217'. 

, John, b., 1162; d., 254'. 

, Martin, b. (1782) ; marries, 1143; elec- 
toral vote, 1332, 1413, 1472, 1532, 1652; 
gov., 1353, 1372,3 ; leads N. Y. democ- 
racy, 137'; sec. state, 1372 ; nom. for 
pres., 141 1,1513, 165 ',2; vice-pres., 1432; 
signs Delavan's declaration, 145' ; pop- 
ular vote, 1472, 153', 1652; inaug. Pres., 
1473; pres. nomination, 151 3 ; successful 
administration; est. 10-hour system, 153' ; 
"successful but inglorious," 153'; mis- 
take ; opposes Tex., 159' ; d., 2111 . 

, W. H., Sanitary Commissioner, 197' . 

Vance, Jos., b. (1786) ; gov., 1472; d. (1852). 

, Zebulon, b., 1382 ; gov. N. C, 2173 ;, 

2973; speech, 4372; d., 4562. 

Van Courtland, Henry C, d., 9982. 

Vancouver, Br. Col., Haytien Republic 
seized, 5952; Sp. Beize, 577 2 ; petroleum 
dis.,688i. 

City, Wash., Holy Angels' Coll. est., 

2111 ; defective youth school, 3263. 

, Wash., Bishop of Nesqually's land 

claim, 3712. 

Island, Can., settled, 5772 ; captured 

bySp.,924'; diocese est.; coal dis., 580' ; 
granted Hudson Bay Co., 581 2 ; Scottish 
crofters, 595'. 

, George, b., 9123; explorer, 102' ,576*,. 

1041' ; possessions of Sp. received, 577*; 
voyage, 9262 ; d. (1798). 

Vandalia wrecked, 336' , 338' . 

Vandals in N. Afr., 8'; expelled, 8', 9' ; 
settle in Gaul, 6632, 3 ; in Ger., 6622; pos- 
sess Dacia, 7692 ; invade Boman empire^ 
1064'; i n Tunis, 1139'; in Fr., 1067'; 
expedition against ; invade Afr. ; invade 
Sp. ; in Sicily, 1070'; take Sardinia; 
plunder It., 10712 ; conquer Morocco, 
1097' ; power ; destroyed in Air., 1030' . 

Vandamme, Dominique Josephe, Comte 
d'Unebourg, b., 7042; a t Kulm, 520';. 
at Nollendorf, 720' ; d., 726' . 

Vanderbilt, Congress thanks for, 231*. 

Vanderbilt, Cornelius, b., 1042 ; gift to 
U. S., 2312 ; gift to Univ., 2903 ; d., 294' - 

, Geo. W., gilt to Fine Art Soc, 396' . 

■ , William Henry, b. (1821) ; d., 3202. 

, W. K., yacht Alia sinks, 4133. 

Univ. (Meth. Epis. S.) org., Nashville 

Tenn. (1872). 

Vanderbilts control D., L. and W., 4432. 

Vanderhorst, Arnoldus, gov. S. C, 105' . 

Vanderhoff, George, appears, 154'. 

Vanderlyn, John, b., 85' ; paintings, 112' ;. 
114' ; d., 1702. 

Vanderpool, Geo., trial for murder, 274*. 

Van Der Voort, Paul, commander-in- 
chief, 3103. 

Vandersmissen, M., sentenced, 5462. 

Vandervelde, Willem, b.-d., 11003. 

Van de Vyver, bp. of Bichmond, 3462. 

de Weyer, Sylvanus, b. (1802±) ; d. 

(1874) ; statue, 544'. 

Diemen's Land. (See Tasmania.) 

Dorn, Earl, b., 1303 ; atSaluria,1942 ;, 

at Pea Bidge, 2042 ; at Farmington, 207' ; 
at Vicksburg, 2102 ; at Corinth ; super- 
seded by Pemberton, 2142 ; at Davis 
Mills, 2163 ; at Franklin, 2202 ; captures 
a Bosecrans force, 220'; near Franklin, 
221'; assassinated, 222'; d., 2232. 

Dyck, Sir Anthony, b.-d., 6403 ; ap- 
prenticed ; enters Bubens' studio ; altar- 
piece, 5402 ; paintings, 880' , 882' . 

Dyke, Henry J., b., 1302; moderator, 

2942 ; d., 3842. 

Vane, Earl of, title created, 941*. 

, Sir Henry, b., 8782; in Mass.; gov., 

352 ; returns to Eng., 353 ; minister, 
8833 ; beheaded (1662). 

, Charles William Stewart, M. of Lon- 
donderry, b., 9203; d., 9583. 

Van Eyck, Hubert and John, fnd. Flemish; 
School, 10982. 

Elton, Hendrik Dirk Krhseman, b.,, 

1362 ; Nat. Academy, 314'. 



1436 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Vailf— Venl. 



Van Fleet, Abraham, d., 4781. 

Vangerow, Karl Adolf von, b., 80S 3 ; d.; 
8262. 

Tan Gorder, G. S., Election Inspectors 
Bill, 4243. 

Belmont. (See Belmont.) 

Vanguard wrecked, 9021 , 

sunk, 9801. 

Horn, James J., a colonel, 3821 . 

, Major Thos. B., at Brownstown, 

1181 ; at Kansas City, 1933. 

Huten, Philip, search for Eldorado, 

223. 

Vaniere, Jacques, b., 6903 ; d., 7002. 

Vanini, Lucilio, b., 10822 ; work, 10832 ; 
burned, 6871. 

Vanloo, Charles Andre, b., 6962 ; d., 7031 . 

, Jean Baptiste, b., 6923 ; d., 7003. 

Marum, electric machine constructed, 

11003. 

Murray, minister to France, 1093. 

Ness, Cornelius Peter, b. (1782) ; gov. 

Vt„ 1313 ; d., 16S2. 

Nort, W. G., nom. for gov. Md., 3912. 

Vanorden, E., mission, 5563. 

Van Pare, George, martyr, burned, 8703. 

Vanquelin, Louis Nicolas, d., 7243. 

Van Renssalaer, Cortlandt, b., 1142 ; mod- 
erator, 1821 ; d., 1862. 

, Col. Henry, d., 2312. 

, Solomon, b., 781 , Gen. at Queens- 
town, 1182 ; d., 1702. 

, Stephen, b., 741 ; d., 1502. 

Sautvoord, George, b., 1281 ; d., 2212. 

Shaick, Gen. Gozen, b. (1737) ; destroys 

Ind. towns, 902; d. (1787). 

Vansittart, H., gov., India, 10452. 

, Nicholas, L. Bexlev, b. (1766) ; min- 
ister, 9372 ; d. (1851). 

Van Straubenzee, Sir Charles T., d., 10081 . 

■ Syckel, Judge, church lotteries, 4721 . 

Tromp, Adm. (See Tromp.) 

Vechten, Jacob, b. (1788) ; pres. synod, 

1563, 1662 ; d. (1871). 

Voorhis, Henry C, b., 1702. 

Vranken, Sam. A., pres. Reformed 

Synod, 1423. 

Wart, Isaac, b., 722 ; d., 1362. 

Zandt, Charles C, gov. R. I., 2973 ; d., 

4621. 

Vapereau, Louis Gustave, b., 7223. 

Varanes I. (Bahrain), persecutions cf, 
11063 ; reigns, 11071. 

II., defeated, 11061 ; reigns, 11071 . 

III., resists Romans; defeated; reigns, 

1107L 

IV., reigns, 11072. 

V., conquers Arabia Felix, 11061 ; per- 
secutes Christians, 11063 ; reigns, 1107 2 . 

Varaville. invaders conquered, G681 . 

Varchi, Benedetto, b. (1502) ; works, 10S12; 
d. (1565). 

Varela, Pedro, pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

Vargas, Jose Maria, pres. Venezuela ; re- 
signs, 11602. 

, Luis de, b.-d., 11263. 

Varian, Isaac L., mayor N. V., 151 2 . 

Variedades de Ciencias, Literatura y Artes 
issued, 11311 . 

Varignon, Pierre, b., 6902 ; d., 6982. 

Varley, Cromwell, musical telephone, 
9741. 

Varna, Hung, defeated, 5081 ; Ladislaus 
falls, 5091; Russian army in, 5201; re- 
stored bv Russia. 5653 ; Russians land; 
mission, 5662 ; Alex, arrives, 5663; Eng. 
army at ; armies leave, 9581 ; surrenders, 
11562. 

Varnes, Crete, seized, 11581 . 

Varnhagen, Francisco Adolpho de, b., 
554 2 ■ d. 556 2 . 

vo'nEnse, Karl August, b., 8042; d., 

8202. 

Varnish, mnf. in Am., 1361 . 

Varnuni, Jos. Bradley, It. (17554-) ; speaker, 
1151 , 1172; pres. senate, 1213 ; d. (1821). 

Varoli Costanzo, b.-d., 10803. 

, N., discovers optic nerves, 10802. 

Varro, Caius Terentius, elected consul; 
army annihilated, 10541; capitulates at 
Cadiz, 10603. 

, Marcus Terentius, b.-d., 10563. 

, Publius Terentius, b.-d., 10583. 

Varroy, M., minister, Fr.. 7532. 

Varus, Publius Quintilius, commands, 
10621; gov. Syria. 11513 ; suicide, 10621 . 

, killed at Simula, 10G02. 

asari, Giorgio, b. ; paints Supper of St. 
Gregory, 10802 ; d., 1081' . 



Vase, Portland, smashed, repaired, 9521 , 

Vasey, George, b., 1302. 

Vashon Coll. (non-sect.), org. at Bur-ton, 

Wash. (1892). 
Vasilii I., reigns in Russia, 11152. « 

II., reigns, 1115 2 . 

III., rules Moscow, 11152. 

IV., rules Moscow ; banished; returns, 

11152. 
V., enthroned as Czar of Muscovy, 

receives title of emperor, 11152. 

Choniski, Czar of Russia, 1115 2 . 

Vasquez, Juan Francisco Saenz, gov. ; 

expels pirates, 6302. 
Vassar, Matthew, b., 1022; gift to college, 

1991; d., 2621. 
— — College fnd., 1991; name changed, 

2562 ; observatory established, 3001 . 
Vassy, Fr., attack on Huguenots, 6821; 

massacre of Protestants, 6831 . 
Vater, Johann Severin, b., 8031 ; d., 8123. 
Vatican, Rome, papal residence, 10762 ; 

reading-room gift, 5373. 
Codex, Old and New Testament in 

Greek, 10883. 
Vatke, Johann Karl Wilhelm, b., 8083 ; 

d., 8302. 
Vattel, Emmeric de, b.-d., 11372. 
Vauban, S^bastien LePrestrede, b.,6882; 

at Treves, 6921 ; works, 7011 ; d., 6%3. 
Vaucanson, Jacques de, b., 6963; d., 7051 . 
Vaucelles, Fr., truce concluded at, 6832. 
Vauchamps, Prussians defeat, 7203. 
Vaud, Switz., canton, joins Act Mediation, 

secedes, 11382. 
Vaudois (or Waldenses) sect prospers, 

5062; freedom of religion, 6951 . 
Vaudreuil, Marquis de (Philippe de Ri- 

guad), b., lis,S3 ; governor, 5752,3 ; signs 
■conven. for Can., 7033 ; d., 6982. 
Vaugelas, Claude Favre de, b., 6842 ; d., 

6902. 
Vaughan, Alfred, b., 9403 ; d. (1857). 
, J., Gen., at Carroll Station, 2382; 

at Morristown, 2391 . 
, Henry, b., 8802 ; Silex Srint.il/aiKi, 

8883 ; d. (1693). 
, Herbert, cons. R. C. bp., 9742 ; archbp. 

Westminster ; pallium conferred, 10082; 

cons, cardinal priest, 10103. 

, Sir John, Gen., b., 9103. 

, Thomas, b., 8802. 

— -, William, forger, executed, 9152. 
, , cons. R. C. bp., 9603 ; est. Truth 

Society, 9722. 
Vaughn, Sir William, b. (1577) ; Golden 

Fleece, 322 ; d. (1640). 

, Robert, governor, Md., 391 . 

, Sir Thomas, executed, 8653. 

Vaulabelle, Achille Tenoille de, b., 7142 ; 

work, 7291 ; d., 7522. 
Vauquelin, Louis Nicolas, b., 7031 ; min- 
erals discovered, 7123 ; d. (1829). 
Vautier, Benjamin, D., 11381 . 
Vauvenargucs, Marquis de (Due de Cla- 

pier), b. (1715) ; Human Mind, 7012 ; d. 

(1747). 
Vaux, Baron, title created, 8672. 

, Count, lands in Corsica, 7041 . 

, Robert, b., 981 ; d., 1462. 

, William Sandys Wright, b., 9383 ; d. 

(1885). 
Veazey, Wheelock G., interstate com- 
missioner, 3512, 4473. 
Veccio, Palma, Time Graces, 10801 . 
Vecellio, Marco, b., 10803. 
Vechte, Antoine, b., 7223; d., 7382. 
Vedder, Elihu, b., 1462 ; Nat. Academy 

Design, 2501 , 
Vedel, A. G., collects Kjiemjieriser, 6371. 
Veqa Polar expedition, 9821. 
Vega, Carpio Lope, Felix de, b.-d., 11282. 
- — , Francisco Laso de la, governor, 6052. 
, Garcillaso Inoa de la, b.-d., 11282 ; 

works of, 11291 ,2, H303. 

, Georg von, b., 5143; k. (1802). 

Vegetarian Society fnd., 9551. 
Vehicle tax, England, 9233. 
Vehmic Tribunals, nourish, 778 2 . 
Vehse, Karl Eduard, b., 8082 ; d., 8262. 
Veientes, defeated by Romans ; slayFabii, 

105O1 . 
Veiga, Diego Laureneo da, gov., Brazil, 

252. 
Veii, It., taken ; wars with, 10501 . 
Veit, Philipp, b., 8062 ; d., 8282. 
Veitch, John, b., 9442 ; d., 9941 . 

, , b. (1829 + V, d., 10121. 

, William, b., 9263; d. (1885). 



Vela, Blasco Nunez. (See Nunez.) 

Velasco, Jose Miguel de, b. (1795±); pres. 
Bolivia, 5503; d. (1859). 

- — , Rodrigo Arias Meldonado y, gov., 
6302. 

Velasquez, Diego, b.-d., 11283; conquers 
Cuba, 16i; Sp. leader, 631i; atBaracoa. 
6313. 

, Rodriguez de Silva, b. (1599); 

paintings, 11282; d. (1660). 

Veldeke, Heinrich von, JEneid, 7783. 

Velencze, battle at, 5221 . 

Veli Mehemet, ruler Bokhara, 5492. 

Velleda, asteroid, discovered, 7461 . 

Vellctri, It., action at, 10861. 

Vellore, India, Sepoys rebel, 10461 . 

Vellum leaves in books, 10271. 

Velocipede, inv., 7222; description, 704'; 
in use, 9642; common, 9713. 

Velpean, Alfred Armand Louis Marie, b., 
7102; d., 7362. 

Velvet, mnf. intro., England, 8962, 9142. 

Venable, Charles S., b., 1342. 

, William, lord mayor London, 9413. 

V enables, George S., d., 9982. 

Vendal drowns herself, 11132. 

Vendean insurgents assemble, Fr., 7113; 
sign treaty, 7112. 

Vendee, Fr., subjugation completed, 7141 ; 
war of, 7081 . 

Vendome, Fr., French defeated, 5421 . 

, Louis Joseph, Due de, b., 6902; at 

Oudenarde, 5141'; d., 6963. 

, Francois de , Due de Beaufort, b., 

6862; war of Sp. succession, 6961; at 
Villa Viciosa, 698i, 11281; d., 6903. . 

Column. (See Paris.) 

Venedey, Jakob, b., 8082; d., 8262. 

Venedi inhabit Prussia, 7683. 

Veneer mills invented, 7921 . 

Venerable captures Fr. frigates, 9361. 

Veneration of saints, Ger., 7723. 

Venetia, It., ceded to Fr., 10S92 ; It. covets, 
5271 ; seized, 8251; transferred to It., 
5271, 10892; ceded to Austria, 10852; 
ceded to France, 8251 . 

Venetians against Algerines, 81 ; take 
Zadar, 504 1 ; hold Ionian Islands; in 
Gr., 10353; aid crusaders; in Tyre, 10741 ; 
war with Turks, 11542; defeat Turks, 
10821. 

Venezuela goes ashore, 4013. 

Venezuela, S. Am. (see text, p. 1160); gold 
dis., 202; f„d.; withdraws from S. Am. 
Republic. 0283; to join Confederation, 
6291 ; Arbitration Treaty, 4032. 

, Gulf of, discovered, 151. 

Vengeur, Le, suppressed, 744 3 . 

Vengeance escapes, 1081 . 

Venice, Gauls conquer, 10531,2; fnd., 
10712; campanile commenced; basilica 
rebuilt; St. Mark's Church built, 10723; 
Republic est., 10732; independent, 10733; 
war with Genoa, 10741 , 10761 ; important 
city, 10752 ; burned ; enriched by cru- 
saders ; maritime power; quarantine 
enforced ; bank fnd. ; commercial 
power ; dominion over sea, 10753, 10773; 
peace signed, 7791 ; war with Hungary, 
1076' ; Doge's palace begun, 107(12; Great 
Council ceases ; acquires Corfu, 10773; 
alliance against Fred. II, 10772; treaty 
with Sultan ; loses Istria, Dalmatia; 
golden book of nobility ; gov't by Coun- 
cil of Ten, 10773; acquires Padua and 
Verona; loses provinces ; Palazzo Ven- 
dramin-Calergi built; takes Brescia; 
war with Turks, 107S', 1080', 1082', 
10833; height of power, 10792; acquires 
Cyprus; against Naples; declines; 
burned; gov't of Inquisitors, 10793; 
war with Fr., 1080' ; Gazetta issued, 
10812; despoiled ; Grand Council .Pa- 
lazzo Ducale burned, 10813; Bridge of 
Sighs built ; aids Greece ; war with 
pope, 10S2' ; retains Dalmatia, 515'; 
peace with Turk., 11572; Jesuits ex- 
iled. 10832; disregards papal interdict; 
Galleria de Minerva, 10833; Giordano 
Bruno burned, 10S32; surrenders Crete. 
10833; Bonaparte est. gov't, 7132; ceded 
toAust., 10852; ceded to It., 10853; re- 
volts, 8173 ; free port ; incorporated 
with Sardinia ; insurrection; Republic 
proclaimed; 10872; taken. 5223; Victor 
Emmanuel enters, 10892; Internat. Fine 
Arts Exhibition; Bruno statue, 1090'. 

Preferred performed, 76' . 

Venlo, Neth., taken, 902'; besieged, 1098' ; 
surrendered, 11002. 



Venn-Vict. 



Text Figures denote Page. IN JDxLX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1437 



Venner, Thomas, leader of revolt, 8912. 

Venoues, King, in Armenia, 1151 3 . 

Venosta, Marquis Emilio Yisconti, arbi- 
trator, 4252. 

Ventidius Cumanus, procurator, 11533. 

Ventilators inv., 9102; intro. Eng., 946' ; 
work on, 9482. 

Ventimiglia, Antonio, d., 5513. 

Ventriloquism, described, 11442. 

Venus, Temple of, erected, 10642. 

Venus, transit foretold, 7943; transit ob- 
served, 882' , 9H3, 9181 . 

Venus de Medicis removed to France,6922. 

Ventry, Baron, title created, 9311 . 

Vera, action at, 11322. 

, Augusto, b., 10802; d., 10901. 

^— Cruz, fnd., 192; Oortez arrives, 212 ; 
Scott lands, 1621; bombarded, 1621, 
7261, 10961; evacuated; surrendered, 
1621, 10961; Maximilian and Charlotte 
land, 5263; republic proclaimed, 10953. 

Veragua, Colombia, secedes, 6291. 

, Dukede, arrives X. Y., 4282; recep- 
tion, 4283, 43H. 

Verapoli, Bp. Berardi elected, 9803. 

Verba Buena, Cal., missions at, 851. 

Verboeckhoven, Eugene Joseph, b.,5423; 
d.,5461. 

Vercellse (or Vercelli), It., battle at, 10562; 
University fnd., 10752. 

Vereingetorix, surrenders, 6622; against 
Caesar, 10583. 

Verdaguer, Peter, vicar-apostolic, 8642. 

Verden, Prus., ceded to Hanover, 11353. 

Verdi, Giuseppe, b., 10862; writes operas, 
10861 ; Legion of Honor, 7671 . 

Verdun, Fr.,Treatyof,667' ; annexed,6S32, 
7813; Prussians take, 70S1 ; ceded to 
Eng., 9072; attack repulsed; emperor's 
headquarters, 7401 ; Fr. resist, 7402; 
Ger. invest, 7403; capitulates, 7422; 
bishopric, 7703. 

Vere, Robert de, title of marquis, 8603; 
gov. Ire.; impeached, 861'. 

, Thomas de, b., S682. 

Vereez, dynamite wrecks house, 535'. 

Verela, Sixto, killed, 6342. 

Verelst, Harry, gov., India, 10453. 

Veremundo I. (Bermuda) reigns, 11253. 

II. (Bermuda) reigns, 11272. 

III. (Bermuda) reigns, 11272. 

Verendre, explorer; in Rocky Mts., 5751 . 
Verestchagin, Basil, or Vasili, b., 11163. 
Vergas, Diego de, in Mexico, 521 . 
Yergennes, Comte de (Chas. Gravier), b. 

(1717); king's favorite, 7053; d. (1787). 

Verger, Jean, assassinates Sibour, 733 2 . 

Vergil (Publius Vergilius Maro), b.-d., 
105S3; works, 10603. 

Vergniaud, Pierre Victurnien, b., 7033; 
d., 7082. 

Verhuel, Carel Hendrik, b.-d., 11011 . 

Verhulst, William, governor, 312. 

Verlage, action at, 2243. 

Vermandois, Fr., incorporated, 6713; 
united to Fr., 6712. 

Vermeulen, Jan, b.-d., 5403. 

Vermillion, S. Dak., University of S. 
Dak. org., 3143. 

Vermilye, Thomas Edward, b. (1803); pres. 
Reform Synod, 1642. 

Vermischte Biljliothel; issued, 799'. 

Vermont, U. S. A. ; Fr. settle, 612; royal 
claims, 733; State, 893; intemperance 
fined, 912; Thos. Chittenden, gov., 913, 
1032; i s t newspaper issued. 952; Moses 
Robinson, gov., 101 3 ; P. E. diocese org., 
1023, 1403; Univ. fnd., 1023; state ad- 
mitted ; approves Fed. Constitution, 
1032, 1072; Congregational Conven org., 
1062; p au i Brigham, gov., 1091; Isaac 
Tichnor, gov., 1091, 1153; Israel Smith, 
gov., 1152; Jonas Galusha, gov., 1172, 
1252; Martin Chittenden, gov., 1213; 1st 
bank est., 1273; Rich. Skinner, gov., 
1292; o. P. Van Ness, gov., 1313; Ezra 
Butler, gov., 1352; Sam. C. Crafts; gov., 
1372; Wm.A. Palmer.gov., 1393; Silas 
H. Jenison, gov., 1453; Charles Paine, 
gov., 1552; Moth. Epis. Conf.fmd., 1563; 
John Mattocks, gov., 1572; Wm. Slade, 
gov., 1592; Horace Eaton, gov., 1613; 
Carlos Coolidge, gov., 167'; Charles K. 
Williams, gov., 1092; Krastus Fairbanks, 
gov., 1712, 1903; John S.Robinson, gov., 
1743; Stephen Royce, gov., 1772; Ry- 
land Fletcher, gov., 1812; Personal Lib- 
erty Bill passes, 1851; repealed, 2032; 
Hiland Hall, gov., 1852; Fred. Holbrook, 



gov., 2032; John G. Smith, gov., 2293; 
ratifies 13th Amend., 2432; Paul Dil- 
lingham, gov. ,2512; ratities 14th Amend., 
2552, 2592; John B. Paige, gov., 2593; 
Normal School opd., 2003, 2923; ratifies 
15th Amend., 2672; Peter T. Washburn, 
gov., 2693; G. W. Hendee (1870), John 
W. Stewart, gov., 273 2 ; Constitution 
amended, 277 2 ; governors: Julius Con- 
verse, 2811, Asahel Peck, 2X73, Horace 
Fairbanks, 295 ' , Redfield Proctor, 3012, 
Roswell Karnham, 3052, John L. Bar- 
stow, 3132, Sam. E. Pingree, 3193, Eben. 
J. Ormsbee, 3252; Soldiers' Home lo- 
cated,3263;Wm.P.Dillingbam,gov.,3332; 
legislature rejects female stiff rage,3723; 
Carroll S. Paige, gov.; 375'; Levi K. 
Fuller, gov., 409 2 , 4212; Univeraalist 
State Conven. org., 4461; Urban A. 
Woodruff, gov. (1894). 

Verne, Jules, b., 7243; works, 7363, 7432, 
7462, 7602. 

Vernet, Antoine Charles, Horace, b., 7023 ; 
d., 7262. 

, Claude Joseph, b., 6963; d., 7062. 

, Emile Jean Horace, b., 7062 ; Battle 

of Jena, 7201 ; d., 7362. 

Yerneuil, Fr., battle of, 6761 . 

Vernois, Verdiz du, minister, S33 2 ; resigns, 
8352. 

Vernon, Ind., action at, 2243. 

, Baron, title created, 9152. 

, Edward, b., 8902; at Porto Bello, 64' , 

910'; at Cartagena; in Am., 910'; d., 
9143. 

Vernor, Henry G., b., 5782. 

Veron, Louis Desire, b., 713' ; d., 7362. 

Verona, It., action at, 10662 ; conquered, 
1078' ; taken, 712' ; Fr. defeat,7122; Cong, 
of, 5212; Austria retains, 525 2 . 

Veronese, Paul (Paolo Carliari), b., 10S03; 
painting, 10802 ; d., 10822. 

Verplanck, Guliau Crommelin, b., 98'; 
works, 127' , 12X3, 1323,1431 ,1631 ; d.,2701. 

Verplank's Point, N. Y., subdued, 902. 

Verrazzano, Giovanni da, b., 10783 ; sails 
west, 182 ; explorations, 19' , 5701 , 5711 ; 
claims for Fr., 193 ; d., 10803. 

Verrochi, Andrea, b. (1432) ; takes casts 
from faces, 1078' ; d. (1488). 

Versailles, Fr., treaty signed, 953, 5153, 
4811,8053; hunting seat at, 6893; palace 
mobbed ; Paris Pari, summoned to, 707' ; 
bread riot, 7073 ; vine disease, 7313 ; Fr. 
surrender ; Ger. headquarters, 7403; sor- 
tie against, 742' ; Ger. army leaves, 7442; 
treaty with Ger., 745'; Nat. Assembly 
at, 7452 ; Assembly reopens, 7472; anar- 
chists convicted, 763' . 

Yerstegan, Richard, d., S822. 

Vertin, John, cons. R. C. bp., 3022. 

Vertot, d'Aubceuf, Rene Aubert de, b., 
6902; works, 695' , 699' ; d., 6983. 

Vertue, George, b., 8962 ; d., 9143. 

Verulam, Eng., council of, 8403. 

, Lord. (See Bacon, Francis.) 

— , E. of, title created, 9372. 

Verus, Lucius Anrelius (M. Aurelius), war 
in Asia, 10041 ; adopted ; co-regent, 1065 2 ; 
d. (ISO). 

Verville, Beroalde de, work, 687' . 

Vervins, Fr., Treaty of, 6872. 

Vesalius, Andreas, b.-d., 10982 ; dissects 
body, 5402 ; works, 10802. 

Vesci, Baron de, title created, 987'; vis- 
count, title created, 9172. 

Vesey, W., pastor Trinity, N.Y., 523. 

Vesoul, Fr., captured, 742'. 

Vesovici family murdered, 5023. 

Yespasianus, Titus Flavius Sabinus, b.-d., 
10622; against Jews; conquests, 1062'; 
invades Judea, 11533 ; erects Coliseum ; 
erects Temple to Peace, 10622 ; defeats 
Aulus Vitellius ; reigns in Greece, 1063 3 ; 
takes Rhodes, 1151' . 

Vespucci, Amerigo, b., 10783 ; 1st voyage, 
143; in Ojeda's expedition, 15' ; as pilot, 
16'; in Brazil; 3d voyage, 162; narra- 
tive, 17'; dis. in Am., 553', 10782, 11262; 
d., 10802. 

Vessel, 1st built in Am. .28' ,30' ; 1st built in 
West, 463; forbidden to sail, 35'; sunk, 
Fr., 743. 

Vest, George C, b., 1382 ; favors free coin- 
age, 4363 . 
Vesta collides with Arctic, 1773. 

, asteroid, discovered, 8062. 

Vesta worshiped, 10503. 



Vestals est., 10503. 

Vesteras, fortress taken, 1134' . 

Vestibule dining-cars intro., G. B., 1011 3 . 

Vestiges of Creation appears, 9523. 

Vestris, Gaetano Apollim- llaldassare, b., 
6983 ; d. (1842). 

Vesuvius, eruption, 10022, 10702, 10822, 
1084', 10862; suicide in, 10873. 

Veszary, Claudius, consecrated, 536' . 

Veterans of 1870, order created, 8363. 

Veterinary Surgeons' Act passed, 989'. 

Vethake, Henry, d., 254' . 

Veto, President's, first overridden, 1592. 

Yetters, J. 1'., inv. pedal harp, 8002. 

Yeturius, T., in Caudine Forks, 1052' . 

Veuillot, Louis, b., 721' ; d., 754' . 

Vevaliches, Gen., at Alcolla, 11302. 

Vey, mission at, 11613. 

"Vezin, Hermann, b., 1362. 

"Via jEmilia constructed, 10543. 

Viacha, battle at, 550' . 

Vial, C.ipt. W. G., shot, 417' . 

Viand, Louis Marie Julien (Pierre Loti), 
Academician, 756' . 

Viardot-Garcia, Micliele Fcrdinande Paul- 
ine, b., 724'. 

Viau, Theophile de, b. (1590) ; Pyrami et 
Thisbi, 6872 ; Q . (1626). 

Vibbard, Chauncy, d., 3842. 

Vibert, Jehan Georges, b. (1840) ; works, 
6482,743'. 

Vibilia, asteroid, discovered, 288' . 

Vibourg Jan, ceded to Rus., 1135 3 . 

Vicat, Louis Joseph, b., 7062 ; d., 7342. 

Vice, Eng., proclamation against, 925' . 
(See under Society.) 

Vice-adm., rank abolished, U.S.A., 280' . 

Vice-chancellor, 3d app., 957 2 . 

Vicente, Gil, b. (1471) ■ ) ; hie:, l'ereira, 1109' ; 
d. (1537?). 

Vicenza, It., taken, 786' ; Univ. of, fmd., 
10752; univ. Soc. fnd., 1081'. 

Vick, makes a clock, 6742. 

Vicksburg, Miss., yellow fever, 175 2 ; for- 
tified, 190' ; defenses, 2072; Farragut at, 
208', 2092 ; campaign, 208' , 2092, 2222 ; 
invested, 208'; Farragut passes, 210'; 
Van Dorn commands, 2102 ; Pemberton 
supersedes Van Dorn, 2142 ; Grant 
moves on, 2143, 2162, 222' ; expedition, 
2163,217', 2182 ; mine fired, 223', 224'; 
surrenders, 224 2 ; Sherman leaves, 230'; 
Grierson's raid, 2403 ; Gen. Old in mili- 
tary district, 2572; race riot, 287' ; Levee 
Conven., 3153; reunion of Blue and Gray, 
3591,360'. 

Vico, Giovanni Battista, b. (1668); works, 
10833 ; d,, 10842. 

Vicq d'Azyr, Felix, b., 7002; d., 7102. 

Victor I., St., pope, killed, 10643. 

II., pope, 1073' . 

III., pope, 10743. 

IY r ., anti-pope, 1075' . 

Amadeus II. (I.), b., 1083' ; d., 10842. 

(See Amadeus II.) 

III., b., 1084' ; d., 10843. 

Claude, Due de Belluno, b., 7031 ; d., 

- — , Perrin, b. (1764); marshal, at Tal- 

avera de la Reina, 7181 ; at Barrosa, 
9342; d. (1841). 

Emmanuel I., b., 10842; K.; abdicates, 

10853 ; d., 10862. 

II., b., 10862 ; K. of Sardinia, 

10873; at Solferino, 5241; recognized, 
8232 ; commander, 8241 , 10881 ; K. of Na- 
ples, 10891 ; surrenders civil lists, 10892 ; 
d., 10882; statue, 1090'. 

, Ferdinand, b., 108S2. 

, Pr., Bonapartists' leader, 7533, 755' . 

Victoria sunk, 5853. 

wrecked, 757 3 . 

launched, 996' ; sunk, 1010' . 

, Austral., bishopric divided, 4962; con- 
victs arrive ; gold-field disturbances ; 
population, 4963 ; Brit, province, 497'; 
ballot system; constitution, 497 2 ; com- 
mercial crisis, 4973; creditors protected; 
judges dismissed ; ministry resigns; min- 
istry reformed ; ministry approved, 499' ; 
strikes, 5002 ; City of Melbourne Bank 
fails, 5013 ; bishopric est., 9543 ; bishop 
Burdon cons., 9742. 

, Br. Col., selected port, 5793; Colonist, 

' 581' ;R.R.opd.,5813; John Grant, mayor; 
5863 ; sealers for Bering Sea, 5933, 'Ma- 
jestic arrives, 595 3 . 

, Queen (Alexandrina Victoria), b., 

939 3 ; reigns, 9492; accession eel., Can., 



1438 



Text Figures denote Page. INDxl/X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Vict-Vinc. 



5783; crowned, 9492; Chinese appeal to, 
617* ; marries, 9512; attempted assassi- 
nations; 1st in Scot, 9513; statue erected, 
9522, 9861, 9921, 99(51, 10OO1 ;' in Ger., 
9531 ; in Ire., 9551,2,3, 9591, 9631; at 
Manchester, 9o7' ; visits Belgium, 5443; 
Resolute presented, 181 3 ; 1st cable mes- 
sage, 1853, 2533; proclaimed queen in 
India, 963 2 ; Prince Albert, queen's con- 
sort d.,9642; works, 9702,3, 9771,9923; 
life threatened, 977i ; thanks from Fr., 
7483; proclaimed Km press of India, 9S1 2 , 
10491; Order of White Elephant, 9S41 ; 
cables to Mrs. Garfield, 3083; Arab 
horses for, 4883; jubilee, 9971; jubilee 
gift to pope, 9962 ; meets Bismarck, 8323 ; 
cables Pres. Harrison, 3892; writes Bar- 
oness McDonald, 5922; reviews Fr. and 
Brit, fleets, 762i. 

Victoria Adelaide Mary Louisa, princess 
royal, h., 950 2 ; royal 'dower, 9613; weds 
Prince Fred. William of Prus., 9631 . 

, daughter of Alfred Ernest, b., 9813. 

, daughter Prince of Wales, b., 9731 . 

, Duchess of Kent, d., 9642, 

Melita, Princess of Saxe-Coburg, 

married, 8363. 

, Princess of Ger., marries Pr. Adol- 

phus, 10051, 
, Princess of Prus., married, 8343. 

(Vitoria) Francesco, d., 11282. 

, Guadalupe (Juan Felix Fernandez), 

b.-d., 10952; president, 10953. 
, Apache leader, killed, 3041. 

and Albert, Order of, est., 965' . 

Coll., Can., confederation restrained, 

5862. 

Cross instituted, 9G1'. 

diamond found, 6022. 

Falls, East Afr., discovered, 5602. 

, Manuel, governor, 139 2 . 

Nyanza, dis., 560 3 , 561 1 ; fortified sta- 
tion, 8362. 

, Treaty of, 11601 ; mission, 11613. 

Univ. org., 5791 ; confederated with 

Toronto, 5862. 

Victorious takes Rivoli, 9342. 

Victory wrecked, 9101 . 
, bears body of Nelson, 9321 . 

Victualling office instituted, Eng., 8901; 
changed, 9472. 

Vicuna Mackenna, Benj., b. (1831); d., 
6063. 

, Seflor, for pres., 609i ; elected, 6092. 

Vida, Marco Girolamo, b., 1078 3 ; d., 
10803. 

Viday LTecuos de Estabnnillo donzales^La, 
11292. 

Vidal, F. A., pres. Uruguay, 11603. 

, Ramon, works, 11271 . 

1'idar issued, 1104 2 . 

Videla, Gen., rebellion of, 4902. 

Vidocq, Eugene Francois, b., 7043; d., 7302 , 

Vie, treaty of, 6892. 
Vie de Saint Alexis, La, written, 6691 . 

Grigoire^ La, written, 6691 . 

Vieira, Joao Fernandez, leader, 361 . 

Vien, Joseph Marie, b., 6971 ; d., 719 1. 

Vienna, taken, 504 1 ; Jewish synagogue 
est., 5042; Imperial City, 5043; capital 
empire, 5052, 6672; synod est., 6723; en- 
larged, 5053; St. Stephen Cathedral be- 
gun, 5062; Univ. of, 5071 ; Concordat of, 
with pope, 7851 ; Frederick III. besieged, 
5081; Imperial Library fnd.; enlarged, 
6083; Aulic Council; Matthias takes, 
5093; Solyman besieges, 5101; Corpus 
Christi procession abandoned ; peace of, 
tolerateB Protestants, 5103; besieged by 
Turks, 5122; Swedes approach, 6361; 
Cong, of, 7213, 8113; lottery for hospital, 
513i ; gTand alliance; Leopold I. flees ; 
Turks in; wolves ravage, 5133; Prag- 
matic Sanction, 5143; treaty of, 5151, 
5251,5263,5272,7013,8052; normal school; 
state controls schools ; TJniv. of, profes- 
sors chosen,517i ; removal of crown,5173; 
Napoleon captures ; Fr. evacuate ; peace 
with Fr., 5183; Peace of, 5193; sub- 
merged, 5202; slavery abolished; Bona- 
parte marries Maria Louisa, 520 3 ; Cong, 
of, 5211, 5432; alliance fmd.; treaty of. 
signed, 5211,2; treaty revoked, 5213; 
conf. at, 5212; Cong, settles boundaries. 
521i; agitations; steamboats in; con- 
trol of burgher-guard ; Constituent Diet 
fmd.; Cong, signs Final Act, 5213; Hun- 
garians approach ; besiege ; withdraw ; 
bombarded; taken, 5221 ; riot, 5223, 



5331,5362; treaty of, 8191; 2d 
tion; Reichstag meets, 5231; reconsti- 
tuted, 5251 ; Imperialists in, 5232; St. 
Stephen's crown, 5233; Hung, army ap- 
proaches^:^ 2 ; assassination of emperor 
fails, 5243; conferences; preliminaries 
of peace; treaty of, 5251; enlarged, 
5252,3; fortifications demolished, 525 3 ; 
Prus. besiege ,5261 ,2; treaty of, 5263; peace 
of, 6413 ; sultan in, 5262 ; peace of, 5272 ; fi- 
nancial conven.; dual gov't approved, 
527 3 ; Polar expedition arrives ; Medical 
Cong, held; Palace of Fine Arts fnd., 
52S2; Old Catholics meet, 5283; Danube 
channel opd.; water-works opd.; Inter- 
nal Exhibition ; sharp-shooting match, 
5293; storm; Art Exhibition ; shoemak- 
ers riot, 5301; Maria Theresa monu- 
ment ; Internat. Literary Society meets : 
K. and Q. of It. in ; Meteorological 
Cong., 5302; Hygienic Cong.; Socialists 
expelled; conspiracies, 5203; Beetho- 
ven's funeral eel.; Industrial Exhibition, 
5311; conspiracy to burn, 531 1,2; Wil- 
liam II. visits, 5311; police approved; 
Reform Act appr. >ved, 531 2 ; star of Beth- 
lehem appears, 5321 ; Cath. Cong, meets, 
5322; strike, 5323, 5331, 5343; Shah visits, 
5323; May-day eel.; Rothschilds threaten 
to go; Socialists in riots, 5331 ; suburbs in- 
corp., 5332; tramway reforms demanded, 
5332,3; water famine; grain market boy- 
cotted ; work ceases ; influenza in, 5333 ; 
Museum of Fine Arts opd. ; earthquakes, 
5341 ; Radetzky statue; Meth. church 
closed; primate threatened, 5342; Ger. 
emp. at ; Agri. Cong, opens, 5343; fires ; 
famine sufferers ; Austro-Hung. conf., 
5351 ; police suppress workingmen,535i , 
6362; murders, 5351; World's Fair ap- 
propriation, 5353; Democratic Asso. dis- 
solved, 535 2 ; Agri. Exhibition; panic; 
press attacks McKinley Bill ; recipro- 
city with U. S.; Internat. Postal Conf. 
meets, 5353; Acad, of Art, anniversary, 
5361; primate of Hung., assassination 
attempted, 5362; meetings for suffrage, 
5362,3; Ferles' suicide; Oder and Dan- 
ube river connect : emperors confer, 
5363; conven. with G. Brit., 5372; Inter- 
nat. Exhibition, 537 3 ; Strauss jubilee, 
5381,2; suffrage demonstration; hail- 
storms; Socialists arrested, 5381; post- 
office to Brussels, 5413. 

Vienna, W. Va., Federals surprised, 196 1 ; 
action at, 200 3 . 

Vienne, Fr., capital of Burgundy, 6633; 
general conference, 7822. 

Viennet, Jean Pons Guillaume, b., 7043; 
d., 7382. 

Vientenilla, Gen., at battle of Calte, 6432; 
leads revolt; president Ecuador, 6443. 

Vieta, Francois, b., 6803; d., 6862. 

Viette, M., minister, 757 1 , 7632, 7652. 

Vieussens, Raimond, b., 6883; d., 6971. 

Vieux Testament, Le, appears, 6783. 

Vieuxtemps, Henri, b., 5423; d., 5461 . 

Vieyra, Joal Fernandes, leader of revolt, 
5543. 

Viger, Albert, minister, 7652, 7671 ,2. 

Vigil, Father, ree'd by Pres. Pierce, 1792. 

Vigilance Committee. (See Cal.) 

Vigilant seizes ship, 5861 . 

, selected for race, 4392; wins Am. 

cup, 4413; loses race, 4672,3,4693. 

Vigilantius, writes on worship, 6631. 

Vigilius, pope, 10703; d. (554). 

Vigne, Jean, b., 292. 

, Peter de la, for poison, 7812. 

Vigny, Alfred Victor de, Comte, b., 7123; 
works, 7251,7271; d., 73G2. 

Vigo, Sp., Wm, M. Tweed arrested, 2923; 
attacked ; taken, 11281 ; Carlists defeat, 
11301. 

, Bay of, Fr., fleet attacked, 6961 . 

Vi.jaya rules in Ceylon, 10432. 

Yijil, Father, minister, 1792. 

Viking ship at N. Y., 4332, H053; for 
World's Fair, 4332; given Chicago, 4613. 

Vikings attack Franks, 7721 . 

Vikramaditya conquers Scythians, 10421. 

Vilagos, Gen. Gorgey surrenders, 52l'3. 

Vilas, Wm. F., b., 1522; minister, 3212; 
defends sec. treas., 4511 ; defendB presi- 
dent, 4671. 

Vilemov, truce signed, 5081 . 

Yillaeh ceded, 5193. 

Villafranca, It., peace signed, 6241, 525 2 ; 
emperors meet, 525 2 . 



Village Creek, Ark., Confederates de - 
feated, 2091. 

Villagran, Francisco de, capt.-gen., 605 2 . 

Villain, Giovanni, b.-d., 10762. 

Villa-nova, Port., St. Augustinian College 
est., 1643. 

— — Coll. (It. Cath.), org. at Villanova, Pa., 
(1842.) 

Villanueva, Joaquin Lorenzo de, b.-d., 
11283. 

Villars, Due de (Claude Louis Hector), b., 
6902; at Friedlengen, 694 1 ; suppresses 
Camisards ; war of Sp. Succession, 6961 ; 
Imperialists defeated, 6961; a t Malpla- 
quet, 5141; in WUrteniberg, 798 1; d., 
6983. 

Villarsel, Diego de, leader, 489 2 . 

Villavieiosa, Port., action at, 11101 ,11281 . 

Ville de Havre sinks, 7493. 

Villefranche, Fr., Am. squadron sails, 
3521. 

Villegagnon, Nicolas Durand de, b.(1510); 
colonists in Brazil, 232; joins Catholics, 
222, 233; Rio de Janeiro, 553i ; d (1571). 

Villegas, Esteban Manuel de, b.-d., 11283; 
Amatorias, 11292. 

Ville hardouin, Geoffrey de, b.-d., 6702; 
obtains Achaia, 6713. 

Ville-la-Grande, conflict at, 7341 . 

Villele, Comte Jean Baptiste Seraphin 
Joseph de, b., 7043; premier, 7233; re- 
signs, 7252; d.,7322. 

Villemain, Abet Francois, b.,706 2 ; works, 
7251,7292,7482; d., 7382. 

Villeme, M., photos for sculpture, 7361 „ 

Villenave, Mathieu Guillaume Therese, 
b., 7023; d., 7283. 

Villeneuve, Pierre Charles Jean Baptiste 
Silvestre de, b.,703i ; at Trafalgar, 7161 ; 
d.,7163. 

Villere, Jacques, b. (1761) ; gov. La., 1252; 
d. (1S31). 

Villerme, Louis Rene, b., 7051 ; d., 7362. 

Villeroi, Due de (Francois de Neufville), 
b., 6883; at Chiari, 6941 ; war of Sp. Suc- 
cession, 6961; bombards Brussels, 5421 ; 
d.,6983. 

Villers, Charles Francois Dominique de, 
b., 7031; d.,7222. 

', Le Myre De, Fr. force, 4813. 

Villersexel, Fr., French defeated, 7431. 

Villeta, near Paris, battle at, 5561 , 

Villetard, Le testament de Cesar Oirodot, 
7343. 

Villette, Colonel, imprisoned, 748®. 

Villieger, George, d., 8822. 

Villiers, Charles Pclham, leader Anti-corn 
League, 9493; minister, 9692. 

, George, D. of Buckingham, b. (1592) , 

attacks Isle of Re, 68Gi ; created D. of 
Buckingham, 8812; minister; 8811,2; 
aids Huguenots, 8821 ; impeachment, 
8813; assassinated, 883i. 

, , D. of Buckingham, b., 8821 ; The 

Rehearsal, 893 1 ; minister, 8932; d., 8982. 

, , General, d., 10062. 

, Wm. Frederick, E. of Clarendon, 

b., 9302; minister, 9492, 9593, 9731 ; Ala- 
bama Claims, 2652,3, 2692; ,1., 9742. 

Villius, L., lex annalis est., 10553. 

Villoison, Jean Baptiste Gaspard d'Ansse 
de, b., 7011; d.,7163. 

Villon, Francois, b. (1431) ; works, 6783; d. 
(1484+ ). 

Tuna, occupied, 7182; Univ. of Kieff, 
11171 ; Czechs in Greek Church, 11202. 

Vimeiro, Port., battle at, 7162. 

Vimeure, Jean Baptiste Donatien de, 
Comte de Rochambeau, b., 6982; aids 
Am. colonies, 7053; arrives in Am.; at 
Newport, 922; with Washington, 922, 
942; d.,7163. 

Vina, Cal., ruffians attack, 450 2 . 

del Mar, battle at, 6083. 

Vince, Samuel, d., 9403. 

Vincennes, Fr., balloon ascension, 744 3 ; 
review of troops, 7501 . 

, Ind., misson at, 502; fed., 553; cap- 
tured; retaken, 90i; R. C. diocese est., 
1442. 

Univ. (non-sect.), org. at Vincennes, 

Ind. (1806). 

VineentK's exploring expedition, 1481. 
Vincennes, Jean Baptiste Bissot de, b., 

5722; d.,5751. 
Vincent, Boyd, b. (1845); eons, bp., 3342. 

de Paul, St., b., 6841 ; d., 6902. 

, I. H., defalcation, 3131. 

, Gen. John, at Burlington Heights, 

1202. 



Vinc-Virg. 



Text Figures denote Page. l.N-L)-Il*-X.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1439 



Vincent, John Heyl, b. t 1402; elected bp., 
3302. 

"Vinci, Leonardo da, b., 10783; works, 
1078', 2, 10833; d., 10S02. 

Vincke, Ernest Georg von, b., 8102; d., 
8282. 

Vindelicia, conquered, 10603; Rom. prov- 
ince, 10(332. 

Vindex, C. Julius, rebels, 6632; defeated, 
5021. 

Vinegar Hill, Ire., action at, 9281 . 

Vinelnid, N. J., Home, Feeble minds, 
opens, 3331 ; i s t liquor-license, 4191. 

Vines, Richard, b. (1585 ±) ; in Me., 332; 
d. (1651). 

, Sidney H., Text-book of Botany, 4782. 

Vinet, Alexandre Rodolphe, b.-d., 1138 1 . 

Vineyard Haven, Mass., fire, 315 3 . 

Vinyoria sinks, 9853. 

Vining, Frank, forger, 4222. 

Vinje, Aasmuud Olafsen, b. (1818) ; Store- 
gut, 11043; d. (1870). 

Vinland, search for, 122. 

Vinoy, Gen., in Paris, 7402; retires, 7442; 
suppresses newspapers, 7443; deposed, 
7452. 

Vinton, Fred. Porter, b. (1846) ; Academy 
of Design, 4981. 

Vinuconda mission, 1047 * . 

Violet wrecked, 961 3 . 

Violins introduced, 894 1 . 

Viollet Le Due, Eugene Emmanuel, b., 
7211; d., 7521. 

Vionville, battle of, 7401 . 

Virchow, Rudolf, b., 8122 ; at Medical 
Cong., 8341. 

Virey, Julien Jos., b., 7043; d., 7283. 

Virgin Islands settled, 8932. 

Virginia, U". S. A. : Dominican missionaries 
in, 18 3 ; named ; Melendez colonizes, 252; 
religious charter, 262 ; colonists perish ; 
colonists become pirates ; property in 
common, 263; 1st charter, 271 ; Ed. Wing- 
field, gov; John Ratclitfe, gov., 272; Capt. 
John Smith, gov., Geo. Percy, gov. ; Lord 
Delaware, gov., 273 ; immigrants arrive, 
273 282; famine ; Inferior Council ; gold- 
seeking, 273 ; Church of Eng. confirmed ; 
colonists return ; orthodoxy enforced, 
282 j immigrant reenforcements ; felons 
held as slaves ; land divided ; women 
imported, 293, 303 ; Sir Thomas Dale, 
gov., 291 j Sir Thomas Gates, gov. ; land 
grants ; starving-time, 291 ; Geo. Yeard- 
Tey, gov., 292, 3, 313; Sam. Argall, gov., 
292; colonies increased; popular gov't, 
29 a ; 1st gristmill; industries; Indians 
attack; settlers' depredations, 301 ; Univ. 
fmd., 302; ^st Assembly; new constitu- 
tion, 303; people massacred ; population, 
311 ,413,451 , 633; colonists perish; royal 
colony, 312,493; Sir Francis Wyatt, gov., 
31 2 ; iooo emigrants; Francis West, gov.; 
John Potts, gov., 313 ; R. c. services 
begun, 322; John Harvey, gov., 331 , 352; 
non-Conformists expelled, 342 ; John 
West, gov., 352 j colonists persecuted, 
353, 413 ; Sir F. Wyatt, gov., 353 ; Sir 
Wm. Berkeley, gov., 372, 3, 412; trade 
crippled, 372; favors king, 38 1 ; churches 
est., 382; building list, 391 ; R. Bennett, 
gov., 393 • Lord Culpepper, land grant, 
392; loyalists surrender ; Rich. Bennett, 
gov., 393 j laws against Quakers ; Bap- 
tists oppressed; religious liberty ; tolera- 
tion, 403; Ed. Diggs, gov., 41i, 43» ; 
hereditary slavery; intemperance; Sam. 
Matthews, gov. ; commerce oppressed, 
Sir Wm. Berkeley, gov. (1663-77), 412; 
Assembly perpetual ; Col. Francis Mory- 
--"'son, gov., 413 ; royalists ; "The Old 
Dominion, "412; imposition on tobacco ; 
royalist assembly, 413 ; intolerance ; 
Separatists oppressed, 422 ; clergy re- 
strained ; killing of slaves unpunished, 
423; Dutch ravage coast, 441 ; education 
opposed ; felons excluded ; 48 parishes, 
443; colored refugees ; dismembered by 
grants ; non-Christian servants, slaves ; 
suffrage limited; unequal taxation, 451 ; 
grant changed; leased, 45 2 ; Lord Cul- 
pepper, gov., 453, 472, 3 ; reform move- 
ment suppressed ; remonstrance of colo- 
nists, 45 3 ; Bacon's rebellion ; liberal 
charter ; liquor forbidden ; two parties, 
47 1 ; 1st Revolution in Am. ; 1st martyr 
to liberty, 472 ; king's commissioners ; 
Sir Herbert Jeffreys, gov. ; legal reforma- 
tion ; popular conven. ; tyranny of gov., 



472; Sir Henry Chicheley, gov.,443, 473; 
Cromwell's soldiers executed, 482; print- 
ing-press suppressed ; Eng. servants 
banished to ; tobacco duty ; toleration 
denied servants, 48 3 ; Lord Howard of 
Effingham, gov., 492 ; royal appeals for- 
bidden, 492; distress prevails; again a 
royal province, 493; despotism resisted, 
503; Kath. Bacon, gov. 511 ; Fr. Protes- 
tants enter, 513 ; Presbyterians in, 522, 
542; William and Mary Coll., 522, 3 ; Sir 
Edm.Andros,gov.,532; industry ebbs and 
immigration languish., 533 ; A.D. 1700+ 
clergy irremovable, 543 ; p. Nicholson, 
gov., 551 ; Huguenots in, 552; Edw. Nott, 
gov. ; Edin. Jennings, gov. ; slaves, real 
estate, 572; Alex. Spotswood, gov., 573; 

§ig-iron mnf., 581 ; 1st Bapists, 582 ; in- 
ians honor, 58 3 ; p.-o. extended, 592 j 
negroes disfranchised ; opposition to 
slave trade, 61'; Hugh Drysdale, gov., 
612 ■ Robt. Carter, gov. ; Wm. Gooch, 
gov., 613; y. Gazette appears, 631 ; land 
purchase, 67 1; Thos. Lee, gov.; Lewis 
Burwell, gov. ; Lord Albemarle, gov. ; 
Washington and Lee Univ. org., 671; 
Lord Halifax in, 67 2 ; regular theatrical 
troop, 681 ; Geo. Washington serves, 
581 , 2 t 592, 3, 701 , a ; church attendance 
required, 69i ; Robt. Dinwiddle, gov., 
692; Ft. encroach in; Colonial Cong., 
693 j Washington against lnds., 701; 
John Blair, gov., 713 ; p. Henry pleads ; 
collision of authorities, 733 ; Francis 
Fauquier, gov.; tobacco exported, 713 ; 
leads in education, 723 j social laws rigor- 
ous, 73i ; denies king's taxation; P. 
Henry's speech, 751 ; Lord de Botetourt, 
gov.; against slavery ; John Blair, lieut.- 
gov. ; gov. dissolves assembly ; non-im- 
portation agreement, 77 2 ; Wm. Nelson, 
gov., 773 ; Lord Dunmore, gov., 783 ;gov. 
removes powder ; patriots force pay- 
ment, SO 1 ; in Va. ; War of Revolution ; 
fighting, 803, 821, 871, 882, 902, 921, 3, 
941 , 2 , 3; Declaration of Rights adopted ; 
833; Patrick Henry, gov., 853,973; Thos. 
Jefferson, gov., 913 ; Thos. Nelson, gov. 
(1781) ; Benj. Harrison, gov. (1781-84) ; 
offers lands to Cong., 933 ; conquest 
planned, 941 ; Lafayette in, 942 ; cedes 
western claims, 953, 972 ; Edm. Ran- 
dolph, gov., 992; Beverly Randolph, gov.; 
ratifies Federal constitution, 101 1 ; 
Henry Lee, gov., 1032; James Wood, gov., 
1073 ; Harper's Ferry a Federal armory, 
1081; A.D. 1800+ Jas.Monroe,gov., 1093, 
H92;Washington andj effersonColl.org., 
llli ; John Page, gov., 1113 ; Accomack 
Bapt. Asso. fmd., 1143 ; w. H. Cabell, 
gov., 1133 ; John Tyler, gov., 1153, 1333 ; 
naval battle off coast, 1182; James Mon- 
roe, gov. ; Geo. W. Smith, gov., 1192 ; 
James Barbour, gov., 1193 ; Wilson C. 
Nicolas, gov., 1233 ; James P. Preston, 
gov., 1252 ; Thos. M. Randolph, gov., 
1273 ; Luth. Synod fmd., 1283 ; state 
library fnd., 131 1 ; 1st observatory, 1321 ; 
University org., 1331 ; James Pleasant, 
gov., 1313 ; -sVm. B. Giles, gov., 1353 ; 
United Synod South, Evan. Luth., org., 
1383 j negro insurrection, 1391, 2; John 
Floyd, gov., 1392,1671 ; 1st railroad opd., 
1413; Littleton W. Tazewell, gov., 1452; 
Wyndham Roberts, gov., 1472 ; Emory 
and Henry Coll. org., 149 1; Dav. Camp- 
bell, gov., 1492; Thos. W. Gilmer, gov., 
1531 ; Southwest United Synod, Evan. 
Luth. org., 1543; John Rutherford, gov., 
1552; James M'Dowell, gov., 1572 ; Wm. 
Smith, gov., 1612 (1864-65); Constitu- 
tional Conven. meets, 1691 ; illiteracy in 
(1850), 1691 ; John Johnson, gov. (1851-52); 
Jos. Johnson, gov., 171 2 ; Henry A. 
Wise.gov., 1812; Richmond Central R.R. 
opd.,1833; Mount Vernon sold,185i; John 
Brown raid, 1863, 1S71 ; J. Letcher, gov., 
190 3 ; coercion by Confederates ; legisla- 
ture meets, 1911 ; peace commissioners 
sent to Wash., 1912; election, 1933; state 
conven., 1913; F. H.Pierpont, gov., 1923, 
2032, 2413; state conven. meets, 1923; 
conven. rejects secession ; commission- 
ers for Wash., 1932; secedes, 1933 ; ves- 
sels sunk at Norfolk, 1941 ; S. Confeder- 
acy recognized ; prepares for war, 
1943 j blockade extended ; commission- 
ers to S. Confederacy; secession precipi- 
tated, 1951, 2; military league, 1951; 



admitted in S. Confed., 1952; West Va. 
loyal, 1952, 1972 ; secession, subject to 
ratification, 1952, ratified; favor seces- 
sion or leave state, 1953; slaves as con- 
traband, 1961, 1971 ; state troops trans- 
ferred to Confederacy, 1961; ordinance 
to reorganize, 1972 ; senators expelled, 
1973; loyalty to U. S. treason, 1991; 
Unionists exiled, 1992 ; ( S ee Southern 
Confederacy : Congress) ; army of Poto- 
mac reorganized, 198 1, 2003; Civil War ; 
actions in Va. in 1861 \- ; Sewall's Point, 
Big Bethel, 190 1; Martinsburg, Manas- 
sas-Bull Run, 1962, 3; Ball's Bluff, 2001 ; 
Lancaster, Dranesville, Vienna, 2003; 
Dranesville, Newport, News, New Mar- 
ket ; actions in 1862 : Big Bethel, 2021 ; 
Fairfax Courthouse, Linn Creek, Bloom- 
ing Gap, 2041 ; Winchester, Hampton 
Roads, Centerville, 2043 ; Winchester, 
Yorktown , 205 1 ; Wo- alstock, 2052 ; York- 
town, Thoroughfare Gap, 206 1 ; York- 
town.Lee's Mills, 2062; West Point, York- 
town, 2063; Williamsburg, West Point, 
McDowell, Sonierville Heights, SewelTfl 
Point, Norfolk, 2071; Drewey's Bluff, 
Front Royal, New Bridge, 208*; Win- 
chester, Hanover Courthouse, Front 
Royal, Fair Oaks (Seven Pines), 2082 ; 
Strasburg, New Bridge, Cross Keys, 
Port Republic, iiosa ; SI ua rl 's raid, 2091 , 

2142 ; Seven Days' Battle, MechanicB- 
ville, Beaver Dam Creek, -J09i; Chicka- 
hoininy, Gain's Mill, Savage's Station, 
"White Oak Swamp, Frayser's Farm 
OGlendale), Malvern Hill, 2092; Orange 
Courthouse, Malvern Hill, 2102, 3; 
Mattapony River, Cedar Mt., Shenan- 
doah Valley, Jackson's raids, 2103 ; 
White Oak Ridge, Catlett's Station, 
Waterloo Bridge, Kettle Run, 2121; 
Centerville, Manassas Junction, Grove- 
ton, City Point, Manassas, Chantilly, 
2122 ; Fairfax Courthouse, Edward's 
Ferry, Williamsburg, 21L'3; Fayetteville, 
Harper's Ferry, 2131 ; Warrenton, 2141 ; 
Thoroughfare Gap, 2142; Philomount, 

2143 ; Warrenton, Fredericksburg, Fay- 
etteville, 2151 ; Winchester, Cold Knob 
Mt., Hartwood, Berryville, King George 
C. H., 2161; Port Royal, Blackwater, 
Fredericksburg, 2162,3 ; Occoquan, Dum- 
fries, 2163. Actions in 1863: Suffolk, 
2181; Deserted House, 2182; Williams- 
burg, Annandale, 2183 ; Woodstock, 
Aldie, Chapel Hill, 2191 ; Fairfax Court- 
house, 220i ; Dranesville, Londoun Co. 
raid, 2202; Strasburg, Chancellorsville, 
2203; Stoneman's raid, Chancellorsville, 
Williamsburg, Suffolk, 2211 ; Warrenton 
Junction, Suffolk, 2212; Culpepper con- 
centration, 2222 ■ Brandy Station, Bev- 
erly Ford, Winchester, Aldie, 2223; Mid- 
dleburg, South Anna, Lee crosses 
Harper's Ferry, 223 1 ; Hanover Junction, 
2241 ; Monterey Gap, Jones' raid, Staun- 
ton, 2242 ; Antietam, Falling Waters, 
Sheppardstown, 2243 ; Manassas Gap, 
225i ; Kelley'sFord,226i ; Warm Springs, 
Cumberland Gap, 2262 ; Culpepper Court- 
house, Madison Courthouse, 2263 ; race 
ends ; Bristow's Station, Backland's 
Mills, 2271 ; Rappahannock Station, 
Kelley's Ford, 2281 ; Locust Grove, 2282; 
MineRun, Averell's raid, 2283. Actions 
in 1864: Jonesville, 2283; Dranesville, 
Kilpatrick's raid, 2302; Suffolk, Grant's 
first headquarters at Culpepper, 230 1 ; 
Grant's campaign, 2322+ ; Spear's raid; 
battle of Wilderness ; Bermuda Hun- 
dred, 2322 ; Spottsylvania Court-House; 
Guiney Station ; Cloyd's Mt. ; New- 
River ; Wytheville, 2323 ; Yellow Tavern, 
2331; Sheridan's raid; Drury's Bluff; 
New Market; Winchester, 233i ; North 
Anna ; Wilson's Landing, 2332; Pamun- 
key River ; Hawes' Shop; Cold Harbor; 
Bermuda Hundred, L'o4i ; Sheridan's 2d 
raid ; Piedmont ; Staunton ; Petersburg ; 
Trevilian Station, 2342; Petersburg; 
Reams's Station, Lynchburg, King and 
Q.'s Court-H. ; White House; Weldon 
R. R., 2343+; Jones's Bridge ; Early's 
raid, 235 1; White's Ford, Stephenson's 
Depot, 2352 ; Kearnstown ; Petersburg, 
2363 ; Moorefield, 2371 ; Strawberry 
Plains ; Crooked Run ; Weldon R. R. ; 
Duvall's Bluff; Reams's Station, 2372 ; 
Petersburg Berryville, Sycamore Ch., 



1440 



Text Figures denote Page. lN.D.h,.\. Superior Figures indicate Colu 



Virg-Wagn. 



238' ; "Winchester battle ; Fisher's Hill ; 
Spring Hill ; Fort Harrison, Chapiu's 
Bluff, 2382 ; Peeble's Farm ; Petersburg ; 
Abingdon ; Sbeuaudoah Valley devas- 
tated ; Fisher's Hill ; Darbytown Road 
2383; Cedar Creek; Hatcher's Kun; 
Dutch Gap Canal dim, 239' ; Petersburg; 
Fort Sedgwick, 2392; Front Royal ; Ber- 
muda Hundred, 240'; Hatcher's Eun ; 
Darby's Mill's, 242'; Sheridan's raid; 
Waynesboro, 2422. Actions in 1865 : 
Grant's final advance ; Fort Steadmau ; 
Quaker Koad ; Dinwiddle C. -House; Five 
Forks, 2442, 3 ; Boydton ; White Oak 
Roads ; battle of Five Forks ; Peters- 
burg ; Richmond abandoned, 2443 ; 
Petersburg falls ; Amelia C.-House ; 
Sailor's Creek ; High Bridge ; Farm- 
ville, 2451; Wytheville ; Appomattox 
Station, 245 2 ; * Appomatox C.-House ; 
Lee's surrender, 2461 ; ratifies 13th 
Amend., 2432 ; restored to union, 2473; 
Jeff. Davis indicted, 2531; ratifies 14th 
Amend., 2552 ; under Federal gov't ; re- 
jects 14th Amend., 2572 ; Constitutional 
Conven., 2592 ; Meth. Epis. Conf. find., 
2602; new constitution adopted, 2613, 
2672 ; Hampton Inst, org., 2043 ; not 
voting in nat. election, 2652 ; Henry H. 
Wells, gov., 2653 ; Gen. Canby, military 
gov., 207 2; legislature meets; ratifies 
14th and 15th Amends., 2692 ; fully re- 
constructed ; M. C. admitted ; turned 
over to State authorities, 2093; Gilbert 
C. Walker, gov., 2732 ; eldership of 
Church of God org., 2802 ; Constitution 
amended ; .laities L. Kemper, gov., 287 3 ; 
Fred. W. M. Holliday, gov., 3012 ; Con- 
stitutional Amend, abrogated, 3112 ; 
normal school opd., 3123 ; corporal pun- 
ishment abolished, 3131 ; Wm. E. Cam- 
eron, gov., 3132; Normal and Collegiate 
Inst, est., 3143 ; lunatic asylum provided, 
3191 ;McCormiek observatory dedicated, 
3201 ; Fitzhugh Lee, gov., 3252; gold dis., 
3361 ; ballot reform, 3392 ; fc, F. 
Mahone nom. for gov., 3451 ; frost in 
July, 3621; Phil. W. McKinney, gov., 
3751 ; Gerrymandei ing Reapportionment 
Bill, 3793 ; Debt Bill passes S., 4023 ; 
Republicans unite with 3d party, 4172; 
no Republican nominations, 4:152; Chas. 
T. O'Ferrall, gov., 4371, 4793; oyster 
schooners captured, 4532. (See South- 
ern Confederacy.) 

Virginia, stabbed in forum by father, 1051 3. 

Central R. R. completed, 1833. 

City, Nev., first sermon, 2822; fire, 

2893; Enterprise suspends, 4221 . 

Military Inst. org. at Petersburg, Va. " 

(1839). 

Polytechnic Inst. org. at Blacksburg, 

Va. (1872). 

Virginius captured ; Americans shot ; sur- 
vivors surrendered ; founders, 2833 ; Sp. 
indemnity fixed, 287 3 . 

Viriathus, Lusitanian, betrayed; d., 10551 . 

Viridomar, commander, 6621 . 

Virtue, John, eons. R. C. bp., 9862. 

Vischer, Friedrich Theodor, b., 80S3 ; d., 
8321. 

Vischering, Droste von, quarrel, 8153. 

Visconti, Azzo, lord of Milan, 10773. 

, Emiro Quirino, d., 10862. 

, Filippo Maria, D. of Milan ; war 

with Florence, 10781 . 

, Galeazzo, at Milan, 10761 ; lord of 

Milan; rules Lombardy, 10773. 

, Gian Galeazzo takes title D. of Milan, 

10792. 

, Giovanni, lord of Milan, 10773. 

, Matteo, the Great, b.-d., 10762 ; de- 
feats Torriani, 10701 ; captain of the 
people, 10772 ; gov. Venice, 10773. 

, family ascendant, 10772. 

Visbni Volotchok, colony at, 11212. 
Vishnu Purana written, 10431 . 

Visigoths. (See West Goths.) 

Vistor, Marshal, at Barosa, 7181. 

Vistula River, flotilla on, 11201 . 

Vital statistics, G. B., 9492. 

Vitalianus besieges Constantinople, 10303. 

, St., pope ; orders church services in 

Latin, 10722. 

Vitebsk, Russia, French defeated, 7183. 

Vitellischi, Mutius, Jesuit gen., 10811 . 

Vitellius, legatus in Syria, 1151 3 . 

, Aulus, reigns, 10031 ,3; defeats Otho, 

10633 ; put to death, 10631 . 



Viterbo, It., action at, 10881 . 

Vitericus reigns, 11253. 

Vitiges, conquers Milan, 7703 ; reigns, 

1071 3 ; attacks Rome ; captures Ravenna; 

in Constantinople, 10301 ; captured, 

10702. 
Vitry, Fr., castle of, burned, 66S1 , 0693. 

le-Franeois surrendered, 7401 . 

Vitterheteus Yanner established, 11351 . 
I'ittnria surrendered to Spain, 11321. 
Vittoria, Sp. battle of , 9361 . 
Vitu, Afr., McKenzie at, 5032 ; ceded, 5633 ; 

Ger. outposts raided ; captured, 8382 ; 

massacre, 838 3 . 

, Auguste, d., 7621 , 

Vitus, St. Anthony, relics removed, 7723. 
Vivaneo, Gen., insurrectionist, 11081 . 
Vivarini, Bartolomeo, paints St. George 

and the Dragon, 10821 . 
Vivero, Manuel de Bustamente y, gover- 
nor, C. R., 6302. 
Vives, Juan Louis, b.-d., 11263. 
Vivian, patent granted, 9302. 

, Baron, title created, 9511. 

, Henry H., Lord Swansea, d., 10121 . 

Viviani, Vincenzo, b., 10823; d., 10831. 
Vivisection condemned, 9651 ; society for 

abolishing, 981 1 ; Internat. Asso. against, 

9812. 
Vivonne, Catherine de, Marquise de Ram- 

bouillet, b., 6842 ; d., 6903. 
Vivius Lupus, governor, 1065 2 . 
Vizagapatam, .Madras, mission, 10462. 
Vizcaino, Sebastian, d., 11283. 
Vizcaya collision, 3713. 
Vizetelly, Henry Richard, b., 9403 ; d., 

10102. 
Vlaardingen, action at, 10981 . 
Vladimir, fnd., cap. grand duchy, 1115 1 . 
I., the Great, baptized, 11131 ; marries 

Anne, 11132 ; grand duke, 11133 ; d., 

11131. 

, Duke of Kieff, 11133. 

Vladislav. (See Ladislaus.) 

II., duke, 5033; king, 5043; abdicates, 

505i. 
Vladivostok fortified, 11221 . 
Vlaemoche Rederyleer issued, 5443. 
Vlamingh, explorer, 4933. 
Voeux, Sir G. Wm., des. gov., 11032. 
Vogel, Eduard, b., 8142 ; d., 8201. 
Yoges, Capt. ordered to Fort Pickens, 1921. 
Vogt, Karl, b., 8122 ; works, 8163, 8203. 
Vogue, Chas. Jean Melchior, b., 7243. 
Voigt, Johannes, b., 8043 ; d., 8221 . 
Voirol, Gen., gov. Algeria, 92. 
Voiture, Vincent, b., 086 1 ; Uranie, 6891; 

d., 6883. 
Volagt: attacked, 6161. 
Vola'piik, invented, 7541 ; successful, 3323; 

convention held, 3662. 
Volcano de Agua, destroys Guatemala, 

10383. 
Volhynia, Russia, invaded, 11181. 
Volkmann, Alfred Wilhelm, b., 8071 ; d., 

8282. 
Volney, Cointe, Cnnstautin Francois Chas- 

sebceuf de, b., 7023 ; d., 722a. 
Vologarses III., king in Armenia, 11533. 
Volontaire captures Aspasia, 1231. 
Volpiscus, Flavius, Augustan History, 

10071. 
Volscii, defeated. 10501 ; subjugated, 10532. 
Volta, Count, Alessandro, b., 10842 ; elec- 

trophorus improved, 9221 ; researches, 

9242; dis. chemical electricity, 10841; 

d., 10862. 
Voltaic arc exhibited, 9362. 

battery inv., 10841 ; improved, 9381 . 

Voltaire, Francois Marie Arouet de, b., 

6943; works, 6013, 6972, 6991,2, 7012, 

7032 ; leader, 7011 ; in Eng., 9072; .1., 7043. 
Volteline, Protestant, massacred, 1137 2 . 
Volterra, Daniele da, b. ; Descent from 

Cross, 10802 ; d., 10803. 
Voltri, It., Fr. defeat, 7141 . 
Volturno, It., action at, 10881 . 
Voluntary School Society fmd., 9523. 
Volunteer wins yacht race, 3273 ; pur- 
chased, 3353. 
Volunteer Army Service corps est., 9721 . 
force est., 926 1 , 932 1 ; appropriation, 

Eng., 9772. 

Reserve for Navy Act, G. B., 962i . 

Volunteers for Mexican war, 1011, 1643 ; 

for Civil war, 1922, 1942, 1952,1973,2101' 

a, 2111, 2362, 2373, 2413; favored in 

Ohio, 2032. 
organized, Can., 5812. 



Volunteers, Ger. calls for, 8111 . 

First Middlesex, fmd., Eng., 9321; 

Officers' Decoration instituted, 1010 1 . 

Act amended, 9732. 

Volusianus killed, 10671 . 
Vornpomem annexed to Prus., 7993. 
Vondel, Joost van den, b.-d., 10983; works, 

11012. 
Voorhees, Daniel Wolsey, b., 134 2 ; Bank 

Issue Bill, 4363. 

Repeal Bill passes, 4431 . 

Vorontzof, Mikhail Seminovitch,b.,1116 2 ; 

d., 11182. 
Vorosmarty, Mihaly, b., 5191 ; d., 5242. 
Vorstius, Conrad, b., 7922 ; d., 7943. 
Vortigern, king, 8412. 
Vos, Jan, Aaron and Titus, Medea, 11012. 
Vosges, Fr., Fr. army defeated, 7422. 
Voss, Johann Heinrich, b., 8022 ; works, 

8051, 8071 ; d., 8123. 

, R., works, 8322, 8342. 

Vossem, Peace of, 6933. 

Vossius, or Voss, Gerard Johannes, b., 

7922 ; d., 7963. 

, Isaac, b., 7943 ; d., 7982. 

Vote, Congress enforces right to, 2711 . 
Voting by proxy abolished, 9813. (See 

Suffrage.) 
Vouet, Simon, b., 6842 ; d., 6883. 
Vound, chieftain, leader, 5653. 
Vouti, expedition, 610 1 ; patronizes art and 

science, 6102; enthroned, 0113, 6131. 
Vox Femr/iiiia issued, 11102. 
Vratislav I., duke, 6032. 

II., duke ; king, 5033. 

Vrizy stormed, 7402., 
Vroom, Peter D., gov. N. J., 1373, 1433. 
Vrooman, Henry, d., 3382. 
Vucatovitch surrenders, 5261. 
Vuillaume, Jean Baptiste, b. ( 7131; d., 

7482. 
Vulcan launched, 10001 . 

, planet, discovered, 7342. 

Vulgate Bible, Mentz, 7871 . 
Vulpius, Christian A., b., 8023. 
Vulso, L. Manlius, naval com., 10523. 
Vyver, Van de, A., promoted bp., 3403. 
, S. Van de, installed bishop, 3462. 



W. 

Waagen, Gustav Friedrich, b., 8063 ; d., 
8243. 

"Wabash, I ml., train wreckers, 3851. 

College established, 1403. 

R. R., robbery, 4242. 

and Erie Canal completed, 1712. 

Wace, Master Robert, b.-d., 8482 ; works, 
8503. 

Wac liter, Johann, b., 7963 ; d., 8023. 

, Karl Georg von, b., 8063 ; d., 8301 . 

Wachusett captures Flnrida, 2383. 

Waddington, Wm. Henri, b., 7242 ; min- 
ister, 7473, 7512 ; ambassador at Berlin, 
751 2 ; premier, 7513 ; resigns, 7531 
Congre 



of Berlin, 8311; London Con- 
ference, 9932 ; d., 8661. 

Wade, Benj. Franklin, b., 108 2 ; senator, 
1692 ; on Committee of 13, 1892 ; on war 
investigation com., 2031 ; pres. senate, 
2572; conven. vote, v. -Pres., 2631 ; com- 
mission, 2732; d.,2982; 

, Field-Marshal, commander-in-chief; 

Royalist commander, 9101 . 

, James F., a colonel, 3261 . 

Wadesmill, TlmmasClark lueinorial, 9841 . 

Wadhnins, Edgar P., cons. R. C. bp., 2782. 

Wadleigh, Bainbridge, 3761. 

, Geo. H., promoted captain, 4481 . 

Wadswoitli, .lames, b., 761 ; d., 1562. 

, Samuel, b. (1807) ; in Army of 

Potomac, 2043 ; defends Wash., 2061 ; 
nom. for gov., 2152 ; k., 2322 ; d., 2332. 

, W., b., 1602. 

.Joseph, Charter Oak, 61'; intimi- 
dates Gov. Fletcher, 533. 

Wage-workers' Political Alliance peti- 
tions president, 3703. 

Wager, Sir Charles, b. (1666) ; lord admi- 
ralty, 9073 ; d. (1743). 

River, Capt. Back's voyage, 9481. 

Wages regulated by law, Eng., 8671 ; table 
of, 8971 ; of harvestmen, 907', 9112, 9152, 
9252, 9272, 9311, 9431 ; laborers', 8691, 
8971,9491. 

Waggoner, Link, killed, 4703. 

Waghausel, Ger., battle at, 818L 

Wagner Inlet, visited, 5751 . 



Wagn-Wals. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDxLX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1441 



Wagner, Irving P., b., 1702. 

, John, commander G. A. R., 3043. 

, Moritz, b., 8102 ; d., 8321 . 

, Kicbard, b., 8082 ; operas, 816' , 8243, 

8281 , 9781 ; London festival, 9821 ; d., 

, Rudolph Johannes, b.,8123; d.,830i. 

, Wilhelm Eichard, b., 8102; d., 8302. 

Palace Car Co. incorporated, 2613. 

Wagram, Aust., battle of, 5183. 
Wagsham Gobazye revolts, 32, 
Wahabis, 4861 to 488 2 ; insurrection of, 

11662; overthrown, 11573. 
Wahayama, floods, 10921 . 
Wahlstatt, Silesia, battle at, 7201 . 
Wahoo Swamp, Indian fight at, 1461 . 
Waiapu, N. Z., see of, est., 9583; Bp. Stu- 
art elected, 9803; Bp. Williams cons., 
10121 . 
Waijen enthroned, 6112. 
Wailly, Charles de, b., 6983; d., 7131. 
Wainwright, Jonathan M., d., 2191 . 

, Mayhew, b. (1792) ; cons. P. E. 

bishop, 1702; d., 1741. 
Wairarapu wrecked, 11033. 
Waite, Gen. Carlos Adolphus, b. (1800) ; 

commands in Tex., 1921 ; d., 2521 . 
, Davis H., gov., 4471; arrested ; ac- 
quitted, 4702; nom. for gov., 471 2. 
, Morrison Remick, b., 1242 ; chief jus- 
tice, 2852; N. Y. and N. H. case, 3133 ; 
d., 3282. 
Waithman, Robert, lord mayor London, 

9413; obelisk in memory of, 9461 . 
Waitzen, Hung., action at, 5222. 
Wakayama, lives lost ; famine, 10921 . 
Wake Forest, N. C, College est., 1423. 

, William, archbp. Canterbury, 9043. 

Wakefield, Bng., battle, 8641; Bishop 

Walsham cons., 9983. 
, Mass., quarter-millennial anniver- 
sary, 4613. 

, R. I., burglars, 4602. 

, Edward Gibbon, b., 9233; d. (1862). 

, Gilbert, b., 9143; d.,9303. 

, Mrs. Priscilla, est. bank, 9311 , 

Wakes, regulations for, Eng., 869 2 ; intro- 
duction, It., 10713. 
Wakkersoon, mission, 11243. 
Wakley, Thomas, b., 9263; d., 9662. 
Walbrook Church completed, 8941 . 
Walch, Christian Wilhelm Franz, b., 8002; 

d., 8042. 
Walcher, Bishop, Earl, d., 8482. 
Walcheren expedition fails, 9341 . 

, Isle of, fever ravages army, 9341 . 

Walckenaer, Charles Athanase, b., 7042 ; 

d., 7322. 
Walcott, Charles Doolittle, b. (1850) ; in 

interior department, 4472. 
Waldashach, Prussian victory, 8242. 
Waldeck, Count [Prince of Prus.], (Georg 
Friedrich), b. (1620) ; at Munster, 7903 ; 
defeated at Fleurus, 5421 ; d. (1692). 

, Count (Jean Fred.), d., 7501 . 

Pyrmont, Ger., principality, 7992 j 

new constitution, 8113. 

Rousseau, minister, 7532, 7543. 

Waldegrave, Earl of, title created, 9051 . 
Waldemar, Prince, elected Prince of Bul- 
garia ; declines, 567 *. 
I. (Valdemar), b.-d.; conquests ; de- 
feats, 635i ; builos Copenhagen ; elected, 
6353. 

II.,inBornhceved; inPrus.; in Rus.; 

unfurls standard, 6351 ; converts pagans, 
6352; attempts to regain Holstein ; im- 
prisoned ; loses power ; reigns ; unsuc- 
cessful in Nor. and Swe., 6353; d., 6351 ; 
kingdom divided, 637 1 . 

III. accepts peace of Stralsmund ; 

reigns, 6372; d.,6362. 

TV., of Den., ravages Sweden, 11341 . 

V. reigns, 11351 . 

(false) appears, 7833. 

Walden, Baron Howard de, title created, 
8772. 

, John M., elected M. E. bishop, 3163. 

Waldenses appear, 6702 ; massacred at 
Toulouse, 6703; persecuted, 8822; tolera- 
tion, 8883, 8892. (See Vaudois.) 
Waldhouser, Conrad, attempts reforma- 
tion, 5062. 
Waldis, Burkhard, b. (1500+) ; works, 791 1 . 
Waldo, Daniel, b. (1762) ; d., 2373. 

, Pierre, b.-d., 6683. 

Waldoborough, Me., settled, 652. 
Waldseemiiller, Martin, b. (1470+); d.,7882. 
Wales, invaded, 7121 ; Romans resisted, 



8391 ; leek, national emblem, 8401 ; Eng. 
language in ; see of Asaph; see of Clan- 
ilail, K403; early kings, 8432; devastated, 
8442; earlyrulers, 8452,3,8473,8493, 8551 ; 
Roderie rules, 845 2 ; subjugated, 8461; 
wolves' heads as tribute, 8471 ; conquest 
of, 8541,8552; insurrection; statute of 
W. promulgated ; 8553; united to Eng., 
8553, 8692; rebellion, 8601; Merthyr- 
Tydvil canal opd., 0273 ; Fr. invasion, 
9281 ; St. David's Coll. fnd., 9411 ; chain 
suspension bridge erected, 9421; Brit. 
Tubular Suspension Bridge erected ; 
Conway Tubular Bridge erected, 9541 ; 
Aberystwith College (nil., 9763 ; strike, 
9772,3, 10023, 10071 , 10111 ; tithe collec- 
tors mobbed, 10003 ; earthquake, 10081 , 
10101 ; University College, library opd., 
10082; coal-pit explosion ami lire, 10093, 
10113, 10123 ; Great Western Colliery 
fire, 10113. 

Walewski, Comte Alexandre Florian Jo- 
seph Colonna,b., 7191 ; resigns, 7352,7373; 
d.,7382. 

Walhalla, Bavaria, begun, 8141 . 

, S. C, W. Female College opd., 2782; 

Alger College org., 2963. 

Wali.l I., calif, 4852. 

II., calif, 4852. 

Walke, Commander Henry, b. (1808) ; 
passes Island No. 10, 2061 . 

Walker, senator seated, N. Y., 3992. 

.makes ice, 922 1; friction matches, 

, Amasa, b., 1082; d., 2881 . 

, Andrew, est. Ragged School, 9491; 

gift of, 9821. 
- — , Sir Charles P. Beauchamp, d., 10102. 
, D. A., Civil Service commissioner, 

, David, hanged, 3303. 

, S., governor Fla.,2553. 

- — , Francis Amasa, b. (1840); works, 3031 ; 
Monetary Conference, 4132. 

, Frederick, b., 9502; d.,9802. 

, George Leon, Thomas Hooker, 39&2. 

, , defense of Londonderry, 8981 . 

, Gilbert Carleton, b. (1832) ; gov. Va., 

2732; Va. reconstrurte.l, 2693; d. (1885). 

, Henderson, b. (1660) : gov. N. C, 552; 

d. (1704). 

, Horatio, in Acad, of Design, 3981 . 

, Sir Hovenden, b. (1660+) ; at Quebec, 

561 ; d. (1726). 

, James, b., 1042 ; president Harvard, 

173i; d., 2861. 

, B., presidential vote for, 2932 ; 

electoral vote, 295 2 . 

- — , P., d., 3641. 

, John, b., 9082 ; d., 9331 . 

, George, rear-adm., 4481 , 

, Joseph, governor La., 1692. 

, H., b., 1362. 

, Leroy Pope, Confed. sec. war, 1913 ; 

at Pocotaligo, 2143 ; near Tupelo, 2362; 
d. (1888). 

, Rev. R. H., Uganda mission, 5621 . 

, Robert John, b. (1801) ; gov. Kan., 

1831 ,3; sec. treas., 1592; d., 2681 . 

, Samuel, lord chancellor, 10092. 

, Sears Cook, b., 1122; d., 1722. 

, William, filibuster, b., 1322 ; sails 

for Cal., 1732; in Lower Cal.; in Sonora, 
1743; defeats Nicaraguans, 1761 ; leaves 
N. Y-, 1783 ; at Nicaragua ; recognized 
as pres., 1803; expedition lands, 1823 ; 
expedition wreeked, 1851 ; sails for Hon- 
duras, 1882; in Costa Rica, 6311; in 
Guatemala, 1038 2 ; driven from Nica- 
ragua; aids Nicaragua, 11032 ; d., 1862. 

, W., cons. P. E. bishop, 3142. 

Williston, work, 4782. 

Walking-sticks, term applied to M.P., 9832. 

Walk-in-the-lVitter launched, 1273. 

Wall, great Chinese, built, 6101; Agrico- 
la's, 8391; Antoninus's, 8392; Severus' 
8401. 

Wall, D. C, bomb discovered, 4611. 

Wallace, Ida., fire, 3653. 

, Alfred Russell, b., 9403 ; works, 9621 ; 

9743, 10022. 

, Capt., at Wounded Knee, 3741. 

, Corporal, shot, 9891 . 

, D. A., moderator, 2411 . 

, David, b. (1799) ; gov., 1492; d. (1859). 

, Horace Binney, b., 1262; d., 1781. 

, Joseph, work, 47S 2 . 

, Gen. Lewis, b. (1827) ; works, 2823, 

3063, 3323, 3502, 4442 ; saves Cincinnati, 



2122; on the Monocacy, 2361 ; military 
commission, 247 2 ; gov. New Mex., 3012. 
Wallace, N. Clarke, comptroller customs, 
Can., 5952, 5963. 

, Sir Richard, gift to Paris, 7463; d., 

10041. 

■ , Rush R., commodore, 4561 . 

, Prof. William, b. (1768) ; pantagraph 

improved, 9401 ; d. (1843). 

, , b.-d., 8542 ; defeats Eng., 8561 ; 

executed, 857 1 . 

, H., governor WaBh., 2032, 2293 = 

speaker, 2932. 

, Harvey Lamb, b. (1821); d.,2072. 

, M., commissioned major, 4561 . 

, Vincent, b., 9363; d., 9681 . 

Wallachia, conquered, 11561 ; revolts, 
11562 ; Aust. enter, 5241 • army with- 
drawn, 5252; evacuated; invasions of; 
laid waste; uprising, 11121; gov't pur- 
chased by Alex. ; oath to Russian queen ; 
princes purchase appointments ; re- 
turned, 11122. 

Wallachians expelled from Poland, 11141 . 

Wallack, James William, b. (1795) ; opens 
theater, 1721; d.,241i. 

, Lester (John Johnstone W.), b. (1820); 

d.,330i. 

Walla-Walla, printing-press set up, 151 1 ; 
missionaries murdered, 1623 ; constitu- 
tion convention, 2992 ; Witman College 
opened, 3143. 

Wallenstein, Albrecht Eusebius von, Duke 
of Friedland, b., 7922; defeats Protest- 
ants, 5121 ; dismissal, 6121 , 7941 ; peace 
atLubeck; recalled, 5121 ; invades Den., 
6361; D. of Meckleuburg, 6373; com- 
mands imperial army ; in Nuremburg, 
7941 ; cruelty ; faces Gustavus ; relieves 
Maximilian, 7942; prince of emp.,7952; 
lands bestowed ; power alarms ; army 
disbanded ; loses favor ; treason ; at 
Eger; assassinated, 7953 ; d., 7943. 

Waller, Edmund, b., 8781; works, 8803, 
8851,8883,8903; plot of , 8853 ; d., 8962. 

, Thomas M., gov. Conn., 3152; World's 

Fair Commission, 3633. 

, Sir William, parliamentary gen., b., 

876 2 ; at Landsdown ; at Cropredy Bridge, 
8841; d.,8922. 

Wallia fights for Romans, 10701 . 

Wallin, Johan Olif , b. (1779) ; National 
Hymn Bonk of Sweden, 11362; d. (1839). 

Walling, Henry Francis, d., 3301 . 

Wallingford, Conn., Baptist church, 623. 

Wallis, Samuel, voyage, 9161; explora- 
tions, 4932 ; d. (1795). 

, Dr., deaf mutes, 8871 . 

, John, b., 8801 ; d., 9022. 

, Sir Provo William Parry, d., 10081 . 

Wallon, Henri Alexandre, b., 7192; works, 
7303, 7351, 7363, 7482, 7522, 7602; minis- 
ter, 7493. 

Walloons, persecuted, 301 ; build Fort 
Orange; in N. Y., 31 1; near Hudson 
River, 312. 

Wallscourt, Baron, title created, 9311. 

Walmannsthal, mission, 11241 . 

Walmesley, Charles, b., 9062 ; d. (1797), 
9283. 

Walpole, N. H., Farmer's Museum, 1043. 

.Horace, E. of Orford, b., 9062; Cas- 
tle of Otranto, 9171 ; d. (1797). 

, Sir Robert, E. of Orford, b., 8942; 

bill, 672; minister, 9033; premier, 9053, 
907 3 ; resigns ; created E. of Orford, 
9113; d.,9103. 

, Spencer Horatio, b. (1806); minister, 

9573, 9632, 9692; withdraws, 9633. 

Walram, Archbp., freed, 7822. 

Walruff, John, upholds prohibition, 3232„ 

Walsh, John, minister, resigns, 303 2 . 

, , b. (1830); cons., 5822; archbp., 

5882; testimony, 9993. 

, Henry, d., 998L 

, Mayor of Wexford, imprisoned, 10051. 

, Michael, convicted of murder, 9903. 

, Mr., arrested, 9863. 

,N., printing in Celtic letters, 8743. 

, Patrick, senator for Ga., 455 2 . 

, , executed, 9903. 

, Robert, b., 962; Am. Quarterly Be- 

view, 1351 ; d., 1842. 

, Thomas, arrested, 9891 . 

, William, cons, bp., 10063. 

, J. cons, archbp., 9922. 

, Parkerham, elected bp., 980 a . 

Walsham, William, cons, bp., 9983. 

Walsingham, Baron, title created, 9212. 



1442 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Wals-Wash.. 



Walsingham, Sir Francis, b., 868=: minis- 
ter, 8753; d. (1590;. 

Walthall, Edward Cary, b., 1382. 

Waltham, Mass., first power cotton mill, 
1231; statuary destroyed, 4642. 

Walter, Hubert, death of, 8522. 

, Johann Gottlieb, b., 8002; d., 8122. 

, John, b., 9103; logographic printing, 

9222; d., 10121. 

of the Strong Hand appears, 7723. 

, the Penniless, nobility support, 6683; 

in Crusade, 10743. 

, Thomas Ustick, b., 1122; d., 328'. 

Waltheof, Earl, beheaded, 849' . 
Walther von der Vogehveide, b.-d., 7782; 

collection for choral singing, 7892. 
Walters, Mr., gift to Art Museum, 3381 . 

, Robert, mayor N. Y., 59 3 . 

, William Thompson, d., 4761. 

Walton, Ind., tenant shot, 4403. 

Junction, Eiig., R.R. accident, 9713. 

, F. A., absconds, 3523. 

, Geo., b. (1740±); gov. Ga., 1013; d., 

1122. 
, Izaak, b., 8762; Complete Angler, 

8883; d., 8962. 
Waltz introduced into England, 9372. 
Waltzeemiiller, Martin, names America, 

171. 
Walworth, Frank M-, sentenced, 2931 . 

■ , Reuben Hyde, b. (1789); d., 2582. 

, William, lord mayor London, 8611 . 

Wamba, subdues Saracens, 11251 • reigns, 

11253. 
Wambe wrecked, 3113. 
Wampanoags defeated in R. I., 461 . 
Wampum; currency, 313. 
Wanamaker, Alfred, a suicide, 3683. 
, John, b. (1837); p.-m. gen., 3372; Log 

College eel., 3443; letter-box order,415i. 
Wanborough, battle at, 8421 . 
Wandewasli, India, action at, 9142, 10442. 
Wandsworth, Eng., first Presb. church, 

8743; j r on tramroad, 9301 . 
Wangeman, A. G., robbed, 4762. 
Wangti, inventions of, 6101 . 
Wanleli, land grant, 6152; d., 6142. 
WangMaug rebellion, China, 6101,6113; 

enthroned, 6113. 
Wanstead, Eng., Orphan Asylum est. ,9422. 
Wantage, Baron, title created, 9871. 
Wanton, Gideon, gov. R. I., 672. 

, John, gov. R. 1., 633. 

, William, gov. R. I., 632. 

Wapping, E. India warehouse burned, 

9273. 
War, Civil, war funds, 1972; loan, 1973; 

appropriations, 1992 ; investigation, 

Cong., 2913, 2031; able governors, 2032; 

complications; Order No. 1, 203 3 ; daily 

cost, 2093; last loan, 2433; ends, 2473; 

total cost, 2491 . (See pp. 188-248.) 

, French and Indian. (See pp. 68-73.) 

.King Philip's (Indian). ( See pp.44-46.) 

— , Mexican. (See pp. 158-164). 

of 1812, Cong, declares war, 1192; 

politics in, 1173; New Eng. opposes, 
1173, 1193. (See pp. 118-123.) 

— — , Revolutionary, for American Inde- 
pendence. (See pp. 80-97.) 

Warbeck, Perkin, pretender ; at Beaulieu 
monastery, 8671; attacks; defeated; 
hanged, 8661 . 

Warburg, Prus., French defeat, 7021 , 8021 . 

Warburton, Eliot Bartholomew George, 
b., 9351; d., 9582. 

, Wm, b., 900= 

Ward, Artemas, 1 
chief, 802; d., 1082. 

, Artemus, humorist. (See Brown, C.F.) 

, Edgar M., Academy Design, 3141 . 

, Sir Edward, lord keeper, 901 3 . 

, Edward Matthew, b., 9382; d. (1879). 

— , Elizabeth Phelps, b. (1844); Doctor 
Zay, 3191 . 

, Ferdinand, indicted, 3411; released 

from Sing Sing, 4063. 

, Freda, assaulted, 4002. 

, Frederick, b. (1851); enters service; 

reorganizes army, 6201 ; d. (1862). 

, Gen., envoy at Peking, 185 3 . 

, Sir H., gov., 10491. 

, Herbert D., work, 3743. 

, Mrs. Humphry (Mary Augusta Ar- 
nold), b. (1851); works, 9983. 

, John, d. 10041 . 

, Quincy Adams, b., 1382; paints, 

1821,2023; Acad. Design, 2291; statue 
of Lincoln, 2901 , of Washington, 3121 . 



Ward, John S., breach of privilege, 9852. 

, Marcus Lawrence, b. (1812); gov. N. 

J., 2553; vetoes, 2612; d. (1884). 

, Mr., expelled H. C. for forgery, 9072. 

-, Nathaniel, b. (157S+); Simple Cobbler 

of Agawam, 383; d. (1653+). 

, N. B., devises Wardian cases, 9441 . 

, Radcliffe, electric omnibus, 10001 . 

, Richard, b. (16S9); gov., 652; d. (1763). 

, Robert Plumer, b., 9163; d. (1846). 

, Rodney C, d., 3442. 

, S., gov. India, 10491 . 

, Sam., b. (1725); gov. R. I., 732, 753; 

opposes Stamp Act, 752; d. (1776). 

Warden, D., train wrecker, 4642. 

Wardian Cases devised, 9441 . 

Wardley, James, revives Friends' Society, 
9123. 

Wardner, Ida., non-union men, 4103; U.S. 
troops, 410' . 

Wardrop, Maj., in Sudan, 6602. 

Ware, Edward Ash, cons. bp. Derby, 10022. 

, Henry, Jr., b., 1042; Harvard prof., 

1123; d., 1562. 

, , b., 741 ; d. (1845). 

, , cons, bp., 10022. 

, William, b., 1062; d., 1702. 

Wareham, Eng., taken, 8441 . 

Warham, Wm., b. (1450-;-); archbp. Can- 
terbury, 8622; lord chan., 8672; d. (1532). 

Warehousemen's Asso. org., U. S., 3932. 

Warehouse system est., 1612. 

Waring, Edward John, d., 10042. 

, George E., b. (1833); work, 4782; d. 

(1898). 

Warm Springs, Va., action at, 2262. 

Warmouth, Henry C., gov. La., 265 2 ; sus- 
pended, 2793. 

faction, New Orleans, 4002. 

Warmstadt, battle at, 7761 . 

Warner, A. J., pres. Silver Conven., 3492. 
, Charles Dudley, b., 1362 ; works, 

2723,2802, 2823, 2943, 2983, 3003, 3263, 

3503, 3963. 

, Daniel B., pres. Liberia, Afr., 11612. 

, JohnD., b., 1682. 

, Olin Levi, b. (1844) ; sculptor, 3161 ; 

Academy of Design, 3501 . 
, Seth, b., 642; at Crown Point, 801; 

d., 962. 
, Susan (Elizabeth Wetherell),b., 1281 ; 

works, 1683, 3031 ; d., 3202. 
, William, b. (1840); commander-in- 
chief, 3303. 

, Maj. , nom. for gov. Mo., 4071 . 

, , b. (1558) ; Albion y s England, 

8763; d. (1609). 

Observatory est., Rochester, 3021 . 

Warrants, general, illegal, Eng., 9173. 
Warren, R. I., Brown University est., 742. 

Baptist Association formed, 74 2 . 

, Charles, b.,9403. 

, Sir , commissioner 

with Kruger, 6032. 

, Sir , excavations at Jerusalem, 

11581. 

, Fitz Henry, d., 2982. 

, Francis E., b., 1562; gov. Wyo., 3492, 

3671 . 

, Gouverneur Kemble, b., 1382 ; north 

of Rapidan, 2321 ; at Spot tsylvania, 2323; 
takes Weldon R. R. ; at Globe Tavern, 
2372 ; at Peeble's Farm, 2383; at Hatch- 
er's Run, 2391 ; at Five Forks ; reenforcea 
Sheridan; relieved, 2443 ; d., 3102. 

, John, b., 683 ; d. (1815). 

, Sir John Borlase, b.,9123 ; captures 

Fr. ships, 9231 ; blockades Chesapeake 
Bay, 1201; d.,9403. 

, Collins, anatomist, b., 912; d., 

1781. 

, Joseph, b., 642; leaves Harvard, 723; 

massacre oration, 831 ; d., 823. 

, Lieut., wins rifle prize, 9941. 

. Mercy, b., 602; Am. Revolution, 1131 . 

, Sir Peter, b., 9022; d., 9123. 

, Samuel, b., 9331 ; works, 9443 ; d., 9822. 

, S. D., estate damaged, 464 2 . 

, Wm., Jr., b., 1183 ; d., 3301 . 

Warrenne, Earl, treachery of, 855 3 . 

Warrensburg, Mo., Confederates defeated, 
2051; State Normal School est., 2763. 

Warrenstown, Ire., tenants' right demon- 
stration, 9571 , 

Warrenton, Mo., Central Wesleyan Coll. 
fnd., 2412; collision, 3611 . 

, Va., Federals take, 2141 ; action, 2151 ; 

Confederates defeated, 2212. 

Warriner, Francis, b. (1805); d., 2521. 



Warrington, Lewis, b., 951 ; d., 1682. 

Warrior launched, 9641 . 

Warrior, Ala., Prohibitionist killed, 4003. 

Warsaw, Mo., battle near, 1961 . 

, N. Y., Liberty Party Conven. meetB, 

at, 1512; rock salt dis., 2981 . 

, Aust., enlarged, 5193. 

- — , Rus., diet est. at, 11152 ; Polish de- 
feat, 11141 ; alliance of; capital of Po- 
land, 11153; surrenders to Charles XII., 
11141 ; Rus. garrison expelled; taken, 
11161 ; a duchy ; annexed to Saxony ; 
general diet at ; overrun ; revolution, 
11173; riot, 11191 ; sovereigns meet, 8212; 
besieged, 11192 ; Reign of Terror, 11181 ; 
military arrests 11182; decree on educa- 
tion; Univ. provided for, 11183; martial 
law, 11212; Nihilist printing-est., 11211; 
anarchists arrested ; bomb in Greek ch.; 
centenary of partition of Poland, 11223. 

Wartburg, Cape Colony, mission, 5983. 

, Ger., festival of, 8123. 

, Evan. Luth. General Synod org., 2942. 

Wartenburg, Prus., battle of, 7202. 

Warton, Joseph, b., 9062. 

, Thomas, b., 9081 • poet laureate, 9151 ; 

d., 9243. 

, William, Hist, of Eng. Poetry, 9192. 

Warwick, Abraham, surety for Jefferson 
Davis, 2563. 

, E. of (Richard Neville), b.-d., 8622 ; 

arrested, 861 2 ; captures Sp. fleet, 8621 ; 
in Eng., 8643; intrigues against king; 
instigates rebellion; declared traitor, 
killed, 8652. 

, Earl of, title created, 9112. 

, Earl of. (See Edward Plantagenet.) 

, Earl of. (See Dudley, John ; Rich, 

Robert). 

, John G., d., 4121 . 

Warwickshire, Eng., Kenilworth castle 
built, 8482 ; miners strike, 981 1 . 

Washburn, Cadwallader Colden,b. (1818); 
on Committee of 33, 1891 ; commands 
Tex. expedition, 2281; gov. Wis., 2811; 
d. (1882). 

, Emory, b. (1800); gov. Mass., 1771 . 

, Israel, Jr., b. (1813) ; gov. Me., 2032 ; 

occupies Helena, 2101 ; near La Grange, 
218i; d., 3122. 

, John W., defaulter, 4382. 

, Peter Thacher, b. (1814) ; gov. Yt., 

2693 ; d. (1870). 

, Wm. Barrett, b. (1820) ; gov. Mass., 

2811; d. (1887). 

, : Drew, b., 1382. 

College org., 250 2 . 

Flour Mills, Wis., burn, 2993. 

Washburne, Elihu Benjamin, b. (1816); 

defends Grant, 2073; Joint Com. of Re- 
construction, 2493 ; gee. state retires ; 
minister to Fr., 2671 ; nom. for pres. can- 
didate, 3043, 3051 ; work, 3291 ; d., 3262. 

, Hempstead, mayor, Chicago, 3811 ; 

closes gambling-houses, 3823. 

Wasltituitun puts to sea, 1241, 

sails, 1623. 

, state : Alexander Mackenzie reaches 

coast, 1041 ; Territory created, 1743 ; 
printing-press set up, 151i , Isaac I. 
Stevens, gov., 1743; J. p, Anderson, 
gov., 1832; Fayette M'Mullen, gov.. 
1833; Univ. est., Seattle, 1991; R. D. 
Gohlson, gov.;.Wm. Pickering, gov.; 
Wm. H. Wallace, gov., 2032; Nat. Deaf 
Mute Coll. opd., 2352; Marshall F. 
Moore, gov., 2593; Alvin Flanders, gov., 
2683; Ed. S. Salomon, gov., 2732; Elj. 
shaP. Ferry, gov., 291'; Constitutional 
Conven.; Constitution ratified, 2992,3; 
Wm. A. Newell, gov., 3052; Free Meth. 
Conf.org., 3182; Watson C. Squire.gov., 
3193; Chinese protected. 3211 ,3, 3232; 
Anti-Chinese riot, 3232; school for 
defective youths opd., 3263, Normal 
School at Lynden, 3242, tunnel under 
Cascade Range, 3313 ; insane asylum 
opens, 3332; Bill to admit, 3363; Ena- 
bling Act signed, 337' ; Gen, Congrega- 
tional Asso. org., 3422; E. P. Ferry nom. 
for gov.; Eugene Semple nom. for gov., 
345'; constitution ratified; Prohibition 
law rejected, 347'; admitted, 3472; 
storm, 3521 ; cattle thieves, 3802, -wheat 
crop destroyed, 386'; Italians riotous, 
race-fight, 3863; state Railroad Com- 
missioners, 359' ; Great Northern R. R. 
completed, 4213; gold strike, 430'; John 
H. McGraw, gov., 4472 ; wheat de- 



"Wash-Weav. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1443 



stroyed, 4493; cloudburst, 4641; fire in 
mine, 4712: woman suffrage adopted, 
343*. 

"Washington, D. C, cityfnd., 1033; capitol 
begun, 1041 ; }y (ls h. tin-cite, 1063 ; Intelli- 
gencer issued, 111 i ; Brit, advance on, 
1222; Nat. Library burned, 1232- Am. 
Colonization Soe.i'inl.,12oi ; eapitolbuilt, 
1273, 1341 ; Columbian Univ. fnd., 1311 ; 
treasury building destroyed, 1433; pat- 
ent office and post-office burned, 1473; 
telegraph to Bait, est., 150' ; Democratic 
Review est., 1483; Soc. for Promotion of 
Science and Useful Arts est., 152 i ; Naval 
Observatory est., 1541 ; Kossuth arrives, 
1691 ; w. Univ. org., 173' ; aqueduct in- 
aug., 1733; race riot, 1323; representa- 
tives in new chamber, 1S3 2 ; senate in 
new chamber, 1852; patent office com- 
pleted, 1853; Japanese embassy rec'd 
1871; defenses planned, 1901; Lincoln 
arrives, 1923; defense in Civil War, 
1923, 1941 ,2, 1981 , 2061 , 2082, 2123; Con- 
federate Commissioners in, 1932; balloon 
ascension, 1963; Holy Angels' Coll. org., 
21H; Nat. Acad, of Science est., 2212; 
Gen. Grant arrives, 2302; Conf. Meth, 
Epis.org., 2332; Ladies' National Cove- 
nant fmd., 2333; Gen. Early threatens, 
2351, 2361; Smithsonian Institution li- 
brary burned, 2423 ; review of Fed, 
army, 2463; obsequies of Lincoln held, 
2472 ; polychromy applied to patent 
office ; dome of capitol frescoed, 250i ; 
St. Louis Coll. org.; surgeon-gen's of- 
fice library fnd., 2502; Howard lust, 
fnd., 2523; Mary Harris tried, 2551; 
Howard Univ. org., 2583; Corcoran Art 
Gallery donated, 262 1 , 2701 ; Bureau of 
Education library fnd., 2623; Chinese 
embassy in, 2632; Xat. Con veil. Colored 
Men Asso., 2653; Burlingame treaty ne- 
gotiated, 2633 ; Clark equatorial 
mounted, 2S2 1 ; Lincoln Park ; statue 
of Lincoln, 290 1 ; National Tribune, 
2962; Soc. Asso. Charities org., 3072; 
Chas. Guiteau hanged, 3103; National 
Theater burns, 3212 ; Cath. Univ. of 
Am. org., 3232, 3302, 3471; National 
Economist, 3322 j site of Zoological Park, 
3401 j S ale of pardons exposed, 2551 ; Bill 
to est. Univ. of U. S., 3582; Italo-Amg. 
hold meeting 387 1; Nat. Art Asso. 
Cong., 4061; f r . legation an embassy, 
4252; Webster statue, 4273; Ford's Thea- 
ter disaster, 4323 ; Lincoln Memorial 
Home opd., 4413. (See District of Co- 
lumbia.) 

, la., Gen. Ass. United Presb. meets, 

2502. 

, N. J., zinc manufacture, 1501 . 

, N. C, Federals at, 2051 ; action near, 

2082, 2123. 

, Pa., Wash, and Jefferson Coll. est., 

1111; militia arrive, 194 1 ; Slocum rob- 
bery, 4791. 

, Bushrod, b., 723; justice, 1092; d., 

1362. 

, George, b., 621 ; surveyor-gen., 673; 

at Fort Necessity; at Great Meadows; 
adj.-gen. for Va.; lieut.-col., 681 ; visits 
Lake Erie; Fr. aggressions, 692, 7021 ; 
Indians threaten, 69 2 ; brings letter; 
visits Am. colonies, 693; in Shenandoah 
Valley, 701; resigns, 703; marries, 71 2 ; 
at Cambridge ; commander-in-chief, 
802, 813; at Boston, 811 , 822, S31 , 1013; 
at Charlestown, Mass., 82 1 ; no super- 
vision of navy ; leaves Cambridge ; in 
New York, 822; gold medal, 831 ; plot 
against, 833; army report; retreats to 
New York, 84 1 ; in North Castle, N. Y., 
retreats to N. J.; in Pa., 843; crosses 
Bel. at Trenton, 851 ; at Princeton, 861 ; 
recrosses the Del., 863; forbids games; 
letter from Howe, 85 2; military power, 
■853; at Morristown, SfJi ; force increased, 
86 2 ; marches south, 863; in Phila.; en- 
ters Chesapeake Valley, 87 1; at White 
Marsh, 881 ; conspiracy against, 8S 2 ; 
at Monmouth ; at White Plains, 883; at 
Middlebrook, 901 ; army destitute, 91 1 ; 
meets Rochambeau, 92 1, 942; troops 
mutiny, 921 ,3; at Totowa, 923; a lieut.- 
gen. and adm. of Fr., 933; reenforced 
"by Fr.; transfers army from N. Y. to 
Va., 942; at Williamsburg ; Newburgh, 
headquarters, 943; despatch of victory, 
:95 2 ; farewell address ; surrenders com- 



mission, 96'; last circular, 97 1; ad- 
dresses Congress, 972; inspects O.Val- 
ley, 97 3 ; pres. Nat. Constitution Con- 
ven., 992; electoral vote, 1012, 1032 
1073; 1st. pres. U. S.; approves Tariff 
Act, 1012; visiting tour, 1013, 1023, 1051; 
re-elected pres., 1023; second term; 
proclamation of neutrality, 1051; lieut.- 
gen., 1061; ascendency over people, 
1071 ; declines 3d term; farewell ad- 
dress, 1072; meets Cong, last time, 107 3 ; 
appointed 1st general, 108 1 ; d., 1082, 
1091; monument, N. Y., 1622; monu- 
ment, D. C, 1041, 1742, 2932; farewell 
address Ms. sold, 1673; statue in Phila., 
2661; i u N. Y., 158 1, 180 1, 3121, 3141, 
and in Milwaukee, 320i . 

Washington, Joseph E., b., 1682. 

.Madison, leads uprising slaves, 153 1 . 

, Martha, d., 1102. 

, Mary, day at World's Fair, 4403. 

, Wm. Augustine, b. (1752); d., 1162. 

and Bait. R. R. sold, 3453. 

Centennial Arch fnd. , 366 1 . 

College (non-sect.) org at Chester- 
town, Md. (1783). 

(non-Beet.) org. at Wash. Coll., 

Tenn. (1795). 

Court-houBe, O., lynchers, 4731 ; tor- 
nado, 3201 . 

inauguration, centennial, 349 1 ; tab- 
let unveiled, 3722; birthday honored, 
4251,4532. 

and Jefferson College org., 1111 . 

and Lafayette, monument to, 2661 . 

and Lee University fnd., 67i. 

monument, description, 318 ! ; black 

destroyed, 1742; appropriation for, 2932; 
inaugurated, 3201 . 

, Treaty of, find., 1553, 2751 , 5833; op- 
posed, 5833. 

Univ. (non-sect.) org. at St. Louia, 

Mo. (1853). 

Washingtonian temp. movement org., 1511 , 
Wasp captures Frolic, 11S2; captures Rein- 
deer, 1221 . 

lost, 9921 . 

Wasta, mission, 6571 . 

Watch and Ward Act enforced, G. B., 
9391. 

Watches mnf. by machinery, 1821 ; first 
made, 7863; in Eng., 8753; i s t used in 
Eng., 8833; pocket made, 8882; i nv ., 
8941 ; marine inv., 9061 • taxed, 9292. 

Watchman issued, Eng., 946 3 . 

Water; components, 7041, 7221; supply, 
London, 8521 ; salt, freshened, 8961 ; by 
friction, 9282; decomposed, 9301 , 9541 . 

Beggars capture Brille, 5401. 

Waterberg, mission, 11242. 

Waterbury, Conn., Silas Bronson Library 

fnd., 2703. 

, N. J., lawyer, d., 4562. 

, Vt., Insane Asylum opened, 333 2 . 

, Ward, kidnapped, 4002. 

Water-famine, St. Louis, Mo., 4453. 

Waterford, Conn., Bapt. church org., 572. 

, Ire., built, 8452; fire, 8473; Trinity 

Cathedral fnd., 8483; see unites with 
Lismore, 8582; Richard II. lands, 860 1; 
W. Flyintj Post, 9091; w. Chronicle, 
9171; storm, 9201; cathedral destroyed, 
9373; see unites with Cashel, 9462; mar- 
tello tower attacked, 971 1; Bp. Power 
cons., 9962; election riots; Irish Nat. 
Federation, 10071. 

, Marquis of, title created, 923'. 

Water-glass invented, 8121 . 

lily, Victoria Eegia intro., 9482. 

Waterloo lost, 9513. 

Waterloo, battle of, 5422, 7221 . 

, Duke of Brunswick's statue, 5461 . 

Waterloo Advertiser, 5803. 

Waterloo Bridge, Va., skirmish at, 2121 , 

, Sir Sidney. 1. mayor Lond., 9753. 

Waterman, Robert Whitney, b. (1826); d., 
380 1. 

Water-mills in operation, 10622. 

organ invented, 10552. 

Waterpark, E., title created, 9252. 

Waters, Horace, b., 1183; d., 4281. 

, Margaret, convicted, 9751 . 

, Richard, bp. Af. M. E. ch., 1403. 

, W. E., pres. Wells College, 4682. 

Watersmeet, Mich., car accident, 3353. 

Waterspout, Canon City, Colo., 4101; 
Chang Ping, 6241 ; destructive, 9441 ; 



Watertown, N. Y., fire, 3553; bank run 
prevented, 4333; train wreckers, 4663. 

- — , Wis., Northwestern Univ. org., 2503. 

Waterville, Me., Colby Univ. fnd., 1291 . 

Waterways Conven., Nat., meets, 3932. 

Water Witc h fired on, 1772; Confederates 
capture, 2341 . 

Watkins, N. Y., cashier absconds, 4503. 

Watling Island dis., 132; Columbus on 
coast, 142. 

Watrous, George H., d., 3422. 

, electricity, transmission of, 9121. 

Watson, Alfred Augustus, b. (1818); cons. 
P. E. bp., 3163. 

, Andrew, moderator Gen. Assem., 

3742. 

, Baron, title created, 9871 . 

, J. B., d.,5013. 

, James Craig, b. (1838) ; dis. satellites, 

1881, 2272, 2581, 2621, 2741, 2761, 2861, 
2901, 2961; se ea Vulcan, 2981; intra- 
Mercurial planets, 3001 ; d., 3041 . 

, J. Crittenden promoted captain, 326 1 , 

, John, first Am, artist, 581 . 

, Fanning, b., 912 ; d., 1862. 

, Lewis F., d., 3661 . 

, Richard, bp. of Llandaff, b., 9083 ; d. 

(1816). 

, Thomas, b. (1557+) ; work, 875 1; d. 

(1592). 

, E., intoxication, 4131 , 

, William, works, 9863, 10022, 10122, 

Watt, James, b., 9082 ; mathematical in- 
struments, 9142 ; method of condensa- 
tion ; steam-engine inv., 9161, model, 
9162; awarded patent, 9181,9221; with 
Boulton, 9181; expansion engine, 9202 ; 
in Lunar Society, 9212 ; water composi- 
tion, 9221; rotary engine, 9241 ; gas used, 
9282 ; stereo plates, 9381 ; d., 9383. 

, Joseph, exports wheat, 2653. 

, Robert, b., 9191 ; d. (1819). 

Watteau, Antoine, b., 6923 ; d., 6982. 

Watterson, Henry, b. (1840) ; nom. for vice- 
president, 4092. 

, Hervey McGee, d., 3922. 

, John Ambrose, b. (1844) ; cons. R. C. 

bp.,3042; sustained, 4661 . 

W T attignies, Fr., Austrians defeated, 7101, 

Watts, George Frederick, b., 9403. 

, Isaac, b., 8923 ; d., 9122, 

, John, baptisms, 54 2 . 

, Thomas Hill, b. (1819) ; gov. Ala., 



2293 



d., 4141 



Waud Ali Shah rules, 10473. 
Waudenkolk, Adm., captured, 5581. 
Waugh, Beverly, b. (1789) ; cons. Meth. 
Epis. bishop, 1462 ; d. (1858). 

, Daniel, b., 1522, 

Vauhatehie, Tenn., battle of, 2271 , 
Waukomis, Okla., bridge burned, 4642 j 



Waverly, N. Y., A. Hyatt, murderer, 4602. 

, Tenn., action at, 2143. 

Wawasset burns, 2833. 

Waxhaw Creek, S. C, Buford massacre, 
921. 

Way, James, missionary, 4962. 

, Lewis, Christian Soc. former, 8131. 

Wayland, Francis, b., 106 1 ; works, 145*, 
1491, 1763 ; d., 2481. 

Wayman, Alex. Washington, b., 1301 , 

Wayne, Pa., Drexel Industrial College 
founded, 3362. 

, Anthony, b., 662 • brig.-gen., 861 ; at 

Paoli, Pa., 872 ; at Stony Point, 902 ; at 
Ball's Ferry, 921 ; commander of army, 
1021; attacks Indians in O.; builds Fort 
Greenville; builds Ft. Recovery, 104 1j 
treaty with Indians, 107i ; d., 1061 . 

, James Moore, b. (1790) ; justice U. S. 

Supreme Court, 1453 ; d. (1867). 

Waynesboro, Ga., Haven Normal Acad- 
emy founded, 2623. 

, Va., Sheridan raids; Confederates 

defeated, 2422. 

Wazen, sheriff of, detained, 102. 

Wazirabad mission, 10483. 

Weadock, Th. A., b., 1682. 

Wearmouth, library fnd. by Benedict BiB- 
cop, 8431 ; monastery founded, 8423. 

Weather Bureau est., 2693 ■ transferred, 
3692, 3872. 

Weathersfield, Conn., conference, 94'. 

Weathershed, Richard, archbishop, 8522. 

Weaver, James, B., b. (1833) ; nom. for 
pres., 305i, 411i, 415 2 ; popular vote, 
3051 , 4192 ; electoral vote, 4243. 

, Jonathan, b. (1824) ; elected bp., 2452. 



1444 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN D-K-X. Superior Figures indicate Column. "WeaV— W6sL 



Weaverville, N. C, college org., 2863. 

"Weavers riots, England, 935 2 . 

Weaving in Chile, 605' . 
Webb captured, 2462. 

Webb, Alex. Stewart, b. (1835) ; at Brio- 
tow's Station, 2271 . 

, Allan B., cons, bishop, 9862. 

, Charles, b. (1724) ; refuses aid, 701 ; 

d. (1794±). 

, James Watson, b., 1102 ; d., 3162. 

, Lucy Ware, marries R. Hayes, 1711. 

, Matt... swims English channel, 9813 ; 

drowned, 3153. 

, Mohammed Alex. Russell, repudi- 
ated, 4761 . 

, Thomas, b. (1724) ; intro. Meth. in 

Phila., 742 ; d. (1796). 

, Samuel, Bibliotheca Literaria, 9071 . 

, Wm. Henry, b. (1816) ; endows col- 
lege home, 2642. 

Webbe, John, publisher, 651 . 

, William, English l'oetrie, 8752. 

Webber, Chas. Wilkins, b. (1819) ; d., 1781 . 

, W., arrested, 4623. 

, W. T. I., cons, bishop, 9922. 

Weber invents machine ram, 7901 . 

, Georg, b., 8083 ; d., 8321 . 

, Baron Karl Maria Friedrich Ernst 

von, h., 8043 ; d., 8123. 

, Paul, b., 8122. 

, Veit, German Ballads, 7871 . 

, Wilhelm Eduard, b.,S082 ; dismissed 

from university, 8152 ; d. (1891). 

Webster Co., Kv., action in, 2151 . 

, B. C, shoots Goodwin, 3891 , 4163. 

, Daniel, b., 951 ; enters coll. ,1091 ; stud- 
ies law, 1133 ; enters Cong., 1192 ; slavery 
agitation, 129 ' ; oration at Bunker Hill, 
1321 , 1541 ; defends Union, 1373 ; opposes 
removal of funds, 1412 ; nullification de- 
bate, 1413 ; electoral vote ; popular vote, 
1472 ; sec. state, 1532,3, 1553, 1672; signs 
Wash, treaty, 1553 ; against antislavery 
friends, 167 1 ; candidate at Whig Con- 
vention, 1711 ; d., 1702, 1712; 100th An- 
niversary eel., 3103 ; statues, 3222, 4273. 

, John, dramatist, works, 8783 ; d., 8882. 

, , governor, Conn., 411 . 

, Major, at Huntersville, 2021 . 

, Katherine, murderess, executed,9343. 

, Noah, b., 711 ; works, 963, 983, 1003, 

1043, 1083, 1363, 1523, 2412; Copyright 
Act, 1023 ; on Am. policy, 991 ; dictionary 
revised, 1583 ; d., 1562. 

, Pelatiah, b. (1725) ; gov't revision, 

953 ; d. (1795). 

, Sir Richard Everard, minister, 9933, 

9953 ; counsel for Times, 9993 ; banquet 
to, 10003. 

Weckherlin, Rudolf, b. (1584) ; Oden wnd 
Gesange, 7951 ; d. (1653±). 

Wedde, funeral attendance, 8331. 

Wedderburn, Alexander, Baron Lough- 
borough, Earl of Roslyn, b., 9082 ; com- 
missioner, 9233 ; d. (1805). 

Wedel, Georg Wolfgang, b.,7963 ; d., 7983. 

Wedell, Gen. H. von, Prussian leader,5l61 . 

Weder, Gen. von, at Belfort, 8261 . 

Wedgwood, Josiah, b.,9082 ; produces W. 
pottery, 9161 , 9182 ; d., 9263. 

, Thomas, photographs produced, 9302. 

Weed, Stephen Hillsdale, b. (1834); d., 
2251. 

, Thurlow, b., 1062 ; political leader, 

1652 ; d., 3102. 

Weeden, Wm. B., work, 3743. 

Weehawken captures Atlanta, 2223 ; sinks, 
2283. 

Weekly Memorials for the Ingenius, 8943. 

Weeks, Francis H., defalcation, 4302. 

Weems, Mason Locke, b., 1322 ; d. (1825). 

Weeninx, Jan, b.-d., 11003. 

Wei, Gen., beheaded by proxy, 6271 . 

Weiber Ztitung issued, 3742. 

Weigel, Christian E. von, b., 8003 ; d., 8142. 

Weighing machine invented, 8062. 

Weights and Measures, International Con- 
gress, 7503. 

Weih, John, convicted of robbery, 4002. 

Wei-Hai-Wei fortified, G263. 

Wei-Hien, mission, 6231 . 

Weik, Jesse W-, joint author, />mco/tt,3502. 

Weil, Benjamin, claimants, 3993. 

, Gustav, b., 8083 ; d., 8321 . 

Weiland, Der Deutsche Merkur, 8051 . 

Weilburg, Prus. Nassau, balloon at, 9481 . 

Weili Wang enthroned, 6112. 

Weimar, Fruchtbringende Soc. fmd., 7951 . 

Weingarten, treaty of, 789 3 . 



Weinsburg, Ger., battle of, 5041 , 7881 . 

Weir, Julian Alden, b. (1852); Academy of 
Design, 3241. 

- — , Robert Walter, b., 1102; d. (1889). 

Weisbach, Julius, d., 8262. 

Weisbaden, inundated, 830 1; statue of 
emp., 8361. 

Weise, Christian, b. (1642); works, 7971; 
d. (1708). 

Weishaupt, Adam, b.,8003; fnds. Illumi- 
nati Soc, 8052; d.,8142. 

Weiss, Geo. Michael, in Pa., 603. 

, Jean Jacques, works, 7G61, 7602. 

Weisse, Christian Felix, b., 8002 ; works, 
8031,8051; d., 8082. 

Weissenberg, tier., battle of, 7381 ; stormed, 
8061. 

Weissert, A. G., commander G.A.R.,4151. 

Wei Tsing, against Tartars, 6101 . 

Weitzel, Gen. Godfrey, b. (1835) ; at Don- 
aldsonville, 2143 ; „n Bayou Tecbe, 2181 ; 
defeated on James, 239 ' ; occupies Rich- 
mond, 2451; d. (1884). 

Wekerle, Dr., fms. new ministry, 5363 ; re- 
signs, 5382,3 ; conferences ; cabinet, 5383. 

Wolby, Amelia B., b., 1301 ; d. (1802). 

, Thomas Kuile, elected bp., 9583. 

Welcker, Friedrich Gottlieb, b., 8042 ; 
work, 8132; d., 8243. 

Weld, Frederick A., gov., 4983, 10492. 

Wehion Extradition Act, 5872, 5892. 

, Moses, robbed, 468 3 . 

R. R., force advances, 2343; Wilson's 

raid on, 2351. 

Weleed, El, reigns, Egy., 6552. 

Welf, or Guelf, of Altorf, duke, 5033. 

, possesses Bavaria, 7753. 

— - V., marries Matilda of Tuscany, 10753. 

VI., claims Bavaria, 777 3 . 

Welfesholze, Ger., battle of, 7761 . 

Welfs defeated, 7781. 

Welhaven, Joliann Sebastian Cammer- 
meyer, b. (1807); works, 11042 ; d. (1873). 

Weiland, Out., Tribune, 6803. 

Canal commenced, 5793 ; opd., 5873; 

1st vessel, 1393, 1813. 

Weller, Congressman, encounter, 1571. 

, John B., b. (1812) ; gov. Cal., 1852 ; 

d. (1875). 

Welles, Edward Randolph, b. (1830); cons. 
P. E. bp., 2861; d., 3301. 

, Gideon, b., 1102 ; sec. navy, 1931 ; d., 

2982. 

, Sir Robert, insurrectionist, 865 2 . 

, Thos., b. (1598); gov., 411 ,2; d. (1660). 

Wellesley, Mass., Wellesley College org., 
2883 ; Martineau statue, 3241 ; Stetson 
gift, 3362; dedicated, 3471 . 

, Marquis of, Henry Richard Charles 

Cowley, d., 9922. 

(or Wesley), Arthur, Visc't Wellesley, 

D. of Wellington, b., 9182 ; enters army, 
9241; jnParl.; minister, 9333, 9433, 9473, 
9512 ; at Vimeiro, 716 2 ; takes Oporto, 
7181 -, atTalavera de laReina, 7181 ; titleB 
conferred, 9341 ; in Sp., 7182; atAlmeida, 
9342; in Port., 7181, 9341; campaign in 
Belg.,722i ; in Fr.; campaign in Sp.,9361 ; 
created duke; in House, It:;, 3; assassina- 
tion attempted, 939 2 ; W. shield pre- 
sented, 9402; conspiracy against, 9412; 
lord lieut., 9413 ; commander-in-chief, 
9421 , 9501 ; premier, 9452 ; opposes Pari, 
reform, 9452; mobbed, 9471; j n India, 
10441 , 2 ; d.,9582 ; funeral, 9573 ; statue, 
9521,9981. 

— — (or Wesley), Marq. of, Richard Cow- 
ley, b., 9151 ; resigns, 9353 ; lord lieut., 
9472; d.,9502. 

Wellingborough, Eng., shop laborers' 
strike, 1005 1. 

, Australia, mission, 4942, 4962 ; coal- 
mines shut down, 5872. 

, Kan., cyclone, 4061 . 

, N. Zealand, New Zealand Co. settles, 

11032; see est, 9583; Bp. Hatfield cons., 
9742. 

, Baron of, title created, 9372. 

, Duke of. (See Welleslev, Arthur.) 

College, Sandhurst, est., 9611 . 

Wellingtonia Gigantea, disc, 168'. 

Wellman top-card cotton stripper, 1721 . 

Wells, Eng., see created, 8443 ; Bp. Ken- 
nion cons., 10121 . 

, David Ames, b., 1362. 

, ElijaR., d.,3801. 

, Henry Horatio, b. (1823) ; gov. "Va., 

2653. 

, Horace, b., 1242; d., 164'. 



Wells, James M., gov. La., 251' 
Reconstruction Act, 2573. 

, Lemuel H., Bp. Wash., 4202. 

, Lord, lord lieut. Ire., 863 2 . 

, Owen A., b., 1562. 

, Samuel, b. (1801); gov. Me., 1812 : d. 

(186S). 

, Roberts, b., 1282; d. (1876). 

, William, deputy, 8632. 

, Gorman, d., 10062. 

College org., N. Y., 2623. 

, Fargo and Co., robbery, 399' ; 4063 : 

40S3, 4703, 4723. 

Wellsville, O., R. R. collision, 4413. 

Wels, Aust., Hungarians defeated, 5021 . 

Welsh invade Eng., 8601 ; church disest., 
1009', 10102; wars, 8501; emigrants in 
Pa., 492. (See Wales.) 

Local Option Bill passed, 10053. 

Presby. Mission Society est., 950 2 . 

Sunday Liquor Closing Act passed. 

9891. 

- — , Aristides, surety for Jeff. Davis, 3563. 

, Vicar, hanged, 8702. 

Weltmann, wife poisoner, 8203. 

Welwyn, R. R. collision, 9733. 

AVeiiivss, Baron, title created, 9372. 

, Earl of, title created, 8831 . 

Wenceslaus I., king, 5051 . 

II., prisoner ; king, 5043, 5052; d.,6042 

III., reign, 5053; assassinated, 5043. 

, Prince, king, 5053; reigns in Poland 

abandons Poland, 11152. 

, b., 5062 ; K. of Bohemia; K. of Ro- 

mans, 5072; abdication, 5073; emit. Ger. 
5072; war against, 5061 ; proclaims pub- 
lic peace ; imprisoned, deposed. 785 2 
d., 5073. 

Wen-Chau, mission, 6223. 

Wenchow, pirates, 6251 . 

Wenckhein, Baron of, ministry, 5292. 

Wendell, Barrett, works, 3982, 4203. 

Wends, defeated, 772 1 ; rebel, 7741 ; drive 
Ger. to N. Mark, 7752; converted, 7763; 
revolt, 6351; war with Danes, 6351; i n 
Bus., 11132. 

Wenlock, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

Wenman, William, publisher, 691 . 

Wennington Junction, K.R. accident, 9853. 

Wenti, restores literature, 6102; order for 
old men; abolishes mutilation, 611 1 ; en- 
throned, 6113, 6131 ; at Techow, 6141 . 

Wentworth, explorer, 4941 ; at Cartagena. 
9101 . 

, Benning, b., 522; d., 762. 

, Chas. W., Marq. of Rockingham, b., 

9082; ministry, 751 , 953; d., 9232. 

, John, b. (1815); mem. Cong.; d.,3301. 

, Sir , b., 622 ; gov. N. H. (1767); 

gov. N. S., 5753; d., 1282. 

- — , Peter, protest in Parliament, 8752. 

, Thos., E. of Strafford, b., 8762; coun- 
cillor, 8832; lord lieut. ; treason; minis- 
ter,8833; trial; execution, 885 1 ; d.,8842. 

Werbach, Baden, battle at, 8243. 

Werder, Von, August, at Strasburg, 7381 ; 
takes Nuits, 7421; at Basque, 7423; at 
Dijon ; at Nuits, 7431 ; at Belfort, 7441 ■ 
b., 8321. 

Werf, Van der, Adriaan, b.-d., 11003. 
Weraeland arrives in Chicago, 4073. 

, Henrik Arnold, b.-d., 11041; works, 

11042. 

Werner, Count of Hapsburg, 5033. 

, Abraham Gottlob, b.,8022; d., 8122. 

, Friedrich Liu 1 wig Z; u ■ h arias, b., 8031 ; 

24th of Feb., 8091 ; d., 8123. 

Wernicke, Christian, b., (1670+) ; Volume 
of Epigrams, 7991 ; d. (1720+). 

Werth, Gen. Johann von (Jean de Weert), 
at Duttlingen, 7961 ; d. (1652). 

Werts, George Theodore, b. (1846) ; gov. 
N. J., 4151, 4471.' 

Wescote, Baron, title created, 917 2 . 

Wesel, annexed to Fr., 7161 . 

Wesley, 111., coal-miners riot, 4622. 

, Charles, b., 9202; sails for Am., 623; 

returns to Eng., 642; at Oxford, 9073; 
" rest to his soul," 9091 ; d., 9243. 

, John, b., 9022,3; early home, 3862; 

reorg. Christian community, 8962 ; en- 
ters coll., 9063; sails for Am., 623, 9083; 
returns from Am. ; builds meeting- 
houses ; observes Moravians ; curate, 
9083; conversion, 9103; in Herrnhut, 
Ger.; preaching ; slandered; excessive 
preaching; ducked, 9111; temperance 
Btand, 9112; hi Ire., 9123, 9151 ; in Scot., 
9131; est. Methodist conferences, 9223; 



Wesl-Weym. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDKX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1445 



authority ends in XT. S.,963; anniversary 
eel., 3541 ; John Wesley Swedish, mission 
begun, 1582. 

Wesley, Samuel, b., 8902; marries, 8991. 

College, Sheffield, opened, 9491 . 

Wesley an Church. (See Methodists.) 

College founded, Cincinnati, 155 i . 

, N. S. W., subscription, -4963. 

Female College founded, Ont., 5803. 

Lay Mission started, China, 6242. 

University, Conn., fnd., 139' ; library 

fnd.,1423; boat-races, 3153. 

est., la., 1571 , 1782. 

org., 111., 1731 ; Hiram Buck gift, 

3923. 

, East, Tenn., org., 2602. 

at Cameron, Mo., 3283. 

, Lincoln, Neb., opd., 3322. 

Wessels, Gen. Henry W., b. (1809+) ; pris- 
oner at Plymouth, 2321 , 

Wessex, Eng., Christianized, 8422; rav- 
aged, 8441 ; annexes Mercia, S453; king- 
dom fnd., 8413; earldom abolished, 8491 . 

West Africa synod constituted, 11612. 

African Conf., slave-trade prohibited, 

Westall, Richard, b., 9163; d., 9482. 

West, A. M. , nom. for vice-pres. , 305 1 ,3172 . 

Belfast, Ire., religious riots, 9943 ,9!«i3. 

Benj., b., 642; J),<ith of Socrates, 683; 

portrait painter, 66i, 703; abroad, 722; 
pres. Royal Sue, 926 1 ; pres. Royal Acad., 
9322; d., 1282. 

Berkeley.powder- works explode,4113. 

Westbrook, C. D., pres. Synod, 1263. 

Westbnrv, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

, Lord. (See Bethell, Richard.) 

West, Caleb W., gov. U., 3252, 4472. 

Cambridge Junction, Mass., R. R. ac- 
cident, 4153. 

Cape Colony, Bp. Leonard cons. ,9742. 

Chester Railroad opened, 1413. 

Taylor collection, 426 1 . 

Westcott, Brooke Foss, b. (1825) ; cons, 
bp., 10042. 

West Cumberland, miners strike, 9931 . 

Des Moines Training School opd. ,3123 . 

Drayton to Paddington, telegraph 

line, 9493. 

Equatorial Afr., Bps. Phillips and 

Oluwole cons., 10102; Bp. Tugwell cons., 
10121. 

Westergaard, Niels Ludwig, b., 6382; d., 
6421. 

Westermann, Gen., at Le Manes, 7101 . 

Western Australia (see Australia) ; bank- 
ruptcy universal, 4943; explorers ; Free- 
mantle Gazette, 4961 ; convicts welcomed; 
criminal transportation stopped, 4963; 
legislative council, 4983 ; responsible 
gov't favored, 501 1 ; bicameral constitu- 
tion, 5012. 

College org., la., 1802. 

Kulja ceded, 6232. 

lands offered to Cong., 933,952,3, 972, 

3,992,3, 1011,3,1031, 1071. 

Literary Institution founded, 9423. 

Maryland College (Meth. Prot.), org. 

(1867), 2663. 
Western Methodist Protestant issued, 1783. 

Western Milit. Dent, under Halleck, 2003. 

Miss. Society, Indian work, 1303. 

Western Month/// Manazhw appears, 1423. 

Western R. R., Mass., built, 1513, 1553. 
Western Recorder, 145 1 . 

Reserve lost, 415 2 . 

Western Reserve, O., conveyed, 1051 ; 
Conn, alienates, 107 1 , 2. 

Coll. fnd., Hudson O., 1351 ; ob- 
servatory for, 1501 ; name changed to 
Adelbert; removed, 3123. 

Univ. (non-sect.), org. at Cleve- 
land, O. (1SS6). 
Western Rerietc appears, 1371. 

Western States Commercial Congress 
meets, 3833. 

Theo. Coll. fnd. at Plymouth, 9131 . 

Union Telegraph Co. reply, 3432. 

• Univ. of Pa. org., Pittsburg, 1283. 

Westervelt, Jacob A., mayor N. Y., 1743. 

Westerville O., Otterbein Univ. org., 1632. 

Westfall, A. J., nom. for gov., 385 3 . 

West Farms, N. Y., Baptist Ministers' 

Home founded, 3122. 
Westtield, explosion on, 2753. 

Westfield, 111., W. College of, org., 2502. 

, N. J., tramps abound, 383 1; centen- 
nial celebrated, 4513. 

TVest, Francis, governor Va., 313. 



West Galicia ceded, 5193 ; Aust. recovers, 
5212. 

Goths, kingdom erected, 5023; king- 
dom overthrown, 4842; iu Rom. terri- 
tories, 10693; conquered, 1109 1 ; in Port., 
11092; rule in Sp., 11251 ,3. 

Greenwich, Conn., burned, 902. 

Griqualand, colony constituted, 6011. 

India Co., Dutch, chartered, 303, 313. 

Indies, Columbus viceroy, 131 ; named, 

15 3 ; discord and mutinies; Indians en- 
slaved, 152; islands colonized; Colum- 
bus ceases to be viceroy, 172; hurricane; 
buccaneers in, 421 ; buccaneers ravage, 
433, 451 ; buccaneers suppressed, 58i; 
yellow fever, 633, 653, 673; Eng. posses- 
sions in; Fr. islands surrender, 722; 
colonial trade ruined, 75 1 ; piracy com- 
mon, 1312; Eng. loses possessions, 9213; 
slavery proscribed, Eng., 9333. (See 
names of Islands.) 

Westinghouse, George, air-brakes, 2641 • 
triple-valve attachment, 2801 . 

West, James, pres. Royal Academy, 9162. 

, J., sentenced, 3523. 

, J. S., on original packages, 360 2 . 

, Capt. John, governor Va., 352, 452, 

, Joseph, in S. C, 451 ; gov., 452. 

Liberty, Mo., action at, 2001 . 

, W. Va., Normal Sch. opd., 2722. 

, Lionel Sackville. (See Sackville.) -J 

"Westmacott, Sir Richard, b., 9191; d., 
9603. 

Westmeath, Earl of, title created, 8811 . 

AVestminster, Md., Western Md. College 
est., 2663. 

Ragged School started, 9481 , 

Westminster Review issued, 9411; united 
with London Review, 9443. 

Westminster Royal Opthalmie Hospital 
est. 9391 

School founded, 8723. 

Theological Seminary founded, 3123. 

, Vt., Vermont Gazette issued ; Mount- 
ain Post-boy issued, 952. 

Abbey, fnd., 8422; royal inaugura- 
tions, 8463; i s t stone, 8521; convent de- 
molished, 8523; nave rebuilt, 851 1 ; strik- 
ing clock, S082 ; reliefs of angels, 8541 ; 
coronation stone, 8571; bronze effigies, 
8562 ; rebuilt, 8463, 8581; St. Stephen's 
Chapel rebuilt, 8483, S5S2; Gothic archi- 
tecture, 8582 ; chapel commenced, 8662 ; 
reest., 8722 ; made collegiate church, 
8723; tower burned, 9313 • entrance re- 
paired, 9882; new organ, 9922 ; Lowell 
memorial, 444 1 ; Phillips Brooks memo- 
rial, 10101 . 

Assembly fmd., 8843. 

Bridge begun, 9102; opened, 9122. 

Bridge (suspension) opened, 9661 ,9673. 

Catechism adopted, 100 1. 

College org. at Fulton, 1782. 

(Unit. Presb.) org. at North Wil- 
mington, Pa (1852). 

colliery, riot on, 9412. 

Confession, adopted, 8S63 ; in Gen. 

Assembly, 3462. 

, Duke of, title created, 9751 . 

Hall built, 8482; entertainment, 8523; 

repaired, 8602,9302. 

Hospital fnd., 9071 ; repaired, 9302. 

Literary Institution founded, 9463. 

Westmoreland, Earl of, title created, 881 1 . 

, Earl of, lord lieutenant, 9253. 

West Muncie, Ltd., gas-well burns, 4513. 

Weston, Mo., Platte Co. Defense Associa- 
tion meets, 1743. 

, W. Va., insane asylum opd., 2412. 

, Edward Payson, American record, 

2873; London record, 9813. 

, James A., gov. N. H., 2772, 2873. 

, John D., murder of, 2843. 

, Richard, Earl of Portland, minister, 

8832 ; d. (1551). 

Westphalia, kingdom fnd., 7173, S092 ; 
feuds prevail, 7791; secret tribunals 
power, 7853 ; ceded to Hesse-Darmstadt, 
3091; annexes Hanover, 811 1 ; ceded to 
Prus., 8113; miners' riot, 8323; strike; 
miners' union fmd.,833i ; explosion, 8333; 
anti-strike insurance union fnd., 8342. 

, Peace of, 5132, 7S53. 

West Point sinks, 2113. 

wrecked, 3093. 

West Point, Miss., Federals defeated, 2302; 
surrender saluted, 2461 . 

, N. Y., fortified, 903; Gen. Ar- 
nold at, 92 1. 



West Point Military Academy est., 110 1 , 
1111; library fnd., 1191; observatory 
erected, 150 * ; admission to, limited, 2521 ; 
cadets at World's Fair, 436i ; applicants, 



4621 
2071 



, Va., Confederates defeated, 2063, 



West, Richard, 1. chanc, 9073 ; d., (1726). 

Saxons, see erected, 8422 ; king's su- 
premacy, 8452. 

Shore R. R., fast train, 3213; conspir- 
acy, 406 3 ; wreck, 4153. 

Superior, Wis., silver dis., 3921 . 

, T., favors auricular confession, 9622. 

Texas, M. E. Conference find., 2522. 

, Thomas, Lord Delaware, gov. Va., 

273, 291 ; in Eng., 29i ; d., 292, 3. 

Troy, N. Y., gun-making plant, 2501 . 

Virginia : Bethany College org., 1543 j 

Harper's Ferry (see Va.) ; loyal to Union, 
195 2 ; civil war, actions: Grafton; Vi- 
enna, 1961; Gurriek's Ford; Rich Mt., 
1962; Bunker Hill, 1063; Cheat Mt., 1982; 
Green Briar, 1983; Romney, 2002 ; Dam 
No. 5, 2011; Huntsville ; Bath, 2021; 
Lewisburg, 208 1; Martinsburg, 2123; 
Harper's Ferry ; Gauley, 213 1 ; Shep- 
herdstown, 2132 ; Charleston ; Frank- 
fort, 2161 ; Beverley; Rowlesburg,2203; 
Tollard's raid, 226 1 ; Averill's raid, 2262; 
Moorefield, 2301 ; Beverley, 2403 • Cum- 
berland, 2422; loyal state conven. meets, 
1972, 2013; senators in Cong., 1973; Gen. 
Floyd in ; Gen. H. A. Wise in, 1982 ; on. 
dinance for new state, 1992; new state 
approved, 2012; state constitution fmd. t 
2013; Francis H.Pierpont, gov., 2032; 1st 
legislature, 197 2 ; constitution ratified : 
new state approved, 2073 ; Stonewall 
Jackson retreats, 20*2; admitted, 2112 f 
2173,2223; Berkeley Co. transferred to, 
2273 ; Geh. W. S. Jackson forced out, 
2281; Arthur J. Boreman, gov., 2293; 
Gen. Franz Sigel commands dept., 2332; 
Early crosses Potomac, 2371; ratifies 
13th Amend., 2432; Berkeley and Jef- 
ferson counties annexed, 2513; constitu- 
tion ratified, 253 1 ; W. Va. Univ. org., 
2561 ; ratifies 14th Amend., 2573; Normal 
School at H untington, 2643; W. Va. Coll. 
opd., 2643; ratifies 15th Amend., 2671; 
Wm. E. Stephenson, gov., 2693; citizen- 
ship rights restored, 275 1 ; constitutional 
conven. ; John J. Jacobs, gov., 2772; 
constitution ratified, 279 2 ; Normal Sch. 
opd., 2722, 2823; nat. troops arrive, 2963; 
Charleston, capital ; pres. proclamation 
to, 2972; HenryM.Matthews.gov., 2973; 
Prot. Epis. diocese fmd., 29Si ; Board of 
Health org., 3072; Jacob R. Jackson, 
gov. , 3093 ; Normal Buekhannon Classical 
Acad, opd., 3123; eldership, Ch. of God, 
org., 3182; Prohibitory Amend, submit- 
ted, 3292 ; governorship contest, 3372, 
3491 ; storm, 3441 ; A. B. Fleming, guv., 
3532,3751; cattle-famine, 3593; Hatfield 
McCoy vendetta ended, 3,sn2 ; railway 
accident, 3S73; W. A. MacCorkle, gov., 
4472; state debt, 4492; earthquake, 4501 ; 
striking miners' depredations, 4522; 
miners strike, 4583 ; Cominonwealers* 
band arrested, 4643. 

College opened, 2643. 

University org., 2561 . 

"Wetherell, Sir Charles, b. (1770) ; causes 
riots, 9451 ; d. (1846). 

, Elizabeth. (See Warner, Susan.) 

Wethersfield, Conn., Presb. worship est., 

321 ; Indians massacred, 341 ; fnd., 352. 
Wetmore, ("has. T., whaleback, at Valpa- 
raiso, 6093. 

Wetmore, George P., gov. R. I., 3233. 

Wetumpka, Ala., action at, 2461 , 

, I. T., Manual Labor School fnd., 3082. 

Wetzlar, Prus., cathedral completed, 7802. 

Wever, Col. Clark R., at Resaca, 2383. 

, JohnM., b., 1623. 

Wexford, Eng., taken, 8862. 

Weyde, H. Van der, electric photography, 
2941. 

Weyer, or Van de Wey er, Sylvanus van de, 
b. (1802+) ; d.,5442. 

Wevland, Thomas de, banished, 855 1 . 

Weyman, Stanley J., b. (1855); work, 10121 . 

Weymouth, Mass., fur-trading expedition, 
27 3 ; settlement begun ; abandoned, 31 1 ; 
Indians attack, 461 . 

, George, in Me., 261 , 271 ; enters Hud- 
son Str., 570 2 ; Arctic expedition, 8781 . 



1446 



Text Figures denote Page. 1NJDJcL.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. WeVDl— Whit, 



■Weymouth, Lord, libel on, 9173. 
Whale-fishery est., 453, 8753 ; at New Lon 

don, 1293. 
Whaley, Col. K. V., at Guyandotte, 2003. 
Whalley, Edward, b. (1620±) ; in Boston, 

411; refugee, 413, 423; d. (1678+). 
Wharncliffe, Earl of, title created, 975'. 
"Wharton, Charles Henry, b. (1748) ; pre8. 
Columbia College, 111'; d. (1833). 

, Edward, minister, 9012. 

, Francis, b., 1282 ; d., 3361 . 

, Gen., at Yellow Bayou, 2331 . 

, Mrs., acquitted, 3102. 

, Philip, Duke of, b., 9002 ; d., 9082. 

, Thomas, Marquis of, b., 8842; lord 

lieut.,9052; d. (1715). 

, , b. (1735) ; pres. Pa., 892; d. (1778). 

, , anatomist, b., 8782; d., 8922. 

, William F., in state dept., 3511 . 

Whatcoat, Richard, b. (1736) ; Meth. Epis. 

bishop, 1083; d. (1806). 
Whately, Miss, missionary at Cairo, 6563. 

, Richard, b., 9242 ; works, 9371 , 9431 ; 

archbp. Dublin, 9442 ; Irish National 
school system 9443 ; d., 9662. 
Wheat, crop destroyed in O., 1853; ex- 
ported, 2653; Chicago exchange, 3913; 
low prices, 4773; s. Am. crop, 5013; cor- 
ner, Can., 5912; gov't aids farmers, 5913; 
crop, Can., 5933; price of, Eng., 8553, 
8613; imported, Eng., 8593; scarce, 8733. 

-growers convention org., 3473. 

Wheatly, Capt., at Dunksburg, Mo., 200*. 

, Phillis, b., CS3; Poems, 763 ; d. (1794). 

Wheaton, 111., W. College org., 1863. 

, Frank, b. (1S33) ; commissioned brig.- 

gen., 4041. 

, Henry, b., 962; d.,1641. 

, Nath. Sheldon,clerg.,b.(1792); d.,2052. 

Wheatstone, Sir Charles, b. (1802) ; con- 
veys sound, 9401 ; magnetic telegraph, 
9481 ; i u v. concertina, 9421 ; electro-mag- 
netic apparatus ; electric telegraph,948i ; 
optical dis.; reflecting stereoscope, 9482; 
telegraph clock, 950' ; alphabetical print- 
ing telegraph. :i."»02; automatic printing 
press, 9641 ; d. (1875). 
"Wheel, punishment by, Fr., 6812; abol- 
ished, 7083. 
Wheeler, discovers electrical phenomena, 
9061, 

, Everett P., nom. for gov. N. Y., 4732. 

, H. H., d., 4481 . 

, Hamilton K., b., 1641 . 

, Henry, murdered, 9863. 

, Hiram C, nom. for gov. la., 3872. 

, Joseph, b., 1462. 

, M. D., in p.-o. department, 4472. 

, Nathaniel, d., 4461. 

, Wra. Adolphus, b., 1421 ; d., 2861 . 

, Joseph, b. (1836) ; at Ft. Donelson, 

2183; captures Federals, 2201 ; at Charles- 
ton, Tenn., 2283; follows Sherman, 2363; 
at Dalton, 2372; cavalry raid in Ga., 
2381; at Aiken, 2422. 

, William Almon, b., 1281 ; candidate 

for pres.; nom. for vice-pres., 2931 ; elec- 
toral vote ; election confirmed, 2953 ; 
sworn, 2953; d., 3261. 
Wheeling, W. Va., loyal conven., 1952; i 8 t 
legislature org., 1972; loyal state conven. 
meets at, 1972, 2013 ; Bp. Keane de- 
nounces public schools, 3362 ; Sunday 
traffic stopped, 368 3 ; mob, 4241 . 
Wheelmen's League, Am., org., 3043. 
Wheeloek, Charles, d., 2423. 
, Eleazer, b., 562 ; Indian training- 
school, 743; d., 912. 
"Wheelwright, John.b. (1594); banished,343; 

d.,463. 
Whelan convicted, Can., 5823. 
Whelehan, constable, killed, 9971 . 
Whetham, Sir Charles, lord mayor, 9851 . 
Whetstone, George, work, 8751 . 
Whewell,Wm.,b.,9263;w'ks, 9491 ;d., 9701. 
Whichcote, George, d., 10061. 
Whigs, U.S., named.772,791 ; anti-Jackson, 
1333; barbecue, 1431 ; Nat. Conven., 1512; 
victorious ; Birney's nomination defeats, 
1531 ; Nat. Conven., 157 2 ; conven. at 
Phil., 1651 ; Conscience Whigs refuse to 
Tote ; elect pres., 1652 ; party dies, 1752; 
conven. at Balto., 1711 ; coalesce with 
antislavery Democrats, 1771 ; Nat. Con- 
ven., meets, 1512, 1572, 1651 , 1711 , 1812, 
adopts Am. Party candidates, 1812; dis- 
appear, 1791. 
origin, Eng., 881 2 ; ministers dis- 
missed, 9052; party broken up, 9272. 



Whinyates, Capt., commands Frolic, 1182. 

Whipping-law repealed in R..L, 1491 . 

post est. New York, 531 . 

Whipple, Abraham, b., 622 ; se nt to Ber- 
muda, 802; d. (1829). 

, Edwin Percy, b., 1281; works, 1663, 

2551 , 2683, 2771 , 3283; d., 3222. 

, Henry liciij., b. (1822); cons, bp., 1862. 

Whippoorw ill liriilge. Ivy., action, 2011. 

Whish, Gen., in Sikh war, 10462. 

Whisky disturbance ; militia revolt, S. C, 
4543. 

invasion, Kan., 3623. 

Rebellion, Pa., 1041 , 1063 ; ring, power, 

2872; frauds exposed, 2883,2893; in Kan., 
3603. 

Trust favored, 4083 ; investigation, 

House, 4231 ; meets, 4573; illegal, 4722. 

Whist issued, 9271. 

Whist Congress, Am., 3883. 

Whistler carries wheat to Australia, 2613. 

Whistler, Ala., store robbery, 3651. 

, James Abbott McNeill, b., 9462. 

Winston, William, b., 8922; d.,9123. 

Whitaker, Alexander, b. (1585); Good News 
from Fa., 283; d. (1613±). 

Whitaker, Ozi William, b. (1830); cons. 
P. E. bp., 2682. 

Whitborne, Rich., at Newfoundland, 292. 

Whitby, Eng., abbey erected, 8423. 

Whitcomb, James, b. (1795) ; gov. Ind., 
1572; d. (1852). 

White, Andrew, b. (1579+) ; R. C. services, 
322; expelled, 363; d. (1656). 

, Dickson, b., 1402; San Domingo 

Commission, 273 2 ; address, 3901 ; PreB. 
Social Science' Asso., 3442, 3903. 

, Benjamin F., gov., 3492. 

, Bp., Eng., acquitted by James II., 

8963. 

, Chandler, org. Cable Co., 1753. 

, Edward D., gov. La., 1452, 1472. 

, D., b., 1581 ; justice S. Ct., 4533. 

, F. G., at Grand Prairie, 2143 ; near 

Strasburg, 2203. 

, Gilbert, works, 9251 . 

, C, promoted captain, 3261 . 

, Henry, d., 10041. 

, Kirke, b., 9223; Poems, 9311 ; d., 

9331. 

, Hugh Lawson.b. (1773) ; pres. senate, 

1412, 1432; presidential vote; electoral 
vote, 1472; d. (1840). 

, James E., p.-o. dept., 4472. 

, John, at Roanoke, 25 a ; colony on 

■ Cape Cod, 312. 

, , b. (1805); speaker, 1532 ; d. (1845). 

, Jos. Blanco, b., 9191 ; d., 9502. 

, Gen. Julius, b. (1816) ; at Martins- 
burg, 2123. 

, Richard Grant, b., 1301 ; works, 2721 ; 

3063, 3123, 3l(<3, 3233; d., 3202. 

, Sally Joy, works, 3982. 

, Stephen M., b., 1722; speech, 4391 . 

, Susanna, marriage, 30 2 . 

, Thomas, b. (1830) ; d., 5861 . 

, Sir , lord mayor London, 9813. 

, T. W., S. L. Messenger, 1431 . 

, William, b. (1748) ; advises Epis. 

churches, 951 ; cons, in Eng., 983 ; in 
House of Bps-, 100 2 ; presides Gen. 
Conven., 1002; d. (1836). 

, Sir William, d., 10062. 

, William J., b., 1682. 

— — Caps, Hopedale, O., 3331 ; ra id, Cov- 
ington, Ky., 3543 ; murder, Lebanon, 
Ind. ; pay damages, 3643 ; nearly kill 
minister, Mo., 3671; flog woman, Ind., 
3762, 3923 ; raid, Tenn., 4063 ; Kokomo 
outrage, Ind., 4211 ; persecute Hebrews, 
Miss., 4221; outrage, .Miss., 4263, 4383; 
kill, Miss. ; shot, Ga., 4263; u. S. troops 
suppress, Miss., 4281 ; sentencea, Ga., 
4283 ; assassinate witness, Miss., 4323 ; 
14 indictments, 111., 4382; active, Ala., 
4402 ; pardoned, Ga., 4422 ; burn court 
house, Miss., 4423 ; terrorize settlers, 
I. T., 4442 ; terrorize in Ky., 4482 ; kill 
Woolley, Ga., 4571; lynch negroes, W. 
Va., 4602 ; punish drunkenness ; N. Y., 
4631 ; in Georgetown, Can., 5863. 

Cross Army est., 9922, 9931 . 

Line of steamers est., 2853. 

Earth Reservation opened, 3431. 

Hall, N. C, action at, 2163. 

Whitehall, N. Y., military stores captured, 

863. 

and Rutland R.R. opened, 1692. 

, London, James II. statue, 8962. 



Whitehaven, railroads for collieries, 9102. 
Whitehead, Cortlandt, b. (1842) ; cons. 

P. E. bp., 3102. 
, James, lord mayor, London, 9993 ; 

est. volunteer fund, 10023. 

, W., dis. Wellinqtonia Gigantca, 1681 . 

, William, b. , 9042 ; poe t laureate, 915 1 ; 

d.,9223. 
, Adee, b. (1810) ; d., 3162. 

House, D. C, closed to office seekers, 

4292. 

House, Va., McClellan at, 2081 ; 

cavalry fight, 2343 ; Sheridan reaches, 
2441. 

Marsh, Pa., Washington at, 881 . 

League, Crescent City, La., fmd., 

2872. 

Mountain, Boh., battle of, 6101 . 

State Park, N. H., 3521 . 

Oak Bridge, Va., action at, 2121 . 

Roads, Va., battle of, 2443. 

Run,Pa.,C. Ehrleck killed, 4522. 

— Swamp, Va., battle of, 2092. 

Pigeon, Mich., dynamite explosion. 

3913. 

Plains, N. Y., battle of, 842 ; Pro- 
vincial Cong, meets, 85 2 ; Am. army at, 
883; railway collision, 3873 ; Presb. Rest 
opd.,4311. 

River, Ind., R. R. train in, 3173. 

June, Vt., R. R. accident, 327». 

White .Shi/) sinks, 8493. 

Stone Hill, S. Dak., Indian fight, 2262. 

- — Sulphur Springs, W. Va., wreck, 349». 
Whitebait dinner revived, 9792. 
"Whiteboys in Ire., 9142, 9152. 
Whiteehapel murder, 10071. 
Wliitefield, George, b., 9042; i s t Am. visit, 

641; est. orphan asylum, 642; sails for 
Eng. ; 2d visit to Am. ; in Phila., 6*3 ; in 
N. Y., 642; before commissary 643; in 
New Eng. ; colleges oppose, 651 ; 3d visit 
to Am., 663; farewell address, 6<*3; re- 
vival New Eng., 651 ; ordained, 9083; at 
Oxford, 9083 ; in Am., 9083, 9131 ; field 
preaching, 911 1 ; followers named. 9i3i ; 
itinerates in Scot. ; in Ire., 9131 ; Taber- 
nacle built, 9151; last voyage to Am., 
9191; d.,9183. 

Whitelock, John, b. (1757+) ; River La 
Plata, 481M; j u Sepoy rebellion, 10481; 
d. (1808+). 

, Bulstrode, b., 8781 ; d. (1676). 

White's Fold, Early crosses Potomac, 2362. 

Whiteside, .lames, b. (1806+) ; chief jub- 
tice,9692; Fenian trial, 9703 ; d. (1876). 

, Maj., at Wounded Knee Creek, 3741 . 

, Thomas, cons. R. C. bp., 10121 . 

Whitewater, Wis., normal school opened, ' 
2643. 

Whitfield, James, gov. Miss., 1693 ; con- 
venes Provincial Council, 1363. 

, J. W., elected to Congress, 1771 , 1791 . 

, Smith A., p.-o. dept., 3512. 

"VVliitgilt, John, b., 8681 ; archbp. Canter- 
bury, 8743; d.,8781. 

Whiting, Justin R., b., 1623. 

, Wm., b., 1211; at West Point, Va., 

2071; d., 2821. 

Whitingham, Wm. Rollingson, bp., 1522. 

Whitley, Jal.cz C, cons, bp., 10042. 

, W. G., on Committee of 33, 1891. 

Whitman, Deputy-marshal, k., 4343. 

, G. A., embezzler, 4303. 

, J. W., pies. Bapt. Conven., 5882. 

, Marcus, b. (INirj); murdered, 1623. 

, Walt (or Walter), b., 1281; works, 

1783, 2503 , -723 , 277 1 , 2843 , 3123 ; d., 4041 . 

Whitney, Mrs. (Adeline Dutton Train), 
b., 1322; works, 1863, 2252, 2503, 2683, 
2723, 2771 , 2943, 3063, 3242. 

, Edward I',., in dept. of just., 4473. 

, Eli, b., 741 ; inv. cotton-gin, 1041 ; d., 

1322. 

, G. P.. defalcation, 3583. 

, Henry C, Life mi the Circuit, 4462. 

, Josiab Ilwight, b.,1281. 

, Wm. Collins, b. (1841); minister, 321 1 ; 

candidate for pres., 4092. 

, Wm. Dwight, b., 1342; works, 1863, 

2603, 2683, 2723, 2803, 2863, 319 1, 3502, 
3963; d., 4621. 

, Commodore W. D., d., 4541 . 

Whitshed, W., chief justice, 9053. 

Whitsuntide celebrated, 8491 . 

Whittaker, John, gov. Ore. ,1871 ; atMoore- 
field, 2421 . 

Whittemore, James M., commissioned 
col., 3261 . 



Whit-Will. 



Text Figures denote Page, IiN Dli.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1447 



Whittier, John 6., b., 114'; works, 1403, 
1463, 1683, 1742, 1863, 2272, 2603, 255', 
2603, 2643, 2683, 2723, 2803, 2863, 2903, 
3003,3083,3143; birthday eel., 373' ; d., 
414'. 

Whitthorne, Washington C, d., 3922. 

Whittington, Sir Richard, b., 8582; mayor 
London, 8612; est. almhouses ; fnds. coll. 
8623; d., 8622. 

Whittle, Francis McNeece, b. (1823) ; con- 
secrated assistant bishop, 2622. 

Whittredge, Worthington, b. (1820) ; paint- 
ings, 260', 280', 300', 302', 306', 310', 
316', 318', 3222, 326'. 

Whitworth, Charles, Earl, b. (1754) ; in- 
sulted, 9313; demands passports, 715 3 ; 
lord-lieut. Ire., 9373; d. (1825). 

— — , G. K., kills chancellor A. Allison of 
of Tenn.,4763. 

, Sir Joseph, b., 9323; mechanism, 

962' ; d., 9962. 

Whole Duty of Man issued, 8903. 

Wholesale Druggists' Convention, 3932. 

Lumber Dealers' Asso. meeting, 4593. 

Whydah, Fr. gov't refuses occupation, 
761' ; secession demanded, 11612. 

Wiatschelaw, Duke of Kieif , 11133. 

Wibbandun. (See Wimbledon.) 

Wiberg, Andreas, b. (1816) ; fnds. Baptist 
Church, Sweden, 1136' . 

Wichern, Johann Heinrich, b.,8083; d., 
830'. 

Wichita, Kan., Garfield Univ. org., 3242; 
R. C. diocese org., 3282; new bp. con- 
firmed, 336' ; Repub. League meets, 353' . 

Wickes, Capt. Lambert, cruising, 842; d., 
(1778). 

Wickham, Wm. H., mayor New York,2892. 

, Williams Carter, b. (1820) ; at Crooked 

Run, 2372; at Fisher's Hill, 2383. 

Wickliife, Charles A., b. (1788) ; gov. Ky., 
1512; p.-m.-gen., 1533; d. (1869). 

, George, trial of, 2703. 

, R. C, governor La., 181 2 . 

Wicklow, Ire., County Conven. held, 995' . 

, Earl, title created, 925 2 . 

Wickram, Jorg, works, 791' . 

Widdin, Bulgarian bishop, appointed, 
5652; besieged, 5662. 

Wide Awake clubs formed, 1882. 

Widower's tax enacted, 901 ' . 

Wieland, Cath. pilgrims sail on, 336' . 

Wieland, Christopher Martin, b., 8002; 
works, 803' ,2, 805' ,2; d., 8102. 

Wien, German for Vienna. 

Wiener Litt'ratur:.eituuq issued, 8103. 

Wienhen, theater accident, 6253. 

Wiertz, Antoine Joseph, b.,5423; d., 5442. 

Wiesbach, Julius, b., 8083. 

Wiesbaden, Prus., occupied, 8242; Cong, 
of Ger. Philologists meets, 829' . 

Wieselgren, Peter, b. (1800) ; Swedish Lit- 
erature, 11362; d. (1877). 

Wiesenthal, battle at, 8242. 

Wiesloch, battle at, 794' . 

Wife sold, G. B., 9392. 

Wife's debt, decision, 9863. 

Wigan, Eng., colliery strike, 1011 ' ; col- 
liers strike, 9723; colliery explosion, 
9833, 10093. 

Wigfall, Louis Trezevant, b. (1816) ; sena- 
tor expelled, 1973; d. (1874). 

Wigger, Michael Winland, b. (1841) ; conB. 
R. C. bp., 308 2 ; on parochial schools, 
3522; Satolli against, 422'. 

Wigglesworth, Michael, b. (1631) ; The Day 
of Boom, 403; d. (1705). 

Wight, Orlando Williams, b., 1322; d., 
330'. 

Wightman, Edward, burned, 8783. 

, Valentine, b. (1681) ; Bapt. preacher, 

57' ; d. (1747). 

, Wm. May, b. (1808) ; ord. Meth. Epis. 

bishop, 2522; d. (1882). 

Wignel, Mr., opens theater, Phila., 1042. 

Wlnan, Baron, title created, 9412. 

Wi Ju, captured, 6263. 

Wike, Scott, in treas. dept., 4472. 

Wilberforce University, O., org., 2252. 

, Ernest Roland, b. (1840) ; cons, bp., 

9862. 

, Samuel, b., 9323; cons, bp., 9663. 

, William, b., 9143; anti-slave-trade 

investigation, 925 2 ; antislavery resolu- 
tions, 927 2 ; Practical Christianity, 929' ; 
Antislavery Act ; antislavery motto, 
9292; d.,9462. 

Wilbrandt, Adolf, b. (1887) ; Ber Meister 
von Palmyra, 8362. 



Wilbrord, Saint, b.-d., 7702. 

Wilbur, Isaac, governor R. I., 115'. 

College, M. E., Ida., founded, 3123. 

Wilburton, I. T., Choctaws on war-path, 
4753. 

Wilcox, Cadmus Marcellus, b. (1826) ; at 
Gettysburg, 224' ; d. (1890). 

Wilezek, Count, miners strike, 633'. 

Wild Birds' Protection Act, 9812, 9872. 

, Edward Augustus, b. (1825) ; at Wil- 
son's Landing, 233 2 . 

Wilde, Sir Thomas, Lord Truro, b. (1732) ; 
minister, 9.133; lord clianc, 9553 ; d. (1855). 

, Oscar Fingall O'Flahertie Wills, b. 

(1806) ; works, 9882, 10043. 

, Richard Henry, b. (1789) ; work, 105' ; 

d. (1847). 

Wildeubruch, Haubnilerche, 836 2 . 

Wilder, Marshal Pinckney, b. (1798) ; pres. 
Nat. Agri. Conven., 171' ; d. (1886). 

, Col., at Mumfordville, 213'. 

, Samson Vryling Stoddard, b. (1780) ; 

d., 2402. 

Wilderness, battle of, 2322. 

Wildes, Frank, promoted captain, 448' . 

Wildgoose, Thomas, iny. engines, 889' . 

Wiler, Fred., obtains Yttrium, 814'. 

Wiley, Isaac Wm., b. (1820) ; cons. M. E. 
bishop, 2763; d. (1884). 

Univ. org. at Marshall, Tex., 2823. 

Wilfrid, Saint, b.-d., 842'; uses silver 
plate, 8432. 

Wilhelmina Carolina Dorothea marries, 
9032. 

, Queen, reigns, 11023. 

Willielmshafen, Prus., military post est., 
827'. 

Wilhems, Jan Franz, b., 0422. 

Wilken, Friedrich, b. (1777); Crusades, 
809' ; d. (1840). 

Wilkes, Charles, b. (1801) ; U. S. explor- 
ing expedition, 148' ; on Cal. coast, 102' ; 
overhauls Trent, 2003; Cong, thanks, 
2013; at Bermuda, 214'; suspended, 
2322- d. 2941. 

, John, b., 908'; North Briton, 9102; 

in prison, 917' ,2; action against L. Hal- 
ifax, 9172; minister; expelled, 9173; 1. 
mayor London; in Pari. , 9193 ; d., 9283. 

- — , Mr., mission work, 0782. 

Wilkesbarre, Pa., earthquake, 332'; cy- 
clone visits, 3413; strike in axle works, 
305'; collieries resume, 3393; mine ex- 
plosion, 4393; house wrecked, 4743. 

Wilkie, Sir David, b., 9223; works, 938'; 
9421,9002; d. (1841). 

Wilkins, Sir Charles, b., 9122; d., 9482. 

, John, b., 8801 ; d., 8922. 

, Mary E., works, 3283. 

, William, vote for vice-pres., 1413. 

, Noy, Burxbilitii in Art, 9803. 

Wilkinson, builds railroads, 9161 . 

, Henry, governor N. C, 491 . 

, James, b., 711 ; commander U. S. A., 

106i , hoi ; at La Colle Mills ; at French 
Mills, 1221 ; d., 1322. 

, Jemima, b. (1703) ; d., 1281 . 

, John, founds mission, 502. 

, Sir Gardiner, b., 9283; d., 9802. 

, Morton Smith, b. (1819) ; d., 4001 . 

, T. E., cons. Ch. Eng. bp., 9962. 

, T. W., cons. bp. (R. C), 9982. 

Willamette Univ., Ore., fnd., 1583; medi- 
cal department opened, 2043. 

Willard, Ashbel P., gov. Ind., 1832. 

, EmmaH., b., 982; d., 270'. 

, Frances Elizabeth, b. (Sept. 28, 1839) ; 

pres. W. C. T. U., 3032, 307' , 309' , 3131 , 
315', 319', 3203, 325', 329', 3712, 4171, 
4402, 4743; pres. Internat. W. C. T. U., 
3943; arrives, N. Y.; reception, 4623. 

, Geo., on Committee of Seven, 2933. 

, John Dwight, b. (1799) ; d., 2392. 

, Joseph, d., 2471 . 

Willcox, Orlando Bolivar, b. (1823) ; near 
Rapidan, 2321. 

Wille, Johann Georg, b., 7983; d., 8083. 

Willem Bare itt z, arc tic explorations, 11021. 

Willcs, .Ian Frans, d., 5442. 

Willett, Gen. Marinus, b. (1740) ; at Fort 
Schuyler, 871 ; at Oswego, 901 ; mayor of 
N. Y., 1152; d. (1830). 

, Thomas, b. (1611) ; mayor N. Y., 432. 

3; d. (1674). 

Willett's Point, N. Y., torpedo-boat, 3881 . 

Willey, Norman B., gov. Ida., 3751; calls 
for aid, 4072. 

Willey, S. J., expelled from order, 4311 . 

William I, the Conqueror, b., 8461 ; at Val 



de Dunes; at Varaville, 6G8' ; est. St. 
Etienne Church, 668 3 ; defeats Henry I.; 
conquers Maine, 6681 ; war for Nor- 
mandy, 6692; conquers Maine, Fr., 668' ; 
at Pevensey, 846'; obtains crown of 
Eng. at Hastings, 6692, 846', 8473; intro. 
Fr. customs, 847' ; est. court of chan- 
cery, 8472; conqueror, king ; introduces 
horse-shoeing, 8473; exacts honiage,848' ; 
learns Eng.; state policy, 8483; devas- 
tations; feudal system intro., 849'; in- 
vades Vexin, 668' ; refuses papal hom- 
age, 8492; encourages fairs, 8493; d., 
668', 6692, 8492. 
William II.,Rufus,Eng. king, b.-d., 8462 ; 
reigns, 8492. 

III., of Eng., William Henry of Nas- 
sau, Pr. of Orange, K. of Eng., b., 11003; 
stadtholder, 11013; takes Bonn, 692'; 
visits Eng.; marries, 895' ; conspiracy 
to enthrone ; issues declaration ; em- 
barks with army, 896' ; commissioners ; 
to treat, 8973 ; enters London ; en- 
throned, 899' ; in Ire.; battle of Boyne ; 
assaults Limerick, 898' ; abolishes hearth 
tax ; Mary crowned ; crown of Scot., 
899 2 ; visits Holland ; extirpates Mac- 
donalds, 8993; aids Sire,; defeated at 
Neerwinden, 694'; at Steenkerke ; at 
Landen; takes Namur, 694', 900'; life 
endangered, 901 ' ; grand reception, 9003 ; 
assassination plot, '901'; forms grand 
alliance ; falls ; d., 9032. 

IV., b., 9162; king of Hanover; at- 
tempt to kill ; eel. anniversary Prus. 
monarchy; Sofelage attempts to kill, 
8183; marries, 9392; reigns, Eng., 9452, 
10473; assaulted, 947'; d., 9482, 9492. 

I.,K. of Prus.,emp. of Ger., b., 8063; 

at Gravelotte. 74t)t ; at Sedan ; at Reims, 
7402; D. of Brunswick, 78:13; D. of Ba- 
varia, 7873; elector, 809'; K. of Wiir- 
temburg, 8113; abolishes serfdom, 8132; 
marries, 8152; concordat with Rome; 
regent of Prus.; king, 821'; crowned, 
8213; commander, 822"' ; meets Emperor 
Francis Joseph, 5273, 8223; war with 
Fr., 8242; becomes emp.; proclaimed 
emp.; commands army, 8272; life en- 
dangered, 829' ; grants amnesty, 8272; 
arbitrates San Juan boundary, 8292; 
eel. golden wed. line, 8303; king, d.,832', 
8332; William II. nom. emp., 8272; obse- 
quies, 8323; statue, 832', 836'; monu- 
ment, 832' . 

II. ,Frederick Wilhelm Victor Albert, 

b. (Jan. 27, 1S59) ; prince regent ; emp. 
reigns, 8332; meets the czar; in Swe.; 
travels, 8323; visits Vienna, 531'; at 
the Vatican, 8322; i n Eng., 1001' ; visits 
empress of Aust., 533' ; Anti-socialist 
Law, 8343; at Helgoland, 8352; gift to 
Prof. Koch, 8343; on educational sys- 
tem, 8342; opposes Berlin Exposition, 
8372; in Eng., 1007' ; army maneuvers, 
536' ; gambling edict ; visits Bismarck ; 
arrests Von Kotze ; decorates Von Ca- 
privi ; infernal machine for, 8363 ; in 
Eng., 10122. 

I., of Holland, rules ; gives charters, 

1099' ; d., 10983. 

II., of Holland, k. of Romans, 1099' ; 

d., 10982. 

III., rules ; peace with Flanders, 

1099'; d., 10982, 

IV., reigns, Neth., K.,1099'; d.,10982. 

V., reigns, 10992; defeats the Hooks, 

1098' ; d., 10982. 

VI., reigns, 10992; ,1., 10982. 

I., Frederick Wilhelm, b.-d., 1101'; 

king of Neth., 11023. 

tt., b.-d., 1101'; stadtholder, 11013; 

reigns Neth., 11023. 

III., b.-d., 1102' ; reigns Neth.; mar- 
ries Emma ; marries Sophia, 11023. 

I., king of Naples, 10703. 

- — II., king of Naples, 10703. 

III., king of Naples, 10753. 

I., the Lion, reigns in Scot., 8512; in- 
vades Eng.; prisoner, 850'; prisoner, 
8512. 

, Prince of Achaia ; rules, 1035' . 

, Archduke, Aust., wounded, 538' . 

, Duke, Austria, 5072,3. 

II., Duke of Bavaria, 7933. 

the Breton, b.-d., 6702. 

of Brescia, founds college, 1077' . 

II., Duke of Brunswick, 7872. 

Fred.,D. of Brunswick, 8093;k.,810' . 



1448 



Text Figures denote Page, INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. Wlll-Wimb. 



William of Charuplitte, organizes Achaia, 
10351 . 

, Crown Prince of Ger., in power, 8332. 

, Prince of Ger., marries Augusta Vic- 
toria, 8303 ; bankrupt, 8343 ; ship- 
wrecked, 8493. 

II., of Hesse, elector, 8133. 

■ , Pr. of Hohenzollern, marries, 8331 . 

, Ct. of Holland, anti-king, 7812. 

, Lord Heytesbury, lord lieut., Ire., 

9532. 

of Malmesbury, works, 8503. 

, Lord Maryborough, postmaster ,9473. 

is grand duke, Mecklenburg,S212. 

I., the Silent, of Nassau, inherits es- 
tates, 5412; rules Holland; recovers 
Orange; leaves Council of Ten, 10992; 
resists Inquisition, 10993; assassinated, 
5411. 

of Newbury, English Affairs, 8523. 

, D. of Normandy. (See William I. 

of England.) 

, Prince of Orange. (See William III. 

of England.) 

of Orange, inheritance ; estate con- 
fiscated, 5412; converted to Calvinism; 
Calvinism protected, 10983 ; represses 
other religions, 541 1 , 10983 ; leaves 
Netherlands, 5412 ; leads revolution- 
ists, 10981 ; in Brabant, 5401 ; navy 
vexes Sp. navy, 10981 ; re-enters Neth- 
erlands, 10983;' proclaimed gov.; retires 
outlawed, 10993; Sp. assassins, 10991 
governor ; count ; murdered, 10993 
statue, 10021. 

, E. of Pembroke; regent, 8532; d., 8533. 

IX., Count of Poitiers, poems, 6691 . 

Louis, Duke of Wurtemburg, 7973. 

, Pr. of Wurtemburg shot at, 8331 . 

William Browne wrecked, 951 3 . 
Williamette Univ. org., Salem, 1583. 
William Hnsfixson wrecked, 9513. 
William Jewell Coll., Mo., fnd., 1662. 
William and- Mary wrecked, 9393. 
William and Mary Coll. est., 522,3; James 

Blair, pres, 523; first graduates, 543. 
William Rice lost at sea, 3653. 
Williams, Alexander S-, police inspector, 

bribery, 4462, 4523. 
, Benj., b. (1754); gov. N. C, 1093, 1152; 

d. (1814). 

, Capt., captures Covadonqa, 11302. 

.Charles Kilborn, b. (1782); gov. Vt., 

1692, a. (1853). 
, Cnanning Moore, b. (1829) ; cons. 

P. E. miss, bp., 2542. 

, C. R., embezzler, 4183. 

— — , David, b. (1724); arrests Andre, 922; 

d. (1831). 

, , est. Royal Literary Fund, 9252. 

, Eleazer, b., 982; d., 1842. 

, Elisha, b. (1694); rector Yale, 603; d. 

(1755). 
, Col. Ephraim, b., 5S1 ; leaves Lake 

George, 682; k., 682, 711; bequest to 

Williams Coll., 1043. 

, Sir Fenwick, gov. N. S., 5792, 5832. 

, Geo., organizer T. M. C. A., 5783. 

, George Henry, b. (1823); Com. on 

Reconstruction, 2493; intro. Tenure of 

Office Bill,2552; atty.-gen.,2813; resigns, 

2891. 
, George Wash., b. (1849); The Negro 

Troops, 3323. 
, James Douglas, b. (1808); gov. Ind., 

2973; d. (1880). 

, James R., b., 1682. 

, James William, elected bp., 9583. 

, Jared Warner, b. (1796); gov., 1633; 

d., 2.392. 

, John, captive, b. (1644); d., 602. 

, , b. (1817); cons. P. E. bp., 1683. 

, , lord keeper, 8812. 

, , Dean of Westminster ; minis- 
ter, 8812. 

, , missionary, b., 9283; d., 9483. 

, A., sentenced, 3782. 

, Joseph, 1). (1822); cons. R. C. bp., 

2502; arcbbp. Boston, 2863. 

, S., b., 1741 . 

, Joseph H., gov. Me., 1832. 

, Mr., org. Patagonian Miss. Soc, 

9523. 

, Otho Holland, b., 662; d., 1082. 

- — , Robert, plants Meth. in Va., 762. 

, , b. (1765±); gov. Miss., 1133. 

, Roger, b. (16O0+); in Boston, 321 ; 

religious toleration; pastor Salem Ch., 

322; in Mass., 323; banished; land own- 



ership, 342 ; rejects infant baptism ; 
withdraws from Bapt., 343; banished, 
352; truce with Indians, 361; works, 
371, 391 ; obtains charter in Eng., 373; 
gov. R.I.; consummation of charter,393 ; 
d., 4S1 ; statue, 2721 , 2761 . 
Williams, Sam. Wells, b., 1183; d., 3162. 
Thomas, b. (1815); at Baton Rouge, 



impeachment 



2102; k., 2103 
, Thomas, b. 1 

manager, 2612. 

, , est. Meth. in Dublin, 9123. 

, William, b., 621 ; d., 1163. 

, Sir Wm. Fenwick, gen., surrenders, 

Kars, 9601 . 

, W. L., cons, bp., 10121 . 

, Zephaniah, transported, 9511. 

Coll., Mass., incorp., 1043; observa- 
tory, 1461; James A. Garfield graduates, 
1803; centennial celebration, 4401. 

Williamsburg, Can., skirmish at, 1203. 

, Ivy., lynching, 4191. 

, Mass., floods, 2853. 

, N. Y., Meth. build first church, 1143; 

consolidated, 1773. 
- — , Va., Va. Gazette, 631 ; gunpowderre- 

moved, 801; Brit, evacuate; Cornwallis 

evacuates, 942; Washington at, 943; 

battle of, 207' ; Confeds. repulsed, 2133, 

2211; action, 2183. 
Williamson, Alexander, d., 6242. 
, Col. Andrew, against Indians, 841 ; 

massacres, 943. 

, Atkin, Episcopal clergyman, 482. 

, Hugh, b., 622; d., 12S1. 

, Isaiah V., d., 3361 . 

— , Judge, state tax decision, 451 2 . 

, L. J., executes statue of Queen, 10001 . 

, Major, in Burmese war, 10482. 

, William Durkee b. (1779); gov. Me., 

1293; d. (1846). 
Williamsport, Md., Gen. Lee at, 2243. 
, Pa., Smith and Miller hanged, 3071 ; 

Penn. Grit issued, 3123; accident, 3413. 
, W. Va., Federals cross Potomac, 1962; 

Early crosses Potomac, 2371 . 
Williamstown, Mass. (See Williams Coll.) 

, Ire., moonlighters active, 9943. 

Willich, August, li.dMO); at Liberty Gap., 

2231 . 
Willigris, Arcbbp., regent, 7752. 
Willi man tie, Conn., Columbus statue,4l61 . 
Willing, James C, d., 4701. 
Willingboro, N. J., Mrs. Ashebrooke non- 
voter, 4223. 
Willink, Robert, killed in prize-fight, 3802. 
Williram, Soil*/ of Solomon, 7751 . 
Willis, Alfred', elected bp., 9742, 10411. 
, A. S., minister, 4473; presents cre- 
dentials, 10413. 

, John, Stenographic, 8783. 

.Lillian, patricide, 4542. 

.Nathaniel Parker, b., 1123; works, 

1451, 1463, 1491, 1511, 1523, 1583,1683, 

1742, 1763, 1783; d.,256L 

, Robert, b., 9303; d., 9802. 

, Thomas, b., 8802; d., 8942. 

Willisen, Gen. Wilhelm, b. (1790); at Id- 

stedt ; commander, 6401 ; d. (1879). 
Williston, S. ('., Confeds. repulsed, 2421 . 

, Samuel, b. (1793); d., 2842. 

Willits, Edwin, in dept. agriculture, 351 2 , 
Willo, song on life of Christ, 7751. 
Will of the People circulated, 11203. 
Will 6' the Wisp wrecked, 9593. 
Willoughby Coll., Ohio, est., 1863, 2503. 
■ , Francis, b. (1635); botanist; journeys, 

8902; d. (1672). 
, Sir Hugh, Arctic expedition, 223, 

8701 ; flred on, 11123; d., 8702. 
, Lord, Giuana granted to, 10391; d., 

421. 

Society fnd., 9841 . 

Wills, William John, explorer, 4962. 
Wilmarth, Lemuel Everett, b. (1835); in 

Academy Design, 2841 , 
Wilmer, Joseph Pere Bell, b. (1812); cons. 

P. E. bp.,2542; d. (1878). 
, Richard Hooker, b. (1816); cons. P.E. 

bishop, 2052. 
Wilmington, Del., Lutherans settle, 34 3 ; 

Trinity Church cons., 542; w. Gazette 

issued, 731 ; explosion, 1273; St. Mary's 

Coll. fnd., 1631 ; powder explosion, 175 3 ; 

R. C. diocese est., 2642; race riot, 3331; 

explosion, 3713 ; Republican ticket 

elected, 3853. 
■ , N. C, Lord Cornwallis at, 941 ; fire, 

1273 ; R. R. completed, 1533 ; Confed. 



works destroyed, 2321; action near; 
Federals occupy, 2422 ; Gregory Inst., 
colored, fnd., 2863. 

Wilmington, O., W. Coll. org., 2722 ; 
opened, 2883; tornado, 4421 . 

, E. of, lord treas.; d.,9113. 

Wilmot, David, b., 1232 ; intro. W. pro- 
viso, 1593; proviso approved, 1612; candi- 
date for vice-pres., 1803; d., 2602. 

- — , Col., gov., N. S., 5753. 

, John, E. of Rochester, b., 8862 • d. 

(1680). 

- — , Lemuel Allan, b. (1809) ; lieut.-gov. 
N. B.,5832; d. (1878). 

, Robert Duncan, b. (1809) ; gov. N. B., 

5832. 

Wilsbach, Anna P., will, 4022. 

Wilson, Mrs. (Augusta J. Evans), o., 1442 ■ 
Saint Elmo, 255*. 

- — , revives stereotyping, 9322. 

, Alexander, b., 741 ; works, 1143, 1212; 

d., 1211. 

, Sir Archdale, b. (1803); in Sepoy rebel- 
lion, 10481 ; d. (1874). 

, Capt., troops massacred, 6041 . 

• , Catherine, executed, 9671 . 

, Cecil, cons, bp., 1012 1 . 

, Col., at Santa Rosa Island, Fla., 200' . 

, Col., in Sudan, 6602. 

, Dr., observes sun-spots, 9181 . 

, Daniel, illegal election, 7631 . 

- — , Sir Daniel, b. (1816) ; works, 5803, 
5811,5823,5843,5942; d., 5941. 

, Ebenezer, mayor N. Y., 57 2 . 

, Edward, cons. R. E. bp., 3042. 

, Ephraim K., d., 3781 . 

, E. Willis, gov. W. Va., 3233; sus- 
tained, 3372. 

, George W., M. Cong., b., 1522. 

, ,b.,9383; d.,9622. 

■ , Henry, b., 1183; army investigation, 

2192 ; revives Cong. Tern. Soc, 2562 ; nom. 
for pres.; nom. for vice-pres., 2791 ; vote, 
2812 ; elected ; enters office, 2813 ; d., 
2881,2892. 

, Horace Hayman, b., 9242; d., 9642. 

, James, b.. 642 ; justice S. Ct., 1012 ; 

d., 1082. 

, Grant, b. (1832) ; north of Rapi- 

dan, 2321 ; destroys K. Ks., 2343 ; raid on 
Weldon R. R., 2351 ; raid on Mobile; raid 
in Tenn., 2441; at Montevallo, 2443; a t 
Ebenezer Church; captures Selma,245i; 
captures Columbus, 2462; enters Macon, 
246 2 ; presiding officer, 4751 ; works, 
2683,2871; 3502. 

— — , F., b., 136 2 ; impeachment man- 
ager, 2612; intro. Original Package Bill, 
3483. 

, J. M., Credit Mobilier investigation, 

2812. 

, John, b. (1588); elected, 302 ; pastor 

in Mass. colony, 333; d.,422. 

, (Christopher North), b., 9223 ; 

works, 9371,9411: d., 9583. 

, , convicted, treason-felony, 9751 . 

, Leighton, b. (1809); moderator, 

1503; d. (1886). 

, Lyde, b., 1682 ; gov., 1313 ; d. 

(1849). 

, Joseph T., The Black Phalanx, 3323. 

, M., imprisoned, 756 2 . 

, Richard, b., 9042; d., 9223. 

, Rivers, minister to Egy., 6591 . 

, Samuel, lord mayor London, 9492. 

, J., moderator, 286 2 . 

, Theodore Delevan.b. (1840) ; in navy 

dept., 3512; commodore ; retires, 4341 . 

, Thomas, b. (1827) ; nominated gov., 

Minn., 3691. 

, , Rhetoric and Logic, 871 1 ; d.,8742. 

, William Dexter, b., 1242. 

, Lyne, b., 1562; chairman Con- 

ven.,4092 ; intro. Silver Repeal Bill, 4352; 
intro. Tariff Bill, 4491 . (See Tariff.) 

- — , Woodrow.b. (1856); works, 3503, 4462. 

Coll. (Presb.) org. at Chambersburg, 

Pa. (1870). 

Wilson's Landing, Va., action at, 2332. 

Wilton, Eng., action at, 8441. 

■ , E. of, title created, 9311 . 

Wiltse, Gilbert C, d., 4281 . 

Wiltz, Louis A., gov. La., 3052. 

Wiltzi defeated, 7701. 

Wilze on shores of Baltic Sea, 11132. 

Wiman, Erastus,b. (1834); arrested, 4521 
sentenced, 4623; on bail ; acquitted, 4643 

Wimbledon, Eng., 1st English fight, 8401 
Belgian visitors at camp, 5451 . 



Wimb-With. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN L)Jir.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1449 



"Wimbledon Camp, international rifle- 
shooting contests, 9621 , 966' , 9741 , 978' , 
982' , 992' , 994' . 

"Wimpfeling, Jacob, History of Ger., 787'. 

Wimpfen-Hesse, battle at, 794' . 

Wimpffen, Emmanuel Felix de, b., 7192; 
at battle of Sedan, 7402; d., 7542. 

Wimshurst, H., 1st screw propeller, 94S 2 . 

"Wina, bishop of Winchester, 8423. 

Winsed, action at, 842' . 

Winellburgh railway collision, 9673. 

Winchell, Alexander, b., 1322; works,287' , 
2723, 2963, 3063; d., 378'. 

Winehelsea, hlng., sea overflows, 854' . 
, B. of, title created, 883' . 

, E. of, lord admiralty, 9073, 9133 ; 

minister, 9113. 

Winchesley, Robt., archbp., 8522. 

Winchester wrecked, 9593. 

, Eng., church built ; see erected, 8423 ; 

cathedral Se^im, S4s2; Hospital of Holy 
Cross fnd., 849'; naval battle off, 858'; 
oldest school; St. Mary's Coll. est., 8583; 
surrendered, 886'; palace begun, 896'; 
Charitable Soc. of natives fmd., 901' ; 
nuns received, 9263 ; Bp. Browne cons., 
9742 ; diocese re-arranged, 9802 ; coll. 
opd., 9923; New College anniversary eel., 
9963; cathedral south anniversary, 10102; 

, 111., mob s tone J.G. W.Morrison, 4443. 

, Ind., soldiers' monument, 410' . 

■, Ky., Confeds. defeated, 226' . 

, Tenn., Mary Sharpe Female Coll. 

org., 1703. 

, Va., action at, 2043 ; battle of, 205', 

2382 ; battle near, 20S2, 216' ; invested ; 
Feds, defeated, 2223, 2363 ; Confeds. 
defeated near, 233 ' , 2362 ; Early moves 
from, 235' ; soldiers' monument at, 410' . 

Confession adopted, 1123. 

, Elhanan, b. (1751) ; joins Univer- 

salists, 95'; d. (1797). 

, Gen., at Frenchtown, 120' . 

, Henry, lord mayor London, 945 3 . 

, Marquis, title created, 871' . 

Winckelmann, Johann Joachim, b., 7983; 

works; d., 803'. 
Windebank, Sir Francis, minister, 8833. 
Windeck, Eberhard, Km. Siq'tsmund, 7S5 2 . 
Winder, Win. H., Gen., at Burlington 

Heights, 1202; at Bladensburg, 1222. 
Windermere aground at Deal Beach, 4033. 
Windham, Conn., Fourdrinier machine 

made, 138'. 
, Chas. Ash, b. (1810) ; in Sepoy rebel- 
lion, 1048' ; d. (1870). 

, William, b., 9123; d., 935' . 

Windischgratz, Pr. Alfred zu (Alfred 

Claudius Ferdinand), b. (1787) ; Aust. 

leader, 522' ; suppresses Czechs, 523'; 

new ministry, 5372; d. (1862). 
Wiudmac, Ind., land settlement suit, 477 2 . 
Windmill erected, New York, 40' ; 1st in 

Fr., 783' ; general use, Neth., 10982. 
Windom, William, b., 1342; n Committee 

of 33,1891 ; votefor pres. candidate, 3051 ; 

sec. treas.,3072, 3372; exchanges bonds ; 

resigns, 3092 ; seal protection, 3491 ; 

landing of immigrants, 357 2 ; 4% bids, 

3732; d., 3761 , 2; Cong, adjourns, 3771 . 
Window glazing common, 10721 . 

tax, Eng., enacted, 9012 ; increased, 

9113, 9292; reduced, 9233, 9413; repealed, 
9572. 

Windrim, James H., in treas. dept., 3512. 

Windsor, Conn., fort at, 32 1 ; trading-post, 
333; fnd., 352. 

, Eng., Belgian visitors received, 5451 ; 

tournament, 8583 ; Albert Memorial 
Chapel opd., 9S02; lacrosse played, 9813; 
statue Pr. Louis Napoleon, 9861 ; Bp. Da- 
vidson cons., 9862; Lend. Royal Agri. Soc. 
exhibit, 10013; Pr. Albertlstatue, 10021 ; 
Emp. Frederick statue, 10041 ; castle 
enlarged, 8482, and reerected, 8582, and 
enlarged, 9421 ; chapel opd. ,5253; forest 
restricted, 8793 ; forest surveyed, 9213; 
marches drained; trees planted, 9133. 

, N. S., King's College est., 5771 ; Hants 

Journal, 5823; The Tribune, 5843. 

, Ont., opium smugglers, 5942. 

, Vt., bank est., 1273; murder, 3011 . 

, Baron, title created, 8672. 

, Sir William de, gov., 8593. 

Windthorst, Ludwig, b., 8102; d.,8341. 

Wntrlward, Polar expedition, 10121. 

Wine, Fr., consumption of, 7432, 7543. 

, prices raised, Eng., 8533 ; druggists 

sell, 8563; tunnage on, 8592; prices regu- 



lated, 8603 ; prices, 8613 ; claret im- 
ported, 8673; duties, 9453. 

Wine and games, Mohammed prohibits, 
4843. 

Winebrenner, John, b., 1062 ; leader 
Church of God, 13S2; d., 1862. 

Winer, George B., b., 8043; d., 8202. 

Winfield, Kan., Southwest K. Coll. org., 
3242. 

, Edward, gov. ; embezzles stores, 272. 

Winfrid. (See St. Boniface.) 

Wing, Simon, nom. for pres., 415' ; vote, 
4192, 4243. 

Wingfleld, John Henry Ducachet, b. (1833); 
cons. P, E. bp., 2862. 

, Lewis, d., 10062. 

Wingi burned, 563' . 

Winkelried, Arnold von, falls, 506' ; d., 
1137'. 

Winlock, Joseph, b. (1826) ; uses photo- 
heliograph, 2701 ; d. (1875). 

Winnepeg, Can., Gilder's expedition starts, 
3241 ; returns, 3261 ; Manitoba Free Press, 
5823; Nor'ioest Farmer.; Manitoba Wes- 
leyan Inst, est., 5843; Den Skandina- 
viske Canadiensaren; The Loegberg, 5862; 
Burke arrested, 586 3 ; Anglican Synod 
est., 5882; Tribune, 5921. 

Winona, Minn., fire, 3453. 

Winslow, Edward, b. (1595) ; marriage of, 
302 ; returns, 312 ; gov., 333, 352, 373 ; 
d., 401. 

, E. D., forgeries discovered, 2911; 

causes diplomatic dispute, 2913. 

, Forbes, b. (1810); Psychological Jour- 
nal issued, 9543 ; d. (1874). 

, Hubbard, b. (1800); d., 2373. 

, James, b. (1814); d., 2842. 

, John Ancrum, b., 1163; on Kearsarge, 

2343, d.,282i. 

, Josiah, b. (1629) ; gov., 452 ; peace 

with Indians, 473; d. (1680). 

, Miron, b., 100' ; d., 2392. 

, Samuel, d., 474'. 

, Warren, b. (1810) ; on Committee of 

33, 189' ; d. (1862). 

Winsor, Frederick Albert, b., 9162 ; d. 
(1830). 

, Justin, b. (1831) ; works, 3183, 3503, 

3982, 4783. 

Winstead, J. M., suicide, 4693. 

Winston, Ala., moonshiners raid, 4262. 

, John Anthony, b. (1812) ; gov. Ala., 

175' ; d. (1871). 

Winter, Thos., gunpowder plot, 8792. 

, William, b., 1462 ; works, 1763, 3003, 

3083, 3143. 

Assizes, Act for, 9812. 

Winterfried invents waterspout, 8022. 

Winterhalter, Franz Xavier, b.. 9323 ; d. 
(1873). 

Winter Park, Fla., Rollins College org., 
3223. 

Winters, Francis de, admin.-general, 10932. 

Winterton, Earl of, title created, 917 2 . 

Winther, Rasmus Willads Christian Fer- 
dinand, b. (1796); work, 6403 ; d. (1876). 

Winthrop, Gen. F., d., 2452. 

, Fitz-John, b. (1639); gov., 55'; d. 

(1707). 

, John, b., 262; gov. Mass., 313, 331, 

351,2,372,391,2,432; Episcopalian, 32' ; 
Christian < 7mW/y/,322; arrives with char- 
ter, 33' ; at Saybrooke, 34' ; sent to Eng., 
413; president, confederacy, 373; d.,463. 

, Robert Charles, b., 1162 ; oration, 

320'; d., 4741. 

, Theodore, b.,1362; works, 1991 ,2132; 

d., 1963. 

Winton wrecked, 9913. 

, Earl of, title created, 959' . 

Will wood, Sir Ralph, b. (1564±) ; minister, 
8793; d. (1617). 

Wippidsfleet, Britons defeated, 840'. 

"Wire, David W. , lord mayor, Lond. , 9612 . 

bridges invented, 9642. 

drawing invented, 7822. 

mill erected, 8901 . 

Wireker, Nigel, works, 8503. 

Wirsen, Karl David, b. (1842); Poems, 11363. 

Wirt, Isaac, arrests Andre, 922. 

, William, b., 762; works, 1123, 127'; 

atty.-gen., 1253, 1292, 1333 ; presidential 
vote, 1412,3 ; d., 1422. 

Wirz, Henry, tried, banged, 2481 , 9492. 

Wisconsin, U.S.A.: Chas. deLangdale set- 
tles, 671; Colorado beetle, 1321; terri- 
tory org., 1471 ; Henry Dodge, gov., 1472, 
161i; James D. Doty, gov., 1552; Na- 



thaniel P. Tallmadge, gov., 1592 ; state 
govt, authorized, 1612; Meth. Epis. Conf. 
fmd., 1641 ; Universalist State Conven. 
org., 1642 ; Univ. of W. org., 1643 ; State 
admitted, I651 ; Nelson Dewey, gov., 1652; 
State Hist. Soc. library fnd., 1663; Leon- 
ard J. Farwell, gov., 1692 ; o. S. Pres. 
Synod org., 1702 ; Wm. A. Barstow, gov. 
(1854); Bashford Coles, gov., 1792; lands 
granted to railroads, 1S13 ; Alex. W. Ran- 
dall, gov., 1833 ; Louis P. Harvey, gov., 
203 2 ; Personal Liberty Bill repealed, 
2113 ; Edward Salomon, gov., 2173; Jas. 
T.Lewis, gov., 221)3; ratifies 13th Amend. 
2432 ; Negro Suffrage Amend, rejected, 
2492; soldiers' orphans' homeopd.,251' ; 
Normal Schools opd., 2543, 2643, 2763, 
2903, 3223, 32S3 ; Lucius Fairchild, gov., 
2553; ratifies 14th Amend., 2573; Milton 
Coll. org., 2603 ; ratifies 15th Amend., 
267' ; forest fires, 274' ; prairie fires, 2753; 
Insane Asylum at Oslrkosh, 281' , and at 
Milwaukee, 3032; C. C. Washburne.gov.j 
intemperance punished, 261' ;PotterLaw 
passes, 2852, affirmed, 2873, and modi- 
fied, 2912 ; Wm. H. Taylor, gov., 2873 ; 
women lawyers rejected, 2912, and ad- 
mitted, 29S3; Harrison Ludington, gov., 
295'; Wm. E. Smith, gov., 3012; Com- 
pulsory Education Bill, 303' ; Jer. M. 
Ru6k, gov., 3132 ; pearls found, 2*4' ; 
pearl finding eraze, :;4f>2 ; Secret Ballot 
Lawenacted ; Wm. D. Hoard, gov., 3492; 
Local Option Bill passed, 351' ; Am. 
Cath. Clerical Union org., 3522 ; excite- 
ment ; English in public schools, 3542 ■ 
Supreme Ct. decision against Bible in 
schools, 354 2 ; Bennett School Law issue, 
3542+ ; Ger. Catholics against Bennett 
Law, 358 2 ; Republicans divide on Ben- 
nett Law, 3602, 3731 ; Democrats oppose 
Bennett Law, 3672, 3 ; Bennett Law re- 
scinded, 3702, 3763 ; recount gives Re- 
publicans control, 373' ; land claims 
filed, 3952 ; settlers rush in, 3953 ; Geo. 
W. Peck, gov., 3992; special session leg- 
islature for reapportionment, 409' , 417 2 ; 
reapportionment invalid ; Apportion- 
ment Bill; no agreement, 4172; arrested 
legislators, 4272 ; Anti-Pinkerton Bill, 
4273 ; forest fires, 4332, 4353, 4663, 4673, 
4713,4733; copper ore found, 442' ; army 
worm devastates, 466' ; Geo. W. Peck 
renom. gov., 4712 ; canal survey com- 
pleted, 4772; Win. II. I'pham, gov. (1895). 

Univ. org., 1643; Charles Kendall 

Adams, pres., 4042, 4221 ; Univ. Exten- 
sion Dept., 4162. 

Wise, George' Douglas, 1)., 1442. 

, Henry Alex., b., 1123; gov. Va., 1812; 

inW.Va.,1982; at Roanoke Island, 204'; 
d., 266' . 

, IsaacMayer, b.(1819); presides, 3862. 

, John, b. (1808) ; balloon ascension, 

1841 ; d. (1879). 

, Mr., steel pens, 932' . 

, William C, promoted captain, 448' . 

Wiseman, Nicholas Patrick Stephen, b. 
9303; archbp., 9562 ;/.v,/,;,j/„,!i ( ;03;(j.,9681. 

Wishar, George, b., 870' ; burned, 869'. 

"Wisner, Moses, gov. Mich., 187'. 

, Wm., moderator, 1523. 

, C, moderator, 1782. 

Wisnetzar, battle of, 798' . 

Wissig, Philip threatens, 4523. 

Wissmann, Hermann von, b. (1853) ; at 
Zanzibar, 838' , 2 ; at Pangani ; at Wingi, 
663' ; explorer, 1093' ; at Lubuku ; fnds. 
Luluburg and Luebo, 10932. 

Wistar, Casper, b., 723; d., 1262. 

Witboy, Hemic, defeated, 8383. 

Witch, burned in Peru, 11093. 

Witchcraft, New Eng., punished, 41'; 
breaks out, 523; victims, 53' . 

punished, Fr., 685' . 

felony, Eng., 8692; statute against, 

873', 879'; punished, 8943, 1079'; lawa 
repealed, 9093. 

Witches executed, 8643, 903' ; test of, 9152. 

convicted, Fr., 679'; burned, 685'; 

punished, 6912. 

burned, It., 1081'. 

burned, Russia, 11172. 

burned in Geneva, 11373. 

Wither, George, b.,8762 ; works, 8802; d 
8922. 

Witherell, Lizzie, burglar, 385' . 

Withering Wm., b. (1741) ; in Lunar Soc, 
9212; d., (1799). 



1450 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. With- "Wood. 



Witherings, Thomas, postmaster, 8832, 

Witherington, Buccaneer, at Bahia, 241 . 

Withers, Jones Mitchel, b. (1814); at Mnr- 
freesboro, 2171 . 

Witherspoon, John, b. t 601 ; pres. N. J. 
Coll., 762,3; moderator, 1462; d., 1042. 

Withlaeooehee, Fla., Seminoles defeated 
at, 1441. 

Witiza reigns, 11253. 

Witman College, Wash., opd., 3143. 

Wittekind, Saxon, baptized, 6643; leader; 
submits to Charlemagne, 7713. 

Wittenberg, O., W. College org., 1583; Gen. 
Synod Evan. Luth. of, org., 1623; 

, Prus., belongs to Saxony, 7791; fa- 
vored by Golden Bull, 7833 ; Univ., char- 
tered; Martin Luther, professor, 7871; 
possessed by allies, 7212 ; retaken, 810i ; 
Univ. unites with Halle, 8111 . 

Wittenborg, John, invades Denmark ; ex- 
ecuted, 7821 . 

Wittenmeyer, Annie, pres. W. C. T. U., 
2911,2943,2971,3011. 

Witter, Wm., against infant baptism, 37 1. 

, Speaker of Montana, d., 3771 . 

Witteric, takes throne of W. Goths, 7712. 

Witteveen, Pastor, fnds. Ermelo Miss. 
Society, 11021 , 

Wittgensteig, Marshal, in Dresden, 7183. 

Wittingham, William K., b., 1122. 

Wittstock, Swedes victorious, 5121 . 

Witu, E. Afr., investigation ; ceded, 5633; 
captured, 5643. 

Witzeleben, Karl August Friedrich von, 
b., 8041 ; d., 8143. 

Witzius, Hermann, b.-d., 11003. 

Wladislaw attacks Mark of Brandenburg 
7821. 

. (See LadislauB.) 

Woburn, Mass., anniversary, 4173. 

Wodehouse, John, Earl of Kimberley, b., 
9422 • u. S. Civil War statement, 9652 ; 
lordlieut., 9672; minister, 9731,9852, 
9912, 9952, 10092 ; chancellor, 9893 ; tar- 
iff system, 4983. 

, Sir Philip, governor, 10473. 

Woden, German god, 7682. 

Wodrow, Robert, b. (1679) ; d., 9082. 

Wofford College org., S. C, 1763. 

Wohler, Friedrich, b., 8071 ; d., 8302. 

Wohlgemuth, Michael, b., 7842 ; d., 7882. 

Wokong surrenders, 6202. 

Wolcott, Edward O., b., 1641 ; Silver Pur- 
chase Repeal Bill amend., 4231 ; speech, 
4372 4391 . 

, John (Peter Pindar), b., 9103 ; d., 

9383. 

, Oliver, b., 722 ; g0 v. Conn., 1073, 1272 ; 

d., 1421. 

, Roger, b., 463 ; gov. Mass., 673; d., 741 . 

, — -, b. (1847); gov. Mass. (1874+). 

Wolcottville, Conn., brass kettles, 1441. 

Wolf, Christian von, b. (1679) ; works, 7991 , 
8011; d. (1754). 

, Friedrich August, b., 8023 ; work, 

8071; d.,8123. 

, George, b. (1777) ; gov. Pa., 1373 ; d. 

(1840). 

, J. G., shot, 4723. 

, Johann Christoph von, b., 7971 ; d., 

8022. 

Wolfall, Master, 1st communion in Am., 
5703. 

Wolfboro, N. H., hall and library dedi- 
cated, 3522. 
Wolfdietrich issued, 7803. 

Wolfe, Arthur, chief justice, 9293. 

, Charles, b., 9243 ; work, 9391 ; d., 

9403. 

, James, b., 9081; in Am., 702; at 

Point Levi ; checked at Quebec, 703 ; 
killed, 721 ; d., 722. 

Wolff, Albert, b., 8103 ; d., 7621 . 

, Betjen, works, 11012. 

, Emil, b., 8082 ; d., 8301 . 

, Sir H. Drummond, b. (1830) ; signs 

convention, 6612. 

, Wilhelm, b., 8121. 

Wolfley, Lewis, governor, Ariz., 3492. 
Wolford, Capt., near Lebanon, 2151 . 
Wollaston, Mass., settlement, 313. 

, Wm. Hyde, b.,9163 ; solar spectrum, 

9302 ; dis. rhodium ; dis. palladium, 9322 ; 
camera lucida, 9342 ; voltaic battery, 
938i; pres. Royal Soc, 9401 ; d.,9423. 
Wb'llner, Dr., excommunicated, 8263. 
Wollstonecraft, Mary. (See Godwin, Mrs.) 
Wolowski, Louis Francois Michel Ray- 
mond, b., 7191 ; d., 7601. 



Wolseley, Garnet Joseph, Vise. Wolseley, 
b., 9462 ; at Fort Garry, 5821 ; for Natal, 
6001,2; gov. Cape Colony, 6012,3; re- 
ceives Zulus, 6013 ; in Sudan, 6601 +; in 
Cairo, 6612 ; commander ; in Dublin, 
10041; in So. Afr. Rep., 11242; in W. 
Afr., 11612. 

, "Viscount of, title created, 9871 . 

Wolsey, Thomas, b., 8642 ; bp.of Lincoln; 
archbp. of York ; cardinal high chanc, 
8673 ; loses favor, 8692 • d. (1530). 

Wolstenholme's Sound, Canada, dis., 281. 

Wolverene donated, 4993. 

Wolverton, Baron, title created, 9651 . 

, Simon P., b., 1482. 

Wolves, mandate for destruction of, 8553. 

Woman practices in U. S. Sup. Ct., 3522. 

Woman's Christian Temperance Union, 
germinates at Fredonia, 2831 ; org., 2S62, 
2871,2911; Nat. Conven., 2943, 2971, 
3011,3032; 3071, 3091, 3131, 3151, 3191, 
3203, 3251, 3291, 3712, 3942, 4171, 4402, 
4743, 5S83, 5891 ; Worlds W. C. T. U. org., 
3151 ; department.of temperance instruc- 
tion fmd., 3091 ; Temple, Chicago, cor- 
ner-stone laid, 3701 ; division by seces- 
sion, 3712; ill-treated in North Dakota, 
4263 ; World's Fair session, 4402 ; foun- 
tain in Willard Hall, 4733; org. in Eng., 
10972. 

, non-partisan fnd., 3623 ; 

convention, 371 2 , 3943. 

Committee of Christian Work, 9762. 

Meth. Epis. College founded, 3322. 

Municipal League, niass-meeting,4743. 

Nat. Indian Assn.. mission-work, 3182; 

at Boston, 3712; at New Haven, 4762. 

Nat. Triennial Council meets, 378 2 . 

Prison Association reports, 3762. 

Relief Corps of U. S., 3862, 3891 . 

Republican League org., 3311 . 

Rights Convention meets, 1643. 

Suffrage campaign, 2592 

N. Y., 339 1; adopted in Utah, 2711; 
campaign In Kan., 2592 ; Constitutional 
Amend, to secure, 3591 ; Wash, constitu- 
tional conven. submits, 3431, and re- 
jected, 347' ; billfor cities rejected, 3572; 
Suifrage Bill fails, N. Y., 4052 ; conven- 
tions, 269' ,2,3, 4503; unconstitutional 
in Mich., 4412. 

Asso., Am., org., 269 2 ; meetB, 

3991,4222,4503. 

League, N. Y., petition to czar, 

3551 ; reception, N. Y., 3802. 

Amend. Bill reported, 3591 . 

Bill, Eng., 9932, 9991 , 10092. 

Soc, annual meeting, 9943 ; Nat. 

Conven., 9723. 

Society org. in S. Dak., 3G03. 

in France, 7632. 

Women, meeting of, Mass. colony, 323; 
patriotic Am., 932 ; lawyers in Su- 
preme Courts, 301i,2; excluded from 
gov't, 309' ; administration in Kansas, 
331' ; stage robbers, 4042 ; inlaw schools, 
4071 ; in public offices, Kan., 4543 ; in- 
spectors of streets, Chicago, 4622. 

, manners of, Fr., 6751 ; influence in 

society, 69a 2 ; in factories, 7613 ; labor ; 
regulated, 7683 ; honored, 7711 . 

imported, Va., 283, 303, 881' ; posi- 
tion improved, Eng., 9491 ; marriage 
property, 975'; degrees denied to, 9791. 
bill for, 'in Loud. Council rejected, 1001 2 . 

churching of, Italy, 10643. 

Women's Clubs, Cell. Federation Conven., 

3563 ; Am. Federation, 4063,4583 ; State 
Federation begins, 4751 . 

Congress, Paris, 7563. 

Crusade. (See Temperance.) 

Education Union founded, 9763. 

Enfranchisement Society fnd., Can., 

5862,5903. 

Missionary Societies. (See names of 

various churches.) 

Protective and Provident League 

founded, 9792. 

Wonderful Parliament, England, 8611 . 

Woo Hoo, riot at, 6251 . 

How, influence, 6123 ; abdicates; ex- 
cludes heir, 6132 ; d., 6122. 

Wood, used to make paper, 268' ; first en- 
graving, 784 2 ; e ngruvingi in proved, 9242. 

, Alphonso, b., 1162 ; d., 3062. 

, Anthony, b., 8822; d., 9002. 

, Col., at Trenton, 2182. 

, Sir Charles, Viscount Halifax, min- 
ister, 9612, 9692; d., 9941. 



Wood, De Volson, b., 1402. 

, Fernando, b. (1812) ; mayor N. Y., 

179',1903; arrested, 1823 ; resists police 

law, 183' ; advises secession, 1911 ; leads 

peace-party, 2233 ; vote for speaker, 283 2 ; 

d., 3062. 
, George Bacon, b., 106 2 ; physician, 

author, d., 3002. 

, T., governor Tex., 1633. 

, Sir Henry Evelyn, b. (1838) ; changes 

made, 6031 ; at Cairo, 6682 ; in Sudan, 

6602; against Zulus, 6001 . 

, Horatio C, b., 1522. 

, James, b. (1750) ; gov. Va., 1073 ; 

moderator, 2411 ; d., 2561 . 

, John George, b., 9423; d., 100O1 . 

, I., comptroller Can., 595 2 . 

, F., comptroller Can., 5963. 

, Leonard, b., 781 . 

, Lieut.-Col., at Coldwater, 2183. 

, Marshall W., commissioned major, 

4561. 
— — , Sir Matthew, b. (1768) ; lord mayor, 

London, 9353; d. (1843). 

, R. C, sanitary commissioner, 197'. 

, Reuben, b. (1792) ; gov. O., 1692 ; d. 

(1864). 
, Thomas Waterman, b., 130 3 ; paint- 
ings, 2601, 3021, 3061, 3101, 3121, 3161 , 

3181 , 3221 , 3061 ; Acad. Design, 2761 . 

, Walter Abbott, b. (1815) ; d., 3981 . 

, Sir Wm. Page, b. (1801) ; lord justice, 

9713; minister, 9732; d. (1881). 

Lake, Minn., Indians defeated, 2141 , 

Woodberry, George Edward, b. (1855) ; 

works, 3743. 
Woodbine, La., Normal School opd., 3183. 
Woodbridge, Cal., San Joaquin Valley 

College org., 2962. 

, N. J., first printing-press, 691. 

, Wm., b. (1780) ; gov., 1531 ; d. (1861). 

Woodbury, Tenn., action, 2182, 2202. 

, George Edward, b., 1761 . 

, Levi, b., 1001 ; gov. N. H., 1313; B eo. 

navy, 1392 ; s ec. treas., 1473 ; justice, 

1593; d., 1682. 
Woodfall, William (Junius's), b., 9103. 
Woodford, William, b. (1735); brig.-gen., 

commissioned, 86' ; d. (1780). 
Woodhouso . I unction, U.K. collision, 9773. 

, Sir Philip, gov. Cape Colony, 5993. 

Woodhull, Caleb S., gov. N. Y., 1671. 
, John, b. (1744) ; moderator, 1023; d. 

(1824). 

, S. S., pres. Reformed Synod, 1283. 

Woodland, Cal., Hesperian Coll. org. ,2662. 

, Wis., cyclone, 1821 . 

Woodley, A., kills Miss Buchanan, 4583. 
Woodlock, Bartholomew, cons, bp.,9823. 
Woodmason, ruling machine, 9302. 
Woodmen of the World Society est., 3983; 

statistics, 4471 . 
Wood-paving unsuccessful, Eng., 9501 . 
Woodrow, James, evolutionist case, 3402. 
Woodruff, Carle A., commissioned major, 

4501. 

, Col., at Barbourville, W. Va., 1962. 

, W. E., accounts short, 3751 ; ac- 
quitted, 3863. 
, Wilford, b. (1807) ; Mormor. pres. for- 
bids plural marriages, 3682 ; completes 

temple, 4041 . 
W r oods, George L., gov. Ore., 2553; gov. 

Utah, 2772 ; d., 3501 .' 

, John L., gift to college, 4202. 

, Katharine, Musk to Dawn, 4462. 

, Leonard, b., 114' ; d., 174' . 

, William Burnham, !>. 1322 ; justice 

supreme court, 3052; d. (1887). 
Woodson, Daniel, acting gov. Kan., 1773 ; 

against rebellion, 181 1 . 

, Silas, governor Mo., 2851 . 

Woodson's Gap, Tenn., action at, 2062. 
Woodstock, N. B., Carli'tnn .Sentinel, 6791 ; 

College buildings, 585i ; trial of Bir- 

chall, 6903. 
Woodstock, Eng., great park, 8493. 

, Md., center of population, 1293. 

, Va., Gen. Banks at, 2052; Confeds. 

defeated, 2191 . 
, Thomas, Duke of Gloucester, gov. 

Ire. ; arrested, 861 2. 
Woodville, Pa., mob of strikers, 4502. 

, Tenn., Confeds. defeated, 2143. 

, Anthony, Earl of Rivers, b. (1442) ; 

works, 8642; beheaded, 8653. 

.Elizabeth. (See Elizabeth Woodville.) 

Woodward, Col., at Ft. Donelson, 2121 . 
, E. T., d., 4521 . 



Wood-Wris. 



Text Figures denote Page. INDEX. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1451 



"Woodward, Frederick A., b., 1741 . 

, Joseph Janvier, b., U2> ; d., 3162. 

Woodwark, Okla., robbery, 4531 . 

Woodworth, Mrs., predictions believed, 
Cal., 3562. 

, Samuel, b., 962; d., 1542. 

, William, planing machine, 1361 . 

"Wool, duties on, Eng., 8552; importation 
from Ire. prohibited, 9013; commerce of 
Eng., 8493; first spun, 858* ; Act passed, 
9072, 9113; duty repealed, 911a ; law re- 
pealed, 9413. 

growers Asso., petition to pres.,3412. 

Wool, John Ellis, b., 962; commands Fort- 
ress Monroe, 19S1 ; occupies Norfolk, 
2071 ; dept. Maryland, 2083 ; d., 2681 . 

Woolen Exhibition, International, 9S73. 

goods manufactured, 1042. 

manufacture est., Eng., 8562. 

Woolf, cylinder expansion engine, 9322. 

Woolley, Henry, White Gaps kill, 4571 . 

Woolraan, John, b., 5S 2 ; Journal of, 78 2 ; 
d., 762. 

Woolner, Thomas, b., 9422 ; statue of 
queen, 9921. 

Woolsey, Sarah Ghauncey (Susan Cool- 
idge), b. {1815 i:) ; Katy Did, 2803. 

,Theo.Dwight,b.,110i ;works,143i ,1451 , 

1431 , 1551 ; p r es. of Yale, 1611 ; d., 3422. 

Wool-shearers' strike, Eng., 10051 . 

Woolson, Constance Fenimore, b. (1848) ; 
works, 2911, 3031, 3063, 3263, 4783; d. 
(1894). 

Woolwich, Eng., arsenal at ; largest gun 
cast, 110 ton, 9061 ; Royal Military Acad, 
org., 9101 ; rnagueto-electricity used,950 2 ; 
dockyard closed ; floating dry-dock 
launched, 9721 ; arsenal flooded, 9813 j 
collision on Thames, 9833 ; Gordon's 
dynamo machine, 9901 ; steam ferry opd., 

10013. 

Woomer, Ephraim, b., 1562. 
Wooster, O., Univ. of Wooster est., 2543; 
University org., 2623. 

, David, b. (1710) ; d., 891 . 

Woo-sung captured, 616 2 . 

"Worcester, Cape Colony, mission, 6023. 

, Eug., see erected, 3423; married priests 

leave, 816 2 ; threatened, 860 1 ; battle of , 
88*1; W. Postman, 8983,9943; anti-ma- 
chinery riot, 925i ; cathedral opd., 978 2 ; 
Baxter statue, 9S0 2 . 

, Mass., granted, 43 3 ; settled, 59i ; 

Am. Antiquarian Soc. Library, 119i ; 
knives mfd., 1361 ; College of the Holy 
Cross org., 1571 ; nre , 1753; Free Public 
Library fnd., 1843; W. Co. Mutual Asso. 
org., 2291 ; Polytechnic Inst, org., 2623 ; 
Normal School opd., 2843; Clark Univ. 
dedicated, 3463 ; strike, 3611 ; musical 
festival, 3921 ; summer school, 4102; ex- 
plosion, 4233. 

, Earl of. (See Tiptoft, John.) 

, Earl of, minister, 879 1 . 

, Earl of, minister, 8793. 

, Joseph Emerson, b., 962; d., 2482. 

, missionary, opposed, 1383. 

■, Noah, b., 71i ; work, 1403; d., 1482. 

, Samuel, b. (1770) ; board of commis- 
sioners, 1163; d. (1821). 

Worden, John Lorimer, b., 1262; Congress 
thanks, 2183. 

Wordner, Ida., fire, 4293. 

Wordsworth, Christopher, b. (1808±) ; 
elected bishop, 9533; d. (1885). 

, John, cons, bishop, 9922. 

, William, b., 9183; works, 9271 , 9331 , 

9371,9563; poet laureate, 9523; d., 9562. 

Society formed, London, 9862. 

Work, ten hours legal day's, 1632; eight 
hours, 2631 . 

Working classes restless, Eng., 8591 . 

Girls Clubs, conven.,2563, 4583, 

Workingmen, Cong, at Brussels, 5451. 

, New Eng. Association, 1591 . 

Workingmen's Asso., Interuat., 9672,9771. 

Benevolent Asso. orders strike, 2731. 

Club and Institute Union est., 9663, 

9633. 

College est. London, Cambridge, 9591 , 

9703. 

dwellings protected, 9773. 

Exhibition, International, 974'. 

International Association demonstra- 
tion, Am., 2772; crushed in Fr., 7463. 

■ International Conference, 7543. 

Organization appears, 137 2 . 

ticket appears, 137 2 ; Party reorgan- 
ized, 2983. 



Working- worn en's Bill, Fr., 7592, 

College begun, 9682. 

Workman, Mr., gift of, 5S83. 

Workmen, in Fr. army, 7312; compulsory 

funds, Ger., 8323. 
Workmen's International Congress at 

Lausanne, 11383. 
Congress, International Social, Ber- 



,8351 



eetings, Belg., 5471 . 
Nat'l presidential conven., 2791. 

Peace Asso. meets, London, 9752. 

Social Education League find., 9843. 

Works of Learned issued, 8983. 

Workshop Regulation Act passes, 9703. 

World's Agricultural Cong, opens, 4413. 

World's Columbian Exposition, Chicago; 
finances, 3473, 3493, 3513, 3912, 4033, 
4131,2, 4193, 4271; legislation, 3491, 
3532,3551 ,2, 3571 ,2, 3713,3771 , 3812, 3912, 
3993,4011, 4031, 4131, 4271; location, 
3513, 3523, 3532; site, 3653,3693; Sun- 
day opening difficulty, 3701,3722,3911, 
3972, 4022, 4032, 4042, 4072, 4103. 4112,3, 
4143,4191,4291, 4302,3, 4322,3, 4342,3; 
liquor selling, 4112; incorporated and 
org., 3573; commission org., 3632, 3693; 
George R. Davis, director-general, 3693; 
women managers organize, 3712; presi- 
dent's proclamation, 3733; non-union 
labor, 3763; Italians fear union men, 
378 2 ; J. A. Scott, pres. board directors, 
3813; directors' banquet, 3923; direc- 
tory reelects Pres. Baker, 4053; Texas 
declines part, 4113; memorial half-dol- 
lars, 4132, 4193; dedicated; Mr. Cleve- 
land absent, 417i,3; Ada Rehan statue 
cast, 426i ; Columbian Guards strike, 
4283; gates closed Sunday; opened; 
Woman's Building finished, 4291 ; ex- 
hibitors time extended, 4292; admis- 
sions; directorate officers elected; 
Spanish caravels arrive, 4293, 4333 ; 
Theo. Thomas resigns, 430 1 ; Judiciary 
Committee's report accepted, 4303 ; 
Sunday attendance, 431 1, 4323; English 
and Italian exhibits ; floor breaks ; for- 
eign exhibitors withdraw ; gates closed 
Sunday ; Swiss exhibit closed, 4313 ; 
Gladstone's statue, 432 1 ; German day 
attendance, 4322; battle of Bunker Hill 
eel., 4323; Independence Day; Liberty 
Bell dedicated, 433 1 ; lace missing ; com- 
pleted; admission payments; fire; Pres. 
Palmer resigns; R.R. rates, 4333; Edi- 
torial Day; cold storage warehouse fire ; 
open all Sundays, 4.543; Sunday attend- 
ance, 4351 , 4381 , 4393; attendance, 4353; 
Cadets' lawn party; Jewish Cong. ; 
Peace Cong., 436 2 ; live stock exhibit, 
4373; Pari, of Religion, 4381; Odd Fel- 
lows' day, 4383; artisans arrive, 4392; 
Chicago day; Public School day, 440 2 ; 
Am. Bankers' Asso. Conven. ; Mary 
Washington day, 4403; duties remitted; 
governments thanked, 4412; large pro- 
fits, 4413; Midway Plaisance fight, 4422; 
admissions ; cities represented by may- 
ors; close, 4432; statistics, 4433; assets 
shrinking, 4453; buildings burned, 4493, 
4513,4533, 4653; dividend to stockhold- 
ers, 451 3 ; Columbian Guards strike, 
4531, 4553; Field Columbian Museum 
dedicated, 4601 ; Fr. Republic vs. U. S. 
World's Fair, 4612; Salvage Co. claim 
for damage, 467 3 . 

Exhibition, Antwerp, 5493. 

Industrial Cotton Exposition opened, 

3193. 

Peace Jubilee celebrated, 2781 ,3. 

Students' Conf. closes, 4342, 

Sunday School Conven. opd., 10002. 

W. C.T. U. org., 3151. 

Worlingham, Baron, title created, 9451 . 
Worm, Olaus, b.-d., 6362. 

Worms, Ger., fnd., 7692; plundered ; re- 
built, 7693 '; Mayfield assembly, 7713 ; 
Diet deposes Gregory, 7751; Concordat, 
7763; battle. 780 V"; Imperial Diet, 7873; 
Diet of, 7883, 7893; taken, 7961; occu- 
pied, 798 1 ; retaken, 806 1; Luther mon- 
ument, 825 1 ; flooded, 8301. 

Wormwood, Scrubbs, Eng., experiments 
in atmospheric railways, 9521 . 

Wornum, Ralph Nicholson, b., 9363; d. 
(1877). 

Worsane, Jens Jacob Asmussen, b., 6382; 
d., 6421. 

Worship, ancient Egyptian, 6463. 



Worship of ancestors, forbidden; toler- 
ated, 6143. 
Worsley, subterranean canals completed, 

9161. 
Worsted, first spun, 8581 . 

Bill passed, 3573,3593. 

Worth, Alsace, battle of, 7381 . 

, Jonathan, b. (1802); gov. N. C, 2493, 

2511; d. (1869). 

■, Wm. Jenkins, b., 1042; captures Sal- 

tillo, 1602 ; at Chapultepec, 1622 ; at 
Molino del Rey, 1622; d., 1662; shaft 
unveiled, 182 1. 
Worthington, George, b. (1848) ; cons. P. 
E. bp., 3202. 

, N. E., strike investigation, 4662. 

, Richard, embezzler, 4642. 

, Thomas, b. (1773) ; gov. O., 1233 ; d. 

(1327). 
Wotton, Sir Henry, b., 8722; -\york, 8883; 
d., 8822. 

, William, b. (1666) ; d. 9063. 

Won Sankwei, leads rebellion, 6142,6153. 

Woukai enthroned, 6112. 

Woulfe, Peter, scientific lectures, 916i ; d. 

(1806). 
Wounded Knee Creek, S« Dak., battle, 

3741 ; Col. Forsyth exonerated, 3781. 
Wouters, Francois, b., 540 3 ; d., 5411. 
Wonting enthroned, 6112. 
Woutsong, against religions, 6123. 
Wou-Wang dynasty est.; divides country, 

6112. 
Wouy enthroned, 611 2. 
"Woyenthiii, mission, 11242. 
Wrangel, Ct. Karl Gustav von, b.-d., 
11342 joppresses Danes, 6361 ;commander, 
7961 ; general, 5122. 
- — , Baron Friedrich Heinrich Ernst von, 
b. (1784); at Danewerk, 6401 ; in Berlin, 
8161; at Susmarehausen, 796 2 ; at Eck- 
ernforde ; in Holstein, 6402; d. (1871). 

Land, possession of, 3092. 

Wrangell, Ferdinand Petrovitch von, b., 

11162; d., 11182. 
Wraxall, Sir Nathaniel Wm., b. (1751); d. t 

9442. 
Wray, Sir Christopher, chief iustiee, 8753. 
Wrede, Karl Philipp, Prince, b. 8031 ; at 

Hanau, 7202; d., 8143. 
Wren, Sir Christopher, b., 8822; completes 

cathedral, 9042; d.,9062. 
Wrexham, W., miners riot, 9891, 9943; col- 
liery explosion, 10013. 
"Wright, Arthur Williams, b., 1462; pro- 
duces ozone, 2801. 

, Ashley B., b., 1522. 

, Austin J., pork conspiracy, 4163. 

, Capt., near Lebanon, 200i . 

, Capt., settlement Australia, 4951 . 

, Carroll Davidson, b. (1840); commis- 
sioner of Labor, 336 3 ; in labor dept., 
3512, 4473; investigation, 4662; in int. 
dept., 4472. 

, Elizur, b., 1122; d., 3202. 

-^-, Frances, b., 9263; d., 9582. 

■ , Geo. Fred., b., 1502; work, 3963,4203. 

, HoratioGouverneur, b.,1303; at Cold 

Harbor, 234 1 ; at Weldon R. R., 2343; 
defense of Washington, 236 1 ; Army of 
Shenandoah, 2371 ; at Cedar Creek,239i ; 
at Petersburg, 2443. 

, J. H., d., 4761. 

, Sir James, b. (1714+); gov. Ga,, 732; 

d. (1785). 

, John, gunpowder plot, 8792. 

, Jos., b. (1756); John Jay, 98 1 ; d.(1793). 

, Albert, b.(1810); gov. Ind., 1671 ; 

d. (1867). 

, P., commissioned colonel, 4581 . 

, Major, defeats Confederates, 2001 . 

, Marcus J., General Scott, 4791. 

, Myron, b., 1623. 

— , Sir Nathan, b. (1653); lord keeper, 
9033, 9032; d. (1721). 

, Patience, sculptor, 66 2 . 

, Richard, in Philadelphia, 763. 

, Sir Robert, chief justice, 8973. 

, Silas, b. (1795); leads Barnburners, 

1651 ; gov. N. Y., 1592; d., 1623. 

, Strethill, electrophone inv.,9662. 

, Thomas, b., 935i; William Cowper, 

10082; d., 9822. 

, William, b., 9442. 

Wriothesley, Henry, E. of Southampton, 

b., 8742; imprisoned, 8813; d. (1624). 
, Thomas, lord chancellor, 8693; min- 
ister, 8712. 
Wrisberg, Heinrich A., b., 8002; d., 8083. 



1452 



Text Figures denote Page. lJNJJJC/^C. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Writ-Yeat. 



"Writing invented, 650 2 ; alphabetical, 

found, 11402. 
"Wrottesley, Baron, title created, 9451 . 

, Baron, John, b., 9283; d. (1867). 

Wsewoiod I., expels Isialaw; duke, 1113*. 

II., Duke of Kieif, 11133. 

III., Grand Duke of Vladimir, 11151 . 

Wuchang mission, (3203, 621' , 6222. 
Wuhu, China, governor removed, 6252; 

mission,G-42;missionariesattaeked,6251. 

Wulfere, King, founds abbey, 8423. 

Wulfred, arelibp. Canterbury, 8442. 

Wunderlich, Karl August, b., 8103; d., 
8282. 

"Wundt, Wilhelni Max, b., 8142. 

"Wupperthal mission, 5982. 

"Wurmser.Count Dagobert Sigismund von, 
b.,5143; at Kovedere, 7121; at Mann- 
heim, 7102; capitulates, 7121 ; at Weis- 
senburg, 806i; d.,519i. 

Wiirtemberg, Ger.; B. of Weinsberg, 7761 ; 
Welfs defeated, 7781 ; Diet of, 7792 ; uim 
besieged, 7801 ; Eberhard againstSwabia, 
780 2 ; Stuttgart mentioned, 7811 ; county 
of, 7813 ; uim cathedral fnd., 7822 ; B. 
of Reutlingen, of Doliingen, 7841 ; Swa- 
bian City League est.. 7852 ; Univ. of 
Tubingen fnd., 7871 ; Esslingen under 
Baden ; Albert III., margrave, John 
III.; Stuttgart, capital ; Great Swabian 
League find., 7872 ; duchy est. ; Eber- 
hard I., D. ; Eberhard II., D. ; Uric, 
D. ; Poor Conrad conspiracy, 7S7 3 ; Peas- 
ants' War, 7881 ; Albert a Protestant, 
7891 ; Protestant league, 7923 ; Chris- 
topher, D., 7931 ; Lours, D. ; Fred. I.,D.; 
John Fred., D.,7933 ; Eberhard III., I)., 
795 2 ; League of Heilbronn ; Peace of 
Prague, 7953 ; Fr. invade, 7961 ; ff m . 
Louis, D. ; Eberhard Louis, D., 7973 ; 
Maximilian takes Uim ; Fr. invasion, 
7981 ; duke turns Catholic ; Chas. Alex., 
D. ; Chas. Eugene, D., 8012; Louis Eu- 
gene, D.,8073 ; ma lean electorate, 8091 j 
Fred. I., D. ; Fred. II., D. ; cedes terri- 
tory to Fr. ; leaves Confed. of Rhine, 
7212 ; Fred. II., king, 8992 ; i n Q. Con- 
federation, 8113 ; leaves Confederation, 
8112; Wm. I., king ; representative gov't, 
8113 ; serfdom abolished, 8132 ; work- 
men's schools est., 8163 ; 4 parties ; rep- 
resentatives resign, 8172 ; favors Con- 
federate revision, S19i ; disperses Rump 
Pari., 5232 ; against Prus., 8192 ; con- 
cordat with Rome. 8211 ; ally of Aust., 
8221 ; Chas. I., king, 8231 ; peace with 
Prus., 8251 ; pays indemnity to Prus., 
8252 ; joins N. Ger. Confederation, 8272; 
Pr. William shot, 8331 . 

, Prince of, at Halle, 7161 . 

, Duchess of, d., 7282. 

Wurtz, Charles Adolphe, b., 7223 ; d.,7542. 

•, Henry, b., 13G2. 

Wurttemberqiseke Xebenstunden, 7991 . 

Wiirzburg, Ger., battle at, 5182 ; bom- 
barded ; Prussians enter, 5262 ; Diet 
assemblies, 7773, 7792 ; witches punished, 
7951,8012; Bavaria receives, 8091 ; occu- 
pied, 8242 ; citadel bombarded, 8243. 

, Johannes von, work, 7823. 

Wu-slish-shan mob, 6223. 

Wuttke, Heinrich, b., 8122 ; d., 8282. 

Wyandotes, expedition against, 943; mis- 
sionary for, 1282, 1303. 

Wyandotte, Kan., State convention, 1S52. 

, Mich., Salvationists attacked, 4162. 

Wyant, Alex. H., b. (1838) ; d., 4181 . 

, E. L., member of the National Acad- 
emy of Design, 2681 . 

Wyatt, Sir Francis, governor, 303, 312, 
353; d. (1644). 

, James, b., 9103 ; Pan theonopd., 9182; 

Lee Priory erected, 9222 ; Fonthill Ab- 
bey, 9262; pres. Royal Acad., 9322 ; d., 
9363. 

, John, executed, 8703. 

, , wins prize, 966< . 

, Matthew Digby, b., 9403 ; d., 9822. 

, Sir Thomas, b.. SG61 ; work, 8691 ; 

leads rebellion, 8701 ; opposes royal 
treaty, 8712 ; executed, 8<;s2, 8701, 8713. 

"Wycherly, William, b.,8842; works, 8931 ; 
d., 9042. 

Wyclif (or Wyclilfe), John, b.-d., a562 ; 
writings discussed, 5062 ; summoned to 
London, 8533 ; doctrines ; denies tran- 
substantiation ; translation of Bible ; 
works ; escapes martyrdom ; followers 
persecuted, 8602; bones burned, S622. 



Wycoff, Isaac Newton, b. (1792); pres. Ref. 
Synod, 1483 ; d. (1869). 

Wvcombe, lEng., Roya Military College, 
9292. 

Wykeham founders, 9913. 

Wykeham, William of, b.-d., 8562. 

Wylie Station, Tex., agent arrested, 4743. 

Wvllie, Sir William, d., lOOSi . 

Wyllys, Geo., b. (1570±) ; gov. Conn., 373 ; 
d. (1645). 

Wyraan, Andrew A., d., 4761 . 

, James, guilty of extortion, 4003. 

, Jeffries, b., 123 2 ; sanitary commis- 
sioner, 197i; d.,2842. 

, Walter, in treas. dept., 4472. 

Wynants, Jan, b.-d., 10983. 

YVvnford, Baron, title created, 9412. 

Wvndliam, Thomas, lord lieut., 9073. 

, Sir William, b., 9462 ; d. (1740). 

Wynn, C. W. W., minister, 9432,3. 

Wynne, Frederick Richards, cons, bishop, 
10102. 

"Wyoming, Pa., massacre, 883 , avenged, 
891 ; tornado, 3661. 

State ; Meth. Epis. Conf. org., 1702 ; 

Daily Argus issued; Unci:// Mountain 
Star issued, 2583 ; gold dis., 2601 , 3361 ; 
territory org., 2633 ; coal dis., 2641 ; John 
A. Campbell, gov. (1869) ; John M. 
Thayer (1875) ; Yellowstone Park est., 
2761 , 2773 ; female suffrage permitted, 
2971; John M. Hovt, gov. (1879); Wm. 
Hale (1883) ; F. E. Warren (1885) ; Thomas 
Moonlight (1887) ; W. Univ. opd., 3263 ; 
female suffrage est., 3293 ; Deaf and 
Dumb school opd., 3332 ; state admitted, 
3371, 3491, 3552, 3631, Constitutional 
Conven. called, 3412; Cheyenne, capital, 
3452 ; constitution ratified, 3483 ; F. E. 
Warren, governor Ter.,3492 ; Excelsior 
Geyser active, 3641 , 4661 ; 1st State Con- 
vention, 3671 ; i s t State gov. elected, F. 
E. Warren, 3691 ; Forest Reservation 
est., 3812 ; Indians cede reservation, 
3933 ; ranchmen shot, 3963 ; cattlemen's 
disturbances, 4041 1 cattle thieves, 4043 ; 
cowboys subside, 4122; president's pro- 
clamation, 4131 ; John E. Osborne, gov., 
4192,4472 ; desperados killed, 4211 ; Amos 
W. Barber, gov. (1892), Wm. A. Rich- 
ards (1895) ; blizzard, 4541 . 

Wyse, L. N. Bonaparte, b., 7283 ; reportB 
to Panama Canal Commission, 7613. 

Wysocki, Joseph, insurrectionist, 11181; 
d., 11182. 

, Peter, b., 11162 ; d., 11163. 

"Wythe, George, 602 ; d., 1123. 

Wytheville, Va., action at, 2251 ; Confeds. 
defeated, 2323 ; Confed. stores destroyed, 



Xanthippe, asteroid, discovered, 528 2 . 

Xanthippe, b., 10211. 

Xitnthippus, commander, 10183 ; in Afr., 
10262 ; aids Carthaginians ; defeats Ro- 
mans, 10523. 

Xanthus, taken, 11461 . 

Xavier, St. Francis, b.-d., 11263 ; in Goa, 
India, 10432 ; in China, 6143 ; in Japan, 
10911. 

, Silva, conspiracy, 5551 . 

Xeuia, O., waterspout, 3222. 

, Grand Duchess marries, 11223. 

Xenocrates, b.-d., 10231 . 

Xenophanes, founder of Eleatic school, 
10163. 

Xenophon, b.-d., 10211; works, 1019'; 
leader, 10221 . 

Xeres (or .Jerez de la Frontera),Anarchists 
attack, 11331. 

Xerxes, the Great, b.-d., 11062 ; reigns in 
Egypt, 11513 ; reigns, 11071 , 11472 ; enters 
Greece ; in Mysia ; commander, 10181 ; 
losses ; non-resistance in Gr. ; retreats, 
10182; heralds of, 10192; murdered, 11073. 

II., Sogdianus, reigns, 11473 ; mur- 
dered, 11072. 

Xesibeland invaded, 6022. 

Ximena, French defeated, 71S2. 

Xinienes, Francisco, b.-d., 11263 ; Crestia, 
11271 ; regent, 11293. 

de Queseda, Gonsalo, b. (1495±) ; in 

New Granada, 21)' ; d. (after 1576). 

Xoite, dynasty at, 6473. 

Xylander, Wilhelin, b., 7902 ; d., 7922. 



Yacht race, 4693. (See also names of 

competing yachts.) 
Yacubbin-Leis, gov. Bokhara, 5491. 
Yadkin, N. C, tight at the, 931 . 
Yadrintsef, Nikolai M., d., 11221 . 
Yaliuar-Huaccac, Inca, reigns, 133. 
Yakima, Wash., Coxeyites trouble, 458». 

Beg, ruler China, 6213 ; assassinated, 

6221. 

Yakoob, in Afghanistan, 52,3 ; gov.; abdi- 
cates ; treaty with, 63. 
Yakoub takes Tripoli, 11381 . 
Yakub Ebn Seis founds dynasty, 4871 . 
Yale, Pa., fatal fight, 4663. 
, Elihu, b., 381 ; d., 601 . 

University, college chartered; opd.; 

A. Pierson, rector ; first student, 543; 
T. Cutler, rector ; moved to New Haven, 
583 ;Elisha Williams, rector,603; against 
Whitefield; Thomas Clap, pres., 651; 
Naphtali Daggett, pres., 743 ; Ezra Stiles, 
pres., 691; observatory erected, 1381, 
312'; alumni endowment, 140 3 ; Y. Lit- 
erary Magazine appears, 1463; Theo. D. 
Woolsey, pres., 161 1; endowment in- 
creased, 173' ; School of Fine Arts opd., 
254'; Noah Porter, pres., 2763; Bona- 
parte publications presented, 3411 ; Prof. 
Loomis's gift, 3443; Moody's religious 
services, 348 2 ; systematic Bible study, 
347i ; R. Cath. Club fmd., 3482; Osborne 
Hall dedicated, 3503; Cornell freshmen 
defeated, 3623; gift of Mrs. Osborne, 
3831; cap and gown adopted, 3842; first 
woman admitted, 3862; post-graduate 
courses for both sexes, 4022; gymnasium 
built, 4221 j Soc. of Naturalists meet, 
4461. 

Yaloo River, naval battle ; troops land, 
6263. 

Yamashina, Prince, in D. C, 4731 . 

Yamaska, earthquake, 5961. 

Yaniato-Dake reigns, 1091 2 . 

Yancey, Wm. Lowndes, h., 1232; d., 2272. 

Yang-Chau(Yangehow), mission-houses de- 
stroyed, 6211; mission, 6212; redress 
declined, 6213. 

Yang Keend., 6122. 

Yangkia enthroned, 6112. 

Yang-tse valley, Eng. attack, 6272. 

Yang-tse-Kiang (Yellow River), British as- 
cend, 6162; Chinese settle, 6111 ; dikes cut, 
6142. 

Yangti, expedition of, 6121 ; builds canals ; 
library gift, 6122; enthroned; levies 
laborers, 6123; assassinated, 6122,3. 

Yankee captures Thames, 1202. 

Doodle sung, 912, 9132. 

Yankton, S. Dak., made capital of Dak., 
2173; Insane Asylum at., 3171. 

■ College opened, 3123. 

Yao, the Great, abstainer, 6103; en- 
throned ; improvements, 611 1 ,3. 

Yara, insurrection, 633'. 

Yarborough, E. of, title created, 9451. 

Yard measure formed, 8482. 

Yarimar, Prince, at Copenhagen, 6361. . 

Yarmouth destroys Randolph, 882. 

Yarmouth, Eng., Nelson pillar erected, 
938' ; bridge falls, 9533; riots, 957' ; dis- 
franchised, 9703; Aquarium and Winter 
Garden opened, 980' . 

, Mass., anniversary, 3453. 

Yaroslav, Itusskvaia Pravda, 1113'; d., 
(1054). 

Yaroslavez, contest at, 7183. 

Yarrell, William, b., 9223; d., 9603. 

Yarriba. (See text, p. 1161.) 

Yates, Edmund Hodgson, b., 9442; works, 
9683; d., 10121. 

, Joseph, governor N. Y., 131 2 . 

, Richard, b. (1818) ; gov. 111., 2032; 

sends troops to Cairo, 1941; appoints 
Grant, 1942; d. (1873). 

Yazoo sinks, 3133. 

Yazoo City, Miss., disunion meetings, 
1691; Cairo blown up, 2162; taken by 
Federals, 222' ; Confeds. defeated, 2302; 
riots, 289'; fire, 3493. 

country, Miss., Spain evacuates, 1092. 

• Pass, Miss., action at; levee cut, 218 3 . 

Yeamans, Sir John, b. (1605±) ; in N. C, 
431,2; intro. slavery, 451 ; gov., 452; d. 
(1076+). 

Yeardley, Geo., b. (1580±) ; gov. Va., 292, 
3, 312; d., 301. 

Yeatmen, W. H., consecrated bp., 10363. 



Yedd-Zald. 



Text Figures denote Page. 1JN1 J_)Jl,.X. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



1453. 



Yeddo, Jap., first theater opd.; ruinous 
earthquake, 10911; free hospital est., 
1091 2 ; opd. to trade, 10922; sugar-cane 
intro., 10912; important city, 10913. (See 
Tokyo.) 

Yeh, captive, 61S 2 ; joins army ; rewarded, 
6262; degraded, 6263. 

Yelizavetgrad, Rus., anti-Semitic riots, 
11222. 

Yell, Archibald, b. (1797) ; gov. Ark., 1531 ; 
d. (1847). 

Yellow Bayou, La., Confeds. repulsed, 

Creek, Mo., Confeds. defeated, 2103. 

fever, in Phila.,553, 733, 1053, ma; 

in N. C, 573; in s. C, 633, 1273; in W. I., 
653, 673; in Havana, 6313; in New York, 
1033, 1073, 1133, 2593, 4372; in U. S., 
1093; in Baltimore, 1113; in Southern 
States, 1273, 2993; at Natchez, Miss., 
1313; m New Orleans, 1333, 1733, 1752,3, 
2593; great sums raised, 173 2 ; in Vicks- 
burg, 175 2 ; at Portsmouth and Norfolk, 
"Va., 1773; in La., 2993; at Jacksonville, 
3313; panic, Pensacola, Fla., 4353; in 
Brunswick, Ga., 4393; appears, Brazil, 
5553; rages, 5573, 5593, 5603; in Halifax, 
Can., 5873 ; in Aspinwall, 6293 ; in Spain, 
11311. 

Medicine River, Minn., Indian battle, 

2141. 

Springs, O., Antioch Coll. org., 1723. 

Tavern, Va., cavalry battle, 2331 . 

Yellowstone Nat. Park, "Wyo., est., 2761 , 
2773, 4072; geyser active, 364i , 4661 ; elk 
and buffalos destroyed, 4541 . 

Yellville, Ark., salt-works destroyed, 2163. 

Yemen, invasion, 4831 ; monarchy est., 
4832; overthrown, 4833; monarchy ab- 
sorbed, 4851 ; revolt, 4881 , 11581 , 

Yemenites, expel Turks, 4861 j est. king- 
dom, 4873. 

Yen Ching, ambassador, in N. Y., 4613. 

Yenell, George Henry, b., 1382. 

Yenta, made prince, 6152. 

Yeola, religious riots, 10493. 

Yeomans, James D., Interstate Commerce 
Commission, 4473. 

, John William, b. (1800) ; moderator, 

1902; d. (1863). 

Yeou Wang enthroned, 611 2 . 

Yepez, Gen., overthrows Conservatives, 
6443. 

Yermuk, action at, 10302. 

Yewell, George Henry, b. (1830) ; in Nat. 
Academy of Design, 3061 . 

Yezdegerd Era begins, 11073 . 

I., reigns, 11072; conquers Armenia, 

11061 . 

II. reigns, 11072. 

ILL, reigns, 13072; d., 11062. 

YezidL, calif, 4852; inEgy., 6552. 

II., calif, 4852. 

III., calif ; d.,4852. 

Yindaawango action, Burmese war, 10482. 

Yingtse mission, 6212. 

Ying Wang enthroned, 6131 . 

Kngavi, battle at, 5501 . 

Yngtsong, captured; restored, 6152; mur- 
dered, 615 1. 

Yoe-Duc, king, 4831 . 

Yokio, Heishiro assassinated, 10921. 

Yokohama, Jap., mission, 10921, 2; floods, 
10921; fishing-place; destroyed by fire; 
Y. and Tokyo Railroad, 10922; Internat. 
Exhibition opened, 10923. 

Yondu, colliery explosion, 10093. 

Yonge, Charles, Duke, b., 9363. 

, Charlotte Mary, b., 9403. 

Yonghai, Ire., riots., 9971 . 

Yonglo, encourages literature ; d., 6142. 

Yonkers, N. Y., Salvationists arrested, 
3562; Soldiers' and Sailors' monument, 
3861 , 3901 . 

Yoriiye reigns, 1091 2 . 

Yoritomo, reigns ; generalissimo ; con- 
quests; d., 10912. 

York, Can. (See Toronto.) 

, Eng., archbishopric erected, 8402; 

center of European learning ; school and 
library est.,8431 ; St. Mary's Abbey fmd., 
8463; burned, 8481 ; nre,8493; chartered, 
861 1 ; Guildhall erected, 8622; taken,8S4i ; 
bridge falls, 9653; Fine Arts Exhibition 
opened, 9841 ; Royal Agricultural Soc. 
meets, 9901 ; bishop appointed, 10682. 

, Me., Indians attack, 521 . 

— , House of, reigns, 8651 . 

Minster, Eng., erected, 8502. 



York, Duke of, Frederick Augustus, b., 
9162; at Valenciennes, 70S1 ; at Dunkirk ; 
at Bois-le-Duc; at Nimeguen, 7101; in 
duel, 9252; recalled from Holl.; com- 
mander-in-chief, 9261 ; at Alkmar, 7123; 
capt.-gen. ; surrenders, 9282 ; charges 
against, 9352 ; acquitted, 9353 ; com- 
mander-in-chief, 9342; as prince regent, 
9353; defeated at Montmirail, 7202; lord 
justice, 9413; d., 9423,9432.. 

, George, D. of, b. 9691 ; marries, 10101 . 

, Patrick, hired to kill queen, 8773. 

- — College (U. Breth.), org. at York, 

Neb. (1890). 
River, Va., burn gunboats, 206 3 . 

Yorke, Charles, Lord Morden, b., 9062; 
lord chancellor, 9193. 

, , E. of Hardwicke, b., 9183; lord 

lieut., 9312 ; lord admiralty, 9332; min- 
ister, 9592, 9632. 

, Philip, Earl of Hardwicke, b., 8982 ; 

chief justice ; lord chanc, 9093 ; d., 9162. 

Yorkshire, Eng., inundated, 8962, 9131; 
petition in Parliament, 9213 ; Philosoph- 
ical Soc. org., 940i ; Coll. of Science opd., 
9733, 9801; earthquake, 992 1 ; miners 
strike, 9811; Inst, opd., 9923 ; colliers 
strike, 9931 ; riots, 1011 1. 

Yorktomi captures Avery, 1202. 

sails, 3951. 

Yorktown, Va., Brit, forces concentrate, 
942; siege, 943; Brit, surrender, 952, 
9202; news of victory, 952; siege begun, 
2061 ; action ; Johnston commands, 2062; 
Confeds. evacuate, 206 3 ; memorial, 3051 ; 
anniversary eel., 3093. 

Yosemite Valley a national park, 2351 . 

Yoshiake, shogun, 10913. 

Yoshikage deposes Yoshiake, 10913. 

Yoshimoto defeated, 10911. 

Yoshimune shogun, 10913. 

Yoshitsune reigns, 1091 2. 

Youan Wang enthroned, 6112. 

You-Kiang attacked, 6183. 

Youmans, Edward Livingstone, b., 1301 ; 
d., 3261 . 

Young, Alex., b. (1800); moderator, 2291 ; 
d. (1854), 3801. 

, Allen, polar expedition, 9801 , 

, Arthur, b., 9103; Travels in France, 

9271; d.,9403. 

, Col. A. W., gov. P. E. Island, 5792. 

, Bennett H., raids St. Albans, 2391 . 

- — , Brigham, b., 110 1 ; pres. of Mormons, 
1571; leader, 1582; i n Utah, 1623; g0 v. 
Utah, 1692; u. S. justice ignored, 3771 ; 
forbids U. S. force to enter ; removed, 
1831; indicted for treason, 183 2 ; Mor- 
mons rebel against, 2691; approves 
woman suffrage, 271 1 ; arrested ; escapes 
trial, 2743 ; surrenders, 277 2 ; bigamy 
proceedings annulled, 2783; resigns tem- 
poral power, 2802; indicted, 287 1 ; sup- 
ports wife, 2883; d.,2961. 

, Capt., at Dunksburg, Mo., 2003. 

, Charles Augustus, b., 1422. 

Czech party rejected, 5293; agitation; 

excluded; protest, 537 1. 

— , Edward, b., 8962; works, 9063,9111, 
9171; d., 9163. 

, Edward Daniel, b. (1831) ; search for 

Livingstone, 5611 . 

, George Paxton, b. (1S18) ; d., 5861 . 

, Sir Henry Fox, gov., 497 1 . 

, James,uses type-composing machine, 

950 2 ; paraffin from mineral oil, 9541 . 

, John, Puritan church organizer, 362. 

— , , b. (1802) ; gov., 1613; d. (1852). 

, Sir , b. (1807) ; gov. N. S. Wales, 

4972; gov.-gen. Can., 5832; d. (1876). 

, JohnClark,b.(l*o;ii; moderator, 1723; 

d. (1857). 

, Freeman, b. (1820) ; cons. P. E. 

bishop, 2582; d., 3202. 

, Matthew, b. ? 9123; d., 9303. 

Men's Christian Asso. org., 1683 ; est. 

in N. \ ., 1702 ; Internal. Assembly, D.C., 
2742; Railroad. Y. M. C. A. anniversary, 
3322; 35th anniversary, Brooklyn, 3342; 
conven.inPhila.,3383; in Kan. City ; In- 
ternat. Conven., 3831 ; in Indianapolis, 
4301; World's Cong., Chicago, 440 1 ; in 
Paris, 7323 ; in Amsterdam, 11022; i n Lon- 
don, 10121 ; org. in London, Can., 5783; rg. 
in Montreal, 5802 ; rg. in Glasgow, 9423; 
org. in London, 9523; buys Exeter Hall, 
9842; Foreign Miss. Soc. founded, 9803. 

■ , Pierce Manning Butler, b. (1839) ; 

minister, 4473. 



Young, Richard, cons, bishop, 9922. 

, Robert, impostor, 9003. 

, , b. (1822); Concordance, 9843. 

, Thomas, sentenced, 4131 . 

, , b., 9183 ; interference of light, 

theory of light, 9302; d., 9442. 

, Lowry, h. (1832) ; gov. O., 2973;. 

d. (1888). 

Italy Party founded; rise in Bologna,. 

10872. 
Democratic League, conven., 3451 . 

Young Misses' Magazine, 1443. 
Young People's Society Christian En- 
deavor, membership, 3842; meets, 3862, 
(See Christian Endeavor.) 

Women's Christian Asso. incor.,2502;. 

2822 ; Internat. Asso. fmd., 3263; con- 
vention, 3462, 4001 . 

Young's Point, Ark., Grantoccupies, 218 2 ; 
expedition returns, 2201 . 

Youngstown, Ala., Gen. Rousseau at, 2362.. 

, N. Y.j burned by British, 1211 . 

, 0., miser dies, 3682. 

Youtville, Cal., Veterans' Home, 3503. 

Yples, Charles de, b.-d., 5402. 

Ypres, Belg., surrenders, 6921 ; Fr. gains,. 
6933; « Alpha and Omega" est., 10991 . 

Ypsilanti, Mich., tornado, 4281 . 

, Alexander, b.-d., 10343 ; leader in 

Roumania, 1034 2 ; leader Hetseria Phil- 
ike, 10353. 

, Demetrius, b. (1793) ; d., 11123. 

Ysabeau, Clement Alexandre, b. (1754) ;. 
d., 7582. 

, Victor Frederic Alexandre, b. (1793) ;. 

d., 7462. 

Ysleta, Tenn., election fight, 3643. 

Ysui Kwo Yin, minister, 4372. 

Ytsong reigns, 6123. 

Yttrium first obtained, 8141 , 

Yu enthroned, 611 1 . 

Yuangti enthroned, 613 1 . 

Yucatan dis., 163; conquest, 182; Cortez. 
arrives, 183; separated from Mex., 233; 
Indians slaves, 6323; declares independ- 
ence, 10952; revolts, 10963. 

Yuen-Ching reigns, 6151 . 

Yuenti enthroned, 6113,6131. 

Yuen-Tsung reigns, 6121 . 

Yu Ho Canal completed, 6142. 

Yuh-shau, mission, 6223. 

Yule, Henry, b.,9403; d. (1889). 

Yungay, Peruvians attack pres., 5503. 

Yung-Ching expels missionaries from 
schools, 6142; enthroned, 6172 ; d., 6163.. 

Yungki enthroned, 6112. 

Yung Ping, mission work, 6242. 

Yunnan, China, Mohammedanism intro.,, 
6142 ; Mohammedans attack, 6181 , 3 ; 
massacre of Mohammedans, 6391 ; Mo- 
hammedans rebel, 6192,3, 6202, 6213^ 
mission,623i ; Chinese missionaries,6242 t 

Fu capitulates, 6201 . 

Yupanqui, Inca Lloque, reigns, 132. 

, Pachacutec, reigns, 13 3 . 

Yussuf-el-Tehri, last emir, 11253. 

Yu-yaou taken, 6162. 

Yvan, Melchior, b., 7151 ; d., 7462. 

Yvon, Adolphe, b., 7223; d., 7641 . 

Y Wang, enthroned, 6112. 



Z. 

Zabzalians, sect arises, 13543. 

Zacatecas, mission at, 30962. 

Zaccheus entertains Christ, 31523. 

Zach, Franz Xavier von, b., 5143; d., 6202.. 

Zachariah, Just F. W., b., 8002; d., 8042. 

, reigns, 1145 2 ; murdered, 11451. 

Zachary, St., pope, 10722; d., 10721 . 

Zacher, Ernst Julius August, b., 8121 . 

Zacoone, Pierre, b., 7223. 

Zacynthus [Zante], captured, 10262. 

Zadar taken, 5041 . 

Zafarwal mission, 10483. 

Zagazig, mission, 6571. 

Zagonyi, Maj.. at Springfield, Mo., 2002. 

Zagoskin, Mikhail, b., 1116 2 ; Young Mus- 
covite, 1117 1; d., 11182. 

Zagrab (or Agram), University fnd., 5283. 

Zaher Beybars, Ez, sultan, 6553. 

Berbook, Ez, sultan, 6553. 

Zahn, Johann Karl Wilhelm, b., 8071 ; d., 
8262. 

Zala, anti-Jewish riots, 5303. 

Zaldiver, R., pres. San Salvador, 13232. 

Zaldua, F. J ., pres. Colombia, 6292 ; d.,, 
6282. 



1454 



Text Figures denote Page. IJNJjiiX.. Superior Figures indicate Column. 



Zale-Zyll. 



Zaleski, Bohdan Joseph, b., 11162 ; d., 
1120'. 

Zaleucus, compiles laws, 10143, 10153 ; 
code, restrictions, 10151. 

Zaluski, Josef Andrew, b.-d., 11142. 

Zania, Afr., Hannibal's army annihilated, 
10543; battle at, 662' ; invaded, 6641 . 

Zamacois, Eduardo, b.-d., 11303. 

Zamama-sum-iddina defeated, 11401 . 

Zaman enthroned ; dethroned, 51 . 

Zambert, Bartholomew, translation Eu- 
clid's Elements, 1079 2 . 

Zambesi, Afr., Mackenzie arrives, 5612. 

River, course traced, 560 2 ; reached, 

5601 ; mission ; steamers on, 11122. 

Zamoiski, Jan, b.-d., 11142. 

, Androej, b.-d., 11143. 

Zamosc, allies possess, 7212 ; retaken, 
8101. 

Zamoyski, Count, exiled, 11192. 

Zancle. (See Messina.) 

Zancoff, Dragan, b. (1828); inEng.,5662; 
accusation, 5683 ; ministry ; resigns, 
5671; arrested, 5662; released, 5673. 

Zane family settle in O., 773. 

Zanesville, O., partly burned, 4791 . 

Zanzibar, Stanley arrives at, 2701; Ben- 
nett expedition starts, 2721 • Madjid ob- 
tains, 5613 ; Brit, protectorate recog., 
761i j peace declared, 8382; coast ceded 
toGer., 8352, 8382; missionaries killed, 
8383 ; fleet at, 10021 ; Eng. protectorate, 
10052; free port, 10091; war with Mo- 
zambique, 11121 , (See text, pp. 561-564.) 

Zapolya, John, b. (1487) ; rival king, 5093 ; 
crowned, 5111 : anti-king, 511 2 ; favored, 
788i ; defeats Ger. emp., 7881 ; d., 5102. 

, , b. (1540) ; Pr. of Transylvania, 

5111 ; d. (1570±). 

, Stephen Batory, grand prince, 5112 j 

d. (1499). 

Zara, Aust., captured, 10741 ; revolts from 
Venice, 10753; Louis of Hung, defeated, 
10761 . 

Zarala, Gen., at Montevideo, 601 . 

Zaribrod, Servians defeated, 566 2 . 

Zasius, TJlric, b., 7862; d., 7902. 

Zauner, Franz, b., 8003; d., 8122. 

Zavala, Gen., at Montevideo, 11593. 

, Joaquin, pres. Nicaragua, 11033. 

Zayas, Maria de, in China, 6143; Novelas, 
11292. 

Zea, Francisco Antonia, b., 762. 

Zeachen, explorer, 4931 . 

Zealand overflowed, 6381 . 

Zechariah, the priest, killed, 11443. 

■, prophet, completes temple, 11463. 

Zedekiah reigns, 11471. 

Zedeslav, Prince, 5031 . 

Zeditz, Joseph C. von, d., 8043. 

Zedler, Johann H., Universal Lexicon of 
Science and Arts, 8011 . 

Zedlitzs, Count von, resigns, 8363 ; d., 8202. 

Zedwitz, Baron von, marriage at "Wash- 
ington, D. C, 3611. 

Zeigler, Anselm von, Asiatic Banise, 7991 , 

Zeisbergur, David, b., 601 ; d., 1142. 

Zela, action at, 10601 . 

Zelas reigns, 11492. 

Zeley, Maj., at Smithville, 2091 . 

Zelia, minor planet, discovered, 7411 . 

Zelienopole, Pa., railway collision, 3933. 

Zell, W. X., embezzler, 448 3 ; surrenders, 

Zeller,' Eduard, b.,8103; works, 8152,8202; 

, Jules Sylvain, b., 7223. 

Zemethen, Burmese war, 10482. 
.Zenger, John Peter, b. (1680±) ; Weekly 

Journal, 623; arrested, 63 1 , 2; acquitted, 

631 ; d. (1746). 



Zenji, Isono, " mother of drama," flour- 
ishes 10911 . 
Zeno, b'.-d. , 10243 ; fnds. Stoic school, 10263 . 

, Antonio, explorer, 10383. 

, Apostolo, works, 10833. 

of Elea, b., 10162. 

, the Isaurian, emperor, 10312; issues 

Henoticon, 10703. 
, Nicolo, b.-d., 10762; visits Greenland, 

123; in China, 6142. * 

of Pontus, king of Armenia, 11513. 

Zenobia, Queen, defeated, 652 1 ; conquers 

Egy., 6533; regent in Palmyra, 10672; d., 

11542. 
Zenodotus, b., 10263. 
Zenta, Hung., Turks defeated, 6122. 
Zepce, action at, 5281 . 
Zephaniah, prophet, 11443. 
Zephyrinus, St., pope, 10643. 
Zerabi mission, 6571 . 
Zerah invades Palestine, 6501 j at Mare- 

shak, 11421. 
Zerkler, Thomasin, Welsche Gast, 7783. 
Zerubbabel leads Jews back to Pal., 11472. 
Zesen, Philipp von, b. (1619) ; works, 7971 ; 

d. (1689). 
Zetetical Soc. est., S83i . 
Zethos besieges Thebes, 10131 . 
Zetland, Marquis of, title created, 1091 . 
Zettersedt, Johan Wilhelm, b.-d., 11342. 
Zetunium, battle of, 5651 . 
Zeuss, Johann Kasper, b., 8083; d., 8201. 
Zenxis, b., 10211. 
Zhidiata, Luke, Discourse, 11132. 
Zhookovsky, Vasilii Andreievitch, b., 

11162; translations, 11171 ; d., 11182. 
Ziar Yen Foo, arrival, 4613. 
Zich, Johann, stones ambassador, 530 3 . 
Zidek, Paul, works, 5083. 
Ziegler, Friedrich Wilhelm, b., 8023 ; d., 

8141. 
Zlem, Felix, b., 7241 . 
Ziemomislas elected D. of Poland, 11132. 
Ziemovitus elected D. of Poland, 11132. 
Zier, Victor Casimir, b., 7242. 
Ziethen, Hans Johachim von, b., 798 3 ; d., 

8043. 
Zifkoff, regent, Bulgaria, 5673. 
Zihite dynasty extinguished, 11391 . 
Zimines, John, assassinates Nicephorus 

II., 10323, 10332. 
Zimmermann, Albert, b., 8083. 

, Clemens von, b., 8043; d., 8262. 

, Eberhard A. W. von, b., 8003 ; <J., 

8103. 

, Johann von, b.-d., 11372. 

Zimmern, Helen, d., 8162. 

Zimri assassinates King Elah, 11431 , 3 ; 

reigns, 11433. 
Zinc mnf. from red oxide, 1501; dis. in 

Pa., 1622; mnf. at Bethlehem, 2452; dis- 

in Yorkshire, 9343. 
Zincfiref, Julius Wilhelm, b. (1591); work, 

7951 ; d. (1635). 
Zingarelli, Niccolo, b., 10842 ; d., 10862. 
Zino, storm at, 5321 . 
Zinzendorf und Pottendorf, Nikolaus 

Lndwig, Count von, b., 7983 ; in Am. ; 

mission at Oly, 651 ; Herrnhut on estate, 

5143; d., 8023. 
Zion, Mormons found, 1402. 
Zion's Co-operative Mercantile Institution 

est., 2733. 
Zipsetes dies, 11491. 
Zirconium discovered, 8041 , 11361 . 
Zlska, John, b., 5062 ; Hussite leader, 5061 , 

5073; at siege of Prague, 7841 ; d., 5062. 
Zitacuaro mission, 10962. 
Ziu, German's god, 7682. 
Znaim, battle of, 5183 ; Bobber Tower 

falls, 5342. 



, 8142. 



Zoar mission, 5821 . 

Zobel, Benjamin, b., 8( 

Zodiac observed, 10162 

Zoe, regent, 10332 ; punishes Michael V. j 
poisons Romanus III., 10333 ; empress : 
d., 10322, 10331, 3. 

Zoega, Georg, b., 6381 ; &, t 6382. 

Zoilus, b., 10243. 

Zola, Emile, b., 7282 ; novels destroyed, 
5862 ; works, 7363, 7502, 7562 ; elected 
pres., 7602; officer Legion of Honor, 7651. 

Zollicoffer, Felix Kirk, b. (1812) ; at Cum- 
berland Ford, 1982 ; at Mill Springs. 

2022; d.,2023. 

Zolling, Theophil, b., 8181 . 

Zdllner, Johann Karl Friedrich, b., 8143; 

d., 8302. 
Zollverein fmd., 8152,3, 8253. 
Zoological Society fnd., London, 9421 ; gift 

of Pr. of Wales, 9813. 
Zorndorf, Prus., Russians defeated, 5161 , 
Zoroaster, b.-d., 11062 j fnds. order of 

Magi, 11063 ; king of Bactria ; reigns, 

11071. 
Zorrilla, Manuel Ruiz, b., 11303. 
— y Moral, Jose, b.-d., 11303 ; crowned 

poet laureate, 11323. 
Zosimus St., b., 10303; History Roman 

Empire, 10311 ; pope, 10702. 
Zouche, Baron of Haryngworth, title 

created, 8543. 
Zoulpansberg mission, 11242. 
Zoutman, Adm.,b. in German Ocean, 9202. 
Zrinyi, Count Niklas, b., 5082 ; besieged, 

5101 ; d., 6102. 
Zschokke, Johann Heinrich Daniel, b., 

8031 ; work, 8071 ; d., 8162. 
Zukertort, Johannes Hermann, b., 11163; 

d., 11201. 
Zulick, C. Meyer, gov. Ariz., 3252. 
Zulfikar Pass differences, 71 ±. 
Zuloaga, Gen., assumes authority ; abdi- 
cates; deposes Miramon, 10963. 
Zululand, Bp. Mackenzie cons., 9862 ; Bp. 

Carter cons., 10062 ; appropriation for 

war, 9851. (See text pp. 596-603.) 
Zumarraga, Juan de, b. (1486) ; first Mex. 

bishop, 212; d. (1548). 
Zumpt, August Wilhelm, b.,8103; d.,8282. 

, Karl Gottlob, b., 8062; d., 818«. 

Zuni, mission to, 2982. 
Zunis discovered, Mex., 211 . 
Zunz, Leopold, b., S063; d.,8321. 
Zurbano, Gen. Martin, captures Bilbao, 

revolts, 11301 . 
Zurbaran, Francisco, b.-d., 11283. 
Zurich, ally of Aust., 5091; treaty with 

Fred. 111., 7S4' ; besieged, 7841, 11371; 

war with Schwyz, 11371 ; ally of Aust., 

11373; treaty signed, 5252; Fr. defeated, 

7122; Russians defeated, 7123; peace of, 

7341 ; council of envoys, 525 2 . 
Zurita, Geronimo de, Anates de la Corona 

deAragon, 11291. 
Zusmarshausen, battle at, 7962. 
Ziitphen, Neth., action at, 87H ; Sir Philip 

Sidney at, 10981 . 
ZuvrrlasxUie Auchricliten issued, 8011. 
Zuyder Zee, Neth., naval battle, 8881 . 
Zuyper Slays, Neth., Fr. defeated, 7123. 
Zwicker, Daniel, b., 7923; d., 7963. 
Zwingli, Huldreich (or Ulric), b.-d., 11371 ; 

inaug. reformation, 7883 ; reformer, 

11372; killed, 7903, 11371. 
Zwirner, Ernst Friedrich, b., 8082 ; d., 

8202. 
Zwornik, surrender of, 5281 . 
Zyll, Otho van, b.-d., 10983. 



WM'. 



3^0 



